1 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:07,520 >>WELCOME TO THE WEDNESDAY 2 00:00:07,520 --> 00:00:09,280 AFTERNOON LECTURE SERIES. 3 00:00:09,280 --> 00:00:13,880 I'M POLY JOSEPH, AT THE NIAAA 4 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:15,400 SCIENCE AND METABOLISM. 5 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:17,280 TODAY'S LECTURE IS SPECIAL FOR 6 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:18,440 AT LEAST TWO REASONS. 7 00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:20,120 ONE REASON IS THAT THIS IS AN 8 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:22,680 NIH DIRECTOR LECTURE AND THERE 9 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:24,360 ARE ONLY THREE NIH DIRECTOR 10 00:00:24,360 --> 00:00:25,400 LECTURES EACH YEAR. 11 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:27,920 AND THIS SPEAKERS ARE APPROVED 12 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:32,000 BY THE NIH DIRECTOR AMONG OTHER 13 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:38,960 30 PLUS 30WALS AND OUR SPEAKERS. 14 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:41,760 LESLEY BOSSHALL CAN JOIN US IN 15 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:43,800 PERSON AND I NOMINATED HER 16 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,040 PERHAPS TWO YEARS AGO NOW, AND 17 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:47,480 SHE WAS SCHEDULED TO SPEAK 18 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:49,520 DURING THE WALS SEASON BUT 19 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:50,720 POSTPONED TO HAVE THE VISIT 20 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:52,280 IN-PERSON SO I'M REALLY EXCITED 21 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:55,160 TO HAVE HER HERE IN PERSON AND 22 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:56,040 IN THE FLESH. 23 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:59,600 DR. LESLEY BOSSHALL, 24 00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:00,640 PROFESSOR AND HEAD OF THE 25 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:02,640 LABORATORY OF NEURO GENETICS AND 26 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:04,880 BEHAVIOR AT THE ROCKEFELLER 27 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:07,240 UNIVERSITY AND ALSO AS THIS PAST 28 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:09,000 FEBRUARY SHE WAS THE VICE 29 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:10,680 PRESIDENT AND CHIEF SCIENTIFIC 30 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,640 OFFICER OF THE HOWARD HUGHES 31 00:01:14,640 --> 00:01:15,400 MEDICAL INSTITUTE. 32 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:17,200 SHE HAS PERFORMED GROUND 33 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:20,440 BREAKING WORK TO ESTABLISH THE 34 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:22,800 MUSS KETO AS A GENETIC MODEL OF 35 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:26,840 OKIORGANISM FOR NEUROBIOLOGY AND 36 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:30,640 HOW MOSQUITOES HUNT HUMANS AND 37 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:31,840 THE SUBSEQUENT DESIGN TO BLOCK 38 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:33,040 MOSQUITO BITING BEHAVIOR. 39 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:35,640 HER LAB, TAKES A 40 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:36,800 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH 41 00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:38,920 SPANNING NEUROBIOLOGY BEHAVIOR, 42 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:44,000 GENETICS AND GENOMICS, HER LAB 43 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:46,400 IDENTIFIED THE GENES WITH ORDER 44 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:48,560 AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN INSECTS. 45 00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:50,760 A MEMBER OF THE RECEPTORS GENE 46 00:01:50,760 --> 00:01:52,160 FAMILY WHICH UNIQUELY EXPRESSED 47 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:55,560 IN MAJORITY OF NEURONS AND 48 00:01:55,560 --> 00:01:58,280 HIGHLY CONSERVED ACROSS INSECT 49 00:01:58,280 --> 00:01:58,600 EVOLUTION. 50 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:01,920 THIS RESEARCH HOLDS PROMISE AND 51 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:05,440 COMBATING THIS THREAT OF YELLOW 52 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:07,760 FEVER, DEN A, ZIKA AND 53 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:09,120 TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE BITE OF 54 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:19,480 THE FEMALE MOSQUITO. 55 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:22,200 SHE HAS PARTICIPATED IN 56 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:26,000 LARGE-SCALE RESEARCH OF HUMAN 57 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:27,680 SUBJECTS WHEN AGAIN AT THE TIME 58 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:28,600 TICK ANALYSIS IN ORDER TO 59 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:31,280 UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS OF OWE 60 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:33,920 FACTORY PERCEPTION IN HUMANS, 61 00:02:33,920 --> 00:02:39,080 SHE RECEIVED HER GRADUATE DEGREE 62 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:41,720 FROM BIOCHEMISTRY AND SHE 63 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:43,720 CONDUCTED HER POSTDOCTORAL 64 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:44,680 TRAINING BACK AT COLOMBIA IN THE 65 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:48,480 BE LABORATORY OF FUTURE 66 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,320 NOVEMBERAL LARRY AT FROM 1983 TO 67 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:52,320 1997 AND STAYED THERE THE NEXT 68 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:53,760 THREE YEARS AS AN ASSOCIATE 69 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:55,560 RESEARCH SCIENTIST. 70 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,160 IN THE YEAR 2000, SHE MOVED TO 71 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:01,000 THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY IN AN 72 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:03,040 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND ROSE TO 73 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:04,960 THE RANKS BEING A PROFESSOR IN 74 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:07,840 2010 AND THE DIRECTOR OF SYSTEM 75 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:10,080 INSTITUTE IN 2016 AND SHE'S 76 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:11,720 EARNED NUMEROUS AWARDS AND 77 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:13,440 HONORS AND ACCOLADES ALONG THE 78 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:15,800 WAY AND SHE WAS THE HHMI 79 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:18,400 INVESTIGATOR IN 2008 AND 80 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:20,840 SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCTED IN BOTH 81 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:21,880 THE NATIONAL SCIENCES AND THE 82 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:23,920 NATIONAL AK A DIA OF MEDICINE 83 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:26,880 AND IN 2020 THE RESEARCH AWARD 84 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:30,360 AND THE TITLE FOR TALK TODAY IS 85 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:32,160 "BITTEN, WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE 86 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:34,120 MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES 87 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:34,960 THAN OTHERS." 88 00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:39,560 WELCOME BACK TO THE NIH Dr. 89 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:40,800 VOSSHALL AND WE LOOK FORWARD TO 90 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:41,640 YOUR RESEARCH. 91 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:42,480 THANK YOU. 92 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:49,680 [APPLAUSE] 93 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:51,080 SO THRILLING TO MEET PAULE JOSEPH 94 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:52,800 FOR THE SECOND TIME IN TWO 95 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:54,000 WEEKS, REALLY THRILLED TO BE 96 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,760 HERE AND I WOULD LIKE TO THANK 97 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:56,840 FRANCIS COLLINS FOR ALL THE OF 98 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:58,280 THE YEARS OF SERVICE SO KEEPING 99 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,400 THE NIH AT THE FOREFRONT OF WHAT 100 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:02,400 OUR GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS AND WISH 101 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,160 HIM WELL IN HIS QUOTE-UNQUOTE 102 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:06,320 RETIREMENT STILL ACTIVELY 103 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:09,440 RUNNING A LAB. 104 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:10,800 SO, I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE AND 105 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:11,960 HONORED TO GIVE THIS LECTURE 106 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:15,440 ABOUT MOSQUITO BIOLOGY AND SO, 107 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:17,880 AT AROUND 2008, I PIVOTED MY 108 00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:20,600 RESEARCH PROGRAM AFTER DECADES 109 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:23,520 OF WORKING ON FLIES, WORKING ON 110 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:23,840 THIS ANIMAL. 111 00:04:23,840 --> 00:04:27,520 AND WE'RE INTERESTED IN THIS 112 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:30,480 ANIMAL BECAUSE THIS FEMALE, IS 113 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,040 ABLE THROUGH THIS ACT OF 114 00:04:33,040 --> 00:04:34,520 BLOOD-FEEDING TOWN FACT OVER 115 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:35,720 400 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR AND SO 116 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:39,720 WE WERE FASCINATED WHAT DROVE 117 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:41,360 THE FEMALE TO DO THIS BEHAVIOR 118 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:43,800 TO UNDERSTAND IT AND FIGURE OUT 119 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,200 BY UNDERSTANDING AND HOW CAN WE 120 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:48,120 INTERVENE IN THIS CRAZY BEHAVIOR 121 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:50,720 SPREADING DISEASE. 122 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:53,440 AND SO IT'S THE PRIMARY VECTOR 123 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:59,680 OF THESE FOR ARBA VIRUSES, 124 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:03,280 YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE, ZIKA AND 125 00:05:03,280 --> 00:05:05,120 LITTLE KNOWN FACT FIRST EMERGED 126 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:08,360 IN HUMAN POPULATIONS IN AROUND 127 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:11,560 1950 AND SHOWING THAT, VIRUSES 128 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:13,960 IN WILD RESERVOIRS HAVE THE 129 00:05:13,960 --> 00:05:16,280 POSSIBILITY TO JUMP INTO HUMAN 130 00:05:16,280 --> 00:05:19,120 POPULATIONS BY THEIR ABILITY TO 131 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:21,400 BE BASICALLY TAKEN UP INTO 132 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:23,680 MOSQUITOES AND DEPOSITS INTO 133 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:24,120 HUMANS. 134 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:28,600 AND SO, IF YOU TAKE TOGETHER 135 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:33,880 AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITOES, YOU 136 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:36,080 AND UP TO HALF A MILLION PEOPLE 137 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:38,320 A YEAR PRIMARILY DUE TO MALARIA 138 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:40,520 SO IT'S AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM TO 139 00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:42,080 FIGURE OUT HOW ARE THESE FEMALES 140 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:43,280 DOING WHAT THEY CAN DO AND HOW 141 00:05:43,280 --> 00:05:44,720 CAN WE STOP THEM. 142 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:48,160 AND SO, AN IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL 143 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:49,360 CONSIDERATION, THESE ARE 144 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:51,960 TROPICAL ANIMALS SO THEY REQUIRE 145 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,400 A MILD OR NONEXISTENT WINTER, 146 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:55,880 THEY REQUIRE WATER AND THEY WIRE 147 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:58,040 A LARGE DENSITY OF HUMANS TO BE 148 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:00,560 ABLE TO EXECUTE ON THEIR 149 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:01,360 BUSINESS PLAN. 150 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:07,560 AND AS THE CLIMATE WARMS, MORE 151 00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:10,160 AND MORE OF TEMPERATE AND 152 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:11,760 NORTHERN REGIONS ARE A FANTASTIC 153 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:12,720 HABITAT FOR MOSQUITOES, 154 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:23,240 INCLUDING A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO, 155 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:28,320 THEY'RE WAITING FOR YOU AND TO 156 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:29,520 BITE YOU AND INFECT WITH YOU 157 00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:30,440 THESE VIRUSES. 158 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:34,280 THAT'S THE QUESTION THAT 159 00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:36,080 CAPTIVATED US. 160 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:39,480 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT TASTE 161 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:40,120 AND SMELL. 162 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:41,560 AND SO I'M GOING TO PLUNGE INTO 163 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:44,160 THIS QUESTION ABOUT, WHAT DOES 164 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:47,840 BLOOD TASTE LIKE TO A FEMALE 165 00:06:47,840 --> 00:06:48,120 MOSQUITO. 166 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:49,600 THERE'S VAST NUMBER OF SPECIES 167 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,080 OF INSECTS ON EARTH, ON A TINY, 168 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:54,840 TINY FRACTION OF INSECTS HAS 169 00:06:54,840 --> 00:06:56,920 EVOLVED THE TASTE OF BLOOD. 170 00:06:56,920 --> 00:06:59,320 AND SO THIS WORK WAS CARRIED OUT 171 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:04,680 BY VERONICA, A TESTIF PH.D IN TB 172 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:07,440 NOW A POSTDOC IN KAISER WITH 173 00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:10,040 COLLAB EIGHTORS FROM STANFORD, 174 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:11,000 AND PRINCETON. 175 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,320 AND SO AN IMPORTANT TAKEAWAY FOR 176 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:16,960 THOSE GETTING THE SME CREDIT, 177 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:17,720 THE ONE THING YOU LEARN TODAY, 178 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:21,240 THIS IS A HIGHLY SEX-SPECIFIC 179 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:23,280 BEHAVIOR SO MOSQUITOES COME IN 180 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:26,560 MALE AND FEMALE, ONLY THE FEMALE 181 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:28,040 HAS THE DERIVE TO DO THIS 182 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:28,320 BEHAVIOR. 183 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:33,160 FOR A COUPLE OF REASONS, SO, AN 184 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:35,080 ATOMICALLY, ONLY THE FEMALE HAS 185 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:38,280 A SYRINGE ON HER HEAD THAT 186 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:39,840 PENETRATES SKIN. 187 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,240 THE MALES CANNOT PENETRATE SKIN. 188 00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:44,080 MORE IMPORTANTLY, MALES DON'T 189 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:44,400 CARE. 190 00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:46,560 SO, YOU SEE THE LITTLE PICTURE 191 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:48,560 OF THE FEMALE, SHE'S BRACING 192 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:49,680 HERSELF AGAINST THE SKIN OF ONE 193 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:51,720 OF THE PEOPLE IN MY LAB AND THIS 194 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:53,320 IS A PHOTO FROM ALEX WILD, YOU 195 00:07:53,320 --> 00:07:55,120 CAN CHECK OUT HIS BEAUTIFUL 196 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:56,760 GALLERY OF WEB SITES. 197 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:58,560 HE CAME INTO OUR LAB AND WATCHED 198 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:01,680 OUR DAY-TO-DAY SO THIS IS OUR 199 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:01,960 DAY-TO-DAY. 200 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:04,480 YOU CAN SEE THE FEMALE FOCUSED 201 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:09,400 ON BASICALLY HAS SHOVED THIS 202 00:08:09,400 --> 00:08:10,680 SYRINGE-LIKE STYLE ET INTO THE 203 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:12,120 SKIN AND LOOKING FOR BLOOD. 204 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:14,480 THE MALE HAS NO INTEREST IN 205 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:18,040 HUMAN CUES, INCAPABLE OF 206 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,680 PUNCTURING SOMETHING AS TOUGH AS 207 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:21,520 HUMAN SKIN. 208 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:24,920 AND SO WHY IS THAT? 209 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:26,080 IT IS BECAUSE MALES DON'T 210 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:27,000 PRODUCE EGGS. 211 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:31,160 SO IT'S THE BLOOD IS 100% 212 00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:34,520 REQUIRED FOR THESE ANIMALS TO BE 213 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:35,520 REPRODUCTIVELY COMPETENT. 214 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:38,200 IT'S A GOOD TRICK. 215 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:44,000 MANY INSECTS FEED ON FLOORAL 216 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:46,120 NECTOR AND SO MANY IT'S THE MOST 217 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:48,600 BRILLIANT THING YOU CAN DO WHERE 218 00:08:48,600 --> 00:08:50,120 YOU FIND SOMETHING TO BITE, IN 219 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:51,840 THE COURSE OF A MINUTE, TAKING 220 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,480 THIS INCREDIBLY PROTEIN-RICH 221 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:56,280 MEAL AND GO AWAY AND DIGEST IT 222 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:59,000 AND CONVERT IS TO EGGS. 223 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:01,600 IT'S 100% RELATED TO THE 224 00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:02,960 REPRODUCTIVE REALITY THAT IF 225 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:04,720 TODAY, ALL HUMANS SPENT THE NEXT 226 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:06,160 TWO YEARS INDOORS AND NO ONE 227 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:07,680 WENT OUTSIDE, WE WOULD BE ABLE 228 00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:09,680 TO ELIMINATE ALL THESE DISEASES, 229 00:09:09,680 --> 00:09:11,000 RIGHT, BECAUSE THEY WOULD 230 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:11,920 BASICALLY GET RID OF THE 231 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:14,160 RESERVOIR, YOU WOULD ABLE -- 232 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:15,800 THEY NEED THE BLOOD TO REPRODUCE 233 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,840 AND THEY NEED THE BLOOD AND YOU 234 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:20,640 WOULD CRASH IT. 235 00:09:20,640 --> 00:09:23,560 SO IN THE LAB, THESE CREATURES 236 00:09:23,560 --> 00:09:25,880 DRINK 10% SUCROSE. 237 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:26,720 WE THINK OUT IN THE WILD THEY 238 00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:28,680 MAY BE FEEDING FROM FLOWERS AND 239 00:09:28,680 --> 00:09:30,720 SO, IN THE COURSE OF THEIR LIFE, 240 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:33,120 MALES NEVER TASTE BLOOD, KIND OF 241 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:34,520 SAD, THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT 242 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:35,000 TASTES LIKE. 243 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:36,440 AND THE FEMALE, WHEN THEY NEED 244 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:38,760 TO PRODUCE EGGS, ENJOY THE TASTE 245 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:40,760 OF BLOOD, AND WE'VE KEPT THESE 246 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:42,960 ANIMALS ALIVE IN THE LAB FOR A 247 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:45,720 TERRIFYING LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 248 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:47,400 HOW LONG DO THEY LIVE IN THEY 249 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:48,440 TREAT THEM WELL? 250 00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:50,600 IT'S MONTHS, I USED TO SAY SIX 251 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:52,040 WEEKS BUT IT'S LINING THREE OR 252 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:53,320 FOUR MONTHS YOU KEEP THEM ALIVE 253 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:54,720 IF YOU TREAT THEM WELL AND GIVE 254 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:55,440 THEM SUGAR. 255 00:09:55,440 --> 00:10:00,400 SO THE FEMALE FACES THIS 256 00:10:00,400 --> 00:10:01,800 QUANDARY IS IT BLOOD OR SUGAR? 257 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:03,320 THESE MEALS ARE HANDLED 258 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:04,120 DIFFERENTLY FOR DIFFERENT 259 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:05,720 PURPOSES SO THIS IS WHAT IT 260 00:10:05,720 --> 00:10:06,040 LOOKS LIKE. 261 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:09,200 WHEN YOU COME TO MY LAB, THIS IS 262 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:10,520 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MOSQUITOES 263 00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,360 FIND A LITTLE PATCH OF SKIN. 264 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:14,880 THE REST OF -- THIS IS EMILY 265 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:18,720 DENNIS WHO IS A GROUP LEADER AT 266 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:20,040 GA NAILIA, SHE DID THIS 267 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:21,120 IMPORTANT WORK WHEN SHE WAS IN 268 00:10:21,120 --> 00:10:23,040 THE LAB SO THIS IS A PATCH OF 269 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:28,640 SKIN OF HER FOREARM THAT'S NOT 270 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:29,040 COVERED IN LATEX. 271 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:30,360 IT'S QUICKLY WITHIN A FEW 272 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:32,680 SECONDS THE FEMALES LEAVE THE 273 00:10:32,680 --> 00:10:37,000 SIDE OF THE AGE, SOMETHING IS 274 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:37,840 HAPPENING, CARBON DIOXIDE GOT 275 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:39,720 THEM AROUSED AND THEY FIND THAT 276 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:42,440 TINY SPOT AND USE THEY PUNCTURE 277 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:43,400 THE SKIN AND DRINK. 278 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:48,720 SO YOU CAN SEE, SIX TIMES, SIX 279 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:52,400 TIMES SPED UP HOW ENORMOUSLY 280 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:54,160 FULL THEIR GUT GETS WITH BLOODS. 281 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:54,920 SPECIALIZING ON HUMANS THERE'S A 282 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:57,920 LOT OF US AND WE DON'T HAVE FUR, 283 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:00,200 WE CONGREGATE IN ENORMOUS 284 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:01,600 COLONIES OF PEOPLE AND WE ALWAYS 285 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:04,640 HAVE WATER AROUND US SO THEY 286 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:06,560 NEED WATER TO BE ABLE TO LAY 287 00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:07,040 EGGS. 288 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:08,200 SO THIS IS ANOTHER TAKEAWAY FROM 289 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:10,240 TODAY ONLY FEMALES BITE, GET RID 290 00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:12,320 OF STANDING WATER AROUND YOUR 291 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:12,720 HOUSE. 292 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:14,200 I OWN A HOUSE IN SILVER SPRING, 293 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:15,360 THE FIRST THING I DID WAS TALK 294 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:16,360 TO THE NEIGHBORS ABOUT DON'T 295 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:17,600 HAVE STANDING WATER. 296 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:19,160 SO, IT'S A STANDING WATER THAT 297 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:22,560 MAKES US SUCH INCREDIBLE GREAT 298 00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:22,800 HOSTS. 299 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:24,240 WE CALL THIS HOST SEEKING 300 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:25,640 BECAUSE WE RALLY ARE HOSTS. 301 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:27,600 WE DO EVERYTHING WE CAN TO 302 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:28,400 WELCOME THEM INTO OUR LIVES. 303 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:30,880 WE WILL HIKE WITHOUT CLOTHES, 304 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:35,760 ALMOST NAKED, WE HAVE WATER 305 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:37,760 AROUND THE HOUSE AND WE HAVE 306 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:38,120 DELICIOUS BLOOD. 307 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:40,240 SO YOU KNOW THAT IF YOU GET A 308 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:42,120 BLOOD TEST, YOU GET A PROFILE OF 309 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,160 WHAT IS ON BLOOD AND SO, WHAT I 310 00:11:44,160 --> 00:11:46,880 WOULD REMIND PEOPLE IS THAT OUR 311 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:50,160 BLOOD, EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE A 312 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:51,680 SUGAR IMBALANCE, THAT'S 313 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:53,320 RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS OF SUGAR 314 00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:56,040 IN IT SO BLOOD DOES HAVE GLUCOSE 315 00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:57,920 IN IT AND HAS ALL THESE OTHER 316 00:11:57,920 --> 00:11:58,840 CONSTITUENTS THAT THESE ANIMALS 317 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:01,000 ARE LOOKING FOR SO IT'S THE 318 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:03,480 PROTEINS AND THE LIPIDS THAT ARE 319 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:04,440 DRIVING A DEVELOPMENT. 320 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:06,440 SO YOU CAN MAKE AN ARTIFICIAL 321 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:08,000 BLOOD MEAL WITH THREE HUMAN 322 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:09,080 BLOOD PROTEINS. 323 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:12,400 YOU ADD ATP AND SODIUM CHLORIDE 324 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:14,080 AND YOU CAN KEEP THEM ALIVE IN 325 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:15,840 THE LAB FOR GENERATIONS, THOSE 326 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:17,480 ARE THE CONSTITUENTS THEY NEED. 327 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:20,080 THREE HUMAN BLOOD PROTEINS SO 328 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:23,560 SALT AND ATP AND SO, THIS IS 329 00:12:23,560 --> 00:12:29,160 SORT OF THE QUESTION AND WHAT IS 330 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:30,000 IN FLORAL NECTAR. 331 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,680 IN 2006, ECONOMICS GISTS WENT TO 332 00:12:31,680 --> 00:12:33,800 SOUTH AMERICA AND ASKED, WHAT'S 333 00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:35,640 IN PLANT NECTAR AND HOW DOES IT 334 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:37,360 RELATE TO THE DIFFERENT 335 00:12:37,360 --> 00:12:39,040 POLLINATORS THAT FEED ON IT SO 336 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:44,920 YOU NOTICE THAT THEIR NECTOR IS 337 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:46,680 RICH IN SUCROSE AND IT'S WHAT WE 338 00:12:46,680 --> 00:12:49,200 NEED THE MOSQUITOES IN THE LAB, 339 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,320 10% SUCROSE SO THE FEMALES HAVE 340 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:52,040 THIS EXPERIENCE OF ALL THIS 341 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:53,600 STUFF IN BLOOD AND THIS 342 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:56,440 RELATIVELY SUGARY SORT OF SIMPLE 343 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,160 MEAL OF SUGAR. 344 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:00,760 AND SO, WE'VE BEEN ASKING THESE 345 00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:02,320 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW DO THEY TELL 346 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:04,000 THE DIFFERENCE AND GIVEN THAT 347 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,120 SUCROSE IS A COMMON INGREDIENT 348 00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:07,400 BETWEEN THEM SO I'LL TELL YOU 349 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:09,400 ABOUT THE NEUROBIOLOGY ABOUT 350 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:09,760 THAT. 351 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:11,240 SO ONE THING THAT'S REALLY COOL 352 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:15,160 AND INTERESTING, WE HAVE ONE 353 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:16,320 TONGUE AND ONE STOMACH. 354 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:18,200 ANYTHING YOU PUT IN YOUR MOUTH, 355 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:19,280 EVERYTHING IS SENSED BY THE 356 00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:20,200 TONGUE AND EVERYTHING GOES INTO 357 00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:25,080 YOUR STOMACH. 358 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:26,520 MOSQUITOES HAVE A TONGUE FOR 359 00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:27,320 BLOOD AND SUGAR. 360 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:30,280 I REMEMBER THE STYLE ET IS THIS 361 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:31,360 TARPEN SYRINGE THAT IS THE ONLY 362 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:33,560 PART OF THE MOSQUITO THAT GOES 363 00:13:33,560 --> 00:13:36,440 UNDER THE SKIN SO IT'S COVERED 364 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:38,600 WITH SENSORY NEURONS AND THE 365 00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:48,480 SOFT TONG WILL SIT ON AND SO WE 366 00:13:48,480 --> 00:13:50,040 DID AN EXPERIMENT WHERE WE FED 367 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:55,120 THEM FIRST, GREEN FOOD DYE SUGAR 368 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:57,080 AND THEY TASTE IT AND ALL OF 369 00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:59,080 THAT SUGAR GOES INTO THE CROP 370 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:07,160 AND WE GIVE THEM A CHASER. 371 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:08,960 AND THE BLOOD GOES INFORM THE 372 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:10,120 MID GUT. 373 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:12,200 THEY HAVE TWO STOMACHS. 374 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:14,680 THE SUGAR IS KEPT IN THE CROP AS 375 00:14:14,680 --> 00:14:16,680 JUST A METABOLIC GEL PACK IF YOU 376 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:18,280 ARE A MARATHONER. 377 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:20,040 SO I HAVE SO MANY QUESTIONS HERE 378 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:21,320 ABOUT FIRST OF ALL HOW DO THEY 379 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:23,320 TELL THE DIFFERENCE, HOW DO THEY 380 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:24,680 SHUNT IT TO STOMACH ONE OR 381 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:27,120 STOMACH TWO, WHAT IS THE SIGNAL 382 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:28,680 THERE AND IT'S LOOKING LIKE SOME 383 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:30,320 SORT OF INTERNAL SENSING TO 384 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:32,960 FIGURE OUT WHERE IT GOES. 385 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:34,720 SO, A KEY POINT AGAIN THE CROP 386 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:36,960 IS SMALL AND THE MIDGUT CAN 387 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:40,040 STRETCHY ENORMOUSLY, LIKE 388 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:44,200 ENORMOUSLY, YOU SEE THAT UNFED 389 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:45,600 ANIMALS WILL, IF YOU BASICALLY 390 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,000 LOOK AT HOW MUCH THEY CONSUME, 391 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:52,440 THEY CONSUME THREE MICRO LITERS 392 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:53,440 WHICH DOUBLES THEIR BODY WEIGHT 393 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,320 AND IF YOU OFFER THEM SUGAR THEY 394 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:56,840 SIP IT. 395 00:14:56,840 --> 00:14:58,120 CONSTRAINED BY THE SIDES OF THE 396 00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:00,240 STOMACH THAT'S RECEIVING IT. 397 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:02,000 I'M GOING TO DO A SIDE BAR HERE. 398 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,240 THIS IS THIS WORK OF RACHEL 399 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:06,560 GALOON WHO JUST TURNED 400 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:07,400 98-YEARS-OLD AS THE UNIVERSITY 401 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:09,400 OF JERUSALEM. 402 00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,280 AND SHE MADE THIS DISCOVERY THAT 403 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:14,040 ATP IS ONE OF THE MOST EXCITING 404 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:17,120 TASTES THAT AN INSECT ENCOUNTERS 405 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,800 SO THERE'S ATP IN BLOOD AND IT'S 406 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:24,280 A DEINGREDIENT BECAUSE IT 407 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:25,360 TRIGGERS FEEDING AND THEY LOVE 408 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:26,320 THE TASTE OF IT. 409 00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:28,880 SO MUCH SO THAT WE CAN MAKE THIS 410 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:33,080 MIXTURE OF ATP SODIUM CHLORIDE 411 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:34,160 AND HERE IS A PARTICULARTURE OF 412 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:38,440 A MOSQUITO THAT IS DRINKING IT. 413 00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:39,840 SOCIAL PUNCTURE THIS AS IF IT'S 414 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:41,360 SKIN AND SHE'S FILLING UP ON 415 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:42,440 THIS MIXTURE. 416 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:44,440 SO, WE KNOW THAT THIS TASTE 417 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:48,360 SYSTEM CAN BE ACTIVATED BY ATP 418 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:50,200 AND SOME BUFFERED SALTS. 419 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:51,800 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE FEMALE OF 420 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:53,200 FEMALES THAT GET EXCITED ABOUT 421 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:54,400 THIS, THEY'RE MAKING DECISIONS 422 00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:56,000 SO IF YOU GIVE THEM HIGH 423 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,720 CONCENTRATIONS OF SUCROSE, THEY 424 00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:01,040 DO NOT ENGORGE AND IT DOES NOT 425 00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:03,400 GO TO THE MID GUT, IF YOU GIVE 426 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,040 THEM BLOOD, MOST OF THEM DO AND 427 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:07,520 ATM AND SALINE AND THEY LOVE IT. 428 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:09,200 THE SENSE RE SYSTEM IS HANDLING 429 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:10,360 THESE TWO DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES 430 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:12,600 IN THE SAME WAY AND IT'S 431 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:14,160 REJECTING SUCROSE. 432 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:16,000 SO NOW LET'S TURN TO THE 433 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:16,360 SYRINGE. 434 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:19,320 SO THIS IS A FILM FROM VALERIE 435 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,080 AT THE PASTOR INSTITUTE AND THIS 436 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:24,520 IS A MALARIA MOSQUITO STYLET, 437 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:25,640 ROOTING AROUND UNDER THE SKIN OF 438 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:28,520 A MOUSE LOOKING FOR BLOOD. 439 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:31,760 KIND OF LIKE THE DOWN THE HALL 440 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:35,720 AT THE CLINICAL CENTER ALTHOUGH, 441 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,120 SHE'S REALLY GOOD AT IT AND 442 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:41,600 SHE'S NOT -- SHE'S ABOVE THE 443 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:41,880 SKIN. 444 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:43,880 SHE'S BRACING HERSELF ON THE 445 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:45,920 SKIN, THERE'S THIS ORGAN THAT 446 00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:48,600 HAS LOTS OF SENSORY NEURONS AND 447 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:50,960 ABLE TO FIND THAT CAPILLARY SO 448 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:52,520 TRULY REMARKABLE. 449 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:55,360 AND SO VERONICA SET OUT TO 450 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:56,760 FIGURE OUT WHAT IS TASTEING AND 451 00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:58,600 HOW DOES IT AVOID GETTING 452 00:16:58,600 --> 00:16:59,680 CONFUSED AND SUCKING THE 453 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:01,680 SUBSTANCE AND PUTTING IT IN THE 454 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,200 MIDGUT, BECAUSE IF YOU PUT SUGAR 455 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,840 IN THE MID GUT, YOU INTERRUPT 456 00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:06,360 REPRODUCTION. 457 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:10,040 SO THE FIRST THING THAT WE DID 458 00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:11,680 WAS TEAMED UP AT PRINCETON AND 459 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:12,880 THEY MADE THIS BEAUTIFUL STRAIN 460 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:15,280 THAT ALLOWS US TO LABEL ALL 461 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:20,520 NEURONS WITH RED FLEUR HE IS FLT 462 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:22,160 PROTEIN SO WE CAN ASK HOW MANY 463 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:24,160 NEURONS ARE THERE AND HOW DO 464 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:25,360 THEY RESPOND TO DIFFERENT TASTES 465 00:17:25,360 --> 00:17:27,360 AND YOU CAN SEE AT TOP IS THE 466 00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:29,560 FEMALE STYLET HAS ABOUT 25 467 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:31,000 NEURONS AND IT'S, YOU CAN SEE 468 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000 THE SCALE BAR, IT'S TINY, IT'S A 469 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,000 TINY STRUCTURE AND A SINGLE 470 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,200 LAYER OF NEURONS IT'S LAKE LIKE 471 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:41,040 A DREAM FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND THE 472 00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:44,840 MALE HAS FEWER THAN 10 NEURONS. 473 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:47,080 THE MALE HAS FLOW NEURONS TO SEE 474 00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:48,960 AS IT'S SENSING THE SUGAR IT'S 475 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:50,320 DRINKING BUT THE FEMALE IS SET 476 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:52,400 UP TO TASTE BLOOD AND SO 477 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:55,520 VERONICA SET UP THIS IMAGING 478 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:57,320 PROTOCOL WHERE SHE PULLED THE 479 00:17:57,320 --> 00:17:59,400 STYLET OFF AND PUT IT IN A BATH 480 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:04,320 AND USED A BIO PAN TO SHOOT 481 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:06,400 SHEEP BLOOD AT THE STYLET TO SEE 482 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:07,920 IF THERE ARE THREE NEURONS OR 483 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:09,320 HALF THE NEURONS AND WHAT DOES 484 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:12,480 IT LOOK LIKE WHEN THE STYLET 485 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:13,320 TASTES BLOOD. 486 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:15,440 SO YOU HAVE THE TIP OF THE 487 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:16,840 STYLET AT THE RIGHT AND IN THE 488 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:18,040 SECOND YOU HAVE A BUBBLE OF 489 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:19,560 BLOOD AND YOU CAN SEE THE 490 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:21,880 BASELINE FLUORESCENCE IS 491 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:24,440 ELEVATED AND IN A HALF OF THE 492 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:26,200 CELLS AND IT'S YOU HIGHLY 493 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:27,400 REPRODUCE ABLE SO HALF THE CELLS 494 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:29,320 GET REALLY EXCITED BY THE TASTE 495 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:29,960 OF BLOOD. 496 00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:31,600 WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THE OTHER 497 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:32,880 HALF DO, IT'S INTERESTING. 498 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:34,960 WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THEY DO 499 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:36,080 MAYBE THEY'RE INVOLVED IN BAD 500 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:37,280 THINGS THAT THEY WOULD TASTE 501 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:47,720 THAT THEY WOULD NOT DRINK. 502 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:55,680 SO THEY WITH, DO THEY LOVE IT 503 00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:56,640 BECAUSE IT ACTIVATES THE SAME 504 00:18:56,640 --> 00:18:58,960 SET OF NEURONS AND THAT'S WHAT 505 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:00,040 VERONICA FOUND AND SO AGAIN IN 506 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,280 THIS FILM, YOU WILL SEE IN A 507 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:04,360 SECOND, BLOOD BEING APPLIED TO 508 00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:04,920 THE STYLET. 509 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,240 YOU SEE THE HAPPY NEURONS 510 00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:07,800 LIGHTING UP. 511 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:09,280 AND THEN IN A SECOND YOU WILL 512 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:11,800 HAVE THIS PROTEIN-FREE MEAL 513 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:18,640 CONTAINING ATP. 514 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:20,640 SO IF ANYTHING THEY REALLY LIKE 515 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:23,440 THE TASTE OF THAT ATP, IT 516 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:25,360 ACTIVATES THE CELLS MORE 517 00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:26,000 RELIABLY. 518 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,760 WE DECOMPOSED THIS MIXTURE INTO 519 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:31,720 ATP SODIUM CHLORIDE AND FOUND 520 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:32,920 AGAIN YOU CAN SEE THAT HALF OF 521 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:34,240 THE CELLS IN THE STYLET RESPOND 522 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,200 TO NONE OF THESE SUBSTANCES. 523 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:38,760 AND YOU CAN LOOK AT CELLS THAT 524 00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:40,160 RESPOND TO BLOOD AND START 525 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:41,480 BREAKING THEM INTO DIFFERENT 526 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,280 CLUSTERS SO WE HAVE A SET OF 527 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:45,160 CELLS THAT RESPOND TO ATP WHICH 528 00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:48,400 IS FASCINATING AND INSECTS DO 529 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:52,280 NOT HAVE RECEPTORS SO WE SENSE 530 00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:55,440 ATP WITH P2X AND P2Y. 531 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:57,720 WE DO NOT KNOW HOW THESE NEURONS 532 00:19:57,720 --> 00:19:59,400 SENSING ATP BUT THEY HAVE SOME 533 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:05,560 SORT OF AN ATP SENSE. 534 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:06,840 AND THEY HAVE A CHEMICAL 535 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:09,200 SUBSTANCE AND NEURONS THAT 536 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,880 RESPOND TO SODIUM CHLORIDE AND 537 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:14,560 THEY WILL ONLY RESPOND TO 538 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:20,800 GLUCOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF THESE 539 00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:24,400 TWO OTHER SODIUM BUY CARBON AID. 540 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:26,320 SO THEY MADE AGAIN TARGETED 541 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:27,760 MOSQUITOES SO CAN WE FIND 542 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:29,040 MARKERS FOR THESE CELLS. 543 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,920 AND SO, SHE WAS ABLE TO MAKE A 544 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,040 LINE WHERE ALL NEURONS 545 00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:36,280 EXPRESSING THIS NEMO SENSORY 546 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:38,480 RECEPTORS CALLED IR7A EXPRESSED 547 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:43,000 MARKERS AND YOU CAN SEE THE CUTE 548 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:47,720 CELLS THERE AND THEY ARE ALL 549 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,760 SODIUM BY CARBONATE CELLS. 550 00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:52,640 AND SHE THEN MADE ANOTHER LINE, 551 00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:55,880 HERE YOU SEE THE FOUR CELLS 552 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:57,800 EXPRESSING THE IR7F AND THESE 553 00:20:57,800 --> 00:20:59,760 ARE REALLY INTERESTING NEURONS 554 00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:03,720 BECAUSE AGAIN, THEY ONLY RESPOND 555 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:06,200 WHEN YOU HAVE GLUCOSE, AND 556 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:10,640 SODIUM BY CARBONATE AND SODIUM 557 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:12,160 CHLORIDE PRESENT AND THEY ONLY 558 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:13,760 RESPOND TO THE MIXTURE 559 00:21:13,760 --> 00:21:15,200 SUGGESTING THERE'S MULTIPLE 560 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:25,720 RECEPTORS THAT ARE LISTENING. 561 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:27,680 YOU ONLY GET EXCITEMENT WHEN YOU 562 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:28,600 HAVE ALL OF THEM. 563 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,240 WE THOUGHT THIS WAS A KEY 564 00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:31,320 PRINCIPLE, IF YOU DON'T WANT TO 565 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:32,960 GET CONFUSED BETWEEN BLOOD AND 566 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:34,520 SUGAR, MAKE SURE THAT THE STYLET 567 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:40,680 DOES NOT DRINK PURE SUGAR AS 568 00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:42,480 WHAT HAPPENED WITH NECTOR. 569 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:44,880 SO WE THINK THIS IS REALLY THE 570 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:46,840 KEY THE INCOMPETENT GREATER 571 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:47,480 CELLS INTEGRATE INFORMATION SO 572 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:50,080 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A BLOOD 573 00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:51,760 COMPONENT, THE CELLS DO NOT GET 574 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:54,440 EXCITED AND A STRIKING 575 00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:59,600 DEMONSTRATION OF THIS NOW WE PUT 576 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:02,160 300 ZUBE CROWS OR FRUCTOSE OR 577 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:04,240 GLUCOSE AND EACH IS A SINGLE 578 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:06,840 FEMALE, EACH SQUARE IS A SINGLE 579 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:09,920 NEURON IN THE STYLET AND AT THE 580 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:10,760 BOTTOM ACTIVATES THE NEURONS AND 581 00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:14,400 YOU CAN SEE WITH A FEW 582 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:15,840 EXCEPTIONS, PRIMARILY WITH 583 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:17,880 GLUCOSE, WE DON'T FIND A SINGLE 584 00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:19,400 KNEW ON THAT RESPONDS TO SUGAR 585 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,320 SO I THINK THAT THE KEY TO THIS 586 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:24,080 PROBLEM, IS THAT YOU HAVE 587 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:25,440 NEURONS IN THE STYLET THAT ARE 588 00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:27,560 REALLY CHOSEY THAT WILL 589 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:29,200 COMPLETELY IGNORE THE TASTE OF 590 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:31,200 HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SUGAR 591 00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:32,640 UNLESS YOU HAVE THESE BLOOD 592 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:35,800 COMPONENTS AND SO WE'RE SUPER 593 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:37,240 EXCITED ABOUT THE MECHANISMS 594 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:39,360 WITHIN THE NEURONS WHERE THEY 595 00:22:39,360 --> 00:22:41,160 DON'T CARE ABOUT 300 AND YOU ADD 596 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:47,480 A LITTLE BIT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE 597 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:51,920 OR SODIUM BICARBONATE AND IT'S 598 00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:54,080 HOW ON EARTH DO YOU TAKE LIKE 599 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:55,520 THE STAKE ON ONE PART AND THE 600 00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:56,920 CAKE ON THE OTHER PART ASK IT'S 601 00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:57,600 REALLY COOL. 602 00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:59,200 SO NOW I'M GOING TO TURN TO LAST 603 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:00,560 WEEK WAS A WEEK SO WE HAD THIS 604 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:01,960 PAPER COME OUT THAT WAS PRE 605 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:07,120 PRINTED IN JANUARY AND WHEN IT 606 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:08,000 WAS ON ARCHIVED WE DID A TWEET 607 00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:08,600 STORM ABOUT IT. 608 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:10,880 WE HAD LIKE 20,000 PEOPLE GO TO 609 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:11,680 THE PAGE. 610 00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:12,880 MOSTLY MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL 611 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:14,000 PUBLIC AND LIKE THOUSANDS OF 612 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,520 PEOPLE DOWNLOADING THE PDF WHICH 613 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:17,280 IS UNUSUAL. 614 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:20,800 SO WE KNEW WHEN IT ULTIMATELY 615 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:21,400 FINALLY WOUND ITS WAY THROUGH 616 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:23,000 THE ENDLESS GRIND OF PEER 617 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,520 REVIEW, WHEN IT CAME OUT, IT 618 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:25,480 WOULD BE A THING. 619 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:26,520 AND IT WAS. 620 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:28,520 SO WE WERE LIKE ON USA TODAY, 621 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:32,200 DID A PRINT VERSION OF IT, THE 622 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:33,520 NBC NIGHTLY NEWS CREW WAS IN THE 623 00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:33,680 LAB. 624 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:35,160 AND I KNEW THIS WOULD BE A BIG 625 00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:36,560 STORY BECAUSE THIS IS THE 626 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:39,600 QUESTION THAT 100% OF THE PEOPLE 627 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,480 IN MY LIFE STRANGERS ON A TRAIN, 628 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:46,640 WHICH WAS A REALLY GOOD MOVIE, 629 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,440 AND SCIENTISTS, ANYBODY WANTS TO 630 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:51,480 KNOW, WHY AM I ALWAYS BITTEN? 631 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:55,960 WHEN I AM AT A PICNIC, WHY AM I 632 00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:56,320 ALWAYS BITTEN? 633 00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:58,320 HALF THE PEOPLE ARE NEVER 634 00:23:58,320 --> 00:23:59,760 BITTEN, AND THE OTHER HALF ARE 635 00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:00,280 ALWAYS BITTEN. 636 00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:01,680 SO WHAT IS IT? 637 00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:03,200 SO I HAVE TO TURN BACK TO WHAT 638 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:04,600 MAKES US ATTRACTIVE TO 639 00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,080 MOSQUITOES IN THE FIRST PLACE. 640 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:09,080 AND SO IMPORTANT THING IS THAT 641 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,240 WE CANNOT HELP BUT WE'RE 642 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:12,560 HELPLESS. 643 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,600 AND I WANT TO SAY THAT FROM NOW 644 00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:16,400 ON, MY TALK IS A MESSAGE OF 645 00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:17,800 HOPELESSNESS AND DESPAIR. 646 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:19,080 BECAUSE THERE IS NOTHING THAT WE 647 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:19,800 CAN DO. 648 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:22,160 ABOUT ANY OF THIS. 649 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:24,240 SO, CARBON DIE SOX SIDE IS THE 650 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:26,680 MOST IMPORTANT AROUSAL SIGNAL 651 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:30,360 FOR THE SKA MOSQUITO BRAIN. 652 00:24:30,360 --> 00:24:35,880 TINY BITS OF CARBON DIE SOX 653 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:38,120 SIDE, A FEW SECONDS OF CO2 WILL 654 00:24:38,120 --> 00:24:40,120 FLIP THEM INTO THE STATE OF 655 00:24:40,120 --> 00:24:41,720 AROUSAL FOR 15 MINUTES. 656 00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:42,880 IT DOESN'T EVEN MATTER IF YOU 657 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:44,560 RUN AWAY, THEY'RE EXCITED AND 658 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:45,760 THEY'LL KEEP HUNTING YOU. 659 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:47,200 OTHER BAD NEWS IS THAT, WE 660 00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,400 PRODUCE A LOT OF BODY ODOR, SO, 661 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:50,960 OUR SKIN IS COVERED BY THIS 662 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,800 NATURAL MOISTURIZING SEE BUM 663 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:55,640 WHICH CONTAINS WAXY SUBSTANCES 664 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:57,160 AND A LOT OF LIPIDS SO YOU DON'T 665 00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:59,000 EVEN NEED TO BOY ALL THAT STUFF 666 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,880 THAW PUT ON YOUR SKIN BECAUSE 667 00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:03,400 YOUR PRODUCING IT EVERYDAY. 668 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:07,120 AND YOU HAVE BENEFICIAL BACTERIA 669 00:25:07,120 --> 00:25:09,720 ON YOUR SKIN WHOSE JOB IT IS, 670 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:11,600 FIRST OF ALL, TO KEEP YOUR SKIN 671 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,120 HEALTHY AND THE WAY WE REWARD 672 00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:15,920 THEM ASK WITH SEE BUM. 673 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,840 IT DIGESTS THE SEE BUM AND 674 00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:20,840 DIGESTS THE BODY ODOR AND WE ARE 675 00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:22,760 WARM BLOODED AND MOSQUITOES LOVE 676 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:26,040 WARM BLOOD SO IF WE PUT OUT 677 00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:26,920 DISHES OF COLD BLOOD. 678 00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:28,800 NO ONE LIKES IT, THEY LIKE THE 679 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:30,960 WARMTH, CO2 AND BODY ODOR AND 680 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:32,520 ALSO VISUAL CONTRAST SO PEOPLE 681 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:34,320 ASKING ME WHAT SHOULD I DO, WHEN 682 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:36,080 SHOULD I HIKE, IT'S LIKE AT THE 683 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:37,720 HEIGHT OF THE DAY WHEN IT'S 684 00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:39,320 REALLY HOT AND COVER UP AND IT 685 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,720 DOESN'T MATTER IF YOU CAN WEAR 686 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:44,560 PERFUME, NO ONE CARES, THE 687 00:25:44,560 --> 00:25:45,560 MOSQUITOES DON'T CARE YOU 688 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:47,240 CAN'T -- DON'T HIKE, STAY 689 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:48,080 INDOORS. 690 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:49,360 SO, IS IT TRUE THAT SOME PEOPLE 691 00:25:49,360 --> 00:25:50,800 ARE MORE ATTRACTIVE TO 692 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:52,240 MOSQUITOES THAN OTHERS OR IS 693 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:53,080 THIS OBSERVATION IS THAT 694 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:54,840 EVERYBODY HAS REALLY SOMETHING 695 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:56,160 THAT ISN'T A THING. 696 00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:58,040 AND SO IN FACT THERE ARE MANY 697 00:25:58,040 --> 00:25:59,440 STUDIES THAT SHOW EITHER IN 698 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:01,240 LABORATORY SETTINGS OR IN THE 699 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:02,280 FIELD, THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE MUCH 700 00:26:02,280 --> 00:26:03,720 MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES 701 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:05,920 THAN OTHERS SO HERE IS THE 1993 702 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:06,120 PAPER. 703 00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:08,720 I DO NOT HAVE A PMID HERE. 704 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:10,720 MY NEW THING IS, NO JOURNAL 705 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:11,680 NAMES ON TALK SLIDES. 706 00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:13,320 NO JOURNAL NAME ON TALK SLIDES 707 00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:16,280 SO I ALREADY BROKE MY RULE. 708 00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,400 SO, THIS PAPER WHAT THEY DID IS 709 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,720 THEY HAD VOLUNTEERS SLEEP IN THE 710 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:23,280 FIELD OVERNIGHT IN LITTLE 711 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,160 STRUCTURES AND THEN THEY COUNTED 712 00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:26,640 HOW MANY MOSQUITOES WERE 713 00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:29,200 ATTRACTED INTO A TRAP IN THE 714 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:29,400 HUT. 715 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:31,480 THEY SORT OF RANDOMIZED WHO WAS 716 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:33,040 SLEEPING IN WHICH HUT. 717 00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:35,440 AND FOUND THESE REALLY STRIKING 718 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:35,920 DIFFERENCES. 719 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:37,160 AND SO IF YOU LOOK AT PERSON K 720 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,480 ON THE RIGHT, HAD A REALLY GREAT 721 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:40,880 NIGHT'S SLEEP. 722 00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,320 BECAUSE VERY FEW MOSQUITOES WERE 723 00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:44,720 ATTRACTED INTO PERSON CASE TENT 724 00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:47,320 COMPARED TO PERSON A WHO 725 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:48,480 ATTRACTED ALMOST 50 MOSQUITOES 726 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:54,720 AND SO THESE ARE A FIVE-FOLD 727 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:55,760 DIFFERENCE IN NATIVE MOSQUITOES 728 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:59,600 FLYING AROUND AND THEY'RE HUNGRY 729 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:01,400 AND THEY MEL THE CARBON DIOXIDE 730 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:05,360 AND THE BODY ODOR AND THEY GO IN 731 00:27:05,360 --> 00:27:06,320 THERE AS I CHOSE'NESS. 732 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:08,000 PERSON K HAS BLOOD AND ALIVE BUT 733 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:08,920 THERE'S SOMETHING THAT MAKE 734 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:11,000 PERSON A MUCH MORE ALLURE SEWING 735 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,040 WE SET OUT TO FIGURE THAT OUT. 736 00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:16,040 SO WE BEING A SEVEN-YEAR STUDY. 737 00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:17,360 A LOT OF PEOPLE LIKE WHATEVER, 738 00:27:17,360 --> 00:27:19,360 JUST TEST IT, FIGURE IT OUT BUT 739 00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:22,400 IT TOOK HER SEVEN YEARS AND THEY 740 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:24,080 MADE ALL THE MOSQUITO MUTANTS 741 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:26,400 AND ANOTHER MESSAGE OF DESPAIR 742 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:28,640 AND HOMELESSNESS YOU CANNOT DO 743 00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:29,680 ANYTHING TO MOSQUITOES TO GET 744 00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:31,080 THEM TO NOT FIND US. 745 00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:37,880 THAT'S HIS DATA AND LAURA DEDMON 746 00:27:37,880 --> 00:27:40,440 DID 2,000 TRIALS IF THEY PRO FER 747 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:43,080 PERSON 1 OVER PERSON 1. 748 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:44,960 AND I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE 749 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:49,360 NIH FOR FUNDING OUR CTSA AND THE 750 00:27:49,360 --> 00:27:50,560 THEY DID THE CHEM IS TREMENDOUS 751 00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:54,280 AND SO HOW DO YOU ASK WHO IS 752 00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:55,680 MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES 753 00:27:55,680 --> 00:27:56,640 THAN OTHERS. 754 00:27:56,640 --> 00:28:00,160 YOU COULD INVITE PEOPLE INTO OUR 755 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:01,920 TROPICAL ROOM FOR 2500 VISITS 756 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:03,160 OVER THE COURSE OF THREE YEARS 757 00:28:03,160 --> 00:28:04,400 AND HAVE THEM SPEND EIGHT HOURS 758 00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:09,040 A DAY IN A ROOM THAT HAS 80% 759 00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:10,800 HUMIDITY, 28° CELSIUS BUT NO ONE 760 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:11,720 WANTS TO DO THAT. 761 00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:12,440 IT'S HORRIBLE. 762 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:17,160 WHEN THE NBC NIGHTLY NEWS CREW 763 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:18,840 WERE HERE OUR LENSES ARE FOGGING 764 00:28:18,840 --> 00:28:21,600 UP, IT'S HORRIBLE, WE'RE 765 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,240 SWEATING AND TO SO TO DO THIS 766 00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:25,000 STUDY WE NEEDED TO FIND A WAY TO 767 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,280 GET HUMANS TO HAVE THEM DONATE 768 00:28:28,280 --> 00:28:29,480 THEIR SCENT. 769 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:30,640 WE KNEW IT WAS SCENT BECAUSE 770 00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:34,680 CARBON DIOXIDE AND HEAT ARE 771 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:35,520 GENERIC. 772 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:37,400 EVERY ANIMAL ALIVE PRODUCES 773 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:37,880 THOSE. 774 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:39,800 IT'S A WELL-KNOWN SECRET IN THE 775 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:41,800 FIELD OF THE CHEMICAL SENSES 776 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:43,920 THAT NYLON IS LIKE THE PREMIERE 777 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:47,760 MATERIAL TO COLLECT HUMAN BODY 778 00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:49,520 ODOR AND SO IT'S CHEAP AND 779 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:51,760 AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY SO WE 780 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:53,880 WERE, EVERY WEEK PAL AT OF NO 781 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,480 NONSENSE KNEE HIGHS COMING INTO 782 00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:58,720 THE LAB WE CUT IT AND WE HAVE 783 00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:00,640 PEOPLE WEAR THE STOCKINGS FOR 784 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:02,160 SIX HOURS AND AGAIN IT DOESN'T 785 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:03,320 REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE WHAT 786 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,080 YOU DO TO COVER UP THE SCENT, 787 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:07,360 WHATEVER IS SOAKING NO THESE 788 00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:09,040 STOCKINGS IS ENOUGH TO ALLURE 789 00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:13,040 MOSQUITOES AND SO THIS TOOK TWO 790 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:14,000 YEARS TO WORKOUT. 791 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,360 IT'S BASICALLY HOW DO YOU ASK IF 792 00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:18,600 PERSON ONE OR PERSON TWO IS MORE 793 00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,040 ATTRACTIVE, SO THE SET UP IS 794 00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:22,280 THAT YOU TAKE 50 FEMALES WHO 795 00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:24,280 HAVE NEVER HAD A BLOOD MEAL SO 796 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:25,840 THEY'RE RARE TO GO GO AND 797 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:30,600 THEY'RE EXTREMELY EAGER TO FIND 798 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,480 A HUMAN ABILITY YOU RELEASE THEM 799 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:33,800 INTO THIS BOX AND THEY CHOSE 800 00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:35,320 DOOR NUMBER ONE OR TWO AND THE 801 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:36,520 ONLY INFORMATION THEY HAVE IS 802 00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:37,880 THE SMELL COMING FROM THE 803 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:38,160 STOCKINGS. 804 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:40,000 THAT'S ALL THE INFORMATION THAT 805 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:40,280 THEY HAVE. 806 00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:44,160 AND SO I'LL SHOW THIS LITTLE 807 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:44,360 VIDEO. 808 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:45,600 AND I REALLY HOPE THE SOUND IS 809 00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:46,920 NOT PLAYING OUT IN THE WORLD 810 00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:49,640 BECAUSE IT'S A TIK TOK FROM MY 811 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:50,000 LAB. 812 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,320 THIS IS EMILY DAY AFTER DAY 813 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:57,280 AFTER DAY CHOPPING UP THESE 814 00:29:57,280 --> 00:29:58,280 PANTIE HOSE INTO LITTLE PIECES 815 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:00,000 AND THAT'S ALL THEY NEED TO TELL 816 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:01,040 THE PERSON BETWEEN PERSON ONE 817 00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:03,160 AND TWO AND THIS IS TAKEN IN OUR 818 00:30:03,160 --> 00:30:05,200 TROPICAL ROOM, THERE'S LAURA 819 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,880 DEDMAN STUFFING IN THE CUES. 820 00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:11,080 IT'S TWO ASSAYS RUNNING IN 821 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:12,400 PARALLEL SO YOU HAVE PERSON ONE, 822 00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:13,480 TWO AND THREE AND FOUR. 823 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:15,160 SHE OPENS THE GATES LIKE A 824 00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:16,560 RACING TRACT AND THE MOSQUITOES 825 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:20,080 COME OUT AND THEY IMMEDIATELY 826 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:22,160 FLY TOWARD THE TWO DOORS AND 827 00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:24,040 THEY GO INTO THE TRAP 828 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:24,560 IMMEDIATELY. 829 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:28,040 AND SO, LAURA DID OVER 2,300 830 00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:29,680 TRIALS LIKE THIS OVER 3.1 YEARS 831 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:32,800 AND SHE'S AMAZING. 832 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:34,440 AND SO, SOME PEOPLE REALLY ARE 833 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:36,480 MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN OTHERS. 834 00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:40,240 THIS IS A SIMPLE VERSION OF THIS 835 00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:40,680 EXPERIMENT. 836 00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:43,440 WE PUT PERSON 33'S STOCKING INTO 837 00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:46,320 ONE PORT AND COMPLETELY UNWORN 838 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:47,520 STOCKING IN THE OTHER AND WE 839 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:49,160 ASKED CAN THE MOSQUITOES TELL 840 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:50,200 THE DIFFERENCE AND YOU CAN SEE 841 00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:52,000 THAT SUBJECT 33 WHO IS THE STAR 842 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,800 OF THIS WHOLE STORY, RELIABLY 843 00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:57,560 ATTRACTED ENORMOUS NUMBERS OF 844 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:01,800 MOSQUITOES IF YOU LOOK AT PERSON 845 00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:03,640 28, THEY DO SMELL ANY DIFFERENCE 846 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:04,840 FROM A UNWRAPPED STOCK TAG YOU 847 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,440 JUST GOT FROM THE PHARMACY. 848 00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:09,240 THERE'S NOTHING ON THAT STOCKING 849 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:10,680 SO THE MOSQUITOES CANNOT TELL 850 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:12,160 THE DIFFERENCE SO IT'S REALLY 851 00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:15,720 REMARKABLE YOU GO FROM BASICALLY 852 00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:17,080 NOTHING TO SOMEONE WHO IS 853 00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:19,400 INCREDIBLY ATTRACTIVE. 854 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:20,520 BUT THERE'S SOME SPORTS FANS IN 855 00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:24,480 THE LAB SO WE THOUGHT LET'S DO A 856 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:26,480 MARCH MADNESS BRACKET WHERE WE 857 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:28,440 COMPETE EVERY PERSON AGAINST 858 00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:30,840 EVERY OTHER PERSON SO THIS TOOK 859 00:31:30,840 --> 00:31:32,440 MULTIPLE TRIALS SO THESE ARE ALL 860 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:34,040 THE DATA AT LEFT AGAIN, WE'RE 861 00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:37,440 LOOKING AT THE PERCENT 862 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:37,720 ATTRACTED. 863 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,400 YOU HAVE SUBJECT 25 VERSUS 864 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:41,280 SUBJECT 25. 865 00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:43,320 VERY HAPPILY THE MOSQUITOES 866 00:31:43,320 --> 00:31:44,520 CAN'T TELL THE DIFFERENCE SO WE 867 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:46,080 DON'T HAVE A SIDE BIAS. 868 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:49,960 CAN YOU SEE ALL THESE PEOPLE AT 869 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:51,360 THE LEFT AND AT THE RIGHT THERE 870 00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:52,960 ARE ALL THESE SIGNIFICANT 871 00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:54,840 PREFERENCES SO IF YOU LOOK AT 872 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:58,600 SUBJECT 33 IN THAT MAROON COLOR, 873 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:00,000 THEY WIN EVERY GAME. 874 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:01,280 THEY WIN EVERY GAME AND WE CAN 875 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:03,320 SORT OF A PORTION PEOPLE INTO 876 00:32:03,320 --> 00:32:07,080 THESE DIFFERENT CA CATEGORIES. 877 00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:09,800 SO IF WE COME UP WITH A SCORE, 878 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,520 HOW MANY GAMES DID SUBJECT 33 879 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:15,680 WIN, THEY'RE ALMOST 144 TIMES AS 880 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:17,360 ATTRACTIVE THAN THE LEAST 881 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:19,760 ATTRACTIVE PERSON WHICH IS 882 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:20,360 PERSON 28. 883 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:21,760 AND SO I THINK AN IMPORTANT 884 00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:23,520 THING, AS YOU LOOK AT THESE 885 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:26,720 NUMBERS ARE SCALED ACCORDING TO 886 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:28,360 THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE. 887 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:29,920 WE FOUND THAT PEOPLE HAVE A POOR 888 00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:31,320 SENSE OF HOW ATTRACTIVE THEY 889 00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:31,480 ARE. 890 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:33,200 I WOULD HAVE SAY PEOPLE SAY I'M 891 00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:34,840 A MOSQUITO MAGNET AND THEY WERE 892 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:37,080 LIKE PERSON 25, LIKE 893 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:37,440 UNIMPRESSIVE. 894 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,680 I THOUGHT TOO I AM THE QUEEN OF 895 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:40,760 ATTRACTIVENESS, I'M SOMEWHERE AT 896 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:43,680 THE LOW TO MIDDLE RANGE AND THE 897 00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:46,400 IDEA IS THAT IT'S ALL RELATIVES. 898 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:48,520 SO IF YOU ARE SUBJECT 31, AND 899 00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:50,840 YOU ARE HANGING OUT WITH SUBJECT 900 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:52,040 19 YOU WILL ALWAYS BE BITTEN BUT 901 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:53,920 IF YOU ARE SUBJECT 33, YOU ARE 902 00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:56,040 HANGING OUT WITH SUBJECT 33 AND 903 00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:58,080 PUSH 1, YOU WILL NEVER BE BITTEN 904 00:32:58,080 --> 00:32:59,760 SO THIS IS WHY AS FAR AS HUMAN 905 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:01,600 SUBJECTS ARE RECRUITING 906 00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:02,920 SELF-REPORTING WAS VERY 907 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:04,080 UNFORTUNATELY COMPLETELY USE 908 00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:04,440 LESS. 909 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:05,720 SO IF YOU REALLY NEED TO KNOW 910 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:06,680 FUR A MAGNET. 911 00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:09,760 YOU HAVE TO SEND US NYLON 912 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:10,000 STOCKINGS. 913 00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:12,160 PLEASE DON'T SEND ME STOCKINGS. 914 00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:13,240 I HAVE NEVER GOTTEN SO MANY 915 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:14,240 E-MAILS FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC 916 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:15,360 AS IN THE LAST WEEK BECAUSE 917 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:17,240 EVERYBODY HAS THEIR OWN IDEAS 918 00:33:17,240 --> 00:33:19,040 ABOUT WHAT IT IS, WHICH IS 919 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:21,680 HILARIOUS, I'M LIKE, IT'S THE 920 00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:22,960 LEGAL OF ACIDS ON THE SKIN BUT 921 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,000 PEOPLE ARE LIKE NO, I HAVE MY 922 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:25,640 OWN IDEAS. 923 00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,440 AND WHAT IS REMARKABLE THAT 924 00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:31,960 SUBJECT 33 AND SUBJECT 38 WERE 925 00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:33,360 THIS PROPERTY OF BEING 926 00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:37,160 INCREDIBLY MAGNETIC TO 927 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:44,600 MOSQUITOES AND IT WAS CONSISTENT 928 00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:46,760 THERE WAS NEVER A GAME SUBJECT 929 00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:47,440 33 LOST. 930 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:50,160 WHATEVER IT IS IT'S A TRAIT. 931 00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:52,640 JAMES LOGAN AT LONDON SCHOOL OF 932 00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:54,400 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 933 00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:56,080 DID A TWIN STUDY TO SHOW THERE'S 934 00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:58,640 A HIGH HERITABLE COMPONENT TO 935 00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:00,800 THIS PHENOMENON THAT IDENTICAL 936 00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:03,120 TWINS HAVE VERY, VERY HIGHLY 937 00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:06,440 CORRELATED MOSQUITO MAGNETISM 938 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:08,360 SCORES COMPARED TO FRATERNAL 939 00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:08,560 TWINS. 940 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:10,080 AND SO THE QUESTION IS, HOW ARE 941 00:34:10,080 --> 00:34:11,480 MOSQUITOES MAKING THESE JUDGMENT 942 00:34:11,480 --> 00:34:14,400 AND SO I'M GOING TO TURN TO THE 943 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:16,800 CORE OF THE LAB WHICH IS THE 944 00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,240 CHEMOSENSORY RECEPTORS THAT THE 945 00:34:18,240 --> 00:34:19,840 MOSQUITOES HAVE IN THEIR NOSE 946 00:34:19,840 --> 00:34:20,880 EQUIVALENT AND SO OVER THE 947 00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:24,960 COURSE OF REALLY FROM MY POSTDOC 948 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:26,680 DAYS AT COLOMBIA FROM THE LATE 949 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:29,040 90s, WE KNOW INSECTS USE A 950 00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:31,000 TOTALLY DIFFERENT MECHANISM TO 951 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:35,760 SENSE CHEMICALS, THEY USE EYE EN 952 00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:36,080 CHANNELS. 953 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:42,640 THERE'S TWO SUPER FAMILIES OF 954 00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,840 RECEPTORS AND THE I ONOTROPIC 955 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:48,080 RECEPTORS AND MDA AND AM PA 956 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:49,400 RECEPTOR THAT HAVE BEEN 957 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:50,880 REPURPOSED FOR SMELL AND IN BOTH 958 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:58,200 THESE CASES, THESE EYE ION 959 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:00,200 CHANNELS HAVE A COMMON SUBUNIT 960 00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:04,480 AND A VARY SUBUNIT AND YOU CAN 961 00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:07,440 DELETE THE CO RECEPTORS AND 962 00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:08,720 DESTROY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ALL 963 00:35:08,720 --> 00:35:10,040 THE GENES BECAUSE WITHOUT THAT 964 00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,560 CO RECEPTORS NONE OF THEM CAN 965 00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:14,760 ASSEMBLE INTO ION CHANNELS AND 966 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:19,440 YOU NEED A CO RECEPTORS AND THE 967 00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:21,360 SUB UNITS AND THEY SENSED TWO 968 00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:22,520 TOTALLY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF 969 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:24,640 COMPOUNDS SO THE OR SENSED THESE 970 00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:26,280 THINGS THAT YOU HAVE IN THE 971 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:28,120 PERFUME IN YOUR CLOSET AND THEN 972 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:31,400 THE IR SENSE THE FOOT ODOR THAT 973 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:35,680 YOU HAVE ON YOUR SOCKS AND THE 974 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:36,720 SMELLY CHEESE IN YOUR FRIDGE SO 975 00:35:36,720 --> 00:35:38,480 THERE ARE ACIDS IN IMMUNE 976 00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:41,080 RECEPTORS AND THEY'RE CONVERTED 977 00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:43,600 FROM GLUE TA MINUTE RECEPTORS SO 978 00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:45,280 WE TRIED TO BREAK THE MOSQUITO 979 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:48,080 SO WE FIRST KNOCKED OUT ORCO AND 980 00:35:48,080 --> 00:35:50,160 WE KNOW FROM WORK FROM ALMOST 20 981 00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:51,480 YEARS AGO THAT THESE MOSQUITOES 982 00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:53,400 STILL ARE REALLY ATTRACTED TO 983 00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:54,880 HUMANS AND SO WE ASKED THE 984 00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:56,080 QUESTION, CAN THESE MOSQUITOES 985 00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:58,240 THAT HAVE LOST HALF OF THEIR 986 00:35:58,240 --> 00:35:59,880 NOSE CAN THEY STILL TELL THE 987 00:35:59,880 --> 00:36:00,240 DIFFERENCE. 988 00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:01,520 AND THE ANSWER IS YES. 989 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:03,000 SO, I DEFY TO YOU TELL THE 990 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:04,200 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TOP AND 991 00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:07,280 THE BOTTOM DATASETS SO THEY'RE 992 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:09,440 EQUAL ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF 993 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:10,880 ATTRACTION AND PERFECTLY ABLE TO 994 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:12,280 TELL THE DIFFERENCE AND SO THAT 995 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:15,040 PUT OUR ATTENTION ON TO THESE 996 00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:16,720 FOOT ODOR AND CHEESE ODOR 997 00:36:16,720 --> 00:36:19,080 RECEPTORS THE IRs AND SO MATT 998 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:20,920 AND HE WAS A PULSE DOCK IN THE 999 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:22,840 LOOK KNOCKED OUT THIS CO 1000 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:26,400 RECEPTORS CALLED IR8A SO IN HIS 1001 00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,720 LAB HE MADE IR8A MUTANTS AND WE 1002 00:36:29,720 --> 00:36:32,880 ASKED CAN THE MUTANTS STILL TELL 1003 00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:35,080 THE MAGNET FROM THE NON MAGNET 1004 00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:36,640 AND THEY CAN SO THEY'RE ABLE TO 1005 00:36:36,640 --> 00:36:39,560 TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 33, 1006 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:40,360 19 AND 28. 1007 00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:41,920 YOU WILL NOTICE THEY'RE IN PAIRS 1008 00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:43,920 SO NOT BEING ABLE TO SMELL THIS 1009 00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:49,080 CLASS OF MOLECULES DOES IMPAIR 1010 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:49,400 THEM. 1011 00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:51,320 AND THE TWO ADDITIONAL MUTANTS 1012 00:36:51,320 --> 00:36:53,880 KNOCKING OUT THESE RECEPTORS-CO 1013 00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:55,080 RECEPTORS AND IT'S THE SAME 1014 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:55,400 STORY. 1015 00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:58,600 IF YOU LOOK AT THE HOW SUBJECT 1016 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:00,240 33 IS PERCEIVED, THERE'S AN OVER 1017 00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,160 ALL DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF 1018 00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:04,200 ATTRACTION AND BROADLY IF YOU 1019 00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:06,200 ARE KNOCK OUT ANY OF THE 1020 00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:07,640 RECEPTORS BUT THE ANIMALS ARE 1021 00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:08,840 STILL ABLE TO FIND PEOPLE 1022 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:11,520 WITHOUT ANY PROBLEMS. 1023 00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:14,120 AND SO, WHAT WE FIGURED OUT IS 1024 00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:16,680 THAT THERE'S STILL INTACT 1025 00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:18,360 DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN HUMANS 1026 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:20,880 THOUGH IRs CONTRIBUTE TO OVER 1027 00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:21,640 ALL ATTRACTION. 1028 00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:24,760 YOU CAN TAKEAWAY HALF OF THE OWE 1029 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:26,160 FACTORY SYSTEM AND ANOTHER HALF 1030 00:37:26,160 --> 00:37:27,720 AND THEY'RE STILL ABLE TO SMELL 1031 00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:30,440 US AND SO I'LL DO A SIDE JOURNEY 1032 00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:32,440 INTO SOMETHING THAT WE REPORTED 1033 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:37,000 EARLIER THIS YEAR, WHICH IS THAT 1034 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,720 THE REASON THAT THE MOSQUITOES 1035 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:40,880 ARE IN VERY DIFFICULT TO BREAK 1036 00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:43,040 IS THEY DO NOT FOLLOW THIS RULE 1037 00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:44,920 T SO THIS SAY FOUNDATIONAL 1038 00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:46,880 PRINCIPLE IN THE SENSE OF SMELL 1039 00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:51,440 THAT IN THE NOSE, AND SO HONORED 1040 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,440 TO HAVE SOME PEOPLE IN THE 1041 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:54,920 AUDIENCE, IN THE NOSE, EVERY 1042 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:56,240 SMELL NEURON EXPRESSES ONE AND 1043 00:37:56,240 --> 00:37:57,960 ONLY ONE RECEPTORS THAT 1044 00:37:57,960 --> 00:37:59,400 DETERMINES WHAT THAT NEURON 1045 00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:00,840 SMELLS AND ALL THE NEURONS 1046 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:02,040 EXPRESSING THAT RECEPTORS 1047 00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:03,840 CONVERGE TO ONE PLACE IN THE 1048 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:04,680 BRAIN THAT ENCODES THE QUALITY 1049 00:38:04,680 --> 00:38:05,600 OF THE ODOR. 1050 00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:08,800 AND SO THIS IS BEEN THE DOGMA 1051 00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:09,720 AND SO MEG YOUNGER WANTED TO 1052 00:38:09,720 --> 00:38:13,280 PLAY WITH THIS SYSTEM IN THE 1053 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:15,800 MOSQUITO AND STARTED MAKING GENE 1054 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,000 TARGETED LINES TO SAY I WANT TO 1055 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:18,800 LABEL THE RED SEPARATE FROM THE 1056 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,320 BLUE NEURONS STARTING WITH THE 1057 00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:24,720 OR CO RECEPTORS AND IR CO 1058 00:38:24,720 --> 00:38:25,680 RECEPTORS AND EVERYTHING WOULD 1059 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:26,640 SAY THEY WOULD LABEL TWO 1060 00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:29,080 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS BUT OH NO, 1061 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:29,680 NOT TRUE. 1062 00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:30,960 SO ESSENTIALLY, THESE ARE 1063 00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:32,720 PICTURES OF THE BRAIN OF A 1064 00:38:32,720 --> 00:38:34,160 MOSQUITO THAT'S BEEN GENE 1065 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:35,720 TARGETED AND ALL OF THE NEURONS 1066 00:38:35,720 --> 00:38:37,560 EXPRESSING IR25A AT THE BOTTOM 1067 00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,680 ARE LABELED IN GREEN AND YOU CAN 1068 00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:43,200 SEE THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF 1069 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,480 THE BRAIN ARE INNERVATED BY IR25 1070 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:49,280 NEURONS AND THE VAST MAJORITY OF 1071 00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,760 THOSE ALSO ARE TARGETED BY ORCO 1072 00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:56,560 SO YOU HAVE THIS CODE WHERE YOU 1073 00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:58,880 HAVE ALL THE GETTING INPUT FROM 1074 00:38:58,880 --> 00:39:01,880 ORCO AND IR25A WHICH COULD BE 1075 00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:03,360 NEWERRANCE EXPRESSING LIKE THE 1076 00:39:03,360 --> 00:39:05,360 IR VERSUS THE OR OR THEY'RE IN 1077 00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:07,920 THE SAME CELL SO BREAKING THE 1078 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:10,160 DOGMA THAT I GREW UP WITH. 1079 00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:12,440 SO, TO ASK THIS QUESTION, OLIVIA 1080 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:14,960 GOLD MAN CARRIED OUT SINGLE 1081 00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:17,080 NUCLEUS RNA SEEK AND SHOWED THAT 1082 00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:22,120 MOSQUITOES BREAK THE DOGMA AND 1083 00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:24,800 SO EACH ROW IS A SPECIFIC GENE 1084 00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:27,400 AND SO THIS IS SORTED ALL OF THE 1085 00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:28,680 CELLS ACROSS THE TOP ARE THE 1086 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:31,040 CELLS SO ALL THE CELLS IN THIS 1087 00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:33,640 PARTICULAR EXPERIMENT EXPRESS 1088 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:36,120 ORCO AND THEY ALSO EXPRESS IR25A 1089 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:42,160 AND IR76B AND OR82 AND IR41L AND 1090 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:43,360 IR41M AND THIS WOULD MAKE, IF 1091 00:39:43,360 --> 00:39:45,400 YOU ARE A MOUSE, SMELL PERSON 1092 00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:47,280 AND THIS WOULD MAKE YOUR MIND 1093 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:49,240 EXPLODE BECAUSE THIS SHOULD NOT 1094 00:39:49,240 --> 00:39:49,480 HAPPEN. 1095 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:50,400 BECAUSE EVERYTHING IN THE MOUSE 1096 00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:52,160 GOES THROUGH EXTRAORDINARY 1097 00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:53,480 EFFORTS TO PREVENT THIS AND WE 1098 00:39:53,480 --> 00:39:54,760 SEE THIS AGAIN AND AGAIN AND 1099 00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:56,200 AGAIN THAT NEURONS EXPRESS 1100 00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:59,280 MULTIPLE RECEPTORS AND MARGO 1101 00:39:59,280 --> 00:40:01,280 HURRY CARRIED OUT ADDITIONAL 1102 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:08,960 PECADDITIONEXPERIMENTS, WE SAW E 1103 00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:11,560 SEES IT BY SHE CAN FIND NEURONS 1104 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:14,760 AT THE TOP THAT EXPRESSION OR8, 1105 00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:16,960 IR76B AND ORCO AND IN THE 1106 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:18,680 MIDDLE, SO AGAIN, THE TAKE HOME 1107 00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:20,200 HERE IS THAT MOSQUITOES HAVE 1108 00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:21,640 TAKEN A DIFFERENT PATH, SO MANY 1109 00:40:21,640 --> 00:40:25,040 OF THE NEURONS EXPRESSED NOT 1110 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:27,280 ONLY MULTIPLE SELECTIVE 1111 00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:29,560 RECEPTORS BUT THE OR AND THE IR 1112 00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:32,400 SO THE PERFUME AND THE STINKY 1113 00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:33,680 CHEESE IN THE SAME NEURON THAT'S 1114 00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:35,240 WHY IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK 1115 00:40:35,240 --> 00:40:35,440 THEM. 1116 00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:38,440 I SHOULD ALSO SAY THAT CHRIS 1117 00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:40,520 POTTER'S LAB AT THE SAME TIME WE 1118 00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,520 MADE THIS DISCOVERY IN THE 1119 00:40:42,520 --> 00:40:44,120 MOSQUITO SHOWED IT'S MUCH MORE 1120 00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:45,320 COMPLICATED THAN THOUGHT IN THE 1121 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:45,800 FLY. 1122 00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:47,680 SO NOW I'M GOING TO GET THE 1123 00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:50,560 REASON WHY WE WERE ON USA TODAY 1124 00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:51,880 WHICH IS DIFFERENT ABOUT THE 1125 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:52,640 MAGNETS. 1126 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:54,840 AND SO, AS I SAID BEFORE, OUR 1127 00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:58,400 SKIN IS COVERED WITH SEE BUM AND 1128 00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,840 THERE IS SKIN BACTERIA THAT IS 1129 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:02,000 RESPONSIBLE FOR BODY OWEDDER 1130 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,280 AND THERE'S SOMETHING IN THE 1131 00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:06,280 BODY ODOR AND SKIN CAUSING THESE 1132 00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:06,760 DIFFERENCES. 1133 00:41:06,760 --> 00:41:09,040 AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE KIND OF 1134 00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:10,880 ODOR THAT WE GIVE OFF WE GIVE 1135 00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:12,200 OFF HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT OWED 1136 00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:14,200 HE IS AND WE FOCUS OUR STUDY ON 1137 00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:15,360 THE THINGS THAT WOULD BE 1138 00:41:15,360 --> 00:41:18,360 DETECTED BY IRs, WHICH IS THE 1139 00:41:18,360 --> 00:41:18,560 ACIDS. 1140 00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,720 AND SO TEAMING UP WITH THE 1141 00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,760 JUSTIN CROSS AND DAN BOMBLER AT 1142 00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:26,800 MSK CARRIED OUT BASICALLY 1143 00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:28,520 CHEMISTRY TO FIGURE OUT WHAT IS 1144 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:31,000 ON THOSE STOCKINGS. 1145 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:32,440 WHAT IS DIFFERENT? 1146 00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:33,600 AND THE ANSWER WAS LIKE 1147 00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:34,520 IMMEDIATELY A PARENT. 1148 00:41:34,520 --> 00:41:37,480 SO, YOU LOOK AT SUBJECT 28, WAS 1149 00:41:37,480 --> 00:41:40,200 NOT DIS CRIMINAL ABLE FROM AN 1150 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:41,680 UNWORN STOCKING BY THE 1151 00:41:41,680 --> 00:41:42,840 MOSQUITOES ARE ME. 1152 00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:44,600 THERE'S NOTHING ON THE STOCKING. 1153 00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:46,720 WHERE A SUBJECT 31 AND 33 HAVE A 1154 00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:48,160 LOT OF SUBSTANCES ON THE 1155 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:50,160 STOCKINGS SO IT WAS LIKE, FROM 1156 00:41:50,160 --> 00:41:51,560 DAY ONE, THERE'S JUST A LOT MORE 1157 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:53,240 STUFF ON THE STOCKINGS AND SO 1158 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:55,520 WHAT ARE THE SUBSTANCES, AND SO 1159 00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:57,400 WHEN ELLEN A REPLIED THIS FILTER 1160 00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:59,600 THAT YOU HAD TO BE ENRICHED IN 1161 00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,240 ALL FOUR EXPERIMENTS SHE CAME UP 1162 00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:04,680 WITH 40 MOLECULES ENRICHED IN 1163 00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:06,080 THE HIGH ATTRACTORS AND THEY 1164 00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:09,720 WERE ALL THESE LONG CHAIN SASS I 1165 00:42:09,720 --> 00:42:12,680 HAD WHICH WHEN METABOLIZED BY 1166 00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:13,520 BACTERIA PRODUCE BIG SMELLS AND 1167 00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:15,080 SO, THESE ARE JUST SOME OF THE 1168 00:42:15,080 --> 00:42:20,520 RAW CURVES FROM THE GC MASS 1169 00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:22,240 SPECK AND YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE 1170 00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:26,760 QUANTITIES OF THESE 10 TO 21 1171 00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:30,320 CHAIN KCARBOXYLIC ACIDS. 1172 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:33,640 IF WE SHOW IT HAS A HEAT MAP, 1173 00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:35,200 RED IS HIGH AND LOW IS BLUE. 1174 00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:38,280 YOU CAN SEE IN THE CARBONS THAT 1175 00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:40,040 THE HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE SUBJECTS 1176 00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:43,280 31 AND 33 HAVE MASSIVE 1177 00:42:43,280 --> 00:42:44,840 QUANTITIES OF THESE ACIDS AND IN 1178 00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:46,600 GENERAL, THE LOW ATTRACTORS HAVE 1179 00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:49,640 LITTLE OR NO OF THESE. 1180 00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:51,400 BUT WE WANTED TO FIGURE OUT CAN 1181 00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:53,720 WE SHOW IT'S TRUE AND A 1182 00:42:53,720 --> 00:42:54,440 VALIDATION COHORT FOR YEARS 1183 00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:55,760 WE'VE BEEN WORKING WITH THESE 1184 00:42:55,760 --> 00:42:57,080 POOR EIGHT PEOPLE IN THE LAB WHO 1185 00:42:57,080 --> 00:42:59,760 HAD TO WEAR A STOCKING SO WE 1186 00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:01,560 BROAD END THE SEARCH TO NEW 1187 00:43:01,560 --> 00:43:02,640 VOLUNTEERS WHO CAME EXTERNAL 1188 00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:07,000 FROM THE LAB AND WE RECRUITED 54 1189 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:08,600 PEOPLE AND BASICALLY ASKED HOW 1190 00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:09,200 ATTRACTIVE THEY ARE. 1191 00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,000 IT'S EASY TO FIND MOSQUITO 1192 00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,960 MAGNETS AND THEN THE LOWER 1193 00:43:12,960 --> 00:43:14,240 RETRACTORS SO THEN ELLEN 1194 00:43:14,240 --> 00:43:16,160 REPEATED THIS EXPERIMENT TO ASK 1195 00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:18,280 WHAT IS ON THE STOCKINGS. 1196 00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:20,520 AND SO AGAIN, SHE FOUND THAT YOU 1197 00:43:20,520 --> 00:43:23,080 GET MOST OF THE ACTION IN THE 1198 00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:24,720 ENRICHMENT IS IN THE HIGH 1199 00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:25,920 ATTRACTORS AND SUGGESTING THAT 1200 00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:29,000 THEY'RE JUST MAKING MORE OF 1201 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:33,200 SOMETHING AND WHEN THE ANSWER IS 1202 00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:37,760 LONG CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS. 1203 00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:39,440 SO AGAIN, HEAT MAP RED MEANS 1204 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:42,160 HIGH LEVELS OF THESE SUBSTANCES 1205 00:43:42,160 --> 00:43:43,920 AND HEAT MAP BLUE MEANS LOW 1206 00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:45,680 LEVELS SO YOU SEE THERE'S A 1207 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:47,560 SUPER STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN 1208 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:50,240 HAVING A LOT OF THE CAR BOX SIL 1209 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:57,680 I CAN ACIDS AND BEING A KETO 1210 00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:04,280 MAGNET. 1211 00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:06,400 SUBJECT 90 IS PRODUCING MASSIVE 1212 00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,320 AMOUNTS OF 10 CARBON TO 20 1213 00:44:09,320 --> 00:44:11,000 CARBON ACIDS BUT IS UNATTRACTIVE 1214 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,000 TO MOSQUITOES AND SO, I CAN'T 1215 00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:14,880 GIVE YOU THE ANSWER BUT IT DOES 1216 00:44:14,880 --> 00:44:18,840 SHOW THAT THERE'S CLEARLY A 1217 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:19,800 CORRELATION HERE AND IT'S NOT 1218 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:21,720 COMPLETELY CAUSE TIVE AND MAYBE 1219 00:44:21,720 --> 00:44:25,240 SUBJECT 90 IS GIVING OFF, MAYBE 1220 00:44:25,240 --> 00:44:27,480 SOMETHING ABOUT THEIR SKIN 1221 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:30,000 CHANGES HOW THOSE CARBOXYLIC 1222 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:31,480 ACIDS ARE PRODUCED INTO 1223 00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:33,400 VOLATILES OR THAT I CAN MAYORING 1224 00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,000 THE NEXT PRODUCT, THE BEST 1225 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:38,320 REPELLANT THAT OVERCOMES THIS SO 1226 00:44:38,320 --> 00:44:42,640 IT'S A REALLY INTERESTING IDEA. 1227 00:44:42,640 --> 00:44:44,400 WHAT ELLEN AND HER TEAM ABOUT 1228 00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:46,440 WAS ASKED IF IT'S THE AMOUNT OF 1229 00:44:46,440 --> 00:44:47,960 THE SUBSTANCES ON THE STOCKING 1230 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:51,400 WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO CUT VERY 1231 00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:52,120 HI-TECH PARASITES OR INTO 1232 00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:53,880 SMALLER AND SMALLER PEOPLE AND 1233 00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:56,960 ASK AT WHAT POINT DO EQUALIZED 1234 00:44:56,960 --> 00:44:58,720 ATTRACTION AND WE CAN ALSO GET 1235 00:44:58,720 --> 00:45:00,360 AT THIS IDEA WELL MAYBE SUBJECT 1236 00:45:00,360 --> 00:45:02,240 28 IS PROGRESS A REPELLANT SO WE 1237 00:45:02,240 --> 00:45:04,080 GET AT THIS IDEA ABOUT IS THERE 1238 00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:06,800 AN ACTUAL REPELLANT EFFECT. 1239 00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:08,920 AND SO THE ANSWER IS THAT IT 1240 00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:10,720 REALLY IS THE AMOUNT OF THE 1241 00:45:10,720 --> 00:45:14,000 SUBSTANCES BECAUSE YOU CAN CUT A 1242 00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:17,040 TINY SWATCH, TINY PIECE AND ONLY 1243 00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:18,440 AT THAT POINT DO THE MOSQUITOES 1244 00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:21,000 NOT HAVE A PREFERENCE. 1245 00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:22,400 AND SO THIS JUST CAME OUT LAST 1246 00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:23,600 WEEK AND AGAIN THE PUBLIC, 1247 00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:25,000 GENERAL PUBLIC IS EXTREMELY 1248 00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:27,320 INTERESTED IN THIS AND I HAVE 1249 00:45:27,320 --> 00:45:29,240 BEEN A LITTLE BUSY BECAUSE I 1250 00:45:29,240 --> 00:45:30,840 HAVE THIS OTHER FULL TIME JOB 1251 00:45:30,840 --> 00:45:33,640 RUNNING MY LAB AND I NOW HAVE 1252 00:45:33,640 --> 00:45:35,480 PEOPLE E-MAILING I'M WAITING FOR 1253 00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:36,800 A RESPONSE TO MY QUESTION. 1254 00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:38,120 THE PUBLIC IS SUPER INTERESTED 1255 00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:42,520 IN THIS TOPIC AND SO WHAT I CAN 1256 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:45,720 INFORMATION AND IS THAT IN THIS 1257 00:45:45,720 --> 00:45:47,840 CARTOON THAT HAVING HIGH LEVELS 1258 00:45:47,840 --> 00:45:49,960 OF ACIDS ON YOUR SKIN CHANGES 1259 00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:51,120 SOMETHING ABOUT HOW ATTRACTIVE 1260 00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:52,960 YOU ARE ALTHOUGH SUBJECT 90 1261 00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:54,800 BREAKS THAT RULE AND THIS IS 1262 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:55,680 MEANT TO INDICATE THAT THIS 1263 00:45:55,680 --> 00:45:58,440 WOMAN WHO ARE IS LIKE HIKE NORTH 1264 00:45:58,440 --> 00:45:59,760 THE SPRING OR PLAYING BEACH 1265 00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:02,440 VOLLEYBALL IN THE SUMMER OR LEAF 1266 00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:04,000 IN THE FALL WILL ALWAYS BE THE 1267 00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,320 MOSQUITO MAGNET AND THIS 1268 00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:08,000 PHENOMENON IS HIGHLY STABLE AND 1269 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,480 SO I'M ALWAYS ASKED, OK SO WHAT 1270 00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:11,800 DO WE DO ABOUT IT? 1271 00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:14,720 HOW CAN WE TRANSLATE THESE 1272 00:46:14,720 --> 00:46:15,400 DISCOVERIES INTO SOMETHING 1273 00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,360 THAT'S USEFUL SO SUBJECT 90 IS 1274 00:46:18,360 --> 00:46:22,040 INTERESTING FOR CHEMISTRY AND 1275 00:46:22,040 --> 00:46:23,760 ALSO IF YOU CAN ALTER THE SKIN 1276 00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:26,320 CHEMISTRY TO MAKE US MORE LIKE 1277 00:46:26,320 --> 00:46:28,480 SUBJECT 29 OR SUBJECT 19 1278 00:46:28,480 --> 00:46:30,040 INTERFERING WITH THE AMOUNTS OF 1279 00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:32,880 COR BOX SIL I CAN ACID OR THE 1280 00:46:32,880 --> 00:46:34,320 BACTERIA THAT PRODUCE CELLS SO 1281 00:46:34,320 --> 00:46:36,440 I'D LIKE TO THANK MY AMAZING LAB 1282 00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:38,240 THAT HAS STOOD BY ME AS I TOOK 1283 00:46:38,240 --> 00:46:40,480 THIS BIG JOB AT HHMI AND WE'RE 1284 00:46:40,480 --> 00:46:42,840 STILL HOLDING IT TOGETHER AND 1285 00:46:42,840 --> 00:46:44,000 DOING GREAT SCIENCE AND THANK 1286 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:44,920 YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND NIH 1287 00:46:44,920 --> 00:46:47,360 FOR THE INVITATION. 1288 00:46:47,360 --> 00:46:47,800 THANK YOU. 1289 00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:53,720 [APPLAUSE] 1290 00:46:53,720 --> 00:46:56,000 >>IS THERE A BREAKDOWN IN THE 1291 00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:57,720 MOSQUITO BLOOD SOURCE BY AGE, 1292 00:46:57,720 --> 00:46:59,680 SEX AND DIET? 1293 00:46:59,680 --> 00:47:02,760 >>OF THE PERSON? 1294 00:47:02,760 --> 00:47:05,520 >>I HONESTLY -- I'M GOING TO 1295 00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:09,720 TRY TO FREE ASSOCIATE A QUESTION 1296 00:47:09,720 --> 00:47:13,560 SO, WE DON'T SEE ANY AFFECT OF 1297 00:47:13,560 --> 00:47:15,840 THE GENDER OF THE PERSON WHO IS 1298 00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:18,040 BEING BITTEN, SO, THAT IS 1299 00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:20,800 DEFINITELY NOT A FACTOR. 1300 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:22,400 WE DO NOT -- WE DIDN'T CONTROL 1301 00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:24,240 FOR DIET SO SUBJECT 33 1302 00:47:24,240 --> 00:47:26,240 REGARDLESS OF WHAT THEY ATE WAS 1303 00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:27,320 HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE. 1304 00:47:27,320 --> 00:47:28,640 I APOLOGIZE IF THE PERSON WAS 1305 00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:30,240 HERE I COULD ASK THEM TO 1306 00:47:30,240 --> 00:47:31,280 CLARIFY. 1307 00:47:31,280 --> 00:47:31,840 THAT'S ALL CAN I DO. 1308 00:47:31,840 --> 00:47:33,000 >>WE'LL TAKE ONE QUESTION IN 1309 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:38,360 THE AUDIENCE. 1310 00:47:38,360 --> 00:47:40,440 >>WHAT DOES THIS MOSQUITO GET 1311 00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:42,240 OUT OF DISCRIMINATION POWER? 1312 00:47:42,240 --> 00:47:43,880 IS ONE HUMAN MORE NUTRITIONAL 1313 00:47:43,880 --> 00:47:46,000 THAN THE OTHER OR IS IT MORE 1314 00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:46,880 LIKELY TO BE HUMAN? 1315 00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:50,160 >>IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1316 00:47:50,160 --> 00:47:52,280 AND I THINK IN THE FIELD THERE'S 1317 00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:55,520 LIKE ONE VERSION IS THAT IT'S AN 1318 00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:57,200 EPI PHENOMENON AND THEY'RE NOT 1319 00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,160 VALUE WAITING THE QUALITY OF THE 1320 00:48:00,160 --> 00:48:02,640 MEAL, MY BIAS IS OF COURSE, 1321 00:48:02,640 --> 00:48:04,000 THEY'RE VALUE WAITING SOMETHING. 1322 00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:06,680 SO I THINK IT WOULD BE COOL IF 1323 00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:08,120 THERE IS SOMETHING IN THE BLOOD, 1324 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:09,640 MAYBE THAT RELATES TO THE FIRST 1325 00:48:09,640 --> 00:48:12,800 QUESTION, THAT MAYBE THE 1326 00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:14,200 CARBOXYLIC ACID IS SIGNAL 1327 00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:15,600 SOMETHING THAT REPRESENTS SOME 1328 00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:16,680 QUALITY OF THE MEAL THAT OVER 1329 00:48:16,680 --> 00:48:18,920 THE COURSE OF MANY GENERATIONS 1330 00:48:18,920 --> 00:48:20,320 WOULD CONFER OR BENEFIT. 1331 00:48:20,320 --> 00:48:22,080 IT'S REALLY HARD TO DO THAT 1332 00:48:22,080 --> 00:48:23,200 EXPERIMENT BECAUSE I WOULD NEED 1333 00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:26,560 TO GET SUBJECT 33 TO BE IN MY 1334 00:48:26,560 --> 00:48:28,520 LAB OR GIVE BLOOD FOR 10 YEARS 1335 00:48:28,520 --> 00:48:31,160 AND FIGURE AT THE END, IS THAT 1336 00:48:31,160 --> 00:48:32,800 PART OF THE COLONY AND HAVE 1337 00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:35,960 LONGER LIFESPAN AND MY BIAS IS 1338 00:48:35,960 --> 00:48:37,600 THING LIKE THAT DON'T, THINGS 1339 00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:39,880 LIKE THIS IN NATURE DON'T HAPPEN 1340 00:48:39,880 --> 00:48:41,320 BY ACCIDENT FOR SURE THOSE 1341 00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:42,880 PEOPLE ARE MUCH MORE VULNERABLE 1342 00:48:42,880 --> 00:48:44,920 TO BE INFECTED BY ZIKA AND 1343 00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:47,120 DENGUE AND YELLOW FEVER, IT'S A 1344 00:48:47,120 --> 00:48:49,760 HUGE LIABILITY FOR THEM. 1345 00:48:49,760 --> 00:48:50,840 >>THANK YOU. 1346 00:48:50,840 --> 00:48:53,360 >>THERE'S ANOTHER QUESTION 1347 00:48:53,360 --> 00:48:55,480 HERE, CAN THIS STYLET DETECT THE 1348 00:48:55,480 --> 00:48:57,040 DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW, DOES IT 1349 00:48:57,040 --> 00:48:58,920 MATTER IF THE STYLET LINES UP 1350 00:48:58,920 --> 00:49:00,600 WITH OR AGAINST THE BLOOD FLOW? 1351 00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:01,520 >>THAT'S GREAT. 1352 00:49:01,520 --> 00:49:04,920 SO WE KNOW THERE ARE TWO 1353 00:49:04,920 --> 00:49:06,320 CHEMO -- THERE'S LIKE 40 NEURONS 1354 00:49:06,320 --> 00:49:08,320 AND TWO OF THEM ARE McCANN A 1355 00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:10,080 SENSORY SO WE DO THINK THAT THE 1356 00:49:10,080 --> 00:49:13,160 STYLET IS ABLE TO SENSE FLOW. 1357 00:49:13,160 --> 00:49:17,320 IN VIDEOS I DIDN'T SHOW YOU, THE 1358 00:49:17,320 --> 00:49:18,880 MOSQUITO HAS TWO STRATEGIES FOR 1359 00:49:18,880 --> 00:49:19,360 GETTING BLOOD. 1360 00:49:19,360 --> 00:49:20,520 ONE IS WHAT I SHOWED YOU WHICH 1361 00:49:20,520 --> 00:49:22,600 IS LIKE THE LOBOTOMY AND THE 1362 00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:26,000 OTHER IS THE MACHETE. 1363 00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,320 THEY TAKE THE STYLET, SLASH AND 1364 00:49:28,320 --> 00:49:30,880 CREATE A HEMATOMA AND DRINK THE 1365 00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:34,040 BLOOD SO AT LEAST IT SEEMS LIKE 1366 00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,400 THEY'RE SENSING THE BLOOD. 1367 00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:39,160 THERE'S EXPERIMENTS THAT THEY 1368 00:49:39,160 --> 00:49:41,440 HAVE DONE WHERE SHE'S BEEN 1369 00:49:41,440 --> 00:49:44,560 REPLICATING THOSE MOVIES AND HAS 1370 00:49:44,560 --> 00:49:48,440 FOUND IN PRELIMINARY WORK THAT 1371 00:49:48,440 --> 00:49:52,160 IF THE MOUSE, WHEN THE MOUSE IS 1372 00:49:52,160 --> 00:49:54,720 ALIVE AND THERE'S THE HEART IS 1373 00:49:54,720 --> 00:50:00,520 BEATING, THE FEMALE IS ABLE TO 1374 00:50:00,520 --> 00:50:02,360 FIND THE STYLET BUT IF IT DIES 1375 00:50:02,360 --> 00:50:03,640 THEY CONDITION SENSE THE FLOW. 1376 00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:05,200 THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT THE 1377 00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:06,840 BLOOD FLOW THAT IS STIMULATING 1378 00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:08,680 THE ATTRACTION. 1379 00:50:08,680 --> 00:50:10,840 >>WE'LL TAKE ONE QUESTION. 1380 00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:15,040 >>THANK YOU. 1381 00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:20,400 HI, I'M BEN SUMNER. 1382 00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:26,560 SO, WITH THE SMELL, DO YOU -- 1383 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:29,960 FIRST OFF, WOULD IT HAVE PICKED 1384 00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:34,120 UP SMALLER THINGS LIKE KGA OR 1385 00:50:34,120 --> 00:50:35,160 SOMETHING LIKE THAT? 1386 00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:38,360 >>SO, THIS IS THE DECISION WE 1387 00:50:38,360 --> 00:50:38,960 HAD TO MAKE. 1388 00:50:38,960 --> 00:50:40,600 THE ANSWER IS NO. 1389 00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:42,440 I'M NOT A CHEMIST BUT IN 1390 00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:43,640 CONSULTING WITH JUSTIN CROSS, 1391 00:50:43,640 --> 00:50:45,280 YOU HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS UP 1392 00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:47,880 FRONT, AS DO IN PRE TEEN 1393 00:50:47,880 --> 00:50:48,920 CHEMISTRY, YOU ARE LOOKING FOR 1394 00:50:48,920 --> 00:50:51,400 BIG OR SMALL THINGS. 1395 00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:54,800 IT WAS TARGETED AT THIS CLASS OF 1396 00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:57,720 ACIDS OF LONG CHAIN HYDRO CAR 1397 00:50:57,720 --> 00:50:57,920 BIN. 1398 00:50:57,920 --> 00:50:59,920 MANY HAVE FOCUSED ON MOLECULES 1399 00:50:59,920 --> 00:51:01,280 LIKE THE ONES THAT YOU MENTIONED 1400 00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:03,040 AND IT USES DIFFERENT CHEMISTRY 1401 00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:06,720 AND DIFFERENT GC COLUMNS SO WE 1402 00:51:06,720 --> 00:51:07,920 DON'T KNOW. 1403 00:51:07,920 --> 00:51:10,280 WE HAVEN'T RERUN OUR SAMPLES TO 1404 00:51:10,280 --> 00:51:11,240 SIM PAL THAT OTHER PART OF 1405 00:51:11,240 --> 00:51:11,960 CHEMICAL SPACE. 1406 00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:12,800 IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1407 00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:13,600 I KNOW YOU ARE GOING WITH THE 1408 00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:15,320 QUESTION AND I CAN'T ANSWER IT. 1409 00:51:15,320 --> 00:51:18,760 >>THANK YOU. 1410 00:51:18,760 --> 00:51:22,440 >>I WAS INTERESTED IN THE DATA 1411 00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:24,600 THAT MOSQUITOES FEEDING ON ATP 1412 00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:28,000 LIKE FEED JUST AS WELL AS BLOOD. 1413 00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:29,880 SO, DO YOU THINK THAT'S LIKE THE 1414 00:51:29,880 --> 00:51:31,920 ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR ARE THERE 1415 00:51:31,920 --> 00:51:32,880 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LIKE REAL 1416 00:51:32,880 --> 00:51:35,640 BLOOD VERSUS ATP FEEDING IN 1417 00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:39,160 TERMS OF LIKE -- 1418 00:51:39,160 --> 00:51:42,480 >>YEAH, IT'S REALLY STRIKING, 1419 00:51:42,480 --> 00:51:44,560 LIKE, THEY LOVE ATP SO MUCH THAT 1420 00:51:44,560 --> 00:51:46,360 YOU CAN'T, WHEN YOU WATCH THEM, 1421 00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:49,040 THEY DON'T KNOW THAT THEY AREN'T 1422 00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:49,880 DRINKING BLOOD. 1423 00:51:49,880 --> 00:51:53,760 HOWEVER, BECAUSE ATP HAS NO 1424 00:51:53,760 --> 00:51:54,640 PROTEIN IN IT, THEY'LL NEVER 1425 00:51:54,640 --> 00:51:55,680 PRODUCE EGGS SO THIS IS ANOTHER 1426 00:51:55,680 --> 00:51:57,680 WAY, IF YOU WANT TO COLLAPSE 1427 00:51:57,680 --> 00:51:59,360 MOSQUITO POPULATIONS ON EARTH, 1428 00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:01,480 JUST GIVE THEM BUFFERED ATP 1429 00:52:01,480 --> 00:52:06,120 BECAUSE THEY WON'T PRODUCE EGGS 1430 00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:08,920 SO -- I DON'T KNOW WHY THAT IS. 1431 00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:10,280 AGAIN, THEY HAVE BEEN ASKING AS 1432 00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:12,240 THE STYLET IS SLASHING THROUGH 1433 00:52:12,240 --> 00:52:13,560 THE TISSUE, IS THE TISSUE 1434 00:52:13,560 --> 00:52:20,000 RELEASING ATP AND IT'S PART OF 1435 00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:21,000 THE TISSUE DAMAGE SIGNAL. 1436 00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:22,280 THAT'S WHY IT'S IMPORTANT, IT 1437 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:23,200 GETS THEIR ATTENTION. 1438 00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:25,760 THEY'RE NOT JUST SLASHING 1439 00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:26,320 THROUGH PUDDING OR THERE'S 1440 00:52:26,320 --> 00:52:28,080 SOMETHING ABOUT THE ATP THAT 1441 00:52:28,080 --> 00:52:29,120 STIMULATES THEM TO DRINK. 1442 00:52:29,120 --> 00:52:30,200 IT'S HOW WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 1443 00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:30,360 IT. 1444 00:52:30,360 --> 00:52:32,640 >>THANK YOU. 1445 00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:33,960 >>WE'RE GETTING QUITE A NUMBER 1446 00:52:33,960 --> 00:52:37,520 OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 1447 00:52:37,520 --> 00:52:41,120 MICROBIOME. 1448 00:52:41,120 --> 00:52:43,360 ONE OF THE -- DO YOU HAVE A 1449 00:52:43,360 --> 00:52:46,520 COMPARATIVE MICROBIOME DATA 1450 00:52:46,520 --> 00:52:47,960 VERSUS 33 AND 28 AND CAN THEY 1451 00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:48,880 TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THE 1452 00:52:48,880 --> 00:52:53,680 ORIGINS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL? 1453 00:52:53,680 --> 00:52:58,240 >>I'VE SPOKEN WITH JULIE SEGRAY 1454 00:52:58,240 --> 00:52:59,880 A PROMINENT RESEARCHER ABOUT 1455 00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:01,400 DOING IT BUT WE HAVEN'T DONE IT. 1456 00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:02,880 WE KNOW FROM ALL THE PEOPLE WORK 1457 00:53:02,880 --> 00:53:04,840 ON THE HUMAN SKIN MIKE OWE BIOME 1458 00:53:04,840 --> 00:53:07,280 THAT EVERYBODY HAS A UNIQUE 1459 00:53:07,280 --> 00:53:08,760 GARDEN OF BACTERIA AND IT 1460 00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,560 CONTRIBUTES TO THESE DIFFERENCES 1461 00:53:10,560 --> 00:53:11,680 AND PEOPLE HAVE DONE IT AND WE 1462 00:53:11,680 --> 00:53:14,320 HAVE COLLEAGUES IN EUROPE WHO 1463 00:53:14,320 --> 00:53:17,720 HAVE DONE THIS EXPERIMENT AND 1464 00:53:17,720 --> 00:53:19,600 THE ANSWER IS THAT YOU DO FIND 1465 00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:20,160 DIFFERENCES. 1466 00:53:20,160 --> 00:53:22,400 SO, HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE AND 1467 00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:23,680 WEAKLY ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE HAVE 1468 00:53:23,680 --> 00:53:25,960 DIFFERENCES AND THE SKIN 1469 00:53:25,960 --> 00:53:29,360 BACTERIA WHEN YOU INCUBATE THEM 1470 00:53:29,360 --> 00:53:30,280 IN SWEAT PRODUCE DIFFERENT 1471 00:53:30,280 --> 00:53:31,840 SWELLS SO WE WOULD FIND 1472 00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:33,000 DIFFERENCE AND WE HAVEN'T DONE 1473 00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:33,160 IT. 1474 00:53:33,160 --> 00:53:34,880 >>THANK YOU. 1475 00:53:34,880 --> 00:53:36,800 ANOTHER INTERESTING QUESTION, DO 1476 00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,040 REPELLENTS LIKE DEET CHANGE 1477 00:53:39,040 --> 00:53:41,440 ATTRACTIVE TEE IN THE ASSAYS IF 1478 00:53:41,440 --> 00:53:42,920 WE'RE USING THOSE REPELLENTS? 1479 00:53:42,920 --> 00:53:47,600 >>SO, DEET IS A CONTROVERSIAL 1480 00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:48,520 WORD. 1481 00:53:48,520 --> 00:53:49,680 IF ANYBODY HAS DEET AT A SMELL 1482 00:53:49,680 --> 00:53:51,360 AND TASTE CONFERENCE PEOPLE JUST 1483 00:53:51,360 --> 00:53:53,800 FIGHTING IN THE AISLES. 1484 00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:56,400 THERE'S NO CONSENSUS AGREEMENT 1485 00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:57,120 ABOUT HOW DEET WORKS M PEOPLE 1486 00:53:57,120 --> 00:54:00,400 THINK IT'S A REPELLANT SO IT 1487 00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:01,480 SMELLS BAD TO INSECTS. 1488 00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:03,760 OUR DATA SUGGESTS THAT IT INTER 1489 00:54:03,760 --> 00:54:05,240 FIERCE WITH THE ABILITY OF THAT 1490 00:54:05,240 --> 00:54:07,320 PROTEIN THAT I SHOWED ORCO AND 1491 00:54:07,320 --> 00:54:10,160 THE ORs TO ENCODE OWEDDERS AND 1492 00:54:10,160 --> 00:54:14,280 THERE'S A CRYO EM STRUCTURE 1493 00:54:14,280 --> 00:54:16,440 SHOWING THAT DEET GOES INTO THE 1494 00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:19,160 ODOR RECEPTORS AND CHANGES ITS 1495 00:54:19,160 --> 00:54:22,320 CONFIRMATION PRESUMABLY. 1496 00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:26,240 SO, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU PUT 1497 00:54:26,240 --> 00:54:27,160 DEET INTO THIS ASSAY, IS THAT 1498 00:54:27,160 --> 00:54:30,160 THE FEMALES WILL AVOID IT. 1499 00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:32,040 SO THEY WON'T GO INTO DOOR 1500 00:54:32,040 --> 00:54:34,800 NUMBER 2, UNLESS THEY'RE ORCO 1501 00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:36,680 MUTANTS, IF WE DID IT WITH THE 1502 00:54:36,680 --> 00:54:38,680 ORCO MUTANTS, IT WOULDN'T MAKE A 1503 00:54:38,680 --> 00:54:40,720 DIFFERENCE IF WE HAD DEET THERE 1504 00:54:40,720 --> 00:54:40,960 OR NOT. 1505 00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:43,120 >>ONE MORE INTERESTING 1506 00:54:43,120 --> 00:54:47,280 QUESTION, WHEN YOU COMPARE 1507 00:54:47,280 --> 00:54:50,320 SUBJECT 31 AND SUBJECT 33, 31 1508 00:54:50,320 --> 00:54:52,600 HAS HIGHER LEVELS BUT NOT AS 1509 00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:53,120 ATTRACTIVE. 1510 00:54:53,120 --> 00:54:54,120 DOES IT MEAN THERE'S SOMETHING 1511 00:54:54,120 --> 00:54:54,520 ELSE PLAYING? 1512 00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:55,920 >>EXCELLENT, YES. 1513 00:54:55,920 --> 00:54:59,040 A PERSON WHO IS VERY ATTENTIVE. 1514 00:54:59,040 --> 00:55:02,000 I HIGHLIGHTED SUBJECT 90, 1515 00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:03,440 SUBJECT 31 IS ALSO AN OUT LIE 1516 00:55:03,440 --> 00:55:05,800 SORE WHEN WE STARTED GETTING THE 1517 00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:08,000 RAW DATA, WE DID EVERYTHING 1518 00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:09,400 DEIDENTIFIED SO WE DIDN'T KNOW 1519 00:55:09,400 --> 00:55:11,840 WHOSE CHEMISTRY AND ALL THE 1520 00:55:11,840 --> 00:55:12,640 NYLON STOCKINGS WERE 1521 00:55:12,640 --> 00:55:16,480 DEIDENTIFIED SO WHEN WE SAW THE 1522 00:55:16,480 --> 00:55:18,400 GC MASS SPECK DATA THE CHEM TREE 1523 00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:20,880 OF 31 WAS 33 BUT FOR SURE 31 HAS 1524 00:55:20,880 --> 00:55:22,720 THE HIGHEST LEVELS, STILL HIGHLY 1525 00:55:22,720 --> 00:55:24,720 ATTRACTIVE BUT NOT AS ATTRACTIVE 1526 00:55:24,720 --> 00:55:26,240 AS 33 SO I THINK CLEARLY THERE 1527 00:55:26,240 --> 00:55:28,040 ARE OTHER COMPONENTS AND YOU SEE 1528 00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:30,320 THIS WITH SUBJECT 90 SO THERE 1529 00:55:30,320 --> 00:55:31,560 ARE ALMOST CERTAINLY, AGAIN, 1530 00:55:31,560 --> 00:55:33,200 MAYBE SUBJECT 31 MAKES A LITTLE 1531 00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:35,200 BIT MORE OF A REPELLANT THAT 1532 00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:38,440 KIND OF COUNTERBALANCES. 1533 00:55:38,440 --> 00:55:40,560 >>DOES ADDING A STOCKING FROM A 1534 00:55:40,560 --> 00:55:44,480 LOW ATTRACTER, ESPECIALLY 1535 00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:45,640 SUBJECT 90 DECREASE 1536 00:55:45,640 --> 00:55:46,040 ATTRACTIVENESS. 1537 00:55:46,040 --> 00:55:46,840 >>THAT'S EXCELLENT. 1538 00:55:46,840 --> 00:55:50,040 THE HYPOTHESIS THERE IS SUBJECT 1539 00:55:50,040 --> 00:55:51,600 19 PRODUCES A REPELLANT SO YOU 1540 00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:52,560 CAN COUNTERBALANCE. 1541 00:55:52,560 --> 00:55:54,680 IT'S NOT IN THIS PAPER, DID A 1542 00:55:54,680 --> 00:55:56,200 LITTLE BIT OF THIS AND WE DIDN'T 1543 00:55:56,200 --> 00:56:00,760 FIND EVIDENCE THAT ADDING 19 1544 00:56:00,760 --> 00:56:02,080 WOULD MASK OR DECREASE. 1545 00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:03,920 SO WE REALLY DO THINK IT'S A 1546 00:56:03,920 --> 00:56:04,560 POSITIVE SIGNAL. 1547 00:56:04,560 --> 00:56:08,440 WE DIDN'T DO THAT WITH SUBJECT 1548 00:56:08,440 --> 00:56:09,880 90, WHICH A COUPLE PEOPLE HAVE 1549 00:56:09,880 --> 00:56:10,680 E-MAILED ME. 1550 00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:12,240 I GET E-MAILS, IT'S GREAT THAT 1551 00:56:12,240 --> 00:56:13,400 PEOPLE CARE ABOUT THIS WORK SO 1552 00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:15,800 I'VE GOTTEN A COUPLE SUGGESTIONS 1553 00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:18,240 FROM PEOPLE DO THIS EXPERIMENT 1554 00:56:18,240 --> 00:56:21,400 WITH SUBJECT 90, IF YOU MIX 90 1555 00:56:21,400 --> 00:56:21,640 WITH 33. 1556 00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:25,320 >>SO ANOTHER QUESTION IS -- DO 1557 00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:26,280 WE HAVE ANY UP HERE. 1558 00:56:26,280 --> 00:56:28,880 WE HAVE ONE HERE. 1559 00:56:28,880 --> 00:56:30,360 >>I WANTED TO KNOW IF YOU HAD 1560 00:56:30,360 --> 00:56:32,480 ANY DOCUMENTED CASES OF SOMEONE 1561 00:56:32,480 --> 00:56:33,720 CHANGING FROM A HIGH ATTRACT OR 1562 00:56:33,720 --> 00:56:37,120 TO A LOW ATTRACT OR OR VICE 1563 00:56:37,120 --> 00:56:37,480 VERSA. 1564 00:56:37,480 --> 00:56:38,240 OR WOULD YOU EXPECT IT? 1565 00:56:38,240 --> 00:56:42,000 >>IN OUR STUDY, WE DID NOT. 1566 00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:44,480 SO, EVERY SINGLE PERSON 1567 00:56:44,480 --> 00:56:45,760 MAINTAINED THEIR PLACE IN THE 1568 00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:46,680 HIERARCHY OF WHERE THEY WERE IN 1569 00:56:46,680 --> 00:56:49,200 THE ROUND-ROBIN. 1570 00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:52,080 BUT AGAIN, TURNING TO PEOPLE'S 1571 00:56:52,080 --> 00:56:55,440 EXPERIENCE OUT IN THE WORLD, 1572 00:56:55,440 --> 00:56:57,200 THERE COULD BE CLINICALLY 1573 00:56:57,200 --> 00:56:57,440 TESTED. 1574 00:56:57,440 --> 00:56:58,880 I HAVE THIS HUGE COLLECTION OF 1575 00:56:58,880 --> 00:57:00,880 MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1576 00:57:00,880 --> 00:57:02,480 WRITING TO ME INCLUDING WITH 1577 00:57:02,480 --> 00:57:03,680 THIS RESENT BURST IN THE LAST 1578 00:57:03,680 --> 00:57:07,760 TWO WEEKS AND SO, PREGNANCY IS A 1579 00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:08,160 FACTOR. 1580 00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:11,080 SO PREGNANCY, DURING PREGNANCY, 1581 00:57:11,080 --> 00:57:13,400 THE RULES CHANGE. 1582 00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,240 SO, PREGNANCY IS A GOOD 1583 00:57:16,240 --> 00:57:17,640 LONGITUDINAL THING BECAUSE IT 1584 00:57:17,640 --> 00:57:19,360 BEGINS AND IT ENDS SO THERE'S 1585 00:57:19,360 --> 00:57:22,320 GOOD PUBLISHED DATA THAT YOUR 1586 00:57:22,320 --> 00:57:23,040 ATTRACTIVENESS CHANGES DURING 1587 00:57:23,040 --> 00:57:24,800 PREGNANCY AND THAT'S NOT DONE BY 1588 00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:25,120 US. 1589 00:57:25,120 --> 00:57:26,320 THERE'S BEER IS ANOTHER ONE, SO 1590 00:57:26,320 --> 00:57:30,280 IF YOU INGEST BEER VERSUS WATER, 1591 00:57:30,280 --> 00:57:32,240 YOUR ATTRACTIVENESS GOES WAY UP. 1592 00:57:32,240 --> 00:57:35,120 CAN YOU DO THESE THINGS WITH 1593 00:57:35,120 --> 00:57:35,680 DIET. 1594 00:57:35,680 --> 00:57:36,520 B VITAMINS IS LIKE THIS OTHER 1595 00:57:36,520 --> 00:57:37,880 THING THAT IS NOT TRUE SO 1596 00:57:37,880 --> 00:57:40,240 EVERYBODY TELLS ME, YOU JUST EAT 1597 00:57:40,240 --> 00:57:41,600 A LOT OF B VITAMINS AND YOU 1598 00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:43,320 WON'T BE BITTEN BUT THERE'S NO 1599 00:57:43,320 --> 00:57:44,360 GOOD EVIDENCE FOR THAT. 1600 00:57:44,360 --> 00:57:48,400 I GUESS JUST DON'T DRINK BEER, 1601 00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,360 THERE'S GOOD DATA THAT DRINKING 1602 00:57:50,360 --> 00:57:53,600 BORE INCREASES YOUR 1603 00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:53,960 ATTRACTIVENESS. 1604 00:57:53,960 --> 00:57:56,960 >>THERE'S TWO QUESTIONS. 1605 00:57:56,960 --> 00:57:59,920 ONE IS, DOES BLOOD TYPE MAKE A 1606 00:57:59,920 --> 00:58:00,480 DIFFERENCE? 1607 00:58:00,480 --> 00:58:01,640 ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS? 1608 00:58:01,640 --> 00:58:03,840 >>SO, I WOULD SAY LIKE THE TOP 1609 00:58:03,840 --> 00:58:07,560 FIVE HYPOTHESIS THAT ARE OUT 1610 00:58:07,560 --> 00:58:10,400 THERE ARE, B VISIT MINUTES, 1611 00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:15,680 GARLIC, BANANAS, BEING FEMALE, 1612 00:58:15,680 --> 00:58:18,800 AND BLOOD TYPE. 1613 00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:20,120 AND THERE'S NO EVIDENCE FOR ANY 1614 00:58:20,120 --> 00:58:20,720 OF THOSE. 1615 00:58:20,720 --> 00:58:23,560 SO THERE'S, WITH BLOOD TYPE IS 1616 00:58:23,560 --> 00:58:26,000 REALLY DIFFICULT BECAUSE IF YOU 1617 00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:28,160 THINK ABOUT HOW TO RECRUIT INTO 1618 00:58:28,160 --> 00:58:29,400 A BLOOD TYPE STUDY, HOW MANY 1619 00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:30,840 PEOPLE YOU NEED TO RECRUIT TO 1620 00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:33,200 GET THE POWER TO COVER ALL OF 1621 00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:33,560 THOSE. 1622 00:58:33,560 --> 00:58:35,440 WE DID A STUDY THAT'S STILL NOT 1623 00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:37,040 PUBLISHED WITH 100 PEOPLE TO TRY 1624 00:58:37,040 --> 00:58:38,480 TO ATTACK THE BLOOD TYPE PROBLEM 1625 00:58:38,480 --> 00:58:39,880 BUT YOU DON'T, FOR THE RARE 1626 00:58:39,880 --> 00:58:41,200 BLOOD TYPES, YOU HAVE TO 1627 00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:44,360 SPECIFICALLY RECRUIT FOR THE 1628 00:58:44,360 --> 00:58:45,920 VERY ULTRARARE BLOOD TYPES TO 1629 00:58:45,920 --> 00:58:46,520 SAY ANYTHING. 1630 00:58:46,520 --> 00:58:48,920 THERE'S A COUPLE PAPERS, ONE 1631 00:58:48,920 --> 00:58:50,240 SAID IT'S BLOOD TIME AND ONE 1632 00:58:50,240 --> 00:58:52,040 SAID IT'S NOT BLOOD TYPE AND 1633 00:58:52,040 --> 00:58:53,000 THEY'RE UNDER-POWERED SO I DON'T 1634 00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:55,160 THINK IT'S BLOOD TYPE. 1635 00:58:55,160 --> 00:58:59,400 >>SOME PEOPLE INTRODUCE LESS 1636 00:58:59,400 --> 00:59:00,960 SEE BUM VERSUS OTHERS. 1637 00:59:00,960 --> 00:59:03,160 DOES THE LEVEL EFFECT THE DEGREE 1638 00:59:03,160 --> 00:59:07,120 OF ATTRACTION AND IF SO DOES THE 1639 00:59:07,120 --> 00:59:10,440 TREATMENT OF SKIN DEODORANT, 1640 00:59:10,440 --> 00:59:10,920 SOAP, MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 1641 00:59:10,920 --> 00:59:15,280 >>SO WE DIDN'T QUANTIFY THAT 1642 00:59:15,280 --> 00:59:15,560 PARAMETER. 1643 00:59:15,560 --> 00:59:17,120 EVERY PERSON VIGOROUSLY WASHED 1644 00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:21,760 THEIR SKIN WITH UNSCENTED SOAP 1645 00:59:21,760 --> 00:59:24,040 BEFORE THEY PUT THE STOCKING ON 1646 00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:26,480 AND WORE IT FOR SIX HOURS. 1647 00:59:26,480 --> 00:59:28,160 SKIN TYPE DOES VARY ACROSS THE 1648 00:59:28,160 --> 00:59:31,280 BODY BUT EVERYTHING IS THE 1649 00:59:31,280 --> 00:59:34,880 FOREARM WHICH I MEAN, MY LIMITED 1650 00:59:34,880 --> 00:59:36,200 EXPERIENCE, IT'S LESS SUBJECT TO 1651 00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:39,240 THOSE KIND OF VARIABLES OF 1652 00:59:39,240 --> 00:59:39,840 DRYNESS, MAYBE. 1653 00:59:39,840 --> 00:59:41,840 >>WE HAVE MORE QUESTIONS THAT 1654 00:59:41,840 --> 00:59:44,360 WE CAN POSSIBLY TAKE BECAUSE 1655 00:59:44,360 --> 00:59:45,280 IT'S ALREADY TIME. 1656 00:59:45,280 --> 00:59:49,240 SO, I WOULD LIKE TO ON BEHALF OF 1657 00:59:49,240 --> 00:59:50,320 EVERYONE, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 1658 00:59:50,320 --> 00:59:52,760 THIS WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL TALK. 1659 00:59:52,760 --> 00:59:56,560 AND I'M PRETTY SURE I'M SUBJECT 1660 00:59:56,560 --> 00:59:56,720 K. 1661 00:59:56,720 --> 00:59:58,120 THAT WAS WHAT I WAS TELLING 1662 00:59:58,120 --> 00:59:58,360 MYSELF. 1663 00:59:58,360 --> 01:00:01,160 >>CONGRATULATIONS. 1664 01:00:01,160 --> 01:00:02,160 >>BUT THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 1665 01:00:02,160 --> 01:00:03,000 COMING AND REALLY GIVING US THIS 1666 01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:04,840 WONDERFUL INFORMATION 1667 01:00:04,840 --> 01:00:07,120 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1668 01:00:07,120 --> 01:00:08,320 >>THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 1669 01:00:08,320 --> 00:00:00,000 [APPLAUSE]