>>WELCOME TO THE WEDNESDAY
AFTERNOON LECTURE SERIES.
I'M POLY JOSEPH, AT THE NIAAA
SCIENCE AND METABOLISM.
TODAY'S LECTURE IS SPECIAL FOR
AT LEAST TWO REASONS.
ONE REASON IS THAT THIS IS AN
NIH DIRECTOR LECTURE AND THERE
ARE ONLY THREE NIH DIRECTOR
LECTURES EACH YEAR.
AND THIS SPEAKERS ARE APPROVED
BY THE NIH DIRECTOR AMONG OTHER
30 PLUS 30WALS AND OUR SPEAKERS.
LESLEY BOSSHALL CAN JOIN US IN
PERSON AND I NOMINATED HER
PERHAPS TWO YEARS AGO NOW, AND
SHE WAS SCHEDULED TO SPEAK
DURING THE WALS SEASON BUT
POSTPONED TO HAVE THE VISIT
IN-PERSON SO I'M REALLY EXCITED
TO HAVE HER HERE IN PERSON AND
IN THE FLESH.
DR. LESLEY BOSSHALL,
PROFESSOR AND HEAD OF THE
LABORATORY OF NEURO GENETICS AND
BEHAVIOR AT THE ROCKEFELLER
UNIVERSITY AND ALSO AS THIS PAST
FEBRUARY SHE WAS THE VICE
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF SCIENTIFIC
OFFICER OF THE HOWARD HUGHES
MEDICAL INSTITUTE.
SHE HAS PERFORMED GROUND
BREAKING WORK TO ESTABLISH THE
MUSS KETO AS A GENETIC MODEL OF
OKIORGANISM FOR NEUROBIOLOGY AND
HOW MOSQUITOES HUNT HUMANS AND
THE SUBSEQUENT DESIGN TO BLOCK
MOSQUITO BITING BEHAVIOR.
HER LAB, TAKES A
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH
SPANNING NEUROBIOLOGY BEHAVIOR,
GENETICS AND GENOMICS, HER LAB
IDENTIFIED THE GENES WITH ORDER
AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN INSECTS.
A MEMBER OF THE RECEPTORS GENE
FAMILY WHICH UNIQUELY EXPRESSED
IN MAJORITY OF NEURONS AND
HIGHLY CONSERVED ACROSS INSECT
EVOLUTION.
THIS RESEARCH HOLDS PROMISE AND
COMBATING THIS THREAT OF YELLOW
FEVER, DEN A, ZIKA AND
TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE BITE OF
THE FEMALE MOSQUITO.
SHE HAS PARTICIPATED IN
LARGE-SCALE RESEARCH OF HUMAN
SUBJECTS WHEN AGAIN AT THE TIME
TICK ANALYSIS IN ORDER TO
UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS OF OWE
FACTORY PERCEPTION IN HUMANS,
SHE RECEIVED HER GRADUATE DEGREE
FROM BIOCHEMISTRY AND SHE
CONDUCTED HER POSTDOCTORAL
TRAINING BACK AT COLOMBIA IN THE
BE LABORATORY OF FUTURE
NOVEMBERAL LARRY AT FROM 1983 TO
1997 AND STAYED THERE THE NEXT
THREE YEARS AS AN ASSOCIATE
RESEARCH SCIENTIST.
IN THE YEAR 2000, SHE MOVED TO
THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY IN AN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND ROSE TO
THE RANKS BEING A PROFESSOR IN
2010 AND THE DIRECTOR OF SYSTEM
INSTITUTE IN 2016 AND SHE'S
EARNED NUMEROUS AWARDS AND
HONORS AND ACCOLADES ALONG THE
WAY AND SHE WAS THE HHMI
INVESTIGATOR IN 2008 AND
SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCTED IN BOTH
THE NATIONAL SCIENCES AND THE
NATIONAL AK A DIA OF MEDICINE
AND IN 2020 THE RESEARCH AWARD
AND THE TITLE FOR TALK TODAY IS
"BITTEN, WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE
MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES
THAN OTHERS."
WELCOME BACK TO THE NIH Dr.
VOSSHALL AND WE LOOK FORWARD TO
YOUR RESEARCH.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
SO THRILLING TO MEET PAULE JOSEPH
FOR THE SECOND TIME IN TWO
WEEKS, REALLY THRILLED TO BE
HERE AND I WOULD LIKE TO THANK
FRANCIS COLLINS FOR ALL THE OF
THE YEARS OF SERVICE SO KEEPING
THE NIH AT THE FOREFRONT OF WHAT
OUR GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS AND WISH
HIM WELL IN HIS QUOTE-UNQUOTE
RETIREMENT STILL ACTIVELY
RUNNING A LAB.
SO, I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE AND
HONORED TO GIVE THIS LECTURE
ABOUT MOSQUITO BIOLOGY AND SO,
AT AROUND 2008, I PIVOTED MY
RESEARCH PROGRAM AFTER DECADES
OF WORKING ON FLIES, WORKING ON
THIS ANIMAL.
AND WE'RE INTERESTED IN THIS
ANIMAL BECAUSE THIS FEMALE, IS
ABLE THROUGH THIS ACT OF
BLOOD-FEEDING TOWN FACT OVER
400 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR AND SO
WE WERE FASCINATED WHAT DROVE
THE FEMALE TO DO THIS BEHAVIOR
TO UNDERSTAND IT AND FIGURE OUT
BY UNDERSTANDING AND HOW CAN WE
INTERVENE IN THIS CRAZY BEHAVIOR
SPREADING DISEASE.
AND SO IT'S THE PRIMARY VECTOR
OF THESE FOR ARBA VIRUSES,
YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE, ZIKA AND
LITTLE KNOWN FACT FIRST EMERGED
IN HUMAN POPULATIONS IN AROUND
1950 AND SHOWING THAT, VIRUSES
IN WILD RESERVOIRS HAVE THE
POSSIBILITY TO JUMP INTO HUMAN
POPULATIONS BY THEIR ABILITY TO
BE BASICALLY TAKEN UP INTO
MOSQUITOES AND DEPOSITS INTO
HUMANS.
AND SO, IF YOU TAKE TOGETHER
AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITOES, YOU
AND UP TO HALF A MILLION PEOPLE
A YEAR PRIMARILY DUE TO MALARIA
SO IT'S AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM TO
FIGURE OUT HOW ARE THESE FEMALES
DOING WHAT THEY CAN DO AND HOW
CAN WE STOP THEM.
AND SO, AN IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL
CONSIDERATION, THESE ARE
TROPICAL ANIMALS SO THEY REQUIRE
A MILD OR NONEXISTENT WINTER,
THEY REQUIRE WATER AND THEY WIRE
A LARGE DENSITY OF HUMANS TO BE
ABLE TO EXECUTE ON THEIR
BUSINESS PLAN.
AND AS THE CLIMATE WARMS, MORE
AND MORE OF TEMPERATE AND
NORTHERN REGIONS ARE A FANTASTIC
HABITAT FOR MOSQUITOES,
INCLUDING A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO,
THEY'RE WAITING FOR YOU AND TO
BITE YOU AND INFECT WITH YOU
THESE VIRUSES.
THAT'S THE QUESTION THAT
CAPTIVATED US.
I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT TASTE
AND SMELL.
AND SO I'M GOING TO PLUNGE INTO
THIS QUESTION ABOUT, WHAT DOES
BLOOD TASTE LIKE TO A FEMALE
MOSQUITO.
THERE'S VAST NUMBER OF SPECIES
OF INSECTS ON EARTH, ON A TINY,
TINY FRACTION OF INSECTS HAS
EVOLVED THE TASTE OF BLOOD.
AND SO THIS WORK WAS CARRIED OUT
BY VERONICA, A TESTIF PH.D IN TB
NOW A POSTDOC IN KAISER WITH
COLLAB EIGHTORS FROM STANFORD,
AND PRINCETON.
AND SO AN IMPORTANT TAKEAWAY FOR
THOSE GETTING THE SME CREDIT,
THE ONE THING YOU LEARN TODAY,
THIS IS A HIGHLY SEX-SPECIFIC
BEHAVIOR SO MOSQUITOES COME IN
MALE AND FEMALE, ONLY THE FEMALE
HAS THE DERIVE TO DO THIS
BEHAVIOR.
FOR A COUPLE OF REASONS, SO, AN
ATOMICALLY, ONLY THE FEMALE HAS
A SYRINGE ON HER HEAD THAT
PENETRATES SKIN.
THE MALES CANNOT PENETRATE SKIN.
MORE IMPORTANTLY, MALES DON'T
CARE.
SO, YOU SEE THE LITTLE PICTURE
OF THE FEMALE, SHE'S BRACING
HERSELF AGAINST THE SKIN OF ONE
OF THE PEOPLE IN MY LAB AND THIS
IS A PHOTO FROM ALEX WILD, YOU
CAN CHECK OUT HIS BEAUTIFUL
GALLERY OF WEB SITES.
HE CAME INTO OUR LAB AND WATCHED
OUR DAY-TO-DAY SO THIS IS OUR
DAY-TO-DAY.
YOU CAN SEE THE FEMALE FOCUSED
ON BASICALLY HAS SHOVED THIS
SYRINGE-LIKE STYLE ET INTO THE
SKIN AND LOOKING FOR BLOOD.
THE MALE HAS NO INTEREST IN
HUMAN CUES, INCAPABLE OF
PUNCTURING SOMETHING AS TOUGH AS
HUMAN SKIN.
AND SO WHY IS THAT?
IT IS BECAUSE MALES DON'T
PRODUCE EGGS.
SO IT'S THE BLOOD IS 100%
REQUIRED FOR THESE ANIMALS TO BE
REPRODUCTIVELY COMPETENT.
IT'S A GOOD TRICK.
MANY INSECTS FEED ON FLOORAL
NECTOR AND SO MANY IT'S THE MOST
BRILLIANT THING YOU CAN DO WHERE
YOU FIND SOMETHING TO BITE, IN
THE COURSE OF A MINUTE, TAKING
THIS INCREDIBLY PROTEIN-RICH
MEAL AND GO AWAY AND DIGEST IT
AND CONVERT IS TO EGGS.
IT'S 100% RELATED TO THE
REPRODUCTIVE REALITY THAT IF
TODAY, ALL HUMANS SPENT THE NEXT
TWO YEARS INDOORS AND NO ONE
WENT OUTSIDE, WE WOULD BE ABLE
TO ELIMINATE ALL THESE DISEASES,
RIGHT, BECAUSE THEY WOULD
BASICALLY GET RID OF THE
RESERVOIR, YOU WOULD ABLE --
THEY NEED THE BLOOD TO REPRODUCE
AND THEY NEED THE BLOOD AND YOU
WOULD CRASH IT.
SO IN THE LAB, THESE CREATURES
DRINK 10% SUCROSE.
WE THINK OUT IN THE WILD THEY
MAY BE FEEDING FROM FLOWERS AND
SO, IN THE COURSE OF THEIR LIFE,
MALES NEVER TASTE BLOOD, KIND OF
SAD, THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT
TASTES LIKE.
AND THE FEMALE, WHEN THEY NEED
TO PRODUCE EGGS, ENJOY THE TASTE
OF BLOOD, AND WE'VE KEPT THESE
ANIMALS ALIVE IN THE LAB FOR A
TERRIFYING LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
HOW LONG DO THEY LIVE IN THEY
TREAT THEM WELL?
IT'S MONTHS, I USED TO SAY SIX
WEEKS BUT IT'S LINING THREE OR
FOUR MONTHS YOU KEEP THEM ALIVE
IF YOU TREAT THEM WELL AND GIVE
THEM SUGAR.
SO THE FEMALE FACES THIS
QUANDARY IS IT BLOOD OR SUGAR?
THESE MEALS ARE HANDLED
DIFFERENTLY FOR DIFFERENT
PURPOSES SO THIS IS WHAT IT
LOOKS LIKE.
WHEN YOU COME TO MY LAB, THIS IS
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MOSQUITOES
FIND A LITTLE PATCH OF SKIN.
THE REST OF -- THIS IS EMILY
DENNIS WHO IS A GROUP LEADER AT
GA NAILIA, SHE DID THIS
IMPORTANT WORK WHEN SHE WAS IN
THE LAB SO THIS IS A PATCH OF
SKIN OF HER FOREARM THAT'S NOT
COVERED IN LATEX.
IT'S QUICKLY WITHIN A FEW
SECONDS THE FEMALES LEAVE THE
SIDE OF THE AGE, SOMETHING IS
HAPPENING, CARBON DIOXIDE GOT
THEM AROUSED AND THEY FIND THAT
TINY SPOT AND USE THEY PUNCTURE
THE SKIN AND DRINK.
SO YOU CAN SEE, SIX TIMES, SIX
TIMES SPED UP HOW ENORMOUSLY
FULL THEIR GUT GETS WITH BLOODS.
SPECIALIZING ON HUMANS THERE'S A
LOT OF US AND WE DON'T HAVE FUR,
WE CONGREGATE IN ENORMOUS
COLONIES OF PEOPLE AND WE ALWAYS
HAVE WATER AROUND US SO THEY
NEED WATER TO BE ABLE TO LAY
EGGS.
SO THIS IS ANOTHER TAKEAWAY FROM
TODAY ONLY FEMALES BITE, GET RID
OF STANDING WATER AROUND YOUR
HOUSE.
I OWN A HOUSE IN SILVER SPRING,
THE FIRST THING I DID WAS TALK
TO THE NEIGHBORS ABOUT DON'T
HAVE STANDING WATER.
SO, IT'S A STANDING WATER THAT
MAKES US SUCH INCREDIBLE GREAT
HOSTS.
WE CALL THIS HOST SEEKING
BECAUSE WE RALLY ARE HOSTS.
WE DO EVERYTHING WE CAN TO
WELCOME THEM INTO OUR LIVES.
WE WILL HIKE WITHOUT CLOTHES,
ALMOST NAKED, WE HAVE WATER
AROUND THE HOUSE AND WE HAVE
DELICIOUS BLOOD.
SO YOU KNOW THAT IF YOU GET A
BLOOD TEST, YOU GET A PROFILE OF
WHAT IS ON BLOOD AND SO, WHAT I
WOULD REMIND PEOPLE IS THAT OUR
BLOOD, EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE A
SUGAR IMBALANCE, THAT'S
RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS OF SUGAR
IN IT SO BLOOD DOES HAVE GLUCOSE
IN IT AND HAS ALL THESE OTHER
CONSTITUENTS THAT THESE ANIMALS
ARE LOOKING FOR SO IT'S THE
PROTEINS AND THE LIPIDS THAT ARE
DRIVING A DEVELOPMENT.
SO YOU CAN MAKE AN ARTIFICIAL
BLOOD MEAL WITH THREE HUMAN
BLOOD PROTEINS.
YOU ADD ATP AND SODIUM CHLORIDE
AND YOU CAN KEEP THEM ALIVE IN
THE LAB FOR GENERATIONS, THOSE
ARE THE CONSTITUENTS THEY NEED.
THREE HUMAN BLOOD PROTEINS SO
SALT AND ATP AND SO, THIS IS
SORT OF THE QUESTION AND WHAT IS
IN FLORAL NECTAR.
IN 2006, ECONOMICS GISTS WENT TO
SOUTH AMERICA AND ASKED, WHAT'S
IN PLANT NECTAR AND HOW DOES IT
RELATE TO THE DIFFERENT
POLLINATORS THAT FEED ON IT SO
YOU NOTICE THAT THEIR NECTOR IS
RICH IN SUCROSE AND IT'S WHAT WE
NEED THE MOSQUITOES IN THE LAB,
10% SUCROSE SO THE FEMALES HAVE
THIS EXPERIENCE OF ALL THIS
STUFF IN BLOOD AND THIS
RELATIVELY SUGARY SORT OF SIMPLE
MEAL OF SUGAR.
AND SO, WE'VE BEEN ASKING THESE
QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW DO THEY TELL
THE DIFFERENCE AND GIVEN THAT
SUCROSE IS A COMMON INGREDIENT
BETWEEN THEM SO I'LL TELL YOU
ABOUT THE NEUROBIOLOGY ABOUT
THAT.
SO ONE THING THAT'S REALLY COOL
AND INTERESTING, WE HAVE ONE
TONGUE AND ONE STOMACH.
ANYTHING YOU PUT IN YOUR MOUTH,
EVERYTHING IS SENSED BY THE
TONGUE AND EVERYTHING GOES INTO
YOUR STOMACH.
MOSQUITOES HAVE A TONGUE FOR
BLOOD AND SUGAR.
I REMEMBER THE STYLE ET IS THIS
TARPEN SYRINGE THAT IS THE ONLY
PART OF THE MOSQUITO THAT GOES
UNDER THE SKIN SO IT'S COVERED
WITH SENSORY NEURONS AND THE
SOFT TONG WILL SIT ON AND SO WE
DID AN EXPERIMENT WHERE WE FED
THEM FIRST, GREEN FOOD DYE SUGAR
AND THEY TASTE IT AND ALL OF
THAT SUGAR GOES INTO THE CROP
AND WE GIVE THEM A CHASER.
AND THE BLOOD GOES INFORM THE
MID GUT.
THEY HAVE TWO STOMACHS.
THE SUGAR IS KEPT IN THE CROP AS
JUST A METABOLIC GEL PACK IF YOU
ARE A MARATHONER.
SO I HAVE SO MANY QUESTIONS HERE
ABOUT FIRST OF ALL HOW DO THEY
TELL THE DIFFERENCE, HOW DO THEY
SHUNT IT TO STOMACH ONE OR
STOMACH TWO, WHAT IS THE SIGNAL
THERE AND IT'S LOOKING LIKE SOME
SORT OF INTERNAL SENSING TO
FIGURE OUT WHERE IT GOES.
SO, A KEY POINT AGAIN THE CROP
IS SMALL AND THE MIDGUT CAN
STRETCHY ENORMOUSLY, LIKE
ENORMOUSLY, YOU SEE THAT UNFED
ANIMALS WILL, IF YOU BASICALLY
LOOK AT HOW MUCH THEY CONSUME,
THEY CONSUME THREE MICRO LITERS
WHICH DOUBLES THEIR BODY WEIGHT
AND IF YOU OFFER THEM SUGAR THEY
SIP IT.
CONSTRAINED BY THE SIDES OF THE
STOMACH THAT'S RECEIVING IT.
I'M GOING TO DO A SIDE BAR HERE.
THIS IS THIS WORK OF RACHEL
GALOON WHO JUST TURNED
98-YEARS-OLD AS THE UNIVERSITY
OF JERUSALEM.
AND SHE MADE THIS DISCOVERY THAT
ATP IS ONE OF THE MOST EXCITING
TASTES THAT AN INSECT ENCOUNTERS
SO THERE'S ATP IN BLOOD AND IT'S
A DEINGREDIENT BECAUSE IT
TRIGGERS FEEDING AND THEY LOVE
THE TASTE OF IT.
SO MUCH SO THAT WE CAN MAKE THIS
MIXTURE OF ATP SODIUM CHLORIDE
AND HERE IS A PARTICULARTURE OF
A MOSQUITO THAT IS DRINKING IT.
SOCIAL PUNCTURE THIS AS IF IT'S
SKIN AND SHE'S FILLING UP ON
THIS MIXTURE.
SO, WE KNOW THAT THIS TASTE
SYSTEM CAN BE ACTIVATED BY ATP
AND SOME BUFFERED SALTS.
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE FEMALE OF
FEMALES THAT GET EXCITED ABOUT
THIS, THEY'RE MAKING DECISIONS
SO IF YOU GIVE THEM HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF SUCROSE, THEY
DO NOT ENGORGE AND IT DOES NOT
GO TO THE MID GUT, IF YOU GIVE
THEM BLOOD, MOST OF THEM DO AND
ATM AND SALINE AND THEY LOVE IT.
THE SENSE RE SYSTEM IS HANDLING
THESE TWO DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES
IN THE SAME WAY AND IT'S
REJECTING SUCROSE.
SO NOW LET'S TURN TO THE
SYRINGE.
SO THIS IS A FILM FROM VALERIE
AT THE PASTOR INSTITUTE AND THIS
IS A MALARIA MOSQUITO STYLET,
ROOTING AROUND UNDER THE SKIN OF
A MOUSE LOOKING FOR BLOOD.
KIND OF LIKE THE DOWN THE HALL
AT THE CLINICAL CENTER ALTHOUGH,
SHE'S REALLY GOOD AT IT AND
SHE'S NOT -- SHE'S ABOVE THE
SKIN.
SHE'S BRACING HERSELF ON THE
SKIN, THERE'S THIS ORGAN THAT
HAS LOTS OF SENSORY NEURONS AND
ABLE TO FIND THAT CAPILLARY SO
TRULY REMARKABLE.
AND SO VERONICA SET OUT TO
FIGURE OUT WHAT IS TASTEING AND
HOW DOES IT AVOID GETTING
CONFUSED AND SUCKING THE
SUBSTANCE AND PUTTING IT IN THE
MIDGUT, BECAUSE IF YOU PUT SUGAR
IN THE MID GUT, YOU INTERRUPT
REPRODUCTION.
SO THE FIRST THING THAT WE DID
WAS TEAMED UP AT PRINCETON AND
THEY MADE THIS BEAUTIFUL STRAIN
THAT ALLOWS US TO LABEL ALL
NEURONS WITH RED FLEUR HE IS FLT
PROTEIN SO WE CAN ASK HOW MANY
NEURONS ARE THERE AND HOW DO
THEY RESPOND TO DIFFERENT TASTES
AND YOU CAN SEE AT TOP IS THE
FEMALE STYLET HAS ABOUT 25
NEURONS AND IT'S, YOU CAN SEE
THE SCALE BAR, IT'S TINY, IT'S A
TINY STRUCTURE AND A SINGLE
LAYER OF NEURONS IT'S LAKE LIKE
A DREAM FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND THE
MALE HAS FEWER THAN 10 NEURONS.
THE MALE HAS FLOW NEURONS TO SEE
AS IT'S SENSING THE SUGAR IT'S
DRINKING BUT THE FEMALE IS SET
UP TO TASTE BLOOD AND SO
VERONICA SET UP THIS IMAGING
PROTOCOL WHERE SHE PULLED THE
STYLET OFF AND PUT IT IN A BATH
AND USED A BIO PAN TO SHOOT
SHEEP BLOOD AT THE STYLET TO SEE
IF THERE ARE THREE NEURONS OR
HALF THE NEURONS AND WHAT DOES
IT LOOK LIKE WHEN THE STYLET
TASTES BLOOD.
SO YOU HAVE THE TIP OF THE
STYLET AT THE RIGHT AND IN THE
SECOND YOU HAVE A BUBBLE OF
BLOOD AND YOU CAN SEE THE
BASELINE FLUORESCENCE IS
ELEVATED AND IN A HALF OF THE
CELLS AND IT'S YOU HIGHLY
REPRODUCE ABLE SO HALF THE CELLS
GET REALLY EXCITED BY THE TASTE
OF BLOOD.
WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THE OTHER
HALF DO, IT'S INTERESTING.
WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THEY DO
MAYBE THEY'RE INVOLVED IN BAD
THINGS THAT THEY WOULD TASTE
THAT THEY WOULD NOT DRINK.
SO THEY WITH, DO THEY LOVE IT
BECAUSE IT ACTIVATES THE SAME
SET OF NEURONS AND THAT'S WHAT
VERONICA FOUND AND SO AGAIN IN
THIS FILM, YOU WILL SEE IN A
SECOND, BLOOD BEING APPLIED TO
THE STYLET.
YOU SEE THE HAPPY NEURONS
LIGHTING UP.
AND THEN IN A SECOND YOU WILL
HAVE THIS PROTEIN-FREE MEAL
CONTAINING ATP.
SO IF ANYTHING THEY REALLY LIKE
THE TASTE OF THAT ATP, IT
ACTIVATES THE CELLS MORE
RELIABLY.
WE DECOMPOSED THIS MIXTURE INTO
ATP SODIUM CHLORIDE AND FOUND
AGAIN YOU CAN SEE THAT HALF OF
THE CELLS IN THE STYLET RESPOND
TO NONE OF THESE SUBSTANCES.
AND YOU CAN LOOK AT CELLS THAT
RESPOND TO BLOOD AND START
BREAKING THEM INTO DIFFERENT
CLUSTERS SO WE HAVE A SET OF
CELLS THAT RESPOND TO ATP WHICH
IS FASCINATING AND INSECTS DO
NOT HAVE RECEPTORS SO WE SENSE
ATP WITH P2X AND P2Y.
WE DO NOT KNOW HOW THESE NEURONS
SENSING ATP BUT THEY HAVE SOME
SORT OF AN ATP SENSE.
AND THEY HAVE A CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE AND NEURONS THAT
RESPOND TO SODIUM CHLORIDE AND
THEY WILL ONLY RESPOND TO
GLUCOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF THESE
TWO OTHER SODIUM BUY CARBON AID.
SO THEY MADE AGAIN TARGETED
MOSQUITOES SO CAN WE FIND
MARKERS FOR THESE CELLS.
AND SO, SHE WAS ABLE TO MAKE A
LINE WHERE ALL NEURONS
EXPRESSING THIS NEMO SENSORY
RECEPTORS CALLED IR7A EXPRESSED
MARKERS AND YOU CAN SEE THE CUTE
CELLS THERE AND THEY ARE ALL
SODIUM BY CARBONATE CELLS.
AND SHE THEN MADE ANOTHER LINE,
HERE YOU SEE THE FOUR CELLS
EXPRESSING THE IR7F AND THESE
ARE REALLY INTERESTING NEURONS
BECAUSE AGAIN, THEY ONLY RESPOND
WHEN YOU HAVE GLUCOSE, AND
SODIUM BY CARBONATE AND SODIUM
CHLORIDE PRESENT AND THEY ONLY
RESPOND TO THE MIXTURE
SUGGESTING THERE'S MULTIPLE
RECEPTORS THAT ARE LISTENING.
YOU ONLY GET EXCITEMENT WHEN YOU
HAVE ALL OF THEM.
WE THOUGHT THIS WAS A KEY
PRINCIPLE, IF YOU DON'T WANT TO
GET CONFUSED BETWEEN BLOOD AND
SUGAR, MAKE SURE THAT THE STYLET
DOES NOT DRINK PURE SUGAR AS
WHAT HAPPENED WITH NECTOR.
SO WE THINK THIS IS REALLY THE
KEY THE INCOMPETENT GREATER
CELLS INTEGRATE INFORMATION SO
IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A BLOOD
COMPONENT, THE CELLS DO NOT GET
EXCITED AND A STRIKING
DEMONSTRATION OF THIS NOW WE PUT
300 ZUBE CROWS OR FRUCTOSE OR
GLUCOSE AND EACH IS A SINGLE
FEMALE, EACH SQUARE IS A SINGLE
NEURON IN THE STYLET AND AT THE
BOTTOM ACTIVATES THE NEURONS AND
YOU CAN SEE WITH A FEW
EXCEPTIONS, PRIMARILY WITH
GLUCOSE, WE DON'T FIND A SINGLE
KNEW ON THAT RESPONDS TO SUGAR
SO I THINK THAT THE KEY TO THIS
PROBLEM, IS THAT YOU HAVE
NEURONS IN THE STYLET THAT ARE
REALLY CHOSEY THAT WILL
COMPLETELY IGNORE THE TASTE OF
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SUGAR
UNLESS YOU HAVE THESE BLOOD
COMPONENTS AND SO WE'RE SUPER
EXCITED ABOUT THE MECHANISMS
WITHIN THE NEURONS WHERE THEY
DON'T CARE ABOUT 300 AND YOU ADD
A LITTLE BIT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
OR SODIUM BICARBONATE AND IT'S
HOW ON EARTH DO YOU TAKE LIKE
THE STAKE ON ONE PART AND THE
CAKE ON THE OTHER PART ASK IT'S
REALLY COOL.
SO NOW I'M GOING TO TURN TO LAST
WEEK WAS A WEEK SO WE HAD THIS
PAPER COME OUT THAT WAS PRE
PRINTED IN JANUARY AND WHEN IT
WAS ON ARCHIVED WE DID A TWEET
STORM ABOUT IT.
WE HAD LIKE 20,000 PEOPLE GO TO
THE PAGE.
MOSTLY MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL
PUBLIC AND LIKE THOUSANDS OF
PEOPLE DOWNLOADING THE PDF WHICH
IS UNUSUAL.
SO WE KNEW WHEN IT ULTIMATELY
FINALLY WOUND ITS WAY THROUGH
THE ENDLESS GRIND OF PEER
REVIEW, WHEN IT CAME OUT, IT
WOULD BE A THING.
AND IT WAS.
SO WE WERE LIKE ON USA TODAY,
DID A PRINT VERSION OF IT, THE
NBC NIGHTLY NEWS CREW WAS IN THE
LAB.
AND I KNEW THIS WOULD BE A BIG
STORY BECAUSE THIS IS THE
QUESTION THAT 100% OF THE PEOPLE
IN MY LIFE STRANGERS ON A TRAIN,
WHICH WAS A REALLY GOOD MOVIE,
AND SCIENTISTS, ANYBODY WANTS TO
KNOW, WHY AM I ALWAYS BITTEN?
WHEN I AM AT A PICNIC, WHY AM I
ALWAYS BITTEN?
HALF THE PEOPLE ARE NEVER
BITTEN, AND THE OTHER HALF ARE
ALWAYS BITTEN.
SO WHAT IS IT?
SO I HAVE TO TURN BACK TO WHAT
MAKES US ATTRACTIVE TO
MOSQUITOES IN THE FIRST PLACE.
AND SO IMPORTANT THING IS THAT
WE CANNOT HELP BUT WE'RE
HELPLESS.
AND I WANT TO SAY THAT FROM NOW
ON, MY TALK IS A MESSAGE OF
HOPELESSNESS AND DESPAIR.
BECAUSE THERE IS NOTHING THAT WE
CAN DO.
ABOUT ANY OF THIS.
SO, CARBON DIE SOX SIDE IS THE
MOST IMPORTANT AROUSAL SIGNAL
FOR THE SKA MOSQUITO BRAIN.
TINY BITS OF CARBON DIE SOX
SIDE, A FEW SECONDS OF CO2 WILL
FLIP THEM INTO THE STATE OF
AROUSAL FOR 15 MINUTES.
IT DOESN'T EVEN MATTER IF YOU
RUN AWAY, THEY'RE EXCITED AND
THEY'LL KEEP HUNTING YOU.
OTHER BAD NEWS IS THAT, WE
PRODUCE A LOT OF BODY ODOR, SO,
OUR SKIN IS COVERED BY THIS
NATURAL MOISTURIZING SEE BUM
WHICH CONTAINS WAXY SUBSTANCES
AND A LOT OF LIPIDS SO YOU DON'T
EVEN NEED TO BOY ALL THAT STUFF
THAW PUT ON YOUR SKIN BECAUSE
YOUR PRODUCING IT EVERYDAY.
AND YOU HAVE BENEFICIAL BACTERIA
ON YOUR SKIN WHOSE JOB IT IS,
FIRST OF ALL, TO KEEP YOUR SKIN
HEALTHY AND THE WAY WE REWARD
THEM ASK WITH SEE BUM.
IT DIGESTS THE SEE BUM AND
DIGESTS THE BODY ODOR AND WE ARE
WARM BLOODED AND MOSQUITOES LOVE
WARM BLOOD SO IF WE PUT OUT
DISHES OF COLD BLOOD.
NO ONE LIKES IT, THEY LIKE THE
WARMTH, CO2 AND BODY ODOR AND
ALSO VISUAL CONTRAST SO PEOPLE
ASKING ME WHAT SHOULD I DO, WHEN
SHOULD I HIKE, IT'S LIKE AT THE
HEIGHT OF THE DAY WHEN IT'S
REALLY HOT AND COVER UP AND IT
DOESN'T MATTER IF YOU CAN WEAR
PERFUME, NO ONE CARES, THE
MOSQUITOES DON'T CARE YOU
CAN'T -- DON'T HIKE, STAY
INDOORS.
SO, IS IT TRUE THAT SOME PEOPLE
ARE MORE ATTRACTIVE TO
MOSQUITOES THAN OTHERS OR IS
THIS OBSERVATION IS THAT
EVERYBODY HAS REALLY SOMETHING
THAT ISN'T A THING.
AND SO IN FACT THERE ARE MANY
STUDIES THAT SHOW EITHER IN
LABORATORY SETTINGS OR IN THE
FIELD, THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE MUCH
MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES
THAN OTHERS SO HERE IS THE 1993
PAPER.
I DO NOT HAVE A PMID HERE.
MY NEW THING IS, NO JOURNAL
NAMES ON TALK SLIDES.
NO JOURNAL NAME ON TALK SLIDES
SO I ALREADY BROKE MY RULE.
SO, THIS PAPER WHAT THEY DID IS
THEY HAD VOLUNTEERS SLEEP IN THE
FIELD OVERNIGHT IN LITTLE
STRUCTURES AND THEN THEY COUNTED
HOW MANY MOSQUITOES WERE
ATTRACTED INTO A TRAP IN THE
HUT.
THEY SORT OF RANDOMIZED WHO WAS
SLEEPING IN WHICH HUT.
AND FOUND THESE REALLY STRIKING
DIFFERENCES.
AND SO IF YOU LOOK AT PERSON K
ON THE RIGHT, HAD A REALLY GREAT
NIGHT'S SLEEP.
BECAUSE VERY FEW MOSQUITOES WERE
ATTRACTED INTO PERSON CASE TENT
COMPARED TO PERSON A WHO
ATTRACTED ALMOST 50 MOSQUITOES
AND SO THESE ARE A FIVE-FOLD
DIFFERENCE IN NATIVE MOSQUITOES
FLYING AROUND AND THEY'RE HUNGRY
AND THEY MEL THE CARBON DIOXIDE
AND THE BODY ODOR AND THEY GO IN
THERE AS I CHOSE'NESS.
PERSON K HAS BLOOD AND ALIVE BUT
THERE'S SOMETHING THAT MAKE
PERSON A MUCH MORE ALLURE SEWING
WE SET OUT TO FIGURE THAT OUT.
SO WE BEING A SEVEN-YEAR STUDY.
A LOT OF PEOPLE LIKE WHATEVER,
JUST TEST IT, FIGURE IT OUT BUT
IT TOOK HER SEVEN YEARS AND THEY
MADE ALL THE MOSQUITO MUTANTS
AND ANOTHER MESSAGE OF DESPAIR
AND HOMELESSNESS YOU CANNOT DO
ANYTHING TO MOSQUITOES TO GET
THEM TO NOT FIND US.
THAT'S HIS DATA AND LAURA DEDMON
DID 2,000 TRIALS IF THEY PRO FER
PERSON 1 OVER PERSON 1.
AND I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE
NIH FOR FUNDING OUR CTSA AND THE
THEY DID THE CHEM IS TREMENDOUS
AND SO HOW DO YOU ASK WHO IS
MORE ATTRACTIVE TO MOSQUITOES
THAN OTHERS.
YOU COULD INVITE PEOPLE INTO OUR
TROPICAL ROOM FOR 2500 VISITS
OVER THE COURSE OF THREE YEARS
AND HAVE THEM SPEND EIGHT HOURS
A DAY IN A ROOM THAT HAS 80%
HUMIDITY, 28° CELSIUS BUT NO ONE
WANTS TO DO THAT.
IT'S HORRIBLE.
WHEN THE NBC NIGHTLY NEWS CREW
WERE HERE OUR LENSES ARE FOGGING
UP, IT'S HORRIBLE, WE'RE
SWEATING AND TO SO TO DO THIS
STUDY WE NEEDED TO FIND A WAY TO
GET HUMANS TO HAVE THEM DONATE
THEIR SCENT.
WE KNEW IT WAS SCENT BECAUSE
CARBON DIOXIDE AND HEAT ARE
GENERIC.
EVERY ANIMAL ALIVE PRODUCES
THOSE.
IT'S A WELL-KNOWN SECRET IN THE
FIELD OF THE CHEMICAL SENSES
THAT NYLON IS LIKE THE PREMIERE
MATERIAL TO COLLECT HUMAN BODY
ODOR AND SO IT'S CHEAP AND
AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY SO WE
WERE, EVERY WEEK PAL AT OF NO
NONSENSE KNEE HIGHS COMING INTO
THE LAB WE CUT IT AND WE HAVE
PEOPLE WEAR THE STOCKINGS FOR
SIX HOURS AND AGAIN IT DOESN'T
REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE WHAT
YOU DO TO COVER UP THE SCENT,
WHATEVER IS SOAKING NO THESE
STOCKINGS IS ENOUGH TO ALLURE
MOSQUITOES AND SO THIS TOOK TWO
YEARS TO WORKOUT.
IT'S BASICALLY HOW DO YOU ASK IF
PERSON ONE OR PERSON TWO IS MORE
ATTRACTIVE, SO THE SET UP IS
THAT YOU TAKE 50 FEMALES WHO
HAVE NEVER HAD A BLOOD MEAL SO
THEY'RE RARE TO GO GO AND
THEY'RE EXTREMELY EAGER TO FIND
A HUMAN ABILITY YOU RELEASE THEM
INTO THIS BOX AND THEY CHOSE
DOOR NUMBER ONE OR TWO AND THE
ONLY INFORMATION THEY HAVE IS
THE SMELL COMING FROM THE
STOCKINGS.
THAT'S ALL THE INFORMATION THAT
THEY HAVE.
AND SO I'LL SHOW THIS LITTLE
VIDEO.
AND I REALLY HOPE THE SOUND IS
NOT PLAYING OUT IN THE WORLD
BECAUSE IT'S A TIK TOK FROM MY
LAB.
THIS IS EMILY DAY AFTER DAY
AFTER DAY CHOPPING UP THESE
PANTIE HOSE INTO LITTLE PIECES
AND THAT'S ALL THEY NEED TO TELL
THE PERSON BETWEEN PERSON ONE
AND TWO AND THIS IS TAKEN IN OUR
TROPICAL ROOM, THERE'S LAURA
DEDMAN STUFFING IN THE CUES.
IT'S TWO ASSAYS RUNNING IN
PARALLEL SO YOU HAVE PERSON ONE,
TWO AND THREE AND FOUR.
SHE OPENS THE GATES LIKE A
RACING TRACT AND THE MOSQUITOES
COME OUT AND THEY IMMEDIATELY
FLY TOWARD THE TWO DOORS AND
THEY GO INTO THE TRAP
IMMEDIATELY.
AND SO, LAURA DID OVER 2,300
TRIALS LIKE THIS OVER 3.1 YEARS
AND SHE'S AMAZING.
AND SO, SOME PEOPLE REALLY ARE
MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN OTHERS.
THIS IS A SIMPLE VERSION OF THIS
EXPERIMENT.
WE PUT PERSON 33'S STOCKING INTO
ONE PORT AND COMPLETELY UNWORN
STOCKING IN THE OTHER AND WE
ASKED CAN THE MOSQUITOES TELL
THE DIFFERENCE AND YOU CAN SEE
THAT SUBJECT 33 WHO IS THE STAR
OF THIS WHOLE STORY, RELIABLY
ATTRACTED ENORMOUS NUMBERS OF
MOSQUITOES IF YOU LOOK AT PERSON
28, THEY DO SMELL ANY DIFFERENCE
FROM A UNWRAPPED STOCK TAG YOU
JUST GOT FROM THE PHARMACY.
THERE'S NOTHING ON THAT STOCKING
SO THE MOSQUITOES CANNOT TELL
THE DIFFERENCE SO IT'S REALLY
REMARKABLE YOU GO FROM BASICALLY
NOTHING TO SOMEONE WHO IS
INCREDIBLY ATTRACTIVE.
BUT THERE'S SOME SPORTS FANS IN
THE LAB SO WE THOUGHT LET'S DO A
MARCH MADNESS BRACKET WHERE WE
COMPETE EVERY PERSON AGAINST
EVERY OTHER PERSON SO THIS TOOK
MULTIPLE TRIALS SO THESE ARE ALL
THE DATA AT LEFT AGAIN, WE'RE
LOOKING AT THE PERCENT
ATTRACTED.
YOU HAVE SUBJECT 25 VERSUS
SUBJECT 25.
VERY HAPPILY THE MOSQUITOES
CAN'T TELL THE DIFFERENCE SO WE
DON'T HAVE A SIDE BIAS.
CAN YOU SEE ALL THESE PEOPLE AT
THE LEFT AND AT THE RIGHT THERE
ARE ALL THESE SIGNIFICANT
PREFERENCES SO IF YOU LOOK AT
SUBJECT 33 IN THAT MAROON COLOR,
THEY WIN EVERY GAME.
THEY WIN EVERY GAME AND WE CAN
SORT OF A PORTION PEOPLE INTO
THESE DIFFERENT CA CATEGORIES.
SO IF WE COME UP WITH A SCORE,
HOW MANY GAMES DID SUBJECT 33
WIN, THEY'RE ALMOST 144 TIMES AS
ATTRACTIVE THAN THE LEAST
ATTRACTIVE PERSON WHICH IS
PERSON 28.
AND SO I THINK AN IMPORTANT
THING, AS YOU LOOK AT THESE
NUMBERS ARE SCALED ACCORDING TO
THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE.
WE FOUND THAT PEOPLE HAVE A POOR
SENSE OF HOW ATTRACTIVE THEY
ARE.
I WOULD HAVE SAY PEOPLE SAY I'M
A MOSQUITO MAGNET AND THEY WERE
LIKE PERSON 25, LIKE
UNIMPRESSIVE.
I THOUGHT TOO I AM THE QUEEN OF
ATTRACTIVENESS, I'M SOMEWHERE AT
THE LOW TO MIDDLE RANGE AND THE
IDEA IS THAT IT'S ALL RELATIVES.
SO IF YOU ARE SUBJECT 31, AND
YOU ARE HANGING OUT WITH SUBJECT
19 YOU WILL ALWAYS BE BITTEN BUT
IF YOU ARE SUBJECT 33, YOU ARE
HANGING OUT WITH SUBJECT 33 AND
PUSH 1, YOU WILL NEVER BE BITTEN
SO THIS IS WHY AS FAR AS HUMAN
SUBJECTS ARE RECRUITING
SELF-REPORTING WAS VERY
UNFORTUNATELY COMPLETELY USE
LESS.
SO IF YOU REALLY NEED TO KNOW
FUR A MAGNET.
YOU HAVE TO SEND US NYLON
STOCKINGS.
PLEASE DON'T SEND ME STOCKINGS.
I HAVE NEVER GOTTEN SO MANY
E-MAILS FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC
AS IN THE LAST WEEK BECAUSE
EVERYBODY HAS THEIR OWN IDEAS
ABOUT WHAT IT IS, WHICH IS
HILARIOUS, I'M LIKE, IT'S THE
LEGAL OF ACIDS ON THE SKIN BUT
PEOPLE ARE LIKE NO, I HAVE MY
OWN IDEAS.
AND WHAT IS REMARKABLE THAT
SUBJECT 33 AND SUBJECT 38 WERE
THIS PROPERTY OF BEING
INCREDIBLY MAGNETIC TO
MOSQUITOES AND IT WAS CONSISTENT
THERE WAS NEVER A GAME SUBJECT
33 LOST.
WHATEVER IT IS IT'S A TRAIT.
JAMES LOGAN AT LONDON SCHOOL OF
TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
DID A TWIN STUDY TO SHOW THERE'S
A HIGH HERITABLE COMPONENT TO
THIS PHENOMENON THAT IDENTICAL
TWINS HAVE VERY, VERY HIGHLY
CORRELATED MOSQUITO MAGNETISM
SCORES COMPARED TO FRATERNAL
TWINS.
AND SO THE QUESTION IS, HOW ARE
MOSQUITOES MAKING THESE JUDGMENT
AND SO I'M GOING TO TURN TO THE
CORE OF THE LAB WHICH IS THE
CHEMOSENSORY RECEPTORS THAT THE
MOSQUITOES HAVE IN THEIR NOSE
EQUIVALENT AND SO OVER THE
COURSE OF REALLY FROM MY POSTDOC
DAYS AT COLOMBIA FROM THE LATE
90s, WE KNOW INSECTS USE A
TOTALLY DIFFERENT MECHANISM TO
SENSE CHEMICALS, THEY USE EYE EN
CHANNELS.
THERE'S TWO SUPER FAMILIES OF
RECEPTORS AND THE I ONOTROPIC
RECEPTORS AND MDA AND AM PA
RECEPTOR THAT HAVE BEEN
REPURPOSED FOR SMELL AND IN BOTH
THESE CASES, THESE EYE ION
CHANNELS HAVE A COMMON SUBUNIT
AND A VARY SUBUNIT AND YOU CAN
DELETE THE CO RECEPTORS AND
DESTROY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ALL
THE GENES BECAUSE WITHOUT THAT
CO RECEPTORS NONE OF THEM CAN
ASSEMBLE INTO ION CHANNELS AND
YOU NEED A CO RECEPTORS AND THE
SUB UNITS AND THEY SENSED TWO
TOTALLY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF
COMPOUNDS SO THE OR SENSED THESE
THINGS THAT YOU HAVE IN THE
PERFUME IN YOUR CLOSET AND THEN
THE IR SENSE THE FOOT ODOR THAT
YOU HAVE ON YOUR SOCKS AND THE
SMELLY CHEESE IN YOUR FRIDGE SO
THERE ARE ACIDS IN IMMUNE
RECEPTORS AND THEY'RE CONVERTED
FROM GLUE TA MINUTE RECEPTORS SO
WE TRIED TO BREAK THE MOSQUITO
SO WE FIRST KNOCKED OUT ORCO AND
WE KNOW FROM WORK FROM ALMOST 20
YEARS AGO THAT THESE MOSQUITOES
STILL ARE REALLY ATTRACTED TO
HUMANS AND SO WE ASKED THE
QUESTION, CAN THESE MOSQUITOES
THAT HAVE LOST HALF OF THEIR
NOSE CAN THEY STILL TELL THE
DIFFERENCE.
AND THE ANSWER IS YES.
SO, I DEFY TO YOU TELL THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TOP AND
THE BOTTOM DATASETS SO THEY'RE
EQUAL ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF
ATTRACTION AND PERFECTLY ABLE TO
TELL THE DIFFERENCE AND SO THAT
PUT OUR ATTENTION ON TO THESE
FOOT ODOR AND CHEESE ODOR
RECEPTORS THE IRs AND SO MATT
AND HE WAS A PULSE DOCK IN THE
LOOK KNOCKED OUT THIS CO
RECEPTORS CALLED IR8A SO IN HIS
LAB HE MADE IR8A MUTANTS AND WE
ASKED CAN THE MUTANTS STILL TELL
THE MAGNET FROM THE NON MAGNET
AND THEY CAN SO THEY'RE ABLE TO
TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 33,
19 AND 28.
YOU WILL NOTICE THEY'RE IN PAIRS
SO NOT BEING ABLE TO SMELL THIS
CLASS OF MOLECULES DOES IMPAIR
THEM.
AND THE TWO ADDITIONAL MUTANTS
KNOCKING OUT THESE RECEPTORS-CO
RECEPTORS AND IT'S THE SAME
STORY.
IF YOU LOOK AT THE HOW SUBJECT
33 IS PERCEIVED, THERE'S AN OVER
ALL DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF
ATTRACTION AND BROADLY IF YOU
ARE KNOCK OUT ANY OF THE
RECEPTORS BUT THE ANIMALS ARE
STILL ABLE TO FIND PEOPLE
WITHOUT ANY PROBLEMS.
AND SO, WHAT WE FIGURED OUT IS
THAT THERE'S STILL INTACT
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN HUMANS
THOUGH IRs CONTRIBUTE TO OVER
ALL ATTRACTION.
YOU CAN TAKEAWAY HALF OF THE OWE
FACTORY SYSTEM AND ANOTHER HALF
AND THEY'RE STILL ABLE TO SMELL
US AND SO I'LL DO A SIDE JOURNEY
INTO SOMETHING THAT WE REPORTED
EARLIER THIS YEAR, WHICH IS THAT
THE REASON THAT THE MOSQUITOES
ARE IN VERY DIFFICULT TO BREAK
IS THEY DO NOT FOLLOW THIS RULE
T SO THIS SAY FOUNDATIONAL
PRINCIPLE IN THE SENSE OF SMELL
THAT IN THE NOSE, AND SO HONORED
TO HAVE SOME PEOPLE IN THE
AUDIENCE, IN THE NOSE, EVERY
SMELL NEURON EXPRESSES ONE AND
ONLY ONE RECEPTORS THAT
DETERMINES WHAT THAT NEURON
SMELLS AND ALL THE NEURONS
EXPRESSING THAT RECEPTORS
CONVERGE TO ONE PLACE IN THE
BRAIN THAT ENCODES THE QUALITY
OF THE ODOR.
AND SO THIS IS BEEN THE DOGMA
AND SO MEG YOUNGER WANTED TO
PLAY WITH THIS SYSTEM IN THE
MOSQUITO AND STARTED MAKING GENE
TARGETED LINES TO SAY I WANT TO
LABEL THE RED SEPARATE FROM THE
BLUE NEURONS STARTING WITH THE
OR CO RECEPTORS AND IR CO
RECEPTORS AND EVERYTHING WOULD
SAY THEY WOULD LABEL TWO
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS BUT OH NO,
NOT TRUE.
SO ESSENTIALLY, THESE ARE
PICTURES OF THE BRAIN OF A
MOSQUITO THAT'S BEEN GENE
TARGETED AND ALL OF THE NEURONS
EXPRESSING IR25A AT THE BOTTOM
ARE LABELED IN GREEN AND YOU CAN
SEE THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF
THE BRAIN ARE INNERVATED BY IR25
NEURONS AND THE VAST MAJORITY OF
THOSE ALSO ARE TARGETED BY ORCO
SO YOU HAVE THIS CODE WHERE YOU
HAVE ALL THE GETTING INPUT FROM
ORCO AND IR25A WHICH COULD BE
NEWERRANCE EXPRESSING LIKE THE
IR VERSUS THE OR OR THEY'RE IN
THE SAME CELL SO BREAKING THE
DOGMA THAT I GREW UP WITH.
SO, TO ASK THIS QUESTION, OLIVIA
GOLD MAN CARRIED OUT SINGLE
NUCLEUS RNA SEEK AND SHOWED THAT
MOSQUITOES BREAK THE DOGMA AND
SO EACH ROW IS A SPECIFIC GENE
AND SO THIS IS SORTED ALL OF THE
CELLS ACROSS THE TOP ARE THE
CELLS SO ALL THE CELLS IN THIS
PARTICULAR EXPERIMENT EXPRESS
ORCO AND THEY ALSO EXPRESS IR25A
AND IR76B AND OR82 AND IR41L AND
IR41M AND THIS WOULD MAKE, IF
YOU ARE A MOUSE, SMELL PERSON
AND THIS WOULD MAKE YOUR MIND
EXPLODE BECAUSE THIS SHOULD NOT
HAPPEN.
BECAUSE EVERYTHING IN THE MOUSE
GOES THROUGH EXTRAORDINARY
EFFORTS TO PREVENT THIS AND WE
SEE THIS AGAIN AND AGAIN AND
AGAIN THAT NEURONS EXPRESS
MULTIPLE RECEPTORS AND MARGO
HURRY CARRIED OUT ADDITIONAL
PECADDITIONEXPERIMENTS, WE SAW E
SEES IT BY SHE CAN FIND NEURONS
AT THE TOP THAT EXPRESSION OR8,
IR76B AND ORCO AND IN THE
MIDDLE, SO AGAIN, THE TAKE HOME
HERE IS THAT MOSQUITOES HAVE
TAKEN A DIFFERENT PATH, SO MANY
OF THE NEURONS EXPRESSED NOT
ONLY MULTIPLE SELECTIVE
RECEPTORS BUT THE OR AND THE IR
SO THE PERFUME AND THE STINKY
CHEESE IN THE SAME NEURON THAT'S
WHY IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK
THEM.
I SHOULD ALSO SAY THAT CHRIS
POTTER'S LAB AT THE SAME TIME WE
MADE THIS DISCOVERY IN THE
MOSQUITO SHOWED IT'S MUCH MORE
COMPLICATED THAN THOUGHT IN THE
FLY.
SO NOW I'M GOING TO GET THE
REASON WHY WE WERE ON USA TODAY
WHICH IS DIFFERENT ABOUT THE
MAGNETS.
AND SO, AS I SAID BEFORE, OUR
SKIN IS COVERED WITH SEE BUM AND
THERE IS SKIN BACTERIA THAT IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR BODY OWEDDER
AND THERE'S SOMETHING IN THE
BODY ODOR AND SKIN CAUSING THESE
DIFFERENCES.
AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE KIND OF
ODOR THAT WE GIVE OFF WE GIVE
OFF HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT OWED
HE IS AND WE FOCUS OUR STUDY ON
THE THINGS THAT WOULD BE
DETECTED BY IRs, WHICH IS THE
ACIDS.
AND SO TEAMING UP WITH THE
JUSTIN CROSS AND DAN BOMBLER AT
MSK CARRIED OUT BASICALLY
CHEMISTRY TO FIGURE OUT WHAT IS
ON THOSE STOCKINGS.
WHAT IS DIFFERENT?
AND THE ANSWER WAS LIKE
IMMEDIATELY A PARENT.
SO, YOU LOOK AT SUBJECT 28, WAS
NOT DIS CRIMINAL ABLE FROM AN
UNWORN STOCKING BY THE
MOSQUITOES ARE ME.
THERE'S NOTHING ON THE STOCKING.
WHERE A SUBJECT 31 AND 33 HAVE A
LOT OF SUBSTANCES ON THE
STOCKINGS SO IT WAS LIKE, FROM
DAY ONE, THERE'S JUST A LOT MORE
STUFF ON THE STOCKINGS AND SO
WHAT ARE THE SUBSTANCES, AND SO
WHEN ELLEN A REPLIED THIS FILTER
THAT YOU HAD TO BE ENRICHED IN
ALL FOUR EXPERIMENTS SHE CAME UP
WITH 40 MOLECULES ENRICHED IN
THE HIGH ATTRACTORS AND THEY
WERE ALL THESE LONG CHAIN SASS I
HAD WHICH WHEN METABOLIZED BY
BACTERIA PRODUCE BIG SMELLS AND
SO, THESE ARE JUST SOME OF THE
RAW CURVES FROM THE GC MASS
SPECK AND YOU CAN SEE THE HUGE
QUANTITIES OF THESE 10 TO 21
CHAIN KCARBOXYLIC ACIDS.
IF WE SHOW IT HAS A HEAT MAP,
RED IS HIGH AND LOW IS BLUE.
YOU CAN SEE IN THE CARBONS THAT
THE HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE SUBJECTS
31 AND 33 HAVE MASSIVE
QUANTITIES OF THESE ACIDS AND IN
GENERAL, THE LOW ATTRACTORS HAVE
LITTLE OR NO OF THESE.
BUT WE WANTED TO FIGURE OUT CAN
WE SHOW IT'S TRUE AND A
VALIDATION COHORT FOR YEARS
WE'VE BEEN WORKING WITH THESE
POOR EIGHT PEOPLE IN THE LAB WHO
HAD TO WEAR A STOCKING SO WE
BROAD END THE SEARCH TO NEW
VOLUNTEERS WHO CAME EXTERNAL
FROM THE LAB AND WE RECRUITED 54
PEOPLE AND BASICALLY ASKED HOW
ATTRACTIVE THEY ARE.
IT'S EASY TO FIND MOSQUITO
MAGNETS AND THEN THE LOWER
RETRACTORS SO THEN ELLEN
REPEATED THIS EXPERIMENT TO ASK
WHAT IS ON THE STOCKINGS.
AND SO AGAIN, SHE FOUND THAT YOU
GET MOST OF THE ACTION IN THE
ENRICHMENT IS IN THE HIGH
ATTRACTORS AND SUGGESTING THAT
THEY'RE JUST MAKING MORE OF
SOMETHING AND WHEN THE ANSWER IS
LONG CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.
SO AGAIN, HEAT MAP RED MEANS
HIGH LEVELS OF THESE SUBSTANCES
AND HEAT MAP BLUE MEANS LOW
LEVELS SO YOU SEE THERE'S A
SUPER STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN
HAVING A LOT OF THE CAR BOX SIL
I CAN ACIDS AND BEING A KETO
MAGNET.
SUBJECT 90 IS PRODUCING MASSIVE
AMOUNTS OF 10 CARBON TO 20
CARBON ACIDS BUT IS UNATTRACTIVE
TO MOSQUITOES AND SO, I CAN'T
GIVE YOU THE ANSWER BUT IT DOES
SHOW THAT THERE'S CLEARLY A
CORRELATION HERE AND IT'S NOT
COMPLETELY CAUSE TIVE AND MAYBE
SUBJECT 90 IS GIVING OFF, MAYBE
SOMETHING ABOUT THEIR SKIN
CHANGES HOW THOSE CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS ARE PRODUCED INTO
VOLATILES OR THAT I CAN MAYORING
THE NEXT PRODUCT, THE BEST
REPELLANT THAT OVERCOMES THIS SO
IT'S A REALLY INTERESTING IDEA.
WHAT ELLEN AND HER TEAM ABOUT
WAS ASKED IF IT'S THE AMOUNT OF
THE SUBSTANCES ON THE STOCKING
WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO CUT VERY
HI-TECH PARASITES OR INTO
SMALLER AND SMALLER PEOPLE AND
ASK AT WHAT POINT DO EQUALIZED
ATTRACTION AND WE CAN ALSO GET
AT THIS IDEA WELL MAYBE SUBJECT
28 IS PROGRESS A REPELLANT SO WE
GET AT THIS IDEA ABOUT IS THERE
AN ACTUAL REPELLANT EFFECT.
AND SO THE ANSWER IS THAT IT
REALLY IS THE AMOUNT OF THE
SUBSTANCES BECAUSE YOU CAN CUT A
TINY SWATCH, TINY PIECE AND ONLY
AT THAT POINT DO THE MOSQUITOES
NOT HAVE A PREFERENCE.
AND SO THIS JUST CAME OUT LAST
WEEK AND AGAIN THE PUBLIC,
GENERAL PUBLIC IS EXTREMELY
INTERESTED IN THIS AND I HAVE
BEEN A LITTLE BUSY BECAUSE I
HAVE THIS OTHER FULL TIME JOB
RUNNING MY LAB AND I NOW HAVE
PEOPLE E-MAILING I'M WAITING FOR
A RESPONSE TO MY QUESTION.
THE PUBLIC IS SUPER INTERESTED
IN THIS TOPIC AND SO WHAT I CAN
INFORMATION AND IS THAT IN THIS
CARTOON THAT HAVING HIGH LEVELS
OF ACIDS ON YOUR SKIN CHANGES
SOMETHING ABOUT HOW ATTRACTIVE
YOU ARE ALTHOUGH SUBJECT 90
BREAKS THAT RULE AND THIS IS
MEANT TO INDICATE THAT THIS
WOMAN WHO ARE IS LIKE HIKE NORTH
THE SPRING OR PLAYING BEACH
VOLLEYBALL IN THE SUMMER OR LEAF
IN THE FALL WILL ALWAYS BE THE
MOSQUITO MAGNET AND THIS
PHENOMENON IS HIGHLY STABLE AND
SO I'M ALWAYS ASKED, OK SO WHAT
DO WE DO ABOUT IT?
HOW CAN WE TRANSLATE THESE
DISCOVERIES INTO SOMETHING
THAT'S USEFUL SO SUBJECT 90 IS
INTERESTING FOR CHEMISTRY AND
ALSO IF YOU CAN ALTER THE SKIN
CHEMISTRY TO MAKE US MORE LIKE
SUBJECT 29 OR SUBJECT 19
INTERFERING WITH THE AMOUNTS OF
COR BOX SIL I CAN ACID OR THE
BACTERIA THAT PRODUCE CELLS SO
I'D LIKE TO THANK MY AMAZING LAB
THAT HAS STOOD BY ME AS I TOOK
THIS BIG JOB AT HHMI AND WE'RE
STILL HOLDING IT TOGETHER AND
DOING GREAT SCIENCE AND THANK
YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND NIH
FOR THE INVITATION.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>>IS THERE A BREAKDOWN IN THE
MOSQUITO BLOOD SOURCE BY AGE,
SEX AND DIET?
>>OF THE PERSON?
>>I HONESTLY -- I'M GOING TO
TRY TO FREE ASSOCIATE A QUESTION
SO, WE DON'T SEE ANY AFFECT OF
THE GENDER OF THE PERSON WHO IS
BEING BITTEN, SO, THAT IS
DEFINITELY NOT A FACTOR.
WE DO NOT -- WE DIDN'T CONTROL
FOR DIET SO SUBJECT 33
REGARDLESS OF WHAT THEY ATE WAS
HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE.
I APOLOGIZE IF THE PERSON WAS
HERE I COULD ASK THEM TO
CLARIFY.
THAT'S ALL CAN I DO.
>>WE'LL TAKE ONE QUESTION IN
THE AUDIENCE.
>>WHAT DOES THIS MOSQUITO GET
OUT OF DISCRIMINATION POWER?
IS ONE HUMAN MORE NUTRITIONAL
THAN THE OTHER OR IS IT MORE
LIKELY TO BE HUMAN?
>>IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
AND I THINK IN THE FIELD THERE'S
LIKE ONE VERSION IS THAT IT'S AN
EPI PHENOMENON AND THEY'RE NOT
VALUE WAITING THE QUALITY OF THE
MEAL, MY BIAS IS OF COURSE,
THEY'RE VALUE WAITING SOMETHING.
SO I THINK IT WOULD BE COOL IF
THERE IS SOMETHING IN THE BLOOD,
MAYBE THAT RELATES TO THE FIRST
QUESTION, THAT MAYBE THE
CARBOXYLIC ACID IS SIGNAL
SOMETHING THAT REPRESENTS SOME
QUALITY OF THE MEAL THAT OVER
THE COURSE OF MANY GENERATIONS
WOULD CONFER OR BENEFIT.
IT'S REALLY HARD TO DO THAT
EXPERIMENT BECAUSE I WOULD NEED
TO GET SUBJECT 33 TO BE IN MY
LAB OR GIVE BLOOD FOR 10 YEARS
AND FIGURE AT THE END, IS THAT
PART OF THE COLONY AND HAVE
LONGER LIFESPAN AND MY BIAS IS
THING LIKE THAT DON'T, THINGS
LIKE THIS IN NATURE DON'T HAPPEN
BY ACCIDENT FOR SURE THOSE
PEOPLE ARE MUCH MORE VULNERABLE
TO BE INFECTED BY ZIKA AND
DENGUE AND YELLOW FEVER, IT'S A
HUGE LIABILITY FOR THEM.
>>THANK YOU.
>>THERE'S ANOTHER QUESTION
HERE, CAN THIS STYLET DETECT THE
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW, DOES IT
MATTER IF THE STYLET LINES UP
WITH OR AGAINST THE BLOOD FLOW?
>>THAT'S GREAT.
SO WE KNOW THERE ARE TWO
CHEMO -- THERE'S LIKE 40 NEURONS
AND TWO OF THEM ARE McCANN A
SENSORY SO WE DO THINK THAT THE
STYLET IS ABLE TO SENSE FLOW.
IN VIDEOS I DIDN'T SHOW YOU, THE
MOSQUITO HAS TWO STRATEGIES FOR
GETTING BLOOD.
ONE IS WHAT I SHOWED YOU WHICH
IS LIKE THE LOBOTOMY AND THE
OTHER IS THE MACHETE.
THEY TAKE THE STYLET, SLASH AND
CREATE A HEMATOMA AND DRINK THE
BLOOD SO AT LEAST IT SEEMS LIKE
THEY'RE SENSING THE BLOOD.
THERE'S EXPERIMENTS THAT THEY
HAVE DONE WHERE SHE'S BEEN
REPLICATING THOSE MOVIES AND HAS
FOUND IN PRELIMINARY WORK THAT
IF THE MOUSE, WHEN THE MOUSE IS
ALIVE AND THERE'S THE HEART IS
BEATING, THE FEMALE IS ABLE TO
FIND THE STYLET BUT IF IT DIES
THEY CONDITION SENSE THE FLOW.
THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT THE
BLOOD FLOW THAT IS STIMULATING
THE ATTRACTION.
>>WE'LL TAKE ONE QUESTION.
>>THANK YOU.
HI, I'M BEN SUMNER.
SO, WITH THE SMELL, DO YOU --
FIRST OFF, WOULD IT HAVE PICKED
UP SMALLER THINGS LIKE KGA OR
SOMETHING LIKE THAT?
>>SO, THIS IS THE DECISION WE
HAD TO MAKE.
THE ANSWER IS NO.
I'M NOT A CHEMIST BUT IN
CONSULTING WITH JUSTIN CROSS,
YOU HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS UP
FRONT, AS DO IN PRE TEEN
CHEMISTRY, YOU ARE LOOKING FOR
BIG OR SMALL THINGS.
IT WAS TARGETED AT THIS CLASS OF
ACIDS OF LONG CHAIN HYDRO CAR
BIN.
MANY HAVE FOCUSED ON MOLECULES
LIKE THE ONES THAT YOU MENTIONED
AND IT USES DIFFERENT CHEMISTRY
AND DIFFERENT GC COLUMNS SO WE
DON'T KNOW.
WE HAVEN'T RERUN OUR SAMPLES TO
SIM PAL THAT OTHER PART OF
CHEMICAL SPACE.
IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
I KNOW YOU ARE GOING WITH THE
QUESTION AND I CAN'T ANSWER IT.
>>THANK YOU.
>>I WAS INTERESTED IN THE DATA
THAT MOSQUITOES FEEDING ON ATP
LIKE FEED JUST AS WELL AS BLOOD.
SO, DO YOU THINK THAT'S LIKE THE
ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR ARE THERE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LIKE REAL
BLOOD VERSUS ATP FEEDING IN
TERMS OF LIKE --
>>YEAH, IT'S REALLY STRIKING,
LIKE, THEY LOVE ATP SO MUCH THAT
YOU CAN'T, WHEN YOU WATCH THEM,
THEY DON'T KNOW THAT THEY AREN'T
DRINKING BLOOD.
HOWEVER, BECAUSE ATP HAS NO
PROTEIN IN IT, THEY'LL NEVER
PRODUCE EGGS SO THIS IS ANOTHER
WAY, IF YOU WANT TO COLLAPSE
MOSQUITO POPULATIONS ON EARTH,
JUST GIVE THEM BUFFERED ATP
BECAUSE THEY WON'T PRODUCE EGGS
SO -- I DON'T KNOW WHY THAT IS.
AGAIN, THEY HAVE BEEN ASKING AS
THE STYLET IS SLASHING THROUGH
THE TISSUE, IS THE TISSUE
RELEASING ATP AND IT'S PART OF
THE TISSUE DAMAGE SIGNAL.
THAT'S WHY IT'S IMPORTANT, IT
GETS THEIR ATTENTION.
THEY'RE NOT JUST SLASHING
THROUGH PUDDING OR THERE'S
SOMETHING ABOUT THE ATP THAT
STIMULATES THEM TO DRINK.
IT'S HOW WE'RE THINKING ABOUT
IT.
>>THANK YOU.
>>WE'RE GETTING QUITE A NUMBER
OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE
MICROBIOME.
ONE OF THE -- DO YOU HAVE A
COMPARATIVE MICROBIOME DATA
VERSUS 33 AND 28 AND CAN THEY
TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THE
ORIGINS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL?
>>I'VE SPOKEN WITH JULIE SEGRAY
A PROMINENT RESEARCHER ABOUT
DOING IT BUT WE HAVEN'T DONE IT.
WE KNOW FROM ALL THE PEOPLE WORK
ON THE HUMAN SKIN MIKE OWE BIOME
THAT EVERYBODY HAS A UNIQUE
GARDEN OF BACTERIA AND IT
CONTRIBUTES TO THESE DIFFERENCES
AND PEOPLE HAVE DONE IT AND WE
HAVE COLLEAGUES IN EUROPE WHO
HAVE DONE THIS EXPERIMENT AND
THE ANSWER IS THAT YOU DO FIND
DIFFERENCES.
SO, HIGHLY ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE AND
WEAKLY ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE HAVE
DIFFERENCES AND THE SKIN
BACTERIA WHEN YOU INCUBATE THEM
IN SWEAT PRODUCE DIFFERENT
SWELLS SO WE WOULD FIND
DIFFERENCE AND WE HAVEN'T DONE
IT.
>>THANK YOU.
ANOTHER INTERESTING QUESTION, DO
REPELLENTS LIKE DEET CHANGE
ATTRACTIVE TEE IN THE ASSAYS IF
WE'RE USING THOSE REPELLENTS?
>>SO, DEET IS A CONTROVERSIAL
WORD.
IF ANYBODY HAS DEET AT A SMELL
AND TASTE CONFERENCE PEOPLE JUST
FIGHTING IN THE AISLES.
THERE'S NO CONSENSUS AGREEMENT
ABOUT HOW DEET WORKS M PEOPLE
THINK IT'S A REPELLANT SO IT
SMELLS BAD TO INSECTS.
OUR DATA SUGGESTS THAT IT INTER
FIERCE WITH THE ABILITY OF THAT
PROTEIN THAT I SHOWED ORCO AND
THE ORs TO ENCODE OWEDDERS AND
THERE'S A CRYO EM STRUCTURE
SHOWING THAT DEET GOES INTO THE
ODOR RECEPTORS AND CHANGES ITS
CONFIRMATION PRESUMABLY.
SO, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU PUT
DEET INTO THIS ASSAY, IS THAT
THE FEMALES WILL AVOID IT.
SO THEY WON'T GO INTO DOOR
NUMBER 2, UNLESS THEY'RE ORCO
MUTANTS, IF WE DID IT WITH THE
ORCO MUTANTS, IT WOULDN'T MAKE A
DIFFERENCE IF WE HAD DEET THERE
OR NOT.
>>ONE MORE INTERESTING
QUESTION, WHEN YOU COMPARE
SUBJECT 31 AND SUBJECT 33, 31
HAS HIGHER LEVELS BUT NOT AS
ATTRACTIVE.
DOES IT MEAN THERE'S SOMETHING
ELSE PLAYING?
>>EXCELLENT, YES.
A PERSON WHO IS VERY ATTENTIVE.
I HIGHLIGHTED SUBJECT 90,
SUBJECT 31 IS ALSO AN OUT LIE
SORE WHEN WE STARTED GETTING THE
RAW DATA, WE DID EVERYTHING
DEIDENTIFIED SO WE DIDN'T KNOW
WHOSE CHEMISTRY AND ALL THE
NYLON STOCKINGS WERE
DEIDENTIFIED SO WHEN WE SAW THE
GC MASS SPECK DATA THE CHEM TREE
OF 31 WAS 33 BUT FOR SURE 31 HAS
THE HIGHEST LEVELS, STILL HIGHLY
ATTRACTIVE BUT NOT AS ATTRACTIVE
AS 33 SO I THINK CLEARLY THERE
ARE OTHER COMPONENTS AND YOU SEE
THIS WITH SUBJECT 90 SO THERE
ARE ALMOST CERTAINLY, AGAIN,
MAYBE SUBJECT 31 MAKES A LITTLE
BIT MORE OF A REPELLANT THAT
KIND OF COUNTERBALANCES.
>>DOES ADDING A STOCKING FROM A
LOW ATTRACTER, ESPECIALLY
SUBJECT 90 DECREASE
ATTRACTIVENESS.
>>THAT'S EXCELLENT.
THE HYPOTHESIS THERE IS SUBJECT
19 PRODUCES A REPELLANT SO YOU
CAN COUNTERBALANCE.
IT'S NOT IN THIS PAPER, DID A
LITTLE BIT OF THIS AND WE DIDN'T
FIND EVIDENCE THAT ADDING 19
WOULD MASK OR DECREASE.
SO WE REALLY DO THINK IT'S A
POSITIVE SIGNAL.
WE DIDN'T DO THAT WITH SUBJECT
90, WHICH A COUPLE PEOPLE HAVE
E-MAILED ME.
I GET E-MAILS, IT'S GREAT THAT
PEOPLE CARE ABOUT THIS WORK SO
I'VE GOTTEN A COUPLE SUGGESTIONS
FROM PEOPLE DO THIS EXPERIMENT
WITH SUBJECT 90, IF YOU MIX 90
WITH 33.
>>SO ANOTHER QUESTION IS -- DO
WE HAVE ANY UP HERE.
WE HAVE ONE HERE.
>>I WANTED TO KNOW IF YOU HAD
ANY DOCUMENTED CASES OF SOMEONE
CHANGING FROM A HIGH ATTRACT OR
TO A LOW ATTRACT OR OR VICE
VERSA.
OR WOULD YOU EXPECT IT?
>>IN OUR STUDY, WE DID NOT.
SO, EVERY SINGLE PERSON
MAINTAINED THEIR PLACE IN THE
HIERARCHY OF WHERE THEY WERE IN
THE ROUND-ROBIN.
BUT AGAIN, TURNING TO PEOPLE'S
EXPERIENCE OUT IN THE WORLD,
THERE COULD BE CLINICALLY
TESTED.
I HAVE THIS HUGE COLLECTION OF
MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC
WRITING TO ME INCLUDING WITH
THIS RESENT BURST IN THE LAST
TWO WEEKS AND SO, PREGNANCY IS A
FACTOR.
SO PREGNANCY, DURING PREGNANCY,
THE RULES CHANGE.
SO, PREGNANCY IS A GOOD
LONGITUDINAL THING BECAUSE IT
BEGINS AND IT ENDS SO THERE'S
GOOD PUBLISHED DATA THAT YOUR
ATTRACTIVENESS CHANGES DURING
PREGNANCY AND THAT'S NOT DONE BY
US.
THERE'S BEER IS ANOTHER ONE, SO
IF YOU INGEST BEER VERSUS WATER,
YOUR ATTRACTIVENESS GOES WAY UP.
CAN YOU DO THESE THINGS WITH
DIET.
B VITAMINS IS LIKE THIS OTHER
THING THAT IS NOT TRUE SO
EVERYBODY TELLS ME, YOU JUST EAT
A LOT OF B VITAMINS AND YOU
WON'T BE BITTEN BUT THERE'S NO
GOOD EVIDENCE FOR THAT.
I GUESS JUST DON'T DRINK BEER,
THERE'S GOOD DATA THAT DRINKING
BORE INCREASES YOUR
ATTRACTIVENESS.
>>THERE'S TWO QUESTIONS.
ONE IS, DOES BLOOD TYPE MAKE A
DIFFERENCE?
ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS?
>>SO, I WOULD SAY LIKE THE TOP
FIVE HYPOTHESIS THAT ARE OUT
THERE ARE, B VISIT MINUTES,
GARLIC, BANANAS, BEING FEMALE,
AND BLOOD TYPE.
AND THERE'S NO EVIDENCE FOR ANY
OF THOSE.
SO THERE'S, WITH BLOOD TYPE IS
REALLY DIFFICULT BECAUSE IF YOU
THINK ABOUT HOW TO RECRUIT INTO
A BLOOD TYPE STUDY, HOW MANY
PEOPLE YOU NEED TO RECRUIT TO
GET THE POWER TO COVER ALL OF
THOSE.
WE DID A STUDY THAT'S STILL NOT
PUBLISHED WITH 100 PEOPLE TO TRY
TO ATTACK THE BLOOD TYPE PROBLEM
BUT YOU DON'T, FOR THE RARE
BLOOD TYPES, YOU HAVE TO
SPECIFICALLY RECRUIT FOR THE
VERY ULTRARARE BLOOD TYPES TO
SAY ANYTHING.
THERE'S A COUPLE PAPERS, ONE
SAID IT'S BLOOD TIME AND ONE
SAID IT'S NOT BLOOD TYPE AND
THEY'RE UNDER-POWERED SO I DON'T
THINK IT'S BLOOD TYPE.
>>SOME PEOPLE INTRODUCE LESS
SEE BUM VERSUS OTHERS.
DOES THE LEVEL EFFECT THE DEGREE
OF ATTRACTION AND IF SO DOES THE
TREATMENT OF SKIN DEODORANT,
SOAP, MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
>>SO WE DIDN'T QUANTIFY THAT
PARAMETER.
EVERY PERSON VIGOROUSLY WASHED
THEIR SKIN WITH UNSCENTED SOAP
BEFORE THEY PUT THE STOCKING ON
AND WORE IT FOR SIX HOURS.
SKIN TYPE DOES VARY ACROSS THE
BODY BUT EVERYTHING IS THE
FOREARM WHICH I MEAN, MY LIMITED
EXPERIENCE, IT'S LESS SUBJECT TO
THOSE KIND OF VARIABLES OF
DRYNESS, MAYBE.
>>WE HAVE MORE QUESTIONS THAT
WE CAN POSSIBLY TAKE BECAUSE
IT'S ALREADY TIME.
SO, I WOULD LIKE TO ON BEHALF OF
EVERYONE, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
THIS WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL TALK.
AND I'M PRETTY SURE I'M SUBJECT
K.
THAT WAS WHAT I WAS TELLING
MYSELF.
>>CONGRATULATIONS.
>>BUT THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
COMING AND REALLY GIVING US THIS
WONDERFUL INFORMATION
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
>>THANK YOU, VERY MUCH.
[APPLAUSE]