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WELCOME TO TODAY'S WALS LECTURE.

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I'M THE DIRECTOR FOR THE

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BEHAIRIAL SCIENCE IT IS RESEARCH

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AT OBSSR OR THE OFFICE OF

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BEHAVIORIAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCED

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RESEARCH.

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IT'S MY PLEASURE TODAY TO

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INTRODUCE OUR SPECKER, DR. JENNY

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TUNG, SHE'S THE DOCTOR AT THE

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MAX PLANK INSTITUTE FOR

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EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY AND

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SHE'S A PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY AT

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DUKE UNIVERSITY.

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DR. TONGUE RECEIVED HER Ph.D.

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IN 2010, INVESTIGATING THE CAUSE

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ANDS CONSEQUENCES OF GRENETTIC

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VARIATION AND WILD BABOONS,

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ADVISED BY BIOLOGY PROFESSORS

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SUSARN ALBERTS AND GREGORY RAY,

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AFTER A POST DOC WITH THE

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UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, SHE

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JOINED DUKE'S DEPARTMENT OF

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EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY AND

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THE DUKE POPULATION RESEARCH

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INSTITUTE IN 2012.

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WHILE AT DUKE DR. TUNG

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INVESTIGATED THE GENETIC AND

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GENOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL

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AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION AND

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BABOONS, RECESS MA CABBINGS AND

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OTHER SOCIAL ANIMALS AS WELL AS

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BEHAVIOR IN PRIMATE

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HYBRIDIZATION.

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DR. TUNG CO DIRECTS THE

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[INDISCERNIBLE] BA BOONE

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RESEARCH PROJECT STARTED IN 1971

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AND 1 OF THE LONGEST PRIMATE

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RUNNING SITES IN KENYA, 1 OF HER

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MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

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FUTURE HAS BEEN ADDING

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SOPHISTICATED ANALYSIS TO THE

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OBSERVATIONS AND SEEING NOW

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PATTERNS EMERGE OVER TIME.

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DR. TUN'S RESEARCH MA CABBINGS

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HAS SHOWN THAT THE STRESS OF

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LIFE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SOCIAL

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LADDER CAN ALTER THE IMMUNE

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SYSTEM, JUST AS IT DOES IN

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BABOONS, THE RESULTS PROVIDE

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EVIDENCE THAT LOW SOCIAL STATUS

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LEADS TO DISPARITIES IN HEALTH,

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NOT JUST THE OTHER WAY AROUND AS

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SOME RESEARCHERS HAVE ARGUED, IN

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2019, SHE WAS 1 OF 26 PEOPLE TO

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WIN THE PRESTIGIOUS MACARTHUR

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AWARD.

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DR. TUNG'S LAB IS INTERESTED HOW

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THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

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INFLUENCES GENE REGULATION,

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POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE AND

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HEALTH AND SURVIVAL ACROSS THE

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LIFE COURSE.

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NOW FOR A FEW HOUSEKEEPING ITEMS

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FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN

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RECEIVING CAMERICA E CREDITS FOR

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THE LECTURE, THE CODE IS 5012.

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ALSO FOR THOSE WATCHING YOU CAN

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SUBMIT QUESTIONS FOR THE SPEAK

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ARE BY CLICKING THE SEND LIVE

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FEEDBACK BUTTON ON THE VIDEO

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PAGE.

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OTHERS OF YOU IN THE AUDIENCE

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CAN GO TO THE MIC AFTER THE LECT

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TOWER PREVENT, TO OFFER OR ASK

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ANY QUESTIONS YOU WOULD LIKE, 1

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QUICK BREAKING NEWS, JUST CAME

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ON, I'M VERY PLEASED TO BE ABLE

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TO SAY THAT JUST VERY RECENTLY

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OUR SPECTER WAS ELECTED TO THE

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NAGGAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MUCH

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SO CONGRATULATIONS ON THAT

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DR. TUNG.

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[ APPLAUSE ]

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EMPLOY WITHOUT FURTHER ADO,

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WELCOME DR. TUNG.

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NCAN YOU HEAR ME OKAY IN OKAY,

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WE'RE IN BUSINESS.

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OKAY.

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OTHER THAN SLIDES.

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LET ME SEE IF I CAN WAKE UP MY

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COMPUTER.

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ALL RIGHT.

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GOOD.

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT

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INTRODUCTION AND FOR THE KIND

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INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE IN THE

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WINDOW--OH NO--IN THE WEDNESDAY

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AFTERNOON LECTURE SERIES WHICH I

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WILL DO SO SHORTLY RIGHT

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AFTER ... GOOD?

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OKAY.

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IT'S A PARTICULAR HONOR TO BE

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ABLE TO SHARE SOME OF OUR

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RESEARCH HERE WHICH IS THE PLACE

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THAT MAKES MUCH OF IT POSSIBLE.

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SO, AS WAS MENTIONED, MY

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RESEARCH FOCUSES ON NONHUMAN

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SOCIAL MAMMALS, PRIMARILY OUR

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CLOSE LIVING RELATIVES THE OTHER

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LIVING PRIMATES BUT MUCH OF THE

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RESEARCH WE DO, WE DO WITH

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HUMANS IN MIND BECAUSE WE THINK

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THAT BY STUDYING PROCESSES AND

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OUR CLOSE LIVING RELATIVES, WE

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MAY BE ABLE TO SHED LIGHT INTO

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PROCESSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR THAT

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INFLUENCE HOW WE DO OVER THE

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LEFT COURSE.

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SO PERHAPS TO INTRODUCE THAT I

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WILL TART BY EXPLAINING MY TALK

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TITLE, WHICH COMES FROM AN ESSAY

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WRITTEN BY--IS THERE ANYTHING I

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CAN DO TO KEEP IT FROM

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ECHOING,--IS THAT BOTHERING YOU

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GUYS

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GUYS?

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ALL RIGHT, WE'RE GOOD.

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ALL RIGHT, SO THIS COMES FROM AN

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ESSAY WRITTEN BY THE 18th

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CENTURY SAT IRBIST ALEX

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ADAPTEDDER POPE, AN ESSAY ON

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MAN, THE MOST FAMOUS LINE OF

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THAT ESSAY IS KNOW THEN THIGH

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SELF, PRESUME NOT GOD TO SCAN;

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THE PROPER STUDY OF MANKIND IS

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MAN.

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OUR ENDOWED WITH THE LOGICAL

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FACILITIES THAT BE ABLE TO STUDY

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THE SECRETS OF THE NATURAL WORLD

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AND HE THOUGHT, AND HE WAS

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EXORTING THE READER HERE, TO

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FOCUS THOSE PARTICULAR ABILITIES

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ON STUDYING WHAT HE THOUGHT WAS

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THE MOST APPROPRIATE SUBJECT FOR

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OUR OWN SPECY ANDS THAT WAS TO

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UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN CONDITION

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EMPLOY HOWEVER, I SHOULD ALSO

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ACKNOWLEDGE, THE DIRECT PLACE

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WHERE MY TALK OATH AND

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT WHICH IS TO CLIFF

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JOLLY, AN PROCESSOR OF

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ANTHROPOLOGY AT NEW YORK CITY IN

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THE STUDY OF HUMAN IRIGEINS WHO

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TURNED AROUND THIS IDEA TO MAKE

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THE ARGUMENT THAT YES, MUCH OF

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WHAT WE CAN LEARN ABOUT HUMANS

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COMING FROM STUDYING HUMAN

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POPULATIONS PER SE BUT ACTUALLY

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THERE'S ADILLINGAL COMPLIMENTARY

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INFORMATION THAT WE CAN GET

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THROUGH HOMOLOGY, SHARED DESCENT

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OR ANALOGY WITH THE OTHER LIVING

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PRIMATES.

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HE WAS PARTICULARLY INTERESTED

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IN THE INSIGHTS WE COULD GET NOT

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NECESSARILY FROM THE GREAT APES,

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OUR CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES BUT

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TRUSTEES A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT

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SET OF SPECIES, THESE ARE ASIAN

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AFRICAN MONKEYS HERE OF THE P A

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PIONIN GROUP THAT,  INCLUDES

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MACAQUES, AND ALL THE CHARIS MAT

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BEING SPECIES LIKE THE 1S IN

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ETHIOPIA AND THE MANDRELOT

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BOTTOM RIGHT FROM WESTERN

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CENTRAL AFRICA.

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THE POINT CLIFF WAS PAIKING WAS

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THAT LIKE US, THESE ARE LARGE

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BODIED TERRESTRIAL OBLIGATELY

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SOCIAL ANIMALS WHOSE SUCCESS IN

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LIFE DEPENDS IN LARGE PART ON

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HOW THEY IRPT ACT WITH

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[INDISCERNIBLE] WHO LIVE

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TOGETHER IN THE SAME GROUP.

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MACAQUES AND BABOONS IN

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PARTICULAR ARE ECOLOGICAL

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GENERALISTS THAT CAN BE FOUND

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ACROSS LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE.

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IN FACT THEY COVER RANGES IN THE

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WORLD THAT ARE SECOND ONLY TO

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HUMANS AMONG THE PRIMATES.

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AND SO CLIFF IMAGINED  IMAGINED

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AN ANALOGUE, THERE WAS NO IMAGE

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OF ALEXANDER IN THE PAPER BUT

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THIS IS COURTESY OF AI GENERATED

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ART WHICH WILL GIVE US AN IDEA

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TODAY AND WROTE IN THE BEGINNING

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OF THIS PAPER THAT YOU KNOW TO

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UNDERSTAND HUMANS WE SHOULD BE

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LOOKING OUTSIDE OF HUMANS TO

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GIVE OURSELVES SOME CONTEXT TO

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WHERE OUR SPECIES CAME FROM AND

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TO PROVIDE SOURCES OF POWER TO

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GAIN IN HUMANS ALONE SO IN OTHER

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WORDS WE SHOULD BE STUDYING

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BABOONS, EVEN IF OUR IS TO JUST

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UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN CONDITION

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EMPLOY I THINK THAT'S

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PARTICULARLY RELEVANT WHEN WE

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TALK ABOUT ASPECTS OF SOCIAL

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BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT,

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AND HOW THOSE THINGS INFLUENCE

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LIFE OUTCOMES.

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IN OTHER WORDS AT LEAST IN MUCH

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OF THE RESEARCH OF TOPICS, THE

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SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH.

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UP HERE IS SOMETHING THAT'S

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FAMILIAR TO MOST OF OF YOU IS

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AGGREGATED EVIDENT THAT OUR

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SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS, ORBIO

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ECONOMIC STATUS, OACIAL

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INTEGRATION, SOCIAL IEBSOLATION

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AND SUPPORT, ASPECT OF OUR

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ENVIRONMENTS EARLY IN LIFE

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DURING INFANCY AND DEVELOPMENT

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HAVE OUTSIDE IMPACTS ON HOW WE

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DO, AND ALL THESE CASES, THE

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Y-AXIS SHOWS MEASURES OF

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MORTALITY OR MORTALITY RISK OF

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LIFE SPAN ANDOT X-AXIS MEASURES

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SES SOCIAL INTEGRATION OR EARLY

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LIFE ADVERSITY.

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YOU WILL NOTICE THE AFFECT SIZES

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HERE ARE VERY, VERY LARGE.

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THESE PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIPS

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ARE SOME OF THE MOST ROBUST,

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LARGEST PREDICTERS OF HUMAN

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MORBIDITY AND HUMAN MORTALITY

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THAT WE KNOW OF.

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FOR INITANCE HERE ARE DATA FROM

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A PAPER BY ROGER [INDISCERNIBLE]

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ET ARK L PUBLISHED A FEW YEARS

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AGO ON AMERICAN POPULATIONS.

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THE X-AXIS SHOWS INCOME AT AGE

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40 AND THE Y-AXIS SHOWS LIFE

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SPAN OR EXPECTED AGE AT DEATH

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CONTINGENT ON REACHING AGE 40,

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OKAY?

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AND PERHAPS WHAT STANDS OUT MOST

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OBVIOUSLY IS THAT WOMEN IN ALL

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CASES LIVE LONGER ON AVERAGE

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THAN MEN, BUT THE OTHER THING

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THEY HOPE YOU'LL NOTICE HERE, IS

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THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

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TOP PERCENTILES AND THE BOTTOM

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PERCENTILES OF INCOME AT AGE 40

257
00:09:30,770 --> 00:09:32,471
TRANSLATE ON AVERAGE TO A

258
00:09:32,538 --> 00:09:33,773
DIFFERENCE OF ALMOST 10 YEARS IN

259
00:09:33,839 --> 00:09:35,007
LIFE SPAN.

260
00:09:35,074 --> 00:09:36,909
THIS IS A VERY, VERY LARGE

261
00:09:36,976 --> 00:09:38,077
EFFECT SIZE AND IN ADDITION,

262
00:09:38,144 --> 00:09:40,680
THIS IS NOT A STEP WISE PATTERN,

263
00:09:40,746 --> 00:09:44,684
WHERE YOU GO FROM A MAJOR IMPACT

264
00:09:44,750 --> 00:09:46,218
ON LIFE SPAN AT A LEVEL OF

265
00:09:46,285 --> 00:09:48,587
INCOME THAT WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT

266
00:09:48,654 --> 00:09:49,555
AS CONFERRING MATERIAL

267
00:09:49,622 --> 00:09:50,323
DEPRIVATION, RIGHT?

268
00:09:50,389 --> 00:09:53,125
THIS IS ACTUALLY A GRADIENT

269
00:09:53,192 --> 00:09:55,528
ACROSS THIS ENTIRE X-AXIS.

270
00:09:55,594 --> 00:09:58,464
SIMILARLY, THESE ARE OLD DATA,

271
00:09:58,531 --> 00:10:01,634
THIS IS FROM ALMEDA COUNTY,

272
00:10:01,701 --> 00:10:02,168
CALIFORNIA, FOLLOWING

273
00:10:02,234 --> 00:10:03,536
INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE SCORED AS

274
00:10:03,602 --> 00:10:06,272
EITHER LESS OR MORE SOCIALLY

275
00:10:06,339 --> 00:10:06,973
INTEGRATED INTO THEIR GROUPS AND

276
00:10:07,039 --> 00:10:08,441
AGAIN, YOU CAN SEE THE

277
00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:09,909
DIFFERENCE IN THE PROPORTION

278
00:10:09,976 --> 00:10:11,410
SURVIVING AFTER ABOUT A DECADE

279
00:10:11,477 --> 00:10:14,880
OF FOLLOW UP, IS VERY, VERY

280
00:10:14,947 --> 00:10:16,949
LARGE AND FIEPALLY THIS IS FROM

281
00:10:17,016 --> 00:10:17,817
THE ADVERSE CHILDHOOD

282
00:10:17,883 --> 00:10:19,418
EXPERIENCES STUDY, SHOWING THAT

283
00:10:19,485 --> 00:10:23,422
THE NUMBER OF SEVERE SOURCES OF

284
00:10:23,489 --> 00:10:24,590
DISADVANTAGE THAT KIDS FACE

285
00:10:24,657 --> 00:10:26,826
EARLIER IN LIFE, REACHES FOR

286
00:10:26,892 --> 00:10:29,562
DECADES INTO THE FUTURE, TO

287
00:10:29,628 --> 00:10:31,797
INFLUENCE OR AT LEAST TO PREDICT

288
00:10:31,864 --> 00:10:33,099
AGE OF DEATH, RIGHT?

289
00:10:33,165 --> 00:10:38,437
THIS IS 6, 7, 8 DECADES LATER IN

290
00:10:38,504 --> 00:10:38,637
LIFE.

291
00:10:38,704 --> 00:10:43,142
THESE ARE SO CONSISTENT ACROSS

292
00:10:43,209 --> 00:10:44,276
DIFFERENT SETTINGS, POPULATIONS,

293
00:10:44,343 --> 00:10:50,483
STUDY TYPES, THAT THE SOCIAL

294
00:10:50,549 --> 00:10:51,350
EPIDEMIOLOGIST [INDISCERNIBLE]

295
00:10:51,417 --> 00:10:52,151
SUGGESTED SOCIAL FACTORS SUCH AS

296
00:10:52,218 --> 00:10:56,422
SOCIAL  STATUS AND SOCIAL

297
00:10:56,489 --> 00:10:57,356
RELATIONSHIPS UPON THE OTHER

298
00:10:57,423 --> 00:10:59,558
SHOULD BE TREATED AS WHAT THEY

299
00:10:59,625 --> 00:11:00,793
CALL FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF

300
00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:02,695
DISEASE THAT INFLUENCE MULTIPLE

301
00:11:02,762 --> 00:11:03,529
DISEASE OUTCOMES THROUGH

302
00:11:03,596 --> 00:11:04,830
MULTIPLE MECHANISMS WHERE THOSE

303
00:11:04,897 --> 00:11:09,735
PARTICULAR OUTCOMES AND THE

304
00:11:09,802 --> 00:11:10,936
MECHANISMS THAT MAY DETERMINE

305
00:11:11,003 --> 00:11:12,405
THEM MAY VARY ACROSS DIFFERENT

306
00:11:12,471 --> 00:11:12,671
SETTINGS.

307
00:11:12,738 --> 00:11:14,273
INDEED THERE ARE IS EVIDENCE FOR

308
00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:16,242
THIS TOO, THESE AREA PARALLEL

309
00:11:16,308 --> 00:11:19,011
DATA FROM THE SAME IN MOST CASES

310
00:11:19,078 --> 00:11:22,314
SAME STUDIES THAT SHOW

311
00:11:22,381 --> 00:11:24,016
DIFFERENCES IN--SORRY NOT FROM

312
00:11:24,083 --> 00:11:26,118
THE SAME STUDIES BUT SUPER THE

313
00:11:26,185 --> 00:11:27,286
SAME X-AXIS THAT SHOW DIFFERENT

314
00:11:27,353 --> 00:11:28,721
IN THE PREVALENCE AND ODDS

315
00:11:28,788 --> 00:11:30,790
RATIOS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

316
00:11:30,856 --> 00:11:32,591
DISEASES ACROSS THE SOCIALIO

317
00:11:32,658 --> 00:11:33,926
ECONOMIC STATUS SOCIAL

318
00:11:33,993 --> 00:11:37,696
INTEGRATION AND EARLY LIFE

319
00:11:37,763 --> 00:11:38,264
EXPERIENCE GRADEIENCE.

320
00:11:38,330 --> 00:11:43,436
I THINK THAT  THIS IS A POWERFUL

321
00:11:43,502 --> 00:11:46,639
IDEA, THAT SOWCIAL INTEGRATION

322
00:11:46,705 --> 00:11:47,807
IS FUNDAMENTAL LIFE OUTCOMES.

323
00:11:47,873 --> 00:11:49,875
HOWEVER THIS IS HARD TO IMRAPLE

324
00:11:49,942 --> 00:11:51,477
WITH WHEN YOU DO BIOLOGICAL

325
00:11:51,544 --> 00:11:52,845
RESEARCH IN A WET LAB.

326
00:11:52,912 --> 00:11:54,013
IT'S VERY HARD TO THINK ABOUT

327
00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,449
HOW TO COME UP WITH A CELLULAR

328
00:11:56,515 --> 00:11:57,416
MODEL IF ARE A SOCIAL

329
00:11:57,483 --> 00:11:58,784
RELATIONSHIP AND IT'S

330
00:11:58,851 --> 00:11:59,885
PARTICULARLY SLIEPRY TO THINK

331
00:11:59,952 --> 00:12:00,586
ABOUT STUDYING DISEASE MECHANISM

332
00:12:00,653 --> 00:12:04,023
WHEN IS THE PREDICTOR VARIABLE

333
00:12:04,090 --> 00:12:04,890
OF INTEREST INFLUENCES

334
00:12:04,957 --> 00:12:06,092
CONDITIONS THAT ARE AS DIFFERENT

335
00:12:06,158 --> 00:12:08,060
PRACTICES 1 ANOTHER AS PROPONENT

336
00:12:08,127 --> 00:12:10,196
CHIETIS AND DIABETES AND HEART

337
00:12:10,262 --> 00:12:10,362
DEC.

338
00:12:10,429 --> 00:12:13,365
SO I THINK THIS IS PERHAPS 1 OF

339
00:12:13,432 --> 00:12:15,000
THE REASONS WHY THESE KINDS OF

340
00:12:15,067 --> 00:12:16,869
VERY, VERY STRONGLY PREDICTIVE

341
00:12:16,936 --> 00:12:18,537
FACTORS IN LIFE OUTCOMES HAVE

342
00:12:18,604 --> 00:12:20,840
NOT GOTTEN PERHAPS THE TEANGSZ

343
00:12:20,906 --> 00:12:22,842
THAT THEY MIGHT MERIT IF YOU SAW

344
00:12:22,908 --> 00:12:24,310
10 YEAR DIFFERENCES IN EXPECTED

345
00:12:24,376 --> 00:12:26,145
LIFE SPAN FOR ANY INDIVIDUAL

346
00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:28,614
CALLS OF SAY AN INFECTIOUS

347
00:12:28,681 --> 00:12:28,948
DISEASE.

348
00:12:29,014 --> 00:12:32,051
IT'S ALSO VERY HARD TO THINK

349
00:12:32,118 --> 00:12:33,586
ABOUT WHAT POTENTIAL CAUSAL

350
00:12:33,652 --> 00:12:34,653
PATHWAYS MIGHT BE.

351
00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:35,921
RIGHT?

352
00:12:35,988 --> 00:12:36,789
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT DIFFERENCES

353
00:12:36,856 --> 00:12:39,825
IN SOCIAL STATUS OR SOCIAL

354
00:12:39,892 --> 00:12:40,526
INTEGRATION HAVE DIRECT

355
00:12:40,593 --> 00:12:42,795
CONSEQUENCES FOR MORBIDITY AND

356
00:12:42,862 --> 00:12:43,796
MORTALITY OUTCOMES, THAT'S 1

357
00:12:43,863 --> 00:12:44,096
POSSIBILITY.

358
00:12:44,163 --> 00:12:46,165
ANOTHER POSSIBILITY THOUGH IS

359
00:12:46,232 --> 00:12:51,403
THAT BOTH ARE INDEPENDENTLY

360
00:12:51,470 --> 00:12:53,639
THIRD OUTCOME VARIABLE, LIKE

361
00:12:53,706 --> 00:12:55,141
EARLY LIFE DIVERSITY, LIKE

362
00:12:55,207 --> 00:12:56,041
GENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

363
00:12:56,108 --> 00:12:56,775
INDIVIDUALS, A THIR POSSIBILITY

364
00:12:56,842 --> 00:13:01,480
IS THAT THIS IS NOT REALLY A

365
00:13:01,547 --> 00:13:02,581
QUESTION FOR BIOLOGISTS PER SE

366
00:13:02,648 --> 00:13:03,716
BUT THAT IT'S REALLY A QUESTION

367
00:13:03,782 --> 00:13:05,584
FOR PEOPLE WHO WORK IN PUBLIC

368
00:13:05,651 --> 00:13:06,051
POLICY, RIGHT?

369
00:13:06,118 --> 00:13:08,087
IF THESE EFFECTS ARE ENTIRELY

370
00:13:08,154 --> 00:13:09,622
EXPLAINED BY DIFFERENCES IN

371
00:13:09,688 --> 00:13:11,323
SMOKING BEHAVIOR, THEN PERHAPS

372
00:13:11,390 --> 00:13:13,159
THE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS NOT ON

373
00:13:13,225 --> 00:13:15,628
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MODEL CITIZEN

374
00:13:15,694 --> 00:13:17,963
LEAKULAR MECHANISMS, BUT ON THE

375
00:13:18,030 --> 00:13:19,632
EFFECTS OF CHANGING CIGARETTE

376
00:13:19,698 --> 00:13:23,335
TACKS, BUT AND SO THE DIFFICULTY

377
00:13:23,402 --> 00:13:25,237
IN SOLVING THESE PATHWAY IS

378
00:13:25,304 --> 00:13:26,739
DEMON TRAITED BY THE FACT THAT

379
00:13:26,805 --> 00:13:28,073
WE'VE KNOWN ABOUT THE SOCIAL

380
00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:29,275
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH FOR A

381
00:13:29,341 --> 00:13:30,376
VERY, VERY LONG TIME NOW.

382
00:13:30,442 --> 00:13:32,978
IF I SPEAK TO COLLEAGUES OF MINE

383
00:13:33,045 --> 00:13:34,146
WHO ARE SOCIOLOGISTS, WELL WE

384
00:13:34,213 --> 00:13:35,047
KNOW ABOUT THE SOCIAL

385
00:13:35,114 --> 00:13:36,115
INTEGRATION STUFF THAT YOU GUYS

386
00:13:36,182 --> 00:13:38,350
ARE WORKING ON IN ANIMALS NOW

387
00:13:38,417 --> 00:13:40,019
AND WE'VE KNOWN THAT SINCE

388
00:13:40,085 --> 00:13:40,386
[INDISCERNIBLE].

389
00:13:40,452 --> 00:13:42,655
SO THIS IS AN OLD IDEA BUT 1

390
00:13:42,721 --> 00:13:43,956
THAT STILL HASN'T HAD MUCH

391
00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:45,324
RESOLUTION IN TERMS OF CAUSAL

392
00:13:45,391 --> 00:13:45,591
PATHWAYS.

393
00:13:45,658 --> 00:13:47,960
SO AMOLOL GOING TO COME BACK NOW

394
00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:49,495
TO THE IDEA THAT OTHER ANIMALS

395
00:13:49,562 --> 00:13:51,363
ARE A SOURCE OF INSIGHT HERE.

396
00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:53,766
AND I THINK THERE ARE 3 WAYS IN

397
00:13:53,832 --> 00:13:56,835
WHICH THAT IS THE CASE.

398
00:13:56,902 --> 00:13:57,670
ANIMAL MODELS OFFER

399
00:13:57,736 --> 00:13:58,938
OPPORTUNITIES TO DO EXPERIMENTS

400
00:13:59,004 --> 00:14:01,740
THAT WE CANNOT DO IN HUMANS

401
00:14:01,807 --> 00:14:04,143
EITHER ETHICALLY OR PRACTICALLY.

402
00:14:04,210 --> 00:14:05,678
WE CAN INTERVENE DIRECTLY ON THE

403
00:14:05,744 --> 00:14:07,746
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND ASK WHAT

404
00:14:07,813 --> 00:14:09,648
ENSUES TO TRY AND ESTABLISH

405
00:14:09,715 --> 00:14:12,685
STRONG INFERENTIAL POWER FOR

406
00:14:12,751 --> 00:14:12,952
CAUSALITY.

407
00:14:13,018 --> 00:14:13,886
IN ADDITION HUMANS LIVE A VERY

408
00:14:13,953 --> 00:14:17,790
LONG TIME AND SO IT'S VERY HARD

409
00:14:17,856 --> 00:14:19,158
TO FOLLOW INDIVIDUALS FROM

410
00:14:19,225 --> 00:14:19,992
CRADLE TO THE GRAVE, SO EVEN

411
00:14:20,059 --> 00:14:22,995
WHEN WE GO TO OUR CLOSE NONHUMAN

412
00:14:23,062 --> 00:14:23,996
PRIMATE RELATIVES, THIS BECOMES

413
00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:26,665
MANAGE THAT IS POSSIBLE, RIGHT

414
00:14:26,732 --> 00:14:28,968
IN AND IT CAN BE PAIRED WITH

415
00:14:29,034 --> 00:14:30,102
VERY GRANULAR DIRECT

416
00:14:30,169 --> 00:14:31,403
OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON THE

417
00:14:31,470 --> 00:14:33,672
EXPERIENCES THAT ANIMALS HAVE

418
00:14:33,739 --> 00:14:34,206
FROM DAY-TO-DAY.

419
00:14:34,273 --> 00:14:36,909
IN OTHER WORDS WE CAN WATCH THE

420
00:14:36,976 --> 00:14:39,378
BABOONS I STUDY ON A NEAR DAILY

421
00:14:39,445 --> 00:14:41,113
BASIS ACROSS THEIR WHOLE LIVES,

422
00:14:41,180 --> 00:14:42,147
SOMETHING THAT IS NEARLY

423
00:14:42,214 --> 00:14:45,384
IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAGINE DOING IN

424
00:14:45,451 --> 00:14:45,985
HUMAN POPULATIONS.

425
00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:47,453
AND OF COURSE COMPARATIVE

426
00:14:47,519 --> 00:14:49,088
STUDIES CAN PROVIDE VERY

427
00:14:49,154 --> 00:14:50,823
IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO WHEN AND

428
00:14:50,889 --> 00:14:53,092
WHERE PARTICULAR TYPES OF SOCIAL

429
00:14:53,158 --> 00:14:55,194
ADVANTAGE OR SOCIAL ADVERSITY

430
00:14:55,261 --> 00:14:55,527
MIGHT MATTER.

431
00:14:55,594 --> 00:14:57,263
WE WORK IN ALL OF THESE SPACES,

432
00:14:57,329 --> 00:15:00,399
BUT TODAY I WILL FOCUS ON THE

433
00:15:00,466 --> 00:15:00,599
TOP 2.

434
00:15:00,666 --> 00:15:01,800
FIRST TALKING ABOUT WORK THAT

435
00:15:01,867 --> 00:15:04,503
WE'VE NOW BEEN DOING FOR ABOUT A

436
00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:06,305
DOZEN YEARS, ON EXPERIMENTAL

437
00:15:06,372 --> 00:15:09,074
MODELS OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY AND

438
00:15:09,141 --> 00:15:11,777
CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS IN RECESS

439
00:15:11,844 --> 00:15:13,245
MACAQUES, AND THEN TALKING A BIT

440
00:15:13,312 --> 00:15:16,482
ABOUT THE WORK WE DO IN WILD

441
00:15:16,548 --> 00:15:18,817
BABOONS IN KENYA WHO ARE ABLE TO

442
00:15:18,884 --> 00:15:19,518
REALLY WATCH PROCESSES UNFOLD

443
00:15:19,585 --> 00:15:23,389
ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE.

444
00:15:23,455 --> 00:15:25,524
SO THESE ARE RECESS MACAQUES

445
00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:27,960
WHICH I WORK ON AT THE EMORY

446
00:15:28,027 --> 00:15:31,430
NATIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER

447
00:15:31,497 --> 00:15:32,364
OUTSIDE ATLANTA.

448
00:15:32,431 --> 00:15:35,134
THIS WORK HAS BEEN COLLABRATIVE

449
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:37,369
FOR QUITE SOMETIME WITH MARK AND

450
00:15:37,436 --> 00:15:39,972
MRK KENNA AT EMORY UNIVERSITY

451
00:15:40,039 --> 00:15:41,473
AND LUIS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

452
00:15:41,540 --> 00:15:41,707
CHICAGO.

453
00:15:41,774 --> 00:15:45,678
WE STUDIED THESE ANIMALS BECAUSE

454
00:15:45,744 --> 00:15:48,113
THEY FORM COMPLETELY NATURALLY

455
00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:49,815
VERY CLEARLY DELINEATED AND

456
00:15:49,882 --> 00:15:52,017
REGULARLY ENFORCED SOCIAL STATUS

457
00:15:52,084 --> 00:15:52,318
HIERARCHIES.

458
00:15:52,384 --> 00:15:53,819
SO THEY FORM LADDER LIKE SOCIAL

459
00:15:53,886 --> 00:15:55,654
AT THAT TIMEUSIRE ARCHYS THAT

460
00:15:55,721 --> 00:15:57,690
CAN REMAIN TABLE IN NATURAL

461
00:15:57,756 --> 00:16:01,226
CONDITIONS FOR YEARS OR EENCH

462
00:16:01,293 --> 00:16:01,694
INTERGENERATIONALLY.

463
00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,363
WE ALSO STUDY THEM BECAUSE

464
00:16:04,430 --> 00:16:07,232
AGAIN, UNLIKE IN HUMANS, IT'S

465
00:16:07,299 --> 00:16:08,967
POSSIBLE TO PERTURB THE SOCIAL

466
00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:10,436
HIERARCHIES IN A WAY THAT IS

467
00:16:10,502 --> 00:16:11,370
LARGELY CONTROLLED.

468
00:16:11,437 --> 00:16:14,940
SO WOE CAN WATCH ANIMALS, WHO

469
00:16:15,007 --> 00:16:17,176
ARE IN UNIFORM DEMOGRAPHIC

470
00:16:17,242 --> 00:16:18,344
CONDITIONS, GROUPS OF THE SAME

471
00:16:18,410 --> 00:16:20,713
SIZE WHO ALL HAVE ACCESS TO

472
00:16:20,779 --> 00:16:21,347
HEALTHCARE, VETERINARY

473
00:16:21,413 --> 00:16:23,215
HEALTHCARE IN THIS CASE, BUT ALL

474
00:16:23,282 --> 00:16:25,250
HAVE HEGHT CARE ACCESS, NONE OF

475
00:16:25,317 --> 00:16:27,019
WHOM SMOKE, NONE OF WHOM DRINK,

476
00:16:27,086 --> 00:16:29,521
ALL OF WHOM HAVE THE SAME DIET,

477
00:16:29,588 --> 00:16:32,558
RIGHT IN SO WHAT WE CAN DO IS

478
00:16:32,624 --> 00:16:33,826
TAKE ADULT FEMALE RECESS

479
00:16:33,892 --> 00:16:34,960
MACAQUES WHO HAVE NO SOCIAL

480
00:16:35,027 --> 00:16:37,730
HISTORY WITH 1 ANOTHER AND NOT

481
00:16:37,796 --> 00:16:40,332
POST RELATIVES AND SERLLY

482
00:16:40,399 --> 00:16:42,468
INTRODUCE THEM INTO A NEW SOCIAL

483
00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:43,736
GROUP, WE MAKE 5 GROUPS OF EACH

484
00:16:43,802 --> 00:16:45,671
IN THE PARADIGM I WORK IN AND IT

485
00:16:45,738 --> 00:16:47,139
TURNS OUT THE 1 WHO IS ARE FIRST

486
00:16:47,206 --> 00:16:49,241
IN TEBD TO BECOME THE HIGHEST

487
00:16:49,308 --> 00:16:51,143
RANKING INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR

488
00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:52,544
GROUP.

489
00:16:52,611 --> 00:16:53,679
INDIVIDUALS WHO INSERT

490
00:16:53,746 --> 00:16:54,747
AFTERWARDS, CONTROL ORDER OF

491
00:16:54,813 --> 00:16:56,715
INTRODUCTION JUST KIND OF INSERT

492
00:16:56,782 --> 00:17:02,254
IN THE DOMINANCE HIERARCHY

493
00:17:02,321 --> 00:17:02,955
DIRECTLY BELOW THE INDIVIDUAL

494
00:17:03,021 --> 00:17:03,889
WHO IS ARE ALREADY THERE.

495
00:17:03,956 --> 00:17:06,225
SO WE CAN FORM THESE GROUPS AND

496
00:17:06,291 --> 00:17:08,293
REPLICATE THEM SO TYPICALLY WHEN

497
00:17:08,360 --> 00:17:09,695
WE'RE DONE WITH THESE GROUPS

498
00:17:09,762 --> 00:17:10,796
WE'RE WORKING WITH 9 OR 10

499
00:17:10,863 --> 00:17:12,164
GROUPS AND WE CAN WATCH WHAT

500
00:17:12,231 --> 00:17:13,365
ENSUES OVER THE COURSE OF ABOUT

501
00:17:13,432 --> 00:17:16,602
A YEAR OR SO.

502
00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:18,470
ABOUT 10 YEARS AGO WE WERE USING

503
00:17:18,537 --> 00:17:20,172
THIS KIND OF PARADIGM BUT WE

504
00:17:20,239 --> 00:17:22,107
REALLY WANTED TO GET A VERY

505
00:17:22,174 --> 00:17:24,543
CLEAR HANDLE ON CAUSALITY SO WE

506
00:17:24,610 --> 00:17:26,378
DECIDED TO ADD ANOTHER

507
00:17:26,445 --> 00:17:27,112
MANIPULATION WHEREBY AFTER A

508
00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:29,581
YEAR WE TOOK THE INDIVIDUALS WHO

509
00:17:29,648 --> 00:17:31,583
WERE AT THE TOP OF THE HIERARCHY

510
00:17:31,650 --> 00:17:32,818
AND PUT THEM TOGETHER IN A GROUP

511
00:17:32,885 --> 00:17:36,021
AND THEN WE PUT INDIVIDUALS WHO

512
00:17:36,088 --> 00:17:37,489
ARE SECOND RANKING IN THE

513
00:17:37,556 --> 00:17:38,390
PREVIOUS HIERARCHIES IN A GROUP

514
00:17:38,457 --> 00:17:41,727
AND SO ON DOWN THE LIST BECAUSE

515
00:17:41,794 --> 00:17:44,963
THESE ARE NATURALLY VERY HIGH

516
00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:45,964
ARCHICAL ANIMALS THEY JUST

517
00:17:46,031 --> 00:17:47,065
REFORM A NEW HIRE ARCH EXPE THEN

518
00:17:47,132 --> 00:17:48,567
WE CAN WATCH WHAT HAPPENS NEXT

519
00:17:48,634 --> 00:17:52,304
FOR THE NEXT YEAR OR SO UNTIL WE

520
00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:53,338
RUN OUT OF MONEY.

521
00:17:53,405 --> 00:17:56,842
SORRY, THAT'S THE TRUTH.

522
00:17:56,909 --> 00:17:58,644
AND SO, WHAT THIS ALLOWS US TO

523
00:17:58,710 --> 00:18:01,580
DO IS WATCH ANIMALS WHEN THEY'RE

524
00:18:01,647 --> 00:18:02,581
HIGH RANKING AND THEN LOW

525
00:18:02,648 --> 00:18:04,016
RANKING AND WHEN THEY'RE LOW

526
00:18:04,082 --> 00:18:06,018
RANKING AND HIGH RANKING OR AT A

527
00:18:06,084 --> 00:18:07,586
HIGH RANKING OVER THE WHOLE

528
00:18:07,653 --> 00:18:09,421
PERIOD OR TAYLOE RANKING OVER

529
00:18:09,488 --> 00:18:13,492
THE WHOLE PERIOD AND THAT'S WHAT

530
00:18:13,559 --> 00:18:14,927
YOU'RE SEEING HERE, THE Y-AXIS

531
00:18:14,993 --> 00:18:18,597
HERE IS A SOCIAL STATUS IT'S AN

532
00:18:18,664 --> 00:18:21,066
ELO RATING AND IT'S USED TO RANK

533
00:18:21,133 --> 00:18:22,668
TENNIS PLAYERS OR CHESS PLAYERS

534
00:18:22,734 --> 00:18:25,671
AND SO OAND WHAT YOU'RE SEEING

535
00:18:25,737 --> 00:18:27,473
ARE ANIMALS CONNECTED WITH

536
00:18:27,539 --> 00:18:28,874
THEMSELVES FROM PHASE 1 VERSUS

537
00:18:28,941 --> 00:18:30,175
PHASE 2 OF THE STUDY, THIS IS

538
00:18:30,242 --> 00:18:32,077
UNCORRELATED AND THAT IS BY

539
00:18:32,144 --> 00:18:33,278
DESIGN BECAUSE WE REALLY WANT TO

540
00:18:33,345 --> 00:18:35,481
KNOW WHETHER IT'S THE ANIMAL

541
00:18:35,547 --> 00:18:37,916
SOCIAL STATUS AND SOCIAL

542
00:18:37,983 --> 00:18:40,552
ENVIRONMENT THAT CONFERS THAT'S

543
00:18:40,619 --> 00:18:41,887
DRIVING THE OUTCOMES WE'RE

544
00:18:41,954 --> 00:18:42,321
INTERESTED IN.

545
00:18:42,387 --> 00:18:43,789
OKAY, SO THIS IS JUST WHAT

546
00:18:43,856 --> 00:18:49,194
ACTUALLY HAPPENS IN PRACTICE, SO

547
00:18:49,261 --> 00:18:52,297
WHAT I'M SHOWING HERE THERE WE

548
00:18:52,364 --> 00:18:53,565
GO THOSE ARE INTERACTIONS ISSUE

549
00:18:53,632 --> 00:18:54,733
THOSE ARE COMPETITIVE

550
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:55,501
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ANIMALS AND

551
00:18:55,567 --> 00:18:57,836
WE WATCH THEM AND COLLECT THEM

552
00:18:57,903 --> 00:18:59,671
AND AS WE COLLECT THEM WE SEE

553
00:18:59,738 --> 00:19:01,273
WHO'S WINNING AND LOSING THOSE

554
00:19:01,340 --> 00:19:04,109
INTERACTION ANDS IT GIVES US

555
00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:05,477
THIS INIAR HIERARCHY BETWEEN

556
00:19:05,544 --> 00:19:07,546
INDIVIDUALS OVERTIME AND ONCE

557
00:19:07,613 --> 00:19:10,349
THE ANIMALS FIGURE IT OUT AND WE

558
00:19:10,415 --> 00:19:12,851
FIGURE IT OUT SEBLGDARLY, THOSE

559
00:19:12,918 --> 00:19:14,152
STAY STABLE THE ENTIRE COURSE OF

560
00:19:14,219 --> 00:19:15,654
OUR STUDY.

561
00:19:15,721 --> 00:19:17,556
SO WE'VE USED THIS KIND OF

562
00:19:17,623 --> 00:19:18,156
EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION TO

563
00:19:18,223 --> 00:19:21,493
LOOK AT A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT

564
00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:23,862
TYPES OF OUTCOMES AND I WON'T GO

565
00:19:23,929 --> 00:19:25,230
THROUGH ALL THIS HERE EXCEPT TO

566
00:19:25,297 --> 00:19:27,733
SAY THAT WE THINK OUR DATA

567
00:19:27,799 --> 00:19:29,134
PROVIDES PRETTY GOOD EVIDENT FOR

568
00:19:29,201 --> 00:19:31,670
A CAUSAL ROLE OF SOCIAL STATUS

569
00:19:31,737 --> 00:19:32,838
ON SEVERAL DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS

570
00:19:32,905 --> 00:19:35,040
THAT MEET BE OF INTEREST TO YOU

571
00:19:35,107 --> 00:19:37,743
INCLUDES ASPECTS OF PRO SOCIAL

572
00:19:37,809 --> 00:19:39,244
BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR,

573
00:19:39,311 --> 00:19:40,812
MEASURES OF PERSONALITY

574
00:19:40,879 --> 00:19:43,282
INCLUDING ANXIOUS AND BOLDNESS,

575
00:19:43,348 --> 00:19:47,619
AT THE PHYSIO LONGICAL LEVEL,

576
00:19:47,686 --> 00:19:55,661
HPAAC ASSESSES FUNCTION AND

577
00:19:55,727 --> 00:19:56,662
GLUCOCORTICOID TYPES AND I WILL

578
00:19:56,728 --> 00:19:58,063
MENTION HERE THE REASON WE THINK

579
00:19:58,130 --> 00:20:01,333
THIS IS CAUSAL IS THAT WE CAN

580
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:02,367
SEE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

581
00:20:02,434 --> 00:20:03,769
SOCIAL STATUS OF THE ANIMALS IN

582
00:20:03,835 --> 00:20:06,772
OUR STUDY AND THESE OUTCOME

583
00:20:06,838 --> 00:20:08,707
VARIABLES WITHIN PHASE AND THEN

584
00:20:08,774 --> 00:20:11,143
IF WE LOOK AT THE DIFFERENT

585
00:20:11,209 --> 00:20:12,878
PHASES, THE DELTA WE ALSO SEE

586
00:20:12,945 --> 00:20:15,080
THAT FOLLOWED BY THE DELTA IN

587
00:20:15,147 --> 00:20:15,647
THE OUTCOME VARIABLE.

588
00:20:15,714 --> 00:20:19,318
SO I WON'T GO INTO THIS IN MUCH

589
00:20:19,384 --> 00:20:20,886
DETAIL HERE BECAUSE WHAT I WOULD

590
00:20:20,953 --> 00:20:22,220
LIKE TO FOCUS ON SPECIFICALLY

591
00:20:22,287 --> 00:20:23,488
FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS TALK IS

592
00:20:23,555 --> 00:20:25,657
THE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL,

593
00:20:25,724 --> 00:20:31,396
AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL FOCUSING ON

594
00:20:31,463 --> 00:20:31,930
IMMUNE FUNCTION.

595
00:20:31,997 --> 00:20:33,699
SO THIS WORK WAS REALLY

596
00:20:33,765 --> 00:20:35,267
CATALYZED BY THE POST DOCTORAL

597
00:20:35,334 --> 00:20:39,104
WORK OF 1 OF MY FORMER STUDENTS

598
00:20:39,171 --> 00:20:40,806
NOAH SNYDER AT ARIZONA STATE AND

599
00:20:40,872 --> 00:20:43,108
[INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WORK WIDE MY

600
00:20:43,175 --> 00:20:45,844
COLLABORATOR LUIS WHO IS NOW AT

601
00:20:45,911 --> 00:20:48,614
THE UNIVERSITY OF SARRA GOESA IN

602
00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:49,414
SPAIN.

603
00:20:49,481 --> 00:20:51,149
WE WERE BORROWING FROM A METHOD

604
00:20:51,216 --> 00:20:52,317
THAT'S USE INDEED HUMAN

605
00:20:52,384 --> 00:20:53,552
POPULATIONS, WE WERE GOING TO

606
00:20:53,619 --> 00:20:54,987
THE ANIMALS VERY FAR THE

607
00:20:55,053 --> 00:20:56,288
MANIPULATIONS AND WE WERE TAKING

608
00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:57,522
BLOOD FROM THEM AND WE UPON

609
00:20:57,589 --> 00:21:00,659
TAKING BLOOD IN MULTIPLE TUBES,

610
00:21:00,726 --> 00:21:02,361
1 THAT WENT DIRECTLY INTO CELL

611
00:21:02,427 --> 00:21:04,730
CULTURE MEDIA, THE MINIMUM

612
00:21:04,796 --> 00:21:06,098
INGREDIENTS THAT CELLS NEED TO

613
00:21:06,164 --> 00:21:07,532
LIVE OUTSIDE THE BODY FOR A

614
00:21:07,599 --> 00:21:08,900
LITTLE WHILE AND THEN COLLECT

615
00:21:08,967 --> 00:21:10,435
ANOTHER TUBE IN PARALLEL, WHERE

616
00:21:10,502 --> 00:21:12,137
THE TUBE ALSO CONTAINED THE

617
00:21:12,204 --> 00:21:14,373
MEDIA BUT WAS SPIKED WITH AN

618
00:21:14,439 --> 00:21:14,640
ADDITIVE.

619
00:21:14,706 --> 00:21:17,009
ON THIS CASE I WILL SHOW YOU

620
00:21:17,075 --> 00:21:19,878
DATA ON LIP O POLYSACCHARIDES SO

621
00:21:19,945 --> 00:21:23,015
WE WERE MIMICKING INFECTION BY

622
00:21:23,081 --> 00:21:26,118
GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA EXVIVO.

623
00:21:26,184 --> 00:21:28,286
THEN WE CULTURE THESE IN

624
00:21:28,353 --> 00:21:29,454
PARALLEL FOR 4 HOURS AND STOP

625
00:21:29,521 --> 00:21:32,491
THE REACTION, COLLECT THE CELLS

626
00:21:32,557 --> 00:21:34,760
AND USE FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC

627
00:21:34,826 --> 00:21:35,894
APPROACHES TO MEASURE THE

628
00:21:35,961 --> 00:21:36,995
ACTIVITY OF ALL THE EXPRESSED

629
00:21:37,062 --> 00:21:40,899
JEERNS IN THE CELLS BOTH IN THE

630
00:21:40,966 --> 00:21:43,535
CONTROL CONDITION AND THE IMMUNE

631
00:21:43,602 --> 00:21:44,336
STIMULATED CONDITION AND I'M

632
00:21:44,403 --> 00:21:45,404
SQUISHING DOWN ALL OF THOSE HERE

633
00:21:45,470 --> 00:21:47,606
ON THE RIGHT IN A PRINCIPAL

634
00:21:47,673 --> 00:21:49,441
COMPONENT ANALYSIS SO THIS IN

635
00:21:49,508 --> 00:21:51,343
THIS CASE, WE HAD 45 METRICS

636
00:21:51,410 --> 00:21:52,277
FEALS IN THIS PARTICULAR DATA

637
00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:56,214
SET AND EACH OF THEM IS

638
00:21:56,281 --> 00:21:57,149
REPRESENTED BY 2 DOTS 1 IS THE

639
00:21:57,215 --> 00:21:58,650
CELL AT BASE LINE AND THE OTHER

640
00:21:58,717 --> 00:22:00,152
IS THE CELL WHEN IS THEY'VE BEEN

641
00:22:00,218 --> 00:22:02,254
EXPOSED TO LIP O POLYSACCHARIDE.

642
00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:03,922
BASICALLY WHEN THEY THINK

643
00:22:03,989 --> 00:22:04,990
THEY'RE BEING INFECTED BY

644
00:22:05,057 --> 00:22:05,624
BACTERIA.

645
00:22:05,691 --> 00:22:07,125
AND IT WASN'T A SURPRISE TO US

646
00:22:07,192 --> 00:22:09,961
THAT THIS FIRST PRINCIPLE

647
00:22:10,028 --> 00:22:10,629
COMPONENT, SIMPLY CORRELATES

648
00:22:10,696 --> 00:22:11,997
WITH WHETHER OR NOT THOSE CELLS

649
00:22:12,064 --> 00:22:17,135
HAVE SEEN THIS BACTERIA WILL

650
00:22:17,202 --> 00:22:19,137
COMPOUND OR NOT IT'S EXACTLY

651
00:22:19,204 --> 00:22:20,939
WHAT HAPPENED TO OUR CELLS IF

652
00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:22,074
THEY ARE EXPOSED TO LPS, BUT

653
00:22:22,140 --> 00:22:23,542
WHAT WAS INTERESTING TO US AND

654
00:22:23,608 --> 00:22:25,477
CATALOGED A LOT OF WORK SINCE IS

655
00:22:25,544 --> 00:22:27,312
THE SECOND VARIATION OF ACTION,

656
00:22:27,379 --> 00:22:29,915
PC 2 IS CORRELATED WITH THE

657
00:22:29,981 --> 00:22:34,853
SOCIAL STATUS OF THE DONOR

658
00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:35,787
INDIVIDUAL AT THE SAMPLE EYE

659
00:22:35,854 --> 00:22:37,756
VIEW TO THIS KIND OF SCATTER

660
00:22:37,823 --> 00:22:39,691
PLOT WHICH IS A YEEN EYE VIEW,

661
00:22:39,758 --> 00:22:41,059
EACH DOT IS A DIFFERENT GENE

662
00:22:41,126 --> 00:22:48,133
THAT WE WERE ABLE TO MEASURE AND

663
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:49,468
EXPERIMENT THE EFFECT SIZE IS

664
00:22:49,534 --> 00:22:50,902
THE DOMINANCE GENE EXPRESSION IN

665
00:22:50,969 --> 00:22:54,039
THE CONTROL CONDITION AND Y-AXIS

666
00:22:54,106 --> 00:22:55,640
SHOWS THE AFFECTS SIZE FOR

667
00:22:55,707 --> 00:22:56,541
DOMINANCE RINK AND YEEN

668
00:22:56,608 --> 00:23:01,446
EXPRESSION IN THE LPS SIMULATED

669
00:23:01,513 --> 00:23:02,948
CONDITION SO THIS IS SAYING IF A

670
00:23:03,014 --> 00:23:04,883
GENE IS MORE ACTIVE IN HIGH

671
00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:06,184
RANKING FEMALES AT BASE LINE, IT

672
00:23:06,251 --> 00:23:08,854
ALSO TENDS TO BE MORE ACTIVE IN

673
00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:09,821
HIGH RAIRCHGING FEMALES WHEN

674
00:23:09,888 --> 00:23:16,027
THEIR CELLS ARE EXPOSED TO LPS

675
00:23:16,094 --> 00:23:17,562
BUT WE DO SEE EXCEPTIONS TO

676
00:23:17,629 --> 00:23:19,331
THAT, PARTICULARLY TO THIS CLOUD

677
00:23:19,397 --> 00:23:20,766
POINT HERE, THESE ARE ALL GENES

678
00:23:20,832 --> 00:23:22,501
THAT DON'T SHOW MUCH OF AN

679
00:23:22,567 --> 00:23:25,237
EFFECTIVE SOCIAL STADUS IN CELLS

680
00:23:25,303 --> 00:23:26,605
THAT MODEL RESTING STATE,

681
00:23:26,671 --> 00:23:29,174
ANIMALS JUST SORT OF WALKING

682
00:23:29,241 --> 00:23:30,375
AROUND IN GOOD HEALTH BUT WHEN

683
00:23:30,442 --> 00:23:33,311
THEY'RE FACE WIDE A PATHOGEN

684
00:23:33,378 --> 00:23:34,579
CUE, THEIR RESPONSE IS DIFFER,

685
00:23:34,646 --> 00:23:36,748
WE DOE START SEEING THIS NEW

686
00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:37,849
PREVIOUSLY MASKED EFFECT OF

687
00:23:37,916 --> 00:23:40,118
DOMINANCE RANK AND WHAT THAT

688
00:23:40,185 --> 00:23:41,486
MEANS IN THIS PARTICULAR STUDY

689
00:23:41,553 --> 00:23:43,655
WAS THAT LOW RANKING FEMALES

690
00:23:43,722 --> 00:23:51,129
TENDED TO RESPOND MUCH MORE

691
00:23:51,196 --> 00:23:52,097
STRONGLY TO BACTERIAL

692
00:23:52,164 --> 00:23:54,266
STIMULATION THAN HIGH RANKING

693
00:23:54,332 --> 00:23:54,900
FEMALES.

694
00:23:54,966 --> 00:23:55,967
GENES IN THIS PARTICULARLY SEEM

695
00:23:56,034 --> 00:23:57,969
TO BE INVOLVED IN

696
00:23:58,036 --> 00:23:58,637
PROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, WHERE

697
00:23:58,703 --> 00:24:00,338
IF WE LOOK AT YEENS ON THE OTHER

698
00:24:00,405 --> 00:24:02,007
SIDE UP HERE, THESE ARE THE FEW

699
00:24:02,073 --> 00:24:03,608
THAT RESPONDED MORE STRONGLY IN

700
00:24:03,675 --> 00:24:05,677
HIGH RANKING INDIVIDUALS, THAT I

701
00:24:05,744 --> 00:24:08,113
TENDED TO BE INVOLVED IN TYPE 1

702
00:24:08,180 --> 00:24:10,081
INTERFERON SIGNALING SO VERY,

703
00:24:10,148 --> 00:24:10,882
VERY GROSSLY A DIFFERENCE

704
00:24:10,949 --> 00:24:13,985
BETWEEN A SORT OF

705
00:24:14,052 --> 00:24:14,586
PROINFLAMMATORY ANTIBACTERIAL

706
00:24:14,653 --> 00:24:17,289
RESPONSE DOWN HERE AND SORT OF

707
00:24:17,355 --> 00:24:19,124
THE INNATE-FOR SOME OF THE FIRST

708
00:24:19,191 --> 00:24:21,993
LINE INNATE IMRUIN RESPONSES TO

709
00:24:22,060 --> 00:24:28,633
VIRUSOT TOP SIDE.

710
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:31,469
SO, MY COLLEAGUE WHO HAS A

711
00:24:31,536 --> 00:24:32,704
GENOMIC BACKGROUND SAID THAT WAS

712
00:24:32,771 --> 00:24:34,506
REALLY INTERESTING AND I SAID

713
00:24:34,573 --> 00:24:36,007
WHY IS IT REALLY INTERESTING

714
00:24:36,074 --> 00:24:36,975
EMPLOY IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE

715
00:24:37,042 --> 00:24:38,743
WE TREATED THEM WITH LPS AND IT

716
00:24:38,810 --> 00:24:41,646
HAS A WELL WORKED OUT SIGNALING

717
00:24:41,713 --> 00:24:42,447
PATHWAY WITHIN CELLS.

718
00:24:42,514 --> 00:24:45,250
LPS IS RECKIFIESED BY TOLL-LIKE

719
00:24:45,317 --> 00:24:47,185
RECEPTOR 4, TYPICALLY EXPRESSED

720
00:24:47,252 --> 00:24:48,720
ON MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES AND

721
00:24:48,787 --> 00:24:52,557
ONCE IT BINDS LPS, IT CAN SIGNAL

722
00:24:52,624 --> 00:24:53,625
SORT OF THROUGH 2 ALTERNAATIVE

723
00:24:53,692 --> 00:24:54,726
PATHWAYS SHOWN HERE ON THE

724
00:24:54,793 --> 00:24:58,330
LEFT-HAND SIDE AND THE RIGHT

725
00:24:58,396 --> 00:24:58,830
HAND SIDE RESPECTIVELY.

726
00:24:58,897 --> 00:25:01,032
YEENS THAT ARE SHOWN IN THESE

727
00:25:01,099 --> 00:25:04,436
PATHWAYS IN BLUE ARE MORE HIGHLY

728
00:25:04,502 --> 00:25:06,538
EXPRESSED IN LOW STATUS

729
00:25:06,605 --> 00:25:08,306
INDIVIDUALS

730
00:25:08,373 --> 00:25:12,177
INDIVIDUALS AND GENES IN PURPLE,

731
00:25:12,244 --> 00:25:13,945
ARE HIGH STATUS, AND IF YOU

732
00:25:14,012 --> 00:25:17,649
SQUINT A LITTLE BIT CAN YOU SEE

733
00:25:17,716 --> 00:25:19,417
A POLAR EYATION AND SIGNALING

734
00:25:19,484 --> 00:25:22,354
PATHWAYS AFTER EXPOSE TOWER LPS.

735
00:25:22,420 --> 00:25:23,421
SO WHEN'S INTERESTING ABOUT THIS

736
00:25:23,488 --> 00:25:25,023
IS THAT THESE PATHWAYS

737
00:25:25,090 --> 00:25:27,259
CONVERGEOT BOTTOM ON THESE GUYS

738
00:25:27,325 --> 00:25:28,493
HERE, THESE ARE TRANSCRIPTION

739
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,762
FACTORS AND THESE TRANSCRIPTION

740
00:25:30,829 --> 00:25:31,997
FACTORS, PRODUCE A FURTHER

741
00:25:32,063 --> 00:25:33,965
REGULATORY  CASCADE WITHIN CELL.

742
00:25:34,032 --> 00:25:37,369
SO WHAT WE WERE ABLE TO DO, IS

743
00:25:37,435 --> 00:25:39,437
AUGMENT THE GENE EXPRESSION DATA

744
00:25:39,504 --> 00:25:42,540
WITH DATA ON WHAT'S CALLED

745
00:25:42,607 --> 00:25:44,075
CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OR OPEN

746
00:25:44,142 --> 00:25:45,143
CHROMATIN PROFILES WHICH ASKS

747
00:25:45,210 --> 00:25:47,345
ABOUT THE PHYSICAL CONFIRMATION

748
00:25:47,412 --> 00:25:50,916
OF DNA WITHIN THE CELL, MOST DNA

749
00:25:50,982 --> 00:25:52,651
IS PACKAGED QUITE TIGHTLY AROUND

750
00:25:52,717 --> 00:25:54,653
HISTONES BUT PARTS OF THE DNA

751
00:25:54,719 --> 00:25:56,154
THAT ARE OPEN TO TRANSCRIPTION

752
00:25:56,221 --> 00:25:57,088
FACTOR BINDING AND THEREFORE

753
00:25:57,155 --> 00:25:59,691
OPEN TO JEEP REGGULES TEND TO BE

754
00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:00,292
A BIT UNWOUND.

755
00:26:00,358 --> 00:26:03,728
AND WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT IF WE

756
00:26:03,795 --> 00:26:04,663
MEASURED UNWOUND DNA NEAR YEENS

757
00:26:04,729 --> 00:26:06,464
THAT ARE MORE HIRELY EXPRESSED

758
00:26:06,531 --> 00:26:09,267
IN LOW STATUS INDIVIDUALS, THEY

759
00:26:09,334 --> 00:26:11,636
TENDED TO BE ENRICHED FOR

760
00:26:11,703 --> 00:26:14,406
BIEBDING SITES FOR NF-KAPPAB AND

761
00:26:14,472 --> 00:26:15,140
RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

762
00:26:15,206 --> 00:26:20,312
BUT IF WE LOOK AT OPEN

763
00:26:20,378 --> 00:26:21,446
CHROMATIN, IN YEERPS THAT ARE

764
00:26:21,513 --> 00:26:22,547
EXPRESSED IN HIGH RAIRCHGING

765
00:26:22,614 --> 00:26:23,415
INDIVIDUALS ON THE RIGHT HAND

766
00:26:23,481 --> 00:26:25,784
SIDE, WE SAW THE OPPOSITE

767
00:26:25,850 --> 00:26:28,520
PATTERN, ENRICHMENT FOR BINDING

768
00:26:28,586 --> 00:26:30,221
SITES FOR INTERFEREON REGULATORY

769
00:26:30,288 --> 00:26:30,455
FACTORS.

770
00:26:30,522 --> 00:26:32,857
SO IN OTHER WORDS OUR DATA

771
00:26:32,924 --> 00:26:34,559
SUGGESTS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS

772
00:26:34,626 --> 00:26:37,495
CAUSAL TO CHANGES IN GENE

773
00:26:37,562 --> 00:26:40,799
EXPRESSION FOR HUNDREDS TO

774
00:26:40,865 --> 00:26:42,667
THOUSANDS OF YEENS EXPRESSED IN

775
00:26:42,734 --> 00:26:43,268
CIRCULATING IMMUNE CELLS.

776
00:26:43,335 --> 00:26:44,703
NOT ONLY DOES THAT MATTER AT

777
00:26:44,769 --> 00:26:46,371
BASE LINE BUT IT MATTERS TO ARE

778
00:26:46,438 --> 00:26:47,906
THE WAY THAT THOSE CELLS ARE

779
00:26:47,973 --> 00:26:50,575
ABLE TO RESPOND TO OTHER

780
00:26:50,642 --> 00:26:52,377
TRESESSORS, LIKE MIMICS OF

781
00:26:52,444 --> 00:26:54,212
PATHOGEN INFECTION, WE THINK

782
00:26:54,279 --> 00:26:55,780
THESE CHANGES ARE LINKED IN PART

783
00:26:55,847 --> 00:27:00,385
TO THAT SORT OF PHYSICAL

784
00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:01,820
STRUCTURING OF DNA AND ITS

785
00:27:01,886 --> 00:27:03,588
ABILITY TO GET DNA BINDING THAT

786
00:27:03,655 --> 00:27:05,590
IT TURN GET DOWN TO A GRANULAR

787
00:27:05,657 --> 00:27:07,325
ENOUGH LEVEL THAT THEY CAN ALTER

788
00:27:07,392 --> 00:27:09,127
THE USE OF DEFINITE SIGNALING

789
00:27:09,194 --> 00:27:12,497
PATHWAYS WITHIN ITS CELLS.

790
00:27:12,564 --> 00:27:17,335
SO THIS IS KIND OF WHERE WE WERE

791
00:27:17,402 --> 00:27:18,770
MAYBE 6 OR 7 YEARS AGO AND WE

792
00:27:18,837 --> 00:27:23,174
DID A LITTLE BIT MORE WORK TO

793
00:27:23,241 --> 00:27:24,943
DELINEATE MORE OF THIS KIND OF

794
00:27:25,010 --> 00:27:26,778
RELATED STUFF, RESPONSES TO

795
00:27:26,845 --> 00:27:28,146
VIRUS, RESPONSES TO DPLIEWK O

796
00:27:28,213 --> 00:27:30,915
CORD KOIDS AND SO ON, BUT

797
00:27:30,982 --> 00:27:32,050
THERE'S A DEGREE TO WHICH

798
00:27:32,117 --> 00:27:34,119
STOPPING AT THE LEVEL OF YEEN

799
00:27:34,185 --> 00:27:36,688
REGULATION IS STILL SOMEWHAT

800
00:27:36,755 --> 00:27:37,088
UNSATISFACTORY.

801
00:27:37,155 --> 00:27:38,356
I CAN MAKE THE ARGUMENT THAT

802
00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:40,725
WHAT'S GOING ON IN OUR IMMUNE

803
00:27:40,792 --> 00:27:43,328
CELLS PROBABLY MATTERS TO, YOU

804
00:27:43,395 --> 00:27:46,364
KNOW TO WHOLE ORGANISM,

805
00:27:46,431 --> 00:27:48,033
MORBIDITY BUT WE CAN'T REALLY

806
00:27:48,099 --> 00:27:49,734
SHOW IT IN THIS STUFF, THERE'S A

807
00:27:49,801 --> 00:27:51,236
WHOLE BURCH OF LAYERS THAT GET

808
00:27:51,302 --> 00:27:52,937
TO HERE TO SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

809
00:27:53,004 --> 00:27:54,139
OF THEALGT WE TARTED WITH THAT

810
00:27:54,205 --> 00:27:57,876
AREN'T THERE YET AND WE'RE NOT

811
00:27:57,942 --> 00:28:00,211
THERE, YET, NOW, BUT WE WERE

812
00:28:00,278 --> 00:28:01,679
INSPIRED A FEW YEARS AGO BY WORK

813
00:28:01,746 --> 00:28:05,950
THAT SOME OF YOU MIGHT KNOW, THE

814
00:28:06,017 --> 00:28:11,923
PITTSBURGH COLD STUDIES, WHERE

815
00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:13,825
SHELDON CONAN AND COLLEAGUES

816
00:28:13,892 --> 00:28:14,859
TOOK HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND

817
00:28:14,926 --> 00:28:17,328
EXPOSED THEM TO LIVE VIRUS,

818
00:28:17,395 --> 00:28:21,366
RHINO RIEROUS, CORONA VIRUS, FLU

819
00:28:21,433 --> 00:28:23,468
VIRUS AND ASKED ABOUT THE

820
00:28:23,535 --> 00:28:25,203
PREDICTORS OF WHICH CONVERTED TO

821
00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:27,639
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS VERSUS NOT.

822
00:28:27,705 --> 00:28:28,139
OKAY.

823
00:28:28,206 --> 00:28:29,574
AND THIS IS A NICE REVIEW, THEY

824
00:28:29,641 --> 00:28:31,843
DID THIS SORLT OF WORK FOR ABOUT

825
00:28:31,910 --> 00:28:33,511
20 YEARS OR SO.

826
00:28:33,578 --> 00:28:37,515
BUT IN GENERAL, THE PATTERN THEY

827
00:28:37,582 --> 00:28:39,551
SHOWED WAS THAT GREATER LEVELS

828
00:28:39,617 --> 00:28:40,452
OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRESES,

829
00:28:40,518 --> 00:28:42,654
INCLUDING THE STRESS OF CARE

830
00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:44,055
IMIFFING TO CHRONICALLY ILL

831
00:28:44,122 --> 00:28:46,157
CHILDREN AND ALSO EARLY LIFE

832
00:28:46,224 --> 00:28:47,759
SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE OF THE

833
00:28:47,826 --> 00:28:51,796
CONSISTENTLY A GOOD PREDICTER OF

834
00:28:51,863 --> 00:28:54,032
WHO WHENKS POSED TO EXACTLY THE

835
00:28:54,099 --> 00:28:57,368
SAME AMOUNT OF RHINO VIRUS OR

836
00:28:57,435 --> 00:28:59,037
CORONA VIRUS GOT SICK, SO IT'S

837
00:28:59,104 --> 00:29:01,239
NOT JUST EXPOSURE BUT IT'S

838
00:29:01,306 --> 00:29:02,006
SUSCEPTIBILITY ON EXPOSURE.

839
00:29:02,073 --> 00:29:03,808
WE THOUGHT THIS WAS A REALLY,

840
00:29:03,875 --> 00:29:05,543
REALLY BEING IDEA AND SOMETHING

841
00:29:05,610 --> 00:29:08,346
THAT MIGHT IN A VERSION WE COULD

842
00:29:08,413 --> 00:29:09,881
IMPLEMENT, GET A CLOSER LOOK AT

843
00:29:09,948 --> 00:29:10,949
THE QUESTIONS WE'RE INTERESTED

844
00:29:11,015 --> 00:29:12,784
IN, WE ALSO HAD THE ADVANT

845
00:29:12,851 --> 00:29:13,785
KNOWLEDGE IN THIS CASE, WE COULD

846
00:29:13,852 --> 00:29:15,386
NONAPOPTOTIC THE DO THIS IN

847
00:29:15,453 --> 00:29:16,788
HUMANS, WE COULD DO THE

848
00:29:16,855 --> 00:29:17,755
MANIPULATION OF THE SOCIAL

849
00:29:17,822 --> 00:29:19,124
FACTOR ITSELF AS OPPOSE TO

850
00:29:19,190 --> 00:29:21,759
TAKING PEOPLE AS THEY WALKED

851
00:29:21,826 --> 00:29:22,494
INTO THE STUDY.

852
00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:28,066
IN ADDITION WITH THE RECESS

853
00:29:28,133 --> 00:29:29,434
MACAQUES, WE COULD USE

854
00:29:29,501 --> 00:29:30,301
CHALLENGES THAT THEY HAD NEVER

855
00:29:30,368 --> 00:29:31,302
SEEN BEFORE SO WE COULD ALSO

856
00:29:31,369 --> 00:29:33,538
LACK AT BOTH THE NAIVE RESPONSE

857
00:29:33,605 --> 00:29:36,007
TO PATHOGENS AND THE SECONDARY

858
00:29:36,074 --> 00:29:36,808
RESPONSE TO PATHOGENS.

859
00:29:36,875 --> 00:29:39,577
SO THAT'S WHAT WE DID.

860
00:29:39,644 --> 00:29:41,613
SO THIS ANOTHER SET OF MONKEYS,

861
00:29:41,679 --> 00:29:44,182
NUMBER OF YEARS LATER WHERE

862
00:29:44,249 --> 00:29:47,752
INSTEAD OF GIVING THEM LIVE FLU

863
00:29:47,819 --> 00:29:49,754
VIRUS, WE JUST GAVE THEM FLU

864
00:29:49,821 --> 00:29:57,128
VACCINATIONS AND THESE ARE HUMAN

865
00:29:57,195 --> 00:29:58,229
QUADRIATIC FLU VACCINES AND WE

866
00:29:58,296 --> 00:29:59,764
GAVE IT TO THEM IN PHASE 1 OF

867
00:29:59,831 --> 00:30:01,132
THE STUDY AND PHASE 2 OF THE

868
00:30:01,199 --> 00:30:03,468
TODAY ABOUT A YEAR LATER.

869
00:30:03,535 --> 00:30:06,638
WE MEASURED THE YEEN EXPRESSION

870
00:30:06,704 --> 00:30:07,906
AND ANTIBODY TITERS, BEFORE

871
00:30:07,972 --> 00:30:09,807
VACCINATION AND AT SERL TIME

872
00:30:09,874 --> 00:30:11,609
POINTS AFTER VACCINATION, UP

873
00:30:11,676 --> 00:30:12,810
UNTIL COLLECTING ANTIBODY DATA

874
00:30:12,877 --> 00:30:16,314
AT DAY 28, WHEN WE COULD MEASURE

875
00:30:16,381 --> 00:30:19,317
VARIATION AND HOW WELL DIFFERENT

876
00:30:19,384 --> 00:30:21,152
INDIVIDUALS MOUNTED A RESPONSE

877
00:30:21,219 --> 00:30:22,053
TO THE VACCINE.

878
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:23,755
OKAY, AND YOU CAN SEE HERE, THEY

879
00:30:23,821 --> 00:30:25,757
RESPOND TO THE VACCINE, THEY

880
00:30:25,823 --> 00:30:26,691
MAKE ANTIBODIES VERY, VERY WELL,

881
00:30:26,758 --> 00:30:30,528
SO THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE IS

882
00:30:30,595 --> 00:30:34,532
BASICALLY NEVER EXPOSED TO HUMAN

883
00:30:34,599 --> 00:30:36,367
FLU OR HUMAN FLU ANTIGENS, THIS

884
00:30:36,434 --> 00:30:39,604
IS DAY 28, THESE ARE VACCINE

885
00:30:39,671 --> 00:30:41,639
SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TITERS, THEY

886
00:30:41,706 --> 00:30:42,874
ACTUALLY MAINTAIN THOSE ANTIBODY

887
00:30:42,941 --> 00:30:43,875
TITERS PRETTY WELL, OVER THE

888
00:30:43,942 --> 00:30:45,810
COURSE OF THE YEAR, MAYBE DROP

889
00:30:45,877 --> 00:30:47,512
OFF A LITTLE BIT AND THEN THAT

890
00:30:47,579 --> 00:30:50,181
SECOND SHOT IS BASICALLY A

891
00:30:50,248 --> 00:30:51,416
BOOSTER EFFECT, OKAY IN THIS

892
00:30:51,482 --> 00:30:54,319
SHOWS A SIMILAR KIND OF PATTERN

893
00:30:54,385 --> 00:30:56,654
THIS IS THE AHA TITERS GOING

894
00:30:56,721 --> 00:31:00,225
FROM NO ABILITY TO RESTRICT FLU

895
00:31:00,291 --> 00:31:02,460
TO PRETTY GOOD ABILITY TO

896
00:31:02,527 --> 00:31:05,730
RESTRICT FLU 28 DAYS AFTER THEY

897
00:31:05,797 --> 00:31:06,331
SOLVE THAT.

898
00:31:06,397 --> 00:31:10,335
SO IF OUR  GENE EXPRESSION DATA

899
00:31:10,401 --> 00:31:12,237
HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH

900
00:31:12,303 --> 00:31:13,104
PREDICTING ANTIBODY RESPONSE,

901
00:31:13,171 --> 00:31:14,205
THEN WE REASONED THAT GENE

902
00:31:14,272 --> 00:31:16,040
EXPRESSION HAS TO PREDICT

903
00:31:16,107 --> 00:31:17,642
ANTIBODY RESPONSE ITSELF AND SO

904
00:31:17,709 --> 00:31:18,610
THAT'S WHAT WE ASKED FIRST,

905
00:31:18,676 --> 00:31:19,911
THESE ARE JUST EXAMPLES ISSUE

906
00:31:19,978 --> 00:31:22,413
THESE ARE SORT OF CHERRY PICKED

907
00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,148
EXAMPLES OF YEEN EXPRESSION

908
00:31:24,215 --> 00:31:27,986
LEVELS ON DAY 1, SO, THE DAY

909
00:31:28,052 --> 00:31:29,420
AFTER THE ANIMAL HAD THE

910
00:31:29,487 --> 00:31:32,156
VACCINE, ON THE Y-AXIS AND THE

911
00:31:32,223 --> 00:31:37,161
FULL  CHANGE ANTIBODY RESPONSE

912
00:31:37,228 --> 00:31:38,162
FROM DAY 0-DAY 28.

913
00:31:38,229 --> 00:31:39,631
SO BIGGER BODIES AND THESE ARE

914
00:31:39,697 --> 00:31:40,598
STRONG RELATIONSHIPS, THESE

915
00:31:40,665 --> 00:31:41,766
YEENS ARE CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY

916
00:31:41,833 --> 00:31:46,371
ARE INVOLVED IN THE INNATE

917
00:31:46,437 --> 00:31:49,641
IMMUNE RESPONSE,--THE INNATE

918
00:31:49,707 --> 00:31:54,946
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRUS, WEIRD,

919
00:31:55,013 --> 00:31:57,248
AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE

920
00:31:57,315 --> 00:31:59,050
ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE BUT THEY ARE

921
00:31:59,117 --> 00:31:59,550
ACTUALLY PRETTY RESPECT

922
00:31:59,617 --> 00:32:01,886
RESENTATIVE OF WHAT WE SEE OVER

923
00:32:01,953 --> 00:32:03,154
ALL, OUR ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT

924
00:32:03,221 --> 00:32:05,757
JUST SHORT OF ABOUT 2000 YEENS

925
00:32:05,823 --> 00:32:06,824
SHOW A PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIP

926
00:32:06,891 --> 00:32:13,164
ON DAY 1, THE FIRST DAY AFTER

927
00:32:13,231 --> 00:32:14,098
INOCULATION AND THAT 28 DAY

928
00:32:14,165 --> 00:32:16,167
RESPONSE AND MANY OF THOSE YEENS

929
00:32:16,234 --> 00:32:18,436
ARE ENRICHED IN CATEGORIES THAT

930
00:32:18,503 --> 00:32:21,506
WE MIGHT EXPECT LIKE THE

931
00:32:21,572 --> 00:32:23,408
RESPONSE TO CYTOKINES, LIKE THE

932
00:32:23,474 --> 00:32:24,208
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, RESPONSE

933
00:32:24,275 --> 00:32:25,476
TO VIRUS AND SO ON.

934
00:32:25,543 --> 00:32:27,245
SO THEN THE QUESTION IS DO THESE

935
00:32:27,312 --> 00:32:29,380
GENE VS ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE

936
00:32:29,447 --> 00:32:30,848
YEEPS WE ANNOTATE AS RESPONSIVE

937
00:32:30,915 --> 00:32:33,985
TO THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, AND

938
00:32:34,052 --> 00:32:37,522
THAT'S WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU

939
00:32:37,588 --> 00:32:40,191
HERE.

940
00:32:40,258 --> 00:32:41,926
SO AGAIN WE'RE MOVING FROM A

941
00:32:41,993 --> 00:32:43,661
SAMPLE PERSPECTIVE TO A GENE

942
00:32:43,728 --> 00:32:44,629
LEVEL PERSPECTIVE, EVERY DOT IS

943
00:32:44,696 --> 00:32:47,298
A DIFFERENT GENE HERE AND THE

944
00:32:47,365 --> 00:32:48,132
X-AXIS SHOWS RELATIONSHIP

945
00:32:48,199 --> 00:32:49,667
BETWEEN DOMINANCE RANK AND GENE

946
00:32:49,734 --> 00:32:51,202
EXPRESSION, SOCIAL STATUS AND

947
00:32:51,269 --> 00:32:53,338
GENE EXPRESSION, THE DAY AFTER

948
00:32:53,404 --> 00:32:55,473
THE VACCINE WAS ADMINISTERED AND

949
00:32:55,540 --> 00:32:56,741
THE Y-AXIS SHOWS THE

950
00:32:56,808 --> 00:32:57,475
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE

951
00:32:57,542 --> 00:32:59,344
EXPRESSION ON DAY 1 AND THAT

952
00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:02,547
ANTIBODY RESPONSE ON DAY 28

953
00:33:02,613 --> 00:33:03,214
COMPARED TO DAY 0.

954
00:33:03,281 --> 00:33:04,982
AND WHAT I HOPE YOU'LL SEE IS

955
00:33:05,049 --> 00:33:06,684
THAT THIS IS NOISY BUT IT'S

956
00:33:06,751 --> 00:33:08,820
ACTUALLY PRETTY WELL CORRELATED,

957
00:33:08,886 --> 00:33:11,089
IT'S PRETTY POSITIVELY

958
00:33:11,155 --> 00:33:11,756
CORRELATED MEANING THAT WE HAVE

959
00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:14,525
A LOT OF CASES UP HERE, PERHAPS

960
00:33:14,592 --> 00:33:16,327
MORE CASES UP HERE, BUT WE HAVE

961
00:33:16,394 --> 00:33:20,264
CASES UP HERE WHERE HIGH AT THAT

962
00:33:20,331 --> 00:33:20,898
TIMEUS DRIVES HIGHER EXPRESSION

963
00:33:20,965 --> 00:33:21,966
OF THE YEEN AND HIGHER

964
00:33:22,033 --> 00:33:23,101
EXPRESSION OF THE YEEN PREDICTS

965
00:33:23,167 --> 00:33:25,203
A MORE ROUGH ATOM DUST ANTIBODY

966
00:33:25,269 --> 00:33:27,004
RESPONSE, AND CASES DOWN HERE

967
00:33:27,071 --> 00:33:28,439
WHERE LOW RANK DRIVES HIGHER

968
00:33:28,506 --> 00:33:30,608
EXPRESSION OF THE YEEN BUT IN

969
00:33:30,675 --> 00:33:31,409
THOSE CASES HIGHER EXPRESSION

970
00:33:31,476 --> 00:33:35,480
LEADS TO A SMALLER ANTIBODY

971
00:33:35,546 --> 00:33:35,913
RESPONSE.

972
00:33:35,980 --> 00:33:40,651
EE THESE, YOU KNOW ADAPTIVE

973
00:33:40,718 --> 00:33:41,652
IMMUNITY PREDICTIVE YEENS ARE

974
00:33:41,719 --> 00:33:43,521
ALSO GENES THAT TEND TO BE

975
00:33:43,588 --> 00:33:45,390
INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO

976
00:33:45,456 --> 00:33:47,725
SOCIAL CUES, IN THE SAME

977
00:33:47,792 --> 00:33:48,059
ANIMALS, OKAY?

978
00:33:48,126 --> 00:33:54,298
AND SO, OF COURSE, WHAT IS

979
00:33:54,365 --> 00:33:56,834
POTENTIALLY MORE INTERESTING IS

980
00:33:56,901 --> 00:33:59,337
TO ASK, WELL DOES SOCIAL

981
00:33:59,404 --> 00:34:01,739
RESPONSE IMPROVE THROUGH THESE

982
00:34:01,806 --> 00:34:02,440
INTERMEIATE REGULATORY PATHWAYS

983
00:34:02,507 --> 00:34:03,741
AND WE FIND SOME THEAFS IT DID,

984
00:34:03,808 --> 00:34:06,544
SO IF WE LOOK AT FAYE 1 OF THE

985
00:34:06,611 --> 00:34:07,745
STUDY, IT'S NOISY ABOUT YOU WE

986
00:34:07,812 --> 00:34:08,646
SEE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

987
00:34:08,713 --> 00:34:17,722
SOCIAL STATUS AND THE ANTIBODY

988
00:34:17,789 --> 00:34:18,156
RESPONSE.

989
00:34:18,222 --> 00:34:20,124
IT'S WEEK BUT WE THINK IT'S

990
00:34:20,191 --> 00:34:20,324
THERE.

991
00:34:20,391 --> 00:34:22,660
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE 2, WE SO

992
00:34:22,727 --> 00:34:24,462
SOCIAL AT THAT TIMEUS AT THE

993
00:34:24,529 --> 00:34:26,798
TIME OF SAMPLING AND THE EABT

994
00:34:26,864 --> 00:34:28,599
BODY RESPONSE, THE BOOSTER LIKE

995
00:34:28,666 --> 00:34:28,866
EFFECT.

996
00:34:28,933 --> 00:34:30,168
WHAT'S INTERESTING ABOUT THIS IS

997
00:34:30,234 --> 00:34:34,539
THAT THE SECONDARY RESPONSE IS

998
00:34:34,605 --> 00:34:35,506
ALMOST COMPLETELY PREDICTED BY

999
00:34:35,573 --> 00:34:36,641
HOW WELL THEY RESPOND HERE.

1000
00:34:36,707 --> 00:34:38,509
SO HOW MUCH THEY RESPONDED TO

1001
00:34:38,576 --> 00:34:39,110
THE FIRST INTRODUCTION OF

1002
00:34:39,177 --> 00:34:41,145
SOMETHING THAT LOOKED LIKE A FLU

1003
00:34:41,212 --> 00:34:45,082
VIRUS WHERE THEY LANDED ON DAY

1004
00:34:45,149 --> 00:34:48,119
28 HERE, BASICALLY EXPLAINED HOW

1005
00:34:48,186 --> 00:34:50,254
MUCH THEY RESPONDED HERE AND SO

1006
00:34:50,321 --> 00:34:51,122
AGAIN, QUITE NOISY BUT WHAT'S

1007
00:34:51,189 --> 00:34:52,323
RATHER INTERESTING TO US IS THAT

1008
00:34:52,390 --> 00:34:54,025
IT WE LOOK AT SOCIAL STATUS IN

1009
00:34:54,091 --> 00:34:56,961
FACE 1 WHICH IS COMPLETELY

1010
00:34:57,028 --> 00:35:01,599
UNFORALATED WITH PHASE 2, THAT

1011
00:35:01,666 --> 00:35:02,967
HAS WEAK PREDICTIVE POWER FOR

1012
00:35:03,034 --> 00:35:04,769
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN PHASE

1013
00:35:04,836 --> 00:35:06,771
2, EVEN THOUGH YOU RECALL SOCIAL

1014
00:35:06,838 --> 00:35:08,806
STATUS IN PHASE 1 AND 2 ARE

1015
00:35:08,873 --> 00:35:09,507
UNCORRELATE WIDE 1 ANOTHER.

1016
00:35:09,574 --> 00:35:11,342
SO WHAT THIS SUGGESTS TO US IS

1017
00:35:11,409 --> 00:35:13,077
THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT'S THAT

1018
00:35:13,144 --> 00:35:16,447
FIRST EXPOSURE THAT MATTERS AND

1019
00:35:16,514 --> 00:35:18,416
THEN THAT HAS A SORT OF SOCIAL

1020
00:35:18,483 --> 00:35:19,684
HISTORY EFFECT THAT FOLLOWS

1021
00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:23,221
THESE ANIMALS DOWN THE ROAD

1022
00:35:23,287 --> 00:35:24,388
EMPLOY SO THAT'S SORT OF A

1023
00:35:24,455 --> 00:35:27,024
SNAPSHOT OF WHERE WE ARE ON OUR

1024
00:35:27,091 --> 00:35:28,893
RECESS MACAQUE STUFF WHICH WE

1025
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:31,295
THINK IS QUITE POWERFUL FOR

1026
00:35:31,362 --> 00:35:36,634
DOING THESE KINDS OF REPEATED

1027
00:35:36,701 --> 00:35:37,902
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES SOCIAL

1028
00:35:37,969 --> 00:35:39,370
MANIPULATION KIND OF STUFF BUT

1029
00:35:39,437 --> 00:35:40,805
IT'S BAD FOR STUFF WHERE YOU

1030
00:35:40,872 --> 00:35:41,606
WANT TO SEE WHAT HAPPENS OVER

1031
00:35:41,672 --> 00:35:43,274
THE COURSE OF QUEERS, WE'VE

1032
00:35:43,341 --> 00:35:44,675
NEVER BEEN ABLE TO RUN THESE

1033
00:35:44,742 --> 00:35:46,077
SORTS OF EXPERIMENTS MORE THAN A

1034
00:35:46,143 --> 00:35:56,687
FEW YEARS AND EVEN THAT'S PRETTY

1035
00:36:12,637 --> 00:36:13,237
HARD.

1036
00:36:13,304 --> 00:36:15,706
--THIS IN THE ECOSYSTEM ABOUT

1037
00:36:15,773 --> 00:36:21,312
NEAR THE BORDER OF TANS ANIA,

1038
00:36:21,379 --> 00:36:22,980
AND THEY ARE AND UNDER

1039
00:36:23,047 --> 00:36:29,487
CONTINUOUS STUDY BY THE BABOON

1040
00:36:29,554 --> 00:36:31,889
RESEARCH PROJECT AND NOW IN ITS

1041
00:36:31,956 --> 00:36:33,357
PEA ORDER YEAR OF DATA CLICK AND

1042
00:36:33,424 --> 00:36:35,293
WHAT WE MEAN BY THAT IS THAT

1043
00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:40,598
ANIMALS IN THIS POPULATION ARE

1044
00:36:40,665 --> 00:36:41,899
RECOGNIZED ON SITES WHERE THE

1045
00:36:41,966 --> 00:36:45,269
INFORMATION ON THEIR BEHAVIOR,

1046
00:36:45,336 --> 00:36:45,903
ENVIRONMENT, WHO THEY'RE

1047
00:36:45,970 --> 00:36:46,604
INTERACTING WITH AND WHAT THEY

1048
00:36:46,671 --> 00:36:48,673
HAVE TO EAT ARE ROUTINELY

1049
00:36:48,739 --> 00:36:49,540
MEASURED THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFE

1050
00:36:49,607 --> 00:36:49,907
SPANS.

1051
00:36:49,974 --> 00:36:51,342
I AM LUCKY ENOUGH TO WORK ON

1052
00:36:51,409 --> 00:36:53,678
THIS PROJECT THROUGH THE

1053
00:36:53,744 --> 00:36:56,647
LONG-TERM FORESIGHT OF JANE

1054
00:36:56,714 --> 00:36:58,849
ALTMANN, AND TUMOR SPECTRUM ART

1055
00:36:58,916 --> 00:36:59,817
ALTMANN, WHO FOUNDED THIS

1056
00:36:59,884 --> 00:37:00,952
PROJECT IN 9 FONNATES AND 1 OF

1057
00:37:01,018 --> 00:37:02,320
THE GREAT JOYS OF MY

1058
00:37:02,386 --> 00:37:03,187
PROFESSIONAL LIFE IS THAT I

1059
00:37:03,254 --> 00:37:05,356
CONTINUE TO BE ABLE TO CO-DIRECT

1060
00:37:05,423 --> 00:37:08,125
THIS PROJECT WITH BETH ARCHY AND

1061
00:37:08,192 --> 00:37:11,329
THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME AND

1062
00:37:11,395 --> 00:37:12,763
SUSAN ALBERTS AT DUKE

1063
00:37:12,830 --> 00:37:13,064
UNIVERSITY.

1064
00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:15,833
I WOULD BE REMESS IF I DIDN'T

1065
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:16,767
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT ALMOST ALL THE

1066
00:37:16,834 --> 00:37:18,836
DATA I'M ABOUT ON TO SHOW YOU,

1067
00:37:18,903 --> 00:37:20,538
CERTAINLY THE FIELD DATA IS TO

1068
00:37:20,605 --> 00:37:24,141
THE CREDIT OF THE EXPERTISE AND

1069
00:37:24,208 --> 00:37:25,543
PROFESSIONALISM OF OUR LONG-TERM

1070
00:37:25,610 --> 00:37:26,510
KENYA FIELD TEAM.

1071
00:37:26,577 --> 00:37:33,184
I HIGHLIGHTED 4 OF THEM IN

1072
00:37:33,250 --> 00:37:35,686
PARTICULAR HERE:  WHO ARE THE

1073
00:37:35,753 --> 00:37:39,323
SENIOR OBSERVERS AT MANY SITES

1074
00:37:39,390 --> 00:37:41,459
AND IN FACT, HAPh JUST RETIRED

1075
00:37:41,525 --> 00:37:43,127
A FEW WEEKS AGO AFTER STUDYING

1076
00:37:43,194 --> 00:37:45,730
BA BOONES IN THE ECOSYSTEM SINCE

1077
00:37:45,796 --> 00:37:45,930
1981.

1078
00:37:45,997 --> 00:37:47,264
SO WE OWE THEM QUITE A LOT.

1079
00:37:47,331 --> 00:37:52,003
THIS IS A PICTURE OF KINYUA,

1080
00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:53,337
SHOWING YOU WHAT WE DO EVERY

1081
00:37:53,404 --> 00:37:55,873
DAY, THEY ARE HAIBITUATED TO OUR

1082
00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:57,475
PRESENCE, THEY DON'T CONSIDER US

1083
00:37:57,541 --> 00:37:59,377
THREATS OR SOURCES OF FOOD, SO

1084
00:37:59,443 --> 00:38:01,245
OUR GOAL IS FOR THEM TO TREAT US

1085
00:38:01,312 --> 00:38:02,647
LIKE THEY WOULD TREAT A TREE SO

1086
00:38:02,713 --> 00:38:05,850
WE CAN BE FLIES ON THE WALL,

1087
00:38:05,916 --> 00:38:08,285
IT'S A LOT OF METAPHORS, I KNOW,

1088
00:38:08,352 --> 00:38:11,088
BUT WE CAN BE FLIES ON THE WALL

1089
00:38:11,155 --> 00:38:12,823
AND WRITE DOWN WHAT THEY'RE

1090
00:38:12,890 --> 00:38:14,025
DOING WITHOUT AFFECTERRING IT,

1091
00:38:14,091 --> 00:38:15,326
SO THAT'S WHAT THEY'RE DOING

1092
00:38:15,393 --> 00:38:18,329
HERE, THIS IS THE IMAGE OF OUR

1093
00:38:18,396 --> 00:38:21,399
PEDIGREE, THIS IS 5 YEARS OUT OF

1094
00:38:21,465 --> 00:38:23,200
DATE NOW RUNNING FROM FIRST

1095
00:38:23,267 --> 00:38:24,368
GENERATION DOWN TO NINTH

1096
00:38:24,435 --> 00:38:26,437
GENERATION, THIS IS JUST SHY OF

1097
00:38:26,504 --> 00:38:27,705
2000 INDIVIDUALS THAT WE'VE BEEN

1098
00:38:27,772 --> 00:38:31,208
ABLE TO FOLLOW INCLUDING THEIR

1099
00:38:31,275 --> 00:38:31,709
DESCENDANT GENERATIONS.

1100
00:38:31,776 --> 00:38:32,977
SO WHAT DO WE DO WITH THIS DATA

1101
00:38:33,044 --> 00:38:35,212
1 THINK THIS WE ASK IS WHAT IS

1102
00:38:35,279 --> 00:38:37,481
TRUE IN HUMANS, TRUE IN BABOONS,

1103
00:38:37,548 --> 00:38:39,016
CAN WE DERIVE INSIGHT INTO THE

1104
00:38:39,083 --> 00:38:41,252
PATTERNS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED

1105
00:38:41,318 --> 00:38:43,154
IN HUMAN POPULATIONS BY STUDYING

1106
00:38:43,220 --> 00:38:43,788
THESE ANIMALS.

1107
00:38:43,854 --> 00:38:46,657
THERE HAVE BEEN 2 AREAS THAT WE

1108
00:38:46,724 --> 00:38:48,059
PAID A LOT OF ATTENTION TO

1109
00:38:48,125 --> 00:38:48,959
RECENTLY, WOKNOW IS RELATED TO

1110
00:38:49,026 --> 00:38:51,395
WHAT I SHOWED YOU EARLIER AND

1111
00:38:51,462 --> 00:38:53,164
SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL

1112
00:38:53,230 --> 00:38:54,398
SUPPORT AND ALSO SOCIAL BOND

1113
00:38:54,465 --> 00:38:55,566
STRENGTH EMPLOY I WILL MENTION

1114
00:38:55,633 --> 00:38:57,301
HERE BRIEFLY BECAUSE I WON'T GO

1115
00:38:57,368 --> 00:38:58,936
INTO THIS IN MUCH DETAIL THAT

1116
00:38:59,003 --> 00:39:00,237
THERE'S ALSO A STRONG

1117
00:39:00,304 --> 00:39:01,539
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL

1118
00:39:01,605 --> 00:39:02,707
INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL ISOLATION

1119
00:39:02,773 --> 00:39:05,476
OF THESE ANIMALS BASICALLY HOW

1120
00:39:05,543 --> 00:39:06,744
MUCH THEY'RE GROOMING WITH 1

1121
00:39:06,811 --> 00:39:10,815
ANOTHER AND ANOTHER ANALYSIS,

1122
00:39:10,881 --> 00:39:12,283
WHETHER THEY HAVE STRONG STABLE

1123
00:39:12,349 --> 00:39:13,718
FRIENDSHIPS WITH A SMALL NUMBER

1124
00:39:13,784 --> 00:39:15,352
OF INDIVIDUALS AND WHETHER OR

1125
00:39:15,419 --> 00:39:20,391
NOT THEY'RE LIKELY TO SURVIVE IN

1126
00:39:20,458 --> 00:39:21,125
ANY GIVEN YEAR.

1127
00:39:21,192 --> 00:39:23,494
SO THIS BAR OVER HERE IS A

1128
00:39:23,561 --> 00:39:25,496
SURVIVAL PLOT THAT SEPARATES THE

1129
00:39:25,563 --> 00:39:28,799
TOP CORTILE OF SOCIALLY

1130
00:39:28,866 --> 00:39:31,068
INTEGRATED ANIMALS IN OUR

1131
00:39:31,135 --> 00:39:33,104
POPULATION, AND THE BOTTOM

1132
00:39:33,170 --> 00:39:35,306
CORTILE IS THE MOST SOWCIALLY

1133
00:39:35,372 --> 00:39:37,308
ISOLATED, THIS TRANSLATES TO

1134
00:39:37,374 --> 00:39:38,943
ABOUT 2-3 YEARS LIFE EXPECTANCY

1135
00:39:39,009 --> 00:39:40,044
DIFFERENCE IN THE ANIMALS.

1136
00:39:40,111 --> 00:39:43,414
THIS IS THE LARGEST EFFECT WE

1137
00:39:43,481 --> 00:39:44,849
SAW FOR EXPLAINING LIFE SPAN AND

1138
00:39:44,915 --> 00:39:46,517
SURVIVAL UNTIL WE LOOKEDDA THE

1139
00:39:46,584 --> 00:39:48,719
THIS THING, EARLY LIFE

1140
00:39:48,786 --> 00:39:49,253
ADVERSITY.

1141
00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:53,524
SO THE ACES,A PROACH IS A VERY

1142
00:39:53,591 --> 00:39:54,825
HUMAN CENTERED APPROACH, RIGHT,

1143
00:39:54,892 --> 00:39:57,428
IT'S ACTUALLY NOT AN APPROACH

1144
00:39:57,495 --> 00:39:59,029
THAT'S USED VERY OFTEN, EVEN IN

1145
00:39:59,096 --> 00:40:00,064
OTHER ANIMALS EVEN THOUGH PEOPLE

1146
00:40:00,131 --> 00:40:00,865
HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN EARLY

1147
00:40:00,931 --> 00:40:01,465
LIFE CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE ON

1148
00:40:01,532 --> 00:40:02,900
AGINGS FOR A LONG TIME BUT WE

1149
00:40:02,967 --> 00:40:05,302
WERE SPENDING A LOT OF TIME

1150
00:40:05,369 --> 00:40:06,337
AROUND SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND WE

1151
00:40:06,403 --> 00:40:07,938
SAID WELL, LET'S GIVE IT A SHOT

1152
00:40:08,005 --> 00:40:09,673
RECOLLECT ADD THEM UP AND SEE

1153
00:40:09,740 --> 00:40:11,408
WHAT HAPPENS, RIGHT IN SO THAT'S

1154
00:40:11,475 --> 00:40:15,212
WHAT WE DID, WE ADDED IT UP, 6

1155
00:40:15,279 --> 00:40:18,115
SOURCES OF EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY,

1156
00:40:18,182 --> 00:40:21,018
MAJOR LIVE ADVERSITY AS WE LEARN

1157
00:40:21,085 --> 00:40:23,521
ABOUT THEM IN BABOONS, THIS IS A

1158
00:40:23,587 --> 00:40:25,022
SURVIVAL PLOT AGAIN SHOWING

1159
00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:26,423
ADULT SURVIVAL SO WE'RE NOT

1160
00:40:26,490 --> 00:40:29,960
TALKING ABOUT  INSULTS THAT LEAD

1161
00:40:30,027 --> 00:40:32,196
TO MORTALITY BUT INSULTS

1162
00:40:32,263 --> 00:40:33,230
SUSTAINED IN THE FIRST FEW YEAR

1163
00:40:33,297 --> 00:40:37,134
OF LIFE THAT TRANsALATE INTO

1164
00:40:37,201 --> 00:40:38,502
MEASURABLE OUTCOMES YEAR TO

1165
00:40:38,569 --> 00:40:39,904
DECADES LATER.  THIS IS WHAT WE

1166
00:40:39,970 --> 00:40:42,239
THINK ABOUT OUR SILVER SPOON

1167
00:40:42,306 --> 00:40:43,140
BABIES, NOTHING PARTICULARLY BAD

1168
00:40:43,207 --> 00:40:44,909
HAPPEN TO THEM AND INDIVIDUAL

1169
00:40:44,975 --> 00:40:47,611
WHO IS HAD 1 MAJOR SOURCE OF

1170
00:40:47,678 --> 00:40:49,146
EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY, 2, 3 AND

1171
00:40:49,213 --> 00:40:50,481
SO ON, SO THIS IS THE PLOT WHERE

1172
00:40:50,548 --> 00:40:51,682
YOU THINK I AM NEVER GOING TO

1173
00:40:51,749 --> 00:40:53,450
GET THIS CLEAR OF A RESULT EVER

1174
00:40:53,517 --> 00:40:56,253
AGAIN IN MY CAREER, AND PROBABLY

1175
00:40:56,320 --> 00:40:57,655
WE SHOULDN'T HAVE HAD TO DO AT

1176
00:40:57,721 --> 00:40:59,423
THAT TIMISTICS TO SEE THIS BUT

1177
00:40:59,490 --> 00:41:00,558
WE JUST NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT

1178
00:41:00,624 --> 00:41:02,259
BEING LOOKING AT IT LIKE THAT

1179
00:41:02,326 --> 00:41:04,595
BEFORE EMPLOY SO THE DIFFERENCE

1180
00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:05,663
BETWEEN THESE DARK BLUE LINES

1181
00:41:05,729 --> 00:41:08,165
AND THESE RED LINES IS SOMEWHERE

1182
00:41:08,232 --> 00:41:10,734
UP TO ABOUT A DECADE DIFFERENCE

1183
00:41:10,801 --> 00:41:12,269
IN ADULT LIFE EXPECTANCY AND

1184
00:41:12,336 --> 00:41:14,171
JUST TO GIVE YOU SOME CONTEXT,

1185
00:41:14,238 --> 00:41:17,007
YOU KNOW MANY OF US ARE USED TO

1186
00:41:17,074 --> 00:41:18,309
THE DOG-HUMAN TRANSLATION, LIKE

1187
00:41:18,375 --> 00:41:21,178
1 DOG YEAR AND--1 HUMAN--YEAH,

1188
00:41:21,245 --> 00:41:21,745
7.

1189
00:41:21,812 --> 00:41:22,713
THANK YOU.

1190
00:41:22,780 --> 00:41:23,981
ONE DOG YEAR, 7 HUMAN YEARS

1191
00:41:24,048 --> 00:41:26,417
THIS, IS ABOUT A 1 OR 2 OR 3

1192
00:41:26,483 --> 00:41:27,785
RATIO, SO IFFY WOO WERE THINK

1193
00:41:27,852 --> 00:41:29,286
BEING THIS IN HUMAN TERMS WE

1194
00:41:29,353 --> 00:41:31,989
THIS WOULD BE A DIFFERENCE OF

1195
00:41:32,056 --> 00:41:34,859
ABOUT 20-30 YEARS.

1196
00:41:34,925 --> 00:41:35,626
IT'S HUGE.

1197
00:41:35,693 --> 00:41:38,362
THESE ARE THE MAJOR SOURCES OF

1198
00:41:38,429 --> 00:41:40,397
EARLY ADVERSITY WE CONSIDER,

1199
00:41:40,464 --> 00:41:43,267
RECALL LIFE MATERNAL LOSS, EARLY

1200
00:41:43,334 --> 00:41:45,669
SOCIAL STATUS, MATERNAL SOCIAL

1201
00:41:45,736 --> 00:41:46,237
CONNECTEDNESS VERSUS SOCIAL

1202
00:41:46,303 --> 00:41:48,639
ISOLATION, WHETHER THEY HAVE A

1203
00:41:48,706 --> 00:41:49,773
COMPETING YOUNGER SIBLING,

1204
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:52,076
ANOTHER SIBLING BORN WITHIN THE

1205
00:41:52,142 --> 00:41:54,211
SHORTEST CORTILE OF INTERVALS IN

1206
00:41:54,278 --> 00:41:55,646
OUR POPULATION, SORT OF LOCAL

1207
00:41:55,713 --> 00:41:57,181
DENSITY, THEIR GROUP SIZE, WHICH

1208
00:41:57,248 --> 00:41:59,750
WE THINK IS AN INDEX OF RESOURCE

1209
00:41:59,817 --> 00:42:02,086
COMITITION IS THIS IS A PURELY

1210
00:42:02,152 --> 00:42:03,020
ECOLOGICAL FACTOR WHETHER THE

1211
00:42:03,087 --> 00:42:05,556
FIRST YEAR IS SPENT IN SEVERE

1212
00:42:05,623 --> 00:42:05,789
DROUGHT.

1213
00:42:05,856 --> 00:42:07,424
SO MANY OF THESE HAVE A SOCIAL

1214
00:42:07,491 --> 00:42:09,093
COMPONENT AND I THINK MANY OF

1215
00:42:09,159 --> 00:42:12,329
THEM HAVE EXPLICITLY A MATERNAL

1216
00:42:12,396 --> 00:42:13,297
COMPONENT.

1217
00:42:13,364 --> 00:42:14,765
I WANT TO POINT OUT--THIS IS

1218
00:42:14,832 --> 00:42:16,300
DISTRIBUTION BY THE WAY OF THE

1219
00:42:16,367 --> 00:42:22,439
ACES IN OUR POPULATION AND I

1220
00:42:22,506 --> 00:42:24,074
SHOULD SAY BECAUSE THIS IS OFTEN

1221
00:42:24,141 --> 00:42:27,478
NOT OBVIOUS, UNLIKE IN HUMAN

1222
00:42:27,544 --> 00:42:28,112
POPULATION WHERE DIFFERENT

1223
00:42:28,178 --> 00:42:29,380
ADVERSITY TENDS TO BE CORRELATE

1224
00:42:29,446 --> 00:42:33,384
WIDE EACH OTHER, THE 1 IN OUR

1225
00:42:33,450 --> 00:42:35,386
POPULATION ARE NOT CORRELATED,

1226
00:42:35,452 --> 00:42:37,121
IN OTHER WORDS THEY MOVE

1227
00:42:37,187 --> 00:42:38,355
PHOTOCOPIEDLY OF 1 ANOTHER

1228
00:42:38,422 --> 00:42:40,357
ALLOWINGITOUS DISSECT WHICH OF

1229
00:42:40,424 --> 00:42:41,825
THOSE SOURCES MATTER TO WHICH

1230
00:42:41,892 --> 00:42:42,259
OUTCOMES.

1231
00:42:42,326 --> 00:42:45,529
THIS MATTERS NOT ONLY TO THE

1232
00:42:45,596 --> 00:42:47,131
INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCING EARLY

1233
00:42:47,197 --> 00:42:48,299
LIFE ADVERSITY, IT ALSO HAS DOWN

1234
00:42:48,365 --> 00:42:49,533
STREAM EFFECTS ON THE

1235
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:51,568
COMPOSITION OF OUR POPULATION ON

1236
00:42:51,635 --> 00:42:52,703
SUBSEQUENT GENERATION, HERE IS

1237
00:42:52,770 --> 00:42:54,104
JUST A PLOT SHOWING THAT AGE AT

1238
00:42:54,171 --> 00:42:56,707
DEATH IN THESE FEMALE BABOONS IS

1239
00:42:56,774 --> 00:42:57,942
THE MAINLIOR PREDICTER OF HOW

1240
00:42:58,008 --> 00:43:01,645
MANY KIDS THEY SUCCESSFULLY

1241
00:43:01,712 --> 00:43:02,613
LEAVE BEHIND.

1242
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:06,383
AND THOSE KIDS ARE AFFECTED BY

1243
00:43:06,450 --> 00:43:07,251
INTERGENERATIONAL AFFECTS.

1244
00:43:07,318 --> 00:43:12,890
SO IN WORK, LED BY SUSAN'S

1245
00:43:12,957 --> 00:43:14,825
FORMER GRADUATE MATTHEW ZIPLE,

1246
00:43:14,892 --> 00:43:18,796
HE SAID, OKAY, WE KNOW THAT THE

1247
00:43:18,862 --> 00:43:21,198
KIDS OF A MOM WHO DIED EARLY,

1248
00:43:21,265 --> 00:43:22,199
WHO EXPERIENCED MATERNAL LOSS,

1249
00:43:22,266 --> 00:43:24,401
THAT INDIVIDUAL IS LIKELY TO ARE

1250
00:43:24,468 --> 00:43:26,837
HAVE A TRUNCATED LIFE SPAN.

1251
00:43:26,904 --> 00:43:29,873
DO WE KNOW WHETHER A KID WHO

1252
00:43:29,940 --> 00:43:31,375
EXPERIENCED MATERNAL LOSS AND

1253
00:43:31,442 --> 00:43:33,644
THEN SUCCESSFULLY GROW UP AND

1254
00:43:33,711 --> 00:43:37,548
HAD HER OWN CHILDREN, THEN SEES

1255
00:43:37,614 --> 00:43:38,782
AFFECTS OF HER EARLY LIFE

1256
00:43:38,849 --> 00:43:40,517
PRESENCE ON HER OWN KIDS, THAT

1257
00:43:40,584 --> 00:43:43,687
MAKE SENSE?

1258
00:43:43,754 --> 00:43:44,221
OKAY, THANK YOU.

1259
00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:47,591
AND THIS IS WHAT HE FOUND, HE

1260
00:43:47,658 --> 00:43:49,860
SAID CONTROLLING FOR F2'S EARLY

1261
00:43:49,927 --> 00:43:51,729
LIFE EXPERIENCE, ALL THOSE

1262
00:43:51,795 --> 00:43:55,632
FACTORS I JUST SHOWED YOU, THE

1263
00:43:55,699 --> 00:43:57,301
MALE AND FEMALES MOTHER HAD LOST

1264
00:43:57,368 --> 00:43:58,936
HER OWN MOTHER, EARLY IN LIFE,

1265
00:43:59,003 --> 00:44:03,474
WHICH COULD HAVE HAPPENED QUITE

1266
00:44:03,540 --> 00:44:05,075
SOMETIME AGO, THE LIKELIHOOD

1267
00:44:05,142 --> 00:44:06,410
THAT THIS F2 INDIVIDUAL SURVIVES

1268
00:44:06,477 --> 00:44:10,414
TO SORT OF THE MINIMUM AGE OF RE

1269
00:44:10,481 --> 00:44:12,516
PRODUCTIVE AGE OF MATURATION AND

1270
00:44:12,583 --> 00:44:14,385
THIS POPULATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY

1271
00:44:14,451 --> 00:44:15,919
REDUCED SO THAT'S THIS RED LINE

1272
00:44:15,986 --> 00:44:18,655
HERE, THIS RED LINE IS, YOU KNOW

1273
00:44:18,722 --> 00:44:21,291
GRANDMA DIED WHEN MY MOTHER WAS

1274
00:44:21,358 --> 00:44:21,625
YOUNG.

1275
00:44:21,692 --> 00:44:24,328
WE THINK THAT THIS CAN PRIMARILY

1276
00:44:24,395 --> 00:44:31,502
BE EXPLAINED BY LONG  LASTING

1277
00:44:31,568 --> 00:44:33,070
EFFECTS ON MATERNAL GENERATION

1278
00:44:33,137 --> 00:44:35,873
AND I AM HAPPY TO TELL YOU WHY

1279
00:44:35,939 --> 00:44:37,107
IF YOU'RE INTERESTED DOWN THE

1280
00:44:37,174 --> 00:44:37,641
ROAD.

1281
00:44:37,708 --> 00:44:39,309
SO THESE WERE BIG EFFECT SYSTEM,

1282
00:44:39,376 --> 00:44:40,511
VERY INTERESTING WHAT IS

1283
00:44:40,577 --> 00:44:42,813
HAPPENING, WE DON'T KNOW WHAT'S

1284
00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:44,481
HAPPENING, AND SO, SINCE THOSE

1285
00:44:44,548 --> 00:44:45,816
EARLIER OBSERVATIONS WE'VE SPEPT

1286
00:44:45,883 --> 00:44:49,286
A VERY LARGE PROPORTION OF OUR

1287
00:44:49,353 --> 00:44:50,888
SORT OF RESEARCH ENERGY ON

1288
00:44:50,954 --> 00:44:52,456
TRYING TO TEASE APART THE

1289
00:44:52,523 --> 00:44:53,290
PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH THIS

1290
00:44:53,357 --> 00:44:56,593
MIGHT WORK AND THAT'S TAKEN KIND

1291
00:44:56,660 --> 00:44:58,062
OF AN ARMY OF OPPORTUNITIES AND

1292
00:44:58,128 --> 00:45:01,432
POAFULT DOCS AND COLLABORATORS

1293
00:45:01,498 --> 00:45:02,299
AROUND THE WORLD.

1294
00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:03,434
THESE ARE SOME OF THE THINGS

1295
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,503
WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO LOOK AT

1296
00:45:06,570 --> 00:45:07,938
PRIMARILY IN FEMALES SO FAR.

1297
00:45:08,005 --> 00:45:10,774
SO I FOCUSED ON THESE

1298
00:45:10,841 --> 00:45:12,443
DEMOGRAPHIC OUTCOMES, ADULT AND

1299
00:45:12,509 --> 00:45:13,710
OFFSPRING PORTALLITY, THESE ARE

1300
00:45:13,777 --> 00:45:15,546
VERY CLEAR EFFECTS, OR VERY

1301
00:45:15,612 --> 00:45:17,181
CLEAR CORRELATES OF EARLY LIFE

1302
00:45:17,247 --> 00:45:17,448
ADVERSITY.

1303
00:45:17,514 --> 00:45:22,386
WE SEE DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIAL

1304
00:45:22,453 --> 00:45:25,322
BEHAVIORS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO

1305
00:45:25,389 --> 00:45:26,490
EXPERIENCE MORE ADVERSITY, THEY

1306
00:45:26,557 --> 00:45:31,929
TEND TO BE MORE SOCIALLY

1307
00:45:31,995 --> 00:45:33,764
ISOLATED AND SOMETIMES THAT I

1308
00:45:33,831 --> 00:45:35,165
ACHIEVE LOWER SOCIAL STATUS WHEN

1309
00:45:35,232 --> 00:45:35,532
THEY'RE ADULTS.

1310
00:45:35,599 --> 00:45:36,100
WE SLEEP APNEA AND OBESITYY

1311
00:45:36,166 --> 00:45:37,434
CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE ON AGINGS

1312
00:45:37,501 --> 00:45:38,902
OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON LONG

1313
00:45:38,969 --> 00:45:41,004
BONE GROWING, SO I THINK THAT

1314
00:45:41,071 --> 00:45:43,140
THEY'RE UNDERGOING SORT OF A

1315
00:45:43,207 --> 00:45:46,643
BABOON ANALOGUE OF STUNTING AND

1316
00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:49,213
WE SEE PHYSIOLOGICAL

1317
00:45:49,279 --> 00:45:52,049
CONSEQUENCES ESPECIALLY IN GLUE

1318
00:45:52,116 --> 00:45:52,883
COCORTICOID PHYSIOLOGY AND I'M

1319
00:45:52,950 --> 00:45:54,318
HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT ANY OF THAT

1320
00:45:54,384 --> 00:45:56,487
BUT FOR THE PURPOSES OF THE

1321
00:45:56,553 --> 00:45:58,288
REMAINDER OF THE TALK I WILL

1322
00:45:58,355 --> 00:46:00,090
FOCUS A LITTLE BIT ON WHAT WE'VE

1323
00:46:00,157 --> 00:46:03,694
DONE LOOKING AT GENOMIC AND

1324
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:04,328
MOLECULAR OUTCOMES.

1325
00:46:04,394 --> 00:46:06,864
THIS IS INSPIRED BY THE

1326
00:46:06,930 --> 00:46:07,631
BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING FRAMEWORK

1327
00:46:07,698 --> 00:46:11,835
WHICH MY BE FAMILIAR TO MANY OF

1328
00:46:11,902 --> 00:46:12,236
YOU.

1329
00:46:12,302 --> 00:46:14,071
THIS ARGUES THAT THE REASON THAT

1330
00:46:14,138 --> 00:46:16,206
EARLY IN LIFE ENVIRONMENT HAS A

1331
00:46:16,273 --> 00:46:18,275
SORT OF LONG REACH INTO

1332
00:46:18,342 --> 00:46:21,345
ADULTHOOD AND OLDER AGE IS

1333
00:46:21,411 --> 00:46:23,313
BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT IS ABLE

1334
00:46:23,380 --> 00:46:25,916
TO INFLUENCE WHAT'S HAPPENING

1335
00:46:25,983 --> 00:46:29,586
UNDER THE SKIN, IT'S ASHING

1336
00:46:29,653 --> 00:46:31,155
BIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

1337
00:46:31,221 --> 00:46:31,688
PARTICULARLY DEVELOPMENTAL

1338
00:46:31,755 --> 00:46:32,556
PROCESSES IN THESE AREAS EARLY

1339
00:46:32,623 --> 00:46:33,490
IN LIFE.

1340
00:46:33,557 --> 00:46:35,792
SO SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCES IN THE

1341
00:46:35,859 --> 00:46:38,262
ENVIRONMENT, AND EXPERIENCE,

1342
00:46:38,328 --> 00:46:39,763
THEN GENERATES SYSTEMATICALLY

1343
00:46:39,830 --> 00:46:42,065
DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL STATES UPON

1344
00:46:42,132 --> 00:46:44,268
EXPOSURE WHICH REMAIN STABLE

1345
00:46:44,334 --> 00:46:45,035
OVERTIME.

1346
00:46:45,102 --> 00:46:46,570
AND IF SO, THOSE ENVIRONMENTS

1347
00:46:46,637 --> 00:46:49,006
EARLY IN LIFE, HAD THE CAPACITY

1348
00:46:49,072 --> 00:46:51,375
TO INFLUENCE TRAIT VARIATION

1349
00:46:51,441 --> 00:46:53,110
ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE.

1350
00:46:53,177 --> 00:46:55,746
ONE OF THE SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL

1351
00:46:55,812 --> 00:46:57,314
PATHWAYS THAT IS OFTEN BEEN

1352
00:46:57,381 --> 00:46:59,416
INVOKED TO EXPLAIN THIS KIND OF

1353
00:46:59,483 --> 00:47:01,151
IDEA ARE CHANGES IN THE

1354
00:47:01,218 --> 00:47:02,719
EPIGENOME WHERE THE BULK OF THE

1355
00:47:02,786 --> 00:47:04,688
RESEARCH SO FAR ESPECIALLY IN

1356
00:47:04,755 --> 00:47:06,156
POPULATION CONTEXT HAS FOCUSED

1357
00:47:06,223 --> 00:47:08,225
ON 1 PARTICULAR TYPE OF

1358
00:47:08,292 --> 00:47:10,827
EPIGENETIC MARK AND THAT'S THE

1359
00:47:10,894 --> 00:47:12,329
COVALENT EDITION OF METHYL GROUP

1360
00:47:12,396 --> 00:47:13,864
TO CYTOSINE BASES IN THE GENOME,

1361
00:47:13,931 --> 00:47:16,200
SO THIS IS A CHANGE THAT CAN IN

1362
00:47:16,266 --> 00:47:18,068
SOME CONTEXT CHANGE THE WAY THAT

1363
00:47:18,135 --> 00:47:19,736
YEENS ARE REGULATED, SO THE IDEA

1364
00:47:19,803 --> 00:47:22,372
IS THAT SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCES

1365
00:47:22,439 --> 00:47:23,073
AND ENVIRONMENT, CHANGE

1366
00:47:23,140 --> 00:47:25,209
EPIGENETIC MARKS IN THE GENOME,

1367
00:47:25,275 --> 00:47:28,278
AND FOR THIS TO EXPLAIN EARLY

1368
00:47:28,345 --> 00:47:28,879
LIFE CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE ON

1369
00:47:28,946 --> 00:47:30,013
AGINGS THEY MUST REMAIN STABLE

1370
00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:31,315
OVER TIME AND SO THE EARLY

1371
00:47:31,381 --> 00:47:33,850
ENVIRONMENT HAS TO BE CORRELATE

1372
00:47:33,917 --> 00:47:35,719
WIDE EPIGENIC MARKS MEASURED IN

1373
00:47:35,786 --> 00:47:36,453
ADULTHOOD AND THAT'S BEEN SHOWN

1374
00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:38,488
IN A VARIETY OF STUDIES

1375
00:47:38,555 --> 00:47:39,623
INCLUDING IN HUMANS AND THERE'S

1376
00:47:39,690 --> 00:47:40,490
ALSO THIS CONSIDERATION THAT WE

1377
00:47:40,557 --> 00:47:42,926
MIGHT BE DEALING WITH

1378
00:47:42,993 --> 00:47:45,195
CONFOUNDERS BECAUSE EARLY LIFE

1379
00:47:45,262 --> 00:47:46,163
ENVIRONMENTS OFTEN PREDICT ADULT

1380
00:47:46,230 --> 00:47:47,264
ENVIRONMENTS AND THIS MIGHT BE A

1381
00:47:47,331 --> 00:47:48,899
DIRECT EFFECT OF WHAT

1382
00:47:48,966 --> 00:47:49,700
INDIVIDUALS ARE EXPERIENCING AT

1383
00:47:49,766 --> 00:47:51,835
THE TIME OF SAMPLING RATHER THAN

1384
00:47:51,902 --> 00:47:53,937
A TRUE LONG-TERM EARLY LIFE

1385
00:47:54,004 --> 00:47:54,271
EFFECT.

1386
00:47:54,338 --> 00:47:56,006
IN ADDITION, IF THIS IS TRUE, I

1387
00:47:56,073 --> 00:47:57,174
THINK THIS REQUIREMENT HAS BEEN

1388
00:47:57,241 --> 00:47:59,309
PAID A LOT LESS TEAPGZ TO, THEN

1389
00:47:59,376 --> 00:48:03,247
THESE CHANGES MUST DO SOMETHING,

1390
00:48:03,313 --> 00:48:04,948
THERE ARE 28 MILLION CPG SITES

1391
00:48:05,015 --> 00:48:06,083
IN A HUMAN OR BABOON

1392
00:48:06,149 --> 00:48:06,950
GERONTOLOGYSTS MEMORY CLONE AND

1393
00:48:07,017 --> 00:48:08,819
MANY OF THOSE ARE FUNCTIONALLY

1394
00:48:08,885 --> 00:48:10,320
SILENT IN TERMS OF METHALATED OR

1395
00:48:10,387 --> 00:48:12,689
NOT AND SHOWING THAT DIFFERENCES

1396
00:48:12,756 --> 00:48:13,757
IN DNA METHYLATION ACTUALLY DO

1397
00:48:13,824 --> 00:48:15,726
SOMETHING TO GENE REGULATION, IS

1398
00:48:15,792 --> 00:48:18,328
I THINK AN IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT

1399
00:48:18,395 --> 00:48:20,030
THAT WE SHOULD START PAYING

1400
00:48:20,097 --> 00:48:22,466
ATTENTION TO OF STUDIES OF

1401
00:48:22,532 --> 00:48:23,900
SOCIAL EPIGENETICS AND

1402
00:48:23,967 --> 00:48:25,135
ENVIRONMENT OF THE

1403
00:48:25,202 --> 00:48:25,736
EPIGENERATEDETECSI SO HERE'S

1404
00:48:25,802 --> 00:48:27,337
WORK FROM NOW OVER A DECADE AGO,

1405
00:48:27,404 --> 00:48:30,607
THAT SHOWS IF YOU GO IN, AND

1406
00:48:30,674 --> 00:48:32,409
SORT OF SURMICALLY AFFAIRS TEAM

1407
00:48:32,476 --> 00:48:33,243
LEADERRER DNA METHYLATION AT

1408
00:48:33,310 --> 00:48:36,046
PARTICULAR SITES IN THE PROMOTER

1409
00:48:36,113 --> 00:48:37,948
OF HBB, ONLY SOME OF THEM LEAD

1410
00:48:38,015 --> 00:48:39,049
TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION

1411
00:48:39,116 --> 00:48:40,817
AND OTHERS DO NOTHING AT ALL.

1412
00:48:40,884 --> 00:48:42,552
SO IF WE'RE GOING TO PRIORITIZE

1413
00:48:42,619 --> 00:48:44,488
THINGS THAT WE THINK ARE

1414
00:48:44,554 --> 00:48:45,088
FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANT THEN WE

1415
00:48:45,155 --> 00:48:46,757
HAVE TO BE ABLE TO SEPARATE

1416
00:48:46,823 --> 00:48:49,793
THOSE 2 PROCESSES HERE.

1417
00:48:49,860 --> 00:48:51,061
SO WE HOSTLY DO OBSERVATIONAL

1418
00:48:51,128 --> 00:48:54,231
WORK AS I MENTIONED BUT

1419
00:48:54,298 --> 00:48:56,166
OCCASIONALLY WE DO HAVE REASON

1420
00:48:56,233 --> 00:48:57,734
TO WANT TO COLLECT BLOOD SAMPLES

1421
00:48:57,801 --> 00:49:01,838
AND THAT'S WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU,

1422
00:49:01,905 --> 00:49:03,774
THIS IS KENYUA AGAIN LOOKING

1423
00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:04,908
INNOCENTLY AS POSSIBLE EARLY IN

1424
00:49:04,975 --> 00:49:07,344
THE MORNING ON THE SAVANNAH

1425
00:49:07,411 --> 00:49:11,048
WHILE HOLDING A METER BLOW GUN

1426
00:49:11,114 --> 00:49:13,050
THERE, THAT CONTAINS A

1427
00:49:13,116 --> 00:49:14,318
ANESTHETIC BEARING DART SO WHEN

1428
00:49:14,384 --> 00:49:16,086
THE WIND IS STILL AND NOBODY'S

1429
00:49:16,153 --> 00:49:18,755
LOOKING HE WILL JUST QUICKLY

1430
00:49:18,822 --> 00:49:19,856
RAISE THE PLOA GUN, BREATH

1431
00:49:19,923 --> 00:49:22,192
PROPEL IT AND WE DART AN ANIMAL

1432
00:49:22,259 --> 00:49:24,027
OF INTEREST AND ARE ABLE TO

1433
00:49:24,094 --> 00:49:25,128
COLLECT BLOOD SAMPLES FROM THEM.

1434
00:49:25,195 --> 00:49:28,699
WE'VE DONE THIS IN A VERY SLOW

1435
00:49:28,765 --> 00:49:30,267
AND TORTUROUS WAY OVER MANY

1436
00:49:30,334 --> 00:49:32,069
DECADES ALLOWING US TO NOW TO

1437
00:49:32,135 --> 00:49:33,804
INTERROGATE THOSE SAME MEASURES

1438
00:49:33,870 --> 00:49:36,373
OF EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE AND

1439
00:49:36,440 --> 00:49:37,974
GENOME WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND

1440
00:49:38,041 --> 00:49:39,543
ADULTHOOD, THIS IS WORK THAT WAS

1441
00:49:39,609 --> 00:49:42,079
LED BY MY FORMER STUDENT JORDAN

1442
00:49:42,145 --> 00:49:43,146
ANDERSON AND IN A STUDY THAT

1443
00:49:43,213 --> 00:49:46,416
CAME OUT ABOUT A MONTH AGO, WE

1444
00:49:46,483 --> 00:49:47,317
LOOKED AT ABOUT 250 UNIQUE

1445
00:49:47,384 --> 00:49:49,086
INDIVIDUALS IN OUR POPULATION,

1446
00:49:49,152 --> 00:49:51,788
AND ABOUT JUST UNDER HALF A

1447
00:49:51,855 --> 00:49:54,458
MILLION CPG SITES, TARGETS OF

1448
00:49:54,524 --> 00:49:55,292
DNA METHYLATION SPREAD ACROSS

1449
00:49:55,359 --> 00:49:58,095
THE GENOME AND IN THE CONTEXT OF

1450
00:49:58,161 --> 00:49:58,829
EARLY ADVERSITY, THOSE

1451
00:49:58,895 --> 00:50:00,030
INDIVIDUAL SOURCES OF ADVERSITY,

1452
00:50:00,097 --> 00:50:01,098
I MENTIONED EARLIER AND ALSO

1453
00:50:01,164 --> 00:50:03,667
JUST OVERALL SORT OF RESOURCE

1454
00:50:03,734 --> 00:50:05,001
AVAILABILITY AS INDEXED BY

1455
00:50:05,068 --> 00:50:05,936
HABITAT QUALITY, THESE ARE

1456
00:50:06,002 --> 00:50:08,872
PICTURES OF THE SAME PART OF OUR

1457
00:50:08,939 --> 00:50:10,006
ECOSYSTEM TAKEN ABOUT 15 YEARS

1458
00:50:10,073 --> 00:50:15,045
APART WHEN THE ENVIRONMENT WENT

1459
00:50:15,112 --> 00:50:15,479
THROUGH SIGNIFICANT

1460
00:50:15,545 --> 00:50:15,812
DETERIORATION.

1461
00:50:15,879 --> 00:50:16,813
SO ANYTHING STRAIGHT TO THE

1462
00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:18,548
RESULTS, WHAT WE FIND IS THAT WE

1463
00:50:18,615 --> 00:50:20,751
DO SEE PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF

1464
00:50:20,817 --> 00:50:22,219
EARLY LIFE BUT ONLY FOR

1465
00:50:22,285 --> 00:50:24,688
INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE BORN IN

1466
00:50:24,755 --> 00:50:25,889
REALLY LOW HABITAT QUALITY

1467
00:50:25,956 --> 00:50:26,823
ENVIRONMENTS, SO THIS, THIS IS A

1468
00:50:26,890 --> 00:50:29,626
GOOD WAY OF LOOKING AT IT, THESE

1469
00:50:29,693 --> 00:50:31,695
ARE THE EFFECT SIZES OF EARLY

1470
00:50:31,762 --> 00:50:34,131
LIFE ADVERSITY OF CUMULATIVE

1471
00:50:34,197 --> 00:50:35,732
ADVERSITY FOR INDIVIDUALS BORN

1472
00:50:35,799 --> 00:50:37,467
IN LOW QUALITY HABITATS VERSUS

1473
00:50:37,534 --> 00:50:38,068
HIGH QUALITY ABNORMALITIES AT

1474
00:50:38,135 --> 00:50:40,737
THAT TIMES SO IF THEY EXPERIENCE

1475
00:50:40,804 --> 00:50:41,972
MATERNAL LOSS OR LOW SOCIAL

1476
00:50:42,038 --> 00:50:45,342
STATUS EARLY IN LIFE, BUT THEY

1477
00:50:45,409 --> 00:50:46,209
WERE IN RESOURCE RICH

1478
00:50:46,276 --> 00:50:47,010
ENVIRONMENT, WE DON'T SEE MUCH

1479
00:50:47,077 --> 00:50:48,311
OF IT BUT IF THEY EXPERIENCE

1480
00:50:48,378 --> 00:50:51,481
THOSE THINGS AND WERE IN AN

1481
00:50:51,548 --> 00:50:52,783
OTHERWISE LOW QUALITY DETERIOR

1482
00:50:52,849 --> 00:50:54,050
8ED ENVIRONMENT OVERALL, WE

1483
00:50:54,117 --> 00:50:59,423
REALLY SEE THE EFFECT AND THAT

1484
00:50:59,489 --> 00:51:01,057
IS DETECTABLE FOR OVER A DECADE

1485
00:51:01,124 --> 00:51:01,792
IN LIFE.

1486
00:51:01,858 --> 00:51:03,093
NWE CAN BREAK DOWN AS I

1487
00:51:03,160 --> 00:51:05,095
MENTIONED EARLIER, THESE ARE

1488
00:51:05,162 --> 00:51:06,897
LARGELY UNCORRELATED PREDICTER

1489
00:51:06,963 --> 00:51:08,432
VARIABLES, ACROSS INDIVIDUAL

1490
00:51:08,498 --> 00:51:10,567
PREDICTER VARIABLES AND COUNT

1491
00:51:10,634 --> 00:51:11,568
THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL SITES

1492
00:51:11,635 --> 00:51:13,203
IN THE GENOME ASSOCIATED WITH

1493
00:51:13,270 --> 00:51:15,272
EACH OF THOSE PREDICTERS, AND

1494
00:51:15,338 --> 00:51:18,175
WHAT WE FIND OVERALL IS THAT

1495
00:51:18,241 --> 00:51:22,112
IT'S REALLY IN OUR CASE MEASURES

1496
00:51:22,179 --> 00:51:23,013
OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION RATHER

1497
00:51:23,079 --> 00:51:24,314
THAN SORT OF MEASURES WE THINK

1498
00:51:24,381 --> 00:51:25,949
ABOUT AS MAPPING MORE ON TO

1499
00:51:26,016 --> 00:51:27,451
THREAT, THAT LEAVE THIS

1500
00:51:27,517 --> 00:51:29,686
LONG-TERM EARLY LIFE SIGNATURE,

1501
00:51:29,753 --> 00:51:31,521
SO DROWBT HABITAT QUALITY,

1502
00:51:31,588 --> 00:51:33,790
MATERNAL LOSS WHICH PROBABLY HAS

1503
00:51:33,857 --> 00:51:35,091
MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS TO IT IN

1504
00:51:35,158 --> 00:51:36,259
TERMS OF THE EARLY LIFE

1505
00:51:36,326 --> 00:51:40,230
ENVIRONMENT SO IT'S A VERY

1506
00:51:40,297 --> 00:51:41,665
EXPOSURE DEPENDENT, EARLYAD

1507
00:51:41,731 --> 00:51:43,166
VERSITY ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE

1508
00:51:43,233 --> 00:51:44,134
WITH 1 ANOTHER.

1509
00:51:44,201 --> 00:51:45,602
NEVERTHELESS, I HAVE WRIT THEAN

1510
00:51:45,669 --> 00:51:46,503
THIS SIGNATURE AND SOMEWHAT

1511
00:51:46,570 --> 00:51:47,971
GENERALIZED SO THIS IS A PLOT

1512
00:51:48,038 --> 00:51:51,107
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SITES

1513
00:51:51,174 --> 00:51:52,476
ASSOCIATED WITH WHATEVER'S

1514
00:51:52,542 --> 00:51:54,911
COLORED IN BLACK,OT BOTTOM, THIS

1515
00:51:54,978 --> 00:51:56,346
IS AN UPSET PLOT AND MANY OF

1516
00:51:56,413 --> 00:51:58,415
THOSE SITES ARE SHARED, THEY'RE

1517
00:51:58,482 --> 00:52:01,918
ASSOCIATE WIDE BOTH HABITAT

1518
00:52:01,985 --> 00:52:03,487
QUALITY AND EARLY LIFE DROUGHT.

1519
00:52:03,553 --> 00:52:04,888
SO THIS OVERLAP IS 4 FOLD

1520
00:52:04,955 --> 00:52:06,089
ENRICHED BY WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT

1521
00:52:06,156 --> 00:52:07,724
BY CHANCE AND ALMOST ALL OF

1522
00:52:07,791 --> 00:52:10,126
THOSE PATTERNS GO IN THE SAME

1523
00:52:10,193 --> 00:52:11,628
DIRECTION, RIGHT?

1524
00:52:11,695 --> 00:52:13,463
WHERE EXPOSURE TO ADVERSITY

1525
00:52:13,530 --> 00:52:15,832
POINTS TO THE SAME DIFFERENCE OF

1526
00:52:15,899 --> 00:52:17,334
DNA METHYLATION, SO SIGHTS THAT

1527
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:19,703
ARE LINKED TO 1 SOURCE OF

1528
00:52:19,769 --> 00:52:20,971
ADVERSITY ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY

1529
00:52:21,037 --> 00:52:22,772
TO BE LINKED WITH A SECOND

1530
00:52:22,839 --> 00:52:24,040
SOURCE OF ADVERSITY BUT WE DON'T

1531
00:52:24,107 --> 00:52:25,509
THINK THERE IS SOME SORT OF

1532
00:52:25,575 --> 00:52:26,810
WEIRD PROPERTY OF OUR DATA

1533
00:52:26,877 --> 00:52:29,045
BECAUSE THEY DO NOT OVERLAP WITH

1534
00:52:29,112 --> 00:52:31,481
AGE ASSOCIATED SITES AND THAT

1535
00:52:31,548 --> 00:52:33,683
NOT OVERLAP WITH TECHNICAL BATCH

1536
00:52:33,750 --> 00:52:34,417
ASSOCIATED SITES.

1537
00:52:34,484 --> 00:52:37,921
FINALLY, WE WANTED TO ASK ABOUT

1538
00:52:37,988 --> 00:52:39,022
WHETHER THERE'S ANY EVIDENCE

1539
00:52:39,089 --> 00:52:41,157
THAT THESE THINGS MATTER TO GENE

1540
00:52:41,224 --> 00:52:42,125
REGULATION WHICH IS STILL

1541
00:52:42,192 --> 00:52:44,127
REALLY, REALLY FAR AWAY FROM YOU

1542
00:52:44,194 --> 00:52:45,962
KNOW RISK OF DEC LATE IN LIFE,

1543
00:52:46,029 --> 00:52:47,931
BUT AT LEAST GETS US THE NEXT

1544
00:52:47,998 --> 00:52:48,999
STEP DOWN THE ROAD.

1545
00:52:49,065 --> 00:52:50,534
WE THINK THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE

1546
00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:52,035
THAT THERE IS, SO WHAT I'M

1547
00:52:52,102 --> 00:52:55,238
SHOWING YOU HERE, ARE

1548
00:52:55,305 --> 00:52:56,039
ANNOTATIONS FROM THE EPIGENETIC

1549
00:52:56,106 --> 00:52:57,674
ROADMAP THAT JUST SORT OF COLORS

1550
00:52:57,741 --> 00:52:59,876
THE GENOME BASED ON WHETHER THE

1551
00:52:59,943 --> 00:53:02,746
GENOME HAS HIGH REGULATORY

1552
00:53:02,812 --> 00:53:04,080
ACTIVITY OR LOW REGULATORY

1553
00:53:04,147 --> 00:53:05,048
ACTIVITY AND REGIONS OF THE GOY

1554
00:53:05,115 --> 00:53:06,917
NOAM THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

1555
00:53:06,983 --> 00:53:09,319
SOCIAL STATUS ALSO HABITAT

1556
00:53:09,386 --> 00:53:10,620
QUALITY OR DROUGHT TEND TO BE

1557
00:53:10,687 --> 00:53:11,721
ENRICH INDEED REGIONS THAT ARE

1558
00:53:11,788 --> 00:53:13,423
DOING SOMETHING, THAT WE BELIEVE

1559
00:53:13,490 --> 00:53:14,658
ARE DOING SOMETHING, WHEREAS

1560
00:53:14,724 --> 00:53:15,692
REGIONS OF THE GENOME THAT ARE

1561
00:53:15,759 --> 00:53:17,127
ASSOCIATE WIDE AGE ARE NOT.

1562
00:53:17,193 --> 00:53:18,862
OKAY IN SO THERE'S REASON TO

1563
00:53:18,929 --> 00:53:21,565
BELIEVE THAT THESE THINGS ARE

1564
00:53:21,631 --> 00:53:22,632
ACTIVE, AND FINALLY, AND SOME

1565
00:53:22,699 --> 00:53:26,102
WORK THEY WON'T TELL YOU

1566
00:53:26,169 --> 00:53:27,270
ANYTHING ABOUT OTHER THAN SAYING

1567
00:53:27,337 --> 00:53:30,473
WE DID IT, WE WENT ON THE LOCK

1568
00:53:30,540 --> 00:53:32,809
TETOUR BECAUSE WE'RE SO

1569
00:53:32,876 --> 00:53:34,077
FRUSTRATED WITHOUT KNOWING IF

1570
00:53:34,144 --> 00:53:35,812
THESE DID ANYTHING, AND DESIGNED

1571
00:53:35,879 --> 00:53:38,548
A HIGH THROUGH PUT GENOMIC ASSAY

1572
00:53:38,615 --> 00:53:39,649
WHERE WE COULD MANIPULATE ONLY

1573
00:53:39,716 --> 00:53:41,051
METHYLATION STATUS AND ASK

1574
00:53:41,117 --> 00:53:42,786
WHETHER DIFFERENCES IN METHYL

1575
00:53:42,852 --> 00:53:45,121
MARKS ON OTHERWISE IDENTICAL

1576
00:53:45,188 --> 00:53:46,590
SEQUENCES DROVE SCREEN

1577
00:53:46,656 --> 00:53:47,390
EXPRESSIONLY, OKAY IN AND SO

1578
00:53:47,457 --> 00:53:51,761
THAT'S WHAT WE DID HERE AND WE

1579
00:53:51,828 --> 00:53:54,531
DO FIND CASES WHERE DROUGHT

1580
00:53:54,598 --> 00:53:56,433
ASSOCIATED CPG SITES FOR

1581
00:53:56,499 --> 00:53:59,970
INSTANCE ARE ACTIVE IN YELLOW

1582
00:54:00,036 --> 00:54:02,205
WHEN THEY'RE UNMETHALATED, THEY

1583
00:54:02,272 --> 00:54:04,841
DRIVE GENE COMEGZ WHEN THEY'RE

1584
00:54:04,908 --> 00:54:07,310
METHALATED AND DRIVE IT WHEN

1585
00:54:07,377 --> 00:54:08,211
THEY'RE UNMETHYLASED.

1586
00:54:08,278 --> 00:54:10,513
AND WE DID THIS FOR WORK I WON'T

1587
00:54:10,580 --> 00:54:12,916
TALK ABOUT TODAY, BUT THAT

1588
00:54:12,983 --> 00:54:14,250
GENOME DATA SET IS AVAILABLE FOR

1589
00:54:14,317 --> 00:54:17,020
ANYONE WHO IS TRYING TO

1590
00:54:17,087 --> 00:54:18,888
INTERPRET THEIR EPIGENETIC DATA.

1591
00:54:18,955 --> 00:54:21,157
WE FIND THAT EARLY SITES ARE NOT

1592
00:54:21,224 --> 00:54:22,525
PARTICULARLY MORE LIKELY TO

1593
00:54:22,592 --> 00:54:23,393
DRIVE GENE EXPRESSION THAN

1594
00:54:23,460 --> 00:54:25,962
THINGS YOU MEASURE BUT FOR THOSE

1595
00:54:26,029 --> 00:54:28,531
THAT ARE IN ACTIVE REGULATORY

1596
00:54:28,598 --> 00:54:29,833
REGIONS, THE VAST MAJORITY OF

1597
00:54:29,899 --> 00:54:32,636
THEM DO SO EVIDENCE FOR

1598
00:54:32,702 --> 00:54:33,303
METHYLATION DEPENDENCE, IT DOES

1599
00:54:33,370 --> 00:54:38,742
MATTER WHETHER OR NOT THEY'RE

1600
00:54:38,808 --> 00:54:40,010
METHALATED OR NOT.

1601
00:54:40,076 --> 00:54:41,778
SO IN SUM, I HOPE I CONVINCED

1602
00:54:41,845 --> 00:54:45,315
YOU THAT THERE ARE WAYS THAT I

1603
00:54:45,382 --> 00:54:46,116
CONVINCED YOU STUDYING SPECIES

1604
00:54:46,182 --> 00:54:51,354
THAT ARE NOT OUR OWN SPECIES

1605
00:54:51,421 --> 00:54:53,757
NEVERTHELESS ABOUT OUR OWN

1606
00:54:53,823 --> 00:54:56,526
SPECIES, AND THERE ARE VERY,

1607
00:54:56,593 --> 00:54:57,861
VERY DIFFICULT CHALLENGES BOTH

1608
00:54:57,927 --> 00:54:58,495
THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL MECHANISMS

1609
00:54:58,561 --> 00:55:00,563
THAT GIVE US VERY DETAILED

1610
00:55:00,630 --> 00:55:01,865
INSIGHT INTO CAUSAL DIRECTIONS

1611
00:55:01,931 --> 00:55:05,669
AND ENTER LIFE COURSE STUDIES

1612
00:55:05,735 --> 00:55:07,103
THAT ALLOW US TO IDENTIFY MODELS

1613
00:55:07,170 --> 00:55:08,838
FOR THINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN

1614
00:55:08,905 --> 00:55:12,442
HUMANS THAT CAN BE STUDIED IN

1615
00:55:12,509 --> 00:55:13,977
COMPLIMENTARY WAYS ELSEWHERE.

1616
00:55:14,044 --> 00:55:16,079
GOING BACK TO ALEXANDER P A PIO,

1617
00:55:16,146 --> 00:55:17,514
THIS IS PART OF THE

1618
00:55:17,580 --> 00:55:18,915
[INDISCERNIBLE] I SHOWED YOU IN

1619
00:55:18,982 --> 00:55:20,784
THE BEGINNING BUT A BIT FURTHER

1620
00:55:20,850 --> 00:55:22,919
DOWN, HE SAYS GO ON

1621
00:55:22,986 --> 00:55:24,220
[INDISCERNIBLE], WHICH I TAKE AS

1622
00:55:24,287 --> 00:55:26,456
FOLLOW THE SCIENCE AND GO TO USE

1623
00:55:26,523 --> 00:55:27,891
THE RESOURCES AND TOOLS

1624
00:55:27,957 --> 00:55:28,792
AVAILABLE TO YOU TO SOLVE THE

1625
00:55:28,858 --> 00:55:29,893
PROBLEMS THAT YOU NEED TO SOLVE.

1626
00:55:29,959 --> 00:55:31,594
I DON'T KNOW IF THAT'S WHAT HE

1627
00:55:31,661 --> 00:55:37,734
MEANT BUT THAT'S THE WAY WE WILL

1628
00:55:37,801 --> 00:55:38,735
INTERPRET IT HERE?

1629
00:55:38,802 --> 00:55:41,838
AND AN MODELS ARE INCREDIBLY

1630
00:55:41,905 --> 00:55:43,540
IMPORTANT IN THE RESEARCH AT NIH

1631
00:55:43,606 --> 00:55:45,675
IN MANY DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF

1632
00:55:45,742 --> 00:55:47,410
WHAT THE PORTFOLIO DOES, THEY'RE

1633
00:55:47,477 --> 00:55:50,313
ANIMAL MODELS FOR CANCER AND

1634
00:55:50,380 --> 00:55:51,748
ANIMAL MODELS FOR RESPIRATORY

1635
00:55:51,815 --> 00:55:53,516
DEC AND VACCINES AND THERE HAS

1636
00:55:53,583 --> 00:55:56,219
BEEN MUCH LESS OF THAT WORK DONE

1637
00:55:56,286 --> 00:55:58,121
IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL

1638
00:55:58,188 --> 00:55:59,656
DETERMINANTS BUT I THINK THERE'S

1639
00:55:59,723 --> 00:56:03,359
AN ARGUMENT TO BE MADE THAT

1640
00:56:03,426 --> 00:56:05,061
ALTHOUGH THE HOMOLOGYYS AND

1641
00:56:05,128 --> 00:56:06,596
ANALOGIES WILL NEVER BE PERFECT,

1642
00:56:06,663 --> 00:56:07,897
YOU WANT EVERY TOOL IN THE

1643
00:56:07,964 --> 00:56:10,667
ARSENAL YOU CAN BRING TO BEAR

1644
00:56:10,734 --> 00:56:12,736
AND I HOPE THAT I MAY HAVE MOVED

1645
00:56:12,802 --> 00:56:15,271
YOU A LITTLE BIT IN THAT

1646
00:56:15,338 --> 00:56:16,172
DIRECTION TODAY.

1647
00:56:16,239 --> 00:56:17,507
WITH THAT I WILL JUST

1648
00:56:17,574 --> 00:56:18,441
THANK--THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE

1649
00:56:18,508 --> 00:56:20,043
INVOLVED IN IN WORK, SOME OF

1650
00:56:20,110 --> 00:56:21,111
WHOM I HAVE MENTIONED.

1651
00:56:21,177 --> 00:56:22,412
I ALSO WANT TO PARTICULARLY

1652
00:56:22,479 --> 00:56:23,513
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT A NUMBER OF THE

1653
00:56:23,580 --> 00:56:25,115
PEOPLE WHO HAVE LED THIS WORK

1654
00:56:25,181 --> 00:56:29,352
ARE TRAINEES THAT WERE SUPPORTED

1655
00:56:29,419 --> 00:56:31,054
THROUGH THE NRSA PROGRAM AND

1656
00:56:31,121 --> 00:56:32,222
THROUGH THE K99 PROGRAM AND WE

1657
00:56:32,288 --> 00:56:33,656
COULD NOT HAVE DONE ALL OF THE

1658
00:56:33,723 --> 00:56:35,492
WORK THAT WE'VE DONE WITHOUT

1659
00:56:35,558 --> 00:56:36,059
THAT SUPPORT.

1660
00:56:36,126 --> 00:56:38,695
SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT.

1661
00:56:38,762 --> 00:56:41,498
AND IF THERE'S TIME, I WILL

1662
00:56:41,564 --> 00:56:51,374
ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS.

1663
00:56:51,441 --> 00:56:52,075
[ APPLAUSE ]

1664
00:56:52,142 --> 00:56:53,710
>> ANYONE CAN USE THE MICs ON

1665
00:56:53,777 --> 00:56:54,177
EITHER SIDE.

1666
00:56:54,244 --> 00:56:55,545
THERE IS 1 QUESTION FROM ONLEAN

1667
00:56:55,612 --> 00:56:57,680
THEY CAN START WITH.

1668
00:56:57,747 --> 00:57:01,751
LET ME SAY THE CME CODE AGAIN,

1669
00:57:01,818 --> 00:57:02,719
IT'S 50123.

1670
00:57:02,786 --> 00:57:04,254
HOW DOES YOUR RESEARCH

1671
00:57:04,320 --> 00:57:06,456
COMPLEMENT STUDIES ON CHIMPS AND

1672
00:57:06,523 --> 00:57:07,991
GORILLAS IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP

1673
00:57:08,057 --> 00:57:10,126
TO HUMAN HEALTH IN SIMILARLY DO

1674
00:57:10,193 --> 00:57:11,628
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRIMATES

1675
00:57:11,694 --> 00:57:13,396
OFFER DIFFERENT KINDS OF

1676
00:57:13,463 --> 00:57:13,863
INSIGHTS?

1677
00:57:13,930 --> 00:57:20,436
IF SO, HOW?

1678
00:57:20,503 --> 00:57:21,504
>> YEAH, SO CHIMPANZEES AND

1679
00:57:21,571 --> 00:57:22,605
GORILLAS ARE MUCH MORE CLOSELY

1680
00:57:22,672 --> 00:57:24,407
RELATED TO US THAN THE SPECIES I

1681
00:57:24,474 --> 00:57:25,909
TALKED ABOUT TODAY SO FROM THE

1682
00:57:25,975 --> 00:57:27,277
STANDPOINT OF DIRECT COMPARISONS

1683
00:57:27,343 --> 00:57:30,079
TO TRY TO IDENTIFY THE BASIS FOR

1684
00:57:30,146 --> 00:57:31,581
UNIEKLY HUMAN TRAITS, I THINK

1685
00:57:31,648 --> 00:57:33,082
THEY'RE THE RIGHT SORT OF

1686
00:57:33,149 --> 00:57:35,819
SPECIES TO STUDY, THAT BEING

1687
00:57:35,885 --> 00:57:37,220
SAID, THERE ARE--THIS IS THE

1688
00:57:37,287 --> 00:57:38,721
ARGUMENT THAT CLIFF JOLLY MADE

1689
00:57:38,788 --> 00:57:39,589
IN THE PAPER I MENTIONED IN THE

1690
00:57:39,656 --> 00:57:44,160
VERY

1691
00:57:44,227 --> 00:57:45,662
VERY BEGINNING, THERE IS A

1692
00:57:45,728 --> 00:57:53,336
REASON WHY GOING OUTSIDE OF THE

1693
00:57:53,403 --> 00:57:57,307
DPRAIT APES IS BECAUSE SOME OF

1694
00:57:57,373 --> 00:58:00,710
IT IS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT

1695
00:58:00,777 --> 00:58:01,978
BIOMEDICAL MODELS IN NONHUMAN

1696
00:58:02,045 --> 00:58:02,779
PRIMATES, IN FIELD STUDIES

1697
00:58:02,846 --> 00:58:04,647
BECAUSE OF THEIR FASTER

1698
00:58:04,714 --> 00:58:06,249
GENERATION TIME, WE ALSO HAVE

1699
00:58:06,316 --> 00:58:07,717
MUCH BIGGER SAMPLE SIZES FOR

1700
00:58:07,784 --> 00:58:10,553
THEM, THAN IS TYPICAL TO COLLECT

1701
00:58:10,620 --> 00:58:13,289
FOR EVEN VERY LONG-TERM STUDIES

1702
00:58:13,356 --> 00:58:13,890
FOR EXAMPLE OF CHIMPANZEES.

1703
00:58:13,957 --> 00:58:16,292
FROM A SORT OF BIOLOGICAL TANNED

1704
00:58:16,359 --> 00:58:17,927
POINT, THEY ALSO OFFER SOME

1705
00:58:17,994 --> 00:58:19,362
SIMILARITIES TO HUMANS, THAT

1706
00:58:19,429 --> 00:58:21,431
ACTUALLY WE DON'T SHARE WITH

1707
00:58:21,497 --> 00:58:23,633
OTHER GREAT APES, SO CHIMPANZEES

1708
00:58:23,700 --> 00:58:27,971
FOR INSTANCE ARE MUCH MORE

1709
00:58:28,037 --> 00:58:30,340
ECOLOGICALLY SPECIALIZED TO

1710
00:58:30,406 --> 00:58:31,407
FORESTED AREAS WHEREAS BABOONS

1711
00:58:31,474 --> 00:58:33,943
ARE LIKE US AND KIND OF LIKE

1712
00:58:34,010 --> 00:58:35,445
PIGEONS AND COCKROACHES AND

1713
00:58:35,511 --> 00:58:36,045
STUFF, THEY LIVE EVERYWHERE,

1714
00:58:36,112 --> 00:58:40,750
THEY DO VERY WELL, THEY ADOPT TO

1715
00:58:40,817 --> 00:58:41,517
DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES AND

1716
00:58:41,584 --> 00:58:42,385
DEPENDING ON THE QUESTION YOU'RE

1717
00:58:42,452 --> 00:58:44,354
ASKING, I THINK THERE'S A HIGH

1718
00:58:44,420 --> 00:58:45,722
DEGREE OF LOOKING AT DNCH

1719
00:58:45,788 --> 00:58:47,323
SYSTEMS AND OF COURSE, I THINK

1720
00:58:47,390 --> 00:58:48,358
ABOUT PEOPLE HERE THINK ABOUT

1721
00:58:48,424 --> 00:58:50,026
MEDICARE AND MEDICAID O SETS AND

1722
00:58:50,093 --> 00:58:52,929
THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO STUDY

1723
00:58:52,996 --> 00:58:53,897
TT MONKEYS, THROUGH THE NIH

1724
00:58:53,963 --> 00:58:55,832
PORTFOLIO AND THOSE OFFER OTHER

1725
00:58:55,899 --> 00:58:58,101
OPPORTUNITIES THAT OUR GUYS

1726
00:58:58,167 --> 00:58:58,601
DON'T.

1727
00:58:58,668 --> 00:59:00,336
RIGHT, THIS GUYS DON'T PAIR BOND

1728
00:59:00,403 --> 00:59:02,639
BUT OTHER SPECIES DO SO IF

1729
00:59:02,705 --> 00:59:06,409
YOU'RE INTERESTED IN THE SORT OF

1730
00:59:06,476 --> 00:59:10,480
CONSEQUENCES OF PAIR PONDING AND

1731
00:59:10,546 --> 00:59:11,314
THE CONSEQUENCES OF SEVERE

1732
00:59:11,381 --> 00:59:14,050
MITRALLERRING OF PAIR BONDS FOR

1733
00:59:14,117 --> 00:59:14,717
INSTANCE, BABOONS ARE THE WRONG

1734
00:59:14,784 --> 00:59:17,053
PLACE TO LOOK BUT TT MONKEYS

1735
00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:19,923
MIGHT BE A GREAT PLACE TO LOOK.

1736
00:59:19,989 --> 00:59:21,491
>> I'M CURIOUS IF YOU LOOKEDDA

1737
00:59:21,557 --> 00:59:24,694
THE ANY PROTECTIVE FACTORS OR

1738
00:59:24,761 --> 00:59:26,162
BETTER WORDED ANYTHING THAT

1739
00:59:26,229 --> 00:59:27,230
MIGHT REVERSE SOME OF THESE

1740
00:59:27,297 --> 00:59:29,098
EFFECTS THAT YOU SEE OF EARLY

1741
00:59:29,165 --> 00:59:33,236
LIFE, STRESS OR ADVERSEIT?

1742
00:59:33,303 --> 00:59:35,772
>> SO WE'VE DONE SOME WORK ON

1743
00:59:35,838 --> 00:59:37,073
CAUSAL MEDIATION ANALYSIS, LIKE

1744
00:59:37,140 --> 00:59:39,042
REALLY WE'VE BEEN DOING, YOU

1745
00:59:39,108 --> 00:59:40,810
KNOW SOMETIMES WE'RE VERY MUCH

1746
00:59:40,877 --> 00:59:44,080
FOLLOWING IN THE FOOT STEPS,

1747
00:59:44,147 --> 00:59:45,481
TOO, IF PEOPLE ARE LIKE HUMANS

1748
00:59:45,548 --> 00:59:47,150
APPROXIMATE WE HAVE EARLY

1749
00:59:47,216 --> 00:59:48,318
ADVERSITY AND THEY'RE DYING

1750
00:59:48,384 --> 00:59:50,887
LATER ON AND WHAT COULD BE

1751
00:59:50,954 --> 00:59:52,021
HAPPENING IN BETWEEN SO THAT

1752
00:59:52,088 --> 00:59:54,190
COULD BE A TEST TO TEST THE

1753
00:59:54,257 --> 00:59:55,458
INTERMEDIATES I DIDN'T HAVE TIME

1754
00:59:55,525 --> 00:59:57,026
TO TALK ABOUT TODAY BUT IN THE

1755
00:59:57,093 --> 00:59:58,561
PROCESS OF BUILDING THOSE MODELS

1756
00:59:58,628 --> 01:00:00,730
WE TRIED TO ASK ANY BUFFERING

1757
01:00:00,797 --> 01:00:02,565
EFFECTS AND SO FOR EARLY LIFE

1758
01:00:02,632 --> 01:00:04,534
ADVERSITY, 1 OF THE THINGS THAT

1759
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:05,702
BOTH, HIGH SOCIAL STATUS LATER

1760
01:00:05,768 --> 01:00:08,538
IN LIFE AND GREATER SOCIAL

1761
01:00:08,604 --> 01:00:09,305
INTEGRATION OR STRONGER SOCIAL

1762
01:00:09,372 --> 01:00:11,941
BONDS SEEM TO HAVE A MODERATING

1763
01:00:12,008 --> 01:00:14,544
EFFECT TO THAT SOMEWHAT OFFSET

1764
01:00:14,610 --> 01:00:16,279
THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE

1765
01:00:16,346 --> 01:00:17,480
ADVERSITY, SO IT'S NOT THAT

1766
01:00:17,547 --> 01:00:23,319
WE'RE TRYING TO SAY, YOU KNOW

1767
01:00:23,386 --> 01:00:24,520
LIFE IS DETERMINED IN THOSE

1768
01:00:24,587 --> 01:00:27,190
FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, THERE

1769
01:00:27,256 --> 01:00:27,757
ARE CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE ON

1770
01:00:27,824 --> 01:00:28,424
AGINGS OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT

1771
01:00:28,491 --> 01:00:30,893
SEEM TO MOTIER A LOT BOTH TO

1772
01:00:30,960 --> 01:00:32,328
OUTCOMES WE MEASURE CONCUR EPTLY

1773
01:00:32,395 --> 01:00:34,464
AND ALSO TO THE  MAGNITUDE OF

1774
01:00:34,530 --> 01:00:40,069
THOSE EARLY LIFE EFFECTS.

1775
01:00:40,136 --> 01:00:41,204
>> HOW ABOUT EXPERIMENTALLY IN

1776
01:00:41,270 --> 01:00:44,841
ANY THOUGHTS FOR ANY LATER LIFE

1777
01:00:44,907 --> 01:00:46,109
EXPERIMENTS?

1778
01:00:46,175 --> 01:00:48,644
>> WE HAVEN'T TRIED THAT SORT OF

1779
01:00:48,711 --> 01:00:48,845
THING.

1780
01:00:48,911 --> 01:00:51,247
THE LIFE COURSE STUFF WE DO DOES

1781
01:00:51,314 --> 01:00:54,017
NOT LEPPED ITSELF TO

1782
01:00:54,083 --> 01:00:54,450
EXPERIMENTATION.

1783
01:00:54,517 --> 01:00:55,685
AND THE CAPPIVE WORK WE DO, I

1784
01:00:55,752 --> 01:00:57,453
THINK THIS IS TRUE FOR EVERYBODY

1785
01:00:57,520 --> 01:01:01,457
WHO TRIED TO DO  CAPTIVE WORK

1786
01:01:01,524 --> 01:01:02,525
WITH SOCIAL MANIPULATIONS, IT'S

1787
01:01:02,592 --> 01:01:04,727
REALLY HARD TO DO FULL LIFE

1788
01:01:04,794 --> 01:01:05,628
COURSE STUDIES, TO MY KNOWLEDGE

1789
01:01:05,695 --> 01:01:07,196
AND YOU WOULD KNOW PERHAPS

1790
01:01:07,263 --> 01:01:09,832
BETTER THAN ME ABOUT THIS, THE

1791
01:01:09,899 --> 01:01:11,367
ONLY EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION

1792
01:01:11,434 --> 01:01:13,603
WITH FULL LIFE COURSE OUTCOMES

1793
01:01:13,669 --> 01:01:16,572
THAT'S BEEN DONE TO DATE IS

1794
01:01:16,639 --> 01:01:17,540
DIETARY RESTRICTION, IT'S A HUGE

1795
01:01:17,607 --> 01:01:17,774
EFFORT.

1796
01:01:17,840 --> 01:01:19,008
I WOULD LOVE TO SEE IT DONE

1797
01:01:19,075 --> 01:01:20,543
BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL THESE PIECES

1798
01:01:20,610 --> 01:01:22,478
SUGGIEST IT'S GOING TO HAVE

1799
01:01:22,545 --> 01:01:24,147
CONSEQUENCES THAT UNFOLD ACROSS

1800
01:01:24,213 --> 01:01:25,181
THE LIFE COURSE BUT WE HAVEN'T

1801
01:01:25,248 --> 01:01:26,482
BEEN ABLE TO WATCH THESE SAME

1802
01:01:26,549 --> 01:01:27,884
INDIVIDUALS IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES

1803
01:01:27,950 --> 01:01:29,719
FOR LONG ENOUGH TO SAY THAT WITH

1804
01:01:29,786 --> 01:01:30,720
IM  PERICAL DATA AND THAT'S

1805
01:01:30,787 --> 01:01:32,688
WHERE YOU WANT TO DO YOUR

1806
01:01:32,755 --> 01:01:33,389
INTERVENTION WORK.

1807
01:01:33,456 --> 01:01:35,191
NOKAY, WE WILL HAVE TO STOP AT

1808
01:01:35,258 --> 01:01:35,625
THIS TIME.

1809
01:01:35,691 --> 01:01:37,393
IS THIS MIC ON?

1810
01:01:37,460 --> 01:01:40,163
I WANT TO THANK DR. TUNG 1 MORE

1811
01:01:40,229 --> 01:01:43,866
TIME, FOR 1 MORE TALK AND

1812
01:01:43,933 --> 01:01:46,002
PRESENTATION AND AGAIN,

1813
01:01:46,069
CONGRATULATIONS.