1 00:00:05,760 --> 00:00:08,120 >>WELCOME TO THE 2 00:00:08,120 --> 00:00:11,200 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON LECTURE 3 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:12,960 SERIES. 4 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:14,000 I'M KELLEY TENHAGUEIN, A SENIOR 5 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:15,160 INVESTIGATOR AT THE 6 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:17,800 BIOLOGY SECTION AT THE NATIONAL 7 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:19,320 INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND 8 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:19,920 CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH AND I'M 9 00:00:19,920 --> 00:00:22,960 ALSO THE CHAIR OF THE WOMEN NIH 10 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:24,160 SCIENTIST ADVISORS COMMITTEE. 11 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,480 I AM EXCITED TO INTRODUCE 12 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:30,200 TODAY'S SPEAKER DR. CASSANDRA 13 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:31,000 EXTAVOUR, NOMINATED BY THE 14 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:32,880 NIH WOMEN ADVISORS. 15 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:39,080 OUR SPEAKER TODAY IS 16 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:40,840 DR. CASSANDRA EXTAVOUR, SHE IS 17 00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:42,880 THE Ph.D. PROFESSOR WITH THE 18 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,440 DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIS MIC AND 19 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:47,280 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT 20 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:50,840 OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR 21 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:51,640 BIOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 22 00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:53,040 SHEES TALKING ABOUT EARLY 23 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:58,840 EMBIONIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE 24 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,600 GENES THAT CONTROL IT, THE 25 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:02,880 ORIGINS OF THESE 26 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:05,080 GENES AND HOW THEIR FUNCTIONS 27 00:01:05,080 --> 00:01:07,720 HAVE CHANGED OVER EVOLUTIONARY 28 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:07,920 TIME. 29 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:11,920 IN STUDYING DROSOPHILA AND OTHER 30 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:12,640 NONTRADITIONAL MODEL ORGANISMS, 31 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:14,840 THE DOCTOR HAS UNCOVERED NOVEL 32 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:16,880 MECHANISMS IN GENERAL PRINCIPLES 33 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:18,800 OF EMBRYONIC GERMLINE AND GONAD 34 00:01:18,800 --> 00:01:21,280 MORPH O GENESIS WITH CLEAR 35 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:22,840 IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING 36 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:23,320 HUMAN INFERTILITY. 37 00:01:23,320 --> 00:01:27,080 SHE'S ALSO DISCOVERED WAYS THAT 38 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:29,760 ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES ON 39 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:31,880 REPRODUCTION CREATE HELP STEER 40 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,120 EVOLUTION, THE DOCTOR IS A 41 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:37,360 NATIVE OF TORONTO WHERE SHE WENT 42 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:39,480 ON TO ATTEND THE UNIVERSITY AND 43 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,760 OBTAIN A HONORS OF BATCHER 44 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:53,080 SCIENCE WITH MOLECULAR GENETICS 45 00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:54,080 AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. 46 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,200 AND SHE PERFORMED POST DOCTORAL 47 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:58,920 WORK FIRST WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] 48 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:03,160 AT THE INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR 49 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:05,040 BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN CRETE 50 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:06,080 GREASE AND SUBSEQUENTLY WITH 51 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:14,040 MICHAEL THE UNIVERSITY OF CAME 52 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,440 BRIDGE. 53 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:17,600 IN. 54 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:18,760 2007, SHE ESTABLISHED HER 55 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:19,920 DEPARTMENT IN EVOLUTIONARY 56 00:02:19,920 --> 00:02:21,320 BIOLOGY AT HARVARD WHY SMEE WAS 57 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:23,560 ROUGH ATOM PROTEIN COMPLEXED TO 58 00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:25,480 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 2011 AND 59 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,480 FULL PROCESSOR IN 2014 AND THE 60 00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:29,280 DOCTOR RECEIVED NUMEROUS HONORS 61 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:31,880 AND RECOGNITIONS INCLUDING BEING 62 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:33,920 SELECTED AS AN HHMI INVESTIGATOR 63 00:02:33,920 --> 00:02:36,960 IN 2021 AS I MENTIONED EARLIER 64 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:39,160 AND ALSO RECEIVING THE ELLISON 65 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:41,440 NEW SCHOLAR AND AGING AWARD, IN 66 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:43,720 2020 SHE WAS NAMED HARVARD 67 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:45,240 COLLEGE PROFESSOR IN RECOGNITION 68 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:46,280 OF HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO 69 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:50,200 MENTORING AND TEACHING AT 70 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:51,240 HARVARD. 71 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:54,880 THE TITLE-THE DOCTOR'S TALK IS 72 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:56,000 EVOLVING ADAPTIVE REPRODUCTIVE 73 00:02:56,000 --> 00:03:02,480 CAPACITY, A SYSTEMS APPROACH 74 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:02,960 USING DROSOPHILA MODELS. 75 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:05,840 OKAY, THAT'S CHANGED A BIT BUT 76 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:06,160 THAT'S OKAY. 77 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:07,280 AND DR. EXTAVOUR, WELCOME TO THE 78 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:08,480 NIH AND THANK YOU FOR BEING WITH 79 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:09,840 US. 80 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:10,880 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH KELLEY FOR 81 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:12,320 THE INTRODUCTION AND I WANT TO 82 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:13,840 THANK EVERYONE INVOLVED IN THE 83 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:15,920 INVITATION FOR ME TO BE HERE. 84 00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,120 IT'S BEEN SCHEDULED FOR A LITTLE 85 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:19,680 WHILE NOW AND I'M EXCITED IT CAN 86 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:20,480 FINALLY TAKE PLACE. 87 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:22,240 I THINK HOPEFULLY WE'RE ALL 88 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:23,520 RELATIVELY USED TO THE VIRTUAL 89 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:25,920 FORMAT WHICH I THINK HAS A LOT 90 00:03:25,920 --> 00:03:27,080 OF ADVANTAGES OF INCLUDING MORE 91 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:27,680 AND MORE PEOPLE. 92 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:29,880 SO I'M EXCITED TO TELL YOU 93 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:30,880 TODAY, ABOUT SOME OF THE WORK 94 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:33,160 WE'VE BEEN DOING IN MY LAB, 1 95 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:34,080 PARTICULAR LINE OF RESEARCH 96 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:36,240 THAT'S KIND OF GROWN AND BUILT 97 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,560 AND ADDED MANY DIFFERENT LAYERS 98 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:40,920 OF THE LAYERS WORKING ON IT AND 99 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:42,480 WE HOPE TO ADDED MORE LAYERS 100 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:44,120 GOING FORWARD, SO THAT'S WHY I 101 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:45,080 DECIDED TO SORT OF THINK ABOUT 102 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:47,440 THIS AS A SYSTEMS APPROACH 103 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:49,480 BECAUSE WE'RE TRYING TO 104 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:50,880 ENCOMPASS AS MANY DIFFERENT 105 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:52,920 ELEMENTS OF THE COMPLEX SYSTEM 106 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:53,560 OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS AS WE 107 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:55,640 CAN IN OUR STUDY, WE CAN'T DO 108 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:57,280 EVERYTHING AT THE SAME TIME BUT 109 00:03:57,280 --> 00:03:58,680 WE CAN DO A LITTLE BIT OF 110 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:00,320 EVERYTHING IF WE KEEP WORKING ON 111 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:00,760 IT LONG ENOUGH. 112 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:02,800 THE VIEW YOU'RE SEEING HERE ON 113 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:04,280 THE TITLE SLIDE IS THE VIEW, 114 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:06,280 IT'S NOT 1 OF OUR FIELD SITES, I 115 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:07,480 WOULD SAY IT'S A VIEW CAN YOU 116 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:09,360 HAVE ON THE WAY TO 1 OF OUR 117 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:10,360 FIELD SITES TO COLLECT SOME OF 118 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:11,960 THE ORGANISMS THAT WE WORK WITH 119 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:14,480 AS WE HAVE BEEN GUN TO WORK WITH 120 00:04:14,480 --> 00:04:16,800 NATURAL POPULATIONS TO SORT OF 121 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:19,840 ENHANCE OUR WORK ON LABORATORY 122 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:20,800 POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA 123 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:25,520 SPECIES OF FRUIT FLIES. 124 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:27,440 SO YOU KNOW I'M INTERESTED IN 125 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:30,480 THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC 126 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:31,040 UNDERPINNING OF BIOLOGICAL 127 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:32,680 FUNCTION OF FORM AND DIVERSITY, 128 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:33,640 ALSO INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING 129 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:35,760 HOW ALL OF THESE SYSTEMS EVOLVED 130 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:37,120 AND SO WHEN WE CONSIDER THE 131 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:38,880 FUNCTION OF THE GENE OR THE 132 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:40,440 BEHAVIOR OF THE CELL, WE WANT TO 133 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:41,480 UNDERSTAND BOTH HOW THAT THING 134 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:43,840 IS WORKING IN A LIVING ORGANISM 135 00:04:43,840 --> 00:04:46,160 AND ALSO HOW THE EVOLUTIONARY 136 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:47,320 PROCESS, THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE 137 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:48,960 BEFORE WE COULD REALLY OBSERVE 138 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:50,640 IT, KIND OF LED TO THAT 139 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:51,000 CHARACTERISTIC. 140 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,960 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE 141 00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:55,720 EVOLUTION, WHICH IS HERITABLE 142 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:57,880 CHANGE OVER TIME WE KNOW WE NEED 143 00:04:57,880 --> 00:04:59,320 3 MAIN THINGS FOR EVOLUTION TO 144 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:00,560 UPON HA, REALLY WE JUST NEED 2 145 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:02,440 EXPW THE THIRD IS A BONUS. 146 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:03,120 SOPHISTICATEDY WE NEED 147 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:04,560 VARIATION, IF EVERYTHING IS 148 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:05,840 IDENTICAL, THERE'S NO CHANGE TO 149 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:09,600 BE MADE AND SO EVOLUTION CAN'T 150 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:11,080 HAPPEN UNDER COMPLETELY STATIC 151 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:12,440 NO VARIANTS. 152 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:14,880 IF TERMS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 153 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:16,600 OR HERITABLE CHANGE WE NEED 154 00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:18,560 THESE VARIATIONS TO BE 155 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:20,280 HERITABLE, THAT'S A KEY PILLAR 156 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:22,040 WITH JUST THOSE 2 ALONE CAN YOU 157 00:05:22,040 --> 00:05:23,880 HAVE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF 158 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:26,200 HERITABILITY OF VARIATION AND BY 159 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:26,840 DEFINITION EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE. 160 00:05:26,840 --> 00:05:29,160 NONAPOPTOTIC YOU IF ANY OF THESE 161 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:30,600 VARIATIONS ARE ALSO LINKED TO 162 00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:31,520 VARIATIONS IN FITNESS, THEN HAVE 163 00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:33,480 YOU THE OPPORTUNITY FOR 1 164 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:35,480 PARTICULAR MECHANISM TO OPERATE 165 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:36,680 ON THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS AND 166 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:39,080 THAT IS NATURAL SELECTION. 167 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:40,120 I'M PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN 168 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:41,680 THE LINK BETWEEN VARIATION AND 169 00:05:41,680 --> 00:05:43,160 FITNESS, WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS 170 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:45,640 IESM VERY INTERESTED IN TRAITS 171 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:46,440 WHOSE VARIABILITY DEFINITELY HAS 172 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:48,960 A LINK TO FITNESS BECAUSE THESE 173 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:51,440 ARE TRAITS THAT ARE SORT OF MORE 174 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:52,720 OBVIOUS CANDIDATINGS FOR THE 175 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:53,760 POTENTIAL FOR NATURAL SELECTION 176 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:54,880 TO THE ACTING BECAUSE OF COURSE 177 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:56,280 WE REMEMBER THAT NOT EVERYTHING 178 00:05:56,280 --> 00:05:58,080 THAT'S PRODUCED IN EVOLUTION IS 179 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:00,080 PRODUCED BY ADAPTIVE FORCES 180 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:00,880 THEY'RE MANY NONADAPTIVE FORCES 181 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:01,600 THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT BUT 182 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:03,280 TODAY I WANT TO SEE IF WE CAN 183 00:06:03,280 --> 00:06:05,440 MAKE A STEP TOWARDS CONSIDERING 184 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:08,080 SOMETHING WE SUSPECT, IS OF 185 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:11,200 ADAPTED IMPORTANCE BECAUSE IT 186 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:11,600 IMPACTS FITNESS. 187 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:12,720 APPROXIMATE SO WE'RE INTERESTED 188 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,080 IN TRAITS THAT IMPACT 189 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:15,680 REPRODUCTION, OFFSPRING 190 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:17,160 REPRODUCTION BECAUSE THAT EAD 191 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:18,480 KEY ELEMENT OF FITNESS BECAUSE 192 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:20,280 IT'S A KEY ELEMENT OF THE NUMBER 193 00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:21,680 OF OFFSPRING 1 PRODUCES IT WILL 194 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:23,280 HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON THE 195 00:06:23,280 --> 00:06:24,680 NUMBER OF OFFSPRING IN THE NEXT 196 00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:27,360 GENERATION THAT ARE CAN GOING TO 197 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:29,680 CONTAIN PARTICULAR VARIANTS OR 198 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:31,040 ALLELIC VARIATIONS AND WE 199 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:32,920 CONSIDER OFTEN SORT OF MANY 200 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:34,480 ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE 201 00:06:34,480 --> 00:06:36,520 PROCESS SINCE I SORT OF STARTED 202 00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:38,080 AS A DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGIST, IT 203 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:39,640 MADE ME INTERESTED IN SCIENCE AS 204 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:43,480 A PROFESS, I THINK OF ALL LIFE 205 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:44,480 AS A DEVELOPMENTAL CYCLE, ALL 206 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:45,880 CELL LIFE AND 1 OF THE 207 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:55,080 DEFINITIONS OF LIVE OF 208 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:55,920 COURSE--TODAY THE PROCESS NEEDS 209 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:58,440 TO INVOLVE AT THE BEGINNING OF 210 00:06:58,440 --> 00:06:59,080 DEVELOPMENT, THE SEPARATION OF 211 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:00,240 CELLS THAT WILL BE PALSZED ON 212 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:01,560 DIRECTLY TO THE NEXT GENERATION 213 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:03,720 SO THAT CELLS WILL MAKE GAM EATS 214 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,760 FOR EXAMPLE, NEED A GERMLINE 215 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:07,080 DISTINCTION. 216 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:09,640 YOU NEED TO GENERATE A BUNCH OF 217 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:12,320 SOMATIC CELL TYPES THIS IS AN 218 00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:13,720 INVARIANT PROPERTY OF 219 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:14,560 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS LIKE 220 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:16,240 HUMANS OR FRUIT FLIES, THE 221 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:17,720 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS I'M USING AS 222 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:19,680 A HUGE BOX WITHIN WHICH ALL OF 223 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:21,080 THESE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES 224 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:22,800 ORGANIZE THEMSELVES INTO A 225 00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:24,200 FUNCTIONING ENTITY AND ONCE YOU 226 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:26,080 ACCOMPLISHED THAT, CAN YOU 227 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:27,160 ACHIEVE YOUR PREPRACTICES 228 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:28,800 DUCTIVE OUTPUT THAT MIGHT BE 229 00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:30,400 HIGH OR LOW REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT 230 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:31,480 ASK THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO 231 00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:35,480 YOUR HIGHER OR LOWER FITNESS. 232 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:36,680 TO GIVE YOU A SENSE OF HOW WE 233 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:38,240 LIKE TO THINK ABOUT THESE SORTS 234 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:39,800 OF PROBLEMS IN MY LAB BEFORE WE 235 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:41,960 GET INTO THE NITTY-GRITTY OF THE 236 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:42,840 SPECIFIC EXAMPLE, I WANT TO LET 237 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:44,640 YOU KNOW THAT WE LIKE TO THINK 238 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:46,120 OF THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS AND 239 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:47,880 IT'S SORT OF MANIFESTATION TODAY 240 00:07:47,880 --> 00:07:50,120 ON MANY LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL 241 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:50,680 ORGANIZATION. 242 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:52,440 WE THINK ABOUT GENES THEIR 243 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:54,200 SEQUENCES,Y WE THINK ABOUT THE 244 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:55,280 PRODUCTS THEY ENCODE, RNA'S 245 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:56,880 PROTEIN, WHAT HAVE YOU, WE THINK 246 00:07:56,880 --> 00:07:58,600 ABOUT THE CELLS, AND HOW THEY 247 00:07:58,600 --> 00:07:59,880 RESPOND TO THESE DIFFERENT GENE 248 00:07:59,880 --> 00:08:00,680 PRODUCTS. 249 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:02,000 HOW THE CELLS PUT THEMSELVES 250 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,320 TOGETHER INTO ORGAN SYSTEMS, AND 251 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:05,960 HOW THESE ORGANS FUNCTION WITHIN 252 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:06,840 THE ORGANIZATIONSISMS AND 253 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:08,200 INCREASINGLY IN THE FUTURE, I 254 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:09,920 HOPE YOU'RE GOING TO MOVE THIS 255 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,360 SPOT TO OTHER LEVEL OF SORT OF 256 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:14,280 BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS WHICH 257 00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:15,800 IS CONSIDERING ORGANISMS IN 258 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:17,280 THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE 259 00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:18,120 THEY'RE HAVING MANY INTERACTIONS 260 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:20,400 WITH A LOT OF ORGANISMS. 261 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:22,040 WE TAKE A MULTIMODEL APPROACH 262 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:23,920 BECAUSE IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND 263 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:25,280 THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS BY 264 00:08:25,280 --> 00:08:27,080 DEFINITION WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 265 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:28,560 HERITABLE CHANGE SO WE CAN'T 266 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:30,680 LOOK AT 1 ORGANISM, WE HAVE TO 267 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:31,800 LOOK AT A MINIMUM MANY 268 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:33,000 GENERATIONS OF AN ORGANISM AND 269 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:34,960 EVEN BET FERRANDIS OUR POINT OF 270 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:36,240 VIEW, MANY ORGANISMS BECAUSE 271 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:38,960 WHEN WE COMPARE THE SIMILARITIES 272 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:39,720 AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 273 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:41,280 DIFFERENT ORGANISMS WE CAN BEGIN 274 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:43,880 TO MAKE EDUCATED GUESSES WHICH 275 00:08:43,880 --> 00:08:45,440 WE LIKE TOICAL HYPOTHESIS AS 276 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:47,840 SCIENTISTS AS TO THE 277 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:48,680 EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF THE 278 00:08:48,680 --> 00:08:49,800 THINGS WE'RE SEEING TODAY. 279 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:51,920 SO I WILL FOCUS IN TODAY'S TALK 280 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:57,720 TO WORK WE'VE DONE USING 281 00:08:57,720 --> 00:08:58,920 DROSOPHILA MELANO GHASTER, AND A 282 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:01,480 NUMBER OF OTHERS SPECIES IN THE 283 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,040 LAB AND IN THE WILDER BUT OTHER 284 00:09:04,040 --> 00:09:05,440 PEOPLE WORKING ON OTHER PROJECTS 285 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:06,880 I WON'T TALK ABOUT TODAY, WORK 286 00:09:06,880 --> 00:09:08,560 ON OTHER MODELS THAT PEOPLE LIKE 287 00:09:08,560 --> 00:09:10,040 TO CALL EMERGING MODELS BECAUSE 288 00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:12,880 THEY'RE NOT AS ESTABLISHED OR 289 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:13,960 MAN EPIGENETICALATABLE LIKE THIS 290 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:15,360 HERE, YET WE TBIEND THEM VERY 291 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:16,480 FRUITFUL TO INVESTIGATE BECAUSE 292 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:18,800 THEY CAN OFFER US INSIGHT INTOS 293 00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:20,680 NEW TYPES OF BIOLOGY AT THE 294 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:22,000 STANDARD WILL NEVER SHOW YOU. 295 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:27,080 SO THAT MEANS WE SOMETIMES SPEND 296 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:27,960 TIME DEVELOPING NEW MODELS IN 297 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:29,120 THE TRUE THAT WE SUSPECT HAVE 298 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,760 NEW INSIGHTS TO SHOW US THAT WE 299 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:32,800 CAN'T SEE WHEN WE'RE FOCUSING ON 300 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:35,240 THE PART OF THE TRUTH. 301 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:37,680 BECAUSE EVERYTHING WE DO 302 00:09:37,680 --> 00:09:39,880 BUILDING ON HISTORICAL WORK, 303 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:41,280 MANY CENTURIES OF SCIENTISTS 304 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:43,240 BEFORE US, WE ALSO TAKE VERY 305 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:46,600 SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING THE 306 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:47,840 HISTORICAL LITERATURE WHERE THE 307 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:49,320 CENTURIES OF SCIENTISTS BEFORE 308 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:51,080 US HAVE COLLECTIVELY STUDIED SO 309 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:52,280 MANY MORE ORGANISMS THAN WE CAN 310 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:53,880 IN OUR LIFETIME AND WE DON'T 311 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:55,240 WANT TO NEGLECT THAT DATA SET 312 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:56,680 AND WE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT 313 00:09:56,680 --> 00:09:58,080 LITERATURE IN A BIG WAY AND 314 00:09:58,080 --> 00:09:59,800 SOMETIMES AGAIN IT WILL NOT 315 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,720 ENTER INTO THIS TALK MUCH BUT 316 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:02,880 SIMULATING ORGANISMS IS VERY 317 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:04,680 USEFUL WAY JUST LIKE SIMULATING 318 00:10:04,680 --> 00:10:06,400 ANY PROCESS, IS A VERY USEFUL 319 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:08,760 WAY TO UNDERSTAND THE SORT OF 320 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:11,840 LIMITS OF POTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY 321 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:13,880 VARIATION AND TO GENERATE 322 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:14,880 INFORMED EXPECTATIONS AS TO WHAT 323 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:16,680 YOU MIGHT SEE IN THE EXTRA 324 00:10:16,680 --> 00:10:17,360 POPULATIONS. 325 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:20,160 AND THEN FINALLY, WE'RE NOT AN 326 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:21,760 ORGANISM LAB, OR ORGANISM DRIVEN 327 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,680 LAB AS WE'VE SEEN AND NOT A 328 00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:24,880 LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 329 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:26,600 DRIVEN LAB AND WE'RE ALSO NOT A 330 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:28,880 TECHNIQUE DRIVEN LAB AND SO, WE 331 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:29,880 USE WHATEVER TECHNIQUE WE THINK 332 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:31,400 IS GOING TO PROVIDE THE MOST 333 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:33,120 INSIGHT INTO THE LEVEL OF 334 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:34,080 ORGANIZATION THAT WE'RE 335 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:34,560 INTERESTED IN. 336 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:37,040 SO THAT MEANS THAT WE USE 337 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:39,680 DIFFERENT TOOLS GENETICS, WE USE 338 00:10:39,680 --> 00:10:42,280 FIELD WORK, USE MICROSCOPY, 339 00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:42,880 MODELING, BIOCHEMIST RADIOY, 340 00:10:42,880 --> 00:10:44,280 WHATEVER WE THINK WILL ALLOW US 341 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:46,280 TO SHED LIGHT ON THAT PARTICULAR 342 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:47,000 ELEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL 343 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,280 ORGANIZATION THAT WE'RE 344 00:10:49,280 --> 00:11:03,960 INTERESTED IN THIS A GIVEN 345 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:04,200 MOMENT. 346 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:05,440 SORRY, I WILL STOP FOR A MOMENT 347 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:06,480 TO LOOK FOR A MISSING SLIDE, 348 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:07,320 BECAUSE IT'S IMPORTANT AND 349 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:08,200 THAT'S TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE 350 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:09,400 PEOPLE WHO DID THE WORK. 351 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:10,560 THE TEAM 352 00:11:10,560 --> 00:11:11,760 THAT BUILT UP THIS SYSTEM, THE 353 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:13,280 CORE MEMBERS ARE HERE AND 354 00:11:13,280 --> 00:11:14,560 THEY'RE MEMBERS CURRENT AND 355 00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:16,200 FORMER IN MY LAB OVER MANY YEARS 356 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:18,040 AND ANDRE GREEN WAS A FIRST 357 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:22,360 GRADUATE STUDENT ALONG WITH 358 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:23,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] THEY'VE GONE ON 359 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:24,800 TO BETTER AND BRIGHTER THINGS IN 360 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:27,000 MY LAB, AND ESTABLISHING KEY 361 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:29,040 PARAMETERS THAT CONTROL AND VERY 362 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:29,760 DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA AND I 363 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:32,040 WILL TALK ABOUT A LOT TODAY. 364 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:33,800 SAM CHURCH WAS A STUDENT WHO 365 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,000 JUST LEFT US REEBTLY FOR HIS 366 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:43,280 POST DOC. 367 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:46,000 --THAT POPULATION WORK IN HAWAII 368 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:49,840 WAS POWERED IN OUR LAB BY SARAH 369 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:51,680 SO THIS IS THE TEAM OF PEOPLE 370 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:52,960 THAT REALLY LAID THE FOUNDATIONS 371 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:54,120 FOR ALMOST ALL THE DATA I WILL 372 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:55,120 ARE SHARING WITH YOU TODAY OR 373 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:57,360 MANY YEARS. 374 00:11:57,360 --> 00:11:59,480 ANDRE AND DIDEM WERE 2 OF MY 375 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:00,960 STARTING MEMBERS, AND THEY LAID 376 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:02,120 THE BASIS THAT WE'RE INTERESTED 377 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:08,560 IN WHICH WE WILL GO INTO MORE 378 00:12:08,560 --> 00:12:08,960 DETAIL SOON. 379 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:11,120 SAM WAS ABLE TO GO OUT IN THE 380 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,080 WILD AND FIGURE OUT HOW DO IT 381 00:12:13,080 --> 00:12:14,120 WITH THE COLLABORATORS AND SAM 382 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:19,200 PICKED UP THE BATON FOR HER AND 383 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:22,280 PUSHED FORWARD THE HAWAIIAN WORK 384 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:26,200 TOWARDS TODAY'S TALK AND THEN 385 00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:28,280 TARUN AND LEO WERE GREAT WITHIN 386 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:32,480 THE LAB, AND TARUN IS A 387 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:35,040 BIOLOGIST ANDLY O IS A SYSTEM 388 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:37,800 BIOLOGIST AND THEY WORKED OUT 389 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:39,440 THE THOUSANDS OF PHENOTYPES AND 390 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:41,240 HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT GENETIC 391 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:43,120 BACKGROUNDS TO PROVIDE US WITH 392 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:44,000 THE SYSTEMS LEVEL REGULATORY 393 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:45,520 INFORMATION THAT WE WERE ABLE IT 394 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:49,480 GET ABOUT THIS SYSTEM. 395 00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:50,680 OKAY, SO THE SPECIFIC STUDY 396 00:12:50,680 --> 00:12:52,000 SYSTEM NOW, THE SPECIFIC TRAITS 397 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:52,880 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TO 398 00:12:52,880 --> 00:12:54,720 UNDERSTAND THE EFLIEWGDZARY 399 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:55,800 VARIATION AND ORIGINS OF 400 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:57,440 VARIATIONS IN THESE TRAITS WE 401 00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,640 WILL USE A SPECIFIC ASPECT OF 402 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:01,440 REPROUCT DIDDIVE ANATOMY OF 403 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:03,200 FRUIT FLIES AND THAT'S THE TYPE 404 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:04,040 CALLED THE OVALID AND 405 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:05,360 RELIABLEIOLE MPLET SO HERE ON 406 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:07,000 THE LEFT-HAND SIDE WE HAVE A 407 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:09,440 SCHEMATIC OF THE FRUIT FLY, IT 408 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:11,520 HAS A BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL 409 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:12,440 OVARY INSIDE IT WHICH IS THE 410 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:13,760 WHITE THING AT THE BOTTOM AND WE 411 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:15,120 TAKE OUT 1 OF THESE AND LOOK AT 412 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:18,640 IT CLOSE UP WE SEE CAN THAT 413 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:19,720 UNLIKE A MAMMALIAN OVARY, WHICH 414 00:13:19,720 --> 00:13:21,640 IS A BAG OF 415 00:13:21,640 --> 00:13:22,280 DISORGANIZATIONALINIZED CELLS IN 416 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:23,440 THE SIDES AND THE CELLS INSIDE 417 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:25,040 ARE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PHOTO 418 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,480 GENERATED CISION BUT THERE'S NOT 419 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:30,440 ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION WITHIN 420 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:32,840 THAT BUT IN INSECTS THEY'RE 421 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:34,360 ORGANIZED ABOUT THEIR OVARIES, 422 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:36,040 THEY DIVIDE THEM INTO AN 423 00:13:36,040 --> 00:13:37,440 ASSEMBLY LINE WHERE THE EGGS ARE 424 00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:38,680 MADE AND THESE LINES ARE CALLED 425 00:13:38,680 --> 00:13:39,240 CORRELATED VALID AND 426 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:40,800 RELIABLEIOLES AND YOU CAN SEE ON 427 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:42,280 THE RIGHTED HAND SIDE. 428 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:43,400 SO THESE IS ORGANIZED IN THE 429 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,080 WILL IFING WAY AT THE ANTERIOR 430 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:47,920 AT THE TOP, WE HAVE GERMLINE 431 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:50,640 STEM CELLS THAT ARE CONTINUALLY 432 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:51,920 PRODUCING SOURCES OF NEW 433 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:53,920 OSIGHTS, THESE ARE PRODUCED 434 00:13:53,920 --> 00:13:55,560 INITIALLY AT THE TOP AND THEY 435 00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:56,480 DIFFERENTIATE AND BECOME MORE 436 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:58,880 AND MORE MATURE AS WE MOVE 437 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:00,520 TOWARDS THE MOSTERIOR AND THEY 438 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:02,040 ARE COMPLETELY MATURE AND 439 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:02,840 ACTIVATED AND FERTILIZED AND 440 00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:06,040 THEY ARE LAID AT THE BOTTOM OF 441 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:07,920 THE FLY OR POSTERIOR. 442 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:09,240 SO THIS TRAIT NOW OVALID AND 443 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:10,840 RELIABLEIOLES IN THE NUMBER OF 444 00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:12,240 OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLES IS A 445 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:12,960 VERY INTERESTING TRAIT BECAUSE I 446 00:14:12,960 --> 00:14:17,240 WILL SHOW YOU IN THE NEXT COUPLE 447 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:18,240 SLIDES IT INVOLVES KEY FEATURES 448 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:20,400 THAT WE WOULD LIKE TO SEE IN A 449 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:22,160 TRAIT WHOSE EVOLUTION MAY BE 450 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:23,560 ADAPTED THAT MEANS MAY CONVERG 451 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:25,520 WITH THE SPECIFIC FITNESS 452 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:26,480 ADVANTAGES INTO THE SPECIFIC 453 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:29,080 ENVIRONMENTS IS SO WE WILL LOOK 454 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:30,280 AT A OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLE 455 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:32,160 NUMBER BECAUSE WE THINK IT 456 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:33,000 PROVIDES A DIRECT LINK TO THE 457 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:34,520 FITNESS AND I WILL SHOW YOU 458 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:37,280 EVIDENCE FOR THAT THOUGHT IN A 459 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:37,520 SECOND. 460 00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:46,200 SO, DOES OVARIOLE CHANGE? 461 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:50,440 YES, AT THE END OF THE TALK 462 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,360 OVARIOLE ACROSS INSECTS IS 463 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:54,480 EXTREMELY VARIABLE, SEVERAL 464 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:56,680 NUMBERS BUT EVEN WITHIN THE DROF 465 00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:58,920 SOLILLA WE CAN CHANGE IT BY A 466 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:00,480 COUPLE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 467 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:00,920 ALONE. 468 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:03,880 HERE YOU'RE SEEING A SET OF 469 00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:04,440 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 470 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:06,840 BETWEEN 12 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF 471 00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:10,320 THE GEANUS DROSOPHILA AND THE 472 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:12,080 OVARIOLE NUMBER IS THE TOTAL 473 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:14,080 NUMBER PERFEMALE AND WE FIND 474 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:18,400 THAT THE OVARIOLE NUMBER IS 475 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:19,440 SIGNIFY LATERALLY SYMMETRICAL, 476 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,440 SO THE OVARIOLE IN 1 OVARY WILL 477 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:24,240 BE HALF OF THIS. 478 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:25,440 SO SHOWN UP HERE CLOSE TO THE 479 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:29,080 TOP THAT HAS HALF THE NUMBER OF 480 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:32,800 THE OVARIOLE ALTHOUGH SOME OF 481 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:34,080 ITS RELATIVES, ARE SIMILAR. 482 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:36,440 SO WE HAVE A LOT OF VALID AND 483 00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:38,040 RELIABLE YABTS TO TO WELCOMER 484 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:39,480 WITH SO EVOLUTION LOOKS 485 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:39,760 PROMISING. 486 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:41,200 WE HAVE HIGH HERITABILITY OF 487 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:41,760 THIS TRAIT. 488 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:43,560 THIS CAN BE INFLUENCED BY 489 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:45,200 PARAMETERS AS YOU WILL SEE IN 20 490 00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:46,720 MINUTES OR SOMETHING, BUT LET ME 491 00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:48,560 TELL YOU IT IS STRONGLY 492 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:49,320 GENETICALLY DETERMINED AND 493 00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:50,920 HERE'S EVIDENCE FOR THAT, IN 494 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:52,480 THIS EXPERIMENT WHAT WE DID WAS 495 00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:54,240 GO TO HAWAII, AND FIND FLIES 496 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:55,760 THAT NATURALLY ARE LIVING AND 497 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:58,840 THEREFORE WE THINK FEEDING ON 498 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:01,360 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBSTRATES, 499 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:02,560 FLOWER, SAP, ET CETERA. 500 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:05,040 THEY ARE LISTED AT THE TOP AND 501 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:06,760 WE CATCH THESE WILD CAUGHT 502 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:09,240 FEMALES WE DON'T KNOW WHAT 503 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:10,840 THEY'VE BEEN EATING, MATING 504 00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:12,400 WITH, AND WE CATCH THEM, AND 505 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:14,680 BRING THEM BACK TO THE WILL BE, 506 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:15,880 GIVE THEM STANDARD FLY FOOD, TO 507 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:17,680 LAY THEIR EGGS ON IT, AND THEY 508 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:19,520 LAY THEIR EGGS IN LAB, THEIR 509 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:25,080 EGGS ARE HAPPY TO DEVELOP ON OUR 510 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:25,640 FOOD. 511 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:28,640 A NUMBER OF THESE WILD CAUGHT 512 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:29,680 MOTHERS THAT WERE EATING 513 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:30,840 WHATEVER THEY WANTED AND 514 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:32,320 WHATEVER ENVIRONMENT THEY FELT 515 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,360 LIKE, WE CAN COMPARE THEIR 516 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:37,360 OVARIOLE NUMBER TO THE OVARIOLE 517 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,240 OF THEIR OFFSPRING AND WE FIND 518 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:40,880 NOTICE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE 519 00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:42,240 EVEN THOUGH THE MOMS WERE EATING 520 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,200 WHATEVER THEY WANTED AND THE 521 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:45,320 OFFSPRING WERE EATING THE SAME 522 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:47,560 THING IN THE LAB CONDITIONS BUT 523 00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:49,520 NEVERTHELESS THE NUMBER IS NOT 524 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:50,040 STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT. 525 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:51,640 SO THIS IS TELLING US WE HAVE A 526 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:53,200 HUGE AMOUNT OF GENERATEDETEC 527 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:54,360 CONTROL OVER THIS TRAIT. 528 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:56,040 SOPHISTICATEDY THAT'S 2 CHECK 529 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:56,800 MARKS FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 530 00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:58,640 RIGHT NEW WE KNOW WE CAN GET IT 531 00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:01,880 IN THIS TRAIT AND FINALLY WE 532 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:02,960 THINK EVOLUTION EAR CHANGE OVER 533 00:17:02,960 --> 00:17:04,960 TIME MAY ACTUALLY BE ADAPTIVE IN 534 00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:07,480 SUCH SITUATIONS BECAUSE IN 535 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:08,120 DROSOPHILA, THE MORE OVALID AND 536 00:17:08,120 --> 00:17:09,280 RELIABLEIOLES HAVE YOU, THE MORE 537 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:10,760 EGGS YOU GET TO LAY, THIS 538 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:12,040 EXPERIMENT HERE, THESE DATA ARE 539 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,840 SHOWING YOU, THE RESULTS OF AN 540 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:17,120 EXPERIMENT WHERE WE USE GENETIC 541 00:17:17,120 --> 00:17:19,440 TRICKS FOR THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 542 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:22,320 TO MAKE THE FLIES HAVE MORE AND 543 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:22,760 MORE OVARIOLES. 544 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:24,560 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE RIGHT 545 00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:26,000 PLOT, THE WILD TYPE IS AT THE 546 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,960 TOP AND IT HAS A CERTAIN NUMBER 547 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:30,720 OF OVARIOLE AND IN THE SECOND 548 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:33,440 ROLE, YOU SEE WE MANIPULATED THE 549 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:34,440 FLIES GENETICALLY, THE DETAILS 550 00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:35,640 ARE NOT IMPORTANT BUT WE 551 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:36,680 INCREASED THE NUMBER SO THE BAR 552 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:38,680 IS SHIFTING TO RIGHT, AND 553 00:17:38,680 --> 00:17:39,720 CORRESPONDINGLY IF YOU LOOK AT 554 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:41,560 THE LEFT HAND SPOT WHERE WE'RE 555 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:43,520 LOOKING AT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 556 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:45,240 EGGS LAID BY THESE FEMALES 557 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:46,520 THEY'RE LAYING MORE THAN WHEN 558 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:47,920 THEY DID HAVE FEWER OVALID AND 559 00:17:47,920 --> 00:17:49,440 RELIABLEIOLES AND WE CAN DO MORE 560 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:50,520 GENETIC TRICKS IN THE BOTTOM 561 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:51,960 REAL AND GIVE THEM A HIGHER 562 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:52,800 NUMBER AND CORRESPOND WHEN 563 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:56,840 THEY'RE GOING TO LAY MORE EGGS. 564 00:17:56,840 --> 00:17:59,720 OVER HERE YOU CAN SEE MORE 565 00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:00,680 EVIDENCE, FURTHER THAT THAT 566 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:02,640 NUMBER IS STRONGLY POSITIVE LE 567 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,760 CORRELATED WITH EGG LAYING IN 568 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:07,160 SOME IN60S INCLUDING DROSOPHILA. 569 00:18:07,160 --> 00:18:08,840 SO OUR LABORATORY NORTH AMERICAN 570 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:10,280 CONTROL STRAIN OF THIS HAS ABOUT 571 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:12,400 40 OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLES 572 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:14,000 PERFEMALE AND IN OUR LABDS SHE 573 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,320 WILL LAY 50 TO A HUNDRED EGGS A 574 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:19,840 DAY GIVE OR TAKE, THIS OTHER 575 00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:23,080 SPECIES, THIS CRICKET HAS AN 576 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:25,640 ORDER OF MAG NIITUTE OF OVARIOLE 577 00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:28,160 AND IT LAYS MORE EGGS AND IN 578 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:32,200 CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, THESE 2 579 00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:34,120 SPECIES, THE MELANOGASTROON THE 580 00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,840 TOP AND THE SEC HELLIA,OT 581 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:39,920 BOTTOM, IT ONLY HAS HALF THE 582 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:43,640 NUMBER OF OVARIOLE COMPARED TO 583 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:45,640 MELANOGASTER, AND IT LAYS FAR 584 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:46,960 FEWER EGGS AND IT SHOWS THE 585 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:48,600 FIRST 10 DAYS OF LIFE AND WE 586 00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:50,640 COUNT UP THE EGGS THAT THESE 587 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:52,760 FEMALES LAID EVERY DAY OF THEIR 588 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:54,600 FIRST 10 DAYS OF LIFE, THE 589 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:56,960 NUMBER OF EGGS ON THE Y-AXIS AND 590 00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:00,040 YOU CAN SEE FOR THESE 2 DAYS 591 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:01,200 THESE PLIES LAY VERY DIFFERENT 592 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:02,920 NUMBERS OF EGGS, EACH 1 IS A 593 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:03,560 FEMALE WE COUNTED. 594 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,640 THIS IS A SMALL DATA PILOT SET 595 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,200 WHERE WE HAD 10 PER SPECIES AND 596 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:10,080 WE COUNTED FOR DEN DAYS AND 597 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:11,760 COLLECTED A LARGER DATA SET WITH 598 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:13,800 A HUNDRED FEMALES PER SPECIES 599 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,440 OVER THEIR ENTIRE LIFETIME. 600 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:16,640 WE COUNTED HOW MANY THEY ALL 601 00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:23,440 LAID UNTIL THEY DIED SEC HELLIA 602 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:24,520 NEVER CATCHES UP. 603 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:26,480 IT WILL ALWAYS LOSE OUT THERE SO 604 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:30,680 WE HAVE QUANTITATIVE TRAIT. 605 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:32,520 HIGHLY HERITABLE AND LINKED TO 606 00:19:32,520 --> 00:19:33,640 FITNESS AND START TO INVESTIGATE 607 00:19:33,640 --> 00:19:35,560 THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT 608 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:36,280 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW THIS 609 00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:37,800 STRAIGHT GETS TO BE THE WAY IT 610 00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:39,360 IS IN SPECIFIC SPECIES AND HOW 611 00:19:39,360 --> 00:19:41,040 VARIATIONS IN THIS TRAIT MIGHT 612 00:19:41,040 --> 00:19:41,560 POSSIBLY HAVE EVOLVED. 613 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:43,440 SO WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT IT 614 00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:44,440 FROM AT LEAST 3 DIFFERENT POINTS 615 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:45,520 OF VIEW AND I WILL GIVE YOU 616 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:46,640 EXAMPLES OF THE SORTS OF 617 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:48,640 EXPERIMENTS THAT WE DO WHEN 618 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:49,920 WE'RE CONCERNED WITH THE 619 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:51,000 DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL OF THE 620 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:51,720 TRAIT, THE GENETIC CONTROL OF 621 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:53,400 THE STRAIGHT AND THE 622 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,440 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF THE 623 00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:56,640 TRAIT. 624 00:19:56,640 --> 00:19:57,960 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 625 00:19:57,960 --> 00:19:58,560 DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL OF THE 626 00:19:58,560 --> 00:19:59,640 TRAIT, WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS 627 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:01,160 WHAT ARE THE CELLS THAT NEED TO 628 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:02,520 MAKE THE ON OVARIOLE, WHAT DO 629 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:04,240 THE CELLS DO THAT MAKES THENL 630 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:05,440 DECIDE HOW MANY THEY NEED TO 631 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:05,720 MAKE? 632 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,640 WHAT YOU ARE SEEING HERE WILL BE 633 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:09,520 CLEAR SHORTLY. 634 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:11,920 IT'S A MICROGRAPH OF A LARVA 635 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:13,240 OVARIOLE, BEFORE THE OVARIOLE 636 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:14,080 ARE EVEN FINISHED AND YOU CAN 637 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:15,760 SEE THAT THERE ARE A LOT OF 638 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,720 DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, EXPRESSING 639 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:22,560 JEEPS, DIFFERENT COLORS, THE 640 00:20:22,560 --> 00:20:24,400 GENES ARE NOT IMPORTANT, THEY'RE 641 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:25,160 ORGANIZING THEMSELVES IN A WAY 642 00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:26,880 THAT I WILL SHOW YOU CORRESPONDS 643 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:29,120 TO THE NUMBER THAT THESE OVARIES 644 00:20:29,120 --> 00:20:30,520 GOING TO GIVE RISE TO. 645 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:32,400 SO A VARIABLE NUMBER IT TURNS 646 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:33,600 OUT, IT'S ASH ADULT TRAIT WE'RE 647 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:35,560 INTERESTED IN BUT IT'S 648 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:37,200 DETERMINED DURING THE LARVAL 649 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:43,200 STATES IN THIS INSECT SO DURING 650 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:47,520 THE EMBRYO, THE ANIMAL MAKES A 651 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:48,640 GONAD, AND AT THIS POINT AS FAR 652 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:51,240 AS WE CAN TELL UNDIFFERENTIATED 653 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:51,760 THESE SOMATIC CELLS. 654 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:54,160 AS THE LARVA GROWS, SO THE 655 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:55,840 DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF DIFFERENT 656 00:20:55,840 --> 00:21:03,640 STARS OR DIFFERENT LARVAL 657 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:06,360 STAGES, YOU GET MORE CELLS AND 658 00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:07,320 THESE REORGANIZE THEMSELVES ON 659 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:08,760 THE STOP NOW, THE WHITE CELLS 660 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,040 AND THE GERM CELLS ARE ALL DOWN 661 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,400 AT THE BOTTOM OR THE POSTERIOR 662 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:15,160 AND THE HANDFUL OF CELLS TURNED 663 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:16,440 GREEN, THESE ARE ALL A SPECIAL 664 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:18,640 TYPE OF SOMATIC CELL AND THEY 665 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:20,840 HANG OUT OR A INTERMINGLE WITH 666 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:21,480 THE CELLS. 667 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:22,600 SO THE SOMATIC CELLS ARE MOVING 668 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,040 IF ZINDER KACCT WILY AND THEY'RE 669 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:25,960 STARTING TO BECOME DIFFERENT IN 670 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:33,360 THEIR IDENTITY IN THEIR 671 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:34,000 BEHAVIOR. 672 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,600 THEY BEGAN TO EXPRESS DIFFERENT 673 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:37,080 JEERNS IN THOSE NEIGHBORS, THOSE 674 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:39,000 ARE THE RED CELLS, THOSE CELLS 675 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:40,440 THEY'RE EXPRESSING OTHER JEANS 676 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:42,080 I'M NOT SHOWING MORE COLORS HERE 677 00:21:42,080 --> 00:21:43,640 BUT THEY'RE STARTING TO MOVE 678 00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:49,640 DOWN BESIDE THE GERM CELLS SO 679 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:51,440 THERE'S SOME VIBRATION HAPPENING 680 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:52,720 AND THESE CELLS CHANGE SHAPE 681 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:54,560 NOW, THEY BECOME INSTEAD OF 682 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:57,280 BEING ROUND THEY BECOME FLAT AND 683 00:21:57,280 --> 00:21:59,520 THEY STACK UP ON TOP OF EACH 684 00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:02,160 OTHER, MIGRATING CELLS ON THE 685 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:04,000 RIGHT SIDE, POSTERIOR OF THE 686 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,000 OVARY AND FINALLY WHAT WE CALL 687 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:08,240 THE LP TRANSITION WHICH IS THE 688 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:09,640 LARVAL PIEWPA TRANSITION THIS IS 689 00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:11,680 WHEN THE ANIMAL'S ABOUT TO HEAD 690 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:16,440 INTO MAKING A PUPA BEFORE THE 691 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,160 FINAL STAINCH BEFORE ADULTHOOD, 692 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:22,040 AND THE CELLS THEY MADE THE 693 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:22,760 STACKS CALLED TERMINAL FILAMENTS 694 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:24,400 THEY ARE CRITICAL BECAUSE THE 695 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:26,600 NUMBER OF TERMINAL FILAMENTS 696 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,360 THAT AN ANIMAL HAS WHEN THEY GO 697 00:22:29,360 --> 00:22:30,640 INTO PUBLISHEDIPATION, WITH IT 698 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:32,520 WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON WHAT 699 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,920 HATCHES OUT AS AN ADULT. 700 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:37,040 AND THIS UNDERSTANDS IN ADULT 701 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:38,760 FLIES WE NEED DEVELOPMENTAL 702 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:40,320 BIOLOGIST IS THE CELL BEHAVIOR 703 00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:42,840 THAT TAKES PLACE DURING LARVAL 704 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:45,160 STAGES IN THE OVARY. 705 00:22:45,160 --> 00:22:46,120 HERE'S MICROGRAPHS TO SHOW YOU 706 00:22:46,120 --> 00:22:50,440 WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE TO US UNDER 707 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:52,800 THE MICROSCOPE, THIS IS SHOWING 708 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:54,760 THE OVARY, NUCLEI ARE IN BLUE 709 00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:56,080 AND THE FILAMENT CELLS ARE IN 710 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,360 RED AS THEY BEGIN TO ACQUIRE 711 00:22:59,360 --> 00:23:00,840 IDENTITY AND THEY TURN ON 712 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:02,160 SPECIAL GENES AND CALLED 713 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:03,800 ENGRAILED FOR THOSE WHO LIKE TO 714 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:05,360 KNOW GENE NAMES, THE CELLS ARE 715 00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,760 CHANGING THEIR SHAPE AND 716 00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:08,040 BECOMING FLATTENED AND DISK 717 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:08,240 SHAPED. 718 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:09,840 THEY STAM UP INTO LITTLE STACKS 719 00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:11,360 THAT WE OUTLINED WITH A WHITE 720 00:23:11,360 --> 00:23:13,480 DOTTED LINE FOR YOU TO SEE MORE 721 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:15,240 CLEARLY WITH THE RESULT THAT BY 722 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:17,560 THE TIME IT GOES IN THERE, THIS 723 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:21,240 OVARY NOW HAS THE SAME NUMBER OF 724 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,000 TOURNAMENT FILAMENT STACKS AS IT 725 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,880 WILL HAVE IN THE ADULT SO THIS 726 00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:27,800 IS HOW IN 1 SPECIES OOVARIOLES 727 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,240 GET MADE AND DETERMINED IS BY 728 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:31,320 DETERMINING THE NUMBER AND 729 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:34,960 ORGANIZATION OF THESE CELLS. 730 00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:37,200 WHAT HAPPEN FIST WE LOOK AT 2 OR 731 00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:38,440 MORE SPECIES WHOSE NUMBERS ARE 732 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:39,600 DIFFERENT EXPW WE GO BACKWARDS 733 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,280 IN TIME AND TRY TO FIND THE 734 00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:43,320 POINT DURING LARVAL 735 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:45,040 DEPRIVATIONMENT WHEN THEY BEHAVE 736 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:46,000 DIFFERENTLY IN THE DIFFERENT 737 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:47,280 SPECIES TO GIVE US THE RESULT 738 00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:48,880 THAT AS AN ADULT THEY HAVE THE 739 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,440 DIFFERENT TRAITS. 740 00:23:49,440 --> 00:24:00,880 WE CHOSE FRS THIS STUDY, TO ROOK 741 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:02,560 AT EVOLVING DEVELOPMENT WITH A 742 00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:02,800 SPECIES. 743 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:03,840 THE NUMBERS ON THE RIGHT HAND 744 00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:05,280 SIDE TO THE RIGHT OF EACH 745 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,720 SPECIES NAME ARE THE NUMBER OF 746 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:11,480 OVARIOLE OF AN ADULT FEMALE OF 747 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:13,040 THIS SPECIES AND THE NUMBERS IN 748 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:15,040 THE YELLOW BOXES ARE THE NUMBERS 749 00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:18,400 THAT WE INFER THROUGH 750 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:18,960 AN ANCESTRAL STATE 751 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:20,840 RECONSTRUCTION, THE LAST COMMON 752 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:21,560 ANCESTOR THESE SPECIES MIGHT 753 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:23,560 HAVE HEAD AND WE AND SEE THAT WE 754 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:25,520 FOCUS DOWN ON THE BOTTOM OF THE 755 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:32,960 TREE HERE, DROSOPHILA, THAT'S 756 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,680 OUR TYPE HERE, OR OREGON OUR 757 00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:38,760 REFERENCE STRAIN HAS ABOUT 36 758 00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:41,600 OVARIOLES IN A FEMALE. 759 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:43,520 ANOTHER STRAIN OF MELANO 760 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:45,040 GHASTER, IS A SAME SPECIES 761 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,200 LIVING IN INDIA HAS A MUCH LOWER 762 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:49,480 NUMBER OF OVARIOLE, 24, AND NOT 763 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:51,440 A DIFFERENT STRAIN OF THE SAME 764 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:53,200 SPECIES BUT A DIFFERENT SPECIES 765 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:54,200 ENTIRELY, SO DOWN AT THE BOTTOM 766 00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:57,560 AS YOU HEARD BEFORE, IT HAS MANY 767 00:24:57,560 --> 00:24:58,440 FEWER OVARIOLA THAN MELANO 768 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:00,120 GHASTER AND WHAT WE'RE LOOKING 769 00:25:00,120 --> 00:25:01,840 AT IS THE EVOLUTION, 770 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:02,640 INDEPENDENTLY IN THESE 2 771 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:04,880 DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF A LOWER 772 00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:06,760 OVARIOLE NUMBER COMPARED TO THE 773 00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:08,920 LAST COMMON ANCESTRAL NUMBER IN 774 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:09,880 THIS GROUP WAS AROUND 32 OR 775 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:11,120 SOMETHING LIKE THAT IN THE 776 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:12,240 BRIGHT YELLOW CONTROLLER OF 777 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:12,680 BANK. 778 00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:14,720 SO WHAT ANDRE DID HERE IS HE 779 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:15,880 LOOKED CAREFULLY, COUNTED THE 780 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:17,640 NUMBER OF CELLS, DOCUMENTED 781 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:19,440 THEIR BEHAVIOR IN THE LARVAL 782 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,040 DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVARY OF ALL 783 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:23,680 3 LINEAGES, 2 SPECIES OF MEL AN 784 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,280 GHASTER AND 1 WITH HIGH AND LOW, 785 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:28,680 AND SOME SHELLIA WITH THE LOW 786 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:30,400 NUMBER AND HE ASKED DO THEY HAVE 787 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:32,320 LOWER NUMBERS THAN THE OTHER 788 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:33,640 LINEAGE FOR THE SAME 789 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:34,120 DEVELOPMENTAL REASONS? 790 00:25:34,120 --> 00:25:36,000 THE THINGS THAT THEIR CELLS DID 791 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:37,160 DIFFERENTLY ARE THOSE THINGS THE 792 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:39,520 SAME BETWEEN THOSE LINEAGES OR 793 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:42,560 ARE THEY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THOSE 794 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:42,840 LINLIAGES. 795 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:44,920 >> AND THE ANSWER IS, THEY'RE 796 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:45,840 DIFFERENT. 797 00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:47,160 IN OTHER WORDS THERE ARE MANY 798 00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:49,400 DIFFERENT WAYS CAN YOU LOWER 799 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,240 OOVARIOLE NUMBER, THERE ARE MANY 800 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:52,360 DIFFERENT CHOICES THE CELLS CAN 801 00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:53,800 MAKE WITH THE RESULT THAT THEY 802 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:55,520 WILL HAVE FEWER, THAN SOME 803 00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:57,280 RELATIVE, THIS IS THE BEGINNING 804 00:25:57,280 --> 00:25:58,920 OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF 3 805 00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:00,800 LINEAGES, INDIA ON THE LEFT, 806 00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,600 OREGON IN THE MIDDLE AND SHELLY 807 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:04,160 ON THE RIGHT. 808 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:05,400 ANDRE COUNTED UP THE TOTAL 809 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:07,840 MEMBER OF AMOUNT IN THE OVARY IN 810 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:09,120 THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT AND SAW 811 00:26:09,120 --> 00:26:10,840 THAT SHELLIA WILL HAVE A VERY 812 00:26:10,840 --> 00:26:13,760 LOW NUMBER AS AN ADULT INDEED 813 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:15,440 HAS A SMALLER NUMBER OF THAT 814 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:16,720 SOMATIC CELLS AT THE BEGINNING 815 00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:18,480 OF THE ITSELF DEVELOPMENT, THE 816 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:23,840 OTHER 2, LINEAGES WHICH ARE THE 817 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:24,960 SPECIES FOR DROSOPHILA MELANO 818 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:26,240 GHASTER, HAVE THE SAME NUMBER, 819 00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:27,040 BECAUSE THAT'S INTERESTING 820 00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:28,680 BECAUSE WE'RE EXPECTING INDIA TO 821 00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:30,840 GROW UP AND HAVE FEWER OVARIOLE, 822 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:39,840 BUT WHEN IT'S GROWN UP IT HAS 823 00:26:39,840 --> 00:26:40,840 THE SAME NUMBER. 824 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:42,600 ANDRIE COUNTED UP THESE CELLS 825 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:47,320 AGAIN, AND WE FOUND THAT AS WE 826 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:50,320 MIGHT EXPECT THIS HAS FEWER 827 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:53,920 CELLS IN ITS OVARY THAN MELANO 828 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:55,120 GHASTER, SO SHELLY STARTED OUT 829 00:26:55,120 --> 00:26:56,560 WITH FEWER, IT WILL END UP WITH 830 00:26:56,560 --> 00:26:58,200 FEWER AND IT WAS NOT ABLE TO 831 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,440 CATCH UP IN THE LARGER STAGE. 832 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:02,080 IT STARTS SMALL, STAYS SMALL. 833 00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:03,040 BUT THE IBDIA STRAIN IS 834 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:05,440 INTERESTING BECAUSE WE KNOW IT 835 00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:06,480 WILL HAVE FEWER OVARIOLES THAN 836 00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:07,560 THE NORTH AMERICAN COUNT'RE 837 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:09,840 COUSIN AND WHEN IT'S TIME TO 838 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:11,840 MAKE A PIEWPA THIS OVARY HAS WAY 839 00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:14,480 MORE CELLS IN IT THAN THE MELANO 840 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,000 GHASTER DOES AND YOU CAN SEE 841 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,000 THAT AS THIS MASSIVE OVORY, SO 842 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:24,040 WHY IS IT NOT MAKING TERMINAL 843 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:24,840 ILAMENTS. 844 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:27,640 IT TURNS OUT IT'S ALLOCATED 845 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:28,040 THESE DIFFERENTLY. 846 00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:29,040 YOU MIGHT REMEMBER THAT WHEN WE 847 00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:31,400 WERE LOOKING AT THE CARTOON OF 848 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:32,440 LARVAL DEVELOPMENT THERE'S A 849 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:34,520 BUNCH OF CELLS, SOMATIC CELLS 850 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:36,080 THAT START ANTERIOR TO THE GERM 851 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:37,520 CELLS AND THEY MIGRATE DOWN TO 852 00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:38,760 THE POSTERIOR, IT TURNS OUT THAT 853 00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:40,640 GROUP OF CELLS IS MUCH BIGGER IN 854 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:43,840 INDIA, THAN IT IS IN MELANO 855 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:45,440 GHASTER KYOU STILL SEE MY 856 00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:47,120 SCREEN, IT STARTED SOMEONE ELSE 857 00:27:47,120 --> 00:27:48,640 STARTED SCREEN SHARING. 858 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:51,440 >> INDEED THAT, IS THE CASE, I 859 00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:52,720 DON'T KNOW WHAT'S HAPPENING. 860 00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:54,440 MAYBE YOU CAN RESHARE YOUR 861 00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:54,640 SCREEN. 862 00:27:54,640 --> 00:28:07,880 >> OKAY, I DOLL THAT. 863 00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:09,440 --SORRY I DON'T KNOW WHAT 864 00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:09,680 HAPPENED. 865 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:11,040 >> SO WITH THE INDIA SERIES, IT 866 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:13,160 SEN ILLEGALSEN WAY MORE THAN IT 867 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:14,480 HAD TO THE PESTERIOR OF THE GERM 868 00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:15,560 CELLS, IT LEFT A SMALLER 869 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:17,240 PROPORTION OF CELLS IN THE 870 00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:18,200 ANTERIOR REGION WHERE THE CELLS 871 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:19,480 HAVE TO COME FROM. 872 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:21,040 AND SO, THIS LITTLE STUDY TOLD 873 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:22,880 US THAT THERE ARE A LOT OF 874 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:23,720 DIFFERENT CELL DECISIONS THAT 875 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:26,920 YOU CAN MAKE AND THAT CAN YOU 876 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:27,840 CHANGE OVER EVOLUTIONARY TIME TO 877 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:29,840 END UP WITH A DIFFERENT RESULT, 878 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:34,840 DEPENDING ON THE LINEAGE THAT 879 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:35,280 YOU'RE IN. 880 00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:37,640 NOW 1 THING THAT DIDUM WANTED TO 881 00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:39,280 KNOW WHEN SHE WENT TO HAWAII FOR 882 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:41,600 THE FIRST TIME IF THE KEY 883 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,840 PARAMETER THAT CONTROLS IT IN 884 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,360 THE DROSOPHILA MELANO GHASTER IS 885 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:48,240 THAT KEY PARAMETER ALSO A KEY 886 00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:49,520 PARAMETER THAT CORRELATES WITH 887 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:50,720 VARIABLE NUMBER IN NATURAL 888 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:51,040 POPULATIONS. 889 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:52,160 SO TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS, 890 00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:53,800 SHE WENT TO HAWAII, SHE 891 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:55,080 COLLECTED A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT 892 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:58,040 SPECIES THAT ALL HAD VERY 893 00:28:58,040 --> 00:28:59,560 DIFFERENT OVARIOLE NUMBERS SO 894 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,040 THE OVARIOLES ARE PLOTSOT BOTTOM 895 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:03,440 AND SHE COUNTED THEM UP IN 896 00:29:03,440 --> 00:29:05,040 LARVAL STAGES WHICH YOU CAN SEE 897 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:06,560 ON THE GRAY PLOTS ON THE TOP AND 898 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:08,480 YOU CAN SEE THEREYA A PERFECT 1 899 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:09,800 TO 1 CORCALCULATIONS BETWEEN THE 900 00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:10,760 NUMBER OF TOURNAMENT FILAMENTS 901 00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:12,840 YOU MAKE AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 902 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,960 OVARIOLE YOU WILL HAVE EVEN IN 903 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:16,160 THESE WILD POPULATIONS SO THIS 904 00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:18,520 SUGGESTION WE WERE GETTING FROM 905 00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:20,600 OUR LAB SPECIES, THE TOURNAMENT 906 00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:22,600 FILAMENT CELL NUMBER IS THE CELL 907 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:23,880 BIOLOGY PARAMETER TO CONTROL THE 908 00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:24,640 NUMBER, THIS OBSERVATION SEEMS 909 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,200 TO HOLD UP FOR THESE NATURAL 910 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:28,480 POPULATIONS. 911 00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:29,280 OKAY, LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT SOME 912 00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:31,440 OF THE WAYS THAT WE LOOK AT THE 913 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:32,400 GENETIC REGULATION OF A NUMBER, 914 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:33,920 HOW DO WE FIGURE OUT WHAT JEERNS 915 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,800 CONTROL THE NUMBER OF OOVARIOLES 916 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:38,360 AND HOW THOSE GENES AND THEIR 917 00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:39,440 ACTIVITIES MIGHT BE CHANGE 918 00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:40,440 NOTHING DIFFERENT SPECIES TO 919 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:43,200 GIVE US RESULTSA THE END. 920 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,120 THIS IS A LITTLE SCHEMATIC, 1 OF 921 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:47,280 THESE HIDEOUS SIGNALING 922 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:48,840 DIAGRAMS, IT SHOWS SOME OF THE 923 00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:49,480 DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS 924 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:50,960 THAT WERE KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED 925 00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:54,240 IN SETTING UP THE CORRECT NUMBER 926 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:55,240 AND ORIENTATION AND ARRANGEMENT 927 00:29:55,240 --> 00:29:57,200 OF THESE DIFFERENT KEY CELL 928 00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:58,840 TYPES IN THE OVARY 10 YEARS AGO 929 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,040 SO SOMETHING WHEN WE STARTED 930 00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:03,640 THIS WORK SO TOURNAMENT FILAMENT 931 00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:05,200 CELLS IN RED, INTERMINGLED GERM 932 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,280 CELLS AND NUMBERS AND PLACEMENT 933 00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:10,040 ARE THESE TO GET THE CORRECT 934 00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:11,800 OVARIOLE NUMBER, DIDUM DID A 935 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:13,240 NICE STUDY SHOWED THAT HIPPO 936 00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:15,640 SIGNALING THAT IS A RECENTLY 937 00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:16,400 DISCOVERED PROLIF CONTROLLER 938 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,560 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN ANIMALS 939 00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:21,360 ALSO PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THIS 940 00:30:21,360 --> 00:30:22,880 SYSTEM, BY CONTROLS THIS, AND 941 00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:24,440 NOW WE KNOW THAT THERE'S NO 942 00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:26,360 SINGLE JEERN THAT CONTROLS ANY 943 00:30:26,360 --> 00:30:27,040 SINGLE TRAIT. 944 00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:29,080 SO WE TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE NEW 945 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:31,440 KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAD THAT HIPPO 946 00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:35,280 SIGNALING WAS INVOLVED IN 947 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:36,840 REGULATING THE FILAMENT AND WE 948 00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:38,040 ASKED WHAT OTHERS MIGHT AFFAIRS 949 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:39,640 TEAM LEADERRER THIS WITH HIPPO 950 00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:41,200 OR INDEPENDENTLY OF HIPPO. 951 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,200 AND SO FOR THE FLY NERDS IN THE 952 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:45,960 AUDIENCE WE DID A CLASSIC SORT 953 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:48,480 OF SUPPRESSION JEAN, AND 954 00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:50,000 ENHANCER SCREEN AND HIPPO LOSS 955 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,400 OF FUNCTION BACKGROUND AND WE 956 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:54,560 SYSTEMATICALLY KNOCKED OUT 957 00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:58,120 RNACKING I, ALL OF THE SIGNALING 958 00:30:58,120 --> 00:30:59,240 PATHWAYS SO 800 GENES 1 AT A 959 00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:01,000 TIME WE KNOCK THEM OUT IN A WILD 960 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,760 TYPE BACKGROUND AND A HYPOLOSS 961 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:03,840 OF FUNCTION BACKGROUND AND ASKED 962 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,040 IF THIS AFFECTED THE OVALID AND 963 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:06,040 RELIABLEIOLE NUMBER OF THE FLIES 964 00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:07,680 AND IF IT AFFECTED THE EGG 965 00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:09,640 LAYING SO WE HAVE 2 DIFFERENT 966 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:10,240 REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS WE'RE 967 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:11,640 LOOKING AT HERE AND IF YOU ARE 968 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:12,960 WORKING ON A SIGNALING PATHWAY 969 00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:14,840 AND YOU ARE WONDER FIGURE YOU'RE 970 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:16,360 SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS INVOLVED 971 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:17,200 IN THE OVARIOLE DETERMINE 972 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:18,960 NATION, THE ANSWER IS YES 973 00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:20,640 BECAUSE EVERY CONSERVED ANIMAL 974 00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:21,880 SIGNALING PATHWAY IS INVOLVED IN 975 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:22,840 OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLE NUMBER 976 00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:30,240 OF DETERMINE NATION, IT TURNS 977 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:30,400 OUT. 978 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,640 ONE OF THE WAYS WE THOSE TO LOOK 979 00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:34,720 AT THIS SCREEN, WAS TO LOOK AT 980 00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:37,440 IT FROM A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY LENS 981 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:44,960 THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF 982 00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:46,320 ASKING--AND THERE PROTEIN, 983 00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:48,040 PROTEIN IRPT ACTIONS WHICH 984 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:50,640 SUGGESTS SOME TYPE OF GENE 985 00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:51,760 REGULATORY RELATIONSHIP. 986 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,080 SO LEO TOOK THE KNOWN PROTEIN 987 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:55,120 PROTEIN INTERACTIONS AND SUPER 988 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:57,640 IMPOSE THAD ON TO THE RESULT OF 989 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:58,680 OUR FUNCTIONAL SCREEN HERE FOR 990 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:00,520 THE DIFFERENT FEIGNEE TYPES WE 991 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:03,040 LOOK AT, EGG LAYING AND HIPAA O 992 00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:04,600 NUMBER AND IN A WILD TYPE 993 00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:05,760 BACKGROUND AND WHAT HE 994 00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:07,960 DISCOVERED WAS THAT THERE WERE 995 00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:09,240 CERTAIN GENES THAT INTERACT WITH 996 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:10,400 EACH OTHER MORE AWNCH THAN YOU 997 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,480 WOULD EXPECT BY CHANCE THAT ALSO 998 00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:15,600 IMPACT THE SAME PHENOTYPE, MORE 999 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:17,440 OFTEN THAN YOU WOULD EXPECT BY 1000 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:17,640 CHANCE. 1001 00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:18,880 THESE MORE OFTEN THAN YOU WOULD 1002 00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:20,040 EXPECT BY CHANCE RELATIONSHIPS 1003 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:24,040 SUGGIEST TO US THAT THESE MIGHT 1004 00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:25,680 BE CONSERVED, FUNCTIONAL GENE 1005 00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:26,480 REGULATORY NETWORKS THAT GENES 1006 00:32:26,480 --> 00:32:28,520 THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CONTROL 1007 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:29,280 THESE SPECIFIC TRAITS. 1008 00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:31,080 WE FOUND GENES THAT WORK 1009 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:32,040 TOGETHER TO CONTROL BOTH OF THE 1010 00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:34,120 TRAITS THAT WE LOOKED AT. 1011 00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:36,280 THEY SHUT DOWN OVARIOLE AND EGG 1012 00:32:36,280 --> 00:32:39,480 LAYING OR THEY RAISE OVARIOLE 1013 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:41,960 AND EGG LAYING TOGETHER, SORT OF 1014 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:43,480 AN ALL OR NOTHING GROUP. 1015 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:45,400 SO WE ALSO FOUND SUBMODDULES 1016 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:47,000 HERE WHICH WERE SMALLER GROUPS 1017 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:49,040 OF GENES THAT TOGETHER APPEAR TO 1018 00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:50,640 REGULATE JUST 1 ELEMENT OR JUST 1019 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:52,400 SORT OF LIKE 1 LEG OF THE 1020 00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:54,120 PHENOTYPE, LIKE THIS GROUP OF 1021 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:56,160 GENES UP HERE AT THE TOP, IT 1022 00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:58,480 REGULATES ONLY IN THE HIPAA LOSS 1023 00:32:58,480 --> 00:32:59,560 OF FUNCTION BACKGROUND, THESE 1024 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,360 GROUPS OF GENES HERE AND SO ON 1025 00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:02,400 FOR THESE DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES 1026 00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:03,160 THAT WE SCORE. 1027 00:33:03,160 --> 00:33:04,720 THE MOST EXCITING PART OF THIS 1028 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:05,840 SCREEN HERE WAS NOT TO DISCOVER 1029 00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:08,000 THAT SOME OF THE JEERNS WE 1030 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:09,640 TESTED FOR FUNCTION ACTUALLY 1031 00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:10,760 FUNCTION, I MEAN WE KNEW WE WERE 1032 00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:13,120 GOING TO GET SOMETHING, BUT 1033 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:14,320 WHAT'S EXCITING ABOUT THIS 1034 00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,200 ANALYSIS WHICH WAS THAT BECAUSE 1035 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,160 IT KEPT IN MIND ALL KNOWN 1036 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,360 PROTEIN, PROTEIN ISHT ACTIONS 1037 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:23,120 PRACTICES THE ENTIRE DROSOPHILA 1038 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:24,280 GENOME, NOT JUST THE 1S WE 1039 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,080 SCREEN BUT ALL OF THEM, IT WAS 1040 00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:28,920 ABLE PREDICT FOR US THE CONNECT 1041 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:30,960 OR GENES IN THE POPPOLOGY 1042 00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:32,680 ANALYSIS, THESE ARE GENES WE 1043 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:34,000 HADN'T TEST INDEED OUR SCREEN 1044 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:35,440 BUT ACCORDING TO THE NETWORK 1045 00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:36,840 ANALYSIS WE DID, THEY SHOULD BE 1046 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:37,920 INVOLVED IN VERY SPECIFIC 1047 00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:39,080 PHENOTYPES BECAUSE YOU CAN SEE 1048 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:41,200 THAT SOME DOTS ARE BLUE AND SOME 1049 00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:42,600 ARE AND SOME AREN'T AND THEN 1050 00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:44,280 WHAT WE DID IS WE TESTED ALL THE 1051 00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:46,400 BLUE JEANS WE TESTED ALL THE 1052 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,040 GENES THAT THE NETWORK 1053 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:48,840 PRODETECTION ANTIBODIED SHOULD 1054 00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:50,520 BE BASED ON PHENOTYPE ON WHAT WE 1055 00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:51,720 OBSERVED AND WE FOUND THAT 1056 00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:53,640 ACTUALLY MORE OFTEN THAN IN OUR 1057 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,040 ORIGINAL SCREEN, THESE NETWORK 1058 00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:58,440 PREDICTIVE CONNECTOR GENES WERE 1059 00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:01,440 ALSO KEY REGULATES OF THE MELANO 1060 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:01,680 GHASTER. 1061 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:02,960 SO WE HAVE A LOT INFORMATION 1062 00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:04,440 ABOUT A LOT OF GENES, EVERYBODY 1063 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:06,080 CAN SEE THIS, IS THERE A WAY WE 1064 00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:07,760 CAN IDENTIFY IF THERE ARE SOME 1065 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:09,920 OF THESE GENES WHOSE ACTIVITY IS 1066 00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:11,040 DIFFERENT EVOLVED TO BE 1067 00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:11,920 DIFFERENT BETWEEN SPECIES THAT 1068 00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:13,800 MIGHT SMAIN TO US WHY THESE 1069 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,760 SPECIES END UP WITH DIFFERENT 1070 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:17,640 OVARIOLE NUMBERS. 1071 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:20,040 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF A STUDY WE 1072 00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:20,200 DID. 1073 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:23,240 FOR REASONS WE SUSPECTED THAT 1074 00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:24,880 INSULIN SIGNALING WAS VERY 1075 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:26,840 IMPORTANT TO REGULATE OVARIOLE 1076 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:28,040 NUMBER IN DROSOPHILA MELANO 1077 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:29,200 GHASTER YOU CAN RAISE THOSE WITH 1078 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:30,280 GAIN OF FUNCTION MUTATIONS AND 1079 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,760 YOU AM GET MORE EGGS AND YOU CAN 1080 00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:35,240 LOWER OVARIOLE NUMBER BY 1081 00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:37,480 DEPRESSING INSULIN SIGNALING AND 1082 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:38,920 KEPT FEWER OVARIOLE AND FEWER 1083 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,200 EGGS, SINCE WE KNEW THAT THEY 1084 00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:42,760 HAD FEWER IN MELANO GHASTER WE 1085 00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:45,000 ASKED IF THERE WAS A SYSTEMIC 1086 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:46,240 EVOLVED DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL 1087 00:34:46,240 --> 00:34:47,920 OF THE SIGNIFY SIGNAL NOTHING 1088 00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:51,960 THE OVARY OF DROSOPHILA MELANO 1089 00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:53,240 GHASTER VERSES SHELLIA IN THE 1090 00:34:53,240 --> 00:34:54,760 KEY TIME IN MARVEL DEVELOPMENT 1091 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:56,120 WHEN THEY'RE MAKING THE OVARIOLE 1092 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,440 NUMBER, WE FOUND THE ANSWER WAS 1093 00:34:58,440 --> 00:34:59,280 YES, WE'RE HERE'S 1 WAY WE WANT 1094 00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:01,600 TO LOOK AT THAT AND INSULIN 1095 00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:03,240 BETWEEN 2 SPECIES WE KNOW HAVE 1096 00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:04,840 DIFFERENT TRAITS AND 1 WHY DEE 1097 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:07,320 THIS WAS TO QUANTIFY THE 1098 00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:09,040 PHOSPHORALATED AKT, WHICH IS A 1099 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:11,840 DROWN STREAM EFFECTOR OF INSULIN 1100 00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:12,840 ANIMALS AND PHOSPHORALATED AKT 1101 00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:14,920 WHICH IS A PROXY FOR INSULIN 1102 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,040 SIGNALING LEVELS OR HIGHER IN 1103 00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:17,640 MELANO GHASTER WITH MORE 1104 00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:19,280 OVARIOLE THAN THEY WERE IN 1105 00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:20,480 SHELLIA WITH LOWER VARIABLES AND 1106 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:21,840 THROUGH A NUMBER OF OTHER 1107 00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:24,000 EXPERIMENTS I SHOWED HERE, WE 1108 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,240 FOUND EVIDENCE THAT THE 1109 00:35:27,240 --> 00:35:28,440 DROSOPHILA SHELLIA INSULIN 1110 00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:29,440 RECEPTOR ALLELE HAS EVOLVED A 1111 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:30,680 LIFE ON EARTHER LEVEL OF 1112 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:32,200 ACTIVITY COMPARED TO THE MELANO 1113 00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:33,960 GHASTER AND THAT IN PART 1114 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:37,040 ACCOUNTS FOR THE SHELLIA LOWER 1115 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:39,840 NUMBER THAT'S ALSO EVOLVED IN 1116 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:41,640 THE LYE 3 AREAS. 1117 00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:42,840 SO FOR THE LAST BIT OF THE TALK 1118 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:44,760 I WANT TO TURN TO SOME OF THE 1119 00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:46,200 WAYS WE'RE CONSIDERING 1120 00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:47,280 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF THIS 1121 00:35:47,280 --> 00:35:47,560 TRAIT. 1122 00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:49,640 I TALKED A LOT ABOUT GENES AND 1123 00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:51,440 GENETIC CONTROL OF CELL BEHAVIOR 1124 00:35:51,440 --> 00:35:53,160 AND IMPLIED IT'S VERY HERITABLE 1125 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:56,520 TRAIT AND INDEED IT IS, THAT 1126 00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:57,760 DOESN'T MEAN IT'S COMPLETELY PIM 1127 00:35:57,760 --> 00:35:58,920 PERVIOUS TO ENVIRONMENTAL 1128 00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:00,080 REGULATION, LET ME SHOW YOU AN 1129 00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:03,960 EXAMPLE OF WHAT I MEAN. 1130 00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:07,200 WE KNOW FROM A WORK OF DIFFERENT 1131 00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:08,800 MEDIATORS THAT SAEVERRATION HAS 1132 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:12,040 A BIG IMPACT ON NUMBERS, IF YOU 1133 00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:15,240 STARVE FRUIT FLIES, THEY HAVE 1134 00:36:15,240 --> 00:36:16,320 FEWER OVARIOLE, ANYONE WHO 1135 00:36:16,320 --> 00:36:17,040 STAEVER YOUR ANIMALS THEY ARE 1136 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:18,360 GOING TO BE SMALLER, THEY'RE 1137 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:19,920 GOING TO HAVE LESS CELLS, TOTAL 1138 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:21,000 AND THE CELLS THEY DO HAVE ARE 1139 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,080 PROBABLY GOING TO BE PHYSICALLY 1140 00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:24,240 SMALLER AND WE DID MEASUREMENTS 1141 00:36:24,240 --> 00:36:26,840 AND CELL NUMBERS AND CELL SIZE 1142 00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:27,920 AND THE STAEVERRED MELANO 1143 00:36:27,920 --> 00:36:29,800 GHASTER FLIES HAD FEWER SMALLER 1144 00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:31,000 CELLS IN TOTAL INCLUDING 1145 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:32,640 FILAMENT CELLS AND THAT'S WHAT 1146 00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:35,040 EXPLAINS WHERE THEY GET FEWER 1147 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:36,080 OVARIOLE WHEN YOU STARVE THEM. 1148 00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:38,920 NOW WE ALSO NOTICED THAT AND 1149 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:40,040 THIS STARVATION EFFECT, BY THE 1150 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:41,640 WAY, APPLY TOTION ALL THE 1151 00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:44,160 SPECIES THAT WE STUDIED. 1152 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:51,000 SO STARVE MELANO GHASTER, FEWER 1153 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:51,880 OVARIOLE IN NUMBER. 1154 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:53,520 HERE'S THE INTERESTING THING WE 1155 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:53,760 NOTICED. 1156 00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:55,600 THE DEGREE OF REDUCTION IN 1157 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,400 OVARIOLE IS MUCH GREATER IN 1158 00:36:58,400 --> 00:36:59,880 MELANO GHASTER THAN IT IS IN 1159 00:36:59,880 --> 00:37:02,160 SHELLIA, AND HERE WHAT YOU'RE 1160 00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:03,680 SEEING, THE MELANO GHASTER AND 1161 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:06,600 THE RED BARS ARE THESE 2 SPECS 1162 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:07,680 MELANO GHASTER ON THE RIGHT AND 1163 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:10,000 SHELLY ON THE RIGHT, THE 1164 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:11,280 OVARIOLE NUMBERS ON THE Y-AXIS 1165 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:12,440 MEN WITH HIGHER YOU STARVE THEM. 1166 00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:14,840 SO WHEN YOU STAEVER THE MELANO 1167 00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:17,040 GHASTER, THE RIGHT PAIR OF BARS, 1168 00:37:17,040 --> 00:37:19,200 THE FLIES GET 20% FEWER 1169 00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:21,760 OVARIOLES IS WHAT THEY END UP 1170 00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:23,160 WITH WITH, WHEN YOU STARVE 1171 00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:25,360 SHELLIA, THEY END UP WITH 10% 1172 00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:27,000 FEWER OVARIOLES, I TOLD YOU WE 1173 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:29,560 HAVE EVIDENCE THAT INSULIN 1174 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:34,640 SIGNALING SYSTEMICALLY IS 1175 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:36,280 OPERATING AT A LOWER LEVEL AND 1176 00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:38,400 WE SUSPECTED THAT PERHAPS 1177 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:39,920 BECAUSE THIS KEY NUTRIENT 1178 00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:42,080 SENSING PATHWAY IS OPERATING AT 1179 00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:43,600 A LOWER LEVEL, DROSOPHILA 1180 00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:45,920 SHELLIA IS LESS ABLE OR LESS APT 1181 00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:47,520 TO DETECT CHANGES IN NUCLEOTIDES 1182 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:49,600 THRIGZ WHEN WE SUBJECT IT TO 1183 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:50,960 STARVATION AND THE RESULT THAT 1184 00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:54,200 IT NOTICES THAT IT'S BEING 1185 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:55,600 STARVED, THE OVARIOLE DROPS 1186 00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:57,600 ACCORDINGLY BUT NOT AS MUCH AS 1187 00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:03,600 MELANO GHASTER, IF THIS IS THE 1188 00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:06,320 CASE WE MIGHT EXPECT THAT 1189 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:08,600 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS, WHERE 1190 00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:10,120 THEY'RE LIVING, WHERE THEY'RE 1191 00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:12,240 ENDEMIC TOO, THEY MIGHT DISPLAY 1192 00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:13,480 LOWER DEGREES OF ENVIRONMENTAL 1193 00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:17,800 OR POPULATION LEVEL VARIATION IN 1194 00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:19,320 THE OVARIOLE NUMBER COMPARED TO 1195 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:20,640 MELANO GHASTER THAT WE 1196 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:22,160 HYPOTHESIZE THAT DIFFERENT 1197 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:23,440 POPULATIONS OF MELANO GHASTER 1198 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,080 FROM AROUND THE WORLD BECAUSE OF 1199 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:26,200 HIGHER LEVELS OF INSULIN 1200 00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:28,360 SIGNALING AND THE GREATER 1201 00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:29,960 ABILITY TO DETECT NUTRITIONAL 1202 00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:31,760 CHANGES WE MIGHT OBSERVE A 1203 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:33,040 GREATER VARIANCE IN THE NUMBER 1204 00:38:33,040 --> 00:38:34,280 WHEN WE COMPARE DIFFERENT 1205 00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:35,240 POPULATIONS IN THE MELANO 1206 00:38:35,240 --> 00:38:37,280 GHASTER FROM AROUND THE WORLD. 1207 00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:38,880 SO ANDRE GOT HIS HANDS ON A 1208 00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:40,320 BUNCH OF POPULATIONS OF MELANO 1209 00:38:40,320 --> 00:38:42,040 GHASTER FROM AROUND THE WORLD 1210 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:43,840 AND A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT 1211 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:45,440 POPULATIONS FROM AROUND THE 1212 00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:46,440 SHELLS, HE COMPARED THE OVARIOLE 1213 00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:47,640 NUMBER AND THE KEY THING WE'RE 1214 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:50,040 ASKING ABOUT HERE IS THE 1215 00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:50,280 VARIANTS. 1216 00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:52,480 AND WE FOUND THAT OUR PREDICTION 1217 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:55,400 WAS SUPPORTED BY THE DATA WE 1218 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:55,640 GATHERED. 1219 00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:58,960 SO THE BLACK SYMBOLS, WHITE AND 1220 00:38:58,960 --> 00:38:59,920 BLACK, ARE THE OVALID AND 1221 00:38:59,920 --> 00:39:02,240 RELIABLEIOLE NUMBERS ON THE 1222 00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:06,040 Y-AXIS OF DIFFERENT DROSOPHILA 1223 00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:06,360 POPULATIONS. 1224 00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:17,240 AND THE RED SIM BOOM BOOM SYMBOLS ARE MU CH 1225 00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:21,000 SMALLER THAN THE MELANO GHASTER 1226 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:21,240 VARIANT. 1227 00:39:21,240 --> 00:39:22,720 SO BECAUSE THE MOLECULAR 1228 00:39:22,720 --> 00:39:24,960 MECHANISM IS THE SAME FOR FRUIT 1229 00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:27,360 FLIES NUTRIENT SENSING AND FOR 1230 00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:28,880 HERITABLE CHANGE IN OVARIOLE 1231 00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:30,160 NUMBER, THIS EVOLVED DIFFERENCE 1232 00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:33,280 IN THIS KEY NUTRIENT SENSING 1233 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:35,160 SIGNALING PATHWAY MIGHT EXPLAIN 1234 00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:37,000 NOT JUST SPECIES SPECIFIC 1235 00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,600 DIFFERENCES IN OVARIOLE NUMBER 1236 00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:41,200 BUT SPECIES SPECIFIC TO 1237 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:42,040 PLASTICITY IN OVARIOLE NUMBER 1238 00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:44,320 WHICH IS WHAT WE'RE SEEING IN 1239 00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:44,760 THESE POPULATIONS. 1240 00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:45,960 ALL RIGHT, TO END UP THIS TALK, 1241 00:39:45,960 --> 00:39:47,040 I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT SOME OF 1242 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:48,240 THE WORK WE'RE DOING IN HAWAII 1243 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:50,240 AND HOW THIS IS HELPING US THINK 1244 00:39:50,240 --> 00:39:51,280 ABOUT THIS PROBLEM. 1245 00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:52,920 WE'VE LOOKED AT A RANGE OF 1246 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,280 OVARIOLE NUMBERS FROM SOMETHING 1247 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:57,200 LIKE 10-20 PER OVARIOLE BY DO 1248 00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:57,760 EGULATION--REGULATORY THESE 1249 00:39:57,760 --> 00:39:58,840 COMPARISONS RIGHT AND THAT'S AS 1250 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:00,680 PITCHER AS WE CAN PUSH IT IN 1251 00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:02,680 THIS GROUP OF DWELVE DROSOPHILA 1252 00:40:02,680 --> 00:40:04,280 SPECIES AND I SHOWED AT THE 1253 00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:06,600 BEGINNING THESE ARE JUST THE 12 1254 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:08,040 WHOSE GENOMES WERE FIRSTYQUENCED 1255 00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:09,440 AND MADE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE. 1256 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,200 THERE ARE ABOUT 4000 DESCRIBED 1257 00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:12,360 SPECIES WORLD WIDE, ABOUT A 1258 00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,160 THOUSAND OF THEM EVOLVED ONLY 1259 00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,520 ABOUT TWEBT MILLION YEARS AGO, 1260 00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:20,440 ON THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1261 00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:21,680 THIS GROUP, DROSOPHILA ABOUT A 1262 00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:24,160 QUARTER WORLD WIDE OF DIVERSITY, 1263 00:40:24,160 --> 00:40:25,760 IT IS INCREDIBLY VARIABLE IN 1264 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:28,640 TOMPLES OF ALL SORTS OF 1265 00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:29,560 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS ASK 1266 00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:31,840 INCLUDING A NUMBER, AND MUCH 1267 00:40:31,840 --> 00:40:32,880 3000 DROSOPHILA SPECIES FROM THE 1268 00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:33,920 REST OF THE WORLD. 1269 00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:35,680 THE KONT NEBT AT VARIABLE NUMBER 1270 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:37,280 RANGE AS WE TALKED ABOUT IS SORT 1271 00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:41,000 OF BETWEEN 10 AND 20 VARIABLE, 1272 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:42,720 BUT IN HAWAII CAN YOU FIND THE 1273 00:40:42,720 --> 00:40:45,200 SPECS WITH 1 OR 2 OVARIOLES OR 1274 00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:46,840 ALMOST A HUNDRED OVARIOLE IN 1275 00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:48,560 THEIR OVARIES SO WE'RE 1276 00:40:48,560 --> 00:40:50,320 INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING THE 1277 00:40:50,320 --> 00:40:51,520 GENLETTIC AND ECOLOGICAL BASIS 1278 00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:53,200 OF THIS HUGE VARIATION IN THIS 1279 00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:54,960 GROUP OF SPECIES THAT UNDERWENT 1280 00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:56,240 AN EXPLOSIVE ISLAND IN THE 1281 00:40:56,240 --> 00:40:57,920 RADIATION AND A VERY SHORT 1282 00:40:57,920 --> 00:40:58,440 PERIOD OF TIME. 1283 00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:01,120 SO TO DO THIS WORK, IT INVOLVES 1284 00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:03,240 FIELD WORK, IT'S NOT VERY 1285 00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:04,200 GLAMOROUS AND YOU'RE LITERALLY 1286 00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:08,400 SITTING ON THE FOREST FLOOR IN A 1287 00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:10,160 RAIN FOREST DIGGING THROUGH MUD 1288 00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:12,240 AND LOOKING FOR MAGGOTS BUT IT'S 1289 00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:13,600 NOT AMAZING, BUT THE INSIGHTS WE 1290 00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:16,640 HOPE IT WILL BE AMAZING WE GO TO 1291 00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:18,280 HAWAII, WE DENTIFY THE KEY 1292 00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:20,040 FORESTS FILLED WITH INDEMMIC 1293 00:41:20,040 --> 00:41:21,360 HAWAIIAN PLANTS BECAUSE AS YOU 1294 00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:23,320 WILL SEE THESE HAWAIIAN 1295 00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:24,240 DROSOPHILA HAVE SPECIFIC 1296 00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:25,200 ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPECIFIC TYPES 1297 00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:27,760 OF PLANTS THAT ARE ALSO ENDEMIC 1298 00:41:27,760 --> 00:41:29,200 TO THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1299 00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:31,440 IF YOU FIND MAGGOTS YOU MIGHT 1300 00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:33,240 GET LUCKY BUT MORE OFTEN WE 1301 00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:34,440 CATCH ADULTS AND LITERALLY HAVE 1302 00:41:34,440 --> 00:41:36,840 TO HAND CATCH THEM 1 BY 1 WITH A 1303 00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:38,440 SERIES OF DIFFERENT SNEAKY 1304 00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:39,880 TRICKS AND TRAPS AND SOME OF 1305 00:41:39,880 --> 00:41:41,240 THESE SPECIES ARE AICIAL TO COME 1306 00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:45,920 BACK TO THE LAB AND LIVE WITH 1307 00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:46,080 US. 1308 00:41:46,080 --> 00:41:49,120 AND I WANT TO SAY WE COULD NEVER 1309 00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:51,440 HAVE ACCOMPLISHED WITH WITH OUT 1310 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:59,680 OUR COLLABORATORS IN HAWAII 1311 00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:00,640 [LISTING NAMES ] SEE US THE 1312 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:03,400 PLANTS AND HELP US WREER THE 1313 00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:05,200 FLIES AND I NEED TO THANK THEM 1314 00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:05,920 AS WELL. 1315 00:42:05,920 --> 00:42:09,640 SO I ALREADY SAID THE HAWAII 1316 00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:14,040 KNOW DROSOPHILA MAKE UP A WORLD 1317 00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:15,040 WIDE POPULATION OF THESE, WE 1318 00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:17,120 KNOW AND OTHERS BEFORE US HAVE 1319 00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:19,240 LOOKED AT THIS, THE APPROXIMATE 1320 00:42:19,240 --> 00:42:21,120 ORIGIN IN TIME AND IN SPACE OF 1321 00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:22,960 THESE DIFFERENT LINEAGES SORT OF 1322 00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:24,200 WHO ORIGINATED WHERE AND THE 1323 00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,800 SHORT VERSION OF THE STORY IS 1324 00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,560 THAT MANY LINEAGES ROSE ON MANY 1325 00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:31,880 INDEPENDENTLY AND THERE ARE MANY 1326 00:42:31,880 --> 00:42:33,520 LINEAGES THAT DRAFUL BACK AND 1327 00:42:33,520 --> 00:42:34,240 FORTH BETWEEN ISLANDS. 1328 00:42:34,240 --> 00:42:34,440 OKAY? 1329 00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:36,600 I MENTIONED ALREADY THAT THE 1330 00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:37,320 HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA HAVE 1331 00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:39,040 SPECIFIC PRESCRIBING FERENCES 1332 00:42:39,040 --> 00:42:39,920 FOR INDEMMIC HAWAIIAN PLANTS. 1333 00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:41,160 SOPHISTICATEDY THERE ARE SOME OF 1334 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:42,920 THEM ARE MUCH MORE SPECIALIZED 1335 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:45,240 THAN OTHERS, SOME OF THEM WILL 1336 00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:48,040 ONLY LAY THEIR EGGS ON CERTAIN 1337 00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:49,720 FRUITS OR CERTAIN FUNNING I OR 1338 00:42:49,720 --> 00:42:54,000 IN THE SPIDER CO COONS OF A 1339 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:55,400 SPECIFIC ENDEMIC SPIDER SPECS IN 1340 00:42:55,400 --> 00:42:56,640 HAWAII SOME OF THEM ARE MORE 1341 00:42:56,640 --> 00:43:02,120 SPECIFIC AND SOME OF THEM ARE 1342 00:43:02,120 --> 00:43:04,720 MORE GENERALIZED, SOME LAY THEM 1343 00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:07,080 IN THE BARK, AND WHERE THEY LAY 1344 00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:09,680 THE EGGS, THAT'S WHERE THEY WILL 1345 00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:11,240 HATCH AND WHERE WHERE THEY HARCH 1346 00:43:11,240 --> 00:43:13,320 THEY WILL EAT AND AS UF SEEN 1347 00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:14,720 THERE'S PLASTICITY AVAILABLE TO 1348 00:43:14,720 --> 00:43:16,240 CONTRIBUTE TO EVOLUTION IN THIS 1349 00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:16,440 SYSTEM. 1350 00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:18,560 AND SO, WHAT YOU ARE SEEING HERE 1351 00:43:18,560 --> 00:43:21,160 IS A TREE OF A NUMBER OF 1352 00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:22,200 DIFFERENT HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA 1353 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:23,520 SPECIES, THEY FALL INTO 5 MAJOR 1354 00:43:23,520 --> 00:43:27,840 GROUPS WHICH YOU CAN SEE IN 1355 00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:29,440 THESE LITTLE VERTICAL CLAIFS 1356 00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:30,960 HERE, THIS IS THE KACCT TININE 1357 00:43:30,960 --> 00:43:32,480 PATHWAYA MYSELFA, WHICH IS ALL 1358 00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:35,520 THE REST OF THE GROUP, THE 1359 00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:42,080 MORPHED PARTS AND THE 1360 00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:43,200 HOLLOACULA, THEY ARE A 1361 00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:44,480 UNDERSTUDIED GROUP AND HARD TO 1362 00:43:44,480 --> 00:43:44,720 CATCH. 1363 00:43:44,720 --> 00:43:46,840 WE HAVE THE SO CALLED AMC GROUP 1364 00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:49,040 AND THE AMC AND THE MMs, YOU 1365 00:43:49,040 --> 00:43:51,440 CAN SAY THEY REALLY LIKE THESE 1366 00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:53,200 GREEN SUBSTRATES, THEY EVOLVED 1367 00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:54,800 THROUGH SPECIALIZATIONOT LEAVES 1368 00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:55,760 OF SPRVEG HAWAIIAN PLANTS. 1369 00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,560 AND THEN WE HAVE THE P NA CLAYED 1370 00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:01,160 KNOWN AS THE PICTURE WINING 1371 00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:03,360 CLAYED AND THEY ARE OFTEN BARK 1372 00:44:03,360 --> 00:44:04,880 BREEDERS WITH A FEW DIFFERENT 1373 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:07,160 VARIATIONS AND THE CIRCLES ON 1374 00:44:07,160 --> 00:44:09,040 THESE, ON THE LITTLE DIFFERENT 1375 00:44:09,040 --> 00:44:11,920 NODES AND LINES OF THIS TREE 1376 00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:13,240 INDICATE PLACES WHERE THIS 1377 00:44:13,240 --> 00:44:15,000 ANALYSIS SUGGEST THAT THERE HAVE 1378 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:16,640 BEEN EVOLUTIONARY SHIFTS IN MOST 1379 00:44:16,640 --> 00:44:18,640 PREFERENCE, SO ALL OF A SUDDEN A 1380 00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:19,680 LINEAGE WILL EVOLVE WITH 1381 00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:21,480 DIFFERENT PREFERENCE FOR A 1382 00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:23,600 SUBSTRATE TO LAY THEIR EGGS TO 1383 00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:25,400 WITHIN ANCESTORS SO WITH ALL OF 1384 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:26,000 THIS INFORMATION COMBINED, WE 1385 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,560 HAVE A BIT OF INFORMATION ABOUT 1386 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:29,160 THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 1387 00:44:29,160 --> 00:44:31,480 OF THE CLIENTS WHERE THEY LIVE, 1388 00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:33,640 THE OVARIOLE NUMBERS, SUBSTRATE 1389 00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:34,240 REFERENCES, ULTIMATELY LAWN 1390 00:44:34,240 --> 00:44:36,600 MOWER I WOULD LOVE TO GET AT ARE 1391 00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:38,440 WHAT ARE THE EVOLUTIONARY 1392 00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:40,160 DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION 1393 00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:41,640 AND FUNCTION BETWEEN THESE 1394 00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:42,840 DIFFERENT LINEAGES THAT CAN HELP 1395 00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:44,440 US EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF 1396 00:44:44,440 --> 00:44:46,320 DIFFERENT GENETIC CONTROL OF 1397 00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:47,960 THESE VARIABLE TRAITSER, HERE 1398 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:48,880 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT OVARIOLE. 1399 00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:51,280 NOW I MIGHT SAY, OKAY, LYOU KNOW 1400 00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:53,440 ABOUT THE GENES IN MELANO 1401 00:44:53,440 --> 00:44:56,040 GHASTER WHY DON'T YOU SEQUENCE 1402 00:44:56,040 --> 00:44:58,480 THIS TRANSCRIPTOME OR SOMETHING 1403 00:44:58,480 --> 00:44:59,920 OF THESE HAWAIIAN OVARIOLES AND 1404 00:44:59,920 --> 00:45:01,280 THEN COMPARE THEM AND EXPRESS 1405 00:45:01,280 --> 00:45:02,160 DIFFERENTLY THOSE ARE THE JEERNS 1406 00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:03,640 THAT WILL BE IMPORTANT AND THAT 1407 00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:06,240 IS ABSOLUTELY A GREAT APPROACH, 1408 00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:07,080 HOWEVER, 1 THING WE HAVE TO 1409 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:08,640 THINK ABOUT IS OKAY, WE WILL 1410 00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:09,440 SEQUENCE LET'S SAY THE 1411 00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:10,920 TRANSCRIPT ORDER OF MICRONSS, 1412 00:45:10,920 --> 00:45:12,960 GENOMES WHATEVER YOU FEEL LIKE 1413 00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:13,640 SEQUENCING, BETWEEN THESE 1414 00:45:13,640 --> 00:45:14,440 DIFFERENT SPECIES AND YOU WILL 1415 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:15,840 SAY, - BEING IF I SEE 1416 00:45:15,840 --> 00:45:16,800 DIFFERENCES, MAYBE THOSE ARE THE 1417 00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:17,720 DIFFERENCES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE 1418 00:45:17,720 --> 00:45:18,920 FOR THE TRAIT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1419 00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:19,560 THE SPECIES. 1420 00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:20,400 HERE'S THE THING, YOU KNOW 1421 00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:24,760 THERE'S GOING TO BE DRVESS, THE 1422 00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:26,120 DIFFERENCE SPECIES, ARE 1423 00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:27,000 DIFFERENT EVOLVING ABOUT LAWN 1424 00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:28,240 MOWER'S LONG AND SHORT BUT WE 1425 00:45:28,240 --> 00:45:29,440 EXPECT THEM TO BE DIFFERENT, 1426 00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:29,680 RADIOIT? 1427 00:45:29,680 --> 00:45:32,240 I WAS SAYING EARLIER TO SUSAN, 1428 00:45:32,240 --> 00:45:34,400 WHY DON'T I HAVE ELEPHANT'S 1429 00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:36,800 TRUNK, WELL I'M NOT AN ELEPHANT 1430 00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:38,640 WORKERS SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR 1431 00:45:38,640 --> 00:45:41,240 A WHILE AGO, SO WE EVOLVE TO BE 1432 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:41,520 DIFFERENT. 1433 00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:43,480 OUR QUESTION IS HOW CAN WE TELL 1434 00:45:43,480 --> 00:45:44,440 WHICH DIFFERENCES ARE GREATER 1435 00:45:44,440 --> 00:45:46,280 THAN THOSE WE WOULD EXPECT TO 1436 00:45:46,280 --> 00:45:47,920 OCCUR JUST BECAUSE THESE 1437 00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:49,040 LINEAGES HAVE BEEN DIVERGING, 1438 00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:50,320 WHICH OF THESE DIFFERENCES WE 1439 00:45:50,320 --> 00:45:51,880 SHOULD BE PAYING ATTENTION TO 1440 00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:54,760 BECAUSE THEY MIGHT EXPLAIN THIS 1441 00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:55,560 ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT 1442 00:45:55,560 --> 00:45:55,840 OVARIOLE. 1443 00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:58,080 SO I WANT TO TAKE YOU JUST FOR A 1444 00:45:58,080 --> 00:45:59,480 COUPLE OF MINUTES THROUGH A 1445 00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:01,000 THOUGHT EXERCISE TO ILLUSTRATE 1446 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:02,320 THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS PROBLEM. 1447 00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:04,880 LET'S SAY YOU'RE JUST DOG A 3 1448 00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:06,200 SPECIES COMPARISON AND HAVE YOU 1449 00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:07,720 3 SPECIES OF YOUR FAVORITE 1450 00:46:07,720 --> 00:46:09,040 INSECTS HERE AND COMPARING THE 1451 00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:09,880 TIMING OF GENE EXPRESSION AND 1452 00:46:09,880 --> 00:46:11,880 YOU FIND THAT IN 2 SPECIES, YOUR 1453 00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:13,640 GENE THAT YOU LIKE IS EXPRESSED 1454 00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:16,120 AT 1 STAGE, AND AT THE OTHER 1455 00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:17,440 SPECIES IT'S EXPRESSED AT A 1456 00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:19,680 DIFFERENT STAGE, YOU MIGHT SAY 1457 00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:22,000 WELL, BY SORT OF STRICT 1458 00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:23,760 PARSIMONY, I HAVE 2 SPECIES 1459 00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:24,920 EXPRESSING AT STAGE 1 AND 1 AT 1460 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:27,840 STAGE 2 AND ALSO, 1 OF MY 1461 00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:29,480 SPECIES THAT EXPRESSES AT STAGE 1462 00:46:29,480 --> 00:46:32,040 1 IS THE OUTGROUP TO THE OTHER 2 1463 00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:34,080 SPECIES BY STRICT PARSE MONEY, I 1464 00:46:34,080 --> 00:46:36,640 WILL HAVE TO HYPOTHESIZE THAT 1465 00:46:36,640 --> 00:46:37,680 THE GRAY EXPRESSION STAGE AND 1466 00:46:37,680 --> 00:46:39,560 STAGE 1 IS THE ANCESTRAL STATE 1467 00:46:39,560 --> 00:46:41,920 AND THE BLUE IS THE DERIVED 1468 00:46:41,920 --> 00:46:43,200 STATE, YOU SAY THERE IS 1469 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:44,760 REASONABLE, I HAVE READ LOTS OF 1470 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:45,640 PAPERS INCLUDING OUR OWN THAT 1471 00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:47,280 MAKE THIS SORT OF INFERENCE. 1472 00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:49,680 OKAY, HERE'S THE THING, WHEN WE 1473 00:46:49,680 --> 00:46:50,880 THINK ABOUT THE EVOLUTIONARY 1474 00:46:50,880 --> 00:46:52,240 PROCESS WE HAVE TO ADMIT THAT 1475 00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:54,280 THINGS COULD BE MORE 1476 00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:54,640 COMPLICATED. 1477 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:55,920 BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT THERE ARE 1478 00:46:55,920 --> 00:47:03,440 NOT JUST 3 INSECTS IN THE WORLD 1479 00:47:03,440 --> 00:47:04,440 NOR--A MILLION INSECTS THAT ARE 1480 00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:07,200 DESCRIBED THAT WE KNOW ARE ALIVE 1481 00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:08,320 TODAY AND COLLECTIVELY, THE 1482 00:47:08,320 --> 00:47:10,320 COURSE OF EVOLUTION OF THESE 1483 00:47:10,320 --> 00:47:11,840 INSECTS SPANS LITERALLY BILLIONS 1484 00:47:11,840 --> 00:47:13,400 OF YEARS OF EVOLUTIONARY TIME. 1485 00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:15,480 SO THERE HAVE BEEN BILLIONS OF 1486 00:47:15,480 --> 00:47:16,600 OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE 1487 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:17,040 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE. 1488 00:47:17,040 --> 00:47:18,240 NONAPOPTOTIC YOU YOU COULD SAY, 1489 00:47:18,240 --> 00:47:21,760 WELL, IN MY VERY LIMITED TAXON 1490 00:47:21,760 --> 00:47:23,040 SAMPLING, I SAMPLED 3 SPECIES 1491 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:24,960 OUT OF A MILLION LIVING SPECIES, 1492 00:47:24,960 --> 00:47:27,120 MAYBE THERE WAS ONLY 1 1493 00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:28,520 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THIS 1494 00:47:28,520 --> 00:47:29,440 STRAIGHT, THE BLUEAR O AND I 1495 00:47:29,440 --> 00:47:32,000 HAPPEN TO CATCH IT BY CHANCE, 1496 00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:34,440 THAT COULD BE. 1497 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,840 BUT IT'S--IT SEEMS A LITTLE LESS 1498 00:47:36,840 --> 00:47:38,040 LIKELY, THERE WASN'T ONLY 1 1499 00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:39,440 CHANGE BUT YOU HAPPEN TO CATCH 1 1500 00:47:39,440 --> 00:47:40,680 OF THE CHARGES AND HOW MANY 1501 00:47:40,680 --> 00:47:42,040 CHAIMPLES ARE THERE AND HOW CAN 1502 00:47:42,040 --> 00:47:43,960 WE KNOW WHEN WE'RE ONLY SAMPLING 1503 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,040 A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF THE 1504 00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:46,720 LIVING VARIATION? 1505 00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,040 WE CAN'T OBSERVE THE PREVIOUS 1506 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:49,600 VARIATION AND WE KNOW WE HAVEN'T 1507 00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:51,480 OBSERVED ALL THE LIVING 1508 00:47:51,480 --> 00:47:52,320 VARIATION, SOPHISTICATEDY I 1509 00:47:52,320 --> 00:47:55,440 MOOIT SAY WELL, THIS TRAIT 1510 00:47:55,440 --> 00:47:56,200 CHANGES QUICKLY OVER 1511 00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:57,120 EVOLUTIONARY TIME, THERE WERE 1512 00:47:57,120 --> 00:47:58,440 NOT THAT MANY CHANGES, THERE 1513 00:47:58,440 --> 00:47:59,480 WERE MORE THAN 1 BUT I 1514 00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:00,480 DEPARTMENT THINK THERE WERE THAT 1515 00:48:00,480 --> 00:48:01,760 MANY AND I DID GET LUCK SKPE 1516 00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:03,960 BAKUGAN I SASM ED 1 OF THE FEW 1517 00:48:03,960 --> 00:48:04,840 THERE ARE. 1518 00:48:04,840 --> 00:48:07,520 BUT WHAT IF THIS TRAIT CHANGES 1519 00:48:07,520 --> 00:48:08,640 VERY QUICKLY OVER EVOLUTIONARY 1520 00:48:08,640 --> 00:48:10,280 TIME WHARKS IF IT'S CONTRIBUTED 1521 00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,680 TO BY 300 GENES ALL OF WHICH ARE 1522 00:48:12,680 --> 00:48:14,080 POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THE CHANGE. 1523 00:48:14,080 --> 00:48:16,960 SO YOU MY EXPECT A GREAT DEGREE 1524 00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:19,040 OF THIS RANGE WHAT IF IT'S HIGH 1525 00:48:19,040 --> 00:48:20,840 IN THE ORGANISM OR HIGH IN THE 1526 00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:22,680 HOT SPOTS OF THE GENOME OF THE 1527 00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:24,520 GENES YOU CARE ABOUT, NOW YOU 1528 00:48:24,520 --> 00:48:26,320 THINK, CAN I BE CONFIDENT THAT 1529 00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:28,080 THE BLUE STATE REALLY IS A 1530 00:48:28,080 --> 00:48:30,520 DERIVED STATE AND NOT ANN 1531 00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:31,000 CESTERAL STATE? 1532 00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:36,720 AND OF COURSE WE ALSO KNOW WE 1533 00:48:36,720 --> 00:48:37,880 KNOW SO LITTLE OF THESE EVENTS 1534 00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:40,240 THAT WE HAVE TO BE HONEST AND 1535 00:48:40,240 --> 00:48:41,280 EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT WE 1536 00:48:41,280 --> 00:48:44,960 CAN'T SAY ANYTHING WITH WE DO A 1537 00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:45,640 TAXON SAMPLING OF 3. 1538 00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:48,080 OKAY CROSS LINKING SO HOW WE 1539 00:48:48,080 --> 00:48:49,840 GOING TO DEAL WITH THIS? 1540 00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:50,800 HERE'S HOW WE'RE THINK BEING IT 1541 00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:54,400 IN THE LAST COUPLE OF SLIDES, 1542 00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:57,200 SAM 20 TO HAWAII, COLLECTED 1543 00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:58,640 DWELVE SPECIES IN THE GRAY BOXES 1544 00:48:58,640 --> 00:49:00,120 OVER HERE, AND SAMPLED 12FUL 1545 00:49:00,120 --> 00:49:03,520 THEM HERE IN THE CYAN THINGS FOR 1546 00:49:03,520 --> 00:49:04,480 EXPRESSION OF ANALYSIS. 1547 00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:06,160 THESE WILD CAUGHT ANIMALS HE 1548 00:49:06,160 --> 00:49:09,240 CREATED SORT OF BULK SEQ RNA 1549 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:10,360 TRANSCRIPT OHMS OF THE THEIR 1550 00:49:10,360 --> 00:49:12,040 HEADS BECAUSE WE'RE INTERESTED 1551 00:49:12,040 --> 00:49:14,400 IN NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS FOR 1552 00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:15,240 BEHAVIORAL REASONS OF THE 1553 00:49:15,240 --> 00:49:17,920 OVARIOLES AND THE REST OF THE 1554 00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:19,640 CARCUS, AND FROM A WHOLE 1555 00:49:19,640 --> 00:49:21,200 INDIVIDUAL FROM EACH SPECIES AND 1556 00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:23,720 THESE ARE INDIVIDUAL RNAI CROSS 1557 00:49:23,720 --> 00:49:25,160 LINKING SO THEY'RE SEQUENCES 1558 00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:28,160 FROM 1 OVARY TO FROM 1 HAND, ET 1559 00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:30,480 CETERA PERSPECIES, IN TRIPLICATE 1560 00:49:30,480 --> 00:49:32,160 AND TECHNICAL TRIPLICATE AND 1561 00:49:32,160 --> 00:49:32,840 BIOLOGICAL TRIPLICATE. 1562 00:49:32,840 --> 00:49:34,720 AND WHAT ARE WE ASKING IS WHAT 1563 00:49:34,720 --> 00:49:36,240 ARE EXPRESSION DRCHS BETWEEN THE 1564 00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:37,880 FOCUS ON THE OVARY BETWEEN THE 1565 00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:39,080 DIFFERENT SPECIES, WE KNOW 1566 00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:40,040 THERE'S DIFFERENCES BUT WHAT ARE 1567 00:49:40,040 --> 00:49:41,760 THE DIFFERENCES WE SHOULD FOCUS 1568 00:49:41,760 --> 00:49:42,000 ON? 1569 00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:45,200 HERE'S A PLOT OF THE SORT OF 1570 00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:46,400 EXPRESSION BIAS SO ON THE RIGHT 1571 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:47,840 ARE GENES THAT HAVE HIGHER 1572 00:49:47,840 --> 00:49:48,680 EXPRESSION IN THE OVARY THAN IN 1573 00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:50,680 THE REST OF THE BODY. 1574 00:49:50,680 --> 00:49:52,360 ON THE LEFT ARE GENES THAT HAVE 1575 00:49:52,360 --> 00:49:53,040 HIGHER EXPRESSION IN THE WHOLE 1576 00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:55,080 REST OF THE BODY AND RATHER THAN 1577 00:49:55,080 --> 00:49:56,880 THE OVARY AND WE ASKED WHICH OF 1578 00:49:56,880 --> 00:49:58,760 THESE ARE KNOWN TO BE HIGHLY 1579 00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:01,440 EXPRESS INDEED THE DROSOPHILA 1580 00:50:01,440 --> 00:50:02,200 MELANO GHASTER AVARY BECAUSE 1581 00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:03,720 THOSE ARE LIKELY TO BE 1582 00:50:03,720 --> 00:50:04,320 FUNCTIONAL IN THE OVALID AND 1583 00:50:04,320 --> 00:50:06,320 RELIABLE SKPE BAKUGAN ARE THERE 1584 00:50:06,320 --> 00:50:07,680 POTENTIALLY OVARY BIASED GENES 1585 00:50:07,680 --> 00:50:09,120 THAT HAVE EVOLVED DIFFERENT 1586 00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:11,120 DEGREES OF BIAS IN DIFFERENT 1587 00:50:11,120 --> 00:50:15,040 LINEAGES OF THE HAWAIIAN FLIES. 1588 00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:16,440 OKAY, WE ALREADY KNOW AND THIS 1589 00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:18,200 PLOT IS SHOWING YOU LOTS OF 1590 00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:19,560 EVOLVED CHANGES IN THE 1591 00:50:19,560 --> 00:50:21,080 EXPRESSION AND EVEN JUST IN THIS 1592 00:50:21,080 --> 00:50:21,320 STORY. 1593 00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:23,760 NOW WE CAN SAY OKAY ARE THERE 1594 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:26,240 YEENS THAT HAVE EVOLVED IN OVARY 1595 00:50:26,240 --> 00:50:27,960 BIASED EXPRESSION RELATIVE TO 1596 00:50:27,960 --> 00:50:29,920 SOME OF THEIR NEIGHBORS OR SOME 1597 00:50:29,920 --> 00:50:31,120 OF THERE ARE COUSINS. 1598 00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:32,440 WE KNOW THE EVOLUTIONARY REAPS 1599 00:50:32,440 --> 00:50:34,640 BETWEEN THESE FLIES AND THIS IS 1600 00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:36,480 A CRITICAL PREREQUISITE FOR THIS 1601 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:38,720 ANALYSIS AND THEN WE CAN SAY 1602 00:50:38,720 --> 00:50:40,600 OKAY, IN THIS SPECIES NOT ONLY 1603 00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:41,680 IS THIS BIASED TOWARDS THE 1604 00:50:41,680 --> 00:50:43,320 EXPRESSION IN THE ASLARY, MORE 1605 00:50:43,320 --> 00:50:44,520 IN THE OVARY THAN THE REST OF 1606 00:50:44,520 --> 00:50:47,040 THE BODY BUT IT EVOLVED THAT 1607 00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:48,040 NEWEL FREE RADICALS ANN CESTOR 1608 00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:49,800 THAT DIDN'T HAVE THE BIAS, THOSE 1609 00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:51,680 ARE THE RED DOTS WE CAN ASK THE 1610 00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:52,800 OTHER QUESTIONS WHICH ARE GENES 1611 00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:54,080 THAT DIDN'T USED TO BE BIAS AND 1612 00:50:54,080 --> 00:50:55,760 EXPRESSION IN THE REST OF THE 1613 00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:57,440 BODY AND THE NONOVARY, BUT THEN 1614 00:50:57,440 --> 00:50:59,120 THEY EVOLVE THAT CARCUS BI AS 1615 00:50:59,120 --> 00:51:00,760 AND THOSE ARE THE BLUE DOTS AND 1616 00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:03,000 SO O. SO AGAIN WE HAVE LOTS OF 1617 00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:03,360 CHANGES. 1618 00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:05,040 WE CAN PINPOINT THE SORT OF 1619 00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:06,160 EVOLUTIONARY DIRECTION OF SOME 1620 00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:08,040 OF THESE CHANGES BUT WHICH 1S OF 1621 00:51:08,040 --> 00:51:09,880 THESE CHANGE SAYS ARE KIND OF 1622 00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:13,440 UNUSUALLY LARGE OR UNUSUALLY 1623 00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:16,400 INTERESTING TO US FOR THE BACK 1624 00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:17,880 DROP OF LINEAGE DIVERSIFICATION 1625 00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:18,960 THAT IS ALREADY HAPPENING AND WE 1626 00:51:18,960 --> 00:51:21,720 ASK ASK A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS 1627 00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:23,240 AND ARE THERE A GROUP OF GENES 1628 00:51:23,240 --> 00:51:25,440 THAT EVOLVE IN A LARGE CHAIN AND 1629 00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:27,120 EXPRESSION BIAS, THOSE MIGHT BE 1630 00:51:27,120 --> 00:51:27,760 INTERESTING CANDIGATES RELATIVE 1631 00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:29,360 TO THE WHOLE TRANSCRIPTIONAL 1632 00:51:29,360 --> 00:51:31,040 ACTIVITY BACKGROUND OF THE FLY. 1633 00:51:31,040 --> 00:51:32,840 AND OTHER - QUESTION RELATED IS 1634 00:51:32,840 --> 00:51:35,000 WE CAN ASK WHETHER GROUPS OF 1635 00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:36,040 GENES WHO WHOSE EXPRESSION 1636 00:51:36,040 --> 00:51:37,480 EVOLVES IN THE SAME DIRECTION, 1637 00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:39,720 WE ALL EVOLVE IN OVARY BIAS, 1638 00:51:39,720 --> 00:51:41,840 MAYBE THESE ARE CHARGES AGAIN 1639 00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:43,400 THAT INVOLVE AN OVARY BIAS 1640 00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:45,000 TOGETHER IN PARTICULAR LINEAGES 1641 00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,040 BUT NOT AS A SIMPLE CONSEQUENCE 1642 00:51:48,040 --> 00:51:49,200 OF THE EVOLUTIONARY 1643 00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:50,400 DIVERSIFICATION OF THESE 1644 00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:50,640 LINEAGES. 1645 00:51:50,640 --> 00:51:52,080 THESE MIGHT BEING CHANGES WE'RE 1646 00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:53,520 INTERESTED IN AND SO SAM 1647 00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:54,920 DEVELOPED A COUPLE OF METHODS TO 1648 00:51:54,920 --> 00:51:56,680 ASK THESE 2 DIFFERENT 83S, IN 1649 00:51:56,680 --> 00:51:58,440 THIS PLOT HERE WHAT ARE WE'RE 1650 00:51:58,440 --> 00:51:59,520 DOING IS COMPARING, WE'RE 1651 00:51:59,520 --> 00:52:03,560 BASICALLY ASKING HOW MUCH OF THE 1652 00:52:03,560 --> 00:52:09,280 VARIATION IN OVARY BIASED 1653 00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:10,800 EXPRESSION, SNOW MUCH OF THAT 1654 00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:12,520 DIFFERENT EXPRESSION APPEARS TO 1655 00:52:12,520 --> 00:52:14,040 BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO JUST THE 1656 00:52:14,040 --> 00:52:15,400 EVOLUTIONARY DISTANCE BETWEEN 1657 00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,120 THE LINEAGES WHICH IS ON THE 1658 00:52:18,120 --> 00:52:18,840 X-AXIS? 1659 00:52:18,840 --> 00:52:21,840 AND HOW MUCH IT MIGHT BE DUE NOT 1660 00:52:21,840 --> 00:52:25,400 TO THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF 1661 00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:26,240 DISCIPLINARY VERSIFICATION 1662 00:52:26,240 --> 00:52:27,640 BETWEEN THE LIGANS BUT A LOT OF 1663 00:52:27,640 --> 00:52:28,640 CHANGE BETWEEN THE ORGANS WHICH 1664 00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:31,480 WE ASK THE QUESTION THAT WAY, IT 1665 00:52:31,480 --> 00:52:32,920 HELPS US SEE WHAT SHOULD BE THE 1666 00:52:32,920 --> 00:52:35,040 NEXT STEPS WE SHOULD TAKE IN 1667 00:52:35,040 --> 00:52:35,640 THIS ANALYSIS. 1668 00:52:35,640 --> 00:52:36,840 WE SHOULD CHOOSE FOR EXAMPLE, 1669 00:52:36,840 --> 00:52:38,640 GENES THAT HAVE EVOLVE INDEED 1670 00:52:38,640 --> 00:52:42,240 VERY DIFFERENT DEGREE OF OVARY 1671 00:52:42,240 --> 00:52:44,680 BIAS IN FLIES FROM CLAYEDS A AND 1672 00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:46,760 B SORRY EXAMPLE BECAUSE THEIR 1673 00:52:46,760 --> 00:52:47,480 OVARY EXPRESSION IS MORE 1674 00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:49,120 DIFFERENT THAN WE WOULD EXPECT 1675 00:52:49,120 --> 00:52:50,240 GIVEN HOW CLOSELY RELATED THERE 1676 00:52:50,240 --> 00:52:51,760 A ARE, CHOOSING IF ARE EXAMPLE, 1677 00:52:51,760 --> 00:52:53,280 TO COMPARE A SPECIES FROM GROUP 1678 00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:55,320 A WITH A SPECIES FROM GROUP D 1679 00:52:55,320 --> 00:52:57,160 AND SAYING WHOA, I FOUND SOME 1680 00:52:57,160 --> 00:52:59,320 GENES THAT ARE REALLY 1681 00:52:59,320 --> 00:53:01,920 DIFFERENTLY EXPRESSED FROM THE 1682 00:53:01,920 --> 00:53:03,400 OVARIES FROM SPECIES A AND D AND 1683 00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:05,240 THAT MIGHT BE A GREAT CLOIS 1684 00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:06,640 BECAUSE WE EXPECT THEM TO BE 1685 00:53:06,640 --> 00:53:08,800 DIFFERENT IN THEIR DEGREE OF 1686 00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:11,080 BIAS GIVEN THE AMOUNT OF 1687 00:53:11,080 --> 00:53:12,040 DIVERSIFICATION THAT'S HAPPENING 1688 00:53:12,040 --> 00:53:13,000 BETWEEN THESE LINEAGES AND 1689 00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:14,040 FINALLY ANOTHER WAY WE CAN THINK 1690 00:53:14,040 --> 00:53:16,240 ABOUT THIS PROBLEM IS TO 1691 00:53:16,240 --> 00:53:17,840 LEVERAGE INFORMATION FROM 1692 00:53:17,840 --> 00:53:23,720 DROSOPHILA MELANO GHASTER, WHERE 1693 00:53:23,720 --> 00:53:24,680 EVERY GENETIC INTERACTION HAS 1694 00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:25,520 BEEN KNOWN TO REACT. 1695 00:53:25,520 --> 00:53:30,440 AND WE KNOW IF THESE INTERACT IN 1696 00:53:30,440 --> 00:53:32,200 FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT WAYS LIKE 1697 00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:34,000 PROTEINSOT PLOT, OR GENETIC 1698 00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:35,360 INTERACTIONS OF ENHANCEMENT OR 1699 00:53:35,360 --> 00:53:36,640 SUPPRESSION OF THE RIGHT HAND 1700 00:53:36,640 --> 00:53:38,360 PLOT AND WE CAN ASK WHETHER 1701 00:53:38,360 --> 00:53:41,000 GENES THAT IN THE MELANO GHASTER 1702 00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:42,520 INTERACT IN THESE KNOWN WAYS ARE 1703 00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:45,240 MORE LIKELY TO EVOLVE CONCERTED 1704 00:53:45,240 --> 00:53:47,760 OVARY BIAS OR LOSS OF OVARY BIAS 1705 00:53:47,760 --> 00:53:50,320 IN THE HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA AND 1706 00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:52,360 INDEED WE FIND THAT GENES THAT 1707 00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:53,400 EVOLVE SIMILAR BIASED EXPRESSION 1708 00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:56,200 IN THIS ORGAN OR THAT ORGAN WE 1709 00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:58,400 CARE FOR THE OVARY HERE, THEY DO 1710 00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:00,480 TEND TO HAVE SOME SORT OF 1711 00:54:00,480 --> 00:54:01,640 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH 1712 00:54:01,640 --> 00:54:03,200 EACH OTHER WHETHER GENETIC OR 1713 00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:03,520 PHYSICAL. 1714 00:54:03,520 --> 00:54:06,200 SO THESE TYPES OF APPROACHES OF 1715 00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:06,840 THESE COMPARATIVE TRANSCRIPTOMES 1716 00:54:06,840 --> 00:54:09,960 THAT WE HAVE DMOW, GIVE US NEW 1717 00:54:09,960 --> 00:54:10,600 TESTABLE GENE REGULATORY 1718 00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:12,320 HYPOTHESIS THAT WE CAN GO IN AND 1719 00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:21,240 INVESTIGATE AND SPECIFIC SORT OF 1720 00:54:21,240 --> 00:54:22,880 LOGICALLY SELECTED HAWAIIAN 1721 00:54:22,880 --> 00:54:24,200 SPECIES THAT HELP US UNDERSTAND 1722 00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:26,160 AND EXPLAIN THE LINEAGE 1723 00:54:26,160 --> 00:54:27,000 DIVERSIFICATION OF THE OVARIOLE 1724 00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:28,480 NUMBER THAT MAY HAVE BEEN 1725 00:54:28,480 --> 00:54:30,560 ADAPTED ON THE DIFFERENT 1726 00:54:30,560 --> 00:54:31,800 SUBSTRATES THAT THEY EVOLVE 1727 00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:32,560 THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH. 1728 00:54:32,560 --> 00:54:34,280 AND FINALLY I WANT TO LEAVE YOU 1729 00:54:34,280 --> 00:54:37,440 HAVING SPENT SO MUCH TIME ON 1730 00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:38,920 MELANO GHASTER, ON DROSOPHILA 1731 00:54:38,920 --> 00:54:40,360 AND LET'S SOMATIC CELLUTE AND 1732 00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:41,920 CONSIDER ALL INSECTS AND WE SAID 1733 00:54:41,920 --> 00:54:43,160 THAT IN THE DROSOPHILA, WE HAVE 1734 00:54:43,160 --> 00:54:45,160 A RANGE OF NUMBERS OF 1 TO A 1735 00:54:45,160 --> 00:54:46,440 HUNDRED, GIVE OR TAKE THAT 1736 00:54:46,440 --> 00:54:47,800 NUMBER IS VERY STRONGLY 1737 00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:49,520 CORRELATED WITH EGG LAYING, IT 1738 00:54:49,520 --> 00:54:51,160 TURNS OUT NEITHER OF THOSE ARE 1739 00:54:51,160 --> 00:54:52,560 TRUE IF WE ZOOM OUT AND LOOK 1740 00:54:52,560 --> 00:54:53,760 ACROSS ALL THE SIN SECTIONAL 1741 00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:55,560 ANALYSISS SO WHAT THEY DID WAS 1742 00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:56,440 LOOK THROUGH COUPLE THOUSAND 1743 00:54:56,440 --> 00:54:57,720 DIFFERENT PAPERS FROM THE 1744 00:54:57,720 --> 00:54:59,080 LITERATURE THAT OTHER PEOPLE 1745 00:54:59,080 --> 00:55:00,440 HAVE COUNTED OVARIOLE NEAR US SO 1746 00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:01,880 WE DON'T HAVE TO COUNT ALL THE 1747 00:55:01,880 --> 00:55:02,840 OVARIOLE NOBS IN THE WORLD WE 1748 00:55:02,840 --> 00:55:04,280 CAN LOOK AT WHAT OTHER VS DONE 1749 00:55:04,280 --> 00:55:06,160 AND WE CAN PLOT THE NUMBER ON 1750 00:55:06,160 --> 00:55:07,600 THE X-AXIS HERE AND WE HERE 1751 00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:10,280 WE'RE YOU GROUPING ON THE Y-AXIS 1752 00:55:10,280 --> 00:55:13,280 DIFFERENT MAJOR GROUPS OF 1753 00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:14,360 INSECTS THE COLORS ARE DIFFERENT 1754 00:55:14,360 --> 00:55:15,160 SO WE CAN DEVELOPMENTAL 1755 00:55:15,160 --> 00:55:15,840 ENDOCRINOLOGY REBTIATE THEM FROM 1756 00:55:15,840 --> 00:55:17,760 EACH OTHER AND THEY ARE INSECTS 1757 00:55:17,760 --> 00:55:18,480 THAT HAVE ONLY 1 OVALID AND 1758 00:55:18,480 --> 00:55:19,680 RELIABLEIOLE IN THE WHOLE BODY, 1759 00:55:19,680 --> 00:55:24,280 THIS MEANS THEY DO NOT HAVE A 1760 00:55:24,280 --> 00:55:25,840 BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL 1 AND 1761 00:55:25,840 --> 00:55:27,640 THAT INSECTS THAT HAVE 10,000 1762 00:55:27,640 --> 00:55:30,240 OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLES IN 1763 00:55:30,240 --> 00:55:32,440 THEIR BODY, THESE ARE TEND TO BE 1764 00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:34,280 THE SOCIAL INSECTS LIKE ANT 1765 00:55:34,280 --> 00:55:36,160 QUEEN EXPWS SO O. STILL THOUGH 1766 00:55:36,160 --> 00:55:37,840 IF IF WE DESCRIBE THE SHOASH 1767 00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:39,000 INSECTS WHICH HAVE THEIR OWN 1768 00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:40,480 THING GOING ON, WE HAVE BEATLESS 1769 00:55:40,480 --> 00:55:42,440 THAT HAVE OVER A THOUSAND 1770 00:55:42,440 --> 00:55:44,000 OVARIOLE IN AN AVARY SO A 1771 00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:44,920 MISCELLANEOUSIVE AMOUNT OF 1772 00:55:44,920 --> 00:55:46,440 VARIATION, I DON'T KNOW ABOUT 1773 00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:47,840 THE TOURNAMENT FILAMENT ITSELF, 1774 00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:48,920 NUMBER OR BEHAVIOR CAN EXPLAIN 1775 00:55:48,920 --> 00:55:51,240 ALL OF THIS VARIATION, RIGHT? 1776 00:55:51,240 --> 00:55:53,080 EVEN MORE CRAZY TO ME, IS THE 1777 00:55:53,080 --> 00:55:55,240 FACT THAT WE OBSERVE REPEATEDLY, 1778 00:55:55,240 --> 00:55:58,880 GROUPS OF INSECTS THAT HAVE 1779 00:55:58,880 --> 00:56:01,160 EVOLVED AN INVARIANT NUMBER, IF 1780 00:56:01,160 --> 00:56:02,560 YOU REMEMBER THE COMPARISON 1781 00:56:02,560 --> 00:56:04,880 WHERE WE LOOKED AT THE DEGREE OF 1782 00:56:04,880 --> 00:56:06,800 VALID AND RELIABLE YABTS IN THE 1783 00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:08,640 POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD SO 1784 00:56:08,640 --> 00:56:10,040 DIFFERENCES OF SHE'LLIA 1785 00:56:10,040 --> 00:56:11,000 POPULATIONS FROM THE SHELLS AND 1786 00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:14,640 I TOLD YOU, I KEPT SAYING 1787 00:56:14,640 --> 00:56:15,760 OOVARIOLE NUMBER MEAN OVARIOLE 1788 00:56:15,760 --> 00:56:17,600 NUMBER, THERE'S A SPECIES 1789 00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:19,840 SPECIFIC NUMBER IN DROSOPHILA IN 1790 00:56:19,840 --> 00:56:20,840 ALL DROSOPHILA SPECIES THAT WE 1791 00:56:20,840 --> 00:56:21,480 LOOKED AT. 1792 00:56:21,480 --> 00:56:22,880 IF YOU DISSECT A HUNDRED FLIES 1793 00:56:22,880 --> 00:56:24,320 THEY DON'T HAVE EXACTLY 10 1794 00:56:24,320 --> 00:56:25,520 OVALID AND RELIABLEIOLES THEY 1795 00:56:25,520 --> 00:56:30,160 HAVE 10, PLUS OR MINUS 2 1796 00:56:30,160 --> 00:56:32,640 DEPENDING ON THE SPECIES. 1797 00:56:32,640 --> 00:56:33,640 HOWEVER, CAN YOU SEE THEM IN 1798 00:56:33,640 --> 00:56:34,280 THESE VETERINARY RESOURCES 1799 00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:36,560 CALIFORNIA LINES THAT POP UP 1800 00:56:36,560 --> 00:56:38,920 HERE AND THERE TOWARDS THE 1801 00:56:38,920 --> 00:56:40,800 LEFT-HAND SIDE OF THIS PLOT, 1802 00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:42,080 THESE ARE INSECTS THAT HAVE 1803 00:56:42,080 --> 00:56:42,920 INVARIANT NUMBER AND YOU CAN 1804 00:56:42,920 --> 00:56:44,080 SIGNIFY SECTIONAL ANALYSIS A 1805 00:56:44,080 --> 00:56:45,640 HUNDRED AND FIND THE EXAM SAME 1806 00:56:45,640 --> 00:56:47,880 NUMBER OF OVARIOLES IN THERE. 1807 00:56:47,880 --> 00:56:50,040 I ALSO DON'T THINK THAT THE CELL 1808 00:56:50,040 --> 00:56:51,360 BIOLOGICAL AND MORPH O GENETIC 1809 00:56:51,360 --> 00:56:53,960 PROGRAMS THAT WE DISCOVERED ARE 1810 00:56:53,960 --> 00:56:56,160 IMPORTANT FOR OVARIOLE MORPH O 1811 00:56:56,160 --> 00:56:57,440 GENESIS AND DETERMINATION IN 1812 00:56:57,440 --> 00:56:59,080 MELANO GHASTER, I THINK THEY CAN 1813 00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:00,400 EXPLAIN HOW YOU ALWAYS GET THE 1814 00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:01,440 SAME NUMBER OF OVARIOLES EVERY 1815 00:57:01,440 --> 00:57:05,040 TIME AND YET THIS IS A COMMON 1816 00:57:05,040 --> 00:57:05,840 OCCURRENCE THAT'S EVOLVED MANY 1817 00:57:05,840 --> 00:57:08,240 DIFFERENT TIMES IN THE INSECTS. 1818 00:57:08,240 --> 00:57:08,880 SO GOING FORWARD ANOTHER 1819 00:57:08,880 --> 00:57:17,080 DIRECTION I WOULD LOVE TO GO IN 1820 00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:18,440 WE HAVE THOUSANDS OR THEY HAVE 1821 00:57:18,440 --> 00:57:19,840 EXACTLY THE SAME NUMBER OF 1822 00:57:19,840 --> 00:57:20,880 OVARIOLES EVERY TIME AND ASK 1823 00:57:20,880 --> 00:57:23,600 WHAT THE DEVELOPMENT AT BASIS OF 1824 00:57:23,600 --> 00:57:24,000 THAT BEHAVIOR IS. 1825 00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:26,240 AND FROM THERE WE CAN DISCOVER 1826 00:57:26,240 --> 00:57:28,000 THE DIFFERENT GENETIC BASIS FOR 1827 00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:28,840 CONTROLLING DIFFERENT OVARIOLES 1828 00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:32,400 IN THESE DIFFERENT LINEAGES. 1829 00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:34,120 ALL RIGHT, SO TO WRAP UP, THE 1830 00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:36,640 BIG TAKE AWAYS THAT I HAVE FOUND 1831 00:57:36,640 --> 00:57:39,440 REALLY USEFUL, OVER THESE YEARS, 1832 00:57:39,440 --> 00:57:42,080 FROM THIS APPROACH IS TO 1833 00:57:42,080 --> 00:57:44,160 UNDERSTAND THAT THESE COMPLEX 1834 00:57:44,160 --> 00:57:46,400 ADULT FITNESS TRAITS CAN 1835 00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:48,240 ULTIMATELY THROUGH A 1836 00:57:48,240 --> 00:57:49,440 DEVELOPMENTAL BI OMGIST LENS CAN 1837 00:57:49,440 --> 00:57:51,440 COME DOWN TO DECISIONS DURING 1838 00:57:51,440 --> 00:57:53,160 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES, THERE'S NO 1839 00:57:53,160 --> 00:57:55,560 SINGLE SMOKES GUN GENE OR 1840 00:57:55,560 --> 00:57:56,240 REGULATORY PATHWAY THAT CAN 1841 00:57:56,240 --> 00:57:58,920 EXPLAIN ALL THE VARIATION IN 1842 00:57:58,920 --> 00:58:00,120 THIS TRAIT, LET ALONE REGULATION 1843 00:58:00,120 --> 00:58:02,720 IN A SINGLE ORGANISM, IN TERMS 1844 00:58:02,720 --> 00:58:04,880 OF CELL-CELL SIGNALING CLEARLY 1845 00:58:04,880 --> 00:58:06,440 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT EVERY SINGLE 1846 00:58:06,440 --> 00:58:07,600 EVOLVED CONSERVED ACTIVITIES AND 1847 00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:08,320 PROJECTS MALSIGNALING PATHWAY 1848 00:58:08,320 --> 00:58:10,080 HAS SOME SKIN IN THIS GAME AND 1849 00:58:10,080 --> 00:58:14,480 WHEN IT AM CANS TO OVARIOLE IN 1850 00:58:14,480 --> 00:58:16,640 THIS PARTICULAR TRAIT WE FOUND 1851 00:58:16,640 --> 00:58:18,440 THIS INTERESTING LINK, THE 1852 00:58:18,440 --> 00:58:20,040 INSULIN SIGNALING LINK BETWEEN 1853 00:58:20,040 --> 00:58:21,000 THE HERITABLE VARIATION AND THE 1854 00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:23,120 NUMBER AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1855 00:58:23,120 --> 00:58:23,880 REGULATED VERYIATION OF THE 1856 00:58:23,880 --> 00:58:25,440 NUMBER AND IT'S QUITE EXCITING 1857 00:58:25,440 --> 00:58:29,080 BECAUSE IT'S SORT OF A LONG 1858 00:58:29,080 --> 00:58:30,280 STANDING PROBLEM IN EVOLUTIONARY 1859 00:58:30,280 --> 00:58:32,960 BIOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER OR 1860 00:58:32,960 --> 00:58:35,440 NOT NONHERITABLE VARIATION SORT 1861 00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:36,280 OF ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED 1862 00:58:36,280 --> 00:58:37,880 VARIATION IS REEL KEEPSAKES VABT 1863 00:58:37,880 --> 00:58:39,440 TO THE PROCESS BECAUSE IF IT'S 1864 00:58:39,440 --> 00:58:41,200 INDUCED BY THE VIEMPLET AND 1865 00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:42,240 CAN'T BE INHERITED THEN MAYBE 1866 00:58:42,240 --> 00:58:44,040 YOU DON'T CARE ABOUT AN 1867 00:58:44,040 --> 00:58:46,280 EVOLUTION, BUT IF THAT 1868 00:58:46,280 --> 00:58:48,840 PLASTICITY IS MEDIATED BY A 1869 00:58:48,840 --> 00:58:51,800 PATHWAY, WHOSE ACTIVITY ITSELF 1870 00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:53,080 CAN BE DIFFERENT INHERITABLE 1871 00:58:53,080 --> 00:58:55,440 WAYS MAYBE THIS IS A WAY YOU CAN 1872 00:58:55,440 --> 00:58:57,640 LINK PLASTICITY TO HERITTITY AND 1873 00:58:57,640 --> 00:58:59,240 THEN FINALLY, WE FIND IT REALLY 1874 00:58:59,240 --> 00:59:02,280 FRUITFUL TO BEGIN TO THINK MORE 1875 00:59:02,280 --> 00:59:05,000 AND MORE ABOUT SORT OF NULL 1876 00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:05,680 EXPECTATIONS FOR EVOLUTIONARY 1877 00:59:05,680 --> 00:59:05,920 CHANGE. 1878 00:59:05,920 --> 00:59:07,240 WE KNOW THERE WILL BE CHANGE BUT 1879 00:59:07,240 --> 00:59:09,320 WE WANT TO KNOW HOW MUCH CHANGE 1880 00:59:09,320 --> 00:59:11,160 WE COULD EXPECT SO WE CAN KNOW 1881 00:59:11,160 --> 00:59:13,080 AND SHOULD BE SURPRISED AND 1882 00:59:13,080 --> 00:59:14,520 WHICH LEADS WE SHOULD FOLLOW 1883 00:59:14,520 --> 00:59:14,720 NEXT. 1884 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:16,440 SO FINALLY OF COURSE, I NEED TO 1885 00:59:16,440 --> 00:59:18,760 THANK ALL OF OUR COLLABORATORS 1886 00:59:18,760 --> 00:59:20,440 AND OUR FUNDING SOURCES AND THE 1887 00:59:20,440 --> 00:59:21,880 GREAT GROUP OF INTERDISCIPLINARY 1888 00:59:21,880 --> 00:59:23,160 SCIENTISTS THAT I WORK WITH IN 1889 00:59:23,160 --> 00:59:24,680 THE LAB AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR 1890 00:59:24,680 --> 00:59:26,600 ATTENTION AND BEARING WE ME AS 1891 00:59:26,600 --> 00:59:29,040 WE HAD A COUPLE OF TECHNICAL 1892 00:59:29,040 --> 00:59:30,120 GLITCHES AND I WOULD LOVE TO 1893 00:59:30,120 --> 00:59:33,440 TAKE ANY QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT 1894 00:59:33,440 --> 00:59:35,400 HAVE. 1895 00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:35,640 THANKS. 1896 00:59:35,640 --> 00:59:37,320 NTHAT WAS A WONDERFUL TALK, 1897 00:59:37,320 --> 00:59:38,640 THANK YOU VERY MUCH I THINK YOU 1898 00:59:38,640 --> 00:59:40,040 HAVEN'T SEEN ME BEFORE, I'M 1899 00:59:40,040 --> 00:59:43,720 [INDISCERNIBLE] I'M A TENURED 1900 00:59:43,720 --> 00:59:44,880 [INDISCERNIBLE] AT NIDDK I HAVE 1901 00:59:44,880 --> 00:59:46,680 THE PRIVILEGE TO DO THE Q&A WITH 1902 00:59:46,680 --> 00:59:46,840 YOU. 1903 00:59:46,840 --> 00:59:48,560 I ALREADY HAVE QUESTIONS BUT FOR 1904 00:59:48,560 --> 00:59:51,160 EVERYONE WHO HAS A QUESTION 1905 00:59:51,160 --> 00:59:52,680 PLEASE USE THE SEND LIVE 1906 00:59:52,680 --> 00:59:54,480 FEEDBACK BUTTON ON THE BOTTOM OF 1907 00:59:54,480 --> 00:59:55,480 YOUR SCREEN AND JUST SEND US 1908 00:59:55,480 --> 00:59:57,680 YOUR QUESTIONS AND WE WILL ASK 1909 00:59:57,680 --> 00:59:59,600 SANDRA, I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO 1910 00:59:59,600 --> 01:00:04,000 REPEAT THE CME CODE FOR TODAY 1911 01:00:04,000 --> 01:00:11,440 WHICH IS 37934. 1912 01:00:11,440 --> 01:00:11,680 327934. 1913 01:00:11,680 --> 01:00:15,080 OKAY THANK YOU VERY MUCH CAN I 1914 01:00:15,080 --> 01:00:18,280 START AND DO YOU SEE ANY 1915 01:00:18,280 --> 01:00:19,320 RELATIONSHIP WITH POPULATION 1916 01:00:19,320 --> 01:00:20,640 SIZE. 1917 01:00:20,640 --> 01:00:22,080 >> OOH, SO INTERESTING. 1918 01:00:22,080 --> 01:00:25,960 EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE ARE 1919 01:00:25,960 --> 01:00:27,720 PRETTY GARBAGE, BUT TO SORT OF 1920 01:00:27,720 --> 01:00:31,240 SPIT BALL THIS, I THINK THAT WE 1921 01:00:31,240 --> 01:00:33,440 FIND THAT SPECIES WITH LOWER 1922 01:00:33,440 --> 01:00:34,160 EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZES ARE 1923 01:00:34,160 --> 01:00:36,960 GOING TO HAVE LOWER VARIANTS IN 1924 01:00:36,960 --> 01:00:37,440 ON OVARIOLE NUMBER. 1925 01:00:37,440 --> 01:00:38,720 I DON'T KNOW TAKEN--THEY WE CAN 1926 01:00:38,720 --> 01:00:42,560 PREDICT A LOT OF THE ABSOLUTE 1927 01:00:42,560 --> 01:00:45,000 OVARIOLE NUMBER OR AMINEE 1928 01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:46,480 OVARIOLE BUT THE NUMBER THIS 1929 01:00:46,480 --> 01:00:47,760 WILL BE LOWER. 1930 01:00:47,760 --> 01:00:48,680 YOU MIGHT GUESS THAT ANYWAY 1931 01:00:48,680 --> 01:00:51,040 BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT HIGH 1932 01:00:51,040 --> 01:00:52,440 DEGREES OF INVOLVABILITY COME 1933 01:00:52,440 --> 01:00:54,200 WITH DIFFERENT POPULATION SIZES 1934 01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:55,840 AND WE MIGHT EXPECT LOWER 1935 01:00:55,840 --> 01:00:58,040 VARIANTS IN A POPULATION WITH A 1936 01:00:58,040 --> 01:00:58,960 LOWER EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE. 1937 01:00:58,960 --> 01:01:00,680 BUT THAT WOULD BE MY PREDICTION. 1938 01:01:00,680 --> 01:01:02,040 THAT WOULD BE MY PREDICTION 1939 01:01:02,040 --> 01:01:03,960 BASED ON THE SMALL AMOUNT OF 1940 01:01:03,960 --> 01:01:05,040 IMPERICAL DATA WE HAVE, I THINK 1941 01:01:05,040 --> 01:01:10,040 THAT MAY BE THE CASE. 1942 01:01:10,040 --> 01:01:12,760 >> YEAH, THERE'S 1 QUESTION TBR 1943 01:01:12,760 --> 01:01:14,960 SUSAN [INDISCERNIBLE] AND SHE'S 1944 01:01:14,960 --> 01:01:16,240 WONDERING ABOUT YOUR 1945 01:01:16,240 --> 01:01:18,680 ASSIMMULATED ORGANISM WHICH IS 1946 01:01:18,680 --> 01:01:20,520 SUPER COOL AND REALLY WONDERING 1947 01:01:20,520 --> 01:01:21,760 ABOUT HOW YOU INTEGRATE THIS IN 1948 01:01:21,760 --> 01:01:23,920 YOUR RESEARCH AND HOW DO YOU 1949 01:01:23,920 --> 01:01:24,960 CHOOSE THE CHARACTERISTICS? 1950 01:01:24,960 --> 01:01:25,840 >> THAT'S SUCHT A GREAT 1951 01:01:25,840 --> 01:01:26,880 QUESTION. 1952 01:01:26,880 --> 01:01:28,080 SO THE SIMULATED ORGANISM WE 1953 01:01:28,080 --> 01:01:29,720 WORKED WITH THE MOST AND THE 1954 01:01:29,720 --> 01:01:32,320 CRICKET EMBRYO AND WE WERE DOING 1955 01:01:32,320 --> 01:01:33,400 THIS RELATIVELY UNRELATED STUDY 1956 01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:35,480 LOOKING AT EARLY CELL MOVEMENT 1957 01:01:35,480 --> 01:01:36,800 DECISIONS AND INSECT EMBRYOS SO 1958 01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:38,240 THOSE WHO STUDY INSECTS PROBABLY 1959 01:01:38,240 --> 01:01:39,840 KNOW THAT THE FIRST DIVISIONS OF 1960 01:01:39,840 --> 01:01:42,240 INSECT IMBREAKTHROUGH OS ARE 1961 01:01:42,240 --> 01:01:44,560 AREN'T HOLLOW BLASTIC, SO THE 1962 01:01:44,560 --> 01:01:46,320 FIRST MITOTIC CLEAVAGE, SKIPPED 1963 01:01:46,320 --> 01:01:47,600 CYTOKINESIS AND YOU END UP WITH 1964 01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:53,080 1 CELL WITH A LOT OF NUCLEI 1965 01:01:53,080 --> 01:01:53,840 INSIDE IT. 1966 01:01:53,840 --> 01:01:55,440 BECAUSE THEY REPLICATE IT AND 1967 01:01:55,440 --> 01:01:56,960 THEY DIDN'T SEPARATE IT INTO 1968 01:01:56,960 --> 01:01:58,520 SEPARATE CELLS SO YOU MAKE THIS 1969 01:01:58,520 --> 01:02:00,040 BAG, AND THE NUCLEI WILL HAVE TO 1970 01:02:00,040 --> 01:02:03,120 MOVE TO POPULATE THE CORTEX, AND 1971 01:02:03,120 --> 01:02:05,120 THEN THEY GET CELL MEMBRANES AND 1972 01:02:05,120 --> 01:02:07,440 CELLULARRIZE AND MOW HAVE YOU A 1973 01:02:07,440 --> 01:02:09,520 BLASTODERM, JUST LIKE ANY OTHER 1974 01:02:09,520 --> 01:02:11,480 ANIMAL EMBRYO REALLY SO HOW DO 1975 01:02:11,480 --> 01:02:13,040 WOE GO TO THE RIGHT PLACE, 1976 01:02:13,040 --> 01:02:14,040 BECAUSE IF THEY'RE ALL BORN IN 1977 01:02:14,040 --> 01:02:15,640 THE MIDDLE OF THE YOLK YOU WILL 1978 01:02:15,640 --> 01:02:21,520 NEVER MAKE AN EMBRYO, THEY HAVE 1979 01:02:21,520 --> 01:02:23,080 TO--WITH THIS PROBLEM IN A WAY 1980 01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:26,240 BIGGER EMBRYO THAT DEVELOPS MUCH 1981 01:02:26,240 --> 01:02:28,400 MORE SLOWLY THAT HAS A NICE 1982 01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:29,680 TRANSPARENT EGG SHOAL AND WE CAN 1983 01:02:29,680 --> 01:02:31,240 SEE THIS CRICKET AND WE MADE 1984 01:02:31,240 --> 01:02:33,960 MOVIES OF THE CRICKET AND 1985 01:02:33,960 --> 01:02:36,120 QUAWBTIFIED NUCLEAR THING 1986 01:02:36,120 --> 01:02:36,840 DEVELOPED A MATHEMATICAL MODEL 1987 01:02:36,840 --> 01:02:39,200 THAT WAS GOOD AT EXPLAINING THE 1988 01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:41,280 BEHAVIOR OF THESE NUCLEI, THE 1989 01:02:41,280 --> 01:02:42,960 MATHEMATICAL MODEL PREDICTED 1990 01:02:42,960 --> 01:02:45,600 THAT A SPECIFIC PARAMETER WHICH 1991 01:02:45,600 --> 01:02:46,680 WAS ACTUAL NUCLEAR DENSITY WAS A 1992 01:02:46,680 --> 01:02:48,320 KEY DRIVER OF ALL THE BEHAVIORS, 1993 01:02:48,320 --> 01:02:49,640 THE MOVEMENT AND THE MOI TO 1994 01:02:49,640 --> 01:02:52,040 THETIC BEHAVIORS IN THE SYSTEM. 1995 01:02:52,040 --> 01:02:53,920 AND THE--BUT WE DID A 1996 01:02:53,920 --> 01:02:55,440 COMBINATION OF REAL EXPERIMENTS 1997 01:02:55,440 --> 01:02:57,000 AND INSILIC O EXPERIMENTS WHERE 1998 01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:58,160 WE MADE EMBRYOS ARE, WE COULD 1999 01:02:58,160 --> 01:02:59,240 MAKE THEM IN THE COMPUTER 2000 01:02:59,240 --> 01:03:00,560 BECAUSE YOU COULD MAKE ANYTHING 2001 01:03:00,560 --> 01:03:03,320 IN A COMUTTER THAT HAD SPECIFIC 2002 01:03:03,320 --> 01:03:04,400 NUCLEAR DENNITYS OR SPECIFIC 2003 01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:07,160 SIZES AND SHAPES OR SPECIFIC 2004 01:03:07,160 --> 01:03:08,440 PROTURBATIONS THAT CHANGE THE 2005 01:03:08,440 --> 01:03:09,440 DENNITY OR PARAMETERS THAT WE 2006 01:03:09,440 --> 01:03:11,640 CARED ABOUT AND SEE SAID OKAY, 2007 01:03:11,640 --> 01:03:13,840 IF THE NUCLEI BEHAVE ACCORDING 2008 01:03:13,840 --> 01:03:16,040 TO THE RULE, LET'S SIMULATE THIS 2009 01:03:16,040 --> 01:03:17,160 AND THAT AND IN THIS THE LAB YOU 2010 01:03:17,160 --> 01:03:19,640 CAN DO THIS AND THAT AND CAN YOU 2011 01:03:19,640 --> 01:03:21,800 SEE TO WHAT EXTENT YOUR MODEL IS 2012 01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:23,560 A GOOD PREDICTOR OF THE REAL 2013 01:03:23,560 --> 01:03:24,520 WORLD. 2014 01:03:24,520 --> 01:03:28,280 AND SO THAT PAPER WAS JUST 2015 01:03:28,280 --> 01:03:29,960 ACCEPTED TODAY BY NATURE 2016 01:03:29,960 --> 01:03:30,920 COMMUNICATIONS, IT'S IN THE 2017 01:03:30,920 --> 01:03:32,800 ARCHIVES YOU CAN READ IT IF YOU 2018 01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:33,800 ARE INTERESTED BUT NIEWFING 2019 01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:36,840 FORWARD I WANT TO TAKE THE 2020 01:03:36,840 --> 01:03:38,240 SIMULATOR DIRECTIONS, 1 IS MORE 2021 01:03:38,240 --> 01:03:40,000 INSECT EGGS WE DID ANOTHER STUDY 2022 01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:41,720 WHERE WE SORT OF QUANTIFIED THE 2023 01:03:41,720 --> 01:03:44,400 MORPH O SPACE OF INSECT EGGS, 2024 01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:46,320 WHAT ARE SIZES AND SHAPES OF 2025 01:03:46,320 --> 01:03:47,960 INSECT EGGS, TURNS OUT THERE 2026 01:03:47,960 --> 01:03:50,160 AIAN HUGE AMOUNT OF VARIATION IN 2027 01:03:50,160 --> 01:03:53,440 SHAPE AND SIZE AND WE BET THAT 2028 01:03:53,440 --> 01:03:56,360 WE HYPOTHESIZESSED THAT THERE 2029 01:03:56,360 --> 01:03:58,320 WILL BE SOME FUNCTION OF THE 2030 01:03:58,320 --> 01:03:59,400 SAIP AND EGG ITSELF. 2031 01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:00,600 AND WHAT I WAS TALKING ABOUT 2032 01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,280 HERE, YOU HAVE THE BALL OF CELLS 2033 01:04:03,280 --> 01:04:05,040 THE BALL OF OVARY, CELL 2034 01:04:05,040 --> 01:04:06,720 MOVEMENT, DIRECTIONAL CELL 2035 01:04:06,720 --> 01:04:09,600 MOVEMENTS, FOALARRIZED CELL 2036 01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:10,600 MOVEMENTS, SHAPE CHANGES, 2037 01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:11,720 BEHAVIORS, HAVE TO HAVE IN A 2038 01:04:11,720 --> 01:04:13,360 SPECIFIC WAY FOR YOU TO END UP 2039 01:04:13,360 --> 01:04:15,240 WITH A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF 2040 01:04:15,240 --> 01:04:18,360 TERMINAL FILAMENTS SO WHEN I 2041 01:04:18,360 --> 01:04:20,560 STARTED THIS WORK YEARS AGO, I 2042 01:04:20,560 --> 01:04:21,520 THOUGHT LET'S MAKE MODELS AND 2043 01:04:21,520 --> 01:04:23,400 THEN I REALIZED WE HAVE NO 2044 01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:25,480 PARAMETERS TO PUT INTO THE MODEL 2045 01:04:25,480 --> 01:04:27,200 WE DON'T KNOW HOW MANY CELLS, WE 2046 01:04:27,200 --> 01:04:28,920 DON'T KNOW HOW OFTEN THEY DIVIDE 2047 01:04:28,920 --> 01:04:30,560 AND WHERE THEY GO, AND WE DON'T 2048 01:04:30,560 --> 01:04:32,080 KNOW SO NOW IT COULD BE FRUITFUL 2049 01:04:32,080 --> 01:04:35,920 FOR US TO DEVELOP A SIMILAR 2050 01:04:35,920 --> 01:04:38,640 OVARY AND SUBJECT INSILIC O 2051 01:04:38,640 --> 01:04:39,640 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL 2052 01:04:39,640 --> 01:04:41,720 MECHANICAL CELL BEHAVIORAL 2053 01:04:41,720 --> 01:04:43,160 CHANGES, OBSERVE WHAT THE NUMBER 2054 01:04:43,160 --> 01:04:44,800 OUTPUT IS, LET'S SAY YOU PICK 2055 01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:46,200 THAT AS AN OUTLIER THEN WE 2056 01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:47,840 OBSERVE WHETHER OR NOT REAL 2057 01:04:47,840 --> 01:04:49,280 OVOORYS SUBJECT TO THOSE SAME 2058 01:04:49,280 --> 01:04:50,800 SORTS OF CHANGES BEHAVING THE 2059 01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:53,480 SAME WAY CAN THAT WILL HELP US 2060 01:04:53,480 --> 01:04:55,640 KNOW SORT OF HOW FAR OFF ARE WE 2061 01:04:55,640 --> 01:04:57,200 IN KNOWING ALL THE DIFFERENT 2062 01:04:57,200 --> 01:04:58,720 PARAMETERS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO 2063 01:04:58,720 --> 01:05:04,600 ULTIMATELY DETERMINE THE RIGHT 2064 01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:04,840 NUMBER. 2065 01:05:04,840 --> 01:05:05,920 >> COULD YOU COULD YOU MAKE 2066 01:05:05,920 --> 01:05:07,880 HYBRIDS OF THE SOME OF THE SPECS 2067 01:05:07,880 --> 01:05:09,840 AND LOOK AT WHAT CO SEGGREGATES 2068 01:05:09,840 --> 01:05:12,640 AND LOOK AT THE DOMINANT RATE? 2069 01:05:12,640 --> 01:05:13,600 >> HUNDRED PERCENT. 2070 01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:16,360 AS SUSAN KNOWS THIS IS A 2071 01:05:16,360 --> 01:05:17,640 QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, HIGHLY 2072 01:05:17,640 --> 01:05:20,600 VARIABLE AMONG THOSE THAT CAN 2073 01:05:20,600 --> 01:05:23,400 IRPT BREED, PRIME TERRITORY FOR 2074 01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:25,480 QTL ANALYSIS AND MANY RESEARCHER 2075 01:05:25,480 --> 01:05:26,840 VS DONE QTL ANALYSIS ON THIS 2076 01:05:26,840 --> 01:05:30,440 TRAIT AND THEY HAVE, UNCOVERED, 2077 01:05:30,440 --> 01:05:32,480 THEY--I WOULD SAY THE QTL 2078 01:05:32,480 --> 01:05:34,080 ANALYSIS AND THE INTERSPECIES 2079 01:05:34,080 --> 01:05:36,000 ACROSS THIS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE 2080 01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:38,000 OVER THE LAST CENTURY HAVE TOLD 2081 01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:40,280 US 3 MAIN THINGS, IT'S A COMPLEX 2082 01:05:40,280 --> 01:05:42,480 TRAIT, A LOT OF GENES IN 2083 01:05:42,480 --> 01:05:44,120 INVOLVED, SINGLE LOCUST AND 2 2084 01:05:44,120 --> 01:05:45,520 IT'S NOT SEX LINKED WHICH IS 2085 01:05:45,520 --> 01:05:47,400 AUTOSTUDIES OF MULTIPLE 2086 01:05:47,400 --> 01:05:50,640 ENDOCRINAL, AND 2 CHROMOSOMES 2087 01:05:50,640 --> 01:05:53,680 AND DROSOPHILA, AND 3, THE QTL 2088 01:05:53,680 --> 01:05:56,320 ANALYSIS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE SO 2089 01:05:56,320 --> 01:05:58,560 FAR HAVE UNCOVERED A NUMBER OF 2090 01:05:58,560 --> 01:05:59,520 LOCI, PRODETECTED I LARGER 2091 01:05:59,520 --> 01:06:01,480 EFFECT BUT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 2092 01:06:01,480 --> 01:06:03,240 JEERNS CONTAINED IN ALL THESE IS 2093 01:06:03,240 --> 01:06:08,560 NUMBERING IN THE THIS HAPPENEDS 2094 01:06:08,560 --> 01:06:10,000 BECAUSE THE LOCI WERE A GOOD 2095 01:06:10,000 --> 01:06:12,280 PORTION, IT'S BEEN A GOOD NUMBER 2096 01:06:12,280 --> 01:06:16,400 OF YEARS SINCE ANYONE DID A 2097 01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:18,840 LARGE QTL, BECAUSE THE 2098 01:06:18,840 --> 01:06:19,920 RESOLUTIONS IT WOULD BE GREAT TO 2099 01:06:19,920 --> 01:06:20,240 MAP NOW. 2100 01:06:20,240 --> 01:06:22,600 WE TOOK A LACK AT SOME OF THOSE 2101 01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:25,400 OLDER QTL STUDIES AND WE PICKED 2102 01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:26,800 GENES WITH HIGH SCORES SO 2103 01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:28,480 PREDICTED TO HAVE PERHAPS A HIGH 2104 01:06:28,480 --> 01:06:29,760 DEGREE OF VARIATION AT THE 2105 01:06:29,760 --> 01:06:31,040 SEQUENCE LEVEL THAT EXPLAINS THE 2106 01:06:31,040 --> 01:06:33,040 VARIATION IN THE STRAIGHT AND SO 2107 01:06:33,040 --> 01:06:35,040 HIGH AND LOW SCORES AND WE 2108 01:06:35,040 --> 01:06:36,600 TESTED THEM FUNCTIONALLY, 2109 01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:37,960 SYSTEMATICALLY, 3 OR 400 OF 2110 01:06:37,960 --> 01:06:39,480 THESE WE TESTED BY KNOCKING THEM 2111 01:06:39,480 --> 01:06:41,320 DOWN TO ASK WHAT THE POETIC 2112 01:06:41,320 --> 01:06:42,880 TEBTIAL FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF 2113 01:06:42,880 --> 01:06:44,280 THESE QTL SUGGESTED HITS MIGHT 2114 01:06:44,280 --> 01:06:44,600 BE. 2115 01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:46,640 AND THE ANSWER WAS SOMETHING 2116 01:06:46,640 --> 01:06:51,560 LIKE 2/3RDS OF THE LOCI AND THE 2117 01:06:51,560 --> 01:06:52,760 ANALYSIS UNCOVERED WHEN YOU 2118 01:06:52,760 --> 01:06:54,640 KNOCK THEM DOWN IN MELANO 2119 01:06:54,640 --> 01:06:56,120 GHASTER YOU WILL CHANGE THE 2120 01:06:56,120 --> 01:06:57,920 OVARIOLE NUMBER BUT NO 2121 01:06:57,920 --> 01:06:58,960 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LARGE 2122 01:06:58,960 --> 01:07:00,840 SCORE BUT I TRIBUTE THAT TO THE 2123 01:07:00,840 --> 01:07:01,840 POOR RESOLUTION OF THE MAPS THAT 2124 01:07:01,840 --> 01:07:02,920 WERE AVAILABLE AT THE TIME AND I 2125 01:07:02,920 --> 01:07:04,800 THINK THE TIME NOW WOULD BE GOOD 2126 01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:05,600 TO REPEAT THAT. 2127 01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:08,240 >> THAT WOULD BE SUPER COOL. 2128 01:07:08,240 --> 01:07:10,320 REALLY COOL IF WE COULD 2129 01:07:10,320 --> 01:07:11,680 JUST--THE TECHNOLOGY'S MUCH 2130 01:07:11,680 --> 01:07:12,960 BETTER NOW. 2131 01:07:12,960 --> 01:07:13,320 >> ABSOLUTELY. 2132 01:07:13,320 --> 01:07:14,240 ABSOLUTELY AND ALSO RELEVANT TO 2133 01:07:14,240 --> 01:07:16,240 THIS AND PEOPLE HAVE DONE THIS 2134 01:07:16,240 --> 01:07:20,520 AS WELL, IT'S NOT TOO HARD TO 2135 01:07:20,520 --> 01:07:23,680 SELECT TO EXPERIMENTALLY EVOLVE 2136 01:07:23,680 --> 01:07:33,360 A OVARIOLE NUMBER SO CAN 2137 01:07:33,360 --> 01:07:34,840 YOU--LOWER OR HIGHER, BUT WHEN 2138 01:07:34,840 --> 01:07:36,760 YOU STOP THE SELECTIVE PRESSURE, 2139 01:07:36,760 --> 01:07:38,240 THOSE SNAP BACK TO THAT PEOPLE 2140 01:07:38,240 --> 01:07:40,240 AND SO THIS TELLS US THERE'S 2141 01:07:40,240 --> 01:07:41,480 HERITABILITY IN THERE, THERE'S 2142 01:07:41,480 --> 01:07:43,800 STANDING VARIATION AND YOU CAN 2143 01:07:43,800 --> 01:07:46,440 SCAN IT UP AND DOWN. 2144 01:07:46,440 --> 01:07:47,160 >> IT IS REVERTIBLE. 2145 01:07:47,160 --> 01:07:48,120 >> YOU CAN REVERT IT. 2146 01:07:48,120 --> 01:07:53,440 >> YOU CAN, YEAH, YEAH, YOU CAN. 2147 01:07:53,440 --> 01:07:53,800 QUITE EASILY. 2148 01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:56,800 ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS STOP 2149 01:07:56,800 --> 01:07:58,320 SELECTING AND IT WILL BE SNAP 2150 01:07:58,320 --> 01:07:58,560 BACK. 2151 01:07:58,560 --> 01:08:01,280 >> SO THERE IS A CERTAIN OPTIMUM 2152 01:08:01,280 --> 01:08:04,280 AND YOU CAN TRANSCEND INTO DB8 2153 01:08:04,280 --> 01:08:06,600 BUT THEN - TAKES IT TO DEVIATE. 2154 01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:07,360 >> THAT'S IT. 2155 01:08:07,360 --> 01:08:08,080 THAT'S IT. 2156 01:08:08,080 --> 01:08:13,240 IT RELATED TO THE SPECIES 2157 01:08:13,240 --> 01:08:14,240 SPECIFIC VARIANCES, SPECIES 2158 01:08:14,240 --> 01:08:16,360 SPECIFIC DEGREES OF STANDING 2159 01:08:16,360 --> 01:08:16,920 VARIATION, GENETIC VARIATION 2160 01:08:16,920 --> 01:08:18,960 THAT CAN PUSH IT UP AND DOWN, 2161 01:08:18,960 --> 01:08:20,640 BUT GIVEN, YOU CAN'T REALLY 2162 01:08:20,640 --> 01:08:22,720 TRANSFORM, NOT THAT WE ARE 2163 01:08:22,720 --> 01:08:25,960 OTHERS HAVE SEEN YET, CAN'T 2164 01:08:25,960 --> 01:08:27,960 TRANSFORM A MELANO GHASTER TO 1 2165 01:08:27,960 --> 01:08:29,040 OF THESE DID YOU THINK BEETLE 2166 01:08:29,040 --> 01:08:30,200 NUMBERS OF A THOUSAND BUT IT 2167 01:08:30,200 --> 01:08:35,560 WOULD BE GREAT, INTERESTING TO 2168 01:08:35,560 --> 01:08:36,200 TRY. 2169 01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:37,720 YEAH, CHRIS IS TELLING ME WE 2170 01:08:37,720 --> 01:08:40,720 SHOULD COME TO AN END AND GIVE 2171 01:08:40,720 --> 01:08:42,040 YOU BREAK BEFORE YOU MEET WITH 2172 01:08:42,040 --> 01:08:42,480 THE STUDENTS. 2173 01:08:42,480 --> 01:08:43,680 THANK YOU AGAIN SO MUCH FOR THE 2174 01:08:43,680 --> 01:08:45,600 TALK THAT WAS AMAZING AND I 2175 01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:46,320 GUESS EVERYONE ENJOYED IT AS 2176 01:08:46,320 --> 01:08:47,760 MUCH AS I DID, SO THANK YOU VERY 2177 01:08:47,760 --> 01:08:50,040 MUCH FROM ALL OF US. 2178 01:08:50,040 --> 01:08:51,240 AND ALSO AVAILABLE ON VIDEOCAST 2179 01:08:51,240 --> 01:08:53,240 FOR ALL THE OPPORTUNITY 2180 01:08:53,240 --> 01:08:55,040 TO WATCH IT LIVE. 2181 01:08:55,040 --> 01:08:56,760 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, WONDERFUL 2182 01:08:56,760 --> 01:08:57,080 MEETING YOU. 2183 01:08:57,080 --> 01:08:59,000 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH EVERYBODY. 2184 01:08:59,000 --> 01:10:24,320 BYE.