1 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:07,760 WELCOME TO THE FIRST WEDNESDAY 2 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:10,520 AFTERNOON LECTURE OF 2022. 3 00:00:10,520 --> 00:00:13,560 I HOPE YOU ALL MANAGED TO HAVE A 4 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:17,800 BREAK OVER THE NEW YEAR AND I'M 5 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:19,560 CHIEF THE SECTION OF 6 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:20,840 DEVELOPMENTAL AT THE NATIONAL 7 00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,280 INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH. 8 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:24,320 I'M TRULY EXCITED TO INTRODUCE 9 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:26,760 TODAY'S SPEAKER, PROFESSOR DANI 10 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:28,800 BASSETT, DISCUSSING WHAT CAN BE 11 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:30,560 DESCRIBED AS THE SCIENCE OF 12 00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:32,360 SCIENCE AND THE BIASES THAT THIS 13 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:35,840 CAN REVEAL IN THE WAYS WE WORK. 14 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:44,400 OUR SPEAKER TODAY IS THE 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:46,280 JAY PETER AND PROFESSOR OF THE 16 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:49,600 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND 17 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:50,720 APPOINTMENTS AT THE DEPARTMENTS 18 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:51,880 OF BIO ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS 19 00:00:51,880 --> 00:00:53,560 AGAIN AND IT GIVES YOU A HINT 20 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:56,400 THAT DIVERSITY OF THE PHENOMENAL 21 00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:57,920 RESEARCH PROGRAMME OF PROFESSOR 22 00:00:57,920 --> 00:00:58,160 BASSETT. 23 00:00:58,160 --> 00:00:59,640 WE HAVE AN ACADEMIC APPOINTMENT 24 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:03,320 AT THE SANTA FE INSTITUTE. 25 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:05,400 DANI IS BEST KNOWN FOR BLENDING 26 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:08,240 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TO IDENTIFY 27 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:09,840 FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS OF 28 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:13,640 COGNITION AND DISEASE IN HUMAN 29 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:16,040 BRAIN NETWORKS AND DANI LEADS 30 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:21,600 THE COMPLEX SYSTEMS LAB TO LINK 31 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:23,000 PROBLEMS WITH BASIC SCIENCE, 32 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:23,840 ENGINEERING AND CLINICAL 33 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:25,240 MEDICINE THAT CAN BE TACKLED 34 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:27,880 USING SYSTEM LEVEL APPROACHES. 35 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:30,520 SHE RECEIVED AN UNDERGRADUATE 36 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:32,960 AGREE FROM PEN STATE UNIVERSITY 37 00:01:32,960 --> 00:01:35,440 AND A PH.D FROM CAMBRIDGE AS A 38 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:37,280 CHURCHILL SCHOLAR AND ONE OF OUR 39 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:39,640 OWN NIH HEALTH SCIENCES SCHOLARS 40 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:41,880 AND FOLLOWING THE POSTDOC TO BAL 41 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:46,400 POSITION AT UC. 42 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:50,560 >> Sandy: THEY WERE A JUNIOR 43 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:57,160 SANTA BARBRA AND THE GENIUS 44 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,720 GRANT IN 2014 AND THE NAME OF 45 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:04,440 ALFRED P. SLOAN RESEARCH FELLOW 46 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,000 IN 2014 AND IF I PRONOUNCED THAT 47 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:08,280 CORRECTLY IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS 48 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:10,640 SCIENCE IN 2017 AND THE PRIZE IN 49 00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:13,840 NETWORK SCIENCE IN 2018 AND MOST 50 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:15,360 RECENTLY, DANNY WAS NAMED AN 51 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:18,000 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY FELLOW 52 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:19,280 IN 2021 AND HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED 53 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:21,000 AS ONE OF THE WEB OF SCIENCES 54 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:22,840 MOST HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS 55 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:25,040 FOR SEVERAL YEARS RUNNING. 56 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:32,040 AND DANI'S WORK AND INCLUDING 57 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,440 NIH AND AND RESEARCH AND THE 58 00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:39,600 FOUNDATION AND THE JOHN 59 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:41,680 CATHERINE T. MACK AUTHOR 60 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:42,640 FOUNDATION AND THE BOOK COMING 61 00:02:42,640 --> 00:02:47,640 OUT THIS YEAR FROM M.I.T. PRESS 62 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:49,800 CO-AUTHORED IS TITLED "CURIOUS 63 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:53,360 MINDSMINDS, THE POWER OF CONNECTION" 64 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:55,520 AND I WANT TO SHARE A PERSONAL 65 00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:56,600 REFLECTION OF SOMEONE LUCKY 66 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,200 ENOUGH TO WORK CLOSELY TO FOLLOW 67 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:01,120 CLOSELY DANI'S WORK AS A 68 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:02,520 COLLEAGUE AND COLLABORATE OR. 69 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:04,480 IT'S HARD TO OVER STATE THE 70 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:06,280 EXTENT TO WHICH WORKING WITH 71 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:09,480 DANI IS REALLY FLOORING 72 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:13,640 EXPERIENCE, BY THEIR PROFOUND 73 00:03:13,640 --> 00:03:14,440 CREATIVITY INTELLECTUAL 74 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:15,440 FLEXIBILITY AND CLOSE ATTENTION 75 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:19,040 TO DOUGH TAIL AND REALLY 76 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:20,040 INSPIRATIONAL COLLEGIALITY. 77 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:22,120 THEY'VE HAD AN IMPACT ON THE WAY 78 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:23,600 I DO SCIENCE AND THE WAY I THINK 79 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:25,840 ABOUT BEING A SCIENTIST AND I 80 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:27,640 KNOW I'M NOT ALONE IN THIS SO 81 00:03:27,640 --> 00:03:29,480 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, DANI, FOR 82 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:30,640 ALL OF THIS AND THANK YOU FOR 83 00:03:30,640 --> 00:03:33,640 BEING HERE WITH US TODAY AND I 84 00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:36,520 AM REALLY EXCITED TO HEAR YOUR 85 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:37,680 TALK ON THINKING CRITICALLY 86 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:38,960 ABOUT HOW WE DO SCIENCE. 87 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:39,880 I'LL LET YOU TAKE IT OVER. 88 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,800 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 89 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:45,600 EXTREMELY KIND REMARKS, AND ALL 90 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:47,040 OF YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE 91 00:03:47,040 --> 00:03:51,280 HERE TODAY. 92 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:52,800 SO, JESS, I TITLED THIS TALK 93 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:54,320 THINKING ABOUT HOW WE DO SCIENCE 94 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:56,920 AND I SUPPOSE I'LL JUST START BY 95 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:58,280 SAYING THAT I ABSOLUTELY LOVE 96 00:03:58,280 --> 00:03:58,680 SCIENCE. 97 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:00,960 I LOVE SCIENCE FOR A WHOLE BUNCH 98 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:01,360 OF REASONS. 99 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:03,160 I LOVE THE ENDS OF SCIENCE, I 100 00:04:03,160 --> 00:04:05,440 LOVE THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE, AND 101 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:07,720 I LOVE THE PEOPLE OF SCIENCE. 102 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:11,560 I LOVE THE INTO INTOXICATING FEELING 103 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:12,640 OF DISCOVERY. 104 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:16,080 ONE RECENT ONE WAS THE DISCOVERY 105 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:17,640 OF SPRING TALES FROM WHICH I 106 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:22,200 LEARNED MY JEALOUSY OF YELLOW 107 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:23,880 BEINGS AND STAR BUSSED CAN OCCUR 108 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:26,840 IN THE UNLIKELY PLACES, LOOK AT 109 00:04:26,840 --> 00:04:29,040 THIS INCREDIBLE STAR BURST OF 110 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:31,840 WHITE HAIRS ON THIS PURPLE 111 00:04:31,840 --> 00:04:34,640 SPRING TAIL AND IT COMES IN ALL 112 00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:35,920 SIZE ZOOS HERE THE SPECIES. 113 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:37,720 BUT IN ADDITION TO DISCOVERY, I 114 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:39,160 LOVE THE POTENTIAL TO DO 115 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:40,800 SOMETHING GOOD FOR THE WORLD. 116 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:42,400 THE POTENTIAL FOR THERAPY, AND 117 00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:44,960 THE POTENTIAL FOR CURE. 118 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:46,200 IN ADDITION TO THE ENDS OF 119 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:48,000 SCIENCE, I LOVE THE PRECISION OF 120 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:50,360 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD POSING A 121 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:51,840 QUESTION, BREAKING THE QUESTION 122 00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:53,360 DOWN INTO OBJECTS AND PROCESSES 123 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:55,280 AND DEVELOPING A WAY TO MEASURE 124 00:04:55,280 --> 00:04:57,240 THOSE OBJECTS AND PROCESSES, 125 00:04:57,240 --> 00:04:59,760 DEVISING A HYPOTHESIS AND NULL 126 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:01,520 HYPOTHESIS, DEVISING AN 127 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:04,120 EXPERIMENT TO REFUTE ONE OF THE 128 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:04,840 HYPOTHESIS AND CARRYING IT OUT 129 00:05:04,840 --> 00:05:08,040 TO GET A CLEAN RESULT. 130 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:12,760 I LOVIN' DUCI LOVE INDUCTIVE INFERENCE FRO M 131 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:14,880 FACTS TO PRINCIPLES. 132 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:16,480 AND I LOVE THE PEOPLE OF 133 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:16,760 SCIENCE. 134 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:20,320 WITH ALL OF OUR FANTASTIC 135 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:22,000 PERSONALITY QUIRKS AND ANNOYING 136 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:22,560 PARTICULAR AARTIS OF MOSTLY 137 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:23,360 MENTION MY OWN. 138 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:25,240 I LOVE THAT WE ARE CRITICAL THAT 139 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:27,760 WE USE OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND 140 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:29,280 EVALUATION IN ORDER TO FORM A 141 00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:31,080 JUDGMENT AND I LOVE THAT WE'RE 142 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:33,840 SKEPTICAL THAT WE'RE NOT EASILY 143 00:05:33,840 --> 00:05:35,600 CONVINCED WITHOUT ROOMS OF DATA 144 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:36,520 AND WE DOUBT UNTIL THE EVIDENCE 145 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:38,000 IS OVERWHELMING. 146 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:40,360 I LOVE THAT WE SEEK TO BE 147 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:41,760 OBJECTIVE, THAT WE TRY TO LEAVE 148 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:43,640 OUR PERSONAL FEELINGS AND 149 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:45,640 OPINIONS OUTSIDE OF THE LAB. 150 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,400 AND COME TO EVERY OPEN 151 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:50,160 SCIENTIFIC QUESTION FAIRLY AND 152 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:52,440 WITHOUT BIAS. 153 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:55,040 SCIENCE TO ME IS A BEAUTIFUL 154 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:56,640 RATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHLY 155 00:05:56,640 --> 00:05:57,880 STRUCTURED INQUIRY THAT ALLOWS 156 00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:00,480 US TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR 157 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:00,920 WORLD. 158 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:02,520 WE SEE PAST OLD THEORIES AND 159 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:05,800 BUILD NEW ONES AND WE REALISE A 160 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:06,640 PHENOMENON CURSE BECAUSE OF THIS 161 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:08,440 AND NOT THAT. 162 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:10,040 THE SCEPTIC WE SPAR WITH OUR OWN 163 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:12,080 INTERNAL MODELS OF HOW THINGS 164 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,000 MIGHT HAPPEN, ALWAYS QUESTIONING 165 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,640 EVER CRITICAL, RARELY CERTAIN. 166 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,040 WHAT IF WE WERE TO TURN THIS AWE 167 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:25,760 DID AUDACIOUS QUESTIONING OF HOW WE 168 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:26,360 DO SCIENCE. 169 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:29,560 MORE SPECIFICALLY A HUMAN 170 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:30,040 PHENOMENON. 171 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:33,520 THIS QUERY DRIVES THE FIELD OF 172 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:34,360 SCIENCE, HOW DOES SCIENCE 173 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:34,840 HAPPEN? 174 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:36,400 HOW DO WE CHOSE SCIENTIFIC 175 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:37,360 QUESTIONS TO PURSUE? 176 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:39,680 HOW DO WE MAP FIELDS OF INQUIRY? 177 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:41,040 HOW DO WE DETERMINE WHERE THE 178 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:42,680 FRONTIERS ARE AND THEN STEP 179 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:43,520 BEYOND THEM? 180 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:46,240 THE FIELD OF SCIENCE COMBINES 181 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:48,600 INFORMATION FROM THE PROCESS OF 182 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:49,720 SCIENCE, STATISTICS AND MACHINE 183 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:51,400 LEARNING, AND BIG DATA TO ANSWER 184 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:54,320 THESE TYPES OF QUESTIONS. 185 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:56,960 I LOVE THIS ILLUSTRATION FROM 186 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:59,720 NICOLE IN SCIENCE MAGAZINE 187 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:00,360 DEPICTING THE NOTION THAT 188 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:02,600 SCIENCE IS AN EX PANNING AND 189 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:06,040 EVOLVING NETWORK OF IDEAS, 190 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:07,880 SCHOLARS, AND PAPERS. 191 00:07:07,880 --> 00:07:10,080 SCIENCE OF SCIENCE SEARCHES FOR 192 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:11,840 UNIVERSAL AND DOMAIN-SPECIFIC 193 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:13,600 LAWS UNDERLYING THE STRUCTURE 194 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:16,680 AND DYNAMICS OF SCIENCE. 195 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:18,560 TO GIVE YOU A BETTER INTUITION 196 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,480 FOR THE WORK THAT ARE DONE IN 197 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:23,520 THIS FIELD LET ME MENTION THROW 198 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:24,800 RECENT PAPERS. 199 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:25,920 FIRST THIS PAPER IN THE 200 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:27,000 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL 201 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:28,400 ACADEMY OF THE SCIENCES AND 202 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:31,440 TITLED "THE DIVERSITY INNOVATION 203 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:32,240 PARADOX IN SCIENCE. 204 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:35,960 IN THIS PAPER, THE INVESTIGATORS 205 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:37,000 STUDIED 1.2 MILLION U.S. 206 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,040 DOCTORAL RECIPIENTS FROM 1977 TO 207 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:41,240 2015. 208 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:42,600 FOLLOWING THEIR CAREERS INTO 209 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,440 PUBLISHING AND FACULTY 210 00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:45,840 POSITIONS. 211 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:47,640 THEY USED TEXT ANALYSIS AND 212 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:49,680 MACHINE LEARNING TO SHOW THAT 213 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:51,120 UNDER REPRESENTED GROUPS PRODUCE 214 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:53,720 HIGHER RATES OF SCIENTIFIC 215 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:55,720 NOVELTY, HOWEVER, THEY'RE NOVEL 216 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:59,960 CONTRIBUTIONS ARE DEVALUED AND 217 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:01,360 DISCOUNTED. 218 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:02,680 OR CONSIDER THIS PAPER ALSO 219 00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:04,000 PUBLISHED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF 220 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:05,520 THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE 221 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:07,400 SCIENCES TITLED "PRODUCTIVITY, 222 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:08,400 PROMINENCE AND THE EFFECTS OF 223 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:11,120 THE ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENTS" THE 224 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:12,160 INVESTIGATORS STUDIED THE CAREER 225 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:16,040 AND PRODUCTIVITY TRAJECTORIES OF 226 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,800 2,453 EARLY CAREER FACULTY AT 227 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:21,160 ALL 205 PH.D GRANTING COMPUTER 228 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:21,960 SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS IN THE 229 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:23,560 UNITED STATES AND CANADA WHO 230 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:25,280 TOGETHER ACCOUNTED FOR OVER 231 00:08:25,280 --> 00:08:27,360 200,000 PUBLICATION AND 232 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,280 7.4 MILLION CITATIONS. 233 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:31,880 INVESTIGATORS FOUND THAT THE 234 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:33,640 SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF EARLY 235 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:35,800 CAREER FACULTY IS DRIVEN BY 236 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:37,160 WHERE THEY WORK, RATHER THAN 237 00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:38,920 WHERE THEY TRAIN FOR THEIR 238 00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:41,640 DOCTOR AT INDICATING A LIMITED 239 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:45,240 ROLE FOR DOCTORAL PRESTIGE IN 240 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:46,640 PREDICTING SCIENTIFIC 241 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:48,400 CONTRIBUTIONS AND MORE ROLE FOR 242 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:49,200 THE PRESTIGE OF THE INSTITUTION 243 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:53,320 IN WHICH THEY CURRENTLY WORKED. 244 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:56,720 AS A THIRD EXAMPLE, TAKE THIS 245 00:08:56,720 --> 00:08:59,720 PAPER FROM COLLEAGUES PUBLISHED 246 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:00,960 TITLED "GLOBAL GENDER 247 00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:02,760 DISPARITIES IN SCIENCE." 248 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:05,800 THE INVESTIGATORS STUDIED OVER 249 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:07,000 5 MILLION RESEARCH PAPERS AND 250 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,320 REVIEW ARTICLES WITH OVER 251 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:10,800 27 MILLION AUTHORSHIPS. 252 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:12,240 THEY FIND THAT PAPERS WITH WOMEN 253 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:16,320 IN KEY AUTHORSHIP POSITIONS ARE 254 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:17,360 CITED LESS THAN PAPERS WITH MEN 255 00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:19,160 IN KEY AUTHORSHIP POSITIONS AND 256 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:21,200 THIS OBSERVATION WAS TRUE 257 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:23,840 WHETHER THE PAPE PAPER UNDER 258 00:09:23,840 --> 00:09:26,440 CONSIDERATION WAS SINGLE 259 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:27,520 AUTHORED, FROM NATIONAL 260 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:28,800 COLLABORATION OR INTERNATIONAL 261 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:32,840 COCOLLABORATIONS SO THE WOMEN WERE 262 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:34,640 IN RED AND THE MEN IN BLUE AND 263 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:36,440 ACROSS EACH OF THESE YOU CAN SEE 264 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:38,960 A GENDER GAP HERE, AND HERE AND 265 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:40,400 THE NATIONAL COLLABORATIONS HERE 266 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,240 AND IN THE INTERNATIONAL 267 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:44,640 COLLABORATIONS. 268 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:45,840 SO, ALREADY WITH JUST THESE 269 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:48,160 THREE EXAMPLES, WE HAVE SEEN 270 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,240 THAT GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS OR 271 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,200 PRESTIGE STRUCTURE SCIENCE 272 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:55,480 CALLING INTO QUESTION MY 273 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:57,440 YOUTHFUL HOPES FOR OBJECTIVITY. 274 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:00,480 OF THESE THREE EXAMPLES, I WILL 275 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:02,480 NOW FOCUS ON THE STUDY OF THE 276 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:04,680 CITATION GENDER GAP AND ASK WHY 277 00:10:04,680 --> 00:10:05,840 IT MATTERS? 278 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:08,480 HOW PREVALENT IT IS AND HOW IT 279 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:08,720 ARISES. 280 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:10,880 SO WHY DOES THE CITATION GAP 281 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:11,960 MATTER? 282 00:10:11,960 --> 00:10:14,480 WELL, AS Dr. SARAH AHMED 283 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:16,040 REMARKS, CITATIONS CAN BE 284 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:18,200 THOUGHT OF AS ACADEMIC BRICKS. 285 00:10:18,200 --> 00:10:20,760 THEY ARE ACADEMIC BRICKS IN TWO 286 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:21,040 SENSES. 287 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:22,120 FIRST THEY ARE THE BUILDING 288 00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:24,640 BLOCKS OF ACADEMIC CAREERS. 289 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:25,840 THEY'RE OFTEN A MEASURE USED AS 290 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:28,080 A MEASURE OF SUCCESS AND TO 291 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,680 DETERMINE COMPENSATION AND 292 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:33,040 PROMOTION AND TO VALUE EIGHT IN 293 00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:35,560 GRANT AND OTHER FUNDING AWARDS. 294 00:10:35,560 --> 00:10:37,040 THEY'RE ALSO USED AS BUILDING 295 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:39,120 BLOCKS OF COLLABORATIVE 296 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:40,240 OPPORTUNITIES AND DETERMINE TO 297 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:43,160 SOME DEGREE SPEAKING 298 00:10:43,160 --> 00:10:43,440 INVITATIONS. 299 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:45,440 SO IN THESE SENSES, CITATIONS 300 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:48,120 ARE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ACADEMIC 301 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:49,280 CAREERS AND THEY'RE MORE THAN 302 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:50,040 THAT, THEY'RE ALSO BUILDING 303 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:52,040 BLOCKS OF WHOLE FIELDS OF 304 00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:53,720 INQUIRY SO THEY MAP SCHOLARLY 305 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:54,560 FIELDS FOR US. 306 00:10:54,560 --> 00:10:56,680 THEY ALSO DEFINE THE SPACE OF 307 00:10:56,680 --> 00:10:58,760 INQUIRY IN WHICH WE'RE ALL 308 00:10:58,760 --> 00:10:59,440 WORKING. 309 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:01,120 CITATIONS ALSO DETERMINE THE 310 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:02,880 SCOPE OF QUESTIONS CONSIDERED 311 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:03,720 AND WHOSE QUESTIONS ARE 312 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:04,680 CONSIDERED AND HOW. 313 00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:07,640 AND THEY RECORD A HISTORY OF 314 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:08,320 SCIENTIFIC IDEAS. 315 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:11,880 AS ACADEMIC BRICKS CITATIONS CAN 316 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:15,320 BUILD A MORE DIVERSE SCIENTIFIC 317 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:16,840 COMMUNITY OR THEY CAN ERECT 318 00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:20,440 WALLS OF EXCLUSION. 319 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:22,720 SO, LET'S DIG INTO ONE 320 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:25,640 PARTICULAR EXAMPLE AND THIS WILL 321 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,280 BE NEUROSCIENCE. 322 00:11:29,280 --> 00:11:30,920 ACROSS 61,416 ARTICLES, IN FIVE 323 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:33,720 TOP NEUROSCIENCE JOURNALS, THE 324 00:11:33,720 --> 00:11:35,240 PREPORTION OF ARTICLES WITH A 325 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:37,640 WOMAN'S NAME AS FIRST OR LAST, 326 00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:40,640 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BETWEEN 327 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:44,200 1995 AND 2018 AT A RATE OF .6% 328 00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:46,440 POINTS PER YEAR. 329 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:48,920 AND WHEN I SAY WOMEN AND MEN 330 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,280 OVER THE NEXT FEW SLIDES, WHAT I 331 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:53,640 MEAN IS THAT THE PROBABILITY OF 332 00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:56,080 THE PERSON'S GENDER IS BEING 333 00:11:56,080 --> 00:11:57,440 ASSIGNED BASED ON SOCIAL 334 00:11:57,440 --> 00:11:59,240 SECURITY ADMINISTRATION DATABASE 335 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:01,240 AND GENDER A.P.I. WHICH PROVIDE 336 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:02,840 THE PROBABILITIES THAT A GIVEN 337 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:04,840 FIRST NAME BELONGS TO A MAN OR 338 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:06,400 WOMAN ACCORDING TO THE SEX THAT 339 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:08,080 THEY ARE ASSIGNED AT BIRTH OR TO 340 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:10,720 THE GENDER OR SEX THEY WERE 341 00:12:10,720 --> 00:12:11,960 LATER IN LIFE. 342 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:14,040 DUE TO THE PUBLIC NATURE OF 343 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:15,400 THESE DATABASES AUTHORS IN THE 344 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,000 MAN AND WOMEN BINS COULD BE OF 345 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,160 ANY GENDER INCLUDING TRANS 346 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:23,600 WOMEN, TRANS WOMEN, GENDER 347 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:25,840 DIVERSE AND TWO SPIRIT, ET 348 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:26,560 CETERA. 349 00:12:26,560 --> 00:12:28,600 NEVERTHELESS, THE WOMEN WILL 350 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,600 CONTAIN WOMEN AND THE MEN BIN 351 00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:33,920 WILL HAVE MEN. 352 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:35,240 SO, IN THESE DATA WE CAN TEST 353 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:37,240 THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE UNDER 354 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:39,480 CITATION OF WOMEN CONSISTENT 355 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:41,480 WITH WHAT THEY SHOWED. 356 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:44,720 SO, TO DO THAT, FOR EACH OF THE 357 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:46,600 31,000 CITING PAPERS BETWEEN 358 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:49,160 SHANIA TWAIN AND 2018, WE TOOK 359 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:50,640 THE SUBSET OF ITS CITATIONS THAT 360 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:54,240 HAD BEEN PUBLISHED IN ONE OF THE 361 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:56,360 TOP NEURO SCIENTISTS SINCE 1995 362 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,320 AND PREDICTED THE FIRST AND LAST 363 00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:01,120 AUTHORS AND REMOVED 364 00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:02,040 SELF-CITATIONS BECAUSE WE WERE 365 00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:03,960 REALLY WANTING TO FOCUS ON HOW 366 00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:06,080 EACH OF US ENGAGES WITH THE WORK 367 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:07,720 OF OTHERS AND RATHER THAN HOW WE 368 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:10,080 ENGAGE WITH THE WORK OF 369 00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:10,440 OURSELVES. 370 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:12,440 WE CALCULATED THE NUMBER OF 371 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:13,840 CITED PAPERS THAT FELL INTO EACH 372 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:16,440 OF FOUR CATEGORIES. 373 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:18,360 SO, FIRST AUTHOR AND LAST AUTHOR 374 00:13:18,360 --> 00:13:20,440 BEING OF THE GENDER MAN AND 375 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:20,720 WOMAN. 376 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:23,200 SO MAN, MAN PAPERS, WOMAN-MAN 377 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,880 PAPERS, MAN-WOMAN PAPERS AND 378 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:28,080 WOMAN-WOMAN PAPERS. 379 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:28,800 I'LL FORECAST THAT WE'RE GOING 380 00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:30,520 TO BE DOING THE SAME THING FOR 381 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:32,040 RACE AND ETHNICITY IN A MOMENT 382 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:34,600 SO WE CAN SEE THE SIMILARITIES 383 00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:36,440 BETWEEN THIS GENDER GAP AND A 384 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,240 RACIAL AND ETHNIC GAP. 385 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:40,120 SO, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE 386 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:42,040 WHETHER A GENDER GAP EXISTS IN 387 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:43,120 ANY GIVEN FIELD AND AGAIN WE'RE 388 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:45,120 JUST TAKING NEUROSCIENCE AS AN 389 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:46,760 EXAMPLE, WE NEED TO ESTIMATE THE 390 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:48,280 NUMBER OF CITATIONS THAT WOULD 391 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:51,840 BE EXPECTED FOR THAT PAPER AND 392 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:54,240 HOW DO WE DEFINE THOSE 393 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:55,040 EXPECTATIONS? 394 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:57,640 WELL, ONE REALLY SIMPLE THING 395 00:13:57,640 --> 00:13:59,640 ONE CAN DO IS TO ASSUME OUR 396 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:03,280 REFERENCE LISTS ARE R RANDOM DRAWS 397 00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:07,560 FROM THE LITERATURE AND BECAUSE 398 00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:10,400 THE FIELDS OF NEUROSCIENCE OR OF 399 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:13,760 MEDICINE OR OF PHYSICS OR OF 400 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:15,240 ASTRONOMY BECAUSE THEY OFTEN 401 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:17,880 HAVE, RIGHT NOW, MORE MEN IN 402 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:20,040 THEM, THEN IF YOU TAKE A RANDOM 403 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:21,560 DRAW, FROM THAT, YOU WILL END UP 404 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:22,960 WITH A REFERENCE LIST THAT HAS 405 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:24,960 MORE PAPERS WRITTEN BY MEN THEN 406 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:26,000 PAPERS WRITTEN BY WOMEN SO 407 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:27,640 THAT'S THE RANDOM DRAW 408 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:27,960 EXPECTATION. 409 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:30,920 NOW THE QUESTION IS, ARE PAPERS 410 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:32,640 FROM THOSE GROUPS BEING CITED 411 00:14:32,640 --> 00:14:33,800 ACCORDING TO THOSE PREPORTIONS 412 00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,440 FROM A RANDOM DRAW OR ARE SOME 413 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:38,360 PAPERS BEING CITED MORE THAN OR 414 00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:40,800 LESS THAN EXPECTED GIVEN THE 415 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:41,440 RANDOM DRAW? 416 00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:43,600 SO THAT IS PRECISELY WHAT WE'RE 417 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:44,920 PLOTTING HERE, ALONG THE Y 418 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:46,720 ACTION I GUESS OF PERCENT OVER 419 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:48,360 AND UNDER CITATION AND WHAT YOU 420 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:50,160 CAN SEE IN NEUROSCIENCE 421 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:51,640 CONSISTING WITH WHAT THEY SHOWED 422 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:53,000 IS THAT PAPERS WITH A MAN FIRST 423 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:57,200 AND LAST AUTHOR ARE OVER CITED 424 00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:58,960 BY 11.6% AND PAPERS WITH A WOMAN 425 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,040 AS FIRST AND LAST AUTHOR ARE 426 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:05,640 UNDER CITED BY 30.2% FOR A 427 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,520 DIFFERENCE OF OVER 40%. 428 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:11,000 NOW, YOU MIGHT SAY AND MANY OF 429 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,120 THE PEOPLE IN OUR FIELDS DO, 430 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:14,480 WHEN I PUT TOGETHER MY REFERENCE 431 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:16,480 LIST, I DEFINITELY DON'T TAKE 432 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:17,920 OUT RANDOM DRAW, THERE ARE 433 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:19,600 FACTORS THAT COME INTO PLAY WHEN 434 00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,240 I CHOSE WHAT PAPER TO CITE. 435 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,760 AND THOSE FACTORS MIGHT INCLUDE 436 00:15:23,760 --> 00:15:25,400 THE YEAR OF PUBLICATIONS SO 437 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,120 PAPERS THAT ARE OLDER HAVE MORE 438 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:29,960 CITATIONS THAN PAPERS THAT ARE 439 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:30,160 NEWER. 440 00:15:30,160 --> 00:15:31,600 I MIGHT CARE ABOUT THE JOURNAL 441 00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:33,160 THE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN, EVEN 442 00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:35,400 AMONG THE TOP FIVE JOURNALISM IN 443 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:36,440 THE FIELD THERE'S A DIFFERENCE 444 00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:37,880 IN THE PERCEIVED IMPACT FACTOR 445 00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:39,680 OF ONE JOURNAL VERSUS ANOTHER. 446 00:15:39,680 --> 00:15:42,800 SO THAT MIGHT HAVE A ROLE TO 447 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:43,160 PLAY. 448 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:45,800 I MAY ALSO CITE PAPERS THAT HAVE 449 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:47,320 FEWER OR MORE AUTHORS 450 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:48,440 DIFFERENTLY AND I WILL 451 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,040 DEFINITELY SITE A REVIEW PAPER 452 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:52,440 DIFFERENTLY. 453 00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:53,800 REVIEW PAPERS RECEIVE MORE 454 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,240 CITATIONS ON AVERAGE AND THE 455 00:15:57,240 --> 00:15:58,520 SENIORITY OF THE PAPER MIGHT BE 456 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:03,880 IMPORTANT IN HOW I CHOSE TO 457 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:04,080 SITE. 458 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:05,760 WE CAN ACCOUNT INSIDE THE 459 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:08,000 STATISTICAL MODEL WHICH IS A 460 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:12,040 GENERALIZED ADDITIVE MODEL AND 461 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:13,840 BY FOR BIDDING THAT GAM TO THE 462 00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:15,920 DATA, WE CAN THEN OBSERVE 463 00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:17,040 WHETHER THERE ARE SOME GROUPS 464 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:18,880 THAT ARE OVER OR UNDER CITED, 465 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:20,920 GIVEN ALL OF THESE ADDITIONAL 466 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:21,160 FACTORS. 467 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:23,200 WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THE SAME 468 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,600 RESULT HOLDS, WHICH IS THAT 469 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,960 PAPERS WITH A MAN FIRST AUTHOR 470 00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:28,560 AND A MAN LAST AUTHOR ARE STILL 471 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:29,880 OVER CITED AND PAPERS WITH A 472 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:31,520 WOMAN FIRST AND LAST AUTHOR ARE 473 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:34,600 UNDER CITED NOW BY 13.9%. 474 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,320 SO, ALTHOUGH THE EXTENT OF THE 475 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:39,800 DIFFERENCE IS SOMEWHAT SMALLER, 476 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:43,440 THE TRENDS ARE STILL THE SAME. 477 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:45,840 SO, THESE ARE DISCREPANCIES THAT 478 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:47,280 ARE NOT PREDICTED BY ANYTHING 479 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,160 OTHER THAN GENDER. 480 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:52,280 SO, THEN WE CAN ASK, DO YOU MEN 481 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:54,640 AND WOMEN SITE SIMILARLY OR 482 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:55,640 DISSIMILARLY AND I'M GOING TO 483 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:57,600 ASK THE SAME QUESTION IN A FEW 484 00:16:57,600 --> 00:16:59,160 SLIDES ABOUT PEOPLE WHO ARE 485 00:16:59,160 --> 00:17:03,520 WHITE OR PEOPLE OF COLOUR. 486 00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:05,680 SO, WE FIND THAT IN BALANCE 487 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:08,160 WITHIN REFERENCE LISTS SHOW 488 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,200 PREVIOUSLY IS LARGELY DRIVEN BY 489 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:11,720 THE CITATION PRACTISES OF 490 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:13,240 MAN-MAN TEAMS AND IS 491 00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:16,000 SIGNIFICANTLY MITIGATE IN THE 492 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:22,720 CITATION OF TEAMS THAT HAVE A 493 00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:26,640 WOMAN. 494 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:29,160 THE MAN-MAN TEAM AND THE 495 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:30,000 OVER-UNDER CITATION AND THE FOUR 496 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:31,760 GROUPS SO YOU CAN SEE AGAIN, THE 497 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:33,760 OVER CITATION OF THE MAN-MAN 498 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:35,920 PAPERS AND THE UNDER CITATION OF 499 00:17:35,920 --> 00:17:37,240 THE WOMEN-WOMEN PAPERS. 500 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:38,520 YOU CAN SEE THAT EFFECT IS 501 00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:40,080 LARGELY MITIGATE IN THE GROUPS 502 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:42,080 THAT HAVE A WOMAN IN ONE OF THE 503 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:44,360 TWO PRIMARY AUTHOR POSITIONS. 504 00:17:44,360 --> 00:17:45,960 SO THIS SUGGEST THAT MEN AND 505 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:47,720 WOMEN ARE NOT CITING SIMILARLY 506 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:49,840 AND AS WE'LL SEE IN A FEW 507 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:51,040 SLIDES, WHITE PEOPLE AND PEOPLE 508 00:17:51,040 --> 00:17:56,200 OF COLOR ARE ALSO NOT CITING 509 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:56,480 SIMILARLY. 510 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:57,360 SUGGESTS THERE MAY BE SOMETHING 511 00:17:57,360 --> 00:17:58,680 BROADER GOING ON. 512 00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:00,240 A QUICK FOOT NOTE BEFORE I MOVE 513 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:02,560 INTO RACE AND ETHNICITY IS THAT 514 00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:05,800 I SOON LEARNED A GOOD HEART, 515 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:07,280 WHICH I THINK I HAVE, DOESN'T 516 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:09,440 SAVE YOU SO HERE ARE MY 517 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,160 REFERENCE LISTS PRE 2019 WHEN 518 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:16,120 THE LEAD AUTHOR OF THIS STUDY 519 00:18:16,120 --> 00:18:17,800 JORDAN SHARED WITH ME HIS 520 00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:19,240 FINDINGS AND WE STARTED TO PUT 521 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:20,240 TOGETHER THE PAPER SO I ASKED 522 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,480 HIM TO LOOK AT ALL OF MY 523 00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:24,880 CITATIONS PRE 2019. 524 00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:30,120 YOU SEE A REALLY EGREGIOUS 525 00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:33,240 GROUPS LARGER THAN EXPECTED FOR 526 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:34,920 WOMAN-WOMAN FOR THE AVERAGE 527 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:35,160 SCHOLAR. 528 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:36,080 THIS IS NOT SOMETHING TO BE 529 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:37,120 PROUD OF. 530 00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:39,720 IT IS SOMETHING THAT I CAN 531 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:45,160 CHANGE AND HAVE CHANGED POST 532 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:45,720 2019. 533 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:47,640 SO, I WANT TO MOVE ON TO RACE 534 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:49,680 AND ETHNICITY. 535 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:52,240 AND TO DO THIS WORK WE EXPANDED 536 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:55,440 OUR COLLABORATIVE TEAM TO 537 00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:57,080 INCLUDE INDIVIDUALS WITH 538 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:02,280 SCHOLARLY AND EXPERTISE YOU 539 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:04,760 MIGHT SEE A FEW FAMILIAR FACES. 540 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:09,040 I WANTED TO PARTICULARLY 541 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:14,000 HIGHLIGHT Dr. FAIR, Dr. 542 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:15,920 MORLAND AND WAS NAMED THE 2020 543 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:24,360 ALLEN INSTITUTE NEXGEN LEADER 544 00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:28,800 AND KAF WHO DZIRASA. 545 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,480 WE DESIGNED AN AUTHOR, RACE AND 546 00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:35,680 ETHNICITY TO AN EXPANDED DATA 547 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:38,400 SET AGAIN IN NEUROSCIENCE SO WE 548 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,440 USE DATABASES AND A DEEP NEURAL 549 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:41,920 NETWORK THAT LEARNS THE 550 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:42,520 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NAMES 551 00:19:42,520 --> 00:19:44,480 AND THE RACIAL OR ETHNIC 552 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:45,560 CATEGORIES AND IN THREE 553 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:48,480 DIFFERENT DATASETS SO THE 554 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:52,400 FLORIDA VOTER REGISTRATION DATA, 555 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,600 A U.S. CENSUS SET AND THE 556 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:57,240 WIKIPEDIA ENTER TREES AND THE 557 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,320 FLORIDA AND U.S. CENSUS WILL BE 558 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:01,040 ROW FLECK TIVE OF THE 559 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:01,840 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NAMES 560 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:05,640 AND RACES AND ETHNICITY IN THE 561 00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:07,640 U.S. AND THE WIKIPEDIA IS 562 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:08,920 INTERNATIONAL SO IT WILL BE 563 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:10,360 REFLECTIVE OF THOSE ASSOCIATIONS 564 00:20:10,360 --> 00:20:12,840 IN THE BROADER POPULATION. 565 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:14,120 AND THE APPROACH WE USE ALLOWS 566 00:20:14,120 --> 00:20:16,480 US TO ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY 567 00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:18,040 DISTRIBUTION ACROSS FOUR RACIAL 568 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:19,960 OR ETHNIC CATEGORIES. 569 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:21,640 ASIAN, BLACK, HISPANIC AND 570 00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:21,880 WHITE. 571 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:23,880 BASED ON EACH AUTHOR'S FIRST AND 572 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:24,840 LAST NAMES. 573 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:28,240 SO NOW, I'LL CROSS 63,000 574 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:29,440 ARTICLES, THE PREPORTION OF 575 00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:31,720 ARTICLES WITH A PERSON OF COLOR, 576 00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:33,440 AS FIRST OR LAST AUTHOR 577 00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:36,920 SUGGESTLY INCREASED BETWEEN 1995 578 00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:42,240 AND 2019 AT A RATE OF ROUGHLY 579 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:47,040 .49% PER YEAR. 580 00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:48,200 THE PAPER AND FIRST AND LAST 581 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:49,280 POSITION AND THE PAPERS IN BLUE 582 00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:50,880 ARE PAPERS THAT HAVE A WHITE 583 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:52,720 FIRST AND LAST AUTHOR. 584 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:57,640 ZOO YOU CASO YOU CAN SEE THE DIVERSITY IN 585 00:20:57,640 --> 00:20:58,320 THIS FIELD. 586 00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:01,120 WE'RE GOING TO TEST THE SAME 587 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:03,040 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS IN THE 588 00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:06,240 PREVIOUS DATA SET SO WE'LL ASK 589 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,520 OUR WHITE PAPERS FROM WHITE AND 590 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:12,080 WHAT ABOUT PAPERS FROM AUTHORS 591 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:13,040 OF COLOR. 592 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:16,000 HERE, ALONG THE Y AXIS YOU ARE 593 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:16,920 SEEING THE PERCENT OVER AND 594 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:19,360 UNDER CITATION ACCORDING TO THE 595 00:21:19,360 --> 00:21:20,440 RANDOM DRAWS MODEL SO THAT'S 596 00:21:20,440 --> 00:21:23,640 WHERE WE TAKE A RANDOM DRAW FROM 597 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:24,440 THE REFERENCES PAPERS AVAILABLE 598 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:25,560 IN THE FIELD AND BECAUSE THERE 599 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:27,040 WILL BE MORE PAPERS FROM WHITE 600 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:29,640 PEOPLE THEY'LL BE MORE WHITE 601 00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:31,040 PAPERS IN THE REFERENCE LIST AND 602 00:21:31,040 --> 00:21:32,440 THE QUESTION IS DO WE SITE 603 00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:34,840 ACCORDING TO THAT PROBABILITY SO 604 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:36,480 DO WE OVER SITE THE WHITE PAPERS 605 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:37,920 OR UNDER SITE THE PAPERS FROM 606 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:40,520 PEOPLE OF COLOR. 607 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:43,680 SO, WHAT WE FIND IS THAT IN 608 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:46,320 DEED, AS A FIELD, IN 609 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:49,880 NEUROSCIENCE, OVER CITE PAPERS 610 00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,240 FROM WHITE AUTHOR BY 8% HERE AND 611 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:53,440 WE UNDER CITE PAPERS FROM 612 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:57,240 AUTHORS OF COLOR BY 17.2%. 613 00:21:57,240 --> 00:21:59,240 WE CAN SPLIT THAT DATA UP INTO 614 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:01,240 WHO IS DOING THE CITING SO WE 615 00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:05,640 FIND THAT WHITE CITERS ARE LIKE 616 00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:05,800 ME. 617 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:08,000 PEOPLE LIKE ME ARE OVER CITING 618 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,240 OTHER PAPERS FROM WHITE SCHOLARS 619 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,040 AND THAT'S BY 12% POINTS AND 620 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:20,800 PEOPLE LIKE ME UNDER CITE AUTHOR 621 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:21,720 ARE COLOR AND THAT IS THE 622 00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:26,480 DIFFERENCE OF OVER A 34% POINTS 623 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:31,840 IF YOU LOOK AT AND COLOR AND 624 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,840 PAPERS FROM WHITE SCHOLARS AND 625 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:36,480 UNDER CITING FROM AUTHORS OF 626 00:22:36,480 --> 00:22:38,280 COLOR IT WAS TO A MUCH LOWER 627 00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:40,440 DEGREE THAN WE SEE IN THE WHITE 628 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:46,880 CITERS SO THAT SUGGESTS THAT A 629 00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:48,760 LARGE EFFECTS IS BEING 630 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:52,240 SIGNIFICANTLY DRIVEN BY MORE AND 631 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:55,800 WE CAN ASK NOT JUST ABOUT THE 632 00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:57,240 MODEL BUT TAKING THE OTHER 633 00:22:57,240 --> 00:22:59,040 FACTORS THAT MAY IMPACT THE WAY 634 00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:01,080 WE SITE SO THE PUBLICATION OF 635 00:23:01,080 --> 00:23:05,240 THE ARTICLE AND THE FIRST AND 636 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:06,760 LAST AUTHORS WHETHER IT WAS A 637 00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:08,640 REVIEW ARTICLE OR AN EMPIRICAL 638 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:10,440 PAPER AND IN ADDITION WE ALSO 639 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:12,080 INCLUDED THE LOCATION OF THE 640 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,120 AUTHORS' INSTITUTION INSIDE OUR 641 00:23:14,120 --> 00:23:17,320 STATISTICAL MODEL TO ACCOUNT FOR 642 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:19,240 GEOGRAPHIC AT VARIATIONS IN RACE 643 00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:20,760 AND ETHNICITY. 644 00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:22,840 SO WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE, IS THE 645 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:29,000 OVER ALL TRENDS STILL HOLD SO 646 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:30,560 PAPERS FROM AUTHOR WHO ARE WHITE 647 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:32,440 ARE OVER CITED AND PAPERS FROM 648 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:33,760 AUTHORS OF COLOR ARE 649 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:35,040 SIGNIFICANTLY UNDER CITED AND 650 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:37,120 THE MAJORITY OF THAT EFFECT IS 651 00:23:37,120 --> 00:23:38,440 BEING DRIVEN BY WHITE PEOPLE 652 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:42,360 LIKE ME, RATHER THAN CITERS OF 653 00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:42,840 COLOR. 654 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:44,360 NOW, YOU CAN PUT THE TWO PIECES 655 00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:45,560 OF DATA TOGETHER AND I THINK 656 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,040 THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT, WHICH 657 00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,760 IS TO UNDERSTAND HOW 658 00:23:52,760 --> 00:23:54,160 INTERSECTIONALITY PLAYS OUT IN A 659 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:56,800 WAY THAT SCIENCE IS BEING 660 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,040 UNDERSTOOD AND VALUED AND ENGAGE 661 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:00,600 WITH AND SO HERE WHAT YOU ARE 662 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:04,520 SEEING IS ALONG THE Y AXIS THE 663 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:06,040 FIRST AUTHOR OF THE PAPER. 664 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:08,640 THE RACE AND ETHNICITY, WHITE, 665 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:10,200 ASIAN, HISPANIC AND BLACK AND 666 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:12,720 THE GENDER AND ALONG THE X AXIS 667 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,920 IS THE LAST AUTHOR OF THE PAPER. 668 00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:17,600 SO JUST BY SQUINTING YOU CAN SEE 669 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,040 THERE'S A BLOCK DIAGONAL 670 00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:23,800 STRUCTURE MEANING THERE'S RED IN 671 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,240 THE TOP LEFT AND DARK BLUE IN 672 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:26,840 THE BOTTOM RIGHT. 673 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,400 THAT'S THE GENDER EFFECT SO IN 674 00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:29,840 THE TOP LEFT, WE HAVE PAPERS 675 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:31,440 THAT HAVE A MAN IN THE FIRST AND 676 00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:33,240 LAST AUTHOR POSITION AND IN THE 677 00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:34,280 BOTTOM RIGHT, WE HAVE PAPERS 678 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:35,640 THAT HAVE A WOMAN IN THE FIRST 679 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:37,520 AND LAST AUTHOR POSITION. 680 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:39,960 SO THIS BIG BLOCK THAT YOU SEE 681 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,760 IS A GENDER EFFECT AND THEN EVEN 682 00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:44,280 BEYOND THE GENDER EFFECT WE CAN 683 00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:45,960 SEE AN EFFECT OF RACE AND 684 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:47,480 ETHNICITY INSIDE OF ETCH OF 685 00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:48,800 THESE BLOCKS AND SO HERE I'LL 686 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,880 JUST POINT OUT THE LARGEST AND 687 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:53,960 LOWEST OF NUMBERS. 688 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:55,440 THE PAPERS FROM A WHITE FIRST 689 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:57,720 AUTHOR AND LAST AUTHOR ARE OVER 690 00:24:57,720 --> 00:24:59,520 CITED BY 24% AND PAPERS FROM A 691 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:01,440 BLACK WOMAN AS FIRST AND LAST 692 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:05,000 AUTHOR ARE UNDER CITED BY 47%. 693 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,040 SO THAT IS AN OVER 70 POINT 694 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:08,440 DIFFERENCE. 695 00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:10,520 AND THESE EFFECTS ARE AS I SAID, 696 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:12,880 BEING DRIVEN BY MAJORITIES 697 00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:15,000 GROUPS AND SO MAJORITY BASED AND 698 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:16,560 MAJORITY GENDER AND 699 00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:18,240 UNFORTUNATELY ARE ALSO 700 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:21,640 INCREASING WITH TIME. 701 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:23,840 SO, WE CAN ASK HOW SIMILAR 702 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:24,840 VERSUS DIFFERENT ARE THESE 703 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:26,640 TRENDS ACROSS FIELDS SO I WAS 704 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:30,040 SHOWING YOU NEUROSCIENCE AS A 705 00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:31,840 EXAMPLE, CAN WE LOOK AT 706 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:32,840 INDIVIDUAL FIELDS AND SEE 707 00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:34,480 WHETHER THERE ARE SIMILARITIES 708 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:35,760 VERSUS DIFFERENCES. 709 00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:37,440 SO, HERE FOR EXAMPLE, IS A 710 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:39,240 WONDERFUL PAPER JUST PUBLISHED 711 00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:40,800 RECENTLY IN NATURE ASTRONOMY AND 712 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,480 ALONG THE Y AXIS YOU SEE THE 713 00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:44,040 MEASURED OR PREDICTED NUMBER 714 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,280 VERSUS PREDICTED NUMBER OF 715 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:48,040 CITATIONS AND ALONG THE X AXIS 716 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:51,440 IS THE YEAR AND THE 717 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:52,040 INVESTIGATORS STATE IN THEIR 718 00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:54,120 PAPER THAT WE MEASURE AN AVERAGE 719 00:25:54,120 --> 00:25:58,280 IN TRANSITION BIAS OF 10% SAYING 720 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:00,240 WOMEN RECEIVE 10% FEWER 721 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:02,800 CITATIONS THAN WOULD BE EXPECTED 722 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:04,600 IF THEY WERE MEN GIVEN THE NON 723 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:06,120 GENDER SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF 724 00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:06,840 THEIR PAPERS. 725 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,840 NOTICE THAT ASTRONOMY SEEMS TO 726 00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:11,320 BE BETTER OVER TIME WHERE 727 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:14,240 NEUROSCIENCE IS DOING WORSE OVER 728 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:14,440 TIME. 729 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:16,360 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE FROM 730 00:26:16,360 --> 00:26:19,440 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AS 731 00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:20,640 ANOTHER FIELD AND YOU CAN SEE 732 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:25,640 THE GENDER CITATION IS HITTING 733 00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,400 THE ZERO EXPECTATION MARK WITH 734 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:31,880 AN OVER CITATION OF THE PAPERS 735 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:34,200 AND UNCITED OF A WOMAN AND A 736 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:36,640 THEY STAY IN THEIR PAPER THE 737 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:38,040 RESULTS INDICATE TA PAPERS 738 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:40,040 AUTHORED BY MEN HAVE BEEN OVER 739 00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:41,160 CITED COMPARED WITH WHAT WOULD 740 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:43,040 BE EXPECTED BASED ON PAPERS 741 00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:45,320 PUBLISHED BY THE JOURNAL THAT 742 00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,480 WERE AUTHORED BY MAN AND MAN 743 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:50,040 TEAMS. 744 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,040 TEAMS WITH AT LEAST ONE WOMAN 745 00:26:52,040 --> 00:26:55,240 HAVE BEEN UNDER CITED. 746 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:56,040 NOW, CONSIDER MEDICINE. 747 00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:58,200 SO WE'VE GOT NEUROSCIENCE, 748 00:26:58,200 --> 00:26:59,120 ASTRONOMY, COGNITIVE 749 00:26:59,120 --> 00:27:03,040 NEUROSCIENCE AND HERE IS 750 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:03,360 MEDICINE. 751 00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:05,720 AND COLLEAGUES AND CHATTERJEE 752 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:07,880 STUDY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 753 00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:09,920 CITATIONS FOR ORIGINAL RESEARCH 754 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:12,640 ARTICLES AND PRIMARY AND SENIOR 755 00:27:12,640 --> 00:27:13,360 AUTHOR GENDER PAIRS AND THIS IS 756 00:27:13,360 --> 00:27:16,680 A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ACROSS 757 00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:18,240 OVER 5,000 DIFFERENT ARTICLES 758 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:20,120 AND WHAT THE INVESTIGATORS FOUND 759 00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:22,600 IS THAT PAPERS WRITTEN BY WOMEN 760 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:29,880 AS PRIMARY ORSEN YEA OR SENIOR AUTHORS 761 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:31,080 ARTICLES WRITTEN BY WOMEN AS 762 00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:33,280 BOTH PRIMARY AND SENIOR AUTHORS 763 00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:35,400 HAD HALF THE NUMBER OF CITATIONS 764 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,160 AS THOSE AUTHORED BY MEN AS BOTH 765 00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:39,600 PRIMARY AND SENIOR SO YOU CAN 766 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:41,440 SEE THOSE NUMBERS HERE WHEN THE 767 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:43,040 AUTHOR PAIR IS A WOMAN PRIMARY 768 00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:45,960 AND SENIOR THE NUMBER OF 769 00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,240 CITATIONS THAT WAS ACCUSED WAS 770 00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:49,960 33 WHEN THE MAN IS PRIMARY AND 771 00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:52,360 SEEN HERE THE NUMBER OF 772 00:27:52,360 --> 00:27:53,280 CITATIONS ACCRUED WAS 59. 773 00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:56,240 THESE WERE IN HIGH-IMPACT 774 00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:57,560 JOURNALS OF MEDICINE. 775 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:01,040 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE IN PHYSICS. 776 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:03,200 SO, HERE IS THE PERCENT OVER AND 777 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:05,080 UNDER CITATION OF THE MAN-MAN 778 00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:06,520 TEAMS VERSUS ALL THE OTHER TEAMS 779 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,000 AND THEN HERE IS BROKEN DOWN BY 780 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:13,160 SUB DISCIPLINE IN PHYSICS SO 781 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:16,800 IT'S AMO AND CM AND NUCLEAR, 782 00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:22,480 HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS, AND 783 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:24,440 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS. 784 00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:26,840 AND THE CITATION GENDER GAP 785 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:28,640 REACHES ABOUT 14% IN GENERAL 786 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:32,160 PHYSICS AND IS MOST EGREGIOUS IN 787 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:35,800 PAPERS IN HIGH-IMPACT JOURNALS. 788 00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:37,000 THIS STUDY FINDS THAT THE 789 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,680 CITATION IMBALANCE IN FAVOR OF 790 00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:40,840 MAN-AUTHORED PAPERS IS HIGHEST 791 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:43,440 FOR PAPERS AUTHORED BY MEN. 792 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,640 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE IN 793 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:47,600 COMMUNICATION SCIENCE. 794 00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:49,360 HERE ALONG THE Y AXIS IS THE 795 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:51,400 OVER CITATION OF MAN-MAN PAPERS, 796 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,280 THESE INVESTIGATORS USE DATA 797 00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:56,040 FROM 14 COMMUNICATION JOURNALS 798 00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:58,640 FROM 1995 TO 2018 AND WE FIND 799 00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:00,320 THAT REFERENCE LISTS INCLUDE 800 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:01,600 MORE PAPERS WITH MEN AS FIRST 801 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:03,400 AND LAST AUTHOR AND FEWER PAPERS 802 00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:04,840 WITH WOMEN AS FIRST AND LAST 803 00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:06,360 AUTHOR THAN WOULD BE EXPECTED IF 804 00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:08,640 GENDER WERE UNRELATED TO 805 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:09,680 REFERENCING. 806 00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:12,360 THIS IS DRIVEN BY PRACTICES OF 807 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:12,680 MEN. 808 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:14,040 IN OTHER FIELDS AND THIS IS THE 809 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:17,240 LAST EXAMPLE, I WANT TODAY GIVE 810 00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:17,760 YOU A FLAVOR FOR HOW MANY 811 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:18,680 DIFFERENT FIELDS ARE FINDING THE 812 00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:21,040 SAME THING SO HERE IN 813 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:26,040 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, A PAPER 814 00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:28,840 FROM 2013 BY MILLENNIA STATES 815 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:30,840 THAT WOMAN ARE SYSTEMATICALLY 816 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:32,120 CITED LESS THAN MEN AFTER 817 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:33,640 CONTROLLING FOR A LARGE NUMBER 818 00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:36,040 OF VARIABLES INCLUDING YEAR, 819 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:38,840 PUBLICATION, SUBSTANTIVE FOCUS, 820 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:41,920 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE, TENURE 821 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:43,640 STATUS AND INSTITUTIONAL A 822 00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:44,560 FILLIZATION AND ARTICLES BY 823 00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:48,800 WOMEN ARE SYSTEM ATLY ALL ELSE 824 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,040 SEEK THIS IS LIKELY BECAUSE AND 825 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:52,440 THEY GIVE SEVERAL FACTORS 826 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:55,440 INCLUDING THAT MEN WHO MAKE UP A 827 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:57,080 DIS PURPORTS ART SHARE CITE MORE 828 00:29:57,080 --> 00:29:58,280 MEN THAN WOMEN. 829 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:01,800 IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL 830 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:06,160 SCIENCE, IN 2018 DION ETAL ALL 831 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:08,760 ARTICLES FROM 2007 TO 2016 THEY 832 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:09,920 FIND THAT FEMALE SCHOLARS ARE 833 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,440 MORE LIKELY THAN MIXED GENDER OR 834 00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:15,040 MALE AUTHOR TEAMS TO CITE 835 00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:17,040 RESEARCH BY FEMALE PEERS. 836 00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:20,920 AND MITCHELL ET AL FINDS THAT 837 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:22,440 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT 838 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:27,240 MALE AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN TWO 839 00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:29,040 LARGE JOURNALS IN THE FIELD WILL 840 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:31,640 CITE WORK BY FEMALE SCHOLARS IN 841 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:34,480 COMPARISON WITH FEMALE AUTHORS. 842 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:35,880 SO, WITH ALL OF THAT DATA IN 843 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:37,760 FRONT OF US WE CAN ASK, WELL 844 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:39,200 WHAT'S DO WE DO ABOUT THIS AND 845 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:40,840 HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT IT AND HOW 846 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:42,440 DO WE THINK ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS 847 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,040 FOR SCIENCE? 848 00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,960 SO, HERE ARE A COUPLE COMMON 849 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,840 EXPERIENCES THAT I'VE HEARD IN 850 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:51,600 RESPONSE TO THE DATA. 851 00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:53,640 THE FIRST ONE IS WELL, WHITE 852 00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:57,240 PEOPLE JUST WRITE THE BEST 853 00:30:57,240 --> 00:30:57,840 PAPERS, SHRUG. 854 00:30:57,840 --> 00:30:59,840 SECOND ONE IS WELL, MEN JUST 855 00:30:59,840 --> 00:31:03,280 WRITE THE BEST PAPERS. 856 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:03,640 SHRUG. 857 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:06,120 THE THIRD ONE IS, I JUST CITE 858 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:07,640 GOOD SCIENCE I DON'T SEE RACE. 859 00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:10,640 I DON'T SEE GENDER. 860 00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:12,520 THE FOURTH ONE IS, I WORK IN THE 861 00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:13,840 FIELD WHERE THERE ARE NO WOMEN 862 00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:14,880 OR PEOPLE OF COLOR. 863 00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:18,200 IT'S NOT MY FAULT, IT JUST IS. 864 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,240 THE FIFTH ONE IS I'M SURE I FEEL 865 00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:21,880 IT'S DIFFERENT THERE ARE FAMOUS 866 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:23,520 WOMEN OR PEOPLE OF COLOR IN MY 867 00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:27,880 FIELDS AND THE PERSON LISTS TWO 868 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:28,080 NAMES. 869 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,400 THE FINAL ONE SAY CAN'T BELIEVE 870 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:31,840 YOU ADMITTED TO UNDER CITING 871 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:32,560 WOMEN. 872 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:33,400 THE HORROR. 873 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:34,760 THOSE ARE THE COMMON RESPONSES 874 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:36,600 BUT I WANT TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE 875 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:39,240 CAN RESPOND AS SCIENTISTS TAKING 876 00:31:39,240 --> 00:31:41,440 THAT WONDERFUL SCIENTIFIC BRAIN 877 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,240 THAT I LOVE IN ALL OF US AND 878 00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:46,240 TURNING IT TOWARDS THESE DATA. 879 00:31:46,240 --> 00:31:47,680 SO LET'S BE SCIENTISTS AND LET'S 880 00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:50,080 BE SKEPTICAL, CRITICAL, 881 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,440 OBJECTIVE, AND LET'S BE 882 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:53,640 OBJECTIVE ABOUT US. 883 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:55,160 LET'S LOOK AT THE DATA AND THE 884 00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:57,760 FACT THIS IS COMING UP IN MANY, 885 00:31:57,760 --> 00:31:59,200 MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS AND IT'S 886 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:00,720 HAPPENING BOTH IN GENDER AND IN 887 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:03,520 RACE AND ETHNICITY. 888 00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:07,360 THINK HARD ABOUT WHAT THAT MIGHT 889 00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:07,560 MEAN. 890 00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:09,480 WE CAN ALSO THINK OBJECTIVELY, 891 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,040 SCEPTICALLY, CRITICALLY ABOUT 892 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:12,720 ALL OF THE FURTHER DATA OUTSIDE 893 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,120 OF CITATIONS ABOUT GENDER AND 894 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,480 RACIAL INEQUALITIES AND BEING 895 00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:18,680 PERVASIVE NOT JUST IN OUR WORLD 896 00:32:18,680 --> 00:32:21,080 BUT ALSO IN ACADEMIA AND NOTE 897 00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:23,240 THE PRIOR WORK THAT HAS REPORTED 898 00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:25,240 GENDER AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN 899 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:26,520 CONVERSATION AND IN GRANT 900 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:28,840 FUNDING AND IN CREDIT FOR 901 00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:29,920 COLLABORATIVE WORK, TEACHING 902 00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:32,320 EVALUATIONS AND HIRING AND 903 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:34,600 PROMOTION, PRODUCTIVITY AND 904 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:34,880 AUTHORSHIP. 905 00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:37,160 WE SHOULD LOOK AT THESE DATA AND 906 00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:40,520 RECOGNIZE THAT SCIENTISTS, ARE 907 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:41,760 NOT SOME SPECIAL BREED OF HUMANS 908 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,240 IMMUNE TO RACISM, SEXISM, 909 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:44,960 CLASSISM, ET CETERA. 910 00:32:44,960 --> 00:32:46,120 BOTH IS SOMETHING WE HAVE INSIDE 911 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:48,160 OF US AND IN THERE IS SOMETHING 912 00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:49,960 WE INHERIT THROUGH STRUCTURES OF 913 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:51,440 OPPRESSION IN THE INSTITUTIONS 914 00:32:51,440 --> 00:32:54,400 AROUND US AND AROUND SCIENCE. 915 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,960 SO, LET'S BE SCIENTISTS AND 916 00:32:56,960 --> 00:32:59,040 FIGURE OUT THE DRIVER OF THESE 917 00:32:59,040 --> 00:32:59,440 INEQUALITIES. 918 00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:00,840 ALTHOUGH THERE ARE A COUPLE 919 00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:02,800 FACTORS THAT ARE VERY CLEAR. 920 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,280 THE FIRST ONE IS THAT SEVERAL OF 921 00:33:05,280 --> 00:33:07,640 THE STUDIES SHOW THAT THE 922 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:09,040 CITATION IN EQUALITIES ARE 923 00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:10,960 DRIVEN TO SOME DEGREE BY A 924 00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:12,440 CITATION PRACTICE THAT HAS 925 00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:16,640 REMAINED THE SAME SINCE 1995 AND 926 00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:20,200 WHILE THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF OUR 927 00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:21,640 COMMUNITIES HAVE CHANGED. 928 00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:23,160 OUR FIELDS OF SCIENCE ARE 929 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,080 GROWING INCREASINGLY DIVERSE AT 930 00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:26,840 A WONDERFUL RATE, IT'S NOT FAST 931 00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:28,960 ENOUGH BUT IT'S BETTER THAN 932 00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:29,280 ZERO. 933 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:32,440 OUR CITATION PRACTICES ARE NOT 934 00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:34,280 KEEPING UP WITH WHO IS IN OUR 935 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:35,400 FIELD TODAY. 936 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:36,840 THEY LOOK MORE LIKE WHO WAS IN 937 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:40,240 OUR FIELD IN 1995. 938 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,880 SECOND, GENDER IMBALANCE IN 939 00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:47,040 CO-AUTHOR SHIP IN THE CO-AUTHOR 940 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:48,440 SHIP NETWORK PARTIALLY EXPLAINS 941 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:50,560 THE GENDER IMBALANCE IN AUTHOR 942 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:52,680 CITATION BEHAVIOR SO IN OTHER 943 00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,040 WORDS, IF I TEND TO COLLABORATE 944 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:58,440 WITH PEOPLE ONLY OF OR MOSTLY OF 945 00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:00,240 A CERTAIN GENDER, WHO ARE MOSTLY 946 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:02,160 OF A CERTAIN RACE, THEN I WILL 947 00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:05,640 ALSO END UP CITING ACCORDING TO 948 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:07,520 THOSE PROBABILITIES SO SOME 949 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:07,760 DEGREE. 950 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:09,280 THIS IS A CHALLENGE TO US TO 951 00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:10,840 THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT HOW WE 952 00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:12,880 CITE OUTSIDE OF OUR CO-AUTHOR 953 00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:16,640 SHIP NETWORK AND TO CHANGE OUR 954 00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:17,640 CO-AUTHORSHIP NETWORK TO BE 955 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:20,720 BROADER AND DIVERSE AND MORE 956 00:34:20,720 --> 00:34:21,160 INCLUSIVE. 957 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:22,880 THIRD, RACIAL AND ETHNIC 958 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:26,200 SEGREGATION IN CO-AUTHORSHIP 959 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,240 NETWORKS IS INCREASING DESPITE 960 00:34:28,240 --> 00:34:30,480 GREATER FIELD-WIDE 961 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:31,560 COLLABORATION. 962 00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:33,040 AND FOURTH, I THINK I MENTIONED 963 00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:34,240 THIS A LITTLE BIT EARLIER BUT 964 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:35,440 ONE OF THE FACTORS THAT SEEMS TO 965 00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:42,000 BE VERY CLEAR IS WE SITE PEOPLE 966 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:43,680 THAT ARE A LOT LIKE US OF OUR 967 00:34:43,680 --> 00:34:46,120 OWN GENDER AND OUR OWN ETHNICITY 968 00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:48,240 AND RACE. 969 00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:51,760 THIS IS CALLED HAMAFALY AND IT'S 970 00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:53,000 PREVALENT ACROSS THESE FIELDS 971 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:54,480 THAT I'VE JUST CANVASSED FOR 972 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:54,640 YOU. 973 00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:01,600 THERE'S AN INTERESTING PAPER 974 00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:03,440 FROM JAMES EVANS PUBLISHED IN 975 00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:05,080 2008 IN SCIENCE MAGAZINE THAT 976 00:35:05,080 --> 00:35:06,280 WAS CALLED ELECTRONIC 977 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:08,720 PUBLICATION AND THE NARROWING OF 978 00:35:08,720 --> 00:35:10,200 SCHOLARSHIP AND HE USES A 979 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,160 DATABASE OF 34 MILLION ARTICLES 980 00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:15,600 AND THEIR CITATION 01945 TO 981 00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:16,200 2005. 982 00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:18,200 HE ALSO USED THE ON-LINE 983 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,720 AVAILABILITY FROM 1998 TO 2005. 984 00:35:21,720 --> 00:35:23,560 HE SHOWS THAT AS MORE JOURNAL 985 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:25,640 ISSUES CAME ON-LINE, THE 986 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:26,720 ARTICLES REFERENCED INTENDED TO 987 00:35:26,720 --> 00:35:29,000 BE MORE RECENT, FEWER JOURNALS 988 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,000 AND ARTICLES WERE CITED AND MORE 989 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,320 OF THOSE CITATIONS WERE TO FEWER 990 00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:35,320 JOURNALS AND ARTICLES AND SO 991 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:37,600 SEARCHING ON-LINE IS MORE 992 00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:38,800 EFFICIENT AND FOLLOW HYPER LINKS 993 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:40,800 CAN PUT RESEARCHERS INTO TOUCH 994 00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:42,760 WITH PREVAILING OPINION BUT THIS 995 00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:45,640 MAY ACCELERATE CONSENSUS AND 996 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,440 NARROW THE RANGE OF FINDINGS AND 997 00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:50,040 IDEAS BUILT UPON. 998 00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:54,560 I THINK THAT'S A CALL TO 999 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:54,840 DENARROWING. 1000 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:56,880 AND LASTLY, LET'S BE SCIENTISTS 1001 00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:58,600 IN ATTEMPTING NOT JUST TO 1002 00:35:58,600 --> 00:35:59,760 IDENTIFY THE DRIVERS BUT 1003 00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:01,440 MITIGATING SOME OF THESE DRIVERS 1004 00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:03,240 OF INEQUALITIES SO ONE THING WE 1005 00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:05,880 CAN DO IS TO VERY QUICKLY CHECK 1006 00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:07,560 AND FIX OUR OWN REFERENCE LISTS 1007 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:15,080 AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE DO 1008 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:15,800 REGULARLY. 1009 00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:17,440 WE USE THIS TOOLBOX WHERE ONE 1010 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:20,560 PUT IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST AND 1011 00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:21,600 WHETHER YOU ARE CLOSE TO 1012 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:22,960 EXPECTED PREPORTIONS OR FARTHER 1013 00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:24,040 FROM THEM AND YOU CAN THINK IF 1014 00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:28,600 YOU ARE FAR FROM THE EXPECTED 1015 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:30,400 PREPORTIONS, WHAT IS IT THAT I'M 1016 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:30,640 MISSING? 1017 00:36:30,640 --> 00:36:32,360 THE PEOPLE I'M MISSING ARE THE 1018 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:33,880 PEOPLE THAT HAVE GOTTEN 1019 00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:35,560 FACULTIES POSITIONS IN THE LAST 1020 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:36,800 FIVE TO 10 YEARS AND THESE ARE 1021 00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:38,520 THE PEOPLE THAT IT'S MY 1022 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:40,640 RESPONSIBILITY TO KNOW MORE 1023 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:42,880 ABOUT AND WHOSE WORK IS MY 1024 00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:45,680 RESPONSIBILITY TO ENGAGE WITH IN 1025 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:47,280 AN INTELLECTUAL WAY IN THE WORK 1026 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,440 THAT I DO. 1027 00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:51,840 SECONDLY, ANOTHER OPTION IS TO 1028 00:36:51,840 --> 00:36:53,400 APPEND THE CITATION DIVERSITY 1029 00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:54,480 STATEMENT TO MY PAPER, WHICH 1030 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:55,640 I'LL MENTION ON THE NEXT SLIDE 1031 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:57,800 AND THE THIRD IS TO BRING MORE 1032 00:36:57,800 --> 00:36:59,320 INEQUALITY TO LIGHT TO DEVELOP 1033 00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:01,080 MORE MITIGATION TOOLS, I'LL JUST 1034 00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:03,000 HIGHLIGHT A TOOL THAT'S 1035 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:04,840 AVAILABLE ON THE WEB STORE 1036 00:37:04,840 --> 00:37:06,560 CALLED CITATION TRANSPARENCY AND 1037 00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:08,320 YOU CAN USE IT AND IT WAS 1038 00:37:08,320 --> 00:37:10,840 DEVELOPED BY JENNY AND YOU CAN 1039 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:12,880 USE IT TO IDENTIFY AND 1040 00:37:12,880 --> 00:37:14,800 PREDICTIONS ABOUT AUTHOR 1041 00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,200 DEMOGRAPHICS AS YOU ARE SERVING 1042 00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:18,280 PUBMED OR GOOGLE SCHOLAR. 1043 00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:20,240 SO WHAT IS THE CITATION 1044 00:37:20,240 --> 00:37:21,080 DIVERSITY STATEMENT IDEA? 1045 00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:22,040 WELL THIS IS SOMETHING THAT 1046 00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:24,720 WE'RE ATTENDING TO OUR PAPERS 1047 00:37:24,720 --> 00:37:25,960 AND MANY OTHER INVESTIGATORS ARE 1048 00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,040 DOING SO WELL AND IT HAS SEVERAL 1049 00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:29,560 SECTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS AND 1050 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:31,400 METHODS, RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS 1051 00:37:31,400 --> 00:37:33,440 AND I'LL READ IS VERY BRIEFLY TO 1052 00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:33,680 YOU. 1053 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:35,160 IT SAYS RECENT WORK HAS 1054 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:37,160 IDENTIFIED A BUY AS IN CITATION 1055 00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:38,360 PRACTICES SUCH THAT PAPERS FROM 1056 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:40,160 WOMEN AND OTHER MARGINALIZED 1057 00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:42,040 SCHOLARS SYSTEMS ARE UNDER CITED 1058 00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:43,240 RELATIVE TO THE NUMBER OF SUCH 1059 00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:45,080 PAPERS IN THE FIELD. 1060 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:46,280 WE'RE WE SOUGHT TO CONSIDER 1061 00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:47,440 CHOOSING REFERENCES THAT REFLECT 1062 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:48,880 THE DIVERSITY OF THE FIELD AND 1063 00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:50,800 THOUGHT FORM OF CONTRIBUTIONS, 1064 00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:52,240 GENDER AND OTHER FACTORS. 1065 00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:54,320 WE USED DATABASES THAT STORE THE 1066 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:55,240 PROBABILITY OF A NAME BEING 1067 00:37:55,240 --> 00:37:56,640 CARRIED BY PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT 1068 00:37:56,640 --> 00:37:59,920 GENDERS TO HOLD OURSELVES 1069 00:37:59,920 --> 00:38:01,560 ACCOUNTABLE TO NOT PER WET WAIT 1070 00:38:01,560 --> 00:38:03,840 AND WE PLACE THE AUTHOR IN THE 1071 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:05,320 VIN W IF THEY HAVE A NAME WITH A 1072 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:07,440 PROBABILITY OF .7 OF MORE OF 1073 00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:08,880 BELONGING TO A WOMAN AND HE WITH 1074 00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:10,960 PLACE AN AUTHOR IN THE BIN M IF 1075 00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:12,760 THEY HAVE A NAME WITH A 1076 00:38:12,760 --> 00:38:14,520 PROBABILITY OF .7 OR MORE OF 1077 00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:15,440 BELONGING TO A MAN. 1078 00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:18,080 BASED ON THE DATABASE USED, THE 1079 00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:21,160 W WIN WILL HAVE WOMEN AND THE M 1080 00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:24,640 MEN WILL BE MEN BUT THEY MAY 1081 00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:26,520 CONTAIN OTHER GENDERS. 1082 00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:30,000 BY THIS MEASURE ARE REFERENCES 1083 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,200 ARE LIKE THIS AND IN TERMS OF A 1084 00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:33,720 LITTLETATIONS WE SAY THIS METHOD 1085 00:38:33,720 --> 00:38:35,440 IS LIMITED IN THAT NAMES, 1086 00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:36,600 PRONOUNCE, SOCIAL IMMEDIATE WHY 1087 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,920 PROFILES USE TO CONSTRUCT THE 1088 00:38:38,920 --> 00:38:40,240 DATABASES MAY NOT IN EVERY CASE 1089 00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:42,920 BE INDICATIVE OF GENDER IDENTITY 1090 00:38:42,920 --> 00:38:44,440 AND STUDIES OF NAMES CANNOT BE 1091 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:46,240 USED TO DETECT COSTS THAT ARE 1092 00:38:46,240 --> 00:38:48,720 SPECIFIC TO INTERSECT 1093 00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:49,840 TRANSGENDER PEOPLE WHO ARE OUT 1094 00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:51,280 TO A LARGE NUMBER OF THEIR 1095 00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:51,640 COLLEAGUES. 1096 00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:53,400 WE LOOK FORWARD TO FUTURE WORK 1097 00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,880 THAT COULD HELP US BETTER 1098 00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:57,920 UNDERSTAND HOW TO HAVE EQUITABLE 1099 00:38:57,920 --> 00:39:00,680 PRACTICES AND SCIENCE. 1100 00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:03,400 WE DO THIS TO HOLD OURSELVES 1101 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:03,760 ACCOUNTABLE. 1102 00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:05,680 TO INCREASE GLOBAL AWARENESS OF 1103 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,760 CITATION IMBALANCE AND TO POINT 1104 00:39:07,760 --> 00:39:10,000 READERS TO RELEVANT TOOLS FOR 1105 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,760 MITIGATING DISPARITIES. 1106 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,160 COMMUNITIES RESPONSE HAS BEEN 1107 00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:17,160 OVERWHELMINGLY POSITIVE DESPITE 1108 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:20,120 THE REMARKS THAT I READ TO YOU 1109 00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:20,480 EARLIER. 1110 00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,960 SO EDITORIALS FROM BRAIN, NATURE 1111 00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:25,760 NEUROSCIENCE, MANY OTHER 1112 00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:29,600 JOURNALS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED AND 1113 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,240 TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE 1114 00:39:32,240 --> 00:39:33,280 PUBLISHED ITS TIME IN 2020 AND 1115 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:37,040 SOME JOURNALS INCLUDING CITATION 1116 00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:39,480 BALANCE INDICATOR AND GIVING 1117 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:41,400 THEM THE TOOLS TO EVALUATE THEIR 1118 00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:45,760 REFERENCES CRITICALLY AND MANY 1119 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:47,400 HIGH-IMPACT JOURNALS ACROSS MANY 1120 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:48,680 DIFFERENT FIELDS NOW HAVE 1121 00:39:48,680 --> 00:39:53,000 PUBLISHED CITATION DIVERSITY 1122 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,960 STATEMENTS AND THE PRESS AND 1123 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:58,800 INITIATED ITS INCLUSION AND 1124 00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:00,240 DIVERSITY STATEMENT IN 2021. 1125 00:40:00,240 --> 00:40:02,920 THE M.E.S. WHICH PUBLISHES FOUR 1126 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:04,480 JOURNALS ALSO ENCOURAGES AUTHORS 1127 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:06,120 TO INCLUDE TAY CITATION 1128 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:10,000 DIVERSITY STATEMENT WITHIN THEIR 1129 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:10,520 MANUSCRIPTS. 1130 00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:11,840 AND FOR THE PAPERS THAT HAVE 1131 00:40:11,840 --> 00:40:13,440 INCLUDED A CITATION DIVERSITY 1132 00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:16,080 STATEMENT OVER THE LAST 1133 00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:17,320 YEAR-AND-A-HALF, THOSE PAPERS 1134 00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:19,240 ARE CITING MUCH CLOSER TO THE 1135 00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:22,240 ZERO LINE SO HERE WHAT YOU CAN 1136 00:40:22,240 --> 00:40:27,840 SEE IS THE PRE 2020 OR 2019 1137 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:29,720 CITATION PRACTICES AND THEN IN 1138 00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:31,040 THE DOTS ARE PAPERS THAT INCLUDE 1139 00:40:31,040 --> 00:40:32,840 A CITATION DIVERSE STATEMENT. 1140 00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,160 YOU CAN SEE THE DATA POINTS 1141 00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:37,680 INCLUDES ZERO IN ALL FOUR CASES 1142 00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:39,920 WHICH MEANS THAT THIS DISPARITY 1143 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:43,040 HAS BEEN BROUGHT DOWN TO THE 1144 00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:44,520 EXPECTATION MARK. 1145 00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:46,800 WHICH I THINK IS A MARKET 1146 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:47,040 PROGRESS. 1147 00:40:47,040 --> 00:40:49,400 BUT OF COURSE, IT'S ALWAYS MORE 1148 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:50,440 THAN THE NUMBERS. 1149 00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:52,640 SO I WANT TO THANK MORE 1150 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:54,080 CAREFULLY, MORE DEEPLY ABOUT 1151 00:40:54,080 --> 00:40:56,720 WHERE AND HOW WE CAN CITING. 1152 00:40:56,720 --> 00:40:58,080 ARE WE SLAPPING REFERENCES ON AT 1153 00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,560 THE END OR ENGAGING WITH THEM 1154 00:41:00,560 --> 00:41:06,200 END LEX ACTUAL FROINTELLECTUALLY FROM THE START. 1155 00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:10,440 INVITATIONS, MENTIONS, E-MAILS 1156 00:41:10,440 --> 00:41:12,560 AND AND SO IN CLOSING I JUST 1157 00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:17,720 WANTED THINK AGAIN AND HOW WE DO 1158 00:41:17,720 --> 00:41:20,800 AND THE GAP IS PART OF HOW WE DO 1159 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:22,200 SCIENCE AND AS BUILDING BLOCKS 1160 00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,040 OF ACADEMICS CAREERS AND WHO 1161 00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:27,400 DOES SCIENCE AND WHO GETS TO DO 1162 00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:28,600 SCIENCE AND IT'S AS BUILDING 1163 00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:30,440 BLOCKS OF FIELDS OF INQUIRY THE 1164 00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:35,440 CITATION GAP IS ALSO ABOUT OUR 1165 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:41,400 COLLECTIVE SPACE OF DISCOVERY 1166 00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:44,040 AND HOW MANY AND I THINK THE 1167 00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:46,880 BEAUTIFUL PHYSICS OF BRANCHED 1168 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:49,200 FLOW AND SO FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO 1169 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:50,520 DON'T KNOW ABOUT BRANCH FLOW 1170 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:52,640 THIS IS THE BRANCH FLOW THE 1171 00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:55,240 LIGHT WHICH IS JUST AMAZING. 1172 00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,640 IN MANY KINDS OF IRREGULAR 1173 00:41:57,640 --> 00:42:00,200 MEDIA, AND I CALL SCIENCE AN 1174 00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:02,040 IRREGULAR MEDIA, PROPAGATING 1175 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:03,440 WAVES ENTER THIS BEAUTIFUL AND 1176 00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:04,840 RELATIVELY NEGLECTED REGIME 1177 00:42:04,840 --> 00:42:07,440 CALLED BRANCHED FLOW AND IT 1178 00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:09,640 EFFECTS SOUND, LIGHT, WATER AND 1179 00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:11,800 MATTER WAVES OVER VASTLY 1180 00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:13,800 DIFFERENT LIGHT SCALES FROM THE 1181 00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:18,160 TINY TO TSUNAMIS. 1182 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:20,720 IF OUR WAVES OF INQUIRY ARE 1183 00:42:20,720 --> 00:42:23,160 GUIDED TO NARROW BRANCHES 1184 00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:26,040 DEFINED BY A FAMOUS THINKINGER, 1185 00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:28,080 A RACE, SINGLE ETHNICITY, A 1186 00:42:28,080 --> 00:42:30,080 CERTAIN CLASS OR GIVEN PRESTIGE, 1187 00:42:30,080 --> 00:42:32,520 WHAT TREMENDOUS SWATHS OF 1188 00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:34,880 DISCOVERY OF SPACE ARE WE 1189 00:42:34,880 --> 00:42:36,280 LEAVING UNCONSIDERED, 1190 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:39,000 UNEXAMINED, AND UNKNOWN? 1191 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:40,840 I THINK WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY 1192 00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:42,600 TO USE THE BEAUTIFUL RATIONAL 1193 00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:45,440 PROCESS OF SCIENCE TO LEARN MORE 1194 00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:47,240 ABOUT HOW WE STRUCTURE OUR 1195 00:42:47,240 --> 00:42:47,440 INQUIRY. 1196 00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:49,800 WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO BE THE 1197 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,840 SCEPTIC PARRING WITH OUR OWN 1198 00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:55,040 INTERNAL MODELS OF HOW WE DO 1199 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,280 SCIENCE AND RARELY AND PERVASIVE 1200 00:42:58,280 --> 00:43:00,600 GENDER, RACIAL AND ETHNIC 1201 00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:01,760 INEQUALITIES MEAN THAT SCIENCE 1202 00:43:01,760 --> 00:43:04,760 ISN'T AS OBJECTIVE AS WE THINK 1203 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:05,840 IT IS. 1204 00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:08,040 HOW CAN WE SEE PAST SCIENCE AND 1205 00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:10,640 HOW CAN WE LAY DOWN A NEW 1206 00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:13,240 PRACTICE FOR A SCIENCE OF 1207 00:43:13,240 --> 00:43:13,560 TOMORROW? 1208 00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:14,840 SO WITH THAT, THANK YOU SO MUCH 1209 00:43:14,840 --> 00:43:16,520 FOR LISTENING AND I'M HAPPY TO 1210 00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:24,200 GO TO THE QUESTION AND ANSWER 1211 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:24,440 PERIOD. 1212 00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:26,240 >> THANK YOU FOR A FABULOUS 1213 00:43:26,240 --> 00:43:26,520 TALK. 1214 00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:29,640 I CAN HEAR APPLAUSE THROUGH THE 1215 00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:30,040 VIRTUAL NETWORK. 1216 00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:32,320 IT WAS A STUNNING, SOBERING AND 1217 00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:33,600 MOTIVATING WAY TO START THE NEW 1218 00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:33,800 YEAR. 1219 00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:39,040 THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 1220 00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:40,520 WE HAVE A LOT OF QUESTIONS 1221 00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:40,840 ROLLING IN. 1222 00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:45,360 I MIGHT TAKE THE PRIVILEGE OF 1223 00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:46,600 SNEAKING IN ONE MYSELF. 1224 00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:47,960 LOOKING FORWARD TO THE FUTURE 1225 00:43:47,960 --> 00:43:49,480 AND I LIKE HOW WE CAN DIAGNOSE 1226 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:50,840 THE DIFFICULTY AND THINK ABOUT 1227 00:43:50,840 --> 00:43:53,040 HOW INFORM CHANGE THINGS. 1228 00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:55,040 THE NARROW WAY OF HOPE AND DID 1229 00:43:55,040 --> 00:43:57,960 YOU FIND IF YOU STRATIFIED THE 1230 00:43:57,960 --> 00:43:59,720 CITATION PRACTICES BY THE 1231 00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:00,920 SENIORITY OF THE AUTHORS THAT 1232 00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:02,120 PEOPLE JUST COMING IN THEY MIGHT 1233 00:44:02,120 --> 00:44:03,400 BE A DIFFERENT FUTURE COMING, 1234 00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:04,840 NOT INFORM SAY WE SHOULDN'T BE 1235 00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:09,720 MORE PROACTIVE BUT THAT IS THERE 1236 00:44:09,720 --> 00:44:10,960 CHANGE ON THE HORIZON? 1237 00:44:10,960 --> 00:44:17,640 >> WE DID NOT STRA STRAT FIE BY AGE 1238 00:44:17,640 --> 00:44:17,960 OR SENIORITY. 1239 00:44:17,960 --> 00:44:19,880 WE IMPACTED ON THE MODEL BECAUSE 1240 00:44:19,880 --> 00:44:21,200 THAT'S HOW MUCH SOMEONE IS 1241 00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:21,400 CITED. 1242 00:44:21,400 --> 00:44:22,720 I DON'T HAVE DATA FOR THAT 1243 00:44:22,720 --> 00:44:23,920 QUESTION, HOWEVER, IT'S A GREAT 1244 00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:25,520 QUESTION AND I COULD ANSWER IT. 1245 00:44:25,520 --> 00:44:27,720 IF WE GO BACK TO THE COMPUTER 1246 00:44:27,720 --> 00:44:28,640 LATER TODAY. 1247 00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:32,360 SO, IT'S REALLY, I DO -- I WOULD 1248 00:44:32,360 --> 00:44:33,280 HAVE THAT HOPE. 1249 00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:35,520 IT'S PROBABLY THE CASE. 1250 00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:38,600 HOWEVER, I'M ALSO SOBERED BY MY 1251 00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:40,240 OWN CITATION PRACTICES BECAUSE I 1252 00:44:40,240 --> 00:44:43,680 THINK A LOT OF IT WAS JUST, I 1253 00:44:43,680 --> 00:44:45,600 WOULDN'T, I'M NOT YOUNG BUT I'M 1254 00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:48,320 NOT VERY OLD AND I WOULD HAVE 1255 00:44:48,320 --> 00:44:49,880 ASSUMED I SHOULD HAVE DONE 1256 00:44:49,880 --> 00:44:51,320 BETTER BUT I DIDN'T AND I THINK 1257 00:44:51,320 --> 00:44:53,800 IT'S BECAUSE I DIDN'T KNOW. 1258 00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:56,960 IT HADN'T OCCURRED TO ME THAT 1259 00:44:56,960 --> 00:44:58,520 THESE EFFECTS COULD BE HOLDING 1260 00:44:58,520 --> 00:45:00,320 AND ACROSS DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS 1261 00:45:00,320 --> 00:45:02,080 LIKE RACE, ETHNICITY AND GENDER 1262 00:45:02,080 --> 00:45:07,840 AND IT'S CLASS AND PRESTIGE AND 1263 00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:09,040 AWARE OF SOMEONE'S INSTITUTION 1264 00:45:09,040 --> 00:45:12,240 AND IT'S PUBLISHING THE PAPER. 1265 00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:16,240 I THINK THERE IS GOOD ON THE 1266 00:45:16,240 --> 00:45:18,480 HORIZON, HOWEVER, I THINK IT 1267 00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:22,640 DOES REQUIRE SOME AWARENESS. 1268 00:45:22,640 --> 00:45:22,840 YEAH. 1269 00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:23,760 >> ABSOLUTELY. 1270 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:25,160 MAYBE ON THAT TOPIC BEFORE WE 1271 00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:26,120 DIVE INTO THE QUESTIONS THAT 1272 00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:27,800 CAME IN, WOULD YOU BE 1273 00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:29,000 COMFORTABLE SHARING A FEW KIND 1274 00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:30,200 OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCES THAT 1275 00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:31,360 YOU'VE HAD AS YOU'VE BEEN 1276 00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:32,880 NEGOTIATING THAT JOURNEY OF 1277 00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:36,280 CHANGING YOUR OWN CITATION 1278 00:45:36,280 --> 00:45:36,840 PRACTICES? 1279 00:45:36,840 --> 00:45:38,440 ARE THERE TIPS UP FOR PEOPLE? 1280 00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:39,880 >> YEAH, ABSOLUTELY. 1281 00:45:39,880 --> 00:45:41,240 LIKE I MENTIONED, DURING THE 1282 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:46,200 TALK, WHAT I REALIZED IS THAT 1283 00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:48,240 I'M NOT EDUCATED AND I'M NOT -- 1284 00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:50,040 I NEED A PRACTICE OF 1285 00:45:50,040 --> 00:45:51,360 SELF-EDUCATION ON THE WORK OF 1286 00:45:51,360 --> 00:45:52,880 YOUNGER COLLEAGUES. 1287 00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:55,640 AND I THINK THAT'S WHAT HAS BEEN 1288 00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:57,080 MISSING FOR ME AND THAT'S WHAT I 1289 00:45:57,080 --> 00:45:59,440 FOUND TO BE THE MOST HELPFUL NOW 1290 00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:01,160 IS TO GO LISTEN TO THE TALKS OF 1291 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:02,560 THE POSTDOCS WHO ARE ABOUT TO GO 1292 00:46:02,560 --> 00:46:04,000 ON THE MARKET. 1293 00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,440 LOOK UP THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE JUST 1294 00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:09,400 GOTTEN POSITIONS AT LOCAL 1295 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:10,800 INSTITUTIONS AND LOOK AT THEIR 1296 00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:11,160 WORK. 1297 00:46:11,160 --> 00:46:15,840 I THINK IT'S VERY MUCH ABOUT NOT 1298 00:46:15,840 --> 00:46:17,160 ASSUMING I'LL JUST HEAR ABOUT 1299 00:46:17,160 --> 00:46:19,800 THE RELEVANT WORK BUT BECAUSE I 1300 00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:24,760 THINK THE HEARING ABOUT IT HAS 1301 00:46:24,760 --> 00:46:26,640 INEQUALITIES BUILT INTO IT TOO, 1302 00:46:26,640 --> 00:46:27,080 RIGHT. 1303 00:46:27,080 --> 00:46:29,640 AND SO I THINK THAT THERE'S JUST 1304 00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:31,840 A LITTLE BIT MORE EMPHASIS ON 1305 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:33,560 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO 1306 00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:35,160 EDUCATE MYSELF ABOUT THE WORK OF 1307 00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:38,400 THE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN MY FIELD. 1308 00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,040 AND TO BE SKEPTICAL ABOUT THE 1309 00:46:41,040 --> 00:46:43,760 NOTION THAT I ALREADY KNOW MY 1310 00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:44,080 FIELDS. 1311 00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:47,480 I DON'T THINK ANY OF US DOES. 1312 00:46:47,480 --> 00:46:48,840 SO THERE'S A LOT MORE TO KNOW. 1313 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:50,600 THERE ARE MANY MORE PEOPLE TO 1314 00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:52,080 KNOW AND THERE'S A LOT MORE WORK 1315 00:46:52,080 --> 00:46:54,040 FROM THOSE INDIVIDUALS TO KNOW 1316 00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:56,920 SO THAT'S BEEN THE MOST HELPFUL 1317 00:46:56,920 --> 00:46:58,640 OBSERVATION FOR ME. 1318 00:46:58,640 --> 00:47:00,000 >> THANK YOU FOR SHARING THAT. 1319 00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:02,200 THAT'S A SUPER ACTIONABLE THING 1320 00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,200 THAT EVERYONE IS ENGAGE IN SO 1321 00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:05,880 THAT'S GREAT. 1322 00:47:05,880 --> 00:47:06,840 SO SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT 1323 00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:08,880 CAME IN, ONE WAS FROM LAURA 1324 00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:11,600 CARTER AND HOW CAN YOU TELL WHO 1325 00:47:11,600 --> 00:47:13,640 ARE AUTHORS OF COLOR? 1326 00:47:13,640 --> 00:47:22,840 >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 1327 00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:25,440 SO, IT DEPENDS. 1328 00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:29,280 SO I GUESS THERE ARE A 1329 00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:33,840 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN -- LET ME SAY 1330 00:47:33,840 --> 00:47:36,640 THE ALGORITHM. 1331 00:47:36,640 --> 00:47:39,560 IT TAKES FIRST AND LAST NAMES 1332 00:47:39,560 --> 00:47:42,320 AND EXAMINES THE PROBABILITY, 1333 00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:45,440 THE FREQUENCY OF LETTER PAIRS SO 1334 00:47:45,440 --> 00:47:48,040 IF L AND Z ARE NEXT TO ONE 1335 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:49,920 ANOTHER IN THEIR FIRST OR LAST 1336 00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:51,680 NAME, THAT WOULD GIVE A CLUE 1337 00:47:51,680 --> 00:47:54,160 ABOUT THE RACE OR ETHNICITY OF 1338 00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:55,240 THAT PERSON IT COMES FROM THIS 1339 00:47:55,240 --> 00:47:57,480 LANGUAGE AND THAT LANGUAGE IS 1340 00:47:57,480 --> 00:47:59,560 ASSOCIATED WITH THIS RACE AND 1341 00:47:59,560 --> 00:48:03,640 ETHNICITY SO IT'S A 1342 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:06,120 LANGUAGE-BASED AND LETTER-PAIR 1343 00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:09,040 FREQUENCY-BASED ASSESSMENT. 1344 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:12,240 SO, WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT 1345 00:48:12,240 --> 00:48:14,400 THERE ARE FOR SURE JUST AS IN 1346 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,200 GENDER, THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE 1347 00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:18,840 IN THE MAY NOT APPEAR WHITE. 1348 00:48:18,840 --> 00:48:23,680 THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE 1349 00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:26,560 ASIAN BIN THAT MAY NOT APPEAR 1350 00:48:26,560 --> 00:48:26,960 ASIAN. 1351 00:48:26,960 --> 00:48:30,800 SO THERE'S A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1352 00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:33,040 A PERSON'S PHYSICAL APPEARANCE 1353 00:48:33,040 --> 00:48:36,440 OR VISIBLE IDENTITY AND THE 1354 00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:38,040 IDENTITY DERIVED FROM THEIR 1355 00:48:38,040 --> 00:48:38,600 NAME. 1356 00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:40,560 THERE'S ALSO ANOTHER YET 1357 00:48:40,560 --> 00:48:42,400 IDENTITY WHICH IS HOW THEY 1358 00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:44,640 IDENTIFY SO THAT WE OFTEN CALL 1359 00:48:44,640 --> 00:48:48,240 THAT SELF-ATTESTATION, THIS IS 1360 00:48:48,240 --> 00:48:49,800 THE RACE AND ETHNICITY I AM, 1361 00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:51,840 THIS IS THE GENDER I AM, ET 1362 00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:52,200 CETERA. 1363 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:56,160 SO THERE'S AN INTERESTING MILIEU 1364 00:48:56,160 --> 00:48:59,240 OF WHAT ARE THE FEATURES THAT WE 1365 00:48:59,240 --> 00:49:00,240 SEE IN OTHERS? 1366 00:49:00,240 --> 00:49:03,920 DO I SEE YOU IN REAL LIFE OR DO 1367 00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:06,520 I JUST SEE YOUR NAME? 1368 00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:08,320 HAVE I ASKED YOU YOUR GENDER 1369 00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:09,040 IDENTITY? 1370 00:49:09,040 --> 00:49:11,440 THERE ARE MANY THINGS THAT ARE 1371 00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:13,440 QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT ARE THE 1372 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:15,160 PIECES OF INFORMATION THAT WE 1373 00:49:15,160 --> 00:49:18,520 HAVE JUST BY LOOKING AT PAPERS 1374 00:49:18,520 --> 00:49:20,920 AND THOSE PIECES OF INFORMATION 1375 00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:23,480 ARE COGNITIVE APPARATUS ARE USED 1376 00:49:23,480 --> 00:49:25,280 IMPLICITLY TO DRIVE CITATION 1377 00:49:25,280 --> 00:49:26,720 PRACTICES AND THEN WHAT ARE THE 1378 00:49:26,720 --> 00:49:27,800 PIECES OF INFORMATION WE KNOW 1379 00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:30,720 ABOUT OUR COLLEAGUES FROM ASKING 1380 00:49:30,720 --> 00:49:39,800 THEM OR SEEING THEM IT CAN DRIVE 1381 00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:40,440 A DIFFERENT SET. 1382 00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:42,280 IT'S INTERESTING TO UNDERSTAND 1383 00:49:42,280 --> 00:49:43,840 MORE OF THOSE DIFFERENT FACETS 1384 00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:46,440 WHICH MAKES IT MORE COMPLICATED. 1385 00:49:46,440 --> 00:49:47,800 >> I THINK IT WAS REALLY LOVELY 1386 00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,200 THE WAY THE METHODS TO FIND A 1387 00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,600 WAY OF STILL BEING ABLE TO FAKE 1388 00:49:54,600 --> 00:49:57,640 A QUANTITIVE APPROACH EVEN IN 1389 00:49:57,640 --> 00:49:59,160 THE FACE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF 1390 00:49:59,160 --> 00:50:01,480 THE VARIABLES YOU WANT TO LOOK 1391 00:50:01,480 --> 00:50:01,640 AT. 1392 00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:03,200 THERE ARE WAYS WE CAN PUSH 1393 00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:04,240 AGAINST THAT AND PROVIDE THE 1394 00:50:04,240 --> 00:50:06,160 DATA WE NEED TO MOTIVATE CHANGE. 1395 00:50:06,160 --> 00:50:09,320 AND SO ANOTHER QUESTION, IN MY 1396 00:50:09,320 --> 00:50:11,080 EXPERIENCE, ONE OF THE BIGGEST 1397 00:50:11,080 --> 00:50:13,440 INFLUENCES WHETHER I WILL CITE 1398 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:15,320 IS PAPER IS WHETHER IT'S IN OPEN 1399 00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:17,360 ACCESS PUBLICATION OR OTHERWISE 1400 00:50:17,360 --> 00:50:19,840 EASILY OBTAINABLE FORM A I RUN 1401 00:50:19,840 --> 00:50:20,640 INTO A WALL. 1402 00:50:20,640 --> 00:50:22,960 IF YOU LOOKED INTO THE GROUPS 1403 00:50:22,960 --> 00:50:23,880 YOU EXAMINED ARE PUBLISHING 1404 00:50:23,880 --> 00:50:25,400 WHERE THE VARIOUS GROUPS ARE 1405 00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:27,000 EXAM THE PUBLISHING AND HOW IT 1406 00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:28,800 FITS WITH YOUR CITATION DATA? 1407 00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:31,160 >> THAT'S SUCH A GREAT QUESTION. 1408 00:50:31,160 --> 00:50:34,480 WE HAVE NOT LOOKED AT THAT 1409 00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:37,720 HOWEVER, WE ARE AWARE THAT OPEN 1410 00:50:37,720 --> 00:50:40,200 ACCESS IN MANY JOURNALS REQUIRES 1411 00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:42,960 A HEFTY PRICETAG, WHICH MEANS 1412 00:50:42,960 --> 00:50:44,640 THERE'S AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 1413 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:47,320 THE WEALTH OF THE LAB AND THE 1414 00:50:47,320 --> 00:50:50,360 NUMBER OF OPEN ACCESS PAPERS. 1415 00:50:50,360 --> 00:50:53,320 AND BECAUSE THERE IS ALSO AN 1416 00:50:53,320 --> 00:50:54,040 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WEALTH OF 1417 00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:55,920 THE LAB AND GENDER RACE AND 1418 00:50:55,920 --> 00:51:00,360 ETHNICITY, THERE WILL BE A 1419 00:51:00,360 --> 00:51:01,600 PREDOMINANCE -- A SKEW IN THE 1420 00:51:01,600 --> 00:51:05,280 DEMOGRAPHICS OF AUTHORS OF OPEN 1421 00:51:05,280 --> 00:51:06,920 ACCESS PUBLICATIONS ON AVERAGE 1422 00:51:06,920 --> 00:51:09,920 SO THAT IS MY KNOWLEDGE OF IT 1423 00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:11,360 BUT I DON'T HAVE THE DATA TO 1424 00:51:11,360 --> 00:51:16,520 SHOW YOU EXCEPT THAT WOULD BE 1425 00:51:16,520 --> 00:51:16,720 MINE. 1426 00:51:16,720 --> 00:51:20,400 >> THANK YOU. 1427 00:51:20,400 --> 00:51:23,560 ANOTHER QUESTION -- THIS MIGHT 1428 00:51:23,560 --> 00:51:25,760 RELATE TO THE NETWORK 1429 00:51:25,760 --> 00:51:27,520 PERSPECTIVES THAT YOU ARE 1430 00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:27,840 MENTIONING. 1431 00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:30,400 HOW MUCH PROFESSIONAL INTERACTS 1432 00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:32,240 EFFECT CITING. 1433 00:51:32,240 --> 00:51:34,120 THEY CITE OTHER AUTHORS THOUGH 1434 00:51:34,120 --> 00:51:36,720 KNOW INTERACT WITH REFLECTING 1435 00:51:36,720 --> 00:51:39,000 SOME KIND OF SEGREGATION OR 1436 00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:39,640 COLLECTIVE CLUBS? 1437 00:51:39,640 --> 00:51:41,120 >> YES, DEFINITELY. 1438 00:51:41,120 --> 00:51:44,800 SO, THE WAY THAT WE SEE THIS 1439 00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:48,040 THAT'S QUANTIFIABLE IS THAT WE 1440 00:51:48,040 --> 00:51:51,680 TEND TO CITE ON OUR 1441 00:51:51,680 --> 00:51:53,240 CO-AUTHORSHIP NETWORK, MAY CITE 1442 00:51:53,240 --> 00:51:55,640 PEOPLE I CO-AUTHOR WITH BUT I'M 1443 00:51:55,640 --> 00:51:58,680 LIKELY TO SITE PEOPLE THAT THEY 1444 00:51:58,680 --> 00:51:59,520 CO-AUTHOR WITH. 1445 00:51:59,520 --> 00:52:01,280 SO TWO STEPS AWAY FROM ME. 1446 00:52:01,280 --> 00:52:03,200 IT'S MUCH LESS LIKELY FOR ME TO 1447 00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:05,000 CITE SOMEONE WHO IS SEVEN ORATOR 1448 00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,240 NINE STEPS AWAY FROM ME ON THE 1449 00:52:08,240 --> 00:52:09,080 CO-AUTHORSHIP NETWORK. 1450 00:52:09,080 --> 00:52:11,280 WHAT IT MEANS IS A LOT OF OUR 1451 00:52:11,280 --> 00:52:13,800 CITATIONS ARE RELATIVELY LOCAL 1452 00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:19,640 TO COLLABORATION, WHICH IS A 1453 00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:21,680 SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN ADDITION TO 1454 00:52:21,680 --> 00:52:23,840 BEING A SCIENTIFIC STRUCTURE SO 1455 00:52:23,840 --> 00:52:27,600 THAT'S WHERE THE SOCIAL PART 1456 00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:30,560 COMES IN. 1457 00:52:30,560 --> 00:52:32,240 >> IT SAYS THANK YOU FOR THE 1458 00:52:32,240 --> 00:52:34,720 GREAT TALK AND ANY PROSPERITY TO 1459 00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:36,480 PROPOSE AN IMPACT FACTOR LIKE 1460 00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:39,600 INDEX REGARDING DIVERSITY IN 1461 00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:41,600 JOURNAL PUBLICATION? 1462 00:52:41,600 --> 00:52:43,600 ACCEPTANCE OR CITATION? 1463 00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:45,920 >> DIVERSITY IMPACT. 1464 00:52:45,920 --> 00:52:47,920 I DON'T THINK I'M FOLLOWING THAT 1465 00:52:47,920 --> 00:52:48,200 QUESTION. 1466 00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:54,840 >> WHETHER IT RELATES TO SCORING 1467 00:52:54,840 --> 00:52:55,320 JOURNALS? 1468 00:52:55,320 --> 00:52:56,840 >> THAT'S INTERESTING. 1469 00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:59,560 THAT'S REALLY INTERESTING. 1470 00:52:59,560 --> 00:53:03,880 JUST AS A MARK OF -- YEAH. 1471 00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:06,640 I DON'T KNOW. 1472 00:53:06,640 --> 00:53:08,280 THAT'S A GREAT AND INTERESTING 1473 00:53:08,280 --> 00:53:08,800 SUGGESTION. 1474 00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:10,880 IT'S NOT ONE I'VE HEARD OF 1475 00:53:10,880 --> 00:53:11,120 BEFORE. 1476 00:53:11,120 --> 00:53:13,520 I DO KNOW THAT JOURNALS DIFFER 1477 00:53:13,520 --> 00:53:15,240 SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE DEGREE TO 1478 00:53:15,240 --> 00:53:19,440 WHICH THEIR PAPERS ARE BEING -- 1479 00:53:19,440 --> 00:53:25,560 ARE -- HAVE REFERENCE LISTS THAT 1480 00:53:25,560 --> 00:53:27,520 ARE TRACKING THE FIELD VERSUS 1481 00:53:27,520 --> 00:53:32,960 NOT TRACKING THE FIELD. 1482 00:53:32,960 --> 00:53:35,320 AND AT LEAST IN PHYSICS, I'LL 1483 00:53:35,320 --> 00:53:37,040 GIVE PHYSICS AS AN EXAMPLE. 1484 00:53:37,040 --> 00:53:39,800 THE PAPERS THAT ARE THE JOURNALS 1485 00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:42,880 THAT HAVE MORE PAPERS FROM WOMEN 1486 00:53:42,880 --> 00:53:45,960 IN THEM DO TEND TO DO BETTER ON 1487 00:53:45,960 --> 00:53:49,080 AVERAGE IN THEIR GENERAL 1488 00:53:49,080 --> 00:53:49,600 CITATION PRACTICES. 1489 00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:51,520 SO, IT'S ONE THING TO THINK 1490 00:53:51,520 --> 00:53:54,240 ABOUT FOR JOURNALS THAT ARE 1491 00:53:54,240 --> 00:53:56,200 INVITATION BASED SO SOME OF THE 1492 00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:56,960 NATURE REVIEWS JOURNALS FOR 1493 00:53:56,960 --> 00:53:59,200 EXAMPLE ARE INVITATION BASED AND 1494 00:53:59,200 --> 00:54:02,080 THE REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS IS 1495 00:54:02,080 --> 00:54:03,040 INVITATION BASED. 1496 00:54:03,040 --> 00:54:04,120 THERE ARE SEVERAL OTHERS AND SO 1497 00:54:04,120 --> 00:54:05,800 THAT'S SOMETHING THAT I THINK 1498 00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:08,360 MAYBE TO BE AWARE OF IS THAT 1499 00:54:08,360 --> 00:54:11,440 THOSE INVITATIONS COULD BE 1500 00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:13,640 CONSIDERED FOR WHETHER THEY'RE 1501 00:54:13,640 --> 00:54:18,240 BEING DISTRIBUTED IN A WAY THAT 1502 00:54:18,240 --> 00:54:19,240 IS EQUITABLE. 1503 00:54:19,240 --> 00:54:21,360 >> YOU MADE ME WANT TO HEAR THAT 1504 00:54:21,360 --> 00:54:25,800 AND THE EDITORIAL BOARD AND 1505 00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:30,440 COULD TRACK SOME OF THESE 1506 00:54:30,440 --> 00:54:31,800 METRICS AND LOTS OF THE 1507 00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:32,800 MECHANISMS THAT COULD ACCOUNT 1508 00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:34,000 FOR THAT, I GUESS. 1509 00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,080 IT RELATES TO THAT. 1510 00:54:36,080 --> 00:54:38,240 DO YOU HAVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE 1511 00:54:38,240 --> 00:54:40,200 REASON THE DIFFERENT FIELDS ARE 1512 00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:42,040 SHOWING DIFFERENT TIME FRIENDS? 1513 00:54:42,040 --> 00:54:43,480 WHY IS NEUROSCIENCE DOING SO 1514 00:54:43,480 --> 00:54:45,680 BADLY AND ASTROPHYSICS IS DOING 1515 00:54:45,680 --> 00:54:48,040 SO WELL, WELL, RELATIVELY 1516 00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:48,280 SPEAKING. 1517 00:54:48,280 --> 00:54:50,240 >> I'M SO CURIOUS ABOUT THAT 1518 00:54:50,240 --> 00:54:54,760 SEPTEMBER 11th I WISH ASWELL. 1519 00:54:54,760 --> 00:54:56,240 I WISH I KNEW. 1520 00:54:56,240 --> 00:54:57,720 A POSITIVE THOUGHT ABOUT 1521 00:54:57,720 --> 00:54:59,320 NEUROSCIENCES THAT MAYBE THE 1522 00:54:59,320 --> 00:55:01,680 FIELD IS GROWING MORE DIVERSE 1523 00:55:01,680 --> 00:55:04,000 MORE QUICKLY AND SO IF THAT IS 1524 00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:05,280 HAPPENING, AND THE CITATION 1525 00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:06,840 PRACTICES ARE LAGGING BEHIND, 1526 00:55:06,840 --> 00:55:08,640 THEN IT'S GOING TO MAKE THE GAP 1527 00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:10,680 WILL BE WIDENING AND WE JUST 1528 00:55:10,680 --> 00:55:12,240 NEED THE CITATIONS TO CATCH UP 1529 00:55:12,240 --> 00:55:14,560 WITH THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE 1530 00:55:14,560 --> 00:55:14,760 FIELD. 1531 00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:19,960 SO THERE'S AN INTERESTING CON 1532 00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:21,760 CONSTELLATION OF FACTOR THAT 1533 00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:22,840 INCLUDES HOW QUICKLY IT'S 1534 00:55:22,840 --> 00:55:24,920 CHANGING THE DEMOGRAPHICS BY WHO 1535 00:55:24,920 --> 00:55:26,440 IS BEING HIRED AND WHO IS 1536 00:55:26,440 --> 00:55:29,160 CONTINUING ON IN RESEARCH. 1537 00:55:29,160 --> 00:55:30,800 >> THANK YOU. 1538 00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:32,840 AND PERHAPS A FINAL QUESTION MAY 1539 00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:34,880 BE FROM DENNIS. 1540 00:55:34,880 --> 00:55:36,520 WE SPOKE A LOT ABOUT THE VALUE 1541 00:55:36,520 --> 00:55:39,320 OF QUANTITIVE APPROACHES WHICH 1542 00:55:39,320 --> 00:55:42,240 YOUR WORK DEMONSTRATES IT SO 1543 00:55:42,240 --> 00:55:43,640 BEAUTIFULLY, CAN YOU SPEAK TO 1544 00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:47,440 THE VALUE OF RESEARCH IN 1545 00:55:47,440 --> 00:55:49,520 QUALITATIVE DATA OR 1546 00:55:49,520 --> 00:55:50,480 COMPLIMENTARY MIX OF THE TWO 1547 00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:51,920 WITH THESE SORTS OF QUESTIONS IN 1548 00:55:51,920 --> 00:55:52,160 MIND? 1549 00:55:52,160 --> 00:55:55,320 >> YEAH, I DEFINITELY THINK THAT 1550 00:55:55,320 --> 00:55:57,600 QUALITATIVE WORK IS VERY 1551 00:55:57,600 --> 00:56:00,400 IMPORTANT AND I ATTEMPTED TO 1552 00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:03,920 ALLUDE TO THAT IF OFF HANDILY IN 1553 00:56:03,920 --> 00:56:06,520 TERMS OF ARE WE CITING FEMALE IN 1554 00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:11,280 ALPEOPLE INALL THE OTHER WAYS, INVITATIONS 1555 00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:16,200 TO SPEAK IN THE SYMPOSIUM OR 1556 00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:17,640 TWEET ING THIS PERSON'S WORK OR 1557 00:56:17,640 --> 00:56:18,320 ET CETERA. 1558 00:56:18,320 --> 00:56:19,880 THERE'S A LOT OF OTHER 1559 00:56:19,880 --> 00:56:21,200 QUALITATIVE WAYS. 1560 00:56:21,200 --> 00:56:23,280 EVEN THE WAY I PUT THE CITATION 1561 00:56:23,280 --> 00:56:25,680 IN, IS IT IN A LONG LIST OF LOTS 1562 00:56:25,680 --> 00:56:28,200 OF OTHER CITATIONS, SEE 1563 00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:29,040 REFERENCES 1-10. 1564 00:56:29,040 --> 00:56:31,840 OR IS IT SO AND SO DID THIS 1565 00:56:31,840 --> 00:56:32,560 BEAUTIFUL STUDY AND THAT SHOWED 1566 00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:34,640 THIS REALLY IMPORTANT THING SO 1567 00:56:34,640 --> 00:56:36,640 THAT'S QUALITATIVE AND IT'S 1568 00:56:36,640 --> 00:56:37,680 HARDER TO QUANTIFY AND IT'S 1569 00:56:37,680 --> 00:56:39,480 REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT 1570 00:56:39,480 --> 00:56:41,040 ISN'T ABOUT THE NUMBER IT'S A 1571 00:56:41,040 --> 00:56:42,680 CULTURE OF SCIENCE THAT WE WANT 1572 00:56:42,680 --> 00:56:47,160 TO LIVE IN AND I GUESS I WOULD 1573 00:56:47,160 --> 00:56:50,440 ALSO SAY THAT AS I ADMIT TO 1574 00:56:50,440 --> 00:56:52,360 BEING A SCIENTIST SO I LIKE THE 1575 00:56:52,360 --> 00:56:54,840 DATA AND I LIKE TO SEE THAT 1576 00:56:54,840 --> 00:56:58,720 SOMETHING IS QUANTIFIABLE AND SO 1577 00:56:58,720 --> 00:57:00,880 I SEE MERIT IN THAT AND I SEE 1578 00:57:00,880 --> 00:57:02,880 MERIT IN THE QUANTITY TATE TIVE 1579 00:57:02,880 --> 00:57:03,960 APPROACHES BECAUSE THEY CAN SHOW 1580 00:57:03,960 --> 00:57:05,360 US SOME FACTORS THAT ARE DRIVING 1581 00:57:05,360 --> 00:57:07,080 WHAT IS HAPPENING LIKE THE 1582 00:57:07,080 --> 00:57:08,720 CO-AUTHOR SHIP NETWORKS, FOR 1583 00:57:08,720 --> 00:57:10,400 EXAMPLE OR THE FACT THAT 1584 00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:11,320 CITATION TRENDS AROUND CHANGING 1585 00:57:11,320 --> 00:57:13,680 WHEN THE FIELD IS CHANGING THE 1586 00:57:13,680 --> 00:57:14,400 DEMOGRAPHICS, RIGHT. 1587 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:16,040 THESE FACTORS HELP US TO SORT OF 1588 00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:21,320 WRAP OUR HEAD AROUND WHY AND 1589 00:57:21,320 --> 00:57:34,760 WHEN WE SEW I LIKE THAT TOO. 1590 00:57:34,760 --> 00:57:38,000 >> I'M GETTING A LOT OF THANK 1591 00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:39,880 YOUs COMING THROUGH THE CHAT 1592 00:57:39,880 --> 00:57:43,520 SO I'M CHANNEL THE AUDIENCE'S 1593 00:57:43,520 --> 00:57:43,880 THANKS. 1594 00:57:43,880 --> 00:57:46,160 REALLY FABULOUS TALK. 1595 00:57:46,160 --> 00:57:49,320 JUST HIGHLIGHTS THE SPECIAL SORT 1596 00:57:49,320 --> 00:57:51,680 OF DANI FLAVOR THAT YOU BRING TO 1597 00:57:51,680 --> 00:57:52,360 THE WORK. 1598 00:57:52,360 --> 00:57:54,800 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH MANY OF IT 1599 00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,200 WAS JUST THRILLING AND PROFOUND 1600 00:57:57,200 --> 00:57:57,880 AND ACTIONABLE. 1601 00:57:57,880 --> 00:58:00,040 IT WAS A LOVELY WAY TO START THE 1602 00:58:00,040 --> 00:58:00,240 YEAR. 1603 00:58:00,240 --> 00:58:01,080 THANK YOU EVERYONE FOR COMING 1604 00:58:01,080 --> 00:58:04,000 AND LISTENING AND LOOK FORWARD 1605 00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:06,280 TO SEEING YOU AT THE NEXT 1606 00:58:06,280 --> 00:58:07,800 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON LECTURE 1607 00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:08,000 TALK. 1608 00:58:08,000 --> 00:00:00,000 THANK YOU, EVERYONE.