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00:00:06,990 --> 00:00:09,826
>> ALL RIGHT, WELCOME
EVERYBODY.

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THANK YO ORGANIZ

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00:00:10,961 --> 00:00:14,497
 FOR THIS WONDERFUL DAY OF 

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RESEARCH.

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SO I'M SILL  SILVIALOPEZ-GUZMAN

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IT'S MY PLEASURE TO BE THE 

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MODERATOR.

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WE HAVE DR. YUKIKO ASADA FROM 

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THE CLINICAL CENTER TO TALK TO 

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US ABOUT FAIR LAB A F WHAT MAKEM

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A GOOD LIFE STUDY.

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>> OKAY.

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

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USUAL DISCLAIMER.

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I WANT TO START WITH THE BAD 

16
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NEWS THAT I HOPE MOST OF YOU ARE

17
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FAMILIAR WITH.

18
00:01:03,913 --> 00:01:05,849
SO HOUSING EQUALITIES ALSO OFTEN

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00:01:05,849 --> 00:01:12,322
CALLED HEALTH DISPARITIES ARE 

20
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EVERYWHERE AND SOCIAL PATTERN 

21
00:01:13,556 --> 00:01:15,125
AND PERSISTENCE.

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00:01:15,125 --> 00:01:18,628
INEQUALITY IN LIFE EXPECTANCY, 

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HOW LONG PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO 

24
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LIVE.

25
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THE LEFT BOTTOM IS THE LIFE 

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EXPECTANCY DIFFERENCE BY RACE 

27
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AND ETHNICITY.

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AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE TOP 

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RIGHT THAT'S BY INCOME.

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THE BOTTOM RIGHT IS MAPPED TO 

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WASHINGTON, D.C.

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THE BOTTOM LINE MESSAGE IS 

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HOWEVER, WE CUT IT LIFE 

34
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EXPECTANCY DIFFERENCE BY SOCIAL 

35
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GROUPS CAN BE 10 YEARS, WHICH IS

36
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QUITE SUBSTANTIAL.

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AND IT'S ACTUALLY INCREASING.

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SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HEALTH 

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INEQUITIES AND TRY TO MEASURE IT

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WE THINK ABOUT SOCIAL GROUPS AND

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WE HAVE RACE AND ETHNICITY, 

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INCOME AND IN THE COUNTIES OF 

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RESIDENCE LOOK AT SEXUAL 

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ORIENTATION, NEIGHBORHOOD, 

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SINGLE PARENTHOOD, LIST GOES ON 

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AND ON.

47
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THOSE ARE THE DESCRIPTION OF THE

48
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GRAY DOTS ARE SOCIAL GROUPS.

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THE CORE OF WHY WE CARE ABOUT 

50
00:02:45,882 --> 00:02:49,419
THOSE SOCIAL GROUPS IS THE 

51
00:02:49,419 --> 00:02:51,521
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

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WHAT THAT SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE 

53
00:02:53,289 --> 00:02:55,358
ACTUALLY MEANS?

54
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TRADITIONALLY RESEARCHERS HAVE 

55
00:02:56,993 --> 00:02:59,629
ARTICULATED SUCH A CONCEPT.

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FOR EXAMPLE RESEARCHERS GOT 

57
00:03:03,967 --> 00:03:06,569
TOGETHER AND DECIDED WHAT WE 

58
00:03:06,569 --> 00:03:09,372
SHOULD COUNT FOR SOCIAL 

59
00:03:09,372 --> 00:03:10,206
VULNERABILITY INDEX DEVELOPED 

60
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FOR THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN 

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THE UNITED STATES.

62
00:03:16,012 --> 00:03:17,914
AND FOR EXAMPLE FOR THE COVID 

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00:03:17,914 --> 00:03:19,449
VACCINE ALLOCATION WE'LL USE 

64
00:03:19,449 --> 00:03:20,617
THAT.

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OF COURSE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE A 

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00:03:21,551 --> 00:03:25,555
LOT TO SAY ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF 

67
00:03:25,555 --> 00:03:35,899
SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

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00:03:39,602 --> 00:03:42,972
 WE NEED TO LOOK AT THOSE 

69
00:03:42,972 --> 00:03:45,175
AFFECTED MOST.

70
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HERE I'M NOT INTERESTED IN THE 

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00:03:48,411 --> 00:03:50,146
GUT FEELINGS OF THE PUBLIC BUT 

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THE WELL THOUGHT OUT VIEWS OF 

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00:03:53,616 --> 00:03:58,955
THE PUBLIC.

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IF YOU'RE INTERESTED HOW WE 

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00:04:00,623 --> 00:04:02,625
SHOULD ASK THEM, I THINK WE NEED

76
00:04:02,625 --> 00:04:03,660
TO ASK TWO QUESTIONS.

77
00:04:03,660 --> 00:04:05,228
HOW BEST TO FRAME THE QUESTION 

78
00:04:05,228 --> 00:04:11,201
AND HOW BEST TO DRAW REFLECTIVE,

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WELL THOUGHT OUT ANSWERS.

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00:04:13,536 --> 00:04:16,539
WE CAN THINK THIS WAY.

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THERE IS A LABEL WE ACADEMICS 

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00:04:18,608 --> 00:04:29,052
USE, SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

83
00:04:29,319 --> 00:04:30,253
KNOW WE'RE INTERESTED IN HOW LAY

84
00:04:30,253 --> 00:04:32,121
PEOPLE THINK OF THE CONSTRUCT.

85
00:04:32,121 --> 00:04:34,858
ONE WAY TO FRAME THE QUESTION IS

86
00:04:34,858 --> 00:04:38,394
TO GIVE THE DEFINITION OF SOCIAL

87
00:04:38,394 --> 00:04:42,031
DISADVANTAGE WE USE IN ACADEMIA 

88
00:04:42,031 --> 00:04:44,767
AND HOW THE GENERAL PUBLIC 

89
00:04:44,767 --> 00:04:44,968
REACT.

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00:04:44,968 --> 00:04:46,870
MANY DO THIS KIND OF RESEARCH.

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00:04:46,870 --> 00:04:48,938
NOTHING WRONG WITH IT BUT THE 

92
00:04:48,938 --> 00:04:50,106
PUBLIC MIGHT GIVE US THE ANSWER 

93
00:04:50,106 --> 00:04:55,378
THEY THINK WE WANT TO HEAR FROM 

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00:04:55,378 --> 00:05:05,889
THEM AND WE ASK THE HARDSHIPS 

95
00:05:17,734 --> 00:05:19,235
AND PREVENTS GOOD LIFE.

96
00:05:19,235 --> 00:05:23,273
WE'LL TAKE THE BOTTOM UP 

97
00:05:23,273 --> 00:05:25,341
APPROACH BECAUSE THAT'S MOST 

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INFLEXIBLE AND NON PRESCRIPTIVE.

99
00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:29,445
SO NOW WE KNOW HOW WE WANT TO 

100
00:05:29,445 --> 00:05:33,583
FRAME THE QUESTION BUT THEN HOW 

101
00:05:33,583 --> 00:05:34,951
BEST TO DRAW RECOLLECTIVE 

102
00:05:34,951 --> 00:05:35,385
ANSWERS.

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00:05:35,385 --> 00:05:39,122
THE VALUE LADEN QUESTIONS ARE 

104
00:05:39,122 --> 00:05:40,323
DIFFICULT.

105
00:05:40,323 --> 00:05:43,092
SO IT'S NOT REALLY IDEAL TO JUST

106
00:05:43,092 --> 00:05:43,993
GET PEOPLE TOGETHER AND TALK 

107
00:05:43,993 --> 00:05:44,527
ABOUT IT.

108
00:05:44,527 --> 00:05:47,630
THEY DON'T WANT TO DO THAT.

109
00:05:47,630 --> 00:05:49,899
SO WE NEED SOME INNOVATIVE 

110
00:05:49,899 --> 00:05:54,337
APPROACH TO ENABLE OPEN 

111
00:05:54,337 --> 00:05:54,938
REFLECTIVE DISCUSSION.

112
00:05:54,938 --> 00:05:58,207
SO TRADITIONAL GO-TO METHOD IS 

113
00:05:58,207 --> 00:06:00,877
THE PUBLIC WELL DEVELOPED 

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00:06:00,877 --> 00:06:05,548
ENDORSED APPROACH IN POLITICAL 

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00:06:05,548 --> 00:06:07,784
SCIENCE AND WE HAVE TONS OF 

116
00:06:07,784 --> 00:06:08,284
EXAMPLE.

117
00:06:08,284 --> 00:06:09,953
CLIMATE CHANGE IS ONE EXAMPLE 

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OFTEN USED.

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00:06:11,220 --> 00:06:12,221
IN HEALTH POLICY THE PRIORITY 

120
00:06:12,221 --> 00:06:14,857
SETTING IS ONE OF THEM AND IN 

121
00:06:14,857 --> 00:06:17,427
THE TYPICAL PUBLIC IS LIKE THIS,

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LET IDEAL CITIZENS DISCUSS IN AN

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00:06:20,396 --> 00:06:21,230
IDEAL SETTING.

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HERE IDEAL CITIZENS ARE WELL 

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00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:25,768
INFORMED AND BIASSED.

126
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SO WE GIVE A BUNCH OF 

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INFORMATION IN AN UNBIASSED WAY 

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00:06:30,073 --> 00:06:32,275
TO THE PARTICIPANTS AND LET THEM

129
00:06:32,275 --> 00:06:35,244
DISCUSS IN AN IDEAL SETTING 

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WHICH IS LIKE A DOMINATION AND 

131
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PEOPLE ARE OPEN TO THE NEW IDEAS

132
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AND WE SET THE CONDITION.

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THAT'S THE DISCUSSION BASED BUT 

134
00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:47,824
WE THINK THERE'S MAYBE ANOTHER 

135
00:06:47,824 --> 00:06:48,024
WAY.

136
00:06:48,024 --> 00:06:49,325
SO HERE'S A SERIOUS PLAY.

137
00:06:49,325 --> 00:06:51,527
MAYBE THIS IS AN ABOUT TWEAK FOR

138
00:06:51,527 --> 00:06:52,929
THE PUBLIC EVALUATION.

139
00:06:52,929 --> 00:06:56,966
SO THIS METHOD IS THE SMALL 

140
00:06:56,966 --> 00:06:58,301
GROUP FACILITATED THINKING 

141
00:06:58,301 --> 00:06:59,235
TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED IN BUSINESS 

142
00:06:59,235 --> 00:07:00,670
ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO.

143
00:07:00,670 --> 00:07:01,738
IT'S BEEN USED A LOT IN BUSINESS

144
00:07:01,738 --> 00:07:03,840
AND EDUCATION.

145
00:07:03,840 --> 00:07:07,510
AND NOW BEGINNING TO BE USED IN 

146
00:07:07,510 --> 00:07:09,979
OTHER ACADEMIC RESEARCH.

147
00:07:09,979 --> 00:07:13,549
SO USE OF LEGO INVITES THE PLAY.

148
00:07:13,549 --> 00:07:17,553
SO THERE'S IMAGINATION, USE OF 

149
00:07:17,553 --> 00:07:22,792
METAPHOR AND STORY TELLING AND 

150
00:07:22,792 --> 00:07:25,161
IT OVERCOMES A DEFENSE MECHANISM

151
00:07:25,161 --> 00:07:27,797
WE MIGHT HAVE WHEN WE TRY TO 

152
00:07:27,797 --> 00:07:28,498
TALK ABOUT SOMETHING DIFFICULT 

153
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LIKE SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

154
00:07:29,198 --> 00:07:30,266
THAT'S THE IDEA.

155
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BECAUSE IT'S A LEGO, YOU TOUCH 

156
00:07:32,301 --> 00:07:34,804
IT SO THERE'S A CONNECTION OF 

157
00:07:34,804 --> 00:07:38,574
THE HAND AND THE BRAIN SO IT'S A

158
00:07:38,574 --> 00:07:41,110
CONSTRUCTIONISM AND THAT OPENS 

159
00:07:41,110 --> 00:07:41,544
UP THE KNOWN VERBAL 

160
00:07:41,544 --> 00:07:45,381
COMMUNICATION.

161
00:07:45,381 --> 00:07:48,217
SO STRUCTURE OF LEGO SERIOUS 

162
00:07:48,217 --> 00:07:51,754
PLAY IS A SMALL GROUP BUT EACH 

163
00:07:51,754 --> 00:07:54,223
PERSON WAS MAKING THE ANSWER FOR

164
00:07:54,223 --> 00:07:56,759
THE QUESTION WE OPPOSED.

165
00:07:56,759 --> 00:07:59,395
AND AFTER THAT THEY SHARED THEIR

166
00:07:59,395 --> 00:08:00,263
STORY.

167
00:08:00,263 --> 00:08:04,100
SO THAT STRUCTURE IS SET TO BE 

168
00:08:04,100 --> 00:08:04,700
QUITE DEMOCRATIC.

169
00:08:04,700 --> 00:08:08,871
SO WE START THE OBJECTIVE OF THE

170
00:08:08,871 --> 00:08:11,474
STUDY WITH WHAT MAKES A GOOD 

171
00:08:11,474 --> 00:08:13,042
LIFE STUDY IS THAT TO DRAW 

172
00:08:13,042 --> 00:08:14,477
INSIGHTS FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC

173
00:08:14,477 --> 00:08:18,147
ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL 

174
00:08:18,147 --> 00:08:20,850
DISADVANTAGE, SPECIFIC AIMS ARE 

175
00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:23,986
WE WANT TO EXAMINE LAY PERSON'S 

176
00:08:23,986 --> 00:08:26,422
VIEWS ON A GOOD LIFE AND 

177
00:08:26,422 --> 00:08:27,790
HARDSHIPS THAT PREVENT GOOD 

178
00:08:27,790 --> 00:08:28,191
LIFE.

179
00:08:28,191 --> 00:08:30,093
THE FIRST PLOT THEY MAKE 

180
00:08:30,093 --> 00:08:30,526
INDIVIDUALLY.

181
00:08:30,526 --> 00:08:33,429
WE KNOW INDIVIDUAL IDEAS AND 

182
00:08:33,429 --> 00:08:36,199
LATER WE ASK SHARE THE MODEL 

183
00:08:36,199 --> 00:08:40,536
COLLECTIVELY AS A GROUP MAKE THE

184
00:08:40,536 --> 00:08:43,072
MODEL OF HARDSHIP TO EXAMINE THE

185
00:08:43,072 --> 00:08:45,942
SHARED VIEW THERE AND THEN WE 

186
00:08:45,942 --> 00:08:49,045
CAN EXAMINE, INVESTIGATE WHAT 

187
00:08:49,045 --> 00:08:50,947
DIALOGUE IS ASKED TO INDIVIDUAL 

188
00:08:50,947 --> 00:08:53,316
USE BY CONTRASTING INDIVIDUAL 

189
00:08:53,316 --> 00:08:55,852
GROUP IDEAS AND THEN ASSESS IN 

190
00:08:55,852 --> 00:08:57,620
WHAT WAY LAY PERSON'S VIEW ON 

191
00:08:57,620 --> 00:09:00,389
GOOD LIFE AND ALERT HARDSHIP 

192
00:09:00,389 --> 00:09:05,561
ALIGNS WITH OR DIFFER FROM THE 

193
00:09:05,561 --> 00:09:07,530
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES AND THE 

194
00:09:07,530 --> 00:09:08,531
UNDERPINNINGS OF THE EXISTING 

195
00:09:08,531 --> 00:09:10,032
HEALTH POLICIES.

196
00:09:10,032 --> 00:09:11,901
FINALLY WE WANT TO EVALUATE 

197
00:09:11,901 --> 00:09:13,436
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF 

198
00:09:13,436 --> 00:09:15,972
LEGO SERIOUS PLAY AS A METHOD TO

199
00:09:15,972 --> 00:09:17,573
EXPLORE LAY PERSON'S VIEW ON 

200
00:09:17,573 --> 00:09:25,848
CONCEPTS.

201
00:09:25,848 --> 00:09:27,950
STUDY DESIGN USING LEGO SERIOUS 

202
00:09:27,950 --> 00:09:28,217
PLAY.

203
00:09:28,217 --> 00:09:29,552
THE ONE SESSION TAKES ABOUT FIVE

204
00:09:29,552 --> 00:09:35,625
TO SIX HOURS AND WE'LL ASK THE 

205
00:09:35,625 --> 00:09:43,499
SURVEY TO LEARN ABOUT THE 

206
00:09:43,499 --> 00:09:45,568
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE SAMPLE 

207
00:09:45,568 --> 00:09:56,045
SIZE, WE WANT TO RUN THREE 

208
00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:01,551
GROUPS NINE TOTAL IN THREE 

209
00:10:01,551 --> 00:10:03,786
COUNTIES BECAUSE WE DEVELOPED 

210
00:10:03,786 --> 00:10:04,554
RELATIONSHIPS OVER THE PAST YEAR

211
00:10:04,554 --> 00:10:06,122
AND THEY'RE WILLING TO HELP US 

212
00:10:06,122 --> 00:10:07,023
RUN THE STUDY.

213
00:10:07,023 --> 00:10:09,559
IN EACH GROUP THERE'S SIX TO 

214
00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:11,627
EIGHT PARTICIPANTS.

215
00:10:11,627 --> 00:10:15,398
TOTAL WE'RE EXPECTING SIX TO 70 

216
00:10:15,398 --> 00:10:16,632
SAMPLE SIZE.

217
00:10:16,632 --> 00:10:19,202
RECRUITMENT IS TYPICAL AS NOBEL 

218
00:10:19,202 --> 00:10:21,070
METHODS CONSIDER THE NETWORKS OF

219
00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:23,272
OUR WONDERFUL COMMUNITY CONTACTS

220
00:10:23,272 --> 00:10:26,776
AND ALSO WE PUT THE FLYERS 

221
00:10:26,776 --> 00:10:27,843
EVERYWHERE IN PUBLIC LOCATIONS.

222
00:10:27,843 --> 00:10:31,747
AND ANALYSIS IS A QUALITATIVE 

223
00:10:31,747 --> 00:10:35,051
AND WE AUDIO RECORD AND 

224
00:10:35,051 --> 00:10:36,185
TRANSCRIBE THE STORY PEOPLE TELL

225
00:10:36,185 --> 00:10:38,287
ABOUT THEIR MODEL.

226
00:10:38,287 --> 00:10:39,922
THAT'S THE ANSWER TO OUR 

227
00:10:39,922 --> 00:10:41,724
QUESTION OF GOOD LIFE AND 

228
00:10:41,724 --> 00:10:45,494
HARDSHIP.

229
00:10:45,494 --> 00:10:52,602
SO THIS SUMMER I HAD A GREAT 

230
00:10:52,602 --> 00:10:57,940
SUMMER OF RUNNING FIVE COMMUNITY

231
00:10:57,940 --> 00:10:59,642
PILO

232
00:10:59,642 --> 00:11:05,381
PILOTS AND WE HAVE COMMUNITY 

233
00:11:05,381 --> 00:11:06,849
MEMBERS NOT JUST IN THE NIH 

234
00:11:06,849 --> 00:11:09,085
COLLEAGUES AND THERE WAS A PILOT

235
00:11:09,085 --> 00:11:09,485
STUDY.

236
00:11:09,485 --> 00:11:11,854
SO WE DIDN'T COLLECT DATA.

237
00:11:11,854 --> 00:11:14,323
SO I CAN'T TELL YOU WHAT I CAN 

238
00:11:14,323 --> 00:11:16,359
FIND BUT I HAD A VERY 

239
00:11:16,359 --> 00:11:16,926
INTERESTING OBSERVATION.

240
00:11:16,926 --> 00:11:19,395
I WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT A LITTLE

241
00:11:19,395 --> 00:11:22,865
BIT BEFORE I END AND THEN TALK 

242
00:11:22,865 --> 00:11:23,633
ABOUT EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS OF 

243
00:11:23,633 --> 00:11:24,767
THE STUDY.

244
00:11:24,767 --> 00:11:26,769
WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW IS THE 

245
00:11:26,769 --> 00:11:29,171
SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE THE CONCEPT 

246
00:11:29,171 --> 00:11:30,206
OF IT AND I HEARD DIFFERENT 

247
00:11:30,206 --> 00:11:32,508
THINGS FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC 

248
00:11:32,508 --> 00:11:35,478
TO THE ACADEMIC DISCUSSION.

249
00:11:35,478 --> 00:11:39,982
SO ACADEMICS AND TALK ABOUT 

250
00:11:39,982 --> 00:11:40,616
CHARACTERISTICS SHOULD ACCOUNT 

251
00:11:40,616 --> 00:11:42,685
FOR SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

252
00:11:42,685 --> 00:11:44,220
WHEN I TALK TO PEOPLE THEY 

253
00:11:44,220 --> 00:11:46,622
REALLY DIDN'T CARE WHAT'S IN IT 

254
00:11:46,622 --> 00:11:48,257
BUT IT'S MORE COLLECTIVELY A 

255
00:11:48,257 --> 00:11:53,562
CLUSTER OR CASCADE OF HARDSHIPS 

256
00:11:53,562 --> 00:11:58,701
SO WHEN IT'S A CLUSTER THING 

257
00:11:58,701 --> 00:12:01,237
THEY DON'T HAVE SO MUCH A 

258
00:12:01,237 --> 00:12:06,409
RESERVOIR MEANING ONE LITTLE 

259
00:12:06,409 --> 00:12:07,943
TRIVIAL THING CAN MAKE LIFE VERY

260
00:12:07,943 --> 00:12:08,210
DIFFICULT.

261
00:12:08,210 --> 00:12:11,380
I THINK OF THIS IF I GET THIS 

262
00:12:11,380 --> 00:12:16,218
RESULT IN ACTUAL STUDY I WILL 

263
00:12:16,218 --> 00:12:19,255
RUN LATER THIS YEAR PUT IN 

264
00:12:19,255 --> 00:12:19,722
POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT 

265
00:12:19,722 --> 00:12:20,323
IMPLICATIONS HOW WE MEASURE 

266
00:12:20,323 --> 00:12:22,425
SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE.

267
00:12:22,425 --> 00:12:26,028
AND THE SECOND IS THE 

268
00:12:26,028 --> 00:12:26,395
METHODOLOGICAL.

269
00:12:26,395 --> 00:12:28,564
WE'RE INTERESTED IN EXPLORING 

270
00:12:28,564 --> 00:12:29,732
VALUES WITH THE PUBLIC.

271
00:12:29,732 --> 00:12:32,835
THERE'S TWO FIELDS WE COULD MAKE

272
00:12:32,835 --> 00:12:34,603
SOME INTERESTING CONTRIBUTION.

273
00:12:34,603 --> 00:12:36,806
ONE IS THE POLITICAL SCIENCE 

274
00:12:36,806 --> 00:12:38,474
WHERE THE STUDIES ARE OFTEN 

275
00:12:38,474 --> 00:12:39,141
DONE.

276
00:12:39,141 --> 00:12:41,644
MAYBE OUR WAY OF DOING IT IS AN 

277
00:12:41,644 --> 00:12:45,548
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CREATE 

278
00:12:45,548 --> 00:12:49,885
AN IDEAL CONDITION IN PUBLIC AND

279
00:12:49,885 --> 00:12:51,821
ALSO THEY STARTED TO TALK ABOUT 

280
00:12:51,821 --> 00:12:57,560
MAYBE WE SHOULD INVOLVE THE 

281
00:12:57,560 --> 00:13:00,096
PUBLIC TO DISCUSS SOCIAL ISSUES.

282
00:13:00,096 --> 00:13:02,431
SO IT'S QUITE EXCITING THEY 

283
00:13:02,431 --> 00:13:04,533
THEMSELVES HAVE STARTED TO TALK 

284
00:13:04,533 --> 00:13:05,835
ABOUT WHAT'S MISSING SO MAYBE WE

285
00:13:05,835 --> 00:13:07,436
CAN COME IN AND SAY THERE'S ONE 

286
00:13:07,436 --> 00:13:08,838
WAY TO DO IT.

287
00:13:08,838 --> 00:13:11,207
OF COURSE THE STUDY I CAN'T RUN 

288
00:13:11,207 --> 00:13:13,609
BY MYSELF AND I HAVE A WONDERFUL

289
00:13:13,609 --> 00:13:16,612
COLLABORATORS AND ADD VIEWSERS 

290
00:13:16,612 --> 00:13:19,115
AND QUITE GENEROUS AND TALENTED 

291
00:13:19,115 --> 00:13:21,550
AND BENEFIT FROM THEIR INPUTS 

292
00:13:21,550 --> 00:13:24,920
QUITE A BIT.

293
00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:27,289
THESE ARE MY INSIDE AND OUTSIDE 

294
00:13:27,289 --> 00:13:29,558
NIH COLLABORATORS.

295
00:13:29,558 --> 00:13:33,262
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

296
00:13:33,262 --> 00:13:39,335
>> ARE THERE ANY
QUESTIONS?

297
00:13:39,335 --> 00:13:41,437
IF NOT I MIGHT ADD A QUESTION IF

298
00:13:41,437 --> 00:13:42,304
THAT'S OKAY.

299
00:13:42,304 --> 00:13:44,373
I THINK THIS IS FASCINATING AND 

300
00:13:44,373 --> 00:13:47,643
ONE THING I WAS WONDERING IN 

301
00:13:47,643 --> 00:13:52,214
YOUR STUDY IS HOW DO YOU TAKE 

302
00:13:52,214 --> 00:13:53,516
INTO ACCOUNT DIFFERENT 

303
00:13:53,516 --> 00:13:54,483
CULTURAL -- I REPRESENTATION OF 

304
00:13:54,483 --> 00:13:56,352
DIFFERENT CULTURES IN TERMS OF 

305
00:13:56,352 --> 00:13:58,521
THESE VALUE LADEN CONSTRUCTS 

306
00:13:58,521 --> 00:14:00,556
BECAUSE I WOULD IMAGINE 

307
00:14:00,556 --> 00:14:02,892
INDIVIDUALS PERHAPS WOULD COME 

308
00:14:02,892 --> 00:14:07,596
FROM CULTURES FROM VERY 

309
00:14:07,596 --> 00:14:08,831
INDIVIDUALISTIC MAY HAVE 

310
00:14:08,831 --> 00:14:10,533
DIFFERENT IDEAS OF WHAT 

311
00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:11,167
DISADVANTAGE MIGHT BE WHETHER 

312
00:14:11,167 --> 00:14:16,372
IT'S A THING OR GOOD THING AND 

313
00:14:16,372 --> 00:14:18,207
MAYBE THAT ENERGIZES YOU.

314
00:14:18,207 --> 00:14:19,842
CAN YOU SAY MORE HOW YOU ENSURE 

315
00:14:19,842 --> 00:14:21,444
THAT IN YOUR STUDY?

316
00:14:21,444 --> 00:14:29,518
>> YEAH, SO THAT'S A QUITE
RICH 

317
00:14:29,518 --> 00:14:29,785
QUESTION.

318
00:14:29,785 --> 00:14:31,387
I'M PROBABLY GET TO THE SURFACE 

319
00:14:31,387 --> 00:14:32,188
OF IT.

320
00:14:32,188 --> 00:14:33,789
BASICALLY WE WANT TO HEAR THEM 

321
00:14:33,789 --> 00:14:38,694
ALL.

322
00:14:38,694 --> 00:14:41,197
FOR THIS KIND OF STUDY IT COSTS 

323
00:14:41,197 --> 00:14:41,764
SO MUCH TIME.

324
00:14:41,764 --> 00:14:43,332
IT'S NOT LIKE A SURVEY AND THEN 

325
00:14:43,332 --> 00:14:45,668
PE DO IN 20 MINUTES AND 

326
00:14:45,668 --> 00:14:47,536
YOU CAN HAVE REPRESENTATIVE 

327
00:14:47,536 --> 00:14:47,770
SAMPLE.

328
00:14:47,770 --> 00:14:50,806
IT'S NOT REPRESENTATIVE.

329
00:14:50,806 --> 00:14:51,674
AND IT'S OKAY.

330
00:14:51,674 --> 00:14:53,476
THE WAY I THINK ABOUT IT IS IF 

331
00:14:53,476 --> 00:14:56,445
IT MAKES SENSE TO SOME OF YOU 

332
00:14:56,445 --> 00:14:58,314
IT'S LIKE A BAYESIAN.

333
00:14:58,314 --> 00:15:00,416
YOU GET THE DATA POINTS 

334
00:15:00,416 --> 00:15:02,585
INCREASED AND BECAUSE THAT'S A 

335
00:15:02,585 --> 00:15:05,454
GOOD DATA POINT YOU WILL REVISE 

336
00:15:05,454 --> 00:15:09,692
YOUR ASSUMPTION AND YOU JUST 

337
00:15:09,692 --> 00:15:11,260
HAVE TO DO MANY TIMES.

338
00:15:11,260 --> 00:15:13,462
ALSO MY GUESS IS IT'S WHAT KIND 

339
00:15:13,462 --> 00:15:20,336
OF LEVEL YOU ASK THE QUESTION IT

340
00:15:20,336 --> 00:15:22,805
MAY NOT BE THAT DIFFERENT 

341
00:15:22,805 --> 00:15:26,308
FROM -- IT'S QUITE AN EMPIRICAL 

342
00:15:26,308 --> 00:15:27,443
QUESTION THAT IT'S A STRONG 

343
00:15:27,443 --> 00:15:30,546
FACTOR THAT PREDICTS THE VIEW OF

344
00:15:30,546 --> 00:15:35,618
HARDSHIP AND A GOOD LIFE.

345
00:15:35,618 --> 00:15:38,654
AND THEN IN THE PILE OF 

346
00:15:38,654 --> 00:15:41,390
COMMUNICATION STUDIES WE RUN WE 

347
00:15:41,390 --> 00:15:45,427
HAD DIFFERENT KINDS OF PEOPLE.D 

348
00:15:45,427 --> 00:15:47,263
DIFFERENCES BUT A LOT THEY COULD

349
00:15:47,263 --> 00:15:47,463
SHARE.

350
00:15:47,463 --> 00:15:52,434
SO THAT'S PART OF WHAT I WANT TO

351
00:15:52,434 --> 00:15:54,870
SEE HOW MUCH BECAUSE NOW IS A 

352
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,606
DIVISIVE TIME, CAN WE TALK AND 

353
00:15:57,606 --> 00:15:59,909
MY UNDERNEATH DESIRE IS YES, WE 

354
00:15:59,909 --> 00:16:01,544
CAN TALK IF WE CAN ASK IN A 

355
00:16:01,544 --> 00:16:02,077
CERTAIN WAY.

356
00:16:02,077 --> 00:16:12,621
THAT'S WHERE I WANT TO CONNECT.

357
00:16:33,042 --> 00:16:34,677
>> NICOLE FARMER CLINICAL 

358
00:16:34,677 --> 00:16:34,910
CENTER.

359
00:16:34,910 --> 00:16:36,946
ABOUT THE LABEL AND CONSTRUCTS 

360
00:16:36,946 --> 00:16:37,713
YOU PRESENTED HAVE YOU SEEN THIS

361
00:16:37,713 --> 00:16:40,449
WORK USED OR APPLIED TO WHAT WE 

362
00:16:40,449 --> 00:16:42,084
OFTEN DESCRIBE RACE WHICH IS AS 

363
00:16:42,084 --> 00:16:43,619
A PRIMARY SOCIAL CONSTRUCT WHERE

364
00:16:43,619 --> 00:16:46,689
YOU BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER TO 

365
00:16:46,689 --> 00:16:50,225
ACTUALLY THINK ABOUT CHANGES OR 

366
00:16:50,225 --> 00:16:51,427
NARRATIVES ABOUT WHAT RACE IS?

367
00:16:51,427 --> 00:16:53,796
I DON'T KNOW IF THIS METHOD HAS 

368
00:16:53,796 --> 00:16:56,065
BEEN USED WITH A DIFFERENT TYPE 

369
00:16:56,065 --> 00:16:58,133
OF TOPIC OR IF IT'S SO NEW IT'S 

370
00:16:58,133 --> 00:16:59,935
SOMETHING YOU'RE THINKING OF 

371
00:16:59,935 --> 00:17:00,135
DOING.

372
00:17:00,135 --> 00:17:04,239
>> NO, IT'S FROM MY HEAD
FOR NOW

373
00:17:04,239 --> 00:17:05,608
BUT I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED.

374
00:17:05,608 --> 00:17:07,843
THAT'S THE KIND OF SUMMARY HOW I

375
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:10,045
MAKE SENSE OF HOW OTHER PEOPLE 

376
00:17:10,045 --> 00:17:17,086
DO SO IN A SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE 

377
00:17:17,086 --> 00:17:23,492
CONTEXT SOME PEOPLE HAD A 

378
00:17:23,492 --> 00:17:29,031
CAPABILITY APPROACH AND 

379
00:17:29,031 --> 00:17:30,733
RESEARCHERS SHOWED THE LIST AND 

380
00:17:30,733 --> 00:17:33,369
THE REACTION, WOULD YOU LIKE TO 

381
00:17:33,369 --> 00:17:34,970
ADD SOMETHING.ME

382
00:17:34,970 --> 00:17:45,214
THAT'S THE KIND OF QUESTION.

383
00:17:45,214 --> 00:17:48,784
AND SEE LESS IACH WE 

384
00:17:48,784 --> 00:17:52,354
WANT TO TAKE BECAUSE IT'S RISKY 

385
00:17:52,354 --> 00:17:57,026
BUT DESERVES A TRY IF YOU KNOW 

386
00:17:57,026 --> 00:17:59,094
OTHER PEOPLE THINKING AHEAD I'D 

387
00:17:59,094 --> 00:18:03,198
LOVE TO KNOW.

388
00:18:03,198 --> 00:18:04,700
>> WE CAN TALK.

389
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:05,901
IT'D BE INTERESTING WITH 

390
00:18:05,901 --> 00:18:08,737
INVESTIGATORS AND SCIENTIST TO  

391
00:18:08,737 --> 00:18:15,944
CONSTRUCTS TOGETHER.

392
00:18:15,944 --> 00:18:18,180
>> THANK YOU.

393
00:18:18,180 --> 00:18:20,849
>> ALL RIGHT.

394
00:18:20,849 --> 00:18:22,751
I THINK WOE CAN MOVE ON.

395
00:18:22,751 --> 00:18:25,254
THIS IS DR. RAMYA RAMASWAMI FROM

396
00:18:25,254 --> 00:18:25,954
NCI.

397
00:18:25,954 --> 00:18:28,624
SHE'LL BE TALKING ABOUT 

398
00:18:28,624 --> 00:18:30,426
BROADENING HORIZONS, A BREAST 

399
00:18:30,426 --> 00:18:35,597
CANCER DRUG DEMONST 

400
00:18:35,597 --> 00:18:46,075
ACTIVITY IN KAPOSI SARCOMA.

401
00:19:13,502 --> 00:19:19,374
>> THANK YOU FOR THIS
INVITATION

402
00:19:19,374 --> 00:19:23,679
TO SPEAK AT THE NIH RESEARCH 

403
00:19:23,679 --> 00:19:24,546
FESTIVAL AND I HOPE WE HIGHLIGHT

404
00:19:24,546 --> 00:19:27,349
THE WORK BEING DONE AT THE NIH 

405
00:19:27,349 --> 00:19:29,384
RESEARCH PROGRAM AND EXCITED TO 

406
00:19:29,384 --> 00:19:32,454
TALK ABOUT A CLINICAL TRIAL I 

407
00:19:32,454 --> 00:19:33,255
LEAD HERE AT THE NCI.

408
00:19:33,255 --> 00:19:34,857
JUST TO BRING US TO WHERE WE ARE

409
00:19:34,857 --> 00:19:38,193
RIGHT NOW I NEED TO TAKE US TO A

410
00:19:38,193 --> 00:19:39,995
LITTLE JOURNEY IN THE PAST AND 

411
00:19:39,995 --> 00:19:46,034
ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO, KAPOSI 

412
00:19:46,034 --> 00:19:49,037
SARCOMA OR KS WAS SEEN AMONG 

413
00:19:49,037 --> 00:19:51,140
OLDER MEN OF MEDITERRANEAN 

414
00:19:51,140 --> 00:19:51,607
ORIGIN.

415
00:19:51,607 --> 00:19:55,043
IT WAS VERY SURPRISING IN THE 

416
00:19:55,043 --> 00:19:58,747
'80s YOUNG MEN WHO IDENTIFIED 

417
00:19:58,747 --> 00:20:02,985
MSM MEN, MEN HAVING SEX WITH 

418
00:20:02,985 --> 00:20:04,453
MEN, WERE DYING OF CANCER THAT 

419
00:20:04,453 --> 00:20:07,556
WAS PREVIOUSLY RARE AND IT WAS A

420
00:20:07,556 --> 00:20:10,559
HARBINGER OF ANOTHER VIRUS, HIV 

421
00:20:10,559 --> 00:20:14,296
AND KS ITSELF WAS ASSOCIATED 

422
00:20:14,296 --> 00:20:16,431
WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ASSOCIATE

423
00:20:16,431 --> 00:20:18,333
WITH HIV.

424
00:20:18,333 --> 00:20:20,435
IN 1987 THANKS TO THE 

425
00:20:20,435 --> 00:20:22,538
INVESTIGATORS HERE AT THE NIH 

426
00:20:22,538 --> 00:20:26,542
AND NCI, AZT BECAME ONE OF THE 

427
00:20:26,542 --> 00:20:27,976
FIRST DRUGS APPROVED BY HIV BY 

428
00:20:27,976 --> 00:20:30,379
THE FDA IN 1987.

429
00:20:30,379 --> 00:20:32,447
WE SUDDENLY HAVE TO PLAY THE 

430
00:20:32,447 --> 00:20:34,449
ROLE OF THE ACTIVISTS AND 

431
00:20:34,449 --> 00:20:36,251
ADVOCACY GROUPS THAT HELPED US 

432
00:20:36,251 --> 00:20:37,920
TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THIS VIRUS 

433
00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:42,825
AND WHAT IT DOES AND ALSO ALLOW 

434
00:20:42,825 --> 00:20:43,492
FOR DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION

435
00:20:43,492 --> 00:20:44,993
ON THE THERAPIES THEMSELVES.

436
00:20:44,993 --> 00:20:48,430
IN FACT WHEN IT COMES TO KS IT 

437
00:20:48,430 --> 00:20:52,034
WAS ONLY IN 1994 WE IDENTIFIED 

438
00:20:52,034 --> 00:21:02,444
THE VIRUD HAT CAUSES KAPOSI 

439
00:21:02,444 --> 00:21:05,948
SARCOMA AND THE HERPES VIRUS AND

440
00:21:05,948 --> 00:21:10,519
YOU'LL IN 199 R5 THE FIRST 

441
00:21:10,519 --> 00:21:13,956
CHEMOTHERAPY WAS APPROVED FOR KS

442
00:21:13,956 --> 00:21:16,058
AND KNOWN AS A DRUG STILL VERY 

443
00:21:16,058 --> 00:21:16,925
MUCH USED TODAY IN THE UNITED 

444
00:21:16,925 --> 00:21:17,159
STATES.

445
00:21:17,159 --> 00:21:20,796
AND THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY 1997 

446
00:21:20,796 --> 00:21:26,034
AND THE SECOND CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG

447
00:21:26,034 --> 00:21:28,170
USED FOR KS.

448
00:21:28,170 --> 00:21:34,509
AND OVER TIME WITH THE USE OF 

449
00:21:34,509 --> 00:21:36,378
ADVANCED ANTIVIRAL THERAPY TO 

450
00:21:36,378 --> 00:21:38,547
TREAT HIV THOUGH WE SAW A STEEP 

451
00:21:38,547 --> 00:21:41,416
INCLINE WITH THE INCIDENTS OF KS

452
00:21:41,416 --> 00:21:43,318
WE SKWEBTLY SAW A DECLINE OF 

453
00:21:43,318 --> 00:21:44,753
INCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

454
00:21:44,753 --> 00:21:48,290
BUT WE RECOGNIZED WITH HIV AND 

455
00:21:48,290 --> 00:21:50,325
KS IT IS NOT JUST THE UNITED 

456
00:21:50,325 --> 00:21:52,194
STATES ISSUE THAT MORE PEOPLE 

457
00:21:52,194 --> 00:21:56,331
WERE DYING OF HIV AND KS 

458
00:21:56,331 --> 00:21:56,598
GLOBALLY.

459
00:21:56,598 --> 00:21:57,532
WE'RE GRATEFUL TO MANY PROGRAMS 

460
00:21:57,532 --> 00:21:59,768
ESTABLISHED WITHIN THE COUNTRY 

461
00:21:59,768 --> 00:22:04,373
TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION AND 

462
00:22:04,373 --> 00:22:04,940
THERAPIES FOR HIV WORLDWIDE.

463
00:22:04,940 --> 00:22:09,278
SO WHERE DO WE STAND RIGHT NOW?

464
00:22:09,278 --> 00:22:10,512
CURRENTLY THERE ARE THREE 

465
00:22:10,512 --> 00:22:12,848
APPROVED WIDELY USED THERAPIES 

466
00:22:12,848 --> 00:22:15,717
FOR KS.

467
00:22:15,717 --> 00:22:19,421
TWO OF THE ONES I SPOKE ABOUT 

468
00:22:19,421 --> 00:22:24,393
AND A THIRD WHICH IS AN ORAL 

469
00:22:24,393 --> 00:22:31,833
FORMER OF AN IMMUNOMODULATORY 

470
00:22:31,833 --> 00:22:32,067
PROGRAM.

471
00:22:32,067 --> 00:22:33,635
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE CONDITION

472
00:22:33,635 --> 00:22:36,371
AND VIRUS, THE VIRUS IS A DNA 

473
00:22:36,371 --> 00:22:37,239
VIRUS.

474
00:22:37,239 --> 00:22:39,341
IT HAS TWO PROGRAMS AND EXISTS 

475
00:22:39,341 --> 00:22:43,578
PREDOMINANTLY IN HUMANS IN A 

476
00:22:43,578 --> 00:22:46,515
LATENCY PHASE AND TENDS TO 

477
00:22:46,515 --> 00:22:47,449
REPLICATE AND CAUSE A LOT OF 

478
00:22:47,449 --> 00:22:48,750
HAVOC IN THE PATIENT.

479
00:22:48,750 --> 00:22:53,555
USUALLY THE VIRUS IS ACTUALLY 

480
00:22:53,555 --> 00:22:54,256
VERY SMART.

481
00:22:54,256 --> 00:22:57,893
IT HAS IT'S OWN MECHANISMS FOR 

482
00:22:57,893 --> 00:22:59,861
MOLECULAR MIMICRY YOU CAN SAY 

483
00:22:59,861 --> 00:23:01,930
FIVE TIMES FAST BUT BASICALLY IT

484
00:23:01,930 --> 00:23:04,366
EVADES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND CAN

485
00:23:04,366 --> 00:23:08,337
PROPAGATE ANGIOGENESIS AND HAS 

486
00:23:08,337 --> 00:23:12,374
ITS OWN CELL CYCLE AND IS A 

487
00:23:12,374 --> 00:23:12,941
FASCINATING VIRUS.

488
00:23:12,941 --> 00:23:14,443
IN BLUE AND RED IS WHERE WE SEE 

489
00:23:14,443 --> 00:23:20,382
THE HIGHEST PREVALENCE IN 

490
00:23:20,382 --> 00:23:22,317
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WHERE WITH HE

491
00:23:22,317 --> 00:23:23,285
SEE HIGH RATES OF HIV.

492
00:23:23,285 --> 00:23:26,088
THAT'S WHAT WE TO THE ABOUT THE 

493
00:23:26,088 --> 00:23:27,622
CONDITION AND VIRUS IT'S CAUSED 

494
00:23:27,622 --> 00:23:28,557
BY SO FAR BRIEFLY.

495
00:23:28,557 --> 00:23:31,460
BUT WHEN IT COMES TO THE DAY TO 

496
00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:32,995
DAY MANAGE OF KS OFTEN WHEN I GO

497
00:23:32,995 --> 00:23:36,365
TO ONCOLOGY CONFERENCES WITH MY 

498
00:23:36,365 --> 00:23:38,500
COLLEAGUES THEY'LL SAY YOU TREAT

499
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:40,002
KS I DIDN'T KNOW IT STILL EXISTS

500
00:23:40,002 --> 00:23:41,670
BUT THE PICTURES ON THE SCREEN 

501
00:23:41,670 --> 00:23:43,638
ARE PATIENTS WE SEE UP ON THE 

502
00:23:43,638 --> 00:23:49,044
12th FLOOR OF THIS BUILDING.

503
00:23:49,044 --> 00:23:52,147
THESE ARE PATIENTS WITH SEVERE 

504
00:23:52,147 --> 00:23:57,352
KS OFTEN DIAGNOSED WITH HIV 

505
00:23:57,352 --> 00:23:58,987
EARLY ON.

506
00:23:58,987 --> 00:24:00,355
THERE'S PATIENTS WHO ARE KS.

507
00:24:00,355 --> 00:24:03,025
THE PARADIGM IS YOU CAN LIVE A 

508
00:24:03,025 --> 00:24:05,560
NORMAL LIFE EXPECTANCY WITH THE 

509
00:24:05,560 --> 00:24:07,295
AVAILABLE THERAPIES WITH HIV BUT

510
00:24:07,295 --> 00:24:08,030
KS IS A CONDITION THAT COMES AND

511
00:24:08,030 --> 00:24:10,065
GOES A LOT OF THE TIME AND THIS 

512
00:24:10,065 --> 00:24:14,369
CAN BE DESPITE ADHERENCE TO HIV 

513
00:24:14,369 --> 00:24:19,074
THERAPIES AS WELL AS WELL 

514
00:24:19,074 --> 00:24:20,375
CONTROLLED HIV THE VIRUS CAN 

515
00:24:20,375 --> 00:24:22,511
KEEP HAVING KS COME BACK AND GO 

516
00:24:22,511 --> 00:24:26,381
AND COME BACK AND GO.

517
00:24:26,381 --> 00:24:28,383
SO A LOT OF THE PATIENTS CAN GET

518
00:24:28,383 --> 00:24:29,985
SEVERAL COURSES OF CHEMO 

519
00:24:29,985 --> 00:24:32,387
THERAPIES IN THEIR LIFE TIME AND

520
00:24:32,387 --> 00:24:39,995
TEND TO GET THEM YOUNG.

521
00:24:39,995 --> 00:24:44,099
THAT CAN IMPACT THE T CELLS AND 

522
00:24:44,099 --> 00:24:46,668
PROPAGATE MORE KS SARCOMA.

523
00:24:46,668 --> 00:24:48,303
A LOT OF THESE TREATMENTS DON'T 

524
00:24:48,303 --> 00:24:50,338
ADDRESS THE VIRAL ETIOLOGY OF KS

525
00:24:50,338 --> 00:24:51,740
SO WE'RE ALWAYS LEARNING MORE AS

526
00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:54,309
WE'RE DEVELOPING THE IMMUNE 

527
00:24:54,309 --> 00:24:56,378
THERAPIES FOR THIS CONDITION.

528
00:24:56,378 --> 00:24:58,513
SO AS WE THINK ABOUT NEW 

529
00:24:58,513 --> 00:25:02,050
THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES WE WERE 

530
00:25:02,050 --> 00:25:02,951
PARTICULARLY EXCITED ABOUT 

531
00:25:02,951 --> 00:25:04,019
AVAILABLE THERAPIES THAT WE 

532
00:25:04,019 --> 00:25:05,687
COULD EXPLORE FOR THIS 

533
00:25:05,687 --> 00:25:05,954
CONDITION.

534
00:25:05,954 --> 00:25:13,929
I WANT TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT THE 

535
00:25:13,929 --> 00:25:16,131
CD46 BLOCKING THE TUMOR 

536
00:25:16,131 --> 00:25:18,033
EXPRESSIVE PROTEIN AND DOES SO 

537
00:25:18,033 --> 00:25:20,368
AND THUS INHIBITS THE 

538
00:25:20,368 --> 00:25:22,304
PROLIFERATION OF CANCER CELLS BY

539
00:25:22,304 --> 00:25:24,039
CAUSING CELL CYCLE ARREST AND 

540
00:25:24,039 --> 00:25:27,642
BECAUSE WE DO NOT HAVE AN ANIMAL

541
00:25:27,642 --> 00:25:32,380
MODEL FOR KS, A LOT OF THE DATA 

542
00:25:32,380 --> 00:25:36,084
HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FROM KCH CELL

543
00:25:36,084 --> 00:25:40,355
LINES AND BECAUSE OF THIS CLASS 

544
00:25:40,355 --> 00:25:43,925
OF AGENTS THERE ARE ACTUALLY 

545
00:25:43,925 --> 00:25:46,528
THREE DRUGS OF CDK INHIBITORS 

546
00:25:46,528 --> 00:25:49,331
ANOW APPROVED FOR BREAST CANCER 

547
00:25:49,331 --> 00:25:52,000
WHERE WE SEE THE ISSUE OF 

548
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:53,001
UPREGULATION MORE COMMON IN THIS

549
00:25:53,001 --> 00:25:53,301
POPULATION.

550
00:25:53,301 --> 00:25:56,404
SO THREE OF THESE DRUGS ARE 

551
00:25:56,404 --> 00:25:58,907
APPROVED IN EARLY AND METASTATIC

552
00:25:58,907 --> 00:26:02,744
BREAST CANCER AMONG PATIENTS 

553
00:26:02,744 --> 00:26:13,288
WITH ER POSITIVE BREAST CANCER.

554
00:26:15,257 --> 00:26:18,160
WE KNOW THERE'S INCREASED ENCE 

555
00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:24,933
ON THE GENE THAT REGULATES 

556
00:26:24,933 --> 00:26:27,302
CYCLIN G AND WORK FROM OUR LAB 

557
00:26:27,302 --> 00:26:36,378
WITH DR. WU HAS SHOWN IN THE 

558
00:26:36,378 --> 00:26:40,282
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS HAVE LED TO 

559
00:26:40,282 --> 00:26:44,119
THE UP REGULATION OF IMMUNE CELL

560
00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:46,221
SURFACE MARKERS AND THAT ITSELF 

561
00:26:46,221 --> 00:26:47,656
IS PROMISING BECAUSE THAT MAY 

562
00:26:47,656 --> 00:26:49,057
ALLUDE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 

563
00:26:49,057 --> 00:26:51,359
ITSELF TRYING TO BETTER CONTROL 

564
00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:56,398
THE VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS AND 

565
00:26:56,398 --> 00:26:57,065
THUS TREAT THE CANCER.

566
00:26:57,065 --> 00:26:59,568
SO BASED ON ON THE APPROPRIATE 

567
00:26:59,568 --> 00:27:04,906
OF THE DRUG IN BREAST CANCER AND

568
00:27:04,906 --> 00:27:07,809
THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE IN CDC 

569
00:27:07,809 --> 00:27:09,377
INFECTED CELL LINES WE DEVELOPED

570
00:27:09,377 --> 00:27:13,982
A PROTOCOL LAUNCHED IN 2021 

571
00:27:13,982 --> 00:27:15,650
USING APE ORAL DRUG GIVEN ONCE 

572
00:27:15,650 --> 00:27:17,519
EVERY DAY, TWICE EVERY DAY FOR 

573
00:27:17,519 --> 00:27:20,155
28 DAYS OF A CYCLE AND SO 

574
00:27:20,155 --> 00:27:21,957
PATIENTS RECEIVE THE STANDARD 

575
00:27:21,957 --> 00:27:25,126
DOSE THAT PATIENTS WITH BREAST 

576
00:27:25,126 --> 00:27:27,262
CANCER CAN RECEIVE.

577
00:27:27,262 --> 00:27:29,764
THERE'S TWO STUDIES.

578
00:27:29,764 --> 00:27:32,000
PATIENTS WHO HAD PRIOR TREATMENT

579
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:32,334
FOR KS.

580
00:27:32,334 --> 00:27:34,336
IF YOU HAVE HIV AND KS THE MOST 

581
00:27:34,336 --> 00:27:37,806
IMPORTANT THING IS GETTING YOUR 

582
00:27:37,806 --> 00:27:40,208
HIV THERAPY BUT IN ADDITION YOU 

583
00:27:40,208 --> 00:27:42,377
GET SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR KS.

584
00:27:42,377 --> 00:27:45,447
ALL THE PATIENTS HAD HAD PRIOR 

585
00:27:45,447 --> 00:27:45,747
THERAPY.

586
00:27:45,747 --> 00:27:47,582
IN THE PHASE 2 COMPONENT WE HAD 

587
00:27:47,582 --> 00:27:49,751
10 OF 15 PATIENTS SO FAR WHO 

588
00:27:49,751 --> 00:27:52,354
HAVE BEEN ENROLLED IN A 

589
00:27:52,354 --> 00:27:54,356
PREVIOUSLY TREATED PARADIGM FOR 

590
00:27:54,356 --> 00:27:54,723
KS.

591
00:27:54,723 --> 00:27:56,725
AND SEVEN OF 10 PATIENTS HAVE 

592
00:27:56,725 --> 00:27:58,126
BEEN ENROLLED SO FAR WHO HAVE 

593
00:27:58,126 --> 00:27:59,928
HAD NO PRIOR THERAPY.

594
00:27:59,928 --> 00:28:02,731
THAT INCLUDES PEOPLE WHO HAVE 

595
00:28:02,731 --> 00:28:05,600
JUST HAD HIV THERAPY FOR THEIR 

596
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:07,569
HIV IN KS OR HAD NO OTHER 

597
00:28:07,569 --> 00:28:08,603
TREATMENT AND HAVE A NEW 

598
00:28:08,603 --> 00:28:09,371
DIAGNOSIS OF KS.

599
00:28:09,371 --> 00:28:10,705
SO I WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT 

600
00:28:10,705 --> 00:28:12,007
ABOUT THE RESPONSES THAT WE'VE 

601
00:28:12,007 --> 00:28:16,511
SEEN AMONG THESE PATIENTS.

602
00:28:16,511 --> 00:28:19,414
SO THIS PATIENT IS WELL KNOWN TO

603
00:28:19,414 --> 00:28:19,581
US.

604
00:28:19,581 --> 00:28:22,517
WE'VE KNOWN HIM SINCE 2018 AND 

605
00:28:22,517 --> 00:28:25,086
HE'S LAD FIVE LINES OF PREVIOUS 

606
00:28:25,086 --> 00:28:25,954
CHEMOTHERAPY AND HAS HIV.

607
00:28:25,954 --> 00:28:27,656
HE'S BEEN DOING REALLY WELL FROM

608
00:28:27,656 --> 00:28:29,391
THE HIV SAMPLING BUT I DON'T 

609
00:28:29,391 --> 00:28:31,593
KNOW HOW WELL IT PROJECTS ON THE

610
00:28:31,593 --> 00:28:35,930
SCREEN BUT YOU CAN SEE VERY 

611
00:28:35,930 --> 00:28:37,365
BUMPY LESIONS ON THE LEGS.

612
00:28:37,365 --> 00:28:40,035
THESE PATIENTS HAVE PAIN AND 

613
00:28:40,035 --> 00:28:42,103
SWELLING ASSOCIATED WITH 

614
00:28:42,103 --> 00:28:42,337
LESIONS.

615
00:28:42,337 --> 00:28:43,972
THANKFULLY AFTER STARTING THE 

616
00:28:43,972 --> 00:28:46,207
THERAPY YOU CAN SEE SIGNIFICANT 

617
00:28:46,207 --> 00:28:50,312
FLATTENING OF THE KS LESIONS 

618
00:28:50,312 --> 00:28:52,247
HIGHLIGHTED AND THE PATIENT HAD 

619
00:28:52,247 --> 00:28:53,982
ABOUT 10 MONTHS OF TREATMENT 

620
00:28:53,982 --> 00:28:54,783
WITH RESPONSE.

621
00:28:54,783 --> 00:28:56,184
SIMILARLY KS CAN AFFECT ANY PART

622
00:28:56,184 --> 00:28:57,285
OF THE BODY.

623
00:28:57,285 --> 00:29:00,388
AND THIS PATIENT WE SEE KS 

624
00:29:00,388 --> 00:29:02,190
AFFECTING THEIR FOOT.

625
00:29:02,190 --> 00:29:04,492
SO HE COULDN'T WALK AROUND AND 

626
00:29:04,492 --> 00:29:07,128
THIS AT BASELINE HIS FEET WERE 

627
00:29:07,128 --> 00:29:08,930
VERY WEEPY AND SWOLLEN.

628
00:29:08,930 --> 00:29:11,299
YOU CAN SEE IMPROVEMENT OF THE 

629
00:29:11,299 --> 00:29:16,371
LESIONS IN THE PATIENT WHO DOES 

630
00:29:16,371 --> 00:29:19,240
NOT HAVE HIV IN FACT.

631
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,510
AND YOU CAN SEE CRUSTING OF THE 

632
00:29:22,510 --> 00:29:25,714
LESIONS THE AND IMPROVEMENT AND 

633
00:29:25,714 --> 00:29:27,849
SYMPTOMATICALLY HAS BEEN DOING 

634
00:29:27,849 --> 00:29:31,453
BETTER AND THESE WHEN WE LOOK AT

635
00:29:31,453 --> 00:29:32,387
THE OVER ALL RESPONSE AMONG ALL 

636
00:29:32,387 --> 00:29:34,723
PARTICIPANTS WITH HE SEE A 78% 

637
00:29:34,723 --> 00:29:35,457
RESPONSE RATE.

638
00:29:35,457 --> 00:29:38,660
STANDARD CHEMO THERAPIES ARE 50%

639
00:29:38,660 --> 00:29:40,362
TO 70% RESPONSE RATE.

640
00:29:40,362 --> 00:29:42,530
THAT WAS ALL DURING THE INITIAL 

641
00:29:42,530 --> 00:29:44,632
PHASES OF DEVELOPING HIV THERAPY

642
00:29:44,632 --> 00:29:45,800
BACK IN THE LATE '90s.

643
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:46,868
THIS IS ACTUALLY A VERY GOOD 

644
00:29:46,868 --> 00:29:53,041
RESPONSE RATE.

645
00:29:53,041 --> 00:29:58,513
WE'VE SEEN A 50% TO 80% RATE AND

646
00:29:58,513 --> 00:30:00,181
AMONG PATIENTS WHO HAD NOT HAD 

647
00:30:00,181 --> 00:30:04,052
ANY SYSTEMIC PRIOR TREATMENT FOR

648
00:30:04,052 --> 00:30:05,820
KS WE SEE ALL OF THEM RESPOND TO

649
00:30:05,820 --> 00:30:08,390
THE DRUG SO IT'S BEEN VERY 

650
00:30:08,390 --> 00:30:09,424
EXCITING.

651
00:30:09,424 --> 00:30:10,558
SPECIFICALLY AMONG PEOPLE WITH 

652
00:30:10,558 --> 00:30:13,361
HIV WE'VE SEEN SIMILAR TRENDS 

653
00:30:13,361 --> 00:30:18,099
WITH RESPONSE RATES OF 72% AMONG

654
00:30:18,099 --> 00:30:20,435
UNTREATED WE HAVE SEEN 100% 

655
00:30:20,435 --> 00:30:22,337
RESPONSE RATES.

656
00:30:22,337 --> 00:30:23,471
SO THE BIG QUESTION START TO BE 

657
00:30:23,471 --> 00:30:24,939
WELL, HOW DOES IT IMPACT THE 

658
00:30:24,939 --> 00:30:27,475
PATIENT AND WHEN WE THINK BACK 

659
00:30:27,475 --> 00:30:32,380
ABOUT HOW KS AFFECTS OUR PATIENT

660
00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:34,349
POPULATION ESPECIALLY IN OUR 

661
00:30:34,349 --> 00:30:36,418
PEOPLE WITH HIV HOW DOES IT 

662
00:30:36,418 --> 00:30:39,020
AFFECT THE CD4 ACCOUNT AND WILL 

663
00:30:39,020 --> 00:30:41,289
WE HELP IN THE SHORT TERM AND 

664
00:30:41,289 --> 00:30:41,956
KEEP HAVING KS IN THE LONG TERM?

665
00:30:41,956 --> 00:30:44,726
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE CD4 COUNTS 

666
00:30:44,726 --> 00:30:46,294
IN THESE PATIENTS OVER TIME WE 

667
00:30:46,294 --> 00:30:48,396
DON'T SEE A DECREASE IN CD4 AND 

668
00:30:48,396 --> 00:30:51,199
THAT BODE WELL IN TERMS OF THE 

669
00:30:51,199 --> 00:30:56,638
TYPE OF OPTION FOR PATIENTS WHO 

670
00:30:56,638 --> 00:31:00,475
DO HAVE IT.

671
00:31:00,475 --> 00:31:10,552
A

672
00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:14,155
AND ARE NOW USING SPATIAL 

673
00:31:14,155 --> 00:31:15,356
TRANSCRIPTOMICS METHODS TO LOOK 

674
00:31:15,356 --> 00:31:17,892
AND SEE HOW THE HOST AND VIRUS 

675
00:31:17,892 --> 00:31:20,094
CHANGES OVER THE COURSE OF 

676
00:31:20,094 --> 00:31:20,395
TREATMENT.

677
00:31:20,395 --> 00:31:22,197
AND PRELIMINARILY YOU CAN SEE A 

678
00:31:22,197 --> 00:31:23,198
SECTION FROM THE FIRST PATIENT 

679
00:31:23,198 --> 00:31:25,266
THAT I SHOWED YOU HAD A RESPONSE

680
00:31:25,266 --> 00:31:28,570
AND YOU CAN START IT SEE IN THE 

681
00:31:28,570 --> 00:31:32,407
GREEN THAT THERE'S SOME LINE OF 

682
00:31:32,407 --> 00:31:33,842
POSITIVITY IN THE INFECTION.

683
00:31:33,842 --> 00:31:36,211
SO THE STORY WILL CONTINUE AND 

684
00:31:36,211 --> 00:31:37,579
WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT THE 

685
00:31:37,579 --> 00:31:38,880
DEVELOPMENTS WE'VE BEEN MAKING 

686
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:39,814
IN THE STUDY.

687
00:31:39,814 --> 00:31:43,117
SO I WANT TO THANK OUR AMAZING 

688
00:31:43,117 --> 00:31:45,286
CLINICAL TEAM AND PARTICIPANTS 

689
00:31:45,286 --> 00:31:46,921
AND THEIR FAMILIES AND OUR 

690
00:31:46,921 --> 00:31:48,223
RESEARCHERS AND MANY OF MY 

691
00:31:48,223 --> 00:31:49,924
COLLEAGUES HERE WHO ARE PART OF 

692
00:31:49,924 --> 00:31:50,925
THE BRANCH.

693
00:31:50,925 --> 00:31:52,227
I REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR HELP 

694
00:31:52,227 --> 00:31:58,967
AND THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.

695
00:31:58,967 --> 00:32:02,237
 >> WE CAN TAKE A COUPLE 

696
00:32:02,237 --> 00:32:02,504
QUESTIONS.

697
00:32:02,504 --> 00:32:03,805
>> MANU PLATT.

698
00:32:03,805 --> 00:32:05,707
THIS IS SOMETHING AND A 

699
00:32:05,707 --> 00:32:07,008
THROWBACK TO MY TEEN A YEARS.

700
00:32:07,008 --> 00:32:10,478
THE WAY I LEARNED ABOUT IT WAY 

701
00:32:10,478 --> 00:32:14,115
BACK WHEN AND IF A PATIENT HAD 

702
00:32:14,115 --> 00:32:17,418
UNTREATED HIV AND KAPOSI SARCOMA

703
00:32:17,418 --> 00:32:18,920
IS THIS SOMEONE WHO NEVER 

704
00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:20,355
DEVELOPED IT AND ARE THEY 

705
00:32:20,355 --> 00:32:22,423
DEVELOPING ITNG LATER EVEN WITH 

706
00:32:22,423 --> 00:32:23,024
MANAGED HIV?

707
00:32:23,024 --> 00:32:24,759
>> WE'RE SEEING A BROAD 

708
00:32:24,759 --> 00:32:25,827
SPECTRUM, THANK YOU FOR THE 

709
00:32:25,827 --> 00:32:27,295
QUESTION IT'S VERY INTERESTING.

710
00:32:27,295 --> 00:32:28,596
I CAN SPEND A LONG TIME TALKING 

711
00:32:28,596 --> 00:32:29,564
ABOUT IT.

712
00:32:29,564 --> 00:32:32,233
WE SEE A SPECTRUM OF PATIENTS.

713
00:32:32,233 --> 00:32:34,269
WE SEE PATIENTS WHO HAVE NEWLY 

714
00:32:34,269 --> 00:32:36,271
PRESENTED AND THERE ARE BUCKETS 

715
00:32:36,271 --> 00:32:38,373
OF PEOPLE WHO UNFORTUNATELY HAVE

716
00:32:38,373 --> 00:32:41,476
DISADVANTAGES THAT PRECLUDE THEM

717
00:32:41,476 --> 00:32:43,411
FROM GETTING ACCESS TO THEIR 

718
00:32:43,411 --> 00:32:51,653
ARTs TO FALL OUT OF GETTING CAL4

719
00:32:51,653 --> 00:32:54,822
COUNTS AND KNEW SEE AN AGING 

720
00:32:54,822 --> 00:32:56,424
POPULATION WHO HAVE HAD HIV FOR 

721
00:32:56,424 --> 00:32:57,926
DECADES AND THEIR FRIENDS AND 

722
00:32:57,926 --> 00:32:59,794
LOVERS AND PARTNERS DIED OF KS 

723
00:32:59,794 --> 00:33:02,430
BACK IN THE '80s AND '90s.

724
00:33:02,430 --> 00:33:04,332
SO THEY SEE KS EMERGE AS THEY 

725
00:33:04,332 --> 00:33:06,568
GET OLDER AND SEE 

726
00:33:06,568 --> 00:33:06,968
IMMUNOSENESCENCE.

727
00:33:06,968 --> 00:33:10,104
WE'RE SEEING A SPECTRUM OF CASES

728
00:33:10,104 --> 00:33:19,781
AMONG BOTH PEOPLE WITH AND 

729
00:33:19,781 --> 00:33:20,415
WITHOUT HIV YOUNG MSM AND OTHERS

730
00:33:20,415 --> 00:33:27,789
AS WELL.

731
00:33:27,789 --> 00:33:28,022
>> OKAY.

732
00:33:28,022 --> 00:33:34,228
>> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS?

733
00:33:34,228 --> 00:33:39,867
THANK YOU, DR. RAMASWAMI.

734
00:33:39,867 --> 00:33:43,004
OKAY, NEXT UP WE HAVE DR. SARAH 

735
00:33:43,004 --> 00:33:46,040
JACK NCI TOO WHO WILL 

736
00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:47,909
TALK TALK ABOUT CANCER AMONG 

737
00:33:47,909 --> 00:33:50,645
TRANSGENDER AND GENDER EXPANSIVE

738
00:33:50,645 --> 00:33:51,913
INDIVIDUALS.

739
00:33:51,913 --> 00:33:55,516
DR. JACKSON.

740
00:33:55,516 --> 00:33:57,151
>> THANK YOU, EVERYONE.

741
00:33:57,151 --> 00:33:58,653
I'M HAPPY TO GO AFTER RAMYA AND 

742
00:33:58,653 --> 00:34:01,723
PUT IN A PLUG FOR THE DSP.

743
00:34:01,723 --> 00:34:06,861
RAMYA AND I MET THROUGH THE DSP 

744
00:34:06,861 --> 00:34:08,229
AND FOUND COMMON AREAS OF 

745
00:34:08,229 --> 00:34:10,264
INTEREST AND WILL START 

746
00:34:10,264 --> 00:34:13,468
COLLABORATING.

747
00:34:13,468 --> 00:34:16,270
SO I'M AT THE DIVISION OF CANCER

748
00:34:16,270 --> 00:34:18,640
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS WHERE 

749
00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:20,074
MY RESEARCH FOCUSES ON SEX 

750
00:34:20,074 --> 00:34:24,545
DIFFERENCES IN CANCER INCIDENTS 

751
00:34:24,545 --> 00:34:29,884
AND CANCER AMONG TRANSGENDER AND

752
00:34:29,884 --> 00:34:32,587
GENDER EXPANSIVE INDIVIDUALS AND

753
00:34:32,587 --> 00:34:34,055
I WANT TO START WITH 

754
00:34:34,055 --> 00:34:35,890
DEFINITIONS.

755
00:34:35,890 --> 00:34:38,660
CISGENDER IS A PERSON WHO'S 

756
00:34:38,660 --> 00:34:40,762
GENDER IDENTITY MAXES THEIR SEX 

757
00:34:40,762 --> 00:34:45,133
ADESIGNED AT BIRTH AND 

758
00:34:45,133 --> 00:34:46,601
TRANSGENDER IDENTITY DIFFERS 

759
00:34:46,601 --> 00:34:49,370
FROM THE SEX ASSIGNED AT BIRTH 

760
00:34:49,370 --> 00:34:53,207
AND THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO 

761
00:34:53,207 --> 00:34:54,909
CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE NON 

762
00:34:54,909 --> 00:34:57,145
BINARY OR GENDER DIVERSE AND 

763
00:34:57,145 --> 00:34:58,713
PEOPLE MAY NOT IDENTIFIED WITH A

764
00:34:58,713 --> 00:34:59,847
TRADITIONAL BINARY GENDER.

765
00:34:59,847 --> 00:35:03,184
THEY CAN FEEL BOTH, NEITHER OR 

766
00:35:03,184 --> 00:35:03,651
SOMETHING IN BETWEEN.

767
00:35:03,651 --> 00:35:05,219
AND THROUGHOUT THE PRESENTATION 

768
00:35:05,219 --> 00:35:08,423
I'M GOING TO USE OTHER TERMS 

769
00:35:08,423 --> 00:35:13,995
LIKE TRANS MEN OR TRANS 

770
00:35:13,995 --> 00:35:15,496
MASCULINE ADULT AND A GENDER 

771
00:35:15,496 --> 00:35:17,765
IDENTITY AND I MIGHT USE THE 

772
00:35:17,765 --> 00:35:19,267
TERMS TRANS WOMAN OR TRANS 

773
00:35:19,267 --> 00:35:21,669
FEMININE ADULT WHICH REFERS TO A

774
00:35:21,669 --> 00:35:24,539
PERSON ASSIGNED MALE AT BIRTH 

775
00:35:24,539 --> 00:35:27,075
WITH A FEMALE OR FEMININE GENDER

776
00:35:27,075 --> 00:35:27,408
IDENTITY.

777
00:35:27,408 --> 00:35:29,310
WHY DO WE THINK THERE ARE CANCER

778
00:35:29,310 --> 00:35:30,445
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG TRANS 

779
00:35:30,445 --> 00:35:30,945
PEOPLE?

780
00:35:30,945 --> 00:35:32,246
I THINK THERE ARE FOUR MAIN 

781
00:35:32,246 --> 00:35:34,082
REASONS THAT HAVE TO DO WITH 

782
00:35:34,082 --> 00:35:37,085
THESE ON THE SCREEN SO GENDER 

783
00:35:37,085 --> 00:35:39,454
ATERMING HORMONE THERAPY, 

784
00:35:39,454 --> 00:35:39,887
SITUATIONAL FACTORS.

785
00:35:39,887 --> 00:35:42,256
THESE ARE RISK FACTORS LIKE 

786
00:35:42,256 --> 00:35:44,592
SMOKING OR ALCOHOL USE USED AS A

787
00:35:44,592 --> 00:35:45,426
COPING MECHANISM.

788
00:35:45,426 --> 00:35:46,928
WE THINK THESE MIGHT BE HIGHER 

789
00:35:46,928 --> 00:35:50,231
DUE TO MINORITY STRESS OF THE 

790
00:35:50,231 --> 00:35:50,965
POPULATION FAILSES AND EXPOSURE 

791
00:35:50,965 --> 00:35:54,602
TO VIRAL INFECTIONS AND THEN 

792
00:35:54,602 --> 00:35:55,369
BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE.

793
00:35:55,369 --> 00:35:57,739
I'LL START WITH HARM AND USE.

794
00:35:57,739 --> 00:35:59,741
I ALSO WANT TO MENTION WE DON'T 

795
00:35:59,741 --> 00:36:01,676
HAVE THAT MUCH DATA ON THESE 

796
00:36:01,676 --> 00:36:03,544
CANCER RISK FACTORS, CANCER 

797
00:36:03,544 --> 00:36:04,679
INCIDENTS OR SURVIVAL IN THE 

798
00:36:04,679 --> 00:36:05,480
POPULATION.

799
00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:07,415
LARGELY BECAUSE WE DON'T COLLECT

800
00:36:07,415 --> 00:36:09,817
GENDER IDENTITY IN OUR COHORT 

801
00:36:09,817 --> 00:36:10,852
STUDIES OR CANCER REGISTRIES.

802
00:36:10,852 --> 00:36:12,720
SO IF YOU WERE STARTING A COHORT

803
00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:16,858
STUDY OR WORKED FOR A CANCER 

804
00:36:16,858 --> 00:36:22,063
REGISTRY, I IMPLORE YOU TO ASKED

805
00:36:22,063 --> 00:36:24,932
SEX ORIENTATION IN THE STUDY.

806
00:36:24,932 --> 00:36:26,801
END OF SOAPBOX.

807
00:36:26,801 --> 00:36:28,803
NOT A LOT OF RESEARCH HAS BEEN 

808
00:36:28,803 --> 00:36:33,441
CONDUCTED ON THE AFFECTS OF 

809
00:36:33,441 --> 00:36:35,910
LONG-TERM HORMONE USE AND ONE 

810
00:36:35,910 --> 00:36:39,480
STUDY CAME FROM AMSTERDAM THAT 

811
00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:40,982
SHOWED BREAST CANCER WAS 

812
00:36:40,982 --> 00:36:43,918
ELEVATED AMONG TRANS WOMEN 

813
00:36:43,918 --> 00:36:46,354
COMPARED TO CIS MEN AND WE THINK

814
00:36:46,354 --> 00:36:49,791
IT HAS TO DO WITH ESTROGEN 

815
00:36:49,791 --> 00:36:50,291
THERAPY.

816
00:36:50,291 --> 00:36:51,626
WE SUSPECT ESTROGEN WILL 

817
00:36:51,626 --> 00:36:53,661
INFECTIOUS THE RISK OF 

818
00:36:53,661 --> 00:36:57,365
TESTICULAR CANCERS THIS IS BASED

819
00:36:57,365 --> 00:37:00,368
ON STUDIES ON CIS PEOPLE AND THE

820
00:37:00,368 --> 00:37:02,670
SAME COHORT FOUND BREAST CANCER 

821
00:37:02,670 --> 00:37:06,240
IS DECREASED LIKELY DUE TO 

822
00:37:06,240 --> 00:37:06,474
SURGERY.

823
00:37:06,474 --> 00:37:10,044
WE THINK BUT DON'T KNOW YET 

824
00:37:10,044 --> 00:37:11,612
CERVICAL, ENDOMETRIAL AND 

825
00:37:11,612 --> 00:37:15,883
CERVICAL CANCERS MAY BE 

826
00:37:15,883 --> 00:37:16,684
INFECTIOU

827
00:37:16,684 --> 00:37:18,686
INCREASED AMONG THIS POPULATION.

828
00:37:18,686 --> 00:37:24,759
THERE'S A QUESTION MARK NEXT TO 

829
00:37:24,759 --> 00:37:27,628
NON-REPRODUCTIVE CANCER AND 

830
00:37:27,628 --> 00:37:29,597
LOOKING AT THIS IN CIS GENDER 

831
00:37:29,597 --> 00:37:35,102
PEOPLE AND NEED TO TURN OUR 

832
00:37:35,102 --> 00:37:36,838
ATTENTION HOW THEY AFFECT RISK 

833
00:37:36,838 --> 00:37:38,005
IN THESE INDIVIDUALS.

834
00:37:38,005 --> 00:37:39,907
SOME OF THE RESEARCH WE HAVE ON 

835
00:37:39,907 --> 00:37:42,376
CANCER RISK FACTORS THAT ARE 

836
00:37:42,376 --> 00:37:43,711
NON-HORMONAL SUCH AS SITUATIONAL

837
00:37:43,711 --> 00:37:47,114
AND VIRAL INFECTIONS COME OUT OF

838
00:37:47,114 --> 00:37:50,685
THE GROUP I PUT TOGETHER A 

839
00:37:50,685 --> 00:37:59,894
COHORT OF TRANS PEOPLE IN THE 

840
00:37:59,894 --> 00:38:04,498
UNITED KINGDOM AND WHEN YOU SEE 

841
00:38:04,498 --> 00:38:06,334
A QR CODE IT'S MORE INFORMATION 

842
00:38:06,334 --> 00:38:08,703
ON RESEARCH AND YOU CAN SCAN IT 

843
00:38:08,703 --> 00:38:12,406
AND WE LOOKED AT ALCOHOL AND 

844
00:38:12,406 --> 00:38:14,742
SMOKING AND OTHER GROUPS ON 

845
00:38:14,742 --> 00:38:19,647
TRANSGENDER AND TRANS FEMININE 

846
00:38:19,647 --> 00:38:21,182
ADULT IN PINK AND YOU ARE 

847
00:38:21,182 --> 00:38:22,750
LOOKING AT GRAPHS LIKE THIS 

848
00:38:22,750 --> 00:38:24,151
BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT AN 

849
00:38:24,151 --> 00:38:25,253
EPIDEMIOLOGIST I WILL JUST TELL 

850
00:38:25,253 --> 00:38:27,421
YOU ANYTHING ABOVE THE ONE LINE 

851
00:38:27,421 --> 00:38:29,657
MEANS THAT RISK FACTOR IS 

852
00:38:29,657 --> 00:38:31,759
INCREASED IN TRANS PEOPLE AND 

853
00:38:31,759 --> 00:38:34,195
ANYTHING BELOW THAT LINE MEANS 

854
00:38:34,195 --> 00:38:35,196
IT'S DECREASED.

855
00:38:35,196 --> 00:38:38,633
SO WE FOUND THAT OBESITY, HIV 

856
00:38:38,633 --> 00:38:39,934
INFECTION AND MAYBE HCV 

857
00:38:39,934 --> 00:38:43,170
INFECTION WAS INCREASED IN TRANS

858
00:38:43,170 --> 00:38:47,074
MASCULINE ADULTS WHILE HIV AND 

859
00:38:47,074 --> 00:38:49,810
HCV WAS INCREASED IN TRANS 

860
00:38:49,810 --> 00:38:53,781
FEMININE ADULTS COMPARED TO 

861
00:38:53,781 --> 00:38:54,982
CITES CISGENDER MEN AND COMPARED

862
00:38:54,982 --> 00:38:57,818
IT TO CISGENDER WOMEN AND HIV 

863
00:38:57,818 --> 00:39:00,621
INFECTION AND HCV INFECTION WERE

864
00:39:00,621 --> 00:39:02,089
INFECTIOUSED IN BOTH POPULATIONS

865
00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:03,557
AS WITH SMOKING.

866
00:39:03,557 --> 00:39:07,194
CURRENT ALCOHOL USE IS ON PAR, 

867
00:39:07,194 --> 00:39:10,064
OBESITY IS INCREASED AMONG TRANS

868
00:39:10,064 --> 00:39:11,699
MASCULINE ADULTS BUT DECREASED 

869
00:39:11,699 --> 00:39:14,835
AMONG TRANS FEMININE ADULTS.

870
00:39:14,835 --> 00:39:16,070
I WANT TO TURN MY ATTENTION TO 

871
00:39:16,070 --> 00:39:17,872
HIV INFECTION.

872
00:39:17,872 --> 00:39:18,940
IT'S ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE TRANS 

873
00:39:18,940 --> 00:39:21,242
WOMEN HAVE THE HIGHEST 

874
00:39:21,242 --> 00:39:23,778
PREVALENCE OF HIV AT ABOUT 19%.

875
00:39:23,778 --> 00:39:26,080
AND WHILE HIV ITSELF DOES NOT 

876
00:39:26,080 --> 00:39:27,048
CAUSE CANCER IT'S ASSOCIATED 

877
00:39:27,048 --> 00:39:29,116
WITH A HIGHER RISK OF A NUMBER 

878
00:39:29,116 --> 00:39:31,485
OF CANCERS DUE TO 

879
00:39:31,485 --> 00:39:32,086
IMMUNOEXPRESSION EVEN AMONG 

880
00:39:32,086 --> 00:39:35,890
THOSE WHO HAVE ACCESS TO 

881
00:39:35,890 --> 00:39:38,292
ANTIVIRAL THERAPY.

882
00:39:38,292 --> 00:39:41,195
IT'S ASSOCIATED WITH KAPOSI 

883
00:39:41,195 --> 00:39:48,836
SARCOMA AND NON HODGKIN'S AND

884
00:39:48,836 --> 00:39:51,906
AAL CANCER AND LUNG CANCER AND 

885
00:39:51,906 --> 00:39:54,675
VIRAL ETIOLOGY LIKE HPV AND 

886
00:39:54,675 --> 00:39:56,811
HEPATITIS ARE IMPORTANT 

887
00:39:56,811 --> 00:39:59,647
INFECTIONS FOR THIS POPULATION 

888
00:39:59,647 --> 00:39:59,880
AS WELL.

889
00:39:59,880 --> 00:40:04,051
THEN HIV ALSO INCREASES THE RISK

890
00:40:04,051 --> 00:40:04,485
OF CANCER MORTALITY.

891
00:40:04,485 --> 00:40:07,888
THERE'S BEEN GREAT STUDIES 

892
00:40:07,888 --> 00:40:14,295
LOOKING AT THE CANCERS BUT WE 

893
00:40:14,295 --> 00:40:15,896
WERE MISSING ESTIMATE OF RISK 

894
00:40:15,896 --> 00:40:19,900
ACCORDING TO GENDER UNTIL NOW.

895
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:23,804
THIS IS NOT PRELIMINARY DATA WE 

896
00:40:23,804 --> 00:40:25,840
HAVE NOT WRITTEN THIS UP YET SO 

897
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:30,077
DON'T TAKE PICTURES OR QUOTE 

898
00:40:30,077 --> 00:40:34,215
THIS AND THERE'S A CLOSE 

899
00:40:34,215 --> 00:40:37,785
COLLABORATOR THAT USE THE 

900
00:40:37,785 --> 00:40:41,622
HIV/AIDS CANCER MATCH STUDY AND 

901
00:40:41,622 --> 00:40:43,891
THE RISK OF BREAST, COLORECTAL 

902
00:40:43,891 --> 00:40:46,060
AND LUNG CANCERS ARE DECREASED 

903
00:40:46,060 --> 00:40:48,629
AMONG TRANS MEN COMPARED TO BOTH

904
00:40:48,629 --> 00:40:52,666
CISGENDER GROUPS AND DEPENDING 

905
00:40:52,666 --> 00:40:55,002
ON THE COMPARISON GROUP BREAST 

906
00:40:55,002 --> 00:40:56,604
CANCER INCIDENTS IS INCREASED OR

907
00:40:56,604 --> 00:40:58,372
DECREASED AMONG TRANS FEMININE 

908
00:40:58,372 --> 00:40:59,373
AND PROSTATE AND LUNG CANCERS 

909
00:40:59,373 --> 00:41:02,243
ARE DECREASED BUT COLORECTAL AND

910
00:41:02,243 --> 00:41:04,178
KIDNEY CANCERS INCREASED.

911
00:41:04,178 --> 00:41:06,480
SO TURNING TO THE VIRALLY 

912
00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:09,216
RELATED CANCERS, TRANS MEN HAVE 

913
00:41:09,216 --> 00:41:13,154
AN INCREASED INCIDENT OF NON 

914
00:41:13,154 --> 00:41:14,989
HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AND DECREASED

915
00:41:14,989 --> 00:41:17,391
CANCERS WHEN COMPARED TO BOTH 

916
00:41:17,391 --> 00:41:18,459
GROUPS.

917
00:41:18,459 --> 00:41:20,694
TRANS WOMEN HAVE DECREASED 

918
00:41:20,694 --> 00:41:24,498
INCIDENTS OF NON-HODGKINS 

919
00:41:24,498 --> 00:41:25,499
LYMPHOMA AND CERVICAL CANCER 

920
00:41:25,499 --> 00:41:27,101
INCIDENT IS ABOUT THE SAME IN 

921
00:41:27,101 --> 00:41:28,269
TRANS MEN AS CISGENDER WOMEN 

922
00:41:28,269 --> 00:41:34,041
WITH HIV.

923
00:41:34,041 --> 00:41:36,477
HOWEVER, THERE'S BARRIERS TO 

924
00:41:36,477 --> 00:41:38,079
SCREENING FOR WITH A CERVIX.

925
00:41:38,079 --> 00:41:40,548
THIS IS A SCHEMATIC OF THE 

926
00:41:40,548 --> 00:41:41,248
BARRIERS TO CERVICAL CANCER 

927
00:41:41,248 --> 00:41:43,350
SCREENING THEY MAY ENCOUNTER.

928
00:41:43,350 --> 00:41:46,053
THE FIRST IS PROVIDERS HAVING A 

929
00:41:46,053 --> 00:41:49,557
POOR UNDERSTANDING OF TRANS 

930
00:41:49,557 --> 00:41:52,860
HEALTH AND THE NEXT IS PEOPLE 

931
00:41:52,860 --> 00:41:54,562
EXPERIENCING GENDER DYSPHORIA OR

932
00:41:54,562 --> 00:41:56,464
THE SCREENING OR EVEN GETTING 

933
00:41:56,464 --> 00:41:57,832
CORRESPONDENCE ABOUT THE 

934
00:41:57,832 --> 00:41:58,099
SCREENING.

935
00:41:58,099 --> 00:41:59,266
MANY PEOPLE REPORT THEY'VE 

936
00:41:59,266 --> 00:42:01,368
EXPERIENCED STIGMA AND 

937
00:42:01,368 --> 00:42:02,636
DISCRIMINATION IN THE CLINIC.

938
00:42:02,636 --> 00:42:04,338
HAVING A FEMALE CENTERED CLINIC 

939
00:42:04,338 --> 00:42:07,274
CAN BE A HUGE BARRIER TO 

940
00:42:07,274 --> 00:42:09,343
SOMEBODY WHO PRESENTS AS MALE.

941
00:42:09,343 --> 00:42:11,378
FURTHER OUR SYSTEMS OR PROVIDER 

942
00:42:11,378 --> 00:42:12,880
MIGHT NOT CALL THAT PERSON FOR 

943
00:42:12,880 --> 00:42:14,648
SCREENING IF THEY HAVE A MALE 

944
00:42:14,648 --> 00:42:15,149
GENDER MARKER.

945
00:42:15,149 --> 00:42:21,822
AND THEN THE AFFECTS OF ANDROGEN

946
00:42:21,822 --> 00:42:30,197
THERAPY CAN ATROPHY THE VAGINA 

947
00:42:30,197 --> 00:42:31,899
MAKING EXAMINES AND MIMIC 

948
00:42:31,899 --> 00:42:37,805
DYSPLASIA.

949
00:42:37,805 --> 00:42:41,909
AND THEY'RE 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY

950
00:42:41,909 --> 00:42:43,644
TO HAVE AN INADEQUATE SAMPLE 

951
00:42:43,644 --> 00:42:46,347
MEANING THE PROCEDURE HAS TO BE 

952
00:42:46,347 --> 00:42:46,881
DONE AGAIN.

953
00:42:46,881 --> 00:42:49,517
THERE'S FACILITATORS WE 

954
00:42:49,517 --> 00:42:51,852
RECOGNIZED.

955
00:42:51,852 --> 00:42:58,025
ONE IS HAVING A CLINIC THAT'S 

956
00:42:58,025 --> 00:43:04,198
NOT INGENDERED AND HAVING 

957
00:43:04,198 --> 00:43:04,865
PAMPHLETS AND OTHER MATERIALS 

958
00:43:04,865 --> 00:43:07,735
TAR GUESTED TO TRANS 

959
00:43:07,735 --> 00:43:08,802
INDIVIDUALS.

960
00:43:08,802 --> 00:43:11,438
TARTAR GET AND HAVING ACCESS TO 

961
00:43:11,438 --> 00:43:13,807
TRANS SPECIALIST SERVICES AND 

962
00:43:13,807 --> 00:43:15,009
CULTURALLY COMPETENT PROVIDERS 

963
00:43:15,009 --> 00:43:15,442
AS WELL.

964
00:43:15,442 --> 00:43:20,414
AND THEN ALSO HAVING THE OPTION 

965
00:43:20,414 --> 00:43:21,549
OF HPV SELF-SWAB.

966
00:43:21,549 --> 00:43:23,250
I'LL TALK ABOUT THE PILOT STUDY 

967
00:43:23,250 --> 00:43:24,585
I LAUNCHED EARLIER THIS YEAR.

968
00:43:24,585 --> 00:43:28,055
WE DID PUBLISH THE PROTOCOL AND 

969
00:43:28,055 --> 00:43:33,060
IF YOU WANT TO SCAN THE QR CODE 

970
00:43:33,060 --> 00:43:35,863
YOU CAN LEARN AND DR. BURNER IS 

971
00:43:35,863 --> 00:43:37,898
MY COP.I.

972
00:43:37,898 --> 00:43:47,841
WE CALLED IT SELF-TI AND 

973
00:43:47,841 --> 00:43:51,845
ENROLLING PEOPLE WITH A CERVIX 

974
00:43:51,845 --> 00:43:57,151
WITH A HISTORY OF TESTOSTERONE 

975
00:43:57,151 --> 00:43:58,219
THERAPY AND THEY'LL DO 

976
00:43:58,219 --> 00:43:59,720
SELF-COLLECTION IN THE CLINIC 

977
00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:02,423
AND TAKE A SURVEY ON 

978
00:44:02,423 --> 00:44:03,023
ACCEPTABLEABILITY.

979
00:44:03,023 --> 00:44:05,826
THE TRANS FEMININE GROUP ARE 

980
00:44:05,826 --> 00:44:07,728
ASSIGNED MALE AT BIRTH AND OVER 

981
00:44:07,728 --> 00:44:10,631
THE AGE OF 18 WILL DO 

982
00:44:10,631 --> 00:44:11,265
SELF-COLLECTION IN THE CLINIC 

983
00:44:11,265 --> 00:44:12,466
AND THEN TAKE THE KIT HOME AND 

984
00:44:12,466 --> 00:44:17,071
DO IT AT HOME AND MAIL IT IN AND

985
00:44:17,071 --> 00:44:21,942
TAKE A SURVEY ON ACCEPTABLITY.

986
00:44:21,942 --> 00:44:27,081
THE ORAL RINSE, URINE, VAGINAL 

987
00:44:27,081 --> 00:44:36,624
SWABS AND AA -- ANAL SWAB AND 

988
00:44:36,624 --> 00:44:37,992
DEVELOPED IN COLLABORATION WITH 

989
00:44:37,992 --> 00:44:39,860
THE COMMUNITY.

990
00:44:39,860 --> 00:44:42,229
I HAD A COMMUNITY ADVISORY BOARD

991
00:44:42,229 --> 00:44:45,366
RAN BY THE EXECUTIVE OF OUT 

992
00:44:45,366 --> 00:44:51,872
PATIENTS WHICH IS A CANCER 

993
00:44:51,872 --> 00:44:54,408
ORGANIZATION FOR LGBTQ+ PEOPLE 

994
00:44:54,408 --> 00:44:56,210
IN ENGLAND AND IN THE INTEREST 

995
00:44:56,210 --> 00:44:58,912
OF TIME I WILL SAY THEY HELPED 

996
00:44:58,912 --> 00:44:59,780
US DEVELOP ADVERTISEMENT 

997
00:44:59,780 --> 00:45:01,482
MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY.

998
00:45:01,482 --> 00:45:03,284
THEY INTRODUCED US TO FOX FISHER

999
00:45:03,284 --> 00:45:13,794
WHO IS A FAMOUS TRANSACTION  

1000
00:45:14,728 --> 00:45:16,664
TRANS-ACTIVIST AND THIS IS FROM 

1001
00:45:16,664 --> 00:45:17,798
INSTAGRAM AND YOU SEE HOW MUCH 

1002
00:45:17,798 --> 00:45:19,233
ENGAGEMENT WE GOT ON THE FIRST 

1003
00:45:19,233 --> 00:45:21,035
DAY IT WAS POSTED.

1004
00:45:21,035 --> 00:45:22,002
A LOT OF OUR RECRUITMENT IS 

1005
00:45:22,002 --> 00:45:23,537
BECAUSE OF THIS INSTAGRAM.

1006
00:45:23,537 --> 00:45:26,073
THEY ALSO SUGGESTED WE CREATE AN

1007
00:45:26,073 --> 00:45:29,443
INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEO THAT WE HAD 

1008
00:45:29,443 --> 00:45:30,511
NARRATED BY FOX.

1009
00:45:30,511 --> 00:45:33,814
SO WHEN THE PATIENTS COLLECT 

1010
00:45:33,814 --> 00:45:35,516
THEIR SAMPLES THEY CAN SCAN THE 

1011
00:45:35,516 --> 00:45:37,885
QR CODE AND HAVE THE 

1012
00:45:37,885 --> 00:45:38,852
INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEO WALKING 

1013
00:45:38,852 --> 00:45:41,855
THROUGH THE STEPS AND SEE THE 

1014
00:45:41,855 --> 00:45:42,556
ADVERTISEMENT MATERIAL HERE AND 

1015
00:45:42,556 --> 00:45:47,761
THE QR CODE SCANS TO OUR STUDY'S

1016
00:45:47,761 --> 00:45:51,365
WEBSITE SO IF YOU ARE INTERESTED

1017
00:45:51,365 --> 00:45:52,366
YOU CAN LOOK AT IT.

1018
00:45:52,366 --> 00:45:55,769
I WANT TO THANK MY COLLABORATORS

1019
00:45:55,769 --> 00:45:59,873
AT SELF-TI AND THE NIH FOR THE 

1020
00:45:59,873 --> 00:46:00,140
PROJECTS.

1021
00:46:00,140 --> 00:46:05,212
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1022
00:46:05,212 --> 00:46:07,848
>> QUESTIONS 

1023
00:46:07,848 --> 00:46:18,392
>> SO, AS A QUEER PERSON
WITH OF

1024
00:46:21,195 --> 00:46:25,132
A FRIENDS WHO ARE NON BINARY IT 

1025
00:46:25,132 --> 00:46:26,333
WAS SAD AND INTERESTING TO SEE 

1026
00:46:26,333 --> 00:46:29,002
THE STUDIES CARRYING OUT ARE 

1027
00:46:29,002 --> 00:46:30,371
BEING CARRIED OUT IN THE U.K. 

1028
00:46:30,371 --> 00:46:31,872
AND WOULD LIKE TO LEARN A LITTLE

1029
00:46:31,872 --> 00:46:35,242
BIT MORE WHY THAT IS THE CASE 

1030
00:46:35,242 --> 00:46:37,878
AND WHETHER ARE YOU FINDING 

1031
00:46:37,878 --> 00:46:40,914
BARRIERS TO USING CERTAIN 

1032
00:46:40,914 --> 00:46:43,384
STUDIES HERE IN THE U.S. AND THE

1033
00:46:43,384 --> 00:46:44,651
U.S. COMMUNITY IS ACTIVE SO WE 

1034
00:46:44,651 --> 00:46:47,121
SHOULD BE ABLE TO HAVE VERY GOOD

1035
00:46:47,121 --> 00:46:47,588
ENGAGEMENT.

1036
00:46:47,588 --> 00:46:48,956
SO WHAT IS THE BARRIER?

1037
00:46:48,956 --> 00:46:51,859
>> THAT'S A GREAT
QUESTION.

1038
00:46:51,859 --> 00:46:56,897
AND I DON'T MEAN TO FOCUS MOSTLY

1039
00:46:56,897 --> 00:46:57,264
INTERNATIONALLY.

1040
00:46:57,264 --> 00:47:00,968
WE ARE GOING TO BE LOOKING AT 

1041
00:47:00,968 --> 00:47:03,537
USING FULL MEDICAID IN THE 

1042
00:47:03,537 --> 00:47:05,806
FUTURE WHICH IS A GREAT 

1043
00:47:05,806 --> 00:47:06,073
RESOURCE.

1044
00:47:06,073 --> 00:47:09,576
ONE OF THE REASONS THAT I HAVE 

1045
00:47:09,576 --> 00:47:14,014
LOOKED IN THE U.K. IS TWOFOLD.

1046
00:47:14,014 --> 00:47:18,619
ONE, THEY HAVE GOOD PRIMARY DATA

1047
00:47:18,619 --> 00:47:18,919
COLLECTION.

1048
00:47:18,919 --> 00:47:20,187
THEIR POPULATION REGISTRIES ARE 

1049
00:47:20,187 --> 00:47:22,623
NOT ON PAR WITH THE NORDIC 

1050
00:47:22,623 --> 00:47:23,757
COUNTRIES OR A LITTLE BIT MORE 

1051
00:47:23,757 --> 00:47:29,763
COMPLETE THAN WE HAVE IN THE 

1052
00:47:29,763 --> 00:47:29,997
U.S.

1053
00:47:29,997 --> 00:47:31,165
OUR HEALTH INSURANCE AND HEALTH 

1054
00:47:31,165 --> 00:47:33,000
CARE SYSTEMS WE HAVEY 

1055
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,769
COMPLEX AND IT'S REALLY HARD TO 

1056
00:47:35,769 --> 00:47:41,909
FOLLOW PEOPLE OVER TIME.

1057
00:47:41,909 --> 00:47:47,548
I START THE SELF-TI STUDY A A 

1058
00:47:47,548 --> 00:47:48,882
POSTDOC AND MY FUNDS WERE 

1059
00:47:48,882 --> 00:47:51,118
LIMITED AND THE U.K. WAS AN 

1060
00:47:51,118 --> 00:47:52,953
EASIER PLACE TO DO THAT.

1061
00:47:52,953 --> 00:47:55,856
I HAVE PLANS TO EXPAND IN THE 

1062
00:47:55,856 --> 00:48:06,099
UNITED STATES.

1063
00:48:12,606 --> 00:48:14,374
>> WONDERFUL.

1064
00:48:14,374 --> 00:48:19,179
ALL RIGHT COMING UP WE HAVE AV

1065
00:48:19,179 --> 00:48:21,715
DR. TIJANATI IVANOVIC TALKING 

1066
00:48:21,715 --> 00:48:27,488
ABOUT PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN 

1067
00:48:27,488 --> 00:48:27,955
VIRAL EVOLUTION.

1068
00:48:27,955 --> 00:48:37,965
L 

1069
00:48:44,905 --> 00:48:48,208
>> HI, EVERYONE.

1070
00:48:48,208 --> 00:48:50,043
THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 

1071
00:48:50,043 --> 00:48:52,079
AND ALL TO COME IN THE 

1072
00:48:52,079 --> 00:48:53,814
SUBSEQUENT YEARS AND THE REST OF

1073
00:48:53,814 --> 00:48:55,215
THE DAY TODAY.

1074
00:48:55,215 --> 00:48:56,550
I'M EXCITED TO SHARE WITH YOU 

1075
00:48:56,550 --> 00:48:58,752
SOME OF MY LAB'S RESEARCH.

1076
00:48:58,752 --> 00:49:01,522
ONE OF OUR BIG PICTURE QUESTIONS

1077
00:49:01,522 --> 00:49:03,223
IS TO UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIP 

1078
00:49:03,223 --> 00:49:06,026
BETWEEN VIRAL POPULATION 

1079
00:49:06,026 --> 00:49:06,960
DIVERSITY AND ADAPTABILITY.

1080
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:10,864
AND IN THE CONTEXT WE'RE EXCITED

1081
00:49:10,864 --> 00:49:15,235
ABOUT THE CHALLENGE OF 

1082
00:49:15,235 --> 00:49:17,104
UNDERSTANDING PHENOTYPIC 

1083
00:49:17,104 --> 00:49:20,574
DIVERSITY AND THE EXAMPLE OF THE

1084
00:49:20,574 --> 00:49:21,408
MISSHAPED VIRUSES.

1085
00:49:21,408 --> 00:49:23,210
INFLUENZA VIRUS IS ONE SUCH 

1086
00:49:23,210 --> 00:49:25,078
VIRUS.

1087
00:49:25,078 --> 00:49:26,446
AND INFECTIONS OF CELLS BY 

1088
00:49:26,446 --> 00:49:30,217
INFLUENZA YIELD A MIXTURE OF 

1089
00:49:30,217 --> 00:49:36,123
SHAPES FROM SMALL SPHERICAL 

1090
00:49:36,123 --> 00:49:46,300
PARTIC

1091
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:49,036
PARTICLES AND AN INFECTION OF 

1092
00:49:49,036 --> 00:49:51,405
CELLS WITH EITHER PARTICLE FORM 

1093
00:49:51,405 --> 00:49:54,741
YIELD THE SAME MIXTURE OF SLAP.

1094
00:49:54,741 --> 00:49:59,212
AND IT SPECIFY THE PROS 

1095
00:49:59,212 --> 00:50:02,049
PROBABILITY AND NOT ONE IN 

1096
00:50:02,049 --> 00:50:02,449
SPECIFIC.

1097
00:50:02,449 --> 00:50:03,417
IT MEANS YOU'RE ALWAYS DEALING 

1098
00:50:03,417 --> 00:50:04,651
WITH MIXTURES AND IT MAKES IT 

1099
00:50:04,651 --> 00:50:06,420
DIFFICULT TO TACKLE.

1100
00:50:06,420 --> 00:50:09,423
I WAS WITHIN OF THE CHALLENGES 

1101
00:50:09,423 --> 00:50:11,258
WHERE WE THOUGHT METHODS WOULD 

1102
00:50:11,258 --> 00:50:21,668
HAVE A GREAT ADVANTAGE.

1103
00:50:32,613 --> 00:50:35,282
I COULDN'T DO THE POINTERS SO 

1104
00:50:35,282 --> 00:50:35,882
SOMETHING SEEMS FROZ

1105
00:50:35,882 --> 00:50:45,926
SORRY.

1106
00:52:14,614 --> 00:52:14,815
ALL RIGHT.

1107
00:52:14,815 --> 00:52:24,825
THANKS SO MUCH.

1108
00:52:24,825 --> 00:52:29,463
 SO THE VIRUS IS SHARED AMONG 

1109
00:52:29,463 --> 00:52:31,932
DIFFERENT VIRAL FAMILIES AND 

1110
00:52:31,932 --> 00:52:33,133
INCLUDES SOME VERY DANGEROUS 

1111
00:52:33,133 --> 00:52:35,569
PATHOGENS AND SOME LISTED ON THE

1112
00:52:35,569 --> 00:52:37,237
RIGHT CIRCULATING AND EMERGING 

1113
00:52:37,237 --> 00:52:37,471
VIRUSES.

1114
00:52:37,471 --> 00:52:39,906
SO THE WAY WE TACKLE THE PROBLEM

1115
00:52:39,906 --> 00:52:41,475
IS BY CONSIDERING VIRUS 

1116
00:52:41,475 --> 00:52:44,411
STRUCTURE AT DIFFERENT SKAELZ 

1117
00:52:44,411 --> 00:52:46,546
FROM THE POPULATION LEVEL TO THE

1118
00:52:46,546 --> 00:52:49,649
PARTICLE LEVEL TO PROTEINS AND 

1119
00:52:49,649 --> 00:52:52,652
THEN APPLY METHODS TO ALLOW TO 

1120
00:52:52,652 --> 00:52:54,721
DEVELOP MODELS OF VIRAL FUNCTION

1121
00:52:54,721 --> 00:52:58,325
IN EACH CALLS FROM THE PROTEIN 

1122
00:52:58,325 --> 00:53:00,293
TO PARTICLE TO POPULATION.

1123
00:53:00,293 --> 00:53:03,497
SO WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF VIRUS 

1124
00:53:03,497 --> 00:53:03,764
PARTICLES?

1125
00:53:03,764 --> 00:53:06,533
THEY ENCLOSE THE GENOME AND HAVE

1126
00:53:06,533 --> 00:53:10,070
TO PROTECT IT AND INTERFACE 

1127
00:53:10,070 --> 00:53:13,840
CELLULAR PRESSURES AND ADAPTIVE 

1128
00:53:13,840 --> 00:53:16,176
IMMUNITY AND HAVE TO ENCOUNTER 

1129
00:53:16,176 --> 00:53:18,044
NEW HOSTS AND RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC

1130
00:53:18,044 --> 00:53:21,314
SECTOR AND MEDIATE ENTRY.

1131
00:53:21,314 --> 00:53:23,683
THE LAST STEP IS FUSION BETWEEN 

1132
00:53:23,683 --> 00:53:34,227
THE VIRAL ENVELOPE AND ENDOSOMAL

1133
00:53:38,598 --> 00:53:41,468
COMPARTMENTS AND I'LL LOOK AT 

1134
00:53:41,468 --> 00:53:43,470
THE PARTICLES AND TALK ABOUT 

1135
00:53:43,470 --> 00:53:44,771
VIRUS ASSEMBLY THE PROCESS THAT 

1136
00:53:44,771 --> 00:53:46,540
GENERATES THE DIVERSITY.

1137
00:53:46,540 --> 00:53:53,180
SO HOW DO WE LOOK AT AND LOOK AT

1138
00:53:53,180 --> 00:53:55,916
THZED MICROSCOPES THAT

1139
00:53:55,916 --> 00:54:02,122
ARE CAPABLE OF SINGLE MOLECULE 

1140
00:54:02,122 --> 00:54:02,489
IMAGING.

1141
00:54:02,489 --> 00:54:06,526
WE LOOK AND THE MEMBRANES 

1142
00:54:06,526 --> 00:54:10,363
INCORPORATE FLUORESCENT DYES AND

1143
00:54:10,363 --> 00:54:12,199
INCORPORATE SPECIFIC RECEPTORS.

1144
00:54:12,199 --> 00:54:15,368
WHAT YOU'RE SEEING IS A MOVIE OF

1145
00:54:15,368 --> 00:54:18,471
MEMBRANE S LAYER BY LAYER AND 

1146
00:54:18,471 --> 00:54:20,073
VIRUS PARTICLES AND WHEN YOU SEE

1147
00:54:20,073 --> 00:54:22,475
THE BURSTS OF CLOUD THAT'S THE 

1148
00:54:22,475 --> 00:54:27,647
DYE BEING DEPOSITED AS THEY FUSE

1149
00:54:27,647 --> 00:54:28,548
THE MEMBRANE.

1150
00:54:28,548 --> 00:54:30,450
SINCE WE USED THE FULL CELL 

1151
00:54:30,450 --> 00:54:33,620
SYSTEM WHICH ALLOWS US TO 

1152
00:54:33,620 --> 00:54:35,922
TRIGGER FUSION IT ALSO INITIALLY

1153
00:54:35,922 --> 00:54:38,458
INDUCE THE ROLLING OF RECEPTORS 

1154
00:54:38,458 --> 00:54:40,694
AND THE PROCESS THEN REPORTS ON 

1155
00:54:40,694 --> 00:54:42,462
THE INTERACTION.

1156
00:54:42,462 --> 00:54:46,433
I'LL REPEAT THIS HERE AND SEE 

1157
00:54:46,433 --> 00:54:48,368
THE VIRUS PARTICLES MERGE.

1158
00:54:48,368 --> 00:54:50,470
THE MOVIES LEAVE DETAIL ABOUT 

1159
00:54:50,470 --> 00:54:53,506
THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF 

1160
00:54:53,506 --> 00:54:55,542
MEMBRANE FUSION AND ALLOWS US TO

1161
00:54:55,542 --> 00:54:56,676
BUILD DETAILED MODELS.

1162
00:54:56,676 --> 00:54:58,345
THEY ALSO ALLOW US TO ASK 

1163
00:54:58,345 --> 00:55:01,281
QUESTIONS HOW DO ANTIBODIES 

1164
00:55:01,281 --> 00:55:03,216
BLOCK THE PROCESSES AND 

1165
00:55:03,216 --> 00:55:05,619
ANTIBODIES THAT BLOCK VIRUS 

1166
00:55:05,619 --> 00:55:07,787
ATTACHMENT OR THOSE THAT BLOCK 

1167
00:55:07,787 --> 00:55:10,190
VIRUS FUSION OR SPIKE FUSION 

1168
00:55:10,190 --> 00:55:11,224
ASSOCIATED CONFIRMATIONAL 

1169
00:55:11,224 --> 00:55:13,493
CHANGES AND THEN CAN ASK THE 

1170
00:55:13,493 --> 00:55:17,297
CONTEXT ON A SMALLER VERSUS 

1171
00:55:17,297 --> 00:55:19,666
LARGE VIRION TO VIRUSES TO 

1172
00:55:19,666 --> 00:55:21,434
ACTIVATION SINCE WE CAN RESOLVE 

1173
00:55:21,434 --> 00:55:22,502
LARGE PARTICLES WE CAN ASK 

1174
00:55:22,502 --> 00:55:23,169
QUESTIONS HOW DIFFERENT PARTICLE

1175
00:55:23,169 --> 00:55:29,910
TYPES ARE AFFECTED.

1176
00:55:29,910 --> 00:55:34,447
WE CONCLUDE THEY RESIST EXTRA 

1177
00:55:34,447 --> 00:55:36,483
CELLULAR CHALLENGES AT THE LEVEL

1178
00:55:36,483 --> 00:55:40,854
OF ATTACHMENT AND MEMBRANE 

1179
00:55:40,854 --> 00:55:42,756
FUSION AND WE FIND THE ABSENCE 

1180
00:55:42,756 --> 00:55:43,890
OF PRESSURE THEY'RE MORE 

1181
00:55:43,890 --> 00:55:49,029
EFFICIENT AND USE LESS RESOURCES

1182
00:55:49,029 --> 00:55:50,063
TO BUILD.

1183
00:55:50,063 --> 00:55:55,835
AND SO QUE THINK THE MIXTURES 

1184
00:55:55,835 --> 00:55:58,104
ARE IMPORTANT AND THERE'S A 

1185
00:55:58,104 --> 00:55:59,873
DIFFERENT PARTICLE TYPE THEY MAY

1186
00:55:59,873 --> 00:56:03,009
ENCOUNTER IN THE EXTRA CELLULAR 

1187
00:56:03,009 --> 00:56:05,078
SPACE.

1188
00:56:05,078 --> 00:56:10,116
BUT HOW IS VIRION SHAPE 

1189
00:56:10,116 --> 00:56:10,450
REGULATED?

1190
00:56:10,450 --> 00:56:14,654
IT HASN'T BEEN EXPLORED IN GREAT

1191
00:56:14,654 --> 00:56:16,056
DETAIL.

1192
00:56:16,056 --> 00:56:22,429
THE ASSUMPTION IS THAT THERE'S A

1193
00:56:22,429 --> 00:56:24,931
GENETIC CHANGE TO SWITCH 

1194
00:56:24,931 --> 00:56:27,434
DISTRIBUTION TO CHANGE FROM 

1195
00:56:27,434 --> 00:56:29,169
FILAMENT TO SPHERE AND A RED 

1196
00:56:29,169 --> 00:56:31,071
PARTICLE RESULTS IN MORE 

1197
00:56:31,071 --> 00:56:32,372
FILAMENTS AND THE BLUE PARTICLE 

1198
00:56:32,372 --> 00:56:37,077
MAY HAVE A MUTATION THAT RESULTS

1199
00:56:37,077 --> 00:56:41,081
IN MORE SPHERE S.

1200
00:56:41,081 --> 00:56:43,650
THE SHAPE CAN BE PHENOTYPICALLY 

1201
00:56:43,650 --> 00:56:47,420
AND IT CAN SENSE THE PRESSURE OF

1202
00:56:47,420 --> 00:56:49,189
AND RESPOND WITHOUT REQUIRING 

1203
00:56:49,189 --> 00:56:51,224
GENETIC CHANGE BY PRODUCING MORE

1204
00:56:51,224 --> 00:56:52,392
FILAMENTS OR SPHERES DEPENDING 

1205
00:56:52,392 --> 00:56:53,727
ON THE PARTICULAR NEED.

1206
00:56:53,727 --> 00:56:55,662
THE TWO SCENARIOS WE HAVE 

1207
00:56:55,662 --> 00:56:58,698
DIFFERENT CONSEQUENCES AS IT 

1208
00:56:58,698 --> 00:56:59,532
RELATES TO VIRUS ADAPTABILITY.

1209
00:56:59,532 --> 00:57:03,336
THE FORMER IS ASSUMED BUT THE 

1210
00:57:03,336 --> 00:57:04,838
LETTER IS MORE POWERFUL FOR THE 

1211
00:57:04,838 --> 00:57:06,439
VIRUS AND THIS IS ILLUSTRATE.

1212
00:57:06,439 --> 00:57:07,974
THIS IS HOW A GENETIC MODEL 

1213
00:57:07,974 --> 00:57:10,443
PLAYS OUT.

1214
00:57:10,443 --> 00:57:14,447
UNDER ATTENUATING PRESSURES THE 

1215
00:57:14,447 --> 00:57:16,716
VIRUS POPULATION IS TSHRINK AND 

1216
00:57:16,716 --> 00:57:18,451
VARIANT WOULD GENERATE A 

1217
00:57:18,451 --> 00:57:22,255
BOTTLENECK AND REDUCE DIVERSITY 

1218
00:57:22,255 --> 00:57:25,558
HAVING TO ACCUMULATE TO PER 

1219
00:57:25,558 --> 00:57:28,695
CIVILITY LONG ENOUGH AND LEAD TO

1220
00:57:28,695 --> 00:57:30,830
TRUE RESISTANCE AND COULD EXPAND

1221
00:57:30,830 --> 00:57:32,766
AND EXPAND TO FILAMENTS FIRST 

1222
00:57:32,766 --> 00:57:34,300
AND WOULD NEED ANOTHER SELECTION

1223
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:38,438
TO REVERT TO MORE EFFICIENT 

1224
00:57:38,438 --> 00:57:38,972
SPHERES.

1225
00:57:38,972 --> 00:57:43,510
IF A VIRUS CAN CHANGE IT SHAPE 

1226
00:57:43,510 --> 00:57:44,611
PHENOTYPICALLY IT CAN BE 

1227
00:57:44,611 --> 00:57:50,450
PACKAGED INTO I A -- A FILAMENT 

1228
00:57:50,450 --> 00:57:52,552
AND IF THE POPULATIONS EXIST YOU

1229
00:57:52,552 --> 00:57:56,689
MAY ARISE TO RESISTANCE BUT 

1230
00:57:56,689 --> 00:57:58,425
IMMEDIATELY THE FORMS COULD 

1231
00:57:58,425 --> 00:58:02,128
EXPAND INTO MORE SPHERES.

1232
00:58:02,128 --> 00:58:04,197
THE LATTER WOULD BE MORE 

1233
00:58:04,197 --> 00:58:06,433
EFFICIENT MECHANISM FOR THE 

1234
00:58:06,433 --> 00:58:09,069
VIRUS TO NAVIGATE A CHANGE IN 

1235
00:58:09,069 --> 00:58:11,004
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BUT WHICH 

1236
00:58:11,004 --> 00:58:11,905
ONE IS TRUE?

1237
00:58:11,905 --> 00:58:13,840
WE NEED A BETTER WAY TO STUDY 

1238
00:58:13,840 --> 00:58:14,040
SHAPE.

1239
00:58:14,040 --> 00:58:18,445
THE GOLD STANDARD IS 

1240
00:58:18,445 --> 00:58:20,680
ELECTROSCOPY AND YOU SEE VIRUS 

1241
00:58:20,680 --> 00:58:23,783
PARTICLES AND KNOW WHAT YOU'RE 

1242
00:58:23,783 --> 00:58:26,386
COUNTING BUT COUNT ON PURIFIED 

1243
00:58:26,386 --> 00:58:36,896
SAMPLES AND LABORIOUS AND WE 

1244
00:58:37,464 --> 00:58:40,366
INTERROGATE SCATTERED OF LASER 

1245
00:58:40,366 --> 00:58:46,439
LIGHT SO 4 OR 5 NANO METER AND 

1246
00:58:46,439 --> 00:58:51,177
LARGER PARTICLES AND YOU CAN SEE

1247
00:58:51,177 --> 00:58:54,114
IN THE POPULATION YOU SEE THIS 

1248
00:58:54,114 --> 00:58:55,014
CHARACTERISTIC AND IF YOU HAVE 

1249
00:58:55,014 --> 00:58:58,017
MORE FILAMENTS YOU GET THE 

1250
00:58:58,017 --> 00:58:58,451
SECOND PEAK.

1251
00:58:58,451 --> 00:59:02,088
NOW WE HAVE A WAY OF QUICKLY 

1252
00:59:02,088 --> 00:59:04,290
GETTING INFORMATION FOR MANY 

1253
00:59:04,290 --> 00:59:08,661
VIRUS PARTICLES AND WE ACHIEVE A

1254
00:59:08,661 --> 00:59:11,131
HUNDRED THOUSAND TIMES AND WE 

1255
00:59:11,131 --> 00:59:12,765
HAVE TO MANIPULATE AND 

1256
00:59:12,765 --> 00:59:14,434
CONCENTRATE THEM IN ANYWAY AND 

1257
00:59:14,434 --> 00:59:17,370
HAVE TO DILUTE THEM AND 

1258
00:59:17,370 --> 00:59:18,438
INTERROGATE AND IT'S A PROCESS 

1259
00:59:18,438 --> 00:59:24,043
TO MEASURE MANY SAMPLES IN 

1260
00:59:24,043 --> 00:59:24,544
PARALLEL.

1261
00:59:24,544 --> 00:59:25,845
WE WANTED TO ASK COULD THE 

1262
00:59:25,845 --> 00:59:27,881
PRESSURES BE SENSED IN SOME WAY 

1263
00:59:27,881 --> 00:59:30,216
AND COULD THE VIRUS RESPOND BY 

1264
00:59:30,216 --> 00:59:32,152
CHANGING THE OUTPUT SHAPE OF 

1265
00:59:32,152 --> 00:59:32,685
VIRUSES.

1266
00:59:32,685 --> 00:59:37,123
SO IN THIS EXPERIMENT WE TREATED

1267
00:59:37,123 --> 00:59:38,691
A VIRUS WITH NEUTRALIZING 

1268
00:59:38,691 --> 00:59:40,593
ANTIBODIES FOR THE FIRST FOUR 

1269
00:59:40,593 --> 00:59:45,298
HOURS TO ALLOW THE PRESSURE AND 

1270
00:59:45,298 --> 00:59:46,432
MEASURED THE SHAPE OF PARTICLES 

1271
00:59:46,432 --> 00:59:48,768
24 HOURS LATER AND WE OBSERVED 

1272
00:59:48,768 --> 00:59:51,037
AS WE INFECTIOUSED THE 

1273
00:59:51,037 --> 00:59:52,739
CONCENTRATION IN ANTIBODY -- 

1274
00:59:52,739 --> 00:59:55,341
INCREASED THE CONCENTRATION OF 

1275
00:59:55,341 --> 00:59:56,276
ANTIBODY THE RESULT PARTICLE 

1276
00:59:56,276 --> 00:59:58,311
SHANE RESPONDED BY INCREASING 

1277
00:59:58,311 --> 00:59:59,579
THE PROPORTION OF FILAMENTS.

1278
00:59:59,579 --> 01:00:04,450
THIS IS LIMITED TO NEUTRALIZING 

1279
01:00:04,450 --> 01:00:06,452
ANTIBODIES SO THOSE THAT BIND 

1280
01:00:06,452 --> 01:00:09,189
VIRUS PARTICLES BUT DON'T 

1281
01:00:09,189 --> 01:00:10,423
ATTENUATE INFECTION.

1282
01:00:10,423 --> 01:00:13,393
DID NOT RESULT IN INCREASED 

1283
01:00:13,393 --> 01:00:16,429
FILAMENTS THIS IS EXPECTED OF A 

1284
01:00:16,429 --> 01:00:17,330
METHOD FOR VIRUS RESPONSE TO THE

1285
01:00:17,330 --> 01:00:22,435
PRESENCE OF PRESSURES.

1286
01:00:22,435 --> 01:00:25,271
WE THEN ASKED ABOUT ANTIBODIES 

1287
01:00:25,271 --> 01:00:28,274
SOME CAN INHIBIT THE ASSEMBLY.

1288
01:00:28,274 --> 01:00:32,178
AS ANTIBODIES INHIBIT ASSEMBLING

1289
01:00:32,178 --> 01:00:34,113
THEY PRODUCE MORE FILAMENT.

1290
01:00:34,113 --> 01:00:38,451
IN THIS CASE THIS WAS TRUE ALSO 

1291
01:00:38,451 --> 01:00:41,020
FOR ANTIBODIES THAT BIND 

1292
01:00:41,020 --> 01:00:42,488
AFFECTED CELLS BUT DON'T 

1293
01:00:42,488 --> 01:00:44,657
INTERFERE SUGGESTING THE VIRUS 

1294
01:00:44,657 --> 01:00:46,759
RESPONDS TO MOUNTING PRESSURE 

1295
01:00:46,759 --> 01:00:49,128
BEFORE IT BECOMES POTENT AND THE

1296
01:00:49,128 --> 01:00:50,230
POPULATIONS PREPARE FOR WHAT'S 

1297
01:00:50,230 --> 01:00:51,731
TO COME.

1298
01:00:51,731 --> 01:00:53,633
THESE EFFECTS ARE FAST AND 

1299
01:00:53,633 --> 01:00:55,268
MEASURE SHAPE CHANGES AS SOON AS

1300
01:00:55,268 --> 01:00:57,337
10 MINUTES AND ADDITION TO AN 

1301
01:00:57,337 --> 01:00:58,438
ALREADY ESTABLISHED INFECTION 

1302
01:00:58,438 --> 01:01:00,840
AND VIRUSES CAN IMMEDIATELY 

1303
01:01:00,840 --> 01:01:02,442
RESPOND TO THE PRESENCE OF 

1304
01:01:02,442 --> 01:01:02,709
PRESSURES.

1305
01:01:02,709 --> 01:01:05,011
AND WE THINK THAT SHAPE TUNING 

1306
01:01:05,011 --> 01:01:08,948
IS A POWERFUL ADAPTATION 

1307
01:01:08,948 --> 01:01:09,215
STRATEGY.

1308
01:01:09,215 --> 01:01:13,720
SO WITH THIS I'D LIKE TO THANK 

1309
01:01:13,720 --> 01:01:15,421
PEOPLE HERE ED AND ANNA THE 

1310
01:01:15,421 --> 01:01:16,956
FIRST AND SECOND AUTHOR ON THE 

1311
01:01:16,956 --> 01:01:21,661
PAPER I TOLD YOU A LITTLE BIT 

1312
01:01:21,661 --> 01:01:24,764
ABOUT AND THE SECOND ROUND OF 

1313
01:01:24,764 --> 01:01:26,132
REVISIONS WHO CONTRIBUTED 

1314
01:01:26,132 --> 01:01:27,600
IMPORTANT EXPERIMENT FOR THE 

1315
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:27,800
WORK.

1316
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,436
I ALSO WANT TO BRIEFLY INTRODUCE

1317
01:01:30,436 --> 01:01:33,139
NEW MEMBERS IN THE LAB AND OTHER

1318
01:01:33,139 --> 01:01:36,509
EXCITING PROJECTS AND WE'LL BE 

1319
01:01:36,509 --> 01:01:39,746
STUDYING BIO PHYSICS OF CELL 

1320
01:01:39,746 --> 01:01:43,916
ENTRY IN OTHER VIRUSES LIKE 

1321
01:01:43,916 --> 01:01:46,452
EBOLA AND AVIAN INFLUENZA.

1322
01:01:46,452 --> 01:01:52,292
WE'RE WORKING ON THE ASSEMBLY OF

1323
01:01:52,292 --> 01:01:56,663
MECHANISMS AND OTHER PHENOTYPIC 

1324
01:01:56,663 --> 01:01:58,431
AFFINITY SUCH AS VIRUS 

1325
01:01:58,431 --> 01:02:02,435
ABROGATION IN A SHAPE THAT CAN 

1326
01:02:02,435 --> 01:02:04,904
DELIVER MORE GENOMES AND AND 

1327
01:02:04,904 --> 01:02:07,874
FINALLY KELLY AND ANTONIO ARE 

1328
01:02:07,874 --> 01:02:12,545
ASKING ABOUT DISCUSSIONS IN THE 

1329
01:02:12,545 --> 01:02:15,415
CONTEXT OF THE HOST AND HOW DO 

1330
01:02:15,415 --> 01:02:16,349
CELLS RECOGNIZE DIFFERENT 

1331
01:02:16,349 --> 01:02:17,750
PARTICLE SHAPES OR ORGANIZATIONS

1332
01:02:17,750 --> 01:02:20,687
AND WITH THIS I'D LIKE TO THANK 

1333
01:02:20,687 --> 01:02:22,488
OUR COLLABORATORS AND FUNDING 

1334
01:02:22,488 --> 01:02:28,795
SOURCES PAST AND PRESENT AND THE

1335
01:02:28,795 --> 01:02:30,196
DSP FOR THEIR SUPPORT.

1336
01:02:30,196 --> 01:02:30,463
THANK YOU.

1337
01:02:30,463 --> 01:02:32,832
I DON'T KNOW IF WE HAVE TIME FOR

1338
01:02:32,832 --> 01:02:39,005
QUESTIONS.

1339
01:02:39,005 --> 01:02:42,275
>> WE HAVE TIME FOR
QUESTIONS.

1340
01:02:42,275 --> 01:02:44,911
>> CAN I ASK A QUESTION IN
THE 

1341
01:02:44,911 --> 01:02:46,279
MEANTIME, I WAS OF WAS WONDERING

1342
01:02:46,279 --> 01:02:50,216
IF YOU HAVE ANY IDEA OF HOW 

1343
01:02:50,216 --> 01:02:54,787
VIRAL SHAPE MIGHT INTERACT WITH 

1344
01:02:54,787 --> 01:02:56,622
THE HOST CELL FUNCTION?

1345
01:02:56,622 --> 01:03:00,927
IS THERE ANY REASON WHY ONE 

1346
01:03:00,927 --> 01:03:03,229
SHAPE MIGHT BE FAVORS IN SOME 

1347
01:03:03,229 --> 01:03:07,266
INFECTED CELLS VERSUS OTHERS?

1348
01:03:07,266 --> 01:03:09,702
>> UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF

1349
01:03:09,702 --> 01:03:10,470
AFFILIATION FILAMENTS ARE LIKELY

1350
01:03:10,470 --> 01:03:13,239
TO ENTER BUT THERE'S A 

1351
01:03:13,239 --> 01:03:13,873
DIFFERENCE.

1352
01:03:13,873 --> 01:03:15,608
SO DIFFERENT PARTICLES ENTER 

1353
01:03:15,608 --> 01:03:20,079
USING DIFFERENT PATHWAYS.

1354
01:03:20,079 --> 01:03:25,385
SOME ENTER BYCYTOSIS AND OTHERS 

1355
01:03:25,385 --> 01:03:27,987
BY MACRO PHENOCYTOSIS AND THEY 

1356
01:03:27,987 --> 01:03:30,123
MUST BIND AND THIS IS ONE OF THE

1357
01:03:30,123 --> 01:03:31,324
GREAT INTERESTS IN UNDERSTANDING

1358
01:03:31,324 --> 01:03:34,093
WHAT IS SENSED BECAUSE WE THINK 

1359
01:03:34,093 --> 01:03:36,028
ABOUT THE PARTICLES AS BEING 

1360
01:03:36,028 --> 01:03:38,398
SMALLER OR BIGGER SAME THING, 

1361
01:03:38,398 --> 01:03:38,598
RIGHT.

1362
01:03:38,598 --> 01:03:41,334
LIKE THE SCALE SURFACE PROTEINS 

1363
01:03:41,334 --> 01:03:42,435
WITH SIZE IS.

1364
01:03:42,435 --> 01:03:45,304
IT'S BASICALLY SAME INTERACTIONS

1365
01:03:45,304 --> 01:03:47,240
AND MULTI-VALENT INTERACTIONS.

1366
01:03:47,240 --> 01:03:49,075
SO WHAT IS PERCEIVED AS THE 

1367
01:03:49,075 --> 01:03:50,843
DIFFERENCE IS A VERY IMPORTANT 

1368
01:03:50,843 --> 01:03:54,380
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION WE'RE 

1369
01:03:54,380 --> 01:03:57,316
EXCITED ABOUT ANSWERING.

1370
01:03:57,316 --> 01:04:05,258
>> COULD YOU USE YOUR FLOW

1371
01:04:05,258 --> 01:04:07,293
VIROMETRY METHOD TO ANSWER OR A 

1372
01:04:07,293 --> 01:04:09,695
QUESTION OF TWO POPULATIONS 

1373
01:04:09,695 --> 01:04:13,599
VERSUS NON-GENETIC?

1374
01:04:13,599 --> 01:04:17,637
>> SO HERE'S THE THING,
YES, WE 

1375
01:04:17,637 --> 01:04:18,237
CAN SORT.

1376
01:04:18,237 --> 01:04:20,173
NOT THE SAME LEVEL OF 

1377
01:04:20,173 --> 01:04:26,712
DEVELOPMENT AS ALICE'S.'S A TRI 

1378
01:04:26,712 --> 01:04:29,749
INSTRUMENTS CAN DO BUT WANT TO 

1379
01:04:29,749 --> 01:04:32,518
SORT AND SEQUENCE.

1380
01:04:32,518 --> 01:04:38,257
BUT TO ADDRESS YOUR QUESTION, 

1381
01:04:38,257 --> 01:04:42,261
WE'VE GOTTEN TO THE QUESTION OF 

1382
01:04:42,261 --> 01:04:46,265
GENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CHANGE 

1383
01:04:46,265 --> 01:04:49,969
SHAPE BUT ANY CHANGE THAT 

1384
01:04:49,969 --> 01:04:54,207
ATTENUATE THE FUNCTION, 

1385
01:04:54,207 --> 01:04:55,241
ENCODING, REPLICATION, 

1386
01:04:55,241 --> 01:04:57,643
TRANSCRIPTION WILL HAVE A RESULT

1387
01:04:57,643 --> 01:05:00,146
OF INCREASING FILAMENTS BUT IT'S

1388
01:05:00,146 --> 01:05:02,281
NOT NECESSARILY A DIRECT EFFECT 

1389
01:05:02,281 --> 01:05:05,451
ON ASSEMBLY.

1390
01:05:05,451 --> 01:05:07,286
AND SO NOW WE'RE TRYING TO 

1391
01:05:07,286 --> 01:05:13,025
FIGURE OUT WHAT ARE TRUE GENETIC

1392
01:05:13,025 --> 01:05:13,259
CHANGES.

1393
01:05:13,259 --> 01:05:18,598
N BE ENRICHED FOR ONE FORM

1394
01:05:18,598 --> 01:05:21,434
AND SEE THE EXACT SAME SF

1395
01:05:21,434 --> 01:05:21,701
PARTICLES.

1396
01:05:21,701 --> 01:05:26,005
THE OUTPUT IS IDENTICAL IN SHAPE

1397
01:05:26,005 --> 01:05:27,907
AND-YEAR- YIELD AND EVERYTHING.

1398
01:05:27,907 --> 01:05:30,510
THERE'S NO INDICATION -- AT 

1399
01:05:30,510 --> 01:05:31,878
LEAST IN A MIXED POPULATION 

1400
01:05:31,878 --> 01:05:32,979
DIFFERENT TYPES BUT OTHER 

1401
01:05:32,979 --> 01:05:36,082
MUTATIONS PROBABLY THERE ARE BUT

1402
01:05:36,082 --> 01:05:41,988
IT'S A TRICKY THING TO GET AT.

1403
01:05:41,988 --> 01:05:45,992
THANK YOU.

1404
01:05:48,561 --> 01:05:50,129
E'RE TO TAKE A 

1405
01:05:50,129 --> 01:05:52,064
SHORT BREAK AND START AGAINTA 

1406
01:05:52,064 --> 01:05:52,465
PROMPTLY AT 2:20.

1407
01:05:52,465 --> 01:05:52,732
THANK YOU.

1408
01:05:52,732 --> 01:05:52,798
 

1409
01:05:56,651 --> 01:06:01,155
>> OKAY.

1410
01:06:01,155 --> 01:06:02,557
WELCOME BACK, EVERYBODY.

1411
01:06:02,557 --> 01:06:05,026
WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE OUR 

1412
01:06:05,026 --> 01:06:13,768
SESSION OF 2023 DSP SCHOLARS

1413
01:06:13,768 --> 01:06:24,312
WITH-DR. JULIETA LISCHINSKY AND 

1414
01:06:28,016 --> 01:06:29,450
TALKING ABOUT THE HARD WIRED TO 

1415
01:06:29,450 --> 01:06:30,752
ATTACK UNCOVERING THE 

1416
01:06:30,752 --> 01:06:32,687
DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULAR 

1417
01:06:32,687 --> 01:06:35,723
MECHANISM AND SOCIAL PE HAFRZ AF

1418
01:06:35,723 --> 01:06:36,124
AND LIMBIC SYSTEM.

1419
01:06:36,124 --> 01:06:38,493
>> A BEHAVIOR IS MATING.

1420
01:06:38,493 --> 01:06:39,861
WHEN ONE WANTS TO START A FAMILY

1421
01:06:39,861 --> 01:06:42,030
AND HAVE CHILDREN AND THE 

1422
01:06:42,030 --> 01:06:44,732
OPPOSITE IS AGGRESSION ESSENTIAL

1423
01:06:44,732 --> 01:06:47,435
FOR PROTECTING ONE'S SELF AND 

1424
01:06:47,435 --> 01:06:48,736
ONE'S FAMILY AS WELL AS SECURING

1425
01:06:48,736 --> 01:06:49,671
RESOURCES.

1426
01:06:49,671 --> 01:06:53,675
WE SEE AN EXAMPLE OF THE 

1427
01:06:53,675 --> 01:06:57,612
AGGRESSION DURING THE SUPER BOWL

1428
01:06:57,612 --> 01:06:59,681
WHEN TRAVIS KELCE PUSHED THE 

1429
01:06:59,681 --> 01:07:00,815
HEAD COACH.

1430
01:07:00,815 --> 01:07:03,851
WE CAN SEE HOW THIS IS SHARED 

1431
01:07:03,851 --> 01:07:05,620
ACROSS SPECIES.

1432
01:07:05,620 --> 01:07:07,088
WHAT'S MOST INTERESTING ABOUT 

1433
01:07:07,088 --> 01:07:08,056
THE INNATE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS IS 

1434
01:07:08,056 --> 01:07:13,728
THEY'RE UNLEARNED AN CAN TAKE 

1435
01:07:13,728 --> 01:07:16,230
PLACE WITHOUT PRIOR EXPERIENCE.

1436
01:07:16,230 --> 01:07:18,766
OUR MAIN GOAL IS TO UNDERSTAND 

1437
01:07:18,766 --> 01:07:20,702
HOW THE BRAIN IS PROCESSING 

1438
01:07:20,702 --> 01:07:21,636
SOCIAL INFORMATION AS WELL AS 

1439
01:07:21,636 --> 01:07:23,137
SOCIAL BEHAVIORS.

1440
01:07:23,137 --> 01:07:25,974
SO TO TACKLE THE QUESTION WE 

1441
01:07:25,974 --> 01:07:27,875
TAKE THE MULTI-LEVEL APPROACH.

1442
01:07:27,875 --> 01:07:30,545
WE FIRST LOOK AT THE CELLS AND 

1443
01:07:30,545 --> 01:07:32,547
IDENTIFY WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR 

1444
01:07:32,547 --> 01:07:34,716
IDENTITY AND THE NEURAL 

1445
01:07:34,716 --> 01:07:40,955
RESPONSES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL 

1446
01:07:40,955 --> 01:07:44,993
POPULATIONS ACROSS THE LIMBIC 

1447
01:07:44,993 --> 01:07:47,562
SYSTEMS AND WE'RE SEEING TO THE 

1448
01:07:47,562 --> 01:07:50,365
MECHANISMS FOR THE PROCESSING OF

1449
01:07:50,365 --> 01:07:52,834
THESE SOCIAL INFORMATION AS WELL

1450
01:07:52,834 --> 01:07:54,802
AS SOCIAL BEHAVIORS BOTH IN 

1451
01:07:54,802 --> 01:08:00,041
DEVELOPMENT AND IN ADULTHOOD.

1452
01:08:00,041 --> 01:08:03,578
AND THE CIRCUITS REGULATE 

1453
01:08:03,578 --> 01:08:05,880
BEHAVIOR AND INTERESTED IN 

1454
01:08:05,880 --> 01:08:07,749
ELUCIDATING THE FUNCTIONAL 

1455
01:08:07,749 --> 01:08:09,384
RELEVANCE OF POPULATIONS AN 

1456
01:08:09,384 --> 01:08:12,253
CIRCUITS FOR INFANT AND ADULT 

1457
01:08:12,253 --> 01:08:12,954
SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND ALSO 

1458
01:08:12,954 --> 01:08:18,092
INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING HOW 

1459
01:08:18,092 --> 01:08:21,596
IS THE ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS 

1460
01:08:21,596 --> 01:08:22,964
ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS GOING TO 

1461
01:08:22,964 --> 01:08:24,732
DISRUPT THE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS 

1462
01:08:24,732 --> 01:08:32,040
ACROSS THE LIFE TIME.

1463
01:08:32,040 --> 01:08:33,508
STO  TO 

1464
01:08:34,542 --> 01:08:37,445
TO INVESTIGATE WE CAN LOOK AT 

1465
01:08:37,445 --> 01:08:40,648
DIFFERENT INTRUDERS INTO THE 

1466
01:08:40,648 --> 01:08:42,250
ANIMAL CAGE AND THE MALE MOUSE 

1467
01:08:42,250 --> 01:08:44,152
WILL TRY TO DETERMINE IF THIS IS

1468
01:08:44,152 --> 01:08:47,021
GOING TO BE A FRIEND OR FOE AND 

1469
01:08:47,021 --> 01:08:48,389
THEN PERFORM THE APPROPRIATE 

1470
01:08:48,389 --> 01:08:49,190
MODEL RESPONSE.

1471
01:08:49,190 --> 01:08:52,360
IF WE INTRODUCE A FEMALE INTO 

1472
01:08:52,360 --> 01:08:56,130
THE MALE MOUSE'S CAGE THEY'LL 

1473
01:08:56,130 --> 01:08:57,198
TRY TO MATE.

1474
01:08:57,198 --> 01:08:58,666
IF WE INTRODUCE THE MALE HE'LL 

1475
01:08:58,666 --> 01:09:00,134
TRY TO ATTACK THE OTHER MALE.

1476
01:09:00,134 --> 01:09:04,305
IN ORDER TO STUDY HOW THESE 

1477
01:09:04,305 --> 01:09:09,277
SENSORY INFORMATION IS ITERATE 

1478
01:09:09,277 --> 01:09:14,849
AS THE RESPONSE WE LOOK AT THE 

1479
01:09:14,849 --> 01:09:15,850
AMYGDALA.

1480
01:09:15,850 --> 01:09:26,360
WE ABBREVIATE AS  AND  -- MEA 

1481
01:09:29,363 --> 01:09:32,266
AND WE HAVE THE MOTOR RESPONSE.

1482
01:09:32,266 --> 01:09:39,874
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS 

1483
01:09:39,874 --> 01:09:42,844
AND THE DORSAL PORTION IS 

1484
01:09:42,844 --> 01:09:46,447
COMPRISED OF GABAERGIC CELLS.

1485
01:09:46,447 --> 01:09:49,484
THESE CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 

1486
01:09:49,484 --> 01:09:53,421
THE GENERATION OF MATING AS WELL

1487
01:09:53,421 --> 01:09:57,859
AS AGGRESSION AND IN AN 

1488
01:09:57,859 --> 01:10:00,495
INTENSITY DEVELOPED FASHION.

1489
01:10:00,495 --> 01:10:02,563
HOW HAVE THE CELLS IMPLICATED IN

1490
01:10:02,563 --> 01:10:04,732
THE PRODUCTION OF THESE VERY 

1491
01:10:04,732 --> 01:10:06,767
DIVERSE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS TO HAVE

1492
01:10:06,767 --> 01:10:09,804
SPECIFIC SENSORY TRIGGERS AND 

1493
01:10:09,804 --> 01:10:12,340
DEFINED STEREOTYPE OUTPUTS.

1494
01:10:12,340 --> 01:10:15,843
AND THE POPULATIONS WITHIN THE 

1495
01:10:15,843 --> 01:10:20,648
GABAERGIC CELLS IMPLICATED AND I

1496
01:10:20,648 --> 01:10:22,350
WANTED TO TAKE A DEVELOPMENT 

1497
01:10:22,350 --> 01:10:23,518
APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER 

1498
01:10:23,518 --> 01:10:26,787
THE SUBSTRATES FOR THE SOCIAL 

1499
01:10:26,787 --> 01:10:27,855
BEHAVIORS COULD BE 

1500
01:10:27,855 --> 01:10:28,756
DEVELOPMENTALLY DEFINED.

1501
01:10:28,756 --> 01:10:33,294
SO THIS END I LOOKED AT TWO 

1502
01:10:33,294 --> 01:10:35,563
DISTINCT POPULATIONS EXPRESSING 

1503
01:10:35,563 --> 01:10:37,598
THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND 

1504
01:10:37,598 --> 01:10:45,573
DURING THE BRAND OF DEVELOPMENT 

1505
01:10:45,573 --> 01:10:47,575
WE SEE THE AREA THAT GIVES RIGS 

1506
01:10:47,575 --> 01:10:58,119
TO THE AMYGDALA AND THEY'RE PARS

1507
01:11:00,588 --> 01:11:04,058
LA

1508
01:11:04,058 --> 01:11:04,458
ELATED AND THEIR 

1509
01:11:04,458 --> 01:11:04,825
NON-OVERLAPPING.

1510
01:11:04,825 --> 01:11:06,394
DURING MY Ph.D. AND POSTDOC I 

1511
01:11:06,394 --> 01:11:11,499
OBSERVED THE POPULATIONS WERE 

1512
01:11:11,499 --> 01:11:13,601
SPATIALLY POPULATED AND HAD 

1513
01:11:13,601 --> 01:11:16,170
DISTINCT MOLECULAR IDENTITIES 

1514
01:11:16,170 --> 01:11:17,805
AND PROFILES.

1515
01:11:17,805 --> 01:11:20,508
AND THIS IS IN THE IN VIVO 

1516
01:11:20,508 --> 01:11:22,910
RESPONSES DURING SOCIAL 

1517
01:11:22,910 --> 01:11:24,478
BEHAVIORS AS WELL AS IN THEIR 

1518
01:11:24,478 --> 01:11:26,948
CIRCUIT CONNECTIVITY.

1519
01:11:26,948 --> 01:11:29,584
I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON SHARE SOME

1520
01:11:29,584 --> 01:11:32,987
OF THE PAST AND CURRENT WORK 

1521
01:11:32,987 --> 01:11:33,588
WE'RE PERFORMING.

1522
01:11:33,588 --> 01:11:41,596
FIRST WE WANTED TO UNDERSTAND 

1523
01:11:41,596 --> 01:11:44,765
WHETHER THEY HAVE INCREASES IN 

1524
01:11:44,765 --> 01:11:46,667
NEURAL ACTIVITY DURING DISTINCT 

1525
01:11:46,667 --> 01:11:48,736
BEHAVIORS IN FREELY MOVING MALE 

1526
01:11:48,736 --> 01:11:48,970
MICE.

1527
01:11:48,970 --> 01:11:52,640
IN ORDER TO MEASURE ACTIVITY WE 

1528
01:11:52,640 --> 01:11:54,442
INJECT THE CALCIUM INDICATOR 

1529
01:11:54,442 --> 01:11:57,878
INTO THE AMYGDALA AND THEN 

1530
01:11:57,878 --> 01:12:01,482
RECORD AFTER PLACING AN OPTIC 

1531
01:12:01,482 --> 01:12:03,551
FIBER CHANGES AND THE CHANGES 

1532
01:12:03,551 --> 01:12:06,320
SERVE AS A PROXY FOR NEURONAL 

1533
01:12:06,320 --> 01:12:09,590
ACTIVITY.

1534
01:12:09,590 --> 01:12:20,101
HERE A VIDEO OF OUR THIS IS A 

1535
01:12:26,641 --> 01:12:30,778
VIDEO FROM OUR MALE YOU CAN SEE 

1536
01:12:30,778 --> 01:12:33,114
HAS A BLACK FUR AND IN THE Y 

1537
01:12:33,114 --> 01:12:36,117
AXIS WE SEE THE CHANGES IN 

1538
01:12:36,117 --> 01:12:38,386
DYNAMICS AND NEURONAL ACTIVITY 

1539
01:12:38,386 --> 01:12:44,158
ON THE X AXIS WE CAN SEE HOW THE

1540
01:12:44,158 --> 01:12:45,326
MALE RESIDENT MOUSE IS 

1541
01:12:45,326 --> 01:12:50,431
INVESTIGATING AND NOW HE'S GOING

1542
01:12:50,431 --> 01:12:54,168
TO INVESTIGATE THE MOUSE IN THE 

1543
01:12:54,168 --> 01:12:56,203
CAGE AND WE SEE NICE INCREASES 

1544
01:12:56,203 --> 01:12:58,139
IN ACTIVITY ESPECIALLY NOW THE 

1545
01:12:58,139 --> 01:13:00,574
MOUSE IS DIFFERENT.

1546
01:13:00,574 --> 01:13:02,677
HE JUST ATTACKED OUR INTRUDER 

1547
01:13:02,677 --> 01:13:03,944
AND SEE ROBUST DIFFERENCES IN 

1548
01:13:03,944 --> 01:13:06,147
ACTIVITY AND NOW THE MICE IS 

1549
01:13:06,147 --> 01:13:09,684
SNIFFING AGAIN AND SEE THIS VERY

1550
01:13:09,684 --> 01:13:12,753
NICE ACTIVITY.

1551
01:13:12,753 --> 01:13:13,587
WE CAN ALSO INVESTIGATE WHETHER 

1552
01:13:13,587 --> 01:13:15,456
THE CELLS ARE RESPONDING DURING 

1553
01:13:15,456 --> 01:13:16,791
SEXUAL BEHAVIORS.

1554
01:13:16,791 --> 01:13:19,860
WE CAN INTRODUCE THE FEMALE IN 

1555
01:13:19,860 --> 01:13:21,595
THE CAGE OF THE MALE MOUSE AND 

1556
01:13:21,595 --> 01:13:25,599
HOUR MALE IS INVESTIGATING AND 

1557
01:13:25,599 --> 01:13:28,903
WE CAN SEE HERE THERE'S NO 

1558
01:13:28,903 --> 01:13:29,904
CHANGES IN THE NEURAL ACTIVITY 

1559
01:13:29,904 --> 01:13:31,639
OF THE CELLS DURING THE SEXUAL 

1560
01:13:31,639 --> 01:13:31,906
BEHAVIORS.

1561
01:13:31,906 --> 01:13:35,209
THIS IS IN DIRE CONTRAST TO THE 

1562
01:13:35,209 --> 01:13:38,479
NEURAL RESPONSES DURING THE 

1563
01:13:38,479 --> 01:13:41,182
PRESENTATION OF A MALE.

1564
01:13:41,182 --> 01:13:42,316
THERE'S ROBUST INCREASES IN 

1565
01:13:42,316 --> 01:13:48,489
NEURAL ACTIVITY BUT NO CHANGES 

1566
01:13:48,489 --> 01:13:54,495
DURING MALE UNDERGOING SEXUAL 

1567
01:13:54,495 --> 01:13:59,800
BEHAVIOR WITH THE FEMALE.

1568
01:13:59,800 --> 01:14:03,871
WE HAVE SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR TIMES 

1569
01:14:03,871 --> 01:14:06,674
0 OVER THE Y AXIS THE CHANGES IN

1570
01:14:06,674 --> 01:14:07,875
NEURONAL ACTIVITY.

1571
01:14:07,875 --> 01:14:09,577
WE SEE DURING THE PRESENTATION 

1572
01:14:09,577 --> 01:14:12,680
OF A MALE MOUSE THERE'S 

1573
01:14:12,680 --> 01:14:15,883
INCREASES IN THE NEURAL ACTIVITY

1574
01:14:15,883 --> 01:14:21,722
OF THE AMYGDALA FOX P2 CELLS 

1575
01:14:21,722 --> 01:14:25,393
DURING INVESTIGATION AND ATTACK.

1576
01:14:25,393 --> 01:14:26,861
HOWEVER WHOEVER WHEN WE 

1577
01:14:26,861 --> 01:14:28,396
INTRODUCE THE FEMALE THERE'S NO 

1578
01:14:28,396 --> 01:14:34,268
CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND

1579
01:14:34,268 --> 01:14:36,370
THIS IS DONE IN MICE WITH NO 

1580
01:14:36,370 --> 01:14:37,605
SEXUAL EXPERIENCE AND WHAT ARE 

1581
01:14:37,605 --> 01:14:39,006
THE RESPONSES?

1582
01:14:39,006 --> 01:14:41,575
SO TO THIS END WE LOOKED AT THE 

1583
01:14:41,575 --> 01:14:43,210
DIFFERENT GROUPS AND A GROUP 

1584
01:14:43,210 --> 01:14:45,579
WITH NO SOCIAL EXPERIENCE AND A 

1585
01:14:45,579 --> 01:14:47,548
GROUP WITH SOCIAL EXPERIENCE BUT

1586
01:14:47,548 --> 01:14:49,583
WAS NOT AGGRESSIVE AND AN 

1587
01:14:49,583 --> 01:14:50,951
EXPERIENCED GROUP THAT HAD 

1588
01:14:50,951 --> 01:14:52,686
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE AND WAS ALSO 

1589
01:14:52,686 --> 01:14:52,987
AGGRESSIVE.

1590
01:14:52,987 --> 01:14:56,123
SO WE CAN AGAIN SEE THEHISTO 

1591
01:14:56,123 --> 01:14:58,959
GRAMS WE SEE THE RESPONSES OF 

1592
01:14:58,959 --> 01:15:01,128
THE NAIVE MOUSE INCREASED DURING

1593
01:15:01,128 --> 01:15:02,396
THE INVESTIGATION OF A MALE 

1594
01:15:02,396 --> 01:15:04,098
HOWEVER, AFTER THE REPEATED 

1595
01:15:04,098 --> 01:15:07,468
SOCIAL EXPERIENCES WE SEE THE 

1596
01:15:07,468 --> 01:15:09,170
RESPONSES TO THE MALE 

1597
01:15:09,170 --> 01:15:10,805
INVESTIGATION BECOME VERY 

1598
01:15:10,805 --> 01:15:11,238
ROBUST.

1599
01:15:11,238 --> 01:15:13,474
THERE'S AN INCREASE IN RESPONSE 

1600
01:15:13,474 --> 01:15:14,942
IN EXPERIENCE IS AGGRESSIVE MICE

1601
01:15:14,942 --> 01:15:16,644
AND SEE THERE'S A DECREASE IN 

1602
01:15:16,644 --> 01:15:18,579
THE LATENCY FOR THE CELLS TO 

1603
01:15:18,579 --> 01:15:18,946
RESPOND.

1604
01:15:18,946 --> 01:15:21,582
IT APPEARS WITH THE REPEATED 

1605
01:15:21,582 --> 01:15:24,084
SOCIAL ENCOUNTERS THE AMYGDALA 

1606
01:15:24,084 --> 01:15:27,455
CELLS ARE BECOMING MORE REFINED.

1607
01:15:27,455 --> 01:15:30,458
THE NEXT QUESTION WE HAVE IS ARE

1608
01:15:30,458 --> 01:15:31,926
THE CELLS GOING TO BE 

1609
01:15:31,926 --> 01:15:33,894
FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT FOR SOCIAL

1610
01:15:33,894 --> 01:15:36,664
BEHAVIORS?

1611
01:15:36,664 --> 01:15:39,867
SO TO THIS END WE USED TOOLS TO 

1612
01:15:39,867 --> 01:15:46,273
INJECT A RECEPTOR EXCLUSIVELY AC

1613
01:15:46,273 --> 01:15:49,410
ACTIVATED BY A DESIGNER DRUG TO 

1614
01:15:49,410 --> 01:15:52,346
ACT VEIL THE CNL.

1615
01:15:52,346 --> 01:15:57,618
WE SEE IN PINK THE MICE DO NOT 

1616
01:15:57,618 --> 01:16:01,489
HAVE SOCIAL EXPERIENCE AFTER 

1617
01:16:01,489 --> 01:16:03,891
REACTIVATE THE FOX P2 CELLS ALL 

1618
01:16:03,891 --> 01:16:05,593
THE MALE MICE BECOME AGGRESSIVE 

1619
01:16:05,593 --> 01:16:11,799
AND THERE'S AN INCREASED TIME 

1620
01:16:11,799 --> 01:16:12,399
THEY SPEND ATTACK.

1621
01:16:12,399 --> 01:16:15,302
ON THE OTHER HAND WE CAN TRAIN 

1622
01:16:15,302 --> 01:16:17,571
MICE TO BE VERY AGGRESSIVE AND 

1623
01:16:17,571 --> 01:16:20,574
THEN SILENCE THE FOX P2 CELLS.

1624
01:16:20,574 --> 01:16:24,745
WHEN WE SILENCE THE CELLS WE SEE

1625
01:16:24,745 --> 01:16:27,781
MICE THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY 

1626
01:16:27,781 --> 01:16:29,583
ATTACKING SHOW LITTLE OR NO 

1627
01:16:29,583 --> 01:16:33,587
ATTACK BEHAVIOR.

1628
01:16:33,587 --> 01:16:37,591
IT APPEARS THE CELLS ARE 

1629
01:16:37,591 --> 01:16:43,364
BI-DIRECTIONALLY MODULATING 

1630
01:16:43,364 --> 01:16:47,501
AGGRESSION AND ANOTHER QUESTION 

1631
01:16:47,501 --> 01:16:50,504
WE'RE INVESTIGATING ARE THE 

1632
01:16:50,504 --> 01:16:53,040
RESPONSES GOING TO BE SEXUALLY 

1633
01:16:53,040 --> 01:16:53,440
DIMORPHIC?

1634
01:16:53,440 --> 01:16:55,442
HOW ABOUT IN FEMALE MICE?

1635
01:16:55,442 --> 01:16:59,513
WE HAVE DATA LIKE WE'VE DONE IN 

1636
01:16:59,513 --> 01:17:01,248
FEMALES AND MALES AND THE MICE 

1637
01:17:01,248 --> 01:17:04,852
ARE RUNNING ON A WHEEL AND WE 

1638
01:17:04,852 --> 01:17:06,587
CAN PRESENT DIFFERENT SOCIAL 

1639
01:17:06,587 --> 01:17:07,621
CUES.

1640
01:17:07,621 --> 01:17:09,290
HERE'S THE RESPONSES FROM 

1641
01:17:09,290 --> 01:17:14,028
FEMALES AND WE CAN SEE THERE'S 

1642
01:17:14,028 --> 01:17:16,096
AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSES OF 

1643
01:17:16,096 --> 01:17:17,598
A MALE AS WELL AS INCREASES IN 

1644
01:17:17,598 --> 01:17:19,767
THE RESPONSES TOWARDS A MALE.

1645
01:17:19,767 --> 01:17:21,569
SO WE WANTED TO TAKE THIS A STEP

1646
01:17:21,569 --> 01:17:23,504
FURTHER AND BE ABLE TO 

1647
01:17:23,504 --> 01:17:24,405
UNDERSTAND WHETHER THE SAME 

1648
01:17:24,405 --> 01:17:26,640
CELLS ARE RESPONDING TO BOTH 

1649
01:17:26,640 --> 01:17:31,579
MALE AND FEMALE QUEUE OR WHETHER

1650
01:17:31,579 --> 01:17:33,314
WE CAN HAVE DISTINCT WITHIN THE 

1651
01:17:33,314 --> 01:17:34,448
POPULATION SOME RESPOND TO MALES

1652
01:17:34,448 --> 01:17:36,717
AND SOME TO FEMALES.

1653
01:17:36,717 --> 01:17:39,253
TO THIS END VERY TALENTED 

1654
01:17:39,253 --> 01:17:42,323
POSTDOC IN THE LAB HAS BEEN 

1655
01:17:42,323 --> 01:17:44,158
PERFORMING SINGLE CELL IMAGING 

1656
01:17:44,158 --> 01:17:46,260
IN FREELY MOVING MICE WHERE WE 

1657
01:17:46,260 --> 01:17:49,563
CAN RECORD FROM THE AMYGDALA 

1658
01:17:49,563 --> 01:17:50,664
CELLS AT THE SINGLE CELL LEVEL 

1659
01:17:50,664 --> 01:17:57,271
AND SEE AN IMAGE OF OUR FEMALE 

1660
01:17:57,271 --> 01:18:00,007
MOUSE WITH THE SCOPE AND WE'RE 

1661
01:18:00,007 --> 01:18:01,375
REPORTING.

1662
01:18:01,375 --> 01:18:04,612
I'LL SHOW YOU A SNEAK PEEK OF 

1663
01:18:04,612 --> 01:18:06,280
WHAT THESE LOOK LIKE AND WE'RE 

1664
01:18:06,280 --> 01:18:09,850
ACTIVITY COLLECTING THE DATA.

1665
01:18:09,850 --> 01:18:12,186
WE CA IN SEE IN THE TOP LEFT WE 

1666
01:18:12,186 --> 01:18:13,587
HAVE OUR FIELD OF VIEW WITH ALL 

1667
01:18:13,587 --> 01:18:16,156
THE CELLS OF INTEREST AND THE 

1668
01:18:16,156 --> 01:18:23,697
ROIs AND TO THE TOP RIGHT CELL 

1669
01:18:23,697 --> 01:18:29,169
TRACES FROM EACH CELL.

1670
01:18:29,169 --> 01:18:31,338
AND AND WE SEE WHAT IS 

1671
01:18:31,338 --> 01:18:35,976
INVESTIGATING A JUVENILE 

1672
01:18:35,976 --> 01:18:38,679
INTRUDER PLACED IN THE CAGE.

1673
01:18:38,679 --> 01:18:39,880
SHE'S INVESTIGATING AND SEEING 

1674
01:18:39,880 --> 01:18:45,552
HOW THE KRE CELLS ARE RESPONDIN 

1675
01:18:45,552 --> 01:18:49,323
DURING THE INVESTIGATION.

1676
01:18:49,323 --> 01:18:51,492
WE SEE OTHERS ARE NOT.

1677
01:18:51,492 --> 01:18:52,426
WE CAN BETTER INFORMATION THE 

1678
01:18:52,426 --> 01:18:54,194
NEURAL RESPONSES OF THIS CELLS 

1679
01:18:54,194 --> 01:18:56,130
DURING THE PRESENTATION OF THE 

1680
01:18:56,130 --> 01:18:57,164
DIFFERENT SOCIAL CUES AS THE 

1681
01:18:57,164 --> 01:19:01,101
MOUSE IS FREELY MOVING.

1682
01:19:01,101 --> 01:19:06,273
IN SUMMARY THE AMYGDALA FOX P2 

1683
01:19:06,273 --> 01:19:08,108
CELLS IN MICE APPEAR TO RESPOND 

1684
01:19:08,108 --> 01:19:11,545
DURING MALE INVESTIGATION AND 

1685
01:19:11,545 --> 01:19:15,949
ATTACK AND HAVE SPECIFIC CIR

1686
01:19:15,949 --> 01:19:21,555
CIRCUITRY AND MODULATING 

1687
01:19:21,555 --> 01:19:24,458
AGGRESSIONS ESSENTIAL FOR 

1688
01:19:24,458 --> 01:19:27,127
TERRITORIAL AGGRESSION EVEN IN 

1689
01:19:27,127 --> 01:19:29,263
MICE WITH MINIMAL OR NO SOCIAL 

1690
01:19:29,263 --> 01:19:33,233
EXPERIENCE AND THINK IT WILL BE 

1691
01:19:33,233 --> 01:19:34,401
PREDICTIVE OF BEHAVIORAL 

1692
01:19:34,401 --> 01:19:35,569
RESPONSES EVEN WITH NO OR 

1693
01:19:35,569 --> 01:19:36,170
MINIMAL EXPERIENCE.

1694
01:19:36,170 --> 01:19:37,504
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND I'D 

1695
01:19:37,504 --> 01:19:41,508
LIKE TO GIVE A BIG THANK YOU TO 

1696
01:19:41,508 --> 01:19:45,546
OUR GROUP ESPECIALLY TO THE 

1697
01:19:45,546 --> 01:19:49,316
FINDING MEMBERS OF OUR LAB AND 

1698
01:19:49,316 --> 01:19:55,055
IT'S BEEN SO GREAT TO SET UP THE

1699
01:19:55,055 --> 01:19:57,024
LAB WITH THE TALENTED AN 

1700
01:19:57,024 --> 01:19:59,993
MOTIVATED SCIENTISTS AND I'D 

1701
01:19:59,993 --> 01:20:04,765
LIKE TO THANK OUR COLLABORATORS 

1702
01:20:04,765 --> 01:20:09,503
AND OUR FUNDING SOURCES.

1703
01:20:09,503 --> 01:20:10,671
WE'RE RECRUITING FOR MEMBERS TO 

1704
01:20:10,671 --> 01:20:12,372
JOIN OUR GROUP SO FEEL FREE TO 

1705
01:20:12,372 --> 01:20:14,441
REACH OUT.

1706
01:20:14,441 --> 01:20:21,548
WE HAVE POSTDOC AND POST-BAC 

1707
01:20:21,548 --> 01:20:25,552
POSITIONS AVAILABLE LOOKING AT 

1708
01:20:25,552 --> 01:20:25,953
SOCIAL BEHAVIORS.

1709
01:20:25,953 --> 01:20:36,130
THANK YOU.

1710
01:20:37,598 --> 01:20:43,337
>> SAY HOW THE CIRCUITS
MIGHT BE

1711
01:20:43,337 --> 01:20:46,974
RELEVANT IN HUMANS?

1712
01:20:46,974 --> 01:20:49,643
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THESE INNATE

1713
01:20:49,643 --> 01:20:51,845
BEHAVIORS DON'T NECESSARY 

1714
01:20:51,845 --> 01:20:53,547
TRANSLATE EXACTLY TO HOW IT 

1715
01:20:53,547 --> 01:20:55,282
WORKS IN HUMANS BUT THERE MIGHT 

1716
01:20:55,282 --> 01:20:57,851
BE SOME PARALLELS THERE.

1717
01:20:57,851 --> 01:21:00,621
>> YES SO THAT'S A GREAT 

1718
01:21:00,621 --> 01:21:00,888
QUESTION.

1719
01:21:00,888 --> 01:21:04,925
SO ON THE AMYGDALA ANOTHER 

1720
01:21:04,925 --> 01:21:06,760
STRUCTURE SUCH AS THE 

1721
01:21:06,760 --> 01:21:11,365
HYPOTHALAMUS ARE HIGHLY 

1722
01:21:11,365 --> 01:21:13,534
CONSERVED ACROSS SPECIES.

1723
01:21:13,534 --> 01:21:17,237
THE AMYGDALA HAS BEEN OBSERVED 

1724
01:21:17,237 --> 01:21:21,475
IN LESION STUDIES IN NON HUMAN 

1725
01:21:21,475 --> 01:21:24,044
PRIMATES TO BE RELEVANT FOR 

1726
01:21:24,044 --> 01:21:25,512
AGGRESSION.

1727
01:21:25,512 --> 01:21:29,383
WE ALSO HAVE FOXP 2 SEEN IN 

1728
01:21:29,383 --> 01:21:31,952
HUMAN PATIENTS THAT HAVE SPEECH 

1729
01:21:31,952 --> 01:21:35,088
AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS OF FOX 

1730
01:21:35,088 --> 01:21:37,090
P2K FAMILY FOR EXAMPLE AND THESE

1731
01:21:37,090 --> 01:21:39,860
ARE VERY TRANSLATION AS THE 

1732
01:21:39,860 --> 01:21:41,829
REGIONS ARE HIGHLY CONSERVED 

1733
01:21:41,829 --> 01:21:42,396
ACROSS SPECIES.

1734
01:21:42,396 --> 01:21:44,331
THERE'S INANS THERE'S GOING 

1735
01:21:44,331 --> 01:21:47,935
TO BE DTOORTICAL CONTROL 

1736
01:21:47,935 --> 01:21:50,671
THAT'S GOING TO BE HINDERING 

1737
01:21:50,671 --> 01:21:52,606
SOME OF OUR IMPULSES TO ATTACK 

1738
01:21:52,606 --> 01:21:54,341
FOR EXAMPLE THAT ARE NOT SEEN.

1739
01:21:54,341 --> 01:21:57,411
THERE'S LESS CORTICAL CONTROL IN

1740
01:21:57,411 --> 01:21:58,745
THE RODENTS.

1741
01:21:58,745 --> 01:22:01,348
>> GREAT TALK.

1742
01:22:01,348 --> 01:22:06,854
VERY FASCINATIFASCINATING.

1743
01:22:06,854 --> 01:22:10,657
VALERIE DARCY NIDDK.

1744
01:22:10,657 --> 01:22:17,231
THERE'S NO NEURONAL SIGNAL IS 

1745
01:22:17,231 --> 01:22:19,766
THERE A SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN THE 

1746
01:22:19,766 --> 01:22:22,236
MOUSE OR ANIMAL COLONY?

1747
01:22:22,236 --> 01:22:25,172
I KNOW IN NON HUMAN PRIMATES 

1748
01:22:25,172 --> 01:22:27,007
THEY'RE ESTABLISHED AS DOMINANCE

1749
01:22:27,007 --> 01:22:28,442
HIERARCHIES AND WONDER IF YOU 

1750
01:22:28,442 --> 01:22:30,878
MAY BE ABLE TO SPECULATE IN 

1751
01:22:30,878 --> 01:22:35,983
THOSE COMMUNAL ANIMAL GROUP IF 

1752
01:22:35,983 --> 01:22:38,151
THERE MIGHT BE SOME MECHANISTIC 

1753
01:22:38,151 --> 01:22:41,088
HIGHER GABA LEVELS AND HOW THEY 

1754
01:22:41,088 --> 01:22:44,825
MAY BE REFINED TO ESTABLISH THE 

1755
01:22:44,825 --> 01:22:46,260
DOMINANT VERSUS THE PASSIVE 

1756
01:22:46,260 --> 01:22:47,694
ANIMAL IN THE GROUP.

1757
01:22:47,694 --> 01:22:49,329
>> GREAT QUESTION.

1758
01:22:49,329 --> 01:22:54,735
WE DO SEE THERE'S RESPONSES WITH

1759
01:22:54,735 --> 01:22:57,137
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE AND THE MEDIAD

1760
01:22:57,137 --> 01:23:02,609
AMYGDALA SHOWS A MARKER OF 

1761
01:23:02,609 --> 01:23:06,680
NEURAL ACTIVITY DURING SOCIAL 

1762
01:23:06,680 --> 01:23:08,048
HIERARCHIES OF STRONGERAR 

1763
01:23:08,048 --> 01:23:08,315
OPPONENTS.

1764
01:23:08,315 --> 01:23:09,983
THERE'S BEEN WORK DONE AND I 

1765
01:23:09,983 --> 01:23:11,418
HAVEN'T LOOKED SPECIFICALLY IN 

1766
01:23:11,418 --> 01:23:17,391
THE POPULATION BUT I WOULD BE 

1767
01:23:17,391 --> 01:23:21,428
INTERESTED TO SEE IF THE FOX P2 

1768
01:23:21,428 --> 01:23:25,432
CELLS ARELL RELEVANT IN NTABLIS.

1769
01:23:25,432 --> 01:23:32,973
THERE'S WORK IN THE AMYGDALA 

1770
01:23:32,973 --> 01:23:36,944
PREFRONTAL CORTEXES AND WHERE IN

1771
01:23:36,944 --> 01:23:37,411
THE HI THE

1772
01:23:37,411 --> 01:23:39,112
E TBE.

1773
01:23:39,112 --> 01:23:39,680
THERE'S INTERESTING WORK ON 

1774
01:23:39,680 --> 01:23:44,584
THAT.

1775
01:23:44,584 --> 01:23:48,989
>> 

1776
01:23:48,989 --> 01:23:51,124
>> THAT'S THANK DR. LIS
CLIN 

1777
01:23:51,124 --> 01:23:52,759
SKI.

1778
01:23:52,759 --> 01:23:56,730
-- DLISCHINSKY.

1779
01:23:56,730 --> 01:24:00,367
>> TO CONCLUDE THE SESSION
THE 

1780
01:24:00,367 --> 01:24:03,570
2023 DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS 

1781
01:24:03,570 --> 01:24:14,114
SEASON WE HAVE DR. AUGUSTIN LUNA

1782
01:24:14,915 --> 01:24:17,217
TALKING ABOUT INTEGRATIVE MODEL 

1783
01:24:17,217 --> 01:24:19,219
OF DRUG RESPONSE AND RESISTANCE 

1784
01:24:19,219 --> 01:24:22,322
USING BIG DATA AND NETWORK 

1785
01:24:22,322 --> 01:24:22,656
PHARMACOLOGY.

1786
01:24:22,656 --> 01:24:23,757
>> SO WITH THIS
PRESENTATION I 

1787
01:24:23,757 --> 01:24:25,425
WANT TO GIVE YOU AN OVERVIEW OF 

1788
01:24:25,425 --> 01:24:29,763
THE WORK I DO WITH MY GROUP AND 

1789
01:24:29,763 --> 01:24:32,466
LARGER SET OF COLLABORATORS.

1790
01:24:32,466 --> 01:24:36,069
SO THE WORK IN THEHE GROUP IS 

1791
01:24:36,069 --> 01:24:38,171
FOCUSSED IN ONE ASPECT BUILDING 

1792
01:24:38,171 --> 01:24:40,540
OUT DATA RESOURCES.

1793
01:24:40,540 --> 01:24:44,544
SO THESE ARE AROUND CANCER 

1794
01:24:44,544 --> 01:24:48,382
PHARMACO GENOMICS AND DATABASES 

1795
01:24:48,382 --> 01:24:53,587
FOR PATHWAY INFORMATION AND 

1796
01:24:53,587 --> 01:24:54,488
EXCHANGE INFORMATION ABOUT 

1797
01:24:54,488 --> 01:24:55,989
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ACROSS DIFFERENT

1798
01:24:55,989 --> 01:25:03,663
SETS OF TOOLS IN A FAIR MANNER 

1799
01:25:03,663 --> 01:25:04,898
AND REOPERABLE FASHION.

1800
01:25:04,898 --> 01:25:06,233
WITH THE DATA RESOURCES THAT 

1801
01:25:06,233 --> 01:25:07,768
BECOMES THE INPUT TO VARIOUS 

1802
01:25:07,768 --> 01:25:08,668
ANALYSIS TOOLS OF WHICH I'M 

1803
01:25:08,668 --> 01:25:12,372
GOING IT TALK ABOUT A COUPLE.

1804
01:25:12,372 --> 01:25:13,573
THEY ANSWER PARTICULAR QUESTIONS

1805
01:25:13,573 --> 01:25:15,175
OF INTEREST BEING IN CANCER, 

1806
01:25:15,175 --> 01:25:20,380
DRUG RESPONSE PREDICTION AND 

1807
01:25:20,380 --> 01:25:20,847
ALSO D

1808
01:25:20,847 --> 01:25:23,984
 RESISTANCE AND 

1809
01:25:23,984 --> 01:25:24,951
BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED FOR 

1810
01:25:24,951 --> 01:25:25,585
CANCER.

1811
01:25:25,585 --> 01:25:30,557
SO THE FIRST TOOL I'M GOING TO 

1812
01:25:30,557 --> 01:25:32,292
MENTION IS A LOT OF WORK WITH 

1813
01:25:32,292 --> 01:25:36,296
DEVELOPMENT THERAPEUTICS BRANCH 

1814
01:25:36,296 --> 01:25:37,564
AT THE NCI.

1815
01:25:37,564 --> 01:25:39,699
THIS IS A WEB APPLICATION 

1816
01:25:39,699 --> 01:25:41,001
PLATFORM WHERE WE'RE PULLING IN 

1817
01:25:41,001 --> 01:25:44,304
TOGETHER DATA FROM A LOT OF 

1818
01:25:44,304 --> 01:25:50,377
DIFFERENT INSTITUTES AND THE 

1819
01:25:50,377 --> 01:25:53,914
BROAD INSTITUTE AND OTHERS AND 

1820
01:25:53,914 --> 01:25:58,385
WE HAVE PHARMACO GENOMICS AND 

1821
01:25:58,385 --> 01:25:58,885
PROTEOMICS AND GENETIC 

1822
01:25:58,885 --> 01:26:04,157
INFORMATION ALL FOR CELL LINES.

1823
01:26:04,157 --> 01:26:10,730
WITH THIS AND IN THE PLATFORM 

1824
01:26:10,730 --> 01:26:12,299
USERS CAN EXPLORE THE DATA AND 

1825
01:26:12,299 --> 01:26:16,303
PREDICTIVE PROGRESSION ANALYSIS 

1826
01:26:16,303 --> 01:26:18,071
WITH THE CONTENT WE HAVE.

1827
01:26:18,071 --> 01:26:20,640
THE RESULTS ARE ANNOTATED WITH 

1828
01:26:20,640 --> 01:26:22,309
GENE SETS AND PATHWAY 

1829
01:26:22,309 --> 01:26:24,311
INFORMATION AND WE DO A LOT TO 

1830
01:26:24,311 --> 01:26:27,180
DO DRUG IDENTIFIER CONVERSION.

1831
01:26:27,180 --> 01:26:30,484
THERE'S NOT REALLY ONE STANDARD 

1832
01:26:30,484 --> 01:26:31,051
NOMENCLATURE FOR DRUGS OUT 

1833
01:26:31,051 --> 01:26:32,085
THERE.

1834
01:26:32,085 --> 01:26:32,886
WE ALLOW TEAM TO PUT DIFFERENT 

1835
01:26:32,886 --> 01:26:39,793
ALIASES IN.

1836
01:26:39,793 --> 01:26:46,199
OVER ALL WE HAVE A LARGE PART 

1837
01:26:46,199 --> 01:26:48,301
FROM DRUG SCREENING HAPPENING AT

1838
01:26:48,301 --> 01:26:48,902
THE NCI.

1839
01:26:48,902 --> 01:26:51,338
AND THE PORTAL WE INVITE PEOPLE 

1840
01:26:51,338 --> 01:26:53,373
TO COME AND USE BUT IT'S ALSO 

1841
01:26:53,373 --> 01:26:56,309
KIND OF A WORK SPACE FOR US TO 

1842
01:26:56,309 --> 01:26:57,878
DO INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS.

1843
01:26:57,878 --> 01:27:00,313
SO THE FIRST PROJECT THAT WE PUB

1844
01:27:00,313 --> 01:27:05,185
HISH BACK IN -- PUBLISHED WE 

1845
01:27:05,185 --> 01:27:06,753
IDENTIFIED A DRUG THAT WE ARE 

1846
01:27:06,753 --> 01:27:08,288
MOVING FORWARD WITH FOR THE 

1847
01:27:08,288 --> 01:27:11,925
TREATMENT OF TRIPLE NEGATIVE 

1848
01:27:11,925 --> 01:27:13,293
BREAST CANCER AND HIGHLIGHTING 

1849
01:27:13,293 --> 01:27:15,462
THAT HERE WITH PDX EXAMPLES AND 

1850
01:27:15,462 --> 01:27:17,664
A COUPLE OTHER PROJECTS WE'VE 

1851
01:27:17,664 --> 01:27:20,300
WORKED ON IS IN SMALL CELL LUNG 

1852
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:24,337
CANCER, SARCOMA AND MORE RECENT 

1853
01:27:24,337 --> 01:27:28,141
IS ADENO CORTICO CARCINOMA A 

1854
01:27:28,141 --> 01:27:29,643
RARER FORM OF CANCER AND PUTTING

1855
01:27:29,643 --> 01:27:32,045
TOGETHER A TECHNICAL PEOPLE FOR 

1856
01:27:32,045 --> 01:27:35,749
PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TO LEARN HOW 

1857
01:27:35,749 --> 01:27:39,186
TO INSTALL CELL MINER CDB AND 

1858
01:27:39,186 --> 01:27:40,020
CUSTOMIZE THE PORTAL.

1859
01:27:40,020 --> 01:27:44,824
THE LAST THING I WANT TO MENTION

1860
01:27:44,824 --> 01:27:50,197
WITH THIS IS TUMOR MINER AND 

1861
01:27:50,197 --> 01:27:52,299
WE'RE MOVING INTO MORE PATIENT 

1862
01:27:52,299 --> 01:27:56,136
FOCUSSED COLLECTING OF DATA.

1863
01:27:56,136 --> 01:27:59,239
A LOT OF THAT DATA IS THROUGH 

1864
01:27:59,239 --> 01:28:01,541
CLINICIANS PART OF THE 

1865
01:28:01,541 --> 01:28:04,978
THERAPEUTICS BRANCH AT THE NCI 

1866
01:28:04,978 --> 01:28:08,648
FOCUSSED ON ADENO CORTICAL 

1867
01:28:08,648 --> 01:28:11,885
CARCINOMA AND WANT TO FIND MORE 

1868
01:28:11,885 --> 01:28:12,552
PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR TREATMENT 

1869
01:28:12,552 --> 01:28:14,654
OF THOSE PATIENTS IN COMPARISON 

1870
01:28:14,654 --> 01:28:16,957
TO WHAT WE'VE ALREADY DONE WITH 

1871
01:28:16,957 --> 01:28:17,857
THE CELL LINES.

1872
01:28:17,857 --> 01:28:19,993
THE SECOND PROJECT I'LL QUICKLY 

1873
01:28:19,993 --> 01:28:21,695
BRING UP IS DR. GAT.

1874
01:28:21,695 --> 01:28:24,331
SO THIS IS FOR DRUG RESPONSE 

1875
01:28:24,331 --> 01:28:26,600
PREDICTION AND IT IS DEEP 

1876
01:28:26,600 --> 01:28:32,305
LEARNING METHOD AND IT'S BY A 

1877
01:28:32,305 --> 01:28:35,976
LARGE PART OF THE EFFORT BY A 

1878
01:28:35,976 --> 01:28:42,582
RECENT HIRE INTO THE GROUP AS A 

1879
01:28:42,582 --> 01:28:43,617
DOCTORAL STUDENT.

1880
01:28:43,617 --> 01:28:49,723
SO WITH A LOT OF THE WORK DONE 

1881
01:28:49,723 --> 01:28:51,057
THEY'VE FOCUSSED ON ONE DRUG AND

1882
01:28:51,057 --> 01:28:53,627
ONE PREDICTION.

1883
01:28:53,627 --> 01:28:56,263
SO WITH THE HELP OF HIS EFFORTS 

1884
01:28:56,263 --> 01:28:58,365
WE ARE MOVING TOWARDS MORE OF A 

1885
01:28:58,365 --> 01:29:00,267
HOLISTIC MODEL THAT'S ABLE TO 

1886
01:29:00,267 --> 01:29:02,035
TAKE IN INFORMATION FROM MANY 

1887
01:29:02,035 --> 01:29:04,271
DRUGS AT ONCE TO BUILD ONE MODEL

1888
01:29:04,271 --> 01:29:06,906
THAT IS PREDICTIVE OF THESE MANY

1889
01:29:06,906 --> 01:29:09,843
DRUGS ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF 

1890
01:29:09,843 --> 01:29:11,378
SAMPLES.

1891
01:29:11,378 --> 01:29:13,880
HERE WITH THIS WORK FLOW THIS 

1892
01:29:13,880 --> 01:29:16,216
HAS BEEN A DEEP LEARNING 

1893
01:29:16,216 --> 01:29:16,483
ALGORITHM.

1894
01:29:16,483 --> 01:29:17,984
WE TAKE INFORMATION FROM DRUGS 

1895
01:29:17,984 --> 01:29:21,121
AND THEIR STRUCTURES AND CAN 

1896
01:29:21,121 --> 01:29:24,057
MOVE THEM TO A NUMERICAL 

1897
01:29:24,057 --> 01:29:25,458
FINGERPRINT AND ALSO HAVE CELLS 

1898
01:29:25,458 --> 01:29:26,626
AND THEIR RESPONSE TO A LARGE 

1899
01:29:26,626 --> 01:29:30,730
COLLECTION OF DRUGS HERE.

1900
01:29:30,730 --> 01:29:37,537
IT'S ABOUT 270 DNA DAMAGING 

1901
01:29:37,537 --> 01:29:39,372
COMPOUND AND HAVE 2,000 GENES 

1902
01:29:39,372 --> 01:29:42,842
AND VARIOUS TRANSFORMATIONS TO 

1903
01:29:42,842 --> 01:29:45,045
GET US INTO A NUMBER OF MATRIX 

1904
01:29:45,045 --> 01:29:47,580
AND FEATURES TO MOVE FORWARD.

1905
01:29:47,580 --> 01:29:50,583
IN TERMS OF A GRAPH AS THIS IS A

1906
01:29:50,583 --> 01:29:53,620
GRAPH-BASED METHOD WE TAKE THE 

1907
01:29:53,620 --> 01:29:54,888
DRUG RESPONSES AND THE GENE 

1908
01:29:54,888 --> 01:29:56,823
EXPRESSION AND WE'RE ABLE TO 

1909
01:29:56,823 --> 01:30:02,462
CONVERT THAT TO A RICH GRAPH 

1910
01:30:02,462 --> 01:30:04,264
KNOWLEDGE BASE IN ADDITION TO A 

1911
01:30:04,264 --> 01:30:06,299
DRUG AND TARGET INTERACTION 

1912
01:30:06,299 --> 01:30:08,735
NETWORK AND SO THOSE TWO THINGS 

1913
01:30:08,735 --> 01:30:11,671
COMBINED AND HERE'S THIS LAYER 

1914
01:30:11,671 --> 01:30:14,574
HERE THIS THING LABELLED AS GAT.

1915
01:30:14,574 --> 01:30:17,410
THIS IS THE CRUX OF THE 

1916
01:30:17,410 --> 01:30:17,677
ALGORITHM.

1917
01:30:17,677 --> 01:30:20,580
THIS IS A GRAPH ATTENTION LAYER,

1918
01:30:20,580 --> 01:30:21,781
DEEP LEARNING LAYER WHERE WHAT 

1919
01:30:21,781 --> 01:30:24,284
WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS PRODUCE A 

1920
01:30:24,284 --> 01:30:26,953
SET OF FEATURES THAT WHERE 

1921
01:30:26,953 --> 01:30:29,189
EVERYWHERE HAS A FEATURE THAT IA

1922
01:30:29,189 --> 01:30:31,024
INFORMED BY ITS NEIGHBORS.

1923
01:30:31,024 --> 01:30:33,059
SO WITH THESE NEW FEATURES, WE 

1924
01:30:33,059 --> 01:30:37,097
CAN THEN DO OUR DRUG PREDICTION.

1925
01:30:37,097 --> 01:30:38,765
BUT BECAUSE WE ALSO HAVE THIS 

1926
01:30:38,765 --> 01:30:42,035
NETWORK WE CAN ALSO MAKE USE OF 

1927
01:30:42,035 --> 01:30:44,404
THAT NETWORK FOR THE SAKE OF 

1928
01:30:44,404 --> 01:30:45,572
INTEROPERABILITY OF THE RESULTS 

1929
01:30:45,572 --> 01:30:46,406
WE GET.

1930
01:30:46,406 --> 01:30:48,875
IN THAT SENSE WE ARE USING THE 

1931
01:30:48,875 --> 01:30:50,510
RELATIONSHIPS AND THESE ARE 

1932
01:30:50,510 --> 01:30:51,945
WEIGHTED RELATIONSHIPS FOR DOING

1933
01:30:51,945 --> 01:30:53,913
THINGS LIKE ENRICHMENT ANALYSES 

1934
01:30:53,913 --> 01:30:57,450
TO KNOW WHAT KIND OF PATHWAYS 

1935
01:30:57,450 --> 01:30:58,651
MIGHT BE MOST RESPONDENT TO 

1936
01:30:58,651 --> 01:31:00,153
PARTICULAR DRUGS AND BE 

1937
01:31:00,153 --> 01:31:01,287
PREDICTIVE OF THAT RESPONSE.

1938
01:31:01,287 --> 01:31:04,057
THE OTHER THING WE DO IS A LOT 

1939
01:31:04,057 --> 01:31:05,725
OF COMPARISON TO LITERATURE AND 

1940
01:31:05,725 --> 01:31:06,726
WHAT'S KNOWN AND WHAT IS NEW IN 

1941
01:31:06,726 --> 01:31:09,062
THE PREDICTIONS WE MAKE.

1942
01:31:09,062 --> 01:31:12,599
HERE WITH THIS SLIDE WHAT I'M 

1943
01:31:12,599 --> 01:31:14,534
SHOWING IS A SURVEY OVERVIEW OF 

1944
01:31:14,534 --> 01:31:16,870
THE RESULTS OF DR. GAT IN 

1945
01:31:16,870 --> 01:31:18,571
COMPARISON TO OTHER BASELINE 

1946
01:31:18,571 --> 01:31:18,805
METHODS.

1947
01:31:18,805 --> 01:31:22,242
SOME OF THE METHODS THAT WE'RE 

1948
01:31:22,242 --> 01:31:24,177
COMPARING ARE MORE TRADITIONAL 

1949
01:31:24,177 --> 01:31:27,781
METHODS SUCH AS RANDOM FOREST OR

1950
01:31:27,781 --> 01:31:30,150
GRADIENT BOOSTING AND SOME 

1951
01:31:30,150 --> 01:31:32,185
METHODS THAT USE GRAPHS AND ARE 

1952
01:31:32,185 --> 01:31:35,922
ALSO DEEP LEARNING.

1953
01:31:35,922 --> 01:31:40,160
FOR US WITH DR. GAT WE TRIED 

1954
01:31:40,160 --> 01:31:41,494
DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF THE 

1955
01:31:41,494 --> 01:31:43,129
GRAPH ATTENTION EXTREME.

1956
01:31:43,129 --> 01:31:44,931
I HIGHLIGHTED WHAT WORKS BEST 

1957
01:31:44,931 --> 01:31:47,200
FOR US AND YOU CAN SEE IT DOES 

1958
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,970
WELL IN COMPARISON TO OTHER 

1959
01:31:50,970 --> 01:31:52,172
METHODS INCLUDING THE BASELINE 

1960
01:31:52,172 --> 01:31:54,641
METHODS AND THE VARIATIONS FOR 

1961
01:31:54,641 --> 01:31:55,175
DR. GAT.

1962
01:31:55,175 --> 01:32:00,180
DOWN HERE JUST TO DRAW YOUR 

1963
01:32:00,180 --> 01:32:00,547
ATTENTION TO FIGURE 

1964
01:32:03,950 --> 01:32:08,521
 FIGURE B THIS IS WHERE IN 

1965
01:32:08,521 --> 01:32:10,890
ORANGE NODES WE HAVE DIFFERENT 

1966
01:32:10,890 --> 01:32:20,133
DRUGS AND WE HAVE THE TOP FIVE 

1967
01:32:20,133 --> 01:32:22,202
PREDICTIVE FEATURES AND THIS IS 

1968
01:32:22,202 --> 01:32:23,870
A SOLID LINE KNOWN DRUG TARGET 

1969
01:32:23,870 --> 01:32:25,505
INTERACTION FROM THAT DRUG TO A 

1970
01:32:25,505 --> 01:32:27,006
PARTICULAR GENE BEING USED AS 

1971
01:32:27,006 --> 01:32:33,680
PART OF THE PREDICTION.

1972
01:32:33,680 --> 01:32:35,482
BUT ALSO WITH THE LONGER DASH 

1973
01:32:35,482 --> 01:32:37,116
LINES IS WHERE IT IS A KNOWN 

1974
01:32:37,116 --> 01:32:39,486
ASSOCIATIONS NOT NECESSARILY A 

1975
01:32:39,486 --> 01:32:40,854
TARGET INTERACTION AND THEN WITH

1976
01:32:40,854 --> 01:32:45,925
THE SMALLER DASH LINES THESE ARE

1977
01:32:45,925 --> 01:32:49,229
NOVEL PREDICTED INTERACTIONS 

1978
01:32:49,229 --> 01:32:52,732
THAT MIGHT EXIST AND FOLLOWED UP

1979
01:32:52,732 --> 01:32:53,099
EXPERIMENTALLY.

1980
01:32:53,099 --> 01:32:55,034
WITH THIS PROJECT WE'RE ALSO 

1981
01:32:55,034 --> 01:32:56,436
EXPANDING TO NOT JUST DNA 

1982
01:32:56,436 --> 01:32:57,737
DAMAGING DRUGS BUT THE LARGER 

1983
01:32:57,737 --> 01:33:00,607
COLLECTION OF DRUGS AS PART OF 

1984
01:33:00,607 --> 01:33:03,476
THE NCI 60 AND CELL MINER 

1985
01:33:03,476 --> 01:33:03,776
COLLECTION.

1986
01:33:03,776 --> 01:33:08,114
THE THIRD PROJECT I BRIEFLY WANT

1987
01:33:08,114 --> 01:33:12,118
TO MENTION IS MORE COMMUNITY 

1988
01:33:12,118 --> 01:33:14,454
EFFORT IN RESOURCE SHARING AND 

1989
01:33:14,454 --> 01:33:16,456
BIO GRAPHICAL NOTATION.

1990
01:33:16,456 --> 01:33:18,458
PATHWAYS AND PATHWAY DIAGRAMS 

1991
01:33:18,458 --> 01:33:22,562
ARE A WAY THAT WE HAVE SEEN 

1992
01:33:22,562 --> 01:33:24,163
LOOKED ACROSS MANY PAPERS WHERE 

1993
01:33:24,163 --> 01:33:28,134
IT SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS FOR 

1994
01:33:28,134 --> 01:33:30,003
MANY PUBLICATIONS.

1995
01:33:30,003 --> 01:33:32,438
AND WHAT SBGN IS TRYING TO DO IS

1996
01:33:32,438 --> 01:33:35,942
A COMMUNITY STANDARD WHERE WE 

1997
01:33:35,942 --> 01:33:38,912
WANT TO PRODUCE AN UNAMBIGUOUS 

1998
01:33:38,912 --> 01:33:41,447
FASHION AND HAVE PATHWAYS HUMAN 

1999
01:33:41,447 --> 01:33:46,286
READABLE AND MACHINE READABLE 

2000
01:33:46,286 --> 01:33:48,721
AND THAT MEANING THAT WE CAN 

2001
01:33:48,721 --> 01:33:53,893
EXCHANGE THE PATHWAY INFORMATION

2002
01:33:53,893 --> 01:33:55,929
BETWEEN TOOLS AND KEEP IMAGES 

2003
01:33:55,929 --> 01:33:59,365
NOT JUST LIKE A PICTURE OF A CAT

2004
01:33:59,365 --> 01:34:02,468
BUT WITH SEMANTICS BEING 

2005
01:34:02,468 --> 01:34:03,036
EXCHANGED BETWEEN DIFFERENT 

2006
01:34:03,036 --> 01:34:07,407
TOOLS.

2007
01:34:07,407 --> 01:34:14,147
SBGN IS USED IN PATHWAYS AND 

2008
01:34:14,147 --> 01:34:16,149
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND SOME 

2009
01:34:16,149 --> 01:34:17,483
CURRENT EFFORTS WITH A RECENT 

2010
01:34:17,483 --> 01:34:20,486
HIRE FROM THE SUMMER A POSTDOC 

2011
01:34:20,486 --> 01:34:22,755
ONE OF THE EFFORTS WE'RE TRYING 

2012
01:34:22,755 --> 01:34:24,924
TO DO IS HOW DO WE MAKE IT 

2013
01:34:24,924 --> 01:34:26,459
EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO WORK WITH 

2014
01:34:26,459 --> 01:34:32,432
THE FORMALISM AND SO THIS IS UFK

2015
01:34:32,432 --> 01:34:37,136
ARTIFICIAL IN TETELLIGENCE TO T 

2016
01:34:37,136 --> 01:34:40,139
VERSION OF SBGN AND WE'RE 

2017
01:34:40,139 --> 01:34:41,808
WORKING ON ARTIFICIAL 

2018
01:34:41,808 --> 01:34:42,609
INTELLIGENCE FOR AUTOMATIC 

2019
01:34:42,609 --> 01:34:43,643
ANNOTATION OF THE PATHWAYS AND 

2020
01:34:43,643 --> 01:34:47,213
LAST REFINEMENT OF A SPECIFIC SO

2021
01:34:47,213 --> 01:34:50,183
UNDERLYING SBGN AND THE 

2022
01:34:50,183 --> 01:34:51,918
COMMUNITY EFFORT WE'VE HAD 

2023
01:34:51,918 --> 01:34:53,553
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AROUND 80 

2024
01:34:53,553 --> 01:34:56,456
AUTHORS IN PREVIOUS 

2025
01:34:56,456 --> 01:34:56,823
SPECIFICATIONS.

2026
01:34:56,823 --> 01:34:58,124
WE HAVE A LOT OF ISSUES THAT 

2027
01:34:58,124 --> 01:35:01,494
HAVE ARISEN EXACTLY HOW YOU 

2028
01:35:01,494 --> 01:35:02,462
VISUALIZE A PARTICULAR THING.

2029
01:35:02,462 --> 01:35:04,130
SO WE'RE WORKING THROUGH THOSE 

2030
01:35:04,130 --> 01:35:06,132
ISSUES AND HAVE A SET OF 42 

2031
01:35:06,132 --> 01:35:08,067
ISSUES BEFORE THE NEXT RELEASE 

2032
01:35:08,067 --> 01:35:09,736
FROM OUR PREVIOUS SPECIFICATION 

2033
01:35:09,736 --> 01:35:13,039
THAT WAS RELEASED FIVE YEARS 

2034
01:35:13,039 --> 01:35:13,640
AGO.

2035
01:35:13,640 --> 01:35:15,341
THE LAST PROJECT I BRIEFLY WANT 

2036
01:35:15,341 --> 01:35:18,144
TO MENTION IS TARGET SCORE AND 

2037
01:35:18,144 --> 01:35:21,047
SO THIS IS COLLABORATION WITH MD

2038
01:35:21,047 --> 01:35:24,083
ANDERSON LOOKING AT CANCER DRUG 

2039
01:35:24,083 --> 01:35:25,918
RESISTANCE AND SO WITH THIS 

2040
01:35:25,918 --> 01:35:27,687
PROJECT THE MAIN ALGORITHM OF 

2041
01:35:27,687 --> 01:35:30,490
TARGETS IS WHERE WE'VE GOT A SET

2042
01:35:30,490 --> 01:35:32,458
OF WE NEED TWO PIECES OF DATA 

2043
01:35:32,458 --> 01:35:34,827
NETWORK AND PROFILING 

2044
01:35:34,827 --> 01:35:38,931
INFORMATION AND SO WITH THE DRUG

2045
01:35:38,931 --> 01:35:40,133
TREATMENT INFORMATION YOU'VE GOT

2046
01:35:40,133 --> 01:35:42,335
A SET OF SAMPLES SOME SENSITIVE 

2047
01:35:42,335 --> 01:35:47,774
TO A DRUG OR RESISTANT TO A DRUG

2048
01:35:47,774 --> 01:35:50,143
AND WITH IT WE TREAT THE SAMPLES

2049
01:35:50,143 --> 01:35:51,010
AND COLLECT PROFILING 

2050
01:35:51,010 --> 01:35:54,881
INFORMATION AFTER THE FACT IN 

2051
01:35:54,881 --> 01:35:56,816
THIS CASE PHOSPHO PROTEOMICS AND

2052
01:35:56,816 --> 01:35:59,686
WE HAVE A REFERENCE NETWORK THAT

2053
01:35:59,686 --> 01:36:03,423
CAN BE PULLED IN FROM PATHWAY 

2054
01:36:03,423 --> 01:36:05,358
DATABASES, LITERATURE MANUALLY 

2055
01:36:05,358 --> 01:36:07,093
CURATED DATABASES OR ALSO 

2056
01:36:07,093 --> 01:36:10,530
CREATED FROM NETWORK INFERENCE 

2057
01:36:10,530 --> 01:36:10,830
ALGORITHMS.

2058
01:36:10,830 --> 01:36:11,631
IN OUR CASE WE'RE MERGING THE 

2059
01:36:11,631 --> 01:36:13,399
TWO CONCEPTS TOGETHER TO GET US 

2060
01:36:13,399 --> 01:36:18,371
A REFERENCE NETWORK THAT IS 

2061
01:36:18,371 --> 01:36:20,440
CONTEXT SPECIFIC.

2062
01:36:20,440 --> 01:36:23,009
THE THIRD AND THIS IS THE TARGET

2063
01:36:23,009 --> 01:36:24,410
SCORE FORMULA.

2064
01:36:24,410 --> 01:36:26,112
FOR EACH PROTEIN MEASURED WHAT 

2065
01:36:26,112 --> 01:36:28,114
WE'RE TRYING TO GET A SENSE OF 

2066
01:36:28,114 --> 01:36:29,248
IS HOW MUCH AN INDIVIDUAL 

2067
01:36:29,248 --> 01:36:31,718
PROTEIN IS GOING UP OR DOWN.

2068
01:36:31,718 --> 01:36:32,618
AND ALSO HOW MUCH IN THE NETWORK

2069
01:36:32,618 --> 01:36:34,821
AROUND IT IS GOING UP OR DOWN.

2070
01:36:34,821 --> 01:36:36,489
AND THEN THAT IS ALSO PAIRED 

2071
01:36:36,489 --> 01:36:38,858
WITH THIS FUNCTION SCORE SO THIS

2072
01:36:38,858 --> 01:36:42,395
IS MAINLY CURATED SCORE THAT IS 

2073
01:36:42,395 --> 01:36:46,099
TELLING US WHETHER OR NOT A 

2074
01:36:46,099 --> 01:36:48,568
PARTICULAR PROTEINS ARE MORE PRO

2075
01:36:48,568 --> 01:36:52,305
CANCER OR TUMOR SUPPRESSER OR 

2076
01:36:52,305 --> 01:36:54,040
ONCOGENES AND WHERE IT'S 

2077
01:36:54,040 --> 01:36:55,241
AMBIGUOUS WE HAVE A ZERO.

2078
01:36:55,241 --> 01:36:57,343
ONCE WE HAVE THE TARGET SCORE 

2079
01:36:57,343 --> 01:36:58,945
VALUES FOR THE PROTEINS WE'RE 

2080
01:36:58,945 --> 01:37:00,012
ABLE TO MAP THEM TO THE 

2081
01:37:00,012 --> 01:37:03,583
REFERENCE NETWORK AND THEN TRY 

2082
01:37:03,583 --> 01:37:06,686
TO IDENTIFY PATHWAYS AND MODULES

2083
01:37:06,686 --> 01:37:08,654
THAT ARE GOING UP OR DOWN TO A 

2084
01:37:08,654 --> 01:37:09,689
PARTICULAR TREATMENT.

2085
01:37:09,689 --> 01:37:14,460
THEN FROM THERE WE CAN FORM 

2086
01:37:14,460 --> 01:37:16,562
HYPOTHESIS OF WHAT SHOULD BE 

2087
01:37:16,562 --> 01:37:18,030
COMPLEMENT THE ORIGINAL DRUG AND

2088
01:37:18,030 --> 01:37:19,565
THEN START DOING EXPERIMENTS.

2089
01:37:19,565 --> 01:37:21,300
THIS IS QUICKLY AN ONGOING 

2090
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:23,102
PROJECT THAT MAKES USE OF TARGET

2091
01:37:23,102 --> 01:37:24,437
SCORE AND THE HYPOTHESIS 

2092
01:37:24,437 --> 01:37:26,205
GENERATED THERE AND IT'S 

2093
01:37:26,205 --> 01:37:26,873
FOCUSSED AROUND BREAST CANCER 

2094
01:37:26,873 --> 01:37:32,111
AND THE RESISTANCE OF MCL1.

2095
01:37:32,111 --> 01:37:35,748
IT'S ALTERED IN A LOT OF BREAST 

2096
01:37:35,748 --> 01:37:38,451
CANCER PATIENTS AND ALSO RELATED

2097
01:37:38,451 --> 01:37:40,553
TO APOPTOSIS WITH THE TARGET 

2098
01:37:40,553 --> 01:37:45,958
SCORE ALGORITHM THE HYPOTHESIS 

2099
01:37:45,958 --> 01:37:52,131
GENERATED FROM IT WAS MAKING USE

2100
01:37:52,131 --> 01:37:54,667
OF AN INHIBITOR RESPONSE AND 

2101
01:37:54,667 --> 01:37:56,435
INHIBIT GROWTH AND TO NOT GO 

2102
01:37:56,435 --> 01:38:00,139
OVER THE DENSE RESPONSE CURVES 

2103
01:38:00,139 --> 01:38:02,375
BUT THE SUMMARY FIGURE IS THE 

2104
01:38:02,375 --> 01:38:02,942
DOSE RESPONSES.

2105
01:38:02,942 --> 01:38:05,578
WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO SEE WITH THE 

2106
01:38:05,578 --> 01:38:10,149
EXPERIMENTS IS THAT MCL1 IN 

2107
01:38:10,149 --> 01:38:14,987
COMBINATION WITH THE MCL1 IN THE

2108
01:38:14,987 --> 01:38:19,025
PRESENTAL CELL LINE SENSITIVE TO

2109
01:38:19,025 --> 01:38:25,364
MCL1 WORKS MORE SYNERGISTICALLY 

2110
01:38:25,364 --> 01:38:27,800
AND YOU SEE THE CELL LINE 

2111
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:34,307
RESISTANT TO MCL1 AND THERE WE 

2112
01:38:34,307 --> 01:38:34,974
SAW SYNERGY WITH THE INHIBITOR 

2113
01:38:34,974 --> 01:38:40,112
ALONE.

2114
01:38:40,112 --> 01:38:41,881
THUSZ  THIS 

2115
01:38:44,884 --> 01:38:46,953
THIS FIRST NOT OF A THIS IS JUST

2116
01:38:46,953 --> 01:38:50,423
SHOWING THAT WE HAVE A PDX 

2117
01:38:50,423 --> 01:38:52,992
RESISTANT TO MCL1 INHIBITION AND

2118
01:38:52,992 --> 01:38:55,528
WITH B THE, GREEN LINE IS THE 

2119
01:38:55,528 --> 01:38:57,029
MAIN HIGHLIGHT IS THAT THE 

2120
01:38:57,029 --> 01:38:59,031
COMBINATION IS ABLE TO KEEP 

2121
01:38:59,031 --> 01:39:01,534
TUMOR VOLUME LOW IN THE PDXs AND

2122
01:39:01,534 --> 01:39:03,936
THEN D AND E IS A COMPLETELY 

2123
01:39:03,936 --> 01:39:06,906
SEPARATE SET OF PDX EXPERIMENTS 

2124
01:39:06,906 --> 01:39:08,975
DONE BY A DIFFERENT GROUP OF 

2125
01:39:08,975 --> 01:39:11,544
COLLABORATORS AT HARVARD WHERE 

2126
01:39:11,544 --> 01:39:15,381
WE ALSO SEE A SIMILAR RESULT 

2127
01:39:15,381 --> 01:39:16,649
WHERE THE COMBINATION OF PART 

2128
01:39:16,649 --> 01:39:18,751
AND SHIP TO INHIBITION IS ABLE 

2129
01:39:18,751 --> 01:39:20,119
TO KEEP THE MICE SURVIVING THE 

2130
01:39:20,119 --> 01:39:21,420
LONGEST.

2131
01:39:21,420 --> 01:39:23,689
AND THEN THAT'S IT.

2132
01:39:23,689 --> 01:39:26,459
SO JUST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ON 

2133
01:39:26,459 --> 01:39:28,294
THESE PROJECTS AND OTHER 

2134
01:39:28,294 --> 01:39:29,762
PROJECTS.

2135
01:39:29,762 --> 01:39:30,897
A GREAT SET OF COLLABORATORS 

2136
01:39:30,897 --> 01:39:32,231
I'VE HAD THE FORTUNE TO WORK 

2137
01:39:32,231 --> 01:39:42,341
WITH AND THAT'S IT.

2138
01:39:42,341 --> 01:39:52,118
>> ANY QUESTIONS FOR DR.
LUNA?

2139
01:39:52,118 --> 01:39:58,891
IN YOUR PROCESS OF DEVELOPING 

2140
01:39:58,891 --> 01:40:01,127
THESE TOOLS HOW MUCH DO FIGURE 

2141
01:40:01,127 --> 01:40:01,761
USABILITY?

2142
01:40:01,761 --> 01:40:02,895
DO YOU BRING IN DIFFERENT GROUPS

2143
01:40:02,895 --> 01:40:04,730
TO SEE HOW THEY CAN IMPLEMENT IT

2144
01:40:04,730 --> 01:40:11,771
OR TARGETINGC QUESTIONSIO IO

2145
01:40:11,771 --> 01:40:15,241
AND CUSTOMIZING THE TOOL?

2146
01:40:15,241 --> 01:40:18,678
>> SOME TOOLS LIKE SPM IS
WHERE 

2147
01:40:18,678 --> 01:40:20,179
WE INVITE AS MANY USERS AS 

2148
01:40:20,179 --> 01:40:24,517
POSSIBLE BECAUSE WE WANT THE 

2149
01:40:24,517 --> 01:40:26,719
PATHWAYS UNDERSTAND BY A WIDE 

2150
01:40:26,719 --> 01:40:31,023
SWATH OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCHERS.

2151
01:40:31,023 --> 01:40:38,130
ALSO WITH THE CELL MINER C D

2152
01:40:38,130 --> 01:40:42,201
DID -- CDB IS DIRECTED AT CANCER

2153
01:40:42,201 --> 01:40:43,569
RESEARCHERS BUT WANT A WIDE 

2154
01:40:43,569 --> 01:40:44,737
SWATH OF RESEARCHERS BE ABLE TO 

2155
01:40:44,737 --> 01:40:46,238
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THEY'RE 

2156
01:40:46,238 --> 01:40:47,573
MOST INTERESTED IN.

2157
01:40:47,573 --> 01:40:49,742
THE WAY IT WORKS AND SOME 

2158
01:40:49,742 --> 01:40:51,811
FEATURES ARE AS MODULES THAT CAN

2159
01:40:51,811 --> 01:40:53,746
BE ADDED IN OR REMOVED DEPENDING

2160
01:40:53,746 --> 01:40:54,880
ON THE USE CASE.

2161
01:40:54,880 --> 01:40:57,516
WITH THE CELL LINE WORK THAT 

2162
01:40:57,516 --> 01:40:59,752
REQUIRES A CERTAIN SET OF 

2163
01:40:59,752 --> 01:41:00,086
MODULES.

2164
01:41:00,086 --> 01:41:02,088
KNOW THAT WE'RE MOVING INTO 

2165
01:41:02,088 --> 01:41:03,622
PATIENT FOCUSSED MATERIAL AND WE

2166
01:41:03,622 --> 01:41:04,690
WANT CLINICIANS TO BE ABLE TO 

2167
01:41:04,690 --> 01:41:06,258
MAKE USE OF THE RESOURCES, THAT 

2168
01:41:06,258 --> 01:41:11,630
REQUIRES A DIFFERENT SET OF 

2169
01:41:11,630 --> 01:41:12,498
QUESTIONS AND WE'RE ASKING 

2170
01:41:12,498 --> 01:41:14,367
CLINICIANS WHAT THE THINK OF THE

2171
01:41:14,367 --> 01:41:19,739
TOOL.

2172
01:41:19,739 --> 01:41:23,242
>> 

2173
01:41:23,242 --> 01:41:27,313
>> LET'S THANK DR. LUNA.

2174
01:41:27,313 --> 01:41:31,650
THAT CONCLUDES OUR 2023 DSP 

2175
01:41:31,650 --> 01:41:37,289
SCHOLARS PRESENTATION.

2176
01:41:37,289 --> 01:41:41,360
>> WE'RE GOING TO G TAKEER

2177
01:41:41,360 --> 01:41:42,296
SHORT BREAK AND BACK AT 3:00 FOR
OUR 2024 DSP INTRODUCTIONS.

2178
01:41:54,764 --> 01:41:55,599
I'VE BEEN PART OF THE PROGRAM 

2179
01:41:55,599 --> 01:41:59,102
THE LAST THREERS AND IT'S 

2180
01:41:59,102 --> 01:42:01,505
FABULOUS AND FEEL HUMBLED TO 

2181
01:42:01,505 --> 01:42:04,808
INTRODUCE THE LINEUP OF SCHOLARS

2182
01:42:04,808 --> 01:42:05,976
THIS YEAR.

2183
01:42:05,976 --> 01:42:08,578
WELCOME TO THE LARGE FAMILY.

2184
01:42:08,578 --> 01:42:12,182
I HOPE YOU WILL ENJOY AND WILL 

2185
01:42:12,182 --> 01:42:13,550
BE HERE THE NEXT 40 YEARS.

2186
01:42:13,550 --> 01:42:17,954
I'M OPTIMISTIC ABOUT THE 

2187
01:42:17,954 --> 01:42:18,522
PROCESS.

2188
01:42:18,522 --> 01:42:25,128
THE FIRST IS DR. VICTORIA 

2189
01:42:25,128 --> 01:42:31,368
ACOSTA-RODRIGUEZ FROM THE NIA. F

2190
01:42:31,368 --> 01:42:35,438
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.

2191
01:42:35,438 --> 01:42:35,772
I'M VICKY.

2192
01:42:35,772 --> 01:42:38,341
I JOINED THE TRANSLATIONAL 

2193
01:42:38,341 --> 01:42:41,044
GERONTOLOGY BRANCH THIS YEAR 

2194
01:42:41,044 --> 01:42:41,244
2024.

2195
01:42:41,244 --> 01:42:44,047
THE NUMBER 24 HAS SPECIAL 

2196
01:42:44,047 --> 01:42:50,320
MEANING FOR ME I'M A CIRCADIAN 

2197
01:42:50,320 --> 01:42:55,225
BIOLOGIST BECAUSE WE KNOW WE 

2198
01:42:55,225 --> 01:42:58,295
HAVE DEVELOPED A 24 HOURS TIME 

2199
01:42:58,295 --> 01:42:59,963
KEEPING MECHANISM THAT ALLOWSLLS

2200
01:42:59,963 --> 01:43:05,001
 PREDICT AND ANTICIPATE 

2201
01:43:05,001 --> 01:43:07,304
CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

2202
01:43:07,304 --> 01:43:17,847
AS SUCH WE KNOW FROM THE SIR -- 

2203
01:43:21,284 --> 01:43:23,386
CIRCADIAN CHANGE MOLECULAR AND 

2204
01:43:23,386 --> 01:43:25,555
THE MOST KNOWN CIRCADIAN RHYTHM 

2205
01:43:25,555 --> 01:43:31,194
IS THE 24 HOURS CYCLES INS

2206
01:43:31,194 --> 01:43:32,862
AWAKE CYCLES.

2207
01:43:32,862 --> 01:43:36,066
AS WE KNOW MANY BIOLOGICAL 

2208
01:43:36,066 --> 01:43:37,367
FUNCTIONS DECLINE WITH AGE AND 

2209
01:43:37,367 --> 01:43:39,469
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS.

2210
01:43:39,469 --> 01:43:42,405
IN OUR UNIT WE ARE TRYING TO 

2211
01:43:42,405 --> 01:43:46,810
UNDERSTAND HOW THE CIRCADIAN 

2212
01:43:46,810 --> 01:43:48,345
CLOCKS AGE AND LOSE THEIR 

2213
01:43:48,345 --> 01:43:52,616
ABILITY TO TELL TIME.WE ARE ALS 

2214
01:43:52,616 --> 01:43:55,418
PROMOTE INTERVENTIONS THAT CAN 

2215
01:43:55,418 --> 01:43:58,121
PROMOTE THE RHYTHMS AT OLDER 

2216
01:43:58,121 --> 01:44:00,323
AGES TO PROMOTE H LIFE L

2217
01:44:00,323 --> 01:44:00,523
SPAN.

2218
01:44:00,523 --> 01:44:02,759
THE TWO AREAS WE'RE TRYING TO 

2219
01:44:02,759 --> 01:44:06,463
UNDERSTAND IS HOW THE CIRCADIAN 

2220
01:44:06,463 --> 01:44:11,067
CLOCKS CHANGE AND THE DAMPENING 

2221
01:44:11,067 --> 01:44:13,069
MECHANISMS AND LOOKING AT 

2222
01:44:13,069 --> 01:44:15,505
INFLAMMATION AND SENESCENT CELLS

2223
01:44:15,505 --> 01:44:18,541
AS A DAMPENING FOR THE CIRCADIAN

2224
01:44:18,541 --> 01:44:21,845
RHYTHMS AND TAKING ADVANTAGE OF 

2225
01:44:21,845 --> 01:44:24,648
THE POTENTIAL NIH OFFERS US TO 

2226
01:44:24,648 --> 01:44:28,652
DO LONGITUDINAL STUDIES IN MICE 

2227
01:44:28,652 --> 01:44:30,720
AND TRACK HOW CIRCADIAN CLOCKS 

2228
01:44:30,720 --> 01:44:35,058
WORK THROUGHOUT THE ENTIREHEE G 

2229
01:44:35,058 --> 01:44:36,559
DIFFERENT TISSUES.

2230
01:44:36,559 --> 01:44:40,830
AND THE GOAL OF THIS VERY HIGH 

2231
01:44:40,830 --> 01:44:46,636
RISK PROJECT IS TO TRY TO 

2232
01:44:46,636 --> 01:44:48,905
IDENTIFY MARKERS OF CIRCADIAN 

2233
01:44:48,905 --> 01:44:50,974
ETHNICITY TO PREDICT AGINGRE 

2234
01:44:50,974 --> 01:44:51,374
PROGRESSION.

2235
01:44:51,374 --> 01:44:53,543
WE CANNOT DO THIS TYPE OF 

2236
01:44:53,543 --> 01:44:54,811
RESEARCH OURSELF.

2237
01:44:54,811 --> 01:45:00,517
WE HAVE THIS AMAZING TEAM WITH 

2238
01:45:00,517 --> 01:45:03,620
SCIENTISTS THAT WERE BRAVE 

2239
01:45:03,620 --> 01:45:04,287
ENOUGH TO JOIN A LAB THAT JUST 

2240
01:45:04,287 --> 01:45:06,056
STARTED.

2241
01:45:06,056 --> 01:45:08,091
AND THIS IS OUR WORKING 

2242
01:45:08,091 --> 01:45:10,560
HYPOTHESIS IS THAT IF WE CAN 

2243
01:45:10,560 --> 01:45:12,862
PROMOTE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS WE CAN

2244
01:45:12,862 --> 01:45:16,533
LIVE HEALTHIER FOR LONGER IN ALL

2245
01:45:16,533 --> 01:45:17,834
OF US.

2246
01:45:17,834 --> 01:45:19,269
AND THE SECRET WEAPON THAT WE 

2247
01:45:19,269 --> 01:45:21,805
ARE TRYING TO USE IS ACTUALLY 

2248
01:45:21,805 --> 01:45:23,506
NOT VERY EXPEN THERAPIES BUT

2249
01:45:23,506 --> 01:45:30,680
USING TIME OF DAY AS A SIMPLE V 

2250
01:45:30,680 --> 01:45:31,114
HEALTHIER LIFE SPAN.

2251
01:45:31,114 --> 01:45:38,321
THANK YOU.

2252
01:45:38,321 --> 01:45:40,190
>> SO DON'T HAVE TIME FOR 

2253
01:45:40,190 --> 01:45:41,725
QUESTIONS GOING TO THE NEXT 

2254
01:45:41,725 --> 01:45:43,593
SCHOLAR IS PHILLIP ADAMS FROM 

2255
01:45:43,593 --> 01:45:49,532
THE NIAID.

2256
01:45:49,532 --> 01:45:57,440
>> I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE.

2257
01:45:57,440 --> 01:45:59,776
I WAS HERE PRESENTING AS AN 

2258
01:45:59,776 --> 01:46:00,810
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH SCHOLAR 

2259
01:46:00,810 --> 01:46:02,746
LAST YEAR SO IT'S NICE TO 

2260
01:46:02,746 --> 01:46:09,052
PRESENT HERE AS AN INCOMING 

2261
01:46:09,052 --> 01:46:09,753
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR.

2262
01:46:09,753 --> 01:46:12,088
MY GROUP IS STARTING IN NIAID 

2263
01:46:12,088 --> 01:46:20,096
AND WE STUDY GENE REGULATION IN 

2264
01:46:20,096 --> 01:46:22,832
PATHOGENIC SPIROKETE AND YOU SEE

2265
01:46:22,832 --> 01:46:24,934
IT DEPICTED IN THE MICROGRAPH.

2266
01:46:24,934 --> 01:46:27,137
THESE CELLS ARE VERY LONG, 

2267
01:46:27,137 --> 01:46:29,739
SLENDER CELLS AND YOU PROBABLY 

2268
01:46:29,739 --> 01:46:35,445
KNOW THEM FROM THE CONTEXT IN 

2269
01:46:35,445 --> 01:46:35,812
LOOICHL DISEASE.

2270
01:46:35,812 --> 01:46:40,083
IT EXISTS IN A MOUSE OR SMALL 

2271
01:46:40,083 --> 01:46:42,385
MAMMAL RESERVOIR AND ACQUIRE THE

2272
01:46:42,385 --> 01:46:43,286
BACTERIUM.

2273
01:46:43,286 --> 01:46:47,957
IF YOU ENCOUNTER AN INFECTED 

2274
01:46:47,957 --> 01:46:48,558
TICK IT CAN DEVELOP TO LYME 

2275
01:46:48,558 --> 01:46:58,701
DISEASE.

2276
01:47:00,170 --> 01:47:04,107
SO A TICK IS 23 DEGREES A MAMMAL

2277
01:47:04,107 --> 01:47:05,408
IS 37 DEGREES.

2278
01:47:05,408 --> 01:47:06,443
THERE'S DIFFERENT PROPERTIES IN 

2279
01:47:06,443 --> 01:47:13,216
THE ORGANISM AND NUTRIENTS AND 

2280
01:47:13,216 --> 01:47:15,718
BORRELIA USE GLUCOSE IN MAMMALS 

2281
01:47:15,718 --> 01:47:16,453
AND DIFFERENT IMMUNE DIFFERENCES

2282
01:47:16,453 --> 01:47:18,288
AN FACTORS, ETCETERA.

2283
01:47:18,288 --> 01:47:20,123
SOMETHING MY LAB HAS BEEN 

2284
01:47:20,123 --> 01:47:23,026
FOCUSSED ON IS THE STUDY OF 

2285
01:47:23,026 --> 01:47:23,293
MOTILITY.

2286
01:47:23,293 --> 01:47:33,770
SO BOAR  -- BORRELIA AND IT 

2287
01:47:39,442 --> 01:47:40,076
BECOMES MOTILE.

2288
01:47:40,076 --> 01:47:43,079
IT CHANGES THE OUTER SURFACE 

2289
01:47:43,079 --> 01:47:46,783
PROTEINS AND MOVES INTO THE 

2290
01:47:46,783 --> 01:47:48,451
SALIVARY GLAND INTO THE HOST.

2291
01:47:48,451 --> 01:47:51,855
WHAT PREDICTS THAT IS UNKNOWN 

2292
01:47:51,855 --> 01:47:53,623
AND ONE BARRIER OF ASKING THE 

2293
01:47:53,623 --> 01:47:55,892
QUESTION IS THERE'S LOW INPUTS 

2294
01:47:55,892 --> 01:47:57,694
IN THE NUMBER OF BACTERIA IN 

2295
01:47:57,694 --> 01:47:59,529
TICKS AND ALSO IN MAMMALS.

2296
01:47:59,529 --> 01:48:02,665
SO WE'VE BEEN USING SOME NEW 

2297
01:48:02,665 --> 01:48:03,500
SEQUENCING APPROACHES IN 

2298
01:48:03,500 --> 01:48:05,735
COMBINATION WITH PEOPLE IN NIAID

2299
01:48:05,735 --> 01:48:16,212
TO ENRICH FOR THE BORRELIA 

2300
01:48:16,579 --> 01:48:17,580
TRANSCRIPTOME AND I'LL LEAVE IT 

2301
01:48:17,580 --> 01:48:18,681
AT THAT AN  ME THANK YOU SO 

2302
01:48:18,681 --> 01:48:21,351
MUCH.

2303
01:48:21,351 --> 01:48:21,484
.

2304
01:48:21,484 --> 01:48:23,987
>> THANK YOU.

2305
01:48:23,987 --> 01:48:25,922
THE NEXT SPEAKER IS FARRAN 

2306
01:48:25,922 --> 01:48:28,091
BRIGGS FROM THE NIH.

2307
01:48:28,091 --> 01:48:36,266
THANK YOU.

2308
01:48:36,266 --> 01:48:40,236
>> THIS IS A SURPRISE
BECAUSE I 

2309
01:48:40,236 --> 01:48:43,907
DON'T REMEMBER WHAT I PUT ON THE

2310
01:48:43,907 --> 01:48:44,407
SLIDE.

2311
01:48:44,407 --> 01:48:48,244
SO I'VE HAD AN ESTABLISHED 

2312
01:48:48,244 --> 01:48:50,380
LABORATORY A NUMBER OF YEARS NOW

2313
01:48:50,380 --> 01:48:51,347
RECENTLY COMING FROM THE 

2314
01:48:51,347 --> 01:48:55,618
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER.

2315
01:48:55,618 --> 01:48:58,187
AND I'M A VISION SCIENTIST AND 

2316
01:48:58,187 --> 01:48:59,956
SO AT THE CORE THE GOAL OF MY 

2317
01:48:59,956 --> 01:49:04,460
RESEARCH IS TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT

2318
01:49:04,460 --> 01:49:07,130
HOW TO REHABILITATE VISION IN 

2319
01:49:07,130 --> 01:49:07,597
CASES OF VISION L

2320
01:49:07,597 --> 01:49:08,798
UT ALSO 

2321
01:49:08,798 --> 01:49:10,934
JUST TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE 

2322
01:49:10,934 --> 01:49:13,002
VERY BASICS OF HOW OUR BRAINS 

2323
01:49:13,002 --> 01:49:15,438
PROCESS THE VISUAL STIMULI OUT 

2324
01:49:15,438 --> 01:49:15,772
IN THE WORLD.

2325
01:49:15,772 --> 01:49:18,141
AND SO WE ACTUALLY HAVE A NUMBER

2326
01:49:18,141 --> 01:49:19,609
OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 

2327
01:49:19,609 --> 01:49:22,211
THAT ARE ONGOING AND THOSE ARE 

2328
01:49:22,211 --> 01:49:22,912
LISTED DOWN BELOW.

2329
01:49:22,912 --> 01:49:25,114
AND I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH 

2330
01:49:25,114 --> 01:49:27,650
THEM BUT SOME OF THE THEMES THAT

2331
01:49:27,650 --> 01:49:28,418
FOLLOW THROUGH ALL OF MY 

2332
01:49:28,418 --> 01:49:30,820
RESEARCH WHICH I THINK I 

2333
01:49:30,820 --> 01:49:31,854
HIGHLIGHTED AT THE TOP IS I'M S

2334
01:49:31,854 --> 01:49:33,022
ALWAYS INTERESTED IN FINDING 

2335
01:49:33,022 --> 01:49:35,858
LINK BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND 

2336
01:49:35,858 --> 01:49:38,294
FUNCTION.

2337
01:49:38,294 --> 01:49:39,996
SO PART OF ME IS PHYSIOLOGIST 

2338
01:49:39,996 --> 01:49:41,731
AND REALLY AT THE CORE OF WHAT I

2339
01:49:41,731 --> 01:49:44,901
DO IS TRYING TO UNDER OF 

2340
01:49:44,901 --> 01:49:45,935
UNDERSTAND HOW PARTICULAR CELLS 

2341
01:49:45,935 --> 01:49:47,604
AND CIRCUITS ARE CONNECTIONS 

2342
01:49:47,604 --> 01:49:50,206
BETWEEN CELLS GIVE RISE TO THE 

2343
01:49:50,206 --> 01:49:50,907
PERCEPTIVE VISION.

2344
01:49:50,907 --> 01:49:52,809
MOST OF WHAT I'M STUDYING IS 

2345
01:49:52,809 --> 01:49:53,376
VERY LOW LEVEL.

2346
01:49:53,376 --> 01:49:59,248
YOU SEE ON THE TOP HERE THE 

2347
01:49:59,248 --> 01:50:03,853
RETINA AND THE VISUAL THALAMUS 

2348
01:50:03,853 --> 01:50:06,189
AND THE VISUAL CORTEX.

2349
01:50:06,189 --> 01:50:09,792
AT THE EARLY STAGES WE DON'T 

2350
01:50:09,792 --> 01:50:13,396
HAVE MUCH OF A CONSCIOUS PERCEPT

2351
01:50:13,396 --> 01:50:15,064
OF THE EARLY STAGES YET IF 

2352
01:50:15,064 --> 01:50:17,667
THERE'S DAMAGE IT'S 

2353
01:50:17,667 --> 01:50:18,167
DEBILITATING.

2354
01:50:18,167 --> 01:50:19,836
SO AGAIN THE CORE OF MY RESEARCH

2355
01:50:19,836 --> 01:50:23,373
THEN IS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND HOW

2356
01:50:23,373 --> 01:50:25,742
THESE PATHWAYS ARE FUNCTIONING 

2357
01:50:25,742 --> 01:50:28,144
IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND WHAT 

2358
01:50:28,144 --> 01:50:31,314
GOES WRONG IN CASES OF LOW 

2359
01:50:31,314 --> 01:50:31,848
VISION.

2360
01:50:31,848 --> 01:50:34,917
THIS PICTURE IS NOT JUST MY LAB.

2361
01:50:34,917 --> 01:50:38,755
IT'S MY LAB AND FRIENDS SO I'M 

2362
01:50:38,755 --> 01:50:40,556
NOT THAT IMPORTANT.

2363
01:50:40,556 --> 01:50:43,159
BUT WE HAVE GROWN TO QUITE A 

2364
01:50:43,159 --> 01:50:45,995
LARGE GROUP AT ROCHESTER.

2365
01:50:45,995 --> 01:50:47,296
SOME OF THOSE PEOPLE I WILL BE 

2366
01:50:47,296 --> 01:50:49,198
CONTINUING TO COLLABORATE WITH.

2367
01:50:49,198 --> 01:50:50,566
A FEW MAY END UP COMING HERE IN 

2368
01:50:50,566 --> 01:50:53,403
THE FUTUREE I'M EXCITED TO 

2369
01:50:53,403 --> 01:50:54,937
CONTINUE MY ONGOING COMMITMENT 

2370
01:50:54,937 --> 01:50:57,373
TO MENTORING AND ESPECIALLY TO 

2371
01:50:57,373 --> 01:50:59,575
DEIA AND SO I'M EXCITED TO BE 

2372
01:50:59,575 --> 01:51:00,043
PART OF THE PROGRAM.

2373
01:51:00,043 --> 01:51:00,643
RTYOU VERY MUCH.

2374
01:51:00,643 --> 01:51:10,820
>> THANK YOU.

2375
01:51:11,988 --> 01:51:15,391
THE NEXT SCHOLAR IS DR. LEAH 

2376
01:51:15,391 --> 01:51:15,591
COOK.

2377
01:51:15,591 --> 01:51:17,727
SHE'S A SENIOR INVESTIGATOR AT 

2378
01:51:17,727 --> 01:51:18,995
THE NCI.

2379
01:51:18,995 --> 01:51:23,533
I GOT TO KNOW HER RECENTLY.

2380
01:51:23,533 --> 01:51:28,771
WELCOME.

2381
01:51:28,771 --> 01:51:29,405
 THANKS SO MUCH.

2382
01:51:29,405 --> 01:51:31,507
THANKS SO MUCH FOR THIS PROGRAM.

2383
01:51:31,507 --> 01:51:33,142
IT'S BEEN REALLY NICE HEARING SO

2384
01:51:33,142 --> 01:51:35,311
MUCH COOL SCIENCE GOING ON HERE.

2385
01:51:35,311 --> 01:51:37,046
I'M LEAH COOK.

2386
01:51:37,046 --> 01:51:39,449
I RECENTLY CAME HERE FROM 

2387
01:51:39,449 --> 01:51:40,483
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL 

2388
01:51:40,483 --> 01:51:42,385
CENTER WHERE I STARTED MY LAB 

2389
01:51:42,385 --> 01:51:45,888
AND INTERESTED IN THE MECHANISMS

2390
01:51:45,888 --> 01:51:48,624
OF BONE METASTATIC PROSTATE 

2391
01:51:48,624 --> 01:51:50,993
CANCER AND HOW THE TUMOR CAN 

2392
01:51:50,993 --> 01:51:53,696
GROW AND THRIVE LARGELY DUE TO 

2393
01:51:53,696 --> 01:51:58,534
THE INTERACTIONS OF PROSTATE 

2394
01:51:58,534 --> 01:51:59,936
CANCER CELLS WITH BONE STROMAL 

2395
01:51:59,936 --> 01:52:02,472
CELLS THAT HIJACK THE PROCESSES.

2396
01:52:02,472 --> 01:52:06,909
YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE PATIENT'S 

2397
01:52:06,909 --> 01:52:09,345
SPINE WHERE THERE'S MILKY WHITE 

2398
01:52:09,345 --> 01:52:11,514
REGIONS AN AN INDICATION OF 

2399
01:52:11,514 --> 01:52:13,883
TUMOR OSTEOGENESIS AND THOUGH WE

2400
01:52:13,883 --> 01:52:15,518
KNOW A LOT ABOUT THE 

2401
01:52:15,518 --> 01:52:17,520
INTERACTIONS THE MORE ABUNDANT 

2402
01:52:17,520 --> 01:52:21,224
POPULATIONS OF CELLS ARE 

2403
01:52:21,224 --> 01:52:26,929
NEUTROPHIL PRE CURSORS AND 

2404
01:52:26,929 --> 01:52:32,368
HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS AND TRYING 

2405
01:52:32,368 --> 01:52:36,639
TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT ADVANCES 

2406
01:52:36,639 --> 01:52:38,608
PROGRESSION AND IT CAN SHUT DOWN

2407
01:52:38,608 --> 01:52:39,509
THE TUMOR RESPONSE.

2408
01:52:39,509 --> 01:52:41,811
WE'RE INVESTIGATING THE 

2409
01:52:41,811 --> 01:52:46,816
MECHANISMS AND HOW NEUTROPHILS 

2410
01:52:46,816 --> 01:52:48,217
INDUCE DEATH AND HAVE SPECIES IN

2411
01:52:48,217 --> 01:52:49,285
RESPONSE TO THE TUMOR CELLS AND 

2412
01:52:49,285 --> 01:52:49,919
THEY LOVE IT.

2413
01:52:49,919 --> 01:52:51,354
WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 

2414
01:52:51,354 --> 01:52:53,823
WE CAN UTILIZE THAT INFORMATION 

2415
01:52:53,823 --> 01:52:57,026
TO TARGET PROSTATE CANCER 

2416
01:52:57,026 --> 01:53:00,596
PROGRESSION BY FATTY ACID 

2417
01:53:00,596 --> 01:53:00,963
METABOLISM.

2418
01:53:00,963 --> 01:53:03,466
AND FROM CLINICAL DATA WE 

2419
01:53:03,466 --> 01:53:05,334
ACQUIRE FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD 

2420
01:53:05,334 --> 01:53:07,637
NEUTROPHILS I WAS EXCITED TO 

2421
01:53:07,637 --> 01:53:11,440
FIND WE ACTUALLY SHOWED THAT 

2422
01:53:11,440 --> 01:53:13,810
ANDROGEN THERAPY CAN SHUT DOWN 

2423
01:53:13,810 --> 01:53:19,448
RESPONSE BY TURNING ON TGF BETA 

2424
01:53:19,448 --> 01:53:21,617
SIGNALLING AND TRYING TO 

2425
01:53:21,617 --> 01:53:24,287
INFORMATION TO RESCUE THE 

2426
01:53:24,287 --> 01:53:25,454
NEUTROPHILS AND I BECAUSE I 

2427
01:53:25,454 --> 01:53:28,191
NEVER GET TIRED OF TALKING ABOUT

2428
01:53:28,191 --> 01:53:29,826
NEUTROPHILS OR BONE AND LOOK AT 

2429
01:53:29,826 --> 01:53:35,097
THE BONE STROMAL CELLS TO 

2430
01:53:35,097 --> 01:53:36,299
REGULATE CELLS THROUGH 

2431
01:53:36,299 --> 01:53:37,767
PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES 

2432
01:53:37,767 --> 01:53:38,768
THROUGH THAT INTERACT

2433
01:53:38,768 --> 01:53:39,502
WITH THAT I'LL STOP.

2434
01:53:39,502 --> 01:53:45,641
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

2435
01:53:45,641 --> 01:53:46,909
>> THANK YOU.

2436
01:53:46,909 --> 01:53:50,913
OUR NEXT SCHOLAR IS VA I 

2437
01:53:50,913 --> 01:53:51,414
DARCEY FROM THE NIDDK.

2438
01:53:51,414 --> 01:54:01,557
WELCOME.

2439
01:54:02,391 --> 01:54:03,793
>> HI, EVERYONE.

2440
01:54:03,793 --> 01:54:07,263
I'LL VALERIE DARCEY.

2441
01:54:07,263 --> 01:54:09,732
I AM A NEW STADTMAN TRACK 

2442
01:54:09,732 --> 01:54:11,267
ADVOCATOR AT NIDDK LEADING THE 

2443
01:54:11,267 --> 01:54:13,436
ACTION ON NUTRITION AND 

2444
01:54:13,436 --> 01:54:14,537
METABOLIC NEURO LIIMAGIN

2445
01:54:14,537 --> 01:54:18,708
I WANT TO START WITH MAKING YOU 

2446
01:54:18,708 --> 01:54:26,716
THINK WHAT IF YOUR STATUS CAN 

2447
01:54:26,716 --> 01:54:29,552
ESTABLISH COULD LEAD TO YOUR 

2448
01:54:29,552 --> 01:54:33,522
DIET OR SMOKING S CESSATION.

2449
01:54:33,522 --> 01:54:35,424
THE TWO MAIN BRAIN REGIONS OF 

2450
01:54:35,424 --> 01:54:38,027
INTEREST ARE THE PREFRONTAL 

2451
01:54:38,027 --> 01:54:41,097
CORTEX WHICH I SHOULD START WITH

2452
01:54:41,097 --> 01:54:45,334
THE STRIATUM WHICH E E BASICALLY

2453
01:54:45,334 --> 01:54:47,003
DRIVES OUR MOTIVATIONS AN 

2454
01:54:47,003 --> 01:54:52,074
IMPULSES THINK OF IT AS THE GAS 

2455
01:54:52,074 --> 01:54:54,310
PEDAL AND THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX 

2456
01:54:54,310 --> 01:54:56,012
AS THE BRAKES CAN CONTROL THE 

2457
01:54:56,012 --> 01:55:01,550
DRIVES AND IMPULSES.

2458
01:55:01,550 --> 01:55:05,388
SO MY EARLY WORK I SHARED 

2459
01:55:05,388 --> 01:55:06,289
HEALTHY ADOLESCENCE WHEN WE 

2460
01:55:06,289 --> 01:55:09,692
LOOKED AT THE OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID

2461
01:55:09,692 --> 01:55:12,295
INTAKE IF WE DON'T CONSUME ITS 

2462
01:55:12,295 --> 01:55:14,864
IN OUR DIET WE'LL BECOME 

2463
01:55:14,864 --> 01:55:16,632
DEFICIENT THEIR INTAKE AND BLOOD

2464
01:55:16,632 --> 01:55:18,167
LEVELS WERE NOT ONLY RELATED TO 

2465
01:55:18,167 --> 01:55:21,070
THEIR IMPULSE CONTROL BUT ALSO 

2466
01:55:21,070 --> 01:55:27,009
TO THEIR BRAIN STRUCTURE, THEIR 

2467
01:55:27,009 --> 01:55:28,511
PREFRONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND 

2468
01:55:28,511 --> 01:55:30,613
IMPULSE CONTROL.

2469
01:55:30,613 --> 01:55:32,415
FROM A POSTDOCTORAL STANCE I 

2470
01:55:32,415 --> 01:55:35,384
SWITCHED AT LOOKING AT THE 

2471
01:55:35,384 --> 01:55:39,021
STRIATUM OF IMPULSE CONTROL BY 

2472
01:55:39,021 --> 01:55:40,489
LOOKING AT HEALTHY ADULTS.

2473
01:55:40,489 --> 01:55:43,592
I LOOK AT THE STRIATUM WITH 

2474
01:55:43,592 --> 01:55:46,662
RESPECT TO DOPAMINE.

2475
01:55:46,662 --> 01:55:49,966
I USED MULTI-MODAL NEURAL 

2476
01:55:49,966 --> 01:55:59,809
IMAGING AND TOMOGRAB OGRAPHY AN 

2477
01:55:59,809 --> 01:56:04,080
PROTON SPECTROSCOPY LOOKING AT 

2478
01:56:04,080 --> 01:56:06,148
NEURAL FUNCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY.

2479
01:56:06,148 --> 01:56:07,483
SOME MAY BE THINKING I CAN'T 

2480
01:56:07,483 --> 01:56:09,719
REMEMBER WHAT I ATE FOR DINNER 

2481
01:56:09,719 --> 01:56:12,521
HOW CAN YOU BE SURE YOUR 

2482
01:56:12,521 --> 01:56:14,156
PARTICIPANTS ARE REPORTING WHAT 

2483
01:56:14,156 --> 01:56:15,992
THEY ATE ACCURATELY.

2484
01:56:15,992 --> 01:56:21,998
TO CIRCUMVENT THAT WE DO 

2485
01:56:21,998 --> 01:56:22,999
CONTROLLED FEEDING STUDIES AND 

2486
01:56:22,999 --> 01:56:25,234
HAVE PRECISE CONTROL OVER WHAT 

2487
01:56:25,234 --> 01:56:26,469
THEY'RE PUTTING IN THEIR BODIES 

2488
01:56:26,469 --> 01:56:32,641
AND HOW IT MAY CHANGE THEIR 

2489
01:56:32,641 --> 01:56:34,210
BRAIN CHEMISTRY.

2490
01:56:34,210 --> 01:56:37,146
CONTRARY TO POPULAR BELIEF AN 

2491
01:56:37,146 --> 01:56:41,283
ACUTE HIGH FAT, HIGH SUGAR MILK 

2492
01:56:41,283 --> 01:56:43,719
SHAKE DOESN'T CHANGE SO MUCH IN 

2493
01:56:43,719 --> 01:56:46,188
TERMS MUCH DOPAMINE RESPONSE AND

2494
01:56:46,188 --> 01:56:49,992
WITH REDUCED CARBOHYDRATE 

2495
01:56:49,992 --> 01:56:52,928
INCREASED BASIL DOPAMINE TONE 

2496
01:56:52,928 --> 01:56:54,597
AND HIGH FAT FOODS AFTER DIETS 

2497
01:56:54,597 --> 01:56:55,898
WERE COMPLETED IN PEOPLE WITH 

2498
01:56:55,898 --> 01:56:57,400
OBESITY AND PEOPLE WHO HAVE 

2499
01:56:57,400 --> 01:57:00,770
OBESITY MAY BE STARTING AT A 

2500
01:57:00,770 --> 01:57:02,071
HIGHER LEVEL OF DOPAMINE TONE 

2501
01:57:02,071 --> 01:57:04,173
COMPARED TO COUNTER PARTS 

2502
01:57:04,173 --> 01:57:05,141
WITHOUT OBESITY.

2503
01:57:05,141 --> 01:57:07,009
ONE BIG QUESTION I'M INTERESTED 

2504
01:57:07,009 --> 01:57:10,880
IN DIVING INTO FIRST WHILE 

2505
01:57:10,880 --> 01:57:13,716
STARTING MY LAB AT NIDDK IS 

2506
01:57:13,716 --> 01:57:15,951
FIGURING OUT WHETHER ULTRA 

2507
01:57:15,951 --> 01:57:20,823
PROCESSED FOODS MAY CHANGE OUR 

2508
01:57:20,823 --> 01:57:21,957
CHEMISTRY AND INCREASING 

2509
01:57:21,957 --> 01:57:22,992
POTENTIALLY INFLAMMATION IN 

2510
01:57:22,992 --> 01:57:26,829
BRAIN CENTERS THAT CONTROL 

2511
01:57:26,829 --> 01:57:37,306
APPETITE LIKE THE HIPE  -- 

2512
01:57:41,343 --> 01:57:46,816
HYPOTHALAMUS AND  IMPULSE.

2513
01:57:46,816 --> 01:57:49,118
THAT'S WHAT I PLAN TO DO.

2514
01:57:49,118 --> 01:57:51,754
>> THANK YOU.

2515
01:57:51,754 --> 01:57:58,861
OUR NEXT SCHOLAR IS IFECHUKWUDE 

2516
01:57:58,861 --> 01:58:02,264
EBENUWA FROM THE NIDDK.

2517
01:58:02,264 --> 01:58:02,498
WELCOME.

2518
01:58:02,498 --> 01:58:04,700
>> HELLO.

2519
01:58:04,700 --> 01:58:08,337
NICE TO BE HERE.

2520
01:58:08,337 --> 01:58:10,039
SO OUR LAB OF RESEARCH GOALS THE

2521
01:58:10,039 --> 01:58:12,374
TWO MAIN RESEARCH GOALS ONE IS 

2522
01:58:12,374 --> 01:58:15,911
TO UNDERSTAND THE 

2523
01:58:15,911 --> 01:58:16,745
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL HAPPENING IN 

2524
01:58:16,745 --> 01:58:18,380
CHRONIC DISEASE LIKE DIABETES.

2525
01:58:18,380 --> 01:58:21,717
WE USE VITAMIN C AND THE SECOND 

2526
01:58:21,717 --> 01:58:24,286
GOAL IS IT TO EXPLORE 

2527
01:58:24,286 --> 01:58:25,387
INTERVENTIONS IN THE MITIGATING 

2528
01:58:25,387 --> 01:58:26,689
DISEASE PROGRESSION.

2529
01:58:26,689 --> 01:58:29,058
AND VITAMIN C IS AN IMPORTANT 

2530
01:58:29,058 --> 01:58:31,193
NUTRIENT AND INVOLVED IN THE 

2531
01:58:31,193 --> 01:58:31,694
BODY'S FUNCTIONS.

2532
01:58:31,694 --> 01:58:35,064
AND SOME OF THE WORK WE'VE DONE 

2533
01:58:35,064 --> 01:58:41,871
HAS SHOWN VITAMINS 

2534
01:58:41,871 --> 01:58:43,272
DYSREGULATED IN HIV AND WHAT IS 

2535
01:58:43,272 --> 01:58:45,641
SHOWN IN THE PRESENTATION WE 

2536
01:58:45,641 --> 01:58:49,845
FOUND INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV AND 

2537
01:58:49,845 --> 01:58:54,483
DIABETES HAVE ABNORMALLY 

2538
01:58:54,483 --> 01:58:58,487
INCREASED LOWS CONTRIBUTING TO 

2539
01:58:58,487 --> 01:58:59,788
LOW VITAMIN C CONCENTRATION.

2540
01:58:59,788 --> 01:59:04,026
ONE BUCKET IS UNDERSTANDING THE 

2541
01:59:04,026 --> 01:59:06,896
MECHANISMS IN DISEASE AND HOW 

2542
01:59:06,896 --> 01:59:07,530
VITAMIN C CANS REGULATION IS 

2543
01:59:07,530 --> 01:59:11,800
BUILT UP IN DECEASE AND LOOKING 

2544
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:14,503
AT THE -- DISEASE AND HOW 

2545
01:59:14,503 --> 01:59:20,075
VITAMIN C IS UTILIZED AND THE 

2546
01:59:20,075 --> 01:59:21,443
BIO AVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN C IS

2547
01:59:21,443 --> 01:59:22,845
DIFFERENT IN DISEASE AND LOOKING

2548
01:59:22,845 --> 01:59:24,914
AT FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE.

2549
01:59:24,914 --> 01:59:28,417
IT'S NOT JUST CLINICAL AND 

2550
01:59:28,417 --> 01:59:29,718
DIETARY AND DEMOGRAPHIC 

2551
01:59:29,718 --> 01:59:31,387
DIFFERENCES BUT THE SOCIO 

2552
01:59:31,387 --> 01:59:33,956
ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE

2553
01:59:33,956 --> 01:59:34,657
SOME OF THREES DYSREGULATION 

2554
01:59:34,657 --> 01:59:38,427
WE'VE OBSERVED AND THE THIRD 

2555
01:59:38,427 --> 01:59:40,896
BUCKET IS LOOKING AT THE HEALTH 

2556
01:59:40,896 --> 01:59:44,033
IMPLICATIONS AND VITAMIN C IS 

2557
01:59:44,033 --> 01:59:46,468
DYSREGULATED SO WHO CARES.

2558
01:59:46,468 --> 01:59:49,305
AS AN ENDOCRINOLOGIST I'M 

2559
01:59:49,305 --> 01:59:51,774
FOCUSSED ON THE EFFECT ON 

2560
01:59:51,774 --> 01:59:52,875
ENDOCRINE STRESS REGULATION AND 

2561
01:59:52,875 --> 01:59:58,480
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT IT HAS 

2562
01:59:58,480 --> 01:59:59,148
ON PSYCHIATRIC FUNCTIONING.

2563
01:59:59,148 --> 02:00:08,257
THANK YOU.

2564
02:00:08,257 --> 02:00:18,767
>> OUR NEXT SCHOLAR IS
RAJULA 

2565
02:00:21,337 --> 02:00:21,837
ELANGO.

2566
02:00:21,837 --> 02:00:24,240
>> THANK YOU FOR BEING
HERE.

2567
02:00:24,240 --> 02:00:26,442
MY NAME IS RAJULA ELANGO AND I'M

2568
02:00:26,442 --> 02:00:28,644
A NEW TENURE TRAFFIC 

2569
02:00:28,644 --> 02:00:30,846
INVESTIGATOR AT THE NIE HS IN  I

2570
02:00:30,846 --> 02:00:33,983
NORTH CAROLINA AND AFFILIATED 

2571
02:00:33,983 --> 02:00:38,320
WITH THE LABORATORIES AND LEAD 

2572
02:00:38,320 --> 02:00:41,490
THE STALLED REPLICATION REPAIR 

2573
02:00:41,490 --> 02:00:42,925
GROUP AND INTERESTED IN 

2574
02:00:42,925 --> 02:00:45,794
UNDERSTANDING HOW DNA DAMAGE IS 

2575
02:00:45,794 --> 02:00:46,695
FORMED, DIAGNOSED AND REPAIRED 

2576
02:00:46,695 --> 02:00:49,965
IN MAMMALIAN CELLS.

2577
02:00:49,965 --> 02:00:52,334
ONE SUCH TYPE OF DNA LESION 

2578
02:00:52,334 --> 02:00:53,602
WE'RE INTEN IS CALLEDTETE 

2579
02:00:53,602 --> 02:01:00,976
THE DNA PROTEIN PROS  -- CROSS 

2580
02:01:00,976 --> 02:01:01,277
LINK.

2581
02:01:01,277 --> 02:01:02,911
THESE ARE ROUTINELY FORMED IN 

2582
02:01:02,911 --> 02:01:04,480
RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY.

2583
02:01:04,480 --> 02:01:06,682
IN ADDITION THESE LESIONS WERE 

2584
02:01:06,682 --> 02:01:09,151
OFTEN FORMED IN RESPONSE TO 

2585
02:01:09,151 --> 02:01:10,419
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE LIKE 

2586
02:01:10,419 --> 02:01:14,189
RADIATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS.

2587
02:01:14,189 --> 02:01:17,826
SO IT BECOMES IMPORTANT TO 

2588
02:01:17,826 --> 02:01:19,261
UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE

2589
02:01:19,261 --> 02:01:21,997
REPLICATION ARRIVES AND BUMPS 

2590
02:01:21,997 --> 02:01:24,366
INTO THIS DNA LESION BEFORE IT 

2591
02:01:24,366 --> 02:01:26,935
BEGINS TO DISRUPT ALL THE OTHER 

2592
02:01:26,935 --> 02:01:28,570
PROCESSES LIKE REPLICATION AND 

2593
02:01:28,570 --> 02:01:32,107
TRANSCRIPTION.

2594
02:01:32,107 --> 02:01:34,176
SO MY LAB HAS SET UP PROJECTS TO

2595
02:01:34,176 --> 02:01:37,613
ADDRESS SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS.

2596
02:01:37,613 --> 02:01:39,815
FIRST, WE'RE INTERESTED IN 

2597
02:01:39,815 --> 02:01:43,552
UNDERSTANDING HOW THESE DPCs ARE

2598
02:01:43,552 --> 02:01:46,188
DETECTED AND PROCESSED IN 

2599
02:01:46,188 --> 02:01:48,857
MAMMALIAN CELLS AND INTERESTED 

2600
02:01:48,857 --> 02:01:50,492
IN UNDERSTANDING THE DNA 

2601
02:01:50,492 --> 02:01:51,560
INTERMEDIATES ARE FORMED IN 

2602
02:01:51,560 --> 02:01:55,431
RESPONSE TO THESE DBCs.

2603
02:01:55,431 --> 02:01:56,832
AND MOST IMPORTANTLY WHERE ARE 

2604
02:01:56,832 --> 02:01:58,400
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ARE PAIR

2605
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:03,572
OR LACK OF REPAIR OF THE DPCs IN

2606
02:02:03,572 --> 02:02:05,541
DISEASES LIKE CANCER AND WHAT 

2607
02:02:05,541 --> 02:02:16,085
ARE THE EFFECTS IN HUMAN HEALTH.

2608
02:02:20,322 --> 02:02:25,027
WE DEVELOPED ASSAYS IN OUR LAB 

2609
02:02:25,027 --> 02:02:26,628
AND ESTABLISHED STATE OF THE ART

2610
02:02:26,628 --> 02:02:27,463
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE NEXT 

2611
02:02:27,463 --> 02:02:30,532
GENERATION SEQUENCING.

2612
02:02:30,532 --> 02:02:34,169
WE HAVE HIGH THROUGHPUT 

2613
02:02:34,169 --> 02:02:37,673
SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES AND N SEQ 

2614
02:02:37,673 --> 02:02:39,908
TO VISUALIZE INTERMEDIATE TO THE

2615
02:02:39,908 --> 02:02:40,776
NUCLEOTIDE LEVEL WITH HIGH 

2616
02:02:40,776 --> 02:02:42,845
PRECISION.

2617
02:02:42,845 --> 02:02:45,614
SO IF WE CAN ADDRESS ALL OF 

2618
02:02:45,614 --> 02:02:47,883
THESE QUESTIONS WE WILL NOT ONLY

2619
02:02:47,883 --> 02:02:50,119
UNDERSTAND HOW DNA PROTEIN CROSS

2620
02:02:50,119 --> 02:02:53,655
LINKS OUR REPAIR IN MAMMALIAN 

2621
02:02:53,655 --> 02:02:58,160
CELLS AND TARGET THE PATHWAYS 

2622
02:02:58,160 --> 02:02:58,460
FOR THERAPY.

2623
02:02:58,460 --> 02:03:02,664
THANK YOU.

2624
02:03:02,664 --> 02:03:08,904
>> THANK YOU. OUR NEXT SPE
IS N 

2625
02:03:08,904 --> 02:03:19,448
FARMER FROM THE CLINICAL CENTER.

2626
02:03:29,758 --> 02:03:33,896
>> I'M PLEASED TO BE HERE.

2627
02:03:33,896 --> 02:03:36,265
THREW TO THE DSP COMMITTEE FOR 

2628
02:03:36,265 --> 02:03:37,900
THE WORK WE DO AND I WANT TO SAY

2629
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:40,169
IT'S GREAT TO HAVE SO MANY 

2630
02:03:40,169 --> 02:03:41,303
DIFFERENT INVESTIGATORS IN THIS 

2631
02:03:41,303 --> 02:03:43,305
COHORT THAT ARE FOCUSSED ON 

2632
02:03:43,305 --> 02:03:43,572
NUTRITION.

2633
02:03:43,572 --> 02:03:46,275
I'M VERY EXCITED TO SEE SHOUT 

2634
02:03:46,275 --> 02:03:49,611
OUT TO THE NUTRITION PEOPLE WHAT

2635
02:03:49,611 --> 02:03:51,013
WE COME UP WITH.

2636
02:03:51,013 --> 02:03:53,882
SO MY SECTION IS ENTITLED 

2637
02:03:53,882 --> 02:03:55,417
DIETARY BEHAVIORS IN BIO 

2638
02:03:55,417 --> 02:03:55,918
PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH.

2639
02:03:55,918 --> 02:03:57,920
I KNOW THAT'S A MOUTHFUL SO I'LL

2640
02:03:57,920 --> 02:04:00,122
DO EXPLANATION WHAT OUR RESEARCH

2641
02:04:00,122 --> 02:04:04,293
GOALS ARE AND OUR RESEARCH 

2642
02:04:04,293 --> 02:04:05,394
APPROACHES.

2643
02:04:05,394 --> 02:04:08,997
SO ONE, LET ME GIVE A BASIC 

2644
02:04:08,997 --> 02:04:11,033
FACTOR ABOUT BEHAVIORS IN 

2645
02:04:11,033 --> 02:04:12,367
POPULATION HEALTH.

2646
02:04:12,367 --> 02:04:13,669
GLOBALLY 1 IN 5 DEATHS ARE 

2647
02:04:13,669 --> 02:04:15,671
RELATED TO POOR DIETARY INTAKE.

2648
02:04:15,671 --> 02:04:17,406
THE LAST 20 YEARS WE'VE HAD 

2649
02:04:17,406 --> 02:04:19,241
ADVANCES IN RESEARCH WITH 

2650
02:04:19,241 --> 02:04:21,243
DIETARY APPROACHES TO 

2651
02:04:21,243 --> 02:04:23,212
HYPERTENSION AND THE 

2652
02:04:23,212 --> 02:04:25,214
MEDITERRANEAN DIET IN TERMS OF 

2653
02:04:25,214 --> 02:04:27,549
LEARNING THE IMPORTANCENG OF 

2654
02:04:27,549 --> 02:04:29,852
DIETARY PATTERNS FOR DISEASE 

2655
02:04:29,852 --> 02:04:30,452
RISK PREVENTION.

2656
02:04:30,452 --> 02:04:37,860
BUT LESS ABOUT 80% OF AMERICANS 

2657
02:04:37,860 --> 02:04:41,063
DO NOT FOLLOW CURRENT FRUIT AND 

2658
02:04:41,063 --> 02:04:43,632
VEGETABLE AND WHOLE GRAIN 

2659
02:04:43,632 --> 02:04:45,834
RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH ARE THE 

2660
02:04:45,834 --> 02:04:47,636
MAINSTAYS OF THESE PATTERNS AND 

2661
02:04:47,636 --> 02:04:48,103
THINKING ABOUT THIS 

2662
02:04:48,103 --> 02:04:49,705
IMPLEMENTATION SIDE OF NUTRITION

2663
02:04:49,705 --> 02:04:52,241
AND HOW TO DESIGN EFFECTIVE AND 

2664
02:04:52,241 --> 02:04:53,842
EQUITABLE INTERVENTIONS THAT 

2665
02:04:53,842 --> 02:04:55,344
REACH COMMUNITIES MOST AT RISK 

2666
02:04:55,344 --> 02:04:57,646
FOR DIET-RELATED DISEASES?

2667
02:04:57,646 --> 02:05:01,283
SO TO DO THIS WE USING A 

2668
02:05:01,283 --> 02:05:03,952
PHILOSOPHICAL MODEL CALLED THE 

2669
02:05:03,952 --> 02:05:04,953
BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH MODEL 

2670
02:05:04,953 --> 02:05:10,225
LOOKING AT BIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES 

2671
02:05:10,225 --> 02:05:13,328
AND SOCIAL DETERMINATES IN A 

2672
02:05:13,328 --> 02:05:14,997
DIETARY PATTERN.

2673
02:05:14,997 --> 02:05:15,998
AND WE LOOK AT ENVIRONMENT AND 

2674
02:05:15,998 --> 02:05:18,867
DIET INTERACTIONS AND SO THAT 

2675
02:05:18,867 --> 02:05:21,703
ENVIRONMENT CAN BE THE FOOD 

2676
02:05:21,703 --> 02:05:22,471
ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS ONE'S 

2677
02:05:22,471 --> 02:05:24,172
HOUSEHOLD SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND

2678
02:05:24,172 --> 02:05:25,607
AN EXAMPLE OF THE RESEARCH 

2679
02:05:25,607 --> 02:05:27,743
FINDINGS I DID AS A POSTDOC A 

2680
02:05:27,743 --> 02:05:30,379
COUPLE YEARS AGO WAS LOOKING AT 

2681
02:05:30,379 --> 02:05:32,080
THE ROLE OF FOOD ENVIRONMENT AND

2682
02:05:32,080 --> 02:05:35,183
NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENT ON A 

2683
02:05:35,183 --> 02:05:38,453
DIETARY METABOLITE LINKED TO 

2684
02:05:38,453 --> 02:05:40,022
INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR 

2685
02:05:40,022 --> 02:05:40,989
RISK FACTORS AND LINK 

2686
02:05:40,989 --> 02:05:43,725
ENVIRONMENT TO INFLAMMATION AND 

2687
02:05:43,725 --> 02:05:44,826
METABOLITE DISORDERS.

2688
02:05:44,826 --> 02:05:45,827
OUR RESEARCH APPROACHES 

2689
02:05:45,827 --> 02:05:47,362
CONSISTENT OF THREE MAIN PARTS, 

2690
02:05:47,362 --> 02:05:53,335
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SO WE GO 

2691
02:05:53,335 --> 02:05:54,970
INTO SOUTHEAST D.C. AND DO 

2692
02:05:54,970 --> 02:05:57,773
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN OUR 

2693
02:05:57,773 --> 02:05:58,874
DIETARY INTERVENTIONS AND HAVE A

2694
02:05:58,874 --> 02:06:00,509
BIO BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT WHERE 

2695
02:06:00,509 --> 02:06:02,344
WE'RE SEEKING TO ANSWER WHAT 

2696
02:06:02,344 --> 02:06:03,579
SEEMS LIKE TWO OPPOSING 

2697
02:06:03,579 --> 02:06:03,979
QUESTION.

2698
02:06:03,979 --> 02:06:07,683
THE FIRST IS HOW CAN WE MODULATE

2699
02:06:07,683 --> 02:06:11,720
COOKING TASK TO LOWER 

2700
02:06:11,720 --> 02:06:13,555
ANTICIPATORY STRESS FOR THOSE 

2701
02:06:13,555 --> 02:06:16,625
NEW TO COOKING OR DIET 

2702
02:06:16,625 --> 02:06:23,565
INTERVENTIONS AND A FILL SO  -- 

2703
02:06:23,565 --> 02:06:24,600
PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION AND WHAT 

2704
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:27,669
DRIVES US TO COOK WITH SO MANY 

2705
02:06:27,669 --> 02:06:30,739
FOOD AROUND US AND WE USE MOBIL

2706
02:06:30,739 --> 02:06:33,575
BL EEG IN A COOKING LAB 

2707
02:06:33,575 --> 02:06:36,078
AND ARE TRYING TO LOOK AT 

2708
02:06:36,078 --> 02:06:38,380
LOCALIZATION TO THE PREFRONTAL 

2709
02:06:38,380 --> 02:06:43,218
CORTEX LOCATIONS AND WE HAVE A 

2710
02:06:43,218 --> 02:06:45,454
TRANSLATIONAL ARM TO OUR 

2711
02:06:45,454 --> 02:06:46,855
RESEARCH WHERE WE PHENOTYPE BY 

2712
02:06:46,855 --> 02:06:48,690
ENVIRONMENT, DIET AND CLINICAL 

2713
02:06:48,690 --> 02:06:50,926
OUTCOMES AND LOOK AT STRESS 

2714
02:06:50,926 --> 02:06:52,894
PROFILE METABOLOMIC PROFILING IN

2715
02:06:52,894 --> 02:06:55,430
THE IMMUNE CELL FUNCTION AND 

2716
02:06:55,430 --> 02:06:55,697
PROFILES.

2717
02:06:55,697 --> 02:06:57,599
WE HOPE WITH THE START OF THIS 

2718
02:06:57,599 --> 02:06:59,267
LAB OUR IMPACT WILL BE THAT 

2719
02:06:59,267 --> 02:07:01,169
WE'LL HAVE TO CREATE A RESEARCH 

2720
02:07:01,169 --> 02:07:04,806
FRAMEWORK FOR INCORPORATING BIO,

2721
02:07:04,806 --> 02:07:06,875
PSYCHOSOCIAL OUTCOMES RELATED TO

2722
02:07:06,875 --> 02:07:09,511
DIETARY BEHAVIOR TO IMPROVE THE 

2723
02:07:09,511 --> 02:07:10,212
IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE WHEN IT 

2724
02:07:10,212 --> 02:07:13,015
COMES TO THE FIELD OF NUTRITION.

2725
02:07:13,015 --> 02:07:15,083
WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN SPECIAL

2726
02:07:15,083 --> 02:07:20,922
PATIENT POPULATIONS LIKE THOSE 

2727
02:07:20,922 --> 02:07:22,724
WHO HAVE SUBSTANCE DISORDERS OR 

2728
02:07:22,724 --> 02:07:23,492
SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND LOOKING 

2729
02:07:23,492 --> 02:07:26,561
AT DIETARY INTERVENTIONS FOR 

2730
02:07:26,561 --> 02:07:29,431
THEM AND CONTINUING OUR LOCAL 

2731
02:07:29,431 --> 02:07:30,265
NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENT WORK 

2732
02:07:30,265 --> 02:07:31,500
AND I'D LIKE TO THANK THE 

2733
02:07:31,500 --> 02:07:35,671
MEMBERS OF MY TEAM IN THE 

2734
02:07:35,671 --> 02:07:37,839
AUDIENCE AND REPRESENTED ON THE 

2735
02:07:37,839 --> 02:07:38,040
SLIDE.

2736
02:07:38,040 --> 02:07:41,643
THANK YOU.

2737
02:07:41,643 --> 02:07:49,751
>> OUR NEXT SCHOLAR IS
CARLOS 

2738
02:07:49,751 --> 02:07:51,420
FERREIRA FROM THE NIMHD.

2739
02:07:51,420 --> 02:07:54,656
----NICHD.

2740
02:07:54,656 --> 02:07:59,895
>> I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE.

2741
02:07:59,895 --> 02:08:01,697
MY LAB I'M A CLINICAL TRACK 

2742
02:08:01,697 --> 02:08:04,266
INVESTIGATOR AS OF TODAY IN FACT

2743
02:08:04,266 --> 02:08:06,902
AND MY LAB STUDIES SKE

2744
02:08:06,902 --> 02:08:08,270
DISORDERS.

2745
02:08:08,270 --> 02:08:11,239
WE BASICALLY HAVE THREE GOALS.

2746
02:08:11,239 --> 02:08:13,008
ONE IS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURAL

2747
02:08:13,008 --> 02:08:14,543
VISIT OF THE DISORDERS AND FOCUS

2748
02:08:14,543 --> 02:08:16,745
ON TWO GROUPS OF DISORDERS.

2749
02:08:16,745 --> 02:08:20,315
ONE IS DISORDERS OF BIOLOGY AND 

2750
02:08:20,315 --> 02:08:25,587
THE OTHER IS SKELETAL DYSPLASIA 

2751
02:08:25,587 --> 02:08:27,989
IDENTIFYING NEW GENES TO NEW 

2752
02:08:27,989 --> 02:08:30,759
DISEASE AND WE BRING THEM TO THE

2753
02:08:30,759 --> 02:08:32,194
CLINICAL CENTER AND PERFORM DEEP

2754
02:08:32,194 --> 02:08:32,694
PHENOTYPING.

2755
02:08:32,694 --> 02:08:34,930
WHAT I MEAN IS NOT JUST SKELETAL

2756
02:08:34,930 --> 02:08:39,968
PHENOTYPING BUT MANY PATIENTS WE

2757
02:08:39,968 --> 02:08:44,506
SEE HAVE INVOLVEMENT AND 

2758
02:08:44,506 --> 02:08:47,109
COLLABORATE WITH COLLEAGUES AT 

2759
02:08:47,109 --> 02:08:49,578
NEA AND SOME HAVE HEARING LOSS 

2760
02:08:49,578 --> 02:08:54,049
AND WITH SCHOLARS AT NIDCD AND 

2761
02:08:54,049 --> 02:08:57,552
ONE ASSOCIATED WITH 

2762
02:08:57,552 --> 02:08:59,454
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

2763
02:08:59,454 --> 02:09:01,590
AND LOOKING AT CARDIAL 

2764
02:09:01,590 --> 02:09:03,125
INFARCTION AND STROKE IN THE 

2765
02:09:03,125 --> 02:09:04,392
FIRST YEAR OF LIFE AND WE 

2766
02:09:04,392 --> 02:09:06,061
COLLABORATE WITH EXPERTS.

2767
02:09:06,061 --> 02:09:08,163
WE DON'T JUST COLLECT CLINICAL 

2768
02:09:08,163 --> 02:09:10,766
DATA BUT RNA AND DNA SAMPLES 

2769
02:09:10,766 --> 02:09:12,968
FROM BLOOD OR AFFECTED BONE 

2770
02:09:12,968 --> 02:09:14,770
LESIONS, PERFORMING GENOMIC 

2771
02:09:14,770 --> 02:09:17,606
STUDIES TRYING TO IDENTIFY GENES

2772
02:09:17,606 --> 02:09:19,608
LEADING TO SKELETAL DISEASE AND 

2773
02:09:19,608 --> 02:09:22,944
COLLECT URINE AND PLASMA AND 

2774
02:09:22,944 --> 02:09:24,880
SERUM SAMPLES TRYING TO IDENTIFY

2775
02:09:24,880 --> 02:09:27,048
NEW BIOMARKERS OF THE DISORDERS 

2776
02:09:27,048 --> 02:09:30,285
WE STUDY AND STARTING TO DEVELOP

2777
02:09:30,285 --> 02:09:33,388
A LARGE IMAGING DATA.

2778
02:09:33,388 --> 02:09:36,358
ALL THE DATA SET WE TRIED TO 

2779
02:09:36,358 --> 02:09:37,559
DEVELOP EN POINTS FOR FUTURE 

2780
02:09:37,559 --> 02:09:38,927
CLINICAL TRIAL.

2781
02:09:38,927 --> 02:09:42,063
THE SECOND AIM OF THE SKELETAL 

2782
02:09:42,063 --> 02:09:43,365
GENOMICS IS TO UNDERSTAND 

2783
02:09:43,365 --> 02:09:44,833
MECHANISMS OF THE DISORDERS WE 

2784
02:09:44,833 --> 02:09:47,669
STUDY AND FOR THAT WE USE CELL 

2785
02:09:47,669 --> 02:09:49,571
AND ANIMAL MODELS.

2786
02:09:49,571 --> 02:09:53,308
FOR CELLS WE WORK WITH PRIMARY 

2787
02:09:53,308 --> 02:09:56,645
CELL LINES FROM STROMAL CELLS 

2788
02:09:56,645 --> 02:10:07,155
FROM BONE BIOPSY AND BONE AND 

2789
02:10:08,590 --> 02:10:10,125
CARTILAGE AND WORK WITH MOUSE 

2790
02:10:10,125 --> 02:10:12,594
MODELS ON DEVELOPING NEW MODELS 

2791
02:10:12,594 --> 02:10:16,832
OF THE DISORDERS AND RIGHT NOW 

2792
02:10:16,832 --> 02:10:17,833
WE'RE TRYING TO EXPAND TO 

2793
02:10:17,833 --> 02:10:18,733
ZEBRAFISH MODELS AND THE LAST 

2794
02:10:18,733 --> 02:10:20,969
AIM OF THE UNIT IS TO DEVELOP 

2795
02:10:20,969 --> 02:10:22,437
NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE 

2796
02:10:22,437 --> 02:10:24,606
DISORDERS WE STUDY AND TRY THAT 

2797
02:10:24,606 --> 02:10:26,208
FIRST IN THE CELL MODELS IN 

2798
02:10:26,208 --> 02:10:28,043
VITRO AND EVENTUALLY IN OUR 

2799
02:10:28,043 --> 02:10:30,545
PRECLINICAL MOUSE MODELS.

2800
02:10:30,545 --> 02:10:33,949
AND IF THEY SHOW PROMISE IN THE 

2801
02:10:33,949 --> 02:10:36,551
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS WE 

2802
02:10:36,551 --> 02:10:40,922
WRING TO CLINICAL TRIALS.

2803
02:10:40,922 --> 02:10:45,560
SO THANK YOU TO NICHD AND DSP 

2804
02:10:45,560 --> 02:10:51,666
FOR SUPPORTING THIS WORK.

2805
02:10:51,666 --> 02:10:58,840
>> THE NEXT SPEAKER ISN 

2806
02:10:58,840 --> 02:11:00,942
HERMAN BUT COULDN'T MAKE IT 

2807
02:11:00,942 --> 02:11:02,677
TODAY AND HOPEFULLY NEXT YEAR 

2808
02:11:02,677 --> 02:11:08,450
WE'LL GET TO KNOW HER AND SO 

2809
02:11:08,450 --> 02:11:18,593
NEXT IS RAS ICA MATHIAS.

2810
02:11:18,593 --> 02:11:20,829
>> I'M A GENETIC
EPIDEMIOLOGIST 

2811
02:11:20,829 --> 02:11:21,463
BY TRAINING.

2812
02:11:21,463 --> 02:11:25,400
AND I AM A SENIOR INVESTIGATOR 

2813
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:28,536
AT NIAID AND CHIEF OF THE 

2814
02:11:28,536 --> 02:11:29,404
GENETICS AND PRECISION HEALTH 

2815
02:11:29,404 --> 02:11:29,938
SECTION.

2816
02:11:29,938 --> 02:11:31,640
WE STARTED THIS SIX MONTHS AGO 

2817
02:11:31,640 --> 02:11:33,208
AND IT DOESN'T FEEL LIKE I'VE 

2818
02:11:33,208 --> 02:11:34,342
CHANGED SO MUCH BECAUSE I'VE 

2819
02:11:34,342 --> 02:11:35,810
COME BACK HOME HONESTLY.

2820
02:11:35,810 --> 02:11:37,846
THIS IS 20 YEARS SINCE I STARTED

2821
02:11:37,846 --> 02:11:41,049
MY POSTDOC AT NIH.

2822
02:11:41,049 --> 02:11:43,451
THAT WAS IN NHGRI AND SPENT 

2823
02:11:43,451 --> 02:11:47,756
ALMOST TWO DECADES AS HOPKINS AT

2824
02:11:47,756 --> 02:11:48,356
FACULTY.

2825
02:11:48,356 --> 02:11:50,825
PRECISION HEALTH AIMS TO 

2826
02:11:50,825 --> 02:11:51,793
INTEGRATE AN INDIVIDUAL'S 

2827
02:11:51,793 --> 02:11:53,328
GENETIC CODE TO THEIR HEALTH 

2828
02:11:53,328 --> 02:11:53,795
CARE.

2829
02:11:53,795 --> 02:11:57,098
I WORK IN COMPLEX DISEASE.

2830
02:11:57,098 --> 02:11:57,866
THE COMMON DISEASE, COMMON 

2831
02:11:57,866 --> 02:12:00,502
VARIANT HYPOTHESIS IS WHERE WE 

2832
02:12:00,502 --> 02:12:00,735
STARTED.

2833
02:12:00,735 --> 02:12:02,470
THE MOST COMMONLY USED TOOL WE 

2834
02:12:02,470 --> 02:12:04,973
TALK ABOUT IS THE POLY GENIC 

2835
02:12:04,973 --> 02:12:07,609
RISK SCORE WHERE WE SUM UP AN 

2836
02:12:07,609 --> 02:12:09,144
INDIVIDUAL'S RISK ACROSS 

2837
02:12:09,144 --> 02:12:11,179
MILLIONS OF POINTS ACROSS THE 

2838
02:12:11,179 --> 02:12:13,949
HUMAN GENOME AND POLY GENIC 

2839
02:12:13,949 --> 02:12:15,817
SCORES FOR ASTHMA NOW HAVE 2 

2840
02:12:15,817 --> 02:12:17,285
MILLION VARIANTS.

2841
02:12:17,285 --> 02:12:20,021
ONE OF THE CHALLENGES WE'RE DEAL

2842
02:12:20,021 --> 02:12:24,759
WITH IS NOT ONE OF VARIANT 

2843
02:12:24,759 --> 02:12:28,263
ACQUISITION AND I'M PART OF 

2844
02:12:28,263 --> 02:12:31,299
CONSORTIA STUDYING WITH WHOLE 

2845
02:12:31,299 --> 02:12:34,803
GENOME SEQUENCING AND WE HAVE 

2846
02:12:34,803 --> 02:12:35,203
GWAS.

2847
02:12:35,203 --> 02:12:38,239
ACQUIRING THE VARIATION IS NOT 

2848
02:12:38,239 --> 02:12:39,007
THE CHALLENGE.

2849
02:12:39,007 --> 02:12:40,141
UNDER STANDING THE VARIATION IS 

2850
02:12:40,141 --> 02:12:40,976
THE CHALLENGE.

2851
02:12:40,976 --> 02:12:43,712
FOR ME IN THE SPACE OF ASTHMA 

2852
02:12:43,712 --> 02:12:45,213
USING THE GENETIC PRE DIRECTORS 

2853
02:12:45,213 --> 02:12:47,882
TO UNDERSTAND AND PREDICT ENDO 

2854
02:12:47,882 --> 02:12:55,190
TYPES OF ASTHMA WOULD BE ALMOST 

2855
02:12:55,190 --> 02:12:57,792
AS USEFUL AS UNDERSTAND ASTHMA 

2856
02:12:57,792 --> 02:12:59,461
RISK AND CONNECTING TO CLINICAL 

2857
02:12:59,461 --> 02:13:00,628
SETTINGS AN USE THIS TO 

2858
02:13:00,628 --> 02:13:01,429
UNDERSTAND THE BIOLOGY OF 

2859
02:13:01,429 --> 02:13:06,735
DISEASE.

2860
02:13:06,735 --> 02:13:08,403
GOING BACK TO THE CHALLENGE I 

2861
02:13:08,403 --> 02:13:10,572
BRING TOGETHER PROTEOMICS AND 

2862
02:13:10,572 --> 02:13:13,408
TRANSCRIPTOMICS AN GENETICS IN 

2863
02:13:13,408 --> 02:13:17,379
ORDER TO DO THIS.

2864
02:13:17,379 --> 02:13:27,822
AND WE STUDY A COMPLEX OF 

2865
02:13:29,457 --> 02:13:37,799
DISEASES AND ASTHMA IS AN 

2866
02:13:37,799 --> 02:13:40,668
OPERATOR AND AGING BECAUSE 

2867
02:13:40,668 --> 02:13:41,503
COMPLEX DISEASES ARE CONNECTED 

2868
02:13:41,503 --> 02:13:43,571
TO HEALTHY AGING AND THE OUTCOME

2869
02:13:43,571 --> 02:13:44,439
AND TALKING ABOUT NUTRITION.

2870
02:13:44,439 --> 02:13:47,609
WE HAVE ANOTHER WAY TO CONNECT.

2871
02:13:47,609 --> 02:13:50,078
ONE PIVOTAL PIECE MY LAB HAS 

2872
02:13:50,078 --> 02:13:57,252
DONE IS SHOW POLY UNSATURATED 

2873
02:13:57,252 --> 02:13:58,319
METABOLISM CAN DIFFER BETWEEN 

2874
02:13:58,319 --> 02:13:58,620
POPULATIONS.

2875
02:13:58,620 --> 02:14:01,423
I LOVE HEARING THE CONNECTIVITY.

2876
02:14:01,423 --> 02:14:02,290
THE PART THAT'S IMPORTANT IS 

2877
02:14:02,290 --> 02:14:03,558
HEALTH DISPARITIES.

2878
02:14:03,558 --> 02:14:05,894
WE REACHED A POINT IN GENOMICS 

2879
02:14:05,894 --> 02:14:07,095
RESEARCH WHERE WE'VE RECOGNIZED 

2880
02:14:07,095 --> 02:14:11,800
THE CLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL 

2881
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:14,002
ASPECT WE COMPOUNDED HEALTH 

2882
02:14:14,002 --> 02:14:15,036
DISPARITIES BECAUSE OF THE UNDER

2883
02:14:15,036 --> 02:14:15,804
REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY 

2884
02:14:15,804 --> 02:14:19,808
POPULATIONS IN OUR WORK.

2885
02:14:19,808 --> 02:14:21,810
SO ALMOST IF NOT EVERY PROJECT I

2886
02:14:21,810 --> 02:14:23,378
DO PAYS ATTENTION NOT INCLUSION 

2887
02:14:23,378 --> 02:14:26,548
OF MINORITY POPULATIONS IN OUR 

2888
02:14:26,548 --> 02:14:27,082
RESEARCH BODY.

2889
02:14:27,082 --> 02:14:29,050
THE FOURTH PILLAR IS CLINICAL 

2890
02:14:29,050 --> 02:14:33,621
TRANSLATION.

2891
02:14:33,621 --> 02:14:37,392
OBVIOUSLY I WANT TO UNDERSTAND 

2892
02:14:37,392 --> 02:14:40,595
DISEASE BUT WANT TO TAKE IN POLY

2893
02:14:40,595 --> 02:14:43,231
GENIC RISK SCORES AND RARELY IS 

2894
02:14:43,231 --> 02:14:48,269
ANYTHING DONE IN ONE 

2895
02:14:48,269 --> 02:14:49,237
COMPARTMENT.

2896
02:14:49,237 --> 02:14:52,040
I'M EXCITED TO BE PART OF THE 

2897
02:14:52,040 --> 02:14:52,507
DSP.

2898
02:14:52,507 --> 02:14:54,609
I'M A TENURED INVESTIGATOR BUT 

2899
02:14:54,609 --> 02:14:55,376
THERE'S ALWAYS MORE TO LEARN 

2900
02:14:55,376 --> 02:14:56,478
FROM COLLEAGUES AND PEERS.

2901
02:14:56,478 --> 02:15:02,484
THIS IS SUPER EXCITING TO ME 

2902
02:15:02,484 --> 02:15:06,087
BECAUSE THE WORK WE DO IS 

2903
02:15:06,087 --> 02:15:08,289
FOCUSSED ON DIVERSITY IN THE 

2904
02:15:08,289 --> 02:15:09,791
SCIENCE AND TO BEST ADDRESS THE 

2905
02:15:09,791 --> 02:15:11,359
INEQUALITIES WE NEED IT PAY 

2906
02:15:11,359 --> 02:15:15,797
ATTENTION TO DIVERSITY AND 

2907
02:15:15,797 --> 02:15:16,464
INCLUSION IN THE NEXT GENERATION

2908
02:15:16,464 --> 02:15:17,499
OF LEADERS.

2909
02:15:17,499 --> 02:15:19,501
I'M TRYING TO GET MORE PEOPLE TO

2910
02:15:19,501 --> 02:15:20,969
DO WHAT I DO AND BETTER THAN I 

2911
02:15:20,969 --> 02:15:21,302
DO.

2912
02:15:21,302 --> 02:15:25,406
THIS IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF MY 

2913
02:15:25,406 --> 02:15:26,908
MISSION IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS 

2914
02:15:26,908 --> 02:15:31,779
LED ME ON RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

2915
02:15:31,779 --> 02:15:35,650
BUT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE 

2916
02:15:35,650 --> 02:15:35,884
PROGRAM.

2917
02:15:35,884 --> 02:15:38,219
I'M EXCITED TO MEET AND WORK 

2918
02:15:38,219 --> 02:15:45,827
WITH THE OTHER DSP COHORTS.

2919
02:15:45,827 --> 02:15:46,594
THANKS.

2920
02:15:46,594 --> 02:15:50,565
>> THANK YOU.

2921
02:15:50,565 --> 02:16:01,109
OUR NEXT SCHOLAR IS FROM NINDS.

2922
02:16:01,342 --> 02:16:03,778
>> THANK YOU.

2923
02:16:03,778 --> 02:16:06,080
I'M AMREEN MUGHAL.

2924
02:16:06,080 --> 02:16:11,319
I'M THE ACTING CHIEF OF 

2925
02:16:11,319 --> 02:16:11,586
RESEARCH.

2926
02:16:11,586 --> 02:16:15,223
IN THE RESEARCH UNIT OUR GOAL IS

2927
02:16:15,223 --> 02:16:17,358
TO STUDY NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING 

2928
02:16:17,358 --> 02:16:19,961
WIN THE NEURONS AND BLOOD 

2929
02:16:19,961 --> 02:16:21,362
VESSELS AND INTERESTED IN 

2930
02:16:21,362 --> 02:16:24,299
STUDYING THESE MECHANISMS IN THE

2931
02:16:24,299 --> 02:16:25,733
BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND INTERESTED

2932
02:16:25,733 --> 02:16:33,308
TO EXPAND THE KNOWLEDGE TO BRAIN

2933
02:16:33,308 --> 02:16:37,312
AND OUR GOAL IS TO EXTEND THIS 

2934
02:16:37,312 --> 02:16:43,885
TO THE DEMENTIA LOOKING AT 

2935
02:16:43,885 --> 02:16:45,353
AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY.

2936
02:16:45,353 --> 02:16:48,156
THE MORE WE'RE LEARNING IN THE 

2937
02:16:48,156 --> 02:16:51,526
MODELS IT'S NOT THE SUPPLY OF 

2938
02:16:51,526 --> 02:16:54,596
GLUCOSE BUT MORE METABOLIC 

2939
02:16:54,596 --> 02:16:57,131
FACTOR SUCH AS AMYLOID BETA AND 

2940
02:16:57,131 --> 02:16:57,799
TAU PROTEIN.

2941
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:01,369
WE'RE USING A VARIETY OF 

2942
02:17:01,369 --> 02:17:03,805
APPROACHES FROM SINGLE CELL TO 

2943
02:17:03,805 --> 02:17:06,174
WHOLE ANIMAL PROVIDING A 

2944
02:17:06,174 --> 02:17:09,344
PERSPECTIVE OF COUPLING 

2945
02:17:09,344 --> 02:17:13,681
MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN.

2946
02:17:13,681 --> 02:17:18,152
WE USE IMAGING AND CREATE A 

2947
02:17:18,152 --> 02:17:20,788
SMALL WINDOW OVER THE CORTEX AND

2948
02:17:20,788 --> 02:17:25,226
CAN CREATE IT OVER ANY BRAIN 

2949
02:17:25,226 --> 02:17:25,460
REGION.

2950
02:17:25,460 --> 02:17:27,795
WE STUDY THE DYNAMIC CHANGES.

2951
02:17:27,795 --> 02:17:31,232
AND ONE EXAMPLE IS SHOWN HERE IS

2952
02:17:31,232 --> 02:17:35,670
WHERE THE FLUORESCENCE INDICATED

2953
02:17:35,670 --> 02:17:38,673
THE BRAIN CORTICAL VASCULATURE 

2954
02:17:38,673 --> 02:17:42,343
AND THE SIGNALS GENERATED IN THE

2955
02:17:42,343 --> 02:17:47,682
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

2956
02:17:47,682 --> 02:17:52,854
WE COMBINED IT WITH EX VIVO 

2957
02:17:52,854 --> 02:17:55,323
APPROACHES AND STUDY ION 

2958
02:17:55,323 --> 02:17:56,391
EXPRESSION WITHOUT CONTRIBUTE 

2959
02:17:56,391 --> 02:17:57,792
TOE THIS COUPLING MECHANISM.

2960
02:17:57,792 --> 02:18:01,396
AND WE ALSO COMBINE THIS WITH EX

2961
02:18:01,396 --> 02:18:04,632
VIVO EXPERIMENTS WHERE WE 

2962
02:18:04,632 --> 02:18:06,901
ISOLATE THE VESSELS FROM THE 

2963
02:18:06,901 --> 02:18:10,138
BRAIN AND THE VESSELS ARE CLOSE 

2964
02:18:10,138 --> 02:18:13,174
TO 20 MICRONS THE DIAMETER OF 

2965
02:18:13,174 --> 02:18:14,342
THE HUMAN HAIR.

2966
02:18:14,342 --> 02:18:18,279
YOU CAN SEE HOW TINY THE VESSELS

2967
02:18:18,279 --> 02:18:21,149
ARE AND PERFORM ACTIVITY TO 

2968
02:18:21,149 --> 02:18:23,351
UNDERSTAND WHAT MAY BE 

2969
02:18:23,351 --> 02:18:24,952
CONTRIBUTING TO THE DIFFERENT 

2970
02:18:24,952 --> 02:18:27,789
COUPLING MECHANISMS.

2971
02:18:27,789 --> 02:18:31,326
SO OUR GOAL IS TO PROVIDE 

2972
02:18:31,326 --> 02:18:32,193
DETAILED PERSPECTIVE ON COUPLING

2973
02:18:32,193 --> 02:18:33,795
AND HOMEOSTASIS.

2974
02:18:33,795 --> 02:18:36,097
LIKE MANY I'M A NEW INVESTIGATOR

2975
02:18:36,097 --> 02:18:36,331
AS WELL.

2976
02:18:36,331 --> 02:18:38,766
I STARTED SIX MONTHS AGO.

2977
02:18:38,766 --> 02:18:41,369
SO WE ARE A GROWING TEAM AND ON 

2978
02:18:41,369 --> 02:18:43,371
THIS CORNER YOU CAN SEE OUR 

2979
02:18:43,371 --> 02:18:44,372
CURRENT GROUP SOME PEOPLE ARE 

2980
02:18:44,372 --> 02:18:45,640
MISSING FROM THE PICTURE.

2981
02:18:45,640 --> 02:18:47,709
AND WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO 

2982
02:18:47,709 --> 02:18:49,410
THANK THE NIH AND DSP PROGRAM 

2983
02:18:49,410 --> 02:18:51,779
SUPPORTING OUR MISSION.

2984
02:18:51,779 --> 02:18:57,752
THANK YOU.

2985
02:18:57,752 --> 02:18:58,686
>> THANK YOU.

2986
02:18:58,686 --> 02:19:04,392
THE NEXT DSP SCHOLAR IS JOE 

2987
02:19:04,392 --> 02:19:09,297
NGUYEN FROM CANCER RESEARCH.

2988
02:19:09,297 --> 02:19:11,265
WELCOME, JOE.

2989
02:19:11,265 --> 02:19:12,133
>> OKAY.

2990
02:19:12,133 --> 02:19:14,102
THANKS FOR HAVING ME HERE.

2991
02:19:14,102 --> 02:19:17,905
I'M EXCITED TO BE PART OF THE 

2992
02:19:17,905 --> 02:19:18,072
DSP.

2993
02:19:18,072 --> 02:19:21,776
MY NAME IS JOE NGUYEN A DENTIST 

2994
02:19:21,776 --> 02:19:24,479
SCIENTIST AND I HAVE BEEN 

2995
02:19:24,479 --> 02:19:27,682
WORKING WITH NCI SINCE A JOINED 

2996
02:19:27,682 --> 02:19:28,716
AS A POSTDOC.

2997
02:19:28,716 --> 02:19:30,685
IT'S FINALLY TO BE IN A POSITION

2998
02:19:30,685 --> 02:19:31,919
TO WORK WITH DIFFERENT TRAINEES 

2999
02:19:31,919 --> 02:19:32,520
AT DIFFERENT LEVELS.

3000
02:19:32,520 --> 02:19:35,089
THE PHOTO IS OUR SUMMER CREW.

3001
02:19:35,089 --> 02:19:36,224
THEY'RE ONLY THERE FOR THE 

3002
02:19:36,224 --> 02:19:37,725
SUMMER BUT IT WAS A GREAT AND 

3003
02:19:37,725 --> 02:19:42,430
FUN EXPERIENCE FOR ALL OF US.

3004
02:19:42,430 --> 02:19:44,799
I'M INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING 

3005
02:19:44,799 --> 02:19:46,701
THE MECHANISMS OF CANCER 

3006
02:19:46,701 --> 02:19:47,935
RESEARCH.

3007
02:19:47,935 --> 02:19:53,241
WE'RE UTILIZING TECHNOLOGIES 

3008
02:19:53,241 --> 02:19:57,945
WITH TRANSCRIPTOME TECHNOLOGIES 

3009
02:19:57,945 --> 02:20:01,282
AND WE LOOK AND THE 

3010
02:20:01,282 --> 02:20:02,216
COLLABORATORS WITH THE 

3011
02:20:02,216 --> 02:20:03,684
UNIVERSITY OF BALTIMORE AND 

3012
02:20:03,684 --> 02:20:05,253
COLLEGE PARK.

3013
02:20:05,253 --> 02:20:06,788
WHAT'S INTERESTING FOR OUR 

3014
02:20:06,788 --> 02:20:09,891
FUTURE WORK IS TO UNDERSTAND WHY

3015
02:20:09,891 --> 02:20:13,694
SOME CELLS WITHIN THE DISPLASTIC

3016
02:20:13,694 --> 02:20:15,696
EPITHELIUM DIFFER FROM THE 

3017
02:20:15,696 --> 02:20:17,131
CANCER SAMPLES.

3018
02:20:17,131 --> 02:20:21,269
WE THINK BY HONING IN ON THE 

3019
02:20:21,269 --> 02:20:23,137
ASPECT OF THE BIOLOGY WE CAN 

3020
02:20:23,137 --> 02:20:26,407
MAKE SPECIFIC GENE TO 

3021
02:20:26,407 --> 02:20:27,608
MOUSE MODELS OF HEAD AND NECK 

3022
02:20:27,608 --> 02:20:30,745
CANCER AND STUDY IT IN AN IMMUNE

3023
02:20:30,745 --> 02:20:31,879
COMPETENT FASHION.

3024
02:20:31,879 --> 02:20:33,648
OUR GROUP HAS BEEN ABLE TO 

3025
02:20:33,648 --> 02:20:37,718
UTILIZE THE BIOLOGY SAMPLES FROM

3026
02:20:37,718 --> 02:20:39,086
DIVERSE GROUPS BUT ALSO TAKE 

3027
02:20:39,086 --> 02:20:42,356
MOUSE MODELSED IN HOUSE 

3028
02:20:42,356 --> 02:20:46,093
THAT EXPRESS KAS 9 AND WE CAN 

3029
02:20:46,093 --> 02:20:47,528
GROW TUMORS IN VIVO AND STUDY 

3030
02:20:47,528 --> 02:20:50,598
THE ROLE OF THESE GENES 

3031
02:20:50,598 --> 02:20:52,967
SPECIFICALLY ENHANCED IN WHAT WE

3032
02:20:52,967 --> 02:20:55,369
CALL THE MALIGNANT TUMOR OR 

3033
02:20:55,369 --> 02:20:56,170
TRANSFORMATION ZONE.

3034
02:20:56,170 --> 02:20:57,205
THAT'S WHAT I DO NOW.

3035
02:20:57,205 --> 02:21:01,142
HAPPY TO MEET YOU ALL.

3036
02:21:01,142 --> 02:21:01,609
THANK YOU.

3037
02:21:01,609 --> 02:21:12,153
>> OUR NEXT DSP SCHOLAR IS
CAMI 

3038
02:21:15,556 --> 02:21:23,865
LA ODIO FROM
NIAID.>>CAMILA ODI 

3039
02:21:23,865 --> 02:21:25,633
HONORED TO BE HERE AND AN 

3040
02:21:25,633 --> 02:21:26,501
ASSISTANT CLINICAL INVESTIGATOR 

3041
02:21:26,501 --> 02:21:28,369
IN NIAID AND I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT

3042
02:21:28,369 --> 02:21:31,639
MY INTEREST IN SEVERE DENGUE.

3043
02:21:31,639 --> 02:21:33,074
THERE'S FOUR TYPES TRANSMITTED 

3044
02:21:33,074 --> 02:21:36,377
BETWEEN HUMANS BY MOSQUITOS.

3045
02:21:36,377 --> 02:21:37,545
THIS HALF OF THE WORLD'S 

3046
02:21:37,545 --> 02:21:39,413
POPULATION IS AT RISK FOR DENGUE

3047
02:21:39,413 --> 02:21:42,350
AND THE INCIDENCE IS RISING AND 

3048
02:21:42,350 --> 02:21:43,918
ONE OF THE FEW INFECTIOUS 

3049
02:21:43,918 --> 02:21:45,486
DISEASES HAVING A HUGE OUTBREAK 

3050
02:21:45,486 --> 02:21:46,687
THIS YEAR AND INTERESTINGLY 

3051
02:21:46,687 --> 02:21:48,523
ABOUT DENGUE THE SECOND 

3052
02:21:48,523 --> 02:21:49,624
INFECTION IS ACTUALLY THE HIGHER

3053
02:21:49,624 --> 02:21:51,125
RISK FOR SEVERE DISEASE.

3054
02:21:51,125 --> 02:21:53,427
SO WITH THE FIRST INFECTION HERE

3055
02:21:53,427 --> 02:21:58,432
THE CLEAR BAR TYPICALLY YOU HAVE

3056
02:21:58,432 --> 02:22:00,167
JUST THE DENGUE FEVER BUT WITH 

3057
02:22:00,167 --> 02:22:03,271
THE SECOND INFECTION WITH THE 

3058
02:22:03,271 --> 02:22:05,806
DIFFERENT SEROTYPE YOU GET THE 

3059
02:22:05,806 --> 02:22:06,974
BLACK BAR OR HIGHER AMOUNT OF 

3060
02:22:06,974 --> 02:22:08,476
SEVERE DISEASE.

3061
02:22:08,476 --> 02:22:09,644
TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THIS BETTER

3062
02:22:09,644 --> 02:22:12,013
MY MENTOR AND I LAUNCHED A 

3063
02:22:12,013 --> 02:22:12,847
VACCINE TRIAL HERE.

3064
02:22:12,847 --> 02:22:15,383
WE'VE ENROLLED 40 OF OUR 45 

3065
02:22:15,383 --> 02:22:17,051
PARTICIPANTS HOPING TO FINISH 

3066
02:22:17,051 --> 02:22:19,253
ENROLLMENT THIS MONTH AND HAVE 

3067
02:22:19,253 --> 02:22:21,055
TAKEN 15 INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE 

3068
02:22:21,055 --> 02:22:24,625
NEVER SEEN DENGUE BEFORE.

3069
02:22:24,625 --> 02:22:27,128
15 WITH ONE PRIOR EXPOSURE TO 

3070
02:22:27,128 --> 02:22:31,732
DENGUE TYPE 1, 2 OR 4 AND 15 

3071
02:22:31,732 --> 02:22:35,836
WITH MULTIPLE EXPOSURES AND A 

3072
02:22:35,836 --> 02:22:36,637
LIVE ATTENUATED DENGUE VACCINE 

3073
02:22:36,637 --> 02:22:39,507
AND LOOKING CLOSELY AT THEIR 

3074
02:22:39,507 --> 02:22:47,081
IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HOW THEIR 

3075
02:22:47,081 --> 02:22:48,215
VIREMIA TRACKS.

3076
02:22:48,215 --> 02:22:49,684
THROUGH THIS HETEROGENEOUS GROUP

3077
02:22:49,684 --> 02:22:52,186
THIS IS THE GROUP MOST AT RISK 

3078
02:22:52,186 --> 02:22:53,054
FOR SEVERE DISEASE.

3079
02:22:53,054 --> 02:22:54,855
SO UNDERSTAND THE IMMUNE 

3080
02:22:54,855 --> 02:22:55,890
RESPONSES BETTER WE'RE 

3081
02:22:55,890 --> 02:22:56,991
COLLECTING BLOOD AT MULTIPLE 

3082
02:22:56,991 --> 02:22:59,594
TIME POINTS AND PARTICIPANTS ARE

3083
02:22:59,594 --> 02:23:01,662
VERY GRACIOUS AND COME VERY 

3084
02:23:01,662 --> 02:23:05,466
OFTEN GET A LOT OF BLOOD TAKEN.

3085
02:23:05,466 --> 02:23:08,035
TO UNDERSTAND THE EARLY RESPONSE

3086
02:23:08,035 --> 02:23:09,704
WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CAPTURE 

3087
02:23:09,704 --> 02:23:11,105
IN NATURAL INFECTION STUDIES 

3088
02:23:11,105 --> 02:23:12,840
PAUSE THE VIRUS DOES NOT INDUCE 

3089
02:23:12,840 --> 02:23:14,208
SYMPTOMS UNTIL ABOUT SEVEN DAYS 

3090
02:23:14,208 --> 02:23:14,976
AFTER EXPOSURE.

3091
02:23:14,976 --> 02:23:17,044
BY A CONTROLLED EXPOSURE WE CAN 

3092
02:23:17,044 --> 02:23:18,379
LOOK AT THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 

3093
02:23:18,379 --> 02:23:19,146
EARLY ON.

3094
02:23:19,146 --> 02:23:23,751
WE'RE ALSO PIONEERING LYMPH NODE

3095
02:23:23,751 --> 02:23:25,386
COLLECTION AND ASPIRATIONS WITH 

3096
02:23:25,386 --> 02:23:30,024
HEALTHY KOL  -- VOLUNTEERS AND 

3097
02:23:30,024 --> 02:23:31,592
OVER TIME WE CAN SEE WHAT CELLS 

3098
02:23:31,592 --> 02:23:35,663
ARE GOING IN AND COMING OUT AND 

3099
02:23:35,663 --> 02:23:36,864
HOW DOES PRIOR EXPOSURE 

3100
02:23:36,864 --> 02:23:38,399
INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

3101
02:23:38,399 --> 02:23:42,603
FROM ANIA CI I'M SETTING UP A 

3102
02:23:42,603 --> 02:23:44,238
HOSPITALIZED COHORT IN CAMBODIA 

3103
02:23:44,238 --> 02:23:46,040
TO LOOK AT MILD VERSUS SEVERE 

3104
02:23:46,040 --> 02:23:47,808
DENGUE AND VALIDATE SOME 

3105
02:23:47,808 --> 02:23:51,245
FINDINGS FROM THE VACCINE STUDY 

3106
02:23:51,245 --> 02:23:53,614
IN A NATIONAL INFECTION SETTING.

3107
02:23:53,614 --> 02:23:55,049
FINALLY I'M VERY INTERESTED IN 

3108
02:23:55,049 --> 02:23:56,717
POTENTIAL TREATMENTS FOR SEVERE 

3109
02:23:56,717 --> 02:23:57,451
DENGUE.

3110
02:23:57,451 --> 02:23:59,987
SO DENGUE CAN CAUSE SEVERE 

3111
02:23:59,987 --> 02:24:00,988
DISEASE WITH SHOCK, 

3112
02:24:00,988 --> 02:24:01,822
HYPERTENSION, THERE'S NO 

3113
02:24:01,822 --> 02:24:02,256
TREATMENT.

3114
02:24:02,256 --> 02:24:05,860
IT'S ALL CLINICAL MANAGEMENT.

3115
02:24:05,860 --> 02:24:07,795
AND SO COVID HAS REVOLUTIONIZED 

3116
02:24:07,795 --> 02:24:10,464
HOW WE THINK OF SEVERE VIRAL 

3117
02:24:10,464 --> 02:24:13,000
INFECTION AND USE HOST DIRECTED 

3118
02:24:13,000 --> 02:24:15,436
IMMUNE TARGETS TO TREAT SEVERE 

3119
02:24:15,436 --> 02:24:17,738
DISEASE AND IMMUNE OPERATIONS 

3120
02:24:17,738 --> 02:24:19,106
THAT MAY BE ASSOCIATED.

3121
02:24:19,106 --> 02:24:24,478
I'M LOOKING AT THE DRUG THAT'S 

3122
02:24:24,478 --> 02:24:25,946
AN INHIBITOR.

3123
02:24:25,946 --> 02:24:29,784
IT SHOWED IMPROVED OUTCOMES AND 

3124
02:24:29,784 --> 02:24:30,451
MORTALITY BENEFIT IN COVID-19 

3125
02:24:30,451 --> 02:24:32,820
PATIENT AND THE FAMILY OF DRUGS 

3126
02:24:32,820 --> 02:24:37,591
IN DENGUE HAS SHOWN ANTI-DENGUE 

3127
02:24:37,591 --> 02:24:40,995
ACTIVITY AND INFECTION AND A 

3128
02:24:40,995 --> 02:24:44,665
RELATED DRUG AS YOU INCREASE THE

3129
02:24:44,665 --> 02:24:46,967
AMOUNT THE DENGUE GOES DOWN.

3130
02:24:46,967 --> 02:24:49,303
IN THE MOUSE MODEL IN BLUE ALL 

3131
02:24:49,303 --> 02:24:52,540
THE MICE THAT HAVE SEVERE DENGUE

3132
02:24:52,540 --> 02:24:54,742
DIED AND INCREASED DOSES IN THE 

3133
02:24:54,742 --> 02:24:57,011
SAME FAMILY LED TO IMPROPOSALS 

3134
02:24:57,011 --> 02:24:58,279
IN MORTALITY.

3135
02:24:58,279 --> 02:25:00,314
SO THE STUDY I'M SETTING UP WITH

3136
02:25:00,314 --> 02:25:02,349
THE DIVISION OF CLINICAL 

3137
02:25:02,349 --> 02:25:05,886
RESEARCH IS A PHASE II TRIAL 

3138
02:25:05,886 --> 02:25:07,455
FROM MODERATE TO SEVERE DENGUE 

3139
02:25:07,455 --> 02:25:08,956
AND TAKE INDIVIDUALS AND 

3140
02:25:08,956 --> 02:25:13,160
RANDOMIZED THEM IN A DOUBLE 

3141
02:25:13,160 --> 02:25:15,096
BLINDED FASHION TO PLACEBO AND 

3142
02:25:15,096 --> 02:25:16,964
MEDICATION AND CLINICAL EFFICACY

3143
02:25:16,964 --> 02:25:17,798
AND THE MODIFIED SCORE FOCUSSED 

3144
02:25:17,798 --> 02:25:18,065
ON DENGUE.

3145
02:25:18,065 --> 02:25:20,968
.

3146
02:25:20,968 --> 02:25:27,975
THANK YOU SO M

3147
02:25:27,975 --> 02:25:28,909
>> THANK YOU.

3148
02:25:28,909 --> 02:25:38,185
OUR LAST SCHOLAR IS INDIRA 

3149
02:25:38,185 --> 02:25:39,920
TURNEY FROM THE NIA.

3150
02:25:39,920 --> 02:25:40,855
>> THANK YOU FOR STICKING
IT 

3151
02:25:40,855 --> 02:25:48,763
OUT.

3152
02:25:48,763 --> 02:25:51,298
AND I'M A TENURE TRACK EVALUATOR

3153
02:25:51,298 --> 02:25:55,169
I BELIEVE I'M THE YOUNGEST DSP 

3154
02:25:55,169 --> 02:25:56,771
SCHOLAR HERE TODAY AND MY WORK 

3155
02:25:56,771 --> 02:25:59,440
IS ON UNDERSTANDING BRAIN HEALTH

3156
02:25:59,440 --> 02:26:00,841
DISPARITIES ACROSS MID LIFE AND 

3157
02:26:00,841 --> 02:26:03,010
OLDER ADULTS IN THE COMMUNITY 

3158
02:26:03,010 --> 02:26:08,449
AND USE A MIX OF NEURAL IMAGE 

3159
02:26:08,449 --> 02:26:14,889
AND MRIs AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS 

3160
02:26:14,889 --> 02:26:15,589
AFFECT THE BRAIN ACROSS A 

3161
02:26:15,589 --> 02:26:16,724
DIVERSE GROUP OF PEOPLE.

3162
02:26:16,724 --> 02:26:18,192
AS WE TALK ABOUT HEALTH 

3163
02:26:18,192 --> 02:26:19,593
DISPARITIES WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 

3164
02:26:19,593 --> 02:26:24,064
MODIFIABLE RISK FOR INDIVIDUALS 

3165
02:26:24,064 --> 02:26:26,167
WHO ARE AT SOCIAL DISADVANTAGED 

3166
02:26:26,167 --> 02:26:27,234
POPULATIONS.

3167
02:26:27,234 --> 02:26:28,068
THEY'RE AVOIDABLE AND MODIFIABLE

3168
02:26:28,068 --> 02:26:31,105
TO MAKE CHANGES TO THIS.

3169
02:26:31,105 --> 02:26:32,573
I'M TAKING A BROAD 

3170
02:26:32,573 --> 02:26:33,507
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND 

3171
02:26:33,507 --> 02:26:39,313
LOOKING AT THE PSYCHOSOCIAL 

3172
02:26:39,313 --> 02:26:39,814
FART

3173
02:26:39,814 --> 02:26:40,848
FACTORS AND GET A SENSE AS TO 

3174
02:26:40,848 --> 02:26:42,149
WHAT'S DRIVING THE DISPARITIES 

3175
02:26:42,149 --> 02:26:43,150
IN THE INDIVIDUALS.

3176
02:26:43,150 --> 02:26:45,286
AND TRYING TO DEVELOP THESE 

3177
02:26:45,286 --> 02:26:48,689
BIOMARKERS FROM DIFFERENT S 

3178
02:26:48,689 --> 02:26:50,424
WHETHER THEY'RE CARDIOVASCULAR, 

3179
02:26:50,424 --> 02:26:53,060
INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND NEURAL

3180
02:26:53,060 --> 02:26:54,428
REGENERATION AS IT RELATE TO 

3181
02:26:54,428 --> 02:26:55,696
DEMENTIA ACROSS THESE PEOPLE AND

3182
02:26:55,696 --> 02:26:59,433
THE GOAL IS TO UNDERSTAND IN A 

3183
02:26:59,433 --> 02:27:01,468
CROSS CONTEXT AND TIME AND MAYBE

3184
02:27:01,468 --> 02:27:06,707
IN CHILDHOOD SOME FACTORS MAY BE

3185
02:27:06,707 --> 02:27:08,876
MORE PREVALENT VERSUS MID LIFE 

3186
02:27:08,876 --> 02:27:12,847
AND LATER IN LIFE AND THE 

3187
02:27:12,847 --> 02:27:16,250
FRAMEWORK GUIDES MY WORK.

3188
02:27:16,250 --> 02:27:18,485
USING FIVE SETS BUT 

3189
02:27:18,485 --> 02:27:19,820
REITERATIVELY AND EXAMINING 

3190
02:27:19,820 --> 02:27:22,122
PERFECT THE DISPARITIES YOUR AND

3191
02:27:22,122 --> 02:27:23,724
SOME WORK HAS SHOWN THAT AND 

3192
02:27:23,724 --> 02:27:26,493
WE'VE SEEN MID LIFE BLACK ADULTS

3193
02:27:26,493 --> 02:27:28,262
SHOW ACCELERATED BRAIN AGING 

3194
02:27:28,262 --> 02:27:29,597
COMPARED TO THEIR LATER LIFE 

3195
02:27:29,597 --> 02:27:31,365
COUNTER PARTS AND LOOKING AT 

3196
02:27:31,365 --> 02:27:34,935
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS THAT 

3197
02:27:34,935 --> 02:27:40,107
EXACERBATE SOME OF THESE 

3198
02:27:40,107 --> 02:27:40,407
DISPARITIES.

3199
02:27:40,407 --> 02:27:45,045
SHOWING SES MAY PLAY A ROLE 

3200
02:27:45,045 --> 02:27:46,146
ACROSS DIFFERENT GROUPS AND 

3201
02:27:46,146 --> 02:27:48,849
THIRD WOULD BE TO LOOK AT THE 

3202
02:27:48,849 --> 02:27:51,452
DIFFERENT PATHWAYS AND TRYING TO

3203
02:27:51,452 --> 02:27:54,455
UNDERSTAND WITH A MIX OF DNA 

3204
02:27:54,455 --> 02:27:56,323
METHYLATION AND WITH PROTEOMICS 

3205
02:27:56,323 --> 02:27:57,258
TO SEE WHERE THEY'RE FALLING 

3206
02:27:57,258 --> 02:28:00,127
SHORT WITHIN THE BODY TO GET AT 

3207
02:28:00,127 --> 02:28:04,431
WHAT IS CAUSING THESE 

3208
02:28:04,431 --> 02:28:05,432
DISPARITIES IN THE BRAIN AND 

3209
02:28:05,432 --> 02:28:07,301
THERE'S DIFFERENT TIME POINTS 

3210
02:28:07,301 --> 02:28:08,269
AND BIOMARKERS THAT GIVE US 

3211
02:28:08,269 --> 02:28:09,503
DIFFERENT INFORMATION.

3212
02:28:09,503 --> 02:28:12,239
I'M TAKING A HOLISTIC APPROACH 

3213
02:28:12,239 --> 02:28:14,408
AND ALSO ACKNOWLEDGING THE ROLE 

3214
02:28:14,408 --> 02:28:15,743
OF RACISM IN OUR WORK.

3215
02:28:15,743 --> 02:28:17,177
WE'RE TRYING TO INFORMATION 

3216
02:28:17,177 --> 02:28:19,179
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY AND 

3217
02:28:19,179 --> 02:28:21,782
THEY'RE LIVED EXPERIENCES AND A 

3218
02:28:21,782 --> 02:28:23,217
LOT OF THAT IS TIED TO RACISM 

3219
02:28:23,217 --> 02:28:25,686
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THAT 

3220
02:28:25,686 --> 02:28:27,288
PLAYED A ROLE TO EXACERBATE SOME

3221
02:28:27,288 --> 02:28:31,458
OF THE INEQUALITIES BY STUDYING 

3222
02:28:31,458 --> 02:28:34,428
THE PEOPLE MOST AFFECTED 

3223
02:28:34,428 --> 02:28:36,430
FOCUSSING ON BLACK AND HISPANIC 

3224
02:28:36,430 --> 02:28:37,798
INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE TWO TO THREE

3225
02:28:37,798 --> 02:28:40,467
TIMES GREATER RISK FOR DEMENTIA.

3226
02:28:40,467 --> 02:28:46,073
AND SO OF COURSE LASTLY USING 

3227
02:28:46,073 --> 02:28:47,341
THE BIOMARKERS AND DEVELOPING 

3228
02:28:47,341 --> 02:28:48,842
INTERVENTIONS THAT CAN REDUCE 

3229
02:28:48,842 --> 02:28:52,846
SOME OF THESE DISPARITY AND 

3230
02:28:52,846 --> 02:28:55,482
AGAIN REITERATIVELY WE NEED TO 

3231
02:28:55,482 --> 02:28:56,850
TEST TO SEE IF THEY'RE REDUCING 

3232
02:28:56,850 --> 02:29:00,187
THE DISPARITIES WE THINK THEY'RE

3233
02:29:00,187 --> 02:29:00,454
REDUCING.

3234
02:29:00,454 --> 02:29:03,924
SO THE END GOAL IS MY HOPE BY 

3235
02:29:03,924 --> 02:29:05,626
PINPOINTING SOME OF THESE 

3236
02:29:05,626 --> 02:29:06,827
BIOMARKERS AND THEIR 

3237
02:29:06,827 --> 02:29:12,199
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE SOCIAL 

3238
02:29:12,199 --> 02:29:12,833
AND STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IS 

3239
02:29:12,833 --> 02:29:13,667
THE RIGHT INTERVENTION FOR THE 

3240
02:29:13,667 --> 02:29:16,403
RIGHT PEOPLE AT THE RIGHT TIME.

3241
02:29:16,403 --> 02:29:19,707
ONE THE BIG TASKS I HOPE TO DO 

3242
02:29:19,707 --> 02:29:25,779
HERE IS DEVELOP A MIDDLE ABLED 

3243
02:29:25,779 --> 02:29:27,548
COHORT OF BLACK INDIVIDUALS 20 

3244
02:29:27,548 --> 02:29:31,952
TO 45 IN BALTIMORE AND I SEE 

3245
02:29:31,952 --> 02:29:36,357
EXPERTISE IN THE ROOM SO I'M 

3246
02:29:36,357 --> 02:29:37,992
CURRENTLY JUST ONE I SEE 

3247
02:29:37,992 --> 02:29:40,861
EVERYBODY ELSE HAS A TEAM BUT IF

3248
02:29:40,861 --> 02:29:45,165
IF YOU KNOW ANYONE INTERESTED IN

3249
02:29:45,165 --> 02:29:48,802
THIS EXCITING WORK SEND THEM MY 

3250
02:29:48,802 --> 02:29:49,403
WAY.

3251
02:29:49,403 --> 02:29:51,238
THANK YOU.

3252
02:29:51,238 --> 02:29:52,373
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

3253
02:29:52,373 --> 02:29:56,910
WE'LL END THE SESSION WITH THE 

3254
02:29:56,910 --> 02:30:03,250
CLOSING REMARKS BY DR. MARIE 

3255
02:30:03,250 --> 02:30:07,388
BERNARD THE CHIEF OFFICER F 

3256
02:30:07,388 --> 02:30:08,022
SCIENTIFIC DIVERSITY WORKFORCE 

3257
02:30:08,022 --> 02:30:11,058
AT THE NIH.

3258
02:30:11,058 --> 02:30:12,192
YOU'LL SEE HER FOR MANY YEARS TO

3259
02:30:12,192 --> 02:30:12,693
COME.

3260
02:30:12,693 --> 02:30:19,199
>> THANK YOU.

3261
02:30:19,199 --> 02:30:23,303
SO IT'S ALWAYS A PLEASURE TO 

3262
02:30:23,303 --> 02:30:24,905
HEAR DISTINGUISHED KOL  SCHOLARS

3263
02:30:24,905 --> 02:30:27,141
AND THE WORK YOU'RE DOING.

3264
02:30:27,141 --> 02:30:29,510
IT'S A MARVELOUS MIXTURE.

3265
02:30:29,510 --> 02:30:30,978
YOU HAVE DIFFERENT BACKGROUND 

3266
02:30:30,978 --> 02:30:31,545
AND SCIENCE.

3267
02:30:31,545 --> 02:30:35,015
THE UNIFYING THING BEING YOU 

3268
02:30:35,015 --> 02:30:36,383
HAVE BEEN SELECTED BECAUSE OF 

3269
02:30:36,383 --> 02:30:38,552
YOUR INTEREST IN TRACK RECORD 

3270
02:30:38,552 --> 02:30:39,987
AND PROMOTING DIVERSITY, EQUITY 

3271
02:30:39,987 --> 02:30:40,921
AND INCLUSION.

3272
02:30:40,921 --> 02:30:42,022
I THINK THAT'S MARVELOUS.

3273
02:30:42,022 --> 02:30:44,658
SO IF YOU DO THAT AS PART OF 

3274
02:30:44,658 --> 02:30:46,460
YOUR RESEARCH, ALL OOU DO IT 

3275
02:30:46,460 --> 02:30:47,861
ADDS PART OF YOUR MENTORING.

3276
02:30:47,861 --> 02:30:50,397
SOME DO IT IN FORMAL THINGS LIKT

3277
02:30:50,397 --> 02:30:51,598
THE UNITE INITIATIVE AT NIH AND 

3278
02:30:51,598 --> 02:30:54,401
THE FAN GROUP OR THE 

3279
02:30:54,401 --> 02:30:56,570
DISABILITIES WORKING GROUP BUT 

3280
02:30:56,570 --> 02:30:57,704
HOWEVER, YOU CONTRIBUTE IT IS SO

3281
02:30:57,704 --> 02:30:59,873
IMPORTANT AND SO APPRECIATE

3282
02:30:59,873 --> 02:31:02,376
AND I ALWAYS LIKE TO REMIND YOU 

3283
02:31:02,376 --> 02:31:04,044
THAT THE SUCCESS OF THE 

3284
02:31:04,044 --> 02:31:06,113
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM 

3285
02:31:06,113 --> 02:31:08,515
HAS LED NIH TO INVEST IN TRYING 

3286
02:31:08,515 --> 02:31:10,751
TO REPLICATE THIS WITHI THE 

3287
02:31:10,751 --> 02:31:11,785
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.

3288
02:31:11,785 --> 02:31:14,555
THERE'S SOMETHING CALLED THE 

3289
02:31:14,555 --> 02:31:18,392
FIRST INITIATIVE RECRUITMENT FOR

3290
02:31:18,392 --> 02:31:19,626
SUSTAINABILITY TRANSFORMATION 

3291
02:31:19,626 --> 02:31:20,961
THAT HAS ABOUT $250 MILLION 

3292
02:31:20,961 --> 02:31:22,996
ANTICIPATED TO BE SPENT OVER THE

3293
02:31:22,996 --> 02:31:24,264
NEXT NINE YEARS.

3294
02:31:24,264 --> 02:31:26,066
THERE'S 15 COHORTS OF FACULTY 

3295
02:31:26,066 --> 02:31:32,106
ACROSS THE COUNTRY WHO ARE EARLY

3296
02:31:32,106 --> 02:31:34,608
IN THEIR SEEKING TENURE.

3297
02:31:34,608 --> 02:31:37,678
I KNOW THERE'S A FEW SENIOR 

3298
02:31:37,678 --> 02:31:38,846
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS AMONG THE

3299
02:31:38,846 --> 02:31:40,214
GROUP BUT THE INTENT IS TO 

3300
02:31:40,214 --> 02:31:42,015
SUPPORT THE INDIVIDUALS WHO

3301
02:31:42,015 --> 02:31:44,485
YOU HAVE AN INTEREST AND TRACK 

3302
02:31:44,485 --> 02:31:45,986
RECORD IN DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND 

3303
02:31:45,986 --> 02:31:46,453
INCLUSION.

3304
02:31:46,453 --> 02:31:49,022
IT'S NOT NECESSARILY THEIR AREA 

3305
02:31:49,022 --> 02:31:50,257
OF RESEARCH BUT HAVE THAT TRACK 

3306
02:31:50,257 --> 02:31:51,959
RECORD AND SUPPORT THEM TO 

3307
02:31:51,959 --> 02:31:54,261
BECOMING TENURED SCIENTISTS ONE 

3308
02:31:54,261 --> 02:31:56,029
THE THEORY, THEY, LIKE YOU, WILL

3309
02:31:56,029 --> 02:31:58,499
IMPACT THE CLIMATES THEY'RE IN 

3310
02:31:58,499 --> 02:32:05,839
AND THAT THAT WILL LEAD US, NIH,

3311
02:32:05,839 --> 02:32:10,577
TO HAVE BROADER DIVERSITY OF 

3312
02:32:10,577 --> 02:32:11,845
PERSPECTIVES IN THOSE WHO GET 

3313
02:32:11,845 --> 02:32:13,647
GRANT FUNDING FROM US.

3314
02:32:13,647 --> 02:32:14,648
KUDOS TO YOU ALL.

3315
02:32:14,648 --> 02:32:17,251
KEEP UP THE GREAT WORK AND I'M 

3316
02:32:17,251 --> 02:32:18,719
NOT GOING TO HOLD YOU ANY LONGER

3317
02:32:18,719 --> 02:32:21,054
BECAUSE I KNOW YOU'VE BEEN HERE 

3318
02:32:21,054 --> 02:32:24,324
ALL DAY.

3319
02:32:24,324 --> 02:32:28,996
SO, THANK YOU.

3320
02:32:28,996 --> 02:32:31,231
>> THAT CONCLUDES THE
SYMPOSIUM.

3321
02:32:31,231 --> 02:32:32,833
WE HAVE A REFLECTION UP THERE 

3322
02:32:32,833 --> 02:32:36,036
FOR EVERYONE INVITED.

3323
02:32:36,036 --> 02:32:40,274
I'D LIKE TO ASK THE DSP SCHOLARS

3324
02:32:40,274 --> 02:32:42,676
TO TAKE A GROUP PHOTO AND WE'LL 

3325
02:32:42,676 --> 02:32:44,645
MAKE OUR WAY THERE THEO

3326
02:32:44,645 --> 02:32:44,912
RECEPTION.

3327
02:32:44,912 --> 02:32:45,345
THANK YOU, EVERYONE.

3328
02:32:45,345 --> 02:32:48,081