>> LET'S GO AHEAD IS IT GET STARTED SO THERE IS NO LAV MIC, AND I CAN'T YELL ENOUGH TO REACH THE BACK. AND I KNOW YOU CAN'T SEE ME NOW BECAUSE OF THAT. BUT I WANT TO WELCOME ALL OF YOU YOU. WHO ARE SUMMER INTERNS? ARE YOU PRESENTING POSTERS NEXT WEEK? YES. AND IF YOU'RE NOT, PLEASE COME ANYWAY. WHO ARE NIH POST DOCS? YOU SHOULD BE COMING NEXT WEEK TO MENTOR THE SUMMER INTERNS. GRADUATE STUDENTS, POSTDOCS, NIH STAFF, IT'S AMAZING TO HAVE YOU ALL HERE. SO I AM NOT GOING TO SPEND A LONG TIME INTRODUCING DR. TABAK, BUT I DO WANT /TO PUT WITHIN CON CONTEXT FOR YOU SOME OF HIS MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AT NIH. SO LARRY IS /THE PRINCIPAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR. THAT MEANS THAT WHAT HE SAYS IS HE DOES EVERYTHING NOBODY ELSE WANTS TO DO. I THINK WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT HE HAS HIS HAND IN ALL OF THE IMPORTANT TRAINING AND FUNDING AND SCIENTIFIC ETHICS ENTERPRISE ENTERPRISES THAT HAPPEN HERE -- ALL THE RESEARCH ISSUES THAT ARE EMERGE AND HE KNOWS A LITTLE BIT ABOUT EVERYTHING. SO A CHANCE TO ASK LARRY SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS /OEOWN CAREER AND ABOUT HIS SCIENCE AND ALSO ABOUT THE NIH'S OPPORTUNITY. SO I HOLDING HEARING -- I TOLD LARRY YOU WERE GOING TO BE THE BEST /TKPWRAOUFB HE'S EVER INTER INTERACTED WITH. WE ARE CASEING THIS SO YOU NEED TO ASK -- USE THE MIC. DON'T DISAPPOINTMENT ME WHEN HE IS DONE AND SAYS QUESTIONS? YOU ALL HAVE TO GET UP /SKAND HELP ME KEEP MY WORD. THIS IS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO LEARN FROM SOMEBODY WHO HAS BEEN A CLINICIAN SCIENTIST FIRE LONG TIMING, WHO HAS DONE RESEARCH, WHO CARES DEEPLY ABOUT HIS STUDENTS AND STUDENTS THAT HE JUST MAKES ALONG THE WAY. IS A MENTOR FOR EVERYONE. I SAW HIM RECENTLY TALK TO THE CHILDREN OF NIH EMPLOYEES. HE IS A GREADE 8 THROUGH -- K THROUGH 8 SCIENCE TEACHER. HE HAS A GREAT COLLECTION OF STUFFED ANIMALS THAT LOOK LIKE BACTERIA. SO NOW YOU KNOW THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS ABOUT LARRY, PLEASE DON'T FORGET WIWW.TRAINING WWW.TRAINING.NIH.GOV FOR UPCOMING OPPORTUNITIES, FOR CLEARING CAREER COUNSELING APPOINTMENTS, FOR DOZENS AND DOZENS OF VIDEO CAST WORKSHOPS IN ALL KINDS /OF IMPORTANT CAREER DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES. IF YOU ARE WATCHING FROM ONE OF THE SITES OR EXTRAMURAL SUMMER RESEARCH SITES, HELLO AND WELCOME AND WE'RE GLAD YOU'RE HERE. LARRY IS HAPPY TO TO TAKE YOUR QUESTIONS BY E-MAIL. SO PLEASE ENGAGE WITH HIM, EITHER SEND THEM BUT YOU WILL ASK HIM IN THE QUESTION AND ANSWER. SO WITH THAT, LET'S GIVE A BIG NIH SUMMER INTERN WELCOME TO DR. TABAK. APPLAU [APPLAUSE] >> WELL, GOOD MORNING, EVERYBODY. I KNOW WE'VE DONE A LITTLE BAIT AND SWITCH ON YOU. DR. ^COLLINS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE HERE. I FILL IN FOR HIM A LOT WHEN HE'S PULLED AWAY UNEXPECTED LY AND YOU CAN ALWAYS TELL WHEN THAT HAPPENS BECAUSE THE SHOULDERS PLUM WHEN THE ANNOUNCEMENT IS MADE. INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] WHAT I AM DELIGHTED TO BE -- TO BE HERE. THE FIRST THING I NEED TO DO IS I NEED TO SEND YOU DR. COLLINS' GREETINGS BECAUSE HE DID REALLY WANT TO BE HERE TODAY. AND HE'S GLAD THAT I COULD HAND STAND IN FOR HIM. I DEFINITELY WANT /TO ACCEPTED OUT A SPECIAL WELCOME -- SEND OUT A SPECIAL WELCOME TO AM MANY OF YOU WHO ARE HERE WHO ARE NATE NATIVE-AMERICANS. AS I UNDERSTAND, YOU COME FROM EVERYWHERE. AS /TPFAR AWAY AS ALASKA. THIS IS REALLY EXCITING FOR US. AND MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT WE ALREADY LEARNED A GREAT DEAL FROM YOU DURING THE PROGRAM. AND WE ALL HOPE THAT YOUR INTEREST IN THE RESEARCH CONTINUES TO GROW. AND WITH THAT IN MIND, WE CERTAINLY HOPE THAT WE WILL SEE YOU NEXT YEAR IN SOME OTHER PROGRAM. SO WHAT I'D LIKE TO DO THIS MORNING IS TELL YOU HOW -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] BY THE TIME WE'RE DONE, I HOPE -- SO I WANT TO SAY A LITTLE BIT ABOUT ME. I GREW UP IN BROOKLYN, NEW YORK. ANYBODY FROM BROOKLYN? JUST ONE PERSON? HOW MANY OF YOU ARE FROM BROOKLYN BUT DON'T WANT /TO TELL US? THERE YOU GO. YEAH. SO -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. THE MOMENT THERE WAS NUDEED, AS MOST PEOPLE DID, NEEDED TO WORK AFTER SCHOOL, YOU KNOW, GET A JOB. AND I WAS WORKING AT A SUPER SUPERMARKET AND PROBABLY DOESN'T EXIST ANYMORE. AND THE CHAIR OF THE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT WROTE THIS TEXTBOOK. THIS IS AT A TIME WHEN WE DID THIS IN HIGH SCHOOL. HE /SAESAID YOU KNOW, I UNDERSTAND THAT YOU NEED A JOB AND YOU CAN'T PARTICIPATE IN THE SCIENCE CLUB BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT TO GO WORK. WHAT IF I GAVE YOU A JOB TO HELP BRING ALL OF THESE MATERIALS IN THE CLASS. YOU HAVE TO BE HERE AT 6:30 IN THE MORNING, BUT YOU ARE GOING TO GET PAID HUTCH -- SO MUCH AN HOUR. WHAT A DEAL. SO I DID THAT AND THAT BECAME MY FIRST SCIENCE EXPERIENCE IN HIGH SCHOOL. IT WAS ONLY ABOUT TO YEARS LATER THAT I LEARNED THERE WAS NO JOB BUT HE WAS PAYING ME OUT /OF HIS OWN POCKET. I WEPT TO COLLEGE -- WENT TO COLLEGE AND APPLIED FOR STATE COLLEGE OF NEW YORK. AMAZING PLACE AT /TTHAT TIME YOU'VE GOT TO GO TO COLLEGE FOR FREE. THAT WAS THE RIGHT PRICE FOR ME. IN FACT, IT WAS THE ONLY PRICE THAT I COULD MANAGE. AND THEN FROM THERE, I TRIED /TO GET INTO MEDICAL SCHOOL, NOT ONCE BUT TWICE AND BOTH TIMES WERE REJECTION LETTERS. THAT SO BURNED MY BRAIN AND SO THEN I AM GOING TO MEDICAL SCHOOL -- INSTEAD OF GOING TO MEDICAL SCHOOL, I WENT TO HUNT ER COLLEGE, ANOTHER PART OF THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE THING ABOUT THAT WAS NOW I WAS IN GRADUATE SCHOOL AND NOT ONLY BAS -- WAS IT FREE BUT THEY AS -- ALSO PAID ME AS /I SCIENTIST TO BE THERE. I HAD TO TEACH NIGHT SCHOOL. BUT THAT WAS SO WONDERFUL. SO IN THE LOWER RIGHT HERE -- I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN VIEW THIS IN THE BACK, BUT IT'S AN ARTICLE WINNER BY WALT /ER COLLIN AND WALTER BURKE WHO ARE MY MENTORS. AND THE TITLE IS "DELAYED LIFE STUDIES ON PHOTO SYNTHETIC ENERGY CONVERSIONS" INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] AND PARTICLES. DOES THAT INTEREST ANYBODY? IT DIDN'T INTEREST ME EITHER. AND SO I REALIZED THAT THERE WERE ONLY THREE PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO CARED ABOUT THIS STUFF. THESE TWO GUYS AND THEN THEIR COLLABORATOR IN AUSTRALIA AND THAT WAS IT. LO [LAUGHTER] AND I REALIZED THAT EVEN THOUGH I LOVED RESEARCH, I NEEDED SOMETHING THAT CONNECTED MORE WITH PEOPLE. AND SO BY ACCIDENT, BECAUSE BY THAT TIME I WAS WORKING PART PART-TIME AS /AA TECHNICIAN IN THE DENTAL SCHOOL BY ACCIDENT. I COULD HAVE APPLIED TO DENTAL SCHOOL AND WENT AND BECOME A DENTIST. AND GRADUATED FROM COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN 1977. AND TOURING THAT TIME I MET THIS GUY GAIL, WHO HAS THE MOST PROFOUND UNLIKE ANYBODY ELSE IN THE WORLD. HE WAS MY FIRST MENT /OOR. WE TALK ABOUT A LOT ABOUT MENTOR MENTORSHIP. AND THE AMAZING THING ABOUT ER ERWIN WAS HE ALWAYS TOLD ME WHAT I NEED ED ED TO HEAR, NOT WHAT I WANT ED TO HEAR. SO WHEN I NEEDED A KICK IN THE BACKSIDE, HE GAVE THAT TO ME. WITH A SMILE. AND WHEN I NEEDED SOMEBODY TO PUT THEIR ARM AROUND ME AND SAY IT'S GOING TO BE OKAY, HE WOULD DO THAT. BUT IF HE ONLY BELIEVED THAT, RIGHT? AND IF IT WASN'T GOING TO BE OKAY, HE WOULDN'T TELL ME THAT. SO NOW LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT IRA IRA. SO ERWIN IN TONIGHT IN 66 -- HE'S A DENTIST AND HE WAS VERY INTERESTED IN THE CASTLCIFIED STUFF -- IF YOU DON'T GO TO THE DEPARTMENTIST REGULARLY. THE FORMAL NAME IS CASTLCIUM. -- CALCULUS. IT'S THE CASTLCIFIED DENTAL PLAQUE PLAQUE. AND THIS ASSISTANT SERVES AS AN IRRITANT, AND THIS IS LOOKING AT THE SIDE OF YOUR LOWER TEETH. AND WHAT ERWIN DID WAS HE TOOK THIS MATERIAL, AND HE ANALYZED IT BY GEL E/HRELECTROFREEZPHERESIS. AND THEN STAINED THE PROTEIN AND DETERMINED THAT THESE DIFFERENT PROTEIN SPECIES MADE UP THIS CASTLCIFIED THING AND THE WHOLE POINT WAS IF YOU FIGURED OUT WHAT WAS IN THERE, MAYBE YOU CAN FIGURE OUT A WAY OF DISRUPTING IT. AND IF YOU FAST FORWARD TO MODERN-DAY, ALL OF YOUR DENTISTS -- TOOTHPASTES HAVE COMPONENTS IN THEM THAT SORT OF PREVENT SOME OF THESE MOLECULES FROM AG AGGREGATING AND FORMING TO MAKE CASTLCIFIED CASTLLCIUM. ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT PROTEIN SPECIES WAS THIS VERY FAST-MOVING SPECIES, AND THIS WAS A VERY NEGATIVELY CHARGED THING. IT WAS MOVING TO THE POSITIVE POLE. AND BECAUSE IT WAS AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE GEL, THE PHYSICAL GEL THAT WAS USED -- IN THOSE DAYS WE USED GELS THAT LOOKED LIKE -- WE ACTUALLY MADE THE GELS OURSELVES. THAT WAS HOW IT WAS THEN. AND ERWIN HAD A STUDENT, IRA, WHO WAS A SENIOR AND NEEDED A SENIOR PROJECT AND HE SAUD YOU KNOW WHAT? HE COULD PROBABLY JUST SIMPLY SPLICING THAT END /-FOF THE GEL AND THEN -- BECAUSE IT'S SO LOW HERE AND IT'S SEPARATE ADD WAY FROM EVERYTHING ELSE AND THAT'S IT EXACTLY WHAT IRA DID. HE PURIFIED THAT PROTEIN IN THAT WAY AND IT BECAME NOPE AS IRA'S PROTEIN. AND THAT'S AS FAR AS IRA GOT, THIS GEL. HE'D CUT THE BAND AND ISOLATED THIS PROTEIN. AND THEN LOOPING I COME AS /AA FIRST-YEAR DENTAL STUDENT. ALONG. AND THERE I AM. DO YOU SEE THE SIMILAR /KWREITY? AND I AM STANDING OVER A READOUT TRYING TO POINT OF VIEW THIS PROTEIN USING FANCIER TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES. GEL FILTRATION. AND I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY, AS A SECOND-YEAR DENTAL STUDENT, TO GO TO MY FIRST SCIENTIFIC MEETING, WHICH HAPPENED TO BE HELD IN NEW YORK. AND SO HERE WAS MY PER DIDEM. AND HERE WAS MY TRANSPORTATION COSTS. THE SUBWAY TOKEN. AND WITH $1 FOR LUMP AND TWO SUB SUBWAY TOC EPPS, ONE TO GET TO THE MEETING AND ONE TO GET BACK. I REPRESENTED MY FIRST SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT AT THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DENTAL RESEARCH. AND THE TITLE OF THE THING WAS " "PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOST AN IIONIC GLYCOPROTEIN, MEANING THE GLAND ARE LOCATED SO INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] AND IT WAS AN IOIONIC, MEANING IT WAS VERY HIGHLY CHARGED BECAUSE IT MOVED TO THE POSITIVE POLE IN THAT ELECTRIC FIELD. AND BECAUSE IT WAS THE LOWEST FAST-MOVING, WE CALLED IT THE MOST AN I/O*ONIC. AND I REHEARSEED HOURS AND HOURS AND HOURS TO DO THIS TALK. PEOPLE CAME FROM ALL OVER /THE WORLD TO NEW YORK, NOT TO HEAR MY TALK BUT THE MEETING WAS IN NEW YORK AND SO HERE THEY WERE. SO HERE IS IRA'S POSTING, NEGATIVELY CHARGED AND GOING THROUGH THIS POSITIVE POLE. AND I DID MY TALK AND THIS NINE NINE-FOOT GUY -- AT LEAST IT SEEMED LIKE HE WAS NINE FEET TALL -- GETS UP /SAND SAYS THAT THIS IS NOT THE MOST AN I/O*ONIC PROTEIN. BUT RATHER, THIS VERY, VERY VERY HIGH MOLECULAR THING HERE AT THE TOP. THIS IS TOO BIG TO GET INTO THIS GEL YOU'VE CREATED -- THAT'S THE THING THAT'S THE MOST HIGHLY CHARGED. YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT /YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT. SO MY WORLD NEARLY CAME TO AN END. MY RESEARCH CAREER WAS OVER. THIS NINE-FOOT SCANNED /TPHAEUDINAVIAN, WH O WAS A GIANT NOT ONLY IN STATURE BUT IN THE FIELD. HE WAS LIKE THE GUY -- THE MOST FAMOUS SCIENTIST IN THE FIELD, HAD TOLD ME THAT IT WAS THE HIGH MOLECULAR USAGE THAT WAS MOST AN I/O*ONIC. I GOT LUCKY. IT TURNED OUT THAT THIS GUIDANT -- GIANT OF /AA GUY ALSO HAD A GIANT HEART. AND AFTER THE SESSION WAS OVER AND I WAS THIS SORT OF PUDDLE SITTING IN THE CORNER VISUAL -- ADVISABLE LLY SHAKING, HE CAME OVER TO ME AND HE SAYS OH, LET'S TALK. NOW I GOT UP ANYWAY BECAUSE -- OKAY, FINE. AND SO OFF WE GO FOR COFFEE AND HE EXPLAINS TO ME WHAT THESE HIGH MOLECULAR LLY THINGS WERE. SO IT TURNS OUT THESE ARE MOLL MOLECULES THAT PULL AUTOOF THE SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. SO YOUR ENTIRE G.I. TRACT, YOUR RES /PRPIRATORY TREE AND YOUR GENERAL TRACT, THESE ARE THE PROTEIN-CLIMBING, STUCKY MOLL MOLECULE. THIS IS THE THING THAT MAKES -- SPIT, IF YOU THINK ABOUT THAT. AND BECAUSE THEY ARE SO STUCKY AND SO WIDE THAT THEY WERE VERY DIFFICULT TO WORK ON. AND WHAT THIS IS IS A PICTURE OF A PALLET AT THE ROOF OF YOUR MOUTH, AND WE HAVE SIMULATED THE SHRIALIVA FLOW WITH A SOUR CANDY. AND I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN SEE IT, BUT THERE ARE LITTLE DROP DROPLETS THAT FORM. AND THIS IS A GLASS PIPE WHICH IS SORT OF BRINGING -- AND I'M SURE YOU'VE SEEN THIS WITH BABIES. IF YOU'VE TAKEN SOMETHING OUT OF A BABY'S MOUTH. AS YOU TAKE THE FOOD OUT AND YOU SEE THIS LONG TRAIL. THAT WAS THIS STUFF IS, OKAY? AND SO IT TURNS OUT THAT ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS OF THIS BIG, BIG MOLECULE IS WHY IT DOESN'T GET INTO THE GEL TO BEGIN WITH -- ARE THESE SUPER SUPERSIDE THINGS THAT SEPARATE THE PROTEINS. WELL, I WAS FASCINATED BY THIS CRAZY, BIG MOLECULE THAT NOBODY EVEN KNEW A LOT ABOUT. AND I WENT BACK TO DR. MENDEL AND I TOLD HIM ALL ABOUT THIS. AND HE /SAESAID WELL, WHEN YOU'RE FINISHED, OF COURSE, IT TURNS OUT THERE IS THIS GREAT GUY WHO YOU MIGHT WANT TO STUDY WITH BECAUSE HE'S AN EXPERT. HE'S YOUNG, ET CETERA. IN BALTIMORE -- BUFFALO, NEW YORK. ALL RIGHT, NOW YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND. HOW MANY OF YOU ARE FROM NEW YORK? I -- YOU JUST DIDN'T WANT TO ADD ADMIT THAT YOU WERE FROM BROOKLYN. OKAY. SO WHEN YOU GROW UP IN NEW YORK, YOU SORT OF THINK -- THINK THAT THE WHOLE WORLD BEGINS AND ENDS IN NEW YORK. AND SO THIS IS ACTUALLY A FAMOUS COVER FROM THE NEW YORKER MAGAZINE, AND IT SHOWS -- HERE IS NEW YORK AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN OVER HERE, AND THEN SORT OF THE REST OF THE COUNTRY. AND IT'S A VERY NEW YORK COUNTRY VIEW OF THE WORLD BUT IT'S THE WAY PEOPLE THINK, I HAVE TO TELL YOU. SO I TELL MY NEW WIFE I WANT TO -- THE PERSON I WANT TO WORK WITH IS IN BUFFALO, NEW YORK. BUFFALO, NEW YORK? WHERE IS THAT? WELL, HERE IT IS. SO HERE WAS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSITY -- UNIVERSE. WE HAD TO GO WEST ALL THE WAY UP HERE. AND WHAT WE FOUND -- DO YOU KNOW WHAT THAT IS? HOLD THAT IN YOUR MIND. I ALSO FOUND THIS CHARACTER. THIS WAS THE NEW THROUGH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MIKE LEVINE, WHO WAS AN EXPERT IN MICRO MICROPROTEINS, AND WHAT WAS REMARKABLE ABOUT MICHAEL IS HE'S A DENTIST, AND HE DID HIS POST DOC NOT IN THE DENTAL SCHOOL BUT IN /AA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HARVARD WITH A VERY, VERY FAMOUS BIOKCHEMIST NAMED ROBERT STEEL. AND ALL THAT INCREDIBLE KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THAT POST DOC, HE CAME TO BUFFALO AND I WAS GOING TO BE ONE /OF HIS VERY FIRST STUDENTS. AND WE PUBLISHED A SERIES OF PAPERS FIRST ON MONKEY AND ON HUMAN MUSIN. THEN AS THE INTRODUCTION TO MY THESIS, I ACTUALLY PUBLISHED IN THE FORM OF /AA REVIEW ARTICLE. NOW, FULL DISCLOSURE. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE WOULD BE PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY. HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE EVER HEARD OF IT? EXACTLY. NO HANDS. THIS TURNED OUT TO BE THE PAPER THAT WAS MOST HIGHLY CITED IN MY ENTIRE CAREER. FAST FORWARD 35 YEARS LATER. SO YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN YOU ARE GOING TO REACH THE PEAK. FOR /AA VARIETY OF REASONS I WON'T BORE YOU WITH, I DECIDED TO STAY ON BUFFALO AND BECAME A FACULTY MEMBER AND I GOT THE OPPORTUNITY TO GO SOUTH AT A PLACE CALLED THE /TPHARNATIONAL /EUPINSTITUTES OF -- FOR /AA SABBATHICAL. AND THERE I MET THIS GUY DR. -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] WHO HAS JUST FORMED A NEW UNIT HERE AT NIH, THE PATIENT CARE AND INVESTIGATION PLANT AND IN /THIS BUILDING, BUILDING 10 ON THE SECOND FLOOR. AND THE REMARKABLE THING ABOUT THIS WAS TO GET A PH.D FROM A MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THEN DID A POST DOC WITH SOME VERY FAMOUS SCIENTIST. AND IT WAS BRUCE WHO REALLY TAUGHT ME THAT DENTIST SCIENTIST HAS BONAFIDE MEDICAL RESEARCH AND THAT YOU REALLY HAVE TO COORDINATE HOW YOU CONSIDER THE THINGS THAT YOU RESEARCH. AND IN FACT, BRUCE PUBLISHED ONE OF HIS EARLY WORKS "BIOKCHEMISTRY AND FIPHYSICS, HARD CORE BIOKEM BIOCHEMISTRY. WOW, THIS DENTIST. I MEAN, I WAS INSPIRED BY THIS AS WELL. WELL, THE NEXT VOYAGE IS A MOVEMENT TO THE EAST GOING FROM BUFFALO TO WASHINGTON. NOW WHY DID I DO THAT? WELL, IN BUFFALO, I WAS A TRIPLE THREAT. I WAS THINKING ABOUT KCHEMISTRY. I WAS TEACHING DEPARTMENTISTRY, AND I WAS TRYING TO RUN A LAB. AND OVER TIME, FIRST I THOUGHT OF TRYING OUT ALL SORTS OF EN ENTITIES FROM MORALS. THEN -- MOLARS. THEN I STARTED ENDODONE DISCOVERED I HAD TO PUT EVERYTHING -- EVERYBODY. AND SO I HAD TO GIVE UP BEING A TRIPLE THREAT TO BECOMING A DOUBLE THREAT.^ SO I MOVED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF RO/KHECHEST EER IN BUFFALO. THE PERFECT DENTAL SCHOOL -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] INAUDIBL[INAUDIBLE] AND BILL WAS THE SECOND MOST INFLUENCING MENT /OOR. THE FIRST THING HE DID WHILE WE WERE NEGOTIATING OUR MOVE THERE IS HE /SAESAID YOU KNOW LARRY, PRETTY GOOD BUT I WANT TO SEND YOU A CRITURRICULUM VITAE OF SOMEBODY WHO JUST RECEIVED TEN TENURE. I WANT YOU TO TELL ME IF YOU ARE PROUD ENOUGH TO GET TENURE. THEN HE /SAESAID YOU ARE SOMEONE I BELIEVE -- THIS MAY NOT MEAN ANYTHING TO SOME OF YOU BUT SOME OF THE FACULTY -- A WHILE AGO SOMEBODY GOT THE NOBOEL PRIZE FOR SPLICING AND STUDYING HOW SPLICE SPLICING OCCURS ON SPLICING. AND /AA POST DOC DID ALL THAT WORK AND WON THE NOBOEL PRIZE. AND OF COURSE, PART OF THE CREDENTIAL -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] BUT /U YOU KNOW, LET'S NOT GET AHEAD OF OURSELVES. FULL DISCLOSURE. I DIDN'T TELL MY WIFE UNTIL TWO YEARS AFTER. BUT STILL WAS A REALIST. NOW IT WAS AT /TTHAT THYME I BEGAN TO STUDY /TPUPGSS AND A COUPLE OF THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT CARB HIGH DEMONSTRATES. IT BUILD SUPPLIES ONE SUGAR AT TIME AND THE ENZYME IS THIS CRAZY NAME POLYPEPTIDE -- ALL THAT MEANS IS LACT OOSE AND BASICALLY -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] AND IF THAT ENZYME DOESN'T CAT /HRAOELIES THAT EVENT, NONE OF THE OTHERS WILL SUBQUENTLY INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WE DID WAS WE PURIFIED THIS ENZYME. AND HE ACTUALLY DID THE WORK. HE CAME OUT AS /AA MULTI MULTIMILLIONAIRE. HE PURIFIED THE ENZYME 2 MILLION MILLIONFOLD AND AS A RESULT HE WAS ABLE TO GET THE SEQUENCE. THIS WAS BEFORE ALL THE FANCY TECHNIQUES THAT ARE USED TODAY. AND HE WAS ABLE TO CLONE THEM. AND THEN WHAT SEEMED TO BE /AA STRAIGHTFORWARD SCIENTIST -- THIS IS SIMPLY A NORTHERN BLOCK ANALYSIS WHERE YOU /HRAOLOOK FOR THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF MESSENGER RNA THAT IMPOSE FOR THIS PARTICULAR -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. AND THESE ARE JUST SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES AND EVERYTHING WAS FINE EXCEPT LANE 4, WHICH IS DERIVED FROM LUNG -- SO INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. AND WE KNOW THAT YOU GET A HEAVY COLD, THE PHLEGM THAT YOU COUGH UP IS ALL BECAUSE OF THE MUCOUS. SO OBVIOUSLY, THE TECH -- LOOK, YOU HAVE TO GO BACK /SAND REDO THIS. AND SHE REDID IT AND GOT THE SAME RESULTS. WELL, OBVIOUSLY THEN THE POST DOC MADE AN /ERROR. SO HE WENT BACK /SAND WE STILL KEPT GETTING THE SAME RESULTS. THIS WAS THE FIRST THAT WAS MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF EVENTS. AND AS A RESULT, THIS BASICALLY EXPLODED INTO AN ENTIRE FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY. KELLY PEN HAG /*EEN THEN JOINED ME, AND IN /AA SERIES OF VERY IMPORTANT STUDIES, STARTED CLONING OUT ALL THE DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY. TURNS OUT THERE ARE 20 OF THESE THINGS IN HUMANS AND MICE. KELLY ACTUALLY IS NOW HERE AT NIH AS /AA RECENTLY TENUREED INVESTIGATOR. AND IS CONTINUING WORK USING INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] AS /AEA MODEL. SO THIS FAMILY OF ENZYMES IS REALLY EVOLUTION AARY. THIS IS QUARTICEPTS AND MAKES ITS LIVING BY EATING INSECT. IT ACTUALLY HAS THIS ENZYME IN IT. SO, TOO, DOES ROUND WORM, -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] SO THESE ARE SECTION SECTIONS OF DEVELOPING MOUSE EM EMBRYIOS AND YOU ARE LOOKING AT THE PRESENCE OF (M)RNA THAT CODES FOR THESE TYPES OF ENZYMES AND IN RED YOU CAN SEE IT. SO SOME ARE /AOUUBIQUITOUS Y AND OTHERS ARE ONLY EXPRESSED IN VERY, VERY SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. SO THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] THINGS WERE /TKPW-GOING GREAT. BY 2000, I WAS THE RESEARCH DEAN OF THE MEDICAL CENTER. LET ME TELL YOU HOW I GOT THAT JOB. THE DEAN CALLED ME INTO HIS OFFICE AND SAID LARRY SOMEBODY IS STEPPING DOWN. WHO DO YOU THINK WOULD BE GREAT? AND I SAID THREE NAMES. AND I AGREE WITH YOU. BUT THEY SAID CONGRATULATIONS, YOU'RE IT. SO I HAD A GREAT JOB. I WAS RESEARCH ER IN THE MEDICAL SHIRT AND GOT THIS CALL FROM THE ACTING DIRECTOR OF NIH AND SHE SAID LARRY, WHY DON'T YOU COME DOWN TO NIH TO BE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DENTAL INSTITUTE? SO I WENT DOWN. FINALLY I GOT THERE INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] AND THAT WAS BEFORE PHOTO SHOP. THAT WAS REAL. TURNS OUT THAT SOME OF THEM WORKED ON PEPTIDES AND OTHERS WORK /SAND CAN ONLY WORK ONCE -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. BY COMING TO THE NIH, UPS AUTOMOBILE TO /EBEXPAND MY PLAY PLAYBOOK. I WAS ABLE NOW TO INTERACT WITH AMAZING STRUCTURAL BIOLOGISTS. AND KIM FRICK, WORKING TOGETHER WITH STRUCTURAL BIOLOGISTS, CRYSTALLIZED THIS ENZYME AND SHOWED THAT IT HAS THIS BEAUTIFUL ARRANGEMENT IN THE DO DOMAIN, THE CAT /HREALYTIC DO MAIN AND SO THE ENSOMETIMES THAT WERE ACQUIRED ARE USING THE SELECTION DOMAIN TO KEEP IN SEARCH AND BIND THOSE INITIAL AND SUB SUBSEQUENTLY ALLOWS THE CAT LIT LITIC DOMAIN TO COME IN AND ADD TO THE DENSITY. THEN IT TURNS OUT TO BE TRANS TRANSLATED TO THE NORMAL FIPHYSIO PHYSIO/HROPBLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND NORMAL FUNCTIONS. AND YOU KNOW, IF YOU THINK ABOUT HOW YOU CAN TEST IT, IDEAL LY YOU'D WANT TO DO THIS -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] RIGHT? SO THE ADVANTAGES OF THE GENERATION CONTROLLED -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. THE LATTER IS A PERSONAL OBSERVATION N EQUALS 3 MALES AGES 32 AND 35 INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] REMEMBER, IF THE FIRST ZYME DOESN'T WORK -- SO WE MADE A SERIES OF MICE. THIS WAS AN EXPERIMENT THAT WORKED REALLY WELL. AND COLLABORATED WITH A BUMP OF FOLKS, WE'VE SHOWN SOME OF THE VARIOUS IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS THAT GLYCAN HAD. FOR EXAMPLE, IN IMMUNITY, JUST QUICKLY THE MOST RECENTLY WE LOOKED AT SOMETHING WE CALLED LE -- TURNS OUT THAT -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] [INDISCERNABLEIBLE] TELLING ME THAT ONE /OF THESE ENZYMES IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL FOR HEART DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE THE HEART HYPERTERESS BECAUSE THE EXTRAORDINARY HYPERPLASIA OF THE DEVELOPING HEART VALVE. AND AGAIN, [INDISCERNABL[INDISCERNIBLE]. SO IN A FEW MOMENT I'D LIKE TO TELL YOU WHAT ALL OF THESE EXPERIENCES HAS TAUGHT ME OPHOW TO BUILD A SCIENTIFIC CAREER AND IT'S REALLY EASY, RIGHT? DO ANY OF YOU ACTUALLY FEEL THAT YOU HAVE COME UPON SOMETHING LIKE THIS THIS AT /WUONE POINT IN YOUR LIFE? EXACTLY. NOW, HOW MANY OF YOU ARE ALWAYS THE SMART EEST PERSON IN THE ROOM? BE HONEST. YOU ARE THE PERSON WHO -- USUAL USUALLY LIKE 90% OF YOU. THIS GUY HERE? OWE OKAY, FINE. IF YOU USUALLY AREN'T, WHOEVER YOU ARE. OH, I KNOW, I KNOW. THIS IS NOT FOR YOU. THIS FORMULA. CLOSE YOUR EYES. THIS -- YOU DON'T NEED MY HELP. THIS IS FOR EVERYBODY ELSE. SO IT'S PRETTY SIMPLE. ASSESS -- SUCCESS EQUALS PER /PEURGS BUT NOT BEING AFRAID TO FAIL PLUS LEARNING FROM FAILURE TIMES YOUR ABILITY TO BE FLEXIBLE PLUS MENT /OORSHIP. THAT'S IT. PLUG IN /THIS SO I AM TRYING TO SHOW YOU THAT THIS IS NOT EASY. BUT IF YOU PERCESEVERE, YOU CAN SUCCEED. THE DANGER IS, BECAUSE IT'S HARD HARD, BECAUSE IT'S COMPLICATED, YOU CAN BECOME AFRAID TO STAY -- SAY IT AND THAT WAS THE WORST POSSIBLE APPROACH YOU CAN TAKE. YOU'VE GOT TO BE BOLD ENOUGH. YOU'VE GOT TO BE CONFIDENT ENOUGH TO SAY. AND AS LONG AS YOU LEARN FROM YOUR. PEOPLE OFTEN ASK HOW DID I GET -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]? ENOUGH TO FAIL. AND AS LONG AS YOU WANT /TO KNOW INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. AND YOU KNOW, WHEN -- NO MEDICAL SCHOOL FOR YOU. YOU'VE GOT TO FIND ANOTHER DOOR BECAUSE THERE IS ALTERNATE -- ANOTHER DOOR. THERE IS NOT ONLY ONE /WAWAY TO DO ANY OF THIS. AND YOU'VE FOUGHT TO FIND -- AND IT'S NOT ONLY ONE MENT /OOR. ALONG THE WAY YOU WILL FIND MANY MENTORS. YOUR PEERS CAN BE MENT /OORS. YOUR FACULTY. YOUR TEACHER COULD BE MENTORS. FAMILY MEMBER CAN BE A MENT /OOR. IT'S NOT ALWAYS THE SAME PERSON THROUGHOUT YOUR LIFE. NOW, I AM GOING TO CLOSE WITH THE TOP TEN THINGS I LIKE. YOU ALL KNOW DAVID LETTERMAN? SO APOLOGIES TO DAVID. NO. 10, USE EXPERIMENT OF NATURE NATURE. NATURE IS WHAT'S MODERN AND NATURE WILL TELL YOU THE TYPES OF EXPERIMENT THAT ARE REALLY IMPORTANT DOING. THAT REQUIRES FOR YOU TO SAY TO SOMEBODY "I DON'T KNOW." IF YOU CAN TEACH ME. THAT IS NOT A SIGN OF WEAKNESS. THAT IS NOT A SIGN OF YOU'RE NOT GOOD ENOUGH. IT IS AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF WHAT YOU KNOW AND WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW AND YOUR /WEUWILLINGNESS TO LEARN FROM OTHERS. IT IS A FORCE OF TRAINING. OVERREPORT FAILURE, UNDERREPORT SUCCESS. OKAY? DON'T TOOT YOUR HORN SO MUCH WHEN YOU GET IT RIGHT. BUT WHEN IT GETS -- MAKE /SHAOSURE FOLKS KNOW ABOUT IT. DON'T BE SATISFIED WITH WHAT YOU'VE ALWAYS DONE. ALWAYS REACH HIGHER. MAY OPEN UP A WHOLE NEW FIELD. DON'T BE AFRAID TO FAIL. I CAN TELL YOU ALL KIND OF SPORTS A/TPHOLGDZ,? THE PERSON WHO -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] TAKES A SHOT AND IF THEY MISS, -- NUMBER THAT INAUDIBLE. IT'S ALSO A GREAT CHARACTERISTIC CHARACTERISTIC. DO NOT FALL IN LOVE WITH YOUR IDEA. LET YOUR DATA BE YOUR COMPASS. THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE YOU WILL FALL IN LOVE MORE WITH YOUR DATA THAN YOU WILL WITH THE LIFE SCIENCE OF YOUR CAREER. AND YOU WILL FALL IN /SKP /OAND OUT /-OF LOVE WITH YOUR IDEAS AND IT WILL BE A PROFOUND EXPERIENCE. LET IT GO IF THE DATA TELLS YOU YOU'RE WRONG. USE THE EFFECTIFIC TOOL AS LONG AS THE JOKE IS ON YOU. HARD WORK MAKES UP FOR THE LACK OF COURAGE. FRUSTRATE -- TRUST ME ON THAT ONE. I SPEAK FROM FIRSTHAND KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE. NO. 2 IS REALLY THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE THE SMART EST PERSON IN THE ROOM TO SUCCEED. JUST MAKE /SHAOSURE YOU'RE ALWAYS IN THE ROOM WITH SMART PEOPLE. EVERY DAY I AM IN A ROOM WITH FRANCIS COLLINS PAUL -- I CAN BE AND LEARN. INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. THE MOST IMPORTANT ONE AND I'LL GIVE YOU SOME TRANSLIT RATION HERE. OFFER HELP WITHOUT ANY EXPECTATION. THESE ARE THE FOLKS WHO DID ALL THE WORK. MY EXTENDED SCIENTIFIC FAMILY. VIRTUALLY ANY ONE /OF /WHAUPL I'M STILL IN VERY SIGNIFICANT CONTACT WITH TO THIS DAY. STARTED WITH MY INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. THIS IS MY E-MAIL ADDRESS. I REALLY DO ANSWER MY OWN E E-MAIL?{}SO IF /TPHANY OF YOU HAVE A QUESTION THAT YOU DON'T WANT TO SAY OUT LOUD IS, FEEL FREE. OR THOSE OF YOU ON THE WEBCAST. AND WITH THAT, I WILL BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS. THANK YOU. APPLAU [APPLAUSE] NOW YOU EITHER RUP FOR THE EXIT, OTHERWISE I AM GOING TO START TALKING ABOUT THE KREBS CYCLE. LAUGHT[LAUGHTER]. OKAY. OXALAPATHY COMBINES WITH -- SO THE QUESTION WAS WHEN I WAS RE REJECTED FROM A TOTAL OF 63 MEDICAL SCHOOLS OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD, HOW LONG DID IT TAKE BEFORE I WENT TO DENTAL SCHOOL? 14 MONTHS AND DURING THAT TIME I WAS AT HUNTER COLLEGE IN /THIS GRADUATE ROOM WHEN I FINALLY REALIZED GEE, I BETTER DO SOMETHING ELSE. SO IT TOOK MAY LITTLE TIME. -- ME A LITTLE TIME. YEAH. SO SO THROUGHOUT MY CAREER, I ALWAYS HAD PART-TIME JOBS WHILE I WAS AT SCHOOL BECAUSE I HAD TO WORK. AND FORTUNATELY, BECAUSE OF THE EXPERIENCE I RECEIVED IN HIGH SCHOOL AND HELP IT IN COLLEGE, I BECAME SORT OF THE LAB TECH TECHNICIAN. AND THAT'S HOW I FOUND MY WAY TO DO DIFFERENT JOBS. AND MOST JOBS WERE GOOD, BECAUSE IF -- IT FIT IN. INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. YES, PLEASE. YOU CAN GO TO THE MICROPHONE BECAUSE IT'S RIGHT THERE. >> HI. I'M SON IA BALL EER AND I WANTED TO KNOW. THE STORY BEHIND WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT RO/KHECHEST EER NOT BEING A DENTAL SCHOOL BUT YET -- >> OH, YEAH. SO THE UNIVERSITY OF RO/KHECHEST EER IS AN AMAZING INSTITUTION. SO I THINK MOST OF YOU ARE OLD ENOUGH TO KNOW WHAT COKODAK WAS AT ONE TIME. THEY MADE FILMS AND STUFF. AND AT /WUONE TIME CODKODAK WAS THE LARGEST EMPLOYER IN THE -- IN RO/KHECHESTER. THEY HAD OVER 80,000 PEOPLE AT RO/KHECHEST EER. IN THE 1920'S GEORGE EAST MAPP, WHO WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE EAST EASTMAN COKODAK COMPANY, MADE A DONATION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF RO ROCHESTER TO CREATE A MEDICAL SCHOOL. BUT HE WAS WAY, WAY AHEAD OF HIS TIME. HE WANT /ED TO HAVE A MEDICAL SCHOOL AND /AA DENTAL SCHOOL SIDE BY SIDE. IN THE 1920'S, DENTISTRY WAS STILL AN PRESENTICESHIP. THERE WERE VERY FEW FORMAL SCHOOLS OF DENTISTRY AND TO BECOME A DENTIST, YOU MORE OR LESS STARTED WORKING FOR AN EXISTING DENTIST AND WORKED FOR THEM FOR SIX, SEVEN YEARS. NOW IN ORDER TO DO THIS, YOU NEEDED TO HAVE THE STUDENTS HAVE THE SAME CREDENTIALS AS PEOPLE AS WHO WERE IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, NAMELY A DOCTOR DEGREE. NOBODY WHO WANTED TO BECOME A DENTIST WAS /TKPWGOING TO INVEST THE TIME TO FIRST GET A BACHELOR'S DEGREE WHEN ALL THEY HAD TO DO WAS GET THE A/PREPPPRENTICESHIP. SO THE DEAN AT THE SCHOOL AT TIME, GEORGE WHIP LE, LOOKED AND WE STILL NEED THE MONEY. HE GAVE A $1 MILLION FOR EACH SCHOOL AND BACK THEN IN THE TONIGHT IN 20'S, A MILLION DOLLARS WAS A LOT. AND HE SAYS WE WILL CREATE A GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY AND WE WILL TRAIN FUTURE LEADERS IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THEY WILL GO OUT AND PLATE NEW SCHOOLS OF DENTISTRY AND MAKE IT MORE LIKE A MEDICAL MODEL. AND AT /WUONE TIME EVERY DENTAL SCHOOL IN THE COUNTRY HAD A GRADUATE FROM ROCHESTER AND IT DIDN'T WORK. I THINK OVER 16 ADVENTURES CAME OUT /OF THAT. BUT THEY NEVER ACTUALLY HAD A SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY. THEY CALLED IT THE SCHOOL OF DEPARTMENTISTRY BUT IT WAS ALWAYS A RESEARCH AND VERY SMALL GRADUATE FOLKS. WITH ALL DUE RESPECT TO ANY DENTAL SCHOOL. YES, PLEASE. >> FIRST, I'D LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME TO GIVE THE ENTERTAINING LECTURE. AND SO MY QUESTION -- MY NAME IS MING AND I'M A SUMMER /TEURP HERE. SO I WAS WONDERING. YOU SEEM TO HAVE KNOWN A LOT /OF REALLY AMAZING MENTORS. AND IN THAT YOU SEE AS YOU'VE MENTIONED A REALLY IMPORTANT PART OF SUCCESS. SO I WAS WONDERING WHAT YOU DID EXACTLY TO DEVELOP THOSE AT SUCH A CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS WITH THOSE PEOPLE? IF YOU CAN GO INTO A LITTLE BIT MORE DETAIL. >> YEAH, SO YOU KNOW, I THINK A LOT /OF IT WAS SEREND INDEPENDENIPITY. BUT I'M A PRETTY OPEN PERSON. AND I'M NOT AFRAID TO TELL PEOPLE WHEN I DON'T KNOW SOMETHING AND TO SEEK OUT HELP. AND SO I DID THAT IN SEVERAL OF THOSE CASES. I REACHED OUT TO DR. DENZEL AND SAID LOOK, I'M IN A HOLE AND I THINK I WANT TO INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] HOW BEST TO WORK THROUGH THIS? AND AS A RESULT A RELATIONSHIP BASED ON HONESTYY TO THIS DAY -- HE PASSED AWAY. BUT HE WAS CLEARLY MY PROFESSOR BUT WE NEVERTHELESS BUILD SHALL -- BUILT A PROFOUND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP. SO THE KEY IS NOT WHINING, NOT BEING NEEDY. BUT TO HAVE AN OPEN AND HONEST RELATIONSHIP. AND IF YOU THINK SOMEBODY MIGHT BE THE PERSON TO HELP YOU AND THEY RESIST, GO TO PLAN B BECAUSE THERE HAS TO BE SORT OF A MUTUAL ASSOCIATION WITH YOU. AND OF COURSE, BE PREPARED WHEN YOU MILWAUKEE THAT FIRST CONTACT CONTACT. OH, I THINK THE WORK IS GREAT. OH, TELL ME ABOUT WHAT ABOUT THE WORK YOU THINK IS GREAT. SO THAT'S THE WRONG ANSWER. SO DO YOUR HOMEWORK, OBVIOUSLY. BUT I THINK AT LEAST IN MY CASE, IT WAS IN THE FACT THAT I WAS OPEN. >> HI, MY NAME IS CRISTINE AND I'M WONDERING HOW YOU PERCEIVE THE FUTURE OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AT NIH. A LOT /OF SCIENTIST SAY RIGHT NOW IT'S A REALLY TOUGH MOMENT IN TIME. SO I WAS THINKING THAT BY THE TIME CHANGE -- POST DOC THAT THE FUTURE WON'T BE THE SAME WAY. >> SURE. SO IT'S SORT OF THE BEST AND WORST OF TIMES. IT'S THE BEST /OF TIMES BECAUSE THE SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITY HAVE NEVER BEEN MORE EXTRAORDINARY. THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, THE EXPLOSION OF INFORMATION THAT'S AVAILABLE IS UN/PRPRESS DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENTED AND WE CAN DO THINGS NOW IN HOURS AND TAZE THAT TOOK MONTHS AND YEARS TO DO AT THE MOMENT, WE'RE IN SORT OF A TOUGH BUDGET TIME, BUT WE NEED TO HAVE THE PERCESPECTIVE OF HISTORY. THE /PWHEPBLG TIME IS NOT FOREVER. AND IF YOU LOOK AT HISTORY FROM THE INCEPTION OF NIH AND INDEED THE SUPPORT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN GENERAL, IT DOES FLUCTUATE AND WE HAVE SORT OF YOU KNOW, HIGH POINTS AND WE HAVE LOW POINTS THE ECONOMY AS /AA NATION AND YOU ALL KNOW THAT WE AS /AA NATION WE'RE GOING THROUGH TOUGH ECONOMIC TIMES. SO THE SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES WILL BE GREATER AND GREATER AND GREATER AND WHAT YOU NEED TO DO IS YOU NEED TO HAVE SUFFICIENT CONFIDENCE THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO WEATHER WHAT IS A TRANSIENT DOWNCURVING ECONOMICALLY FUNDING ONE AND LOOK TO THE UPPERIOD, WHICH OCCURS. INVARIABLY. SO FULL DISCLOSURE. MY YOUNGER SON IS A POST DOC RIGHT NOW. SO I AM NOT TELLING YOU ANYTHING I HAVEN'T TOLD HIM. I THINK THERE WAS NO GREATER TIME TO BECOME INVOLVED IN BIO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. BUT IN PREPARING YOURSELVES FOR A CAREER IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, DON'T EXCLUSIVE LY FOCUS ON BEING THIS CLONE OF YOUR PROFESSOR. BECAUSE ONE VIABLE AND WONDERFUL CAREER PATH. THERE ARE OTHER VIABLE AND WONDERFUL CAREER PATHS IN BIO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. THERE IS POLICY. THERE IS -- SO THERE IS THIS WHOLE SERIES OF WONDERFUL CAREER PATHS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. AND SO YES, IT'S THE GREATEST TIME TO DO SCIENCE, BUT DON'T BE TUNNEL-VISIONED AND EXPECT THAT THE ONLY MEASURE OF SUCCESS IS IF YOU COME OUT EXACTLY LIKE YOUR PROFESSOR. YOU MAY FIND YOUR WAY IN SCIENTIFIC -- SO THE OPPORTUNITY CONTINUE TO GO UP EXPONENTIALLY, YET THE MOMENT AARY TRANSIENT- TRANSIENT-BOUND -- INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. >> GOOD AFTERNOON. AGAIN, I WOULD /HRAOEULIKE TO THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME TO SPEAK WITH US. CERTAINLY APPRECIATE IT. MY NAME IS SHERMAN AND I'M WITH THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE. AND MY QUESTION IS REGARDING DIVERSITY. AND DEFINITELY IN /THIS ROOM, WHERE THERE IS A VARIED NUMBER CROWD AND I KNOW A LOT /OF STUDENTS SUCH AS MYSELF AND AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND NAUGHTIVE AMERICANS ARE APPRECIATIVE TO THE OPPORTUNITIES WE WERE AFFORD THIS SUMMER. HALF-HOUR, I WAS WONDERING IF YOU COULD SPEAK REGARDING WHAT YOU AND POSSIBLY DONNA -- DR. COLLINS MAYBE MAYBE FORESEE WITH REGARD TO IDEAS TO GETTING MORE RESEARCHERS ACTUALLY WORKING WITHIN THE NIH AND I AM THINKING OF ONE WHO IS PRIMARILY LLY IN THE C /R-FPRC AND IT BECOMES OBVIOUS AFTER A WHILE. WOW. SOMETHING MORE NEED TO BE DONE. I WANTED TO KNOW -- >> MURDER IN, THE FACT THAT EVERYBODY LOOKS LIKE ME. >> PRETTY MUCH. >> YEAH. RIGHT. SO, THIS IS SIMPLE. YET DIFFICULT IT'SICISM BECAUSE IT'S ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL THAT WE DIVERSIFY OUR WORK FORCE. NOT ONLY HERE AT NIH BUT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. AND WHY IS THAT? EVERY STUDY THAT HAS BEEN DONE SHOWS THAT THE MORE DIVERSE A TEAM THE BETTER IT IS AT PROBLEM PROBLEM-SOLVING. THE DEMOGRAPHICS SHOW THAT INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] BECOME THE /345EUR78G9. THAT HAPPENS WITHIN NEXT TO A YEAR. SO IF WE DON'T WAKE UP AND IF WE DON'T COME UP WITH BETTER WAYS OF UNRAMPING AND MORE DIVERSE CO COHORT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED AND EXCITED ABOUT OUR PLANS, WE'RE GOING TO WAKE UP ONE DAY AND SAY WHERE DID EVERYBODY GO? BECAUSE THERE WON'T BE ANYBODY DOING THE WORK. NOW, WHY IS IT DIFFICULT? IT'S DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF MANY OF THE THINGS THAT I REFERRED TO HAVE PERHAPS NOT BEEN OPTIMAL OR HAVE BEEN LACKING IN COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE BEEN TRADURABLE LY UNDERREPRESENTED IN TIME. SO THERE MAY BE FEWER MENTORS THAT ARE ABLE TO SERVE AS ROLE MODEL. THERE MAY BE FEWER RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THOSE COMMUNITIES. THERE MAY BE FEWER BASIC EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. I WAS LUCKY. I GREW UP IN NEW YORK CITY AT A TIME WHEN /AA COLLEGE EDUCATION WAS FREE. HOW MANY OF YOU WILL SIGN /UP FOR THAT TODAY? YEAH. EXACTLY. SO NOW, IN SOME WAYS COMMUNITY COLLEGES HAVE SORT OF FILLED THAT GAP, BUT IT'S NOT EXACTLY THE SAME BUT AT LEAST THAT'S PART OF AN ANSWER. AND SO WHAT DR. COLINS AND AND IN FACT ALL OF THE NIH LEADERSHIP ARE DOING IS WE ARE TRYING TO ENTO DO POLICY CHANGES TO MAKE IT EASIER TO CONNECT YOUNG PEOPLE WHO ARE POTENTIALLY INTERESTED IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH TO BE AND ESPECIALLY THE UNDERREPRESENTED GROUP TO COME NIH, TO GET A BETTER UNDER UNDERSTANDING, TO CREATE A NETWORK THAT THEY CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF AS THEIR CAREER GOES FORWARD. TO THOSE THAT CAN'T COME TO THE NIH, WE TRY NETWORKING OPPORTUNITIES, THE EXTRAMURAL COMMUNITIES. WE'LL SOON BE ANNOUNCING THE AWARD FOR THE BUILDING PROGRAM, WHICH IS ACTUALLY BASED ON WHAT WE DO HERE ON NIH AT THE IN/TRA INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, TAKING YOUNG PEOPLE IN COLLEGE AND GIVING THEM RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITY AND THEN ALSO PUTTING THEM AS PART OF THE NETWORK SO THAT THEY HAVE THE TYPE OF MENTORSHIP THAT I BENEFIT ED FRED FROM THROUGHOUT MY CAREER IN BOTH CASES BUT WHICH NOT NECESSARILY BE AVAILABLE IN ALL SECTORS OF ALL COMMENTS -- COMMUNITIES. AND OF COURSE, TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR SCHOLARSHIPS ONCE YOU'RE READY TO GO -- TO DO YOUR GRADUATE-LEVEL TRAINING AND THE RIGHT SUPPORT. AND THEN ALSO THE SUPPORT BECOME BECOMING AN INVESTIGATOR. WHEN YOU -- WHEN I LOOK AT /THIS ROOM, IT GIVES ME ENORMOUS HOPE, BECAUSE OF THE DIVERSITY. BUT -- A GOOD PERCENTAGE OF YOU ACTUALLY DO GO FORWARD AND JOIN WHAT I THINK IS /THE MOST WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITIES TO BE PART OF THE INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE]. ONE MORE. OKAY. YOU'RE IT. >> MY QUESTION WAS REGARDING BIAS IN RESEARCH. >> RIGHT. >> WE ENCOUNTER SO MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIAS AS RESEARCHERS, AS INSTITUTIONS AND AS EVEN ON A PUBLICATION LEVEL. AND I WAS WONDERING IF YOU COULD SPEAK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIASES YOU'VE ENCOUNTERED DURING YOUR CAREER AND HOW YOU'VE RECOGNIZED THEM AND HOW YOU'VE USED THAT RECOGNITION TO FURTHER YOUR RESEARCH. >> OKAY. SO THAT'S A VERY INTERESTING QUESTION. SO YOU GET AN INITIAL RESULT AND YOU GET REALLY EXCITED ABOUT IT. AND IT'S SORT OF A SHIFT IN THE PUBLICATION OF SCIENCE OVER /-THE LAST DECADE OR SO, WHERE NOW PARTICULARLY HIGH-PROFILE JOURNALS, ARE INTERESTED IN BIG STORIES, RIGHT? AND SO THINGS ARE OFTEN WRITTEN IN A SORT OF DECOLLAR TIVE WAY. I ACTUALLY DID THIS. INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] SO IF YOU FALL IN LOVE WITH THAT, AND YET THE DATA TAKEN FROM MULTIPLE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS DON'T COLLABORATE -- CORROBORATE THAT, YOU CAN FALL INTO A TRAP,J. WHAT I HAVE SEEN IS NOT SO MUCH OVERBIAS BUT DESIGN /3-R8 WHEN THE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED BY AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM AND THERE IS NO ONE EXPERT IN ALL THE DIFFERENT FIELD OF SCIENCE. SO YOU CAN RUN INTO A PROBLEM SOME TIME BECAUSE INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] YOU ARE USING DIFFERENT DIS DISCIPLINES OF SCIENCE. UNLESS YOU TAKE THE TIME AND TROUBLE TO REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THE DATA FROM THIS COLLABORATOR AND THAT COLLABORATOR AND THIS COLLABORATOR ARE SAYING AND WHAT THE LIMITATIONS ARE, IF YOU CAN GET YOURSELF INTO A TRAP BY FALLING INTO IT -- "OH, THIS MUST BE THIS AND THAT'S GREAT IT FITS IN," WHEN IN FACT IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT. YOU NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT PARTICULAR TECHNIQUE TO SAY NO, NO, NO, THAT'S NOT WHAT WE REALLY MEAN. SO THE BEST WAY TO OVERCOME THAT IS TO HAVE A THOROUGH DIALOGUE WITH ALL OF YOUR COLLABORATORS TO EXPLAIN TO IN LAY TERMS BASICALLY AND TERMS THAT YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND EXACTLY WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT AND NOT THE WHAT THE LIMITATIONS ARE. AND IF YOU CAN DO THAT AND IF YOU TAKE GOOD DESIGN, THEN YOU SHOULD FIND YOUR WAY FORWARD. BUT IF SOMETHING STICKS OUT AND YOU CAN LOOK AT YOUR OWN DATA AND SAY OKAY NOW BY DOING THIS ONE /WAWAY, IS MY EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WITHOUT ANY UNINTENDED BIAS? HAVE I BLINDED? HAVE I RAND /O*OMIZED? HAVE I HAD SOMEBODY ELSE WHO WAS MY AGE LOOKED TO SEE? INAUDIB[INAUDIBLE] >> SO THIS IS A GREAT TIME TO END. WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE TEACHER OF SCIENCE AND HOW MUCH MORE DIVERSE AND IN/KHRAOCLUSIVE SCIENCE WILL BECOME AND THEN A REMINDER OF THE RESPONSIBILITY WE ALL HAVE. I THINK THAT'S A GREAT WAY. I WANT TO THANK EVERYONE FOR COMING. I AM GOING TO STAY, FOR THOSE YOU OF YOU ON THE NIH CAMPUS, THE BIGGEST SUMMER POSTER /TKAEUFR. SO PLEASE MARK YOUR CALENDAR FOR AUGUST 7TH FOR THE SCHOLARS AND NATIVE STUDENT VISIT PARTICIPANTS AND OTHER GUESTS WHO CAME JUST FOR TODAY. WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU BY E E-MAIL AND WE WANT TO SEE YOU BACK HERE. GRADUATE STUDENTS AND POSTDOCS. SO WITH THAT, LET'S THANK LARRY FOR COMING TO SPEND SOME TIME WITH US. *APPLAUSE*