WELCOME TO DAY 2 OF OUR WORKSHOP
ADVANCING SCIENCE OF AGGRESSION
ACROSS SPECIES DISCIPLINES.
I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME YOU T Y
THE WORKSHOP AND TAKE A FEW
MINUTES TO GO OVER A FEW THINGS
FOR THOSE THAT WERE NOT WITH US
YESTERDAY AND QUICK REMINDER FOR
THOSE THAT WERE. NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE.
WE HAVE HERE PUT TOGETHER WHAT
WE ARE CALLING A HUB AND SPOKE
WORKSHOP. AS WE ALL KNOW,
AGGRESSION IS A TOPIC OF
RELEVANCE ACROSS A NUMBER OF NIH
INSTITUTES AND CENTERS AND
OFFICES WITH IMPLICATIONS ACROSS
DISEASES AND DISORDERS AS WELL
AS ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE AND WE
WANT TO BETTER UNDERSTAND A
CENTRAL TOPIC HERE AND ARE
EXAMINING IT FROM SEVERAL
DISCIPLINARY ANGLES BRINGING
TOGETHER ANIMAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCES COMING FROM
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
NEUROSCIENCE AND --
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THEM IS
INFREQUENT AND DIFFICULT DUE TO
CHALLENGES WITH TAXONOMIES AND
MEASURE. AND HAVE CERTAINLY
HEARD ABOUT THAT AND FOSTERING
ACROSS SDMRINARY DIALOGUE AND
IDENTIFYING BARRIERS AND
POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO MOVE THIS
RESEARCH FORWARD TO INFORM
INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT AND
IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
USE INSPIRED BASIC RESEARCH AND
WE FINALLY HOPE TO IDENTIFY
RESEARCH GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES
IN SCIENCE OF AGGRESSION AND
HEALTH AND PREVENTION AND
ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT.
KEEPING SCOPE OF DISCUSSIONS
MANAGEABLE IN TIME WE HAVE WE
WILL FOCUS ON BASIC MECHANISMS
OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR DIRECTED
TOWARDS OTHERS AND EXTENSIVE
DISCUSSION OF VICTIMS OF
AGGRESSION AND HOPE THAT THE
WORKSHOP WILL SEEK FURTHER
DISCUSSION ON TOPICS AND NEW
OPPORTUNITIES TO CATALYZE
RESEARCH IN THIS AREA.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
I WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT TO THANK
THE PLANNING COMMITTEE WE HAVE
REPRESENTATIVES OF 12 INSTITUTE
CENTERS AND OFFICES ACROSS NIH
HIGHLIGHTING THE BREADTH OF
INTEREST IN THIS TOPIC AND HUGE
THANK YOU TO TERRY MOV ET AND
[INDISCERNIBLE].
BEFORE WE BEGIN I WANT TO
HIGHLIGHT THEMES THAT CAME FROM
DISCUSSIONS AND THEMES YESTERDAY
AND DIALOGUES WILL CONTINUE IN
SESSIONS COMING UP AND IN
BREAKOUT GROUPS.
FIRST, WE HEARD A LOT ABOUT THE
NEED TO CONTINUE TO CREATE MORE
OPPORTUNITIES TO CONTINUE THIS
FRUITFUL DIALOGUE BETWEEN HUMAN
AND ANIMAL AGGRESSION
RESEARCHERS AROUND CHALLENGES
SUCH AS MODELING COMPLEXITIES OF
HUMAN AGGRESSION AND DIVERSE
ORGANISMS AND THINKING ABOUT USE
OF OBJECTIVE TAXONOMIES OF
BEHAVIOR THAT COULD BE APPLIED
ACROSS HUMANS AND ANIMALS AND IN
ADDITION SPENT A GOOD AMOUNT OF
TIME TALKING ABOUT SEX AS A
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE AS WELL AS
GENDER AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
THINKING ABOUT HOW FEMALE
AGGRESSION MIGHT BE DIFFERENT IN
WAYS BOTH IN TYPE OR CONTEXT IN
HUMANS OR ANIMALS AND FINALLY
THERE WAS DISCUSSION ABOUT THE
NEED FOR IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE
APPROACHES TO REALLY ADDRESS
IMPORTANT ISSUES AROUND
SCREENING AND INTERVENTION
UPTAKE AMONG THOSEMO RISK AND I
ISSUES OF STIGMA, FEASIBILITY
AND ADAPTABILITY SO
EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS THAT
CAN EXIST CAN BE ADJUSTED AND
STREAMLINED TO FIT VERY REAL
BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES FOR
THOSE IN MOST NEED OF THEM.
WE WILL HAVE THIRD AND FINAL
PANEL ON DISTINGUISHING ADAPTIVE
TYPICAL AGGRESSION FROM
PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION ACROSS
THE LIFE COURSE AND AFTER PANEL
3 AT 3:15 WE WILL END PUBLIC
PORTION OF THE VIDEO CAST AND
FOR THOSE ON ZOOM WE WILL TAKE A
15 MINUTE BREAK AND RECONVENE AT
3:30 TO BE PLACED IN BREAKOUT
ROOMS AND FINAL DISCUSSIONS AND
THEN A FINAL WRAP-UP FOR THE
DAY. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
FOR THOSE ON VIDEOCAST, REMINDER
YOU ARE ABLE TO SUBMIT QUESTIONS
LIVE AND WILL SCROLL TO THE
BOTTOM OF THE VIDEOCAST AND FIND
AND CLICK ON SEND LIVE FEEDBACK
BUTTON AND PUT NAME AND E-MAIL
AND HIT SEND MESSAGE AND WILL
COLLECT THEM AND PASS TO
MODERATORS TIME PERMITTING AND I
THINK WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO
WELCOME EVERYONE AND LOOK
FORWARD TO AN EXCITING DAY 2. I
WILL NOW HAND IT OFF TO COURTNEY
SIMMONS WHO WILL MODERATE OUR
FIRST KEYNOTE PANEL.
>>HI, EVERYONE. I'M COURTNEY
SIMMONS AND POST DOC AT YALE
UNIVERSITY AND INCOMING
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT ARIZONA
STATE AND WELCOME TO THE KEYNOTE
SESSION ON ETHICAL AND LEGAL
ISSUES OF AGGRESSION RESEARCH.
I WILL BE YOUR MODERATOR AND
DISCUSSANT FOR THIS SESSION. AS
NOTED IN OTHER SESSIONS DESPITE
PERVASIVENESS AND MASSES OF
SOCIAL AND SOCIETAL COSTS
ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSION THAT
HISTORICALLY ISLY UNDERSTUDIE
TOPICPARED TO MENTAL HEALTH
DISORDERS AND SYMPTOMS AND ONE
REFERRED TO AGGRESSION RESEARCH
AS POOR RELATIVE MENTAL HEALTHL
DISORDERS REFERRING TO AMOUNT OF
ATTENTION AND FUNDING LOTS OF
AGGRESSION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH
ON RELATED DISORDERS AND YOU ARE
LIKELY AWARE THERE HAS BEEN
INCREASE INTEREST IN CONDUCTING
AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH ON
AGGRESSION INORM OF GUN
VIOLENCE AND FIREARM USE AND IN
LIGHT OF RECENT AND INCREASED
INTEREST TO WHAT EXTENT
RESEARCHERS SHOULD BE AWARE OF
OR ENGAGE WITH ETHICAL OR
SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR
WORK.
WE ARE LUCKY TO HAVE TWO KEYNOTE
SPEAKERS THAT WILL HIGHLIGHT KEY
ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL
IMPLICATIONS OF REGRESSION
RESEARCH AND FIRST ANIMAL
RESEARCH AND PROBLEMATIC WAYS IT
IS APPLIED TO UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN AGGRESSION AND HOW WORK IS
CONDUCTED IN A MORE ETHICAL AND
LESS HARMFUL WAY AND DR. FISCHER
DISCUSSING CONCERNS AROUND
AGGRESSION AND RESEARCH IN
HUMANS AND HOW IMPORTANT
RESEARCH CAN BE DONE ETHICALLY
AND RESPONSIBLY AND AFTER THEY
ARE DONE, I WILL COME BACK
TOGETHER FOR A BRIEF DISCUSSION
AND TAKE QUESTIONS FROM THE
AUDIENCE.
WITH THAT, I WILL TURN IT OVER
TO DR. JOHNSON.
THANK YOU, COURTNEY.
THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME TO
THIS REALLY FASCINATING
WORKSHOP.
IT HAS BEEN SO INTERESTING AND
INFORMATIVE TO HEAR ABOUT
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES.
NEXT SLIDE.
I HAVE NOTHING TO DISCLOSE.
NEXT SLIDE.
PLAN IS TO BRIEFLY DISCUSS
SEVERAL KEY ETHICAL CONCERNS
RELATED TO NEUROSCIENTIFIC
AGGRESSION IN ANIMALS AND
RELATION TO HUMANS INCLUDING
CONCERNS ABOUT ECOLOGICAL
VALIDITY AND TRANSLATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC ETHICAL. SOME BOTH
POTENTIAL ISSUES WITH GOALS OF
RESEARCH THAT INCLUDE BOTH
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND
PROVIDE SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR
WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD WITH
RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH. NEXT
SLIDE. ONE THING WE KNOW THAT
HAS BEEN DISCUSSED AT LENGTH IN
WORKSHOP SO FAR IS VILE EVENS
AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL
BEHAVIORS IN HUMANS ARE
MULTIFACTORIAL AND INVOLVE
COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AND RISK
FA FOR DYSFUNCTIONAL
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED INCLUDING GENETIC
BIOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
APPARENT NEUROCORRELATES AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK FACTORS AND LAST CATEGORY
INCLUDES A DIVERSE ARRAY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
AND EDUCATIONAL ACCESS AND
HEALTHCARE ACCESS AND EARLY
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND
EXPERIENCES OF TRAUMA AND MOST
COMPLEXIBLE CULTURE. WE HAVE
MENTIONED SEVERAL TIMES IN THE
LAST COUPLE DAYS, THERE HAS BEEN
A LOT OF DISCUSSION IN THE US
AND LAST FEW YEARS ABOUT GUN
VIOLENCE AND ROLE OF GUN CULTURE
AS ONE EXAMPLE.
CULTURE INFLUENCES AGGRESSION IN
NUMEROUS WAYS INCLUDING BY
GENDERING AGGRESSION AND
PENALIZING ACTS OF AGGRESSION
AND TOLERATING OR APPROVING OF
OTHERS AND MOST DIFFICULT AND
MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS THAT
RELATE TO THE INTERACTIONS OF
ALL THESE VARIOUS FACTORS.
NEXT SLIDE.
WITH THAT IN MIND, IT SHOULD BE
EVIDENT THAT THERE ARE CONCERNS
ABOUT EBBING LOGICAL VALIDITY OF
ANIMAL STUDIES ON AGGRESSION
WHEN KEPT IN CONTROLLED AND
UNNATURAL ECOLOGICALLY
INAPPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTS WITH
INDUCED STRESSORS THEY CAN'T
ESCAPE OR CONTROL THIS IS UNLIKE
MANY REAL-WORLD SETTINGS HUMANS
LIVE IN. ANIMAL STUDIES CAN'T
REPLICATE HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS AND
AGGRESSION IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS
IS AS COMPLEX AS IT IS IN HUMANS
AND AS IT IS IN HUMANS CAN BE
FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL
INVOLVING MANY OF THE MULTITUDE
OF VARIABLES THAT WE FIND
IMPLICATED IN HUMAN AGGRESSION
AND INCLUDING GENETIC
NEUROBIOLOGICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURE.
IT IS REASONABLE TO INFER THAT
AGGRESSION OBSERVED IN LAB
SETTINGS MIGHT BE FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT FROM AGGRESSION IN
ANIMALS NOT SO CONSTRAINED.
FROM THAT, WE MIGHT ALSO INFER
THAT IDENTIFIABLE
NEUROCORRELATES IN ANIMALS MAY
ALSO BE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT.
THIS DISCONNECT BETWEEN
DYSFUNCTIONAL ANIMAL AND HUMAN
BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN NOTED IN OTHER
AREAS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC
RESEARCH FOR EXAMPLE.
NEUROSCIENTIST STEVE WHO IS THE
FORMER DIRECTOR OF NIMH SAID
THIS ABOUT ADDICTION RESEARCH
AND ALTHOUGH SELF-ADMINISTRATION
BY RODENTS PROVIDED IMPORTANT
INFORMATION IT IS DIFFICULT TO
ARGUE IT TRULY MODELS COMPULSION
WHEN THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO
SELF-ADMINISTRATION THAT IS
SOLITUDE IN A SHOEBOX KANL.
SO, REDUCING THE FUNCTION OF
BRAIN STRUCTURES OR
NEUROCORRELATES THAT CAN MISS
THE TOTALITY OF FACTORS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO AGGRESSION THAT IS
FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL AND
SORT OF A CASE OF MISSING THE
FOREST FOR THE TREES.
NEXT SLIDE. GENERALIZATION OF
ANIMAL DATA TO HUMANS IS
ETHICALLY AND SOCIALLY
CONCERNING IN SEVERAL WAYS THAT
HAS TO DO WITH HOW THIS RESEARCH
HAS BEEN AND STILL CAN BE
EXPORTED TO HUMANS AND THE
MEANING THAT IS ATTRIBUTED TO
IT.
SO, HISTORICALLY, SO-CALLED
RACIAL SCIENCE THAT MADE DIRECT
COMPARISONS BETWEEN NON-EUROPEAN
HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS AND
ANIMALIZATION AND DEHUMANIZATION
OF HISTORICALLY RACIALIZED AND
MARGINALIZED HUMANS HAD REALLY
SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
EFFECTS IN THE ENSLAVEMENT AND
IN GENOCIDE AND IN THE
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PEOPLES
WHO ARE PERCEIVED TO BE LESS
THAN HUMAN AND PEOPLE OF COLOR
AND DISABLED PERSONS AND PEOPLE
WITH PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES.
AS HUMANS, WE ARE STILL, I THINK
IT IS FAIR TO SAY, LIVING WITH
THE PERVASIVE AND SYSTEMIC AND
INSTITUTIONALIZE THE EFFECTS OF
THAT DEHUMANIZATION.
WE STILL SOMETIMES TALK ABOUT
SOMEONE BEING LIKE AN ANIMAL OR
BEING A PREDATOR, WHICH IS TO
SAY IF NOT REALLY BELONGING TO
HUMANITY.
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN
RACIALIZED IMMIGRANTS AND
ANIMALS IS STILL A TROPE THAT IS
USE THE IN AMERICAN POLITICAL
RHETORIC.
EVEN WITHOUT THESE SORT OF
BLATANT FORMS OF ANIMALIZATION,
POTENTIAL IS THERE FOR
DISCRIMINATION AND
STIGMATIZATION AGAINST THOSE
INDIVIDUALS OR POPULATIONS THAT
ARE IDENTIFIED AS AGGRESSIVE OR
HAVING THE BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL
FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OR FOR
BEHAVING LIKE ANIMALS.
NEXT SLIDE.
SO, THIS RAISES CONCERNS ABOUT
NEUROREDUCTIONISM.
REDUCING COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIORS
OR DISORDERS TO NEUROCORRELATES
THAT CAN FEED NEURODETERMINISM
AND IDEA THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE
FADED OR DETERMINED BY
FUNCTIONING OF THEIR BRAINS THAT
IS A WILD OVERSIMPLIFICATION OF
HUMAN AGGRESSION OF COURSE AND
THEY ARE POWERFUL AND SEDUCTIVE
AND ETHICAL CONCERNS THAT ARISE
FROM THIS KIND OF
NEURODETERMINISM AND FALSE
POSITIVES CAN RISK PATHOLOGIZING
BRAIN STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
THAT MAY BE IN THE RANGE OF
NORMAL HUMAN VARIATION THROUGH
FALSE ATTRIBUTIONS OF SAY A
NEUROCORRELATE FOR AGGRESSION
AND RISKS NEURODETERMINISM AND
FATALISM ABOUT INDIVIDUALS AND
POPULATIONS WHO ARE IDENTIFIED
AS POSSESSING THOSE
NEUROCORRELATES.
OBVIOUSLY, THIS IS NOT JUST TRUE
OF NEUROCORRELATES BUT OF
GENETIC OR SOCIAL RISK FACTORS
AS WELL WHEN ISOLATED FROM
COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS.
IT ALSO RISKS MEDICALIZING AND
PATHOLOGIZING AGGRESSION AND --
THOSE RISK FACTORS ARE HARDER TO
CONTROL OR FIX.
NEXT SLIDE.
SO, WE SHOULD INTERROGATE
THROUGH THE LENS OF JUSTICE AND
GOALS OF IDENTIFYING
NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATES OR RISK
FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION AND
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS.
THESE ARE A COUPLE GOALS
DISCUSSED IF IN
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY LITERATURE ON
POTENTIAL USES NOT JUST ON
NEUROCORRELATES BUT IDENTIFIABLE
RISK FACTORS SO EARLY DETECTION
AND INTERVENTION FOR THOSE WITH
NEURAL RISK FACTORS.
HERE, WE CAN SEE THE POTENTIAL
FOR STIGMATIZATION AND
DISCRIMINATION THROUGH
NEURODETERMINISM AND FATALISM
ABOUT PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS AND
THIS POSSIBILITY THAT A CHILD
WITH NEUROCORRELATE FOR
AGGRESSION, RIGHT?
MIGHT NOT BE PERCEIVED AS AN
AT-RISK CHILD BUT A CHILD THAT
IS RISKY OR IS BAD BY NATURE
THAT MIGHT LEAD TO UNNECESSARY
OR MISGUIDED INTERVENTIONS.
AS WE DISCUSSED IN YESTERDAY'S
SESSION THAT CRIMINAL AGGRESSION
IS PERPETRATED BY A VERY SMALL
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION
AND NOT ALL INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE
IDENTIFIED WITH RISK FACTORS
ACTUALLY PERPETRATE VIOLENT
AGGRESSION AND FALSE POSITIVES
AND FALSE PREDICTIONS COULD HAVE
REALLY DEVASTATING EFFECTS IN
THE CONTEXT AND COULD NOT ONLY
FOCUS ON ATTENTION IN WRONG
PEOPLE IN WAYS THAT COULD HARM
THEM AND DIVERT RESOURCES THAT
MIGHT BENEFIT FROM INTERVENTIONS
AND IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE WE MIGHT
WANT TO USE NEURODATA FOR
PREVENTION AND POTENTIALLY FROM
CRIMINAL REFORM AND IS RISK OF
NEURODETERMINISM AND SENTENCING
AND USE OF NEUROCORRELATES FOR
PREDICTING RECIDIVISM AND
CYLOGENIC POTENTIAL OF FACTORS
AND ALGORITHMS ARE IN USE LIKE
US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
ALGORITHM PRISONER ASSESSMENT
TOOL TARGETING ESTIMATED RISK
AND NEED OR PATTERN THAT IS
CONSISTENTLY FOUND TO REENFORCE
RACIAL BIAS AND OVERPREDICT
RECIDIVISM IN BLACK HISPANIC AND
ASIAN INCARCERATED INDIVIDUALS
CATEGORIZING THEM AS A HIGHER
RISK AND TOOLS OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO
IMPLEMENT IN WAYS THAT ACTUALLY
PROMOTE JUSTICE AND PROTECT THE
VULNERABLE.
AND THERE IS ALSO POTENTIAL FOR
BELIEF IN NEURODETERMINISM TO
RESULT IN DISCRIMINATION AND IN
EMPLOYMENT AND HEALTH CARE AND
HOUSING AND ARE CONCERNS THAT
ARE OFTEN MENTIONED IN
NEUROETHICS LITERATURE ON
NEUROPRIVACY AND CONCERNS ABOUT
MIND CONTROL AND WHERE
PREDICTING RECIDIVISM MIGHT MAKE
AN INDIVIDUAL TARGET OF
INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY OR MAY
NOT BE HELPFUL AND MANY
INTERVENTIONS ON THE MIND RAISE
CONCERNS ABOUT MANIPULATION OR
COERCION.
NEXT SLIDE.
THESE HEADLINES ALL EXEMPLIFY
NEUROREDUCTIONISM AND
NEURODETERMINISM IN THE CONTEXT
OF VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION AND
WERE FOUND WITH A REALLY QUICK
GOOGLE SEARCH. YOU CAN SEE HERE
HOW THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN
PREDICT AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE
AND CRIMINALITY AND CAN BE
REDUCED TO MALFUNCTIONING BRAIN
OR CONTROL BY THE BRAIN IS VERY
APPEALING AND SEDUCTIVE AND
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS AND MY
BRAIN MADE ME DO IT.
IT MIGHT BE A USEFUL DEFENSE
TACTIC.
TURN THAT INTO HIS BRAIN MADE
HIM DO IT.
THAT COULD BE USED TO ARGUE FOR
HARSHER SENTENCING ADDING TO
BIAS THAT EXISTS ALREADY IN THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
NEXT SLIDE.
QUICK SUMMARY HERE OF SOME KEY
CONCERNS WITH NEUROREDUCTIONISM
AND DETERMINISM AND STIGMA AND
SDRIMNATION AND MEDICALIZING AND
PANEL OL JIEZING WHAT MAY BE
NORMAL HUMAN VARIATION OR
FACTORS AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL THAT
COULD BE OVERCOME AND DO NOT
DETERMINE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS.
RELATED TO THAT OVERTREATMENT OR
UNDERTREATMENT. THIS I THINK
GENUINE CONCERN THAT
NEURODETERMINISM WILL EXACERBATE
EXISTING SOCIAL AND RACIAL
DETERMINISM AND BIAS.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE A
YOUNG MAN THAT IS LABELED AS
POOR BLACK AND GLUCOCORTICOID
DEAFISHIENT? THREE STRIKES
ABOUT JUSTICE AND USE OF
SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL PUBLIC
RESOURCES.
NEXT SLIDE.
SO, THERE IS A BIG MIND FIELD
THAT IS NECESSARY TO CAREFULLY
MAP OUR WAY THROUGH IT TO ENSURE
RESPONSIBLE AND JUST AGGRESSION
SCIENCE TO BE TRANSPARENT ABOUT
AND ACKNOWLEDGE LIMITS OF ANIMAL
STUDIES UNDERSTANDING HUMAN
AGGRESSION THAT IS IMPORTANT
BECAUSE WHILE WE MIGHT THINK
ABOUT TRANSLATION FROM ANIMAL
HUMAN AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS -- TO
COMMUNICATE NEURODATA FROM
ANIMALS OR HUMANS IS PROPERLY
CONTEXTUALIZED AND AVOID
OVERSIMPLIFICATION AND
GENERALIZATION FROM ANIMALS TO
HUMANS AND BE AWARE OF ETHICAL
MIND FIELDS THAT EXIST IN ALL
STAGES OF RESEARCH AND SOCIAL
AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT THAT
REQUIRES CAUTION ABOUT
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND ABOUT
DIRECT OR INDIRECT COMPARISONS
BETWEEN ANIMAL AND HUMAN
BEHAVIORS AND SELECTION OF
SUBJECTS FROM RACIALIZE THE AND
MARGINALIZED GROUPS AND
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS AND HOW THEY
ARE COMMUNICATED TO THE PUBLIC
-- I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO
THINK ABOUT MEDICINE AND SHARED
GOAL OF HELPING PEOPLE AND
PREVENTING HARM TO PEOPLE AND
ADDRESSING AN IMPORTANT HEALTH
PROBLEM AND UNDERSTANDING SOME
MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS, FOR
EXAMPLE, DO HARM PASH
YEVENTIENTS THAT IS NECESSARY TO
CONSIDER AVOIDING OR MINIMIZING
HARM AND THINKING ABOUT RESEARCH
WE DO ON AGGRESSION IN SAME WAY
WHEN YOU PUBLISH RESEARCH AND
INSTITUTION CREATES PRESS
RELEASE ABOUT YOUR WORK YOU ARE
RELEASING INTO WIELTD WORLD AND
INVITING OTHERS TO INTERACT WITH
IT AND INTERPRET IT.
I URNL YOU -- I URGE YOU TO DO
THAT IN THINKING ABOUT AVOIDING
VARIOUS SOCIAL AND ETHICAL LAND
MINES.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU, DR. JOHNSON.
TURNING IT TO DR. FISCHER NOW.
>>THANK YOU AND THANK YOU SYD.
THAT IS TERRIFIC AND HAS BEEN A
WONTDERFUL SERIES OF TALKS THAT
I PERSONALLY THINK I HAVE
BENEFITED FROM AND TODAY I WILL
TALK ABOUT DISCLOSURE AND
REPORTING CHALLENGES IN
AGGRESSION RESEARCH DEALING WITH
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENCE AND
TAKEAWAY FROM THIS TALK AND LOTS
OF TIMES PEOPLE THINK ETHICS IS
CONFINING OR CRITICAL AND IS NOT
CASE AND AGGRESSION SCIENCE IS
CRITICAL IN PROMOTING WELFARE
AND CONCERNS OF STIGMA AND
REPORTING LAWS PREVENTING PEOPLE
FROM CONDUCTING AGGRESSION
RESEARCH CAN BE SEEN AS STARTING
POINTS NOT BARRIERS TO
CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND
AGGRESSION. WE CAN DO THIS
DEVELOPING EVIDENCE-BASED
DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING
POLICIES INCREASING IRB APPROVAL
ENHANCE PARTICIPANT AND PUBLIC
TRUST.
NEXT SLIDE. THIS IS A SLIDE
THAT IS LISTING A RANGE OF
AGGRESSION DISORDERS AND
ASSOCIATED CHARACTERISTICS THAT
DR. MOFFETT BEAUTIFULLY TALKED
ABOUT YESTERDAY.
THE POINT OF THE SLIDE IS
INDICATING AGGRESSION
RESEARCHERS STUDYING CHILD AND
ADOLESCENT POPULATIONS THAT
MIGHT BE CLINICAL OR
ASYMPTOMATIC PARTICIPANTS AND
PARENTS MAY NOT BE AWARE OF SOME
DATA YOU THAT IS BEING COLLECTED
AND THE KIND OF DISORDERS THAT
AGGRESSION RESEARCHERS ARE
FIND
FINDING.
WE KNOW THE VALUE OF
CONFIDENTIALITY AND RESEARCH
DATA THAT PROTECTS PARTICIPANT
PRIVACY AND AGGRESSION RESEARCH
CAN PROTECT PARTICIPANTS FROM
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND CRIMINAL
HARMS AND ENCOURAGES FUTURE
PARTICIPATION AS WELL AS
TRUTHFUL AND ACCURATE DATA SINCE
PEOPLE MAY BE MORE COMPETENT IN
REPORTING THEIR ACTUAL
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS THAT ALSO
AVOIDS FEELINGS OF BETRAYAL AND
INCONSISTENT DISCLOSURE AND
REPORTING POLICIES WITHIN
RESEARCH TEAMS AND ACROSS
RESEARCH TEAMS.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHEN DO WE NEED TO CONSIDER FOR
EXAMPLE DISCLOSURE TO PARENTS?
SOMETIMES PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
BATTERIES OR FMRI ASSESSMENTS
HAVE SERIOUS MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS AND CHILD/ADOLESCENT
HEALTH COMPROMISING BEHAVIORS
BENEFITING SERVICE AND OF WHICH
THE GUARDIAN IS UNAWARE.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHEN MIGHT WE NEED TO CONSIDER
REPORTING TO AUTHORITIES? WHEN
CHILD OR ADOLESCENTS SELF-REPORT
THEY ARE A VICTIM OF UNREPORTED
CHILD ABUSE OR GUN VIOLENCE OR
SUICIDAL INTENT ENGAGE IN
SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
TOWARDS ANOTHER MINOR.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES
FAILING TO DISCLOSE THE REPORT?
I MENTIONED THAT PARENTS MAY BE
UNAWARE AND DELAY THEM FROM
SEEKING NEEDED SERVICES FROM
THEIR CHILDREN OR PLACE CHILD OR
ADOLESCENT OR OTHERS IN
CONTINUED HARMS WAY AND KONL
DUCTED VARIETY OF RESEARCH AND
ADOLESCENCE ON THIS ISSUE AND
ANOTHER EFFECT NOT REPORTING
OCCURS WHEN CHILD OR ADOLESCENT
BELIEVES THAT PROBLEMS THEY JUST
REPORTED ARE UNIMPORTANT OR
UNSOLVABLE OR THAT ADULTS COULD
NOT BE TRUSTED TO HELP.
NEXT SLIDE.
THIS RAISES WHAT HAS BEEN CALLED
THE SCIENTIST CITIZENS DILEMMA
AND HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO HELP
THOSE THEY KNOW ARE IN JEOPARDY
AND ALTERNATIVELY FACT
RESEARCHERS PRODUCING DATA MEAN
THAT THE INVESTIGATOR ROLE
SUPERCEDE SUCH CITIZEN
OBLIGATIONS OR SCIENCES
ESPECIALLY WITH SPECIAL
EXPERTISE WITH AGGRESSIVE
DISORDERS HAVE A SPECIAL
OBLIGATION TO HELP THOSE THAT
RESEARCH INDICATES ARE IN
JEOPARDY.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHAT ARE STEPS FOR DETERMINING
DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING
POLICIES.
NEXT SLIDE.
FIRST, WE HAVE TO IDENTIFY A
PROBLEM. EACH RESEARCH STUDY IS
DIFFERENT.
SO, WHAT ARE THINGS WE NEED TO
EXAMINE? WHETHER OR NOT
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS WE ARE
USING HAVE ACTUALLY CLINICAL
UTILITY FOR THE CHILD.
THAT IS IN MANY STUDIES WE MAY
USE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 DIFFERENT
CLINICAL ASSESSMENTS THAT ARE
STILL NOT SAME FULL CLINICAL
BATTERY A CLINICIAN MAY USE TO
ESTABLISH A PARTICULAR
AGGRESSIVE DISORDER.
IN ADDITION, WE NEED TO IDENTIFY
WHETHER OR NOT THERE ARE
VALIDATED CUTOFF POINTS FOR
DETERMINING A DIAGNOSIS OR LEVEL
OF RISK THAT COULD GUIDE A
DISCLOSURE DECISION.
IN ADDITION FOR OUR INDIVIDUAL
RESEARCH STUDIES, WE NEED TO
CONSIDER WHETHER OR NOT OUR
RESEARCH METHODS WILL
POTENTIALLY UNCOVER A CLINICAL
OR SERIOUS CLINICAL DISORDER
THAT IS UNKNOWN TO PARENTS OR
IMMEDIATE THREATS TO
PARTICIPANTS OR HARM TO OTHERS.
NEXT SLIDE.
THERE ARE ALSO LEGAL REASONS TO
DISCLOSE AND MANDATORY CHILD
ABUSE REPORTING LAWS THAT IN
SOME STATES MENTION RESEARCHERS
AND IN OTHER STATES MENTION ALL
CITIZENS REQUIRED TO REPORT
CHILD ABUSE AND HASN'T REALLY
BEEN TESTED IN COURSE AND ONE
ACASE CERTIFICATE OF
CONFIDENTIALITY DOESN'T APPLY TO
CHILD ABUSE AND RECORDS MAY BE
SUBJECT TO SUBPOENA.
IN ADDITION, SOME HAVE ARGUED
RESEARCHERS WHO CONDUCT STUDIES
ON VIOLENCE MAY BE SUBJECT TO
TARASOFF LAWS. FOR THOSE THAT
DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY ARE, THEY
REQUIRE CLINICIANS WITH A
REASONABLE CERTAINTY THAT THEIR
PATIENT IS GOING TO HARM AN
IDENTIFIABLE VICTIM ARE REQUIRED
BY THE STATE TO REPORT TO EITHER
LAW ENFORCEMENT OR INTENDED
VICTIM ABOUT THE HARM.
SOME HAVE ARGUED LIKE PAUL APPLE
BOUND THAT VIOLENCE RESEARCHERS
MAY MEET THE TARASOFF CRITERIA
IN HAVING A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE PARTICIPANT THAT NAMES
AN IDENTIFIABLE VICTIM AND
AGGRESSION RESEARCHERS HAVE MORE
THAN OTHERS AN ABILITY TO
PREDICT THAT VIOLENCE MAY OCCUR.
NEXT SLIDE.
SO, IF THE PRIOR STEPS INDICATE
THAT DISCLOSURE OR REPORTING MAY
BE REQUIRED, WE HAVE TO DEVELOP
A POLICY.
SO, THAT MEANS IDENTIFYING TEST
SCORES OR PARTICIPANT BEHAVIORS
THAT WILL REQUIRE DISCLOSURE
REPORTING AND REQUIRES ALSO AS
WE TALKED ABOUT YESTERDAY IN
TERMS OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
CONSULTING WITH PROSPECTIVE
PARTICIPANT FAMILIES TO DEVELOP
PROCEDURES REFLECTING VALUES AND
MERITING THEIR TRUST AND NEED TO
DECIDE HOW AND TO WHOM
INFORMATION WILL BE DISCLOSED OR
REPORTED AND ESTABLISH
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THOSE
REFERRAL OR REPORTING SOURCES
AND THEN TRAIN RESEARCH STAFF IN
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
POLICY.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
SO, WHEN WE ARE CONDUCTING
AGGRESSION RESEARCH, INFORMED
CONSENT SHOULD ALWAYS INCLUDE
THE SPECIFIC TYPES OF
INFORMATION THAT WILL AND WILL
NOT BE DISCLOSED AND REPORTED
AND AWARE THAT PARENTS AND
ADOLESCENTS MAY BE VERY
CONCERNED ABOUT THAT AND OWN
STUDIES PARENTS AND ADOLESCENTS
HAVE SAID HOW DISSATISFIED THEY
ARE WITH INFORMED CONSENT
PROCEDURES THAT SIMPLY SAY THEY
MAY HAVE TO REPORT THERE IS HARM
TO YOURSELF OR OTHERS AND RATHER
THAT RESEARCHERS BE MORE
SPECIFIC AND SHOULD ALSO BE
PROVIDING PARTICIPANTS AND
PARENTS WITH A RATIONALE FOR THE
POLICY SO WE CAN ESTABLISH AND
CONTINUE THAT TRUST IF A
DISCLOSURE REPORTING EVENT NEEDS
TO OCCUR AND HAVE TO TELL THEM
TO WHOM THE INFORMATION WILL BE
DISCLOSED OR REPORTED AND
WHETHER OR HOW GUARDIANS OR
PARTICIPANTS WILL BE INFORMED IF
A DISCLOSURE REPORT WILL BE MADE
AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
FRONTLINE RESEARCH STAFF. NO.
1, THEY ARE SO IMPORTANT IN
TERMS OF GIVING US FEEDBACK AS
TO HOW OUR REPORTING AND
DISCLOSURE PROCEDURES ARE
WORKING AND MAY EXPERIENCE
VICARIOUS TRAUMA AND MORAL
DISTRESS THAT OCCURS AND WE
CONDUCTED A SET OF STUDIES ON
THIS ISSUE WHEN FRONTLINE
RESEARCH STAFF FEEL THAT A
PARTICIPANT NEEDS HELP AND ARE
PREVENTED FROM OFFERING HELP
BECAUSE OF A RESEARCH PROTOCOL
AND BOTH VICARIOUS TRAUMA OR
MORAL DISTRESS CAN LEAD TO
BURNOUT. WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT
IT LEADS RESEARCH STAFF TO
MODIFY PROCEDURES TO HELP
PARTICIPANTS.
THEY CAN THREATEN SCIENTIFIC
VALIDITY OF A STUDY AND IS
IMPORTANT THAT AT WEEKLY STAFF
MEETINGS PIS ENCOURAGE OPEN
DISCUSSION OF STAFF EXPERIENCES
WITH DISCLOSURE REPORTING
CHALLENGES AND DISCUSS SOLUTIONS
AND OFFER ASSISTANCE WHEN
NEEDED.
NEXT SLIDE.
I WILL NOW BRIEFLY TURN TO
GENETIC RESEARCH ON CHILD AND
ADOLESCENT AGGRESSION.
NEXT SLIDE. SORRY.
SO AS DR. BIDDING SO BEAUTIFULLY
DESCRIBED YESTERDAY, IT IS
DIFFICULT TO CONCLUDE FROM
RESULTS WHETHER SPECIFIC
GENOTYPE CAN EXPLAIN AN
INDIVIDUAL CHILD'S CURRENT OR
FUTURE AGGRESSIVE DISORDERS AND
MAY RESULT IN DIFFERENT GENES
THAT INFLUENCE SAME BEHAVIORS
AND HERITABILITY ESTIMATES THAT
DIFFER ACROSS DIFFERENT
GENOTYPES POPULATIONS AND
CONTEXT AND ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS
ARE HIGHLY PROBABILISTIC AND
CONSIDER THE CHILD'S RIGHT TO
OPEN FUTURE 39D INFLUENCING
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION OR
TREATMENT AND RISK FUTURE
GENETIC DISCRIMINATION AND
HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATIONAL
PLACEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
DECISIONS.
NEXT SLIDE.
HOWEVER, WHO DECIDES IF RESULTS
ARE GOING TO BE SHARED.
THE SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT HAS
DETERMINED APPROPRIATE HUMAN
SUBJECT PROTECTIONS AND ARE
SOCIETAL TRENDS TOWARDS
TRANSPARENCY, SELF-DETERMINATION
AND PARENTAL RIGHTS, RESEARCH
HEALTHCARE AND CONSUMERISM AND
PARENTS ARE INCREASINGLY
REQUESTING ACCESS TO CHILD'S
DATA AND ANALYSIS AND SHARING
WITH HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND
RESEARCHERS THAT DISSEMINATED TO
PUBLICATIONS AS SYDD WAS TALKING
ABOUT WE HAVE LESS CONTROL OVER
PARENTAL MISCONCEPTIONS BEING IN
OUR STUDIES DECIDING THAT CHILD
HAS A GENOTYPE RESPONSIBLE FOR
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS AND PARENTS
HAVE ACCESS TO GENETIC TESTING
SERVICES THAT MAY BE FAR BELOW
QUALITY THAN WHAT WE AS
RESEARCHERS ARE COLLECTING.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHAT ARE STEPS FOR DETERMINING
SHARING GENETIC RESULTS WITH
PARENTS OR PARTICIPANTS?
NEXT SLIDE.
FIRST, WE HAVE TO ASK WHAT IS
THE PROBABILITY THAT IS SPECIFIC
GENETIC DATA ANALYZED CAN
EXPLAIN INDIVIDUAL'S CHILD'S
CURRENT OR FUTURE AGGRESSIVE
DISORDERS COLLECTING WHOLE GENE
SEQUENCING THAT MAY BE USEFUL TO
PARENTS AND CHILDREN ACROSS A
WIDE RANGE OF HEALTH FACTORS
CURRENTLY OR IN THE FUTURE THAT
WE MIGHT CONSIDER SHARING AND
NEED TO CONSIDER WHETHER OR NOT
THERE ARE RISKS TO THE
PARTICIPATANT IF GENETIC
INFORMATION IS DISCLOSED AND CAN
RISKS BE REDUCED?
NEXT SLIDE.
SO, IF WE ARE GOING TO SHARE
GENETIC DATA, WHAT SHOULD WE BE
THINKING ABOUT?
FIRST, UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES
SHOULD GENETIC INFORMATION BE
SHARED WITH ONLY PARENTS OR ONLY
OLDER ADOLESCENTS.
DO WE HAVE QUALIFIED STAFF LIKE
GENETIC COUNSELORS THAT CAN
ACTUALLY DISCLOSE THE GENETIC
INFORMATION? AND HAVE ADEQUATE
STEPS BEEN TAKEN TO MINIMIZE
FAMILY MISCONCEPTIONS?
NEXT STEP.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHEN WE ARE CONDUCTING INFORMED
CONSENT, WHETHER OR NOT WE ARE
GOING TO DISCLOSE, IT IS
IMPORTANT TO CREATE MATERIALS TO
ENHANCE GENETIC LITERACY
REQUIRED FOR INFORMED CONSENT
DECISION TO PARTICIPATE OR NOT
PARTICIPATE.
IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE
A RATIONALE FOR WHY GENETIC DATA
WILL OR WILL NOT BE SHARED AND
TO DESCRIBE OR DISCLOSE
PROCEDURES IF IT WILL BE SHARED
AND ALSO TO DESCRIBE THE EXTENT
AND LIMIT CONFIDENTIALITY
PROTECTIONS AND PARTICIPANT
RIGHTS IF DATA WILL BE DEPOSITED
IN AN A BIOBANK OR DEPOSITED
ACCORDING TO NEW NIH GENOMIC
DATA SHARING POLICIES AND
FINALLY FOR LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER
ADOLESCENT RECONSENT FOR USE AND
STORAGE OF THE GENETIC
INFORMATION.
NEXT SLIDE.
AND FINALLY AND VERY BRIEFLY I
WILL SHIFT RESPONSIBILITIES TO
RACIAL ETHNIC CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENCE.
NEXT SLIDE, WHEN WE DISSEMINATE
RESEARCH AS SYDD POINTED OUT
THERE ARE COMMUNITY HARMS AND
AGGRESSION SCIENCES CONDUCTED IN
SOCIAL POLITICAL AACCUMULATE AND
USE OF RESEARCH RESULTS MAY
PRODUCE DISADVANTAGEOUS POLICIES
TO MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS AND
ALGORITHMS THAT ARE NOW ALL OVER
THE PLACE FOR DEIDENTIFYING DATA
THAT MAY RESULT IN COMMUNITY OR
POPULATION HARMS AND DATA MAY
UNINTENTIONALLY NURTURE PUBLIC
TENDENCY TOWARDS STIG
MATIZIZATION OR GENETIC
ESSENTIALISM AND WE HAVE TO
LISTEN TO COMMUNITY VOICES AND
STUDIES WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN
PARENTS ON ETHICAL VALUE OF
ADOLESCENT RISK RESEARCH THIS IS
A COMMENT MADE BY AFRICAN
AMERICAN PARENT AND KEY IS DR.
FISCHER WHEN YOU TALK TO YOUR
COUNTERPARTS, ASK YOURSELVES,
WHAT WILL OTHERS DO WITH THIS
RESEARCH?
NO MATTER WHAT ROLE YOU HAVE
PLAYED TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN, YOU
COULD HAVE THE PUREST INTENTION
AND IF IT GETS INTO THE WRONG
HANDS, IT BECOMES A WEAPON.
NEXT SLIDE.
HOW DO WE AVOID PARTICIPANT AND
COMMUNITY HARMS?
NEXT SLIDE.
WHEN WE ARE DESIGNING RESEARCH,
WE HAVE TO ESTABLISH WHETHER
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS WERE
SUFFICIENTLY VALIDATED ON
RACIAL/ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE
RESEARCH SAMPLE AND ALSO HAVE TO
AVOID ANALYZING RACIAL FACTORS
AS IMPLIED BIOLOGICAL MARKERS
FOR GENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH
AGGRESSION.
NEXT SLIDE.
WHEN MAKING A DISCLOSURE AND
REPORTING DECISION WE HAVE TO
AVOID OVERESTIMATING INDIVIDUAL
FACTORS BY EVALUATING DISCLOSURE
REPORTING DECISIONS WITHIN
CONTEXT OF CULTURAL AND SYSTEMIC
INFLUENCES ON AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS AND THAT DR. HARI
MENTIONED AND DECIDING TO
DISCLOSE AND IDENTIFY RESEARCH
REFERRAL SOURCES, WE HAVE TO BE
SENSITIVE THEY ARE SENSITIVE TO
NEEDS OF RACIAL/ETHNIC FAMILIES
AND SIMILARLY DESCRIBING OPTIONS
IMPACT OF RACIAL BIASES WITHIN
SOCIAL SERVICES AND GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES AND FINALLY, NEXT
SLIDE.
IN DISSEMINATING RESULTS
ESPECIALLY IN PUBLICATION WHEN
RACIAL GROUPS ARE OVER OR
UNDERSAMPLED, WE HAVE TO DISCUSS
SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION AND
IMPLICATIONS OF RACIAL
STEREOTYPING IN ALL SECTIONS OF
THE ARTICLE AND NOT JUST
LIMITATION SECTIONS THAT FEW
PEOPLE READ AND NOW TURNING TO
MY LAST SLIDE, PLEASE.
SO, HOW DO WE DO AGGRESSION
RESEARCH?
GETTING BACK TO MY TAKEAWAYS,
AGGRESSION SCIENCE IS CRITICAL
TO UNDERSTANDING AND PROMOTING
INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH.
CONCERNS REGARDING STIGMA AND
REPORTING LAWS ARE STARTING
[INDISCERNIBLE] NOT BARRIERS
CONDUCTING GOOD SCIENCE AND GOOD
ETHICS AND EVIDENCE-BASED
POPULATION SENSITIVE DISCLOSURE
AND REPORTING POLICIES ENHANCING
SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY INCREASE
PARTICIPATE PROTECTIONS AND
PUBLIC TRUST. THANK YOU.
>>THANKS SO MUCH DR. FISHER
AND DR. JOHNSON TURNING ON YOUR
CAMERA. WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES
FOR DISCUSSIONS AND QUESTIONS
AND YEAH.
PERFECT. I GUESS MY FIRST
QUESTION FORON ALL OF YOU IS MO
OF A QUESTION COMING UP IN DR.
JOHNSON'S PRESENTATION.
YOU BOTH NOTED OR RAISED
CONCERNS ABOUT HOW THE DATA AND
RESEARCH MIGHT BE USED IN OTHER
SETTINGS SUCH AS CRIMINAL LEGAL
OR JUVENILE LEGAL SYSTEMS.
WITHOUT THE EXPLICIT PERMISSION
OF THE PARTICIPANTS AND DR.S
JOHNSON, YOU NOTED THERE ARE
ONGOINGG TO USE
INFORMATION AND PREDICTIVE
MODELING AND RISKSSESSMENTS TO
PREDICT FUTURE VIOLENCE THANC AL
INVOLVE DEVELOPING ALGORITHMS
AND MODELS ANALYZING VARIOUS
FACTORS TOGETHER TO PREDICT
FUTURE VIOLENCE AND YOU NOTED
THERE IS AN INHERENT HARM OR
RISK THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH
USING AN ALGORITHM.
MANY HAVE ARGUED THAT EXISTING
METHODS FOR PREDICTING RISK
USING ONE'S OWN PROFESSIONAL
EXPERIENCE OR PROFESSIONAL
WISDOM TO DO SO RESULTS OFTEN IN
REALLY BIASED OR ACCURATE
ASSESSMENTS OF ONE'S INDIVIDUALS
OR OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S RISK.
IN THIS AND CONSIDERING WHAT ARE
BEST OF BOTH WORLDS AND
CONSIDERING TWO EVILS, WHAT DO
YOU THINK IS THE APPROACH WE
SHOULD TAKE AS RESEARCHERS FOR
GATHERING RESEARCH IN THIS WAY
AND USING RESEARCH IN THIS WAY?
>>I THINK THIS IS A REALLY
DIFFICULT PROBLEM.
WE HAVE MADE EFFORTS THROUGH THE
USE OF ALGORITHMS AND THROUGH
USE OF AI, FOR EXAMPLE, TO -- TO
TRY TO REMOVE THE KIND OF
INDIVIDUAL HUMAN BIAS THAT MIGHT
EXIST IN A SITUATION WHERE ONE
HUMAN OR A GROUP OF HUMANS MIGHT
BE JUDGING SOMEONE ELSE; RIGHT?
AND TO SORT OF TRY TO CREATE AN
OBJECTIVE SYSTEM FOR MAKING
PREDICTIONS ABOUT FUTURE
AGGRESSION OR CRIMINALITY AND
THINGS LIKE THAT.
AND, YOU KNOW, YOU HAVE PROBABLY
HEARD ABOUT THE RECENT
EXPERIENCE WITH AI CHAT BOTS AND
HOW AFTER BEING FED TONS OF DATA
ABOUT HUMANS, CHAT BOTS BECAME
RACIST; RIGHT?
AND START TODAY SPIT OUT RACIST
NONSENSE AND SO ON.
WE HAVE SEEN THE SAME THING
HAPPEN, YOU KNOW, WITH CREATION
OF ALGORITHMS TO PREDICT
CRIMINALITY OR RECIDIVISM, FOR
EXAMPLE.
A COLLEAGUE THAT IS AN ATTORNEY
USED TO WORK FOR A CRIMINAL
JUSTICE REFORM ORGANIZATION AND
TRIED TO CREATE AN ALGORITHM
THAT WOULD HELP JUDGES PREDICT
RECIDIVISM IN THEIR SENTENCING
AND PAROLE DECISIONS AND SO ON
AND SAID NO MATTER HOW MANY
TIMES THEY STARTED ALL OVER
AGAIN WITH THEIR ALGORITHM, IT
KEPT BECOMING RACIST AND KEPT
USING DATA TO PREDICT EXCESSIVE
RECIDIVISM IN SOME POPULATIONS
OVER OTHERS AND FOR EXAMPLE
BASED ON HOME ADDRESS; RIGHT?
THINGS LIKE THAT, THAT TAKE INTO
ACCOUNT SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS
AND REDLINING AND HISTORY OF
THESE THINGS.
PROBLEM IS -- THE PROBLEM IS
NOT, YOU KNOW, THE DATA PER-SE.
THE DATA COULD BE PERFECTLY
OBJECTIVE AND STILL HAS TO BE
INTERPRETED IN SOME WAY.
WE DON'T HAVE A SYSTEM THAT CAN
MAKE THESE PERFECTLY OBJECTIVE
DECISIONS OR JUDGMENTS ABOUT
HUMAN BEINGS THAT CAN TAKE INTO
ACCOUNT THE FULL CONTEXT OF THAT
HUMAN BEING.
>>SINCE WE ONLY HAVE A FEW
MINUTES, I WANT TO GO TO A
QUESTION OR GENERAL THEME THAT
HAS COME UP IN THE CHAT. I
THINK THAT DR. HYDE LEFT A
COMMENT ON THIS WHAT ARE YOUR
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOW WE
DISCUSS AND DISSEMINATE THE
RESEARCH TO THE BROADER
AUDIENCE?
MANY HAVE NOTED IN PRIOR
SESSIONS THAT AGGRESSION
RESEARCH CAN BECOME HIGHLY
POLITICIZED AND DIFFERENT
ACTIONS AND INSTANCES OF
VIOLENCE CAN BE USED TO SUPPORT
DIFFERENT POLITICAL AGENDAS AND
BE USE THE TO HUMANIZE OR
VILLAINIZE CERTAIN GROUPS OF
INDIVIDUALS AS WELL.
OUR GENERAL LACK OF
COMMUNICATION WITH A BROADER --
THE BROADER PUBLIC ABOUT WHAT WE
ARE FINDING AND DOING MAY HAVE
CONTRIBUTED TO SOME OF THE
ISSUES WE ARE SEEING AROUND
THIS.
SO, WHAT ARE ALL YOUR
RECOMMENDATIONS OR SUGGESTIONS
FOR WHAT RESEARCH WE SHOULD BE
DOING IN THIS SPACE?
>>I WILL ALWAYS SAY I LOOKED
AT INTERVIEWS AS AN ADVERSARIAL
CONTEXT I NEED TO PREPARE FOR SO
THAT MY POINT HAS GOTTEN ACROSS
AND ALTHOUGH WE CAN'T PREDICT,
YOU KNOW, PROTECT AGAINST THE
NIT-PICKING AND EVERY SEVENTENCE
THAT I PREPARE IN ADVANCE THAT
THESE SENTENCES INCLUDE ALSO THE
CALF VOTS AND WHAT I WANT THEM
TO TAKE AWAY AND IT IS IMPORTANT
TO PICK AND CHOOSE MEDIA
OUTLETS.
WE DON'T HAVE TO SAY YES TO
EVERY OUTLET AND TO THOSE THAT
WE KNOW ARE MORE PRONE TO
MISINFORMATION. THAT WOULD BE
MY ADVICE.
>>I THINK IT IS REALLY
IMPORTANT TO STRESS CONTEXT WHEN
-- WHEN WE ARE LOOKING AT THESE
THINGS.
YOU KNOW, IF YOU ARE DOING
RESEARCH AND MICE, YOU HAVE TO
FOREGROUND THE FACT THAT THIS IS
DATA THAT IS RELATED TO MICE AND
MAY NOT ACTUALLY BE DIRECTLY
TRANSLATABLE TO HUMANS AND IS A
PRETTY BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
MOUSE AND HUMAN AND IS SOMETHING
THAT I THINK REALLY GETS BURIED
A LOT OF TIMES IN REPORTING
ABOUT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. WE
FOUND THIS, YOU KNOW, WHATEVER
PART OF THE BRAIN THAT LEADS TO
AGGRESSION.
THE IMPORTANT PART WAS IN MICE;
RIGHT?
NOT IN HUMANS.
WE DON'T HAVE THE DATA TO
SUPPORT, YOU KNOW, THE
TRANSLATION OF THIS DIRECTLY TO
HUMANS.
YET, I MEAN, I HAVE SEEN
SCIENTISTS SORT OF MAKE THAT --
THAT LEAP THEMSELVES IN -- IN
THEIR WORK THAT IS UNFORTUNATE.
>>WONDERFUL. I WANT TO END ON
THIS ONE LAST COMMENT FROM DR.
HIDE SAYING HE AGREES WITH
EVERYTHING DR. FISCHER SAID BUT
REALLY CAUTIOUS RESEARCHERS IN
THE AREA HAVE BEEN CAUTIOUS WITH
COMMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS LIKE
THE ATLANTIC AND ARTICLE DOESN'T
DO JUSTICE TO THE WORK AND CAN
HAVE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES AND
INTERPRETATIONS THAT IS A FAIR
WARNING FOR EVERYONE ELSE
LISTENING ON THE WEBCAST AS WELL
AND A POINT OR AREA THAT WE HAVE
TO FURTHER DISCUSSION AND COME
INTO CONSENSUS HOW WE ARE
SHARING AND DISSEMINATING WORK
BROADLY.
>>TALKING FOR FIVE MINUTES AND
EXPLAIN SOMETHING REALLY
THOROUGHLY. THEY WILL TAKE ONE
SENTENCE OUT OF IT. YEAH.
>>SO, WITH THAT, OUR SESSION
ON OUR KEYNOTE ON ETHICS IS DONE
AND I WOULD LIKE TO TURN IT OVER
TO MELISSA GERALD.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT
INTERESTING SESSION.
WELCOME, EVERYONE.
I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO
OUR PANEL 3. THIS IS OUR
SESSION THAT IS DEVOTED TO
DISTINGUISHING ADAPTIVE TYPICAL
AGGRESSION FROM PANEL LOGICAL
AGGRESSION ACROSS THE LIFE
COURSE AND MY NAME IS MELISSA
GERALD AND PROGRAM OFFICER IN
NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING AND
PLEASURE TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY
TO MODERATE THIS SESSION AND
DISCUSSANTS WILL BE DR. JAMES
CORELY FROM UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
AND JC BARNES FROM UNIVERSITY OF
CINCINNATI AND FOUR
PRESENTATIONS AFTERWOIRTDS AND
DISCUSSANTS WILL HAVE
OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE THOUGHTS
AND ASK QUESTIONS THAT WE HAVE
BEFORE WE TURN IN QUESTIONS
SUBMITTED BY THE GENERAL
AUDIENCE AND WANT US TO PROCEED
WITH THE SHOW AND FOR THE FIRST
PRESENTATION I WANT TO WELCOME
DR. ERRIN HEKT FROM HARVARD
UNIVERSITY. THANK YOU VERY
MUCH.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE
OPPORTUNITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THIS. THIS HAS BEEN A REALLY
STIMULATING AND IMPORTANT
WORKSHOP SO FAR.
SO, I WILL DISCUSS WHAT I SEE
THAT IS THREE MAIN POINTS ABOUT
HAD HOW AN EVOLUTIONARY
PERSPECTIVE CAN HELP US
UNDERSTAND ATYPICAL OR
MALADAPTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
FIRST, I WANT TO DEAL WITH SOME
TERMINOLOGY AND TERM ADOPTIVE
HAS DIFFERENT MEANINGS IN FIELD
OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND
MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH THAT IS
IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THINKING
ABOUT ATYPICAL OR MALADAPTIVE
AGGRESSION. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
IN EVOLUTIONARY SENSE,
AGGRESSIVE ACT IS ADAPTIVE IF
INCREASING INDIVIDUAL'S FITNESS
REPRESENTATION OF GENES AND
FUTURE GENERATIONS AND
AGGRESSIVE ACT MAY OR MAY BE
SOMETHING WE WOULD CONSIDER
MORAL OR OKAY AND EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGISTS GENERALLY FOCUS ON
HERITABLE AND INNATE COMPONENTS
OF MALADAPTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVE
AND COULD BE MALADAPTIVE IN
EVOLUTIONARY SENSE IF IF SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT CHANGES AND SAME
TYPE OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAV
INCREASING FITNESS IN THE PAST
LONGER INCREASES FITNESS AND
IS NO LONGER ADAPTIVE AND IS
REFERRED TO AS EVOLUTIONARY
MISMATCH AND ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF
EVOLUTIONARY MISMATCH IS LOVE OF
SALTY AND FATTY AND SWEET FOOD
THAT SERVED WELL IN EVOLUTIONARY
PAST FOR FOODS THAT ARE HARD TO
GET NECESSARY SMALL AMOUNTS FOR
HEALTHY PHENOTYPE THAT ARE NOW
PLENTY FULLY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND
HAS PROBLEMS AND ADVANCE,
PLEASE.
ON OTHER HAND IF WE ARE THINKING
FROM A MENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
AND AGGRESSIVE ACT AND LACK OF
AGGRESSIVE ACT IS CONSIDERED
ADAPTIVE INCREASING WELLBEING OF
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT.
AND AS WELL INCREASING T
WELLBEING OF OTHER INDIVIDUALS
IN THAT SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTEXT.
RELEVANT TIME SCALE HERE IS ONE
M ETIME R T
GENERATIONS AND AGGRESSIVE VIOR
MALADAPTIVE IN THIS SENSE IS
FRAMED AS RESULTING IN AT LEAST
PART FROM EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE
AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.
ADVANCE, PLEASE.
IN REALITY, OF COURSE, WE KNOW
INNATE AND HERITABLE TRAITS
INTERACT WITH AND RELY ON
EXPERIENCE WHETHER WE ARE
TALKING ABOUT DEVELOPMENT OF THE
BASIC FUNCTION OF THE VISUAL
SYSTEM OR DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR LIKE AGGRESSION AND
EMERGENCE OF FUNCTIONAL
PHENOTYPE IS DEPENDENT ON
EXPERIENCE AND SENSITIVITY TO
EXPERIENCE ALLOWS SOME TYPE OF
DEGREE OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
ALLOWING INDIVIDUAL BRAINS TO
TUNE THEMSELVES TO CONDITIONS
THEY RE AND IN
[INDISCERNIBLE] TIME AND WORTH
CONS WHETHER THERE MIGHT
BE BIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT
SUBSETS OF AGGRESSION WE WOULD
CONSIDER MALADAPTIVE OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
SENSE AND SOME YOU MIGHT THINK
OF AS DERAILMENT OF
DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS OR
MUTATION RESULTING IN BIOLOGICAL
DISFUNCTION IN WAY THAT YOU
THINK OF PATHOLOGY IN A MORE
GENERAL SENSE.
AND THAT TYPE OF PHENOMENON THAT
WE MIGHT NOT CONSIDER TO HAVE
BEENDAPTIVE IN ANY
EVOLUT SENSE.
THE OTHER E TYPES OF
AGGRESSION THATE CONSIDER
MALADAPTIVE IN MENTAL HEALTH
SENSE NOW MIGHT BE REFLECTIVE OF
EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE RESULTING
IN DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY
PRODUCING EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTIVE
PHENOTYPES AND THAT IS NOT
SANCTIONED IF IN MODERATE
SOCIETY AND WORTH CONSIDERING
WHETHER SOME TYPES OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR CONSIDERED MALADAPTIVE
[INDISCERNIBLE]. NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE.
CAN ACT ON REACTIVE AND
PROAGGRESSION IN A SLIGHTLY
SEPARATE MANNER AND NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE.
REASON FOR THIS IS DEFENDING
YOURSELF FROM A THREAT ATTAINING
RESOURCES ARE FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT FITNESS GOALS AND
SITTING THROUGH WORKSHOP SO FAR
WE WOULD AGREE THIS IS
OVERSIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM AND
WOULDN'T AGREE ON WHAT A COMPLEX
DIAGRAM THAT WOULD BE
APPROPRIATE AND FROM A BEHAVIOR
PERSPECTIVE THERE IS TERRITORIAL
AGGRESSION AND SEXUAL AGGRESSION
AND MATERNAL AGGRESSION AND EACH
CLEARLY HAS DIFFERENT FITNESS
ROLES AND ANIMALS AND HUMANS AND
DIFFERENT FORMS OF AGGRESSION
HAVE PARTIALLY DIFFERENT AND
OVERLAPPING NEURAL CORRELATES
AND INTERRELATION AND OVERLAP OF
AGGRESSION SYSTEMS MAKES SENSE
FROM EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES
AND IF INDIVIDUAL NEEDING TO
RESPOND REPEATEDLY WITH
DEFENSIVE AGGRESSION IT MIGHT BE
ADAPTIVE IN EVOLUTIONARY SENSE
TO PROACTIVELY ATTACK AND REMOVE
THREAT AND PROACTIVELY ATTACKING
ANOTHER ANIMAL THEY WILL LIKELY
DEFEND THEMSELVES THAT SAYS YOU
ARE REACTIVE AGGRESSION SYSTEMS
NEED TO BE CUED UP AND READY TO
GO AND DESPITE THIS RELATIONSHIP
FACT REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION SERVE PARTIALLY
DIFFERENT FITNESS GOALS COULD BE
ACTED UPON INDEPENDENTLY AGAINST
NATURAL SELECTION AND SPECIES
THAT ARE ATTUNED MORE TOWARDS
ONE OR THE OTHER. NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE.
WE CAN SEE THIS IF WE LOOK AT
HUMANS CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES
THAT ARE CHIMPANZEES AND
BENOVOS.
WHEN ENCOUNTERED IN THE WILD --
AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE
GROUP ARE MARKED BY HAD HIGH
DEGREE OF AGGRESSION RELATED TO
SOCIAL DOMINANT STRUGGLES SEXUAL
COERCION AND INFAN TIS CRIED AND
RELATED TO HUMANS BETWEEN GROUP
SOCIAL ENCOUNTERS ARE GENERALLY
MORE FEASIBLE AND IS DIFFICULT
TO SAY FOR CERTAIN HOW HUMAN
AGGRESSION PROFILES COMPARE TO
OTHER PRIMATES AND THINK THAT
PROMINENT VIEW IN FIELD OF
ANTHROPOLOGY AND CRIMETOLOGY NOW
IS THAT HUMANS MIGHT HAVE
REDUCED REACTIVE AGGRESSION AND
INCREASED PROACTIVE AGGRESSION
AND IS DEBATE AROUND THIS. I
THINK THAT ONE THING WE CAN
AGREE ON IS THAT THERE IS
SOMETHING DIFFERENT ABOUT HUMAN
AGGRESSION COMPARED TO OTHER
ANIMALS AND WE HAVE THESE
COOPERATIVE SOCIALLY COORDINATED
EFFORTS TO AMELIORATE PROOEND
VENT DISAPPROVED MODES OF
AGGRESSION THAT IS A RARE THING
ACROSS SPECIES AND WHAT
DIFFERENTIATES US FROM MOST
SPECIES AND THIS WORKSHOP IS A
EXAMPLE OF THAT.
SO, I THINK THIS HIGHLIGHTS THIS
FACT THAT WE HAVE A SYSTEM OF
NORMS AND LAWS THAT REGULATES
OUR OWN AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR AND
CULTURAL SYSTEMS DECIDE WHICH
FORMS OF AGGRESSION ACTUALLY
COUNT AS AGGRESSION AND DECIDE
WHICH FORMS OF AGGRESSION COULD
BE ACTED ON OR NOT THAT IS NOT
REALLY THE CASE WITH MOST OTHER
SPECIES AND BRINGS ME TO MY
THIRD POINT.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WE MIGHT WANT TO CONSIDER NOVEL
ANIMAL MODELS THAT REALLY
LEVERAGE EXPLANATORY POWER OF
EVOLUTION.
I WILL TALK ABOUT TWO
NONCONVENTIONAL MODELS THAT CAN
HELP US UNDERSTAND ATYPICAL OR
MALADAPTIVE AGGRESSION BOTH
THROUGH EVOLUTIONARY LENS AND
THROUGH PSYCHOSOCIAL MENTAL
HEALTH LENS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
ONE POSSIBILITY IS DOMESTIC
DOGS. WE KNOW THROUGH THE
PROCESS OF SELECTIVE BREEDING
HUMANS CREATED DIFFERENT BREEDS
OF DOGS WITH DIFFERENT
BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES THAT
INCLUDES PHENOTYPES THAT VARY
BOTH PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE
AGGRESSION I WILL DISCUSS IN A
MOMENT AND PROMISING MODEL IS
RUSSIAN FOX FARM EXPERIMENT AND
IF HAVEN'T HEARD OF THIS LOOK UP
ONLINE DOING GOOGLE SEARCHES AND
VIDEOS OUT THERE EXPERIMENTAL
EVOLUTION EFFORT BEGINNING IN
1950S AND POPULATION OF FOXES
SELECTED FOR REDUCED FLIGHT OR
FIGHT SPONLS TOWARDS HUMANS AND
IT WAS LATER SELECTED FOR OPENLY
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR TOWARDS
HUMANS THAT ARE CUTE AND
FRIENDLY ONES AND POPULATION
UNDERGOING SELECTION FOR EXACT
OPPOSITE BEHAVIORAL PROFILE HIGH
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE AND
HIGH DEGREES OF REACTIVE
AGGRESSION AND CONTROLLED
EXPERIMENTS ON SPECIFICALLY
REACTIVE AGGRESSION.
THESE SPECIES OFFER SOME
PROMISING FEATURES AS ANIMAL
MODELS AND HOPE I DON'T LOSE TOO
MANY PEOPLE HERE.
HANG WITH ME.
ADVANCE, PLEASE.
SO, LIKE HUMANS, BOTH OF THESE
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND PROLONGED
DEVELOPMENTAL TIME COURSES
INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTAL CRITICAL
PERIODS INCLUDING
WELL-CHARACTERIZED WINDOWS FOR
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND FEAR ALERT
AND DOGS AND FOXES ARE ALSO
PREDATORS AND MEANS BRAINS HAVE
EVOLVED ADAP TAKESES FOR CONTEXT
OF HUPTING THAT IS IMPORTANT AND
WE CAN STUDY IN THESE SPECIES WE
CAN STUDY AGGRESSION THROUGH
REPRODUCTIVE CONTEXT THIS IS
DIFFICULT WITH MANY OTHER ANIMAL
MODELS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
SO, IN FOXES WE HAVE SEEN
SELECTION ON REACTIVE AGGRESSION
ALTERS BRAIN NETWORKS IN FRONTAL
AND LIMBIC REGIONS AND SHOULD
KNOW BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES
EMERGE IN EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
LOOKING AT INNATE
PREDISPOSITIONS TOWARDS REDUCED
OR INCREASED REACTIVE AGGRESSION
AND RATHER THAN ANYTHING THAT IS
DEPENDENT ON EXPERIENCE AND
THINK THIS IS AN EXCITING AREA
OF RESEARCH THAT IS DEVELOPING
NOW AND IS GENETIC AND GENOMIC
WORK AS WELL AS ENDOCRINE WORK.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
AND THEN IN DOGS, WE SEE BRAIN
NETWORKS THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN
AGGRESSION AND OTHER SPECIES AND
ALSO BEING IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS
FORMS OF AGGRESSION WITHIN DOGS.
FOR EXAMPLE, HISTORICAL
SELECTION FOR DOG FIGHTING IS
ASSOCIATED WITH HPA ACCESS AND
HISTORICAL SELECTION FOR HUNTING
THAT IS FORM OF PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION INVOLVING SWEET BRAIN
REGIONS THAT SEEM TO SUPPORT
STALKING MOTOR PROGRAM. NEXT
SLIDE, PLEASE.
>>I NEED YOU TO WRAP THIS UP.
WE ARE OUT OF TIME.
>>EXCUSE ME. PLEASE JUST
ADVANCE TOWARDS THE END.
OKAY. SO, TO SUMMARIZE, I THINK
THAT EVOLUTIONARY LENS CAN TEACH
US A LOT ABOUT HOW TO UNDERSTAND
MALADAPTIVE AGGRESSION. THANKS
VERY MUCH.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. I HOPE
WE CAN HEAR MORE MAYBE DURING
THE DISCUSSION TIME. YOU CAN
SLIP SOME INFORMATION IN. THAT
WOULD BE GREAT. THANK YOU.
NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. SCOTT RUSSO
WHO IS FROM THE ICONS SCHOOL OF
MEDICINE AT MT. SINAI. THANK
YOU!
>>THANK YOU, MELISSA. FRENT
WAS TEXTING ME ABOUT
HEALTH-RELATED PROBLEM AND
CAUGHT OFF GUARD TO GIVE MY TALK
AND LOVELY TO BE HERE HEARING
ABOUT INTERESTING PERSPECTIVES
AND AGGRESSION AND MY COLLEAGUES
AND I OFTEN THINK ABOUT THESE
FROM SILOED NEUROSPECIFIC
CONTEXT AND HEARING ABOUT ETHICS
AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF IT
ARE INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT.
TODAY, I WILL TALK ABOUT OUR
WORK IN PRECLINICAL MODELS TO
STUDY AGGRESSION AND SOME OF THE
BIOLOGY DRIVING IT.
I WILL TRY TO T DO THIS IN THE
CONTEXT OF ADAPTATION OR PANEL
LOGICAL FORMS OF AGGRESSION.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
THIS IS MY DEFINITION OF
AGGRESSION. WE HAVE HEARD MANY
OF THEM AND THEY ARE HERE AND
I'M JUST DEFINING IT AS A FORM
OF SOCIAL STRESS REFLECTING
VIOLEN BEHAVIOR TOWARDS ONE
ANOTHER AND REACTIVE AND
PROACTIVE IN NATURE AND WON'T GO
INTO OF THAT. NEXT
PLEASE.
I THINK THAT ONE REALLY
IMPORTANT ISSUES THAT HAS BEEN
DISCUSSED AT LENGTH BY ENIGRAT
AND SAM AND YOU YESTERDAY WILL
BE AT LEAST A MAJOR FOCUS OF MY
TALK TODAY THAT AGGRESSION IS
REWARDING AND MOST THINGS
REWARDING FROM EVOLUTIONARY
PERSPECTIVE ARE ADAPTIVE AND ARE
REWARDINGWA FORSON TO
RE-ENFORCE THAT BEHAVIOR THAT
SOMEHOW INCREASES FITNESS AND
OUR ABILITY TO SURVIVE.
SO, THE QUESTION REALLY BECOMES
IF AGGRESSION IS REWARDING, AND
WE TARGET THAT REWARD, ARE WE
KIND OF REMOVING THAT ADAPTIVE
CAPABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND
COULD THAT BE AN EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT?
ARE THERE CAVEATS ASSOCIATED
WITH IT?
TO BE ABLE TO GET INTO THIS, I
WANT TO BRIEFLY REMIND EVERYBODY
OF THE PARADIGMS AND OVER THE
NEXT THREE OR FOUR SLIDES, I
WILL GO OVER REALLY QUICKLY. IN
SOME CASES THEY ARE IDENTICAL
SLIDES TO THOSE SHOWN YESTERDAY.
FOR EXAMPLE, BY SAM GOLDEN
COLLABORATOR AND FRIEND WORKING
ON PROJECTS RELATED TO
AGGRESSION AND WITH US AND
REMINDING YOU OF PARADIGMS AND
PROTOCOLS AND MEASURES AND
GETTING IF INTO SECOND HALF OFMT
THAT YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY
ARE ACTUALLY MEASURING.
NEXT SLIDE, E,PLEASE. EA
WE USE A RESIDENT A INTRUDER MOL
TO CHARACTERIZE INDIVIDUALS THAT
IS VERY SIMPLE AND WE SELECT
OUTBREAD MICE TO SERVE AS
EXPERIMENTAL AGGRESSOR AND PLACE
THEM INTO A HOME CAGE WITH ITS
OWN ACCESS TO RESOURCES TO BUILD
UP THAT TERRITORIAL COMPONENT TO
BEHAVIOR AND INTRODUCE AN
EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE INTO THE KANL
AND STACK [N[N AUDIO].
>>THIS IS WORK FROM ANOTHER
GROUP. IF YOU DO THAT SIMILAR
MANIPULATION OF LATERAL HABENULA
WHERE YOU ACTIVATE IT. IF YOU
LOOK AT THE BLACK AND WHITE BARS
FROM THE FIRST PANEL THEY ARE
INTERACTING LESS WITH PROSOCIAL
CAUSES AND HOST OF OTHER
BEHAVIORS LIMITING EXPLORATORY
BEHAVIOR THAT MIGHT IMPACT
FORAGING, ET CETERA. ONE SLIDE
FORWARD.
QUESTION IS CAN WE I
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN THAT CAN
REDUCE AGGRESSION AND NOT HAVE
DELETERIOUS SIDE-EFFECTS OF
REDUCING AWARD AND CAUSING
DEFICITS OF SOCIABILITY AND TWO
MORE SLIDES, MELISSA. PLEASE
CLICK THAT BRAIN REGION
IDENTIFIED IN UNBIASED SCREEN
AND DOING HERE IN THE LEFT-HAND
CASE THIS IS UNSTIMULATED OR
UNINHIBITIED AND CLICK THE NEXT
ONE IN THE RIGHT SIDE WE ARE
INHIBITING A BRAIN REGION THAT
YOU CAN SEE IS NOT JUST
PREVENTING ATTACK BEHAVIOR AND
INCREASING PROSOCIAL ENCOUNTERS
INTERACT IN MEANINGFUL ANDEA
POSITIVE WAYS. NEXTYS SLIDE,
PLEASE.
QUANTIFICATIONS AND NEXT SLIDE
IT THIS IS THE LAST ONE. THIS
IS IMPORTANT COMING BACK TO
VOLITION NAL CONTROL OF THIS AND
INHIBITING BRAIN REGION TURNING
OFF ATTACK BEHAVIOR PROMOTING
POSITIVE PROSOCIAL ENCOUNTERS.
WHAT DOES THE ANIMAL CHOOSE TO
ENGAGE HERE.
ANIMAL STILL CONTINUES TO PRESS
LEVER FOR ACCESS TO INTRUDER
MOUSE AND NO DIFFERENCE AND
EFFECT IN INHIBITING REGION ON
THAT FACTOR BUT THIS DECISION TO
ATTACK WHEN THEY HAVE ACCESS AND
WILL LEAVE IT AT THAT. FROM OUR
PERSPECTIVE WE ARE KEEN ON
UNDERSTANDING NEUROBIOLOGICAL
SUBSTRATES THAT LIMIT NOT ONLY
ATTACK BEHAVIOR BUT CAN PROMOTE
MORE POSITIVE SOCIAL ENCOUNTERS
AND POTENTIALLY ADAPTIVE
RESPONSES IN GENERAL MORE
SLIDE FORWARD. SAM IS A PHD
STUDENT IN MY LAB AND AMAZING TO
SEE HOW HE IS DOING AND THE
OTHER MEMBERS AND THANKS SO MUCH
AND APPRECIATE YOUR ATTENTION.
>>THANK YOU, SCOTT.
APPRECIATE IT. NEXT N IS
DR. WALLER FROM THE UNI
PENNSYLVANIA. THANK YOU.
>> I AM HONORED TO BE ABLE TO
SPEAK ON CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL
TRAITS DISTINGUISH YOUNG
CHILDREN WITH TYPICAL VERSUS
PANEL LOGICAL AGGRESSION AND
WILL TALK ABOUT HUMANS TO DOGS
TO MICE AND IN 10 MINUTES HOPING
TO ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS.
FIRST DO TRAITS -- IN YOUNG
CHILDREN THAT IS AN IMPORTANT
QUESTION AND WE KNOW THAT
AGGRESSION AND TANTRUMS AND
OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR IS COMMON
AND NORMATIVE FOR CHILDREN IN
TODDLER AND PRESCHOOL PERIOD AND
WANT TO IDENTIFY RISK OF CHRONIC
PROBLEMS ACROSS CHILDHOOD AND
PROVIDING BRIEF OVERVIEW OF WHY
CHILDREN DEVELOP TRAITS AND
ENDING ON TOUCHING ON HOW WE
KNOW WHAT TRAITS IMPACT
WE HESSION. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
RDAY ABOUT TRAITS
IN VARIOUS TALKS AND WILL GIVE A
BRIEF BACKGROUND TO CONSTRUCT
PARTICULARLY AS I'M APPLYING IT
TO CHILDREN AND ADULTS
PSYCHOPATHY REFERS TO
CONSTELLATION OF EXTREME
PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIORAL
FEATURES THAT IDENTIFIES
INDIVIDUALS AT HIGH RISK FOR
VIOLENT CRIME RECIDIVISM AND
HARMFUL BEHAVIORS DIRECTED
TOWARDS OTHERS PHYSICAL AND
SEXUAL AGGRESSION AND ONLINE
FORMS OF AGGRESSION LIKE CYBER
BULLYING AND TROLLING AND
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND
ASSURE YOU I'M NOT ABOUT TO TELL
THAT CHILDREN COULD BE
PSYCHOPATHS AND RESEARCHERS
FOCUSED ON AFFECT FACET THAT IS
HIGHLIGHTED THERE TO ASK WHETHER
FEATURES CAN ALSO IDENTIFY
CHILDREN AT RISK FOR MORE SEVERE
AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL
BEHAVIOR AS WE SEE WITH
PSYCHOPATHY CONSTRUCT IN MENTAL
-- NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
REALLY SEMINAL WORK BY PAUL
FRICK AND COLLEAGUES IN LATE
1990S AND EARLY 2000S AND USING
EFFECTIVE INDICATORS TO DERIVE
CALLOUS EUNEMOTIONAL TRAITS
CONSTRUCTS AND DEFINING CHILDREN
SHOWING LACK OF EMPATHY AND
SHOWING LACK OF EFFECT TOWARDS
OTHERS AND LACK OF REMORSE AND
UNCARING ABOUT SCHOOL WORK AND
IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES AND
CONSISTENT EVIDENCE SHOWS
CALLOUS EMOTIONAL TRAITS
IDENTIFY SUBGROUP OF CHILDREN
WITH AD LESSIENT SEVERE FORMS OF
AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL
CONDUCT AND PROFILE THAT WE
HEARD ABOUT YESTERDAY AND THIS
EVIDENCE WAS KIND OF REALLY THE
FOUNDATION FOR INCLUSION OF CU
TRAITS CONSTRUCT IN THE DSM-5
AND DENOTED AS LIMITED PROSOCIAL
EMOTION SPECIFY CONDUCT DISORDER
AND PERSON COULD RECEIVE
DIAGNOSIS CONDUCT DISORDER WITH
AND WITHOUT CU TRAITS. NEXT
SLIDE, PLEASE.
WE HEARD ABOUT YESTERDAY
AGGRESSION AND DISRUPTIVE
BEHAVIOR THAT HAVE ORIGINS EARLY
IN DEVELOPMENT AND LUKE AND I
ALONG WITH OTHERS AND MIKE WILL
IT BE AND COLLEAGUES THAT BEGIN
TO ASK WHETHER WE CAN ALSO
MEASURE CALLOUS AND EMOTIONAL
TRAITS EARLIER IN REALLY YOUNG
CHILDREN AND WHEN WE THINK ABOUT
THIS MUCH YOUNGER AGE PERIOD OF
YOUNG CHILDREN, THERE IS NICE
SIN ERNLY THERE WITH
DEVELOPMENTAL WORK AND SHOWING
THAT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
THINGS LIKE EMPATHY AND GUILT
AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR THAT
COULD BE RELIABLY MEASURED BY 2
OR 3 YEARS OLD AND IN OWN WORK
WE HAVE NOW SHOWN ACROSS
MULTIPLE STUDIES THAT CAL OWE US
AND EMOTIONAL TRAITS COULD BE
RELIABLY MEASURED FROM AGE 3
YEARS ONWARDS USING PARENT
REPO AND SHOW THAT PARENTS
HAVING DISTINGUISHED CALLOUS AND
EMOTIONAL TRAITS FROM EARLY
BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AND CALLOUS
UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS HAVE DISTINCT
CORRELATES INCLUDING CLEAR
DISRUPTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF
EMPATHY AND GUILT AND CHILDREN
SHOWING DIFFICULTIES RECOGNIZING
AND UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS OF
OTHERS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WHAT ABOUT AGGRESSION?
TO THE POINT OF THE SESSION, DO
CU TRAITS RESULT IN KRONITION
AGGRESSION?
YES. I AM GIVING ONE EXAMPLE
HERE RESULTS FROM A STUDY WE DID
WITH SHERRI OLSON USING DATA
FROM MICHIGAN LONGITUDINAL STUDY
INCLUDING 241 PRESCHOOLERS
OVERSAMPLED FOR RISK FOR
OVEREXTERNALLIZING PROBLEMS AND
Y BETA RATES FROM REGRESSION
MODELS AND SHOWING PARENT
REPORTED CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL
TRAITS AT AGE 3 AND PREDICTED
TEACHER REPORTED PROBLEMS AT AGE
6 AND CONTROLLING FOR EARLIER
TEACHER REPORTS FOR AGGRESSION
AND E BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT AND ADHD
BEHAVIORS IN AGE 3 AND TALKS WE
HAVE HAD IS INTERESTING TO NOTE
AGE 3CU TRAITS REPORTED BY
PARENTS PREDICTED OUT TO GREATER
RISK FOR TEACHER REPORTED
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION AT AGE 6
THAT YOU SEE ON THE RIGHT. NEXT
SLIDE, PLEASE.
THESE AND OTHER FINDINGS ARE
REFLECTED IN ANALYTIC WORK
ACROSS CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
AND ON LEFT RESULTS FROM ABBY'S
GROUP SHOWING SCHOOLS OF CALLOUS
UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS ICU WIDELY
MEASURED CU TRAITS NOW RELATED
TO MODERATE RISK FIRST ANALYZING
PROBLEMS AND RIGHT THIS GROUP
METAANALYSIS FROM THIS GROUP
SPECIFIC STUDIES IN EARLY
CHILDHOOD SHOWING MEASURES OF
TRAITS ARE PREDICTING RISK FOR
CONDUCT PROBLEMS WITH MODERATE
EFFECT SIZE AND TOGETHER
FINDINGS SHOW THAT KNOWING ABOUT
CU TRAITS HELPS US IDENTIFY IN
REALLY YOUNG CHILDREN THOSE WHO
ARE AT RISK FOR SEVERE FORMS OF
AGGRESSION THAT WILL PERSIST
ACROSS CHILDHOOD AND THINKING
ABOUT WHAT WE HEARD FROM DR.
JOHNSON AND DR. FISCHER, IDEA
HERE IS NOT TO STIGMATIZE BUT TO
IDENTIFY CHILDREN MOST IN NEED
OF EARLY PREVENTIVE
INTERVENTIONS PERHAPS BEGINNING
TO POINT TO SPECIFIC
INTERVENTION TARGETS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
THAT GETS TO MY NEXT QUESTION.
WE KNOW THAT THERE IS SIGNALING
GREATER RISK AND WHERE CU TRAITS
COME AND HOW DO THEY DEVELOP?
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
LIKE MOST FORMS OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND AS WE HEARD
YESTERDAY AS A REALLY COMPLEX
INTERPLAY OF GENETIC
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND
BORROWED THIS FIGURE FROM A
RECENT PAPER AND [INDISCERNIBLE]
AND LOTS OF OTHER PEOPLE WHO ARE
HERE TODAY AND ON -- WHICH IS
ABOUT PSYCHOPATHY AND APPLIES
EQUALLY WELL TO
CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS AND
THE ORANGE BOX HIGHLIGHTING WORK
ON NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS CU
TRAITS THAT ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO
ARISE DOWNSTREAM OF GREATER
HERITABLE RISK. NEXT SLIDE.
I WILL GIVE A COUPLE EXAMPLES.
WE HEARD YESTERDAY ABOUT SOME OF
THIS CONSISTENT EVIDENCE LINKING
CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS TO
CHILDREN INDUCED NEURAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY TO
CALLOUS THREAT AND ON LEFT STUDY
FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] AND
COLLEAGUES CHILDREN WITH HIGH CU
TRAITS DESIGNATED HCU HERE AND
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDER HAD
LOW AMYGDALA TO ANGRY AND
FEARFUL FACES AND ON RIGHT
RESULTS FROM ABBY'S GROUP
SHOWING LOWER AMYGDALA
REACTIVITY TO FACES MEDIATES
RELATIONSHIP TO CU TRAITS AND
PROACTIVATION AND HIGHER TRAITS
LOWER AMYGDALA ACTIVITY TO FEAR
AND RETURN TO MORE PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
IN ADDITION TO THIS REDUCED
SENSITIVITY TO THREAT CUES AND
OTHERS THAT I THINK IS CRITICAL
FOR US UNDERSTANDING WHY
CHILDREN ARE PERHAPS NOT BEING
GUIDED AWAY FROM AGGRESSION
TOWARDS OTHERS AND RECENT WORK
EMPHASIZED HOW WE MIGHT THINK
ABOUT SOCIAL AFFILIATION AND
IDEA OF INHERENT MOTIVATION FOR
ENJOYMENT OF HAVING SOCIAL
CLOSENESS AND SOCIAL BONDING
WITH OTHERS AND HYPOTHESIS BEING
AT LOW SOCIAL AFFILIATION
CONTRIBUTES TO RISK FOR CU
TRAITS AND NOVEL FIENEL TO
SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESI
LOVELY STUDY FROM GROUP SHOWING
ADOLESCENTS WITH CU TRAITS HAVE
REDUCED INTERIOR ANCRIMINAL AR
ACTIVATION TO OTHERS WITH
LAUGHTER THAT IS REPRESENTING
UNIVERSAL SOCIAL BONDING
MECHANISM AND REPORTED TO BE
LESS CONTAGIOUS AND WANTED TO
JOIN IN LESS THAT MIGHT GIVE
CLUES ABOUT SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
THAT CUS ARE HAVING AND IN OWN
WORK WE ARE INVESTIGATING HOW
YOUNG CHILDREN ALSO RESPOND TO
LAUGHTER. WE ARE 1/3 OF WAY
THROUGH THIS COLLECTION AND
WANTED TO REALLY SHARE THIS HOT
OFF THE PRESS AND IS 3, 4, AND 5
YEAR OLDS AND WHAT WE ARE SEEING
THAT CHILDREN WITH
HIGHER CU TRAITS ARE LESS GOOD
AT DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN IN
THIS CASE BOTH FRIENDLY LAUGHTER
AND KIND OF MEAN AND MOCKING
LAUGHTER.
AND PERHAPS THE OTHER WAY AROUND
IS MORE INTUITIVE WAY OF
THINKING ABOUT THIS AND CHILDREN
WITH LOW CU TRAITS ARE MUCH
BETTER AT PICKING UP ON
DIFFERENT SOCIAL SIGNALS BEING
CONVEYED BY LAUGHTER THAT COULD
GUIDE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN MORE
ADAPTIVE WAYS AND HIGHER CU
TRAITS DON'T SEEM TO
DIFFERENTIATE IN THAT WAY AND
ARE CURRENTLY USING VARIOUS
METHODS TO ASSESS CHILDREN'S
ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND RESPOND
TO CUES OF AFFILIATION IN A NEW
STUDY.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
IMPORTANTLY AND AS WE HEARD
YESTERDAY ENVIRONMENT AND
PARTICULARLY PARENT ENVIRONMENT
IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO
DEVELOPMENT OF CU TRAITS AND DID
A NICE JOB SUMMARIZING HOW
GENETICALLY INHERITED FEATURES
ASSOCIATED WITH CU TRAITS MIGHT
SHAPE ENVIRONMENT IN WAYS THAT
EXACERBATE RISK AND SKIPPING TO
NEXT SLIDE SO WE DON'T RUN OVER.
SO, THANK YOU.
MY LAST QUESTION IS REALLY
FOCUSED ON WHETHER CU TRAITS DO
IN FACT IMPACT TREATMENT FOR
AGGRESSION GIVEN LOTS OF
TREATMENTS DO FOCUS ON
ENVIRONMENT.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WE TRIED TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION
RECENTLY AND IN A METAANALYSIS
OF 60 STUDIES COMBINING DATA FOR
MORE THAN 9,000 PARTICIPANTS AND
MOTIVATION IS PREVAILING NOTION
THAT EXISTED IN THE LITERATURE I
THINK THAT CHILDREN WITH CU
TRAITS ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO
TREATMENT OR PERHAPS GOLD
STANDARD PARENTING TREATMENTS
WON'T WORK FOR CHILDREN WITH
HIGHER CU TRAITS AND BROADLY
FINDINGS REFUTED THAT IDEA AND
CU TRAITS DIDN'T PREDICT RATE OF
TREATMENT RESPONSIVENESS AND SEE
SAME RATE OF REDUCTION SYMPTOM
AND SLOPE WITH CHILDREN WITH
HIGH AND LOW CU TRAITS.
NEXT SLIDE. IT IS REALLY
EVIDENT FOR THE FIGURE AND OUR
ANALYSIS THAT IS MADE CLEAR AND
CHILDREN WITH HIGH CU TRAITS
DESPITE SHOWING SAME RATE OF
CHANGE AND SYMPTOMS ARE STARTING
AND ENDING TREATMENT WITH MORE
SYMPTOM SEVERITY AND ONE
TAKEAWAY WE TOUCHED ON IN
DISCUSSION YESTERDAY IS WE NEED
REALLY ADD-ONS TO TREATMENTS OR
ADAPTIVE TREATMENTS TO ADDRESS
GREATER SYMPTOM SEVERITY WE SEE
IN CHILDREN WITH CU TRAITS AS
WELL AS USING CLUES FROM SOME
EMPIRICAL WORK ON NEUROCOGNITIVE
AND SOCIO [INDISCERNIBLE]
DIFFICULTIES AND IF YOU CAN JUMP
TWO SLIDES, PLEASE.
THANK YOU. I WILL GIVE AN
EXAMPLE WHAT IT MIGHT LOOK LIKE
THAT IS REALLY NICE WORK THAT
YOU AND COLLEAGUES IN AUSTRALIA
AND CHILD ADAPTIVE VERSION OF
PARENT CHILD INTERACTION THERAPY
THAT INCLUDED MODULES TO TRY TO
EMOTIONAL INTERACTIONS
AND EMOTION SCAFFOLDING BY
PARENTS AND THEY FOUND REALLY
LARGE EFFECT SIZES IN REDUCTIONS
IN BOTH AGGRESSION IN TOP RIGHT
THERE AND CALLOUS UAL
TRAITS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
I WANT TO THANK ALL MY
COLLABORATORS AND STUDENT AND
STAFF AND THANKS TO NIH FOR
HOSTING TODAY AND ALSO FUNDING
THE WORK IN MY LAB FOR
INVESTIGATING CU TRAITS.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. OUR
FINAL SPEAKER FOR TODAY'S PANEL
IS DR. ALEX BURKE FROM MICHIGAN
STATE UNIVERSITY. THANK YOU.
>>I'M GOING TO BE SPEAKING
TODAY A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ETIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION.
OKAY, SO AGGRESSION -- ONE OF
THE THINGS THAT PEOPLE HAVE NOT
TALKED ABOUT VERY MUCH OVER THE
COURSE OF THIS MEETING IS KIND
OF THE SORT OF DEVELOPMENTAL
TRAJECTORY DR. MOFFITT DID, BUT
I FELT LIKE WE NEEDED A LITTLE
MORE ON THAT.
SO I HAD INCLUDED THIS.
SO AGGRESSION IS A VERY
INTERESTING PHENOTYPE UNLIKE
MANY THINGS THAT WE STUDY IN
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND I'M A
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST,
AGGRESSION IS ACTUALLY AT ITS
MOST FREQUENT PRETTY EARLY IN
LIFE.
IN FACT, DURING THE TODDLER
YEARS.
IT'S AT ITS MOST FREQUENT
BETWEEN AGES 2 AND 4.
SO IF YOU COULD JUST CLICK A
COUPLE TIMES THERE, YOU'LL SEE.
THERE WE GO.
YES.
THANK YOU.
SO IT'S ACTUALLY, IN FACT, SEEN
BETWEEN THE -- AT ITS MOST
FREQUENT BETWEEN AGES 2 AND
4 AND IT'S SEEN IN ABOUT 65% OF
TODDLERS.
JUST TO FRAME OUT, THESE LITTLE
QUEUE TEE PATOOTIES ARE TRYING
TO HURT YOU, OR WHOEVER THEY'RE
AGRESSING ON.
THEY'RE SMALL SO THEY DON'T DO
MUCH DAMAGE BUT IT IS NOT FOR
LACK OF EFFORT.
THEY ARE GIVING IT A GO.
BUT THERE'S A LITTLE --
[INAUDIBLE] NEXT SLIDE.
HOWEVER, THAT FREQUENCY REALLY
DECREASES WITH AGE.
SUCH THAT IT REALLY GOES DOWN,
YOU KNOW, TENDS TO GO DOWN.
THERE MIGHT BE A LITTLE BLIP UP
IN ADOLESCENCE, THERE'S SOME
DEBATE ABOUT THAT.
BUT THE GENERAL SORT OF
FREQUENCY OF THE BEHAVIOR
DECREASES.
SO COUPLE POINTS ON THAT.
ONE IS THE FREQUENCY IS GOING
DOWN BUT THE SEVERITY IS
INCREASING.
PEOPLE GET FAR MORE SKILLED AT
USING WEAPONS AND OTHER KINDS OF
AGGRESSION TO REALLY HURT
PEOPLE, SO SEVERITY INCREASES
BUT FREQUENCY DECREASES.
BUT THE OTHER THING TO NOTE IS
THAT THE RANK ORDER STABILITY,
THE MEAN MAY BE GOING DOWN, EVEN
FOR THE MOST AGGRESSIVE
TODDLERS, THE MEAN MAY GO DOWN
BY ADULTHOOD, BUT IT IS
NEVERTHELESS THE CASE THAT THE
MOST AGGRESSIVE TODDLERS ARE
ALSO LIKELY TO BE THE MOST
AGGRESSIVE ADDLY CENTS AND THE E
MOST AGGRESSIVE ADULTS, A POINT
MADE VERY NICELY BY DR. MOFFITT.
SORRY, TOO MANY CLICKS THERE.
THIS WAS THE SLIDE I WAS JUST
TALKING ABOUT.
OKAY.
SO IN ADDITION TO WHAT WE SEE
SORT OF AT THE PHENOTYPIC LEVEL
AT THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR LEVEL,
WE ALSO DO SEE SOME, I THINK,
INTERESTING CHANGES IN THE
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ORIGINS OF AGGRESSION OVER THIS
SAME PERIOD.
SO WHAT WE SEE IS THAT THE
GENETIC VARIANCE IN AGGRESSION
IS ACTUALLY QUITE HIGH.
IT'S QUITE A HERITABLE PHENOTYPE
AND THAT IS BEGINNING AGAIN EVEN
DURING THE TODDLER YEARS, WE'RE
SEEING A VERY HERITABLE
PHENOTYPE EVEN DURING THE
TODDLER YEARS.
JUST TO MENTION THAT IS ACTUALLY
QUITE DIFFERENT FROM MANY OTHER
PHENOTYPES FOR WHICH WE SEE
RELATIVELY LOW HERITABILITY IN
THE TODDLER YEARS SO AGGRESSION
LOOKS QUITE DISTINCT FROM MANY
OTHER PHENOTYPES.
WHAT WE FIND, THOUGH, IT'S
PRETTY STABLY HIGH AFTER THAT.
AT AGE 7 IT REALLY SORT OF TOPS
WHERE IT'S GOING TO GO.
BUT WHAT'S INTERESTING IS
THERE'S STILL NOVEL GENETIC
VARIANCE, SO IF YOU WERE TO
CORRELATE THE GENETIC VARIANCE
AT AGE 3 AND 7, WHAT YOU'D SEE
IS THAT ONLY ABOUT 50% OF THE
GENETIC VARIANTS PRESENT AT AGE
3 IS ALSO PRESENT AT AGE 7.
BUT AFTER AGE 7, WE DON'T SEE
MUCH IN THE WAY OF GENETIC NOVEL
TI.
SO IT LOOKS LIKE THESE GENES ARE
SETTING EARLY AND REACHING THEIR
PEAK EARLY IN LIFE AND AGAIN,
THAT IS VERY UNUSUAL.
OKAY.
NOW ALL THAT SAID ABOUT GENES,
WE ALSO FIND THAT WE HAVE NOT
BEEN ABLE TO IDENTIFY MORE THAN
A HANDFUL OF SNIPS THAT MIGHT BE
IMPORTANT.
SO HERE WE'RE SEEING THIS REALLY
PROMINENT GENETIC INFLUENCE AND
EACH IS ACCOUNTING FOR LESS THAN
1% OF THE VARIANCE.
SO THIS SUGGESTS THAT RATHER
THAN REFLECT THE MAIN EFFECTIVE
GENES, THEY INSTEAD REFLECT HIGH
AMOUNTS OF GENE-ENVIRONMENT
INTERPLAY.
THAT'S WHAT THIS SLIDE SHOWS UP,
BECAUSE I THINK WHAT THIS SLIDE
IS SHOWING IS THE PREVALENCE OF
FREQUENT FIGHTING ACROSS
63 COUNTRIES.
AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THAT
CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES ARE
POINTING TO VERY ROBUST
DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF
FREQUENT FIGHTING ACROSS
SOCIETIES.
AND THAT'S TRUE -- [INAUDIBLE]
YOU KNOW, A WHITE EDUCATED
INDUSTRIALIZED RICH AND
DEMOCRATIC, AND ALSO WHEN YOU'RE
COMPARING A BROADER AND MORE
REPRESENTATIVE SWATH OF
SOCIETIES.
THE PREVALENCE OF FIGHTING AND
MANY OTHER ELEMENTS OF
AGGRESSION DO VARY ACROSS
SOCIETY.
AND THESE DIFFERENCES CAN BE
ACTUALLY RELATIVELY LARGE.
THEY CAN ACTUALLY BE LARGER THAN
SEX DIFFERENCES AND AGE
DIFFERENCES, EVEN THOSE THAT WE
JUST SAW.
MIGRATION STUDIES ALSO SHOW
SIMILARLY LARGE EFFECTS OF THE
SORT OF BROADER CULTURE ON
AGGRESSION PREVALENCE.
SO HERE'S ANOTHER -- I REALLY
LIKE THIS SLIDE.
SO WHAT THIS SLIDE IS SHOWING IS
LOOKING AT SORT OF LOOKING JUST
KIND OF -- DOING A ZOOMING IN TO
A PARTICULAR CLUSTER OF WEIRD
SOCIETIES, AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE,
I'LL JUST ORIENT YOU, IS THE
SOLID BAR IS THE U.S., AND THIS
IS FROM 1900 TO 2000, SO OVER A
100-YEAR PERIOD, AND IT'S BEING
COMPARED TO AUSTRALIA, CANADA,
AND ENGLAND AND WALES.
AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THAT THE
AUSTRALIA, CANADA AND ENGLAND
AND WALES HAVE RELATIVELY LOW
HOMICIDE RATES FOR THE LAST 100
YEARS, AND THAT HAS NOT BEEN THE
CASE IN THE U.S.
WE HAD PRETTY HIGH HOMICIDE
RATES EVEN IN THE EARLY 1900s,
THEN IT SHOT BACK UP, THEN IT
DROPPED, AND NOW IT LOOKS LIKE
IT'S GOING BACK UP AGAIN.
SO WE'RE SEEING REALLY
PRONOUNCED CHANGES NOT JUST
ACROSS SOCIETIES, WHICH IS CLEAR
HERE, BUT ALSO WITHIN SOCIETIES.
SO WHEN YOU SEE THIS LEVEL OF
GENETIC EFFECT, WHAT YOU SEE IS
THAT SORT OF SIMILAR -- THESE
KIND OF RAPID CHANGES IN THE
PREVALENCE OF AGGRESSION ARE FAR
MORE SUGGESTIVE OF CULTURAL
CHANGE THAN THEY ARE OF GENETIC
CHANGE.
SO HOW CAN GENES AND THE BROADER
CONTEXT MATTER?
I THINK THE ANSWER IS
GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERPLAY,
WHICH IS A POINT THAT'S BEEN
MADE BUT I'M REINFORCING IT
REALLY.
WHICH IS THAT MODERN DAY
EX-PATTERNS OF PHENOTYPIC
EXPRESSION INCLUDE NOT ONLY
CURRENT AND FORMER ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS BUT ALSO THE MANY
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS THAT HAVE
BEEN DISCOVERED AND REFINED OVER
THE COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY.
SO AS ONE EXAMPLE, HUMAN JAWS
ARE TOO WEAK AND OUR INTESTINES
ARE TOO SHORT FOR A WORLD
WITHOUT COOKED FOOD, OUR BODY
HAS CO-EVOLVED WITH OUR CAPACITY
TO HARNESS FIRE.
THAT'S TRUE EVEN THOUGH THAT'S
TRANSMITTED VIA THE ENVIRONMENT
SO THERE'S THIS INTERESTING
CO-EVOLUTION THAT'S HAPPENING.
AND SO WHAT I THINK THAT
SUGGESTS IS THAT RATHER THAN
REFLECTING MAIN EFFECTIVE GENES,
THE HIGH HERITABLE OF AGGRESSION
INSTEAD REFLECTS HIGH AMOUNTS OF
GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERPLAY.
AND SO WE SEE THAT ACTUALLY VERY
CLEARLY IN THE DATA.
SO THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY
LEVEL RISK, FOR EXAMPLE, VARIES
PRETTY SIGNIFICANTLY BY BOTH
FAMILIAL AND NEIGHBORHOOD AND
COMMUNITY DISADVANTAGE.
SO WE CAN SEE HERE, FOR EXAMPLE,
A STUDY THAT FOUND THAT THE
SIBLING ODDS RATIO WAS -- THERE
WAS MORE SIMILARITY IN --
SIBLINGS WERE MORE SIMILAR IN
WEALTHIER CONTEXTS THAN IN MORE
DISADVANTAGED CONTEXTS.
WE SAW THE SAME THING WHEN WE
LOOKED IN A BUNCH OF TWIN
STUDIES.
WHAT WE FOUND WAS ESSENTIALLY
THAT -- AND THIS IS KIND OF A
COMPOSITE OF A BUNCH OF
DIFFERENT TWIN STUDIES THAT I'VE
DONE, BUT BASICALLY WHAT WE SEE
IS THAT ON AVERAGE, C AND E,
WHICH ARE ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLEUBSES,INFLUENCES, ARE REALY
INCREASING RAPIDLY, WHEREAS
GENETIC INFLUENCES INDICATED IN
ORANGE, THOSE ARE REALLY
DECREASING.
AGAIN, THIS IS A VERY CONSISTENT
FINDING NOW ACROSS MULTIPLE TWIN
STUDIES, BOTH THAT I'VE DONE AND
THAT OTHER FOLKS HAVE DONE.
SO HOW ARE WE GOING TO TIE ALL
THESE THREADS TOGETHER?
SO I THINK WE'VE GOT A COUPLE OF
REALLY DIFFERENT THINGS TO SAY
ABOUT THIS.
I THINK ONE THING JUST TO GET --
THIS IS A POINT THAT OTHERS HAVE
MADE BUT I WANT TO SORT OF ECHO
THAT, IS THAT I THINK -- AND TIE
IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL PIECE, I
THINK THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF
AGGRESSION DURING VERY EARLY
LIFE SUGGESTS THAT AGGRESSION
HAS ACTUALLY BEEN SELECTED FOR
OUR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND
THAT THE ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN
AGGRESSION, WHEN NEEDED, IS
SOMETHING LIKE A SPECIES N
NECESSITY THAT WE THEN SHAPE
WITH OUR NEED TO FIT WITH SOCIAL
GROUPS.
SO IN OTHER WORDS, WE DON'T
LEARN TO BE AGGRESSIVE, AND THIS
IS A POINT THAT'S BEEN MADE BY
RICHARD TROMBLAY AND OTHERS, WE
DON'T LEARN TO BE AGGRESSIVE, WE
LEARN NOT TO BE AGGRESSIVE.
SO HIGH AGGRESSION THEN MAY
ACTUALLY REFLECT A LACK OF
EITHER -- A LACK OF EXPOSURE TO
APPROPRIATE SOCIALIZATION AND
INABILITY TO PROFIT FROM
SOCIALIZATION OR SORT OF
AGGRAVATING SOCIETAL OR
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT ARE
IMPAIRING SOCIALIZATION IN SOME
WAY.
SO THESE PROCESSES WOULD
CERTAINLY BE CONSISTENT WITH A G
BY E AND WOULD LEAD TO THAT HIGH
HERITABILITY.
AND I'LL MAKE JUST ONE MORE SET
OF POINTS WHICH IS SOMETHING
THAT DR. MOFFITT HAD RAISED IN
THE CHAT, WHICH IS THINKING
ABOUT --
[INTERRUPTION]
>> AM I -- AM I STILL THERE?
>> WE CAN HEAR YOU BUT WE CAN'T
SEE YOU.
>> OH, OKAY.
WELL, THAT'S PROBABLY FOR THE
BEST ANY WAY.
SO SOCIALIZATION EFFECTS ARE
BOTH SORT OF A CAUSE AND A
CONSEQUENCE OF AGGRESSION.
THERE IS A COMPLICATED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SOCIALIZATION EFFORTS AND
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR.
FOR EXAMPLE, STUDIES FOUND BOYS
WITH -- DISORDER ARE
UNRESPONSIVE TO PUNISHMENT
RELATIVE TO BOY WITH CONIC
DISORDER.
THEY MAY ALSO BE PLACING
THEMSELVES IN MORE HARMFUL
SITUATIONS BUT THE LONG AND THE
SHORT OF IT IS THAT WHEN WE'RE
THINKING ABOUT EFFORTS TO
SOCIALIZE, WE NEED TO BE MOVING
AWAY FROM PUNISHMENT AND
TOWARDS, I THINK, POSITIVE
SOCIALIZATION STRATEGIES.
AND THIS WAS A POINT ON
REACTIVITY TO FEAR, SOEACTIVITYO
FEAR, SO I'LL SKIP THAT FOR NOW.
SO MY TAKE-HOME MESSAGE IS, I
THINK AGGRESSION HAS BEEN HIGHLY
SELECTED FOR IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY, IT'S HIGHLY HERITABLE
AND BY MIDDLE CHILDHOOD, THOSE
GENETIC EFFECTS HAVE BEEN FULLY
ACTIVATED.
THIS HERITABILITY, HOWEVER, IS
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC.
IT'S LESS GENETIC AND MORE
ENVIRONMENTAL IN ORIGIN AND
UNDERRESOURCED CONTEXTS.
DOES APPEAR ALSO TO BE KIND OF
CONSISTENT WITH THAT POINT,
ROBUSTLY INFLUENCED BY BROADER
SOCIETAL FORCES, AND ACTUALLY IN
QUITE PROFOUND WAYS.
AGAIN THAT'S TRUE BOTH WITHIN
AND ACROSS SOCIETIES.
AND WHEN WE'RE THINKING ABOUT
SOCIALIZATION, WE NEED TO BE
PAYING MORE ATTENTION TO THAT
DIRECTION OF CAUSATION ISSUE
BECAUSE IT IS ACTUALLY QUITE
COMPLICATED.
AND I'LL STOP THERE.
THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU.
THAT WAS ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL.
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR
THAT, AND BEFORE WE TURN TO OUR
DISCUSSANTS, I'D LIKE TO REMIND
EVERYBODY IN OUR LISTENING AND
VIEWING AUDIENCE TO SUBMIT ANY
QUESTIONS THEY MAY HAVE THROUGH
THE VIDEOCAST.
AND WE'LL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO
GET TO THOSE AFTERWARDS.
RIGHT NOW I'D LIKE TO TURN OUR
ATTENTION TO DR. JAMES CURLEY
AND J.C. BARNES, WHO WILL BE OUR
DISCUSSANTS, AND AT THE END,
WE'LL TAKE SOME QUESTIONS FROM
>> THANK YOU
FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTEND
THIS INTERESTING WORKSHOP AND I
EMPHASIZE DN POINTS
FROM TODAY AS WELL AS YESTERDAY
THAT RELATE TO THE TOPIC OF THIS
PANEL THAT IS PATHOLOGICAL
VERSUS ADAPTIVE AGGRESSION
ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.
WHAT I WILL DO IS BRING MY
BACKGROUND I'M AN ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR NEUROSCIENTIST THAT
STUDIES DYNAMICS OF AGGRESSION
AND LARGELY FOCUSING ON ANIMAL
WORKING THAT WE HEARD PRESENTED
THAT SCOTT AND NANAGRIT AND SAM
THAT INTERSECT WITH HUMAN WORK
AND BIG PICTURE THAT I PICKED UP
ACROSS THIS WORKSHOP AND FIRST
POINT MADE BY DR. JOHNSON THIS
MORNING AND ALSO BY OTHER PEOPLE
THAT IS THE NEED TO EMPHASIZE
EDGE LOGICAL OR ECOLOGICAL
VALIDITY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH IS
MOST OFTEN USING LIMITED
ENVIRONMENTS TO STUDY ANIMALS
AND DR. JOHNSON MADE POINT THAT
WE STUDY ANIMALS THAT CAN'T
ESCAPE OR CONTROL THEIR
ENVIRONMENT AND WE DO IT FOR
IMPORTANT REASONS AND CAN
CONTROL VARIABLES WHEN TRYING TO
STUDY NEURAL BASIS OF AGGRESSION
AND LIMITS UNDERSTANDING OF
PHENOTYPES WE ARE OBSERVING.
I THINK THAT AN IMPORTANT POINT
THAT IS RAISED BY DR. JOHNSON IS
ARE NEURAL CIRCUITS AND
CORRELATION OF AGGRESSION THAT
WE IDENTIFY IN NEURAL
ENVIRONMENTS SAME AS THOSE WE
WOULD FIND IN COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENTS AND ANSWER IS YES
AND LIKELY THEY ARE AND
INTERESTING QUESTION IS FOR US
WOULD BE TO ASK HOW ARE THESE
MODULATED AND TURNED ON OR OFF
IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS THAT
IS SOMETHING I WILL RETURN TO
YOU SHORTLY AND SECOND QUESTION
OR POINT THAT HAS BEEN RAISED BY
MANY PEOPLE IS NEED TO
INVESTIGATE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND
UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY AND SEX
DIFFERENCES IN COMMONOLOGY IN
BIOLOGY AND UNDERSTANDING BASIS
OF AGGRESSION IN EACH SEX THAT
IS RELEVANT TO MODEL ORGANISM WE
ARE STUDYING AND SOMETHING I
WILL COME BACK TO VERY SHORTLY
AND ANOTHER IMPORTANT POINT THAT
HAS BEEN RAISE THE BY SEVERAL
PEOPLE IS AGGRESSION IS IMBEDDED
IN CONTEXT OF SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS THAT IS SOMETHING
THAT IS QUITE CHALLENGING IN
ANIMALS TO STUDY AND NEARLY ALL
WORK IN AGGRESSION STUDYING
ANIMALS AND DIIADS AVEND
BEHAVIOR OF ONE ANIMAL TOWARDS
ANOTHER AND STUDYING AGGRESSION
IN GROUPS IS NOT THAT COMMON AND
STUDYING DIIADS WE STUDY SHORT
INTERVALS OF TIME AND SHORT
TESTS LOOKING AT AGGRESSION IN A
VERY SHORT PERIOD RATHER THAN
HOW AGGRESSION DEVELOPS OVER
TIME ANDSOME WHAT RELATED TO
THAT, THAT I THINK A BIG
DRAWBACK WE HAVE BEEN DISCUSSING
ACROSS THIS WORKSHOP IS ANIMAL
MODELS OF AGGRESSION ARE ABLE
MODELING SEVERAL FEATURES OF
HUMAN AGGRESSION THAT ARE USEFUL
TO HUMAN RESEARCHERS TO STUDY
THAT WE HEARD FROM DR. BURT AND
OTHERS FROM DEVELOPMENT OF
AGGRESSION ACROSS HUMAN ONTOGENY
THAT IS SOMETHING THAT IS NOT
STUDIED REALLY THAT DEEPLY IN
ANIMAL MODELS AND PERHAPS
BIGGEST AREA OF RESEARCH IS
LOOKING AT PLAY BEHAVIOR AND
ANIMALS PARTICULARLY IN RATS
DEVELOP ROUGH AND TUMBLED PLAY
AND SCAFFOLD IN SAFE MANNER TO
DEVELOP AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
THAT WE ARE NOT LOOKING AT
AGGRESSION ACROSS LIFE COURSE
FROM PERSPECTIVE HOW
PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION DEVELOPS
THAT IS ANOTHER THING THAT NEEDS
TO BE EVALUATED.
FINALLY, I THIS I THAT INTEREST
RISA BROUGHT UP VERY INTERESTING
WORK HE PRESENTED THAT IS
INTERESTING NEURAL CIRCUIT
RELATED TO SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND
AGGRESSION RELATING TO OTHER
SOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT IS
SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE
LOOKED AT IN MORE DETAIL AND
BRIEFLY WILL TRY TO SUMMARIZE MY
OWN WORK AND HOW DISCUSSION
POINTS AND I WILL WRAP UP. I
THINK ONE THING THAT IS VERY
IMPORTANT IS TO UNDERSTAND WE
CAN STUDY AGGRESSION IN ADAPTIVE
CONTEXT IN EVOLUTIONARILY
ADAPTIVE WAY AND LIKE HOW IS
DESCRIBED DEFINITIONS OF
ADAPTATION AND LEARNED AND
DISCUSSED LACTATIONAL AGGRESSION
IN FEMALES AND DEFENSIVE YOUNG
AND HOW THEY ARE KIND OF
EVOLUTIONARILY EXISTING BECAUSE
OF THIS ADAPTIVE NATURE AND
THERE IS ALSO OTHER PARADIGMS WE
COULD STUDY FOR INSTANCE INFANT
DIRECTED AGGRESSION AND INFAN
TIS CRIED INSTANCE COULD BE
PATHOLOGICAL AND ADAPTIVE IN
DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES THAT I
THINK THERE IS A -- OBVIOUSLY
FOR GOOD REASONS STRONG EMPHASIS
TO STUDY DISFUNCTION OR
PATHOLOGY AND BEING ABLE TO
STUDY ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS THERE
THROUGH EVOLUTION WE SHOULDN'T
LOSE SIGHT OF THE UTILITY OF
THAT AND ONE I WOULD LIKE TO
EMPHASIZE THAT I WOULD STUDY IN
OWN LAB IS STUDYING DOMINANCE
BEHAVIORS AND DOMINANCE
HIERARCHIES AND OWN LAB STUDY
MICE IN LARGE ENVIRONMENTS AND
IN [INDISCERNIBLE] WHERE THEY
HAVE MULTIPLE ANIMALS THAT LIVE
THERE AND ARE ABLE TO RUN AROUND
AND LOTS OF TUBES AND LADDERS
AND WE FIND THEY FORM DOMINANCE
HIERARCHIES THAT ARE OUTPUT MICE
AND ARE ABLE TO FORM OR FIND
INDIVIDUAL RANKS YOU HAVE RANK
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 UP TO 12 AND HAVE
DONE GROUPS OF 30 AND YOU CAN
FIND IN HIERARCHIES THAT ANIMALS
SHOW VERY FLEXIBLE AGGRESSION
AND WILL BE SOME ANIMALS MOST
DOMINANT INDIVIDUAL SHOWING
AGGRESSION AND NEVER SHOWING
SUBORDINATE BEHAVIOR AND RANK 4
AGGRESSIVE TO THOSE BENEATH THEM
AND SUBORDINATE TO THOSE ABOVE
THEM AND CHANGING BEHAVIOR
FLEXIBLY AND RAPIDLY AND
STUDYING AGGRESSION IN SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS GIVES ABILITY TO
STUDY SOCIAL COMPETENCY AND
PARTICULARLY HOW SOCIAL -- HOW
AGGRESSION COULD BE DIRECTED IN
A COMPETENT WAY AND FOR INSTANCE
REMOVING DOMINANT INDIVIDUALS
FROM GROUP SUBDOMINANTS RISE UP
BECOMING DOMINANT INDIVIDUAL AND
USE AGGRESSION AND BECOME
AGGRESSIVE RAPIDLY TOWARDS OTHER
INDIVIDUALS AND WE CAN SHOW
ANIMALS WILL OEVENL DIRECT
AGGRESSION TOWARDS ANIMALS THAT
THEY KNOW THEY CAN BEAT.
AND THESE CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH NUMEROUS CHANGES IN BIOLOGY
AND STUDYING THIS FLEXIBILITY IN
ADAPTIVE CONTEXT IS VALUABLE AND
FINAL THING TO SUGGEST IS
STUDYING RELATIONSHIP
DEVELOPMENT AND TALKING ABOUT
HAD HIGH AGGRESSION AND HOW IT
IS A PRODUCT OF INAPPROPRIATE
SOCIALIZATION AND I THINK IN
ANIMAL MODELS THAT LARRY
MENTIONED WE HAVE STUDIED
LIMITING BEDDING MODELS AND
MATERNAL SEPARATION AND STUDYING
COMPLEX SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS
EARLIER IN LIFE CAN SHAPE
AGGRESSION AND IS WORK SHOWING
THAT ANIMALS RAISED IN COMMUNAL
NESTS ARE MUCH QUICKER TO FORM
DOMINANT SUBORDINATE
RELATIONSHIPS USING LESS
AGGRESSION TO FORM RELATIONSHIPS
AND IS ANOTHER AREA THAT ANIMAL
WORK COULD BE INFORMED BY HUMAN
RESEARCH AND SOMETHING THAT
NEEDS TO BE OF MORE FOCUS.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND VERY
INTERESTING. DR. BARNES?
>> THANK YOU, MELISSA.
BEFORE YOU GO AWAY, I WOULD LIKE
TO ASK YOU A QUICK QUESTION. DO
WE HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE
SPEAKERS COME BACK AND HOPING TO
POSE QUESTIONS AT THE END.
>> ABSOLUTELY.
>> OKAY.
>> AT END DISCUSSION PIECE WE
WILL LET YOU BOTH COME BACK AND
ASK QUESTIONS. THANK YOU.
>> WONDERFUL.
IF THIS WERE AN IN-PERSON
CONFERENCE I WOULD HAVE THE
UNENVIABLE POSITION BEING
BETWEEN EVERYONE AND HAPPY HOUR,
PERHAPS. I SEE MANY OF US ARE
AT HOME OR IN THE OFFICE.
MAYBE YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND
INDULGE IF THAT TIME FOR YOU.
>> THE PRESENTATIONS TODAY WERE
FASCINATING.
I'M JUST ABSOLUTELY THRILLED TO
BE PART OF THIS AND THERE WERE
MANY THOUGHTS THAT CAME TO MIND.
BUT, THREE IN PARTICULAR THAT I
WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT. THEY
POSE INTERESTING AND BOTH
PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS AND ALSO
MECHANICAL QUESTIONS FOR THE
STATE OF AGGRESSION RESEARCH AND
WHAT WE SHOULD BE DOING AND WHAT
OUR PRIORITIES SHOULD BE AS
RESEARCHERS.
SO, I THINK THERE WERE THREE
MAIN THINGS I WOULD LIKE TO
TOUCH ON.
THE FIRST WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS
CROSS-CUTTING FROM ALL FOUR OF
THE PRESENTATIONS TODAY AND THAT
DR. BURKE SPECIFICALLY CALLED
OUT THAT AGGRESSION SEEMS TO
HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR OVER
EVOLUTIONARY TIME.
AND THAT -- AND IN MODERN TIMES
FOR HUMANS, AT LEAST, THAT IN
ORDER FOR AGGRESSION TO SORT OF
QUOTE ON QUOTE GO AWAY IF WE
WANT TO THINK OF THAT WAY IT HAS
TO BE SOCIALIZED OUT OR IT
APPEARS TO BE HAPPENING AND
DYNAMIC SEEMS TO SUGGEST THAT.
I THINK THAT RAISES FOR ME THEN
AS A CRIMINOLOGIST AND SOMEONE
STUDYING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM AND WHAT THAT ESSENTIALLY
MEANS IS HOW SOCIETY RESPONDS TO
AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR.
THAT RAISES TWO QUESTIONS FOR
ME.
FIRST, WHAT DOES THAT IS AN
ABOUT THE CAUSES OF AGGRESSION
OR TO ALSO PUT IT IN THAT
FRAMEWORK THAT DR. BURKE NOTED.
WHAT DOES THAT IS AN ABOUT THE
CAUSES OF OR FACTORS CAUSING
NONAGGRESSION OR PROSOCIAL
RESPONSES?
THEN AND FURTHER MORE FROM A
SCIENTIFIC STANDPOINT HOW WE GO
ABOUT IDENTIFYING CAUSAL EFFECTS
AND BY THAT WE THINK OF IT IN
STATISTICAL SENSE OF OR
STATISTICAL IDENTIFICATION OR
PURELY AND PHILOSOPHICALLY HOW
WE ASSURE OURSELVES WITH
RESEARCH WE CAN CONDUCT THAT WE
CAN IDENTIFY FACTORS THAT IF WE
ARE ABLE TO MODIFY THOSE THINGS
THAT IT WOULD LEAD TO A CHANGE
IN AGGRESSIVE RESPONSES IN A
POPULATION.
SO, TO TAKE THE POTENTIAL
OUTCOMES INTERPRETATION OF WHAT
A CAUSE IS AND IDEA THAT IF WE
CAN CHANGE AND MANIPULATE IT IT
WOULD LEAD TO DOWNSTREAM CHANGES
IN THE OUTCOME. HOW DO WE GO
ABOUT IDENTIFYING THOSE?
TOP OF MIND IDEAS FOR -- YOU
KNOW, OBVIOUSLY, WE CAN -- FOR
ANIMAL MODELS THAT ARE
FASCINATING AND ESPECIALLY NOVEL
IDEAS THERE ARE DIRECT
MANIPULATIONS TO BE MADE THERE
AND HEARD ABOUT A FEW OF THEM
AND WHEN WE MOVE TO HUMANS MANY
DIRECT MANIPULATIONS BECOME OFF
LIMITS.
WE HAVE TO RESORT TO OTHER WHAT
WE MIGHT THINK OF AS A SORT OF
STEP BELOW A SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL
STIMULUS AND MAYBE SOMETHING
LIKE A NATURAL EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN TO SORT SOME OF THE
FACTORS OUT AT THE HUMAN LEVEL
THAT BRINGS TO MIND ONE THAT WAS
-- THAT WAS MENTIONED AND IN
DIFFERENT WAYS TODAY THAT WOULD
BE STUDYING PEOPLE AND STUDYING
TWINS IN THE POPULATION, FOR
EXAMPLE.
WE CAN ADJUST A WAY OF
CONTROLLING OUT THAT GENETIC
INFLUENCE AND TRY TO THEN MORE
FULLY IMBED OR IDENTIFY SOCIAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT
MIGHT PLAY A ROLE HERE.
THE SECOND QUESTION THAT CAME TO
MIND WITH -- WHEN THINKING ABOUT
THE TOPICS THAT HAVE BEEN
DISCUSSED TODAY IS WHAT IS THE
OPTIMAL SOCIETAL RESPONSE TO
AGGRESSION OR TO EXTEND IT MAYBE
A LITTLE FURTHER INTO A LEGAL
CONIT E TO VIOLENT OR CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR.
BY OPTIMAL RESPONSE, WELL,
ACTUALLY, THERE COULD BE YOU
SHOULD INTERPRET IT IN YOUR OWN
WAY AND THINKING ABOUT THAT TERM
WHAT OPTIMAL SOCIETAL RESPONSE
TO THIS IS I'M THINKING ABOUT
HAD HOW TO BALANCE PUBLIC SAFETY
CONCERNS WITH ISSUES OF JUSTICE.
BECAUSE THAT IS, OF COURSE, A
VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT AND VERY
IMPORTANT MOTIVATIONAL FEATURE
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND, OF COURSE,
CAN LEAD TO AGGRESSION TYPES
THAT IS TALKED TODAY WITH
REACTIVE AGGRESSION AND HOW WE
BALANCE TWO MAJOR CONCERNS AND
THERE IS, OF COURSE, MORE
THINKING ABOUT A CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM.
IF THERE WAS A WAY OR IS A WAY
TO DESIGN A SYSTEM TO BALANCE
THESE BETTER THAN CURRENT
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND
THINKING HERE STRICTLY IN THE
UNITED STATES AND AMERICAN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND
INTERESTING DILEMMA I WOULD LIKE
TO POSE FOR YOU TO THINK ABOUT
IS THAT GIVEN DR. BURKE'S POINT
TO SUGGEST ESSENTIALLY IMPOSE
MORE CONTROLS ON BEHAVIOR.
INTERESTINGLY, RESEARCH THAT HAS
-- THAT HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN MY
LAB THAT IS PART OF SHOWS THAT
MORE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM RESPONDS IT MAY ACTUALLY
HAVE AN EFFECT OF THEN PROMOTING
FURTHER OR FUTURE DEVIANCE.
JUST VERY BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE
FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT
INDIVIDUALS THAT CAME INTO
CONTACT WITH CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE
INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
LATER ON IN THEIR LIFE AND WE
WERE STUDYING ADOLESCENCE AND
USED NATURAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
WITH TWINS TO ADJUST OUT A LOT
OF THE GENETIC INFLUENCES.
AGAIN, THE DILEMMA HERE BEING
THAT MORE CONTROLS WE IMPOSE MAY
HAVE EFFECT OF EXACERBATING VERY
THING WE ARE TRYING TO CONTROL A
WAY AND WHAT DO FOLKS THINK
ABOUT THAT? THOSE ARE QUESTIONS
I WANTED TO POSE IN THE GROUP
AND LAST THING TO BRIEFLY TOUCH
ON IS SOMETHING THAT WAS
MENTIONED IN THE VERY BEGINNING
OF TODAY'S SESSION THAT IS WHAT
ARE DUTIES OF SCIENTISTS AND
WHAT ARE RESPONSIBILITIES THAT
WE HAVE IN TERMS OF BEING
RESPONSIBLE AND REPORTING
RESULTS AND WHERE IS THAT LINE
AND WHAT WE SHOULD BE
ACCOUNTABLE FOR?
I WOULD JUST LIKE TO -- TO
PRESENT ONE RESULT THAT REALLY
SURPRISED ME.
AND I WOULD LIKE TO -- I THINK
IT WOULD BE HELPFUL FOR THE
GROUP TO KNOW THAT A FEW YEARS
AGO WE DID A KIND OF PUBLIC
POLLING SURVEY.
SURVEY AS A WHOLE WAS ABOUT
SOMETHING VERY OFF TOPIC AND WAS
CURIOUS ABOUT WHERE THE PUBLIC'S
UNDERSTANDING WAS OF GENETIC
INFLUENCES ON CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS
SPECIFICALLY AND POSED THIS
QUESTION THAT ASK THEM TO TELL
US ABOUT A CRIME GENE
SO-TO-SPEAK AND REALITY THAT WE
KNOW IT IS THAT IS A COMPLICATED
MIXTURE OF GENETIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND WAS
QUITE SURPRISED BUT IN BEST WAY
POABLE THAT ALMOST NO ONE IN THE
GENERAL PUBLIC BELIEVES THERE IS
A CRYING GENE IN HUMANS AND
THINK IT IS A -- I THINK IT IS
SOMETHING WE SHOULD TAKE AWAY
THAT WE CAN -- WE CAN -- THE
GENERAL PUBLIC DOES NOT TEND TO
BELIEVE THE WORST POSSIBLE
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND
DOESN'T MEAN WE DON'T HAVE A
RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT
THEY ARE INTERPRETED CORRECTLY
AND THINK IT IS -- IT IS
COMFORTING TO KNOW THAT THIS
STUFF OR THESE TYPES OF RESULTS
AND RESEARCH STUDIES, THE PUBLIC
IS BOTH INTERESTED AND WILLING
TO GIVE TIME TO THINK THROUGH
WHAT IMPLICATIONS ARE. THEY
UNDERSTAND.
THAT IS ALL FOR ME.
THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. THAT
WAS ABSOLUTELY TERRIFIC.
I NOW CAN TAKE THE TIME TO GO TO
SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT WE
HAVE -- WE HAVE IN THE CHAT.
THEN FROM OUR AUDIENCE.
AND I -- I WANT TO SAY THAT
ANYBODY CAN CONTINUE TO ADD ON
DIFFERENT COMMENTS AND PERHAPS
WE CAN ADDRESS THOSE IN SOME
OTHER VENUE.
LET ME JUST TURN TO THE CHAT. A
LOT OF YOU HAVE ALREADY BEEN
ANSWERING YOUR QUESTIONS AND FOR
THE BENEFIT OF EVERYBODY, I WANT
TO GO THROUGH THESE FROM ABIGAIL
MARSH TO ERRIN WHO ASKED FOR A
QUICK SUMMARY OF THE SLIDE THAT
WAS SKIPPED ABOUT DOG BODY SIZE,
FEAR AND AGGRESSION AND WILL LET
YOU HAVE THE FLOOR TO ANSWER
THAT YOURSELF INSTEAD OF ME
READING IT.
>> THANK YOU. TURNS OUT DOG
BEHAVIOR IS HIGHLY PREDICTED BY
DOG BODY SIZE AND BOTH BODY SIZE
AND FEAR AND AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR
ARE STRONGLY LINKED TO IGF1 GENE
THAT SEEMS TO BE BECAUSE OF
SCALING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
CORTEX AND TOTAL BRAIN SIZE
LARGER BRAINS HAVE
PROPORTIONALLY MORE CORTEX
HIGHLY REPLICATED RESULT ACROSS
SPECIES AND IN NEUROSCIENCE AND
EFFECTED HUCHL AN BRAIN
EVOLUTION. WE HAVE LARGE BRAINS
AND LOTS OF CORTEX AND PARTS OF
CORTEX EXPANDED IN HUMAN BRAINS
RELATIVE TO OTHER PRIMATES
DEVELOP VERY SLOWLY AND ARE
SENSITIVE TO SOCIAL INPUT AND
EXPERIENCE EARLY IN LIFE AND
MIGHT BE SOMETHING SIMILAR GOING
ON IN BOTH DOGS AND HUMANS AND
EXPANSION OF CORTEX ALLOWS FOR
MORE VOLITIONAL CONTROL OR
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. WE
HEARD MANY QUESTIONS ALSO ASKED
BY DISCUSSANTS AND PERHAPS SOME
PANEL MEMBERS AND RESPOND TO
QUESTIONS THAT THEY FELT SPOKE
TO THEM. I WILL REMIND YOU THAT
SOME TALKED ABOUT IN THE
BEGINNING ABOUT THE EBBING
LOGICAL AND ETHOLOGICAL VALIDITY
OF SOME OF THE STUDIES AND YOU
POPPED ON AND I WILL LET YOU
ANSWER.
>> YOU HAVE MORE FAITH IN OUR
MEMORY CAPACITY AND THINK THE --
SO, THE --
JAN, YOU MADE POINTS ABOUT
REWARD BEHAVIOR; CORRECT?
AND WHERE THAT FACTORS IN.
>> I MADE ILLUSIONS TO IT AND
MOST FASCINATING THING AT END OF
YOUR TALK WAS CLEARLY THIS KIND
OF DUALITY HOW WHEN YOU AFFECT
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND YOU SEE
DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION AND
GET CHANGES IN OTHER SOCIAL
BEHAVIORS.
I THINK IT WAS A REALLY
INTERESTING FINDING THAT I THINK
IS SOMETHING THAT WE DON'T THINK
ABOUT MUCH IN MANY RODENT
STUDIES IS THE KIND OF -- IT IS
A POINT THAT ERIN MADE TOO FOR
EVOLUTION AND BRAIN IS NOT
REINVENTING NEURAL CIRCUITS ALL
THE TIME THEY ARE KIND OF
WORKING TOGETHER TO GOVERN OTHER
DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS THAT I FOUND
AN INTERESTING THING AND THING I
FOUND ABOUT REWARDS PARTICULARLY
IS THAT SOME PEOPLE MIGHT FIND
IT SURPRISING THAT AGGRESSION IS
REWARDING AND YOUR WORK AND
SAM'S AND ANAGRET'S WORK IS
TERRIFIC IN DEMONSTRATING IT IS
AND QUESTION TO YOU IS DO YOU
SEE THIS AS A FUNDAMENTAL PIECE
OF THE -- THE KIND OF CIRCUITRY
THAT REGULATES FUNCTIONAL
AGGRESSION AND AGGRESSION THAT
HAS A PURPOSE VERSUS BEING OVER
THE TOP PANEL LOGICAL AGGRESSION
AS WELL?
>> GREAT POINT. GOING BACK,
THIS IS -- I THINK WHEN WE CAME
AT THIS, WE CAME AT IT WITH THE
IDEA THAT IF WE COULD IDENTIFY
NEURAL SUBSTRATES THAT PROMOTE
OR RE-ENFORCE BEH HHIF HEYOR TH
COULD BE A THERAPEUTIC
TARGET/APPROACH AND OVER YEARS
THINKING HAS EVOLVED ON THAT.
YOU KNOW, THIS IS SOMETHING THAT
WE DEAL WITH ACROSS ALL
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND SO HOW DO
YOU TARGET REWARDS CENTERS FOR
TREATMENTS OF DEPRESSION,
ADDICTION, WITHOUT CAUSING A
WHOLE HOST OF SIDE-EFFECTS?
THESE CIRCUITS I GET QUESTIONS
WHERE PEOPLE OFTEN TIMES WILL
ASK ME WHETHER IN REVIEW OR TALK
IS THIS AGGRESSION-SPECIFIC
CIRCUIT AND IN AT LEAST CONTEXT
OF REWARD I DON'T THINK THESE
EXIST AND CIRCUITS DEVELOPED
EVOLUTIONARILY TO SUPPORT
ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS FROM
PROCREATION TO, YOU KNOW,
PROTECTING ONE'S OWN RESOURCES
AND NOW AS I -- AS I HAVE
EVOLVED IN MY THINKING, I THINK
IT WILL BE HARD TO REALLY TARGET
REWARD AND IN THE WAYS THAT WE
THOUGHT IT WAS OR EXACTLY THE
REASON THAT I SUGGESTED. YOU
KNOW, IF YOU ARE -- IF YOU ARE
PREVENTING AGGRESSION THAT YOU
ARE PROMOTING VERY SEVERE SOCIAL
AVOIDANCE AND WITHDRAWAL, THAT
IN AND OF ITSELF IS A HUGE RISK
FACTOR FOR OTHER MENTAL
ILLNESSES AND DON'T THINK THAT
IS THE WAY TO GO AND WE REALLY
WANT TO FIND STRUCTURES THAT CAN
-- THAT CAN, YOU KNOW, LIMIT
AGGRESSION. AND LIMIT YOUR
CHOICE TO ACT IN A CERTAIN WAY.
YOU KNOW, WHETHER THOSE ARE
EMPATHY CIRCUITS OR WHETHER THEY
ARE HIGHER LEVEL EXECUTIVE
CIRCUITS THAT ALLOW YOU BETTER
BEHAVIORAL CONTROL AND PROBABLY
A COMBINATION OF BOTH.
I THINK THAT IN TERMS OF
THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IF THEY
ARE VIABLE OPTIONS, WE HAVE TO
FIND CIRCUITS THAT DON'T HAVE
DELETERIOUS SIDE-EFFECTS.
>> THANK YOU. THAT IS VERY
HELPFUL. I WILL TRY TO COMBINE
A FEW QUESTIONS INTO ONE AND TO
RESPOND. WE HEARD ABOUT
TREATMENTS.
WE HEARD ABOUT THE CONTEXT
SPECIFICITY OF SOME OF THE
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE APPEARING
EVEN I GUESS ONE CAN QUESTION
WHAT IS PROSOCIAL AND GIVEN THAT
CONTEXT AND TO CONDITION
DEPENDENCE THAT I HAVE I GUESS
HAVE EXPLICITLY MENTIONED AND
THEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
THAT LEADS TO SOME QUESTIONS
THAT HAVE BEEN RAISE THE IN THE
CHAT. MAYBE THEY CAN COME OFF
AND ASK HER OWN QUESTIONS THAT
WILL THEN LEAD INTO TREATMENT
TYPES OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
THAT HAVE BEEN POSED.
>> THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION
AND GLAD I'M SITTING HERE AT MY
DESK.
SUPER, MELISSA. THIS IS SUCH AN
EXCELLENT SESSION.
MY QUESTION THAT I PUT INTO THE
CHAT WAS REALLY FOR JC BARNES
THAT IS FOR THINKING THAT THIS
AUDIENCE MIGHT -- MIGHT BENEFIT
FROM HEARING A LITTLE MORE
CONSENSUS IN CRIMINOLOGY ABOUT,
YOU KNOW, WHAT CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM PROCESSING CAN DO FOR
YOUNG PEOPLE.
AND, YOU KNOW, HE MENTION THE
THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT FURTHER
PROCESSING DEEPER AND DEEPER
INTO THE SYSTEM CAN PROMOTE
FUTURE RECIDIVISM AND LEAD TO
WORSE OFFENDING RATHER THAN
DETOUR IT.
THAT QUESTION OF DETOURENCE
COULD BE USEFUL FOR THIS GROUP,
I THINK.
WE OFTEN, I THINK THIS IS A
GROUP THAT TENDS TO THINK IN
TERMS OF MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
AND PSYCHOTHERAPY AND DRUGS.
REALLY, BIG, BIG TREATMENT AND
AGGRESSION CONTROL ARM IN THE
UNITED STATES, OUR BIG LEVER,
WORLDWIDE, ACTUALLY, IT IS THE
JUSTICE SYSTEM.
>> YES. THANK YOU, TAMMY. I
WAS ACTUALLY TURNING MY CAMERA
OFF. I WAS TYPING A RESPONSE TO
THAT QUESTION. I WELCOME THE
CHANCE TO ANSWER VERBALLY
INSTEAD.
I WILL PULL IN SOMETHING THAT
KEN PUT IN THE CHAT AS WELL.
AND SO IN CRIMINOLOGY, THERE ARE
TWO -- TWO MAJOR THEORETICAL
TRADITIONS THAT EACH HAVE THEIR
OWN BODIES OF WORK AND NOT MUCH
THAT IS TRYING TO ACTUALLY PIT
THEM AGAINST ONE ANOTHER THAT WE
DID. DR. MOFFETT'S TEAM WAS
PART OF THIS STUDY. WE DREW ON
SOME OF THEIR DATA FROM THIS
ERISK LONGITUDINAL STUDY TO
LEVERAGE THAT GENETIC CONTROL
WHEN YOU STUDY TWINS AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWINS
SPECIFICALLY AND IDEA IS THAT
DETOURENCE IS A CONTROL THEORY
AND WAY OF THINKING ABOUT HOW WE
MIGHT SLIGHTLY RESPOND TO CRIME
AND AGGRESSION AND YOU CONTROL
IT AND KEEP IT IN A BOX,
SO-TO-SPEAK.
THE ALTERNATIVE IS THE LABELING
THEORY TRADITION THAT SAYS ANY
FORMAL RESPONSE TO DEVIANCE MAY
HAVE THE UNANTICIPATED EFFECT OF
FURTHER PROMOTING THAT VERY SAME
THING THAT CREATES
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY THAT
PERSON TAKES ON IDEA THAT THEY
IN FACT ARE A BAD PERSON AND WE
ACTUALLY FOUND IN OUR WORK OF
STUDYING TWINS MORE SUPPORT FOR
THE LABELING IDEA FOR THAT
LABELING THEORY IDEA. NOW, THE
QUESTION THEN BECOMES DOES IT
CALL FOR RADICAL REMOVAL OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM THAT IS
OF COURSE CERTAINLY NOT WHAT WE
WOULD RECOMMEND.
IT CALLS FOR CAREFUL ATTENTION
TO WHAT IS OPTIMAL BALANCE
BETWEEN CONTROL AND POTENTIAL
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. TO DR.
MOFFETT'S POINT WE NOT ONLY KNOW
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM HAS
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FOR
THOSE THAT ENTER IT AND IE
COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES FOR
FAMILY AND LOVED ONES AND THOSE
WITH SECONDARY EXPOSURE TO IT
AND I'M NOT TRYING TO SEND A
SIGNAL WE HAVE TO DISBANLD THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND
THINKS HAS TO BE GREATER
INFERENCES ON APT MAL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DITCH GOALS
AND OUTCOMES.
>> VERY INTERESTING. I WILL
RIFF OFF THE QUESTION I HAD ALSO
FROM TIMIAN THAT WAS ABOUT A
COMMENT RATHER THAN EXTENT TO
WHICH SOME OF THESE THAT WERE
DISCUSSING THAT WERE ONCE
THOUGHT TO BE MAYBE
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND
CONSIDERED TO BE UNDER GENETIC
INFLUENCE AND QUESTION TO WHAT
EXTENT OR GENETIC FACTORS MORE
OR LESS INFLUENCED BY SOCIETAL
FORCES AND DON'T THINK WE WILL
BE ABLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS
MAYBE IN THIS FORMAT AND GROUP
WILL BE ABLE TO DISCUSS THIS
MORE OFFLINE DURING THE
DISCUSSION PERIOD.
I WANT TO RELAY QUESTIONS THAT
WE ARE BEING ASKED THAT ARE VERY
INTERESTING FOR EVERYONE TO GIVE
THOUGHT TO THESE AND EVEN THOUGH
I WAS LISTENING OUTSIDE AND WANT
TO TURN TO LOOKING AT AND
QUESTION WAS ASKED TO DR. WALLER
ABOUT IF SHE COULD ELABORATE ON
TREATMENTS USED THAT LEAD TO
REDUCTIONS SEEN.
IF YOU CAN GIVE AN OPPORTUNITY.
>> ABSOLUTELY. OF COURSE. I'M
LUKE WROTE A COMMENT IN THE CHAT
I WAS JUST ABOUT TO SAY AS WELL.
JUST BECAUSE SOMETHING IS
HERITABLE DOESN'T MEAN
ENVIRONMENT CAN'T BE TARGET OF
TREATMENT. I SKIPPED OVER A
SLIDE THAT TALKED ABOUT CLEARLY
A SHARED INHERITED FEATURES
AMONG CHILDREN WITH CU TRAITS
AND PARENTING AND AGAIN DOESN'T
MEAN WE CAN'T BE TRYING TO
CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT AND
FINDINGS TO METAANALYSIS, WE DID
NOT FIND ANY MODERATION OF THAT.
IT IS AN EFFECT OF CU TRAITS ON
TREATMENT RESPONSIVENESS IN
TERMS OF DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR
DISORDERS AND NO TREATMENTS FOR
DIFFERENCE IN PARENT COMPONENT
AND CHILD-FOCUSED COMPONENT AND
MIXED COMBINATION OF DIFFERENCE
TREATMENTS AND SIMILAR RATES
SEEING FOR HIGH AND LOW CU KIDS
ARE DIFFERENT ACROSS DIFFERENT
INTERVENTION TYPES AND SECOND
HALF OF METAANALYSIS I SKIPPED
OVER THIS SLIDE LOOKING AT
DIRECT EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON
REDUCTION OF CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL
TRAITS AND DON'T SEE OVERALL
EFFECT OF TREATMENTS BUT FOUND
DIRECT EFFECT OF TREATMENTS WITH
PARENTING COMPONENT ON REDUCING
CU TRAITS IN THAT METAANALYSIS.
AGAIN, I THINK THINKING BACK TO
DISCUSSIONS WE HAD YESTERDAY.
WE KNOW DECADES OF WORK
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS ARE BEST
AT CURRENT APPROACH FOR TREATING
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS
THAT SHOULD REMAIN CASE WHEN
CHILDREN ARE HIGH ON CU TRAITS
AND DIRECT EFFECTS OF PARENTING
[INDISCERNIBLE] DIRECTLY
REDUCING CU TRAITS AND
METAANALYSIS SHOWS THIS AS WELL
WE COULDN'T ADAPT BRINGING
ADD-ON ADJUNCTIVE MODELS
TARGETING SPECIFIC DIFFICULTIES
WE SEE AMONG THESE CHILDREN AND
IS NEXT FRONTIER AND ONE OTHER
THING TO HIGHLIGHT FROM
METAANALYSIS WAS REALLY A DIRTH
OF RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS IN
OUR FIELD THAT LOOK AT CALLOUS
UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS AND FIELD
BROADLY NOT CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL
EVIDENCE OF PARENTING
INTERVENTIONS ON DISRUPTIVE
BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS BROADLY AND
HASN'T BEEN A CAREFUL TRIAL
EVIDENCE WITHIN RANDOMIZED
CONTROL FRAMEWORK LOOKING AT
SPECIFIC CU TRAITS AND WE
URGENTLY REALLY NEED THAT TO
TEST THESE DIFFERENT MODULES.
>> EXCELLENT. DR. BURKE,
TURNING MY ATTENTION TO YOU. I
THINK YOU MIGHT HAVE SOMETHING
TO SAY ABOUT GENE ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTIONS THAT COULD SPEAK
DIRECTLY TO DR. WALLER AND TO
ANYTHING ELSE YOU WANT TO TALK
ABOUT. THANKS.
>> I'M TURNING OFF MY VIDEO
JUST IN CASE PROBLEMS HAVE
EMERGED.
YES. SO, I WAS THINKING AS DR.
WALLER WAS TALKING, YOU KNOW,
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS ARE THE
GOLD STANDARD OR ONE GOLD
STANDARD AT THE MOMENT AND
MULTISYSTEMIC THERAPY ALSO.
I HAVE RECENTLY BEEN INTERESTED
IN, YOU YOU KNOW, THINKING ABOUT
TREATMENTS FOR -- IF WE THINK
ABOUT AGGRESSION AS SOMETHING
THAT TENDS TO ONSET VERY YOUNG
IN LIFE, IF WE COULD.
THERE IS A FEW OTHER DISORDERS
NOT MANY BUT A FEW OTHER THINGS
YOU MIGHT CALL
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS
LIKE ADHD OR AUTISM SPECTRUM FOR
EXAMPLE THEY ONSET EARLY IN LIFE
AND TEND TO DO INTENSIVE
BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS DON'T
KNOW IF ANYONE TRIED APPLIED
BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS APPROACH TO
AGGRESSION AND WOULD BE
INTERESTED TO SEE THAT AND HOW
IT MIGHT GO.
YOU KNOW, ESPECIALLY GIVEN KIDS
ON SPECTRUM CAN SOMETIMES ENGAGE
IN HARMING THEMSELVES AND OTHERS
AND IS A TARGET OF ABA WORK.
I WONDER ABOUT THAT.
I ALSO WAS THINKING AND
MENTIONED THIS YESTERDAY. YOU
KNOW, I HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN
THINKING ABOUT WE THINK ABOUT
WITH AGGRESSION ESPECIALLY
REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE AS POINTS
WERE MADE YESTERDAY THERE IS AN
EMOTION DISREGULATION THAT
UNDERLIES BEHAVIORS THERE IS
IMPULSIVITY ALSO AND OTHER
THINGS IMPULSE REGULATION IS A
KEY PIECE OF IT I THINK AND
WONDER THEN ABOUT DIALECTICAL
BEHAVIOR THERAPY TECHNIQUES NO
THE JUST FOR EFFECTED INDIVIDUAL
BUT ALSO FOR FAMILY MEMBERS AND
WITH BORDER LINE PERSONALITY
DISORDER THERE ARE NOW GROUPS
THAT FAMILY MEMBERS CAN GO TO
WHERE THEY CAN LEARN TECHNIQUES
AND BASICALLY LEARN TO
INSTANTIATE DBT IN OWN
RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY
MEMBERS AND HOW TO TRY TO
DEESCALATE SITUATIONS AND HOW TO
SORT OF CHANGE THE EMOTIONAL
10ER OF THE SITUATION.
AND YOU KNOW THAT KIND OF THING.
AND REALLY USING REALLY FIRM,
YOU KNOW, REAL -- REAL STRONG
KEY EMOTION REGULATION
TECHNIQUES THAT SOMEONE WITH
BORDER LINE WOULD APPLY TO
THEMSELVES AND USING IT AS A
FAMILY IS A SYSTEMSWIDE APPROACH
TO FAMILY SYSTEMSWIDE APPROACH
TO THINKING ABOUT TREATMENT THAT
INTERESTS ME AS WELL AND I'M NOT
ANSWERING THAT QUESTION THAT YOU
ASKED MELISSA AND THINKING AS
REBECCA WAS TALKING I THINK WE
CAN DO BETTER THAN JUST PARENTS
THAT ARE COOL AND ARE JUST ONE
PIECE OF IT.
THEY -- AS, YOU KNOW, ANY PARENT
OF AN ADOLESCENT WILL TELL YOU
THEY HAVE LESS POWER THAN YOU
THINK.
SO, I MEAN, WELL, TO SOME
EXTENT; RIGHT?
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
SO, THERE HAVE BEEN QUESTIONS
ALSO ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENTAL
CONTEXT AND TIMING IN WHICH SOME
OF THE INTERVENTIONS COULD BE
APPLIED.
MAYBE ONE WOULD LIKE TO COMMENT
ON THAT.
AND ANY OF YOU CAN REALLY AND
THAT COULD INCORPORATE SOME
EXPERTISE FROM BASIC RESEARCHERS
LOOKING AT THIS FROM
NEUROMECHANISTIC PERSPECTIVE AS
WELL AND WHETHER GIVING THOUGHT
TO PINPOINTING THAT TIMING.
>> I COMPLETELY AGREE WITH WHAT
ALEX IS SAYING AND THINK WE
CERTAINLY HAVE TO DEVELOP MORE
CHILD-FOCUSED TREATMENTS AND IN
PARTICULARLY EARLY CHILDHOOD WE
WILL GET MOST BANG FOR BUCK
WORKING WITH PARENTS AND ESSEE
AND LUKE WERE COMMENTING
YESTERDAY SOMETIMES THERE IS A
LOT ELSE GOING ON IN THE FAMILY
ENVIRONMENT AND NEED TO BE YOU
ARE ALSO THINKING ABOUT
TARGETING PROCESSES IN FAMILY
DEPRESSION AND OTHER THINGS THAT
MIGHT BE, YOU KNOW, MAKING IT
HARD TO PROVIDE A STABLE AND
RESPONSIVE CAREGIVING
ENVIRONMENT AND IN TERMS OF AGE
QUESTION, WE LOOKED AT
MODERATION BY AGE AND DIDN'T
FIND MODERATION BY AGE AND IS
PARTLY A FUNCTION OF PEOPLE JUST
NECESSARILY ADAPTING THEIR
TREATMENTS ACCORDINGLY AND ARE
SAID TO MAKE THEM MORE
DEVELOPMENTALLY SPECIFIC AND
WOULD POINT TO A LARGE
METAANALYSIS THAT CAME OUT IN
CHILD DEVELOPMENT BY FRANCIS
GARDENER LOOKING AT NO
MODERATION IN YEARS PARENTING
INTERVENTION IN AGE 2 TO 11 THAT
IS EQUALLY EFFECTIVE AND TAKING
POINTS ONCE WE GET INTO
ADOLESCENCE AND SOCIAL
INFLUENCES MOVE BEYOND THAT AND
HOME AND PARENTS AND MOVING
TOWARDS DIFFERENT TREATMENTS AND
THAT CLEARLY IS HAPPENING AND WE
DIDN'T NECESSARILY GET
DIFFERENCES IN AGE AND IN
METAANALYSIS THAT I THINK
INCLUDED STUDIES THAT DID THINGS
LIKE MULTISYSTEMIC THERAPY AND
THINK THAT PARENTS AND PARENTING
INTERVENTIONS CAN MATTER IN
ADOLESCENCE.
I HAVE SEEN IT CLINICALLY.
IT IS JUST THAT WHEN WE THINK
ABOUT A PHENOTYPE LIKE
AGGRESSION THAT HAS INFLUENCES
IN SO MANY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
ANALYSIS BEYOND WHAT IS
HAPPENING INSIDE OF THE FAMILY
HOME AND IN PARENT/CHILD
RELATIONSHIP WE ARE TALKING
ABOUT SOMETHING INFLUENCED YOU
KNOW IN SLIDE I SHOWED YOU KNOW
IF YOU LIVE IN US VERSUS UK
THOSE ARE PRETTY -- CULTURES ARE
RELATIVELY CLOSE TOGETHER AND WE
ARE SEEING BIG DIFFERENCES AND
THINK THERE IS BROADER CULTURAL
INFLUENCES THAT WE OR
PSYCHOLOGISTS TEND TO BE WE ARE
FOCUSED ON INDIVIDUALS AND
FAMILIES AND THINK IT STOPS
THERE BUT IT DOESN'T. IT IS ALL
PART OF ONE BIG SYSTEM.
>> AND NOW OUR DISCUSSION IS
NOT GOING TO STOP HERE EITHER.
WE WILL CONTINUE ON WHILE WE SAY
GOOD-BYE TO OUR PUBLIC AUDIENCE.
IN OUR GROUP, WE WILL COME BACK
IN 15 MINUTES FOR BREAKOUT
SESSIONS.
FOR NOW, THIS WILL MARK THE END
OF THE PUBLIC WORKSHOP.
AND I IMAGINE THAT MOST OF US
WOULD AGREE THAT THIS HAS BEEN A
SUPER INTERESTING TWO DAYS AND
WANT TO THANK NIH'S OFFICE OF
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH FOR COORDINATING
FANTASTIC NIH WORKSHOP AND ON
BEHALF OF NIH I THANK EVERYONE
FOR ATTENDING