>> MY NAME IS
WENDY SMITH, ACTING DIRECT STORE
OF NIH OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL
SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH. FOR
THOSE WHO ARE NOT FAMILIAR, WE
ARE COORDINATING OFFICE WITHIN
THE NIH OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR.
WE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
COORDINATING HEALTH RELEVANT
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND FOR IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ADVANCE
THESE SCIENCES ACROSS NIH. IN
THIS WE OFTEN FOCUS OUR
EFFORTS ON TOPICS THAT CROSS A
WIDE RANGE OF NIH INSTITUTES,
CENTERS AND OFFICES AND THAT MAY
NOT SQUARELY OR SOLELY FIT INTO
JUST ONE SPECIFIC IC MISSION
ICH BRINGS US TO TODAY.
VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION IS ONEIG
SEVERAL INITIATIVES IN THESE
TOPICS THE FEW YEARS
COORDINATING EFFORTS SUCH AS
THIS WORKSHOP TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND THE GAPS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN RESEARCH ON THE
BASIC MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION.
I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME Y'ALL TO
THIS EXCITING WORKSHOP. WE ARE
HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THIS
INTNERSHIP WITH OUR
COLLEAGUES FROM 11 OTHER NIH
INSTITUTES, CENTERS AND OFFICES.
THIS AMAZING ENGAGEMENT ACROSS
THE NIH DEMONSTRATES THE
IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF THIS
TOPIC. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO
TAKE A MOMENT TO SAY THANK YOU
TO THE PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR
PUTTING THIS AGENDA TOGETHER.
I'M ALSO SORRY I'M NOT ABLE TO
JOIN YOU FOR ALL THIS MEETING
WHICH WILL BE ENGAGING
INFORMATIVE DISCUSSION OVER THE
NEXT TWO AFTERNOONS.LY NOW TURN
IT TO KRISTIN TO PROVIDE MORE
BACKGROUND AND ORIENTATION.
>>THANKS, WENDY, THANK YOU FOR
ALL FOR JOINING US FOR OUR TWO
DAY VIRTUAL WORKSHOP ON
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF
AGGRESSION ACROSS DISCIPLINES.
L MY NAME IS KRISTIN HAURWITZ,
ASSOCIATE SCIENCE ADMINISTRATOR
IN OBSSR AT THE NIH. NEXT
WORKSHOP WILL WORK TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND THE GAPS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SCIENCE OF
AGGRESSION. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
SO AS MENTIONED BY WENDY, THIS
IS AN NIH WIDE TOPIC OF
RELEVANCE WITH IMPLICATIONS
ACROSS DISEASES AND AT THIS
ORDERS AND ACROSS THE LIFE
COURSE. TO GET US STARTED SAME
PAGELY PROVIDE DEFINITION OF
AGGRESSION WHICH WORKSHOPS WILL
EXPAND AND ADD NUANCE TO THE
NEXT TWO DAYS. INTERPERSONAL
BEHAVIORS THAT AIM TO
INTENTIONALLY HARM ANOTHER
INDIVIDUAL. THE SCOPE OF OUR
DISCUSSIONS MANAGEABLE IN THE
LIMITED TIME WE HAVE WE WILL
FOCUS ON BASIC MECHANISMS OF
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR DIRECTED
TOWARDS OTHER EXCLUDING
SELF-DIRECTED AGGRESSION AN
EXTENTSIVE DISCUSSION OF
AGGRESSION VICTIMS. THIS IS A
CULMINATION OF SEVERAL YEARS
THAT BEGAN AS SUBGROUP OF NIH
WORKING GROUP ON VIOLENCE
RESEARCH CO-COORDINATED BY
OBSSR, INITIALLY FOCUSED ON
NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF
AGGRESSION TOP BETTER UNDERSTAND
LANDSCAPE OF RESEARCH IN THIS
AREA WE PUT OUT A REQUEST FOR
INFORMATION OR RFI TO THE
RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC.
WE ISSUED RFI BETWEEN DECEMBER
2021 AND MARCH 2022 RECEIVING 27
RESPONSES. THESE ARE THE SIX
TOPICS WE ASK FOR INPUT ON. THIS
IS A LOT OF TEXT SO I WILL
SUMMARIZE, INCLUDING FUNDAMENTAL
BIOBEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS
TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER RESOURCE,
IDENTIFYING PSYCHOSOCIAL
BEHAVIORAL TARTS.
CHARACTERIZATION OF
MULTI-VARIANT APPROACHES
APPLICABLE TO PRY PLAYER OR
SECONDARY DATAFUL CONSIDERATIONS
OF ETHICAL LEGAL AND SOCIALEG
IMPLICATIONS AND ANY ISSUES
RESPONDENTS WISH TO HIGHLIGHT.
HERE IS FEW EXAMPLES OF THE
RESPONSES AND FULL SUMMARY
AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE LISTED
HERE. INCLUDED NEED FOR
TRAINING AND RETENTION,
UNDERSTANDING THE TATURAL
TRAJECTORY, SCREEN TOOLS,
INNOVATIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL
TREATMENT OPTIONS NEW METHODS, A
FOCUS ON PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS,
AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT. ALL
RESPONSES TO RFI SOME WHICH CAME
FROM OUR WOULD BE SHOP
PARTICIPANTS. HIGHLIGHTED THAT
IS SOMEWHAT BROADER APPROACH TO
TOPIC BEYOND NEUROLIECAL
MECHANISMS WAS WARRANTED. SO TO
THAT END WE PUT TOGETHER A HUB
AND SPOKE WORKSHOP WE SEEK TO
BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CENTRAL
TOPIC HERE THE MECHANISMS OF
AGGRESSION BY EXAMINING FROM
SEVERAL DISCIPLINARY ANGLES
WHICH IS PRY WHY WE PUT TOGETHER
ANIMAL HUMAN RESEARCHERS OF
AGGRESSION, COMING FROM
PSYCHOLOGY, NEUROSCIENCE,
CRIMINOLOGY, EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGY ETHICS AND OTHER RELATED
DISCIPLINES H. A CENTRAL REASON
FOR THIS APPROACH IS CERTAIN
RESEARCH TOPICS AGGRESSION
INCLUDED CAN BECOME SILOED UNDER
CERTAIN DISCIPLINES AND PURCHASE
WITH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SILOS
BECOMING INFREQUENT AND
DIFFICULT DUE TO DIVERGENCE IN
TAXONOMIES ONTOLOGIES AND
MEASUREMENTS. THROUGH THIS HUB
AND SPOKE APPROACH, OUR WORKSHOP
GOALS INCLUDE FOSTERING THIS
CROSS DISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE,
IDENTIFYING BARRIERS AND
POTENTIALPOIONS TO MOVE
RESEARCH ON BASIC MECHANISMS OF
HEALTH TO INFORM INTERVENTION
DEVELOPMENT AND IDENTIFY
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE USE
INSPIRED BASIC RESEARCH. AND
IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SCIENCE OF
AGGRESSION AN HEALTH AND SERVICE
OF ADVANCING PROGRESS AND
PREVENTION ASSESSMENT AND
TREATMENT. WE HOPE THIS WORKSHOP
WILL CREED FURTHER DISCUSSION ON
TOPICS AND OPEN NEW
OPPORTUNITIES TO ATLYZE RESEARCH
IN THIS AREA. SO LIKE TO TAKE A
MOMENT TO THANK OUR PLANNING
COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES ACROSS
12 INSTITUTES CENTERS AND
OFFICES ACROSS THE NIH
HIGHLIGHTING THE BREADTH OF
INTEREST IN THIS EXCITING TOPIC
ACROSS THE AGENCY AND ALSO
THANKS TO TERRIERI MOFFITT AND Y
EWE LIN FOR THEIR EXPERT INPUT.
SO I WILL HIGHLIGHT OUR
SCHEDULE. TODAY WE ARE GOING TO
KICK OFF WITH TWO KEYNOTE
DRESSES ON STATE OF AGGRESSION
VERGE IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS.
NEXT A PANEL DISCUSSION
CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
MECHANISMS TO SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CONTEXT, THEN LASTLY WE
WILL HAVE A SECOND PANEL
DISCUSSION ON BRIDGING FINDINGS
ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF
AGGRESSION. TOMORROW WE WILL
HAVE ANOTHER SET OF KEYNOTE
ADDRESSES ON ETHICAL AND LEGAL
ISSUES AN AGGRESSION RESEARCH.
AND LASTLY WE WILL HAVE A THIRD
PANEL ON DISTINGUISHING ADAPTIVE
AND TYPICAL AGGRESSION FROM
PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION ACROSS
THE LIFE COURSE. NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. ONE LAST NOTE FOR THOSE
ON THE PUBLIC VIDEOCAST, THERE
IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO
SUBMIT COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS SO
SCROLL TO BOTTOM OF THE
VIDEOCAST VIDEO, FIND THE SEND
LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON THEN FILL
OUT THE INFORMATION THERE AND
CLICK THE GREEN SEND MESSAGE
BUTTON TO SEND OVER TO US FOR
DISCUSSION. WITH THAT WE CAN
GET READY FOR THE FIRST SET OF
KEY NOTES I WILL BE MODERATING.
WE CAN TAKE TIME TO PUT UP THE
SLIDE HERE. ALL RIGHT SO KEEP
MY INTRODUCTIONS BRIEF SO WE CAN
SPEND MORE TEAM HEARING FROM
DISTINGUISHED SPEAKERS TODAY.
BUT I HIGHLY RECOMMEND YOUR
REVIEW EXTENTSIVE AND
ACCOMPLISHED BODIES OF WORK FROM
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS DAYU LIN AND
TERRIE MOFFITT, WE ARE THRILLED
TO HAVE THEM HERE TO SET THE
STAGE FOR DISCUSSION. EACH
PROVIDES OVERVIEW OF STATE AND
HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN PANEL
HUMAN AGGRESSION FOR 15 MINUTES
THEN A BRIEF QUESTION AND ANSWER
PERIOD. SO FIRST HUP LIKE TO
INTRODUCE PROFESSOR DAYU LIN
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
>>THANK YOU, KRISTIN. I WANT TO
THANK NIAAA TO GIVE ME THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO REALLY DISCUSS
ABOUT AGGRESSION, WHAT IS
AGGRESSION. WHAT CAN WE DO? I
ALWAYS FEEL FORTUNATE ABOUT
LIVING THIS SORT OF UNPRECED
UNPRECEDENTED (INAUDIBLE) BUT
ONEAVE THIS UNMATCHED
PROGRESS IN EXPONENTIAL RATE IN
OUR TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT WITH
FROM BIOLOGICAL AND TO
EVERYTHING ELSE BUT ON THE OTHER
HAND ADDITIONAL WORK SEEM TO BE
(INAUDIBLE). WE HAVE THIS MASS
SHOOTING ISSUES THAT HAPPEN SO
FREQUENTLY, THAT IS BARELY IN
THE NEWS AND (INAUDIBLE) SHELTER
IN PLACE ON ANNUAL BASIS SO AT
THE BASIC I WANT TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT CAN I DO TO MAKE THIS
AWORLD A BETTER PLACE TO MAKE
THIS A SAFER PLACE FOR US AND
FOR NEXT GENERATION. SO OUR
RESEARCH IS FOCUSING ON THE
NEWER GENERATION OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS AND I HAVE TO TELL
YOU, AGGRESSION WHEN IT COME TO
OUR MIND IS NOT A NEGATIVE WORD
BECAUSE AGGRESSION IS INNATE
BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR THAT IS
INWARD WHICH MEANS ANIMALS FOR
MOST SPECIES INCLUDING MANY OF
THE MAMMALS IN WHAT EXPRESS
BEHAVIORS WITHOUT ANY BARRIER SO
THAT SUGGESTING THAT AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS ARE HARD WIRED IN THE
BRAIN SOMEWHAT, DOWN TO ANIMALS
THAT VALUE (INAUDIBLE) TOLL
EXPRESS BEHAVIORS WITHOUT
ACTUALLY SO THE QUESTION TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND IS WHERE IN THE
BRAIN THIS BEHAVIOR IS GENERATED
IS GONE BACK OVER A CENTURY. IN
EARLY DAYS THE STUDIES CARRIED
(INAUDIBLE) PROFESSORS PRINCETON
UNIVERSITY IS THIS VERY SIMPLE
EXPERIMENT. WE MADE A CUT IN
PART OF THE BRAIN, TO SPLIT THE
BRAIN INTO TWO PARTS. AND THEY
FOUND THAT W (INAUDIBLE)
WAKE UP IT HAD CUT IS MADE
POSTERIOR TO THIS REGION HERE
CALLED HYPOTHALAMUS DEEP MT.
BRAIN, SMALL AREA AND SHOW NO
SORT OF OBVIOUS AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, IF THE CUT
IS MADE AND (INAUDIBLE) ANIMALS
THEN ANIMAL SHOW (INAUDIBLE)
BEHAVIOR ANIMAL WILL SHOW
DEFENSIVE HISSING BEHAVIORS,
TOWARDS ANYTHING THAT
(INAUDIBLE) SO WHAT DOES THAT
SUGGEST? IT SUGGEST TWO THINGS.
ONE IS THAT HYPOTHALAMUS IS A
KEY REGION FOR GENERATING
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND SECOND
HYPOTHALAMUS IS (INAUDIBLE)
INHIBITION OF INTERIOR STRUCTURE
(INAUDIBLE). THEN MOVE FORWARD
ANOTHER 20 YEARS, AT THE TIME
THERE IS THIS BREAK THROUGH
EXPERIMENT WHICH IS (INAUDIBLE)
STIMULATION. SO YOU IMPLANT A
SMALL ELECTRODE INTO THE HYPO
THALAMUS THEN TRYO STIMULATE
TO ACTIVATE A PART OF THE BRAIN
AND IT WAS IMPORTANT THAT WHEN
YOU ACTIVATED THE MEDIAN PART OF
THE HYPOTHALAMUS A CAT WILL SHOW
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS AND WHEN
ACTIVATE THE LATTER PART OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUS IT WILL SHOW
(INAUDIBLE) BEHAVIOR, SO THIS
AGAIN SHOWS THAT THE
HYPOTHALAMUS ESPECIALLY THE
MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS IS CRITICAL
REGION FOR EXPRESS OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS. NOW MOVE FORWARD AS
TECHNOLOGY GETS BETTER AND
BETTER THE TOOLS BECOME SMALL SO
THE MORE THE ORGANISM BECOMES
SMALL SO IN THE '80s WITH MANY
OF THE IMPORTANT RESEARCHERS
PIONEERS SUCH AS (INAUDIBLE)
THEY HAVE PERFORM DETAILED
MAPPING IN HYPOTHALAMUS TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND WHERE IN
HYPOTHALAMUS IS THIS BEHAVIOR
BEING GENERATED. THERE ARE
HUNDREDS OF HUNDREDS (INAUDIBLE)
IMPLANTED IN THE RIGHT AND
TRYING TO INVOKE THESE
BEHAVIORS. IT WAS (INAUDIBLE)
WHEN THE RED AREA BEING
ACTIVATED THAT ANIMAL SHOWED A
SPIKED BEHAVIORS AND WHEN YELLOW
AREA IS ACTIATED THEN ANIMAL
SHOW THIS (INAUDIBLE) --
ACTIVATED THEN ANIMAL SHOW
(INAUDIBLE) BEHAVIORS SO AS I
JUST STARTED IN THISS LINE OF
RESEARCH, HAD TO EMAIL HIM AND
HE WAS GIVING ME SUGGESTIONS. SO
BUT UNDER AFTER '90s, IN THIS
20 YEAR PERIOD OF TIME THERE IS
A BIOAGGRESSION RESEARCH. SO FOR
MANY REASONS FORT MATILY IN 2010
THIS IS A (INAUDIBLE) OF THE
FIELD SO NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
PART IS THE TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCEMENT BUT WITH MORE
PRECISE TOOLS WE CAN LOOK IN THE
BRAIN OF SMALL HUMBLE MICE SO
MOUSE IS ONLY 25 GRAMS IN SIZE,
BUT IN ANIMALS WE ARE ABLE TO
EVOKE THIS ATTACK BEHAVIORS FROM
THIS TINY PART OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUS CALLED THE
(INAUDIBLE) VENTRAL
HYPOTHALAMUS. WHEN WE USE THE
-- NEXT SLIDE PLEASE WHEN WE USE
THE OPTOGENETIC TOOLS, TRYING TO
ACTIVATE THESE REGIONS WE CAN
INDUCE PATH TOWARDS (INAUDIBLE)
OBJECT CLICK ON THE (INAUDIBLE).
SO IN THIS CASE WHAT HAPPENS IS
THAT IN (INAUDIBLE) PUT IN THAT
LIGHT SENSITIVE CHANNELS AN ONCE
THIS LIGHT DELIVERED TO THIS
AREA, THE REGION GOT ACTIVATED.
AND NOW WE CAN SEEE REGION
GET ACTIVATED INDICATED BY THIS
LED HERE, THIS LITTLE MOUSE HERE
START ATTACKING THIS INANT MATE
OBJECT. NOT JUST THE OBJECT IT
CAN BE ANOTHER MOUSE, SO IT IS
SORT OF MOST OF THE TECHNICAL
(INAUDIBLE) HERE, SHOWS THE
REGIONS HOW IT CAN TRIGGER
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS. SO THIS
FINDING REALLY SPUR STUDIES IN
AGGRESSION AND BECAUSE WE HAVE
THIS ENTRY POINT, WE CAN START
TO PICK OUT WHAT ARE THE NODES
IN THE BRAIN THAT REALLY
(INAUDIBLE). NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
NEXT SLIDE. OVER THE LAST
DECADE OF TIME WE HAVE NOW
IDENTIFIED APPROXIMATELY TWO
REGIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT
RELEVANT TO THIS AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS SO THIS YELLOW REGION
HERE IS THE KEY SITE OF OUR
ENTRY POLL AND NOW WE HAVE OTHER
PARTS IN HYPOTHALAMUS INCLUDING
THE POSTERIOR (INAUDIBLE) NUCLEI
AND AS KEY ALSO FOR -- ANTERIOR
PATHWAY CALLED MEDIAN --
SUPPRESS AGGRESSION. THEN WE
HAVE ALSO REGIONS OUTSIDE THE
HYPOTHALAMUS WHICH IMPORTANTLY
TO DRIVE REGIONS WE HAVE
(INAUDIBLE) INHIBIT THE
QUESTION. AT THE ENTRY LEVEL FOR
MOUSE, FIRMICUTES ARE ESSENTIAL
FOR TRIGGERING BEHAVIORS BECAUSE
HOW THEY IDENTIFY THE IDENTITY
OF THESE OTHER ANIMALS, AND
EXCLUSIVELY ATTACKING MALES IN
THE MICE AND LEVELS WE HAVE THE
(INAUDIBLE) BRAIN MID BRAIN YES
RE GENERALS ESSENTIAL FOR
TRANSFORMING THE MOTIVATIONAL --
TO TO BECOME MODE OF OUTPUT,
THIS IS WORK FOR EFFORTS OF
(INAUDIBLE). SO NOW WE HAVE A
LOT OF REGIONS RELEVANT FOR
(INAUDIBLE) AND MOST RECENT
EFFORT IS TRAINING (INAUDIBLE)
RECORDING ACTIVITIES FROM ALL
THESE BRAINS AT THE SAME TIME. I
CAN TELL YOU IN THAT AGGRESSION
IS NOT GENERATED BECAUSE ONE
REGION ACTIVATED, IT IS A
COOPERATION OF COORDINATION OF
MANY OF THE BRAIN REGION. SO
WHAT ARE SHOWN HERE ON THIS
GRAPH PLUS IS A FUNCTIONAL
CONNECT I'VETY, HOW WELL THESE
DIFFERENT REGIONS ARE CONNECTED
TO EACH OTHER DIFFERENT FACES OF
THE BEHAVIORS AND PAY ATTENTION
TO DURING ATTACK THERE IS A HUGE
INCREASE IN INTERCONNECTIVITY
FUNCTIONAL INTERCONNECTIVITY, SO
THE AREAS, MANY OF THESE AREAS
SYNCHRONIZE, BECOME ACTIVATED
TOGETHER TOSO THE OTHER FEATURE
IS THAT ACTUALLY AGGRESSION IS
ESPECIALLY FOR
F(INAUDIBLE).(INAUDIBLE) SHE
DESIGNED THIS AGGRESSION
SEEKING, SO IN THIS TASK THE
ANIMAL IS FIRST ALONE IN ITS
HOME CAGE WITH A PANEL HERE THAT
HAS TWO -- INDICATED INTRODUCE
THIS LITTLE MOUSE HERE IN TEN
SECONDS, THE INTRUDER IS
(INAUDIBLE). SO THE PROCESS WILL
HAPPEN FOR 10, 20 MINUTES FOR
THE BEHAVIOR SESSION. SO YOU MAY
WONDER WHY WOULD AN ANIMAL WANT
TO -- HAVE INTRUDER COME IN
THEIR CAGE? THAT TURNED OUT TO
BE THE CASE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
CAN YOU PLAY THE VIDEO? SO THIS
IS SORT OF THE ON THE GROUND HOW
IT LOOKS LIKE WITH THIS
AGGRESSION SPEAKING TASK THIS
HAS BEEN (INAUDIBLE) PURPOSELY
INTO THE SUPPORT AND INTRUDER
MOUSE COMES IN AND YOU CAN SEE
THAT WASTE NO TIME INITIATE
ATTACK TOWARDS (INAUDIBLE). SO
YOU HAVE 10 SECONDS IT IS OFF
AND FOR THE INTRUDER YOU CAN SEE
MOUSE IS VERY AGITATED THERE IS
STANDING UP LOOKING AS IF TRYING
TO FIND -- INTO THE MOUSE PART
AND INTRUDER INTRODUCE AGAIN,
VERY QUICKLY INITIATE ATTACK
TOWARDS THISRUDER. ON THE
RIGHT SIDE SHOWINGICALLY THE
POPULATION RESULTS THE RESUL
FROMF THE ANIMALS,
(INAUDIBLE) TASK BY NO M SHOW
ACROSS SOCIAL (INAUDIBLE) SO
REPEATEDLY -- FOR THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO GET THE ATTACK SO
THEY DON'T GET ANYTHING ELSE.
BUT THIS OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK
AND TO WIN IN FACT REINFORCING
SUFFICIENTLY FOR THE ANIMALS TO
MAINTAIN THESE BEHAVIORS. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. SO IN GENERAL WE
WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENED
IN THE BRAIN THAT MAKES
AGGRESSION REINFORCING ITSELF.
SO A STUDENT IN THE LAB, HE
RECORDED THE (INAUDIBLE) SO
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS IS IMPORTANT
AREA FOR MOTIVATION SO IF YOU
WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT DOPAMINE
HAS CHANGED DURING THIS
AGGRESSIVE ENCOUNTERS. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. WHAT HE FOUND IS
THAT IS INDEED THE CASE. YOU
CAN SEE ON THE TOP IS
(INAUDIBLE) SHOWN ACTIVITIES IN
P NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS WHEN ATTACK
OCCURS WHICH IS MULTIPLE RED
BARS. ANY TIME ATTACK OCCURS
THERE IS INCREASE IN DOPAMINE
SIGNALS. HERE YOU SHOW
SUMMARIES, SO INTERESTINGLY
DOPAMINE INCREASE IPAE MORE
IN THE MALE MICE THAN FEMALE.
BECOULDN'T GET TO FEMALE MICE TO
UNLEARN THIS TASK. THAT OF
FEMALE AND MALE HOW REWARDING
DOPAMINE HOW REWARDING THIS
ATTACK OPPORTUNITY IS IS
DIFFERENT. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. IT
IS NOT JUST BECAUSE OF
(INAUDIBLE) FIGHTING BUT WINNING
IS CRITICAL. IN THIS MICE WE
THE ANIMAL WASL DEFEATED
ENDING IN THIS CASE WE SEE THE
DOPAMINE DECREASE INSTEAD OF
INCREASE AND REINFORCING SIGNAL
ONLY HAPPEN WHEN WINNING
OCCURRED, NOT LOSING. NEXT
SLIDE TALKING A
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND
FEMALES AGGRESSION IN THE
CIRCUIT IS INDEED (INAUDIBLE) SO
DOPAMINE SO HERE IS -- THIS IS A
SCHEMATIC OF THE (INAUDIBLE) IN
THE MICE AND THIS IS READING
HIGHLY CONSERVED OVER SPECIES OF
HABIT SO WE HAVE IT SO THE
(INAUDIBLE) AGGRESSION. SO ON
THE LEFT SIDE IS THE MALE YOU
CAN SEE THAT THAT SLIDE MOSTLY
CONTAIN AGGRESSION RESPONSE
CELLS VERY (INAUDIBL IN THE
FEMALE CONTAINS TWO SUBDIVISION,
ONE WE CALL MEDIAN PART, THE
OTHER LATERAL PART. THE MEDIAN
IS DEMOTE VOTED TO ACT GREG. THE
LATTER PART IS NOT AGGRESSION
BUT SHALL BEHAVIORS AND THEY
HAVE DIFFERENT PROJECTION
PATTERNS, DIFFERENT GENETIC
MARKERS,S INTERESTINGLY SO FAR
THE MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PART IS
MISSING IN MALES SO AGGRESSION
CIRCUIT IS INDEED A SEXUALLY
DIMORPHIC, SAME AREA BUT
(INAUDIBLE) IN THIS PARTICULAR
CASE IS DIFFERENT. ANOTHER
FEATURE ABOUT AGGRESSION. WHICH
IS THAT AGGRESSION IS QUITE
VARIABLE. I SAYING GREG IS
INNATE, IT IS BEHAVIOR THAT
O EXPRESS. THE
TENDENCY TO EXPRESS THAT
BEHAVIOR VARIES FROM INDIVIDUAL
TO INDIVIDUAL. AND OTHER FACTORS
HOW YOU CAN EXPRESS AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS AND ONE THING HERE IS
WINNING AND LOSING. SO WE
(INAUDIBLE) WINNERS IN THIS
AGGRESSIVE CONTEXT TEND TO
BECOME MORE AGGRESSIVE AND LOS
LOSERS BECOME LESS AGGRESSIVE.
SO WE ONE THING TO UNDERSTAND IS
WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO MEDIATE
THIS INCREASING AGGRESSION OF
DECREASING AGGRESSION WITH THE
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE. WE FOUND THAT
ACTUALLY (INAUDIBLE) SO THESE
ARE RECORDINGS FROM THE GLIAL
CELLS IN ANIMALS THROUGH SOCIAL
EXPERIENCE TOP ROW, NID ROWS
ANIMAL (INAUDIBLE) AND BOTTOM IS
ANIMAL LOST TEN TIMES IN A ROW.
WE FOUND IN THE SOCIAL ANIMALS,
THIS IS SORT OF THE MEASURING
THE EXCITABILITY OF THE CELLS,
WE HOLD ON THE CELLS AN INJECT
SERIES OF (INAUDIBLE) TO SEE HOW
MUCH ANIMAL CAN RESPOND TO THIS
INJECTION. OBVIOUSLY THE MORE
STOP SUBPOENAED THE MORE
EXCITABLE CELLS ARE AND MORE
LIKELY (INAUDIBLE) WHICH IS WHAT
YOU CAN SEE EACH INDIVIDUAL LINE
HERE WE CALL THE SPARK AND THOSE
ARE THE NUANCE TO THE NEXT
STAGE. IN THE SOCIAL ANIMALS WE
SEE THAT THE CELLS AS WE EXPECT
TO SEE MORE AND MORE SPARKS THAT
IS NORMAL, AND WE SAW WINNING
CELLS ARE FINE BUT MANY MORE
RESPONSE AND MANY MORE SPIKES
AFTER EACH OF THE CURRENT
LEVELS. AND IN THE LOSERS WE SEE
OPPOSITION. ALTHOUGH THE CELLS
BECAME FIRE SOME OF THE ACTION
POTENTIALS, AS WE INJECT MORE
CURRENT THEN WE SEE THERE IS NO
(INAUDIBLE) FIRE A FEW SPIKES
AND (INAUDIBLE) NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. THIS IS POPULATION
AVERAGE WHAT WE SEE HERE IS
BASICALLY THE -- CELLS IMPORTANT
CELLS FOR DRIVING AGGRESSION IN
THE MALES. IN THE WINNER IT IS
CELLS BECOME MORE EXCITABLE IN
THE LOOSERSERS THE CELLS
LOST ABILITY TO FIGHT WHICH
PREVENT THE CELLS RESPONDING TO
THE UPSTREAM INPUT TO GO AND
DRIVE (INAUDIBLE) I CANNOT DO
THAT BECAUSE I CANNOT SO THIS IN
A WAY EXPLAINS WHY AGGRESSION
LEVELS CHANGES DRASTICALLYANIMAR
WITH THE SOCIAL EXPERIENCE. AS
THE CELL PROPERTIERT THEMSELVES
HAS CHANGED. HAEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
SO WITH THAT I WANT TO SUMMARIZE
WHAT I TOLD YOU SO FAR. TODAY
BASICALLY WE HAVE NOW STARTED
TESTIFY -- HAVE GOOD
UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL
CIRCUITS AND UNDERLYING
AGGRESSION IN MOUSE SO WHICH WE
THINK THOSE CIRCUITS ARE LIKELY
HIGHLY COB SERVED ACROSS SPECIES
AND NOW WITH AGGRESSION ONE
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER IS
THAT FOR QUESTION IT IS INNATE
BEHAVIORS AND -- NATURALLY
REWARDED. IT CAUSE DOPAMINE
RELEASE AND RATION CIRCUIT
DIFFERS BETWEEN THE SEXES. AND
SOFAER WHAT WE FOUND IN THE
MOUSE, AND MALE AGGRESSION
CIRCUIT APPEARS TO CONTAIN MORE
CELLS THAN (INAUDIBLE) AND NOVEL
AGGRESSION IS NOT SET IN STONE
BEHAVIORS BUT AGGRESSION CIRCUIT
IS ACTUALLY QUITE (INAUDIBLE) IT
CAN CHANGE MODIFY WITH THEY
ADULT EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS MANY
OTHER FACTORS. SO NEXT SLIDE.
SO HERE I JUST SUM OPEN
QUESTIONS, UPDATE FOR DISCUSSION
ON JUST SOME INTERESTING
THOUGHTS WE'LL HAVE MORE MORE
QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED AFTER
THIS WORKSHOP AND I'M VERY MUCH
LOOKING FORWARD TO IT. THANK
YOU.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DAYU H.
NEXT WE HAVE PROFESSOR TERRIE
MOFFITT, DUKE UNIVERSITY. AND
KINGS COLLEGE LONDON.
>>THAT WAS A BREATHTAKING TALK,
THANK YOU SO MUCH. HARD ACT TO
FOLLOW. LET'S BEGIN WITH THE
WORKING DEFINITION OF HUMAN
AGGRESSION. BEHAVIOR THAT VIE
RATES THE RIGHTS AND SAFETY OF
OTHERS, IT IS BROAD BUT IT IS
SOMETHING MOST PEOPLE CAN AGREE
ON. THERE ARE -- THESE ARE
BEHAVIORS THAT INVOLVE THREE
OVERARCHING CONCEPTS THAT APPLY
FROM BIRTH TO DEATH, THAT'S
FORCE FRAUD AND THEFT H. NEXT
SLIDE. MY ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY
WAS TO REVIEW ALL THE RESEARCH
ON HUMAN AGGRESSION IN 15
MINUTES. BUT IT IS COMPLEX AND
THERE IS A LOT OF RESEARCH SO
WHAT DO WE KNOW? HUMAN
AGGRESSION SYNDROME IS VERY
BROAD, INCLUDES CONDUCT
DISORDER, ANTI-SOCIAL CRIME,
EVEN ADHD SUBSTANCE ABUSE,
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, SO ON
AND SO ON. SO IT IS BROAD. WE
ALSO KNOW WE NEED MULTIPLE
INFORMATION SOURCES FOR GOOD
MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN AGGRESSION.
WE NEED SELF-REPORTS FROM OUR
SUBJECTS BUT ALSO INFORMANT
REPORTS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS. WE
KNOW THERE IS HETEROTYPIC
CONTINUITY FROM CHILDHOOD TO
ADULTHOOD, THAT IS THE BEHAVIOR
CHANGES AS PEOPLE AGE. WE KNOW
AGGRESSION IS ACTUALLY NORMATIVE
AT SOME STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFE
COURSE. ALSO COMPLICATING THE
SITUATION THIS IS A GROUP
BEHAVIOR, IT IS NOT JUST
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR LIKE OTHER
MENTAL DISORDERS ARE WHAT ARE
THE SIGNS OF SERIOUSNESS, YOUNG
AGE ONSET, LONGER DURATION OF
AGGRESSION, MORE COMORBIDITY
WITH OTHER DISORDERS,
PERVASIVENESS ACROSS SITUATIONS.
IT IS EVEN MORE COMPLEX THAN
THAT. WE KNOW IT IS CONSENT
TRAITSED IN A SMALL SEGMENT OF
THE POPULATION. WE KNOW FAMILY
AND PEER CONTEXT ARE EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT. WE KNOW HUMAN
AGGRESSION HAS GENETIC AND
PRE-NATAL ORIGINS AND THESE ARE
OFTEN IGNORED IN SOCIAL
RESEARCH. THERE IS BRAIN
EVIDENCE WITH BIOSOCIAL MODELS
COGNITIVE EVIDENCE AND WE HAVE
PLENTY OF SOCIAL THEORY SUCH AS
STRAIN THEORY THAT TAP INTO
HUMANS MOTIVATION FOR BEING
AGGRESSIVE. WE KNOW IT IS
AFFECTED BY SYSTEMIC RACE BIAS,
WHICH HAS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
OUR RESEARCH. AND WE KNOW THERE
IS A PROMINENT SEX DIFFERENCE AS
DAYU EXPLAINED WHICH OFFERS
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DISCOVERY.
WHEN WE GET AROUND TO WHAT TO
THE ABOUT IT THERE IS PREVENTION
AND TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
BUT THERE IS ALSO PUNISHMENT AND
THERE IS ALSO INCAPACITATION.
THEN IN ADDITION TO RESEARCH
INTO AGGRESSIVE INDIVIDUALS
THERE IS RESEARCH ON THEIR
VICTIMS AND THEIR SURVIVORS. MY
WORK ON HUMAN AGGRESSION OVER
THE YEARS HAS TRIED TO GRAPPLE
WITH SOME OF THESE COMPLEXITIES.
THIS SUMMARIZES WHAT
PSYCHOLOGISTS KNEW ANT
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WHEN I
STARTED OUT IN THE 1980s. THE
SLIDE SHOWS THE PREVALENCE OF
MALE ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR FROM
PRE-SCHOOL ON THE LEFT OVER TO
MID LIFE ON THE RIGHT. FIRST
LOOK AT THE RED BARS, WHAT YOU
CAN SEE ON THIS SLIDE IS THAT
THE PREVALENCE OF ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR WAS ABOUT 5% IN
CHILDHOOD AND 5% AGAIN IN
ADULTHOOD NO MATTER HOW YOU
MEASURE ANY AGE, SOMETHING
STRANGE HAPPENED DURING
ADOLESCENCE. WHEN THE PREVALENCE
OF CONDUCT DISORDER DIAGNOSIS OR
ARREST BY POLICE JUMPED SKY
HIGH. SHOWN IN YELLOW. I THOUGHT
THESE STRANGE FACTS NEEDED A
GOOD EXPLANATION. ALSO IN THE
1980s THE CURVE OF THE NUMBER
OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN AMERICA
OVER OFFENDERS AGE HAS BEEN
PUBLISHED IN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES CONSENSUS REPORT. YOU
CAN SEE THAT OFFICIAL CRIME
STARTS HAT AGE 13 WHEN KIDS
FIRST GETS ARRESTED AND CHARGED.
AND IT PEAKS WHEN HUGE NUMBERS
OF CRIMES ARE COMMITTED BY
AGE-YEAR-OLDS. THEN IT DROPS
AGAIN TO A LOW LEVEL IN
ADULTHOOD. THIS CURVE IS KNOWN
NOW TO APPLY ALL AROUND THE
WORLD WITH THIS HUGE PEAK IN
ADOLESCENCE. SO LOTS OF
TEENAGERS ENGAGE IN DELINQUENT
OFFENDING DURING ADOLESCENT
YEARS BUT IN MY LONGITUDINAL
WORK THIS GROUP OF DELINQUENTS
CONCEALED TWO GROUPS OF KIDS WHO
CAME TO ADOLESCENCE FROM TWO
VERY DIFFERENT BACKGROUND
ORIGINS. THE BLUE ILLUSTRATES A
SMALL GROUP WHO HAD BEGUN THEIR
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN EARLY
CHILDHOOD. THEY HAD
SELF-REGULATION PROBLEMS AS
INFANTS AND TODDLERS AND
CONTINUED THROUGH TO ELEMENTARY
AND HIGH SCHOOL. I THOUGHT THIS
POOR START IN LIFE WOULD LEAVE
THEM WITH A HIGH CHANCE OF
CONTINUING ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
THROUGHOUT THROUGHOUT THEIR
LIVES SO I CALLED THEM THE LIFE
COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS. I
PREDICTED THOUGH THEY ARE SMALL
IN NUMBERS, THEY WOULD OFFEND
FOR MANY YEARS AND THAT MEANS
THEY WOULD ACCOUNT FOR MUCH OF
THE CRIME RATE OVER THEIR
LIFETIME. NOW A MUCH LARGER
GROUP I CALLED ADOLESCENTS
LIMITED OFFENDERS ARE SHOWN IN
GRAY. THEIR CHILDHOODS WERE FREE
OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS BECAUSE THEY
DID NOT INITIATE ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR UNTIL THEY HIT PUBERTY.
BEFORE PUBERTY, THEY HAD GOOD
ATTACHMENT BONDS WITH FAMILY AND
GOOD SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT. I
PREDICTED THEY WOULD LEAVE CRIME
BEHIND THEM WHEN THEY BECAME
ADULTS THEY WOULD BREAK THE LAW
WITH THEIR PEERS AS TEENAGERS
BUT THEN GO BACK TO BEING GOOD
CITIZENS. AND I PUBLISHED THIS
IDEA IN THE 1990s. I WORK OUT
THESE IDEAS IN THE COURSE OF
LONGITUDINAL STUDY THAT WAS
CALLED THE DONEDEN STUDY. HERE
YOU SEE THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY
RIGHT AT TOP YOU SEE IT BEGAN IN
1972. WE STUDIED 1,037 BABIES
BORN IN ONE CITY IN ONE YEAR
ABOUT 50 YEARS AGO. ETHNICALLY
THIS COHORT IS OF WHITE EUROPEAN
DESCENT. ON THE LEFT SIDE THE
AGES WE COLLECTED HAVE COLLECTED
DATA ARE SHOWN ON 13 OCCASIONS
SINCE BABY HOOD. DOWN AT THE
BOTTOM THE YELLOW SHOWS WE LAST
SAW THEM AT AGE 45 IN 2019. AT
THAT TIME 94% STILL TOOK PART.
WE HAVE SHOWN THAT IT IS NOT THE
CASE THAT THOSE WHO BECAME
INVOLVED IN ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
HAVE DROPPED OUT ALONG THE WAY.
HERE IS WHAT WE ARE MEASURING IN
THE DONEDEN STUDY. BULLYING
FIGHTING TELLING LIES STEALING,
DESTROYING PROPERTY AND SCHOOL
TRUANCY. WHEN THEY BECAME ADULTS
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE
WORKPLACE, IN PLACE OF TRUANCY.
WE COLLECTED THESE DATA
REPEATEDLY RIGHT ACROSS THE
YEARS, AND ACCORDING TO TEACHERS
REPORTS, MOTHERS REPORTS, EACH
YOUNG PERSON'S OWN SELF-REPORTS,
AND AS THEY GOT OLDER BY
INFORMANTS WHO KNEW THEM WELL,
FRIEND SIBS AND PARTNERS. WE
USED THESE REPEATED MEASURES IN
A TYPE OF ANALYSIS CALLED THEORY
GUIDED TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS.
THIS TRACKS ACROSS TIME TO
IDENTIFY GROUPS OF PEOPLE
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES
OF BEHAVIOR. NEXT SLIDE. THIS
SLIDE SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THAT
MODEL IN THE DONEDEN STUDY DATA
SET FROM 7 TO 26. IF YOU LOOK AT
THE BOTTOM YOU SEE IN PURPLE
ABOUT HALF OF THE KIDS ONLY EVER
HAD LOW LEVELS OF CONDUCT
PROBLEMS. IF YOU LOOK AT THE
TOP AS WE EXPECTED THE DATA
YIELDED A SMALL GROUP SHOWN IN
RED WHO WERE ALWAYS ENGAGING IN
HIGH LEVELS OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS
ACCORDING TO THEORY, THEY WERE
ON A LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT
TRACTRACK. AS EXPECTED WE FOUNDA
LARGER GROUP IN YELLOW WHO
STARTED TO DEVELOP CONDUCT
PROBLEMS AS TEENAGERS, THEY WERE
ON ADOLESCENCE LIMITED TRACK.
YOU NOTICE A SMALL BLUE GROUP,
THEY HAD CONDUCT PROBLEMS WHEN
THEY FIRST STARTED SCHOOL BUT
GREW OUT OF THEM BRA JULIE. WE
HAVE STUDIED THEM BUT THEY ARE
NOT PART OF THIS TALK. WE
RECENTLY SEARCHED THE MEN'S
OFFICIAL CRIME RECORDS AGAIN AND
HERE I SHOW YOU THEIR
CONVICTIONS AFTER THE AGE OF 26
YEARS. THEY CONTINUED DODIE
SURGE. THIS SHOULD BE THE
DESISTNESS PERIOD WHEN
ADOLESCENCE LIMITED GROUP LEAVE
CRIME BEHIND. YOU CAN SEE IT IS
THE ADOLESCENCE ARE ON THE LEFT
CONVICTED AT RATES MUCH LOWER
THAN THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT
MEN WHO ARE ON THE RIGHT FOR
PROPERTY CRIME SHOWN IN BLUE AND
VIOLENT CRIME SHOWN IN YELLOW.
THESE WERE CONVICTIONS IN
CRIMINAL COURTS AFTER AGE 26.
THE TEST OF THESE MEN CAME FROM
DIFFERENT CHILDHOODS WE COMPARED
TO ADOLESCENCE LIMITED IN MANY
TIME COURSE PERSIS TENTS GROUPS
IN D UNEDEN COHORT, RISK FACTORS
MEASURED EARLY STAGE OF LIFE
FROM BIRTH THROUGH ADOLESCENCE.
THIS SHIED SHOWS MEAN LEVELS ON
MEASURES OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL
RISK FOR THE LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT BOYS WHAT IS NORMAL
IS THE ZERO MIDPOINT. WE
COMPARED THE LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT GROUP TO AVERAGE BOY
GROWING UP IN NEW ZEALAND. THE
ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP SHOWED WORSE
SCORE ON ALL THESE RISKS AND THE
DIFFERENCES WERE MODERATE TO
LARGE. WE SEE NEUROLOGICAL
EXAMINATION AT AGE 3, IQ TEST
SCORES, READING ACHIEVEMENT
LEVEL AND SO FORTH. THE NEXT
CHARTS I'M NOT GOING TO READ OUT
EVERY MEASURE. I JUST WANT YOU
TO GET AN OVERALL GIST OF HOW
ABNORMAL THESE BOY'S CHILDHOODS
WERE FROM THE EARLIEST YEARS.
THESE ARE THE CHILDHOOD
TEMPERMENT AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS
OF THE BOYS ON THE LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT TRACK, THINGS LIKE
BEING A DIFFICULT BABY, BEING
UNDERCONTROLLED TEMPERMENT,
HYPERACTIVE AND FIGHTING IN
KINDERGARTEN. ON EVERY MEASURE
THEY LOOKED EXTREME. THESE ARE
THE PARENTING RISK FACTORS. THE
AFFECT SIZES HERE ARE MEDIUM TO
LARGE AND THEY INCLUDE POOR DIPS
LIN, FAMILY CONFLICT, MOTHERS
WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS, AND
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PARENTS. THESE TROUBLED BOYS
WERE PROBABLY NOT GETTING THE
HEALTHY INPUT AT HOME THAT WAS
NEEDED TO CORRECT THEIR
CHILDHOOD PROBLEM BEHAVIORS.
THIS SLIDE SUMMARIZES WHAT YOU
JUST SAW. ALL ON ONE SLIDES. I
WOULD LIKE YOU TO KEEP IN YOUR
MIND BECAUSE NEXT WILL MAKE A
COMPARISON OF THE SAME MEASURES
FOR THE BOYS WHO ARE ON THE
ADOLESCENCE LIMITED TRAJECTORY.
HERE IS THE CHILDHOOD OF THE
BOYS ON ADOLESCENCE LIMITED
TRACK. THIS GROUP SCORED NEAR
THAT VERTICAL ZERO POINT
SUGGESTING THEIR LEVELS OF RISK
FACTORS WERE PRETTY MUCH NORMAL.
THEY WERE TYPICAL OF ORDINARY
BOYS THEIR AGE IN NEW ZEALAND.
NO REAL SIGNIFICANT RISK
FACTORS. IF YOU LOOK DOWN AT THE
BOTTOM YOU CAN SEE THE
DELINQUENCY OF THE BOYS' PEERS.
THIS IS THEIR FRIENDS AT AGE 13
AND 18. AS WE PREDICTED, THIS
GROUP'S MAIN RISK PROCESS
INVOLVED HANGING OUT WITH OTHER
TEENAGERS WHO WERE WHO WERE
ENGAGING IN DELINQUENCY. WE
STUDIED THESE GROUPS AS THEY
PASSED THROUGH THEIR 20s AND
30s. AND WE FOUND THAT THE
LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT GROUP
REMAINED MORE DANGEROUSLY
AGGRESSIVE IN THEIR 20s AND
30s. THEY VICTIMIZED THEIR
FEMALE PARTNERS, THEY VICTIMIZED
THEIR CHILDREN, THEY VICTIMIZED
THEIR CO-WORKERS AND THEY
VICTIMIZED THEIR EMPLOYERS. SO
NOW I WOULD LIKE TO DO IS FAST
FORWARD TO THEIR 40s. IN 2019
WE WERE ABLE TO ADD MRI
NEUROIMAGING TO THE DUNEDIN
STUDY. WE TESTED THE MEASURES OF
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT BRAIN
AT AGE 45 AGAINST THE DUNEDIN
STUDY TRAJECTORY GROUPS. THIS
SLIDE REPORTS THE LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT GROUP HAD SMALLER
SURFACE AREA OF THEIR BRAINS AT
AGE 45 ON AVERAGE COMPARED TO
THE ADOLESCENCE LIMITED GROUP.
THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT GROUI
ALUP SMALLER SURFACE AREA
THAN THE LOW ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP.
AND THE ADOLESCENCE LIMITED
GROUP BRAIN SURFACE AREA LOOKED
NORMAL IN SIZE AND IT DID NOT
DIFFER FROM THE LOW ANTI-SOCIAL
GROUP. THE BLUE SPOTS SHOW YOU
SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER AREAS
CORRECTED FOR MULTIPLE TESTING
WERE SPREAD ALL OVER THE SURFACE
OF THE BRAIN. WE ALSO SEPARATE
LISTEES eTESTED THE BRAIN --
SEPARATELY TESTED THE SUB
CORTICAL BRAIN STRUCTURES
BENEATH THE BRAIN SURFACE SHOWN
HERE IN COLOR. THE VOLUMES OF
MANY OF THESE STRUCTURE WERE
SMALLER IN THE LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT GROUP SHOWN IN THE
DARK NAVY BLUE. AGAIN THESE
OUTCOMES WERE SPREAD THROUGHOUT
THE BRAIN AND THE ADOLESCENCE
LIMITED AND LOW ANTI-SOCIAL
GROUPS AGAIN BOTH LOOKED
HEALTHY. THEIR DATA ARE SHOWN IN
LIGHT BLUE AND IN GRAY. KEEP IN
MIND BRAIN SCANS WERE TAKEN
AFTER A LAFE OF CRIME. NOT
BEFORE. THIS DOESN'T TELL US
WHAT AGE THE BRAIN STUDIES
EMERGED. THE AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIORS FROM CHILDREN, SUGGEST
SOME DIFFERENCES CAN DATE FROM
EARLY LIFE. NOW WE CAN LOOK AT
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE IN THE
DUNEDIN COHORT USING GENETIC
DATA. I HAVE HYPOTHESIZED LIFE
COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS
WOULD HAVE A STRONGER FAMILIAL
GENETIC CODE AND 25 YEARS LATER
ADVANCES IN GENETICS ALLOWED US
TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS USING
ACTUAL GENES. WE USED EDUCATION
POLYGENIC SCORE. HERE IS WHAT IT
IS. 1 MILLION PEOPLE PROVIDED
THEIR DNA BY MAILING A SALIVA
SAMPLE TO PLACES LIKE 23 AND ME.
THEY ALSO STATE THEIR LEVEL OF
EDUCATION. THIS DATA WAS USED TO
PERFORM A GENOME WIDE
ASSOCIATION SEARCH FOR MARKERS
THAT TYPIFY PEOPLE WHO HAVE
ACHIEVED HIGH LEVELS OF
EDUCATION. THE GENETIC MARKERS
FOUND THEN SUM TO CREATE THE
POLYGENIC SCORE FOR EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT. AND IMPORTANT THING
TO KEEP IN MIND HERE THIS SCORE
TAPS ANYTHING THAT IS RELEVANT
FOR GOING FAR IN EDUCATION.
INTELLECTUAL SKILLS OF COURSE
BUT ALSO CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS
SELF-CONTROL AND ATTENTION THAT
ARE NECESSARY FOR SUCCESS IN
EDUCATION. WE DERIVE THIS
POLYGENIC SCORE IN EACH OF THE
DUNEDIN STUDY MEMBERS DNA. HERE
ARE OUR FOUR FAMILIAR GROUPS OF
STUDY MEMBER IT IS RED BAR SHOWS
THE STUDY MEMBER WHOSE HAVE THE
LOWEST NUMBER OF GENES
ASSOCIATED WITH EDUCATIONAL
SUCCESS IN SCHOOL WERE ALSO THE
MOST LIKELY TO BECOME LIFE
COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS. WE
REPLICATED THIS IN ANOTHER
COHORT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND
GOT THE SAME FINDING. THIS
FINDING ABOUT THE EDUCATION
POLYGENIC SCORE I THINK POINTS
TO YOUNG PEOPLE'S PROBLEMS WITH
LEARNING ATTENTION AND
SELF-CONTROL AS POTENTIALLY GOOD
PREVENTION TARGETS. NEXT SLIDE.
HERE WE SEE AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE
THAT ADDS NEW NUANCE TO THE
BIOLOGY AND CRIME DEBATE,
MAJORITY OF OFFENDERS WHO BROKE
THE LAW AS YOUNG PEOPLE DIDN'T
HAVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN GENETICS
OF BRAIN STRUCTURE, ONLY THE
VERY SMALL MINORITY OF PEOPLE
WHO SHOWED ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD HAD
DIFFERENCES IN GENETICS FOR
ADULT BRAIN STRUCTURE. RIGHT NOW
WE ARE STUDYING OUTCOMES OF
HEALTH AND AGING IN THE DUNEDIN
COHORT IN THEIR 50s. I DON'T
HAVE TIME TO COVER THIS NEW WORK
BUT I DO WANT TO JUST SHOW YOU
THAT WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE MEN
IN THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT
ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP ARE NOW AGING
RAPIDLY. THEY HAVE BEEN AGING
BIOLOGICALLY AT RATE OF 14
MONTHS EVERY CHRONOLOGICAL YEAR
FOR THE LAST FEW YEARS. I HAVE
TAKEN YOU ON A GALLUP THROUGH
HIGHLIGHTS FROM MY OWN STUDIES
SINCE 1993 THIS TAXONOMIMY HAS
BEEN STUDIED BY OTHER TEAMS IN
16 COUNTRIES THERE IS A LARGE
LITERATURE BY NOW AND I HAVE
REVIEWED IT FOR YOU IN HE IS
PUBLICATIONS. SO WHAT ARE THE
IMPLICATIONS FOR LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT OFFENDERS? THEY
ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE CRIME
RATE, SMALL IN NUMBERS BUT
DISPROPORTIONATE COSTS TO
SOCIETY. THIS ILLUSTRATES A
NEED FOR PUBLIC HELP POLICY TO
IMPROVE CHILDHOOD NEURAL
DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR EARLY
ONSET RECOMMENDS EARLY CHILDHOOD
AS A PRIME TIME FOR PRIMARY
PREVENTION. A CHRONIC CUMULATIVE
CONDITION LIKE THIS NEEDS LIFE
LONG SUSTAINED INTERVENTION. WE
HAVE SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR
ADOLESCENCE LIMITED OFFENDERS,
THEY ACCOUNT FOR THE OTHER HALF
OF OUR CRIME RATE, SO IT REALLY
IS IMPORTANT TO INTERVENE TO
REDUCE THEIR OFFENDER AND IN
FACT THEIR VERY GOOD CANDIDATES
FOR POSITIVE CHANGE BECAUSE THEY
ESTABLISH HEALTHY ATTACHMENT
BONDS AND GOOD SCHOOL
ACHIEVEMENT BEFORE THEY BECAME
OFFENDER AS AD L LESS SENTENCES.
INTERVENTIONS SHOULD PREVENT
SNARES TO TRAP THEM IN A LIVE OF
CRIME, THINGS LIKE GETTING AN
AADDICTION, LOSING OUT ON
EDUCATION OR GETTING AN OFFICIAL
CONVICTION RECORD. IF YOU WISH
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS RESEARCH
IT IS COVERED IN THESE TWO
BOOKS. THANK YOU, VERY MUCH FOR
LISTENING. ENJOY THE REST OF THE
MEETING.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, TERRIE,
FOR THAT WONDERFUL TALK. TO KNOW
THREE OF US CAN COME ON VIDEO
AND WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES FOR
QUESTIONS. REMIND TORE OUR
VIDEOCAST AUDIENCE YOU CAN
SUBMIT QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
THROUGHOUT THE WORKSHOPS THROUGH
THE SEND LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON. I
WILL TRY TO SUMMARIZE A FEW
QUESTIONS WITHIN OUR GROUP OF
ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THE
WORKSHOP HERE. THE FIRST FOR
DAYU, ABOUT PLASTICITY IN
GENERAL. SO SPECIFICALLY, THE
VENTRAL LATERAL ACTIVITY DOES
THIS CHANGE WITH ANIMAL START
WINNING AGAIN? AND WITH REGARD
TO REWARDING ASPECT OF
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IS THERE A
SENSITIVE PERIOD FOR IT?
>>YES. SO WE GO NOW BACK
(INAUDIBLE) AT THIS POINT
BECAUSE FOR THE MOST PART WE
HAVE BEEN RECORDING FROM THE
ADULT ANIMAL, VERY INTERESTING
QUESTION TO SEE DIFFERENT TIME
WINDOWS (INAUDIBLE) INCREASE
(INAUDIBLE) HARD TO SAY MICE
DATA REALLY SHOWING A GREG IN
TWO OF THE DIFFERENT (INAUDIBLE)
AGGRESSION AS FAR AS I CAN TELL.
SO IN TERMS OF THE (INAUDIBLE)
QUESTION FOR US WE START WITH
ANIMALS THAT HAS NO AGGRESSIVE
EXPERIENCE, THEY ARE NOT
NECESSARILY SOCIAL (INAUDIBLE)
WITH THAT YOU ARE LITTER MATES
BUT SHOW LITTLE AGGRESSION SO
THAT IS SORT OF OUR STARTING
POINT. THEN FOR THE SIMPLICITY
OF THE EXPERIMENT WE CONTROL IT
TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE ONLY
WINNING OR ONLY LOSING AND THEN
ASKING HOW THE ACTIVITY IN THIS
BRAIN REGION CHANGE. INDEED THEY
ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN THE
MICE, WE DONE KNOW WHY.
EVEN IN THIS VERY NAIVE GROUP
APPEARS SOME ARE MUCH MORE
STARTING TO BE MORE AGGRESSIVE
WITHIN THE HOURS. SO WE DON'T
EXACTLY KNOW WHAT CAUSE THOSE
DIFFERENCES AND WHAT PREDICT --
WHAT FEATURES CAN PREDICT THOSE
DIFFERENCES AT THIS POINT. THERE
IS A LOT MORE TO THE LOOK INTO.
>>I'M MIXING AND PARAPRAISING
THE QUESTIONS FROM THE
PARTICIPANTS TO TRY TO ADDRESS
AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. PERHAPS
THE NEXT TWO COMBINED SO ON THE
REWARD VALUE OF PROACTIVE VERSUS
REACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE INITIAL
AGGRESSOR PERHAPS RESPONDING TO
THAT WHAT THE REWARD VALUE LOOKS
LIKE OR MIGHT BE DIFFERENT.
THIS TIES INTO THINKING ABOUT
THE REWARDING VALUE OF
AGGRESSION WHAT THAT MIGHT LOOK
LIKE IN HUMAN AGGRESSION THAT
MIGHT BE MORE COMPLEX ESPECIALLY
IF OTHERS ARE NOW GETTING
INVOLVED IN THE AGGRESSIVE
INTERACTIONS FOR EXAMPLE TO
BREAK UP (INAUDIBLE)
>>SO REWARDING SO IN THE CASE
-- HOW YOU DEFINE ACTIVE VERSUS
PROACTIVE, SO ONE KEY QUESTION
IN OUR STUDIES WE TRY TO -- MOST
OF THE BEHAVIOR PART ARE INDEED
REACTIVE BECAUSE IF INTRUDER
COMES IN AND ACTING TO THIS
INTRUDERS AND THEN ENGAGING
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS BUT THAT
DOESN'T PREVENT THE DOPAMINE
(INAUDIBLE) IN THIS AGGRESSION
SEEKING MORE PROACTIVE BECOMES
SPEAKING OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK,
SO WE HAVE UNTIL THE END TO
DOPAMINE RELEASE DURING THAT
PARTICULAR SEEKING PHASE. WE
KNOW THAT (INAUDIBLE) FACTOR
HERE INCREASE ACTIVITIES DURING
THAT PERIOD. SO LEARNING TO
ASSOCIATE WITH THE FUTURE ATTACK
OPPORTUNITIES. IF I TAKE A GUESS
I WOULD SAY YES, LIKELY DOPAMINE
IS RELEASED BUT IT IS A MORE A
SPECULATION PERHAPS (INAUDIBLE)
>>
>>ALL RIGHT. ANOTHER QUESTION
ASKING IS THE ACCELERATED AGING
CORRELATE WITH ANY OTHER HEALTH
RELATED BEHAVIORS LIKE SMOKING
AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
>>YOU ARE MUTED.
>>OF COURSE. ACCELERATED AGING
ONE OF THE BEST PREDICTORS OF IT
IS HEALTH BEHAVIORS THAT GOOD
NEWS BECAUSE THOSE CAN BE
CHANGED. IN THEORY AT LEAST. AND
WHAT WE ARE SEEING IN THE
ACCELERATED AGING IS THIS AFTER
AN ANTI-SOCIAL LIFESTYLE OF MANY
YEARS, THAT INVOLVES THINGS LIKE
HEAD INJURIES TIME OF --
INCARCERATED, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, A
LOT OF THINGS GOING ON IN AN
ANTI-SOCIAL LIFESTYLE THAT SEEM
TO ACCUMULATE IN THE FASTER
AGING BY THE TIME THEY REACH MID
LIFE.
>>ANOTHER QUESTION, DO MY BEST
IN LIMITED TIME TO TRY THE GET
TO AS MANY AND MIX THEM
TOGETHER. SO ASKING HOW MUCH
MIGHT AGGRESSIVE INTERACTION BE
REALLY FROM LONELINESS, WHAT ARE
DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION VERSUS
PER SOCIAL MAYBE DAYU FIRST BUT
TERRIE THOUGHTS AS WELL.
>>MY E QUESTION FOR THE MOST
PART WE USE A SINGLE L HOUSED
ANIMAL BECAUSE SOCIAL ISOLATION
IS IN FACT ONE OF THE BIG
FACTORS THAT INCREASE AGGRESSION
IN MICE. IN FACT ONCE ANIMAL
BECOME AGGRESSIVE WE CAN NOT PUT
THEM TOGETHER, BECAUSE OF ABOUT
MALL WARFARE SO THEY ARE GOING
TO ATTACK EACH OTHER. BUT IT IS
NOT ALL (INAUDIBLE) BECAUSE IN
AGGRESSIVE SEEKING PARADIGM
FACTOR THE PANELS ARE PAIR HOUSE
WITH A FEMALE. THEY HAVE FEMALE,
THEY HAVE PUPS, TEST THOSE
ANIMALS -- SO I WOULDN'T SAY
THEY ARE (INAUDIBLE) HAVE THEIR
FRIENDS WHO HANG OUT, BUT THEY
ARE NOT SOCIALLY DEDEPRIVED.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGRESSION,
WHICH PART IS REWARDING WHICH IS
NOT. I'M SURE SOCIAL
INTERACTION, SOCIAL INTERACTION
IS REWARDING. SO THERE IS THAT
ASPECT OF IT IN THE STUDY ON
AGGRESSION SEEKING, ATTACK
OPPORTUNITY SO UNDER CONTROLS
THAT ANIMAL IS TO PUT IN
(INAUDIBLE) SO WE CAN INTERACT
BUT CANNOT ATTACK. UNDER THESE
CONDITIONS WE FOUND THAT THE
(INAUDIBLE) SO THE CONSUMER O
ASPECT WINNING PART IS IN FACT
IMPORTANT. IT IS NOT ALL BUT IT
IS DEFINITELY IMPORTANT.
>>WE WANT TO MENTION SOMETHING
ABOUT PARALLELS? YOU MAY HAVE
NOTICED ON THE CHART THAT I
SHOWED AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF
THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENCE
CHILDHOOD THEY LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT GROUP HAD A VERY HIGH
RATE OF BEING REJECTED BY PEERS.
IN SUBSEQUENT RESEARCH WE ALSO
SAY THEY ARE DISLIKED BY
TEACHERS, THEY IN GENERAL
DISLIKED BY ADULT AND BY OTHER
PEOPLE. SO WHEN YOU ASK ABOUT
LONELINESS, I THINK THAT IS AN
ANGLE THAT'S BEEN
UNDERRESEARCHED. WE HAVE TENDED
TO CAST IT IN TERMS OF PEER
REJECTION. BUT IN FACT CHILDREN
WHO START OUT BEING VERY
SELF-REGULATION PROBLEMS AND
AGGRESSION PROBLEMS DO LIVE A
LONELY LIFE. EVEN THOUGH THEY
MAY BE SURROUNDED BY OTHER
PEOPLE AT SCHOOL. ON THE
QUESTION OF WHETHER REACTIVE
AGGRESSION OR PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION IS MORE REWARDING, I
DON'T THINK WE HAVE DATA ON THAT
IN HUMANS. I CAN SAY THOUGH YOU
CAN SEPARATE WITH FACTOR
ANALYSIS IN DATA SET REACTIVE
AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE
PEOPLE WHO ENGAGE IN PERSISTENT
AGGRESSION OVER THE LIFE COURSE
DO BOTH. EXTREMELY HIGH RATES.
SO THERE IS A STATISTICAL ANGLE
AND CLINICAL ANGLE AND I THINK
CLINICALLY IT IS HARD TO
SEPARATE IN THE SERIOUS
AGGRESSIVE INDIVIDUALS.
>>THANKS SO MUCH, THAT IS ALL
WE HAVE TIME FOR THE NEXT
SESSION OF OUR AGENDA. KEEP
THOSE QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
COMING. THEY WILL INFORM OUR
DISCUSSION THROUGHOUT THE
WORKSHOP. I WILL TURN IT TO MY
NIH COLLEAGUE ELIZABETH HOFFMAN.
>>GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE,
PLEASED TO BE HERE TODAY AND TO
MODERATE THIS FIRST PANEL MY
NAME IS ELIZABETH HOFFMAN SENIOR
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM MANAGER HERE
AT NIDA FOR THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT STUDY.
THIS PANEL IS ENTITLED
CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
MECHANISMS TO SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CONTEXT. WE HAVE THREE
PANELISTS AND A COUPLE OF
DISCUSSANTS JOIN US TODAY. THE
FIRST PANELIST IS DR. DOMINIC
PARROTT, POLL APOLOGIZE IF I'M
NOT GETTING PRONUNCIATION
CORRECT. PROFESSOR AND DIRECT TO
OF CENTER FOR VERGE ON
INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE IN
PSYCHOLOGY AT GEORGIA STATE
UNIVERSITY. AND I WILL TURN
THINGS OVER TO YOU. AND THEN WE
WILL TAKE IT FROM THERE.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. MY NAME
IS DOMINIC PARROTT AND AS YOU
INDICATED PROFESSOR PSYCHOLOGY
HERE AT GEORGIA STATE AND
DIRECTOR CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND
INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE, MY
PRONOUNS ARE HE HIM HIS H. AS
THE PRESENTATION FOR PANEL
FOCUSED ON CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL
LEVEL MECHANISMS TO THE SOCIAL
CULTURAL CONTEXT I TRY TO FOCUS
ON PROXIMAL MECHANISMS FOR
AGGRESSION AND NAMELY ACUTE
ALCOHOL USE BUT TRY TO COUCH
MECHANISTIC WORK IN GENERAL WITH
WITHIN SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL FRAME
WORK. SOUNDED EASY A FEW WEEKS
AGO PLANNING BUT I CAN'T DO
JUSTICE TO THAT GOAL IN TEN
MINUTES. SO GOING TO TOUCH UPON
A FEW KEY AREAS THAT NEED TO BE
AT T THE FOREFRONT OF OUR
THINKING. SO VERY BRIEFLY I WILL
TALK THE COMPLEXITY OF
AGGRESSION. PARTICULARLY IN
TERMS OF FORMS AN FUNCTION AND
CAN EXPAND ON DISCUSSION WE HAD
WITH KEYNOTES. I FIRMLY BELIEVE
WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF
COMPLEXITIES REGARDLESS WHERE
RESEARCH WAS SITUATED IN THE
AGGRESSION FIELD. NEXT THE
ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO
UNDERSTAND A RANGE OF HEALTH
OUTCOMES AND APPLY TO HOW TO
UNDERSTAND INDIVIDUAL PROXIMAL
MECHANISMS OF AILING GREG. I
WILL THEN DISCUSS ALCOHOL USE AS
AN EXAMPLE HOW WE SEEK TO
UNDERSTAND PROXIMAL MECHANISMS
FOR AGGRESSION AND TRY TO SUM UP
MY REVIEW WHAT I SEE AS
CHALLENGES MOVING FORWARD THAT
MERIT ATTENTION. ABOUT 20 YEARS
AGO I DID A REVIEW OF NEARLY 30
WIDELY USED INSTRUMENTS TO
MEASURE AGGRESSION. OVER 50
DIFFERENT TERMS EMERGED THAT
REFLECT PRESUMABLY DISTINCT
SUBTYPES OF AGGRESSION. THERE'S
CERTAINLY RELATIVELY DIFFERENT
FORMS. I THINK THERE'S SOUND
EVIDENCE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL AGGRESSION
THOUGH CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP IN
CONSTRUCTS WE NEED TO MEASURE
SUCH AS PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION
AND VERBAL AGGRESSION, THE
CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP CAN MAKE IT
DIFFICULT TO MODEL THE ETIOLOGY
OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BECAUSE
RESEARCH GROUPS ARE FOCUSED ON
SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL
DEFINITIONS. AND THAT CAN MAKE
IT HARDER TO DETERMINE THE
MECHANISMS VARY BETWEEN THESE
DIFFERENT FORMS OF AGGRESSION.
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. WE SEE A
SIMILAR ISSUE AND CONSIDER
FUNCTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.
ON THIS SLIDE ARE THE OTHER
TERMS AND DISTINCTIONS IN THIS
DOMAIN WHICH REFERENCED EARLIER
WERE FUNDAMENTALLY WE SEE ONE
FUNCTION OR MOTIVATION DRIVENAT
SOME SECONDARY GOAL OR INVOLVE
HIGHER LEVEL THINKING AND
PLANNING, THE PREMEDITATED
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE SECOND
AFFECT AND PROXIMAL PROVOCATION
AND/OR LACK OF INHIBITION. THIS
IS IMPULSIVE HOSTILE REACTIVE
AGGRESSION. ONE EXAMPLE IN THE
CASE OF IN THE INTIMATE PARTNER
VIOLENCE WE MAY ENGAGE IN
CHRONIC AGGRESSION TO CONTROL
AND DOMINATE THEIR PARTNER.
ANOTHER SCENARIO MAY ONLY ENGAGE
IN AGGRESSION IN THE HEAT OF THE
MOMENT. AND WE HAVE REGRETS
AFTERWARDS. THE DIFFERENT
MOLTVATION FOR AGGRESSION PAINT
DIFFERENT PICTURES OF
PERPETRATORS AND INTERVENTIONS
MOST EFFECTIVE FOR THEM. MY
POINT IN RAISING THESE ISSUE US
IS AGGRESSION IS MULTI-FACETED
AND COMPLEX, TAKES DIFFERENT
FORMS MOTIVATED BY FORCES.
ACROSS ALL OUR PERSPECTIVE WORK
WE NEED TO KEEP THAT COMPLEXITY
IN MIND THINKING ABOUT THE
MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION. WE ARE
NOT ALWAYS NECESSARILY AIMING AT
A TARGET ALL THE TIME. LIKEWISE
WHEN WE CURRENT RELEVANT RISKING
FACTORS AND CAUSAL MECHANISMS WE
ARE OFTENTIMES NOT FRAMINGUR
WORK WITHIN THE FULL SOCIALUL
ECOLOGY. FOR MANY OF US WHEN
WHICH THINK ABOUT WHAT CAUSES A
PERSON T A
E, WHAT
RECHANISMS ARE AT PLA
THINKING THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL.
WHAT ARE THE HIPPIE LOGICAL
FACTORS NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS? THE
PERSON'S PERSONALITY DRIVEN TO
AGGRESSION? WHAT PROVOKED IT?
THESE ARE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
CONSIDERATIONS AND THIS MAKES
SENSE BECAUSE IT IS AN
INDIVIDUAL WHO CROSSES THIS
THRESHOLD TO BECOME AGGRESSIVE.
THAT INDIVIDUAL IS SITUATED IN A
CONTEXT. SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL
MODELS ARE USED TO UNDERSTAND
HOW VARIOUS LEVELS OF THAT
CONTEXT CAN INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL
LEVEL BEHAVIOR AND VICE VERSA.
INCLUDING RESEARCH HON
(INAUDIBLE) CDC USES FRAMEWORK
FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION. SOCIAL
ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK SHOWS
ORGANIZED RISK FACTORS AND
MECHANISMS. THAT OPERATE AT
MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE SOAK
ECOLOGY AND ALLOWS COMMON AND
SPECIFIC MULTI-LEVEL RISK
FACTORS THAT CAN BE PROXIMAL OR
DISTAL O THE INDIVIDU INDIVIDUAE
INTERPERSONAL LEVEL WE ASK OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIORS OF
OTHERS SUCH AS A PARENT OR
INTIMATE PARTNER INFLUENCE
SOMEONE'S AGGRESSION, THE
COMMUNITY LEVEL WE ASK HOW LOCAL
ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS CLIMATE OR
ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS Z, ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL RISK
FOR AGGRESSION, THE SOCIETAL
LEVEL AND GLOBAL LEVEL WE ARE
FOCUSED ON NORMS POLL POLICIES
IS AND SYSTEMS. OTHER SOCIETIES
LAWS SOCIAL STIGMA BASED AN SEX
GENDER RACE ETHNICITY. SANCTION
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR. AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL WE
SEE EVIDENCE HOW INTERNET AND
SOCIAL MEDIA AND INTERNATIONAL
DISPLACEMENT AND ECONOMIC FACTOR
SET THE STAGE FOR AGGRESSION.
MUCH WORK TO BE DONE TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE
FACTORS. RECOGNIZING THAT AND
RECOGNIZING THE MULTI-LEVEL
MECHANISTIC WORK IS HARD TO DO,
WE NEED TO THINK AHEADS TO HOW
SUCH ETIOLOGICAL MECHANISTIC
WORK IS LEVERAGED TO PREVENT
AGGRESSION. IN SOME PREVENTION
EFFORTS TARGET SPECK LEVEL OF
SOCIAL ECOLOGY HOWEVER IN OTHER
INSTANCES PERHAPS IN MOST
INSTANCES, MULTI-LEVEL
INTERVENTION APPROACHES MIGHT
NEED TO BE EMPLOYED TO TARGET
SIMULTANEOUSLY RISK FACTORS AT
THESE DIFFERENT LEVELS. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. I'M GOING TO ZOOM
FROM TO THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL;
GREAT DEAL OF WORK IS CONDUCTED
TO UNDERSTAND THE PROXIMAL
CAUSES OF ALCOHOL FACILITATED
AGGRESSION. AND WHAT IS ALL
THAT RESEARCH SHOW? THE RESEARCH
LITERATURE IS QUITE CLEAR THERE
IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
ALCOHOL AND AGGRESSION. SO NOT
GOING TO SPEND MUCH TIME ON
THAT, EXCEPT TO SAY THE
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE
SUPPORTS A CONCLUSION BEYOND
MERE ASSOCIATION. ALCOHOL USE?
FACT THE PROXIMAL CONTRIBUTING
CAUSE OF AGGRESSION. STILL SO
MUCH WE DON'T KNOW. IT DOESN'T
CAUSING A GREG FOR EVERYBODY SO
WE NEED TO KNOW WHO IS AT RISK
SO WE KNOW TO WHOM WE DIRECT
INTERVENTIONS. SECOND STUDIES
AIM TO REDUCE ALCOHOL
FACILITATED AGGRESSION SEEK TO
PREVENT ALCOHOL USE IN THE FIRST
PLACE. SO THIS IS ESSENTIALLY
AIMING TO REMOVE ALCOHOL
TOGETHER AS A PROXIMAL
DETERMINANT OF AGGRESSION. IN
THE PAST 10, 15 YEARS THERE'S
MORE STUDIES BEGUN TO FOCUS HOW
TO REDUCE RISK AMONG PEOPLE WHO
HAVE CONSUMED ALCOHOL. EVEN HERE
THERE ARE FEW STUDIES THAT
DIRECTLY TEST
THEORY, MODEL IS THAT ALCOHOL
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
DISRUPT INTENTIONAL PROCESSES SO
AS A RESULT INDIVIDUAL WHOSE
CONSUME ALCOHOL PARTICULARLY
HIGH LEVELS, EXPERIENCE NARROWED
ATTENTIONAL FOCUS, THEY
EXPERIENCE RESTRICTION IN THE
QUEUES THEY CAN PROCEED AND
REDUCTION IN ABILITY TO PROCESS
MEANING FROM THE INFORMATION
THEY DO PERCEIVE. AS A RESULT
INTOXICATED INDIVIDUALS ALLOCATE
THEIR ATTENTION SUCH THAT A
PERCEIVE AND PROCESS ONLY THE
MOST SALIENT QUEUES IN A
SITUATION. AGGRESSION ARGUE.
HUGHES THAT INSTIGATE AGGRESSION
MORE -- QUEUES THAT INSTIGATE
AGGRESSION SO FOLLOWS THIS MODEL
PROXIMAL POTENTIATE PERPETRATION
BINARY ROWING ON SALIENT
UNDERSTAND TA GATING QUEUES SUCH
AS A THREAT FROM PARTNER OR
FEELINGS OF ANGER AND NOT SO
MUCH ON INHIBITOR LESS SALIENT
SUCH AS PERSONAL OR LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE OF BEENING
AGGRESSIVE. -- BECOMING
AGGRESSIVE. THIS PUNITIVE EFFECT
OF ALCOHOL AND ATTENTION IS
THEORIZED TO IMPACT EVEN MORE
PROXIMAL DOWNSTREAM FACTORS SUCH
AS AFFECT AND HOSTILE COGNITION.
OVERALL THERE IS EXTENTSIVE
EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THIS
MECHANISM THOUGH MOST IS
INDIRECT, VERY FEW DIRECT TESTS
OF THESE CONSTRUCTS AT THE
MOMENT IN TIME THAT IMMEDIATELY
PRECEDES AGGRESSIVE ACTION. THIS
IS A KEY GAP IN THE EVIDENCE
BASE. FURTHERMORE (INAUDIBLE)
THEORY MAKES A FUNDAMENTAL
ASSUMPTION THAT FUNDAMENTAL
PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL ARE
DISRUPTING NEUROLOGICAL
SUBSTRATES THAT GENERATE AND
REGULATE THESE EFFECTIVE AND
ATTENTIONAL PROCE BUT AGAIN
FEW STUDIES DIRECTLY MEASURE THE
BIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES AND
DOCUMENTED THEIR EFFECT WITHIN
THIS PUNITIVE MECHANIS MECHANISI
WILL CONCLUDE BY SUMMARIZING
WHAT I SEE AS CHALLENGES MOVING
FORWARD THAT MERIT ATTENTION AND
APPLY TO REGRESSION REGARDLESS
WHETHER OR NOT THE PERPETRATOR
USED ALCOHOL PROXIMAL TO THEIR
AGGRESSION. IN AN IDEAL WORLD WE
IDENTIFY SHARED MECHANISM THAT
SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF
INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO ALL
FORMS AND FUNCTION OF
AGGRESSION. HOWEVER INTERVENTION
TO PREVENT PHYSICAL BETWEEN TWO
LONG TERM PARTNERS WILL LIKELY
NOT BE THE SAME TEXTURAL
VIOLENCE BETWEEN ACQUAINTANCES
WHO MIGHT BE IN HOOK UP SCENE SO
SCIENCE NEEDS TO BE RIGOROUS HOW
TO ACCOUNT FOR AND
OPERATIONALIZE FORMS AND
FUNCTION OF AGGRESSION. SECOND,
WITH RESPECT TO SITUATING
AGGRESSION WITHIN THE SOCIAL E
DODGE MECHANISTIC WORK IS AT --
SOCIAL ECOLOGY INFLUENCE
PROXIMAL INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
FACTORS SUCH AS ALCOHOL USE.
FOR INSTANCE IN THE ALCOHOL
AGGRESSION FIELD MULTI-LEVEL
WORK ON PROXIMAL (LOST AUDIO)
THIRD LABOR INTENSIVE WORK TO
ASSESS FACTORS AT MULTIPLE
LEVELS OF ECOLOGY AND IT IS ALSO
CHALLENGING TO ASSESS DIRECTLY
PUNITIVE PROXIMAL MECHANISM OF
AGGRESSION. AT THE RISK OF
OVERSIMPLIFYING HERE TO GET AT
THOSE PROXIMAL MECHANISMS YOU
HAVE TO ASSESS DIRECTLY WHETHER
NATURALISTIC OR LABORATORY
CONTEXT BUT IT IS DOABLE. THAT
SAID, YOU THEN HAVE TO FIND A
WAY TO ASSESS PROXIMAL FACTORS
WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH THE
DOWNSTREAM EFFECT ON AGGRESSION.
YOU CAN'T STOP A COUPLE IN
MIDDLE OF CONFLICT AND RATE YOUR
ANGER NOW BECAUSE IT WILL NEED O
ADDRESS THESE AND OTHERS THAT
MAXIMIZE ABILITY TO PREVENT AND
REDUCE ALL FORMS OF AGGRESSION.
THANK YOU.
>>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. PARROTT,
THAT WAS EXCELLENT. IN THE
INTEREST OF TIME WE WILL MOVE TO
IF NEXT SPEAKER, A QUICK PLUG
FOR FOLKS TO PUT QUESTIONS IN
THE ZOOM IF YOU ARE ON ZOOM OR
VIDEOCAST CHAT. WE WILL TAKE
QUESTIONS AT THE END BUT PLEASE
PUT YOUR QUESTIONS IN AS THEY
OCCUR TO YOU. OUR NEXT SPEAKER
IS DR. ABIGAIL MARSH, PROFESSOR
PSYCHOLOGY AT GEORGETOWN
UNIVERSITY. WELCOME.
>>THANK YOU. I'M GOING TO JUMP
RIGHT IN, WE CAN GO TO THE NEXT
SLIDE. JUST A CUPFUL O POINTS
TO HIGHLIGHT ABOUT AGGRESSION. I
CAN SKIP A COUPLE WE HAVE
COVERED. FIRST OBVIOUSLY
AGGRESSION HAS TO BE
INTENTIONAL, HARM UNINTENTIONAL
IS BETTER TERM CARELESSNESS OR
IGNORANCE, SO FOCUSING ON
AGGRESSION THAT IS INTENDED.
AND OF COURSE RELEVANT FORMS OF
HARM INCLUDE PHYSICAL HARM LIKE
INJURY SOCIAL HARM LIKE
REPUTATIONAL DAMAGE OR EMOTIONAL
HARM, EXAMPLE OF FEAR WHEN
SOMEBODY IS THREATENED. WE
TALKED THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
REACTIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL
AGGRESSION WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT
RISK FACTORS AND NEURAL
MECHANISMS, ALSO IT CAN BE
IMPORTANT TO THINK DIRECT
AGGRESSION LIKE PHYSICALLY
HITTING VERSUS INDIRECT PUSHING
A BUTTON THAT CAUSES HARM. THAT
DOESN'T VIOLATE RULES ABOUT
AGGRESSION THAT ARE PROBABLY
INSTINCTIVE OR INBORNE THE WAY
DIRECT AGGRESSION. ALSO IT IS
IMPORTANT TO EXCLUDES CERTAIN
FORMS OF INTENTIONAL HARM,
OBVIOUS EXAMPLES ARE SPORTS
MEDICAL SETTINGS, THE MILITARY
LAW ENFORCEMENT CONTACTS SO WHEN
A BOXER OR A FOOTBALL PLAYER
KNOCKS?
B DOWN OR CONFLATE
WITH UNSANCTIONED AGGRESSION
BECAUSE THE MECHANISMS AND
CAUSES ARE DIFFERENT. THE REASON
I BRING THIS UP IS BECAUSE AS
PEOPLE LIKE ME WHO TRAINING IN
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY KNOW, IT MAKES
AGGRESSION INHERENTLY HARD TO
STUDY IN HUMANS AN LABORATORY
CONTEXT BECAUSE THE FORMS OF
AGGRESSION ELICITED BY
RESEARCHERS ARE ALWAYS
IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY
SANCTIONED IN THE LAB. IT MAKES
CHALLENGE
FORM OF AGGRESSION, MANY NORMS.
FORMS SUGGESTING SOME COMMON
UNDERLYING CAUSES. HOMICIDE,
JUVENILE HOMICIDES RISK DRIVING
ARE UP AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR
IN SCHOOLS WITHIN 2021, 15 TOO
20% TEACHERS AND STAFF REPORTING
HAVING BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
BY A STUDENT. THAT'S A HUGE
AMOUNT OF OF VIOLENCE IN
SCHOOLS. NEXT SLIDE. BUT AS WE
HAVE TALKED ABOUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
TRUE MOST PEOPLE IN ANY CONTEXT
ARE NOT AGGRESSIVE. THIS IS
RELATED TO WHAT IS SOMETIMES THE
(INAUDIBLE) PRINCIPLE OR THE 80,
20 RULE WHICH I APPLIES TO
AGGRESSION. COMMITTED BY A SMALL
PROPORTION OF PEOPLE. THE RATIOS
ARE NOT 80, 20, MORE SKEWED,
MORE EXTREME THE BEHAVIOR SO AS
TERRIE TALKED IN THE STUDY, 9%
OF PEOPLE OF LIFE COURSE
PERSISTENT CONDUCT PROBLEMS
ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF CRIMINAL
CONVICTIONS. SWEDISH STUDY
FAULK AND COLLEAGUES FOUND 1%
POPULATION ACCOUNTS FOR
TWO-THIRDS OF ALL VIOLENT CRIME
AND THIS VERY LARGE POPULATION
STUDY. HERE IN D.C. THE NATIONAL
INSTITUTE FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE
REFORM ANALYZED GUN VIOLENCE IN
DISTRICT IN 2021, WHEN THEY PUT
REPORT OUT AND CONCLUDED 60 TO
70 PERCENT GUN VIOLENCE
ACCOUNTED FOR BY ABOUT 200 VERY
HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS ALMOST ALL
MEN WHO WERE IDENTIFIABLE WHOSE
VIOLENCE IS PREDICTABLE AND
THEREFORE PREVENTABLE.
UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSINGING
A GREG FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH
PERSPECTIVE TAKES THIS INTO
ACCOUNT. MUCH MORE IMPACTFUL TO
FOCUS TON SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE
WHO HAVE PERSISTENT SERIOUS
AGGRESSION AND ON THE WHOLE
POPULATION MOST WHOM DO NOT
ENGAGE IN PERSISTENT AGGRESSION.
THIS BRINGS ME TO THE FACT THAT
MANY OR MOST PERSISTENTLY
AGGRESSIVE ADULTS CHILDREN HAVE
DIAGNOSES OF DISORDERS OF
AGGRESSION. INCLUDE CONDUCT
DISORDER WHICH DIKE NOSED INCOME
ANYBODY UNDER 18, SEVERE
DELINQUENCY AND AGGRESSION, IT
IS NOT RARE. LIFETIME
PREVENIENCE IS AS HIGH AS 9%.
THERE'S AN SOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER WHICH IS CURIOUS
BECAUSE IT IS ALMOST THE SAME
CRITERIA CONDUCT DISORDER BUT
ONLY DIAGNOSEDONR 18. NOT
AWARE OF ANY OTHER DISORDER
WHICH THE SAME SETICF SYMPTOMS
GET A NEW NAME ONCE A 17 YEAR
AND 364 DAY-YEAR-OLD TURNS 18. I
HAVE ALL SORTS OF CONCERNS ABOUT
THIS. BUT I IT IS NOT RARE, AS
COMMON OR MORE COMMON THAN
SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR AND
(INAUDIBLE) IS NOT IN THE
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL
MANUAL BUT IT IS AN ESTABLISHED
SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL
CONSTRUCT AND DISORDERS THAT
OVERLAPS WITH PERSONALITY
DISORDER. IT IS A CONSTRUCT
COMPRISED OF BOLDNESS
CALLOUSNESS AND DISINHIBITION
AND MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR
AGGRESSION AND NOT RARE. IF YOU
ARE LOOKING FOR INFORMATION
ABOUT THE DISORDERS YOU CAN
VISIT THE CHILD MIND WEBSITE OR
PSYCHOLOGY TODAY WITH GREAT
EXPLANATIONS OF IN THIS
DISORDERS AN ARTICLES ABOUT THEM
SO INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES
AFFECTED BY THESE COMMON AND
SEVERE DISORDERS CAN FINDS
INFORMATION ABOUT THEM. WE CAN
VISIT MY NOB PROFIT ORGANIZATION
PSYCHOPATHY IS WEBSITE. YOU
CAN'T FIND THESE DISORDERS
ANYWHERE ON THE NIH WEBSITE BY
PROMINENCE AND SEVERITY, I LOOK
FORWARD TO PEOPLE L AFFECTED BY
THESE SEVERE CONDITIONS CAN
LEARN ABOUT THEM FROM THE NIMH.
WHY DO PEOPLE CAN SEVERE AND
PERSISTENT AGGRESSION BEHAVE THE
WAY THEY DO. WE HAVE TO BE AS
CONCRETE AS POSSIBLE. NEARLY ALL
AGGRESSION AND SO GRATEFUL
PEOPLE HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB
TALKING ABOUT THE MUCH LARGER
CONTEXT IN WHICH AGGRESSION
OCCURS. HOWEVER, THE MOMENT THE
AGGRESSION TAKES PLACE, USUALLY
OCCURS IN BETWEEN PEOPLE THAT
KNOW EACH OTHER. ONE FRUSTRATES
THE OTHER ONE WITH INSULT WHICH
POINT THE OTHER PERSON RESPONDS
AGGRESSIVELY OR ALTERNATIVE
BEHAVIOR WALKING AWAY MAKING A
JOKE. MOST IN CIRCUMSTANCES LIKE
THIS DO CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE AND A
FEW FREQUENTLY CHOOSE
AGGRESSION. SO WE WANT TO KNOW
WHAT KINDS OF FACTORS ARE
RELEVANT TO THE CHOICE THAT IS
MADE HERE AMONG PERSISTENT
GUESSSORS. -- AGGRESSORS. FEW
INCLUDE GENETICS. WE KNOW THERE
IS A STRONG HERITABLE COMPONENT
FOR AGGRESSION ABOUT 60%. (LOST
AUDIO) PSYCHOPATHY, CALLOUS
EMOTIONAL TRAITS, IRRITABILITY,
ALL INCREASE AGGRESSION, IN PART
BECAUSE THEY SHAPE HOW PEOPLE
RESPOND TO THE REWARDS AND
PUNISHMENT EXPERIENCED FROM
AGGRESSION. THE ROLE OF SEX AND
GENDER NOT IGNORED THE VAST
MAJORITY IN REGION OF THE WORLD
THROUGHOUT HISTORY PARTICULARLY
PHYSICAL AGGRESSION BUT NOT ONLY
AS COMMITTED BY MEN. OF COURSE
AGE IS VERY IMPORTANT.
SITUATIONAL FACTORS ARE RELEVANT
TO MECHANISMS, CURRENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE, AGGRESSION
CERTAINLY MORE LIKELY IN PEOPLE
ANGRY WHEN INTOXICATED OR WHEN
THEY HAVE OTHERWISE IMPAIRED SIU
-- THE POTENTIAL AGGRESSOR SHAPE
OUTCOMES IF YOU DECIDE TO I
GUESS VERSUS PICK ALTERNATIVE.
THIS INFORMATION IS SHAPED BY
SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS. SO FOR
CONCRETE EXAMPLE SAY WE HAVE A
INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION THE
GIRL INSULTED THE BOY AND HE
CHOOSES TO RESPOND WITH VERBAL
AGGRESSION LIKE A THREAT.IKEA SE
SAYS SOMETHING LIKE I'M GOING TO
SLIT YOUR THROAT. I CHOOSE THIS
QUOTE BECAUSE IT MIDDLE SCHOOLER
MY OWN DAUGHTER'S MIDDLE SCHOOL
MADE THIS THREAT TWO YEARS AGO.
SAY THE GIRL RESPONDS AS TYPICAL
PERSON RESPOND IN CONTEXT LIKE
THAT WHI IS FEAR. FLINCH,
GASPS. HOW WOULD GUESS SORE
RESPOND TO THIS QUEUE? THIUEMIGE
WAY PEOPLE RESPOND TO SOCIAL
QUEUES IN THE MOMENT. THE WAY
PEOPLE RESPOND TO SOCIAL
APIECEMENT AND FEAR QUEUES SEEMS
TO BE POSH TO RESPONDING
ESPECIALLY PERSISTENT SEVERE
AGGRESSION. ACROSS SPECIES
INCLUDING HUMANS FEAR QUEUES
LIKE FEARFUL FACES AND VOCAL
QUEUES AN POSTURES INHIBIT
AGGRESSION. IF YOU HAVE A DOG OR
WOLF YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO WHEN
THEY ARE AFRAID SOMEBODY WILL
HURT THEM. THEY SLOW QUEUES
FEATURES OF VULNERABLE INFANTILE
APPEARANCE IN THAT SPECIES.
DOGS AND HUMANS FEAR QUEUES MAKE
GUESS SR. SOUND SMALLER AND
WEAKER AND MORE INFANTILE. THAT
SIGNALS THE EXPRESSER IS NOT A
THREAT AND TENDS TO DOWN
REGULATE THE PERCEIVERS ANGER
AND AGGRESSION AND ELICIT
EMPATHY AND CARE. ELEVATED RISK
OF AGGRESSION ARE UNUSUALLY
INSENSITIVE TO THESE QUEUES. IN
PART BECAUSE PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK
AGGRESSION TEND TO BE FEARLESS,
WHICH MAKES HARDER TO EMPATHIZE
WITH OTHER FEAR MANY PART DUE TO
AMYGDALA STRUCTURES AS A AS A
RESULT AS MY RESEARCH AS SHOWN
LESS LIKELY TO SEE BEHAVIORS
THAT CAUSE OTHER SPHERE AS MORAL
VIOLATION BECAUSE THEY STRUGGLE
TO UNDERSTAND THAT MENTAL STATE.
PEOPLE WHO ARE FEARLESS ARE ALSO
MORE LIKELY TO I GUESS BECAUSE
THEY ARE DETERD BY FEAR OF
PUNISHED, THEY HAVE LEARNING
FROM DIVERSITY OF OUTCOMES AS
COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH IS
SHOWING AND THESE ARE REASONS
THAT FEARLESS TEMPERMENT AS
MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR AGGRESSION
ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. ONE
POPULATION METRIC THAT PREDICTS
RIME AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
ACROSS POPULATIONS IS A LOW
RESTING HEART RATE, LOW AROUSAL
AND FEARLESS TEMPERMENT. A
STRONG PREDICTOR WILL BE IN THAT
SUBSET OF VIEWS WITH SERIOUS
LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT
AGGRESSION AND HERE A MAJOR
MENTAL HEALTH CONCERN AND PUBLIC
HEALTH CONCERN. THESE TRAITS DO
APPEAR AT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDER NOT FROM OTHERS LIKE
AUTISM, THEY HAVE A STRONG
HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT, HALF
OR MORE VARIANT SEEMS DUE TO
HERITABLE FACTORS AND THEY SHOW
EVIDENCE IN OF DIFFERENT NEURAL
COGNITIVE FUNCTION FROM AGE TWO
OR THREE. IN CHILDREN WHO HAVE
THAT SET OF TRAITS. THE DATA
NOW TO EMERGE IS HEARING FROM
OTHER SPEAKERS THAT KIDS WITH
TRAITS CAN BE TREAT AND
SUCCESSFULLY USING FAMILY BASED
APPROACHES AND THE EARLIER
TREATMENT THE BETTER BUT WE KNOW
TODAY REASONS I HOPE THIS GROUP
WILL BE DISCUSSING VANISHINGLY
FEW CHILDREN AT HIGHEST RISK FOR
CONDUCT PROBLEMS ARE EVER GIVEN
SCREEN, IDENTIFIED OR
DIRECTED TO TREATMENTS THAT ARE
EFFECTIVE AND THEN THEY THEIR
FAMILIES AN PUBLIC HAVE THE
CONSEQUENCE LATER ON ANDER FIXIG
THESE TO REDUCE POPULATION
AGGRESSION. SO IN SUMMARY,
UNSANCTIONED AGGRESSION IS
CAUSED BY A CONSTELLATION OF
BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE
RISK FACTORS WHICH AFFECT SMALL
PERCENT OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS
MANY WHOM QUALIFY FOR DIAGNOSES
OF DISORDERS OF AGGRESSION AND
WHO PERPETRATE MAJORITY AND WHO
I THINK STRATEGICALLY SHOULD BE
THE TARGET OF RESEARCH AND
INTERVENTION EFFORTS. THESE
DISORDERS ARE SO IMPORTANT. IT
IS HARD O, ONE OF THE CENTRAL
PROBLEMS WITH STUDYING
AGGRESSION IS PEOPLE WITH THESE
DISORDERS ARE HARD TO SYMPATHIZE
WITH SOMETIMES. BUT WE NEED TO.
NOBODY CHOOSES TO HAVE RISK
FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION. THE
DISORDERS THEY RESULT IN, HEALTH
AND SAFETY CONSEQUENCES FOR
PEOPLE WHO ARE AFFECTED, FOR
FAMILIES COMMUNITIES AND SO I
THINK IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH
REQUIRES GETTING BETTER
IDENTIFYING PEOPLE HIGH RISK FOR
AGGRESSION AND BETTER AT
CONNECTING THEM TO TREATMENT WE
DO KNOW ARE AFFECTIVE AND WELL
AS DEVELOPING BETTER TREATMENT
MS. FUTURE. THANK YOU. THANK YOU
SO MUCH, DR. MARSH, THAT WAS
FASCINATING. OUR FINAL PANELIST
IS DR. ESSI VIDING, PROFESSOR OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE LONDON.
>>HI. I'M NOT SHOWING MY SLIDES
ARE UP YET.
>>NOT YET.
>>GREAT. SO I'M CONSCIOUS THAT
WE ARE MEANT THE START A BREAK
FIVE MINUTES AGO SO I WILL RYE
TO BE SWIFT. I HAVE TRIED TO
FORMULATE THE TALK MORE AS
SERIES OF DISCUSSION POINTS IN
THE CONTEXT OF GENERAL FINDINGS
IN THE FIELD SO PERHAPS LESS
DETAIL TO PREVIOUS TALKS AND I
HOPE THAT MEANS I CAN GO A
LITTLE BIT SWIFTER.
>>WE HAVE THE FULL TIME TAKE
YOUR TIME.
>>AS YOU ARE AWARE, THERE ARE
LONG STANDING MODELS OF
AGGRESSION AS LEARNED BEHAVIOR.
WHICH HIGHLIGHTED CENTRAL ROLE
PARENTS MAY HAVE IN MODELING
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR TO CHILDREN.
THAT HAVE WAY (INAUDI
ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. WE
ALSO KNOW FROM RESEARCH THE
CHILDREN WHO GROW UP IN THE SAME
FAMILY OFTEN HAVE VERY DIFFERENT
OUTCOMES. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE
BEEN EXPOSED TO SIMILAR REARING
ENVIRONMENT. THIS SUGGESTS THERE
ARE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL FACTORS
THAT ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN
DETERMINING THE OUTCOMES OF THE
CHILDREN. SO THIS VERY MICE META
ANALYSIS THAT WAS (INAUDIBLE)
TEN YEARS AGO I THINK PROBABLY
ONE OF THE BEST WORK COLLATING A
LOT OF GENETICALLY INFORMATIVE
DATA IN THE AREA. WHICH
HIGHLIGHTED THAT APPROXIMATELY
50% VARIATION IS DUE TO GENETIC
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS
WHEN POOL DATA ACROSS THE
STUDIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
GENETIC INFLUENCES APPEARS TO
INCREASE WITH AGE AND THIS IS IN
LINE WITH THIS IDEA THAT
INDIVIDUALS AS THEY GROW OLDER
SELECT ENVIRONMENTS AND PEER
GROUPS AND SO FORTH MORE AND
MORE, THIS MAY HAVE BEEN REALLY
INCREASE IMPORTANCE OF THIS
GENETICALLY DURING PROPENSITIES
ON OUTCOMES. THESE GENETIC
STUDIES ANALYZED IN THIS PAPER
DIDN'T SUGGEST ANY QUALITATIVE
OR QUANTITATIVE SEX DIFFERENCE
ON THE ETIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION.
THIS IS LOOKING AT INDIVIDUAL
AGGRESEST DRIVES
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IREAGGRER
ACROSS THE SEXES. HOWEVER THAT
DOESN'T MEAN THERE MAY NOT BE
SOMETHING THAT CAUSES MEAN
DIFFERENCES THAT VARIES BETWEEN
THE SEXES SO THE MOUSE MODEL IS
NICE THAT SHOWED MAYBE CIRCUIT
LEVEL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES
AND FEMALES THAT REALLY INCREASE
THE MALES AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
AND THIS MAY IN POPULATION LEVEL
SHIFT THE DISTRIBUTION SO THAT
MORE MEN END UP IN A HIGHLY
AGGRESSIVE CATEGORY AND THEY MAY
BE SOCIETAL FACTORS BUT ALSO
HAVE INFLUENCE SIMPLY AFFORD
DANCES WHETHER YOU TAX SOMEBODY
OR KNOB MAY HAVE TO DO WHAT
(INAUDIBLE) WOMEN ARE SMALLER,
O NOTE WHATO
DEGREE THIS APPLIES FOR
RELATIONAL AGGRESSION, NOT SURE
WHETHER THERE'S DATA ON THAT.
STUDIES SHOW PROACTIVE
PREMEDITATED WE OFTEN ASSOCIATE
CALLOUS OR PSYCHOTIC
PRESENTATION SEEMS VONS
HERITABLE REACTIVE AGGRESSION
BUT THAT IS OUT OF COURSE THIS
CAN CO-OCCUR IN THE SAME
INDIVIDUAL BUT WHEN WE THINK
ABOUT WHAT DRIVES VARIATION IN
THESE TRAITS IT SEEMS GENETIC
INFLUENCES ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN
DRIVING VARIATION IN PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION. THIS PERHAPS PARTLY
SUGGESTS THERE ARE LIKELY TO BE
AT LEAST IN PART DIFFERENT
NEURAL COGNITIVE MECHANISM THAT
DRIVE THIS DIFFERENT TYPES OF
AGGRESSION. BUT OF COURSE
REACTIVE AGGRESSION IS TYPICALLY
HAVE SMALL IMMEDIATE IN RESPONSE
TO ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES
VERSUS PREMEDITATED AGGRESSION
MAYBE MORE TO DO WITH HOW YOU AS
AN INDIVIDUAL ARE -- LIKE THE
CONDUCT YOUR SOCIAL LIFE OR
STRIKE PREVENTION OR WHATEVER IT
IS YOUR PREFERENCES ARE. NEXT
SLIDE. YOU CAN'T REALLY TALK
ABOUT GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL
WITHOUT CONSIDERING THESION
INTERPLAY BETWEEN BESEN
ENVIRONMENT. SO GENE ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION IS THE NOTION THAT
NOT ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE AFFECTED
TO THE SAME DEGREE BY
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES.
INCREASE RISK PROGRESS OF THE
BEHAVIOR SO THIS WILL EXPLAIN
CHILDREN GROWING IN SIMILAR
NEIGHBORHOODS SIMILAR FAMILIES
OR EVEN THE SAME FAMILY END UP
HAVING DIFFERENT AGGRESSION
TRAJECTORIES. THEY MAY HAVE THE
SAME ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS BUT IT
DOESN'T AFFECT THEM THE SAME
DEGREE. I WOULD ALSO URGE GENE
ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION, THIS IS
RECEIVED A LITTLE LESS ATTENTION
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
RESEARCH IS ALSO IMPORTANT AREA.
THAT WE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION
TO. THERE ARE CLEARLY GENETIC
INFLUENCES ON EXPOSURE TO RISK
ENVIRONMENT SO MANY SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SHOW
HERITABILITY. AND WE ALSO KNOW
MANY OF THE ASSOCIATIONS WE HAVE
SEEN BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS
ENVIRONMENTS AND THE OUTCOMES
HAVE A GENETIC CONFOUNDING. --
COMPOUNDING. SO THERE ARE NUMBER
OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENE
ENVIL CORRELATION. SO
TH ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION
REALLY HIGHLHAT PARENTS
AND CHILDREN SHARE THE SAME
GENETIC VULNERABILITIES AND SOME
OF THIS ASSOCIATIONS THAT WE MAY
SEE BETWEEN PARTICULAR PARENTING
VARIABLES AND OUTCOMES FOR THE
CHILDREN MAY BE AT LEAST IN PART
THE (INAUDIBLE) OF THE GENETIC
RISK IN FAMILIES. THE PARENT MAY
HAVE TEMPER MENTAL GENETIC
TEMPER MENTAL RISK FACTORS
MEANING MORE AGGRESSIVE MORE
HEAR, THEY MAY PASS THE GENES ON
THROUGH THE CHILDREN AND WHICH
NEED TO REALLY CONDUCT STUDIES
ADOPTION STUDY AN WIND STUDIES
THAT HELP US TRY TO PARSE APART
HOW MUCH ASSOCIATION WE SEE IS
TRUE ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN
ASSOCIATION VERSUS SOMETHING
HIGHLIGHTS THE GENETIC RISK
LOADING IN PARTICULAR VULNERABLE
FAMILIES. THERE IS ALSO CIRCLED
EVOCATIVE GENE ENVIRONMENT
CORRELATION WHICH DENOTES
INDIVIDUALS HERITABLE BEHAVIOR
EVOKES DIFFERENT RESPONSES IN
THE ENVIRONMENTS. SO IN OTHER
WORDS DIFFERENT CHILDREN WITH
DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR REPERTOIRES
GENETIC INFLUENCE E VOGUE
DIFFERENT PARENTING BEHAVIOR,
ILLUSTRATING THIS HERE WITH
PHOTOGRAPHS OF MY OWN CHILDREN
WHO HAVE VERY VASTLY DIFFERENT
TEMPERMENTS, MY DAUGHTER IS A
TEXTBOOK EASY CHILD AND MY SON
THOUGH CHARMING AND LOVELY IS
NOT. THAT HAS LED TO VERY, VERY
DIFFERENT PARENT CHILD
INTERACTIONS EVEN THOUGH I AS A
PARENT HOLD A SINGULAR PARENTING
PHILOSOPHY HOW I WOULD LIKE TO
REAR MY CHILDREN. THE THIRD TYPE
OF GENE ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION
IS ACTIVE GENE ENVIRONMENT
CORRELATION AND THIS IS
ESSENTIALLY DEPENDENT TO
ACTIVELY SEEK ENVIRONMENTS THAT
REINFORCE GENOTYPIC DISPOSITION
THIS PERHAPS IS PARTLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS INCREASE
HERITABLE THAT WE SEE AS
INDIVIDUALS GROW OLDER. THE
ADOLESCENCE FOR INSTANCE MAY
SEEK PEER GROUP AS TERRIE SHOWED
IN HER TALK AND ALSO SHOWN IN
TWIN STUDIES, THE TALK MODELED
GENE ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION.
NEXT SLIDE. SO IN BOTH
CHILDREN AND THE AHO
INTERACT WITH THEM SHOW
HERITABLE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
IN THEIR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE
PROCESSING BEHAVIOR. THIS
IMPACTS UPON HOW THE CHILDREN
BEHAVE. WHAT THEY BEST RESPOND
TO AND HOW ADULTS BEHAVE AND
REACT AS A CHILD. NEXT SLIDE.
SO IN THIS SENSE WHEN WE THINK
ABOUT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT WE CAN'T
THINK OF THE BRAIN JUST AS A A
RECEIVER OF ENVIRONMENTS BUT
ALSO AS AN ACTIVE CREATOR,
SOMETHING MYSELF AND MY
COLLEAGUE HAVE POOLED THIS
NOTION OF EMBEDDED FRAME, THIS
IS ALSO VISITED BY OTHER PEOPLE
WHO HAVE SPOKEN BEFORE. THE
NOTION YOU SHOULDN'T FOCUS ON
INDIVIDUAL BUT SHOULDN'T FOCUS
ON JUST THE ENVIRONMENT EITHER.
IT IS IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE
INTERPLAY WITH THEM WITHIN A
DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK. .
NEXT SLIDE. I HI THE
CHALLENGES, THESE ARE SOME OF
THE DISCUSSION POINTS AS WELL
THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT
FOR THIS WORKSHOP. THE CHALLENGE
IS HOW TO BEST STUDY THIS
TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSES
UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENT OF
AGGRESSION IN A MULTI-LEVEL
FRAMEWORK. THIS METHOD LOGICAL
CHALLENGE BEFORE WE CAN REALLY
FULLY GET THERE. SO WE NEED
MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES WITH
LARGER SAMPLES AND THAT INCLUDE
STUDIES FOCUSING ON DIFFERENT
TYPES OF AGGRESSION AND THAT
LOOK AT DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC
EFFECTS. . SO WE DON'T HAVE A
CONSORTIUM STUDYING AT THE
MOMENT TO ALLOW US TO DO THAT ON
POOL DATA. I THINK WE NEED TO
DEVELOP NEW ENVIRONMENTAL, OUR
ENVIRONMENTAL CURRENTLY FOCUSING
ON VERY SHORT PERIODS OF TIME
SOMETIMES LOOKING AT OBSERVA
OBSERVATIONS AND FAKE CONDITIONS
OR (INAUDIBLE) BROAD CAPTURE
BROAD IMPAIRMENT BUT PERHAPS NOT
SENSITIVE TO WHAT WILL CAUSE
SOMEONE TO CATALYZE IN A
PARTICULAR TRAJECTORY OR NOT.
WE NEED TO DEVELOP BETTER RISK
MECHANISMS IN BOTH CHILDREN AND
CAREGIVERS AND (INAUDIBLE) NOT
FIT FOR PURPOSE FOR STUDYING
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. I THINK
WE NEED TO CONNECT WITH BROADER
DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
FRAMEWORK,AM TERRIE MENTIONED
CONTINUITY H KIDS DON'T JUST
DEVELOP AGGRESSION, THEY DEVELOP
OTHER MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL
PROBLEM AS THEY GROW UP SO WE
NEED TO THINK ABOUT THIS IN A
FRAMEWORK THAT FOCUSES ON
AGGRESSION BUT LINKS THEM WITH
THE BROADER FIELD. I WANT TO
ALSO EMPHASIZE THE POINT THAT
TAMMY WASOR WAS MAKING ABOUT
TAKING THIS LIFE COURSE APPROACH
FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION
YOU CAN'T (INAUDIBLE) THE REST
OF THE WEEK AND TAKE ONE
VACCINATION AND THINK IT IS FINE
FOR LIFE. SIMILARLY YOU NEED THE
EARLY INTERVENTION BUT ALSO NEED
TO THINK ABOUT DEVELOPMENTALME
SNARES AS THE CHILDREN GROW
OLDER AND HOW WE CAN BEST
E. I WILL STOP HERE.
THANK YOU.
>>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. VIDING
AND TO OUR PANELISTS. WE WILL
MOVE TO THE DISCUSSION PHASE OF
OUR SESSION NOW. THANKS SO MUCH
FOR HIGHLIGHTING SUCH REALLY
CRITICAL NUANCES IN THIS
LITERATURE AND I THINK SETTING
THE STAGE WHAT WILL BE A RICH
DISCUSSION. WE HAVE TWO
DISCUSSANTS WHO WILL BEGIN WITH
OPENING REMARKS. FIRST DR. LARRY
YOUNG WHO IS DIRECTOR OF THE
CENTER FOR TRANSLATIONAL SOCIAL
NEUROSCIENCE AND THE SENT FORE
OXYTOCIN AND SOCIAL COGNITION
EMORY UNIVERSITY. DR. KRISTA
MEHARI, ASSISTANT DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY AT VANDERBILT. DR.
YOUNG, BEGIN WITH OPENING
REMARKS?
>>YES. SO THAT WAS A GREAT
PANEL MY COMMENTS ARE REALLY
BASED ON MY OWN EXPERTISE AS AN
ANIMAL RESEARCHER. AND ALSO THE
THEME OF? WORKSHOP ADVANCING THE
SCIENCE OF AGGRESSION ACROSS
SPECIES AND DISCIPLINES. WITHIN
THIS PANEL WE SAW THAT ALL THE
SPEAKERS WERE DOING HUMAN
RESEARCH VERY IMPORTANT WORK
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND REALLY THE
RISK FACTORS THAT ARE
CONTRIBUTING TO AGGRESSION AND
THINGS LIKE ALCOHOL YOU CAN SEE
GENETICS ARE INVOLVED
EXPERIENCES, AND REALLY
UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS THE BASIS
OF THIS INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND
AGGRESSION AND HOW THAT MAY BE
TREATED AND MAYBE WHAT ARE THE
BRAIN MECHANISMS. THAT IS --
THAT FIELD IS MOVING FORWARD AND
WE ARE LEARNING A GREAT DEAL
ABOUT THAT. IN CONTRASTING THAT
TO GREAT WORK THAT DAYU LIN WAS
TALKING IN ANIMAL RESEARCH WHERE
YOU GET VERY PRECISE MECHANISMS
IN DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURES AND SO
YOU CAN MANIPULATE CELLS AND
INITIATE AGGRESSION. MY THINKING
IS ONE OF THE BIG CHALLENGES OF
THE FIELD OF AGGRESSION IS TO
TRY TO INTEGRATE, THOSE TWO
DIRECTIONS. SO IT OCCURRED TO ME
LISTENING TO THIS PANEL AND
AFTER LISTENING TO DAYU, THERE
IS A DIFFERENT LANGUAGES,
DIFFERENT LANGUAGES USED IN THE
TWO DIFFERENT FIELDS AND I THINK
IT WOULD BE REALLY GREAT FOR THE
FIELD TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT HOW
TO GET MORE COMMUNICATION AND
ALSO MAYBE TO HOW CAN THE TWO
FIELDS BENEFIT FROM EACH OTHER.
FOR EXAMPLE, WE HEARD FROM THIS
PANEL ABOUT ALL THE EXTERNAL
FACTORS OR INTERNAL GENETICS
CREATING INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.
MAYBE ABOUT MALL RESEARCH SHOULD
TAKE THAT INFORMATION AND SAY
HOW CAN WE BUILD BETTER
UNDERSTAND HOW THE RISK FACTORS
CAN AFFECT THE ANIMAL SYSTEMS.
MAYBE OBVIOUSLY BRAIN REGIONS
THAT ARE INVOLVED INTEGRATING
OTHER RISK FACTORS THAT MAYBE
FEED INK TO THIS VENTRAL MEDIAL
THALAMUS BUT TRYING TO BROADEN
THE NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE SO
WE CAN APPLY THAT TO HUMAN
RESEARCH WITH BRAIN IMAGING.
THAT IS THE CHALLENGE OF THE
FIELD TO TRY TO GET MORE
COMMUNICATION AND ONE WAY TO DO
THAT IS TO HAVE EVENTS LIKE THIS
OF COURSE. BUT I THINK GREAT WAY
TO DO THAT IS TO HAVE A MEETING
WHERE YOU HAVE SYMPOSIA WHERE
SPEAKERS YOU HAVE TWO SPEAKERS
THAT DO HUMAN RESEARCH AND TWO
THAT DO ANIMAL RESEARCH AND SORT
OF JUST LEARN FROM EACH OTHER.
AND TO TRY TO FIGURE HOW TO
SHAPE RESEARCH SO THAT THE
ANIMAL RESEARCH CAN SHAPE THEIR
RESEARCH TO HELP HUMAN SIDE OF
THINGS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT GENES
MAYBE INVOLVED, BRAIN REGIONS
INVOLVED AND HOW HUMAN RESEARCH
SHAPE ANIMAL RESEARCH. THOSE MY
THOUGHTS.
>>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. YOUNG.
DR. MEHARI, DID YOU WANT TO
OFFER ANY REMARKS?
>>THANK YOU. YES. I WILL BE
BRIEF ALSO BECAUSE I'M REALLY
INTERESTED IN A COUPLE OF
QUESTIONS WHERE THE PANEL -- FOR
THE PANEL. I THINK LIKE DR.
YOUNG MY INTEREST RELATES TO MY
OWN RESEARCH. MANY MY WORK WE DO
COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL BASED
PREVENTION, SPECIFICALLY FOCUSED
ON YOUTH VIOLENCE PREVENTION. SO
AS I AM CONSUMING THE
INFORMATION WE ARE HEARING, I AM
INTERESTED TO THINK HOW WE CAN
APPLY THE WORK WE ARE LEARNING
ABOUT TO INCREASING THE IMPACT
AND USEFULNESS OF PREVENTION
STRATEGIES. ONE THING THAT STUCK
OUT TO ME AS I WAS LISTENING WAS
THIS FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
BEHAVIOR. I FULLY ACKNOWLEDGE
THAT, AGGRESSION IS AN
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL BEHAVIOR BUT I
THINK ONE THING WE HAVEN'T BEEN
TALKING ABOUT IS THAT VARIATIONS
ACROSS PLACE. IN THE COMMONNESS
OF AGGRESSION OR NORMATIVENESS
OF AGGRESSION. SO WE TALK ABOUT
THE SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE
INDIVIDUALS HAVING MAJORITY OF
THE CRIMINAL CHARGES. BUT I
WOULD HIGHLY DOUBT THOSE SMALL
AMOUNT OF INDIVIDUALS AT LEAST
IN THE UNITED STATES ARE EVENLY
DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE UNITED
STATES. WE KNOW THAT THERE IS
ENTRY LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN
AGGRESSION AND HOMICIDE THAT ARE
VERY STARK WITH U.S. HAVING THE
HIGHEST RATES IN THE DEVELOPED
TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD. THEN WE
ALSO SEE REALLY STRONG
DIFFERENCES ACROSS STATES.
WITHIN STATES THESE STRONG
DIFFERENCES ACROSS CITIES AND
EVEN WITHIN CITIES WE CAN SEE
STRONG DIFFERENCES CENSUS BLOCK
TO CENSUS BLOCK. I'M REALLY
CURIOUS AS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
THIS, AND WE TALKED ABOUT
GENETICS, FAMILIES, FRIENDS,
SITUATIONS HOW CAN THESE
RESEARCH GROUPS, RESEARCH
AGENDAS THAT WE HAVE TALKED
ABOUT SO FAR SHED LIGHT ON
UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL IMPACTS
ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. ON DR.
PRAT I LIKE THE WAY YOU SAID
WITH ALCOHOL THOUGH IT IS
CORRELATIONS THAT WE ARE LOOKING
AT A LOT OF THE TIME, THE WEIGHT
OF THE EVIDENCE IS SO HIGH, WE
CAN ESSENTIALLY POINT TO
CAUSALITY. AND THINKING ABOUT
THE LINK FOR BETWEEN ALCOHOL,
HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. SO WHAT
KIND OF EVIDENCE, APPROACHES TO
TAKE TO START UNDERSTANDING
STRUCTURAL FACTORS THAT CAUSING
A GREG, THINKING CULTURE AND HOW
CULTURE MIGHT PLAY A ROLE. THE
SOCIO POLITICAL LANDSCAPE, POL
POLARIZATION, THEN SOCIO
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS, CRIMINAL
VIOLENCE, EDUCATION, LAW
ENFORCEMENT AND JUSTICE SYSTEMS
HOW THEY ARE ENTERTWINED AND
OFTEN SEEM TO FORCE ADOLESCENTS
ON TO A PATH THAT RESULTS IN
CONTINUED AND ESCALATING DEVIANT
BEHAVIORS. FAITH AND RELIGION.
HOW THAT PLAY AS ROLE, THINKING
STRUCTURAL RACISM IN THE MASSIVE
IMPACT THAT THAT HAS HON OUR
COUNTRY. HAVING SEGREGATION AND
MAKING EASY TO TARGET GROUPS OF
PEOPLE FOR DISINVESTMENT AND
HOST OF OTHER THINGS. STATE AND
LOCAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES,
AND EVEN AT THE SMALLER LEVELS
THINKING ABOUT NEIGHBORHOODS,
RANGING FROM GREEN SPACE HEAT
INDEX AVAILABILITY OF FUNDING TO
DO FOR YOUTH AND SCHOOLS, SO I'M
CURIOUS AND I WOULD LOVE TO OPEN
THAT QUESTION UP TO THE PANEL.
HOW CAN WE START WORKING
TOGETHER TO UNDERSTAND
STRUCTURAL IMPACTS? SON
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR?
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR.
MEHARI, GREAT QUESTION. I WANT
TO REMIND FOLKS ON THE VIDEOCAST
TO CONTINUE TO PUT YOUR
QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT. THEY WILL
BE SENT OVER TO THE ZOOM FOLKS
AND WE CAN ASK THEM OTHER
PANELISTS AND DISCUSSANTS.
BEFORE WE TURN TO YOUR
PROVOCATIVE IMPORTANT QUESTION,
I WANT TO STEP BACK AND ALLOW
COUPLE OF QUESTIONS THAT CAME IN
EARLY ON, GOING TO COME BY. IN
ADDITION TO THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF
ALCOHOL WHILE INTOXICATED, THIS
PERSON ASKS ARE THERE LONGER
TERM SCARS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL
USE THAT INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD
OF AGGRESSION EVEN WHILE SOBER?
AND A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION, THAT
SORT OF RELATED BUT YOU CAN
START WITH THAT ONE.
>>SURE. THERE'S CERTAINLY
RESEARCH WHERE MORE CHRONIC
ALCOHOL USE CAN OVER TIME CAN
LEAD TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL
IMPAIRMENT, IMPAIRMENT EXECUTIVE
FUNCTIONING JUST TO BE A LITTLE
SIMPLISTIC. WHERE THOSE DEFICITS
THAT OCCUR OVER TIME ARE THEN
GOING TO BE THE MORE IN OLDER
AGE OR MIDDLE AGE PREMORBID RISK
FOR AGGRESSION IN ABSENCE OF
ALCOHOL USE. THAT WOULD BE MY
MOST STRAIGHT FORWARD SIMPLISTIC
ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION. I THINK
THERE'S DEFINITELY EVIDENCE TO
SUGGEST THAT.
>>A FOLLOW-UP TO THAT WHICH
GETS MORE INTO THE WEEDS. MIGHT
WE HYPOTHESIZE TERRIE MOFFITT'S
QUESTION, HYPOTHESIZE CITY
MARGIE INTERACTION BETWEEN A
PERSON LONG STANDING PROBLEMS
WITH ATTENTION FROM TODDLER HOOD
AND THEIR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
THAT FURTHER NARROW DETENTION
SALIENT QUEUES LIKE POURING OIL
ON A FIRE, THAT SUGGEST A
SPECIFIC RESEARCH APPROACH,
INTERESTED TO HEAR YOUR
THOUGHTS.
>>I'M GOING TO GIVE A YES AND
NO ANSWER. I THINK ABSOLUTELY,
YES. I THINK THERE'S CERTAIN SAY
RISK FACTORS WHERE THAT IS GOING
TO BE THE CASE. THE NO PART OF
MY ANSWER IS WE HAVE IDENTIFIED
SOME VARIABLES WHERE THOSE HIGH
RISK PEOPLE CALL IT A CEILING
EFFECT OR SOMETHING ELSEWHERE
ALCOHOL ISN'T POTENTIATING
AGGRESSION STRONGLY IN THOSE
HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS IT IS MORE
LOWER RISK PEOPLE WHO MIGHT
UNDER SOBER CONDITIONS MIGHT BE
BETTER ABLE TO FLEX THEIR
ATENSION SO ALCOHOL WILL HAVE
MORE IMPACT THERE, THE MORE HIGH
RISK PEOPLE THAT THAT ARE MYOPIC
IN WHAT THEY ARE ARE FOCUSED IN
ALCOHOL USE, DRINKING ALCOHOL IN
HEAVY AMOUNTS ISN'T ADDING MUCH
TO THAT MYOPIC EFFECT. SO THERE
IS NOT A -- I WOULD SAY A TON OF
EVIDENCE IN THAT REGARD BUT I
THINK WE HAVE SEEN SEVERAL
INDEPENDENT STUDIES THAT SUGGEST
BOTH CAN BE TRUE.
>>EXCELLENT. THANKS. I THINK
THIS QUESTION MIGHT BE FOR DR.
MARSH. REGARDING THE FACT
APIECEMENT INHIBIT AGGRESSION
ACROSS SPECIES. WHAT ABOUT
SIGNALS OF DEFENSE AGGRESSION,
WITHOUT APIECEMENT, IN DOGS
THERE IS A SEQUENCE THAT
PRECEDES AGGRESSION, FREEZING
TURNING HEAD AWAY, ET CETERA,
THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM CANINE
APIECEMENT JESTTURES. THERE IS
A LOW CONVERSATION IN THE CHAT
BUT VIDEOCAST FOLKS DIDN'T CATCH
THAT.
>>THESE ARE GREAT QUESTIONS. I
LOVE THE VERY DETAILED
CHARACTERIZATION OF HOW DOGS USE
NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR TO MANAGE
THEIR POTENTIALLY AGGRESSIVE
INTERACTIONS THE SAD PART IS
HUMANS USE THE NON-VERBAL QUEUES
THE SAME WAY BECAUSE WE DON'T DO
THE SAME CAREFUL ECOLOGICAL
STUDIES OBSERVING AND WATCHING
AND GETTING DETAILED CATALOGS
AND NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN HUMAN
IT IS SAME WAY. THERE USED TO BE
MORE IN THE 60s AND 70s. BUT
NOT A LOT GETS DONE ANY MORE SO
WE DON'T KNOW AS MUCH ABOUT
THESE DETAILS. SOMEBODY ELSE
POINTED OUT IN THE THAT WE KNOW
HUMANS USE SMILES AS APIECEMENT
DISPLAYS -- APPEASEMENT DISPLAYS
AS WELL SO WE KNOW HUMAN VERSUS
MULTIPLE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
APPEASEMENT DISPLAYS THAT HAVE
THE SAME SIGNAL WHICH IS I MEAN
YOU NO HARM. NOT GOING TO TRY TO
HURT YOU. I HAVE USED THEM
MYSELF, I HAVE NEARLY ATTACKED
BY SOMEBODY WHO THOUGHT I HIT
THEIR CAR WHEN I HAD NOT, AN
INNOCENT MISTAKE THAT TURNED TO
RAPID INTERACTION. I REMEMBER
SAYING I'M GOING TO USE
EVERYTHING I KNOW. I WAS QUITE
VULNERABLE AND NO MODE TO GET
ATTACKED THAT DAY. WORKED OUT
GREAT. I WILL SAY OF COURSE THAT
IN THE CONTEXT OF AGGRESSIVE
INTERACTION ONE THAT COULD TURN
AGGRESSIVE OF COURSE THE PERSON
BEING ATTACKED THAT FEARFUL
STATE COULD LEAD THEM TO DECIDE
I'M NOT GOING TO TRY TO ATTACK
BACK. I HAVE SOME CHANCE OF
WINNING WHICH CASE I WILL ATTACK
IN RESPONSE OR I HAVE NO CHOICE.
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO LET GO SO
I BETTER ATTACK. THAT IS A
REALLY INTERESTING QUESTION
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS
FAIRLY SUBMISSION APPEASEMENT
VERSUS DEFENSIVE ATTACK IN
HUMANS. ONE POINT EARLIER THIS
IS UNBELIEVABLY DIFFICULT TO
STUDY MANY HUMANS BECAUSE WE
CANNOT PUT HUMANS IN THE SAME
SITUATION THAT NON-HUMAN ANIMAL
RESEARCHERS PUT THEIR
PARTICIPANTS IN, WE CANNOT PUT
PEOPLE IN LABORATORY SIGNATURES
WHERE ACTUAL PHYSICAL EVENTS
UNBOUND BY RULES AND AGAINST THE
RULES, KIND OF AGGRESSION WE
CARE ABOUT CANNOT EXPERIMENTALLY
STUDY THAT. SO I THINK WE ARE
JUST REALLY, FROM AN ETHICAL
LEVEL WILL IS A LOT OF QUESTIONS
WE ARE STRUGGLING TO ANSWER.
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT THOUGHTFUL
ANSWER. THIS IS GOING TO TIE TO
WHAT DR. YOUNG SAID ABOUT I
THINK DR. YOUNG, PRETTY SURE.
ABOUT THE POINT OF HAVING THIS
BRINGING ANIMAL MODEL TO THE
HUMAN ENTERPRISE AND BACKWARD TO
IDENTIFY WHERE THE GAPS ARE.
THEN COME FULL CIRCLE. I WANTED
TO TURN TO DR. MEHARI'S COMMENTS
AND THERE IS FOLLOW-UP
DISCUSSION IN THE CHAT, SOME OF
THE POINTS HE MADE: SO I
THOUGHT WE COULD MOVE TO THAT
DISCUSSION POINT. COURTNEY
SIMMONS AND -- SINCE GREAT
POINTS DR. MEHARI RELATED TO
DISTRIBUTION OF AGGRESSION
ACROSS PLACE WE NEED TO CONSIDER
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK. ALSO HAVE
IMPLICATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS
THAT PROMOTE AND PROTECT AGAINST
AGGRESSION. OVER TO YOU.
>>I COMPLETELY AGREE, I BELIEVE
THAT OUR COUNTRY DELIBERATELY
ORGANIZED RISK IN PARTICULAR
WAYS THAT IMPACTS SOME SPACES
MORE THAN OTHERS. THAT IS A KEY
THING TO BE THINKING ABOUT AND
ALSO MAKES RISK AND PROTECTIVE
FACTORS LOOK DIFFERENT IN
DIFFERENT CONTEXT. WE JUST DID A
STUDY ADOLESCENCE WHO BELIEVE
THAT FIGHTING IS SOMETIMES
NECESSARY ACTUALLY LESS LIKELY
VICTIMIZED OVER TIME THAN
ADOLESCENCE WHO HAVE UNIVERSAL
BEEFS AGAINST FIGHTING. THAT IS
PROBLEMATIC. IF YOU ARE GROWING
UP IN AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE YOU
HAVE TO KEEP YOURSELF SAYS
SOMETIMES BY FIGHTING. SO I
WOULD COMPLETELY AGREE THAT WE
NEED TO BE THINKING ABOUT RISK
AS SOMETHING THAT IS NOT%
DISTRIBUTED, AND WHICH NEED TO
BE FOCUSED ON UNDERSTANDING
STRUCTURAL VARIATION AND WHERE
RISK OCCURS.
>>ANYONE ELSE LIKE TO JUMP IN?
>>I AGREE WITH KRISTIN, THAT
HIGHLIGHT IT IS COMPLEXITY OF
LOOKING AT RISK THAT IS NOT
RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR
SOCIETAL REASONS AND ALSO FOR
GENETIC REASONS. EVEN WITHIN
EACH COMMUNITY USUALLY A
MINORITY OF THE PEOPLE. WHO ARE
CAUSING TROUBLE SO IN THE
CONTEXT OF HUGE STRUCTURAL RISK
FACTORS WE ABSOLUTELY NEED TO
FIND, NOT EVERYBODY TURNS OUT
THE SAME. THAT SHOULDN'T BE USED
TO SAY WE OUGHT NOT TO DEAL WITH
THE STRUCTURAL RISK FACTORS AND
SOMEHOW IT IS ALL TO DO WITH
YOUR GENETICALLY DRIVEN
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. BUT I
THINK IGNORE EACHER AT YOUR
PERIL. THIS IS PITTING BIOLOGY
AND SOCIAL AGAINST EACH OTHER
AND I THINK IT IS REALLY
IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE -- NOT
EVERYBODY IS IN THE SAME
STARTING LINEUP PARTLY BECAUSE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS PARTLY
BECAUSE OF GENETIC REASONS AND
DR. SOMPALLI: OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS ARE
ENTERLINKED WITH GENETICS. THAT
MAKES IT COMPLEX WHEN YOU THINK
ABOUT INTERVENTION SPACE AS WELL
PARTICULARLY IF YOU WORK WITH
YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES YOU
ARE DEALING WITH FAMILIES NOT
ONLY CHILD HAS DIFFICULTY
REGULATING BUT THE PARENT TRYING
TO TEACH THE PARENT HAS
DIFFICULTY REGULATING AND THEN
THEY HAVE A CHILD WHO IS
PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING. THAT
IS A PARENT OF ONE CHALLENGING
CHILD WHO IS LOVELY, LOVELY BUT
IS LOVELY LOVELY BECAUSE HE'S
BEEN CO-PARENTED BY TWO PEOPLE
IN A RELATIVELY RESOURCE RICH
ENVIRONMENT. I THINK IF I WAS
DOING IT ON MY OWN OUT ON A
BREAD LINE IT MIGHT BE A
DIFFERENT STORY BUT IT MIGHT NOT
BE FOR THE OTHER CHILD WHO IS
NOT QUITE SO CHALLENGING SO
THESE ARE SOME COMPLEXITIES WE
NEED TO KEEP IN MIND. ALSO ONE
OF THE THING THAT MAKES IT
CHALLENGING TO PREACH ACROSS
ANIMAL HUMAN MODELS NOT TO SAY
WE SHOULD NOT TRY BUT THE
BEAUTIFUL EXPERIMENTAL -- WE ARE
GETTING THE ANIMAL MODELS MEANS
THEY DON'T ALWAYS TRANSLATE
READILY TO THE HUMAN SPACE.
>>SPEAKING ACROSS SPECIES THERE
IS A QUESTION HERE (INAUDIBLE)
ANOTHER IMPORTANT DIMENSION
SPECIES WISE IS PREDATOR STATUS,
HUMANS ARE PREDATORS GREATER
EXTENT THAN PRIMATES OR RODENTS
SO PART OF OUR EVOLVED BEHAVIOR
PROPILE IN CONTEXT OF HUNTING.
WE DON'T KNOW INTERACT WITH
AGGRESSION OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT
OF PREDATION SO MAYBE THAT IS --
I DON'T KNOW ANYONE WHO WOULD
LIKE TO RESPOND TO THAT.
>>I WILL AT LEAST AS IT RELATES
TO WHAT WE UNDERSTAND FROM SOME
OF OUR WORK AT THE COMMUNITY
LEVEL. YOU OFTEN SEE (INAUDIBLE)
GROUPS OF TEENAGERS MIGHT START
GETTING TOGETHER IN
NEIGHBORHOODS AND FEELS LIKE A
NEED TO PROTECT TERRITORY OR
AREA. AND THERE IS A FEAR THAT
OTHER PEOPLE WILL COME INTO YOUR
AREA AND CAUSE PROBLEMS OR TAKE
AWAY RESOURCES. AND SO THERE IS
LIKE A NEED FOR O ORGANIZED
APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE OTHER
GROUP OF PEOPLE. YOU CAN SEE
NEIGHBORHOOD CONFLICTS
ESCALATING OR -- I HATE TO CALL
THEM GANGS BUT GROUPS OF
TEENAGERS HAVING ESCALATING
CONFLICT WITH OTHER GROUPS OF
TEENAGERS YOU SEE (INAUDIBLE)
AROUND LIKE IF YOU ARE ENGAGING
IN BEHAVIORS THAT ARE ILLEGAL
FOR PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE, FOR
EXAMPLE SELLING DRUGS, THERE IS
ALSO NEED TO PROTECT AND DEFEND
WHAT YOU HAVE AND YOUR SOURCE OF
INCOME. THEN YOU CAN SEE -- WE
SEE IT A LOT IN DATING VIOLENCE
AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE.
WE KNOW BLACK WOMEN IN
PARTICULAR IS ONE OF THE LEADING
CAUSE OF DEATH. THERE IS THAT
GENERAL SENSE OF LIKE PROPERTY
-- LIKE MALE PARTNERS, MAY
BELIEVE THEY OWN AND HAVE
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO SPECIFIC
WOMEN AND ANY VIOLATION OF THAT
RESULTS IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
THAT FEELS PREDATORY. I AM NOT
AN ANIMAL RESEARCHER AND I'M
CURIOUS TO SEE WHAT ANIMAL
RESEARCHERS WOULD SAY ABOUT THAT
QUESTION.
>>ANYONE ELSE LIKE TO ADD TO
THAT?
>>OKAY IF I JUMP IN?
>>CIRCUIT STUDY IT IS PREDATION
CIRCUIT AND AGGRESSION CIRCUIT
ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT. FOR MOST
OF THE SPECIES THAT ARE THOSE
PREDATORS AND FOR HUMANS, MICE
ARE (INAUDIBLE) PREY FOR OTHER
SPECIES. THE RANGE IS DIFFERENT
BUT FOR MOST SPECIES AT THE
CIRCUIT LEVELS THEY ARE CIRCUITS
FOR BOTH AGGRESSION ATTACK
TOWARDS SPECIFIC AND ATTACK
TOWARDS DIFFERENT SPECIES WHICH
IS FOR FEEDING FOOD PURPOSE. AT
THE CIRCUIT LEVEL THEY ARE
PRETTY MUCH OVERLAPPING. I THINK
THE SPECIFIC AGGRESSION CIRCUIT
IN THE HUMAN AND IN THE MICE
THIS THESE ARE DIFFERENT FROM
THE PREDATION CIRCUIT REGARDLESS
THEIR LEVELS IN THEIR FOOD
CHAIN. MY TWO CENTS. FROM PURE
MOUSE PERSPECTIVE.
>>DR. YOUNG, GO AHEAD.
>>MAYBE A LITTLE DIFFERENT
TOPIC BUT ANIMAL AND WANT TO
BRING THE POINT. IN THE CHAT
MENTIONED ABOUT INBRED LINES OF
MICE, MANY STRATEGIES ANIMAL
RESEARCH TRYING TO GET GENETIC
DIVERSITY DOWN SO YOU GET BETTER
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE BUT
ANOTHER STRATEGY IS TO USE OUT
BRED LINES OF MICE BEING USED
BUT ALSO EVEN WILD ANIMALS.S. I
STUDY WILD BULLS WE CAPTURE IN
THE WILD AND DAYU HAS DONE WORK
WITH WILD MICE. SO THAT IS ONE
STRATEGY TO GET NATURALICSIC,
LOTS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY. BUT
ANIMAL RESEARCHERS HAVE THE
OPPORTUNITY AND HAVE BEEN DOING
THIS MODELING SOME OF THE THINGS
THAT HUMAN EXPERIENCES THAT CAN
BE RISK FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE
NEGLECT. THERE'S MODELS WHERE
YOU TAKE YOUNG INFANT ANIMALS
AND SEPARATE THEM FROM THEIR
PARENTS FOR A CERTAIN NUMBER OF
HOURS PER DAY. ALSO EVEN
POSSIBLY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
WHERE THEY TAKE MOMS WHO GIVE
BIRTH AND GIVE LIMITED BEDDING
SO THEY CAN'T MAKE A NICE FLUFFY
NEST BUT A SMALL AMOUNT OF
BEDDING AND IT CREATES
DISORGANIZED PARENTAL CARE, THEN
THAT HAS IMPACT ON MANY ASPECTS
OF BEHAVIOR LATER IN LIFE. SO
I'M SURE THERE'S ALSO YOU CAN DO
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND SO I
THINK THERE ARE LOTS OF CREATIVE
WAYS THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DOING
BUT MAYBE ALSO SOME THAT CAN
COME UP WITH AFTER HEARING HOW
-- WHAT THE HUMAN RESEARCHERS
ARE THINKING ARE IMPORTANT,
BEING CREATIVE ABOUT MODELING
THAT IN ANIMALS AND THEN TRYING
TO SEE OKAY, MAYBE IT IS NOT
JUST VMH BUT OTHER CIRCUITS SORT
OF GET MORE NETWORK ACTIVITY OF
HOW OUR EXPERIENCES MIGHT BE
AFFECTING THAT CIRCUIT. THERE IS
A LOT OF POTENTIAL.
>>A QUESTION CAME IN FOR DR.
MOFFITT, HOPE IT IS OKAY IF YOU
CAN CHIME IN HERE. THIS PERSON
ASKS DR. MOFFITT THANK YOU FOR
INTERESTING TALK. WONDERING WHAT
YOU THINK ABOUT HOW FEASIBLE
SUSTAINED INTERVENTION IS.
>>STATE INTERVENTION. IF MONEY
IS NO OBJECT M SO THAT SORT OF
WHERE THE RUBBER HITS THE ROAD
IS WHAT IS SOCIETY WILLING TO
PAY FOR IN ORDER TO PROTECT
ITSELF. SO FAR WHAT WE USE FOR
THAT SUSTAINED INTERVENTION
APPROACH IS INCAPACITATION. WE
PUT YOUNG PEOPLE BEHIND BARS AN
LEAVE THEM THERE MANY YEARS.
THAT TENDS TO WORK AT A CERTAIN
LEVEL BUT IT UNDERMINES OUR
SENSE OF BEING HUMAN. ONE WOULD
WISH WE COULD DO SOMETHING THAT
STARTED MORE WITH PUBLIC HEALTH
POLICIES TO IMPROVE CHILDHOOD
NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAIN
SCHOOLS THAT ARE FRIENDLY TO
CHILDREN WHO HAVE DIFFICULTIES
AND WHO DON'T -- SO THAT SCHOOL
IS NOT A HUMILIATING REJECTING
EXPERIENCE FOR THEM AND HAVE A
MORE SENSITIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE
SYSTEM, THERE IS A LOT WE CAN DO
AT THE SYSTEM LEVEL AND THE
SOCIETAL LEVEL TO SUSTAIN
INTERVENTIONS ACROSS THE WHOLE
LIFE COURSE, IT DOESN'T HAVE TO
BE OFFERING INDIVIDUAL CHILD
PERSONAL PSYCHIATRIST OR
PSYCHOLOGIST WHO WORK WITH THEM
EVERY DAY THE REST OF THEIR
LIVES. I THINK THE SUSTAINED
INTERVENTION IS MORE LIKELY TO
BE A BROADER INTERVENTION OF THE
KIND KRISTA MEHARI WAS TALKING
ABOUT.
>>THANKS. I WOULD LIKE TO
INVITE OTHER PANELISTS TO
COMMENT ON THIS IF YOU WOULD
LIKE WHAT A LIFE COURSE
PREVENTION MODEL LOOK LIKE GIVEN
WHAT WE KNOW NOW.
>>I WAS WONDERING WHETHER YOU
THINK THERE IS SPACE FOR A BIT
OF BOTH IN A SENSE THAT I DON'T
DISAGREE WITH YOU WITH THE
SYSTEMIC LIFE COURSE APPROACH
BUT OF COURSE EVEN YOUR OWN WORK
SHOWS WILL IS THE PARROT HER
PRINCIPLE WORKS. YOU MIGHT ARGUE
THAT PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUAL
ALSO GO DOWN IF YOU GET SYSTEMIC
PREVENTION BUT I IMAGINE WE
PROBABLY DON'T KNOW RATES GOES
DOWN SUFFICIENTLY WILL BE
COMPLETELY HAPPY BUT YOU MAY IF
YOU MANAGE THE SYSTEMIC WELL YOU
MAY NEED LESS INDIVIDUAL, I
GUESS THAT WOULD BE THE POINT
BUT EVEN IN NORDIC COUNTRIES
WHERE WE HAVE DONE REASONABLY
WELL IN LOT OF THESE INDICATORS.
THERE ARE STILL FAMILIES THAT --
I DON'T THINK THAT IS JUST
BECAUSE THE SYSTEM IS NOT RIGHT.
I THINK IT IS ALSO PARTLY THERE
ARE SOME FAMILIES INCREDIBLY
DIFFICULT TO READ AND TO WORK
EVEN WHEN THERE ARE SERVICES AND
WHEN THERE ARE THINGS THAT
PROMOTE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL IN
BRAINS REGULAR -- YOU GET LOTS
OF HEALTH EARLY ON IF SOMETHING
GOES NEURAL DEVELOPMENTALLY
WRONG BUT THERE ARE FAMILIES
THAT ARE TRICKY TO WORK WITH.
>>AGREE WITH YOU. IN TRYING TO
DO EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION
PARENTING CLASSES, FAMILY
THERAPY, THAT KIND OF THING,
THERE ARE ALWAYS FAMILIES WHO
DON'T WANT IT. UNLIKE ONE OF THE
WAYS ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
DIFFERS FUNDAMENTALLY LIKE
DEPRESSION ADHD OR SCHIZOPHRENIA
IS THE PERSON WHO SUFFER THE
DISORDER DOES NOT WANT HELP.
>>OFTEN OTHER PEOPLE WHO SUFFER
MORE INITIALLY. BUT I WONDER
ALSO BECAUSE IT WAS ORIGINALLY
MADE INTO A SOCIAL THING THE
PARENTS FAULT BUT THERE IS ALSO
STIGMA WHICH MAKES HARDER TO ASK
HELP SO I'M SORT OF HOPEFUL
THERE COULD BE MORE KIND OF WAYS
OF WORKING TOGETHER WITH PEOPLE
WITH THE LIVED EXPERIENCE TO
SOMEHOW MAKE IT EASY OR BETTER
OR LESS STIGMATIZING TO ACCESS
THE SERVICES. AT THE MOMENT IT
IS BEEN -- WE DEVELOPED MIDDLE
CLASS PEOPLE PARENTING AND
EXPERIMENTALLY WE CAN SHOW IT IS
GOOD PARENTING BUT MAYBE
PRESENTING IN A WAY THAT
SOMEBODY WHO ALREADY GOT HUGE
AMOUNT OF DIFFICULTY IS THE LIFE
FEEL LIKE YOU ARE A PATRONIZING
PERSON GO AWAY I HAVE ENOUGH
THINGS ON MY PLATE AS IT IS.
>>ARE THERE COMMUNITY ENGAGED
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES THAT
FOLKS ARE ENGAGED IN? TO THAT
POINT?
>>CAN YOU SAY AGAIN?
>>WONDERING IF ANYONE HERE ON
THE PANEL KNOWS COMMUNITY
ENGAGED RESEARCH APPROACHES TO
THIS QUESTION.
>>I CAN SPEAK ON THAT A LITTLE
BIT. I KNOW THERE WAS -- THIS IS
ON PARENTING I GUESS. ONE THING
WHEN WE ARE THINKING PREVENTION
INTERVENTION USUALLY WE WANT THE
UNIVERSAL STRATEGIES FIRST THEN
GOES TO SELECTIVE AND TARGETED
WHEN THOSE TEN PERCENT LESS THAN
TEN PERCENT OF FOLKS RESPONDING
TO THE UNIVERSAL STRATEGIES. SO
I DO THINK I KNOW I'M
POTENTIALLY BEATING A DEAD HORSE
BUT THINKING ABOUT THE UNIVERSAL
STRATEGY A LOT OF WHAT PEOPLE
NEED IS SUPPORT AND ACCESS TO
RESOURCES. FOR EXAMPLE WE KNOW
CHILD ABUSE RATES ARE HIGHER
WHEN PARENTS DON'T HAVE SOCIAL
SUPPORT AND WHEN THEY ARE IN
POVERPOVERPOVERTY. THOSE ARE THT
ARE POSSIBLE TO FIX. SO THERE IS
A -- WHEN COMMUNITIES ARE
TALKING YES A LOT OF THE TIME BY
TIME BY TIME A PERSON IS
ADOLESCENT AND ENGAGING IN A LOT
OF PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIORS THEY
OFTEN HAVE A PARENT WHO IS
OVERWHELMED WITH LIFE IN GENERAL
AND JUST DOESN'T HAVE THE
RESOURCES TO ENGAGE IN
INTERVENTION NECESSARY FOR
EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL SOMETIMES
PARENTS TO AND THAT IS GREAT AND
WORKS WELL. WHAT I HAVE HEARD
FROM PARENTS, WE HAVE OTHER
CHILDREN WE ARE WORKING MOUGHT
BILL JOBS AND TRYING NO KEEP THE
LIGHTS ON. SO THE GOOD THING
ABOUT UNIVERSAL APPROACHES EARLY
ON, THERE'S HOME VISITING AND
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION. THEY
RELIEVE THE BURDEN FROM PARENTS
AND CAREGIVERS INSTEAD OF ADDING
MORE. BACK TO TOPIC OF RISK
FACTORS FOR A AGGRESSION,
NICHOLAS ASKS WHERE DOES RISK
TAKE RISKY DECISION MAKING LIE
IN WEB OF RISK FACTORS FACTORS R
AGGRESSION AND BOTH RISK TAKING
AND AGGRESSION, LOW PUNISHMENT
AND CHALLENGES IN LEARNING,
BEHAVING WITH AGGRESSION IS
RISKY IN MANY SITUATIONS. FOR
EXAMPLE LEAD TO VISIBLE HARM H
ARREST, ET CETERA, A QUESTION
FOR ANYONE ON THE PANEL. DR.
MARSH.
>>THANK YOU. YES. I MENTIONED
IN CHAT YES HUGE OVERLAP BETWEEN
HAVING RISK IN SENSITIVE
TEMPERMENT RELATIVELY
INSENSITIVE TO THREAT OR BEING
HURT. AGGRESSION FOR COUPLE OF
REASON, YOU ARE LESS SENSITIVE
TO RISK OF BEING PUNISHED, LESS
SENSITIVE TO RISK OF BEING HURT
IN ADDITION IF YOU HAVE A LOW
FEAR RESPONSE YOURSELF YOU DON'T
EXPERIENCE EMPATHETIC FEAR
RESPONSE TO OTHER PEOPLE WHICH
MAKES YOU LESS LIKELY TO RESPOND
TO A-- APPEASEMENT QUEUES. IN
ADDENDUM TO CHRIS'S POIN POINT.L
TRAINING TO WORK ESPECIALLY IF
YOU GET THEM EARLY THEY WORK.
DELIVERED BY THERAPISTS WORKING
WITH PARENTS TO HELP ADDRESS
KIDS BEHAVIOR. IT IS
OVERWHELMING FOR MANY PARENTS
BUT WHAT IS SO GALLING TO ME,
ONE OF THE REASONS I CO-FOUNDED
NON-PROFIT I DID CALLED
PSYCHOPATHY IS, WITH PARENTS OF
CHILDREN WHO HAVE SERIOUS
DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF
AGGRESSION, AND ADULTS WHO
THEMSELVES HAD SERIOUS
DEVELOPMENTAL AGGRESSION AS
CHILDREN SO THE ONLY RENOVATION
I'M AWARE OF WHERE PEOPLE ARE
AFFECTED BY DRS. CXFC ORDERS OF
AGGRESSION INDIVIDUALLY OR
FAMILIES ARE PART OF
ORGANIZATION WITH RESEARCHERS
CLINICIANS, ET CETERA, SOME OF
THE MEMBERS OF OUR ORGANIZATION
WHO ARE VERY HIGH RESOURCE WHILE
CONNECTED INDIVIDUAL STILL
DIDN'T GET THE RESOURCES THEY
NEEDED. THE CHILDREN WERE NEVER
APPROPRIATELY SCREENED. NEVER
CORRECTLY DIAGNOSED. NEVER
CONNECTED TO THE TREATMENT WE
KNOW HELP SO EVEN IF PEOPLE WHO
HAVE EVERY RESOURCE AT THEIR
DISPOSAL ARE NOT GETTING
RESOURCES WE KNOW COULD HELP
THEM. THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE
THE UNIQUE TO DISORDERS OF
AGGRESSION. WE KNOW CLINICIANS
ARE DECISIONTANT TO DIAGNOSING,
DELIBERATELY AVOID DIAGNOSING
ODD OR OCD IN CHILDREN WHOSE
DISORDERS APPLY FOR ALL SORTS OF
INTERESTING REASONS THE GROUP
DISCUSS. THEY OFTEN WILL OFFER
TREATMENTS THAT WERE
INAPPROPRIATE, WHEN THERE ARE
TREATMENTS THAT WORK. AND SO OF
COURSE PARENTS WHO DON'T HAVE
THE SAME RESOURCES IN THE SAME
CONNECTIONS HAVE NO CHANCE, IT
IS REALLY JUST A HUGE SET OF
LAYERS OF PROBLEMS.
>>ON THAT TOPIC, SAM GOLDEN
NOTES OR ASKS ABOUT THE WHETHER
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES FOR AGGRESSION MIGHT
BE POSSIBLE FOR AGGRESSION
SIMILAR TO THOSE IN ADDICTION
FIELDS.
>>CAN YOU REPEAT THAT QUESTION
>>WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL
SPEAKERS OPINIONS ON CONTINGENCY
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR
AGGRESSION LIKE THOSE USED IN
MANY ADDICTION FIELDS?
>>THERE IS RESEARCH THEY WORK.
THAT IS THE MAIN THING TO SAY,
THINK THERE IS RESEARCH THEY
WORK BETTER WHEN PEOPLE ARE
YOUNGER THAN WHEN THEY ARE
OLDER. AND PROBABLY JUST BECAUSE
IT IS EASIER TO CONTROL
CONTINGENCIES WHEN THERE IS
LIMITED AMOUNT ENVIRONMENTS ARE
IN. THERE IS NOT RESEARCH THAT
IT HELPS TO DEVELOP LINING
DEFICITS THAT MIGHT CAUSE
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. FOR
EXAMPLE, VERBAL LANGUAGE SKILLS
PERSPECTIVE TAKING SKILLS, WHICH
SOMETIMES NEED TO BE ADDRESSED
IN DIFFERENT WAYS. BUT I DO
THINK THAT THERE IS A STRONG
BODY OF EVIDENCE OF WORK
ESPECIALLY YOUNGER AGES.
>>I WOULD LIKE TO ADD IN TO THE
BROADER DISCUSSION OF LIFE
COURSE PERSPECTIVES. I DON'T
KNOW IF THIS IS NECESSARILY A
LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE IDEA BUT
THROW IT OUT THERE. WE HAVE
HEARD ABOUT EVEN PEOPLE WITH
RESOURCES WITH PRIVILEGE AREN'T
GETTING ACCESS TO THE
INTERVENTIONS, THAT THEY NEED.
CERTAINLY THOSE WITHOUT ART AND
I THINK THERE MAYBE A PLACE OVER
THE LIFE COURSE PERHAPS WHERE
THE UTILITY OF JUST IN TIME
INTERVENTIONS FOR AGGRESSION
COULD BE USEFUL. THE ALCOHOL
FIELD THERE HAS BEEN RESEARCH IN
RECENT YEARS AROUND LOW COST BUT
EASILY WIDELY IMAGING LIKE
IPHONES AN THIS SORT OF THING
CAPTURE PEOPLE IN THEIR MOMENTS
WHERE THEY MAYBE AT MOST RISK
FOR AGGRESSION. THIS IS A
THEORETICAL IDEA NOT TESTED IN
TERMS OF ALCOHOL RELATE VIOLENCE
BUT IF AN iPHONE CAN LET THAT
PERSON KNOW WHAT THEIR
BLOOD/ALCOHOL LEVEL IS AND
REFOCUS THEIR ATTENTION TOWARDS
THOSE INHIBITORY QUEUES UNDER
NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES MAYBE THEY
ARE NOT THAT COULD BE A TARGETED
MAYBE PRECISION MEDICINE KIND OF
APPROACH. AND IF THOSE SORT OF
INTERVENTIONS ARE MORE WIDELY
AVAILABLE PUT ACROSS THE LIFE
SPAN THERE COULD BE A COMPONENT
OVERALL INTERVENTION APPROACH.
>>LUKE HYDE, I WANT TO
EMPHASIZE HIS POINT HERE. IN
RESPONSE TO ABBI'S POINT ACCESS
IN DIAGNOSIS, WILL IS RETICENCE
TO GIVE OPPOSITION DEFINED
DISORDER AND (INAUDIBLE)
DISORDER DIAGNOSES BUT NOT
ENOUGH TO THOSE OF COLOR AND
LESS ACCESS TO TREATMENT AND
THUS THE DIAGNOSIS MAY NOT LEAD
TO TREATMENT ANYWAY AND JUST
STIGMATIZE. ANYBODY WANTS TO ADD
TO THAT. OR THOUGHTS ABOUT AGAIN
TARGETED PREVENTION OR
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES,
COMMUNITY ENGAGED APPROACHES TO
PERFECT ALL THOSE TOPICS.
>>I THINK BOTH TO MY MIND BOTH
VERY CLEARLY NEEDED. WHAT WE
NEED FOR TARGETED INTERVENTION
SPACE IS DUE WORK TO DEVELOP
EVEN BETTER TREATMENTS. I KNOW
-- THAT WILL REQUIRE CROSS
DISCIPLINARY APPROACH THAT
REALLY TRIES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT
NEURAL MECHANISMS WE MIGHT WANT
TO TARGET AND HOW THEY MAY
DIFFER BETWEEN PEOPLE, PROBABLY
UNIVERSAL APPROACHES THAT WORK
FOR EVERYONE BUT YOU MIGHT WANT
TO HAVE SOME ADD ONS, YOU NEED
WORK WITH THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS,
SO THAT YOU CAN MAKE THESE SORT
OF APPROACHES ACCESSIBLE AND
THAT INCLUDES THINGS LIKE DO YOU
PROVIDE CHILD CARE FOR OTHER
CHILDREN AND PAY FOR SOMEONE'S
TRAVEL PROCESSIONS, THINGS THAT
-- HOW YOU BUILD TRUST WITH
COMMUNITIES, HOW YOU COMMUNICATE
IN A WAY THAT DOESN'T MAKE
PEOPLE FEEL STIGMATIZING. THERE
NEEDS TO BE CROSS TALK WITH MORE
GENETIC POPULATION HEALTH
APPROACHES AS WELL. SO I THINK
-- IT IS GOING TO BE A VERY --
IT IS A CHALLENGING PIECE OF
WORK AND I THINK THAT AGGRESSION
DISORDERS HAVE BEEN THE POOR
RELATIVE OF MANY MENTAL HEALTH
DISORDERS. YOU CAN ASK, WE HAVE
HAD MANY CONVERSATIONS ABOUT
THIS, SHE HAD SUBMITTED A NUMBER
OF FRONTS UNDER DIFFERENT
DEVICES IN ORDER TO STUDY THESE
DISORDERS. THERE IS A -- WE KNOW
FROM HIV AND CANCER RESEARCH
THAT IT IS NOT UNTIL THE BIG
BUCKS ARRIVE THAT PEOPLE MAKE
GENUINE PROGRESS. THE SAME IN
MENTAL HEALTH SPACE AND IN
PARTICULAR IN THE SPACE
AGGRESSION DISORDERS THE POOR
RELATIVE OF THE MENTAL HEALTH,
THE POOR RELATIVE OF THE
PHYSICAL HEALTH CONDITIONS.
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT THOUGHTFUL
RESPONSE. WE HAVE TWO MINUTES
LEFT IN OUR SESSION BEFORE WE
MOVE TO A BREAK. IF ANYONE HAS
ANY FINAL REMARKS THEY WOULD
LIKE TO MAKE AT THIS POINT.
ANYTHING WE HAVEN'T ADDRESSED
THAT WE SHOULD IN TWO MINUTES?
OKAY. THANK YOU ALL VERY, VERY
MUCH. THIS HAS BEEN A REALLY
INVIGORATING DISCUSSION. GREAT
WAY TO START THIS WORKSHOP. WE
HAVE A 17 MINUTE BREAK AT THIS
POINT. WE WILL RECONVENE AT 3:30
FOR THE SECOND PANEL. THANK YOU
>>MY NAME IS
SINI UMOH, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND
STROKE. I OVERSEE THE CLINICAL
PORTION OF THE TRAUMATIC BRAIN
INJURY PORTFOLIO. SO I'M SO GLAD
THAT Y'ALL COJOIN US FOR THIS
SESSION THIS AFTERNOON AND I
LIKE TO START OFF BY INTRODUCING
OUR FIRST SPEAKER, WHICH IS DR.
SAM GOLDEN WITH THE UNIVERSITY
OF WASHINGTON. DR. GOLDEN,
PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY.
>>THANK YOU. I WILL WAIT FOR
THE SLIDES. THANKS. PLEASURE
TON HERE, REALLY FANTASTIC TO
GET TO HEAR MORE PERSPECTIVE
FROM THE CLINICAL SIDE OF THINGS
WHICH I THINK A LOT OF
PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION
RESEARCHERS DO NOT GET THE
APPROPRIATE, INCLUDING MYSELF
EXPOSURE TO. I WILL TALK ABOUT
HOW SOME LABS ARE APPROACHING
MODELING AGGRESSION AND
AGGRESSION MOTIVATION IN
RODENTS. THERE ARE THREE TOPICS
THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIT UPON
TODAY, FIRST IS THE TITLE
SUGGESTS, THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN
WITH TOOLS AVAILABLE SEPARATE
THE ACTIVE AGGRESSION FROM
PRE-CLINICAL MODEL AGGRESSION
ITSELF. MOST LIVE TALK HOW THIS
LED TO INTERESTING OBSERVATION
ON SEX AS BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE A
HOT TOPIC IN AGGRESSION
PRE-CLINICAL SIDE BUT
CHALLENGING TO ADDRESS FOR
TECHNICAL REASONS. LASTLY I WILL
STOP OR GOING TO END WITH THIS
IDEA THAT I THINK WE NOW HAVE
THE TOOLS AND I THINK THE
INTEREST WE CAN START TO TREAT
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PRE-CLINICALLY
MORE LIKE A SHAREABLE REAGENT.
IN A WAY MORE CONCRETE THAN
TYPICALLY IT IS DESCRIBED FOR
EXAMPLE IN METHODS AND THAT HAS
LED TO A LOT OF CHALLENGING
REPRODUCIBILITY WHEN WE TALK
PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION. BEFORE
THE NEXT SLIDE ACKNOWLEDGE THE
PEOPPEEP THAT HAVE DONE THE WORI
WILL BE TALKING ABOUT. SO THEY
ALREADY DID A FANTASTIC JOB OF
GIVING A PRETTY GOOD BACKGROUND
ON SORT OF THE DOGMATIC VIEW OF
AGGRESSION INESRE-CLINICAL
MODELS AND SO A VIDEO ACTUALLY
OF THE SLIDES SHE SHOWED OF THE
HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION IN CATS
AND MORE RECENT WORK IDENTIFYING
ALPHA POSITIVE POPULATIONS
WITHIN THE VENTRAL LATERAL
HYPOTHALAMUS DRIVING THESE
BEHAVIORS. WHEN THIS WORK CAME
OUT, IT WAS CRITICAL OR
REINVIGORATING PRE-CLINICAL
INTEREST IN AGGRESSION RESEARCH
SO WE HAVE COME IN OUR LAB THIS
TASK IN GLOVE TASK WHERE A MOUSE
ATTACKS INANTI-MITT -- WITH THE
HYPOTHALAMUS, WHAT JUMPED OUT
MYSELF TO THE WORK OUR LAB NOW
FOCU ON IS THAT THIS MOUSE
MT HAVE A LOT OF EMOTIONAL
SALIENCE AFFORDED TO THIS FOR
THIS TYPE OF OPTOGENETIC
STIMULATION. YET IN THE REAL
WORLD WHEN WE TALK ABOUT
AGGRESSION THERE IS OBVIOUSLY A
GREAT DEAL OF AFFECT AND SO THE
QUESTION WE HAVE BEEN FOCUSING
ON THAT WE HAVE BEEN TRYING TO
DEVELOP TOOLS TO ANSWER
PROCEDURES TO ANSWER IS HOW CAN
WE ISOLATE AGGRESSION MOTIVATION
FROM THIS ATTACK BEHAVIOR
ITSELF. OF COURSE DATA
FANTASTIC JOB ON TALKING THE
ROLE OF THE VMH ITSELF AND
ENCODING AGGRESSION AND THE WORK
OF ANNA FALKNER WHO WILL BE
SPEAKING SOON AND OTHER AREAS
CANONICAL REWARD AREAS TIE INTO
THIS AS WELL. NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. REALLY NICE TO TALK
CLINICALLY FOCUSED GROUP ON
AGGRESSION THE FIRST QUESTION WE
GET WHEN TYPICALLY OR I GET WHEN
I GET A PRE-CLINICAL TALK IS ARE
THERE REALLY EVEN DIFFERENT
TYPES OF AGGRESSION, HERE IS A
EXAMPLE OF THAT SHOWING IN
HEALTHY UNDERGRADUATES ASKED TO
LISTEN TO AUDITORY SCRIP SCRIPT
OF A FIGHT THEY LIKE TO ENGAGE
IN AND WIN OR DON'T WANT TO
ENGAGE IN AND LOSE THEY GET
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CORTICAL
ACTIVITY MORE APPARENT TO
PATHOLOGICAL R FUNCTIONAL
OR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS LIKE THE
AMYGDALA AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS.
THE GOAL OF THE FIRST PART OF
THIS TALK IS HOW CAN WE NOW
BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF
THESE OTHER REWARD AREAS IN
PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION RESEARCH
LOOKING AT MOTIVATION
SPECIFICALLY. COULD YOU PLEASE
GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. HOW CAN
WE REVERSE TRANSLATE THE IDEA OF
SOME OF THAT APPARENT IN THE
CLINICAL WORLD IN ENTAIL RODENT
MODEL REPRODUCIBLE WAY.
TYPICALLY MOST AGGRESSION
RESEARCH UP TO NOW AND EVEN NOW
NOW FOCUS FOCUSES ON RESIDENT IR
PROCEDURES. A LARGER MORE
AGGRESSIVE MOUSE. IN THIS CASE
IMAGE AN OUTBREAD CD 1 ATTACKING
A SMALLER SUBORDINATE INBREAD
MOUSE OR C 57, THIS RELIABLY
LEADS TO SIGNIFICANT AGGRESSION
ON THE PART OF THE RESIDENT
ACROSS THREE DAYS. WHAT IS
INTERESTING IS IN THESE OUTBREAD
POPULATIONS WE SEE A SIGNIFICANT
SPECTRUM OF AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR,
ABOUT 70% M% EXHIBIT ROBUST
ENOUGH AGGRESSION TO BE
CONSIDERED AGGRESSIVE, 30% FAIL
TO SHOW AGGRESSION UNDER
PARAMETERS AND LESS THE
STANDARSTANDARD. IN THE FIELD E
TALK ABOUT LOOKING FOR
MECHANISMS GUIDING AGGRESSION
BEHAVIOR. SO WE WORKED ON
CONDITION BASED PREVALENCE
PROCEDURE TO SEPARATE ALLOWING
PROPRESENTATION FROM AGGRESSION
SEEKING BEHAVIOR. WE HAVE A
CHAMBER THAT HAS THREE DIFFERENT
CONTEXT, NEUTRAL CONTEXT IN THE
MIDDLE AND THEN A CONTEXT A
DIFFERENT FROM CONTEXT OTHER
SIDE AND CONTEXT B IS SIZE GRID
FLOORS LIGHTING COLORATION,
OLFACTORY QUEUES AND ONE OF
THOSE REPEATEDLY WITH THE
OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK AND WIN
AGAINST SUBORDINATE INTRUDER.
AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE
ABSENCE OF THAT TAKE OR CONTROL
B CONDITIONS, WE FOUND THAT
ANIMALS PRE-SCREENED AGGRESSIVE
WOULD BE DEPRESSANTS TO THE
ATTACK PAIRED SIDE WHEREAS
PANELS NON-AGGRESSIVE WOULD GO
TO FORM A CONDITIONS BASE
SUBVERSION SO USING THESE TOOLS
ABLE TO DISSOCIATE CIRCUIT BASED
MECHANISMS THAT GUIDE
AGGRESSION. THERE IS LIMITATIONS
HERE. THE I GUESS CONDITION
PLACE PREFERENCE PROCEDURE WE
DEVELOPED ISN'T THAT MUCH
DIFFERENT FROM THE RESIDENT
INTRUDER IN THAT THE ACTIVE
FIGHTING ITSELF IS FULL FORCE
AND NON-VOLITIONAL, RESIDENT
INTRUDE NEAR A SMALL AREA,
AGAINST THEIR WILL, THEY ARE NOT
GOING TO CHOOSE OR NOT CHOOSE TO
TAKE PART IN THAT PROCEDURE.
STILL A VERY FORCED. SO WE
WEREN'T -- WE DIDN'T HAVE A
GREAT GRASP YET ON ISOLATING
THAT MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT. AS
IS OFTEN THE CASE LOOK THROUGH
THE LITERATURE FAR ENOUGH
SOMEBODY SOLVED THE PROBLEM. IN
THIS CASE (INAUDIBLE) LAB SHOWN
NICELY EARLY 2000S THE SAME
OUTBREAD ANIMALS ACCESS TO
SUBORDINATE INTRUDER. NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. SO WE WANTED TO TAKE
THIS IDEA OF USING OPERANT
APPROACHES FOR ASEEKING BEHAVIOR
AND APPLY ADDICTION LITERATURE
SPECTRUM OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION
SEEKING BEHAVIOR. YOU CAN SEE
THAT MIGHT EXTEND TO A
PATHOLOGICAL REALM. SO LOOKING
HERE ON THE RIGHT IS A VIDEO
OUTBREAD CD 1 THAT HAD TO PRESS
A LEVER TEN TIMES TO GAIN ACCESS
TO A SECOND LEVER TO PRESS
SUBORDINATE INTRUDER AND THEN
GETS TO CHOOSE WHAT IT WANTS TO
DO. SO THROUGH THESE TYPES OF ON
RANT PROCEDURES WHICH MAKE THIS
A COMPLETELY VOLITIONAL TASK.
WHETHER PRESS THE ATES
OR WHETHER T WANT TO FIGHT T
ONE EAST'S NATURE. VERSUS REALLY
TIME CONSUMING I CY
CHALLENGING TO CONVINCE A NEW
GRADUATE STUDENT TO SPEND THE
NEXT FIVE YEARS PUTTING A MOUSE
IN A BOX. ANOTHER TIME ANOTHER
MOUSE PRESS AS LEVER THEY GET
MORE CONDITIONED TO THE BEHAVIOR
THAN THE MICE SO ALSO SPEND TIME
ON AUTOMATING THESE PROCEDURES
TO MAKE MORE HIGH THROUGH PUT.
THIS BRINGS UP A CRITICAL
QUESTION IN THE FIELD WHICH IS
IN A LOT OF THESE ON RANT
PROCEDURES PEOPLE ARE
DEVELOPING, THEY USE BARRIERS SO
THE QUESTION IS IF YOU HAVE
SENSORY VERSUS PHYSICAL
AGGRESSION IN THESE PRE-CLINICAL
MODELS ARE WE CAPTURING THE SAME
THINGS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. LONG
STORY SHORT PUTTING THESE
ANIMALS THROUGH T OPERANT
PROCEDURES, RELAPSE, PUNISHMENT,
OUR VARIATION ON CONTINGENCY
MANAGEMENT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
ENFORCERS WE SEE INDIVIDUAL
VARIABILITY IN AGGRESSION
SEEKING WHICH WE CAN CLUSTER TO
THEIR SPECIES OR COMPULSIVE
AGGRESSIVE SEEKING. THIS ALLOW
IT IS FULL SPECTRUM OF VICTIM
DIFFERENCES. NEXT SLIDE. THE
IMPORTANT THING TO POINT OUT
HERE IS THAT WHEN BEUSE THESE
OPERANT APPROACHES WE CAN NOW
LOOK IN THE SAME CONTEXT WHETHER
IT IS VOLITIONAL OR CONTINGENT
OR NON-VOLITIONAL CONTINGENT,
WHAT THE CONSEQUENCES ARE IN
TERMS OF NEURAL ACTIVITY. SO IN
THIS PARTICULAR SMALL EXAMPLE WE
HAD ANIMALS TRAINED TO LEVER
EV TO FSUS ANIMALS
YOLKED TO SAME CONDITIONS, EVEN
THOUGH WE HAVE THE SAME AMOUNT
OF AGGRESSION AND SAME CONTEXT
IF WE LOOK AT WHOLE BRAIN
ACTIVITY PATTERNS, IN THIS CASE
FOCUSING ON THE FOREBRAIN, THIS
EXAMPLE WE CAN SEE VERY
DIVERGENT OVERALL PATTERNS OF
NEURAL ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WHAT
LOOKED LIKE VERY SIMILAR STATES.
SO THE QUESTION IS, HOW CAN WE
NOW UNDERSTAND BETTER THESE
NEURAL MECHANISMS BETWEEN
VOLITIONAL AGGRESSION SEEKING,
VERSUS FORCED AGGRESSION. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. THAT COVERS HOW
WE VIEW THE MODRY
BRIEFLY I WANT TO HAN AN H
E OF SEX AS BIOLOGICALO
LE. NEXT LIED PLEASE. LNEIN
THE INTERESTING WORK SHOWING
PSYCHOLOGY TRY IN THE NUCLEUS
ACCUMBENS, WE WANTED TO TAKE
MALE AND FEMALE OUTBREAD MICE TO
IDENTIFY AGGRESSION IN BOTH
SEXES. SO INITIAL WORK
IDENTIFIED THAT MALES PREVIOUS
WILL I SHOWN BUT NOT MALES FORM
A CONDITION PLACED PREFERENCE.
WE TOOK ANIMALS, FEMALE MICE
THAT SHOWED HIGH REACTIVE
AGGRESSION AND MALE MICE WITH
HIGH REACTIVE AGGRESSION H.
RESIDENT INTRUDER PARENT THOUGHT
QUITE A BIT. T TOOK SAME ANIMALS
THROUGH OPERANT PROCEDURE. EVEN
THOUGH THE FEMALE MEMEVER
PRESS FOR SOCIAL PARTNER, THE
USER HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE FEMALES
UNDER REACTIVE CONDITIONS, THE
WILL N ATTACK WHEN GIVING
VOLITIONAL CONTROL OVER ACCESS
TO THAT SUBORDINATE. THE MALES
CONTINUE TO SHOW HIGH AGGRESSION
WHEN LEVER PRESS SUBORDINATE. SO
THERE IS A DIVERGENCE WHEN SEX
AS BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE
ESPECIALLY AGGRESSION
MOTIVATION. THIS IS SOMETHING TO
ADDRESS AS A FIELD, WITH THE
MANDATE TO LOOK AT SEX AS
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE IN OUR
PRE-CLINICAL WORK. IT BEGINS TO
-- OUT OF TIME. HAVE IMPACT ON
HOW WE WANT TO DESIGN THESE
THINGS. MENTION SLIDE NEXT
SLIDE. LAST SLIDE QUICKLY, I
WANT TO HIGHLIGHT BEHAVIOR AS A
SHAREABLE REAGENT SO WE TALKED
ABILITY THESE OPERANT
PROCEDURES. NOW WE HAVE TOOLS
TO ALLOW MACHINE LEARNING
APPROACHES TO REMOVE
SUBJECTIVITY F YOU ASK
RESEARCHERS WHAT THEY DEFINING A
GREG AS AND LABS YOU GET TWO
ANSWERS, THIS LEADS TO CRISIS OF
REPRODUCIBILITY SO WE HAVE
INTRODUCTION OF MACHINE LEARNING
APPROACHES THAT MOVE THAT
SUBJECTIVITY, NOW TO ALSO DEFINE
THESE THINGS USING QUANTIFIABLE
METRICS. SO ONE APPE HAVE
USED IS A
IPELINE CALLED SIMBA,
ALLOWS SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION
BEHAVIOR MORE IMPORTANTLY
INCORPORATES EXPLAINABILITY
METRICS. SO WE TOOK FIVE LABS
AND FOUR DIFFERENT LABS AND
STUDY AGGRESSION IN MICE, ASKED
THEM TO GENERATE CLASSIFIER
BASED ON THEIR VERSION OF
AGGRESSION AND THEN WE USE THESE
EXPLAINABILITY METRICS PROVIDE
CONCRETE NUMBERS THAT DEFINE
DEFINITION REGRESSION. THE
BEAUTY OF MACHINE LEARNING, TALK
MORE POTENTIALLY DURABLE PANEL
IS THEY REMOVE SUBJECTIVITY AND
PROVIDE QUANTIFIABLE METRICS
THESE ARE SHAREABLE. YOU CAN
TAKE CLASSIFIER OR BUILD MY
CLASSIFIER AND KNOW HOW YOUR
DEFINITIONS CHANGE IN A
QUANTIFIABLE WAY AND LEAD TO
ENHANCED REPRODUCIBILITY. WEED
TYSTART TALKING ABOUT THE N
CORRELATES OR OTHER PERIPHERAL
CORRELATES OF AGGRESSION. I
DON'T WANT TO TAKE ANY MORE
SUMM, IF YOU GO TO THE LAST
DE, I WANT TO MENTION
WE HAVE GOT THIS I BELIEVE A
FIELD WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO
MOVE TOWARDS VOLITIONAL BEHAVIOR
STUDY AGGRESSION. THAT SEX AS A
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE IS NOT GOING
THE WAY WE THOUGHT IT WAS AND A
FEEL TO DISCUSS AND TOOLS
AVAILABLE TO HELP REMOVE
SUBJECTIVITY OF DEFINING
AGGRESSION. AND HOW WE SHARE AND
STUDY ACROSS DIFFERENT LABS.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH. DR.
GOLDEN. MUCH APPRECIATED. NEXT
WE ARE GOING TO MOVE TO OUR NEXT
SPEAKER, DR. FALKNER, PRINCETONT
AWAY.
>>IF YOU CAN ADVANCE TO START
THE VIDEO. THANK YOU. THANK YOU
FOR INVITING ME TO THIS
FASCINATING DAY SO FAR. SO MY
LAB WORKS ON THINKING ABOUT
EXPERIENCE DEPENDENT CHANGE IN
NEURAL CIRCUITS ACROSS A VARIETY
OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR USING MOUSE
MODEL BUT THE BREAD AND BUTTER
OF RESEARCH PROGRAM IS
AGGRESSION. SO IN PARTICULAR WE
LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURAL
ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR DURING
AGGRESSION. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE
CALLED ROSTER PLOT AT THE TOP,
EACH FLECKS IS A NEURON. YOU CAN
RECORD ACTIVITY FROM THESE
ANIMALS IN AGGRESSIVE STATE. WE
ARE RECORDING THE BLUE ANIMAL
ATTACKING THE OTHER ANIMAL.
ADVANCE PLEASE. SO WHY DO WE DO
THIS? IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING IN
THIS AUDIENCE BUT AGGRESSION AND
VIOLEN A HUGE SOCIETAL
PROBLEM WITH ENORMOUS HUMAN COST
SO THE RATE OF VIOLENT CRIME BY
MEN IS AT LEAST FOUR OR FIVE
TIMES THAT OF WOMEN AND BECAUSE
OF THIS DISPARITY MY RESEARCH
FOCUSES ON MALE AGGRESSION. SO
ADVANCE PLEASE. SO ONE OF THE
DREAMS WE HAVE IN MY LAB IS TO
TRY AND FIGURE OUT STRATEGIES TO
DETECT AGGRESSION BEFORE IT
HAPPENS. THEN FIGURE OUT
STRATEGIES TO DEESCALATE THAT
VIOLENCE PRIOR TO ONSET OF
ATTACK. CAN WE FIGURE WHICH
INDIVIDUALS ARE LIKELY VIOLENT
AND WHEN THIS VIOLENCE IS LIKELY
TO ERUPT. IN PARTICULAR WHERE
MOUSE MODELS ARE USEFUL IN THIS
FRAMEWORK IS WE CAN LOOK FOR
ARKERS T PREDICT
AGGRESSIONO THINK WE OFTEN
THINK ABOUT BIOMARKERS AS BEING
BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS BUT HERE
THIS CAN BE ANYTHING FROM
BEHAVIOR, AN AFFECTIVE OR
EMOTIONAL STATE, MUSCLE TWITCH,
CERTAIN TYPES OF NEURAL DATA,
ANYTHING WE CAN OBSERVE. WE CAN
USE MOUSE MODEL TO DIG DEEPER
INTO THISSATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THIS BIOMARKER AND NEURAL
MECHANISMS WHICH ARE TARGETED.
THE HOLY GRAIL OF THIS APPROACH
IS DEFINED BIOMARKERS CONCORDANT
BETWEEN HUMANS AN ANIMALS. WHICH
CAN PROVIDE A DIRECT TEST OF
THESE DIRECTED THERAPEUTICS.
THIS IS LONG TERM GOAL. SO MY
LAB HAS TRIED TO LOOK PREDICTIVE
SIGNALS ON TWO TIME SCALES. SO
THE FIRST IS VERY ACUTELY. WHAT
IS HAPPENING IN THE MOMENTS
RIGHT BEFORE INDIVIDUAL
INITIATES AGGRESSIVE EPISODE?
THE OTHER IS ACROSS MUCH LONGER
TIME SCALE. AS ANIMALS
EXPERIENCE UPDATES TO THEIR
AGGRESSIVE STATES. AFTER SOME
TYPE OF LEARNING. ADVANCE
PLEASE. SO YOU CAN ADVANCE TO
START THE FIRST MOVIE. TO LOOK
BOTH AT THE ACUTE TIME SCALE AND
LONG TIME SCALE WE HAVE BEEN
FOCUSED ON CREATING BETTER
QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF
AGGRESSION USING MACHINE VISION
MOSTLY HERE WITH COLLABORATORS
AT PRINCETON WHO DEVELOP DEEP
LEARNING INSTITUTION FOR ANIMAL
TRACKING. WE COMPARE MULTIPLE
TYPES OF AGGRESSION USING THE
RESIDENT INTRUDER PARADIGM ON
THE LEFT, START THE NEXT MOVIE,
ONE MORE TIME. WITH OUR OWN
FULLY AUTOMATED VERSION OF THE
SOCIAL OPERA INNT TASK WHERE
REGRESSION IS THE WORLD. TESTIFY
FLYING TASK WHICH COMES FROM
ABOVE. THE TASK ALLOWS US TO
ISOLATE NEURAL SIGNAL IN THIS
PREPARATORY PHASE OF AGGRESSION
AS ANIMALS THINK AND PLAN
AGGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. WE
COMPARE THOSE SAME NEURONS
RECORDED IN THIS TASK TO THOSE
RECORDED IN THE RESIDENT
INTRUDER TASK TO SEE IF SIGNALS
ARE DETECTABLE EVENAR WHEN WE
DON'T FORCE BEHAVIORS INTO THE
PARADIGM. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED
WITH THIS APPROACH, TO SUMMARIZE
A NUMBER OF PAPERS HERE, WE --
AND BUILDING THE STUFF DAYU SAID
WE ISOLATE AD CORE SUB CORTICAL
AGGRESSION CIRCUIT WHICH IS COB
SERVED ACROSS SPECIES. WE FOUND
THIS REGION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
CONTAINS NEURONS THAT FIRE IN A
SEQUENCE AS ANIMALS MOVE FROM
THIS MOTIVATED OR PREPARATORY
PHASE OF AGGRESSION BEFORE
ATTACK INTO THE ACTION PHASE.
AND NEURONS HYPOTHALAMUS
MOTIVATION SELECTIVE OR
MOTIVATION SELECTED REGARDLESS
OF WHETHER PREPARES TO NOSE POKE
IN THE OPERANT TASK OR PREPARING
FOR ATTACKFUL ONE SYNAPSE
DOWNSTREAM SITUATION LOOKS
TOTALLY DIFFERENT WITH NEURONS
EXHIBITING HIGH DEGREE OF
SELECTIVITY FOR THE ACTION
ITSELF. SO NEURONS IN THE
PERIDUCK TALL GRAY TIME LOCKED
DECK -- SUGGESTING MORE A ROLE
IN COORDINATING MUSCULATURE. THE
VM HTL IS HIGHLY INTEGRATED
STRUCTURE WITH MANY REGIONS OF
THE HYPOTHALAMUS BUT INPUTS ARE
INHIBITOR, DAYU MENTIONED THIS
ALSO, THIS SUGGESTS WHO TWO
RELATED IDEAS. THE FIRST IS THE
BRAIN CAN JAM THE BREAK BREAKS
ON AGGRESSION AND VARIETY OF
CIRCUITS SPECIFIC WAYS UNDER
DIFFERENT CONTEXT BUT THE FLIP
SIDE OF THIS INHIBITION IS USES
A LOT OF WAYS FOR THE SYSTEM TO
BECOME DISREGULATED. SO MOST
RECENTLY USE THIS COMPARATIVE
APPROACH BETWEEN TWO PARADIGMS
WE FOUND ONE INPUT IN THE AREA
NPH SELECTIVELYING TO T ON AND
OFF THESE MOTIVATION SELECTED OR
PREPARATORY NEURONS OF PREDI
ON. WE STIMULATE NEURONS
THROUGH SHORT PERIODS OF TIME IT
KICKS INTO LONG LASTING
UNMOTIVATED STATES. SO FOR US
THIS HAS SOME OBVIOUS
TRANSLATIONAL APPEAL. SO ADVANCE
PLEASE. WHAT ABOUT LONG TIME
SCALE SNAKES WE HAVE BEEN BECOME
INTEREST IN THE WAYS AGGRESSION
EXPERIENCE PARTICULARLY
EXPERIENCE WINNING FIGHTS
CREATES THE CONDITIONS WHICH
ENCOURAGE OR INCENTIVIZE FUTURE
AGGRESSION. WHY DOESOESSION
BEGET MORE AGGRESSION, IN WE
LOOK AT TIME SCALES UPDATE
LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIORS AND
TRANSITIONS HOWON UPDATE
INDIVIDUAL EMOTION OR
AFFECTIVE STATES HOW THEY UPDATD
INDIVIDUALS HORMONAL PROFILE
THAT NOBODY TOUCHED ON SO FAR
AND HOW THEY UPDATED INDIVIDUALS
IDENTITY RELATIVE TO OTHER. THE
RODENT WORLD WE THINK OF THIS AS
THE SOCIAL RANK. WE ALSO COMPARE
HOW AGGRESSION EXPERIENCESOVIDER
UPDATES IF YOU I THE BULLY INOUR
THIS CASE OR THE ONE BEING
BULLIED OPPOSED TO ONE OBSERVING
THIS. SO TO DO THIS NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. WHAT WE NEED IS A
RIGOROUS QUANTITATIVE TOOLS TO
ALLOW BEHAVIOR COMPARISON OVER
TIME TO I ALLOW BEYOND WHAT WE
MIGHT THINK THIS IS IMPORTANT.
WE CREATE AND SHARED CODE FOR
PIPELINE UNSUPERVISED BEHAVIORAL
CLUSTERING USING MACHINE
TRACKING. WE PERFORM DENSITY
BASED CLUSTERING ON OUTPUT AND
FURTHER SUBDIVIDE THESE CLUSTERS
TO BEHAVIORS THAT ARE SUBJECTS
LED BECAUSE THERE ARE MORE
PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS MORE PARTNER
LED ON RECEIVING END OF
AGGRESSION, USUAL AND ASOCIAL.
SO WHAT WE ARE LOOKING FOR HERE
IS NOT JUST EVIDENCE THAT
ANIMALS ATTACK MORE WHEN THEY
GET EXPERIENCE BUT EVIDENCE THEY
CHANGE THE ENTIRE BEHAVIORAL
PROFILE. THIS ALLOWS US TO
IDENTIFY SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL
STATES THAT PRECEDE OR PREDICT
AGGRESSION. UNDERSTAND HOW THOSE
STATES CHANGE WITH EXPERIENCE.
IN TANDEM WITH THIS WE NEED
TOOLS TO ALLOW US TO TRACK
NEURAL SIGNAL ACROSS TEST LONG
TIME SCALES SO WEEKS TO MONTHS.
AS PANELS UPDATE THEIR
BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND ENTER
THESE PERSISTENT AGGRESSIVE
STATES. WE BUILT A SYSTEM THAT
ALLOW US TO RECORD NEURAL
POPULATIONS USING PHOTOMETRY IN
TWO COLORS TO TARGET TWO
INDEPENDENT POPULATIONS AT EACH
SITE ACROSS THE ENTIRE SUB
CORTICAL AGGRESSION CIRCUIT.
BASED ON THIS HYPOTHESIS
INHIBITION MIGHT BE THE KEY TO
DISREGULATION WE CAN LOOK AT
CHANGING BETWEEN EXCITATION
INHIBITION AN THESE NODES.
ADVANCE TO START VIDEO. THANK
YOU. SO HERE IS A LITTLE BIT
WHAT THIS DATA LOOKS LIKE. HERE
IS THE TWO SIGNALS THE RED IS
INHIBITION, BLUE IS EXCITATION.
YOU CAN THINK OF US A LITTLE BIT
LIKE FMRI IN ATTACKING ANIMAL.
THE SIGNAL IS LOW DIMENSIONAL
YET GENETICALLY SPECIFIED WE CAN
GO BACK TO SAME SITES DAY AFTER
DAY. SO WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED
WITH THIS APPROACH? WHAT YOU CAN
DO WITH THE LONGITUDINAL DATA IS
PROJECT BLACK ON TO BEHAVIOR
MAPS TO CREATE USING
UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING. WE
OBSERVE EXCITATORY ACTIVITY IN
AGGRESSION HUB GETS AMPLIFIED
WITH EXPERIENCE ESPECIALLY IN
CLUSTERS THAT INDICATE THESE
PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS. NOT ONLY
THAT THE ANIMALS GET MORE
BREASTSIVE WITH EXPERIENCE BUT
ACTIVITY IN THIS REGION DURING
THESE BEHAVIORSS ENHANCED SO
WE SEE RELAXATION OF INHIBITION
IN THE SAME BEHAVIORAL CLUSTERS
ESPECIALLY THE SAME BEHAVIORAL
BRAIN REGIONS THAT HAVE
POTENTIAL TO GATE THE
HYPOTHALAMUS. SO WE CAN FURTHER
QUANTIFY THIS BY LOOKING
DIRECTLY HOW WELL SIGNAL PREDICT
ONE ANOTHER TAKING ADVANTAGE OF
THE FACT THAT ALL THESE REGIONS
RESERVED SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE
AGGRESSION CONTROL REGIONS
PREDY INHIBITOR ACTIVITY
WITH EXPERIENCE INDICATING OUR
AGGRESSION HUB SO NO LONGER
QUOTE UNQUOTE LISTENS TO THIS
INPUT. SO HOW CAN WE USE THIS
INFORM CHANGETORESSION
TRAJECTORIES? NEXT SLIDEASE.
T DURING EXPERIENCE ORE AFTER
EXPERIENCE ON THE ONE HAND WE
CAN PERFORM CLOSE LOOP
STIMULATION TRIGGERED ON THE
BEHAVIOR ITSELF. SO THIS IS NOT
UNLIKE BEHAVIORAL SHAPING YOU
CAN THINK LIKE TRAINING IN DOGS
SO WE CAN USE THIS TO REINFORCE
SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED
AGGRESSIVE UNMOTOR HATE
INVESTIGATED STATES AND PUSH OUT
OF PROACTIVEAVIOAC WE USE
THE STRATEGY IN RECENTLY
PUBLISHED PAPER TO GET ANIMALS
BEING ATTACKED TO DEFEND
THEMSELVES AND PROMOTE
RESILIENCE. ALTERNATIVELY WE CAN
PERFORM CLOSE LOOP STIMULATION
TRIGGERED ON NEURAL ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY IN ORDER TO DETECT WHEN
AND WHERE THIS INHIBITION STARTS
TO REPLAQUES BEFORE AGGRESSION
STARTS AND PROVIDE SOME
CORRECTIVE. SO WE CAN DO ALL
THIS WITH PATTERNS STIMULATION.
WE THINK THIS HAS POTENTIAL TO
BE DONE OFFLINE WHEN ANIMALS ARE
NOT AGGRESSIVE CONTEXT WHICH IS
OBVIOUSLY TRANSLATIONAL AND
APPEALING. OVERALL, WE SEEM TO
IDENTIFY KEY PREDICTIVE
BEHAVIORS, IN PARTICULAR NEURONS
IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS HAVE A
SPECIFIC POPULATION OF NEURONS
THAT ACUTELY PREDICT AGGRESSION
ON SHORT TIME SCALES THAT WE CAN
CONTROL THROUGH THESE INHIBITORY
INPUTS SO WE CAN IDENTIFY NOVEL
BEHAVIORAL PREDICTIVES USING
UNSUPERVISED PHENOTYPING THAT
ALLOW US TO LOOK ACROSS LONG
TIME SCALES. IN TANDEM WITH
THIS BEHAVIORAL CHANGE WE SEE
CONCURRENT CHANGES IN NETWORK
WIDE INHIBITION EXPERIENCE. WE
HOPE WE CAN EXPLOIT INSIGHTS TO
TRY AND HELP PROMOTE AND PROLONG
THESE UNMOTIVATED STATES USING
CLOSE LOOP INTERVENTIONS
STRATEGIES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
I WANTED THE THANK MY LAB, VAST
NUMBER OF TALENTED PEOPLE, IN
PARTICULAR STEPHANIE LEE,
(INDISCERNIBLE). THANKS TO MY
SOURCES OF FUNDING IN PARTICULAR
NIMH FUNDING THE AGGRESSION
EXPERIENCE WORK AND MY NEW
INNOVATOR AWARD FUNDING CLOSE
LOOP. THA.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR.
FALKNER. UP NEXT WE HAVE DR.
DAVID CHESTER WITH VIRGINIA
COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY.
>>HEY, Y'ALL. PLEASURE TO BE
HERE. I'M GOING TO BE TALKING
ABOUT THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL
AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DIFFERENT
FORMS OF AGGRESSION IN FOLKS, IN
PEOPLE IN HUMANS. IT IS A
PLEASURE TO BE TALKING ABOUT
THESE CONCEPTS WITH Y'ALL TODAY.
MY OLDEST SON IS TWO GOING ON
THREE SO AGGRESSION VIOLENCE AND
REVENGE ARE A BIG PART OF MY
DAILY SOCIAL ECOLOGY. SO JUST
NICE TO BE ABLE TO TALK ABOUT
THEM OUTSIDE OF THAT CONTEXT.
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO I HAVE GOT
THREE KEY POINTS TODAY SO I WILL
TALK DIFFERENT FORMS OF
AGGRESSION, WHICH IS GOING TO
BOIL DOWN TO REACTIVE AND
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION AND WE ARE
GOING TO TALK THOSE REALLY THAT
DIFFERENT, ARE WE AMPLIFYING
THOSE DIFFERENCES, SO FORTH.
THEN MOVE ON TO A KEY MECHANISM
IN STUDYING AGGRESSION WHICH IS
REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT AND
THEN POINT TO FUTURE DIRECTIONS
FOR THE FIELD THOUGH I THINK WE
REALLY NEED TO GO, FOCUSINGOC
MOTIVATION AS UNDERSTUDY AND
CRUCIAL MECHANISM AND I THINK
FOCUS ON REWARD REINFORCEMENTANY
BRIDGING ACROSS THE OTHER TALKS
THAT HAVE BEEN GIVEN TODAY BY
WONDERFUL SCHOLARS. I'M ON THE
PANEL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. MOST
OF US A
L HAVE STARTED
OFF SLIDES WITH ATTEMPT TO
DEFINE AGGRESSION AND WE ALL
AGREE WE SHOULD PROBABLY AGREE
ONAL DEFINITION OF
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS. I THINKEN
PROBABLY WE SHOULD ALL BE
BROUGHT TO PHYSICAL LOCATION
LOCKED INSIDE AND FORCED TO JUST
DECIDE ON ONE DEFINITION UNTIL
WE ARE LET OUT BEFORE WE
CONTINUE ON BUT GIVEN THAT IS
NOT GOING TO HAPPEN HERE IS THE
DEFINITION I LIKE THE MOST WHICH
IS AGGRESSION IS ATTEMPT TO HARM
ANOTHER LIVING ORGANISM AGAINST
THEIR WILL. THE ATTEMPT PART
FOCUSES ON THE INTENTION PART
WHICH IS CRUCIAL AS WELL AS TO
THE FACT THAT TRYING TO HURT
SOMEONE IS THE IMPORTANT PART,
IT DOESN'T MATTER IF YOU ARE
SUCCESSFUL OR NOT, BUT FOR
SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION IT IS LESS
IMPORTANT, THE MOTIVATIONAL
ASPECT OF THE ACT, ITS OTHER
DIRECTED AND THE PERSON HAS TO
BELIEVE IT IS AGAINST THEIR
TARGET'S WILL. SO KIND OF AN
INTERESTING QUESTION THAT I
DON'T THINK WE GRAPPLED WITH IN
AGGRESSION SCIENCE YET LOOKING
AT UNDERSTANDING OF THE TARGETS
MOTIVATIONAL STATE. MAYBE
THERE'S EVENTS WHICH PEOPLE HARM
PEOPLE WHO NATRITHEY MIGHT WANT
THAT HARM YET THEY DON'T. BUT
THIS IS THE DEFINITION THAT IS
PROBABLY THE BEST ONE GOING
FORWARD. AS A SCIENCE WE HAVE TO
GRAPPLE WITH THIS DEFINITIONAL
PROBLEM. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO I
WAS BROUGHT TO GIVE A TALK ON
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGRESSION
SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON
REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION, THIS IS REALLY HOW
FOLKS TEND TO BOIL DOWN
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WHEN TALKING
TYPES PHYSICAL AND VERBAL IS
ANOTHER IMPORTANT ONE BUT THAT
IS HARD TO DEBATE. THIS ONE I
THINK IS DEBATABLE. REACTIVE
AGGRESSION IS DEFINED AS
IMPULSIVE EMOTIONAL ACT
MOTIVATETHVATED BY EXTERNAL
THREAT OF PROVOCATION.
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION IS THIS
COLD PREMEDITATED COGNITIVE ACT
THAT IS MOTIVATED BY SOME
EXTERNAL EXTRINSIC THAT IS NOT
PROXIMATE TO THE GIVEN
SITUATION. THAT IS THE
DEFINITION. THEN WE GO FORWARD
FROM THIS. AND THERE IS LOTS AND
LOTS OF THEORIES AND STUDIES
THAT ARE BASED ON THESE BEING
TWO TOTALLY DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
AGGRESSION. THEY DIFFER THAT WE
SHOULD STUDY SEPARATELY. I USED
TO THINK THIS WAY. I WAS TOTALLY
AL TYPE BUT NOW I'M NOT AND
I WILL TALK ABOUT WHY. SO WOULD
WE DO THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO
WE GRAPPLED WITH THIS BACK IN
2001 AND PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY WORLD BUT ALSO
GENERALLY IN WHICH BUSHMAN AND
ANDERSON ARGUED MAYBE WE ARE
FOCUSING TOO MUCH ON DISTIN
BETWEEN TWO CONSTRUCTS. WE ARE
KIND OF MAKING A MOUNTAIN OUT OF
A MOLE HILL, MAYBE WALK BACK.
MAYBE THERE IS NOT COLD
AGGRESSION AND HOT AGGRESSION,
THEY ARE EMOTIONAL, THEY BOTH
HAVE SOME VENGEFUL MOTIVATIONAL
STATES INVOLVED, THEY ARE BOTH
INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND
SELF-REGULATION. MAYBE CHILL OUT
ON DISTINCTION AND FOCUS ON THE
CORE, SEEMS FOLKS ARE COOL, I
WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL WHEN PAPER
WAS PUBLISHED. I DON'T KNOW BUT
THE LITERATURE SEEMS EVERYBODY
IS COOL WITH THIS, MAYBE CHILL
ON DISTINCTION AND YET SEEMS
LIKE WE ARE BACK THERE NOW WHERE
DICHOTOMY IS EMPHASIZED IN THE
LITERATURE. THAT IS NOT THE BEST
IDEA.
SO IF WE CAN HIT THE BEST SLIDE
PLEASE. I'M GOING TO SAY THEY
ARE NOT TYPES, NOT TOTALLY
DIFFERENT FORMS OF AGGRESSION.
THERE IS COULD EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT THIS. META ANALYSES SHOW
THEY CORRELATED .64 LOOK AT
SELF-ROTS OF THESE IN KIDS
ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS.
CORRELATION OF .64 SUGGESTS YOU
ARE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING THAT
IS GETTING INTO THE POINT
INSTEAD OF DISTINCT CONSTRUCT
THEY ARE PERHAPS BETTER
CONSTRUED AS TWO LABORS OF THE
SAME CONSTRUCT. SO WHEN YOU
TAKE SELF-REPORT MEASURES AND
LOOK HOW THEY CORRELATE WITH
PERSONALITY, THE BIG FIVE. LOOK
HOW THEY CORRELATE WITH
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF BIG FIVE
AND COMPARE PROFILES YOU FIND
INNER CLASS CORRELATION OF .86
WHICH SUGGESTS THAT REALLY THE
TYPE OF PERSON WHO IS REACTIVELY
AGGRESSIVE AND TYPE OF PERSON
WHO IS PROACTIVELY AGGRESSIVE IS
THE SAME PERSON. SO DR. MOFFITT
I THINK SHE MENTIONED A LOT OF
THE REALLY AGGRESSIVE FOLKS IN
THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY THAT SHE
PRESENTED ON THEY PERPETRATE
BOTH FORMS OF AGGRESSION. THAT
WHO ARE GOING TO SEEK O, FOLKS F
AGGRESSION IRRESPECTIVE OF
PROVOCATION ARE ALSO GOING TO BE
VERY PRESSSIVE WHEN PROVOKED SO
I THINK MAJORITY OF THE VARIANTS
IN EITHER OF THESE IS SHARED AND
OVERLAPS SO THE BEST WAY TO
CONSTRUE THESE TWO CONSTRUCTS IS
REALLY DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN
THERE, PRIMARILY OVERLAPPING. M.
THAT'S MY POINT. NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. I LOOK AT SOME OTHER
STUDIES IN MY OWN LAB. THEY ARE
BOTH CORRELATED WITH LOW
SELF-CONTROL. HIGH ANGER HIGH
IMPULSIGHEWARD
SENSATION SEEKING. SO HOW
DIFFEREN THEY BE WHEN THEY
HAVE SIMILAR NETWORK? THE
CLASSIC OF PROACTIVE DEGREES
SORE LIKE TED BUNDY, THE
PSYCHOPATH THAT WAS JUST LIKE
CALCULATE AND PLAN AND ALL THIS
AND HE IS A HOT HEAD ALSO, HE
BLUE UP IN COURT DOING HIS HONE
DEFENSE, THERE'S QUOTE ALL OVER
THE PLACE HOW ANGRY HE GETS ALL
THE TIME, BLOWS UP BECAUSE HE'S
ANGRY. I THINK AT THE END OF THE
DAY, PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE
AGGRESSION THERE IS VALUABLE
DISTINCTION FACTOR ANALYSES WILL
REPRODUCE FACTORS, AT THE END OF
THE DAY IT IS THE SAME
AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE WITH JUST
SOME UNIQUE EXPRESSION. NEXT
SLIDE. SO LIKE I SAID, IF
THERE'S TWO SIDES OF THE CAME
COIN, NOT TWO DIFFERENT COINS.
ONE COIN AGGRESSION, TWO SIDES
OF THE SAME. SO I THINK HONESTLY
OUR EFFORTS IN FUNDING AND TIME
AND BEST SPENT TREATING THEM
LESS AS SEPARATE BEHAVIORAL
PHENOTYPES AND FOCUSING ON THE
DISTINCTION TRYING TO TEASE
APART WHAT IS UNIQUE TO THIS ONE
AND UNIQUE TO THAT ONE, I FEEL
LIKE THAT THE BEST APPROACH WE
HAVE GOING FORWARD IS LOOKI
WHAT IS SHARED. COMMON VARIANTS
BETWEEN THE TWO, THATTH WHAT IS
GOING TO BUY US MORE IN CLINICAL
DOMAIN.. TREATMENT DOMAIN BECAUE
IF YOU TREAT ONE YOU ARE
PROBABLY GOING TO REIT THE
OTHER. WE WILL MOVE QUICKLY. I
HAVE ONE MINUTE LEFT. IF WE CAN
DO THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. AND
THEN PROBABLY THE NEXT ONE. INTM
FOCUSING ON IN MY RESEARCH WHICH
IS REINFORCEMENT, A LOT OF
NEURAL IMAGING AND OTHER WORK
SHOWING THAT AGGRESSION IS
LINKED VERY RELIABLY TO
IMMEDIATE FEELINGS OF POSITIVE
AFFECT THAT IS MAGNIFIED BY
PREVIOUS PROVOCATION AND REGRET
AND REJECTION AND THERE IS THIS
DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE AFFECT
THAT ALL BLENDS TOGETHER IN THIS
REINFORCEMENT MODEL WHERE
AGGRESSION IS IMMEDIATELY
REWARDING REWARD FADES QUICKLY,
IT IS REPLACED BY AN EXAGGERATED
FEELING OF NEGATIVE AFFECT AND
THEN PEOPLE ARE NOW MOTIVATED TO
REENGAGE WITH THAT CYCLE AND
VERY MUCH LOOKS LIKE ADDICTIVE
BEHAVIOR VERY QUICKLY. YOU CAN
UNDERSTAND HOW NEGATIVE AND
POSITIVE AFFECT ARE CRUCIAL TO
TAKING SOMEONE WHO PERHAPSES IS
NOT THAT AGGRESSIVE INITIALLY
AND ENDS UP VERY AGGRESSIVE DOWN
THE ROAD. SO IF WE CAN SKIP, I
DON'T KNOW THREE OR FOUR SLIDES
WE CAN DO NEXT AND THEN NEXT,
NEXT. NEXT AND LAST, YEAH. I
WANT TO FOCUS ON THE FUTURE OF
AGGRESSION SCIENCE REALLY SHOULD
BE MOTIVATION BASED. WE HOW
IMPORTANT MOTIVATION IS.
DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION, WE
EMPHASIZE MOTIVE, PROXIMATE AND
ALTERNATE AND THEALS A LITTLE
EXPLICIT RESEARCHIT TARGETING TE
VARIOUS MOTIVES. ONE NEXT SLIDE.
OUR LAB STUDIED THIS RECENTLY WE
ENGAGE PRO SOCIAL
MOTIVES TO GET PEOPLE TO
REGRESS. IT WORKS. SO WHEN WE
ASSOCIATE HARM WITH HELPING, THE
MORE I HURT YOU THE MORE I
HELPS YOU. PEOPLE ARE EXTREMELY
AGGRESSIVE. THEY ARE WILLING TO
HARM SOMEONE WHO DOES NOT WANT
TO BE HARMED IN ORDER TO ALSO
HELP THEM. IT IS CLEAR TO STUDY
MANITIVES IN ORDER TO STUDY
PROGRESSION. WE CAN SKIP FORWARD
TWO SLIDES. WE CAN TAKE
MOTIVATION FOCUSED APPROACH, I
FEEL GREATLY BENEFIT. ONE MORE
SLIDE. THAT'S WHAT I GOT.
LOOKINGED FORWARD TO THOUGHTS
AND THE NEXT SPEAKER.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH DAVID.
WONDERFUL TALK. I WOULD LIKE TO
REMIND OUR AUDIENCE TO PLEASE
SUBMIT YOUR QUESTIONS IF YOU
HAVE ANY. I SEE SOME QUESTIONS
COMING IN ALREADY BUT PLEASE
CONTINUE SUBMITTING YOUR
QUESTIONS AND WE WILL ADDRESS
SOME OF THEM TOWARD THIS
SESSION. THE NEXT WE WILL MOVE
ON TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER, DR.
SPENCER EVANS UNIVERSITY OF
MIAMI.
>>I APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY
TO BE HERE TODAY AND WORK Y'ALL
ARE DOING FOR THIS WORKSHOP AND
SOME MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION. I
AM HERE TO OFFER APPLIED
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE CLINICAL
TRIAL PSYCHOLOGIST DEVELOPMENTAL
RESEARCH. SOME ACKNOWLEDGMENTS,
SPONSORS, NO CONFLICTS OF
INTEREST. (INAUDIBLE) PRESENT
DATA FROM REPAIR TEAMS. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. THIS IS MY LAB
MID PANDEMIC AND POST PANDEMIC.
APPRECIATE THEIR SUPPORT. SO
THE TASK TO COME UP WITH TWO OR
THREE MAIN TAKE AWAYS FOR THIS
FIELD INTEGRATIVE FIELD
AGGRESSIVE MECHANISMS RESEARCH
TO THINK ABOUT. COME UP WITH
HEURISTICS AND THIS CAME
TOGETHER TO FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT
MEANINGFULLY CAPTURED PHENOMENA
OF AGGRESSION AS THEY EXIST IN
NATURE, IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
ECOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, HOW DO WE
THINK ABOUT ALL THE PHENOMENA
THAT MECHANISMS HOW DO WE THINK
ABOUT THAT BEING MODERATED
ACROSS THE LIF
SPAN MENTAL
HEALTH THIS IS MORE M THAN MENTL
MELT BUT WE HAVE AGGRESSION
POPPING UP ACROSS DIAGNOSTIC
CONDITIONS BUT IOT AS MUCH
OF A FOCUS AS IT SHOULD BE. SO I
COVER THESE AS WE G T ALONG HER
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. T ONE LAST
DEFINITION FOR TODAY, I THINK
THE LAST ONE, MY TEAM STUDI
IRRITABILITY AND AGGRESSION. I
THINK THAT WAY, OVERLAPPING
CONDITIONS DEFINE IT IN A
SPECTRUM, THIS DOESN'T COVER
ENTIRE UNIVERSE OF AGGRESSION
BUT WE HAVE IRRITABILITY DEFINED
INCREASE PRONISTIC BEHAVIOR
WHICH CAN LEAD TO AGGRESSION.
ANGER WHICH IS UNPLEASANT
EMOTIONAL STATE WITH PREVIOUS
POSITION TO AGGRESSION.
INCLUDING DIFFERENT TYPES FORMS
AND FUNCTIONS THEREOF. EVEN WHEN
WE ARE TRYING TO -- TALKING
DEFINITION THERE IS IS NOT JUST
DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION,
SUBTYPES TO THINK ABOUT IT IS
IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT RELATED
OVERLAPPING CONSTRUCT LIKE
IRRITABILITY WHETHER IT MIGHT BE
LOT OFRY SEARCH GOING ON THAT
PERTAINS TO AGGRESSION THAT WE
MIGHT WANT TO ENGAGE WITH THAT
AS WELL. THIS IS COVERED
THOROUGHLY. THE ONLY THINKLY SAY
ABOUT INSTINCTIVE PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION REGRESSION,
MECHANISMS HERE BY DEFINITION
MECHANISTIC PROCESSES PROACTIVE
AGGRESSIVE REACTION AS, THREAT
RESPONSE FUNCTION OR MOTIVATION
OR MECHANISM, THEY HAVE THEORY
THAT GOES ALONG WITH IT SO I
THINK AS WE THINK HOW TO ADVANCE
OUR KNOWLEDGE IN THESE AREAS,ASS
AND THEORY BEHIND THESE
DIFFERENT TYPES CAN BE
INFORMATIVE OR DISENTANGLING THE
BEHAVIOR FROM THE MOTIVATION,
HOW WE OUTLINE THAT IN OUR STUDY
WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
JUST WANT TO COME ON HIGH
CORRELATION BETWEEN REACTIVE AND
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. ALL THAT
IS VERY TRUE. I THINK WHAT WE
SEE IN THE LITERATURE, IT IS
HARD TO GET TO. HIGHLY
CORRELATED AT A LEVEL AND WITHIN
CHILD AD LESS SENT LITERATURE WE
SEE DISTANT CORRELATES AND
OUTCOMES AND WHEN YOU CONSIDER
BOTH REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE
DIMENSIONAL VARIABLES, I INCLUDE
THEM IN MODEL YOU SEE THINGS
LIKE REACTIVE AGGRESSION BEING
UNIQUELY ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY
AND SUICIDALITY AND PROACTIVE
AGGRESSION DISTINCTLY ASSOCIATED
WITH DELINQUENCY AND SUBSTANCE
USE PROBLEMS. SO THE OVERLAP IS
NOT TO IGNORE, IT DOES HANG
TOGETHER IN THAT WAY BUT
DIFFERENTIAL CORRELATES CAN BE
SOLVED IN SOME WAYS. NEXT SLIDE
PLEASE. THIS IS JUST TASTE OF
SOME OF THE ITEMS AND SCALES
THAT WE USE WE LOOK TO THIS PRA
AND FAMILIAR WITH THIS, WHAT I
WILL HIGHLIGHT IS GIVE YOU A
FLAVOR OF THE ITEMS AND
PERSPECTIVES FROM PARENTS
TEACHERS AND (INAUDIBLE) REPORT.
IMPORTANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE
AGGRESSION DOES OCCUR ACROSS
SETTINGS AND PERSPECTIVES AND
THESE TOOLS HAVE BEEN AROUND A
LONG TIME, PROVIDE INSIGHT OF
THOSE PERSPECTIVES AND CONTEXT.
IN ADDITION TO TOOLS COMING
ALONG WHICH I WON'T TALK ABOUT
LIKE EMA, ALSO PROMISING IN THAT
CONTEXT. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. WE
TOUCHED SOMEWHAT ON FORMS OF
AGGRESSION AND BROADLY THESE YOU
CAN BOIL DOWN TO MORE PHYSICAL
DIRECT FORMS. THIS IS THE MORE
COVERT RELATIONAL OR INDIRECT
FORMS. INCREASINGLY NOW THE
PLATFORM IF YOU WILL VENUE OF
AGGRESSION MATTERS TO SO AS
SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AND
SCIENCE EVOLVE SO IT IS THE
CYBER AGGRESSION THAT GOES WITH
IT AND DA THAT IS A CHALLENGE
FOR US TO KEEP UP WITH. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. THERE IS SOME
INTERESTING WORK WHERE FOLKS
MEASURED FORMS OF AGGRESSION
SIMULTANEOUSLY. THIS IS WHERE IT
IS FROM A (INAUDIBLE)
PERSPECTIVE, IT DOES FALL APART,
WHERE PCS ITEMS I CAN MODEL IN
GENERAL FACTOR REGRESSION AND
CHOOSE MY -- IF I WANT TO BE
PROACTIVE VERSUS REACTIVE, I CAN
DO REACTIVE VERSUS RELATIONAL
VERSUS PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, I
CAN INCORPORATE BOTH AT THE SAME
TIME. O THIS HETEROGENASETY
EXISTS IN AGGRESSION AND IN HOW
WE CAN MEASURE BUT IN THINKING
ABOUT THAT, CHOOSING MEASURES
AND HOW TO MODEL THEM Z IT MIGHT
BE POSSIBLE TO MEASURE ALL THE
ABOVE. MIGHT WANT TO LOOK TO
YOUR GUIDE OR CHOICES ABOUT
(INAUDIBLE) PROACTIVE VERSUS
REACTIVE, CORRELATION VERSUS
PHYSICAL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
GIVE EXAMPLE OF THIS, THIS IS
FROM A STUDY THAT WE DID WE
FOLLOWED ABOUT 1400 STUDENTS
ACROSS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL K
THROUGH FIVE AND HAVE TEACHER
REPORT REGRESSIONEGRY
SEMESTER. STUDENTS PARALLEL
PROCESS FOR MIXTURE MODELING AND
EVEN THOUGH YOU CAN SEE HIGHLY
CORRELATED IN THOED LINES
AND IN THOSE BLUE LINES FOLLOW
THE SAME PATTERNS. WHAT EMERGED
IS INTERESTING. WE CAN FOUR
CLASSES, LOW AGGRESSION AND
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF
AGGRESSION. I WILL ASK YOU TO
FOCUS ON CLASS 2 AND CLASS 4.
NEXT LIED PLEAS SLIDE PLEASE. SE
IS CLASS 2 HAS THIS PATTERN
WHERE THEY START HIGH AND STAY
HIGH ON BOTH PROACTIVE AND
REACTIVE AGGRESSION OVER TIME.
SO OBJECTIVELY THEY ARE THE MORE
SEVERE OVERALL. THIS IS THE
SMALLER GROUP COMPARED TO CLASS
TH CAVE HH RISK OVER TIMEU CANEA
BUMMALO PROACTIVE REGRESSION.
THIS SEPARATED THEM OUT, COUPLE
OF THINGS TO HIGHLIGHT HERE,
OVERALL SEVERITY THAT REACTIVE
CLASS IS ABOUT THREE TIMES
BIGGER SO IF WE WE ARE FOCUSING
ON SEVERE REGRESSION CLASS WE
MIGHT BE MISSING A LARGER
REACTIVELY AGGRESSIVE CLASS OF
KIDS. THE OTHER THING TO POINT
SOUGHT OUTCOMES IN THE SPRING OF
FIFTH GRADE SO VERY END OF THE
TRAJECTORY IT WAS A PRIMARILY
REACTIVE REGRESSION CLASS AT
RISK FOR HIGHER LEVELS OF
DEPRESSION COMPARED TO GROUP IS
FIVE PERCENT BOTH PROACTIVE AND
REACTIVE REGRESSION, WAS NOT
ELEVATED RISK FOR DEPRESSN.
THAT IHE KIND OF THI TEASEDAPAR
OF COURSE DEVELOPMENT PLAY AS
ROLE AS WELL. THIS IS DEPICTING
WHAT YOU MIGHT SEE IF YOU ARE
MEASURING PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN
CHILDHOOD OPPOSED TO THE
CONSEQUENCES OF MORE SEVERE
LATER AGGRESSION IN ADOLESCENCE
THAT WE HAVE DECLINE CURVE EARLY
ON, AGE PRIME PEAK WE HAVE SEEP
TODAY LATER ADOLESCENCE SO IT
MATTERS WHAT PHENOMENON YOU ARE
MEASURING IS MODERATED BY
DEVELOPMENMENT. NEXT SLIDE PLEA
I'M NOT GOING TO BELABOR THIS
BUT GO ON TO THE NEXT SLIDE.
FROTHIS IS IRRITABILITY (INAUDI)
ALL OUR DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES
EXTERNALIZING. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE
SO I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS IS
ACROSS OUR DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
AND RESEARCH THAT I WILL SKIP
OVER SHOWING THAT IT IS A HIGHLY
PREVALENT CONCEPRRN ICE FAMILIES
SEEKING OUTPATIENT CARE. BUT
IRABOUT THE AGGRESSION THESE
PROBLEMS DON'T POP UP IN THINGS
LIKE THIS, NIMH HEALTH TOPICS OR
MANY SYSTE THAMST REFLECT
ES WHAT WE ARE FUNDING
FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH. NEXT
SLIDE PLEASE. (INAUDIBLE) TO
REMEMBER, MEASUREMENT
DEVELOPMENT MENTAL HEALTH AND
THAT IS A ME. NEXT SLIDE.
THANK YOU. THANK YOU SO MUCH
DR. EVANS. GREAT TALK. I THINK
NOW WE'LL MOVE TO DISCUSSANTS.
THE FIRST IS ANDREA GLENN,
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. ANY
COMMENTS TO SHARE ANDREA?
>>YEAH. THANK Y THANK YOU. THOE
INTERESTING SET OF TALKS. GREAT
TO HEAR BOTH ANIMAL RESEARCHERS
SIDE AND HUMAN RESEARCHERS SIDE
AS WELL AND KIND OF TRY TO DRAW
PARALLELS BETWEEN THEM. I THINK
THESE ANIMAL AGGRESSION
PARADIGMS ARE INTERESTING FOR
THOSE OF US I PERSONALLY DO
HUMAN RESEARCH, SO IT IS
INTERESTING TO SEE HOW PEOPLE
HAVE COME UP WITH THESE
DIFFERENT PARADIGMS FOR
MEASURING AGGRESSION. I THINK
DR. GOLDEN'S WORK USING THIS
CONCEPT OF ALLOWING THE ANIMALS
THE CHOICE TO ENGAGE AGGRESSION
NORTH IS REALLY UNIQUE AND
INTERESTING IN TERMS OF THINKING
OF HUMAN PARALLELS TO THAT.
THERE FALKNER'S PARADIGMS
LOOKING AT HOW THINGS CHANGE
OVER TIME WITH REPEATED
AGGRESSIVE INTERACTIONS
A. I THINK IS ALSO IMPORTANT. A
LOT OF THIS I THINK KIND OF ONE
OF THE THINGS THAT I KEEP COMING
BACK TO IS THE IDEA OF
REINFORCEMENT AND IN PARTICULAR
THIS PHRASE DR. FALKNER'S TALK
ABOUT HOW INHIBITION RELAXES
WITH AGGRESSIVE EXPERIENCE. SO
THINKING ABOUT THINGS MAY CHANGE
OVER TIME AND AGGRESSION BECOMES
MORE REINFORCING OVER TIME. HOW
CAN WE THEN THINK ABOUT THAT IN
THE HUMAN CONTEXT WHEN TRYING TO
THINK ABOUT PREVENTION AND
INTERVENTION AND IN
UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
IT. SO I FEEL LIKE FROM WHAT WE
HAVE SEEN IN ANIMAL RESEARCH
TODAY THAT MOVES IT IS FOCUSING
ON THE EPISODE OF AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR, MAYBE LESS SO ON HOW
THIS DEVELOPS OVER TIME STARTING
IN CHILDHOOD IN THE HUMAN
PARALLEL. I THINK ONE OF THE
THINGS WE HAVEN'T KIND OF TALKED
ABOUT THAT AS MUCH ARE THINGS
LIKE STRESS OR TRAUMA AND THAT
REALLY ENVIRONMENT AND HOW THAT
STARTS TO SHAPE BIOLOGY. I KNOW
MENTIONED FOR EXAMPLE THE
ENVIRONMENT RECALIBRATE THE
SYSTEM. I THINK IT WOULD BE
INTERESTING TO KIND OF LOOK AT
THESE THINGS OVER TIME AND SEE
HOW DO DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THE
ENVIRONMENT AS MUCH AS WE CAN
MODEL THEM PERHAPS IN ANIMAL
CONTEXT HOW THEY ACTUALLY CHANGE
WHAT BIOLOGY IS LOOKING LIKE. SO
HOW DO THEY CHANGE THESE
HORMONES OVER TIME, HOW DO THEY
CHANGE BRAIN FUNCTIONING OVER
TIME, TO PRODUCE THIS AFFECT OF
AGGRESSION BECOMING MORE OR LESS
REINFORCING WITH TIME. I ALSO
THOUGHT IT WAS INTERESTING, DR.
MOFFITT'S TALK EARLIER ABOUT HOW
LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS
REDUCTIONS AND VOLUME OF BRAIN
AREAS SEPTEMBER FOR THE NUCLEUS
ACCUMBENS INVOLVED IN REWARD. SO
THAT IS ALSO -- THERE IS OTHER
WORK IN HUMANS INCLUDING SOME OF
MY OWN WORK SHOWING INCREASE
VOLUME IN THE STRIATUM OF
INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHOPA THICK
TRAITS SO THIS ELEMENT OF REWARD
IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND ALSO
TIES INTO HOW WE ARE DOING
INTERVENTIONS. SO HOW CAN WE
PERHAPS MAKE SOMETHING ELSE IN
THE ENVIRONMENT MORE REWARDING
THAN AGGRESSION WHEN WE ARE
THINKING ABOUT INTERVENTION. IN
TERMS OF THE LAST TWO TALKS,
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN REACTIVE
AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION I AGREE
WITH THE IDEA THAT THEY ARE
HIGHLY CORRELATED AND THAT
ULTIMATELY THE PEOPLE THAT
QUESTION CARE ABOUT ARE THOSE
WHO ARE HIGH IN BOTH REACTIVE
AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. I
WOULD ALSO FOCUS LESS ON TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND DISTINCTIONS
BETWEEN THEM AND INSTEAD FOCUS
ON HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY
INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE MORE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO BOTH OF THESE
TYPES OF AGGRESSION.MENT THOUGH
I THINK THE LAST TALK IT WOULD
BE INTERESTING TO SEE IF THESE
FOUR CLASSES THAT DR. EVANS WAS
SHOWING AT THE END THERE ALSO
REPLICATED IN THE ANIMAL SO DO
WE SEE THAT KIND OF THING WHERE
WE ALSO SEE GROUPS OFFER OF
ANNALS IN PROACTIVE AND
CORRECTIVE AND MAYBE ONLY
PARTICULARLY HIGH IN REACTIVE
AGGRESSION. WE WILL END THERE
AND MOVE TO THE NEXT DISCUSSANT
THEN.
>>PERFECT. THANK YOU SO MUCH,
ANDREA. ALL RIGHT. THE NEXT
DISCUSSANT IS THE DR. LUKE HYDE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. GOOD
AFTERNOON HONOR TO BE HERE TO
HEAR THESE EXCELLENT
PRESENTATIONS AND THE WORKSHOP.
A FEW OBSERVATIONS TREATING AND
PREVENTING AGREG IN HUMANS.
SOME WHICH ARE ELABORATIONS ON
EXCELLENT POINTS PREVIOUS
SPEAKERS MADE ISSUES THAT HAVE
COME UP IN DISCUSSION. SO
COMPLEX OF HUMAN BEHAVIORS THE
BRIDGE IS DIFFICULT BUT
IMPORTANT ANIMAL MODELS OFFER
HIGH RESOLUTION OF CONTROL AND
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, BUT
AGGRESSION IS COMPLEX AND TAKES
PLACE EMBEDDED WITHIN THE
BROADER SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND
SOCIETY SO WE ARE SEEING SUCCESS
WITH MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN
AREAS LIKE PROACTIVE AND
REACTIVE AGGRESSION MAPPING ON
TO OTHER SCREEN TOOLS THAT
EMOTIONAL TRAITS AND AS SENSOR
EVANS DISCUSSED YOU CAN OFTEN
FIND A GROUP ON ACTIVE AND
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION AND TURN
THOSE FOLKS MIGHT HAVE EMOTIONAL
TRAITS. THAT IS A BRIDGE BUT
SHOWS HOW COMPLEX THE BRIDGE IS
WHEN YES HAVING SUCCESS. THE
MORE FOL TEAR ARE I MOFFITT WHO
SPOKE LATER AND LAY LEX WHO WILL
SPEAK LATER, EARLY STARTING
VERSUS ADOLESCENT BETWEEN
ANTI-AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND
RULE BREAKING. THAT SIN FORMED
INTERVENTIONS WHEN WE THINK
ABOUT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HOW
TO CREATE A MOUSE MODEL OF RULE
BREAKING AND ADOLESCENT ONSET OF
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE
COMPLEX SUBTYPES WHICH MAP WELL
TO DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS IN
YOUTH ARE ALSO TRICKY TO THINK
IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS BUT RELATED
TO THIS POINT Z IS THE ISSUE
WITHIN A PERSON MULTIPLE
OVERLAPPING PHENOTYPING ARE
CHALLENGING THE SEPARAT SEPARATE
HIGH RISK ARE ONES THAT ARE
AGGRESSIVE EARLY STARTING
ENGAGAL BREAKING ADHD MORE
LIKELY MOOD DISORDERS AND
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS SO THERE
ARE HIGHER BOTH IN EXTERNALIZING
AND ALSO BROADEST P FACTOR OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. ALSO PEOPLE
WITH BIGGEST IMPACT ON SOCIETY
IN TERMS OF COSTS FOR THEIR
BEHAVIORS AND THEIR MENTAL
HEALTHEALTH. SO FOCUSING ON
AGGRESSION CAN MISS THIS AS PART
OF BROADER ENGAGEMENT IN
EXTERNALIZING AND CERTAINLY
AGGRESSION IS IMPORTANT
TRANSAGNOSTIC PHENOTYPE BUT
CAN'T THINK IT IS AWAY IN
BROADER SET OF BEHAVIORS.
AGGRESSION IS ONE OF SEVERAL
SETS OF BEHAVIORS THAT NEED TO
BE PREVENTED AND TREATED.
SECOND AND RELATEDLY, WE CAN'T
SEPARATE AGGRESSION ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR FROM ENVIRONMENT AND
SOCIAL CONTEXT, A POINT KRISTIN
MADE EARLIER SO THE BIGGEST
PREDICTORS OF ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR THINGS LIKE POVERTY
ADVERSITY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
THOSE ARE THE BIGGEST EFFECT
SIZE OF ANYTHING OUT THERE.
THESE ARE NOT RANDOMLY
DISTRIBUTED AND EFFECT SOME
GROUPS MORE THAN OTHERS SO
CERTAINLY AGGRESSION BROADER
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ARE
HERITABLE BUT THERE IS WORK
SHOWING SOCIAL PUSHES FROM
THINGS LIKE INEQUALITY MAY PUSH
YOUTH WITHOUT GENETIC RISK
TOWARD THESE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
SO WHEN YOU FOCUS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ONE LEVEL
PARENTING THROUGH PARENT
MANAGEMENT TRAINING THE PARENTS
ARE BEING CHALLENGED BY
INCREDIBLE STRESSORS THROUGH
LACK OF RESOURCES AND SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES. I WAS PART OF A
PREVIOUSLY PART OF PREVENTIVE
INTERVENTION AS THERAPIST TO
TARGET EARLY BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS
BUT MET A MOM SEVERELY DEPRESS.
THE BUS LINE CUT NEAR THE HOME,
COULDN'T GET TO WORK AND HAD NO
FAMILY SUPPORT AND DEEP IN
POVERTY. TRYING TO FOCUS ON
PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING THE
BROADER CONTEXT AND SALIENT
THINGS FOR HER. THINKING
AGGRESSION ONLY AS PERSON LEVEL
AND FAMILY LEVEL LARGER MORE
POWERFUL STRUCTURAL CAUSES THAT
ARE INTERTWINED. I WANT TO NOTE
THAT THOSE LEVELS CAN BE
INTERVENE ON BUT JUST NOT ONES
WE THINK ABOUT INTERVENING ON.
AND THEY ARE OFTEN MORE
POLITICALLY POLARIZING. I ALSO
WANT TO POINT OUT SOMETHING
THAT'S COME ACROSS A COUPLE OF
TALKS TODAY, A LOT OF SOCIO HE
CAN H ECOLOGICAL TIME SCALES, A
POINT FALKNER MADE THE TYPE OF
PERPETRATOR VICTIM INTERACTIONS
THAT MARSH TALKED ABOUT VERSUS
ALCOHOL USE VERSUS DEVIANT PEER
INFLUENCE, VERSUS FAMILY
POVERTY, EACH IMPACT DIFFERENT
TIME SCALES FROM HOURS TO WEEKS
TO YEARS. WE NOT GREAT STUDYING
ACROSS LEVELS, OFTEN ANIMAL
MODELS ARE LOOKING AT DIFFERENT
TIME SCALE THAN HUMAN MODELS
LOOKING ON SCALES OF YEARS. IT
IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND YOUTH
AND ADULTS HAVE FEW ADVOCATES A
POINTS MADE EARLIER. THERE IS A
WHOSE OF EVIDENCE SHOWING IT IS
A NEURAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER
AND A FORM SOFT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY,
MOST FOLKS IN PUBLIC AND SOME
FOLKS IN NIH ARE INTERESTED IN
SEPARATING OUT BAD PEOPLE FROM
SICK PEOPLE, THUS WHO NEEDS
BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT VERSUS
THOSE WHO WON'T. I WANT TO NOTE
THIS HARKENS BACK TO
UNDERSTANDING OF SUBSTANCE USE
DISORDERS DECADES AGO AS ISSUE
OF WILL POWER, OR BAD CHARACTER
AND ISSUE THAT FOLKS LIKE THE
DIRECTOR OF NIDA AND OTHERS
PUSHED BACK AGAINST WHICH HELPED
US SEE SUCK STANCE USE AS MENTAL
ILLNESS TREATED AS A PUBLIC
HEALTH CONCERN. AND THOUGH OTHER
NEURAL DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS
LIKE AUTISM HAVE HUGE FUNDING
MANY HAVE FEW RESOURCEN AND
LITTLE POLITICAL VOICE. THOSE
PARENT WHO DO HAVE RESOURCES ARE
STIGMATIZED BY CHILDREN BEHAVIOR
THUS NOT LIKELY TO ADVOCATED FOR
ATTENTION AND FUNDING FOR THESE
VERY COMMON BEHAVIORS SO LITTLE
PUBLIC ADVOCACY FOR FUNDING
SCIENCE AND PREVENTION
REGRESSION AND YET AGGRESSION
AND BALANCE ARE BIGGEST PUBLIC
HEALTH CHALLENGES. SCIENTISTS
HERE WE ARE HAPPY TO ADVOCATED
FOR MORE FUNDING BUT I WANT TO
POINT OUT MANY FOLKS INVOLVED
ARE AFFECTED BY BEHAVIOR ARE
LESS LIKELY ADVOCATE VERSUS MANY
OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES OR OTHER
PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS.
FOURTH I WANTED TO SAY A COUPLE
OF SIDE COMMENTS ABOUT THIS, BUT
ONE BIG CHALLENGE TO
UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING
AGGRESSION IS ALSO THE
SPLINTEDDERRING OF FUNDING AT
NIH. AS I NOTED EARLIER
AGGRESSION OVERLAPS WITH BROADER
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND
EXTERNALIZING BUDDY PENDING WHAT
YOU CALL THESE BEHAVIOR AND WHO
YOU STUDY THEM IN, DIFFERENT
INSTITUTES MAY OR MAY NOT FUND
THEM. IF A GRANT APPLICATION IS
STUDYING AGGRESSION, VERSUS
CONDUCT DISORDER, VERSUS
EXTERNALIZING VERSUS EARLY RISK
FACTORS, THIS COULD BE A SAME
STUDY WITH DIFFERENT WORDS Z
LOOKING AT THE SAME MECHANISMS
THAT GRANT WILL GIVE BALANCE TO
DIFFERENT INSTITUTES. AND THERE
HAVE BEEN HISTORICAL TRENDS
INSTITUTES INTERESTED AND NOT
INTERESTED IN PHENOTYPES WITH
AGGRESSION, THIS SHIFTING IN
FUNDING AND FINE LINES WHICH
INSTITUTE WILL FUND WHAT WORK
CAN UNDERMINE CREATING A
SUSTAINABLE WORK FORCE SINCE
INVESTIGATORS CAN'T BUILD LONG
TERM STABLE RELATIONSHIPS AND
CREATE LONG TERM PROGRAMS OF
RESEARCH. YET THIS IS A HUGE
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN SO TOUCHES
O THE MISSION OF SO MANY
INSTITUTES. FINALLY IN TERMS OF
WHAT WE DO ABOUT THIS, THIS IS
PART OF PREVIOUS DISCUSSI DISCUY
TWO CENTS, I THINK THE IRONIES
WE HAVE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS WE
NEED TO PERSONALIZE FOR SOME,
MAKE THEM EFFECTIVE IN OTHER
WAYS FOR DIFFERENT SUB GROUPS.
WE HAVE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS BUT
MOVE PEOPLE WHO NEED THEM DON'T
GET THEM SO WE NEED SCALABLE
PREVENTATIVE INTERVENTIONS THAT
GO FROM UNIVERSAL USING A PUBLIC
HEALTH APPROACH. SO ONE QUESTION
I HAD IS HOW MUCH WE SHOULD BE
FOCUSING EFFORTS THINKING ABOUT
BASIC ETIOLOGY VERSUS
TRANSLATION IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE POPULATION LEVEL. I'M
SOMEONE WHO THINKS ABOUT THE
BASIC SCIENCE OF IT, I THINK WE
HAVE TREATMENTS THAT CAN GIVE
OUT THERE BUT HAVEN'T SPENT AS
MUCH FOCUS ON FUNDING OR
ATTENTION ON AT THIS SEMINATION
AND TRANSLATION AND THEREFORE
OFTEN FOLKS NOT GETTING THE
TREATMENTS THEY NEED, NOT BEING
SCREENED OR NOT GETTING ACCESS
TO WHAT THEY NEED. I WILL STOP
THERE AND OPEN FOR BROADER
DISCUSSION.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. HYDE.
BEFORE I HOPE UP TO THE AUDIENCE
I WANTED TO ASK THE SPEAKERS IF
ANYONE HAS ANYTHING TO SAY OR
RESPOND ANY COMMENTS TO OUR
DISCUSSANTS, LUKE AND ANDREA.
>>OKAY. SO IF THERE'S NO
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON THAT, I
WOULD LIKE TO TAKE SOME
QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE. ONE
OF THE QUESTIONS WE RECEIVED,
AND THIS IS FOR ANYONE TO
ANSWER, WHY DO YOU THINK A
CONSORTIUM ON WHAT IS AGGRESSION
IS NOT HAPPENING? I AGREE IT
WOULD BE SUPER IMPORTANT. WHAT
IS HOLDING EVERYONE BACK? ANY
TAKERS FOR THAT ONE?
>>DR. CHESTER YOU ARE SMILING.
>>IT WOULD BE COMBATIVE BUT
CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT. I THINK DR.
PARROTT EARLIER MENTIONED THAT
WE NEED TO BE AIMING AT THE SAME
TARGET. SO WE NEED TO BE IN
AGREEMENT O ON WHAT WE ARE
TALKING ABOUT, HARD TO ADVOCATE
FOR MORE SUPPORT ALL THE STUFF
WE HAVE BEEN ASKING FOR WITHOUT
SAYING THIS IS WHAT WE WANT TO
STUDY. IF WE CAN'T AGREE. WE ARE
ALL DANCING AROUND THE SAME
THING BUT IT WOULD BE NICE IF IN
A REPRESENTATIVE COALITION OF
SCHOLARS AND PEOPLE FROM THE
COMMUNITY WHO THIS AFFECTS THE
MOST COULD GET TOGETHER AND
AGREE ON SOMETHING. I'M SURE
PEOPLE WOULD BE PISSED OFF BY
THE ANSWER. IT WOULD BE
IMPORTANT FOR US TO DO THAT. I
AM DOWN FOR IT. AND ALSO SCARED
OF IT.
>>CAN I ADD SOMETHING?
>>IT IS CHALLENGING. I TOTALLY
AGREE WITH THE USE -- PART OF
THE CHALLENGE I THINK IS
DEFINITIONAL TERRITORIAL IF YOU
WILL. THERE IS A CONSORTIUM
RIGHT NOW RELATED TO YOUR
ABILITY THAT MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE
KNOWLEDGE OF THIS WORKSHOP AND
VICE VERSA. WORKING ON VERY
SIMILAR PROJECTS, DEFINITIONS
AND SO FORTH. THE LINES MAY NOT
BE SO CLEAR BUT BIGGER PROBLEM
IS LACK OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN
THESE GROUPS AND BETWEEN THESE
EFFORTS, NOT NECESSARILY NEEDS
TO BE ONE SINGULAR DEFINITION OR
MODEL THAT SERVES ALL PURPOSES
BUT WOULD BE NICE TO HAVE MORE
COMMUNICATION COLLABORATION. SO
APPRECIATE THIS WORKSHOP FOR
THAT REASON.
>>I THINK THERE WAS A SPECIFIC
QUESTION FOR YOU, DR. EVANS.
SOMEONE SAID I WAS CURIOUS
WHETHER IRRITABILITY WAS HIGHER
IN REACTIVE GROUP WITH HYDREA
PRESENTATION RATES AND RELATED.
HOW ARE WHETHER YOU THINK
IRRITABILITY CAN HELP TO
DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
AGGRESSION, MOTIVATION FOR
AGGRESSION, OR DIAGNOSES FOR
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS.
>>I APPRECIATE THAT QUESTION,
UNFORTUNATELY DON'T HAVE DATA ON
IRRITABILITY FOR THAT -- THOSE
TRAJECTORY ACE CROSS THE TIME
SPAN AND HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT
COUPLE OF WAYS AND HAVEN'T
LOOKED SPECIFICALLY BUT WHAT YOU
MIGHT THINK ABOUT IS HOW
DIFFERENT IS REACTIVE AGGRESSION
FROM IRRITABILITY ALWAYS HAS
IRRITABILITY AS PRE-DISPOSING
EMOTION, AND REACTION WITH
AGGRESSION ON TOP OF THAT. SO
CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP IS THERE I
SUSPECT THOSE WOULD BE MILLIER
TABLE MORE IRRITABLE AS WELL. I
ALSO WANTS TO COMMENT ON CAUSING
CONTROVERSY WITH NIMH PAGE, BUT
ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHT -- I THINK
THAT IS THE MORE ISSUE IN ALL
OUR SYSTEMS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
SO FORTH, THERE IS NO AGGRESSION
DISORDER, NO WAY TO DRAW
ATTENTION TO THIS AND IT IS SORT
OF AT RISK OF FLYING THROUGH THE
CRACKS IN SO MANY WAYS. SO I
APPRECIATE EFFORTS MADE TO
REMEDY THAT NOISE THAN BEEN
WORKED ON.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT.
ANOTHER QUESTION FOR EVERYONE, A
GENERAL QUESTION. I WOULD LIKE
TO HEAR FROM THE PANELISTS HOW
CONSISTENT REACTIVE AGGRESSION
IS ACROSS DIFFERENT CONTEXT. OUR
INDIVIDUALS WHO SHOW HOW
REACTIVE AGGRESSION LIKELY TO
SHOW IT IN ALL DIFFERENT
CONTEXT. FOR EXAMPLE, FAMILY,
WORK FRIENDS OR IS IT MODULATED
I WILL START WITH DR. FALKNER IF
YOU DON'T MIND WHAT YOUR
THOUGHTS ARE.
>>I CAN'T SPEAK TO HUMAN
LITERATURE. I HAVE QUESTIONS
WHETHER WAYS WHICH FAMILY
RESEARCHERS ARE THINKING
REACTIVE AGGRESSION ARE RIGHT
HAVING HEARD THIS CONVERSATION
BECAUSE THE WAYS WHICH WE THINK
ABOUT REACTIVE AGGRESSION THE
FIGHT IS OFTEN FIX SOD THE
OUTCOME IS PREDICTABLE SO I
HESITATE TO SAY WE ARE ACTUALLY
STUDYING REACTIVE AGGRESSION SO
MY HANDS REACTIVE AGGRESSION
PROACTIVE AGGRESSION ARE
CORRELATED INCREDIBLY. SO THE
LEVEL OF REACTIVE AGGRESSION IN
ANIMALS EXHIBIT IN RESIDENT
PARADIGM EXPLICITLY PREDICTS HOW
QUICKLY THE LEARN OPERANT TASK.
SO I CAN'T SPEAK TO THE CONTEXT
IDEA BUT I LOVE TO HEAR FROM
WHAT THOSE DOING CLINICAL
RESEARCH HAVE TO SAY ABOUT THIS
>>ALSO ROUND OUT BEFORE WE GO
TO CLINICIAN ON THE PRE-CLINICAL
SIDE. ONE THING WE HAVE BEEN
ABLE TO LOOK AT IN TERMS OF THE
CONSISTENCY OF REACTIVE
AGGRESSION IN MICE. BIG
PARENTHESES THERE IS THE
ENVIRONMENT WHICH THEY ARE
ENGAGING REACTIVE AGGRESSION CAN
STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE ACTUAL
BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE THEY USE
OR STRATEGY THEY USE, SO NOW
THAT WE HAVE TOOLS TO ALLOW US
TO BREAK DOWN AND IDENTIFY
DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL MOTIFS
DIFFERENT SEQUENCES OR STEPS
THESE ANIMALS ARE CONSISTENTLY
USING WHEN THEY BEGIN AN ATTACK
AND REACTIVE SETTING WE SEE IF
YOU CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE
ENVIRONMENT OR CHANGE ENRICHMENT
IN THE ENVIRONMENT OR CHANGE
VARIOUS FACTORS AS A STRONG
INFLUENCE ON THE ACTUAL SEQUENCE
THEY DECIDE OR THE STRATEGIES
THEY DECIDE TO USE, THE OUTCOME
IS THE SAME. THEY ARE STILL
SHOWING REACTIVE AGGRESSION BUT
THE APPROACH THEY USE AND ALSO
THE COPING MECHANISMS USED ON
THE PART OF THE INTRUDERS
BECAUSE WE ALWAYS TEND TO IGNORE
THE INTRUDER, TAKES TO TWO TO
TRAIN GO AND ONLY FOCUS ON ONE
OF THOSE. REALLY STRONGLY IS
INFLUENCED BY ALL THESE OTHER
FACTORS. SO JUST LIKE SAYING HOW
WE DEFINE REACTIVE AGGRESSION IS
NOT EVEN PRE-CLINICAL SETTINGS
IS NOT I THINK AS CLEAN FOR A
LOT OF REASONS AS WE TYPICALLY
THOUGHT AND AS THESE TOOLS
ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY THESE IS
GOING TO CHANGE FUNDAMENTALLY
HOW WE BEGIN TO REPORT THE
NEURAL MECHANISMS OR
PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THEY
ARE IDENTIFYING UNDER REACTIVE
CONDITIONS TO BE MUCH MORE FINE
TUNED. AND MORE SPECIFIC THAN
MONOLITHIC REACTIVE AGGRESSION
DEFINITION. BUT WE ARE JUST AS
WE ARE TALKING NOW JUST
BEGINNING TO PUT THAT OUT THERE
WITH HUMANS I'M SURE IT IS WAY
MORE COMPLICATED.
>>SO LET'S HEAR FROM THOSE
DOING CLINICAL RESEARCH WHAT
THOSE THOUGHTS ARE.
>>PI I'M NOT A CLINICIAN, I'M A
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST. SO THIS THE
KIND OF PSYCHOLOGIST THAT
DOESN'T HELP ANYBODY. I STILL
WANT TO. BUT YEAH, THERE IS GOOD
EVIDENCE THAT CROSS SITUATIONAL
DURABILITY REACTIVE AGGRESSION
SO YOU TEND TO BE PROVOKED IN
ONE CONTEXT PROBABLY ALSO PRONE
TO BE PROVOKED IN ANOTHER, NOT
TO SAY DIFFERENT CONTEXTS AREN'T
MORE PROVOCATIVE THAN OTHERS.
SO A LOT OF US HAVE DOMAINS
WHICH YOU CAN INSULT US WE DON'T
CARE WHATSOEVER AND THERE'S
SENSITIVE DOMAINS THAT WE HAVE
THAT IF YOU PROVOKE IN THOSE WE
WILL REACTIVE EXTREMELY STRONG.
FOR PARENTS, KIDS, DOMAIN. WE
HAVEN'T STUDIED THAT. WE TREATED
PROVOCATION AS A MONOLITH. TO
ECHO SAM'S STATEMENTS WE
PROBABLY NEED TO TAKE APART
THESE MONOLITHS AND TREAT THEM
MORE CONTEXTUALLY. SO WHERE ARE
YOU AT IN LIFE SPAN, WHAT
THREATS AND PROVEVATIONS MORE
SENSITIVE TO YOU. WHAT IS GOING
ON WITH YOUR PERSONALITY, WITH
YOUR LIFE SITUATION, WHAT TYPES
OF PROVOCATIONS MOST TO ELICIT
REACTIVE INTEGRATION, FOR ONE
PERSON OR ANOTHER THE SAME
PROVOCATION IS AN ENTIRELY
DIFFERENT THINGS.
>>NOTED. THANK YOU SO MUCH.
ANY OTHER THOUGHTS ON THIS?
>>FROM THE CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE
ONE HINGE THE HETEROGENEITY
THINGS THAT MATTER MOST FOR
TREATMENTS AND OUTCOMES. I
THINK SEVERITY AND I THINK ABOUT
AGE. OR DEVELOPMENT MORE SO THAN
PROACTIVE VERSUS REACTIVE.
BECAUSE AS WE SAW EARLIER
AGGRESSION THAT EMERGES EARLIER
IN CHILDHOOD TENDS MORE SEVERE
AND PERSISTENT AND ALSO IF YOU
CAN WORK WITH POPULATION MORE
BROADLY FOR PREVENTIVE
PERSPECTIVE IN CHILDHOOD YOU CAN
HAVE LARGER IMPACT ON MORE
PEOPLE, THINGS LIKE BEHAVIORAL
TRAINING OR EFFECTIVE
INTERVENTIONS COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, BROADLY THE
GROSSLY OVERSIMPLIFIED, THE MORE
SEVERE AND THE MORE OLDER KIDS
GET MORE THEY GET CONNECTED WITH
OTHER SOCIAL SYSTEMS SOCIALIZED
BROADER, MORE SEVERE AS THEY GET
OLDER REQUIRES MORE MULTI-LEVEL
INTERVENTION POTENTIALLY THAT IS
WHERE MY OVERLAP WITH LEGAL
SYSTEMS AND OTHER SYSTEMS LIKE
THAT. SO THERE'S LOTS MORE
COMPLEXITIES IN EARLY
INTERVENTION AND PERSPECTIVE IS
IMPORTANT.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, SPENCER.
ANY OTHER THOUGHTS BEFORE WE
MOVE TO THE NEXT QUESTION? SO
THIS IS AGAIN PANEL THAT -- A
QUESTION ANYONE ON THE PANEL CAN
ANSWER. IS ALL HUMAN AGGRESSION
MAL ADAPTIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR
QUOTE UNQUOTE BAD? THIS MAKES
HUMANS VERY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER
ANIMALS WHERE AGGRESSION IS
ADAPTIVE EVOLUTIONARILY AND
APPROPRIATE CONTEXT. SO ALL
HUMAN AGGRESSION MAL ADAPTIVE OR
BAD? AND ANYONE CAN ANSWER THAT
I WILL POINT TO OUR DISCUSSANT.
I DON'T THINK I HAVE HEARD MUCH
FROM Y'ALL IN TERMS OF SOME OF
THESE Q&A QUESTIONS. ANY
THOUGHTS ON THAT?
>>THIS IS TOPIC OF THE SESSION
TOMORROW I WANT TO FOCUS ON THE
AGGRESSION THAT IS PROBLEMATIC.
SOME FORMS OF AGGRESSION ARE
PROBABLY FINE BUT THAT IS NOT
WHAT WE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT I
WOULD THINK.
>>I THINK WHEN I TEACH
UNDERGRADS ABOUT TOPICS LIKE
THIS THIS COMES UP A LOT,
PROBABLY THOUGHT MORE DEEPLY
ABOUT THIS IN THE PARABLE, THERE
ARE DEFINITELY PLACES WHERE
AGGRESSION IS PROXIMALLY
ADAPTIVE, THAT IS IF YOU ARE ON
THE PLAYGROUND AND OTHERS ARE
AGGRESSIVE A LOT, BEING
AGGRESSIVE MAYBE EFFECTIVE FOR
YOU BUT NOT EFFECTIVE IN THE
LONG RUN THAT AGGRESSION IN
DIFFERENT CONTEXT WILL GET YOU
IN TROUBLE OR AT THE WRONG
SCHOOL. SO I THINK THERE ARE
SOME PROBABLY SOME FORMS OF
AGGRESSION THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC
AND SANCTIONED IN DIFFERENT WAYS
AND OTHERS THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC
BUT I THINK IT IS DANGEROUS TO
THINK WE CAN PICK OUT SOME TYPES
THAT ARE DEFINITELY GOOD OR SOME
TYPES THAT ARE BAD BECAUSE THERE
ARE ONES THAT DEPENDS ON CONTEXT
AND THAT IN LOTS OF CASES IT IS
HELPFUL SOCIETY WILL EVENTUALLY
PUNISH YOU FOR IT THAT, IS ONE
THING WE TALKED ABOUT SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES WE ARE PUTTING KIDS
IN PLACES WHERE THEY ARE DOING A
GOOD JOB ADAPTING TO VERY
PROXIMAL CONTEXT BUT THAT
ACAPTION IS NOT GOING TO SERVE
WELL IN LONG TERM ACROSS THEIR
LIFE SPAN. IS
>>UNDERSTAND. THANK YOU SO
MUCH. I THINK THAT CONCLUDES ALL
THE QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT.
ANYONE HAVE ANY LAST MINUTE
QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS TO MAKE IN
REGARDS TO THIS SESSION?
>>I GUESS IF WE HAVE TIME. ONE
OF THE THINGS ON THE
PRE-CLINICAL SIDE MANY
RESEARCHERS WOULD BE
APPRECIATIVE TO GET INPUT FROM
CLINICIANS HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS
IS COME BACK TO SEX AS A
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE. HOW TO
INCORPORATE SEX INTO
PRE-CLINICAL DESIGNS MEANINGFUL
AND APPROPRIATE. . WE HAVE A
RIGHTLY SO MANDATE FROM THE NIH
TO INCORPORATE SEX AS BIOLOGICAL
VARIABLE IN OUR GRANTS. IT IT
HAS HAD A VERY IMPORTANT USEFUL
OUTCOME IN THE STATE OR CONTEXT
OF AGGRESSION AND AGGRESSION
MOTIVATION WE HAVE SEEN IN THE
SIDE CHAT WHERE SINCE START OF
THIS PANEL THAT IS A BIT MORE OF
A CHALLENGE TO ADDRESS. I DON'T
HAVE IT ANSWERED BUT THIS IS
SOMETHING NIH COULD PROVIDE MORE
GUIDANCE ON, TO PRE-CLINICAL
LABS AND HATE TO BE GREATLY
INFORMED BY WHAT WOULD BE
CLINICALLY USEFUL OR RELEVANT
FOR US TO BE FOCUSING ON.
>>THIS IS A VARIABLE THAT I
FIND MYSELF CARING LESS AND LESS
ABOUT WHEN I LOOK AT DATA. I
JUST DO NOT FIND MEANINGFUL SEX
DIFFERENCES IN MY BEHAVIORAL
OUTCOMES IN MY NEURAL FINDINGS
IN MY SELF-REPORT DATA. I USED
TO THINK IT WAS MEANINGFUL AND
BIOLOGICAL SEX IS QUICKLY
DRIFTING TO THE BACK OF THE PACK
AS FAR AS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES,
IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. I AM NOT
SEEING WHAT THE LITERATURE WOULD
SUGGEST AT SUCH AN IMPORTANT
CRITICAL DIVERGENT THING. I
DON'T KNOW IF THAT HAS MORE TO
DO WITH THE FACT THAT I AM
ASSESSING GENDER IDENTITY AS A
VARIABLE FOCUSING ON AT THAT BUT
I DO NOT SEE SEX DIFFERENCES IN
DIVERGENCES BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL
MALES AND FEMALES IF YOU WANT TO
USE THAT LANGUAGE. I DON'T SEE
IT IN THE DATA. SO FOR ME I
DON'T FOCUS THERE. I DON'T SEE A
NEED TO FOCUS THERE BECAUSE IN
HUMANS, I JUST DON'T SEE IT.
>>FROM A HUMAN CLINICAL SIDE
THE POLICY CAME INTO PLAY
BECAUSE BOTH HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN
ANIMAL MODELS WERE MISSING OUT
ON LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE SO
HUMAN LEVEL PEOPLE ARE NOT DOING
REPRESENTATIVE POPULATION
SAMPLES THAT DOESN'T INCLUDE
WOMEN SO WE DON'T KNOW ABOUT
WOMEN AND LOTS OF GROUPS
EXCLUDED SO I UNDERSTAND THE IS
GOAL, AS I SIDE COMMENT I WANT
TO SAY THAT I THINK THE PANEL
ALSO ILLUSTRATES THE DI VOID
BETWEEN FOLKS DOING NON-HUMAN
ANIMAL MODELS AND HUMAN STUFF,
SOMEONE DONE NEUROSCIENCES
EMBEDDED TO EVERYTHING THAT
FOLKS DOING NON-HUMAN MODELS BUT
FOCUS HAS BEEN ON PROACTIVE AND
REACTIVE AGGRESSION AND MY VIEW
IN THE CLINICAL CHILD
LITERATURE, THAT IS A SMALL PART
OF THE LITERATURE AND MOST
LITERATURE IS ON AGE ONSET THAT
TERRIE MOFFITT TALKED ABOUT
EARLIER SO IN SOME WAYS FEELS
LIKE WE NEED TO BE FORCED TO A
ROOM TOGETHER. I TRAIN IN GRAD
SCHOOL AT A CENTER FOR NEURAL
BASIS COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF
PITTSBURG WE WERE FORCED
TOGETHER AND I WAS STRUCK WE
WERE ALL STRUCK ABOUT HOW LITTLE
CONNECTIONS WE HAD WITH EACH
OTHER AND THEREFORE WE ARE
FOLLOWING LEADS IN WAYSNA
WEREN'T USEFUL EITHER HUMAN
PEOPLE NOT UNDERSTANDING SOME OF
THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND
FOLKS STUDYING NON-HUMAN ANIMALS
CHASING DOWN A PIECE THAT IS NOT
THE BROADER PART STUDYING HUMANS
SO I AGREE. I DON'T KNOW HOW YOU
MAKE AGAIN MOUSE MODEL OF LATE
ONSET ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR BUT
THAT IS IT IS INTERESTING WHERE
WE CONNECT AND WHERE WE DON'T.
THOSE CONNECTIONS ARE REALLY
IMPORTANT. I SEE TERRIE HAS HER
HAND UP ALSO.
>>PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY TERRIE.
>>FROM'S TIME I WANTED TO JUST
GO BACK TO THE QUESTION A FEW
MINUTES AGO ABOUT IS ALL HUMAN
AGGRESSION MAL ADAPTIVE. IT TOOK
A FEW MINUTES TO PROCESS AND TRY
TO PUT THAT IMPORTANT QUESTION
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
LITERATURE. HERE IS ONE WAY YOU
CAN TRY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
MAL ADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE
AGGRESSION. LET'S SAY YOU HAVE
SOMEONE WHO IS HITTING SOMEONE.
ON THE ONE HAND MOTIVATION IS TO
HURT A PERSON. OTHER HAND
SELF-DEFENSE. OFFENSE BASIS OF
MOTIVATION WE CAN DIFFERENTIATE
BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND MAL
ADAPTIVE AGGRESSION. IT IS HARD
TO STUDY IN PEOPLE. THEY ARE NOT
ACCURATE WHEN THEY TRY TO
DESCRIBE THEIR MOTIVATION AFTER
THE FACT. WHEREAS WE CAN STUDY
MOTIVATION, REALLY WELL IN THE
ANIMAL MODEL SEEMS LIKE, I'M
EXCITED TO SIGH THAT, IT IS A
LITTLE HARDER WITH PEOPLE. SO
HERE IS ANOTHER WAY YOU CAN TELL
WHEN AGGRESSION IS MAL ADAPTIVE
VERSUS ADAPTIVE IS THAT WE HAVE
FOUND THAT WHEN IT IS PERVASIVE
ACROSS SITUATIONS IT TURNS OUT
TO BE MAL ADAPTIVE THE, THE
CHILD HAS WORSE OUTCOMES AND
STAYINGS AGGRESSIVE MORE YEARS.
WHAT THAT MEANS IS WHEN THEY ARE
AGGRESSIVE AT HOME, AT SCHOOL ON
THE PLAYGROUND SWIMMING POOL,
EVERYWHERE THEY GO, THEY ARE
AGGRESSIVE TOWARD OTHER PEOPLE.
THAT IMPLIES TO ME THEY HAVE
LOST CONTROL OVER IT. SO IT IS
NOT SO MUCH THEIR MOTIVATION
WELL MEANING OR NOT, IT IS DO
THEY ARE CONTROL OVER THEIR
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OR NOT. IF
THEY STILL HAVE CONTROL OVER IT
THEY HAVE A LOT BETTER OUTCOMES
IF THEY ARE ABLE TO JUST BE
AGGRESSIVE WHEN THEY ARE AT HOME
WITH THEIR BAD OLDER SIBLING BUT
PERFECTLY WELL BEHAVED AT SCHOOL
THAT IS A GOOD SIGN. SO I WOULD
GO WITH FOR DIFFERENTIATING
BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND MAL
ADAPTIVE HUMAN AGGRESSION I
WOULD GO WITH IS THE PERSON
STILL IN CONTROL WHEN THEY DO
IT.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, TERRIE. I
HAVE A A QUESTION FOR SAM AND
ANNEGRET. HAVE YOU EXAMINED WHAT
HAPPENS TO ANIMALS WHO SHOW
THEIR CONDITIONED BUT WHO THEN
ARE SOCIALLY DEFEATED
THEMSELVES? DO THEY NO LONGER
SEEK ACCESS TO SUBORDINATES OR
IS THIS MAINTAINED EVEN IN
ANIMALS WHO LOSE AFTER
CONSISTENTLY WINNING?
>>I TOUCHED ON THIS A LITTLE
BIT IN THE CHAT SO WE HAVE DONE
THIS CONTROL SO IF YOU TRAIN
ANIMALS IN THE SOCIAL OPERANT
TASK THEY GET ANIMAL THEY DEFEAT
EVERY TIME, YOU GIVE THEM A
SURPRISE, ANIMAL THAT FIGHTS
BACK THEY STOP POKING FAST. AND
FOR SEVERAL DAYS IF THEY GIVE
FIGHTS BACK BUT THEY WILL GO
BACK UP THE YOU GIVE THEM A
SUBORDINATE ANIMAL. SO THE
OUTCOME IS IMPORTANT TO THIS
PROCESS.
>>I HAVE TWO PIECES OF DATA
THAT I CAN SPEAK TO. ONE USING A
CONDITION PLACE PREFERENCE
APPROACH AND ALSO USING OPERANT.
WE WERE INTERESTED IN THE
BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY OF
AGGRESSION MOTIVATION. WE WERE
DEVELOPING THE CONDITION PLACED
PREFERENCE PROCEDURE. ONE
EXPERIMENT WE DID IS WE TOOK A
LARGE COHORT OF THESE OUTBRED
MALE MICE AND WE SCREENED FOR
AGGRESSION AND WE TOOK THE VERY
MOST AGGRESSIVE AND THE LEAST
AGGRESSIVE FROM THIS LARGE
SAMPLE. AND THEN INSTEAD OF JUST
SCREENING THEM FOR THREE DAYS OF
RESIDENT INTRUDER WHICH IS
TYPICALLY WHAT WE DO TO SEPARATE
AGGRESSORS FROM NON-AGGRESSORS
WE SCREEN FOR TEN DAYS. WHAT WE
SAW ACROSS THE TEN DAYS IS ALL
THE ANIMALS INITIALLY AGGRESSIVE
REMAINED AGGRESSIVE. HALF THE
ANIMALS NON-AGGRESSIVE UNDER
REPEATED FORCED INTERACTIONS,
SWITCHED TO AGGRESSIVE. SHOWED
SOME LEVEL AGGRESSION NOT AS
MUCH AS AGGRESSORS BUT IT WAS
THERE. WE THEN TOOK THESE
POPULATIONS AND ONES ALWAYS
AGGRESSIVE, NEVER SWITCHED
CONSISTENTLY NON-AGGRESSIVE AND
VARIABLE AGGRESSORS AND IT
BECAME AGGRESSIVE. UNDER
REACTIVE CONDITIONS AND PUT THEM
INTO THE CPP PROCEDURE. WHAT WE
FOUND IS THAT THE ANIMALS
SWITCHED FROM NON-AGGRESSIVE
STILL ESTABLISHED A CONDITION
PLACED PREFERENCE, THE ANIMALS
NOT INITIALLY AGGRESSIVE FOR A
LONG TIME AND STOCHASTICALLY
FORCED INTO SHOWING AGGRESSION
BUT STILL WINNING WILL FIND
AGGRESSION IN PREFERENCE PLACED
PROCEDURE. SIMILAR TO WHAT
ANNEGRET FOUND WITH THE OPERANT
APPROACH, IF WE TAKE OUR SPECIES
TYPICAL ANIMALS AND THROW IN
ANOTHER DOMINANT ANIMAL,
CONSISTENT THEY STOP REAL QUICK.
THEY DON'T LIKE THAT, THEY DON'T
LIKE GETTING HURT, EXTENDING
ENERGY WHEN THEY ARE NOT GOING
TO WIN. SMALLER COMPULSIVE
POPULATION AND DO THAT SAME TYPE
OF MANIPULATION THEY WILL
CONTINUE TO CONSIDERATIONENTLY
LEVER PRESS EVEN WHEN THEY ARE
NO LONGER WINNING. WE DON'T GO
VERY LONG FOR THAT BECAUSE THE
ANIMALS WILL INJURE THEMSELVES
AND WE WILL STOP AS SOON AS
THERE IS CHANCE FOR THAT BUT AS
SOON AS WE DID TEST THEM THEY
WILL CONTINUE TO DO THAT. I
WOULD SAY THEY ARE INSTANTLY IN
THESE ANIMAL MODELS THE ABILITY
TO CAPTURE THAT SWITCH BETWEEN
ADAPTIVE AND M A,L ADAPTIVE.
OTHER GROUPS LIKE (INAUDIBLE)
GROUP HAS DONE A GREAT JOB
LOOKING AT ETHANOL INDUCED
PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION SHOWING
HOW TO GIVE ANIMALS RECREATIONAL
DOSES OF ALCOHOL THEY CAN INDUCE
THESE TYPES OF PATHOLOGICAL AND
MAL ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS SO I
THINK THE ABILITY IS THERE IN
PRE-CLINICAL MODELS TO DO THIS.
MOST MICE DON'T WANT TONIGHT IF
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO WIN.
>>VERY HELPFUL. THANK YOU SO
MUCH. SAM AND ANNEGRET. SO DR.
FALKNER, I BELIEVE THERE IS ONE
MORE QUESTION FOR YOU HERE. DO
YOU THINK THAT THE MECHANISMS
YOU DESCRIBED HERE SOMETHING
THAT GET DEPLOYED IN IN WAR OR
VIOLENT NEIGHBORHOODS? CLEARLY
THERE ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
IN PROPENSITY TO AGGRESSION, BUT
CLEARLY THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO
RECALIBRATE SYSTEM AND WE KNOW
IN WAR YOU OFTEN SEE PEOPLE
COMMIT ACTS THAT MIGHT NOT HAVE
BEEN COMMITTED DURING PEACE.
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS THERE?
>>THERE IS A LOT PACKED INTO
THAT QUESTION. NOT SURE I'M I
QUIPPED TO ANSWER ABOUT WAR. WE
ARE -- I THINK THE IDEA THAT
AGGRESSION IS REINFORCING IS A
LITTLE OVERSIMPLIFIED. AND WE
HAVEN'T STARTED TO TEASE APART
EXACTLY WHICH PIECES OF
AGGRESSION ARE REINFORCING BITS
WHETHER THE AGGRESSION ITSELF OR
THE OUTCOME OF THE AGGRESSION.
IF IT IS OUTCOME OF AGGRESSION
WE CAN EXTEND TO OTHER
COMPETITIVE DOMAINS. THAT DON'T
NECESSARILY HAVE TO DO WITH
ATTACK AND SOME MIGHT ALSO MAKE
STUDYING THIS IN THE LABORATORY
A LITTLE BIT EASIER SODS I THINK
THERE IS UNCERTAINTY WHICH
PIECES OF THIS REINFORCEMENT
SIGNAL ARE OPERATING ON WHICH
PIECE OF THIS COMPLEX ACTION. MY
SHORT ANSWER IS I THINK PROBABLY
COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS DO
EXPLOIT AGGRESSIVE MACHINERY IN
THE BRAIN THOUGH WHETHER THEY
ARE PROBABLY NOT ACTIVATING THE
SAME PATHWAYS THAT COORDINATE
THE MUSCULATURE SPECIFIC FOR THE
ATTACK. AGGRESSIVE STATE IN A
MOUSE, IMCREASES BEHAVIORS
ATTACK IS ONE OF THEM, AND MAYBE
LOSENING THE LEVEL OF CONTROL
INDIVIDUAL HAS MOMENT TO MOMENT
WHERE TO DEPLOY SPECIFIC SET OF
ACTIONS.
>>HELPFUL THANK YOU SO MUCH. WE
ARE AT THE END OF OUR QUESTION
AND ANSWER SESSION. SO AT THIS
TIME I'M GOING TO THANK ALL OF
OUR PANELISTS, FOR PARTICIPATING
TODAY, I WILL HAND IT OVER TO
DARA TO CLOSE US OUT. DARA OVER
TO YOU.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, EVERYONE.
THIS HAD BEEN SUCH A JAM PACKED
AND REALLY AMAZING AFTERNOON. I
WANT TO MAKE COUPLE OF QUICK
ANNOUNCEMENTS. FIRST BIG THANK
YOU TO OUR PLANNING COMMITTEE
AND ALL OF THE PANELISTS
DISCUSSANTS, SPEAKERS AND OTHERS
WHO ASKED REALLY GREAT QUESTIONS
TODAY AND REALLY GOT US OFF TO A
GREAT START. I GUESS I SHOULD
HAVE STARTED WITH I AM DARA
BLACK DELL FAR, I HAVE BEEN
WORKING WITH OFFICE OF
BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH, WE HOPE EVERYONE WILL
COME BACK TOMORROW A HUGE THANK
YOU, AS ALREADY ALLUDED TO WE
WILL HAVE A PANEL SPECIFICALLY
FOCUSED ON SORT OF ADOPTIVE
MALADAPTIVE AND TYPICAL OR
ATYPICAL AGGRESSION OVER THE
LIFE COURSE AND WE WILL HAVE
ADDITIONAL KEYNOTE TOMORROW
FOCUSING ON ETHICS BOTH FROM
ANIMAL AND HUMAN RESEARCH
PERSPECTIVE. NONE OF THOSE
ISSUES RAISED TODAY THAT WILLED
HAVE TIME TOMORROW TO DIG INTO.
SO AGAIN, THANK YOU, EVERYONE.
HAVE A WONDERFUL EVENING. WE
LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU BACK
HERE TOMORROW. THANK YOU.