1 00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:07,440 >> MY NAME IS 2 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:09,080 WENDY SMITH, ACTING DIRECT STORE 3 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:10,880 OF NIH OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL 4 00:00:10,880 --> 00:00:12,000 SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH. FOR 5 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,280 THOSE WHO ARE NOT FAMILIAR, WE 6 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:16,640 ARE COORDINATING OFFICE WITHIN 7 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:18,080 THE NIH OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR. 8 00:00:18,080 --> 00:00:20,320 WE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 9 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:21,760 COORDINATING HEALTH RELEVANT 10 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:23,400 BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:25,720 AND FOR IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES 12 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:27,160 AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ADVANCE 13 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:30,440 THESE SCIENCES ACROSS NIH. IN 14 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:32,120 THIS WE OFTEN FOCUS OUR 15 00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:34,760 EFFORTS ON TOPICS THAT CROSS A 16 00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:36,720 WIDE RANGE OF NIH INSTITUTES, 17 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:38,720 CENTERS AND OFFICES AND THAT MAY 18 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:41,800 NOT SQUARELY OR SOLELY FIT INTO 19 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:44,080 JUST ONE SPECIFIC IC MISSION 20 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:47,120 ICH BRINGS US TO TODAY. 21 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:51,160 VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION IS ONEIG 22 00:00:51,160 --> 00:00:52,600 SEVERAL INITIATIVES IN THESE 23 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:54,640 TOPICS THE FEW YEARS 24 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:55,560 COORDINATING EFFORTS SUCH AS 25 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:56,680 THIS WORKSHOP TO BETTER 26 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:58,480 UNDERSTAND THE GAPS AND 27 00:00:58,480 --> 00:00:59,600 OPPORTUNITIES IN RESEARCH ON THE 28 00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:01,800 BASIC MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION. 29 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:03,800 I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME Y'ALL TO 30 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:05,480 THIS EXCITING WORKSHOP. WE ARE 31 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,920 HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THIS 32 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:10,840 INTNERSHIP WITH OUR 33 00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:13,040 COLLEAGUES FROM 11 OTHER NIH 34 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:15,360 INSTITUTES, CENTERS AND OFFICES. 35 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:17,880 THIS AMAZING ENGAGEMENT ACROSS 36 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:19,200 THE NIH DEMONSTRATES THE 37 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:20,760 IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF THIS 38 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:22,840 TOPIC. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO 39 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:24,320 TAKE A MOMENT TO SAY THANK YOU 40 00:01:24,320 --> 00:01:26,520 TO THE PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR 41 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:28,680 PUTTING THIS AGENDA TOGETHER. 42 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:31,880 I'M ALSO SORRY I'M NOT ABLE TO 43 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,280 JOIN YOU FOR ALL THIS MEETING 44 00:01:34,280 --> 00:01:36,000 WHICH WILL BE ENGAGING 45 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:37,400 INFORMATIVE DISCUSSION OVER THE 46 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:39,000 NEXT TWO AFTERNOONS.LY NOW TURN 47 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:42,040 IT TO KRISTIN TO PROVIDE MORE 48 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:46,840 BACKGROUND AND ORIENTATION. 49 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:48,480 >>THANKS, WENDY, THANK YOU FOR 50 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:50,080 ALL FOR JOINING US FOR OUR TWO 51 00:01:50,080 --> 00:01:51,800 DAY VIRTUAL WORKSHOP ON 52 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,760 ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF 53 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:57,440 AGGRESSION ACROSS DISCIPLINES. 54 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:00,960 L MY NAME IS KRISTIN HAURWITZ, 55 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:02,840 ASSOCIATE SCIENCE ADMINISTRATOR 56 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:06,000 IN OBSSR AT THE NIH. NEXT 57 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:07,240 WORKSHOP WILL WORK TO BETTER 58 00:02:07,240 --> 00:02:08,360 UNDERSTAND THE GAPS AND 59 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:10,440 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SCIENCE OF 60 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:17,160 AGGRESSION. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 61 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:18,600 SO AS MENTIONED BY WENDY, THIS 62 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:20,440 IS AN NIH WIDE TOPIC OF 63 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:22,040 RELEVANCE WITH IMPLICATIONS 64 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:24,480 ACROSS DISEASES AND AT THIS 65 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:25,680 ORDERS AND ACROSS THE LIFE 66 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:27,600 COURSE. TO GET US STARTED SAME 67 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:29,560 PAGELY PROVIDE DEFINITION OF 68 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:32,680 AGGRESSION WHICH WORKSHOPS WILL 69 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:34,480 EXPAND AND ADD NUANCE TO THE 70 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:36,160 NEXT TWO DAYS. INTERPERSONAL 71 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:37,400 BEHAVIORS THAT AIM TO 72 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:37,960 INTENTIONALLY HARM ANOTHER 73 00:02:37,960 --> 00:02:40,800 INDIVIDUAL. THE SCOPE OF OUR 74 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:42,160 DISCUSSIONS MANAGEABLE IN THE 75 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:43,200 LIMITED TIME WE HAVE WE WILL 76 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,400 FOCUS ON BASIC MECHANISMS OF 77 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:48,040 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR DIRECTED 78 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:49,200 TOWARDS OTHER EXCLUDING 79 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:51,800 SELF-DIRECTED AGGRESSION AN 80 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:53,080 EXTENTSIVE DISCUSSION OF 81 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:54,960 AGGRESSION VICTIMS. THIS IS A 82 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:55,880 CULMINATION OF SEVERAL YEARS 83 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:57,640 THAT BEGAN AS SUBGROUP OF NIH 84 00:02:57,640 --> 00:02:59,400 WORKING GROUP ON VIOLENCE 85 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:01,960 RESEARCH CO-COORDINATED BY 86 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:04,280 OBSSR, INITIALLY FOCUSED ON 87 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:05,840 NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF 88 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:07,400 AGGRESSION TOP BETTER UNDERSTAND 89 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:08,520 LANDSCAPE OF RESEARCH IN THIS 90 00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:10,720 AREA WE PUT OUT A REQUEST FOR 91 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:11,920 INFORMATION OR RFI TO THE 92 00:03:11,920 --> 00:03:17,760 RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC. 93 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,240 WE ISSUED RFI BETWEEN DECEMBER 94 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:22,440 2021 AND MARCH 2022 RECEIVING 27 95 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:24,240 RESPONSES. THESE ARE THE SIX 96 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:26,240 TOPICS WE ASK FOR INPUT ON. THIS 97 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:29,080 IS A LOT OF TEXT SO I WILL 98 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:34,280 SUMMARIZE, INCLUDING FUNDAMENTAL 99 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:35,520 BIOBEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS 100 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:38,040 DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS 101 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:41,000 TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER RESOURCE, 102 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,600 IDENTIFYING PSYCHOSOCIAL 103 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:45,160 BEHAVIORAL TARTS. 104 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:46,720 CHARACTERIZATION OF 105 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:47,320 MULTI-VARIANT APPROACHES 106 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:49,600 APPLICABLE TO PRY PLAYER OR 107 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:50,480 SECONDARY DATAFUL CONSIDERATIONS 108 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,200 OF ETHICAL LEGAL AND SOCIALEG 109 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:54,560 IMPLICATIONS AND ANY ISSUES 110 00:03:54,560 --> 00:03:58,040 RESPONDENTS WISH TO HIGHLIGHT. 111 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,800 HERE IS FEW EXAMPLES OF THE 112 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:02,160 RESPONSES AND FULL SUMMARY 113 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:03,160 AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE LISTED 114 00:04:03,160 --> 00:04:06,720 HERE. INCLUDED NEED FOR 115 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:09,640 TRAINING AND RETENTION, 116 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:11,560 UNDERSTANDING THE TATURAL 117 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:12,960 TRAJECTORY, SCREEN TOOLS, 118 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:14,080 INNOVATIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL 119 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:15,760 TREATMENT OPTIONS NEW METHODS, A 120 00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:18,120 FOCUS ON PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, 121 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,760 AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT. ALL 122 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:24,080 RESPONSES TO RFI SOME WHICH CAME 123 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:24,600 FROM OUR WOULD BE SHOP 124 00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:26,280 PARTICIPANTS. HIGHLIGHTED THAT 125 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:28,080 IS SOMEWHAT BROADER APPROACH TO 126 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:30,600 TOPIC BEYOND NEUROLIECAL 127 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,680 MECHANISMS WAS WARRANTED. SO TO 128 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:36,480 THAT END WE PUT TOGETHER A HUB 129 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:38,000 AND SPOKE WORKSHOP WE SEEK TO 130 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,360 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CENTRAL 131 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:42,120 TOPIC HERE THE MECHANISMS OF 132 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:44,440 AGGRESSION BY EXAMINING FROM 133 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:46,120 SEVERAL DISCIPLINARY ANGLES 134 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:47,880 WHICH IS PRY WHY WE PUT TOGETHER 135 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:49,160 ANIMAL HUMAN RESEARCHERS OF 136 00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:50,560 AGGRESSION, COMING FROM 137 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:53,440 PSYCHOLOGY, NEUROSCIENCE, 138 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:54,720 CRIMINOLOGY, EVOLUTIONARY 139 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:56,920 BIOLOGY ETHICS AND OTHER RELATED 140 00:04:56,920 --> 00:04:58,680 DISCIPLINES H. A CENTRAL REASON 141 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:00,160 FOR THIS APPROACH IS CERTAIN 142 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:01,920 RESEARCH TOPICS AGGRESSION 143 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:03,800 INCLUDED CAN BECOME SILOED UNDER 144 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:06,120 CERTAIN DISCIPLINES AND PURCHASE 145 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:08,000 WITH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SILOS 146 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:09,240 BECOMING INFREQUENT AND 147 00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:12,440 DIFFICULT DUE TO DIVERGENCE IN 148 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:13,720 TAXONOMIES ONTOLOGIES AND 149 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:14,960 MEASUREMENTS. THROUGH THIS HUB 150 00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:18,040 AND SPOKE APPROACH, OUR WORKSHOP 151 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:20,240 GOALS INCLUDE FOSTERING THIS 152 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:22,240 CROSS DISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE, 153 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:24,080 IDENTIFYING BARRIERS AND 154 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:26,560 POTENTIALPOIONS TO MOVE 155 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:28,360 RESEARCH ON BASIC MECHANISMS OF 156 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:30,120 HEALTH TO INFORM INTERVENTION 157 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:31,720 DEVELOPMENT AND IDENTIFY 158 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:33,280 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE USE 159 00:05:33,280 --> 00:05:35,920 INSPIRED BASIC RESEARCH. AND 160 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:37,400 IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS AND 161 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:38,720 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SCIENCE OF 162 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:40,040 AGGRESSION AN HEALTH AND SERVICE 163 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:41,480 OF ADVANCING PROGRESS AND 164 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:42,600 PREVENTION ASSESSMENT AND 165 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:46,080 TREATMENT. WE HOPE THIS WORKSHOP 166 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:47,840 WILL CREED FURTHER DISCUSSION ON 167 00:05:47,840 --> 00:05:48,880 TOPICS AND OPEN NEW 168 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:49,840 OPPORTUNITIES TO ATLYZE RESEARCH 169 00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:55,600 IN THIS AREA. SO LIKE TO TAKE A 170 00:05:55,600 --> 00:05:57,160 MOMENT TO THANK OUR PLANNING 171 00:05:57,160 --> 00:05:58,600 COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES ACROSS 172 00:05:58,600 --> 00:05:59,440 12 INSTITUTES CENTERS AND 173 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:01,640 OFFICES ACROSS THE NIH 174 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:02,680 HIGHLIGHTING THE BREADTH OF 175 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:04,240 INTEREST IN THIS EXCITING TOPIC 176 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:06,360 ACROSS THE AGENCY AND ALSO 177 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,400 THANKS TO TERRIERI MOFFITT AND Y 178 00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:12,920 EWE LIN FOR THEIR EXPERT INPUT. 179 00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:14,440 SO I WILL HIGHLIGHT OUR 180 00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:16,360 SCHEDULE. TODAY WE ARE GOING TO 181 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:17,680 KICK OFF WITH TWO KEYNOTE 182 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:19,640 DRESSES ON STATE OF AGGRESSION 183 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:21,320 VERGE IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS. 184 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:23,480 NEXT A PANEL DISCUSSION 185 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:25,000 CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 186 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:26,240 MECHANISMS TO SOCIAL AND 187 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:29,080 CULTURAL CONTEXT, THEN LASTLY WE 188 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:30,320 WILL HAVE A SECOND PANEL 189 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:32,880 DISCUSSION ON BRIDGING FINDINGS 190 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:36,560 ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF 191 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:39,000 AGGRESSION. TOMORROW WE WILL 192 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:41,080 HAVE ANOTHER SET OF KEYNOTE 193 00:06:41,080 --> 00:06:43,040 ADDRESSES ON ETHICAL AND LEGAL 194 00:06:43,040 --> 00:06:45,240 ISSUES AN AGGRESSION RESEARCH. 195 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:46,920 AND LASTLY WE WILL HAVE A THIRD 196 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:48,920 PANEL ON DISTINGUISHING ADAPTIVE 197 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:51,040 AND TYPICAL AGGRESSION FROM 198 00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:52,120 PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION ACROSS 199 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,720 THE LIFE COURSE. NEXT SLIDE 200 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:59,240 PLEASE. ONE LAST NOTE FOR THOSE 201 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,480 ON THE PUBLIC VIDEOCAST, THERE 202 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:03,840 IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO 203 00:07:03,840 --> 00:07:05,440 SUBMIT COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS SO 204 00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:06,440 SCROLL TO BOTTOM OF THE 205 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:09,200 VIDEOCAST VIDEO, FIND THE SEND 206 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:10,840 LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON THEN FILL 207 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:13,040 OUT THE INFORMATION THERE AND 208 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:14,640 CLICK THE GREEN SEND MESSAGE 209 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:16,280 BUTTON TO SEND OVER TO US FOR 210 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:21,720 DISCUSSION. WITH THAT WE CAN 211 00:07:21,720 --> 00:07:23,400 GET READY FOR THE FIRST SET OF 212 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:33,920 KEY NOTES I WILL BE MODERATING. 213 00:07:37,240 --> 00:07:41,080 WE CAN TAKE TIME TO PUT UP THE 214 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:46,080 SLIDE HERE. ALL RIGHT SO KEEP 215 00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:47,840 MY INTRODUCTIONS BRIEF SO WE CAN 216 00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:48,920 SPEND MORE TEAM HEARING FROM 217 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:50,480 DISTINGUISHED SPEAKERS TODAY. 218 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,480 BUT I HIGHLY RECOMMEND YOUR 219 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:54,840 REVIEW EXTENTSIVE AND 220 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:58,360 ACCOMPLISHED BODIES OF WORK FROM 221 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:00,920 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS DAYU LIN AND 222 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:02,280 TERRIE MOFFITT, WE ARE THRILLED 223 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:03,680 TO HAVE THEM HERE TO SET THE 224 00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:05,240 STAGE FOR DISCUSSION. EACH 225 00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:07,200 PROVIDES OVERVIEW OF STATE AND 226 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:08,800 HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN PANEL 227 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:10,720 HUMAN AGGRESSION FOR 15 MINUTES 228 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:12,520 THEN A BRIEF QUESTION AND ANSWER 229 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:16,480 PERIOD. SO FIRST HUP LIKE TO 230 00:08:16,480 --> 00:08:18,880 INTRODUCE PROFESSOR DAYU LIN 231 00:08:18,880 --> 00:08:23,040 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 232 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:28,080 >>THANK YOU, KRISTIN. I WANT TO 233 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,200 THANK NIAAA TO GIVE ME THIS 234 00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:32,520 OPPORTUNITY TO REALLY DISCUSS 235 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:33,920 ABOUT AGGRESSION, WHAT IS 236 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:36,440 AGGRESSION. WHAT CAN WE DO? I 237 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:38,520 ALWAYS FEEL FORTUNATE ABOUT 238 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:43,760 LIVING THIS SORT OF UNPRECED 239 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:45,360 UNPRECEDENTED (INAUDIBLE) BUT 240 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:47,840 ONEAVE THIS UNMATCHED 241 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:49,640 PROGRESS IN EXPONENTIAL RATE IN 242 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:53,080 OUR TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT WITH 243 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:55,920 FROM BIOLOGICAL AND TO 244 00:08:55,920 --> 00:08:57,400 EVERYTHING ELSE BUT ON THE OTHER 245 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:01,880 HAND ADDITIONAL WORK SEEM TO BE 246 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:03,120 (INAUDIBLE). WE HAVE THIS MASS 247 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:04,480 SHOOTING ISSUES THAT HAPPEN SO 248 00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:06,920 FREQUENTLY, THAT IS BARELY IN 249 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:09,680 THE NEWS AND (INAUDIBLE) SHELTER 250 00:09:09,680 --> 00:09:11,920 IN PLACE ON ANNUAL BASIS SO AT 251 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:13,920 THE BASIC I WANT TO UNDERSTAND 252 00:09:13,920 --> 00:09:16,600 WHAT CAN I DO TO MAKE THIS 253 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:17,960 AWORLD A BETTER PLACE TO MAKE 254 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:19,960 THIS A SAFER PLACE FOR US AND 255 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:22,960 FOR NEXT GENERATION. SO OUR 256 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:24,400 RESEARCH IS FOCUSING ON THE 257 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:27,000 NEWER GENERATION OF AGGRESSIVE 258 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,760 BEHAVIORS AND I HAVE TO TELL 259 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:31,240 YOU, AGGRESSION WHEN IT COME TO 260 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:36,480 OUR MIND IS NOT A NEGATIVE WORD 261 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:38,280 BECAUSE AGGRESSION IS INNATE 262 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:41,200 BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR THAT IS 263 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:42,560 INWARD WHICH MEANS ANIMALS FOR 264 00:09:42,560 --> 00:09:44,840 MOST SPECIES INCLUDING MANY OF 265 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:47,640 THE MAMMALS IN WHAT EXPRESS 266 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:49,560 BEHAVIORS WITHOUT ANY BARRIER SO 267 00:09:49,560 --> 00:09:53,320 THAT SUGGESTING THAT AGGRESSIVE 268 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:55,000 BEHAVIORS ARE HARD WIRED IN THE 269 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:57,760 BRAIN SOMEWHAT, DOWN TO ANIMALS 270 00:09:57,760 --> 00:09:59,400 THAT VALUE (INAUDIBLE) TOLL 271 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:04,200 EXPRESS BEHAVIORS WITHOUT 272 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:08,080 ACTUALLY SO THE QUESTION TRYING 273 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:09,760 TO UNDERSTAND IS WHERE IN THE 274 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:11,760 BRAIN THIS BEHAVIOR IS GENERATED 275 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:15,320 IS GONE BACK OVER A CENTURY. IN 276 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:21,920 EARLY DAYS THE STUDIES CARRIED 277 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:23,640 (INAUDIBLE) PROFESSORS PRINCETON 278 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:26,360 UNIVERSITY IS THIS VERY SIMPLE 279 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:29,360 EXPERIMENT. WE MADE A CUT IN 280 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:30,600 PART OF THE BRAIN, TO SPLIT THE 281 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:33,960 BRAIN INTO TWO PARTS. AND THEY 282 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:36,440 FOUND THAT W (INAUDIBLE) 283 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:38,640 WAKE UP IT HAD CUT IS MADE 284 00:10:38,640 --> 00:10:41,040 POSTERIOR TO THIS REGION HERE 285 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:42,600 CALLED HYPOTHALAMUS DEEP MT. 286 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:47,640 BRAIN, SMALL AREA AND SHOW NO 287 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:49,520 SORT OF OBVIOUS AGGRESSIVE 288 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:52,400 BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, IF THE CUT 289 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:56,520 IS MADE AND (INAUDIBLE) ANIMALS 290 00:10:56,520 --> 00:10:58,760 THEN ANIMAL SHOW (INAUDIBLE) 291 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:00,760 BEHAVIOR ANIMAL WILL SHOW 292 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:05,040 DEFENSIVE HISSING BEHAVIORS, 293 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:06,040 TOWARDS ANYTHING THAT 294 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:07,160 (INAUDIBLE) SO WHAT DOES THAT 295 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,760 SUGGEST? IT SUGGEST TWO THINGS. 296 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:11,520 ONE IS THAT HYPOTHALAMUS IS A 297 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:13,520 KEY REGION FOR GENERATING 298 00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:16,400 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND SECOND 299 00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:17,600 HYPOTHALAMUS IS (INAUDIBLE) 300 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,360 INHIBITION OF INTERIOR STRUCTURE 301 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:26,640 (INAUDIBLE). THEN MOVE FORWARD 302 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,720 ANOTHER 20 YEARS, AT THE TIME 303 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:32,040 THERE IS THIS BREAK THROUGH 304 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:33,040 EXPERIMENT WHICH IS (INAUDIBLE) 305 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:34,960 STIMULATION. SO YOU IMPLANT A 306 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:38,000 SMALL ELECTRODE INTO THE HYPO 307 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,600 THALAMUS THEN TRYO STIMULATE 308 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,560 TO ACTIVATE A PART OF THE BRAIN 309 00:11:43,560 --> 00:11:44,640 AND IT WAS IMPORTANT THAT WHEN 310 00:11:44,640 --> 00:11:47,840 YOU ACTIVATED THE MEDIAN PART OF 311 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:51,160 THE HYPOTHALAMUS A CAT WILL SHOW 312 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:53,120 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS AND WHEN 313 00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:55,440 ACTIVATE THE LATTER PART OF THE 314 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:56,480 HYPOTHALAMUS IT WILL SHOW 315 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:59,680 (INAUDIBLE) BEHAVIOR, SO THIS 316 00:11:59,680 --> 00:12:00,920 AGAIN SHOWS THAT THE 317 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:04,280 HYPOTHALAMUS ESPECIALLY THE 318 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:06,320 MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS IS CRITICAL 319 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:08,360 REGION FOR EXPRESS OF AGGRESSIVE 320 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:13,800 BEHAVIORS. NOW MOVE FORWARD AS 321 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:14,760 TECHNOLOGY GETS BETTER AND 322 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:16,440 BETTER THE TOOLS BECOME SMALL SO 323 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:18,760 THE MORE THE ORGANISM BECOMES 324 00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:21,640 SMALL SO IN THE '80s WITH MANY 325 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:24,560 OF THE IMPORTANT RESEARCHERS 326 00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:26,880 PIONEERS SUCH AS (INAUDIBLE) 327 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:28,120 THEY HAVE PERFORM DETAILED 328 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:30,400 MAPPING IN HYPOTHALAMUS TRYING 329 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:32,080 TO UNDERSTAND WHERE IN 330 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:33,920 HYPOTHALAMUS IS THIS BEHAVIOR 331 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:35,640 BEING GENERATED. THERE ARE 332 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:37,560 HUNDREDS OF HUNDREDS (INAUDIBLE) 333 00:12:37,560 --> 00:12:39,000 IMPLANTED IN THE RIGHT AND 334 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,720 TRYING TO INVOKE THESE 335 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:45,080 BEHAVIORS. IT WAS (INAUDIBLE) 336 00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:46,800 WHEN THE RED AREA BEING 337 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:49,000 ACTIVATED THAT ANIMAL SHOWED A 338 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,920 SPIKED BEHAVIORS AND WHEN YELLOW 339 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:53,600 AREA IS ACTIATED THEN ANIMAL 340 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:54,480 SHOW THIS (INAUDIBLE) -- 341 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:56,120 ACTIVATED THEN ANIMAL SHOW 342 00:12:56,120 --> 00:12:59,720 (INAUDIBLE) BEHAVIORS SO AS I 343 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:02,560 JUST STARTED IN THISS LINE OF 344 00:13:02,560 --> 00:13:04,320 RESEARCH, HAD TO EMAIL HIM AND 345 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:08,120 HE WAS GIVING ME SUGGESTIONS. SO 346 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:12,760 BUT UNDER AFTER '90s, IN THIS 347 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:16,920 20 YEAR PERIOD OF TIME THERE IS 348 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:19,000 A BIOAGGRESSION RESEARCH. SO FOR 349 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,400 MANY REASONS FORT MATILY IN 2010 350 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,480 THIS IS A (INAUDIBLE) OF THE 351 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:29,440 FIELD SO NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 352 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:31,960 PART IS THE TECHNOLOGY 353 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:34,640 ADVANCEMENT BUT WITH MORE 354 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:36,320 PRECISE TOOLS WE CAN LOOK IN THE 355 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:39,880 BRAIN OF SMALL HUMBLE MICE SO 356 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:43,840 MOUSE IS ONLY 25 GRAMS IN SIZE, 357 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:46,400 BUT IN ANIMALS WE ARE ABLE TO 358 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,280 EVOKE THIS ATTACK BEHAVIORS FROM 359 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:51,400 THIS TINY PART OF THE 360 00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:53,200 HYPOTHALAMUS CALLED THE 361 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:54,600 (INAUDIBLE) VENTRAL 362 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,640 HYPOTHALAMUS. WHEN WE USE THE 363 00:13:57,640 --> 00:13:59,120 -- NEXT SLIDE PLEASE WHEN WE USE 364 00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:02,120 THE OPTOGENETIC TOOLS, TRYING TO 365 00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:05,680 ACTIVATE THESE REGIONS WE CAN 366 00:14:05,680 --> 00:14:07,800 INDUCE PATH TOWARDS (INAUDIBLE) 367 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:15,400 OBJECT CLICK ON THE (INAUDIBLE). 368 00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,480 SO IN THIS CASE WHAT HAPPENS IS 369 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:20,960 THAT IN (INAUDIBLE) PUT IN THAT 370 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:23,080 LIGHT SENSITIVE CHANNELS AN ONCE 371 00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:24,440 THIS LIGHT DELIVERED TO THIS 372 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:26,360 AREA, THE REGION GOT ACTIVATED. 373 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:28,640 AND NOW WE CAN SEEE REGION 374 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:31,320 GET ACTIVATED INDICATED BY THIS 375 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:33,760 LED HERE, THIS LITTLE MOUSE HERE 376 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:36,680 START ATTACKING THIS INANT MATE 377 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:38,480 OBJECT. NOT JUST THE OBJECT IT 378 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:40,200 CAN BE ANOTHER MOUSE, SO IT IS 379 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,000 SORT OF MOST OF THE TECHNICAL 380 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,520 (INAUDIBLE) HERE, SHOWS THE 381 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:48,360 REGIONS HOW IT CAN TRIGGER 382 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:49,800 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS. SO THIS 383 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:54,560 FINDING REALLY SPUR STUDIES IN 384 00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:56,720 AGGRESSION AND BECAUSE WE HAVE 385 00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:58,680 THIS ENTRY POINT, WE CAN START 386 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:00,400 TO PICK OUT WHAT ARE THE NODES 387 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:03,040 IN THE BRAIN THAT REALLY 388 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:05,840 (INAUDIBLE). NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 389 00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:13,320 NEXT SLIDE. OVER THE LAST 390 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:15,240 DECADE OF TIME WE HAVE NOW 391 00:15:15,240 --> 00:15:16,680 IDENTIFIED APPROXIMATELY TWO 392 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:19,320 REGIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT 393 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:21,080 RELEVANT TO THIS AGGRESSIVE 394 00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:22,400 BEHAVIORS SO THIS YELLOW REGION 395 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:26,480 HERE IS THE KEY SITE OF OUR 396 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:28,080 ENTRY POLL AND NOW WE HAVE OTHER 397 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:30,000 PARTS IN HYPOTHALAMUS INCLUDING 398 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:35,400 THE POSTERIOR (INAUDIBLE) NUCLEI 399 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,840 AND AS KEY ALSO FOR -- ANTERIOR 400 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,760 PATHWAY CALLED MEDIAN -- 401 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:44,240 SUPPRESS AGGRESSION. THEN WE 402 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,200 HAVE ALSO REGIONS OUTSIDE THE 403 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,600 HYPOTHALAMUS WHICH IMPORTANTLY 404 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:53,960 TO DRIVE REGIONS WE HAVE 405 00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:55,000 (INAUDIBLE) INHIBIT THE 406 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,280 QUESTION. AT THE ENTRY LEVEL FOR 407 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:01,320 MOUSE, FIRMICUTES ARE ESSENTIAL 408 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:03,440 FOR TRIGGERING BEHAVIORS BECAUSE 409 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:05,560 HOW THEY IDENTIFY THE IDENTITY 410 00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:07,880 OF THESE OTHER ANIMALS, AND 411 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,320 EXCLUSIVELY ATTACKING MALES IN 412 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:15,440 THE MICE AND LEVELS WE HAVE THE 413 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:18,160 (INAUDIBLE) BRAIN MID BRAIN YES 414 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:18,760 RE GENERALS ESSENTIAL FOR 415 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:24,440 TRANSFORMING THE MOTIVATIONAL -- 416 00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:26,440 TO TO BECOME MODE OF OUTPUT, 417 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:31,400 THIS IS WORK FOR EFFORTS OF 418 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:34,480 (INAUDIBLE). SO NOW WE HAVE A 419 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:37,000 LOT OF REGIONS RELEVANT FOR 420 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:38,800 (INAUDIBLE) AND MOST RECENT 421 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:41,240 EFFORT IS TRAINING (INAUDIBLE) 422 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:42,720 RECORDING ACTIVITIES FROM ALL 423 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:45,440 THESE BRAINS AT THE SAME TIME. I 424 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:46,560 CAN TELL YOU IN THAT AGGRESSION 425 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:48,560 IS NOT GENERATED BECAUSE ONE 426 00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:52,960 REGION ACTIVATED, IT IS A 427 00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:54,200 COOPERATION OF COORDINATION OF 428 00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:56,880 MANY OF THE BRAIN REGION. SO 429 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,840 WHAT ARE SHOWN HERE ON THIS 430 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:02,200 GRAPH PLUS IS A FUNCTIONAL 431 00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:04,560 CONNECT I'VETY, HOW WELL THESE 432 00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:06,960 DIFFERENT REGIONS ARE CONNECTED 433 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:08,600 TO EACH OTHER DIFFERENT FACES OF 434 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:12,800 THE BEHAVIORS AND PAY ATTENTION 435 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:15,160 TO DURING ATTACK THERE IS A HUGE 436 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:16,760 INCREASE IN INTERCONNECTIVITY 437 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:18,040 FUNCTIONAL INTERCONNECTIVITY, SO 438 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:20,640 THE AREAS, MANY OF THESE AREAS 439 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:23,880 SYNCHRONIZE, BECOME ACTIVATED 440 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:34,400 TOGETHER TOSO THE OTHER FEATURE 441 00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:40,040 IS THAT ACTUALLY AGGRESSION IS 442 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:45,760 ESPECIALLY FOR 443 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:52,640 F(INAUDIBLE).(INAUDIBLE) SHE 444 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:55,320 DESIGNED THIS AGGRESSION 445 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:56,520 SEEKING, SO IN THIS TASK THE 446 00:17:56,520 --> 00:17:59,080 ANIMAL IS FIRST ALONE IN ITS 447 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:02,080 HOME CAGE WITH A PANEL HERE THAT 448 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:12,560 HAS TWO -- INDICATED INTRODUCE 449 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:25,720 THIS LITTLE MOUSE HERE IN TEN 450 00:18:25,720 --> 00:18:26,760 SECONDS, THE INTRUDER IS 451 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:30,080 (INAUDIBLE). SO THE PROCESS WILL 452 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:33,480 HAPPEN FOR 10, 20 MINUTES FOR 453 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:35,720 THE BEHAVIOR SESSION. SO YOU MAY 454 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:37,840 WONDER WHY WOULD AN ANIMAL WANT 455 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:39,320 TO -- HAVE INTRUDER COME IN 456 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:42,080 THEIR CAGE? THAT TURNED OUT TO 457 00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:47,880 BE THE CASE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 458 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:51,200 CAN YOU PLAY THE VIDEO? SO THIS 459 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:52,600 IS SORT OF THE ON THE GROUND HOW 460 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:55,360 IT LOOKS LIKE WITH THIS 461 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:59,320 AGGRESSION SPEAKING TASK THIS 462 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:01,800 HAS BEEN (INAUDIBLE) PURPOSELY 463 00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:03,120 INTO THE SUPPORT AND INTRUDER 464 00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:06,120 MOUSE COMES IN AND YOU CAN SEE 465 00:19:06,120 --> 00:19:08,560 THAT WASTE NO TIME INITIATE 466 00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:10,040 ATTACK TOWARDS (INAUDIBLE). SO 467 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:12,120 YOU HAVE 10 SECONDS IT IS OFF 468 00:19:12,120 --> 00:19:14,120 AND FOR THE INTRUDER YOU CAN SEE 469 00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:16,280 MOUSE IS VERY AGITATED THERE IS 470 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:20,360 STANDING UP LOOKING AS IF TRYING 471 00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:24,000 TO FIND -- INTO THE MOUSE PART 472 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,800 AND INTRUDER INTRODUCE AGAIN, 473 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,800 VERY QUICKLY INITIATE ATTACK 474 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,440 TOWARDS THISRUDER. ON THE 475 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:33,080 RIGHT SIDE SHOWINGICALLY THE 476 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:35,160 POPULATION RESULTS THE RESUL 477 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:39,560 FROMF THE ANIMALS, 478 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:43,760 (INAUDIBLE) TASK BY NO M SHOW 479 00:19:43,760 --> 00:19:46,120 ACROSS SOCIAL (INAUDIBLE) SO 480 00:19:46,120 --> 00:19:47,520 REPEATEDLY -- FOR THIS 481 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:49,560 OPPORTUNITY TO GET THE ATTACK SO 482 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,200 THEY DON'T GET ANYTHING ELSE. 483 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:53,960 BUT THIS OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK 484 00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:56,320 AND TO WIN IN FACT REINFORCING 485 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:58,920 SUFFICIENTLY FOR THE ANIMALS TO 486 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:00,240 MAINTAIN THESE BEHAVIORS. NEXT 487 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:03,280 SLIDE PLEASE. SO IN GENERAL WE 488 00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:04,440 WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENED 489 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:06,240 IN THE BRAIN THAT MAKES 490 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,080 AGGRESSION REINFORCING ITSELF. 491 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:13,560 SO A STUDENT IN THE LAB, HE 492 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:16,720 RECORDED THE (INAUDIBLE) SO 493 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:19,400 NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS IS IMPORTANT 494 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:23,120 AREA FOR MOTIVATION SO IF YOU 495 00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:25,120 WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT DOPAMINE 496 00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:26,560 HAS CHANGED DURING THIS 497 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:27,960 AGGRESSIVE ENCOUNTERS. NEXT 498 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:32,360 SLIDE PLEASE. WHAT HE FOUND IS 499 00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:33,440 THAT IS INDEED THE CASE. YOU 500 00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,720 CAN SEE ON THE TOP IS 501 00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:38,840 (INAUDIBLE) SHOWN ACTIVITIES IN 502 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:42,440 P NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS WHEN ATTACK 503 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:45,040 OCCURS WHICH IS MULTIPLE RED 504 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:46,760 BARS. ANY TIME ATTACK OCCURS 505 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:49,400 THERE IS INCREASE IN DOPAMINE 506 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,960 SIGNALS. HERE YOU SHOW 507 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:54,520 SUMMARIES, SO INTERESTINGLY 508 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:56,840 DOPAMINE INCREASE IPAE MORE 509 00:20:56,840 --> 00:21:01,160 IN THE MALE MICE THAN FEMALE. 510 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:03,160 BECOULDN'T GET TO FEMALE MICE TO 511 00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:06,000 UNLEARN THIS TASK. THAT OF 512 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,920 FEMALE AND MALE HOW REWARDING 513 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:10,600 DOPAMINE HOW REWARDING THIS 514 00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,400 ATTACK OPPORTUNITY IS IS 515 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:17,240 DIFFERENT. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. IT 516 00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:20,640 IS NOT JUST BECAUSE OF 517 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:22,640 (INAUDIBLE) FIGHTING BUT WINNING 518 00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:25,720 IS CRITICAL. IN THIS MICE WE 519 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:29,760 THE ANIMAL WASL DEFEATED 520 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:31,440 ENDING IN THIS CASE WE SEE THE 521 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,920 DOPAMINE DECREASE INSTEAD OF 522 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:39,240 INCREASE AND REINFORCING SIGNAL 523 00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:40,600 ONLY HAPPEN WHEN WINNING 524 00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:44,520 OCCURRED, NOT LOSING. NEXT 525 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:46,240 SLIDE TALKING A 526 00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:51,000 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND 527 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:53,480 FEMALES AGGRESSION IN THE 528 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:58,440 CIRCUIT IS INDEED (INAUDIBLE) SO 529 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:03,000 DOPAMINE SO HERE IS -- THIS IS A 530 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:04,480 SCHEMATIC OF THE (INAUDIBLE) IN 531 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:07,240 THE MICE AND THIS IS READING 532 00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:09,360 HIGHLY CONSERVED OVER SPECIES OF 533 00:22:09,360 --> 00:22:12,760 HABIT SO WE HAVE IT SO THE 534 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:13,800 (INAUDIBLE) AGGRESSION. SO ON 535 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,840 THE LEFT SIDE IS THE MALE YOU 536 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:19,440 CAN SEE THAT THAT SLIDE MOSTLY 537 00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:23,240 CONTAIN AGGRESSION RESPONSE 538 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:27,680 CELLS VERY (INAUDIBL IN THE 539 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:30,840 FEMALE CONTAINS TWO SUBDIVISION, 540 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:33,920 ONE WE CALL MEDIAN PART, THE 541 00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:36,760 OTHER LATERAL PART. THE MEDIAN 542 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:38,160 IS DEMOTE VOTED TO ACT GREG. THE 543 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,400 LATTER PART IS NOT AGGRESSION 544 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:43,440 BUT SHALL BEHAVIORS AND THEY 545 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:45,360 HAVE DIFFERENT PROJECTION 546 00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:47,280 PATTERNS, DIFFERENT GENETIC 547 00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:50,600 MARKERS,S INTERESTINGLY SO FAR 548 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:52,720 THE MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PART IS 549 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:54,840 MISSING IN MALES SO AGGRESSION 550 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:58,200 CIRCUIT IS INDEED A SEXUALLY 551 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:00,400 DIMORPHIC, SAME AREA BUT 552 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:01,280 (INAUDIBLE) IN THIS PARTICULAR 553 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:09,280 CASE IS DIFFERENT. ANOTHER 554 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:10,760 FEATURE ABOUT AGGRESSION. WHICH 555 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:12,080 IS THAT AGGRESSION IS QUITE 556 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,680 VARIABLE. I SAYING GREG IS 557 00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:17,280 INNATE, IT IS BEHAVIOR THAT 558 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:18,960 O EXPRESS. THE 559 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:20,600 TENDENCY TO EXPRESS THAT 560 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:21,800 BEHAVIOR VARIES FROM INDIVIDUAL 561 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:26,800 TO INDIVIDUAL. AND OTHER FACTORS 562 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,040 HOW YOU CAN EXPRESS AGGRESSIVE 563 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:31,880 BEHAVIORS AND ONE THING HERE IS 564 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:35,080 WINNING AND LOSING. SO WE 565 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:37,400 (INAUDIBLE) WINNERS IN THIS 566 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:38,520 AGGRESSIVE CONTEXT TEND TO 567 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,320 BECOME MORE AGGRESSIVE AND LOS 568 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:43,760 LOSERS BECOME LESS AGGRESSIVE. 569 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:45,280 SO WE ONE THING TO UNDERSTAND IS 570 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,000 WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO MEDIATE 571 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,000 THIS INCREASING AGGRESSION OF 572 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:51,160 DECREASING AGGRESSION WITH THE 573 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:57,840 SOCIAL EXPERIENCE. WE FOUND THAT 574 00:23:57,840 --> 00:23:59,200 ACTUALLY (INAUDIBLE) SO THESE 575 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,280 ARE RECORDINGS FROM THE GLIAL 576 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:05,080 CELLS IN ANIMALS THROUGH SOCIAL 577 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:08,280 EXPERIENCE TOP ROW, NID ROWS 578 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:10,520 ANIMAL (INAUDIBLE) AND BOTTOM IS 579 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:12,320 ANIMAL LOST TEN TIMES IN A ROW. 580 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:14,520 WE FOUND IN THE SOCIAL ANIMALS, 581 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:16,080 THIS IS SORT OF THE MEASURING 582 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:18,200 THE EXCITABILITY OF THE CELLS, 583 00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:20,720 WE HOLD ON THE CELLS AN INJECT 584 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,280 SERIES OF (INAUDIBLE) TO SEE HOW 585 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:25,600 MUCH ANIMAL CAN RESPOND TO THIS 586 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,960 INJECTION. OBVIOUSLY THE MORE 587 00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:29,960 STOP SUBPOENAED THE MORE 588 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,880 EXCITABLE CELLS ARE AND MORE 589 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:35,320 LIKELY (INAUDIBLE) WHICH IS WHAT 590 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:37,320 YOU CAN SEE EACH INDIVIDUAL LINE 591 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:39,680 HERE WE CALL THE SPARK AND THOSE 592 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:41,960 ARE THE NUANCE TO THE NEXT 593 00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:44,360 STAGE. IN THE SOCIAL ANIMALS WE 594 00:24:44,360 --> 00:24:47,240 SEE THAT THE CELLS AS WE EXPECT 595 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:49,040 TO SEE MORE AND MORE SPARKS THAT 596 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:53,920 IS NORMAL, AND WE SAW WINNING 597 00:24:53,920 --> 00:24:55,600 CELLS ARE FINE BUT MANY MORE 598 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:57,000 RESPONSE AND MANY MORE SPIKES 599 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:58,120 AFTER EACH OF THE CURRENT 600 00:24:58,120 --> 00:25:00,520 LEVELS. AND IN THE LOSERS WE SEE 601 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:04,680 OPPOSITION. ALTHOUGH THE CELLS 602 00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:05,800 BECAME FIRE SOME OF THE ACTION 603 00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:07,440 POTENTIALS, AS WE INJECT MORE 604 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:11,920 CURRENT THEN WE SEE THERE IS NO 605 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,960 (INAUDIBLE) FIRE A FEW SPIKES 606 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,160 AND (INAUDIBLE) NEXT SLIDE 607 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,520 PLEASE. THIS IS POPULATION 608 00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:23,480 AVERAGE WHAT WE SEE HERE IS 609 00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:25,360 BASICALLY THE -- CELLS IMPORTANT 610 00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:26,400 CELLS FOR DRIVING AGGRESSION IN 611 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,360 THE MALES. IN THE WINNER IT IS 612 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:29,760 CELLS BECOME MORE EXCITABLE IN 613 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,520 THE LOOSERSERS THE CELLS 614 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:35,000 LOST ABILITY TO FIGHT WHICH 615 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:36,800 PREVENT THE CELLS RESPONDING TO 616 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:41,840 THE UPSTREAM INPUT TO GO AND 617 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:42,720 DRIVE (INAUDIBLE) I CANNOT DO 618 00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:46,480 THAT BECAUSE I CANNOT SO THIS IN 619 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:50,280 A WAY EXPLAINS WHY AGGRESSION 620 00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,640 LEVELS CHANGES DRASTICALLYANIMAR 621 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:56,360 WITH THE SOCIAL EXPERIENCE. AS 622 00:25:56,360 --> 00:25:58,680 THE CELL PROPERTIERT THEMSELVES 623 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,560 HAS CHANGED. HAEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 624 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,960 SO WITH THAT I WANT TO SUMMARIZE 625 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:08,320 WHAT I TOLD YOU SO FAR. TODAY 626 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:10,600 BASICALLY WE HAVE NOW STARTED 627 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:11,520 TESTIFY -- HAVE GOOD 628 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:13,040 UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL 629 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:14,320 CIRCUITS AND UNDERLYING 630 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,280 AGGRESSION IN MOUSE SO WHICH WE 631 00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,280 THINK THOSE CIRCUITS ARE LIKELY 632 00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:20,800 HIGHLY COB SERVED ACROSS SPECIES 633 00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,920 AND NOW WITH AGGRESSION ONE 634 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,960 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER IS 635 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:30,560 THAT FOR QUESTION IT IS INNATE 636 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:33,440 BEHAVIORS AND -- NATURALLY 637 00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:35,760 REWARDED. IT CAUSE DOPAMINE 638 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:36,840 RELEASE AND RATION CIRCUIT 639 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:39,560 DIFFERS BETWEEN THE SEXES. AND 640 00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:41,320 SOFAER WHAT WE FOUND IN THE 641 00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:42,720 MOUSE, AND MALE AGGRESSION 642 00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:46,600 CIRCUIT APPEARS TO CONTAIN MORE 643 00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:48,840 CELLS THAN (INAUDIBLE) AND NOVEL 644 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,840 AGGRESSION IS NOT SET IN STONE 645 00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:53,080 BEHAVIORS BUT AGGRESSION CIRCUIT 646 00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,040 IS ACTUALLY QUITE (INAUDIBLE) IT 647 00:26:57,040 --> 00:26:59,360 CAN CHANGE MODIFY WITH THEY 648 00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:01,160 ADULT EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS MANY 649 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:05,560 OTHER FACTORS. SO NEXT SLIDE. 650 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:08,160 SO HERE I JUST SUM OPEN 651 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:11,200 QUESTIONS, UPDATE FOR DISCUSSION 652 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,000 ON JUST SOME INTERESTING 653 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,200 THOUGHTS WE'LL HAVE MORE MORE 654 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,120 QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED AFTER 655 00:27:17,120 --> 00:27:18,800 THIS WORKSHOP AND I'M VERY MUCH 656 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:19,560 LOOKING FORWARD TO IT. THANK 657 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:25,520 YOU. 658 00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:28,440 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DAYU H. 659 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:30,520 NEXT WE HAVE PROFESSOR TERRIE 660 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,120 MOFFITT, DUKE UNIVERSITY. AND 661 00:27:33,120 --> 00:27:35,920 KINGS COLLEGE LONDON. 662 00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:37,640 >>THAT WAS A BREATHTAKING TALK, 663 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,320 THANK YOU SO MUCH. HARD ACT TO 664 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:41,880 FOLLOW. LET'S BEGIN WITH THE 665 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:43,000 WORKING DEFINITION OF HUMAN 666 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,440 AGGRESSION. BEHAVIOR THAT VIE 667 00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:47,600 RATES THE RIGHTS AND SAFETY OF 668 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:48,960 OTHERS, IT IS BROAD BUT IT IS 669 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:51,000 SOMETHING MOST PEOPLE CAN AGREE 670 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,560 ON. THERE ARE -- THESE ARE 671 00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:54,240 BEHAVIORS THAT INVOLVE THREE 672 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:56,720 OVERARCHING CONCEPTS THAT APPLY 673 00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:59,040 FROM BIRTH TO DEATH, THAT'S 674 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:00,800 FORCE FRAUD AND THEFT H. NEXT 675 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:02,720 SLIDE. MY ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY 676 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:04,520 WAS TO REVIEW ALL THE RESEARCH 677 00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:07,640 ON HUMAN AGGRESSION IN 15 678 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:08,960 MINUTES. BUT IT IS COMPLEX AND 679 00:28:08,960 --> 00:28:11,400 THERE IS A LOT OF RESEARCH SO 680 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:13,760 WHAT DO WE KNOW? HUMAN 681 00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,360 AGGRESSION SYNDROME IS VERY 682 00:28:17,360 --> 00:28:21,600 BROAD, INCLUDES CONDUCT 683 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,760 DISORDER, ANTI-SOCIAL CRIME, 684 00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,280 EVEN ADHD SUBSTANCE ABUSE, 685 00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:27,680 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, SO ON 686 00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,760 AND SO ON. SO IT IS BROAD. WE 687 00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:33,320 ALSO KNOW WE NEED MULTIPLE 688 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:35,360 INFORMATION SOURCES FOR GOOD 689 00:28:35,360 --> 00:28:37,560 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN AGGRESSION. 690 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,880 WE NEED SELF-REPORTS FROM OUR 691 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:42,960 SUBJECTS BUT ALSO INFORMANT 692 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:44,280 REPORTS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS. WE 693 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,000 KNOW THERE IS HETEROTYPIC 694 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,280 CONTINUITY FROM CHILDHOOD TO 695 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:50,600 ADULTHOOD, THAT IS THE BEHAVIOR 696 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,040 CHANGES AS PEOPLE AGE. WE KNOW 697 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,080 AGGRESSION IS ACTUALLY NORMATIVE 698 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:59,680 AT SOME STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFE 699 00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:01,520 COURSE. ALSO COMPLICATING THE 700 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,520 SITUATION THIS IS A GROUP 701 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:05,120 BEHAVIOR, IT IS NOT JUST 702 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:06,520 INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR LIKE OTHER 703 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:11,680 MENTAL DISORDERS ARE WHAT ARE 704 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:13,720 THE SIGNS OF SERIOUSNESS, YOUNG 705 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,040 AGE ONSET, LONGER DURATION OF 706 00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:18,000 AGGRESSION, MORE COMORBIDITY 707 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,560 WITH OTHER DISORDERS, 708 00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:24,400 PERVASIVENESS ACROSS SITUATIONS. 709 00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:26,600 IT IS EVEN MORE COMPLEX THAN 710 00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:28,200 THAT. WE KNOW IT IS CONSENT 711 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:31,320 TRAITSED IN A SMALL SEGMENT OF 712 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:33,240 THE POPULATION. WE KNOW FAMILY 713 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:36,320 AND PEER CONTEXT ARE EXTREMELY 714 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:38,240 IMPORTANT. WE KNOW HUMAN 715 00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:39,800 AGGRESSION HAS GENETIC AND 716 00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:41,680 PRE-NATAL ORIGINS AND THESE ARE 717 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:43,920 OFTEN IGNORED IN SOCIAL 718 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:46,720 RESEARCH. THERE IS BRAIN 719 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,480 EVIDENCE WITH BIOSOCIAL MODELS 720 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:51,360 COGNITIVE EVIDENCE AND WE HAVE 721 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:53,040 PLENTY OF SOCIAL THEORY SUCH AS 722 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:55,680 STRAIN THEORY THAT TAP INTO 723 00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:58,880 HUMANS MOTIVATION FOR BEING 724 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:00,080 AGGRESSIVE. WE KNOW IT IS 725 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,240 AFFECTED BY SYSTEMIC RACE BIAS, 726 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:03,400 WHICH HAS TO BE CONSIDERED IN 727 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:05,560 OUR RESEARCH. AND WE KNOW THERE 728 00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:09,240 IS A PROMINENT SEX DIFFERENCE AS 729 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:11,320 DAYU EXPLAINED WHICH OFFERS 730 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:12,880 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DISCOVERY. 731 00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:14,280 WHEN WE GET AROUND TO WHAT TO 732 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:15,840 THE ABOUT IT THERE IS PREVENTION 733 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:18,200 AND TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION 734 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,680 BUT THERE IS ALSO PUNISHMENT AND 735 00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:23,880 THERE IS ALSO INCAPACITATION. 736 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:26,120 THEN IN ADDITION TO RESEARCH 737 00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:27,240 INTO AGGRESSIVE INDIVIDUALS 738 00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:28,800 THERE IS RESEARCH ON THEIR 739 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,720 VICTIMS AND THEIR SURVIVORS. MY 740 00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:33,040 WORK ON HUMAN AGGRESSION OVER 741 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:35,080 THE YEARS HAS TRIED TO GRAPPLE 742 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:40,240 WITH SOME OF THESE COMPLEXITIES. 743 00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:42,040 THIS SUMMARIZES WHAT 744 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:43,680 PSYCHOLOGISTS KNEW ANT 745 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:44,280 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WHEN I 746 00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:46,680 STARTED OUT IN THE 1980s. THE 747 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:49,040 SLIDE SHOWS THE PREVALENCE OF 748 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:51,120 MALE ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR FROM 749 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:52,800 PRE-SCHOOL ON THE LEFT OVER TO 750 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:56,000 MID LIFE ON THE RIGHT. FIRST 751 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,640 LOOK AT THE RED BARS, WHAT YOU 752 00:30:57,640 --> 00:30:59,440 CAN SEE ON THIS SLIDE IS THAT 753 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:01,880 THE PREVALENCE OF ANTI-SOCIAL 754 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:03,920 BEHAVIOR WAS ABOUT 5% IN 755 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,880 CHILDHOOD AND 5% AGAIN IN 756 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,680 ADULTHOOD NO MATTER HOW YOU 757 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:12,360 MEASURE ANY AGE, SOMETHING 758 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:13,240 STRANGE HAPPENED DURING 759 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:14,640 ADOLESCENCE. WHEN THE PREVALENCE 760 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,320 OF CONDUCT DISORDER DIAGNOSIS OR 761 00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:19,200 ARREST BY POLICE JUMPED SKY 762 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:22,000 HIGH. SHOWN IN YELLOW. I THOUGHT 763 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,200 THESE STRANGE FACTS NEEDED A 764 00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:28,120 GOOD EXPLANATION. ALSO IN THE 765 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:29,560 1980s THE CURVE OF THE NUMBER 766 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:32,840 OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN AMERICA 767 00:31:32,840 --> 00:31:35,160 OVER OFFENDERS AGE HAS BEEN 768 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:37,280 PUBLISHED IN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 769 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:38,440 SCIENCES CONSENSUS REPORT. YOU 770 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:41,160 CAN SEE THAT OFFICIAL CRIME 771 00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:42,840 STARTS HAT AGE 13 WHEN KIDS 772 00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:45,000 FIRST GETS ARRESTED AND CHARGED. 773 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,040 AND IT PEAKS WHEN HUGE NUMBERS 774 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:50,400 OF CRIMES ARE COMMITTED BY 775 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:51,920 AGE-YEAR-OLDS. THEN IT DROPS 776 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:54,360 AGAIN TO A LOW LEVEL IN 777 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:56,480 ADULTHOOD. THIS CURVE IS KNOWN 778 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:57,920 NOW TO APPLY ALL AROUND THE 779 00:31:57,920 --> 00:31:59,520 WORLD WITH THIS HUGE PEAK IN 780 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:05,680 ADOLESCENCE. SO LOTS OF 781 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:08,040 TEENAGERS ENGAGE IN DELINQUENT 782 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:09,600 OFFENDING DURING ADOLESCENT 783 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:11,040 YEARS BUT IN MY LONGITUDINAL 784 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:13,000 WORK THIS GROUP OF DELINQUENTS 785 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:14,400 CONCEALED TWO GROUPS OF KIDS WHO 786 00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,320 CAME TO ADOLESCENCE FROM TWO 787 00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:19,240 VERY DIFFERENT BACKGROUND 788 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,240 ORIGINS. THE BLUE ILLUSTRATES A 789 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:25,120 SMALL GROUP WHO HAD BEGUN THEIR 790 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:26,920 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN EARLY 791 00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:29,040 CHILDHOOD. THEY HAD 792 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,320 SELF-REGULATION PROBLEMS AS 793 00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:32,680 INFANTS AND TODDLERS AND 794 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:33,920 CONTINUED THROUGH TO ELEMENTARY 795 00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:35,800 AND HIGH SCHOOL. I THOUGHT THIS 796 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:36,960 POOR START IN LIFE WOULD LEAVE 797 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,640 THEM WITH A HIGH CHANCE OF 798 00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:41,960 CONTINUING ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 799 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:42,560 THROUGHOUT THROUGHOUT THEIR 800 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:44,160 LIVES SO I CALLED THEM THE LIFE 801 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:46,560 COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS. I 802 00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:47,800 PREDICTED THOUGH THEY ARE SMALL 803 00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:49,920 IN NUMBERS, THEY WOULD OFFEND 804 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:52,040 FOR MANY YEARS AND THAT MEANS 805 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:53,280 THEY WOULD ACCOUNT FOR MUCH OF 806 00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:54,360 THE CRIME RATE OVER THEIR 807 00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:57,520 LIFETIME. NOW A MUCH LARGER 808 00:32:57,520 --> 00:32:59,320 GROUP I CALLED ADOLESCENTS 809 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:02,440 LIMITED OFFENDERS ARE SHOWN IN 810 00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:04,120 GRAY. THEIR CHILDHOODS WERE FREE 811 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:06,720 OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS BECAUSE THEY 812 00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:09,320 DID NOT INITIATE ANTI-SOCIAL 813 00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:11,000 BEHAVIOR UNTIL THEY HIT PUBERTY. 814 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,360 BEFORE PUBERTY, THEY HAD GOOD 815 00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:15,040 ATTACHMENT BONDS WITH FAMILY AND 816 00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:17,880 GOOD SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT. I 817 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:19,400 PREDICTED THEY WOULD LEAVE CRIME 818 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,760 BEHIND THEM WHEN THEY BECAME 819 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,200 ADULTS THEY WOULD BREAK THE LAW 820 00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:25,440 WITH THEIR PEERS AS TEENAGERS 821 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:27,840 BUT THEN GO BACK TO BEING GOOD 822 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:29,520 CITIZENS. AND I PUBLISHED THIS 823 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:35,600 IDEA IN THE 1990s. I WORK OUT 824 00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:37,480 THESE IDEAS IN THE COURSE OF 825 00:33:37,480 --> 00:33:39,400 LONGITUDINAL STUDY THAT WAS 826 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:44,160 CALLED THE DONEDEN STUDY. HERE 827 00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:47,040 YOU SEE THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY 828 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,640 RIGHT AT TOP YOU SEE IT BEGAN IN 829 00:33:49,640 --> 00:33:52,600 1972. WE STUDIED 1,037 BABIES 830 00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,800 BORN IN ONE CITY IN ONE YEAR 831 00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:57,440 ABOUT 50 YEARS AGO. ETHNICALLY 832 00:33:57,440 --> 00:34:01,240 THIS COHORT IS OF WHITE EUROPEAN 833 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:02,760 DESCENT. ON THE LEFT SIDE THE 834 00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:04,760 AGES WE COLLECTED HAVE COLLECTED 835 00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:07,480 DATA ARE SHOWN ON 13 OCCASIONS 836 00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:09,960 SINCE BABY HOOD. DOWN AT THE 837 00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:12,160 BOTTOM THE YELLOW SHOWS WE LAST 838 00:34:12,160 --> 00:34:15,520 SAW THEM AT AGE 45 IN 2019. AT 839 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:17,960 THAT TIME 94% STILL TOOK PART. 840 00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:19,640 WE HAVE SHOWN THAT IT IS NOT THE 841 00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:21,120 CASE THAT THOSE WHO BECAME 842 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:23,080 INVOLVED IN ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 843 00:34:23,080 --> 00:34:28,800 HAVE DROPPED OUT ALONG THE WAY. 844 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:30,800 HERE IS WHAT WE ARE MEASURING IN 845 00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:33,680 THE DONEDEN STUDY. BULLYING 846 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:37,920 FIGHTING TELLING LIES STEALING, 847 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:39,280 DESTROYING PROPERTY AND SCHOOL 848 00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:41,600 TRUANCY. WHEN THEY BECAME ADULTS 849 00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:42,760 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN THE 850 00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:44,640 WORKPLACE, IN PLACE OF TRUANCY. 851 00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:46,160 WE COLLECTED THESE DATA 852 00:34:46,160 --> 00:34:48,360 REPEATEDLY RIGHT ACROSS THE 853 00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:50,600 YEARS, AND ACCORDING TO TEACHERS 854 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,480 REPORTS, MOTHERS REPORTS, EACH 855 00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:55,400 YOUNG PERSON'S OWN SELF-REPORTS, 856 00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,400 AND AS THEY GOT OLDER BY 857 00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,000 INFORMANTS WHO KNEW THEM WELL, 858 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:01,840 FRIEND SIBS AND PARTNERS. WE 859 00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:03,560 USED THESE REPEATED MEASURES IN 860 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,080 A TYPE OF ANALYSIS CALLED THEORY 861 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:07,960 GUIDED TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS. 862 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:09,880 THIS TRACKS ACROSS TIME TO 863 00:35:09,880 --> 00:35:13,160 IDENTIFY GROUPS OF PEOPLE 864 00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:14,800 FOLLOWING DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES 865 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,680 OF BEHAVIOR. NEXT SLIDE. THIS 866 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:18,920 SLIDE SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THAT 867 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:21,920 MODEL IN THE DONEDEN STUDY DATA 868 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,360 SET FROM 7 TO 26. IF YOU LOOK AT 869 00:35:24,360 --> 00:35:26,120 THE BOTTOM YOU SEE IN PURPLE 870 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:27,960 ABOUT HALF OF THE KIDS ONLY EVER 871 00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:29,040 HAD LOW LEVELS OF CONDUCT 872 00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:32,160 PROBLEMS. IF YOU LOOK AT THE 873 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:34,360 TOP AS WE EXPECTED THE DATA 874 00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:36,800 YIELDED A SMALL GROUP SHOWN IN 875 00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,600 RED WHO WERE ALWAYS ENGAGING IN 876 00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,880 HIGH LEVELS OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS 877 00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:43,280 ACCORDING TO THEORY, THEY WERE 878 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:45,320 ON A LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT 879 00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:49,560 TRACTRACK. AS EXPECTED WE FOUNDA 880 00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:54,560 LARGER GROUP IN YELLOW WHO 881 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:55,480 STARTED TO DEVELOP CONDUCT 882 00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:58,760 PROBLEMS AS TEENAGERS, THEY WERE 883 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:01,000 ON ADOLESCENCE LIMITED TRACK. 884 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,040 YOU NOTICE A SMALL BLUE GROUP, 885 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:04,960 THEY HAD CONDUCT PROBLEMS WHEN 886 00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:06,200 THEY FIRST STARTED SCHOOL BUT 887 00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:07,840 GREW OUT OF THEM BRA JULIE. WE 888 00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:10,640 HAVE STUDIED THEM BUT THEY ARE 889 00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,760 NOT PART OF THIS TALK. WE 890 00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,640 RECENTLY SEARCHED THE MEN'S 891 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:16,560 OFFICIAL CRIME RECORDS AGAIN AND 892 00:36:16,560 --> 00:36:18,280 HERE I SHOW YOU THEIR 893 00:36:18,280 --> 00:36:20,680 CONVICTIONS AFTER THE AGE OF 26 894 00:36:20,680 --> 00:36:24,400 YEARS. THEY CONTINUED DODIE 895 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:28,240 SURGE. THIS SHOULD BE THE 896 00:36:28,240 --> 00:36:29,000 DESISTNESS PERIOD WHEN 897 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,840 ADOLESCENCE LIMITED GROUP LEAVE 898 00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:33,520 CRIME BEHIND. YOU CAN SEE IT IS 899 00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:35,960 THE ADOLESCENCE ARE ON THE LEFT 900 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:37,320 CONVICTED AT RATES MUCH LOWER 901 00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:38,800 THAN THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT 902 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,880 MEN WHO ARE ON THE RIGHT FOR 903 00:36:41,880 --> 00:36:43,840 PROPERTY CRIME SHOWN IN BLUE AND 904 00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:47,760 VIOLENT CRIME SHOWN IN YELLOW. 905 00:36:47,760 --> 00:36:49,880 THESE WERE CONVICTIONS IN 906 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:55,040 CRIMINAL COURTS AFTER AGE 26. 907 00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:57,040 THE TEST OF THESE MEN CAME FROM 908 00:36:57,040 --> 00:36:58,320 DIFFERENT CHILDHOODS WE COMPARED 909 00:36:58,320 --> 00:36:59,880 TO ADOLESCENCE LIMITED IN MANY 910 00:36:59,880 --> 00:37:01,960 TIME COURSE PERSIS TENTS GROUPS 911 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:04,880 IN D UNEDEN COHORT, RISK FACTORS 912 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:06,480 MEASURED EARLY STAGE OF LIFE 913 00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:09,080 FROM BIRTH THROUGH ADOLESCENCE. 914 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:11,200 THIS SHIED SHOWS MEAN LEVELS ON 915 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:12,840 MEASURES OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL 916 00:37:12,840 --> 00:37:16,040 RISK FOR THE LIFE COURSE 917 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:21,840 PERSISTENT BOYS WHAT IS NORMAL 918 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:23,600 IS THE ZERO MIDPOINT. WE 919 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,400 COMPARED THE LIFE COURSE 920 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:27,480 PERSISTENT GROUP TO AVERAGE BOY 921 00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:29,760 GROWING UP IN NEW ZEALAND. THE 922 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:31,520 ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP SHOWED WORSE 923 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:33,280 SCORE ON ALL THESE RISKS AND THE 924 00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:34,480 DIFFERENCES WERE MODERATE TO 925 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:39,880 LARGE. WE SEE NEUROLOGICAL 926 00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:41,960 EXAMINATION AT AGE 3, IQ TEST 927 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:43,760 SCORES, READING ACHIEVEMENT 928 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:45,360 LEVEL AND SO FORTH. THE NEXT 929 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:47,240 CHARTS I'M NOT GOING TO READ OUT 930 00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:49,000 EVERY MEASURE. I JUST WANT YOU 931 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:53,240 TO GET AN OVERALL GIST OF HOW 932 00:37:53,240 --> 00:37:54,880 ABNORMAL THESE BOY'S CHILDHOODS 933 00:37:54,880 --> 00:37:59,320 WERE FROM THE EARLIEST YEARS. 934 00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:01,400 THESE ARE THE CHILDHOOD 935 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:02,760 TEMPERMENT AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS 936 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:04,440 OF THE BOYS ON THE LIFE COURSE 937 00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:05,920 PERSISTENT TRACK, THINGS LIKE 938 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:09,200 BEING A DIFFICULT BABY, BEING 939 00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,080 UNDERCONTROLLED TEMPERMENT, 940 00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,920 HYPERACTIVE AND FIGHTING IN 941 00:38:12,920 --> 00:38:14,200 KINDERGARTEN. ON EVERY MEASURE 942 00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,360 THEY LOOKED EXTREME. THESE ARE 943 00:38:19,360 --> 00:38:21,600 THE PARENTING RISK FACTORS. THE 944 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:23,920 AFFECT SIZES HERE ARE MEDIUM TO 945 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:26,840 LARGE AND THEY INCLUDE POOR DIPS 946 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:28,240 LIN, FAMILY CONFLICT, MOTHERS 947 00:38:28,240 --> 00:38:30,120 WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS, AND 948 00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:31,360 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 949 00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,640 PARENTS. THESE TROUBLED BOYS 950 00:38:34,640 --> 00:38:35,960 WERE PROBABLY NOT GETTING THE 951 00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:38,240 HEALTHY INPUT AT HOME THAT WAS 952 00:38:38,240 --> 00:38:41,240 NEEDED TO CORRECT THEIR 953 00:38:41,240 --> 00:38:45,840 CHILDHOOD PROBLEM BEHAVIORS. 954 00:38:45,840 --> 00:38:47,960 THIS SLIDE SUMMARIZES WHAT YOU 955 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,520 JUST SAW. ALL ON ONE SLIDES. I 956 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:51,880 WOULD LIKE YOU TO KEEP IN YOUR 957 00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:53,360 MIND BECAUSE NEXT WILL MAKE A 958 00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:54,680 COMPARISON OF THE SAME MEASURES 959 00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:56,640 FOR THE BOYS WHO ARE ON THE 960 00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:01,480 ADOLESCENCE LIMITED TRAJECTORY. 961 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:03,200 HERE IS THE CHILDHOOD OF THE 962 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,080 BOYS ON ADOLESCENCE LIMITED 963 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,160 TRACK. THIS GROUP SCORED NEAR 964 00:39:07,160 --> 00:39:08,880 THAT VERTICAL ZERO POINT 965 00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,640 SUGGESTING THEIR LEVELS OF RISK 966 00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:13,640 FACTORS WERE PRETTY MUCH NORMAL. 967 00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:15,040 THEY WERE TYPICAL OF ORDINARY 968 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:17,280 BOYS THEIR AGE IN NEW ZEALAND. 969 00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:18,840 NO REAL SIGNIFICANT RISK 970 00:39:18,840 --> 00:39:21,000 FACTORS. IF YOU LOOK DOWN AT THE 971 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:22,600 BOTTOM YOU CAN SEE THE 972 00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:24,600 DELINQUENCY OF THE BOYS' PEERS. 973 00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:27,280 THIS IS THEIR FRIENDS AT AGE 13 974 00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:29,880 AND 18. AS WE PREDICTED, THIS 975 00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:31,960 GROUP'S MAIN RISK PROCESS 976 00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:35,160 INVOLVED HANGING OUT WITH OTHER 977 00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:36,800 TEENAGERS WHO WERE WHO WERE 978 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:37,840 ENGAGING IN DELINQUENCY. WE 979 00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:39,280 STUDIED THESE GROUPS AS THEY 980 00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:41,200 PASSED THROUGH THEIR 20s AND 981 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:43,520 30s. AND WE FOUND THAT THE 982 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:46,240 LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT GROUP 983 00:39:46,240 --> 00:39:48,000 REMAINED MORE DANGEROUSLY 984 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,120 AGGRESSIVE IN THEIR 20s AND 985 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:52,320 30s. THEY VICTIMIZED THEIR 986 00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:55,520 FEMALE PARTNERS, THEY VICTIMIZED 987 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:56,840 THEIR CHILDREN, THEY VICTIMIZED 988 00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:59,000 THEIR CO-WORKERS AND THEY 989 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:01,360 VICTIMIZED THEIR EMPLOYERS. SO 990 00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:04,000 NOW I WOULD LIKE TO DO IS FAST 991 00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:09,240 FORWARD TO THEIR 40s. IN 2019 992 00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:11,480 WE WERE ABLE TO ADD MRI 993 00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:13,400 NEUROIMAGING TO THE DUNEDIN 994 00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:15,280 STUDY. WE TESTED THE MEASURES OF 995 00:40:15,280 --> 00:40:18,360 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT BRAIN 996 00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:22,240 AT AGE 45 AGAINST THE DUNEDIN 997 00:40:22,240 --> 00:40:23,600 STUDY TRAJECTORY GROUPS. THIS 998 00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:25,280 SLIDE REPORTS THE LIFE COURSE 999 00:40:25,280 --> 00:40:26,600 PERSISTENT GROUP HAD SMALLER 1000 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:30,280 SURFACE AREA OF THEIR BRAINS AT 1001 00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:31,960 AGE 45 ON AVERAGE COMPARED TO 1002 00:40:31,960 --> 00:40:34,240 THE ADOLESCENCE LIMITED GROUP. 1003 00:40:34,240 --> 00:40:35,800 THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT GROUI 1004 00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:38,280 ALUP SMALLER SURFACE AREA 1005 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:40,240 THAN THE LOW ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP. 1006 00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:42,240 AND THE ADOLESCENCE LIMITED 1007 00:40:42,240 --> 00:40:44,680 GROUP BRAIN SURFACE AREA LOOKED 1008 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:46,880 NORMAL IN SIZE AND IT DID NOT 1009 00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:49,960 DIFFER FROM THE LOW ANTI-SOCIAL 1010 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,120 GROUP. THE BLUE SPOTS SHOW YOU 1011 00:40:53,120 --> 00:40:54,800 SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER AREAS 1012 00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:57,360 CORRECTED FOR MULTIPLE TESTING 1013 00:40:57,360 --> 00:40:59,880 WERE SPREAD ALL OVER THE SURFACE 1014 00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:04,240 OF THE BRAIN. WE ALSO SEPARATE 1015 00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:08,200 LISTEES eTESTED THE BRAIN -- 1016 00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:10,200 SEPARATELY TESTED THE SUB 1017 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:11,080 CORTICAL BRAIN STRUCTURES 1018 00:41:11,080 --> 00:41:13,000 BENEATH THE BRAIN SURFACE SHOWN 1019 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:14,000 HERE IN COLOR. THE VOLUMES OF 1020 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:15,680 MANY OF THESE STRUCTURE WERE 1021 00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:18,480 SMALLER IN THE LIFE COURSE 1022 00:41:18,480 --> 00:41:20,040 PERSISTENT GROUP SHOWN IN THE 1023 00:41:20,040 --> 00:41:22,320 DARK NAVY BLUE. AGAIN THESE 1024 00:41:22,320 --> 00:41:24,240 OUTCOMES WERE SPREAD THROUGHOUT 1025 00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:26,240 THE BRAIN AND THE ADOLESCENCE 1026 00:41:26,240 --> 00:41:29,120 LIMITED AND LOW ANTI-SOCIAL 1027 00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:29,960 GROUPS AGAIN BOTH LOOKED 1028 00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:32,840 HEALTHY. THEIR DATA ARE SHOWN IN 1029 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:37,720 LIGHT BLUE AND IN GRAY. KEEP IN 1030 00:41:37,720 --> 00:41:39,760 MIND BRAIN SCANS WERE TAKEN 1031 00:41:39,760 --> 00:41:41,000 AFTER A LAFE OF CRIME. NOT 1032 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:48,640 BEFORE. THIS DOESN'T TELL US 1033 00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:51,760 WHAT AGE THE BRAIN STUDIES 1034 00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:53,720 EMERGED. THE AGGRESSIVE 1035 00:41:53,720 --> 00:41:55,840 BEHAVIORS FROM CHILDREN, SUGGEST 1036 00:41:55,840 --> 00:41:58,160 SOME DIFFERENCES CAN DATE FROM 1037 00:41:58,160 --> 00:41:59,960 EARLY LIFE. NOW WE CAN LOOK AT 1038 00:41:59,960 --> 00:42:02,520 THE BEGINNING OF LIFE IN THE 1039 00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:05,560 DUNEDIN COHORT USING GENETIC 1040 00:42:05,560 --> 00:42:07,680 DATA. I HAVE HYPOTHESIZED LIFE 1041 00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:10,280 COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS 1042 00:42:10,280 --> 00:42:13,040 WOULD HAVE A STRONGER FAMILIAL 1043 00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:14,520 GENETIC CODE AND 25 YEARS LATER 1044 00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:15,840 ADVANCES IN GENETICS ALLOWED US 1045 00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:18,440 TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS USING 1046 00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:25,320 ACTUAL GENES. WE USED EDUCATION 1047 00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:27,720 POLYGENIC SCORE. HERE IS WHAT IT 1048 00:42:27,720 --> 00:42:29,920 IS. 1 MILLION PEOPLE PROVIDED 1049 00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:32,160 THEIR DNA BY MAILING A SALIVA 1050 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:34,720 SAMPLE TO PLACES LIKE 23 AND ME. 1051 00:42:34,720 --> 00:42:37,280 THEY ALSO STATE THEIR LEVEL OF 1052 00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:39,160 EDUCATION. THIS DATA WAS USED TO 1053 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,080 PERFORM A GENOME WIDE 1054 00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:42,760 ASSOCIATION SEARCH FOR MARKERS 1055 00:42:42,760 --> 00:42:44,560 THAT TYPIFY PEOPLE WHO HAVE 1056 00:42:44,560 --> 00:42:47,400 ACHIEVED HIGH LEVELS OF 1057 00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:49,680 EDUCATION. THE GENETIC MARKERS 1058 00:42:49,680 --> 00:42:51,920 FOUND THEN SUM TO CREATE THE 1059 00:42:51,920 --> 00:42:54,280 POLYGENIC SCORE FOR EDUCATIONAL 1060 00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:55,480 ATTAINMENT. AND IMPORTANT THING 1061 00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:58,720 TO KEEP IN MIND HERE THIS SCORE 1062 00:42:58,720 --> 00:43:00,080 TAPS ANYTHING THAT IS RELEVANT 1063 00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:03,640 FOR GOING FAR IN EDUCATION. 1064 00:43:03,640 --> 00:43:05,680 INTELLECTUAL SKILLS OF COURSE 1065 00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:08,440 BUT ALSO CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS 1066 00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:10,080 SELF-CONTROL AND ATTENTION THAT 1067 00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:11,440 ARE NECESSARY FOR SUCCESS IN 1068 00:43:11,440 --> 00:43:14,880 EDUCATION. WE DERIVE THIS 1069 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:18,400 POLYGENIC SCORE IN EACH OF THE 1070 00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:24,840 DUNEDIN STUDY MEMBERS DNA. HERE 1071 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:26,600 ARE OUR FOUR FAMILIAR GROUPS OF 1072 00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:28,240 STUDY MEMBER IT IS RED BAR SHOWS 1073 00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:29,960 THE STUDY MEMBER WHOSE HAVE THE 1074 00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:32,000 LOWEST NUMBER OF GENES 1075 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:35,200 ASSOCIATED WITH EDUCATIONAL 1076 00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:36,360 SUCCESS IN SCHOOL WERE ALSO THE 1077 00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:39,040 MOST LIKELY TO BECOME LIFE 1078 00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:42,760 COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS. WE 1079 00:43:42,760 --> 00:43:44,120 REPLICATED THIS IN ANOTHER 1080 00:43:44,120 --> 00:43:45,680 COHORT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND 1081 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:49,200 GOT THE SAME FINDING. THIS 1082 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,000 FINDING ABOUT THE EDUCATION 1083 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:52,720 POLYGENIC SCORE I THINK POINTS 1084 00:43:52,720 --> 00:43:55,040 TO YOUNG PEOPLE'S PROBLEMS WITH 1085 00:43:55,040 --> 00:43:57,040 LEARNING ATTENTION AND 1086 00:43:57,040 --> 00:43:58,640 SELF-CONTROL AS POTENTIALLY GOOD 1087 00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:04,360 PREVENTION TARGETS. NEXT SLIDE. 1088 00:44:04,360 --> 00:44:06,160 HERE WE SEE AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE 1089 00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:08,800 THAT ADDS NEW NUANCE TO THE 1090 00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:10,560 BIOLOGY AND CRIME DEBATE, 1091 00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:12,520 MAJORITY OF OFFENDERS WHO BROKE 1092 00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:14,480 THE LAW AS YOUNG PEOPLE DIDN'T 1093 00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:17,360 HAVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN GENETICS 1094 00:44:17,360 --> 00:44:18,560 OF BRAIN STRUCTURE, ONLY THE 1095 00:44:18,560 --> 00:44:20,640 VERY SMALL MINORITY OF PEOPLE 1096 00:44:20,640 --> 00:44:22,800 WHO SHOWED ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1097 00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,600 FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD HAD 1098 00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:27,280 DIFFERENCES IN GENETICS FOR 1099 00:44:27,280 --> 00:44:33,600 ADULT BRAIN STRUCTURE. RIGHT NOW 1100 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:35,040 WE ARE STUDYING OUTCOMES OF 1101 00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:37,880 HEALTH AND AGING IN THE DUNEDIN 1102 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:39,280 COHORT IN THEIR 50s. I DON'T 1103 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:40,680 HAVE TIME TO COVER THIS NEW WORK 1104 00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:43,120 BUT I DO WANT TO JUST SHOW YOU 1105 00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:44,520 THAT WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE MEN 1106 00:44:44,520 --> 00:44:47,640 IN THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT 1107 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:50,000 ANTI-SOCIAL GROUP ARE NOW AGING 1108 00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,360 RAPIDLY. THEY HAVE BEEN AGING 1109 00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:55,760 BIOLOGICALLY AT RATE OF 14 1110 00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:57,400 MONTHS EVERY CHRONOLOGICAL YEAR 1111 00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:03,280 FOR THE LAST FEW YEARS. I HAVE 1112 00:45:03,280 --> 00:45:06,320 TAKEN YOU ON A GALLUP THROUGH 1113 00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:08,800 HIGHLIGHTS FROM MY OWN STUDIES 1114 00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:11,080 SINCE 1993 THIS TAXONOMIMY HAS 1115 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:12,680 BEEN STUDIED BY OTHER TEAMS IN 1116 00:45:12,680 --> 00:45:14,680 16 COUNTRIES THERE IS A LARGE 1117 00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:16,080 LITERATURE BY NOW AND I HAVE 1118 00:45:16,080 --> 00:45:19,880 REVIEWED IT FOR YOU IN HE IS 1119 00:45:19,880 --> 00:45:24,680 PUBLICATIONS. SO WHAT ARE THE 1120 00:45:24,680 --> 00:45:26,400 IMPLICATIONS FOR LIFE COURSE 1121 00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:28,000 PERSISTENT OFFENDERS? THEY 1122 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,920 ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE CRIME 1123 00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:32,800 RATE, SMALL IN NUMBERS BUT 1124 00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:33,560 DISPROPORTIONATE COSTS TO 1125 00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:36,840 SOCIETY. THIS ILLUSTRATES A 1126 00:45:36,840 --> 00:45:40,440 NEED FOR PUBLIC HELP POLICY TO 1127 00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:42,440 IMPROVE CHILDHOOD NEURAL 1128 00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:43,960 DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR EARLY 1129 00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:45,200 ONSET RECOMMENDS EARLY CHILDHOOD 1130 00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:50,920 AS A PRIME TIME FOR PRIMARY 1131 00:45:50,920 --> 00:45:53,000 PREVENTION. A CHRONIC CUMULATIVE 1132 00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:54,920 CONDITION LIKE THIS NEEDS LIFE 1133 00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:58,960 LONG SUSTAINED INTERVENTION. WE 1134 00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:00,720 HAVE SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR 1135 00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:02,440 ADOLESCENCE LIMITED OFFENDERS, 1136 00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:03,800 THEY ACCOUNT FOR THE OTHER HALF 1137 00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:06,600 OF OUR CRIME RATE, SO IT REALLY 1138 00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:08,560 IS IMPORTANT TO INTERVENE TO 1139 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:10,880 REDUCE THEIR OFFENDER AND IN 1140 00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:12,240 FACT THEIR VERY GOOD CANDIDATES 1141 00:46:12,240 --> 00:46:14,640 FOR POSITIVE CHANGE BECAUSE THEY 1142 00:46:14,640 --> 00:46:16,640 ESTABLISH HEALTHY ATTACHMENT 1143 00:46:16,640 --> 00:46:19,360 BONDS AND GOOD SCHOOL 1144 00:46:19,360 --> 00:46:23,480 ACHIEVEMENT BEFORE THEY BECAME 1145 00:46:23,480 --> 00:46:25,520 OFFENDER AS AD L LESS SENTENCES. 1146 00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:27,000 INTERVENTIONS SHOULD PREVENT 1147 00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,480 SNARES TO TRAP THEM IN A LIVE OF 1148 00:46:28,480 --> 00:46:31,920 CRIME, THINGS LIKE GETTING AN 1149 00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:32,680 AADDICTION, LOSING OUT ON 1150 00:46:32,680 --> 00:46:34,320 EDUCATION OR GETTING AN OFFICIAL 1151 00:46:34,320 --> 00:46:40,720 CONVICTION RECORD. IF YOU WISH 1152 00:46:40,720 --> 00:46:41,880 TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS RESEARCH 1153 00:46:41,880 --> 00:46:44,080 IT IS COVERED IN THESE TWO 1154 00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:45,360 BOOKS. THANK YOU, VERY MUCH FOR 1155 00:46:45,360 --> 00:46:49,320 LISTENING. ENJOY THE REST OF THE 1156 00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:52,600 MEETING. 1157 00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:54,360 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, TERRIE, 1158 00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:56,680 FOR THAT WONDERFUL TALK. TO KNOW 1159 00:46:56,680 --> 00:46:58,400 THREE OF US CAN COME ON VIDEO 1160 00:46:58,400 --> 00:46:59,360 AND WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES FOR 1161 00:46:59,360 --> 00:47:02,160 QUESTIONS. REMIND TORE OUR 1162 00:47:02,160 --> 00:47:03,600 VIDEOCAST AUDIENCE YOU CAN 1163 00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:04,640 SUBMIT QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS 1164 00:47:04,640 --> 00:47:06,360 THROUGHOUT THE WORKSHOPS THROUGH 1165 00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:11,480 THE SEND LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON. I 1166 00:47:11,480 --> 00:47:14,200 WILL TRY TO SUMMARIZE A FEW 1167 00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:15,600 QUESTIONS WITHIN OUR GROUP OF 1168 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:16,320 ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THE 1169 00:47:16,320 --> 00:47:21,440 WORKSHOP HERE. THE FIRST FOR 1170 00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:23,680 DAYU, ABOUT PLASTICITY IN 1171 00:47:23,680 --> 00:47:28,360 GENERAL. SO SPECIFICALLY, THE 1172 00:47:28,360 --> 00:47:29,480 VENTRAL LATERAL ACTIVITY DOES 1173 00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:31,520 THIS CHANGE WITH ANIMAL START 1174 00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:33,520 WINNING AGAIN? AND WITH REGARD 1175 00:47:33,520 --> 00:47:35,160 TO REWARDING ASPECT OF 1176 00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:37,000 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IS THERE A 1177 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,200 SENSITIVE PERIOD FOR IT? 1178 00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,520 >>YES. SO WE GO NOW BACK 1179 00:47:43,520 --> 00:47:44,400 (INAUDIBLE) AT THIS POINT 1180 00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:45,600 BECAUSE FOR THE MOST PART WE 1181 00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:48,560 HAVE BEEN RECORDING FROM THE 1182 00:47:48,560 --> 00:47:52,440 ADULT ANIMAL, VERY INTERESTING 1183 00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:57,120 QUESTION TO SEE DIFFERENT TIME 1184 00:47:57,120 --> 00:47:58,040 WINDOWS (INAUDIBLE) INCREASE 1185 00:47:58,040 --> 00:47:59,680 (INAUDIBLE) HARD TO SAY MICE 1186 00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:04,240 DATA REALLY SHOWING A GREG IN 1187 00:48:04,240 --> 00:48:06,720 TWO OF THE DIFFERENT (INAUDIBLE) 1188 00:48:06,720 --> 00:48:08,240 AGGRESSION AS FAR AS I CAN TELL. 1189 00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:12,240 SO IN TERMS OF THE (INAUDIBLE) 1190 00:48:12,240 --> 00:48:15,360 QUESTION FOR US WE START WITH 1191 00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:19,960 ANIMALS THAT HAS NO AGGRESSIVE 1192 00:48:19,960 --> 00:48:23,640 EXPERIENCE, THEY ARE NOT 1193 00:48:23,640 --> 00:48:24,640 NECESSARILY SOCIAL (INAUDIBLE) 1194 00:48:24,640 --> 00:48:26,120 WITH THAT YOU ARE LITTER MATES 1195 00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:28,600 BUT SHOW LITTLE AGGRESSION SO 1196 00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,920 THAT IS SORT OF OUR STARTING 1197 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:33,680 POINT. THEN FOR THE SIMPLICITY 1198 00:48:33,680 --> 00:48:35,680 OF THE EXPERIMENT WE CONTROL IT 1199 00:48:35,680 --> 00:48:37,040 TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE ONLY 1200 00:48:37,040 --> 00:48:40,480 WINNING OR ONLY LOSING AND THEN 1201 00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:42,160 ASKING HOW THE ACTIVITY IN THIS 1202 00:48:42,160 --> 00:48:44,760 BRAIN REGION CHANGE. INDEED THEY 1203 00:48:44,760 --> 00:48:45,960 ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN THE 1204 00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:47,720 MICE, WE DONE KNOW WHY. 1205 00:48:47,720 --> 00:48:51,080 EVEN IN THIS VERY NAIVE GROUP 1206 00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:53,080 APPEARS SOME ARE MUCH MORE 1207 00:48:53,080 --> 00:48:55,280 STARTING TO BE MORE AGGRESSIVE 1208 00:48:55,280 --> 00:48:58,280 WITHIN THE HOURS. SO WE DON'T 1209 00:48:58,280 --> 00:48:59,640 EXACTLY KNOW WHAT CAUSE THOSE 1210 00:48:59,640 --> 00:49:03,160 DIFFERENCES AND WHAT PREDICT -- 1211 00:49:03,160 --> 00:49:04,600 WHAT FEATURES CAN PREDICT THOSE 1212 00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:05,840 DIFFERENCES AT THIS POINT. THERE 1213 00:49:05,840 --> 00:49:10,920 IS A LOT MORE TO THE LOOK INTO. 1214 00:49:10,920 --> 00:49:13,360 >>I'M MIXING AND PARAPRAISING 1215 00:49:13,360 --> 00:49:14,280 THE QUESTIONS FROM THE 1216 00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:15,200 PARTICIPANTS TO TRY TO ADDRESS 1217 00:49:15,200 --> 00:49:19,000 AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. PERHAPS 1218 00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:21,880 THE NEXT TWO COMBINED SO ON THE 1219 00:49:21,880 --> 00:49:24,400 REWARD VALUE OF PROACTIVE VERSUS 1220 00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,280 REACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE INITIAL 1221 00:49:27,280 --> 00:49:28,600 AGGRESSOR PERHAPS RESPONDING TO 1222 00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:30,720 THAT WHAT THE REWARD VALUE LOOKS 1223 00:49:30,720 --> 00:49:31,880 LIKE OR MIGHT BE DIFFERENT. 1224 00:49:31,880 --> 00:49:33,080 THIS TIES INTO THINKING ABOUT 1225 00:49:33,080 --> 00:49:34,960 THE REWARDING VALUE OF 1226 00:49:34,960 --> 00:49:36,080 AGGRESSION WHAT THAT MIGHT LOOK 1227 00:49:36,080 --> 00:49:37,600 LIKE IN HUMAN AGGRESSION THAT 1228 00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:38,880 MIGHT BE MORE COMPLEX ESPECIALLY 1229 00:49:38,880 --> 00:49:39,880 IF OTHERS ARE NOW GETTING 1230 00:49:39,880 --> 00:49:42,000 INVOLVED IN THE AGGRESSIVE 1231 00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:45,000 INTERACTIONS FOR EXAMPLE TO 1232 00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:45,720 BREAK UP (INAUDIBLE) 1233 00:49:45,720 --> 00:49:51,240 >>SO REWARDING SO IN THE CASE 1234 00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:55,760 -- HOW YOU DEFINE ACTIVE VERSUS 1235 00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:59,400 PROACTIVE, SO ONE KEY QUESTION 1236 00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:03,240 IN OUR STUDIES WE TRY TO -- MOST 1237 00:50:03,240 --> 00:50:07,680 OF THE BEHAVIOR PART ARE INDEED 1238 00:50:07,680 --> 00:50:09,200 REACTIVE BECAUSE IF INTRUDER 1239 00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,320 COMES IN AND ACTING TO THIS 1240 00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:13,440 INTRUDERS AND THEN ENGAGING 1241 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:16,400 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS BUT THAT 1242 00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:20,120 DOESN'T PREVENT THE DOPAMINE 1243 00:50:20,120 --> 00:50:25,000 (INAUDIBLE) IN THIS AGGRESSION 1244 00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:28,040 SEEKING MORE PROACTIVE BECOMES 1245 00:50:28,040 --> 00:50:30,560 SPEAKING OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK, 1246 00:50:30,560 --> 00:50:33,400 SO WE HAVE UNTIL THE END TO 1247 00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:34,360 DOPAMINE RELEASE DURING THAT 1248 00:50:34,360 --> 00:50:38,400 PARTICULAR SEEKING PHASE. WE 1249 00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:39,840 KNOW THAT (INAUDIBLE) FACTOR 1250 00:50:39,840 --> 00:50:42,040 HERE INCREASE ACTIVITIES DURING 1251 00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:45,600 THAT PERIOD. SO LEARNING TO 1252 00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:50,120 ASSOCIATE WITH THE FUTURE ATTACK 1253 00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:51,800 OPPORTUNITIES. IF I TAKE A GUESS 1254 00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:55,800 I WOULD SAY YES, LIKELY DOPAMINE 1255 00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:59,520 IS RELEASED BUT IT IS A MORE A 1256 00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:07,760 SPECULATION PERHAPS (INAUDIBLE) 1257 00:51:07,760 --> 00:51:08,120 >> 1258 00:51:08,120 --> 00:51:12,440 >>ALL RIGHT. ANOTHER QUESTION 1259 00:51:12,440 --> 00:51:14,120 ASKING IS THE ACCELERATED AGING 1260 00:51:14,120 --> 00:51:16,000 CORRELATE WITH ANY OTHER HEALTH 1261 00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:17,960 RELATED BEHAVIORS LIKE SMOKING 1262 00:51:17,960 --> 00:51:22,800 AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION? 1263 00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,520 >>YOU ARE MUTED. 1264 00:51:24,520 --> 00:51:27,400 >>OF COURSE. ACCELERATED AGING 1265 00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:29,800 ONE OF THE BEST PREDICTORS OF IT 1266 00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:31,920 IS HEALTH BEHAVIORS THAT GOOD 1267 00:51:31,920 --> 00:51:32,760 NEWS BECAUSE THOSE CAN BE 1268 00:51:32,760 --> 00:51:37,320 CHANGED. IN THEORY AT LEAST. AND 1269 00:51:37,320 --> 00:51:39,040 WHAT WE ARE SEEING IN THE 1270 00:51:39,040 --> 00:51:41,440 ACCELERATED AGING IS THIS AFTER 1271 00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:45,320 AN ANTI-SOCIAL LIFESTYLE OF MANY 1272 00:51:45,320 --> 00:51:47,080 YEARS, THAT INVOLVES THINGS LIKE 1273 00:51:47,080 --> 00:51:50,120 HEAD INJURIES TIME OF -- 1274 00:51:50,120 --> 00:51:52,880 INCARCERATED, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, A 1275 00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:54,880 LOT OF THINGS GOING ON IN AN 1276 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:57,440 ANTI-SOCIAL LIFESTYLE THAT SEEM 1277 00:51:57,440 --> 00:51:59,800 TO ACCUMULATE IN THE FASTER 1278 00:51:59,800 --> 00:52:01,520 AGING BY THE TIME THEY REACH MID 1279 00:52:01,520 --> 00:52:06,320 LIFE. 1280 00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:08,920 >>ANOTHER QUESTION, DO MY BEST 1281 00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:10,200 IN LIMITED TIME TO TRY THE GET 1282 00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:11,360 TO AS MANY AND MIX THEM 1283 00:52:11,360 --> 00:52:15,240 TOGETHER. SO ASKING HOW MUCH 1284 00:52:15,240 --> 00:52:18,240 MIGHT AGGRESSIVE INTERACTION BE 1285 00:52:18,240 --> 00:52:21,520 REALLY FROM LONELINESS, WHAT ARE 1286 00:52:21,520 --> 00:52:25,400 DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION VERSUS 1287 00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:28,680 PER SOCIAL MAYBE DAYU FIRST BUT 1288 00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:30,080 TERRIE THOUGHTS AS WELL. 1289 00:52:30,080 --> 00:52:32,120 >>MY E QUESTION FOR THE MOST 1290 00:52:32,120 --> 00:52:34,920 PART WE USE A SINGLE L HOUSED 1291 00:52:34,920 --> 00:52:35,920 ANIMAL BECAUSE SOCIAL ISOLATION 1292 00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:37,920 IS IN FACT ONE OF THE BIG 1293 00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:42,080 FACTORS THAT INCREASE AGGRESSION 1294 00:52:42,080 --> 00:52:45,720 IN MICE. IN FACT ONCE ANIMAL 1295 00:52:45,720 --> 00:52:47,720 BECOME AGGRESSIVE WE CAN NOT PUT 1296 00:52:47,720 --> 00:52:49,960 THEM TOGETHER, BECAUSE OF ABOUT 1297 00:52:49,960 --> 00:52:52,040 MALL WARFARE SO THEY ARE GOING 1298 00:52:52,040 --> 00:52:54,360 TO ATTACK EACH OTHER. BUT IT IS 1299 00:52:54,360 --> 00:52:56,440 NOT ALL (INAUDIBLE) BECAUSE IN 1300 00:52:56,440 --> 00:52:57,800 AGGRESSIVE SEEKING PARADIGM 1301 00:52:57,800 --> 00:52:59,840 FACTOR THE PANELS ARE PAIR HOUSE 1302 00:52:59,840 --> 00:53:01,360 WITH A FEMALE. THEY HAVE FEMALE, 1303 00:53:01,360 --> 00:53:06,200 THEY HAVE PUPS, TEST THOSE 1304 00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:08,520 ANIMALS -- SO I WOULDN'T SAY 1305 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:09,520 THEY ARE (INAUDIBLE) HAVE THEIR 1306 00:53:09,520 --> 00:53:12,640 FRIENDS WHO HANG OUT, BUT THEY 1307 00:53:12,640 --> 00:53:16,360 ARE NOT SOCIALLY DEDEPRIVED. 1308 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,280 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGRESSION, 1309 00:53:18,280 --> 00:53:19,480 WHICH PART IS REWARDING WHICH IS 1310 00:53:19,480 --> 00:53:21,280 NOT. I'M SURE SOCIAL 1311 00:53:21,280 --> 00:53:22,200 INTERACTION, SOCIAL INTERACTION 1312 00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,760 IS REWARDING. SO THERE IS THAT 1313 00:53:25,760 --> 00:53:30,360 ASPECT OF IT IN THE STUDY ON 1314 00:53:30,360 --> 00:53:33,920 AGGRESSION SEEKING, ATTACK 1315 00:53:33,920 --> 00:53:35,600 OPPORTUNITY SO UNDER CONTROLS 1316 00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:38,840 THAT ANIMAL IS TO PUT IN 1317 00:53:38,840 --> 00:53:40,160 (INAUDIBLE) SO WE CAN INTERACT 1318 00:53:40,160 --> 00:53:42,360 BUT CANNOT ATTACK. UNDER THESE 1319 00:53:42,360 --> 00:53:45,360 CONDITIONS WE FOUND THAT THE 1320 00:53:45,360 --> 00:53:47,480 (INAUDIBLE) SO THE CONSUMER O 1321 00:53:47,480 --> 00:53:49,560 ASPECT WINNING PART IS IN FACT 1322 00:53:49,560 --> 00:53:53,600 IMPORTANT. IT IS NOT ALL BUT IT 1323 00:53:53,600 --> 00:53:57,640 IS DEFINITELY IMPORTANT. 1324 00:53:57,640 --> 00:53:59,240 >>WE WANT TO MENTION SOMETHING 1325 00:53:59,240 --> 00:54:02,440 ABOUT PARALLELS? YOU MAY HAVE 1326 00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:05,560 NOTICED ON THE CHART THAT I 1327 00:54:05,560 --> 00:54:06,840 SHOWED AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF 1328 00:54:06,840 --> 00:54:09,320 THE LIFE COURSE PERSISTENCE 1329 00:54:09,320 --> 00:54:10,720 CHILDHOOD THEY LIFE COURSE 1330 00:54:10,720 --> 00:54:12,200 PERSISTENT GROUP HAD A VERY HIGH 1331 00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:15,800 RATE OF BEING REJECTED BY PEERS. 1332 00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:17,600 IN SUBSEQUENT RESEARCH WE ALSO 1333 00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,600 SAY THEY ARE DISLIKED BY 1334 00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:20,760 TEACHERS, THEY IN GENERAL 1335 00:54:20,760 --> 00:54:22,680 DISLIKED BY ADULT AND BY OTHER 1336 00:54:22,680 --> 00:54:24,560 PEOPLE. SO WHEN YOU ASK ABOUT 1337 00:54:24,560 --> 00:54:25,800 LONELINESS, I THINK THAT IS AN 1338 00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:28,600 ANGLE THAT'S BEEN 1339 00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,400 UNDERRESEARCHED. WE HAVE TENDED 1340 00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:32,440 TO CAST IT IN TERMS OF PEER 1341 00:54:32,440 --> 00:54:34,280 REJECTION. BUT IN FACT CHILDREN 1342 00:54:34,280 --> 00:54:37,040 WHO START OUT BEING VERY 1343 00:54:37,040 --> 00:54:40,560 SELF-REGULATION PROBLEMS AND 1344 00:54:40,560 --> 00:54:42,680 AGGRESSION PROBLEMS DO LIVE A 1345 00:54:42,680 --> 00:54:44,040 LONELY LIFE. EVEN THOUGH THEY 1346 00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:45,080 MAY BE SURROUNDED BY OTHER 1347 00:54:45,080 --> 00:54:49,360 PEOPLE AT SCHOOL. ON THE 1348 00:54:49,360 --> 00:54:50,800 QUESTION OF WHETHER REACTIVE 1349 00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:53,240 AGGRESSION OR PROACTIVE 1350 00:54:53,240 --> 00:54:56,680 AGGRESSION IS MORE REWARDING, I 1351 00:54:56,680 --> 00:54:57,880 DON'T THINK WE HAVE DATA ON THAT 1352 00:54:57,880 --> 00:55:03,800 IN HUMANS. I CAN SAY THOUGH YOU 1353 00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:06,880 CAN SEPARATE WITH FACTOR 1354 00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:08,320 ANALYSIS IN DATA SET REACTIVE 1355 00:55:08,320 --> 00:55:09,560 AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE 1356 00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:12,040 PEOPLE WHO ENGAGE IN PERSISTENT 1357 00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:13,640 AGGRESSION OVER THE LIFE COURSE 1358 00:55:13,640 --> 00:55:18,200 DO BOTH. EXTREMELY HIGH RATES. 1359 00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:20,000 SO THERE IS A STATISTICAL ANGLE 1360 00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:23,080 AND CLINICAL ANGLE AND I THINK 1361 00:55:23,080 --> 00:55:24,160 CLINICALLY IT IS HARD TO 1362 00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:27,600 SEPARATE IN THE SERIOUS 1363 00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:29,920 AGGRESSIVE INDIVIDUALS. 1364 00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:32,400 >>THANKS SO MUCH, THAT IS ALL 1365 00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:35,960 WE HAVE TIME FOR THE NEXT 1366 00:55:35,960 --> 00:55:38,160 SESSION OF OUR AGENDA. KEEP 1367 00:55:38,160 --> 00:55:39,680 THOSE QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS 1368 00:55:39,680 --> 00:55:41,000 COMING. THEY WILL INFORM OUR 1369 00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:41,600 DISCUSSION THROUGHOUT THE 1370 00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:45,280 WORKSHOP. I WILL TURN IT TO MY 1371 00:55:45,280 --> 00:55:47,680 NIH COLLEAGUE ELIZABETH HOFFMAN. 1372 00:55:47,680 --> 00:55:48,720 >>GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE, 1373 00:55:48,720 --> 00:55:52,600 PLEASED TO BE HERE TODAY AND TO 1374 00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:54,280 MODERATE THIS FIRST PANEL MY 1375 00:55:54,280 --> 00:55:57,760 NAME IS ELIZABETH HOFFMAN SENIOR 1376 00:55:57,760 --> 00:55:59,080 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM MANAGER HERE 1377 00:55:59,080 --> 00:56:01,560 AT NIDA FOR THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN 1378 00:56:01,560 --> 00:56:03,160 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. 1379 00:56:03,160 --> 00:56:05,320 THIS PANEL IS ENTITLED 1380 00:56:05,320 --> 00:56:06,440 CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 1381 00:56:06,440 --> 00:56:08,360 MECHANISMS TO SOCIAL AND 1382 00:56:08,360 --> 00:56:09,440 CULTURAL CONTEXT. WE HAVE THREE 1383 00:56:09,440 --> 00:56:12,040 PANELISTS AND A COUPLE OF 1384 00:56:12,040 --> 00:56:13,280 DISCUSSANTS JOIN US TODAY. THE 1385 00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:19,600 FIRST PANELIST IS DR. DOMINIC 1386 00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:20,200 PARROTT, POLL APOLOGIZE IF I'M 1387 00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:21,520 NOT GETTING PRONUNCIATION 1388 00:56:21,520 --> 00:56:23,080 CORRECT. PROFESSOR AND DIRECT TO 1389 00:56:23,080 --> 00:56:25,000 OF CENTER FOR VERGE ON 1390 00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:26,240 INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE IN 1391 00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:27,760 PSYCHOLOGY AT GEORGIA STATE 1392 00:56:27,760 --> 00:56:29,000 UNIVERSITY. AND I WILL TURN 1393 00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:30,960 THINGS OVER TO YOU. AND THEN WE 1394 00:56:30,960 --> 00:56:35,120 WILL TAKE IT FROM THERE. 1395 00:56:35,120 --> 00:56:37,000 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. MY NAME 1396 00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:41,040 IS DOMINIC PARROTT AND AS YOU 1397 00:56:41,040 --> 00:56:42,800 INDICATED PROFESSOR PSYCHOLOGY 1398 00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:43,920 HERE AT GEORGIA STATE AND 1399 00:56:43,920 --> 00:56:46,000 DIRECTOR CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND 1400 00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:48,440 INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE, MY 1401 00:56:48,440 --> 00:56:50,560 PRONOUNS ARE HE HIM HIS H. AS 1402 00:56:50,560 --> 00:56:51,800 THE PRESENTATION FOR PANEL 1403 00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:53,360 FOCUSED ON CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL 1404 00:56:53,360 --> 00:56:55,880 LEVEL MECHANISMS TO THE SOCIAL 1405 00:56:55,880 --> 00:56:57,680 CULTURAL CONTEXT I TRY TO FOCUS 1406 00:56:57,680 --> 00:56:58,920 ON PROXIMAL MECHANISMS FOR 1407 00:56:58,920 --> 00:57:00,920 AGGRESSION AND NAMELY ACUTE 1408 00:57:00,920 --> 00:57:03,120 ALCOHOL USE BUT TRY TO COUCH 1409 00:57:03,120 --> 00:57:05,160 MECHANISTIC WORK IN GENERAL WITH 1410 00:57:05,160 --> 00:57:07,680 WITHIN SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL FRAME 1411 00:57:07,680 --> 00:57:09,760 WORK. SOUNDED EASY A FEW WEEKS 1412 00:57:09,760 --> 00:57:11,200 AGO PLANNING BUT I CAN'T DO 1413 00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:12,240 JUSTICE TO THAT GOAL IN TEN 1414 00:57:12,240 --> 00:57:14,800 MINUTES. SO GOING TO TOUCH UPON 1415 00:57:14,800 --> 00:57:16,400 A FEW KEY AREAS THAT NEED TO BE 1416 00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,280 AT T THE FOREFRONT OF OUR 1417 00:57:19,280 --> 00:57:26,280 THINKING. SO VERY BRIEFLY I WILL 1418 00:57:26,280 --> 00:57:28,680 TALK THE COMPLEXITY OF 1419 00:57:28,680 --> 00:57:29,840 AGGRESSION. PARTICULARLY IN 1420 00:57:29,840 --> 00:57:30,920 TERMS OF FORMS AN FUNCTION AND 1421 00:57:30,920 --> 00:57:32,800 CAN EXPAND ON DISCUSSION WE HAD 1422 00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:34,920 WITH KEYNOTES. I FIRMLY BELIEVE 1423 00:57:34,920 --> 00:57:38,760 WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF 1424 00:57:38,760 --> 00:57:40,440 COMPLEXITIES REGARDLESS WHERE 1425 00:57:40,440 --> 00:57:42,400 RESEARCH WAS SITUATED IN THE 1426 00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,080 AGGRESSION FIELD. NEXT THE 1427 00:57:45,080 --> 00:57:45,960 ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO 1428 00:57:45,960 --> 00:57:48,280 UNDERSTAND A RANGE OF HEALTH 1429 00:57:48,280 --> 00:57:50,520 OUTCOMES AND APPLY TO HOW TO 1430 00:57:50,520 --> 00:57:52,000 UNDERSTAND INDIVIDUAL PROXIMAL 1431 00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:53,120 MECHANISMS OF AILING GREG. I 1432 00:57:53,120 --> 00:57:54,720 WILL THEN DISCUSS ALCOHOL USE AS 1433 00:57:54,720 --> 00:57:57,000 AN EXAMPLE HOW WE SEEK TO 1434 00:57:57,000 --> 00:57:58,120 UNDERSTAND PROXIMAL MECHANISMS 1435 00:57:58,120 --> 00:57:59,680 FOR AGGRESSION AND TRY TO SUM UP 1436 00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:01,040 MY REVIEW WHAT I SEE AS 1437 00:58:01,040 --> 00:58:02,120 CHALLENGES MOVING FORWARD THAT 1438 00:58:02,120 --> 00:58:07,400 MERIT ATTENTION. ABOUT 20 YEARS 1439 00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:10,680 AGO I DID A REVIEW OF NEARLY 30 1440 00:58:10,680 --> 00:58:11,840 WIDELY USED INSTRUMENTS TO 1441 00:58:11,840 --> 00:58:13,760 MEASURE AGGRESSION. OVER 50 1442 00:58:13,760 --> 00:58:15,720 DIFFERENT TERMS EMERGED THAT 1443 00:58:15,720 --> 00:58:16,760 REFLECT PRESUMABLY DISTINCT 1444 00:58:16,760 --> 00:58:18,480 SUBTYPES OF AGGRESSION. THERE'S 1445 00:58:18,480 --> 00:58:20,680 CERTAINLY RELATIVELY DIFFERENT 1446 00:58:20,680 --> 00:58:22,160 FORMS. I THINK THERE'S SOUND 1447 00:58:22,160 --> 00:58:25,000 EVIDENCE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN 1448 00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:27,080 PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL AGGRESSION 1449 00:58:27,080 --> 00:58:28,800 THOUGH CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP IN 1450 00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:30,160 CONSTRUCTS WE NEED TO MEASURE 1451 00:58:30,160 --> 00:58:32,080 SUCH AS PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION 1452 00:58:32,080 --> 00:58:34,160 AND VERBAL AGGRESSION, THE 1453 00:58:34,160 --> 00:58:35,440 CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP CAN MAKE IT 1454 00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:36,960 DIFFICULT TO MODEL THE ETIOLOGY 1455 00:58:36,960 --> 00:58:38,320 OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BECAUSE 1456 00:58:38,320 --> 00:58:40,000 RESEARCH GROUPS ARE FOCUSED ON 1457 00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:41,320 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL 1458 00:58:41,320 --> 00:58:42,280 DEFINITIONS. AND THAT CAN MAKE 1459 00:58:42,280 --> 00:58:44,120 IT HARDER TO DETERMINE THE 1460 00:58:44,120 --> 00:58:45,960 MECHANISMS VARY BETWEEN THESE 1461 00:58:45,960 --> 00:58:46,960 DIFFERENT FORMS OF AGGRESSION. 1462 00:58:46,960 --> 00:58:50,560 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. WE SEE A 1463 00:58:50,560 --> 00:58:52,440 SIMILAR ISSUE AND CONSIDER 1464 00:58:52,440 --> 00:58:54,360 FUNCTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. 1465 00:58:54,360 --> 00:58:55,960 ON THIS SLIDE ARE THE OTHER 1466 00:58:55,960 --> 00:58:57,320 TERMS AND DISTINCTIONS IN THIS 1467 00:58:57,320 --> 00:58:59,240 DOMAIN WHICH REFERENCED EARLIER 1468 00:58:59,240 --> 00:59:01,040 WERE FUNDAMENTALLY WE SEE ONE 1469 00:59:01,040 --> 00:59:02,840 FUNCTION OR MOTIVATION DRIVENAT 1470 00:59:02,840 --> 00:59:04,760 SOME SECONDARY GOAL OR INVOLVE 1471 00:59:04,760 --> 00:59:06,760 HIGHER LEVEL THINKING AND 1472 00:59:06,760 --> 00:59:10,360 PLANNING, THE PREMEDITATED 1473 00:59:10,360 --> 00:59:11,800 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. THE SECOND 1474 00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:14,720 AFFECT AND PROXIMAL PROVOCATION 1475 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:16,560 AND/OR LACK OF INHIBITION. THIS 1476 00:59:16,560 --> 00:59:18,560 IS IMPULSIVE HOSTILE REACTIVE 1477 00:59:18,560 --> 00:59:20,360 AGGRESSION. ONE EXAMPLE IN THE 1478 00:59:20,360 --> 00:59:23,160 CASE OF IN THE INTIMATE PARTNER 1479 00:59:23,160 --> 00:59:24,880 VIOLENCE WE MAY ENGAGE IN 1480 00:59:24,880 --> 00:59:26,000 CHRONIC AGGRESSION TO CONTROL 1481 00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:27,600 AND DOMINATE THEIR PARTNER. 1482 00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:29,440 ANOTHER SCENARIO MAY ONLY ENGAGE 1483 00:59:29,440 --> 00:59:31,640 IN AGGRESSION IN THE HEAT OF THE 1484 00:59:31,640 --> 00:59:33,800 MOMENT. AND WE HAVE REGRETS 1485 00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:35,360 AFTERWARDS. THE DIFFERENT 1486 00:59:35,360 --> 00:59:37,040 MOLTVATION FOR AGGRESSION PAINT 1487 00:59:37,040 --> 00:59:38,600 DIFFERENT PICTURES OF 1488 00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:40,040 PERPETRATORS AND INTERVENTIONS 1489 00:59:40,040 --> 00:59:41,680 MOST EFFECTIVE FOR THEM. MY 1490 00:59:41,680 --> 00:59:43,360 POINT IN RAISING THESE ISSUE US 1491 00:59:43,360 --> 00:59:45,360 IS AGGRESSION IS MULTI-FACETED 1492 00:59:45,360 --> 00:59:47,360 AND COMPLEX, TAKES DIFFERENT 1493 00:59:47,360 --> 00:59:49,920 FORMS MOTIVATED BY FORCES. 1494 00:59:49,920 --> 00:59:51,040 ACROSS ALL OUR PERSPECTIVE WORK 1495 00:59:51,040 --> 00:59:52,640 WE NEED TO KEEP THAT COMPLEXITY 1496 00:59:52,640 --> 00:59:54,000 IN MIND THINKING ABOUT THE 1497 00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,280 MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION. WE ARE 1498 00:59:57,280 --> 00:59:58,760 NOT ALWAYS NECESSARILY AIMING AT 1499 00:59:58,760 --> 01:00:03,080 A TARGET ALL THE TIME. LIKEWISE 1500 01:00:03,080 --> 01:00:04,200 WHEN WE CURRENT RELEVANT RISKING 1501 01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:05,680 FACTORS AND CAUSAL MECHANISMS WE 1502 01:00:05,680 --> 01:00:08,480 ARE OFTENTIMES NOT FRAMINGUR 1503 01:00:08,480 --> 01:00:09,880 WORK WITHIN THE FULL SOCIALUL 1504 01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:11,120 ECOLOGY. FOR MANY OF US WHEN 1505 01:00:11,120 --> 01:00:12,840 WHICH THINK ABOUT WHAT CAUSES A 1506 01:00:12,840 --> 01:00:13,280 PERSON T A 1507 01:00:13,280 --> 01:00:13,880 E, WHAT 1508 01:00:13,880 --> 01:00:15,480 RECHANISMS ARE AT PLA 1509 01:00:15,480 --> 01:00:18,240 THINKING THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. 1510 01:00:18,240 --> 01:00:20,280 WHAT ARE THE HIPPIE LOGICAL 1511 01:00:20,280 --> 01:00:22,680 FACTORS NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND 1512 01:00:22,680 --> 01:00:24,200 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS? THE 1513 01:00:24,200 --> 01:00:26,360 PERSON'S PERSONALITY DRIVEN TO 1514 01:00:26,360 --> 01:00:28,720 AGGRESSION? WHAT PROVOKED IT? 1515 01:00:28,720 --> 01:00:29,760 THESE ARE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 1516 01:00:29,760 --> 01:00:30,880 CONSIDERATIONS AND THIS MAKES 1517 01:00:30,880 --> 01:00:32,640 SENSE BECAUSE IT IS AN 1518 01:00:32,640 --> 01:00:33,800 INDIVIDUAL WHO CROSSES THIS 1519 01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:36,400 THRESHOLD TO BECOME AGGRESSIVE. 1520 01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:37,640 THAT INDIVIDUAL IS SITUATED IN A 1521 01:00:37,640 --> 01:00:40,160 CONTEXT. SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL 1522 01:00:40,160 --> 01:00:41,520 MODELS ARE USED TO UNDERSTAND 1523 01:00:41,520 --> 01:00:43,000 HOW VARIOUS LEVELS OF THAT 1524 01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:44,840 CONTEXT CAN INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL 1525 01:00:44,840 --> 01:00:48,440 LEVEL BEHAVIOR AND VICE VERSA. 1526 01:00:48,440 --> 01:00:50,040 INCLUDING RESEARCH HON 1527 01:00:50,040 --> 01:00:51,360 (INAUDIBLE) CDC USES FRAMEWORK 1528 01:00:51,360 --> 01:00:54,280 FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION. SOCIAL 1529 01:00:54,280 --> 01:00:55,480 ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK SHOWS 1530 01:00:55,480 --> 01:00:56,840 ORGANIZED RISK FACTORS AND 1531 01:00:56,840 --> 01:00:58,080 MECHANISMS. THAT OPERATE AT 1532 01:00:58,080 --> 01:01:00,520 MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE SOAK 1533 01:01:00,520 --> 01:01:02,560 ECOLOGY AND ALLOWS COMMON AND 1534 01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:04,200 SPECIFIC MULTI-LEVEL RISK 1535 01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:06,160 FACTORS THAT CAN BE PROXIMAL OR 1536 01:01:06,160 --> 01:01:08,800 DISTAL O THE INDIVIDU INDIVIDUAE 1537 01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:10,440 INTERPERSONAL LEVEL WE ASK OTHER 1538 01:01:10,440 --> 01:01:11,440 CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIORS OF 1539 01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:12,800 OTHERS SUCH AS A PARENT OR 1540 01:01:12,800 --> 01:01:14,560 INTIMATE PARTNER INFLUENCE 1541 01:01:14,560 --> 01:01:15,440 SOMEONE'S AGGRESSION, THE 1542 01:01:15,440 --> 01:01:17,880 COMMUNITY LEVEL WE ASK HOW LOCAL 1543 01:01:17,880 --> 01:01:19,600 ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS CLIMATE OR 1544 01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:21,360 ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS Z, ARE 1545 01:01:21,360 --> 01:01:22,440 ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL RISK 1546 01:01:22,440 --> 01:01:24,320 FOR AGGRESSION, THE SOCIETAL 1547 01:01:24,320 --> 01:01:25,840 LEVEL AND GLOBAL LEVEL WE ARE 1548 01:01:25,840 --> 01:01:27,080 FOCUSED ON NORMS POLL POLICIES 1549 01:01:27,080 --> 01:01:31,360 IS AND SYSTEMS. OTHER SOCIETIES 1550 01:01:31,360 --> 01:01:33,560 LAWS SOCIAL STIGMA BASED AN SEX 1551 01:01:33,560 --> 01:01:35,920 GENDER RACE ETHNICITY. SANCTION 1552 01:01:35,920 --> 01:01:37,080 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AGGRESSIVE 1553 01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:39,360 BEHAVIOR. AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL WE 1554 01:01:39,360 --> 01:01:41,000 SEE EVIDENCE HOW INTERNET AND 1555 01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:43,320 SOCIAL MEDIA AND INTERNATIONAL 1556 01:01:43,320 --> 01:01:44,440 DISPLACEMENT AND ECONOMIC FACTOR 1557 01:01:44,440 --> 01:01:46,360 SET THE STAGE FOR AGGRESSION. 1558 01:01:46,360 --> 01:01:48,920 MUCH WORK TO BE DONE TO BETTER 1559 01:01:48,920 --> 01:01:49,600 UNDERSTAND INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE 1560 01:01:49,600 --> 01:01:51,280 FACTORS. RECOGNIZING THAT AND 1561 01:01:51,280 --> 01:01:52,680 RECOGNIZING THE MULTI-LEVEL 1562 01:01:52,680 --> 01:01:54,560 MECHANISTIC WORK IS HARD TO DO, 1563 01:01:54,560 --> 01:01:57,240 WE NEED TO THINK AHEADS TO HOW 1564 01:01:57,240 --> 01:01:59,480 SUCH ETIOLOGICAL MECHANISTIC 1565 01:01:59,480 --> 01:02:01,440 WORK IS LEVERAGED TO PREVENT 1566 01:02:01,440 --> 01:02:05,320 AGGRESSION. IN SOME PREVENTION 1567 01:02:05,320 --> 01:02:05,960 EFFORTS TARGET SPECK LEVEL OF 1568 01:02:05,960 --> 01:02:07,240 SOCIAL ECOLOGY HOWEVER IN OTHER 1569 01:02:07,240 --> 01:02:09,560 INSTANCES PERHAPS IN MOST 1570 01:02:09,560 --> 01:02:10,440 INSTANCES, MULTI-LEVEL 1571 01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:12,440 INTERVENTION APPROACHES MIGHT 1572 01:02:12,440 --> 01:02:14,600 NEED TO BE EMPLOYED TO TARGET 1573 01:02:14,600 --> 01:02:16,640 SIMULTANEOUSLY RISK FACTORS AT 1574 01:02:16,640 --> 01:02:18,080 THESE DIFFERENT LEVELS. NEXT 1575 01:02:18,080 --> 01:02:21,560 SLIDE PLEASE. I'M GOING TO ZOOM 1576 01:02:21,560 --> 01:02:22,800 FROM TO THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL; 1577 01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:24,400 GREAT DEAL OF WORK IS CONDUCTED 1578 01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:25,800 TO UNDERSTAND THE PROXIMAL 1579 01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:26,960 CAUSES OF ALCOHOL FACILITATED 1580 01:02:26,960 --> 01:02:28,720 AGGRESSION. AND WHAT IS ALL 1581 01:02:28,720 --> 01:02:30,680 THAT RESEARCH SHOW? THE RESEARCH 1582 01:02:30,680 --> 01:02:31,720 LITERATURE IS QUITE CLEAR THERE 1583 01:02:31,720 --> 01:02:33,680 IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 1584 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:34,680 ALCOHOL AND AGGRESSION. SO NOT 1585 01:02:34,680 --> 01:02:36,480 GOING TO SPEND MUCH TIME ON 1586 01:02:36,480 --> 01:02:38,800 THAT, EXCEPT TO SAY THE 1587 01:02:38,800 --> 01:02:39,840 PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE 1588 01:02:39,840 --> 01:02:41,360 SUPPORTS A CONCLUSION BEYOND 1589 01:02:41,360 --> 01:02:44,160 MERE ASSOCIATION. ALCOHOL USE? 1590 01:02:44,160 --> 01:02:47,400 FACT THE PROXIMAL CONTRIBUTING 1591 01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:48,720 CAUSE OF AGGRESSION. STILL SO 1592 01:02:48,720 --> 01:02:51,120 MUCH WE DON'T KNOW. IT DOESN'T 1593 01:02:51,120 --> 01:02:51,760 CAUSING A GREG FOR EVERYBODY SO 1594 01:02:51,760 --> 01:02:53,640 WE NEED TO KNOW WHO IS AT RISK 1595 01:02:53,640 --> 01:02:56,520 SO WE KNOW TO WHOM WE DIRECT 1596 01:02:56,520 --> 01:02:57,760 INTERVENTIONS. SECOND STUDIES 1597 01:02:57,760 --> 01:02:59,800 AIM TO REDUCE ALCOHOL 1598 01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:01,480 FACILITATED AGGRESSION SEEK TO 1599 01:03:01,480 --> 01:03:02,480 PREVENT ALCOHOL USE IN THE FIRST 1600 01:03:02,480 --> 01:03:04,840 PLACE. SO THIS IS ESSENTIALLY 1601 01:03:04,840 --> 01:03:06,640 AIMING TO REMOVE ALCOHOL 1602 01:03:06,640 --> 01:03:07,760 TOGETHER AS A PROXIMAL 1603 01:03:07,760 --> 01:03:10,120 DETERMINANT OF AGGRESSION. IN 1604 01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:11,960 THE PAST 10, 15 YEARS THERE'S 1605 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:13,800 MORE STUDIES BEGUN TO FOCUS HOW 1606 01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:15,600 TO REDUCE RISK AMONG PEOPLE WHO 1607 01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,240 HAVE CONSUMED ALCOHOL. EVEN HERE 1608 01:03:18,240 --> 01:03:20,000 THERE ARE FEW STUDIES THAT 1609 01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:30,240 DIRECTLY TEST 1610 01:03:36,480 --> 01:03:39,000 THEORY, MODEL IS THAT ALCOHOL 1611 01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:40,760 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 1612 01:03:40,760 --> 01:03:42,880 DISRUPT INTENTIONAL PROCESSES SO 1613 01:03:42,880 --> 01:03:44,240 AS A RESULT INDIVIDUAL WHOSE 1614 01:03:44,240 --> 01:03:45,200 CONSUME ALCOHOL PARTICULARLY 1615 01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,360 HIGH LEVELS, EXPERIENCE NARROWED 1616 01:03:48,360 --> 01:03:50,160 ATTENTIONAL FOCUS, THEY 1617 01:03:50,160 --> 01:03:51,360 EXPERIENCE RESTRICTION IN THE 1618 01:03:51,360 --> 01:03:53,600 QUEUES THEY CAN PROCEED AND 1619 01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:55,120 REDUCTION IN ABILITY TO PROCESS 1620 01:03:55,120 --> 01:03:56,240 MEANING FROM THE INFORMATION 1621 01:03:56,240 --> 01:03:59,520 THEY DO PERCEIVE. AS A RESULT 1622 01:03:59,520 --> 01:04:01,200 INTOXICATED INDIVIDUALS ALLOCATE 1623 01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:04,040 THEIR ATTENTION SUCH THAT A 1624 01:04:04,040 --> 01:04:06,320 PERCEIVE AND PROCESS ONLY THE 1625 01:04:06,320 --> 01:04:09,080 MOST SALIENT QUEUES IN A 1626 01:04:09,080 --> 01:04:15,240 SITUATION. AGGRESSION ARGUE. 1627 01:04:15,240 --> 01:04:17,920 HUGHES THAT INSTIGATE AGGRESSION 1628 01:04:17,920 --> 01:04:20,280 MORE -- QUEUES THAT INSTIGATE 1629 01:04:20,280 --> 01:04:23,640 AGGRESSION SO FOLLOWS THIS MODEL 1630 01:04:23,640 --> 01:04:25,840 PROXIMAL POTENTIATE PERPETRATION 1631 01:04:25,840 --> 01:04:30,400 BINARY ROWING ON SALIENT 1632 01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:31,280 UNDERSTAND TA GATING QUEUES SUCH 1633 01:04:31,280 --> 01:04:33,280 AS A THREAT FROM PARTNER OR 1634 01:04:33,280 --> 01:04:34,640 FEELINGS OF ANGER AND NOT SO 1635 01:04:34,640 --> 01:04:37,680 MUCH ON INHIBITOR LESS SALIENT 1636 01:04:37,680 --> 01:04:40,120 SUCH AS PERSONAL OR LEGAL 1637 01:04:40,120 --> 01:04:41,160 CONSEQUENCE OF BEENING 1638 01:04:41,160 --> 01:04:42,960 AGGRESSIVE. -- BECOMING 1639 01:04:42,960 --> 01:04:45,200 AGGRESSIVE. THIS PUNITIVE EFFECT 1640 01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:46,960 OF ALCOHOL AND ATTENTION IS 1641 01:04:46,960 --> 01:04:48,720 THEORIZED TO IMPACT EVEN MORE 1642 01:04:48,720 --> 01:04:50,520 PROXIMAL DOWNSTREAM FACTORS SUCH 1643 01:04:50,520 --> 01:04:53,400 AS AFFECT AND HOSTILE COGNITION. 1644 01:04:53,400 --> 01:04:55,200 OVERALL THERE IS EXTENTSIVE 1645 01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:56,320 EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THIS 1646 01:04:56,320 --> 01:04:58,000 MECHANISM THOUGH MOST IS 1647 01:04:58,000 --> 01:04:59,240 INDIRECT, VERY FEW DIRECT TESTS 1648 01:04:59,240 --> 01:05:00,640 OF THESE CONSTRUCTS AT THE 1649 01:05:00,640 --> 01:05:02,640 MOMENT IN TIME THAT IMMEDIATELY 1650 01:05:02,640 --> 01:05:03,840 PRECEDES AGGRESSIVE ACTION. THIS 1651 01:05:03,840 --> 01:05:06,400 IS A KEY GAP IN THE EVIDENCE 1652 01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:08,640 BASE. FURTHERMORE (INAUDIBLE) 1653 01:05:08,640 --> 01:05:10,840 THEORY MAKES A FUNDAMENTAL 1654 01:05:10,840 --> 01:05:12,040 ASSUMPTION THAT FUNDAMENTAL 1655 01:05:12,040 --> 01:05:13,120 PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL ARE 1656 01:05:13,120 --> 01:05:14,440 DISRUPTING NEUROLOGICAL 1657 01:05:14,440 --> 01:05:15,760 SUBSTRATES THAT GENERATE AND 1658 01:05:15,760 --> 01:05:17,080 REGULATE THESE EFFECTIVE AND 1659 01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:20,160 ATTENTIONAL PROCE BUT AGAIN 1660 01:05:20,160 --> 01:05:22,280 FEW STUDIES DIRECTLY MEASURE THE 1661 01:05:22,280 --> 01:05:23,400 BIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES AND 1662 01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:24,960 DOCUMENTED THEIR EFFECT WITHIN 1663 01:05:24,960 --> 01:05:30,040 THIS PUNITIVE MECHANIS MECHANISI 1664 01:05:30,040 --> 01:05:31,160 WILL CONCLUDE BY SUMMARIZING 1665 01:05:31,160 --> 01:05:32,760 WHAT I SEE AS CHALLENGES MOVING 1666 01:05:32,760 --> 01:05:34,520 FORWARD THAT MERIT ATTENTION AND 1667 01:05:34,520 --> 01:05:35,920 APPLY TO REGRESSION REGARDLESS 1668 01:05:35,920 --> 01:05:37,840 WHETHER OR NOT THE PERPETRATOR 1669 01:05:37,840 --> 01:05:40,040 USED ALCOHOL PROXIMAL TO THEIR 1670 01:05:40,040 --> 01:05:42,080 AGGRESSION. IN AN IDEAL WORLD WE 1671 01:05:42,080 --> 01:05:43,640 IDENTIFY SHARED MECHANISM THAT 1672 01:05:43,640 --> 01:05:46,240 SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF 1673 01:05:46,240 --> 01:05:47,360 INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO ALL 1674 01:05:47,360 --> 01:05:49,000 FORMS AND FUNCTION OF 1675 01:05:49,000 --> 01:05:50,480 AGGRESSION. HOWEVER INTERVENTION 1676 01:05:50,480 --> 01:05:52,400 TO PREVENT PHYSICAL BETWEEN TWO 1677 01:05:52,400 --> 01:05:55,440 LONG TERM PARTNERS WILL LIKELY 1678 01:05:55,440 --> 01:05:59,480 NOT BE THE SAME TEXTURAL 1679 01:05:59,480 --> 01:06:02,280 VIOLENCE BETWEEN ACQUAINTANCES 1680 01:06:02,280 --> 01:06:04,640 WHO MIGHT BE IN HOOK UP SCENE SO 1681 01:06:04,640 --> 01:06:05,960 SCIENCE NEEDS TO BE RIGOROUS HOW 1682 01:06:05,960 --> 01:06:07,400 TO ACCOUNT FOR AND 1683 01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:08,480 OPERATIONALIZE FORMS AND 1684 01:06:08,480 --> 01:06:11,000 FUNCTION OF AGGRESSION. SECOND, 1685 01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:13,640 WITH RESPECT TO SITUATING 1686 01:06:13,640 --> 01:06:18,280 AGGRESSION WITHIN THE SOCIAL E 1687 01:06:18,280 --> 01:06:21,160 DODGE MECHANISTIC WORK IS AT -- 1688 01:06:21,160 --> 01:06:22,760 SOCIAL ECOLOGY INFLUENCE 1689 01:06:22,760 --> 01:06:23,880 PROXIMAL INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 1690 01:06:23,880 --> 01:06:25,440 FACTORS SUCH AS ALCOHOL USE. 1691 01:06:25,440 --> 01:06:27,520 FOR INSTANCE IN THE ALCOHOL 1692 01:06:27,520 --> 01:06:28,440 AGGRESSION FIELD MULTI-LEVEL 1693 01:06:28,440 --> 01:06:38,960 WORK ON PROXIMAL (LOST AUDIO) 1694 01:06:50,360 --> 01:06:51,800 THIRD LABOR INTENSIVE WORK TO 1695 01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:53,200 ASSESS FACTORS AT MULTIPLE 1696 01:06:53,200 --> 01:06:55,080 LEVELS OF ECOLOGY AND IT IS ALSO 1697 01:06:55,080 --> 01:06:57,280 CHALLENGING TO ASSESS DIRECTLY 1698 01:06:57,280 --> 01:06:59,120 PUNITIVE PROXIMAL MECHANISM OF 1699 01:06:59,120 --> 01:07:00,880 AGGRESSION. AT THE RISK OF 1700 01:07:00,880 --> 01:07:02,120 OVERSIMPLIFYING HERE TO GET AT 1701 01:07:02,120 --> 01:07:03,880 THOSE PROXIMAL MECHANISMS YOU 1702 01:07:03,880 --> 01:07:06,520 HAVE TO ASSESS DIRECTLY WHETHER 1703 01:07:06,520 --> 01:07:08,200 NATURALISTIC OR LABORATORY 1704 01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:10,960 CONTEXT BUT IT IS DOABLE. THAT 1705 01:07:10,960 --> 01:07:12,200 SAID, YOU THEN HAVE TO FIND A 1706 01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:14,360 WAY TO ASSESS PROXIMAL FACTORS 1707 01:07:14,360 --> 01:07:16,880 WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH THE 1708 01:07:16,880 --> 01:07:18,840 DOWNSTREAM EFFECT ON AGGRESSION. 1709 01:07:18,840 --> 01:07:20,760 YOU CAN'T STOP A COUPLE IN 1710 01:07:20,760 --> 01:07:22,480 MIDDLE OF CONFLICT AND RATE YOUR 1711 01:07:22,480 --> 01:07:33,120 ANGER NOW BECAUSE IT WILL NEED O 1712 01:07:36,240 --> 01:07:38,640 ADDRESS THESE AND OTHERS THAT 1713 01:07:38,640 --> 01:07:39,880 MAXIMIZE ABILITY TO PREVENT AND 1714 01:07:39,880 --> 01:07:41,960 REDUCE ALL FORMS OF AGGRESSION. 1715 01:07:41,960 --> 01:07:44,400 THANK YOU. 1716 01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:47,200 >>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. PARROTT, 1717 01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:48,680 THAT WAS EXCELLENT. IN THE 1718 01:07:48,680 --> 01:07:50,160 INTEREST OF TIME WE WILL MOVE TO 1719 01:07:50,160 --> 01:07:51,920 IF NEXT SPEAKER, A QUICK PLUG 1720 01:07:51,920 --> 01:07:53,160 FOR FOLKS TO PUT QUESTIONS IN 1721 01:07:53,160 --> 01:07:55,640 THE ZOOM IF YOU ARE ON ZOOM OR 1722 01:07:55,640 --> 01:07:56,760 VIDEOCAST CHAT. WE WILL TAKE 1723 01:07:56,760 --> 01:07:58,040 QUESTIONS AT THE END BUT PLEASE 1724 01:07:58,040 --> 01:07:59,280 PUT YOUR QUESTIONS IN AS THEY 1725 01:07:59,280 --> 01:08:01,280 OCCUR TO YOU. OUR NEXT SPEAKER 1726 01:08:01,280 --> 01:08:04,800 IS DR. ABIGAIL MARSH, PROFESSOR 1727 01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:07,120 PSYCHOLOGY AT GEORGETOWN 1728 01:08:07,120 --> 01:08:11,000 UNIVERSITY. WELCOME. 1729 01:08:11,000 --> 01:08:13,640 >>THANK YOU. I'M GOING TO JUMP 1730 01:08:13,640 --> 01:08:15,000 RIGHT IN, WE CAN GO TO THE NEXT 1731 01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,720 SLIDE. JUST A CUPFUL O POINTS 1732 01:08:18,720 --> 01:08:21,920 TO HIGHLIGHT ABOUT AGGRESSION. I 1733 01:08:21,920 --> 01:08:24,280 CAN SKIP A COUPLE WE HAVE 1734 01:08:24,280 --> 01:08:26,040 COVERED. FIRST OBVIOUSLY 1735 01:08:26,040 --> 01:08:28,040 AGGRESSION HAS TO BE 1736 01:08:28,040 --> 01:08:29,480 INTENTIONAL, HARM UNINTENTIONAL 1737 01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:32,280 IS BETTER TERM CARELESSNESS OR 1738 01:08:32,280 --> 01:08:33,880 IGNORANCE, SO FOCUSING ON 1739 01:08:33,880 --> 01:08:36,160 AGGRESSION THAT IS INTENDED. 1740 01:08:36,160 --> 01:08:37,920 AND OF COURSE RELEVANT FORMS OF 1741 01:08:37,920 --> 01:08:40,320 HARM INCLUDE PHYSICAL HARM LIKE 1742 01:08:40,320 --> 01:08:41,880 INJURY SOCIAL HARM LIKE 1743 01:08:41,880 --> 01:08:44,640 REPUTATIONAL DAMAGE OR EMOTIONAL 1744 01:08:44,640 --> 01:08:45,960 HARM, EXAMPLE OF FEAR WHEN 1745 01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:47,560 SOMEBODY IS THREATENED. WE 1746 01:08:47,560 --> 01:08:49,000 TALKED THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1747 01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:51,640 REACTIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL 1748 01:08:51,640 --> 01:08:52,280 AGGRESSION WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT 1749 01:08:52,280 --> 01:08:53,960 RISK FACTORS AND NEURAL 1750 01:08:53,960 --> 01:08:55,600 MECHANISMS, ALSO IT CAN BE 1751 01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:57,080 IMPORTANT TO THINK DIRECT 1752 01:08:57,080 --> 01:08:59,080 AGGRESSION LIKE PHYSICALLY 1753 01:08:59,080 --> 01:09:00,640 HITTING VERSUS INDIRECT PUSHING 1754 01:09:00,640 --> 01:09:04,160 A BUTTON THAT CAUSES HARM. THAT 1755 01:09:04,160 --> 01:09:06,480 DOESN'T VIOLATE RULES ABOUT 1756 01:09:06,480 --> 01:09:09,400 AGGRESSION THAT ARE PROBABLY 1757 01:09:09,400 --> 01:09:12,120 INSTINCTIVE OR INBORNE THE WAY 1758 01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:14,080 DIRECT AGGRESSION. ALSO IT IS 1759 01:09:14,080 --> 01:09:15,520 IMPORTANT TO EXCLUDES CERTAIN 1760 01:09:15,520 --> 01:09:17,880 FORMS OF INTENTIONAL HARM, 1761 01:09:17,880 --> 01:09:18,960 OBVIOUS EXAMPLES ARE SPORTS 1762 01:09:18,960 --> 01:09:21,360 MEDICAL SETTINGS, THE MILITARY 1763 01:09:21,360 --> 01:09:22,560 LAW ENFORCEMENT CONTACTS SO WHEN 1764 01:09:22,560 --> 01:09:25,200 A BOXER OR A FOOTBALL PLAYER 1765 01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:25,600 KNOCKS? 1766 01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:35,880 B DOWN OR CONFLATE 1767 01:09:39,680 --> 01:09:41,080 WITH UNSANCTIONED AGGRESSION 1768 01:09:41,080 --> 01:09:43,240 BECAUSE THE MECHANISMS AND 1769 01:09:43,240 --> 01:09:44,160 CAUSES ARE DIFFERENT. THE REASON 1770 01:09:44,160 --> 01:09:46,320 I BRING THIS UP IS BECAUSE AS 1771 01:09:46,320 --> 01:09:48,280 PEOPLE LIKE ME WHO TRAINING IN 1772 01:09:48,280 --> 01:09:50,440 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY KNOW, IT MAKES 1773 01:09:50,440 --> 01:09:52,080 AGGRESSION INHERENTLY HARD TO 1774 01:09:52,080 --> 01:09:54,960 STUDY IN HUMANS AN LABORATORY 1775 01:09:54,960 --> 01:09:56,120 CONTEXT BECAUSE THE FORMS OF 1776 01:09:56,120 --> 01:09:57,760 AGGRESSION ELICITED BY 1777 01:09:57,760 --> 01:09:58,800 RESEARCHERS ARE ALWAYS 1778 01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:05,120 IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY 1779 01:10:05,120 --> 01:10:07,160 SANCTIONED IN THE LAB. IT MAKES 1780 01:10:07,160 --> 01:10:17,320 CHALLENGE 1781 01:10:26,120 --> 01:10:27,960 FORM OF AGGRESSION, MANY NORMS. 1782 01:10:27,960 --> 01:10:31,960 FORMS SUGGESTING SOME COMMON 1783 01:10:31,960 --> 01:10:34,280 UNDERLYING CAUSES. HOMICIDE, 1784 01:10:34,280 --> 01:10:36,720 JUVENILE HOMICIDES RISK DRIVING 1785 01:10:36,720 --> 01:10:38,520 ARE UP AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR 1786 01:10:38,520 --> 01:10:41,040 IN SCHOOLS WITHIN 2021, 15 TOO 1787 01:10:41,040 --> 01:10:42,520 20% TEACHERS AND STAFF REPORTING 1788 01:10:42,520 --> 01:10:44,480 HAVING BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE 1789 01:10:44,480 --> 01:10:46,000 BY A STUDENT. THAT'S A HUGE 1790 01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:47,080 AMOUNT OF OF VIOLENCE IN 1791 01:10:47,080 --> 01:10:49,360 SCHOOLS. NEXT SLIDE. BUT AS WE 1792 01:10:49,360 --> 01:10:51,480 HAVE TALKED ABOUT SIMULTANEOUSLY 1793 01:10:51,480 --> 01:10:53,440 TRUE MOST PEOPLE IN ANY CONTEXT 1794 01:10:53,440 --> 01:10:54,640 ARE NOT AGGRESSIVE. THIS IS 1795 01:10:54,640 --> 01:10:57,320 RELATED TO WHAT IS SOMETIMES THE 1796 01:10:57,320 --> 01:10:59,240 (INAUDIBLE) PRINCIPLE OR THE 80, 1797 01:10:59,240 --> 01:11:02,080 20 RULE WHICH I APPLIES TO 1798 01:11:02,080 --> 01:11:03,360 AGGRESSION. COMMITTED BY A SMALL 1799 01:11:03,360 --> 01:11:04,960 PROPORTION OF PEOPLE. THE RATIOS 1800 01:11:04,960 --> 01:11:07,280 ARE NOT 80, 20, MORE SKEWED, 1801 01:11:07,280 --> 01:11:10,200 MORE EXTREME THE BEHAVIOR SO AS 1802 01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:12,520 TERRIE TALKED IN THE STUDY, 9% 1803 01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:14,440 OF PEOPLE OF LIFE COURSE 1804 01:11:14,440 --> 01:11:15,400 PERSISTENT CONDUCT PROBLEMS 1805 01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:16,560 ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF CRIMINAL 1806 01:11:16,560 --> 01:11:20,320 CONVICTIONS. SWEDISH STUDY 1807 01:11:20,320 --> 01:11:21,840 FAULK AND COLLEAGUES FOUND 1% 1808 01:11:21,840 --> 01:11:22,640 POPULATION ACCOUNTS FOR 1809 01:11:22,640 --> 01:11:24,280 TWO-THIRDS OF ALL VIOLENT CRIME 1810 01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:25,640 AND THIS VERY LARGE POPULATION 1811 01:11:25,640 --> 01:11:29,080 STUDY. HERE IN D.C. THE NATIONAL 1812 01:11:29,080 --> 01:11:30,320 INSTITUTE FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1813 01:11:30,320 --> 01:11:31,720 REFORM ANALYZED GUN VIOLENCE IN 1814 01:11:31,720 --> 01:11:34,360 DISTRICT IN 2021, WHEN THEY PUT 1815 01:11:34,360 --> 01:11:37,200 REPORT OUT AND CONCLUDED 60 TO 1816 01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:38,200 70 PERCENT GUN VIOLENCE 1817 01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:40,640 ACCOUNTED FOR BY ABOUT 200 VERY 1818 01:11:40,640 --> 01:11:44,000 HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS ALMOST ALL 1819 01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:46,080 MEN WHO WERE IDENTIFIABLE WHOSE 1820 01:11:46,080 --> 01:11:47,480 VIOLENCE IS PREDICTABLE AND 1821 01:11:47,480 --> 01:11:48,640 THEREFORE PREVENTABLE. 1822 01:11:48,640 --> 01:11:49,840 UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSINGING 1823 01:11:49,840 --> 01:11:51,480 A GREG FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH 1824 01:11:51,480 --> 01:11:52,400 PERSPECTIVE TAKES THIS INTO 1825 01:11:52,400 --> 01:11:54,080 ACCOUNT. MUCH MORE IMPACTFUL TO 1826 01:11:54,080 --> 01:11:55,560 FOCUS TON SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE 1827 01:11:55,560 --> 01:11:57,840 WHO HAVE PERSISTENT SERIOUS 1828 01:11:57,840 --> 01:11:58,840 AGGRESSION AND ON THE WHOLE 1829 01:11:58,840 --> 01:11:59,960 POPULATION MOST WHOM DO NOT 1830 01:11:59,960 --> 01:12:02,120 ENGAGE IN PERSISTENT AGGRESSION. 1831 01:12:02,120 --> 01:12:03,520 THIS BRINGS ME TO THE FACT THAT 1832 01:12:03,520 --> 01:12:05,840 MANY OR MOST PERSISTENTLY 1833 01:12:05,840 --> 01:12:08,840 AGGRESSIVE ADULTS CHILDREN HAVE 1834 01:12:08,840 --> 01:12:11,360 DIAGNOSES OF DISORDERS OF 1835 01:12:11,360 --> 01:12:13,440 AGGRESSION. INCLUDE CONDUCT 1836 01:12:13,440 --> 01:12:15,200 DISORDER WHICH DIKE NOSED INCOME 1837 01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:18,800 ANYBODY UNDER 18, SEVERE 1838 01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:20,760 DELINQUENCY AND AGGRESSION, IT 1839 01:12:20,760 --> 01:12:23,840 IS NOT RARE. LIFETIME 1840 01:12:23,840 --> 01:12:27,000 PREVENIENCE IS AS HIGH AS 9%. 1841 01:12:27,000 --> 01:12:27,800 THERE'S AN SOCIAL PERSONALITY 1842 01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:29,120 DISORDER WHICH IS CURIOUS 1843 01:12:29,120 --> 01:12:30,480 BECAUSE IT IS ALMOST THE SAME 1844 01:12:30,480 --> 01:12:31,840 CRITERIA CONDUCT DISORDER BUT 1845 01:12:31,840 --> 01:12:33,640 ONLY DIAGNOSEDONR 18. NOT 1846 01:12:33,640 --> 01:12:35,480 AWARE OF ANY OTHER DISORDER 1847 01:12:35,480 --> 01:12:37,840 WHICH THE SAME SETICF SYMPTOMS 1848 01:12:37,840 --> 01:12:42,160 GET A NEW NAME ONCE A 17 YEAR 1849 01:12:42,160 --> 01:12:44,720 AND 364 DAY-YEAR-OLD TURNS 18. I 1850 01:12:44,720 --> 01:12:46,080 HAVE ALL SORTS OF CONCERNS ABOUT 1851 01:12:46,080 --> 01:12:49,040 THIS. BUT I IT IS NOT RARE, AS 1852 01:12:49,040 --> 01:12:50,720 COMMON OR MORE COMMON THAN 1853 01:12:50,720 --> 01:12:53,160 SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR AND 1854 01:12:53,160 --> 01:12:54,240 (INAUDIBLE) IS NOT IN THE 1855 01:12:54,240 --> 01:12:55,360 DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL 1856 01:12:55,360 --> 01:12:59,040 MANUAL BUT IT IS AN ESTABLISHED 1857 01:12:59,040 --> 01:13:00,240 SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL 1858 01:13:00,240 --> 01:13:02,160 CONSTRUCT AND DISORDERS THAT 1859 01:13:02,160 --> 01:13:03,840 OVERLAPS WITH PERSONALITY 1860 01:13:03,840 --> 01:13:05,640 DISORDER. IT IS A CONSTRUCT 1861 01:13:05,640 --> 01:13:08,040 COMPRISED OF BOLDNESS 1862 01:13:08,040 --> 01:13:09,240 CALLOUSNESS AND DISINHIBITION 1863 01:13:09,240 --> 01:13:12,560 AND MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR 1864 01:13:12,560 --> 01:13:14,040 AGGRESSION AND NOT RARE. IF YOU 1865 01:13:14,040 --> 01:13:14,720 ARE LOOKING FOR INFORMATION 1866 01:13:14,720 --> 01:13:16,320 ABOUT THE DISORDERS YOU CAN 1867 01:13:16,320 --> 01:13:18,200 VISIT THE CHILD MIND WEBSITE OR 1868 01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:19,640 PSYCHOLOGY TODAY WITH GREAT 1869 01:13:19,640 --> 01:13:20,400 EXPLANATIONS OF IN THIS 1870 01:13:20,400 --> 01:13:21,600 DISORDERS AN ARTICLES ABOUT THEM 1871 01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:23,520 SO INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES 1872 01:13:23,520 --> 01:13:24,520 AFFECTED BY THESE COMMON AND 1873 01:13:24,520 --> 01:13:26,000 SEVERE DISORDERS CAN FINDS 1874 01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:28,040 INFORMATION ABOUT THEM. WE CAN 1875 01:13:28,040 --> 01:13:32,920 VISIT MY NOB PROFIT ORGANIZATION 1876 01:13:32,920 --> 01:13:35,000 PSYCHOPATHY IS WEBSITE. YOU 1877 01:13:35,000 --> 01:13:36,480 CAN'T FIND THESE DISORDERS 1878 01:13:36,480 --> 01:13:39,400 ANYWHERE ON THE NIH WEBSITE BY 1879 01:13:39,400 --> 01:13:41,040 PROMINENCE AND SEVERITY, I LOOK 1880 01:13:41,040 --> 01:13:43,000 FORWARD TO PEOPLE L AFFECTED BY 1881 01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:44,200 THESE SEVERE CONDITIONS CAN 1882 01:13:44,200 --> 01:13:48,400 LEARN ABOUT THEM FROM THE NIMH. 1883 01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:52,240 WHY DO PEOPLE CAN SEVERE AND 1884 01:13:52,240 --> 01:13:53,240 PERSISTENT AGGRESSION BEHAVE THE 1885 01:13:53,240 --> 01:14:01,600 WAY THEY DO. WE HAVE TO BE AS 1886 01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:03,840 CONCRETE AS POSSIBLE. NEARLY ALL 1887 01:14:03,840 --> 01:14:04,840 AGGRESSION AND SO GRATEFUL 1888 01:14:04,840 --> 01:14:06,280 PEOPLE HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB 1889 01:14:06,280 --> 01:14:07,560 TALKING ABOUT THE MUCH LARGER 1890 01:14:07,560 --> 01:14:08,800 CONTEXT IN WHICH AGGRESSION 1891 01:14:08,800 --> 01:14:11,320 OCCURS. HOWEVER, THE MOMENT THE 1892 01:14:11,320 --> 01:14:16,280 AGGRESSION TAKES PLACE, USUALLY 1893 01:14:16,280 --> 01:14:17,640 OCCURS IN BETWEEN PEOPLE THAT 1894 01:14:17,640 --> 01:14:19,080 KNOW EACH OTHER. ONE FRUSTRATES 1895 01:14:19,080 --> 01:14:21,560 THE OTHER ONE WITH INSULT WHICH 1896 01:14:21,560 --> 01:14:24,400 POINT THE OTHER PERSON RESPONDS 1897 01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:25,960 AGGRESSIVELY OR ALTERNATIVE 1898 01:14:25,960 --> 01:14:27,320 BEHAVIOR WALKING AWAY MAKING A 1899 01:14:27,320 --> 01:14:28,760 JOKE. MOST IN CIRCUMSTANCES LIKE 1900 01:14:28,760 --> 01:14:30,520 THIS DO CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE AND A 1901 01:14:30,520 --> 01:14:31,400 FEW FREQUENTLY CHOOSE 1902 01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:32,840 AGGRESSION. SO WE WANT TO KNOW 1903 01:14:32,840 --> 01:14:33,920 WHAT KINDS OF FACTORS ARE 1904 01:14:33,920 --> 01:14:35,240 RELEVANT TO THE CHOICE THAT IS 1905 01:14:35,240 --> 01:14:37,480 MADE HERE AMONG PERSISTENT 1906 01:14:37,480 --> 01:14:43,160 GUESSSORS. -- AGGRESSORS. FEW 1907 01:14:43,160 --> 01:14:44,640 INCLUDE GENETICS. WE KNOW THERE 1908 01:14:44,640 --> 01:14:46,520 IS A STRONG HERITABLE COMPONENT 1909 01:14:46,520 --> 01:14:53,640 FOR AGGRESSION ABOUT 60%. (LOST 1910 01:14:53,640 --> 01:15:04,120 AUDIO) PSYCHOPATHY, CALLOUS 1911 01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:13,680 EMOTIONAL TRAITS, IRRITABILITY, 1912 01:15:13,680 --> 01:15:15,360 ALL INCREASE AGGRESSION, IN PART 1913 01:15:15,360 --> 01:15:17,240 BECAUSE THEY SHAPE HOW PEOPLE 1914 01:15:17,240 --> 01:15:19,240 RESPOND TO THE REWARDS AND 1915 01:15:19,240 --> 01:15:20,720 PUNISHMENT EXPERIENCED FROM 1916 01:15:20,720 --> 01:15:22,680 AGGRESSION. THE ROLE OF SEX AND 1917 01:15:22,680 --> 01:15:24,760 GENDER NOT IGNORED THE VAST 1918 01:15:24,760 --> 01:15:26,960 MAJORITY IN REGION OF THE WORLD 1919 01:15:26,960 --> 01:15:28,200 THROUGHOUT HISTORY PARTICULARLY 1920 01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:29,760 PHYSICAL AGGRESSION BUT NOT ONLY 1921 01:15:29,760 --> 01:15:31,760 AS COMMITTED BY MEN. OF COURSE 1922 01:15:31,760 --> 01:15:34,400 AGE IS VERY IMPORTANT. 1923 01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:35,320 SITUATIONAL FACTORS ARE RELEVANT 1924 01:15:35,320 --> 01:15:38,320 TO MECHANISMS, CURRENT 1925 01:15:38,320 --> 01:15:39,680 PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE, AGGRESSION 1926 01:15:39,680 --> 01:15:41,640 CERTAINLY MORE LIKELY IN PEOPLE 1927 01:15:41,640 --> 01:15:43,160 ANGRY WHEN INTOXICATED OR WHEN 1928 01:15:43,160 --> 01:15:53,920 THEY HAVE OTHERWISE IMPAIRED SIU 1929 01:15:55,720 --> 01:15:58,440 -- THE POTENTIAL AGGRESSOR SHAPE 1930 01:15:58,440 --> 01:16:01,320 OUTCOMES IF YOU DECIDE TO I 1931 01:16:01,320 --> 01:16:02,760 GUESS VERSUS PICK ALTERNATIVE. 1932 01:16:02,760 --> 01:16:04,600 THIS INFORMATION IS SHAPED BY 1933 01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:08,240 SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS. SO FOR 1934 01:16:08,240 --> 01:16:10,440 CONCRETE EXAMPLE SAY WE HAVE A 1935 01:16:10,440 --> 01:16:12,040 INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION THE 1936 01:16:12,040 --> 01:16:13,600 GIRL INSULTED THE BOY AND HE 1937 01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:15,240 CHOOSES TO RESPOND WITH VERBAL 1938 01:16:15,240 --> 01:16:16,840 AGGRESSION LIKE A THREAT.IKEA SE 1939 01:16:16,840 --> 01:16:18,680 SAYS SOMETHING LIKE I'M GOING TO 1940 01:16:18,680 --> 01:16:20,480 SLIT YOUR THROAT. I CHOOSE THIS 1941 01:16:20,480 --> 01:16:22,800 QUOTE BECAUSE IT MIDDLE SCHOOLER 1942 01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:25,520 MY OWN DAUGHTER'S MIDDLE SCHOOL 1943 01:16:25,520 --> 01:16:28,520 MADE THIS THREAT TWO YEARS AGO. 1944 01:16:28,520 --> 01:16:30,600 SAY THE GIRL RESPONDS AS TYPICAL 1945 01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:32,800 PERSON RESPOND IN CONTEXT LIKE 1946 01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:35,040 THAT WHI IS FEAR. FLINCH, 1947 01:16:35,040 --> 01:16:37,520 GASPS. HOW WOULD GUESS SORE 1948 01:16:37,520 --> 01:16:39,800 RESPOND TO THIS QUEUE? THIUEMIGE 1949 01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:41,440 WAY PEOPLE RESPOND TO SOCIAL 1950 01:16:41,440 --> 01:16:43,480 QUEUES IN THE MOMENT. THE WAY 1951 01:16:43,480 --> 01:16:45,000 PEOPLE RESPOND TO SOCIAL 1952 01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:46,440 APIECEMENT AND FEAR QUEUES SEEMS 1953 01:16:46,440 --> 01:16:48,600 TO BE POSH TO RESPONDING 1954 01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:51,640 ESPECIALLY PERSISTENT SEVERE 1955 01:16:51,640 --> 01:16:53,080 AGGRESSION. ACROSS SPECIES 1956 01:16:53,080 --> 01:16:54,680 INCLUDING HUMANS FEAR QUEUES 1957 01:16:54,680 --> 01:16:56,240 LIKE FEARFUL FACES AND VOCAL 1958 01:16:56,240 --> 01:16:58,000 QUEUES AN POSTURES INHIBIT 1959 01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:00,560 AGGRESSION. IF YOU HAVE A DOG OR 1960 01:17:00,560 --> 01:17:03,280 WOLF YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO WHEN 1961 01:17:03,280 --> 01:17:04,400 THEY ARE AFRAID SOMEBODY WILL 1962 01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:06,560 HURT THEM. THEY SLOW QUEUES 1963 01:17:06,560 --> 01:17:08,720 FEATURES OF VULNERABLE INFANTILE 1964 01:17:08,720 --> 01:17:11,200 APPEARANCE IN THAT SPECIES. 1965 01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:15,400 DOGS AND HUMANS FEAR QUEUES MAKE 1966 01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:16,400 GUESS SR. SOUND SMALLER AND 1967 01:17:16,400 --> 01:17:17,640 WEAKER AND MORE INFANTILE. THAT 1968 01:17:17,640 --> 01:17:19,080 SIGNALS THE EXPRESSER IS NOT A 1969 01:17:19,080 --> 01:17:20,800 THREAT AND TENDS TO DOWN 1970 01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:22,440 REGULATE THE PERCEIVERS ANGER 1971 01:17:22,440 --> 01:17:24,000 AND AGGRESSION AND ELICIT 1972 01:17:24,000 --> 01:17:29,280 EMPATHY AND CARE. ELEVATED RISK 1973 01:17:29,280 --> 01:17:31,480 OF AGGRESSION ARE UNUSUALLY 1974 01:17:31,480 --> 01:17:32,440 INSENSITIVE TO THESE QUEUES. IN 1975 01:17:32,440 --> 01:17:35,760 PART BECAUSE PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK 1976 01:17:35,760 --> 01:17:37,400 AGGRESSION TEND TO BE FEARLESS, 1977 01:17:37,400 --> 01:17:40,640 WHICH MAKES HARDER TO EMPATHIZE 1978 01:17:40,640 --> 01:17:44,160 WITH OTHER FEAR MANY PART DUE TO 1979 01:17:44,160 --> 01:17:45,400 AMYGDALA STRUCTURES AS A AS A 1980 01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:48,600 RESULT AS MY RESEARCH AS SHOWN 1981 01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:50,200 LESS LIKELY TO SEE BEHAVIORS 1982 01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:51,680 THAT CAUSE OTHER SPHERE AS MORAL 1983 01:17:51,680 --> 01:17:52,560 VIOLATION BECAUSE THEY STRUGGLE 1984 01:17:52,560 --> 01:17:54,560 TO UNDERSTAND THAT MENTAL STATE. 1985 01:17:54,560 --> 01:17:56,280 PEOPLE WHO ARE FEARLESS ARE ALSO 1986 01:17:56,280 --> 01:17:58,440 MORE LIKELY TO I GUESS BECAUSE 1987 01:17:58,440 --> 01:18:03,680 THEY ARE DETERD BY FEAR OF 1988 01:18:03,680 --> 01:18:05,120 PUNISHED, THEY HAVE LEARNING 1989 01:18:05,120 --> 01:18:06,840 FROM DIVERSITY OF OUTCOMES AS 1990 01:18:06,840 --> 01:18:08,280 COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH IS 1991 01:18:08,280 --> 01:18:09,520 SHOWING AND THESE ARE REASONS 1992 01:18:09,520 --> 01:18:10,840 THAT FEARLESS TEMPERMENT AS 1993 01:18:10,840 --> 01:18:13,040 MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR AGGRESSION 1994 01:18:13,040 --> 01:18:15,080 ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. ONE 1995 01:18:15,080 --> 01:18:16,520 POPULATION METRIC THAT PREDICTS 1996 01:18:16,520 --> 01:18:18,200 RIME AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1997 01:18:18,200 --> 01:18:19,640 ACROSS POPULATIONS IS A LOW 1998 01:18:19,640 --> 01:18:23,280 RESTING HEART RATE, LOW AROUSAL 1999 01:18:23,280 --> 01:18:31,840 AND FEARLESS TEMPERMENT. A 2000 01:18:31,840 --> 01:18:33,680 STRONG PREDICTOR WILL BE IN THAT 2001 01:18:33,680 --> 01:18:35,080 SUBSET OF VIEWS WITH SERIOUS 2002 01:18:35,080 --> 01:18:37,040 LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT 2003 01:18:37,040 --> 01:18:39,120 AGGRESSION AND HERE A MAJOR 2004 01:18:39,120 --> 01:18:40,720 MENTAL HEALTH CONCERN AND PUBLIC 2005 01:18:40,720 --> 01:18:42,360 HEALTH CONCERN. THESE TRAITS DO 2006 01:18:42,360 --> 01:18:44,720 APPEAR AT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTAL 2007 01:18:44,720 --> 01:18:46,280 DISORDER NOT FROM OTHERS LIKE 2008 01:18:46,280 --> 01:18:47,560 AUTISM, THEY HAVE A STRONG 2009 01:18:47,560 --> 01:18:49,280 HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT, HALF 2010 01:18:49,280 --> 01:18:51,520 OR MORE VARIANT SEEMS DUE TO 2011 01:18:51,520 --> 01:18:54,760 HERITABLE FACTORS AND THEY SHOW 2012 01:18:54,760 --> 01:18:57,360 EVIDENCE IN OF DIFFERENT NEURAL 2013 01:18:57,360 --> 01:19:00,080 COGNITIVE FUNCTION FROM AGE TWO 2014 01:19:00,080 --> 01:19:02,240 OR THREE. IN CHILDREN WHO HAVE 2015 01:19:02,240 --> 01:19:06,560 THAT SET OF TRAITS. THE DATA 2016 01:19:06,560 --> 01:19:08,320 NOW TO EMERGE IS HEARING FROM 2017 01:19:08,320 --> 01:19:09,600 OTHER SPEAKERS THAT KIDS WITH 2018 01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:11,640 TRAITS CAN BE TREAT AND 2019 01:19:11,640 --> 01:19:13,080 SUCCESSFULLY USING FAMILY BASED 2020 01:19:13,080 --> 01:19:14,200 APPROACHES AND THE EARLIER 2021 01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:15,680 TREATMENT THE BETTER BUT WE KNOW 2022 01:19:15,680 --> 01:19:17,120 TODAY REASONS I HOPE THIS GROUP 2023 01:19:17,120 --> 01:19:19,480 WILL BE DISCUSSING VANISHINGLY 2024 01:19:19,480 --> 01:19:22,840 FEW CHILDREN AT HIGHEST RISK FOR 2025 01:19:22,840 --> 01:19:24,400 CONDUCT PROBLEMS ARE EVER GIVEN 2026 01:19:24,400 --> 01:19:25,720 SCREEN, IDENTIFIED OR 2027 01:19:25,720 --> 01:19:28,040 DIRECTED TO TREATMENTS THAT ARE 2028 01:19:28,040 --> 01:19:29,960 EFFECTIVE AND THEN THEY THEIR 2029 01:19:29,960 --> 01:19:32,280 FAMILIES AN PUBLIC HAVE THE 2030 01:19:32,280 --> 01:19:36,640 CONSEQUENCE LATER ON ANDER FIXIG 2031 01:19:36,640 --> 01:19:38,640 THESE TO REDUCE POPULATION 2032 01:19:38,640 --> 01:19:40,520 AGGRESSION. SO IN SUMMARY, 2033 01:19:40,520 --> 01:19:41,680 UNSANCTIONED AGGRESSION IS 2034 01:19:41,680 --> 01:19:43,440 CAUSED BY A CONSTELLATION OF 2035 01:19:43,440 --> 01:19:44,680 BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE 2036 01:19:44,680 --> 01:19:47,280 RISK FACTORS WHICH AFFECT SMALL 2037 01:19:47,280 --> 01:19:48,520 PERCENT OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS 2038 01:19:48,520 --> 01:19:50,520 MANY WHOM QUALIFY FOR DIAGNOSES 2039 01:19:50,520 --> 01:19:53,120 OF DISORDERS OF AGGRESSION AND 2040 01:19:53,120 --> 01:19:55,640 WHO PERPETRATE MAJORITY AND WHO 2041 01:19:55,640 --> 01:19:56,880 I THINK STRATEGICALLY SHOULD BE 2042 01:19:56,880 --> 01:19:58,760 THE TARGET OF RESEARCH AND 2043 01:19:58,760 --> 01:20:00,400 INTERVENTION EFFORTS. THESE 2044 01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:01,960 DISORDERS ARE SO IMPORTANT. IT 2045 01:20:01,960 --> 01:20:03,560 IS HARD O, ONE OF THE CENTRAL 2046 01:20:03,560 --> 01:20:05,080 PROBLEMS WITH STUDYING 2047 01:20:05,080 --> 01:20:06,360 AGGRESSION IS PEOPLE WITH THESE 2048 01:20:06,360 --> 01:20:09,040 DISORDERS ARE HARD TO SYMPATHIZE 2049 01:20:09,040 --> 01:20:11,520 WITH SOMETIMES. BUT WE NEED TO. 2050 01:20:11,520 --> 01:20:13,960 NOBODY CHOOSES TO HAVE RISK 2051 01:20:13,960 --> 01:20:16,880 FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION. THE 2052 01:20:16,880 --> 01:20:19,400 DISORDERS THEY RESULT IN, HEALTH 2053 01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:20,400 AND SAFETY CONSEQUENCES FOR 2054 01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:22,360 PEOPLE WHO ARE AFFECTED, FOR 2055 01:20:22,360 --> 01:20:23,680 FAMILIES COMMUNITIES AND SO I 2056 01:20:23,680 --> 01:20:25,360 THINK IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH 2057 01:20:25,360 --> 01:20:26,760 REQUIRES GETTING BETTER 2058 01:20:26,760 --> 01:20:28,480 IDENTIFYING PEOPLE HIGH RISK FOR 2059 01:20:28,480 --> 01:20:29,840 AGGRESSION AND BETTER AT 2060 01:20:29,840 --> 01:20:31,320 CONNECTING THEM TO TREATMENT WE 2061 01:20:31,320 --> 01:20:34,320 DO KNOW ARE AFFECTIVE AND WELL 2062 01:20:34,320 --> 01:20:35,840 AS DEVELOPING BETTER TREATMENT 2063 01:20:35,840 --> 01:20:37,880 MS. FUTURE. THANK YOU. THANK YOU 2064 01:20:37,880 --> 01:20:40,560 SO MUCH, DR. MARSH, THAT WAS 2065 01:20:40,560 --> 01:20:42,600 FASCINATING. OUR FINAL PANELIST 2066 01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,600 IS DR. ESSI VIDING, PROFESSOR OF 2067 01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:47,280 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY UNIVERSITY 2068 01:20:47,280 --> 01:20:48,120 COLLEGE LONDON. 2069 01:20:48,120 --> 01:20:54,960 >>HI. I'M NOT SHOWING MY SLIDES 2070 01:20:54,960 --> 01:20:57,200 ARE UP YET. 2071 01:20:57,200 --> 01:21:03,760 >>NOT YET. 2072 01:21:03,760 --> 01:21:09,000 >>GREAT. SO I'M CONSCIOUS THAT 2073 01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:10,120 WE ARE MEANT THE START A BREAK 2074 01:21:10,120 --> 01:21:12,000 FIVE MINUTES AGO SO I WILL RYE 2075 01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:14,520 TO BE SWIFT. I HAVE TRIED TO 2076 01:21:14,520 --> 01:21:17,120 FORMULATE THE TALK MORE AS 2077 01:21:17,120 --> 01:21:19,440 SERIES OF DISCUSSION POINTS IN 2078 01:21:19,440 --> 01:21:22,040 THE CONTEXT OF GENERAL FINDINGS 2079 01:21:22,040 --> 01:21:24,680 IN THE FIELD SO PERHAPS LESS 2080 01:21:24,680 --> 01:21:26,720 DETAIL TO PREVIOUS TALKS AND I 2081 01:21:26,720 --> 01:21:28,240 HOPE THAT MEANS I CAN GO A 2082 01:21:28,240 --> 01:21:38,160 LITTLE BIT SWIFTER. 2083 01:21:38,160 --> 01:21:39,680 >>WE HAVE THE FULL TIME TAKE 2084 01:21:39,680 --> 01:21:40,000 YOUR TIME. 2085 01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:41,640 >>AS YOU ARE AWARE, THERE ARE 2086 01:21:41,640 --> 01:21:42,800 LONG STANDING MODELS OF 2087 01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:44,880 AGGRESSION AS LEARNED BEHAVIOR. 2088 01:21:44,880 --> 01:21:48,320 WHICH HIGHLIGHTED CENTRAL ROLE 2089 01:21:48,320 --> 01:21:50,320 PARENTS MAY HAVE IN MODELING 2090 01:21:50,320 --> 01:21:55,160 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR TO CHILDREN. 2091 01:21:55,160 --> 01:21:57,400 THAT HAVE WAY (INAUDI 2092 01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:03,200 ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. WE 2093 01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:05,120 ALSO KNOW FROM RESEARCH THE 2094 01:22:05,120 --> 01:22:07,040 CHILDREN WHO GROW UP IN THE SAME 2095 01:22:07,040 --> 01:22:09,560 FAMILY OFTEN HAVE VERY DIFFERENT 2096 01:22:09,560 --> 01:22:11,880 OUTCOMES. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE 2097 01:22:11,880 --> 01:22:15,360 BEEN EXPOSED TO SIMILAR REARING 2098 01:22:15,360 --> 01:22:16,800 ENVIRONMENT. THIS SUGGESTS THERE 2099 01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:18,040 ARE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL FACTORS 2100 01:22:18,040 --> 01:22:20,840 THAT ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN 2101 01:22:20,840 --> 01:22:24,040 DETERMINING THE OUTCOMES OF THE 2102 01:22:24,040 --> 01:22:31,480 CHILDREN. SO THIS VERY MICE META 2103 01:22:31,480 --> 01:22:33,080 ANALYSIS THAT WAS (INAUDIBLE) 2104 01:22:33,080 --> 01:22:35,480 TEN YEARS AGO I THINK PROBABLY 2105 01:22:35,480 --> 01:22:37,040 ONE OF THE BEST WORK COLLATING A 2106 01:22:37,040 --> 01:22:39,280 LOT OF GENETICALLY INFORMATIVE 2107 01:22:39,280 --> 01:22:41,640 DATA IN THE AREA. WHICH 2108 01:22:41,640 --> 01:22:43,320 HIGHLIGHTED THAT APPROXIMATELY 2109 01:22:43,320 --> 01:22:45,200 50% VARIATION IS DUE TO GENETIC 2110 01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:47,160 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS 2111 01:22:47,160 --> 01:22:48,200 WHEN POOL DATA ACROSS THE 2112 01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:50,800 STUDIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2113 01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:53,120 GENETIC INFLUENCES APPEARS TO 2114 01:22:53,120 --> 01:22:54,920 INCREASE WITH AGE AND THIS IS IN 2115 01:22:54,920 --> 01:22:56,840 LINE WITH THIS IDEA THAT 2116 01:22:56,840 --> 01:22:59,520 INDIVIDUALS AS THEY GROW OLDER 2117 01:22:59,520 --> 01:23:00,960 SELECT ENVIRONMENTS AND PEER 2118 01:23:00,960 --> 01:23:03,080 GROUPS AND SO FORTH MORE AND 2119 01:23:03,080 --> 01:23:06,600 MORE, THIS MAY HAVE BEEN REALLY 2120 01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:08,560 INCREASE IMPORTANCE OF THIS 2121 01:23:08,560 --> 01:23:10,760 GENETICALLY DURING PROPENSITIES 2122 01:23:10,760 --> 01:23:14,160 ON OUTCOMES. THESE GENETIC 2123 01:23:14,160 --> 01:23:19,920 STUDIES ANALYZED IN THIS PAPER 2124 01:23:19,920 --> 01:23:21,960 DIDN'T SUGGEST ANY QUALITATIVE 2125 01:23:21,960 --> 01:23:23,520 OR QUANTITATIVE SEX DIFFERENCE 2126 01:23:23,520 --> 01:23:25,400 ON THE ETIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION. 2127 01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:28,240 THIS IS LOOKING AT INDIVIDUAL 2128 01:23:28,240 --> 01:23:29,760 AGGRESEST DRIVES 2129 01:23:29,760 --> 01:23:33,040 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IREAGGRER 2130 01:23:33,040 --> 01:23:34,600 ACROSS THE SEXES. HOWEVER THAT 2131 01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:36,280 DOESN'T MEAN THERE MAY NOT BE 2132 01:23:36,280 --> 01:23:37,680 SOMETHING THAT CAUSES MEAN 2133 01:23:37,680 --> 01:23:40,880 DIFFERENCES THAT VARIES BETWEEN 2134 01:23:40,880 --> 01:23:43,560 THE SEXES SO THE MOUSE MODEL IS 2135 01:23:43,560 --> 01:23:45,440 NICE THAT SHOWED MAYBE CIRCUIT 2136 01:23:45,440 --> 01:23:46,560 LEVEL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES 2137 01:23:46,560 --> 01:23:50,400 AND FEMALES THAT REALLY INCREASE 2138 01:23:50,400 --> 01:23:52,960 THE MALES AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR 2139 01:23:52,960 --> 01:23:54,880 AND THIS MAY IN POPULATION LEVEL 2140 01:23:54,880 --> 01:23:56,520 SHIFT THE DISTRIBUTION SO THAT 2141 01:23:56,520 --> 01:23:58,200 MORE MEN END UP IN A HIGHLY 2142 01:23:58,200 --> 01:24:00,120 AGGRESSIVE CATEGORY AND THEY MAY 2143 01:24:00,120 --> 01:24:04,040 BE SOCIETAL FACTORS BUT ALSO 2144 01:24:04,040 --> 01:24:06,480 HAVE INFLUENCE SIMPLY AFFORD 2145 01:24:06,480 --> 01:24:08,640 DANCES WHETHER YOU TAX SOMEBODY 2146 01:24:08,640 --> 01:24:11,480 OR KNOB MAY HAVE TO DO WHAT 2147 01:24:11,480 --> 01:24:13,560 (INAUDIBLE) WOMEN ARE SMALLER, 2148 01:24:13,560 --> 01:24:15,000 O NOTE WHATO 2149 01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,840 DEGREE THIS APPLIES FOR 2150 01:24:18,840 --> 01:24:20,200 RELATIONAL AGGRESSION, NOT SURE 2151 01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:24,360 WHETHER THERE'S DATA ON THAT. 2152 01:24:24,360 --> 01:24:27,200 STUDIES SHOW PROACTIVE 2153 01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:29,640 PREMEDITATED WE OFTEN ASSOCIATE 2154 01:24:29,640 --> 01:24:32,600 CALLOUS OR PSYCHOTIC 2155 01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:33,320 PRESENTATION SEEMS VONS 2156 01:24:33,320 --> 01:24:34,720 HERITABLE REACTIVE AGGRESSION 2157 01:24:34,720 --> 01:24:37,120 BUT THAT IS OUT OF COURSE THIS 2158 01:24:37,120 --> 01:24:38,600 CAN CO-OCCUR IN THE SAME 2159 01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:39,600 INDIVIDUAL BUT WHEN WE THINK 2160 01:24:39,600 --> 01:24:42,760 ABOUT WHAT DRIVES VARIATION IN 2161 01:24:42,760 --> 01:24:45,240 THESE TRAITS IT SEEMS GENETIC 2162 01:24:45,240 --> 01:24:47,320 INFLUENCES ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN 2163 01:24:47,320 --> 01:24:50,320 DRIVING VARIATION IN PROACTIVE 2164 01:24:50,320 --> 01:24:53,000 AGGRESSION. THIS PERHAPS PARTLY 2165 01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:53,800 SUGGESTS THERE ARE LIKELY TO BE 2166 01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:55,960 AT LEAST IN PART DIFFERENT 2167 01:24:55,960 --> 01:24:58,800 NEURAL COGNITIVE MECHANISM THAT 2168 01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:00,160 DRIVE THIS DIFFERENT TYPES OF 2169 01:25:00,160 --> 01:25:02,240 AGGRESSION. BUT OF COURSE 2170 01:25:02,240 --> 01:25:05,440 REACTIVE AGGRESSION IS TYPICALLY 2171 01:25:05,440 --> 01:25:07,040 HAVE SMALL IMMEDIATE IN RESPONSE 2172 01:25:07,040 --> 01:25:08,400 TO ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2173 01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:09,600 VERSUS PREMEDITATED AGGRESSION 2174 01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:14,320 MAYBE MORE TO DO WITH HOW YOU AS 2175 01:25:14,320 --> 01:25:16,320 AN INDIVIDUAL ARE -- LIKE THE 2176 01:25:16,320 --> 01:25:19,520 CONDUCT YOUR SOCIAL LIFE OR 2177 01:25:19,520 --> 01:25:21,000 STRIKE PREVENTION OR WHATEVER IT 2178 01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:21,880 IS YOUR PREFERENCES ARE. NEXT 2179 01:25:21,880 --> 01:25:29,360 SLIDE. YOU CAN'T REALLY TALK 2180 01:25:29,360 --> 01:25:31,800 ABOUT GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL 2181 01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:35,000 WITHOUT CONSIDERING THESION 2182 01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:36,240 INTERPLAY BETWEEN BESEN 2183 01:25:36,240 --> 01:25:37,840 ENVIRONMENT. SO GENE ENVIRONMENT 2184 01:25:37,840 --> 01:25:39,680 INTERACTION IS THE NOTION THAT 2185 01:25:39,680 --> 01:25:42,040 NOT ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE AFFECTED 2186 01:25:42,040 --> 01:25:44,320 TO THE SAME DEGREE BY 2187 01:25:44,320 --> 01:25:46,880 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. 2188 01:25:46,880 --> 01:25:48,480 INCREASE RISK PROGRESS OF THE 2189 01:25:48,480 --> 01:25:50,080 BEHAVIOR SO THIS WILL EXPLAIN 2190 01:25:50,080 --> 01:25:51,880 CHILDREN GROWING IN SIMILAR 2191 01:25:51,880 --> 01:25:53,040 NEIGHBORHOODS SIMILAR FAMILIES 2192 01:25:53,040 --> 01:25:54,800 OR EVEN THE SAME FAMILY END UP 2193 01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:56,800 HAVING DIFFERENT AGGRESSION 2194 01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:57,720 TRAJECTORIES. THEY MAY HAVE THE 2195 01:25:57,720 --> 01:26:00,520 SAME ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS BUT IT 2196 01:26:00,520 --> 01:26:01,880 DOESN'T AFFECT THEM THE SAME 2197 01:26:01,880 --> 01:26:09,720 DEGREE. I WOULD ALSO URGE GENE 2198 01:26:09,720 --> 01:26:11,600 ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION, THIS IS 2199 01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:13,840 RECEIVED A LITTLE LESS ATTENTION 2200 01:26:13,840 --> 01:26:15,640 GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 2201 01:26:15,640 --> 01:26:17,680 RESEARCH IS ALSO IMPORTANT AREA. 2202 01:26:17,680 --> 01:26:18,560 THAT WE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION 2203 01:26:18,560 --> 01:26:22,440 TO. THERE ARE CLEARLY GENETIC 2204 01:26:22,440 --> 01:26:24,200 INFLUENCES ON EXPOSURE TO RISK 2205 01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:25,520 ENVIRONMENT SO MANY SOCIAL 2206 01:26:25,520 --> 01:26:28,000 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SHOW 2207 01:26:28,000 --> 01:26:29,880 HERITABILITY. AND WE ALSO KNOW 2208 01:26:29,880 --> 01:26:34,080 MANY OF THE ASSOCIATIONS WE HAVE 2209 01:26:34,080 --> 01:26:35,200 SEEN BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS 2210 01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:36,680 ENVIRONMENTS AND THE OUTCOMES 2211 01:26:36,680 --> 01:26:40,800 HAVE A GENETIC CONFOUNDING. -- 2212 01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:43,400 COMPOUNDING. SO THERE ARE NUMBER 2213 01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:45,840 OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENE 2214 01:26:45,840 --> 01:26:47,680 ENVIL CORRELATION. SO 2215 01:26:47,680 --> 01:26:50,480 TH ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION 2216 01:26:50,480 --> 01:26:51,800 REALLY HIGHLHAT PARENTS 2217 01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:53,840 AND CHILDREN SHARE THE SAME 2218 01:26:53,840 --> 01:26:55,480 GENETIC VULNERABILITIES AND SOME 2219 01:26:55,480 --> 01:26:58,080 OF THIS ASSOCIATIONS THAT WE MAY 2220 01:26:58,080 --> 01:27:00,720 SEE BETWEEN PARTICULAR PARENTING 2221 01:27:00,720 --> 01:27:02,920 VARIABLES AND OUTCOMES FOR THE 2222 01:27:02,920 --> 01:27:06,000 CHILDREN MAY BE AT LEAST IN PART 2223 01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:07,560 THE (INAUDIBLE) OF THE GENETIC 2224 01:27:07,560 --> 01:27:10,200 RISK IN FAMILIES. THE PARENT MAY 2225 01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:12,600 HAVE TEMPER MENTAL GENETIC 2226 01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:14,640 TEMPER MENTAL RISK FACTORS 2227 01:27:14,640 --> 01:27:16,960 MEANING MORE AGGRESSIVE MORE 2228 01:27:16,960 --> 01:27:18,400 HEAR, THEY MAY PASS THE GENES ON 2229 01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:19,640 THROUGH THE CHILDREN AND WHICH 2230 01:27:19,640 --> 01:27:23,040 NEED TO REALLY CONDUCT STUDIES 2231 01:27:23,040 --> 01:27:24,560 ADOPTION STUDY AN WIND STUDIES 2232 01:27:24,560 --> 01:27:26,840 THAT HELP US TRY TO PARSE APART 2233 01:27:26,840 --> 01:27:30,760 HOW MUCH ASSOCIATION WE SEE IS 2234 01:27:30,760 --> 01:27:32,880 TRUE ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN 2235 01:27:32,880 --> 01:27:33,920 ASSOCIATION VERSUS SOMETHING 2236 01:27:33,920 --> 01:27:37,200 HIGHLIGHTS THE GENETIC RISK 2237 01:27:37,200 --> 01:27:40,200 LOADING IN PARTICULAR VULNERABLE 2238 01:27:40,200 --> 01:27:43,680 FAMILIES. THERE IS ALSO CIRCLED 2239 01:27:43,680 --> 01:27:44,960 EVOCATIVE GENE ENVIRONMENT 2240 01:27:44,960 --> 01:27:47,600 CORRELATION WHICH DENOTES 2241 01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:50,240 INDIVIDUALS HERITABLE BEHAVIOR 2242 01:27:50,240 --> 01:27:51,600 EVOKES DIFFERENT RESPONSES IN 2243 01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:54,960 THE ENVIRONMENTS. SO IN OTHER 2244 01:27:54,960 --> 01:27:56,360 WORDS DIFFERENT CHILDREN WITH 2245 01:27:56,360 --> 01:27:59,280 DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR REPERTOIRES 2246 01:27:59,280 --> 01:28:02,880 GENETIC INFLUENCE E VOGUE 2247 01:28:02,880 --> 01:28:03,960 DIFFERENT PARENTING BEHAVIOR, 2248 01:28:03,960 --> 01:28:05,280 ILLUSTRATING THIS HERE WITH 2249 01:28:05,280 --> 01:28:07,280 PHOTOGRAPHS OF MY OWN CHILDREN 2250 01:28:07,280 --> 01:28:10,640 WHO HAVE VERY VASTLY DIFFERENT 2251 01:28:10,640 --> 01:28:11,840 TEMPERMENTS, MY DAUGHTER IS A 2252 01:28:11,840 --> 01:28:14,280 TEXTBOOK EASY CHILD AND MY SON 2253 01:28:14,280 --> 01:28:15,400 THOUGH CHARMING AND LOVELY IS 2254 01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,400 NOT. THAT HAS LED TO VERY, VERY 2255 01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:20,280 DIFFERENT PARENT CHILD 2256 01:28:20,280 --> 01:28:22,760 INTERACTIONS EVEN THOUGH I AS A 2257 01:28:22,760 --> 01:28:25,200 PARENT HOLD A SINGULAR PARENTING 2258 01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:27,160 PHILOSOPHY HOW I WOULD LIKE TO 2259 01:28:27,160 --> 01:28:32,440 REAR MY CHILDREN. THE THIRD TYPE 2260 01:28:32,440 --> 01:28:33,600 OF GENE ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION 2261 01:28:33,600 --> 01:28:36,120 IS ACTIVE GENE ENVIRONMENT 2262 01:28:36,120 --> 01:28:37,920 CORRELATION AND THIS IS 2263 01:28:37,920 --> 01:28:39,360 ESSENTIALLY DEPENDENT TO 2264 01:28:39,360 --> 01:28:41,920 ACTIVELY SEEK ENVIRONMENTS THAT 2265 01:28:41,920 --> 01:28:46,320 REINFORCE GENOTYPIC DISPOSITION 2266 01:28:46,320 --> 01:28:48,040 THIS PERHAPS IS PARTLY 2267 01:28:48,040 --> 01:28:50,360 RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS INCREASE 2268 01:28:50,360 --> 01:28:53,000 HERITABLE THAT WE SEE AS 2269 01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:57,240 INDIVIDUALS GROW OLDER. THE 2270 01:28:57,240 --> 01:28:58,920 ADOLESCENCE FOR INSTANCE MAY 2271 01:28:58,920 --> 01:29:00,160 SEEK PEER GROUP AS TERRIE SHOWED 2272 01:29:00,160 --> 01:29:02,040 IN HER TALK AND ALSO SHOWN IN 2273 01:29:02,040 --> 01:29:04,480 TWIN STUDIES, THE TALK MODELED 2274 01:29:04,480 --> 01:29:07,640 GENE ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION. 2275 01:29:07,640 --> 01:29:11,120 NEXT SLIDE. SO IN BOTH 2276 01:29:11,120 --> 01:29:12,920 CHILDREN AND THE AHO 2277 01:29:12,920 --> 01:29:14,520 INTERACT WITH THEM SHOW 2278 01:29:14,520 --> 01:29:15,920 HERITABLE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2279 01:29:15,920 --> 01:29:18,120 IN THEIR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE 2280 01:29:18,120 --> 01:29:19,440 PROCESSING BEHAVIOR. THIS 2281 01:29:19,440 --> 01:29:21,240 IMPACTS UPON HOW THE CHILDREN 2282 01:29:21,240 --> 01:29:23,880 BEHAVE. WHAT THEY BEST RESPOND 2283 01:29:23,880 --> 01:29:26,000 TO AND HOW ADULTS BEHAVE AND 2284 01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:32,440 REACT AS A CHILD. NEXT SLIDE. 2285 01:29:32,440 --> 01:29:33,960 SO IN THIS SENSE WHEN WE THINK 2286 01:29:33,960 --> 01:29:35,440 ABOUT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT WE CAN'T 2287 01:29:35,440 --> 01:29:37,640 THINK OF THE BRAIN JUST AS A A 2288 01:29:37,640 --> 01:29:39,760 RECEIVER OF ENVIRONMENTS BUT 2289 01:29:39,760 --> 01:29:42,160 ALSO AS AN ACTIVE CREATOR, 2290 01:29:42,160 --> 01:29:44,920 SOMETHING MYSELF AND MY 2291 01:29:44,920 --> 01:29:45,720 COLLEAGUE HAVE POOLED THIS 2292 01:29:45,720 --> 01:29:48,440 NOTION OF EMBEDDED FRAME, THIS 2293 01:29:48,440 --> 01:29:51,120 IS ALSO VISITED BY OTHER PEOPLE 2294 01:29:51,120 --> 01:29:53,360 WHO HAVE SPOKEN BEFORE. THE 2295 01:29:53,360 --> 01:29:56,080 NOTION YOU SHOULDN'T FOCUS ON 2296 01:29:56,080 --> 01:29:57,360 INDIVIDUAL BUT SHOULDN'T FOCUS 2297 01:29:57,360 --> 01:30:00,560 ON JUST THE ENVIRONMENT EITHER. 2298 01:30:00,560 --> 01:30:03,400 IT IS IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE 2299 01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:06,240 INTERPLAY WITH THEM WITHIN A 2300 01:30:06,240 --> 01:30:08,040 DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK. . 2301 01:30:08,040 --> 01:30:11,560 NEXT SLIDE. I HI THE 2302 01:30:11,560 --> 01:30:12,800 CHALLENGES, THESE ARE SOME OF 2303 01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:14,160 THE DISCUSSION POINTS AS WELL 2304 01:30:14,160 --> 01:30:16,440 THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT 2305 01:30:16,440 --> 01:30:18,560 FOR THIS WORKSHOP. THE CHALLENGE 2306 01:30:18,560 --> 01:30:20,080 IS HOW TO BEST STUDY THIS 2307 01:30:20,080 --> 01:30:21,240 TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSES 2308 01:30:21,240 --> 01:30:22,240 UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENT OF 2309 01:30:22,240 --> 01:30:24,520 AGGRESSION IN A MULTI-LEVEL 2310 01:30:24,520 --> 01:30:26,520 FRAMEWORK. THIS METHOD LOGICAL 2311 01:30:26,520 --> 01:30:27,640 CHALLENGE BEFORE WE CAN REALLY 2312 01:30:27,640 --> 01:30:29,600 FULLY GET THERE. SO WE NEED 2313 01:30:29,600 --> 01:30:31,600 MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES WITH 2314 01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,400 LARGER SAMPLES AND THAT INCLUDE 2315 01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:35,400 STUDIES FOCUSING ON DIFFERENT 2316 01:30:35,400 --> 01:30:36,760 TYPES OF AGGRESSION AND THAT 2317 01:30:36,760 --> 01:30:39,480 LOOK AT DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC 2318 01:30:39,480 --> 01:30:43,600 EFFECTS. . SO WE DON'T HAVE A 2319 01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:45,040 CONSORTIUM STUDYING AT THE 2320 01:30:45,040 --> 01:30:46,600 MOMENT TO ALLOW US TO DO THAT ON 2321 01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:48,320 POOL DATA. I THINK WE NEED TO 2322 01:30:48,320 --> 01:30:52,400 DEVELOP NEW ENVIRONMENTAL, OUR 2323 01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:53,800 ENVIRONMENTAL CURRENTLY FOCUSING 2324 01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:56,640 ON VERY SHORT PERIODS OF TIME 2325 01:30:56,640 --> 01:31:00,080 SOMETIMES LOOKING AT OBSERVA 2326 01:31:00,080 --> 01:31:04,680 OBSERVATIONS AND FAKE CONDITIONS 2327 01:31:04,680 --> 01:31:05,960 OR (INAUDIBLE) BROAD CAPTURE 2328 01:31:05,960 --> 01:31:08,080 BROAD IMPAIRMENT BUT PERHAPS NOT 2329 01:31:08,080 --> 01:31:10,120 SENSITIVE TO WHAT WILL CAUSE 2330 01:31:10,120 --> 01:31:12,600 SOMEONE TO CATALYZE IN A 2331 01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:13,720 PARTICULAR TRAJECTORY OR NOT. 2332 01:31:13,720 --> 01:31:16,600 WE NEED TO DEVELOP BETTER RISK 2333 01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:20,560 MECHANISMS IN BOTH CHILDREN AND 2334 01:31:20,560 --> 01:31:22,360 CAREGIVERS AND (INAUDIBLE) NOT 2335 01:31:22,360 --> 01:31:24,080 FIT FOR PURPOSE FOR STUDYING 2336 01:31:24,080 --> 01:31:26,320 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. I THINK 2337 01:31:26,320 --> 01:31:30,040 WE NEED TO CONNECT WITH BROADER 2338 01:31:30,040 --> 01:31:31,400 DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 2339 01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:34,600 FRAMEWORK,AM TERRIE MENTIONED 2340 01:31:34,600 --> 01:31:36,800 CONTINUITY H KIDS DON'T JUST 2341 01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:38,480 DEVELOP AGGRESSION, THEY DEVELOP 2342 01:31:38,480 --> 01:31:41,200 OTHER MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL 2343 01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:42,480 PROBLEM AS THEY GROW UP SO WE 2344 01:31:42,480 --> 01:31:44,320 NEED TO THINK ABOUT THIS IN A 2345 01:31:44,320 --> 01:31:46,640 FRAMEWORK THAT FOCUSES ON 2346 01:31:46,640 --> 01:31:49,160 AGGRESSION BUT LINKS THEM WITH 2347 01:31:49,160 --> 01:31:51,160 THE BROADER FIELD. I WANT TO 2348 01:31:51,160 --> 01:31:53,680 ALSO EMPHASIZE THE POINT THAT 2349 01:31:53,680 --> 01:31:55,040 TAMMY WASOR WAS MAKING ABOUT 2350 01:31:55,040 --> 01:31:56,560 TAKING THIS LIFE COURSE APPROACH 2351 01:31:56,560 --> 01:32:00,480 FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION 2352 01:32:00,480 --> 01:32:01,440 YOU CAN'T (INAUDIBLE) THE REST 2353 01:32:01,440 --> 01:32:03,520 OF THE WEEK AND TAKE ONE 2354 01:32:03,520 --> 01:32:04,720 VACCINATION AND THINK IT IS FINE 2355 01:32:04,720 --> 01:32:06,720 FOR LIFE. SIMILARLY YOU NEED THE 2356 01:32:06,720 --> 01:32:08,760 EARLY INTERVENTION BUT ALSO NEED 2357 01:32:08,760 --> 01:32:10,360 TO THINK ABOUT DEVELOPMENTALME 2358 01:32:10,360 --> 01:32:11,880 SNARES AS THE CHILDREN GROW 2359 01:32:11,880 --> 01:32:13,640 OLDER AND HOW WE CAN BEST 2360 01:32:13,640 --> 01:32:15,400 E. I WILL STOP HERE. 2361 01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:15,880 THANK YOU. 2362 01:32:15,880 --> 01:32:17,960 >>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. VIDING 2363 01:32:17,960 --> 01:32:19,480 AND TO OUR PANELISTS. WE WILL 2364 01:32:19,480 --> 01:32:21,000 MOVE TO THE DISCUSSION PHASE OF 2365 01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:24,040 OUR SESSION NOW. THANKS SO MUCH 2366 01:32:24,040 --> 01:32:27,440 FOR HIGHLIGHTING SUCH REALLY 2367 01:32:27,440 --> 01:32:28,960 CRITICAL NUANCES IN THIS 2368 01:32:28,960 --> 01:32:31,120 LITERATURE AND I THINK SETTING 2369 01:32:31,120 --> 01:32:32,400 THE STAGE WHAT WILL BE A RICH 2370 01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:34,480 DISCUSSION. WE HAVE TWO 2371 01:32:34,480 --> 01:32:36,800 DISCUSSANTS WHO WILL BEGIN WITH 2372 01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:38,480 OPENING REMARKS. FIRST DR. LARRY 2373 01:32:38,480 --> 01:32:39,440 YOUNG WHO IS DIRECTOR OF THE 2374 01:32:39,440 --> 01:32:43,000 CENTER FOR TRANSLATIONAL SOCIAL 2375 01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,160 NEUROSCIENCE AND THE SENT FORE 2376 01:32:46,160 --> 01:32:47,600 OXYTOCIN AND SOCIAL COGNITION 2377 01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:51,720 EMORY UNIVERSITY. DR. KRISTA 2378 01:32:51,720 --> 01:32:53,320 MEHARI, ASSISTANT DEPARTMENT OF 2379 01:32:53,320 --> 01:32:55,320 PSYCHOLOGY AT VANDERBILT. DR. 2380 01:32:55,320 --> 01:32:56,600 YOUNG, BEGIN WITH OPENING 2381 01:32:56,600 --> 01:32:59,440 REMARKS? 2382 01:32:59,440 --> 01:33:04,400 >>YES. SO THAT WAS A GREAT 2383 01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:06,320 PANEL MY COMMENTS ARE REALLY 2384 01:33:06,320 --> 01:33:08,680 BASED ON MY OWN EXPERTISE AS AN 2385 01:33:08,680 --> 01:33:13,040 ANIMAL RESEARCHER. AND ALSO THE 2386 01:33:13,040 --> 01:33:16,640 THEME OF? WORKSHOP ADVANCING THE 2387 01:33:16,640 --> 01:33:17,840 SCIENCE OF AGGRESSION ACROSS 2388 01:33:17,840 --> 01:33:20,280 SPECIES AND DISCIPLINES. WITHIN 2389 01:33:20,280 --> 01:33:23,080 THIS PANEL WE SAW THAT ALL THE 2390 01:33:23,080 --> 01:33:25,080 SPEAKERS WERE DOING HUMAN 2391 01:33:25,080 --> 01:33:27,040 RESEARCH VERY IMPORTANT WORK 2392 01:33:27,040 --> 01:33:28,440 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND REALLY THE 2393 01:33:28,440 --> 01:33:31,840 RISK FACTORS THAT ARE 2394 01:33:31,840 --> 01:33:36,240 CONTRIBUTING TO AGGRESSION AND 2395 01:33:36,240 --> 01:33:37,360 THINGS LIKE ALCOHOL YOU CAN SEE 2396 01:33:37,360 --> 01:33:39,080 GENETICS ARE INVOLVED 2397 01:33:39,080 --> 01:33:40,480 EXPERIENCES, AND REALLY 2398 01:33:40,480 --> 01:33:42,040 UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS THE BASIS 2399 01:33:42,040 --> 01:33:44,240 OF THIS INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND 2400 01:33:44,240 --> 01:33:45,920 AGGRESSION AND HOW THAT MAY BE 2401 01:33:45,920 --> 01:33:47,360 TREATED AND MAYBE WHAT ARE THE 2402 01:33:47,360 --> 01:33:50,880 BRAIN MECHANISMS. THAT IS -- 2403 01:33:50,880 --> 01:33:52,120 THAT FIELD IS MOVING FORWARD AND 2404 01:33:52,120 --> 01:33:53,200 WE ARE LEARNING A GREAT DEAL 2405 01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:57,600 ABOUT THAT. IN CONTRASTING THAT 2406 01:33:57,600 --> 01:33:59,960 TO GREAT WORK THAT DAYU LIN WAS 2407 01:33:59,960 --> 01:34:02,080 TALKING IN ANIMAL RESEARCH WHERE 2408 01:34:02,080 --> 01:34:05,520 YOU GET VERY PRECISE MECHANISMS 2409 01:34:05,520 --> 01:34:08,760 IN DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURES AND SO 2410 01:34:08,760 --> 01:34:11,200 YOU CAN MANIPULATE CELLS AND 2411 01:34:11,200 --> 01:34:16,080 INITIATE AGGRESSION. MY THINKING 2412 01:34:16,080 --> 01:34:17,320 IS ONE OF THE BIG CHALLENGES OF 2413 01:34:17,320 --> 01:34:18,600 THE FIELD OF AGGRESSION IS TO 2414 01:34:18,600 --> 01:34:25,160 TRY TO INTEGRATE, THOSE TWO 2415 01:34:25,160 --> 01:34:26,560 DIRECTIONS. SO IT OCCURRED TO ME 2416 01:34:26,560 --> 01:34:28,000 LISTENING TO THIS PANEL AND 2417 01:34:28,000 --> 01:34:31,040 AFTER LISTENING TO DAYU, THERE 2418 01:34:31,040 --> 01:34:33,840 IS A DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, 2419 01:34:33,840 --> 01:34:35,640 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES USED IN THE 2420 01:34:35,640 --> 01:34:36,240 TWO DIFFERENT FIELDS AND I THINK 2421 01:34:36,240 --> 01:34:38,280 IT WOULD BE REALLY GREAT FOR THE 2422 01:34:38,280 --> 01:34:39,840 FIELD TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT HOW 2423 01:34:39,840 --> 01:34:44,880 TO GET MORE COMMUNICATION AND 2424 01:34:44,880 --> 01:34:47,480 ALSO MAYBE TO HOW CAN THE TWO 2425 01:34:47,480 --> 01:34:49,120 FIELDS BENEFIT FROM EACH OTHER. 2426 01:34:49,120 --> 01:34:53,080 FOR EXAMPLE, WE HEARD FROM THIS 2427 01:34:53,080 --> 01:34:54,760 PANEL ABOUT ALL THE EXTERNAL 2428 01:34:54,760 --> 01:34:56,760 FACTORS OR INTERNAL GENETICS 2429 01:34:56,760 --> 01:34:58,560 CREATING INDIVIDUAL VARIATION. 2430 01:34:58,560 --> 01:35:03,600 MAYBE ABOUT MALL RESEARCH SHOULD 2431 01:35:03,600 --> 01:35:05,000 TAKE THAT INFORMATION AND SAY 2432 01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:07,840 HOW CAN WE BUILD BETTER 2433 01:35:07,840 --> 01:35:10,920 UNDERSTAND HOW THE RISK FACTORS 2434 01:35:10,920 --> 01:35:15,640 CAN AFFECT THE ANIMAL SYSTEMS. 2435 01:35:15,640 --> 01:35:16,520 MAYBE OBVIOUSLY BRAIN REGIONS 2436 01:35:16,520 --> 01:35:20,520 THAT ARE INVOLVED INTEGRATING 2437 01:35:20,520 --> 01:35:23,440 OTHER RISK FACTORS THAT MAYBE 2438 01:35:23,440 --> 01:35:25,920 FEED INK TO THIS VENTRAL MEDIAL 2439 01:35:25,920 --> 01:35:27,280 THALAMUS BUT TRYING TO BROADEN 2440 01:35:27,280 --> 01:35:29,360 THE NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE SO 2441 01:35:29,360 --> 01:35:32,040 WE CAN APPLY THAT TO HUMAN 2442 01:35:32,040 --> 01:35:37,080 RESEARCH WITH BRAIN IMAGING. 2443 01:35:37,080 --> 01:35:38,200 THAT IS THE CHALLENGE OF THE 2444 01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:39,800 FIELD TO TRY TO GET MORE 2445 01:35:39,800 --> 01:35:41,120 COMMUNICATION AND ONE WAY TO DO 2446 01:35:41,120 --> 01:35:43,960 THAT IS TO HAVE EVENTS LIKE THIS 2447 01:35:43,960 --> 01:35:46,240 OF COURSE. BUT I THINK GREAT WAY 2448 01:35:46,240 --> 01:35:49,600 TO DO THAT IS TO HAVE A MEETING 2449 01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:51,160 WHERE YOU HAVE SYMPOSIA WHERE 2450 01:35:51,160 --> 01:35:52,400 SPEAKERS YOU HAVE TWO SPEAKERS 2451 01:35:52,400 --> 01:35:53,760 THAT DO HUMAN RESEARCH AND TWO 2452 01:35:53,760 --> 01:35:58,000 THAT DO ANIMAL RESEARCH AND SORT 2453 01:35:58,000 --> 01:35:59,920 OF JUST LEARN FROM EACH OTHER. 2454 01:35:59,920 --> 01:36:03,360 AND TO TRY TO FIGURE HOW TO 2455 01:36:03,360 --> 01:36:04,800 SHAPE RESEARCH SO THAT THE 2456 01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:08,560 ANIMAL RESEARCH CAN SHAPE THEIR 2457 01:36:08,560 --> 01:36:12,880 RESEARCH TO HELP HUMAN SIDE OF 2458 01:36:12,880 --> 01:36:13,880 THINGS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT GENES 2459 01:36:13,880 --> 01:36:17,400 MAYBE INVOLVED, BRAIN REGIONS 2460 01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:18,680 INVOLVED AND HOW HUMAN RESEARCH 2461 01:36:18,680 --> 01:36:21,480 SHAPE ANIMAL RESEARCH. THOSE MY 2462 01:36:21,480 --> 01:36:26,080 THOUGHTS. 2463 01:36:26,080 --> 01:36:27,520 >>THANKS SO MUCH, DR. YOUNG. 2464 01:36:27,520 --> 01:36:29,520 DR. MEHARI, DID YOU WANT TO 2465 01:36:29,520 --> 01:36:33,520 OFFER ANY REMARKS? 2466 01:36:33,520 --> 01:36:36,600 >>THANK YOU. YES. I WILL BE 2467 01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:37,960 BRIEF ALSO BECAUSE I'M REALLY 2468 01:36:37,960 --> 01:36:40,600 INTERESTED IN A COUPLE OF 2469 01:36:40,600 --> 01:36:41,840 QUESTIONS WHERE THE PANEL -- FOR 2470 01:36:41,840 --> 01:36:43,840 THE PANEL. I THINK LIKE DR. 2471 01:36:43,840 --> 01:36:46,040 YOUNG MY INTEREST RELATES TO MY 2472 01:36:46,040 --> 01:36:49,560 OWN RESEARCH. MANY MY WORK WE DO 2473 01:36:49,560 --> 01:36:52,040 COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL BASED 2474 01:36:52,040 --> 01:36:53,600 PREVENTION, SPECIFICALLY FOCUSED 2475 01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:57,320 ON YOUTH VIOLENCE PREVENTION. SO 2476 01:36:57,320 --> 01:36:58,680 AS I AM CONSUMING THE 2477 01:36:58,680 --> 01:37:00,480 INFORMATION WE ARE HEARING, I AM 2478 01:37:00,480 --> 01:37:03,120 INTERESTED TO THINK HOW WE CAN 2479 01:37:03,120 --> 01:37:05,440 APPLY THE WORK WE ARE LEARNING 2480 01:37:05,440 --> 01:37:08,200 ABOUT TO INCREASING THE IMPACT 2481 01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:12,280 AND USEFULNESS OF PREVENTION 2482 01:37:12,280 --> 01:37:14,200 STRATEGIES. ONE THING THAT STUCK 2483 01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:15,800 OUT TO ME AS I WAS LISTENING WAS 2484 01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:19,160 THIS FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 2485 01:37:19,160 --> 01:37:21,440 BEHAVIOR. I FULLY ACKNOWLEDGE 2486 01:37:21,440 --> 01:37:23,040 THAT, AGGRESSION IS AN 2487 01:37:23,040 --> 01:37:26,720 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL BEHAVIOR BUT I 2488 01:37:26,720 --> 01:37:31,280 THINK ONE THING WE HAVEN'T BEEN 2489 01:37:31,280 --> 01:37:36,520 TALKING ABOUT IS THAT VARIATIONS 2490 01:37:36,520 --> 01:37:39,880 ACROSS PLACE. IN THE COMMONNESS 2491 01:37:39,880 --> 01:37:41,680 OF AGGRESSION OR NORMATIVENESS 2492 01:37:41,680 --> 01:37:45,800 OF AGGRESSION. SO WE TALK ABOUT 2493 01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:48,680 THE SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE 2494 01:37:48,680 --> 01:37:51,160 INDIVIDUALS HAVING MAJORITY OF 2495 01:37:51,160 --> 01:37:54,680 THE CRIMINAL CHARGES. BUT I 2496 01:37:54,680 --> 01:37:56,800 WOULD HIGHLY DOUBT THOSE SMALL 2497 01:37:56,800 --> 01:37:58,160 AMOUNT OF INDIVIDUALS AT LEAST 2498 01:37:58,160 --> 01:37:59,840 IN THE UNITED STATES ARE EVENLY 2499 01:37:59,840 --> 01:38:02,480 DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE UNITED 2500 01:38:02,480 --> 01:38:06,520 STATES. WE KNOW THAT THERE IS 2501 01:38:06,520 --> 01:38:08,000 ENTRY LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN 2502 01:38:08,000 --> 01:38:11,760 AGGRESSION AND HOMICIDE THAT ARE 2503 01:38:11,760 --> 01:38:14,040 VERY STARK WITH U.S. HAVING THE 2504 01:38:14,040 --> 01:38:17,840 HIGHEST RATES IN THE DEVELOPED 2505 01:38:17,840 --> 01:38:19,840 TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD. THEN WE 2506 01:38:19,840 --> 01:38:22,400 ALSO SEE REALLY STRONG 2507 01:38:22,400 --> 01:38:24,200 DIFFERENCES ACROSS STATES. 2508 01:38:24,200 --> 01:38:25,400 WITHIN STATES THESE STRONG 2509 01:38:25,400 --> 01:38:27,120 DIFFERENCES ACROSS CITIES AND 2510 01:38:27,120 --> 01:38:30,040 EVEN WITHIN CITIES WE CAN SEE 2511 01:38:30,040 --> 01:38:32,800 STRONG DIFFERENCES CENSUS BLOCK 2512 01:38:32,800 --> 01:38:35,840 TO CENSUS BLOCK. I'M REALLY 2513 01:38:35,840 --> 01:38:38,280 CURIOUS AS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT 2514 01:38:38,280 --> 01:38:39,840 THIS, AND WE TALKED ABOUT 2515 01:38:39,840 --> 01:38:44,240 GENETICS, FAMILIES, FRIENDS, 2516 01:38:44,240 --> 01:38:49,000 SITUATIONS HOW CAN THESE 2517 01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:50,600 RESEARCH GROUPS, RESEARCH 2518 01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:52,480 AGENDAS THAT WE HAVE TALKED 2519 01:38:52,480 --> 01:38:55,200 ABOUT SO FAR SHED LIGHT ON 2520 01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:57,000 UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL IMPACTS 2521 01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:01,160 ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. ON DR. 2522 01:39:01,160 --> 01:39:03,040 PRAT I LIKE THE WAY YOU SAID 2523 01:39:03,040 --> 01:39:05,160 WITH ALCOHOL THOUGH IT IS 2524 01:39:05,160 --> 01:39:06,400 CORRELATIONS THAT WE ARE LOOKING 2525 01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:08,280 AT A LOT OF THE TIME, THE WEIGHT 2526 01:39:08,280 --> 01:39:11,280 OF THE EVIDENCE IS SO HIGH, WE 2527 01:39:11,280 --> 01:39:12,600 CAN ESSENTIALLY POINT TO 2528 01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,360 CAUSALITY. AND THINKING ABOUT 2529 01:39:15,360 --> 01:39:18,240 THE LINK FOR BETWEEN ALCOHOL, 2530 01:39:18,240 --> 01:39:20,360 HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND 2531 01:39:20,360 --> 01:39:23,760 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. SO WHAT 2532 01:39:23,760 --> 01:39:27,120 KIND OF EVIDENCE, APPROACHES TO 2533 01:39:27,120 --> 01:39:31,080 TAKE TO START UNDERSTANDING 2534 01:39:31,080 --> 01:39:35,960 STRUCTURAL FACTORS THAT CAUSING 2535 01:39:35,960 --> 01:39:38,840 A GREG, THINKING CULTURE AND HOW 2536 01:39:38,840 --> 01:39:42,120 CULTURE MIGHT PLAY A ROLE. THE 2537 01:39:42,120 --> 01:39:47,520 SOCIO POLITICAL LANDSCAPE, POL 2538 01:39:47,520 --> 01:39:48,640 POLARIZATION, THEN SOCIO 2539 01:39:48,640 --> 01:39:51,600 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS, CRIMINAL 2540 01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:54,720 VIOLENCE, EDUCATION, LAW 2541 01:39:54,720 --> 01:39:56,440 ENFORCEMENT AND JUSTICE SYSTEMS 2542 01:39:56,440 --> 01:39:59,440 HOW THEY ARE ENTERTWINED AND 2543 01:39:59,440 --> 01:40:01,280 OFTEN SEEM TO FORCE ADOLESCENTS 2544 01:40:01,280 --> 01:40:03,960 ON TO A PATH THAT RESULTS IN 2545 01:40:03,960 --> 01:40:07,280 CONTINUED AND ESCALATING DEVIANT 2546 01:40:07,280 --> 01:40:09,680 BEHAVIORS. FAITH AND RELIGION. 2547 01:40:09,680 --> 01:40:11,600 HOW THAT PLAY AS ROLE, THINKING 2548 01:40:11,600 --> 01:40:12,840 STRUCTURAL RACISM IN THE MASSIVE 2549 01:40:12,840 --> 01:40:14,160 IMPACT THAT THAT HAS HON OUR 2550 01:40:14,160 --> 01:40:17,800 COUNTRY. HAVING SEGREGATION AND 2551 01:40:17,800 --> 01:40:20,560 MAKING EASY TO TARGET GROUPS OF 2552 01:40:20,560 --> 01:40:26,560 PEOPLE FOR DISINVESTMENT AND 2553 01:40:26,560 --> 01:40:29,000 HOST OF OTHER THINGS. STATE AND 2554 01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:31,920 LOCAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES, 2555 01:40:31,920 --> 01:40:34,440 AND EVEN AT THE SMALLER LEVELS 2556 01:40:34,440 --> 01:40:37,880 THINKING ABOUT NEIGHBORHOODS, 2557 01:40:37,880 --> 01:40:39,000 RANGING FROM GREEN SPACE HEAT 2558 01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:40,360 INDEX AVAILABILITY OF FUNDING TO 2559 01:40:40,360 --> 01:40:43,880 DO FOR YOUTH AND SCHOOLS, SO I'M 2560 01:40:43,880 --> 01:40:46,040 CURIOUS AND I WOULD LOVE TO OPEN 2561 01:40:46,040 --> 01:40:49,800 THAT QUESTION UP TO THE PANEL. 2562 01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:52,280 HOW CAN WE START WORKING 2563 01:40:52,280 --> 01:40:53,160 TOGETHER TO UNDERSTAND 2564 01:40:53,160 --> 01:40:56,520 STRUCTURAL IMPACTS? SON 2565 01:40:56,520 --> 01:40:58,520 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR? 2566 01:40:58,520 --> 01:41:02,280 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. 2567 01:41:02,280 --> 01:41:02,960 MEHARI, GREAT QUESTION. I WANT 2568 01:41:02,960 --> 01:41:05,400 TO REMIND FOLKS ON THE VIDEOCAST 2569 01:41:05,400 --> 01:41:07,120 TO CONTINUE TO PUT YOUR 2570 01:41:07,120 --> 01:41:08,320 QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT. THEY WILL 2571 01:41:08,320 --> 01:41:10,440 BE SENT OVER TO THE ZOOM FOLKS 2572 01:41:10,440 --> 01:41:12,600 AND WE CAN ASK THEM OTHER 2573 01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:14,840 PANELISTS AND DISCUSSANTS. 2574 01:41:14,840 --> 01:41:17,400 BEFORE WE TURN TO YOUR 2575 01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:18,600 PROVOCATIVE IMPORTANT QUESTION, 2576 01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:20,280 I WANT TO STEP BACK AND ALLOW 2577 01:41:20,280 --> 01:41:22,800 COUPLE OF QUESTIONS THAT CAME IN 2578 01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:26,880 EARLY ON, GOING TO COME BY. IN 2579 01:41:26,880 --> 01:41:28,680 ADDITION TO THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF 2580 01:41:28,680 --> 01:41:29,920 ALCOHOL WHILE INTOXICATED, THIS 2581 01:41:29,920 --> 01:41:32,000 PERSON ASKS ARE THERE LONGER 2582 01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:34,120 TERM SCARS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL 2583 01:41:34,120 --> 01:41:36,400 USE THAT INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD 2584 01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:38,600 OF AGGRESSION EVEN WHILE SOBER? 2585 01:41:38,600 --> 01:41:40,040 AND A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION, THAT 2586 01:41:40,040 --> 01:41:40,960 SORT OF RELATED BUT YOU CAN 2587 01:41:40,960 --> 01:41:43,800 START WITH THAT ONE. 2588 01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:46,640 >>SURE. THERE'S CERTAINLY 2589 01:41:46,640 --> 01:41:50,040 RESEARCH WHERE MORE CHRONIC 2590 01:41:50,040 --> 01:41:53,200 ALCOHOL USE CAN OVER TIME CAN 2591 01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:56,000 LEAD TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL 2592 01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:58,680 IMPAIRMENT, IMPAIRMENT EXECUTIVE 2593 01:41:58,680 --> 01:42:01,720 FUNCTIONING JUST TO BE A LITTLE 2594 01:42:01,720 --> 01:42:03,720 SIMPLISTIC. WHERE THOSE DEFICITS 2595 01:42:03,720 --> 01:42:07,520 THAT OCCUR OVER TIME ARE THEN 2596 01:42:07,520 --> 01:42:10,960 GOING TO BE THE MORE IN OLDER 2597 01:42:10,960 --> 01:42:14,200 AGE OR MIDDLE AGE PREMORBID RISK 2598 01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,120 FOR AGGRESSION IN ABSENCE OF 2599 01:42:17,120 --> 01:42:19,400 ALCOHOL USE. THAT WOULD BE MY 2600 01:42:19,400 --> 01:42:20,640 MOST STRAIGHT FORWARD SIMPLISTIC 2601 01:42:20,640 --> 01:42:22,080 ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION. I THINK 2602 01:42:22,080 --> 01:42:23,360 THERE'S DEFINITELY EVIDENCE TO 2603 01:42:23,360 --> 01:42:24,880 SUGGEST THAT. 2604 01:42:24,880 --> 01:42:26,920 >>A FOLLOW-UP TO THAT WHICH 2605 01:42:26,920 --> 01:42:29,880 GETS MORE INTO THE WEEDS. MIGHT 2606 01:42:29,880 --> 01:42:32,320 WE HYPOTHESIZE TERRIE MOFFITT'S 2607 01:42:32,320 --> 01:42:34,080 QUESTION, HYPOTHESIZE CITY 2608 01:42:34,080 --> 01:42:35,000 MARGIE INTERACTION BETWEEN A 2609 01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:35,960 PERSON LONG STANDING PROBLEMS 2610 01:42:35,960 --> 01:42:38,360 WITH ATTENTION FROM TODDLER HOOD 2611 01:42:38,360 --> 01:42:40,040 AND THEIR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 2612 01:42:40,040 --> 01:42:41,760 THAT FURTHER NARROW DETENTION 2613 01:42:41,760 --> 01:42:45,320 SALIENT QUEUES LIKE POURING OIL 2614 01:42:45,320 --> 01:42:46,640 ON A FIRE, THAT SUGGEST A 2615 01:42:46,640 --> 01:42:47,560 SPECIFIC RESEARCH APPROACH, 2616 01:42:47,560 --> 01:42:48,240 INTERESTED TO HEAR YOUR 2617 01:42:48,240 --> 01:42:50,200 THOUGHTS. 2618 01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:52,400 >>I'M GOING TO GIVE A YES AND 2619 01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:54,200 NO ANSWER. I THINK ABSOLUTELY, 2620 01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:58,640 YES. I THINK THERE'S CERTAIN SAY 2621 01:42:58,640 --> 01:43:05,000 RISK FACTORS WHERE THAT IS GOING 2622 01:43:05,000 --> 01:43:07,600 TO BE THE CASE. THE NO PART OF 2623 01:43:07,600 --> 01:43:09,480 MY ANSWER IS WE HAVE IDENTIFIED 2624 01:43:09,480 --> 01:43:12,280 SOME VARIABLES WHERE THOSE HIGH 2625 01:43:12,280 --> 01:43:14,600 RISK PEOPLE CALL IT A CEILING 2626 01:43:14,600 --> 01:43:16,520 EFFECT OR SOMETHING ELSEWHERE 2627 01:43:16,520 --> 01:43:18,640 ALCOHOL ISN'T POTENTIATING 2628 01:43:18,640 --> 01:43:19,880 AGGRESSION STRONGLY IN THOSE 2629 01:43:19,880 --> 01:43:21,560 HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS IT IS MORE 2630 01:43:21,560 --> 01:43:26,440 LOWER RISK PEOPLE WHO MIGHT 2631 01:43:26,440 --> 01:43:30,240 UNDER SOBER CONDITIONS MIGHT BE 2632 01:43:30,240 --> 01:43:33,680 BETTER ABLE TO FLEX THEIR 2633 01:43:33,680 --> 01:43:34,920 ATENSION SO ALCOHOL WILL HAVE 2634 01:43:34,920 --> 01:43:37,120 MORE IMPACT THERE, THE MORE HIGH 2635 01:43:37,120 --> 01:43:40,920 RISK PEOPLE THAT THAT ARE MYOPIC 2636 01:43:40,920 --> 01:43:43,120 IN WHAT THEY ARE ARE FOCUSED IN 2637 01:43:43,120 --> 01:43:44,800 ALCOHOL USE, DRINKING ALCOHOL IN 2638 01:43:44,800 --> 01:43:46,880 HEAVY AMOUNTS ISN'T ADDING MUCH 2639 01:43:46,880 --> 01:43:48,440 TO THAT MYOPIC EFFECT. SO THERE 2640 01:43:48,440 --> 01:43:50,200 IS NOT A -- I WOULD SAY A TON OF 2641 01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:52,120 EVIDENCE IN THAT REGARD BUT I 2642 01:43:52,120 --> 01:43:53,200 THINK WE HAVE SEEN SEVERAL 2643 01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:55,120 INDEPENDENT STUDIES THAT SUGGEST 2644 01:43:55,120 --> 01:43:56,680 BOTH CAN BE TRUE. 2645 01:43:56,680 --> 01:44:00,440 >>EXCELLENT. THANKS. I THINK 2646 01:44:00,440 --> 01:44:01,600 THIS QUESTION MIGHT BE FOR DR. 2647 01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:06,520 MARSH. REGARDING THE FACT 2648 01:44:06,520 --> 01:44:07,960 APIECEMENT INHIBIT AGGRESSION 2649 01:44:07,960 --> 01:44:10,640 ACROSS SPECIES. WHAT ABOUT 2650 01:44:10,640 --> 01:44:12,280 SIGNALS OF DEFENSE AGGRESSION, 2651 01:44:12,280 --> 01:44:14,400 WITHOUT APIECEMENT, IN DOGS 2652 01:44:14,400 --> 01:44:16,040 THERE IS A SEQUENCE THAT 2653 01:44:16,040 --> 01:44:17,640 PRECEDES AGGRESSION, FREEZING 2654 01:44:17,640 --> 01:44:19,880 TURNING HEAD AWAY, ET CETERA, 2655 01:44:19,880 --> 01:44:22,240 THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM CANINE 2656 01:44:22,240 --> 01:44:24,280 APIECEMENT JESTTURES. THERE IS 2657 01:44:24,280 --> 01:44:25,360 A LOW CONVERSATION IN THE CHAT 2658 01:44:25,360 --> 01:44:27,600 BUT VIDEOCAST FOLKS DIDN'T CATCH 2659 01:44:27,600 --> 01:44:27,760 THAT. 2660 01:44:27,760 --> 01:44:30,000 >>THESE ARE GREAT QUESTIONS. I 2661 01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:32,600 LOVE THE VERY DETAILED 2662 01:44:32,600 --> 01:44:35,240 CHARACTERIZATION OF HOW DOGS USE 2663 01:44:35,240 --> 01:44:37,320 NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR TO MANAGE 2664 01:44:37,320 --> 01:44:39,120 THEIR POTENTIALLY AGGRESSIVE 2665 01:44:39,120 --> 01:44:42,960 INTERACTIONS THE SAD PART IS 2666 01:44:42,960 --> 01:44:45,280 HUMANS USE THE NON-VERBAL QUEUES 2667 01:44:45,280 --> 01:44:47,480 THE SAME WAY BECAUSE WE DON'T DO 2668 01:44:47,480 --> 01:44:48,800 THE SAME CAREFUL ECOLOGICAL 2669 01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:50,440 STUDIES OBSERVING AND WATCHING 2670 01:44:50,440 --> 01:44:53,120 AND GETTING DETAILED CATALOGS 2671 01:44:53,120 --> 01:44:54,600 AND NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN HUMAN 2672 01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:56,160 IT IS SAME WAY. THERE USED TO BE 2673 01:44:56,160 --> 01:44:58,600 MORE IN THE 60s AND 70s. BUT 2674 01:44:58,600 --> 01:45:00,160 NOT A LOT GETS DONE ANY MORE SO 2675 01:45:00,160 --> 01:45:01,280 WE DON'T KNOW AS MUCH ABOUT 2676 01:45:01,280 --> 01:45:03,040 THESE DETAILS. SOMEBODY ELSE 2677 01:45:03,040 --> 01:45:05,800 POINTED OUT IN THE THAT WE KNOW 2678 01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:08,040 HUMANS USE SMILES AS APIECEMENT 2679 01:45:08,040 --> 01:45:09,840 DISPLAYS -- APPEASEMENT DISPLAYS 2680 01:45:09,840 --> 01:45:11,680 AS WELL SO WE KNOW HUMAN VERSUS 2681 01:45:11,680 --> 01:45:13,360 MULTIPLE DIFFERENT KINDS OF 2682 01:45:13,360 --> 01:45:14,600 APPEASEMENT DISPLAYS THAT HAVE 2683 01:45:14,600 --> 01:45:16,520 THE SAME SIGNAL WHICH IS I MEAN 2684 01:45:16,520 --> 01:45:18,280 YOU NO HARM. NOT GOING TO TRY TO 2685 01:45:18,280 --> 01:45:19,640 HURT YOU. I HAVE USED THEM 2686 01:45:19,640 --> 01:45:23,480 MYSELF, I HAVE NEARLY ATTACKED 2687 01:45:23,480 --> 01:45:25,160 BY SOMEBODY WHO THOUGHT I HIT 2688 01:45:25,160 --> 01:45:27,600 THEIR CAR WHEN I HAD NOT, AN 2689 01:45:27,600 --> 01:45:29,160 INNOCENT MISTAKE THAT TURNED TO 2690 01:45:29,160 --> 01:45:31,440 RAPID INTERACTION. I REMEMBER 2691 01:45:31,440 --> 01:45:32,760 SAYING I'M GOING TO USE 2692 01:45:32,760 --> 01:45:34,800 EVERYTHING I KNOW. I WAS QUITE 2693 01:45:34,800 --> 01:45:36,120 VULNERABLE AND NO MODE TO GET 2694 01:45:36,120 --> 01:45:39,320 ATTACKED THAT DAY. WORKED OUT 2695 01:45:39,320 --> 01:45:41,080 GREAT. I WILL SAY OF COURSE THAT 2696 01:45:41,080 --> 01:45:43,120 IN THE CONTEXT OF AGGRESSIVE 2697 01:45:43,120 --> 01:45:44,920 INTERACTION ONE THAT COULD TURN 2698 01:45:44,920 --> 01:45:46,320 AGGRESSIVE OF COURSE THE PERSON 2699 01:45:46,320 --> 01:45:48,880 BEING ATTACKED THAT FEARFUL 2700 01:45:48,880 --> 01:45:52,240 STATE COULD LEAD THEM TO DECIDE 2701 01:45:52,240 --> 01:45:57,320 I'M NOT GOING TO TRY TO ATTACK 2702 01:45:57,320 --> 01:45:59,440 BACK. I HAVE SOME CHANCE OF 2703 01:45:59,440 --> 01:46:01,080 WINNING WHICH CASE I WILL ATTACK 2704 01:46:01,080 --> 01:46:02,560 IN RESPONSE OR I HAVE NO CHOICE. 2705 01:46:02,560 --> 01:46:04,760 THEY ARE NOT GOING TO LET GO SO 2706 01:46:04,760 --> 01:46:06,080 I BETTER ATTACK. THAT IS A 2707 01:46:06,080 --> 01:46:08,120 REALLY INTERESTING QUESTION 2708 01:46:08,120 --> 01:46:09,440 UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS 2709 01:46:09,440 --> 01:46:11,880 FAIRLY SUBMISSION APPEASEMENT 2710 01:46:11,880 --> 01:46:13,320 VERSUS DEFENSIVE ATTACK IN 2711 01:46:13,320 --> 01:46:14,880 HUMANS. ONE POINT EARLIER THIS 2712 01:46:14,880 --> 01:46:16,240 IS UNBELIEVABLY DIFFICULT TO 2713 01:46:16,240 --> 01:46:18,080 STUDY MANY HUMANS BECAUSE WE 2714 01:46:18,080 --> 01:46:19,920 CANNOT PUT HUMANS IN THE SAME 2715 01:46:19,920 --> 01:46:23,200 SITUATION THAT NON-HUMAN ANIMAL 2716 01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:24,840 RESEARCHERS PUT THEIR 2717 01:46:24,840 --> 01:46:26,280 PARTICIPANTS IN, WE CANNOT PUT 2718 01:46:26,280 --> 01:46:28,200 PEOPLE IN LABORATORY SIGNATURES 2719 01:46:28,200 --> 01:46:29,800 WHERE ACTUAL PHYSICAL EVENTS 2720 01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,440 UNBOUND BY RULES AND AGAINST THE 2721 01:46:32,440 --> 01:46:34,040 RULES, KIND OF AGGRESSION WE 2722 01:46:34,040 --> 01:46:35,760 CARE ABOUT CANNOT EXPERIMENTALLY 2723 01:46:35,760 --> 01:46:37,960 STUDY THAT. SO I THINK WE ARE 2724 01:46:37,960 --> 01:46:39,920 JUST REALLY, FROM AN ETHICAL 2725 01:46:39,920 --> 01:46:41,800 LEVEL WILL IS A LOT OF QUESTIONS 2726 01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:44,600 WE ARE STRUGGLING TO ANSWER. 2727 01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:46,800 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT THOUGHTFUL 2728 01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,560 ANSWER. THIS IS GOING TO TIE TO 2729 01:46:50,560 --> 01:46:52,240 WHAT DR. YOUNG SAID ABOUT I 2730 01:46:52,240 --> 01:46:54,760 THINK DR. YOUNG, PRETTY SURE. 2731 01:46:54,760 --> 01:46:57,760 ABOUT THE POINT OF HAVING THIS 2732 01:46:57,760 --> 01:47:00,400 BRINGING ANIMAL MODEL TO THE 2733 01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:02,520 HUMAN ENTERPRISE AND BACKWARD TO 2734 01:47:02,520 --> 01:47:05,920 IDENTIFY WHERE THE GAPS ARE. 2735 01:47:05,920 --> 01:47:07,840 THEN COME FULL CIRCLE. I WANTED 2736 01:47:07,840 --> 01:47:10,320 TO TURN TO DR. MEHARI'S COMMENTS 2737 01:47:10,320 --> 01:47:11,480 AND THERE IS FOLLOW-UP 2738 01:47:11,480 --> 01:47:13,160 DISCUSSION IN THE CHAT, SOME OF 2739 01:47:13,160 --> 01:47:15,280 THE POINTS HE MADE: SO I 2740 01:47:15,280 --> 01:47:16,520 THOUGHT WE COULD MOVE TO THAT 2741 01:47:16,520 --> 01:47:17,880 DISCUSSION POINT. COURTNEY 2742 01:47:17,880 --> 01:47:19,960 SIMMONS AND -- SINCE GREAT 2743 01:47:19,960 --> 01:47:21,600 POINTS DR. MEHARI RELATED TO 2744 01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:23,120 DISTRIBUTION OF AGGRESSION 2745 01:47:23,120 --> 01:47:24,720 ACROSS PLACE WE NEED TO CONSIDER 2746 01:47:24,720 --> 01:47:26,400 THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL 2747 01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:28,240 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK. ALSO HAVE 2748 01:47:28,240 --> 01:47:29,800 IMPLICATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF 2749 01:47:29,800 --> 01:47:31,040 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS 2750 01:47:31,040 --> 01:47:33,480 THAT PROMOTE AND PROTECT AGAINST 2751 01:47:33,480 --> 01:47:38,480 AGGRESSION. OVER TO YOU. 2752 01:47:38,480 --> 01:47:42,440 >>I COMPLETELY AGREE, I BELIEVE 2753 01:47:42,440 --> 01:47:46,200 THAT OUR COUNTRY DELIBERATELY 2754 01:47:46,200 --> 01:47:48,280 ORGANIZED RISK IN PARTICULAR 2755 01:47:48,280 --> 01:47:50,400 WAYS THAT IMPACTS SOME SPACES 2756 01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,040 MORE THAN OTHERS. THAT IS A KEY 2757 01:47:54,040 --> 01:47:57,320 THING TO BE THINKING ABOUT AND 2758 01:47:57,320 --> 01:47:59,800 ALSO MAKES RISK AND PROTECTIVE 2759 01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:00,920 FACTORS LOOK DIFFERENT IN 2760 01:48:00,920 --> 01:48:03,280 DIFFERENT CONTEXT. WE JUST DID A 2761 01:48:03,280 --> 01:48:05,640 STUDY ADOLESCENCE WHO BELIEVE 2762 01:48:05,640 --> 01:48:08,120 THAT FIGHTING IS SOMETIMES 2763 01:48:08,120 --> 01:48:10,080 NECESSARY ACTUALLY LESS LIKELY 2764 01:48:10,080 --> 01:48:12,680 VICTIMIZED OVER TIME THAN 2765 01:48:12,680 --> 01:48:15,080 ADOLESCENCE WHO HAVE UNIVERSAL 2766 01:48:15,080 --> 01:48:16,840 BEEFS AGAINST FIGHTING. THAT IS 2767 01:48:16,840 --> 01:48:18,520 PROBLEMATIC. IF YOU ARE GROWING 2768 01:48:18,520 --> 01:48:21,000 UP IN AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE YOU 2769 01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:23,760 HAVE TO KEEP YOURSELF SAYS 2770 01:48:23,760 --> 01:48:25,800 SOMETIMES BY FIGHTING. SO I 2771 01:48:25,800 --> 01:48:27,640 WOULD COMPLETELY AGREE THAT WE 2772 01:48:27,640 --> 01:48:29,640 NEED TO BE THINKING ABOUT RISK 2773 01:48:29,640 --> 01:48:31,920 AS SOMETHING THAT IS NOT% 2774 01:48:31,920 --> 01:48:34,920 DISTRIBUTED, AND WHICH NEED TO 2775 01:48:34,920 --> 01:48:38,960 BE FOCUSED ON UNDERSTANDING 2776 01:48:38,960 --> 01:48:39,680 STRUCTURAL VARIATION AND WHERE 2777 01:48:39,680 --> 01:48:43,160 RISK OCCURS. 2778 01:48:43,160 --> 01:48:46,920 >>ANYONE ELSE LIKE TO JUMP IN? 2779 01:48:46,920 --> 01:48:49,800 >>I AGREE WITH KRISTIN, THAT 2780 01:48:49,800 --> 01:48:52,080 HIGHLIGHT IT IS COMPLEXITY OF 2781 01:48:52,080 --> 01:48:54,000 LOOKING AT RISK THAT IS NOT 2782 01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:55,600 RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR 2783 01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:58,960 SOCIETAL REASONS AND ALSO FOR 2784 01:48:58,960 --> 01:49:01,400 GENETIC REASONS. EVEN WITHIN 2785 01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:02,960 EACH COMMUNITY USUALLY A 2786 01:49:02,960 --> 01:49:06,640 MINORITY OF THE PEOPLE. WHO ARE 2787 01:49:06,640 --> 01:49:07,840 CAUSING TROUBLE SO IN THE 2788 01:49:07,840 --> 01:49:09,560 CONTEXT OF HUGE STRUCTURAL RISK 2789 01:49:09,560 --> 01:49:12,920 FACTORS WE ABSOLUTELY NEED TO 2790 01:49:12,920 --> 01:49:15,560 FIND, NOT EVERYBODY TURNS OUT 2791 01:49:15,560 --> 01:49:17,240 THE SAME. THAT SHOULDN'T BE USED 2792 01:49:17,240 --> 01:49:19,440 TO SAY WE OUGHT NOT TO DEAL WITH 2793 01:49:19,440 --> 01:49:21,560 THE STRUCTURAL RISK FACTORS AND 2794 01:49:21,560 --> 01:49:23,880 SOMEHOW IT IS ALL TO DO WITH 2795 01:49:23,880 --> 01:49:25,760 YOUR GENETICALLY DRIVEN 2796 01:49:25,760 --> 01:49:28,760 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. BUT I 2797 01:49:28,760 --> 01:49:36,240 THINK IGNORE EACHER AT YOUR 2798 01:49:36,240 --> 01:49:38,960 PERIL. THIS IS PITTING BIOLOGY 2799 01:49:38,960 --> 01:49:40,480 AND SOCIAL AGAINST EACH OTHER 2800 01:49:40,480 --> 01:49:42,680 AND I THINK IT IS REALLY 2801 01:49:42,680 --> 01:49:43,960 IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE -- NOT 2802 01:49:43,960 --> 01:49:47,880 EVERYBODY IS IN THE SAME 2803 01:49:47,880 --> 01:49:49,360 STARTING LINEUP PARTLY BECAUSE 2804 01:49:49,360 --> 01:49:50,520 OF ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS PARTLY 2805 01:49:50,520 --> 01:49:52,920 BECAUSE OF GENETIC REASONS AND 2806 01:49:52,920 --> 01:49:53,600 DR. SOMPALLI: OF THE 2807 01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:55,400 ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS ARE 2808 01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:57,040 ENTERLINKED WITH GENETICS. THAT 2809 01:49:57,040 --> 01:49:58,520 MAKES IT COMPLEX WHEN YOU THINK 2810 01:49:58,520 --> 01:49:59,880 ABOUT INTERVENTION SPACE AS WELL 2811 01:49:59,880 --> 01:50:01,360 PARTICULARLY IF YOU WORK WITH 2812 01:50:01,360 --> 01:50:02,200 YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES YOU 2813 01:50:02,200 --> 01:50:05,680 ARE DEALING WITH FAMILIES NOT 2814 01:50:05,680 --> 01:50:07,000 ONLY CHILD HAS DIFFICULTY 2815 01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:08,400 REGULATING BUT THE PARENT TRYING 2816 01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:10,000 TO TEACH THE PARENT HAS 2817 01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:11,080 DIFFICULTY REGULATING AND THEN 2818 01:50:11,080 --> 01:50:12,800 THEY HAVE A CHILD WHO IS 2819 01:50:12,800 --> 01:50:15,480 PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING. THAT 2820 01:50:15,480 --> 01:50:17,320 IS A PARENT OF ONE CHALLENGING 2821 01:50:17,320 --> 01:50:19,480 CHILD WHO IS LOVELY, LOVELY BUT 2822 01:50:19,480 --> 01:50:22,120 IS LOVELY LOVELY BECAUSE HE'S 2823 01:50:22,120 --> 01:50:23,960 BEEN CO-PARENTED BY TWO PEOPLE 2824 01:50:23,960 --> 01:50:27,160 IN A RELATIVELY RESOURCE RICH 2825 01:50:27,160 --> 01:50:28,960 ENVIRONMENT. I THINK IF I WAS 2826 01:50:28,960 --> 01:50:30,560 DOING IT ON MY OWN OUT ON A 2827 01:50:30,560 --> 01:50:31,560 BREAD LINE IT MIGHT BE A 2828 01:50:31,560 --> 01:50:32,800 DIFFERENT STORY BUT IT MIGHT NOT 2829 01:50:32,800 --> 01:50:34,400 BE FOR THE OTHER CHILD WHO IS 2830 01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:36,120 NOT QUITE SO CHALLENGING SO 2831 01:50:36,120 --> 01:50:39,360 THESE ARE SOME COMPLEXITIES WE 2832 01:50:39,360 --> 01:50:42,560 NEED TO KEEP IN MIND. ALSO ONE 2833 01:50:42,560 --> 01:50:44,440 OF THE THING THAT MAKES IT 2834 01:50:44,440 --> 01:50:45,920 CHALLENGING TO PREACH ACROSS 2835 01:50:45,920 --> 01:50:48,080 ANIMAL HUMAN MODELS NOT TO SAY 2836 01:50:48,080 --> 01:50:49,840 WE SHOULD NOT TRY BUT THE 2837 01:50:49,840 --> 01:50:51,840 BEAUTIFUL EXPERIMENTAL -- WE ARE 2838 01:50:51,840 --> 01:50:53,760 GETTING THE ANIMAL MODELS MEANS 2839 01:50:53,760 --> 01:50:56,720 THEY DON'T ALWAYS TRANSLATE 2840 01:50:56,720 --> 01:51:03,120 READILY TO THE HUMAN SPACE. 2841 01:51:03,120 --> 01:51:04,680 >>SPEAKING ACROSS SPECIES THERE 2842 01:51:04,680 --> 01:51:10,320 IS A QUESTION HERE (INAUDIBLE) 2843 01:51:10,320 --> 01:51:11,680 ANOTHER IMPORTANT DIMENSION 2844 01:51:11,680 --> 01:51:13,880 SPECIES WISE IS PREDATOR STATUS, 2845 01:51:13,880 --> 01:51:16,280 HUMANS ARE PREDATORS GREATER 2846 01:51:16,280 --> 01:51:18,640 EXTENT THAN PRIMATES OR RODENTS 2847 01:51:18,640 --> 01:51:20,320 SO PART OF OUR EVOLVED BEHAVIOR 2848 01:51:20,320 --> 01:51:22,880 PROPILE IN CONTEXT OF HUNTING. 2849 01:51:22,880 --> 01:51:24,280 WE DON'T KNOW INTERACT WITH 2850 01:51:24,280 --> 01:51:26,760 AGGRESSION OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT 2851 01:51:26,760 --> 01:51:27,840 OF PREDATION SO MAYBE THAT IS -- 2852 01:51:27,840 --> 01:51:29,280 I DON'T KNOW ANYONE WHO WOULD 2853 01:51:29,280 --> 01:51:39,720 LIKE TO RESPOND TO THAT. 2854 01:51:41,960 --> 01:51:46,280 >>I WILL AT LEAST AS IT RELATES 2855 01:51:46,280 --> 01:51:48,640 TO WHAT WE UNDERSTAND FROM SOME 2856 01:51:48,640 --> 01:51:51,240 OF OUR WORK AT THE COMMUNITY 2857 01:51:51,240 --> 01:51:57,000 LEVEL. YOU OFTEN SEE (INAUDIBLE) 2858 01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,200 GROUPS OF TEENAGERS MIGHT START 2859 01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:00,920 GETTING TOGETHER IN 2860 01:52:00,920 --> 01:52:03,080 NEIGHBORHOODS AND FEELS LIKE A 2861 01:52:03,080 --> 01:52:05,680 NEED TO PROTECT TERRITORY OR 2862 01:52:05,680 --> 01:52:07,600 AREA. AND THERE IS A FEAR THAT 2863 01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:09,040 OTHER PEOPLE WILL COME INTO YOUR 2864 01:52:09,040 --> 01:52:11,040 AREA AND CAUSE PROBLEMS OR TAKE 2865 01:52:11,040 --> 01:52:14,400 AWAY RESOURCES. AND SO THERE IS 2866 01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:18,960 LIKE A NEED FOR O ORGANIZED 2867 01:52:18,960 --> 01:52:20,440 APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE OTHER 2868 01:52:20,440 --> 01:52:24,160 GROUP OF PEOPLE. YOU CAN SEE 2869 01:52:24,160 --> 01:52:25,280 NEIGHBORHOOD CONFLICTS 2870 01:52:25,280 --> 01:52:27,200 ESCALATING OR -- I HATE TO CALL 2871 01:52:27,200 --> 01:52:29,400 THEM GANGS BUT GROUPS OF 2872 01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:31,040 TEENAGERS HAVING ESCALATING 2873 01:52:31,040 --> 01:52:34,640 CONFLICT WITH OTHER GROUPS OF 2874 01:52:34,640 --> 01:52:36,720 TEENAGERS YOU SEE (INAUDIBLE) 2875 01:52:36,720 --> 01:52:38,120 AROUND LIKE IF YOU ARE ENGAGING 2876 01:52:38,120 --> 01:52:40,600 IN BEHAVIORS THAT ARE ILLEGAL 2877 01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:42,640 FOR PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE, FOR 2878 01:52:42,640 --> 01:52:44,080 EXAMPLE SELLING DRUGS, THERE IS 2879 01:52:44,080 --> 01:52:46,480 ALSO NEED TO PROTECT AND DEFEND 2880 01:52:46,480 --> 01:52:49,400 WHAT YOU HAVE AND YOUR SOURCE OF 2881 01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:52,520 INCOME. THEN YOU CAN SEE -- WE 2882 01:52:52,520 --> 01:52:55,640 SEE IT A LOT IN DATING VIOLENCE 2883 01:52:55,640 --> 01:52:58,160 AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE. 2884 01:52:58,160 --> 01:52:59,160 WE KNOW BLACK WOMEN IN 2885 01:52:59,160 --> 01:53:01,960 PARTICULAR IS ONE OF THE LEADING 2886 01:53:01,960 --> 01:53:06,680 CAUSE OF DEATH. THERE IS THAT 2887 01:53:06,680 --> 01:53:09,640 GENERAL SENSE OF LIKE PROPERTY 2888 01:53:09,640 --> 01:53:12,720 -- LIKE MALE PARTNERS, MAY 2889 01:53:12,720 --> 01:53:15,200 BELIEVE THEY OWN AND HAVE 2890 01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:17,200 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO SPECIFIC 2891 01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:20,120 WOMEN AND ANY VIOLATION OF THAT 2892 01:53:20,120 --> 01:53:21,800 RESULTS IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR 2893 01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:25,040 THAT FEELS PREDATORY. I AM NOT 2894 01:53:25,040 --> 01:53:28,600 AN ANIMAL RESEARCHER AND I'M 2895 01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:30,640 CURIOUS TO SEE WHAT ANIMAL 2896 01:53:30,640 --> 01:53:36,280 RESEARCHERS WOULD SAY ABOUT THAT 2897 01:53:36,280 --> 01:53:37,800 QUESTION. 2898 01:53:37,800 --> 01:53:42,800 >>ANYONE ELSE LIKE TO ADD TO 2899 01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:47,960 THAT? 2900 01:53:47,960 --> 01:53:54,480 >>OKAY IF I JUMP IN? 2901 01:53:54,480 --> 01:53:59,200 >>CIRCUIT STUDY IT IS PREDATION 2902 01:53:59,200 --> 01:54:00,560 CIRCUIT AND AGGRESSION CIRCUIT 2903 01:54:00,560 --> 01:54:04,240 ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT. FOR MOST 2904 01:54:04,240 --> 01:54:08,280 OF THE SPECIES THAT ARE THOSE 2905 01:54:08,280 --> 01:54:14,600 PREDATORS AND FOR HUMANS, MICE 2906 01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:15,520 ARE (INAUDIBLE) PREY FOR OTHER 2907 01:54:15,520 --> 01:54:17,240 SPECIES. THE RANGE IS DIFFERENT 2908 01:54:17,240 --> 01:54:18,960 BUT FOR MOST SPECIES AT THE 2909 01:54:18,960 --> 01:54:23,200 CIRCUIT LEVELS THEY ARE CIRCUITS 2910 01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:25,560 FOR BOTH AGGRESSION ATTACK 2911 01:54:25,560 --> 01:54:28,800 TOWARDS SPECIFIC AND ATTACK 2912 01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:31,840 TOWARDS DIFFERENT SPECIES WHICH 2913 01:54:31,840 --> 01:54:34,520 IS FOR FEEDING FOOD PURPOSE. AT 2914 01:54:34,520 --> 01:54:37,720 THE CIRCUIT LEVEL THEY ARE 2915 01:54:37,720 --> 01:54:43,320 PRETTY MUCH OVERLAPPING. I THINK 2916 01:54:43,320 --> 01:54:49,920 THE SPECIFIC AGGRESSION CIRCUIT 2917 01:54:49,920 --> 01:54:55,000 IN THE HUMAN AND IN THE MICE 2918 01:54:55,000 --> 01:54:58,760 THIS THESE ARE DIFFERENT FROM 2919 01:54:58,760 --> 01:54:59,400 THE PREDATION CIRCUIT REGARDLESS 2920 01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:03,680 THEIR LEVELS IN THEIR FOOD 2921 01:55:03,680 --> 01:55:07,200 CHAIN. MY TWO CENTS. FROM PURE 2922 01:55:07,200 --> 01:55:09,160 MOUSE PERSPECTIVE. 2923 01:55:09,160 --> 01:55:11,960 >>DR. YOUNG, GO AHEAD. 2924 01:55:11,960 --> 01:55:13,000 >>MAYBE A LITTLE DIFFERENT 2925 01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:14,760 TOPIC BUT ANIMAL AND WANT TO 2926 01:55:14,760 --> 01:55:17,360 BRING THE POINT. IN THE CHAT 2927 01:55:17,360 --> 01:55:19,600 MENTIONED ABOUT INBRED LINES OF 2928 01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:21,400 MICE, MANY STRATEGIES ANIMAL 2929 01:55:21,400 --> 01:55:25,120 RESEARCH TRYING TO GET GENETIC 2930 01:55:25,120 --> 01:55:27,840 DIVERSITY DOWN SO YOU GET BETTER 2931 01:55:27,840 --> 01:55:28,960 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE BUT 2932 01:55:28,960 --> 01:55:32,400 ANOTHER STRATEGY IS TO USE OUT 2933 01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:34,520 BRED LINES OF MICE BEING USED 2934 01:55:34,520 --> 01:55:37,200 BUT ALSO EVEN WILD ANIMALS.S. I 2935 01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:39,520 STUDY WILD BULLS WE CAPTURE IN 2936 01:55:39,520 --> 01:55:41,880 THE WILD AND DAYU HAS DONE WORK 2937 01:55:41,880 --> 01:55:43,240 WITH WILD MICE. SO THAT IS ONE 2938 01:55:43,240 --> 01:55:45,680 STRATEGY TO GET NATURALICSIC, 2939 01:55:45,680 --> 01:55:50,080 LOTS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY. BUT 2940 01:55:50,080 --> 01:55:51,280 ANIMAL RESEARCHERS HAVE THE 2941 01:55:51,280 --> 01:55:53,160 OPPORTUNITY AND HAVE BEEN DOING 2942 01:55:53,160 --> 01:55:54,400 THIS MODELING SOME OF THE THINGS 2943 01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:55,680 THAT HUMAN EXPERIENCES THAT CAN 2944 01:55:55,680 --> 01:55:58,840 BE RISK FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE 2945 01:55:58,840 --> 01:56:01,160 NEGLECT. THERE'S MODELS WHERE 2946 01:56:01,160 --> 01:56:03,040 YOU TAKE YOUNG INFANT ANIMALS 2947 01:56:03,040 --> 01:56:04,320 AND SEPARATE THEM FROM THEIR 2948 01:56:04,320 --> 01:56:07,000 PARENTS FOR A CERTAIN NUMBER OF 2949 01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:11,200 HOURS PER DAY. ALSO EVEN 2950 01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:12,800 POSSIBLY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS 2951 01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:15,560 WHERE THEY TAKE MOMS WHO GIVE 2952 01:56:15,560 --> 01:56:17,400 BIRTH AND GIVE LIMITED BEDDING 2953 01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:19,480 SO THEY CAN'T MAKE A NICE FLUFFY 2954 01:56:19,480 --> 01:56:20,760 NEST BUT A SMALL AMOUNT OF 2955 01:56:20,760 --> 01:56:23,960 BEDDING AND IT CREATES 2956 01:56:23,960 --> 01:56:25,960 DISORGANIZED PARENTAL CARE, THEN 2957 01:56:25,960 --> 01:56:29,080 THAT HAS IMPACT ON MANY ASPECTS 2958 01:56:29,080 --> 01:56:31,080 OF BEHAVIOR LATER IN LIFE. SO 2959 01:56:31,080 --> 01:56:35,200 I'M SURE THERE'S ALSO YOU CAN DO 2960 01:56:35,200 --> 01:56:36,760 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND SO I 2961 01:56:36,760 --> 01:56:38,760 THINK THERE ARE LOTS OF CREATIVE 2962 01:56:38,760 --> 01:56:40,320 WAYS THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DOING 2963 01:56:40,320 --> 01:56:43,040 BUT MAYBE ALSO SOME THAT CAN 2964 01:56:43,040 --> 01:56:46,600 COME UP WITH AFTER HEARING HOW 2965 01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:48,560 -- WHAT THE HUMAN RESEARCHERS 2966 01:56:48,560 --> 01:56:50,920 ARE THINKING ARE IMPORTANT, 2967 01:56:50,920 --> 01:56:52,720 BEING CREATIVE ABOUT MODELING 2968 01:56:52,720 --> 01:56:54,720 THAT IN ANIMALS AND THEN TRYING 2969 01:56:54,720 --> 01:56:57,880 TO SEE OKAY, MAYBE IT IS NOT 2970 01:56:57,880 --> 01:57:00,080 JUST VMH BUT OTHER CIRCUITS SORT 2971 01:57:00,080 --> 01:57:01,680 OF GET MORE NETWORK ACTIVITY OF 2972 01:57:01,680 --> 01:57:05,320 HOW OUR EXPERIENCES MIGHT BE 2973 01:57:05,320 --> 01:57:06,480 AFFECTING THAT CIRCUIT. THERE IS 2974 01:57:06,480 --> 01:57:16,600 A LOT OF POTENTIAL. 2975 01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:20,440 >>A QUESTION CAME IN FOR DR. 2976 01:57:20,440 --> 01:57:23,960 MOFFITT, HOPE IT IS OKAY IF YOU 2977 01:57:23,960 --> 01:57:27,720 CAN CHIME IN HERE. THIS PERSON 2978 01:57:27,720 --> 01:57:29,120 ASKS DR. MOFFITT THANK YOU FOR 2979 01:57:29,120 --> 01:57:30,280 INTERESTING TALK. WONDERING WHAT 2980 01:57:30,280 --> 01:57:32,120 YOU THINK ABOUT HOW FEASIBLE 2981 01:57:32,120 --> 01:57:38,040 SUSTAINED INTERVENTION IS. 2982 01:57:38,040 --> 01:57:44,160 >>STATE INTERVENTION. IF MONEY 2983 01:57:44,160 --> 01:57:46,880 IS NO OBJECT M SO THAT SORT OF 2984 01:57:46,880 --> 01:57:48,480 WHERE THE RUBBER HITS THE ROAD 2985 01:57:48,480 --> 01:57:50,680 IS WHAT IS SOCIETY WILLING TO 2986 01:57:50,680 --> 01:57:53,000 PAY FOR IN ORDER TO PROTECT 2987 01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:55,240 ITSELF. SO FAR WHAT WE USE FOR 2988 01:57:55,240 --> 01:57:57,120 THAT SUSTAINED INTERVENTION 2989 01:57:57,120 --> 01:57:59,640 APPROACH IS INCAPACITATION. WE 2990 01:57:59,640 --> 01:58:01,520 PUT YOUNG PEOPLE BEHIND BARS AN 2991 01:58:01,520 --> 01:58:04,960 LEAVE THEM THERE MANY YEARS. 2992 01:58:04,960 --> 01:58:07,600 THAT TENDS TO WORK AT A CERTAIN 2993 01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:10,200 LEVEL BUT IT UNDERMINES OUR 2994 01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:12,960 SENSE OF BEING HUMAN. ONE WOULD 2995 01:58:12,960 --> 01:58:15,200 WISH WE COULD DO SOMETHING THAT 2996 01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:16,920 STARTED MORE WITH PUBLIC HEALTH 2997 01:58:16,920 --> 01:58:18,960 POLICIES TO IMPROVE CHILDHOOD 2998 01:58:18,960 --> 01:58:21,880 NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAIN 2999 01:58:21,880 --> 01:58:23,760 SCHOOLS THAT ARE FRIENDLY TO 3000 01:58:23,760 --> 01:58:25,960 CHILDREN WHO HAVE DIFFICULTIES 3001 01:58:25,960 --> 01:58:28,360 AND WHO DON'T -- SO THAT SCHOOL 3002 01:58:28,360 --> 01:58:30,640 IS NOT A HUMILIATING REJECTING 3003 01:58:30,640 --> 01:58:32,840 EXPERIENCE FOR THEM AND HAVE A 3004 01:58:32,840 --> 01:58:34,080 MORE SENSITIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE 3005 01:58:34,080 --> 01:58:36,760 SYSTEM, THERE IS A LOT WE CAN DO 3006 01:58:36,760 --> 01:58:38,440 AT THE SYSTEM LEVEL AND THE 3007 01:58:38,440 --> 01:58:40,360 SOCIETAL LEVEL TO SUSTAIN 3008 01:58:40,360 --> 01:58:41,880 INTERVENTIONS ACROSS THE WHOLE 3009 01:58:41,880 --> 01:58:43,320 LIFE COURSE, IT DOESN'T HAVE TO 3010 01:58:43,320 --> 01:58:45,120 BE OFFERING INDIVIDUAL CHILD 3011 01:58:45,120 --> 01:58:47,000 PERSONAL PSYCHIATRIST OR 3012 01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:48,160 PSYCHOLOGIST WHO WORK WITH THEM 3013 01:58:48,160 --> 01:58:49,760 EVERY DAY THE REST OF THEIR 3014 01:58:49,760 --> 01:58:53,360 LIVES. I THINK THE SUSTAINED 3015 01:58:53,360 --> 01:58:55,080 INTERVENTION IS MORE LIKELY TO 3016 01:58:55,080 --> 01:58:58,520 BE A BROADER INTERVENTION OF THE 3017 01:58:58,520 --> 01:58:59,800 KIND KRISTA MEHARI WAS TALKING 3018 01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:02,880 ABOUT. 3019 01:59:02,880 --> 01:59:04,920 >>THANKS. I WOULD LIKE TO 3020 01:59:04,920 --> 01:59:06,480 INVITE OTHER PANELISTS TO 3021 01:59:06,480 --> 01:59:07,640 COMMENT ON THIS IF YOU WOULD 3022 01:59:07,640 --> 01:59:08,880 LIKE WHAT A LIFE COURSE 3023 01:59:08,880 --> 01:59:10,480 PREVENTION MODEL LOOK LIKE GIVEN 3024 01:59:10,480 --> 01:59:13,760 WHAT WE KNOW NOW. 3025 01:59:13,760 --> 01:59:17,160 >>I WAS WONDERING WHETHER YOU 3026 01:59:17,160 --> 01:59:20,040 THINK THERE IS SPACE FOR A BIT 3027 01:59:20,040 --> 01:59:22,840 OF BOTH IN A SENSE THAT I DON'T 3028 01:59:22,840 --> 01:59:24,520 DISAGREE WITH YOU WITH THE 3029 01:59:24,520 --> 01:59:26,080 SYSTEMIC LIFE COURSE APPROACH 3030 01:59:26,080 --> 01:59:28,840 BUT OF COURSE EVEN YOUR OWN WORK 3031 01:59:28,840 --> 01:59:32,680 SHOWS WILL IS THE PARROT HER 3032 01:59:32,680 --> 01:59:35,240 PRINCIPLE WORKS. YOU MIGHT ARGUE 3033 01:59:35,240 --> 01:59:37,320 THAT PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUAL 3034 01:59:37,320 --> 01:59:40,400 ALSO GO DOWN IF YOU GET SYSTEMIC 3035 01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:43,840 PREVENTION BUT I IMAGINE WE 3036 01:59:43,840 --> 01:59:46,160 PROBABLY DON'T KNOW RATES GOES 3037 01:59:46,160 --> 01:59:47,640 DOWN SUFFICIENTLY WILL BE 3038 01:59:47,640 --> 01:59:49,520 COMPLETELY HAPPY BUT YOU MAY IF 3039 01:59:49,520 --> 01:59:51,320 YOU MANAGE THE SYSTEMIC WELL YOU 3040 01:59:51,320 --> 01:59:52,640 MAY NEED LESS INDIVIDUAL, I 3041 01:59:52,640 --> 01:59:53,560 GUESS THAT WOULD BE THE POINT 3042 01:59:53,560 --> 01:59:55,120 BUT EVEN IN NORDIC COUNTRIES 3043 01:59:55,120 --> 01:59:56,560 WHERE WE HAVE DONE REASONABLY 3044 01:59:56,560 --> 02:00:00,200 WELL IN LOT OF THESE INDICATORS. 3045 02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:03,480 THERE ARE STILL FAMILIES THAT -- 3046 02:00:03,480 --> 02:00:04,800 I DON'T THINK THAT IS JUST 3047 02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:06,320 BECAUSE THE SYSTEM IS NOT RIGHT. 3048 02:00:06,320 --> 02:00:09,040 I THINK IT IS ALSO PARTLY THERE 3049 02:00:09,040 --> 02:00:10,640 ARE SOME FAMILIES INCREDIBLY 3050 02:00:10,640 --> 02:00:12,640 DIFFICULT TO READ AND TO WORK 3051 02:00:12,640 --> 02:00:13,880 EVEN WHEN THERE ARE SERVICES AND 3052 02:00:13,880 --> 02:00:15,280 WHEN THERE ARE THINGS THAT 3053 02:00:15,280 --> 02:00:19,800 PROMOTE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL IN 3054 02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:21,800 BRAINS REGULAR -- YOU GET LOTS 3055 02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:24,120 OF HEALTH EARLY ON IF SOMETHING 3056 02:00:24,120 --> 02:00:25,600 GOES NEURAL DEVELOPMENTALLY 3057 02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:26,240 WRONG BUT THERE ARE FAMILIES 3058 02:00:26,240 --> 02:00:28,200 THAT ARE TRICKY TO WORK WITH. 3059 02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:30,640 >>AGREE WITH YOU. IN TRYING TO 3060 02:00:30,640 --> 02:00:32,320 DO EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION 3061 02:00:32,320 --> 02:00:35,160 PARENTING CLASSES, FAMILY 3062 02:00:35,160 --> 02:00:36,680 THERAPY, THAT KIND OF THING, 3063 02:00:36,680 --> 02:00:37,600 THERE ARE ALWAYS FAMILIES WHO 3064 02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:42,840 DON'T WANT IT. UNLIKE ONE OF THE 3065 02:00:42,840 --> 02:00:45,400 WAYS ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 3066 02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:47,240 DIFFERS FUNDAMENTALLY LIKE 3067 02:00:47,240 --> 02:00:50,240 DEPRESSION ADHD OR SCHIZOPHRENIA 3068 02:00:50,240 --> 02:00:52,480 IS THE PERSON WHO SUFFER THE 3069 02:00:52,480 --> 02:00:55,040 DISORDER DOES NOT WANT HELP. 3070 02:00:55,040 --> 02:00:59,200 >>OFTEN OTHER PEOPLE WHO SUFFER 3071 02:00:59,200 --> 02:01:03,520 MORE INITIALLY. BUT I WONDER 3072 02:01:03,520 --> 02:01:05,200 ALSO BECAUSE IT WAS ORIGINALLY 3073 02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:07,120 MADE INTO A SOCIAL THING THE 3074 02:01:07,120 --> 02:01:08,480 PARENTS FAULT BUT THERE IS ALSO 3075 02:01:08,480 --> 02:01:10,680 STIGMA WHICH MAKES HARDER TO ASK 3076 02:01:10,680 --> 02:01:14,000 HELP SO I'M SORT OF HOPEFUL 3077 02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:15,240 THERE COULD BE MORE KIND OF WAYS 3078 02:01:15,240 --> 02:01:17,280 OF WORKING TOGETHER WITH PEOPLE 3079 02:01:17,280 --> 02:01:19,800 WITH THE LIVED EXPERIENCE TO 3080 02:01:19,800 --> 02:01:21,840 SOMEHOW MAKE IT EASY OR BETTER 3081 02:01:21,840 --> 02:01:23,760 OR LESS STIGMATIZING TO ACCESS 3082 02:01:23,760 --> 02:01:25,840 THE SERVICES. AT THE MOMENT IT 3083 02:01:25,840 --> 02:01:28,160 IS BEEN -- WE DEVELOPED MIDDLE 3084 02:01:28,160 --> 02:01:31,520 CLASS PEOPLE PARENTING AND 3085 02:01:31,520 --> 02:01:33,160 EXPERIMENTALLY WE CAN SHOW IT IS 3086 02:01:33,160 --> 02:01:34,120 GOOD PARENTING BUT MAYBE 3087 02:01:34,120 --> 02:01:35,560 PRESENTING IN A WAY THAT 3088 02:01:35,560 --> 02:01:37,960 SOMEBODY WHO ALREADY GOT HUGE 3089 02:01:37,960 --> 02:01:40,160 AMOUNT OF DIFFICULTY IS THE LIFE 3090 02:01:40,160 --> 02:01:42,200 FEEL LIKE YOU ARE A PATRONIZING 3091 02:01:42,200 --> 02:01:44,480 PERSON GO AWAY I HAVE ENOUGH 3092 02:01:44,480 --> 02:01:45,640 THINGS ON MY PLATE AS IT IS. 3093 02:01:45,640 --> 02:01:47,560 >>ARE THERE COMMUNITY ENGAGED 3094 02:01:47,560 --> 02:01:48,640 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES THAT 3095 02:01:48,640 --> 02:01:51,080 FOLKS ARE ENGAGED IN? TO THAT 3096 02:01:51,080 --> 02:01:53,080 POINT? 3097 02:01:53,080 --> 02:01:54,040 >>CAN YOU SAY AGAIN? 3098 02:01:54,040 --> 02:01:56,680 >>WONDERING IF ANYONE HERE ON 3099 02:01:56,680 --> 02:01:58,360 THE PANEL KNOWS COMMUNITY 3100 02:01:58,360 --> 02:02:04,520 ENGAGED RESEARCH APPROACHES TO 3101 02:02:04,520 --> 02:02:05,480 THIS QUESTION. 3102 02:02:05,480 --> 02:02:08,160 >>I CAN SPEAK ON THAT A LITTLE 3103 02:02:08,160 --> 02:02:11,600 BIT. I KNOW THERE WAS -- THIS IS 3104 02:02:11,600 --> 02:02:14,720 ON PARENTING I GUESS. ONE THING 3105 02:02:14,720 --> 02:02:17,680 WHEN WE ARE THINKING PREVENTION 3106 02:02:17,680 --> 02:02:19,480 INTERVENTION USUALLY WE WANT THE 3107 02:02:19,480 --> 02:02:20,760 UNIVERSAL STRATEGIES FIRST THEN 3108 02:02:20,760 --> 02:02:24,840 GOES TO SELECTIVE AND TARGETED 3109 02:02:24,840 --> 02:02:28,080 WHEN THOSE TEN PERCENT LESS THAN 3110 02:02:28,080 --> 02:02:28,960 TEN PERCENT OF FOLKS RESPONDING 3111 02:02:28,960 --> 02:02:32,400 TO THE UNIVERSAL STRATEGIES. SO 3112 02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:34,480 I DO THINK I KNOW I'M 3113 02:02:34,480 --> 02:02:36,920 POTENTIALLY BEATING A DEAD HORSE 3114 02:02:36,920 --> 02:02:40,760 BUT THINKING ABOUT THE UNIVERSAL 3115 02:02:40,760 --> 02:02:42,760 STRATEGY A LOT OF WHAT PEOPLE 3116 02:02:42,760 --> 02:02:46,000 NEED IS SUPPORT AND ACCESS TO 3117 02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:51,400 RESOURCES. FOR EXAMPLE WE KNOW 3118 02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:53,560 CHILD ABUSE RATES ARE HIGHER 3119 02:02:53,560 --> 02:02:54,800 WHEN PARENTS DON'T HAVE SOCIAL 3120 02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:55,800 SUPPORT AND WHEN THEY ARE IN 3121 02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,400 POVERPOVERPOVERTY. THOSE ARE THT 3122 02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:04,040 ARE POSSIBLE TO FIX. SO THERE IS 3123 02:03:04,040 --> 02:03:05,520 A -- WHEN COMMUNITIES ARE 3124 02:03:05,520 --> 02:03:09,920 TALKING YES A LOT OF THE TIME BY 3125 02:03:09,920 --> 02:03:11,280 TIME BY TIME A PERSON IS 3126 02:03:11,280 --> 02:03:12,800 ADOLESCENT AND ENGAGING IN A LOT 3127 02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:15,680 OF PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIORS THEY 3128 02:03:15,680 --> 02:03:17,360 OFTEN HAVE A PARENT WHO IS 3129 02:03:17,360 --> 02:03:18,720 OVERWHELMED WITH LIFE IN GENERAL 3130 02:03:18,720 --> 02:03:22,000 AND JUST DOESN'T HAVE THE 3131 02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:27,400 RESOURCES TO ENGAGE IN 3132 02:03:27,400 --> 02:03:28,640 INTERVENTION NECESSARY FOR 3133 02:03:28,640 --> 02:03:31,040 EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT 3134 02:03:31,040 --> 02:03:35,640 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL SOMETIMES 3135 02:03:35,640 --> 02:03:36,560 PARENTS TO AND THAT IS GREAT AND 3136 02:03:36,560 --> 02:03:38,480 WORKS WELL. WHAT I HAVE HEARD 3137 02:03:38,480 --> 02:03:39,680 FROM PARENTS, WE HAVE OTHER 3138 02:03:39,680 --> 02:03:40,760 CHILDREN WE ARE WORKING MOUGHT 3139 02:03:40,760 --> 02:03:42,560 BILL JOBS AND TRYING NO KEEP THE 3140 02:03:42,560 --> 02:03:49,200 LIGHTS ON. SO THE GOOD THING 3141 02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:51,000 ABOUT UNIVERSAL APPROACHES EARLY 3142 02:03:51,000 --> 02:03:54,080 ON, THERE'S HOME VISITING AND 3143 02:03:54,080 --> 02:03:56,200 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION. THEY 3144 02:03:56,200 --> 02:03:58,440 RELIEVE THE BURDEN FROM PARENTS 3145 02:03:58,440 --> 02:04:00,680 AND CAREGIVERS INSTEAD OF ADDING 3146 02:04:00,680 --> 02:04:07,520 MORE. BACK TO TOPIC OF RISK 3147 02:04:07,520 --> 02:04:10,600 FACTORS FOR A AGGRESSION, 3148 02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:13,320 NICHOLAS ASKS WHERE DOES RISK 3149 02:04:13,320 --> 02:04:15,040 TAKE RISKY DECISION MAKING LIE 3150 02:04:15,040 --> 02:04:20,440 IN WEB OF RISK FACTORS FACTORS R 3151 02:04:20,440 --> 02:04:21,760 AGGRESSION AND BOTH RISK TAKING 3152 02:04:21,760 --> 02:04:24,400 AND AGGRESSION, LOW PUNISHMENT 3153 02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:26,040 AND CHALLENGES IN LEARNING, 3154 02:04:26,040 --> 02:04:27,560 BEHAVING WITH AGGRESSION IS 3155 02:04:27,560 --> 02:04:29,600 RISKY IN MANY SITUATIONS. FOR 3156 02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:32,600 EXAMPLE LEAD TO VISIBLE HARM H 3157 02:04:32,600 --> 02:04:33,800 ARREST, ET CETERA, A QUESTION 3158 02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:34,920 FOR ANYONE ON THE PANEL. DR. 3159 02:04:34,920 --> 02:04:39,520 MARSH. 3160 02:04:39,520 --> 02:04:44,560 >>THANK YOU. YES. I MENTIONED 3161 02:04:44,560 --> 02:04:49,760 IN CHAT YES HUGE OVERLAP BETWEEN 3162 02:04:49,760 --> 02:04:52,080 HAVING RISK IN SENSITIVE 3163 02:04:52,080 --> 02:04:53,840 TEMPERMENT RELATIVELY 3164 02:04:53,840 --> 02:04:57,560 INSENSITIVE TO THREAT OR BEING 3165 02:04:57,560 --> 02:04:59,560 HURT. AGGRESSION FOR COUPLE OF 3166 02:04:59,560 --> 02:05:00,760 REASON, YOU ARE LESS SENSITIVE 3167 02:05:00,760 --> 02:05:03,440 TO RISK OF BEING PUNISHED, LESS 3168 02:05:03,440 --> 02:05:05,440 SENSITIVE TO RISK OF BEING HURT 3169 02:05:05,440 --> 02:05:07,400 IN ADDITION IF YOU HAVE A LOW 3170 02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,200 FEAR RESPONSE YOURSELF YOU DON'T 3171 02:05:10,200 --> 02:05:11,440 EXPERIENCE EMPATHETIC FEAR 3172 02:05:11,440 --> 02:05:12,480 RESPONSE TO OTHER PEOPLE WHICH 3173 02:05:12,480 --> 02:05:14,840 MAKES YOU LESS LIKELY TO RESPOND 3174 02:05:14,840 --> 02:05:21,680 TO A-- APPEASEMENT QUEUES. IN 3175 02:05:21,680 --> 02:05:26,320 ADDENDUM TO CHRIS'S POIN POINT.L 3176 02:05:26,320 --> 02:05:28,080 TRAINING TO WORK ESPECIALLY IF 3177 02:05:28,080 --> 02:05:29,400 YOU GET THEM EARLY THEY WORK. 3178 02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:30,760 DELIVERED BY THERAPISTS WORKING 3179 02:05:30,760 --> 02:05:32,520 WITH PARENTS TO HELP ADDRESS 3180 02:05:32,520 --> 02:05:34,320 KIDS BEHAVIOR. IT IS 3181 02:05:34,320 --> 02:05:35,400 OVERWHELMING FOR MANY PARENTS 3182 02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:38,160 BUT WHAT IS SO GALLING TO ME, 3183 02:05:38,160 --> 02:05:39,960 ONE OF THE REASONS I CO-FOUNDED 3184 02:05:39,960 --> 02:05:44,120 NON-PROFIT I DID CALLED 3185 02:05:44,120 --> 02:05:46,320 PSYCHOPATHY IS, WITH PARENTS OF 3186 02:05:46,320 --> 02:05:47,640 CHILDREN WHO HAVE SERIOUS 3187 02:05:47,640 --> 02:05:49,240 DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF 3188 02:05:49,240 --> 02:05:50,680 AGGRESSION, AND ADULTS WHO 3189 02:05:50,680 --> 02:05:52,640 THEMSELVES HAD SERIOUS 3190 02:05:52,640 --> 02:05:53,760 DEVELOPMENTAL AGGRESSION AS 3191 02:05:53,760 --> 02:05:55,120 CHILDREN SO THE ONLY RENOVATION 3192 02:05:55,120 --> 02:05:58,480 I'M AWARE OF WHERE PEOPLE ARE 3193 02:05:58,480 --> 02:05:59,720 AFFECTED BY DRS. CXFC ORDERS OF 3194 02:05:59,720 --> 02:06:01,720 AGGRESSION INDIVIDUALLY OR 3195 02:06:01,720 --> 02:06:02,920 FAMILIES ARE PART OF 3196 02:06:02,920 --> 02:06:05,960 ORGANIZATION WITH RESEARCHERS 3197 02:06:05,960 --> 02:06:06,840 CLINICIANS, ET CETERA, SOME OF 3198 02:06:06,840 --> 02:06:07,960 THE MEMBERS OF OUR ORGANIZATION 3199 02:06:07,960 --> 02:06:11,600 WHO ARE VERY HIGH RESOURCE WHILE 3200 02:06:11,600 --> 02:06:12,560 CONNECTED INDIVIDUAL STILL 3201 02:06:12,560 --> 02:06:13,800 DIDN'T GET THE RESOURCES THEY 3202 02:06:13,800 --> 02:06:15,400 NEEDED. THE CHILDREN WERE NEVER 3203 02:06:15,400 --> 02:06:16,480 APPROPRIATELY SCREENED. NEVER 3204 02:06:16,480 --> 02:06:17,640 CORRECTLY DIAGNOSED. NEVER 3205 02:06:17,640 --> 02:06:19,440 CONNECTED TO THE TREATMENT WE 3206 02:06:19,440 --> 02:06:21,160 KNOW HELP SO EVEN IF PEOPLE WHO 3207 02:06:21,160 --> 02:06:23,160 HAVE EVERY RESOURCE AT THEIR 3208 02:06:23,160 --> 02:06:24,240 DISPOSAL ARE NOT GETTING 3209 02:06:24,240 --> 02:06:25,480 RESOURCES WE KNOW COULD HELP 3210 02:06:25,480 --> 02:06:27,080 THEM. THIS REALLY SEEMS TO BE 3211 02:06:27,080 --> 02:06:28,440 THE UNIQUE TO DISORDERS OF 3212 02:06:28,440 --> 02:06:30,960 AGGRESSION. WE KNOW CLINICIANS 3213 02:06:30,960 --> 02:06:34,240 ARE DECISIONTANT TO DIAGNOSING, 3214 02:06:34,240 --> 02:06:35,560 DELIBERATELY AVOID DIAGNOSING 3215 02:06:35,560 --> 02:06:38,000 ODD OR OCD IN CHILDREN WHOSE 3216 02:06:38,000 --> 02:06:39,800 DISORDERS APPLY FOR ALL SORTS OF 3217 02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:41,600 INTERESTING REASONS THE GROUP 3218 02:06:41,600 --> 02:06:43,600 DISCUSS. THEY OFTEN WILL OFFER 3219 02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:44,360 TREATMENTS THAT WERE 3220 02:06:44,360 --> 02:06:45,240 INAPPROPRIATE, WHEN THERE ARE 3221 02:06:45,240 --> 02:06:48,200 TREATMENTS THAT WORK. AND SO OF 3222 02:06:48,200 --> 02:06:49,240 COURSE PARENTS WHO DON'T HAVE 3223 02:06:49,240 --> 02:06:52,440 THE SAME RESOURCES IN THE SAME 3224 02:06:52,440 --> 02:06:53,600 CONNECTIONS HAVE NO CHANCE, IT 3225 02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:55,920 IS REALLY JUST A HUGE SET OF 3226 02:06:55,920 --> 02:06:59,240 LAYERS OF PROBLEMS. 3227 02:06:59,240 --> 02:07:03,320 >>ON THAT TOPIC, SAM GOLDEN 3228 02:07:03,320 --> 02:07:06,400 NOTES OR ASKS ABOUT THE WHETHER 3229 02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:08,960 CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT 3230 02:07:08,960 --> 02:07:10,960 APPROACHES FOR AGGRESSION MIGHT 3231 02:07:10,960 --> 02:07:12,120 BE POSSIBLE FOR AGGRESSION 3232 02:07:12,120 --> 02:07:13,280 SIMILAR TO THOSE IN ADDICTION 3233 02:07:13,280 --> 02:07:20,640 FIELDS. 3234 02:07:20,640 --> 02:07:28,720 >>CAN YOU REPEAT THAT QUESTION 3235 02:07:28,720 --> 02:07:30,760 >>WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL 3236 02:07:30,760 --> 02:07:34,320 SPEAKERS OPINIONS ON CONTINGENCY 3237 02:07:34,320 --> 02:07:35,720 MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR 3238 02:07:35,720 --> 02:07:36,680 AGGRESSION LIKE THOSE USED IN 3239 02:07:36,680 --> 02:07:39,520 MANY ADDICTION FIELDS? 3240 02:07:39,520 --> 02:07:42,360 >>THERE IS RESEARCH THEY WORK. 3241 02:07:42,360 --> 02:07:44,000 THAT IS THE MAIN THING TO SAY, 3242 02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:45,120 THINK THERE IS RESEARCH THEY 3243 02:07:45,120 --> 02:07:46,360 WORK BETTER WHEN PEOPLE ARE 3244 02:07:46,360 --> 02:07:47,400 YOUNGER THAN WHEN THEY ARE 3245 02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:50,040 OLDER. AND PROBABLY JUST BECAUSE 3246 02:07:50,040 --> 02:07:53,120 IT IS EASIER TO CONTROL 3247 02:07:53,120 --> 02:07:54,640 CONTINGENCIES WHEN THERE IS 3248 02:07:54,640 --> 02:07:57,480 LIMITED AMOUNT ENVIRONMENTS ARE 3249 02:07:57,480 --> 02:07:59,960 IN. THERE IS NOT RESEARCH THAT 3250 02:07:59,960 --> 02:08:05,680 IT HELPS TO DEVELOP LINING 3251 02:08:05,680 --> 02:08:07,080 DEFICITS THAT MIGHT CAUSE 3252 02:08:07,080 --> 02:08:09,320 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. FOR 3253 02:08:09,320 --> 02:08:12,520 EXAMPLE, VERBAL LANGUAGE SKILLS 3254 02:08:12,520 --> 02:08:14,440 PERSPECTIVE TAKING SKILLS, WHICH 3255 02:08:14,440 --> 02:08:15,560 SOMETIMES NEED TO BE ADDRESSED 3256 02:08:15,560 --> 02:08:17,160 IN DIFFERENT WAYS. BUT I DO 3257 02:08:17,160 --> 02:08:19,680 THINK THAT THERE IS A STRONG 3258 02:08:19,680 --> 02:08:21,360 BODY OF EVIDENCE OF WORK 3259 02:08:21,360 --> 02:08:27,320 ESPECIALLY YOUNGER AGES. 3260 02:08:27,320 --> 02:08:29,640 >>I WOULD LIKE TO ADD IN TO THE 3261 02:08:29,640 --> 02:08:31,440 BROADER DISCUSSION OF LIFE 3262 02:08:31,440 --> 02:08:34,240 COURSE PERSPECTIVES. I DON'T 3263 02:08:34,240 --> 02:08:36,960 KNOW IF THIS IS NECESSARILY A 3264 02:08:36,960 --> 02:08:38,840 LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE IDEA BUT 3265 02:08:38,840 --> 02:08:42,920 THROW IT OUT THERE. WE HAVE 3266 02:08:42,920 --> 02:08:46,800 HEARD ABOUT EVEN PEOPLE WITH 3267 02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:48,160 RESOURCES WITH PRIVILEGE AREN'T 3268 02:08:48,160 --> 02:08:50,360 GETTING ACCESS TO THE 3269 02:08:50,360 --> 02:08:52,160 INTERVENTIONS, THAT THEY NEED. 3270 02:08:52,160 --> 02:08:54,600 CERTAINLY THOSE WITHOUT ART AND 3271 02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:57,280 I THINK THERE MAYBE A PLACE OVER 3272 02:08:57,280 --> 02:08:59,640 THE LIFE COURSE PERHAPS WHERE 3273 02:08:59,640 --> 02:09:03,640 THE UTILITY OF JUST IN TIME 3274 02:09:03,640 --> 02:09:05,000 INTERVENTIONS FOR AGGRESSION 3275 02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:09,120 COULD BE USEFUL. THE ALCOHOL 3276 02:09:09,120 --> 02:09:13,000 FIELD THERE HAS BEEN RESEARCH IN 3277 02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:16,000 RECENT YEARS AROUND LOW COST BUT 3278 02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:22,320 EASILY WIDELY IMAGING LIKE 3279 02:09:22,320 --> 02:09:23,680 IPHONES AN THIS SORT OF THING 3280 02:09:23,680 --> 02:09:25,760 CAPTURE PEOPLE IN THEIR MOMENTS 3281 02:09:25,760 --> 02:09:27,080 WHERE THEY MAYBE AT MOST RISK 3282 02:09:27,080 --> 02:09:29,400 FOR AGGRESSION. THIS IS A 3283 02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:30,560 THEORETICAL IDEA NOT TESTED IN 3284 02:09:30,560 --> 02:09:32,640 TERMS OF ALCOHOL RELATE VIOLENCE 3285 02:09:32,640 --> 02:09:35,000 BUT IF AN iPHONE CAN LET THAT 3286 02:09:35,000 --> 02:09:36,200 PERSON KNOW WHAT THEIR 3287 02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:39,040 BLOOD/ALCOHOL LEVEL IS AND 3288 02:09:39,040 --> 02:09:41,600 REFOCUS THEIR ATTENTION TOWARDS 3289 02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:43,840 THOSE INHIBITORY QUEUES UNDER 3290 02:09:43,840 --> 02:09:45,160 NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES MAYBE THEY 3291 02:09:45,160 --> 02:09:49,720 ARE NOT THAT COULD BE A TARGETED 3292 02:09:49,720 --> 02:09:52,320 MAYBE PRECISION MEDICINE KIND OF 3293 02:09:52,320 --> 02:09:54,840 APPROACH. AND IF THOSE SORT OF 3294 02:09:54,840 --> 02:09:57,720 INTERVENTIONS ARE MORE WIDELY 3295 02:09:57,720 --> 02:09:59,520 AVAILABLE PUT ACROSS THE LIFE 3296 02:09:59,520 --> 02:10:02,320 SPAN THERE COULD BE A COMPONENT 3297 02:10:02,320 --> 02:10:11,760 OVERALL INTERVENTION APPROACH. 3298 02:10:11,760 --> 02:10:14,160 >>LUKE HYDE, I WANT TO 3299 02:10:14,160 --> 02:10:16,960 EMPHASIZE HIS POINT HERE. IN 3300 02:10:16,960 --> 02:10:19,880 RESPONSE TO ABBI'S POINT ACCESS 3301 02:10:19,880 --> 02:10:22,040 IN DIAGNOSIS, WILL IS RETICENCE 3302 02:10:22,040 --> 02:10:24,480 TO GIVE OPPOSITION DEFINED 3303 02:10:24,480 --> 02:10:27,000 DISORDER AND (INAUDIBLE) 3304 02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:32,560 DISORDER DIAGNOSES BUT NOT 3305 02:10:32,560 --> 02:10:34,880 ENOUGH TO THOSE OF COLOR AND 3306 02:10:34,880 --> 02:10:36,560 LESS ACCESS TO TREATMENT AND 3307 02:10:36,560 --> 02:10:38,360 THUS THE DIAGNOSIS MAY NOT LEAD 3308 02:10:38,360 --> 02:10:42,440 TO TREATMENT ANYWAY AND JUST 3309 02:10:42,440 --> 02:10:45,240 STIGMATIZE. ANYBODY WANTS TO ADD 3310 02:10:45,240 --> 02:10:53,040 TO THAT. OR THOUGHTS ABOUT AGAIN 3311 02:10:53,040 --> 02:10:54,640 TARGETED PREVENTION OR 3312 02:10:54,640 --> 02:10:55,840 INTERVENTION STRATEGIES, 3313 02:10:55,840 --> 02:10:58,120 COMMUNITY ENGAGED APPROACHES TO 3314 02:10:58,120 --> 02:10:59,720 PERFECT ALL THOSE TOPICS. 3315 02:10:59,720 --> 02:11:04,560 >>I THINK BOTH TO MY MIND BOTH 3316 02:11:04,560 --> 02:11:08,200 VERY CLEARLY NEEDED. WHAT WE 3317 02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:11,640 NEED FOR TARGETED INTERVENTION 3318 02:11:11,640 --> 02:11:15,000 SPACE IS DUE WORK TO DEVELOP 3319 02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:17,560 EVEN BETTER TREATMENTS. I KNOW 3320 02:11:17,560 --> 02:11:20,240 -- THAT WILL REQUIRE CROSS 3321 02:11:20,240 --> 02:11:21,240 DISCIPLINARY APPROACH THAT 3322 02:11:21,240 --> 02:11:26,160 REALLY TRIES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 3323 02:11:26,160 --> 02:11:27,640 NEURAL MECHANISMS WE MIGHT WANT 3324 02:11:27,640 --> 02:11:29,400 TO TARGET AND HOW THEY MAY 3325 02:11:29,400 --> 02:11:30,920 DIFFER BETWEEN PEOPLE, PROBABLY 3326 02:11:30,920 --> 02:11:33,280 UNIVERSAL APPROACHES THAT WORK 3327 02:11:33,280 --> 02:11:34,600 FOR EVERYONE BUT YOU MIGHT WANT 3328 02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:37,240 TO HAVE SOME ADD ONS, YOU NEED 3329 02:11:37,240 --> 02:11:38,760 WORK WITH THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS, 3330 02:11:38,760 --> 02:11:40,240 SO THAT YOU CAN MAKE THESE SORT 3331 02:11:40,240 --> 02:11:42,680 OF APPROACHES ACCESSIBLE AND 3332 02:11:42,680 --> 02:11:44,360 THAT INCLUDES THINGS LIKE DO YOU 3333 02:11:44,360 --> 02:11:46,400 PROVIDE CHILD CARE FOR OTHER 3334 02:11:46,400 --> 02:11:48,360 CHILDREN AND PAY FOR SOMEONE'S 3335 02:11:48,360 --> 02:11:49,840 TRAVEL PROCESSIONS, THINGS THAT 3336 02:11:49,840 --> 02:11:52,120 -- HOW YOU BUILD TRUST WITH 3337 02:11:52,120 --> 02:11:53,560 COMMUNITIES, HOW YOU COMMUNICATE 3338 02:11:53,560 --> 02:11:55,440 IN A WAY THAT DOESN'T MAKE 3339 02:11:55,440 --> 02:11:57,240 PEOPLE FEEL STIGMATIZING. THERE 3340 02:11:57,240 --> 02:11:59,360 NEEDS TO BE CROSS TALK WITH MORE 3341 02:11:59,360 --> 02:12:01,720 GENETIC POPULATION HEALTH 3342 02:12:01,720 --> 02:12:06,160 APPROACHES AS WELL. SO I THINK 3343 02:12:06,160 --> 02:12:07,200 -- IT IS GOING TO BE A VERY -- 3344 02:12:07,200 --> 02:12:08,600 IT IS A CHALLENGING PIECE OF 3345 02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:12,200 WORK AND I THINK THAT AGGRESSION 3346 02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:13,400 DISORDERS HAVE BEEN THE POOR 3347 02:12:13,400 --> 02:12:15,760 RELATIVE OF MANY MENTAL HEALTH 3348 02:12:15,760 --> 02:12:17,880 DISORDERS. YOU CAN ASK, WE HAVE 3349 02:12:17,880 --> 02:12:19,560 HAD MANY CONVERSATIONS ABOUT 3350 02:12:19,560 --> 02:12:21,320 THIS, SHE HAD SUBMITTED A NUMBER 3351 02:12:21,320 --> 02:12:22,880 OF FRONTS UNDER DIFFERENT 3352 02:12:22,880 --> 02:12:24,240 DEVICES IN ORDER TO STUDY THESE 3353 02:12:24,240 --> 02:12:26,440 DISORDERS. THERE IS A -- WE KNOW 3354 02:12:26,440 --> 02:12:28,520 FROM HIV AND CANCER RESEARCH 3355 02:12:28,520 --> 02:12:30,520 THAT IT IS NOT UNTIL THE BIG 3356 02:12:30,520 --> 02:12:34,280 BUCKS ARRIVE THAT PEOPLE MAKE 3357 02:12:34,280 --> 02:12:36,320 GENUINE PROGRESS. THE SAME IN 3358 02:12:36,320 --> 02:12:38,040 MENTAL HEALTH SPACE AND IN 3359 02:12:38,040 --> 02:12:39,600 PARTICULAR IN THE SPACE 3360 02:12:39,600 --> 02:12:41,720 AGGRESSION DISORDERS THE POOR 3361 02:12:41,720 --> 02:12:44,920 RELATIVE OF THE MENTAL HEALTH, 3362 02:12:44,920 --> 02:12:46,880 THE POOR RELATIVE OF THE 3363 02:12:46,880 --> 02:12:50,000 PHYSICAL HEALTH CONDITIONS. 3364 02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:51,200 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT THOUGHTFUL 3365 02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:52,280 RESPONSE. WE HAVE TWO MINUTES 3366 02:12:52,280 --> 02:12:53,760 LEFT IN OUR SESSION BEFORE WE 3367 02:12:53,760 --> 02:12:57,080 MOVE TO A BREAK. IF ANYONE HAS 3368 02:12:57,080 --> 02:12:58,080 ANY FINAL REMARKS THEY WOULD 3369 02:12:58,080 --> 02:13:05,320 LIKE TO MAKE AT THIS POINT. 3370 02:13:05,320 --> 02:13:06,480 ANYTHING WE HAVEN'T ADDRESSED 3371 02:13:06,480 --> 02:13:14,040 THAT WE SHOULD IN TWO MINUTES? 3372 02:13:14,040 --> 02:13:15,760 OKAY. THANK YOU ALL VERY, VERY 3373 02:13:15,760 --> 02:13:17,840 MUCH. THIS HAS BEEN A REALLY 3374 02:13:17,840 --> 02:13:18,840 INVIGORATING DISCUSSION. GREAT 3375 02:13:18,840 --> 02:13:21,400 WAY TO START THIS WORKSHOP. WE 3376 02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:22,840 HAVE A 17 MINUTE BREAK AT THIS 3377 02:13:22,840 --> 02:13:25,200 POINT. WE WILL RECONVENE AT 3:30 3378 02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:29,360 FOR THE SECOND PANEL. THANK YOU 3379 02:13:29,360 --> 02:13:33,800 >>MY NAME IS 3380 02:13:33,800 --> 02:13:35,600 SINI UMOH, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 3381 02:13:35,600 --> 02:13:36,480 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND 3382 02:13:36,480 --> 02:13:39,160 STROKE. I OVERSEE THE CLINICAL 3383 02:13:39,160 --> 02:13:40,840 PORTION OF THE TRAUMATIC BRAIN 3384 02:13:40,840 --> 02:13:43,280 INJURY PORTFOLIO. SO I'M SO GLAD 3385 02:13:43,280 --> 02:13:45,280 THAT Y'ALL COJOIN US FOR THIS 3386 02:13:45,280 --> 02:13:46,280 SESSION THIS AFTERNOON AND I 3387 02:13:46,280 --> 02:13:48,440 LIKE TO START OFF BY INTRODUCING 3388 02:13:48,440 --> 02:13:50,440 OUR FIRST SPEAKER, WHICH IS DR. 3389 02:13:50,440 --> 02:13:51,560 SAM GOLDEN WITH THE UNIVERSITY 3390 02:13:51,560 --> 02:13:59,920 OF WASHINGTON. DR. GOLDEN, 3391 02:13:59,920 --> 02:14:00,720 PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY. 3392 02:14:00,720 --> 02:14:02,240 >>THANK YOU. I WILL WAIT FOR 3393 02:14:02,240 --> 02:14:08,360 THE SLIDES. THANKS. PLEASURE 3394 02:14:08,360 --> 02:14:11,880 TON HERE, REALLY FANTASTIC TO 3395 02:14:11,880 --> 02:14:13,520 GET TO HEAR MORE PERSPECTIVE 3396 02:14:13,520 --> 02:14:14,840 FROM THE CLINICAL SIDE OF THINGS 3397 02:14:14,840 --> 02:14:16,880 WHICH I THINK A LOT OF 3398 02:14:16,880 --> 02:14:17,680 PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION 3399 02:14:17,680 --> 02:14:19,800 RESEARCHERS DO NOT GET THE 3400 02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:21,440 APPROPRIATE, INCLUDING MYSELF 3401 02:14:21,440 --> 02:14:26,000 EXPOSURE TO. I WILL TALK ABOUT 3402 02:14:26,000 --> 02:14:28,880 HOW SOME LABS ARE APPROACHING 3403 02:14:28,880 --> 02:14:30,320 MODELING AGGRESSION AND 3404 02:14:30,320 --> 02:14:31,320 AGGRESSION MOTIVATION IN 3405 02:14:31,320 --> 02:14:41,000 RODENTS. THERE ARE THREE TOPICS 3406 02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:42,200 THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIT UPON 3407 02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:44,240 TODAY, FIRST IS THE TITLE 3408 02:14:44,240 --> 02:14:52,560 SUGGESTS, THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN 3409 02:14:52,560 --> 02:14:53,960 WITH TOOLS AVAILABLE SEPARATE 3410 02:14:53,960 --> 02:14:55,840 THE ACTIVE AGGRESSION FROM 3411 02:14:55,840 --> 02:14:57,720 PRE-CLINICAL MODEL AGGRESSION 3412 02:14:57,720 --> 02:14:59,120 ITSELF. MOST LIVE TALK HOW THIS 3413 02:14:59,120 --> 02:15:00,560 LED TO INTERESTING OBSERVATION 3414 02:15:00,560 --> 02:15:05,280 ON SEX AS BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE A 3415 02:15:05,280 --> 02:15:07,760 HOT TOPIC IN AGGRESSION 3416 02:15:07,760 --> 02:15:08,760 PRE-CLINICAL SIDE BUT 3417 02:15:08,760 --> 02:15:10,120 CHALLENGING TO ADDRESS FOR 3418 02:15:10,120 --> 02:15:11,880 TECHNICAL REASONS. LASTLY I WILL 3419 02:15:11,880 --> 02:15:13,560 STOP OR GOING TO END WITH THIS 3420 02:15:13,560 --> 02:15:16,480 IDEA THAT I THINK WE NOW HAVE 3421 02:15:16,480 --> 02:15:18,960 THE TOOLS AND I THINK THE 3422 02:15:18,960 --> 02:15:20,520 INTEREST WE CAN START TO TREAT 3423 02:15:20,520 --> 02:15:21,760 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PRE-CLINICALLY 3424 02:15:21,760 --> 02:15:24,680 MORE LIKE A SHAREABLE REAGENT. 3425 02:15:24,680 --> 02:15:28,280 IN A WAY MORE CONCRETE THAN 3426 02:15:28,280 --> 02:15:29,640 TYPICALLY IT IS DESCRIBED FOR 3427 02:15:29,640 --> 02:15:31,360 EXAMPLE IN METHODS AND THAT HAS 3428 02:15:31,360 --> 02:15:35,920 LED TO A LOT OF CHALLENGING 3429 02:15:35,920 --> 02:15:38,200 REPRODUCIBILITY WHEN WE TALK 3430 02:15:38,200 --> 02:15:41,400 PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION. BEFORE 3431 02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:42,720 THE NEXT SLIDE ACKNOWLEDGE THE 3432 02:15:42,720 --> 02:15:44,680 PEOPPEEP THAT HAVE DONE THE WORI 3433 02:15:44,680 --> 02:15:50,640 WILL BE TALKING ABOUT. SO THEY 3434 02:15:50,640 --> 02:15:53,200 ALREADY DID A FANTASTIC JOB OF 3435 02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:55,920 GIVING A PRETTY GOOD BACKGROUND 3436 02:15:55,920 --> 02:15:58,800 ON SORT OF THE DOGMATIC VIEW OF 3437 02:15:58,800 --> 02:16:00,880 AGGRESSION INESRE-CLINICAL 3438 02:16:00,880 --> 02:16:02,240 MODELS AND SO A VIDEO ACTUALLY 3439 02:16:02,240 --> 02:16:04,640 OF THE SLIDES SHE SHOWED OF THE 3440 02:16:04,640 --> 02:16:06,520 HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION IN CATS 3441 02:16:06,520 --> 02:16:09,760 AND MORE RECENT WORK IDENTIFYING 3442 02:16:09,760 --> 02:16:11,480 ALPHA POSITIVE POPULATIONS 3443 02:16:11,480 --> 02:16:14,120 WITHIN THE VENTRAL LATERAL 3444 02:16:14,120 --> 02:16:15,680 HYPOTHALAMUS DRIVING THESE 3445 02:16:15,680 --> 02:16:19,120 BEHAVIORS. WHEN THIS WORK CAME 3446 02:16:19,120 --> 02:16:22,600 OUT, IT WAS CRITICAL OR 3447 02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:23,680 REINVIGORATING PRE-CLINICAL 3448 02:16:23,680 --> 02:16:25,200 INTEREST IN AGGRESSION RESEARCH 3449 02:16:25,200 --> 02:16:30,200 SO WE HAVE COME IN OUR LAB THIS 3450 02:16:30,200 --> 02:16:34,080 TASK IN GLOVE TASK WHERE A MOUSE 3451 02:16:34,080 --> 02:16:39,240 ATTACKS INANTI-MITT -- WITH THE 3452 02:16:39,240 --> 02:16:40,760 HYPOTHALAMUS, WHAT JUMPED OUT 3453 02:16:40,760 --> 02:16:42,400 MYSELF TO THE WORK OUR LAB NOW 3454 02:16:42,400 --> 02:16:44,160 FOCU ON IS THAT THIS MOUSE 3455 02:16:44,160 --> 02:16:47,360 MT HAVE A LOT OF EMOTIONAL 3456 02:16:47,360 --> 02:16:49,640 SALIENCE AFFORDED TO THIS FOR 3457 02:16:49,640 --> 02:16:52,520 THIS TYPE OF OPTOGENETIC 3458 02:16:52,520 --> 02:16:54,200 STIMULATION. YET IN THE REAL 3459 02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:55,400 WORLD WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 3460 02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:57,560 AGGRESSION THERE IS OBVIOUSLY A 3461 02:16:57,560 --> 02:16:59,960 GREAT DEAL OF AFFECT AND SO THE 3462 02:16:59,960 --> 02:17:01,200 QUESTION WE HAVE BEEN FOCUSING 3463 02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:02,320 ON THAT WE HAVE BEEN TRYING TO 3464 02:17:02,320 --> 02:17:03,400 DEVELOP TOOLS TO ANSWER 3465 02:17:03,400 --> 02:17:05,480 PROCEDURES TO ANSWER IS HOW CAN 3466 02:17:05,480 --> 02:17:08,200 WE ISOLATE AGGRESSION MOTIVATION 3467 02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:08,760 FROM THIS ATTACK BEHAVIOR 3468 02:17:08,760 --> 02:17:12,840 ITSELF. OF COURSE DATA 3469 02:17:12,840 --> 02:17:14,040 FANTASTIC JOB ON TALKING THE 3470 02:17:14,040 --> 02:17:17,040 ROLE OF THE VMH ITSELF AND 3471 02:17:17,040 --> 02:17:19,960 ENCODING AGGRESSION AND THE WORK 3472 02:17:19,960 --> 02:17:21,840 OF ANNA FALKNER WHO WILL BE 3473 02:17:21,840 --> 02:17:24,160 SPEAKING SOON AND OTHER AREAS 3474 02:17:24,160 --> 02:17:25,520 CANONICAL REWARD AREAS TIE INTO 3475 02:17:25,520 --> 02:17:26,840 THIS AS WELL. NEXT SLIDE 3476 02:17:26,840 --> 02:17:31,320 PLEASE. REALLY NICE TO TALK 3477 02:17:31,320 --> 02:17:33,200 CLINICALLY FOCUSED GROUP ON 3478 02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:35,200 AGGRESSION THE FIRST QUESTION WE 3479 02:17:35,200 --> 02:17:36,760 GET WHEN TYPICALLY OR I GET WHEN 3480 02:17:36,760 --> 02:17:39,080 I GET A PRE-CLINICAL TALK IS ARE 3481 02:17:39,080 --> 02:17:40,360 THERE REALLY EVEN DIFFERENT 3482 02:17:40,360 --> 02:17:44,520 TYPES OF AGGRESSION, HERE IS A 3483 02:17:44,520 --> 02:17:47,480 EXAMPLE OF THAT SHOWING IN 3484 02:17:47,480 --> 02:17:49,800 HEALTHY UNDERGRADUATES ASKED TO 3485 02:17:49,800 --> 02:17:51,960 LISTEN TO AUDITORY SCRIP SCRIPT 3486 02:17:51,960 --> 02:17:53,480 OF A FIGHT THEY LIKE TO ENGAGE 3487 02:17:53,480 --> 02:17:54,760 IN AND WIN OR DON'T WANT TO 3488 02:17:54,760 --> 02:17:56,320 ENGAGE IN AND LOSE THEY GET 3489 02:17:56,320 --> 02:17:59,160 DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CORTICAL 3490 02:17:59,160 --> 02:18:01,920 ACTIVITY MORE APPARENT TO 3491 02:18:01,920 --> 02:18:05,280 PATHOLOGICAL R FUNCTIONAL 3492 02:18:05,280 --> 02:18:07,840 OR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS LIKE THE 3493 02:18:07,840 --> 02:18:10,040 AMYGDALA AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. 3494 02:18:10,040 --> 02:18:11,280 THE GOAL OF THE FIRST PART OF 3495 02:18:11,280 --> 02:18:12,720 THIS TALK IS HOW CAN WE NOW 3496 02:18:12,720 --> 02:18:14,400 BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF 3497 02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:18,520 THESE OTHER REWARD AREAS IN 3498 02:18:18,520 --> 02:18:19,760 PRE-CLINICAL AGGRESSION RESEARCH 3499 02:18:19,760 --> 02:18:21,040 LOOKING AT MOTIVATION 3500 02:18:21,040 --> 02:18:22,360 SPECIFICALLY. COULD YOU PLEASE 3501 02:18:22,360 --> 02:18:26,560 GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. HOW CAN 3502 02:18:26,560 --> 02:18:28,960 WE REVERSE TRANSLATE THE IDEA OF 3503 02:18:28,960 --> 02:18:31,800 SOME OF THAT APPARENT IN THE 3504 02:18:31,800 --> 02:18:33,800 CLINICAL WORLD IN ENTAIL RODENT 3505 02:18:33,800 --> 02:18:36,000 MODEL REPRODUCIBLE WAY. 3506 02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:37,120 TYPICALLY MOST AGGRESSION 3507 02:18:37,120 --> 02:18:39,440 RESEARCH UP TO NOW AND EVEN NOW 3508 02:18:39,440 --> 02:18:41,440 NOW FOCUS FOCUSES ON RESIDENT IR 3509 02:18:41,440 --> 02:18:42,920 PROCEDURES. A LARGER MORE 3510 02:18:42,920 --> 02:18:45,160 AGGRESSIVE MOUSE. IN THIS CASE 3511 02:18:45,160 --> 02:18:47,120 IMAGE AN OUTBREAD CD 1 ATTACKING 3512 02:18:47,120 --> 02:18:51,120 A SMALLER SUBORDINATE INBREAD 3513 02:18:51,120 --> 02:18:53,840 MOUSE OR C 57, THIS RELIABLY 3514 02:18:53,840 --> 02:18:54,800 LEADS TO SIGNIFICANT AGGRESSION 3515 02:18:54,800 --> 02:18:56,600 ON THE PART OF THE RESIDENT 3516 02:18:56,600 --> 02:18:58,960 ACROSS THREE DAYS. WHAT IS 3517 02:18:58,960 --> 02:19:00,600 INTERESTING IS IN THESE OUTBREAD 3518 02:19:00,600 --> 02:19:02,640 POPULATIONS WE SEE A SIGNIFICANT 3519 02:19:02,640 --> 02:19:07,000 SPECTRUM OF AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR, 3520 02:19:07,000 --> 02:19:09,080 ABOUT 70% M% EXHIBIT ROBUST 3521 02:19:09,080 --> 02:19:09,840 ENOUGH AGGRESSION TO BE 3522 02:19:09,840 --> 02:19:11,800 CONSIDERED AGGRESSIVE, 30% FAIL 3523 02:19:11,800 --> 02:19:13,320 TO SHOW AGGRESSION UNDER 3524 02:19:13,320 --> 02:19:14,000 PARAMETERS AND LESS THE 3525 02:19:14,000 --> 02:19:16,360 STANDARSTANDARD. IN THE FIELD E 3526 02:19:16,360 --> 02:19:18,080 TALK ABOUT LOOKING FOR 3527 02:19:18,080 --> 02:19:19,440 MECHANISMS GUIDING AGGRESSION 3528 02:19:19,440 --> 02:19:25,640 BEHAVIOR. SO WE WORKED ON 3529 02:19:25,640 --> 02:19:26,920 CONDITION BASED PREVALENCE 3530 02:19:26,920 --> 02:19:30,520 PROCEDURE TO SEPARATE ALLOWING 3531 02:19:30,520 --> 02:19:31,160 PROPRESENTATION FROM AGGRESSION 3532 02:19:31,160 --> 02:19:32,960 SEEKING BEHAVIOR. WE HAVE A 3533 02:19:32,960 --> 02:19:35,760 CHAMBER THAT HAS THREE DIFFERENT 3534 02:19:35,760 --> 02:19:37,800 CONTEXT, NEUTRAL CONTEXT IN THE 3535 02:19:37,800 --> 02:19:40,400 MIDDLE AND THEN A CONTEXT A 3536 02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:41,560 DIFFERENT FROM CONTEXT OTHER 3537 02:19:41,560 --> 02:19:44,200 SIDE AND CONTEXT B IS SIZE GRID 3538 02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:46,120 FLOORS LIGHTING COLORATION, 3539 02:19:46,120 --> 02:19:47,640 OLFACTORY QUEUES AND ONE OF 3540 02:19:47,640 --> 02:19:48,800 THOSE REPEATEDLY WITH THE 3541 02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:50,880 OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK AND WIN 3542 02:19:50,880 --> 02:19:52,760 AGAINST SUBORDINATE INTRUDER. 3543 02:19:52,760 --> 02:19:54,800 AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE 3544 02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:56,320 ABSENCE OF THAT TAKE OR CONTROL 3545 02:19:56,320 --> 02:20:02,720 B CONDITIONS, WE FOUND THAT 3546 02:20:02,720 --> 02:20:04,800 ANIMALS PRE-SCREENED AGGRESSIVE 3547 02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:06,120 WOULD BE DEPRESSANTS TO THE 3548 02:20:06,120 --> 02:20:08,400 ATTACK PAIRED SIDE WHEREAS 3549 02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:09,040 PANELS NON-AGGRESSIVE WOULD GO 3550 02:20:09,040 --> 02:20:10,920 TO FORM A CONDITIONS BASE 3551 02:20:10,920 --> 02:20:14,760 SUBVERSION SO USING THESE TOOLS 3552 02:20:14,760 --> 02:20:19,120 ABLE TO DISSOCIATE CIRCUIT BASED 3553 02:20:19,120 --> 02:20:20,120 MECHANISMS THAT GUIDE 3554 02:20:20,120 --> 02:20:21,240 AGGRESSION. THERE IS LIMITATIONS 3555 02:20:21,240 --> 02:20:25,880 HERE. THE I GUESS CONDITION 3556 02:20:25,880 --> 02:20:27,280 PLACE PREFERENCE PROCEDURE WE 3557 02:20:27,280 --> 02:20:28,160 DEVELOPED ISN'T THAT MUCH 3558 02:20:28,160 --> 02:20:29,880 DIFFERENT FROM THE RESIDENT 3559 02:20:29,880 --> 02:20:32,760 INTRUDER IN THAT THE ACTIVE 3560 02:20:32,760 --> 02:20:34,120 FIGHTING ITSELF IS FULL FORCE 3561 02:20:34,120 --> 02:20:36,600 AND NON-VOLITIONAL, RESIDENT 3562 02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:37,440 INTRUDE NEAR A SMALL AREA, 3563 02:20:37,440 --> 02:20:38,760 AGAINST THEIR WILL, THEY ARE NOT 3564 02:20:38,760 --> 02:20:41,160 GOING TO CHOOSE OR NOT CHOOSE TO 3565 02:20:41,160 --> 02:20:43,080 TAKE PART IN THAT PROCEDURE. 3566 02:20:43,080 --> 02:20:46,360 STILL A VERY FORCED. SO WE 3567 02:20:46,360 --> 02:20:48,000 WEREN'T -- WE DIDN'T HAVE A 3568 02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:50,960 GREAT GRASP YET ON ISOLATING 3569 02:20:50,960 --> 02:20:54,160 THAT MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT. AS 3570 02:20:54,160 --> 02:20:55,480 IS OFTEN THE CASE LOOK THROUGH 3571 02:20:55,480 --> 02:20:57,280 THE LITERATURE FAR ENOUGH 3572 02:20:57,280 --> 02:20:59,880 SOMEBODY SOLVED THE PROBLEM. IN 3573 02:20:59,880 --> 02:21:01,320 THIS CASE (INAUDIBLE) LAB SHOWN 3574 02:21:01,320 --> 02:21:03,200 NICELY EARLY 2000S THE SAME 3575 02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:07,960 OUTBREAD ANIMALS ACCESS TO 3576 02:21:07,960 --> 02:21:09,240 SUBORDINATE INTRUDER. NEXT SLIDE 3577 02:21:09,240 --> 02:21:12,080 PLEASE. SO WE WANTED TO TAKE 3578 02:21:12,080 --> 02:21:15,600 THIS IDEA OF USING OPERANT 3579 02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:19,280 APPROACHES FOR ASEEKING BEHAVIOR 3580 02:21:19,280 --> 02:21:21,360 AND APPLY ADDICTION LITERATURE 3581 02:21:21,360 --> 02:21:22,280 SPECTRUM OF INDIVIDUAL 3582 02:21:22,280 --> 02:21:23,640 DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION 3583 02:21:23,640 --> 02:21:24,960 SEEKING BEHAVIOR. YOU CAN SEE 3584 02:21:24,960 --> 02:21:26,720 THAT MIGHT EXTEND TO A 3585 02:21:26,720 --> 02:21:27,960 PATHOLOGICAL REALM. SO LOOKING 3586 02:21:27,960 --> 02:21:29,560 HERE ON THE RIGHT IS A VIDEO 3587 02:21:29,560 --> 02:21:31,560 OUTBREAD CD 1 THAT HAD TO PRESS 3588 02:21:31,560 --> 02:21:33,680 A LEVER TEN TIMES TO GAIN ACCESS 3589 02:21:33,680 --> 02:21:36,760 TO A SECOND LEVER TO PRESS 3590 02:21:36,760 --> 02:21:37,960 SUBORDINATE INTRUDER AND THEN 3591 02:21:37,960 --> 02:21:38,840 GETS TO CHOOSE WHAT IT WANTS TO 3592 02:21:38,840 --> 02:21:41,720 DO. SO THROUGH THESE TYPES OF ON 3593 02:21:41,720 --> 02:21:43,360 RANT PROCEDURES WHICH MAKE THIS 3594 02:21:43,360 --> 02:21:46,400 A COMPLETELY VOLITIONAL TASK. 3595 02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:47,520 WHETHER PRESS THE ATES 3596 02:21:47,520 --> 02:21:50,760 OR WHETHER T WANT TO FIGHT T 3597 02:21:50,760 --> 02:21:52,320 ONE EAST'S NATURE. VERSUS REALLY 3598 02:21:52,320 --> 02:21:53,800 TIME CONSUMING I CY 3599 02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:56,200 CHALLENGING TO CONVINCE A NEW 3600 02:21:56,200 --> 02:21:57,440 GRADUATE STUDENT TO SPEND THE 3601 02:21:57,440 --> 02:21:58,400 NEXT FIVE YEARS PUTTING A MOUSE 3602 02:21:58,400 --> 02:22:01,480 IN A BOX. ANOTHER TIME ANOTHER 3603 02:22:01,480 --> 02:22:02,920 MOUSE PRESS AS LEVER THEY GET 3604 02:22:02,920 --> 02:22:05,400 MORE CONDITIONED TO THE BEHAVIOR 3605 02:22:05,400 --> 02:22:06,680 THAN THE MICE SO ALSO SPEND TIME 3606 02:22:06,680 --> 02:22:09,120 ON AUTOMATING THESE PROCEDURES 3607 02:22:09,120 --> 02:22:11,440 TO MAKE MORE HIGH THROUGH PUT. 3608 02:22:11,440 --> 02:22:12,920 THIS BRINGS UP A CRITICAL 3609 02:22:12,920 --> 02:22:13,720 QUESTION IN THE FIELD WHICH IS 3610 02:22:13,720 --> 02:22:16,040 IN A LOT OF THESE ON RANT 3611 02:22:16,040 --> 02:22:18,800 PROCEDURES PEOPLE ARE 3612 02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:20,560 DEVELOPING, THEY USE BARRIERS SO 3613 02:22:20,560 --> 02:22:21,800 THE QUESTION IS IF YOU HAVE 3614 02:22:21,800 --> 02:22:23,640 SENSORY VERSUS PHYSICAL 3615 02:22:23,640 --> 02:22:25,200 AGGRESSION IN THESE PRE-CLINICAL 3616 02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:27,080 MODELS ARE WE CAPTURING THE SAME 3617 02:22:27,080 --> 02:22:30,640 THINGS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. LONG 3618 02:22:30,640 --> 02:22:33,240 STORY SHORT PUTTING THESE 3619 02:22:33,240 --> 02:22:35,840 ANIMALS THROUGH T OPERANT 3620 02:22:35,840 --> 02:22:38,840 PROCEDURES, RELAPSE, PUNISHMENT, 3621 02:22:38,840 --> 02:22:41,280 OUR VARIATION ON CONTINGENCY 3622 02:22:41,280 --> 02:22:43,880 MANAGEMENT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE 3623 02:22:43,880 --> 02:22:45,440 ENFORCERS WE SEE INDIVIDUAL 3624 02:22:45,440 --> 02:22:47,000 VARIABILITY IN AGGRESSION 3625 02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:48,360 SEEKING WHICH WE CAN CLUSTER TO 3626 02:22:48,360 --> 02:22:52,360 THEIR SPECIES OR COMPULSIVE 3627 02:22:52,360 --> 02:22:53,880 AGGRESSIVE SEEKING. THIS ALLOW 3628 02:22:53,880 --> 02:22:55,640 IT IS FULL SPECTRUM OF VICTIM 3629 02:22:55,640 --> 02:23:02,000 DIFFERENCES. NEXT SLIDE. THE 3630 02:23:02,000 --> 02:23:03,160 IMPORTANT THING TO POINT OUT 3631 02:23:03,160 --> 02:23:05,800 HERE IS THAT WHEN BEUSE THESE 3632 02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:07,680 OPERANT APPROACHES WE CAN NOW 3633 02:23:07,680 --> 02:23:08,920 LOOK IN THE SAME CONTEXT WHETHER 3634 02:23:08,920 --> 02:23:12,120 IT IS VOLITIONAL OR CONTINGENT 3635 02:23:12,120 --> 02:23:13,760 OR NON-VOLITIONAL CONTINGENT, 3636 02:23:13,760 --> 02:23:15,120 WHAT THE CONSEQUENCES ARE IN 3637 02:23:15,120 --> 02:23:17,120 TERMS OF NEURAL ACTIVITY. SO IN 3638 02:23:17,120 --> 02:23:18,640 THIS PARTICULAR SMALL EXAMPLE WE 3639 02:23:18,640 --> 02:23:20,760 HAD ANIMALS TRAINED TO LEVER 3640 02:23:20,760 --> 02:23:24,240 EV TO FSUS ANIMALS 3641 02:23:24,240 --> 02:23:26,760 YOLKED TO SAME CONDITIONS, EVEN 3642 02:23:26,760 --> 02:23:27,920 THOUGH WE HAVE THE SAME AMOUNT 3643 02:23:27,920 --> 02:23:29,800 OF AGGRESSION AND SAME CONTEXT 3644 02:23:29,800 --> 02:23:31,240 IF WE LOOK AT WHOLE BRAIN 3645 02:23:31,240 --> 02:23:33,400 ACTIVITY PATTERNS, IN THIS CASE 3646 02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:35,280 FOCUSING ON THE FOREBRAIN, THIS 3647 02:23:35,280 --> 02:23:36,880 EXAMPLE WE CAN SEE VERY 3648 02:23:36,880 --> 02:23:38,840 DIVERGENT OVERALL PATTERNS OF 3649 02:23:38,840 --> 02:23:40,120 NEURAL ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WHAT 3650 02:23:40,120 --> 02:23:41,760 LOOKED LIKE VERY SIMILAR STATES. 3651 02:23:41,760 --> 02:23:44,320 SO THE QUESTION IS, HOW CAN WE 3652 02:23:44,320 --> 02:23:45,680 NOW UNDERSTAND BETTER THESE 3653 02:23:45,680 --> 02:23:46,680 NEURAL MECHANISMS BETWEEN 3654 02:23:46,680 --> 02:23:48,840 VOLITIONAL AGGRESSION SEEKING, 3655 02:23:48,840 --> 02:23:50,760 VERSUS FORCED AGGRESSION. NEXT 3656 02:23:50,760 --> 02:23:53,600 SLIDE PLEASE. THAT COVERS HOW 3657 02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:54,640 WE VIEW THE MODRY 3658 02:23:54,640 --> 02:23:56,000 BRIEFLY I WANT TO HAN AN H 3659 02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:58,160 E OF SEX AS BIOLOGICALO 3660 02:23:58,160 --> 02:24:03,600 LE. NEXT LIED PLEASE. LNEIN 3661 02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:07,280 THE INTERESTING WORK SHOWING 3662 02:24:07,280 --> 02:24:09,040 PSYCHOLOGY TRY IN THE NUCLEUS 3663 02:24:09,040 --> 02:24:10,440 ACCUMBENS, WE WANTED TO TAKE 3664 02:24:10,440 --> 02:24:13,640 MALE AND FEMALE OUTBREAD MICE TO 3665 02:24:13,640 --> 02:24:16,720 IDENTIFY AGGRESSION IN BOTH 3666 02:24:16,720 --> 02:24:18,840 SEXES. SO INITIAL WORK 3667 02:24:18,840 --> 02:24:20,920 IDENTIFIED THAT MALES PREVIOUS 3668 02:24:20,920 --> 02:24:22,960 WILL I SHOWN BUT NOT MALES FORM 3669 02:24:22,960 --> 02:24:23,960 A CONDITION PLACED PREFERENCE. 3670 02:24:23,960 --> 02:24:25,680 WE TOOK ANIMALS, FEMALE MICE 3671 02:24:25,680 --> 02:24:28,440 THAT SHOWED HIGH REACTIVE 3672 02:24:28,440 --> 02:24:29,760 AGGRESSION AND MALE MICE WITH 3673 02:24:29,760 --> 02:24:32,440 HIGH REACTIVE AGGRESSION H. 3674 02:24:32,440 --> 02:24:33,600 RESIDENT INTRUDER PARENT THOUGHT 3675 02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:35,760 QUITE A BIT. T TOOK SAME ANIMALS 3676 02:24:35,760 --> 02:24:38,000 THROUGH OPERANT PROCEDURE. EVEN 3677 02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:39,480 THOUGH THE FEMALE MEMEVER 3678 02:24:39,480 --> 02:24:41,200 PRESS FOR SOCIAL PARTNER, THE 3679 02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:43,160 USER HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE FEMALES 3680 02:24:43,160 --> 02:24:45,680 UNDER REACTIVE CONDITIONS, THE 3681 02:24:45,680 --> 02:24:48,040 WILL N ATTACK WHEN GIVING 3682 02:24:48,040 --> 02:24:49,840 VOLITIONAL CONTROL OVER ACCESS 3683 02:24:49,840 --> 02:24:52,080 TO THAT SUBORDINATE. THE MALES 3684 02:24:52,080 --> 02:24:54,320 CONTINUE TO SHOW HIGH AGGRESSION 3685 02:24:54,320 --> 02:24:56,680 WHEN LEVER PRESS SUBORDINATE. SO 3686 02:24:56,680 --> 02:24:58,840 THERE IS A DIVERGENCE WHEN SEX 3687 02:24:58,840 --> 02:25:01,560 AS BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE 3688 02:25:01,560 --> 02:25:02,080 ESPECIALLY AGGRESSION 3689 02:25:02,080 --> 02:25:03,360 MOTIVATION. THIS IS SOMETHING TO 3690 02:25:03,360 --> 02:25:07,880 ADDRESS AS A FIELD, WITH THE 3691 02:25:07,880 --> 02:25:09,320 MANDATE TO LOOK AT SEX AS 3692 02:25:09,320 --> 02:25:11,560 BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE IN OUR 3693 02:25:11,560 --> 02:25:15,960 PRE-CLINICAL WORK. IT BEGINS TO 3694 02:25:15,960 --> 02:25:18,040 -- OUT OF TIME. HAVE IMPACT ON 3695 02:25:18,040 --> 02:25:21,280 HOW WE WANT TO DESIGN THESE 3696 02:25:21,280 --> 02:25:30,800 THINGS. MENTION SLIDE NEXT 3697 02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:38,960 SLIDE. LAST SLIDE QUICKLY, I 3698 02:25:38,960 --> 02:25:40,760 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT BEHAVIOR AS A 3699 02:25:40,760 --> 02:25:42,640 SHAREABLE REAGENT SO WE TALKED 3700 02:25:42,640 --> 02:25:44,280 ABILITY THESE OPERANT 3701 02:25:44,280 --> 02:25:45,400 PROCEDURES. NOW WE HAVE TOOLS 3702 02:25:45,400 --> 02:25:48,280 TO ALLOW MACHINE LEARNING 3703 02:25:48,280 --> 02:25:52,840 APPROACHES TO REMOVE 3704 02:25:52,840 --> 02:25:54,280 SUBJECTIVITY F YOU ASK 3705 02:25:54,280 --> 02:25:56,840 RESEARCHERS WHAT THEY DEFINING A 3706 02:25:56,840 --> 02:25:58,680 GREG AS AND LABS YOU GET TWO 3707 02:25:58,680 --> 02:26:00,480 ANSWERS, THIS LEADS TO CRISIS OF 3708 02:26:00,480 --> 02:26:01,120 REPRODUCIBILITY SO WE HAVE 3709 02:26:01,120 --> 02:26:02,760 INTRODUCTION OF MACHINE LEARNING 3710 02:26:02,760 --> 02:26:04,400 APPROACHES THAT MOVE THAT 3711 02:26:04,400 --> 02:26:06,280 SUBJECTIVITY, NOW TO ALSO DEFINE 3712 02:26:06,280 --> 02:26:07,640 THESE THINGS USING QUANTIFIABLE 3713 02:26:07,640 --> 02:26:09,840 METRICS. SO ONE APPE HAVE 3714 02:26:09,840 --> 02:26:10,320 USED IS A 3715 02:26:10,320 --> 02:26:12,440 IPELINE CALLED SIMBA, 3716 02:26:12,440 --> 02:26:14,560 ALLOWS SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 3717 02:26:14,560 --> 02:26:16,240 BEHAVIOR MORE IMPORTANTLY 3718 02:26:16,240 --> 02:26:17,600 INCORPORATES EXPLAINABILITY 3719 02:26:17,600 --> 02:26:19,680 METRICS. SO WE TOOK FIVE LABS 3720 02:26:19,680 --> 02:26:20,920 AND FOUR DIFFERENT LABS AND 3721 02:26:20,920 --> 02:26:23,040 STUDY AGGRESSION IN MICE, ASKED 3722 02:26:23,040 --> 02:26:24,640 THEM TO GENERATE CLASSIFIER 3723 02:26:24,640 --> 02:26:25,800 BASED ON THEIR VERSION OF 3724 02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:30,040 AGGRESSION AND THEN WE USE THESE 3725 02:26:30,040 --> 02:26:37,920 EXPLAINABILITY METRICS PROVIDE 3726 02:26:37,920 --> 02:26:40,600 CONCRETE NUMBERS THAT DEFINE 3727 02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:43,280 DEFINITION REGRESSION. THE 3728 02:26:43,280 --> 02:26:45,040 BEAUTY OF MACHINE LEARNING, TALK 3729 02:26:45,040 --> 02:26:47,400 MORE POTENTIALLY DURABLE PANEL 3730 02:26:47,400 --> 02:26:49,360 IS THEY REMOVE SUBJECTIVITY AND 3731 02:26:49,360 --> 02:26:50,880 PROVIDE QUANTIFIABLE METRICS 3732 02:26:50,880 --> 02:26:55,160 THESE ARE SHAREABLE. YOU CAN 3733 02:26:55,160 --> 02:26:57,360 TAKE CLASSIFIER OR BUILD MY 3734 02:26:57,360 --> 02:27:00,800 CLASSIFIER AND KNOW HOW YOUR 3735 02:27:00,800 --> 02:27:02,440 DEFINITIONS CHANGE IN A 3736 02:27:02,440 --> 02:27:04,240 QUANTIFIABLE WAY AND LEAD TO 3737 02:27:04,240 --> 02:27:04,920 ENHANCED REPRODUCIBILITY. WEED 3738 02:27:04,920 --> 02:27:07,160 TYSTART TALKING ABOUT THE N 3739 02:27:07,160 --> 02:27:10,680 CORRELATES OR OTHER PERIPHERAL 3740 02:27:10,680 --> 02:27:11,840 CORRELATES OF AGGRESSION. I 3741 02:27:11,840 --> 02:27:13,080 DON'T WANT TO TAKE ANY MORE 3742 02:27:13,080 --> 02:27:17,160 SUMM, IF YOU GO TO THE LAST 3743 02:27:17,160 --> 02:27:17,920 DE, I WANT TO MENTION 3744 02:27:17,920 --> 02:27:21,600 WE HAVE GOT THIS I BELIEVE A 3745 02:27:21,600 --> 02:27:22,960 FIELD WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 3746 02:27:22,960 --> 02:27:25,200 MOVE TOWARDS VOLITIONAL BEHAVIOR 3747 02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:27,440 STUDY AGGRESSION. THAT SEX AS A 3748 02:27:27,440 --> 02:27:29,680 BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE IS NOT GOING 3749 02:27:29,680 --> 02:27:34,840 THE WAY WE THOUGHT IT WAS AND A 3750 02:27:34,840 --> 02:27:36,320 FEEL TO DISCUSS AND TOOLS 3751 02:27:36,320 --> 02:27:37,840 AVAILABLE TO HELP REMOVE 3752 02:27:37,840 --> 02:27:40,680 SUBJECTIVITY OF DEFINING 3753 02:27:40,680 --> 02:27:42,240 AGGRESSION. AND HOW WE SHARE AND 3754 02:27:42,240 --> 02:27:45,320 STUDY ACROSS DIFFERENT LABS. 3755 02:27:45,320 --> 02:27:46,480 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. DR. 3756 02:27:46,480 --> 02:27:48,240 GOLDEN. MUCH APPRECIATED. NEXT 3757 02:27:48,240 --> 02:27:55,040 WE ARE GOING TO MOVE TO OUR NEXT 3758 02:27:55,040 --> 02:27:57,760 SPEAKER, DR. FALKNER, PRINCETONT 3759 02:27:57,760 --> 02:27:59,120 AWAY. 3760 02:27:59,120 --> 02:28:01,000 >>IF YOU CAN ADVANCE TO START 3761 02:28:01,000 --> 02:28:03,640 THE VIDEO. THANK YOU. THANK YOU 3762 02:28:03,640 --> 02:28:05,080 FOR INVITING ME TO THIS 3763 02:28:05,080 --> 02:28:06,840 FASCINATING DAY SO FAR. SO MY 3764 02:28:06,840 --> 02:28:08,520 LAB WORKS ON THINKING ABOUT 3765 02:28:08,520 --> 02:28:09,960 EXPERIENCE DEPENDENT CHANGE IN 3766 02:28:09,960 --> 02:28:11,480 NEURAL CIRCUITS ACROSS A VARIETY 3767 02:28:11,480 --> 02:28:13,480 OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR USING MOUSE 3768 02:28:13,480 --> 02:28:14,880 MODEL BUT THE BREAD AND BUTTER 3769 02:28:14,880 --> 02:28:16,280 OF RESEARCH PROGRAM IS 3770 02:28:16,280 --> 02:28:17,560 AGGRESSION. SO IN PARTICULAR WE 3771 02:28:17,560 --> 02:28:19,320 LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE 3772 02:28:19,320 --> 02:28:20,640 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURAL 3773 02:28:20,640 --> 02:28:22,520 ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR DURING 3774 02:28:22,520 --> 02:28:24,880 AGGRESSION. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE 3775 02:28:24,880 --> 02:28:29,960 CALLED ROSTER PLOT AT THE TOP, 3776 02:28:29,960 --> 02:28:31,600 EACH FLECKS IS A NEURON. YOU CAN 3777 02:28:31,600 --> 02:28:33,000 RECORD ACTIVITY FROM THESE 3778 02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:35,160 ANIMALS IN AGGRESSIVE STATE. WE 3779 02:28:35,160 --> 02:28:36,560 ARE RECORDING THE BLUE ANIMAL 3780 02:28:36,560 --> 02:28:37,840 ATTACKING THE OTHER ANIMAL. 3781 02:28:37,840 --> 02:28:40,880 ADVANCE PLEASE. SO WHY DO WE DO 3782 02:28:40,880 --> 02:28:42,200 THIS? IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING IN 3783 02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:44,120 THIS AUDIENCE BUT AGGRESSION AND 3784 02:28:44,120 --> 02:28:45,680 VIOLEN A HUGE SOCIETAL 3785 02:28:45,680 --> 02:28:48,480 PROBLEM WITH ENORMOUS HUMAN COST 3786 02:28:48,480 --> 02:28:51,120 SO THE RATE OF VIOLENT CRIME BY 3787 02:28:51,120 --> 02:28:52,360 MEN IS AT LEAST FOUR OR FIVE 3788 02:28:52,360 --> 02:28:53,880 TIMES THAT OF WOMEN AND BECAUSE 3789 02:28:53,880 --> 02:28:56,120 OF THIS DISPARITY MY RESEARCH 3790 02:28:56,120 --> 02:28:57,800 FOCUSES ON MALE AGGRESSION. SO 3791 02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:01,600 ADVANCE PLEASE. SO ONE OF THE 3792 02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:03,160 DREAMS WE HAVE IN MY LAB IS TO 3793 02:29:03,160 --> 02:29:06,200 TRY AND FIGURE OUT STRATEGIES TO 3794 02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:07,240 DETECT AGGRESSION BEFORE IT 3795 02:29:07,240 --> 02:29:09,000 HAPPENS. THEN FIGURE OUT 3796 02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:10,960 STRATEGIES TO DEESCALATE THAT 3797 02:29:10,960 --> 02:29:13,280 VIOLENCE PRIOR TO ONSET OF 3798 02:29:13,280 --> 02:29:15,440 ATTACK. CAN WE FIGURE WHICH 3799 02:29:15,440 --> 02:29:16,920 INDIVIDUALS ARE LIKELY VIOLENT 3800 02:29:16,920 --> 02:29:18,280 AND WHEN THIS VIOLENCE IS LIKELY 3801 02:29:18,280 --> 02:29:20,480 TO ERUPT. IN PARTICULAR WHERE 3802 02:29:20,480 --> 02:29:22,400 MOUSE MODELS ARE USEFUL IN THIS 3803 02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:23,720 FRAMEWORK IS WE CAN LOOK FOR 3804 02:29:23,720 --> 02:29:24,920 ARKERS T PREDICT 3805 02:29:24,920 --> 02:29:26,560 AGGRESSIONO THINK WE OFTEN 3806 02:29:26,560 --> 02:29:28,880 THINK ABOUT BIOMARKERS AS BEING 3807 02:29:28,880 --> 02:29:30,320 BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS BUT HERE 3808 02:29:30,320 --> 02:29:32,240 THIS CAN BE ANYTHING FROM 3809 02:29:32,240 --> 02:29:33,880 BEHAVIOR, AN AFFECTIVE OR 3810 02:29:33,880 --> 02:29:35,840 EMOTIONAL STATE, MUSCLE TWITCH, 3811 02:29:35,840 --> 02:29:37,440 CERTAIN TYPES OF NEURAL DATA, 3812 02:29:37,440 --> 02:29:40,040 ANYTHING WE CAN OBSERVE. WE CAN 3813 02:29:40,040 --> 02:29:41,840 USE MOUSE MODEL TO DIG DEEPER 3814 02:29:41,840 --> 02:29:43,280 INTO THISSATIONSHIP BETWEEN 3815 02:29:43,280 --> 02:29:44,960 THIS BIOMARKER AND NEURAL 3816 02:29:44,960 --> 02:29:46,280 MECHANISMS WHICH ARE TARGETED. 3817 02:29:46,280 --> 02:29:48,120 THE HOLY GRAIL OF THIS APPROACH 3818 02:29:48,120 --> 02:29:50,240 IS DEFINED BIOMARKERS CONCORDANT 3819 02:29:50,240 --> 02:29:52,880 BETWEEN HUMANS AN ANIMALS. WHICH 3820 02:29:52,880 --> 02:29:54,320 CAN PROVIDE A DIRECT TEST OF 3821 02:29:54,320 --> 02:29:55,560 THESE DIRECTED THERAPEUTICS. 3822 02:29:55,560 --> 02:29:59,480 THIS IS LONG TERM GOAL. SO MY 3823 02:29:59,480 --> 02:30:01,680 LAB HAS TRIED TO LOOK PREDICTIVE 3824 02:30:01,680 --> 02:30:03,640 SIGNALS ON TWO TIME SCALES. SO 3825 02:30:03,640 --> 02:30:05,560 THE FIRST IS VERY ACUTELY. WHAT 3826 02:30:05,560 --> 02:30:07,880 IS HAPPENING IN THE MOMENTS 3827 02:30:07,880 --> 02:30:09,200 RIGHT BEFORE INDIVIDUAL 3828 02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:10,240 INITIATES AGGRESSIVE EPISODE? 3829 02:30:10,240 --> 02:30:11,920 THE OTHER IS ACROSS MUCH LONGER 3830 02:30:11,920 --> 02:30:13,560 TIME SCALE. AS ANIMALS 3831 02:30:13,560 --> 02:30:14,960 EXPERIENCE UPDATES TO THEIR 3832 02:30:14,960 --> 02:30:16,080 AGGRESSIVE STATES. AFTER SOME 3833 02:30:16,080 --> 02:30:20,600 TYPE OF LEARNING. ADVANCE 3834 02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:22,480 PLEASE. SO YOU CAN ADVANCE TO 3835 02:30:22,480 --> 02:30:24,160 START THE FIRST MOVIE. TO LOOK 3836 02:30:24,160 --> 02:30:26,280 BOTH AT THE ACUTE TIME SCALE AND 3837 02:30:26,280 --> 02:30:27,280 LONG TIME SCALE WE HAVE BEEN 3838 02:30:27,280 --> 02:30:29,040 FOCUSED ON CREATING BETTER 3839 02:30:29,040 --> 02:30:30,000 QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF 3840 02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:31,760 AGGRESSION USING MACHINE VISION 3841 02:30:31,760 --> 02:30:33,400 MOSTLY HERE WITH COLLABORATORS 3842 02:30:33,400 --> 02:30:36,320 AT PRINCETON WHO DEVELOP DEEP 3843 02:30:36,320 --> 02:30:37,480 LEARNING INSTITUTION FOR ANIMAL 3844 02:30:37,480 --> 02:30:38,960 TRACKING. WE COMPARE MULTIPLE 3845 02:30:38,960 --> 02:30:40,640 TYPES OF AGGRESSION USING THE 3846 02:30:40,640 --> 02:30:42,680 RESIDENT INTRUDER PARADIGM ON 3847 02:30:42,680 --> 02:30:45,920 THE LEFT, START THE NEXT MOVIE, 3848 02:30:45,920 --> 02:30:47,320 ONE MORE TIME. WITH OUR OWN 3849 02:30:47,320 --> 02:30:49,360 FULLY AUTOMATED VERSION OF THE 3850 02:30:49,360 --> 02:30:52,920 SOCIAL OPERA INNT TASK WHERE 3851 02:30:52,920 --> 02:30:55,160 REGRESSION IS THE WORLD. TESTIFY 3852 02:30:55,160 --> 02:30:57,040 FLYING TASK WHICH COMES FROM 3853 02:30:57,040 --> 02:30:59,800 ABOVE. THE TASK ALLOWS US TO 3854 02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:02,280 ISOLATE NEURAL SIGNAL IN THIS 3855 02:31:02,280 --> 02:31:03,920 PREPARATORY PHASE OF AGGRESSION 3856 02:31:03,920 --> 02:31:05,520 AS ANIMALS THINK AND PLAN 3857 02:31:05,520 --> 02:31:07,600 AGGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. WE 3858 02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:09,120 COMPARE THOSE SAME NEURONS 3859 02:31:09,120 --> 02:31:11,880 RECORDED IN THIS TASK TO THOSE 3860 02:31:11,880 --> 02:31:12,760 RECORDED IN THE RESIDENT 3861 02:31:12,760 --> 02:31:14,520 INTRUDER TASK TO SEE IF SIGNALS 3862 02:31:14,520 --> 02:31:17,120 ARE DETECTABLE EVENAR WHEN WE 3863 02:31:17,120 --> 02:31:20,360 DON'T FORCE BEHAVIORS INTO THE 3864 02:31:20,360 --> 02:31:21,480 PARADIGM. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED 3865 02:31:21,480 --> 02:31:23,080 WITH THIS APPROACH, TO SUMMARIZE 3866 02:31:23,080 --> 02:31:25,640 A NUMBER OF PAPERS HERE, WE -- 3867 02:31:25,640 --> 02:31:29,000 AND BUILDING THE STUFF DAYU SAID 3868 02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:31,160 WE ISOLATE AD CORE SUB CORTICAL 3869 02:31:31,160 --> 02:31:32,200 AGGRESSION CIRCUIT WHICH IS COB 3870 02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:34,160 SERVED ACROSS SPECIES. WE FOUND 3871 02:31:34,160 --> 02:31:36,720 THIS REGION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS 3872 02:31:36,720 --> 02:31:38,520 CONTAINS NEURONS THAT FIRE IN A 3873 02:31:38,520 --> 02:31:39,840 SEQUENCE AS ANIMALS MOVE FROM 3874 02:31:39,840 --> 02:31:42,320 THIS MOTIVATED OR PREPARATORY 3875 02:31:42,320 --> 02:31:43,320 PHASE OF AGGRESSION BEFORE 3876 02:31:43,320 --> 02:31:45,960 ATTACK INTO THE ACTION PHASE. 3877 02:31:45,960 --> 02:31:47,680 AND NEURONS HYPOTHALAMUS 3878 02:31:47,680 --> 02:31:48,680 MOTIVATION SELECTIVE OR 3879 02:31:48,680 --> 02:31:50,360 MOTIVATION SELECTED REGARDLESS 3880 02:31:50,360 --> 02:31:52,680 OF WHETHER PREPARES TO NOSE POKE 3881 02:31:52,680 --> 02:31:56,800 IN THE OPERANT TASK OR PREPARING 3882 02:31:56,800 --> 02:31:58,160 FOR ATTACKFUL ONE SYNAPSE 3883 02:31:58,160 --> 02:31:59,720 DOWNSTREAM SITUATION LOOKS 3884 02:31:59,720 --> 02:32:00,600 TOTALLY DIFFERENT WITH NEURONS 3885 02:32:00,600 --> 02:32:01,840 EXHIBITING HIGH DEGREE OF 3886 02:32:01,840 --> 02:32:02,960 SELECTIVITY FOR THE ACTION 3887 02:32:02,960 --> 02:32:05,400 ITSELF. SO NEURONS IN THE 3888 02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:09,120 PERIDUCK TALL GRAY TIME LOCKED 3889 02:32:09,120 --> 02:32:10,400 DECK -- SUGGESTING MORE A ROLE 3890 02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:13,160 IN COORDINATING MUSCULATURE. THE 3891 02:32:13,160 --> 02:32:15,320 VM HTL IS HIGHLY INTEGRATED 3892 02:32:15,320 --> 02:32:16,560 STRUCTURE WITH MANY REGIONS OF 3893 02:32:16,560 --> 02:32:19,880 THE HYPOTHALAMUS BUT INPUTS ARE 3894 02:32:19,880 --> 02:32:21,760 INHIBITOR, DAYU MENTIONED THIS 3895 02:32:21,760 --> 02:32:23,560 ALSO, THIS SUGGESTS WHO TWO 3896 02:32:23,560 --> 02:32:25,520 RELATED IDEAS. THE FIRST IS THE 3897 02:32:25,520 --> 02:32:27,600 BRAIN CAN JAM THE BREAK BREAKS 3898 02:32:27,600 --> 02:32:29,600 ON AGGRESSION AND VARIETY OF 3899 02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:30,840 CIRCUITS SPECIFIC WAYS UNDER 3900 02:32:30,840 --> 02:32:32,080 DIFFERENT CONTEXT BUT THE FLIP 3901 02:32:32,080 --> 02:32:34,000 SIDE OF THIS INHIBITION IS USES 3902 02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:36,120 A LOT OF WAYS FOR THE SYSTEM TO 3903 02:32:36,120 --> 02:32:38,440 BECOME DISREGULATED. SO MOST 3904 02:32:38,440 --> 02:32:39,920 RECENTLY USE THIS COMPARATIVE 3905 02:32:39,920 --> 02:32:41,160 APPROACH BETWEEN TWO PARADIGMS 3906 02:32:41,160 --> 02:32:45,120 WE FOUND ONE INPUT IN THE AREA 3907 02:32:45,120 --> 02:32:46,320 NPH SELECTIVELYING TO T ON AND 3908 02:32:46,320 --> 02:32:48,520 OFF THESE MOTIVATION SELECTED OR 3909 02:32:48,520 --> 02:32:50,560 PREPARATORY NEURONS OF PREDI 3910 02:32:50,560 --> 02:32:52,200 ON. WE STIMULATE NEURONS 3911 02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:53,640 THROUGH SHORT PERIODS OF TIME IT 3912 02:32:53,640 --> 02:32:56,000 KICKS INTO LONG LASTING 3913 02:32:56,000 --> 02:32:57,240 UNMOTIVATED STATES. SO FOR US 3914 02:32:57,240 --> 02:32:59,200 THIS HAS SOME OBVIOUS 3915 02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:00,720 TRANSLATIONAL APPEAL. SO ADVANCE 3916 02:33:00,720 --> 02:33:06,600 PLEASE. WHAT ABOUT LONG TIME 3917 02:33:06,600 --> 02:33:07,840 SCALE SNAKES WE HAVE BEEN BECOME 3918 02:33:07,840 --> 02:33:08,480 INTEREST IN THE WAYS AGGRESSION 3919 02:33:08,480 --> 02:33:09,280 EXPERIENCE PARTICULARLY 3920 02:33:09,280 --> 02:33:10,320 EXPERIENCE WINNING FIGHTS 3921 02:33:10,320 --> 02:33:12,560 CREATES THE CONDITIONS WHICH 3922 02:33:12,560 --> 02:33:15,120 ENCOURAGE OR INCENTIVIZE FUTURE 3923 02:33:15,120 --> 02:33:17,840 AGGRESSION. WHY DOESOESSION 3924 02:33:17,840 --> 02:33:19,160 BEGET MORE AGGRESSION, IN WE 3925 02:33:19,160 --> 02:33:22,600 LOOK AT TIME SCALES UPDATE 3926 02:33:22,600 --> 02:33:24,040 LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIORS AND 3927 02:33:24,040 --> 02:33:25,640 TRANSITIONS HOWON UPDATE 3928 02:33:25,640 --> 02:33:27,520 INDIVIDUAL EMOTION OR 3929 02:33:27,520 --> 02:33:29,720 AFFECTIVE STATES HOW THEY UPDATD 3930 02:33:29,720 --> 02:33:31,280 INDIVIDUALS HORMONAL PROFILE 3931 02:33:31,280 --> 02:33:32,400 THAT NOBODY TOUCHED ON SO FAR 3932 02:33:32,400 --> 02:33:34,360 AND HOW THEY UPDATED INDIVIDUALS 3933 02:33:34,360 --> 02:33:36,240 IDENTITY RELATIVE TO OTHER. THE 3934 02:33:36,240 --> 02:33:39,520 RODENT WORLD WE THINK OF THIS AS 3935 02:33:39,520 --> 02:33:42,200 THE SOCIAL RANK. WE ALSO COMPARE 3936 02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:46,080 HOW AGGRESSION EXPERIENCESOVIDER 3937 02:33:46,080 --> 02:33:49,160 UPDATES IF YOU I THE BULLY INOUR 3938 02:33:49,160 --> 02:33:51,320 THIS CASE OR THE ONE BEING 3939 02:33:51,320 --> 02:33:53,400 BULLIED OPPOSED TO ONE OBSERVING 3940 02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,920 THIS. SO TO DO THIS NEXT SLIDE 3941 02:33:56,920 --> 02:34:00,440 PLEASE. WHAT WE NEED IS A 3942 02:34:00,440 --> 02:34:03,160 RIGOROUS QUANTITATIVE TOOLS TO 3943 02:34:03,160 --> 02:34:05,000 ALLOW BEHAVIOR COMPARISON OVER 3944 02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:08,040 TIME TO I ALLOW BEYOND WHAT WE 3945 02:34:08,040 --> 02:34:09,160 MIGHT THINK THIS IS IMPORTANT. 3946 02:34:09,160 --> 02:34:11,040 WE CREATE AND SHARED CODE FOR 3947 02:34:11,040 --> 02:34:13,440 PIPELINE UNSUPERVISED BEHAVIORAL 3948 02:34:13,440 --> 02:34:15,960 CLUSTERING USING MACHINE 3949 02:34:15,960 --> 02:34:18,080 TRACKING. WE PERFORM DENSITY 3950 02:34:18,080 --> 02:34:21,080 BASED CLUSTERING ON OUTPUT AND 3951 02:34:21,080 --> 02:34:22,560 FURTHER SUBDIVIDE THESE CLUSTERS 3952 02:34:22,560 --> 02:34:24,360 TO BEHAVIORS THAT ARE SUBJECTS 3953 02:34:24,360 --> 02:34:25,920 LED BECAUSE THERE ARE MORE 3954 02:34:25,920 --> 02:34:27,920 PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS MORE PARTNER 3955 02:34:27,920 --> 02:34:29,800 LED ON RECEIVING END OF 3956 02:34:29,800 --> 02:34:31,000 AGGRESSION, USUAL AND ASOCIAL. 3957 02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:32,400 SO WHAT WE ARE LOOKING FOR HERE 3958 02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:33,760 IS NOT JUST EVIDENCE THAT 3959 02:34:33,760 --> 02:34:35,080 ANIMALS ATTACK MORE WHEN THEY 3960 02:34:35,080 --> 02:34:37,440 GET EXPERIENCE BUT EVIDENCE THEY 3961 02:34:37,440 --> 02:34:39,440 CHANGE THE ENTIRE BEHAVIORAL 3962 02:34:39,440 --> 02:34:41,120 PROFILE. THIS ALLOWS US TO 3963 02:34:41,120 --> 02:34:42,200 IDENTIFY SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL 3964 02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:44,040 STATES THAT PRECEDE OR PREDICT 3965 02:34:44,040 --> 02:34:45,600 AGGRESSION. UNDERSTAND HOW THOSE 3966 02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:51,440 STATES CHANGE WITH EXPERIENCE. 3967 02:34:51,440 --> 02:34:52,680 IN TANDEM WITH THIS WE NEED 3968 02:34:52,680 --> 02:34:54,680 TOOLS TO ALLOW US TO TRACK 3969 02:34:54,680 --> 02:34:56,920 NEURAL SIGNAL ACROSS TEST LONG 3970 02:34:56,920 --> 02:34:58,840 TIME SCALES SO WEEKS TO MONTHS. 3971 02:34:58,840 --> 02:35:00,800 AS PANELS UPDATE THEIR 3972 02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:02,920 BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND ENTER 3973 02:35:02,920 --> 02:35:04,160 THESE PERSISTENT AGGRESSIVE 3974 02:35:04,160 --> 02:35:05,960 STATES. WE BUILT A SYSTEM THAT 3975 02:35:05,960 --> 02:35:08,080 ALLOW US TO RECORD NEURAL 3976 02:35:08,080 --> 02:35:10,040 POPULATIONS USING PHOTOMETRY IN 3977 02:35:10,040 --> 02:35:11,360 TWO COLORS TO TARGET TWO 3978 02:35:11,360 --> 02:35:12,680 INDEPENDENT POPULATIONS AT EACH 3979 02:35:12,680 --> 02:35:14,840 SITE ACROSS THE ENTIRE SUB 3980 02:35:14,840 --> 02:35:16,320 CORTICAL AGGRESSION CIRCUIT. 3981 02:35:16,320 --> 02:35:18,680 BASED ON THIS HYPOTHESIS 3982 02:35:18,680 --> 02:35:21,160 INHIBITION MIGHT BE THE KEY TO 3983 02:35:21,160 --> 02:35:22,920 DISREGULATION WE CAN LOOK AT 3984 02:35:22,920 --> 02:35:24,160 CHANGING BETWEEN EXCITATION 3985 02:35:24,160 --> 02:35:26,680 INHIBITION AN THESE NODES. 3986 02:35:26,680 --> 02:35:28,680 ADVANCE TO START VIDEO. THANK 3987 02:35:28,680 --> 02:35:30,480 YOU. SO HERE IS A LITTLE BIT 3988 02:35:30,480 --> 02:35:31,720 WHAT THIS DATA LOOKS LIKE. HERE 3989 02:35:31,720 --> 02:35:33,720 IS THE TWO SIGNALS THE RED IS 3990 02:35:33,720 --> 02:35:34,920 INHIBITION, BLUE IS EXCITATION. 3991 02:35:34,920 --> 02:35:37,200 YOU CAN THINK OF US A LITTLE BIT 3992 02:35:37,200 --> 02:35:39,760 LIKE FMRI IN ATTACKING ANIMAL. 3993 02:35:39,760 --> 02:35:42,560 THE SIGNAL IS LOW DIMENSIONAL 3994 02:35:42,560 --> 02:35:44,160 YET GENETICALLY SPECIFIED WE CAN 3995 02:35:44,160 --> 02:35:47,360 GO BACK TO SAME SITES DAY AFTER 3996 02:35:47,360 --> 02:35:49,400 DAY. SO WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED 3997 02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:51,440 WITH THIS APPROACH? WHAT YOU CAN 3998 02:35:51,440 --> 02:35:53,040 DO WITH THE LONGITUDINAL DATA IS 3999 02:35:53,040 --> 02:35:54,960 PROJECT BLACK ON TO BEHAVIOR 4000 02:35:54,960 --> 02:35:57,200 MAPS TO CREATE USING 4001 02:35:57,200 --> 02:35:59,280 UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING. WE 4002 02:35:59,280 --> 02:36:01,200 OBSERVE EXCITATORY ACTIVITY IN 4003 02:36:01,200 --> 02:36:03,880 AGGRESSION HUB GETS AMPLIFIED 4004 02:36:03,880 --> 02:36:05,040 WITH EXPERIENCE ESPECIALLY IN 4005 02:36:05,040 --> 02:36:06,840 CLUSTERS THAT INDICATE THESE 4006 02:36:06,840 --> 02:36:08,520 PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS. NOT ONLY 4007 02:36:08,520 --> 02:36:10,280 THAT THE ANIMALS GET MORE 4008 02:36:10,280 --> 02:36:11,320 BREASTSIVE WITH EXPERIENCE BUT 4009 02:36:11,320 --> 02:36:14,160 ACTIVITY IN THIS REGION DURING 4010 02:36:14,160 --> 02:36:16,040 THESE BEHAVIORSS ENHANCED SO 4011 02:36:16,040 --> 02:36:18,760 WE SEE RELAXATION OF INHIBITION 4012 02:36:18,760 --> 02:36:21,720 IN THE SAME BEHAVIORAL CLUSTERS 4013 02:36:21,720 --> 02:36:23,200 ESPECIALLY THE SAME BEHAVIORAL 4014 02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:24,440 BRAIN REGIONS THAT HAVE 4015 02:36:24,440 --> 02:36:25,800 POTENTIAL TO GATE THE 4016 02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:27,560 HYPOTHALAMUS. SO WE CAN FURTHER 4017 02:36:27,560 --> 02:36:29,120 QUANTIFY THIS BY LOOKING 4018 02:36:29,120 --> 02:36:31,280 DIRECTLY HOW WELL SIGNAL PREDICT 4019 02:36:31,280 --> 02:36:32,440 ONE ANOTHER TAKING ADVANTAGE OF 4020 02:36:32,440 --> 02:36:35,880 THE FACT THAT ALL THESE REGIONS 4021 02:36:35,880 --> 02:36:37,920 RESERVED SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE 4022 02:36:37,920 --> 02:36:39,080 AGGRESSION CONTROL REGIONS 4023 02:36:39,080 --> 02:36:41,320 PREDY INHIBITOR ACTIVITY 4024 02:36:41,320 --> 02:36:43,720 WITH EXPERIENCE INDICATING OUR 4025 02:36:43,720 --> 02:36:45,560 AGGRESSION HUB SO NO LONGER 4026 02:36:45,560 --> 02:36:46,920 QUOTE UNQUOTE LISTENS TO THIS 4027 02:36:46,920 --> 02:36:49,440 INPUT. SO HOW CAN WE USE THIS 4028 02:36:49,440 --> 02:36:51,200 INFORM CHANGETORESSION 4029 02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:54,280 TRAJECTORIES? NEXT SLIDEASE. 4030 02:36:54,280 --> 02:36:57,800 T DURING EXPERIENCE ORE AFTER 4031 02:36:57,800 --> 02:36:59,240 EXPERIENCE ON THE ONE HAND WE 4032 02:36:59,240 --> 02:37:00,080 CAN PERFORM CLOSE LOOP 4033 02:37:00,080 --> 02:37:01,760 STIMULATION TRIGGERED ON THE 4034 02:37:01,760 --> 02:37:03,760 BEHAVIOR ITSELF. SO THIS IS NOT 4035 02:37:03,760 --> 02:37:06,200 UNLIKE BEHAVIORAL SHAPING YOU 4036 02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:07,640 CAN THINK LIKE TRAINING IN DOGS 4037 02:37:07,640 --> 02:37:09,760 SO WE CAN USE THIS TO REINFORCE 4038 02:37:09,760 --> 02:37:12,560 SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED 4039 02:37:12,560 --> 02:37:13,520 AGGRESSIVE UNMOTOR HATE 4040 02:37:13,520 --> 02:37:16,040 INVESTIGATED STATES AND PUSH OUT 4041 02:37:16,040 --> 02:37:17,840 OF PROACTIVEAVIOAC WE USE 4042 02:37:17,840 --> 02:37:19,040 THE STRATEGY IN RECENTLY 4043 02:37:19,040 --> 02:37:21,000 PUBLISHED PAPER TO GET ANIMALS 4044 02:37:21,000 --> 02:37:22,880 BEING ATTACKED TO DEFEND 4045 02:37:22,880 --> 02:37:23,680 THEMSELVES AND PROMOTE 4046 02:37:23,680 --> 02:37:26,760 RESILIENCE. ALTERNATIVELY WE CAN 4047 02:37:26,760 --> 02:37:28,080 PERFORM CLOSE LOOP STIMULATION 4048 02:37:28,080 --> 02:37:29,680 TRIGGERED ON NEURAL ACTIVITY 4049 02:37:29,680 --> 02:37:31,040 ACTIVITY IN ORDER TO DETECT WHEN 4050 02:37:31,040 --> 02:37:33,000 AND WHERE THIS INHIBITION STARTS 4051 02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:35,120 TO REPLAQUES BEFORE AGGRESSION 4052 02:37:35,120 --> 02:37:36,960 STARTS AND PROVIDE SOME 4053 02:37:36,960 --> 02:37:38,280 CORRECTIVE. SO WE CAN DO ALL 4054 02:37:38,280 --> 02:37:40,200 THIS WITH PATTERNS STIMULATION. 4055 02:37:40,200 --> 02:37:42,360 WE THINK THIS HAS POTENTIAL TO 4056 02:37:42,360 --> 02:37:44,080 BE DONE OFFLINE WHEN ANIMALS ARE 4057 02:37:44,080 --> 02:37:46,200 NOT AGGRESSIVE CONTEXT WHICH IS 4058 02:37:46,200 --> 02:37:47,320 OBVIOUSLY TRANSLATIONAL AND 4059 02:37:47,320 --> 02:37:52,840 APPEALING. OVERALL, WE SEEM TO 4060 02:37:52,840 --> 02:37:55,160 IDENTIFY KEY PREDICTIVE 4061 02:37:55,160 --> 02:37:57,320 BEHAVIORS, IN PARTICULAR NEURONS 4062 02:37:57,320 --> 02:37:58,920 IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS HAVE A 4063 02:37:58,920 --> 02:38:00,000 SPECIFIC POPULATION OF NEURONS 4064 02:38:00,000 --> 02:38:01,840 THAT ACUTELY PREDICT AGGRESSION 4065 02:38:01,840 --> 02:38:03,640 ON SHORT TIME SCALES THAT WE CAN 4066 02:38:03,640 --> 02:38:05,840 CONTROL THROUGH THESE INHIBITORY 4067 02:38:05,840 --> 02:38:07,840 INPUTS SO WE CAN IDENTIFY NOVEL 4068 02:38:07,840 --> 02:38:09,640 BEHAVIORAL PREDICTIVES USING 4069 02:38:09,640 --> 02:38:10,720 UNSUPERVISED PHENOTYPING THAT 4070 02:38:10,720 --> 02:38:12,520 ALLOW US TO LOOK ACROSS LONG 4071 02:38:12,520 --> 02:38:14,760 TIME SCALES. IN TANDEM WITH 4072 02:38:14,760 --> 02:38:16,080 THIS BEHAVIORAL CHANGE WE SEE 4073 02:38:16,080 --> 02:38:17,520 CONCURRENT CHANGES IN NETWORK 4074 02:38:17,520 --> 02:38:19,760 WIDE INHIBITION EXPERIENCE. WE 4075 02:38:19,760 --> 02:38:21,400 HOPE WE CAN EXPLOIT INSIGHTS TO 4076 02:38:21,400 --> 02:38:23,120 TRY AND HELP PROMOTE AND PROLONG 4077 02:38:23,120 --> 02:38:25,560 THESE UNMOTIVATED STATES USING 4078 02:38:25,560 --> 02:38:26,720 CLOSE LOOP INTERVENTIONS 4079 02:38:26,720 --> 02:38:32,720 STRATEGIES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 4080 02:38:32,720 --> 02:38:34,880 I WANTED THE THANK MY LAB, VAST 4081 02:38:34,880 --> 02:38:36,880 NUMBER OF TALENTED PEOPLE, IN 4082 02:38:36,880 --> 02:38:38,760 PARTICULAR STEPHANIE LEE, 4083 02:38:38,760 --> 02:38:40,840 (INDISCERNIBLE). THANKS TO MY 4084 02:38:40,840 --> 02:38:43,040 SOURCES OF FUNDING IN PARTICULAR 4085 02:38:43,040 --> 02:38:45,080 NIMH FUNDING THE AGGRESSION 4086 02:38:45,080 --> 02:38:46,960 EXPERIENCE WORK AND MY NEW 4087 02:38:46,960 --> 02:38:50,600 INNOVATOR AWARD FUNDING CLOSE 4088 02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:51,080 LOOP. THA. 4089 02:38:51,080 --> 02:38:52,560 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. 4090 02:38:52,560 --> 02:38:54,760 FALKNER. UP NEXT WE HAVE DR. 4091 02:38:54,760 --> 02:38:57,680 DAVID CHESTER WITH VIRGINIA 4092 02:38:57,680 --> 02:38:58,760 COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY. 4093 02:38:58,760 --> 02:39:01,360 >>HEY, Y'ALL. PLEASURE TO BE 4094 02:39:01,360 --> 02:39:03,800 HERE. I'M GOING TO BE TALKING 4095 02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:06,000 ABOUT THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL 4096 02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:07,440 AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE 4097 02:39:07,440 --> 02:39:09,120 MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DIFFERENT 4098 02:39:09,120 --> 02:39:12,320 FORMS OF AGGRESSION IN FOLKS, IN 4099 02:39:12,320 --> 02:39:14,200 PEOPLE IN HUMANS. IT IS A 4100 02:39:14,200 --> 02:39:15,200 PLEASURE TO BE TALKING ABOUT 4101 02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:17,640 THESE CONCEPTS WITH Y'ALL TODAY. 4102 02:39:17,640 --> 02:39:20,840 MY OLDEST SON IS TWO GOING ON 4103 02:39:20,840 --> 02:39:23,280 THREE SO AGGRESSION VIOLENCE AND 4104 02:39:23,280 --> 02:39:25,840 REVENGE ARE A BIG PART OF MY 4105 02:39:25,840 --> 02:39:27,720 DAILY SOCIAL ECOLOGY. SO JUST 4106 02:39:27,720 --> 02:39:29,200 NICE TO BE ABLE TO TALK ABOUT 4107 02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:31,960 THEM OUTSIDE OF THAT CONTEXT. 4108 02:39:31,960 --> 02:39:33,960 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO I HAVE GOT 4109 02:39:33,960 --> 02:39:35,440 THREE KEY POINTS TODAY SO I WILL 4110 02:39:35,440 --> 02:39:36,920 TALK DIFFERENT FORMS OF 4111 02:39:36,920 --> 02:39:38,200 AGGRESSION, WHICH IS GOING TO 4112 02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:39,960 BOIL DOWN TO REACTIVE AND 4113 02:39:39,960 --> 02:39:41,560 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION AND WE ARE 4114 02:39:41,560 --> 02:39:43,400 GOING TO TALK THOSE REALLY THAT 4115 02:39:43,400 --> 02:39:44,840 DIFFERENT, ARE WE AMPLIFYING 4116 02:39:44,840 --> 02:39:47,240 THOSE DIFFERENCES, SO FORTH. 4117 02:39:47,240 --> 02:39:50,920 THEN MOVE ON TO A KEY MECHANISM 4118 02:39:50,920 --> 02:39:52,640 IN STUDYING AGGRESSION WHICH IS 4119 02:39:52,640 --> 02:39:54,400 REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT AND 4120 02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:56,080 THEN POINT TO FUTURE DIRECTIONS 4121 02:39:56,080 --> 02:39:58,240 FOR THE FIELD THOUGH I THINK WE 4122 02:39:58,240 --> 02:40:00,520 REALLY NEED TO GO, FOCUSINGOC 4123 02:40:00,520 --> 02:40:02,600 MOTIVATION AS UNDERSTUDY AND 4124 02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:04,560 CRUCIAL MECHANISM AND I THINK 4125 02:40:04,560 --> 02:40:07,920 FOCUS ON REWARD REINFORCEMENTANY 4126 02:40:07,920 --> 02:40:10,520 BRIDGING ACROSS THE OTHER TALKS 4127 02:40:10,520 --> 02:40:13,160 THAT HAVE BEEN GIVEN TODAY BY 4128 02:40:13,160 --> 02:40:16,080 WONDERFUL SCHOLARS. I'M ON THE 4129 02:40:16,080 --> 02:40:19,720 PANEL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. MOST 4130 02:40:19,720 --> 02:40:20,200 OF US A 4131 02:40:20,200 --> 02:40:21,320 L HAVE STARTED 4132 02:40:21,320 --> 02:40:22,640 OFF SLIDES WITH ATTEMPT TO 4133 02:40:22,640 --> 02:40:24,240 DEFINE AGGRESSION AND WE ALL 4134 02:40:24,240 --> 02:40:27,200 AGREE WE SHOULD PROBABLY AGREE 4135 02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:29,160 ONAL DEFINITION OF 4136 02:40:29,160 --> 02:40:34,120 DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS. I THINKEN 4137 02:40:34,120 --> 02:40:34,960 PROBABLY WE SHOULD ALL BE 4138 02:40:34,960 --> 02:40:37,320 BROUGHT TO PHYSICAL LOCATION 4139 02:40:37,320 --> 02:40:40,560 LOCKED INSIDE AND FORCED TO JUST 4140 02:40:40,560 --> 02:40:41,960 DECIDE ON ONE DEFINITION UNTIL 4141 02:40:41,960 --> 02:40:44,840 WE ARE LET OUT BEFORE WE 4142 02:40:44,840 --> 02:40:45,960 CONTINUE ON BUT GIVEN THAT IS 4143 02:40:45,960 --> 02:40:47,280 NOT GOING TO HAPPEN HERE IS THE 4144 02:40:47,280 --> 02:40:48,600 DEFINITION I LIKE THE MOST WHICH 4145 02:40:48,600 --> 02:40:50,960 IS AGGRESSION IS ATTEMPT TO HARM 4146 02:40:50,960 --> 02:40:52,200 ANOTHER LIVING ORGANISM AGAINST 4147 02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:54,640 THEIR WILL. THE ATTEMPT PART 4148 02:40:54,640 --> 02:40:56,000 FOCUSES ON THE INTENTION PART 4149 02:40:56,000 --> 02:40:58,120 WHICH IS CRUCIAL AS WELL AS TO 4150 02:40:58,120 --> 02:41:00,320 THE FACT THAT TRYING TO HURT 4151 02:41:00,320 --> 02:41:01,320 SOMEONE IS THE IMPORTANT PART, 4152 02:41:01,320 --> 02:41:04,880 IT DOESN'T MATTER IF YOU ARE 4153 02:41:04,880 --> 02:41:06,720 SUCCESSFUL OR NOT, BUT FOR 4154 02:41:06,720 --> 02:41:08,240 SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION IT IS LESS 4155 02:41:08,240 --> 02:41:09,920 IMPORTANT, THE MOTIVATIONAL 4156 02:41:09,920 --> 02:41:13,680 ASPECT OF THE ACT, ITS OTHER 4157 02:41:13,680 --> 02:41:15,960 DIRECTED AND THE PERSON HAS TO 4158 02:41:15,960 --> 02:41:17,360 BELIEVE IT IS AGAINST THEIR 4159 02:41:17,360 --> 02:41:18,720 TARGET'S WILL. SO KIND OF AN 4160 02:41:18,720 --> 02:41:19,600 INTERESTING QUESTION THAT I 4161 02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:21,800 DON'T THINK WE GRAPPLED WITH IN 4162 02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:23,760 AGGRESSION SCIENCE YET LOOKING 4163 02:41:23,760 --> 02:41:28,640 AT UNDERSTANDING OF THE TARGETS 4164 02:41:28,640 --> 02:41:29,520 MOTIVATIONAL STATE. MAYBE 4165 02:41:29,520 --> 02:41:30,840 THERE'S EVENTS WHICH PEOPLE HARM 4166 02:41:30,840 --> 02:41:33,800 PEOPLE WHO NATRITHEY MIGHT WANT 4167 02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,680 THAT HARM YET THEY DON'T. BUT 4168 02:41:36,680 --> 02:41:38,120 THIS IS THE DEFINITION THAT IS 4169 02:41:38,120 --> 02:41:39,720 PROBABLY THE BEST ONE GOING 4170 02:41:39,720 --> 02:41:41,880 FORWARD. AS A SCIENCE WE HAVE TO 4171 02:41:41,880 --> 02:41:44,400 GRAPPLE WITH THIS DEFINITIONAL 4172 02:41:44,400 --> 02:41:48,760 PROBLEM. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO I 4173 02:41:48,760 --> 02:41:50,680 WAS BROUGHT TO GIVE A TALK ON 4174 02:41:50,680 --> 02:41:51,920 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGRESSION 4175 02:41:51,920 --> 02:41:53,280 SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON 4176 02:41:53,280 --> 02:41:54,640 REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE 4177 02:41:54,640 --> 02:41:55,880 AGGRESSION, THIS IS REALLY HOW 4178 02:41:55,880 --> 02:41:58,440 FOLKS TEND TO BOIL DOWN 4179 02:41:58,440 --> 02:42:00,040 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WHEN TALKING 4180 02:42:00,040 --> 02:42:02,040 TYPES PHYSICAL AND VERBAL IS 4181 02:42:02,040 --> 02:42:03,440 ANOTHER IMPORTANT ONE BUT THAT 4182 02:42:03,440 --> 02:42:05,960 IS HARD TO DEBATE. THIS ONE I 4183 02:42:05,960 --> 02:42:08,600 THINK IS DEBATABLE. REACTIVE 4184 02:42:08,600 --> 02:42:11,280 AGGRESSION IS DEFINED AS 4185 02:42:11,280 --> 02:42:13,400 IMPULSIVE EMOTIONAL ACT 4186 02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:14,360 MOTIVATETHVATED BY EXTERNAL 4187 02:42:14,360 --> 02:42:15,360 THREAT OF PROVOCATION. 4188 02:42:15,360 --> 02:42:17,960 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION IS THIS 4189 02:42:17,960 --> 02:42:19,520 COLD PREMEDITATED COGNITIVE ACT 4190 02:42:19,520 --> 02:42:22,800 THAT IS MOTIVATED BY SOME 4191 02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:26,000 EXTERNAL EXTRINSIC THAT IS NOT 4192 02:42:26,000 --> 02:42:26,760 PROXIMATE TO THE GIVEN 4193 02:42:26,760 --> 02:42:28,280 SITUATION. THAT IS THE 4194 02:42:28,280 --> 02:42:29,600 DEFINITION. THEN WE GO FORWARD 4195 02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:31,640 FROM THIS. AND THERE IS LOTS AND 4196 02:42:31,640 --> 02:42:32,800 LOTS OF THEORIES AND STUDIES 4197 02:42:32,800 --> 02:42:35,600 THAT ARE BASED ON THESE BEING 4198 02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:37,480 TWO TOTALLY DIFFERENT BRANDS OF 4199 02:42:37,480 --> 02:42:43,440 AGGRESSION. THEY DIFFER THAT WE 4200 02:42:43,440 --> 02:42:44,680 SHOULD STUDY SEPARATELY. I USED 4201 02:42:44,680 --> 02:42:46,920 TO THINK THIS WAY. I WAS TOTALLY 4202 02:42:46,920 --> 02:42:48,120 AL TYPE BUT NOW I'M NOT AND 4203 02:42:48,120 --> 02:42:50,800 I WILL TALK ABOUT WHY. SO WOULD 4204 02:42:50,800 --> 02:42:53,000 WE DO THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO 4205 02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:55,280 WE GRAPPLED WITH THIS BACK IN 4206 02:42:55,280 --> 02:42:57,040 2001 AND PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL 4207 02:42:57,040 --> 02:43:01,200 PSYCHOLOGY WORLD BUT ALSO 4208 02:43:01,200 --> 02:43:02,880 GENERALLY IN WHICH BUSHMAN AND 4209 02:43:02,880 --> 02:43:04,680 ANDERSON ARGUED MAYBE WE ARE 4210 02:43:04,680 --> 02:43:05,760 FOCUSING TOO MUCH ON DISTIN 4211 02:43:05,760 --> 02:43:07,240 BETWEEN TWO CONSTRUCTS. WE ARE 4212 02:43:07,240 --> 02:43:09,880 KIND OF MAKING A MOUNTAIN OUT OF 4213 02:43:09,880 --> 02:43:13,960 A MOLE HILL, MAYBE WALK BACK. 4214 02:43:13,960 --> 02:43:15,760 MAYBE THERE IS NOT COLD 4215 02:43:15,760 --> 02:43:16,920 AGGRESSION AND HOT AGGRESSION, 4216 02:43:16,920 --> 02:43:19,720 THEY ARE EMOTIONAL, THEY BOTH 4217 02:43:19,720 --> 02:43:21,720 HAVE SOME VENGEFUL MOTIVATIONAL 4218 02:43:21,720 --> 02:43:23,000 STATES INVOLVED, THEY ARE BOTH 4219 02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:26,560 INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND 4220 02:43:26,560 --> 02:43:28,680 SELF-REGULATION. MAYBE CHILL OUT 4221 02:43:28,680 --> 02:43:31,200 ON DISTINCTION AND FOCUS ON THE 4222 02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:32,800 CORE, SEEMS FOLKS ARE COOL, I 4223 02:43:32,800 --> 02:43:35,440 WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL WHEN PAPER 4224 02:43:35,440 --> 02:43:36,680 WAS PUBLISHED. I DON'T KNOW BUT 4225 02:43:36,680 --> 02:43:38,040 THE LITERATURE SEEMS EVERYBODY 4226 02:43:38,040 --> 02:43:40,440 IS COOL WITH THIS, MAYBE CHILL 4227 02:43:40,440 --> 02:43:41,840 ON DISTINCTION AND YET SEEMS 4228 02:43:41,840 --> 02:43:44,880 LIKE WE ARE BACK THERE NOW WHERE 4229 02:43:44,880 --> 02:43:46,880 DICHOTOMY IS EMPHASIZED IN THE 4230 02:43:46,880 --> 02:43:48,560 LITERATURE. THAT IS NOT THE BEST 4231 02:43:48,560 --> 02:43:48,760 IDEA. 4232 02:43:48,760 --> 02:43:49,880 SO IF WE CAN HIT THE BEST SLIDE 4233 02:43:49,880 --> 02:43:54,200 PLEASE. I'M GOING TO SAY THEY 4234 02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:57,280 ARE NOT TYPES, NOT TOTALLY 4235 02:43:57,280 --> 02:43:58,200 DIFFERENT FORMS OF AGGRESSION. 4236 02:43:58,200 --> 02:43:59,760 THERE IS COULD EVIDENCE TO 4237 02:43:59,760 --> 02:44:01,640 SUPPORT THIS. META ANALYSES SHOW 4238 02:44:01,640 --> 02:44:04,960 THEY CORRELATED .64 LOOK AT 4239 02:44:04,960 --> 02:44:06,000 SELF-ROTS OF THESE IN KIDS 4240 02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:07,640 ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS. 4241 02:44:07,640 --> 02:44:09,680 CORRELATION OF .64 SUGGESTS YOU 4242 02:44:09,680 --> 02:44:10,880 ARE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING THAT 4243 02:44:10,880 --> 02:44:14,840 IS GETTING INTO THE POINT 4244 02:44:14,840 --> 02:44:16,160 INSTEAD OF DISTINCT CONSTRUCT 4245 02:44:16,160 --> 02:44:19,880 THEY ARE PERHAPS BETTER 4246 02:44:19,880 --> 02:44:21,440 CONSTRUED AS TWO LABORS OF THE 4247 02:44:21,440 --> 02:44:24,000 SAME CONSTRUCT. SO WHEN YOU 4248 02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:25,120 TAKE SELF-REPORT MEASURES AND 4249 02:44:25,120 --> 02:44:27,880 LOOK HOW THEY CORRELATE WITH 4250 02:44:27,880 --> 02:44:29,760 PERSONALITY, THE BIG FIVE. LOOK 4251 02:44:29,760 --> 02:44:31,080 HOW THEY CORRELATE WITH 4252 02:44:31,080 --> 02:44:32,560 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF BIG FIVE 4253 02:44:32,560 --> 02:44:36,160 AND COMPARE PROFILES YOU FIND 4254 02:44:36,160 --> 02:44:38,040 INNER CLASS CORRELATION OF .86 4255 02:44:38,040 --> 02:44:42,680 WHICH SUGGESTS THAT REALLY THE 4256 02:44:42,680 --> 02:44:44,880 TYPE OF PERSON WHO IS REACTIVELY 4257 02:44:44,880 --> 02:44:46,240 AGGRESSIVE AND TYPE OF PERSON 4258 02:44:46,240 --> 02:44:48,960 WHO IS PROACTIVELY AGGRESSIVE IS 4259 02:44:48,960 --> 02:44:52,160 THE SAME PERSON. SO DR. MOFFITT 4260 02:44:52,160 --> 02:44:53,920 I THINK SHE MENTIONED A LOT OF 4261 02:44:53,920 --> 02:44:56,240 THE REALLY AGGRESSIVE FOLKS IN 4262 02:44:56,240 --> 02:45:00,720 THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY THAT SHE 4263 02:45:00,720 --> 02:45:02,120 PRESENTED ON THEY PERPETRATE 4264 02:45:02,120 --> 02:45:04,240 BOTH FORMS OF AGGRESSION. THAT 4265 02:45:04,240 --> 02:45:08,480 WHO ARE GOING TO SEEK O, FOLKS F 4266 02:45:08,480 --> 02:45:10,040 AGGRESSION IRRESPECTIVE OF 4267 02:45:10,040 --> 02:45:11,600 PROVOCATION ARE ALSO GOING TO BE 4268 02:45:11,600 --> 02:45:13,800 VERY PRESSSIVE WHEN PROVOKED SO 4269 02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:15,840 I THINK MAJORITY OF THE VARIANTS 4270 02:45:15,840 --> 02:45:18,320 IN EITHER OF THESE IS SHARED AND 4271 02:45:18,320 --> 02:45:20,320 OVERLAPS SO THE BEST WAY TO 4272 02:45:20,320 --> 02:45:22,880 CONSTRUE THESE TWO CONSTRUCTS IS 4273 02:45:22,880 --> 02:45:24,560 REALLY DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN 4274 02:45:24,560 --> 02:45:31,880 THERE, PRIMARILY OVERLAPPING. M. 4275 02:45:31,880 --> 02:45:36,920 THAT'S MY POINT. NEXT SLIDE 4276 02:45:36,920 --> 02:45:38,640 PLEASE. I LOOK AT SOME OTHER 4277 02:45:38,640 --> 02:45:40,400 STUDIES IN MY OWN LAB. THEY ARE 4278 02:45:40,400 --> 02:45:43,320 BOTH CORRELATED WITH LOW 4279 02:45:43,320 --> 02:45:46,520 SELF-CONTROL. HIGH ANGER HIGH 4280 02:45:46,520 --> 02:45:47,920 IMPULSIGHEWARD 4281 02:45:47,920 --> 02:45:49,440 SENSATION SEEKING. SO HOW 4282 02:45:49,440 --> 02:45:52,080 DIFFEREN THEY BE WHEN THEY 4283 02:45:52,080 --> 02:45:56,200 HAVE SIMILAR NETWORK? THE 4284 02:45:56,200 --> 02:45:58,200 CLASSIC OF PROACTIVE DEGREES 4285 02:45:58,200 --> 02:45:59,760 SORE LIKE TED BUNDY, THE 4286 02:45:59,760 --> 02:46:01,840 PSYCHOPATH THAT WAS JUST LIKE 4287 02:46:01,840 --> 02:46:04,680 CALCULATE AND PLAN AND ALL THIS 4288 02:46:04,680 --> 02:46:06,440 AND HE IS A HOT HEAD ALSO, HE 4289 02:46:06,440 --> 02:46:08,920 BLUE UP IN COURT DOING HIS HONE 4290 02:46:08,920 --> 02:46:10,480 DEFENSE, THERE'S QUOTE ALL OVER 4291 02:46:10,480 --> 02:46:12,760 THE PLACE HOW ANGRY HE GETS ALL 4292 02:46:12,760 --> 02:46:14,960 THE TIME, BLOWS UP BECAUSE HE'S 4293 02:46:14,960 --> 02:46:17,840 ANGRY. I THINK AT THE END OF THE 4294 02:46:17,840 --> 02:46:20,040 DAY, PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE 4295 02:46:20,040 --> 02:46:21,760 AGGRESSION THERE IS VALUABLE 4296 02:46:21,760 --> 02:46:23,920 DISTINCTION FACTOR ANALYSES WILL 4297 02:46:23,920 --> 02:46:27,280 REPRODUCE FACTORS, AT THE END OF 4298 02:46:27,280 --> 02:46:28,880 THE DAY IT IS THE SAME 4299 02:46:28,880 --> 02:46:30,640 AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE WITH JUST 4300 02:46:30,640 --> 02:46:35,880 SOME UNIQUE EXPRESSION. NEXT 4301 02:46:35,880 --> 02:46:37,920 SLIDE. SO LIKE I SAID, IF 4302 02:46:37,920 --> 02:46:39,120 THERE'S TWO SIDES OF THE CAME 4303 02:46:39,120 --> 02:46:40,920 COIN, NOT TWO DIFFERENT COINS. 4304 02:46:40,920 --> 02:46:42,920 ONE COIN AGGRESSION, TWO SIDES 4305 02:46:42,920 --> 02:46:45,120 OF THE SAME. SO I THINK HONESTLY 4306 02:46:45,120 --> 02:46:48,760 OUR EFFORTS IN FUNDING AND TIME 4307 02:46:48,760 --> 02:46:51,720 AND BEST SPENT TREATING THEM 4308 02:46:51,720 --> 02:46:53,360 LESS AS SEPARATE BEHAVIORAL 4309 02:46:53,360 --> 02:46:55,000 PHENOTYPES AND FOCUSING ON THE 4310 02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:56,600 DISTINCTION TRYING TO TEASE 4311 02:46:56,600 --> 02:46:58,160 APART WHAT IS UNIQUE TO THIS ONE 4312 02:46:58,160 --> 02:47:00,360 AND UNIQUE TO THAT ONE, I FEEL 4313 02:47:00,360 --> 02:47:01,480 LIKE THAT THE BEST APPROACH WE 4314 02:47:01,480 --> 02:47:03,200 HAVE GOING FORWARD IS LOOKI 4315 02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:06,080 WHAT IS SHARED. COMMON VARIANTS 4316 02:47:06,080 --> 02:47:07,280 BETWEEN THE TWO, THATTH WHAT IS 4317 02:47:07,280 --> 02:47:11,280 GOING TO BUY US MORE IN CLINICAL 4318 02:47:11,280 --> 02:47:13,480 DOMAIN.. TREATMENT DOMAIN BECAUE 4319 02:47:13,480 --> 02:47:14,800 IF YOU TREAT ONE YOU ARE 4320 02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:15,600 PROBABLY GOING TO REIT THE 4321 02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:17,640 OTHER. WE WILL MOVE QUICKLY. I 4322 02:47:17,640 --> 02:47:20,960 HAVE ONE MINUTE LEFT. IF WE CAN 4323 02:47:20,960 --> 02:47:22,520 DO THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. AND 4324 02:47:22,520 --> 02:47:27,520 THEN PROBABLY THE NEXT ONE. INTM 4325 02:47:27,520 --> 02:47:29,600 FOCUSING ON IN MY RESEARCH WHICH 4326 02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:31,720 IS REINFORCEMENT, A LOT OF 4327 02:47:31,720 --> 02:47:32,920 NEURAL IMAGING AND OTHER WORK 4328 02:47:32,920 --> 02:47:35,840 SHOWING THAT AGGRESSION IS 4329 02:47:35,840 --> 02:47:38,160 LINKED VERY RELIABLY TO 4330 02:47:38,160 --> 02:47:39,880 IMMEDIATE FEELINGS OF POSITIVE 4331 02:47:39,880 --> 02:47:43,640 AFFECT THAT IS MAGNIFIED BY 4332 02:47:43,640 --> 02:47:45,560 PREVIOUS PROVOCATION AND REGRET 4333 02:47:45,560 --> 02:47:47,680 AND REJECTION AND THERE IS THIS 4334 02:47:47,680 --> 02:47:49,400 DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN 4335 02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:51,720 NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE AFFECT 4336 02:47:51,720 --> 02:47:54,400 THAT ALL BLENDS TOGETHER IN THIS 4337 02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:55,200 REINFORCEMENT MODEL WHERE 4338 02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:58,640 AGGRESSION IS IMMEDIATELY 4339 02:47:58,640 --> 02:48:01,000 REWARDING REWARD FADES QUICKLY, 4340 02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:03,640 IT IS REPLACED BY AN EXAGGERATED 4341 02:48:03,640 --> 02:48:06,480 FEELING OF NEGATIVE AFFECT AND 4342 02:48:06,480 --> 02:48:08,760 THEN PEOPLE ARE NOW MOTIVATED TO 4343 02:48:08,760 --> 02:48:10,280 REENGAGE WITH THAT CYCLE AND 4344 02:48:10,280 --> 02:48:12,880 VERY MUCH LOOKS LIKE ADDICTIVE 4345 02:48:12,880 --> 02:48:16,320 BEHAVIOR VERY QUICKLY. YOU CAN 4346 02:48:16,320 --> 02:48:17,680 UNDERSTAND HOW NEGATIVE AND 4347 02:48:17,680 --> 02:48:19,520 POSITIVE AFFECT ARE CRUCIAL TO 4348 02:48:19,520 --> 02:48:21,120 TAKING SOMEONE WHO PERHAPSES IS 4349 02:48:21,120 --> 02:48:22,480 NOT THAT AGGRESSIVE INITIALLY 4350 02:48:22,480 --> 02:48:24,040 AND ENDS UP VERY AGGRESSIVE DOWN 4351 02:48:24,040 --> 02:48:27,200 THE ROAD. SO IF WE CAN SKIP, I 4352 02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:28,400 DON'T KNOW THREE OR FOUR SLIDES 4353 02:48:28,400 --> 02:48:31,400 WE CAN DO NEXT AND THEN NEXT, 4354 02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:32,960 NEXT. NEXT AND LAST, YEAH. I 4355 02:48:32,960 --> 02:48:35,760 WANT TO FOCUS ON THE FUTURE OF 4356 02:48:35,760 --> 02:48:37,160 AGGRESSION SCIENCE REALLY SHOULD 4357 02:48:37,160 --> 02:48:41,720 BE MOTIVATION BASED. WE HOW 4358 02:48:41,720 --> 02:48:43,000 IMPORTANT MOTIVATION IS. 4359 02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:44,960 DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION, WE 4360 02:48:44,960 --> 02:48:46,760 EMPHASIZE MOTIVE, PROXIMATE AND 4361 02:48:46,760 --> 02:48:48,800 ALTERNATE AND THEALS A LITTLE 4362 02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:51,040 EXPLICIT RESEARCHIT TARGETING TE 4363 02:48:51,040 --> 02:48:53,920 VARIOUS MOTIVES. ONE NEXT SLIDE. 4364 02:48:53,920 --> 02:48:56,080 OUR LAB STUDIED THIS RECENTLY WE 4365 02:48:56,080 --> 02:48:58,640 ENGAGE PRO SOCIAL 4366 02:48:58,640 --> 02:49:00,640 MOTIVES TO GET PEOPLE TO 4367 02:49:00,640 --> 02:49:02,720 REGRESS. IT WORKS. SO WHEN WE 4368 02:49:02,720 --> 02:49:03,960 ASSOCIATE HARM WITH HELPING, THE 4369 02:49:03,960 --> 02:49:06,480 MORE I HURT YOU THE MORE I 4370 02:49:06,480 --> 02:49:09,360 HELPS YOU. PEOPLE ARE EXTREMELY 4371 02:49:09,360 --> 02:49:10,920 AGGRESSIVE. THEY ARE WILLING TO 4372 02:49:10,920 --> 02:49:12,080 HARM SOMEONE WHO DOES NOT WANT 4373 02:49:12,080 --> 02:49:16,040 TO BE HARMED IN ORDER TO ALSO 4374 02:49:16,040 --> 02:49:19,360 HELP THEM. IT IS CLEAR TO STUDY 4375 02:49:19,360 --> 02:49:21,280 MANITIVES IN ORDER TO STUDY 4376 02:49:21,280 --> 02:49:25,280 PROGRESSION. WE CAN SKIP FORWARD 4377 02:49:25,280 --> 02:49:26,640 TWO SLIDES. WE CAN TAKE 4378 02:49:26,640 --> 02:49:29,320 MOTIVATION FOCUSED APPROACH, I 4379 02:49:29,320 --> 02:49:32,840 FEEL GREATLY BENEFIT. ONE MORE 4380 02:49:32,840 --> 02:49:34,400 SLIDE. THAT'S WHAT I GOT. 4381 02:49:34,400 --> 02:49:35,400 LOOKINGED FORWARD TO THOUGHTS 4382 02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:37,360 AND THE NEXT SPEAKER. 4383 02:49:37,360 --> 02:49:39,800 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH DAVID. 4384 02:49:39,800 --> 02:49:41,400 WONDERFUL TALK. I WOULD LIKE TO 4385 02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:44,200 REMIND OUR AUDIENCE TO PLEASE 4386 02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:45,120 SUBMIT YOUR QUESTIONS IF YOU 4387 02:49:45,120 --> 02:49:46,720 HAVE ANY. I SEE SOME QUESTIONS 4388 02:49:46,720 --> 02:49:50,240 COMING IN ALREADY BUT PLEASE 4389 02:49:50,240 --> 02:49:51,480 CONTINUE SUBMITTING YOUR 4390 02:49:51,480 --> 02:49:52,880 QUESTIONS AND WE WILL ADDRESS 4391 02:49:52,880 --> 02:49:54,640 SOME OF THEM TOWARD THIS 4392 02:49:54,640 --> 02:49:56,280 SESSION. THE NEXT WE WILL MOVE 4393 02:49:56,280 --> 02:49:58,720 ON TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER, DR. 4394 02:49:58,720 --> 02:49:59,840 SPENCER EVANS UNIVERSITY OF 4395 02:49:59,840 --> 02:50:04,920 MIAMI. 4396 02:50:04,920 --> 02:50:06,040 >>I APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY 4397 02:50:06,040 --> 02:50:08,880 TO BE HERE TODAY AND WORK Y'ALL 4398 02:50:08,880 --> 02:50:10,560 ARE DOING FOR THIS WORKSHOP AND 4399 02:50:10,560 --> 02:50:14,400 SOME MECHANISMS OF AGGRESSION. I 4400 02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:16,040 AM HERE TO OFFER APPLIED 4401 02:50:16,040 --> 02:50:17,800 CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE CLINICAL 4402 02:50:17,800 --> 02:50:24,720 TRIAL PSYCHOLOGIST DEVELOPMENTAL 4403 02:50:24,720 --> 02:50:28,280 RESEARCH. SOME ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 4404 02:50:28,280 --> 02:50:31,600 SPONSORS, NO CONFLICTS OF 4405 02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:33,720 INTEREST. (INAUDIBLE) PRESENT 4406 02:50:33,720 --> 02:50:35,720 DATA FROM REPAIR TEAMS. NEXT 4407 02:50:35,720 --> 02:50:41,880 SLIDE PLEASE. THIS IS MY LAB 4408 02:50:41,880 --> 02:50:44,840 MID PANDEMIC AND POST PANDEMIC. 4409 02:50:44,840 --> 02:50:50,920 APPRECIATE THEIR SUPPORT. SO 4410 02:50:50,920 --> 02:50:53,160 THE TASK TO COME UP WITH TWO OR 4411 02:50:53,160 --> 02:50:57,800 THREE MAIN TAKE AWAYS FOR THIS 4412 02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:00,120 FIELD INTEGRATIVE FIELD 4413 02:51:00,120 --> 02:51:00,760 AGGRESSIVE MECHANISMS RESEARCH 4414 02:51:00,760 --> 02:51:07,720 TO THINK ABOUT. COME UP WITH 4415 02:51:07,720 --> 02:51:10,520 HEURISTICS AND THIS CAME 4416 02:51:10,520 --> 02:51:15,560 TOGETHER TO FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT 4417 02:51:15,560 --> 02:51:17,120 MEANINGFULLY CAPTURED PHENOMENA 4418 02:51:17,120 --> 02:51:19,360 OF AGGRESSION AS THEY EXIST IN 4419 02:51:19,360 --> 02:51:22,600 NATURE, IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT 4420 02:51:22,600 --> 02:51:24,840 ECOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, HOW DO WE 4421 02:51:24,840 --> 02:51:26,080 THINK ABOUT ALL THE PHENOMENA 4422 02:51:26,080 --> 02:51:30,480 THAT MECHANISMS HOW DO WE THINK 4423 02:51:30,480 --> 02:51:31,960 ABOUT THAT BEING MODERATED 4424 02:51:31,960 --> 02:51:32,440 ACROSS THE LIF 4425 02:51:32,440 --> 02:51:36,640 SPAN MENTAL 4426 02:51:36,640 --> 02:51:40,320 HEALTH THIS IS MORE M THAN MENTL 4427 02:51:40,320 --> 02:51:40,920 MELT BUT WE HAVE AGGRESSION 4428 02:51:40,920 --> 02:51:42,840 POPPING UP ACROSS DIAGNOSTIC 4429 02:51:42,840 --> 02:51:43,920 CONDITIONS BUT IOT AS MUCH 4430 02:51:43,920 --> 02:51:48,000 OF A FOCUS AS IT SHOULD BE. SO I 4431 02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:54,200 COVER THESE AS WE G T ALONG HER 4432 02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:56,240 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. T ONE LAST 4433 02:51:56,240 --> 02:51:58,040 DEFINITION FOR TODAY, I THINK 4434 02:51:58,040 --> 02:52:06,080 THE LAST ONE, MY TEAM STUDI 4435 02:52:06,080 --> 02:52:07,680 IRRITABILITY AND AGGRESSION. I 4436 02:52:07,680 --> 02:52:09,080 THINK THAT WAY, OVERLAPPING 4437 02:52:09,080 --> 02:52:10,480 CONDITIONS DEFINE IT IN A 4438 02:52:10,480 --> 02:52:13,120 SPECTRUM, THIS DOESN'T COVER 4439 02:52:13,120 --> 02:52:15,320 ENTIRE UNIVERSE OF AGGRESSION 4440 02:52:15,320 --> 02:52:17,480 BUT WE HAVE IRRITABILITY DEFINED 4441 02:52:17,480 --> 02:52:20,360 INCREASE PRONISTIC BEHAVIOR 4442 02:52:20,360 --> 02:52:23,000 WHICH CAN LEAD TO AGGRESSION. 4443 02:52:23,000 --> 02:52:26,040 ANGER WHICH IS UNPLEASANT 4444 02:52:26,040 --> 02:52:28,920 EMOTIONAL STATE WITH PREVIOUS 4445 02:52:28,920 --> 02:52:32,360 POSITION TO AGGRESSION. 4446 02:52:32,360 --> 02:52:33,520 INCLUDING DIFFERENT TYPES FORMS 4447 02:52:33,520 --> 02:52:35,840 AND FUNCTIONS THEREOF. EVEN WHEN 4448 02:52:35,840 --> 02:52:38,160 WE ARE TRYING TO -- TALKING 4449 02:52:38,160 --> 02:52:39,280 DEFINITION THERE IS IS NOT JUST 4450 02:52:39,280 --> 02:52:41,280 DEFINITION OF AGGRESSION, 4451 02:52:41,280 --> 02:52:42,480 SUBTYPES TO THINK ABOUT IT IS 4452 02:52:42,480 --> 02:52:44,840 IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT RELATED 4453 02:52:44,840 --> 02:52:47,520 OVERLAPPING CONSTRUCT LIKE 4454 02:52:47,520 --> 02:52:48,240 IRRITABILITY WHETHER IT MIGHT BE 4455 02:52:48,240 --> 02:52:49,760 LOT OFRY SEARCH GOING ON THAT 4456 02:52:49,760 --> 02:52:51,520 PERTAINS TO AGGRESSION THAT WE 4457 02:52:51,520 --> 02:52:52,560 MIGHT WANT TO ENGAGE WITH THAT 4458 02:52:52,560 --> 02:53:02,200 AS WELL. THIS IS COVERED 4459 02:53:02,200 --> 02:53:04,040 THOROUGHLY. THE ONLY THINKLY SAY 4460 02:53:04,040 --> 02:53:06,520 ABOUT INSTINCTIVE PROACTIVE 4461 02:53:06,520 --> 02:53:08,280 AGGRESSION REGRESSION, 4462 02:53:08,280 --> 02:53:16,280 MECHANISMS HERE BY DEFINITION 4463 02:53:16,280 --> 02:53:17,280 MECHANISTIC PROCESSES PROACTIVE 4464 02:53:17,280 --> 02:53:19,520 AGGRESSIVE REACTION AS, THREAT 4465 02:53:19,520 --> 02:53:21,600 RESPONSE FUNCTION OR MOTIVATION 4466 02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:23,160 OR MECHANISM, THEY HAVE THEORY 4467 02:53:23,160 --> 02:53:27,360 THAT GOES ALONG WITH IT SO I 4468 02:53:27,360 --> 02:53:29,560 THINK AS WE THINK HOW TO ADVANCE 4469 02:53:29,560 --> 02:53:33,800 OUR KNOWLEDGE IN THESE AREAS,ASS 4470 02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:35,600 AND THEORY BEHIND THESE 4471 02:53:35,600 --> 02:53:38,880 DIFFERENT TYPES CAN BE 4472 02:53:38,880 --> 02:53:40,920 INFORMATIVE OR DISENTANGLING THE 4473 02:53:40,920 --> 02:53:42,160 BEHAVIOR FROM THE MOTIVATION, 4474 02:53:42,160 --> 02:53:46,280 HOW WE OUTLINE THAT IN OUR STUDY 4475 02:53:46,280 --> 02:53:48,000 WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. 4476 02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:53,840 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 4477 02:53:53,840 --> 02:53:58,040 JUST WANT TO COME ON HIGH 4478 02:53:58,040 --> 02:54:00,040 CORRELATION BETWEEN REACTIVE AND 4479 02:54:00,040 --> 02:54:01,360 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. ALL THAT 4480 02:54:01,360 --> 02:54:04,960 IS VERY TRUE. I THINK WHAT WE 4481 02:54:04,960 --> 02:54:08,400 SEE IN THE LITERATURE, IT IS 4482 02:54:08,400 --> 02:54:14,640 HARD TO GET TO. HIGHLY 4483 02:54:14,640 --> 02:54:20,560 CORRELATED AT A LEVEL AND WITHIN 4484 02:54:20,560 --> 02:54:22,880 CHILD AD LESS SENT LITERATURE WE 4485 02:54:22,880 --> 02:54:24,360 SEE DISTANT CORRELATES AND 4486 02:54:24,360 --> 02:54:26,400 OUTCOMES AND WHEN YOU CONSIDER 4487 02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:28,400 BOTH REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE 4488 02:54:28,400 --> 02:54:30,960 DIMENSIONAL VARIABLES, I INCLUDE 4489 02:54:30,960 --> 02:54:32,120 THEM IN MODEL YOU SEE THINGS 4490 02:54:32,120 --> 02:54:36,400 LIKE REACTIVE AGGRESSION BEING 4491 02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:39,760 UNIQUELY ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY 4492 02:54:39,760 --> 02:54:42,040 AND SUICIDALITY AND PROACTIVE 4493 02:54:42,040 --> 02:54:45,000 AGGRESSION DISTINCTLY ASSOCIATED 4494 02:54:45,000 --> 02:54:46,080 WITH DELINQUENCY AND SUBSTANCE 4495 02:54:46,080 --> 02:54:48,560 USE PROBLEMS. SO THE OVERLAP IS 4496 02:54:48,560 --> 02:54:50,240 NOT TO IGNORE, IT DOES HANG 4497 02:54:50,240 --> 02:54:53,640 TOGETHER IN THAT WAY BUT 4498 02:54:53,640 --> 02:54:56,840 DIFFERENTIAL CORRELATES CAN BE 4499 02:54:56,840 --> 02:54:58,840 SOLVED IN SOME WAYS. NEXT SLIDE 4500 02:54:58,840 --> 02:55:01,200 PLEASE. THIS IS JUST TASTE OF 4501 02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:03,160 SOME OF THE ITEMS AND SCALES 4502 02:55:03,160 --> 02:55:10,560 THAT WE USE WE LOOK TO THIS PRA 4503 02:55:10,560 --> 02:55:12,520 AND FAMILIAR WITH THIS, WHAT I 4504 02:55:12,520 --> 02:55:14,560 WILL HIGHLIGHT IS GIVE YOU A 4505 02:55:14,560 --> 02:55:17,000 FLAVOR OF THE ITEMS AND 4506 02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:19,520 PERSPECTIVES FROM PARENTS 4507 02:55:19,520 --> 02:55:20,680 TEACHERS AND (INAUDIBLE) REPORT. 4508 02:55:20,680 --> 02:55:23,800 IMPORTANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE 4509 02:55:23,800 --> 02:55:25,000 AGGRESSION DOES OCCUR ACROSS 4510 02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:28,080 SETTINGS AND PERSPECTIVES AND 4511 02:55:28,080 --> 02:55:30,680 THESE TOOLS HAVE BEEN AROUND A 4512 02:55:30,680 --> 02:55:32,480 LONG TIME, PROVIDE INSIGHT OF 4513 02:55:32,480 --> 02:55:34,760 THOSE PERSPECTIVES AND CONTEXT. 4514 02:55:34,760 --> 02:55:36,440 IN ADDITION TO TOOLS COMING 4515 02:55:36,440 --> 02:55:38,440 ALONG WHICH I WON'T TALK ABOUT 4516 02:55:38,440 --> 02:55:43,000 LIKE EMA, ALSO PROMISING IN THAT 4517 02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:52,240 CONTEXT. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. WE 4518 02:55:52,240 --> 02:55:53,640 TOUCHED SOMEWHAT ON FORMS OF 4519 02:55:53,640 --> 02:55:56,440 AGGRESSION AND BROADLY THESE YOU 4520 02:55:56,440 --> 02:55:59,080 CAN BOIL DOWN TO MORE PHYSICAL 4521 02:55:59,080 --> 02:56:00,880 DIRECT FORMS. THIS IS THE MORE 4522 02:56:00,880 --> 02:56:05,000 COVERT RELATIONAL OR INDIRECT 4523 02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:06,520 FORMS. INCREASINGLY NOW THE 4524 02:56:06,520 --> 02:56:09,280 PLATFORM IF YOU WILL VENUE OF 4525 02:56:09,280 --> 02:56:12,280 AGGRESSION MATTERS TO SO AS 4526 02:56:12,280 --> 02:56:14,520 SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AND 4527 02:56:14,520 --> 02:56:15,960 SCIENCE EVOLVE SO IT IS THE 4528 02:56:15,960 --> 02:56:18,120 CYBER AGGRESSION THAT GOES WITH 4529 02:56:18,120 --> 02:56:19,120 IT AND DA THAT IS A CHALLENGE 4530 02:56:19,120 --> 02:56:20,640 FOR US TO KEEP UP WITH. NEXT 4531 02:56:20,640 --> 02:56:27,840 SLIDE PLEASE. THERE IS SOME 4532 02:56:27,840 --> 02:56:30,120 INTERESTING WORK WHERE FOLKS 4533 02:56:30,120 --> 02:56:33,280 MEASURED FORMS OF AGGRESSION 4534 02:56:33,280 --> 02:56:35,840 SIMULTANEOUSLY. THIS IS WHERE IT 4535 02:56:35,840 --> 02:56:37,400 IS FROM A (INAUDIBLE) 4536 02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:41,000 PERSPECTIVE, IT DOES FALL APART, 4537 02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:44,880 WHERE PCS ITEMS I CAN MODEL IN 4538 02:56:44,880 --> 02:56:46,720 GENERAL FACTOR REGRESSION AND 4539 02:56:46,720 --> 02:56:48,880 CHOOSE MY -- IF I WANT TO BE 4540 02:56:48,880 --> 02:56:52,160 PROACTIVE VERSUS REACTIVE, I CAN 4541 02:56:52,160 --> 02:56:54,480 DO REACTIVE VERSUS RELATIONAL 4542 02:56:54,480 --> 02:56:57,160 VERSUS PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, I 4543 02:56:57,160 --> 02:56:59,280 CAN INCORPORATE BOTH AT THE SAME 4544 02:56:59,280 --> 02:57:01,760 TIME. O THIS HETEROGENASETY 4545 02:57:01,760 --> 02:57:03,160 EXISTS IN AGGRESSION AND IN HOW 4546 02:57:03,160 --> 02:57:06,280 WE CAN MEASURE BUT IN THINKING 4547 02:57:06,280 --> 02:57:07,680 ABOUT THAT, CHOOSING MEASURES 4548 02:57:07,680 --> 02:57:11,320 AND HOW TO MODEL THEM Z IT MIGHT 4549 02:57:11,320 --> 02:57:12,800 BE POSSIBLE TO MEASURE ALL THE 4550 02:57:12,800 --> 02:57:15,360 ABOVE. MIGHT WANT TO LOOK TO 4551 02:57:15,360 --> 02:57:19,680 YOUR GUIDE OR CHOICES ABOUT 4552 02:57:19,680 --> 02:57:21,120 (INAUDIBLE) PROACTIVE VERSUS 4553 02:57:21,120 --> 02:57:22,880 REACTIVE, CORRELATION VERSUS 4554 02:57:22,880 --> 02:57:25,160 PHYSICAL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 4555 02:57:25,160 --> 02:57:27,080 GIVE EXAMPLE OF THIS, THIS IS 4556 02:57:27,080 --> 02:57:31,600 FROM A STUDY THAT WE DID WE 4557 02:57:31,600 --> 02:57:35,440 FOLLOWED ABOUT 1400 STUDENTS 4558 02:57:35,440 --> 02:57:36,640 ACROSS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL K 4559 02:57:36,640 --> 02:57:41,480 THROUGH FIVE AND HAVE TEACHER 4560 02:57:41,480 --> 02:57:43,720 REPORT REGRESSIONEGRY 4561 02:57:43,720 --> 02:57:45,760 SEMESTER. STUDENTS PARALLEL 4562 02:57:45,760 --> 02:57:49,360 PROCESS FOR MIXTURE MODELING AND 4563 02:57:49,360 --> 02:57:52,560 EVEN THOUGH YOU CAN SEE HIGHLY 4564 02:57:52,560 --> 02:57:55,160 CORRELATED IN THOED LINES 4565 02:57:55,160 --> 02:57:56,760 AND IN THOSE BLUE LINES FOLLOW 4566 02:57:56,760 --> 02:57:58,360 THE SAME PATTERNS. WHAT EMERGED 4567 02:57:58,360 --> 02:58:01,200 IS INTERESTING. WE CAN FOUR 4568 02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:02,280 CLASSES, LOW AGGRESSION AND 4569 02:58:02,280 --> 02:58:03,800 DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF 4570 02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:05,880 AGGRESSION. I WILL ASK YOU TO 4571 02:58:05,880 --> 02:58:07,960 FOCUS ON CLASS 2 AND CLASS 4. 4572 02:58:07,960 --> 02:58:13,040 NEXT LIED PLEAS SLIDE PLEASE. SE 4573 02:58:13,040 --> 02:58:14,400 IS CLASS 2 HAS THIS PATTERN 4574 02:58:14,400 --> 02:58:16,040 WHERE THEY START HIGH AND STAY 4575 02:58:16,040 --> 02:58:17,840 HIGH ON BOTH PROACTIVE AND 4576 02:58:17,840 --> 02:58:19,520 REACTIVE AGGRESSION OVER TIME. 4577 02:58:19,520 --> 02:58:22,080 SO OBJECTIVELY THEY ARE THE MORE 4578 02:58:22,080 --> 02:58:26,880 SEVERE OVERALL. THIS IS THE 4579 02:58:26,880 --> 02:58:28,160 SMALLER GROUP COMPARED TO CLASS 4580 02:58:28,160 --> 02:58:32,960 TH CAVE HH RISK OVER TIMEU CANEA 4581 02:58:32,960 --> 02:58:35,400 BUMMALO PROACTIVE REGRESSION. 4582 02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:37,600 THIS SEPARATED THEM OUT, COUPLE 4583 02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:40,800 OF THINGS TO HIGHLIGHT HERE, 4584 02:58:40,800 --> 02:58:43,360 OVERALL SEVERITY THAT REACTIVE 4585 02:58:43,360 --> 02:58:46,480 CLASS IS ABOUT THREE TIMES 4586 02:58:46,480 --> 02:58:49,840 BIGGER SO IF WE WE ARE FOCUSING 4587 02:58:49,840 --> 02:58:51,240 ON SEVERE REGRESSION CLASS WE 4588 02:58:51,240 --> 02:58:53,320 MIGHT BE MISSING A LARGER 4589 02:58:53,320 --> 02:58:55,240 REACTIVELY AGGRESSIVE CLASS OF 4590 02:58:55,240 --> 02:58:56,920 KIDS. THE OTHER THING TO POINT 4591 02:58:56,920 --> 02:58:58,920 SOUGHT OUTCOMES IN THE SPRING OF 4592 02:58:58,920 --> 02:59:00,720 FIFTH GRADE SO VERY END OF THE 4593 02:59:00,720 --> 02:59:03,360 TRAJECTORY IT WAS A PRIMARILY 4594 02:59:03,360 --> 02:59:04,560 REACTIVE REGRESSION CLASS AT 4595 02:59:04,560 --> 02:59:07,440 RISK FOR HIGHER LEVELS OF 4596 02:59:07,440 --> 02:59:11,600 DEPRESSION COMPARED TO GROUP IS 4597 02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:13,200 FIVE PERCENT BOTH PROACTIVE AND 4598 02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:14,920 REACTIVE REGRESSION, WAS NOT 4599 02:59:14,920 --> 02:59:17,040 ELEVATED RISK FOR DEPRESSN. 4600 02:59:17,040 --> 02:59:23,080 THAT IHE KIND OF THI TEASEDAPAR 4601 02:59:23,080 --> 02:59:26,960 OF COURSE DEVELOPMENT PLAY AS 4602 02:59:26,960 --> 02:59:29,520 ROLE AS WELL. THIS IS DEPICTING 4603 02:59:29,520 --> 02:59:30,920 WHAT YOU MIGHT SEE IF YOU ARE 4604 02:59:30,920 --> 02:59:33,040 MEASURING PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN 4605 02:59:33,040 --> 02:59:35,040 CHILDHOOD OPPOSED TO THE 4606 02:59:35,040 --> 02:59:37,560 CONSEQUENCES OF MORE SEVERE 4607 02:59:37,560 --> 02:59:40,720 LATER AGGRESSION IN ADOLESCENCE 4608 02:59:40,720 --> 02:59:45,000 THAT WE HAVE DECLINE CURVE EARLY 4609 02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:46,840 ON, AGE PRIME PEAK WE HAVE SEEP 4610 02:59:46,840 --> 02:59:50,400 TODAY LATER ADOLESCENCE SO IT 4611 02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:54,080 MATTERS WHAT PHENOMENON YOU ARE 4612 02:59:54,080 --> 02:59:55,760 MEASURING IS MODERATED BY 4613 02:59:55,760 --> 03:00:02,120 DEVELOPMENMENT. NEXT SLIDE PLEA 4614 03:00:02,120 --> 03:00:04,720 I'M NOT GOING TO BELABOR THIS 4615 03:00:04,720 --> 03:00:07,640 BUT GO ON TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 4616 03:00:07,640 --> 03:00:13,240 FROTHIS IS IRRITABILITY (INAUDI) 4617 03:00:13,240 --> 03:00:18,160 ALL OUR DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES 4618 03:00:18,160 --> 03:00:21,120 EXTERNALIZING. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE 4619 03:00:21,120 --> 03:00:25,440 SO I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS IS 4620 03:00:25,440 --> 03:00:27,760 ACROSS OUR DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 4621 03:00:27,760 --> 03:00:29,240 AND RESEARCH THAT I WILL SKIP 4622 03:00:29,240 --> 03:00:31,160 OVER SHOWING THAT IT IS A HIGHLY 4623 03:00:31,160 --> 03:00:32,680 PREVALENT CONCEPRRN ICE FAMILIES 4624 03:00:32,680 --> 03:00:36,320 SEEKING OUTPATIENT CARE. BUT 4625 03:00:36,320 --> 03:00:39,520 IRABOUT THE AGGRESSION THESE 4626 03:00:39,520 --> 03:00:41,760 PROBLEMS DON'T POP UP IN THINGS 4627 03:00:41,760 --> 03:00:44,840 LIKE THIS, NIMH HEALTH TOPICS OR 4628 03:00:44,840 --> 03:00:46,880 MANY SYSTE THAMST REFLECT 4629 03:00:46,880 --> 03:00:48,960 ES WHAT WE ARE FUNDING 4630 03:00:48,960 --> 03:00:51,040 FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH. NEXT 4631 03:00:51,040 --> 03:01:00,240 SLIDE PLEASE. (INAUDIBLE) TO 4632 03:01:00,240 --> 03:01:01,040 REMEMBER, MEASUREMENT 4633 03:01:01,040 --> 03:01:02,360 DEVELOPMENT MENTAL HEALTH AND 4634 03:01:02,360 --> 03:01:05,720 THAT IS A ME. NEXT SLIDE. 4635 03:01:05,720 --> 03:01:11,720 THANK YOU. THANK YOU SO MUCH 4636 03:01:11,720 --> 03:01:14,200 DR. EVANS. GREAT TALK. I THINK 4637 03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:19,320 NOW WE'LL MOVE TO DISCUSSANTS. 4638 03:01:19,320 --> 03:01:20,400 THE FIRST IS ANDREA GLENN, 4639 03:01:20,400 --> 03:01:21,760 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. ANY 4640 03:01:21,760 --> 03:01:23,200 COMMENTS TO SHARE ANDREA? 4641 03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:26,680 >>YEAH. THANK Y THANK YOU. THOE 4642 03:01:26,680 --> 03:01:30,840 INTERESTING SET OF TALKS. GREAT 4643 03:01:30,840 --> 03:01:33,120 TO HEAR BOTH ANIMAL RESEARCHERS 4644 03:01:33,120 --> 03:01:35,000 SIDE AND HUMAN RESEARCHERS SIDE 4645 03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:36,720 AS WELL AND KIND OF TRY TO DRAW 4646 03:01:36,720 --> 03:01:40,080 PARALLELS BETWEEN THEM. I THINK 4647 03:01:40,080 --> 03:01:42,080 THESE ANIMAL AGGRESSION 4648 03:01:42,080 --> 03:01:43,000 PARADIGMS ARE INTERESTING FOR 4649 03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:45,320 THOSE OF US I PERSONALLY DO 4650 03:01:45,320 --> 03:01:47,440 HUMAN RESEARCH, SO IT IS 4651 03:01:47,440 --> 03:01:48,920 INTERESTING TO SEE HOW PEOPLE 4652 03:01:48,920 --> 03:01:50,200 HAVE COME UP WITH THESE 4653 03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:52,000 DIFFERENT PARADIGMS FOR 4654 03:01:52,000 --> 03:01:56,080 MEASURING AGGRESSION. I THINK 4655 03:01:56,080 --> 03:01:57,800 DR. GOLDEN'S WORK USING THIS 4656 03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:00,240 CONCEPT OF ALLOWING THE ANIMALS 4657 03:02:00,240 --> 03:02:02,240 THE CHOICE TO ENGAGE AGGRESSION 4658 03:02:02,240 --> 03:02:06,040 NORTH IS REALLY UNIQUE AND 4659 03:02:06,040 --> 03:02:08,480 INTERESTING IN TERMS OF THINKING 4660 03:02:08,480 --> 03:02:12,240 OF HUMAN PARALLELS TO THAT. 4661 03:02:12,240 --> 03:02:16,480 THERE FALKNER'S PARADIGMS 4662 03:02:16,480 --> 03:02:17,920 LOOKING AT HOW THINGS CHANGE 4663 03:02:17,920 --> 03:02:19,760 OVER TIME WITH REPEATED 4664 03:02:19,760 --> 03:02:21,280 AGGRESSIVE INTERACTIONS 4665 03:02:21,280 --> 03:02:23,560 A. I THINK IS ALSO IMPORTANT. A 4666 03:02:23,560 --> 03:02:25,680 LOT OF THIS I THINK KIND OF ONE 4667 03:02:25,680 --> 03:02:27,200 OF THE THINGS THAT I KEEP COMING 4668 03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:30,400 BACK TO IS THE IDEA OF 4669 03:02:30,400 --> 03:02:34,840 REINFORCEMENT AND IN PARTICULAR 4670 03:02:34,840 --> 03:02:36,520 THIS PHRASE DR. FALKNER'S TALK 4671 03:02:36,520 --> 03:02:39,000 ABOUT HOW INHIBITION RELAXES 4672 03:02:39,000 --> 03:02:42,360 WITH AGGRESSIVE EXPERIENCE. SO 4673 03:02:42,360 --> 03:02:44,440 THINKING ABOUT THINGS MAY CHANGE 4674 03:02:44,440 --> 03:02:47,600 OVER TIME AND AGGRESSION BECOMES 4675 03:02:47,600 --> 03:02:51,360 MORE REINFORCING OVER TIME. HOW 4676 03:02:51,360 --> 03:02:53,040 CAN WE THEN THINK ABOUT THAT IN 4677 03:02:53,040 --> 03:02:55,280 THE HUMAN CONTEXT WHEN TRYING TO 4678 03:02:55,280 --> 03:02:58,760 THINK ABOUT PREVENTION AND 4679 03:02:58,760 --> 03:03:00,720 INTERVENTION AND IN 4680 03:03:00,720 --> 03:03:01,760 UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF 4681 03:03:01,760 --> 03:03:04,200 IT. SO I FEEL LIKE FROM WHAT WE 4682 03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:07,400 HAVE SEEN IN ANIMAL RESEARCH 4683 03:03:07,400 --> 03:03:09,200 TODAY THAT MOVES IT IS FOCUSING 4684 03:03:09,200 --> 03:03:13,400 ON THE EPISODE OF AGGRESSIVE 4685 03:03:13,400 --> 03:03:16,080 BEHAVIOR, MAYBE LESS SO ON HOW 4686 03:03:16,080 --> 03:03:19,800 THIS DEVELOPS OVER TIME STARTING 4687 03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,200 IN CHILDHOOD IN THE HUMAN 4688 03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:24,680 PARALLEL. I THINK ONE OF THE 4689 03:03:24,680 --> 03:03:26,440 THINGS WE HAVEN'T KIND OF TALKED 4690 03:03:26,440 --> 03:03:28,480 ABOUT THAT AS MUCH ARE THINGS 4691 03:03:28,480 --> 03:03:30,760 LIKE STRESS OR TRAUMA AND THAT 4692 03:03:30,760 --> 03:03:33,000 REALLY ENVIRONMENT AND HOW THAT 4693 03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:38,400 STARTS TO SHAPE BIOLOGY. I KNOW 4694 03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:40,080 MENTIONED FOR EXAMPLE THE 4695 03:03:40,080 --> 03:03:42,720 ENVIRONMENT RECALIBRATE THE 4696 03:03:42,720 --> 03:03:46,120 SYSTEM. I THINK IT WOULD BE 4697 03:03:46,120 --> 03:03:47,280 INTERESTING TO KIND OF LOOK AT 4698 03:03:47,280 --> 03:03:48,680 THESE THINGS OVER TIME AND SEE 4699 03:03:48,680 --> 03:03:51,160 HOW DO DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THE 4700 03:03:51,160 --> 03:03:53,440 ENVIRONMENT AS MUCH AS WE CAN 4701 03:03:53,440 --> 03:03:54,800 MODEL THEM PERHAPS IN ANIMAL 4702 03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:56,120 CONTEXT HOW THEY ACTUALLY CHANGE 4703 03:03:56,120 --> 03:03:57,920 WHAT BIOLOGY IS LOOKING LIKE. SO 4704 03:03:57,920 --> 03:03:59,440 HOW DO THEY CHANGE THESE 4705 03:03:59,440 --> 03:04:01,760 HORMONES OVER TIME, HOW DO THEY 4706 03:04:01,760 --> 03:04:03,920 CHANGE BRAIN FUNCTIONING OVER 4707 03:04:03,920 --> 03:04:07,000 TIME, TO PRODUCE THIS AFFECT OF 4708 03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:10,640 AGGRESSION BECOMING MORE OR LESS 4709 03:04:10,640 --> 03:04:12,200 REINFORCING WITH TIME. I ALSO 4710 03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:15,240 THOUGHT IT WAS INTERESTING, DR. 4711 03:04:15,240 --> 03:04:18,360 MOFFITT'S TALK EARLIER ABOUT HOW 4712 03:04:18,360 --> 03:04:22,000 LIFE COURSE PERSISTENT OFFENDERS 4713 03:04:22,000 --> 03:04:23,360 REDUCTIONS AND VOLUME OF BRAIN 4714 03:04:23,360 --> 03:04:25,240 AREAS SEPTEMBER FOR THE NUCLEUS 4715 03:04:25,240 --> 03:04:28,080 ACCUMBENS INVOLVED IN REWARD. SO 4716 03:04:28,080 --> 03:04:30,000 THAT IS ALSO -- THERE IS OTHER 4717 03:04:30,000 --> 03:04:31,600 WORK IN HUMANS INCLUDING SOME OF 4718 03:04:31,600 --> 03:04:34,040 MY OWN WORK SHOWING INCREASE 4719 03:04:34,040 --> 03:04:36,560 VOLUME IN THE STRIATUM OF 4720 03:04:36,560 --> 03:04:38,200 INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHOPA THICK 4721 03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:40,800 TRAITS SO THIS ELEMENT OF REWARD 4722 03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:43,040 IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND ALSO 4723 03:04:43,040 --> 03:04:45,600 TIES INTO HOW WE ARE DOING 4724 03:04:45,600 --> 03:04:48,840 INTERVENTIONS. SO HOW CAN WE 4725 03:04:48,840 --> 03:04:50,240 PERHAPS MAKE SOMETHING ELSE IN 4726 03:04:50,240 --> 03:04:52,280 THE ENVIRONMENT MORE REWARDING 4727 03:04:52,280 --> 03:04:54,320 THAN AGGRESSION WHEN WE ARE 4728 03:04:54,320 --> 03:04:58,520 THINKING ABOUT INTERVENTION. IN 4729 03:04:58,520 --> 03:04:59,840 TERMS OF THE LAST TWO TALKS, 4730 03:04:59,840 --> 03:05:00,920 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN REACTIVE 4731 03:05:00,920 --> 03:05:02,560 AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION I AGREE 4732 03:05:02,560 --> 03:05:04,920 WITH THE IDEA THAT THEY ARE 4733 03:05:04,920 --> 03:05:06,880 HIGHLY CORRELATED AND THAT 4734 03:05:06,880 --> 03:05:08,320 ULTIMATELY THE PEOPLE THAT 4735 03:05:08,320 --> 03:05:09,160 QUESTION CARE ABOUT ARE THOSE 4736 03:05:09,160 --> 03:05:11,400 WHO ARE HIGH IN BOTH REACTIVE 4737 03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:15,320 AND PROACTIVE AGGRESSION. I 4738 03:05:15,320 --> 03:05:19,480 WOULD ALSO FOCUS LESS ON TRYING 4739 03:05:19,480 --> 03:05:20,960 TO UNDERSTAND DISTINCTIONS 4740 03:05:20,960 --> 03:05:23,040 BETWEEN THEM AND INSTEAD FOCUS 4741 03:05:23,040 --> 03:05:24,960 ON HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY 4742 03:05:24,960 --> 03:05:26,120 INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE MORE 4743 03:05:26,120 --> 03:05:29,400 SUSCEPTIBLE TO BOTH OF THESE 4744 03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:31,200 TYPES OF AGGRESSION.MENT THOUGH 4745 03:05:31,200 --> 03:05:32,960 I THINK THE LAST TALK IT WOULD 4746 03:05:32,960 --> 03:05:36,880 BE INTERESTING TO SEE IF THESE 4747 03:05:36,880 --> 03:05:38,640 FOUR CLASSES THAT DR. EVANS WAS 4748 03:05:38,640 --> 03:05:42,080 SHOWING AT THE END THERE ALSO 4749 03:05:42,080 --> 03:05:43,640 REPLICATED IN THE ANIMAL SO DO 4750 03:05:43,640 --> 03:05:46,400 WE SEE THAT KIND OF THING WHERE 4751 03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:49,440 WE ALSO SEE GROUPS OFFER OF 4752 03:05:49,440 --> 03:05:51,160 ANNALS IN PROACTIVE AND 4753 03:05:51,160 --> 03:05:52,160 CORRECTIVE AND MAYBE ONLY 4754 03:05:52,160 --> 03:05:57,040 PARTICULARLY HIGH IN REACTIVE 4755 03:05:57,040 --> 03:06:01,320 AGGRESSION. WE WILL END THERE 4756 03:06:01,320 --> 03:06:03,160 AND MOVE TO THE NEXT DISCUSSANT 4757 03:06:03,160 --> 03:06:03,720 THEN. 4758 03:06:03,720 --> 03:06:06,520 >>PERFECT. THANK YOU SO MUCH, 4759 03:06:06,520 --> 03:06:08,960 ANDREA. ALL RIGHT. THE NEXT 4760 03:06:08,960 --> 03:06:11,640 DISCUSSANT IS THE DR. LUKE HYDE 4761 03:06:11,640 --> 03:06:18,000 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. GOOD 4762 03:06:18,000 --> 03:06:20,240 AFTERNOON HONOR TO BE HERE TO 4763 03:06:20,240 --> 03:06:21,000 HEAR THESE EXCELLENT 4764 03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:22,480 PRESENTATIONS AND THE WORKSHOP. 4765 03:06:22,480 --> 03:06:24,600 A FEW OBSERVATIONS TREATING AND 4766 03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:25,960 PREVENTING AGREG IN HUMANS. 4767 03:06:25,960 --> 03:06:28,080 SOME WHICH ARE ELABORATIONS ON 4768 03:06:28,080 --> 03:06:29,240 EXCELLENT POINTS PREVIOUS 4769 03:06:29,240 --> 03:06:30,600 SPEAKERS MADE ISSUES THAT HAVE 4770 03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:37,280 COME UP IN DISCUSSION. SO 4771 03:06:37,280 --> 03:06:39,080 COMPLEX OF HUMAN BEHAVIORS THE 4772 03:06:39,080 --> 03:06:39,920 BRIDGE IS DIFFICULT BUT 4773 03:06:39,920 --> 03:06:42,600 IMPORTANT ANIMAL MODELS OFFER 4774 03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:43,920 HIGH RESOLUTION OF CONTROL AND 4775 03:06:43,920 --> 03:06:45,960 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, BUT 4776 03:06:45,960 --> 03:06:47,640 AGGRESSION IS COMPLEX AND TAKES 4777 03:06:47,640 --> 03:06:48,760 PLACE EMBEDDED WITHIN THE 4778 03:06:48,760 --> 03:06:50,120 BROADER SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND 4779 03:06:50,120 --> 03:06:51,960 SOCIETY SO WE ARE SEEING SUCCESS 4780 03:06:51,960 --> 03:06:55,000 WITH MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN 4781 03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:56,960 AREAS LIKE PROACTIVE AND 4782 03:06:56,960 --> 03:06:58,560 REACTIVE AGGRESSION MAPPING ON 4783 03:06:58,560 --> 03:07:01,680 TO OTHER SCREEN TOOLS THAT 4784 03:07:01,680 --> 03:07:03,240 EMOTIONAL TRAITS AND AS SENSOR 4785 03:07:03,240 --> 03:07:05,840 EVANS DISCUSSED YOU CAN OFTEN 4786 03:07:05,840 --> 03:07:08,040 FIND A GROUP ON ACTIVE AND 4787 03:07:08,040 --> 03:07:10,160 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION AND TURN 4788 03:07:10,160 --> 03:07:11,680 THOSE FOLKS MIGHT HAVE EMOTIONAL 4789 03:07:11,680 --> 03:07:13,720 TRAITS. THAT IS A BRIDGE BUT 4790 03:07:13,720 --> 03:07:15,800 SHOWS HOW COMPLEX THE BRIDGE IS 4791 03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:18,360 WHEN YES HAVING SUCCESS. THE 4792 03:07:18,360 --> 03:07:21,800 MORE FOL TEAR ARE I MOFFITT WHO 4793 03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:24,080 SPOKE LATER AND LAY LEX WHO WILL 4794 03:07:24,080 --> 03:07:26,320 SPEAK LATER, EARLY STARTING 4795 03:07:26,320 --> 03:07:29,520 VERSUS ADOLESCENT BETWEEN 4796 03:07:29,520 --> 03:07:30,600 ANTI-AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND 4797 03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:31,960 RULE BREAKING. THAT SIN FORMED 4798 03:07:31,960 --> 03:07:32,760 INTERVENTIONS WHEN WE THINK 4799 03:07:32,760 --> 03:07:34,520 ABOUT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HOW 4800 03:07:34,520 --> 03:07:36,080 TO CREATE A MOUSE MODEL OF RULE 4801 03:07:36,080 --> 03:07:38,360 BREAKING AND ADOLESCENT ONSET OF 4802 03:07:38,360 --> 03:07:39,720 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE 4803 03:07:39,720 --> 03:07:41,200 COMPLEX SUBTYPES WHICH MAP WELL 4804 03:07:41,200 --> 03:07:43,080 TO DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS IN 4805 03:07:43,080 --> 03:07:45,440 YOUTH ARE ALSO TRICKY TO THINK 4806 03:07:45,440 --> 03:07:47,760 IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS BUT RELATED 4807 03:07:47,760 --> 03:07:50,000 TO THIS POINT Z IS THE ISSUE 4808 03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,000 WITHIN A PERSON MULTIPLE 4809 03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:52,920 OVERLAPPING PHENOTYPING ARE 4810 03:07:52,920 --> 03:07:54,880 CHALLENGING THE SEPARAT SEPARATE 4811 03:07:54,880 --> 03:07:56,400 HIGH RISK ARE ONES THAT ARE 4812 03:07:56,400 --> 03:07:58,120 AGGRESSIVE EARLY STARTING 4813 03:07:58,120 --> 03:08:00,000 ENGAGAL BREAKING ADHD MORE 4814 03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:01,240 LIKELY MOOD DISORDERS AND 4815 03:08:01,240 --> 03:08:02,680 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS SO THERE 4816 03:08:02,680 --> 03:08:05,720 ARE HIGHER BOTH IN EXTERNALIZING 4817 03:08:05,720 --> 03:08:07,920 AND ALSO BROADEST P FACTOR OF 4818 03:08:07,920 --> 03:08:09,400 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. ALSO PEOPLE 4819 03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:10,520 WITH BIGGEST IMPACT ON SOCIETY 4820 03:08:10,520 --> 03:08:12,640 IN TERMS OF COSTS FOR THEIR 4821 03:08:12,640 --> 03:08:13,680 BEHAVIORS AND THEIR MENTAL 4822 03:08:13,680 --> 03:08:16,240 HEALTHEALTH. SO FOCUSING ON 4823 03:08:16,240 --> 03:08:17,520 AGGRESSION CAN MISS THIS AS PART 4824 03:08:17,520 --> 03:08:20,320 OF BROADER ENGAGEMENT IN 4825 03:08:20,320 --> 03:08:22,800 EXTERNALIZING AND CERTAINLY 4826 03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:23,920 AGGRESSION IS IMPORTANT 4827 03:08:23,920 --> 03:08:25,320 TRANSAGNOSTIC PHENOTYPE BUT 4828 03:08:25,320 --> 03:08:27,160 CAN'T THINK IT IS AWAY IN 4829 03:08:27,160 --> 03:08:28,360 BROADER SET OF BEHAVIORS. 4830 03:08:28,360 --> 03:08:30,440 AGGRESSION IS ONE OF SEVERAL 4831 03:08:30,440 --> 03:08:31,800 SETS OF BEHAVIORS THAT NEED TO 4832 03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:33,200 BE PREVENTED AND TREATED. 4833 03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:35,560 SECOND AND RELATEDLY, WE CAN'T 4834 03:08:35,560 --> 03:08:38,000 SEPARATE AGGRESSION ANTI-SOCIAL 4835 03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:38,920 BEHAVIOR FROM ENVIRONMENT AND 4836 03:08:38,920 --> 03:08:40,760 SOCIAL CONTEXT, A POINT KRISTIN 4837 03:08:40,760 --> 03:08:42,440 MADE EARLIER SO THE BIGGEST 4838 03:08:42,440 --> 03:08:44,000 PREDICTORS OF ANTI-SOCIAL 4839 03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:45,560 BEHAVIOR THINGS LIKE POVERTY 4840 03:08:45,560 --> 03:08:46,920 ADVERSITY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY 4841 03:08:46,920 --> 03:08:48,440 THOSE ARE THE BIGGEST EFFECT 4842 03:08:48,440 --> 03:08:50,000 SIZE OF ANYTHING OUT THERE. 4843 03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:51,720 THESE ARE NOT RANDOMLY 4844 03:08:51,720 --> 03:08:52,720 DISTRIBUTED AND EFFECT SOME 4845 03:08:52,720 --> 03:08:55,040 GROUPS MORE THAN OTHERS SO 4846 03:08:55,040 --> 03:08:56,640 CERTAINLY AGGRESSION BROADER 4847 03:08:56,640 --> 03:08:57,720 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ARE 4848 03:08:57,720 --> 03:08:59,760 HERITABLE BUT THERE IS WORK 4849 03:08:59,760 --> 03:09:01,720 SHOWING SOCIAL PUSHES FROM 4850 03:09:01,720 --> 03:09:04,560 THINGS LIKE INEQUALITY MAY PUSH 4851 03:09:04,560 --> 03:09:05,880 YOUTH WITHOUT GENETIC RISK 4852 03:09:05,880 --> 03:09:07,600 TOWARD THESE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES 4853 03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:09,480 SO WHEN YOU FOCUS ON 4854 03:09:09,480 --> 03:09:11,400 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ONE LEVEL 4855 03:09:11,400 --> 03:09:13,440 PARENTING THROUGH PARENT 4856 03:09:13,440 --> 03:09:14,840 MANAGEMENT TRAINING THE PARENTS 4857 03:09:14,840 --> 03:09:16,040 ARE BEING CHALLENGED BY 4858 03:09:16,040 --> 03:09:16,840 INCREDIBLE STRESSORS THROUGH 4859 03:09:16,840 --> 03:09:18,920 LACK OF RESOURCES AND SOCIAL 4860 03:09:18,920 --> 03:09:20,400 INEQUALITIES. I WAS PART OF A 4861 03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:22,120 PREVIOUSLY PART OF PREVENTIVE 4862 03:09:22,120 --> 03:09:23,400 INTERVENTION AS THERAPIST TO 4863 03:09:23,400 --> 03:09:25,040 TARGET EARLY BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS 4864 03:09:25,040 --> 03:09:28,520 BUT MET A MOM SEVERELY DEPRESS. 4865 03:09:28,520 --> 03:09:30,640 THE BUS LINE CUT NEAR THE HOME, 4866 03:09:30,640 --> 03:09:32,640 COULDN'T GET TO WORK AND HAD NO 4867 03:09:32,640 --> 03:09:34,160 FAMILY SUPPORT AND DEEP IN 4868 03:09:34,160 --> 03:09:35,960 POVERTY. TRYING TO FOCUS ON 4869 03:09:35,960 --> 03:09:40,000 PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING THE 4870 03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:41,760 BROADER CONTEXT AND SALIENT 4871 03:09:41,760 --> 03:09:43,240 THINGS FOR HER. THINKING 4872 03:09:43,240 --> 03:09:44,920 AGGRESSION ONLY AS PERSON LEVEL 4873 03:09:44,920 --> 03:09:47,000 AND FAMILY LEVEL LARGER MORE 4874 03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:48,360 POWERFUL STRUCTURAL CAUSES THAT 4875 03:09:48,360 --> 03:09:50,640 ARE INTERTWINED. I WANT TO NOTE 4876 03:09:50,640 --> 03:09:52,080 THAT THOSE LEVELS CAN BE 4877 03:09:52,080 --> 03:09:53,760 INTERVENE ON BUT JUST NOT ONES 4878 03:09:53,760 --> 03:09:56,280 WE THINK ABOUT INTERVENING ON. 4879 03:09:56,280 --> 03:09:57,640 AND THEY ARE OFTEN MORE 4880 03:09:57,640 --> 03:10:00,120 POLITICALLY POLARIZING. I ALSO 4881 03:10:00,120 --> 03:10:01,120 WANT TO POINT OUT SOMETHING 4882 03:10:01,120 --> 03:10:03,160 THAT'S COME ACROSS A COUPLE OF 4883 03:10:03,160 --> 03:10:07,520 TALKS TODAY, A LOT OF SOCIO HE 4884 03:10:07,520 --> 03:10:12,720 CAN H ECOLOGICAL TIME SCALES, A 4885 03:10:12,720 --> 03:10:14,840 POINT FALKNER MADE THE TYPE OF 4886 03:10:14,840 --> 03:10:16,200 PERPETRATOR VICTIM INTERACTIONS 4887 03:10:16,200 --> 03:10:18,280 THAT MARSH TALKED ABOUT VERSUS 4888 03:10:18,280 --> 03:10:19,880 ALCOHOL USE VERSUS DEVIANT PEER 4889 03:10:19,880 --> 03:10:22,960 INFLUENCE, VERSUS FAMILY 4890 03:10:22,960 --> 03:10:24,280 POVERTY, EACH IMPACT DIFFERENT 4891 03:10:24,280 --> 03:10:26,000 TIME SCALES FROM HOURS TO WEEKS 4892 03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:27,680 TO YEARS. WE NOT GREAT STUDYING 4893 03:10:27,680 --> 03:10:29,160 ACROSS LEVELS, OFTEN ANIMAL 4894 03:10:29,160 --> 03:10:31,040 MODELS ARE LOOKING AT DIFFERENT 4895 03:10:31,040 --> 03:10:32,680 TIME SCALE THAN HUMAN MODELS 4896 03:10:32,680 --> 03:10:38,440 LOOKING ON SCALES OF YEARS. IT 4897 03:10:38,440 --> 03:10:40,360 IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND YOUTH 4898 03:10:40,360 --> 03:10:43,280 AND ADULTS HAVE FEW ADVOCATES A 4899 03:10:43,280 --> 03:10:46,920 POINTS MADE EARLIER. THERE IS A 4900 03:10:46,920 --> 03:10:48,320 WHOSE OF EVIDENCE SHOWING IT IS 4901 03:10:48,320 --> 03:10:50,400 A NEURAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER 4902 03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:52,120 AND A FORM SOFT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 4903 03:10:52,120 --> 03:10:54,160 MOST FOLKS IN PUBLIC AND SOME 4904 03:10:54,160 --> 03:10:56,920 FOLKS IN NIH ARE INTERESTED IN 4905 03:10:56,920 --> 03:10:58,520 SEPARATING OUT BAD PEOPLE FROM 4906 03:10:58,520 --> 03:11:00,200 SICK PEOPLE, THUS WHO NEEDS 4907 03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:01,280 BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT VERSUS 4908 03:11:01,280 --> 03:11:03,360 THOSE WHO WON'T. I WANT TO NOTE 4909 03:11:03,360 --> 03:11:03,880 THIS HARKENS BACK TO 4910 03:11:03,880 --> 03:11:05,680 UNDERSTANDING OF SUBSTANCE USE 4911 03:11:05,680 --> 03:11:07,040 DISORDERS DECADES AGO AS ISSUE 4912 03:11:07,040 --> 03:11:09,560 OF WILL POWER, OR BAD CHARACTER 4913 03:11:09,560 --> 03:11:10,920 AND ISSUE THAT FOLKS LIKE THE 4914 03:11:10,920 --> 03:11:12,080 DIRECTOR OF NIDA AND OTHERS 4915 03:11:12,080 --> 03:11:15,520 PUSHED BACK AGAINST WHICH HELPED 4916 03:11:15,520 --> 03:11:17,560 US SEE SUCK STANCE USE AS MENTAL 4917 03:11:17,560 --> 03:11:18,720 ILLNESS TREATED AS A PUBLIC 4918 03:11:18,720 --> 03:11:22,200 HEALTH CONCERN. AND THOUGH OTHER 4919 03:11:22,200 --> 03:11:23,480 NEURAL DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS 4920 03:11:23,480 --> 03:11:26,440 LIKE AUTISM HAVE HUGE FUNDING 4921 03:11:26,440 --> 03:11:28,040 MANY HAVE FEW RESOURCEN AND 4922 03:11:28,040 --> 03:11:29,440 LITTLE POLITICAL VOICE. THOSE 4923 03:11:29,440 --> 03:11:31,400 PARENT WHO DO HAVE RESOURCES ARE 4924 03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:32,560 STIGMATIZED BY CHILDREN BEHAVIOR 4925 03:11:32,560 --> 03:11:33,800 THUS NOT LIKELY TO ADVOCATED FOR 4926 03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:35,600 ATTENTION AND FUNDING FOR THESE 4927 03:11:35,600 --> 03:11:38,480 VERY COMMON BEHAVIORS SO LITTLE 4928 03:11:38,480 --> 03:11:40,040 PUBLIC ADVOCACY FOR FUNDING 4929 03:11:40,040 --> 03:11:40,960 SCIENCE AND PREVENTION 4930 03:11:40,960 --> 03:11:42,720 REGRESSION AND YET AGGRESSION 4931 03:11:42,720 --> 03:11:44,400 AND BALANCE ARE BIGGEST PUBLIC 4932 03:11:44,400 --> 03:11:45,760 HEALTH CHALLENGES. SCIENTISTS 4933 03:11:45,760 --> 03:11:48,040 HERE WE ARE HAPPY TO ADVOCATED 4934 03:11:48,040 --> 03:11:50,040 FOR MORE FUNDING BUT I WANT TO 4935 03:11:50,040 --> 03:11:52,160 POINT OUT MANY FOLKS INVOLVED 4936 03:11:52,160 --> 03:11:53,400 ARE AFFECTED BY BEHAVIOR ARE 4937 03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:55,280 LESS LIKELY ADVOCATE VERSUS MANY 4938 03:11:55,280 --> 03:11:57,280 OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES OR OTHER 4939 03:11:57,280 --> 03:12:00,480 PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. 4940 03:12:00,480 --> 03:12:01,840 FOURTH I WANTED TO SAY A COUPLE 4941 03:12:01,840 --> 03:12:03,280 OF SIDE COMMENTS ABOUT THIS, BUT 4942 03:12:03,280 --> 03:12:04,200 ONE BIG CHALLENGE TO 4943 03:12:04,200 --> 03:12:05,960 UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING 4944 03:12:05,960 --> 03:12:07,760 AGGRESSION IS ALSO THE 4945 03:12:07,760 --> 03:12:08,360 SPLINTEDDERRING OF FUNDING AT 4946 03:12:08,360 --> 03:12:10,280 NIH. AS I NOTED EARLIER 4947 03:12:10,280 --> 03:12:11,840 AGGRESSION OVERLAPS WITH BROADER 4948 03:12:11,840 --> 03:12:12,960 ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND 4949 03:12:12,960 --> 03:12:14,040 EXTERNALIZING BUDDY PENDING WHAT 4950 03:12:14,040 --> 03:12:15,400 YOU CALL THESE BEHAVIOR AND WHO 4951 03:12:15,400 --> 03:12:16,640 YOU STUDY THEM IN, DIFFERENT 4952 03:12:16,640 --> 03:12:18,440 INSTITUTES MAY OR MAY NOT FUND 4953 03:12:18,440 --> 03:12:20,240 THEM. IF A GRANT APPLICATION IS 4954 03:12:20,240 --> 03:12:21,480 STUDYING AGGRESSION, VERSUS 4955 03:12:21,480 --> 03:12:24,240 CONDUCT DISORDER, VERSUS 4956 03:12:24,240 --> 03:12:26,240 EXTERNALIZING VERSUS EARLY RISK 4957 03:12:26,240 --> 03:12:27,920 FACTORS, THIS COULD BE A SAME 4958 03:12:27,920 --> 03:12:30,120 STUDY WITH DIFFERENT WORDS Z 4959 03:12:30,120 --> 03:12:31,360 LOOKING AT THE SAME MECHANISMS 4960 03:12:31,360 --> 03:12:34,360 THAT GRANT WILL GIVE BALANCE TO 4961 03:12:34,360 --> 03:12:35,560 DIFFERENT INSTITUTES. AND THERE 4962 03:12:35,560 --> 03:12:37,480 HAVE BEEN HISTORICAL TRENDS 4963 03:12:37,480 --> 03:12:39,640 INSTITUTES INTERESTED AND NOT 4964 03:12:39,640 --> 03:12:40,480 INTERESTED IN PHENOTYPES WITH 4965 03:12:40,480 --> 03:12:41,720 AGGRESSION, THIS SHIFTING IN 4966 03:12:41,720 --> 03:12:43,080 FUNDING AND FINE LINES WHICH 4967 03:12:43,080 --> 03:12:44,880 INSTITUTE WILL FUND WHAT WORK 4968 03:12:44,880 --> 03:12:47,880 CAN UNDERMINE CREATING A 4969 03:12:47,880 --> 03:12:49,880 SUSTAINABLE WORK FORCE SINCE 4970 03:12:49,880 --> 03:12:51,200 INVESTIGATORS CAN'T BUILD LONG 4971 03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:52,120 TERM STABLE RELATIONSHIPS AND 4972 03:12:52,120 --> 03:12:53,240 CREATE LONG TERM PROGRAMS OF 4973 03:12:53,240 --> 03:12:54,680 RESEARCH. YET THIS IS A HUGE 4974 03:12:54,680 --> 03:12:55,920 PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN SO TOUCHES 4975 03:12:55,920 --> 03:12:57,040 O THE MISSION OF SO MANY 4976 03:12:57,040 --> 03:13:01,920 INSTITUTES. FINALLY IN TERMS OF 4977 03:13:01,920 --> 03:13:03,280 WHAT WE DO ABOUT THIS, THIS IS 4978 03:13:03,280 --> 03:13:05,200 PART OF PREVIOUS DISCUSSI DISCUY 4979 03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,320 TWO CENTS, I THINK THE IRONIES 4980 03:13:08,320 --> 03:13:09,640 WE HAVE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS WE 4981 03:13:09,640 --> 03:13:12,000 NEED TO PERSONALIZE FOR SOME, 4982 03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:14,040 MAKE THEM EFFECTIVE IN OTHER 4983 03:13:14,040 --> 03:13:16,480 WAYS FOR DIFFERENT SUB GROUPS. 4984 03:13:16,480 --> 03:13:17,800 WE HAVE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS BUT 4985 03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:20,040 MOVE PEOPLE WHO NEED THEM DON'T 4986 03:13:20,040 --> 03:13:22,240 GET THEM SO WE NEED SCALABLE 4987 03:13:22,240 --> 03:13:23,560 PREVENTATIVE INTERVENTIONS THAT 4988 03:13:23,560 --> 03:13:25,720 GO FROM UNIVERSAL USING A PUBLIC 4989 03:13:25,720 --> 03:13:28,280 HEALTH APPROACH. SO ONE QUESTION 4990 03:13:28,280 --> 03:13:31,160 I HAD IS HOW MUCH WE SHOULD BE 4991 03:13:31,160 --> 03:13:32,760 FOCUSING EFFORTS THINKING ABOUT 4992 03:13:32,760 --> 03:13:34,560 BASIC ETIOLOGY VERSUS 4993 03:13:34,560 --> 03:13:35,400 TRANSLATION IMPLEMENTATION OF 4994 03:13:35,400 --> 03:13:37,440 THE POPULATION LEVEL. I'M 4995 03:13:37,440 --> 03:13:39,160 SOMEONE WHO THINKS ABOUT THE 4996 03:13:39,160 --> 03:13:42,080 BASIC SCIENCE OF IT, I THINK WE 4997 03:13:42,080 --> 03:13:43,520 HAVE TREATMENTS THAT CAN GIVE 4998 03:13:43,520 --> 03:13:45,080 OUT THERE BUT HAVEN'T SPENT AS 4999 03:13:45,080 --> 03:13:48,440 MUCH FOCUS ON FUNDING OR 5000 03:13:48,440 --> 03:13:49,560 ATTENTION ON AT THIS SEMINATION 5001 03:13:49,560 --> 03:13:52,120 AND TRANSLATION AND THEREFORE 5002 03:13:52,120 --> 03:13:53,520 OFTEN FOLKS NOT GETTING THE 5003 03:13:53,520 --> 03:13:54,880 TREATMENTS THEY NEED, NOT BEING 5004 03:13:54,880 --> 03:13:56,240 SCREENED OR NOT GETTING ACCESS 5005 03:13:56,240 --> 03:14:00,120 TO WHAT THEY NEED. I WILL STOP 5006 03:14:00,120 --> 03:14:01,000 THERE AND OPEN FOR BROADER 5007 03:14:01,000 --> 03:14:01,800 DISCUSSION. 5008 03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:03,960 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. HYDE. 5009 03:14:03,960 --> 03:14:06,920 BEFORE I HOPE UP TO THE AUDIENCE 5010 03:14:06,920 --> 03:14:09,520 I WANTED TO ASK THE SPEAKERS IF 5011 03:14:09,520 --> 03:14:12,440 ANYONE HAS ANYTHING TO SAY OR 5012 03:14:12,440 --> 03:14:16,920 RESPOND ANY COMMENTS TO OUR 5013 03:14:16,920 --> 03:14:22,520 DISCUSSANTS, LUKE AND ANDREA. 5014 03:14:22,520 --> 03:14:26,080 >>OKAY. SO IF THERE'S NO 5015 03:14:26,080 --> 03:14:27,200 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON THAT, I 5016 03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:28,240 WOULD LIKE TO TAKE SOME 5017 03:14:28,240 --> 03:14:30,160 QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE. ONE 5018 03:14:30,160 --> 03:14:32,720 OF THE QUESTIONS WE RECEIVED, 5019 03:14:32,720 --> 03:14:34,440 AND THIS IS FOR ANYONE TO 5020 03:14:34,440 --> 03:14:36,640 ANSWER, WHY DO YOU THINK A 5021 03:14:36,640 --> 03:14:38,240 CONSORTIUM ON WHAT IS AGGRESSION 5022 03:14:38,240 --> 03:14:40,440 IS NOT HAPPENING? I AGREE IT 5023 03:14:40,440 --> 03:14:42,000 WOULD BE SUPER IMPORTANT. WHAT 5024 03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:50,280 IS HOLDING EVERYONE BACK? ANY 5025 03:14:50,280 --> 03:14:51,320 TAKERS FOR THAT ONE? 5026 03:14:51,320 --> 03:14:54,320 >>DR. CHESTER YOU ARE SMILING. 5027 03:14:54,320 --> 03:14:57,720 >>IT WOULD BE COMBATIVE BUT 5028 03:14:57,720 --> 03:14:59,320 CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT. I THINK DR. 5029 03:14:59,320 --> 03:15:00,800 PARROTT EARLIER MENTIONED THAT 5030 03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:02,840 WE NEED TO BE AIMING AT THE SAME 5031 03:15:02,840 --> 03:15:07,240 TARGET. SO WE NEED TO BE IN 5032 03:15:07,240 --> 03:15:08,600 AGREEMENT O ON WHAT WE ARE 5033 03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:11,280 TALKING ABOUT, HARD TO ADVOCATE 5034 03:15:11,280 --> 03:15:12,160 FOR MORE SUPPORT ALL THE STUFF 5035 03:15:12,160 --> 03:15:13,600 WE HAVE BEEN ASKING FOR WITHOUT 5036 03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:15,240 SAYING THIS IS WHAT WE WANT TO 5037 03:15:15,240 --> 03:15:18,600 STUDY. IF WE CAN'T AGREE. WE ARE 5038 03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:21,920 ALL DANCING AROUND THE SAME 5039 03:15:21,920 --> 03:15:25,640 THING BUT IT WOULD BE NICE IF IN 5040 03:15:25,640 --> 03:15:26,800 A REPRESENTATIVE COALITION OF 5041 03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:29,200 SCHOLARS AND PEOPLE FROM THE 5042 03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:31,000 COMMUNITY WHO THIS AFFECTS THE 5043 03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:32,440 MOST COULD GET TOGETHER AND 5044 03:15:32,440 --> 03:15:34,880 AGREE ON SOMETHING. I'M SURE 5045 03:15:34,880 --> 03:15:37,120 PEOPLE WOULD BE PISSED OFF BY 5046 03:15:37,120 --> 03:15:38,320 THE ANSWER. IT WOULD BE 5047 03:15:38,320 --> 03:15:41,080 IMPORTANT FOR US TO DO THAT. I 5048 03:15:41,080 --> 03:15:43,000 AM DOWN FOR IT. AND ALSO SCARED 5049 03:15:43,000 --> 03:15:48,280 OF IT. 5050 03:15:48,280 --> 03:15:52,040 >>CAN I ADD SOMETHING? 5051 03:15:52,040 --> 03:15:55,000 >>IT IS CHALLENGING. I TOTALLY 5052 03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:56,800 AGREE WITH THE USE -- PART OF 5053 03:15:56,800 --> 03:16:02,400 THE CHALLENGE I THINK IS 5054 03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:03,200 DEFINITIONAL TERRITORIAL IF YOU 5055 03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:07,520 WILL. THERE IS A CONSORTIUM 5056 03:16:07,520 --> 03:16:11,800 RIGHT NOW RELATED TO YOUR 5057 03:16:11,800 --> 03:16:13,720 ABILITY THAT MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE 5058 03:16:13,720 --> 03:16:14,640 KNOWLEDGE OF THIS WORKSHOP AND 5059 03:16:14,640 --> 03:16:20,000 VICE VERSA. WORKING ON VERY 5060 03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:20,960 SIMILAR PROJECTS, DEFINITIONS 5061 03:16:20,960 --> 03:16:25,160 AND SO FORTH. THE LINES MAY NOT 5062 03:16:25,160 --> 03:16:28,280 BE SO CLEAR BUT BIGGER PROBLEM 5063 03:16:28,280 --> 03:16:29,440 IS LACK OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN 5064 03:16:29,440 --> 03:16:30,040 THESE GROUPS AND BETWEEN THESE 5065 03:16:30,040 --> 03:16:31,680 EFFORTS, NOT NECESSARILY NEEDS 5066 03:16:31,680 --> 03:16:35,120 TO BE ONE SINGULAR DEFINITION OR 5067 03:16:35,120 --> 03:16:36,920 MODEL THAT SERVES ALL PURPOSES 5068 03:16:36,920 --> 03:16:38,640 BUT WOULD BE NICE TO HAVE MORE 5069 03:16:38,640 --> 03:16:40,320 COMMUNICATION COLLABORATION. SO 5070 03:16:40,320 --> 03:16:41,480 APPRECIATE THIS WORKSHOP FOR 5071 03:16:41,480 --> 03:16:51,720 THAT REASON. 5072 03:16:53,400 --> 03:16:54,720 >>I THINK THERE WAS A SPECIFIC 5073 03:16:54,720 --> 03:16:57,480 QUESTION FOR YOU, DR. EVANS. 5074 03:16:57,480 --> 03:16:59,480 SOMEONE SAID I WAS CURIOUS 5075 03:16:59,480 --> 03:17:00,640 WHETHER IRRITABILITY WAS HIGHER 5076 03:17:00,640 --> 03:17:03,280 IN REACTIVE GROUP WITH HYDREA 5077 03:17:03,280 --> 03:17:04,280 PRESENTATION RATES AND RELATED. 5078 03:17:04,280 --> 03:17:05,520 HOW ARE WHETHER YOU THINK 5079 03:17:05,520 --> 03:17:06,800 IRRITABILITY CAN HELP TO 5080 03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:08,160 DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 5081 03:17:08,160 --> 03:17:09,920 AGGRESSION, MOTIVATION FOR 5082 03:17:09,920 --> 03:17:12,200 AGGRESSION, OR DIAGNOSES FOR 5083 03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:17,280 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS. 5084 03:17:17,280 --> 03:17:19,760 >>I APPRECIATE THAT QUESTION, 5085 03:17:19,760 --> 03:17:22,560 UNFORTUNATELY DON'T HAVE DATA ON 5086 03:17:22,560 --> 03:17:23,880 IRRITABILITY FOR THAT -- THOSE 5087 03:17:23,880 --> 03:17:25,480 TRAJECTORY ACE CROSS THE TIME 5088 03:17:25,480 --> 03:17:27,480 SPAN AND HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT 5089 03:17:27,480 --> 03:17:29,200 COUPLE OF WAYS AND HAVEN'T 5090 03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:32,240 LOOKED SPECIFICALLY BUT WHAT YOU 5091 03:17:32,240 --> 03:17:34,440 MIGHT THINK ABOUT IS HOW 5092 03:17:34,440 --> 03:17:37,880 DIFFERENT IS REACTIVE AGGRESSION 5093 03:17:37,880 --> 03:17:40,480 FROM IRRITABILITY ALWAYS HAS 5094 03:17:40,480 --> 03:17:45,080 IRRITABILITY AS PRE-DISPOSING 5095 03:17:45,080 --> 03:17:46,760 EMOTION, AND REACTION WITH 5096 03:17:46,760 --> 03:17:49,560 AGGRESSION ON TOP OF THAT. SO 5097 03:17:49,560 --> 03:17:53,520 CONCEPTUAL OVERLAP IS THERE I 5098 03:17:53,520 --> 03:17:56,360 SUSPECT THOSE WOULD BE MILLIER 5099 03:17:56,360 --> 03:18:01,120 TABLE MORE IRRITABLE AS WELL. I 5100 03:18:01,120 --> 03:18:06,560 ALSO WANTS TO COMMENT ON CAUSING 5101 03:18:06,560 --> 03:18:08,920 CONTROVERSY WITH NIMH PAGE, BUT 5102 03:18:08,920 --> 03:18:11,840 ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHT -- I THINK 5103 03:18:11,840 --> 03:18:14,480 THAT IS THE MORE ISSUE IN ALL 5104 03:18:14,480 --> 03:18:17,160 OUR SYSTEMS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 5105 03:18:17,160 --> 03:18:20,800 SO FORTH, THERE IS NO AGGRESSION 5106 03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:23,680 DISORDER, NO WAY TO DRAW 5107 03:18:23,680 --> 03:18:25,040 ATTENTION TO THIS AND IT IS SORT 5108 03:18:25,040 --> 03:18:27,040 OF AT RISK OF FLYING THROUGH THE 5109 03:18:27,040 --> 03:18:30,960 CRACKS IN SO MANY WAYS. SO I 5110 03:18:30,960 --> 03:18:33,200 APPRECIATE EFFORTS MADE TO 5111 03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:34,480 REMEDY THAT NOISE THAN BEEN 5112 03:18:34,480 --> 03:18:38,560 WORKED ON. 5113 03:18:38,560 --> 03:18:40,840 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT. 5114 03:18:40,840 --> 03:18:42,240 ANOTHER QUESTION FOR EVERYONE, A 5115 03:18:42,240 --> 03:18:43,120 GENERAL QUESTION. I WOULD LIKE 5116 03:18:43,120 --> 03:18:45,440 TO HEAR FROM THE PANELISTS HOW 5117 03:18:45,440 --> 03:18:46,840 CONSISTENT REACTIVE AGGRESSION 5118 03:18:46,840 --> 03:18:49,600 IS ACROSS DIFFERENT CONTEXT. OUR 5119 03:18:49,600 --> 03:18:52,080 INDIVIDUALS WHO SHOW HOW 5120 03:18:52,080 --> 03:18:52,680 REACTIVE AGGRESSION LIKELY TO 5121 03:18:52,680 --> 03:18:53,800 SHOW IT IN ALL DIFFERENT 5122 03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:56,240 CONTEXT. FOR EXAMPLE, FAMILY, 5123 03:18:56,240 --> 03:19:03,400 WORK FRIENDS OR IS IT MODULATED 5124 03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:05,120 I WILL START WITH DR. FALKNER IF 5125 03:19:05,120 --> 03:19:07,320 YOU DON'T MIND WHAT YOUR 5126 03:19:07,320 --> 03:19:08,240 THOUGHTS ARE. 5127 03:19:08,240 --> 03:19:10,080 >>I CAN'T SPEAK TO HUMAN 5128 03:19:10,080 --> 03:19:11,400 LITERATURE. I HAVE QUESTIONS 5129 03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:13,000 WHETHER WAYS WHICH FAMILY 5130 03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:14,360 RESEARCHERS ARE THINKING 5131 03:19:14,360 --> 03:19:16,200 REACTIVE AGGRESSION ARE RIGHT 5132 03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:17,040 HAVING HEARD THIS CONVERSATION 5133 03:19:17,040 --> 03:19:19,040 BECAUSE THE WAYS WHICH WE THINK 5134 03:19:19,040 --> 03:19:20,480 ABOUT REACTIVE AGGRESSION THE 5135 03:19:20,480 --> 03:19:21,840 FIGHT IS OFTEN FIX SOD THE 5136 03:19:21,840 --> 03:19:26,240 OUTCOME IS PREDICTABLE SO I 5137 03:19:26,240 --> 03:19:27,960 HESITATE TO SAY WE ARE ACTUALLY 5138 03:19:27,960 --> 03:19:30,280 STUDYING REACTIVE AGGRESSION SO 5139 03:19:30,280 --> 03:19:32,240 MY HANDS REACTIVE AGGRESSION 5140 03:19:32,240 --> 03:19:33,560 PROACTIVE AGGRESSION ARE 5141 03:19:33,560 --> 03:19:34,760 CORRELATED INCREDIBLY. SO THE 5142 03:19:34,760 --> 03:19:36,800 LEVEL OF REACTIVE AGGRESSION IN 5143 03:19:36,800 --> 03:19:38,600 ANIMALS EXHIBIT IN RESIDENT 5144 03:19:38,600 --> 03:19:41,320 PARADIGM EXPLICITLY PREDICTS HOW 5145 03:19:41,320 --> 03:19:43,760 QUICKLY THE LEARN OPERANT TASK. 5146 03:19:43,760 --> 03:19:45,880 SO I CAN'T SPEAK TO THE CONTEXT 5147 03:19:45,880 --> 03:19:48,360 IDEA BUT I LOVE TO HEAR FROM 5148 03:19:48,360 --> 03:19:49,200 WHAT THOSE DOING CLINICAL 5149 03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:52,640 RESEARCH HAVE TO SAY ABOUT THIS 5150 03:19:52,640 --> 03:19:54,880 >>ALSO ROUND OUT BEFORE WE GO 5151 03:19:54,880 --> 03:19:56,560 TO CLINICIAN ON THE PRE-CLINICAL 5152 03:19:56,560 --> 03:19:57,600 SIDE. ONE THING WE HAVE BEEN 5153 03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:00,960 ABLE TO LOOK AT IN TERMS OF THE 5154 03:20:00,960 --> 03:20:02,920 CONSISTENCY OF REACTIVE 5155 03:20:02,920 --> 03:20:05,160 AGGRESSION IN MICE. BIG 5156 03:20:05,160 --> 03:20:07,120 PARENTHESES THERE IS THE 5157 03:20:07,120 --> 03:20:08,360 ENVIRONMENT WHICH THEY ARE 5158 03:20:08,360 --> 03:20:10,200 ENGAGING REACTIVE AGGRESSION CAN 5159 03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:12,480 STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE ACTUAL 5160 03:20:12,480 --> 03:20:14,000 BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE THEY USE 5161 03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:15,400 OR STRATEGY THEY USE, SO NOW 5162 03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:16,600 THAT WE HAVE TOOLS TO ALLOW US 5163 03:20:16,600 --> 03:20:18,600 TO BREAK DOWN AND IDENTIFY 5164 03:20:18,600 --> 03:20:20,240 DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL MOTIFS 5165 03:20:20,240 --> 03:20:22,240 DIFFERENT SEQUENCES OR STEPS 5166 03:20:22,240 --> 03:20:23,840 THESE ANIMALS ARE CONSISTENTLY 5167 03:20:23,840 --> 03:20:25,520 USING WHEN THEY BEGIN AN ATTACK 5168 03:20:25,520 --> 03:20:27,640 AND REACTIVE SETTING WE SEE IF 5169 03:20:27,640 --> 03:20:29,600 YOU CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE 5170 03:20:29,600 --> 03:20:31,080 ENVIRONMENT OR CHANGE ENRICHMENT 5171 03:20:31,080 --> 03:20:32,320 IN THE ENVIRONMENT OR CHANGE 5172 03:20:32,320 --> 03:20:35,320 VARIOUS FACTORS AS A STRONG 5173 03:20:35,320 --> 03:20:36,320 INFLUENCE ON THE ACTUAL SEQUENCE 5174 03:20:36,320 --> 03:20:37,920 THEY DECIDE OR THE STRATEGIES 5175 03:20:37,920 --> 03:20:41,040 THEY DECIDE TO USE, THE OUTCOME 5176 03:20:41,040 --> 03:20:42,600 IS THE SAME. THEY ARE STILL 5177 03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:43,760 SHOWING REACTIVE AGGRESSION BUT 5178 03:20:43,760 --> 03:20:46,000 THE APPROACH THEY USE AND ALSO 5179 03:20:46,000 --> 03:20:47,680 THE COPING MECHANISMS USED ON 5180 03:20:47,680 --> 03:20:50,320 THE PART OF THE INTRUDERS 5181 03:20:50,320 --> 03:20:51,760 BECAUSE WE ALWAYS TEND TO IGNORE 5182 03:20:51,760 --> 03:20:54,040 THE INTRUDER, TAKES TO TWO TO 5183 03:20:54,040 --> 03:20:55,400 TRAIN GO AND ONLY FOCUS ON ONE 5184 03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:58,840 OF THOSE. REALLY STRONGLY IS 5185 03:20:58,840 --> 03:21:00,880 INFLUENCED BY ALL THESE OTHER 5186 03:21:00,880 --> 03:21:04,080 FACTORS. SO JUST LIKE SAYING HOW 5187 03:21:04,080 --> 03:21:08,440 WE DEFINE REACTIVE AGGRESSION IS 5188 03:21:08,440 --> 03:21:09,440 NOT EVEN PRE-CLINICAL SETTINGS 5189 03:21:09,440 --> 03:21:13,640 IS NOT I THINK AS CLEAN FOR A 5190 03:21:13,640 --> 03:21:14,920 LOT OF REASONS AS WE TYPICALLY 5191 03:21:14,920 --> 03:21:15,920 THOUGHT AND AS THESE TOOLS 5192 03:21:15,920 --> 03:21:18,840 ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY THESE IS 5193 03:21:18,840 --> 03:21:20,400 GOING TO CHANGE FUNDAMENTALLY 5194 03:21:20,400 --> 03:21:22,400 HOW WE BEGIN TO REPORT THE 5195 03:21:22,400 --> 03:21:23,800 NEURAL MECHANISMS OR 5196 03:21:23,800 --> 03:21:25,320 PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THEY 5197 03:21:25,320 --> 03:21:27,000 ARE IDENTIFYING UNDER REACTIVE 5198 03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:29,800 CONDITIONS TO BE MUCH MORE FINE 5199 03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:32,440 TUNED. AND MORE SPECIFIC THAN 5200 03:21:32,440 --> 03:21:33,720 MONOLITHIC REACTIVE AGGRESSION 5201 03:21:33,720 --> 03:21:38,040 DEFINITION. BUT WE ARE JUST AS 5202 03:21:38,040 --> 03:21:40,640 WE ARE TALKING NOW JUST 5203 03:21:40,640 --> 03:21:46,920 BEGINNING TO PUT THAT OUT THERE 5204 03:21:46,920 --> 03:21:49,360 WITH HUMANS I'M SURE IT IS WAY 5205 03:21:49,360 --> 03:21:50,120 MORE COMPLICATED. 5206 03:21:50,120 --> 03:21:52,360 >>SO LET'S HEAR FROM THOSE 5207 03:21:52,360 --> 03:21:53,760 DOING CLINICAL RESEARCH WHAT 5208 03:21:53,760 --> 03:21:54,600 THOSE THOUGHTS ARE. 5209 03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,800 >>PI I'M NOT A CLINICIAN, I'M A 5210 03:21:57,800 --> 03:21:59,480 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST. SO THIS THE 5211 03:21:59,480 --> 03:22:01,200 KIND OF PSYCHOLOGIST THAT 5212 03:22:01,200 --> 03:22:02,480 DOESN'T HELP ANYBODY. I STILL 5213 03:22:02,480 --> 03:22:05,360 WANT TO. BUT YEAH, THERE IS GOOD 5214 03:22:05,360 --> 03:22:07,360 EVIDENCE THAT CROSS SITUATIONAL 5215 03:22:07,360 --> 03:22:10,320 DURABILITY REACTIVE AGGRESSION 5216 03:22:10,320 --> 03:22:11,920 SO YOU TEND TO BE PROVOKED IN 5217 03:22:11,920 --> 03:22:13,080 ONE CONTEXT PROBABLY ALSO PRONE 5218 03:22:13,080 --> 03:22:17,400 TO BE PROVOKED IN ANOTHER, NOT 5219 03:22:17,400 --> 03:22:19,520 TO SAY DIFFERENT CONTEXTS AREN'T 5220 03:22:19,520 --> 03:22:22,920 MORE PROVOCATIVE THAN OTHERS. 5221 03:22:22,920 --> 03:22:26,840 SO A LOT OF US HAVE DOMAINS 5222 03:22:26,840 --> 03:22:28,880 WHICH YOU CAN INSULT US WE DON'T 5223 03:22:28,880 --> 03:22:29,960 CARE WHATSOEVER AND THERE'S 5224 03:22:29,960 --> 03:22:32,480 SENSITIVE DOMAINS THAT WE HAVE 5225 03:22:32,480 --> 03:22:34,400 THAT IF YOU PROVOKE IN THOSE WE 5226 03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:37,280 WILL REACTIVE EXTREMELY STRONG. 5227 03:22:37,280 --> 03:22:42,560 FOR PARENTS, KIDS, DOMAIN. WE 5228 03:22:42,560 --> 03:22:44,440 HAVEN'T STUDIED THAT. WE TREATED 5229 03:22:44,440 --> 03:22:48,320 PROVOCATION AS A MONOLITH. TO 5230 03:22:48,320 --> 03:22:50,280 ECHO SAM'S STATEMENTS WE 5231 03:22:50,280 --> 03:22:51,560 PROBABLY NEED TO TAKE APART 5232 03:22:51,560 --> 03:22:55,200 THESE MONOLITHS AND TREAT THEM 5233 03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:57,600 MORE CONTEXTUALLY. SO WHERE ARE 5234 03:22:57,600 --> 03:22:59,280 YOU AT IN LIFE SPAN, WHAT 5235 03:22:59,280 --> 03:23:00,320 THREATS AND PROVEVATIONS MORE 5236 03:23:00,320 --> 03:23:01,640 SENSITIVE TO YOU. WHAT IS GOING 5237 03:23:01,640 --> 03:23:03,240 ON WITH YOUR PERSONALITY, WITH 5238 03:23:03,240 --> 03:23:05,600 YOUR LIFE SITUATION, WHAT TYPES 5239 03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:08,240 OF PROVOCATIONS MOST TO ELICIT 5240 03:23:08,240 --> 03:23:10,840 REACTIVE INTEGRATION, FOR ONE 5241 03:23:10,840 --> 03:23:12,040 PERSON OR ANOTHER THE SAME 5242 03:23:12,040 --> 03:23:13,320 PROVOCATION IS AN ENTIRELY 5243 03:23:13,320 --> 03:23:17,920 DIFFERENT THINGS. 5244 03:23:17,920 --> 03:23:21,320 >>NOTED. THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5245 03:23:21,320 --> 03:23:30,360 ANY OTHER THOUGHTS ON THIS? 5246 03:23:30,360 --> 03:23:31,960 >>FROM THE CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE 5247 03:23:31,960 --> 03:23:34,160 ONE HINGE THE HETEROGENEITY 5248 03:23:34,160 --> 03:23:36,000 THINGS THAT MATTER MOST FOR 5249 03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:37,360 TREATMENTS AND OUTCOMES. I 5250 03:23:37,360 --> 03:23:40,680 THINK SEVERITY AND I THINK ABOUT 5251 03:23:40,680 --> 03:23:45,360 AGE. OR DEVELOPMENT MORE SO THAN 5252 03:23:45,360 --> 03:23:48,440 PROACTIVE VERSUS REACTIVE. 5253 03:23:48,440 --> 03:23:49,920 BECAUSE AS WE SAW EARLIER 5254 03:23:49,920 --> 03:23:52,960 AGGRESSION THAT EMERGES EARLIER 5255 03:23:52,960 --> 03:23:54,520 IN CHILDHOOD TENDS MORE SEVERE 5256 03:23:54,520 --> 03:23:58,000 AND PERSISTENT AND ALSO IF YOU 5257 03:23:58,000 --> 03:24:00,360 CAN WORK WITH POPULATION MORE 5258 03:24:00,360 --> 03:24:02,160 BROADLY FOR PREVENTIVE 5259 03:24:02,160 --> 03:24:03,160 PERSPECTIVE IN CHILDHOOD YOU CAN 5260 03:24:03,160 --> 03:24:06,000 HAVE LARGER IMPACT ON MORE 5261 03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:11,040 PEOPLE, THINGS LIKE BEHAVIORAL 5262 03:24:11,040 --> 03:24:12,680 TRAINING OR EFFECTIVE 5263 03:24:12,680 --> 03:24:14,040 INTERVENTIONS COGNITIVE 5264 03:24:14,040 --> 03:24:17,040 BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, BROADLY THE 5265 03:24:17,040 --> 03:24:21,080 GROSSLY OVERSIMPLIFIED, THE MORE 5266 03:24:21,080 --> 03:24:24,480 SEVERE AND THE MORE OLDER KIDS 5267 03:24:24,480 --> 03:24:29,160 GET MORE THEY GET CONNECTED WITH 5268 03:24:29,160 --> 03:24:32,200 OTHER SOCIAL SYSTEMS SOCIALIZED 5269 03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:34,760 BROADER, MORE SEVERE AS THEY GET 5270 03:24:34,760 --> 03:24:37,120 OLDER REQUIRES MORE MULTI-LEVEL 5271 03:24:37,120 --> 03:24:38,480 INTERVENTION POTENTIALLY THAT IS 5272 03:24:38,480 --> 03:24:41,400 WHERE MY OVERLAP WITH LEGAL 5273 03:24:41,400 --> 03:24:43,200 SYSTEMS AND OTHER SYSTEMS LIKE 5274 03:24:43,200 --> 03:24:47,040 THAT. SO THERE'S LOTS MORE 5275 03:24:47,040 --> 03:24:49,840 COMPLEXITIES IN EARLY 5276 03:24:49,840 --> 03:24:53,560 INTERVENTION AND PERSPECTIVE IS 5277 03:24:53,560 --> 03:24:53,880 IMPORTANT. 5278 03:24:53,880 --> 03:24:55,640 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, SPENCER. 5279 03:24:55,640 --> 03:24:56,520 ANY OTHER THOUGHTS BEFORE WE 5280 03:24:56,520 --> 03:25:04,360 MOVE TO THE NEXT QUESTION? SO 5281 03:25:04,360 --> 03:25:06,680 THIS IS AGAIN PANEL THAT -- A 5282 03:25:06,680 --> 03:25:08,960 QUESTION ANYONE ON THE PANEL CAN 5283 03:25:08,960 --> 03:25:11,760 ANSWER. IS ALL HUMAN AGGRESSION 5284 03:25:11,760 --> 03:25:14,360 MAL ADAPTIVE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR 5285 03:25:14,360 --> 03:25:17,200 QUOTE UNQUOTE BAD? THIS MAKES 5286 03:25:17,200 --> 03:25:19,320 HUMANS VERY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER 5287 03:25:19,320 --> 03:25:21,840 ANIMALS WHERE AGGRESSION IS 5288 03:25:21,840 --> 03:25:23,280 ADAPTIVE EVOLUTIONARILY AND 5289 03:25:23,280 --> 03:25:25,520 APPROPRIATE CONTEXT. SO ALL 5290 03:25:25,520 --> 03:25:27,760 HUMAN AGGRESSION MAL ADAPTIVE OR 5291 03:25:27,760 --> 03:25:38,320 BAD? AND ANYONE CAN ANSWER THAT 5292 03:25:38,920 --> 03:25:41,520 I WILL POINT TO OUR DISCUSSANT. 5293 03:25:41,520 --> 03:25:42,760 I DON'T THINK I HAVE HEARD MUCH 5294 03:25:42,760 --> 03:25:45,560 FROM Y'ALL IN TERMS OF SOME OF 5295 03:25:45,560 --> 03:25:46,760 THESE Q&A QUESTIONS. ANY 5296 03:25:46,760 --> 03:25:53,520 THOUGHTS ON THAT? 5297 03:25:53,520 --> 03:26:00,440 >>THIS IS TOPIC OF THE SESSION 5298 03:26:00,440 --> 03:26:03,960 TOMORROW I WANT TO FOCUS ON THE 5299 03:26:03,960 --> 03:26:07,400 AGGRESSION THAT IS PROBLEMATIC. 5300 03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:08,880 SOME FORMS OF AGGRESSION ARE 5301 03:26:08,880 --> 03:26:10,240 PROBABLY FINE BUT THAT IS NOT 5302 03:26:10,240 --> 03:26:13,120 WHAT WE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT I 5303 03:26:13,120 --> 03:26:19,080 WOULD THINK. 5304 03:26:19,080 --> 03:26:20,920 >>I THINK WHEN I TEACH 5305 03:26:20,920 --> 03:26:23,680 UNDERGRADS ABOUT TOPICS LIKE 5306 03:26:23,680 --> 03:26:28,240 THIS THIS COMES UP A LOT, 5307 03:26:28,240 --> 03:26:29,440 PROBABLY THOUGHT MORE DEEPLY 5308 03:26:29,440 --> 03:26:31,680 ABOUT THIS IN THE PARABLE, THERE 5309 03:26:31,680 --> 03:26:33,440 ARE DEFINITELY PLACES WHERE 5310 03:26:33,440 --> 03:26:38,240 AGGRESSION IS PROXIMALLY 5311 03:26:38,240 --> 03:26:40,000 ADAPTIVE, THAT IS IF YOU ARE ON 5312 03:26:40,000 --> 03:26:41,280 THE PLAYGROUND AND OTHERS ARE 5313 03:26:41,280 --> 03:26:42,840 AGGRESSIVE A LOT, BEING 5314 03:26:42,840 --> 03:26:44,080 AGGRESSIVE MAYBE EFFECTIVE FOR 5315 03:26:44,080 --> 03:26:45,800 YOU BUT NOT EFFECTIVE IN THE 5316 03:26:45,800 --> 03:26:47,240 LONG RUN THAT AGGRESSION IN 5317 03:26:47,240 --> 03:26:48,560 DIFFERENT CONTEXT WILL GET YOU 5318 03:26:48,560 --> 03:26:49,960 IN TROUBLE OR AT THE WRONG 5319 03:26:49,960 --> 03:26:51,520 SCHOOL. SO I THINK THERE ARE 5320 03:26:51,520 --> 03:26:53,040 SOME PROBABLY SOME FORMS OF 5321 03:26:53,040 --> 03:26:54,640 AGGRESSION THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC 5322 03:26:54,640 --> 03:26:56,240 AND SANCTIONED IN DIFFERENT WAYS 5323 03:26:56,240 --> 03:26:58,240 AND OTHERS THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC 5324 03:26:58,240 --> 03:26:59,840 BUT I THINK IT IS DANGEROUS TO 5325 03:26:59,840 --> 03:27:02,440 THINK WE CAN PICK OUT SOME TYPES 5326 03:27:02,440 --> 03:27:04,120 THAT ARE DEFINITELY GOOD OR SOME 5327 03:27:04,120 --> 03:27:05,120 TYPES THAT ARE BAD BECAUSE THERE 5328 03:27:05,120 --> 03:27:07,280 ARE ONES THAT DEPENDS ON CONTEXT 5329 03:27:07,280 --> 03:27:09,480 AND THAT IN LOTS OF CASES IT IS 5330 03:27:09,480 --> 03:27:11,400 HELPFUL SOCIETY WILL EVENTUALLY 5331 03:27:11,400 --> 03:27:12,720 PUNISH YOU FOR IT THAT, IS ONE 5332 03:27:12,720 --> 03:27:14,200 THING WE TALKED ABOUT SOCIAL 5333 03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:15,520 INEQUALITIES WE ARE PUTTING KIDS 5334 03:27:15,520 --> 03:27:18,360 IN PLACES WHERE THEY ARE DOING A 5335 03:27:18,360 --> 03:27:20,080 GOOD JOB ADAPTING TO VERY 5336 03:27:20,080 --> 03:27:22,520 PROXIMAL CONTEXT BUT THAT 5337 03:27:22,520 --> 03:27:23,520 ACAPTION IS NOT GOING TO SERVE 5338 03:27:23,520 --> 03:27:24,800 WELL IN LONG TERM ACROSS THEIR 5339 03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:33,440 LIFE SPAN. IS 5340 03:27:33,440 --> 03:27:34,800 >>UNDERSTAND. THANK YOU SO 5341 03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:37,400 MUCH. I THINK THAT CONCLUDES ALL 5342 03:27:37,400 --> 03:27:39,160 THE QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT. 5343 03:27:39,160 --> 03:27:40,400 ANYONE HAVE ANY LAST MINUTE 5344 03:27:40,400 --> 03:27:41,520 QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS TO MAKE IN 5345 03:27:41,520 --> 03:27:47,440 REGARDS TO THIS SESSION? 5346 03:27:47,440 --> 03:27:50,480 >>I GUESS IF WE HAVE TIME. ONE 5347 03:27:50,480 --> 03:27:53,120 OF THE THINGS ON THE 5348 03:27:53,120 --> 03:27:55,480 PRE-CLINICAL SIDE MANY 5349 03:27:55,480 --> 03:27:55,920 RESEARCHERS WOULD BE 5350 03:27:55,920 --> 03:27:57,560 APPRECIATIVE TO GET INPUT FROM 5351 03:27:57,560 --> 03:27:59,200 CLINICIANS HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS 5352 03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:01,000 IS COME BACK TO SEX AS A 5353 03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:06,480 BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE. HOW TO 5354 03:28:06,480 --> 03:28:07,800 INCORPORATE SEX INTO 5355 03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:09,120 PRE-CLINICAL DESIGNS MEANINGFUL 5356 03:28:09,120 --> 03:28:12,120 AND APPROPRIATE. . WE HAVE A 5357 03:28:12,120 --> 03:28:14,920 RIGHTLY SO MANDATE FROM THE NIH 5358 03:28:14,920 --> 03:28:16,600 TO INCORPORATE SEX AS BIOLOGICAL 5359 03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:19,040 VARIABLE IN OUR GRANTS. IT IT 5360 03:28:19,040 --> 03:28:23,200 HAS HAD A VERY IMPORTANT USEFUL 5361 03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:26,160 OUTCOME IN THE STATE OR CONTEXT 5362 03:28:26,160 --> 03:28:27,680 OF AGGRESSION AND AGGRESSION 5363 03:28:27,680 --> 03:28:28,880 MOTIVATION WE HAVE SEEN IN THE 5364 03:28:28,880 --> 03:28:30,360 SIDE CHAT WHERE SINCE START OF 5365 03:28:30,360 --> 03:28:31,800 THIS PANEL THAT IS A BIT MORE OF 5366 03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:35,880 A CHALLENGE TO ADDRESS. I DON'T 5367 03:28:35,880 --> 03:28:38,560 HAVE IT ANSWERED BUT THIS IS 5368 03:28:38,560 --> 03:28:40,320 SOMETHING NIH COULD PROVIDE MORE 5369 03:28:40,320 --> 03:28:41,440 GUIDANCE ON, TO PRE-CLINICAL 5370 03:28:41,440 --> 03:28:43,520 LABS AND HATE TO BE GREATLY 5371 03:28:43,520 --> 03:28:45,200 INFORMED BY WHAT WOULD BE 5372 03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:46,880 CLINICALLY USEFUL OR RELEVANT 5373 03:28:46,880 --> 03:28:52,480 FOR US TO BE FOCUSING ON. 5374 03:28:52,480 --> 03:28:55,240 >>THIS IS A VARIABLE THAT I 5375 03:28:55,240 --> 03:28:57,440 FIND MYSELF CARING LESS AND LESS 5376 03:28:57,440 --> 03:28:59,680 ABOUT WHEN I LOOK AT DATA. I 5377 03:28:59,680 --> 03:29:03,000 JUST DO NOT FIND MEANINGFUL SEX 5378 03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:05,000 DIFFERENCES IN MY BEHAVIORAL 5379 03:29:05,000 --> 03:29:06,760 OUTCOMES IN MY NEURAL FINDINGS 5380 03:29:06,760 --> 03:29:10,200 IN MY SELF-REPORT DATA. I USED 5381 03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:12,920 TO THINK IT WAS MEANINGFUL AND 5382 03:29:12,920 --> 03:29:14,200 BIOLOGICAL SEX IS QUICKLY 5383 03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:15,920 DRIFTING TO THE BACK OF THE PACK 5384 03:29:15,920 --> 03:29:20,760 AS FAR AS EXPLANATORY VARIABLES, 5385 03:29:20,760 --> 03:29:23,760 IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. I AM NOT 5386 03:29:23,760 --> 03:29:27,200 SEEING WHAT THE LITERATURE WOULD 5387 03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:29,040 SUGGEST AT SUCH AN IMPORTANT 5388 03:29:29,040 --> 03:29:30,160 CRITICAL DIVERGENT THING. I 5389 03:29:30,160 --> 03:29:31,880 DON'T KNOW IF THAT HAS MORE TO 5390 03:29:31,880 --> 03:29:34,480 DO WITH THE FACT THAT I AM 5391 03:29:34,480 --> 03:29:35,960 ASSESSING GENDER IDENTITY AS A 5392 03:29:35,960 --> 03:29:38,840 VARIABLE FOCUSING ON AT THAT BUT 5393 03:29:38,840 --> 03:29:43,800 I DO NOT SEE SEX DIFFERENCES IN 5394 03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:45,000 DIVERGENCES BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL 5395 03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:46,680 MALES AND FEMALES IF YOU WANT TO 5396 03:29:46,680 --> 03:29:48,680 USE THAT LANGUAGE. I DON'T SEE 5397 03:29:48,680 --> 03:29:52,080 IT IN THE DATA. SO FOR ME I 5398 03:29:52,080 --> 03:29:53,880 DON'T FOCUS THERE. I DON'T SEE A 5399 03:29:53,880 --> 03:29:57,360 NEED TO FOCUS THERE BECAUSE IN 5400 03:29:57,360 --> 03:30:04,720 HUMANS, I JUST DON'T SEE IT. 5401 03:30:04,720 --> 03:30:06,120 >>FROM A HUMAN CLINICAL SIDE 5402 03:30:06,120 --> 03:30:07,840 THE POLICY CAME INTO PLAY 5403 03:30:07,840 --> 03:30:11,160 BECAUSE BOTH HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN 5404 03:30:11,160 --> 03:30:14,880 ANIMAL MODELS WERE MISSING OUT 5405 03:30:14,880 --> 03:30:16,160 ON LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE SO 5406 03:30:16,160 --> 03:30:17,400 HUMAN LEVEL PEOPLE ARE NOT DOING 5407 03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:22,240 REPRESENTATIVE POPULATION 5408 03:30:22,240 --> 03:30:28,040 SAMPLES THAT DOESN'T INCLUDE 5409 03:30:28,040 --> 03:30:29,200 WOMEN SO WE DON'T KNOW ABOUT 5410 03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:30,360 WOMEN AND LOTS OF GROUPS 5411 03:30:30,360 --> 03:30:34,640 EXCLUDED SO I UNDERSTAND THE IS 5412 03:30:34,640 --> 03:30:36,200 GOAL, AS I SIDE COMMENT I WANT 5413 03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,880 TO SAY THAT I THINK THE PANEL 5414 03:30:39,880 --> 03:30:42,120 ALSO ILLUSTRATES THE DI VOID 5415 03:30:42,120 --> 03:30:43,360 BETWEEN FOLKS DOING NON-HUMAN 5416 03:30:43,360 --> 03:30:46,840 ANIMAL MODELS AND HUMAN STUFF, 5417 03:30:46,840 --> 03:30:48,560 SOMEONE DONE NEUROSCIENCES 5418 03:30:48,560 --> 03:30:49,880 EMBEDDED TO EVERYTHING THAT 5419 03:30:49,880 --> 03:30:52,080 FOLKS DOING NON-HUMAN MODELS BUT 5420 03:30:52,080 --> 03:30:53,560 FOCUS HAS BEEN ON PROACTIVE AND 5421 03:30:53,560 --> 03:30:55,920 REACTIVE AGGRESSION AND MY VIEW 5422 03:30:55,920 --> 03:30:57,120 IN THE CLINICAL CHILD 5423 03:30:57,120 --> 03:30:58,040 LITERATURE, THAT IS A SMALL PART 5424 03:30:58,040 --> 03:31:00,480 OF THE LITERATURE AND MOST 5425 03:31:00,480 --> 03:31:03,120 LITERATURE IS ON AGE ONSET THAT 5426 03:31:03,120 --> 03:31:04,520 TERRIE MOFFITT TALKED ABOUT 5427 03:31:04,520 --> 03:31:06,520 EARLIER SO IN SOME WAYS FEELS 5428 03:31:06,520 --> 03:31:07,880 LIKE WE NEED TO BE FORCED TO A 5429 03:31:07,880 --> 03:31:11,240 ROOM TOGETHER. I TRAIN IN GRAD 5430 03:31:11,240 --> 03:31:14,760 SCHOOL AT A CENTER FOR NEURAL 5431 03:31:14,760 --> 03:31:16,480 BASIS COGNITION UNIVERSITY OF 5432 03:31:16,480 --> 03:31:17,360 PITTSBURG WE WERE FORCED 5433 03:31:17,360 --> 03:31:18,560 TOGETHER AND I WAS STRUCK WE 5434 03:31:18,560 --> 03:31:19,960 WERE ALL STRUCK ABOUT HOW LITTLE 5435 03:31:19,960 --> 03:31:21,080 CONNECTIONS WE HAD WITH EACH 5436 03:31:21,080 --> 03:31:22,560 OTHER AND THEREFORE WE ARE 5437 03:31:22,560 --> 03:31:24,000 FOLLOWING LEADS IN WAYSNA 5438 03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:25,200 WEREN'T USEFUL EITHER HUMAN 5439 03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:27,440 PEOPLE NOT UNDERSTANDING SOME OF 5440 03:31:27,440 --> 03:31:31,160 THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND 5441 03:31:31,160 --> 03:31:33,640 FOLKS STUDYING NON-HUMAN ANIMALS 5442 03:31:33,640 --> 03:31:35,480 CHASING DOWN A PIECE THAT IS NOT 5443 03:31:35,480 --> 03:31:36,920 THE BROADER PART STUDYING HUMANS 5444 03:31:36,920 --> 03:31:39,640 SO I AGREE. I DON'T KNOW HOW YOU 5445 03:31:39,640 --> 03:31:42,120 MAKE AGAIN MOUSE MODEL OF LATE 5446 03:31:42,120 --> 03:31:43,640 ONSET ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR BUT 5447 03:31:43,640 --> 03:31:45,120 THAT IS IT IS INTERESTING WHERE 5448 03:31:45,120 --> 03:31:47,800 WE CONNECT AND WHERE WE DON'T. 5449 03:31:47,800 --> 03:31:48,600 THOSE CONNECTIONS ARE REALLY 5450 03:31:48,600 --> 03:31:55,520 IMPORTANT. I SEE TERRIE HAS HER 5451 03:31:55,520 --> 03:31:56,200 HAND UP ALSO. 5452 03:31:56,200 --> 03:31:57,720 >>PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY TERRIE. 5453 03:31:57,720 --> 03:31:59,600 >>FROM'S TIME I WANTED TO JUST 5454 03:31:59,600 --> 03:32:03,280 GO BACK TO THE QUESTION A FEW 5455 03:32:03,280 --> 03:32:08,760 MINUTES AGO ABOUT IS ALL HUMAN 5456 03:32:08,760 --> 03:32:12,920 AGGRESSION MAL ADAPTIVE. IT TOOK 5457 03:32:12,920 --> 03:32:14,720 A FEW MINUTES TO PROCESS AND TRY 5458 03:32:14,720 --> 03:32:15,560 TO PUT THAT IMPORTANT QUESTION 5459 03:32:15,560 --> 03:32:18,000 IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 5460 03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:20,000 LITERATURE. HERE IS ONE WAY YOU 5461 03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:24,280 CAN TRY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN 5462 03:32:24,280 --> 03:32:26,080 MAL ADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE 5463 03:32:26,080 --> 03:32:28,120 AGGRESSION. LET'S SAY YOU HAVE 5464 03:32:28,120 --> 03:32:31,000 SOMEONE WHO IS HITTING SOMEONE. 5465 03:32:31,000 --> 03:32:32,600 ON THE ONE HAND MOTIVATION IS TO 5466 03:32:32,600 --> 03:32:38,880 HURT A PERSON. OTHER HAND 5467 03:32:38,880 --> 03:32:39,640 SELF-DEFENSE. OFFENSE BASIS OF 5468 03:32:39,640 --> 03:32:41,080 MOTIVATION WE CAN DIFFERENTIATE 5469 03:32:41,080 --> 03:32:42,960 BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND MAL 5470 03:32:42,960 --> 03:32:46,120 ADAPTIVE AGGRESSION. IT IS HARD 5471 03:32:46,120 --> 03:32:50,320 TO STUDY IN PEOPLE. THEY ARE NOT 5472 03:32:50,320 --> 03:32:51,400 ACCURATE WHEN THEY TRY TO 5473 03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,040 DESCRIBE THEIR MOTIVATION AFTER 5474 03:32:54,040 --> 03:32:56,120 THE FACT. WHEREAS WE CAN STUDY 5475 03:32:56,120 --> 03:32:57,400 MOTIVATION, REALLY WELL IN THE 5476 03:32:57,400 --> 03:32:58,760 ANIMAL MODEL SEEMS LIKE, I'M 5477 03:32:58,760 --> 03:33:01,440 EXCITED TO SIGH THAT, IT IS A 5478 03:33:01,440 --> 03:33:03,640 LITTLE HARDER WITH PEOPLE. SO 5479 03:33:03,640 --> 03:33:06,200 HERE IS ANOTHER WAY YOU CAN TELL 5480 03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:07,680 WHEN AGGRESSION IS MAL ADAPTIVE 5481 03:33:07,680 --> 03:33:09,480 VERSUS ADAPTIVE IS THAT WE HAVE 5482 03:33:09,480 --> 03:33:12,240 FOUND THAT WHEN IT IS PERVASIVE 5483 03:33:12,240 --> 03:33:13,720 ACROSS SITUATIONS IT TURNS OUT 5484 03:33:13,720 --> 03:33:15,640 TO BE MAL ADAPTIVE THE, THE 5485 03:33:15,640 --> 03:33:17,680 CHILD HAS WORSE OUTCOMES AND 5486 03:33:17,680 --> 03:33:19,000 STAYINGS AGGRESSIVE MORE YEARS. 5487 03:33:19,000 --> 03:33:20,680 WHAT THAT MEANS IS WHEN THEY ARE 5488 03:33:20,680 --> 03:33:23,840 AGGRESSIVE AT HOME, AT SCHOOL ON 5489 03:33:23,840 --> 03:33:24,960 THE PLAYGROUND SWIMMING POOL, 5490 03:33:24,960 --> 03:33:27,200 EVERYWHERE THEY GO, THEY ARE 5491 03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:31,080 AGGRESSIVE TOWARD OTHER PEOPLE. 5492 03:33:31,080 --> 03:33:32,680 THAT IMPLIES TO ME THEY HAVE 5493 03:33:32,680 --> 03:33:35,560 LOST CONTROL OVER IT. SO IT IS 5494 03:33:35,560 --> 03:33:37,000 NOT SO MUCH THEIR MOTIVATION 5495 03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:39,160 WELL MEANING OR NOT, IT IS DO 5496 03:33:39,160 --> 03:33:41,520 THEY ARE CONTROL OVER THEIR 5497 03:33:41,520 --> 03:33:42,840 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OR NOT. IF 5498 03:33:42,840 --> 03:33:45,160 THEY STILL HAVE CONTROL OVER IT 5499 03:33:45,160 --> 03:33:47,040 THEY HAVE A LOT BETTER OUTCOMES 5500 03:33:47,040 --> 03:33:48,640 IF THEY ARE ABLE TO JUST BE 5501 03:33:48,640 --> 03:33:50,960 AGGRESSIVE WHEN THEY ARE AT HOME 5502 03:33:50,960 --> 03:33:53,320 WITH THEIR BAD OLDER SIBLING BUT 5503 03:33:53,320 --> 03:33:54,720 PERFECTLY WELL BEHAVED AT SCHOOL 5504 03:33:54,720 --> 03:33:58,120 THAT IS A GOOD SIGN. SO I WOULD 5505 03:33:58,120 --> 03:33:59,520 GO WITH FOR DIFFERENTIATING 5506 03:33:59,520 --> 03:34:01,240 BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND MAL 5507 03:34:01,240 --> 03:34:02,920 ADAPTIVE HUMAN AGGRESSION I 5508 03:34:02,920 --> 03:34:04,360 WOULD GO WITH IS THE PERSON 5509 03:34:04,360 --> 03:34:04,960 STILL IN CONTROL WHEN THEY DO 5510 03:34:04,960 --> 03:34:11,040 IT. 5511 03:34:11,040 --> 03:34:16,040 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, TERRIE. I 5512 03:34:16,040 --> 03:34:18,400 HAVE A A QUESTION FOR SAM AND 5513 03:34:18,400 --> 03:34:19,720 ANNEGRET. HAVE YOU EXAMINED WHAT 5514 03:34:19,720 --> 03:34:21,480 HAPPENS TO ANIMALS WHO SHOW 5515 03:34:21,480 --> 03:34:23,400 THEIR CONDITIONED BUT WHO THEN 5516 03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:25,040 ARE SOCIALLY DEFEATED 5517 03:34:25,040 --> 03:34:26,520 THEMSELVES? DO THEY NO LONGER 5518 03:34:26,520 --> 03:34:29,120 SEEK ACCESS TO SUBORDINATES OR 5519 03:34:29,120 --> 03:34:31,240 IS THIS MAINTAINED EVEN IN 5520 03:34:31,240 --> 03:34:32,600 ANIMALS WHO LOSE AFTER 5521 03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:37,560 CONSISTENTLY WINNING? 5522 03:34:37,560 --> 03:34:39,320 >>I TOUCHED ON THIS A LITTLE 5523 03:34:39,320 --> 03:34:41,120 BIT IN THE CHAT SO WE HAVE DONE 5524 03:34:41,120 --> 03:34:42,480 THIS CONTROL SO IF YOU TRAIN 5525 03:34:42,480 --> 03:34:44,960 ANIMALS IN THE SOCIAL OPERANT 5526 03:34:44,960 --> 03:34:49,080 TASK THEY GET ANIMAL THEY DEFEAT 5527 03:34:49,080 --> 03:34:53,400 EVERY TIME, YOU GIVE THEM A 5528 03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:55,080 SURPRISE, ANIMAL THAT FIGHTS 5529 03:34:55,080 --> 03:34:58,960 BACK THEY STOP POKING FAST. AND 5530 03:34:58,960 --> 03:35:01,920 FOR SEVERAL DAYS IF THEY GIVE 5531 03:35:01,920 --> 03:35:02,680 FIGHTS BACK BUT THEY WILL GO 5532 03:35:02,680 --> 03:35:04,600 BACK UP THE YOU GIVE THEM A 5533 03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:07,000 SUBORDINATE ANIMAL. SO THE 5534 03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:07,920 OUTCOME IS IMPORTANT TO THIS 5535 03:35:07,920 --> 03:35:09,480 PROCESS. 5536 03:35:09,480 --> 03:35:11,200 >>I HAVE TWO PIECES OF DATA 5537 03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:13,960 THAT I CAN SPEAK TO. ONE USING A 5538 03:35:13,960 --> 03:35:14,520 CONDITION PLACE PREFERENCE 5539 03:35:14,520 --> 03:35:17,840 APPROACH AND ALSO USING OPERANT. 5540 03:35:17,840 --> 03:35:19,840 WE WERE INTERESTED IN THE 5541 03:35:19,840 --> 03:35:21,640 BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY OF 5542 03:35:21,640 --> 03:35:24,080 AGGRESSION MOTIVATION. WE WERE 5543 03:35:24,080 --> 03:35:25,240 DEVELOPING THE CONDITION PLACED 5544 03:35:25,240 --> 03:35:26,240 PREFERENCE PROCEDURE. ONE 5545 03:35:26,240 --> 03:35:28,040 EXPERIMENT WE DID IS WE TOOK A 5546 03:35:28,040 --> 03:35:30,600 LARGE COHORT OF THESE OUTBRED 5547 03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:32,280 MALE MICE AND WE SCREENED FOR 5548 03:35:32,280 --> 03:35:34,280 AGGRESSION AND WE TOOK THE VERY 5549 03:35:34,280 --> 03:35:36,160 MOST AGGRESSIVE AND THE LEAST 5550 03:35:36,160 --> 03:35:37,440 AGGRESSIVE FROM THIS LARGE 5551 03:35:37,440 --> 03:35:39,160 SAMPLE. AND THEN INSTEAD OF JUST 5552 03:35:39,160 --> 03:35:40,720 SCREENING THEM FOR THREE DAYS OF 5553 03:35:40,720 --> 03:35:42,120 RESIDENT INTRUDER WHICH IS 5554 03:35:42,120 --> 03:35:44,560 TYPICALLY WHAT WE DO TO SEPARATE 5555 03:35:44,560 --> 03:35:45,920 AGGRESSORS FROM NON-AGGRESSORS 5556 03:35:45,920 --> 03:35:48,280 WE SCREEN FOR TEN DAYS. WHAT WE 5557 03:35:48,280 --> 03:35:49,480 SAW ACROSS THE TEN DAYS IS ALL 5558 03:35:49,480 --> 03:35:51,320 THE ANIMALS INITIALLY AGGRESSIVE 5559 03:35:51,320 --> 03:35:54,080 REMAINED AGGRESSIVE. HALF THE 5560 03:35:54,080 --> 03:35:55,920 ANIMALS NON-AGGRESSIVE UNDER 5561 03:35:55,920 --> 03:35:58,040 REPEATED FORCED INTERACTIONS, 5562 03:35:58,040 --> 03:36:00,040 SWITCHED TO AGGRESSIVE. SHOWED 5563 03:36:00,040 --> 03:36:01,240 SOME LEVEL AGGRESSION NOT AS 5564 03:36:01,240 --> 03:36:02,680 MUCH AS AGGRESSORS BUT IT WAS 5565 03:36:02,680 --> 03:36:04,840 THERE. WE THEN TOOK THESE 5566 03:36:04,840 --> 03:36:07,280 POPULATIONS AND ONES ALWAYS 5567 03:36:07,280 --> 03:36:09,160 AGGRESSIVE, NEVER SWITCHED 5568 03:36:09,160 --> 03:36:10,520 CONSISTENTLY NON-AGGRESSIVE AND 5569 03:36:10,520 --> 03:36:12,640 VARIABLE AGGRESSORS AND IT 5570 03:36:12,640 --> 03:36:14,040 BECAME AGGRESSIVE. UNDER 5571 03:36:14,040 --> 03:36:15,040 REACTIVE CONDITIONS AND PUT THEM 5572 03:36:15,040 --> 03:36:17,000 INTO THE CPP PROCEDURE. WHAT WE 5573 03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:18,720 FOUND IS THAT THE ANIMALS 5574 03:36:18,720 --> 03:36:20,720 SWITCHED FROM NON-AGGRESSIVE 5575 03:36:20,720 --> 03:36:22,400 STILL ESTABLISHED A CONDITION 5576 03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:23,840 PLACED PREFERENCE, THE ANIMALS 5577 03:36:23,840 --> 03:36:26,320 NOT INITIALLY AGGRESSIVE FOR A 5578 03:36:26,320 --> 03:36:28,080 LONG TIME AND STOCHASTICALLY 5579 03:36:28,080 --> 03:36:31,600 FORCED INTO SHOWING AGGRESSION 5580 03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:33,160 BUT STILL WINNING WILL FIND 5581 03:36:33,160 --> 03:36:34,200 AGGRESSION IN PREFERENCE PLACED 5582 03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:35,520 PROCEDURE. SIMILAR TO WHAT 5583 03:36:35,520 --> 03:36:38,400 ANNEGRET FOUND WITH THE OPERANT 5584 03:36:38,400 --> 03:36:40,680 APPROACH, IF WE TAKE OUR SPECIES 5585 03:36:40,680 --> 03:36:43,000 TYPICAL ANIMALS AND THROW IN 5586 03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:46,240 ANOTHER DOMINANT ANIMAL, 5587 03:36:46,240 --> 03:36:47,440 CONSISTENT THEY STOP REAL QUICK. 5588 03:36:47,440 --> 03:36:49,280 THEY DON'T LIKE THAT, THEY DON'T 5589 03:36:49,280 --> 03:36:51,360 LIKE GETTING HURT, EXTENDING 5590 03:36:51,360 --> 03:36:54,560 ENERGY WHEN THEY ARE NOT GOING 5591 03:36:54,560 --> 03:36:56,640 TO WIN. SMALLER COMPULSIVE 5592 03:36:56,640 --> 03:36:58,200 POPULATION AND DO THAT SAME TYPE 5593 03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:00,640 OF MANIPULATION THEY WILL 5594 03:37:00,640 --> 03:37:01,760 CONTINUE TO CONSIDERATIONENTLY 5595 03:37:01,760 --> 03:37:02,440 LEVER PRESS EVEN WHEN THEY ARE 5596 03:37:02,440 --> 03:37:04,680 NO LONGER WINNING. WE DON'T GO 5597 03:37:04,680 --> 03:37:06,440 VERY LONG FOR THAT BECAUSE THE 5598 03:37:06,440 --> 03:37:08,200 ANIMALS WILL INJURE THEMSELVES 5599 03:37:08,200 --> 03:37:09,760 AND WE WILL STOP AS SOON AS 5600 03:37:09,760 --> 03:37:11,720 THERE IS CHANCE FOR THAT BUT AS 5601 03:37:11,720 --> 03:37:13,240 SOON AS WE DID TEST THEM THEY 5602 03:37:13,240 --> 03:37:16,200 WILL CONTINUE TO DO THAT. I 5603 03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:17,680 WOULD SAY THEY ARE INSTANTLY IN 5604 03:37:17,680 --> 03:37:18,920 THESE ANIMAL MODELS THE ABILITY 5605 03:37:18,920 --> 03:37:21,640 TO CAPTURE THAT SWITCH BETWEEN 5606 03:37:21,640 --> 03:37:25,160 ADAPTIVE AND M A,L ADAPTIVE. 5607 03:37:25,160 --> 03:37:26,200 OTHER GROUPS LIKE (INAUDIBLE) 5608 03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:27,720 GROUP HAS DONE A GREAT JOB 5609 03:37:27,720 --> 03:37:30,040 LOOKING AT ETHANOL INDUCED 5610 03:37:30,040 --> 03:37:31,760 PATHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION SHOWING 5611 03:37:31,760 --> 03:37:33,680 HOW TO GIVE ANIMALS RECREATIONAL 5612 03:37:33,680 --> 03:37:35,440 DOSES OF ALCOHOL THEY CAN INDUCE 5613 03:37:35,440 --> 03:37:37,440 THESE TYPES OF PATHOLOGICAL AND 5614 03:37:37,440 --> 03:37:40,520 MAL ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS SO I 5615 03:37:40,520 --> 03:37:42,480 THINK THE ABILITY IS THERE IN 5616 03:37:42,480 --> 03:37:46,000 PRE-CLINICAL MODELS TO DO THIS. 5617 03:37:46,000 --> 03:37:47,800 MOST MICE DON'T WANT TONIGHT IF 5618 03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:51,360 THEY ARE NOT GOING TO WIN. 5619 03:37:51,360 --> 03:37:53,760 >>VERY HELPFUL. THANK YOU SO 5620 03:37:53,760 --> 03:37:57,160 MUCH. SAM AND ANNEGRET. SO DR. 5621 03:37:57,160 --> 03:37:58,160 FALKNER, I BELIEVE THERE IS ONE 5622 03:37:58,160 --> 03:37:59,840 MORE QUESTION FOR YOU HERE. DO 5623 03:37:59,840 --> 03:38:01,320 YOU THINK THAT THE MECHANISMS 5624 03:38:01,320 --> 03:38:03,240 YOU DESCRIBED HERE SOMETHING 5625 03:38:03,240 --> 03:38:06,440 THAT GET DEPLOYED IN IN WAR OR 5626 03:38:06,440 --> 03:38:08,040 VIOLENT NEIGHBORHOODS? CLEARLY 5627 03:38:08,040 --> 03:38:09,280 THERE ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 5628 03:38:09,280 --> 03:38:12,240 IN PROPENSITY TO AGGRESSION, BUT 5629 03:38:12,240 --> 03:38:14,480 CLEARLY THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO 5630 03:38:14,480 --> 03:38:15,800 RECALIBRATE SYSTEM AND WE KNOW 5631 03:38:15,800 --> 03:38:17,480 IN WAR YOU OFTEN SEE PEOPLE 5632 03:38:17,480 --> 03:38:18,960 COMMIT ACTS THAT MIGHT NOT HAVE 5633 03:38:18,960 --> 03:38:20,400 BEEN COMMITTED DURING PEACE. 5634 03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:24,400 WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS THERE? 5635 03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:26,720 >>THERE IS A LOT PACKED INTO 5636 03:38:26,720 --> 03:38:28,160 THAT QUESTION. NOT SURE I'M I 5637 03:38:28,160 --> 03:38:30,560 QUIPPED TO ANSWER ABOUT WAR. WE 5638 03:38:30,560 --> 03:38:33,040 ARE -- I THINK THE IDEA THAT 5639 03:38:33,040 --> 03:38:35,160 AGGRESSION IS REINFORCING IS A 5640 03:38:35,160 --> 03:38:39,640 LITTLE OVERSIMPLIFIED. AND WE 5641 03:38:39,640 --> 03:38:41,160 HAVEN'T STARTED TO TEASE APART 5642 03:38:41,160 --> 03:38:42,200 EXACTLY WHICH PIECES OF 5643 03:38:42,200 --> 03:38:43,760 AGGRESSION ARE REINFORCING BITS 5644 03:38:43,760 --> 03:38:44,880 WHETHER THE AGGRESSION ITSELF OR 5645 03:38:44,880 --> 03:38:48,600 THE OUTCOME OF THE AGGRESSION. 5646 03:38:48,600 --> 03:38:50,640 IF IT IS OUTCOME OF AGGRESSION 5647 03:38:50,640 --> 03:38:51,680 WE CAN EXTEND TO OTHER 5648 03:38:51,680 --> 03:38:55,320 COMPETITIVE DOMAINS. THAT DON'T 5649 03:38:55,320 --> 03:38:57,680 NECESSARILY HAVE TO DO WITH 5650 03:38:57,680 --> 03:39:00,560 ATTACK AND SOME MIGHT ALSO MAKE 5651 03:39:00,560 --> 03:39:02,040 STUDYING THIS IN THE LABORATORY 5652 03:39:02,040 --> 03:39:06,800 A LITTLE BIT EASIER SODS I THINK 5653 03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:09,320 THERE IS UNCERTAINTY WHICH 5654 03:39:09,320 --> 03:39:11,600 PIECES OF THIS REINFORCEMENT 5655 03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:14,400 SIGNAL ARE OPERATING ON WHICH 5656 03:39:14,400 --> 03:39:17,240 PIECE OF THIS COMPLEX ACTION. MY 5657 03:39:17,240 --> 03:39:19,080 SHORT ANSWER IS I THINK PROBABLY 5658 03:39:19,080 --> 03:39:20,960 COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS DO 5659 03:39:20,960 --> 03:39:24,280 EXPLOIT AGGRESSIVE MACHINERY IN 5660 03:39:24,280 --> 03:39:26,400 THE BRAIN THOUGH WHETHER THEY 5661 03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:27,800 ARE PROBABLY NOT ACTIVATING THE 5662 03:39:27,800 --> 03:39:29,920 SAME PATHWAYS THAT COORDINATE 5663 03:39:29,920 --> 03:39:31,200 THE MUSCULATURE SPECIFIC FOR THE 5664 03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:38,520 ATTACK. AGGRESSIVE STATE IN A 5665 03:39:38,520 --> 03:39:41,160 MOUSE, IMCREASES BEHAVIORS 5666 03:39:41,160 --> 03:39:44,440 ATTACK IS ONE OF THEM, AND MAYBE 5667 03:39:44,440 --> 03:39:46,000 LOSENING THE LEVEL OF CONTROL 5668 03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:47,680 INDIVIDUAL HAS MOMENT TO MOMENT 5669 03:39:47,680 --> 03:39:49,160 WHERE TO DEPLOY SPECIFIC SET OF 5670 03:39:49,160 --> 03:39:55,560 ACTIONS. 5671 03:39:55,560 --> 03:39:56,840 >>HELPFUL THANK YOU SO MUCH. WE 5672 03:39:56,840 --> 03:39:58,520 ARE AT THE END OF OUR QUESTION 5673 03:39:58,520 --> 03:40:00,880 AND ANSWER SESSION. SO AT THIS 5674 03:40:00,880 --> 03:40:03,200 TIME I'M GOING TO THANK ALL OF 5675 03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:07,640 OUR PANELISTS, FOR PARTICIPATING 5676 03:40:07,640 --> 03:40:09,320 TODAY, I WILL HAND IT OVER TO 5677 03:40:09,320 --> 03:40:14,280 DARA TO CLOSE US OUT. DARA OVER 5678 03:40:14,280 --> 03:40:18,600 TO YOU. 5679 03:40:18,600 --> 03:40:22,400 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, EVERYONE. 5680 03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:24,080 THIS HAD BEEN SUCH A JAM PACKED 5681 03:40:24,080 --> 03:40:27,760 AND REALLY AMAZING AFTERNOON. I 5682 03:40:27,760 --> 03:40:31,080 WANT TO MAKE COUPLE OF QUICK 5683 03:40:31,080 --> 03:40:33,400 ANNOUNCEMENTS. FIRST BIG THANK 5684 03:40:33,400 --> 03:40:35,280 YOU TO OUR PLANNING COMMITTEE 5685 03:40:35,280 --> 03:40:38,080 AND ALL OF THE PANELISTS 5686 03:40:38,080 --> 03:40:40,520 DISCUSSANTS, SPEAKERS AND OTHERS 5687 03:40:40,520 --> 03:40:42,240 WHO ASKED REALLY GREAT QUESTIONS 5688 03:40:42,240 --> 03:40:46,440 TODAY AND REALLY GOT US OFF TO A 5689 03:40:46,440 --> 03:40:47,920 GREAT START. I GUESS I SHOULD 5690 03:40:47,920 --> 03:40:53,520 HAVE STARTED WITH I AM DARA 5691 03:40:53,520 --> 03:40:54,400 BLACK DELL FAR, I HAVE BEEN 5692 03:40:54,400 --> 03:40:55,840 WORKING WITH OFFICE OF 5693 03:40:55,840 --> 03:40:58,320 BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL SCIENCES 5694 03:40:58,320 --> 03:40:59,840 RESEARCH, WE HOPE EVERYONE WILL 5695 03:40:59,840 --> 03:41:01,720 COME BACK TOMORROW A HUGE THANK 5696 03:41:01,720 --> 03:41:03,320 YOU, AS ALREADY ALLUDED TO WE 5697 03:41:03,320 --> 03:41:05,320 WILL HAVE A PANEL SPECIFICALLY 5698 03:41:05,320 --> 03:41:09,160 FOCUSED ON SORT OF ADOPTIVE 5699 03:41:09,160 --> 03:41:10,440 MALADAPTIVE AND TYPICAL OR 5700 03:41:10,440 --> 03:41:11,440 ATYPICAL AGGRESSION OVER THE 5701 03:41:11,440 --> 03:41:13,840 LIFE COURSE AND WE WILL HAVE 5702 03:41:13,840 --> 03:41:14,960 ADDITIONAL KEYNOTE TOMORROW 5703 03:41:14,960 --> 03:41:17,520 FOCUSING ON ETHICS BOTH FROM 5704 03:41:17,520 --> 03:41:19,560 ANIMAL AND HUMAN RESEARCH 5705 03:41:19,560 --> 03:41:21,440 PERSPECTIVE. NONE OF THOSE 5706 03:41:21,440 --> 03:41:23,600 ISSUES RAISED TODAY THAT WILLED 5707 03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:24,840 HAVE TIME TOMORROW TO DIG INTO. 5708 03:41:24,840 --> 03:41:25,400 SO AGAIN, THANK YOU, EVERYONE. 5709 03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:26,000 HAVE A WONDERFUL EVENING. WE 5710 03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:30,160 LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU BACK 5711 03:41:30,160 --> 03:41:40,600 HERE TOMORROW. THANK YOU.