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BEFORE WE BEGIN, THE

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AUDIENCE ARE WELCOME TO USE THE

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LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON TO ENTER

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YOUR QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS, AND

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DR. BELKAID WILL ADDRESS THEM AT

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THE END OF THE LECTURE.

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AND WITH THAT, I'D LIKE TO

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INVITE THE CHAIR OF THE WSA, DRY

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A FEW WORDS.

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>> HI, THANK YOU, DORIS.

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OKAY.

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BEFORE WE BEGIN, I'D JUST LIKE

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TO GIVE A BIT OF BACKGROUND

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ABOUT THE NIH WOMEN SCIENTIST

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ADVISERS OR THE WSA.

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THIS COMMITTEE WAS FORMED IN

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RESPONSE TO TASK FORCE

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RECOMMENDATIONS BACK IN 1993, 30

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YEARS AGO THIS YEAR.

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BASED ON THE CONCERN THAT WOMEN

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WERE UNDERREPRESENTED WITHIN THE

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NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AND THAT

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REMAINS TRUE TODAY.

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WITHIN EACH INSTITUTE, THERE'S

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AN ELECTED WSA REPRESENTATIVE OR

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REPRESENTATIVES.

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THE REPRESENTATIVES REGULARLY

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MEET WITH NIH INTRAMURAL

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LEADERSHIP TO WORK TOWARDS

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EQUALITY FOR WOMEN.

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TO IDENTIFY BARRIERS TO WOMEN IN

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SCIENCE AND TO PROMOTE WOMEN IN

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SCIENCE.

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THIS LECTURE IS ONE OF OUR

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ANNUAL LECTURES TO PROMOTE WOMEN

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IN SCIENCE BY HIGHLIGHTING BOTH

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THE LEGACY OF AN OUTSTANDING

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WOMAN SCIENTIST AND THE AMAZING

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ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF OUR CURRENT

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WOMEN SCIENTISTS.

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WITH THAT SAID, I'D LIKE TO SAY

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A FEW WORDS ABOUT ANITA ROBERTS.

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ANITA ROBERTS WAS BORN IN

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PITTSBURGH.

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SHE ATTENDED OVERLAND COLLEGE

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AND EARNED HER DOCTORATE DEGREE

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IN BIOCHEMISTRY FROM THE

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UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN IN 1968.

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AFTER HER POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH

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AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

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DR. ROBERTS JOINED THE NIH IN

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1976.

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SHE SPENT 30 YEARS AT THE

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NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE AND

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BECAME THE CHIEF OF THE

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LABORATORY OF CELL REGULATION

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AND SARS KNOW GENESIS IN 1995.

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SHE'S WELL-KNOWN FOR HER

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PIONEERING WORK ON TRANSFORMING

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GROWTH FACTOR BETA OR TGF BETA

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AND ITS ROLE IN WOUND HEALING,

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CARCINOGENESIS AND AUTOIMMUNE

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KEYS.

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DISEASE.

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HER PUBLISHED WORK HAS BEEN

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INCLUDED AMONG THE TOP 50 MOST

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CITED RESEARCH PAPERS AND SHE

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HAS BEEN THE THIRD MOST CITED

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FEMALE SCIENTIST IN THE WORLD.

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DR. ROBERTS WAS THE RECIPIENT OF

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MANY AWARDS AND HONORS.

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SUCH AS THE FASEB EXCELLENCE

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AWARD FOR DISTINGUISHED SCIENCE.

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DR. ROBERT WAS NOT ONLY A HIGHLY

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ACCOMPLISHED SCIENTIST, BUT AN

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OUTSTANDING MENTOR.

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SHE PROVIDED A WONDERFUL EXAMPLE

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OF HOW TO BALANCE FAMILY, AND

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WORK LIFE, AND WAS UNFAILINGLY

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WARM, CARING, ENTHUSIASTIC AND

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SUPPORTIVE.

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I DIDN'T KNOW DR. ROBERTS

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PERSONALLY, BUT THOSE WHO DID

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KNOW HER INDICATE THAT SHE WAS

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NOT ONLY A TREMENDOUS SCIENTIST

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BUT A WONDERFUL HUMAN BEING, WHO

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IS DEEPLY MISSED.

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AND IN THE END, I THINK THAT

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SAYS IT ALL.

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AND THAT'S WHY WE HONOR HER

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TODAY.

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I'D LIKE TO THANK THE PEOPLE WHO

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HAVE HELPED TO PUT THIS LECTURE

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TOGETHER.

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DR. DORIS WU AND EVA HALSBERG,

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D. ANDREWS, OUR INTRAMURAL

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PROGRAM SPECIALIST WHO ORGANIZES

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ALL OF THE WSA ACTIVITIES, KENNY

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KUMAR, ANALYST MANAGEMENT,

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FELICE HARPER, ENGINEER ON THE

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PRODUCTION TEAM, JOY JACKSON

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FERRAR, JONATHAN BENNETT, EVENTS

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MANAGEMENT TELEVISION OPERATIONS

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CENTER ENGINEER, AND JEFF, THE

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BROADCAST ENGINEER.

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USE THE LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON TO

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ENTER YOUR QUESTIONS.

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THERE'S ALSO CLOSED CAPTION

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AVAILABLE AND THERE'S A BUTTON

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AT THE BOTTOM OF THE VIDEOCAST

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FOR CLOSED CAPTION.

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YOUR QUESTIONS WILL BE READ AT

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THE END, AND OUR SPEAKER WILL

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ADDRESS YOUR QUESTIONS AT THE

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END.

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SO WITH THAT, I'LL TURN IT OVER

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TO OUR WSA FELLOWS COMMITTEE

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REPRESENTATIVE, DR. EVA

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HELLSBERG TO INTRODUCE THE

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SPEAKER.

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>> THANK YOU, MARY, AND
GOOD OF

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A NOON, EVERYONE.

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I'M DELIGHTED TO INTRODUCE YOU

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TO TODAY'S SPEAKER FOR THIS

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YEAR'S ANITA ROBERTS LECTURE,

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DR. YASMINE BELKAID.

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SHE'S A DISTINGUISHED

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INVESTIGATOR AT THE NATIONAL

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INSTITUTE OF ALONG ERG AND ALLED

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INFECTIOUS DISEASES AT THE

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NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH.

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SHE OBTAINED HER MASTERS IN

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BIOCHEMISTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY

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OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN

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ALGIERS, AND HER PH.D. FROM THE

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PASTEUR INSTITUTE IN FRANCE.

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FOLLOWING A POSTDOCTORAL

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FELLOWSHIP AT THE NATIONAL

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INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, ON IMMUNE

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REGULATION DURING INFECTION, SHE

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STARTED HER RESEARCH PROGRAM AT

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THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL RESEARCH

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FOUNDATION IN CINCINNATI.

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IN 2005, SHE JOINED NIAID AND

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WAS APPOINTED SENIOR SCIENTIST

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IN 2008.

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HER LABORATORY EXPLORES

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FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS THAT

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REGULATE TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS AND

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HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND

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UNCOVERED KEY ROLES FOR THE

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MICROBIOTA AND DIETARY FACTORS

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IN THE CONTROL OF IMMUNITY AND

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PROTECTION TO PATHOGENS.

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DR. BELKAID IS THE CHIEF OF THE

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LABORATORY OF HOST IMMUNITY AND

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MICROBIOME, THE DIRECTOR OF THE

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TRANS-NIH CENTER FOR HUMAN

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IMMUNOLOGY, AND IS THE FOUNDER

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AND DIRECTOR OF THE NIAID

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MICROBIOME PROGRAM.

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DR. BELKAID IS A MEMBER OF THE

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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

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THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND

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SCIENCES, THE NATIONAL ACADEMY

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OF MADISON AND RECIPIENT OF

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NUMEROUS AWARDS, INCLUDING THE

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LURY SIZE IN BIOMEDICAL

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SCIENCES, THE SANOFI INSTITUTE

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AWARD AND THE AAI EXCELLENCE IN

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MENTORING AWARD.

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SHE HAS PUBLISHED OVER 200

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MANUSCRIPTS, OF WHICH SEVERAL

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PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE, NATURE,

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CELL, OR IMMUNITY, ATTESTING THE

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CROSS-DISCIPLINARY IMPACT OF HER

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RESEARCH.

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AS OF JANUARY 2024, DR. BELKAID

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WILL SERVE AS THE DIRECTOR

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GENERAL OF THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE

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IN FRANCE.

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WE WILL FAREWELL HER WITH A

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SMILE IN ONE EYE AND A TEAR IN

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THE OTHER.

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THAT MUCH IS CLEAR.

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BUT BEYOND HER SCIENTIFIC

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ACHIEVEMENTS, SHE TRAINED OVER

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70 YOUNG SCIENTISTS, INCLUDING

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MASTER, PH.D., MD PH.D. AND

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POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS.

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ALL HAVE REMAINED ASSOCIATED

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WITH RESEARCH OR MEDICINE, WITH

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22 OUT OF 27 POSTDOCTORAL FEL 

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FELLOWS IN INDEPENDENT ACADEMIC

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POSITIONS AT MAJOR RESEARCH

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INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE U.S. AND

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INTERNATIONALLY.

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ALL HER PREVIOUS GRADUATE

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MEDICAL STUDENTS ARE CURRENTLY

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IN INDEPENDENT ACADEMIC

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POSITIONS OR FINISHING THEIR

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MEDICAL TRAINING.

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SHE HAS ALSO BEEN INVOLVED IN

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TEACHING IN THE CONTEXT OF HER

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POSITION AS ADJUNCT PROFESSOR AT

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THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,

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AND HAS ORGANIZED SEVERAL

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ADVANCED IMMUNOLOGY COURSES.

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LIKE DR. ANITA ROBERTS,

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DR. YASMINE BELKAID HAS A

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PROFOUND COMMITMENT TO

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MENTORSHIP AND EDUCATION OF THE

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NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS.

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THIS IMPORTANT VALUE WAS

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RECENTLY RECOGNIZED BY THE 2023

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MENTORING AWARD FROM THE

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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF

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IMMUNOLOGISTS.

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I REACHED OUT TO SOME OF HER

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PREVIOUS MENTEES FOR COMMENTS,

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AND I WANT TO SHARE A FEW OF THE

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WORDS THAT DR. BELKAID'S MENTEES

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PROVIDED.

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10 OUT OF 10 CONTACTED PEOPLE

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REPLIED INSTANTLY,

226
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ENTHUSIASTICALLY, AND TRULY

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HEARTFELT.

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HERE'S WHAT THEY SAID.

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I ADMIRE HER SENSE OF WONDER THE

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MOST.

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HER IMAGINATION AND HER ABILITY

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TO THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX ARE

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WHAT MAKE HER A TRULY GREAT

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SCIENTIST.

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I WAS ABLE TO ABSORB SOME OF HER

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SENSE OF WONDER AND IMAGINATION

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WHEN APPROACHING DIFFICULT

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SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS.

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AS I'M NOW A PHYSICIAN

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SCIENTIST, THIS HELPS ME DIG

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DEEPER INTO PROBLEM SOLVING WHEN

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APPROACHING COMPLEX PATIENTS

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WITHOUT A CLEAR DIAGNOSIS.

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YASMINE IS ALWAYS THERE FOR HER

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TRAINEES.

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DESPITE HER BUSY SCHEDULE, SHE'S

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ALWAYS WILLING TO SET UP

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MEETINGS TO DISCUSS CAREER

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00:08:58,971 --> 00:09:00,072
QUESTIONS, GRANTS, OR JUST TO

250
00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:03,576
CATCH UP ON SCIENCE.

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WHEN I JOINED HER LAB, IT WAS

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CLEAR SHE WOULD HAVE AN ENORMOUS

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IMPACT ON THE SCIENCE WORLD, AND

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IT IS SO EXCITING TO SEE HER

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00:09:13,185 --> 00:09:14,954
REWARDED FOR THIS IMPACT.

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YASMINE SHOWED ME THAT IT WAS

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POSSIBLE TO ME, A STRONG WOMAN

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AND NOT TO APOLOGIZE FOR BEING

259
00:09:21,494 --> 00:09:21,994
ME.

260
00:09:21,994 --> 00:09:24,463
MAYBE MORE IMPORTANTLY, SHE ALSO

261
00:09:24,463 --> 00:09:26,632
SHOWED ME THAT I COULD BE A

262
00:09:26,632 --> 00:09:28,534
SCIENTIST AND A MOM, AND NOW I

263
00:09:28,534 --> 00:09:31,036
GET TO SHOW MY SON JUST HOW FUN

264
00:09:31,036 --> 00:09:34,974
IT IS TO PLAY IN THE LAB, JUST

265
00:09:34,974 --> 00:09:36,609
AS I REMEMBER YASMINE DID WITH

266
00:09:36,609 --> 00:09:37,810
HER DAUGHTER WHEN I WAS A

267
00:09:37,810 --> 00:09:40,012
POSTDOC.

268
00:09:40,012 --> 00:09:42,848
IN THIS ERA OF HIGH ACADEMIC

269
00:09:42,848 --> 00:09:44,383
ATTRITION, ESPECIALLY AMONGST

270
00:09:44,383 --> 00:09:46,452
WOMEN, PEOPLE OF COLOR, AND

271
00:09:46,452 --> 00:09:48,554
OTHER UNDERREPRESENTED

272
00:09:48,554 --> 00:09:51,891
MINORITIES, WE NEED HEROS LIKE

273
00:09:51,891 --> 00:09:52,892
DR. YASMINE BELKAID TO SERVE AS

274
00:09:52,892 --> 00:09:55,794
ROLE MODELS, GUIDES, AND

275
00:09:55,794 --> 00:09:57,096
CHAMPIONS.

276
00:09:57,096 --> 00:09:58,364
YASMINE'S ENTHUSIASM FOR

277
00:09:58,364 --> 00:10:00,666
FOSTERING THE CAREERS OF THE

278
00:10:00,666 --> 00:10:02,735
NEXT GENERATION THROUGH

279
00:10:02,735 --> 00:10:04,803
RESPECTFUL FEEDBACK, CONTINUED

280
00:10:04,803 --> 00:10:06,572
SPONSORSHIP, AND EAGERNESS TO

281
00:10:06,572 --> 00:10:10,643
INVEST IN HER MENTEES, ALL WHILE

282
00:10:10,643 --> 00:10:11,810
PERFORMING BREAKTHROUGH RESEARCH

283
00:10:11,810 --> 00:10:13,812
IN IMMUNOLOGY, MAKE HER A

284
00:10:13,812 --> 00:10:14,880
STANDOUT SCIENTIFIC STAR AND

285
00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:16,515
MENTOR.

286
00:10:16,515 --> 00:10:19,251
THE IMPACT OF HER WIDESPREAD

287
00:10:19,251 --> 00:10:20,686
CITIZENSHIP AND MENTORSHIP WILL

288
00:10:20,686 --> 00:10:22,755
BE FELT FOR DECADES TO COME.

289
00:10:22,755 --> 00:10:25,491
AND I FEEL GRATEFUL TO HAVE HER

290
00:10:25,491 --> 00:10:28,327
AS A MENTOR, COLLEAGUE, AND

291
00:10:28,327 --> 00:10:30,429
FRIEND.

292
00:10:30,429 --> 00:10:31,931
SHE SUPPORTED ME A LOT AS A

293
00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:32,498
MENTOR.

294
00:10:32,498 --> 00:10:34,667
SOMETHING I APPRECIATE MOST IS

295
00:10:34,667 --> 00:10:36,869
THAT SHE STRONGLY BELIEVED IN ME

296
00:10:36,869 --> 00:10:39,538
ALL THE WAY THROUGH MY POSTDOC.

297
00:10:39,538 --> 00:10:40,906
SHE WAS ALWAYS REINFORCING THAT

298
00:10:40,906 --> 00:10:42,908
I CAN DO IT, AND THE REASONS SHE

299
00:10:42,908 --> 00:10:44,643
THOUGHT WHY.

300
00:10:44,643 --> 00:10:46,712
I THINK SHE ACTUALLY BELIEVED IN

301
00:10:46,712 --> 00:10:48,914
ME MUCH MORE THAN I BELIEVED IN

302
00:10:48,914 --> 00:10:51,850
MYSELF AT THAT TIME.

303
00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:53,953
WHICH MEANT A LOT COMING FROM

304
00:10:53,953 --> 00:10:56,455
SOMEONE AS SUCCESSFUL AND HONEST

305
00:10:56,455 --> 00:10:57,089
AS HER.

306
00:10:57,089 --> 00:10:59,825
SHE WAS VERY SUPPORTIVE TO

307
00:10:59,825 --> 00:11:02,261
EVERYONE, ESPECIALLY DURING

308
00:11:02,261 --> 00:11:04,129
COVID, UNDERSTANDING HOW IT WAS

309
00:11:04,129 --> 00:11:06,665
DIFFICULT FOR EVERYONE,

310
00:11:06,665 --> 00:11:07,533
ESPECIALLY INTERNATIONAL PEOPLE

311
00:11:07,533 --> 00:11:09,401
THAT COULDN'T GO HOME, AND

312
00:11:09,401 --> 00:11:10,469
TALKING THROUGH HOW WE FELT

313
00:11:10,469 --> 00:11:13,672
ABOUT IT.

314
00:11:13,672 --> 00:11:14,873
SHE WENT ABOVE AND BEYOND IN

315
00:11:14,873 --> 00:11:16,942
TERMS OF THE AMOUNT OF TIME SHE

316
00:11:16,942 --> 00:11:18,477
SPENT HELPING ME WRITE GRANTS

317
00:11:18,477 --> 00:11:19,979
AND PAPERS, PREPARING AND

318
00:11:19,979 --> 00:11:22,281
REHEARSING TALKS, PREPARING JOB

319
00:11:22,281 --> 00:11:24,216
APPLICATION DOCUMENTS, VISION

320
00:11:24,216 --> 00:11:26,252
FOR MY OWN LAB, ET CETERA.

321
00:11:26,252 --> 00:11:27,453
IT WAS A GREAT TRAINING

322
00:11:27,453 --> 00:11:32,458
EXPERIENCE.

323
00:11:32,458 --> 00:11:33,392
THESE EXAMPLES ABSOLUTE LEHIGH

324
00:11:33,392 --> 00:11:35,861
LIGHT HOW DR. BELKAID

325
00:11:35,861 --> 00:11:37,696
EXEMPLIFIES MANY OF THE SAME

326
00:11:37,696 --> 00:11:39,832
QUALITIES THAT MADE DR. ANITA

327
00:11:39,832 --> 00:11:42,534
ROBERTS SUCH A TRULY OUTSTANDING

328
00:11:42,534 --> 00:11:44,937
SCIENTIST AND MENTOR.

329
00:11:44,937 --> 00:11:47,473
IT'S A PLEASURE TO HONOR AND

330
00:11:47,473 --> 00:11:48,774
WELCOME DR. YASMINE BELKAID

331
00:11:48,774 --> 00:11:53,579
TODAY TO PRESENT THE 2023 ANITA

332
00:11:53,579 --> 00:11:58,717
B. ROBERTS LECTURE.

333
00:11:58,717 --> 00:12:00,919
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH, I
HAVE TO

334
00:12:00,919 --> 00:12:03,856
ADMIT I WAS NOT PREPARED FOR THE

335
00:12:03,856 --> 00:12:04,623
EMOTIONAL -- THESE WONDERFUL

336
00:12:04,623 --> 00:12:06,158
COMMENTS OF THE TRAINEES, I'M

337
00:12:06,158 --> 00:12:06,692
REALLY CHOKED UP.

338
00:12:06,692 --> 00:12:08,794
BUT THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE

339
00:12:08,794 --> 00:12:11,297
WOMEN ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND FOR

340
00:12:11,297 --> 00:12:14,166
YOU, EVA, FOR THIS INCREDIBLE

341
00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:15,000
INTRODUCTION AND FOR THE

342
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:15,934
KINDNESS OF HIGHLIGHTING THE

343
00:12:15,934 --> 00:12:17,636
WORK WE HAVE BEEN DOING WITHIN

344
00:12:17,636 --> 00:12:20,072
THE NIH OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS.

345
00:12:20,072 --> 00:12:26,378
SO I HAVE TO SAY, IT'S AN

346
00:12:26,378 --> 00:12:27,146
ENORMOUS PRIVILEGE TO GIVE THIS

347
00:12:27,146 --> 00:12:28,447
LECTURE NOT ONLY BECAUSE YOU

348
00:12:28,447 --> 00:12:33,619
SELECTED ME FOR THIS LECTURE BUT

349
00:12:33,619 --> 00:12:38,290
BECAUSE IT ALLOWED ME TO

350
00:12:38,290 --> 00:12:39,291
DISCOVER, REALIZING THAT

351
00:12:39,291 --> 00:12:42,261
ACTUALLY, YES, SHE WAS AN

352
00:12:42,261 --> 00:12:43,996
EXTRAORDINARY MENTOR AND CITIZEN

353
00:12:43,996 --> 00:12:45,297
BUT ONE THING EXTREMELY CLOSE TO

354
00:12:45,297 --> 00:12:46,932
MY HEART IS HER SCIENCE IS VERY

355
00:12:46,932 --> 00:12:48,200
CLOSE TO THE SCIENCE ACTUALLY

356
00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:50,169
I'M DOING OVER THE LAST FEW

357
00:12:50,169 --> 00:12:51,870
YEARS,, LEADING TO

358
00:12:51,870 --> 00:12:52,438
IMMUNOREGULATION AND REPAIR.

359
00:12:52,438 --> 00:12:53,939
SO IT WAS ACTUALLY REALLY

360
00:12:53,939 --> 00:12:55,574
EXTRAORDINARY TO DISCOVER HER AS

361
00:12:55,574 --> 00:12:58,444
NOT ONLY A SCIENTIST BUT ALSO

362
00:12:58,444 --> 00:12:59,478
THE FIELD OF INVESTIGATION SHE

363
00:12:59,478 --> 00:13:00,846
HAD REALLY OPENED THE DOOR FOR

364
00:13:00,846 --> 00:13:03,015
PEOPLE LIKE ME.

365
00:13:03,015 --> 00:13:03,916
SO WHO AM I?

366
00:13:03,916 --> 00:13:05,984
I THINK IT WAS BRIEFLY

367
00:13:05,984 --> 00:13:07,052
MENTIONED, AND I JUST WANTED TO

368
00:13:07,052 --> 00:13:08,387
HIGHLIGHT FOR THE BEAUTY OF THE

369
00:13:08,387 --> 00:13:10,456
FACT THAT WE ARE ALL COMING FROM

370
00:13:10,456 --> 00:13:11,557
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS, THAT I

371
00:13:11,557 --> 00:13:13,025
WAS BORN AND RAISED IN ALGERIA,

372
00:13:13,025 --> 00:13:15,494
WHERE I DID MY UNDERGRADUATE

373
00:13:15,494 --> 00:13:17,563
TRAINING, AND I JUST WANTED TO

374
00:13:17,563 --> 00:13:18,364
HIGHLIGHT TWO PEOPLE, IN

375
00:13:18,364 --> 00:13:20,099
PARTICULAR, THAT HAD BEEN

376
00:13:20,099 --> 00:13:21,166
ABSOLUTELY INSTRUMENTAL IN MY

377
00:13:21,166 --> 00:13:23,569
DECISION TO BECOME A SCIENTIST,

378
00:13:23,569 --> 00:13:25,404
AND THESE WERE ACTUALLY MY TWO

379
00:13:25,404 --> 00:13:26,572
GRANDMOTHERS.

380
00:13:26,572 --> 00:13:28,841
SO MY FIRST GRANDMOTHER IN

381
00:13:28,841 --> 00:13:31,143
ALGERIA, THE ONE THAT WAS

382
00:13:31,143 --> 00:13:34,313
ACTUALLY NIGERIAN WAS VERY

383
00:13:34,313 --> 00:13:35,647
YOUNG, ALMOST A CHILD WHEN SHE

384
00:13:35,647 --> 00:13:38,817
WAS MARRIED TO SOMEONE THAT WAS

385
00:13:38,817 --> 00:13:39,785
DECADES OLDER THAN HER, SHE

386
00:13:39,785 --> 00:13:41,086
NEVER WENT TO SCHOOL, SHE NEVER

387
00:13:41,086 --> 00:13:42,721
HAD AN EDUCATION.

388
00:13:42,721 --> 00:13:44,256
THIS IS NOT A PICTURE OF MY

389
00:13:44,256 --> 00:13:44,790
GRANDMOTHER.

390
00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:46,325
THIS IS ACTUALLY -- BUT THIS IS

391
00:13:46,325 --> 00:13:47,559
ACTUALLY HOW SHE WAS DRESSED,

392
00:13:47,559 --> 00:13:48,861
AND IT WAS DURING THE

393
00:13:48,861 --> 00:13:50,596
COLONIZATION OF FRANCE, SHE

394
00:13:50,596 --> 00:13:52,664
NEVER REALLY HAD ANY REAL

395
00:13:52,664 --> 00:13:53,999
PROSPECT BUT WHAT SHE HAD WHICH

396
00:13:53,999 --> 00:13:55,667
WAS TRULY EXTRAORDINARY AND TO

397
00:13:55,667 --> 00:13:58,270
THIS DAY I WISH I WOULD HAVE

398
00:13:58,270 --> 00:13:59,571
ASKED HER THE QUESTION, SHE HAD

399
00:13:59,571 --> 00:14:01,874
AN ENORMOUS RESPECT FOR

400
00:14:01,874 --> 00:14:02,474
EDUCATION.

401
00:14:02,474 --> 00:14:06,345
AND SOMEHOW, SHE UNDERSTOOD

402
00:14:06,345 --> 00:14:07,446
THESE YOUNG WOMEN THAT REALLY

403
00:14:07,446 --> 00:14:08,747
NEVER WENT TO SCHOOL, THEIR

404
00:14:08,747 --> 00:14:10,616
EDUCATION WAS A SALVATION FOR

405
00:14:10,616 --> 00:14:11,717
HER DAUGHTERS AND HER CHILDREN,

406
00:14:11,717 --> 00:14:14,753
AND SHE REALLY BECAME A FORCEFUL

407
00:14:14,753 --> 00:14:15,654
ADVOCATE OF THE EDUCATION OF HER

408
00:14:15,654 --> 00:14:16,955
OWN CHILDREN.

409
00:14:16,955 --> 00:14:19,591
MY OTHER GRANDMOTHER WAS FRENCH,

410
00:14:19,591 --> 00:14:23,429
DESPITE THE FACT MY MOM WAS IN

411
00:14:23,429 --> 00:14:24,296
ALGERIA, MY OTHER GRANDMOTHER

412
00:14:24,296 --> 00:14:25,831
WAS A PHARMACIST BY TRAINING,

413
00:14:25,831 --> 00:14:26,799
SHE WAS, IN FACT, THE FIRST

414
00:14:26,799 --> 00:14:28,667
WOMAN IN HER COUNTY TO REALLY

415
00:14:28,667 --> 00:14:29,968
HAVE A SCIENTIFIC DEGREE.

416
00:14:29,968 --> 00:14:32,304
AND WHEN I WAS A CHILD, VISITING

417
00:14:32,304 --> 00:14:34,673
HER, I REMEMBER GOING TO HER

418
00:14:34,673 --> 00:14:35,474
LABORATORY, PHARMACY IN FRANCE

419
00:14:35,474 --> 00:14:37,543
AT THE TIME HAD LABORATORIES AND

420
00:14:37,543 --> 00:14:39,077
REALLY LOOKING AT THE WONDERS OF

421
00:14:39,077 --> 00:14:40,813
ALL THE EXTRAORDINARY MOLECULES

422
00:14:40,813 --> 00:14:42,981
AND PRODUCTS AND YOU COULD

423
00:14:42,981 --> 00:14:44,983
ACTUALLY MAKE MEDICINE, THAT WAS

424
00:14:44,983 --> 00:14:46,051
ACTUALLY ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF

425
00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:46,919
PHARMACISTS AT THE TIME.

426
00:14:46,919 --> 00:14:49,788
SO I THINK THOSE TWO

427
00:14:49,788 --> 00:14:51,323
EXTRAORDINARY WOMEN SOMEHOW DID

428
00:14:51,323 --> 00:14:52,057
EXTRAORDINARY THING AND PAVED

429
00:14:52,057 --> 00:14:53,725
THE WAY FOR ME AND PEOPLE IN MY

430
00:14:53,725 --> 00:14:55,994
FAMILY TO MOVE FORWARD AND HAVE

431
00:14:55,994 --> 00:15:00,299
BEEN SINCE THEN BEEN

432
00:15:00,299 --> 00:15:00,599
INSPIRATION.

433
00:15:00,599 --> 00:15:02,367
SO I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN

434
00:15:02,367 --> 00:15:03,135
ALGERIA WHERE I WENT TO

435
00:15:03,135 --> 00:15:04,336
UNIVERSITY AND I BECAME

436
00:15:04,336 --> 00:15:06,305
FASCINATED FROM THE GET-GO BY

437
00:15:06,305 --> 00:15:06,738
INFECTIOUS DISEASE.

438
00:15:06,738 --> 00:15:07,806
THIS REALLY BECAME SOMETHING

439
00:15:07,806 --> 00:15:11,743
THAT REALLY HAD BECOME MY LONG

440
00:15:11,743 --> 00:15:13,412
LIFE OBSESSION, TRYING TO

441
00:15:13,412 --> 00:15:14,947
UNDERSTAND HOW MICROBIOTA ARE

442
00:15:14,947 --> 00:15:15,981
ABLE TO PERSIST IN THE HOST AND

443
00:15:15,981 --> 00:15:20,853
I STARTED TO WORK ON INFECTIOUS

444
00:15:20,853 --> 00:15:24,456
DISEASE -- ALSO WAS A PATHOGEN I

445
00:15:24,456 --> 00:15:26,225
WORKED ON WHEN I WAS LUCKY

446
00:15:26,225 --> 00:15:28,393
ENOUGH TO HAVE INTERNSHIP AT THE

447
00:15:28,393 --> 00:15:29,828
WHO IN SWITZERLAND.

448
00:15:29,828 --> 00:15:33,298
SO THIS REALLY EXPLORATION OF

449
00:15:33,298 --> 00:15:34,132
HOST MICROBE INTERACTION LED ME

450
00:15:34,132 --> 00:15:35,400
TO GO TO THE NEXT STEP, WHICH

451
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,437
WAS TO DO A PH.D. IN PARIS, AND

452
00:15:38,437 --> 00:15:39,972
THE FIRST THING I WANTED TO

453
00:15:39,972 --> 00:15:42,074
MENTION IS THAT WHEN I WAS IN

454
00:15:42,074 --> 00:15:42,808
ALGIERS, I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY

455
00:15:42,808 --> 00:15:46,979
TO DO INTERNSHIP WHICH REALLY

456
00:15:46,979 --> 00:15:52,017
LED TO THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE IN

457
00:15:52,017 --> 00:15:53,886
PARIS ALLOWING ME TO EXPLORE

458
00:15:53,886 --> 00:15:56,288
THIS QUESTION HOW DO MICROBES

459
00:15:56,288 --> 00:15:57,389
PERSIST WHICH TO BE HONEST HAS

460
00:15:57,389 --> 00:15:58,490
BEEN THE DOMINANT QUESTION FOR

461
00:15:58,490 --> 00:16:07,866
MY WHOLE LIFE.

462
00:16:07,866 --> 00:16:11,370
OF COURSE THAT'S TYPICAL ME.

463
00:16:11,370 --> 00:16:13,539
SO AFTER MY PH.D., I WAS LUCKY

464
00:16:13,539 --> 00:16:15,741
ENOUGH TO MOVE TO THE NIH WHERE

465
00:16:15,741 --> 00:16:18,043
I WAS ABLE TO DO A FELLOWSHIP

466
00:16:18,043 --> 00:16:24,816
AND EXPLORE THE FA FASCINATING

467
00:16:24,816 --> 00:16:26,251
QUESTION, I CAME BACK TO THE NIH

468
00:16:26,251 --> 00:16:27,553
WHERE I HAVE BEEN SINCE THEN.

469
00:16:27,553 --> 00:16:31,957
I'M GOING TO BE MOVING BACK HOME

470
00:16:31,957 --> 00:16:33,592
TO PASTEUR INSTITUTE IN

471
00:16:33,592 --> 00:16:34,226
JANUARY '24 AND I'M LOOKING

472
00:16:34,226 --> 00:16:35,661
FORWARD TO WORKING NOT ONLY

473
00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:36,762
WITHIN PARIS BUT OF COURSE

474
00:16:36,762 --> 00:16:38,830
WITHIN THE 33 INSTITUTES ACROSS

475
00:16:38,830 --> 00:16:43,335
THE PLANET IN WHICH PASTEUR IS

476
00:16:43,335 --> 00:16:44,303
REPRESENTED.

477
00:16:44,303 --> 00:16:46,171
SO I AM AN IMMUNOLOGIST BY

478
00:16:46,171 --> 00:16:47,773
TRAINING, WHICH MEANS THAT A LOT

479
00:16:47,773 --> 00:16:48,774
OF THE QUESTIONS I'M GOING TO

480
00:16:48,774 --> 00:16:50,642
TRY TO ADDRESSED TO WILL BE

481
00:16:50,642 --> 00:16:51,910
HAPPENING THROUGH THE LENS OF

482
00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:53,512
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

483
00:16:53,512 --> 00:16:54,746
THE ONE POINT I WANTED TO

484
00:16:54,746 --> 00:16:56,415
DISCUSS WITH YOU AT THIS STAGE

485
00:16:56,415 --> 00:16:58,717
IS HOW DO WE SEE THE IMMUNE

486
00:16:58,717 --> 00:16:58,951
SYSTEM?

487
00:16:58,951 --> 00:17:00,352
MANY OF YOU MAY HAVE HEARD ABOUT

488
00:17:00,352 --> 00:17:02,120
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AS AN ATTACK

489
00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:04,222
SYSTEM, WHICH IS THE ONE THAT IS

490
00:17:04,222 --> 00:17:06,058
NECESSARY IN THE CONTEXT OF

491
00:17:06,058 --> 00:17:07,559
INFECTION, IN THE CONTEXT OF

492
00:17:07,559 --> 00:17:07,926
VACCINE.

493
00:17:07,926 --> 00:17:09,227
AND THIS IS REALLY ONE OF THE

494
00:17:09,227 --> 00:17:11,029
FUNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM,

495
00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:13,265
IT REALLY PROTECTS US AGAINST

496
00:17:13,265 --> 00:17:13,765
INFECTION.

497
00:17:13,765 --> 00:17:14,833
THE WORK THAT WE AND MANY OTHERS

498
00:17:14,833 --> 00:17:16,134
HAVE DONE IN THE FIELD OVER THE

499
00:17:16,134 --> 00:17:18,403
LAST 20 YEARS HAS REALLY

500
00:17:18,403 --> 00:17:19,304
REPOSITIONED THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

501
00:17:19,304 --> 00:17:21,406
TO A MORE COMPLEX ROLE.

502
00:17:21,406 --> 00:17:23,442
WHERE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS, IS

503
00:17:23,442 --> 00:17:24,576
ACTUALLY AN ASSOCIATION OF

504
00:17:24,576 --> 00:17:26,078
DIFFERENT CELLS THAT CAN VERY

505
00:17:26,078 --> 00:17:28,714
QUICKLY MOVE ACROSS TISSUE,

506
00:17:28,714 --> 00:17:29,481
EXPAND, CONTRACT, AND THE

507
00:17:29,481 --> 00:17:32,117
FUNCTION IS REALLY WAY MORE TO

508
00:17:32,117 --> 00:17:33,986
CONTROL THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE

509
00:17:33,986 --> 00:17:34,486
HOST.

510
00:17:34,486 --> 00:17:36,254
SO CONTROLLING OF INFECTION IS

511
00:17:36,254 --> 00:17:37,556
ONLY ONE OF THE ASPECTS OF THE

512
00:17:37,556 --> 00:17:39,958
IMMUNE SYSTEM, A LOT OF THE

513
00:17:39,958 --> 00:17:41,593
SYSTEM IS REMODELED TO CONTROL,

514
00:17:41,593 --> 00:17:43,362
TO REPAIR AND SO FORTH.

515
00:17:43,362 --> 00:17:44,896
AND TO DO THAT, WORK THAT WE

516
00:17:44,896 --> 00:17:46,531
HAVE DONE OVER THE LAST YEARS

517
00:17:46,531 --> 00:17:47,733
HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT THE

518
00:17:47,733 --> 00:17:50,235
IMMUNE SYSTEM DOESN'T DO THAT

519
00:17:50,235 --> 00:17:50,435
ALONE.

520
00:17:50,435 --> 00:17:52,537
IT CAN COOPT ELEMENTS SUCH AS

521
00:17:52,537 --> 00:17:53,872
THE MICROBIOTA, NUTRITION, EVEN

522
00:17:53,872 --> 00:17:54,940
THE ENVIRONMENT AND IN SOME

523
00:17:54,940 --> 00:17:56,608
CASES EVEN SOME PATHOGENS CAN BE

524
00:17:56,608 --> 00:17:57,909
UTILIZED FOR THE PROPER

525
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:59,878
EDUCATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

526
00:17:59,878 --> 00:18:02,180
FOR SUBSEQUENT OPTIMAL STATE.

527
00:18:02,180 --> 00:18:03,382
WHAT I'M GOING TO DISCUSS WITH

528
00:18:03,382 --> 00:18:05,150
YOU TODAY IS A LINE OF RESEARCH

529
00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:06,752
THAT IS REALLY LINKED DOMINANTLY

530
00:18:06,752 --> 00:18:09,154
TO THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOTA.

531
00:18:09,154 --> 00:18:11,690
SO THIS IS A VERSION OF THE

532
00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:13,659
SLIDE YOU HAVE SEEN NUMEROUS

533
00:18:13,659 --> 00:18:14,760
TIMES OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS

534
00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:17,396
WHICH IS THIS REALLY

535
00:18:17,396 --> 00:18:18,463
REDISCOVERY, THIS IS NOT A NEW

536
00:18:18,463 --> 00:18:19,731
FINDING BUT THE REDISCOVERY OVER

537
00:18:19,731 --> 00:18:23,402
THE LAST 15 YEARS THAT WE ARE A

538
00:18:23,402 --> 00:18:26,905
COMPOSITE OF SPECIES AND HUMAN

539
00:18:26,905 --> 00:18:27,139
CELLS.

540
00:18:27,139 --> 00:18:28,407
IN FACT THERE IS WAY MORE

541
00:18:28,407 --> 00:18:30,275
MICROBES IN OUR BODY THAN OUR

542
00:18:30,275 --> 00:18:32,678
OWN CELLS AND COLLECTIVELY THESE

543
00:18:32,678 --> 00:18:33,745
MICROBES REALLY PROVIDE THIS

544
00:18:33,745 --> 00:18:34,880
EXTRAORDINARY ADVANTAGE FOR THE

545
00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:36,648
HOST BY CONTROLLING NUMEROUS

546
00:18:36,648 --> 00:18:37,949
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, AND IN

547
00:18:37,949 --> 00:18:39,618
PARTICULAR CAN PROVIDE FUNCTION

548
00:18:39,618 --> 00:18:42,220
THAT WE ARE DEVOID.

549
00:18:42,220 --> 00:18:43,422
SO OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS, WE

550
00:18:43,422 --> 00:18:45,157
ARE REALLY LUCKY AT THE NIH TO

551
00:18:45,157 --> 00:18:49,628
BE ABLE TO START A PROGRAM, WE'D

552
00:18:49,628 --> 00:18:50,962
LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THIS

553
00:18:50,962 --> 00:18:53,031
IS SOMETHING TRULY EXTRAORDINARY

554
00:18:53,031 --> 00:18:53,865
ABOUT THE INTERNAL PROGRAM OF

555
00:18:53,865 --> 00:18:54,366
THE NIH.

556
00:18:54,366 --> 00:18:56,268
YOU CAN ACTUALLY START SOMETHING

557
00:18:56,268 --> 00:18:57,736
COMPLETELY NEW AND YOU CAN TAKE

558
00:18:57,736 --> 00:18:58,937
REALLY LARGE RISK WHICH IS

559
00:18:58,937 --> 00:19:00,405
REALLY WHAT I WAS ABLE TO DO AND

560
00:19:00,405 --> 00:19:01,807
THIS WAS SUPPORTED BY THE FACT

561
00:19:01,807 --> 00:19:03,975
THAT I WAS AT NIAID AND

562
00:19:03,975 --> 00:19:04,976
SUPPORTED BY THE FACT THAT MY

563
00:19:04,976 --> 00:19:07,245
LEADERSHIP REALLY BELIEVED IN

564
00:19:07,245 --> 00:19:07,913
STARTING SOMETHING COMPLETELY IN

565
00:19:07,913 --> 00:19:10,315
YOU.

566
00:19:10,315 --> 00:19:10,749
NEW.

567
00:19:10,749 --> 00:19:12,384
THIS ALLOWED US TO UNCOVER YEARS

568
00:19:12,384 --> 00:19:14,753
AGO THAT MICROBIOTA WAS ABLE TO

569
00:19:14,753 --> 00:19:15,787
CONTROL THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

570
00:19:15,787 --> 00:19:18,623
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THAT?

571
00:19:18,623 --> 00:19:20,125
THE MICROBE THAT WAS IN THE GUT

572
00:19:20,125 --> 00:19:21,259
AT THE TIME, THIS WAS THE FIRST

573
00:19:21,259 --> 00:19:23,895
LINE OF WORK WE DID, TO PROMOTE

574
00:19:23,895 --> 00:19:25,097
DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE

575
00:19:25,097 --> 00:19:26,498
SYSTEMS ABOUT LU ITS FUNCTION,

576
00:19:26,498 --> 00:19:28,033
ALLOWING THE HOST TO BE BETTER

577
00:19:28,033 --> 00:19:29,568
PROTECTED AGAINST INFECTION.

578
00:19:29,568 --> 00:19:31,636
FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU WERE ABLE TO

579
00:19:31,636 --> 00:19:33,905
GIVE BROAD ANTIBIOTICS TO A

580
00:19:33,905 --> 00:19:34,740
HOST, THIS HOST WOULD BE LESS

581
00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:36,007
ABLE TO CONTROL INFECTION.

582
00:19:36,007 --> 00:19:38,110
THIS LINE OF WORK EXTENDED

583
00:19:38,110 --> 00:19:39,511
SUBSEQUENTLY TO NUMEROUS OTHER

584
00:19:39,511 --> 00:19:41,279
FIELDS THAT RELATE TO IMMUNOLOGY

585
00:19:41,279 --> 00:19:42,781
AND IN PARTICULAR VACCINE, WHERE

586
00:19:42,781 --> 00:19:45,784
THE WORK HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT

587
00:19:45,784 --> 00:19:47,853
THAT IN HUMAN, BROAD SPECTRUM

588
00:19:47,853 --> 00:19:48,754
ANTIBIOTIC CAN ACTUALLY DECREASE

589
00:19:48,754 --> 00:19:50,455
THE QUALITY OF ANTIBODY

590
00:19:50,455 --> 00:19:51,456
GENERATED IN THE CONTEXT OF

591
00:19:51,456 --> 00:19:53,091
VACCINE AND MAKE THEM LESS

592
00:19:53,091 --> 00:19:55,694
CAPABLE TO NEUTRALIZE VIRUSES.

593
00:19:55,694 --> 00:19:58,997
WORK THAT WAS DONE IN PART BY MY

594
00:19:58,997 --> 00:20:00,298
COLLEAGUE AT THE NIH

595
00:20:00,298 --> 00:20:01,566
HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF

596
00:20:01,566 --> 00:20:05,003
THE MICROBIOTA IN THE CONTROL OF

597
00:20:05,003 --> 00:20:06,071
HUMAN -- THERAPY HIGHLIGHTING

598
00:20:06,071 --> 00:20:07,639
THE SPECIFIC MICROBE IN THE GUT

599
00:20:07,639 --> 00:20:09,474
CAN ACTUALLY INFLUENCE THE

600
00:20:09,474 --> 00:20:10,809
INTENSITY OF THE RESPONSE.

601
00:20:10,809 --> 00:20:13,311
AND BEAUTIFULLY HE WAS ABLE TO

602
00:20:13,311 --> 00:20:14,513
SHOW WITH HIS COLLEAGUES IN

603
00:20:14,513 --> 00:20:15,614
PITTSBURGH A FEW YEARS AGO THAT

604
00:20:15,614 --> 00:20:20,852
IF YOU TAKE TH THE MY MICROBIOTO

605
00:20:20,852 --> 00:20:22,521
TRANSFER THE MICROBIOTA CAN

606
00:20:22,521 --> 00:20:24,456
ACTUALLY RESTORE RESPONSIVENESS

607
00:20:24,456 --> 00:20:25,357
IN AN INDIVIDUAL THAT WAS NOT

608
00:20:25,357 --> 00:20:26,992
ABLE TO RESPOND.

609
00:20:26,992 --> 00:20:29,761
SO THIS LED TO MORE STUDY BUT

610
00:20:29,761 --> 00:20:30,762
EXTRAORDINARILY MORE THE

611
00:20:30,762 --> 00:20:32,798
PRINCIPLE OF THE POWER OF THE

612
00:20:32,798 --> 00:20:33,999
MICROBIOTA IN BOOSTING IMMUNITY.

613
00:20:33,999 --> 00:20:35,734
BUT OF COURSE THE MICROBIOTA CAN

614
00:20:35,734 --> 00:20:37,169
HAVE NUMEROUS NEGATIVE IMPACT,

615
00:20:37,169 --> 00:20:39,137
AND IT HAS BEEN SHOWN IN

616
00:20:39,137 --> 00:20:40,338
NUMEROUS SETTINGS SUCH AS

617
00:20:40,338 --> 00:20:42,073
ALLERGY, AUTOIMMUNITY, OR

618
00:20:42,073 --> 00:20:43,742
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, FOR

619
00:20:43,742 --> 00:20:45,477
EXAMPLE, THE MICROBIOTA BECOMES

620
00:20:45,477 --> 00:20:47,546
A LIABILITY, AND THE HOST STARTS

621
00:20:47,546 --> 00:20:51,516
TO SEE THESE MICROBES IN AN

622
00:20:51,516 --> 00:20:52,384
INFLAMMATORY WAY AND BECOMES

623
00:20:52,384 --> 00:20:53,451
PART OF THE INFLAMMATORY

624
00:20:53,451 --> 00:20:53,952
PROCESSES.

625
00:20:53,952 --> 00:20:55,554
SO CLEARLY THE POINT I WANTED TO

626
00:20:55,554 --> 00:20:57,289
MAKE WITH THIS SLIDE IS THAT THE

627
00:20:57,289 --> 00:20:58,490
MICROBIOTA IS REALLY INTERTWINED

628
00:20:58,490 --> 00:21:01,326
WITH OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND

629
00:21:01,326 --> 00:21:02,227
THERE'S OF COURSE A LARGE NUMBER

630
00:21:02,227 --> 00:21:03,295
OF QUESTIONS THAT WE STILL NEED

631
00:21:03,295 --> 00:21:04,396
TO ADDRESS.

632
00:21:04,396 --> 00:21:05,363
AND ONE OF THEM WHICH IS A

633
00:21:05,363 --> 00:21:06,798
QUESTION WE DECIDED TO FOCUS ON

634
00:21:06,798 --> 00:21:09,000
OVER THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS IS

635
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,136
HOW THE MICROBIOTA IS SEEN BY

636
00:21:11,136 --> 00:21:13,505
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

637
00:21:13,505 --> 00:21:15,140
WE KNOW IT IS CONTROLLING THE

638
00:21:15,140 --> 00:21:16,341
IMMUNE SYSTEM BUT WHAT WAS NOT

639
00:21:16,341 --> 00:21:20,078
REALLY CLEAR IS HOW THE MY --

640
00:21:20,078 --> 00:21:21,713
HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO

641
00:21:21,713 --> 00:21:23,815
REACT IN A POSITIVE WAY TO THESE

642
00:21:23,815 --> 00:21:24,182
MICROBES.

643
00:21:24,182 --> 00:21:25,617
SO MOST OF WHAT WE KNEW ABOUT

644
00:21:25,617 --> 00:21:28,186
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAD ACTUALLY

645
00:21:28,186 --> 00:21:29,287
BEEN DONE BY WORK THAT WAS DONE

646
00:21:29,287 --> 00:21:31,990
IN THE FIELD IN THE CONTEXT OF

647
00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:33,191
INFECTION.

648
00:21:33,191 --> 00:21:34,526
OR IN THE CONTEXT OF VACCINE.

649
00:21:34,526 --> 00:21:36,361
WHAT WE KNEW FROM THE BEAUTIFUL

650
00:21:36,361 --> 00:21:40,498
FRAMEWORK THAT WAS POSTULATED AT

651
00:21:40,498 --> 00:21:43,468
THE NIH IS THAT FOR THE IMMUNE

652
00:21:43,468 --> 00:21:44,569
SYSTEM TO RECOGNIZE THERE IS

653
00:21:44,569 --> 00:21:46,638
ACTUALLY AN INFECTION OR AN

654
00:21:46,638 --> 00:21:47,405
AGGRESSION, IT NEEDED

655
00:21:47,405 --> 00:21:48,740
SOME DEGREE OF INFLAMMATION AND

656
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:49,507
TISSUE DAMAGE.

657
00:21:49,507 --> 00:21:52,544
AND THIS WAS COINED AS A --

658
00:21:52,544 --> 00:21:52,978
MODEL.

659
00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:54,746
THIS REALLY WAS AN ALARM SYSTEM

660
00:21:54,746 --> 00:21:56,948
THAT ALLOWED THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

661
00:21:56,948 --> 00:21:58,049
TO ENGAGE AND COME AND CONTROL

662
00:21:58,049 --> 00:22:00,318
THE INVADING AGENT.

663
00:22:00,318 --> 00:22:02,287
THIS IS THE VERY CORE OF THE

664
00:22:02,287 --> 00:22:04,356
PRINCIPLE OF AN ADJUVANT IN THE

665
00:22:04,356 --> 00:22:06,658
CONTEXT OF VACCINE.

666
00:22:06,658 --> 00:22:07,959
TO THIS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

667
00:22:07,959 --> 00:22:09,127
AND ALSO THE CLASS OF IMMUNITY

668
00:22:09,127 --> 00:22:10,929
THAT IN SOME CASES CAN BE --

669
00:22:10,929 --> 00:22:12,497
BECAUSE IT'S CREATING

670
00:22:12,497 --> 00:22:13,565
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY.

671
00:22:13,565 --> 00:22:15,433
BUT THIS IMMUNITY HAS REALLY

672
00:22:15,433 --> 00:22:18,770
ABSOLUTELY NOTHING TO DO WITH

673
00:22:18,770 --> 00:22:22,741
THE MICROBIOTA.

674
00:22:22,741 --> 00:22:23,408
HOWEVER WE KNOW

675
00:22:23,408 --> 00:22:24,809
THAT IS ABLE TO ENGAGE THE

676
00:22:24,809 --> 00:22:25,911
IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IT CAN HAVE A

677
00:22:25,911 --> 00:22:27,345
LARGE NUMBER OF ANTIBODIES

678
00:22:27,345 --> 00:22:29,648
WITHIN THE GUT OR IN THE

679
00:22:29,648 --> 00:22:30,415
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION OR T-CELLS

680
00:22:30,415 --> 00:22:36,087
IN THE TISH TEU  TISSUE THAT REE

681
00:22:36,087 --> 00:22:37,422
THOSE NONINVASIVE MICROBES.

682
00:22:37,422 --> 00:22:47,365
SO THIS FOR US WAS A AN ENIGMA.

683
00:22:47,365 --> 00:22:48,400
 -- SPECIFIC FOR MICROBES THAT

684
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:52,170
ARE NOT ABLE TO COLONIZE US, AND

685
00:22:52,170 --> 00:22:54,139
I'M GOING TO DISCUSS BRIEFLY

686
00:22:54,139 --> 00:22:55,540
THESE FINDINGS PUBLISHED, SOME

687
00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:57,409
MORE RECENT, AND I'LL FINISH BY

688
00:22:57,409 --> 00:22:58,843
ONGOING WORK THAT RELATE TO THE

689
00:22:58,843 --> 00:22:59,945
MECHANISM BY WHICH THE

690
00:22:59,945 --> 00:23:00,679
MICROBIOTA IS ABLE TO

691
00:23:00,679 --> 00:23:01,579
COMMUNICATE WITH THE IMMUNE

692
00:23:01,579 --> 00:23:05,617
SYSTEM IN SUCH A PEACEFUL WAY

693
00:23:05,617 --> 00:23:07,152
YET PHYSIOLOGICAL WAY.

694
00:23:07,152 --> 00:23:08,253
SO THIS WHOLE JOURNEY STARTED

695
00:23:08,253 --> 00:23:09,754
WHEN WE MOVED AWAY FROM THE GI

696
00:23:09,754 --> 00:23:10,989
TRACT, ALTHOUGH WE STILL WORK IN

697
00:23:10,989 --> 00:23:14,459
THE GI TRACT, BUT WE WERE VERY

698
00:23:14,459 --> 00:23:20,398
MUCH INSPIRED, WHEN SHRUTI NAIK

699
00:23:20,398 --> 00:23:21,900
WAS VERY INSPIRED BY THE WORK OF

700
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:24,869
MY COLLEAGUE AT THE NIH THAT HAD

701
00:23:24,869 --> 00:23:26,071
REALLY PIONEERED THE EXPLORATION

702
00:23:26,071 --> 00:23:27,706
OF THE SKIN MICROBIOME IN HUMAN.

703
00:23:27,706 --> 00:23:29,641
WHAT THEY HAD DISCOVERED WAS

704
00:23:29,641 --> 00:23:33,144
THAT THE HUMAN SKIN WAS --

705
00:23:33,144 --> 00:23:34,546
COMMUNITY VERY MUCH DEFINED BY

706
00:23:34,546 --> 00:23:36,681
THE UNIQUE ECOSYSTEM IN THEECH

707
00:23:36,681 --> 00:23:40,618
EACH OFTHESE ENVIRONMENTS WAS AO

708
00:23:40,618 --> 00:23:41,219
IMPOSE.

709
00:23:41,219 --> 00:23:43,388
SO SHRUTI DECIDED TO EXPLORE THE

710
00:23:43,388 --> 00:23:45,557
POSSIBILITY THAT THE MICROBIOTA

711
00:23:45,557 --> 00:23:47,125
IN THE SKIN COULD CONTROL LOCAL

712
00:23:47,125 --> 00:23:47,692
IMMUNITY.

713
00:23:47,692 --> 00:23:49,627
JUST A COUPLE OF WORD OF WHERE

714
00:23:49,627 --> 00:23:50,829
THOSE MICROBES ARE, THEY'RE NOT

715
00:23:50,829 --> 00:23:51,830
JUST FLOATING AROUND THE SKIN.

716
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:56,868
THEY ARE VERY MUCH SUND UNDER IP

717
00:23:56,868 --> 00:23:58,269
STRUCTURE SUCH AS SWEAT GLANDS

718
00:23:58,269 --> 00:23:59,404
SO THEY'RE VERY MUCH DEEP INSIDE

719
00:23:59,404 --> 00:24:01,873
THE TISSUE YET OUTSIDE OF THE

720
00:24:01,873 --> 00:24:02,974
TISSUE.

721
00:24:02,974 --> 00:24:05,276
SO WHAT SHE WAS ABLE TO SHOW IS

722
00:24:05,276 --> 00:24:07,812
TOGETHER WITH NICOLAS, STAFF

723
00:24:07,812 --> 00:24:09,647
SCIENTIST, IS THAT THE

724
00:24:09,647 --> 00:24:10,849
MICROBIOTA, IMMUNITY TO THE

725
00:24:10,849 --> 00:24:12,050
MICROBIOTA SO WHEN YOU HAVE A

726
00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:13,018
NEW MICROBE AT THE SURFACE OF

727
00:24:13,018 --> 00:24:15,020
THE SKIN, YOU DEVELOP A LARGE

728
00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,288
NUMBER OF LYMPHOCYTES THAT ARE

729
00:24:17,288 --> 00:24:20,358
SPECIFIC FOR THESE MICROBES.

730
00:24:20,358 --> 00:24:21,559
THESE LYMPHOCYTES ACCUMULATE IN

731
00:24:21,559 --> 00:24:23,962
THE TISSUE AND ARE ABLE TO

732
00:24:23,962 --> 00:24:24,763
PRODUCE CYTOKINE THAT CAN

733
00:24:24,763 --> 00:24:26,831
ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF

734
00:24:26,831 --> 00:24:28,233
KERATINOCYTES TO BE BETTER ABLE

735
00:24:28,233 --> 00:24:29,334
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST

736
00:24:29,334 --> 00:24:29,667
INFECTION.

737
00:24:29,667 --> 00:24:31,870
SO ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY TO THE

738
00:24:31,870 --> 00:24:33,805
MICROBIOTA PROVIDED THIS BROAD

739
00:24:33,805 --> 00:24:34,372
INNATE IMMUNITY AGAINST

740
00:24:34,372 --> 00:24:37,308
SUBSEQUENT IN INFECTION.

741
00:24:37,308 --> 00:24:43,681
WORK DONE BY JO SHOWED IN THESE

742
00:24:43,681 --> 00:24:44,215
T-CELLS SPECIFIC TO THE

743
00:24:44,215 --> 00:24:45,116
MICROBIOTA ARE VERY DIFFERENT

744
00:24:45,116 --> 00:24:48,253
FROM T-CELLS GENERATED AGAINST

745
00:24:48,253 --> 00:24:49,254
PATHOGEN, IN THE SENSE THEY ARE

746
00:24:49,254 --> 00:24:50,455
VERY PLASTIC.

747
00:24:50,455 --> 00:24:51,856
THEY CAN CHANGE THE PROGRAM AND

748
00:24:51,856 --> 00:24:54,092
FUNCTION BASED ON THE

749
00:24:54,092 --> 00:24:55,627
CIRCUMSTANCES WITHIN THE TISSUE

750
00:24:55,627 --> 00:24:57,562
AND IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INJURY

751
00:24:57,562 --> 00:25:02,067
CAUSE BID DAMAGE IED BY DAMAGE ,

752
00:25:02,067 --> 00:25:03,368
THEY'RE ABLE TO PRODUCE FACTORS

753
00:25:03,368 --> 00:25:04,803
THAT ALLOW THE REGENERATION OF

754
00:25:04,803 --> 00:25:05,236
THE EPITHELIUM.

755
00:25:05,236 --> 00:25:06,538
SO THIS CLASS OF IMMUNITY IS A

756
00:25:06,538 --> 00:25:07,739
DIFFERENT CLASS OF IMMUNITY THAT

757
00:25:07,739 --> 00:25:09,941
IS NOT HERE TO CONTROL AN

758
00:25:09,941 --> 00:25:11,142
INVADING AGENT, IT IS A CLASS OF

759
00:25:11,142 --> 00:25:12,977
IMMUNITY TO WHICH WE REFER AS

760
00:25:12,977 --> 00:25:13,745
HOMEOSTATIC COMMUNITY THAT GOES

761
00:25:13,745 --> 00:25:15,413
TO THE TISSUE AND BROADLY

762
00:25:15,413 --> 00:25:17,282
CONTROLS AND PROTECTS THE HOST

763
00:25:17,282 --> 00:25:20,752
AGAINST MICROBES AGAINST DAMAGE.

764
00:25:20,752 --> 00:25:25,690
MORE RECENTLY, MICHEL JOINED THE

765
00:25:25,690 --> 00:25:26,758
LABORATORY BEFORE HE STARTED HIS

766
00:25:26,758 --> 00:25:27,959
OWN GROUP A COUPLE MONTHS AGO

767
00:25:27,959 --> 00:25:29,494
AND DECIDED TO CONTINUE THE

768
00:25:29,494 --> 00:25:30,261
EXPLORATION OF THIS QUESTION AND

769
00:25:30,261 --> 00:25:32,797
HE WANTED TO UNDERSTAND IN

770
00:25:32,797 --> 00:25:34,199
PARTICULAR WHAT OTHER FUNCTION

771
00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:35,600
THIS IMAGE TO THE MICROBIOTA

772
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,836
COULD HAVE AND POSTULATED JUST

773
00:25:37,836 --> 00:25:38,903
ONLY SCRATCHING THE SURFACE OF

774
00:25:38,903 --> 00:25:40,939
THE COMPLEXITY OF FUNCTION THOSE

775
00:25:40,939 --> 00:25:43,708
T-CELLS COULD EXERT ON THE

776
00:25:43,708 --> 00:25:44,709
TISSUE.

777
00:25:44,709 --> 00:25:46,444
AND THE CONCEPT THAT HE REALLY

778
00:25:46,444 --> 00:25:48,012
WANTED TO ACTUALLY PROPOSE AND

779
00:25:48,012 --> 00:25:48,980
MOVE FORWARD AND SOMETHING THAT

780
00:25:48,980 --> 00:25:50,782
HE'S ACTUALLY NOW DEVELOPING IN

781
00:25:50,782 --> 00:25:53,818
HIS OWN LABORATORY IS THIS

782
00:25:53,818 --> 00:25:54,986
CONCEPT OF MULTISYSTEM REPAIR.

783
00:25:54,986 --> 00:25:57,288
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THAT?

784
00:25:57,288 --> 00:25:58,790
AS IMMUNOLOGISTS WHO ARE PEOPLE

785
00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:00,058
THAT WORK ON THE EPITHELIUM, ALL

786
00:26:00,058 --> 00:26:01,659
OF US WHEN WE LOOK AT TISSUE

787
00:26:01,659 --> 00:26:02,560
DAMAGE, WE LOOK AT THE

788
00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:04,696
REGENERATION AND REPAIR FROM ONE

789
00:26:04,696 --> 00:26:08,133
SINGLE A ANGLE.

790
00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:09,868
THE REALITY IS IF WE WANT TO

791
00:26:09,868 --> 00:26:11,069
REGENERATE AN ENTIRE ORGAN, WHAT

792
00:26:11,069 --> 00:26:12,403
WE NEED IS FOR ALL THOSE

793
00:26:12,403 --> 00:26:13,805
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS INCLUDING THE

794
00:26:13,805 --> 00:26:15,440
NERVOUS SYSTEM TO BE REBUILT IN

795
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,076
A HIGHLY COHERENT WAY.

796
00:26:18,076 --> 00:26:20,378
SO WHAT MICHEL ACTUALLY

797
00:26:20,378 --> 00:26:22,113
POSTULATED IS THAT THE

798
00:26:22,113 --> 00:26:22,881
MICROBIOTA BECAUSE OF IT'S

799
00:26:22,881 --> 00:26:23,748
CORROBORATION WITH THE HOST MAY

800
00:26:23,748 --> 00:26:25,183
BE ABLE TO IMPOSE A CLASS OF

801
00:26:25,183 --> 00:26:26,184
IMMUNITY THAT COULD REALLY TAP

802
00:26:26,184 --> 00:26:28,586
INTO THIS MULTISYSTEM

803
00:26:28,586 --> 00:26:29,187
PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION OF

804
00:26:29,187 --> 00:26:33,158
THE TISSUE.

805
00:26:33,158 --> 00:26:34,492
AND HE DECIDED TO EXPLORE THIS

806
00:26:34,492 --> 00:26:36,227
SPECIFIC QUESTION WHICH MEA

807
00:26:36,227 --> 00:26:37,228
ACTUALLY SURPRISE SOME OF YOU

808
00:26:37,228 --> 00:26:39,731
HERE THAT MAY BE CLINICIANS IS

809
00:26:39,731 --> 00:26:45,837
STAPHYLOCOCCUS YOU YO AUREUS.

810
00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:47,172
THE ISOLATES ARE NOT PATHOGENIC

811
00:26:47,172 --> 00:26:49,541
AND THEY CAN ACTUALLY COLONIZE

812
00:26:49,541 --> 00:26:50,575
ON THE SKIN, IN FACT, THE

813
00:26:50,575 --> 00:26:52,343
STRAINS THAT WE HAVE ISOLATED

814
00:26:52,343 --> 00:26:53,545
CAME FROM A MOUSE FACILITY THAT

815
00:26:53,545 --> 00:27:03,488
WE HAVE AT THE NIH.

816
00:27:03,488 --> 00:27:05,023
AND PROPOSED BECAUSE THIS

817
00:27:05,023 --> 00:27:06,558
MICROBE CAN IN COME

818
00:27:06,558 --> 00:27:07,492
CIRCUMSTANCES CAUSE INFECTION,

819
00:27:07,492 --> 00:27:08,960
MAYBE IN THIS CASE, IT MAY BE

820
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:11,462
ABLE TO PROMOTE IMMUNITY THAT

821
00:27:11,462 --> 00:27:12,764
ALLOWED GENERATION.

822
00:27:12,764 --> 00:27:15,967
SO TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION WHAT

823
00:27:15,967 --> 00:27:17,702
MICHEL DID WAS HAVE ANIMALS

824
00:27:17,702 --> 00:27:19,103
ENGINEERED TO HAVE T-CELLS THAT

825
00:27:19,103 --> 00:27:21,906
ARE ALL SPECIFIC FOR THE

826
00:27:21,906 --> 00:27:27,412
MICROBES, PLY THEM APPLY TO THEE

827
00:27:27,412 --> 00:27:33,318
OF THE SKIN, T-CELLS SPECIFIC TO

828
00:27:33,318 --> 00:27:36,421
STAPH AUREUS CAN ACCUMULATE --

829
00:27:36,421 --> 00:27:37,689
TIME 17 PROGRAM, A CLASS OF

830
00:27:37,689 --> 00:27:38,389
IMMUNITY THAT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO

831
00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:41,326
BE VERY IMPORTANT TO HOST

832
00:27:41,326 --> 00:27:42,660
MICROBIOTA INTO ACTION.

833
00:27:42,660 --> 00:27:45,063
WHAT WAS REALLY INTERESTING AND

834
00:27:45,063 --> 00:27:46,798
SURPRISING IS WHEN MICHEL

835
00:27:46,798 --> 00:27:48,433
STARTED TO LOOK AT THE BEHAVIOR,

836
00:27:48,433 --> 00:27:49,834
THIS IMAGING THAT ALLOWS TO LOOK

837
00:27:49,834 --> 00:27:51,236
AT THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CELLS IN

838
00:27:51,236 --> 00:27:53,037
AN INTACT ANIMAL, THERE IS NO

839
00:27:53,037 --> 00:27:54,572
SURGERY, THE ANIMAL IS

840
00:27:54,572 --> 00:27:55,974
ENGINEERED TO EXPRESS DIFFERENT

841
00:27:55,974 --> 00:27:57,408
COLORS AND YOU CAN VISUALIZE

842
00:27:57,408 --> 00:27:58,176
ACTUALLY THE BEHAVIOR OF THE

843
00:27:58,176 --> 00:28:00,144
CELLS.

844
00:28:00,144 --> 00:28:01,379
SO USING THIS APPROACH YOU CAN

845
00:28:01,379 --> 00:28:02,680
SEE IN THE T-CELLS SPECIFIC FOR

846
00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:05,416
THE MICROBIOTA IN YELLOW, ARE

847
00:28:05,416 --> 00:28:07,051
ABLE TO BE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO

848
00:28:07,051 --> 00:28:09,020
THE SENSORY NERVE, SENSORY

849
00:28:09,020 --> 00:28:10,455
FIBERS WITHIN THE SKIN, AND THIS

850
00:28:10,455 --> 00:28:16,995
CAN BE QEUNT FI BE QUANTIFIED OT

851
00:28:16,995 --> 00:28:18,096
IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE

852
00:28:18,096 --> 00:28:19,397
SENSORY NERVES.

853
00:28:19,397 --> 00:28:23,868
SO ALL ORGANS ARE -- BY SENSORY

854
00:28:23,868 --> 00:28:25,536
FIBERS OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE

855
00:28:25,536 --> 00:28:27,605
FOR SENSATION BUT THESE FIBERS

856
00:28:27,605 --> 00:28:28,539
ALSO CONTROL OTHER FUNCTION IN

857
00:28:28,539 --> 00:28:30,008
THE TISSUE INCLUDING THE IMMUNE

858
00:28:30,008 --> 00:28:31,476
SYSTEM.

859
00:28:31,476 --> 00:28:33,678
SO THIS OBSERVATION THAT MICHEL

860
00:28:33,678 --> 00:28:37,048
HAD LED HIM TO HYPOTHESIZE

861
00:28:37,048 --> 00:28:39,017
SPECIFIC T-CELLS MAY PLAY A ROLE

862
00:28:39,017 --> 00:28:40,652
IN REGENERATION OF THE NERVE AND

863
00:28:40,652 --> 00:28:41,519
TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION WHAT HE

864
00:28:41,519 --> 00:28:43,388
DID WAS TO DO A VERY SIMPLE

865
00:28:43,388 --> 00:28:45,923
APPROACH THAT IS A VERY GENTLE

866
00:28:45,923 --> 00:28:48,226
PUNCH BIOPSY IN THE SKIN.

867
00:28:48,226 --> 00:28:49,961
IN THIS CONTEXT THE ANIMAL IS

868
00:28:49,961 --> 00:28:52,797
COLONIZED AT THE SURFACE OF THE

869
00:28:52,797 --> 00:28:53,898
SKIN WITH STAPH AUREUS, THERE'S

870
00:28:53,898 --> 00:28:54,966
A SMALL BIOPSY IN THE SKIN AND

871
00:28:54,966 --> 00:28:57,101
YOU CAN SEE THE ACCUMULATION OF

872
00:28:57,101 --> 00:28:58,369
THE CD4 T-CELLS AT THE EDGE OF

873
00:28:58,369 --> 00:29:01,205
THE WOUND, AND YOU CAN SEE THIS

874
00:29:01,205 --> 00:29:03,641
IS ACTUALLY DENSIFIED IF YOU

875
00:29:03,641 --> 00:29:05,410
HAVE STAPH AUREUS AT THE SURFACE

876
00:29:05,410 --> 00:29:07,245
OF THE CONTROL ANIMAL AND THIS

877
00:29:07,245 --> 00:29:08,980
IS -- BY THE BETA THREE TUBULIN

878
00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:10,181
MARKER THAT ALLOWS TO STAIN FOR

879
00:29:10,181 --> 00:29:13,351
ALL THE FIBERS.

880
00:29:13,351 --> 00:29:14,986
SO THIS IS ACTUALLY QUANTIFIED

881
00:29:14,986 --> 00:29:15,753
ON THE RIGHT WHEN YOU CAN SEE

882
00:29:15,753 --> 00:29:18,156
THAT THE PRESENCE OF STAPH

883
00:29:18,156 --> 00:29:19,390
AUREUS ENHANCED SIGNIFICANTLY

884
00:29:19,390 --> 00:29:21,225
THE ABILITY OF THE NERVE TO

885
00:29:21,225 --> 00:29:22,427
REGENERATE IN THE CONTEXT OF AN

886
00:29:22,427 --> 00:29:22,894
INJURY.

887
00:29:22,894 --> 00:29:25,830
AN INJURY THAT COULD BE, FOR

888
00:29:25,830 --> 00:29:27,265
EXAMPLE, A NEEDLE SCRATCH THAT

889
00:29:27,265 --> 00:29:29,534
YOU HAD IN THE SKIN.

890
00:29:29,534 --> 00:29:31,302
SO THE QUESTION THAT MICHEL HAD

891
00:29:31,302 --> 00:29:33,471
WAS TO TRY TO SEE IF THIS

892
00:29:33,471 --> 00:29:34,272
REGENERATION WAS A DIRECT EFFECT

893
00:29:34,272 --> 00:29:35,673
OF THE BACTERIA OR IT WAS

894
00:29:35,673 --> 00:29:37,742
ACTUALLY HAPPENING VIA THE

895
00:29:37,742 --> 00:29:38,643
IMMUNE SYSTEM.

896
00:29:38,643 --> 00:29:39,944
AND THE REASON IT COULD HAVE

897
00:29:39,944 --> 00:29:41,913
HAPPENED TO THE BACTERIA IS

898
00:29:41,913 --> 00:29:43,815
BECAUSE BACTERIA THEMSELF CAN

899
00:29:43,815 --> 00:29:45,883
PRODUCE NUMEROUS FACTORS ABLE TO

900
00:29:45,883 --> 00:29:47,318
MANIPULATE THE HOST.

901
00:29:47,318 --> 00:29:51,589
SO WHAT MIC HMM EL DID IN THIS

902
00:29:51,589 --> 00:29:52,990
CONTEXT, THE ANIMAL HAD BEEN

903
00:29:52,990 --> 00:29:55,626
ENGINEERED TO REMOVE TYPE 17

904
00:29:55,626 --> 00:29:58,463
WHEN THEY ENTER IN THE TISSUE.

905
00:29:58,463 --> 00:30:00,331
SO THE JARGON HERE, WHAT WE HAVE

906
00:30:00,331 --> 00:30:02,300
IS JUST A BUNCH BIOPSY IN AN

907
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:03,668
ANIMAL THAT HASN'T RECEIVED

908
00:30:03,668 --> 00:30:04,702
STAPH AUREUS, AND YOU CAN SEE

909
00:30:04,702 --> 00:30:07,438
THE REGENERATION OF THE FIBERS.

910
00:30:07,438 --> 00:30:09,474
IN A CONTROL ANIMAL THAT WE SEE

911
00:30:09,474 --> 00:30:10,942
STAPH AUREUS, YOU HAVE MASSIVE

912
00:30:10,942 --> 00:30:11,609
REGENERATION OF THE FIBER THAT

913
00:30:11,609 --> 00:30:12,677
YOU CAN SEE HERE, AND YOU CAN

914
00:30:12,677 --> 00:30:14,011
SEE IN THE ANIMAL WHERE THERE IS

915
00:30:14,011 --> 00:30:17,482
NO TYPE 17 RESPONSE BY THE

916
00:30:17,482 --> 00:30:18,483
T-CELLS YOU CAN SEE THIS

917
00:30:18,483 --> 00:30:19,917
REGENERATION IS REALLY

918
00:30:19,917 --> 00:30:20,918
ABROGATED, THIS IS QUANTIFIED ON

919
00:30:20,918 --> 00:30:23,187
THE RIGHT, WHEN YOU CAN SEE THE

920
00:30:23,187 --> 00:30:31,262
DENSE FICK ODENSIFICATION -- BL7

921
00:30:31,262 --> 00:30:31,729
RESPONSES IN THE SKIN.

922
00:30:31,729 --> 00:30:33,164
SO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE

923
00:30:33,164 --> 00:30:35,433
MICROBE IS WHAT ACCELERATES THE

924
00:30:35,433 --> 00:30:39,737
REGENERATION OF THE NERVES.

925
00:30:39,737 --> 00:30:42,240
SO NERVES CAN ACTUALLY RESPOND

926
00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:44,108
TO CYTOKINES, AND THERE IS

927
00:30:44,108 --> 00:30:45,543
ACTUALLY AN INCREASING

928
00:30:45,543 --> 00:30:46,744
LITERATURE IN THE FIELD

929
00:30:46,744 --> 00:30:48,713
HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLE OF IL-17

930
00:30:48,713 --> 00:30:52,250
IN THE CONTROL SENSORY OF

931
00:30:52,250 --> 00:30:53,117
NERVES, IN PARTICULAR IN THE

932
00:30:53,117 --> 00:30:56,187
CONTEXT OF BEHAVIOR THE  IN THE

933
00:30:56,187 --> 00:30:58,456
BRAIN.

934
00:30:58,456 --> 00:31:02,193
THE ROLE OF IL-17 -- ONCE AGAIN

935
00:31:02,193 --> 00:31:04,061
HE DID A VERY SIMPLE EXPERIMENT,

936
00:31:04,061 --> 00:31:06,364
THE ANIMAL HAD BEEN COLONIZED

937
00:31:06,364 --> 00:31:07,665
GENTLY WITH STAPH AUREUS AND

938
00:31:07,665 --> 00:31:09,500
THERE IS A SMALL PUNCH BIOPSY IN

939
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:10,735
THE SKIN.

940
00:31:10,735 --> 00:31:12,036
HERE WE'RE ONLY SHOWING THE

941
00:31:12,036 --> 00:31:13,237
EXPERIMENT WHERE THE ANIMAL HAD

942
00:31:13,237 --> 00:31:14,539
BEEN COLONIZED WITH STAPH

943
00:31:14,539 --> 00:31:15,339
AUREUS.

944
00:31:15,339 --> 00:31:16,974
THIS IS A DENSIFICATION OF THE

945
00:31:16,974 --> 00:31:18,409
FIBER IF YOU HAVE THE BACTERIA

946
00:31:18,409 --> 00:31:19,410
ON THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN.

947
00:31:19,410 --> 00:31:23,214
SOME OF THEM ARE SENSORINEURAL,

948
00:31:23,214 --> 00:31:25,116
EXPRESSED BY THE CPIG THAT IS

949
00:31:25,116 --> 00:31:26,317
IMPORTANT AND EXPRESSED BY

950
00:31:26,317 --> 00:31:28,152
SENSORY FIBERS, AND YOU CAN SEE

951
00:31:28,152 --> 00:31:30,488
THERE IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE

952
00:31:30,488 --> 00:31:31,889
IN THE NEVER THEMSELVES CANNOT

953
00:31:31,889 --> 00:31:34,826
RESPOND TO IL-17.

954
00:31:34,826 --> 00:31:36,394
THIS IS ACTUALLY ALSO HAPPENING

955
00:31:36,394 --> 00:31:38,329
IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE SENSORY

956
00:31:38,329 --> 00:31:38,563
NEURONS.

957
00:31:38,563 --> 00:31:39,997
SO THIS ACTUALLY INDICATES THAT

958
00:31:39,997 --> 00:31:42,166
DIRECT RESPONSE OF THE NERVES TO

959
00:31:42,166 --> 00:31:43,601
IL-17 IS ACTUALLY REQUIRED TO

960
00:31:43,601 --> 00:31:44,836
IMPOSE THIS REGENERATION

961
00:31:44,836 --> 00:31:45,703
PROCESS.

962
00:31:45,703 --> 00:31:47,038
AND THIS IS QUANTIFIED ON THE

963
00:31:47,038 --> 00:31:48,639
RIGHT WHEN YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A

964
00:31:48,639 --> 00:31:50,074
DECREASE OF THE ORIGINATION

965
00:31:50,074 --> 00:31:51,843
PROCESS IF THE NERVES CANNOT

966
00:31:51,843 --> 00:31:53,911
SENSE IL-17 AND SIMILARLY IN THE

967
00:31:53,911 --> 00:31:57,081
CONTEXT OF THE CGRP EXPRESSING

968
00:31:57,081 --> 00:31:58,516
FIBERS.

969
00:31:58,516 --> 00:31:59,851
SO THIS REALLY POSITIONED AN

970
00:31:59,851 --> 00:32:02,487
INTERESTING NEW ROLE FOR IL-17

971
00:32:02,487 --> 00:32:03,988
BY T-CELLS AS IMPORTANT FACTORS

972
00:32:03,988 --> 00:32:05,623
THAT ACTUALLY ALLOW THE

973
00:32:05,623 --> 00:32:06,824
REGENERATION OF THE PERIPHERAL

974
00:32:06,824 --> 00:32:09,126
NERVOUS SYSTEM.

975
00:32:09,126 --> 00:32:11,963
SO THE MODEL MICHEL IS WORKING

976
00:32:11,963 --> 00:32:14,265
ON AT THE MOMENT IS NOW FURTHER

977
00:32:14,265 --> 00:32:15,566
EXPLORING IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS

978
00:32:15,566 --> 00:32:17,235
OWN LABORATORY IS THAT WHEN YOU

979
00:32:17,235 --> 00:32:18,369
ENCOUNTER A NEW MICROBE,

980
00:32:18,369 --> 00:32:20,204
SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE ALL THE

981
00:32:20,204 --> 00:32:21,739
TIME, IF YOU ACTUALLY CHANGE

982
00:32:21,739 --> 00:32:23,574
HOTEL ROOMS, SHAKE THE HANDS OF

983
00:32:23,574 --> 00:32:25,309
SOMEONE, YOU'RE GOING TO SLOWLY,

984
00:32:25,309 --> 00:32:26,811
SLOWLY INTEGRATE NEW MICROBES

985
00:32:26,811 --> 00:32:28,179
WITHIN YOUR OWN ECOSYSTEM.

986
00:32:28,179 --> 00:32:30,915
EVERY TIME YOU SEE A NEW

987
00:32:30,915 --> 00:32:32,783
MICROBE, YOU'RE GOING TO DEVELOP

988
00:32:32,783 --> 00:32:34,018
AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.

989
00:32:34,018 --> 00:32:35,353
THESE T-CELLS WILL ACCUMULATE

990
00:32:35,353 --> 00:32:38,389
WITHIN THE TISSUE AND WE FIND

991
00:32:38,389 --> 00:32:39,757
WHEN THEY ARE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

992
00:32:39,757 --> 00:32:41,125
TO THE SENSORY NEURON, THIS IS

993
00:32:41,125 --> 00:32:42,660
TRUE FOR STAPH AUREUS, BUT THIS

994
00:32:42,660 --> 00:32:44,695
IS ALSO TRUE FOR ALL THE

995
00:32:44,695 --> 00:32:45,963
MICROBES WE HAVE ACTUALLY WORKED

996
00:32:45,963 --> 00:32:48,666
ON AND THIS IS ACTUALLY -- WHERE

997
00:32:48,666 --> 00:32:50,001
THE T-CELLS ARE IN VERY CLOSE

998
00:32:50,001 --> 00:32:52,403
PROXIMITY TO THOSE FIBERS.

999
00:32:52,403 --> 00:32:53,938
WHEN THERE IS AN INJURY, AND

1000
00:32:53,938 --> 00:32:55,239
THIS HAPPENS ALL THE TIME THIS,

1001
00:32:55,239 --> 00:32:56,574
INJURY CAN BE CAUSED BY CUTS,

1002
00:32:56,574 --> 00:32:59,944
COULD BE CAUSED BY I INFECTION,

1003
00:32:59,944 --> 00:33:01,412
ANY FORM OF DAMAGE THAT WOULD

1004
00:33:01,412 --> 00:33:02,847
ACTUALLY HAPPEN TO THE TISSUE,

1005
00:33:02,847 --> 00:33:04,348
THE MICROBES ARE STILL AT THE

1006
00:33:04,348 --> 00:33:05,550
SURFACE OF THE SKIN.

1007
00:33:05,550 --> 00:33:06,584
THEY ARE COMMENSALS.

1008
00:33:06,584 --> 00:33:07,852
BUT THEY'RE NOW BROUGHT BACK

1009
00:33:07,852 --> 00:33:09,620
INSIDE THE TISSUE IN AN IMFLAM

1010
00:33:09,620 --> 00:33:11,155
TRI WAY AND BECAUSE THEY'RE

1011
00:33:11,155 --> 00:33:12,256
ACTUALLY PRESENT IN THE TISSUE,

1012
00:33:12,256 --> 00:33:13,691
THE T-CELLS SPECIFIC FOR THEM

1013
00:33:13,691 --> 00:33:14,692
ARE GOING TO BE RECALLED,

1014
00:33:14,692 --> 00:33:15,993
THEY'RE GOING TO REEXPAND, THE

1015
00:33:15,993 --> 00:33:17,328
VERY SAME THING THAT WILL HAPPEN

1016
00:33:17,328 --> 00:33:19,630
IN THE CON TECH OF AN INFECTION.

1017
00:33:19,630 --> 00:33:22,800
THOSE T-CELLS PRODUCE LARGER --

1018
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,169
AND IL-17 CAN ACT DIRECTLY ON

1019
00:33:25,169 --> 00:33:32,643
THE SENSORY FIBERS AND --

1020
00:33:32,643 --> 00:33:33,911
DAMAGED NERVES UPREGULATE -- AND

1021
00:33:33,911 --> 00:33:35,846
THIS REALLY ALLOWS THIS

1022
00:33:35,846 --> 00:33:36,614
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 17 AND THE

1023
00:33:36,614 --> 00:33:38,349
NERVES TO REALLY PROMOTE

1024
00:33:38,349 --> 00:33:39,483
REGENERATION OF THESE FIBERS

1025
00:33:39,483 --> 00:33:41,319
COMING TO THE REGENERATION OF

1026
00:33:41,319 --> 00:33:45,022
THE SENSORY NETWORK WITHIN THE

1027
00:33:45,022 --> 00:33:45,823
TISSUE.

1028
00:33:45,823 --> 00:33:47,158
WHY THIS ACTUALLY IS COMING

1029
00:33:47,158 --> 00:33:48,659
CLOSER TO THE HYPOTHESIS

1030
00:33:48,659 --> 00:33:50,728
DEVELOPED BY MICHEL IS THAT THE

1031
00:33:50,728 --> 00:33:53,397
SENSORY NEURONS ARE NOT ONLY, OF

1032
00:33:53,397 --> 00:33:57,201
COURSE, OF -- BUT THE SENSORY

1033
00:33:57,201 --> 00:33:58,736
NEURONS ARE SO VERY IMPORTANT TO

1034
00:33:58,736 --> 00:34:00,504
ALLOW THE REGENERATION OF ALL

1035
00:34:00,504 --> 00:34:02,573
THOSE STRUCTURES IN THE TISSUE,

1036
00:34:02,573 --> 00:34:04,542
FOR EXAMPLE, THAT WE GUIDE HE

1037
00:34:04,542 --> 00:34:05,977
REGENERATION OF THE VASCULATURE

1038
00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:07,745
AND ACTUALLY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO

1039
00:34:07,745 --> 00:34:08,746
THE REGENERATION OF THE

1040
00:34:08,746 --> 00:34:09,380
EPITHELIUM.

1041
00:34:09,380 --> 00:34:11,816
SO MICHEL REALLY WAS ON TO

1042
00:34:11,816 --> 00:34:12,783
SOMETHING BECAUSE INDEED BY

1043
00:34:12,783 --> 00:34:14,018
TACKLING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM,

1044
00:34:14,018 --> 00:34:15,186
MAYBE THIS IMAGING OF THE

1045
00:34:15,186 --> 00:34:17,188
MICROBIOTA CAN ALLOW IN A MORE

1046
00:34:17,188 --> 00:34:18,489
PHYSIOLOGICAL WAY TO REVEAL THE

1047
00:34:18,489 --> 00:34:20,057
ENTIRE TISH TEU SOMETHING THAT

1048
00:34:20,057 --> 00:34:22,994
WILL ACTUALLY BE EXPLORED IN HIS

1049
00:34:22,994 --> 00:34:23,761
OWN LABORATORY IN THE NEXT FEW

1050
00:34:23,761 --> 00:34:24,195
YEARS.

1051
00:34:24,195 --> 00:34:25,262
SO IN COMPLETION OF THIS FIRST

1052
00:34:25,262 --> 00:34:26,831
PART, I WANTED TO ACTUALLY

1053
00:34:26,831 --> 00:34:27,698
HIGHLIGHT THE EFFECT THAT THE

1054
00:34:27,698 --> 00:34:29,667
MICROBIOTA IS REALLY ABLE TO

1055
00:34:29,667 --> 00:34:31,869
INDUCE A LARGE AMOUNT OF IMMUNE

1056
00:34:31,869 --> 00:34:34,271
RESPONSES, AND IN PARTICULAR,

1057
00:34:34,271 --> 00:34:35,373
STRANGELY ENOUGH, IT'S

1058
00:34:35,373 --> 00:34:37,908
CONSTANTLY RECOGNIZED BY OUR

1059
00:34:37,908 --> 00:34:39,276
IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND OUR ADAPTIVE

1060
00:34:39,276 --> 00:34:41,846
IMMUNE SYSTEM, THE VERY SAME

1061
00:34:41,846 --> 00:34:43,180
THAT WE HAVE IN VACCINE AND

1062
00:34:43,180 --> 00:34:43,614
PATHOGEN.

1063
00:34:43,614 --> 00:34:44,482
THE DIFFERENCE IS ALL OF THAT

1064
00:34:44,482 --> 00:34:46,784
HAPPENED IN A VERY SILENT

1065
00:34:46,784 --> 00:34:48,753
NON-INFLAMMATORY WAY.

1066
00:34:48,753 --> 00:34:49,987
THESE T-CELLS CAN ACTUALLY

1067
00:34:49,987 --> 00:34:52,056
TRAVEL ACROSS TISSUE, REEXPAND,

1068
00:34:52,056 --> 00:34:54,692
CONTRACT, STAY FOR A LONG TIME,

1069
00:34:54,692 --> 00:34:56,227
A WAY THE MICROBIOTA CAN EXPAND

1070
00:34:56,227 --> 00:34:58,195
ITS FUNCTION ACROSS TISSUES.

1071
00:34:58,195 --> 00:34:59,630
AND IT ALLOWS NOT ONLY THE

1072
00:34:59,630 --> 00:35:01,365
PROTECTION OF THE TISSUE

1073
00:35:01,365 --> 00:35:05,636
ENHANCING IMMUNE DEFENSES,

1074
00:35:05,636 --> 00:35:08,806
EPITHELIAL REPAIR BUT ALSO ALLOW

1075
00:35:08,806 --> 00:35:11,475
REGENERATION -- REALLY MANY OF

1076
00:35:11,475 --> 00:35:13,110
THE FUNCTIONS MAY BE ACTUALLY

1077
00:35:13,110 --> 00:35:14,311
UNCOVERED IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS

1078
00:35:14,311 --> 00:35:14,912
RELATIONSHIP.

1079
00:35:14,912 --> 00:35:16,914
THIS REALLY OPENED NEW DOORS IN

1080
00:35:16,914 --> 00:35:19,684
TERMS OF REGENERATION.

1081
00:35:19,684 --> 00:35:21,752
IL-17 COULD BE A POTENTIAL

1082
00:35:21,752 --> 00:35:23,421
THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO ACTUALLY

1083
00:35:23,421 --> 00:35:26,590
REPAIR IN THE CONTEXT OF SENSORY

1084
00:35:26,590 --> 00:35:27,358
RECOVERY, SOMETHING THAT HAPPEN

1085
00:35:27,358 --> 00:35:29,560
IN THE CONTEXT OF DAMAGE OR

1086
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:30,761
SURGERY, OR WHEN WE KNOW THERE

1087
00:35:30,761 --> 00:35:34,165
IS ACTUALLY DEFECT IN REPAIR.

1088
00:35:34,165 --> 00:35:35,399
SO -- DOWNSTREAM OF 17 COULD

1089
00:35:35,399 --> 00:35:37,835
BECOME A WAY BY WHICH WE CAN

1090
00:35:37,835 --> 00:35:39,203
ACTUALLY REGENERATE TISSUE.

1091
00:35:39,203 --> 00:35:42,773
AND I JUST WANTED TO ACTUALLY

1092
00:35:42,773 --> 00:35:43,808
HIGHLIGHT THIS COULD POTENTIALLY

1093
00:35:43,808 --> 00:35:50,915
GO IN A NEGATIVE WAY, JEREMIE

1094
00:35:50,915 --> 00:35:52,416
DELALEU -- WHAT HE'S ACTUALLY

1095
00:35:52,416 --> 00:35:53,884
LOOKING AT IS HOW IT HAPPENED IN

1096
00:35:53,884 --> 00:35:55,319
THE CONTEXT OF HEIGHTENED LEVEL

1097
00:35:55,319 --> 00:35:56,854
OF IL-17, SOMETHING THAT WOULD

1098
00:35:56,854 --> 00:35:59,356
HAPPEN IN THE CONTEXT OF

1099
00:35:59,356 --> 00:35:59,924
PSORIASIS, FOR EXAMPLE.

1100
00:35:59,924 --> 00:36:02,093
WHAT HE ACTUALLY HAS AS EARLY

1101
00:36:02,093 --> 00:36:04,295
EVIDENCE IS THE HEIGHTENED LEVEL

1102
00:36:04,295 --> 00:36:05,496
OF 17 TRUE ACTION OF THE NERVES

1103
00:36:05,496 --> 00:36:09,834
CREATE THE ON SI OPPOSITE, THIS

1104
00:36:09,834 --> 00:36:11,569
MASSIVE SPREAD OF NEURONS IN THE

1105
00:36:11,569 --> 00:36:12,670
TISSUE, SOMETHING THAT OF COURSE

1106
00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:13,871
CAN HAVE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES

1107
00:36:13,871 --> 00:36:15,406
FOR PAIN AND CAN HAVE NEGATIVE

1108
00:36:15,406 --> 00:36:16,273
CONSEQUENCES FOR SUBSEQUENT

1109
00:36:16,273 --> 00:36:19,777
INFLAMMATION.

1110
00:36:19,777 --> 00:36:22,546
SO TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE

1111
00:36:22,546 --> 00:36:23,881
RELATIONSHIP TWINE THE CYTOKINES

1112
00:36:23,881 --> 00:36:25,583
IN THE CONTEXT OF

1113
00:36:25,583 --> 00:36:26,784
INFLAMMATION -- TO ACTUALLY

1114
00:36:26,784 --> 00:36:28,219
TARGET THIS FUNDAMENTAL

1115
00:36:28,219 --> 00:36:29,420
COMPARTMENT OF TISSUES AND ALLOW

1116
00:36:29,420 --> 00:36:30,654
NOT ONLY THE REGENERATION OF

1117
00:36:30,654 --> 00:36:34,492
THOSE FIBERS BUT ALSO PREVEN 

1118
00:36:34,492 --> 00:36:37,328
PREVENTING -- REGENERATION --

1119
00:36:37,328 --> 00:36:38,863
THAT -- CAUSATIVE OF CHRONIC

1120
00:36:38,863 --> 00:36:40,064
LONG TERM PAIN.

1121
00:36:40,064 --> 00:36:41,699
SO THE SECOND PART OF THIS TALK

1122
00:36:41,699 --> 00:36:43,901
IS GOING TO BE ABOUT HOW THIS IS

1123
00:36:43,901 --> 00:36:45,369
STARTING.

1124
00:36:45,369 --> 00:36:46,504
SO WE KNOW ACTUALLY DOWNSTREAM

1125
00:36:46,504 --> 00:36:47,738
OF THIS IMMUNITY TO THE

1126
00:36:47,738 --> 00:36:51,475
MICROBIOTA WE HAVE THIS PROFOUND

1127
00:36:51,475 --> 00:36:53,444
EFFECT ON HOST PHYSIOLOGY BUT TO

1128
00:36:53,444 --> 00:36:54,512
TRY TO EXPLORE THE MECHANISM

1129
00:36:54,512 --> 00:36:55,846
THAT THE MICROBIOTA WAS ABLE TO

1130
00:36:55,846 --> 00:36:59,049
ENGAGE IN SUCH A QUIESCENT WAY

1131
00:36:59,049 --> 00:37:01,585
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

1132
00:37:01,585 --> 00:37:03,521
SO THE FIRST CLUE ABOUT HOW THIS

1133
00:37:03,521 --> 00:37:06,724
COULD WORK CAME FROM THE WORK OF

1134
00:37:06,724 --> 00:37:07,591
SAMIRA IN THE LABORATORY WHEN

1135
00:37:07,591 --> 00:37:09,160
SHE WAS DOING A VERY SIMPLE

1136
00:37:09,160 --> 00:37:10,461
EXPERIMENT APPLYING A NEW

1137
00:37:10,461 --> 00:37:11,562
MICROBE AT THE SURFACE OF THE

1138
00:37:11,562 --> 00:37:14,331
SKIN OF AN ANIMAL, AN ANIMAL

1139
00:37:14,331 --> 00:37:15,699
THAT HAS ITS OWN MICROBIOTA AND

1140
00:37:15,699 --> 00:37:21,005
LOOKING AT THE SKIN OF THE

1141
00:37:21,005 --> 00:37:22,206
KERATINOCYTES, THERE IS NO

1142
00:37:22,206 --> 00:37:24,275
INFLAMMATION, THERE IS NO

1143
00:37:24,275 --> 00:37:25,242
SWELLING, THIS IS BASICALLY

1144
00:37:25,242 --> 00:37:26,610
HAVING A SMALL MICROBE AT THE

1145
00:37:26,610 --> 00:37:27,244
SURFACE OF THE SKIN.

1146
00:37:27,244 --> 00:37:28,579
BUT WHAT SHE SAW THAT WAS VERY

1147
00:37:28,579 --> 00:37:30,748
SURPRISING IS THAT THE TISSUE

1148
00:37:30,748 --> 00:37:31,782
RESPONDED AS IT HAD BEEN

1149
00:37:31,782 --> 00:37:33,951
INFECTED WITH A VIRUS.

1150
00:37:33,951 --> 00:37:34,819
THE PRIMARY SIGNATURE THAT WE

1151
00:37:34,819 --> 00:37:36,487
SAW IN THE TISSUE WAS AN

1152
00:37:36,487 --> 00:37:38,155
ANTIVIRAL SIGNATURE.

1153
00:37:38,155 --> 00:37:40,357
SO THIS WAS VERY SURPRISING

1154
00:37:40,357 --> 00:37:41,992
BECAUSE CLEARLY WE DIDN'T HAVE

1155
00:37:41,992 --> 00:37:43,861
INFECTION WITH A VIRUS, WE HAD

1156
00:37:43,861 --> 00:37:45,930
AN EXOGENOUS ENCOUNTER WITH A

1157
00:37:45,930 --> 00:37:46,397
SKIN MICROBE.

1158
00:37:46,397 --> 00:37:47,498
BUT THIS ACTUALLY OF COURSE

1159
00:37:47,498 --> 00:37:48,699
BROUGHT US BACK TO RE-THINK

1160
00:37:48,699 --> 00:37:50,334
SOMETHING THAT IS OF FUNDAMENTAL

1161
00:37:50,334 --> 00:37:53,938
IMPORTANCE THAT IS, YES, WE HAVE

1162
00:37:53,938 --> 00:37:56,807
AN EXOGENOUS MICROBIOME.

1163
00:37:56,807 --> 00:38:00,778
BACTERIA, FUNGI, PROTOZOANS, BUT

1164
00:38:00,778 --> 00:38:04,949
WHAT WE ALSO HAVE IS AN

1165
00:38:04,949 --> 00:38:09,186
ENDOGENOUS VIROME.

1166
00:38:09,186 --> 00:38:12,223
 -- RETROVIRUSES THAT ARE IN

1167
00:38:12,223 --> 00:38:14,825
FACT REMNANT THAT EVOLUTIONARILY

1168
00:38:14,825 --> 00:38:17,194
HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN INTEGRATED

1169
00:38:17,194 --> 00:38:18,429
WITHIN THE -- GENOME.

1170
00:38:18,429 --> 00:38:21,165
AND SO THESE ELEMENTS ARE NO

1171
00:38:21,165 --> 00:38:22,700
LONGER VIRUSES, THEY BASICALLY

1172
00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:24,235
HAVE BEEN FRAGMENTED, THEY HAVE

1173
00:38:24,235 --> 00:38:26,637
BEEN CONTROLLED, THEY HAVE BEEN

1174
00:38:26,637 --> 00:38:28,072
SUPPRESSED, BUT HOWEVER, SOME OF

1175
00:38:28,072 --> 00:38:30,374
THOSE ELEMENTS HAVE -- IN THE

1176
00:38:30,374 --> 00:38:33,544
ABILITY TO JUST BE ACTIVE AND

1177
00:38:33,544 --> 00:38:34,511
PROMOTED BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IN

1178
00:38:34,511 --> 00:38:35,045
THE HOST.

1179
00:38:35,045 --> 00:38:39,216
SO THE FACT THAT WE HAVE THIS

1180
00:38:39,216 --> 00:38:40,417
STRANGE ANTIVIRAL SIGNATURE

1181
00:38:40,417 --> 00:38:41,952
POINTED TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A

1182
00:38:41,952 --> 00:38:44,588
CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE MICROBIOTA

1183
00:38:44,588 --> 00:38:47,558
AND THIS REMARKABLE ENDOGENOUS

1184
00:38:47,558 --> 00:38:48,659
VIROME THAT WE HAVE.

1185
00:38:48,659 --> 00:38:49,727
THIS QUESTION IN THE LABORATORY

1186
00:38:49,727 --> 00:38:52,830
WAS ADDRESSED BY TWO REMARKABLE

1187
00:38:52,830 --> 00:38:57,635
FELLOWS, WHO TODAY DJALMA HAS

1188
00:38:57,635 --> 00:39:04,441
MOVED TO SAO PAULO UNIVERSITY.

1189
00:39:04,441 --> 00:39:07,845
THEY FOUND A DISSCREEN BUT

1190
00:39:07,845 --> 00:39:10,381
SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION, SO

1191
00:39:10,381 --> 00:39:12,016
THIS POINTED TO THE FACT THAT

1192
00:39:12,016 --> 00:39:14,518
MAYBE THE MICROBIOTA COULD BE

1193
00:39:14,518 --> 00:39:18,155
REACTIVATING A FEW OF THOSE

1194
00:39:18,155 --> 00:39:19,123
RETROVIRUSES.

1195
00:39:19,123 --> 00:39:20,791
THOSE RETROVIRUSES CAN HAVE A

1196
00:39:20,791 --> 00:39:23,527
LIFECYCLE, AND IF THERE IS

1197
00:39:23,527 --> 00:39:24,495
ENCODED -- TRANSCRIPTASE IN THE

1198
00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:26,597
GENOME THAT COULD CONDITION VERT

1199
00:39:26,597 --> 00:39:28,032
THIS ELEMENT INTO DNA, SOME OF

1200
00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:29,600
THOSE ELEMENTS CAN BECOME DNA

1201
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,002
AND THIS DNA THAT WILL

1202
00:39:32,002 --> 00:39:33,537
ACTUALLY -- THE HOST COULD BE

1203
00:39:33,537 --> 00:39:35,272
SENSED BY THE CELL AS A

1204
00:39:35,272 --> 00:39:38,943
SIGNATURE OF A VIRAL INFECTION.

1205
00:39:38,943 --> 00:39:42,212
SO WHAT HE DECIDED TO DO, IF IT

1206
00:39:42,212 --> 00:39:43,414
PREVENTS THE ABILITY OF THIS

1207
00:39:43,414 --> 00:39:45,416
ELEMENT TO BECOME DNA, COULD YOU

1208
00:39:45,416 --> 00:39:46,784
ACTUALLY PREVENT THE ABILITY OF

1209
00:39:46,784 --> 00:39:49,553
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO SENSE THE

1210
00:39:49,553 --> 00:39:52,189
MICROBIOTA?

1211
00:39:52,189 --> 00:39:53,624
SO FOR THAT THEY UTILIZED A

1212
00:39:53,624 --> 00:39:54,959
CLASS OF DRUG USED IN THE

1213
00:39:54,959 --> 00:39:56,593
CONTEXT OF HIV PREVENTION, CURE

1214
00:39:56,593 --> 00:39:59,663
OR TREATMENT WHICH IS, OF

1215
00:39:59,663 --> 00:40:00,798
COURSE, THIS ANTIRETROVIRAL

1216
00:40:00,798 --> 00:40:01,098
TREATMENT.

1217
00:40:01,098 --> 00:40:02,967
YOU CAN SEE IF YOU HAVE A

1218
00:40:02,967 --> 00:40:04,268
CONTROL, THEY HAVE VERY FEW

1219
00:40:04,268 --> 00:40:05,035
T-CELLS IN THE SKIN.

1220
00:40:05,035 --> 00:40:06,537
IF YOU APPLY A NEW MICROBE,

1221
00:40:06,537 --> 00:40:09,006
THERE IS AN HANSMENT OF THE

1222
00:40:09,006 --> 00:40:10,074
NUMBER OF T-CELLS IN THE SKIN.

1223
00:40:10,074 --> 00:40:12,943
IF YOU TREAT THE ANIMAL WITH

1224
00:40:12,943 --> 00:40:14,244
A -- TRANSCRIPTASE YOU

1225
00:40:14,244 --> 00:40:15,479
COMPLETELY PREVENT THE ABILITY

1226
00:40:15,479 --> 00:40:18,182
OF THE HOST TO DEVELOP RESPONSE

1227
00:40:18,182 --> 00:40:18,749
TO THE MICROBE.

1228
00:40:18,749 --> 00:40:21,885
SO THIS ACTUALLY INDICATES -- IN

1229
00:40:21,885 --> 00:40:23,053
THE HOST, SOMETHING THAT WOULD

1230
00:40:23,053 --> 00:40:24,455
ALLOW THOSE ELEMENTS TO BECOME

1231
00:40:24,455 --> 00:40:26,557
AND TO BE CONVERTED INTO DNA IS

1232
00:40:26,557 --> 00:40:27,658
NECESSARY FOR THE ABILITY OF THE

1233
00:40:27,658 --> 00:40:29,727
HOST TO SENSE THE MICROBIOTA.

1234
00:40:29,727 --> 00:40:31,595
THIS CAN BE VISUALIZED MORE

1235
00:40:31,595 --> 00:40:33,030
CLEAR LEGAL BY IMAGING WHEN YOU

1236
00:40:33,030 --> 00:40:35,599
CAN SEE HERE THAT THERE IS AN

1237
00:40:35,599 --> 00:40:38,168
ACCUMULATION OF T-CELLS IN THE

1238
00:40:38,168 --> 00:40:39,803
EPIDERMIS OF THE ANIMAL AND YOU

1239
00:40:39,803 --> 00:40:42,339
CAN SEE THE ANTI-RT

1240
00:40:42,339 --> 00:40:43,307
SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE

1241
00:40:43,307 --> 00:40:45,943
ABILITY OF THE MICROBIOTA TO

1242
00:40:45,943 --> 00:40:46,610
INDUCE T-CELL RESPONSE THAT HAS

1243
00:40:46,610 --> 00:40:48,812
A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE

1244
00:40:48,812 --> 00:40:50,147
SYSTEM.

1245
00:40:50,147 --> 00:40:54,585
SO CLEARLY THE ANTIRETROVIRAL --

1246
00:40:54,585 --> 00:40:55,953
THE -- AND THE ERVs ARE

1247
00:40:55,953 --> 00:40:56,787
CONTRIBUTING TO THE ABILITY OF

1248
00:40:56,787 --> 00:41:00,424
THE HOST TO SENSE THE MICROB 

1249
00:41:00,424 --> 00:41:01,125
MICROBIOTA.

1250
00:41:01,125 --> 00:41:02,226
SO WHAT HAS BEEN SHOWN IN THE

1251
00:41:02,226 --> 00:41:04,661
FIELD IS THAT DNA CAN ACTUALLY

1252
00:41:04,661 --> 00:41:07,331
BE SENSED BY MECHANICAL

1253
00:41:07,331 --> 00:41:10,100
MACHINERY REFERRED TO AS A C

1254
00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:10,501
GAS -- MACHINERY.

1255
00:41:10,501 --> 00:41:20,310
THESE ARE INNATE SEN SENSORS TO

1256
00:41:20,310 --> 00:41:21,311
ALLOW ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES.

1257
00:41:21,311 --> 00:41:22,946
THIS IS WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT

1258
00:41:22,946 --> 00:41:24,348
RESPONSES TO VIRUSES, FOR

1259
00:41:24,348 --> 00:41:24,581
EXAMPLE.

1260
00:41:24,581 --> 00:41:25,983
SO I WANTED TO SEE IF THIS

1261
00:41:25,983 --> 00:41:26,950
PATHWAY COULD ALSO ACCOUNT FOR

1262
00:41:26,950 --> 00:41:29,153
THE ABILITY OF THIS ERV TO

1263
00:41:29,153 --> 00:41:31,121
COMMUNICATE WITH THE HUMAN

1264
00:41:31,121 --> 00:41:32,456
SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF A

1265
00:41:32,456 --> 00:41:33,123
MICROBIOTA ENCOUNTER.

1266
00:41:33,123 --> 00:41:35,325
HERE I'M SHOWING YOU DATA IN THE

1267
00:41:35,325 --> 00:41:36,527
CONTEXT OF KERATINOCYTES IN

1268
00:41:36,527 --> 00:41:38,062
WHICH THE ANIMALS HAVE BEEN

1269
00:41:38,062 --> 00:41:40,597
ENGINEERED TO REMOVE STING

1270
00:41:40,597 --> 00:41:41,365
EXPRESSIONS OR REMOVE THIS

1271
00:41:41,365 --> 00:41:45,069
INNATE SENSING OF DNA FROM THE

1272
00:41:45,069 --> 00:41:46,170
KERATINOCYTES AND ONLY THE

1273
00:41:46,170 --> 00:41:46,503
KERATINOCYTES.

1274
00:41:46,503 --> 00:41:47,871
IN THIS CASE, YOU CAN SEE THE

1275
00:41:47,871 --> 00:41:50,040
POST ASSOCIATION WITH

1276
00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:53,777
CD8 T-CELLS THAT ARE IMPOSED ARE

1277
00:41:53,777 --> 00:41:54,344
SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED.

1278
00:41:54,344 --> 00:41:56,847
THE MAI T-CELLS AND OTHERS --

1279
00:41:56,847 --> 00:41:58,082
PRODUCING LARGE AMOUNT OF

1280
00:41:58,082 --> 00:41:59,416
CYTOKINES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY

1281
00:41:59,416 --> 00:42:00,584
DECREASED AND ANOTHER POPULATION

1282
00:42:00,584 --> 00:42:04,388
THAT IS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY

1283
00:42:04,388 --> 00:42:04,688
DECREASED.

1284
00:42:04,688 --> 00:42:06,423
SO THIS REALLY SHOWS THAT THE

1285
00:42:06,423 --> 00:42:07,624
EXTERNAL BARRIER OF THE HOST,

1286
00:42:07,624 --> 00:42:09,193
THE KERATIN SIGN LAYER OF SKIN,

1287
00:42:09,193 --> 00:42:11,728
IS REALLY THE ONE THAT IS ABLE

1288
00:42:11,728 --> 00:42:13,297
TO SENSE THOSE VIRTUAL ELEMENTS

1289
00:42:13,297 --> 00:42:17,401
IN THE CONTEXT OF A -- AND

1290
00:42:17,401 --> 00:42:22,005
REALLY -- IMMUNE RESPONSES.

1291
00:42:22,005 --> 00:42:23,207
SO INITIALLY, WE THOUGHT THAT

1292
00:42:23,207 --> 00:42:24,775
ACTUALLY THIS COMMUNICATION.

1293
00:42:24,775 --> 00:42:26,410
MICROBIOTA AND IMMUNE SYSTEM WAS

1294
00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:27,611
MORE DIRECT BUT WHAT WE ACTUALLY

1295
00:42:27,611 --> 00:42:29,480
DID NOT REALIZE UNTIL THIS WORK

1296
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:31,448
IS THAT THIS ACTUALLY HAPPENED

1297
00:42:31,448 --> 00:42:37,921
THROUGH ANOTHER -- SOMEHOW

1298
00:42:37,921 --> 00:42:39,690
THERE'S AN EXTRAORDINARY

1299
00:42:39,690 --> 00:42:40,591
DIALOGUE BETWEEN ALL THOSE

1300
00:42:40,591 --> 00:42:41,558
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS THAT ALLOW

1301
00:42:41,558 --> 00:42:44,761
THE COORDINATION OF LOCAL TISSUE

1302
00:42:44,761 --> 00:42:46,663
IMMUNITY.

1303
00:42:46,663 --> 00:42:50,467
SOMEHOW, THE EXOGENOUS -- AS A

1304
00:42:50,467 --> 00:42:53,403
WAY TO INITIATE AND DISCUSSION

1305
00:42:53,403 --> 00:42:54,638
AND COMMUNICATION OF THE IMMUNE

1306
00:42:54,638 --> 00:42:56,173
SYSTEM ALLOWING IMMUNE RESPONSE

1307
00:42:56,173 --> 00:42:58,375
TO HAPPEN, AND THIS INNATE

1308
00:42:58,375 --> 00:43:00,644
MACHINERY THAT HAS BEEN

1309
00:43:00,644 --> 00:43:02,746
DOMINANTLY STUDIED IN THE

1310
00:43:02,746 --> 00:43:04,081
CONTEXT OF ANTIVIER RESPONSES IS

1311
00:43:04,081 --> 00:43:07,451
ALSO PLAYING -- RESPONSE TO

1312
00:43:07,451 --> 00:43:08,852
MICROBIOTA.

1313
00:43:08,852 --> 00:43:10,654
SO I USED TO REFER TO THE

1314
00:43:10,654 --> 00:43:12,189
MICROBIOTA AS AN ADJUVANT OF THE

1315
00:43:12,189 --> 00:43:16,026
IMMUNE SYSTEM, BUT A REAL --

1316
00:43:16,026 --> 00:43:21,098
ADJUVANT OF THIS ENTIRE

1317
00:43:21,098 --> 00:43:24,468
CASCADE -- ERVs IN THEIR OWN

1318
00:43:24,468 --> 00:43:24,701
GENOME.

1319
00:43:24,701 --> 00:43:26,136
SO THE MODEL WE HAVE IS THE

1320
00:43:26,136 --> 00:43:26,870
FOLLOWING ONE.

1321
00:43:26,870 --> 00:43:28,105
THE MICROBIOTA IS COMMUNICATING

1322
00:43:28,105 --> 00:43:29,973
WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH

1323
00:43:29,973 --> 00:43:31,308
INNATE MOLECULES THAT I

1324
00:43:31,308 --> 00:43:32,609
EXPRESSED AT THE SURFACE.

1325
00:43:32,609 --> 00:43:35,579
THIS CAN ACTUALLY, OF COURSE,

1326
00:43:35,579 --> 00:43:38,415
ENGAGE THE KERATINOCYTES THROUGH

1327
00:43:38,415 --> 00:43:38,916
INNATE SENSING.

1328
00:43:38,916 --> 00:43:40,717
YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT DOWNSTREAM

1329
00:43:40,717 --> 00:43:42,953
OF THE TLR SIGNALING THAT REMAIN

1330
00:43:42,953 --> 00:43:46,056
TO BE UNDERSTOOD, THERE'S AN

1331
00:43:46,056 --> 00:43:47,991
UPREGULATION OF ENDOGENOUS

1332
00:43:47,991 --> 00:43:48,325
RETROVIRUSES.

1333
00:43:48,325 --> 00:43:49,326
THE WHAT IS EXTREMELY

1334
00:43:49,326 --> 00:43:49,960
INTERESTING IS THAT EVERY CELL

1335
00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:51,428
OF THE BODY EXPRESSES DIFFERENT

1336
00:43:51,428 --> 00:43:52,629
CLASS OF THOSE ELEMENTS AND HOW

1337
00:43:52,629 --> 00:43:54,965
THIS IS REGULATED REMAINS TO BE

1338
00:43:54,965 --> 00:43:57,034
FULLY ADDRESSED.

1339
00:43:57,034 --> 00:43:58,235
KERATINOCYTES THEMSELVES EXPRESS

1340
00:43:58,235 --> 00:43:59,102
VERY SPECIFIC ELEMENTS IN THE

1341
00:43:59,102 --> 00:44:00,871
CONTEXT OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.

1342
00:44:00,871 --> 00:44:02,739
THESE ELEMENTS CAN BE REVERSE

1343
00:44:02,739 --> 00:44:04,508
TRANSCRIBED INTO DNA AND THE DNA

1344
00:44:04,508 --> 00:44:06,176
NOW TELLS THE CELLS THAT IT'S

1345
00:44:06,176 --> 00:44:08,045
INFECTED.

1346
00:44:08,045 --> 00:44:09,446
AND THIS SMALL DEGREE OF

1347
00:44:09,446 --> 00:44:10,747
INFECTION ALLOW IN ACTIVATION OF

1348
00:44:10,747 --> 00:44:12,316
THE KERATINOCYTE IN A WAY THAT

1349
00:44:12,316 --> 00:44:14,184
ALLOW THE ENGAGEMENT OF THE

1350
00:44:14,184 --> 00:44:16,053
IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE PEACEFUL

1351
00:44:16,053 --> 00:44:19,590
WAY -- THAT BROADLY PROMOTE

1352
00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:20,357
ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES AND

1353
00:44:20,357 --> 00:44:20,591
REPAIR.

1354
00:44:20,591 --> 00:44:21,892
BUT THIS DOES NOT CAUSE

1355
00:44:21,892 --> 00:44:22,759
INFLAMMATION BECAUSE THESE

1356
00:44:22,759 --> 00:44:24,328
EVENTS ARE VERY DISCRETE AND

1357
00:44:24,328 --> 00:44:25,829
HAPPEN WITH A VERY LOW BIOMASS

1358
00:44:25,829 --> 00:44:26,730
OF MICROBE.

1359
00:44:26,730 --> 00:44:31,134
BUT THIS VERY SAME DIALOGUE CAN

1360
00:44:31,134 --> 00:44:31,902
BECOME PATHOGENIC.

1361
00:44:31,902 --> 00:44:33,303
IF WE CHANGE THE DIET OF THE

1362
00:44:33,303 --> 00:44:35,072
ANIMAL AND PLACE THEM ON HIGH

1363
00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:36,740
FAT DIET, THE VERY SAME MICROBE

1364
00:44:36,740 --> 00:44:38,942
PLACED AT THE SURFACE OF THE

1365
00:44:38,942 --> 00:44:41,445
SKIN NOW CAUSE ABERRANT

1366
00:44:41,445 --> 00:44:42,980
EXPRESSION OF RETROVIRUSES AND

1367
00:44:42,980 --> 00:44:46,283
THIS IS NOW CAUSATIVE OF

1368
00:44:46,283 --> 00:44:46,850
INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES.

1369
00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:48,151
TO CLEARLY THE LEVEL OF ECK

1370
00:44:48,151 --> 00:44:50,354
PRETION OF THOSE ELEMENTS,

1371
00:44:50,354 --> 00:44:52,656
SOMETHING THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED

1372
00:44:52,656 --> 00:44:54,958
BY NUTRITION IS GOING TO -- TO

1373
00:44:54,958 --> 00:44:58,262
BE SENSED IN A WAY THAT EITHER

1374
00:44:58,262 --> 00:44:59,029
HOMEOSTATIC OR INFLAMMATORY.

1375
00:44:59,029 --> 00:45:00,464
SO THIS ACTUALLY OPENED A DOOR

1376
00:45:00,464 --> 00:45:02,532
TO NUMEROUS LINES OF RESEARCH IN

1377
00:45:02,532 --> 00:45:03,433
THE LABORATORY AND IN

1378
00:45:03,433 --> 00:45:04,735
PARTICULAR, TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND

1379
00:45:04,735 --> 00:45:08,572
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

1380
00:45:08,572 --> 00:45:15,279
MICROBIOTA AND THESE ADDITIONAL

1381
00:45:15,279 --> 00:45:16,280
RETROVIRUSES, HOW INFECTION --

1382
00:45:16,280 --> 00:45:17,381
CAN ACTUALLY AFFECT IF

1383
00:45:17,381 --> 00:45:17,914
RELATIONSHIP.

1384
00:45:17,914 --> 00:45:19,049
IN LINE WITH THAT, I JUST WANTED

1385
00:45:19,049 --> 00:45:20,684
TO HIGHLIGHT ONGOING PROJECT IN

1386
00:45:20,684 --> 00:45:22,419
THE LABORATORY BY FOUR

1387
00:45:22,419 --> 00:45:24,888
REMARKABLE FELLOWS THAT ACTUALLY

1388
00:45:24,888 --> 00:45:26,089
HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT THIS

1389
00:45:26,089 --> 00:45:27,224
RELATIONSHIP WE HAVE UNCOVERED

1390
00:45:27,224 --> 00:45:30,027
IN THE SKIN HAPPENED TO BE WAY

1391
00:45:30,027 --> 00:45:31,261
MORE PREVALENT AT ALL THE

1392
00:45:31,261 --> 00:45:33,330
DIFFERENT TISSUE WE HAVE

1393
00:45:33,330 --> 00:45:33,997
EXPLORED THIS FAR.

1394
00:45:33,997 --> 00:45:36,533
FOR EXAMPLE, ALEX IS NOW

1395
00:45:36,533 --> 00:45:38,068
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE

1396
00:45:38,068 --> 00:45:40,170
RESPONSE VIRTUAL ELEMENTS IN THE

1397
00:45:40,170 --> 00:45:41,004
CONTEXT OF MILD STRESS AND HOW

1398
00:45:41,004 --> 00:45:43,907
THIS CAN ACTUALLY CONTROL TISSUE

1399
00:45:43,907 --> 00:45:44,574
PHYSIOLOGY.

1400
00:45:44,574 --> 00:45:46,977
CLAUDIA IS ACTUALLY LOOKING AT

1401
00:45:46,977 --> 00:45:48,378
HOW ERV EXPRESSION IN THE GUT

1402
00:45:48,378 --> 00:45:50,314
CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE

1403
00:45:50,314 --> 00:45:51,548
ACQUISITION OF ORAL TOLERANCE

1404
00:45:51,548 --> 00:45:54,451
AND FOUND A VERY -- BETWEEN ERV

1405
00:45:54,451 --> 00:45:56,787
EXPRESSION AND REGULATORY

1406
00:45:56,787 --> 00:46:01,258
T-CELLS.

1407
00:46:01,258 --> 00:46:03,026
DJALMA IS ABLE TO ACTUALLY

1408
00:46:03,026 --> 00:46:03,894
DEMONSTRATE IN HIS OWN

1409
00:46:03,894 --> 00:46:05,429
LABORATORY RIGHT NOW THAT ERV

1410
00:46:05,429 --> 00:46:06,763
WITHIN THE LUNGS PLAY A

1411
00:46:06,763 --> 00:46:08,198
FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE ABILITY

1412
00:46:08,198 --> 00:46:11,034
OF THE HOST TO DEVELOP

1413
00:46:11,034 --> 00:46:12,069
EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA, SHOWING

1414
00:46:12,069 --> 00:46:13,904
MANY WHEN UNCONTROLLED CAN

1415
00:46:13,904 --> 00:46:15,005
BECOME A SOURCE OF INFLAMMATION.

1416
00:46:15,005 --> 00:46:17,574
AND FINALLY, ELISHA IN THE

1417
00:46:17,574 --> 00:46:18,575
LABORATORY IS ALSO EXPLORING THE

1418
00:46:18,575 --> 00:46:21,311
ROLE OF ERVs WITHIN THE IMMUNE

1419
00:46:21,311 --> 00:46:22,879
SYSTEM OF THE FEMALE

1420
00:46:22,879 --> 00:46:23,947
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

1421
00:46:23,947 --> 00:46:25,382
SO FAR EVERY SINGLE PROJECT WE

1422
00:46:25,382 --> 00:46:28,018
HAVE ACTUALLY TACKLED REALLY

1423
00:46:28,018 --> 00:46:30,120
HIGHLIGHTS A ROLE FOR THOSE

1424
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:33,056
ELEMENTS IN EITHER THE CONTROL

1425
00:46:33,056 --> 00:46:34,925
OF IMMUNE STUDIES AND

1426
00:46:34,925 --> 00:46:35,359
INFLAMMATION.

1427
00:46:35,359 --> 00:46:40,230
I BELIEVE THIS LINE OF RESEARCH

1428
00:46:40,230 --> 00:46:43,934
IS -- OTHER LINES OF

1429
00:46:43,934 --> 00:46:44,835
INVESTIGATION -- BASED ON THESE

1430
00:46:44,835 --> 00:46:45,602
FINDINGS.

1431
00:46:45,602 --> 00:46:46,703
BUT JUST TO FINISH, I JUST

1432
00:46:46,703 --> 00:46:48,372
WANTED TO SPEND TWO MINUTES TO

1433
00:46:48,372 --> 00:46:49,039
HIGHLIGHT WHERE WE'RE GOING AND

1434
00:46:49,039 --> 00:46:50,807
WHERE WE HOPE TO BE ABLE TO GO

1435
00:46:50,807 --> 00:46:52,976
IN HUMAN, AND HOW WE HOPE TO BE

1436
00:46:52,976 --> 00:46:54,845
ABLE TO VALIDATE THIS FINDING IN

1437
00:46:54,845 --> 00:46:57,948
A HUMAN SETTING.

1438
00:46:57,948 --> 00:46:59,082
SO ONE STUDY I WANTED TO

1439
00:46:59,082 --> 00:47:00,016
HIGHLIGHT HERE IS A STUDY THAT

1440
00:47:00,016 --> 00:47:01,251
WAS ACTUALLY DONE IN

1441
00:47:01,251 --> 00:47:02,185
COLLABORATION WITH KEVIN HALL

1442
00:47:02,185 --> 00:47:04,020
WHO'S ACTUALLY A PHYSICIST

1443
00:47:04,020 --> 00:47:05,789
WORKING AT NIDDK WHO HAS

1444
00:47:05,789 --> 00:47:08,525
ACTUALLY DEVELOPED REALLY

1445
00:47:08,525 --> 00:47:09,426
REMARKABLE COHORT OF HEALTHY

1446
00:47:09,426 --> 00:47:10,627
INDIVIDUALS COMING TO THE

1447
00:47:10,627 --> 00:47:12,596
CLINICAL CENTER, PLACED ON VERY

1448
00:47:12,596 --> 00:47:13,930
SPECIFIC DIET AND IN PARTICULAR,

1449
00:47:13,930 --> 00:47:22,739
A VEGAN OR KEETGE KETOGENIC DIE.

1450
00:47:22,739 --> 00:47:25,242
THEY ARE ONLY CONSUMING THE FOOD

1451
00:47:25,242 --> 00:47:26,443
ACTUALLY PROVIDED AND IT'S A

1452
00:47:26,443 --> 00:47:29,312
HIGHLY CONTROLLED STUDY.

1453
00:47:29,312 --> 00:47:31,848
SO KEVIN PUBLISHED BEAUTIFUL

1454
00:47:31,848 --> 00:47:35,118
WORK RECENTLY, AND VERENA LINK

1455
00:47:35,118 --> 00:47:37,687
HAS REALLY EXPLORED THROUGH THE

1456
00:47:37,687 --> 00:47:40,323
LNS OF -- DATA THE CONTRIBUTION

1457
00:47:40,323 --> 00:47:42,292
OF THIS DIET TO OUR IMMUNE

1458
00:47:42,292 --> 00:47:45,028
SYSTEM AND ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS

1459
00:47:45,028 --> 00:47:45,328
EXPRESSION.

1460
00:47:45,328 --> 00:47:47,030
I JUST WANTED TO SLOW ONE SLIDE

1461
00:47:47,030 --> 00:47:50,233
FROM THE WORK OF VERENA, THIS IS

1462
00:47:50,233 --> 00:47:51,768
ONLY A TWO WEEKS INTERVENTION OF

1463
00:47:51,768 --> 00:47:52,202
DIET.

1464
00:47:52,202 --> 00:47:54,738
YOU CAN SEE IF YOU COMPARE

1465
00:47:54,738 --> 00:47:55,972
INDIVIDUAL VEGAN DIET AND

1466
00:47:55,972 --> 00:48:00,677
COMPARE THEM TO BASELINE --

1467
00:48:00,677 --> 00:48:01,378
EVERY SINGLE INDIVIDUAL THAT

1468
00:48:01,378 --> 00:48:02,879
WERE PLACED ON THE VEGAN DIET

1469
00:48:02,879 --> 00:48:04,881
HAD ACTUALLY ENHANCED SIGNATURE

1470
00:48:04,881 --> 00:48:08,051
OF INNATE IMMUNITY AND ANTIVILE

1471
00:48:08,051 --> 00:48:09,152
RESPONSE IN THE BLOOD.

1472
00:48:09,152 --> 00:48:11,588
IN CONTRAST, IF PEOPLE WERE

1473
00:48:11,588 --> 00:48:18,695
PLACED ON THE KE KETOGENIC DIETD

1474
00:48:18,695 --> 00:48:20,397
RESPONSE TO T-CELLS AND B CELLS.

1475
00:48:20,397 --> 00:48:22,032
IT'S QUITE REMARKABLE TO THINK

1476
00:48:22,032 --> 00:48:23,233
THAT TWO WEEKS INTERVENTION CAN

1477
00:48:23,233 --> 00:48:25,602
HAVE SUCH A STRONG EFFECT ON THE

1478
00:48:25,602 --> 00:48:26,937
IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE HOST.

1479
00:48:26,937 --> 00:48:28,872
WHAT IS REMARKABLE IN THIS

1480
00:48:28,872 --> 00:48:30,474
COHORT, THIS WAS A VERY DIVERSE

1481
00:48:30,474 --> 00:48:31,975
COHORT WITH PEOPLE THAT WERE

1482
00:48:31,975 --> 00:48:33,743
DIFFERENT AGE, DIFFERENT GENDER,

1483
00:48:33,743 --> 00:48:35,378
DIFFERENT BMIs, DIFFERENT

1484
00:48:35,378 --> 00:48:37,147
ORIGIN, EVERYTHING WAS ORIENT.

1485
00:48:37,147 --> 00:48:38,915
THAT ACTUALLY SAID, THE DIET WAS

1486
00:48:38,915 --> 00:48:40,684
ACTUALLY STRONGER THAN THE

1487
00:48:40,684 --> 00:48:43,787
ENVIRONMENT -- AND I FIND THAT'S

1488
00:48:43,787 --> 00:48:45,622
QUITE REMARKABLE.

1489
00:48:45,622 --> 00:48:47,290
SO NOT TO GIVE ADVICE OF WHAT WE

1490
00:48:47,290 --> 00:48:48,925
SHOULD BE EATING BUT THE POINT I

1491
00:48:48,925 --> 00:48:49,926
WANTED TO SAY HERE IS THAT

1492
00:48:49,926 --> 00:48:52,128
NUTRITION HAS A REMARKABLE AND

1493
00:48:52,128 --> 00:48:53,563
PROFOUND IMPACT ON OUR IMMUNE

1494
00:48:53,563 --> 00:48:54,130
SYSTEM.

1495
00:48:54,130 --> 00:48:55,465
THE REASON I'M SHOWING YOU THAT

1496
00:48:55,465 --> 00:48:57,000
HERE AS A TEASER FOR MAYBE WHERE

1497
00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:58,301
WE'RE GOING TO GO LATER IS THAT

1498
00:48:58,301 --> 00:48:59,870
THE DIET HAS ALSO PROFOUND

1499
00:48:59,870 --> 00:49:03,039
IMPACT ON THE EXPRESSION OF

1500
00:49:03,039 --> 00:49:04,674
ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES.

1501
00:49:04,674 --> 00:49:06,243
EACH INDIVIDUAL EXPRESS

1502
00:49:06,243 --> 00:49:07,777
DIFFERENT LEVELS WHICH IS

1503
00:49:07,777 --> 00:49:10,180
ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTING TO YOU

1504
00:49:10,180 --> 00:49:11,081
DIVERSITY, BUT WHAT WAS REALLY

1505
00:49:11,081 --> 00:49:12,482
STRIKING IS THE CLASS OF GENES

1506
00:49:12,482 --> 00:49:13,950
THAT WERE THE MOST AFFECTED BY

1507
00:49:13,950 --> 00:49:17,254
DIET WERE THOSE LINKED TO THESE

1508
00:49:17,254 --> 00:49:18,355
ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES.

1509
00:49:18,355 --> 00:49:20,056
WE DO NOT KNOW AT THIS STAGE IF

1510
00:49:20,056 --> 00:49:22,158
THIS IS THE REASON WE HAD -- ON

1511
00:49:22,158 --> 00:49:24,094
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, BUT IF YOU

1512
00:49:24,094 --> 00:49:27,531
REMEMBER MY TALK, YOU

1513
00:49:27,531 --> 00:49:28,965
REMEMBER -- CAN BECOME A SOURCE

1514
00:49:28,965 --> 00:49:30,567
OF INNATE ACTIVATION FOR THE

1515
00:49:30,567 --> 00:49:35,071
IMMUNE SYSTEM.

1516
00:49:35,071 --> 00:49:36,773
IF SOME OF THOSE ELEMENTS ARE

1517
00:49:36,773 --> 00:49:38,742
DRAMATICALLY CHANGED BY DIET, BY

1518
00:49:38,742 --> 00:49:40,143
LIPID SENSING OR EXPRESSION OF

1519
00:49:40,143 --> 00:49:41,311
DIFFERENT MOLECULES, THIS CAN

1520
00:49:41,311 --> 00:49:44,014
HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE

1521
00:49:44,014 --> 00:49:44,447
IMMUNE SYSTEM.

1522
00:49:44,447 --> 00:49:45,882
THIS IS ACTUALLY WHERE WE HOPE

1523
00:49:45,882 --> 00:49:47,017
TO BE ABLE TO CONTINUE THIS

1524
00:49:47,017 --> 00:49:51,388
JOURNEY TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND --

1525
00:49:51,388 --> 00:49:54,357
DIET AND HOW IMPACTING ERVs

1526
00:49:54,357 --> 00:49:56,293
AND HOW -- CAN ALSO HAVE AN

1527
00:49:56,293 --> 00:50:01,398
IMPACT ON OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM.

1528
00:50:01,398 --> 00:50:02,732
SO IN CONCLUSION OF MY TALK, ALL

1529
00:50:02,732 --> 00:50:05,969
OF WHAT WE DO IS BASED ON REALLY

1530
00:50:05,969 --> 00:50:08,471
OBSERVING THOSE PARTNERS, AND

1531
00:50:08,471 --> 00:50:10,774
REALLY TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE

1532
00:50:10,774 --> 00:50:12,509
LOGIC BY WHICH THOSE MICROBES

1533
00:50:12,509 --> 00:50:14,878
HAVE ACTUALLY CO-EVOLVED WITH US

1534
00:50:14,878 --> 00:50:16,179
AND THIS RELATIONSHIP WE HAVE

1535
00:50:16,179 --> 00:50:17,681
WITH THEM AND WE HOPE THAT

1536
00:50:17,681 --> 00:50:18,448
ACTUALLY EXPLORING THIS

1537
00:50:18,448 --> 00:50:20,850
RELATIONSHIP AND DEVELOPING A

1538
00:50:20,850 --> 00:50:21,451
MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING, WE

1539
00:50:21,451 --> 00:50:23,320
MAY BE ABLE TO DEVISE A CLASS OF

1540
00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:24,955
THERAPY THAT MAY BE MORE

1541
00:50:24,955 --> 00:50:27,891
PHYSIOLOGICALLY EMBEDDED WITH

1542
00:50:27,891 --> 00:50:29,492
THIS EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS AND BE

1543
00:50:29,492 --> 00:50:31,027
ABLE TO DEVELOP NOVEL TARGET

1544
00:50:31,027 --> 00:50:32,996
THAT CAN ALLOW REGENERATION OF

1545
00:50:32,996 --> 00:50:35,465
TISSUE, AS IN THE CONTEXT OF 17

1546
00:50:35,465 --> 00:50:36,900
AND SENSORY -- REGENERATION.

1547
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:38,201
SO I THINK THERE IS A LOT TO

1548
00:50:38,201 --> 00:50:40,070
CONTINUE TO OBSERVE IN THE FIELD

1549
00:50:40,070 --> 00:50:44,040
OF HOST -- THIS IS A VERY YOUNG

1550
00:50:44,040 --> 00:50:45,709
FIELD AND I THINK THERE IS STILL

1551
00:50:45,709 --> 00:50:47,277
AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF DISCOVERY

1552
00:50:47,277 --> 00:50:47,644
MOVING FORWARD.

1553
00:50:47,644 --> 00:50:49,713
SO I HAVE TO THANK ALL THE

1554
00:50:49,713 --> 00:50:50,380
REMARKABLE PEOPLE THAT HAVE

1555
00:50:50,380 --> 00:50:51,448
ACTUALLY DONE THE WORK OVER THE

1556
00:50:51,448 --> 00:50:52,282
LAST FEW YEARS.

1557
00:50:52,282 --> 00:50:53,917
I HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO WORK

1558
00:50:53,917 --> 00:50:55,852
WITH TRULY OUTSTANDING

1559
00:50:55,852 --> 00:50:57,253
SCIENTISTS, AND THEY ALL HAVE

1560
00:50:57,253 --> 00:50:58,555
ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTED ONE WAY OR

1561
00:50:58,555 --> 00:51:01,658
ANOTHER TO THE PROJECTS OF EACH

1562
00:51:01,658 --> 00:51:01,858
OTHER.

1563
00:51:01,858 --> 00:51:03,860
IT'S A HIGHLY COLLABORATIVE

1564
00:51:03,860 --> 00:51:05,195
ENVIRONMENT, PEOPLE HAVE BEEN

1565
00:51:05,195 --> 00:51:06,863
REMARKABLY GENEROUS WITH THEIR

1566
00:51:06,863 --> 00:51:07,964
CREATIVITY, THEIR MIND, THEIR

1567
00:51:07,964 --> 00:51:10,467
COLLABORATION AND I COULD NOT

1568
00:51:10,467 --> 00:51:15,071
HAVE ACTUALLY -- I HAVE ALSO

1569
00:51:15,071 --> 00:51:16,973
WONDERFUL COLLABORATORS OVER THE

1570
00:51:16,973 --> 00:51:18,775
LAST FEW YEARS.

1571
00:51:18,775 --> 00:51:20,577
WONDERFUL COLLABORATION AMONG

1572
00:51:20,577 --> 00:51:21,344
NEUROSCIENTISTS WITHIN THE NIH

1573
00:51:21,344 --> 00:51:22,946
CAMPUS THAT HAVE REALLY HELPED

1574
00:51:22,946 --> 00:51:24,481
US DEVELOP THIS PROJECT OF

1575
00:51:24,481 --> 00:51:26,750
SENSORY NEURON YONS.

1576
00:51:26,750 --> 00:51:29,085
ONGOING COLLABORATION, MICHAEL

1577
00:51:29,085 --> 00:51:35,125
FISH BACK -- FOR VACCINE DESI 

1578
00:51:35,125 --> 00:51:37,961
DESIGN, -- ROLE MODEL IN TERMS

1579
00:51:37,961 --> 00:51:40,063
OF -- SCIENCE.

1580
00:51:40,063 --> 00:51:44,934
ONGOING WORK, LONG TERM

1581
00:51:44,934 --> 00:51:46,803
COLLABORATORS ON PUSHING THE

1582
00:51:46,803 --> 00:51:47,671
BOUNDARIES OF -- SOMETHING WE

1583
00:51:47,671 --> 00:51:49,305
HAVE LEARNED A LOT FROM THEM.

1584
00:51:49,305 --> 00:51:51,875
AND MANY OTHER PEOPLE THAT HAVE

1585
00:51:51,875 --> 00:51:52,909
CONTRIBUTED OVER THE NEXT TWO

1586
00:51:52,909 --> 00:51:54,611
YEARS, AND I JUST DECIDED TO PUT

1587
00:51:54,611 --> 00:51:55,478
THIS SLIDE BECAUSE IT'S

1588
00:51:55,478 --> 00:51:56,846
IMPOSSIBLE FOR ME TO BE ABLE TO

1589
00:51:56,846 --> 00:52:01,284
SAY THANK YOU ENOUGH T TO THIS

1590
00:52:01,284 --> 00:52:02,052
REMARKABLE COMMUNITY OF MEEM

1591
00:52:02,052 --> 00:52:03,920
I'VE BEEN LUCKY ENOUGH TO BE

1592
00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:05,555
ABLE TO WORK WITH AT THE NIH.

1593
00:52:05,555 --> 00:52:06,589
I THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR

1594
00:52:06,589 --> 00:52:06,856
ATTENTION.

1595
00:52:06,856 --> 00:52:10,226
>> THANK YOU, DR. BELKAID.

1596
00:52:10,226 --> 00:52:12,829
THAT WAS A FABULOUS LECTURE,

1597
00:52:12,829 --> 00:52:13,697
TONS OF BIOLOGY.

1598
00:52:13,697 --> 00:52:14,898
IT'S REALLY INTERESTING.

1599
00:52:14,898 --> 00:52:18,501
AND YOU KNOW, AS BIOLOGY ALWAYS

1600
00:52:18,501 --> 00:52:21,171
EXCEEDS OUR IMAGINATION, I JUST

1601
00:52:21,171 --> 00:52:22,706
WAS WONDERING THROUGHOUT YOUR

1602
00:52:22,706 --> 00:52:26,543
CAREER, HAVE YOU COME ACROSS

1603
00:52:26,543 --> 00:52:27,844
ANYTHING THAT TOTALLY SURPRISES

1604
00:52:27,844 --> 00:52:33,116
YOU?

1605
00:52:33,116 --> 00:52:35,819
>> THAT'S THE THING, I'M
ALWAYS

1606
00:52:35,819 --> 00:52:37,554
ABSOLUTELY AMAZED, AND IF YOU

1607
00:52:37,554 --> 00:52:39,222
TELL ME -- I'M SURPRISED

1608
00:52:39,222 --> 00:52:40,657
CONSTANTLY BY THE DISCOVERY AND

1609
00:52:40,657 --> 00:52:41,958
OBSERVATION THAT I'VE MADE.

1610
00:52:41,958 --> 00:52:43,159
I THINK ONE OF THE WORK WE'RE

1611
00:52:43,159 --> 00:52:44,494
DOING RIGHT NOW FOR EXAMPLE THAT

1612
00:52:44,494 --> 00:52:46,830
I FOUND SO INTRIGUING IS FOR

1613
00:52:46,830 --> 00:52:48,598
EXAMPLE THE FACT THAT IMMUNE

1614
00:52:48,598 --> 00:52:51,434
CELLS OF THE MODEL CAN EVEN

1615
00:52:51,434 --> 00:52:51,835
CONTROL LACTATION.

1616
00:52:51,835 --> 00:52:55,638
I MEAN, I THINK EVERYTHING IS

1617
00:52:55,638 --> 00:52:56,106
AMAZING.

1618
00:52:56,106 --> 00:52:57,273
IF YOU REALLY PAY ATTENTION TO

1619
00:52:57,273 --> 00:52:59,309
WHAT IS HAPPENING, I THINK THE

1620
00:52:59,309 --> 00:53:00,643
WONDER IS REALLY NOT THE

1621
00:53:00,643 --> 00:53:00,944
PROBLEM.

1622
00:53:00,944 --> 00:53:03,680
I THINK THERE IS SO MANY UNKNOWN

1623
00:53:03,680 --> 00:53:04,047
QUESTIONS.

1624
00:53:04,047 --> 00:53:06,549
AND THE ONE THING THAT I WANT TO

1625
00:53:06,549 --> 00:53:08,551
SAY HERE, IF THERE ARE TRAINEES

1626
00:53:08,551 --> 00:53:10,587
LISTENING TO THAT, THERE ARE SO

1627
00:53:10,587 --> 00:53:12,889
MANY UNANSWERED QUESTIONS.

1628
00:53:12,889 --> 00:53:15,191
WHEN PEOPLE THINK THAT BIOLOGY

1629
00:53:15,191 --> 00:53:16,659
IS CROWDED, IT IS CROWDED ALL IN

1630
00:53:16,659 --> 00:53:17,961
THE SAME PLACES, BUT THERE ARE

1631
00:53:17,961 --> 00:53:19,395
SO MANY THINGS THAT ARE LINKED

1632
00:53:19,395 --> 00:53:21,731
TO PHYSIOLOGY, THAT ARE LINKED

1633
00:53:21,731 --> 00:53:22,966
TO MATERNAL HEALTH, WOMEN'S

1634
00:53:22,966 --> 00:53:25,135
HEALTH, TO EARLY LIFE, TO

1635
00:53:25,135 --> 00:53:26,770
PREGNANCY, TO DEVELOPMENT, THAT

1636
00:53:26,770 --> 00:53:28,905
ARE REALLY MOSTLY UNKNOWN.

1637
00:53:28,905 --> 00:53:31,674
SO I THINK -- I CANNOT TELL YOU

1638
00:53:31,674 --> 00:53:33,510
IF THERE'S ONE THING THAT

1639
00:53:33,510 --> 00:53:35,345
SURPRISES ME BECAUSE I THINK I'M

1640
00:53:35,345 --> 00:53:38,181
SURPRISED 25 TIMES A WEEK.

1641
00:53:38,181 --> 00:53:38,381
BUT --

1642
00:53:38,381 --> 00:53:38,948
>> OKAY.

1643
00:53:38,948 --> 00:53:40,183
WELL, HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS

1644
00:53:40,183 --> 00:53:43,386
FROM THE CHAT.

1645
00:53:43,386 --> 00:53:44,154
FROM THE SUBMISSION.

1646
00:53:44,154 --> 00:53:48,391
DO YOU THINK THAT THE

1647
00:53:48,391 --> 00:53:49,392
IMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES OBSERVED

1648
00:53:49,392 --> 00:53:50,493
UPON DIET CHANGE AFTER TWO WEEKS

1649
00:53:50,493 --> 00:53:52,862
WOULD BE MAINTAINED LIFE-LONG IF

1650
00:53:52,862 --> 00:53:56,132
THE INDIVIDUALS KEEP A VEGAN

1651
00:53:56,132 --> 00:53:58,067
DIET, OR KETO, OR DO YOU THINK

1652
00:53:58,067 --> 00:53:59,369
THIS IS A DIRECT RESPONSE -- YOU

1653
00:53:59,369 --> 00:54:01,237
KNOW, A TEMPORARY THING?

1654
00:54:01,237 --> 00:54:02,605
>> SO I THINK THAT'S A
VERY,

1655
00:54:02,605 --> 00:54:04,240
VERY IMPORTANT POINT, AND THE

1656
00:54:04,240 --> 00:54:06,743
STUDY WAS NOT DESIGNED TO STUDY

1657
00:54:06,743 --> 00:54:06,976
THAT.

1658
00:54:06,976 --> 00:54:09,345
I THINK KEVIN WILL PROBABLY WORK

1659
00:54:09,345 --> 00:54:10,647
ON THAT FURTHER, WE'LL SEE THE

1660
00:54:10,647 --> 00:54:11,314
DURATION OF THE EFFECT.

1661
00:54:11,314 --> 00:54:15,018
IT DIFFICULT TO KNOW.

1662
00:54:15,018 --> 00:54:16,853
IF IT'S THE CHANGE IN THE DIET

1663
00:54:16,853 --> 00:54:17,954
OR THE -- CHANGE TO THE

1664
00:54:17,954 --> 00:54:18,755
PREVIOUS.

1665
00:54:18,755 --> 00:54:20,456
SO FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT WE FIND IS

1666
00:54:20,456 --> 00:54:22,358
LIKE IF YOU CHANGE CALORIE

1667
00:54:22,358 --> 00:54:23,693
INTAKE OF -- YOU CAN

1668
00:54:23,693 --> 00:54:24,894
DRAMATICALLY REMODEL THE IMMUNE

1669
00:54:24,894 --> 00:54:26,629
SYSTEM AND THEN EVENTUALLY IT

1670
00:54:26,629 --> 00:54:27,564
STABILIZES, SO IT IS POSSIBLE

1671
00:54:27,564 --> 00:54:29,532
THAT ACTUALLY YOU MAY HAVE THIS

1672
00:54:29,532 --> 00:54:32,602
BURST OF REWIRING AND MAYBE IT'S

1673
00:54:32,602 --> 00:54:33,536
STABILIZED LATER.

1674
00:54:33,536 --> 00:54:34,070
WE DON'T KNOW.

1675
00:54:34,070 --> 00:54:35,505
I THINK IT WOULD BE FASCINATING

1676
00:54:35,505 --> 00:54:36,072
TO EXPLORE.

1677
00:54:36,072 --> 00:54:37,173
I THINK WHAT WOULD BE

1678
00:54:37,173 --> 00:54:39,742
FASCINATING TO DO IS MORE

1679
00:54:39,742 --> 00:54:42,011
RIGOROUSLY CONTROLLED DIETARY

1680
00:54:42,011 --> 00:54:43,012
INTERVENTION IN HUMAN.

1681
00:54:43,012 --> 00:54:44,113
THE PROBLEM IS THERE'S A LOT OF

1682
00:54:44,113 --> 00:54:47,317
NOISE IN THE FIELD, BUT NOT MUCH

1683
00:54:47,317 --> 00:54:49,085
MMECHANISTIC OR REALLY DONE IN

1684
00:54:49,085 --> 00:54:50,887
CLINICAL SETTINGS THAT ALLOW

1685
00:54:50,887 --> 00:54:51,454
RIGOROUS UNDERSTANDING.

1686
00:54:51,454 --> 00:54:53,857
SO I THINK THE JURY IS STILL OUT

1687
00:54:53,857 --> 00:54:54,757
ABOUT THE DURATION AND ALSO WHAT

1688
00:54:54,757 --> 00:54:55,792
IS STILL OUT IS WHAT HAPPENED

1689
00:54:55,792 --> 00:54:56,659
WITHIN THE TISSUE OF THE

1690
00:54:56,659 --> 00:54:57,961
INDIVIDUAL AND HOW THOSE DIET

1691
00:54:57,961 --> 00:55:00,496
CAN ACTUALLY INFLUENCE CERTAIN

1692
00:55:00,496 --> 00:55:02,465
BIOLOGICAL STATES, WHICH KIND OF

1693
00:55:02,465 --> 00:55:03,766
DIET WOULD BE MORE DESIRABLE IN

1694
00:55:03,766 --> 00:55:06,636
THE CONTEXT OF REGENERATION, IF

1695
00:55:06,636 --> 00:55:08,071
YOU HAVE GUT INFLAMMATION, SO WE

1696
00:55:08,071 --> 00:55:09,572
DON'T KNOW THAT YET, BUT I DO

1697
00:55:09,572 --> 00:55:11,541
THINK AND I HOPE I HAVE

1698
00:55:11,541 --> 00:55:12,742
CONVINCED PEOPLE HERE THAT THE

1699
00:55:12,742 --> 00:55:14,811
POWER THAT A DIET CAN HAVE ON

1700
00:55:14,811 --> 00:55:18,181
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN BECOME AN

1701
00:55:18,181 --> 00:55:21,417
ASSET, AN ASSET WE COULD USE A

1702
00:55:21,417 --> 00:55:24,254
COMPLEMENTARY -- BUT HOW ABOUT

1703
00:55:24,254 --> 00:55:25,355
USING THE DIET THAT IS REALLY

1704
00:55:25,355 --> 00:55:27,824
ALIGNED WITH A PHYSIOLOGICAL

1705
00:55:27,824 --> 00:55:28,591
DIRECTION WE ACTUALLY WANT TO

1706
00:55:28,591 --> 00:55:30,159
PUSH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

1707
00:55:30,159 --> 00:55:31,961
>> SO COULD YOU EXPAND ON
HOW

1708
00:55:31,961 --> 00:55:34,330
THE IMMUNE PROFILE WAS DEFINED

1709
00:55:34,330 --> 00:55:37,066
AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

1710
00:55:37,066 --> 00:55:38,201
DIFFERENT DIETS?

1711
00:55:38,201 --> 00:55:38,835
>> YES.

1712
00:55:38,835 --> 00:55:41,771
IT WAS ACTUALLY VERY POORLY

1713
00:55:41,771 --> 00:55:42,038
DESCRIBED.

1714
00:55:42,038 --> 00:55:43,172
THIS WAS ENTIRELY IN THE BLOOD

1715
00:55:43,172 --> 00:55:44,908
AND ALSO IN THE CONTEXT OF

1716
00:55:44,908 --> 00:55:46,943
THE -- WHEN YOU LOOKED AT THE

1717
00:55:46,943 --> 00:55:47,944
MICROBIOTA, WE LOOKED AT THE

1718
00:55:47,944 --> 00:55:48,378
URINE.

1719
00:55:48,378 --> 00:55:51,714
SO WE LOOK AT, YOU KNOW, FACTORS

1720
00:55:51,714 --> 00:55:52,949
THAT YOU CAN ACTUALLY COLLECT.

1721
00:55:52,949 --> 00:55:54,751
IT WAS NOT LOOKED AT IN TISSUE,

1722
00:55:54,751 --> 00:55:55,418
AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WOULD

1723
00:55:55,418 --> 00:55:56,719
BE REALLY INTERESTING, IF WE CAN

1724
00:55:56,719 --> 00:55:59,355
DO A SMALL BIOPSY OR -- SKIN TO

1725
00:55:59,355 --> 00:56:01,557
SEE HOW THE SKIN HAS REMODELED

1726
00:56:01,557 --> 00:56:03,159
WOULD BE REALLY INTERESTING.

1727
00:56:03,159 --> 00:56:05,461
IT WAS ENTIRELY DONE BY LOOKING

1728
00:56:05,461 --> 00:56:08,197
AT THE BLOOD, THE URINE, SO

1729
00:56:08,197 --> 00:56:09,766
FORTH, AND DONE USING A

1730
00:56:09,766 --> 00:56:10,733
COMPLEMENTARY STRATEGY.

1731
00:56:10,733 --> 00:56:12,835
SO WHEN I SHOWED, THE SLIDE WAS

1732
00:56:12,835 --> 00:56:14,037
RNA SEQ BUT IT WAS ALSO DONE IN

1733
00:56:14,037 --> 00:56:14,971
OTHER WAYS.

1734
00:56:14,971 --> 00:56:16,940
WE HAD FLOW CYTOMETRY, WE HAD

1735
00:56:16,940 --> 00:56:18,341
MANY DIFFERENT ASSAYS THAT WE

1736
00:56:18,341 --> 00:56:22,345
WERE ABLE TO UTILIZE TOGETHER.

1737
00:56:22,345 --> 00:56:23,012
>> OKAY.

1738
00:56:23,012 --> 00:56:24,647
ONE MORE SCIENCE QUESTION BEFORE

1739
00:56:24,647 --> 00:56:29,252
I GO TO THE LEHMANN QUESTION.

1740
00:56:29,252 --> 00:56:31,287
 LAYMAN QUESTION.

1741
00:56:31,287 --> 00:56:34,257
ARE PEOPLE WITH HIV OR

1742
00:56:34,257 --> 00:56:35,892
ANTIRETROVIRAL MORE SUSCEPTIBLE

1743
00:56:35,892 --> 00:56:37,994
TO SKIN INFECTIONS OR OTHER

1744
00:56:37,994 --> 00:56:38,294
INFECTIONS?

1745
00:56:38,294 --> 00:56:39,929
>> SO THAT'S A SUPER
IMPORTANT

1746
00:56:39,929 --> 00:56:42,198
QUESTION, SO I HAVE TO SAY THAT

1747
00:56:42,198 --> 00:56:43,733
WE HAVE JUST STARTED -- WE'RE

1748
00:56:43,733 --> 00:56:45,435
STARTING JUST A COLLABORATION AT

1749
00:56:45,435 --> 00:56:47,770
THE NIH WAS ACTUALLY GOING TO BE

1750
00:56:47,770 --> 00:56:49,072
ABLE TO BEGIN TO REALLY LOOK AT

1751
00:56:49,072 --> 00:56:54,143
THIS QUESTION MORE SERIOUSLY BY

1752
00:56:54,143 --> 00:56:59,282
LOOKING AT PEEP PUT PEOPLE PUT ,

1753
00:56:59,282 --> 00:57:00,249
ANTIRETROVIRAL, TO LOOK AT

1754
00:57:00,249 --> 00:57:01,117
BEFORE AND AFTER WHAT HAPPENED

1755
00:57:01,117 --> 00:57:01,784
TO THE TISSUE.

1756
00:57:01,784 --> 00:57:03,419
WE KNOW ACTUALLY THOSE

1757
00:57:03,419 --> 00:57:04,153
TREATMENTS -- OF COURSE THEY ARE

1758
00:57:04,153 --> 00:57:05,855
PRPROTECTIVE AND THEY ACTUALLY

1759
00:57:05,855 --> 00:57:07,623
HAVE SAVED LIVES, BUT THEREFORE

1760
00:57:07,623 --> 00:57:10,159
THEY STILL HAVE CONSEQUENCES,

1761
00:57:10,159 --> 00:57:13,730
METABOLIC CO CONSEQUENCES,

1762
00:57:13,730 --> 00:57:14,364
CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES AND

1763
00:57:14,364 --> 00:57:16,232
WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHY, SO

1764
00:57:16,232 --> 00:57:17,500
THIS IS SOMETHING I THINK WE'LL

1765
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:19,702
ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO EXPLORE WITH

1766
00:57:19,702 --> 00:57:21,004
HER, TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT THE

1767
00:57:21,004 --> 00:57:22,238
TISSUE BEFORE AND AFTER THE

1768
00:57:22,238 --> 00:57:23,306
START OF THE TREATMENT TO REALLY

1769
00:57:23,306 --> 00:57:25,141
TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAS BEEN

1770
00:57:25,141 --> 00:57:25,842
REMODELED.

1771
00:57:25,842 --> 00:57:27,076
THE ONE THING THAT I WANTED TO

1772
00:57:27,076 --> 00:57:29,178
SAY IS, REMEMBER, WE'RE LOOKING

1773
00:57:29,178 --> 00:57:31,547
AT A VERY SPECIFIC MOMENT IN AN

1774
00:57:31,547 --> 00:57:33,082
ANIMAL THAT ARE NIGH EE. IF YOU

1775
00:57:33,082 --> 00:57:34,817
WERE ACTUALLY TO MEET A HUMAN,

1776
00:57:34,817 --> 00:57:37,653
YOU HAVE A LOT OF -- IN YOUR

1777
00:57:37,653 --> 00:57:38,654
LIFE BEFORE YOU HAVE PUT ON

1778
00:57:38,654 --> 00:57:41,124
THOSE TREATMENT AND MAYBE AT

1779
00:57:41,124 --> 00:57:42,959
THAT STAVE -- ACTIVATION THAT

1780
00:57:42,959 --> 00:57:45,695
YOU CAN BE MAIBL NOT AS

1781
00:57:45,695 --> 00:57:47,864
DEPENDENT ON THESE SIGNALS.

1782
00:57:47,864 --> 00:57:49,399
THAT SAID I THINK THE JURY IS

1783
00:57:49,399 --> 00:57:51,267
STILL HOW THE IN TERMS OF DOING

1784
00:57:51,267 --> 00:57:52,201
RIGOROUS ANALYSIS OF HOW THE

1785
00:57:52,201 --> 00:57:54,070
TISSUE ARE AFFECTED.

1786
00:57:54,070 --> 00:57:56,906
FOR EXAMPLE IN THE VAGINAL

1787
00:57:56,906 --> 00:57:58,141
COMPARTMENT, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

1788
00:57:58,141 --> 00:57:59,842
WAS ACTUALLY AFFECTED IN WOMEN

1789
00:57:59,842 --> 00:58:00,610
IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE

1790
00:58:00,610 --> 00:58:01,244
TREATMENTS.

1791
00:58:01,244 --> 00:58:02,779
SO THAT'S ACTUALLY AN

1792
00:58:02,779 --> 00:58:04,614
INTERESTING THING TO TRY TO

1793
00:58:04,614 --> 00:58:06,682
INTEGRATE AND UNDERSTAND WHAT

1794
00:58:06,682 --> 00:58:08,217
ASPECT IS AFFECTED AND WHAT IT

1795
00:58:08,217 --> 00:58:09,185
ACTUALLY MEANS FOR THE LONG

1796
00:58:09,185 --> 00:58:09,385
TERM.

1797
00:58:09,385 --> 00:58:09,819
>> RIGHT.

1798
00:58:09,819 --> 00:58:10,820
SO ALONG THE LINE, THERE'S A

1799
00:58:10,820 --> 00:58:12,355
QUESTION THAT ASKS, HAVE YOU OR

1800
00:58:12,355 --> 00:58:16,492
OTHER INVESTIGATORS EXPLORED THE

1801
00:58:16,492 --> 00:58:21,731
EFFECT OF ALVIDROX BETWEEN THE

1802
00:58:21,731 --> 00:58:22,598
MICROBIOME AND THE HOST TO

1803
00:58:22,598 --> 00:58:23,399
CONTROL THE REPAIR?

1804
00:58:23,399 --> 00:58:24,901
>> THAT'S A VERY, VERY

1805
00:58:24,901 --> 00:58:25,935
INTERESTING QUESTION BECAUSE, OF

1806
00:58:25,935 --> 00:58:27,503
COURSE, THOSE DRUGS IN THEORY

1807
00:58:27,503 --> 00:58:30,440
COULD POTENTIALLY, IF THERE

1808
00:58:30,440 --> 00:58:31,641
IS -- ON BACTERIA, COULD

1809
00:58:31,641 --> 00:58:32,308
ACTUALLY AFFECT THEM.

1810
00:58:32,308 --> 00:58:34,811
IN THE MODEL WE HAVE UTILIZED,

1811
00:58:34,811 --> 00:58:37,080
WE HAVEN'T FOUND DIRECT

1812
00:58:37,080 --> 00:58:38,714
CONSEQUENCES, IT HAPPENED

1813
00:58:38,714 --> 00:58:40,049
INDEPENDENTLY OF THE BACTERIA

1814
00:58:40,049 --> 00:58:41,451
ITSELF SO IT WAS NOT CHANGING

1815
00:58:41,451 --> 00:58:43,519
THE MICROBIOTA FUNCTION.

1816
00:58:43,519 --> 00:58:44,921
SO -- BUT I THINK THIS IS A

1817
00:58:44,921 --> 00:58:46,222
VERY, VERY IMPORTANT POINT THAT

1818
00:58:46,222 --> 00:58:47,557
IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN HUMANS,

1819
00:58:47,557 --> 00:58:48,724
AND I THINK THIS IS SOMETHING

1820
00:58:48,724 --> 00:58:50,126
VERY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND

1821
00:58:50,126 --> 00:58:51,561
BECAUSE THOSE DRUGS CAN ALSO

1822
00:58:51,561 --> 00:58:56,399
AFFECT THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA.

1823
00:58:56,399 --> 00:58:58,501
SO THAT INTERESTING THAT MAY BE

1824
00:58:58,501 --> 00:58:59,502
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN

1825
00:58:59,502 --> 00:59:01,904
UNDERSTANDING OF HOW LONG TERM

1826
00:59:01,904 --> 00:59:02,772
TREATMENTS SHAPE POST

1827
00:59:02,772 --> 00:59:03,072
PHYSIOLOGY.

1828
00:59:03,072 --> 00:59:03,439
>> OKAY.

1829
00:59:03,439 --> 00:59:05,508
SO THIS IS A DIFFERENT QUESTION.

1830
00:59:05,508 --> 00:59:08,578
CAN IL-17 PLAY A ROLE IN

1831
00:59:08,578 --> 00:59:10,313
NEUROREGENERATION IN CNS?

1832
00:59:10,313 --> 00:59:13,683
>> THAT WOULD BE GREAT.

1833
00:59:13,683 --> 00:59:14,016
[LAUGHTER]

1834
00:59:14,016 --> 00:59:15,084
WE REALLY DON'T KNOW.

1835
00:59:15,084 --> 00:59:18,554
AND I THINK THIS ROLE OF 17 IN

1836
00:59:18,554 --> 00:59:21,290
REGENERATION OF THE NERVE,

1837
00:59:21,290 --> 00:59:23,359
MICHEL'S OBSERVATION THIS YEAR,

1838
00:59:23,359 --> 00:59:24,594
SO I HOPE THIS IS SOMETHING

1839
00:59:24,594 --> 00:59:27,363
THAT'S GOING TO CONTINUE AND I

1840
00:59:27,363 --> 00:59:29,332
KNOW THERE ACTUALLY IS PLENTY OF

1841
00:59:29,332 --> 00:59:31,067
PROJECT AND TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

1842
00:59:31,067 --> 00:59:33,369
HOW OTHER NERVES MAY BE AFFECTED

1843
00:59:33,369 --> 00:59:34,871
AND MAY HELP REGENERATION.

1844
00:59:34,871 --> 00:59:36,005
ONE THING INTERESTING IS THERE'S

1845
00:59:36,005 --> 00:59:40,343
A GROWING BODY OF LITERATURE,

1846
00:59:40,343 --> 00:59:43,179
BEAUTIFUL WORK THAT IS DONE, HAS

1847
00:59:43,179 --> 00:59:43,913
HIGHLIGHTED FOR EXAMPLE

1848
00:59:43,913 --> 00:59:45,515
BEHAVIOR, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR

1849
00:59:45,515 --> 00:59:47,416
CAN ACTUALLY BE CHANGED BY

1850
00:59:47,416 --> 00:59:49,819
HEIGHTENED LEVEL OF 17 OR LACK

1851
00:59:49,819 --> 00:59:51,654
OF 17 IN THE DEVELOPMENT WINDOW.

1852
00:59:51,654 --> 00:59:53,389
AND THERE'S EVEN LIKE MORE AND

1853
00:59:53,389 --> 00:59:56,792
MORE EVIDENCE IN 17 PRIMARY

1854
00:59:56,792 --> 00:59:57,960
ROLE -- TO REALLY INTERSECT WITH

1855
00:59:57,960 --> 00:59:58,628
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

1856
00:59:58,628 --> 01:00:01,130
SO I REALLY THINK THIS IS REALLY

1857
01:00:01,130 --> 01:00:03,699
LIKELY A POSSIBILITY THAT IT MAY

1858
01:00:03,699 --> 01:00:04,934
BE IMPORTANT IN ACTUALLY

1859
01:00:04,934 --> 01:00:06,903
REGENERATION OF NERVES AND, WHO

1860
01:00:06,903 --> 01:00:10,606
KNOWS, MAYBE OF -- THAT HAVE SO

1861
01:00:10,606 --> 01:00:12,875
FAR NOT BEEN ABLE TO REGENERATE.

1862
01:00:12,875 --> 01:00:14,844
>> SO EVA WANTED TO KNOW
IF YOU

1863
01:00:14,844 --> 01:00:20,616
CATCH A COLD, WILL YOU GO VEGAN?

1864
01:00:20,616 --> 01:00:22,485
>> SO I SAID I WAS NOT
GOING TO

1865
01:00:22,485 --> 01:00:25,288
GIVE ADVICE OF FOOD BECAUSE --

1866
01:00:25,288 --> 01:00:26,756
>> RIGHT.

1867
01:00:26,756 --> 01:00:27,356
OKAY, FINE.

1868
01:00:27,356 --> 01:00:28,691
>> THAT SAID, I THINK IT'S
TOO

1869
01:00:28,691 --> 01:00:29,759
EARLY.

1870
01:00:29,759 --> 01:00:33,596
BUT AGAIN, I REALLY, REALLY

1871
01:00:33,596 --> 01:00:34,764
THINK THAT -- AND PEOPLE HAVE

1872
01:00:34,764 --> 01:00:36,098
ACTUALLY DONE SIMILAR STUDIES

1873
01:00:36,098 --> 01:00:38,401
PRIOR WHEN CHANGING THE DIET AND

1874
01:00:38,401 --> 01:00:40,203
SEE DIFFERENT CLASS OF

1875
01:00:40,203 --> 01:00:41,470
INFECTION, FOR EXAMPLE, AND

1876
01:00:41,470 --> 01:00:43,606
SHOWED THAT YOU CAN HAVE A

1877
01:00:43,606 --> 01:00:45,341
STRIKING DIFFERENCES

1878
01:00:45,341 --> 01:00:46,108
EXPERIMENTALLY TO DIFFERENT

1879
01:00:46,108 --> 01:00:46,409
DIETS.

1880
01:00:46,409 --> 01:00:47,944
SO I DON'T KNOW WHICH DIET YOU

1881
01:00:47,944 --> 01:00:49,278
SHOULD BE TAKING AT THE MOMENT,

1882
01:00:49,278 --> 01:00:50,746
BUT THE ONE THING I KNOW AND THE

1883
01:00:50,746 --> 01:00:52,281
ONE THING THAT WE NEED TO PAY

1884
01:00:52,281 --> 01:00:53,583
ATTENTION IS WHAT'S GOING TO

1885
01:00:53,583 --> 01:00:54,483
HAPPEN OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS

1886
01:00:54,483 --> 01:00:55,751
IN TERMS OF GUIDELINES.

1887
01:00:55,751 --> 01:00:56,953
BECAUSE I REALLY DO THINK THAT

1888
01:00:56,953 --> 01:00:58,087
IF WE DEVELOP MORE AND MORE OF

1889
01:00:58,087 --> 01:01:00,089
THESE STUDIES, AND I THINK THE

1890
01:01:00,089 --> 01:01:01,424
CLINICAL CENTER OF THE NIH IS A

1891
01:01:01,424 --> 01:01:02,391
WONDERFUL PLACE TO BE ABLE TO

1892
01:01:02,391 --> 01:01:04,093
ADDRESS THIS KIND OF QUESTION,

1893
01:01:04,093 --> 01:01:06,429
WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND

1894
01:01:06,429 --> 01:01:09,699
HOW TO BOOST VACCINE RESPONSES,

1895
01:01:09,699 --> 01:01:12,535
ONE THING IS SUPER INTERESTING

1896
01:01:12,535 --> 01:01:14,704
IS WOMEN RESPOND MORE TO DIET

1897
01:01:14,704 --> 01:01:16,272
THAN MEN, SO IT'S MORE FELT BY

1898
01:01:16,272 --> 01:01:17,907
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THAN ACTUALLY

1899
01:01:17,907 --> 01:01:18,507
IN THE MEN.

1900
01:01:18,507 --> 01:01:19,442
THAT'S A VERY INTERESTING

1901
01:01:19,442 --> 01:01:20,142
FEATURE.

1902
01:01:20,142 --> 01:01:21,644
SO IF A WOMAN IS ACTUALLY MORE

1903
01:01:21,644 --> 01:01:22,778
REACTIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF

1904
01:01:22,778 --> 01:01:23,846
DIETARY NUTRITION, WE NEED TO

1905
01:01:23,846 --> 01:01:24,580
INTEGRATE THAT ALSO BECAUSE

1906
01:01:24,580 --> 01:01:26,682
THERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO

1907
01:01:26,682 --> 01:01:29,085
UNDERSTAND BETTER HOW TO

1908
01:01:29,085 --> 01:01:31,921
MANIPULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN

1909
01:01:31,921 --> 01:01:33,889
A GENDER SPECIFIC MATTER.

1910
01:01:33,889 --> 01:01:36,392
>> THIS IS A NON-SCIENCE

1911
01:01:36,392 --> 01:01:36,659
QUESTION.

1912
01:01:36,659 --> 01:01:38,761
THANK YOU FOR THE AMAZING TALK.

1913
01:01:38,761 --> 01:01:40,196
AND FOR BEING SUCH AN IMPORTANT

1914
01:01:40,196 --> 01:01:41,197
ROLE MODEL.

1915
01:01:41,197 --> 01:01:44,233
DO YOU HAVE ANY ADVICE FOR YOUNG

1916
01:01:44,233 --> 01:01:46,636
WOMEN SCIENTISTS HOW TO SUCCEED

1917
01:01:46,636 --> 01:01:54,210
IN THEIR CAREERS?

1918
01:01:54,210 --> 01:01:56,279
>> THAT'S A VERY BIG
QUESTION.

1919
01:01:56,279 --> 01:01:57,513
I THINK -- I THINK WHAT YOU HAVE

1920
01:01:57,513 --> 01:01:59,849
TO DO IS YOU HAVE TO SURROUND

1921
01:01:59,849 --> 01:02:00,182
YOURSELF WELL.

1922
01:02:00,182 --> 01:02:02,218
I MEAN, I THINK SOMETHING I HAVE

1923
01:02:02,218 --> 01:02:03,419
LEARNED A BIT TOO LATE IN MY

1924
01:02:03,419 --> 01:02:06,355
LIFE IS THE IMPORTANCE OF

1925
01:02:06,355 --> 01:02:06,889
RELATIONSHIP, MENTORSHIP.

1926
01:02:06,889 --> 01:02:09,959
I THINK I WAS SO DRIVEN BY

1927
01:02:09,959 --> 01:02:11,827
SURVIVAL THAT I JUST DIDN'T

1928
01:02:11,827 --> 01:02:13,229
UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF

1929
01:02:13,229 --> 01:02:13,896
THIS NETWORK.

1930
01:02:13,896 --> 01:02:16,599
THE ONE THAT YOU GUYS ARE

1931
01:02:16,599 --> 01:02:18,200
GENERATING TO THIS WOMEN'S

1932
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:18,567
ADVISORY GROUP.

1933
01:02:18,567 --> 01:02:19,869
I THINK YOU NEED THE COMMUNITY,

1934
01:02:19,869 --> 01:02:21,570
YOU NEED A VILLAGE, YOU NEED A

1935
01:02:21,570 --> 01:02:22,371
TOWN, YOU NEED PEOPLE AROUND

1936
01:02:22,371 --> 01:02:24,006
YOU, YOU NEED TO FIND SPONSOR,

1937
01:02:24,006 --> 01:02:27,610
YOU NEED TO DEVELOP RELATION 

1938
01:02:27,610 --> 01:02:27,943
RELATIONSHIP.

1939
01:02:27,943 --> 01:02:28,678
DON'T BELIEVE YOU'RE GOING TO BE

1940
01:02:28,678 --> 01:02:29,545
ABLE TO DO IT ALONE.

1941
01:02:29,545 --> 01:02:31,380
THERE'S AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF

1942
01:02:31,380 --> 01:02:32,148
GOODWILL AROUND YOU THAT YOU

1943
01:02:32,148 --> 01:02:34,750
JUST HAVE TO ACTUALLY GO AND

1944
01:02:34,750 --> 01:02:36,852
IDENTIFY AND CREATE THOSE

1945
01:02:36,852 --> 01:02:38,688
RELATIONSHIPS.

1946
01:02:38,688 --> 01:02:39,755
AND SURROUND YOURSELF WITH

1947
01:02:39,755 --> 01:02:40,956
PEOPLE THAT ARE REALLY BELIEVING

1948
01:02:40,956 --> 01:02:41,624
IN YOU.

1949
01:02:41,624 --> 01:02:42,825
JUST MAKE SURE THAT YOUR FRIENDS

1950
01:02:42,825 --> 01:02:44,994
ARE ALSO YOUR CHEERLEADERS, THAT

1951
01:02:44,994 --> 01:02:47,063
THEY ARE HERE TO JUST PROTECT

1952
01:02:47,063 --> 01:02:47,997
YOU IN THE MOMENTS THAT ARE

1953
01:02:47,997 --> 01:02:50,333
DIFFICULT, SURROUND YOURSELF BY

1954
01:02:50,333 --> 01:02:52,935
PEOPLE THAT WILL ACTUALLY BE

1955
01:02:52,935 --> 01:02:53,569
HERE TO HELP YOU.

1956
01:02:53,569 --> 01:02:54,637
I THINK THIS REALLY IS THE ONE

1957
01:02:54,637 --> 01:02:56,205
THING THAT I THINK I WISH I HAD

1958
01:02:56,205 --> 01:02:59,475
LEARNED EARLIER, THE IMPORTANCE

1959
01:02:59,475 --> 01:03:00,676
OF COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP AND

1960
01:03:00,676 --> 01:03:01,444
SURROUNDING YOURSELF BY PEOPLE

1961
01:03:01,444 --> 01:03:03,612
THAT ACTUALLY HELP YOU TO GOING

1962
01:03:03,612 --> 01:03:04,347
THROUGH DIFFICULT MOMENTS.

1963
01:03:04,347 --> 01:03:06,115
WE ALL HAVE DOUBTS, WE ALL HAVE

1964
01:03:06,115 --> 01:03:10,486
CRISIS MOMENTS, AND SURVIVING

1965
01:03:10,486 --> 01:03:11,987
THOSE MOMENTS IS DIFFICULT TO DO

1966
01:03:11,987 --> 01:03:12,221
ALONE.

1967
01:03:12,221 --> 01:03:13,022
AND THE OTHER THING IS, YOU'RE

1968
01:03:13,022 --> 01:03:14,623
GOING TO HAVE TO LEARN TO LIVE

1969
01:03:14,623 --> 01:03:17,493
WITH SOME FORM OF STRANGE

1970
01:03:17,493 --> 01:03:19,528
SCHIZOPHRENIA THAT IS SCIENCE,

1971
01:03:19,528 --> 01:03:20,830
WHERE YOU STILL HAVE DOUBT IN

1972
01:03:20,830 --> 01:03:22,164
YOURSELF AND SAY GO FOR IT.

1973
01:03:22,164 --> 01:03:23,766
IF YOU CAN MANAGE THIS BIZARRE

1974
01:03:23,766 --> 01:03:26,068
THING THAT IS REALLY THE

1975
01:03:26,068 --> 01:03:26,736
COEXISTENCE OF THE

1976
01:03:26,736 --> 01:03:27,603
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF YOUR

1977
01:03:27,603 --> 01:03:29,205
LIMITATION, YOUR DOUBTS, YOUR

1978
01:03:29,205 --> 01:03:30,406
ANXIETY, WHICH I THINK IS OKAY,

1979
01:03:30,406 --> 01:03:33,576
KEEP IT, IT MAKES YOU HONEST AS

1980
01:03:33,576 --> 01:03:34,410
A PERSON, BUT AT THE SAME TIME,

1981
01:03:34,410 --> 01:03:35,511
WHY NOT GIVE IT A TRY?

1982
01:03:35,511 --> 01:03:37,947
THIS KIND OF ATTITUDE, THE

1983
01:03:37,947 --> 01:03:40,683
OPPOSITE OF EACH OTHER, BUT I

1984
01:03:40,683 --> 01:03:41,917
THINK JUST GIVE A TRY TO THE

1985
01:03:41,917 --> 01:03:44,019
NEXT STEP.

1986
01:03:44,019 --> 01:03:45,454
STOP GIVING YOURSELF EXCUSES

1987
01:03:45,454 --> 01:03:47,056
THAT YOU CAN'T DO IT, BECAUSE

1988
01:03:47,056 --> 01:03:49,125
NONE OF US, WE CAN CONVINCE

1989
01:03:49,125 --> 01:03:52,328
OURSELF INFINITELY POSSIBILITIES

1990
01:03:52,328 --> 01:03:52,728
TO DO IT.

1991
01:03:52,728 --> 01:03:54,463
SO GIVE IT A TRY, THAT'S MY

1992
01:03:54,463 --> 01:03:54,697
ADVICE.

1993
01:03:54,697 --> 01:03:55,431
>> I AGREE.

1994
01:03:55,431 --> 01:03:56,966
LEARN TO TRUST YOURSELF.

1995
01:03:56,966 --> 01:03:58,834
I THINK THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT.

1996
01:03:58,834 --> 01:04:00,636
AND SEEK HELP WHEN YOU NEED IT.

1997
01:04:00,636 --> 01:04:01,203
>> YEP.

1998
01:04:01,203 --> 01:04:02,538
>> YEAH.

1999
01:04:02,538 --> 01:04:05,708
NOW WITH THAT, LET ME SEE, I

2000
01:04:05,708 --> 01:04:09,745
DON'T SEE ANY OTHER QUESTIONS

2001
01:04:09,745 --> 01:04:11,113
COMING IN, AND I JUST WANT TO

2002
01:04:11,113 --> 01:04:14,350
THANK YOU AGAIN FOR THE FABULOUS

2003
01:04:14,350 --> 01:04:16,085
LECTURE, AND THE BEST OF LUCK IN

2004
01:04:16,085 --> 01:04:18,921
YOUR NEW POSITION.

2005
01:04:18,921 --> 01:04:20,322
I'M SURE NIH WILL BE MISSING

2006
01:04:20,322 --> 01:04:21,490
YOU.

2007
01:04:21,490 --> 01:04:25,327
OH --

2008
01:04:25,327 --> 01:04:27,096
THAT'S RIGHT, YOUR LAB


2009
01:04:27,096 --> 01:04:28,697
YOU'RE STILL COMING BACK.

2010
01:04:28,697 --> 01:04:29,598
THANK YOU.

2011
01:04:29,598 --> 01:04:31,133
I'D LIKE TO CLOSE THE
LECTURE

2012
01:04:31,133 --> 01:04:31,434
FOR TODAY.

2013
01:04:31,434 --> 01:04:41,434
THANK YOU ALL FOR ATTENDING.