>> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY. MY NAME IS PANG LO, AND I AM THE CHAIR OF THE WOMAN SCIENTIST ADVISEEE COMMITTEE AND IT'S A GREAT PLEASURE FOR ME TO WELCOME ALL OF YOU HERE TODAY AND TO SEE SO MANY PEOPLE HERE. THIS IS THE 2016 ANITA ROBERTS LECTURE AND WE'RE ESPECIALLY GRATEFUL THAT DR. ROBERTS WHO IS ANITA'S HUSBAND IS HERE TO JOIN US AND HE'S BEEN IN EVERY 1 OF THESE EXCEPT 1. SO IT'S A PLEASURE TO HAVE HIM AND WELCOME HIM HERE AGAIN AND WE ARE ALSO JOINED BY DR. GOTTESMAN, IS HE IN THE AUDIENCE YET AND ALSO DR. BRUCE CUTHBERT, WHO IS THE ACTING DIRECTOR OF NIMH, THE SPEAKER'S INSTITUTE. UNFORTUNATELY DR. SUSAN AMARA, SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR OF NIMH ASKED ME TO APOLOGIZE FOR HER NOT BEING HERE TODAY AND SHE REGRETS THAT VERY MUCH. WE LOOKED FORWARD TO THE LECTURE AND WE HAD TO CHANGE THE DATE AND THAT MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR HER TO COME. THIS LECTURE SERIES HIGHLIGHTS DISTINGUISHED WOMEN SCIENTISTS AT THE NIH WAS ESTABLISHED TO HONOR DR. ANITA ROBERTS WHO DEDICATED HER LIFE TO BEING AN EXCEPTIONAL MENTOR AND SCIENTIST. THIS LECTURE SERIES IS SPONSORED BY THE WOMAN SCIENTIST ADVISORY WSA COMMITTEE AT THE NIH, AND WHOSE GOAL IS TO PROMODE THE SUCCESS AND RECOGNITION OF WOMEN SCIENTISTS AS WELL AS FACILITATE BALANCING WORK LIFE. DR. ANITA ROBERTS JOINED THE NIH IN 1976. SHE SPENT 30 YEARS AT THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE AND WAS THE CHIEF OF THE LABORATORY OF CELL REGULATION AND CAR SIN O GENESIS FROM 1995 UNTIL HER UNTIMELY DEATH ON MAY 26th, 2 THIS HAPPENED AND 6 AFTER BATTLING WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HER MAJOR CONTRIBUTION IN SCIENCE IS HER PIONEERING WORK ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR, TGF BETA AND ITS ROLE IN WOUND HEALING, CARC SIN O GENESIS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, FOR THOSE WHO, WOOED UPON THE TOP MOST CITED RESEARCH PAPERS AND THE SECOND MOST CITED RESEARCH SCIENTISTS, FEMALE AT THAT TIME. SHE WAS ALSO AN OUTSTANDING MENTOR, SHE WAS DESCRIBED AS UNFAILINGLY WARM, CARING, SUPPORTIVE AND INTHEWSIASTIC PERSON. AND DR. ROBERTS SAID AS A GREAT ROLE MODEL FOR ALL OF US IN THIS RESPECT. SO THIS YEAR THE WSA COMMITTEE HAS CHOSEN DR. LESLIE UNG ERLEIDER LABORATORY OF BRAIN AND COGNITION AT THE NIMH, AS DISTINGUISHED WOMAN SCIENTIST SPEAKER FOR THE ANITA ROBERTS LECTURE. WE ARE VERY HAPPY THAT DR. UNG EERLEIDER, DECIDED TO DO THIS TALK TODAY WHILE RECOVERING FROM 2 FRACTURED LEGS. WE'RE GRATEFUL SHE GOT OVER HERE TO DO IN AND COULD COME. AND YOU HEAR ABOUT HER DISTINGUISHED CAREER FROM OUR WSA REPRESENTATIVE FATIMA WHO WILL INTRODUCE LATER. FINALLY I WOULD LIKE TO THANK ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE, ESPECIALLY DR. JUDY WALTERS AND MARGARET Mc BERNIE FROM THE OD, AND THE 2 REPS ARE NOW [INDISCERNIBLE] AND JEREMY SWAN FROM NICHD FOR THEIR HELP IN HOSTER DESIGN, PRINTING AND DISSEM NATION AND RECEPTION. AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, THE WSA COMMITTEE WOULD LIKE TO THANK NIMH OF THE GENEROUS FUNDING OF THE VIDEOCAST TODAY. SO NOW I WILL TURN THE PODIUM TO FATIMA WHO WILL INTRODUCE DR. UNG ERLEIDER. >> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY, I'M FATIMA, IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE OUR SPEAKER TODAY DR. UNG ERLEIDER, SHE IS A DOCTOR OF NEUROSCIENCE FOR MORE THAN 40 YEARS. SHE RECEIVED HER BACHELOR'S DEGREE FROM THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND HER Ph.D. IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THIS NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. FOLLOWING HER DOCTORATE, SHE RECEIVED POST DOCTORAL TRAINING WITH DR. CARL'S PROGRAM AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY WHERE SHE BEGAN HER WORK ON HIGHER ORDER PERCEPTIONUAL MECHANISMS IN THE CORTEX OF PRIMATES. SHE START INDEED 1975 AS A POST DOC IN DR. MICHIGAN'S LAB AND MADE UNDERSTANDING OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM. MOST OF DR. UNG ERLEIDER WORK WAS DONE WITH TECHNIQUES FOR AREAS OF VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX AND NEURAL BEHAVIOR, THE FIRED THEOR EVALUATION PROCESS OF 2 CORTICAL SYSTEMS AND VENTAL STREAM FOR OBJECT RECOGNITION AND A DARESSAL STREAM FOR VISIO SPACIAL CONCEPTION. SINCE THE CONCEPTION OF THIS THEORY DR. UNG ERLEIDER, HAS ESTABLISHED MUCH OF THE 2 SYSTEMS DISCOVERING NOW CORDICLE AREAS IN THE PROCESS. HER BRAIN IMAGING WORK HAS REVEALED A LOCATION OF 2 VISUAL SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN CORTEX AND SUGGESTED HOW THESE 2 SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO BOTH SHORT AND LONG-TERM MEMORY AND VISUAL MODALITY. CURRENTLY, SHE IS EXAMINING THE NEUROMECHANISM FOR PROCESSING OF FACIAL IDENTITY AND FACIAL EXPRESSION IN THE BRAINS OF HUMAN AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES. HER WORK ON PRIMATES HAS GUIDED MANY OF HER HYPOTHESIS IN HUMAN IMAGING STUDIES. DR. UNG ERLEIDER, AND WITH HER EXTENSIVE SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT, SHE BECAME AN NIH DISTINGUISHED INVESTIGATOR IN 2008. SHE'S WITH THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND AAA. SHE PUBLISHED MANY OF HER PAPERS AND RESEARCH PAPERS INCLUDING PRESTIGIOUS JOURNALS SUCH AS NATURE AND SCIENCE. HER CHAPTER ON HER PIONEERING WORK PROPOSING VENTRAL AND VISUAL STREAMS HAS BEEN CITED OVER 4000 TIMES. SHE'S THE RECIPIENT OF MANY HONORS AND AWARDS INCLUDING WOMEN IN NEUROSCIENCE LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD IN 2001. THE LILLIAN JAMES PEL O AWARD IN TWEBT 10, THE ANDREW CARNEGIE PRIZE IN MIND AND BRAIN SCIENCES IN 2013, DR. UNG ERLEIDER, WAS ELECTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE IN 2000 TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL MEDICINE IN 2001. IN ADDITION TO HER TRYING TO [INDISCERNIBLE], HER POST DOCS AND STUDENTS PRAISE HER AS AN INCREDIBLE MOTIVATOR. ONE OF THEM SAYS: SHE KNOWS HOW TO MOTIVATE HER TEAM BUT STANDS BACK TO LET US WORK ON OUR OWN. SHE CONTRIBUTES TO A FANTASTIC RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT, DR. UNG ERLEIDER, SHOWS MANY QUALITIES SUCH AS A BELOVED SCIENTIST AND MENTOR. IT IS MY PLEASURE AND HONOR TO WELCOME DR. LESLIE TO THE AGE TO PRESENT THE 2016 ANITA ROBERTS LECTURE. [ APPLAUSE ] >> THANK YOU. THANK YOU MEMBERS OF THE WSA, I'M REALLY DELIGHTED TO BE HERE TODAY. I KNEW ANITA ROBERTS. WE ARRIVED AT NIH WITHIN A COUPLELE OF YEARS OF EACH LITTLER AND THEN OVER THE YEARS EVEN THOUGH WE WERE IN DIFFERENT FIELDS, AND IN DIFFERENT INSTITUTES, WE MANAGED TO CROSS PATHS, MANY, MANY TIMES, MOSTLY ON NIH COMMITTEES WHERE THEY NEEDED WOMEN SCIENTISTS. IF YOU GOOGLE ANITA ROBERTS, YOU WILL FIND HER BLOG PAGEOT WEB. I ENCOURAGE YOU TO READ IT. IT'S REALLY A REMARKABLE BLOG WRITTEN DURING THE LAST--HER LAST STRUGGLES OF CANCER. IT'S VERY PAINFUL TO READ BUT ALSO INCREDIBLY INSPIRING. SO I RECOMMEND IT TO YOU ALL. SO TODAY--WELL, FOR MANY YEARS WE'VE BEEN STUDYING THE NEUROMECHANISMS UNDERLYING OPERATION, AND TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT A VERY SPECIAL KIND OF OBJECT THAT WE RECOGNIZE, NAMELY FACES. SO FACE RECOGNITION IS A REMARKABLE ABILITY GIVEN THE 10S OF THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT FACES 1 CAN RECOGNIZE AUTOMATICALLY AND EFFORTLESSLY SOMETIMES MANY YEARS AFTER A SINGLE ENCOUNTER AND BECAUSE--BECAUSE OF THIS REMARKABLABILITY IT'S BEEN PROPOSED THAT THERE EXISTS SPECIALIZED NEURAL MACHINERY FOR THE RECOGNITION OF FACES. EVIDENCE OF THIS COMES FROM FIRST THE EXISTENCE OF PROSOP A GNOSIA, WHICH IS AN IMPAIRED ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE FAGSS WHICH ACCOMPANY LESIONS OF VENTRAL TEMPORAL CORTEX IN HUMANS. TYPICALLY AFTER STROKE. AND ALTS THE EXISTENCE OF NEURONS IN THE INFERIOR TEMPLE CORTEX OF MONKEYS THAT RESPOND SELECTIVELY TO FACES COMPARED TO OTHER COMPLEX NONFACE OBJECTS. MORE RECENTLY NEURAL IMAGING STUDIES IN MONKEYS AND HUMANS HAVE IDENTIFIED A NETWORK OF FACE SELECTIVE AREAS THAT IS IF 1 PRESENTS IMAGES OF FACES, THE ACTIVATION IN THE BRAIN IS MUCH GREATER IN THIS THESE REGIONS THAN ACTIVATION TO NONFACE COMPLEX OBJECTS. SO HERE ARE THE AREAS IN A CARTOON PLOTTED ON TO THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CORTEX AND AS YOU CAN SEE, AT THE BACK OF THE BRAIN IN THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX, WE HAVE OFA, THE OCCIPITAL FACE AREA, MOVING FORWARD, WE HAVE SSA, ON THE [INDISCERNIBLE] FACE AREA, WITHIN THE SPHERIAL TEMPORAL SELECTIVES ANOTHER AREA, AND THESE POSTERIOR AREAS FORM PART OF WHAT WE CALL THE CORE OF THE NETWORK OF FACE PROCESSING. BUT THERE ARE OTHER REGIONS THAT WE CONSIDER TO BE EXTENDED FACE PROCESSING AREAS. IN THE ANTERIOR, TEMPORAL CORTEX. IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA. NOW IT'S ALSO BEEN PROPOSED THAT THESE AREAS ARE SPECIALIZED FOR DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF FACE PROCESSING. FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL FELCUS, THERE IS A REGION THAT RESPONDS SELECTIVELY TO MOVING FEATURES OF THE MOUTH SUCH AS THE LIPS, TO THE ORIENTATION OF GAZE AND TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS. SO TO THE AMYGDALA SEEMS SPECIALIZED FOR PROCESSING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS, PARTICULARLY FEARFUL AND THREATENING FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. WELL, HAVING ESTABLISHED THIS NETWORK OF FACE SELECTIVE AREAS WE ASKED: HOW DOES THIS NETWORK OF AREAS THAT WE FIND IN NORMAL HEALTHY SUBJECTS IS THE SAME NETWORK PRESENT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL PROSOP A GNOSIA, THAT'S INHERITED IMPAIRMENT IN FACE RECOGNITION. SO CONGENITAL PROSOP A GNOSIA,--THESE INDIVIDUALS IDENTIFY PEOPLE BY ANOTHER SENSORY MODALITY. FOR EXAMPLE, THEIR VOICE. IT'S AN INHERITED DISORDER WITH AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT MODE OF TRANSMISSION AND IT EFFECTS ABOUT 2% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION IN VARYING DEGREES. NOW THERE'S NO--TO DATE, NO KNOWN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGIC ETIOLOGY FOR THE DISEASE AND TYPICALLY INDIVIDUALS ARE RIGHT HANDED AND THEY HAVE NO UNDERLYING VISUAL IMPAIRMENT SUCH AS AN IMPAIRMENT IN ACUITY, COLOR VISION AND SO ON THAT WOULD EXPLAIN THE DISORDER. SO WE'VE BEEN FOLLOWING A WELL-CHARACTERIZED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WITH PROSOP A GINOSIA, AND THE FIRST THING WE ASKED WAS WAS WHETHER THESE INDIVIDUALS ACTIVATE THE FULL NETWORK OF FACE PROCESSING AREAS THAT NORMAL INDIVIDUALS DO? AND TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION, WE MAPPED THE SELECTIVE AREAS IN THEIR BRAINS BY COMPARING ACTIVATION TO FACES WITH ACTIVATION TO ANOTHER CATEGORY OF OBJECTS, NAMELY HOUSES AND WE HAD OUR SUBJECT PERFORM A 1-BACK WORKING MEMORY TASK. SO ON EVERY TRIAL, THE SUBJECTS HAD TO SAY WHETHER THE IMAGE THEY SAW, BE IT A FACE OR A HOUSE WAS THE SAME AS THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ON THE TRIAL PRECEDING IT. AND HERE ARE THE DATA FOR OUR NORMAL CONTROL SUBJECTS. WE PLOTTED THE ACTIVATION FOR SPACES GREATER THAN HOUSES, ON THESE PARASAGEITAL SECTIONS. FIRST, AS YOU CAN SEE THE THERE'S A NETWORK OF SAFE, SELECTIVE REGIONS, POSTERIORLY, THE OCCIPITAL FACE AREA, MOVING FORWARD, THE FUSIBLE FACE AREA, THE SELECTIVE AREA WITH THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS, THE PREFRONTAL AREA ON THE INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS AND AN AREA IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE. --OH I'M SORRY, NOT HERE, HERE. ON A MORE MEDIAL PARASAGEITAL SECTION, THE ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE AREA AND AGAIN, YOU KNOW THE FRONTAL GYRUS SELECTIVITY. AND NOW WE SEE ACTIVATION IN THE SELECTIVE AREAS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL PROSOP A GINOSIA, ONCE AGAIN THAT SELECTIVE AREA, THE FUSAL AREA ISSUES THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL FACE AREA, AND THE INFERIOR FUNNEL GYRUS FACE AREA AT A MORE MEDIAL LOCATION, AGAIN, THE FRONTAL GYRUS AREA, BUT NOW, WE FIND NO EVIDENCE OF FOR ANN TAR TERIOR FACE SELECTIVE AREA. WHAT YOU WILL NOTE IS THAT ALL OF THESE AREAS, OLA, IF FA, AND THE AREA OF OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SHOW GREATER ACTIVATION OF FACES THAN OUR NORMAL SHOWED BUT THE 1 THING THEY DON'T SHOW, IS THIS ANTERIOR FACE SELECTIVE AREA. SO TO SUMMARIZE FINDINGS, IN GENERAL, WE FIND THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH PROSOP A GINOSIA, SHOW GREATER ACTIVATION IN BOTH THE OCCIPITAL AND POSTERIOR TEMPORAL SELECTIVE REGIONS AS WELL AS PREFRONTAL CORTEX. AND WE BELIEVE THAT IT'S BECAUSE WHEN THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE DOING THE FACE WORKING TASK, THEY MUST EXERT GREATER EFFORT THAN NORMALS TO PERFORM THE TASK. AND THAT'S WHY WE SEE ENHANCED ACTIVATION IN THESE INDIVIDUALS. THE ABSENCE OF ANN TERIOR TEMPORAL ACTIVATION IS CONSISTENT WITH THE REPORT THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL PROSAPGONIA, HAVE PRODUCED FIBERS IN THESE FELLIC LAS, WHICH CONNECTS THE POSTERIOR FACE SELECTIVE AREA WITH THE ANTERIOR FACE SELECTIVE AREA. SO IN ESSENCE WE THINK THAT THESE INDIVIDUALS HAVE A PATE DISCONNECTION SYNDROME RESULTING IN IMPAIRED FACE RECOGNITION. NEXT QUESTION WE ASKED WAS, WHAT ABOUT THE CONNECTIVITY OF THESE REGIONS IN THIS NETWORK. OR AT LEAST THESE SELECTIVE REGIONS FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED AND WE MEASURE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY LIKE LOOKING AT CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY WITHIN THESE SELECTIVE REGIONS. HERE WHAT WE DO IS WE MEASURE IN 10 MENUTE SCANS SPONTANEOUS INTRINSIC ACTIVITY WITHIN THE FACE PROCESSING NETWORK. IN FACT, ACROSS THE BRAIN AND THEN WE CHOOSE AS SEEDS IN OUR CORRELATION ANALYSIS, OUR FACE SELECTIVE REGIONS. AND THEN WHY IDENTIFY ACROSS THE BRAIN REGIONS THAT SHOW RESTING STATES SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY THAT CORRELATES WITH OUR REGIONS AND THE RESULTS ARE SHOWN HERE. THIS IS A CORRELATIONAL MATRIX WITH ALL OF OUR SEEDS SHOWN ACROSS THE TOP AND DOWN THE SIDES AND WITHIN THIS MATRIX, WE'RE LOOKING AT CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY WITH EACH OF OUR SEEDS. SO OF COURSE, DOWN THE DIAGONAL, THIS IS CORRELATION OF EACH AREA WITH ITSELF, SO THAT'S NECESSARILY A PERFECT CORRELATION. THESE ARE THE DATA IN CONTROLS, IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PROSOP A GINOSIA. THIS RED BAR OUTLINES OUR CORE REGIONS AND THE AREAS BEYOND THE RED BOUNDARY. INDICATE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CORE REGIONS AND THE EXTENDED BASE REGIONS. AND 1 THING I THINK YOU CAN SEE IMMEDIATELY IS THAT THERE'S MORE BLUE HERE AND HERE IN THE CONGENITAL PROSOP A GINOSIA, THAN THE NORMAL CONTROLS INDICATING THAT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CORE AND THE EXTENDED REGIONS ARE MORE CORRELATED THAN THE CONTROLS AND LESS CORRELATED IN THE PROSOP A GINOSIA. SO WE SEE REDUCED FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE CORE REGIONS AND THE EXTENDED REGIONS IN THESE SUBJECTS. SO WHAT WAS SHOWN THEN IN THIS STUDY IS THAT 1 CAN MOVE--1 CONGENITAL PROSOP A GNOSICSS HAVE THE SAME DISTRIBUTED NETWORK AS FACE SELECTIVE AREAS WITH NORMALS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE ANTERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX. THE ABSENCE OF ANTERIOR TEMPORAL ACTIVATION, WE THINK IS CONSISTENT WITH THE REDUCED FIBERS IN THIS SPA SPAN, OCCIPITAL TO TEMPORAL REGIONS IN THESE INDIVIDUALS. IN ESSENCE WE GET NO ACTIVATION BECAUSE IN THESE PEOPLE THERE'S A DISCONNECTION SYNDROME. AND FINALLY, WE FIND THAT IN THESE INDIVIDUALS WE FIND REDUCED FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN OUR CORE FACE PROCESSING REGIONS LOCATED POSTERIOR IN THE BRAIN WITH OUR ANTER YORE FACE PROCESSING REGION, AGAIN LIKE REFLECTING THE REDUCED FIBER BUNDLES CONNECTING THESE POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR REGIONS. WELL, THEY SELECTED REGIONS ARE NOT ONLY PRESENT IN HUMANS BUT THEY'RE ALSO PRESINENT MONKEYS. AND HERE WE SEE ACTIVATION IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE TO FACES GREATER AGAIN THAN NONFACE OBJECTS. MANY LABS HAVE DESCRIBES THESE FACE SELECTIVE REGIONS. THERE'S A REAMINGION, THIS IS PARTLY UNFOLDED VIEW OF THE MONKEY BRAIN SHOWING THESE 3 REGIONS BEARING WITHIN THE TEMPORAL FULCUS SOAPUS. AND THERE'S A MIDREGION AND THERE'S ANOTHER LOCATED IN IF THE ANTERIOR PART. IN FACT, THERE ARE LIKELY TOO PATCHES OF SELECTIVITY IN THIS MIDDLE REGION IN ARCHITECTONIC AREAS, T. E. O. AND PERHAPS 3 PATCHES IN THE SMALLER ANTERIOR REGION AND ARCHITECT TONIC AREA P. E., BUT FOR THE PURPOSES OF THE TALK TODAY I'LL JUST BE DESCRIBING THESE AS THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES. BUT BASE SELECTIVITY EXTENDS BEYOND THE TEMPORAL LOBE AS IT DOES IN HUMAN. THERE'S A CROHNAL PARASAGEITAL SECTION. HERE YOU CAN SEE THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES, THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH, POSTERIOR FACE PATCHES BUT ADDITIONAL ACTIVATION IN THE AMYGDALA BILATERALLY AS WELL AS WITHIN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. WE ASKED 3 QUESTIONS IN THESE STUDIES: FIRST DO THESE AREAS, AS THEY DO IN HUMANS, FORM A DISTRIBUTED FUNCTIONAL NETWORK? AND TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION, AGAIN, WE WILL USE RESTING STATE, CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY. SECOND, DO ACTIVATIONS WITH INTENTIAL TEMPORAL CORTEX TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS? ARE THESE ACTIVATIONS EFFECTED BY AMYGDALA LESION AND FINALLY, IF THE ACTIVITY WITHIN VENTRAL TEMPORAL CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA TO FACIAL EXPRESSIONS MODULATED BY OXYITOSEIN? SO FIRST WE IDENTIFIED THESE FACE SELECTIVE REAMINGIONS REAMINGION--REGIONS AND NOW WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT CORRELATED ACTIVITY AMONG THEM TO SEE IF THEY FORM A FUNCTIONAL NETWORK. AND HERE AGAIN, WE'RE GOING TO USE CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY AS WE DID IN HUMANS. WHAT WE DO HERE IS WE MEASURE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY IN THE RESTING STATE AND BOTH WITH MONKEYS WHO ARE FIXATING THE SCREEN AS WELL AS IN THE DARK THEN WE IDENTIFY AS THESE ARE FACE SELECTIVE REGIONS BY LOOKING AT FACES VERSES NONFACE STIMULI AND THEN WE IDENTIFY REGIONS OF THE BRAIN THAT SHOW CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY WITH OUR SEEDS. AND THE SLIDE SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS. HERE WE HAVE SECTIONS GOING FROM THE FRONT OF THE BRAIN TO AMYGDALA AND ANTERIOR FACE PATCH AND MORE POSTERIORLY THROUGH THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH. IN THIS ROW, WE HAVE OUR SEED IN THE LEFT MIDDLE FACE PATCH AND WHAT WE FIND IS CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY WITH THE CONTRA LATERAL HEMISPHERE MOVING ANTERIORLY IN COLOR IN THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH IN THE AMYGDALA ON THE LEFT SIDE AND MOVING IN THE BRAIN IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. WHEN WE PLACE OUR SEED IN THE LEFT ANTERIOR FACE PATCH, AGAIN WE SEE CONTRA LATERAL ACTIVATION, BILATERAL ACTIVATION IN THE AMYGDALA, POSTERIORLY, ACTIVATION IN OUR POSTERIOR MIDDLE--EXCUSE ME MIDDLE FACE PATCHES AND ANTERIORLY IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX. AND FINALLY WITH THE SEED, WITH THE PREFRONTAL FACE SELECTIVE REGION, WE SEE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATED ACTIVITY WITHIN THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES, THE AMYGDALA AND THE POSTERIOR FACE PATCHES. SO WHAT WE FIND IS THAT ALL REGIONS THAT SHOW FACE SELECTIVITY ARE FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED. AND TO SHOW THIS FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, WE USED CORRELATED RESTING STATE ACTIVITY. >> WE NEXT ASKED DOES THIS FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY REFLECT AN UNDERLYING ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY. WHERE WE PREDICTED THAT IF IT DID, THEN IF 1 WOULD ENACTIVATE NODES IN THIS NETWORK AND HERE WE'RE GOING TO ENACTIVATE THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES WOULD ACTIVITY EVOKED BY FACES IN THESE OTHER NODES BE EFFECTED? AND WE NOTED IT WOULD BE. WE PRODUCED OUR ACTIVATION BY INJECTING MUSCIMOL IN THE AREA AND SILENCES THE AREA AND THEN WE PRESENT FACES AND OBJECTS AND LOOK AT ACTIVATION IN AREAS OUTSIDE THE AREA WE'VE ENACTIVATED. AND HERE I'M SHOWING DATA FOR INACTIVATION OF THE BLUE PATCH MUSCIMOL, THE BLUE LINE SHOW BASELINE ACTIVITY, THAT IS BEFORE THE INJECTION OF THE MUSCIMOL, SO THIS IS ACTIVATION IN THE MIDDLE FACE, THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH, THE AMYGDALA AND WITHIN A REGION THAT'S NOT FACE BUT OBJECT SELECTIVE AND AGAIN THIS IS ACTIVATION TO FACES AND THIS IS ACTIVATION TO NONFACE OBJECTS. AND WHAT DEFINE SYSTEM THAT INACTIVATION OF THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH SILENCES THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH, EVEN IN THE PRESENCE OF FACES. THIS IT SILENCES ACTIVATION TO FACES IN THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH AND SILENCES ACTIVITY TO FACES IN THE AMYGDALA. BUT THERE'S NO EFFECT ON ACTIVITY IN AN OBJECT SELECTIVE REGION. NOW WE SEE ACTIVATION TO OBJECTS. AGAIN, WE SILENCED ACTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH AND ALSO ACTIVITY IN THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH AND THE AMYGDALA AGAIN WITHOUT EFFECT ON THIS OBJECT SELECTIVE REGION. SO WHAT WE FIND IS THAT MUSCIMOL ACTIVATION OF THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH RESULTS IN SILENCING OF ACTIVITY NORMALLY EVOKED BY BOTH FACES AND OBJECTS IN REGIONS ANTERIOR TO IT, NAMELY THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH AND THE AMYGDALA. LEAVING UNAFFECTED A REGION THAT RESPONDS SELECTIVELY TO OBJECTS. AND HERE'S THE EXPERIMENT IN WHICH WE'RE ENACTIVATING THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH. AGAIN, BLUE IS PREIPT GREATER GEEKS DATA AND THE RED IS POST INJECTION. SO WHAT WE FIND WHEN WHEN WE SILENCE THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH, WE ELIMINATE THE RESPONSE TO FACES IN THE AMYGDALA. BOTH THE RESPONSE TO FACES AS WELL AS THE RESPONSE TO OBJECTS, WHEN WE LOOK AT THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH, WE SEE A REDUCTION OF ACTIVITY, BUT NOT SILENCING, SO INACTIVATION OF THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH MODULATES ACTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH BUT DOES NOT ELIMINATE IT. AND ONCE AGAIN THERE'S NO EFFECT ON A REGION THAT'S SELECTED FOR OBJECT PROCESSING. SO WHAT WE HAVE SHOWN IS THAT THIS FUNCTIONAL NETWORK OF TEMPORAL LOBE AREAS INCLUDING THE AMYGDALA, ACTUALLY HAS A BASIS IN ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY AND FURTHER, BOTH THE AMYGDALA AND THE ANTERIOR FACE PATCH DEPENDS ON THEIR INPUTS, DEPEND ON THEIR ACTIVATION FROM INPUTS FROM THE MIDDLE FACE PATCH. AND WE ALSO FIND THAT BECAUSE OF THE MODULATION OF ACTIVITY, THAT THE FEET FORWARD INPUTS ARE A DRIVING SOURCE OF EXCITATION WHEREAS THE FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS ONLY MODULATE THAT EXCITATION. SO THE PATHWAY IS HIERARCHICALLY EFFECTED. I WANT TO TURN TO THE NEXT QUESTION. IS THE ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA AND THE VENTRAL TEMPORAL AREAS, IS THAT MODULATED BY LESIONS OF THE AMYGDALA. SO HERE WE SEE DAT AFRONS ACTIVATION BY FACES IN HUMANS. THERE'S A CORONAL SECTION AND A HORIZONTAL SECTION IN WHICH WE'RE LOOKING AT GREATER ACTIVATION TO FEARFUL FACES TO NEUTRAL FACES. AND AS YOU CAN SEE BOTH THE AMYGDALA AND VENTRAL CORTEX ARE MODULATED BY FACIAL EXPRESSION. THEY SHOW AN ENHANCED ACTIVATION TO FEARFUL RELATIVE TO NEUTRAL FACES. AND WE WILL REFER TO THIS AS A VALANCE EFFECT. WHEN WE RECORD SINGLE UNITS IN THE MONKEY FROM SINGLE CELLS, WE ALSO SEE A VALANCE OF THAT. HERE FOR EXAMPLE, IS GREATER ACTIVATION TO THREAT AND ENHANCED ACTIVATION BUT NOT AS GREAT TO FEAR GRIN, THAT'S ANOTHER FACIAL EXPRESSION--I'M SORRY THAT'S LIP SMACK AND HERE'S THE ACTIVATION TO NEUTRAL FACES. AND IN ABOUT 30% OF THE NEURONS WE RECORD FROM, WE SEE THIS VALANCE EFFECT AND ENHANCED ACTIVATION TO FACIAL EXPRESSION. WE ASKED, IF WE USE fMRI IN MONKEYS WILL WE SEE THESE SAME EFFECTS IN THE AMYGDALA AND VENTAL TEMPORAL CORTEX? SO IN OUR FIRST EXPERIMENT IT WAS JUST IN NORMAL MONKEYS, MONKEYS GAVE BLOCKS OF NEUTRAL, THREAT, FEAR GRIN AND LIP SMACK IMAGES AND WE HAVE THESE DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS PORTRAYED IN 8 DIFFERENT MONKEY IDENTITIES AND IN THIS FIRST EXPERIMENT WE'RE LOOKING AT fMRI SIGNALS IN THE MONKEYS. THESE MONKEYS WERE SCANNED ON A MAGNET. SO FIRST LET'S LOOK AT THE CORTEX. HERE WE SEE ACTIVATION TO FACES VERSES SCRAMBLED IMAGES SO TO CONSIDER THE ACTIVATION, THIS ALONG THE ENTIRE EXPANSE OF INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX IN MONKEYS AND WE CALL THESE 3 REGIONS, RESPONSIVE BECAUSE THEY RESPOND TO FACES. NOW WE'RE LOOKING AT ACTIVATION IN FACE SELECTIVE REGIONS IN THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES. AS I DESCRIBED BEFORE. HERE WE SEE EXCITATION IN THE AMYGDALA MODULATED BY VALANCE. WE'RE MEASURING SIGNALS HERE TO THE DIFFERENT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ON THE LEFT AND ON THE RIGHT AND AS YOU CAN SEE, COMPARED TO NEUTRAL FACES, WE SEE A VALANCE EFFECT. ENHANCED ACTIVATION TO DIFFERENT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. WITH FEARFUL EXPRESSIONS TYPICALLY RESULTING IN THE GREATEST ACTIVATION WHICH IS INTERESTING BECAUSE IN HUMANS WE TYPICALLY SEE THE GREATEST ACTIVATION TO FEARFUL FACES AS WELL EVEN THOUGH FACIAL EXPRESSION, THE FEAR GRIN IN THE MONKEY RESEMBLES NOT AT ALL, A FEARFUL FACE IN HUMANS. YOU CAN SEE IN THE AMYGDALA, THE ACTIVATION IS LOCALIZED TO THE DORSAL PART OF THE AMYGDALA, THE LATERAL NUCLEUS AND EXTENDING INTO THE BASAL NUCLEUS. THIS IS THE PART OF THE AMYGDALA THAT GETS INPUT FROM AREA T. E., THE ANTERIOR PART, THE TEMPORAL LOBE IN THE MONKEY AND THAT AREA PROJECTS INTO THE BASAL NUCLEUS WHICH THEN PROJECTS BACK TO VISUAL CORTEX. AND NOW LET'S LOOK AT THE VALANCE IN OUR SELECTIVE REGIONS AND AGAIN, WE SEE ENHANCED ACTIVATION IN THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERE AND THE ANTERIOR UNDER THE SAFE PATCHES TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS VERSUS NEUTRAL EXPRESSIONS. HAVING DEMONSTRATED THIS VALANCE EFFECT IN BOTH THE AMYGDALA AND VENTRAL CORTEX IN THE MONKEYS WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT LESIONS OF THE AMYGDALA WOULD ELIMINATE THE EMOTIONAL MODLATTORY FEEDBACK, BACK TO VEPTERAL TEMPORAL CORTEX AND ELIMINATE THE VALANCE EFFECTS SEEN THERE. WHY SO? WELL, WE KNOW FROM WORK IN HUMANS THAT THERE'S A DISEASE CALLED URBACH-WIETHE DISEASE IN WHICH 50-75% OF INDIVIDUALS HAVE BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE DUE TO TISSUE CAMSIFICATION, THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE COGNITION BUT THEY'RE IMPAIRED IN APPROXIMATE EVALUATING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS. THEY ALSO SHOW IMPAIRED RECALL OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PICTURES AND THEY KACCT SHOW NO FEAR OF PICKING UP OR HANDLING FEARFUL OBJECTS: FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS A PHOTOOF PATIENT SM, WHO'S A WELL CHARACTERIZED SUBJECT IN THE LITERATURE AND THE PICTURE SHOWS HER, PHOTOSHOWS HER HANDLING A SNAKE WITH NO FEAR WHATSOEVER. WE ALSO KNOW THAT THE AMYGDALA IS IN A VERY GOOD ANATOMICAL POSITION TO MODULATE ACTIVITY BACK WITHIN VENTRAL TEMPORAL CORTEX. THIS IS A LITTLE SCHEMATIC SHOWING THE KNOWN CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE VENTRAL CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA, WE HAVE FEET FORWARD CONNECTIONS OF COURSE, ALONG THIS PATHWAY AND THEN INPUT FROM AREA T. E. INTO THE LATERAL NUCLEUS, WHICH THEN PROJECTS THE DORSAL PART OF THE BASAL NUCLEUS, WHICH THEN SENDS FEEDBACK INPUT NOT ONLY TO AREA T. E. BUT ALL AREAS ALONG WITH PATHWAY AS FAR BACK AS V1. SO IT'S WELL POSITIONED VIA ACTIVITY VIA FEEDBACK POSITIONS FOR THE ENTIRE VENTRAL PATHWAY. FIRST WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT IN MONKEYS WITH AMYGDALA LESIONS, ACTIVATION TO NEUTRAL FACES COMPARED TO NONFACE OBJECTS. AND THE YELLOW INDICATES ACTIVATION FACED WITH RESPONSIVITY, ACTIVATION TO FACES COMPARED TO OBJECTS--NO, I'M SORRY, FACES COMPARED TO SCRAMBLE FACES AND AGAIN, THE RED ZONES INDICATE A SELECTIVE REGIONS ACTIVATION TO PAY SYSTEM CARE TO OBJECTS AND WHAT WE FIND IS ABSOLUTELY NO EFFECT ON EITHER FACE RESPONSIVITY AND FACE SELECTIVITY ALONG THE VENTRAL TEMPORAL PATHWAY AFTER AMYGDALA LESIONS. SO THE RESPONSE TO NEUTRAL FACES, IS TOTALLY UNEFFECTED. THIS IS COMPLICATED SO I WILL TRY TO WALK YOU THROUGH IT. IN THIS ANIMAL, SHOWN AT THE TOP; THE ANIMAL HAD A LESION OF THE LEFT AMYGDALA BUT ON THE LEFT, THERE WAS A SPARING IN THE POSTERIOR PART IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE AMYGDALA AND NOW WHAT WE'RE CHARTING HERE ARE VALANCE EFFECTS, GREATER ACTIVATION TO FACIAL EXPRESSIONS COMPARED TO NEUTRAL EXPRESSIONS. AND WHAT WE FIND IS POSTERIORLY, THERE'S NO VALANCE EFFECT. BUT ANTERIORLY CORRESPONDING TO THE REGION OF THE AMYGDALA SPARE WE FIND A ROBUST VALANCE EFFECT. CONVERSELY, IN THIS MONKEY, THERE'S A TOTAL LESION IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE AMYGDALA BUT IN THE POSTERIOR PORTION THERE WAS SPARING OF AMYGDALA TISSUE. AND HERE WE FIND NO VALANCE EFFECTS AND ANTERIORLY, FOR THE ROBUST VALANCE EFFECT POSTERIORLY. SO WE FIND THAT DAMAGE TO THE AMYGDALA DOES INDEED ELIMINATE THE VALNESS EFFECT FOUND IN VENTRAL CORTEX AND AND DHS EFFECT FOLLOWS AN ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR GRADIENT FROM THE OBJECTIONS IN THE AMYGDALA AND SECONDLY IN COMPLETE AMYGDALA COMPLETIONS DO NOT EFFECT THE VENTRAL SOUND IN THE VENTRAL CORTEX. SO WHAT ARE DATA FROM OUR AMYGDALA EXPERIMENT HAS SHOWN IS THAT THE AMYGDALA DOES INDEED PROVIDE EMOTIONAL FEEDBACK MODLATTORY INPUT TO BOTH THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PORTIONS OF TEMPORAL CORTEX. INDICATED BY THESE NEW LINES BUT INCOMPLETE AMYGDALA LESIONS DO NOT ELIMINATE VALANCE EFFECTS. FINALLY, I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT OUR EXPERIMENT WITH HOCKSY OXYITOSEIN AND WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THE EFFECTS OF OXYITOSEIN ON ACTIVATIONS IN THE BRAIN IN RESPONSE TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS AND THERE WAS A SECRETEATORY HORMONE AND ITS THOUGHT TO INCREASE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND A NUMBER OF SITUATIONS FOR EXAMPLE, INVOLVE IT'S INTEREST IN PAIR BONDING AND IN HUMANS INCREASES FEELINGS OF TRUSTWORTHINESS FOR THAT REASON IT'S BEEN PROPOSED THAT IT MIGHT BE THERAPEUTIC IN TREATING AUTISM. SO TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTS OF OXYITOSEIN ON THE BRAIN, WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT ACTIVATION EXPRESSIONS IN MONKEYS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF OXYITOSEIN. LET AND THE DELIVERY HERE IS BY A NAISAL JAM INJECTION. THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER BECAUSE WE CAN DETECT IT IN THE CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID. FIRST LET'S LOOK AT DATA FROM THE AMYGDALA. IN BLUE WE HAVE THE CONTROL, AND WE HAVE A VALENT EFFECT COMPARED TO NEUTRAL AND IN THE PRESENCE OF THE NAISAL SPRAY WE GET A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THIS VALANCE FOR FEAR GREEN, FEARFUL FACES. BOTH WITH THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SELECTIVE REGIONS AND THE ABSENCE OF OXYITOSEIN AND THEN OXYITOSEIN HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT FOR BOTH ANTERIOR HERE IN THE MIDDLE PLACE--AGAIN, JUST FEARFUL, EXPRESSIONS. AND FINALLY WHEN WE LOOK AT THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX BOTH IN THE DORSAL LATERAL AND VENTRAL LATERAL PORTIONS SEE SEE AGAIN A VALENCY EFFECT, BLUE LINE COMPARED TO NEUTRAL, NOT ONLY TO FEARFUL FACES BUT ALSO TO THREATENING FACES BUT AGAIN THERE'S NO EFFECT ON THE LIP EXPRESSION ON THE POSITIVE EXPRESSION AS OPPOSE TO A NEGATIVE EXPRESSION. SO WHAT WE FIND HERE THAT OXYTOCIN MODULATES OF fMRI SIGNALS BY FACIAL EXPRESSION. IT'S SHOWN HERE. IT'S DEMONSTRATED AS FUNCTIONAL NETWORK, RESTING STATE ACTIVITY, WE FIND THAT THIS NETWORK IS IN FACT REFLECTING ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY. WE'VE SHOWN THAT THE AMYGDALA PROVIDES MODLATTORY EMOTIONAL--EMOTIONAL MODLATTORY FEEDBACK TO THE TEMPORAL LOBE REGIONS AND THAT OXYTOCIN IN FACT OPERATES ON ALL NODES OF THIS NETWORK, PARTICULARLY BY REDUCING THIS VALANCE EFFECT NONAPOPTOTIC NEGATIVE SOCIAL EXPRESSIONS. AND THE QUESTION FOR THE FUTURE IS WHETHER OXYTOCIN IS OPERATING VIA OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS LOCATED IN THE AMYGDALA, WHICH ARE CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING. SO IN THE LAST FEW MOMENTS, I THOUGHT I WOULD JUST PRESENT SOME HIGHLIGHTED DATA WE'VE COLLECTED THIS LAST MONTH OR 2 IN HUMAN SUBJECTS IN CLINICAL CENTER. AND THESE ARE INDIVIDUALS WITH MOBIUS SYNDROME. THIS IS AN INHERENT NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER EFFECTING THE SEVENTH AND EIGHTH CRANIAL NERVES AND WHAT THAT RESULTS IN IS FACIAL PARALYSIS. THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE UNABLE TO MAKE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS. THE CURRENT HYPOTHESIS IN THE LITERATURE IS THAT THE AGENT TO RECOGNIZE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS COMES ABOUT AS A RESULT OF FEEDBACK PRO PRIMATES O CEPTIVE FEEDBACK FROM THE FACIAL MUSCULATURE AND THAT'S HOW WE LEARN TO EXPERIENCE EMOTIONAL DEPRESSION AND OTHERS. AND SO WE ARE ASKING IN OUR STUDY TO INDIVIDUALS WITH MOBIUS SYNDROME, ARE THEY IMPAIRED IN DETECTING AND LABELING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS? AND WE UNDERTOOK THIS STUDY BECAUSE OF THE EXISTING LITTURE RATTURE WAS VERY CONFUSED ON THIS SUBJECT. SO OUR TASK, WE HAVE SO FAR 1 DATA FROM 1 INTRIGUING SUBJECT AND HEALTHY CONTROLS AND WE HAVE BOTH A LABELING TASK IN WHICH SUBJECTS HAVE SHOWN FACES WITH 7 DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS AND WE SIMPLY HAVE TO PRESS A BUTTON TO INDICATE WHICH EXPRESSION THEY SEE. AND ALSO, WE HAVE VERY SENSITIVE THRESHOLDS TO THE TASK IN WHICH WE MORPHED FROM A NEUTRAL TO A FEARFUL FACE AND A NEUTRAL TO A HAPPY FACE AND WE ASKED SUBJECTS, DO THEY SEE FEARFUL OR HAPPY? AND THEN WE DO A STAIR CASING TYPE OF PHYSICAL STUDY IN WHICH WE MAKE THE EXPRESSION EITHER MORE OR LESS DIFFICULT FOR THEM AND SO WE HONE IN ON A 79% THRESHOLD. WE ALSO HAVE A CONTROL TASK IN WHICH THE SAME STIMULI IS USED BUT NOW WE SIMPLY ASK THE SUBJECT IS THE MOUTH OPEN OR NOT? AND HERE'S THE DATA. THE SUBJECT SHOWS NO IMPAIRMENT OF SIMILAR TO NORMAL CONTROLS ON THE LABELING TASK, ON THE CONTROL TASK, IS THE MOUTH OPEN OR NOT. THEY SHOW--THE SUBJECT SHOWS NO IMPAIRMENT. AND NOW FOR BOTH FEARFUL AND HAPPY, FACES AND NOW WHAT WE FIND IS NO DIFFERENT FROM CONTROLS ON THE HAPPY TASK, BUT SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT IN JUDGING AND DETECTING FEARFUL FACES SO WE SEE A SLIGHT INDICATION HERE OF SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT ON DETECTING FEARFUL FACES IN PARTICULAR IN THE SUBJECT AND OF COURSE, THIS IS ONLY THE DEBEGINNING AND I HOPE TO TELL YOU ABOUT ADDITIONAL RESULTS IN THE FUTURE. SO LET ME END BY JUST THANKING ALL THE PEOPLE WHO ATTRIBUTED TO THE WORK AND THEY DO ALL THE HEAVY LIFTING AND IN PARTICULAR MY POST DOC FADILA, AND NING LIU, VERY TALENTED PEOPLE WHO ARE RETURNING TO THEIR HOME COUNTRY WITH VERY NICE JOBS. CURRENTLY THEY DID THE MONKEY WORK DOING WORK WITH MOBIUS PATIENTS IS SHRUTI JAPEE, A SCIENTIST IN MY LAB AND SAVANNAH LOKEY, IN MY LAB, AND BETSY MURRAY, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE WORK. AND ROGER TOOTELL, WHO REALLY GOT ME START INDEED MONKEY WHEN IS HE TOOK A SEBATICLE IN MY LAB AND THEN BOTH GALIA, AND MAR LEAN FROM ISRAEL AND CARNEGIE MELLON, WHO WORKED WITH THE PATIENTS. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME. [ APPLAUSE ] >> WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK LESLIE FOR A VERY INCREEINGING TALK. ARE THERE PEOPLE WITH QUESTIONS? >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> SO, IN STUDIES WITH HUMANS IN WHICH THEY'VE LOOKED AT BRAIN ACTIVATIONS, THE RESULTS OF THEIR EXISTENCE WITH THIS DAT AT AND I THINK IT DOES--IT POINTS TO THE FACT THAT THERE'S REDUCED ACTIVATION TO NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS AS OPPOSE TO POSITIVE. SO THE EFFECTS MAY BE--THE MECHANISM MAY BE QUITE DIFFERENT FROM WHAT >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM WE HAD SUPPOSED. >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> WELL, WE KNOW, WE KNOW IN THE AMYGDALA AND THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN THAT THAT WORK IS REALLY [INDISCERNIBLE] THERE'S NO DATA IN NONHUMAN OR HUMAN PRIMATES. WE STARTED--ACTUALLY WE STARTED COLLABORATING WITH A GROUP IN MIAMI IN WHICH THEY'RE DEVELOPING A MOLECULE THAT'S SPECIFIC FOR OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR AS OPPOSE TO OXYTOCIN WHICH ACTUALLY ACTIVATES BOTH OXYTOCIN AND [INDISCERNIBLE] RECEPTOR. >> THE NUMBER OF--[INAUDIBLE RESPONSE FROM AUDIENCE ]--DIFFERENT >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM BRAIN AREAS? >> ABSOLUTELY. >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> BUT THAT'S A LONG DEVELOPING--YEAH, SO PARKINSON'S SLOWLY DEVELOPING THEN I'M SURE BY THE TIME PEOPLE SINCE THEY ALREADY HAVE NO IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNIZING--I DON'T THINK. >> SOMETHING FOR-- >> WORN >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM THROUGH. >> OKAY. >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> WELL, WE ALSO TRIED MORE RECENTLY IV INJECTION, BUT THAT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL, BUT PERHAPS WE DO [INDISCERNIBLE]--IT'S LEAST INVASIVE. >> YEAH, YOU SHOWED EFFECT WHEN YOU LESIONOT MONKEY BRAIN, SO I'M CURIOUS DO YOU SEE EFFECT ON THE CONTROL AT THE SITE? >> I'M SORRY I DIDN'T-- >> WOULD YOU REPEAT THAT. >> Y SHOWED EFFECT ON THE LCR SIDE WHEN YOU PUT A LESIONOT FACE PATCH AND YOU--[INDISCERNIBLE], DO YOU SEE ALSO AN EFFECT ON THE CONTROL OF THE OTHER SITE OF THE WOUND? >> YEAH, THAT'S A VERY GOOD QUESTION. WE SEE VIRTUALLY NO EFFECT IN THE OTHER [INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH I WAS SURPRISED AT THAT. I WOULD NOT HAVE ENTERED [INDISCERNIBLE]. >> THE BRAIN RESPONSE TO FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IS SOMETHING THAT'S TRAINED OVER THE LIFETIME. SO EITHER THE MONKEY OR THE PERSON, HAVE YOU LOOKED AT BABY MONKEYS BEFORE THEY PERHAPS HAVE TRAINED THEIR BRAIN? >> I HAVE NOT. ALL ALL OF OUR MONKEYS ARE YOUNG ADULT MONKEYS. >> NOT SO MUCH A QUESTION BUT IN RESPONSE TO THE LAST QUESTION, THERE IS SOME RESEARCH GOING ON AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL THAT IS DOING--THAT IS LOOKING AT THE DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORY OF THE FACE PATCHES IN THE MONKEY AND SHOWING THAT THEY TAKE A LITTLE BIT OF TIME TO COME ON BUT THEY'RE PRETTY MUCH ONLINE AROUND 4-6 MONTHS ALTHOUGH THAT RESEARCH IS VERY ONGOING. >> THANK YOU. >> NO FURTHER QUESTIONS, THANK YOU LESLIE AGAIN AND WE HAVE A RECEPTION. [ APPLAUSE ] YOU CAN TALK TO LESLIE INFORMALLY. THANK YOU ALL