1 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,080 >>WELCOME TO NIH RESEARCH FESTIVAL. 2 00:00:11,080 --> 00:00:12,920 THE FIRST SUCH FESTIVAL 3 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:13,800 HELD SINCE 2018. 4 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:15,400 I'M LENA SHORE THE DEPUTY 5 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:17,560 DIRECTOR FOR IN TRA MURAL 6 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:22,960 RESEARCH AND IT TRULY 7 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:23,680 AN HONOR AND PRIVILEGE TO 8 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:24,880 OPEN THIS YEAR'S FESTIVAL. 9 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:27,000 I WANT TO FIRST THANK ALL 10 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,720 OF YOU WHO HAVE COME 11 00:00:29,720 --> 00:00:30,400 IN-PERSON. 12 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:32,840 YOU INTREPID SOULS, TO 13 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:34,880 JOIN US FOR THIS FESTIVAL. 14 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:36,880 AND THANK ALL OF THOSE WHO 15 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:39,240 ARE JOINING US ON VIDEO 16 00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:39,600 CAST. 17 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:43,320 MUCH OF THIS FESTIVAL WILL 18 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:44,720 BE AVAILABLE ON VIDEO CAST 19 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:47,680 AS WELL BECAUSE WE WANT TO 20 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:49,800 REACH NIHERS FAR AND WIDE. 21 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:51,360 SO BEFORE I TELL YOU A 22 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,160 LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT 23 00:00:53,160 --> 00:00:54,400 EXCITEMENT IS IN STORE 24 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:56,880 OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL 25 00:00:56,880 --> 00:00:58,200 DAYS, I WANT TO THANK 26 00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:00,680 CHRIS WONJACK, DIANA GOMEZ 27 00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,000 AND SUSAN JULIE ANNIE FOR 28 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:05,120 ALL OF THEIR INCREDIBLE 29 00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:06,840 WORK IN PUTTING THIS 30 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:07,520 FESTIVAL TOGETHER. 31 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:10,360 AND YOU WILL SEE, AS IT 32 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:12,080 UNFOLDS OVER THE NEXT 33 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:13,040 SEVERAL DAYS, REALLY ALL 34 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:15,080 OF THE HARD WORK THAT THEY 35 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:17,480 PUT INTO MAKING THIS 36 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:19,520 HAPPEN. 37 00:01:19,520 --> 00:01:20,520 THE FIRST FESTIVAL, 38 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:22,480 ALTHOUGH IT WAS CALLED 39 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:24,480 RESEARCH DAY, REALLY 40 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:27,120 OCCURRED IN 1986. 41 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:32,000 AND THEN 1987 WAS REPLACED 42 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:39,280 BY A VERY IMPORTANT EVENT, 43 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:42,040 THE CENTENNIAL OF NIH. 44 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:44,800 FROM 1988 UNTIL 2019, THE 45 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:45,480 RESEARCH FESTIVAL OCCURRED 46 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,760 EVERY SINGLE YEAR ON THE 47 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:49,240 NIH CAMPUS. 48 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:50,880 SO WE ARE REALLY PART OF 49 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:54,720 AN INCREDIBLE HISTORY, 50 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:56,280 INCLUDING THE REEMERGENCE 51 00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:59,440 OF THAT FESTIVAL AFTER 52 00:01:59,440 --> 00:02:02,080 THREE YEARS DUE TO A 53 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,920 CERTAIN VIRUS THAT SHALL 54 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:11,440 BE UNNAMED. 55 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:12,960 SO I WANT TO LET YOU KNOW, 56 00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:17,720 THIS FESTIVAL, AS IT'S 57 00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:19,000 CONFIGURED REPRESENTS 58 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:19,960 EVERY CORNER OF ALL OF THE 59 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:20,680 NIH CAMPUSES. 60 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:23,960 YOU WILL SEE THE WORK OF 61 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:25,120 SCIENTISTS AT EVERY LEVEL 62 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:28,640 OF EXPERTISE FROM EVERY 63 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:31,200 AREA OF BIOMEDICAL 64 00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:31,440 SCIENCE. 65 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:32,920 YOU WILL HAVE THE 66 00:02:32,920 --> 00:02:33,680 OPPORTUNITY, AND I 67 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:34,760 CERTAINLY HOPE YOU TAKE 68 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:37,240 ADVANTAGE OF IT, TO 69 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:41,360 NETWORK WITH YOUR 70 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:41,640 COLLEAGUES. 71 00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:43,240 TO ASK QUESTIONS, TO MAKE 72 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,080 SUGGESTIONS AND GENERALLY 73 00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:47,440 JUST TO SCHMOOZE WITH 74 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:50,280 OTHER PEOPLE INTERESTED IN 75 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:51,520 BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND ITS 76 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:52,880 APPLICATION TO THE HEALING 77 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:54,880 AND WELL-BEING OF THE 78 00:02:54,880 --> 00:03:01,520 PEOPLE EVERYWHERE. 79 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:02,560 I THINK THAT'S WHAT MAKES 80 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:04,120 THIS THE MOST EXCITING. 81 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:06,960 THE FACT IT ALLOWS 82 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:09,000 INTERACTION AMONG PEOPLE 83 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:10,000 THAT MIGHT NOT SEE EACH 84 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:11,080 OTHER EVERYDAY. 85 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:13,760 THE FACT IT ALLOWS JUNIOR 86 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:14,720 AND SENIOR MEMBERS OF OUR 87 00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:17,640 COMMUNITY AND EVERYTHING 88 00:03:17,640 --> 00:03:18,960 IN BETWEEN TO THINK 89 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:20,240 TOGETHER, TO TALK 90 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:26,600 TOGETHER, TO HAVE FOOD 91 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:28,080 TOGETHER, REALLY TO 92 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:29,320 SOCIALIZE AROUND SCIENCE 93 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:30,280 AND ITS CAP PRECIPITATION 94 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,200 TO THE HUMAN CONDITION. 95 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:38,160 IT ALSO ALLOWS VENDORS THE 96 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:40,160 PRODUCTS AND INFORMATION 97 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:45,320 AND ADVOCACY OPPORTUNITIES 98 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:47,400 TO BE ON OUR CAMPUS AND 99 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:48,960 INTERACT WITH US. 100 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:52,040 AND I THINK AS A PUBLIC 101 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:53,480 SERVICE ORGANIZATION NIH 102 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:56,840 IS NOT ONLY OBLIGATED BUT 103 00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:02,280 HONORED TO WELCOME THEM TO 104 00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:03,400 OUR CAMPUS AND TO INTERACT 105 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:04,680 WITH THEM TO HAVE A 106 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:08,800 DIALOGUE WITH THESE 107 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:12,480 INDIVIDUALS SO I DON'T 108 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:13,920 WANT TO DELAY OUR FIRST 109 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:16,360 EVENT ANYMORE. 110 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:21,000 I WOULD LIKE THE TURN THE 111 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,200 STAGE OVER TO 112 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:28,920 PARINAZ FATHI AND 113 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:29,640 Dr. TOKUNBOR LAWAL. 114 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:30,920 I LOOK FORWARD TO TALKING 115 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:32,080 WITH YOU AS THE NEXT 116 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:33,880 SEVERAL DAYS EVOLVE. 117 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:44,080 [APPLAUSE] 118 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:48,200 >> Parinaz Fathi: THANK 119 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,800 YOU 120 00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:52,360 >> Tokunbor Lawal: I'M 121 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:53,760 NOT INDEPENDENT RESEARCH 122 00:04:53,760 --> 00:04:54,800 SCHOLAR AT THE NATIONAL 123 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:56,000 INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH 124 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,720 SCHOLAR AND MY CH 125 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:01,440 CO-CHAIR. 126 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:02,080 >> Parinaz Fathi: I'M AN 127 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:04,120 INDEPENDENT RESEARCH 128 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:05,040 SCHOLAR AT NIBIB. 129 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:05,640 >> Tokunbor Lawal: JUST 130 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:06,160 BECAUSE A SIGNIFICANT WAY 131 00:05:06,160 --> 00:05:08,560 INTO THE PRESENTATIONS, 132 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,240 IRS HAS A NICE RING TO IT. 133 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:16,320 BUT WE'RE SIMPLY 134 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:17,040 NON-TENURE PRINCIPAL 135 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:17,640 INVESTIGATORS. 136 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:19,080 WE'VE BEEN SELECTED 137 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:20,920 BECAUSE WE ARE READY TO 138 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:22,280 PERFORM AND CONDUCT 139 00:05:22,280 --> 00:05:23,600 INDEPENDENT RESEARCH AND 140 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:26,240 WE'RE ALSO COMMITTED TO A 141 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:27,840 DIVERSE BIOMEDICAL 142 00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:28,320 WORKFORCE. 143 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:31,120 HAVING SAID ALL OF THAT, 144 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:33,200 YOU WILL SEE FROM YOUR 145 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:34,000 AGENDA THAT OUR SESSION IS 146 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,880 GOING TO OVERLAP SLIGHTLY 147 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:38,560 WITH THE FIRST POST 148 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:39,440 SESSION BUT THAT'S OKAY. 149 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:40,800 WE ARE GOING TO TRY TO 150 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:42,280 MOVE THIS AS QUICKLY AS WE 151 00:05:42,280 --> 00:05:44,200 CAN AND GET YOU THROUGH 152 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:45,120 THOSE POSTER SESSIONS OF 153 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:46,640 THE LET ME INTRODUCE OUR 154 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:49,480 FIRST PRESENTER. 155 00:05:49,480 --> 00:05:52,960 Dr. ANDREW KESNER. 156 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:56,600 HE IS PART OF THE 2021 IRS 157 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:57,080 COHORTS. 158 00:05:57,080 --> 00:05:59,640 HE HAS A LAN WITH NIAAA. 159 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:03,040 HIS LAB IS THE UNION ET ON 160 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:05,040 MOTIVATION AND AROUSAL. 161 00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:08,400 HE ALSO GRADUATED FROM 162 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:09,040 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 163 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:10,360 AND HE WENT THROUGH THE 164 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:12,080 GPP PROGRAM, THE GRADUATE 165 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:12,680 PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAM HERE 166 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:17,880 AT NIH AND HE DID HIS 167 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:18,520 THESIS WORK THROUGH NIAID. 168 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:19,840 WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU, 169 00:06:19,840 --> 00:06:22,720 Dr. KESNER, YOU HAVE THE 170 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:23,000 FLOOR. 171 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:27,360 [APPLAUSE] 172 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:27,560 OF. 173 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:32,560 >>OKAY, HELLO EVERYONE, 174 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:33,600 YEAH, THANK YOU. 175 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,080 IT'S ON AUTO PILOT. 176 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:36,400 THERE IT IS. 177 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:37,520 ALL RIGHT, GREAT. 178 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:38,040 HELLO, EVERYONE. 179 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:40,200 I WANT TO ECHO Dr. 180 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:41,680 SHORE'S THANKS TO YOU ALL 181 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:42,520 FOR BEING HERE. 182 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:44,760 I FEEL LIKE THE PHOENIX 183 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:46,600 RISING OUT OF THE ASHES OF 184 00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:47,640 THE PRIOR NIH RESEARCH 185 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:48,320 FESTIVALS. 186 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:50,160 SO THANK YOU ALL FOR 187 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:50,760 JOINING ME. 188 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:52,400 YES, SO I'M EXCITED TO 189 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:53,960 INTRODUCE YOU TO THE WORK 190 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:55,160 WE'RE DOING IN MY UNIT. 191 00:06:55,160 --> 00:06:57,160 THE UNIT ON MOTIVATION AND 192 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:58,920 AROUSAL AND I'M GOING TO 193 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:00,840 JUMP RIGHT INTO IT. 194 00:07:00,840 --> 00:07:02,200 SO THE MAIN LONG-TERM 195 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:03,480 MISSION OF MY UNIT IS TO 196 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:05,760 UNDERSTAND HOW BRAIN 197 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:09,560 SYSTEMS CONTROL MOTIVATED 198 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:10,760 BEHAVIORS AND SLEEP OR 199 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:12,160 AROUSAL PROCESSES 200 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:13,680 INTERACTED DRIVE MALL 201 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:14,920 ADAPTED BEHAVIOR AND TO 202 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:17,040 JUST ORIENT THIS KIND OF 203 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:17,520 FROM A BIRD'S EYE VIEW 204 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,080 THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE 205 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:22,120 MOST IF NOT ALL 206 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:22,600 PSYCHIATRIC OR MENTAL 207 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:24,440 HEALTH DISORDERS HAVE 208 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:25,120 SLEEP-WAKE CO-MORBIDITY SO 209 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:26,320 IF YOU GO INTO PUBMed 210 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:27,920 AND YOU SEARCH FOR ONE OF 211 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:29,680 THESE TYPE OF DISORDERS, 212 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:32,000 AND SLEEP, YOU WILL FIND 213 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:33,280 SOME HITS THAT ARE LOOKING 214 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:34,760 AT THAT RELATIONSHIP OR 215 00:07:34,760 --> 00:07:35,760 NOTICING THAT 216 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:36,120 RELATIONSHIP. 217 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:37,280 AND ONE THING THAT I THINK 218 00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:38,200 IS PARTICULARLY 219 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:39,800 INTERESTING AND SOMETHING 220 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:41,320 THAT WE'RE KIND OF SETTING 221 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:41,800 THE GROUPED WORK TO BE 222 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:43,200 ABLE TO DO IS TRY TO 223 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:45,160 ANSWER THIS CHICKEN AND 224 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:46,440 EGG PHENOMENON WHERE WE'RE 225 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:47,960 NOT SURE WHETHER A SLEEP 226 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:49,840 DISORDER, HAVING A SLEEP 227 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:51,960 DISORDER MIGHT PRE DISPOSE 228 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:53,400 YOU FOR A MENTAL HEALTH 229 00:07:53,400 --> 00:07:55,800 HEALTH DISORDER OR VICE 230 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:57,400 VERSA OR WHETHER MENTAL 231 00:07:57,400 --> 00:07:59,400 HEALTH MANIFEST AS A 232 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,920 SLEEP-WAKE PHENOMENON. 233 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:05,080 SO I'M A BEHAVIORAL 234 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:06,000 NEUROSCIENTIST AND MY 235 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:06,600 BACKGROUND AND MAIN 236 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:08,200 INTEREST OF THOSE TYPE OF 237 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:10,160 DISORDERS IS SUBSTANCE USE 238 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:10,600 DISORDER. 239 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:12,000 AND IT TURNS OUT THAT 240 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:14,080 SLEEP DISTURBANCE IS 241 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:15,200 PARTICULARLY COMMON IN 242 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:17,400 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER ALL 243 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:18,760 MISUSE SUBSTANCES PRETTY 244 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,920 MUCH AFFECT SLEEP IN SOME 245 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:23,520 WAY AND EITHER OUT WITH 246 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:25,400 THEM DURING WITHDRAWAL, 247 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:28,160 THEY OFTEN REPORT HAVING 248 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:29,280 SLEEP DISRUPTION AND IT'S 249 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:31,960 ONE OF THE PRIMARY CAUSES 250 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:32,280 OF RELAPSE. 251 00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:33,320 PEOPLE SAY I JUST NEED THE 252 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:34,080 DRUG TO SLEEP. 253 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:35,560 WHEN I STOP TAKING IT I 254 00:08:35,560 --> 00:08:37,760 CAN'T FALL ASLEEP AND I'M 255 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:39,480 UP ALL NEED SO YEAH, IT'S 256 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:41,200 A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT 257 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:41,800 RELATIONSHIP WHEN LOOKING 258 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:43,720 IN THE LENS OF SUBSTANCE 259 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:47,760 USE DISORDER AND SIMILARLY 260 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:49,400 IT MAKES SENSE BECAUSE IF 261 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:52,040 I PUT UP HERE AN IMAGE 262 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,320 FROM THE SEMINAL REVIEW ON 263 00:08:55,320 --> 00:08:57,320 REGIONS INVOLVED IN SLEEP, 264 00:08:57,320 --> 00:08:59,920 THOSE OF YOU WHO STUDIED 265 00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:00,680 MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS OR 266 00:09:00,680 --> 00:09:01,360 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS 267 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:03,040 WILL LIKELY SEE MANY OF 268 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:03,560 THE REGIONS YOU ARE 269 00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,200 INTERESTED IN STUDYING. 270 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:07,120 SO THE BRAIN IS ORGANIZED 271 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:08,920 FOR THIS OVERLAP TO 272 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:09,320 MANIFEST. 273 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:10,760 THIS SAME REGIONS THAT ARE 274 00:09:10,760 --> 00:09:12,360 IMPORTANT FOR MOTIVATION 275 00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:14,360 AND REWARD SEEKING, THE 276 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:17,080 THINGS THAT BECOME HIGH 277 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:17,720 JACKED DURING SUBSTANCE 278 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:19,520 USE DISORDERS ARE ALSO 279 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:21,200 ONCE THAT PLAY AN 280 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:22,560 IMPORTANT ROLE IN 281 00:09:22,560 --> 00:09:24,120 SLEEP-WAKE. 282 00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:26,440 LIKEWISE, SLEEP DISRUPTION 283 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:28,400 ITSELF, BEYOND THE CONTEXT 284 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:30,280 OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER 285 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:31,480 CAN CAUSE CHANGES TO THESE 286 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,080 REGIONS THAT ARE INVOLVED 287 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:34,680 IN SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS 288 00:09:34,680 --> 00:09:35,960 SO AGAIN THERE'S THIS 289 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:38,240 RELATIONSHIP AT THE 290 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:39,040 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL 291 00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:41,000 THAT MAKE THIS INTERACTION 292 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,280 BETWEEN SLEEP AROUSAL AND 293 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:44,800 MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS MAKE 294 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:46,920 SENSE. 295 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:47,800 SO, OUR APPROACH IS TO 296 00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:49,160 LOOK AT THIS FROM 297 00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:50,160 ASSISTANCE NEUROSCIENCE 298 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:50,560 LEVEL. 299 00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:51,320 WE ARE INTERESTED IN 300 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:52,600 LOOKING AT ALL THINGS FROM 301 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:53,640 DOWN FROM THE SYNAPSE 302 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:55,000 THROUGH POPULATION OF 303 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:56,760 NEURON ACTIVITY, HOW THOSE 304 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:57,560 DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS 305 00:09:57,560 --> 00:09:58,920 ARE TALKING TO ONE ANOTHER 306 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:00,440 ALL THE WAY THROUGH A 307 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:02,280 WAKE, BEHAVING OR SLEEPING 308 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:05,280 ANIMALS, IN MY CASE. 309 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,800 SO THAT IS A PRETTY BIG, 310 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:14,640 TALL ORDER SO TO SPEAK. 311 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:15,800 WE NEED TO THINK OF A 312 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:16,720 PLACE TO START. 313 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:19,000 THE REGION IS LOOK AT IS 314 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,120 IS THIS REGION CALLED THE 315 00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:23,080 MEDIAL SEPTUM. 316 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:23,800 HOPEFULLY YOU WILL THINK 317 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:24,360 THIS IS AN INTERESTING 318 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:26,440 PLACE TO STUDY DON'T WE 319 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:27,200 KNOW THIS REGION IS 320 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:28,600 INVOLVED IN BOTH SLEEP AND 321 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:30,440 GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIORS OR 322 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:32,440 MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS. 323 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:35,440 ACTUALLY BACK IN THE 324 00:10:35,440 --> 00:10:35,920 1950s, WHEN JAMES OLDS 325 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:37,880 AND PETER MILNER WERE 326 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:39,360 DOING THESE SEMINOLE 327 00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:45,560 STUDIES YOU REMEMBER FROM 328 00:10:45,560 --> 00:10:47,720 PSYCHE 101 WHERE THEY PUT 329 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:48,960 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF 330 00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:50,000 THOSE PARTS OF THE BRAIN 331 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:51,640 IN RAT AND IF THE RAT SIT 332 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:53,520 THERE AND HIT THE LEVER 333 00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:54,960 OVER AND OVER AGAIN THE 334 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:55,920 REGION WAS REINVOLVED IN 335 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:58,120 REWARD OR MOTIVATED BEHAVE 336 00:10:58,120 --> 00:10:58,880 YEARS IN SOME WAY. 337 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:01,400 SO THE SEPTUM IS THE FIRST 338 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:03,320 REGION THEY DISCOVERED. 339 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:04,680 IT FELL TO THE WAY SIDE 340 00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:05,720 AMONGST THE INTERESTING 341 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:06,200 THINGS THEY WERE 342 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:08,440 DISCOVERING USING THIS 343 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:08,680 TECHNIQUE. 344 00:11:08,680 --> 00:11:09,480 UNTIL ABOUT OVER HALF 345 00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,680 DECADE LATER, I WAS 346 00:11:12,680 --> 00:11:14,000 INTERESTED IN THIS REGION 347 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:15,280 IN MY PH.D WORK AND I'LL 348 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:17,360 TELL YOU THAT IN A SECOND. 349 00:11:17,360 --> 00:11:19,360 IT'S INVOLVED IN REWARD OR 350 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:20,560 MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS AND 351 00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:21,480 ALSO IN SLEEP. 352 00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:23,960 WHEN YOU LESION THIS BRAIN 353 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:25,120 REGION IT EFFECTS 354 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:25,960 SLEEP-WAKE PROCESSES. 355 00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:28,080 WE KNOW IT'S IMPORTANT FOR 356 00:11:28,080 --> 00:11:29,040 DRIVING THESE TYPE OF OF 357 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:32,560 BRAIN RHYTHMS THAT YOU SEE 358 00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:34,440 DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF 359 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:34,920 SLEEP. 360 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:38,440 SO HERE IS WHERE THE 361 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:39,240 MEDIAL SEPTUM IS. 362 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:40,160 IT'S IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 363 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:40,520 BRAIN. 364 00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:42,680 YOU WILL SEE IMAGES LATER 365 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:43,840 AND THIS IS WHERE YOU ARE 366 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:44,680 TUNING INTO. 367 00:11:44,680 --> 00:11:48,320 THIS REGION REGION IS A 368 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:50,520 HETEROGENEOUS OF NEURONS 369 00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:51,720 AND THEY RELEASE GUETTA 370 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,520 AMEEN, GAB A AND IT HAS A 371 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:54,880 VERY DIFFUSE DETECTIVE TEE 372 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:55,520 THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN MANY 373 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:58,360 OF IT'S AN INTEGRATED TYPE 374 00:11:58,360 --> 00:11:59,760 REGION MANY OF YOU CAN SEE 375 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:01,840 BRAIN REGIONS THAT IT'S 376 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:03,360 TALKING TO OR THAT TALK TO 377 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:04,280 IT THAT ARE INVOLVED IN A 378 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:05,360 LOT OF THE THINGS THAT 379 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:07,200 WE'RE INTERESTED IN. 380 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:09,040 SO I BECAME INTERESTED IN 381 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:11,680 THIS REGION BY DOING 382 00:12:11,680 --> 00:12:12,240 SIMILAR TECHNIQUES TO WHAT 383 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:12,640 I DESCRIBED WITH 384 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:13,360 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION. 385 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:16,120 I WAS USING A TECHNIQUE 386 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:17,960 CALLED ON TOE GENETICS 387 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:19,400 WHERE I PUT AN EYE ON 388 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:20,840 CHANNEL AND WHEN YOU SHINE 389 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:24,320 A WAVE LENGTH OF LIGHT ON 390 00:12:24,320 --> 00:12:26,520 THAT ION CHANNEL A NERVE 391 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:28,640 LINK WITH FIRE SO WE CAN 392 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:29,280 STIMULATE DIFFERENT 393 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:30,560 POPULATIONS OF NEURONS 394 00:12:30,560 --> 00:12:31,960 USING THIS TECHNIQUE. 395 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:36,240 SO ALL THE NEURONS IN THE 396 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:37,400 MEDIAL SEPTUM TURNED THE 397 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,080 NEURONS ON I FOUND QUICKLY 398 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:40,360 THEY LEARNED TO LEVER 399 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:42,640 PRESS ACTIVELY SO THIS IS 400 00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:44,200 CALLED ACQUISITION OF 401 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:44,840 SELF-STIMULATION BEHAVIOR 402 00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:46,920 AND IT WAS ONLY 403 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:47,960 RECAPITULATED WHEN I PUT 404 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:50,040 IT ON GLUTE A MEAN IN THE 405 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:51,000 MEDICINE Y'ALL SEPTUM AND 406 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:52,360 YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT 407 00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:54,800 MATCHES THAT LINE OF ALL 408 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,200 THE DIFFERENT NEURONS. 409 00:12:57,200 --> 00:12:58,600 SO THIS CONCLUDE US IN 410 00:12:58,600 --> 00:12:59,800 THAT TURNING OF THESE 411 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:00,920 NEURONS IS REWARDING. 412 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:03,480 WHAT ASPECT OF NATURAL 413 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:04,520 REWARD-SEEKING BEHAVIOR 414 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:05,360 MIGHT THESE NEURONS BE 415 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:05,760 INVOLVED IN. 416 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:07,320 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT FIRST 417 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:08,240 QUESTION IF WE WANT TO 418 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:09,200 TALK ABOUT THE 419 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:09,760 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 420 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:10,920 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER AND 421 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:12,000 SLEEP BECAUSE WE NEED TO 422 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:13,760 MOW WHAT THESE NEURONS ARE 423 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:14,840 DOING NORMALLY BEFORE WE 424 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:15,400 CAN ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT 425 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,440 HOW THEY MIGHT BE HIGH 426 00:13:18,440 --> 00:13:20,080 JACKED BY DIFFERENT 427 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:21,240 SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE. 428 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:22,280 YOU MIGHT THINK ABOUT THE 429 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:23,000 OTHER SIDE OF THE 430 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:23,800 QUESTION. 431 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:25,000 WHAT ABOUT THE ROLE IN 432 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:25,200 SLEEP. 433 00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:25,880 IT TURNS OUT I DON'T HAVE 434 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:27,440 TO DO THAT WORK BECAUSE A 435 00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:29,120 GROUP ABOUT A YEAR AGO, 436 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:30,440 PUBLISHED THAT THESE 437 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:31,280 POPULATION ARE INVOLVED IN 438 00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:32,120 SLEEP AND THEY WENT 439 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:34,760 THROUGH A VERY CAREFUL 440 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:35,320 CHARACTERIZATION OF ROLE 441 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:36,640 OF THESE NEURONS IN SLEEP 442 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,000 AND CIRCUITRY INVOLVED. 443 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,080 SO WE'RE STICKING WITH 444 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:42,320 THIS FIRST QUESTION FOR 445 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:42,560 NOW. 446 00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:44,040 THE WAY THAT WE ARE GOING 447 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:45,280 ABOUT DOING THIS IS TWO 448 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:45,600 PRONGED. 449 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:46,880 WE'RE GOING TO BOTH -- WE 450 00:13:46,880 --> 00:13:48,160 ARE MODULATING THIS 451 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:49,200 POPULATION OF NEURONS AND 452 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:50,120 I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT THAT 453 00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:51,200 AND WE'RE ALSO RECORDING 454 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:52,240 FROM THIS POPULATION OF 455 00:13:52,240 --> 00:13:53,240 NEURONS. 456 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:55,440 THE IDEA HERE JUST TO GET 457 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:56,600 AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT TYPE 458 00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:58,480 OF REWARD-SEEKING 459 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:00,080 BEHAVIORS THESE NEURONS 460 00:14:00,080 --> 00:14:00,880 ARE INVOLVED IN. 461 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:01,920 FIRST I'LL SHOW YOU 462 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:02,560 RECORDING STUDIES. 463 00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:04,480 WE'RE USING A TECHNIQUE 464 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:06,520 CALLED FIBER FOE TOM TREE 465 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:08,920 IN AWAKE BEHAVING ANIMALS. 466 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:11,880 WE USE A VIRUS TO EXPRESS 467 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:12,760 CALCIUM SENTER CALLED G 468 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:14,280 CAMP AND THIS SENSOR LIVES 469 00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,040 IN THE NEURONS AND WHEN A 470 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:17,880 NEURON FIRES THERE'S AN 471 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:19,680 INFLUX OF CALCIUM AND 472 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:24,560 CAUSES THE FLUORESCENT 473 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:25,400 SIGNAL GO. 474 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:26,760 WE RECORD THE DYNAMICS AND 475 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:29,600 YOU CAN SEE ACROSS A 30 476 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:30,640 MINUTE SESSION THESE 477 00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:31,440 TRANCE' ENTERS IN THIS 478 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:32,480 GREEN CHANNEL HERE. 479 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:33,680 NOTHING IN THIS RED 480 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:34,120 CONTROL CHARGE. 481 00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:36,640 SO THIS IS TELLING US WHAT 482 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:37,560 WE'RE SEEING IS THE 483 00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:39,080 POPULATION ACTIVITY OF 484 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:39,600 THESE MEDICINE Y'ALL 485 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,640 SEPTAL SO WE PUT THE MICE 486 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:43,640 IN A CHARM TER AND ASKED 487 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:44,760 THEM TO PRESS DIFFERENT 488 00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:45,000 LEVERS. 489 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:46,440 WE CAN LOOK AT HOW THE 490 00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:47,600 ACTIVITY OF THESE NEURONS 491 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,200 RELATE TO THE DIFFERENT 492 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:51,720 BEHAVIORS WE'RE LOCKING 493 00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:52,040 AT. 494 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:53,120 I'LL GIVE YOU REAL 495 00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:53,600 HIGHLIGHTS. 496 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:56,280 I DON'T HAVE MUCH TIME. 497 00:14:56,280 --> 00:14:58,880 THESE NEURONS RESPOND TO 498 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:00,760 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAME 499 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:01,200 BEHAVIOR. 500 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:01,840 LEVER PRESSING. 501 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:03,120 THE MOUSE CAN PRESS THE 502 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:04,880 LEVER AND EARN A REWARD 503 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:06,280 AND PRESS THIS ACTIVE 504 00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:07,880 LEVER AND NOT EARN A 505 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:09,400 REWARD AND PRESS AN 506 00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:10,080 INACTIVE LEVER. 507 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:13,520 THE MAIN PICTURE HERE IS 508 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:14,280 THESE NEURONS WHEN WE 509 00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:20,200 ALIGN THE CALCIUM SIGNAL 510 00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:21,240 TO THE LEVER PRESS 511 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:22,160 BEHAVIOR THEY LOOK 512 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:22,760 DIFFERENT. 513 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:23,480 LEVER PRESS, THAT'S IT. 514 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:24,800 THE NEURONS ARE RESPONDING 515 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:26,920 DIFFERENTLY BASED ON THE 516 00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:28,400 VIOLENCE OF THAT BEHAVIOR. 517 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,000 WHEN WE LOOK AT PICKING 518 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:31,640 BEHAVIOR. 519 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:33,720 WHEN THE ANIMAL LOOKS AT 520 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:35,000 THIS PORE, AND WE KNOW 521 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:36,400 THERE'S REWARD THERE. 522 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:37,600 AND IT'S BLUE-LINE VERSUS 523 00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:39,720 A LICK WHERE WE KNOW 524 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:41,920 THERE'S NO SUCROSE THERE. 525 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:43,000 IT'S IN BETWEEN REWARDED 526 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:43,720 SESSIONS. 527 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:44,720 THE POPULATION ACTIVITY 528 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:46,920 LOOKS DIFFERENT. 529 00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:48,480 SO JUST BASIC BIRD'S EYE 530 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:49,320 VIEW OF THESE. 531 00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:50,560 THESE NEURONS ARE 532 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:51,280 RESPONDING DIFFERENT TO 533 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,240 THE SAME TYPE OF BEHAVIOR 534 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:54,080 BASED WHETHER IT'S 535 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:56,120 ASSOCIATED WITH THE REWARD 536 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:56,480 OR NOT. 537 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:58,120 SO THINGS ARE BECOMING A 538 00:15:58,120 --> 00:15:59,280 LITTLE CLEARER. 539 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:01,120 WE WENT ON AND WE 540 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:02,400 MODULATED THE POPULATION 541 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:03,480 OF NEURONS USING A 542 00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:04,760 TECHNIQUE CALLED CHEMO 543 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:05,880 GENETICS WHICH IS WHERE WE 544 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,960 AGAIN USE VIRUSES TO 545 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:10,440 EXPRESS NOW THESE 546 00:16:10,440 --> 00:16:12,280 DIFFERENT G PROTEIN COUPLE 547 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:14,000 RECEPTORS WHEN WE INJECT A 548 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:14,840 DRUG THAT DOES NOTHING 549 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:16,560 OTHERWISE INTO THE ANIMAL, 550 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,120 IT WILL ACTUATE THESE 551 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:20,160 PROTEIN COUPLE RECEPTORS 552 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:21,320 THAT NOW LIVE ON THE 553 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:22,720 SPECIFIC POPULATION WE'RE 554 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:25,480 STUDYING AND WE CAN USE GQ 555 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:27,200 DRUGS, THIS IS DESIGNER 556 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,400 RECEPTORS EXCLUSIVELY 557 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:31,360 ACTIVATED BY DESIGNER 558 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:32,000 DRUGS. 559 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,040 WHEN WE USE GQ DRUGS THAT 560 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:35,200 CAUSE THE NEURON ACTIVITY 561 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:39,200 TO INCREASE AND WE USE GI 562 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:40,320 DREADS IT INHIBITS THE 563 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:40,960 NEURONS. 564 00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:41,920 WE KNOW THIS IS WORKING. 565 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:45,200 WE SEE VERY NICE TIGHT 566 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,280 SPACIAL ASSOCIATION OF OUR 567 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:49,240 DREADS WITH THE MEDIAL 568 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:52,320 ACCEPT SSTUM AND WHEN 569 00:16:52,320 --> 00:16:54,120 HE HAVE A NARCKER FOR 570 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:55,200 NEWER OWNAL ACTIVITY 571 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:56,520 BEFORE SACRIFICING THE 572 00:16:56,520 --> 00:16:57,160 ANIMAL. 573 00:16:57,160 --> 00:16:58,760 WE SACRIFICE THE ANIMAL 574 00:16:58,760 --> 00:17:00,640 THEN WE STAIN FOR THAT. 575 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:02,800 IT TELLS US WE HAVE STRONG 576 00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,040 NORMAL ACTIVITY AND 577 00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:06,560 MEDICINE Y'ALL GLUTEAMATE 578 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:08,640 NEURONS WITH THE GQ MICE 579 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:10,600 AND LESS WITH THE GI MICE 580 00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:12,240 AND IN THE MIDDLE WITH THE 581 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:13,840 CONTROL GROUP. 582 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:15,440 WE THINK IN VIVO THIS 583 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:16,760 MANIPULATION IS WORKING. 584 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:19,920 WHEN WE PUT THE ANIMALS 585 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:21,640 THIS THIS CHEM BETTER AND 586 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:22,960 REWARD SINGHING BEHAVIOR, 587 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:24,760 WHAT WE SEE IS THAT WHEN 588 00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:26,200 THE ANIMALS KNOW THE TASK 589 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:27,440 REALLY WELL, WE DON'T SEE 590 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:29,720 MUCH EFFECT OF THIS CHEMO 591 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:32,120 GENETIC MANIPULATION BUT 592 00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:34,240 WHEN WE REVERSE WHICH 593 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:34,840 DELIVER DELIVERS THE 594 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:35,880 REWARD AND WHICH DOES 595 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:40,760 NOTHING, WE SEE THAT NICE 596 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:41,920 OF GQ THEY LEARN THIS 597 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:43,280 REVERSAL REALLY QUICKLY 598 00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:44,360 AND THIS IS REALLY FAST 599 00:17:44,360 --> 00:17:46,520 FOR LEARNING THIS TYPE OF 600 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:46,800 BEHAVIOR. 601 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:47,600 THEY LEARN IT WITHIN THE 602 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:48,040 FIRST DAY. 603 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:48,920 THEY'RE EARNING THE SAME A 604 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:52,960 LOT OF REWARDS THAT THEY 605 00:17:52,960 --> 00:18:03,160 HAVE BEFORE. 606 00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:06,360 IS HE WE USE A DIFFERENT 607 00:18:06,360 --> 00:18:06,880 PARADIGM. 608 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:08,160 THEY LISTEN TO DIFFERENT 609 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:11,800 CUES AND WE DO THE SAME 610 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:17,200 THING AND WE WE CHANGE THE 611 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:18,720 RULES, AUDITORY QUEUE DOES 612 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:20,240 NOTHING AND A LIGHT 613 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:21,440 BLINGING TELLS US THERE'S 614 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:24,640 A WARD AND AGAIN THIS 615 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:25,480 BLUE-LINE ARE LEARNING 616 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,160 THIS FASTER OF THE THEY'RE 617 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:29,040 DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN 618 00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:29,760 THESE NEW RULES MUCH 619 00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:32,920 QUICKER THAN THE OTHER 620 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:34,440 GROUPS SO NOW WORE GOING 621 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:35,160 FORWARD WHERE WE'RE START 622 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:42,040 TO GO STUDY THINGS LIKE 623 00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:44,520 HOW OF THEY CONTROL 624 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:45,120 DOPAMINE BECAUSE WE KNOW 625 00:18:45,120 --> 00:18:47,080 THAT THAT DOPAMINE IS 626 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:48,960 IMPORTANT FOR THE STRATEGY 627 00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:49,880 SWITCHING BEHAVIOR. 628 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,600 WE ALSO KNOW THAT MEDIAL 629 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:54,200 AND NEURONS TALK TO 630 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,680 DOPAMINE NEURONS SO THEY 631 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:57,760 PROJECT TO THE AREA WHERE 632 00:18:57,760 --> 00:18:59,600 THERE'S A LOT OF DOPAMINE 633 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,680 NEURONS AND WHEN WE 634 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:03,760 STIMULATE THOSE MEDIAL 635 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:04,720 SEPTAL TO THE MENTAL AREAS 636 00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:11,920 WE SEE A LOT OF DOPAMINE 637 00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:16,960 RELEASE LIKE WHAT I SHOWED 638 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:18,080 YOU BEFORE AND SO I'M JUST 639 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:21,600 GOING TO HIGHLIGHT THE 640 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:22,920 FIRST TID BIT OF ANALYSIS 641 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:24,640 WE HAVE ON THIS AND WE'RE 642 00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:25,880 SEEING SOMETHING 643 00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:27,320 INTERESTING, MICE WITH GQ, 644 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:28,600 THE MICE THAT DO BETTER AT 645 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:30,720 THESE REVERSAL TASKS THEY 646 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:33,000 HAVE AN INCREASE OF 647 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:33,760 DOPAMINE WHEN THEY GET 648 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:34,840 THIS REWARD ON THE FIRST 649 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:42,840 DAY OF THE REVERSAL AND SO 650 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:44,280 THIS IS TELLING US THESE 651 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:46,800 NEURONS ARE FACILITATING 652 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:48,960 THIS VERY CON ON CONTACT 653 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:50,840 ROLE OF REWARD PREDICTION 654 00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:53,000 ERROR AND TO LET THESE 655 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,640 MICE LEARN THIS STRATEGY 656 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:59,720 SWITCHING MUCH QUICKER SO 657 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:01,040 SUMMARIZE, THEY RESPOND 658 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:03,040 DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON 659 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:05,360 THE BEHAVIOR AND THE 660 00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:06,280 ENHANCEMENT OF THIS 661 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:08,360 ACTIVITY CAN INCREASE 662 00:20:08,360 --> 00:20:08,800 STRATEGY SWITCHING. 663 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,400 IT CAN MAKE THEM BETTER AT 664 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:13,680 DOING THIS AND IT LOOKS TO 665 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:17,680 BE DUE TO THEIR EFFECT 666 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:21,760 OF -- SO THE NEXT THINGS 667 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:24,040 WE'LL LOOK AT DO THEY 668 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:25,200 ALTER THE ACTIVITIES 669 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:26,240 GETTING AT THE SUBSTANCE 670 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:27,480 USE DISORDER QUESTIONS I 671 00:20:27,480 --> 00:20:28,600 WAS TELLING YOU ABOUT. 672 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,320 ARE THEY INVOLVED IN SLEEP 673 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:32,800 DISTURBANCE DURING DRUG 674 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:34,400 WITHDRAWAL AND CAN 675 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:35,760 ENHANCEMENT OF THESE GLUTE 676 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:37,640 MATE NEURONS HELP WITH 677 00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:39,560 MAINTAINING ABSTINENCE AND 678 00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:41,000 ABSTINENCE IS SORT OF A 679 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:41,880 STRATEGY SWITCHING TYPE 680 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:42,280 THING. 681 00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:48,520 YOU WANT TO SWITCH YOUR SO 682 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:49,560 INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY 683 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:50,960 OF THESE COULD BE SOME 684 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:54,320 SORT OF THERAPEUTIC 685 00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:56,440 THERAPY FOR HELPING WITH 686 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:56,920 ACCIDENTS. 687 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:58,200 SO WE HAVE A COUPLE OTHER 688 00:20:58,200 --> 00:20:58,880 PROJECTS THAT WE'RE 689 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:00,520 LOOKING AT IN MY UNIT. 690 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:01,720 THIS KINDS OF FOCUS ON 691 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:03,200 WHAT I JUST SHOWED YOU AND 692 00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:05,320 WE'RE ALSO LOOKING AT THE 693 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:06,600 ROLES OF SLEEP AND AROUSAL 694 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,000 USING OTHER SORT OF 695 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:09,320 SIMILAR TECHNIQUES AND 696 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:10,600 ALSO WAYS TO GO ABOUT 697 00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:11,440 THOSE QUESTIONS. 698 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:12,240 WE'RE PARTICULARLY 699 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:14,280 INTERESTED IN THC 700 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,680 WITHDRAWAL BECAUSE ALMOST 701 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:18,520 UNIVERSALLY PEOPLE REPORT 702 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:19,360 HAVING SLEEP DISRUPTION 703 00:21:19,360 --> 00:21:25,760 AND WE'RE ALSO TRYING TO 704 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:35,000 UNDERSTAND IS THOSE THE 705 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:35,840 THINGS WE'RE DOING AND ONE 706 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,040 OF THE MAIN PROJECTS WE'RE 707 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:39,640 WORKING ON AND I WANT TO 708 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:42,400 THANK Dr. LEVEN GER FOR 709 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:44,080 BEING MY POSTDOC MENTOR 710 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:48,160 AND NOW MY TEN TORR AND I 711 00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:48,720 WANT TO THANK STEPHANIE 712 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,080 AND NINA AND THEY JUST 713 00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:54,600 MOVED ON AND THEY'RE IN 714 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:56,160 GREAT POST GRADUATE AND 715 00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:57,240 MEGAN AND KAYLA HERE AND 716 00:21:57,240 --> 00:21:58,320 THEY CAN TELL YOU MORE 717 00:21:58,320 --> 00:21:59,360 ABOUT THE EXPERIMENTS THAT 718 00:21:59,360 --> 00:22:00,560 I JUST TOLD YOU ABOUT SO 719 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:01,360 I'LL TAKE QUESTIONS IF 720 00:22:01,360 --> 00:22:03,040 THERE'S ANY TIME OTHERWISE 721 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:06,400 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 722 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:13,000 [APPLAUSE] 723 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:14,480 GREAT PRESENTATION, THANK 724 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:15,280 YOU, ANDREW. 725 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:15,880 WE HAVE TIME. 726 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:17,120 WE HAVE PEOPLE ON-LINE AS 727 00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:18,880 WELL THAT MAY HAVE 728 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:19,120 QUESTIONS. 729 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:20,480 >>NO QUESTIONS ON-LINE. 730 00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:21,480 PEOPLE CAN SUBMIT, OF 731 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:21,720 COURSE. 732 00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:23,320 >>ABSOLUTELY. 733 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,560 IT'S UP TO PEOPLE HERE IN 734 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:27,280 PERSON. 735 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:28,440 WE REQUIRE ONE QUESTION 736 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:31,800 WHEN WE HAVE TIME FOR IT. 737 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:33,360 YOU CAN WALK UP TO ANY OF 738 00:22:33,360 --> 00:22:37,000 THE MICROPHONES. 739 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:41,000 >>SO WITH YOUR DIFFERENT 740 00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:41,880 DREADS, DO YOU OBSERVE ANY 741 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:42,400 OBVIOUS CHANGES IN THE 742 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:44,080 SLEEP CYCLE OR ACTIVITY 743 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:47,000 WITH THESE MICE THAT WITH 744 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:47,440 HINT YOU TOWARDS THE 745 00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:48,800 ANSWERS TO SOME OF YOUR 746 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:49,560 FUTURE QUESTIONS? 747 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:50,840 >>YES, THAT'S A GREAT 748 00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:52,680 QUESTION AND LIKE I SAID, 749 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:54,080 THERE WAS A GROUP THAT 750 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:57,160 KIND OF ALREADY DID THOSE 751 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:58,880 EXPERIMENTS SO THEY USED 752 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:01,160 THAT ON TOE GENETICS 753 00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:02,320 TECHNIQUE TO STIMULATE 754 00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:03,280 NEURONS IN THE SLEEP AND 755 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:06,960 THEY SEE THE APP MALL 756 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:08,040 WAKES UP AND YOU INHIBIT 757 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:10,360 THEM AND THEY GO INTO A 758 00:23:10,360 --> 00:23:14,000 DEEPER STATE OF RECOMMEND 759 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:19,360 SLEEP SO WE KNOW THEY'RE 760 00:23:19,360 --> 00:23:20,240 PLAYING A ROLE THAT WAY. 761 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,600 >>IS THAT WHY THEY ADAPT 762 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:23,320 FASTER BECAUSE THEY'RE 763 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:24,680 AWAKE LONGER AND ACTIVE 764 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:26,680 LONGER AND CAN HAVE MORE 765 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:27,640 PRACTICE WITH THESE 766 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:27,880 BEHAVIORS? 767 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:29,680 >>SO THAT'S AN 768 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:30,280 INTERESTING POINT. 769 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:32,280 THE THING THAT I DON'T 770 00:23:32,280 --> 00:23:32,960 THINK THAT'S WHAT IS GOING 771 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:36,680 ON PER SE IS BECAUSE WE 772 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:38,400 SEE THEM FIGURE THERE'S A 773 00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:39,440 REVERSAL TASK OUT BEFORE 774 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:40,840 THEY'VE HAD TIME TO GO TO 775 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:42,600 SLEEP SO THEY ONLY GET ONE 776 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:43,560 HOUR OF BEHAVIOR PER DAY 777 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:45,480 AND WE SEE IN THAT FIRST 778 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:48,880 SESSION WHEN WE CHANGE THE 779 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,760 RULES, THEY FIGURE IT OUT. 780 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:53,120 SO I DON'T THINK THEY'RE 781 00:23:53,120 --> 00:23:54,640 NAPPING AND HAVING MEMORY 782 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:55,880 CONSOLIDATION WHEN THEY'RE 783 00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:56,640 GETTING THEIR TASTY TREAT 784 00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:57,400 THEY'RE JUST FIGURING OUT 785 00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:58,840 A DIFFERENT WAY TO GET IT 786 00:23:58,840 --> 00:23:59,960 FASTER THAN THE OTHER MICE 787 00:23:59,960 --> 00:24:10,480 WHICH IS REALLY NEAT. 788 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:10,600 COOL. 789 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:11,640 >> Tokunbor Lawal: THANK 790 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,240 YOU. 791 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:21,640 [APPLAUSE] 792 00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:24,760 OUR NEXT PRESENTER IS 793 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:27,640 Dr. CARRIE MAE LONG. 794 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:29,600 SHE'S WITH THE 795 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:30,960 PATHOGENESIS SECTION AT 796 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,040 NIAID AND SHE GRADUATED 797 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:36,360 FROM WEST VIRGINIA 798 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:36,920 UNIVERSITY. 799 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,800 AND I'M TAKING YOUR DEGREE 800 00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:40,920 WAS IN MICRO PATHOGENESIS 801 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:44,680 AND WELCOME. 802 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:48,360 >>ALL RIGHT. 803 00:24:48,360 --> 00:24:48,960 SOUND GOOD? 804 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:49,280 OKAY. 805 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:50,240 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 806 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:50,960 HAVING ME HERE. 807 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:52,440 I'M REALLY EXCITED TO 808 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:53,520 PRESENT SOME OF THE WORK 809 00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:56,080 MY GROUP IS DOING. 810 00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:57,840 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 811 00:24:57,840 --> 00:24:58,680 ALLERGIES AND I'LL TRY TO 812 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:00,960 KEEP IT AT A 30,000-FOOT 813 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,480 LEVEL BECAUSE I KNOW NOT 814 00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:03,920 EVERYONE CARES ABOUT 815 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:05,240 BACTERIA AND IMMUNOLOGY 816 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:06,840 BUT WE TRY TO COME UP WITH 817 00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:09,680 BETTER COUNTERMEASURES FOR 818 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:12,320 BACTERIAL DISEASE LIKE KEY 819 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:12,680 FEVER. 820 00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:14,120 SO BECAUSE I'M NOT FROM 821 00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:15,520 INCAMPUS I WANT TO GIVE 822 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:16,800 YOU GUYS AN OVERVIEW OF 823 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:17,360 WHO I AM. 824 00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:17,960 THAT'S ME. 825 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:19,560 I WORK IN THE HIGH 826 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:20,160 CONTAINMENT LAB. 827 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:22,280 BECAUSE WE WORK ON NASTY 828 00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:26,440 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND I 829 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:31,680 WORK AT ROCKY MOUNTAIN 830 00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:32,320 LABS SO WE'RE A SATELLITE 831 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:32,560 BRIDGE. 832 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:34,920 I'M IN THE LAB OF 833 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:37,560 BACTERIOLOGY AND THERE'S 834 00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:38,080 ALSO NEWER LOGIC INFECTION 835 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,400 AND IMMUNITY AND THE LAB 836 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:42,360 OF VIROLOGY. 837 00:25:42,360 --> 00:25:43,360 THIS IS THE BUILDING MY 838 00:25:43,360 --> 00:25:44,240 OFFICE IS IN. 839 00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:45,800 IT'S ALL OF OUR LEVEL TWO 840 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:47,200 LABS MANY OF THIS IS OUR 841 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:48,120 LEVEL 3 FACILITY AND THIS 842 00:25:48,120 --> 00:25:50,520 IS OUR INTEGRATED RESEARCH 843 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:52,360 FACILITY WITH BSL4 AND WE 844 00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:54,160 HAVE RTV SUPPORT SER SISS 845 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:57,320 ON CAMPUS THAT MANY OF YOU 846 00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:59,920 IN NIAID MAY HAVE USED. 847 00:25:59,920 --> 00:26:00,800 I'LL JUMP INTO BACKGROUND 848 00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:02,120 ABOUT THE PATHOGEN WE WILL 849 00:26:02,120 --> 00:26:06,560 FOCUS ON TODAY. 850 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:11,960 IT'S CALLED COX ELLIE A 851 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:13,880 BURNETTII IT'S KNOWN FOR 852 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:14,800 ITS ENVIRONMENTAL 853 00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,080 RESISTANCE SO IF YOU HEARD 854 00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:19,120 OF A SORE LIKE AN TREX, IT 855 00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:20,160 CAN DO SOMETHING SIMILAR 856 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:24,320 AND THIS IS A LIFE CYCLE 857 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:26,120 AND THESE ARE LARGE AND 858 00:26:26,120 --> 00:26:26,600 SMALL RELEVANT VARIANTS 859 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:28,360 AND THE SMALL YOU FIND OUT 860 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:29,920 IN THE SOIL THAT ARE VERY 861 00:26:29,920 --> 00:26:30,600 INFECTIOUS. 862 00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:32,000 ANOTHER PERMUTATION WAS 863 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:33,000 WORKING IS IT IS 864 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,000 CONSIDERED A SELECT AGENT. 865 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,640 THAT'S A PROGRAM RUN BY 866 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:40,000 THE CDC AND WE HAVE TO 867 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:41,280 WORK WITH A LOT OF 868 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:42,240 REGULATION AND UNDERSTAND 869 00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:42,960 CONTAINMENT. 870 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:49,080 SO WE CARE ABOUT COCIELLA 871 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:53,320 AND PEOPLE GET EXPOSES OF 872 00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:55,080 INHALATION FROM LIVESTOCK. 873 00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:56,840 TICKS MAY HAVE A ROLE IN 874 00:26:56,840 --> 00:26:58,120 NATURAL LIFE CYCLE BUT WE 875 00:26:58,120 --> 00:26:59,520 DON'T UNDERSTAND THAT AS 876 00:26:59,520 --> 00:26:59,720 WELL. 877 00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:00,200 FURTHER THERE ARE OTHER 878 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:01,360 FORMS OF EXPOSURE THAT ARE 879 00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:02,880 NOT AS PREVALENT. 880 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:04,840 SUCH AS INGESTION OF 881 00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:07,600 CONTAMINATED MILK, BIO 882 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:09,040 TERROR POTENTIAL AND 883 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:09,880 LABORATORY REQUIRED 884 00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:11,080 INFECTIONS BUT ON A 885 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:13,360 DAY-TO-DAY BASIS THE 886 00:27:13,360 --> 00:27:14,520 PEOPLE THAT ARE MOST 887 00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:16,600 LIKELY TO GET EXPOSED ARE 888 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:18,320 THOSE WHO WORK AROUND THE 889 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:19,000 LIVESTOCK. 890 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,120 PEOPLE WHO WORK IN VETS OR 891 00:27:21,120 --> 00:27:23,240 EVEN RANCHERS. 892 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:25,320 SO INTERESTINGLY ABOUT 60% 893 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:26,600 OF PEOPLE EXPOSED ARE 894 00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:27,920 THOUGHT TO REMAIN 895 00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:28,920 ASYMPTOMATIC AND WE HAVE 896 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:29,520 NO IDEA WHY. 897 00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:31,120 FOR THE OTHER 40% THEY'RE 898 00:27:31,120 --> 00:27:32,400 GOING TO EXPERIENCE A 899 00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:33,440 BROAD SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL 900 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:34,880 DISEASE THAT WE CALL Q 901 00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:35,280 FEVER. 902 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:37,120 AND SO A Q FEVER IS 903 00:27:37,120 --> 00:27:39,120 TREATABLE BY ANTIBIOTICS 904 00:27:39,120 --> 00:27:40,280 OR SELF-LIMITING BUT THINK 905 00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:42,680 OF IT AS A SEVERE FLU LIKE 906 00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:44,360 ILLNESS WITH SOMETIMES 907 00:27:44,360 --> 00:27:46,720 OTHER ORGANS BEING 908 00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:47,000 INVOLVED. 909 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:47,520 ALL RIGHT. 910 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:48,200 NOW THERE'S ANOTHER FORM 911 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:49,640 OF THE DISEASE THAT IS 912 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:51,600 MUCH MORE RECOWS GRANT AND 913 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:52,760 MUCH MORE SERIOUS IN TERMS 914 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:53,640 OF MORTALITY. 915 00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:55,120 IT'S CALLED CHRONIC Q 916 00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:55,560 FEVER. 917 00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:57,160 AND USUALLY THIS INVOLVE 918 00:27:57,160 --> 00:27:57,960 MANIFESTATIONS LIKE 919 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:01,520 CHRONIC PNEUMONIA, 920 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:02,280 HEPATITIS, VAAS CUE LIGHT 921 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:04,920 US AND NOW A NEWLY 922 00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:05,520 ASSOCIATED SYNDROME THAT'S 923 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:07,600 BEEN RECENTLY DESCRIBED IS 924 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:08,640 THE Q FEVER FATIGUE 925 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:09,160 SYNDROME AND YOU THINK 926 00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:10,840 THAT HAVE IS BEING SIMILAR 927 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:12,440 TO LONG COVID EX SIMILAR 928 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:14,080 IN A SENSE WE DON'T REALLY 929 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:15,600 UNDERSTAND IT'S 930 00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:17,480 PATHOGENESIS AND 931 00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:18,520 MECHANISTICALLY. 932 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:19,800 AND THERE'S A VACCINE YOU 933 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,440 CAN GET THAT PREVENTS ALL 934 00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:22,880 OF THESE MANIFESTATIONS 935 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:28,080 IT'S CALLED Q VAX AND IT'S 936 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:28,920 COXIELL THAT'S BEEN KILLED 937 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:30,080 MANY OF IT'S A GREAT 938 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:31,920 VACCINE IN TERMS OF 939 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:32,960 INDUCING PROTECTION, 940 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:34,880 PRETTY MUCH AFTER ONE 941 00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:35,760 INTEXTURE PROJECTED IN 942 00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:36,760 LIFE SO IT'S ONE OF THE 943 00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:38,480 BEST VACCINES OUT THERE 944 00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:39,760 BUT THERE ARE A FEW 945 00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:41,160 PROBLEMS WITH IT AND WE'LL 946 00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:42,200 GET INTO THAT IN A FEW 947 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:43,160 SLIDES. 948 00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:44,960 NOT TO GO TOO FAR IN THE 949 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:46,360 WEEDS BUT I WANT TO TELL 950 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:47,320 YOU WHAT WE WORK WITH A 951 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,360 LOT SO THIS IS A MAP OF 952 00:28:50,360 --> 00:28:52,680 THE AREA OF MONTANA THAT I 953 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:53,360 LIVE IN. 954 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:54,440 HAMILTON IS WHERE OUR 955 00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:55,040 LABORATORY IS. 956 00:28:55,040 --> 00:28:56,840 IF YOU DRIVE AN HOUR AND A 957 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:58,760 HALF NORTHWEST OF OUR LAB, 958 00:28:58,760 --> 00:28:59,880 THERE'S A RURAL AREA 959 00:28:59,880 --> 00:29:01,480 CALLED THE NINE MILE CREEK 960 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:02,280 BASINS AND THIS IS WHAT IT 961 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:03,080 LOOKS LIKE. 962 00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:05,800 SO BACK IN THE 1930s, 963 00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:07,080 SCIENTISTS WERE DOING TICK 964 00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:09,560 SURVEYS LOOKING FOR THE 965 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:13,400 CAUSE OF AGENT ON ROCKY 966 00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:14,120 MOUNTAIN FEVER BUT THEY 967 00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:17,480 FOUND A ODD FEVER CAUSING 968 00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:22,720 AGENT AND TURNS OUT IT WAS 969 00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:23,880 COXIELLA BURNETTII SO WE 970 00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:24,800 WORKED WITH THE TRAIN AND 971 00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,880 THIS IS OUR LABORATORY 972 00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:28,880 WORK HORSE. 973 00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:29,600 THEY'RE THREE DIFFERENT 974 00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:30,280 TYPES OF THE STRAIN. 975 00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:31,920 SO IF YOU KNOW ANYTHING 976 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:33,040 ABOUT BACTERIA YOU KNOW 977 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:34,680 THAT GRAND NEGATIVE HAVE 978 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:35,400 POLY SACK RIDE ON THE 979 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:37,120 OUTSIDE OF THEIR MEMBRANE. 980 00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:39,520 THE LPS IS UNIQUE IN THE 981 00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:41,120 SENSE THAT WE ISOLATE IT 982 00:29:41,120 --> 00:29:43,520 WITH THIS LONG FOLDING LPS 983 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:45,960 WHEN WE PASSAGE IS INVETO 984 00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,600 THE LPS GETS SHORTER AND 985 00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,640 SHORTER SO THESE FORMS AND 986 00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:53,000 SO THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS 987 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:58,480 IS THAT YOU NEED LONG LPS 988 00:29:58,480 --> 00:29:59,760 FOR VUL VIRULENTS AND FULL 989 00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:00,520 VACCINE PROTECTION. 990 00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:02,920 THIS IS KIND OF AN 991 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:04,080 OVERVIEW OF WHAT MY GROUP 992 00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:05,400 DOES OF THE WE USE ALL OF 993 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:05,960 THESE DIFFERENT 994 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:06,440 TECHNIQUES. 995 00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:08,280 WE'RE HEAVY ON ANIMAL 996 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,280 MODELING AND GENETICS AND 997 00:30:10,280 --> 00:30:11,760 IMMUNOLOGY AND WE WANT TO 998 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:14,280 COME UP WITH BETTER 999 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:15,520 COUNTERMEASURES FOR Q 1000 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:15,920 FEVER. 1001 00:30:15,920 --> 00:30:17,360 THINK BACK TO WHERE I TOLD 1002 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:18,760 YOU THERE WAS A VACCINE 1003 00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:20,360 THAT'S GOOD CALLED Q VAX. 1004 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:21,560 IT'S GOOD IN TERMS OF 1005 00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:23,360 PROTECTION BUT IT HAS A 1006 00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:24,760 SEVERE DRAWBACK IT INDUCES 1007 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:26,160 SEVERE ALLERGIC RESPONSES 1008 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:27,200 AND THIS HAPPENS IN PEOPLE 1009 00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,200 WHO HAVE BEEN EXPOSED O AT 1010 00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:30,280 SOME POINT OR HAVE ALREADY 1011 00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:31,560 BEEN VACCINATED. 1012 00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:32,720 AND SO THE ONLY PLACE YOU 1013 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:34,040 CAN GET THIS VACCINE IS 1014 00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:35,520 AUSTRALIA. 1015 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:37,280 SO LET'S YOU FLY TO USE 1016 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:38,640 TRAIL Y YOU HAVE TO DO PRE 1017 00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:40,560 SCREENING TEST TO GET 1018 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:41,080 VACCINATED INCLUDING 1019 00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:42,280 PATIENT HISTORY, TESTING, 1020 00:30:42,280 --> 00:30:43,440 A SKIN TEST THAT TAKES A 1021 00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:43,760 WEEK. 1022 00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:45,080 AND UNFORTUNATELY IF YOU 1023 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:46,400 ARE NEGATIVE FOR AWFUL 1024 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,240 THESE YOU CAN STILL HAVE A 1025 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:49,800 SEVERE REACTION TO THE 1026 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:50,520 VACCINATION. 1027 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:51,800 SO THE SKIN TEST IS VERY 1028 00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:53,480 SIMILAR TO A T.B. SKIN 1029 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:53,680 TEST. 1030 00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:54,840 HERE IS A POSITIVE 1031 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:55,600 REACTION. 1032 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:56,440 YOU CAN IMAGINE IF THIS 1033 00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:57,520 PERSON WAS GIVEN THE FULL 1034 00:30:57,520 --> 00:30:58,560 DOSE OF VACCINE THEY WOULD 1035 00:30:58,560 --> 00:30:59,600 HAVE A REAL PROBLEM. 1036 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:00,800 THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS HERE 1037 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:01,960 TOE THIS EMPLOYEE FROM 1038 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,440 ROCKY MOUNTAIN LAB IN THE 1039 00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:05,240 1960s. 1040 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,240 SO Q VAX WAS DEVELOPED AT 1041 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,840 RML AND THIS EMPLOYEE WAS 1042 00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:11,680 VACCINATED AND THEY HAD TO 1043 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:13,000 GET REMOVED A CYST FROM 1044 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:13,800 THEIR MUSCLE ALONG WITH 1045 00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,320 PART OF THEIR TRY ACCEPT 1046 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:16,680 MUSCLE. 1047 00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:20,920 THIS IS A COMPLETELY BAD 1048 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:21,600 RESPONSE THAT PRE INCLUDES 1049 00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:22,640 WIDESPREAD TO THE POINT OF 1050 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:23,520 THE VACCINE. 1051 00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:24,760 AND SO HOW ARE WE COMING 1052 00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:26,080 UP WITH A BETTER VACCINE, 1053 00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:26,440 RIGHT? 1054 00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:28,320 WELL WE STARTED TO MODEL 1055 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:29,080 THIS POST VACCINATION 1056 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:30,240 ALLERGIC RESPONSE. 1057 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:32,400 WE CALL IT PVH AND WE'VE 1058 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:33,680 USED MICE AND GUINEA PIGS 1059 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:34,560 AND WE HAVE FOUND THAT 1060 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,880 THIS IS REALLY A CLASSIC 1061 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:37,520 DELAYED HYPER SENSITIVE 1062 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:39,120 RESPONSE FOR ALL YOU 1063 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:40,400 ALLERGISTS AND 1064 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:41,200 IMMUNOLOGISTS OUT THERE 1065 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:42,680 AND WE HAVE BEEN THE 1066 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:43,440 EFFECTER CELLS THAT ARE 1067 00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,720 INVOLVED AND IT'S A TH1 1068 00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:47,520 TYPE OF RESPONSE AND WE'VE 1069 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:49,360 FOUND AN INTERESTING ROLE 1070 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:50,960 THAT IS REGULATORY FOR 1071 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:53,040 GAMMA DELTA T CELLS AND 1072 00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:55,120 FEMALE ANIMALS AND HUMANS 1073 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:56,400 EXPERIENCE MORE SEVERE 1074 00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:57,080 OUTCOMES. 1075 00:31:57,080 --> 00:31:58,200 THIS WORK WAS DONE BY MY 1076 00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:00,080 TWO FORMER POSTBACS SO I 1077 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:01,400 HAVE TO GIVE THEM A SHOUT 1078 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:01,720 OUT. 1079 00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:03,560 SO WE HAVE MODELS. 1080 00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:05,400 WE'VE GOT, WE KNOW WHAT IS 1081 00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:06,360 CAUSING -- WE WANT TO KNOW 1082 00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:09,480 WHAT IS CAUSING THIS DTH 1083 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:10,000 RESPONSE SOUR APPROACH IS 1084 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:11,160 ACTUALLY RUDIMENTARY TO 1085 00:32:11,160 --> 00:32:12,320 COMING UP WITH A BETTER 1086 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:13,040 VACCINE. 1087 00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:22,680 SO WE'RE TAKING WHICH 1088 00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:24,160 KNOCK OUT SO THE SO THIS 1089 00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:27,160 IS A 22 GENETIC PORTION 1090 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:29,320 RIGHT HERE AND THE SO ALL 1091 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:30,800 YOUR BACK TER 1092 00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:31,520 Y'ALLOLOGISTS KNOW THAT 1093 00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:32,800 THIS IS A APPARATUS THAT 1094 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:34,600 SITS ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE 1095 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:36,080 BACTERIA AND IT SPITS OUT 1096 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:36,960 PRE TEENS AND THAT HE 1097 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,120 BASICALLY HELP THE 1098 00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:40,760 BACTERIA TO ESTABLISH ITS 1099 00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:42,840 SURVIVE IN THE HOST SO WE 1100 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:44,680 KNOCK THIS LOCUS OUT AND 1101 00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:46,480 WE FOUND THE STRAIN WAS 1102 00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:48,080 AVIRULENT SO WE IDENTIFIED 1103 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:49,560 ANOTHER BEYOND LPS AND WE 1104 00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:50,480 THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE A 1105 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:52,080 GREAT VACCINE CANDIDATE 1106 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:53,600 BECAUSE OF ITS AR VIRULENT 1107 00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:55,680 WE CAN GET IT EXEMPTED 1108 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:56,880 FROM THESE REGULATIONS 1109 00:32:56,880 --> 00:32:57,800 BECAUSE IT WOULD BE MORE 1110 00:32:57,800 --> 00:32:59,320 SAFE TO WORK WITH IN LOWER 1111 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:00,000 CONTAINMENT SO THAT'S IN 1112 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:01,280 THE PROCESS BUT IT'S A LOT 1113 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:02,320 OF PAPERWORK AS YOU CAN 1114 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:02,840 IMAGINE. 1115 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:04,480 SO I JUST WANT TO SHOW YOU 1116 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:05,680 QUICKLY SOME OF THE DATA 1117 00:33:05,680 --> 00:33:07,080 THAT WE HAVE THAT SHOW 1118 00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:07,880 THAT THESE VACCINES ARE 1119 00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:09,360 QUITE PROTECTIVE IN FACT 1120 00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:10,560 THEY'RE THE SAME LEVEL AS 1121 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:13,000 OUR GOLD STANDARD OR Q VAX 1122 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:14,000 SO WE VACCINATE GUINEA 1123 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:15,720 PIGS AND WE INFECT THEM 1124 00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:17,560 WHICH IS OUR GOLD STANDARD 1125 00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:19,880 OF A ANIMAL OF Q FEVER AND 1126 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:21,920 THIS IS A BODY TEMPERATURE 1127 00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:22,120 GRAPH. 1128 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:25,480 FEVER IS A HALLMARK CHER 1129 00:33:25,480 --> 00:33:26,040 TURRIS TICKS. 1130 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,360 GUINEA PIGS HAVE A 38 TO 1131 00:33:29,360 --> 00:33:30,440 39° CELSIUS BODY 1132 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:31,040 TEMPERATURE. 1133 00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:32,400 FEVER AROUND 39.5 SO THESE 1134 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:33,320 NOT A MALLS HAVE NOT BEEN 1135 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:35,400 VACCINATED BUT THEY'RE 1136 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:36,120 INFECT SOD THEY GET FEVER 1137 00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:38,120 THAT LASTS FOR A WEEK AND 1138 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:38,520 IT'S HIGH FEVER. 1139 00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:40,600 NOW WHEN WE VACCINATE WITH 1140 00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:42,320 Q VAX YOU SEE THE ANIMALS 1141 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:44,400 HAVE LOW GRADE TRANSIENT 1142 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:45,080 FEVER SO THEY LOOK A LOT 1143 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:46,160 BETTER THAN THE 1144 00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:47,280 UNVACCINATED ANIMALS AND 1145 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:50,480 OUR VACCINE, LOOKS SIMILAR 1146 00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:53,360 TO Q VAX WITH FEVER AND 1147 00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:55,720 BODY WEIGHT CHANGE AND 1148 00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:56,520 OTHER HALLMARKS OF THIS 1149 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:58,360 DISEASE SO OF COURSE, YES, 1150 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:02,040 THEY'RE PROTECTED SO ARE 1151 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:02,560 THEY LEG REACTIVE. 1152 00:34:02,560 --> 00:34:04,240 SO I WANT TO SHOUT OUT 1153 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:06,720 CRYSTAL MY TECHNICIAN FOR 1154 00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:07,920 DOING ALL THE OF THIS 1155 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:10,200 WORK, HERE WE'RE USING A 1156 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:11,520 GUINEA PIG MODEL AND WE 1157 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:13,080 HAVE SITUATIONS LIKE THIS. 1158 00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:15,200 SO WE TESTED OUR DIFFERENT 1159 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:16,720 VACCINES AND OUR GUINEA 1160 00:34:16,720 --> 00:34:18,640 PIG MODELS AND I KNOW 1161 00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:19,800 THERE'S A LOT GOING ON 1162 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:20,600 HERE BUT I'LL WALK YOU 1163 00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:21,000 THERE IT. 1164 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:22,360 THIS IS THE AREA OF 1165 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:23,480 REDNESS THAT APPEARS IN 1166 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:25,240 THE CIRCULAR FASHION AT 1167 00:34:25,240 --> 00:34:26,680 THE SKIN TESTING SITE AND 1168 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:27,600 IT'S THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE 1169 00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:30,040 THREE WEEKS OF MONITORING. 1170 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:33,280 WE SEE THAT ANIMALS THAT 1171 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:35,720 ARE DOING Q VAX HAVE A 1172 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:37,600 HIGH AREA IS SIGNIFICANT 1173 00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:38,720 COMPARED TO ALL THE 1174 00:34:38,720 --> 00:34:40,200 CONTROLS BUT WE HAVE TWO 1175 00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:40,640 DIFFERENT KNOCK OUT 1176 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:40,880 STRAINS. 1177 00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:42,360 WE HAVE A NINE MILE ONE 1178 00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:43,440 AND WE HAVE ANOTHER 1179 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:44,480 BACKGROUND I DON'T HAVE TO 1180 00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:46,400 TELL YOU ABOUT AND THEY DO 1181 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:47,560 EXPRESS AND THIS IS KIND 1182 00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:49,160 OF BOLSTERED BY HISTOLOGY 1183 00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:51,080 SCORING AND OTHER QUANTITY 1184 00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:52,960 IMPORTANCE THAT WE HAVE 1185 00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:54,400 DONE AND SO ONE MORE THING 1186 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:55,400 I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT 1187 00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:56,800 BEFORE I'M DONE THAT IS 1188 00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,560 RELATED TO THIS BUT IT'S 1189 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:06,480 EXCITING. 1190 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,680 WE CAN FOCUSED ON 1191 00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:11,360 IMPROVING OF MODEL WE WORK 1192 00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:13,240 WITH RTV AND GET THE WHOLE 1193 00:35:13,240 --> 00:35:14,480 GENOME ANNOTATED FOR THE 1194 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:15,800 GUINEA PIG WHICH IS MOST 1195 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:16,720 PEOPLE USE AND WE'RE 1196 00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:18,360 ACTUALLY ABLE TO PERFORM 1197 00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:19,200 SINGLE CELL SEQUENCES 1198 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:20,560 AFTER VACCINATION ON THE 1199 00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:21,560 SPLEEN TO TRY TO GET MUCH 1200 00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:22,680 MORE RESOLUTION INTO WHAT 1201 00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:24,840 IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING IN 1202 00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:25,160 PROTECTION. 1203 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:25,640 WE'RE SEEING DIFFERENCES 1204 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:27,000 IN FEMALES VERSUS MALES 1205 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,280 AND IN VACCINATED VERSUS 1206 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:29,960 UNVACCINATED BUT I JUST AM 1207 00:35:29,960 --> 00:35:30,880 REALLY EXCITE BESIDE THIS 1208 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:32,240 DATA SO I HAD TO THROW IT 1209 00:35:32,240 --> 00:35:34,400 IN AND THEN THIS IS MY 1210 00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:35,480 PROGRAM AGAIN. 1211 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:36,760 JUST LIKE DREW SAID. 1212 00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:38,520 THERE'S NOT A LOT TIME TO 1213 00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:39,040 TALK ABOUT WHAT WE'RE 1214 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:39,240 DOING. 1215 00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:40,760 WE HAVE THIS HOLISTIC ONE 1216 00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:42,320 HEALTH APPROACH WHEN WE 1217 00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:43,400 LOOK AT IT. 1218 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:44,080 WE'RE INTERESTED IN THE 1219 00:35:44,080 --> 00:35:44,880 ENVIRONMENT. 1220 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:46,080 HOW DOES IT SURVIVE IN 1221 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:46,600 SOIL. 1222 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:48,560 CAN IT LIVE IN THE WATER? 1223 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:49,880 AND WE USE ALL THE 1224 00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:50,680 TECHNIQUES I TOLD YOU 1225 00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:52,520 ABOUT TO LOOK AT THIS AS 1226 00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:54,200 WELL AS DEVELOPING BETTER 1227 00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:56,360 COUNTERMEASURES LIKE THE 1228 00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:56,560 VACCINE. 1229 00:35:56,560 --> 00:35:58,640 AND SO I WOULD LIKE TO 1230 00:35:58,640 --> 00:35:59,920 THANK KNOWN A. CHRIS, DREW 1231 00:35:59,920 --> 00:36:00,800 ESPECIALLY FOR ORGANIZING 1232 00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:01,560 THIS WHOLE RESEARCH 1233 00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:02,280 FESTIVAL. 1234 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:03,520 IT'S SUCH A TREAT TO COME 1235 00:36:03,520 --> 00:36:05,240 HERE AND TALK TO YOU ALL. 1236 00:36:05,240 --> 00:36:06,320 I'M GOING TO GIVE A SHOUT 1237 00:36:06,320 --> 00:36:07,560 OUT TO MY GROUP. 1238 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:09,040 MATT MY POSTBAC IS UP 1239 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:10,320 THERE AND HE IS GIVING A 1240 00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:11,480 POSTER SO CHECK THAT OUT 1241 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:12,720 AND CRYSTAL MY TECHNICIAN 1242 00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:15,640 RIGHT HERE AND JOHN ARE 1243 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:17,840 GRAD STUDENTS AND THEY'RE 1244 00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:19,920 AWESOME AND MY FORMER 1245 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:22,960 POSTBAC, MAHALA IS IN THE 1246 00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:24,040 VRC AND SHE'S DOING HER 1247 00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:25,560 GRADUATE WORK AT GEORGE 1248 00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:26,800 WASHINGTON AND PEEK A POO 1249 00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:28,760 IS ACROSS THE STREET 1250 00:36:28,760 --> 00:36:31,800 GETTING HER MD PH.D. 1251 00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:35,120 THANK YOU THE IRS PROGRAM 1252 00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:36,760 IS FABULOUS AND ALL THE 1253 00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:39,040 SUPPORT AND ALL THE 1254 00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:40,120 AMAZING RESOURCES WE HAVE 1255 00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:40,640 AT NIH. 1256 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:42,600 AND I'M TRYING TO GET UP 1257 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:45,520 TO SPEED SO I HAVE A QR 1258 00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:46,320 CODE FOR MY LAB. 1259 00:36:46,320 --> 00:36:46,920 THAT'S IT. 1260 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:51,640 [APPLAUSE] 1261 00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:53,440 >>WE HAVE OUR MANDATORY 1262 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:54,480 QUESTION COMING FROM 1263 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:56,320 ON-LINE AND IT'S FROM OUR 1264 00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:58,680 COLLEAGUE HOWARD YOUNG. 1265 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:00,760 DOES THIS BUG INDUCE TYPE 1266 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:06,240 ONE OR TYPE 111 INTER 1267 00:37:06,240 --> 00:37:06,480 NEURONS? 1268 00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:08,000 >>THE ONLY ONE I HAVE 1269 00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:09,920 SEEN INTERFERON GAMMA BUT 1270 00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:11,080 WE DON'T KNOW THAT MUCH 1271 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:12,040 ABOUT IT ESPECIALLY IN 1272 00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:13,360 HUMANS SO UNFORTUNATELY I 1273 00:37:13,360 --> 00:37:16,800 CAN'T ANSWER THAT VERY 1274 00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:18,040 WELL. 1275 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:19,080 IS I DON'T KNOW THE 1276 00:37:19,080 --> 00:37:20,680 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1277 00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:21,400 VACCINATION AND I IMAGINE 1278 00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:22,880 IT WOULD BE SIMILAR SO 1279 00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:24,560 SORRY I DON'T HAVE ANSWERS 1280 00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:28,160 BUT WE WILL SOON. 1281 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,080 >>THAT'S ALL FROM ON-LINE 1282 00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:35,040 AT THE MOMENT. 1283 00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:44,360 ANYONE IN THE AUDIENCE? 1284 00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:44,520 IS. 1285 00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:46,520 >>MICE DON'T GET IT? 1286 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:48,320 >>THEY'RE VERY RESISTANT 1287 00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:49,920 TO INFECTION SO THE END 1288 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:50,840 POINT YOU HAVE TO USE ARE 1289 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:53,360 OTHER THAN BODY WEIGHT, 1290 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:54,760 THEY GET EXPLAIN A MEG 1291 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:55,560 ALLEY BUT THEY DON'T HAVE 1292 00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,680 A SIMILAR RESPONSE. 1293 00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:01,240 >>IS THAT CLEAR WHY? 1294 00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:03,560 >>NO. 1295 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:04,000 NO. 1296 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:05,400 THERE HAVE BEEN A COUPLE 1297 00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:07,520 STUDIES ON MICE LIKE THEY 1298 00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:07,960 LOOKED AT DIFFERENT 1299 00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,360 STRAINS AND SOME ARE MORE 1300 00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:12,080 SUSCEPTIBLE THAN OTHERS 1301 00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:16,600 BUT IT'S BECAUSE OF THE TH 1302 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:17,600 1 BIAS. 1303 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,000 >>I WAS CURIOUS ABOUT 1304 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,040 YOUR LPS AND WHAT 1305 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:20,440 HAPPENED. 1306 00:38:20,440 --> 00:38:21,880 DO YOU KNOW THE MECHANISM 1307 00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:23,280 WHY THEY LOSE LPS WHEN YOU 1308 00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:23,720 CULTURE THEM? 1309 00:38:23,720 --> 00:38:25,360 >>YES. 1310 00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:26,760 SO ACTUALLY ROUGHLY THEY 1311 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:29,720 LOSE THIS BIG GENETIC LIKE 1312 00:38:29,720 --> 00:38:31,000 LOCUS THAT ENCODES A LOT 1313 00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:32,320 OF DIFFERENT GENES AND 1314 00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:34,240 WITH LPS BUT WE ACTUALLY 1315 00:38:34,240 --> 00:38:35,520 DISCOVERED A SINGLE POINT 1316 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:36,240 MUTATION THAT'S CAUSED A 1317 00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:37,640 LOT OF ISSUES AND I'M 1318 00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:39,320 TALKING ABOUT LAND OWE 1319 00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:40,600 LYNCH SO YEAH IT HASN'T 1320 00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:41,760 GOTTEN US IN TROUBLE BUT 1321 00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:43,680 IT'S A CONTENTIOUS 1322 00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:47,400 DISCOVERY BUT IT'S GENETIC 1323 00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,520 WHEN THEY'RE IN CULTURE. 1324 00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:56,560 YEAH. 1325 00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:57,640 WONDERFUL PRESENTATION. 1326 00:38:57,640 --> 00:39:00,760 THANK YOU, CARRIE. 1327 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:01,480 [APPLAUSE] 1328 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:03,640 I CAN'T HELP BUT THINK OF 1329 00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:05,440 YELLOW STONE EVERY TIME I 1330 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:06,880 HEAR ABOUT MONTANA BUT 1331 00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:08,080 THAT'S JUST ME. 1332 00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:11,120 OUR NEXT PRESENTER EMILY 1333 00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:11,600 RICOTTA. 1334 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,320 SHE'S PART OF THE 2022 IRS 1335 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,840 COHORT. 1336 00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:17,880 SHE'S WITH NIAID AS WELL. 1337 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,080 WITH THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND 1338 00:39:20,080 --> 00:39:22,440 DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT. 1339 00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:24,920 GRADUATED FROM THE 1340 00:39:24,920 --> 00:39:26,400 UNIVERSITY OF BASSEL. 1341 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:30,040 AM I PRONOUNCING THAT? 1342 00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:30,840 IN EPIDEMIOLOGY. 1343 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:31,640 GOOD TO HAVE YOU. 1344 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:35,840 THE FLOOR IS YOURS. 1345 00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:39,880 >>NOW FOR SOMETHING 1346 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:41,520 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. 1347 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:42,600 WITH SEW LET'S SEE HERE. 1348 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:44,680 IF YOU HAVEN'T BEEN OUT TO 1349 00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:46,800 VISITS RML I RECOMMEND IT. 1350 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:47,640 IT'S BEAUTIFUL. 1351 00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,320 I LOVE TOURING AROUND THE 1352 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:51,000 BSL FLOOR. 1353 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:52,480 SO THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH 1354 00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:53,520 FOR HAVING US HAVING THIS 1355 00:39:53,520 --> 00:39:54,320 SESSION. 1356 00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:55,800 IT'S GREAT TO HEAR ALL THE 1357 00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:56,840 OTHER IRS FELLOWS TALKS 1358 00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:57,720 AND SHARE OUR RESEARCH 1359 00:39:57,720 --> 00:39:58,360 WITH YOU. 1360 00:39:58,360 --> 00:39:59,840 I'M GOING TO GO THE 1361 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:01,840 TOTALLY OPPOSITE DIRECTION 1362 00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:03,760 AND I'M AN EPIDEMIOLOGIST 1363 00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:05,160 SO WE FOCUS ON THE HIGH 1364 00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:06,920 LEVEL SO I WILL GIVE YOU A 1365 00:40:06,920 --> 00:40:07,480 REEL HIGH LEVEL VIEW OF 1366 00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:09,080 THE THINGS THAT MY GROUP 1367 00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:10,560 DOES AND IF YOU HAVE 1368 00:40:10,560 --> 00:40:11,560 FURTHER QUESTIONS OR WANT 1369 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:12,960 TO DIE DEEP YOU HAVE TO 1370 00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:15,120 COME TALK TO US. 1371 00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:16,880 SO MY IS FOCUSED ON THE 1372 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:18,520 STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC 1373 00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:19,360 DATA. 1374 00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:20,640 BOTH TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1375 00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:22,360 ABOUT DISEASE RISK LIKE 1376 00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:25,680 YOU WOULD THINK ANY NORMAL 1377 00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:26,600 EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY DOES 1378 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:27,880 BUT OF ITS OWN ENTITY TO 1379 00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:29,040 BE STUDIED AND UNDERSTOOD 1380 00:40:29,040 --> 00:40:31,080 AND STRENGTHENED AND YOU 1381 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:33,240 CAN SEE OVER HOA THAT DATA 1382 00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:33,960 MANAGEMENT AND THE 1383 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:35,440 COLLECTION OF DATA AND 1384 00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:36,640 PROCESSING OF DATA REALLY 1385 00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:38,240 LASTS THROUGHOUT THE 1386 00:40:38,240 --> 00:40:39,800 LIFETIME OF A STUDY AND SO 1387 00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,360 THAT'S WHERE WE NEED TO BE 1388 00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:43,880 PAYING ATTENTION TO THESE 1389 00:40:43,880 --> 00:40:45,080 THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIME. 1390 00:40:45,080 --> 00:40:46,320 HOW ARE WE TRYING TO DO 1391 00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:47,360 THIS RESEARCH? 1392 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:49,280 SO WE'RE UNDERSTANDING AND 1393 00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:49,880 IMPROVING DATA COLLECTION 1394 00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:52,800 AND MANAGEMENT 1395 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:54,240 SPECIFICALLY USING NON 1396 00:40:54,240 --> 00:40:55,080 RANDOMIZED STUDIES. 1397 00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:56,360 WHEN YOU THINK OF CLINICAL 1398 00:40:56,360 --> 00:40:58,200 EVIDENCE YOU ARE TRYING OF 1399 00:40:58,200 --> 00:40:58,760 RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS 1400 00:40:58,760 --> 00:40:59,960 BECAUSE THERE'S A GOLD 1401 00:40:59,960 --> 00:41:01,200 STANDARD BUT THERE ARE 1402 00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:02,640 MANY SITUATIONS WHEN WE 1403 00:41:02,640 --> 00:41:04,080 CAN'T CONSTRUCT AN RCT OR 1404 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:05,680 IT'S NOT ETHICAL TO 1405 00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:07,080 CONDUCT AN RCT. 1406 00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:08,160 MANY TIMES THIS IS AT THE 1407 00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:09,160 BEGINNING OF A PANDEMIC OR 1408 00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:10,400 AN OUTBREAK WHERE WE JUST 1409 00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:11,760 DON'T HAVE THE TIME WITH 1410 00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:12,960 THE NUMBER OF CASES TO GET 1411 00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:16,520 PEOPLE ENROLLED. 1412 00:41:16,520 --> 00:41:18,480 AND SO ONE OF THE THING 1413 00:41:18,480 --> 00:41:20,920 WIND CHILL PUBLISHED IN 1414 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:22,280 MEDICINE WAS THIS 1415 00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:23,680 VIEWPOINT STAYING WE NEED 1416 00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:25,760 TO IMPROVE OBSERVATIONAL 1417 00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:26,320 STUDIES. 1418 00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:27,960 WE NEED TO STANDARDIZE THE 1419 00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:28,960 METHODS AND PUTTING SOME 1420 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:30,160 CONTROLS IF PLACE SO THAT 1421 00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:31,600 WE AREN'T JUST HAVING A 1422 00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:34,160 TON OF REAL ICKY GARBAGEY 1423 00:41:34,160 --> 00:41:35,400 DATA OUT THERE AT THE VERY 1424 00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:36,800 BEGINNING AND WE MAKE 1425 00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:37,600 POLICY OFF OF. 1426 00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:38,600 I'M NOT SURE IF YOU 1427 00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:40,960 REMEMBER THE HYDROXY COLOR 1428 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:41,800 KIN EPISODE BUT THIS IS A 1429 00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:42,840 GREAT EXAMPLE. 1430 00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:44,320 SO HOW ARE WE TRYING DO 1431 00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:44,840 THIS? 1432 00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:45,880 WELL ONE OF THE PROJECTS 1433 00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:47,800 WE'RE WORKING ON IS TRYING 1434 00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:49,160 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT DATA 1435 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:50,560 USING NON RANDOMIZED 1436 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:51,600 STUDIES GETS COLLECTED 1437 00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:52,760 EARLY AND OUTBREAKS. 1438 00:41:52,760 --> 00:41:55,200 AND SO WE'RE DOING A 1439 00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:56,480 RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS 1440 00:41:56,480 --> 00:41:57,720 WHERE WE PICK A NUMBER OF 1441 00:41:57,720 --> 00:41:58,880 DIFFERENT OUTBREAKS OF 1442 00:41:58,880 --> 00:41:59,680 IMPORTANCE THAT YOU CAN 1443 00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:01,360 SEE HERE AND WE'RE TRYING 1444 00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:02,400 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT DATA 1445 00:42:02,400 --> 00:42:03,920 WAS PUBLISHED, WHAT GOT 1446 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:05,800 PUT INTO THE LITERATURE IN 1447 00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:07,120 THE FIRST 12 MONTHS OUT 1448 00:42:07,120 --> 00:42:08,600 AFTER OUTBREAK WAS 1449 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:09,160 DECLARED. 1450 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:11,160 WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED IN 1451 00:42:11,160 --> 00:42:12,440 FOCUSING ON THAT EARLY 1452 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:12,840 INFORMATION AGAIN. 1453 00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:13,840 WAS GETTING OUT THERE? 1454 00:42:13,840 --> 00:42:15,320 WHAT'S GETTING INTO 1455 00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:15,840 POLICY. 1456 00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:16,640 WHAT'S INFLUENCING FURTHER 1457 00:42:16,640 --> 00:42:17,240 RESEARCH. 1458 00:42:17,240 --> 00:42:18,240 IF YOU WANT TO HEAR MORE 1459 00:42:18,240 --> 00:42:20,800 ABOUT THIS, CHECK OUT MY 1460 00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:22,280 POSTBAC EMMA'S POSTER I 1461 00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:23,240 BELIEVE IT'S NUMBER 19 1462 00:42:23,240 --> 00:42:23,720 TODAY. 1463 00:42:23,720 --> 00:42:25,480 SO YOU CAN LEARN MORE 1464 00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:26,840 ABOUT THAT. 1465 00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:28,040 WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN 1466 00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:29,720 EVALUATING DATA MANAGEMENT 1467 00:42:29,720 --> 00:42:30,120 CAPACITY. 1468 00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:31,760 SO THE ABILITY TO ACTUALLY 1469 00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:33,040 COLLECT DATA, TAKE IT, 1470 00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:37,560 CLEAN IT, USE IT, SHARE IT 1471 00:42:37,560 --> 00:42:39,160 AND IN AREAS AT HIGH-RISK 1472 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,120 FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE 1473 00:42:41,120 --> 00:42:41,720 SPILL OVER AND CLIMATE 1474 00:42:41,720 --> 00:42:42,240 CHANGE. 1475 00:42:42,240 --> 00:42:44,520 THIS WAS ACTUALLY THE 1476 00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:46,720 SUBJECT OF AN NIEHS 1477 00:42:46,720 --> 00:42:47,800 CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH 1478 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:48,520 AWARD THAT WE WERE GIVEN 1479 00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,640 AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS 1480 00:42:51,640 --> 00:42:52,000 YEAR. 1481 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:53,840 WE ARE TRYING TO QUANTIFY 1482 00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:55,680 DATA MANAGEMENT'S 1483 00:42:55,680 --> 00:42:56,560 CAPACITIES AS AN 1484 00:42:56,560 --> 00:42:58,480 INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR 1485 00:42:58,480 --> 00:42:59,520 FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE 1486 00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:00,560 SPILL OVER. 1487 00:43:00,560 --> 00:43:03,920 THIS IS MY POSTDOC FAST 1488 00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:05,400 OWE IS LEADING THIS WORK 1489 00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:07,200 IN COLLABORATION WITH 1490 00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,560 Dr. COLIN KARLSSON AT 1491 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:11,720 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY. 1492 00:43:11,720 --> 00:43:13,560 THERE'S LARGE-SCALE 1493 00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:14,800 MATHEMATICAL MODELS WHERE 1494 00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:16,400 WE CAN EVALUATE INFECTIOUS 1495 00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:17,600 DISEASE SPILL OVER RISK 1496 00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:18,320 GLOBALLY. 1497 00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:19,760 SO WHAT WE'RE DOING IS 1498 00:43:19,760 --> 00:43:20,840 WE'RE REVIEWING LARGE 1499 00:43:20,840 --> 00:43:22,200 CATER DOCUMENTS SUCH AS 1500 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:23,600 THE GLOBAL HEALTH SECURE 1501 00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:24,800 CAN TEE INDEX, THE WORLD 1502 00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,840 HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS 1503 00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:29,440 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 1504 00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,200 CATERS AND THINGS LIKE 1505 00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:32,720 THAT TO SEE WHAT ARE THE 1506 00:43:32,720 --> 00:43:33,560 MEASURES OF DATA 1507 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:34,200 MANAGEMENT CAPACITY THAT 1508 00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:36,000 ALREADY EXISTS WHEN 1509 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:37,400 THEY'RE NOT FINDING MANY. 1510 00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:38,720 BUT CAN WE USE THAT? 1511 00:43:38,720 --> 00:43:40,560 CAN WE CREATE A SCORE 1512 00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:43,560 INDEX TO MODEL THIS AND 1513 00:43:43,560 --> 00:43:45,360 QUANTIFY IT AND SEE HOW IT 1514 00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:49,760 IS THE RISK OF SPILL OVER. 1515 00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:50,600 AGAIN BEING INTERESTED IN 1516 00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:51,720 THAT EARLY EVIDENCE THAT 1517 00:43:51,720 --> 00:43:53,040 GETS PUT OUT INTO THE 1518 00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:55,080 LITERATURE, WE ARE LOOKING 1519 00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:56,680 AT PRE PRINTS AND THEIR 1520 00:43:56,680 --> 00:43:57,680 CORRESPONDING 1521 00:43:57,680 --> 00:43:58,600 PEER-REVIEWED POST PRINT 1522 00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:00,440 AS I WILL REFER TO THEM. 1523 00:44:00,440 --> 00:44:02,080 THAT WERE ACTUALLY 1524 00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:03,000 INCORPORATED INTO EARLY 1525 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:04,280 U.S. GOVERNMENT COVID-19 1526 00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:04,640 POLICY. 1527 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:06,000 SO WE ARE LOOKING AT THE 1528 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:08,200 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND 1529 00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:09,000 SECURITY'S MASTER QUESTION 1530 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:11,600 LIST AS WELL AS THE CDC'S 1531 00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:12,680 NIOSH WHICH IS THE 1532 00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:15,160 NATIONAL CENTER FOR 1533 00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:16,960 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, THEIR 1534 00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:18,000 WEEKLY COVID 1535 00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:20,600 RECOMMENDATIONS, THEY SITE 1536 00:44:20,600 --> 00:44:21,440 16% OF THE CITATION S WITH 1537 00:44:21,440 --> 00:44:22,040 PRO PRINTS. 1538 00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:23,560 26% OF THE THINGS THEY 1539 00:44:23,560 --> 00:44:25,000 INCLUDED WEREN'T 1540 00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:25,840 PEER-REVIEWED OUGHT ALL 1541 00:44:25,840 --> 00:44:27,320 NOR WERE THEY GOING TO BE. 1542 00:44:27,320 --> 00:44:32,880 WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 1543 00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:34,160 WHAT THE QUALITY OF THAT 1544 00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:34,600 WAS. 1545 00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:36,000 DID THEY GET PUBLISHED IN 1546 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:37,880 A PEER REVIEW JOURNAL. 1547 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:38,960 LUCKY MANY OF THEM DID. 1548 00:44:38,960 --> 00:44:42,040 WHAT WERE THE CHANGES AND 1549 00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:43,880 HOW LONG DID IT TAKE TO 1550 00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:44,560 INCORPORATE CHANGES BACK 1551 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:45,040 INTO POLICY. 1552 00:44:45,040 --> 00:44:47,400 WE'RE DOING THIS USING 1553 00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:47,960 NATURAL LANGUAGE. 1554 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:49,160 THESE ARE TWO OF MY 1555 00:44:49,160 --> 00:44:49,560 PAPERS. 1556 00:44:49,560 --> 00:44:51,080 ONE WAS A PRE PRINT AND 1557 00:44:51,080 --> 00:44:53,600 ONE WAS THE PUBLISHED, NOT 1558 00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:54,600 INCLUDED IN POLICY BUT 1559 00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:56,600 WHAT WE DO IS WE TAKE THE 1560 00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:57,600 PRE PRINT AND THE 1561 00:44:57,600 --> 00:44:58,560 PUBLISHED ONE AND WE 1562 00:44:58,560 --> 00:44:59,520 SENTENCE ALIGNMENT SO YOU 1563 00:44:59,520 --> 00:45:01,440 CAN SEE AN EXAMPLE RIGHT 1564 00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,240 HERE OF TWO SENTENCES THAT 1565 00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:05,000 ARE ALGORITHM PREDICTED 1566 00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:05,800 WITH HIGH LEVELS OF 1567 00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:06,920 CERTAINTY TO BE THE SAME 1568 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:08,320 SENTENCE WHICH IS GREAT 1569 00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:09,080 BECAUSE THEY ARE. 1570 00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:11,640 BUT IF YOU SEE DOWN BELOW, 1571 00:45:11,640 --> 00:45:13,600 WE ACTUALLY CAN TAKE THIS 1572 00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:14,960 A STEP FURTHER AND WE CAN 1573 00:45:14,960 --> 00:45:16,200 DO, USE NATURAL LANGUAGE 1574 00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:18,600 PROCESSING AND PRO TRAINED 1575 00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:20,040 ALGORITHMS, IF ANY OF YOU 1576 00:45:20,040 --> 00:45:22,920 ARE FAMILIAR WITH BIO 1577 00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:27,040 BIRCH OR SIDE MODEL WE CAN 1578 00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:28,000 DO INTENTION 1579 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:28,440 CLASSIFICATION. 1580 00:45:28,440 --> 00:45:29,800 IT HELPS US DETERMINE WHAT 1581 00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:31,320 THE INTENT OF THE CHANGES 1582 00:45:31,320 --> 00:45:33,240 WERE SO IN MY SENTENCE YOU 1583 00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:33,840 SEE INDIVIDUALS WITH 1584 00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:37,440 CHRONIC ILLNESS AND OTHER 1585 00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:38,960 CO MOR MID BEE ARE LESS 1586 00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:40,040 LIKELY TO REDUCE TO BE 1587 00:45:40,040 --> 00:45:41,640 VACCINATED. 1588 00:45:41,640 --> 00:45:42,160 THAT'S IN THE PRE PRINTS. 1589 00:45:42,160 --> 00:45:44,480 IN THE PUBLISHED VERSION, 1590 00:45:44,480 --> 00:45:45,920 INDIVIDUALS WITH 1591 00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:46,400 CO-MORBIDITIES ARE NOT 1592 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:48,120 LESS LIKELY TO REFUSE 1593 00:45:48,120 --> 00:45:48,840 VACCINATION. 1594 00:45:48,840 --> 00:45:53,200 THAT'S A BIG CHANGE, HUH. 1595 00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:54,760 WE ACTUALLY SPENT TIME 1596 00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:55,720 DOING ANOTHER WHOLE ROUND 1597 00:45:55,720 --> 00:45:57,480 OF SURVEYING AND ANALYSIS 1598 00:45:57,480 --> 00:45:59,280 AND THEN OUR CONCLUSIONS 1599 00:45:59,280 --> 00:45:59,760 CHANGED. 1600 00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:01,200 AND THIS WAS IN POLICY, 1601 00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:03,120 AND THIS DIDN'T GET 1602 00:46:03,120 --> 00:46:03,800 REINCORPORATED, WE COULD 1603 00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:05,120 BE MAKING POLICY OFF OF 1604 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:08,440 DATA THAT IS NO LONGER 1605 00:46:08,440 --> 00:46:09,680 RELEVANT WHEN WE HAVE I AM 1606 00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:10,880 PROVED OUR STUT HE'S AND 1607 00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:12,480 OUR SAMPLE SIZE. 1608 00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:14,520 THIS IS A LARGE CORP IS OF 1609 00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:15,080 PUBLICATIONS THAT WE'VE 1610 00:46:15,080 --> 00:46:16,360 ACTUALLY PULLED OUT OF 1611 00:46:16,360 --> 00:46:18,400 REAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES 1612 00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:21,840 SO WE'RE VERY EXCITED TO 1613 00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:22,880 GO FORWARD THIS STUDY. 1614 00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:24,920 WE ALSO ARE INTERESTED IN 1615 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:26,320 TRYING TO GET EXPERT INPUT 1616 00:46:26,320 --> 00:46:28,280 ON HOW WE STANDARDIZED THE 1617 00:46:28,280 --> 00:46:30,200 CONDUCT OF NON RANDOM 1618 00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:31,480 SIZED STUDY. 1619 00:46:31,480 --> 00:46:32,280 SO JUST THURSDAY AND 1620 00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:33,800 FRIDAY OF THE LAST WEEK WE 1621 00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:35,080 HOSTED NEXT PERTH WORKSHOP 1622 00:46:35,080 --> 00:46:35,880 AND WE BROUGHT PEOPLE FROM 1623 00:46:35,880 --> 00:46:37,040 ALL OVER THE WORLD TO COME 1624 00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:40,680 TO NIH AND TALK TO US 1625 00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:42,240 ABOUT THEIR -- WHAT WE SEE 1626 00:46:42,240 --> 00:46:43,440 AS THE GAPS IN THE 1627 00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:44,640 CHALLENGES ARE IN 1628 00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:46,680 CONDUCTING STUDIES IF YOU 1629 00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:47,840 ARE IN LOW TO MIDDLE 1630 00:46:47,840 --> 00:46:49,520 INCOME COUNTRIES OR IF YOU 1631 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:50,760 ARE IN THE U.S. TRYING TO 1632 00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:52,400 DO COHORT STUDIES IT'S 1633 00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:53,280 DIFFICULT. 1634 00:46:53,280 --> 00:46:57,120 WE HAD DATA COLLECTORS, WE 1635 00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:57,960 HAD EPIDEMIOLOGISTS, WE 1636 00:46:57,960 --> 00:46:59,840 HAD AN INTERNATIONAL 1637 00:46:59,840 --> 00:47:00,280 HEALTH LAWYER WHO IS 1638 00:47:00,280 --> 00:47:01,560 CURRENTLY WORKING ON 1639 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:02,840 HELPING DRAFT THE U.N. 1640 00:47:02,840 --> 00:47:03,400 PANDEMIC TREATY. 1641 00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:05,800 WE HAD A WONDERFUL GROUP 1642 00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:06,520 OF PEOPLE. 1643 00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:07,880 IT WAS REALLY AWESOME TO 1644 00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:08,800 HOST THIS YESTERDAY. 1645 00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:10,520 YOU CAN SEE US ALL HERE 1646 00:47:10,520 --> 00:47:11,600 WORKING IN BREAK OUT 1647 00:47:11,600 --> 00:47:14,440 GROUPS AND SMALL GROUPS 1648 00:47:14,440 --> 00:47:15,040 TRYING TO BRAINSTORM FOR 1649 00:47:15,040 --> 00:47:16,360 THIS AND WE'RE HOPING 1650 00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:17,440 THESE WILL COME OUT IN A 1651 00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:18,720 PEER REVIEW JOURNAL HERE 1652 00:47:18,720 --> 00:47:20,800 IN THE NEXT FEW WEEKS. 1653 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:21,880 ALL RIGHT SOLVE TO SWITCH 1654 00:47:21,880 --> 00:47:22,520 GEARS A LITTLE MANY OF 1655 00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:24,240 IT'S FOCUSING ON DATA AS 1656 00:47:24,240 --> 00:47:26,760 ITS OWN ENTITY RIGHT BUT 1657 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:27,720 EPIDEMIOLOGIST WE HELP 1658 00:47:27,720 --> 00:47:28,840 GENERATE DATA FOR SOME OF 1659 00:47:28,840 --> 00:47:29,920 THESE STUDIES. 1660 00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:31,160 AND SO NOW I'M GOING TO 1661 00:47:31,160 --> 00:47:32,880 TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE 1662 00:47:32,880 --> 00:47:33,800 MORE TYPICAL STUDIES THAT 1663 00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:34,760 YOU WOULD THINK OF WHEN 1664 00:47:34,760 --> 00:47:37,760 YOU THINK RESEARCH. 1665 00:47:37,760 --> 00:47:39,800 THE FIRST IS OUR PERSIST 1666 00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:40,080 STUDY. 1667 00:47:40,080 --> 00:47:44,600 THIS IS A LONGITUDINAL 1668 00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:46,320 STORY EVALUATING THE 1669 00:47:46,320 --> 00:47:47,480 IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COVID 1670 00:47:47,480 --> 00:47:48,400 VACCINES AND PEOPLE WITH 1671 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:49,360 IMMUNE DISORDERS AND WE 1672 00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:51,520 HAD SIM POLLS FROM 1673 00:47:51,520 --> 00:47:52,320 APRIL 2021 THROUGH 1674 00:47:52,320 --> 00:47:52,840 JULY 2023. 1675 00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:55,880 WE JUST FINISHED SAMPLE 1676 00:47:55,880 --> 00:47:56,480 COLLECTION. 1677 00:47:56,480 --> 00:47:58,760 WE HAVE 308 PARTICIPANTS 1678 00:47:58,760 --> 00:47:59,680 ENROLLED. 1679 00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:01,280 235 OF THEM HAVE IMMUNE 1680 00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:03,000 DISORDERS OF A VARIETY OF 1681 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:04,920 DIFFERENT TYPES. 1682 00:48:04,920 --> 00:48:06,880 THIS IS INBORN ERRORS OF 1683 00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:09,920 IMMUNITY SUCH AS PRIMARY 1684 00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:10,560 ANTI-DEFICIENCIES AND 1685 00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:12,080 SIGNALING PATHWAY 1686 00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:13,400 DEFICIENCIES AND WE HAVE 1687 00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:14,200 SECONDARY IMMUNE DISORDERS 1688 00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,240 LIKE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN 1689 00:48:17,240 --> 00:48:17,760 TAKING PROTECTION A PLAN 1690 00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:19,120 AND HAD AN ORGAN 1691 00:48:19,120 --> 00:48:19,440 TRANSPLANT. 1692 00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:22,200 WE HAVE 73 HEALTHY 1693 00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:23,040 VOLUNTEERS. 1694 00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:24,160 THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE OVER 1695 00:48:24,160 --> 00:48:25,440 THE RANGE OF I BELIEVE OUR 1696 00:48:25,440 --> 00:48:27,000 YOUNGEST WAS SIX-YEARS-OLD 1697 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:29,400 UP TO SOMEONE WHO 90 SO WE 1698 00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:30,680 HAVE A LARGE DISTRIBUTION 1699 00:48:30,680 --> 00:48:31,920 OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATING. 1700 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:35,120 WE WERE ABLE TO COLLECT 1701 00:48:35,120 --> 00:48:35,560 1,166 INDIVIDUAL TIME 1702 00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:36,160 FLAMES AND THESE FROM BASE 1703 00:48:36,160 --> 00:48:37,360 LINES OF THE FOUR PEOPLE 1704 00:48:37,360 --> 00:48:39,360 WHO WERE VACCINATED UP 1705 00:48:39,360 --> 00:48:41,240 THROUGH 12 MONTHS POST 1706 00:48:41,240 --> 00:48:41,880 DOSE FIVE. 1707 00:48:41,880 --> 00:48:42,760 SOME OF THESE PEOPLE ARE 1708 00:48:42,760 --> 00:48:45,320 VERY IMMUNE DEFICIENT SO 1709 00:48:45,320 --> 00:48:46,240 THEY WERE ABLE TO GET 1710 00:48:46,240 --> 00:48:47,320 VACCINES EARLY ON. 1711 00:48:47,320 --> 00:48:50,240 AND WE COLLECTED A TON OF 1712 00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:50,800 SAMPLES. 1713 00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:52,800 WE HAVE WHOLE BLOOD MICRO 1714 00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:54,400 SAM PLEASURES, PLASMA, DNA 1715 00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:56,640 SO IF ANYBODY WANTS TO 1716 00:48:56,640 --> 00:48:57,280 COLLABORATE, PLEASE GIVE 1717 00:48:57,280 --> 00:49:00,440 ME A CALL. 1718 00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:02,120 ONE OF OUR BIG FINDINGS 1719 00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,400 WAS THAT WE DID AN INTERIM 1720 00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:05,440 ANALYSIS WHERE THE FIRST 1721 00:49:05,440 --> 00:49:07,160 YEAR WHERE WE LOOKED AT 1722 00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:08,320 195 PEOPLE WITH IMMUNE 1723 00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:09,720 DISORDERS AND 35 OF OUR 1724 00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:10,920 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. 1725 00:49:10,920 --> 00:49:12,600 AND WE FOUND THAT THE ANTI 1726 00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:14,960 SPIKE IGG RESPONSE WAS 1727 00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:16,800 COMMON WHICH IS GREAT SO 1728 00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:18,440 AFTER THE SECOND DOSE, 88% 1729 00:49:18,440 --> 00:49:19,840 OF OUR PEOPLE WITH IMMUNE 1730 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:22,000 DISORDERS HAD SOME SORT OF 1731 00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:23,400 POSITIVE ANTIBODY RESPONSE 1732 00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:24,280 TO THE VACCINE THAT GREAT 1733 00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:24,680 NEWS. 1734 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:28,040 AFTER SIX MONTHS, THE 1735 00:49:28,040 --> 00:49:29,880 THIRD DOSE, THIS WAS UP TO 1736 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:30,440 93%. 1737 00:49:30,440 --> 00:49:32,040 SO IT SHOWS THAT GIVING 1738 00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:32,880 THESE MULTIPLE DOSES IN 1739 00:49:32,880 --> 00:49:34,280 PEOPLE WITH IMMUNE 1740 00:49:34,280 --> 00:49:36,800 DISORDERS CAN MAYBE REALLY 1741 00:49:36,800 --> 00:49:37,960 HELP GET THAT LEVEL OF 1742 00:49:37,960 --> 00:49:39,080 POSITIVITY UP. 1743 00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:40,040 HOWEVER, JUST BECAUSE THEY 1744 00:49:40,040 --> 00:49:40,720 WERE POSITIVE DOES NOT 1745 00:49:40,720 --> 00:49:41,920 MEAN THAT THEY ARE 1746 00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:43,360 PRODUCING ANTIBODIES AT 1747 00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:44,520 THE SAME MAGNITUDE AS THE 1748 00:49:44,520 --> 00:49:45,560 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND 1749 00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:46,960 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT 1750 00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:48,240 THEIR ANTIBODY RESPONSE 1751 00:49:48,240 --> 00:49:49,560 LEVEL WAS NEVER HIGHER 1752 00:49:49,560 --> 00:49:51,200 THAN A THIRD OF THAT WHAT 1753 00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:52,320 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS CAN 1754 00:49:52,320 --> 00:49:54,080 MAKE AND SO WE CAN'T 1755 00:49:54,080 --> 00:49:55,720 ACTUALLY SAY WITH ANY 1756 00:49:55,720 --> 00:49:57,080 CERTAINTY, YOU KNOW, HI, 1757 00:49:57,080 --> 00:49:57,800 FOLKS, YOU HAVE RESPONDED 1758 00:49:57,800 --> 00:49:59,040 TO THE VACCINE BUT WE 1759 00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:00,360 DON'T KNOW IF YOU ARE 1760 00:50:00,360 --> 00:50:01,280 PROTECTED AND THAT WAS 1761 00:50:01,280 --> 00:50:02,080 SOMETHING REALLY HARD TO 1762 00:50:02,080 --> 00:50:03,480 SAY TO OUR PARTICIPANTS 1763 00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:04,520 OVER AND OVER AGAIN 1764 00:50:04,520 --> 00:50:05,920 THROUGHOUT THIS STUDY BUT 1765 00:50:05,920 --> 00:50:06,840 YOU KNOW WE ARE STILL 1766 00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:07,560 WORKING HARD. 1767 00:50:07,560 --> 00:50:08,840 WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT A 1768 00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:09,880 NUMBER OF DIFFERENT 1769 00:50:09,880 --> 00:50:10,120 VARIANTS. 1770 00:50:10,120 --> 00:50:12,040 WE DID FIND GOOD CROSS 1771 00:50:12,040 --> 00:50:13,480 COVERAGE, CROSS BINDING OF 1772 00:50:13,480 --> 00:50:14,440 THESE ANTIBODIES TO MANY 1773 00:50:14,440 --> 00:50:16,680 OF THE VARIANTS WHICH 1774 00:50:16,680 --> 00:50:17,480 ALTHOUGH DIDN'T DECREASE 1775 00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:18,760 TO OMICRON WHICH IS TO BE 1776 00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:20,560 EXPECTED AND WE LOOKED TO 1777 00:50:20,560 --> 00:50:22,760 SEE WHETHER THESE 1778 00:50:22,760 --> 00:50:25,560 ANTIBODIES COULD PSEUDO 1779 00:50:25,560 --> 00:50:26,200 NEUTRALIZE. 1780 00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:27,760 THE RECEPTORS FOR COVID. 1781 00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:28,680 WHETHER THAT RESPONSE WAS 1782 00:50:28,680 --> 00:50:30,000 CORRELATED WITH THE 1783 00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:30,440 ANTIBODY LEVEL. 1784 00:50:30,440 --> 00:50:31,600 WE SEE A LOT OF PEOPLE 1785 00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:33,600 SAYING OH, YOUR ANTIBODY 1786 00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:34,640 LEVEL PRE TICKETS HOW 1787 00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:35,920 PROTECTED YOU ARE FROM THE 1788 00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:36,240 VACCINE. 1789 00:50:36,240 --> 00:50:39,280 IS THAT TRUE? 1790 00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:40,240 WELL, IT DEPENDS. 1791 00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:41,720 IT DEPENDS ON THE VARIANT 1792 00:50:41,720 --> 00:50:42,840 AND HOW MANY VACCINES AND 1793 00:50:42,840 --> 00:50:45,840 IT DEPENDS ON WHAT YOUR 1794 00:50:45,840 --> 00:50:46,880 IMMUNE CONSTITUTION IS. 1795 00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:47,520 THERE'S MORE TO BE DONE 1796 00:50:47,520 --> 00:50:48,040 THERE. 1797 00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:50,440 WE DID JUST HAVE OUR FIRST 1798 00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:52,360 PAPER THAT WAS ACCEPTED TO 1799 00:50:52,360 --> 00:50:54,200 SCIENCE ADVANCES LAST 1800 00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:54,760 WEEK. 1801 00:50:54,760 --> 00:50:55,960 WE'RE JUST IN PRESS. 1802 00:50:55,960 --> 00:50:57,000 THEY WERE OUR FIRST 1803 00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:57,920 AUTHORS ON THAT AND THEY 1804 00:50:57,920 --> 00:50:59,320 DID SO MUCH WORK. 1805 00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:00,600 CHECK THAT OUT SOON. 1806 00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:02,400 ONE OF THE CONTINUING 1807 00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:04,200 PROJECTS, SO BECAUSE I'M 1808 00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:05,800 AN EPIDEMIOLOGIST I 1809 00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:07,680 INSISTED ON DOING ACTIVE 1810 00:51:07,680 --> 00:51:08,360 SURVEILLANCE OF COVID 1811 00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:10,240 BREAK THROUGH INFECTIONS. 1812 00:51:10,240 --> 00:51:14,600 SO LITTLE OVER HALF SENDS 1813 00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:16,120 THIS SALIVA WHICH WE 1814 00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:16,880 TESTED FOR COVID. 1815 00:51:16,880 --> 00:51:18,480 THEY CAN ALSO TELL FUSS 1816 00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:19,000 THEY DEVELOPED ANY COVID 1817 00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:21,080 EX WE WOULD SEND THEM A 1818 00:51:21,080 --> 00:51:23,520 TEST AND WE HAVE ABOUT A 1819 00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:24,120 HUNDRED OF OUR 1820 00:51:24,120 --> 00:51:24,920 PARTICIPANTS GOT A BREAK 1821 00:51:24,920 --> 00:51:26,000 THROUGH INFECTION AT SOME 1822 00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:26,560 POINT. 1823 00:51:26,560 --> 00:51:27,840 NOW THE GOOD NEWS WAS THAT 1824 00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:29,560 WE ONLY HAD ONE PERSON WHO 1825 00:51:29,560 --> 00:51:30,520 HAD DEAL AND NOTHING 1826 00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:32,440 BEFORE THAT. 1827 00:51:32,440 --> 00:51:33,680 WE WERE PANICKED OUR ESSAY 1828 00:51:33,680 --> 00:51:34,800 WASN'T WORKING BUT IT 1829 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:36,000 WORKED FINE WHEN YOU GOT 1830 00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:36,600 OMICRON. 1831 00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:38,000 SO WE'RE EVALUATING THE 1832 00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:39,840 TIME IT TAKES TO GET 1833 00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:40,120 INFECTION. 1834 00:51:40,120 --> 00:51:42,680 HOW MANY DOSES THIS COULD 1835 00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:44,240 BE -- DOES THAT PREDICT 1836 00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:44,800 ANYTHING? 1837 00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:47,160 BUT I'M NOT GOING TO SPOIL 1838 00:51:47,160 --> 00:51:49,400 THIS WAS MCKENZIE IS 1839 00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:50,480 PRESENTING AT POST 1840 00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:51,200 EASTBOUND NUR 20 TODAY SO 1841 00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:52,880 CHECK THAT ONE OUT. 1842 00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:54,840 THE LAST THING I'M GOING 1843 00:51:54,840 --> 00:51:59,360 TO COVER, EPIDEMIOLOGY IS 1844 00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:02,640 REALLY A BROAD SET 6 1845 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:03,960 METHODS AND WE COLLABORATE 1846 00:52:03,960 --> 00:52:04,480 WITH A LOT OF DIFFERENT 1847 00:52:04,480 --> 00:52:05,200 PEOPLE AND THAT'S ONE OF 1848 00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:06,400 THE THINGS THAT MAKES MY 1849 00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:08,640 JOB REALLY COOL AND IT'S 1850 00:52:08,640 --> 00:52:09,840 ONE OF THE REASONS I DO A 1851 00:52:09,840 --> 00:52:10,520 LOT OF INTERESTING SCIENCE 1852 00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:11,600 WITH A LOT OF REST OF YOU 1853 00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:12,640 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF 1854 00:52:12,640 --> 00:52:14,280 THAT STUDY, I'M 1855 00:52:14,280 --> 00:52:17,840 COLLABORATING WITH Dr. 1856 00:52:17,840 --> 00:52:20,440 KAITLYN SADLER AND FROM 1857 00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:21,480 NIBIB TO LOOK AT THE 1858 00:52:21,480 --> 00:52:23,280 CONSERVED AND DIVERGENT 1859 00:52:23,280 --> 00:52:24,800 IMMUNE RESPONSE TO 1860 00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:25,920 TRAUMATIC INJURY SO THEY 1861 00:52:25,920 --> 00:52:27,840 HAVE COLLECTED 1,000 1862 00:52:27,840 --> 00:52:28,680 SAMPLES FROM PEOPLE WHO 1863 00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:30,600 EXPERIENCED A TRAUMA AND 1864 00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:31,160 50 HEALING' CONTROLS AND 1865 00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:32,960 THEY TESTED THEM FOR SO 1866 00:52:32,960 --> 00:52:35,880 MANY BIOMARKERS AND THEY 1867 00:52:35,880 --> 00:52:37,280 ALSO HAVE A LOT OF 1868 00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:37,760 CLINICAL DATA. 1869 00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:41,400 WHERE I COME IN IS TO 1870 00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:42,560 DISCUSS SAMPLE SIZE, THE 1871 00:52:42,560 --> 00:52:43,800 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 1872 00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:44,720 THAT WE'RE BUILDING THAT 1873 00:52:44,720 --> 00:52:47,480 WE'RE USING, STATISTICAL 1874 00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:48,320 ANALYSIS, PUTTING THINGS 1875 00:52:48,320 --> 00:52:49,040 IN CONTEXT. 1876 00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:50,240 SO ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE 1877 00:52:50,240 --> 00:52:52,040 BEEN ABLE TO IS WE'VE BEEN 1878 00:52:52,040 --> 00:52:53,880 ABLE TO Z. GREAT, IT DOES 1879 00:52:53,880 --> 00:52:54,440 APPEAR THAT CONTROLLING 1880 00:52:54,440 --> 00:52:56,040 FOR SOME OF THESE OTHER 1881 00:52:56,040 --> 00:52:57,680 VARIABLES, THERE'S AN UP 1882 00:52:57,680 --> 00:52:59,840 REGULATED RESPONSE IN SOME 1883 00:52:59,840 --> 00:53:00,520 BIOMARKERS RELATIVE TO 1884 00:53:00,520 --> 00:53:01,440 HEALTHY PEOPLE AND THERE'S 1885 00:53:01,440 --> 00:53:04,120 A DOWN REGULATED OF SOME 1886 00:53:04,120 --> 00:53:05,160 BIOMARKERS RELATIVE TO 1887 00:53:05,160 --> 00:53:05,880 HEALTHY PEOPLE. 1888 00:53:05,880 --> 00:53:07,200 WHAT I'M REALLY 1889 00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:09,280 INTERESTING IS HOW AN 1890 00:53:09,280 --> 00:53:11,200 INFECTIOUS DISEASE CHANGES 1891 00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:11,760 THIS RELATIONSHIP. 1892 00:53:11,760 --> 00:53:13,520 SO YOU CAN SEE IN THIS 1893 00:53:13,520 --> 00:53:14,800 BOTTOM FIGURE HERE, THE 1894 00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:16,720 BLUE BARS ARE PEOPLE WHO 1895 00:53:16,720 --> 00:53:17,760 EXPERIENCED TRAUMA BUT DID 1896 00:53:17,760 --> 00:53:18,960 NOT HAVE COVID HAVE NO 1897 00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:20,640 EVIDENCE FOR COVID 1898 00:53:20,640 --> 00:53:22,040 INFECTION AND VERSUS 1899 00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:24,240 HEALTHY PEOPLE. 1900 00:53:24,240 --> 00:53:25,560 AND THE PINK BARS ARE THE 1901 00:53:25,560 --> 00:53:26,840 PEOPLE WHO HAD COVID AND 1902 00:53:26,840 --> 00:53:28,760 ALSO TRAUMA SO REALLY BAD 1903 00:53:28,760 --> 00:53:29,640 DAY FOR THEM RELATIVE TO 1904 00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:30,920 THE HEALTHY PEOPLE AND YOU 1905 00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:32,400 CAN SEE THAT NOW THINGS 1906 00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:42,800 GET A LITTLE DIFFERENT. 1907 00:53:44,280 --> 00:53:45,800 MORE OF A POPULATION 1908 00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:47,320 LEVEL, HOW DOES HAVING AN 1909 00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:48,240 INFECTIOUS DISEASE IMPACT 1910 00:53:48,240 --> 00:53:49,640 YOUR BODY'S ABILITY TO 1911 00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:51,360 RESPOND TO A TRAUMA AND 1912 00:53:51,360 --> 00:53:52,560 ALSO HOW DOES HAVING A 1913 00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:54,680 TRAUMA MAY BE RESPOND TO 1914 00:53:54,680 --> 00:53:56,640 YOUR ABILITY TO COPE WITH 1915 00:53:56,640 --> 00:53:57,840 AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE 1916 00:53:57,840 --> 00:54:01,120 MAYBE IT'S AN INFECTION, A 1917 00:54:01,120 --> 00:54:02,480 SURGICAL SITE INFECTION OR 1918 00:54:02,480 --> 00:54:05,000 WOUND INFECTION OR 1919 00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:06,040 SOMETHING YOU GET LATER 1920 00:54:06,040 --> 00:54:07,920 DOWN THE LINE IF YOUR BODY 1921 00:54:07,920 --> 00:54:09,160 IS STILL RECOVERING FROM 1922 00:54:09,160 --> 00:54:11,680 TRAM A WITH THAT WE 1923 00:54:11,680 --> 00:54:12,160 COLLABORATE WITH ALL THE 1924 00:54:12,160 --> 00:54:13,760 OF INDIVIDUALS 1925 00:54:13,760 --> 00:54:14,720 INTRAMURALLY AND 1926 00:54:14,720 --> 00:54:16,160 EXTRAMURALLY AT MAIN 1927 00:54:16,160 --> 00:54:18,960 CAMPUS, RML, ACROSS THE 1928 00:54:18,960 --> 00:54:20,200 WORLD AND IF YOU ARE 1929 00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:20,800 INTERESTED IN GETTING 1930 00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:22,920 INVOLVED OR ANY SORT OF -- 1931 00:54:22,920 --> 00:54:24,400 YOU HAVE AN 1932 00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:25,280 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY YOU 1933 00:54:25,280 --> 00:54:26,320 ARE INTERESTED IN TALKING 1934 00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:27,480 ABOUT YOU NEED TO HELP 1935 00:54:27,480 --> 00:54:28,800 DESIGN YOUR STUDY PROCESS, 1936 00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:29,840 ANYTHING LIKE THAT. 1937 00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:32,440 PLEASE GIVE US A -- LOOK 1938 00:54:32,440 --> 00:54:32,720 US UP. 1939 00:54:32,720 --> 00:54:34,320 WE HAVE A HUGE STUDY TEAM. 1940 00:54:34,320 --> 00:54:36,600 WE HAVE A HUGE NUMBER OF 1941 00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:38,200 COL AT RATERS AND I WANT 1942 00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:39,280 TO THANKLY SAY THANK YOU 1943 00:54:39,280 --> 00:54:41,560 TO MY UNIT AND THEY'RE 1944 00:54:41,560 --> 00:54:43,400 AMAZING AND YOU CAN CHECK 1945 00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:45,320 OUT -- I DIDN'T DO A QR 1946 00:54:45,320 --> 00:54:46,640 CODE BUT HERE IS OUR 1947 00:54:46,640 --> 00:54:47,480 WEBSITE. 1948 00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:49,760 IT HAS A HEINE' URL SO 1949 00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:50,560 E-MAIL ME IF YOU HAVE 1950 00:54:50,560 --> 00:54:51,760 QUESTIONS, I CAN TAKE 1951 00:54:51,760 --> 00:54:52,560 ANYTHING RIGHT NOW AND 1952 00:54:52,560 --> 00:54:53,400 CHECK OUR OUT WE ARE 1953 00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:53,840 SIGHT. 1954 00:54:53,840 --> 00:54:57,000 [APPLAUSE] 1955 00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:57,320 WEBSITE. 1956 00:54:57,320 --> 00:54:59,680 >>I DO HAVE A QUESTION 1957 00:54:59,680 --> 00:55:01,560 ON-LINE BUT IT'S PRETTY 1958 00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:02,720 OPEN-ENDED AND PROBABLY 1959 00:55:02,720 --> 00:55:04,560 APPLICABLE TO ANYONE. 1960 00:55:04,560 --> 00:55:05,600 HOW DO YOU THINK THAT THE 1961 00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:06,240 INFORMATION YOU AGAIN 1962 00:55:06,240 --> 00:55:09,760 RATGENERATED CAN BE 1963 00:55:09,760 --> 00:55:10,880 BETTER UNDERSTOOD BY THE 1964 00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:11,200 PUBLIC? 1965 00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:12,080 >>INTERESTING. 1966 00:55:12,080 --> 00:55:14,320 I THINK THAT IN GENERAL, I 1967 00:55:14,320 --> 00:55:15,200 PERSONALLY AND IN GENERAL 1968 00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:19,960 THINK THAT WE COULD DO A 1969 00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:22,280 LOT BETTER OF PUTTING OUR 1970 00:55:22,280 --> 00:55:23,200 INFORMATION IN CONTEXT 1971 00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:25,240 THAT IS MEANINGFUL TO THE 1972 00:55:25,240 --> 00:55:26,720 GENERAL PUBLIC. 1973 00:55:26,720 --> 00:55:28,800 SO RATHER THAN OH, YES, 1974 00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:29,760 COVID VACCINES WILL 1975 00:55:29,760 --> 00:55:32,200 PREVENT COVID, FINE. 1976 00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:33,480 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR 1977 00:55:33,480 --> 00:55:34,520 YOU AND YOUR COMMUNITY? 1978 00:55:34,520 --> 00:55:35,920 WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR YOUR 1979 00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:36,720 KIDS IN SCHOOL? 1980 00:55:36,720 --> 00:55:38,360 WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR YOUR 1981 00:55:38,360 --> 00:55:39,320 SICK AUNT WHO YOU WANT TO 1982 00:55:39,320 --> 00:55:40,120 SEE AT CHRISTMAS? 1983 00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:41,880 YOU KNOW, IF WE TAKE OUR 1984 00:55:41,880 --> 00:55:43,160 RESULTS AND WE TRY TO PUT 1985 00:55:43,160 --> 00:55:45,000 THEM IN CONTEXT THAT'S 1986 00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:46,520 MEANINGFUL TO THE PEOPLE 1987 00:55:46,520 --> 00:55:47,840 TO WHOM WE'RE 1988 00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:50,760 GENERALIZING, THEY TEND TO 1989 00:55:50,760 --> 00:55:52,560 BE MER WILLING TO HEAR IT 1990 00:55:52,560 --> 00:55:54,960 AND IT MAKES A LOT MORE 1991 00:55:54,960 --> 00:55:55,400 SENSE. 1992 00:55:55,400 --> 00:55:57,160 >>RANDOM KIND OF COMMENTS 1993 00:55:57,160 --> 00:56:01,400 LESS QUESTIONS. 1994 00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:03,800 SO THE HIGH CROX -- 1995 00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:04,400 RESEARCH INTRODUCE THAT 1996 00:56:04,400 --> 00:56:06,360 AND NOW THE EFFICACY IS 1997 00:56:06,360 --> 00:56:07,200 BEING REQUESTED. 1998 00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:08,320 THAT'S NOT EXAMPLE OF 1999 00:56:08,320 --> 00:56:10,240 POLICY CHANGE THAT I CAN 2000 00:56:10,240 --> 00:56:11,240 PACKETS US AND WE DO 2001 00:56:11,240 --> 00:56:12,840 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002 00:56:12,840 --> 00:56:14,120 SAMPLING AND WE FOUND THE 2003 00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:16,240 EPA REGULATIONS KEEP ON 2004 00:56:16,240 --> 00:56:18,200 DRAMATICALLY CHANGING SO 2005 00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:19,000 HOW DO YOU THINK YOUR WORK 2006 00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:21,280 IS GOING TO IMPROVE THAT? 2007 00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:22,680 >>INTERESTING. 2008 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:23,280 I'M NOT SURE. 2009 00:56:23,280 --> 00:56:24,440 WE SHOULD TALK ABOUT THAT 2010 00:56:24,440 --> 00:56:25,120 LATER THOUGH. 2011 00:56:25,120 --> 00:56:26,960 THAT'S A GOOD THING. 2012 00:56:26,960 --> 00:56:28,160 THIS IS THE KIND OF THING 2013 00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:29,640 THAT YOU KNOW, WE DON'T 2014 00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:30,200 NECESSARILY ALWAYS THINK 2015 00:56:30,200 --> 00:56:32,360 OF IT AS RESEARCH OR, I 2016 00:56:32,360 --> 00:56:33,440 KNOW WE'RE REALLY RANDOM 2017 00:56:33,440 --> 00:56:36,080 WHEN IT COMES TO THE OTHER 2018 00:56:36,080 --> 00:56:36,800 NIAID INVESTIGATORS BUT 2019 00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:38,160 THIS IS THE KIND OF 2020 00:56:38,160 --> 00:56:39,560 RESEARCH WE DO LOOKING AT 2021 00:56:39,560 --> 00:56:41,000 THESE BROADER POLICY 2022 00:56:41,000 --> 00:56:42,120 IMPLICATIONS AND DATA MORE 2023 00:56:42,120 --> 00:56:43,200 BROADLY IN GENERAL CAN 2024 00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:44,240 REALLY HELP IMPACT THE 2025 00:56:44,240 --> 00:56:44,920 SCIENCE THAT HAPPENS IN 2026 00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:47,480 THE LAB EVEN BASIC SCIENCE 2027 00:56:47,480 --> 00:56:49,880 SO YEAH, LET'S TALK LATER. 2028 00:56:49,880 --> 00:56:51,280 I'M SUPER CURIOUS TO HEAR 2029 00:56:51,280 --> 00:56:51,480 MORE. 2030 00:56:51,480 --> 00:56:54,800 >>THANK YOU. 2031 00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,760 [APPLAUSE] 2032 00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:00,200 ANOTHER VERY WONDERFUL 2033 00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:00,560 SERVING. 2034 00:57:00,560 --> 00:57:01,600 THAT WAS DELIGHTFUL. 2035 00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:03,800 I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE MY 2036 00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:05,400 CO-CHAIR TO INTRODUCE THE 2037 00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:08,880 NEXT PRESENTER. 2038 00:57:08,880 --> 00:57:09,560 >> Parinaz Fathi: ALL 2039 00:57:09,560 --> 00:57:09,760 RIGHT. 2040 00:57:09,760 --> 00:57:13,520 SO NEXT UP WE HAVE Dr. 2041 00:57:13,520 --> 00:57:16,320 OYEBOLA OY E.S.O. LA WHO 2042 00:57:16,320 --> 00:57:18,040 IS PART OF THE 2023 2043 00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:19,400 RESEARCH SCHOLARS PROGRAM. 2044 00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:21,120 AND SHE'S ALSO IN NIAID 2045 00:57:21,120 --> 00:57:24,280 AND COMPLETED HER PH.D AT 2046 00:57:24,280 --> 00:57:25,560 CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 2047 00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:29,520 IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS 2048 00:57:29,520 --> 00:57:39,640 DISEASE. 2049 00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:55,080 >>HI, EVERYONE. 2050 00:57:55,080 --> 00:57:57,360 SO I AM ONE OF THE NEW 2051 00:57:57,360 --> 00:57:59,240 COHORTS FROM 2023 SCHOLAR 2052 00:57:59,240 --> 00:58:00,920 SO THE PROJECT I'LL BE 2053 00:58:00,920 --> 00:58:02,520 PRESENTING TODAY WAS DONE 2054 00:58:02,520 --> 00:58:04,120 IN MY PREVIOUS LAB. 2055 00:58:04,120 --> 00:58:05,920 SO IT WILL GIVE YOU AN 2056 00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:07,480 OVERVIEW HOW MY INTEREST 2057 00:58:07,480 --> 00:58:08,640 STARTED AND WHAT WE'LL BE 2058 00:58:08,640 --> 00:58:14,200 DOING IN MY PROGRAM. 2059 00:58:14,200 --> 00:58:14,640 THE WORK I'M PRESENT 2060 00:58:14,640 --> 00:58:17,000 ASPRESENTING IS 2061 00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:17,760 ALREADY PUBLISHED AND I 2062 00:58:17,760 --> 00:58:20,640 HAVE A QR CODE, I'M GOING 2063 00:58:20,640 --> 00:58:23,080 TO GIVE YOU A SNEAK PEEK 2064 00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:25,320 AND WHAT WILL PLAN TO DO 2065 00:58:25,320 --> 00:58:27,360 AND ANY PROGRAM. 2066 00:58:27,360 --> 00:58:30,080 SO I HAVE TWO POST BACKS 2067 00:58:30,080 --> 00:58:33,560 HERE, KELSEY AND LUCAS AND 2068 00:58:33,560 --> 00:58:35,720 HOPEFULLY THEY'LL PRESENT 2069 00:58:35,720 --> 00:58:38,440 NEXT YEAR SOLVE I WORK I'M 2070 00:58:38,440 --> 00:58:39,760 TALKING TO SOLDIER SIMILAR 2071 00:58:39,760 --> 00:58:46,920 TO WHAT WAS INTRODUCED. 2072 00:58:46,920 --> 00:58:53,640 AND LATER AND EXPERIENCE 2073 00:58:53,640 --> 00:58:55,640 AND THIS IS CONTEXT 2074 00:58:55,640 --> 00:58:57,440 DEPENDENCY AND VARIATIONS 2075 00:58:57,440 --> 00:58:59,480 AND REALLY WHAT GOT ME 2076 00:58:59,480 --> 00:59:00,040 INTERESTED IN THIS 2077 00:59:00,040 --> 00:59:02,720 RESEARCH SO IF YOU LOOK AT 2078 00:59:02,720 --> 00:59:05,160 MORTALITY TO COVID-19, YOU 2079 00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:07,480 SEE THE REGIONS WHERE 2080 00:59:07,480 --> 00:59:09,120 THEY'RE INFECTION HAVE 2081 00:59:09,120 --> 00:59:12,800 LOWER MORTALITY SO 2082 00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:13,520 SARS-CoV-2. 2083 00:59:13,520 --> 00:59:14,800 YOU CAN SUPER IMPOSE THIS 2084 00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:17,880 GRAPH ON MY OTHER DISEASE 2085 00:59:17,880 --> 00:59:18,680 AND COME TO THE SAME 2086 00:59:18,680 --> 00:59:19,520 CORRELATION THAT THERE'S 2087 00:59:19,520 --> 00:59:20,840 AN INVERSE CORRELATION 2088 00:59:20,840 --> 00:59:23,600 BETWEEN THE MORTALITY AND 2089 00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:25,400 MORBIDITY TO SARS-CoV-2. 2090 00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,440 SO CONTEXT METHODS. 2091 00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:32,200 AND ALONG THE SAME LINE 2092 00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:32,640 EARLY IN THE PANDEMIC 2093 00:59:32,640 --> 00:59:34,080 THERE ARE A LOT OF 2094 00:59:34,080 --> 00:59:37,640 RESEARCH THAT CAME UP SO 2095 00:59:37,640 --> 00:59:42,520 SUGGESTING THAT HELMINTH 2096 00:59:42,520 --> 00:59:44,760 PLAYS A ROLE BUT THERE WAS 2097 00:59:44,760 --> 00:59:46,600 NO MOUSE THEORY TO I AM 2098 00:59:46,600 --> 00:59:47,320 INTO AND THERE WAS DATA 2099 00:59:47,320 --> 00:59:49,760 COMING OUT FROM UTOPIA 2100 00:59:49,760 --> 00:59:50,480 SUGGESTING THERE WAS A 2101 00:59:50,480 --> 00:59:54,120 LINK BUT NO RESEARCH TO 2102 00:59:54,120 --> 00:59:55,480 SUPPORT THIS. 2103 00:59:55,480 --> 00:59:56,000 AND I UNDERSTAND WHEN I 2104 00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,640 WAS STARTING MY POSTDOC 2105 00:59:59,640 --> 01:00:01,160 CARRYING ALAN CHAIR LAB 2106 01:00:01,160 --> 01:00:04,320 PRESENTED THIS NICE STRAIN 2107 01:00:04,320 --> 01:00:07,280 AND THAT WERE GIVING BCG 2108 01:00:07,280 --> 01:00:12,240 WHICH IS A VACCINE TO 2109 01:00:12,240 --> 01:00:14,320 MICRO SEEN TO TUBERCULOSIS 2110 01:00:14,320 --> 01:00:15,240 SURVIVE BETTER THAN MICE 2111 01:00:15,240 --> 01:00:17,280 THAT WERE GIVEN SUB CUTE 2112 01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:21,760 OR MICE THAT DIDN'T GET 2113 01:00:21,760 --> 01:00:22,200 BCG. 2114 01:00:22,200 --> 01:00:24,560 WHAT THIS IS SUPPOSED TO 2115 01:00:24,560 --> 01:00:27,560 SHOW IS THAT THE RESPONSE 2116 01:00:27,560 --> 01:00:29,400 HAPPENS EARLY LIKE THE 2117 01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:30,240 PROTECTION HAPPENS EARLY 2118 01:00:30,240 --> 01:00:35,160 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF 2119 01:00:35,160 --> 01:00:35,840 (INAUDIBLE). 2120 01:00:35,840 --> 01:00:36,520 QUESTION WE'LL BE 2121 01:00:36,520 --> 01:00:38,240 INTERESTED IN HOW DOES 2122 01:00:38,240 --> 01:00:46,440 HHELMINTH USING THIS 2123 01:00:46,440 --> 01:00:48,720 AND WE ALSO THEN USE THE 2124 01:00:48,720 --> 01:00:50,120 MOUSE MODEL WHICH SAY 2125 01:00:50,120 --> 01:01:00,520 MOUSE MODEL THAT THE AS 2126 01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:05,400 WELL AS THE MATH OWE 2127 01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:15,840 GENESIS OF THIS AFTER DAY 2128 01:01:33,480 --> 01:01:36,040 28 POST INFECTION WE CAME 2129 01:01:36,040 --> 01:01:37,400 UP WITH SARS-CoV-2. 2130 01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:38,320 WHAT YOU NOTICE IS THAT 2131 01:01:38,320 --> 01:01:40,320 THERE WAS REALLY NO 2132 01:01:40,320 --> 01:01:40,800 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE 2133 01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:44,600 BETWEEN MICE THAT WERE CO 2134 01:01:44,600 --> 01:01:46,040 CURRENTLY EFFECTED WITH 2135 01:01:46,040 --> 01:01:47,840 THE MICE THAT WERE NOT 2136 01:01:47,840 --> 01:01:50,520 INFECTED SO JUST IN THAT 2137 01:01:50,520 --> 01:01:55,200 MAYBE CHRONIC HELMINTH 2138 01:01:55,200 --> 01:01:57,120 INFECTION DOESN'T PROTECT 2139 01:01:57,120 --> 01:01:58,080 AND IN REGION WHERE YOU 2140 01:01:58,080 --> 01:01:59,400 HAVE HELMINTH INFECTION 2141 01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:00,560 YOU HAVE IS THAT DURING 2142 01:02:00,560 --> 01:02:01,920 THE EARLY STAGE OF LIFE 2143 01:02:01,920 --> 01:02:05,280 THEY GET INFECTED, THEY 2144 01:02:05,280 --> 01:02:07,800 GET TREATED AND THEN YOU 2145 01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:11,120 CAN GET EXPOSED TO 2146 01:02:11,120 --> 01:02:13,120 SARS-CoV-2. 2147 01:02:13,120 --> 01:02:15,280 THE QUESTION SO ASK HOW 2148 01:02:15,280 --> 01:02:20,080 DOES PREVIOUS HELMINTH 2149 01:02:20,080 --> 01:02:20,920 INFECTION INFLUENCE A FORM 2150 01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:25,280 INFLUENCE THE PATHOGENESIS 2151 01:02:25,280 --> 01:02:27,520 OF SARS-CoV-2. 2152 01:02:27,520 --> 01:02:28,520 SO HERE IT'S DIFFERENT 2153 01:02:28,520 --> 01:02:36,280 THAT WE INFECTED MICE WITH 2154 01:02:36,280 --> 01:02:41,480 THIS IS IN IT'S ALSO 2155 01:02:41,480 --> 01:02:43,200 SELF-LIMITING SO BY DAY 2156 01:02:43,200 --> 01:02:45,840 SEVEN TO DAY EIGHT YOU 2157 01:02:45,840 --> 01:02:48,400 HAVE CLEARANCE SO AROUND 2158 01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:50,360 DAY 14 THE PARASITE IS 2159 01:02:50,360 --> 01:02:54,320 GONE AND WE COME AT DAY 28 2160 01:02:54,320 --> 01:02:56,440 SO THEY SURVIVE ALL OF 2161 01:02:56,440 --> 01:02:57,240 THESE MICE. 2162 01:02:57,240 --> 01:02:58,640 WE NOTICE THAT MICE THAT 2163 01:02:58,640 --> 01:03:02,320 WERE PREVIOUSLY INFECTED 2164 01:03:02,320 --> 01:03:03,920 AND THEN HAVE BETTER 2165 01:03:03,920 --> 01:03:08,360 SURVIVAL TO SARS-CoV-2. 2166 01:03:08,360 --> 01:03:09,800 WE ALSO OBSERVED A MICE 2167 01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:10,800 THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY 2168 01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:12,040 INFECTED WITH 2169 01:03:12,040 --> 01:03:13,160 SARS-CoV-2. 2170 01:03:13,160 --> 01:03:14,280 ALSO RECOVER FASTER THAN 2171 01:03:14,280 --> 01:03:16,360 THE CONTROL MICE 2172 01:03:16,360 --> 01:03:17,280 SUGGESTING THAT PREVIOUS 2173 01:03:17,280 --> 01:03:20,720 PRIOR CHALLENGE WITH 2174 01:03:20,720 --> 01:03:22,040 HELMET INFECTION COMES 2175 01:03:22,040 --> 01:03:23,800 PREVIOUS TO SARS-CoV-2. 2176 01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,160 SO THE QUESTION IS THEN IS 2177 01:03:26,160 --> 01:03:27,000 THIS EFFECTING 2178 01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:28,040 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VIRUS 2179 01:03:28,040 --> 01:03:29,680 OR CLEARANCE OF THE VIRUS 2180 01:03:29,680 --> 01:03:32,400 SO IT'S A TWO PRONGED 2181 01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:33,560 QUESTION SO AFTER THIS WE 2182 01:03:33,560 --> 01:03:37,360 WE INFECTED K18 MICE WITH 2183 01:03:37,360 --> 01:03:38,760 RECEIPT LENS LAW CLEARANCE 2184 01:03:38,760 --> 01:03:41,160 AND LOOK AT VIRAL TYPES AT 2185 01:03:41,160 --> 01:03:42,440 DAY THREE AND DAY SEVEN 2186 01:03:42,440 --> 01:03:43,880 POST INFECTION. 2187 01:03:43,880 --> 01:03:45,160 DAY THREE HELPING US TO 2188 01:03:45,160 --> 01:03:46,440 GET AT ESTABLISHMENT OF 2189 01:03:46,440 --> 01:03:53,600 THE VIRUS AND DAY SEVEN 2190 01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:54,520 WITH CLEARANCE. 2191 01:03:54,520 --> 01:03:56,440 DAY THREE WE DIDN'T SEE A 2192 01:03:56,440 --> 01:03:57,760 DIFFERENCE SUGGESTING THE 2193 01:03:57,760 --> 01:04:00,000 VIRUS WAS NOT REALLY 2194 01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:00,280 EFFECTED. 2195 01:04:00,280 --> 01:04:06,280 BUT BY DAY SEVEN WE NOTICE 2196 01:04:06,280 --> 01:04:09,920 THAT AND CLEAR THE VIRUS 2197 01:04:09,920 --> 01:04:12,840 FASTER THAN THE CONTROL 2198 01:04:12,840 --> 01:04:13,760 MICE. 2199 01:04:13,760 --> 01:04:15,680 THE QUESTION THEN IS WHAT 2200 01:04:15,680 --> 01:04:17,080 ARE THE FEATURES OF THIS 2201 01:04:17,080 --> 01:04:22,440 RESPONSE AND WE DECIDED TO 2202 01:04:22,440 --> 01:04:24,720 USE SURE PATHOLOGY AND 2203 01:04:24,720 --> 01:04:25,840 RESPONSE AND WHAT YOUR 2204 01:04:25,840 --> 01:04:27,120 NOTICE IS THAT MICE THAT 2205 01:04:27,120 --> 01:04:29,200 WERE PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED IN 2206 01:04:29,200 --> 01:04:30,080 THE RESIDENTS HAVE A LOT 2207 01:04:30,080 --> 01:04:33,440 OF INFLAMMATION SO THERE'S 2208 01:04:33,440 --> 01:04:34,800 THIS INIF FLATION AND A 2209 01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:36,680 LOT OF I AM FOE SIGHTS IN 2210 01:04:36,680 --> 01:04:38,160 THE LUNGS COMPARED TO MICE 2211 01:04:38,160 --> 01:04:42,920 THAT WERE JUST EXPOSED. 2212 01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:45,080 SO BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT 2213 01:04:45,080 --> 01:04:49,640 LYMPH SIGHT ON THE CD-18 2214 01:04:49,640 --> 01:04:51,800 CELLS SO WE IN MICE THAT 2215 01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:54,600 WERE PREVIOUSLY HE IS 2216 01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:56,120 POSED TO AND THE CONTROL 2217 01:04:56,120 --> 01:04:57,360 MICE WE DECIDED WHILE 2218 01:04:57,360 --> 01:05:00,480 THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE 2219 01:05:00,480 --> 01:05:01,600 AND EARLY IN THE 2220 01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:04,880 PERCENTAGE OF CD18 EARLY 2221 01:05:04,880 --> 01:05:06,040 AND BY DAY SEVEN WHEN 2222 01:05:06,040 --> 01:05:08,840 WE'RE HAVING THAT BETTER 2223 01:05:08,840 --> 01:05:12,800 CLEARANCE WE HAVE MORE CD8 2224 01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:13,800 CELL. 2225 01:05:13,800 --> 01:05:15,640 WHAT WE ALSO NOTICE IS 2226 01:05:15,640 --> 01:05:16,920 THAT THERE WAS HIGHER, 2227 01:05:16,920 --> 01:05:18,360 FASTER RECRUITMENTS OF 2228 01:05:18,360 --> 01:05:19,520 THESE CELLS IN MICE THAT 2229 01:05:19,520 --> 01:05:22,920 WERE PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED. 2230 01:05:22,920 --> 01:05:25,040 AT DAY THREE AS WELL AS 2231 01:05:25,040 --> 01:05:27,680 DAY SEVEN POST INFECTION. 2232 01:05:27,680 --> 01:05:29,640 SO ALL OF THESE SEARCHES 2233 01:05:29,640 --> 01:05:31,080 THAT IS AN INCREASE 2234 01:05:31,080 --> 01:05:33,040 RECRUITMENT AND 2235 01:05:33,040 --> 01:05:38,040 ACCUMULATION OF CD8 2236 01:05:38,040 --> 01:05:43,440 T-CELL. 2237 01:05:43,440 --> 01:05:47,640 WE NOTICED MICE PREVIOUSLY 2238 01:05:47,640 --> 01:05:49,720 EXPOSED HAVE MOST CD8T 2239 01:05:49,720 --> 01:05:51,520 CELLS COMPARED TO THE 2240 01:05:51,520 --> 01:05:52,360 COUNTERPART. 2241 01:05:52,360 --> 01:05:54,200 SO THE QUESTION WE THEN 2242 01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:58,480 ASKED IS THAT ARE THESE 2243 01:05:58,480 --> 01:06:01,480 CD8 T CELLS ARE THE VIRUS 2244 01:06:01,480 --> 01:06:05,840 IN MICE PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED. 2245 01:06:05,840 --> 01:06:09,560 WHAT WE DID WAS WE 2246 01:06:09,560 --> 01:06:11,200 INFECTED MICE AND 2247 01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:16,680 DEFLETTED THE CD8 T CELLS 2248 01:06:16,680 --> 01:06:19,600 USING DEPLETION AND COME 2249 01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:20,520 LATER WE (INAUDIBLE). 2250 01:06:20,520 --> 01:06:23,520 SO WHAT WE NOTICED WHEN WE 2251 01:06:23,520 --> 01:06:29,800 TAKEAWAY THE CD8 T-CELL 2252 01:06:29,800 --> 01:06:31,840 THE MICE BECOME AGGREGATED 2253 01:06:31,840 --> 01:06:35,240 SUGGESTING THAT THESE CD8 2254 01:06:35,240 --> 01:06:36,640 T CELLS ARE IMPORTANT IN 2255 01:06:36,640 --> 01:06:40,800 MICE EXPOSED TO THE 2256 01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:41,920 (INAUDIBLE) SO JUST TO 2257 01:06:41,920 --> 01:06:43,920 KIND OF TAKE A PAUSE, WHAT 2258 01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:45,280 I'VE SHOWN YOU SO FAR IS 2259 01:06:45,280 --> 01:06:47,680 THAT ONE THERE'S ENHANCED 2260 01:06:47,680 --> 01:06:49,080 CLEARANCE OF THE VIRUS IN 2261 01:06:49,080 --> 01:06:52,360 MICE THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY 2262 01:06:52,360 --> 01:06:52,920 EXPOSED. 2263 01:06:52,920 --> 01:06:55,520 AND THEY SURVIVE BETTER. 2264 01:06:55,520 --> 01:06:57,520 NOT AT DAY IS THREE BUT AT 2265 01:06:57,520 --> 01:06:59,200 DAY SEVEN POST INFECTION. 2266 01:06:59,200 --> 01:07:00,520 THAT IS INCREASED 2267 01:07:00,520 --> 01:07:03,640 PERCENTAGE AND NUMBERS OF 2268 01:07:03,640 --> 01:07:05,560 CD8 T CELLS IN MICE 2269 01:07:05,560 --> 01:07:14,240 PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO HELL 2270 01:07:14,240 --> 01:07:16,480 MINUTE AND IT'S ALSO IN 2271 01:07:16,480 --> 01:07:17,400 HANCE IN THESE MICE. 2272 01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:23,040 AND FINALLY, THAT THIS CD8 2273 01:07:23,040 --> 01:07:27,200 T CELLS IS INHEIGHTENED IN 2274 01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,320 GROUPS IN MICE PREVIOUSLY 2275 01:07:30,320 --> 01:07:34,640 INFECTED WITH N. 2276 01:07:34,640 --> 01:07:36,080 BRASILENSIS AND CRITICALLY 2277 01:07:36,080 --> 01:07:38,280 AND THIS IDEA OF 2278 01:07:38,280 --> 01:07:39,640 REMODELING AFTER HELMINTH 2279 01:07:39,640 --> 01:07:42,800 INFECTION IS REALLY NOT 2280 01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:43,160 NEW. 2281 01:07:43,160 --> 01:07:45,200 THEY HAVE SHOWN THERE'S 2282 01:07:45,200 --> 01:07:46,400 REMODELING OF TISSUE 2283 01:07:46,400 --> 01:07:47,160 FOLLOWING THE INFECTION 2284 01:07:47,160 --> 01:07:48,760 AND WE WANTED TO KNOW 2285 01:07:48,760 --> 01:07:49,720 WHETHER THIS IS IMPORTANT 2286 01:07:49,720 --> 01:07:52,560 IN THE ENHANCED. 2287 01:07:52,560 --> 01:07:55,280 IN THIS CASE. 2288 01:07:55,280 --> 01:07:56,440 SO THE APPROACH WE TOOK 2289 01:07:56,440 --> 01:08:04,880 WAS TO INFECT MICE WITH 2290 01:08:04,880 --> 01:08:05,720 NIPPOSTRONGYLUS AND THEY 2291 01:08:05,720 --> 01:08:07,200 CHARACTER EYES THE IMMUNE 2292 01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:11,200 RESPONSE USING SINGLE CELL 2293 01:08:11,200 --> 01:08:11,840 PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE AND 2294 01:08:11,840 --> 01:08:14,000 WE NOTICED WE HAVE A AGAIN 2295 01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:18,560 THERE'S REMODELING AND WE 2296 01:08:18,560 --> 01:08:21,240 HAVE T-CELL LYMPH SIGHT 2297 01:08:21,240 --> 01:08:26,040 RESPONSE AND ACTIVATED 2298 01:08:26,040 --> 01:08:26,840 MAKE REFAGES IN MICE AND 2299 01:08:26,840 --> 01:08:29,560 IF WE LOOK TRANSCRIPTION 2300 01:08:29,560 --> 01:08:31,600 WE SEE THE TRANSCRIPTION 2301 01:08:31,600 --> 01:08:33,240 OR PROFILE OF MACROPHAGES 2302 01:08:33,240 --> 01:08:35,920 AND MICE PREVIOUSLY 2303 01:08:35,920 --> 01:08:37,720 EXPOSED IS DIFFERENT FROM 2304 01:08:37,720 --> 01:08:40,320 THEIR CONTROL MICE SO YOU 2305 01:08:40,320 --> 01:08:42,000 HAVE INCREASED ALTERNATIVE 2306 01:08:42,000 --> 01:08:45,680 TO MACROPHAGES BOTH IN THE 2307 01:08:45,680 --> 01:08:48,200 MACROPHAGE AS WELL AS IN 2308 01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:49,040 THE FALK ROW PAGES AND 2309 01:08:49,040 --> 01:08:50,800 ALSO YOU OBSERVED THAT 2310 01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:53,680 THIS MACROPHAGES HAVE 2311 01:08:53,680 --> 01:08:55,400 INCREASED SO YOU HAVE 2312 01:08:55,400 --> 01:08:57,120 INCREASED CHEMOKINES IN 2313 01:08:57,120 --> 01:09:00,920 MICE THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY 2314 01:09:00,920 --> 01:09:04,920 EXPOSED. 2315 01:09:04,920 --> 01:09:10,120 WE ALSO SAW THAT DCD14 2316 01:09:10,120 --> 01:09:12,840 CELL SUBSET SEEN AT 28 2317 01:09:12,840 --> 01:09:14,760 POST INFECTION HAVE A 2318 01:09:14,760 --> 01:09:15,440 DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION OF 2319 01:09:15,440 --> 01:09:16,800 PROFILE COMPARED TO THE 2320 01:09:16,800 --> 01:09:18,920 CONTROL MICE. 2321 01:09:18,920 --> 01:09:21,280 SUGGESTING THERE MIGHT BE 2322 01:09:21,280 --> 01:09:22,800 REMODELS OF THE HELMINTH 2323 01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:24,360 INFECTION THAT PERSISTS 2324 01:09:24,360 --> 01:09:26,760 LONG AFTER THE PARASITE IS 2325 01:09:26,760 --> 01:09:27,560 GONE. 2326 01:09:27,560 --> 01:09:29,240 AND I'M NOT SURE WE ALSO 2327 01:09:29,240 --> 01:09:31,240 OBSERVED THAT THERE ARE 2328 01:09:31,240 --> 01:09:32,880 EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT 2329 01:09:32,880 --> 01:09:35,200 PERSIST UP TO DAY 45 POST 2330 01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:35,880 INFECTION IN MICE 2331 01:09:35,880 --> 01:09:40,480 PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED. 2332 01:09:40,480 --> 01:09:42,280 SO WE TRIED TO GET THE 2333 01:09:42,280 --> 01:09:43,800 MECHANISM WHICH IS 2334 01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:46,320 HAPPENING AND TO KNOW WHAT 2335 01:09:46,320 --> 01:09:47,680 IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS 2336 01:09:47,680 --> 01:09:48,560 ENHANCE NOT OF THE 2337 01:09:48,560 --> 01:09:53,600 RESPONSE THAT WE HAVE SEEN 2338 01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:56,920 IN MICE EXPOSED TO 2339 01:09:56,920 --> 01:09:57,960 SARS-CoV-2MENT I 2340 01:09:57,960 --> 01:09:59,880 MENTIONED ORDERS HAVE 2341 01:09:59,880 --> 01:10:02,040 SHOWN THE CCL16 PART WAYS 2342 01:10:02,040 --> 01:10:03,920 IS IMPORTANT FOR 2343 01:10:03,920 --> 01:10:05,840 LOCALIZATION AND THE 2344 01:10:05,840 --> 01:10:08,280 RECRUITMENT OF HERE AND 2345 01:10:08,280 --> 01:10:10,480 AGAIN WHEN WE LOOK IN MICE 2346 01:10:10,480 --> 01:10:14,840 PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED, YOU 2347 01:10:14,840 --> 01:10:18,280 SEE THERE ARE MORE OR 16 2348 01:10:18,280 --> 01:10:19,560 IN THE MACRO PAGES AND IN 2349 01:10:19,560 --> 01:10:21,320 THE ALTERNATIVE MACRO 2350 01:10:21,320 --> 01:10:23,240 PAGES AND EVEN AT DAY 28 2351 01:10:23,240 --> 01:10:28,000 POST INFECTION. 2352 01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:31,400 YOU SEE INCREASE MOUSE 2353 01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:32,400 INCREASE EXPRESSION OF 2354 01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:36,920 THIS CHEMO KEEN IN 2355 01:10:36,920 --> 01:10:39,240 MONOCYTES IN MACROPHAGES 2356 01:10:39,240 --> 01:10:42,800 AS WELL AS THE MICE THAT 2357 01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:44,160 WERE PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED. 2358 01:10:44,160 --> 01:10:46,360 THE QUESTION THEN BECOMES 2359 01:10:46,360 --> 01:10:48,240 ARE THESE MAKO PAGES 2360 01:10:48,240 --> 01:10:49,640 IMPORTANT IN THE RAPID 2361 01:10:49,640 --> 01:10:55,280 IMPROVEMENT OF THE CD8 T 2362 01:10:55,280 --> 01:10:56,040 CELLS. 2363 01:10:56,040 --> 01:10:58,760 YOU CAN DELETE THE 2364 01:10:58,760 --> 01:11:02,720 MONOCYTES, THE MACROPHAGES 2365 01:11:02,720 --> 01:11:04,520 AND AS WELL AS THE MAKO 2366 01:11:04,520 --> 01:11:10,400 PAGES USING INTRAASAL WITH 2367 01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:11,520 THE ADMINISTRATION. 2368 01:11:11,520 --> 01:11:14,160 AND WHAT WE SAW WAS THAT 2369 01:11:14,160 --> 01:11:15,440 WHEN HE WE DEPLETE THIS 2370 01:11:15,440 --> 01:11:18,560 MACRO PAGES THE ENHANCED 2371 01:11:18,560 --> 01:11:20,720 CLEARANCE AS WELL AS THE 2372 01:11:20,720 --> 01:11:23,440 CD8 CELL RESPONSE WE SEE 2373 01:11:23,440 --> 01:11:25,520 IN MICE PREVIOUSLY. 2374 01:11:25,520 --> 01:11:28,960 BECOME ABROGATED. 2375 01:11:28,960 --> 01:11:30,120 SO WHAT I'VE SHOWN TOLD 2376 01:11:30,120 --> 01:11:35,000 YOU TODAY IS THAT HELMINTH 2377 01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:36,440 INFECTION LEADS TO A 2378 01:11:36,440 --> 01:11:38,280 CHANGE IN MACROPHAGE 2379 01:11:38,280 --> 01:11:39,440 PROFILE AND THIS 2380 01:11:39,440 --> 01:11:44,160 MACROPHAGE IS IMPORTANT IN 2381 01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:45,760 VIRAL CLEARANCE SO I JUST 2382 01:11:45,760 --> 01:11:48,160 WANTED TO MENTION THAT ALL 2383 01:11:48,160 --> 01:11:49,480 THOSE HAVE EVEN THIS WITH 2384 01:11:49,480 --> 01:11:51,760 OTHER HELMINTH THIS IS A 2385 01:11:51,760 --> 01:11:54,440 QUESTION WE GET WHICH IS 2386 01:11:54,440 --> 01:11:55,120 ANOTHER HELMINTH THAT IS 2387 01:11:55,120 --> 01:11:56,520 PRESENT IN THOSE REGIONS 2388 01:11:56,520 --> 01:11:57,920 THAT I MENTIONED. 2389 01:11:57,920 --> 01:12:01,000 THEY ALSO SEE THAT THERE 2390 01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:05,480 IS ENHANCED CD8 SO THAT 2391 01:12:05,480 --> 01:12:10,160 HELPFUL IN VIRAL 2392 01:12:10,160 --> 01:12:10,680 INFECTION. 2393 01:12:10,680 --> 01:12:15,040 SO INCLUSION, PRIOR 2394 01:12:15,040 --> 01:12:15,960 HELMINTH INFECTION IS IN 2395 01:12:15,960 --> 01:12:17,240 THE LUNG AND THIS IS 2396 01:12:17,240 --> 01:12:20,320 IMPORTANT IN ENHANCING THE 2397 01:12:20,320 --> 01:12:21,880 CD8 RESPONSE AND VIRAL 2398 01:12:21,880 --> 01:12:22,640 RESPONSE WITH 2399 01:12:22,640 --> 01:12:24,200 SARS-CoV-2. 2400 01:12:24,200 --> 01:12:25,960 TO SUM UP AND GIVE YOU AN 2401 01:12:25,960 --> 01:12:27,080 OVER VOW OF WHAT WE ARE 2402 01:12:27,080 --> 01:12:27,800 INTERESTED IN, ALL OF 2403 01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:29,400 THESE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN 2404 01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:31,040 IS THEN BEGINNING TO SHOW 2405 01:12:31,040 --> 01:12:33,720 SHA HELP MINUTE INFECTION 2406 01:12:33,720 --> 01:12:34,440 OR AN INDIVIDUAL IN 2407 01:12:34,440 --> 01:12:35,360 ENVIRONMENTS IS IMPORTANT 2408 01:12:35,360 --> 01:12:37,600 IN THE TIMING HEALTH 2409 01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:39,320 CONTINUING INFECTION AND 2410 01:12:39,320 --> 01:12:41,920 WHAT WE'LL DO IN OUR 2411 01:12:41,920 --> 01:12:43,960 UNIQUE UNITS IS BEGIN TO 2412 01:12:43,960 --> 01:12:45,560 STUDY HOW HELMINTH 2413 01:12:45,560 --> 01:12:46,800 INFECTION CAN REPROGRAM 2414 01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:50,680 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEN 2415 01:12:50,680 --> 01:12:52,120 HOW THAT CAN THEN 2416 01:12:52,120 --> 01:12:53,560 INFLUENCE HOW ORDER AND 2417 01:12:53,560 --> 01:12:55,880 SOULS EITHER VIRUSES OR 2418 01:12:55,880 --> 01:12:58,840 FUNGI INFECTIONS. 2419 01:12:58,840 --> 01:12:59,880 AND WITH THAT OUR TIME 2420 01:12:59,880 --> 01:13:02,720 COMES ALL MY COLLEAGUES IN 2421 01:13:02,720 --> 01:13:07,720 THE SECTION AND MY PI AND 2422 01:13:07,720 --> 01:13:09,480 LUCAS AND KELSEY IN NEW 2423 01:13:09,480 --> 01:13:11,600 RECRUITS FOR THE 2424 01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:13,640 INDEPENDENT AWARD AND WITH 2425 01:13:13,640 --> 01:13:14,920 THAT I SAY THANK YOU AND 2426 01:13:14,920 --> 01:13:18,320 ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU 2427 01:13:18,320 --> 01:13:22,560 WOULD HAVE. 2428 01:13:22,560 --> 01:13:25,040 >>I DO HAVE A QUESTION 2429 01:13:25,040 --> 01:13:25,960 FROM ON-LINE. 2430 01:13:25,960 --> 01:13:27,360 AND I HAVE ONE TOO. 2431 01:13:27,360 --> 01:13:30,480 CAN THE SEX OF THE MICE 2432 01:13:30,480 --> 01:13:30,920 MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE. 2433 01:13:30,920 --> 01:13:31,680 >>NO. 2434 01:13:31,680 --> 01:13:33,280 NOT IN THIS CASE. 2435 01:13:33,280 --> 01:13:35,760 >>AND MY QUESTION, IF I 2436 01:13:35,760 --> 01:13:37,360 CAN REMEMBER IT, THE 2437 01:13:37,360 --> 01:13:41,360 SLIDES ARE GONE. 2438 01:13:41,360 --> 01:13:43,760 ARE THERE AREAS OF -- ARE 2439 01:13:43,760 --> 01:13:45,080 THERE REGIONS THAT ARE 2440 01:13:45,080 --> 01:13:46,360 ENDEMIC WITH THIS KIND OF 2441 01:13:46,360 --> 01:13:47,200 INFECTION? 2442 01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:48,840 DID THEY HAVE LOWER RATES 2443 01:13:48,840 --> 01:13:50,320 OF COVID. 2444 01:13:50,320 --> 01:13:51,920 DO WE HAVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 2445 01:13:51,920 --> 01:13:53,640 DATA TO SUPPORT THAT MIGHT 2446 01:13:53,640 --> 01:13:54,920 HAVE HELPED PREVENT THE 2447 01:13:54,920 --> 01:13:57,000 SPREAD OF HUMAN COVID? 2448 01:13:57,000 --> 01:13:58,640 >>YEAH. 2449 01:13:58,640 --> 01:13:59,680 THANK YOU. 2450 01:13:59,680 --> 01:14:01,400 LIKE I MENTIONED WHEN I 2451 01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:03,000 STARTED, THERE IS ONE 2452 01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:05,520 STUDY FROM' TOPIA THAT 2453 01:14:05,520 --> 01:14:07,600 MIGHT BE CORRELATION 2454 01:14:07,600 --> 01:14:09,320 BETWEEN HELMINTH INFECTION 2455 01:14:09,320 --> 01:14:10,840 AND EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY YES. 2456 01:14:10,840 --> 01:14:12,280 THE MORTALITY TO 2457 01:14:12,280 --> 01:14:14,800 SARS-CoV-2 IS KIND OF TO 2458 01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:16,160 SARS-CoV-2 IS LOWER IN 2459 01:14:16,160 --> 01:14:17,360 REGIONS WHERE THERE ARE 2460 01:14:17,360 --> 01:14:20,920 INFECTION. 2461 01:14:20,920 --> 01:14:21,560 >>AMAZING. 2462 01:14:21,560 --> 01:14:24,800 >>I'M WONDERING IF THERE 2463 01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:27,640 IS EVIDENCE THAT THIS IS 2464 01:14:27,640 --> 01:14:30,440 SPECIFIC TO HELMINTH 2465 01:14:30,440 --> 01:14:32,680 INFECTION OR WHETHER THERE 2466 01:14:32,680 --> 01:14:33,480 ARE EITHER ENVIRONMENTAL 2467 01:14:33,480 --> 01:14:35,760 OR OTHER INFECTIOUS 2468 01:14:35,760 --> 01:14:37,160 FACTORS THAT CO SEGREGATE 2469 01:14:37,160 --> 01:14:38,640 IN THESE REGIONS? 2470 01:14:38,640 --> 01:14:42,760 >>GREAT QUESTION. 2471 01:14:42,760 --> 01:14:45,080 SO YEAH, WHETHER THE 2472 01:14:45,080 --> 01:14:46,480 ENVIRONMENT MATTERS OR 2473 01:14:46,480 --> 01:14:47,640 IT'S HELMINTH INFECTION IN 2474 01:14:47,640 --> 01:14:48,200 PARTICULAR. 2475 01:14:48,200 --> 01:14:50,680 WE HAVE THIS MODEL WE'RE 2476 01:14:50,680 --> 01:14:55,360 COLLABORATING WITH ANDREA 2477 01:14:55,360 --> 01:14:56,040 GRAHAM WHERE WE TAKE MICE 2478 01:14:56,040 --> 01:14:59,200 INTO A ENVIRONMENT TO KIND 2479 01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:00,640 OF DISTORT HOW DOES THE 2480 01:15:00,640 --> 01:15:03,160 ENVIRONMENTS REALLY PLAY A 2481 01:15:03,160 --> 01:15:06,440 ROLE IN OUTCOMES TO 2482 01:15:06,440 --> 01:15:07,440 SARS-CoV-2 OR OTHER 2483 01:15:07,440 --> 01:15:09,040 VIRAL SO USING THAT MODEL 2484 01:15:09,040 --> 01:15:10,640 WE WILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER 2485 01:15:10,640 --> 01:15:11,800 THAT QUESTION. 2486 01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:12,800 WE DON'T HAVE AN ANSWER 2487 01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:23,040 YET BUT YEAH. 2488 01:15:23,360 --> 01:15:23,800 THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 2489 01:15:23,800 --> 01:15:30,440 [APPLAUSE] 2490 01:15:30,440 --> 01:15:32,160 >> Parinaz Fathi: SO NEXT 2491 01:15:32,160 --> 01:15:36,680 WE'LL HAVE Dr. SHAUN 2492 01:15:36,680 --> 01:15:39,200 ABRAMS PART OF THE 2023 2493 01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:40,200 INDEPENDENT REOPEN SCHOLAR 2494 01:15:40,200 --> 01:15:43,680 COHORT AND HE IS LEADING 2495 01:15:43,680 --> 01:15:44,680 THE CRANIO FACIAL 2496 01:15:44,680 --> 01:15:45,280 DEVELOPMENT IN THE 2497 01:15:45,280 --> 01:15:46,280 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 2498 01:15:46,280 --> 01:15:47,880 DENTAL AND RAIN YO FACIAL 2499 01:15:47,880 --> 01:15:49,120 RESEARCH AND HE COMPLETED 2500 01:15:49,120 --> 01:15:51,840 HIS PH.D IN THE ORAL AND 2501 01:15:51,840 --> 01:15:52,360 SCIENCE GREAT WAD PROGRAM 2502 01:15:52,360 --> 01:15:53,200 AT UNIVERSITY OF 2503 01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:54,760 CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO. 2504 01:15:54,760 --> 01:15:55,560 [APPLAUSE] 2505 01:15:55,560 --> 01:15:56,760 PLEASE WELCOME OUR 2506 01:15:56,760 --> 01:16:06,880 SPEAKER. 2507 01:16:09,720 --> 01:16:10,440 >>GOOD MORNING. 2508 01:16:10,440 --> 01:16:12,720 THANK YOU SO MUCH TO THE 2509 01:16:12,720 --> 01:16:13,720 ORGANIZERS FOR THE 2510 01:16:13,720 --> 01:16:15,320 OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT MY 2511 01:16:15,320 --> 01:16:16,480 PRELIMINARY WORK AND I'M 2512 01:16:16,480 --> 01:16:18,000 REALLY EXCITED TO PRESENT 2513 01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:19,800 IT IN THIS EARLY STAGE 2514 01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:21,160 BECAUSE IT'S A PROJECT 2515 01:16:21,160 --> 01:16:24,160 THAT CAME FROM A REALLY 2516 01:16:24,160 --> 01:16:24,920 EXCITING, USUAL FINDING 2517 01:16:24,920 --> 01:16:26,440 THAT CAME FROM MY PH.D 2518 01:16:26,440 --> 01:16:27,920 WORK AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 2519 01:16:27,920 --> 01:16:28,760 CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO 2520 01:16:28,760 --> 01:16:30,480 THAT I'M EXCITED TO 2521 01:16:30,480 --> 01:16:31,720 SPEARHEAD TACKLING 2522 01:16:31,720 --> 01:16:33,360 INDEPENDENTLY AS AN IRS 2523 01:16:33,360 --> 01:16:33,880 SCHOLAR. 2524 01:16:33,880 --> 01:16:35,960 I'M ALSO REALLY GRATEFUL 2525 01:16:35,960 --> 01:16:38,400 FOR MY CO PRIMARY MENTORS 2526 01:16:38,400 --> 01:16:40,320 WHO HAVE BOTH ALLOWED ME 2527 01:16:40,320 --> 01:16:41,840 TO DRIVE THIS PROJECT 2528 01:16:41,840 --> 01:16:42,640 INDEPENDENTLY IN ADDITION 2529 01:16:42,640 --> 01:16:44,480 TO A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT 2530 01:16:44,480 --> 01:16:46,600 I'M RUNNING BETWEEN THEIR 2531 01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:47,720 TWO LABS. 2532 01:16:47,720 --> 01:16:48,960 AND THIS PROJECT STEMS 2533 01:16:48,960 --> 01:16:52,000 FROM UNDERSTANDING HOW 2534 01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:56,000 SCENERY OWLS WHICH ARE -- 2535 01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:57,520 WE'VE UNDISCOVERED TISSUE 2536 01:16:57,520 --> 01:17:01,360 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT FOR 2537 01:17:01,360 --> 01:17:02,640 THIS ORGANEL AND FACIAL 2538 01:17:02,640 --> 01:17:03,520 VEM. 2539 01:17:03,520 --> 01:17:04,400 THE PROJECT STEMMED FROM 2540 01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:05,880 AN INTERESTING FINDING 2541 01:17:05,880 --> 01:17:06,840 WHERE TWO HUMAN DISORDERS 2542 01:17:06,840 --> 01:17:08,240 THAT ARE CAUSED BY 2543 01:17:08,240 --> 01:17:10,320 MUTATIONS IN THE SAME GENE 2544 01:17:10,320 --> 01:17:11,520 CAN EFFECT DIFFERENT 2545 01:17:11,520 --> 01:17:13,120 ORGANS AND TISSUES. 2546 01:17:13,120 --> 01:17:15,360 SO THE FIRST CASE YOU HAVE 2547 01:17:15,360 --> 01:17:17,720 PRIMARY MICROCEPHALY WHICH 2548 01:17:17,720 --> 01:17:19,640 IS RECESSIVE DISORDER 2549 01:17:19,640 --> 01:17:21,480 WHICH PRIMARILY EFFECTS 2550 01:17:21,480 --> 01:17:22,640 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN 2551 01:17:22,640 --> 01:17:24,840 AND PRESENTS WITH 2552 01:17:24,840 --> 01:17:25,640 DRAMATICALLY REDUCES BRAIN 2553 01:17:25,640 --> 01:17:26,360 SIZE AT BIRTH AND 2554 01:17:26,360 --> 01:17:27,360 CONTINUING THROUGHOUT THE 2555 01:17:27,360 --> 01:17:27,960 DEVELOPMENT. 2556 01:17:27,960 --> 01:17:32,520 AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IN 2557 01:17:32,520 --> 01:17:32,960 THIS INDIVIDUAL HERE. 2558 01:17:32,960 --> 01:17:34,960 IN ADDITION, WE HAVE 2559 01:17:34,960 --> 01:17:37,160 ANOTHER RARE DISORDER 2560 01:17:37,160 --> 01:17:39,400 SECEL SYNDROME CAUSED BY 2561 01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:41,360 MUTATION IN THE SAME GENE 2562 01:17:41,360 --> 01:17:44,000 THAT IN ADDITION TO 2563 01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:44,600 MICROCEPHALY AND 2564 01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:46,280 DRAMATICALLY REDUCED BRAIN 2565 01:17:46,280 --> 01:17:47,120 SIZE THIS SYNDROME 2566 01:17:47,120 --> 01:17:48,600 PRESENTS WITH A GLOBAL 2567 01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:51,480 DEFECT IN OVER ALL GROWTH 2568 01:17:51,480 --> 01:17:54,880 OR DWARFISM AS WELL AS THE 2569 01:17:54,880 --> 01:17:56,960 PRESENCE OF CRANIO FACIAL 2570 01:17:56,960 --> 01:17:57,680 DEFECTS. 2571 01:17:57,680 --> 01:18:01,200 SUCH AS RETRO NAPPIA OR 2572 01:18:01,200 --> 01:18:02,120 THE LOWER JAW TOO FAR BACK 2573 01:18:02,120 --> 01:18:03,560 AS WELL AS MICRO WHICH 2574 01:18:03,560 --> 01:18:06,120 PRESENTS HAS A HIGH OWE 2575 01:18:06,120 --> 01:18:08,440 PLASTIC OR SMALL JAW. 2576 01:18:08,440 --> 01:18:09,640 SO BOTH OF THESE DISORDERS 2577 01:18:09,640 --> 01:18:13,360 CAN BE CAUSED BY MUTATIONS 2578 01:18:13,360 --> 01:18:16,000 IN SEM PJ KNOWN AS PROTEIN 2579 01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:19,000 J AND SAS34 OR CPAC AND IN 2580 01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:25,280 THE FLY, THEY FOUND THAT 2581 01:18:25,280 --> 01:18:28,640 CENPJ OR SAS-4 YOU CAN SEE 2582 01:18:28,640 --> 01:18:31,040 IT CO LOCALIZES WITH GAMMA 2583 01:18:31,040 --> 01:18:33,160 TUBE YOU LYNN IN THE FINE 2584 01:18:33,160 --> 01:18:34,160 NEURO BLAST AND WHEN YOU 2585 01:18:34,160 --> 01:18:38,680 KNOCK OUT SAS-4, YOU LOSE 2586 01:18:38,680 --> 01:18:49,080 SENTRY OWLS IN THE FLY. 2587 01:18:52,200 --> 01:18:54,600 SO FIRST THEY FORM THE CO 2588 01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:55,480 COMPONENT OF THE 2589 01:18:55,480 --> 01:18:57,560 ORGANIZING CENTER AND IT'S 2590 01:18:57,560 --> 01:18:58,440 CRITICAL FOR ANCHORING 2591 01:18:58,440 --> 01:19:00,160 SPINDLE MICRO TUBE Y'ALL 2592 01:19:00,160 --> 01:19:01,480 DURING CELL DIVISION AND 2593 01:19:01,480 --> 01:19:03,920 LATER ON, THESE CENTRIOLES 2594 01:19:03,920 --> 01:19:05,880 WILL GO ON TO FORM THE 2595 01:19:05,880 --> 01:19:07,000 BASIL BODY THAT WILL 2596 01:19:07,000 --> 01:19:08,840 TEMPLATE FORMATION OF 2597 01:19:08,840 --> 01:19:11,520 SILLY A WHICH WE HAVE COME 2598 01:19:11,520 --> 01:19:12,560 TO APPRECIATE TO BE 2599 01:19:12,560 --> 01:19:14,960 IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN 2600 01:19:14,960 --> 01:19:15,760 DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE IT CAN 2601 01:19:15,760 --> 01:19:17,360 LEAD TO A WHOLE CLASS OF 2602 01:19:17,360 --> 01:19:18,720 DISORDERS KNOWN AS SILLY 2603 01:19:18,720 --> 01:19:20,960 OTH A PEES. 2604 01:19:20,960 --> 01:19:23,120 SO THERE'S BEEN SOME 2605 01:19:23,120 --> 01:19:25,920 MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT 2606 01:19:25,920 --> 01:19:27,000 CHARGES THE DOGMA THAT 2607 01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:28,440 CENTRIOLES ARE REQUIRED 2608 01:19:28,440 --> 01:19:30,080 FOR CELL DIVISION. 2609 01:19:30,080 --> 01:19:35,600 THERE'S A SEMINOLE PAPER 2610 01:19:35,600 --> 01:19:39,680 IN 2006 WHERE THEY KNOCKED 2611 01:19:39,680 --> 01:19:42,680 OUT SASS-4 OR CENPY AND 2612 01:19:42,680 --> 01:19:44,480 WHEN YOU COMPARE THEM HERE 2613 01:19:44,480 --> 01:19:46,000 THEY WERE PRETTY SIMILAR 2614 01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:48,400 TO WILD TYPE COUNTERPARTS. 2615 01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:50,320 AND INDICATING THAT 2616 01:19:50,320 --> 01:19:51,600 CENTRIOLES MAY NOT BE AS 2617 01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:53,120 CRITICAL FOR CELL DIVISION 2618 01:19:53,120 --> 01:19:54,600 AS WE THINK. 2619 01:19:54,600 --> 01:20:00,520 IT'S THE SAME TRUE FOR 2620 01:20:00,520 --> 01:20:01,240 SYSTEMS BUT IN THE MOUSE 2621 01:20:01,240 --> 01:20:03,960 THEY DID A SIMILAR 2622 01:20:03,960 --> 01:20:06,480 DESELECTION OF SASS-4 IN 2623 01:20:06,480 --> 01:20:08,600 THE MOUSE THAT MUTATION 2624 01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:11,760 LED TO APPROXIMATE 2625 01:20:11,760 --> 01:20:12,200 MEDICINE GESTATION. 2626 01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:13,360 THEY WERE REQUIRED FOR 2627 01:20:13,360 --> 01:20:14,360 DEVELOPMENT IN THE MOUSE. 2628 01:20:14,360 --> 01:20:16,720 WHEN THEY LOOKED AT MOUSE 2629 01:20:16,720 --> 01:20:21,160 TISSUE THEY FOUND 24 IN 2630 01:20:21,160 --> 01:20:24,760 THESE MUTE OUNCE THEY LED 2631 01:20:24,760 --> 01:20:25,360 TO WE HAD PRIDED CELL DECK 2632 01:20:25,360 --> 01:20:27,760 WITHIN THE EMBRYO LEADING 2633 01:20:27,760 --> 01:20:30,440 TO THAT LETHALITY. 2634 01:20:30,440 --> 01:20:32,400 THE CENTRAL QUESTION HERE 2635 01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:35,640 IS HOW DOES CENTRIOLES 2636 01:20:35,640 --> 01:20:37,400 LOSS CAUSE HUMAN DISEASES 2637 01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:39,840 WITH PHENOTYPES DISTRICTED 2638 01:20:39,840 --> 01:20:40,960 TO ORGANS. 2639 01:20:40,960 --> 01:20:42,920 IN MICROCEPHALY, IT'S 2640 01:20:42,920 --> 01:20:44,520 RESTRICTED TO THE 2641 01:20:44,520 --> 01:20:45,000 DEVELOPING BRAIN. 2642 01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:46,480 FIRST IN ADDITION TO THE 2643 01:20:46,480 --> 01:20:47,560 BRAIN DEFECTS WE ALSO HAVE 2644 01:20:47,560 --> 01:20:50,600 THE PRESENCE OF CRANIO 2645 01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:51,120 FACIAL ABNORMALITIES AS 2646 01:20:51,120 --> 01:20:53,120 WELL AS OVER ALL GROWTH 2647 01:20:53,120 --> 01:20:53,560 DEFECTS. 2648 01:20:53,560 --> 01:20:55,640 AND TO TACKLE THIS, WE USE 2649 01:20:55,640 --> 01:20:58,440 A CONDITIONAL KNOCK OUT 2650 01:20:58,440 --> 01:20:59,560 APPROACH BECAUSE GLOBAL 2651 01:20:59,560 --> 01:21:03,680 KNOCK OUT IS LETHAL IN THE 2652 01:21:03,680 --> 01:21:05,920 MOUSE AND IN MY FIRST 2653 01:21:05,920 --> 01:21:07,000 INVESTIGATION I LOOKED AT 2654 01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:08,240 KNOCKING OUT THIS PROTEIN 2655 01:21:08,240 --> 01:21:10,760 IN RAPIDLY DIVIDING AND A 2656 01:21:10,760 --> 01:21:14,240 DETERMINAL ORGAN USING THE 2657 01:21:14,240 --> 01:21:14,800 SONIC HEDGE HOCKEY DRIVER 2658 01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,000 THAT WILL COMPARE ME LOSS 2659 01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:17,680 OF SENTRY OLE IN THE LUNG 2660 01:21:17,680 --> 01:21:20,480 AND THE INTESTINE AND NOW 2661 01:21:20,480 --> 01:21:21,320 I'M INTERESTED IN LOOKING 2662 01:21:21,320 --> 01:21:23,240 AT THE REQUIRE MANIES FOR 2663 01:21:23,240 --> 01:21:26,080 CENTRIOLES SPECIFICALLY IN 2664 01:21:26,080 --> 01:21:26,600 THE CRANIO FACIAL COMPLEX 2665 01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:30,280 AND I'VE BEEN USING THE 2666 01:21:30,280 --> 01:21:31,200 SOX NINE FREE DRIVER THAT 2667 01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:32,640 KNOCKS OUT THIS PROTEIN 2668 01:21:32,640 --> 01:21:38,640 AND CRANIO FACIAL TISSUES. 2669 01:21:38,640 --> 01:21:41,000 FIRST THE CONSEQUENCE OF 2670 01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:43,120 LOSING CENPJ. 2671 01:21:43,120 --> 01:21:45,360 YOU ARE LOOKING AT I 16.5 2672 01:21:45,360 --> 01:21:46,480 MOUSE LUNG AND YOU CAN SEE 2673 01:21:46,480 --> 01:21:47,640 IN THE BRIGHT FIELD IMAGE 2674 01:21:47,640 --> 01:21:49,280 WE HAVE A BEAUTIFUL LUNG 2675 01:21:49,280 --> 01:21:51,480 STRUCTURE HERE AND IN OUR 2676 01:21:51,480 --> 01:21:54,480 RED SIGNAL YOU CAN SEE 2677 01:21:54,480 --> 01:21:55,440 WHERE WE HAVE ACTIVATION 2678 01:21:55,440 --> 01:21:58,320 OF THAT SONIC HEDGEHOG IN 2679 01:21:58,320 --> 01:22:01,120 THE LUNG EPIDEMIOLOGY YUM 2680 01:22:01,120 --> 01:22:02,480 AND THIS IS OUR CONTROL 2681 01:22:02,480 --> 01:22:02,680 MODEL. 2682 01:22:02,680 --> 01:22:04,600 IF WE KNOCK OUT USING THIS 2683 01:22:04,600 --> 01:22:06,240 CREE DRIVER WE SEE A 2684 01:22:06,240 --> 01:22:07,840 DRAMATIC IMPAIRMENT IN 2685 01:22:07,840 --> 01:22:08,360 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUNGS 2686 01:22:08,360 --> 01:22:11,480 SO YOU CAN SEE COMPARED TO 2687 01:22:11,480 --> 01:22:12,240 THE WILD TYPE LUNG YOU 2688 01:22:12,240 --> 01:22:14,720 HAVE A DRAMATICALLY 2689 01:22:14,720 --> 01:22:15,880 IMPAIRED OR HYPO PLASTIC 2690 01:22:15,880 --> 01:22:17,600 LUNG WHICH HAS NOT 2691 01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:20,840 COMPLETED BRANCHING TO 2692 01:22:20,840 --> 01:22:22,800 DEVELOP INTO THE ORGAN. 2693 01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:23,880 IT'S THE SAME TRUE IF WE 2694 01:22:23,880 --> 01:22:25,080 LOOK IN THE GUT. 2695 01:22:25,080 --> 01:22:28,320 SO THIS IS TELLING US THAT 2696 01:22:28,320 --> 01:22:28,800 CENTRIOLES ARE REQUIRED 2697 01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:29,520 FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2698 01:22:29,520 --> 01:22:29,960 LUNG. 2699 01:22:29,960 --> 01:22:31,280 WHEN I LOOKED AT THE GUT, 2700 01:22:31,280 --> 01:22:32,680 I SAW SOMETHING REALLY 2701 01:22:32,680 --> 01:22:33,200 SURPRISING. 2702 01:22:33,200 --> 01:22:34,520 SO ON THE TOP PANEL HERE, 2703 01:22:34,520 --> 01:22:37,680 YOU HAVE AN EMBREE ON A 2704 01:22:37,680 --> 01:22:38,920 DAY 16.5 INTESTINE AND YOU 2705 01:22:38,920 --> 01:22:41,640 CAN SEE IN RED RTD TOMATO 2706 01:22:41,640 --> 01:22:45,760 SHOWING WHERE OUR CREE IS 2707 01:22:45,760 --> 01:22:48,520 ACTIVE AND WE OPEN UP THE 2708 01:22:48,520 --> 01:22:49,160 GUT AND MEASURE THE 2709 01:22:49,160 --> 01:22:50,800 CONTROL VERSUS THE MUTANTS 2710 01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:53,040 I SAW THERE WAS NO 2711 01:22:53,040 --> 01:22:54,320 DECREASE IN THE 2712 01:22:54,320 --> 01:22:55,120 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUT 2713 01:22:55,120 --> 01:22:57,280 WHEN WE DELETE CENTRIOLES 2714 01:22:57,280 --> 01:22:58,680 SO THIS STARTED TO UNCOVER 2715 01:22:58,680 --> 01:22:59,840 THE FACT THAT CENTRIOLES 2716 01:22:59,840 --> 01:23:00,880 ARE REQUIRED IN SOME 2717 01:23:00,880 --> 01:23:02,400 TISSUE SUCH AS THE LUNG 2718 01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:04,240 BUT ARE DISPENSE ABLE IN 2719 01:23:04,240 --> 01:23:08,120 OTHER TISSUES SUCH AS THE 2720 01:23:08,120 --> 01:23:18,200 GUT. 2721 01:23:49,040 --> 01:23:50,600 SO JUST TO REMIND YOU THIS 2722 01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:51,520 IS THE CONTROL LUNG AND 2723 01:23:51,520 --> 01:23:53,040 THIS IS OUR MUTANT LUNG 2724 01:23:53,040 --> 01:23:54,960 WHERE WE HAVE DRAMATICALLY 2725 01:23:54,960 --> 01:23:56,120 IMPAIRED LUNG DEVELOPMENT 2726 01:23:56,120 --> 01:23:57,840 AND IF WE TAKE THIS SAME 2727 01:23:57,840 --> 01:24:01,640 MUTANT AND DELETE P53 WE 2728 01:24:01,640 --> 01:24:02,920 CAN RESTORE DEVELOPMENT OF 2729 01:24:02,920 --> 01:24:03,960 THE LUNG REALLY 2730 01:24:03,960 --> 01:24:04,880 HIGHLIGHTING THAT IT'S 2731 01:24:04,880 --> 01:24:06,520 REALLY A P53 MECHANISM 2732 01:24:06,520 --> 01:24:07,840 THAT'S LEADING TO THE CELL 2733 01:24:07,840 --> 01:24:11,920 DEATH AND IMPAIRED ORGAN 2734 01:24:11,920 --> 01:24:13,680 DEVELOPMENT. 2735 01:24:13,680 --> 01:24:15,400 SO AS A CRANIO FACIAL 2736 01:24:15,400 --> 01:24:16,480 DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGIST I'M 2737 01:24:16,480 --> 01:24:17,480 REALLY INTERESTED IN 2738 01:24:17,480 --> 01:24:18,640 MOVING THIS WORK FROM THE 2739 01:24:18,640 --> 01:24:20,520 GUT AND THE LUNG INTO THE 2740 01:24:20,520 --> 01:24:21,360 CRANIO FACIAL COMPLEX. 2741 01:24:21,360 --> 01:24:24,600 AND THIS IS USING SOCKS 2742 01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:25,360 DEGREE RIVER THAT WILL 2743 01:24:25,360 --> 01:24:28,840 ALLOW ME TO DELETE CENPJ 2744 01:24:28,840 --> 01:24:38,720 IN VARIOUS CRANIAL TISSUE. 2745 01:24:38,720 --> 01:24:40,800 AND THEN SOX 9 IS LATER IN 2746 01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:45,160 THE THAT WILL GIVE RISE TO 2747 01:24:45,160 --> 01:24:47,520 CARTILAGE AND CON DRO 2748 01:24:47,520 --> 01:24:48,160 SIGHTS. 2749 01:24:48,160 --> 01:24:49,280 A LITTLE BIT OF 2750 01:24:49,280 --> 01:24:52,040 BACKGROUND. 2751 01:24:52,040 --> 01:24:52,880 IT'S A STEM CELL 2752 01:24:52,880 --> 01:24:54,480 POPULATION CRITICAL FOR 2753 01:24:54,480 --> 01:24:55,280 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIO 2754 01:24:55,280 --> 01:24:57,360 DEVELOPMENT COMPLEX SO THE 2755 01:24:57,360 --> 01:24:57,800 NEURO CREST STARTS TO 2756 01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,680 DEVELOP TOWARDS THE END OF 2757 01:25:00,680 --> 01:25:01,160 GUEST RELATION. 2758 01:25:01,160 --> 01:25:03,560 AT THE NEURO PLATE BORDER 2759 01:25:03,560 --> 01:25:04,480 THE JUNK TUN BETWEEN THE 2760 01:25:04,480 --> 01:25:05,440 DEVELOPING NEURO PLATE 2761 01:25:05,440 --> 01:25:06,720 THAT GOES ON TO FORM THE 2762 01:25:06,720 --> 01:25:09,560 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND 2763 01:25:09,560 --> 01:25:12,320 GOING ON TO FORM THE SKIN. 2764 01:25:12,320 --> 01:25:14,920 WHEN THE NEURAL TUBE 2765 01:25:14,920 --> 01:25:16,920 FOLDS, THE NEURO CREST 2766 01:25:16,920 --> 01:25:19,240 CELLS LIE DORSAL ASPECT 2767 01:25:19,240 --> 01:25:21,400 AND UNDERGO A TRANSITION 2768 01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:22,920 TO MIGRATE TO A VARIOUS 2769 01:25:22,920 --> 01:25:23,640 DISTINCT AREA THROUGHOUT 2770 01:25:23,640 --> 01:25:25,920 THE EMBRYO TO GIVE RISE TO 2771 01:25:25,920 --> 01:25:27,880 A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT 2772 01:25:27,880 --> 01:25:29,200 CELL TYPES. 2773 01:25:29,200 --> 01:25:30,720 THESE INCLUDE PERIPHERAL 2774 01:25:30,720 --> 01:25:34,040 NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE 2775 01:25:34,040 --> 01:25:37,120 STRUCTURE THAT I'M REALLY 2776 01:25:37,120 --> 01:25:38,680 INTERESTED IN AND THE RAIN 2777 01:25:38,680 --> 01:25:39,240 YO FACIAL SKELETON. 2778 01:25:39,240 --> 01:25:43,240 SO JUST A LITTLE BIT OF 2779 01:25:43,240 --> 01:25:44,160 BACKGROUND ON O CRANIAL IN 2780 01:25:44,160 --> 01:25:46,240 HUMANS THIS IS A 2781 01:25:46,240 --> 01:25:46,760 BEAUTIFULLY ELEGANT 2782 01:25:46,760 --> 01:25:48,080 PROCESS WHEREBY YOU HAVE A 2783 01:25:48,080 --> 01:25:50,320 VARIETY OF DIFFERENT 2784 01:25:50,320 --> 01:25:51,320 FACIAL PRIME MOR TEE A YOU 2785 01:25:51,320 --> 01:25:53,280 HAVE YOUR LATERAL NASAL 2786 01:25:53,280 --> 01:25:57,600 PROM INNSANCE, AND 2787 01:25:57,600 --> 01:25:58,120 MANDIBULAR PROM INNSANCE 2788 01:25:58,120 --> 01:25:59,600 THAT GROW, FUSE AND SIGNAL 2789 01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:00,920 TO ONE ANOTHER IN ORDER TO 2790 01:26:00,920 --> 01:26:03,600 FORM A FINAL FACIAL FORUM 2791 01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:06,280 THAT IS FREE FROM DEFECTS 2792 01:26:06,280 --> 01:26:07,480 AND WE KNOW PROLIFERATION 2793 01:26:07,480 --> 01:26:08,840 OR SIGNALING BETWEEN THESE 2794 01:26:08,840 --> 01:26:10,880 DIFFERENT TISSUE TYPES 2795 01:26:10,880 --> 01:26:12,320 LEAD TO CRANIO FACIAL 2796 01:26:12,320 --> 01:26:14,280 DEFECTS WHICH OCCUR IN THE 2797 01:26:14,280 --> 01:26:16,040 ONE-THIRD OF ALL BIRTH 2798 01:26:16,040 --> 01:26:16,760 DEFECTS. 2799 01:26:16,760 --> 01:26:18,600 AND THE MOUSE MODEL 2800 01:26:18,600 --> 01:26:19,640 BECAUSE OF ITS SIMILARITY 2801 01:26:19,640 --> 01:26:21,920 IN THE SIGNALING PATHWAYS 2802 01:26:21,920 --> 01:26:22,480 THAT GUIDE FACIAL 2803 01:26:22,480 --> 01:26:23,120 DEVELOPMENT IN THE MOUSE 2804 01:26:23,120 --> 01:26:26,120 AND THE HUMAN, AND THE 2805 01:26:26,120 --> 01:26:27,480 DEVELOPMENT WHEREBY THERE 2806 01:26:27,480 --> 01:26:29,240 ARE STAGES BETWEEN THE 2807 01:26:29,240 --> 01:26:30,320 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF 2808 01:26:30,320 --> 01:26:31,720 THE MOUSE AND THE HUMANS 2809 01:26:31,720 --> 01:26:33,120 THAT ARE VERY SIMILAR THAT 2810 01:26:33,120 --> 01:26:34,800 ALLOWS THIS TO BE A GREAT 2811 01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:36,080 MODEL TO UNDERSTAND THE 2812 01:26:36,080 --> 01:26:38,600 SIGNALING MECHANISMS 2813 01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:41,920 GUIDING CRANIO FACIAL 2814 01:26:41,920 --> 01:26:43,360 DEVELOPMENT. 2815 01:26:43,360 --> 01:26:45,480 SO WHEN WE LOOKED AT 2816 01:26:45,480 --> 01:26:47,560 KNOCKING OUT SOX 9 FREE 2817 01:26:47,560 --> 01:26:49,280 DRIVER AT 'EM DEGREE ON I 2818 01:26:49,280 --> 01:26:50,760 CAN DAY 16.5 YOU CAN SEE 2819 01:26:50,760 --> 01:26:52,080 THE FRONTAL AND LATERAL 2820 01:26:52,080 --> 01:26:53,640 VIEWS OF THIS MOUSE EMBRYO 2821 01:26:53,640 --> 01:26:54,720 AND COMPARED TO THIS 2822 01:26:54,720 --> 01:26:57,240 CONTROL EMBRYO, WHEN WE 2823 01:26:57,240 --> 01:26:59,080 LOSE CENTRIOLES, WE SEE A 2824 01:26:59,080 --> 01:27:00,920 NUMBER OF SEVERE CRANIO 2825 01:27:00,920 --> 01:27:01,360 FACIAL DEFECTS. 2826 01:27:01,360 --> 01:27:03,480 SO WE SEE A MID LINE 2827 01:27:03,480 --> 01:27:04,360 CLEFT, AND IN THE SIDE 2828 01:27:04,360 --> 01:27:07,760 VIEW YOU CAN SEE A 2829 01:27:07,760 --> 01:27:08,960 DRAMATICALLY ABSENT 2830 01:27:08,960 --> 01:27:10,360 MAXILLA THAT FORM THE 2831 01:27:10,360 --> 01:27:15,240 UPPER JAY AND THE MAN DA 2832 01:27:15,240 --> 01:27:16,240 DEBULL SO WE HAVE 2833 01:27:16,240 --> 01:27:17,640 INCREASED MID LINE WIDTH 2834 01:27:17,640 --> 01:27:20,440 BETWEEN OUR MUTANTS AND 2835 01:27:20,440 --> 01:27:24,080 CONTROLS AND FACIAL CLEFT 2836 01:27:24,080 --> 01:27:25,480 AND THEY ARE REMINISCENT 2837 01:27:25,480 --> 01:27:27,080 OF THE CLINICAL FEE SUES 2838 01:27:27,080 --> 01:27:29,120 OF SECEL SYNDROME. 2839 01:27:29,120 --> 01:27:31,520 IF WE LOOK TWO DAYS 2840 01:27:31,520 --> 01:27:33,520 EARLIER AT DAY 14.5 WE SEE 2841 01:27:33,520 --> 01:27:35,840 THESE DEFECTS ARE ALREADY 2842 01:27:35,840 --> 01:27:36,760 APPARENT SO SHOWING THAT 2843 01:27:36,760 --> 01:27:37,920 THIS IS HAPPENING DURING 2844 01:27:37,920 --> 01:27:40,520 EARLY EMBRYONIC 2845 01:27:40,520 --> 01:27:41,160 DEVELOPMENT. 2846 01:27:41,160 --> 01:27:42,040 AND I WAS VERY FORTUNATE 2847 01:27:42,040 --> 01:27:44,640 TO HAVE A VERY TALENTED 2848 01:27:44,640 --> 01:27:46,000 MRSP STUDENT, KAITLYN 2849 01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:47,200 FOSTER, WHO WORKED WITH ME 2850 01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:48,200 GETTING THIS PROJECT OFF 2851 01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:51,160 THE GROUND FOR THE PAST 2852 01:27:51,160 --> 01:27:51,680 YEAR. 2853 01:27:51,680 --> 01:27:54,240 SO FIRST WE WANTED DO A 2854 01:27:54,240 --> 01:27:54,840 PLASTIC DEVELOPMENTAL 2855 01:27:54,840 --> 01:27:56,000 BIOLOGY APPROACH BY 2856 01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:57,400 LOOKING EARLY ON DURING 2857 01:27:57,400 --> 01:27:58,280 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT TO 2858 01:27:58,280 --> 01:28:00,080 TRY TO PINPOINT WHEN THESE 2859 01:28:00,080 --> 01:28:01,760 DEFECTS FIRST HAPPENED 2860 01:28:01,760 --> 01:28:02,320 DURING CRANIO FACIAL 2861 01:28:02,320 --> 01:28:03,360 DEVELOPMENT AND IN WHAT 2862 01:28:03,360 --> 01:28:05,080 CELL TYPES THESE DEFECTS 2863 01:28:05,080 --> 01:28:06,320 ARE FIRST OCCURRING. 2864 01:28:06,320 --> 01:28:08,960 SO FIRST WE MEASURED THE 2865 01:28:08,960 --> 01:28:10,480 MID LINE WIDTH OF THESE 2866 01:28:10,480 --> 01:28:13,160 EMBRYOS AT EMBRYONIC DAY 2867 01:28:13,160 --> 01:28:14,520 10.5 AND AS A PROXY WE 2868 01:28:14,520 --> 01:28:16,080 MEASURED THE DISTANCE 2869 01:28:16,080 --> 01:28:17,800 BETWEEN THE NASAL PITS OF 2870 01:28:17,800 --> 01:28:20,040 THE MOUSE AM BRIOUX IN 2871 01:28:20,040 --> 01:28:21,000 THIS FRONTAL VIEW. 2872 01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:22,640 WHEN WE COMPARED CONTROL 2873 01:28:22,640 --> 01:28:23,640 AND CONTINUAL KNOCK OUT 2874 01:28:23,640 --> 01:28:26,600 MUTANTS, YOU CAN SEE THAT 2875 01:28:26,600 --> 01:28:27,440 THERE'S SOME MILD DEFECTS 2876 01:28:27,440 --> 01:28:29,080 BUT IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE 2877 01:28:29,080 --> 01:28:30,280 THERE'S A SIGNIFICANT 2878 01:28:30,280 --> 01:28:34,320 INCREASE OR DECREASE IN 2879 01:28:34,320 --> 01:28:38,320 MID LINE FACIAL WIDTH. 2880 01:28:38,320 --> 01:28:40,200 IF WE LOOK ONE DAY FURTHER 2881 01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:41,840 WE CAN SEE CLEAR DEFECTS 2882 01:28:41,840 --> 01:28:44,480 AND WE MEASURE THE FACIAL 2883 01:28:44,480 --> 01:28:47,280 MID LINE WIDTH WE SEE 2884 01:28:47,280 --> 01:28:49,120 THERE'S A WIDENING THE 2885 01:28:49,120 --> 01:28:50,280 FACIAL MID LINE IN OUR 2886 01:28:50,280 --> 01:28:50,840 CONTINUAL KNOCK OUTS AND 2887 01:28:50,840 --> 01:28:53,480 THIS IS EVEN MORE SEVERE 2888 01:28:53,480 --> 01:28:56,840 WHEN WE LOOK AT EMBRYONIC 2889 01:28:56,840 --> 01:28:57,440 DAY 12.5. 2890 01:28:57,440 --> 01:28:59,280 AT THIS POINT YOU HAVE NO 2891 01:28:59,280 --> 01:29:00,440 UPPER OR LOWER JAW AND YOU 2892 01:29:00,440 --> 01:29:02,960 HAVE A DRAMATICS EXPANSION 2893 01:29:02,960 --> 01:29:04,840 OF THE MID LINE IN THESE 2894 01:29:04,840 --> 01:29:05,280 MUTANTS. 2895 01:29:05,280 --> 01:29:06,680 IT'S SHOWING THAT WE DON'T 2896 01:29:06,680 --> 01:29:09,080 SEE ANY DEFECTS IN MID 2897 01:29:09,080 --> 01:29:10,800 FACE WITH AT 10.5 AND WE 2898 01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:12,280 GET A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE 2899 01:29:12,280 --> 01:29:14,840 IN THAT MID LINE WIDTH 2900 01:29:14,840 --> 01:29:17,360 MEASUREMENT AS WE PROGRESS 2901 01:29:17,360 --> 01:29:20,080 THROUGH DEVELOPMENT. 2902 01:29:20,080 --> 01:29:21,680 LOOKING AT WHETHER CELL 2903 01:29:21,680 --> 01:29:22,600 DEATH INCREASE CELL DEATH 2904 01:29:22,600 --> 01:29:23,520 IS DRIVING THE APPEARANCE 2905 01:29:23,520 --> 01:29:25,160 OF THIS PHENOTYPE. 2906 01:29:25,160 --> 01:29:26,320 WE LOOKED AT CELL DEATH 2907 01:29:26,320 --> 01:29:30,680 FIRST PRIMARILY LOOKING AT 2908 01:29:30,680 --> 01:29:32,800 IN THE JAW SO THIS IS THE 2909 01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:34,840 FIRST ARCH LOOKING AT THE 2910 01:29:34,840 --> 01:29:35,880 MANDIBULAR PROVE I AMANCE 2911 01:29:35,880 --> 01:29:38,040 THAT GIVE RISE TO THE 2912 01:29:38,040 --> 01:29:39,360 LOWER JAW AND WE SEE A 2913 01:29:39,360 --> 01:29:44,520 DRAMATIC INCREASE IN A 2914 01:29:44,520 --> 01:29:46,600 INCREASE IN CELL DEATH IN 2915 01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:48,520 THE LOWER LAWYER DURING 2916 01:29:48,520 --> 01:29:50,120 THAT IS ALREADY APPARENT 2917 01:29:50,120 --> 01:29:52,320 AT EMBRYONIC DAY AT 10.5 2918 01:29:52,320 --> 01:29:54,840 BEFORE I SAW ANY OVERT 2919 01:29:54,840 --> 01:29:57,200 DEFECT IN THE FACIAL MID 2920 01:29:57,200 --> 01:30:02,200 LINE DEVELOP MANY. 2921 01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:04,440 IF WE LOOK LATER AND THE 2922 01:30:04,440 --> 01:30:05,600 LOSSES OF ON THE 2923 01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:09,080 DEVELOPMENT, THIS IS AN 2924 01:30:09,080 --> 01:30:10,400 EMBRYONIC 6.25 LATERAL 2925 01:30:10,400 --> 01:30:14,320 MOUSE THAT WE HAVE DONE TO 2926 01:30:14,320 --> 01:30:16,880 LOOK AT THE 12 THE 2927 01:30:16,880 --> 01:30:18,400 CARTILAGE IN BLUE AND WHEN 2928 01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:19,640 WE COMPARE TO THE CONTROLS 2929 01:30:19,640 --> 01:30:20,960 WE SEE IN OUR MUTANTS AND 2930 01:30:20,960 --> 01:30:23,280 WE HAVE A DRAMATIC 2931 01:30:23,280 --> 01:30:24,440 IMPAIRMENT IN DEVELOPMENT 2932 01:30:24,440 --> 01:30:26,440 OF BOTH THE BONE AND CARD 2933 01:30:26,440 --> 01:30:27,600 LIGE IN OUR MUTANTS SO YOU 2934 01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:31,000 HAVE BASIC FLEE MAX OR 2935 01:30:31,000 --> 01:30:32,640 UPPER JAW OR LOWER JAW, 2936 01:30:32,640 --> 01:30:33,520 LOSS OF CARTILAGE AND 2937 01:30:33,520 --> 01:30:37,840 SEVERE DEFECTS IN SKULL 2938 01:30:37,840 --> 01:30:41,200 DEVELOPMENT. 2939 01:30:41,200 --> 01:30:42,960 SO I POINTED IN THE LUNG 2940 01:30:42,960 --> 01:30:43,960 AND TOTE KNOCK OUT AND 2941 01:30:43,960 --> 01:30:45,480 SHOWED P53 WAS ESSENTIAL 2942 01:30:45,480 --> 01:30:46,760 MEET EIGHT OR IN THIS 2943 01:30:46,760 --> 01:30:47,800 FORMATION OF THESE DEFECTS 2944 01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:51,520 AND WE WANTED TO ALSO LOOK 2945 01:30:51,520 --> 01:30:53,120 AT WHEN WE CAN RESCUE 2946 01:30:53,120 --> 01:30:55,360 THESE BY DELETING P53 IN 2947 01:30:55,360 --> 01:30:56,600 THIS NEW MODEL THAT I'VE 2948 01:30:56,600 --> 01:30:57,760 DEVELOPED AND JUST TO 2949 01:30:57,760 --> 01:30:59,760 REMIND YOU AGAIN OF THESE 2950 01:30:59,760 --> 01:31:02,200 DEFECTS, THIS IS EMBRYONIC 2951 01:31:02,200 --> 01:31:03,760 DAY 17.5 CONTROL EMBRYOS 2952 01:31:03,760 --> 01:31:05,240 IN THE FRONTAL AND LATERAL 2953 01:31:05,240 --> 01:31:06,560 VIEW AND THIS IS OUR 2954 01:31:06,560 --> 01:31:07,400 CONDITIONAL MUTANTS WHERE 2955 01:31:07,400 --> 01:31:09,320 WE CAN SEE THAT MID LINE 2956 01:31:09,320 --> 01:31:10,320 FACIAL CLEFT AND A 2957 01:31:10,320 --> 01:31:11,400 DRAMATICALLY HYPO PLASTIC 2958 01:31:11,400 --> 01:31:13,080 OR ABSENT MAXILLA AND MAN 2959 01:31:13,080 --> 01:31:15,040 DA BELL AND YOU TAKE THE 2960 01:31:15,040 --> 01:31:17,040 SAME MUTANT AND DELETE P53 2961 01:31:17,040 --> 01:31:18,800 WE CAN DRAMATICALLY 2962 01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:20,720 RESTORE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 2963 01:31:20,720 --> 01:31:21,520 OF THE CRANIO FACIAL 2964 01:31:21,520 --> 01:31:22,600 COMPLEX RESTORING 2965 01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:24,440 DEVELOPMENT OF THE UPPER 2966 01:31:24,440 --> 01:31:25,040 AND LOWER JAW AND 2967 01:31:25,040 --> 01:31:25,800 PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT 2968 01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:28,080 OF THAT MID LINE FACIAL 2969 01:31:28,080 --> 01:31:28,280 CLEFT. 2970 01:31:28,280 --> 01:31:29,960 SO THIS IS REALLY EXCITING 2971 01:31:29,960 --> 01:31:31,360 FOR US TO START OUT THE 2972 01:31:31,360 --> 01:31:32,640 PROJECT HERE AT THIS POINT 2973 01:31:32,640 --> 01:31:36,200 BECAUSE THERE'S SO MANY 2974 01:31:36,200 --> 01:31:37,000 EXCITING AVENUES THAT WE 2975 01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:38,680 WANT TO MOVE INTO FROM 2976 01:31:38,680 --> 01:31:39,880 THESE EARLY RESULTS. 2977 01:31:39,880 --> 01:31:41,400 AND JUST TO SUMMARIZE WHAT 2978 01:31:41,400 --> 01:31:42,440 I'VE SHOWN YOU SO FAR 2979 01:31:42,440 --> 01:31:43,440 TODAY, I'VE SHOWN YOU THAT 2980 01:31:43,440 --> 01:31:48,440 LOSS CENTRIOLES THEY CAN 2981 01:31:48,440 --> 01:31:51,240 CAUSE TWO DISTINCT HUMAN 2982 01:31:51,240 --> 01:31:53,360 DISEASE, MICROCEPHALY WITH 2983 01:31:53,360 --> 01:31:56,720 DEFECTS IF BRAIN 2984 01:31:56,720 --> 01:32:00,120 DEVELOPMENT AND SECKLE 2985 01:32:00,120 --> 01:32:01,280 SYNDROME AND SIN TREE OWLS 2986 01:32:01,280 --> 01:32:02,120 ARE REQUIRED FOR THE 2987 01:32:02,120 --> 01:32:03,200 DEVELOPMENT OF SOME ORGANS 2988 01:32:03,200 --> 01:32:04,920 SUCH AS THE LUNG IN THE 2989 01:32:04,920 --> 01:32:05,720 MOUSE BUT DISPENSE ABLE 2990 01:32:05,720 --> 01:32:06,760 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF 2991 01:32:06,760 --> 01:32:08,520 OTHERS SUCH AS THE BUT 2992 01:32:08,520 --> 01:32:09,200 THE. 2993 01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:11,000 AND OUR PRELIMINARY 2994 01:32:11,000 --> 01:32:12,280 ANALYSIS OF THE CRANIO 2995 01:32:12,280 --> 01:32:14,120 FACIAL DEFECTS SHOW THAT 2996 01:32:14,120 --> 01:32:17,360 THE CENPJ MODEL DOES PINOT 2997 01:32:17,360 --> 01:32:20,440 COPY SOME ASPECTS OF SECEL 2998 01:32:20,440 --> 01:32:24,640 SYNDROME AND WE'VE SHOWN 2999 01:32:24,640 --> 01:32:25,080 THAT P53 DELETION CAN 3000 01:32:25,080 --> 01:32:27,280 RESCUE THE DEFECTS WE SEE 3001 01:32:27,280 --> 01:32:29,920 IN THIS M PJ CONDITION AT 3002 01:32:29,920 --> 01:32:31,440 KNOCK OUT SO WITH THIS I 3003 01:32:31,440 --> 01:32:33,320 AM EXCITED AND OVER THE 3004 01:32:33,320 --> 01:32:35,280 NEXT THREE YEARS AND AS AN 3005 01:32:35,280 --> 01:32:36,920 IRS SCHOLAR TO ELUCIDATE 3006 01:32:36,920 --> 01:32:39,320 THE MECHANISM THAT IS 3007 01:32:39,320 --> 01:32:41,400 UNDERLINED THE CRANIO 3008 01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:43,000 FACIAL DEFECTS IN OUR 3009 01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:45,720 KNOCK OUT MODEL AND OUR 3010 01:32:45,720 --> 01:32:46,920 PINOT TIP I CAN RESCUE 3011 01:32:46,920 --> 01:32:49,040 WITH P53 SO WE'RE EXCITE 3012 01:32:49,040 --> 01:32:50,760 TODAY DO MORE 3013 01:32:50,760 --> 01:32:52,440 CHARACTERIZATIONS AND 3014 01:32:52,440 --> 01:32:53,960 REALLY IDENTIFY THE ONSET 3015 01:32:53,960 --> 01:32:55,480 IN CELLULAR MECHANISMS 3016 01:32:55,480 --> 01:32:56,280 THAT ARE DRIVING THE 3017 01:32:56,280 --> 01:32:57,560 DEVELOPMENT OF THESE 3018 01:32:57,560 --> 01:32:58,280 CRANIO FACIAL DEFECTS AND 3019 01:32:58,280 --> 01:32:59,920 I'M EXCITED THAT USING OUR 3020 01:32:59,920 --> 01:33:01,080 MOUSE GENETICS SYSTEM WE 3021 01:33:01,080 --> 01:33:02,120 HAVE A NUMBER OF TOOLS 3022 01:33:02,120 --> 01:33:05,400 THAT WILL ALLOW US TO 3023 01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:06,840 DELETE THIS MPJ IN A LOT 3024 01:33:06,840 --> 01:33:07,920 OF THE DIFFERENT CELL 3025 01:33:07,920 --> 01:33:10,560 TYPES TO FORM THE CRANIO 3026 01:33:10,560 --> 01:33:11,120 FACIAL COMPLEX SO WE CAN 3027 01:33:11,120 --> 01:33:12,840 KNOCK OUT IN THE NEURAL 3028 01:33:12,840 --> 01:33:15,360 CREST AND KNOCK IT OUT IN 3029 01:33:15,360 --> 01:33:16,720 THE SURFACE THAT FORMS THE 3030 01:33:16,720 --> 01:33:20,640 SKIN AND THE BRAIN AS WELL 3031 01:33:20,640 --> 01:33:23,920 AS IN THE CRANIO FACIAL 3032 01:33:23,920 --> 01:33:26,360 MISO DERM SO I'M EXCITE 3033 01:33:26,360 --> 01:33:27,080 TODAY UNCOVER WHICH CELL 3034 01:33:27,080 --> 01:33:29,120 TYPES ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO 3035 01:33:29,120 --> 01:33:30,720 LOSS OF CENTRIOLES AND 3036 01:33:30,720 --> 01:33:31,800 WHICH ARE NOT AND TO 3037 01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:33,080 IDENTIFY PROTECTED 3038 01:33:33,080 --> 01:33:34,200 MECHANISM THAT'S ALLOW 3039 01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:35,600 CERTAIN CELL TYPES WITHIN 3040 01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:36,680 THE CRANIO FACIAL COMPLEX 3041 01:33:36,680 --> 01:33:38,520 TO DEVELOP IN THE ABSENCE 3042 01:33:38,520 --> 01:33:40,200 OF CENTRIOLES AND THEN AS 3043 01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:50,520 I MENTIONED, ALSO 3044 01:33:51,280 --> 01:33:52,080 INFORMING SILLIA AND NOW 3045 01:33:52,080 --> 01:33:53,320 WE HAVE THE TOOLS TO 3046 01:33:53,320 --> 01:33:55,760 DISSECT THE FUNCTIONS OF 3047 01:33:55,760 --> 01:33:58,040 CENTRIOLES AND CENPJ IN 3048 01:33:58,040 --> 01:33:59,000 THE ROLE FOR THEIR 3049 01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:00,840 FUNCTION IN CELL DIVISION 3050 01:34:00,840 --> 01:34:01,440 SEPARATELY FROM THEIR 3051 01:34:01,440 --> 01:34:03,800 FUNCTION IN SILLY A 3052 01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:05,760 FORMATION BECAUSE WE CAN 3053 01:34:05,760 --> 01:34:07,400 GENETICALLY DELETE SILLY A 3054 01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:12,000 USING A IFT88 KNOCK 3055 01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:14,440 OUTCOME PAIRED THAT TO OUR 3056 01:34:14,440 --> 01:34:15,760 CENPJ KNOCK OUT AND WHAT 3057 01:34:15,760 --> 01:34:18,560 IS REGULATE TODAY IDENTIFY 3058 01:34:18,560 --> 01:34:19,800 ZEALIA INDEPENDENT 3059 01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:21,480 REGULATION OF CENPJ AND 3060 01:34:21,480 --> 01:34:22,600 I'M EXCITED HERE TO 3061 01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:25,840 DEVELOP HUMAN IPC MODELS 3062 01:34:25,840 --> 01:34:26,760 OF SECEL SYNDROME AND I 3063 01:34:26,760 --> 01:34:28,280 HAVE A COLLABORATOR WHO 3064 01:34:28,280 --> 01:34:30,440 HAS A COHORT OF SECEL 3065 01:34:30,440 --> 01:34:31,920 PATIENTS AND IPSCs THAT 3066 01:34:31,920 --> 01:34:33,400 EXIST SO I'M EXCITED TO 3067 01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:35,440 USE THAT AS A MODEL TO GET 3068 01:34:35,440 --> 01:34:36,480 AT MECHANISM AS WELL AND 3069 01:34:36,480 --> 01:34:38,680 IN ADDITION TO CREATING A 3070 01:34:38,680 --> 01:34:39,480 HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL 3071 01:34:39,480 --> 01:34:43,320 WHERE I CAN MAKE THE EXACT 3072 01:34:43,320 --> 01:34:44,920 CENPJ IN A MOUSE MODEL AND 3073 01:34:44,920 --> 01:34:46,240 FINALLY AS A SENTIST 3074 01:34:46,240 --> 01:34:47,400 SCIENTIST AND CLINICIAN 3075 01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:48,560 SCIENTIST I'M EXCITED TO 3076 01:34:48,560 --> 01:34:53,080 BE HERE WHERE I CAN DO 3077 01:34:53,080 --> 01:34:54,120 CRANIO FACIAL PHENOTYPING 3078 01:34:54,120 --> 01:34:56,840 AND COLLABORATE TO DO SOME 3079 01:34:56,840 --> 01:34:58,000 PHENOTYPING OF SICKEL 3080 01:34:58,000 --> 01:34:59,080 SYNDROME PATIENTS AT NIH 3081 01:34:59,080 --> 01:35:01,200 AND THE DENTAL CLINIC AND 3082 01:35:01,200 --> 01:35:03,680 WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO 3083 01:35:03,680 --> 01:35:04,960 THANK MY PH.D MENTOR 3084 01:35:04,960 --> 01:35:07,640 JEREMY RIDER THE UCSF WHO 3085 01:35:07,640 --> 01:35:08,560 ALLOWED ME TO TAKE THIS 3086 01:35:08,560 --> 01:35:10,640 WITH ME TO SPEARHEAD AND 3087 01:35:10,640 --> 01:35:11,360 DRIVE INDEPENDENTLY HERE. 3088 01:35:11,360 --> 01:35:15,200 I'M GRATEFUL FOR MY CO 3089 01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:18,440 PRIMARY MENTORS HERE AT 3090 01:35:18,440 --> 01:35:20,200 NIDCR WHO HAVE BEEN REALLY 3091 01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:24,440 AMAZING AT ALLOWING ME TO 3092 01:35:24,440 --> 01:35:25,120 DRIVE THIS PROJECT IN 3093 01:35:25,120 --> 01:35:26,360 ADDITION TO THE PROJECT 3094 01:35:26,360 --> 01:35:27,160 I'M RUNNING IN 3095 01:35:27,160 --> 01:35:30,760 COLLABORATION WITH THE TWO 3096 01:35:30,760 --> 01:35:32,280 LABS AND AIM GRATEFUL AND 3097 01:35:32,280 --> 01:35:33,920 DIRECTOR LEADERSHIP 3098 01:35:33,920 --> 01:35:34,600 MATTHEW HOFMANN THE PAST 3099 01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:36,000 SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR WHO 3100 01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:37,240 NOMINATED ME FOR THIS 3101 01:35:37,240 --> 01:35:39,640 PROGRAM AND WHO WAS AN 3102 01:35:39,640 --> 01:35:41,160 INCREDIBLE MENTOR FOR ME 3103 01:35:41,160 --> 01:35:42,480 WHO I WAS POSTBAC AND TO 3104 01:35:42,480 --> 01:35:46,920 BE BACK AT NIDC RESEARCH 3105 01:35:46,920 --> 01:35:48,200 SCHOLAR IS SPECIAL FOR ME 3106 01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:50,200 AND I'M GREATING FOR THE 3107 01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:52,000 NIDCR CLINICAL RESEARCH 3108 01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:53,840 FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM AND 3109 01:35:53,840 --> 01:35:54,280 EXCEPTIONAL STUDENT 3110 01:35:54,280 --> 01:35:55,480 KAITLYN FOSTER WHO I WAS 3111 01:35:55,480 --> 01:35:56,040 FORTUNATE TO HAVE THE 3112 01:35:56,040 --> 01:35:56,960 OPPORTUNITY TO MENTOR OVER 3113 01:35:56,960 --> 01:35:58,600 THE PAST YEAR AND I'M 3114 01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:00,200 REALLY EXCITED TO WELCOME 3115 01:36:00,200 --> 01:36:03,200 TWO NEW MEMBERS OF THE 3116 01:36:03,200 --> 01:36:05,120 CRANIO FACIAL DEVELOPMENT 3117 01:36:05,120 --> 01:36:06,040 UNIT BIANCA AND DAY 3118 01:36:06,040 --> 01:36:07,000 GENTLEMAN AND I'M EXCITED 3119 01:36:07,000 --> 01:36:08,720 THAT YOU ARE JOINING ME ON 3120 01:36:08,720 --> 01:36:10,920 THIS QUEST TO LOOK AT THE 3121 01:36:10,920 --> 01:36:13,640 ROLE OF CENTRIOLES AND 3122 01:36:13,640 --> 01:36:13,960 CRANIAL FACIAL 3123 01:36:13,960 --> 01:36:14,240 DEVELOPMENT. 3124 01:36:14,240 --> 01:36:15,640 WITH THAT I'M EXCITED TO 3125 01:36:15,640 --> 01:36:20,840 TAKE ANY QUESTIONS. 3126 01:36:20,840 --> 01:36:22,640 >>NO QUESTIONS ON-LINE. 3127 01:36:22,640 --> 01:36:24,600 BIANCA, EVERY DAY WE DON'T 3128 01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:25,440 HAVE FOOD ALL OVER THE 3129 01:36:25,440 --> 01:36:28,600 PLACE AT THE NIH BUT TODAY 3130 01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:29,000 WE DON'T. 3131 01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:32,040 >>SO WITH REGARD TO THE 3132 01:36:32,040 --> 01:36:34,240 CELL DEATH THAT IS 3133 01:36:34,240 --> 01:36:35,440 OBSERVED IN 3134 01:36:35,440 --> 01:36:36,520 TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER, 3135 01:36:36,520 --> 01:36:39,800 THE INTESTINES ARE FAIRLY 3136 01:36:39,800 --> 01:36:42,200 RESISTANT TO P53 WHETHER 3137 01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:44,040 IT'S THROUGH A RADIATION 3138 01:36:44,040 --> 01:36:46,000 OR UV EXPOSURE AND DO YOU 3139 01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:50,840 THINK THAT THE TISSUE 3140 01:36:50,840 --> 01:36:54,240 SPECIFICITY ARISES FROM A 3141 01:36:54,240 --> 01:36:54,960 RESISTANCE THAT IS 3142 01:36:54,960 --> 01:36:55,720 SPECIFIC OR ARE THERE 3143 01:36:55,720 --> 01:36:56,920 OTHER MECHANISM THIS IS 3144 01:36:56,920 --> 01:36:57,680 OTHER TISSUES? 3145 01:36:57,680 --> 01:36:58,440 >>THAT'S A GREAT 3146 01:36:58,440 --> 01:36:59,520 QUESTION. 3147 01:36:59,520 --> 01:37:00,200 IN THE GUT AND LUNG STORY, 3148 01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:06,440 WE ACTUALLY FOUND THAT 3149 01:37:06,440 --> 01:37:08,160 REGIONS OF SIGNAL -- AND I 3150 01:37:08,160 --> 01:37:09,480 DIDN'T SHOW THE DATA BUT 3151 01:37:09,480 --> 01:37:11,040 IN THE LING, THERE WERE 3152 01:37:11,040 --> 01:37:12,120 ACTUALLY TWO DIFFERENT 3153 01:37:12,120 --> 01:37:13,600 POPULATIONS SO YOU HAVE 3154 01:37:13,600 --> 01:37:16,000 THIS SOX 2 POSITIVE 3155 01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:17,040 PROXIMAL THAT DOESN'T HAVE 3156 01:37:17,040 --> 01:37:18,520 SIGNAL NORTH THE VICINITY 3157 01:37:18,520 --> 01:37:20,840 AND YOU HAVE MORE DISTAL 3158 01:37:20,840 --> 01:37:23,240 SOX 9 POSITIVE THAT HAS 3159 01:37:23,240 --> 01:37:25,280 ACTIVITY AT THE DISTAL END 3160 01:37:25,280 --> 01:37:26,880 BUDS AND IN THAT MUTANT 3161 01:37:26,880 --> 01:37:28,240 LUNG YOU ONLY HAVE AN 3162 01:37:28,240 --> 01:37:29,760 EXPANSION OF THE SOX 9 AND 3163 01:37:29,760 --> 01:37:31,800 WE THINK THAT IT'S A 3164 01:37:31,800 --> 01:37:32,760 PROJECT TIVE IRK SIGNALING 3165 01:37:32,760 --> 01:37:34,040 THAT ALLOWS THAT CELL TYPE 3166 01:37:34,040 --> 01:37:39,200 TO SURVIVE AND THE OTHER 3167 01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:40,720 PROXIMAL TO BE MORE 3168 01:37:40,720 --> 01:37:41,280 SENTRIAL SO GREAT QUESTION 3169 01:37:41,280 --> 01:37:43,240 AND I'M EXCITED TO SEE IF 3170 01:37:43,240 --> 01:37:45,000 THOSE MECHANISMS ARE ALSO 3171 01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,200 AT PLAY OR IF THEY'RE NEW 3172 01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:48,120 MECHANICKISTS THAT ALLOW 3173 01:37:48,120 --> 01:37:49,000 THESE CELLS TO DEVELOP IN 3174 01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:50,840 THE ABSENCE OF 3175 01:37:50,840 --> 01:37:51,160 CENTRIOLES. 3176 01:37:51,160 --> 01:37:52,280 >>I HAVE A QUESTION THAT 3177 01:37:52,280 --> 01:37:59,760 JUST CAME IN. 3178 01:37:59,760 --> 01:38:00,400 SOMEONE IS ASKING WHETHER 3179 01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:01,680 YOU SEE NEW WAYS TO TREAT 3180 01:38:01,680 --> 01:38:02,320 NEW PATIENTS. 3181 01:38:02,320 --> 01:38:04,080 >>THAT'S A GREAT 3182 01:38:04,080 --> 01:38:04,720 QUESTION. 3183 01:38:04,720 --> 01:38:06,560 SO P53 IS NOT A TARGET WE 3184 01:38:06,560 --> 01:38:07,080 WRITE. 3185 01:38:07,080 --> 01:38:08,400 IT'S A TIME OR SUPPRESS OR 3186 01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:09,920 AND WE DO WANT TO MESS 3187 01:38:09,920 --> 01:38:13,200 WITH P53 BUT WE -- THERE'S 3188 01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:14,520 A LOT OF RECENT WORK 3189 01:38:14,520 --> 01:38:15,640 THAT'S IDENTIFIED WHAT IS 3190 01:38:15,640 --> 01:38:18,400 UPSTREAM OF P53 3191 01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:18,920 ACTIVATION. 3192 01:38:18,920 --> 01:38:23,680 AND THERE'S ACTUALLY A U 3193 01:38:23,680 --> 01:38:24,640 SP28 WHEN THEY KNOCK THAT 3194 01:38:24,640 --> 01:38:26,040 OUT THEY CAN RESCUE THE 3195 01:38:26,040 --> 01:38:31,800 CELL DEATH THAT THEY SEE 3196 01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:32,240 IN THE BRAIN SO I'M 3197 01:38:32,240 --> 01:38:33,040 INTERESTING TO SEE IF 3198 01:38:33,040 --> 01:38:34,560 THERE ARE BETTER TAG HE ET 3199 01:38:34,560 --> 01:38:36,520 CETERA UPSTREAM THAT MIGHT 3200 01:38:36,520 --> 01:38:37,480 BE INTERESTING CLINICAL 3201 01:38:37,480 --> 01:38:38,320 TARGETS IN THE FUTURE SO 3202 01:38:38,320 --> 01:38:45,480 THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 3203 01:38:45,480 --> 01:38:46,600 >>I'M CURIOUS WHAT 3204 01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:50,160 HAPPENS ON THE CHROMOSOME 3205 01:38:50,160 --> 01:38:53,600 LEVEL WITH THE CENTRIOLES 3206 01:38:53,600 --> 01:38:54,160 IF? 3207 01:38:54,160 --> 01:38:56,240 HOW DO THEY GET TO AND HOW 3208 01:38:56,240 --> 01:38:57,640 DO THEY DIVIDE AND WHAT 3209 01:38:57,640 --> 01:38:59,880 HAPPENS WITH THE 3210 01:38:59,880 --> 01:39:03,000 CHROMOSOMAL STABILITY? 3211 01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:05,440 WE HAVEN'T LOOKED AT THE 3212 01:39:05,440 --> 01:39:06,840 MOUSE IN OUR GUT KNOCK 3213 01:39:06,840 --> 01:39:07,480 OUT. 3214 01:39:07,480 --> 01:39:09,200 THERE AOR GROUPS THAT HAVE 3215 01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:10,960 SHOWN THAT DNA DAMAGE 3216 01:39:10,960 --> 01:39:12,240 RESPONSE PATHWAYS THERE'S 3217 01:39:12,240 --> 01:39:14,520 INCREASE IN GAMMA HTAX SO 3218 01:39:14,520 --> 01:39:15,440 THERE'S SOME DATA SHOWING 3219 01:39:15,440 --> 01:39:20,240 THAT THERE IS INCREASED 3220 01:39:20,240 --> 01:39:22,600 DNA DAMAGE AND WITH 3221 01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:23,200 BIPOLAR SPIN DAL FORMATION 3222 01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:25,040 BUT IT SEEMS TOCK CELL AND 3223 01:39:25,040 --> 01:39:26,680 ORGANISMS CONTEXT 3224 01:39:26,680 --> 01:39:26,960 DEPENDENT. 3225 01:39:26,960 --> 01:39:27,920 BUT WE HAVEN'T, IT WOULD 3226 01:39:27,920 --> 01:39:29,440 BE INTERESTING TO LOOK AT 3227 01:39:29,440 --> 01:39:30,840 THAT IN OUR MOUSE MODEL 3228 01:39:30,840 --> 01:39:34,800 WHEN WE GET MORE DETAILED 3229 01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:38,480 INTO THE MECHANISM BUT 3230 01:39:38,480 --> 01:39:39,120 IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 3231 01:39:39,120 --> 01:39:39,840 >>THANK YOU. 3232 01:39:39,840 --> 01:39:43,600 [APPLAUSE] 3233 01:39:43,600 --> 01:39:47,920 AND THE LAST PEAKER IS 3234 01:39:47,920 --> 01:39:48,440 MARY DIAZ SAN TAN A. PART 3235 01:39:48,440 --> 01:39:51,480 OF THE 202 COHORT AND IS 3236 01:39:51,480 --> 01:39:52,600 PART OF THE NATIONAL 3237 01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:53,560 INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL 3238 01:39:53,560 --> 01:39:54,360 HEALTH SCIENCES. 3239 01:39:54,360 --> 01:39:57,920 SHE COMPLETED HER PH.D IN 3240 01:39:57,920 --> 01:39:58,600 EPIDEMIOLOGY THE THE 3241 01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:00,200 UNIVERSITY OF 3242 01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:10,600 MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST. 3243 01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:26,720 >>GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 3244 01:40:26,720 --> 01:40:29,160 MY NAME IS MARY DIAZ 3245 01:40:29,160 --> 01:40:31,040 SANTANA AND IMPART OF THE 3246 01:40:31,040 --> 01:40:32,600 2022 IRS COHORT AND THE 3247 01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:34,400 DATA FOR MY PRESENTATION 3248 01:40:34,400 --> 01:40:35,840 TODAY IS PERSONALIZED RISK 3249 01:40:35,840 --> 01:40:37,320 PREDICTION MODELS FOR 3250 01:40:37,320 --> 01:40:38,480 BREAST CANCER IN HISPANIC 3251 01:40:38,480 --> 01:40:38,840 WOMEN. 3252 01:40:38,840 --> 01:40:40,120 THE IMPORTANCE OF 3253 01:40:40,120 --> 01:40:41,040 CONSIDERING HISPANIC 3254 01:40:41,040 --> 01:40:44,560 SUBGROUPS AND THE SOCIAL 3255 01:40:44,560 --> 01:40:45,200 ENVIRONMENT. 3256 01:40:45,200 --> 01:40:46,920 ONE OF THE LONG-TERM 3257 01:40:46,920 --> 01:40:48,960 RESEARCH GOALS OF MINE IS 3258 01:40:48,960 --> 01:40:51,200 TO LESSEN THE BURDEN OF 3259 01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:53,120 BREAST CANCER AND RACIAL 3260 01:40:53,120 --> 01:40:55,360 MINORITY WOMEN ESPECIALLY 3261 01:40:55,360 --> 01:40:55,960 HISPANIC WOMEN TO 3262 01:40:55,960 --> 01:40:57,200 PRECISION PREVENTION. 3263 01:40:57,200 --> 01:40:59,440 MY PROPOSED RESEARCH IS A 3264 01:40:59,440 --> 01:41:00,400 AN EXTENSION OF MY 3265 01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:03,400 GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL 3266 01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:05,400 TRAINING WITH SOCIAL EARLY 3267 01:41:05,400 --> 01:41:07,600 LIFE FACTORS, IS 3268 01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:08,120 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND 3269 01:41:08,120 --> 01:41:08,600 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH 3270 01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:10,360 BREAST CANCER RISK. 3271 01:41:10,360 --> 01:41:11,480 NOW THAT I HAVE 3272 01:41:11,480 --> 01:41:13,200 TRANSITIONED INTO THIS 3273 01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:14,280 INDEPENDENT POSITION, I AM 3274 01:41:14,280 --> 01:41:15,440 TAKING MY RESEARCH FOCUS 3275 01:41:15,440 --> 01:41:17,880 INTO A SLIGHTLY NEW 3276 01:41:17,880 --> 01:41:18,400 DIRECTION UNDER THE 3277 01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:20,000 GUIDANCE OF MY MENTORSHIP 3278 01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:22,280 TEAM AND I'M ESTABLISHING 3279 01:41:22,280 --> 01:41:25,360 PROGRAMS FOCUSED ON 3280 01:41:25,360 --> 01:41:26,760 REDUCING HEALTH 3281 01:41:26,760 --> 01:41:27,320 DISPARITIES, ESPECIALLY IN 3282 01:41:27,320 --> 01:41:28,680 BREAST CANCER RELATED BY 3283 01:41:28,680 --> 01:41:31,560 INTEGRATING THE USE EVER 3284 01:41:31,560 --> 01:41:32,000 BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL 3285 01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:34,040 SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND 3286 01:41:34,040 --> 01:41:34,560 EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA. 3287 01:41:34,560 --> 01:41:36,040 ALL OF THESE ARE 3288 01:41:36,040 --> 01:41:37,080 COMPONENTS OF A PRECISION 3289 01:41:37,080 --> 01:41:37,600 PREVENTION. 3290 01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:39,200 IN THE CASE OF THE CURRENT 3291 01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:41,800 PROJECT, SORRY, THAT I AM 3292 01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:43,200 WORKING ON AND THAT I WILL 3293 01:41:43,200 --> 01:41:44,560 DISCUSSING WITH YOU TODAY, 3294 01:41:44,560 --> 01:41:45,280 THE END GOAL OF THIS 3295 01:41:45,280 --> 01:41:47,640 PRODUCT IS TO REDUCE THE 3296 01:41:47,640 --> 01:41:49,040 BURDEN OF BREAST CANCER 3297 01:41:49,040 --> 01:41:53,000 AMONG HIS PANIC WOMEN 3298 01:41:53,000 --> 01:41:57,880 SPECIFICALLY. 3299 01:41:57,880 --> 01:41:58,760 "WOULD LIKE TO APPROXIMATE 3300 01:41:58,760 --> 01:42:00,200 DESCRIBE THE POPULATION I 3301 01:42:00,200 --> 01:42:01,720 AIM TO FOCUS ON IN THIS 3302 01:42:01,720 --> 01:42:02,640 POPULATION. 3303 01:42:02,640 --> 01:42:03,600 THE HISPANIC POPULATION IS 3304 01:42:03,600 --> 01:42:04,840 THE SECOND LARGEST RACIAL 3305 01:42:04,840 --> 01:42:06,360 ETHNIC GROUP IN THE UNITED 3306 01:42:06,360 --> 01:42:07,800 STATES AFTER NON-HISPANIC 3307 01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:13,240 WHITES IN OVER ALL. 3308 01:42:13,240 --> 01:42:15,640 APPROXIMATELY 60 MILLION 3309 01:42:15,640 --> 01:42:18,080 HISPANICS LIVE IN THE 3310 01:42:18,080 --> 01:42:19,800 CONTINENTAL U.S. IN 2019 3311 01:42:19,800 --> 01:42:21,960 COMPARED TO 18% OF THE 3312 01:42:21,960 --> 01:42:23,040 ENTIRE POPULATION. 3313 01:42:23,040 --> 01:42:25,400 THAT HISPANIC IS USING 3314 01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:28,000 WITH LATINO, LATINA, LATIN 3315 01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:29,800 X BUT WHO ARE HISS PAN 3316 01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,240 PICK AND LATINO AND THE 3317 01:42:32,240 --> 01:42:36,680 TERM HISPANIC WHEN USED AS 3318 01:42:36,680 --> 01:42:37,760 AN OBJECTIVE MEANS 3319 01:42:37,760 --> 01:42:40,560 RELATING TO SPAIN, AS A 3320 01:42:40,560 --> 01:42:41,960 NUMBER IT'S SPECIFICALLY 3321 01:42:41,960 --> 01:42:43,560 REFERS TO SPANISH-SPEAKING 3322 01:42:43,560 --> 01:42:45,000 PERSON LIVING IN THE U.S. 3323 01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:46,600 OR CANADA OR A PERSON WHO 3324 01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:49,560 IS FAMILY CAME FROM A 3325 01:42:49,560 --> 01:42:52,280 SPANISH-SPEAKING COUNTRY. 3326 01:42:52,280 --> 01:42:53,840 LATINO OR LATINA IS A 3327 01:42:53,840 --> 01:42:55,160 PERSON WHO COMES FROM 3328 01:42:55,160 --> 01:42:56,320 LATIN AMERICA OR WHOSE 3329 01:42:56,320 --> 01:42:57,720 FAMILY CAME FROM A LATIN 3330 01:42:57,720 --> 01:43:00,520 AMERICA COUNTRY AND FAMILY 3331 01:43:00,520 --> 01:43:02,120 LANGUAGE IS A EITHER 3332 01:43:02,120 --> 01:43:05,600 SPANISH, FRENCH, OR 3333 01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:06,120 PORTUGUESE. 3334 01:43:06,120 --> 01:43:09,080 AS YOU CAN SEE IN THIS 3335 01:43:09,080 --> 01:43:10,240 DIAGRAM, THE MINORITY FALL 3336 01:43:10,240 --> 01:43:13,920 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 3337 01:43:13,920 --> 01:43:14,960 DIAGRAM AND THEY'RE ALSO 3338 01:43:14,960 --> 01:43:19,800 LATINO BUT THE SAME IS NOT 3339 01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:20,320 NECESSARILY TRUE IN 3340 01:43:20,320 --> 01:43:21,000 REVERSE AND FOR THE 3341 01:43:21,000 --> 01:43:21,960 PURPOSE OF THIS 3342 01:43:21,960 --> 01:43:23,480 PRESENTATION, WE'LL BE 3343 01:43:23,480 --> 01:43:26,040 TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE IN 3344 01:43:26,040 --> 01:43:30,680 THIS MILLION DOLLAR OF THE 3345 01:43:30,680 --> 01:43:30,920 DIAGRAM. 3346 01:43:30,920 --> 01:43:32,040 HISPANIC SHARE A COM AN 3347 01:43:32,040 --> 01:43:33,080 LANGUAGE IN SPANISH AND 3348 01:43:33,080 --> 01:43:34,560 COME FROM LATIN AMERICA AS 3349 01:43:34,560 --> 01:43:35,720 I JUST MENTIONED. 3350 01:43:35,720 --> 01:43:38,320 THEY CAN BE AS CULTURALLY 3351 01:43:38,320 --> 01:43:39,560 AND BIOLOGICALLY AND 3352 01:43:39,560 --> 01:43:41,280 PHENOTYPICALLY FROM ONE 3353 01:43:41,280 --> 01:43:42,440 ANOTHER TWO ANY OTHER TWO 3354 01:43:42,440 --> 01:43:44,160 INDIVIDUALS FROM ANY OTHER 3355 01:43:44,160 --> 01:43:45,240 ETHNICITY. 3356 01:43:45,240 --> 01:43:46,680 IT DEFINES RACE AS 3357 01:43:46,680 --> 01:43:49,800 DISTINCT CONCEPT AND 3358 01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:52,280 THEREFORE INDIVIDUALS FROM 3359 01:43:52,280 --> 01:43:54,040 HISPANIC ORIGIN CAN 3360 01:43:54,040 --> 01:43:56,080 IDENTIFY AS A VARIOUS 3361 01:43:56,080 --> 01:43:57,320 COMBINATION OF THESE THREE 3362 01:43:57,320 --> 01:43:58,960 RACES EITHER WHITE 3363 01:43:58,960 --> 01:44:02,320 EUROPEAN, NATIVE AMERICAN 3364 01:44:02,320 --> 01:44:03,480 OR ABORIGINAL AND BLACK. 3365 01:44:03,480 --> 01:44:06,400 THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE 3366 01:44:06,400 --> 01:44:09,840 RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE 3367 01:44:09,840 --> 01:44:11,440 EVALUATED HIS PANIC 3368 01:44:11,440 --> 01:44:12,360 DISEASE READS AND REPORTS 3369 01:44:12,360 --> 01:44:16,160 RESULTS AS AN AGO AGREE 3370 01:44:16,160 --> 01:44:20,960 GATE WHICH MASK IMPORTANT 3371 01:44:20,960 --> 01:44:21,720 HETEROGENEITY UPON 3372 01:44:21,720 --> 01:44:23,040 SUBGROUPS AND IT'S GOOD TO 3373 01:44:23,040 --> 01:44:25,200 KEEP THIS IN MIND AS IT 3374 01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:26,120 COME BACKS IN A LITTLE BIT 3375 01:44:26,120 --> 01:44:27,520 IN MY PRESENTATION. 3376 01:44:27,520 --> 01:44:28,920 I WOULD LIKE BACKGROUND 3377 01:44:28,920 --> 01:44:29,800 REGARDING THE MAGNITUDE OF 3378 01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:37,960 THE PUBLIC-HEALTH ISSUES. 3379 01:44:37,960 --> 01:44:39,640 AMONG HISPANIC WOMEN IT'S 3380 01:44:39,640 --> 01:44:41,880 THE FIRST LEADING CAUSE OF 3381 01:44:41,880 --> 01:44:45,120 CANCER DEATH WITH 14% OF 3382 01:44:45,120 --> 01:44:47,400 ALL CANCER DEATHS 3383 01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:48,800 ATTRIBUTED TO BREAST 3384 01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:50,440 CANCER AS OF 2021. 3385 01:44:50,440 --> 01:44:51,840 COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC 3386 01:44:51,840 --> 01:44:53,360 WHITE WOMEN, HISPANIC 3387 01:44:53,360 --> 01:44:55,040 WOMEN HAVE A HIGH GRADE 3388 01:44:55,040 --> 01:44:58,600 TUMOR DIAGNOSIS WITH LOWER 3389 01:44:58,600 --> 01:44:59,560 MAMMOGRAPHY AND HISPANIC 3390 01:44:59,560 --> 01:45:00,680 WOMEN ARE ALSO DETECTED 3391 01:45:00,680 --> 01:45:02,200 WITH BREAST CANCER AT 3392 01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:03,040 LATER STAGES. 3393 01:45:03,040 --> 01:45:03,720 THEY'RE DETECTED WITH 3394 01:45:03,720 --> 01:45:04,920 LARGER TUMORS AND HIGHER 3395 01:45:04,920 --> 01:45:06,640 RATES OF TRIPLE NEGATIVE 3396 01:45:06,640 --> 01:45:09,240 BREAST CANCER WHICH IS A 3397 01:45:09,240 --> 01:45:10,520 HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE CANCER 3398 01:45:10,520 --> 01:45:11,840 SUBTYPE AND THEY 3399 01:45:11,840 --> 01:45:12,880 CONTRIBUTE TO THE WORSE 3400 01:45:12,880 --> 01:45:14,480 BREAST CANCER PROGNOSIS 3401 01:45:14,480 --> 01:45:15,960 THAT IS SERVED AMONG 3402 01:45:15,960 --> 01:45:17,680 HISPANIC WOMEN. 3403 01:45:17,680 --> 01:45:18,600 SO DISCUSSING BEFORE IN 3404 01:45:18,600 --> 01:45:20,600 HEALTH RESEARCH, HISPANICS 3405 01:45:20,600 --> 01:45:23,040 ARE TREATED AS A HOMEY 3406 01:45:23,040 --> 01:45:25,520 GENIUS GROUP EVEN THOUGH 3407 01:45:25,520 --> 01:45:27,240 THEIR EXPERIENCES VARY. 3408 01:45:27,240 --> 01:45:31,000 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE. 3409 01:45:31,000 --> 01:45:32,760 AMONG PUERTO RICAN WOMEN, 3410 01:45:32,760 --> 01:45:34,360 BREAST CANCER ACCOUNTED 3411 01:45:34,360 --> 01:45:36,520 FOR 19% OF THE CANCER THAT 3412 01:45:36,520 --> 01:45:39,200 IS DURING THE 2014 TO 2018 3413 01:45:39,200 --> 01:45:41,240 PERIOD AND COMPARED TO 3414 01:45:41,240 --> 01:45:42,400 NON-HISPANIC WHITE WOMEN, 3415 01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:44,240 PUERTO RICAN ARE 90% MORE 3416 01:45:44,240 --> 01:45:46,080 LIKELY TO BE DIAGNOSED 3417 01:45:46,080 --> 01:45:49,000 WITH ESTROGEN RECEPTORS 3418 01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:50,920 AND NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER 3419 01:45:50,920 --> 01:45:52,720 AND COMPARED TO OTHER 3420 01:45:52,720 --> 01:45:54,920 WOMEN ON OTHER HISPANIC 3421 01:45:54,920 --> 01:45:56,960 SUBGROUPS WHICH IS 3422 01:45:56,960 --> 01:45:58,400 MEXICAN, SOUTH AND CENTRAL 3423 01:45:58,400 --> 01:45:59,760 AMERICAN AND CUBAN WOMEN 3424 01:45:59,760 --> 01:46:02,880 AND LASTLY WHILE THE 3425 01:46:02,880 --> 01:46:04,120 INCIDENTS OF RACE OF WOMEN 3426 01:46:04,120 --> 01:46:05,680 IN PUERTO RICO ARE SIMILAR 3427 01:46:05,680 --> 01:46:07,000 TO THOSE OF HISPANIC WOMEN 3428 01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:08,720 IN THE UNITED STATES THE 3429 01:46:08,720 --> 01:46:10,280 MORTALITY RATES ARE MUCH 3430 01:46:10,280 --> 01:46:11,080 HIGHER. 3431 01:46:11,080 --> 01:46:12,600 ARE 28% HIGHER. 3432 01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:22,880 IN PUERTO RICO. 3433 01:46:38,880 --> 01:46:42,520 AND 9% OF NON-HISPANIC 3434 01:46:42,520 --> 01:46:44,160 WHITE AND IN 2018 THERE'S 3435 01:46:44,160 --> 01:46:45,960 BEEN A BIG MIGRATION OF 3436 01:46:45,960 --> 01:46:48,840 HEATH CARE PERSONNEL ALSO 3437 01:46:48,840 --> 01:46:51,800 NEARLY ONE HALF OF THE 3438 01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:53,200 POPULATION IS MEDICAID 3439 01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:57,560 INSURED COMPARED TO 20% OF 3440 01:46:57,560 --> 01:46:59,000 HISPANIC IN THE 3441 01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:00,200 CONTINENTAL U.S. AND IT'S 3442 01:47:00,200 --> 01:47:02,400 IMPORTANT TO KNOW IN THE 3443 01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:03,240 SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE 3444 01:47:03,240 --> 01:47:06,640 THERE'S EVIDENCE THAT THE 3445 01:47:06,640 --> 01:47:14,280 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT 3446 01:47:14,280 --> 01:47:14,600 BREAST CANCER. 3447 01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:15,280 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS ONE 3448 01:47:15,280 --> 01:47:16,880 OF THEM. 3449 01:47:16,880 --> 01:47:21,040 ONLY LESS THAN 90% OF 3450 01:47:21,040 --> 01:47:23,080 PUERTO RICANS DO NOT 3451 01:47:23,080 --> 01:47:24,640 IMMEDIATE THE GUIDELINES 3452 01:47:24,640 --> 01:47:27,240 AND ALSO CO-MORBIDITY 3453 01:47:27,240 --> 01:47:28,080 DISEASE AND OWE HE BEES 3454 01:47:28,080 --> 01:47:30,960 TEE IS ONE OF A BIG RISK 3455 01:47:30,960 --> 01:47:32,440 FACTORS AND THE PREVALENCE 3456 01:47:32,440 --> 01:47:34,160 OF OBESITY IN PUERTO RICO 3457 01:47:34,160 --> 01:47:40,480 WAS 30% IN 2019. 3458 01:47:40,480 --> 01:47:41,760 SOME BACKGROUND, WOMEN 3459 01:47:41,760 --> 01:47:44,280 RISK OF BREAST CANCER IS 3460 01:47:44,280 --> 01:47:45,200 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 3461 01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:46,200 GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND 3462 01:47:46,200 --> 01:47:49,720 SOCIAL AND LIFESTYLE 3463 01:47:49,720 --> 01:47:53,160 FACTORS. 3464 01:47:53,160 --> 01:47:55,440 MODEL ARE USED FOR RISK 3465 01:47:55,440 --> 01:47:56,360 STRATIFICATION AND 3466 01:47:56,360 --> 01:47:57,480 ALLOWING FOR EACH WOMEN'S 3467 01:47:57,480 --> 01:47:59,120 BREAST CANCER RISK. 3468 01:47:59,120 --> 01:48:01,280 IN ORDER TO VALIDATE RISK 3469 01:48:01,280 --> 01:48:02,280 PREDICTION MODEL IT'S 3470 01:48:02,280 --> 01:48:04,120 IMPORTANT IS THEIR 3471 01:48:04,120 --> 01:48:04,600 PERFORMANCE, CALIBRATION 3472 01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:06,240 AND DIS CHRIS NAME ARE TWO 3473 01:48:06,240 --> 01:48:07,520 IMPORTANT WAYS OF DOING 3474 01:48:07,520 --> 01:48:09,400 THIS AND CALIBRATION SENDS 3475 01:48:09,400 --> 01:48:13,280 THE ABILITY OF THE MODEL 3476 01:48:13,280 --> 01:48:19,200 TO GENERATE IT CAN BE ONLY 3477 01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:22,960 BE COMPARED TO EXPECTING 3478 01:48:22,960 --> 01:48:25,280 NUMBER OF COMPARED TOED 3479 01:48:25,280 --> 01:48:27,240 MODEL TO THOSE OBSERVED 3480 01:48:27,240 --> 01:48:29,240 AND HOW WELL THE MODEL 3481 01:48:29,240 --> 01:48:30,280 SEPARATES THE RISK BETWEEN 3482 01:48:30,280 --> 01:48:32,120 THE CASE AND NON CASES 3483 01:48:32,120 --> 01:48:33,880 USUALLY MEASURED WITH THE 3484 01:48:33,880 --> 01:48:36,480 CO CORRESPONDENCE WITH 3485 01:48:36,480 --> 01:48:37,920 THE AUC CURVE. 3486 01:48:37,920 --> 01:48:41,160 ORIGINALLY THE NCI BREAST 3487 01:48:41,160 --> 01:48:43,880 CANCER AND THE GALE MODEL 3488 01:48:43,880 --> 01:48:46,760 AS WELL-KNOWN WHICH IS AT 3489 01:48:46,760 --> 01:48:48,960 RISK IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 3490 01:48:48,960 --> 01:48:50,360 ESTIMATED RISK FOR 3491 01:48:50,360 --> 01:48:51,960 HISPANIC WOMEN BY 3492 01:48:51,960 --> 01:48:53,120 COMBINING HISPANIC AGE 3493 01:48:53,120 --> 01:48:53,920 SPECIFIC INCIDENTS RATE 3494 01:48:53,920 --> 01:48:56,080 WITH RELATIVE AND 3495 01:48:56,080 --> 01:48:57,840 ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FROM 3496 01:48:57,840 --> 01:48:58,320 NON-HISPANIC WHITE WOMEN 3497 01:48:58,320 --> 01:48:59,880 WITH THAT METHODOLOGY 3498 01:48:59,880 --> 01:49:03,240 SERVED THAT THE MODEL 3499 01:49:03,240 --> 01:49:04,880 UNDERESTIMATED BREAST 3500 01:49:04,880 --> 01:49:06,680 CANCER RISK BY 18% AMONG 3501 01:49:06,680 --> 01:49:08,080 HISPANIC WOMEN OVER ALL 3502 01:49:08,080 --> 01:49:09,240 AND SINCE HISPANIC WOMEN 3503 01:49:09,240 --> 01:49:11,320 AND NON-HISPANIC WHITE 3504 01:49:11,320 --> 01:49:12,840 WOMEN DELIVERING THE 3505 01:49:12,840 --> 01:49:16,320 DISTRIBUTION OF RISK 3506 01:49:16,320 --> 01:49:26,720 CANNER AND AND HISPANIC 3507 01:49:43,720 --> 01:49:46,320 WOMEN IN INITIATIVE AND IT 3508 01:49:46,320 --> 01:49:47,560 SHOWS THAT THE HISPANIC 3509 01:49:47,560 --> 01:49:49,520 RISK MODEL WAS CALIBRATED 3510 01:49:49,520 --> 01:49:50,760 FOR U.S. BORN HISPANIC 3511 01:49:50,760 --> 01:49:52,040 WOMEN BUT IT APPEARED TO 3512 01:49:52,040 --> 01:49:53,960 OVER ESTIMATE THE RISK FOR 3513 01:49:53,960 --> 01:49:57,920 FOREIGN BORN WOMEN. 3514 01:49:57,920 --> 01:50:00,360 AND THIS IS IMPORTANT TO 3515 01:50:00,360 --> 01:50:01,600 NOTE BECAUSE WOMEN MAKE 3516 01:50:01,600 --> 01:50:04,240 DECISIONS OF WHAT 3517 01:50:04,240 --> 01:50:05,160 TREATMENT THEY'RE GOING TO 3518 01:50:05,160 --> 01:50:06,600 TAKE BASED ON THIS RISK 3519 01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:09,160 MODEL SO IT IS GOOD FOR US 3520 01:50:09,160 --> 01:50:11,240 IT WILL BE BENEFICIAL FOR 3521 01:50:11,240 --> 01:50:15,160 WOMEN TO GET AN ACCURATE 3522 01:50:15,160 --> 01:50:15,520 ASSESSMENT. 3523 01:50:15,520 --> 01:50:17,120 THE CORE MODELS AVAILABLE 3524 01:50:17,120 --> 01:50:19,320 FOR RISK PREDICTION IN 3525 01:50:19,320 --> 01:50:20,680 HISPANIC WOMEN THERE ARE 3526 01:50:20,680 --> 01:50:21,960 POTENTIAL AREAS FOR 3527 01:50:21,960 --> 01:50:22,400 IMPROVEMENT, IT WAS 3528 01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:24,040 DEVELOPED AS I MENTION 3529 01:50:24,040 --> 01:50:25,560 USED A POPULATION OF WOMEN 3530 01:50:25,560 --> 01:50:27,360 OF MEXICAN AND CENTRAL 3531 01:50:27,360 --> 01:50:28,160 AMERICAN DISSENT HOWEVER 3532 01:50:28,160 --> 01:50:34,600 AS I SAID, HISPANIC 3533 01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:35,600 WOMEN -- THERE'S 3534 01:50:35,600 --> 01:50:36,480 SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 3535 01:50:36,480 --> 01:50:40,960 THERE'S ALSO HETEROGENEITY 3536 01:50:40,960 --> 01:50:41,480 OF THE BREAST CANCER RATE 3537 01:50:41,480 --> 01:50:45,240 AMONG WOMEN VALIDATING 3538 01:50:45,240 --> 01:50:47,400 THIS MODEL IN OTHER 3539 01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:49,360 SUBGROUPS AND ALSO 3540 01:50:49,360 --> 01:50:50,680 CONSIDERING COUNTRY OF 3541 01:50:50,680 --> 01:50:51,360 ORIGIN AS AN ESTIMATED 3542 01:50:51,360 --> 01:50:53,040 RACE OF BREAST CANCER IN 3543 01:50:53,040 --> 01:50:54,640 HISPANIC WOMEN AND 3544 01:50:54,640 --> 01:50:55,560 ADDITIONALLY, AS I 3545 01:50:55,560 --> 01:50:58,560 MENTIONED, THIS MODEL WAS 3546 01:50:58,560 --> 01:51:00,080 SHOWN TO OVER ESTIMATE 3547 01:51:00,080 --> 01:51:00,720 RACE FOR HISPANIC WOMEN 3548 01:51:00,720 --> 01:51:03,960 AND AS I JUST SAID, IT HAS 3549 01:51:03,960 --> 01:51:05,840 AN IMPACT OF THE 3550 01:51:05,840 --> 01:51:07,160 POPULATION LEVEL AND 3551 01:51:07,160 --> 01:51:09,080 BECAUSE WE NEED TO GIVE 3552 01:51:09,080 --> 01:51:10,440 THE TOOLS TO THESE WOMEN 3553 01:51:10,440 --> 01:51:14,320 TO MAKE CHARACTERIZATION 3554 01:51:14,320 --> 01:51:14,960 ABOUT THEIR TREATMENT. 3555 01:51:14,960 --> 01:51:16,480 THIS IS WHY I DECIDE TODAY 3556 01:51:16,480 --> 01:51:17,520 DEVELOP THIS PREDICTION 3557 01:51:17,520 --> 01:51:19,800 MODEL. 3558 01:51:19,800 --> 01:51:20,280 PARTICULARLY FOR PUERTO 3559 01:51:20,280 --> 01:51:21,080 RICAN WOMEN SINCE I 3560 01:51:21,080 --> 01:51:21,800 MENTIONED THEY HAVE A 3561 01:51:21,800 --> 01:51:24,120 HIGHER MORTALITY RATE IN 3562 01:51:24,120 --> 01:51:25,040 COMPARISON TO HISPANIC 3563 01:51:25,040 --> 01:51:26,400 WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 3564 01:51:26,400 --> 01:51:28,760 BASED ON THE SCIENTIFIC 3565 01:51:28,760 --> 01:51:30,840 EVIDENCE WOMEN THAT SHOWS 3566 01:51:30,840 --> 01:51:32,120 THAT SOCIAL ECONOMIC 3567 01:51:32,120 --> 01:51:32,880 INEQUALITIES COULD BE ONE 3568 01:51:32,880 --> 01:51:34,640 OF THE MAIN FACTORS 3569 01:51:34,640 --> 01:51:36,480 CONTRIBUTING TO THE EXCESS 3570 01:51:36,480 --> 01:51:37,760 BREAST CANCER MORTALITY IN 3571 01:51:37,760 --> 01:51:40,480 THIS POPULATION. 3572 01:51:40,480 --> 01:51:41,760 DRIVING OUR ANALYSIS THAT 3573 01:51:41,760 --> 01:51:43,160 POOR PERFORMANCE OF BREAST 3574 01:51:43,160 --> 01:51:44,880 CANCER RISK PREDICTION 3575 01:51:44,880 --> 01:51:46,240 MODELS IN FOREIGN BORN 3576 01:51:46,240 --> 01:51:48,120 HISPANIC WOMEN MAY BE PART 3577 01:51:48,120 --> 01:51:52,000 DUE TO THE LACK OF THE 3578 01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:52,480 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN 3579 01:51:52,480 --> 01:51:54,480 PREVIOUSLY MODEL AND IT 3580 01:51:54,480 --> 01:51:56,080 TAKES INTO ACCOUNT COUNTER 3581 01:51:56,080 --> 01:51:57,080 PER SPECIFIC I HAVE RISK 3582 01:51:57,080 --> 01:51:58,880 FACTORS AND SOCIOECONOMIC 3583 01:51:58,880 --> 01:52:00,360 FACTORS AND INCIDENTS AND 3584 01:52:00,360 --> 01:52:01,520 MORTALITY DATA SPECIFIC TO 3585 01:52:01,520 --> 01:52:03,560 PUERTO RICAN WOMEN MAY 3586 01:52:03,560 --> 01:52:04,600 IMPROVE RISK PREDICTION IN 3587 01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:05,560 THIS POPULATION. 3588 01:52:05,560 --> 01:52:07,840 WE ARE TESTING THIS 3589 01:52:07,840 --> 01:52:09,040 HYPOTHESIS USING A 3590 01:52:09,040 --> 01:52:11,800 ESTABLISHED POPULATION 3591 01:52:11,800 --> 01:52:13,520 BASED STUDY AND OF BREAST 3592 01:52:13,520 --> 01:52:15,840 CANCER IN 663 PUERTO RICAN 3593 01:52:15,840 --> 01:52:17,240 WOMEN AND DATA FROM THE 3594 01:52:17,240 --> 01:52:19,440 SISTER STUDY WHICH IS A 3595 01:52:19,440 --> 01:52:24,040 BIG PERSPECTIVE COHORT 3596 01:52:24,040 --> 01:52:24,720 STUDY OF 50,000 WOMEN FROM 3597 01:52:24,720 --> 01:52:26,040 THE U.S. AND PUERTO RICO. 3598 01:52:26,040 --> 01:52:28,440 WE HAVE MULTI VARIABLE 3599 01:52:28,440 --> 01:52:30,600 RELATIVE RISK MODEL 3600 01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:33,120 INCLUDING RISK FACTORS ON 3601 01:52:33,120 --> 01:52:33,720 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND 3602 01:52:33,720 --> 01:52:35,760 MAKE ABSOLUTELY RISK 3603 01:52:35,760 --> 01:52:37,360 PROJECTIONS FOR WOMEN WITH 3604 01:52:37,360 --> 01:52:42,160 SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS BY 3605 01:52:42,160 --> 01:52:44,040 MULTIPLYING THEIR PULL BEE 3606 01:52:44,040 --> 01:52:47,040 RELATIVE RISK TIMES BASED 3607 01:52:47,040 --> 01:52:47,520 ON AGE SPECIFIC BREAST 3608 01:52:47,520 --> 01:52:48,080 CANCER INCIDENTS RATE AND 3609 01:52:48,080 --> 01:52:50,600 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE 3610 01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:51,960 AGE SPECIFIC MORTALITY 3611 01:52:51,960 --> 01:52:52,440 RATES. 3612 01:52:52,440 --> 01:52:54,240 THIS MODEL WILL BE BUILT 3613 01:52:54,240 --> 01:53:01,280 USING THE EYE CARE PACKAGE 3614 01:53:01,280 --> 01:53:04,520 WE WILL EXAM MOST CLOSELY 3615 01:53:04,520 --> 01:53:06,560 ALIGN WITH THE RISK FACTOR 3616 01:53:06,560 --> 01:53:09,280 AND PUT ITEL IN THE MAUD 3617 01:53:09,280 --> 01:53:11,440 AND WE HAVE FACTORS SUCH 3618 01:53:11,440 --> 01:53:13,160 AS THE NEIGHBORHOOD 3619 01:53:13,160 --> 01:53:16,360 DEPRIVATION INCHILDHOOD 3620 01:53:16,360 --> 01:53:19,600 INCOME LEVEL AND HEALTH 3621 01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:21,000 INSURANCE. 3622 01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,600 THE ACCURACY WILL BE 3623 01:53:23,600 --> 01:53:24,680 TESTED USE DATA FROM THE 3624 01:53:24,680 --> 01:53:25,920 PUERTO RICAN WOMEN IN THE 3625 01:53:25,920 --> 01:53:27,080 SISTER STUDY AND 3626 01:53:27,080 --> 01:53:28,360 EVALUATING THE 3627 01:53:28,360 --> 01:53:29,040 DISCRIMINATION AND 3628 01:53:29,040 --> 01:53:30,800 ACCURACY OF THE RISK AND 3629 01:53:30,800 --> 01:53:34,000 MODEL USING A AUC CURVES. 3630 01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:36,240 AND THE POTENTIAL 3631 01:53:36,240 --> 01:53:37,200 PUBLIC-HEALTH INPUT OF OUR 3632 01:53:37,200 --> 01:53:39,080 WORK IS WE COULD DEVELOP A 3633 01:53:39,080 --> 01:53:40,880 PERSONALIZED MODEL THAT 3634 01:53:40,880 --> 01:53:43,240 PREDICTS ABSOLUTE RISK FOR 3635 01:53:43,240 --> 01:53:45,360 FOREIGN BORN HISPANIC 3636 01:53:45,360 --> 01:53:46,840 WOMEN THAT MANY PROVE 3637 01:53:46,840 --> 01:53:48,000 ACCURACY OF RISK CANCER IN 3638 01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:48,960 THIS POPULATION OF WOMEN 3639 01:53:48,960 --> 01:53:51,200 AND TO SUMMARIZE MY 3640 01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:53,080 PRESENTATION, HISPANICS 3641 01:53:53,080 --> 01:53:54,360 ARE VERY GROUPS OF 3642 01:53:54,360 --> 01:53:56,520 INDIVIDUALS AND IT'S 3643 01:53:56,520 --> 01:54:00,520 IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THIS 3644 01:54:00,520 --> 01:54:01,040 HETEROGENEITY INVOLVING 3645 01:54:01,040 --> 01:54:01,680 THESE STUDIES AND THEY 3646 01:54:01,680 --> 01:54:03,240 HAVE OVER ALL 3647 01:54:03,240 --> 01:54:03,840 UNDERESTIMATED BREAST 3648 01:54:03,840 --> 01:54:05,600 CANCER RISK AND OVER 3649 01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:08,200 ESTIMATED BRISK CANCER 3650 01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:09,800 RISK FOR BORN HISPANIC 3651 01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:10,960 WOMEN AND PUERTO RICAN 3652 01:54:10,960 --> 01:54:12,560 WOMEN THEY HAVE A HIGHER 3653 01:54:12,560 --> 01:54:14,720 MORTALITY RATE IN 3654 01:54:14,720 --> 01:54:17,880 COMPARISON TO HISPANIC 3655 01:54:17,880 --> 01:54:19,000 WOMEN IN THE WOMEN AND IT 3656 01:54:19,000 --> 01:54:20,640 COULD BE A MAIN FACTOR 3657 01:54:20,640 --> 01:54:22,360 CONTRIBUTE TO GO THIS 3658 01:54:22,360 --> 01:54:22,840 EXCESS BREAST CANCER 3659 01:54:22,840 --> 01:54:25,400 MORTALITY. 3660 01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:29,880 THE PERFORMANCE OF COULD 3661 01:54:29,880 --> 01:54:31,640 BE I AM PROVED IF WE TAKE 3662 01:54:31,640 --> 01:54:34,440 INTO ACCOUNT THIS FACTORS. 3663 01:54:34,440 --> 01:54:36,760 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY 3664 01:54:36,760 --> 01:54:39,840 TWO FABULOUS POSTBACS AND 3665 01:54:39,840 --> 01:54:41,800 I ALREADY CONCLUDED HER 3666 01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:42,680 YEAR WITH SHE AND SHE 3667 01:54:42,680 --> 01:54:45,600 MOVED ON TO A PH.D IN 3668 01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,520 STATS -- IN GENETICS SORRY 3669 01:54:49,520 --> 01:54:51,240 AND MOLLY ROGERS AND ALSO 3670 01:54:51,240 --> 01:54:54,040 MY MENTORING TEAM AT 3671 01:54:54,040 --> 01:54:54,840 NIEHS. 3672 01:54:54,840 --> 01:54:59,000 ANY QUESTIONS? 3673 01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:04,040 [APPLAUSE] 3674 01:55:04,040 --> 01:55:14,480 >>NOTHING YET ON-LINE. 3675 01:55:15,800 --> 01:55:16,600 >>VERY NICE 3676 01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:16,920 PRESENTATION. 3677 01:55:16,920 --> 01:55:18,160 >>THANK YOU. 3678 01:55:18,160 --> 01:55:18,960 >>SO ONE OF THE THINGS 3679 01:55:18,960 --> 01:55:21,360 THAT YOU ARE FOCUSED ON IS 3680 01:55:21,360 --> 01:55:23,280 SOME OF THE SOCIAL AND 3681 01:55:23,280 --> 01:55:24,560 ENVIRONMENTAL 3682 01:55:24,560 --> 01:55:25,440 DETERMINANTS. 3683 01:55:25,440 --> 01:55:28,560 THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO 3684 01:55:28,560 --> 01:55:30,720 PROTECTION OR MAYBE THE 3685 01:55:30,720 --> 01:55:31,880 LACK OF PERFORMANCE OF A 3686 01:55:31,880 --> 01:55:32,960 GIVEN MODEL. 3687 01:55:32,960 --> 01:55:34,840 DO YOU THINK THAT ALSO 3688 01:55:34,840 --> 01:55:36,320 UNDERSTANDING SORT OF THE 3689 01:55:36,320 --> 01:55:37,360 UNDERLYING FACTORS MAY 3690 01:55:37,360 --> 01:55:39,520 ALSO BE USED IN SORT OF 3691 01:55:39,520 --> 01:55:42,080 THE OTHER DIRECTION TO 3692 01:55:42,080 --> 01:55:43,880 SORT OF MOVE THIS TYPE OF 3693 01:55:43,880 --> 01:55:44,960 RESEARCH NO A DIRECTION 3694 01:55:44,960 --> 01:55:46,560 WHERE NOW YOU CAN SORT OF 3695 01:55:46,560 --> 01:55:48,320 SAY, OKAY, I CROSSED ALL 3696 01:55:48,320 --> 01:55:50,080 OF THESE DIFFERENT GROUPS 3697 01:55:50,080 --> 01:55:53,360 OF INDIVIDUALS AND HERE IS 3698 01:55:53,360 --> 01:55:55,840 YOUR BETA THAT MAY PREDICT 3699 01:55:55,840 --> 01:55:57,160 SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN A 3700 01:55:57,160 --> 01:55:58,160 GIVEN HEALTH CIRCUMSTANCE. 3701 01:55:58,160 --> 01:56:01,560 YOU CAN START TO TEASE OUT 3702 01:56:01,560 --> 01:56:02,040 THE INDIVIDUAL TRAITS 3703 01:56:02,040 --> 01:56:03,160 WHETHER THEY ARE GENETIC, 3704 01:56:03,160 --> 01:56:05,080 ENVIRONMENTAL OR SOCIAL 3705 01:56:05,080 --> 01:56:09,200 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH TO 3706 01:56:09,200 --> 01:56:10,640 TAILOR PUBLIC-HEALTH 3707 01:56:10,640 --> 01:56:10,960 INTERVENTION. 3708 01:56:10,960 --> 01:56:12,040 >>THE ANSWER IS YES. 3709 01:56:12,040 --> 01:56:13,640 IT'S BEEN DONE FOR A LOT 3710 01:56:13,640 --> 01:56:14,360 OF FACTORS. 3711 01:56:14,360 --> 01:56:15,800 I THINK WHAT I WILL BE 3712 01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:17,800 ADDING TO THE TABLE WILL 3713 01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:20,080 BE ALSO TESTING OR 3714 01:56:20,080 --> 01:56:21,080 ASSESSING WHETHER SOCIAL 3715 01:56:21,080 --> 01:56:23,040 ECONOMIC FACTORS COULD 3716 01:56:23,040 --> 01:56:25,360 ALSO IMPROVE AND TAKE THIS 3717 01:56:25,360 --> 01:56:30,360 MODEL A LITTLE FURTHER. 3718 01:56:30,360 --> 01:56:31,360 >>THAT'S IT. 3719 01:56:31,360 --> 01:56:31,880 THANK YOU. 3720 01:56:31,880 --> 01:56:37,400 [APPLAUSE] 3721 01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:37,960 >> Parinaz Fathi: THANK 3722 01:56:37,960 --> 01:56:39,600 YOU TO OUR SPEAKERS AND 3723 01:56:39,600 --> 01:56:41,200 EVERYBODY WHO JOINED US 3724 01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:42,040 IN-PERSON OR ON-LINE. 3725 01:56:42,040 --> 01:56:43,160 THIS CONCLUDES OUR 3726 01:56:43,160 --> 01:56:43,760 SESSION. 3727 01:56:43,760 --> 01:56:44,600 PLEASE HEAD OVER TO THE 3728 01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:45,520 POSTER SESSION TO SEE THE 3729 01:56:45,520 --> 01:56:46,800 WORK OF SOME OF THESE 3730 01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:48,200 INVESTIGATORS AND OTHER 3731 01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:48,640 INDEPENDENT RESEARCH 3732 01:56:48,640 --> 01:56:49,680 SCHOLARS AND PLEASE JOIN 3733 01:56:49,680 --> 01:56:51,000 US AGAIN TOMORROW TO HEAR 3734 01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:53,520 FROM A FEW OTHER 3735 01:56:53,520 --> 00:00:00,000 INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS.