1 00:00:05,505 --> 00:00:05,672 WELCOME. 2 00:00:05,739 --> 00:00:09,909 GOOD MORNING TO THE OVER 200 3 00:00:09,976 --> 00:00:11,678 VIRTUAL ATTENDEES WE HOPE WILL 4 00:00:11,745 --> 00:00:13,646 JOIN US TODAY. 5 00:00:13,713 --> 00:00:15,281 WE'RE PLEASED WE'RE BEING JOINED 6 00:00:15,348 --> 00:00:17,917 FROM ATTENDEES FROM THE U.S., 7 00:00:17,984 --> 00:00:21,621 FROM ABROAD, FROM TRAINEES TO 8 00:00:21,688 --> 00:00:25,024 SENIOR FACULTY, MANY COLLEAGUES, 9 00:00:25,091 --> 00:00:26,092 FEDERAL COLLEAGUES, FROM THOSE 10 00:00:26,159 --> 00:00:28,194 WHO ALREADY KNOW A LOT ABOUT 11 00:00:28,261 --> 00:00:29,095 PLANETARY HEALTH AND THOSE WHO 12 00:00:29,162 --> 00:00:30,797 WANT TO LEARN MORE. 13 00:00:30,864 --> 00:00:36,069 WE HAVE MANY OUTSTANDING 14 00:00:36,136 --> 00:00:39,005 PRESENTERS. 15 00:00:39,072 --> 00:00:49,616 OUR CO-CHAIRS, SONIA ANGELL AND 16 00:00:53,686 --> 00:00:54,020 SANJAY RAJAGOPALAN. 17 00:00:54,087 --> 00:00:58,691 I WANT TO THANK THEM FOR THEIR 18 00:00:58,758 --> 00:00:59,459 HARD WORK. 19 00:00:59,526 --> 00:01:01,327 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT A SPECIAL 20 00:01:01,394 --> 00:01:02,962 AND UNUSUAL SESSION WHICH WILL 21 00:01:03,029 --> 00:01:06,232 OCCUR TODAY AT 3:30 THIS 22 00:01:06,299 --> 00:01:08,334 AFTERNOON AFTER OUR AFTERNOON 23 00:01:08,401 --> 00:01:08,668 BREAK. 24 00:01:08,735 --> 00:01:09,969 IT WILL BE YOUR CHANCE BECAUSE 25 00:01:10,036 --> 00:01:12,939 IT'S GOING TO BE INTERACTIVE TO 26 00:01:13,006 --> 00:01:15,008 SEE HOW DIFFERENT POLICIES 27 00:01:15,074 --> 00:01:16,176 INFLUENCE OUR PLANET, AND IT 28 00:01:16,242 --> 00:01:18,845 WILL SUMMARIZE SOME OF THE 29 00:01:18,912 --> 00:01:20,480 INSIGHTS FROM THE PRESENTATIONS 30 00:01:20,547 --> 00:01:25,084 YOU'LL HEAR TODAY, AND MAY 31 00:01:25,151 --> 00:01:26,286 PROVOKE ADDITIONAL RESEARCH 32 00:01:26,352 --> 00:01:27,253 IDEAS. 33 00:01:27,320 --> 00:01:28,421 THIS SIMULATION AS YOU CAN SEE 34 00:01:28,488 --> 00:01:31,658 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SLIDE HAS 35 00:01:31,724 --> 00:01:33,626 BEEN WIDELY PRAISED. 36 00:01:33,693 --> 00:01:36,663 SO, IF YOU HAVE THE TIME, PLEASE 37 00:01:36,729 --> 00:01:37,797 STAY TUNED. 38 00:01:37,864 --> 00:01:40,133 PLEASE STAY ON THE SEMINAR, ON 39 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:43,369 THE WORKSHOP, AT 3:30. 40 00:01:43,436 --> 00:01:46,539 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 41 00:01:51,978 --> 00:01:54,314 IT GIVES ME GREAT PLEASURE TO 42 00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:57,917 INTRODUCE A SENIOR LEADER IN THE 43 00:01:57,984 --> 00:02:00,453 NHLBI, DAVID GOFF, WHOSE 44 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,823 LEADERSHIP HAS BEEN 45 00:02:03,890 --> 00:02:06,693 CHARACTERIZED BY ENCOURAGING 46 00:02:06,759 --> 00:02:08,261 STAFF AND THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY 47 00:02:08,328 --> 00:02:11,498 WHO WE SUPPORT TO TACKLE THE 48 00:02:11,564 --> 00:02:12,932 MOST IMPORTANT UNANSWERED 49 00:02:12,999 --> 00:02:15,435 QUESTIONS AND TO ENSURE THAT OUR 50 00:02:15,502 --> 00:02:21,774 RESEARCH CAN BE WIDELY USED TO 51 00:02:21,841 --> 00:02:23,543 IMPROVE HEALTH. 52 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:24,043 DAVID? 53 00:02:24,110 --> 00:02:24,944 >> THANK YOU, LARRY. 54 00:02:25,011 --> 00:02:29,382 I WANT TO ADD MY THANKS TO THE 55 00:02:29,449 --> 00:02:33,253 ORGANIZERS AND CO-CHAIRS FOR 56 00:02:33,319 --> 00:02:34,487 PUTTING TOGETHER THIS FANTASTIC 57 00:02:34,554 --> 00:02:38,091 WORKSHOP. 58 00:02:38,157 --> 00:02:39,492 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 59 00:02:39,559 --> 00:02:42,428 SO, IT'S MY PLEASURE TO KICK 60 00:02:42,495 --> 00:02:43,963 THIS OFF, AND ONE OF THE REASONS 61 00:02:44,030 --> 00:02:46,299 I'M SO HAPPY ABOUT THIS IS THAT 62 00:02:46,366 --> 00:02:48,167 WHILE ALL OUR WORKSHOPS ARE 63 00:02:48,234 --> 00:02:49,469 REALLY IMPORTANT, THIS ONE IS 64 00:02:49,536 --> 00:02:51,237 REALLY SPECIAL TO ME BECAUSE 65 00:02:51,304 --> 00:02:53,873 I'VE HAD A LONG INTEREST IN THE 66 00:02:53,940 --> 00:02:57,010 LINK BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR 67 00:02:57,076 --> 00:03:01,381 HEALTH AND PLANETARY HEALTH. 68 00:03:01,447 --> 00:03:03,683 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 69 00:03:03,750 --> 00:03:05,818 MY LAST LECTURE AT THE COLORADO 70 00:03:05,885 --> 00:03:07,387 SCHOOL OF HEALTH WHERE I WAS 71 00:03:07,453 --> 00:03:09,355 BEFORE COMING TO NHLBI WAS ON 72 00:03:09,422 --> 00:03:11,024 THE ISSUE OF PLANETARY HEALTH, 73 00:03:11,090 --> 00:03:12,559 AND IT WAS BASED ON WHAT I 74 00:03:12,625 --> 00:03:14,827 BELIEVE TO BE ONE OF THE MOST 75 00:03:14,894 --> 00:03:21,401 IMPORTANT PAPERS RELEASED IN THE 76 00:03:21,467 --> 00:03:24,037 LAST DECADE, "SAFEGUARDING HUMAN 77 00:03:24,103 --> 00:03:24,671 HEALTH,." 78 00:03:24,737 --> 00:03:30,310 A REPORT FROM THE ROCKEFELLER 79 00:03:30,376 --> 00:03:31,611 FOUNDATION AND LANCET 80 00:03:31,678 --> 00:03:31,945 COMMISSION. 81 00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:33,746 THIS WAS WAS BASED ON THE 82 00:03:33,813 --> 00:03:34,380 LANDMARK PUBLICATION FROM 2015 83 00:03:34,447 --> 00:03:37,283 BUT IF ANY OF YOU HAVE NOT HAD 84 00:03:37,350 --> 00:03:39,953 THE OPPORTUNITY READ THAT PAPER, 85 00:03:40,019 --> 00:03:42,589 I STRONGLY RECOMMEND IT. 86 00:03:42,655 --> 00:03:45,858 AS I SAID, IT'S REALLY, IN MY 87 00:03:45,925 --> 00:03:46,926 PROFESSIONAL CAREER, ONE OF THE 88 00:03:46,993 --> 00:03:48,027 MOST IMPORTANT PAPERS THAT I'VE 89 00:03:48,094 --> 00:03:50,763 READ OVER THE PAST DECADE AND 90 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:52,865 HAS REALLY HELPED SHAPE MY 91 00:03:52,932 --> 00:03:54,200 THINKING ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF 92 00:03:54,267 --> 00:03:56,703 THE ISSUES WE'RE GOING TO BE 93 00:03:56,769 --> 00:03:57,804 TALKING ABOUT TODAY AND HAS 94 00:03:57,870 --> 00:04:07,413 ENCOURAGED ME TO THINK ABOUT HOW 95 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:09,182 I AND MY ORGANIZATION CAN 96 00:04:09,248 --> 00:04:11,150 CONTRIBUTE IN THIS IMPORTANT 97 00:04:11,217 --> 00:04:11,884 AREA. 98 00:04:11,951 --> 00:04:13,119 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 99 00:04:13,186 --> 00:04:15,421 IN 2021, I WAS HONORED TO BE 100 00:04:15,488 --> 00:04:19,092 INVITED TO GIVE THE ANSEL KEYS 101 00:04:19,158 --> 00:04:20,426 LECTURE AT AMERICAN HEART 102 00:04:20,493 --> 00:04:20,727 ASSOCIATION. 103 00:04:20,793 --> 00:04:22,862 I FOCUSED THAT OPPORTUNITY ON 104 00:04:22,929 --> 00:04:26,132 OUR EFFORTS TO PURSUE ON HEART 105 00:04:26,199 --> 00:04:26,766 HEALTHY PLANET. 106 00:04:26,833 --> 00:04:27,967 IN RECOGNITION OF THE REALITY 107 00:04:28,034 --> 00:04:30,603 THAT THOSE OF US WHO HAVE BEEN 108 00:04:30,670 --> 00:04:32,038 WORKING ON PROMOTING HEART 109 00:04:32,105 --> 00:04:34,741 HEALTH, WE CAN'T ACHIEVE A HEART 110 00:04:34,807 --> 00:04:38,711 HEALTHY POPULATION ON AN 111 00:04:38,778 --> 00:04:40,446 UNHEALTHY PLANET WE HAVE TO HAD 112 00:04:40,513 --> 00:04:42,181 A HEALTHY PLANET TO HAVE A HEART 113 00:04:42,248 --> 00:04:46,352 HEALTHY POPULATION. 114 00:04:46,419 --> 00:04:47,553 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 115 00:04:47,620 --> 00:04:52,158 SO IN THAT LECTURE I ASKED THE 116 00:04:52,225 --> 00:04:53,259 AUDIENCE TO PICTURE THEMSELVES 117 00:04:53,326 --> 00:04:55,128 DECADES IN THE FUTURE. 118 00:04:55,194 --> 00:04:56,629 I PICKED 2060 AS THE YEAR. 119 00:04:56,696 --> 00:04:58,498 WE HAD ACHIEVED THE GOAL OF 120 00:04:58,564 --> 00:05:02,101 HAVING A HEALTHY PLANET WITH A 121 00:05:02,168 --> 00:05:03,169 HEART HEALTHY POPULATION, AND 122 00:05:03,236 --> 00:05:06,939 POSED THE QUESTION HOW DID WE 123 00:05:07,006 --> 00:05:13,212 GET THERE FROM WHERE WE WERE IN 124 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:13,413 2021. 125 00:05:13,479 --> 00:05:16,182 ADVANCE PLEASE. 126 00:05:16,249 --> 00:05:17,917 REMEMBER, THIS WAS 2021. 127 00:05:17,984 --> 00:05:19,552 AND THE SITUATION IS FAIRLY 128 00:05:19,619 --> 00:05:21,320 SIMILAR TODAY. 129 00:05:21,387 --> 00:05:23,289 WE HAD A WORLD WHERE THE 130 00:05:23,356 --> 00:05:26,459 TEMPERATURES ARE HOT AND RISING, 131 00:05:26,526 --> 00:05:29,529 WHERE THERE'S WILDFIRES THAT 132 00:05:29,595 --> 00:05:31,364 WE'RE DEALING WITH, WHERE OUR 133 00:05:31,431 --> 00:05:34,367 AGRICULTURE SYSTEM AND FOOD 134 00:05:34,434 --> 00:05:36,102 SYSTEM PROMOTED UNHEALTHY 135 00:05:36,169 --> 00:05:37,103 SITUATIONS FOR OUR POPULATION, 136 00:05:37,170 --> 00:05:39,939 ESPECIALLY WITH RESPECT TO HEART 137 00:05:40,006 --> 00:05:41,474 HEALTH, AND NOT JUST HEART 138 00:05:41,541 --> 00:05:42,175 HEALTH. 139 00:05:42,241 --> 00:05:45,211 SO HOW DID WE GET TO WHERE WE 140 00:05:45,278 --> 00:05:47,080 WERE IN 2060 FROM WHERE WE HAD 141 00:05:47,146 --> 00:05:49,549 BEEN IN 2021 AND WHERE WE STILL 142 00:05:49,615 --> 00:05:54,854 ARE IN 2023? 143 00:05:54,921 --> 00:05:56,923 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 144 00:05:56,989 --> 00:05:59,225 I POSED THE POSSIBILITIES 145 00:05:59,292 --> 00:06:00,426 LOOKING BACKWARDS WE COULD SEE 146 00:06:00,493 --> 00:06:02,161 FIVE PATHWAYS OF RESEARCH THAT 147 00:06:02,228 --> 00:06:05,231 WERE CRITICAL TO ACHIEVING A 148 00:06:05,298 --> 00:06:12,839 HEART HEALTHY PLANET WITH A 149 00:06:12,905 --> 00:06:15,408 HEALTHY POPULATION IN 2060. 150 00:06:15,475 --> 00:06:17,376 AMONG THOSE FIVE PATHWAYS WAS 151 00:06:17,443 --> 00:06:19,946 RESEARCH ON PROMOTING PLANETARY 152 00:06:20,012 --> 00:06:25,251 HEART HEALTH, WHICH IS THE TOPIC 153 00:06:25,318 --> 00:06:26,285 OF TODAY'S WORKSHOP. 154 00:06:26,352 --> 00:06:28,221 SO I'M DELIGHTED THIS WORKSHOP 155 00:06:28,287 --> 00:06:31,057 IS FOCUSED BOTH ON PROMOTING 156 00:06:31,124 --> 00:06:33,259 PLANETARY HEALTH, AS WELL AS 157 00:06:33,326 --> 00:06:34,794 INTERSECTION OF THAT WITH SOCIAL 158 00:06:34,861 --> 00:06:37,096 DETERMINANTS AND WITH THE OTHER 159 00:06:37,163 --> 00:06:39,165 ASPECTS LISTED ON THIS SLIDE, 160 00:06:39,232 --> 00:06:41,367 ALL OF WHICH ARE INTERTWINED IN 161 00:06:41,434 --> 00:06:44,871 OUR EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE A HEALTHY 162 00:06:44,937 --> 00:06:47,173 POPULATION ON A HEALTHY PLANET. 163 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:49,542 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 164 00:06:49,609 --> 00:06:52,411 SO, I KNOW THIS WORKSHOP IS 165 00:06:52,478 --> 00:06:55,481 GOING TO ADD IMPORTANTLY, OH, I 166 00:06:55,548 --> 00:06:56,482 THINK NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 167 00:06:56,549 --> 00:06:57,049 THANK YOU. 168 00:06:57,116 --> 00:06:59,652 SO I KNOW THIS WORKSHOP IS GOING 169 00:06:59,719 --> 00:07:02,054 TO CONTRIBUTE IMPORTANTLY TO OUR 170 00:07:02,121 --> 00:07:03,923 UNDERSTANDING OF THE 171 00:07:03,990 --> 00:07:05,992 OPPORTUNITIES THAT WE CAN PURSUE 172 00:07:06,058 --> 00:07:07,693 TO ADVANCE PLANETARY HEALTH AND 173 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:08,427 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 174 00:07:08,494 --> 00:07:10,763 AND SO I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR 175 00:07:10,830 --> 00:07:12,198 YOUR WORK LEADING UP TO THIS, 176 00:07:12,265 --> 00:07:14,534 YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 177 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:17,737 WORKSHOP, THE TIME YOU'RE TAKING 178 00:07:17,804 --> 00:07:19,906 TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS THINKING 179 00:07:19,972 --> 00:07:22,108 ABOUT THIS MAJOR CHALLENGE WE 180 00:07:22,175 --> 00:07:22,875 FACE TOGETHER, AND YOUR 181 00:07:22,942 --> 00:07:27,246 COMMITMENT TO THE WORK WE CAN DO 182 00:07:27,313 --> 00:07:28,447 TOGETHER IN THE FUTURE. 183 00:07:28,514 --> 00:07:30,950 I WANT TO THANK YOU AND PASS THE 184 00:07:31,017 --> 00:07:32,018 BATON BACK TO LARRY FINE. 185 00:07:32,084 --> 00:07:35,321 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, DAVID, 186 00:07:35,388 --> 00:07:38,724 FOR GETTING US STARTED. 187 00:07:38,791 --> 00:07:39,592 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 188 00:07:39,659 --> 00:07:42,128 I'VE HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF 189 00:07:42,195 --> 00:07:44,197 WORKING WITH TWO GIFTED 190 00:07:44,263 --> 00:07:46,165 SCIENTISTS AND LEADERS WHO IN 191 00:07:46,232 --> 00:07:49,068 THE PAST YEAR HAVE SHAPED THIS 192 00:07:49,135 --> 00:07:51,404 WORKSHOP AND TAUGHT ME AND 193 00:07:51,470 --> 00:07:53,506 OTHERS ON THE PLANNING COMMITTEE 194 00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:56,342 SO MUCH. 195 00:07:56,409 --> 00:07:59,478 THEY ARE OUR CO-CHAIRS. 196 00:07:59,545 --> 00:08:00,913 SONIA ANGELL FROM JOHNS HOPKINS 197 00:08:00,980 --> 00:08:01,581 BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF HUSBAND 198 00:08:01,647 --> 00:08:05,651 HEALTH IS AS YOU CAN SEE THE 199 00:08:05,718 --> 00:08:07,286 BLOOMBERG DISTINGUISHED 200 00:08:07,353 --> 00:08:10,656 PROFESSOR OF PRACTICE, AND 201 00:08:10,723 --> 00:08:13,359 SANJAY RAJAGOPALAN, FROM 202 00:08:13,426 --> 00:08:13,960 UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL AT CASE 203 00:08:14,026 --> 00:08:17,430 WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, WHO 204 00:08:17,496 --> 00:08:18,865 IS THE HERMAN HELLERSTEIN 205 00:08:18,931 --> 00:08:21,400 PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE. 206 00:08:21,467 --> 00:08:24,570 THEY ARE OUR CO-CHAIRS. 207 00:08:24,637 --> 00:08:26,305 SO, SONIA, PLEASE SAY A FEW 208 00:08:26,372 --> 00:08:28,674 WORDS. 209 00:08:31,944 --> 00:08:33,512 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 210 00:08:33,579 --> 00:08:35,381 IT IS SUCH A PLEASURE TO BE A 211 00:08:35,448 --> 00:08:37,583 PART OF THIS PROCESS AND 212 00:08:37,650 --> 00:08:38,351 EXPERIENCE. 213 00:08:38,417 --> 00:08:40,186 AS WE ALL KNOW, CARDIOVASCULAR 214 00:08:40,253 --> 00:08:41,087 DISEASE REMAINS A LEADING CAUSE 215 00:08:41,153 --> 00:08:43,356 OF DEATH IN THE U.S. AND 216 00:08:43,422 --> 00:08:44,257 GLOBALLY. 217 00:08:44,323 --> 00:08:45,892 IT'S ALSO A LEADING RISK FACTOR 218 00:08:45,958 --> 00:08:47,627 FOR HOSPITALIZATION AND DEATH 219 00:08:47,693 --> 00:08:48,628 FROM COVID. 220 00:08:48,694 --> 00:08:49,962 THIS PANDEMIC REMINDED US WHILE 221 00:08:50,029 --> 00:08:52,999 WE MUST CONTINUE TO ADVANCE OUR 222 00:08:53,065 --> 00:08:54,333 DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTIOUS 223 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:55,301 AGENTS THROUGH ENHANCED 224 00:08:55,368 --> 00:08:57,270 SURVEILLANCE, VACCINE, AND 225 00:08:57,336 --> 00:08:58,938 TREATMENTS, ADDRESSING CHRONIC 226 00:08:59,005 --> 00:09:00,139 DISEASE, ESPECIALLY 227 00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:02,008 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, IS ALSO 228 00:09:02,074 --> 00:09:02,975 PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS. 229 00:09:03,042 --> 00:09:04,710 IT'S ALSO REQUIRED FOR NATIONAL 230 00:09:04,777 --> 00:09:06,913 HEALTH SECURITY, HEALTH EQUITY, 231 00:09:06,979 --> 00:09:08,080 FOR CREATING RESILIENT 232 00:09:08,147 --> 00:09:09,548 COMMUNITIES AND ECONOMIES. 233 00:09:09,615 --> 00:09:11,617 BUT HEALTHY HEARTS REQUIRE A 234 00:09:11,684 --> 00:09:14,687 HEALTHY PLANET AS DR. GOFF 235 00:09:14,754 --> 00:09:16,756 LISTED UP, AND THIS PLANET IS 236 00:09:16,822 --> 00:09:19,191 NOT HEALTHY. 237 00:09:19,258 --> 00:09:21,160 THE SYSTEMS ARE NOT PROMOTING 238 00:09:21,227 --> 00:09:23,062 CARDIOVASCULAR AND PLANETARY 239 00:09:23,129 --> 00:09:25,097 HEALTH DUAL AIMS. 240 00:09:25,164 --> 00:09:25,731 SYSTEMS THAT PRODUCE, ALSO 241 00:09:25,798 --> 00:09:27,833 PRODUCE A THIRD OF THE WORLD'S 242 00:09:27,900 --> 00:09:32,204 GREENHOUSE GASES. 243 00:09:32,271 --> 00:09:35,274 FOOD SYSTEMS USE 70% OF FRESH 244 00:09:35,341 --> 00:09:36,909 WATER, 80% OF DEFORESTATION, A 245 00:09:36,976 --> 00:09:39,745 LEADING CAUSE OF BIODIVERSITY 246 00:09:39,812 --> 00:09:39,946 LOSS. 247 00:09:40,012 --> 00:09:45,117 STILL, DIETARY PATTERNS ARE NOT 248 00:09:45,184 --> 00:09:45,318 IDEAL. 249 00:09:45,384 --> 00:09:46,218 SYSTEMS WERE CREATED AT THE 250 00:09:46,285 --> 00:09:47,620 HANDS OF HUMANS AND CAN BE 251 00:09:47,687 --> 00:09:48,821 CHANGED BY US, THAT CHANGE NEEDS 252 00:09:48,888 --> 00:09:51,123 TO BE STRATEGIC AND GUIDED BY 253 00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:51,390 EVIDENCE. 254 00:09:51,457 --> 00:09:54,293 WE NEED RESEARCH THAT WILL MOVE 255 00:09:54,360 --> 00:09:55,695 US EXPEDITIOUSLY TO ACTIONABLE 256 00:09:55,761 --> 00:09:58,030 SOLUTIONS AT THE LOCAL, STATE, 257 00:09:58,097 --> 00:09:59,799 AND GLOBAL LEVEL. 258 00:09:59,865 --> 00:10:03,069 WE'RE SO THANKFUL FOR DR. GOFF'S 259 00:10:03,135 --> 00:10:04,370 LEADERSHIP IN IDENTIFYING THIS 260 00:10:04,437 --> 00:10:07,306 GAP AND FOR DR. LARRY FINE AND 261 00:10:07,373 --> 00:10:08,274 HIS REMARKABLE STAFF FOR LEADING 262 00:10:08,341 --> 00:10:09,308 THE DESIGN OF THE SPACE FOR ALL 263 00:10:09,375 --> 00:10:12,345 OF US TO COME TOGETHER AND 264 00:10:12,411 --> 00:10:13,012 CONTEMPLATE HOW 265 00:10:13,079 --> 00:10:14,747 TRANSDISCIPLINARY THINKING MIGHT 266 00:10:14,814 --> 00:10:15,748 ADVANCE THE PLANETARY AND 267 00:10:15,815 --> 00:10:16,849 CARDIOVASCULAR NEEDS OF OUR 268 00:10:16,916 --> 00:10:18,484 COUNTRY AND OUR WORLD. 269 00:10:18,551 --> 00:10:23,956 THE TIMELINESS OF THIS WORKSHOP 270 00:10:24,023 --> 00:10:26,792 OFF COP28 IS NOT LOST. 271 00:10:26,859 --> 00:10:27,793 I UNDERSTAND AS DR. GOFF SAID 272 00:10:27,860 --> 00:10:29,762 THIS IS THE FIRST OF ITS KIND 273 00:10:29,829 --> 00:10:31,530 FOR THE NHLBI, AS CO-CHAIR 274 00:10:31,597 --> 00:10:32,398 WORKING WITH THIS TEAM TO HELP 275 00:10:32,465 --> 00:10:34,400 SHAPE WHAT WE HOPE WILL BE A 276 00:10:34,467 --> 00:10:35,801 REMARKABLE OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL 277 00:10:35,868 --> 00:10:40,606 OF YOU, OUR TEAM ALSO RECOGNIZES 278 00:10:40,673 --> 00:10:42,274 REMARKABLE OPPORTUNITY, TRAGEDY 279 00:10:42,341 --> 00:10:45,111 OF THE LIMITED TIME AND TOPICAL 280 00:10:45,177 --> 00:10:46,645 EXCLUSIONS THAT WERE NECESSARY. 281 00:10:46,712 --> 00:10:48,714 STILL, THROUGH WORKING THROUGH 282 00:10:48,781 --> 00:10:49,582 OUR WORKSHOP GOALS WE HOPE THIS 283 00:10:49,648 --> 00:10:51,117 IS ONLY THE BEGINNING OF 284 00:10:51,183 --> 00:10:53,419 REIMAGINING HOW WE CAN ADVANCE 285 00:10:53,486 --> 00:10:56,255 THE SCIENTIFIC FIELDS THROUGH 286 00:10:56,322 --> 00:10:58,124 IDENTIFYING CONCRETE SPECIFIC 287 00:10:58,190 --> 00:10:58,891 RESEARCH NEEDS, METHODS, 288 00:10:58,958 --> 00:11:00,292 COLLABORATIONS THAT WILL DRIVE 289 00:11:00,359 --> 00:11:03,162 US TO A WORLD WITH HEALTHY 290 00:11:03,229 --> 00:11:05,264 HEARTS ON A HEALTHY PLANET. 291 00:11:05,331 --> 00:11:08,634 SO IF YOU'LL PLEASE ADVANCE TO 292 00:11:08,701 --> 00:11:09,835 THE SLIDE ON OBJECTIVES, WOULD 293 00:11:09,902 --> 00:11:12,238 LIKE TO REMIND US WHY WE'RE 294 00:11:12,304 --> 00:11:13,139 GATHERED HERE TODAY. 295 00:11:13,205 --> 00:11:15,841 THIS WILL WORK TO IDENTIFY KEY 296 00:11:15,908 --> 00:11:17,076 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GAPS, 297 00:11:17,143 --> 00:11:17,810 RESEARCH METHODS, TOOLS AND 298 00:11:17,877 --> 00:11:19,245 OPPORTUNITIES AT THE 299 00:11:19,311 --> 00:11:21,781 INTERSECTION OF PLANETARY AND 300 00:11:21,847 --> 00:11:24,316 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 301 00:11:24,383 --> 00:11:25,651 WE'LL EXPLORE STRATEGIES TO 302 00:11:25,718 --> 00:11:26,719 IMPROVE PLANETARY AND 303 00:11:26,786 --> 00:11:27,386 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND 304 00:11:27,453 --> 00:11:29,688 ADVANCE HEALTH EQUITY AND OUR 305 00:11:29,755 --> 00:11:32,191 FINAL OBJECTIVES IS TO INCREASE 306 00:11:32,258 --> 00:11:33,526 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF 307 00:11:33,592 --> 00:11:34,927 BIODIRECTIONAL AND 308 00:11:34,994 --> 00:11:35,594 INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP OF 309 00:11:35,661 --> 00:11:36,695 PLANETARY AND CARDIOVASCULAR 310 00:11:36,762 --> 00:11:36,929 HEALTH. 311 00:11:36,996 --> 00:11:37,997 I'D LIKE TO THANK YOU ALL FOR 312 00:11:38,064 --> 00:11:40,066 JOINING US THIS MORNING AND OVER 313 00:11:40,132 --> 00:11:43,035 THE NEXT DAY, ESPECIALLY THANK 314 00:11:43,102 --> 00:11:44,003 MY CO-CHAIR DR. SANJAY 315 00:11:44,070 --> 00:11:45,571 RAJAGOPALAN FOR BEING PART OF 316 00:11:45,638 --> 00:11:51,877 THIS AMAZING PROCESS WITH ME. 317 00:11:51,944 --> 00:11:52,211 THANK YOU. 318 00:11:52,278 --> 00:11:53,045 >> SANJAY? 319 00:11:53,112 --> 00:11:53,546 >> THANKS, SONIA. 320 00:11:53,612 --> 00:11:55,848 I'D LIKE TO ECHO YOUR COMMENTS 321 00:11:55,915 --> 00:11:58,684 AND SINCERE THANKS TO LARRY AND 322 00:11:58,751 --> 00:12:01,320 THE PROGRAM STAFF AND NHLBI AND 323 00:12:01,387 --> 00:12:11,864 DAVID GOFF FOR THE SUPPORT. 324 00:12:12,832 --> 00:12:14,700 DELIGHTED COP28 ENDED ON 325 00:12:14,767 --> 00:12:16,769 POSITIVE NOTE, TAKING A 326 00:12:16,836 --> 00:12:20,806 CONCERTED DECLARATION ON HEALTH 327 00:12:20,873 --> 00:12:22,108 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE TO IDENTIFY 328 00:12:22,174 --> 00:12:23,342 RESEARCH PRIORITIES AT THE NEXUS 329 00:12:23,409 --> 00:12:24,743 OF PLANETARY AND CARDIOVASCULAR 330 00:12:24,810 --> 00:12:28,247 HEALTH, AT THE OUTSET MIGHT BE 331 00:12:28,314 --> 00:12:30,549 WORTHWHILE TO HIGHLIGHT 332 00:12:30,616 --> 00:12:31,183 TRANSFORMATIVE TRENDS THAT 333 00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:33,419 THOUGHTFULLY LEVERAGE COULD HAVE 334 00:12:33,486 --> 00:12:34,920 MASSIVE IMPACT ON CARDIOVASCULAR 335 00:12:34,987 --> 00:12:36,789 HEALTH AND REALLY REPRESENTS 336 00:12:36,856 --> 00:12:38,090 MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR 337 00:12:38,157 --> 00:12:38,757 RESEARCH. 338 00:12:38,824 --> 00:12:40,392 AND THESE ARE EMERGING 339 00:12:40,459 --> 00:12:42,461 CO-CONVERGENT TRENDS IN CLIMATE 340 00:12:42,528 --> 00:12:43,462 TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN ENERGY, 341 00:12:43,529 --> 00:12:45,564 SMART GRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 342 00:12:45,631 --> 00:12:48,033 THAT CAN OFFER SUBSTANTIAL CORE 343 00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:50,169 BENEFITS REDUCING AIR POLLUTION, 344 00:12:50,236 --> 00:12:51,570 AND CORRESPONDING RESEARCH 345 00:12:51,637 --> 00:12:57,710 OPPORTUNITIES, LOW CARBON AND 346 00:12:57,776 --> 00:13:03,716 NET ZERO AGENDAS, URBAN DESIGN, 347 00:13:03,782 --> 00:13:04,717 PROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES TO 348 00:13:04,783 --> 00:13:05,451 REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES 349 00:13:05,518 --> 00:13:15,995 AND ASK WHY WITH REGARD TO 350 00:13:18,831 --> 00:13:22,201 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, ADAPTATION, 351 00:13:22,268 --> 00:13:23,002 INCREASING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 352 00:13:23,068 --> 00:13:23,602 BIODIVERSITY, CARDIOVASCULAR 353 00:13:23,669 --> 00:13:24,837 HEALTH, AND THESE ARE JUST SOME 354 00:13:24,904 --> 00:13:27,239 EXAMPLES WHERE THE FIELD IS 355 00:13:27,306 --> 00:13:29,775 MOVING BUT PROVIDE SUPERB 356 00:13:29,842 --> 00:13:33,812 OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH. 357 00:13:33,879 --> 00:13:35,347 THE FINAL EXCITING ASPECT OF THE 358 00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:39,385 FORUM HERE IS THAT THIS IS AN 359 00:13:39,451 --> 00:13:41,587 UBER TEAM SPORT, ENGAGEMENT OF 360 00:13:41,654 --> 00:13:43,656 TRANSDISCIPLINARY TEAMS OF A 361 00:13:43,722 --> 00:13:50,229 VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SCIENTISTS 362 00:13:50,296 --> 00:13:51,964 INCLUDING COMPUTATION, GEO 363 00:13:52,031 --> 00:13:54,066 PHYSICAL AND HEALTH SCIENTISTS 364 00:13:54,133 --> 00:13:57,770 TO EXPLORE, REALLY CRITICAL. 365 00:13:57,836 --> 00:13:59,405 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 366 00:13:59,471 --> 00:14:00,973 NEXT SLIDE. 367 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:11,350 THE FIRST SESSION IS REALLY 368 00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:11,984 EXCITING, EXPLORE RELATIONSHIPS 369 00:14:12,051 --> 00:14:16,555 AND DID I MECHANICSES OF 370 00:14:16,622 --> 00:14:19,858 INTERACTIONS MODERATED BY DR. 371 00:14:19,925 --> 00:14:21,760 CARREN SOLOMON, HARVARD MEDICAL 372 00:14:21,827 --> 00:14:25,030 SCHOOL, PHYSICIAN AT THE BRIGHAM 373 00:14:25,097 --> 00:14:29,969 AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL. 374 00:14:30,035 --> 00:14:33,038 RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE 375 00:14:33,105 --> 00:14:34,773 OVERSEEING ONGOING FOSSIL FUEL 376 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:39,178 POLLUTION SERIES A TOUR DU FORCE 377 00:14:39,245 --> 00:14:40,145 BRINGING AWARENESS. 378 00:14:40,212 --> 00:14:44,750 I'LL SAY A FEW ADDITIONAL WORDS, 379 00:14:44,817 --> 00:14:46,819 AND I'LL INTRODUCE THE FIRST 380 00:14:46,885 --> 00:14:47,052 SPEAKER. 381 00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:51,757 I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT THE 382 00:14:51,824 --> 00:14:52,491 EXCELLENT BOOKLET ASSEMBLED BY 383 00:14:52,558 --> 00:14:55,261 NHLBI STAFF THAT YOU CAN ACCESS 384 00:14:55,327 --> 00:14:57,529 BY SCANNING THE QR CODE. 385 00:14:57,596 --> 00:14:58,631 SO, WITHOUT MUCH ADO, I'D LIKE 386 00:14:58,697 --> 00:15:01,233 TO INTRODUCE THE FIRST SPEAKER, 387 00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:04,637 DR. SAM MYERS, WHO IS GOING TO 388 00:15:04,703 --> 00:15:08,374 BE SPEAKING ON IS DESTROYING 389 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:10,109 NATURE BREAKING OUR HEARTS, 390 00:15:10,175 --> 00:15:10,542 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 391 00:15:10,609 --> 00:15:12,645 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND GLOBAL 392 00:15:12,711 --> 00:15:13,612 AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 393 00:15:13,679 --> 00:15:15,681 WELL KNOWN FOR WORK ON CLIMATE 394 00:15:15,748 --> 00:15:17,216 CHANGE, DIRECTOR OF THE JOHNS 395 00:15:17,283 --> 00:15:19,218 HOPKINS INSTITUTE FOR PLANETARY 396 00:15:19,285 --> 00:15:21,920 HEALTH, FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE 397 00:15:21,987 --> 00:15:25,491 PLANETARY HEALTH ALLIANCE. 398 00:15:25,557 --> 00:15:27,626 DR. MYERS? 399 00:15:27,693 --> 00:15:28,494 >> ALL RIGHT. 400 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:30,029 THANK YOU SO MUCH, SANJAY. 401 00:15:30,095 --> 00:15:31,897 GREAT TO BE WITH EVERYBODY. 402 00:15:31,964 --> 00:15:36,368 GREAT IF WE COULD GET MY SLIDES 403 00:15:36,435 --> 00:15:38,237 UP. 404 00:15:38,304 --> 00:15:40,072 SO, I'VE BEEN ASKED TO PROVIDE A 405 00:15:40,139 --> 00:15:41,607 LITTLE BIT OF OPENING AND 406 00:15:41,674 --> 00:15:43,475 CONTEXT FOR CONVERSATION WE'RE 407 00:15:43,542 --> 00:15:46,211 GOING TO BE HAVING, SO ONCE WE 408 00:15:46,278 --> 00:15:52,551 HAVE SOME SLIDES, I'M GOING TO 409 00:15:52,618 --> 00:15:54,286 TRY TO OUTLINE CONNECTIONS 410 00:15:54,353 --> 00:15:56,055 BETWEEN BIOPHYSICAL CHANGES AND 411 00:15:56,121 --> 00:15:59,558 HUMAN HEALTH WITH FOCUS ON 412 00:15:59,625 --> 00:16:00,859 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 413 00:16:00,926 --> 00:16:03,495 I DON'T SEE MY SLIDES. 414 00:16:03,562 --> 00:16:07,132 I'M GOING TO WAIT FOR A MINUTE. 415 00:16:16,275 --> 00:16:20,646 IS THERE SOMETHING I NEED TO BE 416 00:16:20,713 --> 00:16:21,013 DOING, BRITNEY? 417 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,315 >> I DON'T THINK SO. 418 00:16:23,382 --> 00:16:31,657 >> OKAY. 419 00:16:38,330 --> 00:16:41,967 CAN YOU ADVANCE THE SLIDES? 420 00:16:42,034 --> 00:16:42,801 THERE WE GO. 421 00:16:42,868 --> 00:16:47,206 LET'S GO AHEAD TO THE NEXT SLIDE 422 00:16:47,272 --> 00:16:47,706 PLEASE. 423 00:16:47,773 --> 00:16:50,943 AND WHAT I REALLY WANT TO DO IS 424 00:16:51,009 --> 00:16:52,177 CONTEXTUALIZE THE NEXT TWO DAYS' 425 00:16:52,244 --> 00:16:53,779 CONVERSATION A LITTLE BIT. 426 00:16:53,846 --> 00:16:56,982 WHAT I THINK IS A REALLY 427 00:16:57,049 --> 00:16:58,183 EXTRAORDINARY AND UNIQUE MOMENT 428 00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:00,252 IN HUMAN HISTORY, WHAT WE'VE 429 00:17:00,319 --> 00:17:03,756 BEEN WATCHING IS THIS 430 00:17:03,822 --> 00:17:05,424 EXCEPTIONAL BALLOONING OF 431 00:17:05,491 --> 00:17:06,725 HUMANITY'S TOTAL ECOLOGICAL 432 00:17:06,792 --> 00:17:06,992 FOOTPRINT. 433 00:17:07,059 --> 00:17:08,227 WE FIND OURSELVES IN THE MIDST 434 00:17:08,293 --> 00:17:11,230 OF WHAT MANY PEOPLE CALL THE 435 00:17:11,296 --> 00:17:13,065 GREAT ACCELERATION, WHERE FOR 436 00:17:13,132 --> 00:17:16,902 MOST OF HUMAN HISTORY WE'VE SEEN 437 00:17:16,969 --> 00:17:18,537 MODEST CONSUMPTION PATTERNS UP 438 00:17:18,604 --> 00:17:22,040 THROUGH 1900, AND THEN THIS 439 00:17:22,107 --> 00:17:24,009 GENTLE RISE IN GLOBAL 440 00:17:24,076 --> 00:17:24,877 CONSUMPTION PATTERNS THROUGH 441 00:17:24,943 --> 00:17:27,413 1950 AND THIS VERY STEEP 442 00:17:27,479 --> 00:17:29,048 ACCELERATION WHERE WE'RE LOOKING 443 00:17:29,114 --> 00:17:31,116 AT APPROPRIATION OF FRESH WATER, 444 00:17:31,183 --> 00:17:32,651 PROLIFERATION OF CARS AND 445 00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:36,488 TRUCKS, OR PRODUCTION AND USE OF 446 00:17:36,555 --> 00:17:37,656 SYNTHETIC FERTILIZERS, PAPER 447 00:17:37,723 --> 00:17:39,191 PRODUCTION, PLASTIC PRODUCTION, 448 00:17:39,258 --> 00:17:41,827 ENERGY USE, THEY LOOK SIMILAR 449 00:17:41,894 --> 00:17:43,595 WITH THIS STEEP INCREASE IN 450 00:17:43,662 --> 00:17:45,230 TODAY'S CONSUMPTION RATES. 451 00:17:45,297 --> 00:17:46,565 NEXT SLIDE. 452 00:17:46,632 --> 00:17:50,235 NOT SURPRISINGLY, IF YOU LOOK AT 453 00:17:50,302 --> 00:17:52,004 OUR IMPACT ACROSS OUR PLANET'S 454 00:17:52,070 --> 00:17:53,872 NATURAL SYSTEMS YOU SEE AGAIN 455 00:17:53,939 --> 00:17:56,175 VERY SIMILAR CURVES LOOKING AT 456 00:17:56,241 --> 00:18:01,547 LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY OR 457 00:18:01,613 --> 00:18:04,716 EXPLOITATION OF FISHERIES, 458 00:18:04,783 --> 00:18:06,952 ADDITIONAL CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE 459 00:18:07,019 --> 00:18:14,460 A ATMOSPHERE AND LOSS OF 460 00:18:14,526 --> 00:18:15,861 FORESTS, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE 461 00:18:15,928 --> 00:18:17,763 THAT SHARE THE PLANET WITH US 462 00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:19,598 HAS BEEN, AGAIN, VERY STABLE 463 00:18:19,665 --> 00:18:21,900 THROUGH MOST OF HUMAN HISTORY, 464 00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:24,303 GENTLE RISE THROUGH 1900, AND 465 00:18:24,369 --> 00:18:25,838 THEN THIS EXTREMELY STEEP ALMOST 466 00:18:25,904 --> 00:18:27,573 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH IN THE NUMBER 467 00:18:27,639 --> 00:18:29,241 OF PEOPLE ON THE PLANET. 468 00:18:29,308 --> 00:18:33,245 AND AT THAT SAME TIME, WE SAW AN 469 00:18:33,312 --> 00:18:37,316 EVEN STEEPER INCREASE IN THE PER 470 00:18:37,382 --> 00:18:38,984 CAPITA GDP, THE AMOUNT OF GOODS 471 00:18:39,051 --> 00:18:40,385 AND SERVICES EACH OF US IS 472 00:18:40,452 --> 00:18:43,689 ASKING OUR PLANET TO PROVIDE. 473 00:18:43,755 --> 00:18:44,790 WHEN YOU MULTIPLY THE NUMBERS 474 00:18:44,857 --> 00:18:47,826 AGAINST EACH OTHER YOU FIND THE 475 00:18:47,893 --> 00:18:51,663 TOTAL SORT OF HUMAN IMPACT, 476 00:18:51,730 --> 00:18:55,734 TOTAL GDP GROWTH GLOBALLY LOOKS 477 00:18:55,801 --> 00:18:57,269 LIKE THIS ALMOST VERTICAL CURVE. 478 00:18:57,336 --> 00:18:59,238 WE STAND TODAY ON THE TOP OF 479 00:18:59,304 --> 00:19:03,208 THIS SORT OF VERTICAL CURVE IN 480 00:19:03,275 --> 00:19:03,909 TOTAL CONSUMPTION. 481 00:19:03,976 --> 00:19:07,446 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 482 00:19:07,513 --> 00:19:10,616 THE SORT OF CORE ECOLOGICAL 483 00:19:10,682 --> 00:19:12,451 FOOTPRINT OF HUMANITY, THE 484 00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:13,986 COLLECTIVE IMPACT WE'RE HAVING 485 00:19:14,052 --> 00:19:16,388 ON OUR PLANET'S NATURAL SYSTEMS, 486 00:19:16,455 --> 00:19:20,559 IS REALLY HARD NOW TO OVERSTATE. 487 00:19:20,626 --> 00:19:24,830 AS SONIA WAS SAYING WE USE 40% 488 00:19:24,897 --> 00:19:27,132 OF TERRESTRIAL LAND SURFACE FOR 489 00:19:27,199 --> 00:19:35,240 CROP LANDS AND PASTURE, 90 COMPS 490 00:19:35,307 --> 00:19:36,975 OF WATER FOR DROPS. 491 00:19:37,042 --> 00:19:39,811 WE'VE CUT DOWN AROUND HALF THE 492 00:19:39,878 --> 00:19:41,346 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE FORESTS 493 00:19:41,413 --> 00:19:45,284 ON THE PLANET, DAMNED 60% OF 494 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:46,718 RIVERS, HAVING GROWING PROBLEM 495 00:19:46,785 --> 00:19:49,354 OF GLOBAL SCALE POLLUTION OF 496 00:19:49,421 --> 00:19:52,291 AIR, WATER, AND SOIL. 497 00:19:52,357 --> 00:19:53,825 WE'RE DISRUPTING THE GLOBAL 498 00:19:53,892 --> 00:19:54,593 CLIMATE SYSTEM. 499 00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:56,762 ALL THESE MAJOR IMPACTS ON OUR 500 00:19:56,828 --> 00:19:58,864 NATURAL SYSTEMS ARE NOW DRIVING 501 00:19:58,931 --> 00:20:00,566 SPECIES EXTINCT AT A THOUSAND 502 00:20:00,632 --> 00:20:03,135 TIMES THE BASELINE RATE. 503 00:20:03,201 --> 00:20:06,638 THE POPULATION SIZE OF BIRDS, 504 00:20:06,705 --> 00:20:08,607 MAMMALS, FISHES, REPTILES, 505 00:20:08,674 --> 00:20:10,776 AMPHIBIANS, HAS FALLEN BY 506 00:20:10,842 --> 00:20:12,644 TWO-THIRDS SINCE 1970, A MILLION 507 00:20:12,711 --> 00:20:14,079 SPECIES ARE NOW FACING 508 00:20:14,146 --> 00:20:15,814 EXTINCTION, MANY WITHIN THE NEXT 509 00:20:15,881 --> 00:20:17,349 FEW DECADES. 510 00:20:17,416 --> 00:20:18,550 NEXT SLIDE. 511 00:20:18,617 --> 00:20:21,520 SO, THE CORE PROPOSITION OF THIS 512 00:20:21,587 --> 00:20:24,022 FIELD OF PLANETARY HEALTH IS 513 00:20:24,089 --> 00:20:27,859 THAT THE SIZE OF OUR TOTAL 514 00:20:27,926 --> 00:20:29,828 FOOTPRINT, THAT EXCEEDS OUR 515 00:20:29,895 --> 00:20:33,765 PLANET'S CAPACITIES TO EITHER 516 00:20:33,832 --> 00:20:35,334 ABSORB WASTE OR PROVIDE 517 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:35,968 RESOURCES WE'RE USING 518 00:20:36,034 --> 00:20:36,268 SUSTAINABLE. 519 00:20:36,335 --> 00:20:40,305 AS A RESULT, OUR ACTIONS 520 00:20:40,372 --> 00:20:41,640 COLLECTIVELY, ARE TRANSFORMING 521 00:20:41,707 --> 00:20:45,711 NOT JUST CLIMATE SYSTEM BUT ALSO 522 00:20:45,777 --> 00:20:48,013 DRIVING MASS EXTINCTION OF LIFE 523 00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:49,214 ON EARTH, ALTERING BIOGEO 524 00:20:49,281 --> 00:20:50,749 CHEMICAL CYCLES, CHANGING LAND 525 00:20:50,816 --> 00:20:52,150 USE AND LAND COVER, DRIVING 526 00:20:52,217 --> 00:20:56,321 SCARCITY OF RESOURCES LIKE FRESH 527 00:20:56,388 --> 00:20:58,991 WATER AND ARABLE LAND, DRIVING 528 00:20:59,057 --> 00:21:00,459 GLOBAL SCALE POLLUTION. 529 00:21:00,525 --> 00:21:02,027 ALL THE COMPLEX BIOPHYSICAL 530 00:21:02,094 --> 00:21:04,429 CHANGES THAT WE ARE MEDIATING IN 531 00:21:04,496 --> 00:21:05,631 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT ARE 532 00:21:05,697 --> 00:21:09,134 INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER IN 533 00:21:09,201 --> 00:21:10,969 COMPLEX WAYS TO AFFECT 534 00:21:11,036 --> 00:21:12,304 FOUNDATIONAL CONDITIONS FOR 535 00:21:12,371 --> 00:21:13,505 HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING, THE 536 00:21:13,572 --> 00:21:15,474 QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FOOD 537 00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:17,676 THAT WE PRODUCE, QUALITY OF AIR 538 00:21:17,743 --> 00:21:20,178 WE BREATHE, OUR EXPOSURE TO 539 00:21:20,245 --> 00:21:22,681 INFECTIOUS DISEASES, EXPOSURE TO 540 00:21:22,748 --> 00:21:25,217 EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS, EVEN 541 00:21:25,283 --> 00:21:27,719 HABITABILITY OF SOME PLACES WE 542 00:21:27,786 --> 00:21:27,953 LIVE. 543 00:21:28,020 --> 00:21:29,588 INCREASINGLY WE'RE SEEING LARGE 544 00:21:29,655 --> 00:21:31,990 IMPACTS ACROSS EVERY DIMENSION 545 00:21:32,057 --> 00:21:33,859 OF HUMAN HEALTH, AND OUR 546 00:21:33,925 --> 00:21:34,793 TRANSFORMATION OF NATURE IS 547 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:36,895 LOOKING LIKE ONE OF THE PRIMARY 548 00:21:36,962 --> 00:21:38,563 DRIVERS OF GLOBAL BURDEN OF 549 00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:40,866 DISEASE OVER THE NEXT CENTURY. 550 00:21:40,932 --> 00:21:41,500 NEXT SLIDE. 551 00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:43,802 SO JUST AS WE HAVE SORT OF COME 552 00:21:43,869 --> 00:21:45,437 TO UNDERSTAND OVER THE LAST 553 00:21:45,504 --> 00:21:47,172 SEVERAL DECADES THAT THERE ARE 554 00:21:47,239 --> 00:21:48,940 IMPORTANT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL 555 00:21:49,007 --> 00:21:50,776 AND POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF 556 00:21:50,842 --> 00:21:52,210 HUMAN HEALTH, WE'RE COMING TO 557 00:21:52,277 --> 00:21:54,513 UNDERSTAND THERE ARE VERY 558 00:21:54,579 --> 00:21:55,414 IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL 559 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:56,915 DETERMINANTS, THAT INDEED OUR 560 00:21:56,982 --> 00:22:01,319 HEALTH IS NESTED IN A SET OF 561 00:22:01,386 --> 00:22:03,155 BIOPHYSICAL CONNECTIONS AND THAT 562 00:22:03,221 --> 00:22:05,924 THOSE ARE NOW CHANGING AT THE 563 00:22:05,991 --> 00:22:08,026 FASTEST RATE IN THE HISTORY OF 564 00:22:08,093 --> 00:22:10,062 OUR PLANET. 565 00:22:10,128 --> 00:22:10,796 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 566 00:22:10,862 --> 00:22:12,464 IN THE HISTORY OF OUR SPECIES, 567 00:22:12,531 --> 00:22:14,099 NOT OUR SPECIES, I'M SORRY. 568 00:22:14,166 --> 00:22:16,201 SO WHAT I THOUGHT I WOULD DO IS 569 00:22:16,268 --> 00:22:19,371 TRY TO GIVE YOU A FEEL OF THE 570 00:22:19,438 --> 00:22:21,773 DIVERSITY OF WAYS IN WHICH 571 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:22,874 BIOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS ARE 572 00:22:22,941 --> 00:22:23,642 AFFECTING HEART DISEASE USING 573 00:22:23,709 --> 00:22:26,044 SOME OF MY OWN GROUP'S RESEARCH 574 00:22:26,111 --> 00:22:27,345 AND RESEARCH FROM OTHER GROUPS 575 00:22:27,412 --> 00:22:28,213 AS WELL. 576 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:30,315 AND I WANT TO EMPHASIZE 577 00:22:30,382 --> 00:22:31,616 SOMETHING THAT DAVID GOFF SAID 578 00:22:31,683 --> 00:22:33,585 AT THE OUTSET, WHICH WAS THAT 579 00:22:33,652 --> 00:22:35,220 NONE OF THE EFFECTS THAT I'M 580 00:22:35,287 --> 00:22:37,089 GOING TO DESCRIBE TO YOU ARE 581 00:22:37,155 --> 00:22:38,824 DIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 582 00:22:38,890 --> 00:22:39,825 PER SE. 583 00:22:39,891 --> 00:22:41,893 DIRECT EFFECTS OF OTHER ASPECTS 584 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:43,729 OF BIOPHYSICAL CHANGE, SO WE 585 00:22:43,795 --> 00:22:46,064 NEED A BROADER FRAME THAN JUST 586 00:22:46,131 --> 00:22:48,567 CLIMATE CHANGE ALONE. 587 00:22:48,633 --> 00:22:50,869 A FEW OTHER OVERARCHING POINTS 588 00:22:50,936 --> 00:22:54,673 ARE, ONE, THAT MANY OF THESE 589 00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:55,340 IMPACTS ARE REALLY SURPRISING, 590 00:22:55,407 --> 00:22:57,409 THEY ARE NOT ONES WE NECESSARILY 591 00:22:57,476 --> 00:22:58,944 WOULD HAVE ANTICIPATED. 592 00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:01,279 TWO, THEY ARE OFTEN MEDIATED 593 00:23:01,346 --> 00:23:02,447 THROUGH COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND, 594 00:23:02,514 --> 00:23:05,751 THREE, THEY ARE UNEVENLY 595 00:23:05,817 --> 00:23:06,151 DISTRIBUTED. 596 00:23:06,218 --> 00:23:07,385 THEY TEND TO DISPROPORTIONATELY 597 00:23:07,452 --> 00:23:09,788 IMPACT THE POOR AND FUTURE 598 00:23:09,855 --> 00:23:10,088 GENERATIONS. 599 00:23:10,155 --> 00:23:10,989 NEXT SLIDE. 600 00:23:11,056 --> 00:23:12,524 SO HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES. 601 00:23:12,591 --> 00:23:14,826 THIS IS WORK MY GROUP HAS DONE 602 00:23:14,893 --> 00:23:17,562 IN WHICH WE'VE LOOKED AT THE 603 00:23:17,629 --> 00:23:20,132 IMPACT OF RISING CONCENTRATIONS 604 00:23:20,198 --> 00:23:22,934 OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE 605 00:23:23,001 --> 00:23:28,607 NUTRIENT CONTENT OF STAPLE FOOD 606 00:23:28,673 --> 00:23:29,908 CROPS. 607 00:23:29,975 --> 00:23:31,443 USING THESE RINGS, ENRICHMENT 608 00:23:31,510 --> 00:23:33,545 METHODOLOGY, ESSENTIALLY IS A 609 00:23:33,612 --> 00:23:35,247 RING OF CARBON DIOXIDE-EMITTING 610 00:23:35,313 --> 00:23:38,016 JETS, YOU CAN GROW CROPS INSIDE 611 00:23:38,083 --> 00:23:40,218 THESE CIRCLES AT ELEVATED 612 00:23:40,285 --> 00:23:41,620 CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2 THAT MIMIC 613 00:23:41,686 --> 00:23:43,054 WHAT WE EXPECT THE WORLD TO LOOK 614 00:23:43,121 --> 00:23:44,823 LIKE ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THIS 615 00:23:44,890 --> 00:23:45,757 CENTURY. 616 00:23:45,824 --> 00:23:47,959 WHEN YOU DO THAT, YOU CAN 617 00:23:48,026 --> 00:23:51,263 COMPARE CROPS AT HIGHER CO2 WITH 618 00:23:51,329 --> 00:23:53,565 AMBIENT CO2 OUTSIDE THE RING BUT 619 00:23:53,632 --> 00:23:54,432 OTHERWISE IDENTICAL FIELD 620 00:23:54,499 --> 00:23:56,501 CONDITIONS AND SEE WHAT THE 621 00:23:56,568 --> 00:23:58,470 ISOLATED EFFECT OF RISING CO2 IS 622 00:23:58,537 --> 00:23:59,337 ON THOSE CROPS. 623 00:23:59,404 --> 00:24:02,207 WHAT WE FOUND WHEN WE DID THAT, 624 00:24:02,274 --> 00:24:05,577 NEXT SLIDE, WAS THAT INDEED 625 00:24:05,644 --> 00:24:08,113 RISING CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2 ARE 626 00:24:08,180 --> 00:24:09,314 ACTUALLY SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCING 627 00:24:09,381 --> 00:24:11,817 THE AMOUNT OF REALLY IMPORTANT 628 00:24:11,883 --> 00:24:13,485 NUTRIENTS IN STAPLE FOOD CROPS 629 00:24:13,552 --> 00:24:15,187 LIKE WHEAT AND RICE. 630 00:24:15,253 --> 00:24:16,955 NEXT SLIDE. 631 00:24:17,022 --> 00:24:18,723 IN PARTICULAR, WHAT WE FOUND WAS 632 00:24:18,790 --> 00:24:20,692 THAT IF WE ACTUALLY PROJECT 633 00:24:20,759 --> 00:24:23,628 THOSE CHANGES ONTO DIETS OF 634 00:24:23,695 --> 00:24:26,131 PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD, ACROSS 635 00:24:26,198 --> 00:24:29,467 150 COUNTRIES WE WOULD SEE 636 00:24:29,534 --> 00:24:31,603 BETWEEN 150 AND 200 MILLION 637 00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:33,705 PEOPLE PUSHED INTO NEW 638 00:24:33,772 --> 00:24:34,372 DEFICIENCIES OF IRON, ZINC, 639 00:24:34,439 --> 00:24:38,443 PROTEIN, AS A RESULT OF THIS CO2 640 00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:38,810 MEDIATED EFFECT. 641 00:24:38,877 --> 00:24:41,446 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 642 00:24:41,513 --> 00:24:42,480 FROM A CARDIOVASCULAR 643 00:24:42,547 --> 00:24:44,416 STANDPOINT, IT'S VERY 644 00:24:44,482 --> 00:24:44,749 INTERESTING. 645 00:24:44,816 --> 00:24:47,018 THIS IS SPECULATIVE BUT IT MAKES 646 00:24:47,085 --> 00:24:49,120 US THINK ABOUT THE OMNI HEART 647 00:24:49,187 --> 00:24:49,354 STUDY. 648 00:24:49,421 --> 00:24:51,623 RIGHT NOW WHAT WE'RE DOING IS 649 00:24:51,690 --> 00:24:53,592 THIS SORT OF GLOBAL EXPERIMENT 650 00:24:53,658 --> 00:24:56,895 ON THE ENTIRE HUMAN DIET, WHERE 651 00:24:56,962 --> 00:24:58,530 ESSENTIALLY WE'RE SUBSTITUTING 652 00:24:58,597 --> 00:25:00,198 DIETARY STARCH OR CARBOHYDRATE 653 00:25:00,265 --> 00:25:01,166 FOR DIETARY PROTEIN. 654 00:25:01,233 --> 00:25:03,568 AND WE KNOW FROM THAT STUDY WHEN 655 00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:07,839 WE DID THAT AT A LARGER SCALE, 656 00:25:07,906 --> 00:25:08,840 STRONGER CONCENTRATION SHIFTS, 657 00:25:08,907 --> 00:25:13,645 THAT THIS SHIFT FROM DIETARY 658 00:25:13,712 --> 00:25:18,016 CARBOHYDRATE TO -- FROM PROTEIN 659 00:25:18,083 --> 00:25:18,984 TO CARBOHYDRATE INCREASED RISK 660 00:25:19,050 --> 00:25:20,919 OF CORE ANOTHER HEART DISEASE. 661 00:25:20,986 --> 00:25:23,154 NOW WE'RE DOING SIMILAR 662 00:25:23,221 --> 00:25:23,688 EXPERIMENT AT LOWER 663 00:25:23,755 --> 00:25:25,690 CONCENTRATIONS, ON THE ENTIRE 664 00:25:25,757 --> 00:25:27,859 GLOBAL POPULATION, AND IT IS 665 00:25:27,926 --> 00:25:28,960 CONCERNING, WHAT MIGHT THE 666 00:25:29,027 --> 00:25:35,967 IMPLICATIONS BE FOR 667 00:25:36,034 --> 00:25:37,369 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 668 00:25:37,435 --> 00:25:44,910 ANOTHER STUDY LOOKS AT CHANGES 669 00:25:44,976 --> 00:25:46,411 IN INSECT POLLINATORS AFFECTING 670 00:25:46,478 --> 00:25:47,879 GLOBAL HEALTH, ALSO PROTECTING 671 00:25:47,946 --> 00:25:49,948 US FROM DISEASES LIKE HEART 672 00:25:50,015 --> 00:25:51,383 DISEASE, STROKE, CANCER AND 673 00:25:51,449 --> 00:25:54,352 DIABETES, AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT 674 00:25:54,419 --> 00:25:56,655 THE GAP WE'RE ALREADY SEEING IN 675 00:25:56,721 --> 00:25:59,391 FOOD PRODUCTION BECAUSE OF 676 00:25:59,457 --> 00:26:00,458 INSUFFICIENT POLLINATORS 677 00:26:00,525 --> 00:26:03,862 POPULATIONS, INSECT POPULATIONS 678 00:26:03,929 --> 00:26:08,333 GLOBALLY HAVE BEEN DECLINING, WE 679 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:09,668 FOUND INEFFICIENT POPULATIONS 680 00:26:09,734 --> 00:26:10,635 ARE REDUCING FRUIT, VEGETABLE, 681 00:26:10,702 --> 00:26:12,003 NUT YIELDS BY 3 TO 5%. 682 00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,773 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE NUTRITIONAL 683 00:26:14,839 --> 00:26:15,340 EPIDEMIOLOGY RUNNING THAT 684 00:26:15,407 --> 00:26:19,077 THROUGH THE IMPACT FOOD MODEL, 685 00:26:19,144 --> 00:26:20,045 BIOECONOMIC MODEL, WHO WOULD 686 00:26:20,111 --> 00:26:21,379 HAVE CONSUMED THOSE FOODS AND 687 00:26:21,446 --> 00:26:23,315 WHAT THE IMPACTS WERE ON HEALTH, 688 00:26:23,381 --> 00:26:25,417 WE FOUND ALMOST HALF A MILLION 689 00:26:25,483 --> 00:26:28,453 DEATHS PER YEAR WE'RE SEEING 690 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:30,755 TODAY BECAUSE OF INCREASED HEART 691 00:26:30,822 --> 00:26:33,525 DISEASE AS WELL AS OTHER 692 00:26:33,591 --> 00:26:36,027 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND WE 693 00:26:36,094 --> 00:26:36,895 FOUND THESE SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC 694 00:26:36,962 --> 00:26:39,531 IMPACTS FOR LOWER INCOME 695 00:26:39,597 --> 00:26:39,965 COUNTRIES. 696 00:26:40,031 --> 00:26:41,833 NEXT SLIDE. 697 00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,235 A THIRD AREA AROUND BIODIVERSITY 698 00:26:44,302 --> 00:26:45,770 RELATES TO FISH CATCH. 699 00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:47,305 THIS IS FROM SOMETHING WE 700 00:26:47,372 --> 00:26:48,606 PUBLISHED A WHILE BACK THAT 701 00:26:48,673 --> 00:26:50,909 SHOWED ABOUT A BILLION PEOPLE IN 702 00:26:50,976 --> 00:26:52,777 THE WORLD ARE DEPENDING ON WILD 703 00:26:52,844 --> 00:26:55,413 HARVESTED FISH TO GET ADEQUATE 704 00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:57,615 INTAKES OF KEY NUTRIENTS, 705 00:26:57,682 --> 00:26:58,383 INCLUDING OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS. 706 00:26:58,450 --> 00:27:00,318 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU SAW THE 707 00:27:00,385 --> 00:27:01,753 PAPER PUBLISHED IN NATURE 708 00:27:01,820 --> 00:27:04,489 CLIMATE CHANGE LAST MONTH FROM 709 00:27:04,556 --> 00:27:07,325 WILLIAM CHUNG'S GROUP, WE COULD 710 00:27:07,392 --> 00:27:09,761 SEE 30% REDUCTION IN 711 00:27:09,828 --> 00:27:11,162 SEAFOOD-BASED NUTRIENTS AS A 712 00:27:11,229 --> 00:27:12,797 RESULT OF OCEAN WARMING AND BIG 713 00:27:12,864 --> 00:27:14,232 CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF 714 00:27:14,299 --> 00:27:16,334 FISHERIES SO THAT IN COUNTRIES 715 00:27:16,401 --> 00:27:18,169 PARTICULARLY AROUND THE TROPICS 716 00:27:18,236 --> 00:27:20,372 WE COULD SEE REDUCED ACCESS TO 717 00:27:20,438 --> 00:27:25,643 WILD HARVESTED FISH AND TO 718 00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:27,178 NUTRIENTS INCLUDING OMEGA-3 719 00:27:27,245 --> 00:27:28,713 FATTY ACIDS IMPORTANT FOR 720 00:27:28,780 --> 00:27:30,248 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AS A 721 00:27:30,315 --> 00:27:32,150 RESULT OF SEA SURFACE WARMING. 722 00:27:32,217 --> 00:27:33,852 NEXT SLIDE. 723 00:27:33,918 --> 00:27:36,588 OF COURSE, INCREASED RISK AND 724 00:27:36,654 --> 00:27:38,323 INTENSITY OF WILDFIRES AND 725 00:27:38,390 --> 00:27:40,091 BIOMASS FIRES IS SOMETHING WE'RE 726 00:27:40,158 --> 00:27:40,959 ALL AWARE. 727 00:27:41,026 --> 00:27:42,427 WE'RE AWARE LAST SUMMER WHEN AIR 728 00:27:42,494 --> 00:27:44,029 QUALITY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. AND 729 00:27:44,095 --> 00:27:47,265 ALL ALONG THE EASTERN SEABOARD 730 00:27:47,332 --> 00:27:48,867 DETERIORATED DRAMATICALLY AS A 731 00:27:48,933 --> 00:27:50,368 RESULT OF THE CANADIAN 732 00:27:50,435 --> 00:27:51,269 WILDFIRES. 733 00:27:51,336 --> 00:27:53,338 WE'VE DONE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA 734 00:27:53,405 --> 00:27:55,740 LOOKING AT THE CONNECTIONS 735 00:27:55,807 --> 00:27:57,375 BETWEEN LAND USE DECISIONS 736 00:27:57,442 --> 00:27:59,144 THERE, HOW THAT CHANGES THE RISK 737 00:27:59,210 --> 00:28:01,880 OF THE FIRES THAT CREATE BIG 738 00:28:01,946 --> 00:28:02,947 HAZE EPISODES, WHAT THE 739 00:28:03,014 --> 00:28:04,482 EMISSIONS OF THOSE FIRES ARE 740 00:28:04,549 --> 00:28:05,683 FROM A CHEMICAL STANDPOINT AND 741 00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:07,986 HOW THEY CHANGE AS THEY MOVE 742 00:28:08,053 --> 00:28:10,722 THROUGH SPACE AND TIME, AND 743 00:28:10,789 --> 00:28:12,690 ULTIMATELY WHAT THE POPULATION 744 00:28:12,757 --> 00:28:14,092 LEVEL PARTICULATE EXPOSURES ARE 745 00:28:14,159 --> 00:28:16,327 FROM THE FIRES IN INDONESIA. 746 00:28:16,394 --> 00:28:23,435 WHAT WE FOUND, NEXT SLIDE, 747 00:28:23,501 --> 00:28:24,102 CUMULATIVELY WE ANTICIPATE 748 00:28:24,169 --> 00:28:25,170 36,000 EXCESS DEATHS EVERY YEAR 749 00:28:25,236 --> 00:28:27,172 INTO THE NEXT SEVERAL DECADES, 750 00:28:27,238 --> 00:28:30,008 AS A RESULT OF THESE LAND USE 751 00:28:30,075 --> 00:28:34,412 DECISIONS AND FIRES IN 752 00:28:34,479 --> 00:28:34,946 INDONESIA, BUT IMPORTANTLY 753 00:28:35,013 --> 00:28:39,784 ALMOST 2/3 COULD BE PREVENTED 754 00:28:39,851 --> 00:28:42,153 WITH AGGRESSIVE PEATLANDS 755 00:28:42,220 --> 00:28:43,054 RESTORATION IN INDONESIA. 756 00:28:43,121 --> 00:28:45,924 THIS IS A PAPER WE WORKED ON 757 00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:47,559 WITH THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT. 758 00:28:47,625 --> 00:28:51,262 IN WORK I WAS NOT INVOLVED IN, 759 00:28:51,329 --> 00:28:53,565 ANOTHER INTERESTING EXAMPLE WAS 760 00:28:53,631 --> 00:28:56,634 SHOWING THAT CHANGES IN WATER 761 00:28:56,701 --> 00:28:57,702 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMBINED 762 00:28:57,769 --> 00:29:00,872 WITH SEA LEVEL RISE AND MORE 763 00:29:00,939 --> 00:29:03,741 EXTREME STORMS ARE LEADING TO 764 00:29:03,808 --> 00:29:04,943 SALT WATER INTRUSION UP THROUGH 765 00:29:05,009 --> 00:29:08,980 THE BAY OF BENGAL AND INTO 766 00:29:09,047 --> 00:29:11,716 COASTAL AQUIFERS IN BANGLADESH. 767 00:29:11,783 --> 00:29:13,785 THE SALINITY IN GROUND WATER IN 768 00:29:13,852 --> 00:29:15,854 THESE COASTAL REGIONS AS IT 769 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,356 RISES HAS BEEN DIRECTLY 770 00:29:18,423 --> 00:29:25,163 CORRELATED BOTH WITH ECLAMPSIA 771 00:29:25,230 --> 00:29:26,598 IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND 772 00:29:26,664 --> 00:29:27,899 HYPERTENSION ACROSS THE ADULT 773 00:29:27,966 --> 00:29:28,399 POPULATION, INTERESTING 774 00:29:28,466 --> 00:29:31,202 CONNECTION BETWEEN SEA LEVEL 775 00:29:31,269 --> 00:29:32,637 RISE, WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, 776 00:29:32,704 --> 00:29:36,641 HYPERTENSION IN THOSE 777 00:29:36,708 --> 00:29:36,941 POPULATIONS. 778 00:29:37,008 --> 00:29:38,943 NEXT SLIDE. 779 00:29:39,010 --> 00:29:40,578 AND THEN FINALLY, POLLUTION 780 00:29:40,645 --> 00:29:40,812 ITSELF. 781 00:29:40,879 --> 00:29:42,780 IF YOU CAN GO BACK TO THE SLIDE 782 00:29:42,847 --> 00:29:43,014 BEFORE. 783 00:29:43,081 --> 00:29:44,015 THANK YOU. 784 00:29:44,082 --> 00:29:45,450 POLLUTION ITSELF AS WE LEARNED 785 00:29:45,517 --> 00:29:47,719 FROM THE GLOBAL POLLUTION AND 786 00:29:47,785 --> 00:29:49,921 HEALTH STUDY IN " THE LANCET" A 787 00:29:49,988 --> 00:29:51,356 FEW YEARS AGO IS DRIVING 9 788 00:29:51,422 --> 00:29:52,423 MILLION DEATHS A YEAR. 789 00:29:52,490 --> 00:29:54,425 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE COMPOSITION 790 00:29:54,492 --> 00:29:56,494 OF THOSE DEATHS, MOST OF THEM 791 00:29:56,561 --> 00:29:58,663 ARE FROM AIR POLLUTION, A HUGE 792 00:29:58,730 --> 00:30:01,199 CHUNK OF THE MORBIDITY AND 793 00:30:01,266 --> 00:30:02,734 MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL 794 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:04,602 POLLUTION RELATES TO CARDIAC AND 795 00:30:04,669 --> 00:30:06,738 LUNG DISEASE OVERALL. 796 00:30:06,804 --> 00:30:09,507 NEXT SLIDE. 797 00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:12,010 SO, I THINK WHAT'S REALLY 798 00:30:12,076 --> 00:30:12,911 INTERESTING ABOUT THIS, RIGHT, 799 00:30:12,977 --> 00:30:16,080 IS THAT, YOU KNOW, ALL OF THESE 800 00:30:16,147 --> 00:30:17,148 DIFFERENT KINDS OF BIOPHYSICAL 801 00:30:17,215 --> 00:30:19,350 CHANGE IN WAYS THAT AREN'T 802 00:30:19,417 --> 00:30:22,086 NECESSARILY INTUITIVE OR THAT WE 803 00:30:22,153 --> 00:30:24,155 WOULDN'T NECESSARILY HAVE 804 00:30:24,222 --> 00:30:24,923 ANTICIPATED ARE ACTUALLY 805 00:30:24,989 --> 00:30:25,456 AFFECTING CARDIOVASCULAR 806 00:30:25,523 --> 00:30:27,992 DISEASE, FROM THE AMOUNT OF CO2 807 00:30:28,059 --> 00:30:31,396 IN THE ATMOSPHERE TO LOSSES OF 808 00:30:31,462 --> 00:30:32,130 BIODIVERSITY AND INSECT 809 00:30:32,197 --> 00:30:34,766 POPULATION, TO CHANGES IN SEA 810 00:30:34,832 --> 00:30:35,767 SURFACE TEMPERATURES, AND ACCESS 811 00:30:35,833 --> 00:30:39,170 TO FISH IN THE DIET, TO LAND USE 812 00:30:39,237 --> 00:30:42,006 DECISIONS THAT RELATE TO BIOMASS 813 00:30:42,073 --> 00:30:43,808 FIRES, TO SEA LEVEL RISE, TO 814 00:30:43,875 --> 00:30:46,578 POLLUTION, AND SO THERE ARE A 815 00:30:46,644 --> 00:30:50,081 WHOLE HOST OF WAYS, AGAIN, 816 00:30:50,148 --> 00:30:50,882 INDEPENDENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 817 00:30:50,949 --> 00:30:52,951 THAT OUR OWN SORT OF 818 00:30:53,017 --> 00:30:54,686 TRANSFORMATION OF OUR PLANET'S 819 00:30:54,752 --> 00:30:56,854 NATURAL SYSTEMS ARE ACTUALLY 820 00:30:56,921 --> 00:30:57,422 IMPACTING RISKS OF 821 00:30:57,488 --> 00:30:59,390 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND AS I 822 00:30:59,457 --> 00:31:01,459 MENTIONED MANY OF THESE ARE 823 00:31:01,526 --> 00:31:02,093 SURPRISING. 824 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:04,095 MANY OF THEM ARE MEDIATED 825 00:31:04,162 --> 00:31:05,430 THROUGH COMPLEX SYSTEMS WHICH 826 00:31:05,496 --> 00:31:07,932 MAKES THEM HARD TO EVALUATE AND 827 00:31:07,999 --> 00:31:09,000 HARD TO ANTICIPATE. 828 00:31:09,067 --> 00:31:12,203 THE IMPACTS WILL BE UNEVENLY 829 00:31:12,270 --> 00:31:15,039 DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE WORLD, 830 00:31:15,106 --> 00:31:16,341 WHICH IS REALLY IMPORTANT IN 831 00:31:16,407 --> 00:31:17,642 COMMON THEME. 832 00:31:17,709 --> 00:31:18,243 ONE OTHER THING INTERESTING, 833 00:31:18,309 --> 00:31:21,613 THESE WILL BE UNACCOUNTED FOR. 834 00:31:21,679 --> 00:31:24,983 NO ONE WILL HAVE SEA LEVEL RISE 835 00:31:25,049 --> 00:31:27,819 OR BIODIVERSITY LOSS ON THEIR 836 00:31:27,885 --> 00:31:30,021 DEATH CERTIFICATE. 837 00:31:30,088 --> 00:31:31,889 AND YET, THESE BIOPHYSICAL 838 00:31:31,956 --> 00:31:34,425 CHANGES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VERY 839 00:31:34,492 --> 00:31:35,627 LARGE BURDENS OF DISEASE AROUND 840 00:31:35,693 --> 00:31:38,563 THE WORLD. 841 00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:40,632 NEXT SLIDE. 842 00:31:40,698 --> 00:31:43,034 ANOTHER REALLY IMPORTANT POINT 843 00:31:43,101 --> 00:31:45,603 AND SANJAY MENTIONED THIS 844 00:31:45,670 --> 00:31:48,206 BRIEFLY BEFORE IS THAT THERE ARE 845 00:31:48,273 --> 00:31:49,974 VERY IMPORTANT CO-BENEFITS 846 00:31:50,041 --> 00:31:51,276 ASSOCIATED WITH ADDRESSING THE 847 00:31:51,342 --> 00:31:53,444 EARTH CRISIS THAT WE FACE. 848 00:31:53,511 --> 00:31:56,414 MANY THINGS WE NEED TO DO TO 849 00:31:56,481 --> 00:31:57,715 ADDRESS THE EARTH CRISIS, BOTH 850 00:31:57,782 --> 00:32:00,018 CLIMATE AND OTHER KINDS OF 851 00:32:00,084 --> 00:32:01,219 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, ALSO HAVE 852 00:32:01,286 --> 00:32:02,920 CARDIOVASCULAR BENEFITS. 853 00:32:02,987 --> 00:32:06,157 SO WE KNOW THAT SWITCHING AWAY 854 00:32:06,224 --> 00:32:08,559 FROM AN ANIMAL-BASED DIET TO 855 00:32:08,626 --> 00:32:10,295 MUCH MORE PLANT-BASED DIETS HAS 856 00:32:10,361 --> 00:32:12,497 HUGE BENEFITS IN TERMS OF 857 00:32:12,563 --> 00:32:14,132 CLIMATE CHANGE AND TOTAL 858 00:32:14,198 --> 00:32:16,367 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ON LAND, ON 859 00:32:16,434 --> 00:32:19,837 WATER, BIODIVERSITY, ET CETERA. 860 00:32:19,904 --> 00:32:22,373 BUT ALSO AT LEAST ON WEALTHIER 861 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:23,141 POPULATIONS SIGNIFICANT 862 00:32:23,207 --> 00:32:24,575 CARDIOVASCULAR BENEFITS. 863 00:32:24,642 --> 00:32:26,544 WE KNOW POLICIES TO ENCOURAGE 864 00:32:26,611 --> 00:32:29,013 ACTIVE TRANSFER, WALKING AND 865 00:32:29,080 --> 00:32:30,682 BIKING, GETTING AROUND 15-MINUTE 866 00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:31,883 CITIES, WORKING AROUND 867 00:32:31,949 --> 00:32:32,450 NEIGHBORHOODS, BUILDING OUR 868 00:32:32,517 --> 00:32:33,918 CITIES SO THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED 869 00:32:33,985 --> 00:32:36,788 FOR PEOPLE AND NOT FOR CARS, HAS 870 00:32:36,854 --> 00:32:39,424 HUGE BENEFITS FROM A CLIMATE 871 00:32:39,490 --> 00:32:41,726 STANDPOINT BUT ALSO HAS VERY 872 00:32:41,793 --> 00:32:42,694 SIGNIFICANT CARDIOVASCULAR 873 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:43,394 BENEFITS. 874 00:32:43,461 --> 00:32:45,763 AGAIN, THE TRANSITION TO 875 00:32:45,830 --> 00:32:47,065 RENEWABLE ENERGY CLEARLY HAS 876 00:32:47,131 --> 00:32:48,399 MAJOR CO-BENEFITS, HOPEFULLY 877 00:32:48,466 --> 00:32:51,035 MANY OF YOU SAW THE "SCIENCE" 878 00:32:51,102 --> 00:32:52,370 PAPER LAST MONTH THAT SHOWED 879 00:32:52,437 --> 00:32:53,805 ALMOST HALF A MILLION DEATHS 880 00:32:53,871 --> 00:32:56,507 OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS IN THE 881 00:32:56,574 --> 00:32:58,676 UNITED STATES FROM COAL-FIRED 882 00:32:58,743 --> 00:32:59,510 POWER PLANTS ALONE, PARTICLES 883 00:32:59,577 --> 00:33:02,647 COMING OUT OF THOSE PLANTS, AND 884 00:33:02,714 --> 00:33:08,319 SO THE TRANSITION AWAY FROM 885 00:33:08,386 --> 00:33:10,755 FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION AND 886 00:33:10,822 --> 00:33:16,027 TOWARD RENEWABLE ENERGY HAS 887 00:33:16,094 --> 00:33:16,561 SIGNIFICANTLY -- HAS 888 00:33:16,627 --> 00:33:17,762 SIGNIFICANTLY CO-BENEFITS. 889 00:33:17,829 --> 00:33:19,731 AND THOSE ARE THE SORT OF DIRECT 890 00:33:19,797 --> 00:33:20,932 EFFECT OF THESE POLICIES, BUT 891 00:33:20,998 --> 00:33:22,800 THERE ARE OTHER KINDS OF 892 00:33:22,867 --> 00:33:24,635 POLICIES THAT INVOLVE ADDRESSING 893 00:33:24,702 --> 00:33:29,040 THE EARTH CRISIS, THINGS AS I 894 00:33:29,107 --> 00:33:32,310 MENTIONED LIKE PEATLANDS 895 00:33:32,377 --> 00:33:33,211 RESTORATION, BIODIVERSITY 896 00:33:33,277 --> 00:33:38,783 CONSERVATION, PLANTING HEDGE 897 00:33:38,850 --> 00:33:40,318 ROWS, MAINTAINING COVER, 898 00:33:40,385 --> 00:33:47,425 REDUCING PESTICIDES THAT WILL 899 00:33:47,492 --> 00:33:49,193 IMPROVE POLLINATORS WILL HAVE 900 00:33:49,260 --> 00:33:49,994 IMPACTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR 901 00:33:50,061 --> 00:33:50,495 HEALTH. 902 00:33:50,561 --> 00:33:52,897 SO IN TERMS OF RESEARCH GAPS AND 903 00:33:52,964 --> 00:33:54,031 PRIORITIES, I WOULD EMPHASIZE 904 00:33:54,098 --> 00:33:55,767 WHAT WAS SAID AT THE BEGINNING 905 00:33:55,833 --> 00:33:58,703 THAT WE NEED TO DO A BETTER JOB 906 00:33:58,770 --> 00:33:59,704 OF MEASURING CARDIOVASCULAR 907 00:33:59,771 --> 00:34:02,106 IMPACTS OF THESE DIFFERENT KINDS 908 00:34:02,173 --> 00:34:03,508 OF BIOPHYSICAL CHANGES. 909 00:34:03,574 --> 00:34:05,009 THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF INITIAL 910 00:34:05,076 --> 00:34:07,678 STUDIES BUT THERE'S SO MUCH TO 911 00:34:07,745 --> 00:34:09,313 UNDERSTAND ABOUT CHANGES IN 912 00:34:09,380 --> 00:34:11,082 QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FOODS IN 913 00:34:11,149 --> 00:34:15,453 THE DIET, CHANGES IN FIRES, RISK 914 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:17,088 OF WILDFIRES, AIR QUALITY, HOW 915 00:34:17,155 --> 00:34:19,757 RISING TEMPERATURES ARE GOING TO 916 00:34:19,824 --> 00:34:21,592 AFFECT PEOPLE'S CAPACITY FOR 917 00:34:21,659 --> 00:34:24,128 EXERCISE, WHAT THAT MEANS FOR 918 00:34:24,195 --> 00:34:25,763 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, THINGS LIKE 919 00:34:25,830 --> 00:34:27,732 STRESS AND ANXIETY, AND THEIR 920 00:34:27,799 --> 00:34:28,766 ROLES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 921 00:34:28,833 --> 00:34:33,337 SO THERE'S A LOT WE NEED TO 922 00:34:33,404 --> 00:34:34,739 UNDERSTAND BETTER TOWARDS THAT 923 00:34:34,806 --> 00:34:35,306 QUESTION OF ATTRIBUTION. 924 00:34:35,373 --> 00:34:37,375 I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO 925 00:34:37,442 --> 00:34:38,910 MEASURE THE CARDIOVASCULAR 926 00:34:38,976 --> 00:34:41,212 BENEFITS OF POLICY AND PRACTICE 927 00:34:41,279 --> 00:34:42,079 INTERVENTIONS BECAUSE WE'RE 928 00:34:42,146 --> 00:34:46,017 COMING TO A MOMENT WHERE WE'RE 929 00:34:46,083 --> 00:34:47,018 AGGRESSIVELY TRYING TO ADDRESS 930 00:34:47,084 --> 00:34:50,488 THE EARTH CRISIS AND NEED TO 931 00:34:50,555 --> 00:34:51,656 UNDERSTAND HOW TO OPTIMIZE 932 00:34:51,722 --> 00:34:53,357 HEALTH BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH 933 00:34:53,424 --> 00:34:55,626 POLICIES WE'RE CONSIDERING AND 934 00:34:55,693 --> 00:34:55,960 INTERVENTIONS. 935 00:34:56,027 --> 00:34:58,262 SO HOW DO CHANGES IN ENERGY, 936 00:34:58,329 --> 00:35:01,666 FOOD SYSTEMS, LAND USE, ET 937 00:35:01,732 --> 00:35:02,633 CETERA, IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR 938 00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:05,937 HEALTH, HOW DO WE REDUCE 939 00:35:06,003 --> 00:35:07,138 VULNERABILITY TO CHANGING 940 00:35:07,205 --> 00:35:10,508 BIOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS WITH 941 00:35:10,575 --> 00:35:12,276 THINGS LIKE WATER RESOURCE 942 00:35:12,343 --> 00:35:13,478 MANAGEMENT, PROTECTION FROM 943 00:35:13,544 --> 00:35:14,345 HEAT, BETTER FIRE MANAGEMENT. 944 00:35:14,412 --> 00:35:17,515 THERE'S A LOT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 945 00:35:17,582 --> 00:35:18,382 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS THAT 946 00:35:18,449 --> 00:35:19,383 WE'RE CONSIDERING WILL AFFECT 947 00:35:19,450 --> 00:35:21,452 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH DOWN THE 948 00:35:21,519 --> 00:35:21,886 ROAD. 949 00:35:21,953 --> 00:35:23,321 NEXT SLIDE. 950 00:35:23,387 --> 00:35:24,956 SO, FINALLY, I WELCOME ANY AND 951 00:35:25,022 --> 00:35:27,391 ALL OF YOU TO JOIN THE PLANETARY 952 00:35:27,458 --> 00:35:28,893 HEALTH ALLIANCE. 953 00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:31,629 THIS IS A GLOBAL COMMUNITY OF 954 00:35:31,696 --> 00:35:34,365 OVER 400 ORGANIZATIONS FROM 68 955 00:35:34,432 --> 00:35:36,133 COUNTRIES NOW REALLY WORKING ON 956 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:36,901 ISSUES OF PLANETARY HEALTH. 957 00:35:36,968 --> 00:35:38,769 THERE ARE A WHOLE VARIETY OF 958 00:35:38,836 --> 00:35:39,737 WAYS TO BE ENGAGED. 959 00:35:39,804 --> 00:35:40,738 WITH THAT I'LL CLOSE AND THANK 960 00:35:40,805 --> 00:35:44,675 YOU SO MUCH. 961 00:35:44,742 --> 00:35:49,280 >> THANK YOU, SAM, FOR THAT 962 00:35:49,347 --> 00:35:51,682 REALLY BRILLIANT LECTURE AND 963 00:35:51,749 --> 00:35:53,851 KICKING SESSION 1 OFF. 964 00:35:53,918 --> 00:35:55,486 FOR THE AUDIENCE, PLEASE FIRE UP 965 00:35:55,553 --> 00:35:58,222 YOUR QUESTIONS AND WE'LL HAVE A 966 00:35:58,289 --> 00:35:59,323 VERY ROBUST SESSION WITH DR. 967 00:35:59,390 --> 00:36:05,897 SOLOMON AT THE END OF SESSION 1, 968 00:36:05,963 --> 00:36:07,098 A VIGOROUS DISCUSSION AND 969 00:36:07,164 --> 00:36:08,099 HOPEFULLY YOU'RE PLANNING YOUR 970 00:36:08,165 --> 00:36:08,399 QUESTIONS. 971 00:36:08,466 --> 00:36:16,507 I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE A SECOND 972 00:36:16,574 --> 00:36:21,012 SPEAKER, DR. ANNA DIEZ ROUX, 973 00:36:21,078 --> 00:36:24,282 SHE'S THE DISTINGUISHED 974 00:36:24,348 --> 00:36:25,950 UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR OF 975 00:36:26,017 --> 00:36:27,051 EPIDEMIOLOGY, DREXEL UNIVERSITY, 976 00:36:27,118 --> 00:36:29,020 DIRECTS THE DREXEL URBAN HEALTH 977 00:36:29,086 --> 00:36:31,088 COLLABORATIVE, AND SHE WAS A 978 00:36:31,155 --> 00:36:33,558 FORMER DEAN OF THE SCHOOL OF 979 00:36:33,624 --> 00:36:37,361 PUBLIC HEALTH FROM 2013 TO 2023. 980 00:36:37,428 --> 00:36:39,730 THANK YOU, AGAIN, ANNA, LOOK 981 00:36:39,797 --> 00:36:40,498 FORWARD TO YOUR TALK. 982 00:36:40,565 --> 00:36:41,832 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 983 00:36:41,899 --> 00:36:42,300 GOOD MORNING. 984 00:36:42,366 --> 00:36:46,737 IT'S GREAT TO BE PART OF THIS 985 00:36:46,804 --> 00:36:48,506 SESSION, GREAT TO SEE NHLBI 986 00:36:48,573 --> 00:36:49,273 TAKING ON LEADERSHIP LEADING 987 00:36:49,340 --> 00:36:50,308 THIS KIND OF THINKING. 988 00:36:50,374 --> 00:36:52,643 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 989 00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:55,813 I THINK WE CAN TRANSITION TO MY 990 00:36:55,880 --> 00:37:00,618 FIRST SLIDE. 991 00:37:00,685 --> 00:37:01,953 SO, NEXT SLIDE. 992 00:37:02,019 --> 00:37:05,022 I WILL TRY TO ACCOMPLISH THREE 993 00:37:05,089 --> 00:37:06,791 THINGS IN THIS PRESENTATION. 994 00:37:06,857 --> 00:37:09,493 I'D LIKE TO JUST BRIEFLY REVIEW 995 00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:10,695 SOME KEY CONCEPTS AND 996 00:37:10,761 --> 00:37:11,729 UNDERSTANDING INEQUITIES AND 997 00:37:11,796 --> 00:37:12,663 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE BECAUSE I 998 00:37:12,730 --> 00:37:15,633 THINK THEY ARE RELEVANT TO ALSO 999 00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:17,802 UNDERSTANDING THE NEXT POINT, 1000 00:37:17,868 --> 00:37:19,337 WHICH IS PLACING CARDIOVASCULAR 1001 00:37:19,403 --> 00:37:22,840 INEQUITIES IN A PLANETARY HEALTH 1002 00:37:22,907 --> 00:37:23,074 CONTEXT. 1003 00:37:23,140 --> 00:37:25,376 FINALLY, I'LL HAVE A FEW 1004 00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:26,577 REFLECTIONS, BRIEF REFLECTIONS, 1005 00:37:26,644 --> 00:37:27,678 ON SOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR 1006 00:37:27,745 --> 00:37:29,046 RESEARCH. 1007 00:37:29,113 --> 00:37:34,118 NEXT SLIDE. 1008 00:37:34,185 --> 00:37:35,686 KEY CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING 1009 00:37:35,753 --> 00:37:36,887 INEQUITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1010 00:37:36,954 --> 00:37:37,221 DISEASE. 1011 00:37:37,288 --> 00:37:40,691 NEXT. 1012 00:37:40,758 --> 00:37:43,094 SO, IT'S NO NEWS TO THIS GROUP 1013 00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:46,297 THAT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE 1014 00:37:46,364 --> 00:37:49,133 STRONGLY AND PER VASIVELY 1015 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:50,434 SOCIALLY PATTERNED, I INCLUDE 1016 00:37:50,501 --> 00:37:51,535 THREE EXAMPLES HERE. 1017 00:37:51,602 --> 00:37:53,304 ON THE LEFT SIGNIFICANT 1018 00:37:53,371 --> 00:37:55,673 DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1019 00:37:55,740 --> 00:37:56,574 DISEASE MORTALITY BY EDUCATION, 1020 00:37:56,641 --> 00:38:00,711 ON THE RIGHT PANEL OF THE LEFT 1021 00:38:00,778 --> 00:38:02,246 MOST FIGURE, CARDIOVASCULAR 1022 00:38:02,313 --> 00:38:03,180 DISEASE AND MORTALITY IS TWICE 1023 00:38:03,247 --> 00:38:05,983 AS HIGH IN THE LOWEST EDUCATION 1024 00:38:06,050 --> 00:38:08,285 COMPARED TO HIGHEST EDUCATION 1025 00:38:08,352 --> 00:38:08,719 GROUP. 1026 00:38:08,786 --> 00:38:10,788 LARGE DIFFERENCES BY RACE 1027 00:38:10,855 --> 00:38:11,389 BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES, IN 1028 00:38:11,455 --> 00:38:14,291 PARTICULAR IN THE UNITED STATES 1029 00:38:14,358 --> 00:38:15,559 AND MIDDLE PANEL DESPITE 1030 00:38:15,626 --> 00:38:18,562 DECLINING RATES OVER TIME IN 1031 00:38:18,629 --> 00:38:19,330 BOTH GROUPS, SOME STABILIZATION 1032 00:38:19,397 --> 00:38:20,431 IN RECENT YEARS. 1033 00:38:20,498 --> 00:38:24,769 ON THE RIGHT THE ASSOCIATION 1034 00:38:24,835 --> 00:38:27,004 BETWEEN COUNTY IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1035 00:38:27,071 --> 00:38:28,606 DISEASE MORTALITY, COUNTIES IN 1036 00:38:28,673 --> 00:38:29,707 HIGHEST QUARTILE OF 1037 00:38:29,774 --> 00:38:31,142 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND 1038 00:38:31,208 --> 00:38:32,643 MORTALITY RATES ARE 1039 00:38:32,710 --> 00:38:33,978 SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DEPRIVED IN 1040 00:38:34,045 --> 00:38:36,147 MANY WAYS THAN THOSE IN THE 1041 00:38:36,213 --> 00:38:37,481 LOWER -- THE CATEGORY OF THE 1042 00:38:37,548 --> 00:38:39,884 LOWER RATES. 1043 00:38:39,950 --> 00:38:43,187 NEXT SLIDE. 1044 00:38:43,254 --> 00:38:45,256 NEXT SLIDE. 1045 00:38:45,322 --> 00:38:47,625 SO, THE DRIVERS OF THESE 1046 00:38:47,692 --> 00:38:50,528 INEQUITIES ARE MULTI-LEVEL AND 1047 00:38:50,594 --> 00:38:51,395 LIFE COURSE. 1048 00:38:51,462 --> 00:38:52,697 AND OPERATE THROUGH MULTIPLE 1049 00:38:52,763 --> 00:38:52,997 PATHWAYS. 1050 00:38:53,064 --> 00:38:54,799 WE HAVE FOUR EXAMPLES OF 1051 00:38:54,865 --> 00:38:56,067 CONCEPTUAL MODELS THAT HELP US 1052 00:38:56,133 --> 00:38:57,301 UNDERSTAND DRIVERS OF INEQUITIES 1053 00:38:57,368 --> 00:38:58,536 IN HEALTH, BUT IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1054 00:38:58,602 --> 00:38:59,470 DISEASE TOO. 1055 00:38:59,537 --> 00:39:01,439 IMPACT OF MULTIPLE LEVELS OF 1056 00:39:01,505 --> 00:39:04,842 INFLUENCE ON THE LEFT, ROLE OF 1057 00:39:04,909 --> 00:39:07,011 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS, BEHAVIORS, 1058 00:39:07,078 --> 00:39:08,312 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, DIRECT 1059 00:39:08,379 --> 00:39:10,081 EXPOSURES, AS WELL. 1060 00:39:10,147 --> 00:39:12,917 THE LIFE COURSE DIMENSION ON THE 1061 00:39:12,983 --> 00:39:14,351 BOTTOM LEFT, AND ALSO THE 1062 00:39:14,418 --> 00:39:15,653 DISTINCTION BETWEEN WHAT 1063 00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:17,755 SOMETIMES ARE CALLED BASIC OR 1064 00:39:17,822 --> 00:39:19,290 FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES LIKE 1065 00:39:19,356 --> 00:39:20,791 STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND 1066 00:39:20,858 --> 00:39:22,426 RACISM, AND MORE SPECIFIC, 1067 00:39:22,493 --> 00:39:24,095 QUOTE, SURFACE CAUSES THROUGH 1068 00:39:24,161 --> 00:39:27,832 WHICH THESE THINGS OPERATE. 1069 00:39:27,898 --> 00:39:29,667 NEXT SLIDE. 1070 00:39:29,734 --> 00:39:31,102 SO, THE OTHER KEY POINT THAT I 1071 00:39:31,168 --> 00:39:33,938 WANTED TO MAKE IS THAT THE 1072 00:39:34,004 --> 00:39:36,040 ENVIRONMENT BROADLY DEFINED IS 1073 00:39:36,107 --> 00:39:37,775 CRITICAL TO CARDIOVASCULAR 1074 00:39:37,842 --> 00:39:38,442 DISEASE INEQUITIES. 1075 00:39:38,509 --> 00:39:39,744 THIS SHOWS EXAMPLE OF 1076 00:39:39,810 --> 00:39:41,946 NEIGHBORHOOD DIFFERENCES IN 1077 00:39:42,012 --> 00:39:43,581 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HOW 1078 00:39:43,647 --> 00:39:45,983 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND RACISM 1079 00:39:46,050 --> 00:39:47,184 DRIVE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION 1080 00:39:47,251 --> 00:39:48,619 WHICH REINFORCES INEQUALITIES 1081 00:39:48,686 --> 00:39:50,588 AND POWER AND RESOURCE 1082 00:39:50,654 --> 00:39:51,555 DISTRIBUTION, THAT GENERATES 1083 00:39:51,622 --> 00:39:52,757 DIFFERENCES IN ENVIRONMENTS, 1084 00:39:52,823 --> 00:39:53,758 PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL 1085 00:39:53,824 --> 00:39:55,726 ENVIRONMENTS, WHICH IN TURN 1086 00:39:55,793 --> 00:39:57,461 REINFORCE EACH OTHER. 1087 00:39:57,528 --> 00:39:59,130 AND AFFECT BEHAVIOR AND 1088 00:39:59,196 --> 00:40:00,564 BIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS AND STRESS 1089 00:40:00,631 --> 00:40:01,632 PROCESSES WHICH ALSO REINFORCE 1090 00:40:01,699 --> 00:40:03,501 EACH OTHER AND LEAD TO 1091 00:40:03,567 --> 00:40:04,235 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. 1092 00:40:04,301 --> 00:40:07,104 AND I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THE 1093 00:40:07,171 --> 00:40:08,973 ENVIRONMENT ENCOMPASSES PHYSICAL 1094 00:40:09,039 --> 00:40:11,075 AND SOCIAL DOMAINS, THE 1095 00:40:11,142 --> 00:40:12,243 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CLUSTER 1096 00:40:12,309 --> 00:40:14,979 AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER, AND 1097 00:40:15,045 --> 00:40:16,614 THE ENVIRONMENT OPERATES THROUGH 1098 00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:17,948 MULTIPLE INTERRELATED PATHWAYS. 1099 00:40:18,015 --> 00:40:20,785 AND MORE BROADLY, WE CAN THINK 1100 00:40:20,851 --> 00:40:23,888 OF THIS, YOU KNOW, SCHEMATIC 1101 00:40:23,954 --> 00:40:25,156 NEIGHBORHOOD SYSTEM THAT I'VE 1102 00:40:25,222 --> 00:40:28,225 PUT INTO THE SLIDE AS ITSELF 1103 00:40:28,292 --> 00:40:30,194 NESTED WITHIN A BROADER 1104 00:40:30,261 --> 00:40:31,395 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM, WHICH 1105 00:40:31,462 --> 00:40:32,596 INCLUDES ASPECTS THAT ARE 1106 00:40:32,663 --> 00:40:34,999 GLOBAL, AS SAM WAS REFERRING TO 1107 00:40:35,065 --> 00:40:37,101 IN HIS PRIOR PRESENTATION. 1108 00:40:37,168 --> 00:40:39,603 NEXT SLIDE. 1109 00:40:39,670 --> 00:40:41,238 AND THE FOURTH POINT I WANT TO 1110 00:40:41,305 --> 00:40:42,773 MAKE ABOUT HEALTH INEQUITIES 1111 00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:44,175 WHICH ALSO INTERSECTS WITH SOME 1112 00:40:44,241 --> 00:40:46,577 OF THE THINGS THAT SAM WAS 1113 00:40:46,644 --> 00:40:48,112 SAYING ABOUT THE COMPLEXITIES IN 1114 00:40:48,179 --> 00:40:50,080 SYSTEMS, IS THAT HEALTH 1115 00:40:50,147 --> 00:40:51,982 INEQUITIES EMERGE FROM DYNAMIC 1116 00:40:52,049 --> 00:40:53,117 SYSTEMS. 1117 00:40:53,184 --> 00:40:59,857 SO, THEY INVOLVE FACTORS AT 1118 00:40:59,924 --> 00:41:02,259 MULTIPLE LEVELS, UNITS THROUGH 1119 00:41:02,326 --> 00:41:02,893 NORMS, SOCIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1120 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:05,729 INFLUENCE EACH OTHER AS WELL. 1121 00:41:05,796 --> 00:41:06,831 THERE ARE MANY RECURSIVE 1122 00:41:06,897 --> 00:41:07,698 RELATIONSHIPS AND FEEDBACK 1123 00:41:07,765 --> 00:41:08,365 LOOPS. 1124 00:41:08,432 --> 00:41:11,969 WE'LL HEAR MORE FROM PETER. 1125 00:41:12,036 --> 00:41:12,870 THERE ARE CONDITIONAL EFFECTS, 1126 00:41:12,937 --> 00:41:15,606 THE IMPACT OF A PARTICULAR 1127 00:41:15,673 --> 00:41:17,074 FACTOR DEPENDS ON THE CONDITION 1128 00:41:17,141 --> 00:41:19,877 OF OTHER FACTORS IN THE SYSTEM. 1129 00:41:19,944 --> 00:41:20,845 THERE ARE NON-LINEAR EFFECTS, 1130 00:41:20,911 --> 00:41:24,281 THINGS THAT HAPPEN IN 1131 00:41:24,348 --> 00:41:26,250 UNANTICIPATED PLACES, DISTANT IN 1132 00:41:26,317 --> 00:41:28,752 SPACE AND TIME. 1133 00:41:28,819 --> 00:41:29,854 UNANTICIPATED EFFECTS, SOMETIMES 1134 00:41:29,920 --> 00:41:31,055 WE CAN HAVE MULTIPLE PATHS TO 1135 00:41:31,121 --> 00:41:32,389 THE SAME OUTCOME. 1136 00:41:32,456 --> 00:41:34,358 PEOPLE GET CARDIOVASCULAR 1137 00:41:34,425 --> 00:41:35,893 DISEASE FROM MANY PATHWAYS AND 1138 00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:36,427 MANY REASONS. 1139 00:41:36,493 --> 00:41:41,465 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, WE ALSO 1140 00:41:41,532 --> 00:41:42,700 HAVE SIMILAR DISCAL CAUSES OF 1141 00:41:42,766 --> 00:41:44,101 MULTIPLE OUTCOMES AS WELL. 1142 00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:46,871 ALL OF THIS LEADS TO EMERGENT 1143 00:41:46,937 --> 00:41:49,139 PATTERNS NOT EASILY REDUCIBLE TO 1144 00:41:49,206 --> 00:41:50,107 INTERDEPENDENTENT EFFECT. 1145 00:41:50,174 --> 00:41:51,976 WHEN WE THINK HOW THIS INTERSECT 1146 00:41:52,042 --> 00:41:55,279 WAS PLANETARY HEALTH WE NEED TO 1147 00:41:55,346 --> 00:41:56,914 THINK ABOUT THIS SYSTEMIC 1148 00:41:56,981 --> 00:41:58,682 DRIVERS OF INEQUITIES AND HOW 1149 00:41:58,749 --> 00:42:02,853 THE BROADENING OF OUR SYSTEM TO 1150 00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:03,621 ENCOMPASS PLANETARY FACTORS 1151 00:42:03,687 --> 00:42:06,457 HELP, YOU KNOW, HELPS US 1152 00:42:06,523 --> 00:42:07,892 UNDERSTAND, INTERFACES WITH 1153 00:42:07,958 --> 00:42:09,393 SOCIAL SYSTEMS. 1154 00:42:09,460 --> 00:42:09,760 NEXT SLIDE. 1155 00:42:09,827 --> 00:42:16,767 SO THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THE FOUR 1156 00:42:16,834 --> 00:42:18,369 POINTS THAT I MADE. 1157 00:42:18,435 --> 00:42:19,570 ENVIRONMENT IS A CRITICAL DRIVER 1158 00:42:19,637 --> 00:42:28,245 AND ROLE OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS. 1159 00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:29,079 NEXT SLIDE. 1160 00:42:29,146 --> 00:42:30,948 NEXT IS SHARE IDEAS HOW 1161 00:42:31,015 --> 00:42:31,949 CARDIOVASCULAR INEQUITIES CAN BE 1162 00:42:32,016 --> 00:42:38,389 SEEN WITHIN A PLANETARY HEALTH 1163 00:42:38,455 --> 00:42:39,823 CONTEXT ARRIVED AROUND FIVE 1164 00:42:39,890 --> 00:42:41,025 FUNDAMENTAL LINKS. 1165 00:42:41,091 --> 00:42:42,893 NEXT SLIDE. 1166 00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:45,930 SO THE FIRST LINK IS THAT THERE 1167 00:42:45,996 --> 00:42:49,566 ARE SOCIAL INEQUITIES IN 1168 00:42:49,633 --> 00:42:51,402 EXPOSURES LINKED TO GLOBAL 1169 00:42:51,468 --> 00:42:52,436 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 1170 00:42:52,503 --> 00:42:53,704 THESE EXPOSURES RELATED TO 1171 00:42:53,771 --> 00:42:55,039 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ARE 1172 00:42:55,105 --> 00:42:57,641 NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED. 1173 00:42:57,708 --> 00:42:59,543 NEXT SLIDE. 1174 00:42:59,610 --> 00:43:01,378 THESE ARE SOME EXAMPLES. 1175 00:43:01,445 --> 00:43:03,113 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PAPER 1176 00:43:03,180 --> 00:43:07,384 JUST A FEW YEARS AGO ON PM2.5 1177 00:43:07,451 --> 00:43:08,152 EXPOSURES, WHICH WAS QUITE 1178 00:43:08,218 --> 00:43:09,553 INTERESTING BECAUSE OF THE 1179 00:43:09,620 --> 00:43:12,756 APPROACH IT TOOK. 1180 00:43:12,823 --> 00:43:15,559 ON THE TOP LEFT YOU CAN SEE 1181 00:43:15,626 --> 00:43:17,461 SOMETHING DESCRIBED IN MANY 1182 00:43:17,528 --> 00:43:18,762 PAPERS, SOCIAL GROUPS IN THIS 1183 00:43:18,829 --> 00:43:20,431 CASE PEOPLE OF COLOR EXPERIENCE 1184 00:43:20,497 --> 00:43:23,600 GREATER THAN AVERAGE EXPOSURES 1185 00:43:23,667 --> 00:43:26,170 FROM SOURCE TYPES CAUSING 75% OF 1186 00:43:26,236 --> 00:43:29,073 OVERALL EXPOSURE TO PM2.5. 1187 00:43:29,139 --> 00:43:31,241 ALMOST EVERY SOURCE RESULTS IN 1188 00:43:31,308 --> 00:43:32,609 DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE BY WHICH 1189 00:43:32,676 --> 00:43:35,245 PEOPLE OF COLOR HAVE HIGHER 1190 00:43:35,312 --> 00:43:36,981 EXPOSURES THAN WHITE PEOPLE. 1191 00:43:37,047 --> 00:43:40,918 BUT THIS PAPER WENT FURTHER AND 1192 00:43:40,985 --> 00:43:43,787 ALSO EXAMINED THE DRIVERS, 1193 00:43:43,854 --> 00:43:47,191 CONTRIBUTORS TO PM2.5, AND FOUND 1194 00:43:47,257 --> 00:43:50,260 THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, NON-HISPANIC 1195 00:43:50,327 --> 00:43:51,662 WHITES EXPERIENCED SO-CALLED 1196 00:43:51,729 --> 00:43:53,764 POLLUTION ADVANTAGE BECAUSE THEY 1197 00:43:53,831 --> 00:43:54,631 EXPERIENCE 17% LESS EXPOSURE 1198 00:43:54,698 --> 00:43:57,267 THAN IS CAUSED BY THEIR OWN 1199 00:43:57,334 --> 00:43:58,569 CONSUMPTION. 1200 00:43:58,635 --> 00:44:00,604 BLACK AND HISPANIC POPULATIONS 1201 00:44:00,671 --> 00:44:03,273 WERE EXPOSED TO ABOUT 56 TO 63% 1202 00:44:03,340 --> 00:44:05,042 MORE PM2.5 POLLUTION THAN IS 1203 00:44:05,109 --> 00:44:08,212 CAUSED BY THEIR OWN CONSUMPTION. 1204 00:44:08,278 --> 00:44:09,513 SO LOOKING MORE DYNAMICALLY, 1205 00:44:09,580 --> 00:44:11,815 STARTING TO LOOK MORE 1206 00:44:11,882 --> 00:44:13,250 SYSTEMICALLY AT THE DRIVERS OF 1207 00:44:13,317 --> 00:44:14,985 THIS AND WHO SUFFERS THE 1208 00:44:15,052 --> 00:44:17,955 CONSEQUENCE OF THESE EXPOSURES. 1209 00:44:18,022 --> 00:44:20,157 NEXT SLIDE. 1210 00:44:20,224 --> 00:44:24,161 ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF DIFFERENTIAL 1211 00:44:24,228 --> 00:44:24,928 DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL 1212 00:44:24,995 --> 00:44:27,031 DISTRIBUTION, OF GLOBAL 1213 00:44:27,097 --> 00:44:27,698 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE RELATED 1214 00:44:27,765 --> 00:44:29,333 EXPOSURES IS ON THIS SLIDE. 1215 00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:31,935 YOU MAY HAVE SEEN THERE'S BEEN 1216 00:44:32,002 --> 00:44:33,704 MANY PUBLICATIONS ON THIS, 1217 00:44:33,771 --> 00:44:35,672 LOOKING, FOR EXAMPLE, AT 1218 00:44:35,739 --> 00:44:37,541 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LAND 1219 00:44:37,608 --> 00:44:40,144 SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND 1220 00:44:40,210 --> 00:44:40,878 HISTORICAL PRACTICES OF RED 1221 00:44:40,944 --> 00:44:43,113 LINING IN THE UNITED STATES, AND 1222 00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:44,415 THIS RELATIONSHIP SHOWING HOW 1223 00:44:44,481 --> 00:44:46,183 THERE ARE HIGHER LAND SURFACE 1224 00:44:46,250 --> 00:44:47,851 TEMPERATURES IN NEIGHBORHOODS 1225 00:44:47,918 --> 00:44:50,220 THAT WERE REDLINED. 1226 00:44:50,287 --> 00:44:53,957 AND THE CATEGORY, THE 1227 00:44:54,024 --> 00:44:56,026 DESIRABILITY, SO-CALLED, OF THE 1228 00:44:56,093 --> 00:44:59,296 AIR IS RELATED ALMOST IN A 1229 00:44:59,363 --> 00:45:02,266 DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, MANY 1230 00:45:02,332 --> 00:45:04,468 PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH THESE 1231 00:45:04,535 --> 00:45:05,636 CONTINUE TO THIS DAY. 1232 00:45:05,702 --> 00:45:07,271 ON THE RIGHT AN EXAMPLE FROM 1233 00:45:07,337 --> 00:45:09,773 "NEW YORK TIMES" A COUPLE YEARS 1234 00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:10,774 AGO SHOWING ONE OF THE 1235 00:45:10,841 --> 00:45:12,543 MECHANISMS THAT COULD LEAD TO 1236 00:45:12,609 --> 00:45:14,511 THESE DIFFERENCES THAT HAS TO DO 1237 00:45:14,578 --> 00:45:15,946 WITH REMARKABLE DIFFERENCES IN 1238 00:45:16,013 --> 00:45:20,217 THIS CASE IN TREE COVER, ACROSS 1239 00:45:20,284 --> 00:45:21,752 NEIGHBORHOODS OF DIFFERENT 1240 00:45:21,819 --> 00:45:24,922 INCOMES IN FOUR CITIES. 1241 00:45:24,988 --> 00:45:25,823 NEXT SLIDE. 1242 00:45:25,889 --> 00:45:27,991 SO IN ADDITION TO SOCIAL 1243 00:45:28,058 --> 00:45:29,960 INEQUITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION 1244 00:45:30,027 --> 00:45:34,031 OF THESE CLIMATE CHANGE OR IN 1245 00:45:34,098 --> 00:45:35,666 GENERAL GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1246 00:45:35,732 --> 00:45:37,067 CHANGE-RELATED EXPOSURES, THERE 1247 00:45:37,134 --> 00:45:39,303 HAS BEEN A LOT OF DISCUSSION ON 1248 00:45:39,369 --> 00:45:41,138 HOW THE IMPACT OF THESE 1249 00:45:41,205 --> 00:45:45,342 EXPOSURES ON HEALTH CAN BE 1250 00:45:45,409 --> 00:45:46,443 MODIFIED BY THE CONTEXT, 1251 00:45:46,510 --> 00:45:48,112 INCLUDING SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES. 1252 00:45:48,178 --> 00:45:50,380 SOCIAL INEQUITIES IN THE EFFECTS 1253 00:45:50,447 --> 00:45:52,449 OF THESE EXPOSURES ON 1254 00:45:52,516 --> 00:45:53,083 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK, FOR 1255 00:45:53,150 --> 00:45:55,085 EXAMPLE, AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE 1256 00:45:55,152 --> 00:46:00,457 OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL PUBLISHED 1257 00:46:00,524 --> 00:46:02,860 BY GRONLUND MANY YEARS AGO BUT 1258 00:46:02,926 --> 00:46:04,394 STILL USEFUL TODAY THINKING 1259 00:46:04,461 --> 00:46:08,565 THROUGH HOW RACIAL AND 1260 00:46:08,632 --> 00:46:09,600 SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 1261 00:46:09,666 --> 00:46:11,135 MODIFY THE -- COULD MODIFY THE 1262 00:46:11,201 --> 00:46:15,239 IMPACT OF HEAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ON 1263 00:46:15,305 --> 00:46:16,773 ADVERSE -- ON HEALTH OUTCOMES. 1264 00:46:16,840 --> 00:46:20,477 NEXT SLIDE. 1265 00:46:20,544 --> 00:46:23,881 AND THERE HAS BEEN DOCUMENTATION 1266 00:46:23,947 --> 00:46:24,915 OF THESE SYNERGISMS AND 1267 00:46:24,982 --> 00:46:25,616 HETEROGENEOUS IMPACTS. 1268 00:46:25,682 --> 00:46:27,751 ON THE TOP YOU CAN SEE IMPACT OF 1269 00:46:27,818 --> 00:46:28,785 HEAT ON NEW YORK CITY 1270 00:46:28,852 --> 00:46:29,119 NEIGHBORHOODS. 1271 00:46:29,186 --> 00:46:30,754 YOU CAN SEE THIS PAPER IS ALMOST 1272 00:46:30,821 --> 00:46:31,955 TEN YEARS OLD. 1273 00:46:32,022 --> 00:46:33,824 AND SHOWING THAT THE MORTALITY 1274 00:46:33,891 --> 00:46:37,528 RATE RATIOS FOR HOT DAYS AMONG 1275 00:46:37,594 --> 00:46:41,031 OLDER ADULTS ASSOCIATED WITH 1276 00:46:41,098 --> 00:46:43,133 HEAT WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER 1277 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,068 THAN IN WEALTHIER NEIGHBORHOODS. 1278 00:46:45,135 --> 00:46:49,806 BELOW A MORE RECENT PAPER 1279 00:46:49,873 --> 00:46:52,075 SHOWING HOW PROJECTED ESTIMATED 1280 00:46:52,142 --> 00:46:53,610 EXCESS CARDIOVASCULAR DEATHS 1281 00:46:53,677 --> 00:46:54,778 ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREME HEAT IN 1282 00:46:54,845 --> 00:46:57,147 THE FUTURE COMPARED TO THE 1283 00:46:57,214 --> 00:46:58,048 CURRENT PERIOD, THE PROJECTION 1284 00:46:58,115 --> 00:47:05,489 SHOWED WE WERE GOING TO EXPECT A 1285 00:47:05,556 --> 00:47:09,626 GREATER IMPACT AMONG BLACK 1286 00:47:09,693 --> 00:47:11,061 PERSONS, AMONG AREAS -- PEOPLE 1287 00:47:11,128 --> 00:47:13,897 LIVING IN METROPOLITAN COMPARED 1288 00:47:13,964 --> 00:47:15,432 TO NON-METROPOLITAN COUNTIES. 1289 00:47:15,499 --> 00:47:16,433 HETEROGENEITY IN IMPACT OF THESE 1290 00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:24,408 EXPOSURES ON HEALTH. 1291 00:47:24,474 --> 00:47:26,810 NEXT SLIDE. 1292 00:47:26,877 --> 00:47:30,747 IN ADDITION TO DIFFERENTIAL 1293 00:47:30,814 --> 00:47:32,416 EFFECTS, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1294 00:47:32,482 --> 00:47:34,952 CHANGE INTERSECTS WITH MULTIPLE 1295 00:47:35,018 --> 00:47:36,220 PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO SOCIAL 1296 00:47:36,286 --> 00:47:37,321 DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1297 00:47:37,387 --> 00:47:37,554 DISEASE. 1298 00:47:37,621 --> 00:47:41,491 SO HERE I'VE PUT IN A CONCEPTUAL 1299 00:47:41,558 --> 00:47:42,793 MODEL DEVELOPED 20 YEARS AGO, MY 1300 00:47:42,859 --> 00:47:47,164 GOD, ON THE IMPACT OF 1301 00:47:47,231 --> 00:47:49,166 NEIGHBORHOODS ON CARDIOVASCULAR 1302 00:47:49,233 --> 00:47:50,200 DISEASE, ARTICULATING POTENTIAL 1303 00:47:50,267 --> 00:47:50,467 PATHWAYS. 1304 00:47:50,534 --> 00:47:54,037 HIGHLIGHTING IN RED ALL THE 1305 00:47:54,104 --> 00:47:55,138 AREAS WHERE PLANETARY 1306 00:47:55,205 --> 00:47:57,674 HEALTH-RELATED EXPOSURES FOR 1307 00:47:57,741 --> 00:47:58,108 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1308 00:47:58,175 --> 00:47:58,875 CHANGE-RELATED EXPOSURES 1309 00:47:58,942 --> 00:48:01,378 INTERSECT WITH THESE PATHWAYS 1310 00:48:01,445 --> 00:48:03,680 AND CAN HAVE IMPACTS ON 1311 00:48:03,747 --> 00:48:04,214 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 1312 00:48:04,281 --> 00:48:05,882 INEQUITIES THROUGH THEIR 1313 00:48:05,949 --> 00:48:06,750 RELATIONSHIP WITH THESE 1314 00:48:06,817 --> 00:48:07,084 PATHWAYS. 1315 00:48:07,150 --> 00:48:08,952 THERE ARE MANY MORE HERE BECAUSE 1316 00:48:09,019 --> 00:48:13,090 OF THIS MODEL COULD BE EXPANDED, 1317 00:48:13,156 --> 00:48:14,825 BUT MULTIPLICITY OF PATHWAYS 1318 00:48:14,891 --> 00:48:16,693 THROUGH WHICH THESE EFFECTS CAN 1319 00:48:16,760 --> 00:48:18,996 OPERATE TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIAL 1320 00:48:19,062 --> 00:48:22,099 INEQUALITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR 1321 00:48:22,165 --> 00:48:22,332 DISEASE. 1322 00:48:22,399 --> 00:48:24,935 NEXT SLIDE. 1323 00:48:25,002 --> 00:48:26,236 IN ADDITION TO THIS, I THINK 1324 00:48:26,303 --> 00:48:28,538 IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER 1325 00:48:28,605 --> 00:48:29,973 THAT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 1326 00:48:30,040 --> 00:48:32,909 IS ALSO A DRIVER OF UPSTREAM 1327 00:48:32,976 --> 00:48:35,312 PROCESSES THAT INTERACT WITH 1328 00:48:35,379 --> 00:48:37,214 SOCIAL INEQUALITY TO IMPACT 1329 00:48:37,281 --> 00:48:38,282 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INEQUITY. 1330 00:48:38,348 --> 00:48:41,885 EVEN A MORE MACRO AND DISTAL 1331 00:48:41,952 --> 00:48:42,352 PERSPECTIVE. 1332 00:48:42,419 --> 00:48:42,986 NEXT SLIDE. 1333 00:48:43,053 --> 00:48:47,257 TWO EXAMPLES OF WHAT I MEAN BY 1334 00:48:47,324 --> 00:48:47,591 THIS. 1335 00:48:47,658 --> 00:48:50,327 SO DISRUPTION IN FOOD SYSTEM, SO 1336 00:48:50,394 --> 00:48:53,830 DISRUPTION TO FOOD SYSTEMS 1337 00:48:53,897 --> 00:48:54,731 RELATED GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1338 00:48:54,798 --> 00:48:57,234 CHANGE ARE RELATED TO THINGS 1339 00:48:57,301 --> 00:49:01,271 LINING REDUCTIONS IN ARABLE LAND 1340 00:49:01,338 --> 00:49:03,140 PER CAPITA, SOIL LOSS, HEAT 1341 00:49:03,206 --> 00:49:04,908 WAVES, INCREASE IN CO2, 1342 00:49:04,975 --> 00:49:06,410 REDUCTION IN BIODIVERSITY, NEW 1343 00:49:06,476 --> 00:49:08,378 PEST PATHOGENS, ALL THOSE THINGS 1344 00:49:08,445 --> 00:49:12,883 INFLUENCE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF 1345 00:49:12,949 --> 00:49:15,686 FOODS PRODUCED, INCLUDING SHIFTS 1346 00:49:15,752 --> 00:49:19,690 TOWARDS ULTRA PROCESSED AND 1347 00:49:19,756 --> 00:49:21,224 ANIMAL FOODS, LESS 1348 00:49:21,291 --> 00:49:23,060 MICRONUTRIENTS, INTERSECT WITH 1349 00:49:23,126 --> 00:49:23,927 COMMERCIAL DRIVERS, HAVE 1350 00:49:23,994 --> 00:49:25,128 DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS BY COUNTRY 1351 00:49:25,195 --> 00:49:26,463 AND ALSO ACROSS SOCIAL GROUPS 1352 00:49:26,530 --> 00:49:27,664 WITHIN A COUNTRY. 1353 00:49:27,731 --> 00:49:29,833 HERE WE HAVE A MACRO CHANGE, 1354 00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:32,803 WHICH INTERACTS CAN SOCIAL 1355 00:49:32,869 --> 00:49:37,507 SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 1356 00:49:37,574 --> 00:49:39,710 AND RACISM, AND TRANSLATES INTO 1357 00:49:39,776 --> 00:49:41,345 GREATER INEQUITIES. 1358 00:49:41,411 --> 00:49:44,214 NEXT SLIDE. 1359 00:49:44,281 --> 00:49:45,549 THIS IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE, 1360 00:49:45,615 --> 00:49:47,484 DISPLACEMENT AND MIGRATION. 1361 00:49:47,551 --> 00:49:50,821 WE KNOW THAT GLOBAL 1362 00:49:50,887 --> 00:49:53,190 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE CAN RESULT 1363 00:49:53,256 --> 00:49:56,259 IN FORCED DISPLACEMENTS AND 1364 00:49:56,326 --> 00:49:56,593 MIGRATION. 1365 00:49:56,660 --> 00:49:59,429 AND THESE THINGS ALSO ARE DRIVEN 1366 00:49:59,496 --> 00:50:00,731 BY POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND 1367 00:50:00,797 --> 00:50:05,435 PERSECUTION, RACISM, POVERTY, 1368 00:50:05,502 --> 00:50:09,473 IMPACT ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND 1369 00:50:09,539 --> 00:50:10,140 EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL 1370 00:50:10,207 --> 00:50:11,675 EXPOSURE RELATED TO CHANGES IN 1371 00:50:11,742 --> 00:50:13,443 NORMS OF BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED 1372 00:50:13,510 --> 00:50:14,311 WITH MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION, 1373 00:50:14,378 --> 00:50:16,713 HAVE MENTAL HEALTH AND 1374 00:50:16,780 --> 00:50:20,550 PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACTS AND CAN 1375 00:50:20,617 --> 00:50:22,619 AFFECT HEALTH CARE ACCESS WITH 1376 00:50:22,686 --> 00:50:23,687 IMPLICATIONS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR 1377 00:50:23,754 --> 00:50:24,154 HEALTH. 1378 00:50:24,221 --> 00:50:26,256 NEXT SLIDE. 1379 00:50:26,323 --> 00:50:28,091 AND THE FIFTH LINK BETWEEN A 1380 00:50:28,158 --> 00:50:29,593 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND 1381 00:50:29,659 --> 00:50:32,262 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE HAS TO DO 1382 00:50:32,329 --> 00:50:33,563 WITH SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN 1383 00:50:33,630 --> 00:50:35,632 ABILITY TO AVOID OR ADAPT TO 1384 00:50:35,699 --> 00:50:37,534 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 1385 00:50:37,601 --> 00:50:38,935 THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE. 1386 00:50:39,002 --> 00:50:41,204 THIS IS FROM A PAPER PUBLISHED A 1387 00:50:41,271 --> 00:50:44,307 COUPLE YEARS AGO DESCRIBING THE 1388 00:50:44,374 --> 00:50:45,942 PENETRATION OF AIR CONDITIONING 1389 00:50:46,009 --> 00:50:48,111 BY ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND 1390 00:50:48,178 --> 00:50:49,646 COOLING DEGREE DAYS, BASICALLY 1391 00:50:49,713 --> 00:50:54,117 HOW HOT THE DAY IS ACROSS 16 1392 00:50:54,184 --> 00:50:56,153 COUNTRIES, AND ON THE Y-AXIS IS 1393 00:50:56,219 --> 00:50:58,722 ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ON THE 1394 00:50:58,789 --> 00:51:00,056 X-AXIS IS HOW HIGH THE 1395 00:51:00,123 --> 00:51:01,024 TEMPERATURE IS. 1396 00:51:01,091 --> 00:51:04,995 WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THAT THE -- 1397 00:51:05,061 --> 00:51:07,831 IF YOU LOOK ACROSS INCOME 1398 00:51:07,898 --> 00:51:09,266 CATEGORIES, AT THE HIGHEST 1399 00:51:09,332 --> 00:51:11,334 INCOME PENETRATION OF AIR 1400 00:51:11,401 --> 00:51:12,969 CONDITIONING IS HIGH ACROSS 1401 00:51:13,036 --> 00:51:15,705 ALMOST THE FULL DISTRIBUTION OF 1402 00:51:15,772 --> 00:51:17,140 COOLING DEGREE DAYS, WHEREAS AT 1403 00:51:17,207 --> 00:51:20,410 THE LOWER INCOME LEVELS THE 1404 00:51:20,477 --> 00:51:21,044 PENETRATION OF AIR CONDITIONING 1405 00:51:21,111 --> 00:51:22,479 IS MUCH LOWER. 1406 00:51:22,546 --> 00:51:24,781 SO, OF COURSE, WE COULD DISCUSS, 1407 00:51:24,848 --> 00:51:27,083 YOU KNOW, HOW BENEFICIAL IS IT 1408 00:51:27,150 --> 00:51:28,852 GLOBALLY TO INCREASE AIR 1409 00:51:28,919 --> 00:51:31,488 CONDITIONING, BUT IT IS COMMON 1410 00:51:31,555 --> 00:51:32,222 ADAPTATION STRATEGY, FOR 1411 00:51:32,289 --> 00:51:33,990 EXAMPLE, TO HEAT AND WE CAN SEE 1412 00:51:34,057 --> 00:51:37,828 IN THIS FIGURE THAT IT IS VERY, 1413 00:51:37,894 --> 00:51:39,229 VERY INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTED. 1414 00:51:39,296 --> 00:51:40,764 NEXT SLIDE. 1415 00:51:40,831 --> 00:51:43,733 SO, THESE ARE THE FIVE LINKS, 1416 00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:46,002 THERE MAY BE MANY OTHERS, BUT 1417 00:51:46,069 --> 00:51:48,872 OCCURRED DO ME IN TERMS OF 1418 00:51:48,939 --> 00:51:49,673 CONNECTING CARDIOVASCULAR 1419 00:51:49,739 --> 00:51:53,176 DISEASE INEQUITIES AND PLANETARY 1420 00:51:53,243 --> 00:51:54,344 INEQUITIES, EXPOSURES, IMPACT OF 1421 00:51:54,411 --> 00:51:57,214 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON 1422 00:51:57,280 --> 00:51:59,282 MULTIPLE PATHWAYS TO CVD 1423 00:51:59,349 --> 00:52:00,617 INEQUITIES, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1424 00:52:00,684 --> 00:52:05,856 CHANGE AS DRIVER OF PROCESSES 1425 00:52:05,922 --> 00:52:07,624 THAT INTERACT, AND SOCIAL 1426 00:52:07,691 --> 00:52:09,159 INEQUITIES AND ABILITY TO AVOID 1427 00:52:09,226 --> 00:52:13,430 OR ADAPT TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1428 00:52:13,497 --> 00:52:13,763 CHANGE. 1429 00:52:13,830 --> 00:52:15,599 NEXT SLIDE. 1430 00:52:15,665 --> 00:52:18,902 SO I HAVE TWO QUICK SLIDES ON 1431 00:52:18,969 --> 00:52:20,537 SOME IDEAS FOR RESEARCH NEEDS IN 1432 00:52:20,604 --> 00:52:22,539 THIS AREA. 1433 00:52:22,606 --> 00:52:23,507 NEXT SLIDE. 1434 00:52:23,573 --> 00:52:24,841 SO, I THINK FIRST THERE IS STILL 1435 00:52:24,908 --> 00:52:27,010 A LOT OF USEFUL WORK THAT CAN BE 1436 00:52:27,077 --> 00:52:30,747 DONE IN TERMS OF DESCRIBING AND 1437 00:52:30,814 --> 00:52:32,816 QUANTIFYING IMPACT OF GLOBAL 1438 00:52:32,883 --> 00:52:35,018 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON 1439 00:52:35,085 --> 00:52:35,552 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 1440 00:52:35,619 --> 00:52:35,886 INEQUITIES. 1441 00:52:35,952 --> 00:52:36,753 I THINK DESCRIPTION PARTICULARLY 1442 00:52:36,820 --> 00:52:38,822 IF IT'S DONE IN A WAY THAT 1443 00:52:38,889 --> 00:52:41,591 YIELDS NEW INSIGHTS JUST LIKE 1444 00:52:41,658 --> 00:52:44,294 THAT PM2.5 PAPER I THINK DID CAN 1445 00:52:44,361 --> 00:52:46,296 STILL BE A VERY POWERFUL 1446 00:52:46,363 --> 00:52:47,631 MOTIVATOR OF ACTION AND I THINK 1447 00:52:47,697 --> 00:52:49,799 WE STILL NEED IT. 1448 00:52:49,866 --> 00:52:52,002 SO, DISTRIBUTION OF ADVERSE 1449 00:52:52,068 --> 00:52:54,070 EXPOSURES, DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS 1450 00:52:54,137 --> 00:52:57,140 OF EXPOSURES BY SOCIAL 1451 00:52:57,207 --> 00:52:58,108 CONDITIONS, HOW THESE 1452 00:52:58,174 --> 00:53:00,410 DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURES CAN 1453 00:53:00,477 --> 00:53:03,780 CONTRIBUTE TO CVD INEQUITIES AND 1454 00:53:03,847 --> 00:53:05,115 CHANGES OVER TIME. 1455 00:53:05,181 --> 00:53:07,417 WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO 1456 00:53:07,484 --> 00:53:09,853 CLUSTERING CUMULATIVE AND 1457 00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:10,620 INTERACTIVE EFFECTS AND 1458 00:53:10,687 --> 00:53:11,821 DYNAMICS, SYSTEMIC NATURE OF 1459 00:53:11,888 --> 00:53:16,192 THESE PROCESSES. 1460 00:53:16,259 --> 00:53:19,462 AND MY FINAL SLIDE ALSO ABOUT 1461 00:53:19,529 --> 00:53:21,765 RESEARCH, MOVE ON, SORRY, IS 1462 00:53:21,831 --> 00:53:22,966 ALSO RESEARCH THAT CONNECTING 1463 00:53:23,033 --> 00:53:24,701 SOMETHING WAS SAM WAS SAYING AS 1464 00:53:24,768 --> 00:53:24,935 WELL. 1465 00:53:25,001 --> 00:53:26,803 RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION OF 1466 00:53:26,870 --> 00:53:29,639 POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS. 1467 00:53:29,706 --> 00:53:31,708 SO, HEALTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR 1468 00:53:31,775 --> 00:53:33,243 DISEASE CO-BENEFITS OF 1469 00:53:33,310 --> 00:53:34,444 MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION 1470 00:53:34,511 --> 00:53:35,779 POLICIES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW 1471 00:53:35,845 --> 00:53:37,414 OF EQUITY. 1472 00:53:37,480 --> 00:53:39,616 SO EVALUATING THE EQUITY 1473 00:53:39,683 --> 00:53:41,484 IMPACTS, USING NATURAL 1474 00:53:41,551 --> 00:53:43,553 EXPERIMENTS, USING SIMULATION, 1475 00:53:43,620 --> 00:53:46,389 THINGS LIKE HEALTH IMPACT 1476 00:53:46,456 --> 00:53:49,459 ASSESSMENT, A 1477 00:53:49,526 --> 00:53:49,960 STAKEHOLDER-ENGAGED AND 1478 00:53:50,026 --> 00:53:51,628 EQUITY-FOCUSED APPROACH TO 1479 00:53:51,695 --> 00:53:52,963 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL 1480 00:53:53,029 --> 00:53:56,333 POLICIES, FOCUSING ON INEQUITIES 1481 00:53:56,399 --> 00:53:57,968 AND DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT BY 1482 00:53:58,034 --> 00:53:59,202 SOCIAL GROUPS INCLUDING 1483 00:53:59,269 --> 00:54:00,070 BENEFICIAL AND ADVERSE IMPACTS 1484 00:54:00,136 --> 00:54:02,505 BECAUSE SOME OF THESE ADAPTATION 1485 00:54:02,572 --> 00:54:09,946 AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES CAN 1486 00:54:10,013 --> 00:54:11,581 HAVE UNINTENDED ADVERSE 1487 00:54:11,648 --> 00:54:11,948 IMPACTION. 1488 00:54:12,015 --> 00:54:13,783 SOMETHING WE HAVE TO EXPLORE AND 1489 00:54:13,850 --> 00:54:14,050 DOCUMENT. 1490 00:54:14,117 --> 00:54:15,085 THAT'S MY LAST SLIDE. 1491 00:54:15,151 --> 00:54:16,419 THANK YOU AND LOOK FORWARD TO 1492 00:54:16,486 --> 00:54:25,028 THE DISCUSSION. 1493 00:54:27,230 --> 00:54:29,566 >> YOU NAILED A NUMBER OF ISSUES 1494 00:54:29,633 --> 00:54:32,335 SO IMPORTANT IN OUR DISCUSSION. 1495 00:54:32,402 --> 00:54:34,270 REMINDER, PLEASE DO JOT DOWN 1496 00:54:34,337 --> 00:54:35,472 YOUR QUESTIONS AND HOPEFULLY ALL 1497 00:54:35,538 --> 00:54:38,742 OF YOU WILL PARTICIPATE IN A 1498 00:54:38,808 --> 00:54:39,342 VERY ROBUST DISCUSSION SESSION 1499 00:54:39,409 --> 00:54:40,710 AT THE END. 1500 00:54:40,777 --> 00:54:42,679 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 1501 00:54:42,746 --> 00:54:49,252 NEXT SPEAKER DR. PETER HOVMAND, 1502 00:54:49,319 --> 00:54:50,553 COLLEAGUE OF MINE AT CASE 1503 00:54:50,620 --> 00:54:52,155 WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, AND 1504 00:54:52,222 --> 00:54:55,492 HE'S REALLY ONE OF THE LEADERS 1505 00:54:55,558 --> 00:54:57,894 IN SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACHES 1506 00:54:57,961 --> 00:54:59,763 AS PERTAINS TO THE COMMUNITIES, 1507 00:54:59,829 --> 00:55:00,296 ENGAGING COMMUNITIES. 1508 00:55:00,363 --> 00:55:02,699 HE'S GOING TO BE TALKING TO US 1509 00:55:02,766 --> 00:55:04,668 AND HOPEFULLY GIVING US AN 1510 00:55:04,734 --> 00:55:06,636 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING IN 1511 00:55:06,703 --> 00:55:08,605 HIS TALK IS INTRODUCTION TO 1512 00:55:08,672 --> 00:55:10,473 SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACHES TO 1513 00:55:10,540 --> 00:55:12,642 UNDERSTAND HEALTH AND PLANETARY 1514 00:55:12,709 --> 00:55:13,009 HEALTH. 1515 00:55:13,076 --> 00:55:16,813 AS I MENTIONED, DR. HOVMAND 1516 00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:17,947 COMES FROM CASE WESTERN RESERVE 1517 00:55:18,014 --> 00:55:19,315 UNIVERSITY, A PAM DAVIS 1518 00:55:19,382 --> 00:55:21,551 PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, CENTER 1519 00:55:21,618 --> 00:55:21,985 FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH 1520 00:55:22,052 --> 00:55:23,753 INTEGRATION, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 1521 00:55:23,820 --> 00:55:27,123 ALSO PROFESSOR OF GENERAL 1522 00:55:27,190 --> 00:55:27,824 MEDICAL SCIENCES, BIOMEDICAL 1523 00:55:27,891 --> 00:55:28,892 ENGINEERING AT THE CASE SCHOOL 1524 00:55:28,958 --> 00:55:30,860 OF ENGINEERING. 1525 00:55:30,927 --> 00:55:32,929 THANK YOU, PETER. 1526 00:55:32,996 --> 00:55:34,464 >> THANK YOU FOR THE 1527 00:55:34,531 --> 00:55:34,798 OPPORTUNITY. 1528 00:55:34,864 --> 00:55:36,766 GOOD MORNING. 1529 00:55:36,833 --> 00:55:38,168 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 1530 00:55:38,234 --> 00:55:40,503 SO I WAS ASKED TO PROVIDE A 1531 00:55:40,570 --> 00:55:42,138 GENERAL OVERVIEW TO SYSTEMS 1532 00:55:42,205 --> 00:55:43,773 THINKING, HOW WE MIGHT THINK 1533 00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:44,340 ABOUT THAT. 1534 00:55:44,407 --> 00:55:46,643 AND SO I'LL PROVIDE SOME 1535 00:55:46,710 --> 00:55:49,245 BACKGROUND AND THEN END ON SOME 1536 00:55:49,312 --> 00:55:51,014 QUESTIONS FOR POTENTIAL 1537 00:55:51,081 --> 00:55:51,281 RESEARCH. 1538 00:55:51,347 --> 00:55:52,582 NEXT SLIDE. 1539 00:55:52,649 --> 00:55:54,150 SO SYSTEMS ARE EVERYWHERE. 1540 00:55:54,217 --> 00:55:57,253 WE THINK ABOUT COULD BE 1541 00:55:57,320 --> 00:56:02,058 WATERSHED SYSTEMS, CLIMATE IS A 1542 00:56:02,125 --> 00:56:02,726 SYSTEM, METABOLIC NETWORKS, 1543 00:56:02,792 --> 00:56:04,494 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ARE TWO 1544 00:56:04,561 --> 00:56:07,097 EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 1545 00:56:07,163 --> 00:56:08,865 INSTITUTIONS ARE SYSTEMS, SOCIAL 1546 00:56:08,932 --> 00:56:13,903 SYSTEMS, SO THAT WE'RE LIVING IN 1547 00:56:13,970 --> 00:56:14,170 SYSTEMS. 1548 00:56:14,237 --> 00:56:15,405 NEXT SLIDE. 1549 00:56:15,472 --> 00:56:17,407 THE CHALLENGE OF UNDERSTANDING 1550 00:56:17,474 --> 00:56:20,009 THE SYSTEMS ARE STABLE, WE CAN 1551 00:56:20,076 --> 00:56:21,544 RELY ON PAST EXPERIENCE TO 1552 00:56:21,611 --> 00:56:23,847 INFORM FUTURE BEHAVIOR BUT THE 1553 00:56:23,913 --> 00:56:25,615 CHALLENGE OF UNDERSTANDING 1554 00:56:25,682 --> 00:56:28,985 MAKING DYNAMIC -- MAKING 1555 00:56:29,052 --> 00:56:33,256 DECISIONS IS SOMETHING THAT JAY 1556 00:56:33,323 --> 00:56:34,557 FORESTER AS POINTED OUT MANY 1557 00:56:34,624 --> 00:56:35,658 TIMES OVER. 1558 00:56:35,725 --> 00:56:36,626 AND IN THIS GRAPH THIS IS 1559 00:56:36,693 --> 00:56:39,028 ACTUALLY A MUCH MORE FAVORABLE 1560 00:56:39,095 --> 00:56:40,230 SITUATION THAN WHAT SAM 1561 00:56:40,296 --> 00:56:44,634 PRESENTED IN TERMS OF GREAT 1562 00:56:44,701 --> 00:56:45,335 ACCELERATION, CHALLENGED WITH 1563 00:56:45,401 --> 00:56:46,402 INFORMATION DELAY IN TERMS OF 1564 00:56:46,469 --> 00:56:48,705 RELATIVE TO WHEN WE'RE MAKING A 1565 00:56:48,772 --> 00:56:50,340 DECISION, AND THERE'S ALSO 1566 00:56:50,406 --> 00:56:51,107 IMPLEMENTATION DELAY. 1567 00:56:51,174 --> 00:56:54,944 WE CAN ADDRESS SOME OF THE 1568 00:56:55,011 --> 00:56:56,479 INFORMATION DELAY BY USING 1569 00:56:56,546 --> 00:56:58,782 REALTIME DATA, FOR EXAMPLE, MORE 1570 00:56:58,848 --> 00:57:00,750 SOPHISTICATED TOOLS AND 1571 00:57:00,817 --> 00:57:01,217 ANALYSIS. 1572 00:57:01,284 --> 00:57:03,620 AND THERE'S SOME POSSIBILITY TO 1573 00:57:03,686 --> 00:57:06,823 ADDRESS THE IMPLEMENTATION DELAY 1574 00:57:06,890 --> 00:57:07,924 DRAWING ON SYSTEM SCIENCES, BUT 1575 00:57:07,991 --> 00:57:10,326 IN BOTH CASES WE HAVE THESE 1576 00:57:10,393 --> 00:57:13,763 DELAYS, AND THAT CREATES A 1577 00:57:13,830 --> 00:57:14,597 CHALLENGING SITUATION. 1578 00:57:14,664 --> 00:57:17,333 THIS IS AN EASIER SITUATION 1579 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:18,301 BECAUSE IT'S BASICALLY 1580 00:57:18,368 --> 00:57:19,969 GOAL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. 1581 00:57:20,036 --> 00:57:22,071 WHAT SAM PRESENTED WAS GREAT 1582 00:57:22,138 --> 00:57:25,108 ACCELERATION WHICH IN TERMS OF 1583 00:57:25,175 --> 00:57:29,479 EXPONENTIAL DYNAMICS, WE TEND TO 1584 00:57:29,546 --> 00:57:31,781 SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATE THE 1585 00:57:31,848 --> 00:57:32,682 IMPACT OF ACTIONS. 1586 00:57:32,749 --> 00:57:34,517 I'LL TALK ABOUT WHAT THE 1587 00:57:34,584 --> 00:57:36,719 CHALLENGES THERE ARE, NEXT 1588 00:57:36,786 --> 00:57:37,020 SLIDE. 1589 00:57:37,086 --> 00:57:39,556 SO, ONE OF THE BIG CHALLENGES IS 1590 00:57:39,622 --> 00:57:44,494 BEING ABLE TO SEE AND UNDERSTAND 1591 00:57:44,561 --> 00:57:46,029 SYSTEMIC CAUSATION. 1592 00:57:46,095 --> 00:57:48,665 GEORGE LAKOFF TALKING ABOUT 1593 00:57:48,731 --> 00:57:49,966 GLOBAL WARMING HAS SPENT A LOT 1594 00:57:50,033 --> 00:57:51,367 OF TIME UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE 1595 00:57:51,434 --> 00:57:54,537 THINK AND ACT IN SYSTEMS, AND 1596 00:57:54,604 --> 00:57:55,638 POINTS OUT THAT ONE OF THE 1597 00:57:55,705 --> 00:57:56,973 CHALLENGES HERE IS WE REALLY 1598 00:57:57,040 --> 00:58:01,444 HAVE A HARD TIME SEEING SYSTEMIC 1599 00:58:01,511 --> 00:58:01,778 CAUSATION. 1600 00:58:01,845 --> 00:58:03,413 JOHN POWELL TALKING ABOUT 1601 00:58:03,479 --> 00:58:04,948 STRUCTURAL RACISM, WHEN WE TAKE 1602 00:58:05,014 --> 00:58:07,050 A SYSTEMS APPROACH WHAT WE MIGHT 1603 00:58:07,116 --> 00:58:09,118 EXPECT IS BEING ABLE TO SHIFT 1604 00:58:09,185 --> 00:58:11,988 THE MEANING AND MEASUREMENT OF 1605 00:58:12,055 --> 00:58:13,690 CAUSATION, AND SOME OF THIS IF 1606 00:58:13,756 --> 00:58:16,326 YOU'RE LOOKING FOR MORE 1607 00:58:16,392 --> 00:58:18,528 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MARIO 1608 00:58:18,595 --> 00:58:19,929 BUNGE DOES SOMETHING SIMILAR 1609 00:58:19,996 --> 00:58:21,464 TALKING ABOUT HOW A SYSTEM WORKS 1610 00:58:21,531 --> 00:58:26,102 THAT IS BEING ABLE TO UNVEIL THE 1611 00:58:26,169 --> 00:58:29,672 MECHANISMS, SOME IS WHAT ANA WAS 1612 00:58:29,739 --> 00:58:31,140 TALKING ABOUT BEFORE. 1613 00:58:31,207 --> 00:58:34,611 THESE ARE CHALLENGES NOTICED. 1614 00:58:34,677 --> 00:58:36,246 AND NEXT SLIDE. 1615 00:58:36,312 --> 00:58:40,516 SO, WE COULD THINK ABOUT THE 1616 00:58:40,583 --> 00:58:42,385 TYPES OF INSIGHTES WE MIGHT 1617 00:58:42,452 --> 00:58:44,687 GAIN, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT DEEP 1618 00:58:44,754 --> 00:58:45,989 INSIGHTS HOW DOES SYSTEM 1619 00:58:46,055 --> 00:58:47,090 GENERATE DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM, 1620 00:58:47,156 --> 00:58:49,259 BUT THERE ARE A RANGE OF 1621 00:58:49,325 --> 00:58:51,461 INSIGHTS WE MIGHT GAIN AND 1622 00:58:51,527 --> 00:58:52,762 LEVERAGE IN UNDERSTANDING 1623 00:58:52,829 --> 00:58:54,097 SYSTEMS FROM SURFACE INSIGHTS 1624 00:58:54,163 --> 00:58:56,399 LIKE BEING AWARE OF A SYSTEM, TO 1625 00:58:56,466 --> 00:58:58,902 WHAT THE COMPONENTS ARE, HOW 1626 00:58:58,968 --> 00:59:00,203 THEY ARE CONNECTED, HOW PEOPLE 1627 00:59:00,270 --> 00:59:05,041 THINK IN TERMS OF MENTAL AND 1628 00:59:05,108 --> 00:59:06,142 CULTURAL MODELS, WHETHER ACTORS 1629 00:59:06,209 --> 00:59:09,545 ARE, STARTING TO SEE MORE 1630 00:59:09,612 --> 00:59:11,381 GENERIC PATTERNS, UNDERLYING 1631 00:59:11,447 --> 00:59:13,349 STRUCTURES, IMPLICATIONS OF 1632 00:59:13,416 --> 00:59:13,816 ACCUMULATIONS, DELAYS, 1633 00:59:13,883 --> 00:59:15,752 NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS, WHERE 1634 00:59:15,818 --> 00:59:16,819 WE COULD INTERVENE, LEVERAGE 1635 00:59:16,886 --> 00:59:18,521 POINTS WHERE SMALL CHANGES COULD 1636 00:59:18,588 --> 00:59:19,923 HAVE BIG EFFECT AND COROLLARY IS 1637 00:59:19,989 --> 00:59:25,194 THAT A LOT OF THESE NON-LINEAR 1638 00:59:25,261 --> 00:59:30,566 SYSTEMS COULD BE EFFECTIVE AT 1639 00:59:30,633 --> 00:59:33,002 THE APPROXIMATE LEVEL BUT HAVE I 1640 00:59:33,069 --> 00:59:35,204 HAVE LITTLE IMPACT AT SYSTEM 1641 00:59:35,271 --> 00:59:36,306 LEVEL, WHAT'S CAUSING THE 1642 00:59:36,372 --> 00:59:36,706 BEHAVIOR. 1643 00:59:36,773 --> 00:59:44,514 THE POINT IS IF YOUR GOAL IS TO 1644 00:59:44,580 --> 00:59:45,281 UNDERSTAND, RAISE AWARENESS, 1645 00:59:45,348 --> 00:59:46,816 PICTURES MAY BE SUFFICIENT. 1646 00:59:46,883 --> 00:59:50,219 IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND 1647 00:59:50,286 --> 00:59:51,220 RELATIONSHIPS WE NEED SOMETHING 1648 00:59:51,287 --> 00:59:54,023 MORE EXPLICIT ABOUT THE 1649 00:59:54,090 --> 00:59:54,657 RELATIONSHIPS, SPATIAL MAPS, 1650 00:59:54,724 --> 00:59:57,093 WE'VE SEEN A COUPLE EXAMPLES, 1651 00:59:57,160 --> 00:59:59,696 NETWORK DIAGRAMS, CAUSAL MAPS. 1652 00:59:59,762 --> 01:00:04,200 FOR SOME DEEPER INSIGHTS WE NEED 1653 01:00:04,267 --> 01:00:05,535 MATHEMATICAL MODELS, STRUCTURAL 1654 01:00:05,601 --> 01:00:10,340 EQUATION, MULTI-LEVEL 1655 01:00:10,406 --> 01:00:12,208 STATISTICAL MODELS, DISCRETE 1656 01:00:12,275 --> 01:00:13,042 SIMULATION MODELING SYSTEM 1657 01:00:13,109 --> 01:00:13,443 DYNAMICS. 1658 01:00:13,509 --> 01:00:16,045 IF WE'RE LOOKING AT MODELS OFTEN 1659 01:00:16,112 --> 01:00:17,547 WE WONDER WHY THE SYSTEM IS AS 1660 01:00:17,613 --> 01:00:18,214 IT IS. 1661 01:00:18,281 --> 01:00:22,051 AND THERE WE CAN GAIN INSIGHTS 1662 01:00:22,118 --> 01:00:23,686 FROM STORY NARRATIVE POETRY FROM 1663 01:00:23,753 --> 01:00:26,155 THIS EXPERIENCE. 1664 01:00:26,222 --> 01:00:26,856 NEXT SLIDE. 1665 01:00:26,923 --> 01:00:28,825 SO ONE OF THE COMMON METAPHORS 1666 01:00:28,891 --> 01:00:31,794 IN SYSTEMS THINKING IS ICEBERG 1667 01:00:31,861 --> 01:00:32,061 METAPHOR. 1668 01:00:32,128 --> 01:00:34,964 WE SEE AT THE TOP ARE EVENTS, 1669 01:00:35,031 --> 01:00:38,701 THE FOREST FIRES THAT WE HAD 1670 01:00:38,768 --> 01:00:42,205 THIS SUMMER FOR EXAMPLE. 1671 01:00:42,271 --> 01:00:43,272 EXTINCTION EVENT. 1672 01:00:43,339 --> 01:00:44,807 WE SAW FROM SAM'S PRESENTATION 1673 01:00:44,874 --> 01:00:46,542 SOME NICE EXAMPLES OF TRENDS 1674 01:00:46,609 --> 01:00:47,543 OVER TIME. 1675 01:00:47,610 --> 01:00:48,945 SO THAT'S BENEATH THE SURFACE, 1676 01:00:49,012 --> 01:00:50,513 IT TAKES EFFORT TO ACCUMULATE 1677 01:00:50,580 --> 01:00:53,116 THE DATA, SEE WHAT TRENDS ARE, 1678 01:00:53,182 --> 01:00:55,184 PROJECT THEM OUT IF THEY 1679 01:00:55,251 --> 01:00:55,585 CONTINUE. 1680 01:00:55,651 --> 01:00:58,254 AND THOSE PATTERNS ARE BEING 1681 01:00:58,321 --> 01:01:00,456 CAUSED BY SOME STRUCTURES, AND 1682 01:01:00,523 --> 01:01:03,726 THEN THOSE ARE BEING -- 1683 01:01:03,793 --> 01:01:05,361 STRUCTURES, SOME ARE BIOLOGICAL 1684 01:01:05,428 --> 01:01:07,563 NATURAL SYSTEMS, AND SOME A GOOD 1685 01:01:07,630 --> 01:01:09,098 DEAL ARE HUMAN IMPACT, DIRECTION 1686 01:01:09,165 --> 01:01:14,337 OF CAUSALITY HERE IS GOING FROM 1687 01:01:14,404 --> 01:01:15,438 THE VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND NORMS 1688 01:01:15,505 --> 01:01:17,407 IN TERMS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS 1689 01:01:17,473 --> 01:01:19,242 INTERACTING WITH NATURAL 1690 01:01:19,308 --> 01:01:20,676 ENVIRONMENT THAT GENERATE 1691 01:01:20,743 --> 01:01:21,444 PATTERNS OVER TIME, 1692 01:01:21,511 --> 01:01:22,712 PROPENSITIES, THAT LEADS TO 1693 01:01:22,779 --> 01:01:29,218 EVENTSES WE SEE ON THE SURFACE. 1694 01:01:29,285 --> 01:01:30,086 THIS HAS RECIPROCAL 1695 01:01:30,153 --> 01:01:31,821 RELATIONSHIP, STARTING TO REACT 1696 01:01:31,888 --> 01:01:33,689 TO THESE EVENTS TO THINK ABOUT 1697 01:01:33,756 --> 01:01:34,557 CHANGING THE STRUCTURE AND 1698 01:01:34,624 --> 01:01:34,891 VALUE. 1699 01:01:34,957 --> 01:01:37,527 SO THIS IS ONE WAY WE CAN THINK 1700 01:01:37,593 --> 01:01:40,930 ABOUT SYSTEMS. 1701 01:01:40,997 --> 01:01:42,031 NEXT SLIDE. 1702 01:01:42,098 --> 01:01:43,800 I'M SPECIFICALLY WORKING IN THE 1703 01:01:43,866 --> 01:01:45,401 AREA OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS. 1704 01:01:45,468 --> 01:01:47,036 SO THERE ARE MULTIPLE METHODS OF 1705 01:01:47,103 --> 01:01:48,905 APPROACHING THIS BUT I'LL TALK 1706 01:01:48,971 --> 01:01:49,906 ABOUT SYSTEM DYNAMICS BECAUSE 1707 01:01:49,972 --> 01:01:53,509 THAT'S MY AREA AND ALSO BECAUSE 1708 01:01:53,576 --> 01:01:56,446 THIS TIES IN WITH THE WORK OF 1709 01:01:56,512 --> 01:01:57,613 EN-ROADS, BASED ON SYSTEM 1710 01:01:57,680 --> 01:02:00,616 DYNAMICS, LATER IN THE DAY. 1711 01:02:00,683 --> 01:02:02,718 SO WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 1712 01:02:02,785 --> 01:02:03,886 UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS FROM 1713 01:02:03,953 --> 01:02:07,190 ENDOGENOUS PERSPECTIVE. 1714 01:02:07,256 --> 01:02:09,058 THIS IS A DEFINITION, 1715 01:02:09,125 --> 01:02:11,127 ACCUMULATIONS LEVELS, HOW THE 1716 01:02:11,194 --> 01:02:13,096 RATES OF ACTIVITY ARE 1717 01:02:13,162 --> 01:02:15,164 REPRESENTED BY FLOWS, AND USE OF 1718 01:02:15,231 --> 01:02:15,798 COMPUTER SIMULATION. 1719 01:02:15,865 --> 01:02:17,834 THIS PARTICULAR WAY OF THINKING 1720 01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:20,103 ABOUT SYSTEMS, THESE ARE 1721 01:02:20,169 --> 01:02:20,670 HIERARCHICAL, ENDOGENOUS 1722 01:02:20,736 --> 01:02:22,405 PERSPECTIVE IS MOST IMPORTANT. 1723 01:02:22,472 --> 01:02:23,840 USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATION 1724 01:02:23,906 --> 01:02:26,042 MODELS IS IMPORTANT BUT LESS 1725 01:02:26,109 --> 01:02:28,444 IMPORTANT THAN ENDOGENOUS 1726 01:02:28,511 --> 01:02:28,744 PERSPECTIVE. 1727 01:02:28,811 --> 01:02:33,116 NEXT SLIDE. 1728 01:02:33,182 --> 01:02:34,283 SO EXAMPLES OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR 1729 01:02:34,350 --> 01:02:36,686 WE'VE ALREADY SEEN SOME OF THESE 1730 01:02:36,752 --> 01:02:42,425 EXAMPLES EARLIER IN THE DAY. 1731 01:02:42,492 --> 01:02:43,759 BUT ANYTHING, TRAINED OVER TIME, 1732 01:02:43,826 --> 01:02:45,061 CONTRAST WITH WHAT YOU WOULD 1733 01:02:45,128 --> 01:02:47,797 LIKE TO SEE, AN EXAMPLE OF LEAD 1734 01:02:47,864 --> 01:02:51,834 EXPOSURE THAT I USE FOR CUYOGA 1735 01:02:51,901 --> 01:02:52,068 COUNTY. 1736 01:02:52,135 --> 01:02:52,602 NEXT SLIDE. 1737 01:02:52,668 --> 01:02:57,974 AND THEN IN TERMS OF CONTRASTING 1738 01:02:58,040 --> 01:02:59,275 ENDOGENOUS OR FEEDBACK 1739 01:02:59,342 --> 01:03:00,576 PERSPECTIVE AGAINST LINEAR CAUSE 1740 01:03:00,643 --> 01:03:03,980 EFFECT, THESE ARE TWO DIAGRAMS, 1741 01:03:04,046 --> 01:03:05,615 THEY BOTH HAVE VARIABLES RELATED 1742 01:03:05,681 --> 01:03:08,251 TO WORK AROUND STRUCTURAL 1743 01:03:08,317 --> 01:03:09,886 RACISM, AND RACISM AND PUBLIC 1744 01:03:09,952 --> 01:03:11,320 HEALTH CRISIS. 1745 01:03:11,387 --> 01:03:16,993 THE LEFT, SAME SET OF VARIABLES, 1746 01:03:17,059 --> 01:03:18,394 LEFT IS TRYING TO EXPLAIN 1747 01:03:18,461 --> 01:03:19,929 COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO STRUCTURAL 1748 01:03:19,996 --> 01:03:20,163 RACISM. 1749 01:03:20,229 --> 01:03:22,565 THE RIGHT IS THE SAME SET OF 1750 01:03:22,632 --> 01:03:26,936 VARIABLES BUT NOW ORGANIZED INTO 1751 01:03:27,003 --> 01:03:30,573 A SET OF CAUSAL LOOPS, CAUSAL 1752 01:03:30,640 --> 01:03:33,843 LOOP DIAGRAM IN TERMS OF 1753 01:03:33,910 --> 01:03:36,579 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS, THESE 1754 01:03:36,646 --> 01:03:39,415 MECHANISMS ARE CHARACTERIZED 1755 01:03:39,482 --> 01:03:39,982 BALANCING AND REINFORCING, 1756 01:03:40,049 --> 01:03:40,616 INTERACTING ACROSS TIME. 1757 01:03:40,683 --> 01:03:47,190 ON THE LEFT I'M LOOKING FOR 1758 01:03:47,256 --> 01:03:47,857 STRONGEST ASSOCIATION AND 1759 01:03:47,924 --> 01:03:48,357 DESIGNING INTERVENTION. 1760 01:03:48,424 --> 01:03:52,428 ON THE RIGHT FROM ENDOGENOUS 1761 01:03:52,495 --> 01:03:53,429 PERSPECTIVE I'M LOOKING FOR THE 1762 01:03:53,496 --> 01:03:55,198 STRENGTH OF THE FEEDBACK LOOPS 1763 01:03:55,264 --> 01:03:57,033 AND HOW THEY CHANGE AND EVOLVE 1764 01:03:57,099 --> 01:03:58,367 OVER TIME. 1765 01:03:58,434 --> 01:03:59,435 SO THESE ARE COMPLEMENTARY 1766 01:03:59,502 --> 01:04:00,102 PERSPECTIVES. 1767 01:04:00,169 --> 01:04:03,940 IT'S NOT AN EITHER/OR. 1768 01:04:04,006 --> 01:04:05,575 WE BENEFIT BY LOOKING AT BOTH. 1769 01:04:05,641 --> 01:04:07,310 THINKING ABOUT A SYSTEM AND 1770 01:04:07,376 --> 01:04:09,412 TRYING TO EXPLAIN FROM 1771 01:04:09,478 --> 01:04:10,112 ENDOGENOUS PERSPECTIVE I'M 1772 01:04:10,179 --> 01:04:11,814 TRYING TO EXPLAIN IN TERMS OF 1773 01:04:11,881 --> 01:04:12,582 THE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS. 1774 01:04:12,648 --> 01:04:17,486 NEXT SLIDE. 1775 01:04:17,553 --> 01:04:23,726 WE CAN GENERATE THESE USING -- 1776 01:04:23,793 --> 01:04:25,394 GENERATE MAPS INFORMALLY USING 1777 01:04:25,461 --> 01:04:26,596 INFORMAL MAPS. 1778 01:04:26,662 --> 01:04:32,468 ON LEFT IS CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAM, 1779 01:04:32,535 --> 01:04:36,439 THE SECOND IS STOCK AND FLOW 1780 01:04:36,505 --> 01:04:37,840 DIAGRAM, ON THE LEFT LOOKING AT 1781 01:04:37,907 --> 01:04:40,243 WHAT IT TAKES TO RAISE A CHILD 1782 01:04:40,309 --> 01:04:41,777 IN ST. LOUIS, ON THE RIGHT 1783 01:04:41,844 --> 01:04:43,879 HEALTH CARE LEADERS IN HONDURAS 1784 01:04:43,946 --> 01:04:46,582 LOOKING AT MATERNAL AND NEONATAL 1785 01:04:46,649 --> 01:04:46,849 MATERNITY. 1786 01:04:46,916 --> 01:04:49,018 THESE ARE IN GROUP MODEL 1787 01:04:49,085 --> 01:04:50,853 BUILDING WORKSHOPS, IN EITHER 1788 01:04:50,920 --> 01:04:53,923 CASE FORMAL TRAINING SYSTEM 1789 01:04:53,990 --> 01:04:54,523 DYNAMICS. 1790 01:04:54,590 --> 01:04:59,962 WE CAN MOVE TO MORE FORMAL 1791 01:05:00,029 --> 01:05:01,163 SIMULATION MODELS. 1792 01:05:01,230 --> 01:05:02,598 THIS IS ESSENTIALLY WHERE YOU 1793 01:05:02,665 --> 01:05:05,301 START TO LOOK AT DIFFERENT 1794 01:05:05,368 --> 01:05:07,503 INTERVENTIONS AND COMBINATIONS, 1795 01:05:07,570 --> 01:05:10,139 FROM SOME WORK IN HONDURAS, 1796 01:05:10,206 --> 01:05:12,475 MATERNAL AND NEONATAL MORTALITY, 1797 01:05:12,541 --> 01:05:15,111 WHERE THE MATERNAL MORTALITY 1798 01:05:15,177 --> 01:05:16,412 RATIO, NEONATAL RATE, THE GOAL 1799 01:05:16,479 --> 01:05:17,079 TO REDUCE BOTH. 1800 01:05:17,146 --> 01:05:20,249 YOU SEE SORT OF RANKED ORDER 1801 01:05:20,316 --> 01:05:25,821 FROM BASE CASE OF STATUS QUO TO 1802 01:05:25,888 --> 01:05:27,123 BEST CASE LOOKING FOR HIGH 1803 01:05:27,189 --> 01:05:27,790 LEVERAGE POINTS. 1804 01:05:27,857 --> 01:05:32,395 NEXT SLIDE. 1805 01:05:32,461 --> 01:05:33,596 THE PIECE THAT'S MORE 1806 01:05:33,663 --> 01:05:36,632 INTERESTING IN RECENT YEARS HAS 1807 01:05:36,699 --> 01:05:37,967 BEEN ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 1808 01:05:38,034 --> 01:05:38,934 STRUCTURE OF BEHAVIOR 1809 01:05:39,001 --> 01:05:40,803 RELATIONSHIP AND MAKE IT MUCH 1810 01:05:40,870 --> 01:05:41,904 MORE VISUALLY EXPLICIT. 1811 01:05:41,971 --> 01:05:44,974 SO THIS IS A VERY SIMPLE GENERIC 1812 01:05:45,041 --> 01:05:47,476 STRUCTURE LOOKING AT LIMITS TO 1813 01:05:47,543 --> 01:05:50,313 GROWTH WHERE HAVE YOU 1814 01:05:50,379 --> 01:05:50,980 POPULATION, CARRYING CAPACITY, 1815 01:05:51,047 --> 01:05:54,817 BIRTH RATE AND BASE MORTALITY 1816 01:05:54,884 --> 01:05:55,451 RATE. 1817 01:05:55,518 --> 01:05:56,218 AND THIS PARTICULAR EXAMPLE IF 1818 01:05:56,285 --> 01:05:59,955 YOU GO TO THE INTERFACE, 1819 01:06:00,022 --> 01:06:01,724 INTERFACES CAN NOW BE GENERATED 1820 01:06:01,791 --> 01:06:05,895 AND PUBLISHED ONEN LINE RELATIVE 1821 01:06:05,961 --> 01:06:06,529 EASY. 1822 01:06:06,595 --> 01:06:07,630 EN-ROADS LATER TODAY IS A 1823 01:06:07,697 --> 01:06:08,631 SUBSTANTIAL EFFORT. 1824 01:06:08,698 --> 01:06:10,266 TODAY IT'S NOT POSSIBLE TO DO 1825 01:06:10,333 --> 01:06:13,336 THIS, ALMOST AS A POWERPOINT 1826 01:06:13,402 --> 01:06:14,737 PRESENTATION, AND PUBLISH AT 1827 01:06:14,804 --> 01:06:18,774 ESSENTIALLY NO COST, INVOLVING 1828 01:06:18,841 --> 01:06:22,178 HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND 1829 01:06:22,244 --> 01:06:22,445 GRADUATES. 1830 01:06:22,511 --> 01:06:23,512 STRUCTURED BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP 1831 01:06:23,579 --> 01:06:24,280 TALKING ABOUT FEEDBACK LOOPS IF 1832 01:06:24,347 --> 01:06:27,316 YOU GO TO THIS EXAMPLE THIS WILL 1833 01:06:27,383 --> 01:06:28,184 HAVE ESSENTIALLY TAKE YOU 1834 01:06:28,250 --> 01:06:29,952 THROUGH A SERIES OF EXERCISES 1835 01:06:30,019 --> 01:06:32,154 WHERE YOU CAN SEE THE DOMINANCE 1836 01:06:32,221 --> 01:06:33,389 OF THE FEEDBACK LOOPS, AND YOU 1837 01:06:33,456 --> 01:06:36,192 CAN SEE HOW WHEN YOU INTERVENE 1838 01:06:36,258 --> 01:06:37,993 IN A NON-DOMINANT LOOP THAT HAS 1839 01:06:38,060 --> 01:06:40,563 NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE 1840 01:06:40,629 --> 01:06:43,399 DYNAMICS WHEN YOU TARGET A 1841 01:06:43,466 --> 01:06:45,067 FEEDBACK LOOP YOU CAN CHANGE 1842 01:06:45,134 --> 01:06:45,935 BASIC BEHAVIOR MODES. 1843 01:06:46,001 --> 01:06:50,306 SO IF WE WANT TO CHANGE 1844 01:06:50,373 --> 01:06:51,507 EXPONENTIAL PATTERNS THAT WERE 1845 01:06:51,574 --> 01:06:52,641 PRESENTED EARLIER INTO SOMETHING 1846 01:06:52,708 --> 01:06:53,576 MORE DESIRABLE WE'RE TALKING 1847 01:06:53,642 --> 01:06:59,048 ABOUT NOT JUST CHANGING THEM 1848 01:06:59,115 --> 01:07:00,616 NUMERICALLY, TRYING TO CHANGE IN 1849 01:07:00,683 --> 01:07:01,717 TERMS OF FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIOR 1850 01:07:01,784 --> 01:07:01,917 MODES. 1851 01:07:01,984 --> 01:07:02,918 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 1852 01:07:02,985 --> 01:07:04,854 THE OTHER PART IS REALLY BEING 1853 01:07:04,920 --> 01:07:07,423 ABLE TO ENGAGE COMMUNITIES, SO 1854 01:07:07,490 --> 01:07:10,459 THIS IS FROM WORK FROM DEAN OF 1855 01:07:10,526 --> 01:07:12,928 BOSTON COLLEGE, AND FOUNDATION 1856 01:07:12,995 --> 01:07:14,797 FOR ECOLOGICAL SECURITY IN INDIA 1857 01:07:14,864 --> 01:07:16,365 USING METHODS LIKE COMMUNITY 1858 01:07:16,432 --> 01:07:18,300 BASED SYSTEM DYNAMICS, CAN 1859 01:07:18,367 --> 01:07:19,001 DIRECTLY ENGAGE STAKEHOLDERS, 1860 01:07:19,068 --> 01:07:19,769 PEOPLE WITH LIVED EXPERIENCE. 1861 01:07:19,835 --> 01:07:23,239 THIS IS A VILLAGE IN INDIA DOING 1862 01:07:23,305 --> 01:07:26,208 SOME WORK ON MANAGING WATER 1863 01:07:26,275 --> 01:07:30,045 RESOURCES, COMMON POOL OF 1864 01:07:30,112 --> 01:07:31,781 RESOURCE, AND THIS TYPE OF WORK 1865 01:07:31,847 --> 01:07:33,983 IS NOT ONLY FEASIBLE BUT WHAT IT 1866 01:07:34,049 --> 01:07:36,952 DOES IS BRING IN A MUCH MORE 1867 01:07:37,019 --> 01:07:41,223 LOCAL CONTEXT TO UNDERSTANDING 1868 01:07:41,290 --> 01:07:42,758 THE CAUSAL STRUCTURES UNDERLYING 1869 01:07:42,825 --> 01:07:43,859 THE SYSTEMS AROUND NATURAL 1870 01:07:43,926 --> 01:07:47,229 RESOURCES, HEALTH, SO FORTH. 1871 01:07:47,296 --> 01:07:48,030 NEXT SLIDE. 1872 01:07:48,097 --> 01:07:49,965 PROBABLY THE EXAMPLE I LIKE TO 1873 01:07:50,032 --> 01:07:53,702 HIGHLIGHT THE MOST HOW 1874 01:07:53,769 --> 01:07:54,570 COMMUNITY-BASED SYSTEM DYNAMICS 1875 01:07:54,637 --> 01:07:55,871 WORKS IS ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE. 1876 01:07:55,938 --> 01:07:58,507 THIS IS A PROGRAM FOR A NUMBER 1877 01:07:58,574 --> 01:07:58,974 OF YEARS AT WASHINGTON 1878 01:07:59,041 --> 01:08:01,310 UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS ON 1879 01:08:01,377 --> 01:08:05,614 CHANGING SYSTEMS WHERE HIGH 1880 01:08:05,681 --> 01:08:07,583 SCHOOL STUDENTS WERE -- A GROUP 1881 01:08:07,650 --> 01:08:15,357 OF 12 TO 16 DEPENDING ON LEADING 1882 01:08:15,424 --> 01:08:17,126 A FOUR-DAY REGIONAL YOUTH SUMMIT 1883 01:08:17,193 --> 01:08:19,395 ON VARIOUS TOPICS BEGINNING ON 1884 01:08:19,462 --> 01:08:21,964 RACISM IN 2015, UP TO EMOTIONAL 1885 01:08:22,031 --> 01:08:24,467 SUPPORT IN 2019. 1886 01:08:24,533 --> 01:08:25,534 THE FELLOWS, THEY RETURN ONE 1887 01:08:25,601 --> 01:08:28,037 YEAR AFTER THE NEXT, FOR 1888 01:08:28,103 --> 01:08:29,271 EXAMPLE, AND OVER TIME WHAT YOU 1889 01:08:29,338 --> 01:08:31,907 SEE ON THE LEFT IS A SERIES OF 1890 01:08:31,974 --> 01:08:34,176 ACTIVITIES THEY DID EACH YEAR. 1891 01:08:34,243 --> 01:08:36,912 SO THEY BEGIN WITH INFORMAL 1892 01:08:36,979 --> 01:08:38,547 MAPPING, THINGS LIKE DRAWING 1893 01:08:38,614 --> 01:08:42,852 CONNECTION CIRCLES, CAUSAL LOOP 1894 01:08:42,918 --> 01:08:45,788 DIAGRAMS, MOVING INTO STOCKS AND 1895 01:08:45,855 --> 01:08:46,889 FLOWS, ACCUMULATION AND 1896 01:08:46,956 --> 01:08:48,424 SIMULATION, LAST YEAR EVALUATING 1897 01:08:48,491 --> 01:08:52,361 LEVERAGE POINTS FOR ADVOCACY 1898 01:08:52,428 --> 01:08:52,561 PLANS. 1899 01:08:52,628 --> 01:08:57,166 THAT'S HAPPENING BECAUSE BECAUSE 1900 01:08:57,233 --> 01:08:58,501 CAPACITY IS BEING BUILT ACROSS 1901 01:08:58,567 --> 01:09:00,870 PROJECTS AT A COMMUNITY LEVEL. 1902 01:09:00,936 --> 01:09:02,204 THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE LOOKING AT 1903 01:09:02,271 --> 01:09:03,138 GUN VIOLENCE. 1904 01:09:03,205 --> 01:09:04,406 THERE'S A VIDEO IF YOU WANT TO 1905 01:09:04,473 --> 01:09:05,708 SEE HOW THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT 1906 01:09:05,774 --> 01:09:05,875 IT. 1907 01:09:05,941 --> 01:09:09,645 NEXT SLIDE. 1908 01:09:09,712 --> 01:09:11,280 THE OTHER ASPECT THAT'S BECOMING 1909 01:09:11,347 --> 01:09:14,583 INTERESTING IS THINKING ABOUT 1910 01:09:14,650 --> 01:09:18,854 HOW TO ENGAGE COMMUNITIES TO 1911 01:09:18,921 --> 01:09:19,822 ADDRESS INJUSTICES, SPECIFICALLY 1912 01:09:19,889 --> 01:09:22,458 AROUND FAIR A.I. 1913 01:09:22,525 --> 01:09:26,829 THERE'S WORK BY DONNA MARTEN AT 1914 01:09:26,896 --> 01:09:30,599 GOOGLE, AND RUHA BENJAMIN, 1915 01:09:30,666 --> 01:09:32,067 THINKING ABOUT THIN DESCRIPTION, 1916 01:09:32,134 --> 01:09:33,903 BOTH ARE TALKING ABOUT WAYS YOU 1917 01:09:33,969 --> 01:09:37,206 CAN ENGAGE COMMUNITIES TO 1918 01:09:37,273 --> 01:09:38,841 ADDRESS SOME BIASES IN THESE 1919 01:09:38,908 --> 01:09:39,375 TOOLS. 1920 01:09:39,441 --> 01:09:40,809 THAT BECOMES RELEVANT THINKING 1921 01:09:40,876 --> 01:09:44,547 ABOUT HOW WE ADDRESS THE 1922 01:09:44,613 --> 01:09:45,648 CHALLENGE OF ACCELERATING CHANGE 1923 01:09:45,714 --> 01:09:47,950 IN THE CONTEXT OF HAVING 1924 01:09:48,017 --> 01:09:49,485 SIGNIFICANT DATA AND BEING ABLE 1925 01:09:49,552 --> 01:09:54,189 TO PROCESS AND LEVERAGE THIS IN 1926 01:09:54,256 --> 01:09:57,159 A WAY THAT WE'RE BOTH MITIGATING 1927 01:09:57,226 --> 01:09:58,260 INJUSTICE AND PREVENTING ISSUES 1928 01:09:58,327 --> 01:10:01,430 THAT SHOW UP WITH BIAS IN A.I. 1929 01:10:01,497 --> 01:10:02,865 AND FINDING OPPORTUNITIES TO 1930 01:10:02,932 --> 01:10:05,568 LEVERAGE A.I. EFFECTIVELY. 1931 01:10:05,634 --> 01:10:07,036 NEXT SLIDE. 1932 01:10:07,102 --> 01:10:09,738 SO THREE QUESTIONS I HAVE IN 1933 01:10:09,805 --> 01:10:13,776 MIND, HOW CAN WE ENGAGE 1934 01:10:13,842 --> 01:10:14,977 COMMUNITIES, ESPECIALLY YOUNG 1935 01:10:15,044 --> 01:10:16,512 PEOPLE, THINKING WE NEED TO DO 1936 01:10:16,579 --> 01:10:18,414 THIS AND DEVELOP FUTURE 1937 01:10:18,480 --> 01:10:19,381 SCIENTISTS, ACTIVISTS, LEADERS 1938 01:10:19,448 --> 01:10:20,916 TO ADDRESS GLOBAL WARM AND HELP 1939 01:10:20,983 --> 01:10:23,786 IN WAYS THAT LEAD TO ACTION. 1940 01:10:23,852 --> 01:10:30,092 BUT ALSO CREATE SENSE OF 1941 01:10:30,159 --> 01:10:30,859 BELONGING AND EPISTEMIC. 1942 01:10:30,926 --> 01:10:34,263 IT IS TALKED ABOUT IN THE BEYOND 1943 01:10:34,330 --> 01:10:35,230 STABLE STATE, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 1944 01:10:35,297 --> 01:10:38,000 WE GIVE UP ON THE IDEA OF 1945 01:10:38,067 --> 01:10:39,868 UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS, IN TERMS 1946 01:10:39,935 --> 01:10:41,503 OF EPISTEMIC KNOWLEDGE. 1947 01:10:41,570 --> 01:10:43,672 WE HAVE TO THINK CRITICALLY HOW 1948 01:10:43,739 --> 01:10:45,975 WE CREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR 1949 01:10:46,041 --> 01:10:47,276 SENSE OF BELONGING EPISTEMIC 1950 01:10:47,343 --> 01:10:47,843 HOPE. 1951 01:10:47,910 --> 01:10:49,912 SECOND IS INCREASING RIGOR OF 1952 01:10:49,979 --> 01:10:51,580 SYSTEMIC EXPLANATION OF GLOBAL 1953 01:10:51,647 --> 01:10:52,648 WARMING, CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 1954 01:10:52,715 --> 01:10:55,084 I SHOWED ONE EXAMPLE HOW WE 1955 01:10:55,150 --> 01:10:57,152 MIGHT DO THIS WITH SYSTEM 1956 01:10:57,219 --> 01:10:57,753 DYNAMICS. 1957 01:10:57,820 --> 01:11:00,222 LASTLY HOW WE CAN LEVERAGE TOOLS 1958 01:11:00,289 --> 01:11:06,562 TO ADDRESS EPISTEMIC UNCERTAINTY 1959 01:11:06,629 --> 01:11:07,096 IN A.I.. 1960 01:11:07,162 --> 01:11:11,266 >> THANKS, PETER. 1961 01:11:11,333 --> 01:11:11,934 EXCEPTIONAL. 1962 01:11:12,001 --> 01:11:14,970 NEXT PRESENTATION, ON PLANETARY 1963 01:11:15,037 --> 01:11:15,771 HEALTH EXPOSURES, INCLUDES 1964 01:11:15,838 --> 01:11:19,141 CLIMATE CHANGE AND RELATIONSHIP 1965 01:11:19,208 --> 01:11:23,646 TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH, GIVEN 1966 01:11:23,712 --> 01:11:25,581 BY DR. JONATHAN NEWMAN, 1967 01:11:25,648 --> 01:11:31,987 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF 1968 01:11:32,054 --> 01:11:33,455 CARDIOLOGY LANGONE NYU SCHOOL OF 1969 01:11:33,522 --> 01:11:35,224 MEDICINE, THE LINK BETWEEN 1970 01:11:35,290 --> 01:11:36,558 ENVIRONMENT AND CARDIOVASCULAR 1971 01:11:36,625 --> 01:11:36,792 DISEASE. 1972 01:11:36,859 --> 01:11:39,528 >> THANK YOU, SANJAY. 1973 01:11:39,595 --> 01:11:40,963 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 1974 01:11:41,030 --> 01:11:50,139 SO, THANK YOU TO THE NHLBI AND 1975 01:11:50,205 --> 01:11:51,340 ORGANIZERS, DR. RAJAGOPALAN AND 1976 01:11:51,407 --> 01:11:52,207 ANGELL. 1977 01:11:52,274 --> 01:11:54,410 I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON POTENTIAL 1978 01:11:54,476 --> 01:11:56,278 CLINICAL DIRECTIONS WITHIN THIS 1979 01:11:56,345 --> 01:11:58,347 BROAD TOPIC AND GET INTO SOME OF 1980 01:11:58,414 --> 01:12:01,317 THE IDEAS OF WAYS THAT WE MIGHT 1981 01:12:01,383 --> 01:12:03,819 CONSIDER SOME EXPOSURES WITHIN 1982 01:12:03,886 --> 01:12:05,354 CLINICAL FRAMEWORKS TO ADDRESS 1983 01:12:05,421 --> 01:12:06,789 BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND 1984 01:12:06,855 --> 01:12:10,292 SOCIAL INEQUITIES. 1985 01:12:10,359 --> 01:12:11,927 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 1986 01:12:11,994 --> 01:12:13,128 SO, TO START, I WILL SORT OF 1987 01:12:13,195 --> 01:12:15,464 REFRAME A LITTLE BIT OF WHAT DR. 1988 01:12:15,531 --> 01:12:18,167 MYERS SHOWED A LITTLE BIT IN HIS 1989 01:12:18,233 --> 01:12:18,367 TALK. 1990 01:12:18,434 --> 01:12:20,369 I'M SHOWING HERE IN THE MIDDLE A 1991 01:12:20,436 --> 01:12:22,771 SLIDE FROM ABOUT SIX MONTHS AGO 1992 01:12:22,838 --> 01:12:24,773 OF THE RAPID WORSENING IN AIR 1993 01:12:24,840 --> 01:12:26,909 QUALITY IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1994 01:12:26,975 --> 01:12:28,677 MANHATTAN, THIS IS VIEWING 1995 01:12:28,744 --> 01:12:29,578 MANHATTAN FROM NEW JERSEY, 1996 01:12:29,645 --> 01:12:32,848 THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF THE DAY 1997 01:12:32,915 --> 01:12:35,150 FROM MORE USUAL LEVELS OF FINE 1998 01:12:35,217 --> 01:12:37,920 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS TO A PEAK 1999 01:12:37,986 --> 01:12:44,960 ON WEDNESDAY, JUNE 7, OF 460, 2000 01:12:45,027 --> 01:12:49,298 OVER 460 MICROGRAMS PER METER 2001 01:12:49,364 --> 01:12:51,467 CUBED RELATED TO CANADIAN 2002 01:12:51,533 --> 01:12:54,670 WILDFIRES, JUXTAPOSED AGAINST 2003 01:12:54,737 --> 01:12:57,506 THE EMPEROR NERO IN ROME, AS 2004 01:12:57,573 --> 01:12:58,807 LEGEND HAS IT FIDDLING WHILE 2005 01:12:58,874 --> 01:13:01,210 ROME BURNS. 2006 01:13:01,276 --> 01:13:02,511 I'M NOT SUGGESTING HERE THAT 2007 01:13:02,578 --> 01:13:04,713 THIS AUDIENCE IN ANY WAY IS 2008 01:13:04,780 --> 01:13:09,084 UNAWARES OF THE RISKS OF CLIMATE 2009 01:13:09,151 --> 01:13:10,786 CHANGE AND PLANETARY HEALTH, BUT 2010 01:13:10,853 --> 01:13:13,689 THERE'S AN ELEMENT I THINK OF 2011 01:13:13,756 --> 01:13:15,424 SOCIAL UNAWARENESS THAT MAY BE 2012 01:13:15,491 --> 01:13:16,759 RELEVANT FOR SOME DIMENSIONS OF 2013 01:13:16,825 --> 01:13:18,727 THIS TALK. 2014 01:13:18,794 --> 01:13:19,728 NEXT PLEASE. 2015 01:13:19,795 --> 01:13:23,098 SO, THIS IS A REALLY ELEGANT 2016 01:13:23,165 --> 01:13:26,702 DIAGRAM THAT DR. RAJAGOPALAN 2017 01:13:26,769 --> 01:13:27,603 PUBLISHED A COUPLE YEARS AGO IN 2018 01:13:27,669 --> 01:13:29,872 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 2019 01:13:29,938 --> 01:13:33,175 MEDICINE ILLUSTRATING THE 2020 01:13:33,242 --> 01:13:35,277 MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF EXOGENOUS 2021 01:13:35,344 --> 01:13:43,919 POLLUTANTS FROM FOSSIL FUEL 2022 01:13:43,986 --> 01:13:46,188 COMBUSTION TO TOXIC MET A 2023 01:13:46,255 --> 01:13:48,157 LITTLE, TO CLIMATE CHANGE 2024 01:13:48,223 --> 01:13:50,893 PROCESSES RELATED TO GLOBAL 2025 01:13:50,959 --> 01:13:51,760 WARMING, INCLUDING EXTREME 2026 01:13:51,827 --> 01:13:52,761 TEMPERATURES AND WILDFIRES. 2027 01:13:52,828 --> 01:13:55,497 AND NOT ONLY GOING THROUGH SOME 2028 01:13:55,564 --> 01:13:59,768 OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THESE 2029 01:13:59,835 --> 01:14:01,770 EXPOSURES LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR 2030 01:14:01,837 --> 01:14:02,638 BUT IMPORTANTLY INDIVIDUAL 2031 01:14:02,704 --> 01:14:09,311 STRATEGIES WE CAN APPROACH TO 2032 01:14:09,378 --> 01:14:10,712 AMELIORATE ATTENUATE. 2033 01:14:10,779 --> 01:14:12,147 IN ANOTHER NICE REVIEW DRILLING 2034 01:14:12,214 --> 01:14:14,983 DOWN A LITTLE BIT MORE ON THE 2035 01:14:15,050 --> 01:14:20,355 SPECIFICS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR 2036 01:14:20,422 --> 01:14:21,390 EFFECTS, DR. KHRAISHAH AND 2037 01:14:21,456 --> 01:14:23,225 COLLEAGUES WENT THROUGH A 2038 01:14:23,292 --> 01:14:25,694 WORKFLOW AND ILLUSTRATION OF THE 2039 01:14:25,761 --> 01:14:27,462 WAYS WHICH INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS 2040 01:14:27,529 --> 01:14:30,098 LEADING TO DIRECT AND INDIRECT 2041 01:14:30,165 --> 01:14:31,967 EFFECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR 2042 01:14:32,034 --> 01:14:32,935 DISEASE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY 2043 01:14:33,001 --> 01:14:34,803 AND GOING THROUGH CHANGES IN 2044 01:14:34,870 --> 01:14:40,142 PATHWAYS, LET'S SAY RELATED TO 2045 01:14:40,209 --> 01:14:40,642 INFLAMMATION, SPECIFIC 2046 01:14:40,709 --> 01:14:48,350 ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES, 2047 01:14:48,417 --> 01:14:48,884 HYPERCOAGULATION, EXTREME 2048 01:14:48,951 --> 01:14:54,156 DISRUPTION AND CHANGES CAN LEAD 2049 01:14:54,223 --> 01:14:55,724 TO INDIRECT EFFECTS, ALTERATIONS 2050 01:14:55,791 --> 01:14:57,793 IN CARE PATHWAYS THEMSELVES. 2051 01:14:57,860 --> 01:15:00,629 FURTHER WORSENING SOME ELEMENTS 2052 01:15:00,696 --> 01:15:02,030 OF CARDIOVASCULAR CARE. 2053 01:15:02,097 --> 01:15:04,233 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2054 01:15:04,299 --> 01:15:05,801 SO, ONE THING THAT WE AND OTHERS 2055 01:15:05,868 --> 01:15:07,536 HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN IS TO 2056 01:15:07,603 --> 01:15:10,706 UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN WHICH IN 2057 01:15:10,772 --> 01:15:14,877 THE CASE OF FOSSIL FUEL 2058 01:15:14,943 --> 01:15:17,613 COMBUSTION PM2.5 PARTICLES LESS 2059 01:15:17,679 --> 01:15:20,115 THAN 2.5 MICROMETERS IN DIAMETER 2060 01:15:20,182 --> 01:15:22,851 HAVE A HOST OF PHYSIOLOGIC 2061 01:15:22,918 --> 01:15:26,121 EFFECTS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT, IN 2062 01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:28,657 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, LEADING 2063 01:15:28,724 --> 01:15:30,392 EVENTUALLY TO INCREASED BLOOD 2064 01:15:30,459 --> 01:15:32,327 PRESSURE, A VERY CLOSE SURROGATE 2065 01:15:32,394 --> 01:15:33,362 FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ONE 2066 01:15:33,428 --> 01:15:34,997 OF THE ONLY SURROGATES THAT THE 2067 01:15:35,063 --> 01:15:37,065 FDA WILL ALLOW FOR TESTING OF 2068 01:15:37,132 --> 01:15:39,167 NEW THERAPIES IN LIEU OF 2069 01:15:39,234 --> 01:15:41,336 CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, AND WE 2070 01:15:41,403 --> 01:15:44,406 AND OTHERS ARE STUDYING THE WAY 2071 01:15:44,473 --> 01:15:46,708 IN WHICH WIDELY AVAILABLE 2072 01:15:46,775 --> 01:15:49,444 TECHNOLOGY AS PORTABLE AIR 2073 01:15:49,511 --> 01:15:51,313 CLEANERS WITH HEPA FILTERS MIGHT 2074 01:15:51,380 --> 01:15:53,715 IMPROVE OR REDUCE LEVELS OF FINE 2075 01:15:53,782 --> 01:15:54,483 PARTICULATE EXPOSURE AND LOWER 2076 01:15:54,549 --> 01:15:57,686 BLOOD PRESSURE. 2077 01:15:57,753 --> 01:15:58,654 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2078 01:15:58,720 --> 01:16:01,156 IS HE, ONE THING I WANT TO BRING 2079 01:16:01,223 --> 01:16:03,492 UP WHICH IS CONCEPT WELL KNOWN 2080 01:16:03,558 --> 01:16:07,429 TO THE AUDIENCE IS THE ISSUE OF 2081 01:16:07,496 --> 01:16:09,598 THE PREVENTION PARADOX, SICK 2082 01:16:09,665 --> 01:16:13,769 INDIVIDUALS AND SICK POPULATIONS 2083 01:16:13,835 --> 01:16:14,803 VIS-A-VIS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK 2084 01:16:14,870 --> 01:16:16,071 FACTORS, THIS IS WORK FROM 2085 01:16:16,138 --> 01:16:17,439 JEFFREY ROSE 20 YEARS AGO 2086 01:16:17,506 --> 01:16:19,574 DESCRIBING CHANGES IN BLOOD 2087 01:16:19,641 --> 01:16:20,642 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN 2088 01:16:20,709 --> 01:16:21,009 POPULATIONS. 2089 01:16:21,076 --> 01:16:24,513 HOW ON THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, WE 2090 01:16:24,579 --> 01:16:27,149 CAN AFFECT WHAT MODEST REDUCTION 2091 01:16:27,215 --> 01:16:31,520 IN BLOOD PRESSURE, IN THIS CASE 2092 01:16:31,586 --> 01:16:42,130 FROM SYSTOLIC RE REDUCTION 2 TO 2093 01:16:43,565 --> 01:16:45,167 5, WITH STROKES AND 2094 01:16:45,233 --> 01:16:46,201 CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY, SHOWN 2095 01:16:46,268 --> 01:16:49,905 AS A MODEL LET'S SAY FOR 2096 01:16:49,972 --> 01:16:51,773 POLICIES OF SALT REDUCTION AND 2097 01:16:51,840 --> 01:16:53,742 REDUCING SALT INTAKE TO LOWER 2098 01:16:53,809 --> 01:16:55,377 INDIVIDUAL BLOOD PRESSURE, 2099 01:16:55,444 --> 01:16:56,345 HAVING VERY LARGE 2100 01:16:56,411 --> 01:16:57,546 POPULATION-WIDE BENEFITS. 2101 01:16:57,612 --> 01:16:58,347 I THINK SIMILAR APPROACH MAYBE 2102 01:16:58,413 --> 01:17:00,749 COULD BE USED IN THINKING ABOUT 2103 01:17:00,816 --> 01:17:03,618 THE USE OF PORTABLE AIR CLEANERS 2104 01:17:03,685 --> 01:17:05,320 OR INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES TO 2105 01:17:05,387 --> 01:17:07,089 MODIFY THE RISK OF CERTAIN 2106 01:17:07,155 --> 01:17:08,190 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES LIKE 2107 01:17:08,256 --> 01:17:11,460 FINE PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION. 2108 01:17:11,526 --> 01:17:12,561 NEXT PLEASE. 2109 01:17:12,627 --> 01:17:14,096 SO, WE'RE CONDUCTING A TRIAL TO 2110 01:17:14,162 --> 01:17:19,034 TRY AND TEST THIS IN A 2111 01:17:19,101 --> 01:17:21,870 POPULATION WHICH AS OTHERS HAVE 2112 01:17:21,937 --> 01:17:22,738 TOUCHED UPON TODAY EXPOSE JUST 2113 01:17:22,804 --> 01:17:33,048 IN U RES -- EXPOSURES ARE NOT 2114 01:17:33,115 --> 01:17:34,883 HOMOGENOUS, WE'RE ATTESTING IN 2115 01:17:34,950 --> 01:17:37,252 PARALLEL ARM RANDOMIZE THE 2116 01:17:37,319 --> 01:17:39,054 CLINICAL TRIAL OF 440 PUBLIC 2117 01:17:39,121 --> 01:17:41,023 HOUSING RESIDENTS WITH HIGH 2118 01:17:41,089 --> 01:17:43,558 BLOOD PRESSURE, RANDOMIZED TO 2119 01:17:43,625 --> 01:17:45,327 IN-BEDROOM AIR FILTER OVERNIGHT 2120 01:17:45,394 --> 01:17:47,996 24 HOURS A DAY, ON AN ENDPOINT 2121 01:17:48,063 --> 01:17:50,365 OF SELF-MEASURED HOME BLOOD 2122 01:17:50,432 --> 01:17:52,901 PRESSURE TRANSMITTED REMOTELY, 2123 01:17:52,968 --> 01:17:55,504 I'LL GO INTO DETAILS, ENDPOINT 2124 01:17:55,570 --> 01:17:57,806 OF BLOOD PRESSURE OVER 30, 90, 2125 01:17:57,873 --> 01:17:59,541 100 DAYS, WITH ADDITIONAL 2126 01:17:59,608 --> 01:18:01,643 PHYSIOLOGIC AND DATA TO 2127 01:18:01,710 --> 01:18:05,247 UNDERSTAND BOTH EFFICACY OF 2128 01:18:05,313 --> 01:18:06,014 POTENTIALLY INDIVIDUAL STRATEGY 2129 01:18:06,081 --> 01:18:07,983 THAT MIGHT BE ABLE TO MODIFY 2130 01:18:08,050 --> 01:18:09,317 RISK IN INDIVIDUALS WITH STABLE 2131 01:18:09,384 --> 01:18:12,154 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. 2132 01:18:12,220 --> 01:18:13,789 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2133 01:18:13,855 --> 01:18:16,191 SO, AS I THINK HAS BEEN TOUCHED 2134 01:18:16,258 --> 01:18:19,394 UPON A BIT, THERE'S A NICE 2135 01:18:19,461 --> 01:18:21,463 FRAMEWORK HERE TO THINK ABOUT 2136 01:18:21,530 --> 01:18:23,465 PLANETARY HEALTH THAT'S REALLY A 2137 01:18:23,532 --> 01:18:25,534 COMMON SOIL IN A SENSE, DRAWING 2138 01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:27,569 ON SOME OF DR. MYERS' SLIDES 2139 01:18:27,636 --> 01:18:29,738 EARLIER, AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT 2140 01:18:29,805 --> 01:18:31,873 OF HEALTH IN WAYS WE CAN THINK 2141 01:18:31,940 --> 01:18:32,741 ABOUT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND I 2142 01:18:32,808 --> 01:18:35,043 THINK THIS MODEL FROM THE 2143 01:18:35,110 --> 01:18:42,818 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND 2144 01:18:42,884 --> 01:18:43,685 DR. COMMODORE-MENSAH DESCRIBES 2145 01:18:43,752 --> 01:18:45,554 CONTRIBUTIONS BUT IN REALITY THE 2146 01:18:45,620 --> 01:18:47,622 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND 2147 01:18:47,689 --> 01:18:49,157 PLANETARY HEALTH IS UNDERPINNING 2148 01:18:49,224 --> 01:18:51,893 THESE MULTIPLE DOMAINS OF HEALTH 2149 01:18:51,960 --> 01:18:55,597 CARE, HEALTH BEHAVIORS, AND 2150 01:18:55,664 --> 01:18:59,334 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LEAD 2151 01:18:59,401 --> 01:19:01,036 TO ROOT CAUSE AND POOR 2152 01:19:01,103 --> 01:19:01,503 HYPERTENSION OUTCOME. 2153 01:19:01,570 --> 01:19:02,604 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2154 01:19:02,671 --> 01:19:04,673 SO ONE WAY THAT I THINK IS A 2155 01:19:04,739 --> 01:19:05,774 SIMPLISTIC MODEL TO THINK ABOUT 2156 01:19:05,841 --> 01:19:09,044 THIS IS A POSITIVE FEEDBACK 2157 01:19:09,111 --> 01:19:09,478 LOOP. 2158 01:19:09,544 --> 01:19:10,812 LOOKING IN CERTAIN COMMUNITIES 2159 01:19:10,879 --> 01:19:13,882 WITHIN NEW YORK CITY, WE SEE 2160 01:19:13,949 --> 01:19:15,150 UPWARDS OF 70% OF INDIVIDUALS 2161 01:19:15,217 --> 01:19:17,419 THAT HAVE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE 2162 01:19:17,486 --> 01:19:18,587 HAVE POORLY CONTROLLED HIGH 2163 01:19:18,653 --> 01:19:21,756 BLOOD PRESSURE, MORE THAN 40, 2164 01:19:21,823 --> 01:19:23,959 50% HAVE DIABETES, THESE STATES 2165 01:19:24,025 --> 01:19:26,228 OF HEALTH INEQUITY INCREASED 2166 01:19:26,294 --> 01:19:30,599 RATES OF DIABETES, OF POORLY 2167 01:19:30,665 --> 01:19:32,834 CONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, RENAL 2168 01:19:32,901 --> 01:19:36,004 DISEASE, IN TURN INCREASE 2169 01:19:36,071 --> 01:19:37,806 SUSCEPTIBILITY AND REINFORCED BY 2170 01:19:37,873 --> 01:19:40,809 ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY WHICH 2171 01:19:40,876 --> 01:19:43,211 WERE HIGH LIGHTED SHOWING THIS 2172 01:19:43,278 --> 01:19:45,013 POLLUTION BURDEN AND POLLUTION 2173 01:19:45,080 --> 01:19:46,815 BENEFIT OR ADVANTAGE BASED ON 2174 01:19:46,882 --> 01:19:48,350 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, 2175 01:19:48,416 --> 01:19:50,652 IN WHICH THE COMMUNITIES MOST 2176 01:19:50,719 --> 01:19:52,187 VULNERABLE TO ENVIRONMENTAL 2177 01:19:52,254 --> 01:19:54,723 EXPOSURES AND FOSSIL FUEL 2178 01:19:54,789 --> 01:19:56,691 COMBUSTION FOR EXAMPLE ARE MOST 2179 01:19:56,758 --> 01:20:00,762 BURDENED BY AREAS OF HEALTH 2180 01:20:00,829 --> 01:20:01,329 INEQUITY. 2181 01:20:01,396 --> 01:20:02,631 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2182 01:20:02,697 --> 01:20:08,036 I WANTED TO GIVE A FRAMEWORK 2183 01:20:08,103 --> 01:20:11,373 TOWARDS THE PLANETARY HEALTH AND 2184 01:20:11,439 --> 01:20:14,109 DOMAINS OF PLANETARY HEALTH, 2185 01:20:14,176 --> 01:20:15,076 VIS-A-VIS ECOLOGICAL CEILINGS 2186 01:20:15,143 --> 01:20:18,346 AND SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS AS RELATE 2187 01:20:18,413 --> 01:20:19,381 TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 2188 01:20:19,447 --> 01:20:20,882 POTENTIALLY TO CLINICAL TRIALS. 2189 01:20:20,949 --> 01:20:24,653 AND BECOMING MORE FAMILIAR WITH 2190 01:20:24,719 --> 01:20:27,022 THIS MODEL RECENTLY, NO THE 2191 01:20:27,088 --> 01:20:27,989 SOCIAL FOUNDATION THIS IS 2192 01:20:28,056 --> 01:20:29,858 ILLUSTRATING WHICH IS IN WHICH 2193 01:20:29,925 --> 01:20:32,027 SHORTFALLS IN CERTAIN DOMAINS OF 2194 01:20:32,093 --> 01:20:34,563 INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR OR 2195 01:20:34,629 --> 01:20:35,430 INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING SHORTFALLS 2196 01:20:35,497 --> 01:20:38,633 OR LACK OF ACCESS TO CLEAN 2197 01:20:38,700 --> 01:20:40,502 WATER, FOOD, ENERGY, HEALTH, 2198 01:20:40,569 --> 01:20:41,937 LEAD TO IMPAIRMENTS IN HEALTH 2199 01:20:42,003 --> 01:20:43,605 AND PLANETARY HEALTH ON THE 2200 01:20:43,672 --> 01:20:46,408 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, AND ON THE 2201 01:20:46,474 --> 01:20:47,943 ECOLOGICAL CEILING BARRIER 2202 01:20:48,009 --> 01:20:50,979 OVERSHOOTS OF CERTAIN AREAS IN 2203 01:20:51,046 --> 01:20:52,614 CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY 2204 01:20:52,681 --> 01:20:54,182 LAWS, IN EXACERBATIONS OR AIR 2205 01:20:54,249 --> 01:20:56,251 POLLUTION ITSELF LEAD TO 2206 01:20:56,318 --> 01:20:57,452 WORSENING OF PLANETARY AND 2207 01:20:57,519 --> 01:21:00,222 INDIVIDUAL HEALTH AND WITHIN 2208 01:21:00,288 --> 01:21:01,423 THIS BOUNDARY REGION IS THE 2209 01:21:01,489 --> 01:21:02,724 REGION WHERE WE MIGHT SEE HEALTH 2210 01:21:02,791 --> 01:21:04,960 OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND HEALTH OF 2211 01:21:05,026 --> 01:21:06,194 THE PLANET MAXIMIZE TO THE 2212 01:21:06,261 --> 01:21:09,864 GREATER GOOD. 2213 01:21:09,931 --> 01:21:12,901 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2214 01:21:12,968 --> 01:21:14,669 YOU KNOW, AS A CLINICAL TRIALS 2215 01:21:14,736 --> 01:21:16,204 AND CARDIOLOGIST, ONE OF THE 2216 01:21:16,271 --> 01:21:19,608 THINGS THAT I'M MOST INTERESTED 2217 01:21:19,674 --> 01:21:23,745 IN AND WE RELY UPON ARE CLINICAL 2218 01:21:23,812 --> 01:21:23,979 TRIALS. 2219 01:21:24,045 --> 01:21:25,180 UNFORTUNATELY AS DETAILED 2220 01:21:25,247 --> 01:21:28,783 PREVIOUSLY THERE'S ABOUT A 2221 01:21:28,850 --> 01:21:30,552 17-YEAR ODYSSEY BETWEEN 2222 01:21:30,619 --> 01:21:32,187 PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH FUNDING, 2223 01:21:32,254 --> 01:21:33,722 FUNDING OF CERTAIN PRIORITIES, 2224 01:21:33,788 --> 01:21:36,891 AND THEN THOSE FINDINGS 2225 01:21:36,958 --> 01:21:38,059 EVENTUALLY BEING TRANSLATED INTO 2226 01:21:38,126 --> 01:21:40,495 CLINICAL PRACTICE, IF EFFICACY 2227 01:21:40,562 --> 01:21:41,596 PARAMETERS ARE MET. 2228 01:21:41,663 --> 01:21:45,967 CLINICAL TRIALS REMAIN THE GOLD 2229 01:21:46,034 --> 01:21:47,802 STANDARD, PREVIOUSLY WAS 2230 01:21:47,869 --> 01:21:49,804 MENTIONED LET'S SAY UNMEASURED 2231 01:21:49,871 --> 01:21:51,773 CONFOUNDERS OR CHARACTERISTICS 2232 01:21:51,840 --> 01:21:53,074 OF POPULATIONS BEING COMPARED, 2233 01:21:53,141 --> 01:21:55,277 THAT'S THE THING THAT CLINICAL 2234 01:21:55,343 --> 01:21:57,479 TRIALS CAN BALANCE OUT. 2235 01:21:57,545 --> 01:21:59,547 THESE CLINICAL TRIALS AS 2236 01:21:59,614 --> 01:22:01,049 POSITIVES GUIDE PROVIDER 2237 01:22:01,116 --> 01:22:03,151 BEHAVIOR AND CARE, ARE DRIVERS 2238 01:22:03,218 --> 01:22:07,155 OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE 2239 01:22:07,222 --> 01:22:09,190 WHICH IN TURN MADE PAYERS MAKE 2240 01:22:09,257 --> 01:22:10,392 DECISIONS ON WHAT PRACTICE 2241 01:22:10,458 --> 01:22:11,893 CLINICAL PATIENT ENCOUNTER WILL 2242 01:22:11,960 --> 01:22:13,795 NOT BE COVERED AND INFLUENCE 2243 01:22:13,862 --> 01:22:14,763 POLICY AND HEALTH STRATEGIES. 2244 01:22:14,829 --> 01:22:17,399 UNFORTUNATELY THERE ARE A WEALTH 2245 01:22:17,465 --> 01:22:19,901 OF RELATED ISSUES WITH CURRENT 2246 01:22:19,968 --> 01:22:22,504 CLINICAL TRIALS, IN GENERAL THEY 2247 01:22:22,570 --> 01:22:25,407 ARE COSTLY AND SLOW, THERE ARE 2248 01:22:25,473 --> 01:22:26,041 INEVITABLY QUESTIONS OF 2249 01:22:26,107 --> 01:22:29,778 GENERALIZABILITY FROM PATIENTS 2250 01:22:29,844 --> 01:22:34,582 THAT ENROLL IN CLINICAL TRIALS 2251 01:22:34,649 --> 01:22:37,852 TO LARGER POPULATIONS THAT WOULD 2252 01:22:37,919 --> 01:22:39,721 DERIVE BENEFIT OR APPLIED TO 2253 01:22:39,788 --> 01:22:42,357 CERTAIN THERAPIES, GUILTY OF 2254 01:22:42,424 --> 01:22:44,426 REINFORCING HEALTH AND SOCIAL 2255 01:22:44,492 --> 01:22:45,593 INEQUITIES, RAISING VALUE FOR 2256 01:22:45,660 --> 01:22:49,030 PUBLIC HEALTH QUESTIONS. 2257 01:22:49,097 --> 01:22:50,165 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2258 01:22:50,231 --> 01:22:52,434 SO, I THINK ONE FRAMEWORK MAYBE 2259 01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:54,169 TO THINK ABOUT THAT WE'VE TRIED 2260 01:22:54,235 --> 01:22:56,938 TO APPLY IN SOME OF OUR WORK ARE 2261 01:22:57,005 --> 01:23:01,076 TO THINK ABOUT CONVENTIONAL 2262 01:23:01,142 --> 01:23:02,310 VERSUS DECENTRALIZED CLINICAL 2263 01:23:02,377 --> 01:23:05,280 TRIALS, AS POTENTIAL PATH FOR 2264 01:23:05,347 --> 01:23:06,481 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL -- PATH 2265 01:23:06,548 --> 01:23:09,751 FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL THE 2266 01:23:09,818 --> 01:23:10,018 QUESTION. 2267 01:23:10,085 --> 01:23:12,487 IN CONVENTIONAL RCTs, 2268 01:23:12,554 --> 01:23:14,656 RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS, UNIT 2269 01:23:14,723 --> 01:23:16,858 OF MEASURE IS IN-PERSON 2270 01:23:16,925 --> 01:23:20,161 PATIENT'S ENCOUNTER. 2271 01:23:20,228 --> 01:23:21,663 THERE'S THE PER PHYSICIAN 2272 01:23:21,730 --> 01:23:23,631 REFERRAL, IN-PERSON MONITORING 2273 01:23:23,698 --> 01:23:24,432 AND VISITS, CONVENTIONAL 2274 01:23:24,499 --> 01:23:27,369 CLINICAL TRIAL, GROUPS THAT HAVE 2275 01:23:27,435 --> 01:23:30,004 LOOKED AT CARBON FOOTPRINT OF 2276 01:23:30,071 --> 01:23:30,872 CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE AND 2277 01:23:30,939 --> 01:23:33,041 CLINICAL TRIALS, AND MORE 2278 01:23:33,108 --> 01:23:34,709 BROADLY OF THE HEALTH CARE 2279 01:23:34,776 --> 01:23:36,478 SYSTEM, IF HEALTH CARE IN 2280 01:23:36,544 --> 01:23:39,080 GENERAL WERE A NATION WE WOULD 2281 01:23:39,147 --> 01:23:42,183 BE THE FIFTH GREATEST POLLUTER 2282 01:23:42,250 --> 01:23:44,652 AND CARBON UTILIZER WORLDWIDE. 2283 01:23:44,719 --> 01:23:45,887 VERSUS DECENTRALIZED TRIALS MAY 2284 01:23:45,954 --> 01:23:48,289 BE RELYING MORE ON REMOTE OR 2285 01:23:48,356 --> 01:23:50,925 VIRTUAL OR ELECTRONIC HEALTH 2286 01:23:50,992 --> 01:23:52,894 RECORD EHR CONSENT MECHANISMS, 2287 01:23:52,961 --> 01:23:54,863 REGISTRIES AND VIRTUAL 2288 01:23:54,929 --> 01:23:55,864 RECRUITMENT PATHWAYS, RELIANCE 2289 01:23:55,930 --> 01:23:57,031 ON REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING 2290 01:23:57,098 --> 01:23:59,134 WHICH WE'RE TRYING TO DO, IN 2291 01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:01,636 PART TO BRIDGE THE DIGITAL 2292 01:24:01,703 --> 01:24:04,606 DIVIDE USING THESE TECHNOLOGIES 2293 01:24:04,672 --> 01:24:06,141 FOR UNDERRESOURCED POPULATIONS, 2294 01:24:06,207 --> 01:24:11,279 USING POTENTIALLY WEARABLE OR 2295 01:24:11,346 --> 01:24:19,287 IMPLANTABLE DEVICES, MOBILE 2296 01:24:19,354 --> 01:24:23,992 MONITORING, NEXT SLIDE. 2297 01:24:24,058 --> 01:24:27,695 MAYBE A FRAMEWORK, DECENTRALIZED 2298 01:24:27,762 --> 01:24:30,865 TRIALS AS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE 2299 01:24:30,932 --> 01:24:32,066 PLANETARY HEALTH. 2300 01:24:32,133 --> 01:24:34,269 IF YOU'RE RUNNING A TRIAL OF 2301 01:24:34,335 --> 01:24:36,571 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ASKING 2302 01:24:36,638 --> 01:24:39,641 PARTICIPANTS TO DRIVE OR COMMUTE 2303 01:24:39,707 --> 01:24:41,376 TO PHYSICIAN OFFERS OR CLINICAL 2304 01:24:41,443 --> 01:24:43,378 TRIAL SPACE TO MEASURE THEIR 2305 01:24:43,445 --> 01:24:45,680 INPUTS, THAT'S GOING TO GENERATE 2306 01:24:45,747 --> 01:24:47,115 EMISSIONS BY PARTICIPATING IN 2307 01:24:47,182 --> 01:24:50,251 THE CLINICAL TRIAL, TO SAY 2308 01:24:50,318 --> 01:24:51,986 NOTHING OF THE DISTRACTIONS AND 2309 01:24:52,053 --> 01:24:53,521 TAKING PEOPLE AWAY FROM THE 2310 01:24:53,588 --> 01:24:57,358 LIVES THEY LEAD, CHILD CARE 2311 01:24:57,425 --> 01:24:58,126 RESPONSIBILITIES, MULTIPLE 2312 01:24:58,193 --> 01:24:58,693 EMPLOYMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS 2313 01:24:58,760 --> 01:25:02,063 LIVING AT THE MARGINS OF 2314 01:25:02,130 --> 01:25:03,031 SOCIOECONOMIC WELLNESS. 2315 01:25:03,097 --> 01:25:06,201 IN CONTRAST MAYBE SHIFTING TO 2316 01:25:06,267 --> 01:25:08,937 DECENTRALIZED MODEL MIGHT 2317 01:25:09,003 --> 01:25:11,139 INCREASE EQUITY, RELIANCE ON 2318 01:25:11,206 --> 01:25:11,706 REMOTE TECHNOLOGY, DECREASE 2319 01:25:11,773 --> 01:25:13,975 EMISSION OF THE SORT OF CLIMATE 2320 01:25:14,042 --> 01:25:14,943 FOOTPRINT OF SOME CLINICAL 2321 01:25:15,009 --> 01:25:18,012 EVIDENCE BASE WE STRIVE TO 2322 01:25:18,079 --> 01:25:19,113 GENERATE. 2323 01:25:19,180 --> 01:25:20,448 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2324 01:25:20,515 --> 01:25:22,183 SO, IN THE FEW MOMENTS THAT 2325 01:25:22,250 --> 01:25:23,718 REMAIN I'D LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT 2326 01:25:23,785 --> 01:25:25,453 SOME RESEARCH GAPS AND 2327 01:25:25,520 --> 01:25:28,756 UNANSWERED QUESTIONS. 2328 01:25:28,823 --> 01:25:30,391 NEXT SLIDE. 2329 01:25:30,458 --> 01:25:34,128 SO, ONE QUESTION I THINK IS 2330 01:25:34,195 --> 01:25:35,129 RELEVANT SHOULD ENVIRONMENTAL 2331 01:25:35,196 --> 01:25:38,199 RISKS BE CAPTURED IN CLINICAL 2332 01:25:38,266 --> 01:25:39,934 TRIALS AND COHORTS, EXISTING 2333 01:25:40,001 --> 01:25:41,169 TRIALS THAT ARE ONGOING AND 2334 01:25:41,236 --> 01:25:42,770 THOSE THAT HAVE BEEN COMPLETED. 2335 01:25:42,837 --> 01:25:47,842 AND I'M SHOWING TWO EXAMPLES. 2336 01:25:47,909 --> 01:25:49,143 YOU'LL HEAR MORE TOMORROW. 2337 01:25:49,210 --> 01:25:50,445 A NICE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED A 2338 01:25:50,512 --> 01:25:52,313 COUPLE YEARS AGO WHERE THEY 2339 01:25:52,380 --> 01:25:55,817 LOOKED AT DATA FROM THE LANDMARK 2340 01:25:55,884 --> 01:25:59,187 TRIAL, THE SPRINT TRIAL, THAT 2341 01:25:59,254 --> 01:26:00,722 TESTED IN ABOUT 9300 U.S. 2342 01:26:00,788 --> 01:26:02,490 RESIDENTS WITH HIGH BLOOD 2343 01:26:02,557 --> 01:26:04,125 PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR 2344 01:26:04,192 --> 01:26:06,261 DISEASE OR RISK FACTORS, 2345 01:26:06,327 --> 01:26:07,962 BENEFITS OF INTENSE BLOOD 2346 01:26:08,029 --> 01:26:09,264 PRESSURE LOWERING STRATEGY, 2347 01:26:09,330 --> 01:26:12,233 GETTING TO SYSTOLIC LESS THAN 2348 01:26:12,300 --> 01:26:13,868 120 COMPARED TO LESS THAN 140, 2349 01:26:13,935 --> 01:26:16,804 AND WHAT THEY SHOWED IS THAT 2350 01:26:16,871 --> 01:26:18,640 THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT 2351 01:26:18,706 --> 01:26:22,076 INTERACTION INDIVIDUALS LIVING 2352 01:26:22,143 --> 01:26:24,812 IN REGIONS WITH ZIP CODE 2.5 2353 01:26:24,879 --> 01:26:27,749 GREATER THAN EPA STANDARD OF 12 2354 01:26:27,815 --> 01:26:29,951 MICROMETERS PER METER CUBED HAD 2355 01:26:30,018 --> 01:26:31,586 GREATER BENEFIT OF MORE 2356 01:26:31,653 --> 01:26:32,253 INTENSIVE BLOOD PRESSURE 2357 01:26:32,320 --> 01:26:33,755 LOWERING STRATEGY COMPARED TO 2358 01:26:33,821 --> 01:26:36,624 THOSE LIVING IN LESS POLLUTED OR 2359 01:26:36,691 --> 01:26:38,927 IN AREAS BELOW THE CURRENT EPA 2360 01:26:38,993 --> 01:26:40,361 THRESHOLD AT THAT TIME. 2361 01:26:40,428 --> 01:26:44,198 MAYBE WE CAN UNDERSTAND MORE 2362 01:26:44,265 --> 01:26:48,102 ABOUT HIDDEN HETERO 2363 01:26:48,169 --> 01:26:50,405 HETEROGENEITY AND INTERVENTION 2364 01:26:50,471 --> 01:26:54,042 BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 2365 01:26:54,108 --> 01:26:54,909 PERVASIVE FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS 2366 01:26:54,976 --> 01:26:56,978 WE WANT TO ENROLL IN STUDIES OF 2367 01:26:57,045 --> 01:26:57,812 CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS OVERALL. 2368 01:26:57,879 --> 01:27:01,482 ON THE OTHER SIDE I'M SHOWING 2369 01:27:01,549 --> 01:27:06,287 DATA FROM THE NIH ASSOCIATION OF 2370 01:27:06,354 --> 01:27:09,023 RETIRED PERSONS COHORT, OVER 2371 01:27:09,090 --> 01:27:10,792 500,000 RETIRED INDIVIDUALS, 2372 01:27:10,858 --> 01:27:13,628 SHOWING EFFECT MODIFICATION BY 2373 01:27:13,695 --> 01:27:16,030 QUINTILES OF MEDITERRANEAN DIET 2374 01:27:16,097 --> 01:27:16,898 CONSUMPTION, AND REALLY 2375 01:27:16,965 --> 01:27:19,534 ATTENUATION OF THE EFFECT FOR 2376 01:27:19,601 --> 01:27:24,806 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ISCHEMIC 2377 01:27:24,872 --> 01:27:27,675 HEART DISEASE, CEREBROVASCULAR 2378 01:27:27,742 --> 01:27:30,144 FROM PM 2.5 BASED ON QUINTILES 2379 01:27:30,211 --> 01:27:32,547 OF MEDITERRANEAN DIET IN 2380 01:27:32,614 --> 01:27:33,314 OBSERVATIONAL STUDY WITH DIETARY 2381 01:27:33,381 --> 01:27:36,618 DATA THAT HAS ITS LIMITS AND 2382 01:27:36,684 --> 01:27:38,252 THIS MAY REFLECT OTHER ASPECTS 2383 01:27:38,319 --> 01:27:40,421 OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS, THERE 2384 01:27:40,488 --> 01:27:41,222 MAY BE MEANINGFUL EFFECT 2385 01:27:41,289 --> 01:27:43,291 MODIFICATION THAT WE CAN CAPTURE 2386 01:27:43,358 --> 01:27:46,894 IN CLINICAL DATA ABOVE AND 2387 01:27:46,961 --> 01:27:47,662 BEYOND TRADITIONAL PARADIGMS OF 2388 01:27:47,729 --> 01:27:47,996 RISK. 2389 01:27:48,062 --> 01:27:49,731 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2390 01:27:49,797 --> 01:27:52,166 SO, AGAIN, CAN WE APPLY THIS 2391 01:27:52,233 --> 01:27:53,201 BOUNDARY FRAMEWORK TO 2392 01:27:53,267 --> 01:27:54,102 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK? 2393 01:27:54,168 --> 01:27:55,970 I THINK THERE'S SOME INTERESTING 2394 01:27:56,037 --> 01:27:59,040 THINKING GOING ON IN THIS SPACE, 2395 01:27:59,107 --> 01:28:00,775 YOU KNOW, AS CLINICIANS AND 2396 01:28:00,842 --> 01:28:03,111 CLINICAL TRIALISTS WE THINK 2397 01:28:03,177 --> 01:28:04,746 ABOUT TRADITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR 2398 01:28:04,812 --> 01:28:08,016 OR HEALTH RISK FACTORS, IN THIS 2399 01:28:08,082 --> 01:28:09,784 CASE MAYBE RESIDUAL THROMBOTIC 2400 01:28:09,851 --> 01:28:10,985 RISK, INFLAMMATORY RISK, MAYBE 2401 01:28:11,052 --> 01:28:13,154 WE NEED TO BROADEN THIS IN THE 2402 01:28:13,221 --> 01:28:20,261 SAME SORT OF BOUNDARY REGION FOR 2403 01:28:20,328 --> 01:28:21,462 THE PLANETARY HEALTH CONSTRUCT, 2404 01:28:21,529 --> 01:28:23,331 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK WORKING HAND 2405 01:28:23,398 --> 01:28:25,733 IN HAND WITH RESIDUAL SOCIAL 2406 01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:30,438 RISK, A NICE PAPER PUBLISHED 2407 01:28:30,505 --> 01:28:33,274 RECENTLY GETTING INTO SOME 2408 01:28:33,341 --> 01:28:34,075 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. 2409 01:28:34,142 --> 01:28:44,552 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2410 01:28:44,619 --> 01:28:47,555 SO LASTLY, DR. DIEZ-ROUX SHOWED 2411 01:28:47,622 --> 01:28:49,624 DATA ON REDLINING DECISIONS FROM 2412 01:28:49,691 --> 01:28:51,159 THE 1930s INFLUENCING AND 2413 01:28:51,225 --> 01:28:53,561 CONTINUE TO PERPETUATE AREAS OF 2414 01:28:53,628 --> 01:28:55,530 ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY. 2415 01:28:55,596 --> 01:28:56,864 I'M SHOWING SOME PRELIMINARY 2416 01:28:56,931 --> 01:28:58,733 DATA FROM OUR GROUP IN NEW YORK 2417 01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:02,336 CITY, LOOKING AT THE EFFECT OF 2418 01:29:02,403 --> 01:29:07,141 ACTIVE AIR FILTERS, PACs, 2419 01:29:07,208 --> 01:29:08,209 VERSUS SHAM. 2420 01:29:08,276 --> 01:29:10,311 LOOKING, WE COMPARED JUST BASED 2421 01:29:10,378 --> 01:29:13,481 ON NUMBERS ALONE, THE GROUP C 2422 01:29:13,548 --> 01:29:14,449 AND D, REDLINE DISTRICTED 2423 01:29:14,515 --> 01:29:15,516 COMPARED TO A AND B. 2424 01:29:15,583 --> 01:29:18,319 YOU CAN SEE IN THE ACTIVE PAC 2425 01:29:18,386 --> 01:29:20,088 ARM, ACTIVE AIR FILTER ARM, 2426 01:29:20,154 --> 01:29:22,123 THERE'S REALLY NO DIFFERENCE 2427 01:29:22,190 --> 01:29:24,325 BETWEEN THE MEAN PM2.5 EXPOSURE, 2428 01:29:24,392 --> 01:29:26,627 MARRIED IN THE HOME WITH 2429 01:29:26,694 --> 01:29:27,228 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DEVICE, 2430 01:29:27,295 --> 01:29:29,163 BUT WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE SHAM 2431 01:29:29,230 --> 01:29:31,232 DEVICES IN THIS TRIAL YOU SEE 2432 01:29:31,299 --> 01:29:35,069 THAT IN THE HOMEOWNERSHIP LOAN 2433 01:29:35,136 --> 01:29:35,703 CORPORATION REDLINE DISTRICTS, 2434 01:29:35,770 --> 01:29:37,038 CONTEMPORARY NEW YORK CITY, 2435 01:29:37,105 --> 01:29:38,339 THERE'S MUCH GREATER VARIABILITY 2436 01:29:38,406 --> 01:29:40,475 AND GREATER EXPOSURE COMPARED TO 2437 01:29:40,541 --> 01:29:42,710 THOSE IN AREAS A AND B IN NEW 2438 01:29:42,777 --> 01:29:43,678 YORK. 2439 01:29:43,745 --> 01:29:44,779 SO MAYBE THIS EXPOSOME, 2440 01:29:44,846 --> 01:29:47,281 QUOTE/UNQUOTE, IN THE CASE OF 2441 01:29:47,348 --> 01:29:49,484 PM2.5 AND AIR POLLUTION CAN BE 2442 01:29:49,550 --> 01:29:50,818 MODIFIED AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 2443 01:29:50,885 --> 01:29:53,988 AND MAYBE THINKING ABOUT RISK 2444 01:29:54,055 --> 01:29:54,489 FACTORS AS INDIVIDUALLY 2445 01:29:54,555 --> 01:29:56,724 MODIFIABLE I THINK IS A CONCEPT 2446 01:29:56,791 --> 01:29:59,026 THAT MAYBE WE CAN WRAP OUR HEADS 2447 01:29:59,093 --> 01:30:01,763 AROUND MORE FROM CLINICAL AND 2448 01:30:01,829 --> 01:30:02,530 TREATMENT FRAMEWORK. 2449 01:30:02,597 --> 01:30:05,700 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2450 01:30:05,767 --> 01:30:06,768 BRIEF SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION, I 2451 01:30:06,834 --> 01:30:09,303 THINK AS HAS BEEN ALREADY SHOWN 2452 01:30:09,370 --> 01:30:11,839 THIS MORNING ELEGANTLY THESE 2453 01:30:11,906 --> 01:30:13,708 BOUNDARY DOMAINS AND SYSTEMS AND 2454 01:30:13,775 --> 01:30:16,644 EXCEEDING THESE SYSTEMS HAVE 2455 01:30:16,711 --> 01:30:18,513 MULTIPLE NEGATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR 2456 01:30:18,579 --> 01:30:18,746 EFFECTS. 2457 01:30:18,813 --> 01:30:21,149 PLANETARY HEALTH MAYBE IS A VIEW 2458 01:30:21,215 --> 01:30:22,450 FOR THIS APPROACH IS A COMMON 2459 01:30:22,517 --> 01:30:25,286 SOIL FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL 2460 01:30:25,353 --> 01:30:25,553 INEQUITY. 2461 01:30:25,620 --> 01:30:27,155 RANDOMIZED TRIALS OF MAYBE 2462 01:30:27,221 --> 01:30:28,022 PERSONAL AND PATIENT 2463 01:30:28,089 --> 01:30:30,091 INTERVENTIONS WHILE WE WORK 2464 01:30:30,158 --> 01:30:31,959 TOWARDS THE LARGER POLICY 2465 01:30:32,026 --> 01:30:33,361 DIRECTIONS WHICH CLEARLY WE NEED 2466 01:30:33,427 --> 01:30:35,229 MAY GUIDE IMPLEMENTATION AND 2467 01:30:35,296 --> 01:30:36,264 ACTION. 2468 01:30:36,330 --> 01:30:36,998 AND NOVEL APPROACHES, 2469 01:30:37,064 --> 01:30:38,199 DECENTRALIZED TRIALS AND OTHERS, 2470 01:30:38,266 --> 01:30:40,735 MAY HELP IMPROVE HEALTH EQUITY 2471 01:30:40,802 --> 01:30:43,237 AND RESOURCE USE AS A WAY TO 2472 01:30:43,304 --> 01:30:46,040 UNCOVER HIDDEN HETEROGENEITY TO 2473 01:30:46,107 --> 01:30:49,043 MAYBE USE DETAILED CLINICAL 2474 01:30:49,110 --> 01:30:51,045 TRIAL PHENOTYPING, CORE LAB 2475 01:30:51,112 --> 01:30:53,548 ADJUDICATION AND REVIEW 2476 01:30:53,614 --> 01:30:55,082 COMMITTEES, TO UNDERSTAND THE 2477 01:30:55,149 --> 01:30:57,952 TRUE IMPACT IN MORE DETAIL SOME 2478 01:30:58,019 --> 01:30:59,687 PHYSIOLOGIC IMPACTS FROM THE 2479 01:30:59,754 --> 01:31:00,688 MYRIAD ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES 2480 01:31:00,755 --> 01:31:01,022 WE HAVE. 2481 01:31:01,088 --> 01:31:02,757 THANKS VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME 2482 01:31:02,824 --> 01:31:03,324 AND ATTENTION. 2483 01:31:03,391 --> 01:31:08,563 NEXT SLIDE. 2484 01:31:08,629 --> 01:31:10,198 >> GREAT. 2485 01:31:10,264 --> 01:31:13,367 THANK YOU FOR THAT GREAT 2486 01:31:13,434 --> 01:31:13,634 OVERVIEW. 2487 01:31:13,701 --> 01:31:17,638 I THINK WE'RE JUST ON TIME, TWO 2488 01:31:17,705 --> 01:31:19,740 MINUTES I THINK AHEAD OF 2489 01:31:19,807 --> 01:31:20,708 SCHEDULE -- ACTUALLY BEHIND 2490 01:31:20,775 --> 01:31:21,142 SCHEDULE. 2491 01:31:21,209 --> 01:31:23,110 WE'RE GOING TO FORTUNATELY MAKE 2492 01:31:23,177 --> 01:31:25,079 THIS UP TODAY. 2493 01:31:25,146 --> 01:31:26,514 NEXT SPEAKER DR. SACOBY WILSON 2494 01:31:26,581 --> 01:31:30,084 ON THE AGENDA COULD NOT MAKE IT 2495 01:31:30,151 --> 01:31:30,284 TODAY. 2496 01:31:30,351 --> 01:31:32,253 AND WE'LL MOVE FORWARD WITH OUR 2497 01:31:32,320 --> 01:31:39,594 FINAL TALK AS A CONSEQUENCE, 2498 01:31:39,660 --> 01:31:43,097 WHICH IS GIVEN BY DR. STEVEN 2499 01:31:43,164 --> 01:31:53,708 DAVIS AND ATTEMPT THE NEXT NAME, 2500 01:31:56,043 --> 01:32:02,917 STEVEN DAVIS (INDISCERNIBLE) AND 2501 01:32:02,984 --> 01:32:03,784 BLACKFOOT CONFEDERACY. 2502 01:32:03,851 --> 01:32:06,854 FORGIVE ME IF I BUTCHERED THE 2503 01:32:06,921 --> 01:32:08,289 NAME, FROM MONTANA STATE 2504 01:32:08,356 --> 01:32:12,426 UNIVERSITY IN BOZEMAN, JOINED BY 2505 01:32:12,493 --> 01:32:13,728 DR. ALEXANDRA ADAMS, SAME 2506 01:32:13,794 --> 01:32:15,196 INSTITUTION, DIRECTORY AND 2507 01:32:15,263 --> 01:32:17,899 PROFESSOR OF CENTER FOR AMERICAN 2508 01:32:17,965 --> 01:32:19,634 INDIAN AND RULE HEALTH EQUITY IN 2509 01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:20,001 MONTANA STATE. 2510 01:32:20,067 --> 01:32:26,908 THANK YOU TO BOTH OF YOU FOR 2511 01:32:26,974 --> 01:32:28,442 GIVING THIS TALK AND INDIGENOUS 2512 01:32:28,509 --> 01:32:29,677 NATIONS THINKING IN TERMS OF 2513 01:32:29,744 --> 01:32:30,077 PLANETARY HEALTH. 2514 01:32:30,144 --> 01:32:36,050 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2515 01:32:39,453 --> 01:32:43,858 I THINK YOU MIGHT BE MUTED, 2516 01:32:43,925 --> 01:32:44,091 STEVEN. 2517 01:32:44,158 --> 01:32:45,960 >> I'M WAITING FOR MY COLLEAGUE 2518 01:32:46,027 --> 01:32:48,262 TO KICK US OFF. 2519 01:32:48,329 --> 01:32:58,572 >> TERRIFIC. 2520 01:33:11,385 --> 01:33:12,687 >> I'M UNMUTED BUT I CAN'T SEE 2521 01:33:12,753 --> 01:33:12,920 ME. 2522 01:33:12,987 --> 01:33:14,989 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN 2523 01:33:15,056 --> 01:33:17,391 HIGHLIGHT ME FIRST AND THEN 2524 01:33:17,458 --> 01:33:17,725 STEVEN. 2525 01:33:17,792 --> 01:33:18,693 THERE WE GO. 2526 01:33:18,759 --> 01:33:21,429 START MY VIDEO. 2527 01:33:21,495 --> 01:33:21,662 THANKS. 2528 01:33:21,729 --> 01:33:22,196 >> TERRIFIC. 2529 01:33:22,263 --> 01:33:23,564 WE CAN SEE YOU NOW. 2530 01:33:23,631 --> 01:33:24,598 >> GREAT. 2531 01:33:24,665 --> 01:33:25,132 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2532 01:33:25,199 --> 01:33:26,634 >> WE HAVE PLENTY OF TIME, NOT 2533 01:33:26,701 --> 01:33:27,535 TO WORRY. 2534 01:33:27,601 --> 01:33:32,673 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2535 01:33:32,740 --> 01:33:36,577 >> I'M SORRY JACOBY COULDN'T 2536 01:33:36,644 --> 01:33:36,978 MAKE IT. 2537 01:33:37,044 --> 01:33:39,480 THANK YOU TO THE PRESENTERS AND 2538 01:33:39,547 --> 01:33:41,215 PEOPLE LISTENING FOR HAVING US 2539 01:33:41,282 --> 01:33:41,582 SPEAK. 2540 01:33:41,649 --> 01:33:44,552 STEVEN AND I ARE SPEAKING FROM 2541 01:33:44,618 --> 01:33:46,287 BOZEMAN MONTANA, MONTANA STATE 2542 01:33:46,354 --> 01:33:47,188 UNIVERSITY. 2543 01:33:47,254 --> 01:33:48,823 I'M OF EUROPEAN DESCENT, 2544 01:33:48,889 --> 01:33:49,490 PHYSICIAN AND RESEARCHERS 2545 01:33:49,557 --> 01:33:50,891 WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP WITH MANY 2546 01:33:50,958 --> 01:33:52,727 NATIVE COMMUNITIES FOR THE PAST 2547 01:33:52,793 --> 01:33:53,294 25 YEARS. 2548 01:33:53,361 --> 01:33:55,062 IT IS WITH DEEP GRATITUDE TO 2549 01:33:55,129 --> 01:33:58,332 THOSE COMMUNITIES THAT I SHARE 2550 01:33:58,399 --> 01:34:00,835 WITH YOU TODAY. 2551 01:34:00,901 --> 01:34:03,070 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2552 01:34:03,137 --> 01:34:12,013 VICTOR 2553 01:34:12,079 --> 01:34:13,881 VICTOR FRANKL SAID THIS. 2554 01:34:13,948 --> 01:34:15,850 A PAPER WAS WRITTEN INCLUDING 2555 01:34:15,916 --> 01:34:19,787 THREE CRITICAL ISSUES WE MUST 2556 01:34:19,854 --> 01:34:20,888 CONSIDER. 2557 01:34:20,955 --> 01:34:22,957 CONCEPTUAL FAILURES, KNOWLEDGE 2558 01:34:23,024 --> 01:34:24,058 FAILURES, IMPLEMENTATION 2559 01:34:24,125 --> 01:34:24,592 FAILURES. 2560 01:34:24,658 --> 01:34:25,893 WE'VE HEARD ABOUT PLANETARY 2561 01:34:25,960 --> 01:34:27,895 HEALTH TODAY AND A LOT OF 2562 01:34:27,962 --> 01:34:29,630 KNOWLEDGE FAILURES AND 2563 01:34:29,697 --> 01:34:33,801 IMPLEMENTATION FAILURES, AND 2564 01:34:33,868 --> 01:34:37,838 THESE ARE CRISES ABOUT WHAT WE 2565 01:34:37,905 --> 01:34:38,939 THINK, HOW WE RELATE, WHAT WE 2566 01:34:39,006 --> 01:34:39,940 KNOW AND DO. 2567 01:34:40,007 --> 01:34:41,575 WE'LL FOCUS ON HOW WE THINK AND 2568 01:34:41,642 --> 01:34:41,809 RELATE. 2569 01:34:41,876 --> 01:34:43,444 WE BELIEVE THIS IS ABSOLUTELY 2570 01:34:43,511 --> 01:34:44,879 CRITICAL TO WHAT WE KNOW. 2571 01:34:44,945 --> 01:34:46,280 THE QUESTIONS WE ASK IN RESEARCH 2572 01:34:46,347 --> 01:34:47,715 AND HOW WE ASK THEM. 2573 01:34:47,782 --> 01:34:51,218 AND WHAT WE DO WITH THAT 2574 01:34:51,285 --> 01:34:53,387 INFORMATION AND HOW WE IMPLEMENT 2575 01:34:53,454 --> 01:34:53,854 AND DISSEMINATE. 2576 01:34:53,921 --> 01:34:57,892 WE BELIEVE WE'RE IN A CRISIS OF 2577 01:34:57,958 --> 01:35:00,094 MINDSET TO NEEDS TO SHIFT TO 2578 01:35:00,161 --> 01:35:01,829 RELATIONAL WAY OF BEING. 2579 01:35:01,896 --> 01:35:03,464 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2580 01:35:03,531 --> 01:35:05,666 AS I'VE BEEN TAUGHT BY MANY 2581 01:35:05,733 --> 01:35:06,634 NATIVE ELDERS PEOPLE LEARN BEST 2582 01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:07,101 FROM STORY. 2583 01:35:07,168 --> 01:35:08,736 I'LL START WITH A STORY OF MY 2584 01:35:08,803 --> 01:35:10,271 WORK WITH NATIVE COMMUNITIES AND 2585 01:35:10,337 --> 01:35:12,306 HOW THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS WE 2586 01:35:12,373 --> 01:35:17,044 ASK HAVE EVOLVED OVER THE PAST 2587 01:35:17,111 --> 01:35:18,045 20+ YEARS. 2588 01:35:18,112 --> 01:35:19,146 AND CONTRARY TO WHAT PEOPLE 2589 01:35:19,213 --> 01:35:20,781 EXPECT I'M NOT PRESENTING DATA 2590 01:35:20,848 --> 01:35:23,951 OR FOCUS ON HEALTH ISSUES 2591 01:35:24,018 --> 01:35:25,619 CRITICAL IN URBAN AND TRIBAL 2592 01:35:25,686 --> 01:35:27,388 NATIVE COMMUNITIES AROUND THIS 2593 01:35:27,455 --> 01:35:28,989 COUNTRY AND THE WORLD. 2594 01:35:29,056 --> 01:35:30,424 RATHER HOW THE QUESTIONS THAT 2595 01:35:30,491 --> 01:35:33,160 WE'RE ASKING TOGETHER HAVE 2596 01:35:33,227 --> 01:35:34,495 SHIFTED OVER TIME. 2597 01:35:34,562 --> 01:35:35,663 SO LIKE MANY RESEARCHERS I 2598 01:35:35,729 --> 01:35:37,965 STARTED OUT WORKING IN BASIC 2599 01:35:38,032 --> 01:35:40,701 SCIENCE, CLINICAL LABS, CLINICAL 2600 01:35:40,768 --> 01:35:40,935 TRIALS. 2601 01:35:41,001 --> 01:35:43,871 THANKFULLY I WAS INTRODUCED TO 2602 01:35:43,938 --> 01:35:46,540 STRONG MENTORS, CONCEPTS OF 2603 01:35:46,607 --> 01:35:47,141 COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY 2604 01:35:47,208 --> 01:35:47,942 RESEARCH. 2605 01:35:48,008 --> 01:35:49,176 JUNIOR FACULTY AT THE UNIVERSITY 2606 01:35:49,243 --> 01:35:50,678 OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 2607 01:35:50,744 --> 01:35:53,080 I PARTNERED WITH SEVERAL TRIBAL 2608 01:35:53,147 --> 01:35:55,082 COMMUNITIES AND WE STARTED TO 2609 01:35:55,149 --> 01:35:58,252 LOOK AT SERIES OF NHLBI-FUNDED 2610 01:35:58,319 --> 01:36:00,087 STUDIES HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND WHY 2611 01:36:00,154 --> 01:36:01,722 WE HAVE HIGH RATES OF 2612 01:36:01,789 --> 01:36:04,225 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND 2613 01:36:04,291 --> 01:36:05,226 DIABETES NEW THESE COMMUNITIES 2614 01:36:05,292 --> 01:36:06,527 AND RATES OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY 2615 01:36:06,594 --> 01:36:08,829 THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THOSE 2616 01:36:08,896 --> 01:36:09,063 FACTORS. 2617 01:36:09,130 --> 01:36:11,132 WE DID FIND HIGH RATES OF 2618 01:36:11,198 --> 01:36:12,399 CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT 2619 01:36:12,466 --> 01:36:15,202 COUPLED WITH HIGH RATES OF 2620 01:36:15,269 --> 01:36:16,203 HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN YOUNG 2621 01:36:16,270 --> 01:36:16,704 CHILDREN. 2622 01:36:16,770 --> 01:36:17,738 I BROUGHT THAT DATA BACK TO 2623 01:36:17,805 --> 01:36:20,341 COMMUNITIES, WE WORKED TO DESIGN 2624 01:36:20,407 --> 01:36:22,109 A FAMILY-BASED INTERVENTION TO 2625 01:36:22,176 --> 01:36:23,310 ADDRESS DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, 2626 01:36:23,377 --> 01:36:25,045 TYPICAL PUBLIC HEALTH THINGS 2627 01:36:25,112 --> 01:36:26,914 SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 2628 01:36:26,981 --> 01:36:28,983 NUTRITION, SCREEN TIME, SLEEP, 2629 01:36:29,049 --> 01:36:29,750 STRESS. 2630 01:36:29,817 --> 01:36:31,619 ALL PREDICTORS OF FUTURE CARDIAC 2631 01:36:31,685 --> 01:36:32,052 DISEASE. 2632 01:36:32,119 --> 01:36:36,657 THIS WAS IMPLEMENTED IN MULTIPLE 2633 01:36:36,724 --> 01:36:38,292 COMMUNITIES NATIONALLY, HERE IS 2634 01:36:38,359 --> 01:36:40,694 A PICTURE OF A PARTICIPATING 2635 01:36:40,761 --> 01:36:41,262 FAMILY. 2636 01:36:41,328 --> 01:36:42,329 THESE QUESTIONS, WHAT WOULD 2637 01:36:42,396 --> 01:36:44,765 BENEFIT, WHAT DOES THE COMMUNITY 2638 01:36:44,832 --> 01:36:45,833 THINK, WERE INCORPORATED. 2639 01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:47,701 IN ADDITION DURING THAT TIME I 2640 01:36:47,768 --> 01:36:52,206 WAS WORKING WITH A PARTICULAR 2641 01:36:52,273 --> 01:36:54,175 COMMUNITY IN WISCONSIN IN A 2642 01:36:54,241 --> 01:36:55,576 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT WORK GROUP. 2643 01:36:55,643 --> 01:36:57,578 OVER THE FIRST FIVE YEARS THIS 2644 01:36:57,645 --> 01:36:58,312 WORK GROUP BEGAN HAVING 2645 01:36:58,379 --> 01:37:00,080 INCREASING DISCUSSIONS OF THE 2646 01:37:00,147 --> 01:37:01,282 ROLE OF HISTORIC AND CURRENT 2647 01:37:01,348 --> 01:37:03,551 TRAUMA IN THE HEALTH OF THE 2648 01:37:03,617 --> 01:37:03,884 COMMUNITY. 2649 01:37:03,951 --> 01:37:05,519 WE DISCUSSED HOW ADVERSE 2650 01:37:05,586 --> 01:37:06,754 CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES DUE TO 2651 01:37:06,820 --> 01:37:07,855 TRAUMA AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS 2652 01:37:07,922 --> 01:37:10,891 OF HEALTH AS WE TALKED ABOUT 2653 01:37:10,958 --> 01:37:12,226 SUCH AS POVERTY, RACISM, FROM 2654 01:37:12,293 --> 01:37:13,527 PRIOR SPEAKERS WERE LEADING TO 2655 01:37:13,594 --> 01:37:16,030 POOR COPING STRATEGIES SUCH AS 2656 01:37:16,096 --> 01:37:17,698 USING TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, DRUGS, 2657 01:37:17,765 --> 01:37:18,766 UNHEALTHY FOODS THAT WERE 2658 01:37:18,832 --> 01:37:21,702 CONTRIBUTING TO THESE HIGH RATES 2659 01:37:21,769 --> 01:37:23,604 OF CHRONIC DISEASES. 2660 01:37:23,671 --> 01:37:26,106 SO THIS TRAUMA MODEL AND WORK OF 2661 01:37:26,173 --> 01:37:27,308 MANY COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS TO 2662 01:37:27,374 --> 01:37:28,842 ADDRESS TRAUMA INFORMED CARE HAD 2663 01:37:28,909 --> 01:37:30,711 A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON 2664 01:37:30,778 --> 01:37:31,912 COMMUNITY WELLNESS, COMMUNITY 2665 01:37:31,979 --> 01:37:33,881 GRADUATION RATES, ET CETERA. 2666 01:37:33,948 --> 01:37:38,485 IT WAS NOT ENOUGH. 2667 01:37:38,552 --> 01:37:39,587 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2668 01:37:39,653 --> 01:37:41,655 SO IN 2017 I WAS INVITED TO GO 2669 01:37:41,722 --> 01:37:43,190 TO NEW ZEALAND FOR INDIGENOUS 2670 01:37:43,257 --> 01:37:45,059 KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE AND MY FRIEND 2671 01:37:45,125 --> 01:37:53,133 JENNIFER AND I FROM THE MENONMI 2672 01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,503 NATION GRAN EXCHANGES WITH 2673 01:37:56,570 --> 01:37:59,473 NATIVE HAWAIIAN COLLEAGUES TO 2674 01:37:59,540 --> 01:38:01,875 SHIFT FROM PUBLIC HEALTH SUCH AS 2675 01:38:01,942 --> 01:38:04,345 WHAT I'VE TALKED ABOUT, PHYSICAL 2676 01:38:04,411 --> 01:38:05,946 ACTIVITY, EVEN TRAUMA INFORMED 2677 01:38:06,013 --> 01:38:08,015 CARE, TO THINKING ABOUT HOW 2678 01:38:08,082 --> 01:38:09,750 REVITALIZING CONNECTION TO LAND 2679 01:38:09,817 --> 01:38:12,186 AND CULTURE WAS MORE HOLISTIC 2680 01:38:12,253 --> 01:38:13,354 APPROACH TO WELLNESS. 2681 01:38:13,420 --> 01:38:16,557 WE SHIFTED TO THINKING ABOUT 2682 01:38:16,624 --> 01:38:18,525 CULTURE, MEDICINE, BEGAN WORKING 2683 01:38:18,592 --> 01:38:20,261 WITH THE COMMUNITY TO REVITALIZE 2684 01:38:20,327 --> 01:38:22,763 LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AND KINSHIP 2685 01:38:22,830 --> 01:38:23,998 CONNECTIONS, SOME BELONGING THAT 2686 01:38:24,064 --> 01:38:26,066 PETER TALKED ABOUT WAS REALLY 2687 01:38:26,133 --> 01:38:28,569 CRITICAL TO HEALTH. 2688 01:38:28,636 --> 01:38:31,438 WE CREATED A A WELLNESS MODEL TO 2689 01:38:31,505 --> 01:38:32,940 HELP THE COMMUNITY VISUALIZE. 2690 01:38:33,007 --> 01:38:35,309 THIS IS US IN NEW ZEALAND, 2691 01:38:35,376 --> 01:38:36,677 LEARNING KNOWLEDGE OF FERNS AND 2692 01:38:36,744 --> 01:38:39,280 HOW WE CANNOT SPEAK ABOUT HEALTH 2693 01:38:39,346 --> 01:38:41,482 AND CONNECTION TO FOREST OR 2694 01:38:41,548 --> 01:38:42,116 PLANETARY HEALTH WITHOUT 2695 01:38:42,182 --> 01:38:44,218 ACTUALLY BEING IN THE FOREST. 2696 01:38:44,285 --> 01:38:46,287 MUCH OF OUR LEARNING TOGETHER 2697 01:38:46,353 --> 01:38:48,055 OCCURS OUTSIDE IN THE 2698 01:38:48,122 --> 01:38:49,123 ENVIRONMENTS THAT WE'RE WORKING 2699 01:38:49,189 --> 01:38:51,525 TO, WORK WITH, UNDERSTAND AND 2700 01:38:51,592 --> 01:38:54,728 LEARN FROM. 2701 01:38:54,795 --> 01:38:55,729 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2702 01:38:55,796 --> 01:38:57,598 THESE ARE SOME OF THE COMMUNITY 2703 01:38:57,665 --> 01:38:58,899 ENGAGEMENT LESSONS LEARNED THAT 2704 01:38:58,966 --> 01:39:01,201 I THINK ARE CRITICAL AS WE MOVE 2705 01:39:01,268 --> 01:39:02,836 FORWARD, MOVING TOGETHER WITH 2706 01:39:02,903 --> 01:39:06,006 HOW DO WE WORK WITH COMMUNITY 2707 01:39:06,073 --> 01:39:07,841 AND UP TOWARDS NATION AND 2708 01:39:07,908 --> 01:39:08,809 STATEWIDE CHANGES. 2709 01:39:08,876 --> 01:39:12,446 I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 2710 01:39:12,513 --> 01:39:16,383 BEWARE OF DEFICIT MODEL, THEY 2711 01:39:16,450 --> 01:39:18,919 HAVE ALL THESE ISSUES AND 2712 01:39:18,986 --> 01:39:21,322 PROBLEMS AND HAVE HIGHER 2713 01:39:21,388 --> 01:39:24,058 EXPOSURES OF PM2.5 ET CETERA, 2714 01:39:24,124 --> 01:39:24,925 APPROACHING FROM DEFICIT MODEL 2715 01:39:24,992 --> 01:39:26,460 SHUTS PEOPLE DOWN INSTEAD OF 2716 01:39:26,527 --> 01:39:28,095 ACTIVATING PEOPLE. 2717 01:39:28,162 --> 01:39:30,064 BEING OPEN TO THE POSSIBILITY OF 2718 01:39:30,130 --> 01:39:31,165 PEOPLE COMING TOGETHER WITH 2719 01:39:31,231 --> 01:39:33,801 COMMON VISION FOR HEALTH OF 2720 01:39:33,867 --> 01:39:34,601 THEIR COMMUNITY, NOT JUST 2721 01:39:34,668 --> 01:39:35,869 COMMUNITY IN TERMS OF HEALTH OF 2722 01:39:35,936 --> 01:39:37,638 THE PEOPLE, BUT HEALTH OF ALL OF 2723 01:39:37,705 --> 01:39:39,907 THE PARTS OF THE COMMUNITY 2724 01:39:39,973 --> 01:39:41,475 AROUND THEM. 2725 01:39:41,542 --> 01:39:43,677 ENSURING THAT PEOPLE'S WHOLE 2726 01:39:43,744 --> 01:39:45,846 SELVES ARE ENGAGED, BODY, MIND, 2727 01:39:45,913 --> 01:39:46,180 SPIRIT. 2728 01:39:46,246 --> 01:39:47,581 STEVEN WILL ELABORATE MORE ON 2729 01:39:47,648 --> 01:39:48,015 THAT. 2730 01:39:48,082 --> 01:39:50,017 REALLY UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS THE 2731 01:39:50,084 --> 01:39:51,085 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND 2732 01:39:51,151 --> 01:39:52,419 UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROOT CAUSE 2733 01:39:52,486 --> 01:39:53,620 OF COMMUNITY ISSUES. 2734 01:39:53,687 --> 01:39:56,357 WE NEVER WOULD HAVE WENT DOWN 2735 01:39:56,423 --> 01:39:58,459 THE ROAD OF UNDERSTANDING DEEP 2736 01:39:58,525 --> 01:39:59,626 IMPACT OF HISTORIC AND CURRENT 2737 01:39:59,693 --> 01:40:00,861 TRAUMA ON THE COMMUNITY AND HOW 2738 01:40:00,928 --> 01:40:04,365 THAT NEEDED TO BE ADDRESSED IN A 2739 01:40:04,431 --> 01:40:05,566 DIFFERENT WAY, WITHOUT LISTENING 2740 01:40:05,632 --> 01:40:07,101 AND TALKING TO THE COMMUNITY 2741 01:40:07,167 --> 01:40:09,837 OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 2742 01:40:09,903 --> 01:40:10,738 USING EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACHES 2743 01:40:10,804 --> 01:40:13,640 AND COMMUNITY INPUT IN THE 2744 01:40:13,707 --> 01:40:14,408 INTERVENTION, LASTLY OF COURSE 2745 01:40:14,475 --> 01:40:20,114 MOVE AT THE SPEED OF TRUST. 2746 01:40:20,180 --> 01:40:21,215 SO REVITALIZING LANGUAGE, 2747 01:40:21,281 --> 01:40:22,182 CULTURE HEALING WITH INDIGENOUS 2748 01:40:22,249 --> 01:40:23,851 KNOWLEDGE IS OCCURRING IN 2749 01:40:23,917 --> 01:40:25,819 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN THIS 2750 01:40:25,886 --> 01:40:26,854 COUNTRY AND INTERNATIONALLY. 2751 01:40:26,920 --> 01:40:29,089 IT'S HELPING MOVE OUR VIEW OF 2752 01:40:29,156 --> 01:40:30,057 HEALTH FROM INDIVIDUAL TO 2753 01:40:30,124 --> 01:40:31,158 COMMUNITY, INTO THE HEALTH OF 2754 01:40:31,225 --> 01:40:32,493 THE SURROUNDING LAND AND HEALTH 2755 01:40:32,559 --> 01:40:35,329 OF THE PLANET. 2756 01:40:35,396 --> 01:40:36,096 REMEMBERING AS INDIGENOUS 2757 01:40:36,163 --> 01:40:38,065 COMMUNITIES HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN 2758 01:40:38,132 --> 01:40:39,933 THAT WE'RE ALL CONNECTED IS 2759 01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:41,535 CRITICAL FOR MUTUAL SURVIVAL. 2760 01:40:41,602 --> 01:40:43,437 MY COLLEAGUE STEVEN WILL FURTHER 2761 01:40:43,504 --> 01:40:45,072 ELABORATE ON THIS NEXT. 2762 01:40:45,139 --> 01:40:53,981 NEXT SLIGHT PLEASE. 2763 01:40:54,047 --> 01:40:54,281 AND STEVEN? 2764 01:40:54,348 --> 01:40:54,415 >> 2765 01:40:54,481 --> 01:41:05,025 [SPEAKING IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE] 2766 01:41:10,364 --> 01:41:13,500 [ SPEAKING A NATIVE LANGUAGE ]. 2767 01:41:13,567 --> 01:41:15,702 >> I GREET YOU IN MY FIRST 2768 01:41:15,769 --> 01:41:17,037 LANGUAGE, THE FIRST PEOPLE OF 2769 01:41:17,104 --> 01:41:20,207 THE LAND, AS RELATIVES BECAUSE I 2770 01:41:20,274 --> 01:41:20,974 BELIEVE WE'RE INTERCONNECTED IN 2771 01:41:21,041 --> 01:41:22,609 MORE WAYS THAN WE COULD KNOW OR 2772 01:41:22,676 --> 01:41:22,943 UNDERSTAND. 2773 01:41:23,010 --> 01:41:28,081 FLIP BACK TO THE PREVIOUS SLIDE 2774 01:41:28,148 --> 01:41:28,415 PLEASE. 2775 01:41:28,482 --> 01:41:30,918 I'M OF MIXED EUROPEAN AND 2776 01:41:30,984 --> 01:41:32,352 INDIGENOUS ANCESTRY, CAN TRACE 2777 01:41:32,419 --> 01:41:34,321 THAT DIRECTLY BACK TO FIRST 2778 01:41:34,388 --> 01:41:35,756 EUROPEAN CONTACT, COLLISION OF 2779 01:41:35,823 --> 01:41:40,327 TWO CULTURES. 2780 01:41:40,394 --> 01:41:50,938 WHICH IS TO SAY I'M DESCENDANT, 2781 01:41:54,942 --> 01:41:57,411 BIG SKY, A GLIMPSE OF MY 2782 01:41:57,478 --> 01:41:57,978 ANCESTORS AND YOUTH. 2783 01:41:58,045 --> 01:42:03,784 THIS IS THE LAKES INSIDE THE 2784 01:42:03,851 --> 01:42:07,054 MOUNTAINS, ST. MARIES'S IN 2785 01:42:07,120 --> 01:42:09,990 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, BECOMING 2786 01:42:10,057 --> 01:42:14,695 UNRECOGNIZE THE AS CLIMATE 2787 01:42:14,761 --> 01:42:17,564 DESTABILIZATION WITH RAPIDLY 2788 01:42:17,631 --> 01:42:19,733 DISAPPEARING GLACIERS, EXTENDED 2789 01:42:19,800 --> 01:42:21,835 SUMMERS HAVE BECOME SUFFOCATED 2790 01:42:21,902 --> 01:42:24,238 WITH WILDFIRE SMOKE, DIRECTLY AS 2791 01:42:24,304 --> 01:42:25,772 A RESULT OF COLONIAL 2792 01:42:25,839 --> 01:42:26,974 MISMANAGEMENT OF FORESTS THE 2793 01:42:27,040 --> 01:42:28,475 LAST TWO CENTURIES. 2794 01:42:28,542 --> 01:42:32,246 I INTRODUCED MYSELF AS A MEMBER 2795 01:42:32,312 --> 01:42:36,483 OF OUR SACRED THUNDER MEDICINE 2796 01:42:36,550 --> 01:42:37,918 SOCIETY, I'M HONORING SACRIFICE 2797 01:42:37,985 --> 01:42:39,353 OF PREVIOUS SEVEN GENERATIONS BY 2798 01:42:39,419 --> 01:42:42,289 SHAPING AND ADVANCING THE NEXT 2799 01:42:42,356 --> 01:42:42,489 SEVEN. 2800 01:42:42,556 --> 01:42:44,057 I'M IN ENGINEERING BY TRAINING, 2801 01:42:44,124 --> 01:42:45,959 FUTURE RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP 2802 01:42:46,026 --> 01:42:46,894 FOCUSED IN ATTEMPT TO HELP 2803 01:42:46,960 --> 01:42:48,095 BRIDGE THE DIVIDE BETWEEN 2804 01:42:48,161 --> 01:42:49,730 WESTERN WAYS OF KNOWING AND 2805 01:42:49,796 --> 01:42:51,932 INDIGENOUS WAYS OF KNOWING, ALSO 2806 01:42:51,999 --> 01:42:55,102 BROADENING ACCESS TO HIGHER 2807 01:42:55,168 --> 01:42:56,670 EDUCATION. 2808 01:42:56,737 --> 01:42:58,405 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2809 01:42:58,472 --> 01:43:01,608 WHEN I GREET YOU AS RELATIVES I 2810 01:43:01,675 --> 01:43:04,011 HAVE EMPHASIZE THIS IS A 2811 01:43:04,077 --> 01:43:05,445 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF BROTHERS, 2812 01:43:05,512 --> 01:43:06,747 SISTERS, MOTHER, FATHER, 2813 01:43:06,813 --> 01:43:07,414 GRANDFATHER, GRANDMOTHERS, NOT 2814 01:43:07,481 --> 01:43:10,384 JUST MY AUNTS AND UNCLES OR 2815 01:43:10,450 --> 01:43:15,722 COUSINS, THE LAND, WATER, THE 2816 01:43:15,789 --> 01:43:16,723 SKIES, PLANT AND ANIMAL 2817 01:43:16,790 --> 01:43:18,892 RECOMMEND ACTIVES, MANY 2818 01:43:18,959 --> 01:43:25,899 INDIGENOUS CULTURES HOLD THIS 2819 01:43:25,966 --> 01:43:27,434 INTERCONNECTIVITY AS AXIOMATIC, 2820 01:43:27,501 --> 01:43:30,938 TRUE AND CENTRAL, TO WORLD 2821 01:43:31,004 --> 01:43:33,774 VIEWS, EXTENDS TO THE LIVING, 2822 01:43:33,840 --> 01:43:40,781 THE NON-LIVING, PLANET, COSMOS 2823 01:43:40,847 --> 01:43:41,081 THEMSELVES. 2824 01:43:41,148 --> 01:43:42,749 MANY SYMBOLS REPRESENTATIVE 2825 01:43:42,816 --> 01:43:44,618 BELIEFS AND CULTURES, THE CIRCLE 2826 01:43:44,685 --> 01:43:50,190 IS BASED ON LAKOTA CONCEPT WHERE 2827 01:43:50,257 --> 01:43:51,058 EVERYTHING IS RELATED, 2828 01:43:51,124 --> 01:43:55,896 EXEMPLIFIES BELIEFS ALL THINGS 2829 01:43:55,963 --> 01:44:00,901 ARE CONNECTED IN ONE CYCLE, THE 2830 01:44:00,968 --> 01:44:04,404 MEDICINE WHEEL IS PICTURED HERE, 2831 01:44:04,471 --> 01:44:14,348 FOUR COLORS MAP ENCOMPASS FOUR 2832 01:44:14,414 --> 01:44:15,582 SACRED DIRECTIONS, FOUR SEASONS, 2833 01:44:15,649 --> 01:44:17,451 ANCESTRAL TO MY ORIGINAL SYSTEMS 2834 01:44:17,517 --> 01:44:18,418 THINKERS UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH 2835 01:44:18,485 --> 01:44:20,287 AND CONNECTION TO ALL THINGS. 2836 01:44:20,354 --> 01:44:24,424 NOT ONLY IS IT A MODEL FOR 2837 01:44:24,491 --> 01:44:25,859 PERSONAL SPIRITUAL PHYSICAL, 2838 01:44:25,926 --> 01:44:27,694 MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING, 2839 01:44:27,761 --> 01:44:31,531 WE UNDERSTAND OUR ROLE, OUR 2840 01:44:31,598 --> 01:44:32,032 REALITY, INTERCONNECTED 2841 01:44:32,099 --> 01:44:34,735 INTERPLAY BETWEEN OUR MIND, 2842 01:44:34,801 --> 01:44:37,237 BODY, HEARTS AND SOULS. 2843 01:44:37,304 --> 01:44:39,473 AS MANY OTHER SOCIOECOLOGICAL 2844 01:44:39,539 --> 01:44:41,274 FRAMEWORKS PRESENTED TODAY 2845 01:44:41,341 --> 01:44:43,110 HIGHLIGHT STRONG HEALTHY 2846 01:44:43,176 --> 01:44:44,878 THRIVING COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS 2847 01:44:44,945 --> 01:44:46,213 COMPRISED OF STRONG HEALTHY 2848 01:44:46,279 --> 01:44:47,681 THRIVING INDIVIDUALS AND 2849 01:44:47,748 --> 01:44:49,383 FAMILIES SUCH AS SOCIAL 2850 01:44:49,449 --> 01:44:55,389 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, OTHER 2851 01:44:55,455 --> 01:44:56,256 CONCEPTUAL MODELS, EXTENDING TO 2852 01:44:56,323 --> 01:45:02,362 UNDERSTAND OUR PLACE IN ALL OF 2853 01:45:02,429 --> 01:45:04,364 REALITY, FROM PLANETARY HEALTH 2854 01:45:04,431 --> 01:45:06,667 PERSPECTIVE WHO DESCENDED FROM 2855 01:45:06,733 --> 01:45:09,936 THE CONTINENT, ENCOURAGED BY 2856 01:45:10,003 --> 01:45:10,537 PRESENTATIONS PRESENTED THIS 2857 01:45:10,604 --> 01:45:14,975 MORNING BECAUSE AS WE UNDERSTAND 2858 01:45:15,042 --> 01:45:15,942 THIS CONCEPT OF KIN-CENTRIC 2859 01:45:16,009 --> 01:45:18,679 ECOLOGY, OUR PLACE IN RELATION 2860 01:45:18,745 --> 01:45:21,515 TO LAND, WATER, SKIES, STARS, 2861 01:45:21,581 --> 01:45:24,584 NON-HUMAN BEINGS, NOT BE -- NOT 2862 01:45:24,651 --> 01:45:26,653 BE A TRACT. 2863 01:45:26,720 --> 01:45:28,755 FROM MY TRAINING, THE CLIMATE 2864 01:45:28,822 --> 01:45:29,923 AND FORCE WE'RE DISCUSSING ARE 2865 01:45:29,990 --> 01:45:33,360 ALSO A PRODUCT OF THE GEOLOGICAL 2866 01:45:33,427 --> 01:45:40,033 TIME SCALE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE 2867 01:45:40,100 --> 01:45:43,737 LITHO SPHERE, HYDRO SPHERE AND 2868 01:45:43,804 --> 01:45:44,738 BIOSTEER. 2869 01:45:44,805 --> 01:45:45,038 BIOSPHERE. 2870 01:45:45,105 --> 01:45:49,209 WHEN WE UNDERSTAND THE BALANCE, 2871 01:45:49,276 --> 01:45:59,086 THE DIVERSITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM. 2872 01:45:59,152 --> 01:46:02,456 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2873 01:46:02,522 --> 01:46:06,059 >> NEXT SLIDE. 2874 01:46:06,126 --> 01:46:10,263 >> THIS CONCEPT OF KINSHIP IN 2875 01:46:10,330 --> 01:46:11,898 RELATION IS NOT JUST HERE AND 2876 01:46:11,965 --> 01:46:13,533 NOW BUT ACROSS TIME. 2877 01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:15,602 I HIGHLIGHT THIS CONCEPT OF 2878 01:46:15,669 --> 01:46:16,837 SEVEN GENERATIONS BECAUSE IN 2879 01:46:16,903 --> 01:46:19,439 ACCORDANCE WITH MANY INDIGENOUS 2880 01:46:19,506 --> 01:46:20,774 PHILOSOPHIES EVERY DECISION WAS 2881 01:46:20,841 --> 01:46:23,310 DISCERNED TO HONOR SACRIFICE OF 2882 01:46:23,376 --> 01:46:24,711 PREVIOUS GENERATIONS, FULL 2883 01:46:24,778 --> 01:46:28,215 REGARD GIVEN TO THOSE WHO HAVE 2884 01:46:28,281 --> 01:46:30,417 COME BEFORE AND SEVEN 2885 01:46:30,484 --> 01:46:35,055 GENERATIONS TO COME, HONORING 2886 01:46:35,122 --> 01:46:36,656 INTERSACREDNESS OF ALL THINGS, 2887 01:46:36,723 --> 01:46:38,191 CORE BELIEFS GUIDE US, THE REAL 2888 01:46:38,258 --> 01:46:42,129 PEOPLE ARE ROOTED IN HERITAGE OF 2889 01:46:42,195 --> 01:46:43,997 VALUES AND BELIEF TRANSFERRED 2890 01:46:44,064 --> 01:46:47,067 AND PASSED ON ORALLY BY OUR 2891 01:46:47,134 --> 01:46:47,934 ANCESTORS GENERATION TO 2892 01:46:48,001 --> 01:46:49,970 GENERATION, AS OTHER INDIGENOUS 2893 01:46:50,036 --> 01:46:53,306 SCHOLARS BEFORE ME HAVE WRITTEN 2894 01:46:53,373 --> 01:46:54,875 ON THIS EMERGING CONCEPT, 2895 01:46:54,941 --> 01:46:57,577 HIGHLIGHTING FOUR Rs, I HOVER 2896 01:46:57,644 --> 01:46:59,579 THE QUESTION OF WHAT RESEARCH 2897 01:46:59,646 --> 01:47:01,815 AND ECHO WHAT ALEX OFFERED WHAT 2898 01:47:01,882 --> 01:47:03,917 ARE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND 2899 01:47:03,984 --> 01:47:05,318 GAPS REFRAMED FROM INDIGENOUS 2900 01:47:05,385 --> 01:47:09,389 PERSPECTIVE WHEN GOVERNING RULES 2901 01:47:09,456 --> 01:47:12,259 OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS 2902 01:47:12,325 --> 01:47:14,094 RESPONSIBILITY, RECIPROCITY, 2903 01:47:14,161 --> 01:47:15,428 REVERENCE, AND AS ALEX 2904 01:47:15,495 --> 01:47:18,265 HIGHLIGHTED MY ELDERS HAVE 2905 01:47:18,331 --> 01:47:19,332 SHARED THIS INTERGENERATIONAL 2906 01:47:19,399 --> 01:47:20,433 PERSPECTIVE IN WHICH WE 2907 01:47:20,500 --> 01:47:21,868 RECOGNIZE THAT OUR PEOPLE WERE 2908 01:47:21,935 --> 01:47:25,372 ONCE TREATED AS OBJECTS OF 2909 01:47:25,438 --> 01:47:26,673 RESEARCH, BECOMING SUBJECTS, 2910 01:47:26,740 --> 01:47:28,208 MAYBE UNWILLING PARTICIPANTS, TO 2911 01:47:28,275 --> 01:47:29,976 NOW PERHAPS WILLING PARTICIPANTS 2912 01:47:30,043 --> 01:47:30,610 AND SUBJECTS. 2913 01:47:30,677 --> 01:47:33,480 TODAY I'M ENCOURAGED TO KNOW MY 2914 01:47:33,547 --> 01:47:37,184 COLLEAGUES AND OTHERS LIKE ALEX 2915 01:47:37,250 --> 01:47:38,285 ARE COLLABORATIVELY SHAPING 2916 01:47:38,351 --> 01:47:39,486 COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH EFFORTS 2917 01:47:39,553 --> 01:47:41,788 AND PROJECTS, THEREFORE SHAPING 2918 01:47:41,855 --> 01:47:50,330 OUR NEXT GENERATION AT THIS 2919 01:47:50,397 --> 01:47:50,964 INSTITUTE FOR GENERATIONS. 2920 01:47:51,031 --> 01:47:52,299 I'LL LEAVE YOU WITH THE PHOTO OF 2921 01:47:52,365 --> 01:47:53,500 THE CHIEF MOUNTAIN. 2922 01:47:53,567 --> 01:47:55,802 WE HAVE SO MUCH ANCESTRAL WISDOM 2923 01:47:55,869 --> 01:48:03,243 AND KNOWLEDGE IN OUR NATIVE 2924 01:48:03,310 --> 01:48:03,710 LANGUAGE. 2925 01:48:03,777 --> 01:48:07,380 PICTURE IS THE RETURN AFTER MANY 2926 01:48:07,447 --> 01:48:08,815 GENERATIONS, RETURNED OUR FIRST 2927 01:48:08,882 --> 01:48:10,217 RELATIVES, RESTORATION OF 2928 01:48:10,283 --> 01:48:11,318 CULTURE WITH REINTRODUCTION OF 2929 01:48:11,384 --> 01:48:14,087 BISON TO THE LAND, WITH IT 2930 01:48:14,154 --> 01:48:15,388 COMING BACK STORIES, SONGS, 2931 01:48:15,455 --> 01:48:16,256 CEREMONIES. 2932 01:48:16,323 --> 01:48:17,457 OUR WORDS FOR THESE MOUNTAINS, 2933 01:48:17,524 --> 01:48:23,163 PEOPLE WERE SHAPED BY FOR 2934 01:48:23,230 --> 01:48:24,564 GENERATIONS, IS SIGNED LIKE 2935 01:48:24,631 --> 01:48:25,232 THIS. 2936 01:48:25,298 --> 01:48:27,868 OUR LANGUAGE IS DYNAMIC, NOT 2937 01:48:27,934 --> 01:48:33,106 STATIC, TO OFFER A STEM ANALOGY, 2938 01:48:33,173 --> 01:48:35,542 IT'S FLUX, IN CALCULUS LANGUAGE, 2939 01:48:35,609 --> 01:48:36,810 NOT SNAPSHOTS OR STATISTICS. 2940 01:48:36,877 --> 01:48:38,478 A DEEP INTIMATE CONNECTION TO 2941 01:48:38,545 --> 01:48:41,114 THIS PLACE, NOT ONLY WE KNEW 2942 01:48:41,181 --> 01:48:42,082 THESE MOUNTAINS, WE KNEW THE 2943 01:48:42,148 --> 01:48:43,617 FORCES THAT SHAPED OVER TENS OF 2944 01:48:43,683 --> 01:48:44,818 THOUSANDS OF YEARS, SINCE BEFORE 2945 01:48:44,885 --> 01:48:49,289 THE LAST EYE -- ICE AGE. 2946 01:48:49,356 --> 01:48:51,391 RELATIVES ON OTHER SIDE OF THE 2947 01:48:51,458 --> 01:48:56,730 DIVIDE HAVE WORDS FOR LAKE 2948 01:48:56,796 --> 01:49:00,033 MISSOULA, LAND OF THE GREAT ICE 2949 01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:03,103 WATER, THE GLACIAL LAKES THAT 2950 01:49:03,169 --> 01:49:04,170 SHAPED THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. 2951 01:49:04,237 --> 01:49:06,506 WE UNDERSTOOD WE WERE NOT APART 2952 01:49:06,573 --> 01:49:08,575 FROM NATURE BUT AN INTEGRAL PART 2953 01:49:08,642 --> 01:49:10,644 AS BEING OF THE LAND SHAPED BY 2954 01:49:10,710 --> 01:49:12,846 THE LAND, WE DO TO LAND WATER 2955 01:49:12,913 --> 01:49:17,250 AND SKIES WE DO TO OURSELVES, A 2956 01:49:17,317 --> 01:49:18,418 JUXTAPOSITION OF WESTERN VIEW. 2957 01:49:18,485 --> 01:49:20,921 ONE OTHER THING I MIGHT OFFER IN 2958 01:49:20,987 --> 01:49:22,923 TERMS OF THAT PREVIOUS IMAGE, 2959 01:49:22,989 --> 01:49:24,457 AND STRESS AND HIGHLIGHT, OUR 2960 01:49:24,524 --> 01:49:27,727 CONCEPT OF MEDICINE HAS 2961 01:49:27,794 --> 01:49:28,929 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT CONNOTATION 2962 01:49:28,995 --> 01:49:29,462 IN CULTURES. 2963 01:49:29,529 --> 01:49:33,300 THE WORD I WOULD USE TO HUNT OR 2964 01:49:33,366 --> 01:49:35,268 GATHER ROOTS OR BERRIES IN A 2965 01:49:35,335 --> 01:49:38,104 PLACE PICTURED ON THE SCREEN, 2966 01:49:38,171 --> 01:49:40,507 UNDERSTANDING OF MEDICINE, IS A 2967 01:49:40,573 --> 01:49:43,043 CONCEPT OF WELL-BEING, MEANING 2968 01:49:43,109 --> 01:49:45,245 IT'S PRO-ACTIVE, PREVENTIVE, NOT 2969 01:49:45,312 --> 01:49:47,314 REACTIVE, PRESCRIPTIVE, OR 2970 01:49:47,380 --> 01:49:47,714 EPISODIC. 2971 01:49:47,781 --> 01:49:49,082 BECAUSE OUR ANCESTORS UNDERSTOOD 2972 01:49:49,149 --> 01:49:51,384 THAT FOOD WAS MEDICINE, CULTURE 2973 01:49:51,451 --> 01:49:52,886 WAS MEDICINE, WE'RE ULTIMATELY 2974 01:49:52,953 --> 01:49:54,054 STILL HERE, HAVE BECOME STORIES 2975 01:49:54,120 --> 01:49:56,589 WE TELL. 2976 01:50:00,193 --> 01:50:00,794 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 2977 01:50:00,860 --> 01:50:02,529 >> STEVEN, IT'S GOING TO TURN 2978 01:50:02,595 --> 01:50:07,467 BACK TO ME TO DISCUSS RESEARCH 2979 01:50:07,534 --> 01:50:07,667 GAPS. 2980 01:50:07,734 --> 01:50:08,101 THANK YOU. 2981 01:50:08,168 --> 01:50:10,303 WE WERE TALKING ABOUT WHAT WERE 2982 01:50:10,370 --> 01:50:11,738 SOME RESEARCH GAPS WE WOULD LIKE 2983 01:50:11,805 --> 01:50:12,405 TO PRESENT TODAY. 2984 01:50:12,472 --> 01:50:15,141 I THINK ONE OF THEM IS 2985 01:50:15,208 --> 01:50:15,775 COMMUNICATING CONNECTIONS 2986 01:50:15,842 --> 01:50:17,978 BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN 2987 01:50:18,044 --> 01:50:18,211 HEALTH. 2988 01:50:18,278 --> 01:50:21,381 WE LIVE IN A VERY RURAL FRONTIER 2989 01:50:21,448 --> 01:50:21,581 STATE. 2990 01:50:21,648 --> 01:50:23,149 EVEN THOUGH A LOT OF PRODUCERS 2991 01:50:23,216 --> 01:50:26,619 HERE ARE PRODUCING FOOD AROUND 2992 01:50:26,686 --> 01:50:29,556 THE COUNTRY, THEY SEE CLIMATE 2993 01:50:29,622 --> 01:50:31,324 CHANGES HAPPENING, NOT ABLE TO 2994 01:50:31,391 --> 01:50:33,293 TALK ABOUT IT IN IMPORTANT WAYS, 2995 01:50:33,360 --> 01:50:34,394 THAT GETS INTO MESSING WITH 2996 01:50:34,461 --> 01:50:35,628 LOCAL AND STATE POLICY CHANGES, 2997 01:50:35,695 --> 01:50:38,431 THOSE ARE IMPORTANT TO THINK 2998 01:50:38,498 --> 01:50:40,066 ABOUT HOW WE COMMUNICATE THIS. 2999 01:50:40,133 --> 01:50:43,336 NEXT IS IMPLEMENTING BEST 3000 01:50:43,403 --> 01:50:44,137 PRACTICES IN SUPPORTING 3001 01:50:44,204 --> 01:50:46,539 COMMUNITIES, ACTION GROUPS TO 3002 01:50:46,606 --> 01:50:48,408 ENACT CHANGES THEY WANT IN 3003 01:50:48,475 --> 01:50:49,609 POLICY SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT. 3004 01:50:49,676 --> 01:50:51,678 THEN ANOTHER ONE WE TALKED ABOUT 3005 01:50:51,745 --> 01:50:54,214 WAS A LOT OF BIG DATA NOW, IT'S 3006 01:50:54,280 --> 01:50:55,749 AVAILABLE, IT'S ALL THERE, BUT 3007 01:50:55,815 --> 01:50:56,850 REALLY NEEDS COMMUNITY INPUT TO 3008 01:50:56,916 --> 01:50:58,585 ASK THE RIGHT QUESTIONS OF THAT 3009 01:50:58,651 --> 01:50:59,686 BIG DATA. 3010 01:50:59,753 --> 01:51:00,487 I'VE SEEN SOME GREAT PROJECTS 3011 01:51:00,553 --> 01:51:02,956 BUT THEY ARE ASKING ALL THE 3012 01:51:03,023 --> 01:51:03,857 WRONG QUESTIONS. 3013 01:51:03,923 --> 01:51:06,259 WITHOUT COMMUNITIES HAVING INPUT 3014 01:51:06,326 --> 01:51:08,628 INTO THAT IT'S TRIPPED UP 3015 01:51:08,695 --> 01:51:10,663 PEOPLE'S INFORMATION THAT THEY 3016 01:51:10,730 --> 01:51:11,398 ARE OBTAINING. 3017 01:51:11,464 --> 01:51:13,500 NEXT I WOULD SAY WHAT WE SAW 3018 01:51:13,566 --> 01:51:16,036 DURING COVID WAS A REALLY 3019 01:51:16,102 --> 01:51:16,669 DIFFICULT SITUATION, 3020 01:51:16,736 --> 01:51:18,304 PARTICULARLY IN RURAL AND TRIBAL 3021 01:51:18,371 --> 01:51:19,639 AREAS, THAT ARE ALREADY FOOD 3022 01:51:19,706 --> 01:51:21,374 DESERTS AND LACK OF FOOD. 3023 01:51:21,441 --> 01:51:24,210 AND SO HOW DO WE HELP PROMOTE 3024 01:51:24,277 --> 01:51:25,979 GOOD FOOD SYSTEMS? 3025 01:51:26,046 --> 01:51:27,747 WE TALKED ABOUT SYSTEMS FOR 3026 01:51:27,814 --> 01:51:29,682 SUSTAINABILITY IN TIMES OF THE 3027 01:51:29,749 --> 01:51:31,785 COMING CLIMATE, FURTHER CLIMATE 3028 01:51:31,851 --> 01:51:32,018 CRISES. 3029 01:51:32,085 --> 01:51:34,421 AND THEN NEXT WE HAVE TO ENSURE 3030 01:51:34,487 --> 01:51:35,722 THE CRITICAL INDIGENOUS VOICE IS 3031 01:51:35,789 --> 01:51:37,724 AT THE TABLE, NOT ON THE MENU, 3032 01:51:37,791 --> 01:51:39,893 AS STEVEN TALKED ABOUT. 3033 01:51:39,959 --> 01:51:41,961 OFTEN INDIGENOUS VOICES ARE LEFT 3034 01:51:42,028 --> 01:51:44,264 OUT, PARTICULARLY OUT OF ANY 3035 01:51:44,330 --> 01:51:45,899 DATA, BUT PARTICULARLY AT 3036 01:51:45,965 --> 01:51:48,301 DISCUSSING THESE ISSUES. 3037 01:51:48,368 --> 01:51:50,070 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 3038 01:51:50,136 --> 01:51:52,472 SOME RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AS 3039 01:51:52,539 --> 01:51:55,308 WE SEE THEM, AGAIN THE ONES WE 3040 01:51:55,375 --> 01:52:01,114 TALKED ABOUT BUT MOVING AWAY 3041 01:52:01,181 --> 01:52:02,549 FROM EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES AND 3042 01:52:02,615 --> 01:52:04,084 HOW DOES RESEARCH SERVE NEEDS OF 3043 01:52:04,150 --> 01:52:05,685 OUR COMMUNITIES, ALL OF OUR 3044 01:52:05,752 --> 01:52:06,252 COMMUNITIES, AND PLANETARY 3045 01:52:06,319 --> 01:52:08,988 HEALTH NOW AND FOR THE NEXT 3046 01:52:09,055 --> 01:52:10,757 SEVEN GENERATIONS? 3047 01:52:10,824 --> 01:52:13,960 WE BELIEVE THIS INTERCONNECTED 3048 01:52:14,027 --> 01:52:16,096 INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONAL 3049 01:52:16,162 --> 01:52:17,964 APPROACH IS CRITICAL TO THE 3050 01:52:18,031 --> 01:52:20,266 PLANETARY AND HUMAN HEALTH. 3051 01:52:20,333 --> 01:52:20,633 BACK TO STEVEN. 3052 01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,203 >> I WANT TO LEAVE YOU WITH 3053 01:52:23,269 --> 01:52:23,403 THIS. 3054 01:52:23,470 --> 01:52:24,070 UNDERSTANDING THAT KINSHIP WITH 3055 01:52:24,137 --> 01:52:25,405 ALL CREATURES OF THE EARTH, SKY, 3056 01:52:25,472 --> 01:52:28,374 AND WATER WAS A REAL AND ACTIVE 3057 01:52:28,441 --> 01:52:29,242 PRINCIPLE. 3058 01:52:29,309 --> 01:52:31,211 THIS CONCEPT OF LIFE AND 3059 01:52:31,277 --> 01:52:36,483 RELATIONS FILLED US WITH JOY AND 3060 01:52:36,549 --> 01:52:39,986 MYSTERY OF LIVING, GAVE 3061 01:52:40,053 --> 01:52:42,188 REVERENCE FOR ALL, MADE A PLACE 3062 01:52:42,255 --> 01:52:46,793 FOR ALL THINGS IN THE SCHEME OF 3063 01:52:46,860 --> 01:52:47,193 EXISTENCE. 3064 01:52:47,260 --> 01:52:50,063 CHIEF STANDING BEAR. 3065 01:52:50,130 --> 01:52:51,131 THANK YOU. 3066 01:52:51,197 --> 01:52:54,667 [ SPEAKING NATIVE LANGUAGE ] 3067 01:52:54,734 --> 01:52:56,402 >> THANK YOU, ALEX AND STEVEN. 3068 01:52:56,469 --> 01:52:59,372 I WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT TO PAUSE 3069 01:52:59,439 --> 01:53:00,907 BECAUSE OF THE IMPACT OF WHAT 3070 01:53:00,974 --> 01:53:04,344 YOU JUST SHARED WITH US, AND HOW 3071 01:53:04,410 --> 01:53:05,712 IMPORTANT THIS MESSAGE AT THE 3072 01:53:05,778 --> 01:53:09,549 CONCLUSION OF THE SESSION IS TO 3073 01:53:09,616 --> 01:53:13,720 FRAME OUR DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE 3074 01:53:13,786 --> 01:53:14,721 ULTIMATE EXISTENTIAL PROBLEM 3075 01:53:14,787 --> 01:53:16,256 FROM THE STANDPOINT OF 3076 01:53:16,322 --> 01:53:18,658 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND 3077 01:53:18,725 --> 01:53:20,927 ANCIENT WISDOMS THAT FRAMED HOW 3078 01:53:20,994 --> 01:53:22,262 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES HAVE 3079 01:53:22,328 --> 01:53:24,664 LIVED THEIR LIVES, SUSTAINABLY, 3080 01:53:24,731 --> 01:53:26,866 AND THAT THERE MIGHT BE POWERFUL 3081 01:53:26,933 --> 01:53:27,634 MESSAGING AND RESEARCH 3082 01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:28,067 OPPORTUNITIES. 3083 01:53:28,134 --> 01:53:32,338 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3084 01:53:32,405 --> 01:53:36,242 WE ARE FIVE MINUTES AHEAD OF 3085 01:53:36,309 --> 01:53:36,943 TIME. 3086 01:53:37,010 --> 01:53:38,244 WE'LL USE THIS EFFECTIVE. 3087 01:53:38,311 --> 01:53:40,947 WE WERE SCHEDULED TO MOVE TO THE 3088 01:53:41,014 --> 01:53:46,386 DISCUSSION SESSION, WHICH WILL 3089 01:53:46,452 --> 01:53:49,389 BE LED BY DR. CARREN SOLOMON. 3090 01:53:49,455 --> 01:53:52,992 THIS WAS ORIGINALLY SCHEDULED TO 3091 01:53:53,059 --> 01:53:55,628 BE FROM 12:00 TO 12:40 AND IF WE 3092 01:53:55,695 --> 01:53:56,930 FINISH EARLY MIGHT BREAK EARLY 3093 01:53:56,996 --> 01:53:59,465 ON AND COME BACK AFTER LUNCH AT 3094 01:53:59,532 --> 01:54:01,000 1:20 P.M. 3095 01:54:01,067 --> 01:54:11,578 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 3096 01:54:11,978 --> 01:54:13,179 DR. CAREN SOLOMON, DEPUTY 3097 01:54:13,246 --> 01:54:15,448 DIRECTOR NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 3098 01:54:15,515 --> 01:54:17,483 MEDICINE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT 3099 01:54:17,550 --> 01:54:20,620 HARVARD, PHYSICIAN AT BRIGHAM 3100 01:54:20,687 --> 01:54:22,355 AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL. 3101 01:54:22,422 --> 01:54:23,323 RESPONSIBILITY INCLUDING LEADING 3102 01:54:23,389 --> 01:54:25,391 EFFORTS RELATED TO COVERAGE OF 3103 01:54:25,458 --> 01:54:29,362 CLIMATE CHANGE, OVERSEEING 3104 01:54:29,429 --> 01:54:32,532 ONGOING FOSSIL FUEL SERIES, AN 3105 01:54:32,599 --> 01:54:34,067 EXTRAORDINARY SERIES OF PAPERS 3106 01:54:34,133 --> 01:54:35,268 THAT BROUGHT ATTENTION TO THIS 3107 01:54:35,335 --> 01:54:38,571 ISSUE BY THE WORLD'S LEADING 3108 01:54:38,638 --> 01:54:38,938 MEDICAL JOURNAL. 3109 01:54:39,005 --> 01:54:41,374 SO, I'D LIKE TO THANK HER FOR 3110 01:54:41,441 --> 01:54:45,011 TAKING TIME TO JOIN US TODAY AND 3111 01:54:45,078 --> 01:54:48,181 I TURN THIS OVER TO KICK OFF 3112 01:54:48,248 --> 01:54:48,715 THESE DISCUSSIONS. 3113 01:54:48,781 --> 01:54:51,317 CAREN, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 3114 01:54:51,384 --> 01:54:52,785 >> THANK YOU. 3115 01:54:52,852 --> 01:54:53,920 SO, THIS IS TERRIFIC. 3116 01:54:53,987 --> 01:54:56,389 I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR 3117 01:54:56,456 --> 01:54:57,357 EXCELLENT TALKS, I ALSO WANT TO 3118 01:54:57,423 --> 01:54:59,993 SAY THAT IT IS REALLY EXCITING 3119 01:55:00,059 --> 01:55:02,495 TO SEE NHLBI FOCUSING ON 3120 01:55:02,562 --> 01:55:04,731 PLANETARY HEALTH, INCLUDING 3121 01:55:04,797 --> 01:55:08,434 CLIMATE CHANGE, AND IMPLICATIONS 3122 01:55:08,501 --> 01:55:09,202 FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 3123 01:55:09,269 --> 01:55:10,637 REDUCTION AND HEALTH EQUITY. 3124 01:55:10,703 --> 01:55:12,038 EACH OF YOU SPEAKING TODAY 3125 01:55:12,105 --> 01:55:14,007 REVIEWED A LOT OF IMPORTANT DATA 3126 01:55:14,073 --> 01:55:17,076 AND HIGHLIGHTED SOME MANY 3127 01:55:17,143 --> 01:55:18,278 UNANSWERED QUESTIONS CRITICAL 3128 01:55:18,344 --> 01:55:19,245 INFORMING DEVELOPMENT OF 3129 01:55:19,312 --> 01:55:19,879 RESEARCH AGENDA. 3130 01:55:19,946 --> 01:55:20,913 I HAVE A LOT OF FOLLOW-UP 3131 01:55:20,980 --> 01:55:22,915 QUESTIONS AND EXPECT OUR 3132 01:55:22,982 --> 01:55:26,619 AUDIENCE WILL AS WELL. 3133 01:55:26,686 --> 01:55:28,388 SO, TO START, CRITICAL FOCUS OF 3134 01:55:28,454 --> 01:55:31,124 THE SYMPOSIUM TOUCHED ON BY ALL 3135 01:55:31,190 --> 01:55:34,761 SPEAKERS IS HEALTH EQUITY. 3136 01:55:34,827 --> 01:55:37,563 SO, BEGINNING THERE, I'M GOING 3137 01:55:37,630 --> 01:55:40,867 TO TURN TO ALEXANDRA AND/OR 3138 01:55:40,933 --> 01:55:41,100 STEVEN. 3139 01:55:41,167 --> 01:55:42,835 YOU UNDERSCORED TREMENDOUS VALUE 3140 01:55:42,902 --> 01:55:44,470 OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND 3141 01:55:44,537 --> 01:55:46,773 UNDERSTANDING ROOT CAUSES OF 3142 01:55:46,839 --> 01:55:48,975 PROBLEMS, AND CLEARLY AS SANJAY 3143 01:55:49,042 --> 01:55:50,143 REITERATED WE HAVE A LOT TO 3144 01:55:50,209 --> 01:55:51,010 LEARN FROM INDIGENOUS 3145 01:55:51,077 --> 01:55:52,211 COMMUNITIES ABOUT LIVING IN 3146 01:55:52,278 --> 01:55:53,313 HARMONY WITH NATURE. 3147 01:55:53,379 --> 01:55:55,415 I'M HOPING THAT YOU CAN PROVIDE 3148 01:55:55,481 --> 01:55:57,684 SOME GUIDANCE REGARDING BEST 3149 01:55:57,750 --> 01:55:59,218 PRACTICES FOR WORKING ALONGSIDE 3150 01:55:59,285 --> 01:56:00,086 COMMUNITIES THAT ARE 3151 01:56:00,153 --> 01:56:00,953 DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY 3152 01:56:01,020 --> 01:56:04,257 CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER 3153 01:56:04,324 --> 01:56:07,260 PLANETARY HEALTH DETERIORATION. 3154 01:56:07,327 --> 01:56:07,627 SO, ALEXANDRA? 3155 01:56:07,694 --> 01:56:10,596 >> MAYBE I'LL START AND TURN IT 3156 01:56:10,663 --> 01:56:11,497 OVER TO STEVEN. 3157 01:56:11,564 --> 01:56:14,000 I THINK REALLY THE MOST 3158 01:56:14,067 --> 01:56:15,368 IMPORTANT THING AS I HAD IN MY 3159 01:56:15,435 --> 01:56:19,272 SLIDE WAS MOVING AT THE SPEED OF 3160 01:56:19,339 --> 01:56:19,939 TRUST. 3161 01:56:20,006 --> 01:56:20,673 SO BUILDING RESPECT, 3162 01:56:20,740 --> 01:56:21,574 RELATIONSHIPS WITH COMMUNITIES 3163 01:56:21,641 --> 01:56:23,843 ARE REALLY IMPORTANT. 3164 01:56:23,910 --> 01:56:28,047 THINKING ABOUT THE RECIPROCITY 3165 01:56:28,114 --> 01:56:31,517 IN TERMS OF I'VE GOTTEN SO MANY 3166 01:56:31,584 --> 01:56:33,519 PEOPLE COMING TO ME SAYING WE 3167 01:56:33,586 --> 01:56:35,922 NEED TO PUT INDIANS IN OUR 3168 01:56:35,988 --> 01:56:36,389 RESEARCH. 3169 01:56:36,456 --> 01:56:37,790 JUST REALLY INSULTING. 3170 01:56:37,857 --> 01:56:38,758 IT'S REALLY TRICKY BECAUSE 3171 01:56:38,825 --> 01:56:40,393 THAT'S NOT THE WAY TO APPROACH 3172 01:56:40,460 --> 01:56:41,160 COMMUNITY, RIGHT? 3173 01:56:41,227 --> 01:56:43,463 YOU HAVE TO GO IN TRYING TO 3174 01:56:43,529 --> 01:56:44,564 UNDERSTAND HOW THE COMMUNITY AND 3175 01:56:44,630 --> 01:56:46,332 WHAT THE COMMUNITY NEEDS AND 3176 01:56:46,399 --> 01:56:47,967 WHAT THEY WANT. 3177 01:56:48,034 --> 01:56:52,138 GOING IN, AND HAVING TRUSTED 3178 01:56:52,205 --> 01:56:54,741 ALLIES FROM PERSPECTIVE OF LIGHT 3179 01:56:54,807 --> 01:56:57,610 RESEARCHER, I'VE FOUND PEOPLE IN 3180 01:56:57,677 --> 01:56:59,011 THE COMMUNITY WHO HELP ME LEARN 3181 01:56:59,078 --> 01:57:00,747 ABOUT THE COMMUNITY, UNDERSTAND 3182 01:57:00,813 --> 01:57:01,881 THE COMMUNITY, AND TEACH ME 3183 01:57:01,948 --> 01:57:04,217 ABOUT THE COMMUNITY AND THEN GO 3184 01:57:04,283 --> 01:57:06,085 IN WITH THAT VERY MUCH OF A HOW 3185 01:57:06,152 --> 01:57:08,087 CAN I LEARN THE MOST FROM THAT 3186 01:57:08,154 --> 01:57:11,924 COMMUNITY IN TERMS OF WORKING AS 3187 01:57:11,991 --> 01:57:13,126 A PARTNER BECAUSE I'M ALWAYS 3188 01:57:13,192 --> 01:57:14,660 AWED HOW MUCH MORE THEY KNOW 3189 01:57:14,727 --> 01:57:17,630 ABOUT ALL OF THE THINGS THAT 3190 01:57:17,697 --> 01:57:19,465 WE'RE TRYING TO DEAL WITH THAN I 3191 01:57:19,532 --> 01:57:20,032 DO. 3192 01:57:20,099 --> 01:57:22,568 SO, I WOULD SAY THAT 3193 01:57:22,635 --> 01:57:23,269 COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY 3194 01:57:23,336 --> 01:57:23,970 RESEARCH IS A REALLY IMPORTANT 3195 01:57:24,036 --> 01:57:27,673 WAY TO DO IT BUT IT GOES BEYOND 3196 01:57:27,740 --> 01:57:29,976 THAT IN TERMS OF BUILDING TRUST 3197 01:57:30,042 --> 01:57:31,043 AND THAT RESPECT. 3198 01:57:31,110 --> 01:57:31,811 >> THANK YOU. 3199 01:57:31,878 --> 01:57:32,612 >> STEVEN, I'LL TURN IT OVER TO 3200 01:57:32,678 --> 01:57:34,147 YOU MAYBE NOW. 3201 01:57:34,213 --> 01:57:37,216 >> I WOULD ECHO THE 3202 01:57:37,283 --> 01:57:38,117 RELATIONSHIPS ARE THE 3203 01:57:38,184 --> 01:57:40,620 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF ANY 3204 01:57:40,686 --> 01:57:41,487 INTERACTION. 3205 01:57:41,554 --> 01:57:45,358 WE'RE BATTLING GENERATIONS OF 3206 01:57:45,425 --> 01:57:46,659 ERASURE AND EXCLUSION, MANY 3207 01:57:46,726 --> 01:57:48,961 PROBLEMATIC PRACTICES. 3208 01:57:49,028 --> 01:57:50,496 BUT I'M ENCOURAGED, NOT THE 3209 01:57:50,563 --> 01:57:52,665 LEAST OF WHICH BY PRESENTATIONS 3210 01:57:52,732 --> 01:57:56,502 PRESENTED HERE, STARTING TO 3211 01:57:56,569 --> 01:57:59,005 REFLECT THAT RELATIONAL THAT OUR 3212 01:57:59,071 --> 01:58:00,239 PEOPLE KNEW SO WELL AND MOVING 3213 01:58:00,306 --> 01:58:04,243 AT THE SPEED OF TRUST IS KEY IN 3214 01:58:04,310 --> 01:58:04,911 ALL EFFORTS ANYWHERE. 3215 01:58:04,977 --> 01:58:05,611 >> THANK YOU. 3216 01:58:05,678 --> 01:58:07,246 OBVIOUSLY WE SHOULD BE APPLYING 3217 01:58:07,313 --> 01:58:09,982 THAT TO ALL OF OUR WORK WITH 3218 01:58:10,049 --> 01:58:11,217 FRONTLINE COMMUNITIES AND 3219 01:58:11,284 --> 01:58:13,286 OTHERS, BUT SUPER HELPFUL. 3220 01:58:13,352 --> 01:58:15,788 ANOTHER PIECE OF EQUITY HAS TO 3221 01:58:15,855 --> 01:58:18,524 DO WITH KIND OF BEST MEASURING 3222 01:58:18,591 --> 01:58:19,525 THE EFFECTS OF INEQUITY. 3223 01:58:19,592 --> 01:58:25,465 I'M GOING TO CALL ON AN AUDIENCE 3224 01:58:25,531 --> 01:58:26,766 QUESTION, MICHELLE ASKED HOW WE 3225 01:58:26,833 --> 01:58:28,100 MEASURE COST, NOT JUST FINANCIAL 3226 01:58:28,167 --> 01:58:31,604 BUT OTHER COSTS OF THESE 3227 01:58:31,671 --> 01:58:32,805 DISPARITIES THAT WE'RE SEEING, 3228 01:58:32,872 --> 01:58:33,973 EXPOSURES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. 3229 01:58:34,040 --> 01:58:36,309 FOR EXAMPLE, IS THERE SOMETHING 3230 01:58:36,375 --> 01:58:37,176 BETTER THAN DISABILITY ADJUSTED 3231 01:58:37,243 --> 01:58:38,044 LIFE YEARS? 3232 01:58:38,110 --> 01:58:41,414 I'M GOING TO TURN THAT TO ANA 3233 01:58:41,481 --> 01:58:41,614 FIRST. 3234 01:58:41,681 --> 01:58:44,817 >> THANK YOU. 3235 01:58:44,884 --> 01:58:48,754 THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 3236 01:58:48,821 --> 01:58:50,089 I'M NOT SURE I FULLY UNDERSTAND 3237 01:58:50,156 --> 01:58:51,491 THE QUESTION. 3238 01:58:51,557 --> 01:58:53,292 CAN YOU RESTATE? 3239 01:58:53,359 --> 01:58:56,095 IT'S ABOUT -- THERE ARE MANY 3240 01:58:56,162 --> 01:58:58,164 DIMENSIONS TO MEASURING 3241 01:58:58,231 --> 01:59:00,032 INEQUITIES, OF COURSE. 3242 01:59:00,099 --> 01:59:05,805 AND IT DEPENDS ON WHAT YOUR 3243 01:59:05,872 --> 01:59:06,205 SPECIFIC GOAL IS. 3244 01:59:06,272 --> 01:59:07,139 >> VERY FAIR. 3245 01:59:07,206 --> 01:59:11,077 SO I THINK THAT QUESTION WAS 3246 01:59:11,143 --> 01:59:15,248 PRETTY FOCUSED I THINK ON REALLY 3247 01:59:15,314 --> 01:59:16,549 KIND OF BROADER QUESTION THAN 3248 01:59:16,616 --> 01:59:18,751 FINANCIAL COST BUT ARE THERE 3249 01:59:18,818 --> 01:59:23,589 WAYS THAT WE CAN QUANTITATIVELY 3250 01:59:23,656 --> 01:59:24,357 CAPTURE IMPACT? 3251 01:59:24,423 --> 01:59:24,957 IT'S A TOUGH ONE. 3252 01:59:25,024 --> 01:59:27,059 I DON'T KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER. 3253 01:59:27,126 --> 01:59:29,028 THAT WE COULD QUANTITATIVELY 3254 01:59:29,095 --> 01:59:30,329 CAPTURE THESE IMPACTS AND REALLY 3255 01:59:30,396 --> 01:59:33,933 THEREFORE BE ABLE TO MAKE VERY 3256 01:59:34,000 --> 01:59:35,568 CLEAR HOW CERTAIN COMMUNITIES 3257 01:59:35,635 --> 01:59:36,469 ARE EXPERIENCING GREATER 3258 01:59:36,536 --> 01:59:39,839 SUFFERING AND THAT WOULD ALSO 3259 01:59:39,906 --> 01:59:41,607 TRANSLATE INTO INTERVENTIONS 3260 01:59:41,674 --> 01:59:45,444 THAT ARE TARGETED TO MITIGATE OR 3261 01:59:45,511 --> 01:59:46,112 FACILITATE ADAPTATION IN CERTAIN 3262 01:59:46,178 --> 01:59:47,947 COMMUNITIES ARE GOING TO END UP 3263 01:59:48,014 --> 01:59:51,017 ACTUALLY BEING, YOU KNOW, COST 3264 01:59:51,083 --> 01:59:52,118 SAVING AND HAVE MORE BENEFIT. 3265 01:59:52,184 --> 01:59:53,419 THE QUESTION IS AROUND THAT 3266 01:59:53,486 --> 01:59:56,255 BROAD QUESTION OF CAPTURING COST 3267 01:59:56,322 --> 01:59:57,056 AND COST EFFECTIVENESS. 3268 01:59:57,123 --> 01:59:58,457 >> YEAH, I MEAN IN GENERAL 3269 01:59:58,524 --> 02:00:03,262 TERMS, I MEAN, THERE ARE MANY 3270 02:00:03,329 --> 02:00:06,198 WAYS TO MEASURE INEQUITIES AND 3271 02:00:06,265 --> 02:00:07,867 SOMETIMES WE BUILD IN VALUE 3272 02:00:07,934 --> 02:00:10,403 JUDGMENTS IN THE WAY WE MEASURE 3273 02:00:10,469 --> 02:00:12,805 OR REPORT ON INEQUITIES. 3274 02:00:12,872 --> 02:00:14,206 IT'S IMPORTANT TO KEEP THAT IN 3275 02:00:14,273 --> 02:00:17,043 MIND AS WE THINK ABOUT MEASURING 3276 02:00:17,109 --> 02:00:17,610 INEQUITIES. 3277 02:00:17,677 --> 02:00:19,145 WHO IS THE COMPARISON GROUP, FOR 3278 02:00:19,211 --> 02:00:21,013 EXAMPLE, IS IT A RELATIVE OR 3279 02:00:21,080 --> 02:00:22,348 ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE THAT WE'RE 3280 02:00:22,415 --> 02:00:22,815 LOOKING AT. 3281 02:00:22,882 --> 02:00:24,617 SO I GUESS WHAT I WOULD SAY IS 3282 02:00:24,684 --> 02:00:29,221 WE HAVE TO LOOK AT IT OFTEN IN 3283 02:00:29,288 --> 02:00:29,789 MULTIPLE WAYS. 3284 02:00:29,855 --> 02:00:33,392 BECAUSE EACH PIECE IS TELLING US 3285 02:00:33,459 --> 02:00:36,662 SOMETHING DIFFERENT, AND THAT 3286 02:00:36,729 --> 02:00:39,065 HAVING INPUT FROM COMMUNITIES ON 3287 02:00:39,131 --> 02:00:39,966 THE INTERPRETATION AND ON THE, 3288 02:00:40,032 --> 02:00:42,268 YOU KNOW, MEANING OF SOME OF 3289 02:00:42,335 --> 02:00:43,369 THESE DIFFERENCES IS VERY 3290 02:00:43,436 --> 02:00:43,636 IMPORTANT. 3291 02:00:43,703 --> 02:00:46,739 I'M NOT SURE IF I'M COMPLETELY 3292 02:00:46,806 --> 02:00:47,540 ANSWERING THE QUESTION BUT 3293 02:00:47,607 --> 02:00:50,276 THAT'S WHAT I CAN DO. 3294 02:00:50,343 --> 02:00:53,446 THE COST, YOU KNOW, COST-BENEFIT 3295 02:00:53,512 --> 02:00:55,181 ANALYSES AN IMPACT ON COST, IT'S 3296 02:00:55,247 --> 02:00:56,916 A WHOLE OTHER WORLD. 3297 02:00:56,983 --> 02:01:00,319 I THINK THERE ARE OFTEN A LOT OF 3298 02:01:00,386 --> 02:01:01,621 ASSUMPTIONS IN THERE ABOUT COST 3299 02:01:01,687 --> 02:01:04,156 TO WHOM, AND WHO PAYS FOR THE 3300 02:01:04,223 --> 02:01:05,157 COSTS, WHICH ARE COMPLEX AND 3301 02:01:05,224 --> 02:01:08,861 NEED TO BE TALKED ABOUT. 3302 02:01:08,928 --> 02:01:19,238 SO WE NEED TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT 3303 02:01:19,305 --> 02:01:19,705 THAT. 3304 02:01:19,772 --> 02:01:22,208 IN CHARACTERIZING INEQUITIES, 3305 02:01:22,274 --> 02:01:26,045 IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO AVOID 3306 02:01:26,112 --> 02:01:27,346 STEREOTYPING, OR, YOU KNOW, I 3307 02:01:27,413 --> 02:01:29,649 THINK IT WAS ALLUDED TO BY SOME 3308 02:01:29,715 --> 02:01:31,283 PRESENTERS FOCUSING ONLY ON 3309 02:01:31,350 --> 02:01:36,055 DEFICIT MODEL BUT ALSO TALKING 3310 02:01:36,122 --> 02:01:40,259 ABOUT COMMUNITY ASSETS AND ALSO 3311 02:01:40,326 --> 02:01:40,860 THINKING DYNAMICALLY, GETTING 3312 02:01:40,926 --> 02:01:42,395 BACK TO, YOU KNOW, WHAT PETER 3313 02:01:42,461 --> 02:01:43,896 HAS BEEN TALKING ABOUT. 3314 02:01:43,963 --> 02:01:46,198 THAT'S WHY I LIKE THE PM2.5 3315 02:01:46,265 --> 02:01:47,600 PAPER SO MUCH BECAUSE IT LOOKED 3316 02:01:47,667 --> 02:01:49,669 NOT ONLY AT WHO WAS EXPOSED BUT 3317 02:01:49,735 --> 02:01:51,971 WHO WAS DRIVING THE EXPOSURES. 3318 02:01:52,038 --> 02:01:53,539 I THINK THAT'S AN ANGLE WE ALSO 3319 02:01:53,606 --> 02:01:56,342 NEED TO THINK ABOUT PARTICULARLY 3320 02:01:56,409 --> 02:01:58,010 AS WE'RE THINKING SYSTEMICALLY 3321 02:01:58,077 --> 02:01:59,712 ABOUT HEALTH INEQUITIES IN 3322 02:01:59,779 --> 02:01:59,945 GENERAL. 3323 02:02:00,012 --> 02:02:01,714 >> ABSOLUTELY. 3324 02:02:01,781 --> 02:02:02,581 THANK YOU. 3325 02:02:02,648 --> 02:02:04,016 SANJAY, BEFORE I ASK THE NEXT 3326 02:02:04,083 --> 02:02:05,685 QUESTION, IF I THROW OUT A 3327 02:02:05,751 --> 02:02:07,353 QUESTION WITHOUT POINTING IT TO 3328 02:02:07,420 --> 02:02:10,556 AN INDIVIDUAL SPEAKER, AM I 3329 02:02:10,623 --> 02:02:13,759 GOING TO DISRUPT THE 3330 02:02:13,826 --> 02:02:14,060 PROCEEDINGS? 3331 02:02:14,126 --> 02:02:15,294 >> NOT AT ALL. 3332 02:02:15,361 --> 02:02:19,765 I WOULD PREFER THIS TO BE A 3333 02:02:19,832 --> 02:02:21,000 FAIRLY UNSCRIPTED PRESENTATION 3334 02:02:21,067 --> 02:02:23,836 SO PEOPLE CAN SPEAK THEIR VIEWS. 3335 02:02:23,903 --> 02:02:24,503 GO RIGHT AHEAD. 3336 02:02:24,570 --> 02:02:27,139 >> I'M THROWING OUT MORE 3337 02:02:27,206 --> 02:02:28,874 GENERALLY THAN BEFORE WE MOVE TO 3338 02:02:28,941 --> 02:02:30,943 OTHER ASPECTS OF THE DISCUSSION, 3339 02:02:31,010 --> 02:02:35,648 WHETHER ANYBODY WANTS TO SORT OF 3340 02:02:35,715 --> 02:02:37,950 REITERATE OR EXPAND ON CRITICAL 3341 02:02:38,017 --> 02:02:40,753 WAYS THAT WE CAN ENSURE THAT ANY 3342 02:02:40,820 --> 02:02:42,688 RESEARCH ON PLANETARY HEALTH AND 3343 02:02:42,755 --> 02:02:52,198 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS EQUITY 3344 02:02:52,264 --> 02:02:54,200 CENTERED. 3345 02:02:54,266 --> 02:02:54,633 ANY TAKERS? 3346 02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:56,268 >> I'LL TAKE A STAB. 3347 02:02:56,335 --> 02:02:57,136 I'LL KICK THE DISCUSSION OFF 3348 02:02:57,203 --> 02:02:59,672 BECAUSE THIS IS A LOADED 3349 02:02:59,739 --> 02:03:00,172 QUESTION, FUNDAMENTALLY 3350 02:03:00,239 --> 02:03:03,576 IMPORTANT BUT I THINK IN MANY 3351 02:03:03,642 --> 02:03:07,680 WAYS CLIMATE CHANGE, UNLESS IT 3352 02:03:07,747 --> 02:03:09,281 REALLY ADDRESSES ISSUES 3353 02:03:09,348 --> 02:03:10,483 PERTAINING TO VULNERABLE 3354 02:03:10,549 --> 02:03:11,150 COMMUNITIES AND COMMUNITIES AT 3355 02:03:11,217 --> 02:03:13,018 RISK, CAN NEVER REALLY SOLVE THE 3356 02:03:13,085 --> 02:03:13,786 PROBLEM. 3357 02:03:13,853 --> 02:03:16,856 SO MANY WAYS THIS IS A PRIMARY 3358 02:03:16,922 --> 02:03:18,824 NEED FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH AND 3359 02:03:18,891 --> 02:03:20,793 CERTAINLY FROM CARDIOVASCULAR 3360 02:03:20,860 --> 02:03:23,195 ANGLE WE'VE LEARNED FROM ANA'S 3361 02:03:23,262 --> 02:03:26,065 WORK AND MANY OTHERS IN THE CORE 3362 02:03:26,132 --> 02:03:28,667 TODAY THAT SOCIAL INEQUITIES 3363 02:03:28,734 --> 02:03:30,636 DRIVE DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF 3364 02:03:30,703 --> 02:03:32,071 CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AND 3365 02:03:32,138 --> 02:03:32,605 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE 3366 02:03:32,671 --> 02:03:37,209 EXPOSURES DO SO IN A SIMILAR WAY 3367 02:03:37,276 --> 02:03:45,284 USING SIMILAR PATHWAYS. 3368 02:03:45,351 --> 02:03:45,951 AND DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACT 3369 02:03:46,018 --> 02:03:46,819 THE COMMUNITIES. 3370 02:03:46,886 --> 02:03:48,354 IF YOU CAN'T ADDRESS THAT, 3371 02:03:48,420 --> 02:03:52,725 YOU'RE NEVER GOPHER TO SOLVE THE 3372 02:03:52,792 --> 02:03:53,359 PROBLEM. 3373 02:03:53,425 --> 02:03:55,594 I THINK THE YOUR COMMISSIONER 3374 02:03:55,661 --> 02:04:01,700 SAID THEY CANNOT BE A 3375 02:04:01,767 --> 02:04:02,902 TRANSITION, SOMETHING LIKE IT 3376 02:04:02,968 --> 02:04:05,437 CAN'T BE A TRANSITION UNLESS 3377 02:04:05,504 --> 02:04:06,305 THERE'S A JUST TRANSITION. 3378 02:04:06,372 --> 02:04:09,809 IN OTHER WORDS, IT HAS TO BE -- 3379 02:04:09,875 --> 02:04:12,545 WON'T BE A TRANSITION UNLESS 3380 02:04:12,611 --> 02:04:13,746 IT'S A TRANSITION THAT WORKS 3381 02:04:13,813 --> 02:04:15,381 WELL FOR COMMUNITIES AT RISK. 3382 02:04:15,447 --> 02:04:25,357 I DON'T KNOW WHETHER OTHERS WANT 3383 02:04:25,424 --> 02:04:26,859 TO ADD. 3384 02:04:26,926 --> 02:04:29,829 >> I'LL ADD QUICKLY, I WOULD SAY 3385 02:04:29,895 --> 02:04:31,063 MAKING SURE THAT, AGAIN, THE 3386 02:04:31,130 --> 02:04:32,498 PEOPLE THAT ARE BEING MOST 3387 02:04:32,565 --> 02:04:38,704 AFFECTED ARE IN THE ROOM IN 3388 02:04:38,771 --> 02:04:40,239 THOSE DISCUSSIONS. 3389 02:04:40,306 --> 02:04:41,273 WHATEVER UNDERSERVED COMMUNITY 3390 02:04:41,340 --> 02:04:43,108 YOU'RE WORKING WITH THEY NEED TO 3391 02:04:43,175 --> 02:04:44,410 BE AT THE TABLE. 3392 02:04:44,476 --> 02:04:49,215 THAT'S CRITICAL. 3393 02:04:49,281 --> 02:04:49,849 OFTEN LEFT OUT. 3394 02:04:49,915 --> 02:04:51,183 >> I CAN'T SEE EVERYBODY BUT IF 3395 02:04:51,250 --> 02:04:53,052 SAM HAS A HAND UP WE'RE GOING TO 3396 02:04:53,118 --> 02:04:56,455 DO SAM AND THEN PETER. 3397 02:04:56,522 --> 02:04:57,223 >> THANKS. 3398 02:04:57,289 --> 02:04:58,958 JUST A COUPLE QUICK THOUGHTS. 3399 02:04:59,024 --> 02:05:03,662 ONE I THINK IT'S ACTUALLY 3400 02:05:03,729 --> 02:05:05,164 ABOUT -- EQUITY IS IMPORTANT 3401 02:05:05,231 --> 02:05:06,098 OBVIOUSLY BUT IT'S MORE THAN 3402 02:05:06,165 --> 02:05:07,066 JUST EQUITY. 3403 02:05:07,132 --> 02:05:09,368 IT'S ABOUT HOW WE TAILOR 3404 02:05:09,435 --> 02:05:09,702 INTERVENTIONS. 3405 02:05:09,768 --> 02:05:11,770 SO IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 3406 02:05:11,837 --> 02:05:13,205 UNDERSTAND THE DISTRIBUTION OF 3407 02:05:13,272 --> 02:05:14,740 THESE FACTS ACROSS DIFFERENT 3408 02:05:14,807 --> 02:05:16,375 POPULATIONS SO WE KNOW WHAT TO 3409 02:05:16,442 --> 02:05:18,244 DO ABOUT THEM. 3410 02:05:18,310 --> 02:05:20,346 WHETHER IT'S RISING CO2 MAKING 3411 02:05:20,412 --> 02:05:21,547 FOOD LESS NUTRITION, WHAT ARE 3412 02:05:21,614 --> 02:05:22,548 POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD 3413 02:05:22,615 --> 02:05:24,516 THAT HAVE DIETS THAT SET THEM UP 3414 02:05:24,583 --> 02:05:26,252 TO BE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO 3415 02:05:26,318 --> 02:05:27,553 THOSE CHANGES IN NUTRIENT 3416 02:05:27,620 --> 02:05:31,156 INTAKE, AND HOW DO WE TAILOR 3417 02:05:31,223 --> 02:05:31,957 INTERVENTIONS. 3418 02:05:32,024 --> 02:05:33,225 THAT'S JUST ONE THOUGHT. 3419 02:05:33,292 --> 02:05:38,831 I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO SHOW 3420 02:05:38,898 --> 02:05:39,598 DISPROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION 3421 02:05:39,665 --> 02:05:40,699 NOT ONLY BECAUSE FREQUENTLY IT'S 3422 02:05:40,766 --> 02:05:45,070 POOREST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD MOST 3423 02:05:45,137 --> 02:05:47,373 IMPACTED BUT SOMETIMES IT'S 3424 02:05:47,439 --> 02:05:48,340 POPULATIONS IN THE WEALTHY 3425 02:05:48,407 --> 02:05:50,643 PARTS, LIKE OUR WORK ON 3426 02:05:50,709 --> 02:05:51,543 POLLINATORS MOST IMPACTED, ALSO 3427 02:05:51,610 --> 02:05:52,511 AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR PEOPLE 3428 02:05:52,578 --> 02:05:54,380 TO UNDERSTAND THAT THERE'S 3429 02:05:54,446 --> 02:05:55,681 NOBODY WHO IS FUNDAMENTALLY 3430 02:05:55,748 --> 02:05:57,349 IMMUNE FROM THESE IMPACTS. 3431 02:05:57,416 --> 02:05:59,418 THE SECOND THING I WANTED TO SAY 3432 02:05:59,485 --> 02:06:02,922 WAS THAT I AGREE ABOUT HAVING 3433 02:06:02,988 --> 02:06:03,389 VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 3434 02:06:03,455 --> 02:06:04,123 REPRESENTED IN THE ROOM BUT I 3435 02:06:04,189 --> 02:06:09,361 THINK WE ALSO HAVE TO RECOGNIZE 3436 02:06:09,428 --> 02:06:11,397 THAT THE HUGE INTERGENERATIONAL 3437 02:06:11,463 --> 02:06:12,364 EQUITY ISSUES, SO THE MOST 3438 02:06:12,431 --> 02:06:13,265 VULNERABLE PEOPLE CAN'T BE IN 3439 02:06:13,332 --> 02:06:16,702 THE ROOM BECAUSE THEY ARE IN 3440 02:06:16,769 --> 02:06:18,904 FUTURE GENERATIONS, AND ALSO 3441 02:06:18,971 --> 02:06:20,873 OFTEN NON-HUMAN SPECIES. 3442 02:06:20,940 --> 02:06:22,608 SO, WE HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT 3443 02:06:22,675 --> 02:06:32,584 IN SOME WAYS WE HAVE TO THINK 3444 02:06:32,651 --> 02:06:35,321 ABOUT NON-REPRESENTED ENTITIES 3445 02:06:35,387 --> 02:06:35,654 AS WELL. 3446 02:06:35,721 --> 02:06:36,655 >> GOOD POINT. 3447 02:06:36,722 --> 02:06:39,191 PETER, DO YOU WANT TO WEIGH IN? 3448 02:06:39,258 --> 02:06:42,227 >> I'M THINKING BACK TO WORK OF 3449 02:06:42,294 --> 02:06:45,297 ALEX AND STEVEN REFERENCED, IN 3450 02:06:45,364 --> 02:06:47,066 COLLABORATING WITH FOLKS FROM 3451 02:06:47,132 --> 02:06:53,939 NEW ZEALAND, SOME WORK WE'VE 3452 02:06:54,006 --> 02:06:56,442 DONE, IT'S NOT JUST WHEN WE'RE 3453 02:06:56,508 --> 02:06:57,776 COMING TOGETHER AND FRAMING 3454 02:06:57,843 --> 02:06:59,511 QUESTIONS WE'RE DRAWING ON 3455 02:06:59,578 --> 02:07:01,046 LANGUAGE, MENTAL MODELS, IT 3456 02:07:01,113 --> 02:07:02,481 TAKES TIME TO JUST GET -- IT'S 3457 02:07:02,548 --> 02:07:04,917 NOT JUST BEING IN THE ROOM BUT 3458 02:07:04,984 --> 02:07:07,419 HAVING OPPORTUNITIES TO CONNECT 3459 02:07:07,486 --> 02:07:08,520 AND UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER'S 3460 02:07:08,587 --> 02:07:08,954 FRAMEWORKS. 3461 02:07:09,021 --> 02:07:11,123 AND HOW WE'RE PHRASING QUESTIONS 3462 02:07:11,190 --> 02:07:12,992 AND PRIORITIZING QUESTIONS AND 3463 02:07:13,058 --> 02:07:14,326 BUILDING OFF WHAT SAM WAS SAYING 3464 02:07:14,393 --> 02:07:15,794 IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENT, ONE OF 3465 02:07:15,861 --> 02:07:18,897 THE THEMES THAT'S COME FROM SOME 3466 02:07:18,964 --> 02:07:21,200 OF THOSE INTERACTIONS THAT ALEX 3467 02:07:21,266 --> 02:07:24,136 AND STEPHEN TALKED ABOUT WHERE 3468 02:07:24,203 --> 02:07:25,671 WE'VE HAD SORT OF INVESTED TIME 3469 02:07:25,738 --> 02:07:28,107 AND EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND EACH 3470 02:07:28,173 --> 02:07:31,577 OTHER'S METAPHORS, WHERE WE'RE 3471 02:07:31,643 --> 02:07:32,244 COMING FROM. 3472 02:07:32,311 --> 02:07:36,849 IT'S BEEN -- AS AN EXAMPLE ONE 3473 02:07:36,915 --> 02:07:38,517 IS LIKE REALLY FLIPPING FROM 3474 02:07:38,584 --> 02:07:44,323 FOCUS ON HUMAN HEALTH TO 3475 02:07:44,390 --> 02:07:45,657 UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENT 3476 02:07:45,724 --> 02:07:47,693 ECOLOGY AS DERIVATIVES, AS 3477 02:07:47,760 --> 02:07:49,661 CHANGE TERMS INSTEAD OF 3478 02:07:49,728 --> 02:07:50,662 COMMUNITY HEALTH BEING 3479 02:07:50,729 --> 02:07:51,997 DERIVATIVE OF INDIVIDUAL HEALTH, 3480 02:07:52,064 --> 02:07:54,400 HEALTH IS DEFINED AT COMMUNITY 3481 02:07:54,466 --> 02:07:55,467 ECOLOGICAL LEVEL, HUMAN HEALTH 3482 02:07:55,534 --> 02:07:56,368 IS DERIVATIVE. 3483 02:07:56,435 --> 02:07:59,972 SO THAT'S AN EXAMPLE OF SOME 3484 02:08:00,039 --> 02:08:04,376 SHIFTS IN LANGUAGE, THOSE 3485 02:08:04,443 --> 02:08:07,279 INTERACTIONS AND I THINK IT'S 3486 02:08:07,346 --> 02:08:08,280 WITH THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS ONE OF 3487 02:08:08,347 --> 02:08:09,915 THE WAYS WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO 3488 02:08:09,982 --> 02:08:10,682 FLESH THAT OUT. 3489 02:08:10,749 --> 02:08:13,218 THE OTHER PIECE I WOULD SAY IS 3490 02:08:13,285 --> 02:08:16,588 IT'S NOT -- IT'S BEING CONSCIOUS 3491 02:08:16,655 --> 02:08:18,557 ALSO ABOUT -- AND LISTENING TO 3492 02:08:18,624 --> 02:08:20,526 WHAT IT IS WE MAY BRING 3493 02:08:20,592 --> 02:08:21,460 SOMETHING INTO CONTEXT THINKING 3494 02:08:21,527 --> 02:08:22,928 THAT'S WHAT'S GOING TO BE 3495 02:08:22,995 --> 02:08:24,696 VALUABLE BUT IT'S ACTUALLY FROM 3496 02:08:24,763 --> 02:08:26,298 MY EXPERIENCE LISTENING AND 3497 02:08:26,365 --> 02:08:27,299 FIGURING OUT IN THOSE 3498 02:08:27,366 --> 02:08:29,601 COLLABORATIONS WHAT IT IS THAT 3499 02:08:29,668 --> 02:08:32,571 COULD OFFER THAT WOULD BE 3500 02:08:32,638 --> 02:08:32,805 USEFUL. 3501 02:08:32,871 --> 02:08:34,206 AND SO I GUESS THAT'S WHAT I 3502 02:08:34,273 --> 02:08:35,307 WOULD SAY. 3503 02:08:35,374 --> 02:08:37,142 THAT ENDS UP SHAPING A LOT OF 3504 02:08:37,209 --> 02:08:39,344 HOW WE THEN GO ABOUT 3505 02:08:39,411 --> 02:08:40,412 CONCEPTUALIZING SOMETHING LIKE 3506 02:08:40,479 --> 02:08:41,847 EQUITY, WHAT IT MEANS, AND THEN 3507 02:08:41,914 --> 02:08:43,082 BEGINNING TO MOVE FORWARD TO 3508 02:08:43,148 --> 02:08:44,349 THINKING ABOUT WHAT DOES IT MEAN 3509 02:08:44,416 --> 02:08:48,754 TO CHANGE THE STRUCTURE OF A 3510 02:08:48,821 --> 02:08:51,290 SYSTEM AND WHAT STRUCTURAL 3511 02:08:51,356 --> 02:08:52,825 INEQUITIES VERSUS DISTRIBUTIONAL 3512 02:08:52,891 --> 02:09:00,566 INEQUITIES, HOW DO WE 3513 02:09:00,632 --> 02:09:00,899 DISENTANGLE. 3514 02:09:00,966 --> 02:09:01,133 >> ANA? 3515 02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:03,535 >> TWO THOUGHTS. 3516 02:09:03,602 --> 02:09:04,837 THINKING SPECIFICALLY ABOUT 3517 02:09:04,903 --> 02:09:05,537 CARDIOVASCULAR INEQUITIES, I 3518 02:09:05,604 --> 02:09:10,442 THINK THE FIRST THING IS THAT, 3519 02:09:10,509 --> 02:09:12,511 YOU KNOW, LARGE INEQUITIES IN 3520 02:09:12,578 --> 02:09:13,712 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE EXIST. 3521 02:09:13,779 --> 02:09:15,481 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE MAJOR 3522 02:09:15,547 --> 02:09:16,982 CONTRIBUTORS ALREADY TO THOSE 3523 02:09:17,049 --> 02:09:18,016 DIFFERENCES, INCLUDING MANY OF 3524 02:09:18,083 --> 02:09:21,720 THE THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT TODAY 3525 02:09:21,787 --> 02:09:22,588 AND MORE. 3526 02:09:22,654 --> 02:09:27,626 AND I THINK THE METHODS THAT WE 3527 02:09:27,693 --> 02:09:29,361 USE AND EVEN SOMETIMES 3528 02:09:29,428 --> 02:09:34,733 CONCEPTUAL MODELS, THIS IS 3529 02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:39,338 EXPANDED OVER THE PAST COUPLE 3530 02:09:39,404 --> 02:09:42,307 DECADES DON'T FULLY CAPTURE 3531 02:09:42,374 --> 02:09:45,577 THIS. 3532 02:09:45,644 --> 02:09:47,312 IN SOME WAYS, BROADENING 3533 02:09:47,379 --> 02:09:48,947 THINKING TO PLANETARY HEALTH 3534 02:09:49,014 --> 02:09:50,516 FORCES UP TO GRAPPLE AND FIGURE 3535 02:09:50,582 --> 02:09:52,151 OUT WAYS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 3536 02:09:52,217 --> 02:09:53,986 IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 3537 02:09:54,052 --> 02:09:59,324 BROADLY DEFINED TO 3538 02:09:59,391 --> 02:10:00,125 CARDIOVASCULAR INEQUITIES. 3539 02:10:00,192 --> 02:10:02,094 QUESTIONS WE ASK, METHODS WE 3540 02:10:02,161 --> 02:10:04,396 USE, HOW WE THINK CONCEPTUALLY 3541 02:10:04,463 --> 02:10:05,797 AND SYSTEMICALLY ABOUT THESE 3542 02:10:05,864 --> 02:10:08,300 THINGS AS OPPOSED TO THE 3543 02:10:08,367 --> 02:10:11,503 TRADITIONAL BIOMEDICAL PARADIGM. 3544 02:10:11,570 --> 02:10:13,038 SO, THERE'S AN URGENCY ABOUT 3545 02:10:13,105 --> 02:10:14,239 UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING THE 3546 02:10:14,306 --> 02:10:17,109 CARDIOVASCULAR INEQUITIES THAT 3547 02:10:17,176 --> 02:10:18,544 WE HAVE TODAY, AND THE SECOND 3548 02:10:18,610 --> 02:10:24,750 POINT THAT I WANT TO MAKE, IT'S 3549 02:10:24,816 --> 02:10:26,084 IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THINGS WE 3550 02:10:26,151 --> 02:10:30,656 DO AS SOCIETY TO ADDRESS GLOBAL 3551 02:10:30,722 --> 02:10:32,524 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE INCLUDING 3552 02:10:32,591 --> 02:10:35,594 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND 3553 02:10:35,661 --> 02:10:36,795 ADAPTATION STRATEGIES CAN HAVE 3554 02:10:36,862 --> 02:10:38,530 POSITIVE EQUITY BENEFITS OR CAN 3555 02:10:38,597 --> 02:10:39,531 INCREASE INEQUITIES. 3556 02:10:39,598 --> 02:10:41,600 SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT FOR US TO 3557 02:10:41,667 --> 02:10:43,268 KEEP THAT IN MIND TOO, AS WE 3558 02:10:43,335 --> 02:10:45,771 THINK AND BE ABLE TO DOCUMENT 3559 02:10:45,837 --> 02:10:46,972 AND UNDERSTAND THOSE POTENTIAL 3560 02:10:47,039 --> 02:10:49,708 IMPACTS SO WE CAN MAKE SURE THAT 3561 02:10:49,775 --> 02:10:52,144 WE'RE NOT MAKING INEQUITIES 3562 02:10:52,211 --> 02:10:53,512 WORSE BY ADDRESSING -- BY THE 3563 02:10:53,579 --> 02:10:56,715 WAY WE DECIDE AS A SOCIETY TO 3564 02:10:56,782 --> 02:11:03,855 ADDRESS OR PERHAPS NOT ADDRESS, 3565 02:11:03,922 --> 02:11:13,832 YOU KNOW, THESE CHALLENGES. 3566 02:11:13,899 --> 02:11:14,099 >> SANJAY? 3567 02:11:14,166 --> 02:11:17,236 >> ONE THEME WAS HOW DO YOU 3568 02:11:17,302 --> 02:11:19,671 START TO ENGAGE IN SYSTEMS 3569 02:11:19,738 --> 02:11:22,074 THINKING, ANA ALLUDED TO THAT AS 3570 02:11:22,140 --> 02:11:24,109 WELL AS PETER, ALSO HOW DO YOU 3571 02:11:24,176 --> 02:11:28,780 START TO EXTRICATE SOME OF THESE 3572 02:11:28,847 --> 02:11:30,582 INFLUENCES THAT CO-SEGREGATE AND 3573 02:11:30,649 --> 02:11:31,383 TRAVEL TOGETHER, PARTICULARLY 3574 02:11:31,450 --> 02:11:32,818 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL 3575 02:11:32,884 --> 02:11:35,988 EXPOSURES AND HOW MIGHT AS 3576 02:11:36,054 --> 02:11:36,755 RESEARCH QUESTIONS INVESTIGATORS 3577 02:11:36,822 --> 02:11:39,057 START TO PUT IN FRAMEWORKS OR 3578 02:11:39,124 --> 02:11:42,661 ASK QUESTIONS, WHERE THEY START 3579 02:11:42,728 --> 02:11:44,930 TO DISENTANGLE SOME EXPOSURES TO 3580 02:11:44,997 --> 02:11:49,468 TRY AND BETTER PUT A HANDLE ON 3581 02:11:49,534 --> 02:11:50,469 WHAT'S ACTUALLY CAUSING THINGS 3582 02:11:50,535 --> 02:11:52,938 SO THAT WE CAN DESIGN 3583 02:11:53,005 --> 02:11:54,806 INTERVENTIONS BETTER AND DO 3584 02:11:54,873 --> 02:11:57,009 FOLKS ON THIS PANEL HAVE 3585 02:11:57,075 --> 02:11:57,976 THOUGHTS ABOUT RESEARCH 3586 02:11:58,043 --> 02:11:59,845 METHODOLOGIES AS WELL AS 3587 02:11:59,911 --> 02:12:03,448 FRAMEWORKS THAT SHOULD PROBABLY 3588 02:12:03,515 --> 02:12:05,951 BE MUCH MORE PERVASIVE IN 3589 02:12:06,018 --> 02:12:06,952 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, ET 3590 02:12:07,019 --> 02:12:11,256 CETERA, IN A SHIFT FROM AS ANA 3591 02:12:11,323 --> 02:12:13,759 MENTIONED FROM TRADITIONAL 3592 02:12:13,825 --> 02:12:16,161 BIOMEDICAL PARADIGM TO EXPOSOMIC 3593 02:12:16,228 --> 02:12:17,362 FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS IN 3594 02:12:17,429 --> 02:12:18,997 INFORMATICS, ANY COMMENTS FROM 3595 02:12:19,064 --> 02:12:20,332 MEMBERS OF THE PANEL ON WHAT 3596 02:12:20,399 --> 02:12:24,903 SOME OF THESE APPROACHES MIGHT 3597 02:12:24,970 --> 02:12:25,170 LOOK LIKE? 3598 02:12:25,237 --> 02:12:25,404 >> SAM? 3599 02:12:25,470 --> 02:12:28,206 >> I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS 3600 02:12:28,273 --> 02:12:29,308 THAT'S CHALLENGING ABOUT 3601 02:12:29,374 --> 02:12:31,576 PLANETARY HEALTH, ONE WAY THAT'S 3602 02:12:31,643 --> 02:12:33,679 QUITE DIFFERENT FROM CLASSIC 3603 02:12:33,745 --> 02:12:35,847 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IS THAT 3604 02:12:35,914 --> 02:12:37,516 IT'S NOT NECESSARILY ALWAYS 3605 02:12:37,582 --> 02:12:38,483 ABOUT EXPOSURES. 3606 02:12:38,550 --> 02:12:43,522 AND OFTEN WHAT IT'S ABOUT IS THE 3607 02:12:43,588 --> 02:12:45,590 EROSION OF NATURAL LIFE SUPPORT 3608 02:12:45,657 --> 02:12:48,560 SYSTEMS, SO IT'S THE EROSION OF 3609 02:12:48,627 --> 02:12:51,630 THE LOSS OF POLLINATORS, OR, YOU 3610 02:12:51,697 --> 02:12:53,265 KNOW, THE LOSS OF COASTAL 3611 02:12:53,332 --> 02:12:56,735 BARRIERS THAT PROTECT US FROM 3612 02:12:56,802 --> 02:13:01,073 FLOODING, OR CHANGES IN CLIMATE. 3613 02:13:01,139 --> 02:13:03,875 BUT THESE ARE HARD TO THINK OF 3614 02:13:03,942 --> 02:13:06,611 AS EXPOSURES PER SE. 3615 02:13:06,678 --> 02:13:10,782 AND SO IT ACTUALLY I THINK NEEDS 3616 02:13:10,849 --> 02:13:14,820 CRACKING OPEN THE RESEARCH 3617 02:13:14,886 --> 02:13:21,626 METHODS BEYOND CLASSIC HEALTH, 3618 02:13:21,693 --> 02:13:22,194 EXPOSURE EPIDEMIOLOGY, 3619 02:13:22,260 --> 02:13:22,861 TRANSDISCIPLINARY WORK, SPEAKING 3620 02:13:22,928 --> 02:13:25,664 TO WHAT I LOVE IN COMMENTS FROM 3621 02:13:25,731 --> 02:13:32,337 ALEXANDRA AND STEVEN AND PETER 3622 02:13:32,404 --> 02:13:34,706 THAT EMPHASIZE NARRATIVE, 3623 02:13:34,773 --> 02:13:35,040 STORY-TELLING, 3624 02:13:35,107 --> 02:13:35,474 INTERCONNECTEDNESS. 3625 02:13:35,540 --> 02:13:38,143 I THINK AT THE HEART OF THE 3626 02:13:38,210 --> 02:13:39,678 MOMENT THAT WE'RE GRAPPLING 3627 02:13:39,745 --> 02:13:42,414 WITH, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN ARGUE 3628 02:13:42,481 --> 02:13:45,016 THERE ARE BROKEN STORIES ABOUT 3629 02:13:45,083 --> 02:13:46,885 OUR RELATIONSHIP TO NATURE AND 3630 02:13:46,952 --> 02:13:48,954 TO EACH OTHER AND ACROSS 3631 02:13:49,020 --> 02:13:51,490 GENERATIONS AND IT'S ONE OF THE 3632 02:13:51,556 --> 02:13:53,125 REASONS THIS CONVERSATION ABOUT 3633 02:13:53,191 --> 02:13:54,559 VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 3634 02:13:54,626 --> 02:13:55,627 PARTICULARLY IN INDIGENOUS 3635 02:13:55,694 --> 02:13:57,929 CONTEXTS MAKES ME UNCOMFORTABLE 3636 02:13:57,996 --> 02:14:00,265 BECAUSE I ACTUALLY SEE OURSELVES 3637 02:14:00,332 --> 02:14:02,100 AS ENORMOUSLY VULNERABLE IN 3638 02:14:02,167 --> 02:14:04,636 COMPARISON TO MANY INDIGENOUS 3639 02:14:04,703 --> 02:14:05,537 POPULATIONS BECAUSE WE'VE 3640 02:14:05,604 --> 02:14:07,806 MARGINALIZED THOSE CULTURES THAT 3641 02:14:07,873 --> 02:14:10,008 ACTUALLY HAD MUCH HEALTHIER 3642 02:14:10,075 --> 02:14:10,675 STORIES ABOUT INTERCONNECTION 3643 02:14:10,742 --> 02:14:12,577 WHICH ARE MUCH CLOSER TO THE 3644 02:14:12,644 --> 02:14:13,979 SCIENCE THAT'S COMING OUT OF THE 3645 02:14:14,045 --> 02:14:14,913 PLANETARY HEALTH COMMUNITY IN 3646 02:14:14,980 --> 02:14:17,115 THE FIRST PLACE SO WE'VE 3647 02:14:17,182 --> 02:14:18,417 MARGINALIZED THE CULTURES THAT 3648 02:14:18,483 --> 02:14:20,619 HAVE THE STORIES THAT ARE 3649 02:14:20,685 --> 02:14:21,853 EXACTLY THE STORIES WE NEED TO 3650 02:14:21,920 --> 02:14:23,355 GET OURSELVES OUT OF THE MESS WE 3651 02:14:23,422 --> 02:14:24,122 FIND OURSELVES IN. 3652 02:14:24,189 --> 02:14:27,526 NONE OF THAT HAS TO DO WITH 3653 02:14:27,592 --> 02:14:32,864 EXPOSURE AT THE FRAMEWORK. 3654 02:14:32,931 --> 02:14:33,432 IT'S MORE COMPLICATED. 3655 02:14:33,498 --> 02:14:35,300 >> I'M SORRY. 3656 02:14:35,367 --> 02:14:36,601 I COULDN'T HELP BUT RESPOND. 3657 02:14:36,668 --> 02:14:39,337 ONE OF THE ISSUES WITH THIS 3658 02:14:39,404 --> 02:14:40,305 PARADIGM WHICH IS ABSOLUTELY 3659 02:14:40,372 --> 02:14:41,440 IMPORTANT COULD NOT AGREE WITH 3660 02:14:41,506 --> 02:14:43,375 YOU MORE IS HOW DO YOU BRING 3661 02:14:43,442 --> 02:14:47,012 THAT INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF 3662 02:14:47,078 --> 02:14:49,714 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES AND STUDY 3663 02:14:49,781 --> 02:14:51,249 SECTIONS AND RESEARCH GRANTS 3664 02:14:51,316 --> 02:14:54,886 BECAUSE I CAN TELL YOU THAT MANY 3665 02:14:54,953 --> 02:14:58,490 TIMES THIS SORT OF IS MINIMIZED 3666 02:14:58,557 --> 02:15:01,126 AS SOFT SCIENCE, MINIMIZED AS 3667 02:15:01,193 --> 02:15:03,428 NOT BEING RIGOROUS, AND THAT'S A 3668 02:15:03,495 --> 02:15:04,863 MAJOR PROBLEM BECAUSE I DO THINK 3669 02:15:04,930 --> 02:15:06,932 THERE'S A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT THAT 3670 02:15:06,998 --> 02:15:07,833 NEEDS TO BE INCORPORATED IN 3671 02:15:07,899 --> 02:15:10,535 TERMS OF THINKING BUT HOW DO YOU 3672 02:15:10,602 --> 02:15:13,171 GET THAT INTO THE MAINSTREAM 3673 02:15:13,238 --> 02:15:14,606 WHERE YOUR GRANTS DON'T GET 3674 02:15:14,673 --> 02:15:15,774 FUNDED AND NOBODY WANTS TO 3675 02:15:15,841 --> 02:15:17,442 LISTEN TO THESE TYPES OF THINGS, 3676 02:15:17,509 --> 02:15:18,109 RIGHT? 3677 02:15:18,176 --> 02:15:19,311 IT'S A MAJOR PROBLEM, SAM. 3678 02:15:19,377 --> 02:15:21,947 I WANT TO BRING THAT UP FOR 3679 02:15:22,013 --> 02:15:23,248 DISCUSSION BECAUSE THE CHARGE 3680 02:15:23,315 --> 02:15:27,319 HERE TODAY IS TO COME UP WITH 3681 02:15:27,385 --> 02:15:28,386 APPROACHES THAT NHLBI MIGHT 3682 02:15:28,453 --> 02:15:30,555 HOPEFULLY INCORPORATE THAT MIGHT 3683 02:15:30,622 --> 02:15:32,157 RESULT IN MORE REALISTIC 3684 02:15:32,224 --> 02:15:35,861 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS, RIGHT? 3685 02:15:35,927 --> 02:15:38,930 SO, ANYBODY IN THE PANEL IF THEY 3686 02:15:38,997 --> 02:15:40,398 ARE SO INCLINED PLEASE JUMP IN. 3687 02:15:40,465 --> 02:15:42,534 >> THAT'S WHAT WE HAVE TO DO. 3688 02:15:42,601 --> 02:15:44,169 THAT'S THE RESPONSIBILITY AS 3689 02:15:44,236 --> 02:15:45,937 SCIENTISTS TO GET SPECIFIC, TO 3690 02:15:46,004 --> 02:15:48,540 SORT OF ARTICULATE THE WAYS 3691 02:15:48,607 --> 02:15:50,642 THESE GLOBAL PROCESSES END UP 3692 02:15:50,709 --> 02:15:51,309 AFFECTING INDIVIDUALS AND 3693 02:15:51,376 --> 02:15:52,410 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 3694 02:15:52,477 --> 02:15:54,012 THAT'S OUR JOB, I THINK. 3695 02:15:54,079 --> 02:15:55,881 WE CAN'T JUST WAVE OUR HANDS AND 3696 02:15:55,947 --> 02:15:57,816 SPEAK IN METAPHORS AND STORIES. 3697 02:15:57,883 --> 02:15:59,918 THAT IS IMPORTANT BUT WE DO HAVE 3698 02:15:59,985 --> 02:16:03,755 TO BE SPECIFIC BECAUSE THAT'S 3699 02:16:03,822 --> 02:16:04,756 HOW SCIENCE MOVES. 3700 02:16:04,823 --> 02:16:07,726 SO THERE ARE MANY OTHER USES OF, 3701 02:16:07,792 --> 02:16:11,196 YOU KNOW, METAPHORS AND STORIES 3702 02:16:11,263 --> 02:16:11,763 AND NARRATIVES. 3703 02:16:11,830 --> 02:16:14,266 TERRIFIC, WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT 3704 02:16:14,332 --> 02:16:17,769 THEM TO MOTIVATE THE PUBLIC AND 3705 02:16:17,836 --> 02:16:18,370 CREATE DIFFERENT LEVEL OF 3706 02:16:18,436 --> 02:16:19,905 UNDERSTANDING BUT IN TERMS OF 3707 02:16:19,971 --> 02:16:22,073 SCIENCE WE NEED TO SHOW HOW 3708 02:16:22,140 --> 02:16:28,747 APPROACHES HELP US UNDERSTAND 3709 02:16:28,813 --> 02:16:29,281 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 3710 02:16:29,347 --> 02:16:29,915 ENDPOINTS, CONNECTING AND 3711 02:16:29,981 --> 02:16:32,117 FIGURING OUT THIS FITS IN AND 3712 02:16:32,183 --> 02:16:34,185 HOW THIS GIVES US BETTER ANSWERS 3713 02:16:34,252 --> 02:16:35,420 OR HOW THIS ANSWERS IMPORTANT 3714 02:16:35,487 --> 02:16:37,155 QUESTIONS WE'VE NOT ANSWERED 3715 02:16:37,222 --> 02:16:37,689 YET. 3716 02:16:37,756 --> 02:16:41,726 I THINK THAT'S OUR CHALLENGE AS 3717 02:16:41,793 --> 02:16:42,027 SCIENTISTS. 3718 02:16:42,093 --> 02:16:45,797 >> THANK YOU. 3719 02:16:45,864 --> 02:16:45,997 PETER? 3720 02:16:46,064 --> 02:16:47,432 >> YEAH, JUST RESPONDING TO 3721 02:16:47,499 --> 02:16:54,873 THAT, I THINK WHERE YOU HAVE 3722 02:16:54,940 --> 02:16:55,907 PARTICIPATORY SYSTEMS, SPEAKING 3723 02:16:55,974 --> 02:16:58,043 FROM SYSTEM DYNAMICS IN TERMS OF 3724 02:16:58,109 --> 02:16:59,611 MY EXPERIENCE, I'VE SEEN SIMILAR 3725 02:16:59,678 --> 02:17:03,548 THINGS WITH AGENT BASED MODEL, 3726 02:17:03,615 --> 02:17:06,818 SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS, WHEN 3727 02:17:06,885 --> 02:17:08,219 WE'RE ENGAGING COMMUNITIES AND 3728 02:17:08,286 --> 02:17:10,322 FOLKS AND COULD BE A PRETTY 3729 02:17:10,388 --> 02:17:13,692 DIVERSE GROUP FROM LIVED 3730 02:17:13,758 --> 02:17:16,661 EXPERIENCE TO SCIENTISTS, AND 3731 02:17:16,728 --> 02:17:18,530 WE'RE GENERATING CAUSAL DIAGRAMS 3732 02:17:18,597 --> 02:17:22,033 FROM STORIES, WE'RE MOVING MORE 3733 02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:23,268 TOWARDS DEVELOPING EXPLICIT 3734 02:17:23,335 --> 02:17:27,973 STATEMENTS ABOUT THE CAUSAL 3735 02:17:28,039 --> 02:17:29,374 MECHANISMS, AND WHAT I EKE OUT 3736 02:17:29,441 --> 02:17:32,344 ABOUT WHAT'S NOW POSSIBLE IN 3737 02:17:32,410 --> 02:17:33,545 SYSTEM DYNAMICS WITH DOMINANCE 3738 02:17:33,612 --> 02:17:36,715 ANALYSIS, BUT YOU CAN GO FROM A 3739 02:17:36,781 --> 02:17:38,149 VISUAL DESCRIPTION TO FORMAL 3740 02:17:38,216 --> 02:17:40,452 SIMULATION MODEL TO NOW 3741 02:17:40,518 --> 02:17:42,654 PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE FORMALLY 3742 02:17:42,721 --> 02:17:44,522 TESTABLE IN SCIENTIFIC WAY ABOUT 3743 02:17:44,589 --> 02:17:47,259 HOW WE WOULD EXPECT PATTERNS OF 3744 02:17:47,325 --> 02:17:48,893 THE DOMINANCE TO EVOLVE OVER 3745 02:17:48,960 --> 02:17:52,597 SCENARIOS THAT WOULD RULE IN OR 3746 02:17:52,664 --> 02:17:53,898 RULE OUT VARIOUS TRAJECTORIES, 3747 02:17:53,965 --> 02:17:55,333 AND THAT FEELS INCREDIBLY 3748 02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:58,303 IMPORTANT TO ME WHEN WE'RE 3749 02:17:58,370 --> 02:17:59,938 THINKING ABOUT, YOU KNOW, SOME 3750 02:18:00,005 --> 02:18:01,740 OF THESE CHANGES, INTERVENTIONS, 3751 02:18:01,806 --> 02:18:05,210 WE WILL NOT SEE THE MEASURABLE 3752 02:18:05,277 --> 02:18:07,712 IMPACT FOR SOME TIME IF THEY ARE 3753 02:18:07,779 --> 02:18:08,046 WORKING. 3754 02:18:08,113 --> 02:18:11,016 AND THE TRAP WE COULD FALL INTO 3755 02:18:11,082 --> 02:18:14,719 IS FAVOR SHORT-TERM FIXES THAT 3756 02:18:14,786 --> 02:18:15,286 CONTRIBUTE TO REINFORCING 3757 02:18:15,353 --> 02:18:19,224 INEQUITIES, SO IS THERE A WAY WE 3758 02:18:19,290 --> 02:18:22,160 CAN DEVELOP, MOVE FROM STORIES, 3759 02:18:22,227 --> 02:18:23,395 NARRATIVES, LIVED EXPERIENCE, 3760 02:18:23,461 --> 02:18:25,764 THE SCIENCE WE KNOW, TO 3761 02:18:25,830 --> 02:18:27,732 DEVELOPING HYPOTHESES THAT HELP 3762 02:18:27,799 --> 02:18:29,067 US IDENTIFY EARLY OR LEADING 3763 02:18:29,134 --> 02:18:31,469 INDICATORS OF WHEN WE'RE ON THE 3764 02:18:31,536 --> 02:18:34,105 RIGHT TRACK AND WHAT IT IS WE 3765 02:18:34,172 --> 02:18:37,042 SHOULD BE LOOKING FOR, 3766 02:18:37,108 --> 02:18:39,010 EMPIRICALLY, WHEN THINGS ARE 3767 02:18:39,077 --> 02:18:40,111 GOING SIDEWAYS, AND COMING BACK 3768 02:18:40,178 --> 02:18:42,647 TO THIS POINT ABOUT SOME OF THE 3769 02:18:42,714 --> 02:18:46,017 INTERVENTIONS WILL HAVE -- ALL 3770 02:18:46,084 --> 02:18:48,119 INTERVENTIONS HAVE UNINTENDED 3771 02:18:48,186 --> 02:18:49,320 CONSEQUENCES, SOME COULD AMPLIFY 3772 02:18:49,387 --> 02:18:51,423 INEQUITIES. 3773 02:18:51,489 --> 02:18:53,825 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT INJUSTICE 3774 02:18:53,892 --> 02:18:58,296 FROM THAT IT FEELS DIFFERENT. 3775 02:18:58,363 --> 02:18:59,731 IF RANDOM AND HARMED VERSUS 3776 02:18:59,798 --> 02:19:01,066 CONSEQUENCES OF A PLANNED 3777 02:19:01,132 --> 02:19:05,437 POLICY, THAT HAS A DIFFERENT 3778 02:19:05,503 --> 02:19:06,404 IMPLICATION MORALLY. 3779 02:19:06,471 --> 02:19:08,073 TO ME THAT'S EXCITING ABOUT 3780 02:19:08,139 --> 02:19:09,074 SYSTEMS SCIENCE WHEN WE INVOLVE 3781 02:19:09,140 --> 02:19:13,678 PEOPLE IN THE PROCESS. 3782 02:19:13,745 --> 02:19:13,912 >> ANA? 3783 02:19:13,978 --> 02:19:15,380 >> YEAH, NO, I WANT TO SUPPORT 3784 02:19:15,447 --> 02:19:17,248 WHAT PETER IS SAYING, I THINK 3785 02:19:17,315 --> 02:19:20,652 THE WORK THAT PETER DOES IN 3786 02:19:20,719 --> 02:19:22,587 MODEL BUILDING, WAYS TO ENGAGE 3787 02:19:22,654 --> 02:19:25,924 COMMUNITIES AND STAKEHOLDERS IN 3788 02:19:25,990 --> 02:19:27,392 DEVELOPING CONCRETE, YOU KNOW, 3789 02:19:27,459 --> 02:19:28,626 CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAMS FOR EXAMPLE 3790 02:19:28,693 --> 02:19:30,361 ABOUT HOW THINGS MIGHT WORK THAT 3791 02:19:30,428 --> 02:19:33,565 CAN THEN BE TESTED, THAT IS 3792 02:19:33,631 --> 02:19:35,533 INCREDIBLY POWERFUL, I THINK. 3793 02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:36,067 AND SUPER USEFUL. 3794 02:19:36,134 --> 02:19:36,935 >> YEAH, GREAT. 3795 02:19:37,001 --> 02:19:38,937 I WANT TO POINT TO A COMMENT 3796 02:19:39,003 --> 02:19:40,305 BECAUSE I WANT TO BUILD ON THAT 3797 02:19:40,371 --> 02:19:43,375 COMMENT FOR PART OF THE 3798 02:19:43,441 --> 02:19:45,343 DISCUSSION, SO MATTHEW BERG HAS 3799 02:19:45,410 --> 02:19:47,979 NOTED THAT WE MAY BE TRYING TO 3800 02:19:48,046 --> 02:19:48,747 FIT BEHAVIORAL ENVIRONMENTAL 3801 02:19:48,813 --> 02:19:51,116 FRAMEWORK IN A BIOLOGICAL 3802 02:19:51,182 --> 02:19:52,250 SCIENCE CONTEXT AND NEED TO 3803 02:19:52,317 --> 02:19:54,119 SHIFT NIH FOCUS TO BE MORE BROAD 3804 02:19:54,185 --> 02:19:56,855 AND POINT TO THE CONGRESSIONALLY 3805 02:19:56,921 --> 02:19:58,857 MANDATED NIH COMMITTEE LAST YEAR 3806 02:19:58,923 --> 02:20:01,359 CONCERNING INCLUSION OF 3807 02:20:01,426 --> 02:20:02,127 BEHAVIORAL SPECIALISTS ACROSS 3808 02:20:02,193 --> 02:20:02,460 THIS. 3809 02:20:02,527 --> 02:20:05,630 SO I WANT TO BRING UP A PIECE OF 3810 02:20:05,697 --> 02:20:07,699 THIS RESEARCH AGENDA THAT WE 3811 02:20:07,766 --> 02:20:10,101 DIDN'T TALK ABOUT, AND JUST NOTE 3812 02:20:10,168 --> 02:20:13,738 THAT WE ALL KNOW THAT THE ROOT 3813 02:20:13,805 --> 02:20:18,209 CAUSE OF THIS PROBLEM IS THE 3814 02:20:18,276 --> 02:20:20,645 EXTRACTION AND COMBUSTION OF 3815 02:20:20,712 --> 02:20:21,412 FOSSIL FUELS. 3816 02:20:21,479 --> 02:20:25,316 AND WHILE IT IS OBVIOUSLY WELL 3817 02:20:25,383 --> 02:20:26,885 UNDERSTOOD AND ACCEPTED, THAT 3818 02:20:26,951 --> 02:20:29,621 FOSSIL FUELS ARE CAUSING CLIMATE 3819 02:20:29,687 --> 02:20:30,922 CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTION, 3820 02:20:30,989 --> 02:20:33,258 CHEMICAL AND PLASTIC POLLUTION, 3821 02:20:33,324 --> 02:20:36,995 THESE ARE HARMING HEALTH, THAT 3822 02:20:37,061 --> 02:20:37,962 MESSAGING IS NOT EFFECTIVELY 3823 02:20:38,029 --> 02:20:39,464 SWAYING A NUMBER OF PEOPLE. 3824 02:20:39,531 --> 02:20:42,534 AND OBVIOUSLY THAT'S IN PART DUE 3825 02:20:42,600 --> 02:20:43,535 TO DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS 3826 02:20:43,601 --> 02:20:44,202 INVOLVING THE FOSSIL FUEL 3827 02:20:44,269 --> 02:20:45,069 INDUSTRY AND OTHERS. 3828 02:20:45,136 --> 02:20:46,371 I GUESS I HAVE A QUESTION 3829 02:20:46,437 --> 02:20:50,608 WHETHER A PIECE OF THIS RESEARCH 3830 02:20:50,675 --> 02:20:53,411 AGENDA SHOULD BE TRYING TO 3831 02:20:53,478 --> 02:20:55,480 UNDERSTAND WHICH PUBLIC HEALTH 3832 02:20:55,547 --> 02:20:57,615 MESSAGES ARE MOST EFFECTIVE TO 3833 02:20:57,682 --> 02:20:58,216 ENGAGE PEOPLE. 3834 02:20:58,283 --> 02:21:01,052 A LOT OF SPEAKERS TALKED ABOUT 3835 02:21:01,119 --> 02:21:03,254 ENGAGEMENT, IS THAT A PIECE OF 3836 02:21:03,321 --> 02:21:04,789 WHAT WE SHOULD BE DOING BECAUSE 3837 02:21:04,856 --> 02:21:07,192 WE CAN COLLECT ALL THESE DATA 3838 02:21:07,258 --> 02:21:09,060 BUT IF THEY DON'T CHANGE ACTION 3839 02:21:09,127 --> 02:21:12,630 AND POLICY THEN THAT IS A 3840 02:21:12,697 --> 02:21:12,997 PROBLEM. 3841 02:21:13,064 --> 02:21:13,164 SAM? 3842 02:21:13,231 --> 02:21:16,367 >> YEAH, NO, I WOULD DISPUTE THE 3843 02:21:16,434 --> 02:21:17,068 INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION THE 3844 02:21:17,135 --> 02:21:22,707 THING WE HAVE TO DO IS MOVE TO 3845 02:21:22,774 --> 02:21:23,908 RENEWABLE ENERGY. 3846 02:21:23,975 --> 02:21:28,079 IT'S NOT ONLY CLIMATE CHANGE 3847 02:21:28,146 --> 02:21:29,948 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. 3848 02:21:30,014 --> 02:21:32,383 I GAVE SIX EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT 3849 02:21:32,450 --> 02:21:33,885 KINDS OF BIOPHYSICAL CHANGE 3850 02:21:33,952 --> 02:21:34,686 WHICH ARE AFFECTING 3851 02:21:34,752 --> 02:21:36,287 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, NONE OF 3852 02:21:36,354 --> 02:21:37,856 WHICH ARE CLIMATE RELATED. 3853 02:21:37,922 --> 02:21:40,091 SO IT'S THE BROAD SORT OF EARTH 3854 02:21:40,158 --> 02:21:42,393 CRISIS THAT I THINK WE'RE 3855 02:21:42,460 --> 02:21:43,628 ADDRESSING, BUT I COMPLETELY 3856 02:21:43,695 --> 02:21:47,532 AGREE WITH YOU THAT THIS IS A 3857 02:21:47,599 --> 02:21:49,534 CENTRAL RESEARCH GAP AROUND THE 3858 02:21:49,601 --> 02:21:51,402 COMBINATION OF COMMUNICATIONS 3859 02:21:51,469 --> 02:21:52,704 AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE AND WHAT ARE 3860 02:21:52,770 --> 02:21:54,806 THE WAYS TO TELL THESE MESSAGES 3861 02:21:54,873 --> 02:21:58,409 OR TELL THESE STORIES THAT ARE 3862 02:21:58,476 --> 02:22:00,078 MOTIVATING TO PEOPLE. 3863 02:22:00,144 --> 02:22:04,816 MY SENSE IS WE TEND TO EMPHASIZE 3864 02:22:04,883 --> 02:22:05,817 THE CATASTROPHIC APOCALYPTIC AND 3865 02:22:05,884 --> 02:22:07,785 DON'T DO A GOOD JOB TELLING 3866 02:22:07,852 --> 02:22:08,853 ASPIRATIONAL STORY WHERE WE'RE 3867 02:22:08,920 --> 02:22:10,722 TRYING TO GET TO AS A SOCIETY. 3868 02:22:10,788 --> 02:22:11,689 BUT THAT'S A HYPOTHESIS. 3869 02:22:11,756 --> 02:22:14,225 THAT NEEDS TO BE TESTED AND WE 3870 02:22:14,292 --> 02:22:16,527 NEED TO UNDERSTAND IF THERE ARE 3871 02:22:16,594 --> 02:22:18,596 DIFFERENT MESSAGES THAT ARE MUCH 3872 02:22:18,663 --> 02:22:19,464 MORE MOTIVATING OF BEHAVIOR 3873 02:22:19,530 --> 02:22:24,168 CHANGE AND IF THEY DIFFER 3874 02:22:24,235 --> 02:22:26,170 ACROSS DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES. 3875 02:22:26,237 --> 02:22:27,805 THERE'S SOME WORK PEOPLE HAVE 3876 02:22:27,872 --> 02:22:29,974 DONE, MAYBACH AND OTHERS, I 3877 02:22:30,041 --> 02:22:31,709 AGREE WE NEED MORE. 3878 02:22:31,776 --> 02:22:33,845 >> ALEX, DID YOU WANT TO -- 3879 02:22:33,912 --> 02:22:35,880 >> I WANT TO ECHO. 3880 02:22:35,947 --> 02:22:37,749 GREAT COMMENT. 3881 02:22:37,815 --> 02:22:39,284 WE REALIZE ESPECIALLY IN A LOT 3882 02:22:39,350 --> 02:22:40,585 OF THESE WESTERN STATES, OTHER 3883 02:22:40,652 --> 02:22:44,522 STATES, THAT THIS IS ONE OF OUR 3884 02:22:44,589 --> 02:22:45,957 BIGGEST PROBLEMS, THIS 3885 02:22:46,024 --> 02:22:48,359 COMMUNICATION GAP FROM THE 3886 02:22:48,426 --> 02:22:49,994 NOSTALGIC POINT OF VIEW OF THE 3887 02:22:50,061 --> 02:22:51,095 GLOOM AND DOOM, ALSO BECAUSE 3888 02:22:51,162 --> 02:22:52,630 PEOPLE ARE IN DENIAL. 3889 02:22:52,697 --> 02:22:54,032 PEOPLE IN DENIAL AREN'T GOING TO 3890 02:22:54,098 --> 02:22:56,567 WANT TO ENGAGE IN ANY OF THESE 3891 02:22:56,634 --> 02:22:58,870 SORTS OF CHANGES, WHETHER POLICY 3892 02:22:58,937 --> 02:23:00,571 OR BEHAVIOR OR HEART HEALTHY, ET 3893 02:23:00,638 --> 02:23:00,872 CETERA. 3894 02:23:00,939 --> 02:23:03,474 AND SO I REALLY THINK THE 3895 02:23:03,541 --> 02:23:04,242 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH IS 3896 02:23:04,309 --> 02:23:04,742 CRITICAL. 3897 02:23:04,809 --> 02:23:06,644 I THINK THE OTHER PIECE THAT 3898 02:23:06,711 --> 02:23:08,713 WE'VE NOT TALKED ABOUT BUT I 3899 02:23:08,780 --> 02:23:10,448 THINK IS THE ELEPHANT IN THE 3900 02:23:10,515 --> 02:23:14,385 ROOM IN MANY COMMUNITIES, THE 3901 02:23:14,452 --> 02:23:15,920 OUTFALL FROM COVID AND 3902 02:23:15,987 --> 02:23:17,689 DEVASTATION THAT MANY OF THESE 3903 02:23:17,755 --> 02:23:19,657 COMMUNITIES HAVE GONE THROUGH IN 3904 02:23:19,724 --> 02:23:23,161 THE PAST THREE YEARS, BOTH 3905 02:23:23,227 --> 02:23:25,663 URBAN, INNER CITY, LATINO, 3906 02:23:25,730 --> 02:23:27,865 HISPANIC, AND AFRICAN AMERICAN, 3907 02:23:27,932 --> 02:23:29,367 BUT ALSO RURAL AND TRIBAL 3908 02:23:29,434 --> 02:23:30,601 COMMUNITIES LOSING A LOT OF 3909 02:23:30,668 --> 02:23:31,035 PEOPLE. 3910 02:23:31,102 --> 02:23:33,137 THEY ARE NOT THROUGH THAT YET. 3911 02:23:33,204 --> 02:23:37,709 I THINK THIS SORT OF TWIN COVID 3912 02:23:37,775 --> 02:23:39,911 ON TOP OF PLANETARY HEALTH 3913 02:23:39,978 --> 02:23:40,945 IMPACTS, COMMUNICATION LIKE WE 3914 02:23:41,012 --> 02:23:42,747 HAVEN'T REALLY GONE THROUGH THE 3915 02:23:42,814 --> 02:23:44,182 GRIEVING, AND IT'S REALLY TRICKY 3916 02:23:44,248 --> 02:23:44,615 TO COMMUNICATE. 3917 02:23:44,682 --> 02:23:46,651 I WANT TO PUT THAT OUT THERE, AS 3918 02:23:46,718 --> 02:23:48,286 A PIECE WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 3919 02:23:48,353 --> 02:23:53,358 BECAUSE THIS IS WHAT I HEAR. 3920 02:23:53,424 --> 02:23:54,025 >> THANK YOU. 3921 02:23:54,092 --> 02:23:56,661 I DON'T KNOW IF ANYBODY WANTS TO 3922 02:23:56,728 --> 02:23:56,828 ADD. 3923 02:23:56,894 --> 02:23:59,163 I CAN MOVE US TO ANOTHER PIECE 3924 02:23:59,230 --> 02:24:00,465 OF SANJAY, WHAT YOU WERE 3925 02:24:00,531 --> 02:24:04,102 ALLUDING TO, THE TYPES OF 3926 02:24:04,168 --> 02:24:05,737 RESEARCH THAT NEED TO GO INTO A 3927 02:24:05,803 --> 02:24:06,504 BROAD AGENDA. 3928 02:24:06,571 --> 02:24:10,208 INTEREST WAS -- THERE WAS A 3929 02:24:10,274 --> 02:24:12,343 QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE, 3930 02:24:12,410 --> 02:24:13,511 WILLIAM ASKED ABOUT RESEARCH 3931 02:24:13,578 --> 02:24:15,380 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF NATURAL 3932 02:24:15,446 --> 02:24:16,247 EXPERIMENTS, HEAT WAVES, 3933 02:24:16,314 --> 02:24:18,383 WILDFIRES, ET CETERA, EXPLORING 3934 02:24:18,449 --> 02:24:19,650 HEALTH EFFECTS, SPECIFIC TO 3935 02:24:19,717 --> 02:24:21,486 CERTAIN COMMUNITIES, ACROSS 3936 02:24:21,552 --> 02:24:22,253 THAT. 3937 02:24:22,320 --> 02:24:23,488 SOME SPEAKERS HAVE ALLUDED TO 3938 02:24:23,554 --> 02:24:25,456 THIS BUT I DIDN'T KNOW IF 3939 02:24:25,523 --> 02:24:27,959 ANYBODY WANTED TO SORT OF 3940 02:24:28,026 --> 02:24:30,361 COMMENT ON THAT PIECE OF HOW WE 3941 02:24:30,428 --> 02:24:32,663 USE THE VERY UNFORTUNATE THINGS 3942 02:24:32,730 --> 02:24:33,765 THAT ARE ALREADY OCCURRING TO 3943 02:24:33,831 --> 02:24:37,035 KIND OF LEARN MORE, NOT JUST 3944 02:24:37,101 --> 02:24:40,104 ABOUT THEIR SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES 3945 02:24:40,171 --> 02:24:41,639 BUT ALSO ABOUT EFFECTIVE PILOT 3946 02:24:41,706 --> 02:24:44,409 STUDIES OF INTERVENTIONS TO 3947 02:24:44,475 --> 02:24:46,144 ADDRESS THEM. 3948 02:24:46,210 --> 02:24:49,113 SAM? 3949 02:24:49,180 --> 02:24:53,484 NOT SAM, I'M SORRY. 3950 02:24:53,551 --> 02:24:53,751 JONATHAN? 3951 02:24:53,818 --> 02:24:55,787 >> YES, SO, I WOULD -- MAYBE 3952 02:24:55,853 --> 02:24:57,188 THERE ARE ALSO POSITIVE EXAMPLES 3953 02:24:57,255 --> 02:24:59,223 OF THINGS WE CAN LEARN FROM AS 3954 02:24:59,290 --> 02:25:00,091 NATURAL EXPERIMENTS. 3955 02:25:00,158 --> 02:25:04,896 I WOULD SAY SOME OF OUR -- 3956 02:25:04,962 --> 02:25:06,631 FIRST, AS A CLINICIAN, CLINICAL 3957 02:25:06,697 --> 02:25:08,933 TRIALIST, MY SORT OF UNIT OF 3958 02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:10,735 INTERACTION OR OVERALL TRAINING 3959 02:25:10,802 --> 02:25:13,838 AND FRAMEWORK IS ON THE PATIENT, 3960 02:25:13,905 --> 02:25:16,908 RIGHT, ON THE INDIVIDUAL AS A 3961 02:25:16,974 --> 02:25:18,676 PARTICIPANT IN CLINICAL RESEARCH 3962 02:25:18,743 --> 02:25:19,977 STUDIES, CLINICAL ENCOUNTER. 3963 02:25:20,044 --> 02:25:21,712 THROUGH OUR STUDIES THE ONLY 3964 02:25:21,779 --> 02:25:23,915 REASON WE'VE BEEN SUCCESSFUL SO 3965 02:25:23,981 --> 02:25:27,218 FAR IS BY LEVERAGING AS I THINK 3966 02:25:27,285 --> 02:25:28,719 ALEX AND STEVEN HAVE SAID, 3967 02:25:28,786 --> 02:25:31,589 MOVING AT SPEED OF TRUST. 3968 02:25:31,656 --> 02:25:33,124 WE'VE LEVERAGED COMMUNITY 3969 02:25:33,191 --> 02:25:33,958 PARTNERSHIPS TO WORK TOGETHER IN 3970 02:25:34,025 --> 02:25:36,027 PARTICULAR NEW YORK CITY ROLLED 3971 02:25:36,094 --> 02:25:39,063 OUT AN INTERESTING PROGRAM WHICH 3972 02:25:39,130 --> 02:25:41,132 DR. ANGELL WILL KNOW ABOUT, 3973 02:25:41,199 --> 02:25:42,667 SMOKE-FREE HOUSING LEGISLATION, 3974 02:25:42,733 --> 02:25:44,735 IT RAISES QUESTION OF INDIVIDUAL 3975 02:25:44,802 --> 02:25:46,838 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, ALL 3976 02:25:46,904 --> 02:25:48,239 PUBLIC HOUSING BUILDINGS WERE 3977 02:25:48,306 --> 02:25:52,543 MANDATED TO BECOME SMOKE FREE, 3978 02:25:52,610 --> 02:25:54,078 THERE WAS ALLOWANCE FOR 3979 02:25:54,145 --> 02:25:55,713 PROHIBITION OF TOBACCO USE IN 3980 02:25:55,780 --> 02:25:56,814 CERTAIN BUILDINGS. 3981 02:25:56,881 --> 02:25:59,350 AND THAT WAS A NATURAL HISTORY 3982 02:25:59,417 --> 02:26:00,651 EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE AIR 3983 02:26:00,718 --> 02:26:02,320 QUALITY IN DIFFERENT PUBLIC 3984 02:26:02,386 --> 02:26:03,721 HOUSING BUILDINGS IN NEW YORK 3985 02:26:03,788 --> 02:26:06,991 CITY THAT MY COLLEAGUE AND CHAIR 3986 02:26:07,058 --> 02:26:08,559 DR. THORPE LED THAT DOVETAILED 3987 02:26:08,626 --> 02:26:10,595 WITH A LOT OF OUR RESEARCH 3988 02:26:10,661 --> 02:26:11,095 PROJECTS. 3989 02:26:11,162 --> 02:26:16,534 I THINK WHETHER IT'S LET'S SAY 3990 02:26:16,601 --> 02:26:17,602 USING CONGESTION PRICING TO 3991 02:26:17,668 --> 02:26:20,238 STUDY DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON 3992 02:26:20,304 --> 02:26:21,539 HEALTH OUTCOMES OR OTHER MORE 3993 02:26:21,606 --> 02:26:22,740 POSITIVE EXPERIENCES LET'S SAY 3994 02:26:22,807 --> 02:26:23,441 PLANNED OR UNPLANNED THERE'S A 3995 02:26:23,508 --> 02:26:27,678 LOT WE CAN DO FROM A RESEARCH 3996 02:26:27,745 --> 02:26:30,948 PERSPECTIVE THAT MAYBE CAN 3997 02:26:31,015 --> 02:26:33,151 INFORM OTHER SYSTEMS STEPS WE 3998 02:26:33,217 --> 02:26:33,551 WANT TO TAKE. 3999 02:26:33,618 --> 02:26:34,485 >> GREAT POINT. 4000 02:26:34,552 --> 02:26:35,887 I WANT TO FOLLOW UP. 4001 02:26:35,953 --> 02:26:39,056 I I DO THINK IT'S INTERESTING. 4002 02:26:39,123 --> 02:26:41,159 YOUR DISCUSSION OF HOW RCTs 4003 02:26:41,225 --> 02:26:42,026 FIT INTO THIS FRAMEWORK, 4004 02:26:42,093 --> 02:26:43,661 OBVIOUSLY THEY ARE NOT THE 4005 02:26:43,728 --> 02:26:46,197 TYPICAL WAY OF ADDRESSING THESE 4006 02:26:46,264 --> 02:26:46,631 QUESTIONS. 4007 02:26:46,697 --> 02:26:48,566 BUT THEY ARE VERY IMPORTANT. 4008 02:26:48,633 --> 02:26:53,871 I WANT TO FOLLOW UP ON 4009 02:26:53,938 --> 02:26:54,872 DECENTRALIZED TRIAL QUESTION 4010 02:26:54,939 --> 02:26:55,907 BECAUSE OBVIOUSLY THERE ARE 4011 02:26:55,973 --> 02:26:57,808 POTENTIALLY GREAT ADVANTAGES IN 4012 02:26:57,875 --> 02:26:59,343 TERMS OF DIVERSITY OF 4013 02:26:59,410 --> 02:26:59,644 POPULATION. 4014 02:26:59,710 --> 02:27:01,979 I'M GLAD YOU BROUGHT UP THE 4015 02:27:02,046 --> 02:27:02,847 CARBON FOOTPRINT OF PEOPLE 4016 02:27:02,914 --> 02:27:04,081 GETTING IN THERE AND DOING A 4017 02:27:04,148 --> 02:27:06,450 BUNCH OF TESTS IN THE HOSPITAL, 4018 02:27:06,517 --> 02:27:06,984 ET CETERA. 4019 02:27:07,051 --> 02:27:09,287 BUT I GUESS MY QUESTIONS, DO WE 4020 02:27:09,353 --> 02:27:11,355 KNOW MUCH ABOUT THE EXTENT AND 4021 02:27:11,422 --> 02:27:15,426 WE MAY TO WHICH DECENTRALIZED 4022 02:27:15,493 --> 02:27:16,627 TRIALS ARE ENGAGING A MUCH 4023 02:27:16,694 --> 02:27:17,828 BROADER DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS 4024 02:27:17,895 --> 02:27:21,666 AND IS THERE A PROBLEM IN ACCESS 4025 02:27:21,732 --> 02:27:23,734 TO BROADBAND, FAST INTERNET, WHO 4026 02:27:23,801 --> 02:27:24,302 CAN PARTICIPATE? 4027 02:27:24,368 --> 02:27:25,269 >> YEAH, GREAT QUESTION. 4028 02:27:25,336 --> 02:27:28,339 SO, I WOULD SAY FOR THE FORMER, 4029 02:27:28,406 --> 02:27:29,974 WE KNOW TO ALEX'S POINT AND 4030 02:27:30,041 --> 02:27:32,043 OTHERS WITH THE SORT OF LEGACY 4031 02:27:32,109 --> 02:27:34,345 OF COVID AND SORT OF 4032 02:27:34,412 --> 02:27:37,215 UNDERSTANDING WITH NIH 4033 02:27:37,281 --> 02:27:38,316 INITIATIVES PERHAPS TO ADDRESS 4034 02:27:38,382 --> 02:27:42,453 OR UNDERSTAND LONG COVID THERE 4035 02:27:42,520 --> 02:27:45,289 HAVE BEEN STRIDES TO BROADEN 4036 02:27:45,356 --> 02:27:47,725 ACCESS NET. 4037 02:27:47,792 --> 02:27:49,126 I'M NOT SAY DECENTRALIZED 4038 02:27:49,193 --> 02:27:51,329 EFFECTS ARE A PANACEA BUT 4039 02:27:51,395 --> 02:27:53,164 PERHAPS A DIFFERENT APPROACH 4040 02:27:53,231 --> 02:27:56,234 THAN TRADITIONAL MEDICAL 4041 02:27:56,300 --> 02:27:57,568 CENTER-BASED MODEL. 4042 02:27:57,635 --> 02:28:01,939 THE LATTER QUESTION, THIS BRINGS 4043 02:28:02,006 --> 02:28:03,708 UP THE CLICHÉ, DIGITAL DIVIDE. 4044 02:28:03,774 --> 02:28:04,809 THERE ARE MODELS NOW FOR 4045 02:28:04,875 --> 02:28:07,211 INSTANCE IN OUR TRIALS WE'RE 4046 02:28:07,278 --> 02:28:08,412 USING REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING 4047 02:28:08,479 --> 02:28:11,482 DEVICES THAT DO NOT RELY ON 4048 02:28:11,549 --> 02:28:12,516 WI-FI. 4049 02:28:12,583 --> 02:28:13,618 THEY USE CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY OUT 4050 02:28:13,684 --> 02:28:16,887 OF THE BOX, THAT BOUNCE SIGNALS 4051 02:28:16,954 --> 02:28:18,256 OFF THE NEAREST CELL PHONE TOWER 4052 02:28:18,322 --> 02:28:21,792 WHICH IN NEW YORK CITY IS NOT AN 4053 02:28:21,859 --> 02:28:24,095 ISSUE, IN MONTANA MIGHT BE, TO 4054 02:28:24,161 --> 02:28:25,529 TRANSMIT DATA REMOTELY. 4055 02:28:25,596 --> 02:28:26,731 YOU DON'T NEED WI-FI. 4056 02:28:26,797 --> 02:28:29,333 THERE ARE MODELS TO DO THIS. 4057 02:28:29,400 --> 02:28:31,102 NOW, THE DECENTRALIZED TRIAL 4058 02:28:31,168 --> 02:28:32,737 FRAMEWORK HAS SOME LIMITATIONS, 4059 02:28:32,803 --> 02:28:33,504 RIGHT? 4060 02:28:33,571 --> 02:28:39,310 YOUR QUALITY OF DATA, 4061 02:28:39,377 --> 02:28:43,247 ADJUDICATION OF END POINTS. 4062 02:28:43,314 --> 02:28:45,082 THERE'S A FRAMEWORK. 4063 02:28:45,149 --> 02:28:48,386 I THINK THE CLINICAL TRIAL 4064 02:28:48,452 --> 02:28:50,121 QUESTION IS INTERESTING BUT 4065 02:28:50,187 --> 02:28:52,323 IT'S, AGAIN, A MORE, YOU KNOW, 4066 02:28:52,390 --> 02:28:54,425 FOCUSED APPROACH THAN SOME OF 4067 02:28:54,492 --> 02:28:56,193 THE BROAD STRATEGIES WE'VE 4068 02:28:56,260 --> 02:28:58,262 DISCUSSED SO FAR AND HOW WE 4069 02:28:58,329 --> 02:28:58,963 RECTIFY THOSE. 4070 02:28:59,030 --> 02:29:00,998 TO SOME EXTENT AS A CLINICIAN 4071 02:29:01,065 --> 02:29:03,768 WE'VE KNOWN FOR YEARS WHAT WORKS 4072 02:29:03,834 --> 02:29:05,836 BUT ADHERENCE AND SCIENCE OF 4073 02:29:05,903 --> 02:29:07,905 ADHERENCE AND PARTICIPATION 4074 02:29:07,972 --> 02:29:09,040 REMAINS LIMITED. 4075 02:29:09,106 --> 02:29:11,676 SO HOW WE APPLY THOSE LESSONS TO 4076 02:29:11,742 --> 02:29:14,278 SOME OF THE SYSTEMS-BASED 4077 02:29:14,345 --> 02:29:15,713 THINKING IN MAYBE STRATEGIES WE 4078 02:29:15,780 --> 02:29:17,148 CAN TARGET AS AN INDIVIDUAL OR 4079 02:29:17,214 --> 02:29:20,084 TO GET THE CLINICIAN TO BRING UP 4080 02:29:20,151 --> 02:29:23,688 AIR QUALITY DAYS OR STRATEGIES 4081 02:29:23,754 --> 02:29:24,455 TO AVOID EXPOSURE WHEN, YOU 4082 02:29:24,522 --> 02:29:27,758 KNOW, THERE ARE CERTAIN RELEVANT 4083 02:29:27,825 --> 02:29:30,928 METRICS WE CAN TRACK, I THINK IS 4084 02:29:30,995 --> 02:29:34,365 A REALLY IMPORTANT QUESTION. 4085 02:29:34,432 --> 02:29:34,965 >> THANK YOU. 4086 02:29:35,032 --> 02:29:37,134 DOES ANYBODY WANT TO ADD TO 4087 02:29:37,201 --> 02:29:37,835 THAT? 4088 02:29:37,902 --> 02:29:40,538 I HAVE A PROVOCATIVE QUESTION 4089 02:29:40,604 --> 02:29:42,173 FOR THE GROUP. 4090 02:29:42,239 --> 02:29:45,376 BUT SO, ALL THE SPEAKERS BROUGHT 4091 02:29:45,443 --> 02:29:48,546 UP REALLY IMPORTANT GAPS IN 4092 02:29:48,612 --> 02:29:50,214 UNDERSTANDING THESE COMPLEX 4093 02:29:50,281 --> 02:29:52,416 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANETARY 4094 02:29:52,483 --> 02:29:54,151 HEALTH DETERIORATION AND 4095 02:29:54,218 --> 02:29:56,354 CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AND THEN 4096 02:29:56,420 --> 02:30:00,191 RACE AND ETHNICITY AND 4097 02:30:00,257 --> 02:30:00,725 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS. 4098 02:30:00,791 --> 02:30:01,826 THERE'S A LOT UNDERSTANDING HOW 4099 02:30:01,892 --> 02:30:03,160 WE'RE ENDING UP WHERE WE ARE. 4100 02:30:03,227 --> 02:30:05,963 THERE'S THE WHOLE PIECE OF US 4101 02:30:06,030 --> 02:30:07,531 UNDERSTANDING HOW WE CAN IMPROVE 4102 02:30:07,598 --> 02:30:07,765 THINGS. 4103 02:30:07,832 --> 02:30:09,600 AND I JUST WANT TO THROW OUT 4104 02:30:09,667 --> 02:30:11,769 THAT I'VE HEARD SOME PEOPLE 4105 02:30:11,836 --> 02:30:13,637 ARGUE THAT WE ALREADY HAVE A LOT 4106 02:30:13,704 --> 02:30:16,741 OF DATA TELLING US THAT WE ARE 4107 02:30:16,807 --> 02:30:18,809 IN BIG TROUBLE, OKAY? 4108 02:30:18,876 --> 02:30:20,444 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IS 4109 02:30:20,511 --> 02:30:21,545 ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE 4110 02:30:21,612 --> 02:30:24,181 MULTITUDE OF FACTORS WE'VE 4111 02:30:24,248 --> 02:30:26,951 DISCUSSED, AND THAT THE FOCUS AT 4112 02:30:27,017 --> 02:30:30,421 THIS POINT SHOULD REALLY BE, YOU 4113 02:30:30,488 --> 02:30:34,358 KNOW, LARGELY IF NOT ENTIRELY ON 4114 02:30:34,425 --> 02:30:36,560 ASSESSING INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE 4115 02:30:36,627 --> 02:30:38,662 GOING TO HELP SOLVE THEM, 4116 02:30:38,729 --> 02:30:40,398 OPTIMAL IMPLEMENTATION, ET 4117 02:30:40,464 --> 02:30:41,065 CETERA. 4118 02:30:41,132 --> 02:30:44,435 I ACTUALLY WANT PEOPLE'S TAKE ON 4119 02:30:44,502 --> 02:30:45,236 THAT. 4120 02:30:45,302 --> 02:30:46,237 THERE'S A CERTAIN RESEARCH 4121 02:30:46,303 --> 02:30:49,807 BUDGET, HOW DO WE PARSE IT OUT. 4122 02:30:49,874 --> 02:30:49,974 SAM? 4123 02:30:50,040 --> 02:30:52,343 >> YEAH, I'VE HEARD THAT A LOT 4124 02:30:52,410 --> 02:30:54,512 AS WELL, IN THE PLANETARY HEALTH 4125 02:30:54,578 --> 02:30:54,845 COMMUNITY. 4126 02:30:54,912 --> 02:30:57,815 THERE'S AN ELEMENT WHICH I AGREE 4127 02:30:57,882 --> 02:30:59,683 TO BUT I DON'T THINK IT'S AS 4128 02:30:59,750 --> 02:31:00,317 BINARY AS THAT. 4129 02:31:00,384 --> 02:31:02,853 I DON'T THINK WE CAN DEVELOP THE 4130 02:31:02,920 --> 02:31:04,455 INTERVENTIONS THAT WE NEED 4131 02:31:04,522 --> 02:31:06,557 WITHOUT MORE INFORMATION ABOUT 4132 02:31:06,624 --> 02:31:07,758 HOW BIOPHYSICAL CHANGES AFFECT 4133 02:31:07,825 --> 02:31:09,727 WHICH DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH OR 4134 02:31:09,794 --> 02:31:11,162 WHICH POPULATIONS, AROUND THE 4135 02:31:11,228 --> 02:31:13,664 WORLD, WHO IS VULNERABLE. 4136 02:31:13,731 --> 02:31:15,566 SO, YOU KNOW, UNDERSTANDING THAT 4137 02:31:15,633 --> 02:31:22,339 RISING CO2 IS GOING TO REDUCE 4138 02:31:22,406 --> 02:31:25,176 ACCESS TO NUTRIENTS IN 4139 02:31:25,242 --> 02:31:27,244 PARTICULAR POPULATIONS, ZINC OR 4140 02:31:27,311 --> 02:31:30,881 IRON DEFICIENCY IN SOUTH ASIA, 4141 02:31:30,948 --> 02:31:31,749 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, KNOWING 4142 02:31:31,816 --> 02:31:32,516 THOSE POPULATIONS IS IMPORTANT 4143 02:31:32,583 --> 02:31:35,586 IF WE WANT TO DEVELOP 4144 02:31:35,653 --> 02:31:38,088 INTERVENTIONS, KNOWING HOW 4145 02:31:38,155 --> 02:31:38,889 POLLINATOR DECLINE AFFECTS 4146 02:31:38,956 --> 02:31:42,026 HEALTH, BEING ABLE TO SEE WHAT 4147 02:31:42,092 --> 02:31:44,528 THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF 4148 02:31:44,595 --> 02:31:45,429 POLLINATOR-FRIENDLY PRACTICES, 4149 02:31:45,496 --> 02:31:47,898 SORT OF POLICY INTERVENTIONS TO 4150 02:31:47,965 --> 02:31:48,532 PROMOTE POLLINATOR POPULATIONS 4151 02:31:48,599 --> 02:31:50,134 IS PART OF WHAT'S GOING TO 4152 02:31:50,201 --> 02:31:51,769 MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO PASS THAT 4153 02:31:51,836 --> 02:31:52,470 LEGISLATION. 4154 02:31:52,536 --> 02:31:54,839 SO WHAT I WOULD ARGUE INSTEAD OF 4155 02:31:54,905 --> 02:31:56,440 SAYING WE DON'T NEED MORE 4156 02:31:56,507 --> 02:31:58,576 SCIENCE, WE NEED TO ACT, IS WE 4157 02:31:58,642 --> 02:32:00,978 NEED SCIENCE AT THE INTERFACE. 4158 02:32:01,045 --> 02:32:03,147 WE NEED TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 4159 02:32:03,214 --> 02:32:06,016 THAT HELPS US TAILOR OUR 4160 02:32:06,083 --> 02:32:06,617 INTERVENTIONS MORE EFFECTIVELY 4161 02:32:06,684 --> 02:32:10,921 AND I THINK THAT'S WHY PEOPLE 4162 02:32:10,988 --> 02:32:13,891 ARE EMPHASIZING CO-BENEFITS. 4163 02:32:13,958 --> 02:32:15,092 BUT I THINK CURIOSITY-DRIVEN 4164 02:32:15,159 --> 02:32:15,860 RESEARCH JUST TO CATALOG 4165 02:32:15,926 --> 02:32:16,961 HORRIBLE PROBLEMS WE HAVE IS 4166 02:32:17,027 --> 02:32:20,030 MAYBE NOT SO USEFUL BUT THAT 4167 02:32:20,097 --> 02:32:21,565 RESEARCH THAT IS MAKING IT 4168 02:32:21,632 --> 02:32:24,201 CLEAR, YOU KNOW, THESE VERY, 4169 02:32:24,268 --> 02:32:25,603 VERY COMPLEX SYSTEMS, CONNECTING 4170 02:32:25,669 --> 02:32:27,471 DOTS BETWEEN BIOPHYSICAL CHANGE 4171 02:32:27,538 --> 02:32:30,975 AND HEALTH, AND THEN CAN HELP US 4172 02:32:31,041 --> 02:32:38,115 TAILOR INTERVENTIONS LIKE 4173 02:32:38,182 --> 02:32:39,083 PEATLAND INTERVENTION REDUCING 4174 02:32:39,149 --> 02:32:40,184 FIRES IN INDONESIA BECOMES 4175 02:32:40,251 --> 02:32:40,417 HELPFUL. 4176 02:32:40,484 --> 02:32:42,820 >> THAT MAKES SENSE. 4177 02:32:42,887 --> 02:32:43,888 SANJAY AND GREG. 4178 02:32:43,954 --> 02:32:47,858 >> I AGREE IN PART WITH SAM. 4179 02:32:47,925 --> 02:32:48,859 I DO COMPLETELY AGREE THAT THERE 4180 02:32:48,926 --> 02:32:51,128 NEEDS TO BE THE SCIENCE OF 4181 02:32:51,195 --> 02:32:51,462 ACTION, RIGHT? 4182 02:32:51,529 --> 02:32:54,365 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF 4183 02:32:54,431 --> 02:32:56,534 INTERVENTIONS, CERTAINLY A LOT 4184 02:32:56,600 --> 02:32:59,069 OF DEBATE AND QUESTIONS ABOUT 4185 02:32:59,136 --> 02:33:00,137 RESILIENCE, ADAPTATION IN TERMS 4186 02:33:00,204 --> 02:33:03,207 THE NOT ONLY MONIES GOING IN BUT 4187 02:33:03,274 --> 02:33:04,074 SCIENCE OF ADAPTATION 4188 02:33:04,141 --> 02:33:04,408 RESILIENCE. 4189 02:33:04,475 --> 02:33:07,244 I WOULD ARGUE FOR SOME OF THE 4190 02:33:07,311 --> 02:33:08,112 ELEMENTS, PARTICULARLY THINGS 4191 02:33:08,178 --> 02:33:10,981 LIKE AIR POLLUTION, YOU DON'T 4192 02:33:11,048 --> 02:33:12,016 NEED MORE STUDIES CATALOGING 4193 02:33:12,082 --> 02:33:13,050 NATIONAL EXPERIMENTS OF AIR 4194 02:33:13,117 --> 02:33:13,317 POLLUTION. 4195 02:33:13,384 --> 02:33:16,887 I DO AGREE THERE ARE A LOT OF 4196 02:33:16,954 --> 02:33:18,455 COMPLEXITIES. 4197 02:33:18,522 --> 02:33:20,824 I WOULD SAY WHERE I DON'T 4198 02:33:20,891 --> 02:33:23,761 DISAGREE WITH SAM BUT THE 4199 02:33:23,827 --> 02:33:26,263 TEMPORAL SCALE AND COMPLEXITY OF 4200 02:33:26,330 --> 02:33:29,567 INTERACTIONS ARE SO 4201 02:33:29,633 --> 02:33:30,334 FUNDAMENTALLY COMPLEX AND 4202 02:33:30,401 --> 02:33:31,502 FEEDBACK LOOPS REQUIRED TO 4203 02:33:31,569 --> 02:33:32,870 DISCERN AN ANSWER ARE SO MUCH IN 4204 02:33:32,937 --> 02:33:36,674 THE FUTURE THAT IT MIGHT BE HARD 4205 02:33:36,740 --> 02:33:38,008 TO DISCERN WHAT TO DO EVEN IF 4206 02:33:38,075 --> 02:33:39,343 YOU DESIGN THE RIGHT 4207 02:33:39,410 --> 02:33:40,077 EXPERIMENTS. 4208 02:33:40,144 --> 02:33:42,179 I JUST DON'T KNOW. 4209 02:33:42,246 --> 02:33:43,180 FUNDAMENTALLY THERE ARE 4210 02:33:43,247 --> 02:33:47,217 COMPLEXITIES AND COMPLEXITIES OF 4211 02:33:47,284 --> 02:33:49,286 INTERACTIONS AND TEMPORAL SCALES 4212 02:33:49,353 --> 02:33:54,224 THAT MIGHT NOT LEND TO QUICK FOR 4213 02:33:54,291 --> 02:33:55,659 OUR SIX-YEAR TRIAL HORIZON 4214 02:33:55,726 --> 02:33:56,393 STUDY. 4215 02:33:56,460 --> 02:33:59,029 OTHERWISE I DON'T COMPLETELY 4216 02:33:59,096 --> 02:34:01,532 AGREE WITH SAM. 4217 02:34:01,599 --> 02:34:02,099 NATIONAL EXPERIMENTS 4218 02:34:02,166 --> 02:34:02,967 PARTICULARLY POWERFUL ARE THE 4219 02:34:03,033 --> 02:34:07,137 EXPERIMENTS THAT CAN EL IT US -- 4220 02:34:07,204 --> 02:34:08,772 TELL US ABOUT ADAPTATION AND 4221 02:34:08,839 --> 02:34:10,441 RESILIENCE MORE THAN CAUSATION 4222 02:34:10,507 --> 02:34:11,842 OR ASSOCIATIONS THAT'S NEEDED, 4223 02:34:11,909 --> 02:34:13,410 PARTICULARLY ON THINGS LIKE AIR 4224 02:34:13,477 --> 02:34:15,779 POLLUTION, WHICH IS, YOU KNOW, 4225 02:34:15,846 --> 02:34:19,016 FOR LACK OF BETTER -- RIGHT NOW 4226 02:34:19,083 --> 02:34:21,585 IS DOMINANT FORCE IN TERMS OF 4227 02:34:21,652 --> 02:34:22,186 INFLUENCING GLOBAL MORTALITY 4228 02:34:22,252 --> 02:34:22,519 RATES, RIGHT? 4229 02:34:22,586 --> 02:34:25,389 I DON'T THINK YOU NEED MORE 4230 02:34:25,456 --> 02:34:27,157 EXPERIMENTS THERE BUT PERHAPS 4231 02:34:27,224 --> 02:34:29,660 THERE ARE BETTER EXPERIMENTS TO 4232 02:34:29,727 --> 02:34:30,194 UNDERSTAND RESILIENCE AND 4233 02:34:30,260 --> 02:34:32,763 ADAPTATION, WHAT TO DO. 4234 02:34:32,830 --> 02:34:34,832 SOME CLEAN ENERGY INTERVENTIONS 4235 02:34:34,898 --> 02:34:35,332 MIGHT PROVIDE AVENUES. 4236 02:34:35,399 --> 02:34:38,769 >> THANK YOU. 4237 02:34:38,836 --> 02:34:39,069 ABSOLUTELY. 4238 02:34:39,136 --> 02:34:39,269 GREG? 4239 02:34:39,336 --> 02:34:40,304 >> YEAH, SO GREAT DISCUSSION. 4240 02:34:40,371 --> 02:34:41,839 THANK YOU FOR LEADING THAT. 4241 02:34:41,905 --> 02:34:44,475 I GUESS AS I GET OLDER I FIND I 4242 02:34:44,541 --> 02:34:46,110 BECOME MORE CAUTIOUS ABOUT 4243 02:34:46,176 --> 02:34:47,311 JUDGING SORT OF WHAT RESEARCH WE 4244 02:34:47,378 --> 02:34:49,513 DON'T NEED OR WHAT WE HAVE 4245 02:34:49,580 --> 02:34:51,181 ENOUGH OF BECAUSE I THINK WE 4246 02:34:51,248 --> 02:34:54,351 ALWAYS NEED TO HAVE A HIGH BAR 4247 02:34:54,418 --> 02:34:55,919 TO MAKE SURE THAT WHERE OUR 4248 02:34:55,986 --> 02:34:58,722 MONEY IS GOING, YOU KNOW, 4249 02:34:58,789 --> 02:35:01,025 WHETHER NIH'S MONEY IS GOING TO 4250 02:35:01,091 --> 02:35:04,061 MOST IMPACTFUL SCIENCE BY SOME 4251 02:35:04,128 --> 02:35:04,428 MEASURE. 4252 02:35:04,495 --> 02:35:05,396 EVEN WITH AIR POLLUTION IF YOU 4253 02:35:05,462 --> 02:35:08,999 LOOK AT THE INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4254 02:35:09,066 --> 02:35:10,100 ASSESSMENT EPA DOES THERE'S 4255 02:35:10,167 --> 02:35:11,402 STILL LOTS OF GAPS, THINGS WE 4256 02:35:11,468 --> 02:35:15,339 DON'T KNOW, WHO IS MOST 4257 02:35:15,406 --> 02:35:16,640 VULNERABLE, INTERACTIONS WITH 4258 02:35:16,707 --> 02:35:18,275 CHANGING CLIMATE, WITH THE BUILT 4259 02:35:18,342 --> 02:35:19,276 ENVIRONMENT, EXPOSURES INDOORS. 4260 02:35:19,343 --> 02:35:21,345 I DON'T THINK WE'RE DONE. 4261 02:35:21,412 --> 02:35:23,447 TWO OTHER POINTS I'LL JUST RAISE 4262 02:35:23,514 --> 02:35:25,082 THERE IS THAT, ONE, EVERY TIME 4263 02:35:25,149 --> 02:35:27,918 WE HAVE A LARGE STUDY, LARGE 4264 02:35:27,985 --> 02:35:29,553 COMPELLING STUDY BE PUBLISHED, 4265 02:35:29,620 --> 02:35:30,854 IT GETS MEDIA ATTENTION, VERY 4266 02:35:30,921 --> 02:35:32,289 USEFUL, BACK TO THE 4267 02:35:32,356 --> 02:35:34,058 COMMUNICATION PIECE. 4268 02:35:34,124 --> 02:35:36,660 THAT WHY DO WE DO A LOT OF 4269 02:35:36,727 --> 02:35:36,927 RESEARCH? 4270 02:35:36,994 --> 02:35:39,063 IT HELPS DRIVE HOME THE MESSAGE 4271 02:35:39,129 --> 02:35:40,297 OVER AND OVER THAT THIS IS, YOU 4272 02:35:40,364 --> 02:35:42,900 KNOW, BAD FOR YOU. 4273 02:35:42,966 --> 02:35:44,768 AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT. 4274 02:35:44,835 --> 02:35:46,603 THE OTHER OTHER WE HAVE TO 4275 02:35:46,670 --> 02:35:48,472 TRAINING THE NEXT GENERATION, 4276 02:35:48,539 --> 02:35:48,939 RIGHT? 4277 02:35:49,006 --> 02:35:50,574 THEY CAN'T START BY JUST SOLVING 4278 02:35:50,641 --> 02:35:51,775 THE PROBLEM TODAY. 4279 02:35:51,842 --> 02:35:56,213 WHEN I THINK OF THE K AWARDS, 4280 02:35:56,280 --> 02:35:58,449 F31s, F32s, I THINK THAT 4281 02:35:58,515 --> 02:35:59,550 IT'S ENTIRELY APPROPRIATE TO 4282 02:35:59,616 --> 02:36:01,185 HAVE A SLIGHTLY LOWER BAR FOR 4283 02:36:01,251 --> 02:36:02,152 IMPACT IN THAT CONTEXT BECAUSE 4284 02:36:02,219 --> 02:36:04,455 WE'RE NOT GOING TO GET TO 4285 02:36:04,521 --> 02:36:06,957 CHANGING, YOU KNOW, HAVING THE 4286 02:36:07,024 --> 02:36:07,758 JUNIOR FOLKS JUST IMMEDIATELY 4287 02:36:07,825 --> 02:36:09,493 LEARN HOW TO CHANGE THE WORLD 4288 02:36:09,560 --> 02:36:12,362 WITHOUT SORT OF BUILDING UP 4289 02:36:12,429 --> 02:36:13,363 THEIR REPERTOIRE OF BACKGROUND 4290 02:36:13,430 --> 02:36:16,467 AND TOOLS IN THE TOOLBOX. 4291 02:36:16,533 --> 02:36:17,501 >> GREAT. 4292 02:36:17,568 --> 02:36:20,003 BOTH REALLY IMPORTANT POINTS. 4293 02:36:20,070 --> 02:36:21,538 I THINK I SHOULD ASK IF WE 4294 02:36:21,605 --> 02:36:23,540 SHOULD BE WRAPPING UP BECAUSE I 4295 02:36:23,607 --> 02:36:26,043 SAW IT'S 40 MINUTES. 4296 02:36:26,110 --> 02:36:27,344 I'D LIKE TO -- 4297 02:36:27,411 --> 02:36:29,780 >> TWO MINUTES MORE WE CAN GO TO 4298 02:36:29,847 --> 02:36:31,215 12:40 IF YOU WANT TO TAKE 4299 02:36:31,281 --> 02:36:31,482 ADVANTAGE. 4300 02:36:31,548 --> 02:36:35,919 >> I'LL TAKE ADVANTAGE. 4301 02:36:35,986 --> 02:36:36,286 PETER, WEIGH IN. 4302 02:36:36,353 --> 02:36:38,422 >> YEAH, I THINK THE POINT I 4303 02:36:38,489 --> 02:36:40,624 WANT TO ADD THINKING ABOUT 4304 02:36:40,691 --> 02:36:42,059 SHORT, WHERE TO MAKE INVESTMENTS 4305 02:36:42,126 --> 02:36:43,560 IN TERMS OF RESEARCH, IT'S 4306 02:36:43,627 --> 02:36:45,129 IMPORTANT TO PAY ATTENTION TO 4307 02:36:45,195 --> 02:36:46,730 THE HALF-LIFE OF KNOWLEDGE. 4308 02:36:46,797 --> 02:36:47,965 LIKE OF FACTS. 4309 02:36:48,031 --> 02:36:50,434 HOW FAST IS THE ENVIRONMENT 4310 02:36:50,501 --> 02:36:51,769 CHANGING RELATIVE TO WHAT WE'RE 4311 02:36:51,835 --> 02:36:55,172 GOING TO GAIN BY SOMETHING AND 4312 02:36:55,239 --> 02:36:57,474 PRIORITIZING STUDIES WHERE THE 4313 02:36:57,541 --> 02:36:58,242 EMPIRICAL RESULTS WILL INFORM 4314 02:36:58,308 --> 02:37:00,077 SOMETHING THAT WILL STILL BE 4315 02:37:00,144 --> 02:37:01,411 RELEVANT WHEN THEY ARE AVAILABLE 4316 02:37:01,478 --> 02:37:02,179 TO IMPLEMENT. 4317 02:37:02,246 --> 02:37:04,481 THAT TO ME SEEMS CRITICAL. 4318 02:37:04,548 --> 02:37:07,017 AND IT'S REALLY ABOUT FRAMING 4319 02:37:07,084 --> 02:37:08,418 THE QUESTIONS. 4320 02:37:08,485 --> 02:37:11,188 >> THANK YOU. 4321 02:37:11,255 --> 02:37:13,657 ANYBODY HAVE FURTHER COMMENTS? 4322 02:37:13,724 --> 02:37:14,992 >> ONE QUESTION, RATHER MAYBE A 4323 02:37:15,058 --> 02:37:16,960 COMMENT, I DON'T KNOW. 4324 02:37:17,027 --> 02:37:20,364 WHICH IS PETER'S COMMENT ABOUT 4325 02:37:20,430 --> 02:37:22,199 ENGAGING YOUNG LEADERS AND 4326 02:37:22,266 --> 02:37:25,169 SYSTEMS THINKING, ALSO ANOTHER 4327 02:37:25,235 --> 02:37:30,307 COMMENT ABOUT, YOU KNOW, REALLY 4328 02:37:30,374 --> 02:37:31,942 UNDERSTANDING AT MUCH -- IN 4329 02:37:32,009 --> 02:37:34,678 COMMUNITIES LIKE SCHOOL AGE 4330 02:37:34,745 --> 02:37:37,748 KIDS, INSTILL THEM WITH THE 4331 02:37:37,815 --> 02:37:39,850 SKILLS NEEDED TO ADDRESS -- YOU 4332 02:37:39,917 --> 02:37:41,485 CAN LEARN SYSTEMS DYNAMIC AS A 4333 02:37:41,552 --> 02:37:46,089 HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT, RIGHT? 4334 02:37:46,156 --> 02:37:48,458 BUT ALSO INSTILL NOT ONLY TOOLS 4335 02:37:48,525 --> 02:37:50,761 TO START THINKING ABOUT PROBLEMS 4336 02:37:50,828 --> 02:37:52,529 BUT ALSO MAYBE FORUM FOR FUTURE 4337 02:37:52,596 --> 02:37:53,530 STUDIES, RIGHT? 4338 02:37:53,597 --> 02:37:57,467 WHAT TYPES OF STUDIES COULD BE 4339 02:37:57,534 --> 02:37:59,203 PERFORMED IN COMMUNITIES, 4340 02:37:59,269 --> 02:38:00,571 YOUNGER COMMUNITIES, WHERE YOU 4341 02:38:00,637 --> 02:38:02,806 NOT ONLY UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT, 4342 02:38:02,873 --> 02:38:04,875 LIFELONG IMPACT OF EXPOSURES AND 4343 02:38:04,942 --> 02:38:06,977 CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 4344 02:38:07,044 --> 02:38:10,614 BUT ALSO USE THEM AS COMMUNITIES 4345 02:38:10,681 --> 02:38:12,082 TO INCULCATE NEWER SKILLS AND 4346 02:38:12,149 --> 02:38:13,116 TOOLS BECAUSE ULTIMATELY THEY 4347 02:38:13,183 --> 02:38:14,852 ARE THE ONES WHO WILL BE 4348 02:38:14,918 --> 02:38:15,118 AFFECTED. 4349 02:38:15,185 --> 02:38:17,955 THE OTHER ONES WHO MIGHT NEED TO 4350 02:38:18,021 --> 02:38:19,990 BE EDUCATED ON THESE TYPES OF 4351 02:38:20,057 --> 02:38:22,926 TOOLS AND MAYBE THAT MIGHT 4352 02:38:22,993 --> 02:38:25,195 RESULT IN BETTER WAYS OF 4353 02:38:25,262 --> 02:38:26,163 ADVANCING THESE PROBLEMS. 4354 02:38:26,230 --> 02:38:27,231 >> THANK YOU. 4355 02:38:27,297 --> 02:38:31,401 I THINK WE DO NEED -- OH. 4356 02:38:31,468 --> 02:38:35,372 I DON'T KNOW IF -- SHOULD I WRAP 4357 02:38:35,439 --> 02:38:35,539 UP? 4358 02:38:35,606 --> 02:38:37,307 >> I'VE BEEN QUIET DURING THIS 4359 02:38:37,374 --> 02:38:38,542 BECAUSE OF THE BRILLIANCE THAT 4360 02:38:38,609 --> 02:38:39,443 HAS ALREADY BEEN SPEAKING. 4361 02:38:39,509 --> 02:38:42,145 I WANT TO ADD A COMMENT WHEN YOU 4362 02:38:42,212 --> 02:38:43,146 ASKED ABOUT ADDITIONAL RESEARCH 4363 02:38:43,213 --> 02:38:47,417 THAT WE MAY OR MAY NOT NEED, AND 4364 02:38:47,484 --> 02:38:48,819 I THINK VERY IMPORTANT 4365 02:38:48,886 --> 02:38:50,787 CONSTITUENCY ARE THE PEOPLE THAT 4366 02:38:50,854 --> 02:38:52,422 WOULD USE THE RESEARCH 4367 02:38:52,489 --> 02:38:52,990 INFORMATION, MEANING THE 4368 02:38:53,056 --> 02:38:54,625 POLICYMAKERS AND THOSE THAT HAVE 4369 02:38:54,691 --> 02:38:56,927 THE POWER TO CHANGE THE SYSTEMS. 4370 02:38:56,994 --> 02:38:59,329 AND I THINK THAT BOTH DR. ADAMS 4371 02:38:59,396 --> 02:39:01,932 AND DAVIS ALSO AS WELL AS MANY 4372 02:39:01,999 --> 02:39:04,034 HAVE LIFTED UP SO MUCH THE 4373 02:39:04,101 --> 02:39:05,602 VOICES OF THOSE BEING AFFECTED 4374 02:39:05,669 --> 02:39:07,871 BY RESEARCH SHOULD BE MAKING THE 4375 02:39:07,938 --> 02:39:09,606 DECISIONS TO SOME EXTENT ALSO 4376 02:39:09,673 --> 02:39:10,607 ABOUT WHAT ADDITIONAL RESEARCH 4377 02:39:10,674 --> 02:39:11,808 WE NEED. 4378 02:39:11,875 --> 02:39:14,311 WHILE WE IN THE ROOM ON THIS 4379 02:39:14,378 --> 02:39:16,613 CALL RIGHT NOW CAN MAKE 4380 02:39:16,680 --> 02:39:18,048 JUDGMENTS ABOUT WHERE WE THINK 4381 02:39:18,115 --> 02:39:22,419 SOME OF THE DIRECTIONS ARE, THIS 4382 02:39:22,486 --> 02:39:24,488 COMMENT AT SOME POINT IN THE 4383 02:39:24,554 --> 02:39:25,923 FUTURE HOPEFULLY NHLBI COULD 4384 02:39:25,989 --> 02:39:28,091 CONSIDER THIS, THINK ABOUT 4385 02:39:28,158 --> 02:39:29,626 HAVING THOSE USING DATA WHERE 4386 02:39:29,693 --> 02:39:32,162 OUR EVIDENCE GOES TO IMPACT, 4387 02:39:32,229 --> 02:39:35,565 TRANSLATION, AND USERS NEED TO 4388 02:39:35,632 --> 02:39:36,433 FIND IT USEFUL. 4389 02:39:36,500 --> 02:39:36,867 >> TERRIFIC. 4390 02:39:36,934 --> 02:39:39,269 GREG, DO YOU WANT TO SAY ONE 4391 02:39:39,336 --> 02:39:39,703 MORE THING? 4392 02:39:39,770 --> 02:39:43,607 >> A QUICK COMMENT, NIH AND 4393 02:39:43,674 --> 02:39:45,943 NHLBI ALSO NEED TO SEE HOW 4394 02:39:46,009 --> 02:39:47,244 RESEARCH ALIGNS WITH THEIR 4395 02:39:47,311 --> 02:39:48,712 STRATEGIC GOALS BECAUSE NOT 4396 02:39:48,779 --> 02:39:49,313 EVERY FUNDING AGENCY HAS THE 4397 02:39:49,379 --> 02:39:51,515 SAME GOAL. 4398 02:39:51,581 --> 02:39:53,717 IF I LOOK JUST AT AIR POLLUTION 4399 02:39:53,784 --> 02:39:55,585 RESEARCH DIFFERENCE IN RESEARCH 4400 02:39:55,652 --> 02:40:01,258 FUNDED BY NIH VERSUS HEALTH 4401 02:40:01,325 --> 02:40:02,592 EFFECTS INSTITUTE, WELLCOME 4402 02:40:02,659 --> 02:40:03,360 TRUST, HEART ASSOCIATION, 4403 02:40:03,427 --> 02:40:04,561 DIFFERENT GOALS AND TIMELINES 4404 02:40:04,628 --> 02:40:06,530 AND DEFINITIONS OF IMPACT AND 4405 02:40:06,596 --> 02:40:08,365 THAT'S OKAY AND APPROPRIATE. 4406 02:40:08,432 --> 02:40:10,834 SO NIH DOESN'T AND CAN'T TRY TO 4407 02:40:10,901 --> 02:40:11,568 DO EVERYTHING. 4408 02:40:11,635 --> 02:40:13,737 AND SO SORT OF WHERE IN THE 4409 02:40:13,804 --> 02:40:15,272 FUNDING LANDSCAPE DOES NIH FIT 4410 02:40:15,339 --> 02:40:17,808 IN, WHERE DOES IT WANT TO INVEST 4411 02:40:17,874 --> 02:40:18,275 ITS DOLLARS. 4412 02:40:18,342 --> 02:40:18,875 >> THANK YOU. 4413 02:40:18,942 --> 02:40:20,644 I WANT TO THANK ALL OF YOU FOR 4414 02:40:20,711 --> 02:40:23,680 BEING ON THE PANEL AND FOR OUR 4415 02:40:23,747 --> 02:40:25,983 AUDIENCE MEMBERS AND QUESTIONS. 4416 02:40:26,049 --> 02:40:28,952 I THINK IT'S CLEAR THAT THERE IS 4417 02:40:29,019 --> 02:40:30,687 A LOT WE KNOW BUT ENORMOUS 4418 02:40:30,754 --> 02:40:36,493 AMOUNT WE HAVE TO LEARN, AND I 4419 02:40:36,560 --> 02:40:37,794 LIKE FORWARD, WE ALL LOOK 4420 02:40:37,861 --> 02:40:40,664 FORWARD TO SEEING STUDIES WE'VE 4421 02:40:40,731 --> 02:40:43,367 BEEN TALKING ABOUT FUNDED BY 4422 02:40:43,433 --> 02:40:44,935 NIH, NHLBI, AND OTHERS, MOST 4423 02:40:45,002 --> 02:40:47,671 IMPORTANTLY REALLY SEEING THIS 4424 02:40:47,738 --> 02:40:48,772 WORK TRANSLATED INTO EFFECTIVE 4425 02:40:48,839 --> 02:40:49,206 POLICY AND ACTION. 4426 02:40:49,272 --> 02:40:54,745 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 4427 02:40:54,811 --> 02:40:56,079 >> THANK YOU. 4428 02:40:56,146 --> 02:40:56,346 DR. FINE? 4429 02:40:56,413 --> 02:40:59,149 >> I WANT TO THANK EVERYONE. 4430 02:40:59,216 --> 02:40:59,816 INCREDIBLE CONVERSATION. 4431 02:40:59,883 --> 02:41:02,886 IT WAS SO RICH, SO MUCH MORE US 4432 02:41:02,953 --> 02:41:04,187 TO THINK ABOUT. 4433 02:41:04,254 --> 02:41:04,888 AND DRAW ON. 4434 02:41:04,955 --> 02:41:08,358 WE HAVE WORKED A LOT IN COVID-19 4435 02:41:08,425 --> 02:41:09,793 ABOUT MISINFORMATION AND 4436 02:41:09,860 --> 02:41:11,628 BUILDING TRUST WITH COMMUNITIES, 4437 02:41:11,695 --> 02:41:13,630 SO THERE'S A LOT OF THINGS HERE 4438 02:41:13,697 --> 02:41:15,165 THAT WE CAN BUILD ON. 4439 02:41:15,232 --> 02:41:17,000 YOU LEFT US WITH A LOT OF GREAT 4440 02:41:17,067 --> 02:41:18,468 CHALLENGES ABOUT WHAT TO DO IN 4441 02:41:18,535 --> 02:41:20,670 THE FUTURE, WHICH IS EXACTLY 4442 02:41:20,737 --> 02:41:22,105 WHAT WE WANTED. 4443 02:41:22,172 --> 02:41:24,041 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4444 02:41:24,107 --> 02:41:26,476 AND DO REMIND YOU WE WANT YOU TO 4445 02:41:26,543 --> 02:41:28,879 COME BACK AT 1:10, AFTER OUR 4446 02:41:28,945 --> 02:41:30,213 LUNCH BREAK. 4447 02:41:30,280 --> 02:41:33,683 AND CONTINUE THIS GREAT SERIES 4448 02:41:33,750 --> 02:41:35,218 OF PRESENTATIONS AND DIALOGUE. 4449 02:41:35,285 --> 02:41:39,256 ALL I CAN DO IS CLAP FOR YOUR 4450 02:41:39,322 --> 02:41:42,759 GREAT, GREAT SESSION THAT YOU 4451 02:41:42,826 --> 02:41:42,926 HAD. 4452 02:41:42,993 --> 02:41:43,360 >> TERRIFIC. 4453 02:41:43,427 --> 02:41:44,628 THANKS, EVERYBODY. 4454 02:41:44,694 --> 02:41:50,500 SEE YOU AT 1:10. 4455 02:41:50,567 --> 02:41:56,907 >> WELCOME BACK FROM THE LUNCH 4456 02:41:56,973 --> 02:41:57,107 BREAK. 4457 02:41:57,174 --> 02:42:00,510 I'M GOING TO HELP KICK OFF 4458 02:42:00,577 --> 02:42:03,113 SESSION 2, AND WE WANT TO REMIND 4459 02:42:03,180 --> 02:42:06,616 EVERYONE TO STAY TUNED AFTER THE 4460 02:42:06,683 --> 02:42:10,987 BREAK, WHICH WILL BE AT 3:15 TO 4461 02:42:11,054 --> 02:42:11,221 3:30. 4462 02:42:11,288 --> 02:42:13,390 DON'T FORGET TO COME BACK AT 4463 02:42:13,457 --> 02:42:17,227 3:30 SO THAT YOU CAN ENJOY THIS 4464 02:42:17,294 --> 02:42:20,397 PLANETARY HEALTH SYSTEMS 4465 02:42:20,464 --> 02:42:22,165 SIMULATION HOSTED BY JASON, A 4466 02:42:22,232 --> 02:42:28,605 PRO, IT'S GOING TO BE AN 4467 02:42:28,672 --> 02:42:36,913 EXCITING SESSION TO WATCH HIM. 4468 02:42:36,980 --> 02:42:38,548 PLEASE STAY TUNED. 4469 02:42:38,615 --> 02:42:41,184 WE'RE GOING TO START THE NEXT 4470 02:42:41,251 --> 02:42:43,253 SESSION AND INTRODUCE INTEGRATED 4471 02:42:43,320 --> 02:42:44,788 FRAMEWORK TO DRIVE 4472 02:42:44,855 --> 02:42:45,622 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH THROUGH 4473 02:42:45,689 --> 02:42:46,456 INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN. 4474 02:42:46,523 --> 02:42:48,959 THE LAST SESSIONS WERE A BROAD 4475 02:42:49,025 --> 02:42:49,226 OVERVIEW. 4476 02:42:49,292 --> 02:42:52,028 STARTING OFF WITH THIS SESSION 4477 02:42:52,095 --> 02:42:53,130 WE'LL DELVE DEEPER. 4478 02:42:53,196 --> 02:42:56,633 OUR DISCUSSION WILL BE MODERATED 4479 02:42:56,700 --> 02:42:58,135 BY JOEL KAUFFMAN FROM UNIVERSITY 4480 02:42:58,201 --> 02:43:00,137 OF WASHINGTON, I'LL DO A MORE 4481 02:43:00,203 --> 02:43:02,105 FORMAL INTRODUCTION AT THE END 4482 02:43:02,172 --> 02:43:05,909 OF THE SESSION BEFORE HE TAKES 4483 02:43:05,976 --> 02:43:06,143 OVER. 4484 02:43:06,209 --> 02:43:08,545 SO, WITH THAT I WAS GOING TO SEE 4485 02:43:08,612 --> 02:43:19,122 IF WE HAD SLIDES FOR OUR NEXT 4486 02:43:21,758 --> 02:43:25,862 PRESENTATION READY. 4487 02:43:25,929 --> 02:43:35,839 IT'S MY APPRECIATE TO PLUSH TO 4488 02:43:35,906 --> 02:43:39,442 -- IT'S MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME 4489 02:43:39,509 --> 02:43:40,844 DR. RAMASWAMI FROM PRINCETON 4490 02:43:40,911 --> 02:43:43,480 UNIVERSITY, WHO WILL BE SPEAKING 4491 02:43:43,547 --> 02:43:47,651 TO US AT THE KICKOFF OF OUR 4492 02:43:47,717 --> 02:43:49,953 SESSION WITH INTRODUCTORY TALK 4493 02:43:50,020 --> 02:43:51,821 ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE, FOOD 4494 02:43:51,888 --> 02:43:53,790 SYSTEMS, TRANSFORMATION FOR 4495 02:43:53,857 --> 02:44:01,031 HUMAN AND PLANETARY HEALTH. 4496 02:44:01,097 --> 02:44:03,300 DR. RAMASWAMI, OVER TO YOU. 4497 02:44:03,366 --> 02:44:03,733 KICKS OFF. 4498 02:44:03,800 --> 02:44:07,470 >> THANK YOU FOR THE 4499 02:44:07,537 --> 02:44:07,804 INTRODUCTIONS. 4500 02:44:07,871 --> 02:44:16,446 I'M ASSUMING SOMEONE WILL PULL 4501 02:44:16,513 --> 02:44:17,647 UP THE SLIDES. 4502 02:44:17,714 --> 02:44:19,182 THIS WAS A VERY EXCITING 4503 02:44:19,249 --> 02:44:19,482 CONFERENCE. 4504 02:44:19,549 --> 02:44:21,685 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME HERE. 4505 02:44:21,751 --> 02:44:24,087 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 4506 02:44:24,154 --> 02:44:28,725 INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD SYSTEM 4507 02:44:28,792 --> 02:44:30,026 TRANSFORMATIONS, PLANETARY 4508 02:44:30,093 --> 02:44:30,460 HEALTH. 4509 02:44:30,527 --> 02:44:31,661 I'M AN INTERDISCIPLINARY 4510 02:44:31,728 --> 02:44:36,600 PROFESSOR OF CIVIL AND 4511 02:44:36,666 --> 02:44:37,367 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, 4512 02:44:37,434 --> 02:44:41,204 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY WHERE I 4513 02:44:41,271 --> 02:44:44,708 ALSO DIRECT OUR CENTER FOR 4514 02:44:44,774 --> 02:44:47,444 GLOBAL INDIA AND I WANT TO 4515 02:44:47,510 --> 02:44:49,746 ACKNOWLEDGE SEVERAL GRANTS TO 4516 02:44:49,813 --> 02:44:51,481 NSF, THAT REALLY HELPED ADVANCE 4517 02:44:51,548 --> 02:44:52,682 THE FRAMEWORK AND MULTIPLE 4518 02:44:52,749 --> 02:44:54,884 FRAMEWORKS THAT I'M GOING TO 4519 02:44:54,951 --> 02:44:56,753 PRESENT OVER HERE, I WANT TO 4520 02:44:56,820 --> 02:44:58,488 ACKNOWLEDGE ALL THE COLLEAGUES 4521 02:44:58,555 --> 02:45:02,759 AND STUDENTS OVER THE YEARS THAT 4522 02:45:02,826 --> 02:45:03,827 HAVE COLLABORATED WITH, WE'VE 4523 02:45:03,893 --> 02:45:10,867 ALL BEEN PART OF BUILDING THIS 4524 02:45:10,934 --> 02:45:11,401 BIG FRAMEWORK. 4525 02:45:11,468 --> 02:45:15,438 I WANT TO SHOUT OUT TO OUR 4526 02:45:15,505 --> 02:45:18,508 CONFERENCE CHAIR, ALSO THE CHAIR 4527 02:45:18,575 --> 02:45:19,476 OF RECENT POLICY STATEMENT WHICH 4528 02:45:19,542 --> 02:45:22,879 WILL BE COMING OUT FROM THE 4529 02:45:22,946 --> 02:45:28,885 AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, THE 4530 02:45:28,952 --> 02:45:32,722 TITLE TO HAVE HEART HEALTHY AND 4531 02:45:32,789 --> 02:45:33,290 SUSTAINABLE CITIES, 4532 02:45:33,356 --> 02:45:33,757 ACKNOWLEDGING SANJAY 4533 02:45:33,823 --> 02:45:35,592 RAJAGOPALAN, THE CHAIR OF THE 4534 02:45:35,659 --> 02:45:36,893 WONDERFUL GROUP OF COMMITTEE 4535 02:45:36,960 --> 02:45:38,762 MEMBERS, AND I SERVED AS VICE 4536 02:45:38,828 --> 02:45:40,163 CHAIR. 4537 02:45:40,230 --> 02:45:44,000 I ALSO WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE 4538 02:45:44,067 --> 02:45:45,201 LAURIE WHITSEL AND CO-AUTHORS. 4539 02:45:45,268 --> 02:45:46,936 THIS SHOULD BE COMING OUT SOON 4540 02:45:47,003 --> 02:45:48,805 AND I HOPE WILL BE VERY 4541 02:45:48,872 --> 02:45:53,743 BENEFICIAL TO THE RESEARCH AND 4542 02:45:53,810 --> 02:45:54,577 PRACTITIONER COMMITTEES. 4543 02:45:54,644 --> 02:45:55,812 NEXT SLIDE IS EXPLAINING WHAT 4544 02:45:55,879 --> 02:45:58,214 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY. 4545 02:45:58,281 --> 02:46:01,718 SO I'M GOING TO FIRST ARTICULATE 4546 02:46:01,785 --> 02:46:03,820 A RATIONALE, WHY SHOULD WE FOCUS 4547 02:46:03,887 --> 02:46:05,455 ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD 4548 02:46:05,522 --> 02:46:10,427 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS, WHETHER 4549 02:46:10,493 --> 02:46:13,363 URBAN OR ELSEWHERE, WHY ARE THEY 4550 02:46:13,430 --> 02:46:14,898 IMPORTANT FOR SUSTAINABLE, 4551 02:46:14,964 --> 02:46:16,866 HEALTH, WELL-BEING AND EQUITY, 4552 02:46:16,933 --> 02:46:18,201 DISCUSSING FRAMEWORKS I'VE BEEN 4553 02:46:18,268 --> 02:46:21,905 DEVELOPING OVER MORE THAN 10 4554 02:46:21,971 --> 02:46:23,540 YEARS NOW, I'LL SHOW A FEW 4555 02:46:23,606 --> 02:46:29,646 APPLICATIONS IN MY LAB, THE 4556 02:46:29,713 --> 02:46:32,082 URBAN NEXUS LAB. 4557 02:46:32,148 --> 02:46:34,050 I'LL PREVIEW THE AHA STATEMENT 4558 02:46:34,117 --> 02:46:38,088 ON HEART-HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE 4559 02:46:38,154 --> 02:46:38,321 CITIES. 4560 02:46:38,388 --> 02:46:40,490 THE FIRST TOPIC, WHY DO WE CARE 4561 02:46:40,557 --> 02:46:47,597 ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD 4562 02:46:47,664 --> 02:46:47,831 SYSTEMS. 4563 02:46:47,897 --> 02:46:49,032 NEXT SLIDE. 4564 02:46:49,099 --> 02:46:51,334 DRAWING ON THREE KEY 4565 02:46:51,401 --> 02:46:52,869 PUBLICATIONS, FIRST WAS AN 4566 02:46:52,936 --> 02:46:57,340 ARTICLE IN "SCIENCE" WHICH TALKS 4567 02:46:57,407 --> 02:46:58,975 ABOUT META PRINCIPLES FOR 4568 02:46:59,042 --> 02:47:00,310 DEVELOPING SMART, SUSTAINABLE, 4569 02:47:00,377 --> 02:47:01,478 HEALTHY CITIES, ARTICULATES THE 4570 02:47:01,544 --> 02:47:03,313 FRAMEWORK THAT I HAD PREVIOUSLY 4571 02:47:03,380 --> 02:47:09,586 PUBLISHED IN A JOURNAL OF 4572 02:47:09,652 --> 02:47:11,121 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, IT'S CALLED 4573 02:47:11,187 --> 02:47:14,524 INFRASTRUCTURE OF SYSTEMS 4574 02:47:14,591 --> 02:47:15,058 FRAMEWORK THAT CAN 4575 02:47:15,125 --> 02:47:20,196 SYSTEMATICALLY ALLOW YOU TO 4576 02:47:20,263 --> 02:47:20,964 CONNECT RESOURCE VIEWS, 4577 02:47:21,030 --> 02:47:22,198 SUSTAINABILITY, THINGS WE HEARD 4578 02:47:22,265 --> 02:47:23,433 IN THE FIRST SESSION BUT 4579 02:47:23,500 --> 02:47:25,268 RECOGNIZING THAT INFRASTRUCTURE 4580 02:47:25,335 --> 02:47:27,337 IS THE MEDIATOR THROUGH WHICH 4581 02:47:27,404 --> 02:47:30,707 RESOURCES COME TO CITIES, TO 4582 02:47:30,774 --> 02:47:35,078 HUMAN SETTINGS. 4583 02:47:35,145 --> 02:47:38,381 THE SECOND ARTICLE IN ONE EARTH 4584 02:47:38,448 --> 02:47:39,182 TALKS ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE, 4585 02:47:39,249 --> 02:47:41,217 NEXUS WITH ENVIRONMENT AND 4586 02:47:41,284 --> 02:47:44,053 HEALTH, BUT ALSO OPENS UP 4587 02:47:44,120 --> 02:47:44,821 FURTHER TO LIVEABILITY, 4588 02:47:44,888 --> 02:47:46,022 WELL-BEING, EQUITY. 4589 02:47:46,089 --> 02:47:49,426 AND THE THIRD REVIEW PAPERS JUST 4590 02:47:49,492 --> 02:47:58,168 CAME OUT LAST MONTH, SAYING DO 4591 02:47:58,234 --> 02:48:00,603 WE HAVE A FRAMEWORK TO EXPLORE 4592 02:48:00,670 --> 02:48:03,106 HOW TRANSITIONS WILL ADDRESS 4593 02:48:03,173 --> 02:48:07,377 HEALTH, ALSO CLIMATE RESILIENCE, 4594 02:48:07,444 --> 02:48:08,678 WELL-BEING AND EQUITY. 4595 02:48:08,745 --> 02:48:10,113 WITH THAT I'D LIKE US TO MOVE TO 4596 02:48:10,180 --> 02:48:18,755 THE NEXT SLIDE WHERE I'M GOING 4597 02:48:18,822 --> 02:48:20,156 TO PROVIDE THIS RATIONALE IN 4598 02:48:20,223 --> 02:48:21,291 URBAN AREAS. 4599 02:48:21,357 --> 02:48:26,029 THE IDEA HERE IN THE ARTICLE IN 4600 02:48:26,095 --> 02:48:28,164 "SCIENCE" WAS PART OF A SERIES 4601 02:48:28,231 --> 02:48:29,466 CALLED URBAN PLANET. 4602 02:48:29,532 --> 02:48:32,435 THE BIG POINT HERE WAS THAT WE 4603 02:48:32,502 --> 02:48:34,938 NOW LIVE IN AN URBAN PLANET, 4604 02:48:35,004 --> 02:48:36,272 MEANING EVEN THOUGH CITIES 4605 02:48:36,339 --> 02:48:38,975 OCCUPY ONLY 3% OF THE LAND AREA, 4606 02:48:39,042 --> 02:48:41,277 THEY ARE IMPACTING THE PLANET, 4607 02:48:41,344 --> 02:48:42,712 AT PLANETARY SCALES. 4608 02:48:42,779 --> 02:48:45,982 AND SO VERY OFTEN WE TEND TO, 4609 02:48:46,049 --> 02:48:47,984 YOU KNOW, URBAN PLANNERS, URBAN 4610 02:48:48,051 --> 02:48:50,153 POLICYMAKERS TEND TO LOOK WITHIN 4611 02:48:50,220 --> 02:48:51,454 THE CITY BOUNDARIES. 4612 02:48:51,521 --> 02:48:53,957 THIS FRAMEWORK IS SAYING WITHIN 4613 02:48:54,023 --> 02:48:56,826 THE CITY BOUNDARY IS IMPORTANT 4614 02:48:56,893 --> 02:48:57,794 BUT REALLY URBANIZATION AND 4615 02:48:57,861 --> 02:49:00,964 URBAN AREAS ARE JUST IMPACTING 4616 02:49:01,030 --> 02:49:06,769 RURAL AREAS, SUPPLY CHAINS, 4617 02:49:06,836 --> 02:49:08,538 THERE'S GLOBAL IMPACT. 4618 02:49:08,605 --> 02:49:10,273 SOME OF THESE ARE WITHIN THEIR 4619 02:49:10,340 --> 02:49:11,574 BOUNDARIES, MAY HAVE AN INTEREST 4620 02:49:11,641 --> 02:49:14,110 IN LOCAL HEALTH, LOCAL EQUITY, 4621 02:49:14,177 --> 02:49:15,979 BUT THEN THEY ARE IMPACTING 4622 02:49:16,045 --> 02:49:18,481 THINGS LIKE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE 4623 02:49:18,548 --> 02:49:20,450 GAS EMISSIONS, REGIONAL WATER 4624 02:49:20,517 --> 02:49:22,085 STRESSORS, SO CITIES ALSO HAVE 4625 02:49:22,151 --> 02:49:24,387 TO BE THINKING ABOUT THEIR 4626 02:49:24,454 --> 02:49:27,524 IMPACT OUTSIDE THEIR BOUNDARY, 4627 02:49:27,590 --> 02:49:29,959 AND RECOGNIZING THAT THESE 4628 02:49:30,026 --> 02:49:31,127 TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS AFFECT 4629 02:49:31,194 --> 02:49:32,262 URBAN RESIDENTS. 4630 02:49:32,328 --> 02:49:34,230 FOR EXAMPLE, AIR POLLUTION IS 4631 02:49:34,297 --> 02:49:38,835 TRANSBOUNDARY, IT DOESN'T STOP 4632 02:49:38,902 --> 02:49:41,538 AT THE CITY BOUNDARY, 4633 02:49:41,604 --> 02:49:42,438 MULTI-SCALE, THIS IS THE 4634 02:49:42,505 --> 02:49:45,174 GROUNDING OF WHAT KIND OF 4635 02:49:45,241 --> 02:49:46,609 FRAMEWORK WOULD REALLY HELP 4636 02:49:46,676 --> 02:49:47,911 CONNECT INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD 4637 02:49:47,977 --> 02:49:54,250 SYSTEMS TO BOTH HUMAN AND 4638 02:49:54,317 --> 02:49:58,621 PLANETARY HEALTH. 4639 02:49:58,688 --> 02:50:00,056 MY GROUP FOCUS ON SEVEN THINGS 4640 02:50:00,123 --> 02:50:04,460 THAT LIE AT THE CORE OF MULTIPLE 4641 02:50:04,527 --> 02:50:04,727 OUTCOMES. 4642 02:50:04,794 --> 02:50:06,829 HEALTH, WELL-BEING, EQUITY. 4643 02:50:06,896 --> 02:50:08,264 THERE'S URGENCY AND HISTORIC 4644 02:50:08,331 --> 02:50:10,033 OPPORTUNITY BECAUSE THE SYSTEMS 4645 02:50:10,099 --> 02:50:11,234 ARE UNDERGOING SIGNIFICANT 4646 02:50:11,301 --> 02:50:11,467 CHANGE. 4647 02:50:11,534 --> 02:50:14,737 SO IN THE U.S., YOU KNOW, OUR 4648 02:50:14,804 --> 02:50:17,373 INFRASTRUCTURE IS SO OLD MANY 4649 02:50:17,440 --> 02:50:20,076 CITIES ARE REDOING THEIR 4650 02:50:20,143 --> 02:50:21,210 INFRASTRUCTURE, ZERO CARBON 4651 02:50:21,277 --> 02:50:22,712 INITIATIVE IS FORCING A LOT OF 4652 02:50:22,779 --> 02:50:24,147 PEOPLE IN A GOOD WAY, 4653 02:50:24,213 --> 02:50:26,349 ENCOURAGING A LOT OF PEOPLE TO 4654 02:50:26,416 --> 02:50:29,719 THINK ABOUT MAJOR SYSTEMS 4655 02:50:29,786 --> 02:50:30,920 TRANSITIONS, AND ESSENTIALLY 4656 02:50:30,987 --> 02:50:32,655 THIS REQUIRES INTERDISCIPLINARY 4657 02:50:32,722 --> 02:50:35,525 AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY WORK THAT 4658 02:50:35,592 --> 02:50:37,360 BRINGS STAKEHOLDERS TOGETHER 4659 02:50:37,427 --> 02:50:38,695 ACROSS ACADEMIC AND PRACTICE IN 4660 02:50:38,761 --> 02:50:39,696 THEIR COMMUNITIES. 4661 02:50:39,762 --> 02:50:41,230 THE NEXT SLIDE IS PROBABLY THE 4662 02:50:41,297 --> 02:50:44,400 KEY SLIDE I WANTED TO SHOW WHICH 4663 02:50:44,467 --> 02:50:46,035 ARTICULATES WHAT YOU'RE SEEING 4664 02:50:46,102 --> 02:50:47,236 SEVEN SECTORS, I DON'T KNOW IF 4665 02:50:47,303 --> 02:50:48,972 SOMEONE WITH MOVE THE POINTER 4666 02:50:49,038 --> 02:50:50,206 OVER THERE. 4667 02:50:50,273 --> 02:50:55,011 BUT YOU SEE THE RED IS ENERGY 4668 02:50:55,078 --> 02:50:55,778 SUPPLY. 4669 02:50:55,845 --> 02:50:58,081 BLUE IS MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY, 4670 02:50:58,147 --> 02:50:58,815 WASTE, SANITATION. 4671 02:50:58,881 --> 02:51:02,118 THE KEY IN THE MIDDLE, 4672 02:51:02,185 --> 02:51:04,320 TRANSPORTATION IS THAT PINK, 4673 02:51:04,387 --> 02:51:05,288 SALMON PINK. 4674 02:51:05,355 --> 02:51:06,155 VEHICLE OPERATIONS. 4675 02:51:06,222 --> 02:51:08,358 FOOD SUPPLY IS IN GREEN. 4676 02:51:08,424 --> 02:51:09,692 AND BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC SPACES 4677 02:51:09,759 --> 02:51:10,560 ARE IN GRAY. 4678 02:51:10,627 --> 02:51:13,296 WHAT YOU SEE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF 4679 02:51:13,363 --> 02:51:14,497 YOUR SCREEN ARE THE 4680 02:51:14,564 --> 02:51:16,466 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AT THE 4681 02:51:16,532 --> 02:51:18,468 GLOBAL SCALE. 4682 02:51:18,534 --> 02:51:20,837 THESE SYSTEMS ARE CONTRIBUTING 4683 02:51:20,903 --> 02:51:27,343 TO ALMOST ALL OF OUR GREENHOUSE 4684 02:51:27,410 --> 02:51:28,211 GAS EMISSIONS, 96%, CONTRIBUTING 4685 02:51:28,277 --> 02:51:31,247 TO ALMOST ALL OF OUR WATER 4686 02:51:31,314 --> 02:51:33,116 WITHDRAWALS, 94.7% OF GLOBAL 4687 02:51:33,182 --> 02:51:35,184 WATER WITHDRAWALS ARE ASSOCIATED 4688 02:51:35,251 --> 02:51:37,954 WITH THESE SECTORS. 4689 02:51:38,021 --> 02:51:39,589 ON THE RIGHT SIDE DATA FROM THE 4690 02:51:39,656 --> 02:51:41,224 GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE AND 4691 02:51:41,290 --> 02:51:43,159 OTHER STUDIES WHICH IS SHOWING 4692 02:51:43,226 --> 02:51:47,664 PREMATURE MORE AT THAT TIMED, 4693 02:51:47,730 --> 02:51:49,866 ASSOCIATED WITH THESE SYSTEMS. 4694 02:51:49,932 --> 02:51:52,168 YOU HAVE INCLUDING POLLUTION BUT 4695 02:51:52,235 --> 02:51:55,338 ALSO INADEQUATE ACCESS. 4696 02:51:55,405 --> 02:51:56,639 POOR ACCESS TO SANITATION, 4697 02:51:56,706 --> 02:51:58,941 HAVING POLLUTING FUELS FOR 4698 02:51:59,008 --> 02:52:00,943 HOUSEHOLD COOKING, SO THAT IS 4699 02:52:01,010 --> 02:52:03,146 SHOWN AS AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR 4700 02:52:03,212 --> 02:52:04,781 AND OUTDOOR RELATING TO ENERGY 4701 02:52:04,847 --> 02:52:05,314 SYSTEM. 4702 02:52:05,381 --> 02:52:07,617 YOU HAVE THOSE SAME SECTORS THAT 4703 02:52:07,684 --> 02:52:13,756 ARE CAUSING ALL THIS 4704 02:52:13,823 --> 02:52:15,058 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MAKING THE 4705 02:52:15,124 --> 02:52:17,026 CASE IF WE TRANSFORM 4706 02:52:17,093 --> 02:52:18,227 INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISIONS AND 4707 02:52:18,294 --> 02:52:21,731 FOOD PROVISION SYSTEMS WE CAN 4708 02:52:21,798 --> 02:52:23,066 SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE BOTH 4709 02:52:23,132 --> 02:52:26,769 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. 4710 02:52:26,836 --> 02:52:28,171 SO, THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED FROM 4711 02:52:28,237 --> 02:52:31,374 THIS IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE. 4712 02:52:31,441 --> 02:52:32,608 IT'S CALLED SOCIAL -- WELL, 4713 02:52:32,675 --> 02:52:34,744 BEFORE THAT I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT 4714 02:52:34,811 --> 02:52:39,148 WE USE ICONS IN MY LAB JUST TO 4715 02:52:39,215 --> 02:52:40,917 HIGHLIGHT WHAT THESE SYSTEMS 4716 02:52:40,983 --> 02:52:42,852 ARE, BUILDING MATERIALS AND 4717 02:52:42,919 --> 02:52:45,822 ENERGY, FOOD SYSTEMS, GREEN 4718 02:52:45,888 --> 02:52:51,894 INFRASTRUCTURE, MOBILITY, WATER 4719 02:52:51,961 --> 02:52:53,696 AND WASTE AND INTERACTIONS. 4720 02:52:53,763 --> 02:52:55,331 NEXT SLIDE IS OUTCOMES, LOOKING 4721 02:52:55,398 --> 02:52:57,633 AT WELL-BEING NOT JUST OBJECTIVE 4722 02:52:57,700 --> 02:52:59,035 MEASURES OF HEALTH BUT HOW 4723 02:52:59,102 --> 02:53:01,237 PEOPLE THINK AND FEEL ABOUT 4724 02:53:01,304 --> 02:53:03,740 THEIR LIVES OR SUBJECTIVE 4725 02:53:03,806 --> 02:53:05,074 ASSESSMENTS OF WELL-BEING, 4726 02:53:05,141 --> 02:53:06,375 MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. 4727 02:53:06,442 --> 02:53:08,344 WE JUST SAW WATER AND ENERGY, 4728 02:53:08,411 --> 02:53:12,048 COULD EXPAND TO LAND AND 4729 02:53:12,115 --> 02:53:12,381 BIODIVERSITY. 4730 02:53:12,448 --> 02:53:18,254 EQUITY AND LIVEABILITY, AND 4731 02:53:18,321 --> 02:53:18,554 CO-BENEFITS. 4732 02:53:18,621 --> 02:53:28,030 THAT WAS OF THE FRAMING OF 4733 02:53:28,097 --> 02:53:29,432 SECTORS AND OUTCOMES, ULTIMATELY 4734 02:53:29,499 --> 02:53:31,534 THE SYSTEMS ARE IMPACTING THE 4735 02:53:31,601 --> 02:53:37,206 EARTH TO PROVIDE SERVICES FOR 4736 02:53:37,273 --> 02:53:37,774 HUMANITY. 4737 02:53:37,840 --> 02:53:39,175 NEXT SLIDE IS SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK. 4738 02:53:39,242 --> 02:53:41,911 I'M GOING TO GIVE EXAMPLES OF 4739 02:53:41,978 --> 02:53:45,214 HOW IT'S IMPORTANT THAT PEOPLE 4740 02:53:45,281 --> 02:53:46,516 HAVE -- WE TALKED ABOUT 4741 02:53:46,582 --> 02:53:48,384 DIFFERENCE SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK. 4742 02:53:48,451 --> 02:53:51,554 THIS FRAMEWORK FOCUSES ON THAT 4743 02:53:51,621 --> 02:53:52,989 LINKAGE BETWEEN NATURAL 4744 02:53:53,055 --> 02:53:54,090 RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, 4745 02:53:54,157 --> 02:53:56,359 INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD 4746 02:53:56,425 --> 02:54:03,699 PROVISION SYSTEMS, AND HEALTH 4747 02:54:03,766 --> 02:54:04,600 AND WELL-BEING OUTCOMES AT 4748 02:54:04,667 --> 02:54:05,802 DIFFERENT SCALES, SCALES ARE 4749 02:54:05,868 --> 02:54:06,135 IMPORTANT. 4750 02:54:06,202 --> 02:54:09,305 NEXT SLIDE, THIS IS WHAT I CALL 4751 02:54:09,372 --> 02:54:10,106 SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 4752 02:54:10,173 --> 02:54:10,706 SYSTEM FRAMEWORK. 4753 02:54:10,773 --> 02:54:14,544 WE SEE THAT RIGHT ON TOP. 4754 02:54:14,610 --> 02:54:14,977 SEIS. 4755 02:54:15,044 --> 02:54:17,713 AND I'LL WALK YOU THROUGH THE 4756 02:54:17,780 --> 02:54:18,581 FRAMEWORK. 4757 02:54:18,648 --> 02:54:20,183 WHAT YOU'RE SEEING, AND THIS WAS 4758 02:54:20,249 --> 02:54:21,784 IN OUR ARTICLE IN "SCIENCE," 4759 02:54:21,851 --> 02:54:25,888 THAT HAS NOW BEEN ADAPTED INTO 4760 02:54:25,955 --> 02:54:27,557 THE OTHER PAPER, ON THE LEFT 4761 02:54:27,623 --> 02:54:29,292 SIDE IS THE BOUNDARY OF THE 4762 02:54:29,358 --> 02:54:31,294 CITY, YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A MAN 4763 02:54:31,360 --> 02:54:34,230 AND WOMAN IN THE CITY, THERE ARE 4764 02:54:34,297 --> 02:54:37,400 LOTS OF PEOPLE AND WE'RE LOOKING 4765 02:54:37,466 --> 02:54:39,502 AT THESE PROVISIONING SYSTEMS, 4766 02:54:39,569 --> 02:54:42,004 BUILDINGS, GREEN AND PUBLIC 4767 02:54:42,071 --> 02:54:43,973 SPACES, WASTE AND SANITATION, 4768 02:54:44,040 --> 02:54:46,409 FOOD SUPPLY, WATER SUPPLY, 4769 02:54:46,475 --> 02:54:47,810 TRANSPORTATION, AND ENERGY 4770 02:54:47,877 --> 02:54:48,110 SUPPLY. 4771 02:54:48,177 --> 02:54:49,879 THE REALITY IS VERY FEW CITIES 4772 02:54:49,946 --> 02:54:51,614 CAN PROVIDE ALL THESE THINGS 4773 02:54:51,681 --> 02:54:53,482 USING RESOURCES WITHIN THEIR 4774 02:54:53,549 --> 02:54:59,822 BOUNDARIES, ALMOST NO CITY DOES 4775 02:54:59,889 --> 02:55:00,256 THAT. 4776 02:55:00,323 --> 02:55:02,225 CITIES RELY ON LARGER NETWORKS, 4777 02:55:02,291 --> 02:55:03,793 EVENTUALLY GLOBAL TRADE. 4778 02:55:03,860 --> 02:55:05,294 FOOD IS GLOBALLY TRADED. 4779 02:55:05,361 --> 02:55:08,231 SO WE HAVE IMPACTS WELL OUTSIDE 4780 02:55:08,297 --> 02:55:09,465 OUR BOUNDARY. 4781 02:55:09,532 --> 02:55:10,533 ULTIMATELY LOOKING FROM THE 4782 02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:17,907 REGIONAL TO THE NATIONAL TO EVEN 4783 02:55:17,974 --> 02:55:19,108 THE GLOBAL SCALE. 4784 02:55:19,175 --> 02:55:21,210 AND SO WE HAVE MULTI-SCALE AIR 4785 02:55:21,277 --> 02:55:22,845 POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 4786 02:55:22,912 --> 02:55:24,714 EMISSION FOOTPRINTS MY GROUP 4787 02:55:24,780 --> 02:55:26,949 PIONEERED METHODS TO MEASURE. 4788 02:55:27,016 --> 02:55:29,318 AND BRING THEM BACK TO 4789 02:55:29,385 --> 02:55:30,620 RESPONSIBILITY FOR URBAN 4790 02:55:30,686 --> 02:55:32,255 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS. 4791 02:55:32,321 --> 02:55:33,990 SO THIS ALLOWS URBAN 4792 02:55:34,056 --> 02:55:37,260 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS TO TAKE 4793 02:55:37,326 --> 02:55:37,927 GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY, IN 4794 02:55:37,994 --> 02:55:39,962 ADDITION TO LOCAL AIR POLLUTION 4795 02:55:40,029 --> 02:55:43,733 AND THOSE EFFECTS, AND BELOW 4796 02:55:43,799 --> 02:55:46,035 YOU'RE SEEING SOCIAL INEQUALITY. 4797 02:55:46,102 --> 02:55:47,336 SUBSTANTIAL INEQUALITY, NOT ONLY 4798 02:55:47,403 --> 02:55:48,638 IN ACCESS TO THESE 4799 02:55:48,704 --> 02:55:50,273 INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD 4800 02:55:50,339 --> 02:55:51,507 PROVISION SYSTEMS WITHIN THE 4801 02:55:51,574 --> 02:55:54,777 CITY BUT ALSO THE KINDS OF 4802 02:55:54,844 --> 02:55:55,578 EXPOSURES WE CAUSE. 4803 02:55:55,645 --> 02:56:00,383 IF I CHOOSE TO MOVE POWER PLANT 4804 02:56:00,449 --> 02:56:01,684 OUTSIDE COMMUNITY THEY GET MOVED 4805 02:56:01,751 --> 02:56:02,485 SOMEWHERE ELSE AND IMPACT 4806 02:56:02,551 --> 02:56:04,120 SOMEONE ELSE. 4807 02:56:04,186 --> 02:56:05,988 THIS KIND OF SYSTEMS APPROACH 4808 02:56:06,055 --> 02:56:07,857 MAKES VISIBLE NOT ONLY 4809 02:56:07,924 --> 02:56:11,460 INEQUALITY WITHIN YOUR CITY BUT 4810 02:56:11,527 --> 02:56:12,962 ALSO TRANSBOUNDARY ASPECT OF 4811 02:56:13,029 --> 02:56:14,730 INEQUALITY CAUSED BY THE 4812 02:56:14,797 --> 02:56:22,104 DECISIONS WE'RE MAKING AROUND 4813 02:56:22,171 --> 02:56:22,471 INFRASTRUCTURE. 4814 02:56:22,538 --> 02:56:25,808 I HOPE THIS IS SOMETHING WE CAN 4815 02:56:25,875 --> 02:56:27,343 HAVE THE PUBLIC HEALTH COMMUNITY 4816 02:56:27,410 --> 02:56:30,179 ADOPT, I'VE HEARD US TALK ABOUT 4817 02:56:30,246 --> 02:56:32,481 SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL 4818 02:56:32,548 --> 02:56:34,550 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH. 4819 02:56:34,617 --> 02:56:36,085 I THINK INFRASTRUCTURE GETS 4820 02:56:36,152 --> 02:56:36,619 IGNORED. 4821 02:56:36,686 --> 02:56:38,587 SOCIAL IS MEANT TO INCLUDE THE 4822 02:56:38,654 --> 02:56:41,223 BUILT ENVIRONMENT. 4823 02:56:41,290 --> 02:56:42,858 WE SAY BUILT ENVIRONMENT. 4824 02:56:42,925 --> 02:56:46,495 OUR PURPOSE WITH THIS MAKING 4825 02:56:46,562 --> 02:56:47,463 INFRASTRUCTURE EXPLICIT IS TO 4826 02:56:47,530 --> 02:56:52,168 SAY IT IS THE ENVIRONMENT BUT 4827 02:56:52,234 --> 02:56:53,703 ALSO THE HUMAN-MADE SYSTEMS THAT 4828 02:56:53,769 --> 02:56:55,671 TRANSFORM THEM AND BRING THEM TO 4829 02:56:55,738 --> 02:56:59,041 US, AND THAT NOT ONLY CAN WE -- 4830 02:56:59,108 --> 02:57:01,243 YOU KNOW, WE CAN LOOK AT 4831 02:57:01,310 --> 02:57:01,811 BIODIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENTAL 4832 02:57:01,877 --> 02:57:03,346 IMPACT, BUT WE SHOULD LOOK AT 4833 02:57:03,412 --> 02:57:08,684 INFRASTRUCTURE BECAUSE IT 4834 02:57:08,751 --> 02:57:10,653 MEDIATES THAT LINK. 4835 02:57:10,720 --> 02:57:12,188 HENCE THE NAME. 4836 02:57:12,254 --> 02:57:13,389 WE THINK EMPHASIZING THAT ALLOWS 4837 02:57:13,456 --> 02:57:15,925 YOU TO LOOK AT THE SOLUTIONS. 4838 02:57:15,992 --> 02:57:17,693 BUT INFRASTRUCTURE, NOT ONLY 4839 02:57:17,760 --> 02:57:20,096 CAUSED THE PROBLEM, BUT 4840 02:57:20,162 --> 02:57:21,230 TRANSFORMATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE 4841 02:57:21,297 --> 02:57:22,164 CAN PROVIDE SOLUTIONS AND THAT'S 4842 02:57:22,231 --> 02:57:24,133 WHAT WE'RE DOING. 4843 02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:29,538 WE'RE TRANSFORMING 4844 02:57:29,605 --> 02:57:31,273 INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS. 4845 02:57:31,340 --> 02:57:33,242 NEXT SLIDE EXPLORES THE EFFECT. 4846 02:57:33,309 --> 02:57:34,610 IF YOU LOOK AT INFRASTRUCTURE 4847 02:57:34,677 --> 02:57:36,545 AND FOOD SYSTEMS FROM THIS 4848 02:57:36,612 --> 02:57:38,514 PERSPECTIVE IT'S NOT JUST ONE 4849 02:57:38,581 --> 02:57:41,884 CITY, IT'S MULTIPLE CITIES THAT 4850 02:57:41,951 --> 02:57:43,419 ARE NETWORKS BETWEEN CITIES 4851 02:57:43,486 --> 02:57:45,287 GOING FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL 4852 02:57:45,354 --> 02:57:45,821 SCALE. 4853 02:57:45,888 --> 02:57:50,526 AND IF YOU LOOK AT ENVIRONMENTAL 4854 02:57:50,593 --> 02:57:52,495 IMPACT, WE HAVE MULTI-SCALE 4855 02:57:52,561 --> 02:57:54,463 HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION, 4856 02:57:54,530 --> 02:57:56,766 UNHEALTHY DIETS FROM THE LEFT 4857 02:57:56,832 --> 02:57:58,634 SIDE, POOR NEIGHBORHOOD ACCESS, 4858 02:57:58,701 --> 02:58:00,603 TO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE, 4859 02:58:00,669 --> 02:58:02,671 NUTRITIOUS FOOD, WALKABLE 4860 02:58:02,738 --> 02:58:05,574 STREETS, YOU HAVE URBAN/REGIONAL 4861 02:58:05,641 --> 02:58:07,843 HEAT, NOISE, FLOODING, YOU HAVE 4862 02:58:07,910 --> 02:58:09,245 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PATTERNS 4863 02:58:09,311 --> 02:58:11,313 OF AIR POLLUTION, FLOODING, 4864 02:58:11,380 --> 02:58:11,714 DROUGHT. 4865 02:58:11,781 --> 02:58:14,283 ULTIMATELY GLOBAL CLIMATE 4866 02:58:14,350 --> 02:58:14,517 CHANGE. 4867 02:58:14,583 --> 02:58:15,918 IT ALLOWS US TO SAY THE RISKS 4868 02:58:15,985 --> 02:58:26,529 THAT IMPACT US HERE ARE NOT JUST 4869 02:58:26,896 --> 02:58:33,002 ORIENTED OR LIMITED TO 4870 02:58:33,069 --> 02:58:33,302 COMMUNITY. 4871 02:58:33,369 --> 02:58:35,271 SHOWN BELOW, WE COULD NUDGE 4872 02:58:35,337 --> 02:58:38,340 PEOPLE TO TRANSFORM LIFESTYLES 4873 02:58:38,407 --> 02:58:39,442 AND BEHAVIORS, CHANGE 4874 02:58:39,508 --> 02:58:41,610 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN, LOOK AT 4875 02:58:41,677 --> 02:58:42,178 URBAN METROPOLITAN 4876 02:58:42,244 --> 02:58:43,479 TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE 4877 02:58:43,546 --> 02:58:44,146 PLANNING. 4878 02:58:44,213 --> 02:58:50,386 WE COULD LOOK AT NATIONAL 4879 02:58:50,453 --> 02:58:52,455 POLICIES LIKE CARBON GRIDS, 4880 02:58:52,521 --> 02:58:53,456 CREATING CLEAN INDUSTRY, 4881 02:58:53,522 --> 02:58:54,123 POTENTIALLY LOOK TO 4882 02:58:54,190 --> 02:58:56,392 ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE U.N. TO 4883 02:58:56,459 --> 02:59:04,066 USE THE FRAMEWORK TO GUIDE THESE 4884 02:59:04,133 --> 02:59:04,500 CHANGES. 4885 02:59:04,567 --> 02:59:07,036 I'M GOING TO MOVE QUICKLY, EACH 4886 02:59:07,103 --> 02:59:10,206 ADDED A FEW THINGS. 4887 02:59:10,272 --> 02:59:11,607 NEXT SLIDE. 4888 02:59:11,674 --> 02:59:13,709 THIS IS FROM OUR ONE EARTH 4889 02:59:13,776 --> 02:59:13,943 ARTICLE. 4890 02:59:14,009 --> 02:59:15,311 YOU SEE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME 4891 02:59:15,377 --> 02:59:18,814 THING, AGAIN SOMEONE CAN USE THE 4892 02:59:18,881 --> 02:59:21,784 POINTER, WE HAVE SEVEN PHYSICAL 4893 02:59:21,851 --> 02:59:22,885 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS, PHYSICAL 4894 02:59:22,952 --> 02:59:24,954 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS CONNECT TO 4895 02:59:25,020 --> 02:59:27,056 SOCIAL PROVISIONING SYSTEMS LIKE 4896 02:59:27,123 --> 02:59:28,924 EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE, AND 4897 02:59:28,991 --> 02:59:31,193 THESE PROVISIONING SYSTEMS ARE 4898 02:59:31,260 --> 02:59:32,495 EMBEDDED IN MULTI-SCALE SOCIAL 4899 02:59:32,561 --> 02:59:33,162 AND NATURAL SYSTEMS. 4900 02:59:33,229 --> 02:59:35,798 AND THEY HAVE ALL THESE 4901 02:59:35,865 --> 02:59:36,065 OUTCOMES. 4902 02:59:36,132 --> 02:59:38,134 MY GROUP, WE FOCUS ON 4903 02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:40,069 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, 4904 02:59:40,136 --> 02:59:41,937 HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. 4905 02:59:42,004 --> 02:59:42,571 ECONOMY AND SECURITY. 4906 02:59:42,638 --> 02:59:48,611 AND AS WELL AS EQUITY. 4907 02:59:48,677 --> 02:59:51,347 WE'RE LOOKING AT DISTRIBUTIONAL 4908 02:59:51,413 --> 02:59:53,849 EQUITY, DEFINED THEM AS 4909 02:59:53,916 --> 02:59:54,950 INEQUALITY AND FAIRNESS IN 4910 02:59:55,017 --> 02:59:57,153 DISTRIBUTION, OF BURDENS AND 4911 02:59:57,219 --> 02:59:58,020 BENEFITS, ACROSS BOTH 4912 02:59:58,087 --> 02:59:59,655 DETERMINANTS AND OUTCOMES WITH 4913 02:59:59,722 --> 03:00:02,925 THE GOAL OF REDUCING DISPARITIES 4914 03:00:02,992 --> 03:00:06,228 FOR THE MOST DISADVANTAGED AND 4915 03:00:06,295 --> 03:00:08,030 THE MOST HISTORICALLY 4916 03:00:08,097 --> 03:00:08,364 MARGINALIZED. 4917 03:00:08,430 --> 03:00:10,266 THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER WAS TO 4918 03:00:10,332 --> 03:00:17,840 THINK ABOUT HOW TO THINK ABOUT 4919 03:00:17,907 --> 03:00:19,008 EQUITY IN SYSTEMS ORIENTATION. 4920 03:00:19,074 --> 03:00:28,484 IF YOU MOVE TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 4921 03:00:28,551 --> 03:00:30,753 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THE THIRD 4922 03:00:30,819 --> 03:00:33,923 ASPECT OF THIS, WHICH I THINK WE 4923 03:00:33,989 --> 03:00:35,991 TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT, THAT 4924 03:00:36,058 --> 03:00:37,626 IT'S JUST NOT ENOUGH FOR 4925 03:00:37,693 --> 03:00:40,162 RESEARCHERS TO TALK ABOUT THESE 4926 03:00:40,229 --> 03:00:41,530 THINGS PARTICULARLY EQUITY, AND 4927 03:00:41,597 --> 03:00:42,898 THE NEXUS, BECAUSE THERE ARE 4928 03:00:42,965 --> 03:00:48,938 INHERENTLY GOING TO BE TRADEOFFS 4929 03:00:49,004 --> 03:00:49,572 AND CO-BENEFITS. 4930 03:00:49,638 --> 03:00:51,340 IT'S SO ESSENTIAL BECAUSE VALUE 4931 03:00:51,407 --> 03:00:52,875 SYSTEMS ARE DIFFERENT, THE 4932 03:00:52,942 --> 03:00:56,145 EFFECTS ARE DIFFERENT, HEALTH 4933 03:00:56,212 --> 03:00:56,812 EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL 4934 03:00:56,879 --> 03:00:58,881 EFFECTS THAT WE ENGAGE WITH 4935 03:00:58,948 --> 03:00:59,782 SCIENCE OF CO-PRODUCTION, AND 4936 03:00:59,848 --> 03:01:03,252 THIS IS JUST SAYING THAT 4937 03:01:03,319 --> 03:01:04,053 RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS 4938 03:01:04,119 --> 03:01:06,755 SHOULD ENGAGE TOGETHER AND I 4939 03:01:06,822 --> 03:01:09,124 SHOW A PICTURE OF MYSELF AND MY 4940 03:01:09,191 --> 03:01:12,895 POSTDOC, I BELIEVE, IN THE NEXT 4941 03:01:12,962 --> 03:01:14,630 SLIDE WORKING WITH FOOD POLICY 4942 03:01:14,697 --> 03:01:16,065 COUNCIL AS WE LAUNCHED FOOD 4943 03:01:16,131 --> 03:01:17,266 ACTION PLANNING. 4944 03:01:17,333 --> 03:01:19,468 WE'VE ALSO WORKED WITH CITIES ON 4945 03:01:19,535 --> 03:01:21,203 ZERO CARBON TRANSITION. 4946 03:01:21,270 --> 03:01:22,838 BUT REALLY KEEPING THIS WORK IN 4947 03:01:22,905 --> 03:01:31,480 THE LAB, JUST DOING IT AS A 4948 03:01:31,547 --> 03:01:33,549 MODEL DOESN'T ADDRESS TRADEOFFS 4949 03:01:33,616 --> 03:01:35,184 AND CO-BENEFITS PARTICULARLY 4950 03:01:35,251 --> 03:01:40,689 WITH EQUITY WITH GROUPS 4951 03:01:40,756 --> 03:01:41,357 EXPERIENCING BENEFITS 4952 03:01:41,423 --> 03:01:41,657 DIFFERENTLY. 4953 03:01:41,724 --> 03:01:46,195 I'M GOING TO GO RAPIDLY THROUGH 4954 03:01:46,262 --> 03:01:48,264 EXAMPLES AND INTRODUCE THE AHA 4955 03:01:48,330 --> 03:01:48,530 STATEMENT. 4956 03:01:48,597 --> 03:01:57,706 WE CAN GO FASTER BECAUSE I THINK 4957 03:01:57,773 --> 03:01:58,874 IT'S 1:30 NOW. 4958 03:01:58,941 --> 03:02:01,844 I WANT TO SHARE ONE EXAMPLE OF A 4959 03:02:01,910 --> 03:02:03,812 PAPER THAT CAME OUT IN NATURE 4960 03:02:03,879 --> 03:02:05,114 CLIMATE CHANGE, LOOKING AT WHAT 4961 03:02:05,180 --> 03:02:08,717 WE CAN DO WITHIN CITIES. 4962 03:02:08,784 --> 03:02:10,352 MULTI-OR SECTOR, CROSS-SECTOR 4963 03:02:10,419 --> 03:02:13,622 ACTION FOR CARBON MITIGATION 4964 03:02:13,689 --> 03:02:16,625 WITH LOCAL BENEFITS. 4965 03:02:16,692 --> 03:02:17,526 I ACKNOWLEDGE CO-AUTHORS. 4966 03:02:17,593 --> 03:02:20,429 WE'RE SAYING WHAT HAPPENS IN THE 4967 03:02:20,496 --> 03:02:24,366 NEXT SLIDE IF INDIVIDUAL CITIES 4968 03:02:24,433 --> 03:02:28,971 STARTED SHARING RESOURCES, 4969 03:02:29,038 --> 03:02:30,739 AWARENESSES ENERGY, PARTICULARLY 4970 03:02:30,806 --> 03:02:32,708 IN CHINA CREATE ENORMOUS 4971 03:02:32,775 --> 03:02:41,550 RESOURCE EFFICIENCIES AND REDUCE 4972 03:02:41,617 --> 03:02:46,055 YOUR GRID DEMAND. 4973 03:02:46,121 --> 03:02:49,992 IT'S HELPFUL TO LOOK AT IF ALL 4974 03:02:50,059 --> 03:02:53,929 THE CITIES ADOPTED THESE 4975 03:02:53,996 --> 03:02:54,596 STRATEGIES, YOU CAN ACHIEVE IF 4976 03:02:54,663 --> 03:02:57,733 YOU LOOK AT THE NEXT SLIDE, 4977 03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:00,803 ACHIEVE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF 4978 03:03:00,869 --> 03:03:02,137 DECARBONIZATION, WHAT WE'RE 4979 03:03:02,204 --> 03:03:05,174 SHOWING HERE IS THAT THOSE 4980 03:03:05,240 --> 03:03:07,042 CROSS-SECTOR ACTIONS CAN 4981 03:03:07,109 --> 03:03:12,648 CONTRIBUTE ABOUT 40% OF WHAT 4982 03:03:12,715 --> 03:03:13,415 NATIONAL STRATEGIES CONTRIBUTED, 4983 03:03:13,482 --> 03:03:15,050 A POWERFUL WAY TO LOOK AT WHAT 4984 03:03:15,117 --> 03:03:18,153 URBAN AREAS CAN DO FOR NATIONAL 4985 03:03:18,220 --> 03:03:20,622 DECARBONIZATION, AND IN THE NEXT 4986 03:03:20,689 --> 03:03:22,358 SLIDE, WE ALSO MODELED WHAT WAS 4987 03:03:22,424 --> 03:03:25,561 THE IMPACT OF THOSE ACTIONS FOR 4988 03:03:25,627 --> 03:03:31,800 ALL THE CITIES IN CHINA, USING 4989 03:03:31,867 --> 03:03:38,040 STRAIGHT FORWARD AIR POLLUTION 4990 03:03:38,107 --> 03:03:38,674 MODEL. 4991 03:03:38,741 --> 03:03:41,443 EVERY YEAR WE COULD AVOID 45,000 4992 03:03:41,510 --> 03:03:42,611 PREMATURE DEATHS FROM THIS. 4993 03:03:42,678 --> 03:03:48,450 WHAT WAS INTERESTING IS THAT 4994 03:03:48,517 --> 03:03:50,386 SOME CITIES, THE 1:1 BENEFIT, IF 4995 03:03:50,452 --> 03:03:52,621 YOU DO THESE THINGS, RENEWABLE 4996 03:03:52,688 --> 03:03:54,590 ENERGY, YOU WILL ACHIEVE 4997 03:03:54,656 --> 03:03:56,558 BENEFITS, BUT SOME ARE NOT 4998 03:03:56,625 --> 03:04:00,829 LOCAL, BECAUSE OF THE 4999 03:04:00,896 --> 03:04:01,864 TRANSBOUNDARY NATURE, THAT'S 5000 03:04:01,930 --> 03:04:03,465 WHAT WE SHOW HERE. 5001 03:04:03,532 --> 03:04:06,435 SOME CITIES HAD HIGH CARBON AND 5002 03:04:06,502 --> 03:04:08,704 HIGH HEALTH BENEFITS, SOME 5003 03:04:08,771 --> 03:04:10,906 CITIES HAD LOW CARBON AND LOW 5004 03:04:10,973 --> 03:04:13,308 HEALTH BENEFITS, ALSO ALIGNED 5005 03:04:13,375 --> 03:04:17,146 WITH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 5006 03:04:17,212 --> 03:04:17,913 CORRELATION. 5007 03:04:17,980 --> 03:04:22,151 THERE WERE OTHER CITIES WITH 5008 03:04:22,217 --> 03:04:24,920 OTHER BENEFITS BECAUSE OF THE 5009 03:04:24,987 --> 03:04:25,521 TRANSBOUNDARY DYNAMICS. 5010 03:04:25,587 --> 03:04:27,756 THE IDEA IT'S NOT SIMPLE. 5011 03:04:27,823 --> 03:04:29,391 WE NEED GOOD MODELS TO MODEL 5012 03:04:29,458 --> 03:04:30,259 THESE RELATIONSHIPS. 5013 03:04:30,325 --> 03:04:37,933 AND THEN THE REMAINING I'M GOING 5014 03:04:38,000 --> 03:04:41,203 TO BREEZE THROUGH, ANOTHER WORK 5015 03:04:41,270 --> 03:04:43,739 STREAM WITH MY POSTDOC DANA 5016 03:04:43,806 --> 03:04:45,474 BOYER CONNECTING FOOD SYSTEMS, 5017 03:04:45,541 --> 03:04:47,342 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, DIETARY 5018 03:04:47,409 --> 03:04:51,613 CHANGES AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS. 5019 03:04:51,680 --> 03:04:55,451 NEXT SLIDE TALKS ABOUT 5020 03:04:55,517 --> 03:04:57,419 INEQUALITY AND EXPOSURE TO WASTE 5021 03:04:57,486 --> 03:04:58,654 BURNING IN INDIAN CITIES. 5022 03:04:58,720 --> 03:05:02,558 WE MAY HAVE A LOT OF MODELS BUT 5023 03:05:02,624 --> 03:05:04,393 FUNDAMENTALLY IF YOU'RE DATA DO 5024 03:05:04,460 --> 03:05:05,394 NOT CAPTURE WHAT'S HAPPENING ON 5025 03:05:05,461 --> 03:05:07,362 THE GROUND WE'RE MISSING HALF OF 5026 03:05:07,429 --> 03:05:08,797 THE ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS 5027 03:05:08,864 --> 03:05:11,300 AND IN THIS CASE THERE WAS VERY 5028 03:05:11,366 --> 03:05:13,368 LITTLE DATA BEFORE OUR STUDY ON 5029 03:05:13,435 --> 03:05:15,671 HOW MUCH WASTE BURNING HAPPENS 5030 03:05:15,737 --> 03:05:18,707 IN INDIAN CITIES UNTIL WE SHOW 5031 03:05:18,774 --> 03:05:21,844 HIGH AND LOW U.S. NEIGHBORHOODS, 5032 03:05:21,910 --> 03:05:23,245 AND SIGNIFICANT WASTE BURNING 5033 03:05:23,312 --> 03:05:25,214 THAT HAS CAUSED A LOT OF HEALTH 5034 03:05:25,280 --> 03:05:26,715 IMPACT AND WE WERE THE FIRST 5035 03:05:26,782 --> 03:05:33,555 STUDY TO BRING THIS UP AS AN 5036 03:05:33,622 --> 03:05:35,290 UNCOUNTED SOURCE. 5037 03:05:35,357 --> 03:05:36,291 CASE STUDIES, FINE SCALE 5038 03:05:36,358 --> 03:05:38,060 MEASURES ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN 5039 03:05:38,126 --> 03:05:40,229 ADDITION TO MULTI-SCALE LOOK. 5040 03:05:40,295 --> 03:05:45,701 THE LAST SET OF PAPERS TACKLED 5041 03:05:45,767 --> 03:05:46,101 WELL-BEING. 5042 03:05:46,168 --> 03:05:48,237 SO WE TALK ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE 5043 03:05:48,303 --> 03:05:50,405 AND FOOD SYSTEM CORRELATES, 5044 03:05:50,472 --> 03:05:52,674 SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, THIS IS 5045 03:05:52,741 --> 03:05:54,476 MOTIVATED BY THE W.H.O. 5046 03:05:54,543 --> 03:05:56,478 DEFINITION ON THE NEXT SLIDE 5047 03:05:56,545 --> 03:05:58,881 THAT HEALTH IS NOT THE ABSENCE 5048 03:05:58,947 --> 03:06:01,517 OF DISEASE MERELY, IT SEEKS TO 5049 03:06:01,583 --> 03:06:03,151 IMPROVE HOW PEOPLE THINK AND 5050 03:06:03,218 --> 03:06:05,554 FEEL ABOUT THEIR LIVES, WHICH 5051 03:06:05,621 --> 03:06:07,756 RELATES TO AGENCY, BUT ALSO 5052 03:06:07,823 --> 03:06:12,594 PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN. 5053 03:06:12,661 --> 03:06:14,630 AND SO THIS WAS A COLLABORATION 5054 03:06:14,696 --> 03:06:16,999 WITH UNIVERSITIES OF MINNESOTA, 5055 03:06:17,065 --> 03:06:18,367 A POSTDOC IN MY LAB. 5056 03:06:18,433 --> 03:06:21,837 I'M GOING TO GIVE A FEW EXAMPLE 5057 03:06:21,904 --> 03:06:23,138 PAPERS WHERE SINCE WE WERE 5058 03:06:23,205 --> 03:06:24,373 INTERESTED IN THE FOOD SYSTEM IF 5059 03:06:24,439 --> 03:06:28,143 YOU GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE -- 5060 03:06:28,210 --> 03:06:32,214 >> I'M SORRY, IS THIS THE LAST 5061 03:06:32,281 --> 03:06:32,915 COUPLE SLIDES? 5062 03:06:32,981 --> 03:06:33,148 >> YES. 5063 03:06:33,215 --> 03:06:33,382 >> OKAY. 5064 03:06:33,448 --> 03:06:37,152 >> WE'RE LOOK AT HOW YOU CAN 5065 03:06:37,219 --> 03:06:41,657 MEASURE WELL-BEING, BECAUSE OF 5066 03:06:41,723 --> 03:06:42,724 GARDENING, PEOPLE WHO GARDEN, 5067 03:06:42,791 --> 03:06:44,126 AND SO VERY INTERESTING 5068 03:06:44,192 --> 03:06:45,127 CONNECTIONS WITH WELL-BEING. 5069 03:06:45,193 --> 03:06:47,863 AND THE LAST THING I WANT TO DO, 5070 03:06:47,930 --> 03:06:51,400 NEXT SLIDE, IS TO INTRODUCE THE 5071 03:06:51,466 --> 03:06:55,437 AHA POLICY STATEMENT WHICH YOU 5072 03:06:55,504 --> 03:06:56,872 SEE FOLLOWS, BUILT UPON SYSTEMS 5073 03:06:56,939 --> 03:06:57,072 IDEAS. 5074 03:06:57,139 --> 03:07:01,343 WE CAN LOOK AT SPECIFIC PATHWAYS 5075 03:07:01,410 --> 03:07:03,745 TO ZERO CARBON TRANSITION 5076 03:07:03,812 --> 03:07:07,482 THROUGH SPATIAL PLANNING, 5077 03:07:07,549 --> 03:07:08,350 EFFICIENCY, DECARBONIZING 5078 03:07:08,417 --> 03:07:08,650 ELECTRICITY. 5079 03:07:08,717 --> 03:07:11,420 IF YOU INVEST IN GREENERY, YOU 5080 03:07:11,486 --> 03:07:12,988 CAN SPECIFICALLY CONNECT 5081 03:07:13,055 --> 03:07:13,822 INFRASTRUCTURE WITH HEALTH AND 5082 03:07:13,889 --> 03:07:21,396 THE LAST TWO SLIDES WE CAN JUST 5083 03:07:21,463 --> 03:07:23,031 FLIP THROUGH, THE FRAMEWORK HOW 5084 03:07:23,098 --> 03:07:25,534 SPATIAL PLANNING AND 5085 03:07:25,601 --> 03:07:27,736 INFRASTRUCTURE, NEXT SLIDE, 5086 03:07:27,803 --> 03:07:29,638 CHANGES THE IMPACT RISK EXPOSURE 5087 03:07:29,705 --> 03:07:37,846 AND THAT IN TURN ADDRESSES THE 5088 03:07:37,913 --> 03:07:38,480 CARDIOMETABOLIC OUTCOMES. 5089 03:07:38,547 --> 03:07:41,283 I'LL STOP THERE AND SHARE MY 5090 03:07:41,350 --> 03:07:42,985 CONTACT INFORMATION. 5091 03:07:43,051 --> 03:07:43,719 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING. 5092 03:07:43,785 --> 03:07:48,757 >> THANK YOU. 5093 03:07:48,824 --> 03:07:49,358 VALUABLE PERSPECTIVE TO LINK 5094 03:07:49,424 --> 03:07:51,393 HEALTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE WITH 5095 03:07:51,460 --> 03:07:51,760 LENS ON EQUITY. 5096 03:07:51,827 --> 03:07:54,563 IN THE INTEREST OF TIME CAN WE 5097 03:07:54,630 --> 03:07:56,865 GET THE NEXT SPEAKER'S SLIDES 5098 03:07:56,932 --> 03:07:57,733 CUED UP. 5099 03:07:57,799 --> 03:08:06,475 I'D LIKE TO WELCOME DR. WEI 5100 03:08:06,541 --> 03:08:09,011 PENG, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ALSO 5101 03:08:09,077 --> 03:08:09,978 FROM PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, SHE'S 5102 03:08:10,045 --> 03:08:12,714 GOING TO GIVE A TALK ON 5103 03:08:12,781 --> 03:08:15,450 INTEGRATING AIR QUALITY AND 5104 03:08:15,517 --> 03:08:22,791 HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS INTO LOW 5105 03:08:22,858 --> 03:08:23,725 CARBON ENERGY DECISIONS. 5106 03:08:23,792 --> 03:08:26,728 >> THANKS FOR THE INVITE. 5107 03:08:26,795 --> 03:08:28,163 IT'S GREAT TO FOLLOW MY 5108 03:08:28,230 --> 03:08:29,164 COLLEAGUE'S TALK BECAUSE SHE 5109 03:08:29,231 --> 03:08:31,767 GAVE A VERY GOOD OVERVIEW OF THE 5110 03:08:31,833 --> 03:08:33,735 SYSTEMS THINKING AND NOW I WANT 5111 03:08:33,802 --> 03:08:36,605 TO DIVE INTO ONE OF THE CRUCIAL 5112 03:08:36,672 --> 03:08:40,008 FACTORS AND SYSTEMS, WHICH IS 5113 03:08:40,075 --> 03:08:42,711 ENERGY. 5114 03:08:42,778 --> 03:08:43,512 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 5115 03:08:43,578 --> 03:08:46,448 I'LL START WITH THE BIG PICTURE, 5116 03:08:46,515 --> 03:08:48,583 ENERGY SYSTEM IS GOING TO 5117 03:08:48,650 --> 03:08:49,284 EXPERIENCE UNPRECEDENTED CHANGE 5118 03:08:49,351 --> 03:08:52,954 IN THE NEXT FEW DECADES. 5119 03:08:53,021 --> 03:08:53,889 IN THIS COUNTRY, FOR EXAMPLE, 5120 03:08:53,955 --> 03:08:58,794 SET A GOAL TO REACH NET ZERO BY 5121 03:08:58,860 --> 03:08:58,994 2050. 5122 03:08:59,061 --> 03:09:00,462 WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE WE WANT 5123 03:09:00,529 --> 03:09:02,130 TO BE THREE DECADES FROM NOW, 5124 03:09:02,197 --> 03:09:03,865 THIS IS REALLY THE TYPE OF 5125 03:09:03,932 --> 03:09:05,734 TRANSFORMATION THAT NEEDS TO 5126 03:09:05,801 --> 03:09:06,301 HAPPEN. 5127 03:09:06,368 --> 03:09:07,936 IT'S GOING TO FUNDAMENTALLY 5128 03:09:08,003 --> 03:09:09,571 CHANGE THE WAY WE DRIVE, THE WAY 5129 03:09:09,638 --> 03:09:11,740 WE LIVE, THE WAY WE USE ENERGY, 5130 03:09:11,807 --> 03:09:14,576 AND TO SOME PEOPLE EVEN THEIR 5131 03:09:14,643 --> 03:09:18,413 JOBS AND LIVELIHOODS. 5132 03:09:18,480 --> 03:09:22,784 AROUND THE WORLD MORE THAN 100 5133 03:09:22,851 --> 03:09:24,553 COUNTRIES ARE IN THE PROCESS OF 5134 03:09:24,619 --> 03:09:27,489 THINKING ABOUT NET ZERO TARGETS, 5135 03:09:27,556 --> 03:09:31,093 THAT INCLUDES ALL THE MAJOR 5136 03:09:31,159 --> 03:09:36,164 EMITTERS LIKE CHINA, EUROPEAN 5137 03:09:36,231 --> 03:09:37,232 UNION, ET CETERA. 5138 03:09:37,299 --> 03:09:38,934 I GET THIS QUESTION A LOT. 5139 03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:39,868 CAN WE GET THERE? 5140 03:09:39,935 --> 03:09:42,504 I WISH I HAD THE SUPERPOWER OF 5141 03:09:42,571 --> 03:09:44,039 PREDICTING THE FUTURE BUT 5142 03:09:44,106 --> 03:09:45,140 UNFORTUNATELY I DON'T. 5143 03:09:45,207 --> 03:09:48,076 SO THIS IS REALLY THE QUESTION 5144 03:09:48,143 --> 03:09:52,681 THAT I DON'T KNOW, REALLY NOBODY 5145 03:09:52,748 --> 03:09:52,881 KNOWS. 5146 03:09:52,948 --> 03:09:56,518 IF THE PAST CAN TELL ABOUT THE 5147 03:09:56,585 --> 03:09:57,619 FUTURE, NEXT SLIDE PLEASE, SINCE 5148 03:09:57,686 --> 03:10:00,455 I GREW UP IN CHINA THAT WAS 5149 03:10:00,522 --> 03:10:02,524 SHANGHAI IN 1980s, AND 5150 03:10:02,591 --> 03:10:05,694 SHANGHAI THREE DECADES AFTER 5151 03:10:05,761 --> 03:10:05,894 THAT. 5152 03:10:05,961 --> 03:10:11,433 SO, I KNOW IT IS MUCH EASIER TO 5153 03:10:11,500 --> 03:10:13,301 BUILD NEW INFRASTRUCTURE THAN 5154 03:10:13,368 --> 03:10:15,036 TEARING DOWN EXISTING 5155 03:10:15,103 --> 03:10:15,604 INFRASTRUCTURE, ESPECIALLY 5156 03:10:15,670 --> 03:10:17,439 CONSIDERING HOW POWERFUL AND HOW 5157 03:10:17,506 --> 03:10:20,509 DEPENDENT WE HAVE BEEN ON THE 5158 03:10:20,575 --> 03:10:21,843 FOSSIL INDUSTRY, BUT THE POINT I 5159 03:10:21,910 --> 03:10:24,880 WANT TO MAKE IF WE HAVE THE 5160 03:10:24,946 --> 03:10:26,214 RIGHT PEOPLE, THE RIGHT 5161 03:10:26,281 --> 03:10:27,616 INCENTIVE DOING THE RIGHT THING, 5162 03:10:27,682 --> 03:10:30,819 THEN SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN 5163 03:10:30,886 --> 03:10:38,026 THREE DECADES, AND THERE'S 5164 03:10:38,093 --> 03:10:38,760 REASON TO REMAIN OPTIMISTIC. 5165 03:10:38,827 --> 03:10:39,795 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 5166 03:10:39,861 --> 03:10:41,296 EVEN THOUGH I CANNOT ANSWER THE 5167 03:10:41,363 --> 03:10:43,498 QUESTION, CAN WE GET THERE, AS A 5168 03:10:43,565 --> 03:10:44,566 RESEARCHER PERHAPS THE QUESTION 5169 03:10:44,633 --> 03:10:46,134 THAT WE CAN BE MORE HELPFUL 5170 03:10:46,201 --> 03:10:50,405 ABOUT IS HOW CAN WE GET THERE? 5171 03:10:50,472 --> 03:10:50,939 NEXT SLIDE. 5172 03:10:51,006 --> 03:10:53,341 AND THIS IS WHERE THE ENERGY 5173 03:10:53,408 --> 03:10:55,310 SYSTEM MODELING HAS BEEN SUPER 5174 03:10:55,377 --> 03:10:57,512 HELPFUL BECAUSE USING THE MODEL 5175 03:10:57,579 --> 03:11:00,448 WE FOUND THERE ARE MANY 5176 03:11:00,515 --> 03:11:01,850 TECHNOLOGY PATHWAYS THAT CAN GET 5177 03:11:01,917 --> 03:11:06,588 US THERE AND WE ALSO KNOW 5178 03:11:06,655 --> 03:11:07,455 GENERAL FEATURES AN DIRECTIONS 5179 03:11:07,522 --> 03:11:08,890 TO MAKE EFFORTS ON. 5180 03:11:08,957 --> 03:11:09,991 THIS FIGURE IS TAKEN FROM THE 5181 03:11:10,058 --> 03:11:12,394 WHITE HOUSE REPORT ABOUT THE 5182 03:11:12,460 --> 03:11:13,695 U.S. LONG-TERM STRATEGY TO REACH 5183 03:11:13,762 --> 03:11:15,130 NET ZERO. 5184 03:11:15,197 --> 03:11:17,966 YOU CAN SEE FROM THE LEFT 5185 03:11:18,033 --> 03:11:21,570 LOOKING AT THE REPRESENTATIVE 5186 03:11:21,636 --> 03:11:32,147 PATHWAY TO 2050, WE NEED TO 5187 03:11:33,849 --> 03:11:34,816 TRANSFORM, DECARBONIZE 5188 03:11:34,883 --> 03:11:35,483 ELECTRICITY, TECHNOLOGY CHOICES, 5189 03:11:35,550 --> 03:11:37,319 END USE. 5190 03:11:37,385 --> 03:11:39,154 ON TOP OF THAT, EVEN IF WE HAVE 5191 03:11:39,221 --> 03:11:40,722 A DIFFERENT VIEW IN TERMS OF 5192 03:11:40,789 --> 03:11:42,557 WHAT KIND OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 5193 03:11:42,624 --> 03:11:44,359 WOULD BE MORE AVAILABLE, LESS 5194 03:11:44,426 --> 03:11:45,861 AVAILABLE, FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU 5195 03:11:45,927 --> 03:11:46,528 DON'T REALLY THINK NUCLEAR 5196 03:11:46,595 --> 03:11:48,496 SHOULD BE PART OF THE PICTURE OR 5197 03:11:48,563 --> 03:11:50,932 IF YOU THINK THAT RENEWABLE 5198 03:11:50,999 --> 03:11:52,434 ELECTRICITY WOULD NOT SCALE UP 5199 03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,103 AS QUICKLY AS WE THINK, NO 5200 03:11:55,170 --> 03:11:55,470 WORRIES. 5201 03:11:55,537 --> 03:11:57,739 BECAUSE USING ENERGY SYSTEM 5202 03:11:57,806 --> 03:12:00,175 MODEL WE CAN SHOW YOU TENS OR 5203 03:12:00,242 --> 03:12:04,512 THANS OF WAYS TO GET TO NET 5204 03:12:04,579 --> 03:12:07,148 DEZEE ROW EVEN WITH DIFFERENT 5205 03:12:07,215 --> 03:12:08,917 ASSUMPTION ABOUT THE FUTURE, AND 5206 03:12:08,984 --> 03:12:10,118 I SHOW SOME EXAMPLES ON THE 5207 03:12:10,185 --> 03:12:16,691 RIGHT PART OF THE SLIDE. 5208 03:12:16,758 --> 03:12:17,893 THIS THE REASON ENERGY MODELS 5209 03:12:17,959 --> 03:12:20,428 HAVE BEEN USEFUL AND WIDELY USED 5210 03:12:20,495 --> 03:12:22,631 BY THE DECISION MAKERS, GLOBALLY 5211 03:12:22,697 --> 03:12:25,066 LIKE THE IPCC PROCESS AND ALSO 5212 03:12:25,133 --> 03:12:26,101 DOMESTICALLY BY A LOT OF 5213 03:12:26,167 --> 03:12:28,770 AGENCIES AND ALSO MORE RECENTLY 5214 03:12:28,837 --> 03:12:29,905 BY NATIONAL CLIMATE ASSESSMENT. 5215 03:12:29,971 --> 03:12:32,674 ON ONE HAND AS PART OF THE 5216 03:12:32,741 --> 03:12:37,812 COMMUNITY I FEEL EXCITED ABOUT 5217 03:12:37,879 --> 03:12:39,514 HOW OUR EFFORTS TURNED INTO 5218 03:12:39,581 --> 03:12:39,748 ACTION. 5219 03:12:39,814 --> 03:12:43,685 ON THE OTHER HAND, I ALSO THINK 5220 03:12:43,752 --> 03:12:45,587 THERE'S FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE IN THE 5221 03:12:45,654 --> 03:12:47,322 WAY WE'RE USING INTERPRETING 5222 03:12:47,389 --> 03:12:49,524 ENERGY RESULTS, IF YOU REALLY 5223 03:12:49,591 --> 03:12:52,160 LOOK AT OUR MODELING RESULT, 5224 03:12:52,227 --> 03:12:54,529 HEAVILY FOCUSED ON TECHNOLOGY. 5225 03:12:54,596 --> 03:12:58,500 WE THINK THE MODEL IS A BUNCH OF 5226 03:12:58,566 --> 03:12:59,567 TECHNOLOGIES COMPETING WITH EACH 5227 03:12:59,634 --> 03:13:02,203 OTHER BUT THERE'S NO HUMAN 5228 03:13:02,270 --> 03:13:03,705 PHASE, OR COMPANY PHASE, LIKE 5229 03:13:03,772 --> 03:13:07,108 REAL WORLD PHASES TO HELP US 5230 03:13:07,175 --> 03:13:08,009 MAKE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN WHAT 5231 03:13:08,076 --> 03:13:10,745 DOES IT MEAN TO EACH INDIVIDUAL 5232 03:13:10,812 --> 03:13:12,714 IN THE TRANSITION. 5233 03:13:12,781 --> 03:13:14,549 THIS IS ONE SCENARIO FOR THE 5234 03:13:14,616 --> 03:13:16,751 U.S. TO REACH NET ZERO. 5235 03:13:16,818 --> 03:13:20,355 YOU CAN SEE IF YOU LOOK AT 5236 03:13:20,422 --> 03:13:21,790 TOMORROW PRIME ENERGY USE, HEY, 5237 03:13:21,856 --> 03:13:27,996 WE NEED TO BRING DOWN THE TOTAL 5238 03:13:28,063 --> 03:13:30,966 PRIMARIAN ENERGY USE BY 30% AND 5239 03:13:31,032 --> 03:13:32,834 FOSSIL FUEL SHARE FROM 84% WHERE 5240 03:13:32,901 --> 03:13:36,204 WE ARE TODAY TO 25% BY 5241 03:13:36,271 --> 03:13:36,504 MID-CENTURY. 5242 03:13:36,571 --> 03:13:40,375 SO ONCE WE MOVE OUR FOCUS FROM 5243 03:13:40,442 --> 03:13:43,011 TECHNOLOGY, THERE ARE TWO SETS 5244 03:13:43,078 --> 03:13:44,412 OF QUESTIONS. 5245 03:13:44,479 --> 03:13:46,514 ONE HAND, THE QUESTION BECOMES 5246 03:13:46,581 --> 03:13:48,683 IS IT REALISTIC TO MAKE THIS 5247 03:13:48,750 --> 03:13:49,117 TRANSITION? 5248 03:13:49,184 --> 03:13:50,552 FOR EXAMPLE, GIVEN HOW DEPENDENT 5249 03:13:50,618 --> 03:13:53,955 WE ARE ON FOSSIL FUEL NOW CAN WE 5250 03:13:54,022 --> 03:13:56,024 SCALE DOWN AND PHASE OUT FOSSIL 5251 03:13:56,091 --> 03:13:57,659 FUEL THAT QUICKLY? 5252 03:13:57,726 --> 03:13:59,861 CAN WE REALLY SCALE UP RENEWABLE 5253 03:13:59,928 --> 03:14:02,597 INVESTMENT THAT QUICKLY GIVEN 5254 03:14:02,664 --> 03:14:04,666 ALL THE TRANSMISSION GRID 5255 03:14:04,733 --> 03:14:09,504 BARRIERS AND ALSO PUBLIC OPINION 5256 03:14:09,571 --> 03:14:11,606 OPPOSITION, ET CETERA. 5257 03:14:11,673 --> 03:14:13,108 THE OTHER SET OF PERHAPS PERHAPS 5258 03:14:13,174 --> 03:14:15,276 FOR RELEVANT TO TODAY WHAT ARE 5259 03:14:15,343 --> 03:14:16,711 IMPLICATIONS ON EACH LIVING 5260 03:14:16,778 --> 03:14:17,579 HUMAN BEING, IN PARTICULAR WHAT 5261 03:14:17,645 --> 03:14:20,015 DOES IT MEAN FOR AIR QUALITY AND 5262 03:14:20,081 --> 03:14:21,549 HEALTH AND ALSO DISTRIBUTION OF 5263 03:14:21,616 --> 03:14:22,650 THOSE EFFECTS BECAUSE WE KNOW 5264 03:14:22,717 --> 03:14:25,487 THAT ON ONE HAND FOSSIL FUEL IS 5265 03:14:25,553 --> 03:14:26,488 REALLY THE DOMINANT REASON WE 5266 03:14:26,554 --> 03:14:28,590 HAVE A LOT OF POLLUTION ISSUES, 5267 03:14:28,656 --> 03:14:30,658 BUT ON THE OTHER HAND SOME OF 5268 03:14:30,725 --> 03:14:32,527 THE LOW CARBON STRATEGIES LIKE 5269 03:14:32,594 --> 03:14:33,928 MITIGATION ACTIONS MAY ALSO LEAD 5270 03:14:33,995 --> 03:14:41,403 TO NEW SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION 5271 03:14:41,469 --> 03:14:43,271 AND HEALTH DAMAGES. 5272 03:14:43,338 --> 03:14:45,573 THIS IS WHERE THE CO-BENEFITS 5273 03:14:45,640 --> 03:14:48,209 COME INTO A VERY IMPORTANT ROW. 5274 03:14:48,276 --> 03:14:50,612 IT CAN MAKE ENERGY POLICY MORE 5275 03:14:50,678 --> 03:14:52,247 ATTRACTIVE. 5276 03:14:52,313 --> 03:14:54,449 FIRST OF ALL, BENEFITS ARE 5277 03:14:54,516 --> 03:14:54,749 IMMEDIATE. 5278 03:14:54,816 --> 03:14:57,052 NOT FUTURE GENERATIONS. 5279 03:14:57,118 --> 03:14:58,253 WE'RE REALLY TALKING ABOUT LIKE 5280 03:14:58,319 --> 03:15:00,221 TODAY WE'RE GOING TO BENEFIT 5281 03:15:00,288 --> 03:15:02,090 FROM THE TRANSITION. 5282 03:15:02,157 --> 03:15:03,925 IN ADDITION IT'S ALSO TANGIBLE, 5283 03:15:03,992 --> 03:15:06,361 NO LONGER TALKING ABOUT POLAR 5284 03:15:06,428 --> 03:15:07,729 BARS LOSING HABITAT, WE'RE 5285 03:15:07,796 --> 03:15:09,097 TALKING ABOUT OUR HEALTH AND 5286 03:15:09,164 --> 03:15:11,599 HEALTH OF OUR FAMILY. 5287 03:15:11,666 --> 03:15:13,134 FINALLY, IT MAKES ENERGY 5288 03:15:13,201 --> 03:15:14,235 TRANSITION MORE PERSONALLY 5289 03:15:14,302 --> 03:15:14,569 RELEVANT. 5290 03:15:14,636 --> 03:15:17,072 I HAVE A 3-YEAR-OLD, HE HAS ALL 5291 03:15:17,138 --> 03:15:19,240 KINDS OF ALLERGIES. 5292 03:15:19,307 --> 03:15:21,576 WHEN WE HAVE A HIGHLY POLLUTING 5293 03:15:21,643 --> 03:15:22,544 DAY IT'S PERSONALLY RELEVANT TO 5294 03:15:22,610 --> 03:15:24,746 ME BECAUSE I DON'T WANT LIMB TO 5295 03:15:24,813 --> 03:15:30,652 BE MISERABLE ON THAT DAY. 5296 03:15:30,718 --> 03:15:34,055 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 5297 03:15:34,122 --> 03:15:35,690 THAT BECOMES THE CORE QUESTION 5298 03:15:35,757 --> 03:15:36,991 OVER THE PAST DECADE, 5299 03:15:37,058 --> 03:15:38,293 INTEGRATING AIR QUALITY AND 5300 03:15:38,359 --> 03:15:39,828 HEALTH CONSIDERATION INTO OUR 5301 03:15:39,894 --> 03:15:42,564 ENERGY DECISIONS. 5302 03:15:42,630 --> 03:15:43,298 NEXT SLIDE. 5303 03:15:43,364 --> 03:15:45,200 THANKS TO DECADES OF EFFORTS 5304 03:15:45,266 --> 03:15:47,836 FROM THE COMMUNITY, NOW WE HAVE 5305 03:15:47,902 --> 03:15:49,270 A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF HIGH 5306 03:15:49,337 --> 03:15:53,741 LEVEL, WHAT IS GUIDING PRINCETON 5307 03:15:53,808 --> 03:15:55,410 -- GUIDING PRINCIPLE TO 5308 03:15:55,477 --> 03:15:56,144 STRATEGY. 5309 03:15:56,211 --> 03:15:58,012 ONE EXAMPLE, WE DID A SYNTHESIS 5310 03:15:58,079 --> 03:15:59,781 ANALYSIS AROUND IF WE WANT TO 5311 03:15:59,848 --> 03:16:01,082 INTEGRATE AIR QUALITY ON HEALTH 5312 03:16:01,149 --> 03:16:02,817 CONSIDERATION INTO THE EFFORTS 5313 03:16:02,884 --> 03:16:05,887 TO DECARBONIZE THE POWER SECTOR, 5314 03:16:05,954 --> 03:16:08,323 WHERE ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT 5315 03:16:08,389 --> 03:16:11,359 THINGS TO FOCUS ON? 5316 03:16:11,426 --> 03:16:14,762 SO, WE THINK THERE ARE FOUR 5317 03:16:14,829 --> 03:16:15,063 AREAS. 5318 03:16:15,130 --> 03:16:18,900 FIRST, WHEN WE REPLACE OLD 5319 03:16:18,967 --> 03:16:20,068 INFRASTRUCTURE, RETIRING 5320 03:16:20,135 --> 03:16:21,102 EXISTING COAL PLANTS, TARGET 5321 03:16:21,169 --> 03:16:26,674 HIGHLY POLLUTING SOURCES IN 5322 03:16:26,741 --> 03:16:27,675 DENSELY POPULATION REGIONS THAT 5323 03:16:27,742 --> 03:16:29,844 WILL BRING A LOT OF HEALTH 5324 03:16:29,911 --> 03:16:31,579 BENEFITS TO EXPOSED POPULATION. 5325 03:16:31,646 --> 03:16:34,382 THE SECOND PART OF THE PUZZLE IS 5326 03:16:34,449 --> 03:16:35,683 WE BUILD NEW INFRASTRUCTURE, WE 5327 03:16:35,750 --> 03:16:38,987 REALLY NEED TO FOCUS ON SCALING 5328 03:16:39,053 --> 03:16:45,527 UP . 5329 03:16:45,593 --> 03:16:47,061 WITH MORE ELECTRIC CARS WE'LL 5330 03:16:47,128 --> 03:16:48,396 NEED TO INCREASE ELECTRICITY 5331 03:16:48,463 --> 03:16:49,898 DEMANDS, IN THIS COUNTRY WE'RE 5332 03:16:49,964 --> 03:16:52,000 GOING TO INCREASE HOW MUCH 5333 03:16:52,066 --> 03:16:54,102 GENERATION WILL COME FROM POWER 5334 03:16:54,169 --> 03:16:55,737 PLANTS AND HOPEFULLY THOSE NEW 5335 03:16:55,803 --> 03:16:58,139 DEMANDS WILL BE MET BY 5336 03:16:58,206 --> 03:17:03,278 DECARBONIZED ELECTRICITY RATHER 5337 03:17:03,344 --> 03:17:06,681 THAN FOSSIL FUELS. 5338 03:17:06,748 --> 03:17:09,083 THIRD IS CONNECTING STATES, TWO 5339 03:17:09,150 --> 03:17:09,951 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS. 5340 03:17:10,018 --> 03:17:14,656 ONE IS BECAUSE THE POWER GRID IS 5341 03:17:14,722 --> 03:17:14,923 CONNECTED. 5342 03:17:14,989 --> 03:17:17,058 SO WHEN WE RETIRE OR ADD IN ONE 5343 03:17:17,125 --> 03:17:19,027 REGION, IN THE ONLY AFFECT 5344 03:17:19,093 --> 03:17:20,562 LOCALLY, ALSO AFFECTS THE WHOLE 5345 03:17:20,628 --> 03:17:26,467 GRID REGION BECAUSE OUR SUPPLY 5346 03:17:26,534 --> 03:17:27,669 AND DEMAND DECISIONS ARE AT A G 5347 03:17:27,735 --> 03:17:28,002 LEVEL. 5348 03:17:28,069 --> 03:17:30,772 ON TOP OF THAT WE'LL TRANSPORT 5349 03:17:30,838 --> 03:17:32,607 FROM ONE TO THE OTHER. 5350 03:17:32,674 --> 03:17:35,443 WE THINK ABOUT CONNECTING SPACE, 5351 03:17:35,510 --> 03:17:36,945 WAYS TO MINIMIZE CROSS-STATE 5352 03:17:37,011 --> 03:17:41,816 DAMAGES FROM ELECTRICITY TRADE 5353 03:17:41,883 --> 03:17:43,651 AND ALSO POLLUTION TRANSPORT. 5354 03:17:43,718 --> 03:17:46,054 THE MOST DIFFICULT PART IS HOW 5355 03:17:46,120 --> 03:17:48,990 WE CAN PUT EQUITY AT CENTER OF 5356 03:17:49,057 --> 03:17:51,726 LOW CARBON ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE 5357 03:17:51,793 --> 03:17:51,960 DESIGN. 5358 03:17:52,026 --> 03:17:53,361 SO, TO A LARGE EXTENT THE 5359 03:17:53,428 --> 03:17:56,831 DECISIONS WE MADE IN THE PAST 5360 03:17:56,898 --> 03:17:57,799 REGARDING FACILITIES AND WHERE 5361 03:17:57,865 --> 03:18:00,301 ARE WE GOING TO BUILD IT, THOSE 5362 03:18:00,368 --> 03:18:03,371 ARE REALLY THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE 5363 03:18:03,438 --> 03:18:04,906 WHY WE HAVE INJUSTICE TODAY. 5364 03:18:04,973 --> 03:18:07,408 AS A RESULT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 5365 03:18:07,475 --> 03:18:08,943 ENERGY TRANSITION TO NET ZERO 5366 03:18:09,010 --> 03:18:10,912 IT'S CRUCIAL TO THINK AHEAD OF 5367 03:18:10,979 --> 03:18:14,115 TIME HOW ARE WE THINKING ABOUT 5368 03:18:14,182 --> 03:18:15,750 TECHNOLOGY CHOICES AND DECISIONS 5369 03:18:15,817 --> 03:18:18,019 AND PUTTING EQUITY AS THE CENTER 5370 03:18:18,086 --> 03:18:20,555 OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN 5371 03:18:20,622 --> 03:18:22,323 SO WE WON'T HAVE THE SAME 5372 03:18:22,390 --> 03:18:30,732 PROBLEM AND ISSUE THREE DECADES 5373 03:18:30,798 --> 03:18:31,599 FROM NOW. 5374 03:18:31,666 --> 03:18:33,901 ALTHOUGH WE HAVE A GOOD 5375 03:18:33,968 --> 03:18:36,671 UNDERSTANDING OF BROAD STRATEGY 5376 03:18:36,738 --> 03:18:38,273 THE KEY CHALLENGE IS AROUND 5377 03:18:38,339 --> 03:18:38,940 SPECIFIC POLICY DESIGNS. 5378 03:18:39,007 --> 03:18:41,276 I WANT TO GIVE A QUICK EXAMPLE 5379 03:18:41,342 --> 03:18:44,545 ABOUT THE ELECTRIC VEHICLES. 5380 03:18:44,612 --> 03:18:47,282 IF YOU LOOK AT -- SOME 5381 03:18:47,348 --> 03:18:48,483 REGIONALIZATION IS MESSED UP. 5382 03:18:48,549 --> 03:18:50,451 I HOPE I CAN EXPLAIN WELL 5383 03:18:50,518 --> 03:18:50,685 ENOUGH. 5384 03:18:50,752 --> 03:18:52,787 IF YOU LOOK AT THE POLICIES 5385 03:18:52,854 --> 03:18:55,590 TODAY WE HAVE A BUNCH OF POLICY 5386 03:18:55,657 --> 03:18:58,192 TARGETS WHICH INCLUDE EV CELLS, 5387 03:18:58,259 --> 03:18:59,060 ALSO ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSIONS. 5388 03:18:59,127 --> 03:19:01,596 WE HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF POLICY 5389 03:19:01,663 --> 03:19:03,998 INSTRUMENT CHOICES, IT CAN BE 5390 03:19:04,065 --> 03:19:06,200 PURCHASE INCENTIVE, FUNDING FOR 5391 03:19:06,267 --> 03:19:07,635 CHARGER INFRASTRUCTURE, ALSO 5392 03:19:07,702 --> 03:19:12,907 FUNDING FOR EP MANUFACTURE -- 5393 03:19:12,974 --> 03:19:14,442 EV MANUFACTURING, ET CETERA. 5394 03:19:14,509 --> 03:19:18,146 HOW CAN WE PUT HEALTH AS ONE 5395 03:19:18,212 --> 03:19:18,680 CONSIDERATION FOR POLICY 5396 03:19:18,746 --> 03:19:20,648 ASSESSMENT, AND ON TOP OF THAT, 5397 03:19:20,715 --> 03:19:24,719 HOW CAN WE THINK ABOUT NOT ONLY 5398 03:19:24,786 --> 03:19:26,020 EMBRACING POLICY INSTRUMENT 5399 03:19:26,087 --> 03:19:28,323 CHOICES THAT WOULD BE USEFUL IN 5400 03:19:28,389 --> 03:19:29,090 ACCELERATING ADOPTION BUT ALSO 5401 03:19:29,157 --> 03:19:31,192 AT THE SAME TIME ENSURING GOOD 5402 03:19:31,259 --> 03:19:38,633 AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. 5403 03:19:38,700 --> 03:19:39,634 WE MAKE ENERGY CITIESES FOR 5404 03:19:39,701 --> 03:19:42,603 TODAY -- ENERGY DECISIONS FOR 5405 03:19:42,670 --> 03:19:44,505 TODAY AND OPENING THE DOOR TO 5406 03:19:44,572 --> 03:19:46,741 ACCELERATE ENERGY POLICY IN THE 5407 03:19:46,808 --> 03:19:47,075 FUTURE. 5408 03:19:47,141 --> 03:19:48,843 SO HERE IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT SET 5409 03:19:48,910 --> 03:19:50,812 OF QUESTIONS, HOW CAN HEALTH 5410 03:19:50,878 --> 03:19:52,347 CONSIDERATIONS PLAY A ROLE SO 5411 03:19:52,413 --> 03:19:55,049 THAT WE CAN REALLY REDUCE THE 5412 03:19:55,116 --> 03:19:56,651 BARRIERS TO HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE 5413 03:19:56,718 --> 03:19:57,919 CLEAN ENERGY POLICY IN THE 5414 03:19:57,985 --> 03:19:58,586 FUTURE. 5415 03:19:58,653 --> 03:20:01,189 AND THAT IS WHERE THE SOCIAL 5416 03:20:01,255 --> 03:20:02,056 POLITICAL AND TECHNOLOGY 5417 03:20:02,123 --> 03:20:03,057 CONCERNS ARE IMPORTANT. 5418 03:20:03,124 --> 03:20:04,459 FOR EXAMPLE, HOW CAN WE USE 5419 03:20:04,525 --> 03:20:08,396 HEALTH AS A WAY TO INCREASE 5420 03:20:08,463 --> 03:20:10,264 PUBLIC SUPPORT, ACCELERATE 5421 03:20:10,331 --> 03:20:11,466 ADOPTION, STRENGTHEN GREEN 5422 03:20:11,532 --> 03:20:12,567 COALITION, EVEN LIKE INCREASE 5423 03:20:12,633 --> 03:20:19,907 MARKET SHARE FOR THE LOW CARBON 5424 03:20:19,974 --> 03:20:20,475 TECHNOLOGIES. 5425 03:20:20,541 --> 03:20:21,876 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 5426 03:20:21,943 --> 03:20:24,812 THE FRONTIER, TURNING WHAT WE 5427 03:20:24,879 --> 03:20:26,681 KNOW INTO ACTIONABLE KNOWLEDGE 5428 03:20:26,748 --> 03:20:28,015 AROUND POLICY DESIGN, FOR 5429 03:20:28,082 --> 03:20:29,751 INTEGRATIVE ENERGY AND HEALTH 5430 03:20:29,817 --> 03:20:30,351 DECISIONS. 5431 03:20:30,418 --> 03:20:33,254 I THINK THERE ARE THOSE 5432 03:20:33,321 --> 03:20:34,021 INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES AND 5433 03:20:34,088 --> 03:20:37,291 SCIENCE CHALLENGES. 5434 03:20:37,358 --> 03:20:38,726 NEXT SLIDE. 5435 03:20:38,793 --> 03:20:39,827 SO, REGARDING INSTITUTIONAL 5436 03:20:39,894 --> 03:20:41,929 CHALLENGES I THINK THE KEY THING 5437 03:20:41,996 --> 03:20:44,499 IS HOW CAN WE NAVIGATE COMPLEX 5438 03:20:44,565 --> 03:20:45,833 DECISION MAKING LANDSCAPE. 5439 03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:47,668 I HAVE TWO SUBPOINTS ON THIS. 5440 03:20:47,735 --> 03:20:49,437 FIRST OF ALL, WE DO NEED TO 5441 03:20:49,504 --> 03:20:53,474 START TO THINK ABOUT BRIDGING 5442 03:20:53,541 --> 03:20:54,275 AGENCIES, TRADITIONALLY HAVE 5443 03:20:54,342 --> 03:20:55,343 VERY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND 5444 03:20:55,410 --> 03:20:55,810 GOALS. 5445 03:20:55,877 --> 03:20:58,413 SO IF YOU THINK ABOUT ENERGY, 5446 03:20:58,479 --> 03:20:59,814 FEDERAL LEVEL WE HAVE DEPARTMENT 5447 03:20:59,881 --> 03:21:02,016 OF ENERGY, IF YOU THINK ABOUT 5448 03:21:02,083 --> 03:21:06,654 AIR QUALITY WE HAVE EPA, CDC FOR 5449 03:21:06,721 --> 03:21:07,422 HEALTH, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND 5450 03:21:07,488 --> 03:21:08,489 HUMAN SERVICES. 5451 03:21:08,556 --> 03:21:12,093 BUT THIS KIND OF LIKE DIFFERENT 5452 03:21:12,160 --> 03:21:14,695 GOALS OF DIFFERENT AGENCIES IS 5453 03:21:14,762 --> 03:21:19,100 NOT REALLY PROVIDING THE RIGHT 5454 03:21:19,167 --> 03:21:21,302 CONTACT TO THINK ABOUT 5455 03:21:21,369 --> 03:21:22,437 INTEGRATIVE DECISIONS, THINKING 5456 03:21:22,503 --> 03:21:24,038 ABOUT THE VENN DIAGRAM TO MAKE 5457 03:21:24,105 --> 03:21:31,345 GOOD DECISIONS THAT TACKLE ALL 5458 03:21:31,412 --> 03:21:32,580 THREE ISSUES. 5459 03:21:32,647 --> 03:21:34,982 ANOTHER SIDE IS THINKING ABOUT 5460 03:21:35,049 --> 03:21:36,517 COORDINATING EFFORTS ACROSS 5461 03:21:36,584 --> 03:21:38,052 MULTIPLE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENTS. 5462 03:21:38,119 --> 03:21:39,287 SO, FOR ENERGY FOR AIR QUALITY 5463 03:21:39,353 --> 03:21:40,888 AND HEALTH WE NOT ONLY HAVE 5464 03:21:40,955 --> 03:21:42,657 EFFORTS AT FEDERAL LEVEL, WE 5465 03:21:42,723 --> 03:21:48,996 ALSO HAVE ACTIONS AT STATE 5466 03:21:49,063 --> 03:21:51,065 LEVEL, AND HOUSEHOLD AND 5467 03:21:51,132 --> 03:21:51,833 COMPANIES LEVEL, CHANGING FROM 5468 03:21:51,899 --> 03:21:53,367 THE FRAMEWORK ON LEFT TO RIGHT A 5469 03:21:53,434 --> 03:21:57,305 LOT OF HEALTH AND AIR QUALITY 5470 03:21:57,371 --> 03:22:00,808 ISSUES ARE AT STATE AND LOCAL 5471 03:22:00,875 --> 03:22:02,009 LEVELS, NOT ONLY IMPORTANT 5472 03:22:02,076 --> 03:22:03,211 ACTORS TO RESPOND TO ENERGY 5473 03:22:03,277 --> 03:22:06,380 PROGRAM, THEY ARE ALSO LEADING 5474 03:22:06,447 --> 03:22:07,582 ACTORS FOR AIR QUALITY 5475 03:22:07,648 --> 03:22:09,317 MEASUREMENT SUCH AS STATE 5476 03:22:09,383 --> 03:22:10,651 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR AIR 5477 03:22:10,718 --> 03:22:11,619 QUALITY CONTROL. 5478 03:22:11,686 --> 03:22:13,721 ALONG THOSE LINES HOW CAN WE 5479 03:22:13,788 --> 03:22:15,456 REALLY EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF 5480 03:22:15,523 --> 03:22:16,557 STATE AND LOCAL ACTORS AND AT 5481 03:22:16,624 --> 03:22:19,160 THE SAME TIME THINK ABOUT THE 5482 03:22:19,227 --> 03:22:20,795 LINKAGE BETWEEN THE FEDERAL 5483 03:22:20,862 --> 03:22:23,764 GOVERNMENT AND ALSO CREATE 5484 03:22:23,831 --> 03:22:24,966 EFFECTIVE RESPONSE, THAT CREATES 5485 03:22:25,032 --> 03:22:27,935 NEW CHALLENGES WHEN THINKING 5486 03:22:28,002 --> 03:22:35,910 ABOUT POLICY COORDINATION ACROSS 5487 03:22:35,977 --> 03:22:39,013 MULTI-LEVEL STRUCTURE. 5488 03:22:39,080 --> 03:22:40,414 THERE ARE ALSO IMPORTANT SCIENCE 5489 03:22:40,481 --> 03:22:40,715 CHALLENGES. 5490 03:22:40,781 --> 03:22:43,251 THE KEY CHALLENGE IS HOW CAN WE 5491 03:22:43,317 --> 03:22:45,253 GENERATE ROBUST INSIGHT FOR 5492 03:22:45,319 --> 03:22:45,853 COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 5493 03:22:45,920 --> 03:22:48,055 I HAVE A FEW ELEMENTS TO 5494 03:22:48,122 --> 03:22:48,289 DISCUSS. 5495 03:22:48,356 --> 03:22:50,358 FIRST OF ALL HOW CAN WE 5496 03:22:50,424 --> 03:22:52,226 UNDERSTAND THE HEALTH DRIVERS 5497 03:22:52,293 --> 03:22:53,861 AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. 5498 03:22:53,928 --> 03:22:57,632 I WANT TO GIVE ONE QUICK EXAMPLE 5499 03:22:57,698 --> 03:22:59,800 ABOUT EXPOSURE DISPARITIES, WHAT 5500 03:22:59,867 --> 03:23:01,102 MATTERS, WHAT DETERMINES 5501 03:23:01,168 --> 03:23:02,870 EXPOSURE DISPARITY, IT'S THE 5502 03:23:02,937 --> 03:23:03,938 CORRELATION BETWEEN WHERE 5503 03:23:04,005 --> 03:23:06,007 POLLUTION IS HIGH AND WHERE 5504 03:23:06,073 --> 03:23:07,108 DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS LIVE. 5505 03:23:07,174 --> 03:23:08,543 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT WHAT 5506 03:23:08,609 --> 03:23:11,612 WOULD CHANGE IN THE FUTURE, 5507 03:23:11,679 --> 03:23:13,014 THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS GOING TO 5508 03:23:13,080 --> 03:23:14,882 CHANGE WHERE THE POLLUTION IS 5509 03:23:14,949 --> 03:23:15,182 HIGH. 5510 03:23:15,249 --> 03:23:17,285 THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION IS 5511 03:23:17,351 --> 03:23:18,586 GOING TO INFLUENCE OUR FUTURE 5512 03:23:18,653 --> 03:23:21,188 CLIMATE AS A RESULT OF CHANGE IN 5513 03:23:21,255 --> 03:23:22,657 CONDITIONS AND THAT WILL BE 5514 03:23:22,723 --> 03:23:24,058 CRUCIAL WHEN THINKING ABOUT 5515 03:23:24,125 --> 03:23:25,493 POLLUTION FORMATION AND 5516 03:23:25,560 --> 03:23:25,993 POLLUTION REMOVAL. 5517 03:23:26,060 --> 03:23:31,399 DETERMINING WHERE POLLUTION IS 5518 03:23:31,465 --> 03:23:32,166 HIGH. 5519 03:23:32,233 --> 03:23:33,467 MORE IMPORTANT IS NATIONAL, 5520 03:23:33,534 --> 03:23:34,802 STATE, LOCAL ENERGY DECISIONS 5521 03:23:34,869 --> 03:23:38,639 ARE GOING TO INFLUENCE OUR 5522 03:23:38,706 --> 03:23:39,640 EMISSIONS DIRECTLY INFLUENCING 5523 03:23:39,707 --> 03:23:40,841 WHERE FUTURE POLLUTION SOURCES 5524 03:23:40,908 --> 03:23:43,110 WOULD OCCUR. 5525 03:23:43,177 --> 03:23:46,080 ON TOP OF THAT, THINKING ABOUT 5526 03:23:46,147 --> 03:23:47,415 PROJECTING WHERE DISADVANTAGED 5527 03:23:47,481 --> 03:23:48,282 POPULATIONS MAY LIVE IN THE 5528 03:23:48,349 --> 03:23:53,754 FUTURE WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 5529 03:23:53,821 --> 03:23:56,958 ECONOMIC TRENDS INCLUDING 5530 03:23:57,024 --> 03:23:57,592 POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZATION, 5531 03:23:57,658 --> 03:23:59,126 AGING, ET CETERA. 5532 03:23:59,193 --> 03:24:00,761 THOSE DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS NOT 5533 03:24:00,828 --> 03:24:03,064 ONLY INFLUENCE WHERE THE 5534 03:24:03,130 --> 03:24:04,599 DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITIES LIVE, 5535 03:24:04,665 --> 03:24:05,766 IT ALSO PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION 5536 03:24:05,833 --> 03:24:08,302 FOR A LOT OF ENERGY TRANSITIONS 5537 03:24:08,369 --> 03:24:11,505 I WAS TALKING ABOUT EARLIER AT 5538 03:24:11,572 --> 03:24:12,607 NATIONAL, STATE, LOCAL LEVEL. 5539 03:24:12,673 --> 03:24:15,776 HERE WE HAVE A VERY COMPLEX 5540 03:24:15,843 --> 03:24:16,844 SYSTEM AND INTERACTIONS LINKING 5541 03:24:16,911 --> 03:24:18,179 HEALTH DRIVERS TO HEALTH 5542 03:24:18,245 --> 03:24:19,380 OUTCOMES, AND THAT'S WHERE I 5543 03:24:19,447 --> 03:24:20,448 THINK A LOT OF SCIENTIFIC 5544 03:24:20,514 --> 03:24:27,688 UNDERSTANDING IS NOT THERE YET. 5545 03:24:27,755 --> 03:24:31,392 THE OTHER PART IS WE ALSO HAVE 5546 03:24:31,459 --> 03:24:32,827 IMPORTANT MULTI-SECTOR 5547 03:24:32,893 --> 03:24:33,127 LINKAGINGS. 5548 03:24:33,194 --> 03:24:38,099 I WANT TO USE ELECTRIC -- 5549 03:24:38,165 --> 03:24:39,467 >> WE'RE RUNNING OUT OF TIME. 5550 03:24:39,533 --> 03:24:40,701 >> YEAH, SURE. 5551 03:24:40,768 --> 03:24:42,570 I CAN QUICKLY GO THROUGH AND 5552 03:24:42,637 --> 03:24:45,606 JUMP THROUGH A FEW AS WELL. 5553 03:24:45,673 --> 03:24:48,876 BRIEFLY, IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE 5554 03:24:48,943 --> 03:24:51,979 EV ADOPTION, IT WOULD INFLUENCE 5555 03:24:52,046 --> 03:24:53,047 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR, IT'S 5556 03:24:53,114 --> 03:24:55,349 INDUSTRY AND POWER AS A RESULT 5557 03:24:55,416 --> 03:25:03,691 CHANGING HEALTH EXPOSURE AND 5558 03:25:03,758 --> 03:25:04,325 HEALTH IMPACTS. 5559 03:25:04,392 --> 03:25:05,893 JUMP TO THE NEXT ONE. 5560 03:25:05,960 --> 03:25:13,467 I CAN END ON THIS. 5561 03:25:13,534 --> 03:25:15,536 CRAFTING USABLE KNOWLEDGE FOR 5562 03:25:15,603 --> 03:25:17,705 REAL WORLD DECISIONS REQUIRES 5563 03:25:17,772 --> 03:25:21,542 LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE FOR 5564 03:25:21,609 --> 03:25:21,976 CO-PRODUCTION. 5565 03:25:22,043 --> 03:25:23,411 INTERDISCIPLINARY LEARNING NOT 5566 03:25:23,477 --> 03:25:27,148 JUST ABOUT ENERGY SYSTEMS, ALSO 5567 03:25:27,214 --> 03:25:29,750 ABOUT HEALTH, EQUITY AND ETHICS, 5568 03:25:29,817 --> 03:25:30,851 KNOWLEDGE CO-PRODUCTION, WORKING 5569 03:25:30,918 --> 03:25:33,154 CLOSELY WITH THE RELEVANT 5570 03:25:33,220 --> 03:25:43,764 STAKEHOLDERS AS WE TALKED IN THE 5571 03:25:48,602 --> 03:25:49,303 PREVIOUS SESSION. 5572 03:25:49,370 --> 03:25:51,305 I'LL END WITH THIS. 5573 03:25:51,372 --> 03:25:53,407 I LEAD A PROJECT, THE CORE FOCUS 5574 03:25:53,474 --> 03:25:55,676 THINKING ABOUT HOW WE CAN BRING 5575 03:25:55,743 --> 03:25:57,645 AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH TO ENERGY 5576 03:25:57,712 --> 03:25:57,878 POLICY. 5577 03:25:57,945 --> 03:25:59,580 I LOOK FORWARD TO DISCUSSIONS 5578 03:25:59,647 --> 03:26:01,282 TODAY AND LEARNING FROM THE 5579 03:26:01,348 --> 03:26:02,149 OTHER PANELISTS AND AUDIENCE 5580 03:26:02,216 --> 03:26:05,252 TODAY. 5581 03:26:05,319 --> 03:26:05,553 THANK YOU. 5582 03:26:05,619 --> 03:26:06,220 >> THANK YOU. 5583 03:26:06,287 --> 03:26:08,489 JUST SO ALL OF OUR PANELISTS 5584 03:26:08,556 --> 03:26:10,324 KNOW, THERE ALREADY AMPLE TIME 5585 03:26:10,391 --> 03:26:11,158 FOR DISCUSSION. 5586 03:26:11,225 --> 03:26:13,227 WE'LL HAVE A CHANCE TO EXPAND ON 5587 03:26:13,294 --> 03:26:20,434 CONCEPTS IN THE DISCUSSION 5588 03:26:20,501 --> 03:26:22,303 SECTION. 5589 03:26:22,369 --> 03:26:24,605 INCOME DR. JESS FRANZO, INTERIM 5590 03:26:24,672 --> 03:26:25,473 DIRECTOR OF INTERNATIONAL 5591 03:26:25,539 --> 03:26:27,675 RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE 5592 03:26:27,742 --> 03:26:29,944 AND SOCIETY, COLUMBIA CLIMATE 5593 03:26:30,010 --> 03:26:31,378 SCHOOL, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 5594 03:26:31,445 --> 03:26:32,780 WELCOME. 5595 03:26:32,847 --> 03:26:35,082 WE LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR TALK ON 5596 03:26:35,149 --> 03:26:36,984 HARNESSING FOOD SYSTEMS AS A 5597 03:26:37,051 --> 03:26:37,685 SOLUTION FOR CHANGING CLIMATE. 5598 03:26:37,752 --> 03:26:44,525 >> THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 5599 03:26:44,592 --> 03:26:45,426 TO BE HERE. 5600 03:26:45,493 --> 03:26:49,463 I'LL TRY TO KEEP THIS UNDER 15 5601 03:26:49,530 --> 03:26:49,830 MINUTES. 5602 03:26:49,897 --> 03:26:52,733 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT FOOD 5603 03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:54,502 SYSTEMS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH 5604 03:26:54,568 --> 03:26:56,771 CLIMATE, WHAT WITH KEY DO NOW, 5605 03:26:56,837 --> 03:26:58,973 IT'S AN IMPORTANT MOMENT OUT OF 5606 03:26:59,039 --> 03:26:59,406 COP28. 5607 03:26:59,473 --> 03:27:02,476 FOOD WAS A LITTLE BIT IN THE 5608 03:27:02,543 --> 03:27:03,711 NEGOTIATIONS AND IN THE FINAL 5609 03:27:03,778 --> 03:27:07,281 TEXT BUT NOT SO MUCH. 5610 03:27:07,348 --> 03:27:13,187 IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT THAT WE 5611 03:27:13,254 --> 03:27:16,157 BRING THIS TO LIGHT. 5612 03:27:16,223 --> 03:27:17,358 CLIMATE HAS SIGNIFICANT IMPACT 5613 03:27:17,424 --> 03:27:22,062 ON FOOD AND HEALTH SYSTEMS CAN 5614 03:27:22,129 --> 03:27:27,935 SIGNIFICANT REPERCUSSION ON 5615 03:27:28,002 --> 03:27:29,603 DIET AND DISEASE. 5616 03:27:29,670 --> 03:27:34,074 FAR LEFT, DIRECT EFFECT, EXTREME 5617 03:27:34,141 --> 03:27:36,277 WEATHER EFFECT, FLOODS, DOUBTS, 5618 03:27:36,343 --> 03:27:43,384 HEAT WAVE, WARMING TEMPERATURES, 5619 03:27:43,450 --> 03:27:47,121 SEA LEVEL RISE, OCEAN 5620 03:27:47,188 --> 03:27:50,624 ACIDIFICATION, AND I'LL BE 5621 03:27:50,691 --> 03:27:52,459 FOLLOWED BY DR. DAHER TALKING 5622 03:27:52,526 --> 03:27:55,196 ABOUT WATER, WITH IMPACT ON 5623 03:27:55,262 --> 03:27:57,264 WATER, FOOD INSECURITY, TWO 5624 03:27:57,331 --> 03:27:59,266 PATHWAYS IN YELLOW, FOOD SYSTEM 5625 03:27:59,333 --> 03:28:00,668 AND HEALTH SYSTEM PATHWAY IN 5626 03:28:00,734 --> 03:28:04,705 WHICH THROUGH FOOD WE HAVE 5627 03:28:04,772 --> 03:28:09,076 INEFFICIENT QUANTITY AND QUALITY 5628 03:28:09,143 --> 03:28:11,445 BEING CONSUMED OR ACCESSED, 5629 03:28:11,512 --> 03:28:13,247 INCREASED DISEASE AND STRESS 5630 03:28:13,314 --> 03:28:16,217 WITH IMPLICATION ON NUTRITION, 5631 03:28:16,283 --> 03:28:19,053 STUNTING AND WASTING, 5632 03:28:19,119 --> 03:28:20,154 MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, 5633 03:28:20,221 --> 03:28:20,621 OBESITY, DIET-RELATED 5634 03:28:20,688 --> 03:28:25,392 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 5635 03:28:25,459 --> 03:28:26,493 NEXT SLIDE. 5636 03:28:26,560 --> 03:28:32,399 FOOD SYSTEMS ARE PART OF THE 5637 03:28:32,466 --> 03:28:32,967 PROBLEM. 5638 03:28:33,033 --> 03:28:35,169 FOOD SYSTEMS ACCOUNT FOR 30% OF 5639 03:28:35,236 --> 03:28:39,306 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. 5640 03:28:39,373 --> 03:28:45,346 THAT COMES FROM LIVESTOCK 5641 03:28:45,412 --> 03:28:46,647 FERMENTATION, AS WITH RISE, WITH 5642 03:28:46,714 --> 03:28:48,482 THE ENERGY INVOLVED IN GROWING, 5643 03:28:48,549 --> 03:28:50,818 MOVING, PACKAGING OF FOOD AND 5644 03:28:50,885 --> 03:28:54,989 THE RUNOFF, WHETHER MANURE OR 5645 03:28:55,055 --> 03:28:55,890 WASTE. 5646 03:28:55,956 --> 03:28:59,260 LIVE STOCK IS A BIG CONTRIBUTOR 5647 03:28:59,326 --> 03:29:03,430 PARTICULARLY BECAUSE IT -- OF 5648 03:29:03,497 --> 03:29:04,932 THE ENTERIC FERMENTATION WHICH 5649 03:29:04,999 --> 03:29:08,769 RELEASES METHANE, FOOD SYSTEMS 5650 03:29:08,836 --> 03:29:10,537 ARE A VICTIM OF CLIMATE CHANGE 5651 03:29:10,604 --> 03:29:18,379 BUT CONTRIBUTORS, PART OF THE 5652 03:29:18,445 --> 03:29:19,480 PROBLEM. 5653 03:29:19,546 --> 03:29:21,448 WE KNOW THE FOODS WE'RE GROWING 5654 03:29:21,515 --> 03:29:22,549 HAVE CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL 5655 03:29:22,616 --> 03:29:24,418 STRESSES, SHOWING YOU FIVE 5656 03:29:24,485 --> 03:29:25,953 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL 5657 03:29:26,020 --> 03:29:27,688 STRESSES, GREENHOUSE GAS 5658 03:29:27,755 --> 03:29:29,890 EMISSIONS, LAND USE CHANGE, 5659 03:29:29,957 --> 03:29:35,362 WATER USE, NITROGEN AND 5660 03:29:35,429 --> 03:29:40,067 PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION, CAUSING 5661 03:29:40,134 --> 03:29:41,802 POLLUTED WATERS THROUGH NUTRIENT 5662 03:29:41,869 --> 03:29:42,703 RUNOFF. 5663 03:29:42,770 --> 03:29:45,639 LIGHT BLUE IN TOP TWO BARS ARE 5664 03:29:45,706 --> 03:29:47,808 LIVE STOCK, BEEF AND LAMB, LIVE 5665 03:29:47,875 --> 03:29:49,343 STOCK PRODUCE A LOT OF 5666 03:29:49,410 --> 03:29:52,413 GREENHOUSE GASES, LAND USE 5667 03:29:52,479 --> 03:29:58,585 CHANGE, TYPICALLY IN TROPICAL 5668 03:29:58,652 --> 03:29:59,987 FOREST, DEFORESTATION. 5669 03:30:00,054 --> 03:30:03,157 DIFFERENT FOODS HAVE DIFFERENT 5670 03:30:03,223 --> 03:30:03,791 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES DEPENDING 5671 03:30:03,857 --> 03:30:04,992 WHERE THEY ARE GROWN AND HOW 5672 03:30:05,059 --> 03:30:06,193 THEY ARE GROWN. 5673 03:30:06,260 --> 03:30:11,231 THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT. 5674 03:30:11,298 --> 03:30:16,570 AVOCADOS AND NUTS ARE BIG WATER 5675 03:30:16,637 --> 03:30:17,338 CONSUMERS, STAPLE GRAINS USE A 5676 03:30:17,404 --> 03:30:27,982 LOT OF WATER AND CHEMICALS. 5677 03:30:28,048 --> 03:30:28,515 NEXT SLIDE. 5678 03:30:28,582 --> 03:30:30,784 NOT ONLY THE FOODS WE'RE 5679 03:30:30,851 --> 03:30:31,685 CONSUMING HAVE ENVIRONMENTAL 5680 03:30:31,752 --> 03:30:38,892 FOOTPRINTS BUT HAVE IMPACTS ON 5681 03:30:38,959 --> 03:30:42,396 HUMAN HEALTH; ON LEFT DIETARY 5682 03:30:42,463 --> 03:30:45,265 RISKS FOR MORBIDITY AND 5683 03:30:45,332 --> 03:30:47,234 MORTALITY IN THE WORLD, DIETS 5684 03:30:47,301 --> 03:30:48,535 MEANT TO NOURISH US ARE KILLING 5685 03:30:48,602 --> 03:30:48,769 US. 5686 03:30:48,836 --> 03:30:51,071 THIS IS DATA FROM THE GLOBAL 5687 03:30:51,138 --> 03:30:54,675 BURDEN OF DISEASE, MOST OF THAT 5688 03:30:54,742 --> 03:30:57,845 DEATH IS DUE TO NON-COMMUNICABLE 5689 03:30:57,911 --> 03:30:59,046 DISEASES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 5690 03:30:59,113 --> 03:31:02,549 BEING THE TOP. 5691 03:31:02,616 --> 03:31:04,151 DIETS CONTRIBUTE TO OTHER 5692 03:31:04,218 --> 03:31:08,555 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE, ON THE 5693 03:31:08,622 --> 03:31:16,196 RIGHT IS WORK SHOWING TYPE 2 5694 03:31:16,263 --> 03:31:17,965 DIABETES, SUBOPTIMAL DIETS ARE 5695 03:31:18,032 --> 03:31:20,367 THE MAIN RISK FACTOR, AND OTHER 5696 03:31:20,434 --> 03:31:21,135 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO 5697 03:31:21,201 --> 03:31:24,071 DIABETES, LACK OF INTAKE OF 5698 03:31:24,138 --> 03:31:26,040 WHOLE GRAINS, EXCESS INTAKE OF 5699 03:31:26,106 --> 03:31:35,182 REFINED GRAINS AND PROCESSED RED 5700 03:31:35,249 --> 03:31:35,682 MEATS. 5701 03:31:35,749 --> 03:31:36,583 NEXT SLIDE. 5702 03:31:36,650 --> 03:31:40,187 DIGGING FURTHER INTO DIET AND 5703 03:31:40,254 --> 03:31:41,388 FOODS THAT ARE POTENTIALLY 5704 03:31:41,455 --> 03:31:43,257 PUTTING PEOPLE AT RISK FOR 5705 03:31:43,323 --> 03:31:44,458 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND TYPE 5706 03:31:44,525 --> 03:31:48,062 2 DIABETES, I'VE HIGHLIGHTED IN 5707 03:31:48,128 --> 03:31:49,730 RED WHERE YOU CAN SEE HIGHER 5708 03:31:49,797 --> 03:31:51,265 RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 5709 03:31:51,331 --> 03:31:54,334 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, A LITTLE 5710 03:31:54,401 --> 03:32:00,340 BIT OF STROKE IN THERE, RED MEAT 5711 03:32:00,407 --> 03:32:02,242 AND PROCESSED MEATS, SHOWN IN 5712 03:32:02,309 --> 03:32:04,845 MANY STUDIES THAT BUILT UPON 5713 03:32:04,912 --> 03:32:08,449 THAT, WHEN WE LOOK AT HEALTH AND 5714 03:32:08,515 --> 03:32:09,650 ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS, RED MEAT, 5715 03:32:09,716 --> 03:32:12,453 RED PROCESSED MEATS ARE THE 5716 03:32:12,519 --> 03:32:14,388 OUTLIERS OF HAVING A DOUBLE 5717 03:32:14,455 --> 03:32:17,324 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND THE 5718 03:32:17,391 --> 03:32:21,962 ENVIRONMENT, WHEN EATEN OR 5719 03:32:22,029 --> 03:32:22,796 PRODUCED IN EXCESS. 5720 03:32:22,863 --> 03:32:23,464 NEXT SLIDE. 5721 03:32:23,530 --> 03:32:25,432 BUR IT'S NOT SUCH AN EASY 5722 03:32:25,499 --> 03:32:27,601 PICTURE, IN THAT WHAT IS HEALTHY 5723 03:32:27,668 --> 03:32:29,036 IS SUSTAINABLE. 5724 03:32:29,103 --> 03:32:30,571 THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY TRUE. 5725 03:32:30,637 --> 03:32:34,274 THIS IS WORK BY MIKE CLARK AND 5726 03:32:34,341 --> 03:32:34,575 COLLEAGUES. 5727 03:32:34,641 --> 03:32:35,943 IT'S SHOWING THESE SPIDER WEBS 5728 03:32:36,009 --> 03:32:40,314 ON THE LEFT PART OF THE SPIDER 5729 03:32:40,380 --> 03:32:40,848 WEB IS HEALTH. 5730 03:32:40,914 --> 03:32:42,916 ON THE RIGHT IS ENVIRONMENT. 5731 03:32:42,983 --> 03:32:46,420 YOU CAN SEE THERE'S MORTALITY, 5732 03:32:46,487 --> 03:32:47,688 CORONARY HEART DISEASE, 5733 03:32:47,754 --> 03:32:48,522 COLORECTAL CANCER, DIABETES, 5734 03:32:48,589 --> 03:32:50,057 STROKE. 5735 03:32:50,124 --> 03:32:53,527 ON THE LEFT ARE THOSE FIVE MAJOR 5736 03:32:53,594 --> 03:32:54,428 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS LOOKED 5737 03:32:54,495 --> 03:33:00,434 AT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PAPERS. 5738 03:33:00,501 --> 03:33:07,241 WATER USE, ACIDIFICATION. 5739 03:33:07,307 --> 03:33:08,742 NUTS, HEALTHY, PROTECTIVE, BUT 5740 03:33:08,809 --> 03:33:10,077 HIGH WATER USE. 5741 03:33:10,144 --> 03:33:14,548 OR LOOK AT THE THIRD ROW, ON THE 5742 03:33:14,615 --> 03:33:17,184 VERY FAR RIGHT, UNPROCESSED RED 5743 03:33:17,251 --> 03:33:18,719 MEATS. 5744 03:33:18,785 --> 03:33:20,254 RISKS ON THE NON-COMMUNICABLE 5745 03:33:20,320 --> 03:33:26,793 DISEASE SIDE, HIGH RISK ON 5746 03:33:26,860 --> 03:33:30,564 ENVIRONMENT SIDE. 5747 03:33:30,631 --> 03:33:33,167 AT THE BOTTOM, SSB, THAT'S 5748 03:33:33,233 --> 03:33:35,602 SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES. 5749 03:33:35,669 --> 03:33:38,005 NOT GREAT FOR HEALTH. 5750 03:33:38,071 --> 03:33:40,407 BUT PRETTY LOW ENVIRONMENTAL 5751 03:33:40,474 --> 03:33:40,807 FOOTPRINT. 5752 03:33:40,874 --> 03:33:44,111 SO, HEALTHY FOODS ARE NOT ALWAYS 5753 03:33:44,178 --> 03:33:46,647 NECESSARILY THE MOST SUSTAINABLE 5754 03:33:46,713 --> 03:33:47,314 FOODS. 5755 03:33:47,381 --> 03:33:54,321 IT'S NOT ALWAYS AN EQUAL 5756 03:33:54,388 --> 03:33:54,555 PAIRING. 5757 03:33:54,621 --> 03:33:55,489 NEXT SLIDE. 5758 03:33:55,556 --> 03:33:59,893 LAST THING WE KNOW HEALTHY DIETS 5759 03:33:59,960 --> 03:34:01,528 ARE INEQUITABLE, ACCESS TO 5760 03:34:01,595 --> 03:34:03,063 HEALTHY DIETS ARE UNAFFORDABLE 5761 03:34:03,130 --> 03:34:05,332 FOR MANY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD. 5762 03:34:05,399 --> 03:34:06,867 THIS MAP IS SHOWING YOU THE 5763 03:34:06,934 --> 03:34:08,835 PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION WHO 5764 03:34:08,902 --> 03:34:10,938 CANNOT AFFORD A HEALTHY DIET. 5765 03:34:11,004 --> 03:34:13,240 THE DARK BROWN IS WHERE 75% OR 5766 03:34:13,307 --> 03:34:15,409 MORE OF THE POPULATION CANNOT 5767 03:34:15,475 --> 03:34:18,912 AFFORD A HEALTHY DIET. 5768 03:34:18,979 --> 03:34:20,047 3.2BILLION PEOPLE CANNOT AFFORD 5769 03:34:20,113 --> 03:34:21,515 THAT HEALTHY DIET WHICH IS 5770 03:34:21,582 --> 03:34:27,888 INCREDIBLE WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 5771 03:34:27,955 --> 03:34:28,655 THAT STATISTIC. 5772 03:34:28,722 --> 03:34:30,724 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT, IT WAS GOOD 5773 03:34:30,791 --> 03:34:33,694 TO HEAR FROM DR. PENG TALKING 5774 03:34:33,760 --> 03:34:35,329 ABOUT THE ENERGY SECTOR, THAT IS 5775 03:34:35,395 --> 03:34:37,397 THE BIGGEST CONTRIBUTOR TO 5776 03:34:37,464 --> 03:34:38,498 GREENHOUSE GASES. 5777 03:34:38,565 --> 03:34:42,536 IF WE DO NOTHING ON FOOD, WE 5778 03:34:42,603 --> 03:34:45,172 WILL NOT REACH THE PARIS CLIMATE 5779 03:34:45,239 --> 03:34:47,574 CHANGE TARGETS TO STAY BELOW 1.5 5780 03:34:47,641 --> 03:34:47,908 DEGREES. 5781 03:34:47,975 --> 03:34:53,914 IF WE FIX THE ENERGY SECTOR, WE 5782 03:34:53,981 --> 03:34:57,751 FIX TRANSPORTATION, 5783 03:34:57,818 --> 03:34:58,852 INFRASTRUCTURE, FROM DR. 5784 03:34:58,919 --> 03:35:01,455 RAMASWAMI'S PRESENTATION WE 5785 03:35:01,521 --> 03:35:04,658 STILL WON'T MEET PARIS AGREEMENT 5786 03:35:04,725 --> 03:35:11,431 IF WE DO NOTHING. 5787 03:35:11,498 --> 03:35:12,833 67% CHANCE STAYING BELOW 1.5 WE 5788 03:35:12,899 --> 03:35:15,402 NEED TO DO MANY THINGS, 5789 03:35:15,469 --> 03:35:17,237 IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF WHAT'S 5790 03:35:17,304 --> 03:35:18,105 GROWN, INCREASING YIELDS IN SOME 5791 03:35:18,171 --> 03:35:22,809 PARTS OF THE WORLD LIKE 5792 03:35:22,876 --> 03:35:24,878 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, INCREASING 5793 03:35:24,945 --> 03:35:25,545 PLANT-BASED DIET CONSUMPTION, 5794 03:35:25,612 --> 03:35:27,848 CONSUMING RIGHT AMOUNT OF 5795 03:35:27,914 --> 03:35:29,483 CALORIES, NOT OVERCONSUMING. 5796 03:35:29,549 --> 03:35:31,752 AND CUTTING FOOD LOSS WASTE IN 5797 03:35:31,818 --> 03:35:32,219 HALF. 5798 03:35:32,286 --> 03:35:34,187 WHAT THAT LAST BAR SHOWS IS THAT 5799 03:35:34,254 --> 03:35:36,056 WE NEED TO DO ALL OF THAT IF WE 5800 03:35:36,123 --> 03:35:40,994 WANT TO HAVE A STANDING CHANCE 5801 03:35:41,061 --> 03:35:47,000 TO STAY BELOW 1.5 DEGREES. 5802 03:35:47,067 --> 03:35:47,467 NEXT SLIDE. 5803 03:35:47,534 --> 03:35:50,070 UNFORTUNATELY THIS CUT OFF. 5804 03:35:50,137 --> 03:35:52,472 THAT'S OKAY. 5805 03:35:52,539 --> 03:35:53,674 SOME INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, 5806 03:35:53,740 --> 03:35:55,776 AND COUNTRIES NEED TO MAKE 5807 03:35:55,842 --> 03:36:00,147 BIGGER CHANGES THAN OTHERS. 5808 03:36:00,213 --> 03:36:03,884 ENERGY INTENSIVE LIFESTYLES FOR 5809 03:36:03,950 --> 03:36:04,951 MANY ARE SIGNIFICANT 5810 03:36:05,018 --> 03:36:06,820 ANTHROPOGENIC CONTRIBUTORS TO 5811 03:36:06,887 --> 03:36:08,255 CLIMATE CHANGE WITH 5812 03:36:08,322 --> 03:36:09,556 DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT IN 5813 03:36:09,623 --> 03:36:13,593 PLACES THAT ARE RESOURCE 5814 03:36:13,660 --> 03:36:13,960 CONSTRAINED. 5815 03:36:14,027 --> 03:36:16,763 SIX ECONOMIES EMIT HALF THE 5816 03:36:16,830 --> 03:36:22,936 GREENHOUSE GASES, U.S., CHINA, 5817 03:36:23,003 --> 03:36:24,771 BRAZIL, INDIA, INDONESIA AND 5818 03:36:24,838 --> 03:36:24,938 E.U. 5819 03:36:25,005 --> 03:36:27,507 WE CONSUME A LOT OF MEAT, 5820 03:36:27,574 --> 03:36:30,911 SOMETIMES 30 TIMES MORE MEAT 5821 03:36:30,977 --> 03:36:33,413 THAN BANGLADESH PER DAY OR PER 5822 03:36:33,480 --> 03:36:33,613 WEEK. 5823 03:36:33,680 --> 03:36:35,482 WE REALLY NEED TO SEE AND 5824 03:36:35,549 --> 03:36:36,350 UNDERSTAND THE INEQUITIES THAT 5825 03:36:36,416 --> 03:36:39,553 WE'RE FACING WHEN IT COMES TO 5826 03:36:39,619 --> 03:36:41,088 DIETS AND WHO NEEDS TO TAKE 5827 03:36:41,154 --> 03:36:51,665 BIGGER ACTION ON FOOD SYSTEMS. 5828 03:36:52,699 --> 03:36:56,036 I'LL GO THROUGH THIS AND TALK 5829 03:36:56,103 --> 03:36:56,837 ABOUT RESEARCH. 5830 03:36:56,903 --> 03:36:58,805 TO HIGHLIGHT AGAIN IT'S NOT ONLY 5831 03:36:58,872 --> 03:37:01,742 THAT WE HAVE TO FIX AGRICULTURE 5832 03:37:01,808 --> 03:37:05,712 PRODUCTION, ENSURE PEOPLE GET 5833 03:37:05,779 --> 03:37:08,548 ACCESS TO HEALTHY DIETS, MOVE TO 5834 03:37:08,615 --> 03:37:10,083 PLANT-BASED DIET, CUT FOOD WASTE 5835 03:37:10,150 --> 03:37:11,618 IN HALF, WE NEED DIFFERENT 5836 03:37:11,685 --> 03:37:16,423 POLICY LEVERS TO BE ABLE TO HELP 5837 03:37:16,490 --> 03:37:23,530 FARMERS, HELP CONSUMERS MAKE 5838 03:37:23,597 --> 03:37:25,399 HEALTHIER SUSTAINABLE CHOICES. 5839 03:37:25,465 --> 03:37:27,701 FROM AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION TO 5840 03:37:27,768 --> 03:37:28,935 TRANSPORT, TO FOOD ENVIRONMENTS, 5841 03:37:29,002 --> 03:37:30,470 WHERE YOU ENGAGE WITH THE FOOD 5842 03:37:30,537 --> 03:37:32,439 SYSTEM EVERY DAY, YOU GO INTO A 5843 03:37:32,506 --> 03:37:34,908 MARKET, GO INTO A RESTAURANT, 5844 03:37:34,975 --> 03:37:35,942 MAKE CHOICES. 5845 03:37:36,009 --> 03:37:39,212 AS WELL AS AROUND LABELING AND 5846 03:37:39,279 --> 03:37:41,181 PROMOTION AND DIETARY 5847 03:37:41,248 --> 03:37:41,481 GUIDELINES. 5848 03:37:41,548 --> 03:37:44,151 WE NEED GOVERNMENTS TO TAKE 5849 03:37:44,217 --> 03:37:45,318 DIFFERENT ACTIONS ACROSS 5850 03:37:45,385 --> 03:37:47,320 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE SUPPLY 5851 03:37:47,387 --> 03:37:47,521 CHAIN. 5852 03:37:47,587 --> 03:37:48,955 IT'S A SYSTEM. 5853 03:37:49,022 --> 03:37:52,859 IT'S COMPLICATED. 5854 03:37:52,926 --> 03:37:57,898 IT'S MESSY. 5855 03:37:57,964 --> 03:38:00,867 A SILVER BULLET WON'T SOLVE 5856 03:38:00,934 --> 03:38:03,503 CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOR 5857 03:38:03,570 --> 03:38:03,770 OURSELVES. 5858 03:38:03,837 --> 03:38:06,773 THERE'S A RANGE OF INCENTIVES 5859 03:38:06,840 --> 03:38:08,975 AND DISINCENTIVES AND 5860 03:38:09,042 --> 03:38:09,709 REGULATION, AND KNOWLEDGE 5861 03:38:09,776 --> 03:38:12,913 GARNERING THAT NEED TO HAPPEN 5862 03:38:12,979 --> 03:38:14,414 ACROSS THE ENTIRETY OF FOOD 5863 03:38:14,481 --> 03:38:17,818 SUPPLY CHAINS AND FOOD SYSTEMS. 5864 03:38:17,884 --> 03:38:21,922 GOVERNMENTS AND PRIVATE SECTOR 5865 03:38:21,988 --> 03:38:25,392 ARE RESPONSIBLE AND NEED TO TAKE 5866 03:38:25,459 --> 03:38:29,229 MORE ACTION, TO LEAVE IT IN THE 5867 03:38:29,296 --> 03:38:39,806 HANDS OF CONSUMERS IS UNFAIR. 5868 03:38:42,709 --> 03:38:44,110 NEXT SLIDE. 5869 03:38:44,177 --> 03:38:46,980 I'LL PRESENT THREE AREAS, AND 5870 03:38:47,047 --> 03:38:47,948 I'LL BE QUICK. 5871 03:38:48,014 --> 03:38:50,584 THE PROBLEM WHEN WE'RE TALKING 5872 03:38:50,650 --> 03:38:51,885 ABOUT FOOD SYSTEMS IS THAT YOU 5873 03:38:51,952 --> 03:38:53,520 HEAR THIS ARGUMENT THAT FOOD 5874 03:38:53,587 --> 03:38:54,821 SYSTEMS ARE FAILING US. 5875 03:38:54,888 --> 03:39:00,093 WHEN YOU LOOK AT WHAT'S THE 5876 03:39:00,160 --> 03:39:01,027 FAILURE ABOUT, AGRICULTURISTS 5877 03:39:01,094 --> 03:39:03,363 WILL SAY WE NEED TO PRODUCE MORE 5878 03:39:03,430 --> 03:39:03,697 FOOD. 5879 03:39:03,763 --> 03:39:05,565 NUTRITION COMMUNITY SAYS, NO, WE 5880 03:39:05,632 --> 03:39:07,100 NEED TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT KINDS 5881 03:39:07,167 --> 03:39:07,434 OF FOODS. 5882 03:39:07,501 --> 03:39:09,936 WE NEED TO FILL THE NUTRIENT 5883 03:39:10,003 --> 03:39:10,270 GAP. 5884 03:39:10,337 --> 03:39:12,706 THOSE WHO WORK ON SOCIAL JUSTICE 5885 03:39:12,772 --> 03:39:17,410 SAY, NO, WE NEED LOCALIZED 5886 03:39:17,477 --> 03:39:18,945 SYSTEMS, AUTONOMY, DEMOCRACY, 5887 03:39:19,012 --> 03:39:20,046 SOCIAL AND FOOD JUSTICE. 5888 03:39:20,113 --> 03:39:21,448 THOSE WHO WORK IN ENVIRONMENT 5889 03:39:21,515 --> 03:39:23,316 SAY WE NEED TO REDUCE THE 5890 03:39:23,383 --> 03:39:25,085 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF FOOD 5891 03:39:25,151 --> 03:39:25,318 SYSTEMS. 5892 03:39:25,385 --> 03:39:27,387 THE PROBLEM IS NONE OF THESE 5893 03:39:27,454 --> 03:39:30,223 GROUPS CAN AGREE ON HOW WE MOVE 5894 03:39:30,290 --> 03:39:31,958 FORWARD WITH FOOD SYSTEM 5895 03:39:32,025 --> 03:39:33,493 TRANSFORMATION, AND WHAT SHOULD 5896 03:39:33,560 --> 03:39:34,794 BE PRIORITIZED. 5897 03:39:34,861 --> 03:39:37,230 IT'S VERY COMPLICATED BECAUSE WE 5898 03:39:37,297 --> 03:39:38,965 HAVE MANY DIFFERENT SECTORS AND 5899 03:39:39,032 --> 03:39:40,600 DISCIPLINES THAT NEED TO COME 5900 03:39:40,667 --> 03:39:48,041 TOGETHER TO TRANSFORM FOOD 5901 03:39:48,108 --> 03:39:48,275 SYSTEMS. 5902 03:39:48,341 --> 03:39:48,975 NEXT SLIDE. 5903 03:39:49,042 --> 03:39:57,217 >> TWO MINUTES LEFT. 5904 03:39:57,284 --> 03:39:58,251 >> OKAY. 5905 03:39:58,318 --> 03:39:59,519 I'M MEETING MY TIME. 5906 03:39:59,586 --> 03:40:01,388 I'M TIMING MYSELF. 5907 03:40:01,454 --> 03:40:03,490 I GET AN EXTRA 30 SECONDS FOR 5908 03:40:03,557 --> 03:40:05,025 SLIDES NOT MOVING FORWARD. 5909 03:40:05,091 --> 03:40:07,193 WHEN WE'RE THINKING ABOUT IN THE 5910 03:40:07,260 --> 03:40:09,062 NUTRITION WORLD, HOW DO WE 5911 03:40:09,129 --> 03:40:12,332 ENSURE THAT WE HAVE STRONGER 5912 03:40:12,399 --> 03:40:14,200 INTERSECTION BETWEEN FOOD 5913 03:40:14,267 --> 03:40:15,235 SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE, 5914 03:40:15,302 --> 03:40:17,504 NUTRITION, WE NEED A LOT OF 5915 03:40:17,571 --> 03:40:20,273 DIFFERENT METHODS, A LOT OF 5916 03:40:20,340 --> 03:40:21,074 DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS, AND A 5917 03:40:21,141 --> 03:40:25,178 LOT OF GOALS TO COME TOGETHER. 5918 03:40:25,245 --> 03:40:27,380 IT IS INCREDIBLY CHALLENGING TO 5919 03:40:27,447 --> 03:40:30,650 WORK ACROSS METHODS EVEN IN OUR 5920 03:40:30,717 --> 03:40:32,419 OWN DISCIPLINES, BUT ACROSS 5921 03:40:32,485 --> 03:40:37,324 DISCIPLINES WITH DIFFERENT GOALS 5922 03:40:37,390 --> 03:40:39,192 AND INTERVENTIONS IN MIND. 5923 03:40:39,259 --> 03:40:41,828 IT'S NOT EASY TO TRANSFORM THE 5924 03:40:41,895 --> 03:40:42,896 ENERGY SECTOR, FOOD SYSTEMS, 5925 03:40:42,963 --> 03:40:47,000 LET'S DO IMPORTANT RESEARCH THAT 5926 03:40:47,067 --> 03:40:47,934 GETS TO SOLUTIONS; THERE'S A LOT 5927 03:40:48,001 --> 03:40:48,868 OF METHODS AND INTERVENTIONS 5928 03:40:48,935 --> 03:40:51,304 THAT NEED TO COME TOGETHER THAT 5929 03:40:51,371 --> 03:40:52,505 REQUIRE TIME AND ENERGY FOR 5930 03:40:52,572 --> 03:40:57,010 DISCIPLINES TO BE ABLE TO BE 5931 03:40:57,077 --> 03:40:58,345 MARRIED. 5932 03:40:58,411 --> 03:40:59,079 NEXT SLIDE. 5933 03:40:59,145 --> 03:41:01,281 AND MY SECOND TO LAST SLIDE, ONE 5934 03:41:01,348 --> 03:41:03,283 OF THE THINGS I WANT TO 5935 03:41:03,350 --> 03:41:05,251 EMPHASIZE IS WE'RE IN A TIME 5936 03:41:05,318 --> 03:41:08,188 WHERE FACTS AND EVIDENCE ARE 5937 03:41:08,254 --> 03:41:10,824 UNDER SCRUTINY. 5938 03:41:10,890 --> 03:41:17,197 SOMETIMES OPENLY DISREGARDED OR 5939 03:41:17,263 --> 03:41:17,430 SUSPECT. 5940 03:41:17,497 --> 03:41:18,498 TO ME RESEARCH CAN CHART A 5941 03:41:18,565 --> 03:41:21,434 POSITIVE PATH FOR THE WORLD AND 5942 03:41:21,501 --> 03:41:22,969 BRING WHOLESALE CHANGES IN 5943 03:41:23,036 --> 03:41:24,070 ATTITUDES, POLITICAL THOUGHT AND 5944 03:41:24,137 --> 03:41:24,504 ACTIONS. 5945 03:41:24,571 --> 03:41:26,706 MANY PEOPLE ON THE CALL ARE 5946 03:41:26,773 --> 03:41:29,876 RESEARCHERS, AND WE HAVE A VERY 5947 03:41:29,943 --> 03:41:32,612 IMPORTANT ROLE IN PUSHING 5948 03:41:32,679 --> 03:41:34,114 FORWARD SCIENCE, DATA, EVIDENCE. 5949 03:41:34,180 --> 03:41:38,952 AND ENSURING THAT WE HOLD OUR 5950 03:41:39,019 --> 03:41:42,222 POLICYMAKERS TO USE THAT 5951 03:41:42,288 --> 03:41:42,555 EFFECTIVELY. 5952 03:41:42,622 --> 03:41:43,657 SECOND, NEXT SLIDE, AND JUST 5953 03:41:43,723 --> 03:41:45,692 LAST I'M NOT GOING TO PRESENT 5954 03:41:45,759 --> 03:41:52,399 THIS MUCH BUT THIS IS WORK DONE 5955 03:41:52,465 --> 03:41:54,801 BY SEVERAL COLLEAGUES TO MAP OUT 5956 03:41:54,868 --> 03:41:55,902 FOOD SYSTEMS. 5957 03:41:55,969 --> 03:41:57,671 THE BOTTOM BAR STARTS WITH 5958 03:41:57,737 --> 03:41:59,506 GOVERNANCE OF FOOD SYSTEMS. 5959 03:41:59,572 --> 03:42:00,407 NATIONAL GOVERNANCE. 5960 03:42:00,473 --> 03:42:02,042 WE NEED GOVERNANCE TO START 5961 03:42:02,108 --> 03:42:05,979 TAKING ACTION ON FOOD SYSTEMS. 5962 03:42:06,046 --> 03:42:07,647 AND ENSURING THAT THEY ARE -- 5963 03:42:07,714 --> 03:42:10,250 THEIR HANDS ARE ON THE WHEEL. 5964 03:42:10,316 --> 03:42:12,952 PRIVATE SECTOR CONTROLS, WHAT WE 5965 03:42:13,019 --> 03:42:14,954 EAT, THEY ARE IN CONTROL. 5966 03:42:15,021 --> 03:42:17,891 THEY ARE THE DRIVERS OF THE FOOD 5967 03:42:17,957 --> 03:42:19,426 SYSTEM GOVERNANCE. 5968 03:42:19,492 --> 03:42:21,161 WE NEED OUR GOVERNMENTS TO TAKE 5969 03:42:21,227 --> 03:42:22,395 ACTION AND CARING ABOUT THE 5970 03:42:22,462 --> 03:42:24,030 KINDS OF DIETS THAT PEOPLE GET 5971 03:42:24,097 --> 03:42:25,331 ACCESS TO AND KIND OF FOODS 5972 03:42:25,398 --> 03:42:27,734 WE'RE GROWING IN THE WORLD, FOR 5973 03:42:27,801 --> 03:42:29,936 BOTH HUMAN AND PLANETARY HEALTH. 5974 03:42:30,003 --> 03:42:36,076 I'LL END THERE. 5975 03:42:36,142 --> 03:42:36,476 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5976 03:42:36,543 --> 03:42:38,578 >> THANK YOU FOR LAYING GROUND 5977 03:42:38,645 --> 03:42:40,313 WORK TO START THINKING ABOUT 5978 03:42:40,380 --> 03:42:41,081 FOOD SYSTEMS. 5979 03:42:41,147 --> 03:42:45,251 I CAN'T WAIT FOR THE PERSPECTIVE 5980 03:42:45,318 --> 03:42:46,119 IN THE DISCUSSION. 5981 03:42:46,186 --> 03:42:50,857 I'D LIKE TO WELCOME DR. BASSEL 5982 03:42:50,924 --> 03:42:55,562 DAHER, RESEARCH SCIENTIST, TEXAS 5983 03:42:55,628 --> 03:42:57,197 A & M, CONVERGENCE RESEARCH 5984 03:42:57,263 --> 03:42:58,264 INCUBATOR, ADJUNCT ASSISTANT 5985 03:42:58,331 --> 03:42:59,699 PROFESSOR IN AGRICULTURE 5986 03:42:59,766 --> 03:43:01,334 ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH FELLOW 5987 03:43:01,401 --> 03:43:03,636 AT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE, 5988 03:43:03,703 --> 03:43:11,611 TECHNOLOGY, PUBLIC POLICY AT 5989 03:43:11,678 --> 03:43:12,178 TEXAS A & M. 5990 03:43:12,245 --> 03:43:15,115 >> IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE PART OF 5991 03:43:15,181 --> 03:43:16,216 THIS DISTINGUISHED PANEL. 5992 03:43:16,282 --> 03:43:22,021 ALSO A PLEASURE TO FOLLOW DR. 5993 03:43:22,088 --> 03:43:23,690 FANZO, WHOSE BOOK, THE ONE SHE 5994 03:43:23,757 --> 03:43:27,460 SHARED ON THE LAST SLIDE, I 5995 03:43:27,527 --> 03:43:29,062 THINK THIS BOOK SHOULD BE OF 5996 03:43:29,129 --> 03:43:35,535 INTEREST TO THIS CROWD SO HIGHLY 5997 03:43:35,602 --> 03:43:37,270 RECOMMEND IT. 5998 03:43:37,337 --> 03:43:38,671 MY TALK ABOUT FOCUS ON WATER 5999 03:43:38,738 --> 03:43:41,107 SYSTEMS AT THE NEXUS AND HUMAN 6000 03:43:41,174 --> 03:43:42,942 AND PLANETARY HEALTH. 6001 03:43:43,009 --> 03:43:47,547 BUT I'M HOPING THROUGH MY 6002 03:43:47,614 --> 03:43:50,617 PRESENTATION AND AS I BUILD 6003 03:43:50,683 --> 03:43:53,219 INTERCONNECTIONS WE ARRIVE TO A 6004 03:43:53,286 --> 03:43:55,421 BROADER SYSTEM LEVEL PICTURE AND 6005 03:43:55,488 --> 03:43:56,723 SYSTEM LEVEL INTERCONNECTIONS OF 6006 03:43:56,790 --> 03:44:04,497 WATER SYSTEMS AND OTHER SYSTEMS 6007 03:44:04,564 --> 03:44:07,133 THAT ARE CONNECTED. 6008 03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:11,504 I'D LIKE US TO REFLECT FOR A FEW 6009 03:44:11,571 --> 03:44:13,807 SECONDS HERE ON THIS GLOBAL 6010 03:44:13,873 --> 03:44:15,675 RISKS REPORT FROM 2020, AN 6011 03:44:15,742 --> 03:44:18,845 ANNUAL PUBLICATION BY THE WORLD 6012 03:44:18,912 --> 03:44:20,180 ECONOMIC FORUM ISSUED AT THE 6013 03:44:20,246 --> 03:44:26,653 BEGINNING OF EVERY YEAR, WHICH 6014 03:44:26,719 --> 03:44:28,721 INCLUDES THIS GRAPH OF RISKS 6015 03:44:28,788 --> 03:44:31,224 EXPECTED FOR THAT SPECIFIC YEAR 6016 03:44:31,291 --> 03:44:33,193 WHICH IS RESULT OF SURVEY THAT 6017 03:44:33,259 --> 03:44:35,161 IS USUALLY CONDUCTED WITH MORE 6018 03:44:35,228 --> 03:44:38,898 THAN A THOUSAND BUSINESS 6019 03:44:38,965 --> 03:44:40,333 EXECUTIVES, ACADEMICS, 6020 03:44:40,400 --> 03:44:45,505 GOVERNMENT ENTITIES, NGOs, 6021 03:44:45,572 --> 03:44:46,105 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 6022 03:44:46,172 --> 03:44:46,806 AMONG OTHERS. 6023 03:44:46,873 --> 03:44:50,076 HAVE A LOOK AT RISKS THAT WERE 6024 03:44:50,143 --> 03:44:51,511 IDENTIFIED IN 2020. 6025 03:44:51,578 --> 03:44:56,015 SEE ON THE UPPER LEFT CORNER 6026 03:44:56,082 --> 03:44:56,983 INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THAT MADE 6027 03:44:57,050 --> 03:44:59,719 IT TO THE LIST, AND HAD 6028 03:44:59,786 --> 03:45:01,020 RELATIVELY HIGH IMPACT COMPARED 6029 03:45:01,087 --> 03:45:07,026 TO OTHER RISKS BUT WAS LOWER ON 6030 03:45:07,093 --> 03:45:09,429 THE LIKELIHOOD SCALE. 6031 03:45:09,495 --> 03:45:11,865 REFLECT ON THE OTHER RISKS AND 6032 03:45:11,931 --> 03:45:14,133 CHALLENGES WE ENDED UP FACING. 6033 03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:17,537 WHAT STARTED AS PUBLIC HEALTH 6034 03:45:17,604 --> 03:45:21,474 CRISIS SHOWED US FOOD SUPPLY 6035 03:45:21,541 --> 03:45:23,142 CHAIN FAILURES, UNEMPLOYMENT, 6036 03:45:23,209 --> 03:45:24,744 FINANCIAL CRISIS, ENERGY PRICE 6037 03:45:24,811 --> 03:45:25,845 SHOCKS. 6038 03:45:25,912 --> 03:45:27,580 ALL OF THE CRISES, ALL THESE 6039 03:45:27,647 --> 03:45:29,015 THINGS ARE CHALLENGES THAT WE 6040 03:45:29,082 --> 03:45:32,085 SAW DURING THAT YEAR, THAT WERE 6041 03:45:32,151 --> 03:45:37,390 REALLY CATALYZED BY THE PUBLIC 6042 03:45:37,457 --> 03:45:40,093 HEALTH CRISIS. 6043 03:45:40,159 --> 03:45:42,295 A FEW REFLECTIONS FROM THE 6044 03:45:42,362 --> 03:45:44,030 SURVEY, NEXT PLEASE, THAT WE 6045 03:45:44,097 --> 03:45:46,766 LIVE IN A WORLD WITH WIDE RANGE 6046 03:45:46,833 --> 03:45:47,533 OF CHALLENGES. 6047 03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:51,271 WE SEE HERE DIVERSITY OF THESE 6048 03:45:51,337 --> 03:45:54,007 DIFFERENT CHALLENGES FROM 6049 03:45:54,073 --> 03:45:54,974 ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, 6050 03:45:55,041 --> 03:45:56,042 GEOPOLITICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, 6051 03:45:56,109 --> 03:45:59,512 SOCIETAL, AMONG OTHERS. 6052 03:45:59,579 --> 03:46:01,114 HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED, DO NOT 6053 03:46:01,180 --> 03:46:03,650 EXIST IN SILOS, DO IMPACT ONE 6054 03:46:03,716 --> 03:46:03,983 ANOTHER. 6055 03:46:04,050 --> 03:46:06,252 ANOTHER REFLECTION IS THAT THESE 6056 03:46:06,319 --> 03:46:07,820 CHALLENGES AND RISKS ARE OFTEN 6057 03:46:07,887 --> 03:46:10,089 HARD TO PREDICT, AND WE OFTEN DO 6058 03:46:10,156 --> 03:46:13,826 NOT HAVE THE LUXURY OF TIME TO 6059 03:46:13,893 --> 03:46:15,128 RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES. 6060 03:46:15,194 --> 03:46:17,330 THEREFORE WE NEED TO HAVE THE 6061 03:46:17,397 --> 03:46:18,765 NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE READY 6062 03:46:18,831 --> 03:46:21,467 FOR US TO RESPOND TO THE NEXT 6063 03:46:21,534 --> 03:46:32,078 SHOCK WHEN IT HAPPENS, NOT AS IT 6064 03:46:33,980 --> 03:46:34,080 HAPPENS. 6065 03:46:34,147 --> 03:46:38,318 THAT REQUIRED ACADEMICS TO WORK 6066 03:46:38,384 --> 03:46:39,752 TOGETHER WITH DIFFERENT SECTORS 6067 03:46:39,819 --> 03:46:42,822 FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE, AS WELL 6068 03:46:42,889 --> 03:46:45,758 AS ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT OF CIVIL 6069 03:46:45,825 --> 03:46:52,131 SOCIETY IN ORDER TO ADDRESS 6070 03:46:52,198 --> 03:46:52,865 CHALLENGES. 6071 03:46:52,932 --> 03:46:54,100 TO BETTER UNDERSTAND AND BE 6072 03:46:54,167 --> 03:46:56,936 PREPARED TO IMPROVE OUR 6073 03:46:57,003 --> 03:46:57,603 UNPREPAREDNESS, TO ADDRESSING 6074 03:46:57,670 --> 03:46:59,572 THESE CHALLENGES AS WE MOVE 6075 03:46:59,639 --> 03:47:01,441 FORWARD, IT'S CRITICAL THAT WE 6076 03:47:01,507 --> 03:47:03,309 LOOK AT THESE SYSTEMS AND 6077 03:47:03,376 --> 03:47:04,944 INTERCONNECTED MANNER AND BE 6078 03:47:05,011 --> 03:47:06,379 INSPIRED BY SYSTEMS THINKING AS 6079 03:47:06,446 --> 03:47:08,014 AN APPROACH FOR US TO MOVE 6080 03:47:08,081 --> 03:47:11,384 FORWARD AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT 6081 03:47:11,451 --> 03:47:12,819 IMPROVING OUR FUTURE RESILIENCE 6082 03:47:12,885 --> 03:47:15,455 WILL REQUIRE INVESTING IN A NEW 6083 03:47:15,521 --> 03:47:17,090 TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE, AND 6084 03:47:17,156 --> 03:47:19,359 ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS THAT ALLOW 6085 03:47:19,425 --> 03:47:22,462 US TO FIRST OF ALL DEVELOP 6086 03:47:22,528 --> 03:47:25,264 RESEARCH AT THE INTERFACE OF 6087 03:47:25,331 --> 03:47:26,065 CURRENT DISCIPLINES, NO ONE 6088 03:47:26,132 --> 03:47:28,034 DISCIPLINE WILL BE ABLE TO 6089 03:47:28,101 --> 03:47:32,939 ADDRESS ALL THESE COMPLEXITY, NO 6090 03:47:33,006 --> 03:47:34,240 ENGINEER, NO SOCIAL SCIENTIST, 6091 03:47:34,307 --> 03:47:35,708 NO PUBLIC POLICY PERSON WILL BE 6092 03:47:35,775 --> 03:47:36,876 ABLE TO ADDRESS THAT. 6093 03:47:36,943 --> 03:47:38,211 ALSO NO ONE SECTOR WILL BE ABLE 6094 03:47:38,277 --> 03:47:40,513 TO ADDRESS ALL OF THESE 6095 03:47:40,580 --> 03:47:42,448 COMPLEXITIES SO WE NEED TO 6096 03:47:42,515 --> 03:47:43,883 INVEST IN ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS 6097 03:47:43,950 --> 03:47:45,985 THAT WOULD MAKE IT EASIER FOR 6098 03:47:46,052 --> 03:47:56,562 THESE SECTORS AND THESE ACTORS 6099 03:47:57,263 --> 03:47:59,532 TO COOPERATE. 6100 03:47:59,599 --> 03:48:03,369 THE WATER SITUATION TODAY, 6101 03:48:03,436 --> 03:48:06,005 REFLECTING ON HOW -- WHAT BECAME 6102 03:48:06,072 --> 03:48:06,973 MORE PROMINENT OVER THE YEARS 6103 03:48:07,040 --> 03:48:08,841 LOOKING AT HOW IT WAS ONE OF THE 6104 03:48:08,908 --> 03:48:11,010 TARGETS AS PART OF AN 6105 03:48:11,077 --> 03:48:12,545 ENVIRONMENTAL GOAL, PART OF THE 6106 03:48:12,612 --> 03:48:15,181 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 6107 03:48:15,248 --> 03:48:17,917 WHICH CAME BEFORE, AND HOW IT 6108 03:48:17,984 --> 03:48:26,025 TOOK A MORE PROMINENT ROLE NOW 6109 03:48:26,092 --> 03:48:26,993 WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 6110 03:48:27,060 --> 03:48:28,628 GOAL DEDICATED TO WATER FOCUSING 6111 03:48:28,694 --> 03:48:30,263 ON ENSURING AVAILABILITY AND 6112 03:48:30,329 --> 03:48:32,131 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER 6113 03:48:32,198 --> 03:48:38,938 AND SANITATION FOR ALL BY 2030. 6114 03:48:39,005 --> 03:48:42,742 AS WE CROSS OF HALFWAY LINE TO 6115 03:48:42,809 --> 03:48:44,444 2030, IN 2020 STILL HAD MORE 6116 03:48:44,510 --> 03:48:47,346 THAN 2.2 BILLION PEOPLE WHO 6117 03:48:47,413 --> 03:48:50,183 LACKED ACCESS TO SAFELY MANAGE 6118 03:48:50,249 --> 03:48:52,385 THE DRINKING WATER, 3.3 BILLION 6119 03:48:52,452 --> 03:48:56,255 PEOPLE STILL LACK SAFETY MANAGED 6120 03:48:56,322 --> 03:48:58,224 SANITATION, 2.2 BILLION LACK 6121 03:48:58,291 --> 03:49:00,493 BASIC HAND WASHING FACILITIES. 6122 03:49:00,560 --> 03:49:02,628 WITH REALLY A LOT OF THE 6123 03:49:02,695 --> 03:49:05,098 COUNTRIES, MORE THAN 25 6124 03:49:05,164 --> 03:49:07,300 COUNTRIES, THAT ARE FACING 6125 03:49:07,366 --> 03:49:10,036 EXTREME HIGH WATER STRESS 6126 03:49:10,103 --> 03:49:11,904 ANNUALLY, I'D LIKE TO REFLECT ON 6127 03:49:11,971 --> 03:49:14,540 HOW A LOT OF THESE COUNTRIES ARE 6128 03:49:14,607 --> 03:49:18,644 LOOKING AT MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH 6129 03:49:18,711 --> 03:49:23,182 ASIA, WHERE A LOT OF POPULATION 6130 03:49:23,249 --> 03:49:24,417 CENTERS GLOBALLY EXIST, INDIA, 6131 03:49:24,484 --> 03:49:26,786 CHINA, ALSO MIDDLE EAST WHICH IS 6132 03:49:26,853 --> 03:49:35,962 EXPECTED TO DOUBLE IN POPULATION 6133 03:49:36,028 --> 03:49:36,395 BEFORE 2050. 6134 03:49:36,462 --> 03:49:44,937 I'D LIKE TO REFLECT ON RELATIONS 6135 03:49:45,004 --> 03:49:46,038 WHEN SCARCITY AND CONTAMINATION 6136 03:49:46,105 --> 03:49:49,675 AND LOOK AT EVIDENCE IN 6137 03:49:49,742 --> 03:49:56,149 LITERATURE THAT SUPPORTS THAT. 6138 03:49:56,215 --> 03:49:56,949 NEXT PLEASE. 6139 03:49:57,016 --> 03:49:59,886 WATER IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH, 6140 03:49:59,952 --> 03:50:02,288 THERE'S AMPLE EVIDENCE IN 6141 03:50:02,355 --> 03:50:03,156 LITERATURE, FIRST OF ALL 6142 03:50:03,222 --> 03:50:07,326 1.7 MILLION DEATHS PER YEAR ARE 6143 03:50:07,393 --> 03:50:08,861 ATTRIBUTED TO UNSAFE WATER, 6144 03:50:08,928 --> 03:50:09,629 IMPROPER SANITATION, POOR 6145 03:50:09,695 --> 03:50:12,365 HYGIENE WHICH LEADS TO DISEASES 6146 03:50:12,431 --> 03:50:14,767 IN DIFFERENT PLACES GLOBALLY. 6147 03:50:14,834 --> 03:50:18,938 AND AS WE LOOK AT WATER 6148 03:50:19,005 --> 03:50:27,580 AVAILABILITY, AND THE LACK OF 6149 03:50:27,647 --> 03:50:35,121 DRINKING WATER, THERE'S EVIDENCE 6150 03:50:35,188 --> 03:50:36,756 LINKING DEHYDRATION WITH 6151 03:50:36,822 --> 03:50:39,392 DISEASE, INCREASED RISK OF 6152 03:50:39,458 --> 03:50:41,460 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AS WELL 6153 03:50:41,527 --> 03:50:44,964 AS RELATION BETWEEN HYPERTENSION 6154 03:50:45,031 --> 03:50:48,668 AND HYDRATION PARAMETERS AND 6155 03:50:48,734 --> 03:50:49,902 ACUTE HYPOHYDRATION, VASCULAR 6156 03:50:49,969 --> 03:50:55,474 FUNCTION IMPAIRMENT, BLOOD 6157 03:50:55,541 --> 03:50:56,209 PRESSURE REGULATION. 6158 03:50:56,275 --> 03:50:57,743 REALLY, THE LINK BETWEEN 6159 03:50:57,810 --> 03:50:58,978 AVAILABILITY AND ENSURING WE'RE 6160 03:50:59,045 --> 03:51:00,947 GETTING THE RIGHT HYDRATION AND 6161 03:51:01,013 --> 03:51:08,688 RIGHT ACCESS TO WATER AND HUMAN 6162 03:51:08,754 --> 03:51:10,356 HEALTH IS VERY CLEAR HERE, ALSO 6163 03:51:10,423 --> 03:51:13,626 QUALITY OF WATER. 6164 03:51:13,693 --> 03:51:17,563 RISK OF CONTAMINATED WATER, 88% 6165 03:51:17,630 --> 03:51:19,732 ACCORDING TO CDC, 88% OF 6166 03:51:19,799 --> 03:51:20,399 DIARRHEA-ASSOCIATED DEATHS ARE 6167 03:51:20,466 --> 03:51:22,702 CAUSED BECAUSE OF LACK OF ACCESS 6168 03:51:22,768 --> 03:51:32,778 TO SAFE WATER AND SANITATION AND 6169 03:51:32,845 --> 03:51:33,212 HYGIENE. 6170 03:51:33,279 --> 03:51:35,548 THERE'S EVIDENCE BETWEEN LINKS 6171 03:51:35,615 --> 03:51:38,484 ON CONTAMINATED WATER SOURCE, 6172 03:51:38,551 --> 03:51:49,095 CHOLERA, DYSENTERY, SANITATION, 6173 03:51:57,637 --> 03:52:02,108 DIARRHEA, STH INFECTION AND 6174 03:52:02,174 --> 03:52:02,341 SCHISTO. 6175 03:52:02,408 --> 03:52:05,845 REFLECTING WITH IMPACT ON 6176 03:52:05,911 --> 03:52:07,046 PLANETARY HEALTH, WATER 6177 03:52:07,113 --> 03:52:12,084 SCARCITY, SO WATER IS UNDERGOING 6178 03:52:12,151 --> 03:52:13,819 PRESSURES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS, 6179 03:52:13,886 --> 03:52:16,589 WE'RE LOOKING AT URBAN GROWTH, 6180 03:52:16,656 --> 03:52:18,891 LOOKING AT GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE 6181 03:52:18,958 --> 03:52:25,898 SECTOR, IN ENERGY SECTOR, AND 6182 03:52:25,965 --> 03:52:36,375 THE NEED FOR MAINTAINING 6183 03:52:39,045 --> 03:52:40,146 ECOSYSTEMS, COMPROMISING ACROSS 6184 03:52:40,212 --> 03:52:41,981 DIFFERENT SECTORS WHICH WITH ALL 6185 03:52:42,048 --> 03:52:47,119 PROJECTED TO GROW AS WE MOVE 6186 03:52:47,186 --> 03:52:47,553 FORWARD. 6187 03:52:47,620 --> 03:52:48,654 ALSO, WATER STRESS ECOSYSTEMS 6188 03:52:48,721 --> 03:52:52,692 RESULT IN LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, 6189 03:52:52,758 --> 03:52:54,694 AS WELL AS IMPACT, SO IT HAS AS 6190 03:52:54,760 --> 03:52:56,529 WE'RE LOOKING AT WATER 6191 03:52:56,595 --> 03:52:59,699 CONTAMINATION AS WELL, AND ITS 6192 03:52:59,765 --> 03:53:04,070 IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY AND 6193 03:53:04,136 --> 03:53:04,403 ECOSYSTEMS. 6194 03:53:04,470 --> 03:53:06,939 GLOBAL WATER QUALITY DECLINED AS 6195 03:53:07,006 --> 03:53:10,976 WE FOCUS ON QUALITY, HAS LED TO 6196 03:53:11,043 --> 03:53:12,078 AGRICULTURAL LOSSES FROM SALINE 6197 03:53:12,144 --> 03:53:14,680 WATER EQUIVALENT TO ANNUAL FOOD 6198 03:53:14,747 --> 03:53:16,449 REQUIREMENTS OF 170 MILLION 6199 03:53:16,515 --> 03:53:18,851 PEOPLE WHICH AGAIN REFLECTING ON 6200 03:53:18,918 --> 03:53:22,588 THE IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY ON 6201 03:53:22,655 --> 03:53:25,191 AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS AND HOW IT 6202 03:53:25,257 --> 03:53:26,726 IMPACTS ON FOOD AVAILABILITY, 6203 03:53:26,792 --> 03:53:34,400 OFTP AFFECTING THOSE WHO ARE 6204 03:53:34,467 --> 03:53:36,502 LEAST ABLE TO FACE THE 6205 03:53:36,569 --> 03:53:40,773 CHALLENGES. 6206 03:53:40,840 --> 03:53:44,477 WATER SYSTEM AS WELL IS UNDER 6207 03:53:44,543 --> 03:53:45,378 GROWING PRESSURES FROM TRENDS 6208 03:53:45,444 --> 03:53:47,646 THAT WE'RE SEEING IN TERMS OF 6209 03:53:47,713 --> 03:53:50,149 POPULATION GROWTH, EXPECTING TO 6210 03:53:50,216 --> 03:53:52,551 HIT 10 BILLION BY 2050, GROWING 6211 03:53:52,618 --> 03:53:55,354 CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS AFFECTING 6212 03:53:55,421 --> 03:53:57,723 THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND 6213 03:53:57,790 --> 03:53:59,558 DIFFERENT PLACES, AGAIN OFTEN 6214 03:53:59,625 --> 03:54:00,993 AFFECTING THOSE WHO ARE MOST 6215 03:54:01,060 --> 03:54:02,762 VULNERABLE AND LEAST ABLE TO 6216 03:54:02,828 --> 03:54:04,363 RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES, 6217 03:54:04,430 --> 03:54:05,498 GROWING URBANIZATION WHERE MOST 6218 03:54:05,564 --> 03:54:09,902 PEOPLE ARE LIVING IN CITIES AND 6219 03:54:09,969 --> 03:54:12,938 THAT TREND KEEPS CONTINUING. 6220 03:54:13,005 --> 03:54:14,473 WE FACE DIFFERENT SHOCKS, 6221 03:54:14,540 --> 03:54:18,644 INCLUDING EXAMPLES WE SEE WITH 6222 03:54:18,711 --> 03:54:21,046 COVID-19 AND THE RAPID OR SUDDEN 6223 03:54:21,113 --> 03:54:26,051 DEMAND FOR MORE ACCESS TO WATER 6224 03:54:26,118 --> 03:54:28,687 FOR MORE HYGIENE AND HAND 6225 03:54:28,754 --> 03:54:29,588 WASHING PURPOSES. 6226 03:54:29,655 --> 03:54:33,392 THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS 6227 03:54:33,459 --> 03:54:35,494 AND IMPACT OF THAT ON 6228 03:54:35,561 --> 03:54:38,431 INFRASTRUCTURE AND ON WATER 6229 03:54:38,497 --> 03:54:39,432 CONTAMINATION, AS A RESULT, AS 6230 03:54:39,498 --> 03:54:41,934 WELL AS TRENDS THAT RESULT FROM 6231 03:54:42,001 --> 03:54:43,803 CONFLICTS AND LEADING TO 6232 03:54:43,869 --> 03:54:47,540 MIGRATION WHICH ALSO COULD PUT 6233 03:54:47,606 --> 03:54:50,910 PRESSURES ON HOST COUNTRIES, WHO 6234 03:54:50,976 --> 03:54:54,079 ARE ALSO MIGHT BE VULNERABLE AND 6235 03:54:54,146 --> 03:54:54,980 FACING -- ALREADY FACING 6236 03:54:55,047 --> 03:54:57,283 PRESSURES ON WATER SYSTEMS. 6237 03:54:57,349 --> 03:54:59,785 THERE ARE ALSO SOME SYSTEMIC 6238 03:54:59,852 --> 03:55:00,753 CHALLENGES AND CROSS-CUTTING 6239 03:55:00,820 --> 03:55:02,955 CHALLENGES, WITH THE LACK OF 6240 03:55:03,022 --> 03:55:05,157 INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO WATER 6241 03:55:05,224 --> 03:55:06,792 MANAGEMENT AND LACK OF FINANCING 6242 03:55:06,859 --> 03:55:10,062 AS WELL. 6243 03:55:10,129 --> 03:55:13,132 THE WORLD BANK IN 2023 REPORT 6244 03:55:13,199 --> 03:55:16,001 ESTIMATED $6.7 TRILLION NEEDED 6245 03:55:16,068 --> 03:55:16,802 FOR WATER-RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE 6246 03:55:16,869 --> 03:55:19,605 BY 2030, AND THERE'S A MAJOR 6247 03:55:19,672 --> 03:55:29,548 INVESTMENT GAP THERE IN MEETING 6248 03:55:29,615 --> 03:55:30,416 THOSE FINANCING NEEDS. 6249 03:55:30,483 --> 03:55:31,584 THAT PRESSURE ON WATER SYSTEM IS 6250 03:55:31,650 --> 03:55:34,587 ONLY PART OF THE PICTURE. 6251 03:55:34,653 --> 03:55:37,089 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 6252 03:55:37,156 --> 03:55:40,493 AS WE PROJECT INTO 2050 AND 6253 03:55:40,559 --> 03:55:43,229 THESE NUMBERS ARE RELATIVE TO 6254 03:55:43,295 --> 03:55:47,933 YEARS 2015, WE ARE EXPECTING TO 6255 03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:50,336 NEED 55% MORE WATER, 60% MORE 6256 03:55:50,402 --> 03:55:53,305 FOOD, AND 80% MORE ENERGY. 6257 03:55:53,372 --> 03:55:54,473 THESE ARE GRAND CHALLENGES, 6258 03:55:54,540 --> 03:55:56,909 COMPLEX CHALLENGES, BUT THESE 6259 03:55:56,976 --> 03:55:58,744 ARE VERY MUCH CONNECTED, 6260 03:55:58,811 --> 03:55:59,545 INTERCONNECTED CHALLENGES. 6261 03:55:59,612 --> 03:56:02,815 THAT IS AT A TIME MORE THAN 2 6262 03:56:02,882 --> 03:56:05,618 BILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO 6263 03:56:05,684 --> 03:56:06,986 SAFE DRINKING WATER, 700 MILLION 6264 03:56:07,052 --> 03:56:08,621 SUFFER FROM CHRONIC HUNGER, MORE 6265 03:56:08,687 --> 03:56:10,155 THAN 700 MILLION PEOPLE STILL 6266 03:56:10,222 --> 03:56:12,458 LACK ACCESS TO ENERGY. 6267 03:56:12,525 --> 03:56:14,093 UNLESS WE TAKE A SYSTEMS 6268 03:56:14,159 --> 03:56:15,928 APPROACH TO ADDRESS THESE 6269 03:56:15,995 --> 03:56:18,030 CHALLENGES, QUANTIFY THEM AND 6270 03:56:18,097 --> 03:56:19,999 DEVELOP NECESSARY TOOLS, WE WILL 6271 03:56:20,065 --> 03:56:21,967 NOT BE ABLE TO ADDRESS THESE 6272 03:56:22,034 --> 03:56:24,803 CHALLENGES AS WE MOVE FORWARD. 6273 03:56:24,870 --> 03:56:26,338 THE CHALLENGE WE'RE LOOKING AT 6274 03:56:26,405 --> 03:56:29,108 AND THIS WAS KIND OF A 6275 03:56:29,174 --> 03:56:30,809 CONCEPTUALIZATION, TYING THIS 6276 03:56:30,876 --> 03:56:32,778 BACK TO HUMAN HEALTH AND 6277 03:56:32,845 --> 03:56:38,050 PLANETARY HEALTH, NEXT SLIDE 6278 03:56:38,117 --> 03:56:38,884 PLEASE, IS -- 6279 03:56:38,951 --> 03:56:41,954 >> ONE MINUTE LEFT. 6280 03:56:42,021 --> 03:56:42,421 >> OKAY. 6281 03:56:42,488 --> 03:56:43,656 >> NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 6282 03:56:43,722 --> 03:56:46,825 IS BEING ABLE TO MEET ALL OF 6283 03:56:46,892 --> 03:56:50,963 THESE DEMANDS AND BRIDGE THOSE 6284 03:56:51,030 --> 03:56:53,165 GAPS, WHILE MEETING HUMAN HEALTH 6285 03:56:53,232 --> 03:56:55,901 AND WELL-BEING NEEDS, BUT WHILE 6286 03:56:55,968 --> 03:56:58,837 ALSO WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF 6287 03:56:58,904 --> 03:57:01,941 OUR PLANETARY HEALTH, UNDER 6288 03:57:02,007 --> 03:57:04,243 THESE GROWING PRESSURES AND 6289 03:57:04,310 --> 03:57:05,878 STRESSES ON OUR INTERCONNECTED 6290 03:57:05,945 --> 03:57:08,480 RESOURCE SYSTEMS AT A TIME WE 6291 03:57:08,547 --> 03:57:10,349 STILL LACK THE PROPER DECISION 6292 03:57:10,416 --> 03:57:16,021 SUPPORT TOOLS TO GUIDE 6293 03:57:16,088 --> 03:57:17,890 EVIDENCE-BASED DECISION MAKING, 6294 03:57:17,957 --> 03:57:19,258 LACK CROSS-SECTOR MECHANISMS FOR 6295 03:57:19,325 --> 03:57:25,998 COORDINATION, WE HEARD A LOT 6296 03:57:26,065 --> 03:57:28,267 FROM SPEAKERS TODAY ABOUT HOW WE 6297 03:57:28,334 --> 03:57:30,469 HAVE DIFFERENT SECTORS WITH 6298 03:57:30,536 --> 03:57:31,370 DIFFERENT PLAYERS, DIFFERENT 6299 03:57:31,437 --> 03:57:32,371 OBJECTIVES, WITH NO PROPER 6300 03:57:32,438 --> 03:57:34,173 MECHANISMS FOR THEM TO DO THIS 6301 03:57:34,239 --> 03:57:35,641 KIND OF INTEGRATIVE PLANNING 6302 03:57:35,708 --> 03:57:39,445 WITH NO RIGHT TOOLS TO DO THIS 6303 03:57:39,511 --> 03:57:41,847 KIND OF TRADEOFF ANALYSIS THAT 6304 03:57:41,914 --> 03:57:44,283 MEETS DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES WHICH 6305 03:57:44,350 --> 03:57:45,818 MIGHT BE POTENTIALLY 6306 03:57:45,884 --> 03:57:46,118 CONFLICTING. 6307 03:57:46,185 --> 03:57:48,754 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 6308 03:57:48,821 --> 03:57:50,155 SO MOVING FORWARD, SOLUTIONS, 6309 03:57:50,222 --> 03:57:51,290 THE MESSAGE I'D LIKE TO LEAVE 6310 03:57:51,357 --> 03:57:55,327 YOU WITH IS AS WE'RE THINKING OF 6311 03:57:55,394 --> 03:57:57,630 WATER-RELATED CHALLENGES, 6312 03:57:57,696 --> 03:57:59,031 SOLUTIONS TO WATER CHALLENGES 6313 03:57:59,098 --> 03:58:00,799 WON'T EXCLUSIVELY COME FROM THE 6314 03:58:00,866 --> 03:58:01,667 WATER SECTOR. 6315 03:58:01,734 --> 03:58:04,303 SIMILARLY SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC 6316 03:58:04,370 --> 03:58:05,604 HEALTH CHALLENGES WON'T 6317 03:58:05,671 --> 03:58:07,806 EXCLUSIVELY COME FROM THE HEALTH 6318 03:58:07,873 --> 03:58:08,040 SECTOR. 6319 03:58:08,107 --> 03:58:14,480 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW 6320 03:58:14,546 --> 03:58:15,147 SECTORS ARE INTERCONNECTS, 6321 03:58:15,214 --> 03:58:17,549 QUANTIFY, DEVELOP TOOLS AND HELP 6322 03:58:17,616 --> 03:58:19,618 US EVALUATE THE TRADEOFFS 6323 03:58:19,685 --> 03:58:22,121 BETWEEN DIFFERENT PATHWAYS 6324 03:58:22,187 --> 03:58:24,757 FORWARD AND DIFFERENT 6325 03:58:24,823 --> 03:58:26,291 INTERVENTIONS WHETHER TECHNICAL, 6326 03:58:26,358 --> 03:58:29,361 POLICY, SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND 6327 03:58:29,428 --> 03:58:30,229 IMPACTS ON CO-CREATED METRICS 6328 03:58:30,295 --> 03:58:35,601 THAT NEED TO BE CO-CREATED WITH 6329 03:58:35,668 --> 03:58:36,468 DIFFERENT SECTORS AND 6330 03:58:36,535 --> 03:58:36,802 STAKEHOLDERS. 6331 03:58:36,869 --> 03:58:41,707 THERE'S A NEED TO WORK ON 6332 03:58:41,774 --> 03:58:42,274 DEVELOPING INTERDISCIPLINARY 6333 03:58:42,341 --> 03:58:45,978 RESEARCH THAT IDENTIFIES 6334 03:58:46,045 --> 03:58:47,613 OPPORTUNITIES, ENABLES US TO 6335 03:58:47,680 --> 03:58:49,048 DEVELOP NEW KNOWLEDGE THAT 6336 03:58:49,114 --> 03:58:51,150 INDEPENDENTLY WE WON'T DEVELOP 6337 03:58:51,216 --> 03:58:52,751 UNLESS WE COLLABORATE AND 6338 03:58:52,818 --> 03:58:54,953 COOPERATE AND DEVELOP NEW 6339 03:58:55,020 --> 03:58:56,588 ENVIRONMENTS FOR PARTNERSHIPS 6340 03:58:56,655 --> 03:58:57,690 BETWEEN PRIVATE, PUBLIC, 6341 03:58:57,756 --> 03:58:59,224 SOCIETY, AND ACADEMIA, AND LAST 6342 03:58:59,291 --> 03:59:01,860 BUT NOT LEAST ALSO ENSURING THAT 6343 03:59:01,927 --> 03:59:03,062 AS WE'RE BUILDING THOSE 6344 03:59:03,128 --> 03:59:05,798 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TEAMS 6345 03:59:05,864 --> 03:59:07,332 AND LOOKING AT INTERACTING WITH 6346 03:59:07,399 --> 03:59:09,201 AND BUILDING THESE ENVIRONMENTS 6347 03:59:09,268 --> 03:59:12,371 FOR BETTER COOPERATION ACROSS 6348 03:59:12,438 --> 03:59:15,941 SECTORS THAT WE KEEP THOSE TWO 6349 03:59:16,008 --> 03:59:16,842 ENVIRONMENTS CLOSELY ALIGNED AND 6350 03:59:16,909 --> 03:59:19,111 INTEGRATED IN A WAY WITH EACH 6351 03:59:19,178 --> 03:59:20,813 OTHER WITH CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK 6352 03:59:20,879 --> 03:59:22,648 AS WE DEVELOP THIS RESEARCH 6353 03:59:22,715 --> 03:59:23,515 WHILE ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS VERY 6354 03:59:23,582 --> 03:59:25,384 EARLY ON IN THE PROCESS AND 6355 03:59:25,451 --> 03:59:28,887 DRIVING OUR RESEARCH AGENDA AS 6356 03:59:28,954 --> 03:59:31,724 A RESULT OF FEEDBACK AND INPUT 6357 03:59:31,790 --> 03:59:34,660 FROM THAT ENGAGEMENT. 6358 03:59:34,727 --> 03:59:36,862 LAST SLIDE, TEN SECONDS, THESE 6359 03:59:36,929 --> 03:59:38,297 ARE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES THAT 6360 03:59:38,363 --> 03:59:40,466 ARE, AGAIN, ALIGNED WITH WHAT I 6361 03:59:40,532 --> 03:59:42,234 JUST MENTIONED. 6362 03:59:42,301 --> 03:59:51,677 SO HOW DEVELOP NEW DECISION 6363 03:59:51,744 --> 03:59:53,612 TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES, TO 6364 03:59:53,679 --> 03:59:54,179 IDENTIFY IDENTIFICATION OF 6365 03:59:54,246 --> 03:59:57,015 SYNERGIES AS WE THINK OF FOOD 6366 03:59:57,082 --> 03:59:58,450 SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION, ENERGY 6367 03:59:58,517 --> 03:59:59,885 TRANSITION, AND WATER SECURITY 6368 03:59:59,952 --> 04:00:02,488 WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF MEETING 6369 04:00:02,554 --> 04:00:03,689 HUMAN HEALTH AND PLANETARY 6370 04:00:03,756 --> 04:00:05,057 HEALTH NEEDS, WHAT ARE THE 6371 04:00:05,124 --> 04:00:07,826 METRICS THAT WE NEED TO USE, 6372 04:00:07,893 --> 04:00:09,394 WHAT DOES SUSTAINABILITY AND 6373 04:00:09,461 --> 04:00:15,400 RESILL RESILIENCY MEAN, WHAT 6374 04:00:15,467 --> 04:00:16,702 DOES SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENCY 6375 04:00:16,769 --> 04:00:19,338 MEAN FOR ONE COMMUNITY OVER 6376 04:00:19,404 --> 04:00:21,974 ANOTHER, THE IMPORTANT NEED OF 6377 04:00:22,040 --> 04:00:23,675 CONTEXTUALIZING THESE CHALLENGES 6378 04:00:23,742 --> 04:00:25,677 AND WORKING CLOSELY WITH 6379 04:00:25,744 --> 04:00:27,546 COMMUNITIES, ALSO IN TERMS OF 6380 04:00:27,613 --> 04:00:29,047 GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES, WHAT ARE 6381 04:00:29,114 --> 04:00:30,482 THESE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AND 6382 04:00:30,549 --> 04:00:31,350 POLICY FRAMEWORKS THAT WOULD 6383 04:00:31,416 --> 04:00:34,086 ALLOW FOR THIS TYPE OF 6384 04:00:34,153 --> 04:00:37,156 INTEGRATED APPROACHES, AND THE 6385 04:00:37,222 --> 04:00:39,458 LAST TWO, MORE LIKE MAYBE TEAM 6386 04:00:39,525 --> 04:00:42,094 SCIENCE RESEARCH QUESTIONS, WHAT 6387 04:00:42,161 --> 04:00:42,761 CONSTITUTES ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 6388 04:00:42,828 --> 04:00:46,598 THAT ALLOWS FOR THIS TYPE OF 6389 04:00:46,665 --> 04:00:48,467 CROSS-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 6390 04:00:48,534 --> 04:00:50,402 COLLABORATION KNOWING THAT 6391 04:00:50,469 --> 04:00:53,071 DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES HAVE 6392 04:00:53,138 --> 04:00:53,572 DIFFERENT APPROACHES, 6393 04:00:53,639 --> 04:00:55,340 METHODOLOGIES, LANGUAGES, SO 6394 04:00:55,407 --> 04:00:56,008 THAT'S ALSO SOMETHING THAT'S 6395 04:00:56,074 --> 04:00:58,310 WORTH EXPLORING AS WE MOVE 6396 04:00:58,377 --> 04:00:58,744 FORWARD. 6397 04:00:58,811 --> 04:01:02,815 I'LL STOP HERE AND I HAVE MY 6398 04:01:02,881 --> 04:01:03,782 CONTACT INFORMATION IF ANYONE 6399 04:01:03,849 --> 04:01:05,217 WOULD LIKE TO CONTINUE THE 6400 04:01:05,284 --> 04:01:08,053 CONVERSATION. 6401 04:01:08,120 --> 04:01:08,587 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6402 04:01:08,654 --> 04:01:11,456 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6403 04:01:11,523 --> 04:01:13,458 WE CAN SEE CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 6404 04:01:13,525 --> 04:01:20,232 ACROSS MANY OF THE TALKS TODAY. 6405 04:01:20,299 --> 04:01:25,237 WE'RE DELIGHTED TO WELCOME DR. 6406 04:01:25,304 --> 04:01:26,872 ANA NAVAS-ACIEN, DEPARTMENT OF 6407 04:01:26,939 --> 04:01:28,240 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, 6408 04:01:28,307 --> 04:01:30,943 COLUMBIA MAILMAN SCHOOL OF 6409 04:01:31,009 --> 04:01:32,344 PUBLIC HEALTH, PHYSICIAN 6410 04:01:32,411 --> 04:01:35,113 EPIDEMIOLOGIST, P.I. OF 6411 04:01:35,180 --> 04:01:37,282 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN 6412 04:01:37,349 --> 04:01:42,654 MULTIPLE NHLBI INCLUDING STRONG 6413 04:01:42,721 --> 04:01:52,164 HEART STUDY, MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY 6414 04:01:52,231 --> 04:01:52,664 OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 6415 04:01:52,731 --> 04:01:54,666 >> IF YOU CAN START WITH THE 6416 04:01:54,733 --> 04:01:55,567 NEXT SLIDE. 6417 04:01:55,634 --> 04:01:56,969 VERY GOOD. 6418 04:01:57,035 --> 04:02:02,407 I WANT TO THANK THE PREVIOUS 6419 04:02:02,474 --> 04:02:03,775 PANELISTS, FOCUS WAS AT THE 6420 04:02:03,842 --> 04:02:05,410 MACRO LEVEL. 6421 04:02:05,477 --> 04:02:09,681 I'M GOING TO MAYBE BRING THE 6422 04:02:09,748 --> 04:02:11,650 MICRO LEVEL, HOW COMMUNITIES ARE 6423 04:02:11,717 --> 04:02:13,185 AFFECTED BY THESE ISSUES IN 6424 04:02:13,252 --> 04:02:20,492 THEIR LIVES, IN THEIR HEALTH, 6425 04:02:20,559 --> 04:02:24,463 WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP PREVENT 6426 04:02:24,529 --> 04:02:24,796 OUTCOMES. 6427 04:02:24,863 --> 04:02:29,268 I WANT TO START WITH THE GLOBAL 6428 04:02:29,334 --> 04:02:32,137 BURDEN OF DISEASE RELATED TO 6429 04:02:32,204 --> 04:02:33,372 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS. 6430 04:02:33,438 --> 04:02:34,539 FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, IT 6431 04:02:34,606 --> 04:02:36,775 HAS BEEN ESTIMATED BY THE WORLD 6432 04:02:36,842 --> 04:02:40,245 HEALTH ORGANIZATION THAT WE 6433 04:02:40,312 --> 04:02:42,581 COULD ELIMINATE 31% OF THE 6434 04:02:42,648 --> 04:02:46,618 CARDIOVASCULAR BURDEN IF WE 6435 04:02:46,685 --> 04:02:49,021 COULD ELIMINATE SOME SPECIFIC 6436 04:02:49,087 --> 04:02:49,354 CONTAMINANTS. 6437 04:02:49,421 --> 04:02:52,291 THE ONES INCLUDED SO FAR BASED 6438 04:02:52,357 --> 04:02:55,227 ON EVIDENCE AVAILABLE ARE AIR 6439 04:02:55,294 --> 04:02:57,229 POLLUTION, TOBACCO SMOKE, 6440 04:02:57,296 --> 04:02:58,430 SECONDHAND SMOKE, AND AMONG 6441 04:02:58,497 --> 04:03:01,767 CHEMICALS, THE ONLY ONE THAT HAS 6442 04:03:01,833 --> 04:03:04,436 INCLUDED SO FATHER HAS BEEN 6443 04:03:04,503 --> 04:03:04,770 LEAD. 6444 04:03:04,836 --> 04:03:06,271 AND LEAD EXPOSURE IN 6445 04:03:06,338 --> 04:03:08,040 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE HAS 6446 04:03:08,106 --> 04:03:09,341 BECOME MORE ESTABLISHED, AND 6447 04:03:09,408 --> 04:03:12,844 ACTUALLY ONE OF THE ARGUMENTS 6448 04:03:12,911 --> 04:03:14,813 FOR THE RECENT INITIATIVE TO 6449 04:03:14,880 --> 04:03:17,649 PROTECT COMMUNITIES FROM LEAD 6450 04:03:17,716 --> 04:03:18,850 PIPES AND PAINT ACROSS THE 6451 04:03:18,917 --> 04:03:21,820 UNITED STATES WHICH IS A 6452 04:03:21,887 --> 04:03:23,555 BIPARTISAN INFRASTRUCTURE LAW 6453 04:03:23,622 --> 04:03:26,525 PASSED RECENTLY, HAS BEEN BASED 6454 04:03:26,591 --> 04:03:28,260 ON THE BENEFIT FOR THE 6455 04:03:28,327 --> 04:03:28,927 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FROM 6456 04:03:28,994 --> 04:03:29,361 REMOVING LEAD. 6457 04:03:29,428 --> 04:03:31,563 AND IF YOU GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE, 6458 04:03:31,630 --> 04:03:37,002 YOU CAN SEE ALSO THE AMERICAN 6459 04:03:37,069 --> 04:03:39,204 HEART ASSOCIATION RECENTLY 6460 04:03:39,271 --> 04:03:40,639 ESTABLISHED CONTAMINANT METALS 6461 04:03:40,706 --> 04:03:48,814 INCLUDING SPECIFICALLY LEAD, 6462 04:03:48,880 --> 04:03:50,382 AND CADMIUM. 6463 04:03:50,449 --> 04:03:53,418 THIS IS RELEVANT BECAUSE THIS 6464 04:03:53,485 --> 04:03:55,420 EXPOSURE IS HAPPENING, I'M 6465 04:03:55,487 --> 04:04:00,125 FOCUSING ON METAL BUT MANY OTHER 6466 04:04:00,192 --> 04:04:03,528 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS, 6467 04:04:03,595 --> 04:04:05,030 HAPPENING THROUGH HIGH RISK 6468 04:04:05,097 --> 04:04:06,698 EXPOSURE AND CHRONIC LOW LEVELS 6469 04:04:06,765 --> 04:04:08,000 TO OUR DAILY LIFE. 6470 04:04:08,066 --> 04:04:09,434 ALL THE THINGS WE'VE BEEN 6471 04:04:09,501 --> 04:04:11,737 DISCUSSING AT THE VERY MACRO 6472 04:04:11,803 --> 04:04:14,239 LEVEL, POLLUTION IN THE AIR, 6473 04:04:14,306 --> 04:04:22,114 ENERGY, THE WAY WE IMPLEMENT 6474 04:04:22,180 --> 04:04:26,251 ENERGY, FOOD SYSTEMS, WATER 6475 04:04:26,318 --> 04:04:27,319 SYSTEMS WILL IMPACT LOW-LEVEL 6476 04:04:27,386 --> 04:04:29,554 CHRONIC EXPOSURES. 6477 04:04:29,621 --> 04:04:29,755 NEXT. 6478 04:04:29,821 --> 04:04:32,858 IF WE TAKE FOR INSTANCE ARSENIC 6479 04:04:32,924 --> 04:04:36,261 IN THE WATER AS AN EXAMPLE OF 6480 04:04:36,328 --> 04:04:37,129 CONTAMINANT THAT AFFECTS 6481 04:04:37,195 --> 04:04:43,235 COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE U.S., YOU 6482 04:04:43,301 --> 04:04:46,338 CAN SEE IT IS SUBSTANTIAL 6483 04:04:46,405 --> 04:04:48,173 EXPOSURE IN PRIVATE WELLS 6484 04:04:48,240 --> 04:04:49,941 THROUGH GROUND WATER, PEOPLE WHO 6485 04:04:50,008 --> 04:04:54,646 RELY ON GROUND WATER, VERY 6486 04:04:54,713 --> 04:04:58,917 IMPORTANT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES, 6487 04:04:58,984 --> 04:05:01,520 AND COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS THAT 6488 04:05:01,586 --> 04:05:03,055 OFTEN RELY ON GROUND WATER, AND 6489 04:05:03,121 --> 04:05:06,892 THIS IS A DIRECT CONNECTION WITH 6490 04:05:06,958 --> 04:05:13,098 CLIMATE CHANGE, DROUGHT, AND 6491 04:05:13,165 --> 04:05:14,466 WATER SCARCITY, THE NEED TO RELY 6492 04:05:14,533 --> 04:05:15,801 ON GROUND WATER. 6493 04:05:15,867 --> 04:05:17,736 AS WE KNOW WITH CLIMATE CHANGE 6494 04:05:17,803 --> 04:05:18,970 THESE LEVELS OF CONTAMINANTS IN 6495 04:05:19,037 --> 04:05:22,574 GROUND WATER ARE LIKELY TO 6496 04:05:22,641 --> 04:05:24,643 INCREASE. 6497 04:05:24,709 --> 04:05:24,843 NEXT. 6498 04:05:24,910 --> 04:05:27,779 AND WHILE THIS CONTAMINATION IS 6499 04:05:27,846 --> 04:05:33,852 OFTEN NATURALLY OCCURRING IT'S 6500 04:05:33,919 --> 04:05:34,853 RELATED TO ANTHROPOGENIC 6501 04:05:34,920 --> 04:05:37,122 ACTIVITIES OFTEN RELATED TO 6502 04:05:37,189 --> 04:05:41,059 ENERGY POLICY DECISIONS, WARS IN 6503 04:05:41,126 --> 04:05:42,928 THE WORLD, AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE 6504 04:05:42,994 --> 04:05:46,531 UNITED STATES WE'VE DONE VERY 6505 04:05:46,598 --> 04:05:47,299 IMPORTANT MINING IN COMMUNITIES, 6506 04:05:47,365 --> 04:05:49,501 ESPECIALLY IN THE WESTERN PART 6507 04:05:49,568 --> 04:05:57,509 OF THE COUNTRY, AND URANIUM 6508 04:05:57,576 --> 04:05:58,510 MINING DETRIMENTAL PARTICULARLY 6509 04:05:58,577 --> 04:05:59,311 AFFECTING INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES 6510 04:05:59,377 --> 04:06:02,514 WHICH TEND TO BE CLOSE TO THESE 6511 04:06:02,581 --> 04:06:03,949 MINING AREAS. 6512 04:06:04,015 --> 04:06:06,785 THIS IS A REAL ISSUE. 6513 04:06:06,852 --> 04:06:07,352 URANIUM CONTAMINATION IN 6514 04:06:07,419 --> 04:06:12,390 DRINKING WATER IS A REALITY IN 6515 04:06:12,457 --> 04:06:15,260 THE COUNTRY, THIS IS SOMETHING 6516 04:06:15,327 --> 04:06:16,027 UNDERSTUDIED. 6517 04:06:16,094 --> 04:06:20,832 URANIUM IS A KIDNEY TOXICANT, 6518 04:06:20,899 --> 04:06:22,367 NEPHROTOXIC ELEMENT WITH 6519 04:06:22,434 --> 04:06:25,237 POTENTIAL EVIDENCE FOR 6520 04:06:25,303 --> 04:06:26,872 CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY BUT 6521 04:06:26,938 --> 04:06:32,577 RESEARCH IS TINY SO HOW THIS 6522 04:06:32,644 --> 04:06:34,012 VARIABILITY IN URANIUM 6523 04:06:34,079 --> 04:06:35,113 CONTAMINATION IS CONTRIBUTING TO 6524 04:06:35,180 --> 04:06:36,314 DISEASE RISK IS UNKNOWN. 6525 04:06:36,381 --> 04:06:36,848 NEXT. 6526 04:06:36,915 --> 04:06:38,583 I WAS TELLING YOU I WANTED TO 6527 04:06:38,650 --> 04:06:42,787 BRING YOU TO A MORE COMMUNITY 6528 04:06:42,854 --> 04:06:43,421 PERSPECTIVE. 6529 04:06:43,488 --> 04:06:46,191 IF YOU TAKE THIS COMMUNITY IN 6530 04:06:46,258 --> 04:06:48,059 SOUTH DAKOTA, EACH OF THESE DOTS 6531 04:06:48,126 --> 04:06:49,361 IS THE WATER THAT THEY ARE 6532 04:06:49,427 --> 04:06:49,828 DRINKING. 6533 04:06:49,895 --> 04:06:50,762 THIS IS THE WATER THEY HAVE IN 6534 04:06:50,829 --> 04:06:52,297 THE HOUSE. 6535 04:06:52,364 --> 04:06:56,168 THEY DON'T HAVE ANY OTHER WATER. 6536 04:06:56,234 --> 04:06:58,803 AND THE DOTS ARE RED IF THEY 6537 04:06:58,870 --> 04:07:03,275 HAVE HIGH ARSENIC AND URANIUM, 6538 04:07:03,341 --> 04:07:04,242 BLUE ARSENIC, BLACK YOUR 6539 04:07:04,309 --> 04:07:04,843 URANIUM. 6540 04:07:04,910 --> 04:07:06,878 EVERYBODY IN THE FAMILY, 6541 04:07:06,945 --> 04:07:07,512 CHILDREN, ADULTS, PREGNANT 6542 04:07:07,579 --> 04:07:11,049 WOMEN, ARE GOING TO BE AFFECTED 6543 04:07:11,116 --> 04:07:16,821 BY THIS CONTAMINATION ON CHRONIC 6544 04:07:16,888 --> 04:07:17,822 BASIS. 6545 04:07:17,889 --> 04:07:18,390 NEXT. 6546 04:07:18,456 --> 04:07:21,526 SO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND 6547 04:07:21,593 --> 04:07:23,962 APPROACHES ARE ABLE TO INTEGRATE 6548 04:07:24,029 --> 04:07:25,163 MULTIPLE SOURCES OF EXPOSURE 6549 04:07:25,230 --> 04:07:26,998 INCLUDING IN THIS CASE WATER 6550 04:07:27,065 --> 04:07:29,201 CONTAMINANTS, WHICH COULD BE 6551 04:07:29,267 --> 04:07:31,803 QUITE DIFFICULT TO DO, IF WE TRY 6552 04:07:31,870 --> 04:07:34,973 TO REALLY GO TO THESE ASSESSMENT 6553 04:07:35,040 --> 04:07:36,641 AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL, BUT 6554 04:07:36,708 --> 04:07:38,276 THROUGH THE USE OF METAL 6555 04:07:38,343 --> 04:07:41,479 BIOMARKERS WE'RE ABLE TO 6556 04:07:41,546 --> 04:07:46,151 ACTUALLY QUANTIFY INDIVIDUAL 6557 04:07:46,218 --> 04:07:46,651 EXPOSURES. 6558 04:07:46,718 --> 04:07:46,985 NEXT. 6559 04:07:47,052 --> 04:07:50,088 AND WHEN WE'VE DONE THAT TYPE OF 6560 04:07:50,155 --> 04:07:52,524 WORK, WE'VE COMPARED TWO 6561 04:07:52,591 --> 04:07:54,259 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS, BOTH FROM 6562 04:07:54,326 --> 04:07:58,296 THE NHLBI, WITH HELP FROM THE 6563 04:07:58,363 --> 04:08:03,768 NIEHS, TO FUND ENVIRONMENTAL 6564 04:08:03,835 --> 04:08:04,536 BIOMONITORING AND METALS 6565 04:08:04,603 --> 04:08:07,405 ASSESSMENT, RURAL COMMUNITIES IN 6566 04:08:07,472 --> 04:08:11,009 THE U.S., MESA STUDY, URBAN 6567 04:08:11,076 --> 04:08:12,277 COMMUNITIES, YOU CAN SEE 6568 04:08:12,344 --> 04:08:13,511 AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES IN 6569 04:08:13,578 --> 04:08:15,814 THE STRONG HEART STUDY ARE 6570 04:08:15,880 --> 04:08:18,984 AFFECTED BY HIGHER ARSENIC, 6571 04:08:19,050 --> 04:08:20,885 HIGHER URANIUM, HIGHER TUNGSTEN, 6572 04:08:20,952 --> 04:08:24,990 METALS THAT CLUSTER IN DRINKING 6573 04:08:25,056 --> 04:08:25,557 WATER, SUPPORTING THIS 6574 04:08:25,624 --> 04:08:28,593 CLUSTERING IN THE URINE IS 6575 04:08:28,660 --> 04:08:30,228 REFLECTING SOURCE OF WATER 6576 04:08:30,295 --> 04:08:31,663 CONTAMINATION AND ACTUALLY IN 6577 04:08:31,730 --> 04:08:34,099 ADDITIONAL WORK WE'VE DONE WE 6578 04:08:34,165 --> 04:08:35,934 HAVE QUANTIFIED HOW MUCH OF THE 6579 04:08:36,001 --> 04:08:38,470 URINARY EXPOSURE IS RELATED TO 6580 04:08:38,536 --> 04:08:39,337 THE WATER CONTAMINATION. 6581 04:08:39,404 --> 04:08:41,106 THIS IS IMPORTANT BOTH IN THE 6582 04:08:41,172 --> 04:08:43,508 STRONG HEART STUDY AND ALSO EVEN 6583 04:08:43,575 --> 04:08:45,443 IN URBAN COMMUNITIES LEVELS OF 6584 04:08:45,510 --> 04:08:48,647 CONTAMINANTS IN THE WATER AFFECT 6585 04:08:48,713 --> 04:08:50,582 HUMAN EXPOSURE. 6586 04:08:50,649 --> 04:08:50,782 NEXT. 6587 04:08:50,849 --> 04:08:53,451 SO TO UNDERSTAND THE HEALTH 6588 04:08:53,518 --> 04:08:56,721 EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF 6589 04:08:56,788 --> 04:08:57,389 EXPOSURES, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 6590 04:08:57,455 --> 04:09:00,358 STUDIES ARE REALLY IMPORTANT. 6591 04:09:00,425 --> 04:09:05,297 THE RESOURCE FROM NHLBI COHORTS 6592 04:09:05,363 --> 04:09:06,364 ARE CRITICAL. 6593 04:09:06,431 --> 04:09:07,499 NEXT. 6594 04:09:07,565 --> 04:09:08,333 THE STRONG HEART STUDY IN 6595 04:09:08,400 --> 04:09:11,202 PARTICULAR HAS BEEN A ROLE MODEL 6596 04:09:11,269 --> 04:09:13,138 OF PARTICIPATORY SCIENCE, SINCE 6597 04:09:13,204 --> 04:09:15,473 THE EARLY '80s WHEN THE COHORT 6598 04:09:15,540 --> 04:09:16,207 STARTED 9. 6599 04:09:16,274 --> 04:09:19,611 THE WORK HAS BEEN POSSIBLE 6600 04:09:19,678 --> 04:09:22,814 BECAUSED DAY-TO-DAY ELABORATION 6601 04:09:22,881 --> 04:09:23,281 OF COMMUNITY MEMBERS, 6602 04:09:23,348 --> 04:09:25,517 INVESTIGATORS, THIS IS A PICTURE 6603 04:09:25,583 --> 04:09:27,952 OF THE STEERING COMMITTEE WHICH 6604 04:09:28,019 --> 04:09:30,021 HAS INCLUDED FROM THE BEGINNING 6605 04:09:30,088 --> 04:09:31,756 COMMUNITY MEMBERS, AT THE BOTTOM 6606 04:09:31,823 --> 04:09:35,827 YOU SEE A PICTURE OF THE FIELD 6607 04:09:35,894 --> 04:09:37,662 TEAM, LOCAL RESEARCH TEAM, 6608 04:09:37,729 --> 04:09:38,863 FORMED BY LOCAL COMMUNITY 6609 04:09:38,930 --> 04:09:44,469 MEMBERS WHO ARE IN CHARGE OF 6610 04:09:44,536 --> 04:09:46,037 DOING THE -- IMPLEMENTING THE 6611 04:09:46,104 --> 04:09:49,274 STUDY, REALLY HAS BEEN A ROLE 6612 04:09:49,341 --> 04:09:50,241 MODEL FOR PARTICIPATORY-BASED 6613 04:09:50,308 --> 04:09:55,480 RESEARCH FOR DECADES GOING ON. 6614 04:09:55,547 --> 04:09:56,047 NEXT. 6615 04:09:56,114 --> 04:09:59,451 AND THROUGH THAT WORK, BRINGING 6616 04:09:59,517 --> 04:10:00,752 IN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO 6617 04:10:00,819 --> 04:10:03,054 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE IN 6618 04:10:03,121 --> 04:10:05,357 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, WE WERE 6619 04:10:05,423 --> 04:10:07,325 ABLE TO DOCUMENT THAT ARSENIC 6620 04:10:07,392 --> 04:10:09,194 EXPOSURE WAS RELATED TO HIGHER 6621 04:10:09,260 --> 04:10:13,431 RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 6622 04:10:13,498 --> 04:10:17,602 MORTALITY AND INCIDENCE IN 6623 04:10:17,669 --> 04:10:20,472 ADULTHOOD, OLDER ADULTHOOD. 6624 04:10:20,538 --> 04:10:21,673 YOU CAN ALREADY IDENTIFY 6625 04:10:21,740 --> 04:10:26,511 CLINICAL EFFECT WITH THE LEFT 6626 04:10:26,578 --> 04:10:27,379 VENTRICULAR MASS INDEX, 6627 04:10:27,445 --> 04:10:29,914 INDICATES THE HEART IS ALREADY 6628 04:10:29,981 --> 04:10:34,052 AFFECTED AT EARLY AGES, 6629 04:10:34,119 --> 04:10:35,120 REPLICATED IN OTHER RURAL 6630 04:10:35,186 --> 04:10:38,656 COHORTS IN THE UNITED STATES, IN 6631 04:10:38,723 --> 04:10:40,058 COLORADO AREA, AND ALSO IN 6632 04:10:40,125 --> 04:10:43,061 ANIMAL MODELS THAT TRY TO 6633 04:10:43,128 --> 04:10:45,663 REPLICATE THE HUMAN FINDINGS. 6634 04:10:45,730 --> 04:10:48,066 NEXT. 6635 04:10:48,133 --> 04:10:49,300 IN ADDITION TO UNDERSTANDING HOW 6636 04:10:49,367 --> 04:10:51,136 MUCH RISK OF DISEASE THERE IS 6637 04:10:51,202 --> 04:10:53,638 BASED ON THIS ENVIRONMENTAL 6638 04:10:53,705 --> 04:10:54,973 EXPOSURE, BY HAVING TRACKING 6639 04:10:55,039 --> 04:10:57,075 OVER TIME WE CAN ACTUALLY 6640 04:10:57,142 --> 04:11:00,111 DOCUMENT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU 6641 04:11:00,178 --> 04:11:01,846 REMOVE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS 6642 04:11:01,913 --> 04:11:02,847 FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. 6643 04:11:02,914 --> 04:11:04,916 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE COMMUNITIES, 6644 04:11:04,983 --> 04:11:10,221 CAN YOU SEE ANY BENEFIT? 6645 04:11:10,288 --> 04:11:11,189 AND LEAD AND BLOOD PRESSURE 6646 04:11:11,256 --> 04:11:13,391 CONNECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN FOR 6647 04:11:13,458 --> 04:11:15,527 DECADES, ACTUALLY FOR MORE THAN 6648 04:11:15,593 --> 04:11:18,496 A CENTURY, IT'S BEEN SHOWN LEAD 6649 04:11:18,563 --> 04:11:19,264 POISONING INCREASES BLOOD 6650 04:11:19,330 --> 04:11:20,265 PRESSURE LEVELS. 6651 04:11:20,331 --> 04:11:21,900 AND WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY IN 6652 04:11:21,966 --> 04:11:24,736 THE STRONG HEART STUDY TO 6653 04:11:24,803 --> 04:11:27,772 DOCUMENT BECAUSE OF LEAD HAS 6654 04:11:27,839 --> 04:11:30,408 BEEN DECLINING IN THE U.S. THAT 6655 04:11:30,475 --> 04:11:32,177 HAPPENED ALSO IN STRONG HEART 6656 04:11:32,243 --> 04:11:33,812 STUDY COMMUNITIES, WE WERE ABLE 6657 04:11:33,878 --> 04:11:38,349 TO SHOW HISTOGRAM SHOWS DECLINE, 6658 04:11:38,416 --> 04:11:39,951 SO POSITIVE NUMBERS ARE PEOPLE 6659 04:11:40,018 --> 04:11:41,920 WHO DECLINED OVER TIME, AND 6660 04:11:41,986 --> 04:11:44,322 NEGATIVE NUMBERS WHICH ARE FEWER 6661 04:11:44,389 --> 04:11:47,492 PEOPLE WHO DIDN'T DECLINE. 6662 04:11:47,559 --> 04:11:48,993 THEY ACTUALLY INCREASED. 6663 04:11:49,060 --> 04:11:51,629 YOU CAN SEE DECLINE THAT ALSO 6664 04:11:51,696 --> 04:11:53,264 HAPPENED IN SYSTOLIC BLOOD 6665 04:11:53,331 --> 04:11:55,800 PRESSURE LEVELS, AS SHOWN IN 6666 04:11:55,867 --> 04:11:57,769 REMOVING EXPOSURE HAS ACTUALLY A 6667 04:11:57,836 --> 04:11:59,037 REAL BENEFIT FOR HUMAN HEALTH. 6668 04:11:59,103 --> 04:12:09,647 THIS PAPER IS COMING IN A COUPLE 6669 04:12:10,081 --> 04:12:11,015 WEEKS. 6670 04:12:11,082 --> 04:12:11,216 NEXT. 6671 04:12:11,282 --> 04:12:13,685 GIVEN THESE FINDINGS, WORK PRIOR 6672 04:12:13,751 --> 04:12:16,087 TO SYSTOLIC STUDY BUT RELATED, 6673 04:12:16,154 --> 04:12:24,496 WE WERE INTERESTED IN WORK LED 6674 04:12:24,562 --> 04:12:28,233 BY MARIA, SAYING IF THERE 6675 04:12:28,299 --> 04:12:29,167 DECLINE AND CARDIOVASCULAR 6676 04:12:29,234 --> 04:12:30,869 DISEASE HAS DECLINED IN THE U.S. 6677 04:12:30,935 --> 04:12:37,008 CAN WE LEVERAGE THE NHANES 6678 04:12:37,075 --> 04:12:37,642 COHORT SAND IMPLEMENTING 6679 04:12:37,709 --> 04:12:39,744 FRAMEWORK WHERE PERIOD IS THE 6680 04:12:39,811 --> 04:12:42,380 EXPOSURE AND MEDIATOR IS THE 6681 04:12:42,447 --> 04:12:44,883 CHANGES IN LEAD LEVELS AND 6682 04:12:44,949 --> 04:12:46,851 CADMIUM, CAN WE DOCUMENT IF THIS 6683 04:12:46,918 --> 04:12:47,619 EXPLAINS CHANGES IN 6684 04:12:47,685 --> 04:12:49,153 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, IF YOU 6685 04:12:49,220 --> 04:12:51,556 GO NEXT WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT 6686 04:12:51,623 --> 04:12:53,992 ACTUALLY THE CHANGES IN BLOOD 6687 04:12:54,058 --> 04:12:55,860 LEAD WERE EXPLAINED QUITE A 6688 04:12:55,927 --> 04:12:58,596 SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF THE 6689 04:12:58,663 --> 04:13:01,199 REDUCTION IN PREVENTION IN 6690 04:13:01,266 --> 04:13:01,799 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATHS, 6691 04:13:01,866 --> 04:13:05,169 SAND THIS IS ON STOP OF 6692 04:13:05,236 --> 04:13:07,772 CONTROLLING FOR RISK FACTOR FOR 6693 04:13:07,839 --> 04:13:09,073 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 6694 04:13:09,140 --> 04:13:11,276 TREATMENT, AND ACCESS TO HEALTH 6695 04:13:11,342 --> 04:13:14,546 CARE, OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES 6696 04:13:14,612 --> 04:13:20,685 IN THE POPULATION. 6697 04:13:20,752 --> 04:13:22,754 OF 231 DEATHS PER 100 SOMEHOW 6698 04:13:22,820 --> 04:13:27,458 BETWEEN THE PERIODS, 22% COULD 6699 04:13:27,525 --> 04:13:29,894 BE EXPLAINED BY CHANGES IN LEAD 6700 04:13:29,961 --> 04:13:30,295 REDUCTION. 6701 04:13:30,361 --> 04:13:35,667 ACTUALLY, THIS WAS ONE OF THE 6702 04:13:35,733 --> 04:13:37,068 BIGGEST RISK FACTORS THAT 6703 04:13:37,135 --> 04:13:39,404 EXPLAINED ANY CHANGES IN 6704 04:13:39,470 --> 04:13:40,471 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. 6705 04:13:40,538 --> 04:13:41,906 SO THIS DOCUMENTS THESE 6706 04:13:41,973 --> 04:13:44,309 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE VERY 6707 04:13:44,375 --> 04:13:45,209 IMPORTANT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR 6708 04:13:45,276 --> 04:13:47,245 DISEASE, WE ACTUALLY CAN DO 6709 04:13:47,312 --> 04:13:49,781 SOMETHING ABOUT THIS FOR 6710 04:13:49,847 --> 04:13:59,857 PREVENTION BY TARGETING THESE. 6711 04:13:59,924 --> 04:14:00,058 NEXT. 6712 04:14:00,124 --> 04:14:01,192 I'M IN EPIDEMIOLOGY. 6713 04:14:01,259 --> 04:14:01,993 YOU CANNOT CONTINUE WITHOUT 6714 04:14:02,060 --> 04:14:04,996 TRYING TO THINK OF WHAT CAN WE 6715 04:14:05,063 --> 04:14:07,632 MOVE INTO PREVENTION 6716 04:14:07,699 --> 04:14:07,966 INTERVENTION. 6717 04:14:08,032 --> 04:14:11,002 AND NEXT. 6718 04:14:11,069 --> 04:14:12,503 SO ARSENIC WAS IMPORTANT, FIRST, 6719 04:14:12,570 --> 04:14:16,808 SORRY, I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE 6720 04:14:16,874 --> 04:14:18,343 THAT BIG INFRASTRUCTURE 6721 04:14:18,409 --> 04:14:20,745 HAPPENED, KIND OF IN PARALLEL TO 6722 04:14:20,812 --> 04:14:23,815 OUR REPORTING OF THE ARSENIC AND 6723 04:14:23,881 --> 04:14:24,716 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE FINDINGS. 6724 04:14:24,782 --> 04:14:26,951 BUT BECAUSE TO TRY TO BRING IN 6725 04:14:27,018 --> 04:14:29,087 SAFE DRINKING WATER TO THE 6726 04:14:29,153 --> 04:14:31,823 COMMUNITIES IN THE STRONG HEART 6727 04:14:31,889 --> 04:14:36,194 STUDY AREA, NEXT, BUT ONE OF THE 6728 04:14:36,260 --> 04:14:39,964 ISSUES, AND IN CONNECTION WITH 6729 04:14:40,031 --> 04:14:44,535 THAT WORK, WE PUT TOGETHER -- WE 6730 04:14:44,602 --> 04:14:46,137 DEVELOPED BRINGING IN DIFFERENT 6731 04:14:46,204 --> 04:14:49,240 DISCIPLINES TO TRY TO ADDRESS 6732 04:14:49,307 --> 04:14:54,379 THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL 6733 04:14:54,445 --> 04:14:55,279 HAZARDOUS CONTAMINATION RELATED 6734 04:14:55,346 --> 04:14:56,347 TO MINING AND NATURALLY 6735 04:14:56,414 --> 04:14:57,548 OCCURRING IN THE NORTHERN 6736 04:14:57,615 --> 04:14:59,083 PLAINS, PART OF THE SUPERFUND 6737 04:14:59,150 --> 04:14:59,951 RESEARCH PROGRAM. 6738 04:15:00,018 --> 04:15:02,587 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS PROGRAM 6739 04:15:02,654 --> 04:15:05,556 WHICH IS FUNDED THROUGH A 6740 04:15:05,623 --> 04:15:06,324 DIFFERENT MECHANISM BECAUSE 6741 04:15:06,391 --> 04:15:09,494 FUNDING COMES FROM DEPARTMENT OF 6742 04:15:09,560 --> 04:15:12,964 THE INTERIOR, BUT IT'S HANDLED 6743 04:15:13,031 --> 04:15:15,199 LEAD BY NIEHS, AND THIS PROGRAM 6744 04:15:15,266 --> 04:15:19,837 IS UNIQUE IN THE NIH BECAUSE IT 6745 04:15:19,904 --> 04:15:24,042 BRINGS IN MULTI-DISCIPLINARY 6746 04:15:24,108 --> 04:15:27,645 SCIENTISTS, A WONDERFUL MODEL TO 6747 04:15:27,712 --> 04:15:30,048 DEALT WITH CLIMATE HEALTH 6748 04:15:30,114 --> 04:15:33,017 ISSUES, BRINGS IN SCIENTISTS, 6749 04:15:33,084 --> 04:15:34,519 ENGINEERS, EARTH SCIENTISTS, 6750 04:15:34,585 --> 04:15:36,521 BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS INCLUDING 6751 04:15:36,587 --> 04:15:39,824 BASIC SCIENTIST AND 6752 04:15:39,891 --> 04:15:40,692 EPIDEMIOLOGIST, COMMUNICATION, 6753 04:15:40,758 --> 04:15:43,327 PARTICIPATORY SCIENCE, APPLYING 6754 04:15:43,394 --> 04:15:44,429 THAT MODEL TO SPECIFIC 6755 04:15:44,495 --> 04:15:47,165 COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTHERN 6756 04:15:47,231 --> 04:15:47,799 PLAINS. 6757 04:15:47,865 --> 04:15:51,769 IF WE GO NEXT, BRING IN 6758 04:15:51,836 --> 04:15:52,270 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, 6759 04:15:52,336 --> 04:15:54,405 INDIGENOUS PRINCIPLES TO THE 6760 04:15:54,472 --> 04:15:56,407 WORK IS REALLY CRITICAL. 6761 04:15:56,474 --> 04:15:57,909 INCLUDING COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP, 6762 04:15:57,975 --> 04:16:00,545 VALUE OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, 6763 04:16:00,611 --> 04:16:02,013 VALUE FOR WATER, SEVEN 6764 04:16:02,080 --> 04:16:03,514 GENERATION PRINCIPLE WHICH IS SO 6765 04:16:03,581 --> 04:16:06,150 IMPORTANT FOR THE ISSUES OF 6766 04:16:06,217 --> 04:16:07,118 CLIMATE AND HEALTH, HOW 6767 04:16:07,185 --> 04:16:09,854 DECISIONS THAT WE MAKE TODAY ARE 6768 04:16:09,921 --> 04:16:11,956 GOING TO AFFECT DECISIONS SEVEN 6769 04:16:12,023 --> 04:16:15,526 GENERATIONS DOWN THE ROAD, AND 6770 04:16:15,593 --> 04:16:16,861 ASPECT OF RELATIONALITY 6771 04:16:16,928 --> 04:16:19,197 CONNECTED WITH SYSTEMS SCIENCE, 6772 04:16:19,263 --> 04:16:19,797 CONNECTIONS BEING CIRCULAR 6773 04:16:19,864 --> 04:16:26,370 RATHER THAN LINEAR AND ACCEPTING 6774 04:16:26,437 --> 04:16:27,271 RESEARCH GOAL TRIBES DEVELOPED 6775 04:16:27,338 --> 04:16:29,540 WHICH HAS BEEN DISCUSSED ALSO 6776 04:16:29,607 --> 04:16:32,510 EARLIER AND I DON'T WANT TO -- 6777 04:16:32,577 --> 04:16:35,480 WE DON'T HAVE TIME BUT 6778 04:16:35,546 --> 04:16:38,950 ESPECIALLY CONCEPT OF 6779 04:16:39,016 --> 04:16:39,250 SOVEREIGNTY. 6780 04:16:39,317 --> 04:16:39,450 NEXT. 6781 04:16:39,517 --> 04:16:45,289 SO, ON AS PART OF THE SUPERFUND 6782 04:16:45,356 --> 04:16:46,524 RESEARCH PROGRAM, 6783 04:16:46,591 --> 04:16:48,025 MULTI-DISPLINARY CENTER, WE HAVE 6784 04:16:48,092 --> 04:16:48,693 FIVE PROJECTS. 6785 04:16:48,760 --> 04:16:53,631 EACH PROJECT HAS A LITTLE BIT OF 6786 04:16:53,698 --> 04:16:54,932 SLIGHTLY ANGLE, MORE BIOMEDICAL 6787 04:16:54,999 --> 04:16:57,335 IN BLUE, ENGINEERING AND EARTH 6788 04:16:57,401 --> 04:16:58,770 SCIENCE IN BROWN, 6789 04:16:58,836 --> 04:17:01,372 INTERCONNECTION AMONG THE 6790 04:17:01,439 --> 04:17:02,473 PROJECTS. 6791 04:17:02,540 --> 04:17:04,976 AND ALSO BRINGING IN INCREDIBLE 6792 04:17:05,042 --> 04:17:06,944 AMOUNT OF PARTNERSHIPS, BOTH 6793 04:17:07,011 --> 04:17:08,079 TRIBAL LEVEL, TRIBAL 6794 04:17:08,146 --> 04:17:10,681 ORGANIZATIONS, AS WELL AS 6795 04:17:10,748 --> 04:17:11,983 DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTAL 6796 04:17:12,049 --> 04:17:12,316 ORGANIZATIONS. 6797 04:17:12,383 --> 04:17:16,687 TOGETHER WITH US AT THE 6798 04:17:16,754 --> 04:17:19,223 UNIVERSITY LEVEL, AND PARTNERS, 6799 04:17:19,290 --> 04:17:21,125 RESEARCH PARTNERS LOCALLY, 6800 04:17:21,192 --> 04:17:23,928 ALLOWS US TO DO THIS AMBITIOUS 6801 04:17:23,995 --> 04:17:25,129 WORK. 6802 04:17:25,196 --> 04:17:26,664 NEXT. 6803 04:17:26,731 --> 04:17:28,599 ONE OF THE RELATED PROJECTS WAS 6804 04:17:28,666 --> 04:17:31,669 TO BRING IN SAFE DRINKING WATER 6805 04:17:31,736 --> 04:17:33,538 TO THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS THAT 6806 04:17:33,604 --> 04:17:36,307 STILL RELY ON PRIVATE WELLS. 6807 04:17:36,374 --> 04:17:40,545 WE CALL THIS PROJECT THE STRONG 6808 04:17:40,611 --> 04:17:41,312 HEART WATER STUDY, PARTICIPATORY 6809 04:17:41,379 --> 04:17:44,048 RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA 6810 04:17:44,115 --> 04:17:45,783 THAT BROUGHT IN FILTERS TO 6811 04:17:45,850 --> 04:17:48,519 ELIMINATE ARSENIC FROM THE 6812 04:17:48,586 --> 04:17:51,823 DRINKING WATER, RANDOMIZATION 6813 04:17:51,889 --> 04:17:53,024 WAS SIMPLE EDUCATIONAL 6814 04:17:53,090 --> 04:17:56,727 INTERVENTION STANDARD AND VERSUS 6815 04:17:56,794 --> 04:17:57,628 MORE COMPREHENSIVE INTERVENTION, 6816 04:17:57,695 --> 04:17:58,930 EVERYBODY RECEIVED SAFETY WATER. 6817 04:17:58,996 --> 04:17:59,363 NEXT. 6818 04:17:59,430 --> 04:18:02,366 I WANT TO BRING SOME PICTURES, 6819 04:18:02,433 --> 04:18:04,802 SORRY, FIRST I WANT TO BRING IN 6820 04:18:04,869 --> 04:18:07,905 THE NEED TO DO THIS VERY 6821 04:18:07,972 --> 04:18:09,640 MULTI-LEVEL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 6822 04:18:09,707 --> 04:18:12,376 WHEN DOING INTERVENTIONS OF THIS 6823 04:18:12,443 --> 04:18:16,280 SCALE, THINKING WHEN YOU'RE 6824 04:18:16,347 --> 04:18:17,715 BRINGING INTERVENTIONS, IT'S 6825 04:18:17,782 --> 04:18:19,150 COMPLICATED, THINK ABOUT 6826 04:18:19,217 --> 04:18:21,652 BENEFITS AND RISK, BRING IN THE 6827 04:18:21,719 --> 04:18:23,221 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD 6828 04:18:23,287 --> 04:18:25,056 LEVEL, COMMUNITY, TRIBAL LEVEL, 6829 04:18:25,122 --> 04:18:28,693 AND THEN THE FEDERAL LEVEL ALSO. 6830 04:18:28,759 --> 04:18:28,893 NEXT. 6831 04:18:28,960 --> 04:18:31,996 WHAT I WANTED AND THE PAPER FOR 6832 04:18:32,063 --> 04:18:33,264 THIS WORK IS GOING TO BE PUBLISH 6833 04:18:33,331 --> 04:18:34,899 THE VERY SOON. 6834 04:18:34,966 --> 04:18:37,034 WE FOUND A SUCCESS IN THE 6835 04:18:37,101 --> 04:18:40,071 INTERVENTION COMING AS SOON 6836 04:18:40,137 --> 04:18:41,706 AS -- STILL UNDER REVIEW BUT 6837 04:18:41,772 --> 04:18:43,007 POSITIVE INITIAL REVIEWS. 6838 04:18:43,074 --> 04:18:45,776 I WANT TO SHOW THE PICTURE FROM 6839 04:18:45,843 --> 04:18:48,179 CHRISTINE GEORGE, P.I. OF THE 6840 04:18:48,246 --> 04:18:49,947 STUDY, WITH MYSELF. 6841 04:18:50,014 --> 04:18:51,015 WHEN WE FIRST PRESENTED THE 6842 04:18:51,082 --> 04:18:52,783 PROJECT I TOOK THIS PICTURE WHEN 6843 04:18:52,850 --> 04:18:54,518 SHE WAS TALKING. 6844 04:18:54,585 --> 04:18:56,287 YOU CAN SEE THE COMMUNITY 6845 04:18:56,354 --> 04:18:58,623 MEMBERS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF 6846 04:18:58,689 --> 04:18:59,991 LEADERSHIP, WONDERFUL EXPERTISE 6847 04:19:00,057 --> 04:19:06,898 HERE IN THIS PICTURE FROM TRIBAL 6848 04:19:06,964 --> 04:19:08,399 WATER, HEALTH DEPARTMENT, AND 6849 04:19:08,466 --> 04:19:09,667 REPRESENTING THIS PROJECT, YOU 6850 04:19:09,734 --> 04:19:11,068 CAN SEE THERE'S A LOT OF 6851 04:19:11,135 --> 04:19:13,771 CONCERN, THERE'S A LOT OF 6852 04:19:13,838 --> 04:19:14,038 ATTENTION. 6853 04:19:14,105 --> 04:19:16,841 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE. 6854 04:19:16,908 --> 04:19:19,343 BUT IT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE WAY 6855 04:19:19,410 --> 04:19:22,413 WE PRESENTED, THE IDEAS WE 6856 04:19:22,480 --> 04:19:24,181 THINK, AND NOT RESONATING 6857 04:19:24,248 --> 04:19:24,482 COMPLETELY. 6858 04:19:24,548 --> 04:19:28,786 THERE IS A LOT OF DEBATE AND 6859 04:19:28,853 --> 04:19:31,289 DISCUSSION, AND TALKING WHICH IS 6860 04:19:31,355 --> 04:19:32,423 REALLY IMPORTANT. 6861 04:19:32,490 --> 04:19:35,993 AND I WANT NEXT, IF YOU GO TO 6862 04:19:36,060 --> 04:19:38,729 THE NEXT PICTURE, I REALLY LIKE 6863 04:19:38,796 --> 04:19:41,699 THE FINAL PICTURE BECAUSE AFTER 6864 04:19:41,766 --> 04:19:43,334 SEVERAL HOURS OF REALLY STRONG 6865 04:19:43,401 --> 04:19:45,403 DEBATE AND DISCUSSION ABOUT HOW 6866 04:19:45,469 --> 04:19:51,976 TO DO THIS WORK, WE CAME TO SOME 6867 04:19:52,043 --> 04:19:53,611 REAL CONNECTION, HELP US A LOT 6868 04:19:53,678 --> 04:19:58,482 TO ACTUALLY PUT THIS WORK 6869 04:19:58,549 --> 04:19:58,749 TOGETHER. 6870 04:19:58,816 --> 04:20:01,218 AND THIS REQUIRES A LOT OF TIME, 6871 04:20:01,285 --> 04:20:02,954 EFFORT, WORKING WITH 6872 04:20:03,020 --> 04:20:03,921 COMMUNITIES, BEING CONNECTED. 6873 04:20:03,988 --> 04:20:06,891 AND INCORPORATING A LOT OF 6874 04:20:06,958 --> 04:20:13,898 FEEDBACK AND DOING THIS REALLY 6875 04:20:13,965 --> 04:20:14,665 COLLECTIVELY. 6876 04:20:14,732 --> 04:20:14,999 NEXT. 6877 04:20:15,066 --> 04:20:17,401 AND THE OTHER ASPECT I WANT TO 6878 04:20:17,468 --> 04:20:19,136 TALK ABOUT IS TECHNOLOGY. 6879 04:20:19,203 --> 04:20:21,439 REALLY IN THE FIELD OF 6880 04:20:21,505 --> 04:20:25,276 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS, NOT 6881 04:20:25,343 --> 04:20:27,678 ONLY METALS, ABILITY, ANALYTICAL 6882 04:20:27,745 --> 04:20:30,081 ABILITY, IT'S REALLY -- IT'S 6883 04:20:30,147 --> 04:20:31,749 BEEN POWERFUL, ALLOWING US TO DO 6884 04:20:31,816 --> 04:20:33,150 THIS WORK. 6885 04:20:33,217 --> 04:20:33,718 NEXT. 6886 04:20:33,784 --> 04:20:35,353 THIS IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT 6887 04:20:35,419 --> 04:20:37,321 WHEN YOU GO TO COMMUNITIES LIKE 6888 04:20:37,388 --> 04:20:42,360 MESA, I WAS TELLING YOU EARLIER, 6889 04:20:42,426 --> 04:20:42,660 PLEASE NEXT. 6890 04:20:42,727 --> 04:20:44,528 >> WE HAVE ABOUT A MINUTE LEFT. 6891 04:20:44,595 --> 04:20:45,529 >> OKAY. 6892 04:20:45,596 --> 04:20:46,731 VERY GOOD. 6893 04:20:46,797 --> 04:20:53,070 WHEN WE GO TO MESA TECHNOLOGY, 6894 04:20:53,137 --> 04:20:54,171 YEAH, I'M ALMOST DONE. 6895 04:20:54,238 --> 04:21:04,749 WE FOUND IN IN MESA, RELATED 6896 04:21:10,087 --> 04:21:15,292 TO TOTAL MORTALITY, NEXT, SO -- 6897 04:21:15,359 --> 04:21:15,526 NEXT. 6898 04:21:15,593 --> 04:21:19,130 I WANT TO JUST FINALLY SAY THERE 6899 04:21:19,196 --> 04:21:20,765 ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR 6900 04:21:20,831 --> 04:21:22,967 INTERVENTION THAT ARE BEYOND 6901 04:21:23,034 --> 04:21:26,804 PREVENTION OR POLICY LEVEL OR 6902 04:21:26,871 --> 04:21:29,006 INFRASTRUCTURE LEVEL, SO NEXT. 6903 04:21:29,073 --> 04:21:32,376 I WANT TO BRIEFLY MENTION THE 6904 04:21:32,443 --> 04:21:37,748 OPPORTUNITY OF METAL CHELATION 6905 04:21:37,815 --> 04:21:39,216 AND RECOGNIZE, NEXT, A CLINICAL 6906 04:21:39,283 --> 04:21:42,653 TRIAL, NEXT, SORRY, I SHOULD NOT 6907 04:21:42,720 --> 04:21:43,421 HAVE ANIMATIONS. 6908 04:21:43,487 --> 04:21:45,523 AND THIS IS A TRIAL THAT WAS 6909 04:21:45,589 --> 04:21:48,392 CONDUCTED A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO, 6910 04:21:48,459 --> 04:21:51,462 THERE IS NOW A SECOND TRIAL, 6911 04:21:51,529 --> 04:21:52,763 COLLECTIVELY BETWEEN THE TWO 6912 04:21:52,830 --> 04:21:56,634 TRIALS HOPEFULLY WE CAN LEARN 6913 04:21:56,700 --> 04:21:58,269 SOMETHING ABOUT THE POTENTIAL. 6914 04:21:58,335 --> 04:21:58,469 NEXT. 6915 04:21:58,536 --> 04:22:01,539 ABOUT THE POTENTIAL -- THIS IS 6916 04:22:01,605 --> 04:22:02,873 THE SECOND TRIAL, WHICH WILL BE 6917 04:22:02,940 --> 04:22:03,974 REPORTED VERY SOON AND 6918 04:22:04,041 --> 04:22:06,811 COLLECTIVELY WE HOPE TO LEARN 6919 04:22:06,877 --> 04:22:08,546 ABOUT THIS POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITY 6920 04:22:08,612 --> 04:22:14,652 FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 6921 04:22:14,718 --> 04:22:15,486 TREATMENT. 6922 04:22:15,553 --> 04:22:15,853 NEXT. 6923 04:22:15,920 --> 04:22:18,923 AND THIS IS -- IF YOU DO NEXT, 6924 04:22:18,989 --> 04:22:22,126 THIS WILL BE MY FINAL SLIDE. 6925 04:22:22,193 --> 04:22:23,327 IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 6926 04:22:23,394 --> 04:22:25,463 PREVENTION, MOST OF THE 6927 04:22:25,529 --> 04:22:26,230 GUIDELINES FROM THE AMERICAN 6928 04:22:26,297 --> 04:22:28,265 HEART ASSOCIATION AND COLLEGE OF 6929 04:22:28,332 --> 04:22:31,001 CARDIOLOGY AND IN GENERAL FOCUS 6930 04:22:31,068 --> 04:22:32,636 ON LIFESTYLE AND CLINICAL CARE, 6931 04:22:32,703 --> 04:22:36,240 THAT RECOGNITION AND JUST THE 6932 04:22:36,307 --> 04:22:38,642 FACT NHLBI IS ORGANIZING THIS 6933 04:22:38,709 --> 04:22:41,612 PANEL, THIS WORKSHOP, IS REALLY 6934 04:22:41,679 --> 04:22:44,215 RECOGNIZED HOW IMPORTANT ADDING 6935 04:22:44,281 --> 04:22:46,083 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PIECE TO 6936 04:22:46,150 --> 04:22:46,550 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 6937 04:22:46,617 --> 04:22:46,884 PREVENTION IS. 6938 04:22:46,951 --> 04:22:48,719 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 6939 04:22:48,786 --> 04:22:56,594 ATTENTION AND HAPPY TO START THE 6940 04:22:56,660 --> 04:22:56,894 DISCUSSION. 6941 04:22:56,961 --> 04:22:57,761 >> THANK YOU. 6942 04:22:57,828 --> 04:22:58,129 EXCELLENT TALK. 6943 04:22:58,195 --> 04:23:01,732 I WANT TO THANK THE SPEAKERS FOR 6944 04:23:01,799 --> 04:23:02,500 EXTREMELY THOUGHT-PROVOKING 6945 04:23:02,566 --> 04:23:02,700 TALKS. 6946 04:23:02,766 --> 04:23:04,468 WE'LL BRING THEM ALL BACK TO THE 6947 04:23:04,535 --> 04:23:06,003 GALLERY AT THIS POINT. 6948 04:23:06,070 --> 04:23:07,838 ALSO BRING IN OUR CO-CHAIRS TO 6949 04:23:07,905 --> 04:23:11,509 KICK OFF THE DISCUSSION LED BY 6950 04:23:11,575 --> 04:23:14,745 DR. JOEL KAUFMAN, UNIVERSITY OF 6951 04:23:14,812 --> 04:23:17,915 WASHINGTON SEATTLE. 6952 04:23:17,982 --> 04:23:18,449 PROFESSOR, PHYSICIAN, 6953 04:23:18,516 --> 04:23:22,186 EPIDEMIOLOGIST, DIRECTOR OF 6954 04:23:22,253 --> 04:23:23,053 WASHINGTON CENTER FOR DISEASES, 6955 04:23:23,120 --> 04:23:28,893 EDITOR IN CHIEF OF ENVIRONMENTAL 6956 04:23:28,959 --> 04:23:32,596 HEALTH PERSPECTIVES PUBLISHED BY 6957 04:23:32,663 --> 04:23:33,998 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 6958 04:23:34,064 --> 04:23:34,832 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES. 6959 04:23:34,899 --> 04:23:37,401 WE'RE FORTUNATE HE ACCEPTED OUR 6960 04:23:37,468 --> 04:23:39,803 REQUEST TO MODERATE WITH HIS 6961 04:23:39,870 --> 04:23:44,074 EXPERT PERSPECTIVE. 6962 04:23:44,141 --> 04:23:46,310 THANKS AND WELCOME. 6963 04:23:46,377 --> 04:23:47,811 >> HELLO, THANKS FOR THAT 6964 04:23:47,878 --> 04:23:48,145 INTRODUCTION. 6965 04:23:48,212 --> 04:23:50,214 I WANT TO ASK THAT PEOPLE FEEL 6966 04:23:50,281 --> 04:23:51,949 FREE TO PUT THEIR QUESTIONS INTO 6967 04:23:52,016 --> 04:23:56,787 THE Q&A SO WE HAVE INPUT FROM 6968 04:23:56,854 --> 04:24:00,724 LARGE NUMBER OF ATTENDEES HERE. 6969 04:24:00,791 --> 04:24:02,693 THIS WAS QUITE A VARIED SET OF 6970 04:24:02,760 --> 04:24:04,662 DISCUSSIONS THAT WE HAD HERE. 6971 04:24:04,728 --> 04:24:07,064 I WANT TO CIRCLE BACK AROUND TO 6972 04:24:07,131 --> 04:24:10,568 A FEW OF THE TALKS AND THINK A 6973 04:24:10,634 --> 04:24:16,273 LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT REALLY THE 6974 04:24:16,340 --> 04:24:19,977 COMPLICATED NATURE OF TRYING TO 6975 04:24:20,044 --> 04:24:22,379 THINK ABOUT SOLUTIONS WITH 6976 04:24:22,446 --> 04:24:23,514 SYSTEMS APPROACHES WHICH WAS A 6977 04:24:23,581 --> 04:24:26,116 THEME OF SEVERAL OF THE TALKS 6978 04:24:26,183 --> 04:24:30,654 THAT WE HAD IN THIS AND START ON 6979 04:24:30,721 --> 04:24:31,989 THAT CONVERSATION. 6980 04:24:32,056 --> 04:24:36,427 I THINK WE ALL RECOGNIZE THAT 6981 04:24:36,493 --> 04:24:38,395 THERE'S A VERY COMPLEX 6982 04:24:38,462 --> 04:24:40,798 INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF TRYING 6983 04:24:40,864 --> 04:24:43,334 TO MEET THE CHALLENGES TO BOTH 6984 04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:45,836 IMPROVE HEALTH AND UNDERSTAND 6985 04:24:45,903 --> 04:24:46,337 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 6986 04:24:46,403 --> 04:24:55,913 PLANETARY HEALTH AND HUMAN 6987 04:24:55,980 --> 04:24:56,647 HEALTH. 6988 04:24:56,714 --> 04:24:59,149 AND I MIGHT CIRCLE BACK AT FIRST 6989 04:24:59,216 --> 04:25:02,152 TO THINKING ABOUT THE QUESTION, 6990 04:25:02,219 --> 04:25:08,158 THE COMMENT DR. FANZA HAD ABOUT 6991 04:25:08,225 --> 04:25:09,693 SORTING OUT OUR MESSAGES, A GOOD 6992 04:25:09,760 --> 04:25:15,799 LINKAGE TO DISCUSSIONS WE HAD IN 6993 04:25:15,866 --> 04:25:17,368 THE FIRST SESSION. 6994 04:25:17,434 --> 04:25:20,437 IF I CAN GET A FINER POINT ON 6995 04:25:20,504 --> 04:25:23,040 THAT, HOW DO YOU SEE THE 6996 04:25:23,107 --> 04:25:25,542 MESSAGING THAT WOULD MOVE THIS 6997 04:25:25,609 --> 04:25:28,078 CONVERSATION FORWARD THE MOST 6998 04:25:28,145 --> 04:25:31,515 AND MAYBE DRIVE ACTION AND 6999 04:25:31,582 --> 04:25:33,550 INTEREST IN THESE QUESTIONS. 7000 04:25:33,617 --> 04:25:36,186 >> YEAH, THANKS SO MUCH FOR THE 7001 04:25:36,253 --> 04:25:37,421 QUESTION. 7002 04:25:37,488 --> 04:25:39,556 MAYBE DR. PE NEXTG COULD COME IN 7003 04:25:39,623 --> 04:25:39,757 TOO. 7004 04:25:39,823 --> 04:25:41,292 I WROTE DOWN THREE THINGS SHE 7005 04:25:41,358 --> 04:25:42,960 SAID ABOUT THE ENERGY TRANSITION 7006 04:25:43,027 --> 04:25:44,028 THAT REALLY RESONATED. 7007 04:25:44,094 --> 04:25:48,098 IT HAS TO BE IMMEDIATE, THERE'S 7008 04:25:48,165 --> 04:25:49,400 IMMEDIATE BENEFIT FOR ACTING. 7009 04:25:49,466 --> 04:25:51,402 IT HAS TO BE TANGIBLE. 7010 04:25:51,468 --> 04:25:53,270 YOU UNDERSTAND IF YOU DO ACT IT 7011 04:25:53,337 --> 04:25:55,372 WILL RESULT IN SOMETHING. 7012 04:25:55,439 --> 04:25:57,675 AND IT'S PERSONAL. 7013 04:25:57,741 --> 04:25:59,977 I DON'T THINK -- THE PROBLEM I 7014 04:26:00,044 --> 04:26:02,646 SEE IN THE FOOD SYSTEMS WORLD IS 7015 04:26:02,713 --> 04:26:06,617 THAT THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT 7016 04:26:06,684 --> 04:26:07,151 PLAYERS. 7017 04:26:07,217 --> 04:26:12,022 AND IT'S NOT JUST THE FARMERS 7018 04:26:12,089 --> 04:26:13,757 AND PRODUCERS AND FISHER FOLK. 7019 04:26:13,824 --> 04:26:17,928 THERE'S A WHOLE SECTOR OF 7020 04:26:17,995 --> 04:26:21,432 TRADERS AND RETAILERS. 7021 04:26:21,498 --> 04:26:23,667 AND WITHIN THAT, THESE DIFFERENT 7022 04:26:23,734 --> 04:26:25,269 SCIENCE DISCOURSE, THERE'S A LOT 7023 04:26:25,336 --> 04:26:30,074 OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES FROM 7024 04:26:30,140 --> 04:26:30,841 ECONOMISTS TO MEDICAL 7025 04:26:30,908 --> 04:26:33,477 PROFESSIONALS THAT ARE TRYING TO 7026 04:26:33,544 --> 04:26:35,746 UNDERSTAND THE IMPACTS OF FOOD 7027 04:26:35,813 --> 04:26:39,650 ON WHAT WE WANT FOOD SYSTEMS TO 7028 04:26:39,717 --> 04:26:42,886 RESULT IN, BETTER HEALTH AND 7029 04:26:42,953 --> 04:26:45,289 NUTRITION, BETTER 7030 04:26:45,356 --> 04:26:46,557 SUSTAINABILITY, FAIR LIVELIHOOD, 7031 04:26:46,623 --> 04:26:47,124 SOCIAL EQUITY. 7032 04:26:47,191 --> 04:26:50,761 I THINK THERE HAS BEEN A 7033 04:26:50,828 --> 04:26:52,296 COALESCENS AROUND MESSAGES, BUT 7034 04:26:52,363 --> 04:26:55,132 THERE'S STILL A LOT OF 7035 04:26:55,199 --> 04:26:56,233 DISAGREEMENT IN THE SCIENCE, 7036 04:26:56,300 --> 04:27:00,270 THERE'S A LOT OF DISAGREEMENT ON 7037 04:27:00,337 --> 04:27:03,006 HOW WE TRANSMIT THE EVIDENCE TO 7038 04:27:03,073 --> 04:27:03,340 POLICYMAKERS. 7039 04:27:03,407 --> 04:27:04,875 AND I THINK WHERE WE STAND NOW, 7040 04:27:04,942 --> 04:27:07,511 WE DO A LOT OF WORK TRYING TO 7041 04:27:07,578 --> 04:27:09,913 PRESENT DATA TO POLICYMAKERS. 7042 04:27:09,980 --> 04:27:12,750 SOMETHING CALLED THE GLOBAL 7043 04:27:12,816 --> 04:27:13,951 SYSTEMS DASHBOARD, A PAPER IS 7044 04:27:14,017 --> 04:27:16,153 COMING OUT ON GLOBAL MONITORING 7045 04:27:16,220 --> 04:27:17,888 OF FOOD SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE. 7046 04:27:17,955 --> 04:27:19,656 TO US POLICYMAKERS ARE OFTEN 7047 04:27:19,723 --> 04:27:21,625 NAVIGATING IN THE DARK. 7048 04:27:21,692 --> 04:27:25,763 THEY DON'T KNOW HOW THEIR FOOD 7049 04:27:25,829 --> 04:27:27,197 SYSTEMS ARE PERFORMING, WHAT 7050 04:27:27,264 --> 04:27:28,966 ACTORS ARE DOING WHAT ACROSS 7051 04:27:29,032 --> 04:27:33,003 FOOD SYSTEMS. 7052 04:27:33,070 --> 04:27:37,908 IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO RELAY 7053 04:27:37,975 --> 04:27:39,676 MESSAGES THAT ARE COMMON AND THE 7054 04:27:39,743 --> 04:27:42,513 DATA NEEDS TO FEED INTO THAT. 7055 04:27:42,579 --> 04:27:44,815 I THINK I DON'T THINK WE'RE AS 7056 04:27:44,882 --> 04:27:47,751 FAR ALONG AS THE ENERGY SECTOR. 7057 04:27:47,818 --> 04:27:49,820 MAYBE DR. PENG CAN TALK ABOUT 7058 04:27:49,887 --> 04:27:50,053 THAT. 7059 04:27:50,120 --> 04:27:51,688 THE ENERGY TRANSITION HAS GONE 7060 04:27:51,755 --> 04:27:52,423 FURTHER THAN FOOD SYSTEM 7061 04:27:52,489 --> 04:27:54,658 TRANSITION AND I THINK SOME IS 7062 04:27:54,725 --> 04:27:57,828 AROUND THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 7063 04:27:57,895 --> 04:27:59,029 COMING TOGETHER AROUND CORE 7064 04:27:59,096 --> 04:27:59,296 MESSAGES. 7065 04:27:59,363 --> 04:28:00,864 BUT WE ALL COME FROM DIFFERENT 7066 04:28:00,931 --> 04:28:03,200 DISCIPLINES AND HAVE DIFFERENT 7067 04:28:03,267 --> 04:28:05,269 ENTRY POINTS, FOOD SYSTEM ACTORS 7068 04:28:05,335 --> 04:28:13,043 THAT WE ENGAGE WITH, MAKES IT 7069 04:28:13,110 --> 04:28:13,444 MORE COMPLICATED. 7070 04:28:13,510 --> 04:28:14,311 >> PROFESSOR RAMASWAMI? 7071 04:28:14,378 --> 04:28:16,547 >> I THINK -- CAN YOU HEAR ME? 7072 04:28:16,613 --> 04:28:16,880 >> YES. 7073 04:28:16,947 --> 04:28:18,649 >> I THINK BY GETTING INTO 7074 04:28:18,715 --> 04:28:21,585 SECTORS I WANT TO GET ONE LEVEL 7075 04:28:21,652 --> 04:28:22,786 HIGHER THAN THAT. 7076 04:28:22,853 --> 04:28:24,888 THAT IS THAT ALL THESE KEY 7077 04:28:24,955 --> 04:28:26,390 PROVISIONING SYSTEMS ARE 7078 04:28:26,457 --> 04:28:27,057 IMPORTANT. 7079 04:28:27,124 --> 04:28:30,360 SO FOOD, ENERGY, WATER, 7080 04:28:30,427 --> 04:28:31,495 MOBILITY, CONSTRUCTION 7081 04:28:31,562 --> 04:28:32,529 MATERIALS, BECAUSE THEY AFFECT 7082 04:28:32,596 --> 04:28:34,598 HEAT, STRESS, ALL OF THAT. 7083 04:28:34,665 --> 04:28:39,736 TO ME THAT'S THE ULTIMATE FIRST 7084 04:28:39,803 --> 04:28:41,271 MESSAGE, KEY PHYSICAL 7085 04:28:41,338 --> 04:28:42,372 PROVISIONAL SYSTEMS ARE 7086 04:28:42,439 --> 04:28:43,474 EXTRAORDINARILY IMPORTANT. 7087 04:28:43,540 --> 04:28:46,410 SECOND, THAT URBAN AREAS ARE 7088 04:28:46,477 --> 04:28:52,449 IMPORTANT BECAUSE 85% OF US LIVE 7089 04:28:52,516 --> 04:28:53,650 IN URBAN AREAS. 7090 04:28:53,717 --> 04:28:55,953 THAT'S THE HIGHEST LEVEL, THEIR 7091 04:28:56,019 --> 04:28:57,054 ARE PROVISIONAL SYSTEMS, MOST OF 7092 04:28:57,120 --> 04:28:59,356 US LIVE IN CITIES IN THE U.S. 7093 04:28:59,423 --> 04:29:02,526 AND IT'S GOING TO BE SO IN THE 7094 04:29:02,593 --> 04:29:02,759 FUTURE. 7095 04:29:02,826 --> 04:29:05,262 AND SO IF WE CAN THINK ABOUT 7096 04:29:05,329 --> 04:29:09,533 URBAN HEALTH FROM A PLANETARY 7097 04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:10,834 PERSPECTIVE, SYSTEMS 7098 04:29:10,901 --> 04:29:12,369 PERSPECTIVE, YOU CAN GET BOTH -- 7099 04:29:12,436 --> 04:29:15,305 YOU CAN HAVE A FRAME FOR 7100 04:29:15,372 --> 04:29:15,606 EVALUATING. 7101 04:29:15,672 --> 04:29:17,274 I JUST WANTED TO SAY BEFORE WE 7102 04:29:17,341 --> 04:29:18,909 SAY, WELL, THIS SECTOR AND THIS 7103 04:29:18,976 --> 04:29:20,344 SECTOR, OF COURSE THEY ARE ALL 7104 04:29:20,410 --> 04:29:20,744 IMPORTANT. 7105 04:29:20,811 --> 04:29:23,080 I'M NOT SAYING ONE MORE THAN THE 7106 04:29:23,146 --> 04:29:26,049 OTHER BUT HOLISTICALL YOU NEED 7107 04:29:26,116 --> 04:29:27,150 ALL, FOOD, ENERGY, WATER, 7108 04:29:27,217 --> 04:29:28,151 HOUSING, TO LIVE. 7109 04:29:28,218 --> 04:29:30,254 IT'S NOT JUST HEALTH RISKS. 7110 04:29:30,320 --> 04:29:32,089 IT'S ALSO YOUR ABILITY TO LIVE 7111 04:29:32,155 --> 04:29:32,623 AND THRIVE. 7112 04:29:32,689 --> 04:29:34,925 I JUST WANT TO SAY TO ME THAT'S 7113 04:29:34,992 --> 04:29:39,663 THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL MESSAGE. 7114 04:29:39,730 --> 04:29:40,964 URBAN SYSTEMS MATTER, PHYSICAL 7115 04:29:41,031 --> 04:29:44,134 PROVISION SYSTEMS MATTER BECAUSE 7116 04:29:44,201 --> 04:29:45,002 THEY ALSO SHARE EDUCATION, 7117 04:29:45,068 --> 04:29:45,869 HEALTH CARE. 7118 04:29:45,936 --> 04:29:48,405 I'LL STOP THERE. 7119 04:29:48,472 --> 04:29:49,673 THAT WAS THE GIST, WHATEVER I 7120 04:29:49,740 --> 04:29:52,009 WAS TRYING TO SAY. 7121 04:29:52,075 --> 04:29:54,745 THERE ARE SECTORAL QUESTIONS YOU 7122 04:29:54,811 --> 04:29:58,782 JUST CAN'T LIVE ANYWHERE WITHOUT 7123 04:29:58,849 --> 04:29:59,550 THOSE PROVISIONS. 7124 04:29:59,616 --> 04:30:00,951 >> DR. PENG? 7125 04:30:01,018 --> 04:30:04,154 >> YEAH, SO IN MY VIEW THINKING 7126 04:30:04,221 --> 04:30:05,255 ABOUT EFFECTIVE MESSAGING WE 7127 04:30:05,322 --> 04:30:07,558 FIRST THINK ABOUT WHO WE WANT TO 7128 04:30:07,624 --> 04:30:08,992 TALK TO, WHAT KIND OF DECISIONS 7129 04:30:09,059 --> 04:30:10,627 WE WANT TO CHANGE. 7130 04:30:10,694 --> 04:30:13,430 IF I CAN SPEAK ABOUT THE ENERGY 7131 04:30:13,497 --> 04:30:15,299 SIDE, WHAT WE HAVE FOUND OVER 7132 04:30:15,365 --> 04:30:17,200 THE PAST FEW YEARS I'VE HAD THE 7133 04:30:17,267 --> 04:30:21,238 PRIVILEGE TO WORK WITH 7134 04:30:21,305 --> 04:30:22,873 RESEARCHERS WE FOUND, YES, AT 7135 04:30:22,940 --> 04:30:25,375 VIRTUAL LEVEL WHEN WE MESSAGE 7136 04:30:25,442 --> 04:30:27,578 AROUND HEALTH, MAKING MORE 7137 04:30:27,644 --> 04:30:31,081 RELEVANT, MAKE THEM -- INCREASE 7138 04:30:31,148 --> 04:30:32,816 SUPPORT LEVEL FOR ENERGY POLICY 7139 04:30:32,883 --> 04:30:34,351 BUT A HUGE GAP BETWEEN 7140 04:30:34,418 --> 04:30:36,420 INCREASING SUPPORT TO CHANGING 7141 04:30:36,486 --> 04:30:37,087 THE DECISIONS. 7142 04:30:37,154 --> 04:30:40,257 BECAUSE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 7143 04:30:40,324 --> 04:30:41,825 THERE'S LIMIT TO SOME EXTENT. 7144 04:30:41,892 --> 04:30:43,560 THAT'S THE REASON OVER THE PAST 7145 04:30:43,627 --> 04:30:45,429 LIKE TWO YEARS ACTUALLY WE HAVE 7146 04:30:45,495 --> 04:30:47,798 BEEN THINKING ABOUT MAYBE WE'RE 7147 04:30:47,864 --> 04:30:49,433 NOT TARGETING THE RIGHT AUDIENCE 7148 04:30:49,499 --> 04:30:50,867 IN THE FIRST PLACE BECAUSE IF 7149 04:30:50,934 --> 04:30:53,170 YOU ARE THINKING WHO CAN CHANGE 7150 04:30:53,236 --> 04:30:55,372 THE SYSTEM, WHAT ACTIONS THAT 7151 04:30:55,439 --> 04:30:56,907 CAN REALLY INTEGRATE ENERGY AND 7152 04:30:56,974 --> 04:30:58,709 AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH DECISIONS 7153 04:30:58,775 --> 04:31:01,612 IN THIS COUNTRY IN PARTICULAR I 7154 04:31:01,678 --> 04:31:03,447 THINK THE STATES ARE MORE 7155 04:31:03,513 --> 04:31:04,548 EFFECTIVE ENTRY POINTS BECAUSE 7156 04:31:04,615 --> 04:31:06,183 STATE AGENCIES RIGHT NOW WE HAVE 7157 04:31:06,249 --> 04:31:09,686 WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY THANKS TO 7158 04:31:09,753 --> 04:31:12,122 INFLATION REJECTION ACT WHICH IS 7159 04:31:12,189 --> 04:31:13,857 CONGRESS INVEST INTO LOW CARBON 7160 04:31:13,924 --> 04:31:15,626 ENERGY, STATES ARE THE IMPORTANT 7161 04:31:15,692 --> 04:31:17,661 ACTOR THAT CAN DIRECTLY APPLY TO 7162 04:31:17,728 --> 04:31:19,896 FUNDING RESOURCES THAT CAN ALSO 7163 04:31:19,963 --> 04:31:21,531 HELP BUSINESSES AND LOCAL ACTORS 7164 04:31:21,598 --> 04:31:22,866 TO RESPOND AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 7165 04:31:22,933 --> 04:31:24,134 A LOT OF PROGRAMS. 7166 04:31:24,201 --> 04:31:27,537 AT THE SAME TIME STATES ARE AT 7167 04:31:27,604 --> 04:31:29,840 THE FOREFRONT FOR AIR QUALITY 7168 04:31:29,906 --> 04:31:30,941 STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, A LOT 7169 04:31:31,008 --> 04:31:32,009 OF PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES. 7170 04:31:32,075 --> 04:31:34,544 THAT'S WHY WE HAVE BEEN CHANGING 7171 04:31:34,611 --> 04:31:36,647 OUR FOCUS RECENTLY, THINKING 7172 04:31:36,713 --> 04:31:38,048 ABOUT MAYBE STATE AGENCIES ARE 7173 04:31:38,115 --> 04:31:39,916 THE RIGHT ACTORS WHERE WHEN WE 7174 04:31:39,983 --> 04:31:43,854 THINK ABOUT RIGHT MESSAGING AND 7175 04:31:43,920 --> 04:31:47,457 RIGHT IMPORTANT, USEFUL RESEARCH 7176 04:31:47,524 --> 04:31:50,193 INSIGHT, THOSE PLACES WHERE MORE 7177 04:31:50,260 --> 04:31:51,928 EFFECTIVE ACTION COULD 7178 04:31:51,995 --> 04:31:54,765 POTENTIALLY TAKE PLACE. 7179 04:31:54,831 --> 04:31:55,132 >> DR. NAVAS? 7180 04:31:55,198 --> 04:31:56,133 >> YES, I AGREE. 7181 04:31:56,199 --> 04:31:57,334 ACTUALLY THE IDEA OF THE STATE I 7182 04:31:57,401 --> 04:31:58,735 LIKE IT A LOT. 7183 04:31:58,802 --> 04:32:02,539 I THINK IT'S VERY TRUE, STATE, 7184 04:32:02,606 --> 04:32:05,075 TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS, THIS 7185 04:32:05,142 --> 04:32:06,443 LEVEL, IT'S VERY RELEVANT. 7186 04:32:06,510 --> 04:32:08,245 I WAS THINKING IN TERMS OF 7187 04:32:08,311 --> 04:32:10,047 MESSAGING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IS 7188 04:32:10,113 --> 04:32:12,816 VERY IMPORTANT. 7189 04:32:12,883 --> 04:32:16,353 I THINK IT'S REALLY BEHIND, HAS 7190 04:32:16,420 --> 04:32:17,888 BEEN QUITE BEHIND, ESPECIALLY IN 7191 04:32:17,954 --> 04:32:19,990 THE TRAINING IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, 7192 04:32:20,057 --> 04:32:22,626 THINGS ARE CHANGING, BUT I THINK 7193 04:32:22,693 --> 04:32:27,664 IT'S BEEN A CHRONIC DEFICIT IN 7194 04:32:27,731 --> 04:32:27,931 EDUCATION. 7195 04:32:27,998 --> 04:32:32,803 SO I THINK THAT HAS MADE THE 7196 04:32:32,869 --> 04:32:34,871 MESSAGES IN THE CLINICAL WORLD, 7197 04:32:34,938 --> 04:32:38,809 THE HEALTH WORLD, IN GENERAL, TO 7198 04:32:38,875 --> 04:32:43,547 ACCEPT YOU KNOW SPECIFIC PUBLIC 7199 04:32:43,613 --> 04:32:44,214 HEALTH OR AREA. 7200 04:32:44,281 --> 04:32:46,817 TO THINK THIS IS NOT RELEVANT OR 7201 04:32:46,883 --> 04:32:49,886 SECOND LEVEL PRIORITY. 7202 04:32:49,953 --> 04:32:53,690 AND I THINK INCORPORATING BETTER 7203 04:32:53,757 --> 04:32:55,258 TRAINING, BETTER -- SO THOSE 7204 04:32:55,325 --> 04:33:01,264 MESSAGES ARE INCORPORATED INTO 7205 04:33:01,331 --> 04:33:02,365 THE MEDICAL CLINICAL THINKING I 7206 04:33:02,432 --> 04:33:04,634 THINK IS IMPORTANT. 7207 04:33:04,701 --> 04:33:05,736 OTHERWISE IT DOESN'T GET 7208 04:33:05,802 --> 04:33:07,938 TRANSMITTED TO THE REST OF THE 7209 04:33:08,004 --> 04:33:08,438 POPULATION. 7210 04:33:08,505 --> 04:33:12,876 EACH YEAR IN THE CLASS THAT I 7211 04:33:12,943 --> 04:33:13,543 TEACH ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE AT 7212 04:33:13,610 --> 04:33:14,811 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY I ASK 7213 04:33:14,878 --> 04:33:15,445 UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WHAT DO 7214 04:33:15,512 --> 04:33:18,882 YOU THINK OF THE RISK FACTORS 7215 04:33:18,949 --> 04:33:20,417 FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 7216 04:33:20,484 --> 04:33:22,919 MONEY SAYS ANYTHING ABOUT 7217 04:33:22,986 --> 04:33:23,386 ENVIRONMENT. 7218 04:33:23,453 --> 04:33:24,020 NOTHING. 7219 04:33:24,087 --> 04:33:25,589 NOTHING-- NOBODY SAYS ANYTHING 7220 04:33:25,655 --> 04:33:26,790 ABOUT ENVIRONMENT, FOOD SYSTEMS, 7221 04:33:26,857 --> 04:33:27,023 NOTHING. 7222 04:33:27,090 --> 04:33:28,225 THEY MIGHT SAY SOMETHING ABOUT 7223 04:33:28,291 --> 04:33:30,627 THE FOOD OR DIET OR DIET OR 7224 04:33:30,694 --> 04:33:34,898 SOMETHING LIKE THAT, BUT THAT'S 7225 04:33:34,965 --> 04:33:35,098 IT. 7226 04:33:35,165 --> 04:33:36,767 I THINK THIS SHOWS WE HAVE A LOT 7227 04:33:36,833 --> 04:33:40,570 TO DO IN THAT AREA. 7228 04:33:40,637 --> 04:33:42,873 >> DR. DAHER? 7229 04:33:42,939 --> 04:33:45,942 >> AS I REFLECT ON THE COMMENT 7230 04:33:46,009 --> 04:33:50,313 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ALL OF 7231 04:33:50,380 --> 04:33:51,615 THESE SECTORS, THEY ARE 7232 04:33:51,681 --> 04:33:51,982 INTERCONNECTED. 7233 04:33:52,048 --> 04:33:55,352 ONE OF THE KEY MESSAGES THAT WE 7234 04:33:55,418 --> 04:33:57,788 NEED TO PUT OUT IS THE CURRENTLY 7235 04:33:57,854 --> 04:34:01,825 UNTAPPED POTENTIAL BY THE LACK 7236 04:34:01,892 --> 04:34:03,426 OF NATIONS, CURRENTLY EXISTS, 7237 04:34:03,493 --> 04:34:10,333 HOW WE CAN TAP INTO THIS SPACE 7238 04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:11,768 AND IMPROVE SYNERGY BY LOOKING 7239 04:34:11,835 --> 04:34:17,774 AT WAYS THAT THESE SECTORS COULD 7240 04:34:17,841 --> 04:34:19,409 BETTER COORDINATE AND BETTER DO 7241 04:34:19,476 --> 04:34:21,611 INTEGRATIVE PLANNING AND 7242 04:34:21,678 --> 04:34:30,887 GOVERNANCE OF THESE 7243 04:34:30,954 --> 04:34:35,192 INTERCONNECTED RESOURCE SYSTEMS. 7244 04:34:35,258 --> 04:34:35,792 >> YES, DR. RAMYASWAMI. 7245 04:34:35,859 --> 04:34:37,561 >> ON THIS QUESTION OF WHAT'S 7246 04:34:37,627 --> 04:34:40,230 THE BEST POLICY SCALE, I WANT TO 7247 04:34:40,297 --> 04:34:40,730 PUSH BACK. 7248 04:34:40,797 --> 04:34:43,066 BY STATE, I DON'T KNOW IF YOU 7249 04:34:43,133 --> 04:34:44,901 MEAN STATE OF MINNESOTA, THAT 7250 04:34:44,968 --> 04:34:46,770 KIND OF STATE, I THINK THAT'S 7251 04:34:46,837 --> 04:34:49,306 TRUE IF YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE 7252 04:34:49,372 --> 04:34:50,473 SUPPLY SIDE. 7253 04:34:50,540 --> 04:34:52,342 HOWEVER, ENERGY SUPPLIED, HOW DO 7254 04:34:52,409 --> 04:34:53,743 YOU CHANGE POLL CIRCUMSTANCES SO 7255 04:34:53,810 --> 04:34:55,745 MUCH OF DECARBONIZATION CAN BE 7256 04:34:55,812 --> 04:34:57,614 ACHIEVED BY URBAN PLANNING, 7257 04:34:57,681 --> 04:35:01,318 WHICH CAN HAVE CARDIOVASCULAR 7258 04:35:01,384 --> 04:35:04,721 BENEFITS THROUGH ACTIVE 7259 04:35:04,788 --> 04:35:06,122 LIFESTYLES, NON-MOTORIZED 7260 04:35:06,189 --> 04:35:06,356 TRAVEL. 7261 04:35:06,423 --> 04:35:07,891 IT'S MULTI-SCALE, NOT ONE SCALE 7262 04:35:07,958 --> 04:35:09,960 AND IN SOME WORK WE'VE SHOWN 7263 04:35:10,026 --> 04:35:12,929 THAT THOSE LEVELS ARE JUST NOT 7264 04:35:12,996 --> 04:35:16,199 BEING COUNTED WHEN YOU DO -- NET 7265 04:35:16,266 --> 04:35:17,734 ZERO DOESN'T CONSIDER THOSE 7266 04:35:17,801 --> 04:35:19,803 KINDS OF THINGS, THAT CITIES CAN 7267 04:35:19,870 --> 04:35:20,237 DO. 7268 04:35:20,303 --> 04:35:23,340 THAT'S WHERE LOCAL PLANNING 7269 04:35:23,406 --> 04:35:30,313 MATTERS, METROPOLITAN AND 7270 04:35:30,380 --> 04:35:31,014 REGIONAL PLANNING, MULTI-SCALE, 7271 04:35:31,081 --> 04:35:34,017 NOT A STATE OR NATION, YOU WANT 7272 04:35:34,084 --> 04:35:36,887 TO LOOK AT INSTITUTIONS ACROSS 7273 04:35:36,953 --> 04:35:37,087 SCALE. 7274 04:35:37,153 --> 04:35:41,958 I WANT TO SAY IN ANY SECTOR YOU 7275 04:35:42,025 --> 04:35:43,660 SEE THAT, THERE'S LOCAL LEVEL, 7276 04:35:43,727 --> 04:35:47,597 CITY LEVEL, NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL 7277 04:35:47,664 --> 04:35:49,132 PLANNING, METROPOLITAN REGIONAL, 7278 04:35:49,199 --> 04:35:51,868 THEN THE STATE, EVEN REGIONAL 7279 04:35:51,935 --> 04:35:54,437 PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSIONS, 7280 04:35:54,504 --> 04:35:55,305 BROADER REGION, FEDERAL POLICY. 7281 04:35:55,372 --> 04:35:58,441 AND SO ONE OF THE NICE THINGS IN 7282 04:35:58,508 --> 04:36:01,077 THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION 7283 04:36:01,144 --> 04:36:02,612 IS WE'RE ACTUALLY IDENTIFIED AT 7284 04:36:02,679 --> 04:36:07,884 WHICH SCALE THE POLICY ACTORS 7285 04:36:07,951 --> 04:36:08,618 ARE RELEVANT. 7286 04:36:08,685 --> 04:36:10,253 SO YOU CAN GET CROSS-SCALE 7287 04:36:10,320 --> 04:36:13,223 CONNECTION GOING ON BECAUSE IT 7288 04:36:13,290 --> 04:36:16,426 IS A MULTI-SCALE MULTI-SECTOR, 7289 04:36:16,493 --> 04:36:17,394 TOTALLY AGREE, MULTI-SECTOR, 7290 04:36:17,460 --> 04:36:17,928 MULTI-SCALE. 7291 04:36:17,994 --> 04:36:20,563 AND THEN THOSE PLACES WHERE YOU 7292 04:36:20,630 --> 04:36:24,701 CAN CONVENE PEOPLE ACROSS SCALE, 7293 04:36:24,768 --> 04:36:26,369 THAT'S WHERE YOU CAN GET 7294 04:36:26,436 --> 04:36:29,205 COORDINATION HAPPEN. 7295 04:36:29,272 --> 04:36:31,508 I WANT TO SAY WHICH SCALE IS 7296 04:36:31,574 --> 04:36:32,676 IMPORTANT DEPENDS WHICH LEVEL. 7297 04:36:32,742 --> 04:36:35,879 IF YOU LOOK AT DEMAND SIDE 7298 04:36:35,946 --> 04:36:37,514 LEVELS, URBAN, HOW URBAN AREAS 7299 04:36:37,580 --> 04:36:44,421 ARE DESIGNED, ARE A HUGE PART OF 7300 04:36:44,487 --> 04:36:44,788 THE DEMAND SIDE. 7301 04:36:44,854 --> 04:36:51,628 >> SANJAY, DO YOU HAVE A 7302 04:36:51,695 --> 04:36:51,895 QUESTION? 7303 04:36:51,962 --> 04:36:53,830 >> I THINK YOU'RE STILL MUTED. 7304 04:36:53,897 --> 04:36:54,364 >> SORRY. 7305 04:36:54,431 --> 04:36:55,465 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 7306 04:36:55,532 --> 04:36:57,233 I JUST WANT TO FIRST OF ALL 7307 04:36:57,300 --> 04:36:59,069 CONGRATULATE ALL THE SPEAKERS 7308 04:36:59,135 --> 04:37:03,773 BUT I HAD TWO QUESTIONS, MAYBE 7309 04:37:03,840 --> 04:37:04,207 COMMENTS. 7310 04:37:04,274 --> 04:37:05,976 ONE, TO JESS. 7311 04:37:06,042 --> 04:37:07,510 SUPERB TALK ON FOOD SYSTEMS. 7312 04:37:07,577 --> 04:37:09,479 THE QUESTION IS ONE OF THE OTHER 7313 04:37:09,546 --> 04:37:13,616 ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN 7314 04:37:13,683 --> 04:37:15,018 YOU PUT THIS WORKSHOP TOGETHER 7315 04:37:15,085 --> 04:37:17,654 WAS ALL OF THE THINGS THAT ARE 7316 04:37:17,721 --> 04:37:21,524 HAPPENING IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR 7317 04:37:21,591 --> 04:37:26,329 ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES LIKE 7318 04:37:26,396 --> 04:37:27,097 CELL-BASED MEATS, FERMENTATION 7319 04:37:27,163 --> 04:37:28,631 TECHNOLOGY, ALL THINGS THAT HAVE 7320 04:37:28,698 --> 04:37:29,933 DUBIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS RIGHT 7321 04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:30,100 NOW. 7322 04:37:30,166 --> 04:37:31,134 WE DON'T UNDERSTAND ENOUGH ABOUT 7323 04:37:31,201 --> 04:37:32,035 IT. 7324 04:37:32,102 --> 04:37:34,104 I WANT TO ASK HER FOR SOME 7325 04:37:34,170 --> 04:37:36,039 COMMENTS ON WHAT THE INTERESTING 7326 04:37:36,106 --> 04:37:38,475 QUESTIONS MIGHT BE. 7327 04:37:38,541 --> 04:37:43,179 THE SECOND QUESTION TO ANU, AND 7328 04:37:43,246 --> 04:37:44,247 WEI, BRILLIANT TALKS. 7329 04:37:44,314 --> 04:37:46,449 THE QUESTION WITH REGARDS TO HOW 7330 04:37:46,516 --> 04:37:48,418 DO YOU -- THERE'S GOOD 7331 04:37:48,485 --> 04:37:50,487 COMMENTARIES AND TALKS FROM 7332 04:37:50,553 --> 04:37:51,488 DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS ABOUT -- 7333 04:37:51,554 --> 04:37:54,657 AND WE'VE TALKED ABOUT 7334 04:37:54,724 --> 04:37:56,426 COLLECTING HEALTH INFORMATION, 7335 04:37:56,493 --> 04:37:58,828 RIGHT, ON ALL DECISIONS. 7336 04:37:58,895 --> 04:38:00,764 THERE ARE URBAN PLANNING 7337 04:38:00,830 --> 04:38:04,834 DECISIONS, ET CETERA. 7338 04:38:04,901 --> 04:38:06,469 IT'S VERY GOOD. 7339 04:38:06,536 --> 04:38:08,638 HOW DO YOU ACTUALLY MAKE THAT 7340 04:38:08,705 --> 04:38:08,872 HAPPEN? 7341 04:38:08,938 --> 04:38:10,840 HOW SHOULD IT -- SINCE YOU HAVE 7342 04:38:10,907 --> 04:38:12,709 THE CONFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT 7343 04:38:12,776 --> 04:38:14,878 ACTORS, HOW SHOULD THIS 7344 04:38:14,944 --> 04:38:16,980 ACTUALLY -- ANY WORDS OF ADVICE 7345 04:38:17,047 --> 04:38:19,582 OR WISDOM HOW THIS SHOULD HAPPEN 7346 04:38:19,649 --> 04:38:25,722 ESPECIALLY WHEN PLANNING MANY 7347 04:38:25,789 --> 04:38:29,893 SECTORIAL INTERVENTIONS, ANY 7348 04:38:29,959 --> 04:38:31,061 FINAL POINTS TO FURTHER 7349 04:38:31,127 --> 04:38:37,000 ELIMINATE HEALTH IMPACT PLANNING 7350 04:38:37,067 --> 04:38:37,500 OF URBAN DECISIONS? 7351 04:38:37,567 --> 04:38:41,271 >> I WITH START WITH THE ALT 7352 04:38:41,337 --> 04:38:44,574 PROTEIN SPACE, A HUGE FIELD. 7353 04:38:44,641 --> 04:38:47,610 THERE'S PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS, 7354 04:38:47,677 --> 04:38:56,352 ALL THE WAY TO LAB GROWN MEAT, 7355 04:38:56,419 --> 04:38:57,253 MIMICKING, LOOKS, SMELLS, TASTE 7356 04:38:57,320 --> 04:39:02,725 LIKE MEAT BUT NOT MEAT. 7357 04:39:02,792 --> 04:39:04,260 IT'S AN INTERESTING TIME. 7358 04:39:04,327 --> 04:39:07,764 IF YOU GO TO KENYA YOU'LL SEE 7359 04:39:07,831 --> 04:39:09,399 SOME OF THESE PLANT-BASED MEATS 7360 04:39:09,466 --> 04:39:11,734 MIMICKING MEAT IN SUPER MARKETS, 7361 04:39:11,801 --> 04:39:12,902 IT'S NOT JUST HIGH-INCOME 7362 04:39:12,969 --> 04:39:13,169 COUNTRIES. 7363 04:39:13,236 --> 04:39:15,438 YOU'RE SEEING IT IN LOW TO 7364 04:39:15,505 --> 04:39:19,042 MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES. 7365 04:39:19,109 --> 04:39:20,577 THE INDUSTRY IS $12.7 BILLION 7366 04:39:20,643 --> 04:39:21,978 INTO ALT PROTEINS, A HUGE 7367 04:39:22,045 --> 04:39:25,048 INDUSTRY BUT ALL TIED UP IN 7368 04:39:25,115 --> 04:39:28,318 PRIVATE SECONDER AND VENTURE 7369 04:39:28,384 --> 04:39:31,187 CAPITALISM. 7370 04:39:31,254 --> 04:39:33,923 AND WE CAN ASSESS THESE 7371 04:39:33,990 --> 04:39:35,125 PARTICULARLY THOSE HIGHLY OR 7372 04:39:35,191 --> 04:39:36,226 ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS. 7373 04:39:36,292 --> 04:39:38,194 WE CAN ONLY DO SO MUCH RESEARCH 7374 04:39:38,261 --> 04:39:44,200 ON THAT BUT WE NEED TO OPEN UP 7375 04:39:44,267 --> 04:39:46,269 THE RESEARCH AGENDA AND ALLOW 7376 04:39:46,336 --> 04:39:48,037 FOR PUBLIC RESEARCH TO BE DONE 7377 04:39:48,104 --> 04:39:49,572 ON MANY OF THESE PRODUCTS. 7378 04:39:49,639 --> 04:39:54,144 IT'S QUITE TIED UP IN THE 7379 04:39:54,210 --> 04:39:59,415 PRIVATE SECTOR. 7380 04:39:59,482 --> 04:40:01,284 D BEZOS EARTH FUND IS BUILDING 7381 04:40:01,351 --> 04:40:02,619 CENTERS OF RESEARCH EXCELLENCE 7382 04:40:02,685 --> 04:40:04,254 TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND ALT 7383 04:40:04,320 --> 04:40:06,222 PROTEINS AND THEIR FUTURE, 7384 04:40:06,289 --> 04:40:13,229 DEMAND FOR THEM AND HEALTH AND 7385 04:40:13,296 --> 04:40:13,997 ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS. 7386 04:40:14,063 --> 04:40:16,833 WE LOOK AT THE LIVE STOCK 7387 04:40:16,900 --> 04:40:18,168 INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, 7388 04:40:18,234 --> 04:40:21,104 WHAT IF IT CONTRACTED WITH 7389 04:40:21,171 --> 04:40:22,071 SUBSTITUTION ALTERNATE PROTEINS 7390 04:40:22,138 --> 04:40:23,840 FILL IN, AND THERE'S 7391 04:40:23,907 --> 04:40:24,374 CONSEQUENCES. 7392 04:40:24,440 --> 04:40:27,110 THERE'S BENEFITS TO THE 7393 04:40:27,177 --> 04:40:33,917 ENVIRONMENT, BUT WE ESTIMATED 7394 04:40:33,983 --> 04:40:35,785 LOSS OF 1.2 MILLION JOBS IF LIVE 7395 04:40:35,852 --> 04:40:37,353 STOCK SECTOR IF AMERICANS 7396 04:40:37,420 --> 04:40:39,656 SHIFTED 10 TO 15% OF BEEF 7397 04:40:39,722 --> 04:40:42,292 CONSUMPTION TO ALT PROTEINS. 7398 04:40:42,358 --> 04:40:44,794 SO IT'S AN INTERESTING SPACE. 7399 04:40:44,861 --> 04:40:46,429 AND I THINK WITH ALT PROTEINS 7400 04:40:46,496 --> 04:40:49,832 IT'S REALLY GOING TO COME DOWN 7401 04:40:49,899 --> 04:40:51,701 TO PRICE, TASTE, AND WHAT 7402 04:40:51,768 --> 04:40:52,335 CONSUMERS VALUE. 7403 04:40:52,402 --> 04:40:55,638 DO THEY CARE ABOUT ANIMAL 7404 04:40:55,705 --> 04:40:57,173 WELFARE, ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, 7405 04:40:57,240 --> 04:40:58,474 ABOUT HEALTH, FARMERS AND 7406 04:40:58,541 --> 04:40:58,808 RANCHERS? 7407 04:40:58,875 --> 04:41:00,577 AND THEY ARE GOING TO MAKE 7408 04:41:00,643 --> 04:41:03,947 CHOICES BASED ON THAT. 7409 04:41:04,013 --> 04:41:06,149 WE HAVE UNDERSTAND HOW POWERFUL 7410 04:41:06,216 --> 04:41:08,017 AND COMPLEX THAT CHOICE IS WHEN 7411 04:41:08,084 --> 04:41:09,519 SOMEONE WALKS INTO THE MARKET 7412 04:41:09,586 --> 04:41:11,621 AND DOES THAT. 7413 04:41:11,688 --> 04:41:13,590 BUT THE BIGGEST ISSUE HAVE, WE 7414 04:41:13,656 --> 04:41:16,993 NEED TO OPEN UP THAT SPACE AND 7415 04:41:17,060 --> 04:41:17,961 ALLOW FOR PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES TO 7416 04:41:18,027 --> 04:41:19,295 BE ABLE TO START UNDERSTANDING A 7417 04:41:19,362 --> 04:41:20,697 LOT OF THESE PRODUCTS BECAUSE 7418 04:41:20,763 --> 04:41:23,433 RIGHT NOW IT'S LOCKED INTO 7419 04:41:23,499 --> 04:41:25,535 VENTURE CAPITALISM. 7420 04:41:25,602 --> 04:41:26,035 SO, YEAH. 7421 04:41:26,102 --> 04:41:28,605 >> LET ME CIRCLE BACK AROUND 7422 04:41:28,671 --> 04:41:33,509 KNOWING THAT A BIG PART OF THIS 7423 04:41:33,576 --> 04:41:35,011 SYMPOSIUM IS TO TRY TO 7424 04:41:35,078 --> 04:41:36,779 UNDERSTAND RESEARCH GAPS AND 7425 04:41:36,846 --> 04:41:38,982 THINK ABOUT HOW THE KINDS OF 7426 04:41:39,048 --> 04:41:43,019 SYSTEMS THAT WE'VE TALKED ABOUT 7427 04:41:43,086 --> 04:41:44,887 IN THIS SESSION PARTICULARLY 7428 04:41:44,954 --> 04:41:46,756 LEND THEMSELVES TO NEW -- TO 7429 04:41:46,823 --> 04:41:48,491 RESEARCH GAPS THAT HAVE TO BE 7430 04:41:48,558 --> 04:41:48,725 FILLED. 7431 04:41:48,791 --> 04:41:51,227 I MEAN, WE KNOW THAT THERE'S, 7432 04:41:51,294 --> 04:41:54,964 YOU KNOW, GENERALLY ALL THE 7433 04:41:55,031 --> 04:41:57,166 SYSTEMS ARE INTERRELATED, 7434 04:41:57,233 --> 04:41:57,634 BIDIRECTIONAL, THERE'S 7435 04:41:57,700 --> 04:41:59,002 CO-BENEFITS TO, YOU KNOW, LOTS 7436 04:41:59,068 --> 04:42:00,536 OF THINGS, SMART CITIES HAVE 7437 04:42:00,603 --> 04:42:02,672 LOTS OF CO-BENEFITS TO THEM. 7438 04:42:02,739 --> 04:42:05,308 WHAT IS SORT OF HEART HEALTH 7439 04:42:05,375 --> 04:42:07,610 RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT WE CAN 7440 04:42:07,677 --> 04:42:11,114 SORT OF SINK OUR TEETH INTO I 7441 04:42:11,180 --> 04:42:18,121 THINK AS PLACES WHERE THE GAPS 7442 04:42:18,187 --> 04:42:22,392 NEED TO BE FILLED. 7443 04:42:22,458 --> 04:42:24,627 I'M SURE A FEW PEOPLE HAVE AN 7444 04:42:24,694 --> 04:42:29,899 IDEA, I'M SURE SANJAY DOES. 7445 04:42:29,966 --> 04:42:32,435 >> MAYBE I'D REFRAME, NOT 7446 04:42:32,502 --> 04:42:34,103 REFRAME BUT RATHER DEFLECT THAT 7447 04:42:34,170 --> 04:42:39,142 QUESTION WITH YOUR PERMISSION 7448 04:42:39,208 --> 04:42:41,311 AND INDULGENCE, JOEL, TO ANU. 7449 04:42:41,377 --> 04:42:42,578 FROM URBAN HEALTH PLANNING 7450 04:42:42,645 --> 04:42:44,480 PERSPECTIVE GIVEN THE FACT 7451 04:42:44,547 --> 04:42:45,782 THERE'S A HUGE OPPORTUNITY NOW, 7452 04:42:45,848 --> 04:42:49,085 WHAT ARE SOME OF THE RESEARCH I 7453 04:42:49,152 --> 04:42:51,054 GUESS QUESTIONS AND PRIORITIES 7454 04:42:51,120 --> 04:42:53,589 WE CAN PROBABLY HANG TOGETHER 7455 04:42:53,656 --> 04:42:56,993 WITH SOME OF THE INTERVENTIONS 7456 04:42:57,060 --> 04:42:58,094 HAPPENING, MULTI-SCALE AND 7457 04:42:58,161 --> 04:42:58,728 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL INTERVENTIONS 7458 04:42:58,795 --> 04:43:00,997 AS PART OF THE IRA, ARE THERE 7459 04:43:01,064 --> 04:43:03,966 THINGS YOU GUYS THINK MIGHT BE 7460 04:43:04,033 --> 04:43:04,734 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT THAT'S 7461 04:43:04,801 --> 04:43:06,602 NOT HAPPENING RIGHT NOW? 7462 04:43:06,669 --> 04:43:14,143 I GUESS WOULD BE MY QUESTION. 7463 04:43:14,210 --> 04:43:15,978 IS IT MERELY ENGAGEMENT TO BE 7464 04:43:16,045 --> 04:43:18,948 PART OF URBAN PLANNING DECISIONS 7465 04:43:19,015 --> 04:43:20,049 BY THE CARDIOLOGIST? 7466 04:43:20,116 --> 04:43:27,590 WHAT DOES THAT LOOK LIKE TO YOU 7467 04:43:27,657 --> 04:43:27,790 GUYS? 7468 04:43:27,857 --> 04:43:30,760 >> MUTED AGAIN. 7469 04:43:30,827 --> 04:43:31,160 ANU, YOU'RE MUTED. 7470 04:43:31,227 --> 04:43:33,696 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 7471 04:43:33,763 --> 04:43:35,131 >> YES. 7472 04:43:35,198 --> 04:43:35,998 >> YES. 7473 04:43:36,065 --> 04:43:39,235 SO I THINK THERE'S MULTIPLE 7474 04:43:39,302 --> 04:43:39,736 KNOWLEDGE GAPS. 7475 04:43:39,802 --> 04:43:42,038 LET ME GO BACK TO THE EARLIER 7476 04:43:42,105 --> 04:43:43,906 QUESTION SANJAY ASKED BECAUSE IT 7477 04:43:43,973 --> 04:43:46,075 RELATES TO THE KNOWLEDGE GAPS. 7478 04:43:46,142 --> 04:43:50,279 AND THAT IS HOW DO YOU GET 7479 04:43:50,346 --> 04:43:52,782 GOVERNANCE, NOT POLICY BUT 7480 04:43:52,849 --> 04:43:55,184 GOVERNANCE ACROSS SCALE WHICH 7481 04:43:55,251 --> 04:43:56,819 INCLUDES INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS, 7482 04:43:56,886 --> 04:43:58,254 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN, 7483 04:43:58,321 --> 04:44:01,858 METROPOLITAN DESIGN, ALL THOSE 7484 04:44:01,924 --> 04:44:03,726 THINGS. 7485 04:44:03,793 --> 04:44:05,595 I WOULDN'T SAY THAT 7486 04:44:05,661 --> 04:44:07,196 THEORETICALLY A STATE CAN 7487 04:44:07,263 --> 04:44:10,400 IMPOSE, METROPOLITAN REGION CAN 7488 04:44:10,466 --> 04:44:11,501 ENGAGE WITH UTILITY. 7489 04:44:11,567 --> 04:44:14,003 SO WHAT I FOUND IS ANYWHERE 7490 04:44:14,070 --> 04:44:16,839 WHERE THE INSTITUTION IS STRONG 7491 04:44:16,906 --> 04:44:17,707 ENOUGH TO GET MULTI-SCALE 7492 04:44:17,774 --> 04:44:19,375 MEANING, FOR EXAMPLE WHEN I 7493 04:44:19,442 --> 04:44:22,845 FIRST WORKED WITH DENVER ON 7494 04:44:22,912 --> 04:44:24,714 GREENHOUSE GAS, THEY HAD 7495 04:44:24,781 --> 04:44:25,581 INCREDIBLE CAPACITY TO CONVENE 7496 04:44:25,648 --> 04:44:26,582 ACROSS SCALE. 7497 04:44:26,649 --> 04:44:30,620 SO THE UTILITY WAS THERE. 7498 04:44:30,686 --> 04:44:31,954 THE METRO REGIONAL 7499 04:44:32,021 --> 04:44:32,822 TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS WERE 7500 04:44:32,889 --> 04:44:34,791 THERE, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, YOU 7501 04:44:34,857 --> 04:44:34,991 KNOW. 7502 04:44:35,057 --> 04:44:38,161 AND THAT'S WHY I THINK WHOEVER 7503 04:44:38,227 --> 04:44:39,595 HAS THAT SKILL CONVENING, IT 7504 04:44:39,662 --> 04:44:41,497 DOESN'T HAVE TO BE THIS SCALE OR 7505 04:44:41,564 --> 04:44:42,031 THAT SCALE. 7506 04:44:42,098 --> 04:44:44,400 IF YOU DO BY FIAT, PEOPLE WON'T 7507 04:44:44,467 --> 04:44:47,570 DO IT UNLESS YOU ACTUALLY ENGAGE 7508 04:44:47,637 --> 04:44:47,837 THEM. 7509 04:44:47,904 --> 04:44:48,905 THAT'S MY FIRST TAKEAWAY. 7510 04:44:48,971 --> 04:44:52,608 I THINK IT'S THE SCIENCE THAT 7511 04:44:52,675 --> 04:44:53,709 HASN'T CAUGHT UP. 7512 04:44:53,776 --> 04:44:57,213 FOR EXAMPLE THE MODELS USED IN 7513 04:44:57,280 --> 04:44:59,615 GLOBAL MODELS, THEY PAY NO 7514 04:44:59,682 --> 04:45:00,349 ATTENTION TO WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 7515 04:45:00,416 --> 04:45:01,684 THE CITY. 7516 04:45:01,751 --> 04:45:03,352 EVEN THE NATIONAL MODEL DOESN'T 7517 04:45:03,419 --> 04:45:05,321 HAVE -- IN FACT WE'RE HOPING TO 7518 04:45:05,388 --> 04:45:07,390 PUBLISH THIS PAPER IN NATURE 7519 04:45:07,457 --> 04:45:08,591 SUSTAINABILITY, IT'S NOT BECAUSE 7520 04:45:08,658 --> 04:45:12,195 THEY DON'T WANT TO, IT'S BECAUSE 7521 04:45:12,261 --> 04:45:13,129 IT'S COMPUTATIONALLY DIFFICULT 7522 04:45:13,196 --> 04:45:14,397 AND EXPENSIVE. 7523 04:45:14,464 --> 04:45:16,165 YOU TALKED ABOUT CROSS-SECTOR 7524 04:45:16,232 --> 04:45:18,134 INTERACTION, YOU NEED VERY FINE 7525 04:45:18,201 --> 04:45:18,434 DATA. 7526 04:45:18,501 --> 04:45:20,536 SO I THINK IT'S ON THE SCIENCE 7527 04:45:20,603 --> 04:45:22,839 SIDE REALLY UNDERSTANDING THESE 7528 04:45:22,905 --> 04:45:25,141 ARE MODELS ACROSS SCALE. 7529 04:45:25,208 --> 04:45:26,342 THERE AREN'T METHODS BECAUSE 7530 04:45:26,409 --> 04:45:29,078 THESE THREE SCALES ARE USING 7531 04:45:29,145 --> 04:45:32,248 VERY DIFFERENT METHODS, FOR GOOD 7532 04:45:32,315 --> 04:45:33,583 REASON, BECAUSE IT'S ACTUALLY 7533 04:45:33,649 --> 04:45:34,984 TOO COMPLEX TO PULL THEM 7534 04:45:35,051 --> 04:45:35,318 TOGETHER. 7535 04:45:35,384 --> 04:45:37,286 AND I THINK THE THIRD THING I 7536 04:45:37,353 --> 04:45:41,891 WORRY ABOUT TOO MUCH ON MILES 7537 04:45:41,958 --> 04:45:42,458 PER HOUR. 7538 04:45:42,525 --> 04:45:44,861 IF YOU DO THIS ALL THESE HAPPY 7539 04:45:44,927 --> 04:45:46,162 THINGS HAPPEN. 7540 04:45:46,229 --> 04:45:46,729 I SHOWED TRADEOFFS. 7541 04:45:46,796 --> 04:45:49,432 I DON'T THINK WE'VE DONE A GOOD 7542 04:45:49,499 --> 04:45:51,968 JOB DEMONSTRATING CAUSALITY AT 7543 04:45:52,034 --> 04:45:52,735 ALL. 7544 04:45:52,802 --> 04:45:55,471 WE SHOW BETTER DIET, BUT WHAT 7545 04:45:55,538 --> 04:45:56,572 INTERVENTIONS WILL ACTUALLY 7546 04:45:56,639 --> 04:45:58,975 IMPROVE DIETS, HOW DO YOU ADJUST 7547 04:45:59,041 --> 04:46:03,346 FOR, YOU KNOW, DIFFERENCES IN 7548 04:46:03,412 --> 04:46:03,779 INCOME. 7549 04:46:03,846 --> 04:46:06,415 TO ME FROM -- IN TERMS OF HEALTH 7550 04:46:06,482 --> 04:46:09,819 RESEARCH I THINK HOW DO YOU GET 7551 04:46:09,886 --> 04:46:12,889 AT CAUSALITY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT 7552 04:46:12,955 --> 04:46:14,824 THESE INTERVENTIONS ARE ACTUALLY 7553 04:46:14,891 --> 04:46:16,259 UNPACKING ALL THE COMPLICATION 7554 04:46:16,325 --> 04:46:18,761 THAT COMES FROM INCOME EFFECTS, 7555 04:46:18,828 --> 04:46:20,763 RACE, SO ON. 7556 04:46:20,830 --> 04:46:23,933 SO THAT'S WHERE I SEE THESE 7557 04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:24,600 THREE THINGS. 7558 04:46:24,667 --> 04:46:26,669 ON THE PHYSICAL SIDE WE DON'T 7559 04:46:26,736 --> 04:46:28,871 HAVE VERY GOOD MODELS THAT 7560 04:46:28,938 --> 04:46:30,606 REALLY CONNECT ACROSS SCALE. 7561 04:46:30,673 --> 04:46:31,807 SO IF MANY INTERESTING THINGS 7562 04:46:31,874 --> 04:46:34,977 ARE HAPPENING IN CITIES WITH 7563 04:46:35,044 --> 04:46:37,547 WALKING, BICYCLING, REDUCING 7564 04:46:37,613 --> 04:46:40,016 TRAVEL DEMAND, SO I THINK THE 7565 04:46:40,082 --> 04:46:41,651 BIGGER QUESTION IS WE SHOULDN'T 7566 04:46:41,717 --> 04:46:43,152 BE SO OPTIMISTIC. 7567 04:46:43,219 --> 04:46:47,189 YOU KNOW, WHEN I READ THE IPCC 7568 04:46:47,256 --> 04:46:48,591 CHAPTER, ALSO VERY POSITIVE. 7569 04:46:48,658 --> 04:46:51,327 YOU COULD EASILY SAY, WELL, AN 7570 04:46:51,394 --> 04:46:52,194 ENVIRONMENTALIST WROTE IT 7571 04:46:52,261 --> 04:46:55,798 BECAUSE IT'S JUST VERY POSITIVE. 7572 04:46:55,865 --> 04:46:57,433 I'LL STOP THERE. 7573 04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:00,369 SKEPTIC COULD SAY, WELL, DO YOU 7574 04:47:00,436 --> 04:47:01,270 REALLY KNOW THIS? 7575 04:47:01,337 --> 04:47:02,371 >> THANK YOU. 7576 04:47:02,438 --> 04:47:05,675 DR. PENG, YOUR HAND IS UP AGAIN. 7577 04:47:05,741 --> 04:47:09,412 >> YES, I AGREE WITH ANU ABOUT 7578 04:47:09,478 --> 04:47:13,883 IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING MODELING 7579 04:47:13,950 --> 04:47:15,618 CAPABILITY FOR MULTI-SECTOR 7580 04:47:15,685 --> 04:47:17,620 SYSTEMS BUT I THINK SANJAY ASKED 7581 04:47:17,687 --> 04:47:20,022 A RIGHT QUESTION, HOW TO MAKE 7582 04:47:20,089 --> 04:47:20,456 THIS HAPPEN. 7583 04:47:20,523 --> 04:47:23,726 IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE POLICY 7584 04:47:23,793 --> 04:47:26,495 PROCESS, IT'S NEVER A CONTINUOUS 7585 04:47:26,562 --> 04:47:27,797 STEADY PROCESS. 7586 04:47:27,863 --> 04:47:30,733 THERE'S ALWAYS CRITICAL WINDOW 7587 04:47:30,800 --> 04:47:32,068 OF OPPORTUNITY WHERE THE 7588 04:47:32,134 --> 04:47:33,603 OPPORTUNITY FOR US TO EMBRACE. 7589 04:47:33,669 --> 04:47:35,671 IF YOU THINK ABOUT COORDINATING 7590 04:47:35,738 --> 04:47:38,407 ENERGY AND AIR QUALITY AGENDA, 7591 04:47:38,474 --> 04:47:40,610 IN CHINA THAT WAS 2013. 7592 04:47:40,676 --> 04:47:43,546 WHEN WE HAD VERY SEVERE -- I'M 7593 04:47:43,613 --> 04:47:43,980 CHINESE. 7594 04:47:44,046 --> 04:47:46,048 VERY SEVERE AIR, HIGHLY 7595 04:47:46,115 --> 04:47:48,250 POLLUTING EVENTS, AS A RESULT 7596 04:47:48,317 --> 04:47:49,352 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DECLARED WAR 7597 04:47:49,418 --> 04:47:50,319 AGAINST AIR POLLUTION. 7598 04:47:50,386 --> 04:47:51,854 THAT WAS THE WINDOW OF 7599 04:47:51,921 --> 04:47:54,156 OPPORTUNITY FOR CHINA TO START 7600 04:47:54,223 --> 04:47:56,025 TO TAKE THE ACTION IN 7601 04:47:56,092 --> 04:47:56,792 COOPERATING THOSE. 7602 04:47:56,859 --> 04:47:57,860 ACTIONS TOGETHER. 7603 04:47:57,927 --> 04:47:59,128 I SEE SIMILAR WINDOW OF 7604 04:47:59,195 --> 04:48:00,630 OPPORTUNITY OPENING UP IN THE 7605 04:48:00,696 --> 04:48:06,068 UNITED STATES RIGHT NOW, THANKS 7606 04:48:06,135 --> 04:48:07,503 TO INFLATION REDUCTION ACT, A 7607 04:48:07,570 --> 04:48:09,472 HUGE AMOUNT OF EFFORT FROM ALL 7608 04:48:09,538 --> 04:48:12,208 LEVELS TO ACCELERATE ENERGY 7609 04:48:12,274 --> 04:48:12,775 TRANSITION. 7610 04:48:12,842 --> 04:48:14,076 AT THE SAME JUSTICE40 INITIATIVE 7611 04:48:14,143 --> 04:48:16,379 OPENED THE DOOR TO THINKING 7612 04:48:16,445 --> 04:48:17,713 ABOUT THE COORDINATION BETWEEN 7613 04:48:17,780 --> 04:48:18,914 ENERGY AND ALSO JUSTICE. 7614 04:48:18,981 --> 04:48:20,650 SO THAT WAS THE REASON WHEN I 7615 04:48:20,716 --> 04:48:23,252 WAS SAYING WHY I FEEL THAT 7616 04:48:23,319 --> 04:48:24,253 STATES COULD BE THE STARTING 7617 04:48:24,320 --> 04:48:25,788 POINT NOT TO SAY OTHER ACTORS 7618 04:48:25,855 --> 04:48:26,889 ARE NOT IMPORTANT. 7619 04:48:26,956 --> 04:48:30,259 MY POINT WAS I DO SEE STATES AS 7620 04:48:30,326 --> 04:48:31,260 VERY NATURAL ENTRY POINT NOW 7621 04:48:31,327 --> 04:48:35,998 THAT WE HAVE A WINDOW OF 7622 04:48:36,065 --> 04:48:40,336 OPPORTUNITY OPEN UP IN 7623 04:48:40,403 --> 04:48:41,003 PARTICULAR, EXCEPT CALIFORNIA, 7624 04:48:41,070 --> 04:48:43,506 MOST OF THE OTHER STATES WE'VE 7625 04:48:43,572 --> 04:48:45,474 INTERACTED WITH ARE SCRAMBLING 7626 04:48:45,541 --> 04:48:47,543 FOR HELP, ASKING FOR WHAT DATA 7627 04:48:47,610 --> 04:48:50,079 IS AVAILABLE NOW BECAUSE THEY 7628 04:48:50,146 --> 04:48:53,616 ONLY HAVE TWO MONTHS TO RESPOND 7629 04:48:53,683 --> 04:48:56,018 TO FUNDING OPPORTUNITY FROM 7630 04:48:56,085 --> 04:48:57,186 GOVERNMENT, EPA, ELSEWHERE. 7631 04:48:57,253 --> 04:48:59,321 IN MY VIEW THERE ARE TWO THINGS 7632 04:48:59,388 --> 04:49:03,659 PRIORITIES RIGHT NOW, ONE 7633 04:49:03,726 --> 04:49:05,094 EMBRACING THE CURRENT WINDOW OF 7634 04:49:05,161 --> 04:49:05,961 OPPORTUNITY TO SYNTHESIZE 7635 04:49:06,028 --> 04:49:08,798 EVERYTHING WE KNOW AND PROVIDE A 7636 04:49:08,864 --> 04:49:10,466 TOOL THAT'S AVAILABLE NOW SO THE 7637 04:49:10,533 --> 04:49:12,802 STATES CAN MAKE GOOD DECISIONS 7638 04:49:12,868 --> 04:49:13,002 TODAY. 7639 04:49:13,069 --> 04:49:16,372 AT THE SAME TIME THIS IS A 7640 04:49:16,439 --> 04:49:17,907 STARTING POINT. 7641 04:49:17,973 --> 04:49:19,875 WE SHOULD BE THINKING ABOUT 7642 04:49:19,942 --> 04:49:23,145 THROUGH THIS PROCESS LET'S BUILD 7643 04:49:23,212 --> 04:49:24,346 PARTNERSHIPS AND TRUST, 7644 04:49:24,413 --> 04:49:25,247 ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE WINDOW 7645 04:49:25,314 --> 04:49:29,919 OF OPPORTUNITY SO WE VIEW THE 7646 04:49:29,985 --> 04:49:30,486 CAPACITY FOR MODELING 7647 04:49:30,553 --> 04:49:32,221 PERSPECTIVE SO THAT WE HAVE THE 7648 04:49:32,288 --> 04:49:33,222 FUTURE WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 7649 04:49:33,289 --> 04:49:35,858 OPEN WE HAVE BETTER TOOLS AND 7650 04:49:35,925 --> 04:49:37,927 BETTER PARTNERSHIPS TO REACT 7651 04:49:37,993 --> 04:49:44,333 FAST AND ALSO BETTER NEXT TIME. 7652 04:49:44,400 --> 04:49:46,335 >> OKAY. 7653 04:49:46,402 --> 04:49:46,902 DR. NAVAS? 7654 04:49:46,969 --> 04:49:50,406 >> THANK YOU FOR ALL OF THESE 7655 04:49:50,473 --> 04:49:52,241 VERY INSPIRING IDEAS AND 7656 04:49:52,308 --> 04:49:53,542 COMMENTS. 7657 04:49:53,609 --> 04:49:54,877 WHAT I WAS THINKING MYSELF WHICH 7658 04:49:54,944 --> 04:49:58,948 GOES ALONG VERY WELL WITH WHAT 7659 04:49:59,014 --> 04:50:01,550 ANU AND WEI HAVE SAID IS WITH 7660 04:50:01,617 --> 04:50:04,520 ALL THE CHANGES THAT ARE GOING 7661 04:50:04,587 --> 04:50:09,024 ON RIGHT NOW, THE OPPORTUNITIES, 7662 04:50:09,091 --> 04:50:10,860 THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 7663 04:50:10,926 --> 04:50:13,629 CHANGES, THE URBAN PLANNING 7664 04:50:13,696 --> 04:50:15,164 CHANGES, FROM THE RESEARCH SIDE 7665 04:50:15,231 --> 04:50:18,334 I THINK IT'S A REALLY GREAT 7666 04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:19,969 OPPORTUNITY TO TRY TO GO IN 7667 04:50:20,035 --> 04:50:24,140 PARALLEL TO BE ABLE TO DOCUMENT 7668 04:50:24,206 --> 04:50:29,512 WHAT THE HEALTH IMPACTS WOULD 7669 04:50:29,578 --> 04:50:29,812 BE. 7670 04:50:29,879 --> 04:50:33,682 EITHER DOING REALLY WELL DONE 7671 04:50:33,749 --> 04:50:35,851 HEALTHY BALANCED IMPACT 7672 04:50:35,918 --> 04:50:36,719 ASSESSMENT, HAVING REAL DATA 7673 04:50:36,786 --> 04:50:39,588 THAT COULD BE ABLE TO DOCUMENT 7674 04:50:39,655 --> 04:50:43,292 WHAT IS THE IMPACT, POTENTIAL 7675 04:50:43,359 --> 04:50:46,262 BENEFITS OR LESS SOE SO THAT WE 7676 04:50:46,328 --> 04:50:48,330 CAN TRY TO MAYBE IDENTIFY WHICH 7677 04:50:48,397 --> 04:50:51,000 ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE 7678 04:50:51,066 --> 04:50:51,333 INTERVENTIONS. 7679 04:50:51,400 --> 04:50:55,571 THIS IS NOT EASY AT ALL TO DO. 7680 04:50:55,638 --> 04:50:57,139 BUT I THINK THERE IS REALLY A 7681 04:50:57,206 --> 04:50:58,007 LOT OF OPPORTUNITY. 7682 04:50:58,073 --> 04:51:00,843 THE OTHER THING I WAS GOING TO 7683 04:51:00,910 --> 04:51:03,479 MENTION THAT EVEN THOUGH I AGREE 7684 04:51:03,546 --> 04:51:08,083 THAT URBAN SETTINGS ARE CRITICAL 7685 04:51:08,150 --> 04:51:10,686 AND IMPORTANT, I REALLY WANT TO 7686 04:51:10,753 --> 04:51:12,988 KEEP BRINGING AND REMINDING US 7687 04:51:13,055 --> 04:51:15,524 OF THE MORE MAYBE ONE OF OUR 7688 04:51:15,591 --> 04:51:17,793 COMMUNITIES LIVING IN MORE 7689 04:51:17,860 --> 04:51:20,095 REMOTE AREAS, BECAUSE THERE ARE 7690 04:51:20,162 --> 04:51:22,031 LOTS OF ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTALLY, 7691 04:51:22,097 --> 04:51:23,065 THAT AFFECT THOSE COMMUNITIES, 7692 04:51:23,132 --> 04:51:24,934 AND I DON'T THINK IT'S ENOUGH, 7693 04:51:25,000 --> 04:51:25,901 BECAUSE YOU'RE MANY MORE 7694 04:51:25,968 --> 04:51:27,570 MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN ONE PLACE, 7695 04:51:27,636 --> 04:51:31,574 THAT THAT'S ENOUGH FOR US TO 7696 04:51:31,640 --> 04:51:32,374 PRIORITIZE DECISION MAKING. 7697 04:51:32,441 --> 04:51:35,978 I THINK THIS CAN LEAVE MANY 7698 04:51:36,045 --> 04:51:41,217 PEOPLE BEHIND AND IT'S NOT -- I 7699 04:51:41,283 --> 04:51:43,519 DON'T THINK IT'S GOOD AS A 7700 04:51:43,586 --> 04:51:45,721 SOCIETY TO TOTALLY DISREGARD 7701 04:51:45,788 --> 04:51:47,656 COMMUNITIES IN RURAL AREAS. 7702 04:51:47,723 --> 04:51:49,658 THE SAME FOR URBAN COMMUNITIES. 7703 04:51:49,725 --> 04:51:52,027 CLEARLY IN OUR COMMUNITIES ARE 7704 04:51:52,094 --> 04:51:54,797 EQUAL, AND I THINK INEQUALITIES 7705 04:51:54,864 --> 04:51:56,866 ASPECTS I THINK ARE VERY, VERY 7706 04:51:56,932 --> 04:51:59,802 IMPORTANT BECAUSE ALL OF THESE 7707 04:51:59,869 --> 04:52:02,438 URBAN DESIGNS AND PLANNING ARE 7708 04:52:02,504 --> 04:52:05,708 NOT ALSO BENEFITING EVERYBODY 7709 04:52:05,774 --> 04:52:06,275 EQUALLY. 7710 04:52:06,342 --> 04:52:07,576 THAT'S A REAL CHALLENGE NOWADAYS 7711 04:52:07,643 --> 04:52:09,445 BUT SOMETHING THAT IS VERY 7712 04:52:09,511 --> 04:52:13,716 IMPORTANT FOR US TO KEEP FROM 7713 04:52:13,782 --> 04:52:19,755 THE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE AND 7714 04:52:19,822 --> 04:52:20,322 ALSO PRACTICE PERSPECTIVE. 7715 04:52:20,389 --> 04:52:22,057 >> I NEED TO TURN TO QUESTIONS 7716 04:52:22,124 --> 04:52:26,328 IN THE Q&A AFTER DR. DAHER. 7717 04:52:26,395 --> 04:52:29,031 >> QUICKLY, I THINK THE GOAL OF 7718 04:52:29,098 --> 04:52:30,933 THE CHALLENGE THAT WE FACE HERE 7719 04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:33,869 WHILE WE'RE LOOKING AT DIFFERENT 7720 04:52:33,936 --> 04:52:35,070 SECTORS WITH DIFFERENT 7721 04:52:35,137 --> 04:52:36,272 OBJECTIVES IS HOW SECTORS 7722 04:52:36,338 --> 04:52:38,607 MEASURE SUCCESS AND EVALUATE 7723 04:52:38,674 --> 04:52:40,976 THEIR SUSTAINABILITY AND 7724 04:52:41,043 --> 04:52:41,510 RESILIENCE. 7725 04:52:41,577 --> 04:52:42,511 I THINK THERE'S AN IMPORTANT 7726 04:52:42,578 --> 04:52:45,347 NEED FOR US TO IDENTIFY WHAT ARE 7727 04:52:45,414 --> 04:52:46,815 THESE COMMON COLLECTIVE OUTCOMES 7728 04:52:46,882 --> 04:52:48,183 AND METRICS THAT YOU CAN 7729 04:52:48,250 --> 04:52:52,788 IDENTIFY ACROSS SECTORS SO WE 7730 04:52:52,855 --> 04:52:54,423 CAN ACHIEVE BETTER ALIGNMENTS 7731 04:52:54,490 --> 04:52:56,892 ACROSS STRATEGIES THAT ARE PUT 7732 04:52:56,959 --> 04:52:59,595 FORWARD ACROSS DIFFERENT 7733 04:52:59,662 --> 04:53:00,930 SECTORS. 7734 04:53:00,996 --> 04:53:02,998 ONE QUICK EXAMPLE TO SHARE THAT 7735 04:53:03,065 --> 04:53:05,634 WE'RE WORKING ON CURRENTLY WITH 7736 04:53:05,701 --> 04:53:07,569 CITY OF SAN ANTONIO, DEVELOPING 7737 04:53:07,636 --> 04:53:09,338 ETHNICITY LEVEL, WORKING AT THE 7738 04:53:09,405 --> 04:53:12,975 DISTRICT LEVEL WITH ONE OF THE 7739 04:53:13,042 --> 04:53:17,813 CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS, DEVELOPING 7740 04:53:17,880 --> 04:53:20,316 DASHBOARD WITH LOCALIZED 7741 04:53:20,382 --> 04:53:21,650 INDICATORS, SO BASICALLY GOING 7742 04:53:21,717 --> 04:53:23,619 BACK TO ANU'S COMMENT ON 7743 04:53:23,686 --> 04:53:26,455 IMPORTANCE OF COLLABORATING WITH 7744 04:53:26,522 --> 04:53:27,656 SOMEONE WITH CONVENING POWER, 7745 04:53:27,723 --> 04:53:29,959 WHEN WE DO THIS KIND OF 7746 04:53:30,025 --> 04:53:31,694 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT MEETINGS 7747 04:53:31,760 --> 04:53:34,163 I'M NOT INVITING FOR THESE 7748 04:53:34,229 --> 04:53:34,730 MEETINGS, THE CITY COUNCIL 7749 04:53:34,797 --> 04:53:37,166 MEMBER IS THE ONE WHO IS 7750 04:53:37,232 --> 04:53:40,436 INVITING ALL OF HER CONSTITUENTS 7751 04:53:40,502 --> 04:53:43,405 AND STAKEHOLDERS ACROSS FOOD, 7752 04:53:43,472 --> 04:53:45,140 ENERGY, HEALTH, EDUCATION, WHO 7753 04:53:45,207 --> 04:53:48,143 COME AND CONTRIBUTE TO THESE 7754 04:53:48,210 --> 04:53:50,179 MEETINGS AND AS A RESULT WE'RE 7755 04:53:50,245 --> 04:53:54,016 DEVELOPING THIS DASHBOARD TO ACT 7756 04:53:54,083 --> 04:53:55,117 AS FUTURE TOOL TO EVALUATE 7757 04:53:55,184 --> 04:53:58,187 PROGRAMS FOR THE CITY AND THAT 7758 04:53:58,253 --> 04:54:00,889 WOULD GUIDE FUTURE INVESTMENT IN 7759 04:54:00,956 --> 04:54:01,557 DIFFERENT PROGRAMS WHILE 7760 04:54:01,623 --> 04:54:02,858 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT, 7761 04:54:02,925 --> 04:54:04,193 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE, OF 7762 04:54:04,259 --> 04:54:05,928 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS AND DIFFERENT 7763 04:54:05,995 --> 04:54:08,464 PROGRAMS INCLUDING HEALTH AND 7764 04:54:08,530 --> 04:54:12,935 WATER AND OTHERS. 7765 04:54:13,002 --> 04:54:15,004 >> QUICKLY SOME OF THESE 7766 04:54:15,070 --> 04:54:17,740 COMMENTS, THE FIRST WOULD BE A 7767 04:54:17,806 --> 04:54:19,942 COMMENT FROM CARL MAYER ON 7768 04:54:20,009 --> 04:54:21,810 ORIGINAL CONVERSATION THAT WE 7769 04:54:21,877 --> 04:54:23,245 STARTED WITH ON MESSAGING, 7770 04:54:23,312 --> 04:54:25,414 SAYING HE WOULD SUGGEST MULTIPLE 7771 04:54:25,481 --> 04:54:28,484 MESSAGES ARE IMPORTANT TO THE 7772 04:54:28,550 --> 04:54:29,718 EXTENT THEY DON'T CONFLICT. 7773 04:54:29,785 --> 04:54:31,220 THAT IS THIS IS THE MOST 7774 04:54:31,286 --> 04:54:34,056 IMPORTANT THING TO DO TO REACH 7775 04:54:34,123 --> 04:54:35,024 DIFFERENT PUBLICS, INDIVIDUALS 7776 04:54:35,090 --> 04:54:37,026 WITH VARIED VALUES, WE NEED TO 7777 04:54:37,092 --> 04:54:40,429 KNOW OUR AUDIENCE, SIMILAR FOR 7778 04:54:40,496 --> 04:54:40,662 POLICY. 7779 04:54:40,729 --> 04:54:43,365 DOES ANYBODY WANT TO ADD 7780 04:54:43,432 --> 04:54:44,800 ANYTHING TO THAT COMMENT BASED 7781 04:54:44,867 --> 04:54:52,708 ON WHERE WE LANDED THERE? 7782 04:54:52,775 --> 04:54:56,078 AND THEN A QUESTION FOR DR. 7783 04:54:56,145 --> 04:54:56,278 NAVAS. 7784 04:54:56,345 --> 04:55:00,149 SHE ANSWERED OFFLINE, ON MEDICAL 7785 04:55:00,215 --> 04:55:01,250 HEALTH CARE EDUCATION, INCLUDING 7786 04:55:01,316 --> 04:55:03,318 PLANETARY HEALTH IN THAT. 7787 04:55:03,385 --> 04:55:09,324 I THINK THERE'S LOTS OF DEMANDS 7788 04:55:09,391 --> 04:55:10,426 ON MEDICAL EDUCATION. 7789 04:55:10,492 --> 04:55:12,061 IT REMAINS THE CASE, ALTHOUGH 7790 04:55:12,127 --> 04:55:14,129 CHALLENGED IN THE LAST FEW YEARS 7791 04:55:14,196 --> 04:55:21,136 I THINK BY PUBLIC OPINION THAT A 7792 04:55:21,203 --> 04:55:22,371 DOCTOR'S WORD STILL MEANS A LOT 7793 04:55:22,438 --> 04:55:24,673 TO PEOPLE AND GOOD IF WE COULD 7794 04:55:24,740 --> 04:55:26,742 MESSAGE BETTER TO THE HEALTH 7795 04:55:26,809 --> 04:55:27,609 CARE COMMUNITY ON PLANETARY 7796 04:55:27,676 --> 04:55:35,918 HEALTH FOR SURE. 7797 04:55:35,984 --> 04:55:43,225 THERE WAS A QUESTION, HOW MUCH 7798 04:55:43,292 --> 04:55:46,762 REFIRES, ESPECIALLY ASHES 7799 04:55:46,829 --> 04:55:48,397 CONTAINING CHROMATE COPPER AND 7800 04:55:48,464 --> 04:55:49,498 ARSENIC, AN INTERESTING 7801 04:55:49,565 --> 04:55:52,668 QUESTION, JUST A PAPER IN 7802 04:55:52,734 --> 04:55:53,268 "NATURE COMMUNICATIONS" THIS 7803 04:55:53,335 --> 04:55:55,170 WEEK SHOWING WE HAVE TO WORRY 7804 04:55:55,237 --> 04:55:59,541 ABOUT THE BURNING OF 7805 04:55:59,608 --> 04:56:00,209 COPPER-CONTAINING TREES, 7806 04:56:00,275 --> 04:56:03,579 COPPER-TREATED WOOD IN THIS 7807 04:56:03,645 --> 04:56:05,681 CASE, CCA TREATED WOOD, BUT 7808 04:56:05,747 --> 04:56:07,416 CHROMIUM IN THE SOIL IS 7809 04:56:07,483 --> 04:56:10,919 TRANSFORMED BY WILDFIRES INTO 7810 04:56:10,986 --> 04:56:14,089 HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM, THE MORE 7811 04:56:14,156 --> 04:56:14,857 TOXIC CHROMIUM SPECIES. 7812 04:56:14,923 --> 04:56:17,826 DID YOU WANT TO ADD ANYTHING, 7813 04:56:17,893 --> 04:56:17,993 ANA? 7814 04:56:18,060 --> 04:56:19,995 >> YEAH, THANK YOU FOR THE 7815 04:56:20,062 --> 04:56:20,762 QUESTION. 7816 04:56:20,829 --> 04:56:23,499 THERE IS NOT REAL RESEARCH DONE 7817 04:56:23,565 --> 04:56:27,636 IN THAT REGARD. 7818 04:56:27,703 --> 04:56:29,938 THE WILDFIRES RESEARCH, 7819 04:56:30,005 --> 04:56:31,707 CONNECTING THAT TO DISEASE, THAT 7820 04:56:31,773 --> 04:56:32,674 WOULD BE SUPER INTERESTING TO 7821 04:56:32,741 --> 04:56:33,876 DO. 7822 04:56:33,942 --> 04:56:37,179 IN ONE OF THE SLIDES, REALLY 7823 04:56:37,246 --> 04:56:41,116 QUICKLY, COPPER IS RELATED TO 7824 04:56:41,183 --> 04:56:42,651 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, IN THE 7825 04:56:42,718 --> 04:56:43,852 MESA STUDY. 7826 04:56:43,919 --> 04:56:47,356 COPPER IS A VERY INTERESTING 7827 04:56:47,422 --> 04:56:49,658 METAL, VERY REACTIVE. 7828 04:56:49,725 --> 04:56:51,226 SO ANYWAY, YEAH, WORK TO DO IN 7829 04:56:51,293 --> 04:56:51,927 THIS AREA. 7830 04:56:51,994 --> 04:56:57,299 A LOT OF WORK TO DO. 7831 04:56:57,366 --> 04:57:00,302 >> ANU YOUR HAND HAS BEEN UP. 7832 04:57:00,369 --> 04:57:01,937 >> THANK YOU. 7833 04:57:02,004 --> 04:57:06,041 I JUST WANTED TO APPRECIATE 7834 04:57:06,108 --> 04:57:07,809 ANA'S COMMENT, TREMENDOUS. 7835 04:57:07,876 --> 04:57:09,344 WHEN WE WROTE OUR REVIEW PAPER 7836 04:57:09,411 --> 04:57:10,979 THE NUMBER OF -- TWO THINGS. 7837 04:57:11,046 --> 04:57:13,916 THERE'S A LOT OF URBAN 7838 04:57:13,982 --> 04:57:14,249 INEQUALITY. 7839 04:57:14,316 --> 04:57:16,218 AND THE SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF 7840 04:57:16,285 --> 04:57:17,686 PEOPLE, EVEN JUST LOOKING AT 7841 04:57:17,753 --> 04:57:19,621 HOMELESSNESS IN THE U.S., SO 7842 04:57:19,688 --> 04:57:20,689 THROUGH HOMELESSNESS THERE ARE 7843 04:57:20,756 --> 04:57:24,426 PEOPLE WHO ACTUALLY DON'T HAVE 7844 04:57:24,493 --> 04:57:26,061 ACCESS TO TOILET, SANITATION, 7845 04:57:26,128 --> 04:57:29,565 AND SO I WANT TO SAY IT'S NOT 7846 04:57:29,631 --> 04:57:31,333 LIKE URBAN PLACES ARE DOING VERY 7847 04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:31,533 WELL. 7848 04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:34,069 THE SECOND IS IN THIS URBAN 7849 04:57:34,136 --> 04:57:35,704 SYSTEMS APPROACH IT'S NOT MEANT 7850 04:57:35,771 --> 04:57:38,774 TO EXCLUDE RURAL, I WANT TO 7851 04:57:38,840 --> 04:57:40,409 EMPHASIZE, WHERE YOUR PRODUCTION 7852 04:57:40,475 --> 04:57:41,944 COMES FROM IS ENGAGING THE RURAL 7853 04:57:42,010 --> 04:57:45,414 AND SO I HAVE SEEN SOME GREAT 7854 04:57:45,480 --> 04:57:47,115 EXAMPLES WITH FARMERS MARKETS, 7855 04:57:47,182 --> 04:57:50,152 WITH FOOD SYSTEMS, WHERE THE 7856 04:57:50,219 --> 04:57:51,887 URBAN FOOD SYSTEM IS ENGAGING 7857 04:57:51,954 --> 04:57:53,522 WITH THE RURAL FOOD SYSTEM, 7858 04:57:53,589 --> 04:57:55,924 THROUGH THESE LOCAL SUPPLY 7859 04:57:55,991 --> 04:57:57,693 CHAINS, FOR HEALTHY FOOD, SO 7860 04:57:57,759 --> 04:57:59,661 JUST TO CLARIFY DOESN'T MEAN 7861 04:57:59,728 --> 04:58:01,997 IT'S IGNORING EVERYONE ELSE BUT 7862 04:58:02,064 --> 04:58:03,865 IF YOU LOOK AT WHERE RESOURCES 7863 04:58:03,932 --> 04:58:09,838 ARE COMING, IF YOU LOOK AT 7864 04:58:09,905 --> 04:58:10,839 MIGRATION, INDIA AND OTHER 7865 04:58:10,906 --> 04:58:11,807 PLACES, THEY ARE CONNECTED. 7866 04:58:11,873 --> 04:58:14,009 ONE OF THE MESSAGES WAS IT JUST 7867 04:58:14,076 --> 04:58:15,944 GIVES A DIFFERENT FRAME TO 7868 04:58:16,011 --> 04:58:16,211 THINK. 7869 04:58:16,278 --> 04:58:20,449 P IT WAS -- IT WAS SHOCKING THE 7870 04:58:20,515 --> 04:58:21,850 AMOUNT OF DEPRIVATION IN U.S. 7871 04:58:21,917 --> 04:58:24,486 URBAN AREAS WHEN YOU LOOK AT IT. 7872 04:58:24,553 --> 04:58:26,822 >> WE NEED TO BE WRAPPING UP FOR 7873 04:58:26,888 --> 04:58:27,456 A BREAK. 7874 04:58:27,522 --> 04:58:31,393 I DO WANT TO PLANT ONE MORE SEED 7875 04:58:31,460 --> 04:58:32,794 FOR FUTURE DISCUSSION WHICH WAS 7876 04:58:32,861 --> 04:58:36,331 SORT OF INTO THAT IN EARLIER 7877 04:58:36,398 --> 04:58:37,966 CONVERSATIONS TODAY, AND IN THE 7878 04:58:38,033 --> 04:58:39,001 PRESENTATIONS IN THIS SESSION. 7879 04:58:39,067 --> 04:58:43,305 AS WE THINK ABOUT THE SORT OF 7880 04:58:43,372 --> 04:58:44,306 COMPLEX MULTI-SYSTEM 7881 04:58:44,373 --> 04:58:47,009 MULTI-DIRECTIONAL INPUTS ON 7882 04:58:47,075 --> 04:58:49,878 PLANETARY HEALTH, I THINK THAT 7883 04:58:49,945 --> 04:58:53,048 WE AS HEALTH SCIENTISTS HAVE NOT 7884 04:58:53,115 --> 04:58:54,816 ALWAYS INTEGRATED ON A GLOBAL 7885 04:58:54,883 --> 04:58:58,020 SCALE THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC 7886 04:58:58,086 --> 04:59:00,722 DEVELOPMENT AND WEALTH 7887 04:59:00,789 --> 04:59:01,490 DISTRIBUTION INTO THE CALCULUS 7888 04:59:01,556 --> 04:59:03,892 AS MUCH AS WE PROBABLY SHOULD 7889 04:59:03,959 --> 04:59:04,126 BE. 7890 04:59:04,192 --> 04:59:05,927 AND THEN IMPLIES NOT JUST TO 7891 04:59:05,994 --> 04:59:07,829 URBAN SETTINGS, SAY, IN THE 7892 04:59:07,896 --> 04:59:10,232 UNITED STATES WHERE WE HAVE 7893 04:59:10,299 --> 04:59:11,967 CRISES OF HOMELESSNESS AND 7894 04:59:12,034 --> 04:59:17,072 SANITATION ACCESS AND SO FORTH 7895 04:59:17,139 --> 04:59:18,173 BUT GLOBALLY AS ECONOMIC 7896 04:59:18,240 --> 04:59:20,876 DEVELOPMENT IMPROVES QUALITY OF 7897 04:59:20,942 --> 04:59:23,178 LIFE GENERALLY IMPROVING HEALTH, 7898 04:59:23,245 --> 04:59:24,713 INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN ECONOMIC 7899 04:59:24,780 --> 04:59:29,051 DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASING 7900 04:59:29,117 --> 04:59:30,852 GREENHOUSE GASES VERSUS 7901 04:59:30,919 --> 04:59:32,521 RENEWABLES IS A BIG TOPIC I 7902 04:59:32,587 --> 04:59:36,024 THINK IN THIS FIELD AND THAT 7903 04:59:36,091 --> 04:59:38,427 HEALTH OFTEN DOESN'T GET PUT 7904 04:59:38,493 --> 04:59:40,796 INTO CONTEXT AS MUCH AS IT NEEDS 7905 04:59:40,862 --> 04:59:41,596 TO BE. 7906 04:59:41,663 --> 04:59:42,631 ALL RIGHT. 7907 04:59:42,698 --> 04:59:44,099 I SEE WE'RE AT TIME. 7908 04:59:44,166 --> 04:59:45,434 I'LL TURN IT BACK TO WHOEVER IS 7909 04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:48,704 RUNNING THE SHOW AND LET THEM 7910 04:59:48,770 --> 04:59:49,371 TAKE IT FROM HERE. 7911 04:59:49,438 --> 04:59:52,541 >> I THINK THAT'S ME. 7912 04:59:52,607 --> 04:59:53,642 LARRY FINE. 7913 04:59:53,709 --> 04:59:56,144 AGAIN, ANOTHER INCREDIBLE SET OF 7914 04:59:56,211 --> 04:59:58,447 DISCUSSIONS WITH REALLY RICH IN 7915 04:59:58,513 --> 05:00:00,649 TERMS OF RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES, 7916 05:00:00,716 --> 05:00:02,951 CHALLENGES, HOW TO FORM OUR 7917 05:00:03,018 --> 05:00:03,819 INFORMATION, RESEARCH 7918 05:00:03,885 --> 05:00:05,120 INFORMATION, SO IT AFFECTS 7919 05:00:05,187 --> 05:00:06,555 POLICIES, YOU'VE ALSO JUST 7920 05:00:06,621 --> 05:00:09,958 POINTED OUT THE COMPLEXITY OF 7921 05:00:10,025 --> 05:00:11,827 THE SYSTEMS AND OUR NEED TO 7922 05:00:11,893 --> 05:00:13,895 BUILD DATA SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW US 7923 05:00:13,962 --> 05:00:15,630 TO IMPROVE OUR MODELS AND TO 7924 05:00:15,697 --> 05:00:19,801 ADDRESS THESE WEALTH OF ISSUES 7925 05:00:19,868 --> 05:00:20,469 THAT YOU'VE RAISED. 7926 05:00:20,535 --> 05:00:23,739 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 7927 05:00:23,805 --> 05:00:25,273 AGAIN, YOU EXCEEDED MY 7928 05:00:25,340 --> 05:00:26,274 EXPECTATIONS, I'M SORRY WE 7929 05:00:26,341 --> 05:00:28,477 DIDN'T HAVE MORE TIME TO ALLOW 7930 05:00:28,543 --> 05:00:30,312 YOU TO ELABORATE FURTHER. 7931 05:00:30,379 --> 05:00:31,279 IN THE WORKSHOP PAPERS THERE 7932 05:00:31,346 --> 05:00:34,149 WILL BE ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TO 7933 05:00:34,216 --> 05:00:35,350 CRYSTALLIZE AND MAKE SURE THAT 7934 05:00:35,417 --> 05:00:37,753 WE'RE CLEAR ABOUT WHAT WE THINK 7935 05:00:37,819 --> 05:00:39,154 THE RESEARCH FUTURE SHOULD HOLD 7936 05:00:39,221 --> 05:00:41,156 AND WHY THAT'S SO IMPORTANT. 7937 05:00:41,223 --> 05:00:43,658 AGAIN, I WANT TO THANK YOU VERY, 7938 05:00:43,725 --> 05:00:44,960 VERY MUCH. 7939 05:00:45,026 --> 05:00:48,797 WE'RE GOING TO TAKE A TEN-MINUTE 7940 05:00:48,864 --> 05:00:51,633 BREAK, COME BAG AT 3:40 FOR THE 7941 05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:52,934 SIMULATION EXERCISE, GIVE US 7942 05:00:53,001 --> 05:00:56,571 ANOTHER CHANCE TO EXPLORE THE 7943 05:00:56,638 --> 05:00:57,672 COMPLEXITY OF THE SITUATION. 7944 05:00:57,739 --> 05:01:00,642 ALSO SHOW WHAT THE MODELS 7945 05:01:00,709 --> 05:01:01,743 SUGGEST ABOUT SOME OF THE 7946 05:01:01,810 --> 05:01:03,478 INTERVENTIONS THAT WOULD HAVE 7947 05:01:03,545 --> 05:01:05,113 THE GREATEST IMPACT. 7948 05:01:05,180 --> 05:01:07,315 ALSO THE DIVERSITY, TO ALLOW US 7949 05:01:07,382 --> 05:01:09,184 TO -- EACH OF US TO MAKE CHOICES 7950 05:01:09,251 --> 05:01:12,220 WHERE WE THINK WE SHOULD PUT 7951 05:01:12,287 --> 05:01:13,655 ACTION AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS. 7952 05:01:13,722 --> 05:01:16,358 SO PLEASE COME BACK IN TEN 7953 05:01:16,425 --> 05:01:18,026 MINUTES, AT 3:40. 7954 05:01:18,093 --> 05:01:21,029 AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR A 7955 05:01:21,096 --> 05:01:26,401 GREAT AFTERNOON SO FAR. 7956 05:01:26,468 --> 05:01:29,037 >> THANK YOU FOR JOINING THIS 7957 05:01:29,104 --> 05:01:30,906 SESSION, AGAIN. 7958 05:01:30,972 --> 05:01:34,643 I'M REALLY EXCITED TO INTRODUCE 7959 05:01:34,709 --> 05:01:36,812 DR. JASON JAY TO TAKE US THROUGH 7960 05:01:36,878 --> 05:01:39,548 THIS SIMULATION EXERCISE WHICH 7961 05:01:39,614 --> 05:01:41,850 IS I THINK TRANSFORMATIVE IN ITS 7962 05:01:41,917 --> 05:01:45,120 OWN WAY BECAUSE IT EXPOSES US TO 7963 05:01:45,187 --> 05:01:46,955 THE TYPES OF THINKING WE'VE BEEN 7964 05:01:47,022 --> 05:01:48,190 TALKING ABOUT THIS MORNING AND 7965 05:01:48,256 --> 05:01:48,824 AFTERNOON. 7966 05:01:48,890 --> 05:01:50,692 DR. JAY IS SENIOR LECTURER AND 7967 05:01:50,759 --> 05:01:53,428 DIRECTOR M.I.T. SLOAN 7968 05:01:53,495 --> 05:01:54,529 SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVE, ONE 7969 05:01:54,596 --> 05:01:56,164 OF JASON'S STUDENTS MYSELF I CAN 7970 05:01:56,231 --> 05:02:02,504 TELL YOU HE'S NOT ONLY A 7971 05:02:02,571 --> 05:02:10,479 BRILLIANT ORATOR BUT SUPERB 7972 05:02:10,545 --> 05:02:12,981 THINKER, TEACHES MASTER'S LEVEL 7973 05:02:13,048 --> 05:02:18,587 COURSES, HELPED SECURE M.I.T.'S 7974 05:02:18,653 --> 05:02:19,988 SLOAN POSITION, PUBLICATION ALSO 7975 05:02:20,055 --> 05:02:20,889 APPEARED IN CALIFORNIA 7976 05:02:20,956 --> 05:02:28,430 MANAGEMENT REVIEW, M.I.T. SLOAN 7977 05:02:28,497 --> 05:02:29,197 MANAGEMENT REVIEW, STANFORD, 7978 05:02:29,264 --> 05:02:31,066 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, I'VE READ 7979 05:02:31,132 --> 05:02:34,436 HIS BOOK, I HIGHLY RECOMMEND IT, 7980 05:02:34,503 --> 05:02:40,275 THE AUTHOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL 7981 05:02:40,342 --> 05:02:45,947 BESTSELLER, "BREAKING THROUGH 7982 05:02:46,014 --> 05:02:48,149 GRIDLOCK," A FACILITATOR FOR 7983 05:02:48,216 --> 05:02:48,683 BUSINESSES SUPPORTING 7984 05:02:48,750 --> 05:02:50,452 HIGH-QUALITY CONVERSATION AND 7985 05:02:50,519 --> 05:02:52,354 SHARED COMPLIMENT TO AMBITIOUS 7986 05:02:52,420 --> 05:02:53,288 SUSTAINABILITY GOALS. 7987 05:02:53,355 --> 05:02:55,690 I'M GOING TO TURN THIS OVER, YOU 7988 05:02:55,757 --> 05:02:59,060 MIGHT NOTICE A LINK POSTED IN 7989 05:02:59,127 --> 05:03:01,429 THE CHAT WHICH I WOULD HAVE YOU 7990 05:03:01,496 --> 05:03:03,899 CLICK TO PARTICIPATE IN THE 7991 05:03:03,965 --> 05:03:04,132 POLLING. 7992 05:03:04,199 --> 05:03:05,333 THANKS AGAIN, JASON. 7993 05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:09,471 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME, 7994 05:03:09,538 --> 05:03:10,138 SANJAY. 7995 05:03:10,205 --> 05:03:11,439 THE FIRST IMPORTANT CAVEAT IS 7996 05:03:11,506 --> 05:03:12,641 THAT THE DOCTOR BEFORE MY NAME 7997 05:03:12,707 --> 05:03:15,644 IS A Ph.D. IN ORGANIZATIONAL 7998 05:03:15,710 --> 05:03:15,877 STUDIES. 7999 05:03:15,944 --> 05:03:17,779 AND I'M NOT A MEDICAL DOCTOR. 8000 05:03:17,846 --> 05:03:22,417 MY WIFE IS A PHYSICIAN AT MASS 8001 05:03:22,484 --> 05:03:24,619 GENERAL IN GENERAL MEDICINE, DR. 8002 05:03:24,686 --> 05:03:29,190 RAY, I'M ALSO NOT A CLIMATE 8003 05:03:29,257 --> 05:03:29,958 SCIENTIST, OR ENVIRONMENTAL 8004 05:03:30,025 --> 05:03:33,028 SCIENTIST AS MANY OF YOU ARE. 8005 05:03:33,094 --> 05:03:36,331 SO I WANT AT ANY POINT IN THIS 8006 05:03:36,398 --> 05:03:37,399 TO CHALLENGE, RAISE QUESTIONS, 8007 05:03:37,465 --> 05:03:39,034 YOU CAN DO THAT THROUGH THE 8008 05:03:39,100 --> 05:03:41,169 CHAT, THROUGH THE Q&A FUNCTION, 8009 05:03:41,236 --> 05:03:43,038 YOU CAN DO THAT BY WAVING AT ME 8010 05:03:43,104 --> 05:03:45,540 ON THE VIDEO FOR THOSE WHO ARE 8011 05:03:45,607 --> 05:03:46,741 ON THE PANEL HERE. 8012 05:03:46,808 --> 05:03:48,810 I HAVE A SCREEN WHERE I CAN SEE 8013 05:03:48,877 --> 05:03:49,678 ALL OF THAT. 8014 05:03:49,744 --> 05:03:53,281 I'VE GOT MY CONTENT OVER HERE. 8015 05:03:53,348 --> 05:03:56,685 WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS 8016 05:03:56,751 --> 05:03:58,987 EXPLORE PART OF THIS TOPIC OF 8017 05:03:59,054 --> 05:04:01,923 PLANETARY HEALTH. 8018 05:04:01,990 --> 05:04:04,893 THE SECOND CAVEAT BESIDES MY 8019 05:04:04,960 --> 05:04:06,761 DOCTORHOOD IS THE CAVEAT ABOUT 8020 05:04:06,828 --> 05:04:08,196 CLIMATE VERSUS PLANETARY HEALTH. 8021 05:04:08,263 --> 05:04:09,397 SO, THE SCOPE FOR WHAT WE'RE 8022 05:04:09,464 --> 05:04:12,100 GOING TO DO NOW FOR THIS NEXT 8023 05:04:12,167 --> 05:04:13,868 HOUR AND CHANGE IS REALLY 8024 05:04:13,935 --> 05:04:16,071 FOCUSED ON CLIMATE CHANGE. 8025 05:04:16,137 --> 05:04:18,340 I THINK THIS IS A REALLY 8026 05:04:18,406 --> 05:04:19,774 IMPORTANT POINT MADE THROUGHOUT 8027 05:04:19,841 --> 05:04:22,177 THE DAY, A SET OF PLANETARY 8028 05:04:22,243 --> 05:04:23,478 BOUNDARIES HUMANS ARE CROSSING 8029 05:04:23,545 --> 05:04:25,580 WHICH A VARIETY OF HEALTH 8030 05:04:25,647 --> 05:04:26,781 IMPACTS RELATED TO THAT. 8031 05:04:26,848 --> 05:04:29,618 WE'VE GOING TO ZOOM IN ON REALLY 8032 05:04:29,684 --> 05:04:30,518 NARROWLY LOOKING AT CLIMATE 8033 05:04:30,585 --> 05:04:32,687 IMPACTS BUT AS ANY OF YOU KNOW 8034 05:04:32,754 --> 05:04:41,563 WHO WORK IN THIS FIELD CLIMATE 8035 05:04:41,630 --> 05:04:41,997 IS COMPLEX. 8036 05:04:42,063 --> 05:04:45,033 THIS IS FROM THE W.H.O. 8037 05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:46,901 CLIMATE CHANGE CREATES HEALTH 8038 05:04:46,968 --> 05:04:49,237 RISKS, WHICH THEN CREATES HEALTH 8039 05:04:49,304 --> 05:04:51,840 OUTCOMES, BUT THOSE HEALTH 8040 05:04:51,906 --> 05:04:54,576 OUTCOMES ARE MEDIATED VERY MUCH 8041 05:04:54,643 --> 05:04:55,777 BY VULNERABILITY FACTORS, EQUITY 8042 05:04:55,844 --> 05:04:58,613 CONSIDERATIONS THAT HAVE TO DO 8043 05:04:58,680 --> 05:05:04,753 WITH GENDER, SOCIOECONOMIC 8044 05:05:04,819 --> 05:05:05,387 DIFFERENCES, MARGINALIZED AND 8045 05:05:05,453 --> 05:05:06,488 UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS. 8046 05:05:06,554 --> 05:05:10,191 THERE'S NOT AN EASY TRANSLATION 8047 05:05:10,258 --> 05:05:11,860 FROM CLIMATE IMPACTS TO DIRECT 8048 05:05:11,926 --> 05:05:14,029 HEALTH OUTCOMES BUT I WANT US TO 8049 05:05:14,095 --> 05:05:16,531 BE CONNECTING THE DOTS AS WE GO 8050 05:05:16,598 --> 05:05:17,465 TOGETHER TODAY. 8051 05:05:17,532 --> 05:05:22,370 WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS 8052 05:05:22,437 --> 05:05:24,139 UNDERSTAND THE CLIMATE CHANGE 8053 05:05:24,205 --> 05:05:25,540 IMPACTS AND THE POSITIVE IMPACTS 8054 05:05:25,607 --> 05:05:29,411 WE CAN HAVE TRYING TO MITIGATE 8055 05:05:29,477 --> 05:05:30,779 SOME OF THESE EFFECTS. 8056 05:05:30,845 --> 05:05:32,414 SO, THE WAY I THINK ABOUT THE 8057 05:05:32,480 --> 05:05:36,084 PROBLEM WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE IS 8058 05:05:36,151 --> 05:05:37,619 REALLY DEPICTED BY THIS PICTURE 8059 05:05:37,686 --> 05:05:38,820 WHICH IS MAYBE FAMILIAR TO SOME 8060 05:05:38,887 --> 05:05:40,689 OF YOU WHO HAVE BEEN WORKING 8061 05:05:40,755 --> 05:05:42,223 THIS SPACE. 8062 05:05:42,290 --> 05:05:45,293 THIS COMES FROM IPCC SPECIAL 8063 05:05:45,360 --> 05:05:47,362 REPORT, 2019, AND THE Y-AXIS 8064 05:05:47,429 --> 05:05:50,665 HERE IS MEASURED IN DEGREES 8065 05:05:50,732 --> 05:05:52,867 ABOVE PRE-INDUSTRIAL LEVELS, SO 8066 05:05:52,934 --> 05:05:56,104 WE'VE WARMED THE PLANET ABOUT 8067 05:05:56,171 --> 05:05:58,339 1.1 TO 1.2 DEGREES ALREADY. 8068 05:05:58,406 --> 05:06:01,843 AND AS A RESULT WE'RE ALREADY 8069 05:06:01,910 --> 05:06:04,779 SEEING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE 8070 05:06:04,846 --> 05:06:05,980 CHANGE, DETECTABLE IMPACTS AND 8071 05:06:06,047 --> 05:06:08,049 RISKS ON THESE -- THIS WAS A 8072 05:06:08,116 --> 05:06:09,384 GRAPH OF TERRESTRIAL INDICATORS 8073 05:06:09,451 --> 05:06:12,554 OF CLIMATE IMPACT SO DRY LAND 8074 05:06:12,620 --> 05:06:14,956 WATER SCARCITY, SOIL EROSION, 8075 05:06:15,023 --> 05:06:17,592 WILDFIRE DAMAGE, TROPICAL CROP 8076 05:06:17,659 --> 05:06:18,793 YIELD DECLINE, FLOOD SUPPLY 8077 05:06:18,860 --> 05:06:19,994 INSTABILITY THAT RESULT FROM 8078 05:06:20,061 --> 05:06:21,396 THAT, WE'RE SEEING THESE EFFECTS 8079 05:06:21,463 --> 05:06:22,964 BUT IF WE KEEP GOING IN THE 8080 05:06:23,031 --> 05:06:25,133 DIRECTION WE'RE GOING THE 8081 05:06:25,200 --> 05:06:26,334 BUSINESS AS USUAL FORECASTS ARE 8082 05:06:26,401 --> 05:06:30,705 THAT WE END UP IN A WORLD 3 TO 5 8083 05:06:30,772 --> 05:06:31,606 DEGREES WARMER ABOVE 8084 05:06:31,673 --> 05:06:32,273 PRE-INDUSTRIAL LEVELS. 8085 05:06:32,340 --> 05:06:34,442 IN THAT SITUATION WE ENTER INTO 8086 05:06:34,509 --> 05:06:37,278 THIS ZONE THAT EVEN WITH ALL OF 8087 05:06:37,345 --> 05:06:39,681 THE MASSAGING AND CONSENSUS 8088 05:06:39,748 --> 05:06:41,116 BUILDING PROCESS IN THE IPCC YOU 8089 05:06:41,182 --> 05:06:44,285 END UP WITH A LANGUAGE OF VERY 8090 05:06:44,352 --> 05:06:47,555 HIGH RISK OF SEVERE IRREVERSIBLE 8091 05:06:47,622 --> 05:06:50,391 IMPACT WITH LIMITED ABILITY TO 8092 05:06:50,458 --> 05:06:50,625 ADAPT. 8093 05:06:50,692 --> 05:06:52,127 AND SO THE KEY PROBLEM WE'RE 8094 05:06:52,193 --> 05:06:56,431 TRYING TO SOLVE IN TERMS OF A 8095 05:06:56,498 --> 05:06:58,066 GAP BETWEEN CURRENT STATE AND 8096 05:06:58,133 --> 05:06:59,067 GOAL STATE THE CURRENT STATE 8097 05:06:59,134 --> 05:07:02,871 WE'RE LIVING INTO A FUTURE 8098 05:07:02,937 --> 05:07:06,775 THREE-SOMETHING EVEN MORE 8099 05:07:06,841 --> 05:07:07,475 DEGREES ABOVE PRE-INDUSTRIAL 8100 05:07:07,542 --> 05:07:09,043 LEVELS AND WANT TO GET THAT DOWN 8101 05:07:09,110 --> 05:07:10,245 TO A SAFER LEVEL. 8102 05:07:10,311 --> 05:07:12,180 YOU CAN SEE WHY SO MANY 8103 05:07:12,247 --> 05:07:13,681 CONVERSATIONS CENTER AROUND THIS 8104 05:07:13,748 --> 05:07:22,924 FIGURE OF 1.5 DEGREES CELSIUS, 8105 05:07:22,991 --> 05:07:25,760 SOME RISKS ARE SIGNIFICANT, WE 8106 05:07:25,827 --> 05:07:28,163 CAN STILL HANDLE AND ADAPT, 8107 05:07:28,229 --> 05:07:29,364 MANAGE THEM. 8108 05:07:29,430 --> 05:07:31,666 SO THE QUESTION IS HOW ARE WE 8109 05:07:31,733 --> 05:07:33,301 GOING TO GET THERE? 8110 05:07:33,368 --> 05:07:35,503 THE SECOND CHALLENGE THAT WE 8111 05:07:35,570 --> 05:07:37,672 HAVE, THE SECOND PROBLEM WE HAVE 8112 05:07:37,739 --> 05:07:39,541 IN CLIMATE COMMUNICATION IS 8113 05:07:39,607 --> 05:07:43,912 SOMETHING THAT MY COLLEAGUE IS 8114 05:07:43,978 --> 05:07:46,414 FOND OF POINTING OUT, JOHN 8115 05:07:46,481 --> 05:07:47,248 STIRMAN, SHOWING PEOPLE RESEARCH 8116 05:07:47,315 --> 05:07:48,082 DOESN'T WORK. 8117 05:07:48,149 --> 05:07:49,250 THAT'S A HARD THING TO SAY AFTER 8118 05:07:49,317 --> 05:07:50,785 A DAY OF PEOPLE PRESENTING 8119 05:07:50,852 --> 05:07:52,987 RESEARCH TO EACH OTHER BUT WE'RE 8120 05:07:53,054 --> 05:07:53,655 A WONKY CROWD. 8121 05:07:53,721 --> 05:07:57,358 WHAT THIS IS ABOUT IS THAT IF I 8122 05:07:57,425 --> 05:08:00,662 SHOW ANY GROUP OF POLICYMAKERS 8123 05:08:00,728 --> 05:08:01,629 AND DECISION MAKERS OTHER 8124 05:08:01,696 --> 05:08:03,731 CITIZENS A SORT OF PARADE OF 8125 05:08:03,798 --> 05:08:06,568 CONSEQUENCES IN THE FORM OF 8126 05:08:06,634 --> 05:08:07,769 POWERPOINT DECK, IT'S UNLIKELY 8127 05:08:07,836 --> 05:08:10,405 TO BUILD AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE 8128 05:08:10,471 --> 05:08:12,140 ISSUE, IN A RICH COMPLEX 8129 05:08:12,207 --> 05:08:14,209 EMBODIED WAY, OR A WILLINGNESS 8130 05:08:14,275 --> 05:08:14,876 TO TAKE ACTION. 8131 05:08:14,943 --> 05:08:17,378 AND SO WE HAVE TO DO SOMETHING 8132 05:08:17,445 --> 05:08:17,712 DIFFERENT. 8133 05:08:17,779 --> 05:08:20,248 WE HAVE TO MAKE THIS AN 8134 05:08:20,315 --> 05:08:21,583 INTERACTIVE EXPLORATION WHERE WE 8135 05:08:21,649 --> 05:08:25,086 CAN BUILD AN UNDERSTANDING FOR 8136 05:08:25,153 --> 05:08:27,255 YOURSELVES, OURSELVES, ABOUT THE 8137 05:08:27,322 --> 05:08:27,922 CLIMATE CHALLENGE. 8138 05:08:27,989 --> 05:08:29,791 AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE GOING TO 8139 05:08:29,858 --> 05:08:30,692 DO. 8140 05:08:30,758 --> 05:08:32,760 THE FIRST POINT OF 8141 05:08:32,827 --> 05:08:34,062 INTERACTIVITY, THE MECHANISM FOR 8142 05:08:34,128 --> 05:08:37,232 ME TO ENGAGE NOT JUST THE 21 8143 05:08:37,298 --> 05:08:39,634 PEOPLE ON THE PANEL BUT 8144 05:08:39,701 --> 05:08:41,069 ADDITIONAL 36 ATTENDEES AND EVEN 8145 05:08:41,135 --> 05:08:43,037 ADDITIONAL FOLKS WHO MIGHT BE 8146 05:08:43,104 --> 05:08:44,105 WATCHING OVER LIVE STREAMING, 8147 05:08:44,172 --> 05:08:46,541 EVEN YOU CAN PARTICIPATE IN 8148 05:08:46,608 --> 05:08:48,176 THIS. 8149 05:08:48,243 --> 05:08:51,112 I'M GOING TO USE A POLL 8150 05:08:51,179 --> 05:08:57,685 EVERYWHERE TOOL, AND WHAT THIS 8151 05:08:57,752 --> 05:08:58,253 DOES IS ALLOWS ME TO POSE A 8152 05:08:58,319 --> 05:08:58,887 QUESTION TO YOU, AND FOR YOU TO 8153 05:08:58,953 --> 05:08:59,454 ANSWER THAT QUESTION AND FOR 8154 05:08:59,520 --> 05:09:00,622 YOUR ANSWER TO SHOW UP REAL TIME 8155 05:09:00,688 --> 05:09:02,056 ON THE SCREEN. 8156 05:09:02,123 --> 05:09:04,592 SO, WE POSTED THE LINK IN THE 8157 05:09:04,659 --> 05:09:05,894 CHAT EARLIER, I'LL POST IT ONE 8158 05:09:05,960 --> 05:09:07,762 MORE TIME HERE FOR THOSE WHO 8159 05:09:07,829 --> 05:09:09,063 HAVE ACCESS TO THE CHAT. 8160 05:09:09,130 --> 05:09:11,299 IF YOU HAVE A PHONE, YOU CAN 8161 05:09:11,366 --> 05:09:15,069 HOLD YOUR CAMERA TO THE SCREEN 8162 05:09:15,136 --> 05:09:18,039 AND GRAB THE QR CODE OR TYPE 8163 05:09:18,106 --> 05:09:23,378 THIS INTO A BROWSER. 8164 05:09:23,444 --> 05:09:25,146 KEEP THAT OPEN ON YOUR PHONE OR 8165 05:09:25,213 --> 05:09:26,681 ANOTHER WINDOW ON THE COMPUTER 8166 05:09:26,748 --> 05:09:29,284 SO AS I ASK DIFFERENT QUESTIONS, 8167 05:09:29,350 --> 05:09:31,052 YOUR ANSWERS WILL POP UP ON THE 8168 05:09:31,119 --> 05:09:31,386 SCREEN. 8169 05:09:31,452 --> 05:09:33,454 FIRST QUESTION I'VE ASKED HERE 8170 05:09:33,521 --> 05:09:34,656 IS JUST A WARMUP. 8171 05:09:34,722 --> 05:09:36,858 WHAT CITY ARE YOU FROM? 8172 05:09:36,925 --> 05:09:43,531 SO WE'VE GOT A NICE RANGE OF 8173 05:09:43,598 --> 05:09:47,802 FOLKS FROM BOZEMAN TO MIAMI, 8174 05:09:47,869 --> 05:09:50,772 BOSTON, PALO ALTO, ALL THE 8175 05:09:50,838 --> 05:09:52,807 CORNERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 8176 05:09:52,874 --> 05:09:53,141 EXCELLENT. 8177 05:09:53,207 --> 05:09:56,544 IN A COUPLE POLLS, I WILL SAY 8178 05:09:56,611 --> 05:09:58,613 ANSWER WITH ONE WORD OR A 8179 05:09:58,680 --> 05:09:59,314 HYPHENATED NAME. 8180 05:09:59,380 --> 05:10:01,482 THE REASON IS SO THAT THE WORDS 8181 05:10:01,549 --> 05:10:04,319 STAY TOGETHER IN THIS WORD 8182 05:10:04,385 --> 05:10:04,519 CLOUD. 8183 05:10:04,585 --> 05:10:06,387 PALO ALTO STAYED TOGETHER 8184 05:10:06,454 --> 05:10:08,256 BECAUSE OF THE HYPHEN, NEW 8185 05:10:08,323 --> 05:10:10,458 ORLEANS GOT SPLIT UP. 8186 05:10:10,525 --> 05:10:11,459 THAT'S JUST GETTING THE 8187 05:10:11,526 --> 05:10:12,260 TECHNOLOGY RUNNING. 8188 05:10:12,327 --> 05:10:15,830 HERE IS THE REAL QUESTION. 8189 05:10:15,897 --> 05:10:18,466 MY REAL QUESTION IS HOW ARE WE 8190 05:10:18,533 --> 05:10:21,202 GOING TO SOLVE THE CLIMATE 8191 05:10:21,269 --> 05:10:21,469 CHALLENGE? 8192 05:10:21,536 --> 05:10:24,672 WHAT ACTIONS WILL HELP US LIMIT 8193 05:10:24,739 --> 05:10:34,949 WARMING TO NO MORE THAN 1. 1.5 8194 05:10:35,016 --> 05:10:36,184 DEGREES, MOVING THAT, WHAT IS IT 8195 05:10:36,250 --> 05:10:40,421 THAT'S GOING TO ALLOW US TO DO 8196 05:10:40,488 --> 05:10:40,855 IT? 8197 05:10:40,922 --> 05:10:41,456 TECHNOLOGY, COLLECTIVE ACTION, 8198 05:10:41,522 --> 05:10:42,857 THIS COULD BE ANYTHING THAT 8199 05:10:42,924 --> 05:10:45,994 YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT, A PARTICULAR 8200 05:10:46,060 --> 05:10:47,895 TECHNOLOGY, PARTICULAR POLICY, 8201 05:10:47,962 --> 05:10:50,531 PARTICULAR IDEA FOR HOW TO 8202 05:10:50,598 --> 05:10:51,733 TACKLE THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE. 8203 05:10:51,799 --> 05:10:53,935 AND YOU CAN ANSWER MORE THAN 8204 05:10:54,002 --> 05:10:54,469 ONCE. 8205 05:10:54,535 --> 05:10:56,337 AND WE CAN HAVE A FEW DIFFERENT 8206 05:10:56,404 --> 05:10:58,940 IDEAS POPPING UP HERE. 8207 05:10:59,007 --> 05:11:02,677 I'VE SEEN NO MEAT IN DIETS, 8208 05:11:02,744 --> 05:11:03,544 REDUCED EMISSIONS, EDUCATION, 8209 05:11:03,611 --> 05:11:04,245 COLLECTIVE ACTION. 8210 05:11:04,312 --> 05:11:06,080 AGAIN, IF YOUR ANSWER IS 8211 05:11:06,147 --> 05:11:07,281 SOMETHING THAT'S MULTIPLE WORDS 8212 05:11:07,348 --> 05:11:10,885 PLEASE PUT A HYPHEN CONNECTING 8213 05:11:10,952 --> 05:11:15,790 THEM SO THE TOOL CAN KEEP THEM 8214 05:11:15,857 --> 05:11:16,057 TOGETHER. 8215 05:11:16,124 --> 05:11:23,598 WE'VE GOT A A FEW KINDS OF 8216 05:11:23,664 --> 05:11:24,032 IDEAS. 8217 05:11:24,098 --> 05:11:26,434 CLEAN TECHNICALLY, ELECTRICITY, 8218 05:11:26,501 --> 05:11:28,936 INTENTIONAL BEHAVIORS, FEELING 8219 05:11:29,003 --> 05:11:29,837 THE CONSEQUENCES, THAT'S WHAT'S 8220 05:11:29,904 --> 05:11:31,706 GOING TO WAKE PEOPLE UP AND 8221 05:11:31,773 --> 05:11:34,075 WE'LL TAKE ACTION. 8222 05:11:34,142 --> 05:11:36,711 SYSTEMS THINKING, SUE THE FOSSIL 8223 05:11:36,778 --> 05:11:37,378 FUEL COMPANIES, REDUCE MEAT. 8224 05:11:37,445 --> 05:11:38,146 THIS IS GREAT. 8225 05:11:38,212 --> 05:11:41,315 I WANT TO GET THESE IDEAS OUT 8226 05:11:41,382 --> 05:11:43,117 HERE INTO THE PICTURE. 8227 05:11:43,184 --> 05:11:46,921 NOW, WHAT I WANT TO ALSO POINT 8228 05:11:46,988 --> 05:11:50,525 OUT IS THAT PUT YOURSELF IN THE 8229 05:11:50,591 --> 05:11:54,896 SHOES OF A TOP DECISION MAKER, 8230 05:11:54,962 --> 05:11:57,932 SOMEBODY WHO MIGHT BE A STATE 8231 05:11:57,999 --> 05:12:00,568 GOVERNOR, OR HEAD OF A MAJOR 8232 05:12:00,635 --> 05:12:03,104 HOSPITAL, OR CEO OF A MAJOR 8233 05:12:03,171 --> 05:12:05,807 CORPORATION OR INVESTOR WHO IS 8234 05:12:05,873 --> 05:12:08,776 PLACING CAPITAL WITH NEW 8235 05:12:08,843 --> 05:12:09,310 TECHNOLOGIES. 8236 05:12:09,377 --> 05:12:11,512 AND OR CIVIL SOCIETY LEADER, 8237 05:12:11,579 --> 05:12:13,281 HEAD OF NGO. 8238 05:12:13,347 --> 05:12:15,083 YOU ASK THE QUESTION, YOU KNOW, 8239 05:12:15,149 --> 05:12:17,085 HOW ARE WE GOING TO SOLVE 8240 05:12:17,151 --> 05:12:17,685 CLIMATE CHANGE? 8241 05:12:17,752 --> 05:12:19,620 THIS IS THE ANSWER THAT YOU GET, 8242 05:12:19,687 --> 05:12:21,722 WHICH IS A WHOLE ARRAY OF 8243 05:12:21,789 --> 05:12:22,523 DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES. 8244 05:12:22,590 --> 05:12:24,425 AND THE REALITY OF TOP DECISION 8245 05:12:24,492 --> 05:12:28,262 MAKERS IS THAT YOU ONLY HAVE SO 8246 05:12:28,329 --> 05:12:29,797 MUCH BANDWIDTH FOR ATTENTION, 8247 05:12:29,864 --> 05:12:30,031 RIGHT? 8248 05:12:30,098 --> 05:12:34,402 YOU'RE WORRIED ABOUT THE WAR IN 8249 05:12:34,469 --> 05:12:38,439 ISRAEL AND PALESTINE, UKRAINE, 8250 05:12:38,506 --> 05:12:39,440 INFLATION, YOU KNOW, EQUITABLE 8251 05:12:39,507 --> 05:12:40,308 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, AND 8252 05:12:40,374 --> 05:12:42,276 THERE'S A VARIETY OF ISSUES 8253 05:12:42,343 --> 05:12:43,811 BEFORE YOU HAVE ATTENTION TO 8254 05:12:43,878 --> 05:12:45,146 THINK TO THINK ABOUT THE 8255 05:12:45,213 --> 05:12:46,447 ENVIRONMENT WITHIN WHICH YOU'RE 8256 05:12:46,514 --> 05:12:48,182 WORRIED ABOUT THINGS WE HEARD 8257 05:12:48,249 --> 05:12:50,384 ABOUT, HEAVY METALS, WATER 8258 05:12:50,451 --> 05:12:52,053 POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION, THIS 8259 05:12:52,120 --> 05:12:53,688 MUCH INTENTIONAL BANDWIDTH TO 8260 05:12:53,754 --> 05:12:54,222 THINK ABOUT CLIMATE. 8261 05:12:54,288 --> 05:12:55,523 WITHIN THAT THIS IS THE ANSWER 8262 05:12:55,590 --> 05:12:57,959 YOU GET OF ALL THE DIFFERENT 8263 05:12:58,025 --> 05:12:59,594 POSSIBLE WAYS WE COULD GO ABOUT 8264 05:12:59,660 --> 05:13:04,332 TRYING TO SOLVE CLIMATE CHANGE. 8265 05:13:04,398 --> 05:13:05,967 IT IS THAT -- IT IS THE ABILITY 8266 05:13:06,033 --> 05:13:08,503 AND HOPE WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO 8267 05:13:08,569 --> 05:13:12,106 UNTANGLE SOME OF THIS VARIETY 8268 05:13:12,173 --> 05:13:15,276 AND COMPLEXITY AND UNDERSTAND 8269 05:13:15,343 --> 05:13:18,146 WHAT ACTIONS, HIGH LEVERAGE, LOW 8270 05:13:18,212 --> 05:13:20,748 LEVERAGE, THAT SPURRED THE KIND 8271 05:13:20,815 --> 05:13:23,918 OF INQUIRY THAT WE'RE IN AT MIT 8272 05:13:23,985 --> 05:13:27,655 SLOAN AND YOU'RE NOW PART OF. 8273 05:13:27,722 --> 05:13:31,626 EARLIER TODAY WE HAD A GREAT 8274 05:13:31,692 --> 05:13:33,828 PRESENTATION THAT TOUCHED ON 8275 05:13:33,895 --> 05:13:35,129 SYSTEM DYNAMICS CONCEPTS, WHICH 8276 05:13:35,196 --> 05:13:37,198 IS ABOUT STOCKS AND FLOWS, 8277 05:13:37,265 --> 05:13:38,733 FEEDBACK LOOPS. 8278 05:13:38,799 --> 05:13:41,035 AND THAT IS VERY MUCH KIND OF 8279 05:13:41,102 --> 05:13:42,770 THE UNDERLYING DISCIPLINE WE USE 8280 05:13:42,837 --> 05:13:45,940 HERE TO BUILD AND INTERACTIVE 8281 05:13:46,007 --> 05:13:47,141 SIMULATION TOOL CALLED EN-ROADS 8282 05:13:47,208 --> 05:13:49,477 WHICH WE'RE GOING TO USE AS A 8283 05:13:49,544 --> 05:13:51,879 PLACE TO RUN EXPERIMENTS AND TRY 8284 05:13:51,946 --> 05:13:56,284 TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE 8285 05:13:56,350 --> 05:13:57,084 DIFFERENT LEVERS MIGHT INTERACT 8286 05:13:57,151 --> 05:13:58,252 WITH ONE ANOTHER. 8287 05:13:58,319 --> 05:14:00,321 THIS IS THE TOOL. 8288 05:14:00,388 --> 05:14:02,623 WE HINTED WITH SOME TEASER 8289 05:14:02,690 --> 05:14:02,823 SLIDE. 8290 05:14:02,890 --> 05:14:04,725 THIS IS A TOOL THAT WILL IS 8291 05:14:04,792 --> 05:14:09,964 GETTING TO BE WIDELY USED WITH 8292 05:14:10,031 --> 05:14:13,768 POLICYMAKERS AND MORE BROADLY. 8293 05:14:13,834 --> 05:14:16,504 SO ABOUT 6500 LEADERS ACROSS 8294 05:14:16,571 --> 05:14:17,605 GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS, NGOs, 8295 05:14:17,672 --> 05:14:19,373 ACADEMIA USED THIS EN-ROADS 8296 05:14:19,440 --> 05:14:19,941 TOOL. 8297 05:14:20,007 --> 05:14:23,177 WE'RE KEEPING THE TALLIES. 8298 05:14:23,244 --> 05:14:25,813 WE HAVE TESTIMONIALS FROM 8299 05:14:25,880 --> 05:14:27,248 DEMOCRATS, REPUBLICANS, AND 8300 05:14:27,315 --> 05:14:29,217 PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD. 8301 05:14:29,283 --> 05:14:32,820 WE'VE BUILT A NETWORK OF 8302 05:14:32,887 --> 05:14:33,821 FACILITATORS, EN-ROADS 8303 05:14:33,888 --> 05:14:35,356 AMBASSADORS, WHO ARE ENGAGING IN 8304 05:14:35,423 --> 05:14:37,992 EVENTS ALL AROUND THE WORLD. 8305 05:14:38,059 --> 05:14:39,293 WE'VE PASSED THE 200,000 MARK IN 8306 05:14:39,360 --> 05:14:42,463 TERMS OF PEOPLE WHO PARTICIPATED 8307 05:14:42,530 --> 05:14:46,500 IN THIS, IN 7,000 EVENTS, 139 8308 05:14:46,567 --> 05:14:46,767 COUNTRIES. 8309 05:14:46,834 --> 05:14:50,771 WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS SPUR 8310 05:14:50,838 --> 05:14:53,507 A GLOBAL CONVERSATION ABOUT WHAT 8311 05:14:53,574 --> 05:14:54,809 MIGHT REALLY WORK. 8312 05:14:54,875 --> 05:14:58,212 SO, WE'RE GOING TO TEST YOUR 8313 05:14:58,279 --> 05:14:59,747 IDEAS ON THE EN-ROADS TOOL. 8314 05:14:59,814 --> 05:15:03,684 SO FIRST I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A 8315 05:15:03,751 --> 05:15:06,520 LITTLE TOUR AND BACKDROP. 8316 05:15:06,587 --> 05:15:10,157 THIS RUNS ON A SYSTEM DYNAMICS 8317 05:15:10,224 --> 05:15:10,691 MODEL. 8318 05:15:10,758 --> 05:15:12,994 SO THERE'S THOUSANDS OF 8319 05:15:13,060 --> 05:15:15,162 EQUATIONS BEHIND THE SCENES 8320 05:15:15,229 --> 05:15:15,363 HERE. 8321 05:15:15,429 --> 05:15:18,232 BUT IT BEHAVES THE SAME AS THE 8322 05:15:18,299 --> 05:15:20,635 BIG SUPERCOMPUTER MODELS, SO IF 8323 05:15:20,701 --> 05:15:24,572 WE LOOK AT ANY GRAPHS OF 8324 05:15:24,639 --> 05:15:25,573 HISTORICAL -- IT'S BEEN 8325 05:15:25,640 --> 05:15:28,409 CALIBRATED FROM HISTORICAL DATA. 8326 05:15:28,476 --> 05:15:32,446 WE CAN LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF 8327 05:15:32,513 --> 05:15:33,547 THE TEMPERATURE MODEL VERSUS 8328 05:15:33,614 --> 05:15:36,183 ACTUAL, WE COULD LOOK AT HISTORY 8329 05:15:36,250 --> 05:15:41,088 OF COST OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY, 8330 05:15:41,155 --> 05:15:42,056 ACTUAL VERSUS MODELED SO YOU CAN 8331 05:15:42,123 --> 05:15:45,559 GET A SENSE OF THE THINGS WE 8332 05:15:45,626 --> 05:15:46,994 CALIBRATE TO, HISTORY OF 8333 05:15:47,061 --> 05:15:53,467 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, SO ON. 8334 05:15:53,534 --> 05:15:57,305 THIS IS DESIGNED TO PRODUCE 8335 05:15:57,371 --> 05:15:58,472 REALITY UP THROUGH 2022, AND 8336 05:15:58,539 --> 05:16:02,243 THERE'S REAL DATA IN THE SYSTEM 8337 05:16:02,310 --> 05:16:03,644 THROUGH 2022. 8338 05:16:03,711 --> 05:16:05,413 BUT IT BEHAVES THE SAME, IT'S 8339 05:16:05,479 --> 05:16:08,616 CALIBRATED TO BEHAVE AS THE BIG 8340 05:16:08,683 --> 05:16:10,117 SUPERCOMPUTER MODELS BUT RUNS 8341 05:16:10,184 --> 05:16:12,320 INSTANTLY ON ANY BROWSER FOR 8342 05:16:12,386 --> 05:16:14,722 ANYBODY, IT'S FREELY AVAILABLE. 8343 05:16:14,789 --> 05:16:15,923 AND SO I APPRECIATE WHAT WAS 8344 05:16:15,990 --> 05:16:18,459 SHARED IN THE CHAT, A LINK TO 8345 05:16:18,526 --> 05:16:22,063 THE TOOL TO PLAY WITH IT ON YOUR 8346 05:16:22,129 --> 05:16:22,963 OWN TIME. 8347 05:16:23,030 --> 05:16:25,032 A HUGE CAVEAT ABOUT EN-ROADS FOR 8348 05:16:25,099 --> 05:16:30,371 THIS CROWD, IT IS GLOBALLY 8349 05:16:30,438 --> 05:16:31,372 AGGREGATED. 8350 05:16:31,439 --> 05:16:32,807 WHAT THAT MEANS IS ALMOST ALL 8351 05:16:32,873 --> 05:16:34,642 THE GRAPHS THAT WE'RE GOING TO 8352 05:16:34,709 --> 05:16:37,278 BE LOOKING AT ARE GRAPHS FOR THE 8353 05:16:37,345 --> 05:16:39,146 WHOLE WORLD, AND WHEN WE TAKE 8354 05:16:39,213 --> 05:16:41,549 ACTION, WHEN WE PULL THE LEVERS, 8355 05:16:41,615 --> 05:16:44,518 RUN AN EXPERIMENT, WE'RE GETTING 8356 05:16:44,585 --> 05:16:45,920 TO PLAY AN ALL-POWERFUL BEING 8357 05:16:45,986 --> 05:16:48,456 THAT IS ABLE TO MAKE THAT CHANGE 8358 05:16:48,522 --> 05:16:51,659 HAPPEN AT A GLOBAL SCALE. 8359 05:16:51,726 --> 05:16:53,894 AND THAT ALLOWS US TO UNDERSTAND 8360 05:16:53,961 --> 05:16:56,130 IN A BIG PICTURE LEVEL WHERE ARE 8361 05:16:56,197 --> 05:16:58,733 THE BIG LEVERS FOR CHANGE ON 8362 05:16:58,799 --> 05:16:58,966 CLIMATE. 8363 05:16:59,033 --> 05:17:02,570 BUT THE HUGE LIMITATION OF THAT 8364 05:17:02,636 --> 05:17:05,973 IS THAT ALL OF THE DIVERSITY AND 8365 05:17:06,040 --> 05:17:07,174 VARIETY AND NUANCE OF WHAT 8366 05:17:07,241 --> 05:17:09,810 HAPPENS AT THE NATIONAL SCALE, 8367 05:17:09,877 --> 05:17:10,978 STATE SCALE, URBAN SCALE, WHICH 8368 05:17:11,045 --> 05:17:14,181 HAS BEEN A HUGE EMPHASIS OF 8369 05:17:14,248 --> 05:17:15,383 TODAY'S DISCUSSIONS, IS BLURRED 8370 05:17:15,449 --> 05:17:15,583 OUT. 8371 05:17:15,649 --> 05:17:18,419 AND SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO 8372 05:17:18,486 --> 05:17:20,187 GRAPPLE WITH THAT AS WE GET INTO 8373 05:17:20,254 --> 05:17:22,390 ANY CONVERSATION ABOUT IT. 8374 05:17:22,456 --> 05:17:24,458 BUT WE'VE FOUND THAT THIS KIND 8375 05:17:24,525 --> 05:17:27,061 OF GLOBAL LEVEL SETTING IS A 8376 05:17:27,128 --> 05:17:29,263 REALLY IMPORTANT PART OF 8377 05:17:29,330 --> 05:17:31,132 UPGRADING THE QUALITY OF 8378 05:17:31,198 --> 05:17:33,667 CONVERSATION ABOUT CLIMATE. 8379 05:17:33,734 --> 05:17:35,903 SO, ON THE GRAPH HERE IS 8380 05:17:35,970 --> 05:17:37,405 MEASURED IN -- ON THE LEFT HERE 8381 05:17:37,471 --> 05:17:42,877 IS OUR SOURCES OF ENERGY, 8382 05:17:42,943 --> 05:17:44,378 MEASURED IN EXIT JULES PER YEAR, 8383 05:17:44,445 --> 05:17:49,517 ALL THE ENERGY THAT HUMANS USE, 8384 05:17:49,583 --> 05:17:51,619 COAL, OIL, GAS, RENEWABLE ENERGY 8385 05:17:51,685 --> 05:17:53,687 WHICH IS MODELED SEPARATELY 8386 05:17:53,754 --> 05:17:57,491 UNDER THE HOOD, SOLAR, WIND, 8387 05:17:57,558 --> 05:17:59,093 GEOTHERMAL, HYDRO. 8388 05:17:59,160 --> 05:18:00,494 AND THEN -- HYDROPOWER. 8389 05:18:00,561 --> 05:18:02,129 BIOENERGY HERE. 8390 05:18:02,196 --> 05:18:04,198 THERE'S THE BAND OF NUCLEAR 8391 05:18:04,265 --> 05:18:08,702 ENERGY, THIS TEAL BAND AT THE 8392 05:18:08,769 --> 05:18:09,770 TOP. 8393 05:18:09,837 --> 05:18:11,572 NEW RADICAL ZERO EMISSIONS 8394 05:18:11,639 --> 05:18:12,339 TECHNOLOGY, LIKE NUCLEAR FUSION, 8395 05:18:12,406 --> 05:18:14,308 NOT YET ON THE PICTURE BUT WE 8396 05:18:14,375 --> 05:18:17,344 COULD GET THERE IF WE RUN THAT 8397 05:18:17,411 --> 05:18:18,145 EXPERIMENT. 8398 05:18:18,212 --> 05:18:20,881 ON THE RIGHT IS THE STACK OF 8399 05:18:20,948 --> 05:18:21,849 GREENHOUSE GASES THAT ARE 8400 05:18:21,916 --> 05:18:23,617 RELATED BUT NOT COMPLETELY TO 8401 05:18:23,684 --> 05:18:25,252 THAT ENERGY SYSTEM. 8402 05:18:25,319 --> 05:18:27,188 SO YOU HAVE THIS GREEN BAND OF 8403 05:18:27,254 --> 05:18:32,026 LAND USE EMISSION, THIS IS FROM 8404 05:18:32,092 --> 05:18:34,995 DEFORESTATION, LOSS OF PEAT LAND 8405 05:18:35,062 --> 05:18:35,996 AND CARBON SINKS. 8406 05:18:36,063 --> 05:18:39,066 THE GRAY BAND IS CO2 FROM 8407 05:18:39,133 --> 05:18:43,737 BURNING FOSSIL FUELS, WHICH IS 8408 05:18:43,804 --> 05:18:47,975 IN 2022, LET'S SEE, 35 GIGATONS, 8409 05:18:48,042 --> 05:18:50,678 35 BILLION TONS FROM THAT. 8410 05:18:50,744 --> 05:18:52,513 THE ORANGE BAND IS FLUORINATED 8411 05:18:52,580 --> 05:18:54,815 BANDS USED IN INDUSTRIAL 8412 05:18:54,882 --> 05:18:55,249 PROCESSES. 8413 05:18:55,316 --> 05:18:58,085 THIS LIGHT BLUE IS METHANE, AND 8414 05:18:58,152 --> 05:19:00,621 THIS DARK BLUE IS NITROUS OXIDE. 8415 05:19:00,688 --> 05:19:03,624 THESE GASES AND THEIR FATE AND 8416 05:19:03,691 --> 05:19:06,427 TRANSPORT AND LIFETIME IN THE 8417 05:19:06,494 --> 05:19:08,262 ATMOSPHERE ARE MODELED 8418 05:19:08,329 --> 05:19:08,929 SEPARATELY, DIFFERENT RESIDENCE 8419 05:19:08,996 --> 05:19:09,597 TIMES, DIFFERENT IMPACTS ON 8420 05:19:09,663 --> 05:19:16,270 CLIMATE BUT WE PUT THEM ON ONE 8421 05:19:16,337 --> 05:19:18,973 YEAR, 100-YEAR CO2 EQUIVALENCE 8422 05:19:19,039 --> 05:19:20,541 UNITS TO VISUALLY UNDERSTAND HOW 8423 05:19:20,608 --> 05:19:21,742 THAT STACKS UP. 8424 05:19:21,809 --> 05:19:27,314 AND THEN THIS STACK OF 8425 05:19:27,381 --> 05:19:28,182 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, 8426 05:19:28,249 --> 05:19:32,319 ANOTHER WAY TO THINK ABOUT THIS 8427 05:19:32,386 --> 05:19:34,321 IS -- I'LL CHANGE THE CAUSALITY, 8428 05:19:34,388 --> 05:19:36,824 THE SEQUENCE OF CAUSALITY HERE, 8429 05:19:36,891 --> 05:19:38,225 IS THAT THIS GREENHOUSE GAS 8430 05:19:38,292 --> 05:19:41,095 EMISSIONS IS KIND OF LIKE THE 8431 05:19:41,161 --> 05:19:44,031 FAUCET IN THE BATHTUB OF THE 8432 05:19:44,098 --> 05:19:45,232 PLANET'S ATMOSPHERE. 8433 05:19:45,299 --> 05:19:47,234 EVERY YEAR WE'RE PUTTING MORE 8434 05:19:47,301 --> 05:19:48,669 GREENHOUSE GASES INTO THE 8435 05:19:48,736 --> 05:19:49,203 ATMOSPHERE. 8436 05:19:49,270 --> 05:19:50,504 AS A RESULT, THE CONCENTRATION, 8437 05:19:50,571 --> 05:19:58,812 THE WATER IN THE TUB, IS RISING 8438 05:19:58,879 --> 05:20:01,015 AND 2022, 450 PARTS PER MILL, 8439 05:20:01,081 --> 05:20:05,286 HEADED TO 800 BY THE END OF THE 8440 05:20:05,352 --> 05:20:10,558 SEVEN SENT -- CENTURY, THAT 8441 05:20:10,624 --> 05:20:13,727 HOLDS IN THE HEAT THAT WOULD 8442 05:20:13,794 --> 05:20:15,362 OTHERWISE RADIATE OUT, MAKING 8443 05:20:15,429 --> 05:20:20,834 THE PLANET WARMER SO BY 2100 8444 05:20:20,901 --> 05:20:22,136 WE'VE WARMED THE PLANET 3.4 8445 05:20:22,202 --> 05:20:23,904 DEGREES CELSIUS IN THE BASELINE 8446 05:20:23,971 --> 05:20:24,438 SCENARIO. 8447 05:20:24,505 --> 05:20:27,508 THIS IS AN AMERICAN CROWD, 8448 05:20:27,575 --> 05:20:30,377 YOU'RE ORIENTED TO FAHRENHEIT, 6 8449 05:20:30,444 --> 05:20:31,779 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT ABOVE 8450 05:20:31,845 --> 05:20:32,646 PRE-INDUSTRIAL LEVELS. 8451 05:20:32,713 --> 05:20:36,717 AND WITH THAT LEVEL OF WARMING 8452 05:20:36,784 --> 05:20:38,886 COMES A WHOLE SUITE OF IMPACTS 8453 05:20:38,953 --> 05:20:40,788 THAT YOU, YOU KNOW, MAY HAVE 8454 05:20:40,854 --> 05:20:42,423 HEARD ABOUT, AND MAY BE 8455 05:20:42,489 --> 05:20:44,725 CONCERNED ABOUT. 8456 05:20:44,792 --> 05:20:50,864 SO, WE SEE SEA LEVEL RISE, ABOUT 8457 05:20:50,931 --> 05:20:53,968 374 MILLION PEOPLE AT RISK TO 8458 05:20:54,034 --> 05:20:55,603 ANNUAL FLOODING, 217 LIVING 8459 05:20:55,669 --> 05:20:57,771 BELOW THE HIGH TIDE LINE, 8460 05:20:57,838 --> 05:21:03,177 FLOODING IS ON A DAY-TO-DAY 8461 05:21:03,243 --> 05:21:03,377 BASIS. 8462 05:21:03,444 --> 05:21:06,313 WE'LL SEE DECREASES IN CROP 8463 05:21:06,380 --> 05:21:08,182 YIELDS, FOOD SECURITY AND EQUITY 8464 05:21:08,248 --> 05:21:11,585 AND ACCESS TO FOODS WE'VE TALKED 8465 05:21:11,652 --> 05:21:13,020 ABOUT. 8466 05:21:13,087 --> 05:21:14,455 MAZE, WHEAT, RICE, SOYBEANS, 8467 05:21:14,521 --> 05:21:19,660 CORNERSTONES OF THE GLOBAL 8468 05:21:19,727 --> 05:21:20,327 SYSTEM AND AGRICULTURE, 8469 05:21:20,394 --> 05:21:22,296 SIGNIFICANT DROPS IN YIELD WHICH 8470 05:21:22,363 --> 05:21:25,165 HAS IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY. 8471 05:21:25,232 --> 05:21:28,335 IT MEANS THAT WE'LL SEE 8472 05:21:28,402 --> 05:21:29,203 ADDITIONAL DEATHS FROM EXTREME 8473 05:21:29,269 --> 05:21:35,342 HEAT IN A VARIETY OF REGIONS. 8474 05:21:35,409 --> 05:21:36,343 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND MIDDLE 8475 05:21:36,410 --> 05:21:38,078 EAST ARE NOT HERE BECAUSE DATA 8476 05:21:38,145 --> 05:21:39,513 IS INSUFFICIENT. 8477 05:21:39,580 --> 05:21:40,481 AND MODELS HASN'T BEEN 8478 05:21:40,547 --> 05:21:41,949 SUFFICIENT TO GET THOSE NUMBERS. 8479 05:21:42,016 --> 05:21:43,984 YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE CERTAIN 8480 05:21:44,051 --> 05:21:46,954 GLOBAL HOT SPOTS WHERE WE 8481 05:21:47,021 --> 05:21:48,789 ANTICIPATE ADDITIONAL DEATHS 8482 05:21:48,856 --> 05:21:50,224 FROM EXTREME HEAT. 8483 05:21:50,290 --> 05:21:54,294 AND THE FREQUENCY OF THOSE 8484 05:21:54,361 --> 05:21:55,929 EXTREME HEAT EVENTS RIGHT NOW 8485 05:21:55,996 --> 05:21:58,232 VERY EXTREME HEAT EVENTS LIKE 8486 05:21:58,298 --> 05:22:01,635 HEAT DOME IN THE PACIFIC 8487 05:22:01,702 --> 05:22:03,704 NORTHWEST, LIKELY OCCUR ABOUT 8488 05:22:03,771 --> 05:22:07,408 SEVEN YEARS OUT OF 50, WE'RE 8489 05:22:07,474 --> 05:22:08,742 HEADING TOWARD A SCENARIO 3.3 8490 05:22:08,809 --> 05:22:10,811 WHERE IT'S 29 YEARS OUT OF 50 WE 8491 05:22:10,878 --> 05:22:13,113 SEE VERY EXTREME HEAT EVENTS 8492 05:22:13,180 --> 05:22:16,950 WHICH AS WE KNOW HAVE SOME VERY 8493 05:22:17,017 --> 05:22:19,820 IMPORTANT HEALTH EFFECTS. 8494 05:22:19,887 --> 05:22:23,657 THEN THIS AMOUNT OF ENERGY, 8495 05:22:23,724 --> 05:22:24,958 FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION, IS 8496 05:22:25,025 --> 05:22:26,694 RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION AS WE 8497 05:22:26,760 --> 05:22:29,329 HEARD IN SOME EARLIER 8498 05:22:29,396 --> 05:22:30,230 PRESENTATIONS TODAY. 8499 05:22:30,297 --> 05:22:32,833 THE PM2.5 AIR POLLUTION WHICH 8500 05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:37,304 HAS IMPORTANT CARDIOVASCULAR AND 8501 05:22:37,371 --> 05:22:39,540 NEUROLOGICAL IMPACTS IS ON THE 8502 05:22:39,606 --> 05:22:41,175 RISE, AS YOU'RE BURNING THIS 8503 05:22:41,241 --> 05:22:43,477 AMOUNT OF FOSSIL FUEL. 8504 05:22:43,544 --> 05:22:44,878 SO THAT'S A TOUR. 8505 05:22:44,945 --> 05:22:48,182 AND THEN LEVERS WE CAN PULL TO 8506 05:22:48,248 --> 05:22:49,917 AFFECT THESE OUTCOMES ARE DOWN 8507 05:22:49,983 --> 05:22:50,918 HERE. 8508 05:22:50,984 --> 05:22:52,653 WE CAN PLAY WITH ENERGY SUPPLY 8509 05:22:52,720 --> 05:22:55,723 LEVERS THAT CHANGE THE MIX OF 8510 05:22:55,789 --> 05:22:57,891 ENERGY ON THE GRID, AND THAT WE 8511 05:22:57,958 --> 05:23:00,761 USE TO PRODUCE PRIMARY ENERGY. 8512 05:23:00,828 --> 05:23:03,731 THIS BASKET IS ABOUT ENERGY USE. 8513 05:23:03,797 --> 05:23:05,265 SO IN TRANSPORTATION AND 8514 05:23:05,332 --> 05:23:07,034 BUILDINGS, WE HAVE OPPORTUNITIES 8515 05:23:07,101 --> 05:23:11,271 TO BE MORE EFFICIENT OR TO 8516 05:23:11,338 --> 05:23:13,340 ELECTRIFY OUR FORMS OF ENERGY 8517 05:23:13,407 --> 05:23:13,974 UTILIZATION. 8518 05:23:14,041 --> 05:23:17,845 AND THOSE ARE IN TURN UNDERNEATH 8519 05:23:17,911 --> 05:23:19,179 DRIVEN BY POPULATION ECONOMIC 8520 05:23:19,246 --> 05:23:21,248 GROWTH WHICH IN OUR SCENARIO IS 8521 05:23:21,315 --> 05:23:26,286 JUST USED AS A U.N. MEDIAN 8522 05:23:26,353 --> 05:23:28,155 FORECAST OF POPULATION, AND 8523 05:23:28,222 --> 05:23:30,791 WORLD BANK ASSUMPTION ABOUT THE 8524 05:23:30,858 --> 05:23:31,658 FUTURE ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT 8525 05:23:31,725 --> 05:23:33,727 DRIVE THOSE. 8526 05:23:33,794 --> 05:23:39,299 AND THEN THE THIRD BASKET HERE 8527 05:23:39,366 --> 05:23:40,501 ARE THE NON-ENERGY-RELATED 8528 05:23:40,567 --> 05:23:42,903 ASPECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT 8529 05:23:42,970 --> 05:23:45,105 ON THE CLIMATE WHICH IS ABILITY 8530 05:23:45,172 --> 05:23:46,874 TO CHANGE PATTERN OF 8531 05:23:46,940 --> 05:23:49,810 DEFORESTATION, TO PLANT NEW 8532 05:23:49,877 --> 05:23:51,779 TREES, TO AFFECT METHANE AND 8533 05:23:51,845 --> 05:23:54,414 OTHER NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES 8534 05:23:54,481 --> 05:23:56,717 AND TO USE TECHNOLOGIES TO DO 8535 05:23:56,784 --> 05:23:58,685 CARBON REMOVAL, TO REMOVE CARBON 8536 05:23:58,752 --> 05:23:59,987 FROM THE ATMOSPHERE, AND THERE'S 8537 05:24:00,053 --> 05:24:01,722 A BUNCH OF DETAILED SETTINGS 8538 05:24:01,789 --> 05:24:03,724 WHERE WE CAN PLAY WITH SPECIFIC 8539 05:24:03,791 --> 05:24:04,792 TECHNOLOGIES THAT MIGHT COME UP 8540 05:24:04,858 --> 05:24:08,395 OR MIGHT BE OF INTEREST TO YOU 8541 05:24:08,462 --> 05:24:08,562 ALL. 8542 05:24:08,629 --> 05:24:10,164 SO, THAT'S KIND OF THE TOUR. 8543 05:24:10,230 --> 05:24:13,567 NOW WHAT I'M GOING TO DO IS GO 8544 05:24:13,634 --> 05:24:15,435 TO YOUR SUGGESTIONS HERE ABOUT 8545 05:24:15,502 --> 05:24:18,939 WHAT CAN WE DO TO TRY TO TACKLE 8546 05:24:19,006 --> 05:24:19,940 THIS ISSUE. 8547 05:24:20,007 --> 05:24:22,776 AND SO, I'M GOING TO JUST KIND 8548 05:24:22,843 --> 05:24:25,379 OF GRAB A FEW. 8549 05:24:25,445 --> 05:24:26,914 EDUCATION, THERE'S A COUPLE 8550 05:24:26,980 --> 05:24:31,185 THINGS HERE WHICH I CALL META 8551 05:24:31,251 --> 05:24:32,052 SOLUTIONS, MEANING THAT 8552 05:24:32,119 --> 05:24:36,023 EDUCATION, MASS MOBILIZATION OF 8553 05:24:36,089 --> 05:24:37,024 POLITICAL ADVOCACY, 8554 05:24:37,090 --> 05:24:37,891 UNDERSTANDING, SYSTEMS THINKING, 8555 05:24:37,958 --> 05:24:41,195 I WANT TO CALL ALL OF THOSE 8556 05:24:41,261 --> 05:24:45,432 INTENTIONAL BEHAVIORS, I'LL CALL 8557 05:24:45,499 --> 05:24:46,533 THOSE META SOLUTIONS, WHICH IS 8558 05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:49,937 THE WAY WE CAN USE 8559 05:24:50,003 --> 05:24:50,804 SOCIAL/POLITICAL ORGANIZING AND 8560 05:24:50,871 --> 05:24:52,005 POWER TO ACTUALLY PULL THESE 8561 05:24:52,072 --> 05:24:52,339 LEVERS. 8562 05:24:52,406 --> 05:24:54,308 WE'LL COME BACK TO THAT LATER. 8563 05:24:54,374 --> 05:24:55,943 FOR NOW WHAT I WANT TO DO IS 8564 05:24:56,009 --> 05:24:58,245 LOOK AT SOME KIND OF TECHNO 8565 05:24:58,312 --> 05:25:00,447 ECONOMIC LEVERS THAT ARE 8566 05:25:00,514 --> 05:25:02,449 AVAILABLE TO US, AND WHICH HAVE 8567 05:25:02,516 --> 05:25:03,750 BEEN MENTIONED HERE. 8568 05:25:03,817 --> 05:25:06,253 SO, I'M GOING TO SORT OF GRAB A 8569 05:25:06,320 --> 05:25:09,089 COUPLE THAT STAND OUT FOR ME. 8570 05:25:09,156 --> 05:25:10,290 NUCLEAR IS HERE. 8571 05:25:10,357 --> 05:25:10,958 FUSION IS HERE. 8572 05:25:11,024 --> 05:25:12,826 I DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS THE 8573 05:25:12,893 --> 05:25:14,127 SAME PERSON WHO SAID NUCLEAR 8574 05:25:14,194 --> 05:25:16,430 FUSION OR IF TWO PEOPLE SAID 8575 05:25:16,496 --> 05:25:17,397 NUCLEAR AND FUSION. 8576 05:25:17,464 --> 05:25:22,236 LET'S GO AHEAD AND PLAY WITH 8577 05:25:22,302 --> 05:25:23,670 THOSE. 8578 05:25:23,737 --> 05:25:25,939 I PARTICULARLY LIKE THAT LEVER 8579 05:25:26,006 --> 05:25:29,009 BECAUSE THAT WAS ONE OF THE 8580 05:25:29,076 --> 05:25:31,845 ORIGINAL MOTIVATIONS FOR WHY 8581 05:25:31,912 --> 05:25:33,080 CLIMATE INTERACTIVE BUILT 8582 05:25:33,146 --> 05:25:34,081 EN-ROADS WAS THAT BILL GATES 8583 05:25:34,147 --> 05:25:36,350 WHEN HE WAS GETTING INVOLVED IN 8584 05:25:36,416 --> 05:25:38,218 CLIMATE INVESTING SAID WE JUST 8585 05:25:38,285 --> 05:25:39,620 NEED TO INVENT NUCLEAR FUSION 8586 05:25:39,686 --> 05:25:45,759 AND WE'LL SOLVE THE CLIMATE 8587 05:25:45,826 --> 05:25:47,628 CRISIS, HIS FIRM IS BREAKTHROUGH 8588 05:25:47,694 --> 05:25:48,729 ENERGY VENTURES. 8589 05:25:48,795 --> 05:25:50,564 WE HAD A SYSTEMS INTUITION THAT 8590 05:25:50,631 --> 05:25:51,832 WASN'T THE CASE, BUT WE WANTED 8591 05:25:51,899 --> 05:25:55,769 TO TEST IT OUT. 8592 05:25:55,836 --> 05:25:57,938 SO THE MODEL, THAT WAS ONE OF 8593 05:25:58,005 --> 05:25:59,907 THE ORIGIN STORIES FOR THE 8594 05:25:59,973 --> 05:26:00,107 MODEL. 8595 05:26:00,173 --> 05:26:01,775 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS IF WE 8596 05:26:01,842 --> 05:26:02,976 INCREASE AMOUNT OF NUCLEAR 8597 05:26:03,043 --> 05:26:04,511 ENERGY AND SEPARATELY DO WHAT 8598 05:26:04,578 --> 05:26:06,580 HAPPENS IF WE INVENT NUCLEAR 8599 05:26:06,647 --> 05:26:09,216 FUSION, A NEW ZERO CARBON SOURCE 8600 05:26:09,283 --> 05:26:09,983 OF ENERGY. 8601 05:26:10,050 --> 05:26:11,852 SO, FIRST LET'S DO THE 8602 05:26:11,919 --> 05:26:13,053 EXPERIMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. 8603 05:26:13,120 --> 05:26:15,355 AND THE WAY I'M GOING TO DO AN 8604 05:26:15,422 --> 05:26:18,525 EXPERIMENT IS THAT I'M GOING TO 8605 05:26:18,592 --> 05:26:23,530 SAY, ALL RIGHT, I'M GOING TO 8606 05:26:23,597 --> 05:26:24,965 CLICK AGGRESSIVE GLOBAL SUBSIDY 8607 05:26:25,032 --> 05:26:26,500 ON NUCLEAR ENERGY. 8608 05:26:26,566 --> 05:26:28,936 I WANT YOU AS AN ACTIVE LEARNER 8609 05:26:29,002 --> 05:26:31,071 TO MAKE A HYPOTHESIS IN YOUR 8610 05:26:31,138 --> 05:26:32,339 MIND ABOUT HOW BIG A CHANGE 8611 05:26:32,406 --> 05:26:35,142 THAT'S GOING TO BE. 8612 05:26:35,208 --> 05:26:37,210 THE MORE MENTALLY ACTIVE YOU ARE 8613 05:26:37,277 --> 05:26:38,679 IN THE EXPERIMENTATION PROCESS, 8614 05:26:38,745 --> 05:26:41,048 THE MORE YOU'LL LEARN FROM THE 8615 05:26:41,114 --> 05:26:41,315 EXERCISE. 8616 05:26:41,381 --> 05:26:43,250 IN FACT, I'M GOING TO MAKE YOU 8617 05:26:43,317 --> 05:26:45,319 TAKE A STAND ON THIS. 8618 05:26:45,385 --> 05:26:47,054 AND I'M GOING TO POSE ANOTHER 8619 05:26:47,120 --> 05:26:49,790 POLL QUESTION HERE. 8620 05:26:49,856 --> 05:26:53,226 IF I DO A GLOBAL SUBSIDY ON 8621 05:26:53,293 --> 05:26:55,295 NUCLEAR ENERGY, WHAT IS GOING TO 8622 05:26:55,362 --> 05:26:56,797 BE THE IMPACT ON TEMPERATURE? 8623 05:26:56,863 --> 05:26:58,665 AND SO THIS QUESTION WILL NOW BE 8624 05:26:58,732 --> 05:27:04,037 AVAILABLE ON YOUR POLL 8625 05:27:04,104 --> 05:27:05,672 EVERYWHERE ON YOUR BROWSER TAB 8626 05:27:05,739 --> 05:27:06,540 OPEN TO ANSWER THE PREVIOUS 8627 05:27:06,606 --> 05:27:06,907 QUESTION. 8628 05:27:06,974 --> 05:27:08,075 WHAT WILL BE THE TEMPERATURE 8629 05:27:08,141 --> 05:27:08,308 CHANGE? 8630 05:27:08,375 --> 05:27:09,843 I'M GOING TO HIDE THE RESULTS 8631 05:27:09,910 --> 05:27:14,214 FOR A SECOND SO YOU DON'T BIAS 8632 05:27:14,281 --> 05:27:17,384 EACH OTHER IN THE BEGINNING AND 8633 05:27:17,451 --> 05:27:20,554 WATCH THE RESPONDENT COUNT RACK 8634 05:27:20,620 --> 05:27:25,759 UP, NO CHANGE, HELP AND COOL THE 8635 05:27:25,826 --> 05:27:28,996 PLANET .1 TO .5 DEGREES OR MORE, 8636 05:27:29,062 --> 05:27:32,165 OR SOME COUNTERINTUITIVE EFFECTS 8637 05:27:32,232 --> 05:27:33,600 THAT MAYBE INCREASE TEMPERATURE 8638 05:27:33,667 --> 05:27:34,701 AS A RESULT? 8639 05:27:34,768 --> 05:27:36,970 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT YOUR 8640 05:27:37,037 --> 05:27:38,505 RESPONSES HERE. 8641 05:27:38,572 --> 05:27:39,072 OKAY. 8642 05:27:39,139 --> 05:27:43,443 SO THE MAJORITY OF YOU SAY .1 TO 8643 05:27:43,510 --> 05:27:45,512 .5 DEGREES OF IMPROVEMENT, WITH 8644 05:27:45,579 --> 05:27:49,449 A FEW OF YOU BEING MORE 8645 05:27:49,516 --> 05:27:49,750 OPTIMISTIC. 8646 05:27:49,816 --> 05:27:52,619 AND I WILL SAY WHEN WE ENGAGE 8647 05:27:52,686 --> 05:27:54,488 WITH REPUBLICAN POLITICAL 8648 05:27:54,554 --> 05:27:55,989 LEADERS AND AUDIENCES, NUCLEAR 8649 05:27:56,056 --> 05:27:58,625 IS OFTEN THE FIRST EXPERIMENT 8650 05:27:58,692 --> 05:28:00,694 THEY WANT TO TRY. 8651 05:28:00,761 --> 05:28:03,563 AND SO IT'S ONE WE ALWAYS LIKE 8652 05:28:03,630 --> 05:28:04,765 TO RUN. 8653 05:28:04,831 --> 05:28:08,602 SO LET'S SEE WHAT THE RESULTS 8654 05:28:08,668 --> 05:28:10,904 ARE. 8655 05:28:10,971 --> 05:28:11,104 OKAY. 8656 05:28:11,171 --> 05:28:14,608 SO THAT'S A 7-CENT PER KILOWATT 8657 05:28:14,674 --> 05:28:16,476 HOUR GLOBAL SUBSIDY ON NUCLEAR 8658 05:28:16,543 --> 05:28:16,710 ENERGY. 8659 05:28:16,777 --> 05:28:18,478 FIRST QUESTION TO ASK WITH AN 8660 05:28:18,545 --> 05:28:19,446 EXPERIMENT LIKE THIS, DID IT 8661 05:28:19,513 --> 05:28:21,081 WORK IN THE SENSE DID IT PRODUCE 8662 05:28:21,148 --> 05:28:23,216 THE OUTCOME WE THOUGHT IT WAS 8663 05:28:23,283 --> 05:28:25,352 GOING TO PRODUCE IN THE 8664 05:28:25,419 --> 05:28:26,319 NARROWEST SENSE? 8665 05:28:26,386 --> 05:28:31,224 AND WHAT WE'RE DOING IS GOING 8666 05:28:31,291 --> 05:28:35,529 FROM 14 OR 15 EXIT JULES OF 8667 05:28:35,595 --> 05:28:41,868 ENERGY FROM NUCLEAR TO 95, WE'RE 8668 05:28:41,935 --> 05:28:43,403 MULTIPLYING BY FACTOR OF MORE 8669 05:28:43,470 --> 05:28:44,404 THAN SIX. 8670 05:28:44,471 --> 05:28:47,474 SUBSIDY WORKS IN THAT SENSE, AND 8671 05:28:47,541 --> 05:28:50,977 WHAT YOU CAN SEE AS THAT BAND OF 8672 05:28:51,044 --> 05:28:52,712 NUCLEAR EXPANDS, IT IS REDUCING 8673 05:28:52,779 --> 05:29:03,256 THE GAS AND COAL THAT WE'RE 8674 05:29:11,565 --> 05:29:17,604 BURNING TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. 8675 05:29:17,671 --> 05:29:19,206 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT A FEW OF YOU 8676 05:29:19,272 --> 05:29:25,245 WERE THINKING ABOUT THIS MORE AT 8677 05:29:25,312 --> 05:29:29,182 THE UPPER END, .5, A DEGREE OR 8678 05:29:29,249 --> 05:29:29,382 MORE. 8679 05:29:29,449 --> 05:29:31,718 SO, WE NEED ASK THE QUESTION 8680 05:29:31,785 --> 05:29:36,423 WELL, WHY DON'T WE SEE A BIGGER 8681 05:29:36,490 --> 05:29:40,227 CHANGE IN THE TEMPERATURE 8682 05:29:40,293 --> 05:29:42,329 PICTURE FROM THE MASSIVE 8683 05:29:42,395 --> 05:29:43,296 INVESTMENT IN NUCLEAR ENERGY? 8684 05:29:43,363 --> 05:29:45,932 WHAT DO WE THINK IS GOING ON? 8685 05:29:45,999 --> 05:29:48,668 IF YOU WANT TO SHARE ANY LIKE -- 8686 05:29:48,735 --> 05:29:49,669 WHEN HE POSE A QUESTION LIKE 8687 05:29:49,736 --> 05:29:51,638 THAT I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR YOUR 8688 05:29:51,705 --> 05:29:54,508 THOUGHTS ABOUT WHY THAT'S THE 8689 05:29:54,574 --> 05:29:54,708 CASE. 8690 05:29:54,774 --> 05:29:56,576 SHARE THOSE VIA THE CHAT OR 8691 05:29:56,643 --> 05:29:57,978 THROUGH THE Q&A IF YOU HAVE 8692 05:29:58,044 --> 05:30:01,181 ACCESS TO THE Q&A. 8693 05:30:01,248 --> 05:30:03,450 OR IF SOMEONE WANTS TO UNMUTE, 8694 05:30:03,517 --> 05:30:04,885 WHAT'S GOING ON HERE, WHY DON'T 8695 05:30:04,951 --> 05:30:15,495 WE SEE A BIGGER CHANGE FROM THIS 8696 05:30:30,944 --> 05:30:31,144 INTERVENTION? 8697 05:30:31,211 --> 05:30:36,950 BRIAN SAYS REPLACING NUCLEAR 8698 05:30:37,017 --> 05:30:37,784 WITH RENEWABLES, RENEWABLES 8699 05:30:37,851 --> 05:30:38,051 DECREASE. 8700 05:30:38,118 --> 05:30:38,952 THANK YOU ON THE Q&A. 8701 05:30:39,019 --> 05:30:39,586 THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. 8702 05:30:39,653 --> 05:30:42,222 WHEN WE LOOK AT WHAT IS 8703 05:30:42,289 --> 05:30:43,623 DECREASING WHEN WE INCREASE 8704 05:30:43,690 --> 05:30:45,525 NUCLEAR, YES, IT IS SUBSTITUTING 8705 05:30:45,592 --> 05:30:49,129 A WAY FOR SOME FOSSIL FUELS, BUT 8706 05:30:49,196 --> 05:30:51,064 ALSO SHRINKING THE AMOUNT OF 8707 05:30:51,131 --> 05:30:53,166 RENEWABLE ENERGY BECAUSE WE'RE 8708 05:30:53,233 --> 05:30:54,901 CHANGING THE COST STRUCTURE, 8709 05:30:54,968 --> 05:30:56,336 CHANGING ON THE MARGIN THE 8710 05:30:56,403 --> 05:30:58,505 DECISION THAT A POWER PLANT 8711 05:30:58,572 --> 05:30:59,940 BUILDER, ELECTRIC UTILITY, IS 8712 05:31:00,006 --> 05:31:02,042 GOING TO MAKE. 8713 05:31:02,108 --> 05:31:05,645 SO WE'RE TRADING ONE FORM OF 8714 05:31:05,712 --> 05:31:07,614 GREEN ENERGY FOR ANOTHER, AND 8715 05:31:07,681 --> 05:31:10,016 NUCLEAR GREEN OR NOT, IT'S LOW 8716 05:31:10,083 --> 05:31:11,218 CARBON, WE'RE TRANSFERRING ONE 8717 05:31:11,284 --> 05:31:15,255 FORM OF LOW CARBON ENERGY FOR 8718 05:31:15,322 --> 05:31:15,522 ANOTHER. 8719 05:31:15,589 --> 05:31:17,123 THAT IS DAMPENING EFFECT. 8720 05:31:17,190 --> 05:31:18,992 THE OTHER THING THAT PEOPLE WILL 8721 05:31:19,059 --> 05:31:20,727 NOTICE IS IT WAS VERY SMALL. 8722 05:31:20,794 --> 05:31:23,263 YES, WE'RE ENDING UP WITH SIX 8723 05:31:23,330 --> 05:31:25,899 TIMES BIGGER BUT STILL ONLY 8724 05:31:25,966 --> 05:31:26,566 PROVIDING RELATIVELY SMALL 8725 05:31:26,633 --> 05:31:28,101 PERCENTAGE OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY 8726 05:31:28,168 --> 05:31:29,669 NEEDS OF THAT SCALE. 8727 05:31:29,736 --> 05:31:31,605 ALSO, THE FINAL THING IS THAT 8728 05:31:31,671 --> 05:31:32,806 NUCLEAR ENERGY TAKES A LONG TIME 8729 05:31:32,872 --> 05:31:33,573 TO BUILD. 8730 05:31:33,640 --> 05:31:36,943 YOU HAVE TO GET THE LAND, 8731 05:31:37,010 --> 05:31:45,852 OVERCOME ALL KINDS OF NIMBY 8732 05:31:45,919 --> 05:31:48,521 OPPOSITION, PLANS ARE COMPLEX. 8733 05:31:48,588 --> 05:31:49,789 THERE'S A RAMP-UP PERIOD TO GET 8734 05:31:49,856 --> 05:31:51,625 TO THAT LEVEL, AND YOU'RE 8735 05:31:51,691 --> 05:31:52,692 CONTINUING TO BURN COAL, OIL, 8736 05:31:52,759 --> 05:31:53,693 AND GAS. 8737 05:31:53,760 --> 05:31:56,630 LET'S TRY THE OTHER EXPERIMENT 8738 05:31:56,696 --> 05:31:59,399 WHICH IS KIND OF IN A WAY 8739 05:31:59,466 --> 05:32:02,569 SIMILAR, A NUCLEAR FUSION. 8740 05:32:02,636 --> 05:32:03,770 THIS REQUIRES A BIG 8741 05:32:03,837 --> 05:32:04,437 TECHNOLOGICAL BREAK THROUGH 8742 05:32:04,504 --> 05:32:06,840 BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE IT YET. 8743 05:32:06,906 --> 05:32:08,275 THERE IS COMMONWEALTH FUSION IN 8744 05:32:08,341 --> 05:32:09,909 THE BACK YARD IN MASSACHUSETTS 8745 05:32:09,976 --> 05:32:10,977 WORKING ON THIS. 8746 05:32:11,044 --> 05:32:14,247 NOBODY HAS PRODUCED A TRULY NET 8747 05:32:14,314 --> 05:32:15,048 POSITIVE FUSION REACTION. 8748 05:32:15,115 --> 05:32:17,050 LET'S SAY WE HAVE A BIG 8749 05:32:17,117 --> 05:32:17,817 BREAKTHROUGH. 8750 05:32:17,884 --> 05:32:19,352 I LOVE TECHNOLOGY. 8751 05:32:19,419 --> 05:32:21,021 I THINK THIS HAS GREAT POTENTIAL 8752 05:32:21,087 --> 05:32:23,823 BUT LET'S SAY WE GET A 8753 05:32:23,890 --> 05:32:28,528 BREAKTHROUGH IN NEW ZERO CARBON 8754 05:32:28,595 --> 05:32:31,064 TECHNOLOGY, CHEAPER THAN COAL, 8755 05:32:31,131 --> 05:32:33,166 NEW EMISSION, LESS RADIATION 8756 05:32:33,233 --> 05:32:34,000 CONCERNS THAN REGULAR NUCLEAR, 8757 05:32:34,067 --> 05:32:35,669 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS IF WE GET 8758 05:32:35,735 --> 05:32:36,202 THAT BREAKTHROUGH. 8759 05:32:36,269 --> 05:32:37,704 I'M NOT GOING TO DO THE POLL BUT 8760 05:32:37,771 --> 05:32:41,574 I WANT YOU TO DO THE MENTAL 8761 05:32:41,641 --> 05:32:42,676 PREDICTION ABOUT HOW BIG A 8762 05:32:42,742 --> 05:32:47,047 CHANGE WE'RE GOING TO SEE FROM 8763 05:32:47,113 --> 05:32:47,247 THAT. 8764 05:32:47,314 --> 05:32:47,947 OKAY. 8765 05:32:48,014 --> 05:32:49,916 SO, THERE IS OUR NUCLEAR FUSION. 8766 05:32:49,983 --> 05:32:53,953 WE'VE ADDED THAT TO THE ENERGY 8767 05:32:54,020 --> 05:32:55,355 MIX. 8768 05:32:55,422 --> 05:32:56,556 IT'S PRODUCING 145 EXAJOULES A 8769 05:32:56,623 --> 05:32:58,992 YEAR OF ENERGY, GOOD CHUNK OF 8770 05:32:59,059 --> 05:33:00,393 THE GLOBAL ENERGY MIX. 8771 05:33:00,460 --> 05:33:03,029 AND IF WE REFRESH CAREFULLY WE 8772 05:33:03,096 --> 05:33:04,464 SEE THAT WE'RE GETTING A TENTH 8773 05:33:04,531 --> 05:33:07,100 OF A DEGREE OF FAHRENHEIT 8774 05:33:07,167 --> 05:33:08,968 IMPROVEMENT THAT'S NOT QUITE 8775 05:33:09,035 --> 05:33:12,806 ADDING UP TO A TENTH OF A DEGREE 8776 05:33:12,872 --> 05:33:14,774 IN CELSIUS TERMS. 8777 05:33:14,841 --> 05:33:16,643 AGAIN, MUCH SMALLER IMPACT THAN 8778 05:33:16,710 --> 05:33:17,844 SOMETIMES PEOPLE HOPE AND, 8779 05:33:17,911 --> 05:33:19,379 AGAIN, THE REASON IS SIMILAR TO 8780 05:33:19,446 --> 05:33:21,681 WHAT WE SAW WITH NUCLEAR, THAT 8781 05:33:21,748 --> 05:33:25,385 WE'RE SUBSTITUTING A WAY FROM 8782 05:33:25,452 --> 05:33:28,021 RENEWABLES ALONG WITH THAT 8783 05:33:28,088 --> 05:33:29,222 SUBSTITUTION AWAY FROM COAL, OIL 8784 05:33:29,289 --> 05:33:30,523 AND GAS. 8785 05:33:30,590 --> 05:33:32,859 THAT'S GOING TO PARTLY MITIGATE 8786 05:33:32,926 --> 05:33:34,928 EFFECTS, AND THERE'S A VERY 8787 05:33:34,994 --> 05:33:36,663 SIGNIFICANT TIME DELAY WITH 8788 05:33:36,730 --> 05:33:39,099 THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES BECAUSE 8789 05:33:39,165 --> 05:33:40,734 IT'S NOT JUST SOMEONE INVENTS 8790 05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:43,236 FUSION IN A LAB, THAT'S GREAT 8791 05:33:43,303 --> 05:33:43,937 NEWS. 8792 05:33:44,003 --> 05:33:47,607 BUT THEN YOU'VE GOT TO BUILD A 8793 05:33:47,674 --> 05:33:49,242 FIELD INSTALLATION, THEN TRAIN 8794 05:33:49,309 --> 05:33:50,910 PEOPLE, BUILD A WHOLE INDUSTRY 8795 05:33:50,977 --> 05:34:00,420 AND SUPPLY CHAIN AND REGULATORY 8796 05:34:00,487 --> 05:34:01,187 APPARATUS TO DEPLOY NEW 8797 05:34:01,254 --> 05:34:03,189 TECHNOLOGY AND WE CONTINUE TO 8798 05:34:03,256 --> 05:34:04,924 BURN COAL, OIL, GAS. 8799 05:34:04,991 --> 05:34:05,692 THESE ARE IMPORTANT. 8800 05:34:05,759 --> 05:34:06,659 THEY ARE VALUABLE. 8801 05:34:06,726 --> 05:34:09,863 EVERY TENTH OF A DEGREE MATTERS. 8802 05:34:09,929 --> 05:34:11,831 BUT OFTEN THE EXPERIENCE OF 8803 05:34:11,898 --> 05:34:14,601 FOLKS IS THAT WE GET LESS IMPACT 8804 05:34:14,667 --> 05:34:16,336 THAN WE THOUGHT WE WOULD. 8805 05:34:16,403 --> 05:34:21,141 LET ME GO BACK AND LOOK AT MAYBE 8806 05:34:21,207 --> 05:34:23,109 ONE MORE EXAMPLE HERE FROM FREE 8807 05:34:23,176 --> 05:34:27,046 RESPONSES BEFORE I ASK YOU TO 8808 05:34:27,113 --> 05:34:31,117 START VOTING ON SOME OF THE 8809 05:34:31,184 --> 05:34:31,384 SOLUTIONS. 8810 05:34:31,451 --> 05:34:33,420 SO, THERE'S A FEW HERE THAT TALK 8811 05:34:33,486 --> 05:34:36,589 ABOUT NO MEAT IN DIETS, REDUCED 8812 05:34:36,656 --> 05:34:37,023 MEAT. 8813 05:34:37,090 --> 05:34:42,061 THIS IS A GREAT QUESTION. 8814 05:34:42,128 --> 05:34:48,334 AS YOU MAY KNOW, THE REASON WHY 8815 05:34:48,401 --> 05:34:49,569 PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT -- 8816 05:34:49,636 --> 05:34:51,738 THE REASON PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED 8817 05:34:51,805 --> 05:34:55,108 ABOUT MEAT IS BASICALLY TWO 8818 05:34:55,175 --> 05:34:55,341 ASPECTS. 8819 05:34:55,408 --> 05:34:59,813 ONE, IN ORDER TO GROW A COW TO 8820 05:34:59,879 --> 05:35:01,681 MAKE DAIRY OR STEAK OR 8821 05:35:01,748 --> 05:35:04,751 HAMBURGERS THAT COW NEEDS TO EAT 8822 05:35:04,818 --> 05:35:06,052 A LOT OF PLANTS. 8823 05:35:06,119 --> 05:35:08,354 NEEDS TO EAT A LOT OF GRAIN. 8824 05:35:08,421 --> 05:35:10,323 USUALLY GRASS FED UNTIL A 8825 05:35:10,390 --> 05:35:10,924 CERTAIN POINT, FINISHED WITH 8826 05:35:10,990 --> 05:35:12,525 CORN IN THE UNITED STATES. 8827 05:35:12,592 --> 05:35:15,995 AND THE LAND THAT IT TAKES TO 8828 05:35:16,062 --> 05:35:18,865 GROW ALL OF THAT FEED IS VERY 8829 05:35:18,932 --> 05:35:21,267 EXTENSIVE COMPARED TO IF I WAS 8830 05:35:21,334 --> 05:35:23,236 JUST FEEDING PEOPLE THAT 8831 05:35:23,303 --> 05:35:23,770 VEGETARIAN DIET. 8832 05:35:23,837 --> 05:35:25,872 THERE'S BEEN A NUMBER OF 8833 05:35:25,939 --> 05:35:29,375 ATTEMPTS TO CALCULATE THE RATIO. 8834 05:35:29,442 --> 05:35:31,444 AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE MORE LAND, 8835 05:35:31,511 --> 05:35:32,545 WATER, OTHER RESOURCES. 8836 05:35:32,612 --> 05:35:34,647 THAT'S GOING TO PUT LESS 8837 05:35:34,714 --> 05:35:37,350 PRESSURE ON FORESTS IF WE CAN 8838 05:35:37,417 --> 05:35:40,086 DECREASE MEAT CONSUMPTION. 8839 05:35:40,153 --> 05:35:43,490 AND FOR THAT REASON, THE FOOD 8840 05:35:43,556 --> 05:35:45,558 FROM ANIMALS IS HERE UNDER THE 8841 05:35:45,625 --> 05:35:49,496 DEFORESTATION PART OF THE MODEL. 8842 05:35:49,562 --> 05:35:51,464 THERE'S A SECONDARY EFFECT, 8843 05:35:51,531 --> 05:35:54,400 WHICH IS THAT LARGE MAMMALS 8844 05:35:54,467 --> 05:35:58,137 PARTICULARLY COWS AND SHEEP AND 8845 05:35:58,204 --> 05:36:00,773 LAMB, HAVE ENTERIC FERMENTATION, 8846 05:36:00,840 --> 05:36:02,408 RELEASE METHANE THROUGH BURPS, 8847 05:36:02,475 --> 05:36:05,712 AND ALL ANIMAL MANURE IS A 8848 05:36:05,778 --> 05:36:07,113 METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE SOURCE, 8849 05:36:07,180 --> 05:36:09,749 SO THERE'S OTHER GREENHOUSE 8850 05:36:09,816 --> 05:36:14,888 GASES WHICH CAN BE RELEASED 8851 05:36:14,954 --> 05:36:16,289 THROUGH THE ANIMAL DIGESTION. 8852 05:36:16,356 --> 05:36:18,725 SO IF WE REDUCE FOOD FROM 8853 05:36:18,791 --> 05:36:21,327 ANIMALS, THEN MAYBE THAT WILL 8854 05:36:21,394 --> 05:36:21,961 HELP. 8855 05:36:22,028 --> 05:36:24,631 SO WE'VE GOT 30% OF DIET BY 8856 05:36:24,697 --> 05:36:25,164 2100. 8857 05:36:25,231 --> 05:36:29,102 THAT'S KIND OF OUR BASELINE 8858 05:36:29,168 --> 05:36:31,738 ASSUMPTION THAT COMES FROM FAO 8859 05:36:31,804 --> 05:36:34,774 SORT OF UNDERSTANDINGS AND 8860 05:36:34,841 --> 05:36:35,108 FORECASTS. 8861 05:36:35,174 --> 05:36:38,177 SO WHAT HAPPENS IF WE COULD 8862 05:36:38,244 --> 05:36:40,146 DRAMATICALLY REDUCE THAT NUMBER, 8863 05:36:40,213 --> 05:36:42,749 AND CUT THAT FROM 30% OF DIETS 8864 05:36:42,815 --> 05:36:44,317 DOWN TO 10% OF DIETS. 8865 05:36:44,384 --> 05:36:46,052 THAT NUMBER MAY SEEM LOW TO YOU 8866 05:36:46,119 --> 05:36:47,921 BECAUSE THIS IS AN AMERICAN 8867 05:36:47,987 --> 05:36:49,322 AUDIENCE, IN AMERICA WE'RE USED 8868 05:36:49,389 --> 05:36:51,090 TO GETTING A LOT MORE OF DIE 8869 05:36:51,157 --> 05:36:58,097 FRET AN -- DIET FROM ANIMAL 8870 05:36:58,164 --> 05:37:00,533 PRODUCTS, WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 8871 05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:01,734 MEAT CONSUMPTION, PLANT BASED 8872 05:37:01,801 --> 05:37:02,635 SUBSTITUTES AVAILABLE IN KENYA 8873 05:37:02,702 --> 05:37:11,277 OR IN SOUTH ASIA YEA AND OTHER 8874 05:37:11,344 --> 05:37:19,919 PLACES WITH GROWING ECONOMIES. 8875 05:37:19,986 --> 05:37:21,688 LET'S DO AN EXPERIMENT, CUTTING 8876 05:37:21,754 --> 05:37:23,656 TO GET DIETS TO SHIFT. 8877 05:37:23,723 --> 05:37:25,658 LET'S HIT ENTER AND SEE WHAT 8878 05:37:25,725 --> 05:37:25,959 HAPPENS. 8879 05:37:26,025 --> 05:37:34,367 #R* THAT GOT US ANOTHER TENTH OF 8880 05:37:34,434 --> 05:37:36,002 A DEGREE OF AVOIDED FUTURE 8881 05:37:36,069 --> 05:37:36,336 WARMING. 8882 05:37:36,402 --> 05:37:38,838 THERE'S A COUPLE REASONS. 8883 05:37:38,905 --> 05:37:41,908 ONE IS THAT IT'S REALLY 8884 05:37:41,975 --> 05:37:43,109 SIGNIFICANTLY SLOW 8885 05:37:43,176 --> 05:37:43,543 DEFORESTATION. 8886 05:37:43,610 --> 05:37:45,745 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IS THE BIG 8887 05:37:45,812 --> 05:37:49,015 DRIVER OF DEFORESTATION. 8888 05:37:49,082 --> 05:37:50,883 AND THERE'S GREAT SIDE BENEFITS, 8889 05:37:50,950 --> 05:37:51,084 RIGHT? 8890 05:37:51,150 --> 05:37:54,921 SO THIS IS ONE OF THE PLACES 8891 05:37:54,988 --> 05:37:57,991 WHERE ALSO THE PLANETARY HEALTH 8892 05:37:58,057 --> 05:37:59,292 VERSUS CLIMATE MODEL DISTINCTION 8893 05:37:59,359 --> 05:38:00,393 IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 8894 05:38:00,460 --> 05:38:02,462 BECAUSE WE'RE JUST LOOKING AT 8895 05:38:02,528 --> 05:38:06,065 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HERE 8896 05:38:06,132 --> 05:38:11,270 BUT NOTICE THAT THIS CESSATION 8897 05:38:11,337 --> 05:38:17,276 OF DEFORESTATION HAS TREMENDOUS 8898 05:38:17,343 --> 05:38:20,013 EFFECT ON SOIL EROSION, A NUMBER 8899 05:38:20,079 --> 05:38:21,748 OF OTHER CONSIDERATIONS RELATED 8900 05:38:21,814 --> 05:38:22,849 TO DEFORESTATION. 8901 05:38:22,915 --> 05:38:25,618 THE OTHER THING THAT'S HAPPENING 8902 05:38:25,685 --> 05:38:29,322 HERE IS THAT WE ARE REDUCING 8903 05:38:29,389 --> 05:38:31,858 METHANE AND OTHER GASES, SO IF I 8904 05:38:31,924 --> 05:38:34,594 REDO THAT CHANGE, CHANGING 8905 05:38:34,661 --> 05:38:39,499 DIETS, WE'VE BENT THE CURVE ON 8906 05:38:39,565 --> 05:38:41,234 NON-CO2 MEANING METHANE, NITROUS 8907 05:38:41,300 --> 05:38:43,870 OXIDE IN PARTICULAR, BENT THE 8908 05:38:43,936 --> 05:38:45,304 CURVE ON EMISSIONS WHICH IS VERY 8909 05:38:45,371 --> 05:38:47,140 IMPORTANT, PART OF WHAT'S 8910 05:38:47,206 --> 05:38:48,341 GUESSING US THIS EXTRA TENTH OF 8911 05:38:48,408 --> 05:38:49,242 A DEGREE. 8912 05:38:49,308 --> 05:38:51,210 YOU CAN SEE THAT WITH THIS 8913 05:38:51,277 --> 05:38:53,613 REDUCTION OF METHANE AND LAND 8914 05:38:53,680 --> 05:38:55,915 USE EMISSIONS HERE. 8915 05:38:55,982 --> 05:39:00,953 SO, NOW, FOR ME PERSONALLY, THAT 8916 05:39:01,020 --> 05:39:02,255 WAS A SURPRISE. 8917 05:39:02,321 --> 05:39:07,193 THAT WAS A SMALLER CHANGE THAN I 8918 05:39:07,260 --> 05:39:09,028 THOUGHT, A DRAMATIC SHIFT. 8919 05:39:09,095 --> 05:39:13,332 SO WHY DON'T WE GET MORE CLIMATE 8920 05:39:13,399 --> 05:39:15,635 IMPACT, POSITIVE IMPACT, FROM 8921 05:39:15,702 --> 05:39:20,673 SUCH A HUGE CHANGE CUTTING 8922 05:39:20,740 --> 05:39:23,409 ANIMAL FOOD CONSUMPTION BY 2/3? 8923 05:39:23,476 --> 05:39:25,712 AGAIN, THROUGH CHAT OR THROUGH 8924 05:39:25,778 --> 05:39:27,447 THE Q&A, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 8925 05:39:27,513 --> 05:39:29,082 WHAT MIGHT BE GOING ON HERE, 8926 05:39:29,148 --> 05:39:30,883 WHAT ARE YOU NOTICING IN SOME 8927 05:39:30,950 --> 05:39:32,952 GRAPHS THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT 8928 05:39:33,019 --> 05:39:35,688 THAT MAKE THIS LESS IMPACTFUL 8929 05:39:35,755 --> 05:39:46,232 THAN PEOPLE OFTEN IMAGINE? 8930 05:39:46,432 --> 05:39:47,700 TO HELP I'LL MAKE SURE TO GO 8931 05:39:47,767 --> 05:39:58,277 BACK TO SOME OF THESE GRAPHS. 8932 05:39:58,711 --> 05:40:02,915 POPULATION IS STILL GROWING. 8933 05:40:02,982 --> 05:40:06,986 EXCELLENT ANSWER, JEN. 8934 05:40:07,053 --> 05:40:10,723 THE MEAT CONSUMPTION HERE IS 8935 05:40:10,790 --> 05:40:12,458 PERCENTAGE OF DIET BY 2100. 8936 05:40:12,525 --> 05:40:16,362 BUT THAT'S A PERCENTAGE OF DIET. 8937 05:40:16,429 --> 05:40:18,464 ABSOLUTE AMOUNT OF FOOD 8938 05:40:18,531 --> 05:40:20,867 CONSUMPTION IS GOING UP WITH THE 8939 05:40:20,933 --> 05:40:22,034 POPULATION. 8940 05:40:22,101 --> 05:40:23,069 SO GLOBALLY WE'RE AT 8 BILLION 8941 05:40:23,136 --> 05:40:23,302 PEOPLE. 8942 05:40:23,369 --> 05:40:25,571 WE'RE HEADING TOWARDS A FUTURE 8943 05:40:25,638 --> 05:40:27,673 OF $10.4 BILLION PEOPLE. 8944 05:40:27,740 --> 05:40:29,509 AND THAT MEANS THAT WE ARE GOING 8945 05:40:29,575 --> 05:40:33,045 TO NEED THAT MUCH MORE FOOD 8946 05:40:33,112 --> 05:40:33,579 PRODUCTION. 8947 05:40:33,646 --> 05:40:36,415 AND THE WARMING THAT WE'RE DOING 8948 05:40:36,482 --> 05:40:39,719 IS ALSO AFFECTING CROP YIELDS. 8949 05:40:39,786 --> 05:40:41,888 SO, THIS IS KIND OF WHAT'S 8950 05:40:41,954 --> 05:40:43,189 CALLED A REINFORCING FEEDBACK IN 8951 05:40:43,256 --> 05:40:45,958 THE CLIMATE SYSTEM WHICH IS THAT 8952 05:40:46,025 --> 05:40:46,926 THE MORE GREENHOUSE GAS 8953 05:40:46,993 --> 05:40:50,663 EMISSIONS WE DO, THE MORE WE 8954 05:40:50,730 --> 05:40:52,965 HEAT THE PLANET, WE DRIVE 8955 05:40:53,032 --> 05:40:54,167 DEFORESTATION, THAT HEATS THE 8956 05:40:54,233 --> 05:40:56,369 PLANET, BUT THE HEATING OF THE 8957 05:40:56,435 --> 05:40:58,337 PLANET DECREASES CROP YIELDS. 8958 05:40:58,404 --> 05:41:00,273 THAT DECREASING MEANS TO MAKE 8959 05:41:00,339 --> 05:41:02,141 THE SAME AMOUNT OF FOOD WE NEED 8960 05:41:02,208 --> 05:41:03,342 MORE LAND. 8961 05:41:03,409 --> 05:41:05,845 WE HAVE TO GROW ON LARGER 8962 05:41:05,912 --> 05:41:07,713 AMOUNTS OF LAND TO HANDLE CROP 8963 05:41:07,780 --> 05:41:09,582 LOSSES FROM CLIMATE CHANGE WHICH 8964 05:41:09,649 --> 05:41:11,450 MEANS WE'RE PUTTING MORE 8965 05:41:11,517 --> 05:41:12,819 PRESSURE ON FORESTS. 8966 05:41:12,885 --> 05:41:14,754 ALL OF THAT TOGETHER THAT IS 8967 05:41:14,821 --> 05:41:16,823 PART OF THE THINGS THAT ARE 8968 05:41:16,889 --> 05:41:18,491 DAMPENING EFFECTS, THAT'S A VERY 8969 05:41:18,558 --> 05:41:19,892 IMPORTANT PIECE. 8970 05:41:19,959 --> 05:41:22,395 THE OTHER PIECE IS AS YOU'LL GET 8971 05:41:22,461 --> 05:41:25,565 TIRED OF ME TALKING ABOUT THE 8972 05:41:25,631 --> 05:41:26,232 TIME DELAYS. 8973 05:41:26,299 --> 05:41:29,435 ALL THE WHILE THAT YOU'RE 8974 05:41:29,502 --> 05:41:31,304 WORKING TO DECREASE THOSE, TO 8975 05:41:31,370 --> 05:41:34,373 CHANGE THOSE DIETS, WE'RE STILL 8976 05:41:34,440 --> 05:41:36,008 DEFORESTING SO THERE'S -- THE 8977 05:41:36,075 --> 05:41:37,777 EARLIER AND THE SOONER THOSE 8978 05:41:37,844 --> 05:41:39,111 EFFECTS CAN HAPPEN, THE BETTER. 8979 05:41:39,178 --> 05:41:41,814 ANYTHING THAT TAKES A WHILE WILL 8980 05:41:41,881 --> 05:41:43,149 BE LESS EFFECTIVE. 8981 05:41:43,216 --> 05:41:45,351 THERE'S ANOTHER INTERESTING 8982 05:41:45,418 --> 05:41:47,086 PHENOMENON WHICH IS THAT A LOT 8983 05:41:47,153 --> 05:41:49,488 OF LOSS OF FOREST BIOMASS AND A 8984 05:41:49,555 --> 05:41:52,458 LOT OF EMISSIONS FROM FORESTS 8985 05:41:52,525 --> 05:41:55,528 ISN'T JUST ABOUT CLEAR CUTTING 8986 05:41:55,595 --> 05:41:58,331 THE LAND FOR AGRICULTURE BUT 8987 05:41:58,397 --> 05:42:01,834 IT'S ABOUT DEGRADING FORESTS FOR 8988 05:42:01,901 --> 05:42:02,735 OTHER PURPOSES INCLUDING 8989 05:42:02,802 --> 05:42:05,471 BIOENERGY AND WOOD PRODUCTS, 8990 05:42:05,538 --> 05:42:06,339 UNRELATED TO FOOD CONSUMPTION. 8991 05:42:06,405 --> 05:42:08,875 AND THEN ON THE METHANE FRONT, 8992 05:42:08,941 --> 05:42:13,679 YES, WE TAKE A GOOD DENT OUT OF 8993 05:42:13,746 --> 05:42:14,780 ANTHROPOGENIC METHANE BUT 8994 05:42:14,847 --> 05:42:20,052 THERE'S STILL A BIT OF EMISSION 8995 05:42:20,119 --> 05:42:23,656 LEFT BECAUSE METHANE IS NOT JUST 8996 05:42:23,723 --> 05:42:25,057 ABOUT AGRICULTURE, ALSO ABOUT 8997 05:42:25,124 --> 05:42:25,324 INDUSTRY. 8998 05:42:25,391 --> 05:42:26,726 WE'VE GIVEN YOU A FEEL FOR 8999 05:42:26,792 --> 05:42:29,795 WHAT'S GOING ON HERE WE'VE 9000 05:42:29,862 --> 05:42:32,965 GOTTEN TO REDUCE TEMPERATURE BY 9001 05:42:33,032 --> 05:42:35,701 2/10 OF A DEGREE. 9002 05:42:35,768 --> 05:42:38,037 I WANT US TO SOLVE GLOBAL 9003 05:42:38,104 --> 05:42:41,073 CHANGE, 30 MINUTES TO DO IT. 9004 05:42:41,140 --> 05:42:46,212 NEXT I'M GOING TO A KIND OF 9005 05:42:46,279 --> 05:42:47,546 TOOL, ANOTHER POLL, WHICH WILL 9006 05:42:47,613 --> 05:42:50,049 ALLOW YOU TO VOTE ON WHAT DO YOU 9007 05:42:50,116 --> 05:42:51,817 WANT ME TO DO. 9008 05:42:51,884 --> 05:42:54,687 SO, IN THIS POLL YOU'LL HAVE -- 9009 05:42:54,754 --> 05:42:56,622 IF YOU TAP ON THE IMAGE WHEREVER 9010 05:42:56,689 --> 05:42:59,258 YOU TAP A PIN WILL APPEAR. 9011 05:42:59,325 --> 05:43:03,195 THAT WILL TELL ME THAT YOU VOTED 9012 05:43:03,262 --> 05:43:04,964 FOR ANOTHER EXPERIMENT. 9013 05:43:05,031 --> 05:43:07,266 REMEMBERING WE'VE GOT AN ARRAY 9014 05:43:07,333 --> 05:43:12,838 OF LEVERS HERE, ENERGIES APPLY, 9015 05:43:12,905 --> 05:43:14,273 ENERGY USE, AND 9016 05:43:14,340 --> 05:43:15,441 NON-ENERGY-RELATED AMISSIONS, 9017 05:43:15,508 --> 05:43:17,009 POLL EVERYWHERE LINK, I'LL GROW 9018 05:43:17,076 --> 05:43:19,011 THIS QR CODE AGAIN IN CASE IT'S 9019 05:43:19,078 --> 05:43:22,782 EASIER TO DO ON YOUR PHONE, GO 9020 05:43:22,848 --> 05:43:28,921 AHEAD AND TAP ON WHAT SHOULD WE 9021 05:43:28,988 --> 05:43:32,792 TRY, WHAT EXPERIMENTS SHOULD WE 9022 05:43:32,858 --> 05:43:32,959 RUN? 9023 05:43:33,025 --> 05:43:35,227 >> MORE THAN ONE OR ONLY ONE? 9024 05:43:35,294 --> 05:43:37,263 >> NO, YOU CAN TAP MULTIPLE. 9025 05:43:37,330 --> 05:43:39,198 I BELIEVE I'VE GOT IT SO YOU CAN 9026 05:43:39,265 --> 05:43:40,066 TAP MULTIPLE TIMES. 9027 05:43:40,132 --> 05:43:42,234 IF IT'S NOT LETTING YOU TAP 9028 05:43:42,301 --> 05:43:44,103 MULTIPLE TIMES, IT MIGHT MAKE 9029 05:43:44,170 --> 05:43:46,739 YOU UNDO AND MOVE IT. 9030 05:43:46,806 --> 05:43:56,048 BUT I THINK YOU CAN MAKE A 9031 05:43:56,115 --> 05:43:57,049 COUPLE VOTES. 9032 05:43:57,116 --> 05:43:58,651 I'LL KEEP THE POLL OPEN SO YOU 9033 05:43:58,718 --> 05:43:59,986 CAN DECIDE WHAT WE WANT TO DO. 9034 05:44:00,052 --> 05:44:03,189 THREE OF YOU ARE VOTING FOR 9035 05:44:03,255 --> 05:44:04,156 PLANTING TREES. 9036 05:44:04,223 --> 05:44:04,790 AFORESTATION. 9037 05:44:04,857 --> 05:44:07,326 WHICH IS GREAT. 9038 05:44:07,393 --> 05:44:09,528 THIS IS ABOUT -- WE'VE 9039 05:44:09,595 --> 05:44:12,898 DEFORESTED A LOT OF LAND. 9040 05:44:12,965 --> 05:44:14,734 LET'S AFOREST, PLANT NEW TREES 9041 05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:15,701 AND RECOVER. 9042 05:44:15,768 --> 05:44:18,471 THIS IS ALSO A COMMON IDEA 9043 05:44:18,537 --> 05:44:20,573 BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST COMMON 9044 05:44:20,639 --> 05:44:22,675 FORM OF CARBON OFFSET. 9045 05:44:22,742 --> 05:44:25,177 IF YOU GO TO SAY I'M TAKING THIS 9046 05:44:25,244 --> 05:44:27,813 AIRPLANE TRIP TO TAKE MY FAMILY 9047 05:44:27,880 --> 05:44:33,686 TO DISNEYLAND, I'LL BUY CARBON 9048 05:44:33,753 --> 05:44:37,323 OFFSETS A LOT OF OF TIMES THEY 9049 05:44:37,390 --> 05:44:38,991 ARE AFFORESTATION PROJECTS. 9050 05:44:39,058 --> 05:44:40,159 A TRILLION TREES INITIATIVE 9051 05:44:40,226 --> 05:44:46,632 ADVANCED BY A VARIETY OF PEOPLE, 9052 05:44:46,699 --> 05:44:48,267 MARK BENIOFF, SALES FORCE, FORCE 9053 05:44:48,334 --> 05:44:50,536 IN THE TRUMP FAMILY. 9054 05:44:50,603 --> 05:44:51,871 WE THINK ABOUT AFFORESTATION AS 9055 05:44:51,937 --> 05:44:55,041 A LEVER, WHAT PERCENTAGE OF LAND 9056 05:44:55,107 --> 05:44:56,442 THAT'S AVAILABLE FOR 9057 05:44:56,509 --> 05:44:57,710 AFFORESTATION SHOULD WE USE TO 9058 05:44:57,777 --> 05:44:58,778 PLANT TREES? 9059 05:44:58,844 --> 05:45:00,713 THIS IS A SERIOUS ENDEAVOR, 9060 05:45:00,780 --> 05:45:00,913 RIGHT? 9061 05:45:00,980 --> 05:45:04,016 WE'RE SAYING LIKE IF I TURN THIS 9062 05:45:04,083 --> 05:45:06,519 NUMBER TO 50%, THAT'S GOING TO 9063 05:45:06,585 --> 05:45:08,954 MEAN OF ALL THE AVAILABLE LAND 9064 05:45:09,021 --> 05:45:11,357 WHERE WE COULD PLANT TREES HALF 9065 05:45:11,424 --> 05:45:13,092 IS FOREST, WE'RE GOING TO PLANT 9066 05:45:13,159 --> 05:45:13,292 TREES. 9067 05:45:13,359 --> 05:45:16,395 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN I 9068 05:45:16,462 --> 05:45:18,664 CLICK ENTER ON THAT ONE. 9069 05:45:18,731 --> 05:45:19,331 OKAY. 9070 05:45:19,398 --> 05:45:21,534 SO DID IT WORK, FIRST OF ALL? 9071 05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:22,835 YES, WE PLANTED THE TREES. 9072 05:45:22,902 --> 05:45:27,873 THE TREES GREW. 9073 05:45:27,940 --> 05:45:35,648 WE ENDED PUTTING 3 GIGATONS INTO 9074 05:45:35,714 --> 05:45:42,121 THE TREE PLANT TAIGS. 9075 05:45:42,188 --> 05:45:43,956 PLANTATION. 9076 05:45:44,023 --> 05:45:45,825 WE GOT ANOTHER POINT .06, 9077 05:45:45,891 --> 05:45:47,593 ROUNDING UP TO 1/10 OF IS A 9078 05:45:47,660 --> 05:45:50,429 DEGREE OF AVOIDED FUTURE 9079 05:45:50,496 --> 05:45:50,763 WARMING. 9080 05:45:50,830 --> 05:45:52,531 EXCELLENT, IF WE WERE ALL IN A 9081 05:45:52,598 --> 05:45:54,934 ROOM TOGETHER WE COULD GO 9082 05:45:55,000 --> 05:45:57,136 "WHOOP" EVERY TIME WE GET A 9083 05:45:57,203 --> 05:45:58,471 TENTH OF A DEGREE. 9084 05:45:58,537 --> 05:46:01,307 YOU'LL HAVE TO IMAGINE THAT IN 9085 05:46:01,373 --> 05:46:03,042 THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT. 9086 05:46:03,109 --> 05:46:09,081 I WISH I GOT MORE THAN THAT 1/10 9087 05:46:09,148 --> 05:46:10,282 OF A DEGREE. 9088 05:46:10,349 --> 05:46:11,817 THE BIG STORY, FIRST OF ALL 9089 05:46:11,884 --> 05:46:13,986 THERE'S A QUESTION OF MAGNITUDE. 9090 05:46:14,053 --> 05:46:15,621 YOU CAN SEE THAT MAGNITUDE 9091 05:46:15,688 --> 05:46:17,590 CLEARLY ON THIS GRAPH WHICH IS 9092 05:46:17,656 --> 05:46:20,559 THAT YES WE'RE PUTTING AWAY 3 9093 05:46:20,626 --> 05:46:22,528 BILLION TONS INTO THE TREES, BUT 9094 05:46:22,595 --> 05:46:26,665 THAT'S HAPPENING AT THE SAME 9095 05:46:26,732 --> 05:46:27,333 MOMENT THAT WE'RE BURNING 34 9096 05:46:27,399 --> 05:46:29,101 BILLION TONS FROM OUR FOSSIL 9097 05:46:29,168 --> 05:46:29,768 ENERGY SYSTEM. 9098 05:46:29,835 --> 05:46:33,239 THE IDEA THAT WE'RE GOING TO 9099 05:46:33,305 --> 05:46:34,773 OFFSET OUR FOSSIL FUEL EMISSION 9100 05:46:34,840 --> 05:46:38,711 BY PLANNING TREES IS JUST A 9101 05:46:38,777 --> 05:46:41,547 MISMATCH OF SCALE OF AN ORDER OF 9102 05:46:41,614 --> 05:46:42,281 MAGNITUDE. 9103 05:46:42,348 --> 05:46:42,848 SECONDLY THIS DELAY PROBLEM, 9104 05:46:42,915 --> 05:46:44,416 THAT YOU HAVE TO GET THE LAND, 9105 05:46:44,483 --> 05:46:46,252 PLANT THE TREES, TREES HAVE TO 9106 05:46:46,318 --> 05:46:46,485 GROW. 9107 05:46:46,552 --> 05:46:50,256 WHEN YOU FIRST PLANT A SAPLING 9108 05:46:50,322 --> 05:46:51,657 IT'S ABSORBING MILLIGRAMS, THEN 9109 05:46:51,724 --> 05:46:54,727 GRAMS BEFORE IT'S ABSORBING 9110 05:46:54,793 --> 05:46:59,532 KILOGRAMS OR TONS OF CO2 AND 9111 05:46:59,598 --> 05:47:00,566 WE'RE TRYING TO GET TO BILLIONS 9112 05:47:00,633 --> 05:47:00,933 OF TONS. 9113 05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:03,569 THIS IS PART OF THE ISSUE. 9114 05:47:03,636 --> 05:47:07,640 SATURATION, ONCE THE TREES REACH 9115 05:47:07,706 --> 05:47:17,616 MATURITY THEY ARE IN QUILL 9116 05:47:17,683 --> 05:47:18,150 L ICK -- EQUILIBRIUM. 9117 05:47:18,217 --> 05:47:21,887 LESS AS THE TREE REACHES 9118 05:47:21,954 --> 05:47:22,321 MATURITY. 9119 05:47:22,388 --> 05:47:23,189 DAMPENED IMPACT. 9120 05:47:23,255 --> 05:47:25,491 WHAT ELSE HAVE WE GOT HERE? 9121 05:47:25,558 --> 05:47:27,893 I'M CHECKING THE VOTES. 9122 05:47:27,960 --> 05:47:30,863 TWO VOTED FOR A CARBON PRICE. 9123 05:47:30,930 --> 05:47:32,698 WHAT IS A CARBON PRICE? 9124 05:47:32,765 --> 05:47:35,434 WE HEARD -- YOU MAY HAVE SEEN 9125 05:47:35,501 --> 05:47:37,636 EARLIER IN THE DAY, SOME STUDIES 9126 05:47:37,703 --> 05:47:39,138 LOOKING AT DIFFERENT WAYS OF 9127 05:47:39,205 --> 05:47:41,140 THINKING ABOUT CLIMATE ACTION AS 9128 05:47:41,207 --> 05:47:43,209 BEING REPRESENTED BY A CARBON 9129 05:47:43,275 --> 05:47:47,680 PRICE, A CONVENIENT WAY TO DO 9130 05:47:47,746 --> 05:47:48,013 THAT. 9131 05:47:48,080 --> 05:47:50,449 LET'S CALIBRATE WHAT THAT MEANS. 9132 05:47:50,516 --> 05:47:53,719 CARBON PRICE IS BASED ON THE 9133 05:47:53,786 --> 05:47:55,120 IDEA THAT RIGHT NOW, IT IS FREE 9134 05:47:55,187 --> 05:47:57,590 FOR ALL OF US TO POLLUTE. 9135 05:47:57,656 --> 05:47:59,291 WE CAN JUST, YOU KNOW, BURN GAS 9136 05:47:59,358 --> 05:48:02,361 IN OTHER CARS, BURN COAL IN OUR 9137 05:48:02,428 --> 05:48:04,230 POWER PLANTS, KEEP THE PLANET, 9138 05:48:04,296 --> 05:48:05,464 CAUSE THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS 9139 05:48:05,531 --> 05:48:06,865 WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT, 9140 05:48:06,932 --> 05:48:09,335 THERE'S NOT REALLY ANY -- IT'S A 9141 05:48:09,401 --> 05:48:10,502 COMMON RESOURCE ALL OF US HAVE 9142 05:48:10,569 --> 05:48:12,504 THE RIGHT TO BURN AND PUT THINGS 9143 05:48:12,571 --> 05:48:13,706 IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 9144 05:48:13,772 --> 05:48:16,108 CARBON PRICE SAYS NO. 9145 05:48:16,175 --> 05:48:19,378 IT COSTS SOCIETY MONEY, COSTS 9146 05:48:19,445 --> 05:48:20,045 LIVES, COSTS HEALTH AND 9147 05:48:20,112 --> 05:48:21,580 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. 9148 05:48:21,647 --> 05:48:23,649 SO WE NEED TO CHARGE PEOPLE FOR 9149 05:48:23,716 --> 05:48:25,951 THE PRIVILEGES OF USING THE 9150 05:48:26,018 --> 05:48:29,321 ATMOSPHERE AS DUMPING GROUND. 9151 05:48:29,388 --> 05:48:34,159 SO LET'S PUT A PRICE ON CO2 9152 05:48:34,226 --> 05:48:34,460 EMISSIONS. 9153 05:48:34,526 --> 05:48:38,397 THAT CAN BE A CARBON TAX, LIKE 9154 05:48:38,464 --> 05:48:40,933 YOU EMITTED 10 TONS OF CO2 SO 9155 05:48:41,000 --> 05:48:43,869 I'M GOING TO CHARGE YOU $500 AS 9156 05:48:43,936 --> 05:48:46,505 A TAX, 50 BUCKS A TON. 9157 05:48:46,572 --> 05:48:49,241 OR IT CAN BE YOU HAVE A PERMIT 9158 05:48:49,308 --> 05:48:50,776 TO POLLUTE ONLY SO MUCH BECAUSE 9159 05:48:50,843 --> 05:48:52,511 WE'RE TRYING TO CAP EMISSIONS. 9160 05:48:52,578 --> 05:48:53,712 AND WE'RE GOING TO REDUCE THAT 9161 05:48:53,779 --> 05:48:54,913 CAP OVER TIME. 9162 05:48:54,980 --> 05:48:56,482 YOU HAVE TO REDUCE YOUR 9163 05:48:56,548 --> 05:48:56,782 MISSIONS. 9164 05:48:56,849 --> 05:48:59,218 IF YOU CAN'T REDUCE YOUR 9165 05:48:59,285 --> 05:49:00,519 EMISSIONS, YOU'VE GOT TO BUY 9166 05:49:00,586 --> 05:49:01,854 YOURSELF A PERMIT FROM SOMEBODY 9167 05:49:01,920 --> 05:49:03,489 WHO WAS ABLE TO REDUCE 9168 05:49:03,555 --> 05:49:04,023 EMISSIONS. 9169 05:49:04,089 --> 05:49:05,557 AND IN THE BUYING AND SELLING OF 9170 05:49:05,624 --> 05:49:08,060 PERMITS WHAT'S CALLED A CAP AND 9171 05:49:08,127 --> 05:49:10,029 TRADE SYSTEM, A PRICE IS 9172 05:49:10,095 --> 05:49:13,632 REVEALED OR DISCOVERED, WHICH IS 9173 05:49:13,699 --> 05:49:15,601 THE PRICE OF CO2 EMISSIONS. 9174 05:49:15,668 --> 05:49:17,169 AROUND THE WORLD NOW AS A LITTLE 9175 05:49:17,236 --> 05:49:19,004 SNAPSHOT OF WHERE WE ARE, THE 9176 05:49:19,071 --> 05:49:23,509 WORLD BANK KEEPS TRACK OF CARBON 9177 05:49:23,575 --> 05:49:24,843 PRICING INITIATIVES. 9178 05:49:24,910 --> 05:49:26,245 SO, EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEMS 9179 05:49:26,312 --> 05:49:27,880 ARE LIKE THE CAP AND TRADE, 9180 05:49:27,946 --> 05:49:29,648 CARBON TAX IS MORE THE DIRECT 9181 05:49:29,715 --> 05:49:29,882 CHARGE. 9182 05:49:29,948 --> 05:49:35,988 AND YOU'LL SEE THERE'S A VARIETY 9183 05:49:36,055 --> 05:49:36,989 OF JURISDICTIONS PRICING CO2 IN 9184 05:49:37,056 --> 05:49:37,756 DIFFERENT WAYS. 9185 05:49:37,823 --> 05:49:43,429 IN NEW ENGLAND WE HAVE REGI, 9186 05:49:43,495 --> 05:49:46,065 CALIFORNIA HAS A SIMILAR SYSTEM. 9187 05:49:46,131 --> 05:49:49,134 EUROPEAN UNION HAS THE MOST 9188 05:49:49,201 --> 05:49:52,071 ROBUST CAP AND TRADE SYSTEM. 9189 05:49:52,137 --> 05:50:00,079 AND THE PRICES VARY GREATLY. 9190 05:50:00,145 --> 05:50:00,646 SWITZERLAND, SWEDEN, URUGUAY 9191 05:50:00,713 --> 05:50:02,681 ABOVE $130 A TON. 9192 05:50:02,748 --> 05:50:07,386 EUROPEAN UNION TRADES AT $80 TO 9193 05:50:07,453 --> 05:50:08,387 $100 A TON. 9194 05:50:08,454 --> 05:50:11,023 WE DON'T HAVE A NATIONAL CARBON 9195 05:50:11,090 --> 05:50:14,626 PRICE, HERE IN NEW ENGLAND THE 9196 05:50:14,693 --> 05:50:21,066 REGI SYSTEM $15 TO $20 A TON. 9197 05:50:21,133 --> 05:50:22,468 A WEIGHTED AVERAGE, THE 9198 05:50:22,534 --> 05:50:23,535 EFFECTIVE CARBON PRICE ON 9199 05:50:23,602 --> 05:50:29,274 AVERAGE IS $5 A TON OF CO2 ON A 9200 05:50:29,341 --> 05:50:30,909 GLOBAL AVERAGE. 9201 05:50:30,976 --> 05:50:33,145 SO, EXPERIMENT WE'LL TRY HERE 9202 05:50:33,212 --> 05:50:41,987 IS -- 9203 05:50:42,054 --> 05:50:50,396 [ NO AUDIO ] 9204 05:50:50,462 --> 05:50:53,132 SO WHAT HAPPENS IF THE REST OF 9205 05:50:53,198 --> 05:50:57,870 THE WORLD DOES WHAT EUROPE IS 9206 05:50:57,936 --> 05:51:01,807 DOING, AND PRICES CO2 AT $100 A 9207 05:51:01,874 --> 05:51:01,974 TON? 9208 05:51:02,040 --> 05:51:03,041 I'LL HIT ENTER. 9209 05:51:03,108 --> 05:51:09,715 WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS. 9210 05:51:09,782 --> 05:51:09,915 OKAY. 9211 05:51:09,982 --> 05:51:13,085 6/10 OF A DEGREE OF AVOIDED 9212 05:51:13,152 --> 05:51:15,187 FUTURE WARMING. 9213 05:51:15,254 --> 05:51:16,388 DOING THIS REPLAY, SO NOTICE 9214 05:51:16,455 --> 05:51:17,923 THIS IS ON TOP OF THE OTHER 9215 05:51:17,990 --> 05:51:20,759 THINGS THAT WE'RE DOING. 9216 05:51:20,826 --> 05:51:23,395 SO WE'RE ALREADY MITIGATING SOME 9217 05:51:23,462 --> 05:51:25,898 OF OUR FOSSIL EMISSIONS BY 9218 05:51:25,964 --> 05:51:29,968 HAVING A MAJOR NUCLEAR AND 9219 05:51:30,035 --> 05:51:32,905 FUSION RENAISSANCE, AND OVER AND 9220 05:51:32,971 --> 05:51:34,673 ABOVE THAT WE'RE GETTING 6/10 OF 9221 05:51:34,740 --> 05:51:38,076 A DEGREE OF AVOIDED FUTURE 9222 05:51:38,143 --> 05:51:38,510 WARMING. 9223 05:51:38,577 --> 05:51:41,113 IF I GO TO A FRESH MODEL WHERE 9224 05:51:41,180 --> 05:51:42,548 WE'RE NOT TRYING ANY OTHER 9225 05:51:42,614 --> 05:51:43,949 EXPERIMENTS, I'LL KEEP THIS OPEN 9226 05:51:44,016 --> 05:51:47,052 TO DO MORE ISOLATED TYPE OF 9227 05:51:47,119 --> 05:51:48,153 EXPERIMENTS, AND SAY WHAT HAPPEN 9228 05:51:48,220 --> 05:51:53,158 IF THE ONLY THING WE DO IS $100 9229 05:51:53,225 --> 05:51:54,927 PRICE ON CARBON, AGAIN, 6/10 OF 9230 05:51:54,993 --> 05:52:01,066 A DEGREE OF AVOIDED FUTURE 9231 05:52:01,133 --> 05:52:01,300 WARMING. 9232 05:52:01,366 --> 05:52:03,135 SO THAT'S INTERESTING. 9233 05:52:03,202 --> 05:52:04,670 SOME OF YOU MAYBE TUNED IN TO 9234 05:52:04,736 --> 05:52:06,405 THE IDEA CARBON PRICING MATTERS, 9235 05:52:06,472 --> 05:52:08,974 THAT'S WHY YOU VOTED FOR IT. 9236 05:52:09,041 --> 05:52:11,143 THAT'S WHAT YOU EXPECTED. 9237 05:52:11,210 --> 05:52:13,445 SOME MAY NOT HAVE REALIZED 9238 05:52:13,512 --> 05:52:14,646 THAT'S SO IMPACTFUL. 9239 05:52:14,713 --> 05:52:17,616 LET'S UNPACK FOR A SECOND WHAT'S 9240 05:52:17,683 --> 05:52:18,984 GOING ON. 9241 05:52:19,051 --> 05:52:19,985 THERE'S TWO THINGS THAT I WANT 9242 05:52:20,052 --> 05:52:22,888 US TO NOTICE ON THE LEFT SIDE 9243 05:52:22,955 --> 05:52:25,424 GRAPH HERE. 9244 05:52:25,491 --> 05:52:27,392 ONE IS THAT THE OVERALL HEIGHT 9245 05:52:27,459 --> 05:52:29,695 OF THE MOUNTAIN IS DECREASING. 9246 05:52:29,761 --> 05:52:31,697 SO WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 9247 05:52:31,763 --> 05:52:34,233 THAT MEANS WE'RE USING LESS 9248 05:52:34,299 --> 05:52:34,466 ENERGY. 9249 05:52:34,533 --> 05:52:37,102 AND THE REASON WE'RE USING LESS 9250 05:52:37,169 --> 05:52:40,372 ENERGY IS THAT WE'VE MADE ENERGY 9251 05:52:40,439 --> 05:52:41,673 MORE EXPENSIVE. 9252 05:52:41,740 --> 05:52:43,642 SO WE'RE CHARGING PEOPLE MONEY 9253 05:52:43,709 --> 05:52:45,177 TO POLLUTE WITH THE SOURCES OF 9254 05:52:45,244 --> 05:52:46,478 ENERGY WE'RE USING. 9255 05:52:46,545 --> 05:52:49,348 SO PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BUY 9256 05:52:49,414 --> 05:52:50,115 SMALLER CARS, MORE ENERGY 9257 05:52:50,182 --> 05:52:52,951 EFFICIENT CARS AS THEY DO IN 9258 05:52:53,018 --> 05:53:00,058 EUROPE, THEY ARE GOING TO 9259 05:53:00,125 --> 05:53:02,594 INSULATES HOMES, USE LED LIGHT 9260 05:53:02,661 --> 05:53:05,297 BULBS, MIGHT TAKE THE SUBWAY OR 9261 05:53:05,364 --> 05:53:06,865 BUS, MIGHT CARPOOL IN THE CAR 9262 05:53:06,932 --> 05:53:07,866 THEY HAVE. 9263 05:53:07,933 --> 05:53:10,269 SO THERE'S AN ENERGY EFFICIENCY 9264 05:53:10,335 --> 05:53:12,004 AND CONSERVATION IMPROVEMENT 9265 05:53:12,070 --> 05:53:13,539 THAT COMES FROM THAT. 9266 05:53:13,605 --> 05:53:15,274 AND THEN THERE'S A SECOND THING 9267 05:53:15,340 --> 05:53:19,545 GOING ON, THAT THE REDUCTIONS 9268 05:53:19,611 --> 05:53:22,614 HAPPENING ARE NOT -- REMEMBER 9269 05:53:22,681 --> 05:53:24,716 BEFORE WHEN OUR EXPERIMENT 9270 05:53:24,783 --> 05:53:27,319 WAS -- I'M GOING A FRESH MODEL 9271 05:53:27,386 --> 05:53:27,553 HERE. 9272 05:53:27,619 --> 05:53:38,130 WHEN THE EXPERIMENT WAS LET'S 9273 05:53:41,133 --> 05:53:42,100 SUBSIDIZE NUCLEAR, INCLUDING 9274 05:53:42,167 --> 05:53:43,635 RENEWABLES, ALL ELSE BEING 9275 05:53:43,702 --> 05:53:45,737 EQUAL, COSTS BEING EQUAL, 9276 05:53:45,804 --> 05:53:47,439 RENEWABLES ARE VARIABLE AND 9277 05:53:47,506 --> 05:53:49,207 REQUIRE BATTERY STORAGE AND SO 9278 05:53:49,274 --> 05:53:50,976 PEOPLE WILL SUBSTITUTE AWAY FROM 9279 05:53:51,043 --> 05:53:51,276 THEM. 9280 05:53:51,343 --> 05:53:58,617 WHERE AS I'M MOST SPECIFICALLY 9281 05:53:58,684 --> 05:54:01,787 GOING AFTER THE MOST CARBON 9282 05:54:01,853 --> 05:54:03,755 INTENSIVE FUELS WITH CARBON 9283 05:54:03,822 --> 05:54:04,089 INTERVENTION. 9284 05:54:04,156 --> 05:54:05,958 COAL IS DECREASING, NALTREXONE 9285 05:54:06,024 --> 05:54:06,925 GAS DECREASING BUT RENEWABLES, 9286 05:54:06,992 --> 05:54:10,562 NUCLEAR AND FUSION, ARE ALL 9287 05:54:10,629 --> 05:54:10,996 INCREASING. 9288 05:54:11,063 --> 05:54:12,731 BECAUSE WE'RE ADVANTAGING THE 9289 05:54:12,798 --> 05:54:17,436 LOW CARBON ENERGY SOURCES HERE. 9290 05:54:17,502 --> 05:54:19,204 I CAN VISUALIZE THAT IN ANOTHER 9291 05:54:19,271 --> 05:54:21,506 WAY ON THESE GRAPHS. 9292 05:54:21,573 --> 05:54:31,984 THIS IS A KAYA IDENTITY, 9293 05:54:33,452 --> 05:54:35,053 POPULATION TIMES GDP, AND WHAT 9294 05:54:35,120 --> 05:54:38,223 HAPPENS WE HAVE TWO SIMULTANEOUS 9295 05:54:38,290 --> 05:54:39,558 EFFECTS. 9296 05:54:39,625 --> 05:54:43,161 WE'RE REDUCING ENERGY INTENSITY 9297 05:54:43,228 --> 05:54:46,765 OF GDP, BECOMING ENERGY 9298 05:54:46,832 --> 05:54:47,633 EFFICIENT, AND DECARBONIZING 9299 05:54:47,699 --> 05:54:50,268 ENERGY SUPPLY, THIS GRAPH HERE. 9300 05:54:50,335 --> 05:54:51,803 THIS DELTA MULTIPLIED BY THIS 9301 05:54:51,870 --> 05:54:54,506 DELTA IS RESULTING IN A 9302 05:54:54,573 --> 05:54:58,010 PARTICULAR REDUCTION IN CO2 9303 05:54:58,076 --> 05:54:58,276 EMISSIONS. 9304 05:54:58,343 --> 05:54:59,778 IF YOU'RE PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION 9305 05:54:59,845 --> 05:55:01,179 THERE'S ANOTHER EFFECT GOING ON 9306 05:55:01,246 --> 05:55:04,583 HERE WHICH IS QUITE INTERESTING. 9307 05:55:04,650 --> 05:55:08,387 WHICH IS THAT AS WE INCREASE 9308 05:55:08,453 --> 05:55:10,922 CARBON PRICE, OUR ECONOMIC 9309 05:55:10,989 --> 05:55:13,992 PRODUCTIVITY IS ALSO INCREASING, 9310 05:55:14,059 --> 05:55:16,094 WHICH IS COUNTERINTUITIVE, 9311 05:55:16,161 --> 05:55:22,000 PARTLY HAS TO DO WITH STAGE OF 9312 05:55:22,067 --> 05:55:23,468 MODEL, REFLECTS IMPORTANT 9313 05:55:23,535 --> 05:55:25,804 PHENOMENON THAT GDP PER CAPITA 9314 05:55:25,871 --> 05:55:27,673 IS HARMED BY CLIMATE CHANGE. 9315 05:55:27,739 --> 05:55:30,008 SO, THE FACT THAT WE ARE WARMING 9316 05:55:30,075 --> 05:55:31,510 THE PLANET BY -- SORRY, I'M 9317 05:55:31,576 --> 05:55:33,278 GOING TO ANOTHER FRESH MODEL 9318 05:55:33,345 --> 05:55:39,317 HERE, THE FACT THAT WE'RE 9319 05:55:39,384 --> 05:55:41,053 WARMING THE PLANET BY 3.3 9320 05:55:41,119 --> 05:55:42,788 DEGREES MEANS THERE'S HUGE LOSS 9321 05:55:42,854 --> 05:55:45,424 OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY. 9322 05:55:45,490 --> 05:55:46,858 ALL THAT LOSS OF COASTAL 9323 05:55:46,925 --> 05:55:48,493 INFRASTRUCTURE, HEAT STRESS AND 9324 05:55:48,560 --> 05:55:50,028 HEALTH EFFECTS, ALL THE LOSS OF 9325 05:55:50,095 --> 05:55:54,066 CROP PRODUCTIVITY, ALL OF THOSE 9326 05:55:54,132 --> 05:55:55,867 THINGS TOGETHER CREATE ECONOMIC 9327 05:55:55,934 --> 05:55:56,234 DAMAGE. 9328 05:55:56,301 --> 05:55:57,903 THERE'S A LOT OF UNCERTAINTY 9329 05:55:57,969 --> 05:55:59,638 ABOUT THE ECONOMIC DAMAGE 9330 05:55:59,705 --> 05:56:02,607 FUNCTION, WE USE A MIDDLE OF THE 9331 05:56:02,674 --> 05:56:04,342 ROAD ESTIMATE, CONSERVATIVE BY 9332 05:56:04,409 --> 05:56:07,646 OUR POINT OF VIEW, BUT NOTICE 9333 05:56:07,713 --> 05:56:10,048 THAT THIS ALSO ECONOMIC DOWNTURN 9334 05:56:10,115 --> 05:56:11,883 IS FROM COVID. 9335 05:56:11,950 --> 05:56:16,388 AND THIS ECONOMIC DOWNTURN IS 9336 05:56:16,455 --> 05:56:18,023 FROM CLIMATE. 9337 05:56:18,090 --> 05:56:19,458 MASSIVE EFFECTS ON GLOBAL 9338 05:56:19,524 --> 05:56:19,691 ECONOMY. 9339 05:56:19,758 --> 05:56:22,828 WHEN WE MAKE THE CLIMATE BETTER 9340 05:56:22,894 --> 05:56:25,130 WE ACTUALLY RESTORE SOME 9341 05:56:25,197 --> 05:56:26,364 PROSPERITY, BECAUSE WE'RE 9342 05:56:26,431 --> 05:56:27,666 BREAKING THE CLIMATE LESS. 9343 05:56:27,733 --> 05:56:29,835 SO THAT'S ANOTHER SORT OF FACTOR 9344 05:56:29,901 --> 05:56:33,805 OF PART OF WHAT'S GOING ON HERE. 9345 05:56:33,872 --> 05:56:35,974 AND NOW, MANY PEOPLE WILL ARGUE 9346 05:56:36,041 --> 05:56:39,177 THAT THE CARBON PRICE ITSELF 9347 05:56:39,244 --> 05:56:43,014 WILL HAVE ECONOMIC -- NEGATIVE 9348 05:56:43,081 --> 05:56:44,649 ECONOMIC EFFECT, A VERY 9349 05:56:44,716 --> 05:56:45,517 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION, 9350 05:56:45,584 --> 05:56:49,020 PARTICULARLY IN CONVERSATIONS 9351 05:56:49,087 --> 05:56:51,323 WE'VE HAD TODAY THERE'S SERIOUS 9352 05:56:51,389 --> 05:56:51,990 EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS BECAUSE -- 9353 05:56:52,057 --> 05:56:57,129 THIS GOES TO THE POINT ABOUT 9354 05:56:57,195 --> 05:56:57,763 TRADEOFFS AND UNINTENDED 9355 05:56:57,829 --> 05:56:58,997 CONSEQUENCES THAT WERE BROUGHT 9356 05:56:59,064 --> 05:57:03,168 UP IN PREVIOUS SESSION. 9357 05:57:03,235 --> 05:57:08,206 WHICH IS THAT OUR ENERGY COST IS 9358 05:57:08,273 --> 05:57:09,608 INCREASING PRETTY DRAMATICALLY, 9359 05:57:09,674 --> 05:57:12,577 NOT BY ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OR 9360 05:57:12,644 --> 05:57:15,981 DOUBLING BUT WE'RE GOING FROM 9361 05:57:16,047 --> 05:57:22,854 $22 A GIG AJOULE TO $30, THAT'S 9362 05:57:22,921 --> 05:57:25,157 50% INCREASE, SUBSTANTIAL 9363 05:57:25,223 --> 05:57:27,993 INCREASE IN ENERGY COST, HITTING 9364 05:57:28,059 --> 05:57:30,729 LOW INCOME PEOPLE HARDEST WHO 9365 05:57:30,796 --> 05:57:32,264 SPEND HIGHER PROPORTION OF 9366 05:57:32,330 --> 05:57:34,866 INCOME ON ENERGY. 9367 05:57:34,933 --> 05:57:42,440 WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT 9368 05:57:42,507 --> 05:57:44,409 DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT OF THIS 9369 05:57:44,476 --> 05:57:47,379 CHANGE TO GIVE THE ECONOMY MORE 9370 05:57:47,445 --> 05:57:49,114 TIME TO ADJUST, INSTEAD OF 9371 05:57:49,181 --> 05:57:51,082 RAMPING UP CARBON PRICE OVER TEN 9372 05:57:51,149 --> 05:57:53,718 YEARS, I RAMP UP OVER 20 YEARS, 9373 05:57:53,785 --> 05:57:57,322 TO GET TO THAT $100 A TON, IT 9374 05:57:57,389 --> 05:57:59,724 DOESN'T, YOU KNOW -- WE DON'T 9375 05:57:59,791 --> 05:58:01,359 LOSE TOO MUCH EFFECT ON THE 9376 05:58:01,426 --> 05:58:07,165 CLIMATE BUT WE GAIN A BIT OF 9377 05:58:07,232 --> 05:58:09,367 SMOOTHER TRANSITION ON THE 9378 05:58:09,434 --> 05:58:11,336 ENERGY PRICE SIDE. 9379 05:58:11,403 --> 05:58:14,573 BUT AN EVEN BETTER SOLUTION TO 9380 05:58:14,639 --> 05:58:16,808 EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS IS TO TAKE 9381 05:58:16,875 --> 05:58:18,243 THE MONEY IN TO THE GOVERNMENT 9382 05:58:18,310 --> 05:58:21,146 IN THE FORM OF PERMIT AUCTIONS 9383 05:58:21,213 --> 05:58:23,215 OR CARBON TAXES, AND WRITE 9384 05:58:23,281 --> 05:58:24,149 CHECKS FOR PEOPLE. 9385 05:58:24,216 --> 05:58:26,618 IF YOU DO WHAT'S CALLED A FEE 9386 05:58:26,685 --> 05:58:27,919 AND DIFFERENT, I WRITE A CHECK 9387 05:58:27,986 --> 05:58:30,455 TO EVERY PERSON IN THE ECONOMY, 9388 05:58:30,522 --> 05:58:33,859 FOR IT'S MONEY I GET FOR MINE 9389 05:58:33,925 --> 05:58:36,361 CARBON PRICE WHAT HAPPENS IS IF 9390 05:58:36,428 --> 05:58:38,230 I'M A PRIVILEGED PERSON WHO 9391 05:58:38,296 --> 05:58:40,966 LIVES IN A SINGLE FAMILY HOME, 9392 05:58:41,032 --> 05:58:43,802 WITH TWO CARS, ANNUAL TRIP TO 9393 05:58:43,869 --> 05:58:45,103 DISNEYLAND, I'LL PAY A BIG 9394 05:58:45,170 --> 05:58:46,938 CARBON BILL EVERY YEAR BUT I'M 9395 05:58:47,005 --> 05:58:51,009 GOING TO GET A CHECK BACK THAT 9396 05:58:51,076 --> 05:58:51,910 DOESN'T -- THAT'S SMALL. 9397 05:58:51,977 --> 05:58:55,947 I'LL HAVE A FLEET PAYMENT -- NET 9398 05:58:56,014 --> 05:58:57,148 PAYMENT. 9399 05:58:57,215 --> 05:58:58,884 IF I'M LOWER INCOME, LIVE IN 9400 05:58:58,950 --> 05:58:59,784 APARTMENT, TAKES THE BUS, 9401 05:58:59,851 --> 05:59:01,086 DOESN'T FLY, THAT CHECK I GET IN 9402 05:59:01,152 --> 05:59:03,154 THE MAIL IS GOING TO BE BIGGER 9403 05:59:03,221 --> 05:59:06,424 THAN MY CARBON BILL, A 9404 05:59:06,491 --> 05:59:07,859 PROGRESSIVE CASH TRANSFER IN A 9405 05:59:07,926 --> 05:59:08,093 SENSE. 9406 05:59:08,159 --> 05:59:09,995 YOU CAN MEANS TEST TO MAKE IT 9407 05:59:10,061 --> 05:59:11,263 EVEN BETTER. 9408 05:59:11,329 --> 05:59:12,998 A NUMBER OF POLICY PROPOSALS ARE 9409 05:59:13,064 --> 05:59:15,967 OUT THERE HOW TO DO A 9410 05:59:16,034 --> 05:59:18,503 PROGRESSIVE REVENUE NEUTRAL 9411 05:59:18,570 --> 05:59:20,038 CARBON PRICE. 9412 05:59:20,105 --> 05:59:22,007 AND THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT 9413 05:59:22,073 --> 05:59:22,207 TOPIC. 9414 05:59:22,274 --> 05:59:26,578 I'VE SPENT A LOT OF TIME TALKING 9415 05:59:26,645 --> 05:59:29,147 ABOUT THE CARBON PRICE HERE, BUT 9416 05:59:29,214 --> 05:59:30,181 NOTICE THAT WE'RE NOT QUITE 9417 05:59:30,248 --> 05:59:31,483 THERE YET. 9418 05:59:31,549 --> 05:59:34,252 WE'RE STILL 2.4 DEGREES, WE WANT 9419 05:59:34,319 --> 05:59:37,422 TO REACH THE PARIS ACCORD 9420 05:59:37,489 --> 05:59:40,258 OBJECTIVE OF 2 DEGREES, IDEALLY 9421 05:59:40,325 --> 05:59:42,761 1.5, SO WHAT ELSE CAN WE TRY? 9422 05:59:42,827 --> 05:59:47,899 I'M GOING TO COME BACK TO OUR 9423 05:59:47,966 --> 05:59:49,534 VOTING THING HERE AND PAUSE FOR 9424 05:59:49,601 --> 05:59:51,503 A SECOND HERE AND LET FOLKS VOTE 9425 05:59:51,569 --> 05:59:53,171 FOR ANY OTHER THINGS WE HAVEN'T 9426 05:59:53,238 --> 05:59:56,741 TRIED YET WHILE I ALSO LOOK AT 9427 05:59:56,808 --> 06:00:02,981 THE CHAT. 9428 06:00:03,048 --> 06:00:04,015 I SAW COMMENTS. 9429 06:00:04,082 --> 06:00:05,817 A REALLY IMPORTANT COMMENT ABOUT 9430 06:00:05,884 --> 06:00:08,219 THE NEED FOR MULTI-SCALE MODELS, 9431 06:00:08,286 --> 06:00:10,622 THIS IS I THINK MADE VERY 9432 06:00:10,689 --> 06:00:14,459 VISIBLE BY OUR EXERCISE HERE, 9433 06:00:14,526 --> 06:00:15,327 SUPER INTERESTING TO UNDERSTAND 9434 06:00:15,393 --> 06:00:17,829 THAT WE'RE GOING TO HAVE HEAT 9435 06:00:17,896 --> 06:00:20,265 STRESS AT GLOBAL LEVEL BENEED TO 9436 06:00:20,332 --> 06:00:22,867 UNDERSTAND IN A MORE 9437 06:00:22,934 --> 06:00:24,002 GEOGRAPHICALLY DISAGGREGATED 9438 06:00:24,069 --> 06:00:24,336 WAY. 9439 06:00:24,402 --> 06:00:27,706 THERE ARE TOOLS, WHAT I'M DOING 9440 06:00:27,772 --> 06:00:29,341 WORKSHOPS LIKE THIS, I'LL OFTEN 9441 06:00:29,407 --> 06:00:31,977 FLIP OVER TO A TOOL CALLED 9442 06:00:32,043 --> 06:00:32,610 PROBABLE FUTURES. 9443 06:00:32,677 --> 06:00:36,915 WHICH IS A SET OF INTERACTIVE 9444 06:00:36,982 --> 06:00:38,750 MAPS THAT IS ORGANIZED AROUND 9445 06:00:38,817 --> 06:00:39,751 TEMPERATURE SCENARIOS. 9446 06:00:39,818 --> 06:00:43,355 SO, AGAIN, REMEMBER OUR BASELINE 9447 06:00:43,421 --> 06:00:44,022 WAS A 3-DEGREE SCENARIO WHERE 9448 06:00:44,089 --> 06:00:49,594 THIS IS A MAP OF THE NUMBER OF 9449 06:00:49,661 --> 06:00:53,098 DAYS PER YEAR ABOVE 28 DEGREES 9450 06:00:53,164 --> 06:00:55,266 CELSIUS, WHERE YOU START TO SEE 9451 06:00:55,333 --> 06:00:56,935 IMPORTANT HEAT STRESS, 9452 06:00:57,002 --> 06:00:57,902 PARTICULARLY IN VULNERABLE 9453 06:00:57,969 --> 06:00:58,870 POPULATIONS. 9454 06:00:58,937 --> 06:01:03,675 AND CAN YOU SEE HOW CURRENTLY 9455 06:01:03,742 --> 06:01:07,545 THIS IS 1 TO 7 DAYS OF THAT KIND 9456 06:01:07,612 --> 06:01:08,980 OF HEAT STRESS, 3-DEGREE WORLD 9457 06:01:09,047 --> 06:01:11,683 HAS THAT BECOMING MORE LIKE 28 9458 06:01:11,750 --> 06:01:13,118 DAYS IN THE SOUTHEAST, AND THAT 9459 06:01:13,184 --> 06:01:15,520 KIND OF HEAT MAKING ITS WAY UP 9460 06:01:15,587 --> 06:01:18,490 NORTH, SO YOU CAN USE SOME OF 9461 06:01:18,556 --> 06:01:19,791 THESE TOOLS TO EXPLORE WHAT THIS 9462 06:01:19,858 --> 06:01:23,061 COULD LOOK LIKE IN A 9463 06:01:23,128 --> 06:01:23,995 GEOGRAPHICALLY DISAGGREGATED 9464 06:01:24,062 --> 06:01:25,263 WAY, BUT JUST RECOGNIZING THE 9465 06:01:25,330 --> 06:01:26,898 SCIENCE ON THIS IS STILL PRETTY 9466 06:01:26,965 --> 06:01:28,666 YOUNG AND THERE'S PLENTY MORE 9467 06:01:28,733 --> 06:01:32,137 WORK TO DO TO CLARIFY ALL OF 9468 06:01:32,203 --> 06:01:33,138 THAT. 9469 06:01:33,204 --> 06:01:33,438 OKAY. 9470 06:01:33,505 --> 06:01:36,408 WE HAVE TWO VOTES HERE FOR 9471 06:01:36,474 --> 06:01:38,076 REDUCING COAL. 9472 06:01:38,143 --> 06:01:39,044 WHICH IS GREAT. 9473 06:01:39,110 --> 06:01:41,246 AND THAT'S IMPORTANT. 9474 06:01:41,312 --> 06:01:43,648 LET'S TAKE A LOOK. 9475 06:01:43,715 --> 06:01:49,220 NOTICE THAT COAL IS VERY 9476 06:01:49,287 --> 06:01:49,487 IMPORTANT. 9477 06:01:49,554 --> 06:01:53,058 IN OUR -- SO IN OUR PICTURE 9478 06:01:53,124 --> 06:01:53,925 WE'VE ACTUALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 9479 06:01:53,992 --> 06:01:58,329 REDUCED COAL AS A RESULT OF OUR 9480 06:01:58,396 --> 06:01:59,197 CARBON PRICE. 9481 06:01:59,264 --> 06:02:02,367 AND FOR A MEDICALLY AND 9482 06:02:02,434 --> 06:02:03,001 HEALTH-ORIENTED AUDIENCE LET'S 9483 06:02:03,068 --> 06:02:04,536 REMEMBER THAT ONE OF THE 9484 06:02:04,602 --> 06:02:06,304 CRITICAL REASONS WHY WE WANT TO 9485 06:02:06,371 --> 06:02:10,675 DO THAT IS BECAUSE IT'S GOING TO 9486 06:02:10,742 --> 06:02:11,676 REDUCE AIR POLLUTION. 9487 06:02:11,743 --> 06:02:14,712 IF I DO A REDO OF OUR CARBON 9488 06:02:14,779 --> 06:02:17,882 PRICE HERE, IN ADDITION TO 9489 06:02:17,949 --> 06:02:20,752 CLIMATE EFFECTS, AND WHATEVER 9490 06:02:20,819 --> 06:02:22,120 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, THE 9491 06:02:22,187 --> 06:02:25,490 CARBON PRICE A LOT OF ANALYSES 9492 06:02:25,557 --> 06:02:28,726 SUGGEST IT WILL PAY FOR ITSELF 9493 06:02:28,793 --> 06:02:31,463 JUST IN REDUCE THE POLLUTION AND 9494 06:02:31,529 --> 06:02:32,130 HEALTH BENEFITS. 9495 06:02:32,197 --> 06:02:36,334 SO COAL IS A VERY IMPORTANT 9496 06:02:36,401 --> 06:02:36,534 TOPIC. 9497 06:02:36,601 --> 06:02:37,802 IT IS I THINK BECAUSE AGAIN THIS 9498 06:02:37,869 --> 06:02:40,872 IS A U.S. FOCUSED CONVERSATION 9499 06:02:40,939 --> 06:02:43,608 TODAY, IT'S IMPORTANT TO 9500 06:02:43,675 --> 06:02:46,144 RECOGNIZE THAT THIS IS A VERY 9501 06:02:46,211 --> 06:02:47,545 MUCH GLOBAL PICTURE. 9502 06:02:47,612 --> 06:02:51,049 THE HEAT -- SORRY, AIR 9503 06:02:51,116 --> 06:02:53,818 POLLUTION, GEOGRAPHY OF AIR 9504 06:02:53,885 --> 06:02:55,220 POLLUTION THAT'S GLOBALLY REALLY 9505 06:02:55,286 --> 06:02:58,723 A STORY ABOUT INDIA AND CHINA, 9506 06:02:58,790 --> 06:03:01,493 AS WELL AS INDONESIA AND OTHER 9507 06:03:01,559 --> 06:03:03,561 RAPIDLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN 9508 06:03:03,628 --> 06:03:06,397 SOUTHEAST ASIA AS WELL AS THERE 9509 06:03:06,464 --> 06:03:08,166 ARE OTHER GEOGRAPHIES WHERE AIR 9510 06:03:08,233 --> 06:03:09,601 POLLUTION IS A SERIOUS 9511 06:03:09,667 --> 06:03:12,537 CONSIDERATION, BUT THE MOST 9512 06:03:12,604 --> 06:03:16,574 INTENSE POPULATIONS INTERSECTION 9513 06:03:16,641 --> 06:03:17,242 BETWEEN POPULATION CENTERS AND 9514 06:03:17,308 --> 06:03:20,078 VULNERABILITY DUE TO LACK OF AIR 9515 06:03:20,145 --> 06:03:21,379 CONDITIONING AND FILTRATION AND 9516 06:03:21,446 --> 06:03:23,781 AIR POLLUTION IS IN SOME OF 9517 06:03:23,848 --> 06:03:26,084 THESE REGIONS, AND IT'S THESE 9518 06:03:26,151 --> 06:03:28,453 MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ARE THE 9519 06:03:28,520 --> 06:03:33,758 ONES WHO HAVE THE MOST 9520 06:03:33,825 --> 06:03:35,593 SUBSTANTIAL COAL -- THIS 9521 06:03:35,660 --> 06:03:36,928 DIRECTIONAL SLASH IS COAL, SO 9522 06:03:36,995 --> 06:03:38,296 POWER PLANTS FROM COAL ARE 9523 06:03:38,363 --> 06:03:39,664 SOMETHING WE BUILD A LOT OF AS 9524 06:03:39,731 --> 06:03:42,333 WE'RE HEADING TO BECOMING A 9525 06:03:42,400 --> 06:03:44,702 MEDIUM-INCOME COUNTRY AND IN THE 9526 06:03:44,769 --> 06:03:46,671 VERY HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES OVER 9527 06:03:46,738 --> 06:03:48,740 TIME WE'RE STARTING TO 9528 06:03:48,806 --> 06:03:50,175 DECARBONIZE THAT PART OF OUR 9529 06:03:50,241 --> 06:03:51,276 ENERGY SYSTEM BUT THAT'S NOT 9530 06:03:51,342 --> 06:03:55,113 TRUE IN INDIA AND CHINA. 9531 06:03:55,180 --> 06:03:57,515 SO, THE REDUCTION OF COAL AND 9532 06:03:57,582 --> 06:03:59,050 LIFE-SAVING POTENTIAL OF THAT 9533 06:03:59,117 --> 06:04:03,087 JUST THE CAVEAT THOSE ARE -- 9534 06:04:03,154 --> 06:04:05,723 SOME ARE AFFECTS THAT ARE 9535 06:04:05,790 --> 06:04:06,257 REGIONAL SPECIFIC. 9536 06:04:06,324 --> 06:04:09,427 WHAT ELSE COULD WE DO TO REDUCE 9537 06:04:09,494 --> 06:04:09,861 COAL? 9538 06:04:09,928 --> 06:04:11,829 IF I JUST DRAG THIS SLIDER OVER 9539 06:04:11,896 --> 06:04:14,465 AND DO A TAX ON COAL, YOU'LL SEE 9540 06:04:14,532 --> 06:04:16,868 IT'S NOT REALLY HAVING MUCH OF 9541 06:04:16,935 --> 06:04:17,569 AN EFFECT. 9542 06:04:17,635 --> 06:04:19,070 THAT'S BECAUSE WE'VE ALREADY 9543 06:04:19,137 --> 06:04:25,310 TAXED COAL THROUGH THE CARBON 9544 06:04:25,376 --> 06:04:25,610 PRICE. 9545 06:04:25,677 --> 06:04:27,178 IF I -- A FRESH MODEL WITH 9546 06:04:27,245 --> 06:04:31,883 NOTHING ELSE IF I TAX COAL I'LL 9547 06:04:31,950 --> 06:04:34,719 SEE 2/10 TO 3/10 OF A DEGREE OF 9548 06:04:34,786 --> 06:04:37,255 IMPROVEMENT BECAUSE NOTHING ELSE 9549 06:04:37,322 --> 06:04:40,191 HAS SORT OF REDUCED COAL 9550 06:04:40,258 --> 06:04:40,725 UTILIZATION. 9551 06:04:40,792 --> 06:04:41,993 OVER AND ABOVE TAXATION THE 9552 06:04:42,060 --> 06:04:45,797 OTHER IDEA WHICH I THINK IS A 9553 06:04:45,863 --> 06:04:48,199 VERY IMPORTANT IDEA IS JUST STOP 9554 06:04:48,266 --> 06:04:49,200 BUILDING NEW COAL PLANTS. 9555 06:04:49,267 --> 06:04:50,702 THERE'S A LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE 9556 06:04:50,768 --> 06:04:52,103 WORLD WHO DEPEND ON COAL AS 9557 06:04:52,170 --> 06:04:54,939 THEIR PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY. 9558 06:04:55,006 --> 06:04:56,941 MY WIFE IS FROM CALCUTTA, THAT'S 9559 06:04:57,008 --> 06:05:00,645 HOW WE HAVE THE LIGHTS ON THERE. 9560 06:05:00,712 --> 06:05:03,281 TURNING OFF THE COAL PLANTS IS 9561 06:05:03,348 --> 06:05:03,848 THREATENING. 9562 06:05:03,915 --> 06:05:05,550 IF YOU STOP BUILDING NEW ONES 9563 06:05:05,617 --> 06:05:09,053 AND HAVE ALL THE NEW ENERGY 9564 06:05:09,120 --> 06:05:10,722 NEEDS MET WITH RENEWABLES AND 9565 06:05:10,788 --> 06:05:13,658 SORRY LOW CARBON ENERGY SOURCES, 9566 06:05:13,725 --> 06:05:16,160 THEN THAT CAN BE QUITE 9567 06:05:16,227 --> 06:05:16,761 IMPORTANT. 9568 06:05:16,828 --> 06:05:18,997 SO, REDUCING THAT NEW COAL 9569 06:05:19,063 --> 06:05:20,231 INFRASTRUCTURE, LETTING THE OLD 9570 06:05:20,298 --> 06:05:21,733 COAL PLANTS DIE OUT, THAT TURNS 9571 06:05:21,799 --> 06:05:24,068 OUT TO BE ANOTHER KIND OF 9572 06:05:24,135 --> 06:05:27,705 MECHANISM WE CAN USE TO REDUCE 9573 06:05:27,772 --> 06:05:27,905 COAL. 9574 06:05:27,972 --> 06:05:30,408 MY PUP HAS COME TO VISIT. 9575 06:05:30,475 --> 06:05:30,575 HI. 9576 06:05:30,642 --> 06:05:32,710 AND YOU CAN SEE IT'S NOT HAVING 9577 06:05:32,777 --> 06:05:35,780 MUCH OF AN IMPACT ON THIS 9578 06:05:35,847 --> 06:05:37,882 PICTURE BECAUSE WE'VE ALREADY IN 9579 06:05:37,949 --> 06:05:39,083 A SENSE REDUCED COAL 9580 06:05:39,150 --> 06:05:41,152 SIGNIFICANTLY ALTHOUGH YOU CAN 9581 06:05:41,219 --> 06:05:45,089 SEE FROM THE -- LET ME 9582 06:05:45,156 --> 06:05:48,493 SIMULTANEOUSLY SHOW THE AIR 9583 06:05:48,559 --> 06:05:51,663 POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GASES. 9584 06:05:51,729 --> 06:05:53,631 YOU KNOW, STOP BUILDING NEW COAL 9585 06:05:53,698 --> 06:05:55,400 PLANTS, THIS IS HAS AN AIR 9586 06:05:55,466 --> 06:05:56,801 POLLUTION BENEFIT MORE THAN 9587 06:05:56,868 --> 06:05:59,537 DEGREE HOUSE GAS BENEFIT ONCE 9588 06:05:59,604 --> 06:06:00,738 WE'VE ALREADY DONE A CARBON 9589 06:06:00,805 --> 06:06:00,938 PRICE. 9590 06:06:01,005 --> 06:06:03,975 IF THE ONLY THING WE DO, RESET 9591 06:06:04,042 --> 06:06:08,513 EVERYTHING ELSE, THE ONLY ACTION 9592 06:06:08,579 --> 06:06:12,050 WE TAKE IS TO JUST STOP BUILDING 9593 06:06:12,116 --> 06:06:15,286 NEW COAL PLANTS, THAT IS A 9594 06:06:15,353 --> 06:06:17,355 PRETTY IMPORTANT -- AGAIN, 9595 06:06:17,422 --> 06:06:20,958 THAT'S AT LEAST A 2/10 OF IS A 9596 06:06:21,025 --> 06:06:21,959 DEGREE IMPROVEMENT, BUT WITH 9597 06:06:22,026 --> 06:06:23,161 DOING NOTHING ELSE, WITHOUT THE 9598 06:06:23,227 --> 06:06:26,331 CARBON PRICE WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU 9599 06:06:26,397 --> 06:06:27,532 STOP BUILDING NEW COAL BUT 9600 06:06:27,598 --> 06:06:28,499 EXPAND NATURAL GAS. 9601 06:06:28,566 --> 06:06:31,369 WHEN YOU DO THAT YOU'RE 9602 06:06:31,436 --> 06:06:34,639 SIMULTANEOUSLY BURNING CO2 FOR 9603 06:06:34,706 --> 06:06:36,607 GAS, AND YOU'RE INCREASING 9604 06:06:36,674 --> 06:06:38,176 THE -- PRESERVING OR INCREASING 9605 06:06:38,242 --> 06:06:40,578 AMOUNT OF METHANE THAT'S LEAKING 9606 06:06:40,645 --> 06:06:43,748 FROM THE NATURAL GUESS SYSTEM. 9607 06:06:43,815 --> 06:06:45,383 NOT SEEING BIG ENOUGH IMPACTS 9608 06:06:45,450 --> 06:06:49,887 FROM OVERAND ABOVE WHAT WE'VE 9609 06:06:49,954 --> 06:06:50,722 DONE FOR COAL BUT INTEREST. 9610 06:06:50,788 --> 06:06:52,323 IN THE INTEREST OF TIME, I'M 9611 06:06:52,390 --> 06:06:55,460 GOING TO CHEAT A LITTLE BIT HERE 9612 06:06:55,526 --> 06:06:57,328 AND GO WITH THE SOLUTIONS THAT 9613 06:06:57,395 --> 06:06:58,663 YOU DID VOTE ON, BUT WHICH I 9614 06:06:58,730 --> 06:07:01,966 KNOW ARE GOING TO BE 9615 06:07:02,033 --> 06:07:04,001 PARTICULARLY IMPACTFUL. 9616 06:07:04,068 --> 06:07:06,838 ONE OF THOSE IS ENERGY 9617 06:07:06,904 --> 06:07:10,241 EFFICIENCY MEASURES IN BUILDINGS 9618 06:07:10,308 --> 06:07:11,342 AND INDUSTRY. 9619 06:07:11,409 --> 06:07:14,545 SO, A CARBON PRICE DOES HELP US 9620 06:07:14,612 --> 06:07:17,048 BECOME MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT. 9621 06:07:17,115 --> 06:07:19,550 BUT ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ARE NOT 9622 06:07:19,617 --> 06:07:22,286 THE ONLY FACTOR THAT GETS IN THE 9623 06:07:22,353 --> 06:07:23,488 WAY OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 9624 06:07:23,554 --> 06:07:26,657 THERE'S A LOT OF 9625 06:07:26,724 --> 06:07:29,293 LANDLORD-TENANTS PROBLEMS, FOR 9626 06:07:29,360 --> 06:07:30,595 EXAMPLE, WHERE THE TENANTS WILL 9627 06:07:30,661 --> 06:07:32,697 PAY FOR ENERGY BILLS BUT 9628 06:07:32,764 --> 06:07:34,132 LANDLORD IS BUILDING THE 9629 06:07:34,198 --> 06:07:34,766 EQUIPMENT. 9630 06:07:34,832 --> 06:07:36,968 YOU HAVE TO OVERCOME SOME OF 9631 06:07:37,034 --> 06:07:39,570 THOSE WITH DIRECT ENERGY 9632 06:07:39,637 --> 06:07:40,071 EFFICIENCY SUBSIDIES AND 9633 06:07:40,138 --> 06:07:43,107 MEASURES IF YOU WANT TO GET THAT 9634 06:07:43,174 --> 06:07:43,741 TO HAPPEN. 9635 06:07:43,808 --> 06:07:44,942 BUILDING CODE CHANGES AND OTHER 9636 06:07:45,009 --> 06:07:47,145 THINGS LIKE THAT. 9637 06:07:47,211 --> 06:07:48,780 WE CAN INCREASE BUILDING 9638 06:07:48,846 --> 06:07:50,848 EFFICIENCY OVER AND ABOVE WHAT 9639 06:07:50,915 --> 06:07:53,151 WE'VE DONE SO FAR, AND THAT 9640 06:07:53,217 --> 06:08:03,761 REDUCES AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT WE 9641 06:08:11,903 --> 06:08:22,380 HAVE TO PRODUCE IF WE DO ENERGY 9642 06:08:22,647 --> 06:08:25,550 EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS, 3/10 OF 9643 06:08:25,616 --> 06:08:26,117 A DEGREE. 9644 06:08:26,184 --> 06:08:28,186 THEY SAVE MONEY BUT YOU HAVE TO 9645 06:08:28,252 --> 06:08:36,294 HELP PEOPLE OVERCOME THE 9646 06:08:36,360 --> 06:08:43,067 BARRIERS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 9647 06:08:43,134 --> 06:08:43,601 THERE'S PRESCRIPTIONS FOR 9648 06:08:43,668 --> 06:08:46,804 BOILERS IN THE U.K., 9649 06:08:46,871 --> 06:08:57,415 WEATHERIZATION TO HELP PEOPLE 9650 06:08:58,749 --> 06:09:09,093 REDUCE HOME ENERGY USE. 9651 06:09:09,794 --> 06:09:11,462 WHY SHOULDN'T THE -- THERE ARE 9652 06:09:11,529 --> 06:09:19,837 TWO CEOS IN NEW YORK CITY WHO IN 9653 06:09:19,904 --> 06:09:30,448 THE LAST YEAR FOR WHICH DATA -- 9654 06:09:37,488 --> 06:09:39,357 FURTHER MEASURES TO REDUCE 9655 06:09:39,423 --> 06:09:41,559 METHANE GASES, TEND TO BE POTENT 9656 06:09:41,626 --> 06:09:45,563 IN THEIR IMPACTS. 9657 06:09:45,630 --> 06:09:47,865 SO, JUST LOOKING AT THE CHART 9658 06:09:47,932 --> 06:09:50,835 HERE, IF OVER AND ABOVE WE CAN 9659 06:09:50,902 --> 06:09:53,538 REDUCE THESE GASES THAT HAS A 9660 06:09:53,604 --> 06:09:55,740 SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT AND WITH A 9661 06:09:55,806 --> 06:09:57,942 REALLY AGGRESSIVE GLOBAL EFFORT, 9662 06:09:58,009 --> 06:09:59,744 BY THE WAY OUT OF THE COP 9663 06:09:59,810 --> 06:10:02,079 NEGOTIATIONS, AN AGREEMENT TO 9664 06:10:02,146 --> 06:10:04,248 WORK ON METHANE WITH THE U.S. 9665 06:10:04,315 --> 06:10:06,484 STARTING TO PUT IN PLACE METHANE 9666 06:10:06,551 --> 06:10:08,019 POLICY WAS A KEY PART OF THE 9667 06:10:08,085 --> 06:10:11,389 GLOBAL AGREEMENT SO THERE'S GOOD 9668 06:10:11,455 --> 06:10:12,390 NEWS ON THIS FRONT. 9669 06:10:12,456 --> 06:10:15,960 THIS IS A POWERFUL LEVEL FOR TWO 9670 06:10:16,027 --> 06:10:19,730 REASONS THAT HAVE TO DO WITH 9671 06:10:19,797 --> 06:10:22,667 SOME BASIC CLIMATE SCIENCE 9672 06:10:22,733 --> 06:10:23,367 PHENOMENA. 9673 06:10:23,434 --> 06:10:25,403 THE METAPHOR I USED EARLIER 9674 06:10:25,469 --> 06:10:26,837 WAS -- I USED TWO. 9675 06:10:26,904 --> 06:10:30,241 ONE ABOUT THE BATHTUB OF THE 9676 06:10:30,308 --> 06:10:30,675 ATMOSPHERE. 9677 06:10:30,741 --> 06:10:33,744 SO THE BATHTUB METAPHOR TEACHES 9678 06:10:33,811 --> 06:10:36,914 US THAT THERE'S A FAUCET AND 9679 06:10:36,981 --> 06:10:38,549 DRAIN, WE EMIT, SOME OF THE 9680 06:10:38,616 --> 06:10:41,519 GREENHOUSE GASES ARE BROKEN DOWN 9681 06:10:41,586 --> 06:10:42,620 OR ABSORBED. 9682 06:10:42,687 --> 06:10:44,355 METHANE BREAKS DOWN FASTER IN 9683 06:10:44,422 --> 06:10:45,623 THE ATMOSPHERE THAN CO2 DOES. 9684 06:10:45,690 --> 06:10:48,059 WHEN YOU TURN OFF THE FAUCET, 9685 06:10:48,125 --> 06:10:49,694 THE METHANE FAUCET, IT DRAINS 9686 06:10:49,760 --> 06:10:53,431 OUT FASTER AND SO YOU HAVE A 9687 06:10:53,497 --> 06:10:55,499 NEARER-TERM FASTER IMPACT ON 9688 06:10:55,566 --> 06:10:55,800 TEMPERATURE. 9689 06:10:55,866 --> 06:10:58,903 AND THEN SECONDLY, OUR OTHER 9690 06:10:58,970 --> 06:11:02,607 METAPHOR WAS THE IDEA CO2 IS A 9691 06:11:02,673 --> 06:11:04,342 BLANKET THAT HOLDS TEMPERATURE, 9692 06:11:04,408 --> 06:11:05,776 HOLDS HEAT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 9693 06:11:05,843 --> 06:11:08,346 AND BY THAT METAPHOR WE CAN 9694 06:11:08,412 --> 06:11:12,883 THINK ABOUT METHS -- METHANE AS 9695 06:11:12,950 --> 06:11:16,187 A THICK BLANKET THAT HOLDS IN 9696 06:11:16,253 --> 06:11:17,521 HEAT MORE DRAMATICALLY. 9697 06:11:17,588 --> 06:11:21,225 SO THAT GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS 9698 06:11:21,292 --> 06:11:23,427 MUCH STRONGER WITH THE MORE -- 9699 06:11:23,494 --> 06:11:24,829 THE HIGHER GLOBAL WARMING 9700 06:11:24,895 --> 06:11:26,364 POTENTIAL OF GASES. 9701 06:11:26,430 --> 06:11:27,698 SO THERE'S THIS DOUBLE EFFECT 9702 06:11:27,765 --> 06:11:32,069 THAT YOU GET, MANY PEOPLE ARE 9703 06:11:32,136 --> 06:11:34,338 TALKING NOW ABOUT HOW AS A NEAR 9704 06:11:34,405 --> 06:11:36,440 TERM ACTION WE NEED TO REDUCE 9705 06:11:36,507 --> 06:11:37,775 METHANE TO BUY TIME FOR THE 9706 06:11:37,842 --> 06:11:39,844 SORTS OF THINGS THAT WILL TAKE 9707 06:11:39,910 --> 06:11:44,548 LONGER LIKE CHANGING OVER THE 9708 06:11:44,615 --> 06:11:45,983 ENERGY SYSTEM. 9709 06:11:46,050 --> 06:11:47,618 SO, NOW, I WANT TO JUST PAUSE 9710 06:11:47,685 --> 06:11:49,153 FOR A SECOND AND TAKE STOCK OF 9711 06:11:49,220 --> 06:11:50,988 WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE. 9712 06:11:51,055 --> 06:11:54,525 WHICH IS THAT WE HAVE A SET OF 9713 06:11:54,592 --> 06:11:58,996 ACTIONS, AT A GLOBAL SCALE, THAT 9714 06:11:59,063 --> 06:12:02,600 HAVE GOTTEN US FROM A 3.3-DEGREE 9715 06:12:02,667 --> 06:12:05,236 WORLD TO 1.9-DEGREE WORLD. 9716 06:12:05,302 --> 06:12:07,972 MY ONLY DISSATISFACTION WITH 9717 06:12:08,039 --> 06:12:10,041 THIS IS THAT WE DID WAVE A MAGIC 9718 06:12:10,107 --> 06:12:13,778 WAND AND GET A MAGICAL 9719 06:12:13,844 --> 06:12:15,312 BREAKTHROUGH WITH THAT FUSION 9720 06:12:15,379 --> 06:12:16,213 THAT SOMEONE PROPOSED EARLIER. 9721 06:12:16,280 --> 06:12:19,350 SO I WANT TO RUN THE EXPERIMENT 9722 06:12:19,417 --> 06:12:22,753 OF NOT HAVING TO INVENT FUSION, 9723 06:12:22,820 --> 06:12:25,056 AND WHAT DOES THAT DO FOR US? 9724 06:12:25,122 --> 06:12:26,724 WELL, OKAY, YOU KNOW, WE DID 9725 06:12:26,791 --> 06:12:29,193 LOSE A TENTH OF A DEGREE SO 9726 06:12:29,260 --> 06:12:31,495 THERE'S SOME -- THAT'S A KIND OF 9727 06:12:31,562 --> 06:12:32,897 UNCERTAINTY, DO WE GET THIS 9728 06:12:32,963 --> 06:12:33,798 IMPROVEMENT OR NOT? 9729 06:12:33,864 --> 06:12:36,067 BUT NOTICE THE WHOLE FATE OF THE 9730 06:12:36,133 --> 06:12:40,571 PLANET ISN'T HANGING ON THAT 9731 06:12:40,638 --> 06:12:41,038 NECESSARILY. 9732 06:12:41,105 --> 06:12:46,377 YOU KNOW, HOW MUCH IS IT HANGING 9733 06:12:46,444 --> 06:12:49,046 ON THE SUBSIDY FOR NUCLEAR? 9734 06:12:49,113 --> 06:12:50,581 WE COULD -- SIMILAR MAGNITUDE 9735 06:12:50,648 --> 06:12:52,316 HERE, IF YOU THOUGHT THAT THERE 9736 06:12:52,383 --> 06:12:53,751 WERE OTHER HEALTH CONSEQUENCES 9737 06:12:53,818 --> 06:12:55,586 EARLIER PEOPLE TALKING ABOUT 9738 06:12:55,653 --> 06:12:57,021 URANIUM CONTAMINATION IN WATER 9739 06:12:57,088 --> 06:12:58,389 SUPPLIES, IF YOU'RE CONCERNED 9740 06:12:58,456 --> 06:13:00,191 ABOUT THAT AND WANT TO PEEL THAT 9741 06:13:00,257 --> 06:13:03,160 OFF, NOT HAVE THE TECHNOLOGICAL 9742 06:13:03,227 --> 06:13:06,864 MIRACLE OF NUCLEAR, WE STILL AT 9743 06:13:06,931 --> 06:13:09,033 THIS 2-DEGREE WORLD WITH 9744 06:13:09,100 --> 06:13:11,669 RENEWABLES AND STORAGE POWERED 9745 06:13:11,736 --> 06:13:12,770 GRID, SO THERE'S REASONS THAT 9746 06:13:12,837 --> 06:13:16,173 PEOPLE MIGHT WANT TO DO THAT 9747 06:13:16,240 --> 06:13:19,777 FOR THE SAKE OF STAYING WITH 9748 06:13:19,844 --> 06:13:21,979 WHAT YOU ALL SUGGESTED, LET'S 9749 06:13:22,046 --> 06:13:24,148 LOOK AT THIS SCENARIO FOR A 9750 06:13:24,215 --> 06:13:24,482 SECOND. 9751 06:13:24,548 --> 06:13:26,250 WHAT I WANT US TO DO IS THINK 9752 06:13:26,317 --> 06:13:29,320 ABOUT THIS IN A PARTICULAR WAY. 9753 06:13:29,386 --> 06:13:31,155 WHICH IS IT'S ONE THING TO SEE 9754 06:13:31,222 --> 06:13:35,426 THIS AS A SET OF GRAPHS. 9755 06:13:35,493 --> 06:13:36,861 IT'S ANOTHER THING TO 9756 06:13:36,927 --> 06:13:39,797 CONTEMPLATE WHAT DOES THIS 9757 06:13:39,864 --> 06:13:40,998 FUTURE MEAN? 9758 06:13:41,065 --> 06:13:42,299 SO THE LAST POLL QUESTION THAT 9759 06:13:42,366 --> 06:13:45,402 I'M GOING TO ASK YOU THROUGH OUR 9760 06:13:45,469 --> 06:13:48,239 POLL EVERYWHERE HERE IS A 9761 06:13:48,305 --> 06:13:50,975 QUALITATIVE POLL, AND IT'S THE 9762 06:13:51,041 --> 06:13:53,277 FOLLOWING QUESTION. 9763 06:13:53,344 --> 06:13:57,348 WHAT WOULD YOU LOVE ABOUT BEING 9764 06:13:57,414 --> 06:13:58,449 PART OF THIS FUTURE? 9765 06:13:58,516 --> 06:14:02,052 AGAIN, THIS POLL IS OPEN, IT'S 9766 06:14:02,119 --> 06:14:04,355 THE SAME URL. 9767 06:14:04,421 --> 06:14:07,091 THE QR CODE IS HERE, THE LINK IN 9768 06:14:07,158 --> 06:14:10,094 IN THE CHAT. 9769 06:14:10,161 --> 06:14:13,097 RESPOND WITH A PHRASE, IT CAN BE 9770 06:14:13,164 --> 06:14:14,532 A QUICK THOUGHT, A THOUGHT 9771 06:14:14,598 --> 06:14:14,965 BUBBLE. 9772 06:14:15,032 --> 06:14:16,167 WHAT WOULD YOU LOVE ABOUT 9773 06:14:16,233 --> 06:14:24,408 GETTING TO BE PART OF THIS 9774 06:14:24,475 --> 06:14:24,642 FUTURE? 9775 06:14:24,708 --> 06:14:26,277 I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU THROUGH A 9776 06:14:26,343 --> 06:14:36,854 TOUR OF WHAT THE CHANGES ARE. 9777 06:15:13,157 --> 06:15:13,991 WHAT WOULD YOU LOVE ABOUT 9778 06:15:14,058 --> 06:15:16,493 GETTING TO BE PART OF THIS 9779 06:15:16,560 --> 06:15:23,601 FUTURE? 9780 06:15:23,667 --> 06:15:26,136 THIS MAY BE A TECHNOLOGICAL 9781 06:15:26,203 --> 06:15:27,638 BARRIER TO ANSWER, SOME MIGHT BE 9782 06:15:27,705 --> 06:15:28,839 DRIVING HOME FROM WORK AND 9783 06:15:28,906 --> 06:15:34,311 JOINING THE WEBINAR FROM THE 9784 06:15:34,378 --> 06:15:35,079 CAR. 9785 06:15:35,145 --> 06:15:36,280 AND THAT'S VALID. 9786 06:15:36,347 --> 06:15:39,250 FOR ME, I LOOK AT THIS AND I 9787 06:15:39,316 --> 06:15:40,551 SAY, LOOK, THERE'S STILL 9788 06:15:40,618 --> 06:15:43,854 PROBLEMS TO SOLVE. 9789 06:15:43,921 --> 06:15:47,024 WE HAVEN'T CREATED A TRULY SAFE 9790 06:15:47,091 --> 06:15:49,093 FUTURE BUT WE'VE CREATED A 9791 06:15:49,159 --> 06:15:51,362 FUTURE THAT I'M MUCH MORE PROUD 9792 06:15:51,428 --> 06:15:52,796 AND HAPPY AND COMFORTABLE 9793 06:15:52,863 --> 06:15:56,967 LEAVING TO MY KIDS AND 9794 06:15:57,034 --> 06:15:57,234 GRANDKIDS. 9795 06:15:57,301 --> 06:15:59,270 WHERE WE'VE SAVED A LOT OF 9796 06:15:59,336 --> 06:16:01,906 LIVES, DUE TO AIR POLLUTION, 9797 06:16:01,972 --> 06:16:03,407 WE'VE LEVELED OUT THE 9798 06:16:03,474 --> 06:16:04,642 TEMPERATURE, WE'VE GOTTEN THE 9799 06:16:04,708 --> 06:16:06,477 CLIMATE PROBLEM UNDER CONTROL. 9800 06:16:06,543 --> 06:16:08,679 IT'S NOT JUST CONTINUING TO 9801 06:16:08,746 --> 06:16:10,514 INCREASE INTO THE FUTURE 9802 06:16:10,581 --> 06:16:11,949 GENERATIONS, RIGHT? WE GO BACK 9803 06:16:12,016 --> 06:16:13,250 TO INDIGENOUS WISDOM WE HEARD 9804 06:16:13,317 --> 06:16:16,220 EARLIER ABOUT THINKING ON A 9805 06:16:16,287 --> 06:16:17,488 SEVEN-GENERATION TIME HORIZON, 9806 06:16:17,554 --> 06:16:19,523 THE OLD WORLD WE WERE GOING TO 9807 06:16:19,590 --> 06:16:21,692 KEEP COOKING THE PLANET WITH 9808 06:16:21,759 --> 06:16:23,027 EACH PASSING GENERATION. 9809 06:16:23,093 --> 06:16:32,002 THIS IS A WORLD WHERE WE'VE 9810 06:16:32,069 --> 06:16:38,242 REINED EXCESSES AND SAVED LIVES. 9811 06:16:38,309 --> 06:16:39,443 THERE'S REGIONAL SPECIFICITY, 9812 06:16:39,510 --> 06:16:40,911 BUT WE'VE TAKEN A HUGE AMOUNT OF 9813 06:16:40,978 --> 06:16:43,514 THAT BURDEN OUT OF THE SYSTEM. 9814 06:16:43,580 --> 06:16:46,116 AND MY HOPE IS THAT SEEING THIS, 9815 06:16:46,183 --> 06:16:47,551 AND EXPERIMENTING WITH IT ON 9816 06:16:47,618 --> 06:16:51,488 YOUR OWN TIME AND OWN TERMS, YOU 9817 06:16:51,555 --> 06:16:53,123 GET A CHANCE TO FALL IN LOVE 9818 06:16:53,190 --> 06:16:54,658 WITH THIS FUTURE AND COMMIT 9819 06:16:54,725 --> 06:16:55,893 YOURSELVES AS YOU ALREADY HAVE 9820 06:16:55,960 --> 06:16:58,495 DONE AS WE'VE SEEN TODAY, TO 9821 06:16:58,562 --> 06:17:01,665 HELPING TO CREATE THIS FUTURE 9822 06:17:01,732 --> 06:17:05,069 BECAUSE GETTING TO THE LEVEL OF 9823 06:17:05,135 --> 06:17:07,671 ACTION ON A GLOBAL SCALE THAT'S 9824 06:17:07,738 --> 06:17:10,107 REFLECTED IN THESE LEVERS WILL 9825 06:17:10,174 --> 06:17:20,684 IN FACT TAKE EXACTLY WHAT YOU 9826 06:17:24,788 --> 06:17:29,693 ALL DESCRIBED AS EDUCATION, 9827 06:17:29,760 --> 06:17:30,227 UNDERSTANDING INTENTIONAL 9828 06:17:30,294 --> 06:17:30,828 BEHAVIORS, COLLECTIVE ACTION. 9829 06:17:30,894 --> 06:17:32,429 IT WILL TAKE WORKING TOGETHER. 9830 06:17:32,496 --> 06:17:33,831 MY HOPE IS THAT ALL OF US 9831 06:17:33,897 --> 06:17:36,166 TOGETHER AND ALL OF THE 9832 06:17:36,233 --> 06:17:37,167 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS 9833 06:17:37,234 --> 06:17:38,802 THAT WE'RE REFLECTING AND PART 9834 06:17:38,869 --> 06:17:42,940 OF CAN JOIN IN THIS GLOBAL 9835 06:17:43,007 --> 06:17:46,343 CONVERSATION AND HELP PROPEL 9836 06:17:46,410 --> 06:17:46,577 FURTHER. 9837 06:17:46,643 --> 06:17:53,150 PLEASE SEE US AS A RESOURCE. 9838 06:17:53,217 --> 06:18:02,326 HOPEFULLY THIS WAS SOMETHING 9839 06:18:02,393 --> 06:18:03,327 INFORMATIVE AND MAYBE INSPIRING. 9840 06:18:03,394 --> 06:18:05,396 >> JASON, THAT WAS PHENOMENAL. 9841 06:18:05,462 --> 06:18:07,464 THE EXERCISE WAS AN IDEAL 9842 06:18:07,531 --> 06:18:08,699 CONCLUSION TO OUR SESSIONS, IN 9843 06:18:08,766 --> 06:18:10,634 THE MORNING AND AFTERNOON. 9844 06:18:10,701 --> 06:18:13,937 REALLY UNDERSCORES IMPORTANCE OF 9845 06:18:14,004 --> 06:18:14,571 SYSTEMS THINKING. 9846 06:18:14,638 --> 06:18:16,006 ALTHOUGH OBVIOUSLY THERE ARE 9847 06:18:16,073 --> 06:18:17,741 SOME LIMITATIONS TO THE MODEL, 9848 06:18:17,808 --> 06:18:20,611 REALLY PROVIDES A VERY UNIQUE 9849 06:18:20,677 --> 06:18:21,812 PERSPECTIVE TO NOT ONLY STARTING 9850 06:18:21,879 --> 06:18:23,113 TO THINK ABOUT RESEARCH 9851 06:18:23,180 --> 06:18:26,950 QUESTIONS BUT HOW TO FRAME THEM 9852 06:18:27,017 --> 06:18:34,258 FROM FROM INTERCONNECT THENESS. 9853 06:18:34,324 --> 06:18:36,660 WE HAVE TO WRAP UP. 9854 06:18:36,727 --> 06:18:43,033 I'LL TURN OVER TO LARRY TO CAP 9855 06:18:43,100 --> 06:18:44,902 PROCEEDINGS AND PROVIDE 9856 06:18:44,968 --> 06:18:46,136 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 9857 06:18:46,203 --> 06:18:47,938 >> THANK YOU. 9858 06:18:48,005 --> 06:18:50,707 ECHOING WHAT SANJAY SAID, THAT 9859 06:18:50,774 --> 06:18:51,475 WAS PHENOMENAL. 9860 06:18:51,542 --> 06:18:55,179 I THINK IT FITS IN VERY WELL 9861 06:18:55,245 --> 06:18:56,280 WITH TODAY, IN THAT MANY 9862 06:18:56,346 --> 06:18:57,614 HOPEFULLY A DECADE FROM NOW 9863 06:18:57,681 --> 06:18:59,883 WE'LL HAVE A MODEL THAT NOT ONLY 9864 06:18:59,950 --> 06:19:01,518 WILL DO CLIMATE CHANGE BUT IT 9865 06:19:01,585 --> 06:19:04,388 WILL DO PLANETARY HEALTH ON A 9866 06:19:04,455 --> 06:19:04,922 BROADER SCALE. 9867 06:19:04,988 --> 06:19:07,124 AND IT MAY NOT BE THAT MUCH 9868 06:19:07,191 --> 06:19:09,760 DIFFERENT THAN THIS MODEL BUT I 9869 06:19:09,827 --> 06:19:12,262 THINK THAT'S THE CHALLENGE. 9870 06:19:12,329 --> 06:19:14,131 THERE ARE RESEARCHERS TO CREATE 9871 06:19:14,198 --> 06:19:18,702 DATA TO ALLOW MORE COMPLEX 9872 06:19:18,769 --> 06:19:21,538 MODEL, PERHAPS ADD SOME POSSIBLE 9873 06:19:21,605 --> 06:19:22,639 SOLUTIONS THAT MIGHT DEVELOP, ET 9874 06:19:22,706 --> 06:19:24,608 CETERA, THAT WE HAVE MORE DATA 9875 06:19:24,675 --> 06:19:24,975 ON, ET CETERA. 9876 06:19:25,042 --> 06:19:26,710 I THINK IT WAS A GREAT 9877 06:19:26,777 --> 06:19:28,011 CONCLUSION FOR THE DAY. 9878 06:19:28,078 --> 06:19:30,547 ALL I WANT TO SAY, I HOPE THAT 9879 06:19:30,614 --> 06:19:32,082 YOU'VE ALL HEARD, WHAT YOU'VE 9880 06:19:32,149 --> 06:19:33,517 HEARD SO FAR TODAY HAS ENTICED 9881 06:19:33,584 --> 06:19:37,020 YOU TO COME BACK TOMORROW AT 10 9882 06:19:37,087 --> 06:19:37,454 A.M. 9883 06:19:37,521 --> 06:19:39,123 AND CONTINUE OUR MUTUAL 9884 06:19:39,189 --> 06:19:40,858 EXPLORATION OF PLANETARY HEALTH 9885 06:19:40,924 --> 06:19:41,959 AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. 9886 06:19:42,025 --> 06:19:45,562 AND TOMORROW WE'LL CONTINUE OUR 9887 06:19:45,629 --> 06:19:46,497 FOCUS, NOT EXCLUSIVELY BUT WE 9888 06:19:46,563 --> 06:19:49,500 WILL HAVE MORE ON THE URBAN 9889 06:19:49,566 --> 06:19:51,702 ENVIRONMENT, AND HOW TO IMPROVE 9890 06:19:51,768 --> 06:19:55,973 HEALTH PARTICULARLY 9891 06:19:56,039 --> 06:19:59,042 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH THROUGH 9892 06:19:59,109 --> 06:20:01,111 REDUCING EXPOSURES, HOW TO 9893 06:20:01,178 --> 06:20:02,045 RECONFIGURE OUR ENVIRONMENT AND 9894 06:20:02,112 --> 06:20:03,013 ECONOMY, ET CETERA. 9895 06:20:03,080 --> 06:20:05,182 LATER ON IN THE DAY TOMORROW WE 9896 06:20:05,249 --> 06:20:07,684 WILL FOCUS ON THE RESEARCH TOOLS 9897 06:20:07,751 --> 06:20:10,654 AND METHODS THAT CAN ASSIST US 9898 06:20:10,721 --> 06:20:13,824 TO ENSURE THAT WE UNDERSTAND THE 9899 06:20:13,891 --> 06:20:15,893 HEALTH BENEFITS AND UNINTENDED 9900 06:20:15,959 --> 06:20:17,528 CONSEQUENCES OF SOLUTIONS AND 9901 06:20:17,594 --> 06:20:19,263 THEIR BENEFITS AND THE HEALTH 9902 06:20:19,329 --> 06:20:20,931 COASTS OF NOT ADDRESSING THESE 9903 06:20:20,998 --> 06:20:21,598 PLANETARY ISSUES. 9904 06:20:21,665 --> 06:20:23,634 SO I HOPE TO SEE YOU TOMORROW AT 9905 06:20:23,700 --> 06:20:24,668 10 A.M. 9906 06:20:24,735 --> 06:20:26,103 I THANK EVERYONE WHO 9907 06:20:26,170 --> 06:20:27,304 PARTICIPATED TODAY. 9908 06:20:27,371 --> 06:20:29,072 IT WAS A FANTASTIC DAY. 9909 06:20:29,139 --> 06:20:30,908 AND I KNOW TOMORROW WILL BE 9910 06:20:30,974 --> 06:20:31,575 EQUALLY AS GOOD. 9911 06:20:31,642 --> 06:20:32,342 THANK YOU ALL. 9912 06:20:32,409 --> 06:20:35,546 HOPE YOU HAVE A GREAT EVENING. 9913 06:20:35,612 --> 06:20:38,115 >> LARRY, I'LL TURN THIS OVER TO 9914 06:20:38,182 --> 06:20:40,984 SONIA FOR FINAL REMARKS FOR WE 9915 06:20:41,051 --> 06:20:41,685 MOVE ON. 9916 06:20:41,752 --> 06:20:44,454 >> GOOD IDEA. 9917 06:20:44,521 --> 06:20:46,857 >> ECHOING HOW WONDERFUL IT WAS 9918 06:20:46,924 --> 06:20:48,625 TO HAVE EVERYBODY ENGAGED, GREAT 9919 06:20:48,692 --> 06:20:49,393 QUESTIONS, GREAT DISCUSSION, I'M 9920 06:20:49,459 --> 06:20:50,961 EXCITED FOR TOMORROW AS WELL. 9921 06:20:51,028 --> 06:20:51,995 LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING YOU. 9922 06:20:52,062 --> 06:20:54,998 >> THANKS SO MUCH. 9923 06:20:55,065 --> 06:20:55,232 BYE-BYE. 9924 06:20:55,299 --> 06:20:55,599 >> GOOD EVENING. 9925 06:20:55,666 >> BYE.