>>WELCOME TO ALL OF YOU.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US AT THE
MODIFIABLE FACTORS AND SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH SESSION.
WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN TODAY WITH
PRELIMINARY REMARKS FROM OUR
CHAIR, DR. REBECCA JORDAN YOUNG,
THAT WILL BE FOLLOWED BY THREE
PRESENTATIONS AND A PANEL
DISCUSSION AND DR. JORDAN-YOUNG
WILL INTRODUCE EACH OF THE THREE
SPEAKERS.
PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK
QUESTIONS DURING THE
PRESENTATION VIA THE Q&A CHAT
BOX.
AND WE'LL COMPILE THOSE AS WE GO
ALONG AND HAVE THE Q&A SESSION
AT THE END.
I'M THRILLED TO INTRODUCE DR.
REBECCA JORDAN-YOUNG, ANN
WHITNEY OLDEN PROFESSOR AND
CHAIR OF WOMEN'S GENDER AND
SEXUALITY STUDIES AT BARNARD
COLLEGE, AN INTERDISCIPLINARY
FEMINIST SCIENTIST, AND SCIENCE
STUDY SCHOLAR, EXPLORING
RELATIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND SOCIAL
HIERARCHIES OF GENDER, CLASS,
RACE.
THE FULL BIO CAN BE FOUND IN THE
LINK IN THE CHAT THAT WE WILL
CENTERPIECE IN JUST A MOMENT.
THANKS VERY MUCH, EVERYONE, AND
WELCOME.
>>THANK YOU, DR. POPKIN.
IT'S A DELIGHT AND PLEASURE TO
BE HERE.
I'M SO MUCH LOOKING FORWARD TO
THE PRESENTATIONS WE HAVE TODAY.
I WILL SAY THAT I'VE DECIDED TO
KEEP MY OWN COMMENTS QUITE
BRIEF.
WE HAVE WONDERFUL SPEAKERS, I'D
RATHER SPEND MOST OF OUR TIME
HEARING ABOUT THEIR CONCRETE
RESEARCH PROGRAMS AS WE'VE
ALREADY HAD SUCH STRONG PLENARY
SPEAKERS TO SET THE OVERALL
STAGE.
THAT SAID, I HAVE ONLY A FEW
SMALL OVERARCHING POINTS TO GIVE
SOME ADDITIONAL CONTEXT AND
FRAMING TO WHAT WILL COME.
FIRST, I'M DELIGHTED OUR PANEL
WILL MAKE IT ABSOLUTELY EXPLICIT
THAT GENDER ISN'T JUST A FANCY
WORD FOR WOMEN.
MEN HAVE GENDER TOO.
AND THE CROSS-CUTTING NATURE OF
SOCIAL HIERARCHIES MEANS THAT
MEN DO NOT AS A BROAD CLASS HOLD
PRIVILEGE AND ALWAYS OVER WOMEN
AS BROAD CLASS, IT'S NOT USEFUL
TO THINK THAT WAY.
SINGLE DIMENSION THINKING IS
PROBLEMATIC IN THE FIELD SO I'M
DELIGHTED WE HAVE A PAPER THAT'S
GOING TO THINK ABOUT MEN'S
HEALTH.
SECOND, I WANT TO TOUCH ON THE
DEFINITION OF GENDER THAT NANCY
KRIEGER PRESENTED THIS MORNING,
OFFER A FEW ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS
ABOUT HOW WE MIGHT DEFINE AND
UNDERSTAND GENDER.
NANCY PRESENTED DEFINITION THAT
CAME FROM RAY WYNN CONNELL, WHO
DEFINES GENDER IN THIS CASE AS
EMBODIED SOCIAL STRUCTURE WHICH
I THINK IS A SUPER INTERESTING
AND HELPFUL WAY TO THINK ABOUT
WHAT GENDER IS, AND IT'S ALSO --
WHEN I'M TEACHING STUDENTS,
OFTEN THIS DEFINITION CAN
CONFUSE THEM AT FIRST, VERY
MUCH.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN A SOCIAL
STRUCTURE IS EMBODIED?
IS THIS THIS PERSONAL INDIVIDUAL
BIOLOGICAL LEVEL THING?
OR IS IT A SOCIAL STRUCTURE?
AND THIS ONE TERM, THIS PHRASE,
DOES A REALLY GOOD JOB OF
IMMEDIATELY CONVEYING WHAT A LOT
OF FEAR RISKS OF GENDER, SEX,
SEXUALITY AND HEALTH HAVE SAID
AS OUR GOAL WHICH IS TO
UNDERSTAND THAT THE WAY OUR
BODIES IMBIBE SOCIAL STRUCTURE
AND TRANSFORM OUR SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTS INTO INDIVIDUAL
LEVEL AND GROUP LEVEL PATTERNS
OF HEALTH.
SO I THINK THAT'S JUST SUPER
USEFUL FOR US.
I HAVE IN THE PAST SOMETIMES
IDENTIFIED OR DEFINED GENDER AS
A PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
ENVIRONMENT.
IT CAN BE HELPFUL TO THINK ABOUT
GENDER AS STRUCTURED, NOT JUST
IN THE OUTCOME, AND THE REASON I
RAISE THIS NOW IS THAT OUR
PAPERS AND I THINK THE DAY AS A
WHOLE ARE REALLY LOOKING AT BY
AND LARGE ADULT OUTCOMES.
WE'RE LOOKING AT PATTERNS OF
GENDER AND HEALTH, AS ADULTS.
IT'S REALLY INTERESTING AND
USEFUL TO REMEMBER THAT THERE
ARE DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS AND
PROCESSES, AND GENDER
SOCIALIZATION AND THE RULES
ABOUT GENDER, NOT JUST
SOCIALIZATION, BUT DE FACTO AND
DEJURE RULES ARE CUMULATIVE AND
ITERATIVE OVER TIME.
PERVASIVE, BUT I WANT TO
EMPHASIZE THAT DOESN'T MEAN
MONOLITHTIC, BECAUSE OF THE WAY
GENDER IS CROSS-CUT AS WE'VE
BEEN TALKING ABOUT ALL DAY,
RACE, CLASS, IMMIGRATION STATUS,
SEXUALITY, PHYSICAL ABILITY, SO
ON.
THERE ARE OTHER FORMS OF
VARIATION AND VARIABLE
VARIGATION, SIMPLY ABOUT POCKETS
OF VARIATION, THERE'S A HUMAN
AMOUNT OF VARIEGATION IN THE
WAYS GENDER OPERATES TO PRODUCE
LARGE PATTERN EFFECTS, AND THAT
I THINK IT'S USEFUL TO REMEMBER
THAT.
AS A SOCIAL STRUCTURE, KRIEGER
POINTED OUT GENDER IS A PRODUCT
OF HISTORY.
THAT'S WHAT MAKES THIS PANEL
POSSIBLE.
IT OPENS IT UP TO OUR
INTERVENTIONS.
BUT OF COURSE BECAUSE GENDER IS
CROSS-CUT BY VIRTUALLY ALL OTHER
SOCIAL HIERARCHIES AND
STRUCTURES, UNDERSTANDING THE
POTENTIAL POINTS OF INTERVENTION
IN GENDER-RELATED INEQUITIES
WILL REQUIRE LOOKING AT THE
SPECIFIC GENDERED POSITIONS
WITHIN ANY TARGET DOMAIN.
SO, THIS IS A FIELD WHERE
EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS ARE
ESPECIALLY CRUCIAL.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES WILL NOT BE
ADEQUATE TO PREDICT EFFECTS
ACROSS MOST DOMAINS, BECAUSE THE
WAY THAT SYSTEMS OF POWER AND
HIERARCHY INTERACT IS OFTEN
DOMAIN SPECIFIC.
I THINK THAT I'LL JUST THROW
THAT OUT THERE, I THINK THE
PARTICULAR CASES THAT WE'RE
GOING TO HEAR ABOUT WILL GIVE US
CONCRETE WAYS TO TALK ABOUT
THAT, IF PEOPLE WOULD LIKE TO
TAKE UP THAT CLAIM.
AND I'M LOOKING AT TIME.
I WANT TO SAY ONE LAST THING.
BECAUSE OF TIME I'M GOING TO
ASSERT IT AND WE CAN TALK ABOUT
IT LATER.
THERE'S A LOT OF WONDERFUL
RECENT WORK THAT DEMONSTRATES
THE WAY THAT ATTEMPTS AT RACE
BLIND INTERVENTIONS IN FACT, OR
RACE NEUTRAL INTERVENTION
EXACERBATED OUTCOME.
TAYLOR'S WORK ON HOUSING
FINANCING IS A REALLY GREAT
EXAMPLE OF THAT.
HELENA HANSON'S WORK ON THE
OPIOID EPIDEMIC IS ANOTHER
EXCELLENT EXAMPLE.
THERE ARE MANY MORE.
BUT I THINK THAT THIS GENERAL
DYNAMIC ABOUT HOW WHEN YOU TRY
TO INTERVENE IN A HIERARCHICAL
SYSTEM IN A WAY WHERE YOUR
INTERVENTION DOES NOT EXPLICITLY
TARGET THE GROUNDS OF THE
HIERARCHY THAT YOU'RE ACTUALLY
GOING TO EXACERBATE THE
INEQUALITIES AT THE END.
IN OTHER WORDS, THESE RACE BLIND
OR RACE NEUTRAL INTERVENTIONS
EXACERBATE RACISM.
I BELIEVE WE SEE AND CAN EXPECT
THE SAME FOR GENDER BLIND
INTERVENTIONS AND SEXISM.
SO, WITH THAT, LET ME JUST SAY A
FEW -- WHAT I'LL DO IS IDENTIFY
EACH PANELIST, ONE AT A TIME,
JUST BEFORE THEY SPEAK.
WE'RE GOING TO START WITH GOLEEN
SAMARI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF
POPULATION AND FAMILY HEALTH AT
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAILMAN
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, ALSO A
FACULTY AFFILIATE OF THE
COLUMBIA PROGRAM ON FORCED
MIGRATION AND HEALTH, COLUMBIA
PROM ON GLOBAL HEALTH, JUSTICE
AND GOVERNANCE, AND COLUMBIA
POPULATION RESEARCH CENTER.
HER RESEARCH CONSIDERS HOW
RACISM, GENDER AND MIGRATION
BASIN EQUITIES SHAPE
REPRODUCTIVE AND POPULATION WITH
FOCUS ON MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH
AFRICA.
AS WITH EVERYONE ELSE HER FULL
BIO IS ON THE CONFERENCE PAGE.
DR. SAMARI, I WELCOME YOU TO THE
SESSION.
>>THANK YOU, DR. JORDAN-YOUNG,
FOR THAT INTRODUCTION AND FOR
SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE
SESSION.
SO TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT
A BODY OF WORK AROUND STRUCTURAL
XENOPHOBIA AND IMMIGRATION,
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF SEXUAL
AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
IT'S IMPORTANT TO NAME THAT THIS
TALK IS GOING TO PRIMARILY FOCUS
ON THE EXPERIENCES OF CISGENDER
FEMALE IMMIGRANTS.
IMMIGRANTS ACCOUNT FOR 14% OF
THE FEMALE POPULATION.
AND IN 2019, 52% OF ALL U.S.
IMMIGRANTS WERE FEMALE, WHICH IS
A SMALL MAJORITY.
NEARLY HALF OF ALL FEMALE U.S.
IMMIGRANTS ARE OF REPRODUCTIVE
AGE, IMMIGRANTS ACCOUNT FOR 23%
OF ALL BIRTHS, 6.4 MILLION
NON-CITIZEN IMMIGRANT WOMEN OF
REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE NOT
INSURED.
SO, IN 2020, SHEILA AND MYSELF
PUBLISHED A PIECE TO DRAW
ATTENTION TO HOW COVID-19
COMPOUNDS EXISTING STRUCTURAL
INEQUITIES FOR IMMIGRANTS WITH
IMPLICATIONS FOR SEXUAL AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
IMMIGRANT WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE
AGE REALLY FACE SIGNIFICANT
CHALLENGES OBTAINING
COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE AS
COMPARED TO U.S. BORN WOMEN
BECAUSE OF POLICY AND STRUCTURAL
FACTORS.
WE FOCUSED ON HOW SOCIETY
CODIFIES STRUCTURAL
DISADVANTAGES FOR RACIALIZED
IMMIGRANTS INTO GOVERNMENTAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AND HOW
THAT AFFECTS SEXUAL AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
SO THIS IS A SMALL SAMPLE OF THE
SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL
DETERMINANTS.
IMMIGRANTS FACE SOCIAL,
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL BARRIERS TO
OBTAINING SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH CARE.
THEY WERE EXCLUDED FROM COVID
RELIEF EFFORTS ON TOP OF THESE
THINGS.
THESE ARE SOME STRUCTURAL AND
SOCIAL BARRIERS, EMPLOYMENT,
PLACE OF RESIDENCE, RACISM,
XENOPHOBIA, IMMIGRATION POLICY,
EXCLUSION FROM PUBLIC HEALTH
PROBLEMS, ERODING ACCESS TO SRH
AND SRH POLICY.
RESPONDING TO A CALL TO FURTHER
THE RESEARCH AGENDA ON IMPACT OF
STATE LEVEL IMMIGRATION POLICIES
AND SOCIAL POLICIES, SEVERAL
STUDIES HAVE AGGREGATED
IMMIGRATION POLICY AT THE STATE
LEVEL TO CAPTURE EXCLUSIONARY
CONTEXT FOR IMMIGRANTS.
EXPANDING ON THIS WORK AND
REALLY CALLING FOR BETTER
MEASURES OF STRUCTURAL RACISM
AND XENOPHOBIA, IMMIGRATION
POLICY INDEX WHICH I'LL DETAIL
IN THE NEXT FEW SLIDES PROVIDE A
THEORETICAL AND POLICY-INFORMED
MEASURE OF STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA
FOR USE IN POPULATION HEALTH
RESEARCH.
I'M GOING TO DESCRIBE THE
MEASURE AND HOW IT WAS CREATED
AND LINK IT BACK TO SEXUAL,
REPRODUCTIVE, AND MATERNAL
HEALTH.
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA IS
SYSTEMIC RACISM AND REQUIRES
GOING BEYOND INDIVIDUAL MEASURES
OF ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT AND
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS LIKE
NATIVITY.
IT'S ROOTED IN A FEAR AND HATRED
OF IMMIGRANTS AS WELL AS
RACIALIZATION OF IMMIGRANT
EXPERIENCE.
THINKING ABOUT MEASURING
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA IT'S
IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT WHAT IS
THE AERIAL UNIT OR WHAT
GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF THE
STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT ARE OF
PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE.
THIS IS AN AREA OF AN UNSETTLED
DEBATE AMONG SCHOLARS.
MEASURING STRUCTURAL PHENOMENON
AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC SCALES,
THAT IS CENSUS TRACTS OR
COUNTIES OR STATES, CAUSES
SOMETHING CALLED THE MODIFIABLE
AREA UNIT PROBLEM, WHICH CAN
LEAD TO INCONSISTENT FINDINGS
CONCERNING HEALTH.
YOU HAVE TO BE THEORETICALLY
INFORMED, AND IN THIS CASE
IMMIGRATION STATUS IS DETERMINED
AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL BUT STATE
LEVEL POLICIES SERVE AS
SYMBOLIC MARKERS WHO IS ALLOWED
TO INHABIT A CERTAIN SPACE AND
GIVE AN ACCESS TO A WIDE VARIETY
OF SERVICES.
MUCH OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH
RESEARCH FOCUSES ON INDIVIDUAL
LEVEL FACTORS.
WE ALSO NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE
BROADER CLIMATE AND THE STATE
LEVEL CLIMATE FOR IMMIGRATION
HAS SUBSTANTIAL IMPLICATIONS.
MOTIVATION FOR THE CLIMATE
POLICY INDEX WAS REALLY TO BE
INCLUSIVE TO ALL IMMIGRANT
GROUPS FOCUSING ON GROUPS
IMMIGRANTS AND INDEX IS
APPLICABLE TO ALL.
IT'S LONGITUDINAL, COVERS 2009
TO 2019.
THEORETICALLY BASED IN RESEARCH,
SIMPLE IN APPLICATION, POLICIES
AREN'T WEIGHTED A CERTAIN WAY
SCALED THAT MAKES THEM DIFFICULT
TO APPLY.
THIS IS A MEASURE OF OF THE
XENOPHOBIA AND RACISM
EXPERIENCE, WHICH POLICIES ARE
IMPORTANT, INCLUDING THOSE THAT
HAVE A DIFFERENTIAL INFORMATION
ON LEGAL STATUS.
WE INCLUDED POLICIES BASED ON
CONTENT AND NOT NECESSARILY THE
METHOD ENACTED.
POTENTIAL METHODS COULD INCLUDE
LAW, REGULATION, COURT DECISION.
THIS ACTUALLY ENABLED
AGGREGATION ACROSS STATES THAT
ENACT POLICIES IN VERY DIFFERENT
WAYS.
THE POLICY TOPICS INYOU INCLUDED
PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE,
EDUCATION, LABOR,
IDENTIFICATION, ENFORCEMENT.
WE DID A FACTOR ANALYSIS, 14
POLICIES ACROSS THE DOMAINS.
FIVE-FACTOR MODEL IS SUPPORTED
ALIGNING WITH THESE POLICY
TOPICS.
SO THESE ARE SOME OF THE SOURCES
THAT WERE USED ACROSS THE
DOMAIN.
WE CODED 714 U.S. STATE POLICIES
RELATED TO STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA
ACROSS 50 THE CITIES AND
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FROM 2009
TO 2019.
GENERALLY A POLICY WAS CODED AS
INCLUSIONARY WHEN A STATE TOOK
ACTION TO EXTEND THE BENEFIT
THAT WAS NON-ACCESSIBLE TO
NON-CITIZENS AS PART OF A
FEDERAL PROGRAM.
OR WHEN A STATE LIMITED
PARTICIPATION WITH A MANDATORY
EXCLUSIVE FEDERAL POLICY, YOU
CAN SEE CODING BREAKDOWN ON THE
SLIDE, DESIGNED INTENTIONALLY TO
INCLUDE EXCLUSIONARY DOMAIN AND
AN INCLUSIONARY DOMAIN, IN ORDER
TO ENABLE RESEARCHERS WHO ARE
ASKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF
QUESTIONS TO LEVERAGE THE USE OF
THIS TYPE OF MEASURE.
SO SOMETIMES IT'S MORE PERTINENT
TO KNOW IF A MOVEMENT TOWARDS
INCLUSION HAS BENEFITS, AND FOR
OTHER RESEARCH QUESTIONS TO KNOW
IF EXCLUSIONARY AND RACIST AND
DISCRIMINATORY ENVIRONMENTS HAVE
NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON HEALTH.
SO WHAT WERE THE RESULTS WHEN WE
DID THIS CODING?
GENERALLY TWO-THIRDS ADOPTED AT
THE STATE LEVEL ARE EXCLUSIONARY
TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS.
FROM 2009 TO 2019, 33 STATES HAD
ON AVERAGE EXCLUSIVE POLICIES.
RACIAL INCLUSIVE AND EXCLUSIVE
NARROWS OVER TIME.
IN 2009 IT WAS 32% INCLUSIVE,
68% EXCLUSIVE.
IN 2019, 39 PER CENT INCLUSIVE,
61% EXCLUSIVE.
GENERALLY SPEAKING EXCLUSIVE
STATES BECAME MORE EXCLUSIVE,
MORE DISCRIMINATORY, OTHERS WERE
MORE INCLUSIVE, GIVING A
SNAPSHOT OF THE STATES IN 2019.
SO, EIGHT STATES HAD NO POLICIES
IN PLACE THAT ARE CONSIDERED
INCLUSIVE.
FOUR MOST INCLUSIVE STATES ARE
CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON,
NEW YORK.
THEY HAD 7 TO 10 INCLUSIVE
POLICIES IN PLACE, BETWEEN ZERO
AND 1 EXCLUSIVE POLICIES IN
PLACE.
FOUR MOST EXCLUSIVE STATES,
ALABAMA, GEORGIA, INDIANA,
IDAHO, HAD 8 TO 10 EXCLUSIVE
POLICIES IN PLACE WITH ZERO
INCLUSIVE POLICIES.
THIS SHOWS A MAP OF THE U.S. FOR
THE SAME RESULTS IN 2019.
THESE ARE CODED BASED ON
CONCEPTUAL IDEA WHAT IT MEANS TO
HAVE AN INCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE
CLIMATE, THAT IS ANYBODY WITH
FOUR OR MORE INCLUSIVE POLICIES
IN BLUE, LESS IN DARK GRAY, AND
GRAY SHADE IS NEITHER.
SOME STATES WERE REALLY VERY
INCLUSIVE, IN 2019, SO
CALIFORNIA AND OREGON SCORED
MORE THAN 10.
MANY MORE STATES ARE EXCLUSIVE
AS YOU CAN SEE ON THIS MAP.
THE COAST ALSO HAD THE MOST BLUE
OR INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT.
THIS GOES TO SHOW THAT THE
CONTINUOUS IMMIGRATION POLICY
CLIMATE INDEX, IPC INDEX,
INCLUDES ANALYZE INFORMATION
ACROSS FIVE DOMAINS THAT ARE
ROOTED IN YOUR SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH FOR ALL
50 STATES AND D.C. OVER TIME,
2019 TO 2019.
IT CAN EXPAND TO RIGOROUSLY
EVALUATE THE MULTI-LEVEL AND
LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA ON
IMMIGRANT LIVES AND HEALTH.
WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE FOR
IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND PRENATAL
CARE AND BIRTH OUTCOMES?
MANY ASPECTS OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
THIS SHOWS WHEN WE ASSIGN STATE
IMMIGRATION POLICY CLIMATE TO
PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS WITH
SINGLETON BIRTHS ON BASIS OF THE
POLICY CLIMATE IN STATE OF
RESIDENCE, SIX MONTHS PRIOR TO
THE START OF THE PREGNANCY.
YOU CAN OBSERVE DIFFERENCES, SO
THE BLUE LINE, GREENISH BLUE
LINE FOR U.S. BORN LATINX
COMMUNITIES ACTUALLY LIVE IN
MORE INCLUSIVE CLIMATES WHERE
THE Y-AXIS IS SHOWING POSITIVE.
AND THE ORANGISH LINE IS MORE
EXCLUSIVE.
SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE
MORE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE
U.S. BORN LATINX VERSUS U.S.
BORN WHITE VERSUS THOSE FOREIGN
BORN IN COLUMN ON THE RIGHT-HAND
SIDE.
THIS COULD BE, YOU KNOW,
INDIVIDUALS HAVE SOME AGENCY
WHEN GIVEN STRUCTURAL
CONSTRAINTS SO THEY COULD BE
CHOOSING TO LIVE IN AREAS THAT
ARE MORE INCLUSIONARY OR NEUTRAL
IN TERMS OF IMMIGRATION POLICY.
LET ME PRESENT SOME OF THE
FINDINGS.
THIS SHOWS -- THIS IS MODELING
PRENATAL CARE AS OUTCOME.
FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT OVERALL,
LIVING IN AN EXCLUSIONARY STATE
YOU'RE LESS LIKELY TO HAVE
INADEQUATE CARE THAN
INCLUSIONARY STATE.
HOWEVER WHEN YOU START EXPLORING
THE DIFFERENCES BY U.S. BORN
LATINX VERSUS FOREIGN BORN
LATINX RISK OF INADEQUATE CARE
IS HIGHER FOR EXCLUSIONARY SAFE.
IT MATTERS FOR THE FOREIGN BORN
INDIVIDUAL AS OPPOSED TO THE
U.S. BORN INDIVIDUAL.
WE CONDUCTED SIMILAR ANALYSIS
BUT CHANGED EXPOSURE TO THE
DOMAIN OF HEALTH POLICY,
SPECIFICALLY, SO IMMIGRATION
POLICY IN HEALTH POLICY, WHICH
CONSISTED OF FOUR POLICIES TO
REGULATE HEALTH.
THE FINDINGS WERE QUITE SIMILAR.
THIS ANALYSIS IS ONGOING TO LOOK
AT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PRE-TERM BIRTH AND A LOT OF THE
RESEARCH IN THIS SPACE SHOWS
CLEAR NEGATIVE OUTCOMES BETWEEN
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND PRE-TERM
BIRTH, IMMIGRATION POLICY AND
PRE-TERM BIRTH, BUT
INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH WE'RE
SEEING LOOKING OVER TIME FROM
2009 TO 2019 WE'RE SEEING
INVERSE.
AND SO AS WE START TO EXPLORE
THIS RELATIONSHIP, THIS IS
REALLY PRELIMINARY, BUT WE'RE
DIGGING DEEPER INTO DIFFERENT
MODELING APPROACHES AND
POTENTIAL REASONS THAT WE'RE
SEEING THAT BIRTH OUTCOMES ARE
ACTUALLY BETTER IN EXCLUSIONARY
ENVIRONMENTS.
I WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT TO
ACTUALLY ELEVATE THE VOICES OF
IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND HOW WE'RE
DEFINING AND MEASURING
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA AND
RACIALIZATION OF MIGRANTS.
DOES HOW I PROPOSE TO MEASURE
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA RESONATE
WITH IMMIGRANT WOMEN.
I CONDUCTED A STUDY THAT
INVOLVED INTERVIEWS WITH 44
IMMIGRANT WOMEN FROM DIVERSE
NATIONAL ORIGINALS, 19 DIRECT
SERVICE PROVIDERS, FOR THE
IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY.
AND WHEN IMMIGRANT WOMEN WERE
EXPLAINING HOW STRUCTURAL
XENOPHOBIA SHAPES THEIR LIVES,
FOUR MAJOR THEMES EMERGED
INCLUDING IMMIGRATION POLICY,
IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT,
INTERPERSONAL RACISM, AND
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION.
SO I'M GOING TO SHOW SOME OF
THEIR QUOTES.
IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC
EXPLOITATION, THERE'S A SAYING
THAT WE'RE LIKE ORANGES, WE COME
HERE, THEY SQUEEZE US, SEND THE
PEEL BACK TO OUR COUNTRY TO DIE
BECAUSE ALL OUR STRENGTH, YOUTH
AND HEALTH STAYS HERE AND WE
DON'T EVEN HAVE HEALTH
INSURANCE.
WE DON'T HAVE A LIVING WAGE.
WE ARE NOT RESPECTED AS PEOPLE.
FOR INTERPERSONAL RACISM, I
DON'T WANT TO GO TO A HOSPITAL
AND HAVE THEM STARE AND ASK ME
WHAT'S GOING ON, BEING PREGNANT
WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO
COMMUNICATE, SOMETIMES I ASK DO
YOU SPEAK SPANISH OR IS THERE
SOMEONE WHO DOES, I ASK IN
ENGLISH, THEY SAY HERE IS THIS
STUPID WOMAN COMING TO A
HOSPITAL ANDS SHE CAN'T SPEAK
ENGLISH.
WE THINK ABOUT BENEFITS, WHEN
YOU START TO FILL IN INFORMATION
SOMETIMES I DON'T PUT MUCH
BECAUSE THERE MAY BE PEOPLE WHO
MAY CALL IMMIGRATION OR
SOMETHING, THERE ARE BAD PEOPLE
BECAUSE SOMETIMES THEY DO THINGS
ANONYMOUSLY.
SO NO.
LASTLY IN THE IMMIGRATION
ENFORCEMENT DOMAIN, I AM NOT
AMERICAN, THEY TOOK ME TO AN
EXTREME DETENTION FOR
CHILDBIRTH, I WAS PREGNANT AND
THERE WERE A LOT OF
COMPLICATIONS, I LOST MY BABY, I
WAS VERY AFFECTED AT THAT TIME.
THEY REALLY ELEVATE THESE
DIFFERENT THEMES THROUGHOUT
THEIR EXPLANATIONS OF HOW
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA HAS
IMPACTED THEIR LEVELS.
AND WE REALLY FIND THAT
PANDEMIC-RELATED FEARS AS WELL
AS STRUCTURAL INEQUITIES, THOSE
THAT I NAMED, RELATED TO HEALTH
MIGRATION AND GENDER SHAPED
SHIFTS IN CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND
PREFERENCES AMONG PARTICIPANTS.
WE FOUND CONTRACEPTIVE USE WAS
SHAPED BY HEALTH, SAFETY, RACE
INCH, XENOPHOBIA.
PREGNANCY PREFERENCES WERE
SHAPED BY HEALTH AND SAFETY, AS
WELL AS LEGAL BARRIERS, ECONOMIC
CONSTRAINTS.
AND LASTLY I JUST WANT TO
HIGHLIGHT THAT WHILE WE'VE
TALKED ABOUT STRUCTURAL
XENOPHOBIA AND SPEND THE DAY
THINKING ABOUT GENDER AND SEXUAL
MEASURES, STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA
HAS DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS BY SEX,
RACE, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND SO
ON, INTERSECTIONALITY AT ITS
CORE.
STRUCTURAL XENOPHOBIA AS A
DETERMINANT OF HEALTH INTERPLAYS
WITH OTHER STRUCTURAL MEASURES
TO SHAPE HEALTH AND IT'S
IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT THESE
STRUCTURAL MEASURES AS
INTERLOCKING OPPRESSIVE SYSTEMS
THAT INFLUENCE HEALTH.
WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO
ACKNOWLEDGE MY FUNDERS AND MANY
COLLABORATORS THAT MAKE THIS
WORK POSSIBLE.
THANK YOU AL FOR YOUR TIME
TODAY.
>>THANKS, DR. SAMARI.
YOU'VE GIVEN US A LOT TO THINK
ABOUT AND CHEW ON.
WE'RE GOING TO GO -- I BELIEVE
WE OUGHT TO GO THROUGH ALL OF
THE DIFFERENT TALKS AND THEN WE
WILL HAVE OUR QUESTIONS AND
DISCUSSION AT THE END.
SO, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT.
NOW I'M GOING TO MOVE TO DR.
DEREK GRIFFITH, THE FOUNDER AND
CO-DIRECTOR OF THE RACIAL
JUSTICE INSTITUTE, FOUNDER AND
DIRECTOR OF CENTER FOR MEN'S
HEALTH EQUITY, MEMBER OF THE
LOMBARDI COMPREHENSIVE CANCER
CENTER, TENURED PROFESSOR OF
HEALTH SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATION
AND ONCOLOGY AT GEORGETOWN
UNIVERSITY, HAS BEEN A LEADER IN
CONCEPTUALIZING RACISM AS A
DETERMINANT OF HEALTH UTILIZING
ANTI-RACISM LENS TO MITIGATE AND
UNDO HEALTH EFFECTS OF
STRUCTURAL RACISM PROMOTING
BLACK AMERICAN MEN'S HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING AND ADVANCING THE
FIELD.
THE REST OF HIS BIO IS AVAILABLE
ONLINE.
I WILL LEAVE IT THERE.
WELCOME, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
BEING PART OF THIS PANEL, DR.
GRIFFITH.
>>THANK YOU.
I APPRECIATE THE OPENING REMARKS
AND INTRODUCTION.
LET ME ALSO SAY THANK YOU IN
PARTICULAR TO DOCTORS POPKIN,
BARR, TIMKEN FOR INFORMATION AND
SUPPORT.
SO, AS I ENTER THIS CONVERSATION
AND JOIN YOU IN THIS
CONVERSATION, LET ME OF COURSE
BEGIN BY ACKNOWLEDGING HOW
STRUCTURAL RACISM SHAPES THE
CONTEXT IN WHICH WE'RE TALKING
ABOUT.
AS WE'VE HEARD, THE ROLE OF
STRUCTURAL SEXISM AND
INTERSECTION IS REALLY CRITICAL,
LOU WE'RE GOING TO HOPEFULLY
ACHIEVE HEALTH EQUITY.
I'M TRYING TO GET TO THE MORE
PRAGMATIC OF HOW DO WE DEAL WITH
THESE ISSUES, TO RAISE A
PARTICULAR ISSUE AROUND A
SPECIFIC POPULATION AND NO
SURPRISE THIS WILL BE
SPECIFICALLY BLACK MEN.
SO, OKAY.
AGAIN, THIS IS AGAIN THANK YOU
TO DR. JORDAN-YOUNG FOR SETTING
THE STAGE FOR THIS TALK AND THIS
SESSION.
I WON'T BELABOR THIS BUT OFTEN
MEN'S AND WOMEN'S HEALTH ARE
TREATED AS COMPETITORS IN A ZERO
SUM CONTEST FOR SCARCE
RESOURCES.
WE'RE TRYING TO TREAT IT AS
THOUGH IT TAKES AWAY FROM THE
OTHER.
WHAT WE CLEARLY SAW FROM EARLIER
PRESENTATIONS THAT THIS SYSTEM
THAT WE HAVE IS NOT SERVING ANY
ANYONE WELL, NOT MEN OR WOMEN OR
THOSE IN MINORITIES.
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND NOT THE
SYSTEM IS AFFECTING BUT WHAT WE
NEED TO DO UNIQUELY ACROSS --
FOR EACH SPECIFIC GROUP.
PROMOTING EFFORTS, IF WE THINK
ABOUT THE WAY MEN'S AND WOMEN'S
HEALTH CAN BE STRATEGIC ALLIES,
THIS IDEA OF GENDER
DISAGGREGATION, WAYS TO CREATE
GENDER-SENSITIVE PROGRAMMING AND
POLICY METRICS, RECOGNIZING
GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSIONS
EXIST BEYOND THE TRADITIONALLY
OFFAL GENDER BINARY AND
INTERSECTING WITH RACE AND
ETHNICITY, IMMIGRATION, SO
FORTH, ALL THINGS THAT WE CAN
SHARE EFFORTS, WAYS WE CAN POINT
TO AGREEMENT TO BUILD FROM IN
TERMS OF THIS EFFORT OF
INCLUDING MEN IN THIS GENDER
CONVERSATION.
WE'VE DONE THIS WORK TO A
DEGREE, I'M BEEN FORTUNATE TO
COLLABORATE WITH FOLKS.
THIS IS THANK YOU TO ROSEMARY
MORGAN AND LEADERS OF THE GENDER
AND COVID WORKING GROUP GOING IN
020 AND 2021.
AND DR. MORGAN AND OTHERS
ORGANIZED THIS GROUP AND WE
LOOKED AT BASICALLY THE WAYS
COVID WAS AFFECTING THE HEALTH
OF SPECIFIC POPULATIONS.
AND WE SAW THAT THERE WAS THIS
COMPETING NARRATIVE, THESE
THINGS PLAYING OUT, THAT THE
WAYS THE CONVERSATION AROUND
GENDER WERE GOING IN OUR
LARGER -- IN THE LARGER COVID
CONTEXT WERE REALLY THIS
COMPETING NARRATIVE AND ZERO SUM
GAME UNTIL WE WANTED TO COME
TOGETHER AS SCHOLARS IN WOMEN'S
HEALTH, MEN'S HEALTH, SEXUAL AND
GENDER MINORITY HEALTH TO THINK
ABOUT RECOMMENDATIONS WE MIGHT
OFFER THAT WOULD SERVE EVERYONE
AND WAYS TO THINK ABOUT THOSE
RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICIES WE
WOULD PROPOSE GOING FORWARD.
WITHOUT GETTING INTO THE WEEDS,
OFFERING THAT AS A WAY WE'VE
THOUGHT ABOUT THESE BROAD
PICTURES.
IN THE GENDER CONVERSATION I'M
GOING TO SPEND MY REMARKS AND MY
TIME AGAIN TALKING SPECIFICALLY
ABOUT BLACK MEN'S HEALTH AS A
WAY TO BRING MEN'S HEALTH INTO
THE CONVERSATION AROUND GENDER.
VERY EXPLICITLY.
AND TO GO INTO DEPTH ABOUT WHY
MAKE A CASE FOR WHY MEN'S HEALTH
NEEDS TO BE MORE CENTRAL TO THE
CONVERSATION, THINKING ABOUT IT
THROUGH MUCH MORE OF AN
INTERSECTIONAL LENS THAN MANY
WAYS THAT OFTEN MEN'S HEALTH IS
OFTEN PRESENTED.
I BEGIN WITH THIS QUOTE FROM
PROBABLY VERY FAMILIAR TO MANY
OF YOU, FROM THE PREFACE OF
RALPH ELLISON'S INVISIBLE MAN
THAT SORT OF -- THIS IS WRITTEN
70 YEARS AGO, SPEAKING TO
INTENTIONAL INVISIBILITY THAT
COMES WITH IGNORING CERTAIN
POPULATION GROUPS.
THE PIECE THAT CAME UP FOR ME AS
I WAS PREPARING THIS WAS ONE OF
THE THINGS THAT CAME UP IN
CONVERSATION WITH ATTENTION THAT
HAPPENED WITH GEORGE FLOYD AND
THOSE FACTORS, AS A STRONG
RACIAL NARRATIVE WE DIDN'T SEE
HOW RACE INTERSECTED WITH
GENDER, GEORGE PLOYED WAS BLACK
AND A MAN, AFFECTING THE
PRACTICE OF THE POLICE IN THE
LARGER CONVERSATION AFTER.
THIS IDEA OF READING BRIEFLY,
I'M A MAN OF SUBSTANCE, FLESH
AND BONE, FIBER AND LIQUIDS, I
MIGHT EVEN BE SAID TO POSSESS A
MIND.
I'M INVISIBLE, UNDERSTAND,
BECAUSE PEOPLE REFUSE TO SEE ME.
WHEN THEY APPROACH THEY SEE MY
SURROUNDINGS, THEMSELVES,
EVERYTHING AND ANYTHING EXCEPT
ME.
IT SPEAKS TO THE WHOLENESS OF
HOW WE TEND TO THINK ABOUT BLACK
MEN AND MEN IN GENERAL, I'M
GOING TO CENTER ON BLACK MEN.
STARTING ALSO INTO THIS
CONVERSATION, I WANT TO SPEAK TO
THE NARRATIVE AROUND MEN'S
HEALTH, THE REASON MEN HAVE POOR
HEALTH IN GENERAL IS BECAUSE
WE'RE BASICALLY -- IT'S OUR
BELIEF AND EMBODIMENT OF AND
WILLINGNESS TO BUY INTO
TRADITIONAL GENDER NORMS
HETERONORMATIVE IDEALS,
HEGOMONIC MENTALITY, THAT WOULD
SOLVE OUR HEALTH PROBLEMS,
THAT'S ALL WE NEED TO DO, THAT
HAS DRIVEN THE WAY WE THINK
ABOUT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS IF
MEN ARE INVOLVED.
WE HAVE A SYSTEM THAT ADVANTAGED
MALE BODIES WE'VE NOT SEEN MEN
AS GENDERED BODIES IN THAT
SYSTEM SO WE HAVEN'T LOOKED
THROUGH A GENDERED LENS, THE
GENDER PIECE IS CENTRAL TO THE
CONVERSATION WHY THE OFFICE OF
WOMEN'S HEALTH PUT FORWARD THIS
WEBINAR AND SERIES ALSO TO THE
LARGER CONVERSATION.
IT'S BEEN THESE NARRATIVES, I'VE
RECEIVED THIS WHEN I WAS OFFERED
SUGGESTIONS OF HOW WE CAN THINK
ABOUT IN MY OWN WORK CANCER
PREVENTION, INTERVENTIONS,
PARTICULARLY AS RELATED TO
EATING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY,
THAT WE'RE NOT EQUALLY REACHING
MEN AND WOMEN, THAT OFTEN THE
RESPONSE I GOT FROM COLLEAGUES
WHO DID THIS WORK IN OBESITY AND
RELATED ISSUES WAS THAT
INTERVENTIONS WERE FINE, IT WAS
JUST THAT MEN WERE NOT
PARTICIPATING, IT WAS NOTHING WE
NEEDED TO DO AS A SCHOLARLY
COMMUNITY DO INTERVENE, TO
CHANGE THE WAY WE'RE GENDERING
APPROACHES, INTERVENTIONS AND
COMPONENTS OF THE INTERVENTION,
IT WAS JUST THAT WE NEEDED TO
CHANGE MEN.
THE IDEA WE HAVE NO ROLE AS A
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS ALSO
PROBLEMATIC.
ONE OF THE WAYS I WANT TO ENTER
THAT PART OF THE CONVERSATION IS
TO MOVE INTO, AGAIN, THIS IDEA
OF COVID AND HOW WE THOUGHT
ABOUT SOME OF THESE ISSUES.
THIS IS COMING FROM THE
PROBLEMATIC ASPECT OF THIS
APPROACH IS THAN IT PAINTS ALL
MEN WITH THE SAME HOMOGENIZING
BROAD BRUSH AND ASSUMES OUR
ATTITUDES, IDENTITIES, BELIEFS,
BEHAVIORS ARE CONSISTENT WITH
THIS HEGOMONI IDEAL, SIMPLY NOT
TRUE.
THIS WAS CHARACTERIZING BLACK
MEN WHO DIED DISPROPORTIONATELY
IN THE COVID PANDEMIC, I'LL SHOW
THAT YOU IN JUST A MINUTE, A
REPORTER WHO WORKS FOR THE
"WASHINGTON POST" WROTE THIS
BEES THAT WAS CHARACTERIZING
WHAT IT MEANT TO LOSE THIS
GENERATION OF YOUNG BLACK MEN IN
THESE COMMUNITIES.
WHAT I WANT TO BRING YOUR
ATTENTION TO IS THESE
CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHE'S
HIGHLIGHTING ARE NOT CONSISTENT
OR EXCLUSIVELY CONSISTENT
THINKING ABOUT GENDER AND IDEALS
AS RELATES TO MEN.
HARD WORKING, AMBITIOUS,
OPTIMISTIC, TRYING TO LIFT
OTHERS WITH THEMSELVES ARE NOT
NECESSARILY CONSISTENT WITH THE
WAYS WE CHARACTERIZE HEGOMONIC I
DEALS.
I DO A LOT OF QUALITATIVE WORK,
THIS IS FROM THE WORK WE'VE DONE
OVER THE YEARS, THIS IDEA OF MEN
PUTTING -- PART OF THE REASON
THAT COUNTERS THIS NARRATIVE
THAT IT'S ALL ABOUT MEN'S
ABILITY, DESIRE TO BUY INTO
LARGER HEGOMONIC IDEALS, HOW DO
MEN TALK ABOUT WHAT THEY ARE
ASPIRING TO, WHAT ARE THEIR
GOALS AND IDEALS?
THIS IS FROM A MAN TALKING ABOUT
THIS IDEA THAT I'M GOING -- I'M
NOT GOING TO READ BUT HIGHLIGHT
KEY PARTS THAT A MAN WAS TALKING
ABOUT THE MESSAGES, GENDER
SOCIALIZATION FROM HIS FATHER,
AND THIS IDEA OF HIS FAMILY CAME
FEATHER, HEALTH SECOND.
HE DIDN'T FOCUS ON HIS HEALTH.
IT WAS NOT A PRIORITY, THAT IT
WAS SOMETHING HE WAS SUPPOSED TO
DO AND INVEST IN THIS RELATIONAL
IDEA OF WHAT MASCULINITY AND
HEALTH MEANT THAT THOSE ARE THE
THINGS HE WAS SUPPOSED TO TRY TO
EMBODY AND LIVE OUT AND PART OF
HIS IDEALS.
THIS IDEA OF BEING A MAN IS
ABOUT CHARACTER.
WHEN YOU ASK MEN ABOUT THESE
IDEALS, THESE ARE THE THINGS
WE'VE HEARD WHEN WE'VE TALKED TO
THEM AND PUBLISHED ON THIS WORK,
THAT WHAT DEFINES A MAN, A
PARTICULAR MAN SAID IT'S
CHARACTER, HOW YOU TREAT OTHER
PEOPLE, HOW HE TREATS OTHER
PEOPLE, HIS CHARACTER, HIS
IDENTITY, WHO IS AROUND HIM,
WHAT HE GIVES OF HIMSELF, AND
LOVE, NOT THE TYPICAL WORDS YOU
HEAR WITH HEGOMONIC ACTIVITY,
HOW MUCH LOVE THESE ABLE TO GIVE
AND INSPIRE SOMEONE IS MORE
CONSISTENT WITH HOW MEN, IF YOU
ASK WHAT THEY ARE TRYING TO DO
AROUND MASCULINITY, THESE ARE
THE THINGS THAT WE'RE ACTUALLY
TRYING TO DO.
SO WE BUILD OUR INTERVENTIONS
FROM THIS STANDPOINT BECAUSE
THESE ARE THE THINGS MEN ARE
TELLING US.
WE'RE TRIAL TO BALANCE
STRUCTURAL AND INDIVIDUAL
INTERVENTIONS, IN THE STRUCTURAL
CONTEXT HOW DO MEN OPERATE AND
PERFORM, LOOKING AT MICRODETAILS
AND TRY TO MARRY THAT IN THE
WORK WE'RE DOING TO LOOK AT OUR
INTERVENTIONS, HOW DO WE EXPLORE
HOW MEN THINK ABOUT AND ADDRESS
THESE ISSUES IN THEIR OWN LIVES,
CONNECT IT TO THE STRUCTURAL
CONSTRAINTS AND BARRIERS THEY
FACE IN THE WORLD.
SO JUST TO HIGHLIGHT THIS, ONE
OF THE THINGS WE DID TO EXPLAIN
THE PATTERNS WE SAW OF COVID AND
BLACK MEN DYING
DISPROPORTIONATELY DURING THE
COVID-19 PANDEMIC, MEN DIED
THROUGHOUT THE PANDEMIC FROM THE
EARLIEST REPORTS IN CHINA AND
ITALY, THAT WERE PUBLISHED IN
"THE LANCET" OR THROUGHOUT
EVERYWHERE ELSE WE SAW FAIRLY,
FOR THE MOST PART IN THE WORLD,
MEN WERE DYING AT HIGHER RATES
THAN WOMEN, PARTICULARLY MEN OF
COLOR, WHETHER IN THE U.K. AND
OTHER PLACES THAT MEN OF COLOR
WERE DYING AT HIGHER RATES.
WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURAL FACTORS
LIKE STRUCTURAL RACISM, HOW
STRUCTURAL RACISM, THE
INTERSECTION OF STRUCTURAL
RACISM, SYNDEMICS AND
INTERSECTIONALITY REQUIRED US TO
THINK ABOUT HOW DO WE THINK
ABOUT AND DESCRIBE STRUCTURAL
CONTEXT MORE PRECISELY THAN
STRUCTURAL RACISM?
TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIQUE
EXPERIENCE OF BLACK MEN WE
NEEDED TO THINK ABOUT ANTI-BLACK
RACISM AND HOW THAT'S GENDERED,
HOW THAT CONTEXT AND THOSE
UNIQUE PARTS REALLY DO SHAPE THE
LIVES OF BLACK MEN.
SO YOU HAVE THIS GROUP THAT HAS
A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF THESE
VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES THAT
PUT YOU FUNDAMENTALLY AT RISK
FOR COVID IN ADDITION TO LIVING
IN COMMUNITIES AND CONTEXTS
WHERE THERE'S A HIGHER RISK AND
INFECTION RATE OF COVID AS WELL
AS FEWER RESOURCES TO MITIGATE
COVID, MUCH LESS ALSO LESS
ACCESS TO THE VACCINE, THIS WAS
EVEN PRIOR TO THE VACCINE, BUT
EVEN WHEN VACCINE WAS AVAILABLE,
VACCINE ACCESS CERTAINLY WAS
SHAPED BY THESE FACTORS LIKE
RACE, PLACE, GENDER.
THIS IDEA OF STRUCTURAL
INTERACTION LOOKING AT STRESS
RESPONSE, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT
STRUCTURAL RACISM AS ROOT CAUSE,
HELPED TO EXPLAIN HOW WE THOUGHT
ABOUT THIS IDEA OF MEN'S
INCREASED MORTALITY FROM COVID,
AND MEN'S INCREASED MORTALITY
DURING THE COVID CONTEXT,
BECAUSE THERE WERE HIGHER RATES
OF CHRONIC DISEASE MORTALITY
FROM HEART DISEASE DURING COVID
EVEN IF MEN DID NOT DIE OF
COVID.
SO WHAT WE DID IS APPLIED
KIMBERLE CRENSHAW'S FRAMEWORK OF
INTERSECTIONALITY, A WAY
DESCRIBED IT IN THE 1991 PAPER,
THREE COMPONENTS OF
INTERSECTIONALITY, AND, AGAIN,
RATHER THAN USING
INTERSECTIONALITY AS A BROAD
TERM, WE REALLY WANTED TO BE
MUCH MORE PRECISE AND THINK
ABOUT SPECIFICALLY HOW DO WE
THINK ABOUT THESE DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS AND WHAT DO THEY HAVE
TO DO WITH CONTEXT OF COVID AS
WELL AS JUST OVERALL MORTALITY.
SO THE WAY WE APPLIED IT, WE
USED HER FRAMEWORK OF STRUCTURAL
AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
INTERSECTIONALITY, AND TALKED
ABOUT BASICALLY THE
STRUCTURAL -- THE WAY SHE
DESCRIBED IS WAS THE LARGER
CHARACTERIZATION, POLITICAL IS
WHO WAS PRIORITIZED, WHERE THE
POWER WENT, WHO IS RENDERED
INVISIBLE AND VISIBLE, IN TERMS
OF POLICY AND PRACTICE AND HOW
WE DIDN'T THINK ABOUT -- USUALLY
WHEN WE PRESENT DATA WE HERE,
MEANING THE NIH, AND CDC, WHEN
DATA WERE PRESENTED AT A FEDERAL
LEVEL OR MOST SOURCES WE SAW OF
COURSE THE TYPICAL, YOU HAVE A
LINE FOR SEX, SEPARATE LINE FOR
RACE, YOU DIDN'T SEE THE
INTERSECTION.
GENDER WAS NOT REPRESENTED IN
THAT PICTURE AT ALL BUT THE IDEA
THAT WE PRESENTED THOSE THINGS
IN THOSE WAYS LED TO THE
INVISIBILITY, INTERSECTIONALITY
TO ADDRESS.
REPRESENTATION, WE'RE SPEAKING
TO THE WAITS IMAGES OF BLACK
MEN WERE REPRODUCED, HOW THAT
HELPED TO MARGINALIZE BLACK MEN
IN THIS PICTURE.
JUST TO HIGHLIGHT ONE OF THE
MORE COMPLEX THINGS ABOUT
APPLYING THIS IDEA OF
INTERSECTIONALITY TO MEN AND
MEN'S HEALTH IS CLEARLY MEN ARE
NOT UNIVERSALLY ADVANTAGED, THE
IDEA OF HOW TO THINK ABOUT
STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES MEN HAVE
AS A RESULT OF NOT FACING SEXISM
AND BENEFITING FROM A SYSTEM
THAT DIFFERENTIALLY BENEFITS MEN
IS IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT HOW
IN THOSE CONTEXTS THAT ALSO
INTERSECTS WITH THINGS LIKE
RACE.
AND SO A CONCEPT THAT CAME FROM
THE WORK OF AN INTERVIEW, MEN
AND WOMEN BUT THEN HER BOOK WAS
JUST ABOUT BLACK MEN IN THIS
CONTEXT WHO WERE SUCCESS IN
PARTICULAR FIELDS AND THEIR
PARTICULAR CHOSEN FIELDS, AND
SUCCESSFUL IN THIS CONTEXT MEANT
LEADERS IN, SAY, CORRESPONDENT
AMERICA, HIGHER LEVEL BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION, WHITE COLLAR
JOBS AND SO FORTH.
THAT SHE CAME UP WITH THIS TERM,
PARTIAL TOKENISM, THAT I FOUND
REALLY USEFUL, THAT HIGHLIGHTS
EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL
IN ONE AREA OF THEIR LIFE,
HEIGHTENED VISIBILITY AND
CONSPICUOUSNESS THAT CAME FROM
BEING IN THAT SPACE, FROM BEING
SUCCESSFUL, LET TO HEIGHTENED
LEVEL OF TREES.
IN-- STRESS.
IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE WAYS THE
CONTEXT IS CREATED BEFORE HEALTH
IT HAS TO DO WITH OPERATING
THROUGH STRESS MECHANISMS.
IF WE THINK THROUGH THAT LENS,
THE EFFORTS THAT IN THIS CASE
BLACK MEN IN HIGHER MORE
SUCCESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS GOING
OUT OF THEIR WAY TO APPEAR SAFE
AND NOT THREATENING THE IDEA OF
DOING THE WORK WAS SO IMPORTANT
THEY FELT THEY WERE DOING
THINGS, HEIGHTENED VISIBILITY
WAS IMPORTANT FOR THEM TO OFFER
WAYS, ENACT WAYS THEY HAD TO BE
HYPERVISIBLE, THE IDEA OF
VIGILANCE BY DAVID WILLIAMS AND
OTHERS TALK ABOUT THAT THE IDEA
OF VIGILANCE, THAT YOU'RE PAYING
ATTENTION AND GOING OUT OF YOUR
WAY TO WORK STEREOTYPES AND
IDEAS THAT COUNTER THIS IDEA
THAT YOU ACTUALLY HAVE CHARACTER
AND ACTUALLY ARE REPRESENTATIVE
WELL WITHIN A PARTICULAR GROUP.
SPEAKING TO DR. JORDAN-YOUNG'S
OPENING, HIGHLIGHTING SOME
REMARKS FROM DR. KRIEGER, THAT
THIS IDEA OF, YOU KNOW, GENDER
BEING A PRODUCT OF HISTORY, THIS
IDEA OF BLACK MEN, HAVING A
SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY, IS
SOMETHING THAT WE'VE SEEN
BASICALLY SINCE WE'VE HAD DATA,
CERTAINLY SINCE WE'VE HAD THIS
PERIOD OF OVER 120 YEARS, OF
LOOKING AT THINGS LIKE LIFE
EXPECTANCY.
IF I HOED YOU THE GRAPH YOU
WOULD SEE BLACK MEN FROM 1900
THROUGH 2021 HAVING A SHORTER
LIFE EXPECTANCY.
NOT QUITE AS INTERESTING AS
SHOWING HOW GAPS BETWEEN BLACK
MEN AND WHITE MEN WERE CHANGING
OVER TIME.
MY WAY OF DESCRIBING WHAT WE SEE
HERE WAS BLACK MEN AS REFERENCE
GROUP IS THAT THE RACIAL
DIFFERENCE BASICALLY HAS
DECLINED OVER THIS 120-YEAR
PERIOD, WHILE THE GENDER
DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF MORTALITY
AND LIFE EXPERIENCE HAS GROWN.
PART OF THE QUESTION, THIS IS
CONSISTENT WITH LARGER WORK THAT
TALKED ABOUT SEX DIFFERENCE IN
MORTALITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY IS
A 20th CENTURY PHENOMENON.
WE HAVEN'T TALKED ABOUT WHAT IS
IT ABOUT GENDER AND HOW IS IT OF
IS IT OUR LIVES HAVE BEEN
GENDERED THROUGH TECHNOLOGY,
PUBLIC HEALTH INNOVATION AND
OTHER THINGS THAT PROVIDED
CONTEXT FOR US TO UNDERSTAND WHY
THESE PATS EARNS AND WHY --
PATTERNS, AND WHY EVERYONE HAS
NOT BENEFITED OVER TIME.
ONE OF THE THINGS I WANT TO
HIGHLIGHT IN THIS CONTEXT IS
THIS IDEA OF GENDER AND WHO GETS
TO BE COUNTED AS A DISPARITY
POPULATION, IF WE WANT TO USE
THAT LANGUAGE, THAT IF WE THINK
ABOUT THE WAYS THAT GENDER AND,
I'M SORRY, HEALTH DISPARITIES
AND WHAT THAT MEANS IN TERMS OF
IDENTIFYING A SPECIFIC
POPULATION THAT IS WORTHY OF
ADDITIONAL RESOURCE ATTENTION
AND SO FORTH, MEN BECAUSE WE'RE
NOT STRUCTURALLY DISADVANTAGED
IN OUR SOCIETY DON'T COUNT IN
THE CONVERSATION AROUND HEALTH
EQUITY AND THOSE THINGS.
BLACK MEN DON'T MAKE THEIR WAY
INTO THESE CONVERSATIONS UNLESS
THEY ENTER THROUGH THE DOOR OF
RACE.
IF INEQUITIES AND DISPARITIES
AND THROUGH THINGS LIKE NIMHD
ARE NOT THE WAYS THAT MEN AND
PARTICULARLY BLACK MEN CAN ENTER
INTO A CONVERSATION AND
INTERVENTIONS AND FUNDING FOR
THESE RESOURCES WHERE ARE WE
SUPPOSED TO GET RESOURCES FOR
THESE GROUPS?
AS WE THINK ABOUT ISSUES LIKE
THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE
AROUND MEN'S HEALTH THAT WE HAVE
IN STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH
DEPARTMENTS, IT MATTERS THAT WE
HAVE NO OFFICES OF MEN'S HEALTH
AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL, AND THE
FACT THAT WE HAVE NONE OF THESE
OFFICES AT THAT LEVEL, THE FACT
THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT THINGS LIKE
HEALTHY PEOPLE, THAT NONE OF THE
OBJECTIVES OF HEALTHY PEOPLE
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF
POTENTIALLY PROSTATE CANCER
ACTUALLY LINK TO LEADING CAUSE
OF DEATH FOR MEN, AND SO WE HAVE
THESE STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS THAT
ARE FEEDING INTO AND
INTERCONNECTING WITH THE WAYS
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THESE
ISSUES, THAT WE ALSO NEED TO
FACTOR INTO THIS CONVERSATION.
SO, IT REALLY IS CRITICAL TO
THINK ABOUT GENDER AND HOW BOYS
AND MEN FIT INTO THE
CONVERSATION.
I HOPE WE'RE ABLE TO CONTINUE TO
HAVE MORE OF A DISCUSSION.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU, DR. GRIFFITH.
YOU'VE GIVEN US A LOT OF NEW
MATERIAL TO THINK WITH.
I APPRECIATE THAT A LOT.
WE'RE GOING TO KEEP MOVING AND
GATHER THE QUESTIONS AT THE END.
SO, NEXT I'M HAPPY TO PRESENT
DR. HEATHER BULLOCK, PROFESSOR
OF PSYCHOLOGY, DIRECTOR OF THE
BLUM CENTER ON POVERTY, SOCIAL
ENTERPRISE AND GOVERNANCE AT
U.C. SANTA CRUZ.
DR. BULLOCK IS EXPERT ON SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL CLASS AND
POVERTY, SERVED AS THE INAUGURAL
CHAIR OF AMERICANPSYCHOLOGICAL
COMMITTEE, A MEMBER OF DEEP
POVERTY INITIATIVE WORKING
GROUP.
I'LL LEAVE MY INTRO THERE AND
LET YOU READ THE REST BECAUSE
THERE'S PLENTY TO SAY WE DON'T
HAVE TIME.
DR. BULLOCK, WELCOME.
WE LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING FROM
YOU.
>>THANK YOU TO THE CONFERENCE
ORGANIZERS FOR BRINGING US
TOGETHER AND EVERYONE JOINING
TODAY.
IT'S A REAL HONOR TO SPEAK WITH
YOU.
FEMINIZATION OF POSER REFERS TO
UNEQUAL STATE OF MEP'S AND
WOMEN'S POVERTY RATES AND
PROCESSES BY WHICH WOMEN'S RISK
OF POVERTY HAS INCREASINGLY
EXCEEDED THAT OF MEN'S.
DIANA PIERCE COINED THE TERM THE
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY, IN 1978
BASED ON HER RESEARCH
DOCUMENTING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
GENDER AND POVERTY.
SPECIFICALLY, INCREASING
CONCENTRATION OF POVERTY AMONG
WOMEN.
THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
PERSISTS WITH WOMEN ACROSS ALL
REGIONS OF THE WORLD,
EXPERIENCING HIGHER RATES OF
POVERTY THAN MEN.
WE DON'T HAVE TO LOOK FAR TO
FIND EVIDENCE OF THE
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN THE
UNITED STATES.
IN THE U.S., WOMEN ARE MORE
LIKELY TO LIVE IN POVERTY THAN
MEN, IN 2020, 11.5% OF WOMEN
LIVED BELOW THE POVERTY
THRESHOLDS COMPARED TO 8.6% OF
MEN.
APPROXIMATELY 19% OF BLACK
WOMEN, 16.8% OF LATINX WOMEN,
8.9% OF WHITE WOMEN, 8.7% OF
ASIAN WOMEN EXPERIENCED POVERTY,
COMPARED TO 6.8% OF WHITE MEN.
WOMEN OUTSIDE THE U.S.
EXPERIENCE HIGH RATES OF
POVERTY.
FURTHER EVIDENCE COMES FROM
EXAMINING POVERTY RATES IN
CONJUNCTION ARE PARENTAL AND
FAMILY STATUS.
FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN HEADED BY
SINGLE MOTHERS EXPERIENCE HIGHER
POVERTY RATES THAN FAMILIES
HEADED BY SINGLE FATHERS OR
MARRIED FAMILIES.
IN 2020 THE POVERTY RATE FOR
FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN HEADED BY
SINGLE MOTHERS WAS 32.1%,
COMPARED TO 14.3% FOR FAMILIES
WITH CHILDREN HEADED BY SINGLE
FATHERS, AND 5.9% FOR MARRIED
FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN.
POVERTY RATES ARE CONSISTENTLY
HIGHEST AMONG FEMALE-HEADED
HOUSEHOLDS OF COLOR.
FOOD AND HOUSING INSECURITY ARE
ALSO POWERFUL INDICATORS OF THE
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY.
IN THE FIRST HALF OF MARCH 2022,
MORE THAN 1 IN 5 BLACK MEN AND 1
IN 6 LATINAS REPORTED SOMETIMES
OR OFTEN NOT HAVING ENOUGH FOOD
TO EAT IN THE PRIOR SEVEN DAYS.
RATES OF HOUSING INSECURITY ARE
EQUALLY TROUBLING.
OVER 4.5 MILLION WOMEN WHO ARE
RENTERS REPORT BEING BEHIND ON
RENT PAYMENTS IN THE FIRST HALF
OF MARCH.
HIGHER PERCENTAGES OF BLACK AND
LATINA WOMEN WERE BEHIND ON
THEIR RENT, THAN WHITE WOMEN AND
MEN.
AS WITH POVERTY, HOMELESSNESS IS
ALSO FEMINIZED.
THE TYPICAL UNHOUSE THE FAMILY
IS HEADED BY LOW INCOME SINGLE
MOTHERS, CARING FOR TWO CHILDREN
UNDER THE AGE OF 6, WITH
FAMILIES OF COLOR
OVERREPRESENTED.
THESE INEQUITIES ARE INDICATIVE
OF STRUCTURAL RACISM, SEXISM,
CLASSISM.
AND OCCUR IN THE CONTEXT OF
CONCENTRATED INCOME AND WEALTH
THAT DR. KRIEGER DISCUSSED THIS
MORNING.
POVERTY IS A MODIFIABLE SOCIAL
DETERMINANT OF HEALTH.
AS THESE STATISTICS MAKE CLEAR,
WOMEN'S POVERTY MUST BE
UNDERSTOOD THROUGH
INTERSECTIONAL LENS.
INTERSECTIONALITY IS AN ANALYTIC
FRAMEWORK THAT SIMULTANEOUSLY
CONSIDERS THE MEANINGS AND
CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE
CATEGORIES OF IDENTITY,
DIFFERENCE, MARGINALIZATION,
UNLIKE SINGLE ACCESS ANALYSES
THAT FOCUS ON ONE DIMENSION OF
IDENTITY, INTERSECTIONALITY,
ILLUMINATES THE COMPLEXITIES OF
MULTIPLE OPPRESSION ALSO.
IMPORTANTLY, INTERSECTIONAL LENS
TREATS SYSTEMS OF POWER AS
INTERLOCKING, WORKING TOGETHER
TO SHAPE INEQUALITIES.
SYSTEMS OF POWER OPERATE AT THE
MACRO LEVEL, VIA INSTITUTIONS
AND POLICIES, AT THE MESO LEVEL,
INTRAGROUP RELATIONS, MICRO
LEVEL VIA PREJUDICE AND
INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION.
INTERSECTING CLASSES AND RACES
AND SEXISM, ARE THE ROOTS OF THE
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY,
MANIFESTED IN LABOR MARKET
INEQUITIES, SOCIETAL DEVALUATION
OF CAREGIVING LABOR, GENDERED
VIOLENCE, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
EXCLUSION, WEAK SAFETY NET
PROGRAMS, AS WELL AS MANY OTHER
POWER DYNAMICS, TOO MANY TO LIST
HERE.
INTERSECTIONALITY COMPLEMENTS
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, BY
DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE ROOT
CAUSES OF INEQUITIES.
YOU'RE LIKELY FAMILIAR WITH
HEALTH-FREE MODELS SUCH AS THIS
PORTRAYING SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
OF HEALTH AND RELATIONSHIPS TO
HEALTH OUTCOMES.
WHAT SETS THIS BY THE HEALTH
RESEARCH IN ACTION APART FROM
OTHERS IS THAT EMPHASIS ON THE
ROOT CAUSES OF INEQUITIES.
NOTICE THAT THIS MODEL INCLUDES
THE TREE'S SOIL, DOMINANT
SOCIOCULTURAL VALUES AND
BELIEFS, SUCH AS INDIVIDUALISM,
PATRIARCHY, WHITE SUPREMACY, AS
WELL AS THE TREE'S ROOTS,
DISCRIMINATION AND UNEQUAL
DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES.
OBVIOUSLY, THERE ARE FAR TOO
MANY ROOTS AND TOO MUCH SOIL TO
POSSIBLY DISPLAY HERE.
THIS IS A NECESSARILY INCOMPLETE
LIST, ENCOURAGING TO US DIG
DEEPER TO EXPOSE THE STRUCTURAL
ROOTS OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH THEMSELVES AND ATTITUDES
AND BELIEFS THAT LEGITIMIZE
INEQUITIES.
FOR THE REMAINDER OF MY TALK
I'LL ILLUSTRATE HOW INTERSECTING
CLASSES AND RACISM AND SEXISM
CONTRIBUTE TO FEMINIZATION OF
POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS AND
STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING
WOMEN'S POVERTY.
I HIGHLIGHT FINDINGS FROM
INTERVIEWS WITH 46 CURRENTLY AND
FORMERLY UNHOUSED MOTHERS WHO
PARTICIPATED IN COMPLEMENTARY
INTERVIEW STUDIES.
ONE PORTION CAME FROM INTERVIEWS
WITH MOTHERS LIVING IN A
RESIDENTIAL SHELTER THAT HOUSES
FAMILIES FOR UP TO SIX MONTHS.
THE OTHER PORTION COMES FROM
INTERVIEWS WITH FORMERLY
UNHOUSED MOTHERS WHO LIVED WITH
THEIR CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL
SHELTERS FOR 30 DAYS OR MORE,
OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS.
INTERVIEWS FOCUSED ON LIFE
HISTORIES, EXPERIENCES OF
HOMELESSNESS, PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
USE, UNMET NEEDS.
WE IDENTIFIED TWO PATHWAYS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO WOMEN'S ECONOMIC
AND HOUSING PRE-CARITY FOCUSED
ON VIOLENCE, REPORTING ABUSIVE
EXPERIENCES THAT PRECIPITATED
MOST RECENT EPISODES OF
HOMELESSNESS INCLUDING PHYSICAL
AND SEXUALITY ASSAULT,
KIDNAPPING, FORCED IMPRISONMENT,
EMOTIONAL ABUSE, COERCED DRUG
USE, FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION.
ABUSE WAS RARELY ISOLATED OR
SINGULAR, INSTEAD MULTIPLE
CO-OCCURRING FORMS OF IPV WORKED
IN CONCERT TO DEEPEN HARDSHIP.
COMMON CONSEQUENCES OF ABUSE,
COMPROMISED HEALTH, REDUCE
CAPACITY TO WORK OR PURSUE
EDUCATIONAL GOALS, MEDICAL AND
LEGAL BILLS ALL HEIGHTENED THE
RISK OF HOMELESSNESS,
INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER AND
CULMINATING ACROSS ABUSIVE
RELATIONSHIPS.
OF COURSE RACE, CLASS, GENDER
ALSO INTERSECT TO INFLUENCE
WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES OF IPV,
FOLLOWING ASSAULT WOMEN OF COLOR
ARE LESS LIKELY TO RECEIVE
APPROPRIATE RECOVERY SERVICES,
FURTHER UNDERMINING ECONOMIC AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL RECOVERY.
IT'S ALSO CASE LOW INCOME WOMEN
ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY
VULNERABLE TO RACIST, SEXIST,
CLASSIST HOUSING PRACTICES.
IPV EXACERBATES THESE
VULNERABILITIES.
LANDLORDS MAY JUSTIFY EVICTING
WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED IPV BASED
ON ALLEGED OR PERCEIVED DANGER
THEY PRESENT TO OTHER RESIDENTS,
MAY BE MORE INCLINED TO EVICT
FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN BECAUSE
CPS OR CASE WORKER VISITS MAY
DRAW UNWANTED ATTENTION TO
SUBSTANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS.
THE FIRST QUOTE ILLUSTRATES THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IPV AND
HOUSING INSECURITY.
HE CAME DRUNK TO THE HOUSE,
NEIGHBORS COMPLAINED TO MY
LANDLORD, SO HE THOUGHT IT WAS
IN OUR BEST INTEREST IF I MOVED,
I ENDED UP MOVING AND BEING
HOMELESS.
IN THIS CASE, HER PARTNER'S
BEHAVIOR RESULTED IN HER LOSING
HER HOME.
OTHER PARTICIPANTS HAD TO LEAVE
FAMILY SHELTERS BECAUSE OF THEIR
PARTNER'S BEHAVIOR.
ONE STRIKE HOUSING POLICIES ARE
INTENDED TO BAR PEOPLE WITH
SPECIFIC CRIMINAL RECORDS, FROM
LIVING IN PUBLIC HOUSING,
HOWEVER BACKGROUND CHECKS ARE
OFTEN EMPLOYED MORE BROADLY TO
DISQUALIFY ANYONE WITH CRIMINAL
HISTORY.
PERHAPS MOST DAMAGING TO WOMEN
IS PRACTICE OF EVICTING THE
ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD IF ANY
HOUSEHOLD MEMBER OR VISITOR
ENGAGES IN ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE USE
OR OTHER CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
REFERRED TO AS VICARIOUS
LIABILITY, WOMEN CAN BE EVICTED
FOR BEHAVIORS OF A RELATIVE,
PARTNER, FRIEND OR GUEST EVEN IF
THEY ARE UNAWARE OF THE
ACTIVITIES OR DO NOT
PARTICIPATE.
THIS IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE
SECOND QUOTE.
I HAD STABLE HOUSING AND THEN
SITUATIONS HAPPENED WITH
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, I LOST MY
HOUSING BECAUSE OF THAT.
I WASN'T WITH THEIR DAD BUT HE
WAS COMING AROUND.
HE WASN'T SUPPOSED TO.
I GUESS HE HAD A WARRANT.
THE POLICE HAPPENED TO KNOCK ON
THE DOOR.
I WAS IN THE SHOWER.
SO I DIDN'T EVEN KNOW HE WAS
THERE.
LOW INCOME PEOPLE OF COLOR
PARTICULARLY AFRICAN AMERICANS
ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED
BY ONE STRIKE EVICTIONS.
AND DESPITE AMPLE EVIDENCE
DEMONSTRATING IPV DIRECTLY AND
INDIRECTLY CONTRIBUTES TO
WOMEN'S POVERTY AND
HOMELESSNESS, LAW ENFORCEMENT
AND SURVIVOR SERVICES ARE NOT
NECESSARILY WELL EQUIPPED TO
ADDRESS STRUCTURAL FACTORS OR
FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF
LEAVING A RELATIONSHIP.
ONE INTERVIEWEE OBSERVED,
SOMEONE TALKS TRASH TO YOU.
IT MAY NOT HURT, SHOW PHYSICAL
BRUISES, BUT IT HURTS THE HEART.
I HAD TO GET PHYSICALLY ABUSED
FOR THEM, THE LEGAL SYSTEM.
AND I THINK TO COME IN, AND I
THINK THAT'S WRONG.
WHY SHOULD WE WAIT UNTIL THAT
PERSON IS DEAD, UNTIL THAT
PERSON'S BRUISED, WHY SHOULD WE
WAIT UNTIL THAT PERSON'S BONES
GET BROKEN?
THE SECOND PATHWAY FOCUSES ON
INTERSECTIONS OF WEAK SAFETY NET
PROGRAMS WITH RACIST, CLASSIST,
AND SEXIST STEREO TIMES AND
SOCIAL CONTROL.
GROUNDED IN INTERSECTING
STEREOTYPES THAT PORTRAY LOW
INCOME MOTHERS, STRICT TIME
LIMITS MEAN THAT A FAMILY MAY NO
LONGER RECEIVE BENEFITS, EVEN IF
THEY REMAIN IN NEED.
DESPITE HIGH HOUSING COSTS,
FEDERAL HOUSING ASSISTANCE
PROGRAMS ARE UNDERFUNDED AND
NEED OUTPACES ACCESS OR
AVAILABILITY.
MANY ELIGIBLE LOW INCOME RENTERS
DO NOT RECEIVE RENTAL
ASSISTANCE.
HIGH DEMAND MEANS THAT WAITLISTS
FOR PROGRAMS ARE CLOSED, AND
FAMILIES MAY WAIT YEARS FOR AN
OPENING OR VOUCHER.
AND HOUSING VOUCHERS ONLY WORK
IF LANDLORDS WILL RENT TO LOW
INCOME FAMILIES.
THE FIRST QUOTE ILLUSTRATES
EMPLOYERS MAY NEGATIVELY
STEREOTYPE JOB APPLICANTS WITH
HISTORY OF HOMELESSNESS.
FINDING A JOB, THAT'S REALLY
HARD WHEN YOU PUT DOWN SHELTER
ADDRESS ON APPLICATION.
THEY WILL TAKE THE LEAST
EXPERIENCED PERSON OVER THE
HOMELESS PERSON WITH EXPERIENCE.
I'M APPLIED FOR JOBS WHICH I WAS
PERFECTLY QUALIFIED FOR.
EMPLOYER LOOKED AMOUNT MY
RÉSUMÉ, IT WAS GREAT.
LOOKED AT MY ADDRESS, OH, IT'S
THE HOMELESS SHELTER, IT WENT
DOWNHILL FROM THERE.
BAN THE ADDRESS CAMPAIGNS WHICH
SEEK TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION
HAVE NOT GAINED WIDESPREAD
MOMENTUM.
WEAK SAFETY NET PROGRAMS
INCREASE DIFFICULTY OF LEAVING
ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIPS, TNF
BENEFITS ARE BASED ON SIZE AND
FIGURE INTO CALCULATIONS ABOUT
WHETHER OR NOT TO REMAIN IN AN
ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIP.
ONE RESPONDENT EXPERIENCED A
DOUBLE ECONOMIC LOSS, HER
PARTNER LEFT, SHE LOST HER
INCOME AND HER FAMILY'S BENEFITS
WERE REDUCED.
WHEN HE DRANK, HE BEAT ME, I
CALLED THE COPS FINALLY.
AFTER HE LEFT, I LOST THE INCOME
HE HAD FROM HIS JOB, I CALLED
AND REPORTED THAT HE'S NO LONGER
IN THE HOUSE TO WELFARE.
THEY CUT THAT MONEY SO I
COULDN'T PAY RENT.
I PLAYED OUT THE WHOLE EVICTION
THING.
I STAYED AS LONG AS I COULD.
FURTHER DEEPENING HARDSHIP IS
THAT DISADVANTAGED ACCUMULATES,
MINOR BILLS BECOME MAJOR ONES
WHEN LATE FEES AND FINES ARE
ADDED, MAKING IT INCREASINGLY
DIFFICULT TO EXIT POVERTY.
THE CREDIT AGENCY TRIED TO MAKE
A SETTLEMENT WITH ME.
IF I PAID $1,300 UP FRONT, THEY
WOULD CANCEL IT.
WHERE AM I GOING TO GET THAT
FROM?
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS HAVE
NOT BEEN GENEROUS OR WELCOMING
TO FEMALE-HEADED HOUSE HOLDS,
PARTICULARLY THOSE OF COLOR.
WELFARE REFORM FURTHER ERODED
ACCESS TO AND VALUE OF BENEFITS.
PRIOR TO TANF'S ENACTMENT IN
1986, 68 FAMILIES RECEIVED
ASSISTANCE FOR EVERY 100 IN
POVERTY.
BY 2020, 21 ELIGIBLE FAMILIES
RECEIVED TANF BENEFITS OUT OF
EVERY 100 POOR FAMILIES.
EQUALLY DAMAGING IS THE BENEFITS
ARE LOW AND DO NOT KEEP UP WITH
INFLATION.
THE BOTTOM LINE IS THAT WOMEN'S
POVERTY CAN BE REDUCED, AND ONE
SOURCE OF LEARNING IS
INVESTMENTS MADE DURING THE
COVID-19 PANDEMIC.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE CENTER ON
BUDGET AND POLICY PRIORITIES
ESTIMATES THAT INCOME FROM
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE AND
ECONOMIC IMPACT PAYMENTS LIFTED
2020 INCOMES OF 17 MILLION
PEOPLE ABOVE THE POVERTY LINE.
CLEARLY SIGNIFICANT HARDSHIP
CONTINUES, MUCH, MUCH MORE WAS
AND IS NEEDED BUT INVESTING IN
ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS CAN REDUCE
POVERTY.
TO THE LEFT YOU SEE SOME
STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS, THAT
COULD REDUCE WOMEN'S POVERTY,
STRENGTHENING SAFETY NET
PROGRAMS, EXPANDING HOUSE,
PAYING SELF-SUFFICIENCY WAGES,
ENFORCING LEGAL PROTECTION,
VALUE AND COMPENSATING
CAREGIVING LABOR, ADOPTING JUST
PROGRAMS AND POLL SILLS THAT
ADDRESS STRUCTURAL RACISM,
CLASSISM, SEXISM, RATHER THAN
REINSCRIBE IT.
INTERSECTING STEREOTYPES ARE A
SIGNIFICANT BEARER TO ADOPTING
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES THAT COULD
REDUCE STRUCTURAL INEQUITIES.
IN OUR BOOK WE EXAMINE COMMON
MYTHS ABOUT POVERTY AND DEBUNK
THEM.
THIS IS A START.
WITH RESPECT TO THE HEALTH TREE
MODEL, WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT
HOW WE CAN CHANGE THE SOIL OR
IDEOLOGIES THAT NOURISH AND
LEGITIMIZE INEQUITIES.
I WANT TO CLOSE BY HIGHLIGHTING
COMMUNITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH
PARTNERSHIPS AS ONE STRATEGY FOR
EXPOSING AND REDUCING STRUCTURAL
INEQUITIES.
THE IMPETUS WAS CONCERN ABOUT
HIGH RATES OF BEING UNDERBANKED,
UNBANKED, IN A LOWER INCOME AREA
OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THESE
EXPERIENCES, AND THEIR IMPACT,
WE EXAMINED LOW INCOME LATINA
MOTHERS EXPERIENCES WITH
MAINSTREAM AND ALTERNATIVE
FINANCIAL SERVICES.
WE MAPPED LOCATIONS OF FINANCIAL
SERVICE PROVIDERS IN CITIES OF
SANTA CRUZ AND WATSONVILLE,
CALIFORNIA, INCLUDING
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES,
SUCH AS BANKS AND CREDIT UNIONS
AND ALTERNATIVES SUCH AS PAY-DAY
LOANS, CHECK CASHING, MONEY
TRANSFER SERVICES, PAWN SHOPS.
WE ALSO CONDUCTED FOCUS GROUPS
WITH 108 LATINA MOTHERS ABOUT
THEIR FINANCIAL SERVICE USE.
THIS IS A LITTLE BIT HARD TO
TAKE IN BLUE REPRESENTS
MAINSTREAM, CORAL IS
ALTERNATIVE.
THE SIZE INDICATES THE NUMBER OF
SERVICES CONCENTRATED IN EACH
AREA.
WE FOUND THAT IN SANTA SCREWS,
FOR EVERY BANK OR CREDIT, YOU
KNOW, THERE WERE 1.5
ALTERNATIVES.
IN WATSONVILLE, WITH LARGER
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS
THERE WERE 3.2, THIS IS A
POWERFUL VISUALIZATION OF
DIFFERENTIAL ACCESS TO SERVICES
IN THE TWO AREAS, THAT MIRRORS
SIMILAR RESEARCH FINDINGS ACROSS
THE UNITED STATES, DOCUMENTING
RACIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUITIES.
OUR FOCUS GROUPS CONTEXTUALIZE
THESE FINDINGS.
ILLUMINATING BARRIERS AND
COMMUNITY ASSETS.
BARRIERS INCLUDED PUNITIVE FEES,
UNCLEAR POLICIES AND POOR
COMMUNICATION, INSTITUTIONAL
DISTRUST, LIMITED CULTURAL
COMPETENCE TO SUPPORT IMMIGRANT
POPULATIONS, INTERSECTING
GENDER, RACE, CLASS,
ANTI-IMMIGRATION BIAS, AND ASSET
LIMITS FOR ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,
POTENTIAL POINTS OF
INTERVENTION.
COMMUNITY ASSETS INCLUDED
WOMEN'S REJECTION OF DEFICIT
UNDERSTANDINGS OF POVERTY AND
MONEY MANAGEMENT, RELATIONAL
SUPPORT, COMMUNITY SERVICES AND
PROGRAMS.
WE SEE THESE ASSETS AS POINTS OF
CRITICAL RESISTANCE AND
OPPORTUNITY.
WE'VE LEVERAGED TO INFORM
PROGRAMMING AND RAISE COUNTYWIDE
AWARENESS OF PREDATORY SERVICES
AND IMPACT ON WOMEN AND
FAMILIES.
POVERTY UNDERMINES WOMEN'S
HEALTH AND WELL BEING.
THERE ARE MANY DIRECTIONS FOR
FUTURE RESEARCH.
INTERSECTIONAL RESEARCH IN AND
OUT OF POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS
ARE ESSENTIAL, PARTICULARLY
PATHWAYS OUT OF HOMELESSNESS AND
POVERTY WHICH I THINK ARE OFTEN
NEGLECTED.
WE NEED INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSES
OF HEALTH AND WELL-BEING THAT
APPROACH WOMEN'S LIVES AND
EXPERIENCES HOLISTICALLY,
INCLUDING THEIR ECONOMIC STATUS,
AND WE NEED INTERSECTIONAL
ANALYSES OF EXPERIENCES AND
IMPACT OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
AT ALL LEVELS, INCLUDING
LOCALLY.
AND PARTNERSHIPS ARE ESSENTIAL
AND CAN HELP RESEARCH HAVE AN
IMPACT.
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
I'LL STOP HERE.
I LOOK FORWARD TO OUR
CONVERSATION.
>>FANTASTIC.
THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. BULLOCK.
I DON'T CURRENTLY SEE QUESTIONS
IN OUR LINEUP SO I'M GOING TO
THROW OUT A FEW THINGS THAT THE
PANELISTS I HOPE CAN SPEAK TO
TOGETHER.
I'LL JUST NOTE THAT A FEW OF THE
THEMES THAT CAME OUT AND ITEMS
THAT WERE REALLY INTRIGUING TO
ME, IN THE CONCRETE
PRESENTATIONS WE HAD SPECIFIC
EXAMINATION OF STATE LEVEL
POLICIES AND LOOKING AT THEM
ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF
APPROACHES THAT STATES HAVE MADE
TOWARDS IMMIGRATION AS AN
EXAMPLE THAT I REALLY LIKED WHAT
YOU DID WITH THAT, DR. SAMARI,
AND YOUR FINDINGS WERE
INTERESTING AND TROUBLING.
I WOULD LOVE TO INVITE YOU TO
SPEAK MORE ABOUT THAT, IF WE
HAVE SOME TIME, IN TERMS OF YOU
FOUND A PARADOXICALLY
CORRELATION WHERE THE MORE
INCLUSIVE AND LESS EXCLUSIVE
POLICIES WERE ACTUALLY
ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE OUTCOMES
AND I WONDERS IF I COULD ASK YOU
TO SPEAK TO A FEW THINGS ABOUT
THAT.
BEFORE WE GET THERE I WANT TO
NOTE OTHER THINGS THAT MAYBE WE
CAN TIE IN SOME PIECES TOGETHER.
DR. GRIFFITH BROUGHT OUR
ATTENTION TO THINKING ABOUT
INTERSECTIONALITY IN A FINER
GRAINED WAY, INSTEAD OF THINKING
ABOUT THE WAY INTERLOCKING
SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
CO-DEFINE EACH OTHER OR SPECIFY
THE PARTICULAR EXPERIENCES AND
PRESSURES AND MATERIAL REALITIES
AND RESOURCES OF PEOPLE THAT
INHABIT PARTICULAR
INTERSECTIONS, HE REMINDED US OF
KIMBERLY RENNE KIMBERLE
CRENSHAW'S STRUCTURAL
INTERSECTIONALITY, WONDERING IF
THE OTHER TWO PANELISTS COULD
BREAK APART SOME ANNUAL EAST AND
-- ANALYSES AFFECTING THE HEALTH
OUTCOMES YOU'RE ENGAGING WITH IN
THOSE THREE WAYS, STRUCTURAL,
POLITICAL, REPRESENTATIONAL.
I'LL STOP THERE.
THERE'S A LOT ON THE TABLE BUT I
WANT TO LEAVE ROOM.
COULD WE BEGIN WITH EXPLORING A
LITTLE MORE DEEPLY THAT
RELATIONSHIP THAT YOU FOUND, DR.
SAMARI?
>>YEAH, SURE.
IT'S INTERESTING IN TERMS OF
PRENATAL CARE, WE'RE OBSERVING
WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT, BETTER
PRENATAL CARE IN INCLUSIONARY
ENVIRONMENTS.
BIRTH OUTCOMES, IT'S IMPORTANT
TO NOTE MOST OF THE RESEARCH ON
BIRTH OUTCOMES THAT HAS LOOKED
AT ACUTE SHOCKS OR POLICIES
BEING PASSED, BIRTH OUTCOMES,
IT'S CROSS-SEXUAL, MY OWN WORK,
MUSLIM BAN AND IMPACT ON WOMEN
FROM THE BANNED COUNTRIES IN THE
U.S., 6.8% INCREASE IN PRE-TERM
BIRTH.
BUT IT'S ONE POLICY, ONE EVENT,
AND THE OUTCOME.
USING THE INDEX TO LOOK AT BIRTH
OUTCOMES, TEN YEARS OF
IMMIGRATION POLICIES, 14
IMMIGRATION POLICIES AT STATE
LEVEL ALL SORT OF CHANGING AND
MOVING AND BEING ENACTED SO THE
SAME STATE THAT TAKES ON TWO
EXCLUSIONARY POLICIES COULD ALSO
BE PASSING A POLICY THAT'S
INCLUSIONARY, SO IT BRINGS UP
THE QUESTION ABOUT WHAT IS
CREATING THE CLIMATE OR HOW IS
THE CLIMATE, IMMIGRATION POLICY
CLIMATE, EXPERIENCED FOR
IMMIGRANT WOMEN SHOULD CERTAIN
POLICIES HAVE MORE WEIGHT THAN
OTHERS, AND THINGS OF THAT
NATURE.
ALSO BRINGS UP THIS OTHER PIECE
WHICH IS THAT IMMIGRANTS STILL
HAVE AGENCY AND CHOOSE WHERE TO
LIVE AND WE KNOW THERE'S NOT AN
EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANT
COMMUNITIES ACROSS STATES IN THE
UNITED STATES, WE KNOW THAT
IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES OFTEN GO
WHERE THEY HAVE FRIENDS OR
FAMILY AND THERE IS A SELECTION
ISSUE TO STATES AND TO STATES
THAT HAVE INCLUSIONARY CLIMATE.
THAT'S HAPPENING IN THE
BACKGROUND AS WE TRY TO DO THIS
ANALYSIS.
AND THEN THE OTHER PIECE THAT I
THINK IS RELEVANT IS THAT WE'VE
SEEN A CHANGE IN FERTILITY RATE
IN THE LAST 10 YEARS,
PARTICULARLY AMONG LATINX
COMMUNITIES AND ADOLESCENT
FERTILITY AND SO THE CHANGING
FERTILITY AS A BACKDROP, THERE'S
A LOT OF DIFFERENT SORT OF
PIECES TO THIS AND I THINK IT'S
TOO EARLY TO SAY THAT WE'VE
ABSOLUTELY SEEN THE INVERSE AND
THAT'S IT.
IT JUST IS A STARTING POINT TO
EXPLORE AND THINK ABOUT SOME
SEQUENTIAL MODELING METHODS, AND
TO THINK ABOUT, YOU KNOW, IT
COULD BE THE INVERSE AND COULD
BE A SELECTION ISSUE COMPLETELY
BUT WE JUST DON'T WANT TO SPEAK
ON IT QUITE YET.
DEFINITELY IT'S A COMPLICATED
STORY, BRINGS UP OTHER ASPECT OF
IMMIGRANT LIVES.
>>THANK YOU.
I CAN'T HELP THINKING ABOUT YOUR
FOCUS, IN PART, YOUR OWN
RESEARCH INTERESTS AND WHERE YOU
ARE INSTITUTIONALLY, REALLY IN
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES
BROADLY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH,
I CAN'T HELP BUT WONDERING HOW
GIVEN THE VARIEGATION YOU MAY
NOT SEE PATTERNS IF YOU'RE
LOOKING AT OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
OUTCOMES, OTHER THINGS, IT'S A
FANTASTIC RESEARCH PROGRAM, I
APPRECIATE YOU TAKING THAT
QUESTION MORE DEEPLY.
WE HAVE SEVERAL OTHER QUESTIONS,
I'LL START WITH ONE FOR DR.
BULLOCK.
YOUR TALK HIGHLIGHTED WAYS THE
SAFETY NET PROGRAM AND PROGRAMS
WITH STRUCTURED BY SEXISM AND
RACISM.
IF YOU ENCOUNTERED PROGRAMS THAT
INTERVENE IN THIS CYCLE?
AND IF SO WHAT ARE SOME KEY
LEVERAGE POINTS?
>>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
WE ARE VERY FAR FROM ADOPTING
PROGRAMS ON A LARGE SCALE BUT I
THINK PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE
UNIVERSAL BENEFITS AT LEAST
INTERRUPT STIGMATIZING ELEMENTS.
YOU MIGHT THINK ABOUT GUARANTEED
INCOME, OR BASIC INCOME, WHICH I
THINK IS GAINING SOME TRACTION,
AMAZING DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
GOING ON.
, ACROSS THE UNITED STATES AND
OTHER COUNTRIES SHOWING POSITIVE
BENEFITS.
YOU MIGHT THINK OF UNIVERSAL
SCHOOL LUNCH, AND OTHER
PROGRAMS, WHICH ARE PROVIDING
MEALS TO ALL CHILDREN OR
STUDENTS.
YOU KNOW, REGARDLESS OF THEIR
INCOME STATUS OR ANY OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS.
SO, I DO THINK THAT THERE ARE
SOME PROGRAMS THAT CAN PUSH
AGAINST AND CREATE A MORE
INCLUSIVE SAFETY NET, SOME OF
THOSE ARE UNIVERSAL.
AND I THINK A STRENGTH OF THOSE
IS THAT THEY DON'T ACTIVATE SOME
OF THE SAME STEREOTYPES.
>>YEAH, THANK YOU.
THAT MAKES A LOT OF SENSE.
WE HAVE BOTH A SPECIFIC QUESTION
FOR DR. GRIFFITH AND A FINAL
QUESTION IF WE HAVE A MINUTE
LEFT FOR EVERYBODY.
DR. GRIFFITH, WHAT ARE SOME
INTERVENTIONAL STRATEGIES TO
COUNTER THE GENDER NORMS OF
MASCULINITY AND OTHER BARRIERS
FOR MEN INCLUDING OF COURSE
STRUCTURAL RACISM THAT CAN
PROMOTE HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIORS
FOR MEN?
>>I'LL SPEAK TO ONE ABOUT A
YEAR AGO, I WORKED WITH THE
NOVEMBER FOUNDATION TO A
PROGRAM, ROOTED AND RISING
COLLECTIVE, WORKING WITH THEM TO
DEVELOP SOME MATERIAL AROUND
MEANT WELL-BEING FOR YOUNG BLACK
MEN, 18-25, A WAY TO TRY TO
THINK ABOUT THE WAYS TO
INTERVENE ON HIGH RATES OF
SUICIDE AND MENTAL HEALTH IN
THAT POPULATION.
WE WORKED TO IDENTIFY A GROUP
OF -- A PILOT STUDY -- A GROUP
OF 10 SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS
IN THE L.A. AREA WHO ALREADY HAD
A STRONG FOLLOWING SO
COLLECTIVELY THEY HAD A SOCIAL
MEDIA FOLLOWING OF ABOUT A
MILLION AND A HALF PEOPLE.
SO THE JOB WAS BASICALLY GO IN
AND HOW DO WE INFUSE HEALTH
PROMOTION MESSAGES, MENTAL
HEALTH WELL-BEING MESSAGES IN
THEIR WORK, AND SO HOW DO WE
HELP THEM IN THEIR LIVES AS WELL
AS TO ALSO HELP STRENGTHEN THEIR
BUSINESS.
WE HAD A PROFESSIONAL WHOSE JOB
IT WAS TO HELP THEM WITH THE
BUSINESS SIDE, MY JOB TO HELP
THEM WITH THE MENTAL HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING SIDE, AND WE FOUND
THAT IT WAS ACTUALLY -- IT WAS
EFFECTIVE IN THE SENSE THAT IT
HELPED TO INCREASE THE
RELATABILITY OF THE ART, THE
PIECES THEY PUT OUT WHERE THEY
INCLUDED THAT CONTENT, NOT ONLY
DID THEY GET MORE VIEWS, THEY
WERE SEEMING TO -- PEOPLE SAID
THE SELF-REPORTED CHANGES THAT
WERE THERE FOR THE PARTICULAR
POPULATION AS WELL AS YOUNG MEN
SAID THEY ALSO THEIR BEHAVIOR
WAS CHANGING.
SO THOSE ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS
THAT I THINK WE CAN DO IS TO
UTILIZE THOSE UBIQUITOUS SPACES
TO ADDRESS THOSE BECAUSE WE HAVE
TO ADDRESS IT AS A NORMATIVE
LEVEL AND HELP PEOPLE TO MAKE
SOME OF THE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES
WITH SOME OF THE AGENCY THAT DR.
SAMARI AND OTHERS TALKED ABOUT.
>>THANK YOU, GREAT EXAMPLE.
WE DO HAVE A FEW MINUTES TO
MAYBE JUST GET SOME FINAL
COMMENTS FROM EACH PANELIST.
MAYBE I HAVE A ANOTHER -- NO,
WE'RE FINE.
THIS WHOLE PANEL HELPED
ILLUSTRATE AND PUT SOME REAL
TEXT HERE ON THE OBSERVATION
THAT GENDER IS NOT A
ONE-DIMENSIONAL HIERARCHY, AND
INSTEAD IT'S A SET OF SOCIAL
PROCESSES THAT ARE ALWAYS
EVOLVING AND CHANGING THAT ARE
DISTRIBUTED UNEVENLY, EVEN THE
SOCIAL PROCESS OF GENDER
THEMSELVES ARE UNEVENLY
DISTRIBUTED ACROSS POPULATIONS
AND THEN THE CONTENT OF THOSE
PROCESSES IS CO-DETERMINED WITH
OTHER HIERARCHIES, MOVING ALONG,
RIGHT?
AND THIS PANEL MADE THAT SO
CLEAR.
SO, IF WE ARE MOVING TOWARDS
THINKING OF GENDER IN THIS WAY
AS NOT THIS ONE-DIMENSIONAL
HIERARCHY BUT AS THESE EMERGENT
POSITIONS THAT ARE GENERATED BY
MULTIPLE EVOLVING SYSTEMS, THAT
GENERATE SPECIFIC VULNERABILITY
AND SO ON, I WONDER WHAT WOULD
HAPPEN IN EACH OF YOUR RESEARCH
AREAS, WHAT INSIGHT COULD YOU
GIVE US ABOUT THIS ONE
COMPLICATION, TO THINK ABOUT
GENDER -- THE GENDER SPECTRUM
ITSELF AND QUESTIONS IN
PARTICULAR OF GENDER
NON-CONFORMITY AND THE
ENFORCEMENT OF GENDERED NORMS IN
EACH OF YOUR DOMAINS THAT YOU'VE
WORKED WITH.
HOW DO YOU SEE, DR. SAMARI, HOW
THAT MIGHT AFFECT THINGS IN THE
REALM OF IMMIGRATION, DR.
BULLOCK, HOW IS THAT INVOLVED IN
POVERTY, DR. GRIFFITH IN
PARTICULAR SOME INSIGHTS IN
MEN'S HEALTH.
FOR YEARS AND YEARS, I DID
RESEARCH, IN HARM REDUCTION, AND
VULNERABILITIES PARTICULARLY
WITH INJECTION DRUG USERS AND
STREET-BASED SEX WORKERS.
WHAT WE FOUND OVER AND OVER
AGAIN WAS THAT GENDER
NON-CONFORMITY AMPLIFIED THE
RISKS THAT PEOPLE FACED IN EVERY
SINGLE DOMAIN OF STREET LIFE.
SO, I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR WHAT
YOUR THOUGHTS ARE FOR EACH OF
YOUR OWN RESEARCH AREAS.
DR. SAMARI, WOULD YOU LIKE TO
START?
>>SURE, I'LL GIVE IT A TRY.
I'M STRUCK BY EARLIER IN THE DAY
WE HEARD DR. HELMAN SPEAK, I'VE
ENGAGED IN WORKS THAT GETS AT
THE SEXISM PIECE BUT NOT GENDER
AND GENDER NON-CONFORMITY,
WE'VE HEARD ABOUT
INTERSECTIONALITY AND DIFFERENT
FRAMEWORKS, ALL REALLY TRYING TO
ELEVATE KIMBERLE CRENSHAW'S WORK
BUT I THINK WE NEED PARTICULARLY
IN MY STRUCTURAL MEASUREMENT
SPACE, I'M THINKING ABOUT HOW TO
SORT OF CRITICALLY INTEGRATE
THESE THINGS IN A STRUCTURAL
SPACE BUT THEN ALSO HEAR IN THIS
MIXED METHOD APPROACH ABOUT THE
LIVED EXPERIENCES OF THOSE
THINGS.
YOU DON'T WANT IT TO BE REALLY
LOST IN TRANSLATION, I CAN SAY
THIS SUBSET OF POLICIES THAT HAS
GENDER EMBEDDED IN IT REALLY
AFFECTS PEOPLE'S LIVES BUT UNTIL
YOU ACTUALLY ASK THOSE
INDIVIDUALS HOW IT'S
MANIFESTING, SO I THINK
CONTINUING TO MOVE FORWARD IN
THIS DUAL PATH THAT DOES BOTH OF
THOSE THINGS, I THINK WE HAVE A
LOT OF ADDITIONAL LAYERS OF
COMPLICATION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH SPACE GIVEN THE DIRECTION
OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICY
AND HOW THAT'S INCREASINGLY
ACTIVE AT THE STATE LEVEL AND SO
WE HAVE TO THINK LONG AND HARD
ABOUT THE ROLE OF ABORTION
CRIMINALIZATION AND ALL OF THESE
TYPES OF MEASURES AND HOW IT
ENTERS THE SORT OF STRUCTURAL
SPACE AND STRUCTURAL MEASURES AS
WELL.
NOT REALLY AN ANSWER TO YOUR
QUESTION BUT THAT'S SORT OF MY
STRATEGY IN WHAT I'M THINKING
ABOUT MOVING FORWARD.
>>THAT'S THE KIND OF ANSWER I
WAS HOPING FOR.
HOW IS THIS AFFECTING YOUR
STRATEGIC THINKING.
THAT'S GREAT.
DR. GRIFFITH, DO YOU HAVE SOME
THOUGHTS TO SHARE?
>>SURE.
QUICKLY, THIS HAS BEEN PART OF
THE REASON WHY I SORT OF PUSHED
THIS NOTION OF MEN'S HEALTH
EQUITY, THE IDEA OF MOVING THESE
POPULATIONS LIKE THOSE WHO ARE
GENDER NON-CONFORMING FROM
MARGINS TO THE CENTER, BLACK MEN
ARE PART OF THAT GROUP, GENDER
NON-CONFORMING AS WELL.
BOTH IN THE BOOK WE DID AND
SPECIAL ISSUES ABOUT PROMOTING
MEN'S HEALTH EQUALITY, GENDER
NON-CONFORMING HAVE BEEN
CENTERED, BROUGHT INTO THAT
CONVERSATION, SO I THINK THE
OTHER TWO -- ONE IS WE'RE DOING
IT IN THE WORK ALREADY, TRYING
TO.
I THINK A KEY PART IS GOING TO
BE IDENTIFYING ASSETS AND
STRENGTHS OF THOSE POPULATIONS
THAT WE CAN BUILD FROM AND DON'T
ALWAYS LOOK AT THEM AS DEFICITS,
THE THIRD PART IS I THINK USING
THE THREE-PART FRAMEWORK, FROM
KIMBERLE CRENSHAW COULD BE
POWERFUL AND USEFUL TO CENTER
THE POPULATION AND THINK ABOUT
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE BARRIERS
THEY ARE FACING AND WHAT ARE THE
THINGS WE MIGHT DO TO MOVE THEIR
HEALTH PROMOTION FORWARD.
>>THANK YOU.
I'M GETTING A NUDGE HERE AND DO
WE HAVE ANY TIME THAT WE CAN
HEAR FROM DR. BULLOCK OR WE HAVE
TO GO BACK?
>>I'M SO SORRY BUT WE'RE THE
LAST, I GOT NOTICE WE'RE THE
LAST SESSION.
I DON'T WANT TO CUT THIS
CONVERSATION, DR. BULLOCK, JOIN
US IN THE NEXT ROOM AND WE WILL
FIND WAYS TO KEEP GOING WITH
THIS CONVERSATION AND JUST THANK
YOU ALL SO MUCH FOR YOUR REALLY
THOUGHTFUL AND ENGAGING
PRESENTATIONS.
I WILL SEE YOU BACK IN THE OTHER
WEBINARS.
WE HAVE TO LOG OFF AND LOG IN TO
THAT OTHER ROOM.
THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH.
>>THANK YOU.