1 00:00:05,290 --> 00:00:07,025 I HOPE EVERYBODY HAD A GOOD 2 00:00:07,025 --> 00:00:08,660 NETWORKING EXPERIENCE TODAY AND 3 00:00:08,660 --> 00:00:09,661 THAT EVERYONE HAS BEEN ENJOYING 4 00:00:09,661 --> 00:00:11,630 THE MEETING SO FAR. 5 00:00:11,630 --> 00:00:15,567 AND I KNOW THAT WE SWITCHED 6 00:00:15,567 --> 00:00:17,369 AROUND THE SCHEDULE A BIT BUT I 7 00:00:17,369 --> 00:00:18,303 HOPE THAT WORKED FOR EVERYONE. 8 00:00:18,303 --> 00:00:21,306 SO WELCOME, EVERYONE, TO THE 9 00:00:21,306 --> 00:00:22,440 2024 BIRCWH ANNUAL MEETING. 10 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:26,711 IT'S ALWAYS A PLEASURE TO MEET 11 00:00:26,711 --> 00:00:29,381 THE IN-PERSON, AFTER SO MANY 12 00:00:29,381 --> 00:00:32,384 YEARS OF HAVING BEEN 13 00:00:32,384 --> 00:00:33,218 COVID-BOUND. 14 00:00:33,218 --> 00:00:36,888 LAST YEAR AND THIS YEAR, SEEING 15 00:00:36,888 --> 00:00:38,423 THE NEW EMERGING LEADERS IN 16 00:00:38,423 --> 00:00:40,825 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH AS WELL 17 00:00:40,825 --> 00:00:42,794 AS THE CURRENT, THE PRESENT 18 00:00:42,794 --> 00:00:43,228 ONES. 19 00:00:43,228 --> 00:00:46,631 AND TODAY I'M HAPPY TO EXHIBIT E 20 00:00:46,631 --> 00:00:49,300 OUR NEW PROGRAM OFFICER FOR ONE 21 00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:50,635 OF THE EARLIEST AND THE MOST 22 00:00:50,635 --> 00:00:52,570 HIGHLY ACCLAIMED SIGNATURE 23 00:00:52,570 --> 00:00:54,205 PROGRAMS OF THE ORWH, WHICH IS 24 00:00:54,205 --> 00:00:57,075 THE BIRCWH. 25 00:00:57,075 --> 00:00:57,842 DR. MARQUITTA WHITE RECENTLY 26 00:00:57,842 --> 00:01:00,445 JOINED US FROM NHLBI, WHERE SHE 27 00:01:00,445 --> 00:01:02,514 MANAGED AN EXTENSIVE PORTFOLIO 28 00:01:02,514 --> 00:01:04,182 OF INSTITUTIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL 29 00:01:04,182 --> 00:01:05,383 TRAINING GRANTS. 30 00:01:05,383 --> 00:01:11,389 PRIOR TO THAT, MARQUITTA WAS AN 31 00:01:11,389 --> 00:01:15,360 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT UCSF, 32 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:17,262 WHERE SHE PUT TO TASK HER 33 00:01:17,262 --> 00:01:18,830 MASTER'S DEGREE IN APPLIED 34 00:01:18,830 --> 00:01:20,365 STATISTICS AND DOCTORATE IN 35 00:01:20,365 --> 00:01:21,132 HUMAN GENETICS. 36 00:01:21,132 --> 00:01:23,201 BOTH OF WHICH SHE EARNED FROM 37 00:01:23,201 --> 00:01:24,669 VANDERBILT. 38 00:01:24,669 --> 00:01:25,603 THESE PAST FEW MONTHS YOU HAVE 39 00:01:25,603 --> 00:01:26,805 HAD THE CHANCE TO INTERACT WITH 40 00:01:26,805 --> 00:01:29,541 HER AS SHE SEAMLESSLY OVERSAW 41 00:01:29,541 --> 00:01:31,943 THE REISSUANCE OF ALL OF YOUR 42 00:01:31,943 --> 00:01:35,346 GRANTS WITH OUR NEW IC PARTNER, 43 00:01:35,346 --> 00:01:38,850 THE NIAMS, AND ALSO SUCCESSFULLY 44 00:01:38,850 --> 00:01:41,352 NAVIGATED THE AWARDING OF THE 45 00:01:41,352 --> 00:01:41,953 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPLEMENTS IN 46 00:01:41,953 --> 00:01:44,489 THE FACE OF AN APPROACHING AND 47 00:01:44,489 --> 00:01:47,258 OF THE FISCAL YEAR. 48 00:01:47,258 --> 00:01:48,460 PLEASE WELCOME DR. MARQUITTA 49 00:01:48,460 --> 00:01:58,570 WHITE. 50 00:01:59,070 --> 00:02:02,140 >> GOOD AFTERNOON, ERVE. 51 00:02:02,140 --> 00:02:02,474 EVERYBODY. 52 00:02:02,474 --> 00:02:03,908 MY NAME IS DR. MARQUITTA WHITE 53 00:02:03,908 --> 00:02:05,543 AND I WILL BE STEPPING INTO THE 54 00:02:05,543 --> 00:02:06,745 ROLE AS A PROGRAM OFFICIAL 55 00:02:06,745 --> 00:02:09,781 OVERSEEING THE BIRCWH PROGRAM. 56 00:02:09,781 --> 00:02:12,083 HAVING MET THE FORMER PROGRAM 57 00:02:12,083 --> 00:02:15,620 OFFICIAL OF THE BIRCWH PROGRAM, 58 00:02:15,620 --> 00:02:17,522 DR. LISA BAGG, I CAN CONFIDENTLY 59 00:02:17,522 --> 00:02:18,857 SAY THAT I WILL NOT BE REPLACING 60 00:02:18,857 --> 00:02:19,190 HER. 61 00:02:19,190 --> 00:02:20,525 THAT'S NOT A THING. 62 00:02:20,525 --> 00:02:23,895 WHAT I WILL BE DOING IS ACTUALLY 63 00:02:23,895 --> 00:02:26,865 CONTINUING HER EXAMPLE OF JUST 64 00:02:26,865 --> 00:02:30,902 THE PASSIONATE SUPPORT AND 65 00:02:30,902 --> 00:02:35,406 ADVOCACY FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND 66 00:02:35,406 --> 00:02:36,641 EXPANSION OF THIS WONDERFUL 67 00:02:36,641 --> 00:02:41,746 BIRCWH PROGRAM. 68 00:02:41,746 --> 00:02:44,349 SO WHAT I'M GOING TO DO NOW IS 69 00:02:44,349 --> 00:02:45,617 INTRODUCE DR. JANINE CLAYTON, 70 00:02:45,617 --> 00:02:47,519 WHO WILL BE ACTUALLY BEGINNING 71 00:02:47,519 --> 00:02:49,287 OUR PLENARY SESSIONS. 72 00:02:49,287 --> 00:02:53,291 AS MOST OF YOU ALREADY KNOW, DRF 73 00:02:53,291 --> 00:02:55,293 ORWH, THE OFFICE FOR RESEARCH IN 74 00:02:55,293 --> 00:02:58,463 WOMEN'S HEALTH, AND ALSO THE 75 00:02:58,463 --> 00:02:59,664 ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH 76 00:02:59,664 --> 00:03:01,833 ON WOMEN'S HEALTH HERE AT NIH. 77 00:03:01,833 --> 00:03:04,469 SHE'S A BOARD CERTIFIED 78 00:03:04,469 --> 00:03:06,437 OPHTHALMOLOGIST WITH OVER 120 79 00:03:06,437 --> 00:03:08,206 PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS, AND 80 00:03:08,206 --> 00:03:09,841 SEVERAL OTHER ACCOLADES BOTH IN 81 00:03:09,841 --> 00:03:14,312 HER FIELD AND AT NIH. 82 00:03:14,312 --> 00:03:15,413 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT STOOD 83 00:03:15,413 --> 00:03:17,448 OUT FOR ME AND ACTUALLY ONE OF 84 00:03:17,448 --> 00:03:19,017 THE REASONS WHY I MYSELF 85 00:03:19,017 --> 00:03:25,023 EVENTUALLY DECIDED TO JOIN ORWH 86 00:03:25,023 --> 00:03:26,891 IS THE FACT THAT THROUGHOUT 87 00:03:26,891 --> 00:03:27,859 DR. CLAYTON'S TENURE AT NIH, SHE 88 00:03:27,859 --> 00:03:32,797 HAS WORKED TO STRENGTHEN NIH'S 89 00:03:32,797 --> 00:03:34,232 SUPPORT OF RESEARCH IN WOMEN'S 90 00:03:34,232 --> 00:03:39,904 HEALTH AND ALSO THEIR SUPPORT OF 91 00:03:39,904 --> 00:03:43,208 RECRUITMENT, RETENTION AND 92 00:03:43,208 --> 00:03:44,609 ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN IN 93 00:03:44,609 --> 00:03:49,113 BIOMEDICAL CAREERS. 94 00:03:49,113 --> 00:03:50,648 DR. CLAYTON WAS ACTUALLY THE 95 00:03:50,648 --> 00:03:53,585 ARCHITECT AND DRIVING FORCE 96 00:03:53,585 --> 00:03:55,220 BEHIND NIH'S POLICY TO CONSIDER 97 00:03:55,220 --> 00:03:56,487 SEX AS A BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE 98 00:03:56,487 --> 00:03:57,889 ACROSS THE RESEARCH SPECTRUM AS 99 00:03:57,889 --> 00:04:01,659 A PART OF NIH'S INITIATIVE TO 100 00:04:01,659 --> 00:04:03,528 INCREASE OUR TRANSPARENCY, 101 00:04:03,528 --> 00:04:04,662 REPRODUCIBILITY AND RIGOR IN 102 00:04:04,662 --> 00:04:05,496 RESEARCH. 103 00:04:05,496 --> 00:04:07,031 AND I BELIEVE THAT THE BIRCWH 104 00:04:07,031 --> 00:04:08,466 PROGRAM BENEFITS GREATLY FROM 105 00:04:08,466 --> 00:04:10,735 HER EXPERIENCE AND GUIDANCE AS 106 00:04:10,735 --> 00:04:13,171 WE WORK TOGETHER TOWARDS 107 00:04:13,171 --> 00:04:15,006 BIRCWH'S ULTIMATE GOAL OF 108 00:04:15,006 --> 00:04:16,674 INCREASING KNOWLEDGE, WORK AND 109 00:04:16,674 --> 00:04:18,977 RECOGNITION IN THE REALM OF 110 00:04:18,977 --> 00:04:21,679 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH. 111 00:04:21,679 --> 00:04:24,883 SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, I'D LIKE 112 00:04:24,883 --> 00:04:29,020 TO INVITE DR. CLAYTON TO THE 113 00:04:29,020 --> 00:04:30,455 PODIUM TO BEGIN OUR PLENARY 114 00:04:30,455 --> 00:04:31,489 SESSION. 115 00:04:31,489 --> 00:04:34,826 [APPLAUSE] 116 00:04:34,826 --> 00:04:36,127 >> THANK YOU, DR. WHITE, FOR 117 00:04:36,127 --> 00:04:38,429 THAT REALLY LOVELY INTRODUCTION, 118 00:04:38,429 --> 00:04:40,832 AND WELCOME TO THE 2024 BIRCWH 119 00:04:40,832 --> 00:04:41,266 MEETING. 120 00:04:41,266 --> 00:04:42,901 I AM THRILLED THAT WE'RE DOING 121 00:04:42,901 --> 00:04:44,002 THIS IN PERSON. 122 00:04:44,002 --> 00:04:45,770 IT'S SO GOOD TO SEE YOU ALL. 123 00:04:45,770 --> 00:04:48,706 I ENJOYED EARLIER SESSIONS 124 00:04:48,706 --> 00:04:49,908 TODAY, AND LOOKING FORWARD TO 125 00:04:49,908 --> 00:04:51,542 THE PODIUM PRESENTATIONS LATER 126 00:04:51,542 --> 00:04:54,946 TODAY. 127 00:04:54,946 --> 00:04:56,247 BUT LET ME BEGIN BY GIVING 128 00:04:56,247 --> 00:04:57,682 THANKS AND EXPRESSING MY 129 00:04:57,682 --> 00:05:01,486 GRATITUDE TO BOTH DR. TIGNO, 130 00:05:01,486 --> 00:05:02,487 ORWH'S ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR 131 00:05:02,487 --> 00:05:03,821 CAREERS, AND DR. MARQUITTA 132 00:05:03,821 --> 00:05:05,990 WHITE, WHO YOU JUST MET, THE NEW 133 00:05:05,990 --> 00:05:07,959 BIRCWH PROGRAM OFFICER. 134 00:05:07,959 --> 00:05:10,795 I JUST WANT TO HIGHLIGHT AS WELL 135 00:05:10,795 --> 00:05:12,664 OUR PROGRAM PARTNERS AROUND THE 136 00:05:12,664 --> 00:05:14,432 COUNTRY, AND TO SHOW YOU WE ARE 137 00:05:14,432 --> 00:05:16,367 WELL REPRESENTED ACROSS THE 138 00:05:16,367 --> 00:05:19,337 COUNTRY, AND TO RECOGNIZE OUR 139 00:05:19,337 --> 00:05:20,204 INSTITUTE AND CENTER PARTNERS 140 00:05:20,204 --> 00:05:22,273 HERE AT NIH. 141 00:05:22,273 --> 00:05:25,243 EVERYTHING WE DO WITH ORWH 142 00:05:25,243 --> 00:05:26,544 ADDRESSING WOMEN'S HEALTH IS A 143 00:05:26,544 --> 00:05:29,714 CROSS-CUTTING TOPIC HERE AT THE 144 00:05:29,714 --> 00:05:30,315 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, 145 00:05:30,315 --> 00:05:32,250 IS DONE IN COLLABORATION AND 146 00:05:32,250 --> 00:05:33,318 PARTNERSHIP WITH THE INS TAWTS 147 00:05:33,318 --> 00:05:38,256 -- THEINSTITUTES AND CENTERS SO 148 00:05:38,256 --> 00:05:38,589 THROUGH. 149 00:05:38,589 --> 00:05:41,859 JUST TO GIVE YOU A QUICK 150 00:05:41,859 --> 00:05:42,493 SNAPSHOT OF THE BIRCWH PROGRAM 151 00:05:42,493 --> 00:05:43,561 IN TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHICS, YOU 152 00:05:43,561 --> 00:05:45,029 WOULD NOT BE SURPRISED TO SEE 153 00:05:45,029 --> 00:05:47,131 ABOUT 80% OF THE BIRCWH SCHOLARS 154 00:05:47,131 --> 00:05:50,768 ARE FEMALE. 155 00:05:50,768 --> 00:05:52,837 AND THE BREAK DOWN REGARDING 156 00:05:52,837 --> 00:05:54,272 PRIMARY KE GREES IS SHOWN IN THE 157 00:05:54,272 --> 00:05:55,273 PIE CHART AND YOU CAN SEE OVER 158 00:05:55,273 --> 00:05:59,043 HALF ARE PH.D.s, AND YOU CAN 159 00:05:59,043 --> 00:06:00,678 SEE THE M.D. PART OF THE PIE, I 160 00:06:00,678 --> 00:06:03,081 THINK THIS IS INCREASING A BIT, 161 00:06:03,081 --> 00:06:06,250 AT 36%, MD PH.D. AT 10%, AND A 162 00:06:06,250 --> 00:06:09,620 FEW OTHER DOCTORAL DEGREE 163 00:06:09,620 --> 00:06:13,157 RECIPIENTS THERE AS WELL. 164 00:06:13,157 --> 00:06:15,059 THIS YEAR WE ARE AGAIN EXPANDING 165 00:06:15,059 --> 00:06:17,295 THE CADRE OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 166 00:06:17,295 --> 00:06:18,830 RESEARCHERS, THE STATED PURPOSE 167 00:06:18,830 --> 00:06:20,465 OF THE BIRCWH AND THE PROGRAM IS 168 00:06:20,465 --> 00:06:21,032 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT. 169 00:06:21,032 --> 00:06:22,834 WE HAVE A NEW ORDER, WE HAVE TWO 170 00:06:22,834 --> 00:06:24,969 KEY NOTES, WE HAVE MULTIPLE 171 00:06:24,969 --> 00:06:28,039 PODIUM TALKS, AND AS ALWAYS, WE 172 00:06:28,039 --> 00:06:29,240 ARE REALLY THRILLED ABOUT THE 173 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:30,475 WORK THAT THE SCHOLARS ARE 174 00:06:30,475 --> 00:06:31,943 PRESENTING IN THEIR POSTERS AND 175 00:06:31,943 --> 00:06:34,379 IN THEIR ABSTRACTS, AND WE HAVE 176 00:06:34,379 --> 00:06:38,883 A RANGE OF TOPICS FOR YOU TODAY. 177 00:06:38,883 --> 00:06:43,121 2025 WILL REPRESENT BIRCWH'S 178 00:06:43,121 --> 00:06:46,357 25TH BIRTHDAY AND THIS PROGRAMS, 179 00:06:46,357 --> 00:06:55,166 PROGRAMWAS CREATED BY DR. VIVIA, 180 00:06:55,166 --> 00:06:56,601 I HAD THE PRIVILEGE TO CALL HER 181 00:06:56,601 --> 00:06:58,002 A MENTOR AND FRIEND. 182 00:06:58,002 --> 00:06:59,103 THE EVALUATION IS GOING TO 183 00:06:59,103 --> 00:07:00,338 INCLUDE ONLANE SURVEYS OF THE 184 00:07:00,338 --> 00:07:01,606 PAST AND PRESENT BIRCWH SCHOLARS 185 00:07:01,606 --> 00:07:03,775 AND PIs, IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS, 186 00:07:03,775 --> 00:07:05,209 AS WELL AS FOCUS GROUPS AND 187 00:07:05,209 --> 00:07:07,845 REVIEW OF DATA IN NIH SYSTEMS. 188 00:07:07,845 --> 00:07:09,614 THE PRIMARY EVALUATION QUESTIONS 189 00:07:09,614 --> 00:07:12,016 ARE WAS THE BIRCWH PROGRAM ABLE 190 00:07:12,016 --> 00:07:13,885 TO ACHIEVE ITS STATED PURPOSE, 191 00:07:13,885 --> 00:07:16,054 BUILD A CADRE OF SCIENTISTS 192 00:07:16,054 --> 00:07:17,021 PURSUING WOMEN'S HEALTH 193 00:07:17,021 --> 00:07:18,623 RESEARCH, WHAT ARE THE PROGRAM 194 00:07:18,623 --> 00:07:19,891 OUTCOMES OF THE BIRCWH, AND HOW 195 00:07:19,891 --> 00:07:21,859 HAS THE BIRCWH PROGRAM BENEFITED 196 00:07:21,859 --> 00:07:22,960 THE SCHOLARS. 197 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:24,862 SO I WANTED TO GIVE YOU A HEADS 198 00:07:24,862 --> 00:07:26,464 UP ABOUT THAT COMING NEXT YEAR, 199 00:07:26,464 --> 00:07:28,833 AND WE'RE EXCITED TO LEARN MORE 200 00:07:28,833 --> 00:07:31,269 ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THE BIRCWH 201 00:07:31,269 --> 00:07:31,736 PROGRAM. 202 00:07:31,736 --> 00:07:33,137 AND AS ALWAYS, WAYS THAT WE CAN 203 00:07:33,137 --> 00:07:35,206 CONTINUE TO EXPAND AND GROW AND 204 00:07:35,206 --> 00:07:37,041 MAKE IT EVEN BETTER. 205 00:07:37,041 --> 00:07:38,810 I'M ALSO REALLY THRILLED TO 206 00:07:38,810 --> 00:07:42,113 SHARE WITH YOU THAT WE HAVE -- 207 00:07:42,113 --> 00:07:44,615 NIH HAS AWARDED ITS FIRST EVER 208 00:07:44,615 --> 00:07:47,118 ADVANCING GENDER INCLUSIVE 209 00:07:47,118 --> 00:07:49,187 EXCELLENCE OR AGIE COORDINATING 210 00:07:49,187 --> 00:07:51,255 CENTER AWARD TO VIRGINIA 211 00:07:51,255 --> 00:07:51,756 COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY. 212 00:07:51,756 --> 00:07:53,024 SO EXCITED TO BE ABLE TO 213 00:07:53,024 --> 00:07:54,225 ANNOUNCE THIS TO YOU. 214 00:07:54,225 --> 00:07:55,426 THE COORDINATING CENTER IS GOING 215 00:07:55,426 --> 00:07:58,396 TO BE DEVELOPING A RESEARCH 216 00:07:58,396 --> 00:08:02,433 STRATEGY, SERVE AS A CENTRALIZED 217 00:08:02,433 --> 00:08:04,068 RESOURCE HUB, DEVELOP AND 218 00:08:04,068 --> 00:08:04,936 IMPLEMENT COMMUNICATION 219 00:08:04,936 --> 00:08:06,037 DISSEMINATION PLANS AND 220 00:08:06,037 --> 00:08:07,338 ADMINISTER AND MANAGE PILOT 221 00:08:07,338 --> 00:08:09,440 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AROUND 222 00:08:09,440 --> 00:08:10,842 SYSTEMIC GENDER-BASED 223 00:08:10,842 --> 00:08:11,342 INEQUITIES. 224 00:08:11,342 --> 00:08:14,011 THIS PROGRAM HAD ITS ORIGIN IN 225 00:08:14,011 --> 00:08:15,880 IDEAS THAT CAME FROM THE WORKING 226 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:17,415 GROUP ON WOMEN IN BIOMEDICAL 227 00:08:17,415 --> 00:08:19,283 CAREERS THAT I CO-CHAIR WITH THE 228 00:08:19,283 --> 00:08:22,120 NIH DIRECTOR. 229 00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:24,522 I WAS REALLY HONORED AND MOVED 230 00:08:24,522 --> 00:08:28,459 AND SO DELIGHTED TO BE IN THE 231 00:08:28,459 --> 00:08:29,560 WHITE HOUSE WHEN PRESIDENT JOE 232 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:33,297 BIDEN SIGNED EXECUTIVE ORDER 233 00:08:33,297 --> 00:08:35,900 14120 IN MARCH OF THIS YEAR. 234 00:08:35,900 --> 00:08:37,635 THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER IS TO 235 00:08:37,635 --> 00:08:38,970 ADVANCE WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH 236 00:08:38,970 --> 00:08:40,404 AND INNOVATION, AND I'M JUST 237 00:08:40,404 --> 00:08:41,906 GOING TO HIGHLIGHT A COUPLE OF 238 00:08:41,906 --> 00:08:43,441 KEY POINTS FROM IT. 239 00:08:43,441 --> 00:08:45,309 IT AIMS TO PRIORITIZE 240 00:08:45,309 --> 00:08:48,412 INVESTMENTS IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 241 00:08:48,412 --> 00:08:49,347 RESEARCH, INTEGRATE WOMEN'S 242 00:08:49,347 --> 00:08:50,548 HEALTH ACROSS THE FEDERAL 243 00:08:50,548 --> 00:08:53,417 RESEARCH PORTFOLIO, GALVANIZE 244 00:08:53,417 --> 00:08:54,485 NEW RESEARCH SPECIFICALLY 245 00:08:54,485 --> 00:08:56,787 FOCUSED ON WOMEN'S MID LIFE 246 00:08:56,787 --> 00:08:58,322 HEALTH, AND ASSESS UNMET NEEDS 247 00:08:58,322 --> 00:09:00,958 SO THAT WE CAN SUPPORT WOMEN'S 248 00:09:00,958 --> 00:09:01,859 HEALTH RESEARCH BETTER. 249 00:09:01,859 --> 00:09:04,128 THERE ARE MULTIPLE SECTIONS IN 250 00:09:04,128 --> 00:09:05,096 THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER, AND I'M 251 00:09:05,096 --> 00:09:07,098 NOT GOING TO GO OVER THEM IN 252 00:09:07,098 --> 00:09:08,166 DETAIL BUT JUST TO SHARE WITH 253 00:09:08,166 --> 00:09:10,368 YOU IN A MOMENT ABOUT A NOTICE 254 00:09:10,368 --> 00:09:12,336 OF SPECIAL INTEREST ABOUT 255 00:09:12,336 --> 00:09:14,839 LOOKING AT FEMALE-SPECIFIC 256 00:09:14,839 --> 00:09:16,274 CDEs, COMMON DATA ELEMENTS 257 00:09:16,274 --> 00:09:17,575 LIKE ON MENOPAUSE STATUS, 258 00:09:17,575 --> 00:09:19,777 LOOKING AT SYSTEM-WIDEN 259 00:09:19,777 --> 00:09:21,212 HANSMENTS IN THE GRANT LIFECYCLE 260 00:09:21,212 --> 00:09:22,947 TO MAKE SURE THAT WOMEN'S HEALTH 261 00:09:22,947 --> 00:09:24,782 AND SABB RL PRIORITIZED AND OF 262 00:09:24,782 --> 00:09:26,117 COURSE THE WAYS THAT WE CAN LOOK 263 00:09:26,117 --> 00:09:27,418 AT OUR FUNDING TO MAKE SURE 264 00:09:27,418 --> 00:09:28,853 WE'RE SUPPORTING THE RESEARCH TO 265 00:09:28,853 --> 00:09:29,921 ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF TODAY'S 266 00:09:29,921 --> 00:09:33,357 WOMEN. 267 00:09:33,357 --> 00:09:34,458 THE BIRCWH PROGRAM ALIGNS VERY 268 00:09:34,458 --> 00:09:40,665 WELL WITH SECTION 4 OF E 269 00:09:40,665 --> 00:09:41,465 EO12140 ON PRIORITIZING 270 00:09:41,465 --> 00:09:42,567 INVESTMENTS IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 271 00:09:42,567 --> 00:09:44,735 RESEARCH AND IF YOU LOOK AT THAT 272 00:09:44,735 --> 00:09:46,470 SECOND ONE DOWN, PROMOTING 273 00:09:46,470 --> 00:09:47,672 COLLABORATIVE, INTERDISCIPLINARY 274 00:09:47,672 --> 00:09:48,573 RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS AND AREAS 275 00:09:48,573 --> 00:09:49,440 OF EXPERTISE. 276 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:50,975 WHICH IS INHERENTLY PART OF THE 277 00:09:50,975 --> 00:09:54,679 BIRCWH. 278 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:56,547 WE'RE ALSO REVISIONING WOMEN'S 279 00:09:56,547 --> 00:09:58,416 HEALTH RESEARCH FUNDING AND DATA 280 00:09:58,416 --> 00:10:00,718 THROUGH THE EXECUTIVE ORDER, AND 281 00:10:00,718 --> 00:10:02,453 WE HAVE LAUNCHED SOME NEW 282 00:10:02,453 --> 00:10:05,189 EFFORTS HERE AND WE ARE 283 00:10:05,189 --> 00:10:06,224 STIMULATING INNOVATION THROUGH 284 00:10:06,224 --> 00:10:09,327 OUR SBIR, SMALL BUSINESS 285 00:10:09,327 --> 00:10:10,861 INNOVATION AND TECH TRANSFER 286 00:10:10,861 --> 00:10:11,562 AWARDS. 287 00:10:11,562 --> 00:10:14,932 I MENTIONED THE CDEs, AND WE 288 00:10:14,932 --> 00:10:16,767 ANNOUNCED NIH'S FIRST EVER 289 00:10:16,767 --> 00:10:18,869 PATHWAYS TO PREVENTION PROGRAM 290 00:10:18,869 --> 00:10:20,938 COMMITTED TO MENOPAUSE, 291 00:10:20,938 --> 00:10:22,907 MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS, AND ITS 292 00:10:22,907 --> 00:10:23,774 RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC 293 00:10:23,774 --> 00:10:28,479 DISEASES. 294 00:10:28,479 --> 00:10:29,747 PRESIDENT BIDEN ANNOUNCED IN HIS 295 00:10:29,747 --> 00:10:32,183 STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS HIS 296 00:10:32,183 --> 00:10:35,386 CALL TO CONGRESS TO SUPPORT AN 297 00:10:35,386 --> 00:10:36,887 NIH CENTRAL FUND THAT WOULD 298 00:10:36,887 --> 00:10:37,888 SUPPORT RESEARCH THAT WOULD 299 00:10:37,888 --> 00:10:40,191 COVER TOPICS THAT OVERLAP 300 00:10:40,191 --> 00:10:41,292 MULTIPLE INSTITUTES AND CENTERS 301 00:10:41,292 --> 00:10:43,894 OR FALL BETWEEN THE CRACKS OF 302 00:10:43,894 --> 00:10:45,229 THE INSTITUTE AND CENTER MISSION 303 00:10:45,229 --> 00:10:45,863 AREAS. 304 00:10:45,863 --> 00:10:47,064 AND THE FACT SHEET THAT WAS 305 00:10:47,064 --> 00:10:48,499 RELEASED ALONG WITH THE 306 00:10:48,499 --> 00:10:49,800 EXECUTIVE ORDER HIGHLIGHTS A 307 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:50,801 VARIETY OF STEPS THAT HAVE 308 00:10:50,801 --> 00:10:56,140 ALREADY BEEN TAKEN AT THAT TIME. 309 00:10:56,140 --> 00:10:57,041 I'M EXCITED TO SHARE WITH YOU 310 00:10:57,041 --> 00:11:01,846 THAT YOU CAN NOW ACCESS ALL NIH 311 00:11:01,846 --> 00:11:03,314 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES, INCLUDING 312 00:11:03,314 --> 00:11:05,683 THOSE THAT ORWH PUTS OUT, SIGNS 313 00:11:05,683 --> 00:11:06,984 INTO AND THOSE THAT THE 314 00:11:06,984 --> 00:11:08,085 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS ARE 315 00:11:08,085 --> 00:11:10,221 LEADING AT THE SINGLE WEBSITE ON 316 00:11:10,221 --> 00:11:11,589 THE ORWH WEBPAGE. 317 00:11:11,589 --> 00:11:12,890 SO NOW WE HAVE A SINGLE FRONT 318 00:11:12,890 --> 00:11:16,060 DOOR TO ENTER THE NIH WORLD OF 319 00:11:16,060 --> 00:11:16,927 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH, AND YOU 320 00:11:16,927 --> 00:11:19,463 CAN SEE THE CURRENT NUMBER OF 321 00:11:19,463 --> 00:11:20,431 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE 322 00:11:20,431 --> 00:11:21,866 AVAILABLE TO YOU COVERING A WIDE 323 00:11:21,866 --> 00:11:24,602 RANGE OF TOPICS. 324 00:11:24,602 --> 00:11:27,872 IT WAS REALLY HEARTWARMING TO 325 00:11:27,872 --> 00:11:29,840 SEE WHEN THE INSTITUTES AND 326 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:32,143 CENTERS, EVERY SINGLE ELIGIBLE 327 00:11:32,143 --> 00:11:34,211 INSTITUTE WAS STEPPED UP IN 328 00:11:34,211 --> 00:11:35,646 RECORD TIME, SIGNED ON TO A 329 00:11:35,646 --> 00:11:37,715 NOTICE OF SPECIAL INTEREST 330 00:11:37,715 --> 00:11:40,985 SPECIFICALLY FOCUSED ON WOMEN'S 331 00:11:40,985 --> 00:11:41,886 HEALTH RESEARCH THAT WAS LINKED 332 00:11:41,886 --> 00:11:44,488 TO ALL OF THE STANDING FUNDING, 333 00:11:44,488 --> 00:11:45,389 STANDING PARENT FUNDING 334 00:11:45,389 --> 00:11:46,457 OPPORTUNITIES. 335 00:11:46,457 --> 00:11:47,792 SO INVESTIGATOR INITIATED AWARDS 336 00:11:47,792 --> 00:11:50,728 THAT WERE ALREADY ON THE STREET, 337 00:11:50,728 --> 00:11:52,963 AND SO NOW WE HAVE 30 338 00:11:52,963 --> 00:11:53,898 PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES, 339 00:11:53,898 --> 00:11:56,434 CENTERS AND OFFICES AND EACH OF 340 00:11:56,434 --> 00:11:58,269 THOSE ARTICULATED PRIORITIES OF 341 00:11:58,269 --> 00:12:01,872 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH IN THEIR 342 00:12:01,872 --> 00:12:02,540 MISSION AREAS. 343 00:12:02,540 --> 00:12:05,843 SO COLLECTIVELY, THAT REPRESENTS 344 00:12:05,843 --> 00:12:07,044 175 TOPICS OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 345 00:12:07,044 --> 00:12:09,647 RESEARCH THAT HAVE BEEN 346 00:12:09,647 --> 00:12:10,848 ARTICULATED BY THE INSTITUTES, 347 00:12:10,848 --> 00:12:12,516 CENTERS AND OFFICES, AND THROUGH 348 00:12:12,516 --> 00:12:19,190 THIS NOSY, NOSI, YOU CAN APPLYO 349 00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:20,825 GRANTS AND THE TOTAL NUMBER ARE 350 00:12:20,825 --> 00:12:21,692 LISTED THERE ON THE RIGHT. 351 00:12:21,692 --> 00:12:23,527 THE TERMS THAT COME UP IN THIS 352 00:12:23,527 --> 00:12:25,196 WORD CLOUD REPRESENT SOME OF THE 353 00:12:25,196 --> 00:12:26,931 TOPICS THAT WERE HIGHLIGHTED IN 354 00:12:26,931 --> 00:12:28,999 THOSE PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED BY 355 00:12:28,999 --> 00:12:32,203 THE ICOs AND THEY RANGE FROM 356 00:12:32,203 --> 00:12:33,504 MENOPAUSE AS A USUAL SUSPECT TO 357 00:12:33,504 --> 00:12:35,906 SOCIAL STUDIES, AS WELL AS 358 00:12:35,906 --> 00:12:38,075 INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO HIV, 359 00:12:38,075 --> 00:12:41,712 AND A VARIETY OF OTHER TOPICS. 360 00:12:41,712 --> 00:12:43,447 SO THESE -- THROUGH THIS 361 00:12:43,447 --> 00:12:45,750 MECHANISM, THERE ARE MANY WAYS 362 00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:47,184 FOR INDIVIDUALS TO APPLY TO 363 00:12:47,184 --> 00:12:51,322 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH FUNDING 364 00:12:51,322 --> 00:12:52,990 ACROSS MANY TOPICS TO ALL THE 365 00:12:52,990 --> 00:12:54,291 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS THAT ARE 366 00:12:54,291 --> 00:12:56,894 ELIGIBLE, AND ACROSS MULTIPLE 367 00:12:56,894 --> 00:13:00,097 GRANTING MECHANISMS. 368 00:13:00,097 --> 00:13:02,066 LAST YEAR, ORWH PARTNERED WITH 369 00:13:02,066 --> 00:13:03,567 THE BILL AND MELINDA GATES 370 00:13:03,567 --> 00:13:05,436 FOUNDATION TO HOST AN INNOVATION 371 00:13:05,436 --> 00:13:07,738 EQUITY FORUM ATTENDED BY 372 00:13:07,738 --> 00:13:09,273 250 INDIVIDUALS FROM OVER 50 373 00:13:09,273 --> 00:13:12,877 COUNTRIES, WHERE WE EVALUATED 374 00:13:12,877 --> 00:13:14,945 POTENTIAL RID OPPORTUNITIES TO 375 00:13:14,945 --> 00:13:16,380 DRIVE INNOVATION IN WOMEN'S 376 00:13:16,380 --> 00:13:17,915 HEALTH GLOBALLY, AND TRAINING 377 00:13:17,915 --> 00:13:20,651 AND CAREER OPPORTUNITIES ARE A 378 00:13:20,651 --> 00:13:23,254 SECTION OF -- PART OF THE GOALS 379 00:13:23,254 --> 00:13:24,789 OF THIS WOMEN'S HEALTH 380 00:13:24,789 --> 00:13:25,790 INNOVATION OPPORTUNITY MAP THAT 381 00:13:25,790 --> 00:13:30,127 WAS ALSO FLAGGED IN THE NOTICE 382 00:13:30,127 --> 00:13:30,594 OF SPECIAL INTEREST. 383 00:13:30,594 --> 00:13:31,629 THE QR CODE IS THERE ON THE 384 00:13:31,629 --> 00:13:32,062 SLIDE. 385 00:13:32,062 --> 00:13:36,333 THE MAP INCLUDES 50 HIGH RETURN 386 00:13:36,333 --> 00:13:37,868 OPPORTUNITIES FOR R & D. 387 00:13:37,868 --> 00:13:38,969 SO IF YOU HAVEN'T HAD A CHANCE 388 00:13:38,969 --> 00:13:40,704 TO SEE THAT, PLEASE DO TAKE A 389 00:13:40,704 --> 00:13:41,739 LOOK AT IT. 390 00:13:41,739 --> 00:13:44,208 I MENTIONED THAT THE BIRCWH ALSO 391 00:13:44,208 --> 00:13:47,545 ALIGNS WITH EO12140 IN SOME OF 392 00:13:47,545 --> 00:13:49,780 THE RESEARCH BEING TON BY BIRCWH 393 00:13:49,780 --> 00:13:52,850 SCHOLARS AND PIs IS FOCUSED ON 394 00:13:52,850 --> 00:13:57,388 WOMEN'S MID LIFE HEALTH AND 395 00:13:57,388 --> 00:13:58,222 GALVANIZING INFORMATION IS AN 396 00:13:58,222 --> 00:14:00,391 IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE 397 00:14:00,391 --> 00:14:01,826 EXECUTIVE ORDER.% 398 00:14:01,826 --> 00:14:03,828 HERE'S OUR MENOPAUSE WEBPAGE 399 00:14:03,828 --> 00:14:06,664 WHERE CAN YOU FIND A VARIETY OF 400 00:14:06,664 --> 00:14:07,298 RESOURCES AND INFORMATION 401 00:14:07,298 --> 00:14:08,499 RELATED TO THE MULTIPLE 402 00:14:08,499 --> 00:14:09,600 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS THAT ARE 403 00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:10,701 FOCUSED ON DISEASES AND 404 00:14:10,701 --> 00:14:12,870 CONDITIONS RELATED TO MENOPAUSE 405 00:14:12,870 --> 00:14:13,771 AND MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION 406 00:14:13,771 --> 00:14:18,375 ITSELF, AND THEN YOU CAN ACCESS 407 00:14:18,375 --> 00:14:22,513 THE MY MENOPLAN WEBPAGE TO 408 00:14:22,513 --> 00:14:23,781 RECEIVE EVIDENCE-BASED 409 00:14:23,781 --> 00:14:25,082 INFORMATION ABOUT TREATMENT OF 410 00:14:25,082 --> 00:14:26,550 MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS. 411 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:27,985 SO THAT INFORMATION THAT'S BEEN 412 00:14:27,985 --> 00:14:29,954 VETTED IS PROVIDED TOLL THE 413 00:14:29,954 --> 00:14:31,255 CONSUMER HERE. 414 00:14:31,255 --> 00:14:33,557 IT'S BEEN A BUSY YEAR, AND 415 00:14:33,557 --> 00:14:34,658 DURING NATIONAL WOMEN'S HEALTH 416 00:14:34,658 --> 00:14:36,427 WEEK IS SECOND WEEK IN MAY. 417 00:14:36,427 --> 00:14:38,128 WE PUT OUT A VARIETY OF 418 00:14:38,128 --> 00:14:38,395 MATERIALS. 419 00:14:38,395 --> 00:14:39,797 IN ADDITION TO THE NOSI WHICH 420 00:14:39,797 --> 00:14:42,399 CAME OUT EARLIER, A REPORT FROM 421 00:14:42,399 --> 00:14:43,400 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES ON THE 422 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:44,602 FRAMEWORK TO ADDRESS CHRONIC 423 00:14:44,602 --> 00:14:46,337 CONDITIONS IN WOMEN, WHICH WAS 424 00:14:46,337 --> 00:14:48,339 SUPPORTED BY ORWH. 425 00:14:48,339 --> 00:14:49,740 THE FIRST TIME EVER WE PUT OUT 426 00:14:49,740 --> 00:14:51,675 FACT SHEETS, NIH FACT SHEETS 427 00:14:51,675 --> 00:14:53,143 WHICH ARE SHORT, TWO PAGES, 428 00:14:53,143 --> 00:14:55,012 WHERE WE ASSESS OUR FUNDING IN 429 00:14:55,012 --> 00:14:58,148 THAT AREA, THAT TOPIC, AND WE 430 00:14:58,148 --> 00:14:59,483 IDENTIFY SOME GAP PS IN THAT 431 00:14:59,483 --> 00:15:00,885 AREA. 432 00:15:00,885 --> 00:15:02,052 OUR BUY ENG YELL REPORT ARE 433 00:15:02,052 --> 00:15:05,489 UNDER STUDIED, UNDERREPRESENTED, 434 00:15:05,489 --> 00:15:06,390 UNDERREPORTED POPULATIONS OF 435 00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:09,860 WOMEN ARE U3 DATA REPORT, WHERE 436 00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:11,295 WE HAD INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO 437 00:15:11,295 --> 00:15:14,798 YOU ABOUT POPULATIONS OF WOMEN, 438 00:15:14,798 --> 00:15:15,866 RURAL WOMEN. 439 00:15:15,866 --> 00:15:17,301 WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT RACIAL AND 440 00:15:17,301 --> 00:15:18,936 ETHNIC IDENTITIES, WOMEN WITH 441 00:15:18,936 --> 00:15:19,803 DISABILITIES AND THE LIKE. 442 00:15:19,803 --> 00:15:23,007 SO YOU HAVE A RICH BODY OF DATA 443 00:15:23,007 --> 00:15:25,943 UPON WHICH TO GENERATE NEW IDEAS 444 00:15:25,943 --> 00:15:28,445 AND NEW HYPOTHESES FOR FUTURE 445 00:15:28,445 --> 00:15:29,346 STUDIES. 446 00:15:29,346 --> 00:15:32,082 AND IMPORTANTLY, THE NEW NIH 447 00:15:32,082 --> 00:15:33,183 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR RESEARCH ON 448 00:15:33,183 --> 00:15:35,252 THE HEALTH OF WOMEN WAS LAUNCHED 449 00:15:35,252 --> 00:15:39,390 THAT SAME WEEK. 450 00:15:39,390 --> 00:15:40,291 DR. BERTAGNOLLI'S VIDEO 451 00:15:40,291 --> 00:15:42,359 LAUNCHING THAT IS ACTUALLY THE 452 00:15:42,359 --> 00:15:44,995 MOST VIEWED NIH YOUTUBE VIDEO 453 00:15:44,995 --> 00:15:46,196 FOR THE YEAR. 454 00:15:46,196 --> 00:15:47,598 SO PEOPLE ARE DEFINITELY 455 00:15:47,598 --> 00:15:49,033 INTERESTED IN WOMEN'S HEALTH AND 456 00:15:49,033 --> 00:15:50,768 WHAT WE HAVE TO SAY. 457 00:15:50,768 --> 00:15:53,370 THE ANNUAL VIVIAN PINN SYMPOSIUM 458 00:15:53,370 --> 00:15:54,505 THAT YEAR FOCUSED ON THE 459 00:15:54,505 --> 00:15:57,107 IMPORTANT TOPIC OF AU AUTOIMMUNE 460 00:15:57,107 --> 00:15:59,410 DISEASES AND LAST YEAR CONGRESS 461 00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:00,511 APPROPRIATED FUNDS FOR US TO 462 00:16:00,511 --> 00:16:03,247 FORM AN OFFICE OF AUTOIMMUNE 463 00:16:03,247 --> 00:16:05,983 DISEASE RESEARCH WITHIN ORWH. 464 00:16:05,983 --> 00:16:09,820 AND WE ALSO INITIATED A 465 00:16:09,820 --> 00:16:11,121 ROUNDTABLE SERIES ON WOMEN'S 466 00:16:11,121 --> 00:16:12,222 HEALTH RESEARCH TOPICS, AND 467 00:16:12,222 --> 00:16:14,825 THESE HAVE BEEN INCREDIBLY WELL 468 00:16:14,825 --> 00:16:16,260 ATTENDED, VERY HIGH REGISTRATION 469 00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:21,565 RATES, ON A VARIETY OF TOPICS. 470 00:16:21,565 --> 00:16:23,500 YOU CAN CONNECT WITH US HERE 471 00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,669 WITH OUR ONLINE ELEARNING 472 00:16:25,669 --> 00:16:27,204 MODULES AVAILABLE HERE AND OUR 473 00:16:27,204 --> 00:16:29,173 QUARTERLY PUBLICATIONS, WOMEN'S 474 00:16:29,173 --> 00:16:30,841 HEALTH IN FOCUS, MONTHLY EMAIL, 475 00:16:30,841 --> 00:16:35,412 AND SANEAND SIGN UP TO RECEIVE R 476 00:16:35,412 --> 00:16:36,046 EVENTS HERE. 477 00:16:36,046 --> 00:16:37,147 WITH THAT, I'M GOING TO MOVE 478 00:16:37,147 --> 00:16:39,617 FORWARD SO THAT YOU CAN RECEIVE 479 00:16:39,617 --> 00:16:41,752 A WELCOME FROM DR. MONICA 480 00:16:41,752 --> 00:16:43,520 BERTAGNOLLI. 481 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:45,122 DR. BERTAGNOLLI IS THE 17TH 482 00:16:45,122 --> 00:16:47,358 DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 483 00:16:47,358 --> 00:16:47,825 INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. 484 00:16:47,825 --> 00:16:50,294 SHE WAS NOMINATED BY PRESIDENT 485 00:16:50,294 --> 00:16:54,665 JOE BIDEN ON MAY 15TH, 2023, 486 00:16:54,665 --> 00:16:58,168 CONFIRMED BY THE U.S. SENATE ON 487 00:16:58,168 --> 00:16:59,136 NOVEMBER 7TH, 2023, AND TOOK 488 00:16:59,136 --> 00:17:02,306 OFFICE ON NOVEMBER 9TH, 2023. 489 00:17:02,306 --> 00:17:04,174 SHE PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS THE 490 00:17:04,174 --> 00:17:07,144 16TH DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 491 00:17:07,144 --> 00:17:09,413 CANCER INSTITUTE, THE RICHARD E 492 00:17:09,413 --> 00:17:10,648 WILSON PROFESSOR OF SURGERY IN 493 00:17:10,648 --> 00:17:12,716 SURGICAL ONCOLOGY AT HARVARD 494 00:17:12,716 --> 00:17:15,052 MEDICAL SCHOOL, A SURGEON AT 495 00:17:15,052 --> 00:17:15,653 BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, 496 00:17:15,653 --> 00:17:17,521 AND A MEMBER OF THE 497 00:17:17,521 --> 00:17:18,055 GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER 498 00:17:18,055 --> 00:17:20,257 TREATMENT AND SARCOMA CENTERS AT 499 00:17:20,257 --> 00:17:22,993 DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE. 500 00:17:22,993 --> 00:17:24,962 THROUGHOUT HER CAREER, 501 00:17:24,962 --> 00:17:26,163 DR. BERTAGNOLLI HAS BEEN AT THE 502 00:17:26,163 --> 00:17:27,865 FOREFRONT OF THE FIELD OF 503 00:17:27,865 --> 00:17:30,067 SURGICAL AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 504 00:17:30,067 --> 00:17:32,269 SHE GRADUATED FROM PRINCETON 505 00:17:32,269 --> 00:17:34,104 EURT WITH A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 506 00:17:34,104 --> 00:17:36,407 IN ENGINEERING AND ATTENDED 507 00:17:36,407 --> 00:17:38,175 MEDICAL SCAL AT THE UNIVERSITY 508 00:17:38,175 --> 00:17:39,043 OF UTAH. 509 00:17:39,043 --> 00:17:41,111 SHE TRAINED IN SURGE REA AT 510 00:17:41,111 --> 00:17:42,646 BRIGHAM AND WAS A RESEARCH 511 00:17:42,646 --> 00:17:44,848 FELLOW IN TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY AT 512 00:17:44,848 --> 00:17:46,050 THE DANA FARBER CANCER 513 00:17:46,050 --> 00:17:46,350 INSTITUTE. 514 00:17:46,350 --> 00:17:47,885 SO WITH THAT, I THINK WE CAN GO 515 00:17:47,885 --> 00:17:49,753 AHEAD AND START THE VIDEO SO YOU 516 00:17:49,753 --> 00:17:51,722 CAN RECEIVE A WELCOME FROM 517 00:17:51,722 --> 00:17:55,125 DR. BERTAGNOLLI. 518 00:17:55,125 --> 00:17:57,294 >> HELLO, EVERYONE. 519 00:17:57,294 --> 00:17:59,463 I'M NIH DIRECTOR DR. MONICA 520 00:17:59,463 --> 00:18:00,664 BERTAGNOLLI. 521 00:18:00,664 --> 00:18:01,899 WHILE I WAS NOT ABLE TO BE WITH 522 00:18:01,899 --> 00:18:03,434 YOU IN PERSON TODAY, I WANTED TO 523 00:18:03,434 --> 00:18:06,036 BE SURE TO SEND MY 524 00:18:06,036 --> 00:18:07,471 CONGRATULATIONS TO THE BIRCWH 525 00:18:07,471 --> 00:18:08,972 SCHOLARS. 526 00:18:08,972 --> 00:18:11,075 I HOPE THAT THIS PROGRAM HAS 527 00:18:11,075 --> 00:18:12,743 EXPOSED YOU TO AN ARRAY OF 528 00:18:12,743 --> 00:18:14,812 DISCIPLINES AND HAS HELPED YOU 529 00:18:14,812 --> 00:18:16,146 ACHIEVE SOME OF YOUR GOALS AS 530 00:18:16,146 --> 00:18:18,315 YOU WORK TOWARD AN INDEPENDENCE 531 00:18:18,315 --> 00:18:19,717 SCIENTIFIC CAREER. 532 00:18:19,717 --> 00:18:21,218 I'D ALSO LIKE TO THANK THE 533 00:18:21,218 --> 00:18:22,686 PROGRAM MENTORS FOR THEIR 534 00:18:22,686 --> 00:18:24,655 DEDICATION TO FOSTERING THE NEXT 535 00:18:24,655 --> 00:18:27,157 GENERATION OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 536 00:18:27,157 --> 00:18:28,592 SCIENTISTS, AND TO THE OFFICE OF 537 00:18:28,592 --> 00:18:30,561 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH FOR 538 00:18:30,561 --> 00:18:32,529 THEIR STEWARDSHIP OF THIS 539 00:18:32,529 --> 00:18:33,497 SIGNATURE CAREER DEVELOPMENT 540 00:18:33,497 --> 00:18:36,467 PROGRAM. 541 00:18:36,467 --> 00:18:37,868 BUILDING A CAREER IN BIOMEDICAL 542 00:18:37,868 --> 00:18:40,304 RESEARCH CAN BE CHALLENGING. 543 00:18:40,304 --> 00:18:41,705 BUT FROM MY OWN EXPERIENCE, YOU 544 00:18:41,705 --> 00:18:44,575 CAN MAKE IT EASIER WHEN YOU FIND 545 00:18:44,575 --> 00:18:46,977 EXCEPTIONAL MENTORS. 546 00:18:46,977 --> 00:18:50,481 YOUR WORK TO ADVANCE RESEARCH ON 547 00:18:50,481 --> 00:18:52,850 SEX AND GENDER IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 548 00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:54,051 IS AS CRITICAL AS EVER. 549 00:18:54,051 --> 00:18:55,919 WE'VE SEEN A NUMBER OF EXCITING 550 00:18:55,919 --> 00:18:57,554 ADVANCES IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 551 00:18:57,554 --> 00:18:59,990 RESEARCH IN THE PAST YEAR ALONE. 552 00:18:59,990 --> 00:19:04,461 FROM UNCOVERING DRIVERS OF 553 00:19:04,461 --> 00:19:05,896 AUTOIMMUNITY IN WOMEN TO FINDING 554 00:19:05,896 --> 00:19:07,731 BETTER DRUGS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS 555 00:19:07,731 --> 00:19:08,732 PAIN. 556 00:19:08,732 --> 00:19:10,601 HOWEVER, WE STILL HAVE SO MUCH 557 00:19:10,601 --> 00:19:13,303 MORE WORK TO DO TO CLOSE THE GAP 558 00:19:13,303 --> 00:19:16,173 IN WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH. 559 00:19:16,173 --> 00:19:17,574 THIS CROSS-CUTTING APPROACH TO 560 00:19:17,574 --> 00:19:19,343 DRIVING INNOVATIONS IS SOMETHING 561 00:19:19,343 --> 00:19:22,079 THAT THE BIRCWH PROGRAM HAS 562 00:19:22,079 --> 00:19:24,381 CULTIVATED SUCCESSFULLY FOR 563 00:19:24,381 --> 00:19:25,582 NEARLY 25 YEARS NOW. 564 00:19:25,582 --> 00:19:28,952 BY CONNECTING BASIC AND CLINICAL 565 00:19:28,952 --> 00:19:30,821 RESEARCHERS, AND BY FOSTERING 566 00:19:30,821 --> 00:19:31,488 COLLABORATIONS ACROSS 567 00:19:31,488 --> 00:19:33,657 DISCIPLINES FROM ENDOCRINOLOGY 568 00:19:33,657 --> 00:19:38,362 TO CARDIOLOGY TO IMMUNOLOGY TO 569 00:19:38,362 --> 00:19:40,898 ONCOLOGY, AND MORE, THE PROGRAM 570 00:19:40,898 --> 00:19:43,400 ALIGNS WELL WITH THE WHITE HOUSE 571 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:43,934 INITIATIVE. 572 00:19:43,934 --> 00:19:46,136 AS THE BIRCWH PROGRAM APPROACHES 573 00:19:46,136 --> 00:19:48,972 ITS 25TH ANNIVERSARY NEXT YEAR, 574 00:19:48,972 --> 00:19:51,041 I ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO REFLECT 575 00:19:51,041 --> 00:19:52,676 ON THE PROGRAM'S ACHIEVEMENTS 576 00:19:52,676 --> 00:19:54,545 AND TO LOOK AHEAD TO FUTURE 577 00:19:54,545 --> 00:19:57,080 POSSIBILITIES. 578 00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:59,483 AT NIH, WE REMAIN STEADFAST IN 579 00:19:59,483 --> 00:20:01,552 OUR EFFORTS TO NURTURE THE NEXT 580 00:20:01,552 --> 00:20:03,654 GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS, AND I 581 00:20:03,654 --> 00:20:06,156 WISH YOU ALL THE VERY BEST AS 582 00:20:06,156 --> 00:20:07,558 YOU ESTABLISH YOUR CAREER. 583 00:20:07,558 --> 00:20:09,426 THANK YOU, AND I HOPE THAT YOU 584 00:20:09,426 --> 00:20:10,727 ENJOY THE REST OF TODAY'S 585 00:20:10,727 --> 00:20:15,199 MEETING. 586 00:20:15,199 --> 00:20:24,007 [APPLAUSE] 587 00:20:24,007 --> 00:20:25,742 >> IT'S NOW MY PLEASURE TO 588 00:20:25,742 --> 00:20:36,253 INTRODUCE THIS YEAR'S RUTH L. 589 00:20:43,193 --> 00:20:46,630 L.KIRSCHSTEIN MEMORIAL SCHOLARS. 590 00:20:46,630 --> 00:20:51,668 THIS YEAR'S RUTH KIRSCHSTEIN 591 00:20:51,668 --> 00:20:54,404 KEYNOTE SPEAKER IS DR. ABBEY 592 00:20:54,404 --> 00:20:55,339 BERENSON. 593 00:20:55,339 --> 00:20:57,241 DR. BERENSON IS DIRECTOR OF THE 594 00:20:57,241 --> 00:20:59,209 UTMB CENTER FOR 595 00:20:59,209 --> 00:21:00,077 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH OND 596 00:21:00,077 --> 00:21:01,011 WOMEN'S HEALTH AND DIRECTOR OF 597 00:21:01,011 --> 00:21:02,045 THE DIVISION OF POPULATION AND 598 00:21:02,045 --> 00:21:02,946 PREVENTIVE HEALTH IN THE 599 00:21:02,946 --> 00:21:05,649 DEPARTMENT OF OB-GYN. 600 00:21:05,649 --> 00:21:08,151 SHE'S A SENIOR CLINICAL 601 00:21:08,151 --> 00:21:09,486 RESEARCHER, GYNECOLOGIST, 602 00:21:09,486 --> 00:21:10,687 OBSTETRICIAN AND DISTINGUISHED 603 00:21:10,687 --> 00:21:12,756 MENTOR WITH AN INTERNATIONAL 604 00:21:12,756 --> 00:21:13,957 REPUTATION FOR HER STUDIES OF 605 00:21:13,957 --> 00:21:16,593 HEALTH ISSUES AMONG 606 00:21:16,593 --> 00:21:17,361 REPRODUCTIVE-AGED WOMEN. 607 00:21:17,361 --> 00:21:21,465 SHE'S PUBLISHED MORE THAN 260 608 00:21:21,465 --> 00:21:23,267 PEER REVIEWED PAPERS AND HAS 609 00:21:23,267 --> 00:21:25,002 BEEN CONTINUOUSLY FUNDED BY 610 00:21:25,002 --> 00:21:27,304 VARIOUS SPONSORS INCLUDING NIH, 611 00:21:27,304 --> 00:21:29,172 THE HEALTH RESOURCES AND 612 00:21:29,172 --> 00:21:31,441 SERVICES ADMINISTRATION OR HRSA, 613 00:21:31,441 --> 00:21:32,776 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, CANCER 614 00:21:32,776 --> 00:21:35,779 PREVENTION AND RESEARCH 615 00:21:35,779 --> 00:21:37,247 INSTITUTE OF TEXAS AND SEVERAL 616 00:21:37,247 --> 00:21:39,216 PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS. 617 00:21:39,216 --> 00:21:40,651 DR. BERENSON'S CURRENT RESEARCH 618 00:21:40,651 --> 00:21:42,953 CENTERS AROUND THE PREVENTION OF 619 00:21:42,953 --> 00:21:44,588 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS RELATED 620 00:21:44,588 --> 00:21:46,223 CANCERS. 621 00:21:46,223 --> 00:21:48,425 SHE HAS 10 ONGOING PROJECTS THAT 622 00:21:48,425 --> 00:21:51,695 TOTAL MORE THAN $18 MILLION IN 623 00:21:51,695 --> 00:21:54,531 EXTERNAL FUNDING. 624 00:21:54,531 --> 00:21:55,799 8 OF THE 10 PROJECTS AIM TO 625 00:21:55,799 --> 00:21:57,935 INCREASE HPV VACCINATION RATES 626 00:21:57,935 --> 00:21:59,369 AMONG MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED AND 627 00:21:59,369 --> 00:22:05,409 RURAL POPULATIONS, AND TWO, OUR 628 00:22:05,409 --> 00:22:07,110 CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO 629 00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:11,181 COMPARE THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF 630 00:22:11,181 --> 00:22:13,417 TWO DOSES OF THE HPV VACCINE TO 631 00:22:13,417 --> 00:22:15,218 THE STANDARD THREE DOSES IN 632 00:22:15,218 --> 00:22:17,955 MALES AGED 15 TO 26 AND FEMALES 633 00:22:17,955 --> 00:22:20,190 AGED 27 TO 45. 634 00:22:20,190 --> 00:22:22,659 DR. BERENSON FOUND THE THE UTMB 635 00:22:22,659 --> 00:22:23,393 CENTER FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY 636 00:22:23,393 --> 00:22:24,962 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH IN 637 00:22:24,962 --> 00:22:26,596 2002 TO PROMOTE, STIMULATE AND 638 00:22:26,596 --> 00:22:27,464 SUPPORT INTERDISCIPLINARY 639 00:22:27,464 --> 00:22:28,231 RESEARCH RELATED TO THE HEALTH 640 00:22:28,231 --> 00:22:30,200 OF WOMEN ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. 641 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:32,202 SHE OBTAINED HER MEDICAL DEGREE 642 00:22:32,202 --> 00:22:33,270 AT THE BAYLOR COLLEGE OF 643 00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:35,339 MEDICINE, WHERE SHE ALSO 644 00:22:35,339 --> 00:22:37,307 COMPLETED INTERNSHIP AND RES KEN 645 00:22:37,307 --> 00:22:39,376 SEE IN OB-GYN. 646 00:22:39,376 --> 00:22:41,244 WE ARE EXCITE TODAY HAVE 647 00:22:41,244 --> 00:22:43,780 DR. BERENSON PRESENT THE 2024 648 00:22:43,780 --> 00:22:48,018 RUTH L. KIRSCHSTEIN MEMORIAL 649 00:22:48,018 --> 00:22:49,252 LECTURE ENTITLED "STANDING ON 650 00:22:49,252 --> 00:22:52,189 THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS." 651 00:22:52,189 --> 00:22:56,560 RUTH L. KIRSCHSTEIN, ORWH AND 652 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:57,561 THE BIRCWH INITIATIVE, PLEASE 653 00:22:57,561 --> 00:22:59,396 HELP ME WELCOME DR. ABBEY 654 00:22:59,396 --> 00:23:01,365 BERENSON. 655 00:23:01,365 --> 00:23:11,541 [APPLAUSE] 656 00:23:12,976 --> 00:23:13,877 >> GOOD AFTERNOON. 657 00:23:13,877 --> 00:23:15,512 IT IS SUCH A DELIGHT TO GIVE 658 00:23:15,512 --> 00:23:17,381 THIS LECTURE THIS AFTERNOON. 659 00:23:17,381 --> 00:23:18,582 AS BIRCWH HAS BEEN SUCH AN 660 00:23:18,582 --> 00:23:21,084 IMPORTANT PART OF MY CAREER. 661 00:23:21,084 --> 00:23:23,053 AS I WAS THINKING ABOUT WHAT I 662 00:23:23,053 --> 00:23:26,556 WANTED TO SPEAK ABOUT TODAY, I 663 00:23:26,556 --> 00:23:28,525 BEGAN TO LOOK INTO THE HISTORY 664 00:23:28,525 --> 00:23:30,594 OF SOME OF THE INDIVIDUALS THAT 665 00:23:30,594 --> 00:23:32,562 MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR US TO MEET 666 00:23:32,562 --> 00:23:34,765 ON THIS TOPIC IN THIS ROOM 667 00:23:34,765 --> 00:23:36,199 TODAY. 668 00:23:36,199 --> 00:23:38,802 AND I BECAME SO FASCINATED BY 669 00:23:38,802 --> 00:23:42,205 THEIR STORIES, AND THE BARRIERS 670 00:23:42,205 --> 00:23:44,074 THEY OVERCAME, THAT I DECIDED I 671 00:23:44,074 --> 00:23:53,250 WANTED TO SHARE THESE WITH YOU. 672 00:23:53,250 --> 00:23:54,351 SO AS I START TODAY, I'M GOING 673 00:23:54,351 --> 00:23:56,319 TO PUT YOU ALL IN A TIME MACHINE 674 00:23:56,319 --> 00:23:57,521 AND YOU'RE GOING TO GO BACK TO 675 00:23:57,521 --> 00:23:59,489 WHEN THE COUNTRY WAS FIRST BEING 676 00:23:59,489 --> 00:24:01,792 FORMED IN THE LATE 1700s. 677 00:24:01,792 --> 00:24:03,527 AND YOU'RE GOING TO STEP OUT OF 678 00:24:03,527 --> 00:24:04,394 THE TIME MACHINE AND YOU'RE 679 00:24:04,394 --> 00:24:08,031 GOING TO TAKE A LOOK AT 680 00:24:08,031 --> 00:24:10,534 HEALTHCARE. 681 00:24:10,534 --> 00:24:11,535 AND YOU'RE GOING TO SEE THAT 682 00:24:11,535 --> 00:24:12,736 IT'S REALLY ADMINISTERED BY 683 00:24:12,736 --> 00:24:14,037 WOMEN, IN THE HOME, SUCH AS THE 684 00:24:14,037 --> 00:24:17,374 MEDICAL CARE THAT THEY HAD 685 00:24:17,374 --> 00:24:17,974 AVAILABLE. 686 00:24:17,974 --> 00:24:19,709 SO THEY WERE THE PROVIDERS OF 687 00:24:19,709 --> 00:24:20,444 HEALTHCARE. 688 00:24:20,444 --> 00:24:23,880 BUT MEDICAL SCHOOLS WERE 689 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:25,315 FORMING, AND THEY WERE ONLY 690 00:24:25,315 --> 00:24:28,151 PUTTING OUT MALE GRADUATES. 691 00:24:28,151 --> 00:24:31,321 AND HOSPITALS BEGAN TO OPEN. 692 00:24:31,321 --> 00:24:32,956 BY 1811, THERE WERE FOUR 693 00:24:32,956 --> 00:24:36,460 HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES, 694 00:24:36,460 --> 00:24:37,994 AND AS THESE HOSPITALS BEGAN TO 695 00:24:37,994 --> 00:24:39,963 OPEN, THE MALE PHYSICIANS WERE 696 00:24:39,963 --> 00:24:42,466 NOT SO HAPPY ABOUT THE IDEA THAT 697 00:24:42,466 --> 00:24:44,634 WOMEN WERE REALLY IN CHARGE OF 698 00:24:44,634 --> 00:24:47,404 HEALTHCARE. 699 00:24:47,404 --> 00:24:50,907 AND SO THEY BEGAN TO REPLACE 700 00:24:50,907 --> 00:24:52,309 THEM AND THE ATTITUDES WERE NOT 701 00:24:52,309 --> 00:24:52,642 GOOD. 702 00:24:52,642 --> 00:24:54,511 AND THIS IS JUST A QUOTE I FOUND 703 00:24:54,511 --> 00:24:56,780 FROM A FACULTY MEMBER AT HARVARD 704 00:24:56,780 --> 00:24:58,882 MEDICAL SCHOOL. 705 00:24:58,882 --> 00:25:00,283 I THOUGHT IT WAS AMUSING BECAUSE 706 00:25:00,283 --> 00:25:02,385 THE FIRST PART OF IT IS ACTUALLY 707 00:25:02,385 --> 00:25:04,020 STILL TRUE TODAY. 708 00:25:04,020 --> 00:25:05,755 ALTHOUGH THE SECOND PART IN RED, 709 00:25:05,755 --> 00:25:10,560 I DO HAVE OBJECTIONS TO. 710 00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:12,329 THEY SAID IN BOTH SEXES, TOO 711 00:25:12,329 --> 00:25:14,431 MUCH SCHOOL WORK COULD RESULT IN 712 00:25:14,431 --> 00:25:22,272 MONSTROUS BRAINS AND PEW KNEE P 713 00:25:22,272 --> 00:25:23,540 BODIES, WEAK DIGESTION, FLOWING 714 00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:25,509 THOUGHT AND CONSTIPATED BOWELS. 715 00:25:25,509 --> 00:25:27,477 SO IF YOU THINK ABOUT WORKING ON 716 00:25:27,477 --> 00:25:29,446 YOUR GRANT OR BEING IN MEDICAL 717 00:25:29,446 --> 00:25:30,914 SCHOOL, I THINK SOME OF THAT IS 718 00:25:30,914 --> 00:25:32,849 STILL TRUE. 719 00:25:32,849 --> 00:25:36,453 BUT THE SECOND PART, "BUT GIRLS, 720 00:25:36,453 --> 00:25:38,755 OWING TO THEIR MORE COMPLEX AND 721 00:25:38,755 --> 00:25:40,590 DEMANDING REPRODUCTIVE 722 00:25:40,590 --> 00:25:42,359 ORGANIZATION ARE AT SPECIAL 723 00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:42,792 RISK." 724 00:25:42,792 --> 00:25:46,963 SO FOR SOME REASON, HE FELT THAT 725 00:25:46,963 --> 00:25:48,131 WOMEN, BIOLOGICALLY, JUST WERE 726 00:25:48,131 --> 00:25:51,668 NOT UP TO THE TASK AND COULD NOT 727 00:25:51,668 --> 00:25:52,636 BE PHYSICIANS AND CARE 728 00:25:52,636 --> 00:25:57,107 PROVIDERS. 729 00:25:57,107 --> 00:25:58,875 BUT THERE WAS ONE WOMAN WHO 730 00:25:58,875 --> 00:26:01,511 DARED TO CHALLENGE THIS. 731 00:26:01,511 --> 00:26:04,114 ELIZABETH BLACKWELL ACTUALLY WAS 732 00:26:04,114 --> 00:26:06,516 LEFT WITH VERY LITTLE MONEY WHEN 733 00:26:06,516 --> 00:26:08,385 HER FATHER DIED WHEN SHE WAS A 734 00:26:08,385 --> 00:26:09,486 TEENAGER. 735 00:26:09,486 --> 00:26:13,423 THERE WERE SO FEW JOBS OPEN TO 736 00:26:13,423 --> 00:26:14,958 WOMEN IN SO FEW FIELDS THAT SHE 737 00:26:14,958 --> 00:26:16,593 AND HER SISTERS ALL BECAME 738 00:26:16,593 --> 00:26:18,228 SCHOOL TEACHERS TO EARN A 739 00:26:18,228 --> 00:26:21,198 LIVING. 740 00:26:21,198 --> 00:26:22,699 BUT AS IT TURNS OUT, SHE ENDED 741 00:26:22,699 --> 00:26:27,304 UP TAKING CARE OF A VERY SICK 742 00:26:27,304 --> 00:26:28,305 FRIEND WHO COMPLIMENTED HER ON 743 00:26:28,305 --> 00:26:31,575 THE CARE THAT SHE PROVIDED, AND 744 00:26:31,575 --> 00:26:32,576 EXPRESSED THE WISH THAT THERE 745 00:26:32,576 --> 00:26:33,543 WERE MORE WOMEN THAT COULD DO 746 00:26:33,543 --> 00:26:34,844 THAT. 747 00:26:34,844 --> 00:26:37,214 AND THAT REALLY INSPIRED 748 00:26:37,214 --> 00:26:39,683 ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, AT A TIME 749 00:26:39,683 --> 00:26:43,920 THAT THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE 750 00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:45,422 FEMALE IN MEDICAL SCHOOL IN THE 751 00:26:45,422 --> 00:26:48,191 UNITED STATES, IF YOU CAN JUST 752 00:26:48,191 --> 00:26:55,765 THINK ABOUT THAT FOR A MINUTE, 753 00:26:55,765 --> 00:26:56,967 ZERO, AND SHE DECIDED SHE WAS 754 00:26:56,967 --> 00:26:58,034 GOING TO BECOME A DOCTOR. 755 00:26:58,034 --> 00:26:59,569 NOW SHE COULD HAVE GONE TO 756 00:26:59,569 --> 00:26:59,903 EUROPE. 757 00:26:59,903 --> 00:27:01,438 WOMEN WERE ALLOWED IN MEDICAL 758 00:27:01,438 --> 00:27:01,972 SCHOOL IN EUROPE. 759 00:27:01,972 --> 00:27:04,407 BUT NO DEGREE AFTERWARDS. 760 00:27:04,407 --> 00:27:06,042 AND THAT'S NOT WHAT SHE WANTED. 761 00:27:06,042 --> 00:27:07,777 SHE WANTED TO BE ABLE TO 762 00:27:07,777 --> 00:27:12,816 PRACTICE MEDICINE. 763 00:27:12,816 --> 00:27:14,551 SO SHE WENT TO SPONSORS, SHE 764 00:27:14,551 --> 00:27:15,986 ASKED THEM HOW SHE COULD GET 765 00:27:15,986 --> 00:27:17,520 INTO MEDICAL SCHOOL, AND THEY 766 00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:18,822 BASICALLY TOLD HER, FORGET IT, 767 00:27:18,822 --> 00:27:20,023 THIS IS A PIPE DREAM. 768 00:27:20,023 --> 00:27:22,792 THIS ISN'T GOING TO HAPPEN. 769 00:27:22,792 --> 00:27:23,960 SHE DIDN'T LISTEN TO THEM 770 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:25,629 EITHER. 771 00:27:25,629 --> 00:27:29,466 SHE APLAY APPLIED TO MEDICAL SCS 772 00:27:29,466 --> 00:27:29,866 ALL OVER. 773 00:27:29,866 --> 00:27:32,936 SHE WAS REJECTED BY ALL OF THEM, 774 00:27:32,936 --> 00:27:35,672 EXCEPT ONE. 775 00:27:35,672 --> 00:27:36,640 GENEVA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN 776 00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:39,509 NEW YORK. 777 00:27:39,509 --> 00:27:42,879 AND THE ONLY REASON SHE WASN'T 778 00:27:42,879 --> 00:27:46,049 OUTRIGHT OBJECTED WAS THAT THE 779 00:27:46,049 --> 00:27:48,018 DEAN OF THIS PARTICULAR MEDICAL 780 00:27:48,018 --> 00:27:50,120 SCHOOL WAS A BIT INTIMIDATED BY 781 00:27:50,120 --> 00:27:51,988 THE SPONSOR THAT SHE HAD FOUND, 782 00:27:51,988 --> 00:27:53,957 AND DIDN'T WANT TO ALIENATE THE 783 00:27:53,957 --> 00:27:55,125 SPONSOR. 784 00:27:55,125 --> 00:27:56,993 SO THE DEAN CAME UP WITH AN IDEA 785 00:27:56,993 --> 00:28:01,064 THAT HE WOULD ALLOW THE 150 MALE 786 00:28:01,064 --> 00:28:03,199 MEDICAL STUDENTS TO VOTE ON 787 00:28:03,199 --> 00:28:04,567 WHETHER OR NOT SHE WOULD BE 788 00:28:04,567 --> 00:28:05,201 ADMITTED. 789 00:28:05,201 --> 00:28:09,139 HAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF SUCH AN 790 00:28:09,139 --> 00:28:10,473 IDEA? 791 00:28:10,473 --> 00:28:11,341 THESE STUDENTS THOUGHT THIS WAS 792 00:28:11,341 --> 00:28:11,975 A GREAT JOKE. 793 00:28:11,975 --> 00:28:13,310 THEY ALL GOT TOGETHER. 794 00:28:13,310 --> 00:28:16,579 THE DEAN TOLD THEM IT HAD TO BE 795 00:28:16,579 --> 00:28:16,946 UNANIMOUS. 796 00:28:16,946 --> 00:28:18,214 THIS IS ACTUALLY WRITTEN UP. 797 00:28:18,214 --> 00:28:19,516 THEY HAD A PARTY WHERE THERE WAS 798 00:28:19,516 --> 00:28:20,950 ALCOHOL INVOLVED, THEY WERE ALL 799 00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:23,153 LAUGHING AND JOKING. 800 00:28:23,153 --> 00:28:24,220 APPARENTLY THERE WAS ONE PERSON 801 00:28:24,220 --> 00:28:26,756 IN THE BACK THAT VOTED NO THAT 802 00:28:26,756 --> 00:28:29,726 SAID THAT THEY PULLED HIM BY HIS 803 00:28:29,726 --> 00:28:30,927 BRITCHES UP TO THE CENTER OF THE 804 00:28:30,927 --> 00:28:32,862 ROOM UNTIL HE SAID AYE, AYE, 805 00:28:32,862 --> 00:28:33,096 AYE. 806 00:28:33,096 --> 00:28:34,831 AND THIS IS HOW SHE GETS INTO 807 00:28:34,831 --> 00:28:37,701 MEDICAL SCHOOL. 808 00:28:37,701 --> 00:28:39,436 SHE GETS HER LETTER OF 809 00:28:39,436 --> 00:28:41,171 ACCEPTANCE, AND SHE ENROLLS. 810 00:28:41,171 --> 00:28:42,405 NO ONE REALLY THOUGHT SHE WOULD 811 00:28:42,405 --> 00:28:43,940 GO THROUGH WITH IT. 812 00:28:43,940 --> 00:28:46,009 BUT SHE WAS SERIOUS. 813 00:28:46,009 --> 00:28:47,877 EVEN AFTER SHE ENROLLS, THEY 814 00:28:47,877 --> 00:28:49,279 DON'T LET HER DO THE WHOLE 815 00:28:49,279 --> 00:28:50,613 CURRICULUM. 816 00:28:50,613 --> 00:28:52,916 SHE'S EXCLUDED FROM OBSERVING 817 00:28:52,916 --> 00:28:54,751 SURGICAL DEMONSTRATIONS BECAUSE 818 00:28:54,751 --> 00:28:57,053 THAT JUST WOULDN'T BE BEFITTING 819 00:28:57,053 --> 00:29:00,023 A YOUNG LADY. 820 00:29:00,023 --> 00:29:01,991 BUT SHE GRADUATED AND THEN SHE 821 00:29:01,991 --> 00:29:04,260 DECIDED TO GO OVERSEAS AND GET 822 00:29:04,260 --> 00:29:06,996 EVEN MORE TRAINING AND SHE CAME 823 00:29:06,996 --> 00:29:08,431 BACK ONE OF THE BEST TRAINED 824 00:29:08,431 --> 00:29:14,571 PHYSICIANS IN THE UNITED STATES. 825 00:29:14,571 --> 00:29:16,206 BUT NO ONE WOULD HIRE HER 826 00:29:16,206 --> 00:29:17,640 BECAUSE SHE WAS FEMALE, SHE WAS 827 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:18,641 THE ONLY FEMALE DOCTOR. 828 00:29:18,641 --> 00:29:19,709 SO WHAT DID SHE DO? 829 00:29:19,709 --> 00:29:20,944 AGAIN, SHE DID NOT LET ANYONE 830 00:29:20,944 --> 00:29:21,678 TELL HER NO. 831 00:29:21,678 --> 00:29:24,080 SHE ESTABLISHED HER OWN 832 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,250 INFIRMARY IN NEW YORK FOR WOMEN 833 00:29:27,250 --> 00:29:28,451 AND CHILDREN, ALONG WITH HER 834 00:29:28,451 --> 00:29:30,353 SISTER, WHO MANAGED TO GO TO 835 00:29:30,353 --> 00:29:31,721 MEDICAL SCHOOL AFTER HER, AND 836 00:29:31,721 --> 00:29:34,357 TOGETHER, THEY DEVELOPED A 837 00:29:34,357 --> 00:29:37,327 MEDICAL COLLEGE JUST FOR WOMEN. 838 00:29:37,327 --> 00:29:39,729 THAT STORY INSPIRED ME LIKE NO 839 00:29:39,729 --> 00:29:41,898 STORY I'VE EVER HEARD BEFORE. 840 00:29:41,898 --> 00:29:45,301 AFTER THAT, I THOUGHT, I CAN 841 00:29:45,301 --> 00:29:48,805 REAPPLY FOR MIGRANTS. 842 00:29:48,805 --> 00:29:49,439 FOR MY GRANTS. 843 00:29:49,439 --> 00:29:51,107 I CAN REWRITE THESE PAPERS. 844 00:29:51,107 --> 00:29:52,742 I DON'T HAVE TO GO THROUGH WHAT 845 00:29:52,742 --> 00:29:54,377 ELIZABETH BLACKWELL WENT 846 00:29:54,377 --> 00:29:54,611 THROUGH. 847 00:29:54,611 --> 00:29:55,478 25% OF MY CLASS WAS WOMEN. 848 00:29:55,478 --> 00:29:57,213 SO I JUST PUT THIS OUT THERE FOR 849 00:29:57,213 --> 00:30:00,817 YOU FOR INSPIRATION AS TO WHAT 850 00:30:00,817 --> 00:30:02,485 SOME OF OUR PREDECESSORS, WHAT 851 00:30:02,485 --> 00:30:06,289 THEY HAVE GONE THROUGH. 852 00:30:06,289 --> 00:30:07,724 AND I HAVE SOME MORE STORIES FOR 853 00:30:07,724 --> 00:30:10,693 YOU TOO THAT WILL INSPIRE YOU. 854 00:30:10,693 --> 00:30:12,429 SO BY THE MID 1800s, THERE IS 855 00:30:12,429 --> 00:30:15,165 A FEW MEDICAL SCHOOLS OPENING UP 856 00:30:15,165 --> 00:30:15,932 FOR WOMEN. 857 00:30:15,932 --> 00:30:17,567 OFTEN IT WAS BECAUSE THEY FELT 858 00:30:17,567 --> 00:30:19,102 THAT MIDWIVES SHOULD BE WOMEN, 859 00:30:19,102 --> 00:30:21,171 THAT IT WAS MORE APPROPRIATE 860 00:30:21,171 --> 00:30:22,839 THAT WOMEN ATTEND OTHER WOMEN 861 00:30:22,839 --> 00:30:23,673 DURING CHILDBIRTH. 862 00:30:23,673 --> 00:30:25,975 SOMETIMES THIS WOULD GROW INTO 863 00:30:25,975 --> 00:30:30,480 FULL BLOWN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, BUT 864 00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:31,281 THE MEDICAL SOCIETIES OBJECTED 865 00:30:31,281 --> 00:30:32,215 TO THIS. 866 00:30:32,215 --> 00:30:34,317 THEY DID NOT LIKE TO SEE THESE 867 00:30:34,317 --> 00:30:36,352 NEW MEDICAL SCHOOLS FOR WOMEN 868 00:30:36,352 --> 00:30:38,555 OPENING, AND SO THEY BEGAN TO 869 00:30:38,555 --> 00:30:39,122 CLOSE. 870 00:30:39,122 --> 00:30:43,493 AND ONLY TWO REMAINED BY 1910. 871 00:30:43,493 --> 00:30:44,461 EVERYONE THOUGHT MAYBE IT 872 00:30:44,461 --> 00:30:46,996 WOULDN'T BE A PROBLEM BECAUSE 873 00:30:46,996 --> 00:30:48,298 THE ALL-MALE MEDICAL SCHOOLS 874 00:30:48,298 --> 00:30:50,500 SAID, WE WILL ACCEPT WOMEN 875 00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:50,867 STUDENTS. 876 00:30:50,867 --> 00:30:53,136 SO YOU DON'T NEED THESE 877 00:30:53,136 --> 00:30:55,538 ALL-WOMEN MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 878 00:30:55,538 --> 00:31:03,346 BUT BY THE MID 1960s, THIS IS 879 00:31:03,346 --> 00:31:05,048 MORE THAN 100 YEARS AFTER 880 00:31:05,048 --> 00:31:08,551 ELIZABETH BLACKWELL HAS 881 00:31:08,551 --> 00:31:14,224 GRADUATED, FIVE GENERATIONS, 882 00:31:14,224 --> 00:31:18,294 ONLY 6% OF PEOPLE GOING TO 883 00:31:18,294 --> 00:31:21,564 MEDICAL SCHOOL ARE WOMEN. 884 00:31:21,564 --> 00:31:25,368 AND I THINK WITHOUT WOMEN 885 00:31:25,368 --> 00:31:26,369 PROVIDERS, IT'S VERY HARD TO 886 00:31:26,369 --> 00:31:29,305 HAVE WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH. 887 00:31:29,305 --> 00:31:31,941 TO EVEN GET IT ON THE RADAR 888 00:31:31,941 --> 00:31:32,542 SCREEN. 889 00:31:32,542 --> 00:31:35,011 SO WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE EARLY 890 00:31:35,011 --> 00:31:35,445 1900s? 891 00:31:35,445 --> 00:31:39,148 WELL, THIS IS A VERY INTERESTING 892 00:31:39,148 --> 00:31:42,986 TIME BECAUSE SEVERAL MEN EMERGE 893 00:31:42,986 --> 00:31:44,521 WHO ARE REALLY PIONEERS AND 894 00:31:44,521 --> 00:31:45,722 HEROS IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 895 00:31:45,722 --> 00:31:48,691 RESEARCH. 896 00:31:48,691 --> 00:31:51,661 IN 1913, ALBERT SOLOMON FIGURED 897 00:31:51,661 --> 00:31:54,998 OUT THAT WHEN X-RAYS ARE TAKEN 898 00:31:54,998 --> 00:31:56,432 OF BREAST, ONES THAT WERE 899 00:31:56,432 --> 00:31:59,502 REMOVED FOR BREAST CANCER HAD 900 00:31:59,502 --> 00:32:00,136 MICROCALCIFICATIONS, WHILE THOSE 901 00:32:00,136 --> 00:32:02,138 THAT WERE REMOVED FOR OTHER 902 00:32:02,138 --> 00:32:04,307 REASONS DO NOT. 903 00:32:04,307 --> 00:32:07,277 SO THAT WAS THE BEGINNING OF 904 00:32:07,277 --> 00:32:07,911 MAMMOGRAPHY. 905 00:32:07,911 --> 00:32:09,913 BUT EVEN THOUGH IT WAS FIGURED 906 00:32:09,913 --> 00:32:15,451 OUT IN 1913, IT WASN'T UNTIL 907 00:32:15,451 --> 00:32:17,120 1959 THAT SOMEONE ACTUALLY 908 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:21,057 FIGURED OUT HOW TO MAKE IT A 909 00:32:21,057 --> 00:32:27,497 CLINICAL PRACTICE AT MD ANDERSON 910 00:32:27,497 --> 00:32:28,064 CANCER CENTER. 911 00:32:28,064 --> 00:32:29,365 THIS IS WHY YOU NEED WOMEN IN 912 00:32:29,365 --> 00:32:29,699 MEDICINE. 913 00:32:29,699 --> 00:32:31,601 NOW YOU'VE GOT THIS WONDERFUL 914 00:32:31,601 --> 00:32:34,737 NEW TOOL TO DIAGNOSE A 915 00:32:34,737 --> 00:32:35,772 HORRENDOUS DISEASE EARLY, BUT NO 916 00:32:35,772 --> 00:32:38,241 ONE IS COMING IN TO USE IT. 917 00:32:38,241 --> 00:32:43,146 THIS IS FROM THE EX-CHAIR OF 918 00:32:43,146 --> 00:32:44,547 RADIOLOGY AT M.D. ANDERSON. 919 00:32:44,547 --> 00:32:46,316 HE SAID, YOU DIDN'T TALK ABOUT 920 00:32:46,316 --> 00:32:48,518 BREAST, AND WOMEN WEREN'T 921 00:32:48,518 --> 00:32:50,920 COMFORTABLE BRINGING PROBLEMS TO 922 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:52,121 THEIR DOCTOR'S ATTENTION BECAUSE 923 00:32:52,121 --> 00:32:53,656 THEY WERE AFRAID IT WOULD LEAD 924 00:32:53,656 --> 00:32:55,625 TO AN EXAMINATION BY A MALE 925 00:32:55,625 --> 00:32:58,461 PHYSICIAN. 926 00:32:58,461 --> 00:33:00,330 , WHICH MOST DIDN'T WANT. 927 00:33:00,330 --> 00:33:03,266 SO THAT'S ANOTHER PROBLEM WE SEE 928 00:33:03,266 --> 00:33:03,633 EMERGING. 929 00:33:03,633 --> 00:33:06,436 THIS IS WAY BEFORE 930 00:33:06,436 --> 00:33:08,538 IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, AND YOU 931 00:33:08,538 --> 00:33:10,073 JUST SEE THESE PRACTICES NOT 932 00:33:10,073 --> 00:33:13,576 BEING ADOPTED. 933 00:33:13,576 --> 00:33:20,783 YOU ALSO SEE GEORGE 934 00:33:20,783 --> 00:33:21,417 PAPANICOLAOU, WHO WAS JUST 935 00:33:21,417 --> 00:33:22,852 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHEN HIS 936 00:33:22,852 --> 00:33:26,122 GUINEA PIGS IN HIS LAB WERE OFF 937 00:33:26,122 --> 00:33:27,991 LATING, FIGURES OUT YOU CAN USE 938 00:33:27,991 --> 00:33:30,727 VAGINAL SAMPLES FOR THAT, GETS 939 00:33:30,727 --> 00:33:32,362 VERY INTERESTED IN WHAT'S GOING 940 00:33:32,362 --> 00:33:33,997 ON IN ANOTHER COUNTRY WITH 941 00:33:33,997 --> 00:33:35,198 CERVICAL SAMPLES AND FINDS OUT 942 00:33:35,198 --> 00:33:37,600 YOU CAN USE TO DIAGNOSE CERVICAL 943 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:39,268 CANCER EARLY, AND HE MAKES A BIG 944 00:33:39,268 --> 00:33:40,770 PUSH TO INTRODUCE AND POPULARIZE 945 00:33:40,770 --> 00:33:43,606 THIS SCREENING TECHNOLOGY, AND 946 00:33:43,606 --> 00:33:45,174 EVEN TODAY, WE OWE A GREAT DEBT 947 00:33:45,174 --> 00:33:46,142 OF GRATITUDE TO HIM. 948 00:33:46,142 --> 00:33:47,944 BUT EVEN THOUGH HE DEVELOPED 949 00:33:47,944 --> 00:33:53,583 THIS AND TRADE TRIED TO POPULAR, 950 00:33:53,583 --> 00:33:57,420 THE CANCER SOCIETIES CAN DIDN'T 951 00:33:57,420 --> 00:33:59,722 ADOPT IT FOR MANY YEARS AND YOU 952 00:33:59,722 --> 00:34:04,227 HAVE, IN 1967, ONLY ABOUT 1 IN T 953 00:34:04,227 --> 00:34:10,299 HAS ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED. 954 00:34:10,299 --> 00:34:12,402 SO LET'S GO TO THE 1960s. 955 00:34:12,402 --> 00:34:13,569 THE 1960s ARE KNOWN FOR MANY 956 00:34:13,569 --> 00:34:15,438 THINGS, BUT PROBABLY MOST PEOPLE 957 00:34:15,438 --> 00:34:18,508 DON'T REALIZE THAT THAT'S WHEN 958 00:34:18,508 --> 00:34:19,709 THE THALIDOMIDE TRAGEDY 959 00:34:19,709 --> 00:34:20,043 HAPPENED. 960 00:34:20,043 --> 00:34:22,779 MOST OF YOU ARE PROBABLY 961 00:34:22,779 --> 00:34:23,746 FAMILIAR WITH THALIDOMIDE. 962 00:34:23,746 --> 00:34:25,415 IT WAS A DRUG COMMONLY 963 00:34:25,415 --> 00:34:27,116 PRESCRIBED FOR MORNING SICKNESS 964 00:34:27,116 --> 00:34:28,685 IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER IN 965 00:34:28,685 --> 00:34:30,119 EUROPE. 966 00:34:30,119 --> 00:34:32,422 AND IT TOOK ALMOST A DECADE 967 00:34:32,422 --> 00:34:34,691 BEFORE THEY BEGAN TO REALIZE 968 00:34:34,691 --> 00:34:37,427 THAT IT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 969 00:34:37,427 --> 00:34:41,364 SEVERE LIMB DEFORMITIES IN THE 970 00:34:41,364 --> 00:34:41,631 NEWBORNS. 971 00:34:41,631 --> 00:34:46,069 OUR HERO AT THIS TIME IS FRANCES 972 00:34:46,069 --> 00:34:47,937 KELSEY, NOT BECAUSE SHE 973 00:34:47,937 --> 00:34:49,238 DISCOVERED SOMETHING, BUT 974 00:34:49,238 --> 00:34:51,874 BECAUSE SHE DEMANDED THAT THERE 975 00:34:51,874 --> 00:34:56,446 BE GOOD DATA BEFORE THE DRUG WAS 976 00:34:56,446 --> 00:34:58,214 APPROVED. 977 00:34:58,214 --> 00:35:00,416 SHE WAS AN FDA REVIEWER AND SHE 978 00:35:00,416 --> 00:35:04,987 DUG HER HEELS IN AND SHE SAID 979 00:35:04,987 --> 00:35:06,422 THAT SHE WOULD NOT APPROVE THIS 980 00:35:06,422 --> 00:35:07,423 DRUG IN THE UNITED STATES UNTIL 981 00:35:07,423 --> 00:35:08,825 SHE SAW MORE DATA. 982 00:35:08,825 --> 00:35:10,660 SO WE DIDN'T HAVE A THALIDOMIDE 983 00:35:10,660 --> 00:35:11,561 PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES 984 00:35:11,561 --> 00:35:12,995 LAKE THEY DID IN EUROPE, AND SHE 985 00:35:12,995 --> 00:35:14,831 SAFED HER AWARD FROM JOHN F. 986 00:35:14,831 --> 00:35:18,234 KENNEDY FOR HER WORK. 987 00:35:18,234 --> 00:35:19,769 SO SOMETIMES JUST DEMANDING MORE 988 00:35:19,769 --> 00:35:24,807 DATA IS A HEROIC THING TO DO. 989 00:35:24,807 --> 00:35:25,775 UNFORTUNATELY, THALIDOMIDE, EVEN 990 00:35:25,775 --> 00:35:27,210 THOUGH IT WASN'T HAVING A BIG 991 00:35:27,210 --> 00:35:31,147 IMPACT IN THE UNITED STATES, HAD 992 00:35:31,147 --> 00:35:34,450 A BIG IMPACT ON WOMEN'S HEALTH 993 00:35:34,450 --> 00:35:34,784 RESEARCH. 994 00:35:34,784 --> 00:35:37,620 BECAUSE PEOPLE BEGAN TO SAY IT'S 995 00:35:37,620 --> 00:35:40,890 WAY TOO DANGEROUS TO GIVE 996 00:35:40,890 --> 00:35:46,496 PREGNANT WOMEN DRUGS. 997 00:35:46,496 --> 00:35:48,331 AND THIS IDEA KIND OF EXPLODED 998 00:35:48,331 --> 00:35:50,199 TO WHERE THE FDA ENDED UP 999 00:35:50,199 --> 00:35:52,702 BANNING PREGNANT WOMEN AND WOMEN 1000 00:35:52,702 --> 00:35:58,407 OF CHILD BEARING POTENTIAL FROM 1001 00:35:58,407 --> 00:35:59,408 PARTICIPATING IN CLINICAL 1002 00:35:59,408 --> 00:36:00,476 TRIALS. 1003 00:36:00,476 --> 00:36:05,414 THIS LASTED FOR 15 YEARS. 1004 00:36:05,414 --> 00:36:06,516 AND FOR THOSE OF YOU THAT DON'T 1005 00:36:06,516 --> 00:36:08,351 REMEMBER IT, CHILD BEARING 1006 00:36:08,351 --> 00:36:09,685 POTENTIAL PRETTY MUCH MEANT 1007 00:36:09,685 --> 00:36:13,356 ANYONE BETWEEN THE AGES OF 12 1008 00:36:13,356 --> 00:36:16,325 AND 50 WHO HAD A UTERUS. 1009 00:36:16,325 --> 00:36:21,364 SO PRETTY MUCH ALL WOMEN BANNED 1010 00:36:21,364 --> 00:36:21,931 FROM CLINICAL TRIALS. 1011 00:36:21,931 --> 00:36:24,867 THIS IS HOW WE ENDED UP WITH NO 1012 00:36:24,867 --> 00:36:29,038 DATA ON WOMEN. 1013 00:36:29,038 --> 00:36:30,673 IN FACT, EVEN THOUGH THIS WAS 1014 00:36:30,673 --> 00:36:34,510 OVERTURNED IN 1993, THIS STIGMA 1015 00:36:34,510 --> 00:36:36,245 HAS STILL PERSISTED, AND I KNOW 1016 00:36:36,245 --> 00:36:39,849 WE CAN ALL REMEMBER THE COVID 1017 00:36:39,849 --> 00:36:42,385 VACCINE CLINICAL TRIALS. 1018 00:36:42,385 --> 00:36:46,622 AS AN OBSTETRICIAN, I WAS VERY 1019 00:36:46,622 --> 00:36:49,058 ALARMED ABOUT THE PREGNANT WOMEN 1020 00:36:49,058 --> 00:36:50,226 AND SEVERE COMPLICATIONS THEY 1021 00:36:50,226 --> 00:36:51,794 COULD HAVE IF THEY WERE INFECTED 1022 00:36:51,794 --> 00:36:54,730 WITH COVID DURING PREGNANCY. 1023 00:36:54,730 --> 00:36:59,001 BUT EVEN WITH THAT MARKETEDLY 1024 00:36:59,001 --> 00:37:02,071 INCREASED RISK, PREGNANT WOMEN 1025 00:37:02,071 --> 00:37:06,309 WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE INITIAL 1026 00:37:06,309 --> 00:37:09,278 COVID-19 VACCINE TRAILS. 1027 00:37:09,278 --> 00:37:09,712 TRIALS. 1028 00:37:09,712 --> 00:37:11,013 SO EVEN TODAY, STILL A BARRIER 1029 00:37:11,013 --> 00:37:16,085 WE ARE FIGHTING. 1030 00:37:16,085 --> 00:37:17,153 OKAY, LET'S GO IN OUR TIME 1031 00:37:17,153 --> 00:37:18,688 MACHINE NOW TO THE 1970s, AND 1032 00:37:18,688 --> 00:37:20,990 THIS IS WHERE I'M GOING TO 1033 00:37:20,990 --> 00:37:23,626 DISCUSS ABOUT RUTH KIRSCHSTEIN. 1034 00:37:23,626 --> 00:37:25,461 IT IS SO APPROPRIATE THAT THIS 1035 00:37:25,461 --> 00:37:28,197 TALK IS NAMED AFTER HER, BECAUSE 1036 00:37:28,197 --> 00:37:31,601 OF ALL THAT SHE DID FOR WOMEN'S 1037 00:37:31,601 --> 00:37:36,839 HEALTH AND FOR TRAINING. 1038 00:37:36,839 --> 00:37:38,274 NOW I TOLD YOU THAT IT TOOK A 1039 00:37:38,274 --> 00:37:40,042 LONG TIME BEFORE WOMEN WERE 1040 00:37:40,042 --> 00:37:40,910 REPRESENTED IN MEDICAL SCHOOL, 1041 00:37:40,910 --> 00:37:47,884 AND SHE WAS ONE OF THE EARLY 1042 00:37:47,884 --> 00:37:48,517 ACCEPTANCES. 1043 00:37:48,517 --> 00:37:55,324 SHE RECEIVED HER M.D. FROM 1044 00:37:55,324 --> 00:37:57,627 TULANE, THERE WERE ONLY 10 WOMEN 1045 00:37:57,627 --> 00:38:00,096 IN OUR CLASS OUT OF 110 1046 00:38:00,096 --> 00:38:00,363 STUDENTS. 1047 00:38:00,363 --> 00:38:01,797 SO YOU CAN JUST IMAGINE WHAT THE 1048 00:38:01,797 --> 00:38:02,999 BAR MUST HAVE BEEN LIKE TO GET 1049 00:38:02,999 --> 00:38:03,299 IN. 1050 00:38:03,299 --> 00:38:04,734 I SPOKE TO SOMEONE THAT WENT TO 1051 00:38:04,734 --> 00:38:05,935 MEDICAL SCHOOL AT HARVARD DURING 1052 00:38:05,935 --> 00:38:06,369 THIS TIME. 1053 00:38:06,369 --> 00:38:09,338 SHE WROTE A BOOK BEFORE SHE GOT 1054 00:38:09,338 --> 00:38:14,777 INTO HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. 1055 00:38:14,777 --> 00:38:15,845 THAT'S KIND OF WHAT THE BAR WAS 1056 00:38:15,845 --> 00:38:17,313 FOR THE WOMEN TRYING TO GET IN. 1057 00:38:17,313 --> 00:38:21,817 SHE DID THREE RES D RESIDENCIESN 1058 00:38:21,817 --> 00:38:22,351 PATHOLOGY. 1059 00:38:22,351 --> 00:38:23,552 THAT'S ANOTHER COMMON PATTERN 1060 00:38:23,552 --> 00:38:27,290 YOU SEE, JUST LIKE ELIZABETH 1061 00:38:27,290 --> 00:38:28,391 BLACKWELL, DEMONSTRATING HOW 1062 00:38:28,391 --> 00:38:30,793 QUALIFIED THEY ARE BY THIS 1063 00:38:30,793 --> 00:38:32,528 INCREDIBLE TRAINING RECORD. 1064 00:38:32,528 --> 00:38:38,000 AND THEN SHE CAME TO THE NIH, 1065 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:39,001 WHERE SHE DEVELOPED A SAFETY 1066 00:38:39,001 --> 00:38:42,405 TEST FOR THE POLIO VACCINE AFTER 1067 00:38:42,405 --> 00:38:43,806 CUTTER INDUSTRIES ACCIDENTALLY 1068 00:38:43,806 --> 00:38:45,207 DISTRIBUTED LIVE POLIO VIRUS IN 1069 00:38:45,207 --> 00:38:47,510 SOME OF THEIR VACCINES AND 1070 00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:49,178 UNFORTUNATELY SOME CHILDREN 1071 00:38:49,178 --> 00:38:53,115 BECAME IB FEC INFECTED WITH POLA 1072 00:38:53,115 --> 00:38:53,349 RESULT. 1073 00:38:53,349 --> 00:38:55,084 BECAUSE OF HER INCREDIBLE 1074 00:38:55,084 --> 00:38:56,919 RECORD, SHE BECAME THE FIRST 1075 00:38:56,919 --> 00:38:59,355 WOMAN TO DIRECT AN NIH 1076 00:38:59,355 --> 00:39:01,657 INSTITUTE. 1077 00:39:01,657 --> 00:39:04,927 BUT I THINK RUTH KIRSCHSTEIN IS 1078 00:39:04,927 --> 00:39:06,128 PROBABLY EVEN BETTER KNOWN FOR 1079 00:39:06,128 --> 00:39:07,563 HER COMPASSION. 1080 00:39:07,563 --> 00:39:10,299 SHE STATED THAT AS A YOUNG 1081 00:39:10,299 --> 00:39:11,500 JEWISH WOMEN, SHE WAS WELL 1082 00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:13,469 FAMILIAR WITH DISCRIMINATION 1083 00:39:13,469 --> 00:39:14,070 HERSELF. 1084 00:39:14,070 --> 00:39:17,807 AND SHE ALSO SAID, TRAINING IN 1085 00:39:17,807 --> 00:39:19,942 NEW ORLEANS EXPOSED HER TO A 1086 00:39:19,942 --> 00:39:22,878 LARGE AMOUNT OF DISCRIMINATION 1087 00:39:22,878 --> 00:39:25,081 AGAINST THE AFRICAN AMERICANS. 1088 00:39:25,081 --> 00:39:28,384 AND IN A ROLE AT THE NIH, SHE 1089 00:39:28,384 --> 00:39:31,654 NOTICED THAT TECHNICIANS WHO ARE 1090 00:39:31,654 --> 00:39:34,590 OFTEN AFRICAN AMERICANS, OR 1091 00:39:34,590 --> 00:39:36,058 OTHER UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS, 1092 00:39:36,058 --> 00:39:39,762 WERE KEPT AT VERY LOW GS RANKS, 1093 00:39:39,762 --> 00:39:41,530 MADE VERY LITTLE MONEY, EVEN 1094 00:39:41,530 --> 00:39:44,567 THOUGH THEY WERE MAKING MAJOR 1095 00:39:44,567 --> 00:39:44,900 CONTRIBUTIONS. 1096 00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:46,769 IN FACT, ONE OF THESE PEOPLE 1097 00:39:46,769 --> 00:39:48,637 HELPED TRAIN HER. 1098 00:39:48,637 --> 00:39:52,341 SO SHE MADE IT A PASSION TO HELP 1099 00:39:52,341 --> 00:39:55,311 THESE TECHNICIANS MOVE UP THE 1100 00:39:55,311 --> 00:40:01,217 RANK AT THE NIH. 1101 00:40:01,217 --> 00:40:03,853 AS DIRECTOR OF AN INSTITUTE, SHE 1102 00:40:03,853 --> 00:40:05,287 ESTABLISHED A MINORITY ACCESS TO 1103 00:40:05,287 --> 00:40:08,891 RESEARCH CAREERS PROGRAM AT 1104 00:40:08,891 --> 00:40:09,592 UNDERGRADUATE INSTITUTIONS, 1105 00:40:09,592 --> 00:40:11,093 WHICH HAS BEEN SO SUCCESSFUL 1106 00:40:11,093 --> 00:40:12,828 THAT THE PROGRAM IS STILL IN 1107 00:40:12,828 --> 00:40:15,698 EXISTENCE TODAY. 1108 00:40:15,698 --> 00:40:17,800 AND YOU KNOW THE NRSA AWARDS 1109 00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:28,244 WERE RENAMED IN HER HONOR. 1110 00:40:28,811 --> 00:40:29,812 MARY CLAIRE KING IS ANOTHER ONE 1111 00:40:29,812 --> 00:40:33,315 OF MY HEROS, AND I HOPE SHE 1112 00:40:33,315 --> 00:40:34,016 INSPIRES YOU TOO BECAUSE I'M 1113 00:40:34,016 --> 00:40:36,952 GOING TO SHOW YOU WHAT SMALL 1114 00:40:36,952 --> 00:40:40,790 THINGS SHE DID AND WHAT AN 1115 00:40:40,790 --> 00:40:41,791 ENORMOUS IMPACT SHE MADE. 1116 00:40:41,791 --> 00:40:43,426 SO SHE WAS A GENIUS. 1117 00:40:43,426 --> 00:40:44,827 SHE WAS STUDYING STATISTICS, 1118 00:40:44,827 --> 00:40:46,162 WHICH IS CERTAINLY NOT AN EASY 1119 00:40:46,162 --> 00:40:48,030 FIELD, BUT THEN SHE TRANSFERRED 1120 00:40:48,030 --> 00:40:49,665 OVER TO GENETICS, ANOTHER RATHER 1121 00:40:49,665 --> 00:40:50,866 DIFFICULT FIELD, BECAUSE SHE 1122 00:40:50,866 --> 00:40:51,934 LIKED THE INTERSECTION OF 1123 00:40:51,934 --> 00:40:53,169 GENETICS AND STATISTICS AND SHE 1124 00:40:53,169 --> 00:40:54,937 FELT THAT'S WHERE SHE COULD MAKE 1125 00:40:54,937 --> 00:40:55,805 HER CONTRIBUTION. 1126 00:40:55,805 --> 00:41:01,577 SHE WAS SO SUCCESSFUL AS A 1127 00:41:01,577 --> 00:41:02,711 GRADUATE STUDENT THAT HER 1128 00:41:02,711 --> 00:41:07,216 DOCTORAL THESIS MADE THE COVER 1129 00:41:07,216 --> 00:41:07,850 OF SCIENCE. 1130 00:41:07,850 --> 00:41:10,386 OKAY, MOST OF US WILL SPEND OUR 1131 00:41:10,386 --> 00:41:13,889 ENTIRE CAREERS IN RESEARCH, AND 1132 00:41:13,889 --> 00:41:15,858 PROBABLY NEVER GET AN ARTICLE IN 1133 00:41:15,858 --> 00:41:19,562 SCIENCE, MUCH LESS MAKE THE 1134 00:41:19,562 --> 00:41:21,697 COVER, AND SHE'S A GRADUATE 1135 00:41:21,697 --> 00:41:21,997 STUDENT. 1136 00:41:21,997 --> 00:41:23,199 SO YOU WOULD THINK THAT SHE 1137 00:41:23,199 --> 00:41:25,501 WOULD BE GETTING LETTERS AND 1138 00:41:25,501 --> 00:41:27,570 INTERVIEWS AND PEOPLE CLAMORING 1139 00:41:27,570 --> 00:41:30,873 TO HIRE HER. 1140 00:41:30,873 --> 00:41:31,974 BUT IT WAS THE 1970s AND SHE 1141 00:41:31,974 --> 00:41:35,911 WAS A FEMALE. 1142 00:41:35,911 --> 00:41:37,346 SHE JUST WANTED TO STAY AT HER 1143 00:41:37,346 --> 00:41:38,347 HOME INSTITUTION AND SHE APPLIED 1144 00:41:38,347 --> 00:41:40,182 FOR A TENURE TRACK ASSISTANT 1145 00:41:40,182 --> 00:41:41,383 PROFESSORSHIP IN THE SCHOOL OF 1146 00:41:41,383 --> 00:41:43,486 PUBLIC HEALTH. 1147 00:41:43,486 --> 00:41:44,687 AND SHE PUBLISHED WHAT THEY SAID 1148 00:41:44,687 --> 00:41:46,555 TO HER BECAUSE I'M SURE IT WAS 1149 00:41:46,555 --> 00:41:47,656 SO HURTFUL. 1150 00:41:47,656 --> 00:41:50,259 SHE SAID, AFTER I ACCEPTED THE 1151 00:41:50,259 --> 00:41:52,361 JOB, THE DIVISION HEAD SAID TO 1152 00:41:52,361 --> 00:41:54,763 ME, I JUST WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT 1153 00:41:54,763 --> 00:41:57,833 YOU ARE ONLY HERE BECAUSE OF ALL 1154 00:41:57,833 --> 00:42:02,538 THESE NEW REGULATIONS, AND WE 1155 00:42:02,538 --> 00:42:04,874 ARE REALLY SCRAPING THE BOTTOM 1156 00:42:04,874 --> 00:42:11,213 OF THE BARREL IN HIRING YOU. 1157 00:42:11,213 --> 00:42:12,214 YOU COULDN'T EVEN SAY ANYTHING 1158 00:42:12,214 --> 00:42:13,282 LIKE THAT TODAY AND KEEP YOUR 1159 00:42:13,282 --> 00:42:14,817 JOB. 1160 00:42:14,817 --> 00:42:15,784 TO ANYBODY! 1161 00:42:15,784 --> 00:42:18,654 BUT IN THE 1970s, THEY COULD, 1162 00:42:18,654 --> 00:42:20,422 AND THEY DID. 1163 00:42:20,422 --> 00:42:26,328 AND WELL BEYOND THE 1970s. 1164 00:42:26,328 --> 00:42:28,397 BUT WHAT I LOVE WAS HER 1165 00:42:28,397 --> 00:42:28,764 RESPONSE. 1166 00:42:28,764 --> 00:42:30,499 SHE SAID, WE'LL SEE HOW LONG YOU 1167 00:42:30,499 --> 00:42:31,834 FEEL THAT WAY. 1168 00:42:31,834 --> 00:42:33,903 SO THAT WAS ANOTHER COMMON THEME 1169 00:42:33,903 --> 00:42:36,672 OF THESE HEROS, THESE GIANTS. 1170 00:42:36,672 --> 00:42:40,042 THEY DID NOT GET DISCOURAGED BY 1171 00:42:40,042 --> 00:42:42,444 PEOPLE MAKING THESE NEGATIVE 1172 00:42:42,444 --> 00:42:43,012 COMMENTS. 1173 00:42:43,012 --> 00:42:47,616 THEY JUST KNEW THAT THEY HAD 1174 00:42:47,616 --> 00:42:49,051 PASSION FOR A CERTAIN FIELD, 1175 00:42:49,051 --> 00:42:50,352 THEY WERE GOING TO MAKE A 1176 00:42:50,352 --> 00:42:51,754 CONTRIBUTION, AND THEY JUST 1177 00:42:51,754 --> 00:42:59,261 WANTED A CHANCE. 1178 00:42:59,261 --> 00:43:00,596 AND WHAT DID SHE CONTRIBUTE? 1179 00:43:00,596 --> 00:43:02,631 WELL, SHE HAD AN NIH FUNDED 1180 00:43:02,631 --> 00:43:04,833 STUDY ON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND 1181 00:43:04,833 --> 00:43:05,935 BREAST CANCER RISK. 1182 00:43:05,935 --> 00:43:11,006 AND SHE DECIDED TO ADD A SINGLE 1183 00:43:11,006 --> 00:43:12,841 QUESTION ON FAMILY HISTORY TO 1184 00:43:12,841 --> 00:43:14,176 HER SURVEY. 1185 00:43:14,176 --> 00:43:17,146 ONE QUESTION. 1186 00:43:17,146 --> 00:43:19,114 SO FOR THOSE OF YOU THAT DO 1187 00:43:19,114 --> 00:43:20,950 SURVEY RESEARCH, DON'T 1188 00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:21,884 UNDERESTIMATE WHAT YOU ARE 1189 00:43:21,884 --> 00:43:25,955 DOING. 1190 00:43:25,955 --> 00:43:27,289 THAT QUESTION SHOWED HER THAT 1191 00:43:27,289 --> 00:43:28,490 THESE WOMEN WITH EARLY ONSET 1192 00:43:28,490 --> 00:43:31,894 BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCERS WERE 1193 00:43:31,894 --> 00:43:33,862 MORE COMMON IF THEY BELONGED TO 1194 00:43:33,862 --> 00:43:35,731 CERTAIN GROUPS. 1195 00:43:35,731 --> 00:43:43,272 MOST COMMONLY ASHKANAZI JEWS. 1196 00:43:43,272 --> 00:43:44,807 SHE WENT ON TO DEVELOP A MODEL 1197 00:43:44,807 --> 00:43:47,009 SUPPORTING HER HYPOTHESIS THAT 1198 00:43:47,009 --> 00:43:49,745 ERRORS, MUTATIONS IN INHERITED 1199 00:43:49,745 --> 00:43:52,181 GENES CAUSED AN INCREASED RISK. 1200 00:43:52,181 --> 00:43:54,783 AND THANKS TO THIS WORK, LATER 1201 00:43:54,783 --> 00:43:55,884 ON, BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE LOOKING 1202 00:43:55,884 --> 00:44:01,023 FOR THE MUTATION, THEY FOUND THE 1203 00:44:01,023 --> 00:44:01,590 BRCA1 GENE. 1204 00:44:01,590 --> 00:44:05,527 AND NOW YOU KNOW WOMEN WHO WOULD 1205 00:44:05,527 --> 00:44:07,296 HAVE BEEN DESTINED TO QUITE AN 1206 00:44:07,296 --> 00:44:10,666 EARLY DEATH CAN HAVE 1207 00:44:10,666 --> 00:44:13,669 PROPHYLACTIC OOPHORECTOMIES, 1208 00:44:13,669 --> 00:44:14,737 MASTECTOMIES, CAN LIVE LONG 1209 00:44:14,737 --> 00:44:18,707 LIVES, THEY CAN HAVE THEIR 1210 00:44:18,707 --> 00:44:20,776 UNBORN CHILD, THEIR EMBRYO 1211 00:44:20,776 --> 00:44:23,646 TESTED FOR BRCA, THEY CAN 1212 00:44:23,646 --> 00:44:26,248 PURPOSEFULLY HAVE A CHILD THAT 1213 00:44:26,248 --> 00:44:28,317 DOES NOT HAVE THE BRCA GENE. 1214 00:44:28,317 --> 00:44:31,220 IT'S AMAZING WHAT SHE DID, THE 1215 00:44:31,220 --> 00:44:32,655 ELIMINATION OF A TERRIBLE RISK 1216 00:44:32,655 --> 00:44:35,357 FACTOR. 1217 00:44:35,357 --> 00:44:36,025 OVER TIME. 1218 00:44:36,025 --> 00:44:38,160 SO WHAT ABOUT THE 1980s? 1219 00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:39,962 WELL, I WENT TO MED SCHOOL IN 1220 00:44:39,962 --> 00:44:40,562 THE 1980s. 1221 00:44:40,562 --> 00:44:44,933 AND WHEN I LOOKED AROUND, I SAW 1222 00:44:44,933 --> 00:44:46,769 THERE WERE MORE WOMEN THAN 6% IN 1223 00:44:46,769 --> 00:44:47,903 MY MED SCHOOL CLASS. 1224 00:44:47,903 --> 00:44:48,871 THERE WERE 25%. 1225 00:44:48,871 --> 00:44:54,276 WE WERE STILL THE MINORITY. 1226 00:44:54,276 --> 00:44:56,245 IT WAS USUALLY OLDER WOMEN THAT 1227 00:44:56,245 --> 00:44:57,346 HAD HAD ANOTHER CAREER BEFORE 1228 00:44:57,346 --> 00:44:59,081 THEY COULD GET INTO MEDICINE. 1229 00:44:59,081 --> 00:45:01,283 THERE WERE NONE IN LEADERSHIP 1230 00:45:01,283 --> 00:45:02,484 POSITIONS. 1231 00:45:02,484 --> 00:45:03,686 SO DIVISION CHIEF WAS CONSIDERED 1232 00:45:03,686 --> 00:45:08,290 QUITE A HIGH ROLE FOR WOMEN IN 1233 00:45:08,290 --> 00:45:08,957 THOSE DAYS. 1234 00:45:08,957 --> 00:45:11,160 WOMEN WERE NOT CHAIRS, THEY WERE 1235 00:45:11,160 --> 00:45:13,462 NOT DEANS, THEY WERE NOT 1236 00:45:13,462 --> 00:45:14,330 PROVOSTS, THEY WERE NOT 1237 00:45:14,330 --> 00:45:18,500 PRESIDENTS. 1238 00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:19,601 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH, WHICH I 1239 00:45:19,601 --> 00:45:21,136 HAD A PASSION FOR, MEANT YOU 1240 00:45:21,136 --> 00:45:23,872 NEEDED TO GO INTO OB-GYN BECAUSE 1241 00:45:23,872 --> 00:45:25,174 THAT WAS THE ONLY PLACE THAT YOU 1242 00:45:25,174 --> 00:45:26,709 COULD DO WOMEN'S HEALTH 1243 00:45:26,709 --> 00:45:27,309 RESEARCH. 1244 00:45:27,309 --> 00:45:29,778 AND EVEN WHEN YOU WENT INTO 1245 00:45:29,778 --> 00:45:31,880 OB-GYN, YOU WEREN'T EXACTLY 1246 00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:33,182 ENCOURAGED TO BE A RESEARCHER. 1247 00:45:33,182 --> 00:45:35,918 SO I JUST HAVE MY OWN LITTLE 1248 00:45:35,918 --> 00:45:41,523 ANECDOTE LIKE MARY CLAIRE KING. 1249 00:45:41,523 --> 00:45:43,258 I MET WITH MY DIVISION CHIEF 1250 00:45:43,258 --> 00:45:44,293 AFTER MY FIRST YEAR ON FACULTY 1251 00:45:44,293 --> 00:45:46,462 AND I WAS VERY PASSIONATE ABOUT 1252 00:45:46,462 --> 00:45:47,863 RESEARCH FROM THE VERY BEGINNING 1253 00:45:47,863 --> 00:45:49,631 AND STARTED DOING IT IN 1254 00:45:49,631 --> 00:45:49,965 RESIDENCY. 1255 00:45:49,965 --> 00:45:53,802 AND SO I WENT IN THERE ALL 1256 00:45:53,802 --> 00:45:56,438 EXCITED, WIDE EYED AND BUSHY 1257 00:45:56,438 --> 00:45:57,673 TAILED FOR MY REVIEW THINKING I 1258 00:45:57,673 --> 00:45:59,508 WAS GOING TO GET ALL THESE KUDOS 1259 00:45:59,508 --> 00:46:00,409 FOR THESE PAPERS AND 1260 00:46:00,409 --> 00:46:03,979 PRESENTATIONS THAT I HAD DONE. 1261 00:46:03,979 --> 00:46:05,481 AND HE TOOK A LOOK AT MY REPORT 1262 00:46:05,481 --> 00:46:10,085 AND HE AND I THINK THIS IS A 1263 00:46:10,085 --> 00:46:11,420 PRETTY EXACT QUOTE: WELL, 1264 00:46:11,420 --> 00:46:15,457 ABBEY, YOU LOOK PRETTY GOOD ON 1265 00:46:15,457 --> 00:46:17,092 PAPER. 1266 00:46:17,092 --> 00:46:18,560 BUT WHAT YOU WERE HIRED TO DO 1267 00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:20,429 HERE WAS TO TEACH RESIDENTS HOW 1268 00:46:20,429 --> 00:46:31,573 TO SEW UP EE PEAZ YOT UP EPISIE 1269 00:46:31,974 --> 00:46:33,041 KEEP THAT IN MIND. 1270 00:46:33,041 --> 00:46:34,777 LUCKILY FOR ME, I HAD A GREAT 1271 00:46:34,777 --> 00:46:36,011 RELATIONSHIP WITH MY CHAIR, I 1272 00:46:36,011 --> 00:46:37,112 WENT AND HAD A CONVERSATION WITH 1273 00:46:37,112 --> 00:46:38,313 MY CHAIR ABOUT IT, AND WITHIN A 1274 00:46:38,313 --> 00:46:40,949 COUPLE OF MONTHS, I HAD MY OWN 1275 00:46:40,949 --> 00:46:42,151 DIVISION. 1276 00:46:42,151 --> 00:46:42,418 [LAUGHTER] 1277 00:46:42,418 --> 00:46:46,989 [APPLAUSE] 1278 00:46:46,989 --> 00:46:47,322 THANK YOU. 1279 00:46:47,322 --> 00:46:48,757 WHERE WERE YOU BACK IN THE 1280 00:46:48,757 --> 00:46:50,592 80s? 1281 00:46:50,592 --> 00:46:52,895 OKAY. 1282 00:46:52,895 --> 00:46:54,463 SO THEN SOME EXCITING THINGS DO 1283 00:46:54,463 --> 00:46:55,998 START TO HAPPEN IN THE 80s, 1284 00:46:55,998 --> 00:46:57,099 ALTHOUGH THEY WERE BABY STEPS. 1285 00:46:57,099 --> 00:46:59,368 YOU HAVE THE PUBLIC HEALTH 1286 00:46:59,368 --> 00:47:01,170 SERVICE TASK FORCE ON WOMEN'S 1287 00:47:01,170 --> 00:47:04,673 HEALTH ISSUES ESTABLISHED, AND 1288 00:47:04,673 --> 00:47:06,308 THEIR JOB WAS TO GET MORE WOMEN 1289 00:47:06,308 --> 00:47:09,411 IN THESE NIH-FUNDED CLINICAL 1290 00:47:09,411 --> 00:47:10,512 TRIALS, ALTHOUGH I DON'T KNOW 1291 00:47:10,512 --> 00:47:12,347 HOW THEY WERE GOING TO DO THAT, 1292 00:47:12,347 --> 00:47:15,184 BECAUSE REMEMBER YOU HAD THE 1293 00:47:15,184 --> 00:47:16,652 BACKLASH WHERE THE FDA WAS 1294 00:47:16,652 --> 00:47:19,388 SAYING NO. 1295 00:47:19,388 --> 00:47:21,023 AND TO ADVOCATE FOR MORE 1296 00:47:21,023 --> 00:47:22,024 RESEARCH ON CONDITIONS AND 1297 00:47:22,024 --> 00:47:26,094 DISEASES AFFECTING WOMEN. 1298 00:47:26,094 --> 00:47:27,529 RUTH KIRSCHSTEIN STEPS UP TO THE 1299 00:47:27,529 --> 00:47:27,963 PLATE AGAIN. 1300 00:47:27,963 --> 00:47:31,366 SHE STEPS UP AGAIN AND AGAIN AND 1301 00:47:31,366 --> 00:47:31,567 AGAIN. 1302 00:47:31,567 --> 00:47:32,935 SO I AM SO GLAD SHE'S 1303 00:47:32,935 --> 00:47:34,002 REMEMBERED. 1304 00:47:34,002 --> 00:47:37,306 THEY ASKED HER TO CHAIR THE 1305 00:47:37,306 --> 00:47:37,739 GROUP. 1306 00:47:37,739 --> 00:47:39,074 AND THEY GAVE HER A LIST OF ALL 1307 00:47:39,074 --> 00:47:41,376 WOMEN WHO COULD BE ON THE TASK 1308 00:47:41,376 --> 00:47:43,979 FORCE. 1309 00:47:43,979 --> 00:47:45,981 SHE WAS POLITICALLY VERY SAVVY. 1310 00:47:45,981 --> 00:47:47,716 VERY REALIZED IF SHE HAD A TASK 1311 00:47:47,716 --> 00:47:49,918 FORCE OF ALL WOMEN, PROBABLY 1312 00:47:49,918 --> 00:47:54,923 THEY WOULDN'T HAVE MUCH CLOUT. 1313 00:47:54,923 --> 00:47:56,124 SO SHE SAID, WE ARE NOT GOING TO 1314 00:47:56,124 --> 00:47:59,428 HAVE ANY OF THAT. 1315 00:47:59,428 --> 00:48:01,230 WOMEN'S HEALTH IS IMPORTANT TO 1316 00:48:01,230 --> 00:48:02,831 MEN AS IT IS TO WOMEN, AND SHE 1317 00:48:02,831 --> 00:48:05,667 PUT MEN ON THE COMMITTEE. 1318 00:48:05,667 --> 00:48:07,336 AND FOR THE MEN THAT ARE HERE 1319 00:48:07,336 --> 00:48:09,304 TODAY, I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU. 1320 00:48:09,304 --> 00:48:13,275 WOMEN'S HEALTH CANNOT MOVE 1321 00:48:13,275 --> 00:48:16,778 FORWARD WITHOUT THE SUPPORT OF 1322 00:48:16,778 --> 00:48:18,413 MEN, SO GIVE THEM A ROUND OF 1323 00:48:18,413 --> 00:48:18,680 APPLAUSE. 1324 00:48:18,680 --> 00:48:23,552 [APPLAUSE] 1325 00:48:23,552 --> 00:48:24,686 ALSO THERE WAS JUST A HANDFUL OF 1326 00:48:24,686 --> 00:48:25,354 WOMEN IN CONGRESS. 1327 00:48:25,354 --> 00:48:26,555 REMEMBER WHEN THEY TALKED ABOUT 1328 00:48:26,555 --> 00:48:29,491 THE SIX WOMEN IN THE SENATE. 1329 00:48:29,491 --> 00:48:30,559 YOU WOULDN'T BELIEVE IT TODAY, 1330 00:48:30,559 --> 00:48:32,194 BUT IT WAS -- THAT'S HOW IT 1331 00:48:32,194 --> 00:48:32,828 STARTED OUT. 1332 00:48:32,828 --> 00:48:34,363 AND THERE WAS THIS CONGRESSIONAL 1333 00:48:34,363 --> 00:48:38,267 CAUCUS FOR WOMEN'S ISSUES, AND 1334 00:48:38,267 --> 00:48:40,335 THEY WERE ACTUALLY PUSHING FOR 1335 00:48:40,335 --> 00:48:41,603 THE INCLUSION OF MORE WOMEN IN 1336 00:48:41,603 --> 00:48:41,970 CLINICAL TRIALS. 1337 00:48:41,970 --> 00:48:43,372 SO THE NIH DIDN'T THINK IT WOULD 1338 00:48:43,372 --> 00:48:45,641 BE THAT HARD A PROBLEM TO SOLVE. 1339 00:48:45,641 --> 00:48:47,476 THEY PUT OUT A POLICY THAT SAID 1340 00:48:47,476 --> 00:48:50,145 IF YOU'RE WRITING A GRANT, YOU 1341 00:48:50,145 --> 00:48:52,014 REALLY NEED TO INCLUDE WOMEN AND 1342 00:48:52,014 --> 00:48:53,215 MINORITY IN YOUR STUDIES. 1343 00:48:53,215 --> 00:48:58,086 BUT IT WASN'T REQUIRED, IT WAS 1344 00:48:58,086 --> 00:48:58,620 JUST RECOMMENDED. 1345 00:48:58,620 --> 00:49:01,123 AND A FEW YEARS LATER, THE GAO 1346 00:49:01,123 --> 00:49:03,525 DID AN AUDIT AND THEY FOUND OUT 1347 00:49:03,525 --> 00:49:05,093 THAT OVER 25% OF PEOPLE WERE 1348 00:49:05,093 --> 00:49:09,164 JUST IGNORING THE 1349 00:49:09,164 --> 00:49:10,032 RECOMMENDATION. SO THE 1350 00:49:10,032 --> 00:49:13,535 CONGRESSIONAL CAUCUS FOR WOMEN'S 1351 00:49:13,535 --> 00:49:16,972 ISSUES WENT STRAIGHT BACK TO THE 1352 00:49:16,972 --> 00:49:18,273 NIH AND SAID, THIS ISN'T 1353 00:49:18,273 --> 00:49:20,876 WORKING. 1354 00:49:20,876 --> 00:49:22,778 AND THAT WAS THE DAY, OR I 1355 00:49:22,778 --> 00:49:24,313 BELIEVE IT WAS THE NEXT DAY THAT 1356 00:49:24,313 --> 00:49:30,419 ACTUALLY ORWH WAS FOUNDED. 1357 00:49:30,419 --> 00:49:32,988 SO RUTH KIRSCHSTEIN WAS AGAIN 1358 00:49:32,988 --> 00:49:34,423 APPOINTED AS ITS FIRST ACTING 1359 00:49:34,423 --> 00:49:34,823 DIRECTOR. 1360 00:49:34,823 --> 00:49:36,925 AND AGAIN, SHE USED HER 1361 00:49:36,925 --> 00:49:38,360 POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE TO MAKE A 1362 00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:39,494 DIFFERENCE. 1363 00:49:39,494 --> 00:49:42,431 THEY DIDN'T WANT TO CALL IT 1364 00:49:42,431 --> 00:49:42,764 ORWH. 1365 00:49:42,764 --> 00:49:48,670 THEY WANTED TO CALL IT OWHR. 1366 00:49:48,670 --> 00:49:50,005 THEY WANTED RESEARCH TO BE AT 1367 00:49:50,005 --> 00:49:52,407 THE END OF THE TITLE. 1368 00:49:52,407 --> 00:49:56,044 AND SHE SAID NO, FOR TWO 1369 00:49:56,044 --> 00:49:56,278 REASONS. 1370 00:49:56,278 --> 00:49:57,613 ONE, SHE SAID IF WE PUT RESEARCH 1371 00:49:57,613 --> 00:49:59,648 AT THE END OF THE TITLE, THEY'RE 1372 00:49:59,648 --> 00:50:00,682 PROBABLY GOING TO FIGURE OUT A 1373 00:50:00,682 --> 00:50:02,784 WAY TO DROP IT FROM THE NAME 1374 00:50:02,784 --> 00:50:05,520 OVER TIME, AND RESEARCH HAS TO 1375 00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:08,824 BE CENTRAL TO THE MISSION. 1376 00:50:08,824 --> 00:50:09,024 OF 1377 00:50:09,024 --> 00:50:11,426 WHAT THIS OFFICE DOES. 1378 00:50:11,426 --> 00:50:14,730 AND SHE ALSO SAID, IT NEEDED TO 1379 00:50:14,730 --> 00:50:17,933 FOCUS ON THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN 1380 00:50:17,933 --> 00:50:19,334 BIOMEDICAL CAREERS. 1381 00:50:19,334 --> 00:50:24,940 SO SHE JUST FELT THAT RESEARCH 1382 00:50:24,940 --> 00:50:27,209 HAD TO BE CENTRAL. 1383 00:50:27,209 --> 00:50:30,579 OKAY, WHAT ABOUT THE 1990s? 1384 00:50:30,579 --> 00:50:32,347 WELL, I'M GOING TO ADMIT THAT I 1385 00:50:32,347 --> 00:50:33,782 REALLY DIDN'T KNOW VERY MUCH 1386 00:50:33,782 --> 00:50:37,285 ABOUT THE LEADERSHIP OF ORWH 1387 00:50:37,285 --> 00:50:39,054 UNTIL I STARTED WORKING ON THIS 1388 00:50:39,054 --> 00:50:40,455 TALK. 1389 00:50:40,455 --> 00:50:44,326 AND I WAS THRILLED AND 1390 00:50:44,326 --> 00:50:45,093 FASCINATED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT 1391 00:50:45,093 --> 00:50:46,528 THE PEOPLE THAT MADE THE BIRCWH 1392 00:50:46,528 --> 00:50:49,264 PROGRAM POSSIBLE. 1393 00:50:49,264 --> 00:50:52,567 SO IT FOLLOWS THE THEME THAT I'D 1394 00:50:52,567 --> 00:50:54,436 BEEN OUTLINING ALL ALONG, VERY 1395 00:50:54,436 --> 00:50:58,240 WELL TRAINED, DON'T EVER TAKE NO 1396 00:50:58,240 --> 00:51:01,143 FOR AN ANSWER, WANT TO MAKE A 1397 00:51:01,143 --> 00:51:02,444 CONTRIBUTION. 1398 00:51:02,444 --> 00:51:05,614 THESE ALL FIT VIVIAN PINN, WHO 1399 00:51:05,614 --> 00:51:08,517 WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT ORWH 1400 00:51:08,517 --> 00:51:11,787 DIRECTOR APPOINTED IN 1991. 1401 00:51:11,787 --> 00:51:14,523 NOW I GREW UP IN THE DEEP SOUTH, 1402 00:51:14,523 --> 00:51:16,425 SO I UNDERSTOOD WHAT THE SCHOOL 1403 00:51:16,425 --> 00:51:20,462 SYSTEM WAS LIKE IN THE 1960s, 1404 00:51:20,462 --> 00:51:22,330 AND THEY USED TO ALWAYS SAY WHEN 1405 00:51:22,330 --> 00:51:25,534 I WAS A KID, SEPARATE BUT EQUAL. 1406 00:51:25,534 --> 00:51:29,271 BUT I CAN TELL YOU, EVEN AS A 1407 00:51:29,271 --> 00:51:31,039 VERY YOUNG CHILD, IT WAS 1408 00:51:31,039 --> 00:51:35,410 APPARENT TO ME THAT THERE WAS NO 1409 00:51:35,410 --> 00:51:36,645 EQUAL IN THE SEPARATE BUT EQUAL 1410 00:51:36,645 --> 00:51:38,246 WHEN IT CAME TO THE SCHOOLS. 1411 00:51:38,246 --> 00:51:40,716 I FOUND THAT OUT ACTUALLY WHEN 1412 00:51:40,716 --> 00:51:43,552 THEY INTEGRATED THE SCHOOLS, AND 1413 00:51:43,552 --> 00:51:45,620 WHEN I SAW THE EDUCATION THAT 1414 00:51:45,620 --> 00:51:48,957 HAD BEEN OFFERED BOTH SIDES, AND 1415 00:51:48,957 --> 00:51:50,058 WAS PRETTY APPALLED. 1416 00:51:50,058 --> 00:51:51,693 WHEN YOU CAN'T FOOL A CHILD, 1417 00:51:51,693 --> 00:51:54,529 THAT'S REALLY SAYING SOMETHING. 1418 00:51:54,529 --> 00:51:57,833 SO SHE WENT TO SEGREGATED 1419 00:51:57,833 --> 00:52:00,035 SCHOOLS IN THE SOUTH IN THE 1420 00:52:00,035 --> 00:52:01,670 1940s. 1421 00:52:01,670 --> 00:52:05,407 I CAN'T IMAGINE THE BARRIERS 1422 00:52:05,407 --> 00:52:07,075 THAT SHE MUST HAVE FACED, BUT 1423 00:52:07,075 --> 00:52:08,510 SHE EXPRESSED INTEREST IN 1424 00:52:08,510 --> 00:52:10,912 MEDICINE AT A YOUNG AGE. 1425 00:52:10,912 --> 00:52:12,748 THANK GOODNESS WE WERE NO LONGER 1426 00:52:12,748 --> 00:52:14,216 IN THE TIMES OF ELIZABETH 1427 00:52:14,216 --> 00:52:15,517 BLACKWELL, SO SHE WAS TOLD SHE 1428 00:52:15,517 --> 00:52:18,386 SHOULD PURSUE HER DREAM BY HER 1429 00:52:18,386 --> 00:52:20,455 PARENTS THAT HAD QUITE THE 1430 00:52:20,455 --> 00:52:20,956 VISION. 1431 00:52:20,956 --> 00:52:23,658 SHE WORKED EXTREMELY HARD, WAS 1432 00:52:23,658 --> 00:52:25,193 VALEDICTORIAN OF HER HIGH SCHOOL 1433 00:52:25,193 --> 00:52:27,529 CLASS, THEN WENT TO WELLESLEY ON 1434 00:52:27,529 --> 00:52:29,164 SCHOLARSHIP. 1435 00:52:29,164 --> 00:52:30,365 WHO WOULDN'T LOVE TO GO TO 1436 00:52:30,365 --> 00:52:32,334 WELLESLEY? 1437 00:52:32,334 --> 00:52:35,270 SHE THEN BECAME THE ONLY WOMAN 1438 00:52:35,270 --> 00:52:37,839 AND ONLY AFRICAN AMERICAN IN HER 1439 00:52:37,839 --> 00:52:41,343 CLASS AT UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 1440 00:52:41,343 --> 00:52:43,645 IF THAT WASN'T ENOUGH OF AN 1441 00:52:43,645 --> 00:52:44,379 ACCOMPLISHMENT, SHE DIDN'T STOP 1442 00:52:44,379 --> 00:52:45,747 THERE. 1443 00:52:45,747 --> 00:52:48,650 SHE DECIDED THAT SHE WANTED TO 1444 00:52:48,650 --> 00:52:51,219 DO SUMMER INTERNSHIP AT NASH 1445 00:52:51,219 --> 00:52:53,755 GENERAL IN BOSTON IN PATHOLOGY. 1446 00:52:53,755 --> 00:52:56,057 AND I CAN TELL YOU, AT THOSE 1447 00:52:56,057 --> 00:52:58,360 TIMES, NOT EVEN ALL THE FIELDS 1448 00:52:58,360 --> 00:52:59,828 WERE OPEN TO WOMEN IN MEDICINE. 1449 00:52:59,828 --> 00:53:02,097 WOMEN DIDN'T GO INTO THE 1450 00:53:02,097 --> 00:53:03,799 SURGICAL FIELDS, BUT PATHOLOGY 1451 00:53:03,799 --> 00:53:04,699 WAS OPEN. 1452 00:53:04,699 --> 00:53:08,637 AND SHE DID THIS INTERNSHIP, AND 1453 00:53:08,637 --> 00:53:10,372 SHE IMPRESSED THEM ENOUGH THAT 1454 00:53:10,372 --> 00:53:11,807 SHE GOT HER RES DEN SATISFY 1455 00:53:11,807 --> 00:53:12,340 THERE. 1456 00:53:12,340 --> 00:53:15,010 SO FOR THESE INCREDIBLE 1457 00:53:15,010 --> 00:53:16,444 ACCOMPLISHMENTS, SHE GAME THE 1458 00:53:16,444 --> 00:53:17,445 FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMAN TO 1459 00:53:17,445 --> 00:53:21,249 CHAIR AN ACADEMIC PATHOLOGY 1460 00:53:21,249 --> 00:53:21,550 DEPARTMENT. 1461 00:53:21,550 --> 00:53:24,052 AND THEN SHE BECAME HEAD OF 1462 00:53:24,052 --> 00:53:27,556 ORWH, AND SHE FOUNDED THE BIRCWH 1463 00:53:27,556 --> 00:53:29,090 AND SCORE INITIATIVES. 1464 00:53:29,090 --> 00:53:33,161 SO SHE IS THE REASON WE'RE ALL 1465 00:53:33,161 --> 00:53:37,499 SITTING HERE TODAY. 1466 00:53:37,499 --> 00:53:38,934 I LOVE THIS QUOTE WHERE SHE 1467 00:53:38,934 --> 00:53:39,701 REFLECTS ON HER CAREER. 1468 00:53:39,701 --> 00:53:45,207 SHE SAYS, ORWH HELPED DEFINE 1469 00:53:45,207 --> 00:53:47,175 WOMEN'S HEALTH AS BEYOND THE 1470 00:53:47,175 --> 00:53:48,710 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, WHICH 1471 00:53:48,710 --> 00:53:49,644 TRADITIONALLY WAS HOW WOMEN'S 1472 00:53:49,644 --> 00:53:56,184 HEALTH WAS VIEWED. 1473 00:53:56,184 --> 00:53:57,719 THE BIKINI FIELD OF MEDICINE, 1474 00:53:57,719 --> 00:53:59,087 OBVIOUSLY REFERRING TO THE 1475 00:53:59,087 --> 00:54:02,791 BREAST AND REPRO D REPRODUCTIVEM 1476 00:54:02,791 --> 00:54:12,267 AND THE OB-GYN DEPARTMENT. 1477 00:54:12,267 --> 00:54:14,102 I SAW POSTERS ON KIDNEY DISEASE, 1478 00:54:14,102 --> 00:54:16,104 ON BRAIN HEALTH, ON AUTOIMMUNE 1479 00:54:16,104 --> 00:54:17,439 DISEASE, ON CARDIOVASCULAR 1480 00:54:17,439 --> 00:54:18,640 DISEASE, ALL DIFFERENT ORGAN 1481 00:54:18,640 --> 00:54:20,275 SYSTEMS ACROSS THE BODY. 1482 00:54:20,275 --> 00:54:27,649 SO BIRCWH HAS DEFINITELY MADE IT 1483 00:54:27,649 --> 00:54:29,084 POSSIBLE TO STUDY THE ENTIRE 1484 00:54:29,084 --> 00:54:30,285 PATIENT. 1485 00:54:30,285 --> 00:54:34,022 IN THE 90s, WE DO FINALLY GET 1486 00:54:34,022 --> 00:54:36,291 THE ABILITY TO INCLUDE WOMEN IN 1487 00:54:36,291 --> 00:54:38,960 CLINICAL TRIALS AFTER 15 YEARS 1488 00:54:38,960 --> 00:54:40,629 OF EXCLUSION, AND I CAN TELL YOU 1489 00:54:40,629 --> 00:54:46,201 THIS WAS SO CONTROVERSIAL. 1490 00:54:46,201 --> 00:54:47,669 THINGS LIKE THIS DID NOT HAPPEN 1491 00:54:47,669 --> 00:54:48,536 EASILY. 1492 00:54:48,536 --> 00:54:49,404 ANOTHER LITTLE ANECDOTE. 1493 00:54:49,404 --> 00:54:51,172 I WAS A YOUNG FACULTY MEMBER ON 1494 00:54:51,172 --> 00:54:53,708 THE IRB, AND THE CHAIR OF THE 1495 00:54:53,708 --> 00:54:55,043 IRB, WHO WAS OBVIOUSLY VERY 1496 00:54:55,043 --> 00:54:56,278 SENIOR, ASKED TO MEET WITH ME 1497 00:54:56,278 --> 00:54:58,813 AFTER THE MEETING, AND THEN HE 1498 00:54:58,813 --> 00:55:01,850 TOLD ME THAT AS AN OB-GYN, I 1499 00:55:01,850 --> 00:55:03,885 MUST UNDERSTAND WHAT A DANGEROUS 1500 00:55:03,885 --> 00:55:07,589 LAW THIS WAS, AND HOW THIS COULD 1501 00:55:07,589 --> 00:55:10,325 HURT WOMEN AND UNBORN CHILDREN. 1502 00:55:10,325 --> 00:55:12,027 AND SURELY, I WOULD BE WILLING 1503 00:55:12,027 --> 00:55:15,664 TO WRITE A LETTER TO CONGRESS, 1504 00:55:15,664 --> 00:55:18,033 AND A LETTER TO THE NIH 1505 00:55:18,033 --> 00:55:20,635 EXPLAINING THIS TO THEM. 1506 00:55:20,635 --> 00:55:28,843 I NEVER WROTE THAT LETTER. 1507 00:55:28,843 --> 00:55:35,550 BERNADINE HEALY IS ANOTHER ONE 1508 00:55:35,550 --> 00:55:36,785 I'VE INCLUDED IN OUR GIANTS. 1509 00:55:36,785 --> 00:55:38,086 AGAIN AMAZING TRAINING. 1510 00:55:38,086 --> 00:55:40,722 WENT TO VASSAR AND HARVARD ON 1511 00:55:40,722 --> 00:55:43,191 FULL SCHOLARSHIPS. 1512 00:55:43,191 --> 00:55:44,426 AGAIN ONE OF ONLY 10 WOMEN IN A 1513 00:55:44,426 --> 00:55:45,393 CLASS OF 120. 1514 00:55:45,393 --> 00:55:46,795 SHE WAS THE FIRST WOMAN TO SERVE 1515 00:55:46,795 --> 00:55:48,396 AS DIRECTOR OF THE NIH AND WHAT 1516 00:55:48,396 --> 00:55:49,798 SHE'S KNOWN FOR IS ACTUALLY THE 1517 00:55:49,798 --> 00:55:50,999 WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE. 1518 00:55:50,999 --> 00:55:53,668 SO WHY IS THE WOMEN'S HEALTH 1519 00:55:53,668 --> 00:55:54,569 INITIATIVE IMPORTANT? 1520 00:55:54,569 --> 00:55:57,505 I MEAN, NOWADAYS, YOU START TO 1521 00:55:57,505 --> 00:55:59,374 SEE IT CRITICIZED, BUT YOU NEED 1522 00:55:59,374 --> 00:56:02,043 TO UNDERSTAND THEY WERE JUST 1523 00:56:02,043 --> 00:56:04,112 STUDYING ONE REGIMEN FOR HRT. 1524 00:56:04,112 --> 00:56:06,881 THEY WERE STUDYING ORAL ESTROGEN 1525 00:56:06,881 --> 00:56:09,317 AND ORAL PROGESTERONE. 1526 00:56:09,317 --> 00:56:12,020 BUT WHAT IS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT 1527 00:56:12,020 --> 00:56:17,959 IT WAS, BEFORE THE WHI, ALL 1528 00:56:17,959 --> 00:56:20,395 WOMEN WERE TOLD AFTER MENOPAUSE 1529 00:56:20,395 --> 00:56:26,001 THAT THEY MUST TAKE CYCLIC HRT, 1530 00:56:26,001 --> 00:56:27,402 OR THEY WOULD BE RISKING THEIR 1531 00:56:27,402 --> 00:56:30,805 LIVES. 1532 00:56:30,805 --> 00:56:32,474 I WOULD GO TO GET MY NAILS DONE, 1533 00:56:32,474 --> 00:56:34,843 TO GET MY HAIR DONE, AND THE 1534 00:56:34,843 --> 00:56:35,877 FIRST QUESTION THEY WOULD ALWAYS 1535 00:56:35,877 --> 00:56:37,679 WANT TO ASK ME WHEN THEY FOUND 1536 00:56:37,679 --> 00:56:40,949 OUT WAS WHEN I WAS AN OB-GYN, DO 1537 00:56:40,949 --> 00:56:42,851 I HAVE TO TAKE THIS HRT? 1538 00:56:42,851 --> 00:56:46,254 I AM SO TIRED OF HAVING PERIODS. 1539 00:56:46,254 --> 00:56:48,223 I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHY I HAVE TO 1540 00:56:48,223 --> 00:56:49,524 TAKE THIS. 1541 00:56:49,524 --> 00:56:51,559 AND I WOULD JUST SAY AS I HAD 1542 00:56:51,559 --> 00:56:53,428 BEEN TRAINED, WELL, WE THINK 1543 00:56:53,428 --> 00:56:56,364 IT'S A GOOD IDEA. 1544 00:56:56,364 --> 00:56:58,166 THERE WAS THIS BOOK WRITTEN 1545 00:56:58,166 --> 00:57:00,368 CALLED "FOREVER FEMININE" ABOUT 1546 00:57:00,368 --> 00:57:02,003 HOW IMPORTANT IT WAS TO BE ON 1547 00:57:02,003 --> 00:57:04,506 HRT FOR LIFE. 1548 00:57:04,506 --> 00:57:07,409 SO BERNADINE HEALY WAS THE FIRST 1549 00:57:07,409 --> 00:57:09,577 PERSON THAT SAID, HEY, MAYBE WE 1550 00:57:09,577 --> 00:57:15,717 OUGHT TO STUDY IT. 1551 00:57:15,717 --> 00:57:17,419 MAYBE WE OUGHT TO SEE IF IT DOES 1552 00:57:17,419 --> 00:57:18,720 ANY BENEFIT. 1553 00:57:18,720 --> 00:57:21,022 AND THE REGIMEN THEY STUDIED, 1554 00:57:21,022 --> 00:57:23,558 THEY ENROLLED OVER 27,000 WOMEN, 1555 00:57:23,558 --> 00:57:28,596 AND THEY FOUND OUT THAT THAT 1556 00:57:28,596 --> 00:57:29,931 REGIMEN SEEMED TO RAISE THE RISK 1557 00:57:29,931 --> 00:57:31,566 OF HEART DISEASE, STROKE, BLOOD 1558 00:57:31,566 --> 00:57:32,934 CLOTS, BREAST CANCER AND 1559 00:57:32,934 --> 00:57:33,802 DEMENTIA. 1560 00:57:33,802 --> 00:57:35,670 THESE MEDICATIONS THAT THEY'D 1561 00:57:35,670 --> 00:57:38,406 BEEN TELLING ALL WOMEN, YOU MUST 1562 00:57:38,406 --> 00:57:40,275 TAKE, AND AS A RESULT, WOMEN 1563 00:57:40,275 --> 00:57:42,243 WERE THEN ALLOWED TO WEIGH THE 1564 00:57:42,243 --> 00:57:45,046 PROS AND CONS, AND FIGURE OUT 1565 00:57:45,046 --> 00:57:46,648 WHETHER OR NOT THEY WANTED OR 1566 00:57:46,648 --> 00:57:49,084 NEEDED THIS MEDICATION AND MANY 1567 00:57:49,084 --> 00:57:50,618 DECIDED THAT THEY NO LONGER 1568 00:57:50,618 --> 00:57:55,657 WANTED TO TAKE IT. 1569 00:57:55,657 --> 00:57:57,559 THEY SAY IT'S LED TO A LOT FEWER 1570 00:57:57,559 --> 00:57:59,094 CASES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, 1571 00:57:59,094 --> 00:58:00,962 FEWER CASES OF BREAST CANCER, 1572 00:58:00,962 --> 00:58:02,430 ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN INCREASED 1573 00:58:02,430 --> 00:58:04,699 RISK OF FRACTURES BECAUSE 1574 00:58:04,699 --> 00:58:06,234 ESTROGEN DOES PREVENT FRACTURES 1575 00:58:06,234 --> 00:58:08,002 AFTER MENOPAUSE. 1576 00:58:08,002 --> 00:58:09,571 BUT THAT'S THE PROS AND CONS. 1577 00:58:09,571 --> 00:58:11,306 THAT'S WHAT WE TRY TO FIND OUT 1578 00:58:11,306 --> 00:58:12,974 IN RESEARCH, WHAT WE CAN PRESENT 1579 00:58:12,974 --> 00:58:14,876 TO OUR PATIENTS. 1580 00:58:14,876 --> 00:58:18,046 THE DATA HAS LED TO OVER 700 1581 00:58:18,046 --> 00:58:19,147 PUBLICATIONS, AND THEY'RE STILL 1582 00:58:19,147 --> 00:58:20,715 DOING FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONNAIRES 1583 00:58:20,715 --> 00:58:24,319 AND GATHERING DATA. 1584 00:58:24,319 --> 00:58:27,288 DURING THIS DECADE ALSO, THE NIH 1585 00:58:27,288 --> 00:58:30,692 DID WORK ON BISPHOSPHONATE, 1586 00:58:30,692 --> 00:58:31,826 FOUND THAT THEY COULD HAVE A 1587 00:58:31,826 --> 00:58:33,895 GREAT IMPACT ON PREVENTING OR 1588 00:58:33,895 --> 00:58:35,096 REVERSING OSTEOPOROSIS, AND THEY 1589 00:58:35,096 --> 00:58:38,867 FOUND OUT THAT AZT COULD PREVENT 1590 00:58:38,867 --> 00:58:40,168 TRANSMISSION FROM THE MOTHER TO 1591 00:58:40,168 --> 00:58:46,641 THE BABY OF HIV. 1592 00:58:46,641 --> 00:58:48,810 SO WHAT ABOUT THE 2,000s, 1593 00:58:48,810 --> 00:58:52,480 GETTING INTO THIS CENTRI? 1594 00:58:52,480 --> 00:58:55,450 WELL, I'M A RESEARCHER ON THE 1595 00:58:55,450 --> 00:58:56,718 HPV VACCINE SO I HAVE A LOT OF 1596 00:58:56,718 --> 00:58:58,553 PASSION FOR THIS DISCOVERY. 1597 00:58:58,553 --> 00:59:00,488 IT WILL PROBABLY END UP BEING 1598 00:59:00,488 --> 00:59:03,858 ONE OF THE GREATEST DISCOVERIES 1599 00:59:03,858 --> 00:59:05,693 EVER, BECAUSE WHAT DO WE HAVE 1600 00:59:05,693 --> 00:59:07,695 THAT CAN PREVENT THESE CANCERS 1601 00:59:07,695 --> 00:59:11,699 OTHER THAN THIS? 1602 00:59:11,699 --> 00:59:14,502 SINCE 2006, HPV INFECTIONS HAVE 1603 00:59:14,502 --> 00:59:17,572 DROPPED 88% AMONG TEENAGE GIRLS 1604 00:59:17,572 --> 00:59:20,341 AND 81% AMONG ADULT WOMEN IN A 1605 00:59:20,341 --> 00:59:23,711 SWEDISH STUDY OF OVER 1606 00:59:23,711 --> 00:59:26,047 1.6 MILLION FEMALES, FOUND A 1607 00:59:26,047 --> 00:59:27,182 DRAMATIC DIFFERENCE IN THE RATE 1608 00:59:27,182 --> 00:59:29,250 OF CERVICAL CANCER BETWEEN THOSE 1609 00:59:29,250 --> 00:59:30,785 VACCINATED AND UNVACCINATED. 1610 00:59:30,785 --> 00:59:34,155 SO WE DO HAVE GREAT DATA NOW TO 1611 00:59:34,155 --> 00:59:38,927 PRESENT TO OUR PATIENTS. 1612 00:59:38,927 --> 00:59:40,562 BUT EVEN WITH ALL OF THIS, EVEN 1613 00:59:40,562 --> 00:59:43,198 AS WE GET INTO THE 2000s, 1614 00:59:43,198 --> 00:59:45,233 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH OUTSIDE 1615 00:59:45,233 --> 00:59:49,170 OF REPRODUCTION CONTINUED TO 1616 00:59:49,170 --> 00:59:50,238 STRUGGLE. 1617 00:59:50,238 --> 00:59:51,372 IT'S GONE MUCH FURTHER, I THINK, 1618 00:59:51,372 --> 00:59:53,141 IN THE LAST DECADE THAN ANY TIME 1619 00:59:53,141 --> 00:59:54,776 BEFORE THAT. 1620 00:59:54,776 --> 00:59:56,978 WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG? 1621 00:59:56,978 --> 00:59:59,047 WELL, THE CLINICIANS SAID THERE 1622 00:59:59,047 --> 01:00:01,182 REALLY WAS NO REASON TO EVEN 1623 01:00:01,182 --> 01:00:06,521 STUDY IT BECAUSE WHY WOULD YOU 1624 01:00:06,521 --> 01:00:07,522 THINK THAT MEN AND WOMEN 1625 01:00:07,522 --> 01:00:09,257 DIFFERED IN ANY WAY AT ALL OTHER 1626 01:00:09,257 --> 01:00:13,494 THAN THEIR REPRODUCTIVE TRACT? 1627 01:00:13,494 --> 01:00:13,828 S? 1628 01:00:13,828 --> 01:00:14,896 I THINK IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE 1629 01:00:14,896 --> 01:00:17,365 THERE WAS THIS BOOK A LONG TIME 1630 01:00:17,365 --> 01:00:20,101 AGO, "WOMEN ARE FROM VENOUS, MEN 1631 01:00:20,101 --> 01:00:21,603 ARE FROM MARS." 1632 01:00:21,603 --> 01:00:23,171 SO WE ALREADY KNEW THAT WE 1633 01:00:23,171 --> 01:00:26,274 THOUGHT DIFFERENTLY, WE CON GRE 1634 01:00:26,274 --> 01:00:27,375 GATED AT PARTIES DIFFERENTLY, 1635 01:00:27,375 --> 01:00:28,910 BUT IT TOOK A LONG TIME FOR THAT 1636 01:00:28,910 --> 01:00:30,144 JUMP TO FIGURE OUT, HEY, THE 1637 01:00:30,144 --> 01:00:33,781 BRAINS ARE DIFFERENT. 1638 01:00:33,781 --> 01:00:35,316 MAYBE NOT MAJOR DIFFERENT, BUT 1639 01:00:35,316 --> 01:00:40,288 DEFINITELY DIFFERENT. 1640 01:00:40,288 --> 01:00:41,990 AND THE BASIC SCIENCE 1641 01:00:41,990 --> 01:00:42,523 RESEARCHERS. 1642 01:00:42,523 --> 01:00:43,858 I HAD A CENTER AND I WENT AROUND 1643 01:00:43,858 --> 01:00:45,860 AND TALKED TO BASIC SCIENCE 1644 01:00:45,860 --> 01:00:46,961 RESEARCHERS ABOUT HOW THEY 1645 01:00:46,961 --> 01:00:48,930 NEEDED TO DO SEX DIFFERENCES 1646 01:00:48,930 --> 01:00:49,364 WORK. 1647 01:00:49,364 --> 01:00:52,233 AND THEY SAID, WE CAN'T DO THAT. 1648 01:00:52,233 --> 01:00:53,134 I SAID WHY NOT? 1649 01:00:53,134 --> 01:00:55,003 THEY SAID, WELL, WE ONLY STUDY 1650 01:00:55,003 --> 01:00:56,337 FEMALE MICE OR WE ONLY STUDY 1651 01:00:56,337 --> 01:00:57,305 MALE MICE. 1652 01:00:57,305 --> 01:00:59,007 I SAID WAIT A MINUTE, WHAT ARE 1653 01:00:59,007 --> 01:01:00,074 YOU TALKING ABOUT? 1654 01:01:00,074 --> 01:01:01,643 THEY SAID WHY WOULD WE INCLUDE 1655 01:01:01,643 --> 01:01:02,710 TWO SEXES IN OUR MICE? 1656 01:01:02,710 --> 01:01:03,778 THAT'S GOING TO MESS UP THE 1657 01:01:03,778 --> 01:01:04,846 WHOLE STUDY. 1658 01:01:04,846 --> 01:01:06,180 THOSE HORMONES ARE GOING TO MESS 1659 01:01:06,180 --> 01:01:10,852 UP EVERYTHING. 1660 01:01:10,852 --> 01:01:13,755 I ACTUALLY WENT TO MY DEAN BACK 1661 01:01:13,755 --> 01:01:16,057 IN 2002 AND SAID, I'M SO 1662 01:01:16,057 --> 01:01:17,592 PASSIONATE ABOUT WOMEN'S HEALTH 1663 01:01:17,592 --> 01:01:18,793 RESEARCH, I WANT EVERY 1664 01:01:18,793 --> 01:01:20,395 DEPARTMENT ON CAMPUS TO BE DOING 1665 01:01:20,395 --> 01:01:23,031 THIS. 1666 01:01:23,031 --> 01:01:24,232 AND HE SAID WHAT DO YOU MEAN? 1667 01:01:24,232 --> 01:01:27,335 I SAID I WANT US ALL TO SIT 1668 01:01:27,335 --> 01:01:28,536 DOWN, FIGURING OUT WHAT GRANTS 1669 01:01:28,536 --> 01:01:30,505 TO GO FOR, HE HEARD THAT WORD 1670 01:01:30,505 --> 01:01:32,840 GRANTS AND HE SAID GREAT IDEA! 1671 01:01:32,840 --> 01:01:34,309 SO HE GAVE ME A SMALL AMOUNT OF 1672 01:01:34,309 --> 01:01:35,376 MONEY AND I STARTED GETTING 1673 01:01:35,376 --> 01:01:39,013 TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER CENTER 1674 01:01:39,013 --> 01:01:40,548 DIRECTORS, AND WE BEGAN TO DO 1675 01:01:40,548 --> 01:01:41,316 GRANTS TOGETHER. 1676 01:01:41,316 --> 01:01:43,718 NOW ALMOST EVERY INSTITUTION HAS 1677 01:01:43,718 --> 01:01:47,689 SOME SORT OF CENTER LIKE THIS. 1678 01:01:47,689 --> 01:01:49,357 SO WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH IS NO 1679 01:01:49,357 --> 01:01:50,224 LONGER SILOED. 1680 01:01:50,224 --> 01:01:53,594 AND THAT IS WONDERFUL. 1681 01:01:53,594 --> 01:01:56,397 LET'S GET INTO THE 2010s, AND 1682 01:01:56,397 --> 01:01:59,467 I WILL TELL YOU THIS WAS MY 1683 01:01:59,467 --> 01:02:00,768 FAVORITE PART OF DOING THE TALK 1684 01:02:00,768 --> 01:02:04,739 BECAUSE I DID NOT KNOW THAT MUCH 1685 01:02:04,739 --> 01:02:05,406 ABOUT JANINE CLAYTON BEFORE I 1686 01:02:05,406 --> 01:02:06,407 DID THIS TALK. 1687 01:02:06,407 --> 01:02:09,677 SO JUST LIKE EVERYBODY I'VE 1688 01:02:09,677 --> 01:02:11,079 PRESENTED, INCREDIBLE 1689 01:02:11,079 --> 01:02:13,114 CREDENTIALS, B.S. DEGREE FROM 1690 01:02:13,114 --> 01:02:14,682 HOPKINS, M.D. FROM HOWARD, THEN 1691 01:02:14,682 --> 01:02:16,517 WENT INTO OPHTHALMOLOGY, WE ALL 1692 01:02:16,517 --> 01:02:17,785 KNOW OPHTHALMOLOGY IS A FIELD 1693 01:02:17,785 --> 01:02:19,721 THAT NOBODY CAN GET A RESIDENCY 1694 01:02:19,721 --> 01:02:22,457 IN UNLESS YOU'RE AOA TO BEGIN 1695 01:02:22,457 --> 01:02:23,558 WITH. 1696 01:02:23,558 --> 01:02:26,661 THEN SHE GOES TO FELLOWSHIPS AT 1697 01:02:26,661 --> 01:02:28,329 WILMER I AND NEI. 1698 01:02:28,329 --> 01:02:29,897 MY DAUGHTER ACTUALLY IS AN 1699 01:02:29,897 --> 01:02:31,099 OPHTHALMOLOGIST SO I KNOW ALL 1700 01:02:31,099 --> 01:02:33,067 THESE EYE INSTITUTES BY NAME 1701 01:02:33,067 --> 01:02:34,602 NOW, AND I CAN TELL YOU THOSE 1702 01:02:34,602 --> 01:02:37,405 NAMES JUMPED OUT AT ME. 1703 01:02:37,405 --> 01:02:40,475 WILMER IS A TOP EYE INSTITUTE. 1704 01:02:40,475 --> 01:02:42,443 THEN SHE WENT TO THE NEI AND 1705 01:02:42,443 --> 01:02:43,811 SHE'LL HAVE TO FILL IN A LITTLE 1706 01:02:43,811 --> 01:02:45,146 BIT OF THE DETAILS BECAUSE I 1707 01:02:45,146 --> 01:02:48,182 HAVE TO ADMIT, I DIDN'T TALK TO 1708 01:02:48,182 --> 01:02:50,351 HER ABOUT THIS, AND I GOT SOME 1709 01:02:50,351 --> 01:02:52,987 OF IT ON WIKIPEDIA. 1710 01:02:52,987 --> 01:02:55,823 [LAUGHTER] 1711 01:02:55,823 --> 01:02:57,458 SHE WAS THE DEPUTY CLINICAL 1712 01:02:57,458 --> 01:02:59,594 DIRECTOR AT NEI, AND SHE HAD 1713 01:02:59,594 --> 01:03:02,096 ALREADY AUTHORED 80 1714 01:03:02,096 --> 01:03:02,663 PUBLICATIONS. 1715 01:03:02,663 --> 01:03:05,266 OBVIOUSLY WAY MORE THAN THAT 1716 01:03:05,266 --> 01:03:05,833 NOW. 1717 01:03:05,833 --> 01:03:07,101 AND I IMAGINE SHE COULD HAVE 1718 01:03:07,101 --> 01:03:09,170 GONE UP TO BE AN INSTITUTE 1719 01:03:09,170 --> 01:03:14,742 DIRECTOR AT NEI. 1720 01:03:14,742 --> 01:03:15,943 BUT IT WAS OUR GOOD FOREIGN THAT 1721 01:03:15,943 --> 01:03:18,746 SHE GOT A SIDETRACK, AND SHE WAS 1722 01:03:18,746 --> 01:03:20,848 DOING WORK ON OCULAR DISEASE 1723 01:03:20,848 --> 01:03:23,551 THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1724 01:03:23,551 --> 01:03:25,720 PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY, 1725 01:03:25,720 --> 01:03:28,656 AND THAT MADE HER REALIZE THAT 1726 01:03:28,656 --> 01:03:31,692 THERE WAS SEX AND GENDER 1727 01:03:31,692 --> 01:03:33,895 DIFFERENCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY. 1728 01:03:33,895 --> 01:03:36,898 AND SOMEWHERE ALONG THE WAY, SHE 1729 01:03:36,898 --> 01:03:38,332 ENDED UP BEING THE ASSOCIATE 1730 01:03:38,332 --> 01:03:40,735 DIRECTOR AT ORWH AND THEN IN 1731 01:03:40,735 --> 01:03:43,104 2012, BECOMING THE DIRECTOR OF 1732 01:03:43,104 --> 01:03:44,272 ORWH. 1733 01:03:44,272 --> 01:03:45,506 AND I'M GOING TO TELL YOU THAT 1734 01:03:45,506 --> 01:03:49,944 WAS A LUCKY DAY FOR US. 1735 01:03:49,944 --> 01:03:54,749 BECAUSE SHE IS A BIG PICTURE 1736 01:03:54,749 --> 01:03:55,316 THINKER. 1737 01:03:55,316 --> 01:03:58,586 I TEND TO BE A BIG PICTURE 1738 01:03:58,586 --> 01:04:00,054 THINKER SO I RECOGNIZE WHEN 1739 01:04:00,054 --> 01:04:01,823 SOMEBODY IS A VERY BIG PICTURE 1740 01:04:01,823 --> 01:04:02,390 THINKER. 1741 01:04:02,390 --> 01:04:03,658 I WOULD NEVER HAVE THOUGHT OF 1742 01:04:03,658 --> 01:04:05,326 THESE THINGS. 1743 01:04:05,326 --> 01:04:08,129 SO WHAT SHE DID WAS SHE LEARNED 1744 01:04:08,129 --> 01:04:11,499 TO TAKE A SMALL BUDGET, BECAUSE 1745 01:04:11,499 --> 01:04:14,135 ORWH IS AN OFFICE, IT'S NOT AN 1746 01:04:14,135 --> 01:04:15,937 INSTITUTE, AND LEVERAGE THIS 1747 01:04:15,937 --> 01:04:20,541 MONEY TO GET BIG RESULTS. 1748 01:04:20,541 --> 01:04:21,943 THE FIRST THING THAT I WAS AWARE 1749 01:04:21,943 --> 01:04:24,045 OF WAS THE ONE YEAR 1750 01:04:24,045 --> 01:04:26,280 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPLEMENTS. 1751 01:04:26,280 --> 01:04:27,815 JUST $100,000. 1752 01:04:27,815 --> 01:04:29,350 BUT SHE FIGURED OUT SHE COULD 1753 01:04:29,350 --> 01:04:31,519 TAKE SOMEONE THAT HAD A GRANT 1754 01:04:31,519 --> 01:04:34,455 FOR MILLIONS, AND MAYBE THEY'D 1755 01:04:34,455 --> 01:04:36,958 ONLY DONE THE WORK ON ONE 1756 01:04:36,958 --> 01:04:38,159 GENDER, SEX, AND THEY WERE 1757 01:04:38,159 --> 01:04:39,760 WILLING TO GET SOME DATA ON THE 1758 01:04:39,760 --> 01:04:40,294 OTHER. 1759 01:04:40,294 --> 01:04:42,363 OR MAYBE THEY HAD IT ON BOTH, 1760 01:04:42,363 --> 01:04:44,999 AND IT NEVER STRATIFIED. 1761 01:04:44,999 --> 01:04:47,034 AND YOU COULD GET ALL THIS 1762 01:04:47,034 --> 01:04:49,537 INFORMATION FOR $100,000. 1763 01:04:49,537 --> 01:04:52,573 YOYOU'RE REALLY LEVERAGING 1764 01:04:52,573 --> 01:04:55,309 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF DATA. 1765 01:04:55,309 --> 01:04:56,511 SO THAT'S BEEN SO SUCCESSFUL 1766 01:04:56,511 --> 01:04:59,947 THAT THEY HAVE SUPPORTED 1767 01:04:59,947 --> 01:05:00,615 383 INVESTIGATORS UNDER THAT 1768 01:05:00,615 --> 01:05:05,753 MECHANISM. 1769 01:05:05,753 --> 01:05:09,023 BUT THIS IS MY FAVORITE PART, 1770 01:05:09,023 --> 01:05:11,759 BECAUSE I JUST CAN'T EVEN DREAM 1771 01:05:11,759 --> 01:05:16,864 OF THINKING THIS BIG PICTURE. 1772 01:05:16,864 --> 01:05:19,100 SO SHE WENT TO FRANCIS COLLINS, 1773 01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:20,034 OF COURSE SHE GOES TO THE 1774 01:05:20,034 --> 01:05:21,402 DIRECTOR OF THE NIH, AND 1775 01:05:21,402 --> 01:05:22,403 TOGETHER, THEY WRITE AN ARTICLE 1776 01:05:22,403 --> 01:05:25,139 WHICH OF COURSE IS IN NATURE, 1777 01:05:25,139 --> 01:05:28,175 AND THEY SAY THAT WHILE THE NIH 1778 01:05:28,175 --> 01:05:30,344 REVITALIZATION ACT OF '93 WAS 1779 01:05:30,344 --> 01:05:31,412 GREAT, BECAUSE WOMEN WERE 1780 01:05:31,412 --> 01:05:33,614 FINALLY ALLOWED IN CLINICAL 1781 01:05:33,614 --> 01:05:35,783 TRIALS, THERE REALLY HAS NOT 1782 01:05:35,783 --> 01:05:37,485 BEEN A CORRESPONDING REVOLUTION 1783 01:05:37,485 --> 01:05:42,189 IN THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS IN 1784 01:05:42,189 --> 01:05:42,757 RESEARCH. 1785 01:05:42,757 --> 01:05:47,728 AND THEY SAY OUR GOAL IS TO 1786 01:05:47,728 --> 01:05:57,038 TRANSFORM HOW SCIENCE IS DONE. 1787 01:05:57,038 --> 01:05:58,906 I WANT YOU TO THINK ABOUT THOSE 1788 01:05:58,906 --> 01:06:00,308 FEW WORDS AND HOW BOLD THAT WAS. 1789 01:06:00,308 --> 01:06:02,043 FROM THAT, IT WENT TO A NOTICE 1790 01:06:02,043 --> 01:06:04,211 THAT JUST BASICALLY SAID IF YOU 1791 01:06:04,211 --> 01:06:05,546 WANTED NIH MONEY, YOU HAD TO DO 1792 01:06:05,546 --> 01:06:12,286 THIS. 1793 01:06:12,286 --> 01:06:14,889 SO WHO'S NOT GOING TO DO IT? 1794 01:06:14,889 --> 01:06:17,224 THEY SAID SABV WOULD BE FACTORED 1795 01:06:17,224 --> 01:06:18,993 INTO THE RESEARCH DESIGNS, 1796 01:06:18,993 --> 01:06:20,328 ANALYSIS AND REPORTING AND 1797 01:06:20,328 --> 01:06:22,296 ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES. 1798 01:06:22,296 --> 01:06:23,664 AND IF YOU DON'T THINK THERE WAS 1799 01:06:23,664 --> 01:06:25,199 AN OUTCRY ABOUT THIS, I'M 1800 01:06:25,199 --> 01:06:26,734 SURE -- DID YOU RECEIVE A FEW 1801 01:06:26,734 --> 01:06:33,941 EMAILS? 1802 01:06:33,941 --> 01:06:37,745 I'M SURE THERE WAS A MAJOR 1803 01:06:37,745 --> 01:06:38,813 OUTCRY BUT PEOPLE JUST HAD TO DO 1804 01:06:38,813 --> 01:06:39,146 IT. 1805 01:06:39,146 --> 01:06:40,348 AND YOU HAD TO JUSTIFY IF YOU 1806 01:06:40,348 --> 01:06:41,882 WERE JUST LOOKING AT ONLY ONE 1807 01:06:41,882 --> 01:06:42,917 SEX, AND YOU HAD TO JUSTIFY IT 1808 01:06:42,917 --> 01:06:45,453 SO MUCH THAT WHEN I WAS DOING 1809 01:06:45,453 --> 01:06:48,155 RESEARCH ON THE HYMEN, I HAD TO 1810 01:06:48,155 --> 01:06:55,029 JUSTIFY ONLY INCLUDING WOMEN. 1811 01:06:55,029 --> 01:06:56,097 THERE'S MANY OTHER PROGRAMS SHE 1812 01:06:56,097 --> 01:06:57,098 TOLD YOU ABOUT IN HER TALK. 1813 01:06:57,098 --> 01:06:58,332 ONE IS THE ADMINISTRATIVE 1814 01:06:58,332 --> 01:06:59,166 SUPPLEMENT ON WOMEN THAT HAVE 1815 01:06:59,166 --> 01:07:00,868 BEEN UNDERSTUDIED, 1816 01:07:00,868 --> 01:07:01,736 UNDERREPRESENTED AND 1817 01:07:01,736 --> 01:07:03,137 UNDERREPORTED. 1818 01:07:03,137 --> 01:07:06,540 STILL THE ONLY PROGRAM THAT DOES 1819 01:07:06,540 --> 01:07:09,510 THIS. 1820 01:07:09,510 --> 01:07:10,911 AND ALSO CHANGING THE SCORE INTO 1821 01:07:10,911 --> 01:07:13,381 A PROGRAM THAT FOCUSES ON SEX 1822 01:07:13,381 --> 01:07:14,582 AND GENDER DIFFERENCES, AND THEN 1823 01:07:14,582 --> 01:07:16,050 WE'VE HEARD ABOUT THE R01 AND 1824 01:07:16,050 --> 01:07:17,618 THE NEW EDUCATION GRANT, AND IT 1825 01:07:17,618 --> 01:07:19,487 GOES ON AND ON, I CAN'T WAIT TO 1826 01:07:19,487 --> 01:07:28,763 HEAR ABOUT MORE OF THEM. 1827 01:07:28,763 --> 01:07:30,598 SO HAS SEX AND GENDER 1828 01:07:30,598 --> 01:07:31,999 DIFFERENCES CAUGHT ON? 1829 01:07:31,999 --> 01:07:33,868 WELL THAT WOULD AN UNDERSTATE M. 1830 01:07:33,868 --> 01:07:35,069 THERE'S JOURNALS ON IT NOW, 1831 01:07:35,069 --> 01:07:36,037 THERE'S ARTICLES ALL THE TIME ON 1832 01:07:36,037 --> 01:07:37,104 IT NOW. 1833 01:07:37,104 --> 01:07:38,305 EXAMPLES HERE FOR FUN, IF YOU 1834 01:07:38,305 --> 01:07:40,141 WANT TO REALLY SEE EXAMPLES, GO 1835 01:07:40,141 --> 01:07:41,542 UP TO THE POSTER SESSION. 1836 01:07:41,542 --> 01:07:42,877 BUT THERE'S SEX DIFFERENCES IN 1837 01:07:42,877 --> 01:07:44,679 IMMUNE RESPONSES, THERE'S SEX 1838 01:07:44,679 --> 01:07:46,013 DIFFERENCES IN DRUG USE, THERE'S 1839 01:07:46,013 --> 01:07:51,485 SEX DIFFERENCES IN PAIN. 1840 01:07:51,485 --> 01:07:52,787 THERE'S SEX DIFFERENCES IN 1841 01:07:52,787 --> 01:07:54,155 KIDNEY METABOLISM. 1842 01:07:54,155 --> 01:07:55,022 WE'RE FINDING LOTS OF SEX 1843 01:07:55,022 --> 01:07:55,923 DIFFERENCES IN THE CANCER FEALD. 1844 01:07:55,923 --> 01:07:58,526 THIS ARTICLE WAS ON HIGHER LUNG 1845 01:07:58,526 --> 01:08:01,128 CANCER INCIDENCE IN YOUNG WOMEN 1846 01:08:01,128 --> 01:08:03,531 WE KNOW OROPHARYNGEAL CANCERS 1847 01:08:03,531 --> 01:08:06,033 ARE MUCH HIGHER IN MEN THAT ARE 1848 01:08:06,033 --> 01:08:06,567 HPV-RELATED. 1849 01:08:06,567 --> 01:08:08,335 AND THERE'S A LOT OF SEX 1850 01:08:08,335 --> 01:08:09,537 DIFFERENCES IN VACCINES. 1851 01:08:09,537 --> 01:08:13,841 IF YOU'RE WORRIED ABOUT GETTING 1852 01:08:13,841 --> 01:08:14,508 GUILLAIN-BARRE, YOU PROBABLY 1853 01:08:14,508 --> 01:08:16,477 DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT THAT 1854 01:08:16,477 --> 01:08:17,678 AS MUCH IF YOU'RE A MALE BECAUSE 1855 01:08:17,678 --> 01:08:18,846 THAT'S MORE LIKELY TO POP UP IN 1856 01:08:18,846 --> 01:08:26,821 A FEMALE. 1857 01:08:26,821 --> 01:08:28,689 SO THERE'S BEEN SOME GREAT 1858 01:08:28,689 --> 01:08:29,557 ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE LAST 10 1859 01:08:29,557 --> 01:08:30,157 YEARS. 1860 01:08:30,157 --> 01:08:31,559 ONE IS THAT WOMEN ARE NOW MORE 1861 01:08:31,559 --> 01:08:32,960 THAN HALF OF ALL PARTICIPANTS IN 1862 01:08:32,960 --> 01:08:33,894 CLINICAL TRIALS. 1863 01:08:33,894 --> 01:08:36,263 HERE'S A META-ANALYSIS 1864 01:08:36,263 --> 01:08:36,897 ONCOINDIVIDUAL TRIALS AND THEY 1865 01:08:36,897 --> 01:08:38,766 FOUND OUT THAT FEMALES WERE 45% 1866 01:08:38,766 --> 01:08:39,967 OF ALL ENROLLEES. 1867 01:08:39,967 --> 01:08:42,203 SO HOORAY, IT WAS DONE. 1868 01:08:42,203 --> 01:08:44,505 AND THERE'S SOME OTHER TRIALS 1869 01:08:44,505 --> 01:08:46,140 I'VE LISTED HERE WHERE WOMEN 1870 01:08:46,140 --> 01:08:49,877 WERE 50% OR MORE. 1871 01:08:49,877 --> 01:09:00,121 SO THAT BATTLE HAS BEEN WON. 1872 01:09:00,121 --> 01:09:01,856 OF COURSE EVERYTHING ISN'T 1873 01:09:01,856 --> 01:09:02,623 PERFECT. 1874 01:09:02,623 --> 01:09:03,724 THERE'S LOTS OF WORK TO DO. 1875 01:09:03,724 --> 01:09:05,526 ONE IS THAT WOMEN REALLY DON'T 1876 01:09:05,526 --> 01:09:07,061 WRITE NIH FUNDED CLINICAL TRIALS 1877 01:09:07,061 --> 01:09:09,029 IN THEIR GRANTS AS MUCH AND THEY 1878 01:09:09,029 --> 01:09:12,933 FOUND OUT IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR 1879 01:09:12,933 --> 01:09:14,368 WORLD, ONLY 18% WERE LED BY 1880 01:09:14,368 --> 01:09:15,236 WOMEN. 1881 01:09:15,236 --> 01:09:16,337 THERE'S MANY TOPICS THAT STILL 1882 01:09:16,337 --> 01:09:17,738 NEED A LOT MORE WORK. 1883 01:09:17,738 --> 01:09:22,743 CON EXCONTRACEPTION, I DON'T EVN 1884 01:09:22,743 --> 01:09:23,711 THINK VERY MUCH IS BEING FUNDED 1885 01:09:23,711 --> 01:09:25,112 ON THAT AT ALL ANYMORE. 1886 01:09:25,112 --> 01:09:26,614 MEDICAL NEEDS OF TRANSGENDER 1887 01:09:26,614 --> 01:09:27,948 WOMEN ARE OFTEN OVERLOOKED. 1888 01:09:27,948 --> 01:09:29,784 THERE'S LITTLE RESEARCH ON 1889 01:09:29,784 --> 01:09:31,185 NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES IN WOMEN, 1890 01:09:31,185 --> 01:09:32,653 AND MATERNAL MORTALITY CONTINUES 1891 01:09:32,653 --> 01:09:34,455 TO GO UP IN THE COUNTRY THAT IS 1892 01:09:34,455 --> 01:09:35,556 SPENDING MORE ON HEALTHCARE THAN 1893 01:09:35,556 --> 01:09:42,196 ANY OTHER COUNTRY. 1894 01:09:42,196 --> 01:09:43,631 BUT WHAT DO WE SEE OF THESE 1895 01:09:43,631 --> 01:09:44,265 GIANTS? 1896 01:09:44,265 --> 01:09:45,599 WHAT DO WE HAVE IN COMMON THAT 1897 01:09:45,599 --> 01:09:47,334 WE CAN GAIN INSPIRATION FROM? 1898 01:09:47,334 --> 01:09:50,838 WELL, THEY OVERCAME ENORMOUS 1899 01:09:50,838 --> 01:09:51,305 HURDLES. 1900 01:09:51,305 --> 01:09:53,374 STARTING BACK WITH ELIZABETH 1901 01:09:53,374 --> 01:09:56,043 BLACKWELL, LOOKING AT THIS 1902 01:09:56,043 --> 01:09:57,011 ATMOSPHERE WHERE WOMEN WEREN'T 1903 01:09:57,011 --> 01:09:58,546 EVEN ALLOWED IN MEDICAL SCHOOL 1904 01:09:58,546 --> 01:10:00,080 AND STILL HAVING THE NERVE TO 1905 01:10:00,080 --> 01:10:02,016 APPLY. 1906 01:10:02,016 --> 01:10:04,185 DRIVEN TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN 1907 01:10:04,185 --> 01:10:05,753 WOMEN'S HEALTH, THEY ALL HAD A 1908 01:10:05,753 --> 01:10:07,588 GREAT DEAL OF PASSION. 1909 01:10:07,588 --> 01:10:11,492 THEY MADE SURE THEY WERE WELL 1910 01:10:11,492 --> 01:10:13,994 TRAINED AND HIGHLY QUALIFIED FOR 1911 01:10:13,994 --> 01:10:14,662 THEIR POSITIONS. 1912 01:10:14,662 --> 01:10:16,096 THERE WERE NO GIFTS HERE. 1913 01:10:16,096 --> 01:10:18,265 NOBODY GOT THESE POSITIONS 1914 01:10:18,265 --> 01:10:21,735 BECAUSE THEY WERE FEMALE. 1915 01:10:21,735 --> 01:10:22,937 THEY WERE THE MOST QUALIFIED. 1916 01:10:22,937 --> 01:10:27,641 AND THEY HAD CAN-DO ATTITUDES 1917 01:10:27,641 --> 01:10:29,810 LIKE MARY CLAIRE SAID, WE'LL 1918 01:10:29,810 --> 01:10:31,111 JUST SEE HOW LONG YOU FEEL THAT 1919 01:10:31,111 --> 01:10:35,482 WAY. 1920 01:10:35,482 --> 01:10:36,684 SO WE'VE HEARD ABOUT THE WHITE 1921 01:10:36,684 --> 01:10:40,054 HOUSE INITIATIVE ON WOMEN'S 1922 01:10:40,054 --> 01:10:42,890 HEALTH RESEARCH, AND I LIKE WHAT 1923 01:10:42,890 --> 01:10:44,758 JOE BIDEN SAID, THAT NO WOMEN OR 1924 01:10:44,758 --> 01:10:47,795 GIRL WILL EVER HAVE TO HEAR 1925 01:10:47,795 --> 01:10:49,430 ANYMORE, "IT'S ALL IN YOUR 1926 01:10:49,430 --> 01:10:51,298 HEAD," OR "IT'S JUST STRESS." 1927 01:10:51,298 --> 01:10:52,700 WHERE WOMEN AREN'T JUST AN 1928 01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:53,467 AFTER-THOUGHT BUT A FIRST 1929 01:10:53,467 --> 01:10:54,001 THOUGHT. 1930 01:10:54,001 --> 01:10:56,170 WHERE WOMEN JUST DON'T SURVIVE 1931 01:10:56,170 --> 01:10:58,472 WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS, BUT 1932 01:10:58,472 --> 01:11:05,579 LEAD LONG AND HEALTHY LIVES. 1933 01:11:05,579 --> 01:11:07,014 SO I WANT TO LEAVE YOU TODAY, 1934 01:11:07,014 --> 01:11:08,315 ESPECIALLY THE SCHOLARS BUT ALSO 1935 01:11:08,315 --> 01:11:12,353 THE MENTORS AND THE PIs, AND 1936 01:11:12,353 --> 01:11:13,554 THE RESEARCH DIRECTORS, THAT YOU 1937 01:11:13,554 --> 01:11:14,989 ARE THE FUTURE OF WOMEN'S HEALTH 1938 01:11:14,989 --> 01:11:15,923 RESEARCH. 1939 01:11:15,923 --> 01:11:19,059 THE BIRCWH AND SCORE PROGRAMS 1940 01:11:19,059 --> 01:11:21,428 ARE LEADING THE EFFORTS TO STUDY 1941 01:11:21,428 --> 01:11:24,565 SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN 1942 01:11:24,565 --> 01:11:25,432 DISEASES MORE COMMON IN WOMEN. 1943 01:11:25,432 --> 01:11:27,401 THE TOPICS THAT ARE NOW BEING 1944 01:11:27,401 --> 01:11:30,471 UNDERTAKEN ARE DIVERSE, AND WE 1945 01:11:30,471 --> 01:11:32,640 ARE WAY BEYOND THE REPRODUCTIVE 1946 01:11:32,640 --> 01:11:33,607 TRACT. 1947 01:11:33,607 --> 01:11:35,042 THE PUBLICATIONS ARE GETTING IN 1948 01:11:35,042 --> 01:11:37,278 HIGH IMPACT JOURNALS, SO THE 1949 01:11:37,278 --> 01:11:38,612 EDITORS ARE RECOGNIZING THE 1950 01:11:38,612 --> 01:11:43,083 IMPORTANCE OF THIS WORK. 1951 01:11:43,083 --> 01:11:44,418 BUT OVERALL WE STAND ON THE 1952 01:11:44,418 --> 01:11:45,586 SHOULDERS OF THESE GIANTS. 1953 01:11:45,586 --> 01:11:49,490 WE CAN'T FORGET ALL OF THESE 1954 01:11:49,490 --> 01:11:50,491 PEOPLE THAT MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR 1955 01:11:50,491 --> 01:11:52,993 US TO SIT IN AN AUDITORIUM 1956 01:11:52,993 --> 01:11:55,262 TODAY, AND TALK ABOUT WHAT WE 1957 01:11:55,262 --> 01:11:56,497 NEED TO DO IN WOMEN'S HEALTH 1958 01:11:56,497 --> 01:11:59,867 RESEARCH. 1959 01:11:59,867 --> 01:12:03,537 THEIR HEROIC EFFORTS HAVE GIVEN 1960 01:12:03,537 --> 01:12:04,772 YOU THE TOOLS AND RESOURCES YOU 1961 01:12:04,772 --> 01:12:06,507 NEED TO MAKE MAJOR ADVANCES IN 1962 01:12:06,507 --> 01:12:07,341 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH AND 1963 01:12:07,341 --> 01:12:09,643 BECOME THE LEADERS OF TOMORROW. 1964 01:12:09,643 --> 01:12:13,380 AND SOME OF YOU WILL BE GIANTS. 1965 01:12:13,380 --> 01:12:15,549 SO THIS IS A PICTURE OF 1966 01:12:15,549 --> 01:12:15,849 GALVESTON. 1967 01:12:15,849 --> 01:12:17,584 A LOT OF PEOPLE DON'T KNOW WHERE 1968 01:12:17,584 --> 01:12:18,719 IT IS. 1969 01:12:18,719 --> 01:12:20,721 IT'S ON THE GULF OF MEXICO, SO 1970 01:12:20,721 --> 01:12:22,723 WHEN YOU ARE IN HURRICANE 1971 01:12:22,723 --> 01:12:24,625 SEASON, YOU'LL KNOW WE'RE BITING 1972 01:12:24,625 --> 01:12:25,793 OUR NAILS. 1973 01:12:25,793 --> 01:12:28,062 BUT IN THE WINTERTIME, WE HAVE 1974 01:12:28,062 --> 01:12:29,163 BEAUTIFUL 70 DEGREE DAYS. 1975 01:12:29,163 --> 01:12:30,798 WE GO OUT AND WE TAKE WALKS ON 1976 01:12:30,798 --> 01:12:33,167 THE BEACH AFTER WORK, AND IT'S A 1977 01:12:33,167 --> 01:12:34,501 LOVELY PLACE TO LIVE AND WORK. 1978 01:12:34,501 --> 01:12:36,370 I HOPE YOU CAN VISIT US THERE 1979 01:12:36,370 --> 01:12:36,737 SOMEDAY. 1980 01:12:36,737 --> 01:12:37,471 THANK YOU. 1981 01:12:37,471 --> 01:12:47,648 [APPLAUSE] 1982 01:12:51,819 --> 01:12:53,287 >> THANK YOU, DR. BERENSON. 1983 01:12:53,287 --> 01:12:54,588 ACTUALLY I MIGHT ASK YOU TO STAY 1984 01:12:54,588 --> 01:12:56,590 AT THE PODIUM FOR JUST A MOMENT 1985 01:12:56,590 --> 01:12:58,726 FOR YOUR Q & A SESSION. 1986 01:12:58,726 --> 01:12:59,927 WE'RE RUNNING A LITTLE BIT 1987 01:12:59,927 --> 01:13:01,128 BEHIND, BUT I DID WANT TO OPEN 1988 01:13:01,128 --> 01:13:04,365 THE FLOOR UP TO MAYBE JUST LIKE 1989 01:13:04,365 --> 01:13:05,432 ONE OR TWO QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS 1990 01:13:05,432 --> 01:13:15,743 FROM THE AUDIENCE. 1991 01:13:24,184 --> 01:13:25,919 >> FROM TULANE. 1992 01:13:25,919 --> 01:13:27,221 OUTSTANDING PRESENTATION, 1993 01:13:27,221 --> 01:13:27,855 DR. BERENSON. 1994 01:13:27,855 --> 01:13:28,322 JUST OUTSTANDING. 1995 01:13:28,322 --> 01:13:29,323 [APPLAUSE] 1996 01:13:29,323 --> 01:13:30,491 >> THANK YOU. 1997 01:13:30,491 --> 01:13:33,660 IT WAS A PLEASURE. 1998 01:13:33,660 --> 01:13:35,929 >> YOU KNOW, YOU GAVE SO MANY 1999 01:13:35,929 --> 01:13:38,132 INSPIRATIONAL INSIGHTS ON WHAT 2000 01:13:38,132 --> 01:13:41,802 LEADERS BEFORE HAVE DONE, AND 2001 01:13:41,802 --> 01:13:42,803 ALSO AT THE VERY END GAVE 2002 01:13:42,803 --> 01:13:47,074 SOME -- YOU KNOW, SOME 2003 01:13:47,074 --> 01:13:48,375 ACCOLADES, WHAT OUR CURRENT 2004 01:13:48,375 --> 01:13:48,909 SCHOLARS COULD DO. 2005 01:13:48,909 --> 01:13:51,111 BUT IF YOU HAD TO REFLECT ON ONE 2006 01:13:51,111 --> 01:13:51,979 THING YOU THINK MADE A 2007 01:13:51,979 --> 01:13:53,147 DIFFERENCE IN YOUR CAREER, WHICH 2008 01:13:53,147 --> 01:13:54,715 I THINK COULD REALLY BENEFIT OUR 2009 01:13:54,715 --> 01:13:55,783 CURRENT SCHOLARS, BECAUSE 2010 01:13:55,783 --> 01:13:57,351 THEY'RE COMING UP IN A DIFFERENT 2011 01:13:57,351 --> 01:13:58,552 TIME AND A DIFFERENT AGE, BUT IT 2012 01:13:58,552 --> 01:14:00,154 WOULD BE WONDERFUL FOR YOU TO 2013 01:14:00,154 --> 01:14:00,721 SHARE THAT. 2014 01:14:00,721 --> 01:14:01,922 COULD YOU SHARE THAT? 2015 01:14:01,922 --> 01:14:03,524 >> YES, ACTUALLY I AM GOING TO 2016 01:14:03,524 --> 01:14:04,625 SHARE SOMETHING KIND OF 2017 01:14:04,625 --> 01:14:07,127 PERSONAL. 2018 01:14:07,127 --> 01:14:08,762 AS A RESEARCHER GOING THROUGH 2019 01:14:08,762 --> 01:14:12,032 THE RANKS, I HAD A LOT OF 2020 01:14:12,032 --> 01:14:14,334 PRESSURE TO APPLY FOR AND ACCEPT 2021 01:14:14,334 --> 01:14:15,969 A CHAIR POSITION. 2022 01:14:15,969 --> 01:14:20,007 THAT WAS CONSIDERED THE GOLD 2023 01:14:20,007 --> 01:14:21,408 STANDARD, AND I WOULDN'T HAVE 2024 01:14:21,408 --> 01:14:26,113 MADE IF I DIDN'T BECOME A CHAIR. 2025 01:14:26,113 --> 01:14:27,881 BUT I KNEW THAT REALLY WASN'T MY 2026 01:14:27,881 --> 01:14:29,483 PASSION, THAT MY PASSION WAS 2027 01:14:29,483 --> 01:14:31,885 LOOKING AT THE DATA, WRITING THE 2028 01:14:31,885 --> 01:14:33,320 PAPERS, CONCEIVING OF THE 2029 01:14:33,320 --> 01:14:34,488 STUDIES, EVEN WRITING THE 2030 01:14:34,488 --> 01:14:37,157 GRANTS. 2031 01:14:37,157 --> 01:14:38,025 AND IT WAS QUITE DIFFICULT FOR 2032 01:14:38,025 --> 01:14:41,962 ME IT OVERCOME ALL OF THAT 2033 01:14:41,962 --> 01:14:43,263 PRESSURE AND JUST SAY, HEY, I 2034 01:14:43,263 --> 01:14:44,665 LIKE WHAT I'M DOING, AND WHERE 2035 01:14:44,665 --> 01:14:46,967 I'M DOING IT IS INCREDIBLY 2036 01:14:46,967 --> 01:14:48,502 SUPPORTIVE, SO IT MAY NOT BE 2037 01:14:48,502 --> 01:14:49,536 WHERE YOU CHOOSE TO WORK, BUT 2038 01:14:49,536 --> 01:14:51,305 IT'S A GREAT PLACE FOR ME, 2039 01:14:51,305 --> 01:14:53,173 THEY'RE GIVING ME ENORMOUS 2040 01:14:53,173 --> 01:14:54,808 AMOUNTS OF PROTECTED TIME. 2041 01:14:54,808 --> 01:14:55,776 REMEMBER, WE DIDN'T HAVE A 2042 01:14:55,776 --> 01:14:57,744 BIRCWH PROGRAM. 2043 01:14:57,744 --> 01:15:02,015 WE DIDN'T EVEN HAVE K23s. 2044 01:15:02,015 --> 01:15:03,617 SO USUALLY THE WOMEN WERE BEING 2045 01:15:03,617 --> 01:15:05,385 ASKED TO DO A LOT OF CLINICAL. 2046 01:15:05,385 --> 01:15:07,154 SO IF I COULD GIVE ONE PIECE OF 2047 01:15:07,154 --> 01:15:08,322 ADVICE TO THE SCHOLARS ON THAT, 2048 01:15:08,322 --> 01:15:12,259 I WOULD SAY PURSUE YOUR PASSION. 2049 01:15:12,259 --> 01:15:15,095 YOU WILL NEVER HAVE A DAY OF 2050 01:15:15,095 --> 01:15:16,830 WORK IF YOU LOVE WHAT YOU DO. 2051 01:15:16,830 --> 01:15:20,200 AND I COULD RETIRE TOMORROW. 2052 01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:22,536 I DON'T WORK FOR MONEY ANYMORE. 2053 01:15:22,536 --> 01:15:26,006 I WORK BECAUSE I LOVE WHAT I DO. 2054 01:15:26,006 --> 01:15:32,813 [APPLAUSE] 2055 01:15:32,813 --> 01:15:34,982 >> WE'LL TAKE ONE MORE COMMENT 2056 01:15:34,982 --> 01:15:36,116 OR QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE. 2057 01:15:36,116 --> 01:15:38,986 >> HI, JENNIFER, ONE OF THE 2058 01:15:38,986 --> 01:15:40,087 BIRCWH SCHOLARS FROM DUKE. 2059 01:15:40,087 --> 01:15:41,288 I WAS INTERESTED IN YOUR COMMENT 2060 01:15:41,288 --> 01:15:42,356 ABOUT TRYING TO BE MORE 2061 01:15:42,356 --> 01:15:43,490 INCLUSIVE IN RESEARCH STUDY SO 2062 01:15:43,490 --> 01:15:44,758 IS THAT THEY INCLUDE BOTH MEN 2063 01:15:44,758 --> 01:15:46,393 AND WOMEN OR AT LEAST ASSIGNED 2064 01:15:46,393 --> 01:15:48,662 MALE OR FEMALE SEX AND BIRTH IN 2065 01:15:48,662 --> 01:15:49,963 STUDIES, AND I HAPPEN TO BE A 2066 01:15:49,963 --> 01:15:51,932 BREAST CANCER RESEARCHER WHERE 2067 01:15:51,932 --> 01:15:52,900 FUNNY ENOUGH, WE HAVE THE 2068 01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:54,568 OPPOSITE PROBLEM, THAT MEN ARE 2069 01:15:54,568 --> 01:15:55,636 CONSTANTLY EXCLUDED FROM 2070 01:15:55,636 --> 01:15:59,873 RESEARCH IN BREAST CANCER, AND I 2071 01:15:59,873 --> 01:16:01,208 REVIEW A FAIR NUMBER OF 2072 01:16:01,208 --> 01:16:03,177 ARTICLES, COMMONLY THEY SAY WE 2073 01:16:03,177 --> 01:16:05,245 LIMITED TO WOMEN AND I CAN'T 2074 01:16:05,245 --> 01:16:07,447 HELP BUT ASK EVERY TIME, WHY, 2075 01:16:07,447 --> 01:16:08,415 PLEASE JUSTIFY. 2076 01:16:08,415 --> 01:16:10,350 THIS IS A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY, 2077 01:16:10,350 --> 01:16:11,185 THERE'S NO REASON YOU CAN'T GO 2078 01:16:11,185 --> 01:16:12,219 BACK AND INCLUDE MEN, AND THEY 2079 01:16:12,219 --> 01:16:13,086 NEVER DO, RIGHT? 2080 01:16:13,086 --> 01:16:14,721 THEY JUST SAY OH, WELL, YOU 2081 01:16:14,721 --> 01:16:15,856 KNOW, WOMEN'S HORMONES, BLAH, 2082 01:16:15,856 --> 01:16:16,356 BLAH, BLAH. 2083 01:16:16,356 --> 01:16:18,992 SAME REASON THEY USED TO BE 2084 01:16:18,992 --> 01:16:21,929 EXCLUDED IS NOW WHY WE'RE 2085 01:16:21,929 --> 01:16:22,462 EXCLUDING MALES. 2086 01:16:22,462 --> 01:16:23,797 SO I WAS CURIOUS, WHAT DO YOU 2087 01:16:23,797 --> 01:16:25,399 THINK WE SHOULD SAY TO THEM? 2088 01:16:25,399 --> 01:16:27,167 SHOULD WE TAKE A STRONGER STANCE 2089 01:16:27,167 --> 01:16:28,268 THAT MEN SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN 2090 01:16:28,268 --> 01:16:29,369 SOME OF THESE STUDIES? 2091 01:16:29,369 --> 01:16:31,071 SHOULD WE JUST MAKE A BIGGER 2092 01:16:31,071 --> 01:16:32,639 POINT OF RECOGNIZING THE STUDY 2093 01:16:32,639 --> 01:16:33,607 LIMITATIONS THAT, YOU KNOW, 2094 01:16:33,607 --> 01:16:35,008 WE'RE NOT INCLUDING THIS 2095 01:16:35,008 --> 01:16:35,342 POPULATION. 2096 01:16:35,342 --> 01:16:36,910 I FIND IT VERY BIZARRE. 2097 01:16:36,910 --> 01:16:39,146 >> I WOULD SUGGEST TO THEM THAT 2098 01:16:39,146 --> 01:16:41,782 THEY DO A FOLLOW-UP PAPER ON SEX 2099 01:16:41,782 --> 01:16:42,883 AND GENDER DIFFERENCES, BECAUSE 2100 01:16:42,883 --> 01:16:45,686 PEOPLE ALWAYS LAKE IDEAS FOR NEW 2101 01:16:45,686 --> 01:16:46,153 PAPERS. 2102 01:16:46,153 --> 01:16:47,788 SO MAYBE THEY WON'T REVISE THAT 2103 01:16:47,788 --> 01:16:51,658 ONE BECAUSE THEY'VE ALREADY DONE 2104 01:16:51,658 --> 01:16:52,960 98% OF THE WORK AND THEY WANT IT 2105 01:16:52,960 --> 01:16:54,361 OUT THE DOOR, BUT THEY'LL BE 2106 01:16:54,361 --> 01:16:55,796 LIKE, OH, YEAH, ANOTHER PAPER, 2107 01:16:55,796 --> 01:16:56,763 AND MAYBE THE JOURNAL WOULD BE 2108 01:16:56,763 --> 01:17:00,267 INTERESTED IN THAT PAPER. 2109 01:17:00,267 --> 01:17:01,468 IT'S ABOUT GETTING THE WORK 2110 01:17:01,468 --> 01:17:07,841 DONE. 2111 01:17:07,841 --> 01:17:09,543 >> I JUST HAVE TO SAY THANK YOU 2112 01:17:09,543 --> 01:17:11,445 AGAIN FOR JUST A REALLY 2113 01:17:11,445 --> 01:17:12,746 INFORMATIVE AND INSPIRING 2114 01:17:12,746 --> 01:17:13,080 PRESENTATION. 2115 01:17:13,080 --> 01:17:13,747 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2116 01:17:13,747 --> 01:17:23,924 [APPLAUSE] 2117 01:17:40,707 --> 01:17:45,545 >> SO LAST YEAR, WHEN DR. LISA 2118 01:17:45,545 --> 01:17:47,848 BAGG INTRODUCED OUR PODIUM 2119 01:17:47,848 --> 01:17:49,149 SPEAKER SCHOLARS, SHE POINTED TO 2120 01:17:49,149 --> 01:17:52,753 LAST YEAR'S VERSION OF THIS 2121 01:17:52,753 --> 01:17:53,720 PICTURE AND EXPRESSED HER 2122 01:17:53,720 --> 01:17:55,589 APPRECIATION FOR THE DEDICATION 2123 01:17:55,589 --> 01:17:57,891 AND PERSEVERANCE THAT HAVE BEEN 2124 01:17:57,891 --> 01:17:59,726 SHOWN BY THE CURRENT AND FORMER 2125 01:17:59,726 --> 01:18:00,927 BIRCWH SCHOLARS. 2126 01:18:00,927 --> 01:18:04,364 AS I'M THE INCOMING P.O., IT 2127 01:18:04,364 --> 01:18:05,832 DIDN'T REALLY SOUND GENUINE TO 2128 01:18:05,832 --> 01:18:08,669 ME TO SAY THAT I REALLY COULD 2129 01:18:08,669 --> 01:18:10,437 APPRECIATE YOUR PERSEVERANCE AND 2130 01:18:10,437 --> 01:18:11,972 YOUR DEDICATION, I WASN'T HERE 2131 01:18:11,972 --> 01:18:12,806 TO WITNESS IT. 2132 01:18:12,806 --> 01:18:16,877 BUT WHAT I CAN SAY IS THAT I AM 2133 01:18:16,877 --> 01:18:18,378 AWED AND INSPIRED BY THE 2134 01:18:18,378 --> 01:18:20,113 OUTCOMES OF THE BIRCWH PROGRAM, 2135 01:18:20,113 --> 01:18:21,982 WHICH I ACTUALLY BECAME VERY 2136 01:18:21,982 --> 01:18:24,117 FAMILIAR WITH WHEN I LOOKED AT 2137 01:18:24,117 --> 01:18:28,422 THE PROGRESS REPORTS, AND I SAW 2138 01:18:28,422 --> 01:18:31,358 HOW OUR CURRENT AND FORMER 2139 01:18:31,358 --> 01:18:32,926 BIRCWH SCHOLARS WERE PERFORMING 2140 01:18:32,926 --> 01:18:36,163 IN TERMS OF PUBLICATIONS, 2141 01:18:36,163 --> 01:18:37,597 PRESENTATIONS, IN TERMS OF REA 2142 01:18:37,597 --> 01:18:44,404 TENSION IN THE FIELD, 10 TOUR TE 2143 01:18:44,404 --> 01:18:45,806 TRACK FACULTY OPINIONS, GETTING 2144 01:18:45,806 --> 01:18:47,307 RESEARCH AWARDS. 2145 01:18:47,307 --> 01:18:48,742 I WAS DEFINITELY HONORED AND 2146 01:18:48,742 --> 01:18:50,243 HUMBLED TO BE ABLE TO BE A PART 2147 01:18:50,243 --> 01:18:52,346 OF A PROGRAM THAT WAS TRULY 2148 01:18:52,346 --> 01:18:56,283 FOLLOWING THE TENETS OF 2149 01:18:56,283 --> 01:18:57,250 EMPOWERING, ENHANCING AND 2150 01:18:57,250 --> 01:18:58,919 IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR WOMEN IN 2151 01:18:58,919 --> 01:19:05,792 BIOMEDICAL CAREERS. 2152 01:19:05,792 --> 01:19:07,994 SO I AM GOING TO GO AHEAD AND 2153 01:19:07,994 --> 01:19:09,629 INTRODUCE OUR BIRCWH SCHOLAR 2154 01:19:09,629 --> 01:19:10,297 PODIUM SPEAKERS NOW. 2155 01:19:10,297 --> 01:19:11,298 WE HAVE THREE SPEAKERS THIS 2156 01:19:11,298 --> 01:19:12,032 YEAR. 2157 01:19:12,032 --> 01:19:14,201 THESE SPEAKERS WERE CHOSEN FROM 2158 01:19:14,201 --> 01:19:15,535 AMONG THE ABSTRACTS THAT WERE 2159 01:19:15,535 --> 01:19:17,037 SUBMITTED FOR POTENTIAL POSTER 2160 01:19:17,037 --> 01:19:20,674 AND PODIUM PRESENTATIONS. 2161 01:19:20,674 --> 01:19:22,309 WE CHOSE THESE PRESENTATIONS 2162 01:19:22,309 --> 01:19:23,944 BECAUSE OF THE INNOVATION AND 2163 01:19:23,944 --> 01:19:27,814 IMPACT THAT THEY HAD ON WOMEN'S 2164 01:19:27,814 --> 01:19:29,082 HEALTH IN GENERAL, AND I KNOW 2165 01:19:29,082 --> 01:19:31,585 THAT YOU ALL WILL DEFINITELY 2166 01:19:31,585 --> 01:19:33,453 ENJOY OUR PRESENTERS AS THEY 2167 01:19:33,453 --> 01:19:36,089 REALLY SHOWCASE THE WORK THAT 2168 01:19:36,089 --> 01:19:37,591 THEY HAVE PUT SO MUCH EFFORT 2169 01:19:37,591 --> 01:19:38,692 INTO. 2170 01:19:38,692 --> 01:19:39,993 WHAT I'M GOING TO DO NOW IS 2171 01:19:39,993 --> 01:19:42,596 INVITE THE PIs OF EACH SCHOLAR 2172 01:19:42,596 --> 01:19:45,465 TO COME UP AND GIVE THEM A BRIEF 2173 01:19:45,465 --> 01:19:46,433 INTRODUCTION BEFORE THEY BEGIN 2174 01:19:46,433 --> 01:19:51,571 THEIR PRESENTATION. 2175 01:19:51,571 --> 01:19:54,307 EACH WILL HAVE 15 MINUTES TO 2176 01:19:54,307 --> 01:19:55,509 PRESENT ANTIA SHORT Q & A 2177 01:19:55,509 --> 01:19:55,876 AFTERWARDS. 2178 01:19:55,876 --> 01:19:57,210 WE ARE GOING TO TRY TO STAY ON 2179 01:19:57,210 --> 01:19:57,577 TIME. 2180 01:19:57,577 --> 01:19:58,812 WITH THAT LITTLE CAVEAT. 2181 01:19:58,812 --> 01:20:00,981 I DO WANT TO GO AHEAD AND 2182 01:20:00,981 --> 01:20:03,383 INTRODUCE OUR FIRST SPEAKER BY 2183 01:20:03,383 --> 01:20:06,119 INVITING DR. JILL GOLDSTEIN, HR 2184 01:20:06,119 --> 01:20:08,855 P.I., UP TO THE PODIUM, TO GIVE 2185 01:20:08,855 --> 01:20:19,199 A NICE INTRODUCTION. 2186 01:20:24,604 --> 01:20:27,474 >> WELL, I AM INCREDIBLY HONORED 2187 01:20:27,474 --> 01:20:29,876 TO BE INTRODUCING OUR SCHOLAR, 2188 01:20:29,876 --> 01:20:30,610 DR. REBECCA HARRIS. 2189 01:20:30,610 --> 01:20:34,448 SHE'S A WONDERFUL REPRESENTATION 2190 01:20:34,448 --> 01:20:38,251 OF OUR BIRCWH BECAUSE OUR BIRCWH 2191 01:20:38,251 --> 01:20:39,085 IS -- YESTERDAY WAS SCORE. 2192 01:20:39,085 --> 01:20:43,423 I'M GETTING CONFUSED. 2193 01:20:43,423 --> 01:20:47,694 BUT THEY SHARE TRAINING GOALS. 2194 01:20:47,694 --> 01:20:50,430 AND OUR TRAINING GOAL FOR OUR 2195 01:20:50,430 --> 01:20:51,965 HARVARD BIRCWH IS FOCUSED ON THE 2196 01:20:51,965 --> 01:20:55,869 IMPACT OF HORMONES IN GENES IN 2197 01:20:55,869 --> 01:20:56,837 UNDERSTANDING SEX EFFECTS IN 2198 01:20:56,837 --> 01:20:59,139 MEDICINE BUT ALSO WOMEN'S 2199 01:20:59,139 --> 01:21:02,676 DISEASES SPECIFICALLY. 2200 01:21:02,676 --> 01:21:04,411 AND SHE'S A FANTASTIC 2201 01:21:04,411 --> 01:21:05,178 REPRESENTATION OF THIS BECAUSE 2202 01:21:05,178 --> 01:21:07,047 SHE REALLY ACTUALLY COMBINES 2203 01:21:07,047 --> 01:21:09,049 BOTH IN VERY INNOVATIVE WAYS TO 2204 01:21:09,049 --> 01:21:12,486 TRY TO UNDERSTAND DISEASE. 2205 01:21:12,486 --> 01:21:13,687 SHE ATTENDED THE UNIVERSITY OF 2206 01:21:13,687 --> 01:21:15,555 ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, 2207 01:21:15,555 --> 01:21:18,391 WHERE SHE RECEIVED THE BARRY 2208 01:21:18,391 --> 01:21:20,660 GOLDWATER SCHOLARSHIP AND 2209 01:21:20,660 --> 01:21:22,462 GRADUATED SUMMA CUM LAUDE AND 2210 01:21:22,462 --> 01:21:24,598 PHI BETA KAPPA WITH DUAL 2211 01:21:24,598 --> 01:21:27,000 B.A. DEGREES IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND 2212 01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:27,667 BIOLOGY. 2213 01:21:27,667 --> 01:21:30,303 SHE WAS ACCEPTED TO BE A MEDICAL 2214 01:21:30,303 --> 01:21:33,306 SCIENCE TRAINING PROGRAM AT 2215 01:21:33,306 --> 01:21:34,441 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, AND 2216 01:21:34,441 --> 01:21:36,409 COMPLETED HER DOCTORAL TRAINING 2217 01:21:36,409 --> 01:21:37,844 IN ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE 2218 01:21:37,844 --> 01:21:40,013 LABORATORY OF LARRY JAIM SON, 2219 01:21:40,013 --> 01:21:42,082 WHERE SHE WAS INVESTIGATING THE 2220 01:21:42,082 --> 01:21:44,284 GENETICS OF MALE INFERTILITY IN 2221 01:21:44,284 --> 01:21:45,285 MICE. 2222 01:21:45,285 --> 01:21:47,254 AND THE HOMOLOGUE OF THE GENE 2223 01:21:47,254 --> 01:21:50,724 SHE IDENTIFIED IS ESSENTIAL FOR 2224 01:21:50,724 --> 01:21:52,492 SPERMATOGENESIS IN MICE WAS 2225 01:21:52,492 --> 01:21:56,196 LATER FOUND TO BE IMPORTANT TO 2226 01:21:56,196 --> 01:21:57,297 GENESIS IN HUMANS. 2227 01:21:57,297 --> 01:21:59,499 THERE WERE MANY ETHICAL ISSUES 2228 01:21:59,499 --> 01:22:02,769 IN LOOKING AT GENETICS AND 2229 01:22:02,769 --> 01:22:04,638 REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINE, SO SHE 2230 01:22:04,638 --> 01:22:06,273 ADDITIONALLY PURSUED A 2231 01:22:06,273 --> 01:22:07,908 MASTER'S DEGREE IN MEDICAL 2232 01:22:07,908 --> 01:22:11,845 HUMANITIES IN BIOETHICS AT 2233 01:22:11,845 --> 01:22:12,379 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, 2234 01:22:12,379 --> 01:22:14,714 CONCURRENTLY WITH HER PH.D., SHE 2235 01:22:14,714 --> 01:22:17,784 IS AN M.D. PH.D. WITH AN 2236 01:22:17,784 --> 01:22:22,589 ADDITIONAL MASTERS IN ETHICS. 2237 01:22:22,589 --> 01:22:23,823 SHE COMPLETED RESIDENCY TRAINING 2238 01:22:23,823 --> 01:22:26,760 IN PEDIATRICS BECAUSE SHE'S A 2239 01:22:26,760 --> 01:22:28,094 PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGIST, AND 2240 01:22:28,094 --> 01:22:30,363 SHE WORKED INVESTIGATING THE 2241 01:22:30,363 --> 01:22:31,698 EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF PATIENTS 2242 01:22:31,698 --> 01:22:35,368 WITH DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL 2243 01:22:35,368 --> 01:22:35,669 DEVELOPMENT. 2244 01:22:35,669 --> 01:22:37,137 AFTER HER RESIDENCY, SHE WAS A 2245 01:22:37,137 --> 01:22:40,206 FELLOW AT THE A ACADEMIC GENERAL 2246 01:22:40,206 --> 01:22:41,608 PEDIATRICS AT LURE EE 2247 01:22:41,608 --> 01:22:43,710 CHILDREN'S, WHERE SHE CONDUCTED 2248 01:22:43,710 --> 01:22:44,778 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON SOME OF 2249 01:22:44,778 --> 01:22:46,413 THESE ETHICAL ISSUES IN 2250 01:22:46,413 --> 01:22:47,414 TRANSGENDER YOUTH. 2251 01:22:47,414 --> 01:22:50,817 AND DURING THAT TIME, SHE 2252 01:22:50,817 --> 01:22:52,452 COMPLETED THE ETHICS FELLOWSHIP 2253 01:22:52,452 --> 01:22:53,987 AT MCCAIN CENTER FOR CLINICAL 2254 01:22:53,987 --> 01:22:54,888 ETHICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 2255 01:22:54,888 --> 01:22:56,056 CHICAGO. 2256 01:22:56,056 --> 01:22:58,358 SHE MOVED TO BOSTON, FORTUNATE 2257 01:22:58,358 --> 01:22:59,893 FOR US, AND COMPLETED A 2258 01:22:59,893 --> 01:23:02,162 FELLOWSHIP IN PEDIATRIC 2259 01:23:02,162 --> 01:23:03,363 ENDOCRINOLOGY AT BOSTON 2260 01:23:03,363 --> 01:23:03,830 CHILDREN'S. 2261 01:23:03,830 --> 01:23:06,232 WHICH IS ONE OF THE HARVARD 2262 01:23:06,232 --> 01:23:07,400 HOSPITALS. 2263 01:23:07,400 --> 01:23:08,768 SHE SPECIALIZES IN PROVIDING 2264 01:23:08,768 --> 01:23:10,737 MEDICAL CARE TO CHILDREN WITH 2265 01:23:10,737 --> 01:23:12,939 DIFFERENCES IN SEX DEVELOPMENT 2266 01:23:12,939 --> 01:23:15,208 AND TRANSGENDER AND GENDER 2267 01:23:15,208 --> 01:23:17,410 DIVERSE YOUTH, WHICH HAS DRIVEN 2268 01:23:17,410 --> 01:23:18,945 HER DESIRE TO REALLY UNDERSTAND 2269 01:23:18,945 --> 01:23:21,781 THE MECHANISMS AROUND HORMONES 2270 01:23:21,781 --> 01:23:24,317 IN GENES IN UNDERSTANDING HEALTH 2271 01:23:24,317 --> 01:23:24,718 AND DISEASE. 2272 01:23:24,718 --> 01:23:26,586 AT THAT SAME TIME, SHE THEN 2273 01:23:26,586 --> 01:23:28,555 DECIDED BECAUSE SHE'S ALSO BOTH 2274 01:23:28,555 --> 01:23:30,190 A BASIC SCIENTIST AND A CLINICAL 2275 01:23:30,190 --> 01:23:32,492 SCIENTIST WHICH ALSO REPRESENTS 2276 01:23:32,492 --> 01:23:34,661 OUR BIRCWH PROGRAM, AND SHE 2277 01:23:34,661 --> 01:23:36,863 JOINED THE LABORATORY OF 2278 01:23:36,863 --> 01:23:38,198 DR. DAVID PAIGE, WHO'S AN EXPERT 2279 01:23:38,198 --> 01:23:41,801 MANY OF YOU MAY KNOW ON THE Y 2280 01:23:41,801 --> 01:23:42,569 CHROMOSOME, AND SHE HAS BEEN 2281 01:23:42,569 --> 01:23:46,272 ALSO WORKING AT THE WHITEHEAD 2282 01:23:46,272 --> 01:23:51,745 INSTITUTE THERE WITH DR. PAIGE. 2283 01:23:51,745 --> 01:23:53,046 SHE IS GOING TO TELL YOU A BIT 2284 01:23:53,046 --> 01:23:54,147 ABOUT THESE INITIATIVES THAT SHE 2285 01:23:54,147 --> 01:23:56,449 HAS LAUNCHED, A BIOBANK AND 2286 01:23:56,449 --> 01:23:59,986 LONGITUDAL COHORT OF OVER 400 2287 01:23:59,986 --> 01:24:01,054 INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT 2288 01:24:01,054 --> 01:24:02,355 COMBINATIONS OF SEX HORMONES AND 2289 01:24:02,355 --> 01:24:05,425 SEX CHROMOSOMES, AND THEN SHE 2290 01:24:05,425 --> 01:24:07,927 WILL TELL YOU ABOUT THAT TODAY, 2291 01:24:07,927 --> 01:24:09,229 THIS INITIATIVE CALLED THE GENES 2292 01:24:09,229 --> 01:24:10,563 AND HORMONES INITIATIVE IS SUCH 2293 01:24:10,563 --> 01:24:13,299 A WONDERFUL REPRESENTATION, 2294 01:24:13,299 --> 01:24:15,902 AGAIN, OF SOME OF THE SCIENCE 2295 01:24:15,902 --> 01:24:18,972 THAT WE TRY TO ENGENDER AND GROW 2296 01:24:18,972 --> 01:24:20,306 AT THE BIRCWH PROGRAM. 2297 01:24:20,306 --> 01:24:23,343 SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, 2298 01:24:23,343 --> 01:24:23,643 DR. HARRIS. 2299 01:24:23,643 --> 01:24:33,820 [APPLAUSE] 2300 01:25:25,305 --> 01:25:26,639 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING 2301 01:25:26,639 --> 01:25:27,407 ME THIS AFTERNOON. 2302 01:25:27,407 --> 01:25:28,508 IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE. 2303 01:25:28,508 --> 01:25:30,009 TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT MY 2304 01:25:30,009 --> 01:25:31,778 PROJECT WHICH IS TRYING TO 2305 01:25:31,778 --> 01:25:34,714 REALLY UNTANGLE THE INDEPENDENT 2306 01:25:34,714 --> 01:25:37,150 EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE, 2307 01:25:37,150 --> 01:25:38,451 ESTRADIOL, AND SEX CHROMOSOMES 2308 01:25:38,451 --> 01:25:40,754 ON GENE EXPRESSION. 2309 01:25:40,754 --> 01:25:42,522 I LOOK AT IMMUNE CELLS, I'LL 2310 01:25:42,522 --> 01:25:43,790 EXPLAIN THAT IN A LITTLE BIT, 2311 01:25:43,790 --> 01:25:46,559 AND MY PROJECT INCLUDES BOTH 2312 01:25:46,559 --> 01:25:47,994 TRANS AND CISGENDER INDIVIDUALS, 2313 01:25:47,994 --> 01:25:50,096 WHICH HAS ALLOWED ME TO LOOK AT 2314 01:25:50,096 --> 01:25:51,064 THE INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF ALL 2315 01:25:51,064 --> 01:25:56,503 THESE VARIABLES. 2316 01:25:56,503 --> 01:26:00,640 SO I ALL THE ALWAYS LIKE TO SHS 2317 01:26:00,640 --> 01:26:01,641 SLIDE AT THE BEGINNING OF MY 2318 01:26:01,641 --> 01:26:02,208 PRESENTATIONS. 2319 01:26:02,208 --> 01:26:03,610 THIS IS FROM A PAPER IN 2012, SO 2320 01:26:03,610 --> 01:26:05,578 YOU CAN ONLY IMAGINE HOW OVER 2321 01:26:05,578 --> 01:26:06,913 THE LAST 12 YEARS, THIS HAS 2322 01:26:06,913 --> 01:26:09,182 CHANGED. 2323 01:26:09,182 --> 01:26:10,984 EACH COLUMN IS AN ORGAN SYSTEM, 2324 01:26:10,984 --> 01:26:12,485 AND UNDER EACH COLUMN YOU SEE A 2325 01:26:12,485 --> 01:26:14,120 DISEASE THAT HAS SOME SORT OF 2326 01:26:14,120 --> 01:26:16,856 SEX DIFFERENCE. 2327 01:26:16,856 --> 01:26:18,925 AND THE NUMBER IN PARENTHESES IS 2328 01:26:18,925 --> 01:26:20,727 THE NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS IN 2329 01:26:20,727 --> 01:26:22,529 2012 THAT DEMONSTRATED A SEX 2330 01:26:22,529 --> 01:26:23,530 DIFFERENCE IN THAT DISEASE. 2331 01:26:23,530 --> 01:26:24,864 SO YOU CAN ONLY IMAGINE HOW 2332 01:26:24,864 --> 01:26:25,932 THOSE NUMBERS HAVE INCREASED 2333 01:26:25,932 --> 01:26:29,636 OVER THE LAST DECADE. 2334 01:26:29,636 --> 01:26:33,273 AS DR. GOLDSTEIN SAID, I'M A 2335 01:26:33,273 --> 01:26:34,240 PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGIST SO 2336 01:26:34,240 --> 01:26:35,475 OBVIOUSLY SHOUT OUT TO THE 2337 01:26:35,475 --> 01:26:37,110 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND MY WORK IS 2338 01:26:37,110 --> 01:26:38,645 IN IMMUNOLOGY AS WELL AND WE 2339 01:26:38,645 --> 01:26:40,046 KNOW THERE ARE A LOT OF SEX 2340 01:26:40,046 --> 01:26:41,147 DIFFERENTIAL DISEASES IN 2341 01:26:41,147 --> 01:26:44,751 IMMUNOLOGY. 2342 01:26:44,751 --> 01:26:45,852 SO ONE OF THE BIGGEST QUESTIONS 2343 01:26:45,852 --> 01:26:47,587 IN THIS FIELD IS WHAT ARE THE 2344 01:26:47,587 --> 01:26:48,488 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SEX 2345 01:26:48,488 --> 01:26:50,223 HORMONES AND THE SEX CHROMOSOMES 2346 01:26:50,223 --> 01:26:53,593 TO HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE? 2347 01:26:53,593 --> 01:26:55,028 TODAY I'M REALLY GOING TO FOCUS 2348 01:26:55,028 --> 01:26:56,563 ON THE INDEPENDENT ACTIONS OF 2349 01:26:56,563 --> 01:26:57,764 EACH. 2350 01:26:57,764 --> 01:26:58,932 AND AS A READOUT FOR HUMAN 2351 01:26:58,932 --> 01:27:00,600 HEALTH AND DISEASE, I LOOK AT 2352 01:27:00,600 --> 01:27:01,935 CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION SO 2353 01:27:01,935 --> 01:27:05,104 THAT'S WHAT I'LL BE DISCUSSING 2354 01:27:05,104 --> 01:27:05,638 TODAY. 2355 01:27:05,638 --> 01:27:07,173 AS DR. GOLDSTEIN SAID, THE 2356 01:27:07,173 --> 01:27:08,708 ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION FOR ME 2357 01:27:08,708 --> 01:27:11,211 HAS TAKEN THE FORM OF A 2358 01:27:11,211 --> 01:27:12,011 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM 2359 01:27:12,011 --> 01:27:13,980 CALLED THE GENES AND HORMONES 2360 01:27:13,980 --> 01:27:15,815 INITIATIVE, WHICH I STARTED SIX 2361 01:27:15,815 --> 01:27:17,450 OR SEVEN YEARS AGO. 2362 01:27:17,450 --> 01:27:18,885 SO AT BOSTON CHILDREN'S 2363 01:27:18,885 --> 01:27:20,353 HOSPITAL, I HAVE THE PRIVILEGE 2364 01:27:20,353 --> 01:27:22,922 OF CARING FOR MANY DIFFERENT 2365 01:27:22,922 --> 01:27:27,260 PATIENT POPULATIONS, INCLUDING 2366 01:27:27,260 --> 01:27:29,495 PATIENTS IN OUR GENDER 2367 01:27:29,495 --> 01:27:36,169 MULTI-SPECIALTY CLINIC, OUR GMS 2368 01:27:36,169 --> 01:27:37,904 CLINIC, ONE OF THE LARGEST 2369 01:27:37,904 --> 01:27:39,005 PEDIATRIC GENDER CLINICS IN THE 2370 01:27:39,005 --> 01:27:40,006 UNITED STATES. 2371 01:27:40,006 --> 01:27:42,342 I ALSO AM AN ATTENDING PHYSICIAN 2372 01:27:42,342 --> 01:27:44,277 IN OUR BEING YOU CLINIC, WHICH 2373 01:27:44,277 --> 01:27:45,812 IS A VERY CUTE ACRONYM FOR 2374 01:27:45,812 --> 01:27:47,347 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENCES IN SEX 2375 01:27:47,347 --> 01:27:47,847 DEVELOPMENT. 2376 01:27:47,847 --> 01:27:49,349 AND FROM THESE TWO CLINICS AS 2377 01:27:49,349 --> 01:27:50,483 WELL AS THE GENERAL POPULATION, 2378 01:27:50,483 --> 01:27:52,252 I'VE DEVELOPED A LONGITUDAL 2379 01:27:52,252 --> 01:27:54,320 COHORT WHICH IS A BIOREPOSITORY, 2380 01:27:54,320 --> 01:27:55,955 SO WE HAVE BLOOD, URINE, 2381 01:27:55,955 --> 01:27:58,157 SOMETIMES STOOL, AS WELL AS DEEP 2382 01:27:58,157 --> 01:28:00,894 CLINICAL PHENOTYPING DATA FROM 2383 01:28:00,894 --> 01:28:01,661 OVER 400 INDIVIDUALS WITH 2384 01:28:01,661 --> 01:28:03,062 DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF SEX 2385 01:28:03,062 --> 01:28:05,398 HORMONES AND SEX CHROMOSOMES, 2386 01:28:05,398 --> 01:28:08,234 AND WE FOLLOW THEM 2387 01:28:08,234 --> 01:28:09,402 LONGITUDINALLY OVER TIME. 2388 01:28:09,402 --> 01:28:10,937 THE FIRST PAPER WE'VE PUBLISHED 2389 01:28:10,937 --> 01:28:12,372 FROM THIS COHORT ODDLY ENOUGH 2390 01:28:12,372 --> 01:28:14,240 WAS A MICROBIOME PAPER LOOKING 2391 01:28:14,240 --> 01:28:16,976 AT THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE 2392 01:28:16,976 --> 01:28:18,811 TREATMENT ON THE STOOL 2393 01:28:18,811 --> 01:28:20,013 MICROBIOME IN TRANSGENDER 2394 01:28:20,013 --> 01:28:20,346 INDIVIDUALS. 2395 01:28:20,346 --> 01:28:21,447 TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT A 2396 01:28:21,447 --> 01:28:22,715 DIFFERENT STUDY, A DIFFERENT 2397 01:28:22,715 --> 01:28:25,084 PILOT STUDY THAT WE UNDERTOOK 2398 01:28:25,084 --> 01:28:26,519 SEVERAL YEARS AGO WHICH IS A 2399 01:28:26,519 --> 01:28:30,323 FOUR-STATE STUDY, SOMEWHAT 2400 01:28:30,323 --> 01:28:33,860 RECOMMEND NE SINT OF THE FOUR 2401 01:28:33,860 --> 01:28:41,200 CORE JEA KNOW GENOTYPE MODEL I. 2402 01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:42,302 BUT THIS IS IN HUMANS. 2403 01:28:42,302 --> 01:28:46,773 SO WE HAVE 6 69 INDIVIDUALS, 2404 01:28:46,773 --> 01:28:48,741 21 WHO ARE XX TRANSGENDER AND 2405 01:28:48,741 --> 01:28:50,443 HAVE BEEN ON EXOGENOUS 2406 01:28:50,443 --> 01:28:52,812 TESTOSTERONE AS PART OF THEIR 2407 01:28:52,812 --> 01:28:53,579 GENDER-AFFIRMING HORMONE THERAPY 2408 01:28:53,579 --> 01:28:54,347 FOR AT LEAST A YEAR. 2409 01:28:54,347 --> 01:28:55,648 13 INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE XY 2410 01:28:55,648 --> 01:28:57,083 INDIVIDUALS WHO HAD BEEN ON 2411 01:28:57,083 --> 01:28:58,718 ESTRADIOL FOR AT LEAST A YEAR, 2412 01:28:58,718 --> 01:29:00,920 20 CISGENDER WOMEN WHO ARE XX 2413 01:29:00,920 --> 01:29:02,789 AND 15 CISGENDER MEN WHO WERE 2414 01:29:02,789 --> 01:29:03,122 XY. 2415 01:29:03,122 --> 01:29:04,891 FROM ALL OF THESE PEOPLE WE DREW 2416 01:29:04,891 --> 01:29:07,727 BLOOD, WE ISOLATED P BMCs, 2417 01:29:07,727 --> 01:29:09,128 PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONO NUCLEAR 2418 01:29:09,128 --> 01:29:10,263 CELLS SO TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD 2419 01:29:10,263 --> 01:29:12,565 CELLS AND WE DID THREE PRIME 2420 01:29:12,565 --> 01:29:13,766 SINGLE CELL RNA SEQUENCING. 2421 01:29:13,766 --> 01:29:24,777 TET ATTHE SAME TIME WE ICE WHRA, 2422 01:29:25,445 --> 01:29:28,214 WE USED ALL THAT INFORMATION 2423 01:29:28,214 --> 01:29:29,082 TOGETHER TO LOOK AT THE EFFECTS 2424 01:29:29,082 --> 01:29:32,018 OF TESTOSTERONE, ESTRADIOL, AND 2425 01:29:32,018 --> 01:29:34,220 SEX CHROMOSOMES ON CELL TYPE 2426 01:29:34,220 --> 01:29:35,421 ABUNDANCES AND CHANGES IN GENE 2427 01:29:35,421 --> 01:29:39,492 EXPRESSION. 2428 01:29:39,492 --> 01:29:41,127 NOW I WANT TO BE VERY CLEAR, 2429 01:29:41,127 --> 01:29:42,662 MOST OF THE TIME WHEN I DISCUSS 2430 01:29:42,662 --> 01:29:45,865 MY RESEARCH PEOPLE ASSUME YOU DO 2431 01:29:45,865 --> 01:29:46,733 PAIR WISE COMPARISONS BETWEEN 2432 01:29:46,733 --> 01:29:47,166 THE GROUPS. 2433 01:29:47,166 --> 01:29:47,800 WE DIDN'T. 2434 01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:50,136 WE PUT ALL 69 PEOPLE IN ONE 2435 01:29:50,136 --> 01:29:51,871 MODEL, ONE INCLUSIVE MODEL, AND 2436 01:29:51,871 --> 01:29:53,306 THAT'S THE WAY WE WERE ABLE TO 2437 01:29:53,306 --> 01:29:54,741 UNTANGLE THE EFFECTS OF 2438 01:29:54,741 --> 01:29:55,942 TESTOSTERONE, ESTRADIOL, AND THE 2439 01:29:55,942 --> 01:29:59,145 SEX CHROMOSOMES. 2440 01:29:59,145 --> 01:29:59,479 OKAY. 2441 01:29:59,479 --> 01:30:01,514 SO THIS IS THE TYPICAL U MAP 2442 01:30:01,514 --> 01:30:03,383 THAT YOU SEE IN SINGLE CELL 2443 01:30:03,383 --> 01:30:04,250 SEQUENCING. 2444 01:30:04,250 --> 01:30:08,621 WE SEQUENCED OVER 350,000 WHITE 2445 01:30:08,621 --> 01:30:11,157 BLOOD CELLS, WHICH IS A VERY 2446 01:30:11,157 --> 01:30:12,158 ROBUST SINGLE CELL DATASET AND 2447 01:30:12,158 --> 01:30:13,826 WE IDENTIFIED 18 DISTINCT CELL 2448 01:30:13,826 --> 01:30:14,027 TYPES. 2449 01:30:14,027 --> 01:30:15,661 YOU CAN SEE DIFFERENT CONTINENTS 2450 01:30:15,661 --> 01:30:21,234 OF CELLS SO HE IT TOP AT THE TON 2451 01:30:21,234 --> 01:30:23,770 SEE CD16, CD14 MONOCYTES. 2452 01:30:23,770 --> 01:30:25,405 EACH DOT IS AN INDIVIDUAL CELL. 2453 01:30:25,405 --> 01:30:28,007 IN THE MIDDLE THERE'S A 2454 01:30:28,007 --> 01:30:30,543 CONTINENT OF T CELLS, CD4 AND 2455 01:30:30,543 --> 01:30:31,744 CD8 T CELLS IN DIFFERENT 2456 01:30:31,744 --> 01:30:34,147 SUBSETS, AT THE BOTTOM, NATURAL 2457 01:30:34,147 --> 01:30:34,714 KILLER CELLS. 2458 01:30:34,714 --> 01:30:36,349 OVER TO THE RIGHT THERE'S AN 2459 01:30:36,349 --> 01:30:37,683 ISLAND OF B CELLS. 2460 01:30:37,683 --> 01:30:39,652 SO IN TOTAL, 18 CELL TYPES AND 2461 01:30:39,652 --> 01:30:41,020 SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND CELLS. 2462 01:30:41,020 --> 01:30:44,957 THE FIRST QUESTION WE ASKED WAS, 2463 01:30:44,957 --> 01:30:47,026 DOES TESTOSTERONE, E ESTRADIOL R 2464 01:30:47,026 --> 01:30:48,227 THE SEX CHROMOSOMES AFFECT 2465 01:30:48,227 --> 01:30:52,765 NUMBERS OF THESE CELL TYPES? 2466 01:30:52,765 --> 01:30:55,068 THIS PLOT IS LOOKING AT NAIVE 2467 01:30:55,068 --> 01:30:56,636 CD4 T CELLS DIVIDED INTO THE 2468 01:30:56,636 --> 01:30:57,236 FOUR GROUPS. 2469 01:30:57,236 --> 01:31:00,506 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THE 2470 01:31:00,506 --> 01:31:02,275 GROUPS THAT PREDOMINANTLY HAD 2471 01:31:02,275 --> 01:31:05,344 TESTOSTERONE ON THE RIGHT HAVE A 2472 01:31:05,344 --> 01:31:07,513 DECREASE IN NAIVE CD4 T CELLS 2473 01:31:07,513 --> 01:31:10,049 COMPARED TO THE GROUPS WITH 2474 01:31:10,049 --> 01:31:11,017 PREDOMINANTLY ESTRADIOL ON THE 2475 01:31:11,017 --> 01:31:11,451 LEFT. 2476 01:31:11,451 --> 01:31:13,553 SO TESTOSTERONE DECREASES THE 2477 01:31:13,553 --> 01:31:15,521 PROPORTIONAL ABUNDANCE OF CD4 T 2478 01:31:15,521 --> 01:31:15,988 CELLS. 2479 01:31:15,988 --> 01:31:18,157 THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR CD8 T 2480 01:31:18,157 --> 01:31:20,793 CELLS IN THE MIDDLE, AND ON THE 2481 01:31:20,793 --> 01:31:22,428 RIGHT, TESTOSTERONE ACTUALLY 2482 01:31:22,428 --> 01:31:25,198 INCREASES THE ABUNDANCE OF CD14 2483 01:31:25,198 --> 01:31:28,134 MONOCYTES. 2484 01:31:28,134 --> 01:31:29,469 NOW IT'S VERY INTERESTING BUT WE 2485 01:31:29,469 --> 01:31:31,304 DID NOT SEE AN EFFECT OF THE SEX 2486 01:31:31,304 --> 01:31:32,505 CHROMOSOMES ON CELL ABUNDANCES. 2487 01:31:32,505 --> 01:31:34,073 IT WAS REALLY TESTOSTERONE THAT 2488 01:31:34,073 --> 01:31:35,908 DROVE THOSE CHANGES ACROSS THEIR 2489 01:31:35,908 --> 01:31:39,178 18 CELL TYPES, REALLY ONLY THESE 2490 01:31:39,178 --> 01:31:40,446 THREE. 2491 01:31:40,446 --> 01:31:42,315 SO NOW WE'RE GOING TO PUT CELL 2492 01:31:42,315 --> 01:31:44,650 COUNTS ASIDE AND FOR THE REST OF 2493 01:31:44,650 --> 01:31:45,918 THE TALK WE'RE GOING TO FOCUS ON 2494 01:31:45,918 --> 01:31:47,220 CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. 2495 01:31:47,220 --> 01:31:50,656 SOMETHING THAT I WANT TO EXPLAIN 2496 01:31:50,656 --> 01:31:52,492 IS THAT SEX DIFFERENTIAL GENE 2497 01:31:52,492 --> 01:31:53,626 EXPRESSION MANIFESTS DIFFERENTLY 2498 01:31:53,626 --> 01:31:55,228 ON THE AUTOSOMES COMPARED TO THE 2499 01:31:55,228 --> 01:31:58,965 SEX CHROMOSOMES. 2500 01:31:58,965 --> 01:32:00,833 SO WE DO ONE BIG ANALYSIS BUT WE 2501 01:32:00,833 --> 01:32:02,702 LOOK AT THESE TWO SETS OF GENES 2502 01:32:02,702 --> 01:32:03,402 SEPARATELY. 2503 01:32:03,402 --> 01:32:04,670 I'LL EXPLAIN WHY IN A LITTLE 2504 01:32:04,670 --> 01:32:07,073 BIT. 2505 01:32:07,073 --> 01:32:08,841 HERE WE'RE GOING TO START WITH 2506 01:32:08,841 --> 01:32:09,609 AUTOSOMAL GENE EXPRESSION. 2507 01:32:09,609 --> 01:32:12,345 AND WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT 2508 01:32:12,345 --> 01:32:13,546 TESTOSTERONE, ESTRADIOL AND THE 2509 01:32:13,546 --> 01:32:16,849 SEX CHROMOSOMES REGULATE 2510 01:32:16,849 --> 01:32:18,351 DISTINCT, SO NON-OVERLAPPING 2511 01:32:18,351 --> 01:32:21,420 SETS OF AUTOSOMAL GENES. 2512 01:32:21,420 --> 01:32:22,989 FIRST I'M SHOWING YOU A VOLCANO 2513 01:32:22,989 --> 01:32:24,390 PLOT OF THE EFFECTS OF 2514 01:32:24,390 --> 01:32:25,892 TESTOSTERONE ON GENE EXPRESSION 2515 01:32:25,892 --> 01:32:29,862 IN A SUBTYPE OF CD8 T CELLS. 2516 01:32:29,862 --> 01:32:32,298 AND THE GENES IN BLUE ARE GENES 2517 01:32:32,298 --> 01:32:33,933 THAT WERE DOWNREGULATED WITH 2518 01:32:33,933 --> 01:32:35,568 TESTOSTERONE THAT WERE 2519 01:32:35,568 --> 01:32:38,671 SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED. 2520 01:32:38,671 --> 01:32:46,979 WE CAN DO THE SAME THING FORESTR 2521 01:32:46,979 --> 01:32:47,980 ESTRADIOL, AND ON THE RIGHT 2522 01:32:47,980 --> 01:32:51,250 WE'RE LOOKING AT MUCOSAL 2523 01:32:51,250 --> 01:32:52,351 ASSOCIATED ABERRANT T CELLS AND 2524 01:32:52,351 --> 01:32:53,786 WE'RE LOOKING AT THE EFFECTS OF 2525 01:32:53,786 --> 01:32:54,487 SE CHROMOSOMES. 2526 01:32:54,487 --> 01:32:56,789 SO THIS IS TAKING ALL 69 PEOPLE 2527 01:32:56,789 --> 01:32:59,825 AND SAYING IF YOU'RE XX OR XY, 2528 01:32:59,825 --> 01:33:02,695 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN 2529 01:33:02,695 --> 01:33:04,230 EXPRESSION OF GENES INDEPENDENT 2530 01:33:04,230 --> 01:33:08,601 OF THE SEX HO HORMONES, ONLY THE 2531 01:33:08,601 --> 01:33:09,602 SEX CHROMOSOMES. 2532 01:33:09,602 --> 01:33:11,571 YOU CAN SEE GENES THAT ARE 2533 01:33:11,571 --> 01:33:12,705 UPREGULATED IN XX INDIVIDUALS ON 2534 01:33:12,705 --> 01:33:14,774 THE RIGHT, GENES THAT ARE 2535 01:33:14,774 --> 01:33:16,008 UPREGULATED IN XY INDIVIDUALS ON 2536 01:33:16,008 --> 01:33:16,842 THE LEFT. 2537 01:33:16,842 --> 01:33:17,843 SOMETHING INTERESTING THAT WE 2538 01:33:17,843 --> 01:33:20,880 FOUND IS THAT WE DID NOT 2539 01:33:20,880 --> 01:33:23,983 IDENTIFY A SHARED RESPONSE 2540 01:33:23,983 --> 01:33:25,184 BETWEEN TESTOSTERONE, ESTRADIOL 2541 01:33:25,184 --> 01:33:26,619 AND THE SEX CHROMOSOMES IN ANY 2542 01:33:26,619 --> 01:33:31,290 OF OUR 18 CELL TYPES. 2543 01:33:31,290 --> 01:33:33,626 I WILL HIGHLIGHT ONE GENE HERE 2544 01:33:33,626 --> 01:33:36,028 WHICH WAS UPREGULATED IN XX 2545 01:33:36,028 --> 01:33:37,463 INDIVIDUALS IN SIX OUT OF OUR 18 2546 01:33:37,463 --> 01:33:42,268 CELL TYPES, SIDEROFLEXIN. 2547 01:33:42,268 --> 01:33:44,036 NORMALLY WE MIGHT HAVE FOUND A 2548 01:33:44,036 --> 01:33:46,472 GENE TO BE UPRATED IN WUG CELL 2549 01:33:46,472 --> 01:33:47,106 TYPE, MAYBE TWO. 2550 01:33:47,106 --> 01:33:48,874 THIS WAS REGULATED IN SIX OUT OF 2551 01:33:48,874 --> 01:33:50,176 THE 18 WHICH REALLY STOOD OUT TO 2552 01:33:50,176 --> 01:33:55,114 US. 2553 01:33:55,114 --> 01:33:58,618 IT'S A TRANSPORTER ON THE INNER 2554 01:33:58,618 --> 01:34:00,486 MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE INVOLVED 2555 01:34:00,486 --> 01:34:01,854 IN 1 CARBON METABOLISM WHICH CAN 2556 01:34:01,854 --> 01:34:04,657 BE A FUEL FOR DIFFERENT CANCERS. 2557 01:34:04,657 --> 01:34:05,958 IT HAS ACTUALLY BEEN ASSOCIATED 2558 01:34:05,958 --> 01:34:08,728 WITH MANY SEX DIFFERENTIAL 2559 01:34:08,728 --> 01:34:12,431 CANCERS, AML, COLORECTAL CANCER, 2560 01:34:12,431 --> 01:34:15,835 PAPILLARY, THYROID, BREAST, HEAD 2561 01:34:15,835 --> 01:34:18,237 AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL AND ORAL 2562 01:34:18,237 --> 01:34:19,772 SQUAMOUS CELLS. 2563 01:34:19,772 --> 01:34:21,173 BUT THE MECHANISMS OF SEX 2564 01:34:21,173 --> 01:34:23,943 DIFFERENCES IN THESE CANCERS AND 2565 01:34:23,943 --> 01:34:25,044 THE ASSOCIATION IS NOT KNOWN. 2566 01:34:25,044 --> 01:34:26,545 FINALLY FOR THE AUTOSOMAL GENES 2567 01:34:26,545 --> 01:34:28,114 WE LOOKED AT PATHWAY ANALYSIS TO 2568 01:34:28,114 --> 01:34:29,749 LOOK AT ENTIRE BIOLOGICAL 2569 01:34:29,749 --> 01:34:31,284 PATHWAYS AND WHAT TESTOSTERONE, 2570 01:34:31,284 --> 01:34:32,718 ESTRADIOL AND THE SEX 2571 01:34:32,718 --> 01:34:34,387 CHROMOSOMES DO AT THE LEVEL OF 2572 01:34:34,387 --> 01:34:36,455 PATHWAYS. 2573 01:34:36,455 --> 01:34:37,823 HERE IS A HEAT MAP BASICALLY 2574 01:34:37,823 --> 01:34:41,160 EACH COLUMN IS ONE OF THE CELL 2575 01:34:41,160 --> 01:34:41,594 TYPES. 2576 01:34:41,594 --> 01:34:43,129 AND EACH ROW IS A PATHWAY AND 2577 01:34:43,129 --> 01:34:44,263 YOU'RE SEEING THE EFFECT OF 2578 01:34:44,263 --> 01:34:45,164 TESTOSTERONE. 2579 01:34:45,164 --> 01:34:46,565 THE PATHWAYS THAT REALLY RISE TO 2580 01:34:46,565 --> 01:34:50,169 THE SURFACE ARE TESTOSTERONE ARE 2581 01:34:50,169 --> 01:34:54,573 THE INTERFERON PATHWAYS, 2582 01:34:54,573 --> 01:34:55,975 INTERFERON ALPHA AND GAMMA, 2583 01:34:55,975 --> 01:34:58,411 WHICH WE KNOW ARE INVOLVED IN 2584 01:34:58,411 --> 01:34:59,278 AUTOIMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION. 2585 01:34:59,278 --> 01:35:00,713 IN THE HEALTHY STATE WHICH IS 2586 01:35:00,713 --> 01:35:02,581 WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT, THEY'RE 2587 01:35:02,581 --> 01:35:03,416 ACTUALLY UPREGULATED BY 2588 01:35:03,416 --> 01:35:03,749 TESTOSTERONE. 2589 01:35:03,749 --> 01:35:04,984 WE CAN DO THE SAME THING FOREST 2590 01:35:04,984 --> 01:35:06,986 DIE OL AND THOSE SAME TWO 2591 01:35:06,986 --> 01:35:09,288 PATHWAYS FLOAT TO THE TOP BUT AS 2592 01:35:09,288 --> 01:35:11,590 DOWNREGULATED WITH ESTRADIOL. 2593 01:35:11,590 --> 01:35:13,693 LOOKING ONLY AT THE SEX 2594 01:35:13,693 --> 01:35:14,560 CHROMOSOMES, SAME THING. 2595 01:35:14,560 --> 01:35:16,862 THE INTERFERON PATHWAYS FLOAT TO 2596 01:35:16,862 --> 01:35:20,499 THE TOP BUT THEY'RE XY-BIASED. 2597 01:35:20,499 --> 01:35:22,468 NOW YOU MIGHT SAY, REBECCA, THIS 2598 01:35:22,468 --> 01:35:24,203 DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE, WE KNOW 2599 01:35:24,203 --> 01:35:25,404 AUTOIMMUNITY HAS A FEMALE SEX 2600 01:35:25,404 --> 01:35:26,872 BUY A THEY SHOULD BE UP WITH 2601 01:35:26,872 --> 01:35:28,274 ESTROGEN, THEY SHOULD BE UP IN 2602 01:35:28,274 --> 01:35:29,508 XX INDIVIDUALS. 2603 01:35:29,508 --> 01:35:31,377 BUT I'LL REMIND YOU THIS IS THE 2604 01:35:31,377 --> 01:35:32,578 HEALTHY STATE AND I THINK THAT 2605 01:35:32,578 --> 01:35:34,680 THERE MIGHT BE A FLIP WHEN YOU 2606 01:35:34,680 --> 01:35:36,749 HAVE KIND OF IMMUNOREACTIVITY 2607 01:35:36,749 --> 01:35:40,820 THAT YOU ACTUALLY SEE A CHANGE 2608 01:35:40,820 --> 01:35:41,954 FROM TESTOSTERONE TO ESTRADIOL 2609 01:35:41,954 --> 01:35:43,789 AND WHAT IS STIMULATING THESE 2610 01:35:43,789 --> 01:35:44,757 PATHWAYS WITH AUTOIMMUNE 2611 01:35:44,757 --> 01:35:46,292 DISEASE. 2612 01:35:46,292 --> 01:35:48,227 OUR MODELS ACTUALLY ALLOWED US 2613 01:35:48,227 --> 01:35:50,463 TO LOOK AT THESE PATHWAYS IN A 2614 01:35:50,463 --> 01:35:52,631 VERY GRANULAR LEVEL, SO THESE 2615 01:35:52,631 --> 01:35:54,200 VENN DIAGRAMS ARE LOOKING AT 2616 01:35:54,200 --> 01:35:55,835 THREE CELL TYPES. 2617 01:35:55,835 --> 01:36:01,006 CD14 MONOCYTES, CD16 MONOCYTES 2618 01:36:01,006 --> 01:36:02,108 AND MAIT CELLS AND WE'RE LOOKING 2619 01:36:02,108 --> 01:36:03,576 AT THE LEADING EDGE GENES THAT 2620 01:36:03,576 --> 01:36:04,844 ARE DRIVING THE INTERFERON 2621 01:36:04,844 --> 01:36:06,278 PATHWAY RESPONSES IN THOSE THREE 2622 01:36:06,278 --> 01:36:07,146 CELL TYPES. 2623 01:36:07,146 --> 01:36:09,014 THOSE CELL TYPES WERE THE THREE 2624 01:36:09,014 --> 01:36:10,883 CELL TYPES WHERE TESTOSTERONE, 2625 01:36:10,883 --> 01:36:13,052 ES DAY OL AND THE SEX 2626 01:36:13,052 --> 01:36:14,286 CHROMOSOMES ALL HAD A 2627 01:36:14,286 --> 01:36:16,489 SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE 2628 01:36:16,489 --> 01:36:17,256 INTERFERON PATHWAYS. 2629 01:36:17,256 --> 01:36:19,558 AND WE CAN SAY FOR ANY GIVEN 2630 01:36:19,558 --> 01:36:21,193 GENE, IS IT AFFECTED ONLY BY 2631 01:36:21,193 --> 01:36:22,962 TESTOSTERONE, ONLY BY ESTRADIOL, 2632 01:36:22,962 --> 01:36:25,398 OR ONLY BY SEX CHROMOSOME 2633 01:36:25,398 --> 01:36:26,832 COMPLEMENT, OR A COMBINATION? 2634 01:36:26,832 --> 01:36:28,467 AND AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE ARE 2635 01:36:28,467 --> 01:36:30,336 SOME THAT ARE AFFECTED BY ONLY 2636 01:36:30,336 --> 01:36:31,971 ONE OF THOSE, SOME BY TWO, AND 2637 01:36:31,971 --> 01:36:35,708 SOME BY ALL THREE. 2638 01:36:35,708 --> 01:36:35,908 OKAY. 2639 01:36:35,908 --> 01:36:38,144 SO NOW WE'RE GOING TO MOVE FROM 2640 01:36:38,144 --> 01:36:40,579 AUTOSOMAL GENES INTO SEX 2641 01:36:40,579 --> 01:36:41,447 CHROMOSOMAL GENES, AND I 2642 01:36:41,447 --> 01:36:42,681 PROBABLY DON'T HAVE TO REMIND 2643 01:36:42,681 --> 01:36:44,550 EVERYONE IN THE AUDIENCE HERE, 2644 01:36:44,550 --> 01:36:47,153 BUT FOR INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE 2X 2645 01:36:47,153 --> 01:36:48,320 CHROMOSOMES, ONE IS ACTIVE, ONE 2646 01:36:48,320 --> 01:36:52,758 IS INACTIVE, BUT THE INACTIVE X, 2647 01:36:52,758 --> 01:36:54,393 XI, ABOUT A QUARTER TO A THIRD 2648 01:36:54,393 --> 01:36:56,729 OF GENES ARE ACTUALLY EXPRESSED 2649 01:36:56,729 --> 01:36:59,565 FROM XI. 2650 01:36:59,565 --> 01:37:02,101 SO THIS IS HARD FOR ME AS AN 2651 01:37:02,101 --> 01:37:02,868 ENDOCRINOLOGIST BUT WE'RE GOING 2652 01:37:02,868 --> 01:37:04,303 TO THROW HORMONES OUT THE WINDOW 2653 01:37:04,303 --> 01:37:05,604 AND LOOK ONLY AT THE SEX 2654 01:37:05,604 --> 01:37:06,405 CHROMOSOMES RIGHT NOWMENT AND 2655 01:37:06,405 --> 01:37:08,073 WEAR GOING TO LOOK SPECIFICALLY 2656 01:37:08,073 --> 01:37:10,042 AT GENES ON THE X CHROMOSOME. 2657 01:37:10,042 --> 01:37:13,712 SO THIS IS SAYING IF YOU TAKE 2658 01:37:13,712 --> 01:37:15,481 ALL OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE XX AND 2659 01:37:15,481 --> 01:37:17,349 COMPARE THEM TO ALL PEOPLE WHO 2660 01:37:17,349 --> 01:37:18,884 ARE XY, WHAT HAPPENS TO 2661 01:37:18,884 --> 01:37:20,619 EXPRESSION OF THE X CHROMOSOMAL 2662 01:37:20,619 --> 01:37:23,956 GENES? 2663 01:37:23,956 --> 01:37:25,558 IN THIS VOLCANO PLOT, YOU CAN 2664 01:37:25,558 --> 01:37:27,092 SEE A BUNCH OF ORANGE GENES ON 2665 01:37:27,092 --> 01:37:29,094 THE RIGHT THAT ARE X CHROMOSOMAL 2666 01:37:29,094 --> 01:37:30,529 GENES THAT ARE UPREGULATED IN 2667 01:37:30,529 --> 01:37:33,933 INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE XX. 2668 01:37:33,933 --> 01:37:35,134 COMPARED TO XY. 2669 01:37:35,134 --> 01:37:36,802 THIS IS NATURAL KILLER CELLS. 2670 01:37:36,802 --> 01:37:39,305 WE CAN DO THE SAME THING IN MAIT 2671 01:37:39,305 --> 01:37:40,840 CELLS AND WHAT YOU START SEEING 2672 01:37:40,840 --> 01:37:41,540 IS A PATTERN. 2673 01:37:41,540 --> 01:37:43,275 YOU SEE THE SAME GENES, AND 2674 01:37:43,275 --> 01:37:45,277 SOMETIMES YOU EVEN SEE THE SAME 2675 01:37:45,277 --> 01:37:47,012 LOG TWOFOLD CHANGE IN EXPRESSION 2676 01:37:47,012 --> 01:37:47,813 OF KNOWS GENES. 2677 01:37:47,813 --> 01:37:49,482 SO WE STARTED THINKING WHAT'S 2678 01:37:49,482 --> 01:37:51,116 GOING ON THAT ACROSS OUR 18 CELL 2679 01:37:51,116 --> 01:37:55,721 TYPES, WIESE WE'RE SEEING THE SE 2680 01:37:55,721 --> 01:37:56,722 CHROMOSOMAL GENES EXPRESSED IN 2681 01:37:56,722 --> 01:37:57,590 VERY SIMILAR WAYS? 2682 01:37:57,590 --> 01:37:58,724 A QUICK TANGENT BEFORE I ANSWER 2683 01:37:58,724 --> 01:38:01,894 THAT QUESTION. 2684 01:38:01,894 --> 01:38:04,396 WE DID NOT IDENTIFY ANY X OR Y 2685 01:38:04,396 --> 01:38:05,731 CHROMOSOMAL GENES REGULATED BY 2686 01:38:05,731 --> 01:38:09,902 THE SEX HORMONES. 2687 01:38:09,902 --> 01:38:10,636 OKAY. 2688 01:38:10,636 --> 01:38:13,172 SO BACK TO THE QUESTION OF WHAT 2689 01:38:13,172 --> 01:38:15,708 THESE GENES ARE DOING ON THE X 2690 01:38:15,708 --> 01:38:17,009 CHROMOSOME, WHY THEY'RE SO 2691 01:38:17,009 --> 01:38:18,644 PRESERVED ACROSS CELL TYPES. 2692 01:38:18,644 --> 01:38:21,547 WE USED A QAWPT TAITIVE METRIC 2693 01:38:21,547 --> 01:38:23,082 CALLED THE COEFFICIENT OF 2694 01:38:23,082 --> 01:38:24,049 VARIATION WHICH BASICALLY SAYS 2695 01:38:24,049 --> 01:38:25,584 IF YOU TAKE ONE GENE AND YOU 2696 01:38:25,584 --> 01:38:27,486 LOOK AT ITS EXPRESSION ACROSS 2697 01:38:27,486 --> 01:38:30,222 CELL TYPES, IS THAT EXPRESSION 2698 01:38:30,222 --> 01:38:32,391 SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT? 2699 01:38:32,391 --> 01:38:34,260 IS THE EXPRESSION PRESERVED? 2700 01:38:34,260 --> 01:38:35,928 IF IT'S PRESERVED, IF IT'S 2701 01:38:35,928 --> 01:38:38,097 SIMILAR, YOU HAVE A VERY LOCO 2702 01:38:38,097 --> 01:38:39,231 EFFICIENT OF VARIATION. 2703 01:38:39,231 --> 01:38:41,233 IF IT'S VERY DIFFERENT ACROSS 2704 01:38:41,233 --> 01:38:43,969 CELL TYPES, YOU HAVE A HIGH 2705 01:38:43,969 --> 01:38:44,737 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION. 2706 01:38:44,737 --> 01:38:46,405 SO WE SEPARATED OUR GENES INTO 2707 01:38:46,405 --> 01:38:48,040 GENES EXPRESSED FROM THE 2708 01:38:48,040 --> 01:38:50,576 INACTIVE X, FROM THE ACTIVE X, 2709 01:38:50,576 --> 01:38:52,111 OR AUTOSOMAL GENES. 2710 01:38:52,111 --> 01:38:54,313 AND WHAT WE SAW IS IT'S REALLY 2711 01:38:54,313 --> 01:38:57,283 THE GENES EXPRESSED FROM THE 2712 01:38:57,283 --> 01:38:59,818 INACTIVE X THAT HAVE LOCO EE 2713 01:38:59,818 --> 01:39:03,956 FILOWCOEFFICIENTS OF EXPRESSION. 2714 01:39:03,956 --> 01:39:06,191 THEIR EXPRESSION IS CAREFULLY 2715 01:39:06,191 --> 01:39:07,159 PRESERVED ACROSS CELL TYPES. 2716 01:39:07,159 --> 01:39:09,562 THIS BOX PLOT WAS LOOKING AT 2717 01:39:09,562 --> 01:39:12,665 GENES EXPRESSED IN ANYWHERE FROM 2718 01:39:12,665 --> 01:39:14,433 FIVE TO 18 OF OUR CELL TYPES, 2719 01:39:14,433 --> 01:39:16,702 BUT WE THEN SAID WHAT IF WE TAKE 2720 01:39:16,702 --> 01:39:19,371 GENES EXPRESSED UBIQUITOUSLY 2721 01:39:19,371 --> 01:39:21,574 ACROSS ALL 17 OR 18 CELL TYPES, 2722 01:39:21,574 --> 01:39:23,309 ARE THEY PARTICULARLY PRESERVED? 2723 01:39:23,309 --> 01:39:25,878 AND WE FOUND THE SAME PATTERN, 2724 01:39:25,878 --> 01:39:27,279 EVEN LOWER LEVELS OF THE 2725 01:39:27,279 --> 01:39:30,549 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION, SO 2726 01:39:30,549 --> 01:39:32,785 EVEN ENTIRE CONTROL OF GENE 2727 01:39:32,785 --> 01:39:34,453 EXPRESSION, PARTICULARLY OF 2728 01:39:34,453 --> 01:39:37,056 THESE 23 GENES ON THE -- 2729 01:39:37,056 --> 01:39:38,057 EXPRESSED FROM THE INACTIVE 2730 01:39:38,057 --> 01:39:38,591 EXSM. 2731 01:39:38,591 --> 01:39:40,693 AND WHAT ARE THOSE GENES? 2732 01:39:40,693 --> 01:39:42,995 THERE ARE GENES INVOLVED IN 2733 01:39:42,995 --> 01:39:44,897 PROCESSES THAT EVERY CELL NEEDS. 2734 01:39:44,897 --> 01:39:46,865 SO UBIQUINIATION, CHROMATIN 2735 01:39:46,865 --> 01:39:49,602 MODIFICATION, SPLICING, PROTEIN 2736 01:39:49,602 --> 01:39:50,936 TRANSLATION AND MODIFICATION, 2737 01:39:50,936 --> 01:39:52,237 VESICLE TRAFFICKING, 2738 01:39:52,237 --> 01:39:53,772 TRANSCRIPTION. 2739 01:39:53,772 --> 01:39:56,642 THESE 23 GENES ARE INCREASED 2740 01:39:56,642 --> 01:40:00,412 ACROSS ALL 18 CELLS IN XX 2741 01:40:00,412 --> 01:40:01,914 INDIVIDUALS COMPARED TO XY 2742 01:40:01,914 --> 01:40:03,449 INDIVIDUALS, AND SO THEY COULD 2743 01:40:03,449 --> 01:40:05,417 BE CANDIDATES TO EXPLAIN SEX 2744 01:40:05,417 --> 01:40:09,054 DIFFERENCES THROUGHOUT THE BODY. 2745 01:40:09,054 --> 01:40:11,023 SO IN CONCLUSION, WE USED A 2746 01:40:11,023 --> 01:40:11,957 FOUR-STATE INCLUSIVE MODEL, 2747 01:40:11,957 --> 01:40:13,692 WHICH IS WHAT ALLOWED US TO 2748 01:40:13,692 --> 01:40:15,427 REALLY PARSE OUT THE EFFECTS OF 2749 01:40:15,427 --> 01:40:17,630 TESS TO THE TROAN, ESTRADIOL AND 2750 01:40:17,630 --> 01:40:18,964 SEX CHROMOSOMES. 2751 01:40:18,964 --> 01:40:21,367 WE SHOWED THAT TESTOSTERONE 2752 01:40:21,367 --> 01:40:23,769 INFLUENCES IMMUNE CELL 2753 01:40:23,769 --> 01:40:24,970 ABUNDANCES. 2754 01:40:24,970 --> 01:40:26,305 THAT TESTOSTERONE, ESTRADIOL AND 2755 01:40:26,305 --> 01:40:28,741 THE SEX CHROMOSOMES REGULATE 2756 01:40:28,741 --> 01:40:31,143 DISTINCT NON-OVERLAPPING SETS OF 2757 01:40:31,143 --> 01:40:32,578 AUTOSOMAL GENES. 2758 01:40:32,578 --> 01:40:35,848 BUT THAT AT THE LEVEL OF 2759 01:40:35,848 --> 01:40:36,982 PATHWAYS, TESTOSTERONE, 2760 01:40:36,982 --> 01:40:39,818 ESTRADIOL AND SEX CHROMOSOMES 2761 01:40:39,818 --> 01:40:41,253 REGULATE SOME DISTINCT BUT ALSO 2762 01:40:41,253 --> 01:40:42,988 SOME OVERLAPPING GENES. 2763 01:40:42,988 --> 01:40:47,192 IN PARTICULAR, THE INTERFERON 2764 01:40:47,192 --> 01:40:49,161 PATHWAYS, AND THAT BROADLY 2765 01:40:49,161 --> 01:40:50,262 EXPRESSED GENES EXPRESSED FROM 2766 01:40:50,262 --> 01:40:52,364 THE INACTIVE X HAVE HIGHLY 2767 01:40:52,364 --> 01:40:54,767 STABLE PRESERVED RESPONSES TO 2768 01:40:54,767 --> 01:40:57,302 SECTION CHROMOSOMES, AND THEY'RE 2769 01:40:57,302 --> 01:40:59,038 CANDIDATES TO EXPLAIN SEX 2770 01:40:59,038 --> 01:40:59,605 DIFFERENCES. 2771 01:40:59,605 --> 01:41:01,040 SO WITH THAT, I WOULD THANK YOU. 2772 01:41:01,040 --> 01:41:03,242 I WILL IN PARTICULAR THANK ALL 2773 01:41:03,242 --> 01:41:06,745 THE PATIENTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO 2774 01:41:06,745 --> 01:41:08,080 OUR BIOBANK, AS WELL AS MY 2775 01:41:08,080 --> 01:41:09,548 MENTORS, THE HARVARD BIRCWH, AND 2776 01:41:09,548 --> 01:41:10,816 MY FUNDING AS WELL AS THE BIRCWH 2777 01:41:10,816 --> 01:41:11,316 PROGRAM IN GENERAL. 2778 01:41:11,316 --> 01:41:11,817 THANK YOU. 2779 01:41:11,817 --> 01:41:21,994 [APPLAUSE] 2780 01:41:26,799 --> 01:41:28,333 >> THANK YOU, DR. HARRIS. 2781 01:41:28,333 --> 01:41:28,701 WONDERFUL TALK. 2782 01:41:28,701 --> 01:41:30,636 I DO WANT TO OPEN UP YOUR Q & A 2783 01:41:30,636 --> 01:41:31,804 SESSION. 2784 01:41:31,804 --> 01:41:33,105 SO ANYONE WHO HAS QUESTIONS, CAN 2785 01:41:33,105 --> 01:41:34,506 YOU PLEASE COME TO ONE OF THESE 2786 01:41:34,506 --> 01:41:40,979 TWO MICROPHONES DOWN THE CENTER? 2787 01:41:40,979 --> 01:41:42,114 >> HI. 2788 01:41:42,114 --> 01:41:44,550 PRIL YANT. 2789 01:41:44,550 --> 01:41:44,983 BRILLIANT. 2790 01:41:44,983 --> 01:41:46,485 TWO KNEW THAT LITTLE GUY WAS 2791 01:41:46,485 --> 01:41:47,953 DOING ALL THAT WORK. 2792 01:41:47,953 --> 01:41:49,488 SO MY QUESTION FOR YOU IS ON THE 2793 01:41:49,488 --> 01:41:51,123 DURATION AND TIMING OF 2794 01:41:51,123 --> 01:41:52,825 INITIATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN 2795 01:41:52,825 --> 01:41:55,327 THE XXT GROUP, BECAUSE I'M 2796 01:41:55,327 --> 01:41:56,528 WONDERING AS A MENOPAUSE 2797 01:41:56,528 --> 01:41:57,930 RESEARCHER WHETHER THE RESULTS 2798 01:41:57,930 --> 01:41:59,698 MAY BE GENERALIZABLE TO THOSE 2799 01:41:59,698 --> 01:42:02,901 WOMEN WHO ARE GETTING SUPER -- 2800 01:42:02,901 --> 01:42:03,669 PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF 2801 01:42:03,669 --> 01:42:04,570 TESTOSTERONE FROM COMPOUNDING 2802 01:42:04,570 --> 01:42:06,739 PHARMACIES. 2803 01:42:06,739 --> 01:42:09,575 >> THAT'S AN INTERESTING 2804 01:42:09,575 --> 01:42:11,376 QUESTION AND AS A PEDIATRIC 2805 01:42:11,376 --> 01:42:12,111 ENDOCRINOLOGIST, NOT ONE THAT I 2806 01:42:12,111 --> 01:42:12,778 THINK ABOUT VERY MUCH. 2807 01:42:12,778 --> 01:42:14,780 THESE INDIVIDUALS HAD BEEN ON 2808 01:42:14,780 --> 01:42:16,548 HORMONES SOMEWHERE BETWEEN ON 2809 01:42:16,548 --> 01:42:19,051 AVERAGE 2 1/2 TO 3 YEARS. 2810 01:42:19,051 --> 01:42:20,686 BOTH FOR THE ESTRADIOL AND 2811 01:42:20,686 --> 01:42:23,255 TESTOSTERONE GROUPS. 2812 01:42:23,255 --> 01:42:24,456 >> STARTING AT AGE? 2813 01:42:24,456 --> 01:42:25,791 >> SO IT WAS VARIABLE. 2814 01:42:25,791 --> 01:42:27,760 OUR AGE RANGE WAS 14 TO 30, SO 2815 01:42:27,760 --> 01:42:29,762 MUCH YOUNGER, SINCE WE'RE A 2816 01:42:29,762 --> 01:42:30,729 PEDIATRIC CLINIC. 2817 01:42:30,729 --> 01:42:32,598 BUT ON AVERAGE, I WOULD SAY 2818 01:42:32,598 --> 01:42:34,233 ABOUT AGE 18 TO 20. 2819 01:42:34,233 --> 01:42:35,934 >> AND SO YOU ARE VIEWING THESE 2820 01:42:35,934 --> 01:42:38,670 AS ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE 2821 01:42:38,670 --> 01:42:38,937 HORMONES? 2822 01:42:38,937 --> 01:42:40,072 >> SAY THAT ONE MORE TIME. 2823 01:42:40,072 --> 01:42:42,307 >> ARE YOU VIEWING THESE AS 2824 01:42:42,307 --> 01:42:43,075 ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE 2825 01:42:43,075 --> 01:42:43,609 HORMONES THEN? 2826 01:42:43,609 --> 01:42:44,977 >> YEAH, SO I THINK THAT'S A 2827 01:42:44,977 --> 01:42:46,578 VERY GOOD QUESTION AND SOMETHING 2828 01:42:46,578 --> 01:42:48,280 I'M HOPING TO LOOK AT BOTH THE 2829 01:42:48,280 --> 01:42:49,681 REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE 2830 01:42:49,681 --> 01:42:51,316 EFFECTS BUT WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT 2831 01:42:51,316 --> 01:42:51,483 YET. 2832 01:42:51,483 --> 01:42:53,118 >> REALLY BEAUTIFUL WORK. 2833 01:42:53,118 --> 01:42:53,385 CONGRATS. 2834 01:42:53,385 --> 01:42:54,219 >> THANK YOU. 2835 01:42:54,219 --> 01:42:58,690 >> HI. 2836 01:42:58,690 --> 01:43:00,325 SO THIS WAS A VERY INTERESTING 2837 01:43:00,325 --> 01:43:01,560 PRESENTATION AND KIND OF 2838 01:43:01,560 --> 01:43:05,731 EXPLAINS THE HORMONES AND THEIR 2839 01:43:05,731 --> 01:43:07,699 INTERACTION WITH CHROMOSOMES A 2840 01:43:07,699 --> 01:43:08,667 LITTLE BIT. 2841 01:43:08,667 --> 01:43:14,740 MY QUESTION IS, WHEN YOU HAVE 2842 01:43:14,740 --> 01:43:17,910 MALES WHO ARE, YOU KNOW, XY 2843 01:43:17,910 --> 01:43:20,312 UNDERGOING ESTRADIOL THERAPY, I 2844 01:43:20,312 --> 01:43:22,548 EXPECT THEIR TESTOSTERONE 2845 01:43:22,548 --> 01:43:25,851 LEVELS, ARE THEY DROPPING? 2846 01:43:25,851 --> 01:43:27,786 >> THIS IS A VERY GOOD QUESTION. 2847 01:43:27,786 --> 01:43:30,989 SO EXOGENOUS ESTRADIOL DECREASES 2848 01:43:30,989 --> 01:43:33,625 YOUR ENDOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE A 2849 01:43:33,625 --> 01:43:34,827 LITTLE BIT, BUT OFTENTIMES WE 2850 01:43:34,827 --> 01:43:39,765 ALSO NEED TO TREAT WITH EITHER 2851 01:43:39,765 --> 01:43:43,635 AN ANTIANDROGEN OR GNI AGONIST 2852 01:43:43,635 --> 01:43:45,504 TO REALLY FULLY BLOCK 2853 01:43:45,504 --> 01:43:45,838 TESTOSTERONE. 2854 01:43:45,838 --> 01:43:46,238 >> OKAY. 2855 01:43:46,238 --> 01:43:48,907 SO DO YOU SEE THAT IN THOSE 2856 01:43:48,907 --> 01:43:52,878 INDIVIDUALS, THERE IS A DECREASE 2857 01:43:52,878 --> 01:43:54,413 IN THE INTERFERON PATHWAYS AND 2858 01:43:54,413 --> 01:43:56,448 OTHER THINGS AS WELL? 2859 01:43:56,448 --> 01:43:57,850 >> THAT'S A REALLY GOOD QUESTION 2860 01:43:57,850 --> 01:43:58,584 AND SOMETHING WE HAVE TO 2861 01:43:58,584 --> 01:43:58,917 EXPLORE. 2862 01:43:58,917 --> 01:44:00,118 SO THE WAY THIS PROJECT IS LAID 2863 01:44:00,118 --> 01:44:02,154 OUT, WE'RE LOOKING AT THE 2864 01:44:02,154 --> 01:44:03,589 INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF EACH SEX 2865 01:44:03,589 --> 01:44:05,390 HORMONE AND THE SEX CHROMOSOMES. 2866 01:44:05,390 --> 01:44:07,626 WE DON'T LOOK AT THE 2867 01:44:07,626 --> 01:44:08,493 INTERDEPENDENT EFFECTS. 2868 01:44:08,493 --> 01:44:11,630 SO TAKE SOMEONE WHO'S XY AND 2869 01:44:11,630 --> 01:44:15,534 RECEIVING EX- EXOGENOUS ESTRADI, 2870 01:44:15,534 --> 01:44:17,769 THAT'S KIND OF THE NEXT LEVEL 2871 01:44:17,769 --> 01:44:19,104 FOR MY K THAT I'M SUBMITTING 2872 01:44:19,104 --> 01:44:19,638 NEXT WEEK. 2873 01:44:19,638 --> 01:44:19,972 JUST SAYING. 2874 01:44:19,972 --> 01:44:20,939 >> THIS IS GREAT. 2875 01:44:20,939 --> 01:44:22,207 YEAH, THE INTERACTION WOULD BE 2876 01:44:22,207 --> 01:44:22,875 VERY INTERESTING. 2877 01:44:22,875 --> 01:44:27,479 LIKE MAYBE THERE'S NOT ENOUGH -- 2878 01:44:27,479 --> 01:44:29,615 DO THE INTERACTION TERM. 2879 01:44:29,615 --> 01:44:30,849 >> EXACTLY. 2880 01:44:30,849 --> 01:44:33,085 >> PAM STRATTON, ORWH. 2881 01:44:33,085 --> 01:44:35,187 I'VE SPENT A LOT OF TIME SORT OF 2882 01:44:35,187 --> 01:44:42,327 THINKING IN THIS AREA ADJACENTLY 2883 01:44:42,327 --> 01:44:46,398 AND HAVE WONDERED, GIVEN THIS 2884 01:44:46,398 --> 01:44:50,002 OBSERVATION, HOW THIS RELATES TO 2885 01:44:50,002 --> 01:44:56,942 MUCOSAL IMMUNITY, THINKING ABOUT 2886 01:44:56,942 --> 01:44:58,677 CD4, CD8 THINGS BECAUSE OF THE 2887 01:44:58,677 --> 01:45:05,384 DIFFERENCES THAT HAPPEN BY 2888 01:45:05,384 --> 01:45:05,884 ANATOMY FOR SEX. 2889 01:45:05,884 --> 01:45:07,386 >> YOU'RE SAYING THE LOCATIONS 2890 01:45:07,386 --> 01:45:08,887 OF THOSE CELLS IN PARTICULAR OR 2891 01:45:08,887 --> 01:45:09,454 SOMETHING ELSE? 2892 01:45:09,454 --> 01:45:11,523 >> WELL, NO, THE INTERACTION 2893 01:45:11,523 --> 01:45:15,060 BETWEEN THESE CELLS AND THE 2894 01:45:15,060 --> 01:45:18,463 MUCOSA ITSELF. 2895 01:45:18,463 --> 01:45:19,765 >> I THINK IT'S A WE HAVE GOOD 2896 01:45:19,765 --> 01:45:20,198 QUESTION. 2897 01:45:20,198 --> 01:45:21,533 OUR STUDY IS JUST TAKING THEM 2898 01:45:21,533 --> 01:45:23,001 FROM THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD SO 2899 01:45:23,001 --> 01:45:26,371 WE'RE NOT ABLE TO LOOK KIND OF 2900 01:45:26,371 --> 01:45:28,206 AT SPECIFIC ORGANS REALLY IN 2901 01:45:28,206 --> 01:45:29,207 VIVO IN THAT WAY, BUT I THINK IT 2902 01:45:29,207 --> 01:45:30,242 WOULD BE A VERY INTERESTING 2903 01:45:30,242 --> 01:45:33,545 QUESTION. 2904 01:45:33,545 --> 01:45:35,881 >> I'M THINKING ABOUT WE'VE 2905 01:45:35,881 --> 01:45:36,882 RECENTLY PUBLISHED ON SOME WORK 2906 01:45:36,882 --> 01:45:40,252 THAT WE DID ON A 2907 01:45:40,252 --> 01:45:43,422 GATA2 DEFICIENCY WHERE THE 2908 01:45:43,422 --> 01:45:45,557 FEMALES HAD MUCH GREATER 2909 01:45:45,557 --> 01:45:48,060 PROPENSITY TO GET HPV DISEASE 2910 01:45:48,060 --> 01:45:49,494 THAT WAS HIGH GRADE AND 2911 01:45:49,494 --> 01:45:53,699 DIFFICULT TO TREAT IN THE LOWER 2912 01:45:53,699 --> 01:45:59,504 GENITAL TRACT. 2913 01:45:59,504 --> 01:46:01,039 AND THERE WERE IMMUNE 2914 01:46:01,039 --> 01:46:02,774 DIFFERENCES, SOME OF WHICH WERE 2915 01:46:02,774 --> 01:46:07,312 BIOLOGIC AND RELATED PROBABLY TO 2916 01:46:07,312 --> 01:46:08,513 GATA2 DEFICIENCY, BUT SOME OF IT 2917 01:46:08,513 --> 01:46:10,515 WERE SEX DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2918 01:46:10,515 --> 01:46:12,718 TWO COHORTS. 2919 01:46:12,718 --> 01:46:16,655 SO THE INTERPLAY FROM THE IMMUNE 2920 01:46:16,655 --> 01:46:18,857 SYSTEM TO THINKING HOLISTICALLY 2921 01:46:18,857 --> 01:46:22,961 ACROSS THE BODY, AS ONE HAS TO, 2922 01:46:22,961 --> 01:46:24,396 BUT IS DIFFICULT, THINKING ABOUT 2923 01:46:24,396 --> 01:46:26,431 HOW THAT INTERRELATES TO THE 2924 01:46:26,431 --> 01:46:29,468 MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IS AN 2925 01:46:29,468 --> 01:46:31,636 INTERESTING IDEA. 2926 01:46:31,636 --> 01:46:33,271 >> A VERY INTERESTING QUESTION. 2927 01:46:33,271 --> 01:46:34,606 I KNOW IN THE FUTURE, WE'RE 2928 01:46:34,606 --> 01:46:36,174 HOPING TO TAKE THIS KIND OF 2929 01:46:36,174 --> 01:46:37,242 FOUR-STATE MODEL AND LOOK AT 2930 01:46:37,242 --> 01:46:38,910 OTHER TISSUES, SURGICAL SAMPLES, 2931 01:46:38,910 --> 01:46:40,112 BUT WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT YET. 2932 01:46:40,112 --> 01:46:41,480 BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE REALLY 2933 01:46:41,480 --> 01:46:45,017 INTERESTING. 2934 01:46:45,017 --> 01:46:48,353 >> BUT YOU ALSO WILL WANT TO 2935 01:46:48,353 --> 01:46:50,622 MANIPULATE THEM IN VIVO AND WANT 2936 01:46:50,622 --> 01:46:54,359 TO BIOPSY THEM AT SOME LEVEL. 2937 01:46:54,359 --> 01:46:55,027 >> I APPRECIATE IT. 2938 01:46:55,027 --> 01:46:55,494 THANK YOU. 2939 01:46:55,494 --> 01:46:56,294 >> ALL RIGHT. 2940 01:46:56,294 --> 01:46:58,096 THANK YOU AGAIN, DR. HARRIS, FOR 2941 01:46:58,096 --> 01:46:58,964 A WONDERFUL TALK. 2942 01:46:58,964 --> 01:47:00,065 WE'RE GOING TO END YOUR Q & A 2943 01:47:00,065 --> 01:47:00,499 SESSION NOW. 2944 01:47:00,499 --> 01:47:10,842 [APPLAUSE] 2945 01:47:10,842 --> 01:47:13,111 SO I'D NOW LIKE TO INVITE 2946 01:47:13,111 --> 01:47:14,212 DR. CYNTHIA HARPER UP TO THE 2947 01:47:14,212 --> 01:47:17,182 PODIUM TO INTRODUCE OUR NEXT 2948 01:47:17,182 --> 01:47:27,459 SCHOLAR SPEAKER. 2949 01:47:29,294 --> 01:47:30,662 >> ON BEHALF OF THE BIRCWH 2950 01:47:30,662 --> 01:47:32,230 PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 2951 01:47:32,230 --> 01:47:34,066 CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO AND 2952 01:47:34,066 --> 01:47:36,635 KAISER PERMANENTE, DR. BRINDIS 2953 01:47:36,635 --> 01:47:38,470 AND I ARE DELIGHTED TO INTRODUCE 2954 01:47:38,470 --> 01:47:39,571 DR. ANITA HAR GRAVE. 2955 01:47:39,571 --> 01:47:42,407 SHE IS A SECOND-YEAR BIRCWH 2956 01:47:42,407 --> 01:47:43,575 SCHOLAR AND AN ASSISTANT 2957 01:47:43,575 --> 01:47:45,277 PROFESSOR IN THE UCSF DEPARTMENT 2958 01:47:45,277 --> 01:47:46,078 OF MEDICINE. 2959 01:47:46,078 --> 01:47:50,682 SHE'S AN INTERNAL MEDICINE 2960 01:47:50,682 --> 01:47:51,817 PHYSICIAN DEDICATED TO IMPROVING 2961 01:47:51,817 --> 01:47:52,784 HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR WOMEN WHO 2962 01:47:52,784 --> 01:47:54,886 HAVE EXPERIENCED TRAUMA THROUGH 2963 01:47:54,886 --> 01:47:58,090 PATIENT ORIENTED RESEARCH. 2964 01:47:58,090 --> 01:48:00,625 DR. HARGRAVE COMES TO US FROM 2965 01:48:00,625 --> 01:48:03,995 THE SAN FRANCISCO V.A. AND HER 2966 01:48:03,995 --> 01:48:05,464 BIRCWH RESEARCH EVALUATES THE 2967 01:48:05,464 --> 01:48:06,865 IMPACT OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES 2968 01:48:06,865 --> 01:48:09,301 ON LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY 2969 01:48:09,301 --> 01:48:13,405 AND MORBIDITY FOR WOMEN 2970 01:48:13,405 --> 01:48:14,172 INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR 2971 01:48:14,172 --> 01:48:15,574 DISEASE, CANCER, AND ALSO TODAY 2972 01:48:15,574 --> 01:48:18,343 WE'LL HEAR ABOUT SUICIDE IN 2973 01:48:18,343 --> 01:48:20,278 OVERDOSE. 2974 01:48:20,278 --> 01:48:24,416 SHE ALSO HAS HAD NOTEWORTHY WORK 2975 01:48:24,416 --> 01:48:26,485 ON INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE. 2976 01:48:26,485 --> 01:48:27,586 DR. HARGRAVE HAS CONSTRUCTED A 2977 01:48:27,586 --> 01:48:30,388 COHORT STUDY OF MILLIONS OF 2978 01:48:30,388 --> 01:48:32,557 VETERANS SEEN REGULARLY AT THE 2979 01:48:32,557 --> 01:48:33,658 V.A. OVER 10 YEARS, AND TODAY 2980 01:48:33,658 --> 01:48:35,660 WE'RE GOING TO HEAR FROM HER ON 2981 01:48:35,660 --> 01:48:39,030 A VERY UNDERRESEARCHED TOPIC IN 2982 01:48:39,030 --> 01:48:43,735 WOMEN'S HEALTH, AND EVEN A VERY 2983 01:48:43,735 --> 01:48:45,337 UNDERDISCUSSED TOPIC IN OTHER 2984 01:48:45,337 --> 01:48:47,839 AREAS OUTSIDE OF HEALTH AND 2985 01:48:47,839 --> 01:48:49,808 POLICIES EVERY, AND I THINK IT 2986 01:48:49,808 --> 01:48:51,843 TAKES COURAGE TO STUDY THIS AND 2987 01:48:51,843 --> 01:48:53,812 I'M SO EXCITED THAT OUR SCHOLAR 2988 01:48:53,812 --> 01:48:56,815 IS DOING THIS AND LOOKING AT IT 2989 01:48:56,815 --> 01:49:00,418 WITH GREAT RIGOR, AND I WELCOME 2990 01:49:00,418 --> 01:49:02,087 DR. HARGRAVE TO PRESENT TODAY ON 2991 01:49:02,087 --> 01:49:06,725 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA, AND 2992 01:49:06,725 --> 01:49:09,027 LATER RISK OF SUICIDE AND 2993 01:49:09,027 --> 01:49:10,562 OVERDOSE, COMPARING RISK BY 2994 01:49:10,562 --> 01:49:11,196 GENDER. 2995 01:49:11,196 --> 01:49:12,731 DR. HARGRAVE. 2996 01:49:12,731 --> 01:49:22,908 [APPLAUSE] 2997 01:49:45,864 --> 01:49:46,331 >> ALL RIGHT. 2998 01:49:46,331 --> 01:49:47,432 THANK YOU, DR. HARPER. 2999 01:49:47,432 --> 01:49:49,401 I WANT TO START OFF BY THANKING 3000 01:49:49,401 --> 01:49:53,071 THE BIRCWH PROGRAM, THE UCSF 3001 01:49:53,071 --> 01:49:57,976 KAISER PROGRAM, DR. BRINDIS 3002 01:49:57,976 --> 01:49:59,811 WHO'S HERE AS WELL AND 3003 01:49:59,811 --> 01:50:00,679 MYCOAUTHORS WHO WORKED WITH ME 3004 01:50:00,679 --> 01:50:02,314 ON THIS RESEARCH THAT I'LL BE 3005 01:50:02,314 --> 01:50:05,217 TALKING ABOUT TODAY. 3006 01:50:05,217 --> 01:50:06,985 I HAVE NO DISCLOSURES AND THE 3007 01:50:06,985 --> 01:50:08,086 INFORMATION AND CONCLUSIONS 3008 01:50:08,086 --> 01:50:10,222 SHARED HERE TODAY ARE NOT THE 3009 01:50:10,222 --> 01:50:11,356 OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE V.A. OR 3010 01:50:11,356 --> 01:50:16,127 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. 3011 01:50:16,127 --> 01:50:17,862 TODAY I'LL BE USING THE TERM 3012 01:50:17,862 --> 01:50:19,564 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA, OR MST, 3013 01:50:19,564 --> 01:50:21,967 WHICH IS DEFINED AS SEXUAL 3014 01:50:21,967 --> 01:50:26,071 ASSAULT AND/OR SEXUAL HARASSMENT 3015 01:50:26,071 --> 01:50:28,173 DURING MILITARY SERVICE. 3016 01:50:28,173 --> 01:50:30,675 THE V.A. HAS BEEN SCREENING FOR 3017 01:50:30,675 --> 01:50:32,510 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA FOR ABOUT 3018 01:50:32,510 --> 01:50:34,446 20 YEARS NOW. 3019 01:50:34,446 --> 01:50:37,515 IT'S THE ONLY NATIONWIDE 3020 01:50:37,515 --> 01:50:39,050 HOSPITAL SYSTEM OR HEALTHCARE 3021 01:50:39,050 --> 01:50:41,686 SYSTEM THAT ASKS UNIVERSALLY 3022 01:50:41,686 --> 01:50:44,256 ABOUT ANY TYPE OF SEXUAL TRAUMA. 3023 01:50:44,256 --> 01:50:47,592 AND IT ASKS IT THROUGH TWO 3024 01:50:47,592 --> 01:50:48,627 QUESTIONS. 3025 01:50:48,627 --> 01:50:49,828 ONE, WHILE YOU WERE IN THE 3026 01:50:49,828 --> 01:50:53,498 MILITARY, DID YOU RECEIVE 3027 01:50:53,498 --> 01:50:54,366 UNWANTED SEXUAL ATTENTION THAT 3028 01:50:54,366 --> 01:50:55,567 YOU FOUND THREATENING? 3029 01:50:55,567 --> 01:50:59,070 AND THE SECOND, WHEN YOU WERE IN 3030 01:50:59,070 --> 01:51:00,605 THE MILITARY, DID YOU HAVE 3031 01:51:00,605 --> 01:51:01,906 SEXUAL CONTACT AGAINST YOUR WILL 3032 01:51:01,906 --> 01:51:03,541 OR WHEN YOU WERE UNABLE TO SAY 3033 01:51:03,541 --> 01:51:07,479 NO? 3034 01:51:07,479 --> 01:51:09,614 PATIENTS ARE POSITIVE FOR SEXUAL 3035 01:51:09,614 --> 01:51:10,815 MILITARY TRAUMA IF THEY ANSWER 3036 01:51:10,815 --> 01:51:12,050 YES TO EITHER OF THOSE TWO 3037 01:51:12,050 --> 01:51:13,551 QUESTIONS. 3038 01:51:13,551 --> 01:51:15,687 THEY CAN ALSO DECLINE TO ANSWER, 3039 01:51:15,687 --> 01:51:18,857 AND IF THEY DECLINE, THEY ARE 3040 01:51:18,857 --> 01:51:20,158 SCREENED AGAIN ANNUALLY UNTIL 3041 01:51:20,158 --> 01:51:25,597 THEY GIVE A YES OR NO ANSWER. 3042 01:51:25,597 --> 01:51:26,431 CLINICIANS CAN SCREEN AGAIN 3043 01:51:26,431 --> 01:51:27,799 AFTER A YES OR NO ANSWER BUT IT 3044 01:51:27,799 --> 01:51:30,235 IS NOT REQUIRED OR IT DOES NOT 3045 01:51:30,235 --> 01:51:32,203 POP UP IN THE ELECTRONIC MEDICAL 3046 01:51:32,203 --> 01:51:36,941 SYSTEM. 3047 01:51:36,941 --> 01:51:41,379 MILITARY SEC YOU SEXUAL TRAUMA S 3048 01:51:41,379 --> 01:51:42,447 OVER A MILLION PEOPLE IN THE 3049 01:51:42,447 --> 01:51:44,182 UNITED STATES AND 3050 01:51:44,182 --> 01:51:44,816 DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS 3051 01:51:44,816 --> 01:51:45,283 WOMEN. 3052 01:51:45,283 --> 01:51:47,085 PREVIOUS NATIONAL DATA FROM THE 3053 01:51:47,085 --> 01:51:50,488 MST SCREENING PROGRAM SHOWS THAT 3054 01:51:50,488 --> 01:51:53,692 1 IN 3 WOMEN AND 1 IN 50 MEN 3055 01:51:53,692 --> 01:51:55,260 REPORT EXPERIENCES OF MILITARY 3056 01:51:55,260 --> 01:52:00,065 SECTION ALL TRAUMA. 3057 01:52:00,065 --> 01:52:00,565 -- 3058 01:52:00,565 --> 01:52:01,566 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA. 3059 01:52:01,566 --> 01:52:02,967 A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE 3060 01:52:02,967 --> 01:52:05,470 SUGGESTS THAT MST HAS LONG 3061 01:52:05,470 --> 01:52:06,905 LASTING EFFECTS ON NOT ONLY 3062 01:52:06,905 --> 01:52:08,406 PHYSICAL HEALTH BUT ALSO MENTAL 3063 01:52:08,406 --> 01:52:09,074 HEALTH. 3064 01:52:09,074 --> 01:52:11,242 I'VE LISTED JUST A FEW ON THIS 3065 01:52:11,242 --> 01:52:12,877 PAGE HERE, AND I'LL HIGHLIGHT 3066 01:52:12,877 --> 01:52:16,114 THAT MST IS PARTICULARLY 3067 01:52:16,114 --> 01:52:17,749 ASSOCIATED WITH POST-TRAUMATIC 3068 01:52:17,749 --> 01:52:24,322 STRESS DISORDER, OR PTSD. 3069 01:52:24,322 --> 01:52:26,224 AND ALTHOUGH THE VETERAN 3070 01:52:26,224 --> 01:52:27,325 POPULATION, THE MAJORITY OF THE 3071 01:52:27,325 --> 01:52:28,960 VETERAN POPULATION IS 50 YEARS 3072 01:52:28,960 --> 01:52:32,263 OR OLDER IN AGE, MOST MST 3073 01:52:32,263 --> 01:52:33,965 RESEARCH HAS INVOLVED ACTIVE 3074 01:52:33,965 --> 01:52:36,701 MILITARY PERSONNEL, YOUNGER VERY 3075 01:52:36,701 --> 01:52:38,336 TRANS, OR REPRODUCTIVE AGE 3076 01:52:38,336 --> 01:52:39,704 WOMEN. 3077 01:52:39,704 --> 01:52:41,806 AND THIS LEAVES A REAL GAP IN 3078 01:52:41,806 --> 01:52:43,108 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE 3079 01:52:43,108 --> 01:52:45,844 PREVALENCE AND THE CORRELATES OF 3080 01:52:45,844 --> 01:52:48,713 MST AMONG WOMEN IN MID TO LATE 3081 01:52:48,713 --> 01:52:50,849 LIFE, COMPARED TO THEIR MALE 3082 01:52:50,849 --> 01:52:56,287 PEERS. 3083 01:52:56,287 --> 01:52:57,722 LIKEWISE, PTSD HAS BEEN FOUND TO 3084 01:52:57,722 --> 01:53:00,825 BE ASSOCIATED WITH LATE LIFE 3085 01:53:00,825 --> 01:53:03,695 SUICIDE RISK AND UP TO 70% OF 3086 01:53:03,695 --> 01:53:05,230 VETERANS WHO DIE OF SUICIDE ARE 3087 01:53:05,230 --> 01:53:09,000 OLDER ADULTS. 3088 01:53:09,000 --> 01:53:10,435 HOWEVER, RESEARCH EVALUATING MST 3089 01:53:10,435 --> 01:53:12,604 AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR HAS 3090 01:53:12,604 --> 01:53:14,005 LARGELY BEEN LIMITED TO 3091 01:53:14,005 --> 01:53:15,540 CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES, SMALL 3092 01:53:15,540 --> 01:53:17,842 CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES, 3093 01:53:17,842 --> 01:53:19,144 RESEARCH ON SUICIDAL THOUGHTS 3094 01:53:19,144 --> 01:53:20,945 BUT NOT LOOKING AT SUICIDAL 3095 01:53:20,945 --> 01:53:25,116 MORTALITY OR DEATH, OR TO 3096 01:53:25,116 --> 01:53:28,052 YOUNGER VERY TRANS. 3097 01:53:28,052 --> 01:53:30,321 SO OUR RESEARCH AIM TO EXAMINE 3098 01:53:30,321 --> 01:53:32,290 AND UNDERSTAND THE LONG LASTING 3099 01:53:32,290 --> 01:53:35,560 IMPACT OF MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA 3100 01:53:35,560 --> 01:53:40,865 ON SUICIDE ATTEMPT ON OVERDOSE 3101 01:53:40,865 --> 01:53:42,400 AND ASSOCIATED MORTALITY LATER 3102 01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:42,834 IN LIFE. 3103 01:53:42,834 --> 01:53:44,936 WE LOOKED AT THIS AMONG WOMEN 3104 01:53:44,936 --> 01:53:47,972 VETERANS COMPARED TO MEN. 3105 01:53:47,972 --> 01:53:51,342 WE ALSO INVESTIGATED IF PTSD 3106 01:53:51,342 --> 01:53:53,077 EXACERBATES THE RISK FOR THESE 3107 01:53:53,077 --> 01:53:55,814 ADVERSE OUTCOMES. 3108 01:53:55,814 --> 01:53:58,316 AND IN DOING SO, OUR RESEARCH IS 3109 01:53:58,316 --> 01:54:01,486 THE FIRST TO USE NATIONAL COHORT 3110 01:54:01,486 --> 01:54:04,189 DATA TO EVALUATE LATER LIFE 3111 01:54:04,189 --> 01:54:08,860 FATAL AND NON-FATAL SUICIDE 3112 01:54:08,860 --> 01:54:10,094 ATTEMPT, AS WELL AS DEATH FROM 3113 01:54:10,094 --> 01:54:12,864 SUICIDE AND DRUG OVERDOSE AS IS 3114 01:54:12,864 --> 01:54:15,834 ASSOCIATED TO MILITARY SEXUAL 3115 01:54:15,834 --> 01:54:18,336 TRAUMA. 3116 01:54:18,336 --> 01:54:21,172 WE CONDUCTED A NATIONAL 3117 01:54:21,172 --> 01:54:23,208 LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY OF 3118 01:54:23,208 --> 01:54:25,076 OVER 5 MILLION WOMEN AND MEN 3119 01:54:25,076 --> 01:54:27,579 VETERANS AGED 50 YEARS AND 3120 01:54:27,579 --> 01:54:32,050 OLDER, USING BASELINE DATA FROM 3121 01:54:32,050 --> 01:54:34,352 2012 TO 2013, AND THEN FOLLOWED 3122 01:54:34,352 --> 01:54:37,388 UP THROUGH DECEMBER 31ST OF 3123 01:54:37,388 --> 01:54:42,360 2020, RIGHT BEFORE THE COVID 3124 01:54:42,360 --> 01:54:47,298 PANDEPANDEMIC INITIATED HERE INE 3125 01:54:47,298 --> 01:54:48,166 UNITED STATES. 3126 01:54:48,166 --> 01:54:50,435 WE INCLUDED ALL V.A. MEDICAL 3127 01:54:50,435 --> 01:54:53,404 CENTERS IN THE UNITED STATES AND 3128 01:54:53,404 --> 01:54:56,541 WE INTEGRATED DATA FROM FOUR 3129 01:54:56,541 --> 01:54:57,609 NATIONAL DATABASES. 3130 01:54:57,609 --> 01:55:00,144 THE V.A. NATIONAL PATIENT CARE 3131 01:55:00,144 --> 01:55:01,679 DATABASE, THE CENTERS FOR 3132 01:55:01,679 --> 01:55:05,517 MEDICARE AND MEDICAID DATABASES, 3133 01:55:05,517 --> 01:55:07,952 THE V.A. NATIONAL CONSOLIDATED 3134 01:55:07,952 --> 01:55:10,855 SUICIDE BEHAVIOR AND OUT COME -- 3135 01:55:10,855 --> 01:55:12,490 SORRY -- BEHAVIOR AND OVERDOSE 3136 01:55:12,490 --> 01:55:14,259 REPORT, AND THE MORTALITY DATA 3137 01:55:14,259 --> 01:55:19,831 REPOSITORY. 3138 01:55:19,831 --> 01:55:21,766 OUR MEASURE OF MILITARY SEC 3139 01:55:21,766 --> 01:55:23,101 YOU'LL TRAUMA EXPOSURE INCLUDED 3140 01:55:23,101 --> 01:55:25,470 ANY POSITIVE MST SCREEN THAT 3141 01:55:25,470 --> 01:55:28,473 OCCURRED IN THE MEDICAL -- THE 3142 01:55:28,473 --> 01:55:29,674 MEDICAL HEALTH RECORD OVER THE 3143 01:55:29,674 --> 01:55:32,810 STUDY PERIOD. 3144 01:55:32,810 --> 01:55:35,647 WE USED THE SUICIDE PREVENTION 3145 01:55:35,647 --> 01:55:38,349 APPLICATIONS NETWORK OR SPAN AND 3146 01:55:38,349 --> 01:55:41,486 THE MORTALITY DATA REPOSITORY OR 3147 01:55:41,486 --> 01:55:49,794 MDR DATABASES TO OBTAIN SUICIDE 3148 01:55:49,794 --> 01:55:51,296 ATTEMPT INCLUDING NON-FATAL 3149 01:55:51,296 --> 01:55:52,730 ATTEMPTS AND SUICIDE DEATH 3150 01:55:52,730 --> 01:55:53,531 OUTCOMES. 3151 01:55:53,531 --> 01:55:55,867 WE OBTAINED NON-FATAL SUICIDE 3152 01:55:55,867 --> 01:55:58,169 DATA FROM THE CDC SELF-DIRECTED 3153 01:55:58,169 --> 01:55:59,270 VIOLENCE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. 3154 01:55:59,270 --> 01:56:02,507 WE CAPTURED DEATH BY SUICIDE 3155 01:56:02,507 --> 01:56:05,577 USING ICD10 DEATH CODES, AND WE 3156 01:56:05,577 --> 01:56:08,212 LOOKED AT NOT ONLY OVERALL DEATH 3157 01:56:08,212 --> 01:56:14,052 BY SUICIDE BUT ALSO CERTAIN 3158 01:56:14,052 --> 01:56:15,053 INDICATIONS FOR DEATH BY 3159 01:56:15,053 --> 01:56:17,555 SUICIDE, INCLUDING BY FIREARMS, 3160 01:56:17,555 --> 01:56:19,223 HANGING, SUICIDE DEATH BY DRUG 3161 01:56:19,223 --> 01:56:21,259 OVERDOSE AND SUICIDE DEATH FROM 3162 01:56:21,259 --> 01:56:22,126 ANY OTHER REASONS. 3163 01:56:22,126 --> 01:56:24,329 WE OBTAINED DATA ON DEATH BY 3164 01:56:24,329 --> 01:56:25,697 DRUG OVERDOSE AND THEIR DATE OF 3165 01:56:25,697 --> 01:56:27,899 OCCURRENCE FROM THE MDR. 3166 01:56:27,899 --> 01:56:30,635 FOR DEATH BY DRUG OVERDOSE, WE 3167 01:56:30,635 --> 01:56:34,639 INCLUDED SUICIDE DEATHS BY DRUG 3168 01:56:34,639 --> 01:56:36,507 OVERDOAS, UNINTENTIONAL DEATH BY 3169 01:56:36,507 --> 01:56:39,677 DRUG OVERDOSE AND UNDETERMINED 3170 01:56:39,677 --> 01:56:41,045 DEATH BY DRUG OVERDOSE. 3171 01:56:41,045 --> 01:56:45,416 WE OBTAINED BASELINE DATA ON 3172 01:56:45,416 --> 01:56:46,184 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC 3173 01:56:46,184 --> 01:56:49,854 CHARACTERISTICS, MELT DISORDERS, 3174 01:56:49,854 --> 01:56:52,624 MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES USING THE 3175 01:56:52,624 --> 01:56:55,460 CHARL STON CO-MORBIDITY INDEX, 3176 01:56:55,460 --> 01:56:56,227 INCOME, EDUCATION AND 3177 01:56:56,227 --> 01:56:56,995 HOMELESSNESS. 3178 01:56:56,995 --> 01:56:59,263 AND WE DECIDED TO USE THE WORD 3179 01:56:59,263 --> 01:57:00,932 GENDER RATHER THAN SEX BECAUSE 3180 01:57:00,932 --> 01:57:03,801 WE ARE FOCUSING ON PSYCHOSOCIAL 3181 01:57:03,801 --> 01:57:06,004 AND CULTURAL FACTORS, RATHER 3182 01:57:06,004 --> 01:57:07,672 THAN BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, THAT 3183 01:57:07,672 --> 01:57:09,307 INFLUENCE THE RELATIONSHIP 3184 01:57:09,307 --> 01:57:13,411 BETWEEN MILITARY SE SEXUAL TRAUA 3185 01:57:13,411 --> 01:57:13,845 AND SUICIDE. 3186 01:57:13,845 --> 01:57:17,015 AS SUCH, WE INCLUDED ANY 3187 01:57:17,015 --> 01:57:18,516 TRANSGENDER WOMAN AS A WOMAN AND 3188 01:57:18,516 --> 01:57:22,754 ANY TRANSGENDER MAN AS A MAN. 3189 01:57:22,754 --> 01:57:25,923 WE USED BIVARIABLE ANALYSES TO 3190 01:57:25,923 --> 01:57:28,326 CHARACTERIZE OUR STUDY COHORT 3191 01:57:28,326 --> 01:57:30,294 STRATIFYING BY GENDER AND MST 3192 01:57:30,294 --> 01:57:33,097 EXPOSURE. 3193 01:57:33,097 --> 01:57:37,035 WE USED COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARD 3194 01:57:37,035 --> 01:57:39,871 MODELS WITH TIME AS A TIME SCALE 3195 01:57:39,871 --> 01:57:41,806 TO ESTIMATE TIME TO ANY SUICIDE 3196 01:57:41,806 --> 01:57:43,107 ATTEMPT, NON-FATAL SUICIDE 3197 01:57:43,107 --> 01:57:44,642 ATTEMPT, FATAL SUICIDE AND 3198 01:57:44,642 --> 01:57:45,176 OVERDOSE DEATH. 3199 01:57:45,176 --> 01:57:47,345 AND WE STRATIFIED OUR MODELS BY 3200 01:57:47,345 --> 01:57:51,616 GENDER AND ADJUSTED FOR 3201 01:57:51,616 --> 01:57:52,417 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 3202 01:57:52,417 --> 01:57:54,752 FOR CHARLESTON CO-MORBIDITY 3203 01:57:54,752 --> 01:57:56,521 INDEX -- SORRY -- FOR 3204 01:57:56,521 --> 01:57:57,188 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 3205 01:57:57,188 --> 01:57:59,357 AND THE CCI, OR CHARLESTON 3206 01:57:59,357 --> 01:58:03,594 CO-MORBIDITY INDEX. 3207 01:58:03,594 --> 01:58:05,229 WE ALSO PLOTTED THE ADJUSTED 3208 01:58:05,229 --> 01:58:06,330 CUMULATIVE INCIDENTS FOR ANY 3209 01:58:06,330 --> 01:58:12,637 FATAL O OR NON-FATAL SUICIDE 3210 01:58:12,637 --> 01:58:14,939 ATTEMPT BASED ON AGE AND ATTEMPT 3211 01:58:14,939 --> 01:58:17,842 AS A FUNCTION OF MILITARY SEXUAL 3212 01:58:17,842 --> 01:58:18,943 TRAUMA. 3213 01:58:18,943 --> 01:58:21,479 WE ALSO LOOKED AT THE POTENTIAL 3214 01:58:21,479 --> 01:58:23,815 ADDED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MST 3215 01:58:23,815 --> 01:58:25,683 AND PTSD AND FULLY ADJUSTED 3216 01:58:25,683 --> 01:58:29,353 MODELS, AND THEN WE FINALLY RAN 3217 01:58:29,353 --> 01:58:31,556 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES WITH FINE 3218 01:58:31,556 --> 01:58:33,091 GREY MODELS WITH SHIELDED 3219 01:58:33,091 --> 01:58:34,525 SIMILAR RESULTS TO VERIFY OUR 3220 01:58:34,525 --> 01:58:35,059 FINDINGS. 3221 01:58:35,059 --> 01:58:37,328 WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT AM OUR 3222 01:58:37,328 --> 01:58:38,963 PARTICIPANTS, THE MEAN AGE WAS 3223 01:58:38,963 --> 01:58:42,467 YOUNGEST AMONG WOMEN WHO HAD 3224 01:58:42,467 --> 01:58:44,635 EXPERIENCED MST. 3225 01:58:44,635 --> 01:58:46,270 RIGHT HERE. 3226 01:58:46,270 --> 01:58:48,473 BUT OVERALL, OUR DATA SHOWED 3227 01:58:48,473 --> 01:58:50,374 DIFFERENCES IN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC 3228 01:58:50,374 --> 01:58:51,209 CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH 3229 01:58:51,209 --> 01:58:55,546 CONDITIONS BY MST EXPOSURE WERE 3230 01:58:55,546 --> 01:59:02,086 COMPARABLE ACROSS MEN AND WOMEN. 3231 01:59:02,086 --> 01:59:03,621 WHEN WE EVALUATED THE PREVALENCE 3232 01:59:03,621 --> 01:59:06,557 OF MST BY GENDER, WE FOUND THAT 3233 01:59:06,557 --> 01:59:08,626 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA EXPOSURE 3234 01:59:08,626 --> 01:59:12,196 WAS DOCUMENTED IN 16% OF MID AND 3235 01:59:12,196 --> 01:59:15,933 LATER LIFE WOMEN, AND 1.3% OF 3236 01:59:15,933 --> 01:59:16,467 MEN. 3237 01:59:16,467 --> 01:59:18,436 THEREFORE, MILITARY SEXUAL 3238 01:59:18,436 --> 01:59:20,404 TRAUMA WAS 10 TIMES MORE 3239 01:59:20,404 --> 01:59:22,573 PREVALENT AMONG WOMEN THAN MEN 3240 01:59:22,573 --> 01:59:26,410 AT THIS AGE -- THIS TIME OF 3241 01:59:26,410 --> 01:59:30,982 LIFE. 3242 01:59:30,982 --> 01:59:33,351 IN THIS SLIDE, I SHOW THE 3243 01:59:33,351 --> 01:59:34,886 ADJUSTED CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE 3244 01:59:34,886 --> 01:59:37,522 FOR ANY FATAL OH NON-FATAL 3245 01:59:37,522 --> 01:59:39,824 SUICIDE ATTEMPT AS A FUNCTION OF 3246 01:59:39,824 --> 01:59:43,194 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA. 3247 01:59:43,194 --> 01:59:45,029 ON THE LEFT, THE GRAPH SHOWS 3248 01:59:45,029 --> 01:59:49,534 WOMEN AND ON THE RIGHT, I SHOW 3249 01:59:49,534 --> 01:59:50,802 THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE FOR 3250 01:59:50,802 --> 01:59:51,469 MEN. 3251 01:59:51,469 --> 01:59:54,205 THE RED CURVE REPRESENTS THOSE 3252 01:59:54,205 --> 01:59:57,275 WHO HAVE NO HISTORY OF MILITARY 3253 01:59:57,275 --> 01:59:58,643 SEXUAL TRAUMA AND THE BLUE CURVE 3254 01:59:58,643 --> 02:00:00,611 REPRESENTS THOSE WHO HAVE 3255 02:00:00,611 --> 02:00:02,146 EXPERIENCED MST. 3256 02:00:02,146 --> 02:00:04,115 IN THESE MODELS WHICH WERE 3257 02:00:04,115 --> 02:00:06,484 ADJUSTED FOR RACE AND ETHNICITY, 3258 02:00:06,484 --> 02:00:09,120 EDUCATION, INCOME, HOMELESSNESS, 3259 02:00:09,120 --> 02:00:11,389 SERVICE CONNECTION, AND THE 3260 02:00:11,389 --> 02:00:12,490 CHARLESTON CO-MORBIDITY INDEX, 3261 02:00:12,490 --> 02:00:16,127 WE SEE THAT RATES OF ANY SUICIDE 3262 02:00:16,127 --> 02:00:18,663 ATTEMPT WERE THREE FOLD HIGHER 3263 02:00:18,663 --> 02:00:20,765 FOR WOMEN AS WELL AS MEN WHO HAD 3264 02:00:20,765 --> 02:00:21,966 EXPERIENCED MILITARY SEXUAL 3265 02:00:21,966 --> 02:00:29,507 TRAUMA. 3266 02:00:29,507 --> 02:00:30,908 IN THIS BAR GRAPH, I'M 3267 02:00:30,908 --> 02:00:31,809 DEMONSTRATING THE HAZARD RATIOS 3268 02:00:31,809 --> 02:00:33,411 FOR WOMEN IN LIGHT BLUE AND MEN 3269 02:00:33,411 --> 02:00:35,279 IN DARK BLUE. 3270 02:00:35,279 --> 02:00:37,114 THE GRAPHS SHOW THAT MUCH OF THE 3271 02:00:37,114 --> 02:00:39,851 MAGNITUDE OF RISK FOR ANY 3272 02:00:39,851 --> 02:00:41,352 SUICIDE ATTEMPT WAS ASSOCIATED 3273 02:00:41,352 --> 02:00:48,259 WITH NON-FATAL ATTEMPTS. 3274 02:00:48,259 --> 02:00:49,894 IN THESE TWO BARS. 3275 02:00:49,894 --> 02:00:51,762 THOUGH ATTENUATED, THE MST WAS 3276 02:00:51,762 --> 02:00:53,731 ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED 3277 02:00:53,731 --> 02:00:56,767 RISK OF DEATH BY SUICIDE, FOR 3278 02:00:56,767 --> 02:01:00,705 BOTH GENDERS. 3279 02:01:00,705 --> 02:01:02,773 RISK OF DEATH BY SUE SAID ROSE 3280 02:01:02,773 --> 02:01:12,483 BY 37% FOR WOMEN AND 18% FOR 3281 02:01:12,483 --> 02:01:12,650 MEN. 3282 02:01:12,650 --> 02:01:13,251 MST WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH A 3283 02:01:13,251 --> 02:01:15,286 NEARLY 80% INCREASED RISK OF 3284 02:01:15,286 --> 02:01:21,092 DEATH BY DRUG OVERDOSE IN MEN 3285 02:01:21,092 --> 02:01:21,425 AND IN WOMEN. 3286 02:01:21,425 --> 02:01:22,293 THIS INDICATES THAT MST MAY 3287 02:01:22,293 --> 02:01:25,596 SUPERSEDE POTENTIAL GENDER 3288 02:01:25,596 --> 02:01:26,797 PROTECTIONS AGAINST SUICIDE AND 3289 02:01:26,797 --> 02:01:31,068 DRUG OVERDOSE MORTALITY FOR 3290 02:01:31,068 --> 02:01:35,673 WOMEN AT LEAST IN LATER LIFE. 3291 02:01:35,673 --> 02:01:38,042 OUR FINDINGS ALSO SUGGEST AN 3292 02:01:38,042 --> 02:01:40,544 ADDITIVE EFFECT OF PTSD, WHICH 3293 02:01:40,544 --> 02:01:42,647 DRAMATICALLY INCREASED THE RISK 3294 02:01:42,647 --> 02:01:45,216 FOR SUICIDE BEHAVIOR, DEATH AND 3295 02:01:45,216 --> 02:01:47,184 OVERDOSE AMONG THOSE WITH BOTH A 3296 02:01:47,184 --> 02:01:50,154 HISTORY OF MILITARY SEXUAL 3297 02:01:50,154 --> 02:01:54,392 TRAUMA AND A DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD. 3298 02:01:54,392 --> 02:01:58,529 CO-MORBID MST EXPOSURE AND PTSD 3299 02:01:58,529 --> 02:02:01,365 DIAGNOSIS INCURRED A 6 TO 7-FOLD 3300 02:02:01,365 --> 02:02:03,334 INCREASE IN THE RISK OF ANY 3301 02:02:03,334 --> 02:02:04,535 SUICIDE ATTEMPT COMPARED TO 3302 02:02:04,535 --> 02:02:09,106 THOSE WHO HAD NO MST OR PTSD 3303 02:02:09,106 --> 02:02:09,640 EXPOSURE. 3304 02:02:09,640 --> 02:02:11,175 THIS DEMONSTRATES THAT OLDER 3305 02:02:11,175 --> 02:02:15,980 ADULTS WITH BOTH BTST AND MST 3306 02:02:15,980 --> 02:02:17,715 EXPOSURE ARE AN EXTREMELY HIGH 3307 02:02:17,715 --> 02:02:20,318 RISK POPULATION FOR SUICIDAL 3308 02:02:20,318 --> 02:02:20,618 POPULATION. 3309 02:02:20,618 --> 02:02:22,586 WE ALSO FOUND, ALTHOUGH NOT 3310 02:02:22,586 --> 02:02:24,355 DEMONSTRATED IN THIS FIGURE, 3311 02:02:24,355 --> 02:02:26,757 THAT WOMEN WITH BOTH MST 3312 02:02:26,757 --> 02:02:29,927 EXPOSURE AND PTSD DIAGNOSIS HAD 3313 02:02:29,927 --> 02:02:31,462 A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RISK 3314 02:02:31,462 --> 02:02:36,467 OF DEATH BY FIREARMS AND 3315 02:02:36,467 --> 02:02:40,304 UNINTENTIONAL OVERDOSE. 3316 02:02:40,304 --> 02:02:41,706 OUR RESEARCH HAS SOME 3317 02:02:41,706 --> 02:02:42,373 LIMITATIONS THAT I'LL TALK ABOUT 3318 02:02:42,373 --> 02:02:45,309 NOW. 3319 02:02:45,309 --> 02:02:46,978 OUR COHORT WAS COMPOSED OF 3320 02:02:46,978 --> 02:02:47,845 VETERANS WHO RECEIVED CARE 3321 02:02:47,845 --> 02:02:49,347 WITHIN THE V.A. 3322 02:02:49,347 --> 02:02:51,649 THUS OUR FINDINGS MAY BE LESS 3323 02:02:51,649 --> 02:02:53,617 GENERALIZABLE TO NON-V.A. VET 3324 02:02:53,617 --> 02:02:55,486 TRANS, AND IT'S POSSIBLE THAT 3325 02:02:55,486 --> 02:02:57,421 VETERANS WHO CHOOSE NOT TO 3326 02:02:57,421 --> 02:03:00,391 PURSUE CARE WITHIN THE V.A. 3327 02:03:00,391 --> 02:03:02,126 SYSTEM ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE 3328 02:03:02,126 --> 02:03:04,195 EXPERIENCED MILITARY SEXUAL 3329 02:03:04,195 --> 02:03:05,596 TRAUMA, AND, THEREFORE, HAVE A 3330 02:03:05,596 --> 02:03:07,798 SENSE OF INSTITUTIONAL BETRAYAL 3331 02:03:07,798 --> 02:03:13,104 AND MISTRUST WITHIN THE V.A. 3332 02:03:13,104 --> 02:03:14,338 STUDIES ALSO INDICATE THAT THE 3333 02:03:14,338 --> 02:03:18,042 V.A. SCREENING MAY UNDERREPORT 3334 02:03:18,042 --> 02:03:19,343 MST, SUGGESTING THAT THE 3335 02:03:19,343 --> 02:03:20,845 PREVALENCE IS SIGNIFICANTLY 3336 02:03:20,845 --> 02:03:21,846 HIGHER. 3337 02:03:21,846 --> 02:03:23,614 AND THIS LIMITATION WOULD LIKELY 3338 02:03:23,614 --> 02:03:30,154 SKEW OUR RESULTS TOWARDS THE NO. 3339 02:03:30,154 --> 02:03:31,756 IT'S ALSO POSSIBLE THAT THERE IS 3340 02:03:31,756 --> 02:03:34,058 UNMEASURED CONFOUNDING AND 3341 02:03:34,058 --> 02:03:36,227 MISSINGNESS IN OUR DATA. 3342 02:03:36,227 --> 02:03:38,295 AND FINALLY, WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT 3343 02:03:38,295 --> 02:03:40,264 PEOPLE WHO DO NOT IDENTIFY ON 3344 02:03:40,264 --> 02:03:43,000 THE GENDER BINARY AND 3345 02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:44,635 TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS ARE 3346 02:03:44,635 --> 02:03:46,070 DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTED BY 3347 02:03:46,070 --> 02:03:47,338 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA AND OTHER 3348 02:03:47,338 --> 02:03:49,440 TYPES OF SEXUAL TRAUMAS. 3349 02:03:49,440 --> 02:03:51,075 AS WELL AS SUICIDE. 3350 02:03:51,075 --> 02:03:55,413 OUR STUDY DIDN'T HAVE THE POWER 3351 02:03:55,413 --> 02:03:57,381 TO EVALUATE THESE HIGH RISK 3352 02:03:57,381 --> 02:03:58,582 GROUPS SUFFICIENTLY SO I'M NOT 3353 02:03:58,582 --> 02:04:00,651 ABLE TO SPEAK TO THEM, BUT I 3354 02:04:00,651 --> 02:04:01,752 THINK THAT FURTHER RESEARCH IS 3355 02:04:01,752 --> 02:04:03,254 REALLY NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND HOW 3356 02:04:03,254 --> 02:04:07,725 MST IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUICIDE 3357 02:04:07,725 --> 02:04:12,630 RISK AMONG LGBTQ I COMMUNITIES. 3358 02:04:12,630 --> 02:04:14,065 DESPITE THESE LIMITATIONS, OUR 3359 02:04:14,065 --> 02:04:15,399 STUDY HAS SIGNIFICANT STRENGTHS 3360 02:04:15,399 --> 02:04:19,303 THAT I THINK ARE IMPORTANT TO 3361 02:04:19,303 --> 02:04:20,504 HIGHLIGHT HERE, INCLUDING 3362 02:04:20,504 --> 02:04:22,139 MERGING DATA FROM FOUR NATIONAL 3363 02:04:22,139 --> 02:04:24,742 DATABASES TO OBTAIN THE MOST 3364 02:04:24,742 --> 02:04:26,043 COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF 3365 02:04:26,043 --> 02:04:28,679 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA AS A RISK 3366 02:04:28,679 --> 02:04:31,282 FACTOR FOR SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND 3367 02:04:31,282 --> 02:04:35,753 MORTALITY IN OLDER ADULTS. 3368 02:04:35,753 --> 02:04:37,721 TO SUMMARIZE OUR CONCLUSIONS, WE 3369 02:04:37,721 --> 02:04:39,156 FOUND PHTHALATE LIFE SUICIDE 3370 02:04:39,156 --> 02:04:44,161 ATTEMPT AN DEATH BY SUICIDE OR 3371 02:04:44,161 --> 02:04:47,565 OVERDOSE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY 3372 02:04:47,565 --> 02:04:49,233 ASSOCIATED WITH PRIOR MILITARY 3373 02:04:49,233 --> 02:04:51,602 SEXUAL TRAUMA, WHICH ADVANCES 3374 02:04:51,602 --> 02:04:53,137 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE LASTING 3375 02:04:53,137 --> 02:04:55,106 IMPACT OF SEXUAL TRAUMA ON 3376 02:04:55,106 --> 02:04:57,975 SUICIDE RISK AND MORTALITY. 3377 02:04:57,975 --> 02:04:59,410 AND PREVENTING MST, PROVIDING 3378 02:04:59,410 --> 02:05:02,113 CARE FOR MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA 3379 02:05:02,113 --> 02:05:04,181 EXPOSURE AND TREATING ITS 3380 02:05:04,181 --> 02:05:06,283 PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE, LIKE 3381 02:05:06,283 --> 02:05:08,219 PTSD, ARE IMPORTANT FOR 3382 02:05:08,219 --> 02:05:10,321 PREVENTION OF SUICIDE IN LATER 3383 02:05:10,321 --> 02:05:11,088 LIFE. 3384 02:05:11,088 --> 02:05:13,491 OUR STUDY IS REALLY A CALL TO 3385 02:05:13,491 --> 02:05:17,728 ACTION TO REDUCE MILITARY SEXUAL 3386 02:05:17,728 --> 02:05:22,967 TRAUMA EXPOSURE DURING SERVICE. 3387 02:05:22,967 --> 02:05:24,301 OUR RESEARCH ALSO SUPPORTS 3388 02:05:24,301 --> 02:05:25,903 BOLSTERING TRAINING IN AND 3389 02:05:25,903 --> 02:05:28,539 INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR, 3390 02:05:28,539 --> 02:05:31,942 INTEGRATING TREATMENT OF MST AND 3391 02:05:31,942 --> 02:05:33,544 PTSD INTO GERIATRIC CARE FOR 3392 02:05:33,544 --> 02:05:35,513 WOMEN, AND FOR MEN. 3393 02:05:35,513 --> 02:05:37,281 AS MANY VETERANS RECEIVE THEIR 3394 02:05:37,281 --> 02:05:39,116 CARE OUTSIDE OF THE V.A., IT'S 3395 02:05:39,116 --> 02:05:40,985 IMPORTANT THAT THESE CHANGES ARE 3396 02:05:40,985 --> 02:05:43,154 IMPLEMENTED IN V.A. AND IN 3397 02:05:43,154 --> 02:05:46,557 NON-V.A. INSTITUTIONS. 3398 02:05:46,557 --> 02:05:48,759 AND FINALLY, FURTHER RESEARCH IS 3399 02:05:48,759 --> 02:05:51,228 NEEDED ON VARIOUS OTHER FORMS OF 3400 02:05:51,228 --> 02:05:53,864 SEXUAL TRAUMA, AND HOW IT 3401 02:05:53,864 --> 02:05:55,599 IMPACTS SUICIDE AND OVERDOSE IN 3402 02:05:55,599 --> 02:05:59,537 AGING POPULATIONS. 3403 02:05:59,537 --> 02:06:00,838 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME, AND I 3404 02:06:00,838 --> 02:06:02,373 LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 3405 02:06:02,373 --> 02:06:05,009 I ALSO EXTEND MY DEEP GRATITUDE 3406 02:06:05,009 --> 02:06:06,644 TO ALL OF THE VETERANS WHO 3407 02:06:06,644 --> 02:06:08,379 PARTICIPATED IN THIS STUDY. 3408 02:06:08,379 --> 02:06:15,719 [APPLAUSE] 3409 02:06:15,719 --> 02:06:17,321 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, 3410 02:06:17,321 --> 02:06:17,655 DR. HARGRAVE. 3411 02:06:17,655 --> 02:06:18,856 WHAT A WONDERFUL TALK. 3412 02:06:18,856 --> 02:06:20,591 AS YOU JUST SAID, I'D LIKE TO GO 3413 02:06:20,591 --> 02:06:22,226 AHEAD AND OPEN THE FLOOR FOR ANY 3414 02:06:22,226 --> 02:06:22,493 QUESTIONS. 3415 02:06:22,493 --> 02:06:24,061 THE MICROPHONES ARE RIGHT HERE 3416 02:06:24,061 --> 02:06:30,568 IN THE CENTER. 3417 02:06:30,568 --> 02:06:31,735 I ACTUALLY DO HAVE A QUESTION 3418 02:06:31,735 --> 02:06:32,636 WHILE WE WAIT. 3419 02:06:32,636 --> 02:06:34,038 I KNOW YOU WERE LOOKING AT MID 3420 02:06:34,038 --> 02:06:35,172 TO LATE TERM INDIVIDUALS IN 3421 02:06:35,172 --> 02:06:37,107 TERMS OF LIKE LIFE. 3422 02:06:37,107 --> 02:06:41,345 AFTER CONTROLLING FOR EXPOSURE 3423 02:06:41,345 --> 02:06:43,214 TO MST AND ALSO TO PTSD, WAS 3424 02:06:43,214 --> 02:06:47,885 THERE A DIFFERENCE IN, I GUESS, 3425 02:06:47,885 --> 02:06:52,223 SUICIDE ATTEMPTS BETWEEN THE TWO 3426 02:06:52,223 --> 02:06:53,724 AGE GROUPS, IF YOU SEPARATE 3427 02:06:53,724 --> 02:06:54,658 BETWEEN MID AND LATE? 3428 02:06:54,658 --> 02:06:57,494 >> AND LATE LIFE, IF YOU 3429 02:06:57,494 --> 02:06:58,762 STRATIFY AND FURTHER LOOKED AT 3430 02:06:58,762 --> 02:07:01,332 50 TO 65 AND 65 AND OVER? 3431 02:07:01,332 --> 02:07:02,633 THAT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. 3432 02:07:02,633 --> 02:07:03,934 WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT 3433 02:07:03,934 --> 02:07:07,338 STRATIFICATION YET, BUT I THINK 3434 02:07:07,338 --> 02:07:09,840 THAT IT'S -- WHAT WE WERE ALSO 3435 02:07:09,840 --> 02:07:11,242 LIMITED IN BEING ABLE TO DO WAS 3436 02:07:11,242 --> 02:07:12,776 LOOK AT MILITARY SERVICE, BUT WE 3437 02:07:12,776 --> 02:07:18,048 KNOW THAT PEOPLE EXPERIENCED 3438 02:07:18,048 --> 02:07:19,883 MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA BEFORE 3439 02:07:19,883 --> 02:07:20,851 ENTERING THE MILITARY V.A. 3440 02:07:20,851 --> 02:07:22,286 SYSTEM, BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO 3441 02:07:22,286 --> 02:07:25,556 LEAVE ACTIVE DUTY SERVICE TO 3442 02:07:25,556 --> 02:07:27,524 THEN ENTER THE V.A. AND WE'RE 3443 02:07:27,524 --> 02:07:29,693 LOOKING AT MID TO LATE LIFE, SO 3444 02:07:29,693 --> 02:07:32,997 THESE EXPOSURES TO MST WERE ON 3445 02:07:32,997 --> 02:07:36,400 AVERAGE HAPPENING TO 20 TO 30 3446 02:07:36,400 --> 02:07:38,235 YEARS BEFORE THEIR SUICIDE 3447 02:07:38,235 --> 02:07:39,737 ATTEMPTS. 3448 02:07:39,737 --> 02:07:41,739 BUT THE OTHER DIFFERENCE IN 3449 02:07:41,739 --> 02:07:45,109 LOOKING AT AGE GROUPS IS THEIR 3450 02:07:45,109 --> 02:07:46,877 EXPOSURE TO CONFLICT. 3451 02:07:46,877 --> 02:07:48,812 >> RIGHT, THAT'S WHAT I WAS 3452 02:07:48,812 --> 02:07:49,079 THINKING. 3453 02:07:49,079 --> 02:07:52,549 >> THEY'VE SERVED THEIR -- HOW 3454 02:07:52,549 --> 02:07:54,218 THEY SERVED, WHAT RANK POSITION 3455 02:07:54,218 --> 02:07:56,587 THEY WERE IN WITHIN THEIR 3456 02:07:56,587 --> 02:07:57,554 MILITARY SERVICE IS ALSO A 3457 02:07:57,554 --> 02:08:01,492 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RISK FACTOR. 3458 02:08:01,492 --> 02:08:02,693 AND UNFORTUNATELY BECAUSE WE'RE 3459 02:08:02,693 --> 02:08:06,430 LOOKING AT MID TO LATER LIFE, WE 3460 02:08:06,430 --> 02:08:10,000 DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH DATA IN THE 3461 02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:11,969 V.A. SYSTEM, THEY STARTED 3462 02:08:11,969 --> 02:08:21,045 COLLECTING MORE DATA ON CONFLICT 3463 02:08:21,045 --> 02:08:22,579 EXPOSURE FOR MORE RECENT 3464 02:08:22,579 --> 02:08:23,781 GENERATIONS BUT NOT FOR THE 3465 02:08:23,781 --> 02:08:24,315 OLDER GENERATIONS. 3466 02:08:24,315 --> 02:08:25,516 SO WE DON'T HAVE THAT BUT I 3467 02:08:25,516 --> 02:08:27,017 THINK THAT'S AN EXCELLENT POINT 3468 02:08:27,017 --> 02:08:28,819 THAT WE COULD LOOK AT -- IT 3469 02:08:28,819 --> 02:08:30,120 COULD BE A WAY OF LOOKING AT 3470 02:08:30,120 --> 02:08:32,623 THAT, IS BY LOOKING AT MID LIFE 3471 02:08:32,623 --> 02:08:33,957 VERSUS LATE LIFE. 3472 02:08:33,957 --> 02:08:35,693 >> JUST IN TERMS OF SEEING IF 3473 02:08:35,693 --> 02:08:36,994 THERE IS AN IMPACT WHAT WAS 3474 02:08:36,994 --> 02:08:39,063 GOING ON MILITARY-WISE WHILE 3475 02:08:39,063 --> 02:08:40,030 THEY SERVED AND WHETHER OR NOT 3476 02:08:40,030 --> 02:08:42,433 THAT ACTUALLY HAS AN IMPACT ON 3477 02:08:42,433 --> 02:08:43,167 SUICIDE INCIDENCE. 3478 02:08:43,167 --> 02:08:46,704 >> THAT'S SUCH AN IMPORTANT 3479 02:08:46,704 --> 02:08:48,205 POINT, AND I THINK THAT WE DON'T 3480 02:08:48,205 --> 02:08:50,074 HAVE -- THE PROBLEM -- YOU HAVE 3481 02:08:50,074 --> 02:08:51,809 A LOT OF STRENGTHS FOR USING 3482 02:08:51,809 --> 02:08:55,846 LARGE DATASET LIKE THE V.A. 3483 02:08:55,846 --> 02:08:57,214 DATABASE WHERE YOU CAN LOOK AT 3484 02:08:57,214 --> 02:08:58,282 5 MILLION PEOPLE, BUT YOU'RE 3485 02:08:58,282 --> 02:09:01,318 ALSO LIMITED IN WHAT YOU -- YOU 3486 02:09:01,318 --> 02:09:02,720 CAN LOOK AT WHAT HAS BEEN 3487 02:09:02,720 --> 02:09:04,254 MEASURED, AND SO IF IT HASN'T 3488 02:09:04,254 --> 02:09:06,457 BEEN MEASURED, THEN -- IF IT 3489 02:09:06,457 --> 02:09:07,658 HASN'T BEEN ASKED ABOUT, THEN 3490 02:09:07,658 --> 02:09:08,959 YOU CAN'T LOOK AT IT, SO THAT 3491 02:09:08,959 --> 02:09:10,060 WAS SOMETHING WE WANTED TO LOOK 3492 02:09:10,060 --> 02:09:12,262 AT BUT WE COULDN'T GET THAT DATA 3493 02:09:12,262 --> 02:09:13,464 FOR OUR FULL COHORT. 3494 02:09:13,464 --> 02:09:15,799 >> I THINK ONE OF THE OTHER 3495 02:09:15,799 --> 02:09:17,601 STRENGTHS OF YOUR STUDY WILL BE 3496 02:09:17,601 --> 02:09:18,802 LETTING US KNOW WHAT WE DON'T 3497 02:09:18,802 --> 02:09:21,872 KNOW AND WHAT WE COULD BE 3498 02:09:21,872 --> 02:09:23,140 INCLUDING WHEN IT COMES TO 3499 02:09:23,140 --> 02:09:25,242 INFORMATION GATHERING AND MOVING 3500 02:09:25,242 --> 02:09:25,476 FORWARD. 3501 02:09:25,476 --> 02:09:26,210 >> CERTAINLY. 3502 02:09:26,210 --> 02:09:30,147 THANK YOU FOR THAT QUESTION. 3503 02:09:30,147 --> 02:09:30,748 APPRECIATE IT. 3504 02:09:30,748 --> 02:09:32,750 >> HI, KELSEY GABLE, UNIVERSITY 3505 02:09:32,750 --> 02:09:33,517 OF ILLINOIS-CHICAGO. 3506 02:09:33,517 --> 02:09:34,518 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THIS 3507 02:09:34,518 --> 02:09:34,985 IMPORTANT WORK. 3508 02:09:34,985 --> 02:09:38,689 I DID HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT MST. 3509 02:09:38,689 --> 02:09:42,726 IS THE PTSD SECONDARY TO THE MST 3510 02:09:42,726 --> 02:09:45,329 OR IS THAT -- I WOULD ASSUME 3511 02:09:45,329 --> 02:09:50,033 THERE IS PTSD DUE TO THE MST, SO 3512 02:09:50,033 --> 02:09:50,801 IS THAT SECONDARY BECAUSE OF 3513 02:09:50,801 --> 02:09:52,636 SERVICE OR SOMETHING ELSE, OR 3514 02:09:52,636 --> 02:09:54,338 ARE THOSE CONSIDERED COMBINED? 3515 02:09:54,338 --> 02:09:59,410 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION, IN 3516 02:09:59,410 --> 02:10:04,782 THAT TEMPORALITY IS HARD TO KNOW 3517 02:10:04,782 --> 02:10:06,316 IN EXPOSURE TO MILITARY SEXUAL 3518 02:10:06,316 --> 02:10:07,618 TRAUMA AND PTSD. 3519 02:10:07,618 --> 02:10:10,254 THERE HAVE BEEN STUDIES THAT 3520 02:10:10,254 --> 02:10:15,793 LOOKED AT PTSD TIED TO MST AND 3521 02:10:15,793 --> 02:10:21,165 THEY ARE VERY HIGHLY CORRELATED, 3522 02:10:21,165 --> 02:10:22,032 HIGHLY LINKED. 3523 02:10:22,032 --> 02:10:23,634 BUT IN OUR STUDY, WE WOULD HAVE 3524 02:10:23,634 --> 02:10:26,069 TO DO MORE OF A CHART BIOPSY TO 3525 02:10:26,069 --> 02:10:28,038 MAKE SURE THAT WE COULD 3526 02:10:28,038 --> 02:10:30,974 UNDERSTAND IF THE MST WAS -- 3527 02:10:30,974 --> 02:10:33,377 SORRY, IF THE PTSD WAS 3528 02:10:33,377 --> 02:10:34,678 SPECIFICALLY ATTRIBUTED TO THEIR 3529 02:10:34,678 --> 02:10:36,980 MST OR NOT. 3530 02:10:36,980 --> 02:10:41,285 >> THANK YOU. 3531 02:10:41,285 --> 02:10:43,353 >> PAM STRATTON, ORWH. 3532 02:10:43,353 --> 02:10:47,157 AS A FORMER ACTIVE DUTY NAVY 3533 02:10:47,157 --> 02:10:47,524 OFFICER -- 3534 02:10:47,524 --> 02:10:48,292 >> THANK YOU FOR YOUR SERVICE. 3535 02:10:48,292 --> 02:10:49,493 APPRECIATE THAT. 3536 02:10:49,493 --> 02:10:57,701 >> -- I'D LIKE TO GIVE YOU A 3537 02:10:57,701 --> 02:10:58,836 FRAME OF REFERENCE, BECAUSE I 3538 02:10:58,836 --> 02:11:01,872 CAME ON DUTY IN 1986. 3539 02:11:01,872 --> 02:11:04,975 YOU REALIZE THAT WOMEN, LIKE IN 3540 02:11:04,975 --> 02:11:09,079 THE 70s, WOMEN COULD ONLY BE 3541 02:11:09,079 --> 02:11:12,249 ON ACTIVE DUTY IF THEY HAD NO 3542 02:11:12,249 --> 02:11:16,720 DEPENDENTS. 3543 02:11:16,720 --> 02:11:19,122 SO IT MIGHT BE -- THERE ARE SOME 3544 02:11:19,122 --> 02:11:19,723 INTERSECTIONAL THINGS THAT YOU 3545 02:11:19,723 --> 02:11:26,029 MIGHT WANT TO LOOK AT RELATED 3546 02:11:26,029 --> 02:11:27,664 TO -- AND THEN THERE ARE TIMES 3547 02:11:27,664 --> 02:11:29,399 WHETHER OR NOT THEY COULD BE IN 3548 02:11:29,399 --> 02:11:35,839 COMBATANT SITUATIONS OR DEPLOYED 3549 02:11:35,839 --> 02:11:37,608 ON -- YOU KNOW, THERE WOULD BE 3550 02:11:37,608 --> 02:11:39,009 COED THINGS ON SHIPS. 3551 02:11:39,009 --> 02:11:40,444 THERE ARE A SERIES OF THINGS 3552 02:11:40,444 --> 02:11:44,915 THAT END UP REALLY ADDING 3553 02:11:44,915 --> 02:11:49,386 WRINKLES TO YOUR STORY THAT ARE 3554 02:11:49,386 --> 02:11:55,526 WORTH CONSIDERING, AND SO I 3555 02:11:55,526 --> 02:11:56,960 SUGGEST THAT YOU MIGHT WANT TO 3556 02:11:56,960 --> 02:12:00,898 LOOK AT SOME OF THOSE MILESTONES 3557 02:12:00,898 --> 02:12:02,432 FOR ACTIVE DUTY WOMEN. 3558 02:12:02,432 --> 02:12:04,067 >> THAT'S A GREAT POINT. 3559 02:12:04,067 --> 02:12:05,369 YEAH, I'D LOVE TO TALK TO YOU 3560 02:12:05,369 --> 02:12:06,336 MORE IF YOU DON'T MIND. 3561 02:12:06,336 --> 02:12:08,939 >> OH, I'M HAPPY TO TALK TO YOU. 3562 02:12:08,939 --> 02:12:10,607 YOU KNOW, ANOTHER THING TO THINK 3563 02:12:10,607 --> 02:12:14,645 ABOUT, AS AN OB-GYN, AND WHEN I 3564 02:12:14,645 --> 02:12:16,947 CAME ON THE ACTIVE DUTY, THE 3565 02:12:16,947 --> 02:12:20,017 MOST COMMON DISCHARGE DIAGNOSIS 3566 02:12:20,017 --> 02:12:23,387 IN 1986, AFTER THIS CHANGE, FOR 3567 02:12:23,387 --> 02:12:24,821 MILITARY TREATMENT FACILITY WAS 3568 02:12:24,821 --> 02:12:27,224 ACTIVE DUTY DELIVERED. 3569 02:12:27,224 --> 02:12:30,060 SO THERE'S A HUGE SOCIAL 3570 02:12:30,060 --> 02:12:32,996 CULTURAL SHIFT THAT HAS 3571 02:12:32,996 --> 02:12:33,330 HAPPENED. 3572 02:12:33,330 --> 02:12:35,299 SO I WOULD BE HAPPY TO TALK TO 3573 02:12:35,299 --> 02:12:35,465 YOU. 3574 02:12:35,465 --> 02:12:36,300 >> I WOULD LOVE THAT. 3575 02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:37,601 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3576 02:12:37,601 --> 02:12:41,004 APPRECIATE THAT COMMENT. 3577 02:12:41,004 --> 02:12:41,638 >> ALL RIGHT. 3578 02:12:41,638 --> 02:12:43,006 I WANT TO GO AHEAD AND THANK YOU 3579 02:12:43,006 --> 02:12:44,942 ONCE AGAIN, CLOSE UP YOUR Q & A. 3580 02:12:44,942 --> 02:12:50,714 [APPLAUSE] 3581 02:12:50,714 --> 02:12:57,287 I'D NOW LIKE TO INVITE 3582 02:12:57,287 --> 02:13:00,457 DR. LESLIE MYATT TO THE STAGE TO 3583 02:13:00,457 --> 02:13:02,526 INTRODUCE OUR LAST SCHOLAR 3584 02:13:02,526 --> 02:13:02,960 SPEAKER. 3585 02:13:02,960 --> 02:13:05,362 >> SO THANK YOU. 3586 02:13:05,362 --> 02:13:06,897 IT'S A DISTINCT PLEASURE TO 3587 02:13:06,897 --> 02:13:09,499 INTRODUCE TO YOU DR. ELIZABETH 3588 02:13:09,499 --> 02:13:10,934 WOOD, WHO'S A POSTDOCTORAL 3589 02:13:10,934 --> 02:13:12,235 FELLOW IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 3590 02:13:12,235 --> 02:13:13,570 PSYCHIATRY AT OREGON HEALTH AND 3591 02:13:13,570 --> 02:13:15,305 SCIENCE UNIVERSITY. 3592 02:13:15,305 --> 02:13:16,607 AND ELIZABETH JOINED THE BIRCWH 3593 02:13:16,607 --> 02:13:20,444 PROGRAM IN SEPTEMBER 2023 AS OUR 3594 02:13:20,444 --> 02:13:22,646 POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLAR, AND I 3595 02:13:22,646 --> 02:13:23,847 THINK WHAT SHE'S GOING TO TALK 3596 02:13:23,847 --> 02:13:26,350 TO YOU ABOUT TODAY ILLUSTRATES 3597 02:13:26,350 --> 02:13:28,218 THE UTILITY OF THIS PATHWAY 3598 02:13:28,218 --> 02:13:31,488 WHICH WE THANK NIH FOR 3599 02:13:31,488 --> 02:13:32,356 SUPPORTING THE OFFICE OF 3600 02:13:32,356 --> 02:13:33,323 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH IN 3601 02:13:33,323 --> 02:13:34,324 PARTICULAR. 3602 02:13:34,324 --> 02:13:37,060 SO ELIZABETH RECEIVED HER BSC IN 3603 02:13:37,060 --> 02:13:38,929 PSYCHOLOGY AND PH.D. IN 3604 02:13:38,929 --> 02:13:42,532 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY FROM 3605 02:13:42,532 --> 02:13:43,734 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY IN UTAH 3606 02:13:43,734 --> 02:13:47,437 AND THEN UNDERTOOK A SHORT 3607 02:13:47,437 --> 02:13:48,038 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP AT THE 3608 02:13:48,038 --> 02:13:49,740 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, BEFORE 3609 02:13:49,740 --> 02:13:53,043 SHE ARRIVED AT OSHU IN 2021, 3610 02:13:53,043 --> 02:13:54,778 JUST AS THE PANDEMIC WAS GETTING 3611 02:13:54,778 --> 02:13:55,545 STARTED. 3612 02:13:55,545 --> 02:13:59,149 SHE CAME ON A T32 POSTDOCTORAL 3613 02:13:59,149 --> 02:14:03,620 GRANT FROM NIAAA, AND THEN ALSO 3614 02:14:03,620 --> 02:14:10,861 TRANSITIONED AS A TL1 OSLER 3615 02:14:10,861 --> 02:14:15,332 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW IN 2023. 3616 02:14:15,332 --> 02:14:17,968 SHE CURRENTLY LISTS 27 PAPERS, 3617 02:14:17,968 --> 02:14:19,836 19 OF WHICH SHE IS FIRST AUTHOR, 3618 02:14:19,836 --> 02:14:21,371 WHICH I THINK REALLY ILLUSTRATES 3619 02:14:21,371 --> 02:14:23,106 THE LEADERSHIP ROLE SHE TAKES IN 3620 02:14:23,106 --> 02:14:24,741 DIRECTING WORK THAT SHE'S 3621 02:14:24,741 --> 02:14:28,011 INVOLVED IN AND DELIVERING THE 3622 02:14:28,011 --> 02:14:29,346 GOODS, SO TO SPEAK. 3623 02:14:29,346 --> 02:14:33,150 SHE'S IN HER POSTDOCTORAL. 3624 02:14:33,150 --> 02:14:34,685 PH.D. WORK, SHE USED THE 3625 02:14:34,685 --> 02:14:35,852 NON-HUMAN PRIMATE LOOKING AT 3626 02:14:35,852 --> 02:14:37,320 STRESS RESPONSES AND BEHAVIOR IN 3627 02:14:37,320 --> 02:14:39,723 MOTHERS AND OFFSPRINGS AND 3628 02:14:39,723 --> 02:14:41,258 RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER AND 3629 02:14:41,258 --> 02:14:42,359 THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO 3630 02:14:42,359 --> 02:14:44,327 ALCOHOL ON GENE ENVIRONMENT 3631 02:14:44,327 --> 02:14:45,195 INTERACTIONS. 3632 02:14:45,195 --> 02:14:48,699 WHEN SHE MOVED TO OHSU, SHE 3633 02:14:48,699 --> 02:14:50,133 BEGAN TO APLAY THE EXPERTISE 3634 02:14:50,133 --> 02:14:51,868 WORKING IN HUMAN SUBJECTS, 3635 02:14:51,868 --> 02:14:56,573 WORKING WITH MY COLLEAGUE JAMIE 3636 02:14:56,573 --> 02:15:00,177 LOWE AND LOOKING AT A PROGRAM OF 3637 02:15:00,177 --> 02:15:00,844 OFFSPRING BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND 3638 02:15:00,844 --> 02:15:03,013 THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION, 3639 02:15:03,013 --> 02:15:04,681 PARTICULARLY PLACENTAL 3640 02:15:04,681 --> 02:15:05,982 INFLAMMATION, AND SHE ARRIVED 3641 02:15:05,982 --> 02:15:07,718 DURING COVID SO SHE HAD TO PIVOT 3642 02:15:07,718 --> 02:15:08,719 QUITE QUICKLY BECAUSE SHE 3643 02:15:08,719 --> 02:15:09,953 COULDN'T DO SOME OF THE STUDIES 3644 02:15:09,953 --> 02:15:11,888 SHE WAS INTENDING TO DO BUT 3645 02:15:11,888 --> 02:15:13,590 ACTUALLY BEGAN TO LOOK AT THE 3646 02:15:13,590 --> 02:15:15,058 EFFECT OF THE PANDEMIC ON DIET 3647 02:15:15,058 --> 02:15:16,393 AND WEIGHT GAIN AND THE EFFECT 3648 02:15:16,393 --> 02:15:18,028 THEN ON NEGATIVE AFFECT IN THE 3649 02:15:18,028 --> 02:15:18,361 OFFSPRING. 3650 02:15:18,361 --> 02:15:19,696 SO SHE TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE 3651 02:15:19,696 --> 02:15:23,200 SCENARIO SHE WAS PRESENTED WITH. 3652 02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:24,501 WHEN I TALK ABOUT THE PLACENTA, 3653 02:15:24,501 --> 02:15:26,369 I'M JUST GOING TO EMPHASIZE THE 3654 02:15:26,369 --> 02:15:27,137 PLACENTA TO YOU. 3655 02:15:27,137 --> 02:15:28,472 MY COLLEAGUES FROM OREGON ARE 3656 02:15:28,472 --> 02:15:29,439 ALL LAUGHING HERE. 3657 02:15:29,439 --> 02:15:34,144 THEY KNOW ME TOO WELL. 3658 02:15:34,144 --> 02:15:36,113 IT AN ORGAN WE ALL HAD AND NONE 3659 02:15:36,113 --> 02:15:37,647 OF US REMEMBER, IT'S THE MOST 3660 02:15:37,647 --> 02:15:38,949 IMPORTANT ORGAN WE ALL HAD, IT 3661 02:15:38,949 --> 02:15:40,817 MADE US ALL WHAT WE ARE, FOR 3662 02:15:40,817 --> 02:15:42,452 BETTER, FOR WORSE, I SUPPOSE, 3663 02:15:42,452 --> 02:15:44,020 BUT WAS INVOLVED IN THE 3664 02:15:44,020 --> 02:15:46,957 DEVELOPMENT OF ALL OUR ORGAN 3665 02:15:46,957 --> 02:15:49,493 SYSTEMS AND OUR -- DETERMINES 3666 02:15:49,493 --> 02:15:51,895 OUR RISK OF HEALTH IN ADULT LIFE 3667 02:15:51,895 --> 02:15:53,196 AND OUR RIX OF CHRONIC DISEASE 3668 02:15:53,196 --> 02:15:53,764 IN ADULT LIFE. 3669 02:15:53,764 --> 02:15:55,699 SO I SAYS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT 3670 02:15:55,699 --> 02:15:57,033 ORGAN WE EVER HAD, DON'T FORGET 3671 02:15:57,033 --> 02:15:58,001 THAT. 3672 02:15:58,001 --> 02:16:01,304 ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT ITS 3673 02:16:01,304 --> 02:16:02,939 IMPORTANCE IS TO SAY IT'S ONLY 3674 02:16:02,939 --> 02:16:03,807 SECOND TO THE BRAIN IN THE 3675 02:16:03,807 --> 02:16:05,041 NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTS IT 3676 02:16:05,041 --> 02:16:06,309 EXPRESSES SO ALL YOU HEART 3677 02:16:06,309 --> 02:16:07,310 PEOPLE, ET CETERA, ET CETERA, 3678 02:16:07,310 --> 02:16:10,714 I'M SORRY, PLACENTA RULES. 3679 02:16:10,714 --> 02:16:14,217 SO IT ALSO HAS A SEX, AND WITH 3680 02:16:14,217 --> 02:16:16,720 SABV, THAT ABBEY REMINDED US 3681 02:16:16,720 --> 02:16:17,387 ABOUT, ABOUT 15 YEARS AGO, 3682 02:16:17,387 --> 02:16:19,055 PEOPLE BEGAN TO REALIZE THAT A 3683 02:16:19,055 --> 02:16:22,859 MALE PLACENTA AND A FEMALE 3684 02:16:22,859 --> 02:16:24,094 PLACENTA MIGHT BE DIFFERENT AND 3685 02:16:24,094 --> 02:16:25,395 INDEED, THEY ARE VERY, VERY 3686 02:16:25,395 --> 02:16:26,496 DIFFERENT SO EVERYTHING WE DO 3687 02:16:26,496 --> 02:16:28,431 NOW, YOU'VE GOT TO LOOK AT MALE 3688 02:16:28,431 --> 02:16:30,867 AND FEMALE PLACENTAS SEPARATELY, 3689 02:16:30,867 --> 02:16:36,706 AND YOU'LL BE -- YOU'LL BE 3690 02:16:36,706 --> 02:16:37,974 PLEASED TO KNOW OBVIOUSLY IT'S 3691 02:16:37,974 --> 02:16:40,710 MUCH BETTER TO BE FEMALE IN 3692 02:16:40,710 --> 02:16:42,979 UTERO THAN MALE. 3693 02:16:42,979 --> 02:16:47,050 SO I'M A CARD CARRYING -- WHEN I 3694 02:16:47,050 --> 02:16:48,485 MET ELIZABETH I REALIZED HERE 3695 02:16:48,485 --> 02:16:50,353 WAS SOMEONE THAT WAS EVEN MORE 3696 02:16:50,353 --> 02:16:51,888 ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT THE PLACENTA 3697 02:16:51,888 --> 02:16:54,858 THAN I AM, OKAY, AND HOPEFULLY 3698 02:16:54,858 --> 02:16:55,826 SHE'LL CONVEY THAT TO YOU, I'M 3699 02:16:55,826 --> 02:16:57,127 SURE. 3700 02:16:57,127 --> 02:16:59,095 WE'RE PLEASED TO SAY THAT SHE'S 3701 02:16:59,095 --> 02:17:01,331 GOT ONGOING SUCCESS IN 2025, SHE 3702 02:17:01,331 --> 02:17:04,267 WILL JOIN OUR NIH NCATS PROGRAM 3703 02:17:04,267 --> 02:17:08,205 THAT'S RUN BY THE OREGON 3704 02:17:08,205 --> 02:17:09,206 CLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH 3705 02:17:09,206 --> 02:17:10,941 INSTITUTE AS A KL2 FELLOW, AND 3706 02:17:10,941 --> 02:17:12,142 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING 3707 02:17:12,142 --> 02:17:13,043 HER TALK TODAY. 3708 02:17:13,043 --> 02:17:13,310 ELIZABETH. 3709 02:17:13,310 --> 02:17:23,486 [APPLAUSE] 3710 02:17:36,967 --> 02:17:40,170 >> OKAY, SO YES, AS MENTIONED, 3711 02:17:40,170 --> 02:17:41,504 MY NAME IS ELIZABETH WOOD. 3712 02:17:41,504 --> 02:17:44,107 I'M A POSTDOC IN THE PSYCHIATRY 3713 02:17:44,107 --> 02:17:45,208 DEPARTMENT AT OREGON HEALTH AND 3714 02:17:45,208 --> 02:17:46,443 SCIENCE UNIVERSITY AND TODAY I 3715 02:17:46,443 --> 02:17:47,978 AM EXCITED TO SHARE WITH YOU 3716 02:17:47,978 --> 02:17:50,380 SOME RECENT FINDINGS FROM MY 3717 02:17:50,380 --> 02:17:54,117 BIRCWH PROJECT RELATED TO 3718 02:17:54,117 --> 02:17:57,387 PLACENTAL INFORMATION AND INFANT 3719 02:17:57,387 --> 02:17:58,688 BRAIN AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH. 3720 02:17:58,688 --> 02:17:59,856 SO FOR MY TALK I WILL FIRST 3721 02:17:59,856 --> 02:18:00,891 DESCRIBE THE THEORETICAL 3722 02:18:00,891 --> 02:18:01,858 FRAMEWORK THAT I USE TO THINK 3723 02:18:01,858 --> 02:18:02,525 ABOUT MY WORK. 3724 02:18:02,525 --> 02:18:04,694 THEN I WILL REVIEW THE STUDY 3725 02:18:04,694 --> 02:18:06,897 POPULATION FROM WHICH THESE DATA 3726 02:18:06,897 --> 02:18:07,330 DERIVE. 3727 02:18:07,330 --> 02:18:09,833 I WILL THEN DETAIL MY WORK, 3728 02:18:09,833 --> 02:18:11,167 EXAMINING THE ASSOCIATION 3729 02:18:11,167 --> 02:18:13,003 BETWEEN PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION 3730 02:18:13,003 --> 02:18:14,971 AND INFANT BRAIN GROWTH. 3731 02:18:14,971 --> 02:18:17,507 BRAIN ACTIVITY PATTERNS, AND 3732 02:18:17,507 --> 02:18:20,243 INFANT BEHAVIORAL HEALTH. 3733 02:18:20,243 --> 02:18:21,778 FINAL LILY DISCUSS THE FUTURE 3734 02:18:21,778 --> 02:18:22,879 DIRECTIONS FOR THIS PROJECT. 3735 02:18:22,879 --> 02:18:24,281 AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 3736 02:18:24,281 --> 02:18:27,684 IN THIS PRESENTATION, I'LL USE 3737 02:18:27,684 --> 02:18:29,019 THE TERM MATERNAL AS A 3738 02:18:29,019 --> 02:18:30,453 SHORTHAND, BUT IT'S ESSENTIAL TO 3739 02:18:30,453 --> 02:18:32,322 RECOGNIZE THAT IT DOESN'T FULLY 3740 02:18:32,322 --> 02:18:35,492 ENCOMPASS THE EXPERIENCES OF ALL 3741 02:18:35,492 --> 02:18:36,293 BIRTHING INDIVIDUALS. 3742 02:18:36,293 --> 02:18:38,795 SO I WANT TO START WITH THE WHY 3743 02:18:38,795 --> 02:18:40,230 BEHIND MY RESEARCH. 3744 02:18:40,230 --> 02:18:44,701 THIS IS WHY I CARE. 3745 02:18:44,701 --> 02:18:46,236 1 IN 6 CHILDREN AGES 2 TO 3746 02:18:46,236 --> 02:18:47,971 8 YEARS OLD HAS A MENTAL, 3747 02:18:47,971 --> 02:18:49,606 BEHAVIORAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL 3748 02:18:49,606 --> 02:18:49,873 DISORDER. 3749 02:18:49,873 --> 02:18:51,608 WITH THE AGE OF ONSET AROUND 3750 02:18:51,608 --> 02:18:54,444 5 1/2 YEARS OLD. 3751 02:18:54,444 --> 02:18:57,080 DIAGNOSES OF ADHD, ANXIETY AND 3752 02:18:57,080 --> 02:18:58,648 DEPRESSION BECOME MORE COMMON 3753 02:18:58,648 --> 02:19:00,483 WITH INCREASED AGE, AND SO THIS 3754 02:19:00,483 --> 02:19:02,419 MEANS THAT THE TIMING OF GOOD 3755 02:19:02,419 --> 02:19:04,854 MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION AS WELL 3756 02:19:04,854 --> 02:19:08,558 AS INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION 3757 02:19:08,558 --> 02:19:10,126 NEEDS TO OCCUR REALLY EARLY, AND 3758 02:19:10,126 --> 02:19:11,361 THAT'S WHY WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 3759 02:19:11,361 --> 02:19:13,730 WHAT ARE THE PRENATAL MECHANISMS 3760 02:19:13,730 --> 02:19:15,565 AT PLAY AND HOW CAN WE INFLUENCE 3761 02:19:15,565 --> 02:19:17,667 THEM. 3762 02:19:17,667 --> 02:19:19,970 MY WORK AND INTERESTS CENTER ON 3763 02:19:19,970 --> 02:19:21,171 EXAMINING HOW THE PLACENTA 3764 02:19:21,171 --> 02:19:25,008 PROGRAMS FUTURE HEALTH. 3765 02:19:25,008 --> 02:19:26,543 INTRAUTERINE INFLAMMATION IS ONE 3766 02:19:26,543 --> 02:19:27,410 PATHWAY BY WHICH THESE 3767 02:19:27,410 --> 02:19:28,078 PROGRAMMING EFFECTS ARE THOUGHT 3768 02:19:28,078 --> 02:19:29,579 TO OCCUR. 3769 02:19:29,579 --> 02:19:30,680 PRE-CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND 3770 02:19:30,680 --> 02:19:32,749 EMERGING CLINICAL EVIDENCE HAS 3771 02:19:32,749 --> 02:19:33,850 LINKED INTRAEUTD RIN 3772 02:19:33,850 --> 02:19:36,386 INFLAMMATION TO INFANT RISK FOR 3773 02:19:36,386 --> 02:19:38,121 CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE, ASTHMA 3774 02:19:38,121 --> 02:19:40,190 AND ALLERGIES, MICROBIOME 3775 02:19:40,190 --> 02:19:42,492 CHANGES AND MORE RECENTLY, RISK 3776 02:19:42,492 --> 02:19:45,028 FOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. 3777 02:19:45,028 --> 02:19:46,563 THIS IS A DIAGRAM OF THE 3778 02:19:46,563 --> 02:19:49,432 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING 3779 02:19:49,432 --> 02:19:50,600 HYPOTHESIS, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT 3780 02:19:50,600 --> 02:19:58,274 MATERNAL EXPOSURES EXERT 3781 02:19:58,274 --> 02:19:59,809 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING 3782 02:19:59,809 --> 02:20:02,645 EFFECTS ON THE FETUS, WHICH ARE 3783 02:20:02,645 --> 02:20:04,614 BORNE OUT VIA PHYSIOLOGICAL 3784 02:20:04,614 --> 02:20:05,615 ADAPTATIONS IN THE VARIOUS 3785 02:20:05,615 --> 02:20:08,218 SYSTEMS. 3786 02:20:08,218 --> 02:20:09,219 THERE ARE DIFFERENT PROPOSED 3787 02:20:09,219 --> 02:20:11,087 MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE 3788 02:20:11,087 --> 02:20:12,088 PROGRAMMING EFFECTS ARE THOUGHT 3789 02:20:12,088 --> 02:20:14,591 TO OCCUR, AS WELL AS MANY 3790 02:20:14,591 --> 02:20:15,692 POTENTIAL INFANT OUTCOMES THAT 3791 02:20:15,692 --> 02:20:17,127 WE COULD STUDY, AND TODAY, I 3792 02:20:17,127 --> 02:20:20,096 WANT TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT MY 3793 02:20:20,096 --> 02:20:21,398 WORK LOOKING AT INFLAMMATORY 3794 02:20:21,398 --> 02:20:23,066 MECHANISMS OF INFANT BRAIN 3795 02:20:23,066 --> 02:20:23,933 HEALTH AND NEURODEVELOPMENT. 3796 02:20:23,933 --> 02:20:25,702 AND WHEN I SAY BRAIN HEALTH, I'M 3797 02:20:25,702 --> 02:20:28,405 REALLY THINKING ABOUT RISK FOR 3798 02:20:28,405 --> 02:20:29,973 FUTURE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND 3799 02:20:29,973 --> 02:20:30,640 CLINICAL DIAGNOSES. 3800 02:20:30,640 --> 02:20:32,709 AND JUST A POINT TO MY INTEREST 3801 02:20:32,709 --> 02:20:34,144 IN THINKING ABOUT THE UPSTREAM 3802 02:20:34,144 --> 02:20:35,745 MATERNAL FACTORS THAT RESULT IN 3803 02:20:35,745 --> 02:20:36,980 INFLAMMATION TO WHICH THE FETUS 3804 02:20:36,980 --> 02:20:38,848 IS EXPOSED, HERE I HIGHLIGHT 3805 02:20:38,848 --> 02:20:41,051 THAT IN MY WORK, I CONSIDER 3806 02:20:41,051 --> 02:20:42,152 MATERNAL DIET AND BODY 3807 02:20:42,152 --> 02:20:43,987 COMPOSITION AS BEING PREDICTORS 3808 02:20:43,987 --> 02:20:45,955 AND PRECURSORS OF INFLAMMATION 3809 02:20:45,955 --> 02:20:47,290 LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY ALTHOUGH 3810 02:20:47,290 --> 02:20:48,525 I WON'T TALK MUCH ABOUT THAT 3811 02:20:48,525 --> 02:20:50,560 TODAY. 3812 02:20:50,560 --> 02:20:52,095 THE OVERARCHING QUESTION FOR MY 3813 02:20:52,095 --> 02:20:54,397 WORK IS, ARE THERE PLACENTAL 3814 02:20:54,397 --> 02:20:57,801 INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS BY WHICH 3815 02:20:57,801 --> 02:20:58,668 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING 3816 02:20:58,668 --> 02:20:59,369 OCCURS. 3817 02:20:59,369 --> 02:21:01,304 USING DATA FROM AN ONGOING 3818 02:21:01,304 --> 02:21:03,406 LONGITUDAL STUDY CALLED THE 3819 02:21:03,406 --> 02:21:04,607 PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT IN 3820 02:21:04,607 --> 02:21:06,910 CHILDHOOD HEALTH OR PEACH STUDY, 3821 02:21:06,910 --> 02:21:08,978 I AM EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF 3822 02:21:08,978 --> 02:21:10,513 PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION ON CHILD 3823 02:21:10,513 --> 02:21:12,182 BRAIN AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES. 3824 02:21:12,182 --> 02:21:15,985 THE STUDY COMPRISES 310 3825 02:21:15,985 --> 02:21:17,654 MOTHER-INFANT DYADS WITH LOW 3826 02:21:17,654 --> 02:21:19,556 RISK PREGNANCIES IN THE PORTLAND 3827 02:21:19,556 --> 02:21:20,190 OREGON AREA. 3828 02:21:20,190 --> 02:21:23,226 THIS STUDY BEGAN IN 2018, WHEN 3829 02:21:23,226 --> 02:21:25,428 WE EXAMINED PREGNANT WOMEN 3830 02:21:25,428 --> 02:21:26,729 DURING THE SECOND AND THIRD 3831 02:21:26,729 --> 02:21:28,231 TRIMESTERS OF PREGNANCY, AND NOW 3832 02:21:28,231 --> 02:21:30,934 THE INFANTS ARE PARTICIPATING IN 3833 02:21:30,934 --> 02:21:34,104 ONGOING FOLLOW-UPS EXAMINING 3834 02:21:34,104 --> 02:21:35,305 THEIR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL 3835 02:21:35,305 --> 02:21:36,606 HEALTH UNTIL THEY REACH 5 YEARS 3836 02:21:36,606 --> 02:21:37,173 OLD. 3837 02:21:37,173 --> 02:21:38,374 HERE IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 3838 02:21:38,374 --> 02:21:38,708 TIMELINE. 3839 02:21:38,708 --> 02:21:40,677 WE TRACKED THE MOTHERS ACROSS 3840 02:21:40,677 --> 02:21:41,911 PREGNANCY, CAPTURED INFORMATION 3841 02:21:41,911 --> 02:21:43,880 ABOUT THEIR DIETS AND SUPPLEMENT 3842 02:21:43,880 --> 02:21:45,381 USAGE, AS WELL AS THEIR STRESS 3843 02:21:45,381 --> 02:21:46,149 AND MENTAL HEALTH. 3844 02:21:46,149 --> 02:21:48,585 WE ALSO COLLECTED DETAILED BODY 3845 02:21:48,585 --> 02:21:50,220 COMPOSITION ASSESSMENTS AND 3846 02:21:50,220 --> 02:21:53,823 PERIODIC BLOOD SAMPLES. 3847 02:21:53,823 --> 02:21:58,228 AT DELIVERY, WE COLLECTED THE 3848 02:21:58,228 --> 02:22:01,731 PLACENTAS AND COLLECTED THE 3849 02:22:01,731 --> 02:22:03,566 PLACENTAS AND BANKED UMBILICAL 3850 02:22:03,566 --> 02:22:04,334 CORD BLOOD. 3851 02:22:04,334 --> 02:22:06,002 THE INFANTS THEN CAME IN TO THE 3852 02:22:06,002 --> 02:22:08,438 LAB AT ONE MONTH AND SIX MONTHS 3853 02:22:08,438 --> 02:22:10,073 POST-DELIVERY FOR A BATTERY OF 3854 02:22:10,073 --> 02:22:12,041 TESTS THAT CAPTURE INFANT 3855 02:22:12,041 --> 02:22:13,710 BEHAVIOR, AND AT ONE YEAR UNTIL 3856 02:22:13,710 --> 02:22:15,445 THE INFANT'S FIFTH BIRD DAY, WE 3857 02:22:15,445 --> 02:22:17,413 BRING THE INFANTS INTO THE LAB 3858 02:22:17,413 --> 02:22:21,484 ALL YOU'LLLY AND USE THAT SAME 3859 02:22:21,484 --> 02:22:24,954 BATTERY OF TESTS RELATED TO 3860 02:22:24,954 --> 02:22:25,855 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 3861 02:22:25,855 --> 02:22:26,422 HEALTH. 3862 02:22:26,422 --> 02:22:27,824 TO DATE MY WORK HAS FOCUSED ON 3863 02:22:27,824 --> 02:22:29,259 THE PRENATAL PERIOD AND UP TO 3864 02:22:29,259 --> 02:22:30,927 THE FIRST YEAR OF INFANT LIFE. 3865 02:22:30,927 --> 02:22:32,328 SOME THINGS TO NOTE ABOUT THE 3866 02:22:32,328 --> 02:22:33,530 SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS ARE THAT WE 3867 02:22:33,530 --> 02:22:35,398 HAVE A FAIRLY WELL EDUCATED 3868 02:22:35,398 --> 02:22:37,367 SAMPLE WHO IS LARGELY WHITE AND 3869 02:22:37,367 --> 02:22:39,903 NON-HISPANIC. 3870 02:22:39,903 --> 02:22:41,371 THIS IS LARGELY REPRESENTATIVE 3871 02:22:41,371 --> 02:22:42,739 OF THE PORTLAND OREGON AREA BUT 3872 02:22:42,739 --> 02:22:44,307 STILL YOU SHOULD CONSIDER THESE 3873 02:22:44,307 --> 02:22:45,708 ASPECTS OF THE DATA AS I DISCUSS 3874 02:22:45,708 --> 02:22:48,978 MY RESULTS. 3875 02:22:48,978 --> 02:22:50,747 THE SAMPLE ALSO HAD RELATIVELY 3876 02:22:50,747 --> 02:22:51,748 HEALTHY PREGNANCIES WITH FEWER 3877 02:22:51,748 --> 02:22:54,484 THAN 10% OF THE SAMPLE HAVING A 3878 02:22:54,484 --> 02:22:55,919 GESTATIONAL DIABETES DIAGNOSIS 3879 02:22:55,919 --> 02:22:57,020 OR PREECLAMPSIA DIAGNOSIS AND 3880 02:22:57,020 --> 02:22:59,422 FEWER THAN 5% OF INFANTS 3881 02:22:59,422 --> 02:23:00,957 DELIVERING PRETERM, WITH FEWER 3882 02:23:00,957 --> 02:23:03,059 THAN 10% NEEDING A STAY IN THE 3883 02:23:03,059 --> 02:23:04,060 NICU. 3884 02:23:04,060 --> 02:23:05,395 THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL 3885 02:23:05,395 --> 02:23:05,795 OVERVIEW. 3886 02:23:05,795 --> 02:23:08,031 WE BEGAN BY CHARACTERIZING THE 3887 02:23:08,031 --> 02:23:10,533 PREGNANCIES AND BANKING BIOPSIED 3888 02:23:10,533 --> 02:23:12,068 PLACENTAS AT DELIVERY. 3889 02:23:12,068 --> 02:23:14,270 THEN WE CONDUCTED A 37-FACTOR 3890 02:23:14,270 --> 02:23:16,005 INFLAMMATORY MARKER PANEL ON 3891 02:23:16,005 --> 02:23:17,340 PLACENTAL TISSUE. 3892 02:23:17,340 --> 02:23:21,177 AS PART OF THE LONG-TERM INFANT 3893 02:23:21,177 --> 02:23:23,813 FOLLOW-UPS, WE EXAMINED BRAIN 3894 02:23:23,813 --> 02:23:26,649 AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH BY 3895 02:23:26,649 --> 02:23:28,218 ASSESSING BRAIN GROWTH, BRAIN 3896 02:23:28,218 --> 02:23:29,185 ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH. 3897 02:23:29,185 --> 02:23:30,587 TODAY I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU MY 3898 02:23:30,587 --> 02:23:33,456 WORK EXAMINING ONE INFLAMMATORY 3899 02:23:33,456 --> 02:23:34,023 MARKER, INTERLEUKIN 6. 3900 02:23:34,023 --> 02:23:37,393 I CHOSE TO EXAMINE ILLINOIS 3901 02:23:37,393 --> 02:23:42,532 6 BEIL-6 BECAUSEIT PLAYS A CENTN 3902 02:23:42,532 --> 02:23:45,001 INFLAMMATION AND IN REGULATING 3903 02:23:45,001 --> 02:23:46,869 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. 3904 02:23:46,869 --> 02:23:50,139 ELEVATED IL-6 LEVELS HAVE BEEN 3905 02:23:50,139 --> 02:23:51,574 PREVIOUSLY RYE LATED TO INFANT 3906 02:23:51,574 --> 02:23:53,543 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT CHANGES. 3907 02:23:53,543 --> 02:23:55,745 SO WE FIRST ASKED WHETHER 3908 02:23:55,745 --> 02:23:56,846 PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION IS 3909 02:23:56,846 --> 02:23:58,915 RELATED TO INFANT BRAIN GROWTH, 3910 02:23:58,915 --> 02:24:00,583 INFLUENCED BY EARLY NUTRITION 3911 02:24:00,583 --> 02:24:04,621 AND THE PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT. 3912 02:24:04,621 --> 02:24:07,056 AND ALTERATIONS IN HEAD 3913 02:24:07,056 --> 02:24:08,725 CIRCUMFERENCE TRAJECTORIES ARE 3914 02:24:08,725 --> 02:24:09,692 ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN 3915 02:24:09,692 --> 02:24:10,793 COGNITIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL 3916 02:24:10,793 --> 02:24:11,761 MILESTONES. 3917 02:24:11,761 --> 02:24:14,197 WE CAPTURED UNFANT HEAD 3918 02:24:14,197 --> 02:24:15,198 CIRCUMFERENCE REPEATEDLY BOTH 3919 02:24:15,198 --> 02:24:17,700 THROUGH PULLING DATA FROM THEIR 3920 02:24:17,700 --> 02:24:18,801 ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS AND 3921 02:24:18,801 --> 02:24:22,872 AT OUR STUDY VISITS. 3922 02:24:22,872 --> 02:24:25,141 AND WE CALCULATED PERCENTILES 3923 02:24:25,141 --> 02:24:26,476 AGE AND SEX ADJUSTED USING 3924 02:24:26,476 --> 02:24:27,243 STANDARD EQUATIONS. 3925 02:24:27,243 --> 02:24:29,679 SO I WILL SHOW YOU MY WORK 3926 02:24:29,679 --> 02:24:31,848 EXAMINING HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE 3927 02:24:31,848 --> 02:24:33,049 PERCENTILES AT BIRTH, SIX MONTHS 3928 02:24:33,049 --> 02:24:33,716 AND ONE YEAR. 3929 02:24:33,716 --> 02:24:35,918 WHAT I INITIALLY NOTED IN THE 3930 02:24:35,918 --> 02:24:37,687 RESULTS FROM PATH ANALYSES WAS 3931 02:24:37,687 --> 02:24:40,957 THAT THERE WAS NOT A 3932 02:24:40,957 --> 02:24:43,359 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLACENTAL 3933 02:24:43,359 --> 02:24:44,460 IL-6 AND HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE AT 3934 02:24:44,460 --> 02:24:44,994 BIRTH. 3935 02:24:44,994 --> 02:24:46,963 HOWEVER, WHEN I EXAMINED THEIR 3936 02:24:46,963 --> 02:24:49,198 HEAD CIRCUMFERENCES AT 6 MONTHS 3937 02:24:49,198 --> 02:24:50,400 AND 12 MONTHS, I STARTED TO SEE 3938 02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:53,336 A RELATIONSHIP TWEAN PLACENTAL 3939 02:24:53,336 --> 02:24:55,872 IL-6 AND LARGER HEAD 3940 02:24:55,872 --> 02:24:56,339 CIRCUMFERENCE EMERGE. 3941 02:24:56,339 --> 02:24:58,708 AND WHEN I SAW THAT, IT MADE ME 3942 02:24:58,708 --> 02:25:00,943 THINK THERE MAY BE SOMETHING 3943 02:25:00,943 --> 02:25:02,478 ABOUT THE TRAJECTORY OF HEAD 3944 02:25:02,478 --> 02:25:03,446 CIRCUMFERENCE GROWTH. 3945 02:25:03,446 --> 02:25:05,948 SO I EXAMINED THE CHANGE IN HEAD 3946 02:25:05,948 --> 02:25:07,283 CIRCUMFERENCE FROM BIRTH TO 3947 02:25:07,283 --> 02:25:08,618 6 MONTHS AND BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS, 3948 02:25:08,618 --> 02:25:10,586 AND I SAW THE INFANTS THAT HAD 3949 02:25:10,586 --> 02:25:12,989 HIGHER PLACENTAL IL-6 EXPOSURE 3950 02:25:12,989 --> 02:25:14,757 HAD GREATER CHANGE IN HEAD 3951 02:25:14,757 --> 02:25:15,358 CIRCUMFERENCES OVER THE FIRST 3952 02:25:15,358 --> 02:25:17,927 YEAR OF LIFE. 3953 02:25:17,927 --> 02:25:19,128 NOTABLY ALL OF THESE ESTIMATES 3954 02:25:19,128 --> 02:25:24,200 WERE ADJUST THE FOED FOR A NUMBF 3955 02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:24,634 COVARIATES. 3956 02:25:24,634 --> 02:25:26,202 THESE CHANGES TRACK WITH THE 3957 02:25:26,202 --> 02:25:27,070 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL LITERATURE 3958 02:25:27,070 --> 02:25:28,938 THAT SHOWS THAT NEONATES THAT 3959 02:25:28,938 --> 02:25:31,007 LATER DEVELOP AUTISM AND OTHER 3960 02:25:31,007 --> 02:25:31,908 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 3961 02:25:31,908 --> 02:25:34,110 TEND TO DISPLAY NORMAL HEAD 3962 02:25:34,110 --> 02:25:35,645 CIRCUMFERENCES AT BIRTH, BUT 3963 02:25:35,645 --> 02:25:37,947 THAT THEIR HEAD GROWTH RATES 3964 02:25:37,947 --> 02:25:38,848 BEGAN ACCELERATING DURING THE 3965 02:25:38,848 --> 02:25:40,049 FIRST YEAR OF LIFE AND 3966 02:25:40,049 --> 02:25:41,351 CONTINUING THROUGH EARLY 3967 02:25:41,351 --> 02:25:42,785 CHILDHOOD. 3968 02:25:42,785 --> 02:25:45,088 SO WE FOUND THAT PLACENTAL IL-6 3969 02:25:45,088 --> 02:25:46,756 IS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED 3970 02:25:46,756 --> 02:25:48,191 HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE GROWTH IN THE 3971 02:25:48,191 --> 02:25:49,592 FIRST YEAR. 3972 02:25:49,592 --> 02:25:52,128 SUGGESTING POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON 3973 02:25:52,128 --> 02:25:53,062 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, 3974 02:25:53,062 --> 02:25:54,764 WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY 3975 02:25:54,764 --> 02:25:56,199 NEURODEVELOPMENT AND ITS 3976 02:25:56,199 --> 02:25:57,100 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES, AND 3977 02:25:57,100 --> 02:26:04,240 THERE IS A NOVEL NOVELTY IN LING 3978 02:26:04,240 --> 02:26:05,875 PLACENTAL IL-6 TO POSE NATAL 3979 02:26:05,875 --> 02:26:07,076 GROWTH OUTCOMES THAT WE HAVEN'T 3980 02:26:07,076 --> 02:26:07,844 REALLY SEEN BEFORE. 3981 02:26:07,844 --> 02:26:09,846 SO THESE FINDINGS WERE VERY 3982 02:26:09,846 --> 02:26:11,714 INTERESTING BUT HEAD 3983 02:26:11,714 --> 02:26:12,582 CIRCUMFERENCE IS A VERY CRUDE 3984 02:26:12,582 --> 02:26:13,983 MEASURE OF THE BRAIN SO I WANTED 3985 02:26:13,983 --> 02:26:15,318 TO EXAMINE THE BRAIN IN MORE 3986 02:26:15,318 --> 02:26:16,085 DETAIL. 3987 02:26:16,085 --> 02:26:17,086 BUILDING ON THE HEAD 3988 02:26:17,086 --> 02:26:18,421 CIRCUMFERENCE FINDINGS, WE NEXT 3989 02:26:18,421 --> 02:26:20,490 ASKED WHETHER THE ACTUAL BRAIN 3990 02:26:20,490 --> 02:26:22,458 ACTIVITY OF THE INFANTS DIFFERED 3991 02:26:22,458 --> 02:26:25,328 BASED ON PLACENTAL IL-6 LEVELS. 3992 02:26:25,328 --> 02:26:31,934 WE ASSESSED WHETHER PLACENTAL 3993 02:26:31,934 --> 02:26:36,172 ILIL-6 HAS AN ASSOCIATION WITH 3994 02:26:36,172 --> 02:26:37,507 INFANT BRAIN ACTIVITY PATTERNS 3995 02:26:37,507 --> 02:26:39,509 BY EXAMINING INFANT FRONTAL 3996 02:26:39,509 --> 02:26:41,244 ASYMMETRY FROM A RESTING EEG 3997 02:26:41,244 --> 02:26:44,313 SCAN AT ONE MONTH. 3998 02:26:44,313 --> 02:26:45,948 DEVIATIONS FROM SYMMETRIC 3999 02:26:45,948 --> 02:26:47,049 ACTIVITY POTENTIALLY INDICATING 4000 02:26:47,049 --> 02:26:48,251 FUTURE MENTAL HEALTH RISKS. 4001 02:26:48,251 --> 02:26:50,920 IT IS ALSO KNOWN TO BE SENSITIVE 4002 02:26:50,920 --> 02:26:53,623 TO PERINATAL INFLUENCES. 4003 02:26:53,623 --> 02:26:56,159 UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION 4004 02:26:56,159 --> 02:26:57,260 IS IMPORTANT FOR EARLY 4005 02:26:57,260 --> 02:26:58,327 IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION 4006 02:26:58,327 --> 02:27:00,229 STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE LONG TERM 4007 02:27:00,229 --> 02:27:03,366 ADVERSE OUTCOMES. 4008 02:27:03,366 --> 02:27:06,002 RESULTS FROM STRUCTURAL EQUATION 4009 02:27:06,002 --> 02:27:07,904 MODELS ASSESSING THE MODERATING 4010 02:27:07,904 --> 02:27:11,407 ROLE OF CHILD SEX SHOWED THAT 4011 02:27:11,407 --> 02:27:15,778 FOR ONE MONTH OLD MALES BUT NOT 4012 02:27:15,778 --> 02:27:17,480 FEMALES, PLACENTAL IL-6 LEVELS 4013 02:27:17,480 --> 02:27:19,882 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER 4014 02:27:19,882 --> 02:27:24,153 FRONTAL ASYMMETRY. 4015 02:27:24,153 --> 02:27:26,422 A NEURAL SIGNATURE KNOWN TO BE 4016 02:27:26,422 --> 02:27:27,557 ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE 4017 02:27:27,557 --> 02:27:29,192 EMOTIONS AND ASSOCIATED WITH 4018 02:27:29,192 --> 02:27:30,092 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RISK. 4019 02:27:30,092 --> 02:27:32,862 MALES AND FEMALES EXHIBIT 4020 02:27:32,862 --> 02:27:34,297 DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO 4021 02:27:34,297 --> 02:27:36,466 PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, 4022 02:27:36,466 --> 02:27:37,467 INCLUDING INFLAMMATION. 4023 02:27:37,467 --> 02:27:39,802 MALES ARE OFTEN MORE VULNERABLE 4024 02:27:39,802 --> 02:27:41,437 TO ADVERSE PRENATAL CONDITIONS 4025 02:27:41,437 --> 02:27:44,173 WHICH CAN LEAD TO DISTINCT 4026 02:27:44,173 --> 02:27:46,742 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES, 4027 02:27:46,742 --> 02:27:57,653 WHICH . WE FOUND AN EARLY RISK R 4028 02:27:57,954 --> 02:27:59,088 FOR MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS, 4029 02:27:59,088 --> 02:28:00,756 WHICH ALIGNS WITH RECENT WORK 4030 02:28:00,756 --> 02:28:02,625 SUGGESTING THAT FETAL SEX 4031 02:28:02,625 --> 02:28:04,160 MODERATES THE PLACENTA'S 4032 02:28:04,160 --> 02:28:05,795 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WITH 4033 02:28:05,795 --> 02:28:09,198 FEMALE FETUSES HAVING A MORE 4034 02:28:09,198 --> 02:28:10,867 REGULATORY IMMUNE RESPONSE 4035 02:28:10,867 --> 02:28:12,835 PRODUCE MORE AND INFLAMMATORY 4036 02:28:12,835 --> 02:28:13,970 CYTOKINES THAT CONTROL THE 4037 02:28:13,970 --> 02:28:15,505 IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REDUCE 4038 02:28:15,505 --> 02:28:16,806 INFLAMMATION, WHILE MALE FETUSES 4039 02:28:16,806 --> 02:28:20,009 HAVE A MORE AGGRESSIVE 4040 02:28:20,009 --> 02:28:21,644 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AND 4041 02:28:21,644 --> 02:28:23,846 PROMOTING INFLAMMATION. 4042 02:28:23,846 --> 02:28:26,182 AFTER SEEING THAT PLACENTAL IL-6 4043 02:28:26,182 --> 02:28:27,917 IS ASSOCIATED WITH INFANT BRAIN 4044 02:28:27,917 --> 02:28:31,287 GROWTH AND ACTIVITY, WE THEN 4045 02:28:31,287 --> 02:28:34,757 ASKED WHETHER THERE IS A LINK 4046 02:28:34,757 --> 02:28:37,126 BETWEEN PLACENTAL IL-6 AND 4047 02:28:37,126 --> 02:28:38,127 INFANT BEHAVIOR. 4048 02:28:38,127 --> 02:28:39,762 WE EXAMINED NEGATIVE AFFECT 4049 02:28:39,762 --> 02:28:42,732 WHICH IS A PRECURSOR FOR 4050 02:28:42,732 --> 02:28:43,966 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 4051 02:28:43,966 --> 02:28:45,801 NEGATIVE AFFECT IN A CHILD LOOKS 4052 02:28:45,801 --> 02:28:48,137 LIKE A BABY THAT CRIES A LOT, 4053 02:28:48,137 --> 02:28:50,339 AND ONE THAT GETS DISTRESSED 4054 02:28:50,339 --> 02:28:54,911 EASILY AND HAS BIG REACTIONS TO 4055 02:28:54,911 --> 02:28:55,678 THAT EFFECT. 4056 02:28:55,678 --> 02:28:57,914 A LARGER PROPORTION OF CHILDREN 4057 02:28:57,914 --> 02:29:00,082 WITH NEGATIVE AFFECT DO GO ON TO 4058 02:29:00,082 --> 02:29:01,083 RECEIVE CLINICAL DIAGNOSES 4059 02:29:01,083 --> 02:29:03,386 COMPARED TO THOSE WITHOUT. 4060 02:29:03,386 --> 02:29:08,124 SO WE USE A STANDARDIZED 4061 02:29:08,124 --> 02:29:10,192 LABORATORY TASK CALLED THE 4062 02:29:10,192 --> 02:29:12,061 GENTLE ARMORY STRAINT. 4063 02:29:12,061 --> 02:29:13,596 IN THIS TASK WE LET A CHILD PLAY 4064 02:29:13,596 --> 02:29:15,798 WITH A DESIRABLE AND ATTRACTIVE 4065 02:29:15,798 --> 02:29:18,634 TOY FOR THR SECONDS, AND THEN 4066 02:29:18,634 --> 02:29:21,170 THEIR CAREGIVER GENTLY RESTRAINS 4067 02:29:21,170 --> 02:29:22,438 THEIR ARMS SO THEY CANNOT ACCESS 4068 02:29:22,438 --> 02:29:25,141 THE TOY FOR 30 SECONDS. 4069 02:29:25,141 --> 02:29:27,243 WE RECORD THEIR REACTIONS TO 4070 02:29:27,243 --> 02:29:28,110 THIS TASK. 4071 02:29:28,110 --> 02:29:30,212 AND IF YOU HAVE CHILDREN OR IF 4072 02:29:30,212 --> 02:29:31,847 YOU INTERACT WITH THEM, THEN YOU 4073 02:29:31,847 --> 02:29:37,887 PROBABLY KNOW HOW THIS GOES. 4074 02:29:37,887 --> 02:29:39,188 MOST CHILDREN GET VERY UPSET BY 4075 02:29:39,188 --> 02:29:41,057 THIS BUT SOME GET MORE UPSET 4076 02:29:41,057 --> 02:29:42,058 THAN OTHERS AND THAT RANGE IS 4077 02:29:42,058 --> 02:29:45,494 WHAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN. 4078 02:29:45,494 --> 02:29:46,896 RESULTS FROM STRUCTURAL EQUATION 4079 02:29:46,896 --> 02:29:49,198 MODELS RELATING THEIR PLACENTAL 4080 02:29:49,198 --> 02:29:50,600 IL-6 EXPOSURE TO THEIR NEGATIVE 4081 02:29:50,600 --> 02:29:51,968 AFFECT SCORES AT SIX MONTHS YOU 4082 02:29:51,968 --> 02:29:54,704 WHICH WE MEASURED AS THEIR 4083 02:29:54,704 --> 02:29:55,972 BODILY DISTRESS, VOCAL DISTRESS 4084 02:29:55,972 --> 02:29:57,173 AND FACIAL DISTRESS, SHOWED THAT 4085 02:29:57,173 --> 02:29:59,508 THE HIGHER THE PLACENTAL IL-6 4086 02:29:59,508 --> 02:30:00,810 LEVELS, THE GREATER THE DISPLAY 4087 02:30:00,810 --> 02:30:02,244 OF NEGATIVE AFFECT DURING THE 4088 02:30:02,244 --> 02:30:05,081 GENTLE ARMORY STRAINT TASK. 4089 02:30:05,081 --> 02:30:06,349 SUGGESTING THAT PLACENTAL 4090 02:30:06,349 --> 02:30:08,951 INFLAMMATION AS MEASURED BY IL-6 4091 02:30:08,951 --> 02:30:10,720 LEVELS ARE PROGRAMMING NEGATIVE 4092 02:30:10,720 --> 02:30:12,622 AFFECT AT 6 MONTHS OF AGE. 4093 02:30:12,622 --> 02:30:17,660 NOTE THRINOTABLY THESE SURVIVED 4094 02:30:17,660 --> 02:30:18,794 HIGHLIGHTING THE ROBUSTNESS OF 4095 02:30:18,794 --> 02:30:20,429 THESE FINDINGS AND TAKEN 4096 02:30:20,429 --> 02:30:21,530 TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST 4097 02:30:21,530 --> 02:30:23,165 THAT PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION NOT 4098 02:30:23,165 --> 02:30:25,368 ONLY HAS CONSEQUENCES FOR BRAIN 4099 02:30:25,368 --> 02:30:27,603 GROWTH AND ACTIVITY BUT ALSO FOR 4100 02:30:27,603 --> 02:30:31,307 ITS BEHAVIORAL OUTPUT. 4101 02:30:31,307 --> 02:30:32,808 IN SUMMARY, I FOUND THAT 4102 02:30:32,808 --> 02:30:34,543 PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION AS 4103 02:30:34,543 --> 02:30:36,545 MEASURED BY IL-6 LEVELS APPEARS 4104 02:30:36,545 --> 02:30:38,414 TO INFLUENCE THE 4105 02:30:38,414 --> 02:30:38,981 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS 4106 02:30:38,981 --> 02:30:40,182 ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL 4107 02:30:40,182 --> 02:30:41,484 REGULATION AT 6 MONTHS OF AGE. 4108 02:30:41,484 --> 02:30:43,319 THIS SUGGESTS THAT PLACENTAL 4109 02:30:43,319 --> 02:30:45,187 IL-6 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT 4110 02:30:45,187 --> 02:30:46,922 BIOMARKER OF RISK FOR 4111 02:30:46,922 --> 02:30:48,024 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND FUTURE 4112 02:30:48,024 --> 02:30:50,259 MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS. 4113 02:30:50,259 --> 02:30:54,630 WE FOUND THAT PLACENTAL IL-6 4114 02:30:54,630 --> 02:30:57,900 CORRELATES WITH KEY METRICS 4115 02:30:57,900 --> 02:30:59,702 INCLUDING ALTERED HEAD 4116 02:30:59,702 --> 02:31:01,537 CIRCUMFERENCE TRAJECTORIES, 4117 02:31:01,537 --> 02:31:03,072 GREATER FRONTAL ASYMMETRY IN 4118 02:31:03,072 --> 02:31:05,074 MALES AND HEIGHTENED TENDENCIES 4119 02:31:05,074 --> 02:31:06,942 FOR NEGATIVE AFFECT. 4120 02:31:06,942 --> 02:31:08,277 AND I HAVE MANY FUTURE DIRECTS 4121 02:31:08,277 --> 02:31:09,145 AND QUESTIONS FOR THIS WORK. 4122 02:31:09,145 --> 02:31:12,682 WE WANT TO AVEST THESE OUTCOMES 4123 02:31:12,682 --> 02:31:13,649 LONGITUDALLY AT CHILDREN AGE. 4124 02:31:13,649 --> 02:31:15,618 WE PLAN TO EXAMINE OTHER 4125 02:31:15,618 --> 02:31:16,752 DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AND 4126 02:31:16,752 --> 02:31:18,087 WHETHER CHILDREN DO ACTUALLY GO 4127 02:31:18,087 --> 02:31:20,690 ON TO RECEIVE A CLINICAL 4128 02:31:20,690 --> 02:31:21,691 DIAGNOSIS. 4129 02:31:21,691 --> 02:31:23,392 WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN A MORE 4130 02:31:23,392 --> 02:31:24,593 DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF 4131 02:31:24,593 --> 02:31:25,327 PLACENTAL INFLAMMATION AND OF 4132 02:31:25,327 --> 02:31:27,029 COURSE WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THE 4133 02:31:27,029 --> 02:31:28,197 POTENTIAL UPSTREAM FACTORS 4134 02:31:28,197 --> 02:31:29,331 INVOLVED IN PLACENTAL 4135 02:31:29,331 --> 02:31:30,299 INFLAMMATION. 4136 02:31:30,299 --> 02:31:32,268 THIS WORK HAS GREAT POTENTIAL TO 4137 02:31:32,268 --> 02:31:35,371 INFORM EARLY RISK DETECTION FOR 4138 02:31:35,371 --> 02:31:35,938 FUTURE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 4139 02:31:35,938 --> 02:31:37,673 THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT 4140 02:31:37,673 --> 02:31:38,908 PLACENTAL IMMUNE MARKER 4141 02:31:38,908 --> 02:31:40,676 IDENTIFICATION MAY ENABLE EARLY 4142 02:31:40,676 --> 02:31:42,645 DETECTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND 4143 02:31:42,645 --> 02:31:44,980 LEAD TO TARGETED INTERVENTIONS 4144 02:31:44,980 --> 02:31:46,048 FOR IMPROVING INFANT HEALTH. 4145 02:31:46,048 --> 02:31:47,583 AND IT IS ESPECIALLY EXCITING TO 4146 02:31:47,583 --> 02:31:52,221 THINK ABOUT THE PLACENTA AS A 4147 02:31:52,221 --> 02:31:54,757 BIOMARKER FOR LATER PSYCHOPATH 4148 02:31:54,757 --> 02:31:55,091 LOGICAL RISK. 4149 02:31:55,091 --> 02:31:56,959 I WANT TO REMIND YOU WHY I CARE 4150 02:31:56,959 --> 02:31:57,760 ABOUT THIS. 4151 02:31:57,760 --> 02:32:00,262 SO REMEMBER THE 1 IN 6. 4152 02:32:00,262 --> 02:32:03,666 THIS WORK REPRESENTS AN 4153 02:32:03,666 --> 02:32:04,734 IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY FOR 4154 02:32:04,734 --> 02:32:05,067 INTERVENTION. 4155 02:32:05,067 --> 02:32:06,869 WHAT WE WERE SHOWING IS THAT THE 4156 02:32:06,869 --> 02:32:08,504 PLACENTA, WHICH IS TYPICALLY 4157 02:32:08,504 --> 02:32:11,707 DISCARDED AT BIRTH, COULD 4158 02:32:11,707 --> 02:32:12,842 POTENTIALLY BE USED TO PREDICT 4159 02:32:12,842 --> 02:32:14,477 WHO IS AT RISK WITHOUT EVER 4160 02:32:14,477 --> 02:32:18,748 HAVING TO SEE THE CHILD FIRST, 4161 02:32:18,748 --> 02:32:20,082 MEANING WE COULD POTENTIALLY 4162 02:32:20,082 --> 02:32:21,717 PROVIDE SUPPORT MUCH EARLIER. 4163 02:32:21,717 --> 02:32:22,918 THESE RESULTS INFORM THE TIMING 4164 02:32:22,918 --> 02:32:24,453 OF GOOD MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION, 4165 02:32:24,453 --> 02:32:25,721 UPDATING THE CURRENT MENTAL 4166 02:32:25,721 --> 02:32:28,224 HEALTH SYSTEM, STRUCTURED AROUND 4167 02:32:28,224 --> 02:32:32,795 A CHILD ADULT SERVICE SCHISM IN 4168 02:32:32,795 --> 02:32:35,664 LATE ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY 4169 02:32:35,664 --> 02:32:37,233 ADULTHOOD TO EARLY RISK 4170 02:32:37,233 --> 02:32:40,069 DETECTION IN INFANCY AND 4171 02:32:40,069 --> 02:32:41,170 PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT 4172 02:32:41,170 --> 02:32:41,837 IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. 4173 02:32:41,837 --> 02:32:43,305 BEFORE I CLOSE I WANT TO RESTATE 4174 02:32:43,305 --> 02:32:44,707 THE IMPORTANT SAYING THAT NO ONE 4175 02:32:44,707 --> 02:32:45,474 EVER DOES ANYTHING ALONE. 4176 02:32:45,474 --> 02:32:46,575 THIS WORK WAS DONE WITH THE 4177 02:32:46,575 --> 02:32:48,144 SUPPORT OF AN AMAZING TEAM AND 4178 02:32:48,144 --> 02:32:49,879 WITH THE SUPPORT OF MENTORS AND 4179 02:32:49,879 --> 02:32:52,014 MY FUNDERS, INCLUDING THE OREGON 4180 02:32:52,014 --> 02:32:53,282 BIRCWH AND THE NATIONAL 4181 02:32:53,282 --> 02:32:55,184 INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND 4182 02:32:55,184 --> 02:32:59,455 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE AND THE 4183 02:32:59,455 --> 02:33:00,523 NIH OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON 4184 02:33:00,523 --> 02:33:01,157 WOMEN'S HEALTH. 4185 02:33:01,157 --> 02:33:02,792 SO IF YOU QUESTIONS, IDEAS OR 4186 02:33:02,792 --> 02:33:04,093 YOU WANT TO COLLABORATE, PLEASE 4187 02:33:04,093 --> 02:33:05,561 REACH OUT TO ME AT MY EMAIL 4188 02:33:05,561 --> 02:33:07,096 ADDRESS ON THE SCREEN, AND I 4189 02:33:07,096 --> 02:33:08,397 ALSO WANT TO POINT YOU TO OUR 4190 02:33:08,397 --> 02:33:09,665 STUDY WEBSITE WHICH CAN BE FOUND 4191 02:33:09,665 --> 02:33:11,100 AT THE QR CODE AT THE BOTTOM 4192 02:33:11,100 --> 02:33:11,300 LEFT. 4193 02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:11,634 THANK YOU. 4194 02:33:11,634 --> 02:33:15,571 [APPLAUSE] 4195 02:33:15,571 --> 02:33:17,406 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. WOOD. 4196 02:33:17,406 --> 02:33:18,674 WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD AND OPEN 4197 02:33:18,674 --> 02:33:21,977 UP OUR LAST Q & A SESSION FOR 4198 02:33:21,977 --> 02:33:22,411 OUR SPEAKER. 4199 02:33:22,411 --> 02:33:24,446 GO RIGHT AHEAD. 4200 02:33:24,446 --> 02:33:26,849 >> THANKS FOR A GREAT TALK. 4201 02:33:26,849 --> 02:33:28,250 I'M ANNA, I'M AT THE V.A. AND I 4202 02:33:28,250 --> 02:33:32,922 HAD A QUESTION ABOUT THE 4203 02:33:32,922 --> 02:33:34,623 STABILITY OF THE FRONTAL 4204 02:33:34,623 --> 02:33:35,424 ASYMMETRY MEASURE AND WHETHER 4205 02:33:35,424 --> 02:33:38,594 YOU'VE LOOKED AT HOW STABLE IT 4206 02:33:38,594 --> 02:33:40,196 IS EITHER WITHIN A SESSION OR 4207 02:33:40,196 --> 02:33:41,797 ACROSS SESSIONS AND THEN ALSO 4208 02:33:41,797 --> 02:33:43,098 STABILITY RELATED TO IF YOU 4209 02:33:43,098 --> 02:33:45,067 LOOKED AT LIKE SLIGHTLY 4210 02:33:45,067 --> 02:33:47,770 DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF 4211 02:33:47,770 --> 02:33:48,871 ELECTRODES AND JUST GENERALLY 4212 02:33:48,871 --> 02:33:51,740 HOW STABLE THAT MEASURE IS. 4213 02:33:51,740 --> 02:33:55,911 >> YES, I DID LOOK AT SOME OTHER 4214 02:33:55,911 --> 02:33:56,212 ELECTRODES. 4215 02:33:56,212 --> 02:33:59,181 I THINK I LOOKED AT F3 AND F4. 4216 02:33:59,181 --> 02:34:02,818 WE SAW RESULTS IN SIMILAR 4217 02:34:02,818 --> 02:34:05,688 DIRECTIONS BUT NOT -- THEY WERE 4218 02:34:05,688 --> 02:34:07,756 NOT AS ROBUST AS THE FINDINGS IN 4219 02:34:07,756 --> 02:34:09,959 THE F7 AND F8 ELECTRODES. 4220 02:34:09,959 --> 02:34:16,131 WE DO HAVE EEG SCANS BOTH 4221 02:34:16,131 --> 02:34:17,333 RESTING AND DURING DIFFERENT 4222 02:34:17,333 --> 02:34:18,667 TASKS AT OTHER AGES. 4223 02:34:18,667 --> 02:34:19,768 IT'S NOT SOMETHING THAT I HAVE 4224 02:34:19,768 --> 02:34:20,936 LOOKED AT YET, BUT SOMETHING 4225 02:34:20,936 --> 02:34:25,908 THAT I WOULD LIKE TO LOOK AT. 4226 02:34:25,908 --> 02:34:27,710 AND I HAVE A COLLEAGUE WHO -- 4227 02:34:27,710 --> 02:34:29,245 SHE WAS ALSO A POSTDOC WITH ME 4228 02:34:29,245 --> 02:34:31,847 AND SHE WAS KIND OF OUR EEG 4229 02:34:31,847 --> 02:34:32,081 EXPERT. 4230 02:34:32,081 --> 02:34:32,915 SHE'S NOW TRANSITIONED TO 4231 02:34:32,915 --> 02:34:34,083 FACULTY THAT I KNOW IS LOOKING 4232 02:34:34,083 --> 02:34:35,184 INTO THIS IN MORE DEPTH. 4233 02:34:35,184 --> 02:34:37,753 SO I WOULD LOVE TO ALSO CONNECT 4234 02:34:37,753 --> 02:34:38,520 YOU WITH HER IF THAT'S OF 4235 02:34:38,520 --> 02:34:39,388 INTEREST. 4236 02:34:39,388 --> 02:34:39,655 >> GREAT. 4237 02:34:39,655 --> 02:34:45,661 THANK YOU. 4238 02:34:45,661 --> 02:34:47,162 >> THANK YOU FOR AN EXCELLENT 4239 02:34:47,162 --> 02:34:47,897 TALK. 4240 02:34:47,897 --> 02:34:49,398 I'M WONDERING ABOUT THE 4241 02:34:49,398 --> 02:34:50,699 SPECIFICITY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE 4242 02:34:50,699 --> 02:34:52,334 IL-6 AND WHETHER YOU KNOW 4243 02:34:52,334 --> 02:34:54,136 PLACENTAL IL-6 ASSOCIATES WITH 4244 02:34:54,136 --> 02:34:57,306 INFANT IL-6 POSTNATALLY AND WITH 4245 02:34:57,306 --> 02:34:58,607 MOM'S IL-6 DURING PREGNANCY. 4246 02:34:58,607 --> 02:34:59,642 >> YES, WHAT AN EXCELLENT 4247 02:34:59,642 --> 02:34:59,909 QUESTION. 4248 02:34:59,909 --> 02:35:02,845 IT IS SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE 4249 02:35:02,845 --> 02:35:04,914 THOUGHT ABOUT A LOT. 4250 02:35:04,914 --> 02:35:08,784 WE HAVE MEASURED INFLAMMATION 4251 02:35:08,784 --> 02:35:11,954 MARKERS IN MATERNAL BLOOD 4252 02:35:11,954 --> 02:35:12,855 COLLECTED DURING PREGNANCY AND 4253 02:35:12,855 --> 02:35:14,590 THEN ALSO A CORD BLOOD AT BIRTH. 4254 02:35:14,590 --> 02:35:16,058 WE ALSO HAVE ATTEMPTED TO 4255 02:35:16,058 --> 02:35:17,693 COLLECT BLOOD SAMPLES ON OUR 4256 02:35:17,693 --> 02:35:21,697 INFANTS, USING A TASSO DEVICE, 4257 02:35:21,697 --> 02:35:23,098 IT'S CAPILLARY BLOOD. 4258 02:35:23,098 --> 02:35:24,333 NOT MANY PARENTS CONSENT TO LET 4259 02:35:24,333 --> 02:35:26,402 US COLLECT THEIR INFANT'S BLOOD, 4260 02:35:26,402 --> 02:35:27,970 WHICH MAKES SENSE, I THINK, 4261 02:35:27,970 --> 02:35:29,705 HAVING MY OWN CHILDREN, SO WE'RE 4262 02:35:29,705 --> 02:35:32,775 NOT ABLE TO LOOK AT THOSE 4263 02:35:32,775 --> 02:35:34,176 POSTNATAL BLOOD SAMPLES. 4264 02:35:34,176 --> 02:35:37,980 I THINK WE HAVE SOMETHING LIKE 4265 02:35:37,980 --> 02:35:39,315 17 SAMPLES OR SOMETHING FOR THE 4266 02:35:39,315 --> 02:35:40,950 WHOLE COHORT, SO IT'S NOT VERY 4267 02:35:40,950 --> 02:35:41,550 MUCH. 4268 02:35:41,550 --> 02:35:47,022 BUT I WILL SAY THAT I HAVE DONE 4269 02:35:47,022 --> 02:35:48,958 SOME PRELIMINARY WORK LOOKING AT 4270 02:35:48,958 --> 02:35:51,393 THE IL-6 LEVELS IN PERIPHERAL 4271 02:35:51,393 --> 02:35:52,761 BLOOD IN THE MOMS DURING 4272 02:35:52,761 --> 02:35:54,496 PREGNANCY AND ALSO IN THE CORD 4273 02:35:54,496 --> 02:35:57,800 BLOOD AT BIRTH. 4274 02:35:57,800 --> 02:36:00,536 AND I DID NOT SEE THAT THEY 4275 02:36:00,536 --> 02:36:02,438 CORRELATED WITH PLACENTAL IL-6 4276 02:36:02,438 --> 02:36:02,805 LEVELS. 4277 02:36:02,805 --> 02:36:06,375 I REALLY THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO 4278 02:36:06,375 --> 02:36:07,910 BE MAYBE NOT ONE TO ONE BUT I 4279 02:36:07,910 --> 02:36:09,144 THOUGHT THEY WOULD BE ASSOCIATED 4280 02:36:09,144 --> 02:36:13,082 AND I SO FAR HAVE NOT SEEN THAT. 4281 02:36:13,082 --> 02:36:15,584 I THINK THAT BIRTH IS A 4282 02:36:15,584 --> 02:36:16,752 TRAUMATIC EVENT FOR THE 4283 02:36:16,752 --> 02:36:18,487 PLACENTA, SO THERE'S A LOT THAT 4284 02:36:18,487 --> 02:36:20,122 GOES INTO WHAT THE INFLAMMATORY 4285 02:36:20,122 --> 02:36:22,591 PROFILE OF THE PLACENTA LOOKS 4286 02:36:22,591 --> 02:36:25,561 LIKE DURING THAT PROCESS. 4287 02:36:25,561 --> 02:36:27,963 >> REALLY INTERESTING. 4288 02:36:27,963 --> 02:36:30,699 WHAT'S THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE 4289 02:36:30,699 --> 02:36:32,067 OF SALIVARY CYTOKINES? 4290 02:36:32,067 --> 02:36:34,236 I DID SOME WORK IN THIS IN HIV 4291 02:36:34,236 --> 02:36:35,671 ABOUT FIVE YEARS AGO AND I KNOW 4292 02:36:35,671 --> 02:36:37,039 IT WAS KIND OF COMING OF AGE, 4293 02:36:37,039 --> 02:36:38,907 BUT I WONDER IF THAT MIGHT BE AN 4294 02:36:38,907 --> 02:36:39,875 ALTERNATE APPROACH FOR YOU. 4295 02:36:39,875 --> 02:36:41,477 >> THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION. 4296 02:36:41,477 --> 02:36:43,212 WE DO HAVE SALIVARY SAMPLES ON 4297 02:36:43,212 --> 02:36:46,482 OUR MOMS AND OUR BABIES, SO 4298 02:36:46,482 --> 02:36:47,349 DEFINITELY SOMETHING TO EXPLORE. 4299 02:36:47,349 --> 02:36:50,686 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN MEASURE 4300 02:36:50,686 --> 02:36:51,153 IT. 4301 02:36:51,153 --> 02:36:52,021 IT SOUNDS LIKE YOU CAN. 4302 02:36:52,021 --> 02:36:58,627 THANK YOU FOR THE SUGGESTION. 4303 02:36:58,627 --> 02:36:59,962 >> THAT'S A GREAT TALK. 4304 02:36:59,962 --> 02:37:02,531 I KNOW YOU DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THE 4305 02:37:02,531 --> 02:37:03,832 DIET, YOU KNOW THAT'S WHAT I'M 4306 02:37:03,832 --> 02:37:05,467 INTERESTED IN BUT I'M WONDERING 4307 02:37:05,467 --> 02:37:07,503 IF THESE BABIES WERE BREAST-FED 4308 02:37:07,503 --> 02:37:09,605 OR NOT BREAST-FED AND IF THAT 4309 02:37:09,605 --> 02:37:11,673 INFLUENCED THE DATA OR IF YOU 4310 02:37:11,673 --> 02:37:13,142 HAVE IT IN THIS TALK OR ANOTHER 4311 02:37:13,142 --> 02:37:14,309 TALK, IF YOU SEE ANY DIFFERENCES 4312 02:37:14,309 --> 02:37:14,777 WITH THAT. 4313 02:37:14,777 --> 02:37:16,478 >> YEAH, THAT'S A GREAT 4314 02:37:16,478 --> 02:37:16,745 QUESTION. 4315 02:37:16,745 --> 02:37:18,781 YOU KNOW, THE PORTLAND, OREGON 4316 02:37:18,781 --> 02:37:21,417 AREA, I THINK IS AN AREA THAT 4317 02:37:21,417 --> 02:37:25,154 ATTRACTS PEOPLE WHO TEND TO 4318 02:37:25,154 --> 02:37:25,454 BREASTFEED. 4319 02:37:25,454 --> 02:37:27,523 SO WE HAVE SOMETHING LIKE 98% OF 4320 02:37:27,523 --> 02:37:29,358 OUR MOMS ARE BREASTFEEDING BY 4321 02:37:29,358 --> 02:37:30,359 ONE YEAR. 4322 02:37:30,359 --> 02:37:35,798 STILL BY ONE YEAR OF AGE. 4323 02:37:35,798 --> 02:37:37,633 >> FANTASTIC TALK. 4324 02:37:37,633 --> 02:37:40,602 I WAS CURIOUS ABOUT WHETHER YOU 4325 02:37:40,602 --> 02:37:43,705 LOOKED AT ANY SEX DIFFERENCES IN 4326 02:37:43,705 --> 02:37:46,108 THE GENTLE ARM RESTRAINT TASK 4327 02:37:46,108 --> 02:37:48,077 SINCE YOU FOUND DIFFERENCES AT 4328 02:37:48,077 --> 02:37:50,479 THE ONE MONTH POINT IN YOUR EEG 4329 02:37:50,479 --> 02:37:50,679 DATA. 4330 02:37:50,679 --> 02:37:52,181 >> YES, WHAT A GREAT QUESTION. 4331 02:37:52,181 --> 02:37:55,684 I DID SEE THAT THERE ARE SEX 4332 02:37:55,684 --> 02:37:58,187 DIFFERENCES IN NEGATIVE AFFECTS 4333 02:37:58,187 --> 02:37:59,688 SO MALES TENDED TO EXPRESS 4334 02:37:59,688 --> 02:38:00,989 HIGHER RATES OF NEGATIVE AFFECT 4335 02:38:00,989 --> 02:38:03,859 THAN FEMALES. 4336 02:38:03,859 --> 02:38:05,861 I DID NOT LOOK AT SEX AS A 4337 02:38:05,861 --> 02:38:07,529 MODERATING FACTOR YET. 4338 02:38:07,529 --> 02:38:11,133 SO THAT IS A NEXT STEP TO 4339 02:38:11,133 --> 02:38:13,902 REANALYZE MY DATA WITH SEX AS A 4340 02:38:13,902 --> 02:38:15,904 MODERATOR WHICH IS WHAT WE SAW 4341 02:38:15,904 --> 02:38:21,410 WITH THE EEG. 4342 02:38:21,410 --> 02:38:22,544 >> ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU ONCE 4343 02:38:22,544 --> 02:38:24,146 AGAIN FOR YOUR WONDERFUL TALK. 4344 02:38:24,146 --> 02:38:34,323 [APPLAUSE] 4345 02:38:39,228 --> 02:38:40,696 >> SO WE ARE GOING TO HAVE A 4346 02:38:40,696 --> 02:38:41,997 SHORT BREAK, JUST TO STRETCH OUR 4347 02:38:41,997 --> 02:38:43,932 LEGS AND MAYBE GET SOME -- A 4348 02:38:43,932 --> 02:38:45,334 LITTLE BIT OF NETWORKING IN 4349 02:38:45,334 --> 02:38:48,437 THERE, AND WE WILL COME BACK AT 4350 02:38:48,437 --> 02:38:50,604 4:05. 4351 02:38:50,604 --> 02:38:52,573 BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE, I WOULD 4352 02:38:52,573 --> 02:38:55,442 LIKE TO ANNOUNCE TO OUR BIRCWH 4353 02:38:55,442 --> 02:38:57,678 SCHOLARS, OUR ACTIVE BIRCWH 4354 02:38:57,678 --> 02:39:00,714 SCHOLARS, AND TO THEIR MENTORS, 4355 02:39:00,714 --> 02:39:06,821 THAT WHEN YOU GO TO THE ORWH 4356 02:39:06,821 --> 02:39:08,022 WEBSITE AND SEARCH FOR BIRCWH WE 4357 02:39:08,022 --> 02:39:11,492 NOW HAVE A WEBSITE, LOOK AT 4358 02:39:11,492 --> 02:39:12,493 YOURSELF THERE AND YOUR PICTURES 4359 02:39:12,493 --> 02:39:15,796 AND YOU CAN CITE THAT IN YOUR CV 4360 02:39:15,796 --> 02:39:20,868 AS A WEBSITE WHERE YOU ARE. 4361 02:39:20,868 --> 02:39:22,603 SO WE ARE VERY HAPPY THAT IT 4362 02:39:22,603 --> 02:39:23,604 BECAME ACTIVE TODAY, OR 4363 02:39:23,604 --> 02:39:24,972 YESTERDAY, SO THAT WE CAN SHARE 4364 02:39:24,972 --> 02:39:27,074 OUR JOY AND OUR PRIDE IN HAVING 4365 02:39:27,074 --> 02:39:28,976 YOU AS OUR SCHOLARS. 4366 02:39:28,976 --> 02:39:31,478 SO PLEASE DO CHECK IT OUT ON THE 4367 02:39:31,478 --> 02:39:41,722 ORWH WEBSITE. 4368 02:39:45,226 --> 02:39:47,628 WE HAVE A VERY DISTINGUISHED 4369 02:39:47,628 --> 02:39:53,334 SPEAKER TODAY AND I AM EXTREMELY 4370 02:39:53,334 --> 02:39:54,335 PRIVILEGED TO INTRODUCE THIS 4371 02:39:54,335 --> 02:39:57,004 YEAR'S LEGACY OF LEADERSHIP 4372 02:39:57,004 --> 02:39:59,740 INAUGURATED AND INSTITUTED BY 4373 02:39:59,740 --> 02:40:03,143 DR. JANINE CLAYTON DURING THE 4374 02:40:03,143 --> 02:40:03,777 DECEMBER 20TH BERKESHIRE 4375 02:40:03,777 --> 02:40:04,945 MEETING. 4376 02:40:04,945 --> 02:40:08,682 THE LECTURESHIP SHOWCASED A 4377 02:40:08,682 --> 02:40:11,852 REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENT -- WHO 4378 02:40:11,852 --> 02:40:13,320 HAVE DEMONSTRATED LEADERSHIP AND 4379 02:40:13,320 --> 02:40:14,421 VISION ACROSS A VARIETY OF 4380 02:40:14,421 --> 02:40:14,955 SCIENTIFIC ENVIRONMENTS. 4381 02:40:14,955 --> 02:40:17,992 WE HAVE BEEN FORTUNATE TO 4382 02:40:17,992 --> 02:40:24,198 WELCOME IN OUR MIDST SUCH 4383 02:40:24,198 --> 02:40:26,634 EMINENT SCIENTISTS AND LEADERS, 4384 02:40:26,634 --> 02:40:29,069 AND INCIDENTALLY ALSO A BIRCWH 4385 02:40:29,069 --> 02:40:29,236 P.I. 4386 02:40:29,236 --> 02:40:33,440 WE HAD DR. CLAIRE POMEROY, 4387 02:40:33,440 --> 02:40:35,042 PRESIDENT OF THE ALBERT AND MARY 4388 02:40:35,042 --> 02:40:38,245 LASKER FOUNDATION, DR. JUDITH 4389 02:40:38,245 --> 02:40:40,114 JAMES, ASSOCIATE VICE PROVOST 4390 02:40:40,114 --> 02:40:42,082 AND PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, 4391 02:40:42,082 --> 02:40:45,352 PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND 4392 02:40:45,352 --> 02:40:46,420 IMMUNOLOGY AT THE OKLAHOMA 4393 02:40:46,420 --> 02:40:47,821 UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES 4394 02:40:47,821 --> 02:40:50,024 CENTER, AND LAST YEAR, WE HAD 4395 02:40:50,024 --> 02:40:51,458 DR. LINDSAY CRISWELL, THE 4396 02:40:51,458 --> 02:40:53,193 DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 4397 02:40:53,193 --> 02:40:56,096 INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND 4398 02:40:56,096 --> 02:40:56,764 MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN 4399 02:40:56,764 --> 02:41:02,236 DISEASES. 4400 02:41:02,236 --> 02:41:03,604 TODAY TO INSPARE ALL OF US TO 4401 02:41:03,604 --> 02:41:05,673 REALIZE OUR ASPIRATIONS AND 4402 02:41:05,673 --> 02:41:06,674 ACHIEVE HEIGHT WE DID NOT 4403 02:41:06,674 --> 02:41:10,778 REALIZE WE COULD ATTAIN, WE HAVE 4404 02:41:10,778 --> 02:41:14,748 THE PR PRIVILEGE OF LEARNING FRA 4405 02:41:14,748 --> 02:41:16,750 CONSUMMATE SCIENTIST AND LEADER. 4406 02:41:16,750 --> 02:41:18,852 NINA SCHOR, M.D. PH.D. 4407 02:41:18,852 --> 02:41:21,722 DR. NINA SCHOR IS THE NIH DEPUTY 4408 02:41:21,722 --> 02:41:24,491 DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL 4409 02:41:24,491 --> 02:41:24,959 RESEARCH. 4410 02:41:24,959 --> 02:41:26,927 IN THIS ROLE SHE OVERSEES 4411 02:41:26,927 --> 02:41:28,228 FACULTY RECRUITMENT AND 4412 02:41:28,228 --> 02:41:30,631 DEVELOPMENT, RESEARCH REGULATORY 4413 02:41:30,631 --> 02:41:32,700 AFFAIRS, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, 4414 02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:36,203 TRAINING AND EDUCATION, AND 4415 02:41:36,203 --> 02:41:38,505 RESEARCH INTEGRITY FOR THE 4416 02:41:38,505 --> 02:41:39,907 ENTIRE NIH INTRAMURAL RESEARCH 4417 02:41:39,907 --> 02:41:45,112 PROGRAM. 4418 02:41:45,112 --> 02:41:46,747 PRIOR TO LIFE AT THE NIH, 4419 02:41:46,747 --> 02:41:49,283 DR. SCHOR HAD ENJOYED IMMENSE 4420 02:41:49,283 --> 02:41:51,852 SUCCESS AS AN ACADEMIC, 4421 02:41:51,852 --> 02:41:53,253 CLINICIAN, AND SCIENTIST. 4422 02:41:53,253 --> 02:41:55,255 DR. SCHOR WAS ON THE FACULTY OF 4423 02:41:55,255 --> 02:41:56,423 THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FOR 4424 02:41:56,423 --> 02:42:00,127 20 YEARS, ULTIMATELY BECOMING 4425 02:42:00,127 --> 02:42:02,429 THE PROFESSOR OF PEDIATRIC 4426 02:42:02,429 --> 02:42:04,798 RESEARCH, CHIEF OF THE DIVISION 4427 02:42:04,798 --> 02:42:05,933 OF CHILD NEUROLOGY IN THE 4428 02:42:05,933 --> 02:42:08,369 DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS, AND 4429 02:42:08,369 --> 02:42:11,238 ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR MEDICAL 4430 02:42:11,238 --> 02:42:12,339 STUDENT RESEARCH IN THE MEDICAL 4431 02:42:12,339 --> 02:42:14,908 SCHOOL AT PITTSBURGH. 4432 02:42:14,908 --> 02:42:18,078 IN 2006, DR. SCHOR GAME THE 4433 02:42:18,078 --> 02:42:21,048 WILLIAM H. IVINGER CHAIR OF 4434 02:42:21,048 --> 02:42:24,051 PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRICIAN IN 4435 02:42:24,051 --> 02:42:27,021 CHIEF OF THE GOLISANO CHILDREN'S 4436 02:42:27,021 --> 02:42:27,921 HOSPITAL AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 4437 02:42:27,921 --> 02:42:28,222 ROCHESTER. 4438 02:42:28,222 --> 02:42:29,823 AS A SCIENTIST, SHE WAS 4439 02:42:29,823 --> 02:42:33,560 CONTINUOUSLY FUNDED BY NIH. 4440 02:42:33,560 --> 02:42:38,165 TO PURSUE HER RESEARCH ON NEURAL 4441 02:42:38,165 --> 02:42:38,899 CREST DEVELOPMENT. 4442 02:42:38,899 --> 02:42:41,035 IN JANUARY 2018 SHE WAS 4443 02:42:41,035 --> 02:42:42,202 RECRUITED TO BECOME THE DEPUTY 4444 02:42:42,202 --> 02:42:43,270 DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 4445 02:42:43,270 --> 02:42:45,372 INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL 4446 02:42:45,372 --> 02:42:47,674 DISORDERS AND STROKE, WHICH WE 4447 02:42:47,674 --> 02:42:49,743 CALL NINDS, WHERE SHE HAD LED 4448 02:42:49,743 --> 02:42:51,345 THE DIVISION OF INTRAMURAL 4449 02:42:51,345 --> 02:42:54,214 RESEARCH AND THE ULTRA-RARE GENE 4450 02:42:54,214 --> 02:42:56,817 TARGETED THERAPIES NETWORK, AND 4451 02:42:56,817 --> 02:42:57,918 ALSO STRATEGIC PLANNING AND 4452 02:42:57,918 --> 02:43:00,621 CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS. 4453 02:43:00,621 --> 02:43:02,489 THIS WAS UNTIL SHE WAS APPOINTED 4454 02:43:02,489 --> 02:43:04,992 TO BECOME THE NIH DEPUTY 4455 02:43:04,992 --> 02:43:08,562 DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL 4456 02:43:08,562 --> 02:43:08,829 RESEARCH. 4457 02:43:08,829 --> 02:43:13,634 SINCE ASSUMING THIS VERY AGEST 4458 02:43:13,634 --> 02:43:14,802 POSITION IN THE HALLOWED HALLS 4459 02:43:14,802 --> 02:43:16,637 OF THE NIH CAMPUS SINCE 4460 02:43:16,637 --> 02:43:18,839 AUGUST 2022, SHE HAS BEEN 4461 02:43:18,839 --> 02:43:21,141 TRANSFORMATIVE IN CREATING A 4462 02:43:21,141 --> 02:43:23,077 CONDUCIVE WORKPLACE WHERE WOMEN 4463 02:43:23,077 --> 02:43:24,711 SCIENTISTS FEEL THEY HAVE A 4464 02:43:24,711 --> 02:43:25,145 VOICE. 4465 02:43:25,145 --> 02:43:26,680 THE VOICE THAT IS HEARD AND 4466 02:43:26,680 --> 02:43:28,849 THOUGHTFULLY CONSIDERED, A 4467 02:43:28,849 --> 02:43:31,118 COLLEAGUE THEY CAN TRUST, 4468 02:43:31,118 --> 02:43:33,754 RESPECT, AND BELIEVE IN. 4469 02:43:33,754 --> 02:43:35,189 DESPITE HER IMMENSE AUTHORITY IN 4470 02:43:35,189 --> 02:43:39,093 THIS ROLE, DR. SCHOR LEADS WITH 4471 02:43:39,093 --> 02:43:42,029 HUMILITY, IS APPROACHABLE BUT 4472 02:43:42,029 --> 02:43:45,099 FIRM, SYMPATHETIC BUT 4473 02:43:45,099 --> 02:43:45,966 PRINCIPLED. 4474 02:43:45,966 --> 02:43:47,935 TRULY A LEADER ONE CAN WILLINGLY 4475 02:43:47,935 --> 02:43:49,103 FOLLOW, A LEADER ONE CAN 4476 02:43:49,103 --> 02:43:49,837 HOPEFULLY EMULATE. 4477 02:43:49,837 --> 02:43:51,371 DR. SCHOR IS THE CURRENT CHAIR 4478 02:43:51,371 --> 02:43:56,043 OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE 4479 02:43:56,043 --> 02:43:57,144 AMERICAN BOARD OF PSYCHIATRY AND 4480 02:43:57,144 --> 02:44:00,581 NEUROLOGY, AND A 2024 RECIPIENT 4481 02:44:00,581 --> 02:44:02,916 OF THE BERNICE GRAPHSTEIN AWARD 4482 02:44:02,916 --> 02:44:04,418 FOR OUTSTANDING MENTORING FROM 4483 02:44:04,418 --> 02:44:08,489 THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE. 4484 02:44:08,489 --> 02:44:09,656 COLLEAGUES, PLEASE WELCOME 4485 02:44:09,656 --> 02:44:19,933 DR. NINA SCHOR. 4486 02:44:26,006 --> 02:44:27,474 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 4487 02:44:27,474 --> 02:44:29,977 REALLY WONDERFUL INTRODUCTION, 4488 02:44:29,977 --> 02:44:31,612 AND THANKS TO ALL OF YOU FOR 4489 02:44:31,612 --> 02:44:33,113 BEING HERE. 4490 02:44:33,113 --> 02:44:37,484 I TRIED REALLY HARD TO ARRANGE 4491 02:44:37,484 --> 02:44:40,554 THE WEATHER, AND I REALLY MESSED 4492 02:44:40,554 --> 02:44:41,588 UP BIG TIME IN THAT. 4493 02:44:41,588 --> 02:44:44,892 I AM SO HONORED TO BE IN FRONT 4494 02:44:44,892 --> 02:44:45,993 OF YOU AND TO BE ABLE TO TELL 4495 02:44:45,993 --> 02:44:51,198 YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT REALLY MY 4496 02:44:51,198 --> 02:44:52,499 OWN CAREER JOURNEY, BUT I WILL 4497 02:44:52,499 --> 02:44:54,268 TELL YOU THAT THERE IS NO 4498 02:44:54,268 --> 02:44:57,538 COOKBOOK FOR THIS. 4499 02:44:57,538 --> 02:45:00,440 YOU WILL FIND YOUR OWN PATH, 4500 02:45:00,440 --> 02:45:06,580 PERHAPS WITH SUGGESTIONS WITH 4501 02:45:06,580 --> 02:45:07,948 MENTORING AND IDEAS YOU WILL GET 4502 02:45:07,948 --> 02:45:09,583 FROM OTHERS, YOU WILL HEAR IDEAS 4503 02:45:09,583 --> 02:45:10,918 THAT YOU SAY YOU KNOW WHAT, GOOD 4504 02:45:10,918 --> 02:45:12,119 FOR YOU, THAT'S NOT FOR ME, 4505 02:45:12,119 --> 02:45:14,521 THAT'S MENTORING TOO. 4506 02:45:14,521 --> 02:45:16,456 AND SO I THOUGHT WHAT I WOULD DO 4507 02:45:16,456 --> 02:45:20,093 IS TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 4508 02:45:20,093 --> 02:45:22,930 ESPECIALLY AS A CHILD 4509 02:45:22,930 --> 02:45:24,498 NEUROLOGIST, THE NOTION THAT 4510 02:45:24,498 --> 02:45:26,500 DEVELOPMENT IS FOREVER, AND I 4511 02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:29,670 WILL TELL YOU THAT IF THERE IS 4512 02:45:29,670 --> 02:45:33,173 AN AGE AT WHICH WE STOP 4513 02:45:33,173 --> 02:45:36,543 DEVELOPING, I'M NOT THERE YET. 4514 02:45:36,543 --> 02:45:39,246 SO I THINK IT'S VERY, VERY 4515 02:45:39,246 --> 02:45:42,983 IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT YOU 4516 02:45:42,983 --> 02:45:47,221 CAN ACHIEVE YOUR DREAMS, YOUR 4517 02:45:47,221 --> 02:45:49,423 ASPIRATIONS, BUT IT DOESN'T 4518 02:45:49,423 --> 02:45:50,958 HAPPEN ALL AT ONCE. 4519 02:45:50,958 --> 02:45:54,795 AND THERE IS A RIGHT MOMENT FOR 4520 02:45:54,795 --> 02:45:57,931 EVERYTHING THAT COMES ABOUT, AND 4521 02:45:57,931 --> 02:46:00,767 SO WITH THAT, I WILL TELL YOU I 4522 02:46:00,767 --> 02:46:03,971 AM NOT NEARLY ENTREPRENEURIAL 4523 02:46:03,971 --> 02:46:08,175 ENOUGH TO HAVE ANY CONFLICTS OF 4524 02:46:08,175 --> 02:46:10,143 INTEREST. 4525 02:46:10,143 --> 02:46:12,346 SO I HAVE ALWAYS SEEMED TO BE 4526 02:46:12,346 --> 02:46:16,383 WORKING AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN 4527 02:46:16,383 --> 02:46:21,688 FIELDS, AND IT HAS PLUSES AND 4528 02:46:21,688 --> 02:46:22,789 MINUSES TO DO THIS. 4529 02:46:22,789 --> 02:46:24,625 YOU GO AROUND A LOT LIKE MAN 4530 02:46:24,625 --> 02:46:29,663 WITHOUT A COUNTRY, BUT I WILL 4531 02:46:29,663 --> 02:46:31,498 TELL YOU THAT IF I HAD TO DO 4532 02:46:31,498 --> 02:46:32,833 OVER AGAIN, I WOULD NOT DO IT 4533 02:46:32,833 --> 02:46:33,900 ANY OTHER WAY. 4534 02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,271 I THINK WORKING AT THE INTERFACE 4535 02:46:37,271 --> 02:46:39,339 BETWEEN FIELDS, FOR ME, HAS BEEN 4536 02:46:39,339 --> 02:46:43,710 A WAY TO JUXTAPOSED THINGS AND 4537 02:46:43,710 --> 02:46:47,648 SYNTHESIZE THINGS THAT OFTEN 4538 02:46:47,648 --> 02:46:49,049 CREATES NEW IDEAS. 4539 02:46:49,049 --> 02:46:50,350 SO LET ME TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT 4540 02:46:50,350 --> 02:46:52,119 ABOUT HOW THIS CAME ABOUT. 4541 02:46:52,119 --> 02:46:53,754 IT WAS DEFINITELY NOT ALL AT 4542 02:46:53,754 --> 02:46:59,326 ONCE. 4543 02:46:59,326 --> 02:47:01,295 SO I DID MY UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE 4544 02:47:01,295 --> 02:47:01,528 AT YALE. 4545 02:47:01,528 --> 02:47:03,664 I WAS A MAJOR IN MOLECULAR 4546 02:47:03,664 --> 02:47:09,002 BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY. 4547 02:47:09,002 --> 02:47:11,371 AND I REALLY LEARNED AT THAT 4548 02:47:11,371 --> 02:47:14,007 POINT THAT ONE COULD BRING VERY, 4549 02:47:14,007 --> 02:47:18,578 VERY BASIC CHEMISTRY TO BEAR ON 4550 02:47:18,578 --> 02:47:19,780 UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGICAL 4551 02:47:19,780 --> 02:47:21,181 SYSTEMS. 4552 02:47:21,181 --> 02:47:26,053 I WORKED IN THE LABORATORY OF 4553 02:47:26,053 --> 02:47:27,587 WONDERFUL PHYSICAL BIOCHEMISTS. 4554 02:47:27,587 --> 02:47:31,858 YOU CAN TELL HE PUT TOGETHER ALL 4555 02:47:31,858 --> 02:47:34,661 THREE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE IN ONE 4556 02:47:34,661 --> 02:47:36,196 VERY LONG WORD. 4557 02:47:36,196 --> 02:47:39,599 A MAN BY THE NAME OF DR. JULIAN 4558 02:47:39,599 --> 02:47:41,868 STURTEVANT, AND WORKING IN HIS 4559 02:47:41,868 --> 02:47:43,070 LAB REALLY TAUGHT ME A WHOLE 4560 02:47:43,070 --> 02:47:45,472 BUNCH OF LESSONS, VERY, VERY 4561 02:47:45,472 --> 02:47:50,043 EARLY IN MY ACADEMIC LIFE. 4562 02:47:50,043 --> 02:47:51,144 THE MOLECULE THAT YOU SEE 4563 02:47:51,144 --> 02:47:59,119 DIAGRAMMED THERE IS A PROTEIN, 4564 02:47:59,119 --> 02:48:00,520 IN BLUE IS THE PROTEIN, IN RED 4565 02:48:00,520 --> 02:48:01,722 IS THE SUBSTRATE. 4566 02:48:01,722 --> 02:48:03,657 AND THE IMPORTANT THING ABOUT 4567 02:48:03,657 --> 02:48:05,826 THIS AND THE LESSON THAT I 4568 02:48:05,826 --> 02:48:09,863 LEARNED IS THAT ABOUT 10% OF 4569 02:48:09,863 --> 02:48:15,035 THIS MOLECULE IS IN THAT LITTLE 4570 02:48:15,035 --> 02:48:16,336 TURQUOISE BOX NEAR THE END 4571 02:48:16,336 --> 02:48:19,239 TERMINUS OF THE PROTEIN. 4572 02:48:19,239 --> 02:48:23,176 IF YOU TAKE THIS VERY COMPLEX 4573 02:48:23,176 --> 02:48:25,712 PROTEIN AND YOU CHOP OFF THAT 4574 02:48:25,712 --> 02:48:31,184 END TERMINAL 10%, WHICH IS 4575 02:48:31,184 --> 02:48:32,452 NOWHERE NEAR THE ACTIVE SITE 4576 02:48:32,452 --> 02:48:36,289 WHERE THE SUBSTRATE IS BOUND, 4577 02:48:36,289 --> 02:48:40,327 YOU COMPLETELY PAIR LASE THIS PS 4578 02:48:40,327 --> 02:48:41,661 ENZYME FROM DOING ANYTHING 4579 02:48:41,661 --> 02:48:42,062 USEFUL. 4580 02:48:42,062 --> 02:48:45,399 THAT END TERMINAL TEENY-WEENY 4581 02:48:45,399 --> 02:48:46,733 10% WHICH IN THE WORLD OF 4582 02:48:46,733 --> 02:48:49,035 GENOMICS NOW WE MIGHT -- WHEN WE 4583 02:48:49,035 --> 02:48:50,470 TALK ABOUT JUNK DNA, THE 4584 02:48:50,470 --> 02:48:53,607 STUFF -- I MEAN, HONESTLY IT'S A 4585 02:48:53,607 --> 02:48:55,242 MISSION THAT WE DON'T HAVE ANY 4586 02:48:55,242 --> 02:48:56,643 CLUE WHAT IT'S DOING SO WE CALL 4587 02:48:56,643 --> 02:48:59,479 IT JUNK BECAUSE IT MAKES US FEEL 4588 02:48:59,479 --> 02:48:59,980 BETTER. 4589 02:48:59,980 --> 02:49:02,349 BACK IN THOSE DAYS, THAT 10% OF 4590 02:49:02,349 --> 02:49:06,420 THE MOLECULE FAR AWAY FROM THE 4591 02:49:06,420 --> 02:49:08,555 ACTIVE SITE WAS THE PROTEIN 4592 02:49:08,555 --> 02:49:10,957 ANALOG OF JUNK DNA TODAY. 4593 02:49:10,957 --> 02:49:12,492 BUT THE FACT OF THE MATTER IS 4594 02:49:12,492 --> 02:49:16,630 THAT THAT LITTLE PIECE IS 4595 02:49:16,630 --> 02:49:18,498 ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL TO POSITION 4596 02:49:18,498 --> 02:49:20,901 THE ACTIVE SITE IN THE RIGHT 4597 02:49:20,901 --> 02:49:25,372 STEREO CHEMICAL CONFIGURATION SO 4598 02:49:25,372 --> 02:49:28,141 THAT THE SUBSTRATE COMBINED. 4599 02:49:28,141 --> 02:49:29,443 AND I REALLY LEARNED THAT THE 4600 02:49:29,443 --> 02:49:33,280 SIZE OF AN ENTITY OR THE 4601 02:49:33,280 --> 02:49:34,581 PERCENTAGE OF THE CHEMICAL 4602 02:49:34,581 --> 02:49:36,950 UNIVERSE THAT IT MAKES UP MAY 4603 02:49:36,950 --> 02:49:40,787 HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO RELATIONSHIP 4604 02:49:40,787 --> 02:49:43,290 BETWEEN THAT MOLECULE AND ITS 4605 02:49:43,290 --> 02:49:46,893 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION. 4606 02:49:46,893 --> 02:49:49,496 AND I REALLY LEARNED THAT 4607 02:49:49,496 --> 02:49:52,899 LEARNING THE STRUCTURE AND THE 4608 02:49:52,899 --> 02:49:57,070 IMPORTANCE OF EACH PIECE OF A 4609 02:49:57,070 --> 02:49:59,239 CHEMICAL ENTITY MIGHT ACTUALLY 4610 02:49:59,239 --> 02:50:03,143 HOLD THE KEY TO BIOLOGICAL 4611 02:50:03,143 --> 02:50:05,111 FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION. 4612 02:50:05,111 --> 02:50:07,747 NOW THE OTHER THING I LEARNED IN 4613 02:50:07,747 --> 02:50:09,449 JULIAN STURTEVANT'S LAB, I THINK 4614 02:50:09,449 --> 02:50:13,286 SOME WHAT SAY ISN'T SCIENCE. 4615 02:50:13,286 --> 02:50:16,890 THE FIRST ASPECT OF THAT IS THAT 4616 02:50:16,890 --> 02:50:19,259 THE MACHINE THAT YOU SEE THERE 4617 02:50:19,259 --> 02:50:22,562 IS A CALORIMETER. 4618 02:50:22,562 --> 02:50:26,266 IT HAD SEER YOE NUMBER 000003. 4619 02:50:26,266 --> 02:50:29,970 IT WAS THE THIRD ONE OF ITS KIND 4620 02:50:29,970 --> 02:50:33,740 MADE, AND DURING THE COLD WAR, 4621 02:50:33,740 --> 02:50:36,376 THAT WAS MADE IN MOSCOW IN THE 4622 02:50:36,376 --> 02:50:39,346 LABORATORY OF DR. PEA TER 4623 02:50:39,346 --> 02:50:40,213 PRIVILOV. 4624 02:50:40,213 --> 02:50:43,250 AND DR. PRIVILOV AND 4625 02:50:43,250 --> 02:50:44,351 DR. STURTEVANT, WITH WHOM I WAS 4626 02:50:44,351 --> 02:50:46,086 WORKING IN NEW HAVEN, 4627 02:50:46,086 --> 02:50:48,021 CONNECTICUT, WERE VERY, VERY 4628 02:50:48,021 --> 02:50:50,991 CLOSE FRIENDS. 4629 02:50:50,991 --> 02:50:55,795 YOU KNOW, I OFTEN FEEL THAT THAT 4630 02:50:55,795 --> 02:50:59,399 WAS MY FIRST EXHIBIT FIRST INTE 4631 02:50:59,399 --> 02:51:02,002 NOTION THAT IF THE LEADERS 4632 02:51:02,002 --> 02:51:03,436 POLITICALLY OF THE WORLD WANT TO 4633 02:51:03,436 --> 02:51:06,139 LEARN HOW TO GET ALONG, THEY 4634 02:51:06,139 --> 02:51:08,742 SHOULD TAKE SOME INFORMATION 4635 02:51:08,742 --> 02:51:12,379 FROM THE SCIENTISTS OF THE 4636 02:51:12,379 --> 02:51:13,046 WORLD. 4637 02:51:13,046 --> 02:51:15,115 THIS COLLABORATION AT A TIME 4638 02:51:15,115 --> 02:51:18,919 WHEN IT WAS NOT POPULAR TO BE 4639 02:51:18,919 --> 02:51:21,855 COLLABORATING WITH SOMEBODY FROM 4640 02:51:21,855 --> 02:51:26,026 THE FORMER SOVIET UNION WAS AN 4641 02:51:26,026 --> 02:51:28,295 IMMENSELY, IMMENSELY PRODUCTIVE 4642 02:51:28,295 --> 02:51:33,099 COLLABORATION. 4643 02:51:33,099 --> 02:51:34,000 AND THE PEOPLE THAT YOU SEE IN 4644 02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:35,168 THE PICTURE CAME FROM SIX 4645 02:51:35,168 --> 02:51:36,403 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AROUND THE 4646 02:51:36,403 --> 02:51:37,971 WORLD. 4647 02:51:37,971 --> 02:51:42,175 WE DID NOT HAVE A COMMON PRIMARY 4648 02:51:42,175 --> 02:51:43,476 LANGUAGE AMONG US BECAUSE EVEN 4649 02:51:43,476 --> 02:51:45,946 THE ONES THAT CAME FROM THE SAME 4650 02:51:45,946 --> 02:51:47,614 COUNTRY CAME FROM DIFFERENT 4651 02:51:47,614 --> 02:51:50,684 REGIONS AND COULDN'T -- ENGLISH 4652 02:51:50,684 --> 02:51:52,319 WAS OUR COMMON LANGUAGE AND WE 4653 02:51:52,319 --> 02:51:54,287 SPOKE IT MORE OR LESS WELL 4654 02:51:54,287 --> 02:51:55,689 DEPENDING ON HOW LONG WE HAD 4655 02:51:55,689 --> 02:51:59,526 BEEN IN THE U.S. OR THE U.K. OR 4656 02:51:59,526 --> 02:52:03,430 CANADA. 4657 02:52:03,430 --> 02:52:05,398 BUT I DON'T REMEMBER AN ARGUMENT 4658 02:52:05,398 --> 02:52:07,667 AMONG US EXCEPT AS TO WHETHER A 4659 02:52:07,667 --> 02:52:09,436 HYPOTHESIS WAS OR WAS NOT 4660 02:52:09,436 --> 02:52:14,541 SUPPORTED BY THE DATA. 4661 02:52:14,541 --> 02:52:16,543 REALLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 4662 02:52:16,543 --> 02:52:17,711 IS AN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, 4663 02:52:17,711 --> 02:52:21,247 AND IT HAS TO BE IN ORDER FOR TO 4664 02:52:21,247 --> 02:52:22,949 BE MAXIMALLY EFFECTIVE FOR WHAT 4665 02:52:22,949 --> 02:52:27,654 IT HAS TO DO FOR THE WORLD. 4666 02:52:27,654 --> 02:52:29,289 SO I LEARNED ABOUT STRUCTURE AND 4667 02:52:29,289 --> 02:52:30,357 FUNCTION AND FUNCTION AND 4668 02:52:30,357 --> 02:52:32,759 STRUCTURE, AND I REALLY LEARNED 4669 02:52:32,759 --> 02:52:34,928 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO A GROUP AND 4670 02:52:34,928 --> 02:52:38,698 HOW TO BE PART OF AN ENTERPRISE 4671 02:52:38,698 --> 02:52:39,833 MUCH BIGGER THAN WHAT I COULD DO 4672 02:52:39,833 --> 02:52:46,506 IN MY OWN LAB. 4673 02:52:46,506 --> 02:52:49,209 SO THEN I WENT FOR MY GRADUATE 4674 02:52:49,209 --> 02:52:49,876 WORK TO ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY. 4675 02:52:49,876 --> 02:52:53,279 I DID AN M.D. PH.D. PROGRAM THAT 4676 02:52:53,279 --> 02:52:57,083 WAS -- IT'S NOW CALLED THE 4677 02:52:57,083 --> 02:52:58,051 TRIINSTITUTIONAL PROGRAM. 4678 02:52:58,051 --> 02:52:59,919 BACK THEN IT WAS CORNELL MEDICAL 4679 02:52:59,919 --> 02:53:01,621 SCHOOL AND ROCKEFELLER 4680 02:53:01,621 --> 02:53:05,291 UNIVERSITY. 4681 02:53:05,291 --> 02:53:09,295 AND I WORKED WITH DR. ANTHONY 4682 02:53:09,295 --> 02:53:11,598 CIRAMI, WHO TO THIS DAY I WOULD 4683 02:53:11,598 --> 02:53:13,767 SAY WAS THE MOST CREATIVE 4684 02:53:13,767 --> 02:53:15,635 SCIENTIST WITH WHOM I'VE EVER 4685 02:53:15,635 --> 02:53:15,935 WORKED. 4686 02:53:15,935 --> 02:53:19,773 AND WHEN I THINK THROUGH A 4687 02:53:19,773 --> 02:53:21,441 PROBLEM NOW, I THINK IT THROUGH 4688 02:53:21,441 --> 02:53:23,009 BECAUSE OF THE WAY HE TAUGHT ME 4689 02:53:23,009 --> 02:53:25,245 TO DO THAT. 4690 02:53:25,245 --> 02:53:27,213 AND HE WAS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO 4691 02:53:27,213 --> 02:53:30,784 SAID, WELL, IF YOU CAN TAKE 4692 02:53:30,784 --> 02:53:32,652 CHEMISTRY AND BRING TO BEAR ON 4693 02:53:32,652 --> 02:53:36,623 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, THEN YOU CAN 4694 02:53:36,623 --> 02:53:39,259 LEARN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF AN 4695 02:53:39,259 --> 02:53:41,695 ABERRANT SYSTEM AND DESIGN WAYS 4696 02:53:41,695 --> 02:53:44,964 TO TREAT DISEASE. 4697 02:53:44,964 --> 02:53:47,133 AND SO I WENT FROM JUXTAPOSING 4698 02:53:47,133 --> 02:53:49,536 BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY TO 4699 02:53:49,536 --> 02:53:52,706 JUXTAPOSING VERY BASIC SCIENCE 4700 02:53:52,706 --> 02:53:55,775 WITH MEDICINE. 4701 02:53:55,775 --> 02:53:58,378 I WORKED -- EVEN THOUGH I KNEW 4702 02:53:58,378 --> 02:53:59,579 AT THAT TIME I ULTIMATELY WANTED 4703 02:53:59,579 --> 02:54:03,283 TO GO INTO NEUROLOGY, THE 4704 02:54:03,283 --> 02:54:06,286 NEUROLOGY AT ROCKEFELLER WAS 4705 02:54:06,286 --> 02:54:07,987 SQUID AXON NEUROLOGY. 4706 02:54:07,987 --> 02:54:10,090 I KNEW I DIDN'T WANT TO DO THAT. 4707 02:54:10,090 --> 02:54:15,729 I STILL KNOW THAT TODAY. 4708 02:54:15,729 --> 02:54:18,698 AND I DECIDED TO WORK ON 4709 02:54:18,698 --> 02:54:19,766 SOMETHING OTHER THAN 4710 02:54:19,766 --> 02:54:22,635 NEUROSCIENCE BUT TO LEARN THE 4711 02:54:22,635 --> 02:54:24,137 APPROACH, THE TECHNIQUES, THE 4712 02:54:24,137 --> 02:54:27,507 WAY OF THINKING ABOUT A 4713 02:54:27,507 --> 02:54:28,842 BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM, AND 4714 02:54:28,842 --> 02:54:33,213 TRANSLATING THAT INTO MEDICINE 4715 02:54:33,213 --> 02:54:34,614 WITH THE HOPE THAT DOWN THE 4716 02:54:34,614 --> 02:54:35,582 ROAD, I WOULD BE ABLE TO APPLY 4717 02:54:35,582 --> 02:54:36,883 THIS TO NEUROLOGY. 4718 02:54:36,883 --> 02:54:39,519 SO I WORKED ON CYSTIC FIBROSIS, 4719 02:54:39,519 --> 02:54:41,688 WHICH WAS KNOWN AT THAT TIME TO 4720 02:54:41,688 --> 02:54:44,457 BE AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 4721 02:54:44,457 --> 02:54:46,259 GENETIC DISORDER, BUT THE GENE 4722 02:54:46,259 --> 02:54:49,229 WAS NOT KNOWN AT ALL. 4723 02:54:49,229 --> 02:54:50,730 AND THE QUESTION WAS, COULD WE 4724 02:54:50,730 --> 02:54:57,003 MAKE A DENT IN THE SYMPTOMS THAT 4725 02:54:57,003 --> 02:54:58,738 UNDERLIED THESE PATIENTS' 4726 02:54:58,738 --> 02:55:04,978 PROPENSITY FOR INFECTION AND FOR 4727 02:55:04,978 --> 02:55:05,745 PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION BY 4728 02:55:05,745 --> 02:55:10,216 UNDERSTANDING THE BIOCHEMISTRY 4729 02:55:10,216 --> 02:55:13,153 OF THAT DYSFUNCTION. 4730 02:55:13,153 --> 02:55:15,321 AND I STUDIED WITH THE HELP OF 4731 02:55:15,321 --> 02:55:19,159 STANFORD MOORE, WHO WAS A 4732 02:55:19,159 --> 02:55:22,862 RENOWNED PROTEIN BIOCHEMIST, AND 4733 02:55:22,862 --> 02:55:26,699 AN INSTRUMENT CALLED A RIOME TE 4734 02:55:26,699 --> 02:55:29,169 WHICH WAS A VERY PRIMITIVE WAY 4735 02:55:29,169 --> 02:55:30,503 OF MEASURING THE VISCOSITY OF 4736 02:55:30,503 --> 02:55:30,837 FLUIDS. 4737 02:55:30,837 --> 02:55:32,138 A LOT OF THINGS WERE DONE BY 4738 02:55:32,138 --> 02:55:39,813 HAND THAT NOW WOULD BE AUTOMA 4739 02:55:39,813 --> 02:55:40,079 AUTOMATED. 4740 02:55:40,079 --> 02:55:41,481 WE WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE 4741 02:55:41,481 --> 02:55:42,916 BIOCHEMICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE 4742 02:55:42,916 --> 02:55:44,851 VISCOSITY OF THE SECRETIONS OF 4743 02:55:44,851 --> 02:55:50,156 PEOPLE WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS. 4744 02:55:50,156 --> 02:55:51,257 AND THROUGH THAT, TO SAY IS 4745 02:55:51,257 --> 02:55:55,295 THERE SOMETHING WE COULD USE TO 4746 02:55:55,295 --> 02:55:57,597 INTERRUPT, TO DISRUPT THIS 4747 02:55:57,597 --> 02:55:59,566 VISCOSITY THAT WOULD HELP THESE 4748 02:55:59,566 --> 02:55:59,999 PATIENTS. 4749 02:55:59,999 --> 02:56:05,004 AND WE DESIGNED AND TESTED IN AN 4750 02:56:05,004 --> 02:56:06,539 N OF 4 CLINICAL STUDY. 4751 02:56:06,539 --> 02:56:08,508 I MEAN, IT'S FUNNY TO ME NOW, 4752 02:56:08,508 --> 02:56:10,143 BUT IT WAS REALLY EXHILARATING 4753 02:56:10,143 --> 02:56:14,714 TO ME AT THAT TIME AS A GRADUATE 4754 02:56:14,714 --> 02:56:15,048 STUDENT. 4755 02:56:15,048 --> 02:56:16,916 WE ACTUALLY DEMONSTRATED CHANGES 4756 02:56:16,916 --> 02:56:20,954 IN PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS, AT 4757 02:56:20,954 --> 02:56:22,488 LEAST IN THE SHORT TERM AS A 4758 02:56:22,488 --> 02:56:27,594 RESULT OF REDUCING THE VISCOSITY 4759 02:56:27,594 --> 02:56:29,562 OF SUSPENSIONS OF THIS VERY 4760 02:56:29,562 --> 02:56:32,098 INSOLUBLE PROTEIN. 4761 02:56:32,098 --> 02:56:33,399 AND FOR ME, THAT WAS THE 4762 02:56:33,399 --> 02:56:38,438 BEGINNING OF JUXTAPOSING 4763 02:56:38,438 --> 02:56:40,073 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE. 4764 02:56:40,073 --> 02:56:42,575 SO AFTER I GOT MY PH.D., I WENT 4765 02:56:42,575 --> 02:56:47,280 BACK TO CORNELL MEDICAL SCHOOL, 4766 02:56:47,280 --> 02:56:51,417 AND I REAFFIRMED FOR MYSELF MY 4767 02:56:51,417 --> 02:56:52,619 INTEREST IN GOING INTO NEUROLOGY 4768 02:56:52,619 --> 02:56:54,554 AND APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES I 4769 02:56:54,554 --> 02:56:57,857 HAD LEARNED IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY 4770 02:56:57,857 --> 02:57:03,529 LAB TO NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. 4771 02:57:03,529 --> 02:57:06,032 AND I MET A WHOLE SLEW OF PEOPLE 4772 02:57:06,032 --> 02:57:09,335 THAT REMAINED REALLY THROUGHOUT 4773 02:57:09,335 --> 02:57:13,273 MY CAREER MENTORS, COLLEAGUES, 4774 02:57:13,273 --> 02:57:17,977 FRIENDS. 4775 02:57:17,977 --> 02:57:20,246 HARP PETERSON WAS THE CHAIR OF 4776 02:57:20,246 --> 02:57:21,014 PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY AT CORNELL 4777 02:57:21,014 --> 02:57:24,284 AT THE TIME. 4778 02:57:24,284 --> 02:57:28,888 WILLIAM SHAPIRO WAS ONE OF THE 4779 02:57:28,888 --> 02:57:32,592 CLINICAL LEADERS AND RESEARCH 4780 02:57:32,592 --> 02:57:36,529 LEADERS AT MEMORIAL SLOAN 4781 02:57:36,529 --> 02:57:37,430 KETTERING, AND HE WAS IN THE 4782 02:57:37,430 --> 02:57:38,898 DEPARTMENT OF -- I THINK OF HIM 4783 02:57:38,898 --> 02:57:44,304 AS A NEURO-ONCOLOGY LUMINARY, 4784 02:57:44,304 --> 02:57:46,105 JEROME POSNER, AND DAVID NATHAN, 4785 02:57:46,105 --> 02:57:48,608 I MET WHEN I WENT OFF TO DO MY 4786 02:57:48,608 --> 02:57:51,344 PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY. 4787 02:57:51,344 --> 02:57:51,878 AT BOSTON 4788 02:57:51,878 --> 02:57:55,481 CHILDREN'S, AND IT WAS THROUGH 4789 02:57:55,481 --> 02:57:56,616 THIS REMARKABLE GROUP OF PEOPLE 4790 02:57:56,616 --> 02:57:59,419 WHO WERE NOT JUST GREAT 4791 02:57:59,419 --> 02:58:00,720 PHYSICIANS AND SCIENTISTS, BUT 4792 02:58:00,720 --> 02:58:04,791 FROM MY STANDPOINT, THE MOST 4793 02:58:04,791 --> 02:58:06,559 IMPORTANT THING WAS THAT THEY 4794 02:58:06,559 --> 02:58:09,829 WERE EXTRAORDINARILY GENEROUS 4795 02:58:09,829 --> 02:58:12,865 MENTORS, AND NO IDEA WAS TOO 4796 02:58:12,865 --> 02:58:14,300 SIMPLE OR TOO SILLY TO RUN IT BY 4797 02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:16,803 THEM. 4798 02:58:16,803 --> 02:58:20,606 I REALLY MET WITH EXCITEMENT AND 4799 02:58:20,606 --> 02:58:23,810 ACCEPTANCE WHEN I WOULD PRESENT 4800 02:58:23,810 --> 02:58:25,111 MY -- YOU KNOW, SOME OF THESE 4801 02:58:25,111 --> 02:58:26,713 IDEAS WERE PIE IN THE SKY KIND 4802 02:58:26,713 --> 02:58:27,113 OF THINGS. 4803 02:58:27,113 --> 02:58:29,282 I WAS UNENCUMBERED BY DATA AT 4804 02:58:29,282 --> 02:58:33,453 THIS STAGE IN MY LIFE, AND 4805 02:58:33,453 --> 02:58:34,420 RUNNING IDEAS BY THEM AND 4806 02:58:34,420 --> 02:58:38,157 MEETING WITH NOT ONLY ACCEPTANCE 4807 02:58:38,157 --> 02:58:39,359 BUT EXCITEMENT ABOUT A NEW WAY 4808 02:58:39,359 --> 02:58:43,730 TO LOOK AT SOMETHING WAS REALLY 4809 02:58:43,730 --> 02:58:46,899 EMPOWERING TO ME, AND I HAVE 4810 02:58:46,899 --> 02:58:48,534 TAKEN THAT WITH ME AS I'VE 4811 02:58:48,534 --> 02:58:54,107 MENTORED YOUNG PEOPLE, STUDENTS 4812 02:58:54,107 --> 02:58:55,208 AND RESIDENTS AS I'VE GONE 4813 02:58:55,208 --> 02:58:55,641 ALONG. 4814 02:58:55,641 --> 02:59:00,780 BUT THE NOTION FOR ME WAS, WAS 4815 02:59:00,780 --> 02:59:02,281 THERE SOME WAY I COULD LOOK AT 4816 02:59:02,281 --> 02:59:05,485 THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND THE 4817 02:59:05,485 --> 02:59:08,654 NEUROSCIENCE OF TUMORS OF THE 4818 02:59:08,654 --> 02:59:09,856 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MAKE A DENT 4819 02:59:09,856 --> 02:59:13,059 IN THIS PROBLEM THAT THE 4820 02:59:13,059 --> 02:59:14,927 ONCOLOGY WORLD HAD NOT YET MADE 4821 02:59:14,927 --> 02:59:16,863 A DENT IN. 4822 02:59:16,863 --> 02:59:23,636 WAS THERE SOMETHING ABOUT, FOR 4823 02:59:23,636 --> 02:59:24,337 EXAMPLE, NEUROBLASTOMA, WHICH IS 4824 02:59:24,337 --> 02:59:28,808 A TUMOR OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN 4825 02:59:28,808 --> 02:59:30,009 CHILDHOOD, AND THIS TUMOR IS -- 4826 02:59:30,009 --> 02:59:32,512 YOU KNOW, WHEN WE THINK OF ADULT 4827 02:59:32,512 --> 02:59:35,481 CANCERS, WE THINK OF NORMAL 4828 02:59:35,481 --> 02:59:38,317 MATURE CELLS THAT SOMEHOW GET A 4829 02:59:38,317 --> 02:59:44,323 HIT THAT TRANSFORMS THEM INTO 4830 02:59:44,323 --> 02:59:45,858 PROLIFERATING ABERRANT CANCER 4831 02:59:45,858 --> 02:59:46,325 CELLS. 4832 02:59:46,325 --> 02:59:47,493 IN CHILDREN, OFTEN THAT ISN'T 4833 02:59:47,493 --> 02:59:48,561 THE MECHANISM. 4834 02:59:48,561 --> 02:59:53,666 IN CHILDREN, OFTEN CELLS UNDERGO 4835 02:59:53,666 --> 02:59:54,300 DEVELOPMENTAL ARREST. 4836 02:59:54,300 --> 02:59:57,270 THEY NEVER BECOME MATURE, AND 4837 02:59:57,270 --> 03:00:01,340 THEY JUST RETAIN WHAT WOULD BE 4838 03:00:01,340 --> 03:00:04,277 NORMAL AS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS 4839 03:00:04,277 --> 03:00:05,044 DEVELOPING. 4840 03:00:05,044 --> 03:00:07,113 THEY RETAIN THEIR PROLIFERATIVE 4841 03:00:07,113 --> 03:00:08,915 POTENTIAL. 4842 03:00:08,915 --> 03:00:10,750 AND I WONDERED IF I'VE LOOKED AT 4843 03:00:10,750 --> 03:00:13,386 THIS AS A DEVELOPMENTAL 4844 03:00:13,386 --> 03:00:16,322 NEUROBIOLOGIST RATHER THAN AS AN 4845 03:00:16,322 --> 03:00:17,857 ONCOLOGIST, COULD I COME UP WITH 4846 03:00:17,857 --> 03:00:22,662 A NEW WAY TO PREVENT THESE CELLS 4847 03:00:22,662 --> 03:00:23,229 FROM DIVIDING. 4848 03:00:23,229 --> 03:00:26,265 SO I FOUND MYSELF AT THE 4849 03:00:26,265 --> 03:00:29,335 INTERFACE BETWEEN NEUROSCIENCE 4850 03:00:29,335 --> 03:00:32,405 AND CANCER BIOLOGY. 4851 03:00:32,405 --> 03:00:35,308 AND IT WAS REALLY THE 4852 03:00:35,308 --> 03:00:36,742 ENCOURAGEMENT OF THESE FOUR 4853 03:00:36,742 --> 03:00:39,112 MENTORS OF MINE THAT ALLOWED ME 4854 03:00:39,112 --> 03:00:45,485 TO DO THIS, BECAUSE AS YOU MAY 4855 03:00:45,485 --> 03:00:46,919 KNOW, FIELDS TEND -- 4856 03:00:46,919 --> 03:00:48,554 PARTICULARLY IN MEDICINE, I 4857 03:00:48,554 --> 03:00:50,089 THINK -- TO BE RELATIVELY SILOED 4858 03:00:50,089 --> 03:00:53,926 FROM ONE ANOTHER. 4859 03:00:53,926 --> 03:00:55,328 AND YOU KNOW YOU APPLY FOR A 4860 03:00:55,328 --> 03:00:59,165 RESIDENCY IN NEUROLOGY AND THEY 4861 03:00:59,165 --> 03:01:02,168 SEE YOUR RESEARCH WAS ON CYSTIC 4862 03:01:02,168 --> 03:01:02,835 FIBROSIS, THAT RESEARCH DOESN'T 4863 03:01:02,835 --> 03:01:03,836 SEEM TO MATTER TO THE PEOPLE 4864 03:01:03,836 --> 03:01:07,974 YOU'RE APPLYING TO. 4865 03:01:07,974 --> 03:01:09,142 THESE PEOPLE DARED TO TELL ME 4866 03:01:09,142 --> 03:01:10,576 THAT THAT WAS NOT TRUE, AND THAT 4867 03:01:10,576 --> 03:01:13,980 PERHAPS I WOULD THINK SOMETHING 4868 03:01:13,980 --> 03:01:16,282 NEW AND FRESH AND MORE EFFECTIVE 4869 03:01:16,282 --> 03:01:20,186 BY SITTING AT THE INTERFACE 4870 03:01:20,186 --> 03:01:23,589 BETWEEN FIELDS. 4871 03:01:23,589 --> 03:01:25,224 WELL, SO MANY YEARS LATER, I HAD 4872 03:01:25,224 --> 03:01:28,294 BEEN WORKING ON A RECEPTOR 4873 03:01:28,294 --> 03:01:31,464 THAT'S ON THE SURFACE OF MOST 4874 03:01:31,464 --> 03:01:33,966 NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS, AND IT'S 4875 03:01:33,966 --> 03:01:39,438 THE P75 NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR. 4876 03:01:39,438 --> 03:01:43,910 IT BINDS -- IT'S OFTEN CALLED A 4877 03:01:43,910 --> 03:01:45,244 PROMISCUOUS RECEPTOR BECAUSE IT 4878 03:01:45,244 --> 03:01:49,048 BINDS MANY LIGANDS, ALL OF WHICH 4879 03:01:49,048 --> 03:01:49,715 ARE NEUROTROPHINS. 4880 03:01:49,715 --> 03:01:53,753 PROBABLY THE MOST PREVALENT OF 4881 03:01:53,753 --> 03:01:57,456 THEM IS NGF, AND IT PLAYS A ROLE 4882 03:01:57,456 --> 03:01:59,992 IN THE MAINTENANCE OF 4883 03:01:59,992 --> 03:02:02,061 PROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL IN 4884 03:02:02,061 --> 03:02:02,395 NEUROBLASTOMA. 4885 03:02:02,395 --> 03:02:06,199 SO I HAD BEEN WORKING ON IT, AND 4886 03:02:06,199 --> 03:02:07,733 A GRADUATE STUDENT CAME TO ME 4887 03:02:07,733 --> 03:02:09,602 AND SAID I REALLY, REALLY WANT 4888 03:02:09,602 --> 03:02:11,337 TO WORK IN YOUR LAB. 4889 03:02:11,337 --> 03:02:13,339 I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT DOING 4890 03:02:13,339 --> 03:02:17,410 MY WORK IN YOUR LAB. 4891 03:02:17,410 --> 03:02:19,445 AND I'M GOING TO GET MY PH.D. IN 4892 03:02:19,445 --> 03:02:20,947 THE NEXT FEW MONTHS, I WANT TO 4893 03:02:20,947 --> 03:02:22,114 DO A POSTDOC WITH YOU. 4894 03:02:22,114 --> 03:02:25,284 I WAS DELIGHTED. 4895 03:02:25,284 --> 03:02:28,454 I KNEW HER FROM BEING ON HER 4896 03:02:28,454 --> 03:02:29,422 THESIS COMMITTEE, AND I KNEW 4897 03:02:29,422 --> 03:02:31,390 THAT SHE WAS HARD WORKING AND 4898 03:02:31,390 --> 03:02:34,794 BRIGHT AND CREATIVE, AND SHE 4899 03:02:34,794 --> 03:02:37,930 SAID, WELL, BEFORE YOU SAY YES, 4900 03:02:37,930 --> 03:02:39,131 LET ME TELL YOU WHAT I REALLY 4901 03:02:39,131 --> 03:02:40,032 WANT TO DO. 4902 03:02:40,032 --> 03:02:43,102 AND I THOUGHT THAT WAS A LITTLE 4903 03:02:43,102 --> 03:02:44,604 ODD, BUT I SAID GO AHEAD. 4904 03:02:44,604 --> 03:02:46,472 AND SHE SAID, WELL, YOU KNOW, I 4905 03:02:46,472 --> 03:02:47,873 REALLY, REALLY WANT TO WORK ON 4906 03:02:47,873 --> 03:02:48,741 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 4907 03:02:48,741 --> 03:02:51,911 NOW I MEAN, WHO GOES TO A 4908 03:02:51,911 --> 03:02:53,246 PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGIST WHO WORKS 4909 03:02:53,246 --> 03:02:55,948 ON A TUMOR OF THE DEVELOPING 4910 03:02:55,948 --> 03:02:57,149 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SAYS I'M 4911 03:02:57,149 --> 03:02:59,285 COMING TO YOU TO WORK ON 4912 03:02:59,285 --> 03:03:03,522 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE? 4913 03:03:03,522 --> 03:03:04,690 I MEAN, THAT'S CRAZY, RIGHT? 4914 03:03:04,690 --> 03:03:09,428 I SAID, OKAY, I WANT TO HEAR YOU 4915 03:03:09,428 --> 03:03:10,630 OUT. 4916 03:03:10,630 --> 03:03:13,232 TELL ME WHY -- I MEAN, I'LL HELP 4917 03:03:13,232 --> 03:03:14,467 YOU FIND THE RIGHT PERSON. 4918 03:03:14,467 --> 03:03:16,102 NO, NO, NO, SHE SAID, YOU ARE 4919 03:03:16,102 --> 03:03:19,372 THE RIGHT PERSON. 4920 03:03:19,372 --> 03:03:25,177 AND SHE PROCEEDED TO TELL ME 4921 03:03:25,177 --> 03:03:26,045 THAT -- SOMETHING I KNEW 4922 03:03:26,045 --> 03:03:29,215 INITIALLY THAT THE P75 RECEPTOR 4923 03:03:29,215 --> 03:03:33,586 IS TRANSMEMBRANE, AND IT GETS 4924 03:03:33,586 --> 03:03:34,987 CLEAVED, AND THE WAY IT WORKS, 4925 03:03:34,987 --> 03:03:38,624 WHEN A LIGAND BINDS, THE 4926 03:03:38,624 --> 03:03:42,461 P75 RECEPTOR GETS CLEAVED BY AN 4927 03:03:42,461 --> 03:03:45,531 ENZYME, AND THE INTRACELLULAR 4928 03:03:45,531 --> 03:03:47,833 PART GOES OFF TO THE NUCLEUS AND 4929 03:03:47,833 --> 03:03:52,071 ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. 4930 03:03:52,071 --> 03:03:54,040 OKAY, WHAT DOES THAT HAVE TO DO 4931 03:03:54,040 --> 03:03:56,676 WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE? 4932 03:03:56,676 --> 03:04:00,179 WELL, IT GETS CLEAVED BY REALLY 4933 03:04:00,179 --> 03:04:05,551 A FAMILY OF ENZYMES CALLED GAMMA 4934 03:04:05,551 --> 03:04:09,922 SECRETASES, AND PRESENILLIN, 4935 03:04:09,922 --> 03:04:12,591 WHICH IS MUTATED IN FAMILIAL 4936 03:04:12,591 --> 03:04:16,162 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, IS A GAMMA 4937 03:04:16,162 --> 03:04:16,996 SECRETASE. 4938 03:04:16,996 --> 03:04:17,697 AND SHE SAID MAYBE THE WHOLE 4939 03:04:17,697 --> 03:04:18,297 PROBLEM IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 4940 03:04:18,297 --> 03:04:21,600 IS THE ABERRANT CLEAVAGE OF THIS 4941 03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:24,437 MOLECULE IN THE MEMBRANE. 4942 03:04:24,437 --> 03:04:26,205 YOU KNOW IT'S A HYPOTHESIS, IT'S 4943 03:04:26,205 --> 03:04:29,709 STARTING TO SOUND LIKE MAYBE IT 4944 03:04:29,709 --> 03:04:31,110 HAS TO DO WITH WHAT I DO IN MY 4945 03:04:31,110 --> 03:04:31,444 LAB. 4946 03:04:31,444 --> 03:04:36,916 SO I DID A LITTLE READING 4947 03:04:36,916 --> 03:04:38,651 MYSELF, AND IT TURNS OUT THAT AS 4948 03:04:38,651 --> 03:04:44,824 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPS, THE 4949 03:04:44,824 --> 03:04:46,692 P75 RECEPTOR, ITS EXPRESSION 4950 03:04:46,692 --> 03:04:49,628 GETS MORE AND MORE RESTRICTIVE 4951 03:04:49,628 --> 03:04:52,698 IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 4952 03:04:52,698 --> 03:04:57,870 WHEN AN EMBRYO DEVELOPS, THE 4953 03:04:57,870 --> 03:05:01,040 ENTIRE NEURAXIS IS FILLED WITH 4954 03:05:01,040 --> 03:05:01,374 P75. 4955 03:05:01,374 --> 03:05:06,712 AND AS YOU GET OLDER, THE 4956 03:05:06,712 --> 03:05:10,116 EXPRESSION OF P75 BECOMES LESS 4957 03:05:10,116 --> 03:05:16,655 AND LESS IN MOST OF THE NEURAXIS 4958 03:05:16,655 --> 03:05:18,357 BUT THE PLACES IT REMAINS IN 4959 03:05:18,357 --> 03:05:19,658 HIGH CONCENTRATION ARE THE 4960 03:05:19,658 --> 03:05:22,461 PLACES IMPLICATED IN ALZHEIMER'S 4961 03:05:22,461 --> 03:05:22,962 DISEASE. 4962 03:05:22,962 --> 03:05:28,401 THE NUCLEUS BASALIS OF MINOR, 4963 03:05:28,401 --> 03:05:30,169 THE CEREBELLUM, THE FRONTAL 4964 03:05:30,169 --> 03:05:32,338 LOBE, THE PLACES WHERE WE TALK 4965 03:05:32,338 --> 03:05:36,609 ABOUT ABERRANCY IN ALZHEIMER'S 4966 03:05:36,609 --> 03:05:36,842 DISEASE. 4967 03:05:36,842 --> 03:05:37,943 HONESTLY, YOU NEVER SAY THAT'S 4968 03:05:37,943 --> 03:05:39,345 DEFINITELY THE MECHANISM UNTIL 4969 03:05:39,345 --> 03:05:41,213 YOU DO THE EXPERIMENTS, BUT I 4970 03:05:41,213 --> 03:05:45,584 BECAME ENOUGH OF A BELIEVER THAT 4971 03:05:45,584 --> 03:05:46,485 I BROUGHT THIS WOMAN INTO MY 4972 03:05:46,485 --> 03:05:49,221 LABORATORY. 4973 03:05:49,221 --> 03:05:51,290 AND SHE DID A POSTDOC WITH ME, 4974 03:05:51,290 --> 03:05:55,327 AND SHE ACTUALLY DEMONSTRATED 4975 03:05:55,327 --> 03:05:57,530 THAT, IN FACT, YOU CAN CREATE 4976 03:05:57,530 --> 03:06:05,538 WHEREVER P75 IS EXPRESSED, 4977 03:06:05,538 --> 03:06:07,606 PRESINILLIN, IF IT'S MUTATED, 4978 03:06:07,606 --> 03:06:09,809 CLEAVES THIS P75 AB RAPTLY AND 4979 03:06:09,809 --> 03:06:11,877 MAKES ITS FUNCTION NOT NORMAL. 4980 03:06:11,877 --> 03:06:15,581 AND IF YOU TAKE THE HIPPOCAMPUS 4981 03:06:15,581 --> 03:06:18,217 FROM PATIENTS WHO HAVE DIED OF 4982 03:06:18,217 --> 03:06:19,418 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, YOU CAN 4983 03:06:19,418 --> 03:06:29,695 SHOW THAT SAME ABARENCY. 4984 03:06:29,695 --> 03:06:30,563 NOW MOST PATIENTS WITH 4985 03:06:30,563 --> 03:06:31,230 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE DO NOT HAVE 4986 03:06:31,230 --> 03:06:34,099 THIS MUTATION AND DO NOT HAVE A 4987 03:06:34,099 --> 03:06:35,201 FAMILIAL CLEARLY GENETIC 4988 03:06:35,201 --> 03:06:36,335 DISORDER. 4989 03:06:36,335 --> 03:06:44,577 SO IS THIS THE MECHANISM BEHIND 4990 03:06:44,577 --> 03:06:45,344 SPORADIC ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE? 4991 03:06:45,344 --> 03:06:46,679 I DON'T YET KNOW. 4992 03:06:46,679 --> 03:06:49,949 AND I CAN TELL YOU THAT THE 4993 03:06:49,949 --> 03:06:53,819 P75 FROM PEOPLE WITH SPORADIC 4994 03:06:53,819 --> 03:06:55,421 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IS CLEAVED 4995 03:06:55,421 --> 03:06:58,357 PERFECTLY NORMALLY. 4996 03:06:58,357 --> 03:07:05,598 SO MAYBE THIS IS A SUBSET, BUT 4997 03:07:05,598 --> 03:07:09,435 AGAIN, FINDING SOMETHING NEW AT 4998 03:07:09,435 --> 03:07:10,603 THE INTERFACE BETWEEN FIELDS AND 4999 03:07:10,603 --> 03:07:11,837 BEING WILLING TO ENTERTAIN AN 5000 03:07:11,837 --> 03:07:13,739 IDEA THAT COMES ABOUT FROM OUT 5001 03:07:13,739 --> 03:07:18,410 OF LEFT FIELD, I THINK SOMETIMES 5002 03:07:18,410 --> 03:07:20,045 YOU HIT PAYDIRT AND CERTAINLY 5003 03:07:20,045 --> 03:07:21,680 GAVE US MORE INFORMATION THAN WE 5004 03:07:21,680 --> 03:07:22,448 HAD BEFORE. 5005 03:07:22,448 --> 03:07:23,749 I DON'T THINK I WOULD HAVE 5006 03:07:23,749 --> 03:07:27,486 THOUGHT OF LOOKING AT P75 IN 5007 03:07:27,486 --> 03:07:33,292 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, EVER. 5008 03:07:33,292 --> 03:07:34,693 SO I MOVED FROM -- THIS WORK WAS 5009 03:07:34,693 --> 03:07:38,631 DONE IN PITTSBURGH, AND I MOVED 5010 03:07:38,631 --> 03:07:40,933 FROM THERE TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 5011 03:07:40,933 --> 03:07:43,669 ROCHESTER, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF 5012 03:07:43,669 --> 03:07:45,437 ROCHESTER, DEPARTMENT OF 5013 03:07:45,437 --> 03:07:47,606 PEDIATRICS, HAS THE LARGEST 5014 03:07:47,606 --> 03:07:50,910 DIVISION IN MY DEPARTMENT WAS 5015 03:07:50,910 --> 03:07:52,745 THE DIVISION OF DEVELOPMENTAL 5016 03:07:52,745 --> 03:07:54,747 AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS. 5017 03:07:54,747 --> 03:07:58,450 AND THEY HAD AN ENORMOUS FOCUS 5018 03:07:58,450 --> 03:08:00,219 AS ONE MIGHT EXPECT GIVEN THE 5019 03:08:00,219 --> 03:08:04,690 PRIF LANCPREVALENCE OF THIS DISN 5020 03:08:04,690 --> 03:08:04,924 AUTISM. 5021 03:08:04,924 --> 03:08:06,559 IT IS ONE OF THE FOREMOST 5022 03:08:06,559 --> 03:08:09,828 CLINICAL CENTERS FOR THE CARE OF 5023 03:08:09,828 --> 03:08:14,533 CHILDREN WITH AUTISM. 5024 03:08:14,533 --> 03:08:21,974 AND WHAT WAS INTERESTING TO ME 5025 03:08:21,974 --> 03:08:23,042 WAS, THERE WAS AN INVESTIGATOR 5026 03:08:23,042 --> 03:08:23,709 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 5027 03:08:23,709 --> 03:08:28,881 WHO HAD MADE MICE THAT HAD THE 5028 03:08:28,881 --> 03:08:31,283 P75 RECEPTOR DELETED FROM THEIR 5029 03:08:31,283 --> 03:08:33,118 BRAINS DURING -- IT WAS A 5030 03:08:33,118 --> 03:08:34,653 KNOCKOUT MOUSE, AND SO THESE 5031 03:08:34,653 --> 03:08:41,460 MICE DEVELOP WITHOUT P75. 5032 03:08:41,460 --> 03:08:42,795 I ONLY READ THE PAPER BECAUSE MY 5033 03:08:42,795 --> 03:08:44,296 LAB WAS WORKING ON THIS 5034 03:08:44,296 --> 03:08:44,563 RECEPTOR. 5035 03:08:44,563 --> 03:08:47,299 I WAS NOT READING TO LOOK UP 5036 03:08:47,299 --> 03:08:49,368 ANYTHING ABOUT AUTISM. 5037 03:08:49,368 --> 03:08:52,104 AND THE BRAINS ARE ABNORMAL, AND 5038 03:08:52,104 --> 03:08:53,739 THEY'RE PARTICULARLY ABNORMAL IN 5039 03:08:53,739 --> 03:08:56,241 THE ABERRANT ARRANGEMENT OF THE 5040 03:08:56,241 --> 03:08:59,545 CELLS IN THE CEREBELLUM. 5041 03:08:59,545 --> 03:09:01,280 AND I MENTIONED THIS TO A 5042 03:09:01,280 --> 03:09:03,282 COLLEAGUE OF MINE IN 5043 03:09:03,282 --> 03:09:04,583 DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL 5044 03:09:04,583 --> 03:09:06,452 PEDIATRICS. 5045 03:09:06,452 --> 03:09:07,987 AND SHE SAID THAT'S SO FUNNY, 5046 03:09:07,987 --> 03:09:10,356 BECAUSE I JUST READ A PAPER THAT 5047 03:09:10,356 --> 03:09:12,558 SAID THAT THAT'S WHAT THE CELLS 5048 03:09:12,558 --> 03:09:15,294 LACK LIKE IN THE ABERRANT -- I 5049 03:09:15,294 --> 03:09:17,796 MEAN, IT'S LONG BEEN KNOWN THAT 5050 03:09:17,796 --> 03:09:20,332 THE CEREBELLUM OF CHILDREN WITH 5051 03:09:20,332 --> 03:09:24,837 AUTISM IS ABNORMAL IN SIZE AND 5052 03:09:24,837 --> 03:09:28,107 CONFIGURATION OFTEN ON GROSS MRI 5053 03:09:28,107 --> 03:09:29,675 STUDIES. 5054 03:09:29,675 --> 03:09:31,410 SHE SAID I JUST READ A THING 5055 03:09:31,410 --> 03:09:34,580 THAT THEY LOOKED AT ADULTS WHO 5056 03:09:34,580 --> 03:09:38,150 HAD HAD THE AUTISM DIAGNOSED AS 5057 03:09:38,150 --> 03:09:39,051 CHILDREN AND THEY LOOKED AT 5058 03:09:39,051 --> 03:09:40,486 THESE ELDERLY ADULTS AND THAT'S 5059 03:09:40,486 --> 03:09:42,888 EXACTLY WHAT THEY SAY THE 5060 03:09:42,888 --> 03:09:49,928 CEREBELLUM LOOKS LIKE MIC MIC 5061 03:09:49,928 --> 03:09:51,430 MICROSCOPICALLY IN THESE ADULTS. 5062 03:09:51,430 --> 03:09:52,097 I THOUGHT, WHAT THE HECK, I 5063 03:09:52,097 --> 03:09:53,432 DON'T HAVE TO MADE THE KNOCKOUT 5064 03:09:53,432 --> 03:09:54,400 MOUSE, THE GUY ALREADY MADE THEM 5065 03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:55,634 IN MICHIGAN, MAYBE I CAN GET 5066 03:09:55,634 --> 03:09:57,503 THEM AND WE CAN BREED THEM, AND 5067 03:09:57,503 --> 03:09:59,672 WE CAN LOOK AT THE CEREBELLUM 5068 03:09:59,672 --> 03:10:02,207 AND LOOK AT THE BEHAVIOR OF 5069 03:10:02,207 --> 03:10:07,780 THESE MICE. 5070 03:10:07,780 --> 03:10:08,881 THIS WAS VERY MUCH A SIDE 5071 03:10:08,881 --> 03:10:09,114 PROJECT. 5072 03:10:09,114 --> 03:10:10,616 I HAD A STUDENT WITH ME, HI A 5073 03:10:10,616 --> 03:10:12,151 TECH THAT HAD A CHILD WITH 5074 03:10:12,151 --> 03:10:12,384 AUTISM. 5075 03:10:12,384 --> 03:10:14,253 THEY WERE THRILLED TO DO THIS, 5076 03:10:14,253 --> 03:10:16,689 AND I SAID, LOOK, YOU KNOW, IF 5077 03:10:16,689 --> 03:10:20,259 DOWN THE ROAD THIS DOESN'T WORK 5078 03:10:20,259 --> 03:10:21,493 OUT, REALLY NOTHING VENTURED, 5079 03:10:21,493 --> 03:10:23,462 NOTHING GAINED, BUT WE HAVEN'T 5080 03:10:23,462 --> 03:10:24,363 LOST MUCH EITHER. 5081 03:10:24,363 --> 03:10:25,864 WE WILL SPEND THE SUMMER 5082 03:10:25,864 --> 03:10:27,966 DECIDING IF THIS IS A FRUITFUL 5083 03:10:27,966 --> 03:10:37,042 WAY TO PROCEED. 5084 03:10:37,042 --> 03:10:38,944 INITIALLY FROM DEVELOPMENT TO 5085 03:10:38,944 --> 03:10:41,113 SENESCENCE, AND NOW FROM 5086 03:10:41,113 --> 03:10:42,881 SENESCENCE, THE ALZHEIMER'S 5087 03:10:42,881 --> 03:10:45,718 STUDIES BACK INTO DEVELOPMENT. 5088 03:10:45,718 --> 03:10:50,989 AGAIN, AN INTERFACE, RIGHT? 5089 03:10:50,989 --> 03:10:52,725 LO AND BEHOLD, THESE MICE, NOT 5090 03:10:52,725 --> 03:10:56,228 SURPRISING, YOU TAKE OUT THE 5091 03:10:56,228 --> 03:10:56,895 CEREBELLUM DURING -- YOU TAKE 5092 03:10:56,895 --> 03:10:59,431 OUT THE P75 RECEPTOR DURING 5093 03:10:59,431 --> 03:11:03,135 EMBRYONIC LIFE, AND THE 5094 03:11:03,135 --> 03:11:04,269 CEREBELLUM DOES NOT DEVELOP 5095 03:11:04,269 --> 03:11:05,471 NORMALLY. 5096 03:11:05,471 --> 03:11:06,972 IT'S ONE OF THE FEW PLACES 5097 03:11:06,972 --> 03:11:13,312 WHEREAS YOU AGE, P75 PERSISTS. 5098 03:11:13,312 --> 03:11:15,180 SO IT REALLY WASN'T SURPRISING 5099 03:11:15,180 --> 03:11:16,615 THAT THE MICROSCOPY WAS 5100 03:11:16,615 --> 03:11:17,116 ABNORMAL. 5101 03:11:17,116 --> 03:11:22,187 WHAT WAS AMAZING TO US IS THAT 5102 03:11:22,187 --> 03:11:24,256 THESE MICE VERY, VERY MUCH LIKE 5103 03:11:24,256 --> 03:11:25,591 CHILDREN WITH AUTISM. 5104 03:11:25,591 --> 03:11:29,528 IF YOU PUT A STRANGER MOUSE IN 5105 03:11:29,528 --> 03:11:32,064 THE CAGE WITH THE MOUSE, A 5106 03:11:32,064 --> 03:11:36,268 NORMAL MOUSE WILL EXPLORE THAT 5107 03:11:36,268 --> 03:11:39,404 STRANGER MOUSE AND WILL GROOM OR 5108 03:11:39,404 --> 03:11:42,441 FIGHT WITH THAT MOUSE. 5109 03:11:42,441 --> 03:11:45,611 THESE P75 KNOCKOUT MICE COULD 5110 03:11:45,611 --> 03:11:47,613 CARE LESS, THAT THERE WAS A 5111 03:11:47,613 --> 03:11:49,481 STRANGER MOUSE IN THE CAGE. 5112 03:11:49,481 --> 03:11:54,620 THEY TOTALLY IGNORED THE 5113 03:11:54,620 --> 03:11:55,387 UNFAMILIAR MOUSE. 5114 03:11:55,387 --> 03:12:05,931 THEY ALSO HAVE AUTONMONISM, IT'S 5115 03:12:07,065 --> 03:12:10,903 AN ODD STERODDITY BECAUSE THEY 5116 03:12:10,903 --> 03:12:14,773 ARE OTHERWISE MOTORICALLY 5117 03:12:14,773 --> 03:12:16,308 COMPLETELY NORMAL BUT THEY JUMP. 5118 03:12:16,308 --> 03:12:17,743 THEY JUST SPONTANEOUSLY START TO 5119 03:12:17,743 --> 03:12:21,246 JUMP AROUND THE CAGE. 5120 03:12:21,246 --> 03:12:25,584 THEY DON'T DO INVESTIGATION -- 5121 03:12:25,584 --> 03:12:26,985 IF YOU PUT THEM IN A NEW CAGE, 5122 03:12:26,985 --> 03:12:28,353 THEY DON'T DO SOCIAL 5123 03:12:28,353 --> 03:12:29,121 INVESTIGATION. 5124 03:12:29,121 --> 03:12:32,090 THEY DON'T EXPLORE THEIR 5125 03:12:32,090 --> 03:12:32,958 ENVIRONMENT. 5126 03:12:32,958 --> 03:12:34,827 AND YET THEY'RE PERFECTLY 5127 03:12:34,827 --> 03:12:37,462 CAPABLE OF WALKING AROUND, OF 5128 03:12:37,462 --> 03:12:40,098 CLIMBING ON THINGS, BUT THEY 5129 03:12:40,098 --> 03:12:42,701 SEEM OBLIVIOUS TO A NEW 5130 03:12:42,701 --> 03:12:43,468 ENVIRONMENT. 5131 03:12:43,468 --> 03:12:47,539 THEY JUST STAY IN A CORNER. 5132 03:12:47,539 --> 03:12:50,909 AND YOU KNOW, I HESITATE TO SAY 5133 03:12:50,909 --> 03:12:54,880 THAT WE CREATED AN AUTISTIC 5134 03:12:54,880 --> 03:12:56,215 MOUSE. 5135 03:12:56,215 --> 03:12:58,483 AGAIN, I CANNOT ASCRIBE 5136 03:12:58,483 --> 03:13:00,018 MECHANISM TO THIS. 5137 03:13:00,018 --> 03:13:02,988 BUT AGAIN, THIS IS A MODEL NOW 5138 03:13:02,988 --> 03:13:08,927 THAT ONE CAN USE TO STUDY 5139 03:13:08,927 --> 03:13:09,995 INTERVENTIONS. 5140 03:13:09,995 --> 03:13:11,196 SO AGAIN, SOMETHING FRUITFUL 5141 03:13:11,196 --> 03:13:14,399 THAT CAME OUT OF A JUX JUXTAPON 5142 03:13:14,399 --> 03:13:17,336 OF THINGS THAT MOST SANE PEOPLE 5143 03:13:17,336 --> 03:13:18,871 WOULD NOT HAVE THOUGHT TO 5144 03:13:18,871 --> 03:13:21,240 JUXTAPOSED. 5145 03:13:21,240 --> 03:13:22,908 AND I THINK THE HARDEST 5146 03:13:22,908 --> 03:13:25,177 DECISIONS THAT WE MAKE IN 5147 03:13:25,177 --> 03:13:26,979 SCIENCE AND SOMETIMES IN 5148 03:13:26,979 --> 03:13:28,513 MEDICINE IS WHICH OF THESE 5149 03:13:28,513 --> 03:13:31,683 THINGS THAT ARE OUTSIDE OF OUR 5150 03:13:31,683 --> 03:13:35,587 BOX ARE WE GOING TO EXPLORE, AND 5151 03:13:35,587 --> 03:13:37,289 WHICH ARE WE GOING TO LEAVE FOR 5152 03:13:37,289 --> 03:13:38,056 SOMEONE ELSE? 5153 03:13:38,056 --> 03:13:39,925 BECAUSE THERE'S NO GUARANTEE, I 5154 03:13:39,925 --> 03:13:41,226 COULD ALSO HAVE SHOWN YOU 5155 03:13:41,226 --> 03:13:44,730 EXAMPLES OF THINGS THAT DIDN'T 5156 03:13:44,730 --> 03:13:46,365 PAN OUT WHEN WE EXPLORED THEM. 5157 03:13:46,365 --> 03:13:48,867 BUT THE FACT OF THE MATTER IS, 5158 03:13:48,867 --> 03:13:55,474 WHAT HAS WORKED FOR ME IS I HAVE 5159 03:13:55,474 --> 03:13:57,142 ALWAYS GIVEN MYSELF A TIME 5160 03:13:57,142 --> 03:13:57,442 LIMIT. 5161 03:13:57,442 --> 03:13:59,711 I'M GOING TO SPEND THE NEXT SIX 5162 03:13:59,711 --> 03:14:00,879 MONTHS OR A YEAR DOING THIS. 5163 03:14:00,879 --> 03:14:05,450 AND IF IT DOES NOT PAN OUT AT 5164 03:14:05,450 --> 03:14:07,019 THIS POINT, I AM NOT GOING TO 5165 03:14:07,019 --> 03:14:08,220 WORK ON THIS ANY FURTHER, I'M 5166 03:14:08,220 --> 03:14:12,057 GOING BACK TO MY DAY JOB. 5167 03:14:12,057 --> 03:14:14,893 AND THE FACT IS ALSO THAT I'VE 5168 03:14:14,893 --> 03:14:17,896 ALWAYS HAD A LAB THAT ON THE ONE 5169 03:14:17,896 --> 03:14:19,264 HAND IS SMALL ENOUGH THAT I FEEL 5170 03:14:19,264 --> 03:14:20,799 COMFORTABLE THAT I KNOW 5171 03:14:20,799 --> 03:14:22,467 EVERYBODY AND WHAT EVERYBODY IS 5172 03:14:22,467 --> 03:14:24,870 DOING AT ANY GIVEN TIME, BUT ON 5173 03:14:24,870 --> 03:14:27,272 THE OTHER HAND, THAT IS LARGE 5174 03:14:27,272 --> 03:14:29,241 ENOUGH THAT I COULD TAKE A 5175 03:14:29,241 --> 03:14:32,411 SUBSET OF MY LAB TO DO THIS AND 5176 03:14:32,411 --> 03:14:34,947 KEEP OUR MAIN DIRECTION GOING. 5177 03:14:34,947 --> 03:14:37,349 AND I THINK THAT HAS WORKED 5178 03:14:37,349 --> 03:14:38,450 VERY, VERY WELL. 5179 03:14:38,450 --> 03:14:41,987 I THINK THIS NOTION OF HOW DO 5180 03:14:41,987 --> 03:14:44,256 YOU HAVE BREADTH AS A SCIENTIST 5181 03:14:44,256 --> 03:14:48,226 AND AS A PHYSICIAN, AND YET KEEP 5182 03:14:48,226 --> 03:14:50,095 YOUR FOCUS ON SOMETHING SO THAT 5183 03:14:50,095 --> 03:14:52,164 EVERYBODY KNOWS THAT YOU'RE THE 5184 03:14:52,164 --> 03:14:56,435 EXPERT IN A PARTICULAR AREA, I 5185 03:14:56,435 --> 03:14:57,836 THINK IT'S CHALLENGING TO DO 5186 03:14:57,836 --> 03:14:58,036 THAT. 5187 03:14:58,036 --> 03:15:00,772 BUT I ALSO THINK THAT WORKING AT 5188 03:15:00,772 --> 03:15:03,875 THE INTERFACE BETWEEN FIELDS CAN 5189 03:15:03,875 --> 03:15:08,046 LEVERAGE THE SYNERGIES BETWEEN 5190 03:15:08,046 --> 03:15:09,348 THOSE FIELDS TO CREATE SOMETHING 5191 03:15:09,348 --> 03:15:14,386 NEW THAT NEVER EXISTED BEFORE. 5192 03:15:14,386 --> 03:15:16,922 SO THE SECOND LESSON THAT I 5193 03:15:16,922 --> 03:15:18,724 THINK IS IMPORTANT TO LEARN IS 5194 03:15:18,724 --> 03:15:20,759 THAT NO MATTER WHAT YOU DO WITH 5195 03:15:20,759 --> 03:15:22,928 YOUR LIFE, AND ESPECIALLY IF YOU 5196 03:15:22,928 --> 03:15:25,831 DECIDE TO HAVE A 5197 03:15:25,831 --> 03:15:26,598 RESEARCH-INTENSIVE CAREER, THERE 5198 03:15:26,598 --> 03:15:28,433 ARE ALWAYS GOING TO BE BUMPS IN 5199 03:15:28,433 --> 03:15:29,101 THE ROAD. 5200 03:15:29,101 --> 03:15:31,703 I REMEMBER THE FIRST TIME I 5201 03:15:31,703 --> 03:15:33,939 TESTED A HYPOTHESIS WITH WHICH I 5202 03:15:33,939 --> 03:15:36,475 HAD FALLEN IN LOVE, THAT'S A 5203 03:15:36,475 --> 03:15:38,977 VERY DANGEROUS THING, AND MY 5204 03:15:38,977 --> 03:15:41,913 DATA WERE COMPLETELY 5205 03:15:41,913 --> 03:15:44,449 INCONSISTENT WITH THAT 5206 03:15:44,449 --> 03:15:45,984 HYPOTHESIS, I WENT HOME THAT 5207 03:15:45,984 --> 03:15:48,787 NIGHT AND SAID TO MY HUSBAND, 5208 03:15:48,787 --> 03:15:51,289 WHAT IF THAT WAS MY LAST REALLY 5209 03:15:51,289 --> 03:15:52,591 GOOD IDEA? 5210 03:15:52,591 --> 03:15:55,093 AND I NEVER THINK OF ANYTHING 5211 03:15:55,093 --> 03:15:57,195 EXCITING AGAIN. 5212 03:15:57,195 --> 03:15:58,363 AND HE WAS A LITTLE FURTHER 5213 03:15:58,363 --> 03:16:00,365 ALONG IN HIS CAREER AND HE BURST 5214 03:16:00,365 --> 03:16:02,334 OUT LAUGHING, WHICH I WILL TELL 5215 03:16:02,334 --> 03:16:04,336 YOU WAS NOT HELPFUL. 5216 03:16:04,336 --> 03:16:06,304 DO NOT DO THAT TO ANYBODY. 5217 03:16:06,304 --> 03:16:08,707 BUT NOW I KNOW WHY HE LAUGHED. 5218 03:16:08,707 --> 03:16:09,908 BECAUSE THAT IS NOT GOING TO 5219 03:16:09,908 --> 03:16:11,576 HAPPEN TO ANY OF YOU, AND IT HAS 5220 03:16:11,576 --> 03:16:14,513 NEVER HAPPENED TO ME YET. 5221 03:16:14,513 --> 03:16:17,482 SO HERE'S A DIAGRAM OF I GUESS 5222 03:16:17,482 --> 03:16:24,523 MY CAREER. 5223 03:16:24,523 --> 03:16:25,724 SO THE RED ARROW TOWARDS THE 5224 03:16:25,724 --> 03:16:26,691 LEFT OF THE SLIDE IS WHERE I 5225 03:16:26,691 --> 03:16:27,025 STARTED. 5226 03:16:27,025 --> 03:16:29,327 I WENT TO SCHOOL LIKE EVERYBODY 5227 03:16:29,327 --> 03:16:31,430 ELSE, FELT LIKE A HUNDRED YEARS. 5228 03:16:31,430 --> 03:16:33,065 THEN I SOUGHT THE BEST TRAINING 5229 03:16:33,065 --> 03:16:36,935 AND I DID A RESIDENCY AND SO 5230 03:16:36,935 --> 03:16:39,071 FORTH, I MANAGED TO BUNCH UP SIX 5231 03:16:39,071 --> 03:16:41,706 MONTHS OF MY RESIDENCY ELECTIVE 5232 03:16:41,706 --> 03:16:44,376 TIME AND DO SIX MONTHS STRAIT OF 5233 03:16:44,376 --> 03:16:47,646 RESEARCH AT THE VERY END OF MY 5234 03:16:47,646 --> 03:16:48,180 RESIDENCY. 5235 03:16:48,180 --> 03:16:50,182 AND THEN I WANTED TO LOOK FOR 5236 03:16:50,182 --> 03:16:53,385 THE BEST JOB AND BY THAT POINT, 5237 03:16:53,385 --> 03:16:55,887 I WAS MARRIED AND MY HUSBAND AND 5238 03:16:55,887 --> 03:16:57,889 I LIVED FOR THE FIRST TWO YEARS 5239 03:16:57,889 --> 03:17:00,192 OF OUR MARRIAGE IN TWO DIFFERENT 5240 03:17:00,192 --> 03:17:02,561 CITIES, AND WE DECIDED WE WOULD 5241 03:17:02,561 --> 03:17:04,229 GO WHEREVER THE BOTH OF US COULD 5242 03:17:04,229 --> 03:17:08,633 FIND A JOB, AND WE ENDED UP AT 5243 03:17:08,633 --> 03:17:09,301 THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. 5244 03:17:09,301 --> 03:17:11,269 IT WAS VERY, VERY FRUITFUL FOR 5245 03:17:11,269 --> 03:17:14,106 US BOTH. 5246 03:17:14,106 --> 03:17:17,075 AND I LITERALLY CLIMBED THE 5247 03:17:17,075 --> 03:17:19,177 ACADEMIC LADDER THE WAY ONE DOES 5248 03:17:19,177 --> 03:17:23,882 AND TOOK ON SUCCESSIVELY MORE 5249 03:17:23,882 --> 03:17:28,720 COMPLEX AND LARGER LEADERSHIP 5250 03:17:28,720 --> 03:17:30,055 OPPORTUNITIES, AND THAT WAS A 5251 03:17:30,055 --> 03:17:33,325 VERY IMPORTANT PART OF MY 5252 03:17:33,325 --> 03:17:35,827 CAREER, BUT EVENTUALLY I LIKE TO 5253 03:17:35,827 --> 03:17:38,363 SAY THAT THE TOP OF MY HEAD HIT 5254 03:17:38,363 --> 03:17:40,232 THE UNDERSIDE OF THE GLASS 5255 03:17:40,232 --> 03:17:40,465 CEILING. 5256 03:17:40,465 --> 03:17:43,068 IT WAS VERY CLEAR, IT WAS OKAY 5257 03:17:43,068 --> 03:17:45,504 FOR ME AS A WOMAN TO BE A 5258 03:17:45,504 --> 03:17:47,239 DIVISION CHIEF, BUT IT WASN'T A 5259 03:17:47,239 --> 03:17:50,408 GOOD IDEA FOR ME TO BE A 5260 03:17:50,408 --> 03:17:52,844 DEPARTMENT CHAIR, OR TO BE A 5261 03:17:52,844 --> 03:17:55,347 DIRECTOR OF A RESEARCH CENTER. 5262 03:17:55,347 --> 03:17:58,517 I KEPT BEING TOLD, NO, THAT'S MY 5263 03:17:58,517 --> 03:18:00,685 JOB, YOU CAN'T HAVE THAT, OR NO, 5264 03:18:00,685 --> 03:18:01,953 I ALREADY KNOW WHO I WANT IN 5265 03:18:01,953 --> 03:18:04,589 THAT POSITION. 5266 03:18:04,589 --> 03:18:06,758 AND I BEGAN LOOKING FOR ANOTHER 5267 03:18:06,758 --> 03:18:09,427 POSITION. 5268 03:18:09,427 --> 03:18:11,096 AND CHANGE IS HARD, BUT 5269 03:18:11,096 --> 03:18:13,732 HONESTLY, CHANGE IS GOOD TOO 5270 03:18:13,732 --> 03:18:13,999 SOMETIMES. 5271 03:18:13,999 --> 03:18:16,234 IT HAS TO COME AT THE RIGHT 5272 03:18:16,234 --> 03:18:17,969 TIME, AND AGAIN, WE WERE A 5273 03:18:17,969 --> 03:18:18,637 TWO-BODY PROBLEM. 5274 03:18:18,637 --> 03:18:20,038 MY HUSBAND AND I. 5275 03:18:20,038 --> 03:18:22,240 SO WE HAD TO FIND A PLACE WHERE 5276 03:18:22,240 --> 03:18:24,476 BOTH OF US HAD POSITIONS. 5277 03:18:24,476 --> 03:18:26,878 BUT I MOVED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 5278 03:18:26,878 --> 03:18:27,279 ROCHESTER. 5279 03:18:27,279 --> 03:18:28,980 THAT WAS ACADEMIC JOB NUMBER 5280 03:18:28,980 --> 03:18:31,816 TWO. 5281 03:18:31,816 --> 03:18:35,086 AND SPENT 11 1/2 YEARS AS A 5282 03:18:35,086 --> 03:18:37,255 DEPARTMENT CHAIR, AND REALLY, 5283 03:18:37,255 --> 03:18:41,026 REALLY ENJOYED IT AND MANAGED 5284 03:18:41,026 --> 03:18:41,993 REALLY BECAUSE OF THE STRUCTURE 5285 03:18:41,993 --> 03:18:45,630 OF THAT UNIVERSITY AND THE 5286 03:18:45,630 --> 03:18:47,599 WONDERFUL PEOPLE AROUND ME TO 5287 03:18:47,599 --> 03:18:54,072 ALSO KEEP MY LABORATORY GOING. 5288 03:18:54,072 --> 03:18:55,941 I GUESS I BEGAN AT THAT POINT TO 5289 03:18:55,941 --> 03:18:57,909 GET KIND OF RESTLESS, I GUESS IS 5290 03:18:57,909 --> 03:18:59,211 THE RIGHT WORD. 5291 03:18:59,211 --> 03:19:02,113 I THOUGHT OKAY, I'VE LEARNED AN 5292 03:19:02,113 --> 03:19:04,082 ENORMOUS AMOUNT, I HAVE SKILLS I 5293 03:19:04,082 --> 03:19:07,352 NEVER THOUGHT I WOULD HAVE, BUT 5294 03:19:07,352 --> 03:19:09,588 NOW I WOULD LIKE TO APPLY THEM 5295 03:19:09,588 --> 03:19:11,890 ACROSS A BROADER OR DIFFERENT 5296 03:19:11,890 --> 03:19:12,190 PLATFORM. 5297 03:19:12,190 --> 03:19:14,492 I'D LIKE TO BRING THEM TO BEAR 5298 03:19:14,492 --> 03:19:20,232 ON SOMETHING ELSE. 5299 03:19:20,232 --> 03:19:22,734 AND THE INTERESTING THING WAS, I 5300 03:19:22,734 --> 03:19:26,438 HAD A DEAN WITH WHOM I'M STILL 5301 03:19:26,438 --> 03:19:28,340 VERY CLOSE FRIENDS, LOVELY, 5302 03:19:28,340 --> 03:19:30,308 LOVELY PERSON, VERY BRIGHT 5303 03:19:30,308 --> 03:19:35,880 PERSON, A CLINICIAN-SCIENTIST AS 5304 03:19:35,880 --> 03:19:36,448 WELL. 5305 03:19:36,448 --> 03:19:37,449 BUT I MET WITH HIM FOUR TIMES 5306 03:19:37,449 --> 03:19:38,583 AND COULD NOT GET HIM TO 5307 03:19:38,583 --> 03:19:40,752 UNDERSTAND THE VALUE OF WHAT I 5308 03:19:40,752 --> 03:19:45,123 HOPED I'D BE ABLE TO BUILD. 5309 03:19:45,123 --> 03:19:47,225 I WANTED TO DO THINGS ACROSS 5310 03:19:47,225 --> 03:19:53,265 DISCIPLINES, ACROSS THE ENTIRE 5311 03:19:53,265 --> 03:19:54,232 UNIVERSITY, AND HE SAID, YOU 5312 03:19:54,232 --> 03:19:55,367 KNOW, I HAVE THE FUNDING FOR 5313 03:19:55,367 --> 03:19:57,969 THAT BUT I DON'T HAVE AN 5314 03:19:57,969 --> 03:19:59,638 UNDERSTANDING OF WHY YOU WOULD 5315 03:19:59,638 --> 03:20:02,607 PARTNER WITH THE UNDERGRADUATE 5316 03:20:02,607 --> 03:20:03,041 CAMPUS. 5317 03:20:03,041 --> 03:20:05,110 MY JOB IS TO BUILD A BIGGER AND 5318 03:20:05,110 --> 03:20:08,213 BIGGER AND BIGGER CLINICAL 5319 03:20:08,213 --> 03:20:08,980 ENTERPRISE, AND YOU CAN DO THAT 5320 03:20:08,980 --> 03:20:11,816 AS THE PEDIATRICIAN IN CHIEF. 5321 03:20:11,816 --> 03:20:13,485 I THOUGHT, I JUST SPENT ALMOST 5322 03:20:13,485 --> 03:20:16,254 12 YEARS AS THE PEDIATRICIAN IN 5323 03:20:16,254 --> 03:20:16,788 CHIEF. 5324 03:20:16,788 --> 03:20:19,658 IT'S TIME FOR SOMEBODY ELSE TO 5325 03:20:19,658 --> 03:20:23,194 DO THAT, AND IT'S TIME FOR ME TO 5326 03:20:23,194 --> 03:20:27,866 DO THAT IN ANOTHER ARENA. 5327 03:20:27,866 --> 03:20:32,671 SO AT ONE POINT IN THIS RATHER 5328 03:20:32,671 --> 03:20:35,740 FRUSTRATING ENTERPRISE, I WAS AT 5329 03:20:35,740 --> 03:20:37,776 A NEUROLOGY MEETING AND I RAN 5330 03:20:37,776 --> 03:20:40,945 INTO DR. WALTER KOROSHETZ, WHO I 5331 03:20:40,945 --> 03:20:43,248 KNEW FROM COMMITTEES AND THINGS 5332 03:20:43,248 --> 03:20:44,783 LIKE THAT, AND FROM MY GRANT 5333 03:20:44,783 --> 03:20:53,224 FUNDING AND SO FORTH, AND HE 5334 03:20:53,224 --> 03:20:54,659 MENTIONED HE WAS LOOKING FOR A 5335 03:20:54,659 --> 03:20:55,694 DEPUTY DIRECTOR, AND I CALLED 5336 03:20:55,694 --> 03:21:01,333 HIM A FEW MONTHS LATER, IT TOOK 5337 03:21:01,333 --> 03:21:03,001 A LONG TIME FOR ME TO EVEN THINK 5338 03:21:03,001 --> 03:21:04,302 OF -- I MEAN, WHO WANTS TO WORK 5339 03:21:04,302 --> 03:21:05,103 WITH THE GOVERNMENT, RIGHT? 5340 03:21:05,103 --> 03:21:06,705 WE'RE FROM THE GOVERNMENT, WE'RE 5341 03:21:06,705 --> 03:21:09,007 HERE TO HELP YOU? 5342 03:21:09,007 --> 03:21:10,642 AND I CALLED HIM AND I SAID, ARE 5343 03:21:10,642 --> 03:21:13,878 YOU STILL LOOKING FOR A DEPUTY 5344 03:21:13,878 --> 03:21:14,312 DIRECTOR? 5345 03:21:14,312 --> 03:21:15,847 AND HE SAID, ABSOLUTELY. 5346 03:21:15,847 --> 03:21:19,718 I MEAN, THESE THINGS, YOU KNOW, 5347 03:21:19,718 --> 03:21:21,353 SEARCHES, YOU WERE A CHAIR, THEY 5348 03:21:21,353 --> 03:21:23,555 DON'T GO QUICKLY ANYWHERE. 5349 03:21:23,555 --> 03:21:26,124 SO I APPLIED FOR THE POSITION. 5350 03:21:26,124 --> 03:21:30,628 AND GOT THE POSITION, AND HERE I 5351 03:21:30,628 --> 03:21:33,465 AM, YOU KNOW, IN A GOVERNMENT 5352 03:21:33,465 --> 03:21:35,433 JOB, AND BRINGING EVERYTHING 5353 03:21:35,433 --> 03:21:38,403 THAT I LEARNED IN ACADEMIA IS 5354 03:21:38,403 --> 03:21:40,505 RELEVANT TO WHAT I DO NOW. 5355 03:21:40,505 --> 03:21:44,008 PEOPLE ARE PEOPLE, MANAGING AN 5356 03:21:44,008 --> 03:21:45,977 ENTERPRISE IS MANAGING AN 5357 03:21:45,977 --> 03:21:47,645 ENTERPRISE, AND YET I LEARN NEW 5358 03:21:47,645 --> 03:21:50,682 THINGS BECAUSE THERE ARE NEW 5359 03:21:50,682 --> 03:21:52,450 CAPABILITIES AND NEW 5360 03:21:52,450 --> 03:21:53,752 RESTRICTIONS THAT COME AS A 5361 03:21:53,752 --> 03:21:57,622 RESULT OF BEING IN A GOVERNMENT 5362 03:21:57,622 --> 03:21:58,156 ENVIRONMENT. 5363 03:21:58,156 --> 03:22:00,258 AND SO YOU KNOW, THIS NOTION 5364 03:22:00,258 --> 03:22:03,194 THAT DEVELOPMENT IS FOREVER IS A 5365 03:22:03,194 --> 03:22:05,597 VERY IMPORTANT ONE. 5366 03:22:05,597 --> 03:22:07,499 BUT SO I WOULD SAY WHEN THE 5367 03:22:07,499 --> 03:22:08,933 BUMPS COME ALONG, SOMEBODY SAYS 5368 03:22:08,933 --> 03:22:10,668 NO, YOU CAN'T DO WHAT YOU WANT 5369 03:22:10,668 --> 03:22:13,905 TO DO WHERE YOU ARE, JUST STAY 5370 03:22:13,905 --> 03:22:16,741 ENGAGED, LOOK FOR A PLACE OR A 5371 03:22:16,741 --> 03:22:17,242 SITUATION. 5372 03:22:17,242 --> 03:22:18,276 IT MAY BE RIGHT WHERE YOU ARE 5373 03:22:18,276 --> 03:22:20,278 THAT YOU CAN DO SOMETHING 5374 03:22:20,278 --> 03:22:20,945 DIFFERENT. 5375 03:22:20,945 --> 03:22:24,449 STAY CHALLENGED, STAY USEFUL, 5376 03:22:24,449 --> 03:22:26,317 STAY IMPORTANT. 5377 03:22:26,317 --> 03:22:27,652 SYNTHESIZE AND SYNERGIZE. 5378 03:22:27,652 --> 03:22:29,487 IT'S THE ONLY WAY TO THINK OF 5379 03:22:29,487 --> 03:22:31,356 SOMETHING NEW. 5380 03:22:31,356 --> 03:22:35,193 AND ALWAYS REMEMBER, YOU'RE 5381 03:22:35,193 --> 03:22:36,361 PHYSICIAN SCIENTISTS, RIGHT? 5382 03:22:36,361 --> 03:22:37,328 THE WHOLE IDEA IS TO LEAVE THE 5383 03:22:37,328 --> 03:22:39,631 WORLD JUST A LITTLE BIT BETTER 5384 03:22:39,631 --> 03:22:42,400 THAN IT WAS WHEN YOU GOT HERE. 5385 03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:48,940 SO I DO WANT TO MAKE SOME POINTS 5386 03:22:48,940 --> 03:22:50,809 ABOUT SERENDIPITY FAVORING THE 5387 03:22:50,809 --> 03:22:51,242 PREPARED MIND. 5388 03:22:51,242 --> 03:22:52,977 SO WHEN WE WERE LOOKING AT 5389 03:22:52,977 --> 03:22:53,745 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, I HAD TWO 5390 03:22:53,745 --> 03:22:54,679 POSTDOCS IN MY LAB. 5391 03:22:54,679 --> 03:22:56,514 THE ONE I TOLD YOU ABOUT WHO 5392 03:22:56,514 --> 03:22:58,783 WORKED ON FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER'S 5393 03:22:58,783 --> 03:23:00,185 DISEASE, AND THEN I HAD A 5394 03:23:00,185 --> 03:23:03,354 POSTDOC WHO WAS WORKING ON 5395 03:23:03,354 --> 03:23:04,456 NEUROBLASTOMA. 5396 03:23:04,456 --> 03:23:06,391 AND THE WOMAN WHO WORKED ON 5397 03:23:06,391 --> 03:23:08,860 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE HAD A SKILL 5398 03:23:08,860 --> 03:23:10,261 THAT WE DIDN'T HAVE IN MY LAB, 5399 03:23:10,261 --> 03:23:12,831 AND SHE HAD DONE TRANSCRIPTOMICS 5400 03:23:12,831 --> 03:23:15,033 AND SHE HAD ACTUALLY DONE MICRO 5401 03:23:15,033 --> 03:23:16,901 ARRAYS AND THINGS OF THAT 5402 03:23:16,901 --> 03:23:17,235 NATURE. 5403 03:23:17,235 --> 03:23:21,806 WE HAD NEVER DONE THEM. 5404 03:23:21,806 --> 03:23:24,476 AND SO I PAIRED THE TWO POSTDOCS 5405 03:23:24,476 --> 03:23:25,810 AND SAID OKAY, YOU'RE GOING TO 5406 03:23:25,810 --> 03:23:27,445 TAKE YOUR NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS 5407 03:23:27,445 --> 03:23:29,647 AND CONTROL CELLS, AND YOU'RE 5408 03:23:29,647 --> 03:23:31,850 GOING TO TAKE ALZHEIMER'S BRAIN 5409 03:23:31,850 --> 03:23:34,719 AND P75 DELETED ALZHEIMER'S -- 5410 03:23:34,719 --> 03:23:38,723 OR ABERRANT ALZHEIMER'S BRAIN 5411 03:23:38,723 --> 03:23:40,959 AND I'M JUST PAIRING YOU NOT 5412 03:23:40,959 --> 03:23:42,060 BECAUSE THE PROJECTS HAVE 5413 03:23:42,060 --> 03:23:44,028 ANYTHING TO DO WITH ONE ANOTHER, 5414 03:23:44,028 --> 03:23:47,565 BUT BECAUSE I WANT YOU TO SHARE 5415 03:23:47,565 --> 03:23:49,634 TECHNIQUES BACK AND FORTH. 5416 03:23:49,634 --> 03:23:51,035 AND THEY LOVED IT, THEY WERE 5417 03:23:51,035 --> 03:23:53,671 VERY FRIENDLY AND SO THEY HAD A 5418 03:23:53,671 --> 03:23:55,940 GOOD TIME AND THEY DID THIS IN 5419 03:23:55,940 --> 03:23:57,575 PARALLEL WITH THEIR VERY 5420 03:23:57,575 --> 03:23:58,676 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. 5421 03:23:58,676 --> 03:24:03,681 WE SAT DOWN AT LAB MEETING. 5422 03:24:03,681 --> 03:24:05,250 WHEN THEY FINISHED, WOT OF THEM, 5423 03:24:05,250 --> 03:24:09,354 BOTH OFTHEM, THEIR STUDIES, ANDE 5424 03:24:09,354 --> 03:24:10,722 COMPARED THE MOST ALTERED GENE 5425 03:24:10,722 --> 03:24:13,057 EXPRESSION IN THE TWO SYSTEMS, 5426 03:24:13,057 --> 03:24:14,893 HONEST TO GOD, I COULD NOT MAKE 5427 03:24:14,893 --> 03:24:16,794 THIS UP, THEY WERE 5428 03:24:16,794 --> 03:24:17,362 SUPERIMPOSABLE. 5429 03:24:17,362 --> 03:24:20,999 AND I THOUGHT, WHAT THE HECK IS 5430 03:24:20,999 --> 03:24:21,866 GOING ON? 5431 03:24:21,866 --> 03:24:23,835 YOU HAVE TO BE KIDDING ME. 5432 03:24:23,835 --> 03:24:25,937 IT'S TWO SYSTEMS, AND I 5433 03:24:25,937 --> 03:24:27,605 IMMEDIATELY ACCUSED THEM OF 5434 03:24:27,605 --> 03:24:28,940 MIBGING UP WHICH SAMPLES THEY 5435 03:24:28,940 --> 03:24:29,240 HAD. 5436 03:24:29,240 --> 03:24:33,177 I SAID YOU TOOK HER TEST TUBES 5437 03:24:33,177 --> 03:24:36,548 AND -- THEY DID IT BEGIN, WE GOY 5438 03:24:36,548 --> 03:24:38,082 DID IT AGAIN, WE GOT THE SAME 5439 03:24:38,082 --> 03:24:38,283 THING. 5440 03:24:38,283 --> 03:24:40,652 IT TURNS OUT THAT THE MOST 5441 03:24:40,652 --> 03:24:42,820 CHANGED GENES IN THESE ARE 5442 03:24:42,820 --> 03:24:44,689 CHOLESTEROL SYNTHETIC ENZYME 5443 03:24:44,689 --> 03:24:45,690 GENES. 5444 03:24:45,690 --> 03:24:48,226 NOW WHO CONNECT -- I MEAN, YES, 5445 03:24:48,226 --> 03:24:50,428 APOE, BUT THAT'S NOT CHOLESTEROL 5446 03:24:50,428 --> 03:24:53,164 SYNTHESIS. 5447 03:24:53,164 --> 03:24:53,798 IN ALZHEIMER'S 5448 03:24:53,798 --> 03:24:57,135 DISEASE, AND NOBODY CONNECTS 5449 03:24:57,135 --> 03:24:59,437 CHOLESTEROL WITH NEUROBLASTOMA. 5450 03:24:59,437 --> 03:25:02,273 IT TURNS OUT, AND NO ONE HAD 5451 03:25:02,273 --> 03:25:07,879 KNOWN THIS, THAT THE 5452 03:25:07,879 --> 03:25:08,813 P75 RECEPTOR, WHICH WAS INVOLVED 5453 03:25:08,813 --> 03:25:14,686 IN BOTH OF THESE, HAS TO GET FAR 5454 03:25:14,686 --> 03:25:20,391 NIS LATED AND THE THIRD STEP IS 5455 03:25:20,391 --> 03:25:23,561 THE MANUFACTURER OF FARNESYL 5456 03:25:23,561 --> 03:25:23,861 DIPHOSPHATE. 5457 03:25:23,861 --> 03:25:25,530 SO IT TURNED OUT THAT SOMETHING 5458 03:25:25,530 --> 03:25:27,699 THAT WAS IMPORTANT FOR THE 5459 03:25:27,699 --> 03:25:30,301 P75 RECEPTOR TO FUNCTION THAT 5460 03:25:30,301 --> 03:25:34,372 HAD TO PUT A FARNESYL GROUP ON 5461 03:25:34,372 --> 03:25:39,210 THE P75 WAS CRITICALLY AFFECTED 5462 03:25:39,210 --> 03:25:41,079 IN BOTH OF THESE SYSTEMS. 5463 03:25:41,079 --> 03:25:42,714 NOW, THAT'S VERY BASIC 5464 03:25:42,714 --> 03:25:43,047 BIOCHEMISTRY. 5465 03:25:43,047 --> 03:25:44,582 WE'RE NOT GOING TO CURE ANYBODY 5466 03:25:44,582 --> 03:25:49,687 BY DOING GENE THERAPY FOR 5467 03:25:49,687 --> 03:25:51,322 FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHESIS, 5468 03:25:51,322 --> 03:25:58,796 BUT AGAIN, HAD WE NOT BEEN ALERT 5469 03:25:58,796 --> 03:26:00,231 TO THESE CRAZINESS THAT THESE 5470 03:26:00,231 --> 03:26:01,899 TWO SYSTEMS HAD EXACTLY THE SAME 5471 03:26:01,899 --> 03:26:05,403 GENE ALTERATIONS, WE NEVER WOULD 5472 03:26:05,403 --> 03:26:11,576 HAVE FOUND THE FARNESYLATION OF 5473 03:26:11,576 --> 03:26:12,010 P75. 5474 03:26:12,010 --> 03:26:13,645 WE JUST NEVER WOULD HAVE 5475 03:26:13,645 --> 03:26:14,612 UNDERSTOOD THAT ABOUT THIS 5476 03:26:14,612 --> 03:26:15,146 RECEPTOR. 5477 03:26:15,146 --> 03:26:21,753 AND I JUST THINK PEOPLE JUST -- 5478 03:26:21,753 --> 03:26:22,720 SOMETIMES GREAT SCIENCE COMES 5479 03:26:22,720 --> 03:26:27,125 OUT OF THINGS THAT YOU DON'T 5480 03:26:27,125 --> 03:26:27,458 EXPECT. 5481 03:26:27,458 --> 03:26:28,660 I THINK ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THIS 5482 03:26:28,660 --> 03:26:33,531 IS IN OUR NEUROBLASTOMA STUDIES. 5483 03:26:33,531 --> 03:26:41,439 WE KNEW THAT THE MIC PROTEIN 5484 03:26:41,439 --> 03:26:42,540 NMYC IS A VERY, VERY IMPORTANT 5485 03:26:42,540 --> 03:26:47,145 MEDIATOR OF THE VIRULENCE OF THE 5486 03:26:47,145 --> 03:26:51,416 NEUROBLASTOMA, AND WE KNEW THIS 5487 03:26:51,416 --> 03:26:52,583 CASCADE THAT I'M SHOWING HERE IN 5488 03:26:52,583 --> 03:26:53,418 THE PRECISE EXAMPLE OF WHAT 5489 03:26:53,418 --> 03:26:57,021 THESE PROTEINS ARE IS NOT 5490 03:26:57,021 --> 03:26:57,455 IMPORTANT. 5491 03:26:57,455 --> 03:27:04,362 WE KNEW THAT THESE WERE 5492 03:27:04,362 --> 03:27:05,396 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT MADE 5493 03:27:05,396 --> 03:27:10,735 YOU MAKE MORE NMYC PROTEIN AND 5494 03:27:10,735 --> 03:27:12,970 MADE YOUR NEUROBLASTOMA WORSE 5495 03:27:12,970 --> 03:27:13,237 PROGNOSIS. 5496 03:27:13,237 --> 03:27:14,939 BUT A GRADUATE STUDENT IN MY LAB 5497 03:27:14,939 --> 03:27:18,443 SAID TO ME, I HAVE AN INCREDIBLY 5498 03:27:18,443 --> 03:27:19,677 DUMB QUESTION, AND THAT'S 5499 03:27:19,677 --> 03:27:20,912 ANOTHER LESSON I LEARNED. 5500 03:27:20,912 --> 03:27:22,547 EVERY TIME SOMEBODY SAYS "I HAVE 5501 03:27:22,547 --> 03:27:24,816 A DUMB QUESTION," IS GOING TO 5502 03:27:24,816 --> 03:27:26,451 END UP BEING THE BEST QUESTION 5503 03:27:26,451 --> 03:27:28,486 ANYBODY ASKED. 5504 03:27:28,486 --> 03:27:33,091 AND SHE SAID, YOU KNOW, WHY IS 5505 03:27:33,091 --> 03:27:38,696 IT THAT WHEN YOU HAVE -- WHEN 5506 03:27:38,696 --> 03:27:44,736 YOU HAVE TWO TIMES AS MUCH 5507 03:27:44,736 --> 03:27:46,471 METHYLATION OF A TRANSCRIPTION 5508 03:27:46,471 --> 03:27:48,239 FACTOR THAT MAKES IT ACTIVE AND 5509 03:27:48,239 --> 03:27:51,109 MAKES IT GO TO THE NUCLEUS AND 5510 03:27:51,109 --> 03:27:53,845 YOU MAKE NMYC MORE, YOU DON'T 5511 03:27:53,845 --> 03:27:57,415 MAKE TWO TIMES AS MUCH NMYC. 5512 03:27:57,415 --> 03:28:00,585 YOU MAKE 10 TIMES AS MUCH NMYC. 5513 03:28:00,585 --> 03:28:01,552 SO WHY IS THAT? 5514 03:28:01,552 --> 03:28:05,289 AND I THOUGHT, YEAH, I NEVER 5515 03:28:05,289 --> 03:28:06,424 NOTICED THAT, BUT YEAH, WHEN I 5516 03:28:06,424 --> 03:28:07,959 LOOK BACK ON ALL THE WESTERN 5517 03:28:07,959 --> 03:28:10,461 BLOTS WE DID, WE DID MAKE 10 5518 03:28:10,461 --> 03:28:12,663 TIMES AS MUCH NMYC, WITH ONLY 5519 03:28:12,663 --> 03:28:15,533 TWO TIMES AS MUCH OF THE 5520 03:28:15,533 --> 03:28:17,401 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT MADE 5521 03:28:17,401 --> 03:28:19,971 IT GET MANUFACTURED. 5522 03:28:19,971 --> 03:28:22,140 I HAVE NO IDEA WHY NOT. 5523 03:28:22,140 --> 03:28:24,242 AND I TOLD HER SHE WAS GOING TO 5524 03:28:24,242 --> 03:28:26,177 FIGURE THAT OUT. 5525 03:28:26,177 --> 03:28:28,112 BECAUSE I JUST DEPARTMENT KNOW. 5526 03:28:28,112 --> 03:28:30,948 IT TURNS OUT THAT NOT ONLY DO 5527 03:28:30,948 --> 03:28:36,187 YOU METHYLATE THE TRANSCRIPTION 5528 03:28:36,187 --> 03:28:38,923 FACTOR, BUT YOU ALSO METHYLATE 5529 03:28:38,923 --> 03:28:42,827 THE NMYC, AND METHYL NMYC HAS A 5530 03:28:42,827 --> 03:28:44,362 HALF-LIFE IN THE CELL THAT'S AT 5531 03:28:44,362 --> 03:28:47,231 LEAST 10 TIMES AS LONG AS 5532 03:28:47,231 --> 03:28:49,767 UNMETHYLATED NMYC. 5533 03:28:49,767 --> 03:28:51,068 AGAIN, DID I EXPECT THIS, DID I 5534 03:28:51,068 --> 03:28:52,436 HAVE A HYPOTHESIS? 5535 03:28:52,436 --> 03:28:53,604 NO. 5536 03:28:53,604 --> 03:28:56,908 SO SOMETIMES REALLY GOOD THINGS 5537 03:28:56,908 --> 03:29:02,280 GROW OUT OF UNEXPECTED FINDINGS 5538 03:29:02,280 --> 03:29:04,715 AND AGAIN THIS MOTI NOTION OF WO 5539 03:29:04,715 --> 03:29:06,150 YOU CHASE AND WHAT DO YOU PUT IN 5540 03:29:06,150 --> 03:29:07,151 THE LITERATURE SO SOMEBODY ELSE 5541 03:29:07,151 --> 03:29:09,587 CAN DO THAT EXPERIMENT, IS THE 5542 03:29:09,587 --> 03:29:11,155 HARDEST THING YOU WILL DO AS A 5543 03:29:11,155 --> 03:29:16,160 SCIENTIST. 5544 03:29:16,160 --> 03:29:18,062 SO I THINK YOU HAVE TO EXPECT 5545 03:29:18,062 --> 03:29:18,729 THE UNEXPECTED AND YOU SHOULD 5546 03:29:18,729 --> 03:29:22,333 BELIEVE IN YOUR DATA ENOUGH THAT 5547 03:29:22,333 --> 03:29:24,202 YOU AT LEAST LOOK TO SEE IF THIS 5548 03:29:24,202 --> 03:29:25,269 IS REAL OR NOT. 5549 03:29:25,269 --> 03:29:26,337 IF IT'S NOT, YOU DROP IT 5550 03:29:26,337 --> 03:29:28,206 QUICKLY. 5551 03:29:28,206 --> 03:29:38,082 WE ALWAYS SAY "FAIL QUICKLY." 5552 03:29:38,082 --> 03:29:39,584 IF IF IT IS REAL, IT MAY BE JUST 5553 03:29:39,584 --> 03:29:41,452 AS EXCITING AS YOUR MAIN LINE OF 5554 03:29:41,452 --> 03:29:41,752 INQUIRY. 5555 03:29:41,752 --> 03:29:45,056 SO THEN THE FINAL THING IS THE 5556 03:29:45,056 --> 03:29:46,424 NOTION THAT THERE'S A LOT OF 5557 03:29:46,424 --> 03:29:48,059 LEMONS IN THIS BUSINESS. 5558 03:29:48,059 --> 03:29:49,727 THERE'S A LOT OF DAYS YOU GO 5559 03:29:49,727 --> 03:29:52,563 HOME AND SAY, GOD, I JUST -- I 5560 03:29:52,563 --> 03:29:54,098 WASTED A WHOLE DAY ON WHATEVER 5561 03:29:54,098 --> 03:29:57,401 IT IS. 5562 03:29:57,401 --> 03:29:59,237 LEARN TO MAKE LEMONADE OUT OF 5563 03:29:59,237 --> 03:30:01,606 EVERY LEMON. 5564 03:30:01,606 --> 03:30:06,510 SO I TOOK THIS GREAT JOB IN 5565 03:30:06,510 --> 03:30:07,845 GOVERNMENT, BUT I DIDN'T BRING 5566 03:30:07,845 --> 03:30:11,449 MY LAB WITH ME BECAUSE I SPENT 5567 03:30:11,449 --> 03:30:12,817 THE FIRST THREE YEARS THAT I WAS 5568 03:30:12,817 --> 03:30:15,453 HERE MENTORING THE PERSON WHO 5569 03:30:15,453 --> 03:30:17,388 TOOK OVER WHAT WAS MY LAB AND I 5570 03:30:17,388 --> 03:30:21,826 REALLY LOVED IT. 5571 03:30:21,826 --> 03:30:23,461 ONE DAY HE WAS AN ASSOCIATE 5572 03:30:23,461 --> 03:30:25,630 PROFESSOR ABOUT TO GO FOR A NEW 5573 03:30:25,630 --> 03:30:31,569 JOB AS A TENURED ASSOCIATE 5574 03:30:31,569 --> 03:30:32,637 PROFESSOR, AND I THOUGHT OKAY, 5575 03:30:32,637 --> 03:30:36,007 THAT WAS THE LAST PAPER WE EVER 5576 03:30:36,007 --> 03:30:36,641 PUBLISHED TOGETHER BECAUSE I 5577 03:30:36,641 --> 03:30:37,842 DON'T HAVE LAB HERE AND HE 5578 03:30:37,842 --> 03:30:38,943 DOESN'T NEED ME TO DO ANYTHING 5579 03:30:38,943 --> 03:30:39,977 WITH HIS LAB. 5580 03:30:39,977 --> 03:30:42,179 AND I REALIZED THAT ON A SUNDAY 5581 03:30:42,179 --> 03:30:45,182 AFTERNOON SITTING AT HOME, I 5582 03:30:45,182 --> 03:30:48,252 DIDN'T HAVE A DATASET TO 5583 03:30:48,252 --> 03:30:48,819 ANALYZE. 5584 03:30:48,819 --> 03:30:49,787 AND IT WAS SAD. 5585 03:30:49,787 --> 03:30:51,122 IT WAS REALLY SAD. 5586 03:30:51,122 --> 03:30:54,225 AND I COULDN'T GET ANYBODY TO 5587 03:30:54,225 --> 03:30:56,627 UNDERSTAND WHY THAT WAS SUCH A 5588 03:30:56,627 --> 03:30:57,061 SAD THING. 5589 03:30:57,061 --> 03:31:00,665 AND THEN I REALIZE THAT AT 5590 03:31:00,665 --> 03:31:10,775 NINDS, I SATONICS R SAT ON REAMA 5591 03:31:10,775 --> 03:31:14,312 ABOUT WHO GETS FUNDED, WHO DOES 5592 03:31:14,312 --> 03:31:15,780 WHAT JOB, ABOUT WHO'S DOING WHAT 5593 03:31:15,780 --> 03:31:17,515 KIND OF RESEARCH IN ACADEMIA, 5594 03:31:17,515 --> 03:31:19,150 AND NO ONE WAS ANALYZING THOSE 5595 03:31:19,150 --> 03:31:19,850 DATA. 5596 03:31:19,850 --> 03:31:22,386 SO I DECIDED TO REINVENT MYSELF, 5597 03:31:22,386 --> 03:31:24,689 AND I AM STILL -- I WOULD STILL 5598 03:31:24,689 --> 03:31:29,260 NOT SAY THAT I AM A SOCIAL 5599 03:31:29,260 --> 03:31:30,661 SCIENTIST OR A PSYCHOLOGIST, BUT 5600 03:31:30,661 --> 03:31:32,530 I REALLY HAD A TON OF FUN DOING 5601 03:31:32,530 --> 03:31:33,397 THIS. 5602 03:31:33,397 --> 03:31:35,099 AND I'M JUST GOING TO SHOW YOU A 5603 03:31:35,099 --> 03:31:36,233 COUPLE OF THINGS THAT CAME OUT 5604 03:31:36,233 --> 03:31:39,036 OF THAT. 5605 03:31:39,036 --> 03:31:44,675 SO THE FIRST IS A STUDY THAT I 5606 03:31:44,675 --> 03:31:46,777 DID WHERE I REALIZED THAT 5607 03:31:46,777 --> 03:31:47,611 THERE'S NO QUESTION, THERE ARE 5608 03:31:47,611 --> 03:31:52,650 MORE WOMEN NOW IN DEANS OFFICE 5609 03:31:52,650 --> 03:31:54,318 LEVEL POSITIONS THAN THERE EVER 5610 03:31:54,318 --> 03:31:57,321 WERE BEFORE. 5611 03:31:57,321 --> 03:31:59,724 BUT I KEEP HEARING PEOPLE SAYING 5612 03:31:59,724 --> 03:32:03,995 THAT THE DEAN IS STILL A 5613 03:32:03,995 --> 03:32:05,363 POSITION THAT'S RESERVED FOR MEN 5614 03:32:05,363 --> 03:32:10,701 PRIMARILY. 5615 03:32:10,701 --> 03:32:11,902 STILL, IT'S 18% OR SOMETHING 5616 03:32:11,902 --> 03:32:17,842 LIKE THAT OF DEANS ARE WOMEN. 5617 03:32:17,842 --> 03:32:20,077 AND I WONDERED, WHAT ARE ALL 5618 03:32:20,077 --> 03:32:23,914 THESE WOMEN IN DEAN'S OFFICE 5619 03:32:23,914 --> 03:32:24,582 LEVEL POSITIONS DOING? 5620 03:32:24,582 --> 03:32:25,783 AND IT BECAME VERY CLEAR THAT 5621 03:32:25,783 --> 03:32:29,887 THE MAJORITY OF THEM WERE IN 5622 03:32:29,887 --> 03:32:34,258 EDUCATION OR IN WHAT I CALL 5623 03:32:34,258 --> 03:32:40,231 IMAGE-MAKING, THE FUNDRAISING, 5624 03:32:40,231 --> 03:32:42,967 COMMUNICATIONS, THE PUBLIC 5625 03:32:42,967 --> 03:32:45,803 RELATIONS, MEDIA KINDS OF 5626 03:32:45,803 --> 03:32:49,306 THINGS, AND NOT IN THE DEAN 5627 03:32:49,306 --> 03:32:51,242 POSITION, THE GENERAL 5628 03:32:51,242 --> 03:32:55,312 LEADERSHIP, NOT IN CLINICAL 5629 03:32:55,312 --> 03:32:56,480 ENTERPRISE KINDS OF POSITIONS, 5630 03:32:56,480 --> 03:33:01,352 NOT IN RESEARCH OR CORPORATE 5631 03:33:01,352 --> 03:33:01,719 DECISION-MAKING. 5632 03:33:01,719 --> 03:33:05,322 IT WAS AS IF THE WOMEN WERE TYPE 5633 03:33:05,322 --> 03:33:07,491 CAST, AND YES, YOU CAN HAVE A 5634 03:33:07,491 --> 03:33:11,095 LEADERSHIP POSITION BETTER THAN 5635 03:33:11,095 --> 03:33:14,799 NOTHING, BUT THIS IS WHAT YOU DO 5636 03:33:14,799 --> 03:33:15,366 WITH YOUR LIFE. 5637 03:33:15,366 --> 03:33:16,767 THAT WAS A REVELATION TO ME. 5638 03:33:16,767 --> 03:33:20,337 THE OTHER THING THAT WAS REALLY, 5639 03:33:20,337 --> 03:33:21,639 REALLY INTERESTING, AND I STILL 5640 03:33:21,639 --> 03:33:24,275 DON'T HAVE AN EXPLANATION FOR IT 5641 03:33:24,275 --> 03:33:26,577 BECAUSE IT DOESN'T MAKE A LOT OF 5642 03:33:26,577 --> 03:33:27,344 SENSE. 5643 03:33:27,344 --> 03:33:32,016 SO IF YOU LOOK AT INSTITUTIONS 5644 03:33:32,016 --> 03:33:35,986 THAT HAVE WOMEN WHO ARE THE VICE 5645 03:33:35,986 --> 03:33:37,354 DEAN FOR RESEARCH, AND THERE 5646 03:33:37,354 --> 03:33:39,156 AREN'T A LOT OF THEM, YOU LOOK 5647 03:33:39,156 --> 03:33:43,127 AT INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE MEN 5648 03:33:43,127 --> 03:33:47,164 FOR VICE DEAN FOR RESEARCH, AND 5649 03:33:47,164 --> 03:33:48,632 YOU LOOK AT INSTITUTIONS WHERE 5650 03:33:48,632 --> 03:33:53,671 ON THE WEBSITE THEY DON'T 5651 03:33:53,671 --> 03:33:54,872 SPECIFIC WHETHER IT'S A MAN OR A 5652 03:33:54,872 --> 03:33:57,741 WOMAN, THEY JUST SAY WE HAVE AN 5653 03:33:57,741 --> 03:33:59,210 OFFICE OF RESEARCH. 5654 03:33:59,210 --> 03:34:04,014 WHERE IT'S A MAN, THE NIH FUNDED 5655 03:34:04,014 --> 03:34:07,451 RESEARCH PORTFOLIO OF THAT 5656 03:34:07,451 --> 03:34:10,955 MEDICAL SCHOOL PREDOMINATES WITH 5657 03:34:10,955 --> 03:34:12,723 BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH. 5658 03:34:12,723 --> 03:34:18,629 BUT WHERE IT'S A WOMAN, THE NIH 5659 03:34:18,629 --> 03:34:22,633 FUNDED PORTFOLIO PREDOMINATES 5660 03:34:22,633 --> 03:34:26,770 WITH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND 5661 03:34:26,770 --> 03:34:30,574 TRAINING-TYPE GRANTS, AND WHY 5662 03:34:30,574 --> 03:34:32,276 THE PREDILECTION, IF YOU WILL, 5663 03:34:32,276 --> 03:34:34,612 OR THE FORMER ROLE OR WHAT HAVE 5664 03:34:34,612 --> 03:34:38,449 YOU OF THE VICE DEAN FOR 5665 03:34:38,449 --> 03:34:40,618 RESEARCH WOULD DETERMINE WHAT 5666 03:34:40,618 --> 03:34:44,555 KINDS OF GRANTS THE PEOPLE IN 5667 03:34:44,555 --> 03:34:51,195 THEIR ENTERPRISE APPLIED FOR. 5668 03:34:51,195 --> 03:34:52,496 I GUESS THOSE PEOPLE HAVE MUCH 5669 03:34:52,496 --> 03:34:53,831 MORE INFLUENCE THAN THEY THINK 5670 03:34:53,831 --> 03:34:55,533 OR SUBLIMINAL LISTENED THE 5671 03:34:55,533 --> 03:34:57,935 MESSAGE THAT THIS IS WHAT'S 5672 03:34:57,935 --> 03:34:58,169 VALUED. 5673 03:34:58,169 --> 03:35:00,104 IT IS A VERY CURIOUS PHENOMENON. 5674 03:35:00,104 --> 03:35:04,942 BUT AT LEAST ON SUNDAY AFTERN 5675 03:35:04,942 --> 03:35:06,210 AFTERNOON, I HAD MY DATASET TO 5676 03:35:06,210 --> 03:35:12,783 WORK WITH. 5677 03:35:12,783 --> 03:35:15,119 I WOULD SAY THIS WAS A MINOR 5678 03:35:15,119 --> 03:35:15,686 NEGATIVE FOR MY HAVING MOVED 5679 03:35:15,686 --> 03:35:16,654 INTO THIS ENVIRONMENT, BUT I 5680 03:35:16,654 --> 03:35:20,391 TRIED TO MAKE ADVANTAGE OUT OF 5681 03:35:20,391 --> 03:35:23,394 THAT NEGATIVE AND REALLY MOVING 5682 03:35:23,394 --> 03:35:27,798 OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONE CAN BE 5683 03:35:27,798 --> 03:35:28,866 TOTALLY EXHILARATING. 5684 03:35:28,866 --> 03:35:30,701 SO YOU MAY BE THINKING NOW, I'M 5685 03:35:30,701 --> 03:35:31,769 TELLING YOU ABOUT BUMPS IN THE 5686 03:35:31,769 --> 03:35:33,103 ROAD AND ADVANTAGE OUT OF 5687 03:35:33,103 --> 03:35:34,305 ADVERSITY AND WHY WOULD I DO 5688 03:35:34,305 --> 03:35:37,107 THAT IF I WANT TO ENCOURAGE YOU 5689 03:35:37,107 --> 03:35:41,478 TO GO INTO RESEARCH-INTENSIVE 5690 03:35:41,478 --> 03:35:42,246 CAREERS. 5691 03:35:42,246 --> 03:35:43,647 WELL, HONESTLY LIKE EVERYTHING 5692 03:35:43,647 --> 03:35:45,683 ELSE IN LIFE, IT'S ABOUT THE 5693 03:35:45,683 --> 03:35:50,187 PEOPLE YOU GET TO ENGAGE WITH. 5694 03:35:50,187 --> 03:35:55,192 ANDED PEOPLE YOU GET TO EMPOWER. 5695 03:35:55,192 --> 03:35:56,293 MENTORS, COLLABORATORS, PEOPLE 5696 03:35:56,293 --> 03:35:57,127 THAT YOU'VE WORKED WITH THAT 5697 03:35:57,127 --> 03:35:59,763 HAVE REALLY PUT THE WIND 5698 03:35:59,763 --> 03:36:05,402 UNDERNEATH YOUR SAILS, 5699 03:36:05,402 --> 03:36:06,403 ESPECIALLY FOR ME AT THIS STAGE 5700 03:36:06,403 --> 03:36:07,771 OF MY CAREER, THIS SORT OF 5701 03:36:07,771 --> 03:36:08,906 LEAGUE OF NATIONS THAT IS -- 5702 03:36:08,906 --> 03:36:12,042 THIS IS A VERY SMALL FRACTION, 5703 03:36:12,042 --> 03:36:13,577 ABOUT -- I ACTUALLY HAD TO PUT 5704 03:36:13,577 --> 03:36:16,847 THIS TOGETHER FOR SOMETHING 5705 03:36:16,847 --> 03:36:18,282 RECENTLY. 5706 03:36:18,282 --> 03:36:19,783 ABOUT 80 PEOPLE HAVE COME 5707 03:36:19,783 --> 03:36:22,052 THROUGH MY LABS AND MY CLINICS 5708 03:36:22,052 --> 03:36:25,789 AT THIS POINT, AND HONESTLY, THE 5709 03:36:25,789 --> 03:36:28,025 CAREERS THAT THEY HAVE EMBARKED 5710 03:36:28,025 --> 03:36:30,127 UPON GO WAY BEYOND WHAT I COULD 5711 03:36:30,127 --> 03:36:30,861 HAVE IMAGINED. 5712 03:36:30,861 --> 03:36:35,466 I MEAN, MANY, MANY OF THEM ARE 5713 03:36:35,466 --> 03:36:35,733 ACADEMICS. 5714 03:36:35,733 --> 03:36:37,067 THAT'S NOT SURPRISING, BUT I 5715 03:36:37,067 --> 03:36:39,703 HAVE PEOPLE IN VENTURE CAPITAL 5716 03:36:39,703 --> 03:36:44,041 THAT THE SCIENCE THAT THEY KNOW 5717 03:36:44,041 --> 03:36:45,776 IS IMPORTANT FOR WHAT THEY 5718 03:36:45,776 --> 03:36:46,443 INVEST IN. 5719 03:36:46,443 --> 03:36:47,745 I HAVE PEOPLE THAT ARE 5720 03:36:47,745 --> 03:36:51,649 PRACTICING PEDIATRICIANS, I 5721 03:36:51,649 --> 03:36:52,416 HAVE -- MAYBE BECAUSE I'M A 5722 03:36:52,416 --> 03:36:53,951 NEUROLOGIST, I HAVE THREE OR 5723 03:36:53,951 --> 03:36:54,718 FOUR PHYSICAL THERAPISTS THAT 5724 03:36:54,718 --> 03:36:56,620 WORK WITH PEOPLE WITH STROKE. 5725 03:36:56,620 --> 03:37:01,425 JUST REMARKABLE PEOPLE WHO STILL 5726 03:37:01,425 --> 03:37:06,363 THEY SEND ME BABY PICTURES ORCID 5727 03:37:06,363 --> 03:37:07,031 PICTURES. 5728 03:37:07,031 --> 03:37:07,564 IT'S FANTASTIC. 5729 03:37:07,564 --> 03:37:10,367 IT IS ABSOLUTELY INVIGORATING. 5730 03:37:10,367 --> 03:37:14,972 AND A WORD ABOUT FAMILY AND 5731 03:37:14,972 --> 03:37:16,273 CAREERS. 5732 03:37:16,273 --> 03:37:19,443 I KNOW MANY PEOPLE SAY THAT YOU 5733 03:37:19,443 --> 03:37:21,578 HAVE TO PULL YOURSELF AWAY FROM 5734 03:37:21,578 --> 03:37:26,550 YOUR WORK TO GIVE YOUR CHILDREN 5735 03:37:26,550 --> 03:37:26,950 QUALITY TIME. 5736 03:37:26,950 --> 03:37:29,019 I HAVE TO TELL YOU THAT MY 5737 03:37:29,019 --> 03:37:32,189 HUSBAND AND I ARE VERY BAD 5738 03:37:32,189 --> 03:37:34,224 EXAMPLES OF THAT, BUT WE HAVE 5739 03:37:34,224 --> 03:37:37,161 ALWAYS ENGAGED AND INVOLVED OUR 5740 03:37:37,161 --> 03:37:38,896 CHILDREN IN WHAT WE'RE DOING. 5741 03:37:38,896 --> 03:37:40,331 THEY DID THEIR HOMEWORK IN THE 5742 03:37:40,331 --> 03:37:42,933 SAME ROOM WHERE WE MADE OUR 5743 03:37:42,933 --> 03:37:44,268 POWERPOINT SLIDE PRESENTATIONS. 5744 03:37:44,268 --> 03:37:46,003 AND THEY PICKED THE COLORS FOR 5745 03:37:46,003 --> 03:37:50,974 THE BACKGROUNDS, SO -- I MEAN, I 5746 03:37:50,974 --> 03:37:53,277 JUST THINK THAT IT IS IMPORTANT 5747 03:37:53,277 --> 03:37:56,313 TO MAKE FAMILY AND CAREER PART 5748 03:37:56,313 --> 03:37:59,817 OF WHO YOU ARE, AND YOU ARE BOTH 5749 03:37:59,817 --> 03:38:03,754 OF THOSE THINGS. 5750 03:38:03,754 --> 03:38:06,256 SO THE TAKE-HOME LESSONS, 5751 03:38:06,256 --> 03:38:07,958 SCIENCE AND ART, VERY MUCH TWO 5752 03:38:07,958 --> 03:38:09,960 SIDES OF THE SAME COIN. 5753 03:38:09,960 --> 03:38:14,098 DON'T BE AFRAID TO MIX THEM. 5754 03:38:14,098 --> 03:38:19,002 THAT PROTEIN CONFIGURATION WAS 5755 03:38:19,002 --> 03:38:20,537 REALLY A BEAUTIFUL WORK OF ART. 5756 03:38:20,537 --> 03:38:24,575 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, IF YOU 5757 03:38:24,575 --> 03:38:29,980 FIGURE OUT ONE, YOU CAN USE THEM 5758 03:38:29,980 --> 03:38:31,749 BOTH TO CURE HUMAN DISEASE, AND 5759 03:38:31,749 --> 03:38:32,950 LEGACY IS EVERYTHING. 5760 03:38:32,950 --> 03:38:37,588 IF YOU HONOR WHAT IS GOOD IN THE 5761 03:38:37,588 --> 03:38:38,322 PAST, FUEL WHAT IS PROMISING IN 5762 03:38:38,322 --> 03:38:39,456 THE FUTURE, YOU WILL BRING 5763 03:38:39,456 --> 03:38:41,859 MEANING AND SUBSTANCE TO THE 5764 03:38:41,859 --> 03:38:42,292 PRESENT. 5765 03:38:42,292 --> 03:38:47,631 SO I THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR 5766 03:38:47,631 --> 03:38:48,599 ATTENTION AND REALLY FOR THE 5767 03:38:48,599 --> 03:38:53,203 HONOR OF GIVING THIS LECTURE. 5768 03:38:53,203 --> 03:38:59,009 [APPLAUSE] 5769 03:38:59,009 --> 03:39:00,911 >> THANK YOU, DR. SCHOR. 5770 03:39:00,911 --> 03:39:03,414 WONDERFUL LECTURE. 5771 03:39:03,414 --> 03:39:04,982 WE ARE A LITTLE OVER TIME SO I 5772 03:39:04,982 --> 03:39:06,316 AM GOING TO INVITE -- 5773 03:39:06,316 --> 03:39:07,851 >> SORRY, I APOLOGIZE. 5774 03:39:07,851 --> 03:39:08,519 >> THAT'S OKAY. 5775 03:39:08,519 --> 03:39:10,387 I WILL INVITE DR. TIGNO UP TO 5776 03:39:10,387 --> 03:39:20,764 GIVE CLOSING REMARKS. 5777 03:39:29,106 --> 03:39:31,442 >> SO THANK YOU, EVERYONE, FOR 5778 03:39:31,442 --> 03:39:33,143 STAYING UP TO THE VERY END, AND 5779 03:39:33,143 --> 03:39:34,878 I KNOW THAT MANY OF YOU ARE 5780 03:39:34,878 --> 03:39:39,950 RUNNING AFTER YOUR FLIGHT, AND I 5781 03:39:39,950 --> 03:39:41,251 WAS JUST SO PLEASED WE COULD 5782 03:39:41,251 --> 03:39:42,920 HAVE THIS MEETING, BECAUSE AT 5783 03:39:42,920 --> 03:39:44,021 ONE POINT, WE WERE THINKING WHAT 5784 03:39:44,021 --> 03:39:47,991 WILL WE DO IF WE DIDN'T HAVE A 5785 03:39:47,991 --> 03:39:48,592 BUDGET. 5786 03:39:48,592 --> 03:39:50,160 SO I AM JUST SO HAPPY THAT WE 5787 03:39:50,160 --> 03:39:52,362 DIDN'T NEED TO GO VIRTUAL THIS 5788 03:39:52,362 --> 03:39:53,564 YEAR, AND WE LOOK FORWARD TO 5789 03:39:53,564 --> 03:39:55,399 SEEING YOU AGAIN NEXT YEAR WHEN 5790 03:39:55,399 --> 03:39:57,000 WE CELEBRATE OUR 25TH 5791 03:39:57,000 --> 03:39:59,102 ANNIVERSARY. 5792 03:39:59,102 --> 03:40:02,139 SO GOODBYE, SAFE TRAVELS TO YOU, 5793 03:40:02,139 --> 03:40:04,775 AND THANK YOU FOR STAYING AND 5794 03:40:04,775 --> 03:40:07,778 BEING WITH US TODAY AND SHARING 5795 03:40:07,778 --> 03:40:08,579 WITH US YOUR KNOWLEDGE. 5796 03:40:08,579 --> 03:40:09,313 [APPLAUSE] 5797 03:40:09,313 --> 03:40:19,690 MEETING IS ADJOURNED.