1 00:00:06,157 --> 00:00:08,292 >> GOOD AFTERNOON I'M THE 2 00:00:08,292 --> 00:00:12,596 DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE AND 3 00:00:12,596 --> 00:00:15,266 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH AND NHGRI, 4 00:00:15,266 --> 00:00:17,168 IT'S A PLEASURE TO WELCOME YOU 5 00:00:17,168 --> 00:00:20,204 TO THE TRANS-ATLANTIC 6 00:00:20,204 --> 00:00:22,840 CIRCULATION COMPARING THE HUMAN 7 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:30,514 GENOME PROJECT WITH THE EXPOSOME 8 00:00:30,514 --> 00:00:32,883 AND THIS IS BEING RECORDED AND 9 00:00:32,883 --> 00:00:34,752 ARCHIVED ON THE NIH VIDEOCAST 10 00:00:34,752 --> 00:00:34,985 WEBSITE. 11 00:00:34,985 --> 00:00:37,488 WELCOME TO ALL WATCHING LIVE. 12 00:00:37,488 --> 00:00:42,893 IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, THERE'S A 13 00:00:42,893 --> 00:00:48,099 SEND LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON AND IF 14 00:00:48,099 --> 00:00:52,770 WE CAN'T ANSWER YOUR QUESTION 15 00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:55,306 TODAY, WE'LL HAVE SOMEBODY GET 16 00:00:55,306 --> 00:00:57,241 BACK IN TOUCH WITH YOU WITH 17 00:00:57,241 --> 00:00:57,641 ANSWERS. 18 00:00:57,641 --> 00:01:00,077 IT'S MY HONOR TO INTRODUCE THE 19 00:01:00,077 --> 00:01:02,346 ACTUAL HOST AND MASTER MIND, HE 20 00:01:02,346 --> 00:01:05,783 COMES TO US FROM PARIS WHERE HE 21 00:01:05,783 --> 00:01:08,152 IS PROFESSOR OF HISTORY ATE AND 22 00:01:08,152 --> 00:01:09,820 PRESIDENT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 23 00:01:09,820 --> 00:01:11,956 THE HISTORY OF INSERM. 24 00:01:11,956 --> 00:01:13,757 HIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON 25 00:01:13,757 --> 00:01:15,793 INNOVATION, RESEARCH POLICIES 26 00:01:15,793 --> 00:01:18,162 AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS 27 00:01:18,162 --> 00:01:20,531 LARGELY IN FRANCE AND EUROPE AND 28 00:01:20,531 --> 00:01:24,735 WE'RE GRATEFUL HE'S INCLUDED NIH 29 00:01:24,735 --> 00:01:30,241 AND DELIGHTED TO HOST HIM HERE 30 00:01:30,241 --> 00:01:35,112 FOR THE HISTORY OF THIS 31 00:01:35,112 --> 00:01:35,846 RESEARCH. 32 00:01:35,846 --> 00:01:42,953 HE HAS CHAIRED A NUMBER OF 33 00:01:42,953 --> 00:01:47,358 CONSEQUENTIAL PROJECTS AND 34 00:01:47,358 --> 00:01:48,459 INVENTING A SHARED SCIENCE 35 00:01:48,459 --> 00:01:51,495 DIPLOMACY FOR EUROPE AND 36 00:01:51,495 --> 00:01:59,403 CO-CHAIRS IN SCIENCE DIPLOMACY. 37 00:01:59,403 --> 00:02:05,976 WELCOME DIRECTOR GRISET. 38 00:02:05,976 --> 00:02:11,282 >> THANK YOU FOR THIS PROTOTYPE 39 00:02:11,282 --> 00:02:21,825 OF WHAT COULD BE THE CONTEXT OF 40 00:02:22,793 --> 00:02:26,564 THE RESEARCH INSTITUTION. 41 00:02:26,564 --> 00:02:31,101 I'M QUICKLY INTRODUCING THE 42 00:02:31,101 --> 00:02:38,108 PEOPLE AND THEY ACCEPTED AND 43 00:02:38,108 --> 00:02:39,710 WILL SHARE THEIR CAREER WITH 44 00:02:39,710 --> 00:02:42,413 THIS IMPORTANT PART OF RESEARCH. 45 00:02:42,413 --> 00:02:52,957 THEY ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO GIVE A 46 00:02:53,958 --> 00:02:57,928 LARGE BUT THIS IS AN EXCHANGE TO 47 00:02:57,928 --> 00:03:04,435 FILL THE BIG MOMENT OF THIS I 48 00:03:04,435 --> 00:03:07,371 FIND THEM LIKE I FIND THE SECTOR 49 00:03:07,371 --> 00:03:11,375 FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE 50 00:03:11,375 --> 00:03:15,079 TRANSACTION EXCHANGE. 51 00:03:15,079 --> 00:03:17,214 FROM RIGHT TO LEFT I'LL PRESENT 52 00:03:17,214 --> 00:03:20,651 MR. GARY MILLER, DIRECTOR OF 53 00:03:20,651 --> 00:03:25,723 CENTER FOR INNOVATIVE EXPOSOMICS 54 00:03:25,723 --> 00:03:29,426 AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 55 00:03:29,426 --> 00:03:32,463 IN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION AND 56 00:03:32,463 --> 00:03:38,235 PROFESSOR OF MOLECULAR 57 00:03:38,235 --> 00:03:42,206 PHARMACOLOGY AND DIRECTOR OF THE 58 00:03:42,206 --> 00:03:44,408 CENTER FOR INNOVATIVE EXPOSOMICS 59 00:03:44,408 --> 00:03:48,379 AND IS A LEADER IN THE FIELD FOR 60 00:03:48,379 --> 00:03:50,948 THE CONFERENCE AND CUMULATIVE 61 00:03:50,948 --> 00:03:54,985 EFFECTS OF MEDIATORS THAT IMPACT 62 00:03:54,985 --> 00:03:55,352 CONSISTENCY. 63 00:03:55,352 --> 00:03:57,988 HE SERVES ON THE ADVISORY PANEL 64 00:03:57,988 --> 00:04:03,227 OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 65 00:04:03,227 --> 00:04:04,528 HEALTH, ALL OF US RESEARCH 66 00:04:04,528 --> 00:04:07,998 PROGRAM. 67 00:04:07,998 --> 00:04:15,706 THEN WE MOVE TO MR. BALSHAW THE 68 00:04:15,706 --> 00:04:17,508 DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF 69 00:04:17,508 --> 00:04:19,343 EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING 70 00:04:19,343 --> 00:04:27,351 AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 71 00:04:27,351 --> 00:04:31,355 SCIENCES. 72 00:04:31,355 --> 00:04:33,957 AND OVER 500 MILLION COMBINING 73 00:04:33,957 --> 00:04:39,363 BIO PHYSICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 74 00:04:39,363 --> 00:04:42,766 CINCINNATI AND UNIVERSITY OF 75 00:04:42,766 --> 00:04:45,869 CHAPEL HILL AND HAS LED 76 00:04:45,869 --> 00:04:48,639 PORTFOLIO FOR ADVANCING OMICS 77 00:04:48,639 --> 00:04:49,807 TECHNOLOGIES SYSTEMS, EXPOSURE 78 00:04:49,807 --> 00:04:57,081 AND CONCEPT OF THE EXPOSOME. 79 00:04:57,081 --> 00:05:01,652 HE ALSO REPRESENTED NIEHS IN THE 80 00:05:01,652 --> 00:05:03,287 GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL 81 00:05:03,287 --> 00:05:06,290 PROGRAMS TO ADVANCE EXPOSURE AND 82 00:05:06,290 --> 00:05:11,929 THE EXPOSOME CONCEPT. 83 00:05:11,929 --> 00:05:22,573 THEN WE MOVE TO DR. BAROUKI A 84 00:05:22,573 --> 00:05:26,343 RESEARCH PROFESSOR AND THE U85 85 00:05:26,343 --> 00:05:28,312 AND PROFESSOR OF THE FRENCH 86 00:05:28,312 --> 00:05:30,481 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND DOES 87 00:05:30,481 --> 00:05:32,516 RESEARCH WORK AT THE INSTITUTE 88 00:05:32,516 --> 00:05:36,286 FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND 89 00:05:36,286 --> 00:05:37,421 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN FRANCE 90 00:05:37,421 --> 00:05:42,493 AND HAS DEVELOPED THROUGH THE 91 00:05:42,493 --> 00:05:48,465 YEARS USING MASS SPECTOMETRY TO 92 00:05:48,465 --> 00:05:51,668 LOOK AT THE CHEMICAL EXPOSOME IN 93 00:05:51,668 --> 00:05:55,372 A VARIETY OF BIO SPECIMENS. 94 00:05:55,372 --> 00:05:57,441 IT'S OPEN ACCESS TOOLS DEVELOPED 95 00:05:57,441 --> 00:06:02,880 WITH HIS GROUP AND NOW BEING 96 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:08,252 APPLIED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 97 00:06:08,252 --> 00:06:18,662 STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE 98 00:06:18,662 --> 00:06:19,830 METHODOLOGY TO STUDY THE 99 00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:21,465 INFERENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL 100 00:06:21,465 --> 00:06:27,371 FACTORS IN PHARMACO KINETICS. 101 00:06:27,371 --> 00:06:36,447 AND ALSO PROFESSOR OF BIO 102 00:06:36,447 --> 00:06:39,349 CHEMISTRY AT UNIVERSITY AND HEAD 103 00:06:39,349 --> 00:06:40,717 OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC 104 00:06:40,717 --> 00:06:40,984 HEALTH. 105 00:06:40,984 --> 00:06:43,187 HES RESEARCH IS FOCUSSED ON THE 106 00:06:43,187 --> 00:06:45,155 IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 107 00:06:45,155 --> 00:06:50,661 CONTAMINANTS AND HUMAN HEALTH 108 00:06:50,661 --> 00:06:53,063 AND THE LINKS BETWEEN EXPOSOMES 109 00:06:53,063 --> 00:06:54,498 AND HEALTH AND INVOLVED IN 110 00:06:54,498 --> 00:07:00,070 SEVERAL E.U. PROJECTS. 111 00:07:00,070 --> 00:07:06,443 HE HAS ALSO BEEN INVOLVED IN 112 00:07:06,443 --> 00:07:07,878 EUROPE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT OF 113 00:07:07,878 --> 00:07:09,112 HEALTH AND COMBINING SCIENTIFIC 114 00:07:09,112 --> 00:07:09,313 DATA. 115 00:07:09,313 --> 00:07:14,284 BEFORE GIVING THE FIRST 116 00:07:14,284 --> 00:07:23,160 INTERVENTION I WILL ALSO MENTION 117 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:31,502 THE HISTORIAN IN THE CONTEXT OF 118 00:07:31,502 --> 00:07:32,669 NIH AND MENTION POINTS AND THANK 119 00:07:32,669 --> 00:07:35,205 YOU VERY MUCH FOR BEING HERE AND 120 00:07:35,205 --> 00:07:38,642 YOU COULD BEGIN THIS EXCHANGE. 121 00:07:38,642 --> 00:07:42,913 >> THANK YOU, VERY MUCH PASCAL. 122 00:07:42,913 --> 00:07:47,184 THANK YOU FOR HOSTING US HERE TO 123 00:07:47,184 --> 00:07:49,086 DISCUSS THESE ISSUES. 124 00:07:49,086 --> 00:07:54,057 I THINK THE IDEA BEHIND THIS 125 00:07:54,057 --> 00:07:57,995 CONVERSATION IS I TRACE IT TO 126 00:07:57,995 --> 00:08:01,198 DISCUSSIONS WITH RICK WOYCHIK 127 00:08:01,198 --> 00:08:05,569 THE DIRECTOR OF THE NIEHS WE 128 00:08:05,569 --> 00:08:07,371 DISCUSS A LOT THE PROGRAMS FOR 129 00:08:07,371 --> 00:08:07,971 THE EXPOSOME. 130 00:08:07,971 --> 00:08:11,475 HE USUALLY SAYS, WELL, I LIVED 131 00:08:11,475 --> 00:08:15,345 THROUGH THE HUMAN GENOME PROGRAM 132 00:08:15,345 --> 00:08:17,247 AND IT WAS RELATIVELY CLEAR 133 00:08:17,247 --> 00:08:19,783 THERE WAS A BEGINNING AND END. 134 00:08:19,783 --> 00:08:21,318 THE BEGINNING STARTS THE 135 00:08:21,318 --> 00:08:26,557 SEQUENCING AND THE END WHICH IS 136 00:08:26,557 --> 00:08:28,058 AT LEAST THERE IS SOMETHING. 137 00:08:28,058 --> 00:08:31,295 IT HAMD ONLY A COUPLE YEARS AGO. 138 00:08:31,295 --> 00:08:35,365 BUT HE SAID, WELL, I WOULD LIKE 139 00:08:35,365 --> 00:08:36,600 TO SEE SOMETHING SIMILAR IF 140 00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:37,034 POSSIBLE. 141 00:08:37,034 --> 00:08:39,069 MAYBE IT'S NOT POSSIBLE BUT IF 142 00:08:39,069 --> 00:08:41,238 POSSIBLE WITH THE EXPOSOME 143 00:08:41,238 --> 00:08:41,471 PROGRAM. 144 00:08:41,471 --> 00:08:45,075 IN ONE CASE WE HAVE A LOT OF 145 00:08:45,075 --> 00:08:45,742 HISTORY ALREADY. 146 00:08:45,742 --> 00:08:47,177 IT'S HISTORY IN ACTION AND WE 147 00:08:47,177 --> 00:08:51,448 DON'T REALLY KNOW EXACTLY WHEN 148 00:08:51,448 --> 00:08:53,517 THIS BEGAN EXACTLY BUT MAYBE 149 00:08:53,517 --> 00:08:57,721 BEGAN, I THINK WE CAN SAY IN 150 00:08:57,721 --> 00:08:59,389 2005 THAT'S THE PUBLICATION, 151 00:08:59,389 --> 00:09:01,058 THAT'S THE BEGINNING. 152 00:09:01,058 --> 00:09:02,726 WHERE IT WILL END AND WHETHER IT 153 00:09:02,726 --> 00:09:04,861 WILL END IS ANOTHER QUESTION WE 154 00:09:04,861 --> 00:09:06,029 WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS A LITTLE 155 00:09:06,029 --> 00:09:07,864 BIT LATER. 156 00:09:07,864 --> 00:09:10,601 BUT LET ME GIVE YOU BECAUSE I'M 157 00:09:10,601 --> 00:09:12,069 VERY MUCH INVOLVED LIKE SINCE 20 158 00:09:12,069 --> 00:09:15,272 YEARS IN THE EXPOSOME PROGRAM 159 00:09:15,272 --> 00:09:19,109 AND ISSUES BUT I HAVE WITNESSED 160 00:09:19,109 --> 00:09:23,513 PART OF THE HUMAN GENOME 161 00:09:23,513 --> 00:09:23,880 PROBLEM. 162 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:26,450 I WAS IN THE LAB WHERE MOST THE 163 00:09:26,450 --> 00:09:35,192 ACTIVITIES WAS IN BIO CHEMISTRY. 164 00:09:35,192 --> 00:09:42,199 MOSTLY ON RECEPTORS AND ENZYMES. 165 00:09:42,199 --> 00:09:44,968 THE LAB WAS LED BY SOMEONE VERY 166 00:09:44,968 --> 00:09:47,137 MUCH IN CONTACT WITH AMERICAN 167 00:09:47,137 --> 00:09:48,105 COLLEAGUES INCLUDING NIH. 168 00:09:48,105 --> 00:09:49,906 AND ONE OF THOSE COLLEAGUES WHO 169 00:09:49,906 --> 00:09:54,878 VISITED OUR LAB A NUMBER OF TIME 170 00:09:54,878 --> 00:09:56,913 CALLED CRAIG VANTER. 171 00:09:56,913 --> 00:09:58,415 I KNOW A LITTLE OF THE HISTORY 172 00:09:58,415 --> 00:10:03,453 OF THE GENOME PROGRAM THROUGH 173 00:10:03,453 --> 00:10:10,994 MOSTLY CRAIG RATHER FROM FRANCIS 174 00:10:10,994 --> 00:10:12,362 COLLINS AND HIS WIFE WAS 175 00:10:12,362 --> 00:10:14,531 INVOLVED IN THE WORK AND WAS AT 176 00:10:14,531 --> 00:10:16,133 THIS TIME AT THE NIH. 177 00:10:16,133 --> 00:10:17,701 THIS IS SOMEBODY WITH WHOM WE 178 00:10:17,701 --> 00:10:22,439 HAD REGULAR CONTEXT AS WE HAVE 179 00:10:22,439 --> 00:10:23,173 IN SCIENCE. 180 00:10:23,173 --> 00:10:24,941 GOING TO SIMILAR MEETINGS AND 181 00:10:24,941 --> 00:10:26,977 DISCUSSING THINGS. 182 00:10:26,977 --> 00:10:29,846 AT ONE POINT HE TOLD JACK, WELL, 183 00:10:29,846 --> 00:10:36,920 HE IS TRYING TO GO INTO MORE 184 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:38,155 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MAYBE 185 00:10:38,155 --> 00:10:39,656 SEQUENCING ISSUES. 186 00:10:39,656 --> 00:10:42,559 IN THE BEGINNING IT WAS MOSTLY 187 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:45,929 SEQUENCING NOT THE GENE. 188 00:10:45,929 --> 00:10:51,068 CDNA IS THE MESSENGER RNA 189 00:10:51,068 --> 00:10:53,403 EXPRESSED SO IT'S THE GENES 190 00:10:53,403 --> 00:10:55,372 BASICALLY EXPRESSED. 191 00:10:55,372 --> 00:10:57,207 BECAUSE IT WAS THOUGHT THAT THE 192 00:10:57,207 --> 00:11:03,280 GENOME WAS FULL OF JUNK AND SO 193 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:06,083 IT'S JUST FOCUS AND IN THE LAB 194 00:11:06,083 --> 00:11:11,455 WE STARTED DOING SOMETHING LIKE 195 00:11:11,455 --> 00:11:14,291 THAT. 196 00:11:14,291 --> 00:11:15,892 IT STARTED LIKE THAT AND I 197 00:11:15,892 --> 00:11:17,227 DIDN'T FOLLOW EXACTLY THE 198 00:11:17,227 --> 00:11:18,929 HISTORY BUT HAD SOME ISSUES WITH 199 00:11:18,929 --> 00:11:19,996 THE NIH. 200 00:11:19,996 --> 00:11:22,299 MAYBE MORE THAN SOME ISSUES. 201 00:11:22,299 --> 00:11:25,135 AND DECIDED, IF I CAN'T DO IT AT 202 00:11:25,135 --> 00:11:28,105 THE NIH, I'LL DO IT OUTSIDE THE 203 00:11:28,105 --> 00:11:28,405 NIH. 204 00:11:28,405 --> 00:11:35,846 FOR US, HE WAS AN ENTREPRENEUR. 205 00:11:35,846 --> 00:11:39,382 HE WENT FOR IT AND HE FOUNDED 206 00:11:39,382 --> 00:11:45,322 THIS COMPANY AT THIS BEGINNING 207 00:11:45,322 --> 00:11:50,594 AND IT WAS THE IG ERA AND WE 208 00:11:50,594 --> 00:11:53,196 KEPT IN TOUCH BECAUSE AS IT 209 00:11:53,196 --> 00:11:55,699 HAPPENED MY BOSS WAS THEN AN 210 00:11:55,699 --> 00:11:58,969 ADVISER FOR THE MINISTRY AND 211 00:11:58,969 --> 00:12:02,072 ASKED HIM TO DEVELOP A HUMAN 212 00:12:02,072 --> 00:12:03,006 GENOME PROJECT IN FRANCE. 213 00:12:03,006 --> 00:12:06,610 SO HE KEPT IN TOUCH WITH CRAIG 214 00:12:06,610 --> 00:12:08,845 AND THEN CRAIG SAID A FEW YEARS 215 00:12:08,845 --> 00:12:10,147 LATER STARTED SAYING I'LL GO ALL 216 00:12:10,147 --> 00:12:18,488 THE WAY FOR THE GENOME AND 217 00:12:18,488 --> 00:12:24,327 COMPETING AND THE PRIVATE 218 00:12:24,327 --> 00:12:25,529 PROGRAM STARTED. 219 00:12:25,529 --> 00:12:28,565 AND WE KEPT IN TOUCH. 220 00:12:28,565 --> 00:12:33,436 IT WAS A SURPRISE TO SEE FRANCIS 221 00:12:33,436 --> 00:12:35,372 COLLINS AND CRAIG IN 2000 222 00:12:35,372 --> 00:12:37,774 BECAUSE WE KNEW THE GUY. 223 00:12:37,774 --> 00:12:43,180 AND IN FRANCE AT THE TIME I 224 00:12:43,180 --> 00:12:49,119 THINK MOST OF THE SEQUENCING WAS 225 00:12:49,119 --> 00:12:49,853 SOME MAPPING. 226 00:12:49,853 --> 00:12:56,927 THAT WAS EXTREMELY USEFUL. 227 00:12:56,927 --> 00:12:59,362 AND A LARGE NUMBER AND IT WAS 228 00:12:59,362 --> 00:13:02,699 POSSIBLE THEN TO MAP THE GENES 229 00:13:02,699 --> 00:13:06,736 PHYSICALLY AND HIS WAS ESSENTIAL 230 00:13:06,736 --> 00:13:07,938 TO FULFILL THE SEQUENCING. 231 00:13:07,938 --> 00:13:13,310 THERE WERE ACTIVITIES IN CDNA 232 00:13:13,310 --> 00:13:17,681 AND SOME IN SEQUENCING 1 233 00:13:17,681 --> 00:13:21,685 CHROMO 234 00:13:21,685 --> 00:13:21,985 CHROMOSOME. 235 00:13:21,985 --> 00:13:23,486 THE PROGRAM WAS AN INTERNATIONAL 236 00:13:23,486 --> 00:13:26,823 ONE BECAUSE THE BRITISH WERE 237 00:13:26,823 --> 00:13:28,758 THERE AND THERE WERE IMPORTANT 238 00:13:28,758 --> 00:13:29,159 CONTRIBUTIONS. 239 00:13:29,159 --> 00:13:37,167 AND IN FRANCE THERE WERE I THINK 240 00:13:37,167 --> 00:13:42,405 AND MAPPING AND ESSENTIALLY AND 241 00:13:42,405 --> 00:13:46,576 FOCUSSED LATER ON HOW THE GENES 242 00:13:46,576 --> 00:13:51,014 ARE IMPORTANT AND THIS HAS BEEN 243 00:13:51,014 --> 00:13:51,348 SUCCESSFUL. 244 00:13:51,348 --> 00:13:56,920 IN FRANCE WE HAVE BEEN 245 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,055 SUCCESSFUL AND NOW SAYING IT'S 246 00:13:59,055 --> 00:14:03,360 THIS REALLY MAPPING GENES 247 00:14:03,360 --> 00:14:04,094 INVOLVED IN DISEASES AND 248 00:14:04,094 --> 00:14:14,404 IDENTIFYING THEM. 249 00:14:19,843 --> 00:14:22,045 IT DIDN'T END THERE. 250 00:14:22,045 --> 00:14:25,148 I DID MY POSTDOC IN BALTIMORE IN 251 00:14:25,148 --> 00:14:28,418 THE '80s, '85, SOMETHING LIKE 252 00:14:28,418 --> 00:14:28,618 THAT. 253 00:14:28,618 --> 00:14:29,886 AT THE TIME THE GENOME WAS 254 00:14:29,886 --> 00:14:32,222 STARTING AND PEOPLE WERE 255 00:14:32,222 --> 00:14:37,193 THINKING ABOUT IT AND HE 256 00:14:37,193 --> 00:14:39,029 IDENTIFIED AND DISCOVERED THE 257 00:14:39,029 --> 00:14:39,996 RESTRICTION SO IT'S IMPORTANT 258 00:14:39,996 --> 00:14:43,233 FOR ANYBODY INVOLVED IN THE 259 00:14:43,233 --> 00:14:44,534 GENE. 260 00:14:44,534 --> 00:14:48,438 HE WAS A VERY NICE GUY. 261 00:14:48,438 --> 00:14:49,439 I LOVED HIM. 262 00:14:49,439 --> 00:14:52,108 AND WELL, I WORKED WITH HIM ON 263 00:14:52,108 --> 00:14:53,376 BACTERIA BECAUSE I WANTED TO GET 264 00:14:53,376 --> 00:14:56,613 INVOLVED IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 265 00:14:56,613 --> 00:15:00,450 AND IT WAS THIS RESEARCH AND 266 00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:02,185 MAYBE LESS THAN A FEW YEARS 267 00:15:02,185 --> 00:15:04,220 LATER AT ONE POINT I DISCOVERED 268 00:15:04,220 --> 00:15:14,764 HE DECIDED TO SHIFT COMPLETELY 269 00:15:19,002 --> 00:15:22,172 AND TO JOIN THE NOBEL PRIZE TEAM 270 00:15:22,172 --> 00:15:28,745 WORKING ON THE BACTERIA AND THE 271 00:15:28,745 --> 00:15:35,018 ORGANISM FOR SEQUENCED AND I 272 00:15:35,018 --> 00:15:36,152 HAVE SEEN. 273 00:15:36,152 --> 00:15:37,454 MORE INVOLVEMENT IN SYNTHETIC 274 00:15:37,454 --> 00:15:40,323 BIOLOGY AND PUBLISHING PAPERS IN 275 00:15:40,323 --> 00:15:45,061 SCIENCE AND NATURE AT THE AGE 18 276 00:15:45,061 --> 00:15:47,230 OR MORE ALL WITH CRAIG. 277 00:15:47,230 --> 00:15:52,669 MY HISTORY OF THE HUMAN GENOME 278 00:15:52,669 --> 00:15:54,938 PROJECT IS THE HISTORY ONCE OR 279 00:15:54,938 --> 00:15:56,840 TWICE OR THREE TIMES THROUGH 280 00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,011 CRAIG VENTER AND THROUGH THE 281 00:16:01,011 --> 00:16:01,411 FRENCH. 282 00:16:01,411 --> 00:16:03,213 AND THEN I CHANGED AROUND ENDED 283 00:16:03,213 --> 00:16:04,514 UP IN THE EXPOSOME. 284 00:16:04,514 --> 00:16:07,517 IT'S TIME TO LET SOME OF MY 285 00:16:07,517 --> 00:16:08,151 COLLEAGUES GET THEIR OWN FEELING 286 00:16:08,151 --> 00:16:13,656 ABOUT IT. 287 00:16:13,656 --> 00:16:16,292 >> I CAN TELL A CRAIG VENTER 288 00:16:16,292 --> 00:16:17,060 STORY TOO. 289 00:16:17,060 --> 00:16:23,900 SO WHEN I WAS THE EDITOR OF 290 00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:25,201 TOXICOLOGY SCIENCES HE WAS 291 00:16:25,201 --> 00:16:26,269 SPEAKING AT AN ANNUAL MEETING 292 00:16:26,269 --> 00:16:28,538 AND I ASKED IF I COULD INTERVIEW 293 00:16:28,538 --> 00:16:28,738 HIM. 294 00:16:28,738 --> 00:16:29,906 I READ STORIES AND THINGS ABOUT 295 00:16:29,906 --> 00:16:31,741 IT AND REMEMBER TALKING TO HIM 296 00:16:31,741 --> 00:16:34,978 LIKE BEFORE HE SPOKE THAT DAY 297 00:16:34,978 --> 00:16:38,748 AND I TOLD HIM I HAD TRAINED WIN 298 00:16:38,748 --> 00:16:42,352 MARK AND BOB AT DUKE THE 299 00:16:42,352 --> 00:16:45,288 ADJUVANT RECEPTOR PEOPLE AND 300 00:16:45,288 --> 00:16:47,690 STARTING MUMBLING UNDER HIS 301 00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:47,924 BREATH. 302 00:16:47,924 --> 00:16:49,993 HE SAID THAT'S A BIG REASON I 303 00:16:49,993 --> 00:16:52,495 WAS DOING GENETICS BECAUSE EVERY 304 00:16:52,495 --> 00:16:54,097 PAPER I WORKED ON BOB ALWAYS 305 00:16:54,097 --> 00:16:56,366 BEAT ME TO IT AND GOT FRUSTRATED 306 00:16:56,366 --> 00:16:57,400 AND SAID I BETTER WORK ON 307 00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:58,034 SOMETHING ELSE. 308 00:16:58,034 --> 00:17:01,304 WHEN I THINK ABOUT THE APPROACH 309 00:17:01,304 --> 00:17:04,040 THAT VINTER TOOK TO THE HUMAN 310 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:04,707 GENOME PROJECT WE THINK ABOUT 311 00:17:04,707 --> 00:17:07,177 WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH 312 00:17:07,177 --> 00:17:08,278 EXPOSOMICS AND PEOPLE THINK 313 00:17:08,278 --> 00:17:09,679 ABOUT HOW EXPENSIVE IT IS AND 314 00:17:09,679 --> 00:17:11,748 HOW IT'S TOO BIG OF AN EFFORT TO 315 00:17:11,748 --> 00:17:16,486 DO, I KEEP THINKING ABOUT WELL, 316 00:17:16,486 --> 00:17:18,655 IF VENTER COULD BUILD 300 317 00:17:18,655 --> 00:17:20,523 SEQUENCERS WE COULD JUST GET 300 318 00:17:20,523 --> 00:17:24,494 MASS SPECS AND THE IDEA IS IF 319 00:17:24,494 --> 00:17:25,762 ENGINEERING CAN SOLVE PROBLEMS 320 00:17:25,762 --> 00:17:27,564 AT SCALE AND CAN BE DONE IN A 321 00:17:27,564 --> 00:17:30,567 BIO MEDICAL SPACE, I THINK IT'S 322 00:17:30,567 --> 00:17:32,102 BEEN FOR ME I THINK THE EXAMPLES 323 00:17:32,102 --> 00:17:34,304 OF WHAT WE SAW FOR THE HUMAN 324 00:17:34,304 --> 00:17:35,505 GENOME PROJECT TO ME MAKE MUCH 325 00:17:35,505 --> 00:17:38,942 OF WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO IN 326 00:17:38,942 --> 00:17:40,743 EXPOSOMICS FEASIBLE BECAUSE IT'S 327 00:17:40,743 --> 00:17:42,145 JUST A MATTER OF THINKING AT 328 00:17:42,145 --> 00:17:44,214 THAT VERY HIGH LEVEL AND GEKT 329 00:17:44,214 --> 00:17:46,883 THE RIGHT PEOPLE AT THE TABLE. 330 00:17:46,883 --> 00:17:48,618 GETTING PEOPLE AT HAMILTON SMITH 331 00:17:48,618 --> 00:17:53,189 TO DO THAT FOR YOU IN HIS '80s. 332 00:17:53,189 --> 00:17:56,726 IT'S ALL IN THE MASS SPEC YOU 333 00:17:56,726 --> 00:17:57,293 THINK? 334 00:17:57,293 --> 00:18:01,331 >> I THINK A LOT OF THE EXPOSOME 335 00:18:01,331 --> 00:18:04,334 AND HOW OR BODY RESPONDS TO THE 336 00:18:04,334 --> 00:18:06,035 COMPLEX EXPOSURES RESIDES IN OUR 337 00:18:06,035 --> 00:18:08,972 BODY AND BLOOD. 338 00:18:08,972 --> 00:18:11,741 SO MASS SPECTOMETRY CAN DETECT A 339 00:18:11,741 --> 00:18:12,509 LOT OF IT. 340 00:18:12,509 --> 00:18:14,844 DOES IT CAPTURE ALL OF IT? 341 00:18:14,844 --> 00:18:17,580 PROBABLY NOT BUT I CAPTURES A 342 00:18:17,580 --> 00:18:19,182 LOT OF IT AND THE BETTER WE CAN 343 00:18:19,182 --> 00:18:21,651 GET IT MEASURING THE THINGS IN 344 00:18:21,651 --> 00:18:23,686 OUR BLOODSTREAM AND HOW OUR 345 00:18:23,686 --> 00:18:25,054 BODIES RESPOND TO THE VARIOUS 346 00:18:25,054 --> 00:18:27,690 EXPOSURES AT THIS POINT MASS 347 00:18:27,690 --> 00:18:31,361 SPECTOMETRY IS I WOULD THINK IN 348 00:18:31,361 --> 00:18:33,163 THE LEAD FROM A TECHNOLOGICAL 349 00:18:33,163 --> 00:18:39,435 STANDPOINT IN HOW TO DO THAT. 350 00:18:39,435 --> 00:18:42,472 >> I THINK YOU TOUCHED ON A 351 00:18:42,472 --> 00:18:43,473 CHALLENGE ON WHAT WOULD BE A 352 00:18:43,473 --> 00:18:46,809 HUMAN EXPOSOME PROGRAM. 353 00:18:46,809 --> 00:18:52,782 TO MIRROR THE HUMAN GENOME 354 00:18:52,782 --> 00:18:55,852 PROGRAM BECAUSE WE CAN MEASURE 355 00:18:55,852 --> 00:18:58,054 SURROGATES IN BLOOD. 356 00:18:58,054 --> 00:19:01,357 WE CAN MEASURE THE EXTERNAL 357 00:19:01,357 --> 00:19:02,525 SOURCES THROUGH OTHER MEANS BUT 358 00:19:02,525 --> 00:19:06,829 WE AS A COMMUNITY I THINK HAVE 359 00:19:06,829 --> 00:19:11,668 OFTEN STRUGGLED IN COMING 360 00:19:11,668 --> 00:19:14,437 TOGETHER TO ADDRESS WHAT YOU'RE 361 00:19:14,437 --> 00:19:16,105 MORE COMFORTABLE WITH AND IF 362 00:19:16,105 --> 00:19:18,308 YOU'RE MEASURING SOMETHING IN 363 00:19:18,308 --> 00:19:20,677 BLOOD AND URINE YOU'RE MEASURING 364 00:19:20,677 --> 00:19:22,345 SOMETHING NOW BUT WHAT HAPPENED 365 00:19:22,345 --> 00:19:23,079 20 YEARS AGO? 366 00:19:23,079 --> 00:19:25,248 WE HAVE SOME UNIQUE CHALLENGES 367 00:19:25,248 --> 00:19:27,517 AS TRYING TO WRAP OUR HEAD 368 00:19:27,517 --> 00:19:29,652 AROUND JUST WHAT WOULD THAT BE. 369 00:19:29,652 --> 00:19:32,655 AGAIN, I AGREE WITH YOU, THEY 370 00:19:32,655 --> 00:19:34,657 ARE SURMOUNTABLE CHALLENGES BUT 371 00:19:34,657 --> 00:19:36,559 WE AS A COMMUNITY NEED TO COME 372 00:19:36,559 --> 00:19:37,460 TOGETHER TO HAVE A CONSENSUS ON 373 00:19:37,460 --> 00:19:45,702 THAT. 374 00:19:45,702 --> 00:19:47,937 >> THIS IS HOW I STARTED INTO 375 00:19:47,937 --> 00:19:50,073 THE EXPOSOMICS FIELD BECAUSE I 376 00:19:50,073 --> 00:19:53,509 WAS TOO YOUNG TO BE IN THE HUMAN 377 00:19:53,509 --> 00:19:55,945 GENOME AT THE TIME BUT I STARTED 378 00:19:55,945 --> 00:19:58,414 WITH MASS SPECTOMETRY AND WAS 379 00:19:58,414 --> 00:19:59,983 CLEARLY A TECHNOLOGY THAT COULD 380 00:19:59,983 --> 00:20:03,987 HELP US TO GET COMPREHENSIVE IN 381 00:20:03,987 --> 00:20:13,329 TERMS OF EXPOSURES AND MAP TO 382 00:20:13,329 --> 00:20:17,533 CHEMICALS AND AFTER ALL THE 383 00:20:17,533 --> 00:20:19,936 EXCITEMENT THEN YOU GIVE BLOOD 384 00:20:19,936 --> 00:20:22,305 SAMPLE AND TRY MASS SPECTOMETRY. 385 00:20:22,305 --> 00:20:25,008 THERE WAS FRUSTRATION WAS AT 386 00:20:25,008 --> 00:20:29,445 THAT TIME, IT WAS 12 YEARS AGO, 387 00:20:29,445 --> 00:20:32,215 THE INSTRUMENTS WEREN'T AS 388 00:20:32,215 --> 00:20:33,816 SENSITIVE AS NOW AND WAS TRYING 389 00:20:33,816 --> 00:20:38,755 TO GET FROM THE PAST 390 00:20:38,755 --> 00:20:40,323 SPECTROMETRY AND AFTER THE 391 00:20:40,323 --> 00:20:40,957 EXCITEMENT THERE WAS FRUSTRATION 392 00:20:40,957 --> 00:20:43,159 AND GOING BACK TO YOUR POINT, 393 00:20:43,159 --> 00:20:43,826 ACTUALLY, THIS IS CLEARLY WHERE 394 00:20:43,826 --> 00:20:45,361 I STARTED TO THINK WE SHOULD 395 00:20:45,361 --> 00:20:47,130 HAVE THIS SAME APPROACH FOR THE 396 00:20:47,130 --> 00:20:49,666 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. 397 00:20:49,666 --> 00:20:51,000 WE SHOULD PROBABLY THINK ABOUT 398 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,303 THE METHODOLOGY AND SEE HOW WE 399 00:20:53,303 --> 00:20:56,873 CAN GET THIS METHODOLOGY AS 400 00:20:56,873 --> 00:21:01,044 COMPREHENSIVE AS POSSIBLE. 401 00:21:01,044 --> 00:21:02,712 BUT THEM THE DIFFICULTY AND A 402 00:21:02,712 --> 00:21:05,281 FEW HOURS WITH GARY IS WE NEED A 403 00:21:05,281 --> 00:21:07,750 BALANCE BETWEEN HAVING SUCCESS 404 00:21:07,750 --> 00:21:09,419 STORY MOVING TO THE WORLD AND 405 00:21:09,419 --> 00:21:15,358 YOU CAN DO EXPOSOMIC WITH MASS 406 00:21:15,358 --> 00:21:17,327 SPECTOMETRY AND GOING DEEPER IN 407 00:21:17,327 --> 00:21:19,329 THE CHARACTERIZATION AND WE 408 00:21:19,329 --> 00:21:21,464 DIDN'T FIND THE TIME YET TO GO 409 00:21:21,464 --> 00:21:24,233 DEEPER AND I THINK THIS IS WHERE 410 00:21:24,233 --> 00:21:26,402 SOMETHING MIGHT HAPPEN IN THAT 411 00:21:26,402 --> 00:21:27,570 DIRECTION BUT WE NEED TO BE VERY 412 00:21:27,570 --> 00:21:30,106 CAREFUL BECAUSE WE NEED TO PROVE 413 00:21:30,106 --> 00:21:30,807 IT CAN WORK. 414 00:21:30,807 --> 00:21:33,409 THE POINT I WANT TO MAKE IS THAT 415 00:21:33,409 --> 00:21:35,345 IF THE METHODOLOGY IS NOT RIGHT, 416 00:21:35,345 --> 00:21:39,349 WE MAY HAVE SOME BIAS. 417 00:21:39,349 --> 00:21:41,517 WE MIGHT PROVIDE THOUSANDS OF 418 00:21:41,517 --> 00:21:45,388 SAMPLES BUT DON'T GET THE 419 00:21:45,388 --> 00:21:49,959 CORRECT EXPOSURE AND TO MAKE THE 420 00:21:49,959 --> 00:21:54,530 RIGHT ASSOCIATIONS. 421 00:21:54,530 --> 00:21:55,531 AND HIGH RESOLUTION MASS 422 00:21:55,531 --> 00:21:57,967 SPECTOMETRY THOUGH WE DON'T KNOW 423 00:21:57,967 --> 00:22:00,870 HOW TO DO THE ANNOTATION WE HAVE 424 00:22:00,870 --> 00:22:02,605 MANY UNKNOWN LIKE WE ARE 425 00:22:02,605 --> 00:22:05,341 ANNOTATING LIKE MAYBE 2% OF THE 426 00:22:05,341 --> 00:22:06,709 DATA SETS. 427 00:22:06,709 --> 00:22:08,911 SO, TO ME THIS IS DATA FOR THE 428 00:22:08,911 --> 00:22:10,213 NEXT GENERATION. 429 00:22:10,213 --> 00:22:12,882 IT WILL HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY AND 430 00:22:12,882 --> 00:22:15,351 TOOLS TO PUT AN I.D. ON ALL THE 431 00:22:15,351 --> 00:22:16,586 SIGNALS WE ARE GENERATING BUT WE 432 00:22:16,586 --> 00:22:19,055 DON'T KNOW HOW TO DO IT. 433 00:22:19,055 --> 00:22:24,927 SO I KIND OF HAVE A 434 00:22:24,927 --> 00:22:27,563 RESPONSIBILITY TO LOOK AT THE 435 00:22:27,563 --> 00:22:29,999 METHODOLOGY AND IF IT'S NOT 436 00:22:29,999 --> 00:22:31,234 SENSITIVE ENOUGH, IF THEY WANT 437 00:22:31,234 --> 00:22:33,302 IT GO BACK AND TIME AND SAY WE 438 00:22:33,302 --> 00:22:39,208 ARE EXPOSED TO THAT CHEMICALS, 439 00:22:39,208 --> 00:22:45,481 THERE MIGHT BE SENSITIVITY. 440 00:22:45,481 --> 00:22:47,450 SO THERE'S THIS RESPONSIBILITY 441 00:22:47,450 --> 00:22:50,253 AND WHERE WE LOOK AT THE GENOME 442 00:22:50,253 --> 00:22:52,255 MAYBE AS A COMMUNITY BUT WE FEEL 443 00:22:52,255 --> 00:22:54,557 THERE IS SOMETHING GOING ON AT 444 00:22:54,557 --> 00:22:57,093 THE MOMENT BETWEEN U.S.-EUROPE. 445 00:22:57,093 --> 00:23:02,298 >> SO YOU ARE THE NEXT 446 00:23:02,298 --> 00:23:04,000 GENERATION AND YOU HAD THIS 447 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:05,701 PROBLEM BECAUSE YOU DIDN'T KNOW 448 00:23:05,701 --> 00:23:07,370 THE GENOME PROGRAM AND NOW YOU 449 00:23:07,370 --> 00:23:10,706 SEE THE EXPOSOME PROGRAM. 450 00:23:10,706 --> 00:23:13,910 I THINK WHEN WE SEE WHAT 451 00:23:13,910 --> 00:23:15,545 HAPPENED WITH THE GENOME 452 00:23:15,545 --> 00:23:17,914 PROGRAM, THEY ARE STARTED BY 453 00:23:17,914 --> 00:23:19,649 MAPPING THE GENES BECAUSE IT WAS 454 00:23:19,649 --> 00:23:22,151 ESSENTIAL OTHERWISE THEY ARE 455 00:23:22,151 --> 00:23:22,852 WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO VIEW 456 00:23:22,852 --> 00:23:24,353 THE SEQUENCES THEY ARE WERE 457 00:23:24,353 --> 00:23:25,955 GETTING. 458 00:23:25,955 --> 00:23:27,523 THEY NEEDED TO MAP WHERE THE 459 00:23:27,523 --> 00:23:30,293 GENES ARE ON WHICH CHROMOSOME, 460 00:23:30,293 --> 00:23:30,560 ETCETERA. 461 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:34,030 IS THERE AN EQUIVALENT IN THE 462 00:23:34,030 --> 00:23:34,297 EXPOSOME? 463 00:23:34,297 --> 00:23:39,335 IS IT JUST GOING AFTER AND DOING 464 00:23:39,335 --> 00:23:40,002 AS MUCH AS MASS SPECTOMETRY AS 465 00:23:40,002 --> 00:23:44,807 POSSIBLE OR COMBINE ALL THE 466 00:23:44,807 --> 00:23:45,074 TIME. 467 00:23:45,074 --> 00:23:48,478 I KNOW YOU LIKE TO COMBINE THE 468 00:23:48,478 --> 00:23:52,849 METABOLOMICS WITH EXPOSOMIC BUT 469 00:23:52,849 --> 00:23:54,450 SHOULD WE COMBINE SOMETHING THAT 470 00:23:54,450 --> 00:23:57,186 TELLS US ABOUT THE HISTORY LIKE 471 00:23:57,186 --> 00:23:59,989 EXPOSOMICS AND START WITH RULES 472 00:23:59,989 --> 00:24:01,591 SOMEWHERE TO THE EXPOSOME AND 473 00:24:01,591 --> 00:24:04,827 GET INTO THE FULL ACTIVITY? 474 00:24:04,827 --> 00:24:08,097 >> I THINK THERE ARE. 475 00:24:08,097 --> 00:24:09,131 WE KNOW THE MAJOR FACTORS. 476 00:24:09,131 --> 00:24:11,567 I WAS HAVING DINNER WITH A 477 00:24:11,567 --> 00:24:15,037 COLLEGIATE A CONFERENCE LAST 478 00:24:15,037 --> 00:24:16,572 WEEK AND SHE WAS NOT GOING 479 00:24:16,572 --> 00:24:20,476 AGAINST THE EXPOSOME BUT SAYING 480 00:24:20,476 --> 00:24:22,144 WHAT'S THE MAJOR THING PEOPLE 481 00:24:22,144 --> 00:24:25,815 ARE EXPOSED TO WE DIDN'T KNOW 482 00:24:25,815 --> 00:24:26,015 ABOUT? 483 00:24:26,015 --> 00:24:27,884 WE PROBABLY KNOW THIS MAJOR 484 00:24:27,884 --> 00:24:30,319 THINGS PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO. 485 00:24:30,319 --> 00:24:32,889 WE CAN DO SCREENING AND MEASURE 486 00:24:32,889 --> 00:24:35,358 THE 200, 500 THINGS THAT ARE THE 487 00:24:35,358 --> 00:24:38,961 MAJOR CLASSES OF EXPOSURE AND 488 00:24:38,961 --> 00:24:40,630 START TO THINK ABOUT WHAT IS THE 489 00:24:40,630 --> 00:24:43,366 ENVIRONMENTAL EQUIVALENT OF A 490 00:24:43,366 --> 00:24:45,835 HAT MAP AND LOOK AT THE 491 00:24:45,835 --> 00:24:47,370 CORRELATION MATRIX OF 492 00:24:47,370 --> 00:24:48,170 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND MAYBE 493 00:24:48,170 --> 00:24:50,106 WE DON'T KNOW THE SPECIFIC 494 00:24:50,106 --> 00:24:52,608 CHEMICAL BUT WE KNOW THE CLASS 495 00:24:52,608 --> 00:24:56,479 OR KNOW THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT 496 00:24:56,479 --> 00:25:01,951 AND LOOK AT DESTRUCTION OR 497 00:25:01,951 --> 00:25:06,789 METABOLIC DISRUPTION AS 498 00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:08,457 BIOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND MEASURE 499 00:25:08,457 --> 00:25:10,192 THE UNKNOWN FEATURES TO FIND OUT 500 00:25:10,192 --> 00:25:12,895 WHAT THE CHEMICAL IS BECAUSE 501 00:25:12,895 --> 00:25:15,364 THEY'RE ASSOCIATING WITH THE 502 00:25:15,364 --> 00:25:16,132 CRITICAL BIOLOGICAL END POINTS 503 00:25:16,132 --> 00:25:19,335 WE DON'T KNOW THE FACTORS 504 00:25:19,335 --> 00:25:20,136 CONTRIBUTING TO PROGRESSION OR 505 00:25:20,136 --> 00:25:26,375 SEVERITY OF DISEASE. 506 00:25:26,375 --> 00:25:30,880 >> I WAS GOING TO POINT OUT THE 507 00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,783 HOT MAP IS AN INTERESTING M 508 00:25:33,783 --> 00:25:36,152 METAPHOR BECAUSE IT COULD 509 00:25:36,152 --> 00:25:38,554 PROVIDE A MODEL FOR THE 510 00:25:38,554 --> 00:25:40,122 DISCUSSIONS BECAUSE THE PURPOSE 511 00:25:40,122 --> 00:25:42,592 HOT MAP WAS IN ESSENCE TO DESIGN 512 00:25:42,592 --> 00:25:44,794 A PROGRAM TO LOOK AT HUMAN 513 00:25:44,794 --> 00:25:46,362 VARIATION AND RELATIONSHIP TO 514 00:25:46,362 --> 00:25:48,564 DISEASE AND ESSENTIALLY SAY THAT 515 00:25:48,564 --> 00:25:53,669 IN LARGE PART A SIGNIFICANT 516 00:25:53,669 --> 00:25:56,105 AMOUNT OF BASICALLY DISEASE 517 00:25:56,105 --> 00:25:58,507 PHENOTYPE IS CAUSED BY 518 00:25:58,507 --> 00:25:58,841 VARIATION. 519 00:25:58,841 --> 00:26:02,545 FOR THE HAT MAP THERE WAS A 520 00:26:02,545 --> 00:26:06,482 CLEAR UNDERSTANDING YOU ONLY HAD 521 00:26:06,482 --> 00:26:14,056 A SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC DESIGN 522 00:26:14,056 --> 00:26:15,458 WITH A BASIC SCIENTIFIC QUESTION 523 00:26:15,458 --> 00:26:17,126 TO ANSWER BASIC IDEAS ABOUT WHAT 524 00:26:17,126 --> 00:26:20,363 IS THE CONNECTION, WHAT ARE 525 00:26:20,363 --> 00:26:23,065 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS IN GENETIC 526 00:26:23,065 --> 00:26:24,700 EPIDEMIOLOGY BECAUSE WE KNEW 527 00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:28,304 ENOUGH ABOUT EVOLUTION AND THE 528 00:26:28,304 --> 00:26:31,540 DEGREE TO WHICH THERE WITH US 529 00:26:31,540 --> 00:26:32,642 HUMAN GENETIC DIVERSITY ACROSS 530 00:26:32,642 --> 00:26:34,410 POPULATIONS AND YOU GET A SENSE 531 00:26:34,410 --> 00:26:36,512 WHAT QUESTIONS WE COULD ANSWER 532 00:26:36,512 --> 00:26:42,385 AND WITH THE SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF 533 00:26:42,385 --> 00:26:44,620 DATA OF WELL DESIGNED SCIENTIFIC 534 00:26:44,620 --> 00:26:45,688 RATIONALE AND FIT TO THE DEGREE 535 00:26:45,688 --> 00:26:47,456 EVERYTHING CAN GET FUNDED AND 536 00:26:47,456 --> 00:26:49,659 COME TOGETHER TO ANSWER A 537 00:26:49,659 --> 00:26:51,560 CERTAIN SET OF VERY SPECIFIC 538 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:54,330 QUESTIONS AND FROM THAT YOU GET 539 00:26:54,330 --> 00:26:56,298 SOMETHING LIKE 1,000 GENOMES AND 540 00:26:56,298 --> 00:27:00,069 ALL THE OTHER INQUIRIES TO 541 00:27:00,069 --> 00:27:00,970 VARIATION, WHICH I THINK IF YOU 542 00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:03,606 LOOK BACK AT THE COMMON DISEASE 543 00:27:03,606 --> 00:27:08,044 AND COMMON VARIANT HYPOTHESIS, 544 00:27:08,044 --> 00:27:11,247 IT'S ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLY 545 00:27:11,247 --> 00:27:12,715 USEFUL BUT ALSO SOMETHING 546 00:27:12,715 --> 00:27:13,816 SUPPLEMENTED BY A GREAT DEAL OF 547 00:27:13,816 --> 00:27:14,617 MORE DATA. 548 00:27:14,617 --> 00:27:16,519 THAT'S WHAT I WANTED TO 549 00:27:16,519 --> 00:27:18,154 CONTRIBUTE IN TERMS OF WHAT ARE 550 00:27:18,154 --> 00:27:19,388 WHERE HE MEASURING, HOW DO WE 551 00:27:19,388 --> 00:27:21,957 MEASURE IT AND HOW DO WE MAKE 552 00:27:21,957 --> 00:27:27,430 SURE THE PROBLEM ISN'T TOO BIG 553 00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,066 OR TOO SMALL. 554 00:27:30,066 --> 00:27:31,400 >> ANOTHER COMPARISON WITH 555 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,936 GENETICS AND GENOMICS THAT'S 556 00:27:33,936 --> 00:27:37,206 CRITICAL IS GENETICISTS DON'T 557 00:27:37,206 --> 00:27:39,408 LIKE TO TALK ABOUT THE ERA OF 558 00:27:39,408 --> 00:27:43,846 CANDIDATE GENE SEARCHS BECAUSE 559 00:27:43,846 --> 00:27:45,881 IT DIDN'T TURN OUT VERY WELL. 560 00:27:45,881 --> 00:27:48,284 WITH EXPOSOMICS IF YOU FOCUS ON 561 00:27:48,284 --> 00:27:50,319 WHAT YOU THINK YOU KNOW IS OUT 562 00:27:50,319 --> 00:27:53,255 THERE YOU RUN THE SAME RISK. 563 00:27:53,255 --> 00:27:54,924 WHEN GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION 564 00:27:54,924 --> 00:27:56,525 STUDIES CAME ALONG IT GAVE AN 565 00:27:56,525 --> 00:27:57,960 AGNOSTIC WAY OF DOING THIS AND 566 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,096 REMOVED THE BIAS OF THE 567 00:28:00,096 --> 00:28:01,731 CANDIDATE GENE SEARCH AND 568 00:28:01,731 --> 00:28:03,365 PUBLISHING THE POSITIVE DATA AND 569 00:28:03,365 --> 00:28:05,067 EXPOSOMICS NEEDS AN APPROACH 570 00:28:05,067 --> 00:28:07,570 WITH THE SAME LEVEL OF 571 00:28:07,570 --> 00:28:09,939 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS TO AVOID 572 00:28:09,939 --> 00:28:10,539 THAT LOOKING UNDER THE STREET 573 00:28:10,539 --> 00:28:12,842 LAMP SITUATION. 574 00:28:12,842 --> 00:28:16,378 >> IT'S FOR RARE DISEASES. 575 00:28:16,378 --> 00:28:21,083 REALLY, I'VE BEEN WORKING IN A 576 00:28:21,083 --> 00:28:21,951 HOSPITAL IN FRANCE WHERE THERE 577 00:28:21,951 --> 00:28:27,256 WERE RARE DISEASES AND IT'S 578 00:28:27,256 --> 00:28:31,127 FANTASTIC WHAT LHAPPENED THERE 579 00:28:31,127 --> 00:28:32,561 BUT FOR COMPLEX DISEASES THERE 580 00:28:32,561 --> 00:28:34,630 WAS GWAS AND THEN IDENTIFYING 581 00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:38,300 THE VARIANTS IMPORTANT FOR 582 00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:39,135 CHRONIC COMPLEX DISEASES. 583 00:28:39,135 --> 00:28:41,971 IT DIDN'T ACHIEVE BECAUSE I 584 00:28:41,971 --> 00:28:45,941 THINK IT WAS ALREADY TOO COMPLEX 585 00:28:45,941 --> 00:28:49,044 FROM A GENETIC POINT OF VIEW AND 586 00:28:49,044 --> 00:28:54,283 OTHERS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN 587 00:28:54,283 --> 00:28:55,050 THOSE DISEASES. 588 00:28:55,050 --> 00:28:56,152 I LIKE THE DISCUSSION BECAUSE 589 00:28:56,152 --> 00:29:03,659 IT'S GETTING TO THE DISEASE. 590 00:29:03,659 --> 00:29:05,561 FROM THERE WE HAVE THE 591 00:29:05,561 --> 00:29:06,595 RELATIONSHIP WITH TO THE GENOME 592 00:29:06,595 --> 00:29:12,735 AND I WONDER WHETHER IN THE 593 00:29:12,735 --> 00:29:16,038 EXPOSOMICS IF WE START WORKING 594 00:29:16,038 --> 00:29:18,107 ON WHICH DISEASES ARE MORE 595 00:29:18,107 --> 00:29:26,182 LIKELY TO BE THE BEST TO WORK ON 596 00:29:26,182 --> 00:29:30,319 MAY BE WE'LL KNOW WHAT'S 597 00:29:30,319 --> 00:29:30,619 ACHIEVABLE. 598 00:29:30,619 --> 00:29:32,888 >> IT MAY BE A WHILE IN TALKING 599 00:29:32,888 --> 00:29:38,394 ABOUT WHICH DISEASE WE COULD 600 00:29:38,394 --> 00:29:38,594 STUDY. 601 00:29:38,594 --> 00:29:43,399 THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY WAS GWAS 602 00:29:43,399 --> 00:29:45,668 THIS IS A QUESTION I DON'T HAVE 603 00:29:45,668 --> 00:29:47,636 THE ANSWER BUT FOR THE GWAS WE 604 00:29:47,636 --> 00:29:49,238 HAVE SOMETHING THAT IS STATIC. 605 00:29:49,238 --> 00:29:54,076 IT DOESN'T MOVE. 606 00:29:54,076 --> 00:29:57,413 THAT'S THE SAME. 607 00:29:57,413 --> 00:30:02,918 YOU CAN GET MORE PEOPLE HOW YOU 608 00:30:02,918 --> 00:30:05,287 CAN HAVE AN ASSUMPTION AND GET A 609 00:30:05,287 --> 00:30:06,889 LOT OF PEOPLE AND YOU TRY BUT 610 00:30:06,889 --> 00:30:10,860 FOR EXPOSOMICS, I'M NOT THE SAME 611 00:30:10,860 --> 00:30:15,531 GUY I'D BE TOMORROW. 612 00:30:15,531 --> 00:30:15,898 THAT'S FOR SURE. 613 00:30:15,898 --> 00:30:19,368 SO THERE ARE A LOT OF 614 00:30:19,368 --> 00:30:20,936 CLASSIFICATION IF YOU DO EWAS 615 00:30:20,936 --> 00:30:22,004 THE SAME WAY YOU DO GWAS. 616 00:30:22,004 --> 00:30:24,440 I DON'T HAVE THE ANSWER BUT I 617 00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:26,008 DON'T LIKE THE WAY 618 00:30:26,008 --> 00:30:26,775 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE DONE 619 00:30:26,775 --> 00:30:29,511 WITH JUST A SINGLE TIME POINT. 620 00:30:29,511 --> 00:30:30,946 OF COURSE YOU HAVE SOME STUDIES 621 00:30:30,946 --> 00:30:35,317 WHEN YOU LOOK AT DIFFERENT TIME 622 00:30:35,317 --> 00:30:38,220 POINTS BUT YOU HAVE EXPOSURE 623 00:30:38,220 --> 00:30:40,789 SPECIFICATIONS AS A QUICK 624 00:30:40,789 --> 00:30:47,997 EXAMPLE FOR MANY CHEMICALS WE 625 00:30:47,997 --> 00:30:51,200 LOOK AT HOW IT'S METABOLIZED 626 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:52,401 BECAUSE IT'S MORE CONSISTENT AND 627 00:30:52,401 --> 00:30:54,937 IT'S GOING TO GO THROUGH 628 00:30:54,937 --> 00:30:57,273 DIFFERENT ENZYMES AND FROM ONE 629 00:30:57,273 --> 00:30:59,275 TO ANOTHER I HAD SOME 630 00:30:59,275 --> 00:31:02,778 COMMUNICATION OR SOMETHING ELSE 631 00:31:02,778 --> 00:31:08,350 I WOULD METABOLIZE DIFFERENTLY 632 00:31:08,350 --> 00:31:11,987 AND IT WILL MAKE IT DIFFERENT 633 00:31:11,987 --> 00:31:13,322 FROM ONE TO ANOTHER. 634 00:31:13,322 --> 00:31:19,361 AND SO THERE ARE PEOPLE THAT ARE 635 00:31:19,361 --> 00:31:21,096 TRYING TO ANSWER THIS. 636 00:31:21,096 --> 00:31:23,899 IT'S VERY GOOD COMPARED TO JUST 637 00:31:23,899 --> 00:31:26,368 A ONE SNAP SHOT BUT I DO THINK 638 00:31:26,368 --> 00:31:31,173 THAT MAYBE WE NEED LESS PEOPLE 639 00:31:31,173 --> 00:31:34,376 AND MORE HISTORY IN TERMS OF 640 00:31:34,376 --> 00:31:36,078 LONGITUDINAL DATA BECAUSE WE 641 00:31:36,078 --> 00:31:37,713 DON'T ADDRESS IN TERMS OF 642 00:31:37,713 --> 00:31:39,081 CHEMISTRY. 643 00:31:39,081 --> 00:31:40,883 WE DON'T ADDRESS VERY WELL THIS 644 00:31:40,883 --> 00:31:42,351 EXPOSOMIC CLASSIFICATION. 645 00:31:42,351 --> 00:31:44,687 IF WE'RE VERY LARGE I DON'T KNOW 646 00:31:44,687 --> 00:31:49,024 IF IT'S GOOD ENOUGH BUT IT'S A 647 00:31:49,024 --> 00:31:52,328 QUESTION THAT GWAS IS ASSOCIATE 648 00:31:52,328 --> 00:31:57,333 WITH PHENOTYPE OR DISEASE WITH 649 00:31:57,333 --> 00:32:00,302 SOME VARIATION IN THE GENOME AND 650 00:32:00,302 --> 00:32:01,737 EWAS IS SOMETHING IN THE 651 00:32:01,737 --> 00:32:02,037 ENVIRONMENT. 652 00:32:02,037 --> 00:32:05,474 IT'S TRUE OUR ENVIRONMENT 653 00:32:05,474 --> 00:32:08,210 CHANGES BUT IT SEEMS TO ME WE'RE 654 00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:09,144 LOOKING FOR ALL THE GOOD REASONS 655 00:32:09,144 --> 00:32:11,947 WHY IT WOULD NOT WORK AND NOT 656 00:32:11,947 --> 00:32:14,483 THE REASONS WHY IT COULD WORK. 657 00:32:14,483 --> 00:32:15,784 >> I THINK THERE ARE. 658 00:32:15,784 --> 00:32:17,820 IT COMES BACK TO THE OTHER 659 00:32:17,820 --> 00:32:18,854 CONVERSATION WE WERE HAVING AND 660 00:32:18,854 --> 00:32:22,057 CHRIS, I WOULD LIKE TO GET YOUR 661 00:32:22,057 --> 00:32:23,359 THOUGHTS ON THIS, WAS RATHER 662 00:32:23,359 --> 00:32:29,631 THAN HAVING A FOCUS ON DISEASE 663 00:32:29,631 --> 00:32:34,470 INITIALLY, LET'S HAVE A FOCUS ON 664 00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:42,511 NORMAL AND CAN WE DEFINEDEFINE 665 00:32:42,511 --> 00:32:47,383 BUILDING ON THE EXPOSOME AND CAN 666 00:32:47,383 --> 00:32:50,986 WE FIND A REFERENCE BASELINE AND 667 00:32:50,986 --> 00:32:52,554 VARIATION OF THAT EXPOSOME TO 668 00:32:52,554 --> 00:32:55,691 START TO LAYER ON TOP OF THAT 669 00:32:55,691 --> 00:32:58,961 THE PERTURBATION CONTRIBUTING TO 670 00:32:58,961 --> 00:33:00,696 THE DISEASE STATE. 671 00:33:00,696 --> 00:33:02,931 HOW IMPORTANT IS IT TO DEFINE 672 00:33:02,931 --> 00:33:04,566 HEALTHY OR NORMAL BEFORE WE 673 00:33:04,566 --> 00:33:10,539 START ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT 674 00:33:10,539 --> 00:33:13,008 DISEASE. 675 00:33:13,008 --> 00:33:16,011 >> IT'S NOT TO THE EASIEST 676 00:33:16,011 --> 00:33:19,181 QUESTION YOU'RE ASKING BUT ON 677 00:33:19,181 --> 00:33:23,986 ONE HAND EXPOSOME CHANGES EVERY 678 00:33:23,986 --> 00:33:24,253 DAY. 679 00:33:24,253 --> 00:33:27,389 ON THE OTHER HAND, WE MENTIONED 680 00:33:27,389 --> 00:33:29,591 EXPOSOME IS A HISTORY. 681 00:33:29,591 --> 00:33:32,127 WE'RE NOT TODAY WHAT YESTERDAY'S 682 00:33:32,127 --> 00:33:33,962 EXPOSOME TOLD US TO BE. 683 00:33:33,962 --> 00:33:36,365 ALL THE YEARS WE LIVED THROUGH 684 00:33:36,365 --> 00:33:41,603 ALL THE EXPOSURE WE HAD AND THIS 685 00:33:41,603 --> 00:33:52,081 IS THERE'S A HISTORY THAT'S 686 00:33:58,954 --> 00:34:07,362 IMPORTANT AND NOT EVERY DAY. 687 00:34:07,362 --> 00:34:13,068 >> I'M OPTIMISTIC WE CAN DO IT. 688 00:34:13,068 --> 00:34:16,105 THAT'S ALL TO EVERYTHING FROM 689 00:34:16,105 --> 00:34:16,738 SCRATCH. 690 00:34:16,738 --> 00:34:19,108 WE DON'T HAVE TO DO EVERYTHING 691 00:34:19,108 --> 00:34:23,078 FROM THE GENOME AND IT'S A GOOD 692 00:34:23,078 --> 00:34:24,580 POINT. 693 00:34:24,580 --> 00:34:26,648 THE POINT ABOUT THE EXPOSOME 694 00:34:26,648 --> 00:34:32,521 CONCEPT AND WE NEED TO 695 00:34:32,521 --> 00:34:34,323 UNDERSTAND THE EXPOSURE. 696 00:34:34,323 --> 00:34:36,859 THAT'S HOW WE SHOULD START 697 00:34:36,859 --> 00:34:39,361 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT IS 698 00:34:39,361 --> 00:34:43,365 WITH NORMAL PEOPLE AND NOT 699 00:34:43,365 --> 00:34:48,070 NECESSARILY AFFECTED BY A 700 00:34:48,070 --> 00:34:55,377 DISEASE. 701 00:34:55,377 --> 00:34:56,645 I'M OPTIMISTIC OF THE FACT WE 702 00:34:56,645 --> 00:34:59,548 CAN DO IT AND IT'S A GOOD TIME 703 00:34:59,548 --> 00:35:01,683 TO ASK THE QUESTION EVEN IF 704 00:35:01,683 --> 00:35:03,485 DON'T HAVE THE ANSWER YET. 705 00:35:03,485 --> 00:35:07,289 >> I ALWAYS ARGUED IF I WERE TO 706 00:35:07,289 --> 00:35:09,191 WALK INTO MY DOCTOR TODAY, 707 00:35:09,191 --> 00:35:12,094 THAT'S WHO I AM AT THAT POINT IN 708 00:35:12,094 --> 00:35:12,294 TIME. 709 00:35:12,294 --> 00:35:20,802 THE DOCTOR WILL TAKE BLOOD OUT 710 00:35:20,802 --> 00:35:22,838 AND TAKE THE VIAL OF BLOOD BUT 711 00:35:22,838 --> 00:35:24,439 THERE'S THINGS THAT COULD BE 712 00:35:24,439 --> 00:35:26,575 MEASURED AND IF YOU COULD 713 00:35:26,575 --> 00:35:27,376 COMPREHENSIVELY MEASURE ALL THE 714 00:35:27,376 --> 00:35:29,278 SMALL MOLECULES, THERE HAS TO BE 715 00:35:29,278 --> 00:35:31,180 USEFUL INFORMATION IN THERE. 716 00:35:31,180 --> 00:35:32,648 IT DOESN'T CAPTURE ALL THE 717 00:35:32,648 --> 00:35:34,816 HISTORY BUT CAPTURES WHAT I'M 718 00:35:34,816 --> 00:35:37,052 DOING AT THAT ONE POINT IN TIME. 719 00:35:37,052 --> 00:35:39,388 TO ME, IMPROVING OUR ABILITY TO 720 00:35:39,388 --> 00:35:41,256 MEASURE AND INTERPRET THAT DATA 721 00:35:41,256 --> 00:35:44,560 WILL END UP HAVING VALUE. 722 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:46,929 >> I AGREE. 723 00:35:46,929 --> 00:35:53,368 I WAS ASKED RECENTLY TO GIVE A 724 00:35:53,368 --> 00:35:57,706 TALK IN BUSSELS AND THE TOPIC 725 00:35:57,706 --> 00:36:05,480 WAS HEALTH IN BRUSSELS IN 2050. 726 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:06,415 IT SEEMS COMPLEX, CLIMATE CHANGE 727 00:36:06,415 --> 00:36:07,783 AND THINGS THAT WILL CHANGE BUT 728 00:36:07,783 --> 00:36:10,953 IN FACT I THOUGHT IT WAS NOT SO 729 00:36:10,953 --> 00:36:12,988 COMPLEX BECAUSE I TOLD THEM THAT 730 00:36:12,988 --> 00:36:21,330 THE HEALTH IN 2050 IS NOW BEING 731 00:36:21,330 --> 00:36:22,965 MORE OR LESS INFLUENCED BY ALL 732 00:36:22,965 --> 00:36:24,766 THE EXPOSURES WE ALREADY HAVE 733 00:36:24,766 --> 00:36:25,801 NOW. 734 00:36:25,801 --> 00:36:27,469 BECAUSE FROM WHAT WE KNOW FROM 735 00:36:27,469 --> 00:36:29,671 THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGIN OF 736 00:36:29,671 --> 00:36:31,840 DISEASE, IT'S PART OF IT IS 737 00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:32,040 THERE. 738 00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:35,911 NOT ALL OF IT, OF COURSE, BUT IT 739 00:36:35,911 --> 00:36:38,180 WASN'T AS DIFFICULT AS I THOUGHT 740 00:36:38,180 --> 00:36:41,016 IT WAS INITIALLY. 741 00:36:41,016 --> 00:36:44,419 I THINK YOU SAID YOU'RE NOT 742 00:36:44,419 --> 00:36:45,754 DISMISSING AND I AGREE WE HAVE 743 00:36:45,754 --> 00:36:47,422 TO BE SKEPTICAL ON SOME THINGS 744 00:36:47,422 --> 00:36:48,690 AND BE CAREFUL AND THIS IS 745 00:36:48,690 --> 00:36:50,559 SOMETHING WE HAVE TO LEARN FROM 746 00:36:50,559 --> 00:36:52,828 THE GENOME PROGRAM BECAUSE WE 747 00:36:52,828 --> 00:36:54,963 HAVE READ THINGS AND YESTERDAY I 748 00:36:54,963 --> 00:36:58,700 WAS READING AGAIN BECAUSE I WAS 749 00:36:58,700 --> 00:37:03,605 PREPARING THIS AND READING WHAT 750 00:37:03,605 --> 00:37:08,944 PEOPLE SAID IN THE '90s AND 751 00:37:08,944 --> 00:37:11,947 THERE WAS A COMMENT ON NEW 752 00:37:11,947 --> 00:37:14,483 JERSEY HAVING SO MANY CHEMICAL 753 00:37:14,483 --> 00:37:16,351 FACTORIES AND MAYBE CANCER -- I 754 00:37:16,351 --> 00:37:17,552 DON'T KNOW HOW THAT WAS SAID AND 755 00:37:17,552 --> 00:37:22,557 HE SAID IT'S NOT THE FACTORIES. 756 00:37:22,557 --> 00:37:26,561 IT'S THE GENES. 757 00:37:26,561 --> 00:37:27,596 SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 758 00:37:27,596 --> 00:37:33,135 YOU UNDERSTAND ONCE YOU HAVE THE 759 00:37:33,135 --> 00:37:35,203 GENES AND THIS WAS OVER 760 00:37:35,203 --> 00:37:38,940 OPTIMISTIC IN STUDYING COMPLEX 761 00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:39,207 DISEASES. 762 00:37:39,207 --> 00:37:41,276 >> I HAVE A LOT OF THINGS TO SAY 763 00:37:41,276 --> 00:37:42,644 ABOUT THAT. 764 00:37:42,644 --> 00:37:45,781 WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THE DEGREE 765 00:37:45,781 --> 00:37:47,282 TO WHICH I THINK THERE'S A LOT 766 00:37:47,282 --> 00:37:51,153 OF ISSUES CIRCULATING AROUND 767 00:37:51,153 --> 00:37:51,520 HERE. 768 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:53,755 ONE OF WHICH IS THE DISCOVERY OF 769 00:37:53,755 --> 00:37:55,457 THE ENVIRONMENT BY THE HUMAN 770 00:37:55,457 --> 00:37:58,760 GENOME PROJECT WAS I THINK 771 00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:00,696 RATHER LATE. 772 00:38:00,696 --> 00:38:02,497 YOU CAN'T HAVE ENVIRONMENT 773 00:38:02,497 --> 00:38:04,966 STUDIES OF THE HUMAN GENOME WHEN 774 00:38:04,966 --> 00:38:05,934 YOU'RE JUST ONE. 775 00:38:05,934 --> 00:38:08,170 YOU HAD TO MOVE FROM AN 776 00:38:08,170 --> 00:38:12,040 INDIVIDUAL OR CONSENSUS SEQUENCE 777 00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:13,008 TO WHERE YOU'RE SEQUENCING 778 00:38:13,008 --> 00:38:14,943 MULTIPLE GENOMES AT THE SAME 779 00:38:14,943 --> 00:38:15,143 TIME. 780 00:38:15,143 --> 00:38:17,879 I ALSO THINK THIS GOES BACK TO A 781 00:38:17,879 --> 00:38:21,917 SIGNIFICANT ISSUE CAN ACTUALLY 782 00:38:21,917 --> 00:38:22,818 THEN TRACE SPECIFIC PAPERS IN 783 00:38:22,818 --> 00:38:26,421 THE HISTORY OF GENETICS WHERE 784 00:38:26,421 --> 00:38:28,857 THERE'S A DISCOVERY OF 785 00:38:28,857 --> 00:38:30,992 INCOMPLETE AND PARTIAL 786 00:38:30,992 --> 00:38:32,327 PENETRANTS. 787 00:38:32,327 --> 00:38:35,263 IT GOES TO THE BASIC QUESTION IN 788 00:38:35,263 --> 00:38:37,366 MEDICAL GENETICS WHEN 789 00:38:37,366 --> 00:38:39,301 INDIVIDUALS HAVE VARIATION OR 790 00:38:39,301 --> 00:38:40,969 VARIATION THEY THINK WILL CAUSE 791 00:38:40,969 --> 00:38:44,005 DISEASE, WHY IS IT THAT 792 00:38:44,005 --> 00:38:47,209 INDIVIDUALS DON'T THEREFORE GET 793 00:38:47,209 --> 00:38:48,744 IT OR DISPLAY CERTAIN FEATURES 794 00:38:48,744 --> 00:38:49,644 OF SOME CONDITIONS AND NOT 795 00:38:49,644 --> 00:38:49,978 OTHERS. 796 00:38:49,978 --> 00:38:54,282 AND IT GOES BACK TO WHAT IS THE 797 00:38:54,282 --> 00:38:57,853 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GWAS AND 798 00:38:57,853 --> 00:39:06,561 SOMETHING LIKE MENDELIAN 799 00:39:06,561 --> 00:39:09,231 FRAMEWORKS AND THAT FOR ME IS 800 00:39:09,231 --> 00:39:11,366 THE BIG CHUNK THAT'S AN 801 00:39:11,366 --> 00:39:12,501 INTERESTING DISCUSSION AND A LOT 802 00:39:12,501 --> 00:39:13,702 OF DISCUSSION AROUND GENETICS 803 00:39:13,702 --> 00:39:15,370 AND DISEASES. 804 00:39:15,370 --> 00:39:20,008 WE KNOW THAT LOTS OF THINGS 805 00:39:20,008 --> 00:39:21,877 CORRELATE BUT THERE'S A DEGREE 806 00:39:21,877 --> 00:39:23,278 TO WHICH THAT CAUSATIVE 807 00:39:23,278 --> 00:39:27,382 FRAMEWORK IS ONE OF THE WAYS IN 808 00:39:27,382 --> 00:39:31,052 WHICH YOU HAVE -- WHEN PEOPLE 809 00:39:31,052 --> 00:39:39,895 LOOK AT GWAS METHODOLOGICALLY IS 810 00:39:39,895 --> 00:39:43,165 THE DRAW BACK. 811 00:39:43,165 --> 00:39:46,201 >> WHEN IT WAS SPOKEN ABOUT LOW 812 00:39:46,201 --> 00:39:48,236 PENETRANTS, MOST OF THEM WERE 813 00:39:48,236 --> 00:39:52,641 THINKING THERE ARE OTHER GENES 814 00:39:52,641 --> 00:39:53,909 THAT INFLUENCE THIS. 815 00:39:53,909 --> 00:39:56,511 I DIDN'T CONSIDER THE HISTORY OF 816 00:39:56,511 --> 00:39:58,079 ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES OR 817 00:39:58,079 --> 00:39:59,181 WHATEVER WAS THE EXPLANATION WHY 818 00:39:59,181 --> 00:40:00,849 THE PENETRANTS WERE DIFFERENT. 819 00:40:00,849 --> 00:40:02,651 MOST THE TIME THEY THOUGHT IT 820 00:40:02,651 --> 00:40:04,653 WAS BECAUSE THE OTHER VARIATIONS 821 00:40:04,653 --> 00:40:06,388 IN THE GENOME THAT WOULD ACCOUNT 822 00:40:06,388 --> 00:40:11,560 FOR THIS AND THEY ARE DIDN'T GET 823 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:13,462 IT MANY GENES. 824 00:40:13,462 --> 00:40:15,363 A LOT OF THE HUMAN GENOME 825 00:40:15,363 --> 00:40:18,066 PROJECT WAS MODELLED ON THIS FEW 826 00:40:18,066 --> 00:40:19,935 GENES OF GREAT EFFECT AND 827 00:40:19,935 --> 00:40:22,471 THERE'S A LOT OF DISCUSSION IN 828 00:40:22,471 --> 00:40:24,239 THE HISTORY OF GENETICS AROUND 829 00:40:24,239 --> 00:40:25,373 MANY GENES OF SMALL EFFECT. 830 00:40:25,373 --> 00:40:29,044 WHAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR IS THE 831 00:40:29,044 --> 00:40:29,778 MIDDLE LAYER I THINK WOULD BE 832 00:40:29,778 --> 00:40:37,786 INSTRUCTIVE. 833 00:40:37,786 --> 00:40:38,820 >> I HAVE TO THE FEELING YOU 834 00:40:38,820 --> 00:40:40,155 WERE TELLING US YOU WERE 835 00:40:40,155 --> 00:40:45,060 INVENTING A NEW DISCIPLINE 836 00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:45,327 TOGETHER. 837 00:40:45,327 --> 00:40:46,828 THAT'S AN INTERESTING POINT IN 838 00:40:46,828 --> 00:40:47,929 THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND 839 00:40:47,929 --> 00:40:49,698 KNOWLEDGE AND I WOULD LIKE YOU 840 00:40:49,698 --> 00:40:52,033 TO COME BACK AND WHAT WAS THE 841 00:40:52,033 --> 00:40:56,805 CONNECTION BETWEEN YOUR ORIGINAL 842 00:40:56,805 --> 00:40:58,406 TRAINING AND THIS NEW 843 00:40:58,406 --> 00:40:58,707 DISCIPLINE. 844 00:40:58,707 --> 00:41:01,877 HOW CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW YOU 845 00:41:01,877 --> 00:41:05,113 MOVED FROM SOMETHING WHICH I 846 00:41:05,113 --> 00:41:08,683 SUPPOSE WAS A LITTLE BIT 847 00:41:08,683 --> 00:41:13,522 COMFORTABLE TO THIS NEW FIELD 848 00:41:13,522 --> 00:41:18,660 AND TELL US WHAT IN YOUR 849 00:41:18,660 --> 00:41:20,295 DECISION WAS IMPORTANT AND HOW 850 00:41:20,295 --> 00:41:21,930 IT'S A DISEASE. 851 00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:26,368 >> I REMEMBER MY STORY. 852 00:41:26,368 --> 00:41:29,704 25, 30 YEARS AGO I WAS STUDYING 853 00:41:29,704 --> 00:41:32,307 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTORS TO 854 00:41:32,307 --> 00:41:33,441 PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 855 00:41:33,441 --> 00:41:36,177 THERE WAS GOOD EVIDENCE 856 00:41:36,177 --> 00:41:37,379 PESTICIDE EXPOSURE WAS RELATED 857 00:41:37,379 --> 00:41:39,381 AND I KNEW THERE WERE HUNDREDS 858 00:41:39,381 --> 00:41:40,782 OF PESTICIDES WITH SO MANY 859 00:41:40,782 --> 00:41:44,920 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES AND USES AND 860 00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:47,389 IT SEEMED FUTILE TO STUDY A 861 00:41:47,389 --> 00:41:51,359 DISEASE BY LOOKING AT ONE 862 00:41:51,359 --> 00:41:57,832 CHEMICAL AT A TIME. 863 00:41:57,832 --> 00:42:00,936 AND WE WALKED AWAY FROM THE 864 00:42:00,936 --> 00:42:02,370 ENVIRONMENTAL PIECE AND I HEARD 865 00:42:02,370 --> 00:42:05,941 ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF THE 866 00:42:05,941 --> 00:42:08,209 EXPOSOME AND THAT'S WHEN I SAID 867 00:42:08,209 --> 00:42:10,278 I NEED TO HELP ESTABLISH THE 868 00:42:10,278 --> 00:42:17,752 TOOLS TO DO EXPOSOMICS AND THE 869 00:42:17,752 --> 00:42:20,855 TOOLS WERE NOT THERE YET. 870 00:42:20,855 --> 00:42:23,792 >> I THINK MY STORY IS FAIRLY 871 00:42:23,792 --> 00:42:26,528 SIMILAR TO GARY'S THOUGH 872 00:42:26,528 --> 00:42:27,262 DIFFERENT MODEL SYSTEM. 873 00:42:27,262 --> 00:42:30,131 I HAD THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING A 874 00:42:30,131 --> 00:42:31,900 PROGRAM OFFICER AT NIH WHICH IS 875 00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:35,837 A POSITION THAT GIVES YOU 876 00:42:35,837 --> 00:42:37,606 FLEXIBILITY TO SAY THIS IS WHERE 877 00:42:37,606 --> 00:42:39,140 SCIENCE IS TODAY. 878 00:42:39,140 --> 00:42:40,909 BUT THIS IS WHERE SCIENCE NEEDS 879 00:42:40,909 --> 00:42:41,810 TO BE IN THE FUTURE. 880 00:42:41,810 --> 00:42:45,547 AND WHEN I STARTED AT NIEHS, 881 00:42:45,547 --> 00:42:48,917 ACTUALLY, BEFORE CHRIS PUBLISHED 882 00:42:48,917 --> 00:42:53,254 THE 2005 ARTICLE, I WAS ALREADY 883 00:42:53,254 --> 00:42:55,256 FEELING THE FRUSTRATION GARY WAS 884 00:42:55,256 --> 00:42:56,391 SAYING WE'RE IN THE EXPOSED TO 885 00:42:56,391 --> 00:42:58,159 ONE THING AT ONE TIME IN ONE 886 00:42:58,159 --> 00:42:58,994 SPACE. 887 00:42:58,994 --> 00:43:02,831 WE'RE EXPOSED TO A VERY COMPLEX 888 00:43:02,831 --> 00:43:05,233 ENVIRONMENT AND CAN WE DEVELOP 889 00:43:05,233 --> 00:43:07,369 THE TECHNOLOGIES TO REALLY START 890 00:43:07,369 --> 00:43:11,706 TO PUSH THIS FORWARD TO SAY, 891 00:43:11,706 --> 00:43:13,575 RATHER THAN MEASURING AND EVEN 892 00:43:13,575 --> 00:43:14,976 THEN WE WERE MEASURING A CLASS 893 00:43:14,976 --> 00:43:16,811 OF CHEMICALS TOGETHER IN A 894 00:43:16,811 --> 00:43:17,879 SINGLE PANEL BUT RATHER THAN 895 00:43:17,879 --> 00:43:21,449 FOCUSSING ON THE ONE CLASS OF 896 00:43:21,449 --> 00:43:23,852 CHEMICALS OR AN AIR POLLUTANT AT 897 00:43:23,852 --> 00:43:27,088 ONE REGULATORY MONITOR CAN WE 898 00:43:27,088 --> 00:43:28,690 DEVELOP A WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY TO 899 00:43:28,690 --> 00:43:31,359 MEASURE AIR POLLUTION IN TIME, 900 00:43:31,359 --> 00:43:32,427 IN SPACE. 901 00:43:32,427 --> 00:43:34,863 SO, AS CHRIS WAS PUBLISHING THAT 902 00:43:34,863 --> 00:43:36,698 ARTICLE, THAT RFA WAS ALREADY 903 00:43:36,698 --> 00:43:37,766 BEING DRAFTED. 904 00:43:37,766 --> 00:43:40,635 WE HAD BEEN ALREADY THINKING 905 00:43:40,635 --> 00:43:42,704 ABOUT THAT AT NIEHS AND DEVELOP 906 00:43:42,704 --> 00:43:44,639 THE TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES TO 907 00:43:44,639 --> 00:43:47,208 START TO THINK ABOUT 908 00:43:47,208 --> 00:43:47,776 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AS A 909 00:43:47,776 --> 00:43:53,515 SYSTEMS SCIENCE. 910 00:43:53,515 --> 00:43:58,620 >> THAT WOULD BE QUICKER FOR 911 00:43:58,620 --> 00:43:59,020 PLME. 912 00:43:59,020 --> 00:44:02,590 I WAS DOING METABOLOMICS USING 913 00:44:02,590 --> 00:44:04,392 INSTRUMENTS TO LOOK AT ALL THE 914 00:44:04,392 --> 00:44:07,295 SMALL MOLECULES IN THE BODY AND 915 00:44:07,295 --> 00:44:11,266 I WAS LOOKING AT EXPOSURE AND I 916 00:44:11,266 --> 00:44:13,568 ALREADY I SAW THIS ALREADY AS A 917 00:44:13,568 --> 00:44:19,374 WAY TO MAKE THE REVOLUTION AND 918 00:44:19,374 --> 00:44:20,642 DOING CHEMICAL BY CHEMICAL. 919 00:44:20,642 --> 00:44:23,011 WE'LL HAVE A GREAT OPPORTUNITY 920 00:44:23,011 --> 00:44:25,280 TO DO IT AS A COMPLEX CHEMICAL 921 00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:28,850 FINGERPRINT AND THAT'S HOW IT 922 00:44:28,850 --> 00:44:29,084 STARTED. 923 00:44:29,084 --> 00:44:30,919 IT WAS A TECHNOLOGICAL 924 00:44:30,919 --> 00:44:31,519 REVOLUTION THAT LED ME TO DO 925 00:44:31,519 --> 00:44:33,988 THAT. 926 00:44:33,988 --> 00:44:36,991 >> THE NEED LIKE OFTEN IN 927 00:44:36,991 --> 00:44:38,159 FRANCE, EVERYTHING CYCLES. 928 00:44:38,159 --> 00:44:41,396 AND MAYBE ENDS. 929 00:44:41,396 --> 00:44:46,835 BUT I WAS IN A LAB WHERE MOST OF 930 00:44:46,835 --> 00:44:49,370 MY EFFORTS AT ONE POINT WERE HOW 931 00:44:49,370 --> 00:44:52,540 SOME HORMONES INFLUENCE GENE 932 00:44:52,540 --> 00:44:54,876 EXPRESSION AND I WORKED QUITE A 933 00:44:54,876 --> 00:45:00,682 BIT ON INSULIN BECAUSE IF WE 934 00:45:00,682 --> 00:45:06,354 KNEW HOW GLUCOCORTICOIDS HAD AN 935 00:45:06,354 --> 00:45:09,190 EFFECT AND INSULIN BINDS TO THE 936 00:45:09,190 --> 00:45:10,291 RECEPTOR AND SOMETHING HAPPENS. 937 00:45:10,291 --> 00:45:16,331 BUT IT WAS A LAB WHERE THERE WAS 938 00:45:16,331 --> 00:45:18,867 ALSO THE LIVER AND HEPATOLOGISTS 939 00:45:18,867 --> 00:45:21,703 IN THE LAB AND I HAD A SIDE 940 00:45:21,703 --> 00:45:24,706 PROJECT ON THE INFLUENCE OF 941 00:45:24,706 --> 00:45:25,840 ALCOHOL ON GENE EXPRESSION AND 942 00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:27,008 ENZYMES, ETCETERA. 943 00:45:27,008 --> 00:45:29,144 IT WAS LIKE SOMETHING I KEPT 944 00:45:29,144 --> 00:45:31,146 WORKING ON BUT NOT VERY 945 00:45:31,146 --> 00:45:31,546 ACTIVELY. 946 00:45:31,546 --> 00:45:34,516 AND THEN I REALIZED BASICALLY IN 947 00:45:34,516 --> 00:45:37,452 THE HOME AND BUSINESS, A LOT WAS 948 00:45:37,452 --> 00:45:38,419 ALREADY KNOWN. 949 00:45:38,419 --> 00:45:43,658 A LOT IN THE FIELD WAS ALREADY 950 00:45:43,658 --> 00:45:45,260 KNOWN. 951 00:45:45,260 --> 00:45:48,096 AND THERE WAS MANY ISSUES. 952 00:45:48,096 --> 00:45:51,132 IS IT METABOLISM OR OXIDATIVE 953 00:45:51,132 --> 00:45:51,466 STRESS. 954 00:45:51,466 --> 00:45:55,670 I DECIDED AT ONE POINT IT WAS 955 00:45:55,670 --> 00:45:57,672 MAYBE AFTER HAVING WORKED IN 956 00:45:57,672 --> 00:45:59,474 RESEARCH FOR MAYBE 15, 20 YEARS 957 00:45:59,474 --> 00:46:03,378 I DECIDED THIS IS IT. 958 00:46:03,378 --> 00:46:08,950 I'M GOING TO CHANGE THAT AND I 959 00:46:08,950 --> 00:46:11,786 FOUND THAT ANYTHING TOXIC AND 960 00:46:11,786 --> 00:46:14,789 THE BUSINESS I STARTED, I 961 00:46:14,789 --> 00:46:18,092 STARTED LOOKING AT ENVIRONMENTAL 962 00:46:18,092 --> 00:46:19,627 FACTORS BECAUSE I THOUGHT THERE 963 00:46:19,627 --> 00:46:20,728 WERE LESS KNOWN FOR 964 00:46:20,728 --> 00:46:21,763 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND 965 00:46:21,763 --> 00:46:24,999 DECIDED TO MOVE TO A DIFFERENT 966 00:46:24,999 --> 00:46:29,170 LAB TO BUILD MY TEAM AND LAB 967 00:46:29,170 --> 00:46:37,178 MOSTLY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY. 968 00:46:37,178 --> 00:46:42,250 I WORK ON THE BEST SYSTEM WHICH 969 00:46:42,250 --> 00:46:45,753 IS HOW DIOXIDES WORK BUT NOTHING 970 00:46:45,753 --> 00:46:47,355 BASICALLY WAS KNOWN AND EVEN IN 971 00:46:47,355 --> 00:46:50,625 THE DIOXIN FIELD I WORKED 972 00:46:50,625 --> 00:47:01,169 INITIALLY A LOT ON RECEPTOR AND 973 00:47:05,240 --> 00:47:10,545 IT WAS BINDING AND USE 974 00:47:10,545 --> 00:47:15,416 ADAPTATION TO THIS AND THEORY 975 00:47:15,416 --> 00:47:17,719 RECEPTOR WAS FOUND TO BIND 976 00:47:17,719 --> 00:47:20,755 METABOLITES AND THEN WE SHOWED 977 00:47:20,755 --> 00:47:23,358 AND WORKED ON IT WAS ABLE TO 978 00:47:23,358 --> 00:47:29,230 BIND THINGS IN OUR DIETS AND IT 979 00:47:29,230 --> 00:47:34,035 WAS SHOWN IT WAS BOUND 980 00:47:34,035 --> 00:47:37,105 METABOLITES COMING FROM THE 981 00:47:37,105 --> 00:47:37,839 BACTERIA. 982 00:47:37,839 --> 00:47:39,908 AND IT HAD IMMUNE FUNCTION THAT 983 00:47:39,908 --> 00:47:41,009 WAS EXTRAORDINARY AND 984 00:47:41,009 --> 00:47:42,610 PUBLICATIONS STARTED BEING IN 985 00:47:42,610 --> 00:47:44,545 SCIENCE AND NATURE ONCE THE 986 00:47:44,545 --> 00:47:45,480 IMMUNOLOGISTS GOT IN THE 987 00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:47,248 BUSINESS. 988 00:47:47,248 --> 00:47:50,818 WE WERE NOT ABLE TO DO MUCH 989 00:47:50,818 --> 00:47:51,786 ABOUT THAT. 990 00:47:51,786 --> 00:48:02,330 IT WAS THE EXPOSEOME AND THIS IS 991 00:48:03,398 --> 00:48:05,066 REALLY CONVINCING TO SAY THAT WE 992 00:48:05,066 --> 00:48:08,036 HAVE TO HAVE THIS BIG PICTURE. 993 00:48:08,036 --> 00:48:11,372 EVEN FOR SI IT WILL RECEPTOR SO 994 00:48:11,372 --> 00:48:13,374 WHAT ABOUT THE FULL BUSINESS? 995 00:48:13,374 --> 00:48:16,778 THIS IS HOW I GOT MORE AND MORE 996 00:48:16,778 --> 00:48:19,380 INTO THIS EXPOSOME BUSINESS. 997 00:48:19,380 --> 00:48:22,283 >> IF I CAN CONTINUE ON THAT, I 998 00:48:22,283 --> 00:48:22,951 UNDERSTAND VERY WELL THAT 999 00:48:22,951 --> 00:48:25,753 EXPOSOME WAS THE KEY FOR YOUR 1000 00:48:25,753 --> 00:48:27,155 RESEARCH, YOU HAD DONE YOUR 1001 00:48:27,155 --> 00:48:29,123 RESEARCH AND TO CREATE A 1002 00:48:29,123 --> 00:48:29,891 COMMUNITY. 1003 00:48:29,891 --> 00:48:34,963 AND AT THE RISK OF BEING A 1004 00:48:34,963 --> 00:48:37,065 LITTLE BIT PROVOCATIVE IS 1005 00:48:37,065 --> 00:48:39,367 EXPOSOMIC AND MARKETING WORK TO 1006 00:48:39,367 --> 00:48:43,371 EXCHANGE WITH THE SOCIETY AND 1007 00:48:43,371 --> 00:48:49,310 GET FUNDING. 1008 00:48:49,310 --> 00:48:52,947 >> I CAN TELL YOU WORKING ON THE 1009 00:48:52,947 --> 00:48:54,215 EXPOSOME 10 YEARS AGO WAS NOT 1010 00:48:54,215 --> 00:48:58,119 THE WAY TO GET FUNDING. 1011 00:48:58,119 --> 00:48:59,220 IT'S GETTING BETTER BUT STILL A 1012 00:48:59,220 --> 00:48:59,487 CHALLENGE. 1013 00:48:59,487 --> 00:49:00,755 IF YOU COMPARE IT TO 1014 00:49:00,755 --> 00:49:01,622 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 1015 00:49:01,622 --> 00:49:04,125 AND TOXICOLOGY, IT REQUIRES A 1016 00:49:04,125 --> 00:49:05,827 DIFFERENT TYPE OF THINKING. 1017 00:49:05,827 --> 00:49:07,929 IT'S NOT A MARKETING OF THE OLD 1018 00:49:07,929 --> 00:49:11,366 WAY OF DOING IT. 1019 00:49:11,366 --> 00:49:13,668 IT'S AGAIN THIS LIKE SYSTEMS 1020 00:49:13,668 --> 00:49:14,535 BIOLOGY LEVEL, COMPLEX SYSTEMS 1021 00:49:14,535 --> 00:49:17,105 LEVEL ANALYSIS OF THESE 1022 00:49:17,105 --> 00:49:18,339 EXPOSURES AND IT IS VERY 1023 00:49:18,339 --> 00:49:22,110 DIFFERENT BECAUSE THE PEOPLE 1024 00:49:22,110 --> 00:49:24,512 TRAINED AS ENVIRONMENTAL 1025 00:49:24,512 --> 00:49:26,214 EPIDEMIOLOGISTS OR EXPOSURE 1026 00:49:26,214 --> 00:49:28,149 ASSESSMENT PERSON ARE NOT 1027 00:49:28,149 --> 00:49:31,352 THINKING AT THIS LEVEL, LIKE 1028 00:49:31,352 --> 00:49:33,554 THIS MULTIOMIC LEVEL OF 1029 00:49:33,554 --> 00:49:34,555 ANALYSIS. 1030 00:49:34,555 --> 00:49:35,923 I THINK THE EXPOSOMICS 1031 00:49:35,923 --> 00:49:37,458 REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT 1032 00:49:37,458 --> 00:49:39,193 DISCIPLINE THAT REQUIRES LIKE 1033 00:49:39,193 --> 00:49:41,929 THAT CONSTELLATION OF BELIEFS 1034 00:49:41,929 --> 00:49:42,897 AND THOUGHTS THAT ARE VERY 1035 00:49:42,897 --> 00:49:43,498 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WAS THERE 1036 00:49:43,498 --> 00:49:45,733 BEFORE. 1037 00:49:45,733 --> 00:49:47,402 >> I DON'T THINK THERE'S 1038 00:49:47,402 --> 00:49:57,812 ANYTHING WRONG WITH IT. 1039 00:50:03,418 --> 00:50:04,285 AT ONE POINT YOU CAN SAY IT'S 1040 00:50:04,285 --> 00:50:05,620 COMMUNICATION OR TRYING TO MAKE 1041 00:50:05,620 --> 00:50:06,888 WHAT WE DO UNDERSTANDABLE BY 1042 00:50:06,888 --> 00:50:11,893 PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT SPECIALISTS 1043 00:50:11,893 --> 00:50:15,363 AND PEOPLE GOT USED TO THE 1044 00:50:15,363 --> 00:50:16,297 GENOME. 1045 00:50:16,297 --> 00:50:25,940 WHY NOT CALL IT DNA? 1046 00:50:25,940 --> 00:50:28,242 AND IT'S THE COMPLEMENT OF THE 1047 00:50:28,242 --> 00:50:29,410 GENOME. 1048 00:50:29,410 --> 00:50:32,580 LET'S PUT IT UNDER THE BIG 1049 00:50:32,580 --> 00:50:38,219 UMBRELLA CALLED THE EXPOSOME AND 1050 00:50:38,219 --> 00:50:42,123 BROUGHT NEW THINKING AND IN 1051 00:50:42,123 --> 00:50:43,791 APPROACH IN ADDRESSING THE 1052 00:50:43,791 --> 00:50:44,058 EXPOSURE. 1053 00:50:44,058 --> 00:50:46,360 MUCH OF THE DISCUSSION HAS BEEN 1054 00:50:46,360 --> 00:50:48,329 MOSTLY ABOUT CHEMICALS BUT THE 1055 00:50:48,329 --> 00:50:49,931 EXPOSOME IS MUCH MORE AND EVEN 1056 00:50:49,931 --> 00:50:52,066 PEOPLE IN THE SOCIAL OR 1057 00:50:52,066 --> 00:50:52,733 PSYCHOSOCIAL BUSINESS ARE 1058 00:50:52,733 --> 00:50:55,603 INTERESTED IN THAT BECAUSE THERE 1059 00:50:55,603 --> 00:50:59,006 ARE MANY DIFFERENT SOCIAL 1060 00:50:59,006 --> 00:50:59,941 EXPOSURES THAT CAN INFLUENCE OUR 1061 00:50:59,941 --> 00:51:01,609 HEALTH AND WAY OF BEING AND 1062 00:51:01,609 --> 00:51:07,348 COLLECTING THOSE AS A WHOLE AND 1063 00:51:07,348 --> 00:51:11,119 NOT AND LOOKING AT WHAT HAPPENS 1064 00:51:11,119 --> 00:51:12,854 IN THE WORKPLACE OR AT HOME OR 1065 00:51:12,854 --> 00:51:15,189 IN RURAL AREAS. 1066 00:51:15,189 --> 00:51:21,429 GETTING A GLOBAL IDEA AND 1067 00:51:21,429 --> 00:51:22,163 LOOKING AT MAYBE STRESS YOU ARE 1068 00:51:22,163 --> 00:51:25,199 ALSO EXPOSED AT HOME AND IN THE 1069 00:51:25,199 --> 00:51:25,399 METRO. 1070 00:51:25,399 --> 00:51:27,969 HAVING THIS BIG PICTURE, I THINK 1071 00:51:27,969 --> 00:51:35,743 NEEDED A NEW NAME. 1072 00:51:35,743 --> 00:51:41,315 I THINK EXPOSOMICS ALLOWS TO GO 1073 00:51:41,315 --> 00:51:44,118 TO BIOLOGY TO BIOGRAPHY. 1074 00:51:44,118 --> 00:51:45,052 AND FROM MY PERSPECTIVE AS 1075 00:51:45,052 --> 00:51:47,355 SOMEONE WHO WORKS ON THE HISTORY 1076 00:51:47,355 --> 00:51:48,723 OF HUMAN AND POPULATION BUT 1077 00:51:48,723 --> 00:51:53,127 WORKS ON THE ETHICAL ISSUES THAT 1078 00:51:53,127 --> 00:51:54,395 A LOT OF THE ISSUES AROUND GOOD 1079 00:51:54,395 --> 00:51:57,665 MORNING DETERMINISM AND 1080 00:51:57,665 --> 00:52:01,068 ESSENTIALISM ARE 1081 00:52:01,068 --> 00:52:03,004 REALLY-INTERPRETED NICELY IN THE 1082 00:52:03,004 --> 00:52:05,540 CONTEXT OF EXPOSOMICS THINKING 1083 00:52:05,540 --> 00:52:06,574 ABOUT IRRITABILITY AND GENETICS 1084 00:52:06,574 --> 00:52:08,643 AS ONE OF MANY CHARACTERISTICS 1085 00:52:08,643 --> 00:52:12,380 OF HEALTH AND DISEASE RATHER 1086 00:52:12,380 --> 00:52:14,015 THAN THE TOTALITY OF A SPECIFIC 1087 00:52:14,015 --> 00:52:17,718 NUMBER AND THINKING OF IT RATHER 1088 00:52:17,718 --> 00:52:19,220 THAN SOMETHING STATIC THINKING 1089 00:52:19,220 --> 00:52:21,122 OF IT AS SOMETHING DYNAMIC. 1090 00:52:21,122 --> 00:52:24,859 IN THAT WAY IT GIVES A REAL 1091 00:52:24,859 --> 00:52:26,627 BASIS FOR HEALTH EDUCATION THAT 1092 00:52:26,627 --> 00:52:33,100 ALLOWS FOR US TO ALSO TALK ABOUT 1093 00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:33,834 IMPORTANT COMPLEX THINGS LIKE 1094 00:52:33,834 --> 00:52:44,145 PRECISION MEDICINE. 1095 00:52:44,145 --> 00:52:47,348 >> GOING BACK TO TOXICOLOGY AND 1096 00:52:47,348 --> 00:52:51,986 AND WE'RE SEEING THE EXPOSOME 1097 00:52:51,986 --> 00:52:53,321 THROUGH THE BIO MEDICAL PEAR 1098 00:52:53,321 --> 00:52:53,554 DIME. 1099 00:52:53,554 --> 00:52:57,792 WE HAVE OTHER DISEASE WE WANT TO 1100 00:52:57,792 --> 00:53:00,394 INFORMATION AND IT'S ESSENTIAL. 1101 00:53:00,394 --> 00:53:05,600 THERE'S OTHER WAYS I THINK. 1102 00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:14,408 AND HOW YOU ARE AGING WITH THE 1103 00:53:14,408 --> 00:53:15,109 EXPOSOME. 1104 00:53:15,109 --> 00:53:16,544 IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN YOU 1105 00:53:16,544 --> 00:53:20,915 ARE GOING TO GET SICK NOW BUT WE 1106 00:53:20,915 --> 00:53:24,418 CAN SEE THE CHEMICAL EXPOSOME AS 1107 00:53:24,418 --> 00:53:30,191 A WAY OF AN ALTERATION OF YOUR 1108 00:53:30,191 --> 00:53:32,360 ENVIRONMENT AND YOU HAVE TO 1109 00:53:32,360 --> 00:53:35,363 DEDICATE SOME BIOLOGICAL 1110 00:53:35,363 --> 00:53:37,732 RESOURCE TO DETOXIFY YOUR BODY. 1111 00:53:37,732 --> 00:53:39,066 EVEN IF YOU DON'T GET SICK 1112 00:53:39,066 --> 00:53:40,534 BECAUSE OF THIS IT'S EVERY DAY 1113 00:53:40,534 --> 00:53:46,207 YOU NEED TO GET OUT OF THIS 1114 00:53:46,207 --> 00:53:56,751 SYSTEM AND IT TAKES A LOT OF THE 1115 00:53:57,685 --> 00:54:02,657 SYSTEM AND MANY DIFFERENT THINGS 1116 00:54:02,657 --> 00:54:06,127 AND YOU CAN ACCUMULATE EXPOSURE 1117 00:54:06,127 --> 00:54:08,996 WHEN YOU HAVE SOME SOCIO 1118 00:54:08,996 --> 00:54:14,468 ECONOMIC PRESSURES THAT MAKE YOU 1119 00:54:14,468 --> 00:54:17,972 AGE DIFFERENTLY YOU THAN ANOTHER 1120 00:54:17,972 --> 00:54:18,272 PERSON. 1121 00:54:18,272 --> 00:54:23,377 INSTEAD OF SEEING THE DISEASES 1122 00:54:23,377 --> 00:54:27,548 WE SHOULD LOOK AT THE DISEASE 1123 00:54:27,548 --> 00:54:33,921 AND THE HEALTHY SYSTEM FROM AN 1124 00:54:33,921 --> 00:54:34,522 EVOLUT 1125 00:54:34,522 --> 00:54:37,158 EVOLUTION POINT OF VIEW IT'S 1126 00:54:37,158 --> 00:54:37,458 INTERESTING. 1127 00:54:37,458 --> 00:54:40,328 >> THAT'S AN YOU ARE CURRENT OF 1128 00:54:40,328 --> 00:54:41,329 PASCAL'S QUESTION WE PROBABLY 1129 00:54:41,329 --> 00:54:45,533 SHOULD ACKNOWLEDGE WHICH IS THE 1130 00:54:45,533 --> 00:54:51,072 CONCERN THAT THIS IS BUZZWORD 1131 00:54:51,072 --> 00:54:51,372 SCIENCE. 1132 00:54:51,372 --> 00:54:53,474 THE REALITY THE TERM WAS FIRST 1133 00:54:53,474 --> 00:54:54,475 COINED IN 2005. 1134 00:54:54,475 --> 00:54:57,878 THE SECOND PAPER THAT USED THE 1135 00:54:57,878 --> 00:55:02,550 TERM WAS PUBLISHED IN THE PAPER 1136 00:55:02,550 --> 00:55:03,884 FROM 2010. 1137 00:55:03,884 --> 00:55:05,453 WE'VE HAD 15 YEARS OF 1138 00:55:05,453 --> 00:55:07,722 PUBLICATIONS THE OVERWHELMING 1139 00:55:07,722 --> 00:55:11,359 MAJORITY OF WHICH ARE THIS IS 1140 00:55:11,359 --> 00:55:13,661 WHAT THE EXPOSOME IS AND FEW OF 1141 00:55:13,661 --> 00:55:15,496 THEM AND YOU'LL SEE MORE OF THEM 1142 00:55:15,496 --> 00:55:18,466 COMING OUT ARE ACTUALLY 1143 00:55:18,466 --> 00:55:19,633 DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL 1144 00:55:19,633 --> 00:55:20,968 KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN BE GAINED BY 1145 00:55:20,968 --> 00:55:25,473 DOING THAT RESEARCH. 1146 00:55:25,473 --> 00:55:28,843 I THINK WE AS A COMMUNITY NEED 1147 00:55:28,843 --> 00:55:30,044 TO EMPHASIZE THE REALITIES OF 1148 00:55:30,044 --> 00:55:32,313 WHAT WE CAN DO TODAY TO AVOID 1149 00:55:32,313 --> 00:55:38,652 THOSE CONCERNS THAT THIS IS JUST 1150 00:55:38,652 --> 00:55:42,723 BUZZ WORD SCIENCE. 1151 00:55:42,723 --> 00:55:46,494 >> THE NEW THING IS THE TIME 1152 00:55:46,494 --> 00:55:48,763 DIMENS 1153 00:55:48,763 --> 00:55:51,165 DIMENSION WHICH WE DOESN'T 1154 00:55:51,165 --> 00:55:51,899 DISCUSS SO MUCH BEFORE EXCEPT 1155 00:55:51,899 --> 00:55:53,234 FOR THE HISTORY AND THIS IS 1156 00:55:53,234 --> 00:55:55,336 SPART OF THE DEFINITION IT'S NOT 1157 00:55:55,336 --> 00:55:59,407 ONLY THE MIXTURE OF OTHER TYPES 1158 00:55:59,407 --> 00:56:03,944 OF EXPOSURE BUT WITH TIME. 1159 00:56:03,944 --> 00:56:09,016 WITH THE POSSIBILITY IT'S NOT 1160 00:56:09,016 --> 00:56:12,353 ONLY ON ONE BUT MAYBE 1161 00:56:12,353 --> 00:56:15,356 GENERATIONS TO COME. 1162 00:56:15,356 --> 00:56:19,093 IT'S BEEN REALLY DIFFICULT 1163 00:56:19,093 --> 00:56:24,265 BECAUSE AT ONE POINT SOME PEOPLE 1164 00:56:24,265 --> 00:56:26,367 STARTED SAYING GENETIC 1165 00:56:26,367 --> 00:56:28,202 MODIFICATIONS COULD BE FROM ONE 1166 00:56:28,202 --> 00:56:34,141 GENERATION TO ANOTHER AND THIS 1167 00:56:34,141 --> 00:56:37,011 HAS SHOCKED SOME AND I'VE SEEN 1168 00:56:37,011 --> 00:56:39,213 REVIEWS SAYING THIS IS -- I WILL 1169 00:56:39,213 --> 00:56:44,718 NOT SAY THE WORD BUT IT'S NOT 1170 00:56:44,718 --> 00:56:50,991 REALLY EXCELLENT SCIENCE BECAUSE 1171 00:56:50,991 --> 00:56:55,362 EPIGENETICISTS BELIEVE THERE'S 1172 00:56:55,362 --> 00:56:58,632 AN ERASURE ON EVERY GENERATION 1173 00:56:58,632 --> 00:57:01,969 AND YOU DON'T KEEP THE MEMORY. 1174 00:57:01,969 --> 00:57:06,207 BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT IS 1175 00:57:06,207 --> 00:57:07,141 CONTRADICTING THIS. 1176 00:57:07,141 --> 00:57:08,676 AND NOW WE ARE GETTING A LITTLE 1177 00:57:08,676 --> 00:57:09,510 BIT CLOSER. 1178 00:57:09,510 --> 00:57:12,847 THE CRITICISM ARE MILDER ON THIS 1179 00:57:12,847 --> 00:57:15,082 PART AND WHETHER IT'S EPIGENETIC 1180 00:57:15,082 --> 00:57:19,019 OR NOT BUT THIS MEANS WHAT WE 1181 00:57:19,019 --> 00:57:20,454 ARE EXPOSED TO MAY HAVE A 1182 00:57:20,454 --> 00:57:26,093 GENERATION ON THE FUTURE 1183 00:57:26,093 --> 00:57:26,393 GENERATION. 1184 00:57:26,393 --> 00:57:32,766 WHICH IS NOT EXACTLY THE EFFECT 1185 00:57:32,766 --> 00:57:39,773 ON NEXT GENERATION AND THIS IS 1186 00:57:39,773 --> 00:57:41,408 SOMETHING IMPORTANT WE SHOULD 1187 00:57:41,408 --> 00:57:43,911 KEEP IN MIND THAT WE ARE NOT 1188 00:57:43,911 --> 00:57:46,580 INHERITING ONLY WHAT IS IN OUR 1189 00:57:46,580 --> 00:57:50,184 GENE BUT WHAT IS INHERITING OUR 1190 00:57:50,184 --> 00:57:50,518 GENE. 1191 00:57:50,518 --> 00:57:52,319 IN MY OPINION, ONE WAY AROUND 1192 00:57:52,319 --> 00:57:54,054 WHEN WE THINK WHAT TO DO WITH 1193 00:57:54,054 --> 00:57:57,224 THE EXPOSOME AND HOW TO MAKE IT 1194 00:57:57,224 --> 00:57:59,059 MORE FRUITFUL IS TO ASSOCIATION 1195 00:57:59,059 --> 00:58:01,395 ALL THE TIMED EXPOSURE WITH 1196 00:58:01,395 --> 00:58:03,030 IMPACTS AND MAYBE EPIGENETICS 1197 00:58:03,030 --> 00:58:05,499 AND MAYBE OTHER IMPACTS ALL THE 1198 00:58:05,499 --> 00:58:05,699 TIME. 1199 00:58:05,699 --> 00:58:07,735 IT HAS TO BE ASSOCIATED 1200 00:58:07,735 --> 00:58:10,070 OTHERWISE WE WILL NOT GO VERY 1201 00:58:10,070 --> 00:58:11,906 FAR. 1202 00:58:11,906 --> 00:58:12,506 IT'S SOMETHING I BELIEVE VERY 1203 00:58:12,506 --> 00:58:15,376 MUCH BUT I DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU 1204 00:58:15,376 --> 00:58:16,944 THINK. 1205 00:58:16,944 --> 00:58:19,280 NOT NECESSARILY EVERYBODY 1206 00:58:19,280 --> 00:58:19,613 BELIEVE THAT. 1207 00:58:19,613 --> 00:58:22,049 WHEN WE SAID EXPOSOME WE THINK 1208 00:58:22,049 --> 00:58:23,350 EXPOSURES BUT NOT EXPOSURE AND 1209 00:58:23,350 --> 00:58:24,618 THEIR IMPACT AND THEIR IMPACT 1210 00:58:24,618 --> 00:58:29,657 OVER A LONG TIME. 1211 00:58:29,657 --> 00:58:32,326 >> MAYBE IT'S A MEET IN THE 1212 00:58:32,326 --> 00:58:33,761 MIDDLE. 1213 00:58:33,761 --> 00:58:35,362 WE DIDN'T DISCUSS THIS BUT 1214 00:58:35,362 --> 00:58:38,265 THAT'S WHAT THE EXPOSOME IS 1215 00:58:38,265 --> 00:58:39,466 PROVIDING THE BIOMARKERS BECAUSE 1216 00:58:39,466 --> 00:58:44,338 YOU HAVE A BLACK BOX AT THE 1217 00:58:44,338 --> 00:58:45,673 ENTRY AND EXPOSURE OF THE 1218 00:58:45,673 --> 00:58:47,374 DISEASE AND IF YOU DON'T 1219 00:58:47,374 --> 00:58:50,344 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S IN THE MIDDLE, 1220 00:58:50,344 --> 00:58:52,513 IT'S DIFFICULT TO MAKE THE 1221 00:58:52,513 --> 00:58:54,815 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE EXPOSOME. 1222 00:58:54,815 --> 00:58:57,918 HAVING THIS MAPPED OUT AND 1223 00:58:57,918 --> 00:59:03,357 GENETICS IS A WAY TOE HAVE AN 1224 00:59:03,357 --> 00:59:04,825 UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE DISEASE 1225 00:59:04,825 --> 00:59:06,961 IS PROGRESSING. 1226 00:59:06,961 --> 00:59:12,199 THAT'S WHAT HE BROUGHT TO THE 1227 00:59:12,199 --> 00:59:19,173 FIELD WAS THE BIOMARKER AND THE 1228 00:59:19,173 --> 00:59:20,407 STATE. 1229 00:59:20,407 --> 00:59:20,741 YEAH. 1230 00:59:20,741 --> 00:59:24,612 >> I THINK FOR THE GENERAL 1231 00:59:24,612 --> 00:59:27,748 AUDIENCE MEMBERS HERE, MAYBE A 1232 00:59:27,748 --> 00:59:29,483 LITTLE BIT OF A DISCUSSION OF 1233 00:59:29,483 --> 00:59:30,517 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE OR 1234 00:59:30,517 --> 00:59:31,352 DISTINCTION AND INNOVATION IN 1235 00:59:31,352 --> 00:59:34,221 THE EXPOSOME VERSUS THE 1236 00:59:34,221 --> 00:59:35,322 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AROUND 1237 00:59:35,322 --> 00:59:38,759 SINCE THE 1950s AND IT'S TWINS 1238 00:59:38,759 --> 00:59:44,398 REARED TOGETHER AND REARED A 1239 00:59:44,398 --> 00:59:46,533 PART. 1240 00:59:46,533 --> 00:59:49,436 IS THAT WE SHOULD MAKE SOME 1241 00:59:49,436 --> 00:59:50,938 DEFINITIVE STATEMENT AS TO 1242 00:59:50,938 --> 00:59:51,839 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN THE 1243 00:59:51,839 --> 00:59:53,340 ENVIRONMENTS AROUND SINCE THE 1244 00:59:53,340 --> 00:59:55,075 DAWN OF GENETICS VERSUS 1245 00:59:55,075 --> 00:59:55,976 EXPOSOMICS WHICH IS A SPECIFIC 1246 00:59:55,976 --> 01:00:00,014 NEW INNOVATION. 1247 01:00:00,014 --> 01:00:01,148 >> I HAVE SLIDES. 1248 01:00:01,148 --> 01:00:05,786 I USED TO USE SEVEN OR EIGHT, 1249 01:00:05,786 --> 01:00:07,054 NINE YEARS AGO WITH THE LEVEL OF 1250 01:00:07,054 --> 01:00:09,490 RESOLUTION FOR GENOMICS AND THE 1251 01:00:09,490 --> 01:00:14,294 E PART YOU HAD DOZENS OF THINGS 1252 01:00:14,294 --> 01:00:17,064 YOU MEASURED. 1253 01:00:17,064 --> 01:00:18,699 MAYBE THE NHANES ANALYSIS BUT 1254 01:00:18,699 --> 01:00:22,403 NOT THOUSANDS OR TEN THOUSANDS 1255 01:00:22,403 --> 01:00:24,505 OR A HUNDRED THOUSAND AND 1256 01:00:24,505 --> 01:00:26,740 EXPOSOMICS IS TRYING TO GET THE 1257 01:00:26,740 --> 01:00:29,510 LEVEL OF RESOLUTION FOR 1258 01:00:29,510 --> 01:00:30,177 GENETICS. 1259 01:00:30,177 --> 01:00:31,979 IT'S BIG G TIMES LITTLE E 1260 01:00:31,979 --> 01:00:32,312 HISTORICALLY. 1261 01:00:32,312 --> 01:00:34,181 THE E NEEDS TO BE THE SAME SIZE 1262 01:00:34,181 --> 01:00:34,882 AS THE G TO GET THE RIGHT 1263 01:00:34,882 --> 01:00:45,025 ANSWER. 1264 01:00:47,294 --> 01:00:50,431 YOU BUILD A DISCIPLINE. 1265 01:00:50,431 --> 01:00:53,033 COULD YOU TELL US WHEN YOU'VE 1266 01:00:53,033 --> 01:00:56,036 HAD THE FEELING TO REPORT THE 1267 01:00:56,036 --> 01:01:03,343 COMMUNITY IN YOUR PERSONAL 1268 01:01:03,343 --> 01:01:09,249 EVOLUTION. 1269 01:01:09,249 --> 01:01:13,520 >> IN 2012 I TAUGHT A COURSE IN 1270 01:01:13,520 --> 01:01:14,455 EXPOSOMICS AND REALIZED HOW 1271 01:01:14,455 --> 01:01:15,723 LITTLE THERE WAS OUT THERE. 1272 01:01:15,723 --> 01:01:19,059 FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A 1273 01:01:19,059 --> 01:01:20,561 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY THERE'S 1274 01:01:20,561 --> 01:01:22,296 LITTLE TO DRAW UPON WHICH 1275 01:01:22,296 --> 01:01:23,597 PROMPTED ME TO WRITE MY FIRST 1276 01:01:23,597 --> 01:01:24,865 BOOK ON IT BECAUSE THERE WAS 1277 01:01:24,865 --> 01:01:30,204 NOTHING THERE. 1278 01:01:30,204 --> 01:01:33,040 IN THE PROCESS OF DOING IT LIKE 1279 01:01:33,040 --> 01:01:35,743 YOU NEED A COMMUNITY TO CREATE 1280 01:01:35,743 --> 01:01:37,644 THIS FIELD SHIFTING ISSUE AND 1281 01:01:37,644 --> 01:01:39,847 THAT IS WHERE I STARTED THINKING 1282 01:01:39,847 --> 01:01:40,881 ABOUT HOW DO YOU BUILD THAT 1283 01:01:40,881 --> 01:01:46,120 COMMUNITY AND I THINK THIS IS 1284 01:01:46,120 --> 01:01:48,989 WHERE A LOT OF MY COLLABORATIONS 1285 01:01:48,989 --> 01:01:50,557 WITH PEOPLE IN EUROPE WERE ABOUT 1286 01:01:50,557 --> 01:01:51,892 BECAUSE THEY ARE WERE DOING MORE 1287 01:01:51,892 --> 01:01:53,894 OF THIS WORK. 1288 01:01:53,894 --> 01:01:55,696 AND I'D ARGUE THE INTERACTION 1289 01:01:55,696 --> 01:01:58,332 YOU AND I HAVE HAD HAVE REALLY 1290 01:01:58,332 --> 01:02:00,234 FORGED THAT CONNECTION BETWEEN 1291 01:02:00,234 --> 01:02:01,802 THE U.S. AND EUROPE, WHICH 1292 01:02:01,802 --> 01:02:05,639 STARTED WHEN I WAS A VISITING 1293 01:02:05,639 --> 01:02:10,677 PROFESSOR AT THE INVESTIGATOR OF 1294 01:02:10,677 --> 01:02:11,678 PARIS DESCARTES AND I'VE LEARNED 1295 01:02:11,678 --> 01:02:12,946 THEY CHANGE THE NAME OF 1296 01:02:12,946 --> 01:02:14,214 UNIVERSITIES FREQUENTLY. 1297 01:02:14,214 --> 01:02:16,517 IT WAS LIKE TRYING TO MAKE THOSE 1298 01:02:16,517 --> 01:02:17,918 CONNECTIONS BECAUSE YOU HAD TO 1299 01:02:17,918 --> 01:02:20,120 HAVE EVERYONE THAT WAS THINKING 1300 01:02:20,120 --> 01:02:21,588 ABOUT THE EXPOSOME CONTRIBUTE 1301 01:02:21,588 --> 01:02:25,993 BECAUSE IT WAS SUCH A NEW THING. 1302 01:02:25,993 --> 01:02:28,128 IT WAS TRYING TO REACH OUT AND 1303 01:02:28,128 --> 01:02:29,696 EXPAND THAT BECAUSE IT FELT 1304 01:02:29,696 --> 01:02:33,700 ISOLATING WHEN YOU WERE STUDYING 1305 01:02:33,700 --> 01:02:37,070 THIS THING COMPETING WITH THE 1306 01:02:37,070 --> 01:02:38,939 GENETICISTS AND CANCER BIOLO 1307 01:02:38,939 --> 01:02:41,175 BIOLOGISTS THAT HADN'T HEARD OF 1308 01:02:41,175 --> 01:02:42,509 THE TERM. 1309 01:02:42,509 --> 01:02:44,244 >> UNTIL 2011 I DON'T THINK I 1310 01:02:44,244 --> 01:02:47,748 HEARD OF THE EXPOSOME. 1311 01:02:47,748 --> 01:02:51,952 IN 2011 THE E.U. LAUNCHED A CALL 1312 01:02:51,952 --> 01:02:58,091 ON EXPOSOME. 1313 01:02:58,091 --> 01:02:58,458 THE COMMISSION. 1314 01:02:58,458 --> 01:03:01,962 THERE WERE ONE OF MANY PEOPLE 1315 01:03:01,962 --> 01:03:03,997 WHO TRIED TO WRITE AN 1316 01:03:03,997 --> 01:03:09,169 APPLICATION AND ONE OF THEM WAS 1317 01:03:09,169 --> 01:03:10,504 SOMEBODY FROM GREECE AND HE 1318 01:03:10,504 --> 01:03:14,174 CALLED ME AND HE SAID, I WANT 1319 01:03:14,174 --> 01:03:16,009 YOU TO BE IN THAT CALL. 1320 01:03:16,009 --> 01:03:18,212 I WAS AN ENVIRONMENTAL 1321 01:03:18,212 --> 01:03:20,113 TOXICOLOGIST KNOWN FOR DOING 1322 01:03:20,113 --> 01:03:22,783 WORK ON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS. 1323 01:03:22,783 --> 01:03:26,687 I WAS A TOXICOLOGIST. 1324 01:03:26,687 --> 01:03:30,624 AT THAT TIME, TWO OF THE 1325 01:03:30,624 --> 01:03:33,160 APPLICATIONS WERE SUCCESSFUL. 1326 01:03:33,160 --> 01:03:35,229 NOT OURS BUT THE ERAFTER 2012 1327 01:03:35,229 --> 01:03:37,364 WAS SUCCESSFUL. 1328 01:03:37,364 --> 01:03:40,767 AND THERE WERE LIKE THREE BIG 1329 01:03:40,767 --> 01:03:42,102 PROGRAMS IN THE E.U. ON THE 1330 01:03:42,102 --> 01:03:46,673 EXPOSOME. 1331 01:03:46,673 --> 01:03:48,775 I THINK I WAS THE ONLY 1332 01:03:48,775 --> 01:03:51,345 TOXICOLOGIST AMONG THE THREE 1333 01:03:51,345 --> 01:03:51,612 PROGRAMS. 1334 01:03:51,612 --> 01:03:53,780 IT'S MOSTLY AN EPIDEMIOLOGIST OF 1335 01:03:53,780 --> 01:03:56,750 EXPOSURE SCIENTISTS AND 1336 01:03:56,750 --> 01:04:02,422 ANALYTICAL SCIENTIST AND 1337 01:04:02,422 --> 01:04:03,390 TOXICOLOGISTS, THEY ARE DIDN'T 1338 01:04:03,390 --> 01:04:04,224 BELIEVE THEY SHOULD. 1339 01:04:04,224 --> 01:04:14,701 BUT GARY IS A TOXICOLOGIST. 1340 01:04:16,603 --> 01:04:18,639 THAT'S WHEN I THOUGHT TOXICOLOGY 1341 01:04:18,639 --> 01:04:22,776 HAS A PLACE AND I AM GRATEFUL 1342 01:04:22,776 --> 01:04:24,578 BECAUSE HE'SI HE'S A COMPUTER 1343 01:04:24,578 --> 01:04:24,811 PERSON. 1344 01:04:24,811 --> 01:04:30,751 HE LIKES COMPUTERS AND TO DO 1345 01:04:30,751 --> 01:04:35,022 THIS ACTUALLY THERE WAS 1346 01:04:35,022 --> 01:04:39,092 INFORMATICS PERSON AND BRINGS 1347 01:04:39,092 --> 01:04:39,526 MODELS. 1348 01:04:39,526 --> 01:04:42,129 YOU THINK HE HAD THIS VISION. 1349 01:04:42,129 --> 01:04:43,964 I'M NOT SAYING OUR PROGRAM WAS 1350 01:04:43,964 --> 01:04:45,432 MOST SUCCESS. 1351 01:04:45,432 --> 01:04:45,766 . 1352 01:04:45,766 --> 01:04:47,234 OTHER PROGRAMS WERE MORE 1353 01:04:47,234 --> 01:04:52,105 SUCCESSFUL AND I CONTRIBUTED FOR 1354 01:04:52,105 --> 01:04:53,840 MANY REASONS. 1355 01:04:53,840 --> 01:04:58,946 THEY INCLUDE PEOPLE NOT IN THE 1356 01:04:58,946 --> 01:05:01,515 OTHER PROGRAM AND SUDDENLY I 1357 01:05:01,515 --> 01:05:07,354 FELL THIS IS ALSO MY HOME. 1358 01:05:07,354 --> 01:05:10,924 >> WE HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE A BIG 1359 01:05:10,924 --> 01:05:11,558 ROLE TO CREATE THIS COMMUNITY IN 1360 01:05:11,558 --> 01:05:20,133 FRANCE. 1361 01:05:20,133 --> 01:05:21,768 AND IT TAKES WORK TO DO THIS IN 1362 01:05:21,768 --> 01:05:23,937 THE U.S. AND THEN IT'S A BALANCE 1363 01:05:23,937 --> 01:05:30,577 BETWEEN HOW MUCH I'M GOING TO 1364 01:05:30,577 --> 01:05:30,877 INVEST. 1365 01:05:30,877 --> 01:05:35,582 THAT'S A BIG ROLE. 1366 01:05:35,582 --> 01:05:39,353 IN FRANCE WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY 1367 01:05:39,353 --> 01:05:42,923 AND TO ME IT WAS WHEN THEY SAID 1368 01:05:42,923 --> 01:05:47,894 YOU SHOULD BE PART OF THIS OR 1369 01:05:47,894 --> 01:05:48,929 SHOULD DOUGH THAT. 1370 01:05:48,929 --> 01:05:52,632 YOU FEEL LIKE YOU ARE PART OF 1371 01:05:52,632 --> 01:05:53,667 SOMETHING. 1372 01:05:53,667 --> 01:05:55,435 TO BRING PEOPLE AROUND THE TABLE 1373 01:05:55,435 --> 01:06:00,807 MANY WE CAN SURE AND PROSECUTE. 1374 01:06:00,807 --> 01:06:03,944 I HAVE TO HAVE PEOPLE THAT TA 1375 01:06:03,944 --> 01:06:11,351 YOU CAN THIS LEAD. 1376 01:06:11,351 --> 01:06:18,759 AND THIS IS WHERE IT STARTS TO 1377 01:06:18,759 --> 01:06:21,862 CONVINCE THE PEOPLE THEY HAVE 1378 01:06:21,862 --> 01:06:23,563 THE OPEN FIELD TO DO THE 1379 01:06:23,563 --> 01:06:33,740 RESEARCH. 1380 01:06:34,508 --> 01:06:37,377 >> I THINK THAT PART OF MY 1381 01:06:37,377 --> 01:06:39,546 APPROACH TO LIFE IS I'M A PRETTY 1382 01:06:39,546 --> 01:06:41,048 START AND CAPABLE PERSON BUT ALL 1383 01:06:41,048 --> 01:06:43,617 THE PEOPLE I WORK WITH ARE ALSO 1384 01:06:43,617 --> 01:06:47,487 PRETTY SMART AND PRETTY CAPABLE 1385 01:06:47,487 --> 01:06:48,355 PEOPLE. 1386 01:06:48,355 --> 01:06:51,792 WHEN WE COMBINE OUR TALENT, THE 1387 01:06:51,792 --> 01:06:53,293 PRODUCT WHERE HE DEVELOP IS 1388 01:06:53,293 --> 01:06:55,028 GOING TO BE BETTER THAN WE WOULD 1389 01:06:55,028 --> 01:07:01,468 DO INDIVIDUALLY. 1390 01:07:01,468 --> 01:07:03,470 EVERYTHING I DO IS PART MUCH A 1391 01:07:03,470 --> 01:07:03,737 COMMUNITY. 1392 01:07:03,737 --> 01:07:08,875 I STRIVE TO BE PART OF A 1393 01:07:08,875 --> 01:07:09,142 COMMUNITY. 1394 01:07:09,142 --> 01:07:11,344 THE OTHER THING THAT'S TRUE IN 1395 01:07:11,344 --> 01:07:13,080 AN EXPLO 1396 01:07:13,080 --> 01:07:17,918 AN EXPOSOME IT'S A BIG AUDACIOUS 1397 01:07:17,918 --> 01:07:20,520 GOAL NO ONE WOULD BE ABLE TO DO 1398 01:07:20,520 --> 01:07:21,688 THIS THEMSELVES. 1399 01:07:21,688 --> 01:07:22,789 IT'S GOING TO REQUIRE EVERYBODY 1400 01:07:22,789 --> 01:07:24,324 TO COME TOGETHER AND WORK IN 1401 01:07:24,324 --> 01:07:25,025 PARTNERSHIP. 1402 01:07:25,025 --> 01:07:27,761 IT'S GOING TO TAKE A GLOBAL 1403 01:07:27,761 --> 01:07:31,098 PROGRAM IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO 1404 01:07:31,098 --> 01:07:32,666 ACTUALLY MAKE SENSE OF WHAT 1405 01:07:32,666 --> 01:07:33,633 WE'RE DOING. 1406 01:07:33,633 --> 01:07:36,069 THERE'S AN INFINITE NUMBER OF 1407 01:07:36,069 --> 01:07:46,513 VARIABLES HERE INFINATELY 1408 01:07:47,214 --> 01:07:49,583 DYNAMIC AND THE ONLY WAY WE'LL 1409 01:07:49,583 --> 01:07:50,584 BE ABLE TOE ANSWER THE 1410 01:07:50,584 --> 01:07:50,884 QUESTIONS. 1411 01:07:50,884 --> 01:07:55,922 >> YOU ANTICIPATED MY NEXT WHY 1412 01:07:55,922 --> 01:07:57,190 IT US WITH SO TRANS-ATLANTIC IN 1413 01:07:57,190 --> 01:07:58,191 A WAY. 1414 01:07:58,191 --> 01:08:00,794 IT'S NOT SO OBVIOUS IN THE STORY 1415 01:08:00,794 --> 01:08:08,635 OF SIEBS A NEW DISCIPLINE IS 1416 01:08:08,635 --> 01:08:09,035 WE -- 1417 01:08:09,035 --> 01:08:13,140 OF SCIENCE IS A NEW DISCIPLINE. 1418 01:08:13,140 --> 01:08:16,977 >> TO BE HONEST THE COMMISSION 1419 01:08:16,977 --> 01:08:17,944 WAS GOOD AT THAT. 1420 01:08:17,944 --> 01:08:20,347 I THINK THE LAUNCHED THE 1421 01:08:20,347 --> 01:08:26,520 EXPOSOME CALLS RELATIVELY EARLY. 1422 01:08:26,520 --> 01:08:28,054 2005 NOTHING FOR SEVERAL YEARS 1423 01:08:28,054 --> 01:08:33,660 AND 2010 APROPOS AND THEN IN 1424 01:08:33,660 --> 01:08:37,330 2011 THERE WAS A CALL FROM THE 1425 01:08:37,330 --> 01:08:39,266 COMMISSION SAYING WELL, WE NEED 1426 01:08:39,266 --> 01:08:44,604 TO HAVE A PROGRAM. 1427 01:08:44,604 --> 01:08:48,175 SOMETIMES WE -- IN THIS CASE 1428 01:08:48,175 --> 01:08:50,977 THEY DID WELL. 1429 01:08:50,977 --> 01:08:53,013 DO YOU KNOW WHICH SCIENTIST 1430 01:08:53,013 --> 01:08:55,815 PROPOSED THAT TO THE COMMISSION? 1431 01:08:55,815 --> 01:08:58,585 USUALLY THERE ARE TRACKS TO BE 1432 01:08:58,585 --> 01:09:00,687 AT THE ORIGINAL CAUSE. 1433 01:09:00,687 --> 01:09:03,356 >> I'M NOT SURE, I TEND TO 1434 01:09:03,356 --> 01:09:08,695 BELIEVE SCIENTISTS THAT WERE 1435 01:09:08,695 --> 01:09:11,631 MOSTLY EPIDEMIOLOGIST WERE 1436 01:09:11,631 --> 01:09:13,767 COHORTS AND SUDDENLY THEY ARE 1437 01:09:13,767 --> 01:09:18,138 WERE OFFERED TO LEARN MORE ONE 1438 01:09:18,138 --> 01:09:21,641 THE SAME SAMPLE AND THEN 1439 01:09:21,641 --> 01:09:24,811 SUDDENLY IT WAS POSSIBLE TO TEST 1440 01:09:24,811 --> 01:09:26,112 MANY MORE. 1441 01:09:26,112 --> 01:09:28,048 I'M NOT SURE EXACTLY. 1442 01:09:28,048 --> 01:09:31,384 I WASN'T INVOLVED AT THAT PERIOD 1443 01:09:31,384 --> 01:09:32,786 EXACTLY. 1444 01:09:32,786 --> 01:09:35,121 >> AT THE TIME CHRIS WAS THE 1445 01:09:35,121 --> 01:09:37,157 DIRECTOR OF IARC. 1446 01:09:37,157 --> 01:09:39,359 HE'S NOW IN A HIGH LEVEL 1447 01:09:39,359 --> 01:09:41,428 POSITION THAT HAS MRAERJ 1448 01:09:41,428 --> 01:09:42,095 INFLUENCE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 1449 01:09:42,095 --> 01:09:43,897 I SUSPECT HE MUST HAVE HAD SOME 1450 01:09:43,897 --> 01:09:48,902 INFLUENCE OWN THE COMMISSION'S 1451 01:09:48,902 --> 01:09:49,769 DECISION. 1452 01:09:49,769 --> 01:09:56,843 >> YOU'RE RIGHT. 1453 01:09:56,843 --> 01:10:07,320 I BELIEVE PEOPLE HAD MIGHT 1454 01:10:13,226 --> 01:10:16,496 SUGGESTED THIS AND THEY ARE WERE 1455 01:10:16,496 --> 01:10:22,836 IN THE COMMISSION IN THE JRC AND 1456 01:10:22,836 --> 01:10:33,380 THEY LEFT THE JRC TO LISTEN TO 1457 01:10:33,380 --> 01:10:37,083 WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN THE FIELD. 1458 01:10:37,083 --> 01:10:39,152 I THINK HE ALSO PLAYED A ROLE IN 1459 01:10:39,152 --> 01:10:39,352 THAT. 1460 01:10:39,352 --> 01:10:40,854 >> I ALSO WANT TO UNDERSCORE A 1461 01:10:40,854 --> 01:10:43,290 LITTLE BIT. 1462 01:10:43,290 --> 01:10:48,028 I AGREE WITH YOU. 1463 01:10:48,028 --> 01:10:50,897 THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES 1464 01:10:50,897 --> 01:10:52,799 INTO EUROPEAN EXPOSOME COMMUNITY 1465 01:10:52,799 --> 01:10:54,668 TOGETHER AS BE AN ACTIVE 1466 01:10:54,668 --> 01:10:57,270 COMMUNITY AND INTEGRATING THE 1467 01:10:57,270 --> 01:11:03,877 EXISTI IING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUS 1468 01:11:03,877 --> 01:11:05,345 GOING ON IN THE MIDDLE. 1469 01:11:05,345 --> 01:11:07,314 THERE'S ANOTHER MEAT IN THE 1470 01:11:07,314 --> 01:11:10,850 MIDDLE PIECE OF THE EXPOSOME, IN 1471 01:11:10,850 --> 01:11:15,955 THE UNITED STATES WAS MORE ON 1472 01:11:15,955 --> 01:11:18,224 BUILD THE CAPACITY. 1473 01:11:18,224 --> 01:11:19,592 LET'S BUILD THE CAPABILITY TO DO 1474 01:11:19,592 --> 01:11:26,132 THE WEARABLE SENSING AND HIGH 1475 01:11:26,132 --> 01:11:28,101 RES MASS SPECT AND LOOK AT NO 1476 01:11:28,101 --> 01:11:29,202 CHEMICAL THAT UNDER LIES THAT 1477 01:11:29,202 --> 01:11:30,870 UNKNOWN FEATURE. 1478 01:11:30,870 --> 01:11:31,671 MOST OF THOSE PROGRAMS WE'VE 1479 01:11:31,671 --> 01:11:34,074 DEVELOPED HAVE NOT BEEN BRANDED 1480 01:11:34,074 --> 01:11:37,877 AS EXPOSOME ACTIVITIES BUT 1481 01:11:37,877 --> 01:11:39,279 ABSOLUTELY ARE EXPOSOME 1482 01:11:39,279 --> 01:11:40,513 ACTIVITIES THAT ARE BUILDING THE 1483 01:11:40,513 --> 01:11:44,784 CAPACITY AND NOW WE'RE STARTING 1484 01:11:44,784 --> 01:11:46,519 TO BUILD THAT INTERNATIONAL 1485 01:11:46,519 --> 01:11:47,554 CONNECTION BETWEEN WHAT WE'RE 1486 01:11:47,554 --> 01:11:51,424 DOING AND WHAT EUROPE IS DOING 1487 01:11:51,424 --> 01:11:57,797 AND MAYBE THE RESEARCH 1488 01:11:57,797 --> 01:11:59,132 INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM TO 1489 01:11:59,132 --> 01:12:00,333 MAXIMIZE THE TECHNOLOGICAL 1490 01:12:00,333 --> 01:12:00,934 DEVELOPMENTS WE BUILT HERE. 1491 01:12:00,934 --> 01:12:06,072 >> I AGREE. 1492 01:12:06,072 --> 01:12:08,875 I THINK IN THE UNITED STATES 1493 01:12:08,875 --> 01:12:11,878 THERE WAS HER CULESE AND 1494 01:12:11,878 --> 01:12:12,645 BUILDING CAPACITY AND IN EUROPE 1495 01:12:12,645 --> 01:12:14,447 IT WAS PROJECTS MOSTLY. 1496 01:12:14,447 --> 01:12:17,984 AND THE CAPACITY CAME AFTER. 1497 01:12:17,984 --> 01:12:19,552 I REALLY WAS PRESENT IN THE 1498 01:12:19,552 --> 01:12:22,756 BUILDING OF IRENE. 1499 01:12:22,756 --> 01:12:28,561 IT WAS NOT SO EASY TO BUILD. 1500 01:12:28,561 --> 01:12:33,967 EVEN IN FRANCE, THE 1501 01:12:33,967 --> 01:12:37,103 INFRASTRUCTURE WHERE YOU ASSAY 1502 01:12:37,103 --> 01:12:39,839 THE MEASURE TOGETHER AND WE LAD 1503 01:12:39,839 --> 01:12:42,542 TO GO TO THE MINISTRY A NUMBER 1504 01:12:42,542 --> 01:12:44,944 OF TYPES. 1505 01:12:44,944 --> 01:12:46,846 AND SOMETIMES YOU HAVE PEOPLE IN 1506 01:12:46,846 --> 01:12:48,281 FRONT OF YOU. 1507 01:12:48,281 --> 01:12:49,983 AT ONE POINT ONE OF THEM ASKED 1508 01:12:49,983 --> 01:12:58,091 ME SO, IT'S RAUL -- ALL 1509 01:12:58,091 --> 01:12:59,859 INFORMATICS THEN AND, NO. 1510 01:12:59,859 --> 01:13:03,363 YOU NEED INFORMATICS TO 1511 01:13:03,363 --> 01:13:03,830 INTERPRET. 1512 01:13:03,830 --> 01:13:07,367 THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND. 1513 01:13:07,367 --> 01:13:10,170 IT WAS A TOUGH ONE. 1514 01:13:10,170 --> 01:13:11,070 THE INFRASTRUCTURE STARTED IN 1515 01:13:11,070 --> 01:13:13,273 THE U.S. BUT WE CAME AFTER. 1516 01:13:13,273 --> 01:13:15,341 THE PROJECT STARTED AND THERE 1517 01:13:15,341 --> 01:13:25,852 WERE MORE STRUCTURED PROJECTS. 1518 01:13:26,653 --> 01:13:28,087 IT CAME UP TO A GOOD 1519 01:13:28,087 --> 01:13:29,022 INTERACTION. 1520 01:13:29,022 --> 01:13:33,927 >> THE ONE COMMENT ABOUT THE 1521 01:13:33,927 --> 01:13:34,961 E.U.'S INVESTMENT IN THIS ONE 1522 01:13:34,961 --> 01:13:39,065 WAS I THINK THE LARGE EXPOSOMICS 1523 01:13:39,065 --> 01:13:41,167 DID WAS INSPIRE TRAINEES TO 1524 01:13:41,167 --> 01:13:42,735 PURSUE THAT DISCIPLINE. 1525 01:13:42,735 --> 01:13:43,636 THERE'S SO MANY MORE PEOPLE 1526 01:13:43,636 --> 01:13:47,273 THINKING ABOUT IT ON THAT SIDE, 1527 01:13:47,273 --> 01:13:49,142 THE JUNIOR SCIENTIST TO SOLVE 1528 01:13:49,142 --> 01:13:50,276 THE FUTURE PROBLEMS IN THE 1529 01:13:50,276 --> 01:13:52,145 U.S. WE'RE FURTHER BEHIND IN 1530 01:13:52,145 --> 01:13:53,446 PEOPLE WANTING TO GO IN THE 1531 01:13:53,446 --> 01:13:54,113 FIELD BECAUSE THEY ARE CAN'T SEE 1532 01:13:54,113 --> 01:14:03,356 IT AS A FIELD. 1533 01:14:03,356 --> 01:14:07,360 >> ONE PERSON IS FROM FINLAND. 1534 01:14:07,360 --> 01:14:10,663 IT'S DIFFICULT TO PRONOUNCE HIS 1535 01:14:10,663 --> 01:14:20,874 LAST FLAME. 1536 01:14:21,774 --> 01:14:23,910 HE WAS EFFICIENT AND KNEW 1537 01:14:23,910 --> 01:14:25,478 EVERYBODY IN THE FIELD. 1538 01:14:25,478 --> 01:14:26,880 I KNEW HIM AFTER THAT AND I 1539 01:14:26,880 --> 01:14:28,281 THINK HE WAS THE EARS THAT 1540 01:14:28,281 --> 01:14:35,455 LISTENED TO WHAT WAS SAID AND 1541 01:14:35,455 --> 01:14:39,792 DID HIS JOB. 1542 01:14:39,792 --> 01:14:42,896 >> WE WERE USING THE 1543 01:14:42,896 --> 01:14:47,333 PRESENTATION AND THE PEOPLE 1544 01:14:47,333 --> 01:14:48,768 DOING METABOLOMICS AND THAT'S 1545 01:14:48,768 --> 01:14:51,304 HOW WE HAD TO MAKE THE FIELD 1546 01:14:51,304 --> 01:14:53,506 EVOLVE WITH DEFINITION OF WHAT 1547 01:14:53,506 --> 01:14:54,440 WE WERE DOING AND WHAT THEY WERE 1548 01:14:54,440 --> 01:14:59,679 DOING AND YOU DIDN'T HAVE THE 1549 01:14:59,679 --> 01:15:03,850 PROGRAM IN THE U.S. I SOME THING 1550 01:15:03,850 --> 01:15:05,251 STARTING TO DRIFT. 1551 01:15:05,251 --> 01:15:12,292 FOR YOU IT'S NORMAL TO MEASURE 1552 01:15:12,292 --> 01:15:14,093 AND I USED TO USE THE DEFINITION 1553 01:15:14,093 --> 01:15:17,564 THAT METABOLOMICS CAN SEE 1554 01:15:17,564 --> 01:15:17,864 EVERYTHING. 1555 01:15:17,864 --> 01:15:22,402 PUT IN FRANCE WE HAD TO SAY FROM 1556 01:15:22,402 --> 01:15:25,772 INSTRUMENTATION TO METABOLOMICS 1557 01:15:25,772 --> 01:15:28,207 AND IT WAS DIFFICULT TO BE 1558 01:15:28,207 --> 01:15:30,176 UNDERSTAND AND TO EXPLAIN WHY WE 1559 01:15:30,176 --> 01:15:31,344 WANTED TO BUILD SOMETHING 1560 01:15:31,344 --> 01:15:31,878 DIFFERENT. 1561 01:15:31,878 --> 01:15:37,183 IT WAS AT THE END IMPORTANT. 1562 01:15:37,183 --> 01:15:37,884 THE EXPOSURE QUESTION WERE IN 1563 01:15:37,884 --> 01:15:45,992 THE METABOLOMICS BECAUSE WITH 1564 01:15:45,992 --> 01:15:49,629 METABOLOMICS YOU CAN -- 1565 01:15:49,629 --> 01:15:54,734 >> I'M LEADING THE METABOLOMICS 1566 01:15:54,734 --> 01:15:55,001 AND DURBE -- 1567 01:15:56,703 --> 01:15:57,937 -- METABOLOMICS I THINK WE 1568 01:15:57,937 --> 01:16:06,746 SHOULD KEEP THAT. 1569 01:16:06,746 --> 01:16:08,514 >> I WOULD LIKE TO ASK YOU 1570 01:16:08,514 --> 01:16:12,285 ANOTHER QUESTION MORE OPEN. 1571 01:16:12,285 --> 01:16:17,090 DO YOU THINK THAT A SCIENTIST 1572 01:16:17,090 --> 01:16:23,796 ENGAGED IN EXPOSOMICS IS 1573 01:16:23,796 --> 01:16:26,532 PERSONALLY MORE OPEN TO SOCIETY 1574 01:16:26,532 --> 01:16:30,003 THAN OTHER KIND OF RESEARCHER IN 1575 01:16:30,003 --> 01:16:30,470 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH? 1576 01:16:30,470 --> 01:16:34,007 YOU MENTIONED A CONNECTION 1577 01:16:34,007 --> 01:16:35,241 BETWEEN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL 1578 01:16:35,241 --> 01:16:37,477 SCIENCE AND DISCIPLINE. 1579 01:16:37,477 --> 01:16:38,645 DO YOU THINK IT'S YOUR OWN 1580 01:16:38,645 --> 01:16:41,414 EXPERIMENT YOU FEEL MUCH MORE 1581 01:16:41,414 --> 01:16:44,550 OPEN TO THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE 1582 01:16:44,550 --> 01:16:46,886 AND SOCIETY AND DON'T KNOW WHERE 1583 01:16:46,886 --> 01:16:47,520 SOCIETY WILL GO AND THINGS LIKE 1584 01:16:47,520 --> 01:16:53,426 THAT. 1585 01:16:53,426 --> 01:16:54,961 >> I WOULD THINK IF YOU LOOK AT 1586 01:16:54,961 --> 01:16:56,195 THE UNITED STATES AND SCHOOLS OF 1587 01:16:56,195 --> 01:16:58,965 MEDICINE AND SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC 1588 01:16:58,965 --> 01:17:01,701 HEALTH, YOU SEE A LOT MORE OF 1589 01:17:01,701 --> 01:17:03,903 THE EXPOSOMICS ON THE SCHOOL OF 1590 01:17:03,903 --> 01:17:05,805 PUBLIC HEALTH SIDE AND THEY ARE 1591 01:17:05,805 --> 01:17:11,044 MORE OF A POPULATION SOCIETAL 1592 01:17:11,044 --> 01:17:11,277 IMPACT. 1593 01:17:11,277 --> 01:17:13,646 WHEN I REACHED OUT TO PEOPLE TO 1594 01:17:13,646 --> 01:17:18,451 COLLABORATE, OFTEN THEY'RE 1595 01:17:18,451 --> 01:17:23,356 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHERE 1596 01:17:23,356 --> 01:17:33,900 THERE'S DESPAIRATE -- DISPARATE 1597 01:17:37,837 --> 01:17:42,008 POPULATIONS AND YOU SEE PEOPLE 1598 01:17:42,008 --> 01:17:44,010 MORE INTERESTED IN THE SOCIETAL 1599 01:17:44,010 --> 01:17:44,243 IMPACTS. 1600 01:17:44,243 --> 01:17:45,878 >> I THINK BUT TO MODULATE A 1601 01:17:45,878 --> 01:17:50,016 LITTLE BIT IT DEPENDS ON WHICH 1602 01:17:50,016 --> 01:17:51,350 HUM 1603 01:17:51,350 --> 01:17:55,588 HUMAN DISEASE YOU'RE TALKING 1604 01:17:55,588 --> 01:17:56,022 ABOUT. 1605 01:17:56,022 --> 01:17:57,724 THERE ARE THOSE THAT REFLECTED 1606 01:17:57,724 --> 01:17:59,358 ON THE ETHICAL FIELDS RELATED TO 1607 01:17:59,358 --> 01:18:07,333 THE GENOME AND SHOULD WE DO AND 1608 01:18:07,333 --> 01:18:09,235 KNOW THE SEQUENCES. 1609 01:18:09,235 --> 01:18:11,337 AND THIS PART OF HUMANITY THE 1610 01:18:11,337 --> 01:18:20,079 ONLY ETHICAL PART IS WITH 1611 01:18:20,079 --> 01:18:21,948 GENOMICS AND SOCIAL 1612 01:18:21,948 --> 01:18:23,883 CHARACTERISTICS ARE PART OF THE 1613 01:18:23,883 --> 01:18:27,353 EXPOSOME OR THE DETERMINATES OF 1614 01:18:27,353 --> 01:18:31,991 THE EXPOSURES WE HAVE. 1615 01:18:31,991 --> 01:18:37,463 WE'RE INTERESTED AND WHEN YOU 1616 01:18:37,463 --> 01:18:40,433 LOOK AT THOSE THAT ARE RICHER, 1617 01:18:40,433 --> 01:18:43,035 THERE ARE A BIG DIFFERENCE ON 1618 01:18:43,035 --> 01:18:43,870 THE EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE. 1619 01:18:43,870 --> 01:18:48,274 WE NEED TO GET INVOLVED IN THAT. 1620 01:18:48,274 --> 01:18:54,046 >> I WILL LOOK AT THE SYSTEMIC 1621 01:18:54,046 --> 01:18:55,948 CONNECTION AND ENGAGE IN YOUR 1622 01:18:55,948 --> 01:18:57,784 OWN RESEARCH IN TERMS OF 1623 01:18:57,784 --> 01:18:58,084 HISTORY. 1624 01:18:58,084 --> 01:18:59,819 >> PLAY I ASK A DETAILED 1625 01:18:59,819 --> 01:19:00,086 QUESTION. 1626 01:19:00,086 --> 01:19:01,654 IN YOUR VIEW WHAT IS THE 1627 01:19:01,654 --> 01:19:03,089 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPOSOMICS 1628 01:19:03,089 --> 01:19:07,360 THAT LOOKS AT SES AND SOCIAL AND 1629 01:19:07,360 --> 01:19:17,703 BEHAVIORAL GENOMICS? 1630 01:19:18,070 --> 01:19:19,772 THERE'S A LOT OF WORK THAT TRIES 1631 01:19:19,772 --> 01:19:23,910 TO TIE THE USE OF GWAS STUDIES 1632 01:19:23,910 --> 01:19:26,179 AND OTHER THINGS AND SAYING 1633 01:19:26,179 --> 01:19:28,548 SPECIFIC VARIANTS TO 1634 01:19:28,548 --> 01:19:30,483 OCCUPATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL 1635 01:19:30,483 --> 01:19:30,783 ATTAINMENT. 1636 01:19:30,783 --> 01:19:36,522 IS THAT PART OF EXPOSOMICS OR IS 1637 01:19:36,522 --> 01:19:37,924 THAT A DIFFERENT FIELD AND TO 1638 01:19:37,924 --> 01:19:39,458 MAKE THE QUESTION SHARPER, HOW 1639 01:19:39,458 --> 01:19:41,160 DO YOU INTERACT WITH THAT SIDE 1640 01:19:41,160 --> 01:19:42,228 OF THE FIELD OR HOW WOULD YOU 1641 01:19:42,228 --> 01:19:44,197 WANT TO INTERACT WITH THAT SIDE 1642 01:19:44,197 --> 01:19:47,333 OF THE FIELD IN MOVING FORWARD 1643 01:19:47,333 --> 01:19:57,577 IN THE FUTURE? 1644 01:20:00,780 --> 01:20:02,782 TO THEO THOSE PEOPLE ARE 1645 01:20:02,782 --> 01:20:05,284 FOCUSSING ON GENOMICS AND 1646 01:20:05,284 --> 01:20:07,954 EVERYTHING IS THE INTERACTION 1647 01:20:07,954 --> 01:20:12,425 BETWEEN GENOME AND THE EXPOSOME. 1648 01:20:12,425 --> 01:20:14,193 EVEN THOSE RELATIVELY COMPLEX 1649 01:20:14,193 --> 01:20:16,629 SOCIETAL OR SOCIAL ISSUES ARE 1650 01:20:16,629 --> 01:20:19,332 MAYBE THE CONSEQUENCE OF AN 1651 01:20:19,332 --> 01:20:22,168 INTERACTION BETWEEN SOMETHING 1652 01:20:22,168 --> 01:20:23,803 HAPPENING IN THE GENOME AND 1653 01:20:23,803 --> 01:20:25,872 EXPOSOME AND THE RELATIVE WEIGHT 1654 01:20:25,872 --> 01:20:27,840 OF EACH IS NOT ALWAYS SOMETHING 1655 01:20:27,840 --> 01:20:29,709 THAT YOU COULD DECIDE LIKE THIS 1656 01:20:29,709 --> 01:20:31,911 SO WE HAVE -- WE WERE DISCUSSING 1657 01:20:31,911 --> 01:20:33,880 THIS EARLIER THIS MORNING. 1658 01:20:33,880 --> 01:20:36,082 THERE IS A VERY GOOD REASONS TO 1659 01:20:36,082 --> 01:20:40,219 COLLABORATE STRONGLY WITH 1660 01:20:40,219 --> 01:20:42,588 GENETICISTS AND INCLUDING IN THE 1661 01:20:42,588 --> 01:20:43,623 FIELD YOU MENTIONED WE HAVE TO 1662 01:20:43,623 --> 01:20:48,427 WORK WITH THEM. 1663 01:20:48,427 --> 01:20:50,263 >> ONE OF THE MORE EXCITING 1664 01:20:50,263 --> 01:20:52,765 PROJECTS I'M INVOLVED WITH IS A 1665 01:20:52,765 --> 01:20:54,433 CANCER GRANT CHALLENGE PROJECT 1666 01:20:54,433 --> 01:20:57,770 WHERE THERE'S A PACKAGE ON THE 1667 01:20:57,770 --> 01:21:00,039 SOCIAL DETERMINATES OF HEALTH 1668 01:21:00,039 --> 01:21:02,875 AND WORK PACKAGE ON THE GENETICS 1669 01:21:02,875 --> 01:21:04,010 AND TUMOR BIOLOGY AND 1670 01:21:04,010 --> 01:21:04,310 EXPOSOMICS. 1671 01:21:04,310 --> 01:21:07,213 THIS IS A PLACE TO START WORKING 1672 01:21:07,213 --> 01:21:09,882 WITH THE SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIST 1673 01:21:09,882 --> 01:21:10,850 AND SCIENTISTS TO CONNECT THAT 1674 01:21:10,850 --> 01:21:13,953 TO HOW IT MAY CONNECT TO THE 1675 01:21:13,953 --> 01:21:14,186 BIOLOGY. 1676 01:21:14,186 --> 01:21:14,887 THAT'S NOT AN EASY TEAM TO BRING 1677 01:21:14,887 --> 01:21:16,989 TOGETHER. 1678 01:21:16,989 --> 01:21:19,392 AND IT TOOK A LOT TO BE ABLE TO 1679 01:21:19,392 --> 01:21:20,860 DO THAT BECAUSE TYPICALLY YOU 1680 01:21:20,860 --> 01:21:22,094 DON'T SEE THOSE COLLABORATIONS 1681 01:21:22,094 --> 01:21:23,362 ACROSS THE SOCIAL SCIENCES DOWN 1682 01:21:23,362 --> 01:21:27,133 TO THE GENETICS AN IN BETWEEN. 1683 01:21:27,133 --> 01:21:29,702 WE NEED MORE OF THOSE PROJECTS 1684 01:21:29,702 --> 01:21:32,071 THAT BRING TOGETHER MULTIPLE 1685 01:21:32,071 --> 01:21:34,106 DISCIPLINES IF YOU WANT TO 1686 01:21:34,106 --> 01:21:36,642 UNDERSTAND THE SOCIAL, 1687 01:21:36,642 --> 01:21:40,146 ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC 1688 01:21:40,146 --> 01:21:41,847 DETERMINATANTES OF AN OUTCOME. 1689 01:21:41,847 --> 01:21:44,016 >> THE ONE DISCIPLINE I'VE NOT 1690 01:21:44,016 --> 01:21:46,419 HEARD MENTIONED IN THE LAST 90 1691 01:21:46,419 --> 01:21:47,353 MINUTES IS ECONOMICS. 1692 01:21:47,353 --> 01:21:56,796 THAT'S PRECISELY TO MY POINT OF 1693 01:21:56,796 --> 01:21:58,364 PEOPLE TRYING TO ATTACK FROM A 1694 01:21:58,364 --> 01:21:59,398 VARIETY OF ANGLES. 1695 01:21:59,398 --> 01:22:01,734 MAYBE ONE OF OUR WORKING 1696 01:22:01,734 --> 01:22:02,601 METHODOLOGIES IS TO GET 1697 01:22:02,601 --> 01:22:04,470 EVERYBODY IN THE ROOM TOGETHER 1698 01:22:04,470 --> 01:22:06,872 AND SAY WHAT HAVE YOU FOUND OUT 1699 01:22:06,872 --> 01:22:07,873 AND WORK FROM THERE ACROSS A 1700 01:22:07,873 --> 01:22:18,184 VARIETY OF GROUPS. 1701 01:22:18,684 --> 01:22:25,257 >> HISTORIANS HAVE BEEN USEFUL 1702 01:22:25,257 --> 01:22:26,959 FOR THE FUTURE AND NOW YOUR 1703 01:22:26,959 --> 01:22:31,430 DISCIPLINE CONNECTED TO A.I. 1704 01:22:31,430 --> 01:22:38,437 DO YOU THINK THAT COULD CHANGE 1705 01:22:38,437 --> 01:22:40,072 THINGS? 1706 01:22:40,072 --> 01:22:43,209 >> SO, I THINK THAT'S THE ANSWER 1707 01:22:43,209 --> 01:22:44,110 TO CHRIS'S QUESTION. 1708 01:22:44,110 --> 01:22:47,213 HOW DO WE ASSESS THE SOCIAL 1709 01:22:47,213 --> 01:22:47,513 ENVIRONMENT. 1710 01:22:47,513 --> 01:22:51,150 WE ASSESS THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 1711 01:22:51,150 --> 01:22:56,088 THROUGH THE GEOSPATIAL DATABASES 1712 01:22:56,088 --> 01:22:57,089 CAPTURING COMMUNITY DEMOGRAPHIC 1713 01:22:57,089 --> 01:22:57,390 INFORMATION. 1714 01:22:57,390 --> 01:23:02,461 IF WE WANT TO INTEGRATE THAT 1715 01:23:02,461 --> 01:23:05,865 WITH MASS SPEC ON A COMPLETELY 1716 01:23:05,865 --> 01:23:06,599 DIFFERENT TEMPORAL AND 1717 01:23:06,599 --> 01:23:08,234 BIOLOGICAL SCALE, I THINK WE 1718 01:23:08,234 --> 01:23:10,403 NEED TO LEVERAGE THE POTENTIAL 1719 01:23:10,403 --> 01:23:12,138 OF MULTI-MODAL A LOT OF TO BE 1720 01:23:12,138 --> 01:23:13,839 ABLE TO FEED THAT INTO AN 1721 01:23:13,839 --> 01:23:18,310 ALGORITHM THAT SAYS THESE ARE 1722 01:23:18,310 --> 01:23:21,013 THE DRIVERS BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT 1723 01:23:21,013 --> 01:23:22,815 INDEPENDENT DRIVERS BUT THEY ARE 1724 01:23:22,815 --> 01:23:26,218 ALL CONTRIBUTING IN DIFFERENT 1725 01:23:26,218 --> 01:23:26,419 WAYS. 1726 01:23:26,419 --> 01:23:28,721 I THINK IT'S ACTUALLY CRITICAL 1727 01:23:28,721 --> 01:23:38,864 FOR US. 1728 01:23:40,666 --> 01:23:43,335 >> WHEN YOU GENERATE THE DATA 1729 01:23:43,335 --> 01:23:44,670 FOR MASS SPECTOMETRY YOU DON'T 1730 01:23:44,670 --> 01:23:50,209 KNOW WHAT IT IS AND CAN USE 1731 01:23:50,209 --> 01:23:51,477 MACHINE LEARNING FOR WHAT YOU 1732 01:23:51,477 --> 01:23:54,380 ARE GENERATING AND PROVIDE THE 1733 01:23:54,380 --> 01:23:55,915 RIGHT SET BECAUSE YOU NEED A LOT 1734 01:23:55,915 --> 01:23:58,284 OF DATA TO TRAIN THE MODELS. 1735 01:23:58,284 --> 01:23:59,985 SO WE'RE ALREADY DOING THIS. 1736 01:23:59,985 --> 01:24:02,521 IN TERMS OF UNDERSTANDING THEN 1737 01:24:02,521 --> 01:24:06,158 HOW THE EXPOSURE WORK TOGETHER 1738 01:24:06,158 --> 01:24:08,427 TO EXPLAIN AN EFFECT YOU CAN USE 1739 01:24:08,427 --> 01:24:10,329 MACHINE LEARNING MODELS BUT YOU 1740 01:24:10,329 --> 01:24:13,065 NEED TO DO DATA REDUCTION. 1741 01:24:13,065 --> 01:24:20,840 IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO INTEGRATE 1742 01:24:20,840 --> 01:24:23,576 AND HAVE STEPS TO MAKE 1743 01:24:23,576 --> 01:24:23,876 PREDICTION. 1744 01:24:23,876 --> 01:24:30,182 >> IF YOU TAKE FROM THE CHEMICAL 1745 01:24:30,182 --> 01:24:32,518 POINT OF VIEW WE TO THE ABOUT A 1746 01:24:32,518 --> 01:24:38,224 FEW HUNDRED CHEMICALS AND 1747 01:24:38,224 --> 01:24:38,791 EXPOSURE AND EFFECT. 1748 01:24:38,791 --> 01:24:39,992 THERE'S MANY MORE. 1749 01:24:39,992 --> 01:24:41,594 THERE'S NO WAY YOU DO ALL THE 1750 01:24:41,594 --> 01:24:43,829 WORK WE'VE DONE IN THE FIRST 500 1751 01:24:43,829 --> 01:24:47,166 WE DO IT ON THE THOUSANDS OR 1752 01:24:47,166 --> 01:24:47,399 OTHERS. 1753 01:24:47,399 --> 01:24:48,501 THAT'S WHERE A.I. WOULD BE 1754 01:24:48,501 --> 01:24:51,137 EXTREMELY I THINK HELPFUL IN THE 1755 01:24:51,137 --> 01:24:52,404 FUTURE AND INDISPENSABLE. 1756 01:24:52,404 --> 01:24:55,141 IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE YOU 1757 01:24:55,141 --> 01:24:57,309 HAVE TO PREDICT. 1758 01:24:57,309 --> 01:24:59,845 >> FOR ME IN EXPOSOMICS I SPEND 1759 01:24:59,845 --> 01:25:02,982 TIME TRYING TO RECRUIT PEOPLE TO 1760 01:25:02,982 --> 01:25:04,483 HELP SOLVE OUR PROBLEMS. 1761 01:25:04,483 --> 01:25:07,720 SOME OF THAT IS TRYING TO STEAL 1762 01:25:07,720 --> 01:25:11,056 STATISTICAL GENETICISTS TO HELP 1763 01:25:11,056 --> 01:25:12,057 TACKLE OUR PROBLEMS. 1764 01:25:12,057 --> 01:25:12,958 IN THE LAST COUPLE WEEKS I'VE 1765 01:25:12,958 --> 01:25:15,828 TALKED TO AWS AND GOOGLE AND 1766 01:25:15,828 --> 01:25:16,262 INTEL. 1767 01:25:16,262 --> 01:25:20,833 RIGHT NOW IN THE A.I. FIELD THE 1768 01:25:20,833 --> 01:25:22,368 FINANCE SECTOR AND CYBER 1769 01:25:22,368 --> 01:25:24,904 SECURITY ARE GETTING THE TALENT 1770 01:25:24,904 --> 01:25:27,206 HOW DO WE GET THEM TO THE 1771 01:25:27,206 --> 01:25:28,340 BIOMEDICAL SIDE AND EXPOSOME 1772 01:25:28,340 --> 01:25:29,542 SIDE? 1773 01:25:29,542 --> 01:25:30,609 IT WILL BE CRITICAL TO SOLVE 1774 01:25:30,609 --> 01:25:31,610 THESE THINGS BUT WE HAVE TO 1775 01:25:31,610 --> 01:25:32,878 ATTRACT THEM TO OUR PROBLEMS. 1776 01:25:32,878 --> 01:25:35,447 I THINK WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT THE 1777 01:25:35,447 --> 01:25:37,616 COMPLEXITY, THE TEMPORAL -- WHAT 1778 01:25:37,616 --> 01:25:41,220 INFINITY YOU USE A COUPLE TIMES 1779 01:25:41,220 --> 01:25:42,688 ARE THE PROBLEMS PEOPLE IN A.I. 1780 01:25:42,688 --> 01:25:46,258 WANT TO WORK ON SO WE GIJUST HA 1781 01:25:46,258 --> 01:25:47,927 TO GET THEM TO DO THAT. 1782 01:25:47,927 --> 01:25:53,799 >> IN THE LAST MINUTE WE HAVE, 1783 01:25:53,799 --> 01:25:56,402 CONSIDERING WHAT COULD BE THE 1784 01:25:56,402 --> 01:25:57,770 THING YOU WOULD LIKE TO CHANGE 1785 01:25:57,770 --> 01:25:59,805 FOR THE FUTURE IN TERMS OF 1786 01:25:59,805 --> 01:26:02,241 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH IN 1787 01:26:02,241 --> 01:26:08,480 TERMS OF INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN 1788 01:26:08,480 --> 01:26:13,385 THE TECHNOLOGY, PRECISION AND 1789 01:26:13,385 --> 01:26:13,619 FUNDING. 1790 01:26:13,619 --> 01:26:15,888 >> I'M GOING TO TALK TO MY 1791 01:26:15,888 --> 01:26:17,456 COLLEAGUE ON THE LEFT. 1792 01:26:17,456 --> 01:26:19,325 NIEHS HAD JUST GONE THROUGH A 1793 01:26:19,325 --> 01:26:22,494 STRATEGIC PLANNING ACTIVITY. 1794 01:26:22,494 --> 01:26:25,297 AND OUR INSTITUTE DIRECTOR 1795 01:26:25,297 --> 01:26:27,233 CHALLENGED OUR ADVISORY COUNCIL 1796 01:26:27,233 --> 01:26:30,069 TO COME UP WITH BOLD PREDICTIONS 1797 01:26:30,069 --> 01:26:31,570 TAKING THE HUMAN GENOME MODEL OF 1798 01:26:31,570 --> 01:26:33,606 IF WE'RE SUCCESSFUL IN 1799 01:26:33,606 --> 01:26:34,707 IMPLEMENTING OUR STRATEGIC PLAN, 1800 01:26:34,707 --> 01:26:38,577 UP WITH OF THE ELEMENTS IS THE 1801 01:26:38,577 --> 01:26:41,113 EXPOSOME, HOW WILL THE WORLD 1802 01:26:41,113 --> 01:26:42,548 BEING DIFFERENT IN FIVE TO 10 1803 01:26:42,548 --> 01:26:43,782 YEARS THAN IT IS TODAY. 1804 01:26:43,782 --> 01:26:44,984 WHEN DR. MILLER WAS ASKED TO 1805 01:26:44,984 --> 01:26:46,986 COME UP ONE A BOLD PREDICTION, 1806 01:26:46,986 --> 01:26:52,491 SAID IN FIVE TO 10 YEARS, WHAT 1807 01:26:52,491 --> 01:26:55,361 HE WAS SAYING EARLIER, WHEN YOU 1808 01:26:55,361 --> 01:26:58,063 GO FOR YOUR ANNUAL CHECK UP WITH 1809 01:26:58,063 --> 01:26:59,965 YOUR PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN, 1810 01:26:59,965 --> 01:27:03,969 THEY DO A BLOOD DRAW AND GET 1811 01:27:03,969 --> 01:27:07,840 200, 500,000 EXPOSURES AND FEED 1812 01:27:07,840 --> 01:27:09,642 IT INTO AN A.I. ALGORITHM WHICH 1813 01:27:09,642 --> 01:27:10,776 SPITS OUT THESE ARE THE THINGS 1814 01:27:10,776 --> 01:27:12,578 YOU NEED TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT 1815 01:27:12,578 --> 01:27:14,380 AND ADDITIONAL TESTS WE NEED TO 1816 01:27:14,380 --> 01:27:17,916 BE RUNNING FOR THE INTERVENTIONS 1817 01:27:17,916 --> 01:27:23,489 WE NEED AND BEHAVIORAL INT 1818 01:27:23,489 --> 01:27:24,890 INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE YOUR 1819 01:27:24,890 --> 01:27:25,924 HEALTH AND WELL BEING. 1820 01:27:25,924 --> 01:27:29,061 THE PREDICT IS ONE THAT WE'RE ON 1821 01:27:29,061 --> 01:27:33,098 THE CUSP OF GETTING THERE. 1822 01:27:33,098 --> 01:27:34,700 I THINK WE'LL MAKE SUCCESS IN 1823 01:27:34,700 --> 01:27:36,168 THE NEXT FEW YEARS. 1824 01:27:36,168 --> 01:27:39,371 >> THAT PREDICTION, WHICH WE PUT 1825 01:27:39,371 --> 01:27:42,775 ON THE TABLE, ERIC GREENE HAD 1826 01:27:42,775 --> 01:27:45,210 TALKED ABOUT HOW THE HUMAN 1827 01:27:45,210 --> 01:27:46,712 GENOME PROJECT LED TO GENETIC 1828 01:27:46,712 --> 01:27:48,147 MEDICINE AND IT WAS LIKE, WELL, 1829 01:27:48,147 --> 01:27:51,550 THAT TOOK A LONG TIME. 1830 01:27:51,550 --> 01:27:53,886 THE FACT HE WAS LIKE WE'RE THERE 1831 01:27:53,886 --> 01:27:55,954 NOW AND HAVE GENOMIC MEDICINE 1832 01:27:55,954 --> 01:27:57,523 AND IF YOU HAVE THAT, WHY CAN'T 1833 01:27:57,523 --> 01:28:03,195 EXPRESS EXPOSOMICS DO THE SAME 1834 01:28:03,195 --> 01:28:03,395 THING? 1835 01:28:03,395 --> 01:28:05,230 >> YOU HAVE ALREADY ACHIEVED 1836 01:28:05,230 --> 01:28:06,065 SOMETHING. 1837 01:28:06,065 --> 01:28:08,000 THIS WOULD BE A MARKER. 1838 01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:10,836 THIS MY STRUCTURE TO A CERTAIN 1839 01:28:10,836 --> 01:28:13,105 EXTENT -- I AGREE THERE'S MANY 1840 01:28:13,105 --> 01:28:14,573 OTHER ISSUES NOT CLINICALLY 1841 01:28:14,573 --> 01:28:16,975 RELATED BUT THIS CAN STRUCTURE 1842 01:28:16,975 --> 01:28:20,412 AT LEAST SOME PART OF THE 1843 01:28:20,412 --> 01:28:21,513 PROGRAM WE'RE BUILDING. 1844 01:28:21,513 --> 01:28:22,915 BECAUSE IT'S REALLY COMPLEX. 1845 01:28:22,915 --> 01:28:24,683 MORE COMPLEX THAN THE GENOME. 1846 01:28:24,683 --> 01:28:30,689 WE HAVE TO HAVE SOME REDUCTION 1847 01:28:30,689 --> 01:28:31,924 IN THE COMPLEXITY. 1848 01:28:31,924 --> 01:28:34,960 AND THE EASIEST WAY IS TO START 1849 01:28:34,960 --> 01:28:36,962 FROM THE DISEASE OR SOME ISSUES 1850 01:28:36,962 --> 01:28:38,330 LIKE AGING AND THEN GO BACK AND 1851 01:28:38,330 --> 01:28:40,566 SEE HOW THE EXPOSOME COULD HELP. 1852 01:28:40,566 --> 01:28:42,000 THAT WOULD BE I THINK REALLY 1853 01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:45,904 FANTASTIC FOR EVERYBODY. 1854 01:28:45,904 --> 01:28:49,475 THAT'S WHERE A.I. COULD BE CAN 1855 01:28:49,475 --> 01:28:49,708 HELPFUL. 1856 01:28:49,708 --> 01:28:53,545 YOU GO TO THE DOCTOR AND MAYBE 1857 01:28:53,545 --> 01:28:55,114 HE'LL DRAW BLOOD BUT YOU CAN 1858 01:28:55,114 --> 01:28:58,817 GIVE YOUR ADDRESS TO HAVE A 1859 01:28:58,817 --> 01:29:00,085 GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND GIVE 1860 01:29:00,085 --> 01:29:09,228 HIM SOME PREVIOUS PATHOLOGIES. 1861 01:29:09,228 --> 01:29:10,963 WHAT'S YOUR WORK AND HOW MUCH DO 1862 01:29:10,963 --> 01:29:12,097 YOU EXERCISE AND THEN SAY YOU'RE 1863 01:29:12,097 --> 01:29:17,269 FINE OR OKAY, I'M GOING TO TAKE 1864 01:29:17,269 --> 01:29:19,371 BLOOD AND MAYBE MAKE A MORE 1865 01:29:19,371 --> 01:29:20,172 COMPLEX DETERMINATION OF WHAT 1866 01:29:20,172 --> 01:29:30,149 YOU HAVE OR A BOLDER APPROACH. 1867 01:29:30,149 --> 01:29:34,286 >> TO ME, I WISH WE HAD MORE 1868 01:29:34,286 --> 01:29:35,387 MOMENT FOR THE INITIAL QUESTION 1869 01:29:35,387 --> 01:29:41,293 ON THE OF EXPOSURE BECAUSE IT'S 1870 01:29:41,293 --> 01:29:42,928 DIFFICULT TO GET MONEY IF IT'S 1871 01:29:42,928 --> 01:29:45,631 NOT HEALTH RELATED BUT A LOT OF 1872 01:29:45,631 --> 01:29:50,402 QUESTIONS WE COULD ANSWER JUST 1873 01:29:50,402 --> 01:29:53,605 ON UNDERSTANDING THE EXPOSURE 1874 01:29:53,605 --> 01:29:54,840 AND COULD GET INFORMATION AND 1875 01:29:54,840 --> 01:30:01,680 HOW THEY GET EXPOSED. 1876 01:30:01,680 --> 01:30:05,317 JUST FOR THE QUESTION OF 1877 01:30:05,317 --> 01:30:14,726 EXPOSURE WOULD BE GREAT. 1878 01:30:14,726 --> 01:30:17,463 HAVE THEY SHUT US DOWN OR DO WE 1879 01:30:17,463 --> 01:30:19,364 HAVE A FEW MORE MINUTES? 1880 01:30:19,364 --> 01:30:24,303 OKAY. 1881 01:30:24,303 --> 01:30:26,772 CHRIS, DID YOU WANT TO SAY A FEW 1882 01:30:26,772 --> 01:30:29,842 CONCLUDING WORDS AND I'LL THANK 1883 01:30:29,842 --> 01:30:30,776 EVERYBODY. 1884 01:30:30,776 --> 01:30:32,511 I'LL CONCLUDE BUT IF YOU WOULD 1885 01:30:32,511 --> 01:30:33,679 LIKE TO SAY A FEW MORE WORDS 1886 01:30:33,679 --> 01:30:35,781 BEFORE I CONCLUDE. 1887 01:30:35,781 --> 01:30:38,317 >> I THINK ONE OF THE MOST 1888 01:30:38,317 --> 01:30:39,117 INTERESTING QUESTIONS FOR ME AND 1889 01:30:39,117 --> 01:30:42,654 MOST INTERESTING STORIES IS HOW 1890 01:30:42,654 --> 01:30:44,890 FROM MY STANDPOINT AS A 1891 01:30:44,890 --> 01:30:50,896 HISTORIAN OF GENETICS AND IN THE 1892 01:30:50,896 --> 01:30:53,632 BEGINNING OF HUMAN POPULATION S 1893 01:30:53,632 --> 01:30:56,368 THERE WAS INCREDIBLE EMPHASIS ON 1894 01:30:56,368 --> 01:30:59,104 NOT ONLY GENETICS BUT GENETICS 1895 01:30:59,104 --> 01:31:00,539 AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION. 1896 01:31:00,539 --> 01:31:05,577 YOU HAVE THROUGH THE 1980s, '70s 1897 01:31:05,577 --> 01:31:07,946 AND '80s A REAL REVOLUTION IN 1898 01:31:07,946 --> 01:31:11,817 MAPPING SEQUENCING AND EARLY BIO 1899 01:31:11,817 --> 01:31:12,117 INFORMATICS. 1900 01:31:12,117 --> 01:31:16,722 TO A CERTAIN DEGREE SOME OF THE 1901 01:31:16,722 --> 01:31:19,291 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS THE 1902 01:31:19,291 --> 01:31:21,293 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSE OF GENETICS 1903 01:31:21,293 --> 01:31:22,427 REALLY DROPPED OUT A LITTLE BIT. 1904 01:31:22,427 --> 01:31:25,497 SO YOU CAN SEE IN THE LATE '90s 1905 01:31:25,497 --> 01:31:30,569 WHAT I REFER TO AS THE DISCOVERY 1906 01:31:30,569 --> 01:31:32,905 OF ENVIRONMENT AND THE IDEA AND 1907 01:31:32,905 --> 01:31:35,541 IT WASN'T REALLY DISCOVERY BUT 1908 01:31:35,541 --> 01:31:38,210 THAT'S A PROVOCATION. 1909 01:31:38,210 --> 01:31:40,879 BUT A LOT OF WHAT EXPOSOMICS IS 1910 01:31:40,879 --> 01:31:42,648 DOING IS TRYING TO ANSWER 1911 01:31:42,648 --> 01:31:44,883 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION THAT IS AT 1912 01:31:44,883 --> 01:31:46,318 THE ROOT OF MEDICINE, AT THE 1913 01:31:46,318 --> 01:31:52,624 ROOT OF SCIENCE AND ROOT OF 150 1914 01:31:52,624 --> 01:31:57,195 YEARS OF GENETIC INQUIRIES, 1915 01:31:57,195 --> 01:31:58,797 WHICH IS THE CONDITIONS FOR 1916 01:31:58,797 --> 01:32:02,868 HEALTH AND DISEASE AND CAN WE 1917 01:32:02,868 --> 01:32:08,807 PROVIDE SOME WAY TO IN ESSENCE 1918 01:32:08,807 --> 01:32:10,275 GIVE SOMEONE ENOUGH INFORMATION 1919 01:32:10,275 --> 01:32:13,445 WHERE THAT SENSE IS USEFUL AND 1920 01:32:13,445 --> 01:32:15,681 NOT MAKE OVER DRAWN CONCLUSIONS 1921 01:32:15,681 --> 01:32:19,351 ONE WAY OR THE OTHER. 1922 01:32:19,351 --> 01:32:23,355 SO EXPOSOMICS FOR ME IS A 1923 01:32:23,355 --> 01:32:25,324 FASCINATING DISCUSSION BECAUSE 1924 01:32:25,324 --> 01:32:28,594 IT SEEMS TO EXIST ALONGSIDE VERY 1925 01:32:28,594 --> 01:32:31,029 INTERESTING DEBATES ABOUT THE 1926 01:32:31,029 --> 01:32:34,533 NATURE OF INHERITABILITY AND 1927 01:32:34,533 --> 01:32:37,669 ANSWERS IN SOME WAYS THE 1928 01:32:37,669 --> 01:32:38,470 FOUNDATIONAL PREMISES OF THE 1929 01:32:38,470 --> 01:32:41,206 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT WHILE ALSO 1930 01:32:41,206 --> 01:32:45,410 ALLOWING US TO MOVE FORWARD IN 1931 01:32:45,410 --> 01:32:46,778 CONCEPTS LIKE PRECISION MEDICINE 1932 01:32:46,778 --> 01:32:48,614 WHERE THINK WE HAVE DONE A GREAT 1933 01:32:48,614 --> 01:32:50,215 DEAL BUT WE ALSO HAVE A LOT OF 1934 01:32:50,215 --> 01:33:00,659 TO DO AND A LOT TO LEARN. 1935 01:33:01,927 --> 01:33:06,098 >> I WANTED TO THANK ALL OF YOU 1936 01:33:06,098 --> 01:33:07,899 BUT I'M CURIOUS, PASCAL, WHAT'S 1937 01:33:07,899 --> 01:33:09,334 THE NEXT STEP FOR THE 1938 01:33:09,334 --> 01:33:09,635 DISCUSSION? 1939 01:33:09,635 --> 01:33:10,902 WE TALKED ABOUT NEXT STEPS FOR 1940 01:33:10,902 --> 01:33:16,041 THE DISCIPLINE BUT HOW ARE YOU 1941 01:33:16,041 --> 01:33:18,010 THINKING OF DOCUMENTING THIS AND 1942 01:33:18,010 --> 01:33:19,778 MOVING ON TO OUR NEXT PHASE SO 1943 01:33:19,778 --> 01:33:21,813 WE CAN CAPTURE THIS. 1944 01:33:21,813 --> 01:33:24,216 I THINK CHRIS WILL HAVE SOME 1945 01:33:24,216 --> 01:33:27,019 IDEAS TOO BUT I THINK IT WILL BE 1946 01:33:27,019 --> 01:33:27,919 A CONTINUING CONVERSATION. 1947 01:33:27,919 --> 01:33:33,025 >> ON THE SPECIFIC TOPIC I THINK 1948 01:33:33,025 --> 01:33:34,493 WE JUST OPENED A LITTLE BIT OF 1949 01:33:34,493 --> 01:33:35,494 THE BOX. 1950 01:33:35,494 --> 01:33:42,234 I HOPE WE CAN CONTINUE AND WITH 1951 01:33:42,234 --> 01:33:44,469 MORE DEEP OR PERSONAL INTERVIEW. 1952 01:33:44,469 --> 01:33:47,372 THERE'S A PROJECT MAYBE YOU 1953 01:33:47,372 --> 01:33:50,308 COULD PROPOSE TO THE COMMISSION 1954 01:33:50,308 --> 01:33:52,911 ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THAT 1955 01:33:52,911 --> 01:33:53,211 DISCIPLINE. 1956 01:33:53,211 --> 01:33:54,112 I DON'T KNOW. 1957 01:33:54,112 --> 01:33:58,984 THE OTHER POINT IS THAT WE TRIED 1958 01:33:58,984 --> 01:34:00,485 TO DEVELOP IN SOME COMMUNITY FOR 1959 01:34:00,485 --> 01:34:05,624 HISTORY THIS KIND OF WHAT WE 1960 01:34:05,624 --> 01:34:12,731 CALL SHARED HISTORY TO 1961 01:34:12,731 --> 01:34:17,602 EXCHANGING FREELY THE PERSONAL 1962 01:34:17,602 --> 01:34:18,303 EXPERIENCE. 1963 01:34:18,303 --> 01:34:21,406 MAYBE WE COULD CREATE IN THE 1964 01:34:21,406 --> 01:34:24,676 DYNAMIC NIH AND SHARE THEIR 1965 01:34:24,676 --> 01:34:25,410 STORY. 1966 01:34:25,410 --> 01:34:26,645 WHY NOT ON THE TOPICS? 1967 01:34:26,645 --> 01:34:28,580 BECAUSE I THINK THIS EXCHANGE 1968 01:34:28,580 --> 01:34:30,482 WAS VERY RICH. 1969 01:34:30,482 --> 01:34:34,152 AND THAT COULD BE THE IMPULSE 1970 01:34:34,152 --> 01:34:42,227 FOR OUR ORGANIZATION TO GIVE THE 1971 01:34:42,227 --> 01:34:44,429 SPACE AND IF YOU DON'T SPEAK 1972 01:34:44,429 --> 01:34:45,464 YOUR MEMORY ONE DAY OR ANOTHER 1973 01:34:45,464 --> 01:34:47,365 WHAT YOU SAY IS NOT ALWAYS IN 1974 01:34:47,365 --> 01:34:51,269 THE PAPERS. 1975 01:34:51,269 --> 01:34:53,472 >> VERY WELL SAID. 1976 01:34:53,472 --> 01:34:54,740 SO TO BE CONTINUED. 1977 01:34:54,740 --> 01:34:59,077 BUT THANK YOU ALL KNOW FOR A 1978 01:34:59,077 --> 01:35:00,712 FASCINATING DISCUSSION DID YOU 1979 01:35:00,712 --> 01:35:02,814 HAVE ANYTHING ELSE, CHRIS. 1980 01:35:02,814 --> 01:35:04,149 OKAY I'LL THANK EVERYBODY WHO 1981 01:35:04,149 --> 01:35:05,817 HELPED US PULL THIS TOGETHER. 1982 01:35:05,817 --> 01:35:11,356 THANK ALL OF YOU FOR YOUR 1983 01:35:11,356 --> 01:35:14,159 PARTICIPATION AND LOOK FORWARD 1984 01:35:14,159 --> 01:35:15,060 TO OUR CONDITIONING 1985 01:35:15,060 --> 01:35:19,364 CONVERSATIONS AND DIANA GOMEZ 1986 01:35:19,364 --> 01:35:22,467 NOT HERE WITH US. 1987 01:35:22,467 --> 01:35:24,202 SHE'S LISTENING. 1988 01:35:24,202 --> 01:35:24,669 HI, THANK YOU. 1989 01:35:24,669 --> 01:35:29,407 SHE'S BEEN FABULOUS. 1990 01:35:29,407 --> 01:35:30,542 AND THANKS EVERYBODY WHO'S BEEN 1991 01:35:30,542 --> 01:35:30,809 WATCHING. 1992 01:35:30,809 --> 01:35:33,178 WE DIDN'T HAVE TIME TO GET TO 1993 01:35:33,178 --> 01:35:34,479 YOUR QUESTIONS BUT IF THERE'S 1994 01:35:34,479 --> 01:35:35,247 SOME WE'LL PASS IT ALONG. 1995 01:35:35,247 --> 01:35:35,680 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1996 01:35:35,680 --> 01:35:35,747