>> HELLO, EVERYONE I'M THE
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR AT NIH FOR
THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND DIRECTOR OF THE
OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES RESEARCH HERE ON CAM
CAMPUS.
WE HAVE APPLIED CLARITY AND
RIGOR IN THEIR RESEARCH TO
CHALLENGE ACCEPTED NOTIONS ABOUT
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF
PUBLIC HEALTH AND HAVE PURSUED
RESEARCH EFFORTS THAT REALLY
IMPACT POLICY, PRACTICE AND
PUBLIC PERCEPTION TO IMPROVE OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT HEALTH AND
HEALTH EQUITY CAN BE.
IT'S SO EXCITING TO HAVE,
ESPECIALLY OUR EARLY-STAGE
INVESTIGATORS HERE TODAY AND TO
HONOR OUR DISTINGUISHED LECTURER
FROM THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY WHO
WILL ALSO DELIVER THE KEYNOTE
ADDRESS ENTITLED, THE POWER OF
HUMAN CONNECTION TO HEALTH AND
HEALTH CARE.
OUR ESI HONOREES WERE SELECTED
OUT OF A GROUP OF 80 RESEARCHERS
WHO SUBMITTED PUBLISHED
PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS TO OUR ESI
PAPER COMPETITION.
EACH PAPER WAS CAREFULLY
REVIEWED BY OUR STAFF AND RATED
BASED ON THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS.
INFORMED BY DR. MA TILTEDDA
WHITE RILEY'S SCIENTIFIC LEGACY.
FIRST, HOW POTENTIALLY IMPACTFUL
OR INFLUENTIAL IS THE PAPER ON
THE HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORAL
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES?
HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER USE
SOPHISTICATED METHODOLOGICAL
APPROACHES TO ADDRESS IMPORTANT
EMPIRICAL QUESTIONS THAT ARE
DERIVED FROM THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORKS?
HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER
INTEGRATE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF
INFLUENCE AND/OR THE DYNAMIC
LONGITUDINAL AND BIDIRECTIONAL
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS ON
INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA?
AND HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER
INTEGRATE APPROACHES FROM
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES TO ADDRESS
THE RESEARCH QUESTION?
SO CONGRATULATIONS TO THIS
YEAR'S ESI HONOREES, DR. JEREMEY
LUK, ELISEO PEREZ-STABLE, GIANNA
REA-SANDIN, - A COUPLE OF
HOUSEKEEPING NOTES, DR. LAUREN
WILL MODERATE THE PRESENTATIONS
AND ERICA SPOTTS WILL MODERATE
THE DISTINGUISHED LECTURE AND
PRESENTATION AND FACILITATE THE
Q&A AND CONVEY YOUR QUESTIONS
AND COMMENTS TO THE PRESENTERS.
TODAY'S EVENT IS BEING BROADCAST
THROUGH NIH VIDEOCAST AND
QUESTIONS FROM VIDEOCAST VIEWERS
CAN BE SUBMITTED VIA THE
FEEDBACK FORM.
TO SUBMIT A QUESTION, THE
VIRTUAL ATTENDEES MAY SELECT THE
SEND LIVE FEEDBACK ICON ON THE
NIH VIDEO PAGE AND ENTER
VIDEOCAST PAGE AND ENTER YOUR
COMMENT OR QUESTION WHICH WE
WILL RECEIVE IN REALTIME.
DURING EACH Q&A, WE'LL TRY TO
ALTERNATE IN-PERSON AND THE
VIRTUAL QUESTIONS.
FEEL FREE TO SEND YOUR QUESTIONS
AT ANY TIME DURING THE
PRESENTATION.
THANK YOU AGAIN FOR JOINING THE
17th ANNUAL MATILDA WHITE
RILEY BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCE HONORS EVENT.
WE HOPE YOU EN JOE IT AND I --
ENJOY IT AND NOW I TURN IT OVER
TO DR. LAUREN FORDYCE.
>> WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN WITH OUR
ESI PORTION OF OUR EVENT.
SO EACH WILL DELIVER A 15 MINUTE
PRESENTATION AND THEN ALL OF
THEM WILL GIVE THEIR
PRESENTATIONS AND THEN WE'LL
HAVE A MODERATED DISCUSSION
WHERE WE CAN TAKE QUESTIONS FROM
THOSE OF US IN THE ROOM AND FROM
THE Q&A ON LINE.
SO, I WANTED TO REMIND YOU OF
OUR EVENT GUIDELINES.
PLEASE NOTE THAT PARTICIPANTS
ARE REQUIRED TO UPHOLD THE
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES OF THIS
MEETING AND PLEASE KEEP ALL
COMMENTS RELEVANT TO THE EVENT
TOPIC.
AS DR. JANE SIMONI JUST
MENTIONED, WE HAVE A LIVE
FEEDBACK BUTTON WHICH THOSE OF
YOU WHO ARE OBSERVING FROM YOUR
HOMES OR OFFICES OR YOUR CAR,
YOU CAN SEND -- THERE IS A
BUTTON THAT IS SEND LIVE
FEEDBACK AND YOU CAN SUBMIT YOUR
QUESTIONS THERE.
IF YOU HAVE ANY ISSUES WITH
TECHNICAL SUPPORT, CALL THE IT
SERVICE DESK AND AS A REMINDER,
THIS EVENT IS BEING RECORDED AND
IT WILL BE AVAILABLE ABOUT A ONE
MONTH OR MORE ON OUR WEBSITE.
I CAN INTRODUCE JEREMY THIS MAIN
SLIDE.
I'M EXCITED TO INTRODUCE OUR
INVESTIGATORS AND IT WAS
EXTREMELY COMPETITIVE YEAR AS
MENTIONED, AND WE SELECTED FIVE
ESIs AND FOUR WILL BE
PRESENTING TODAY.
DR. JEREMEY LUK, DR. KRISTIN
PERRY, DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN AND
DR. VOL PEE WAS SELECTED AND SHE
COULDN'T PRESENT TODAY BUT
PLEASE KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR HER
IN THE FUTURE.
DR. JEREMEY LUK IS A CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGIST WITHIN THE OFFICE
OF THE CLINICAL DIRECTOR AT THE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALCOHOL
ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM.
SO HERE AT THE NIH.
HE SAY LICENSED CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGIST WITH RESEARCH
EXPERIENCE IN ALCOHOL USE,
MENTAL HEALTH, HEALTH
DISPARITIES AND STATISTICAL
METHODS.
AND HIS CURRENT ROLE PROVIDES
CLINICAL SERVICES TO PATIENTS
WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND
SUPERVISES DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY.
HIS RECENT RESEARCH FOCUSES ON
UNDERSTANDING MULTIDIMENSIONAL
QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE CONTEXT
OF RECOVERY AND THE APPLICATION
OF THIRD WAVE BEHAVIORAL
THERAPIES TO TREAT ADDICTIVE
BEHAVIORS.
HIS PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY
HIS RECENT PUBLICATION, A
PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH TO
CAPTURE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND
THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACT OF
COVID-RELATED STRESSORS,
PUBLISHED IN AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGIST.
AND DR. NATSIA LIU NATS A JEREME
WELCOME TO COME UP AND BEGIN
YOUR PRESENTATION.
>> MY TALK TODAY IS GOING TO BE
ON A PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH TO
CAPTURE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND
MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACT OF
COVID-RELATED STRESSORS.
I HAVE 15 MINUTES.
SO SOME OF THE DETAILS I WILL
LEAVE OUT.
BUT THIS IS THE PAPER PUBLISHED
IN THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AND
HERE -- ARE MY CO-AUTHORS WHICH
I DEFINITELY WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE
BECAUSE WITHOUT THE TEAM THIS
WOULD NOT HAPPEN.
SO, DURING THE COVID-19
PANDEMIC, THERE WERE A LOT OF
UNEXPECTED CHANGE THAT IS PEOPLE
HAD TO ADJUST TO AND IN THE
LITERATURE THERE ARE WAYS TO
CONCEPTUALIZE COVID-RELATED
STRESS.
ONE OF THE WAYS WAS TO LOOK AT
SOME OF THE CHANGES AS A
FUNCTION OF LIKE HOW PEOPLE AS
THEY EXPERIENCE THE COVID
PANDEMIC, SOME OF THE
ADJUSTMENTS THEY HAVE TO MAKE.
SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHANGES?
I THINK THE PANDEMIC HAS REALLY
INFLUENCED PEOPLE'S LIVES IN
DIVERSE WAYS SO NOT ONLY ONE WAY
THAT PEOPLE EXPERIENCE IN
DIFFERENT WAYS.
SO FROM THE VERY EARLY STAGE
WHERE THERE WAS SHUTDOWNS AND
THERE IS A LOT OF SOCIAL
ISOLATION THAT COULD BE A LOT OF
CHANGES TO HOW PEOPLE APPROACH
WORK IN SOME PLACES.
SOME OF THE WORK WOULD BE
SWITCHED TO TELEWORK AND SOME
PEOPLE THERE WILL BE MORE WORK
AND THEN LESS WORK.
THERE COULD BE ESSENTIAL WORKERS
WHO MIGHT BE PARTICULARLY
AFFECTED.
AND THEN THERE IS THE FINANCIAL
PIECE THAT COULD BE LOSS OF
INCOME WHEN PEOPLE ARE NOT ABLE
TO WORK IN CERTAIN AREAS.
DEPENDING ON WHAT THEY DO.
FINANCIAL STRESS, COULDN'T PAY
THEIR BILLS AND HAVE TO WORRY
ABOUT THINGS LIKE PAYING FOR GAS
OR OTHER THINGS.
A LOT OF FINANCIAL-RELATED
THINGS.
AND THEN ALSO THERE COULD BE THE
ACTUAL COVID INFECTION TO THE
CELL, TO THOSE AROUND YOU AND
THEN DIFFERENT WAYS, FOR
EXAMPLE, THE LOSS OF A LOVED ONE
DUE TO COVID-19.
SO JUST TO LAY OUT, THERE ARE A
LOT OF WAYS THE PANDEMIC
IMPACTED PEOPLE'S LIVES.
AND I THINK IN THE LITERATURE
SOME OF THESE CHANGES OR SOME OF
THESE IMPACTS HAS BEEN
CONCEPTUALIZED AS COVID-RELATED
STRESS.
AND WE KNOW FROM ADDICTION
THEORY THAT WHEN THERE IS
STRESS, SOME PEOPLE MIGHT DRINK
TO COPE WITH THE STRESS.
SO, HERE IS A VERY SIMPLE
ILLUSTRATION OF HOW THAT MIGHT
BE THE CASE AND IT LEAD TO
SOCIAL ISOLATION.
IT WAS DIFFICULT AND STRESSFUL
FOR PEOPLE.
ONE OF THE QUESTIONS AS I
APPROACHED THIS WITHIN A LARGER
PROJECT AT NIAAA.
WE HAVE A PROJECT THAT REALLY
TRIED TO FOLLOW-UP ON SOME OF
THE PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS WHO
CAME TO THE NIH TO DO RESEARCH
AND WERE ABLE TO FOLLOW THEM
DURING THE PANDEMIC SO WE TRIED
TO LOOK AT LIKE BEFORE THE
PANDEMIC.
WE HAD SOME HISTORICAL DATA ON
THEM.
SO DURING THE PANDEMIC, WE WANT
TO SEE HOW THEY ARE DOING DURING
THE PANDEMIC.
AND WE HAVE SOME MEASURES FROM
THE CDC COVID-19 COMMITTEE
SURVEY BANK QUESTIONS.
AND ALL OF THESE WOULD MAP ON TO
WHAT I JUST MENTIONED ABOUT THE
COVID-RELATED STRESS.
SO THE STUDY OBJECTIVE IS TO
FIGURE OUT WHAT IS THE BEST WAY
TO MODEL THESE STRESSORS?
AND THEN ALSO TO EXAMINE HOW
DISPARITIES IN EXPOSURE TO
COVID-RELATED STRESSORS AND ALSO
EXAMINE IMPACT ON MENTAL HEALTH,
OUTALCOHOL-RELATED OUTCOMES AND
QUALITY OF LIFE.
SO THE DATA SOURCES FROM NIAAA,
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON
ALCOHOL STUDY.
THE STUDY DESIGNS A LONG TERM
STUDY THAT SPANS TWO YEARS SO WE
HAVE TO COLLECT SOME DATA
BECAUSE THERE WAS SOME EXTENSION
OF THE RECOMMENDED TIMEFRAME N
THIS ANALYSIS, THE DATA
COLLECTION WAS DONE FROM JUNE 3,
2020, TO JANUARY 6, 2022.
THE PARTICIPANTS INCLUDED 463
ADULTS, THE MEAN AGE WAS ABOUT
45 YEARS OF AGE.
IT WAS ABOUT HALF MALE AND
FEMALE.
THE SAMPLE WAS DIVERSE IN TERMS
OF RACE AND ETHNICITY.
WE HAVE HISTORIC DATA ABOUT
WHETHER THEY HAD ALCOHOL USE
DISORDER, AUD, AND SO IN THIS
SAMPLE, WE HAVE 42% WITH A
HISTORY OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER.
WE ALSO ASKED THEM WHETHER THEY
WERE BEING TESTED FOR COVID-19.
SO ONLY 50% OF THEM WERE TESTED
FOR COVID-19 AND IN THIS SAMPLE,
THERE WERE ONLY 11 PEOPLE WHO
REPORTED BEING TESTED POSITIVE.
SO IT'S A VERY SMALL NUMBER
HERE.
IN TERMS OF THE MEASURES, I WILL
SHOW YOU THE COVID-RELATED
STRESS MEASURES IN A SUBSEQUENT
SLIDE.
IN TERMS OF THE OUTCOME
MEASURES, WE HAVE A LOT OF
DIFFERENT AREAS LIKE PERCEIVED
STRESS SCALE S ALCOHOL USE
DISORDERS IDENTIFICATION TEST.
GENERALIZE ANXIETY DISORDER BY
THE GAD7 AND THE ALCOHOL CRAVING
SCALE.
WE HAVE SOME ADDITIONAL
SECONDARY OUTCOMES WE WERE
INTERESTED IN, INCLUDING
LONELINESS, DRINKING TO COPE AND
ALSO VERY IMPORTANTLY, NIAAA HAS
RECENTLY PUT OUT NEW DEFINITION
OF RECOVERY, WHICH REALLY
EXPANDS THE SCOPE FROM NOT JUST
ABSTINENCE ONLY BUT ALSO
CONSIDERING QUALITY OF LIFE AS
PART OF RECOVERY.
THINKING ABOUT THE WHOLE PERSON.
SO WE ALSO HAVE THIS MEASURE ON
QUALITY OF LIFE.
IT HAS FOUR DOMAINS, PHYSICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENT.
SO THESE ARE THE ITEMS TAKEN
FROM THE CDC.
WE SORT OF TOOK SOME OF THEM --
I THINK 13 OF THEM WERE FROM THE
QUESTION BANK AND THEN THERE
WERE A FEW THAT WE SORT OF ADDED
LIKE THE ESSENTIAL WORKER ONE
AND THEN THE LAST THREE
QUESTIONS WE KIND OF ADAPTED AND
INTEGRATED INTO THIS LIST.
BUT ESSENTIALLY, HERE I
COLOR-CODED THEM SO THE FIRST
COUPLE OF 1-5, THEY ARE RELATED
TO WORK.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE SECOND ONE IS
WORK MORE HOURS THAN USUAL.
THE THIRD IS WORKED REDUCED
HOURS.
NUMBER 4 IS, WAS NOT ABLE TO
WORK.
SO MOST OF THESE ARE POTENTIALLY
STRESSFUL.
THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION, NUMBER 1
WAS REVERSED CODED BECAUSE IT
TALKS ABOUT TELEWORK AND
PROBABLY THAT IS AN -- IN THE
LITERATURE, PEOPLE ALSO TALK
ABOUT IT AS INCREASED
FLEXIBLABILITY HELPS PEOPLE --
IT'S LESS STRESSFUL FOR PEOPLE.
ITEMS 6 AND 7 ARE RELATED TO
CHILD CARE.
NUMBER 8-14 ARE RELATED TO
FINANCIAL STRESS.
SO EXAMPLE WOULD BE INCOME OR
PAY HAS BEEN REDUCED OR NO PAY
AT ALL.
WE DON'T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO
PAY RENT, FOOD OR GAS AND SO ON.
AND THEN THE LAST THREE
QUESTIONS ARE RELATED TO WHETHER
THEY HAVE A FAMILY MEMBER OR
CLOSE FRIEND OR PARTNER BEING
AFFECTED BY COVID-19 IN TERMS OF
INFECTION, HOSPITALIZATION AND
DEATH.
ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE PERC
PERCENT.
SO FOR EXAMPLE, WORK MORE HOURS,
THIS WAS ENDORSED BY A 28% OF
THE SAMPLE.
INCOME OR PAY HAS BEEN REDUCED,
27%.
SO, WHEN I LOOK AT THE
LITERATURE AND SEE HOW PEOPLE GO
ABOUT MEASURING THE CONSTRUCT OF
COVID-RELATED STRESS, I SEE
PEOPLE TRYING TO JUST PACK THEM
UP IN TERMS OF STRESS.
SO THAT IS WHAT I HAVE DONE ON
THE LEFT HERE, CONTINUOUS SUM
SCORE.
SO YOU CAN SEE THAT PEOPLE
ENDORSE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF
COVID-RELATED STRESSORS AND IT
MAKES SENSE.
LIKE IT'S ONE METHOD OF DOING
IT.
ON THE RIGHT IS WHAT I CALL THE
CATEGORICAL GROUPING WHERE YOU
SORT OF LOOK AT THE ENDORSEMENT
AND THEN YOU CREATE SOME SORT OF
ARBITRARY CUTOFFS AND SAY, IF
SOMEONE ENDORSED 0 OR 1 OF THESE
STRESSORS, IT WOULD BE LOW
STRESS.
AND THEN 2-3 WOULD BE MEDIUM AND
THEN 4 OR MORE WOULD BE HIGH.
SO THAT'S WHAT I'VE DONE ON THE
RIGHT.
AND THEN I ALSO APPLIED THE LATE
IN CLASS ANALYSIS APPROACH WHICH
HAS THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY
HIDDEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHERE
THEY MUST SHARE THE SAME PATTERN
OF ENDORSEMENT FOR THESE
COVID-RELATED STRESSORS.
SO WE HAVE FOUR CLASSES.
THE FIRST CLASS MADE UP ABOUT
HALF OF THE SAMPLE, WHICH I CALL
MINIMAL COVID-RELATED IMPACT.
THE SECOND CLASS IS WORK
INTERRUPTIONS, ABOUT 25% OF THE
SAMPLE.
THEN THE THIRD CLASS, FAMILY OR
FRIENDS AFFECTED BY COVID IS
ABOUT 15%.
AND THEN THE LAST CLASS IS
SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESS.
YOU CAN SEE THAT CLASS IS ABOUT
9%.
SO SOME OF OUR KEY FINDINGS IS
THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT THESE
CLASSES, WE SEE HEALTH
DISPARITIES IN TERMS OF RACE AND
ETHNICITY.
WE SEE THAT LIKE THE
AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE MORE
LIKELY TO BE IN CLASS 3 WHERE
THEY HAVE FAMILY OR FRIENDS
AFFECTED BY COVID-19.
WHEN WE LOOK AT EDUCATION AND
INCOME, WE SEE THAT THOSE WITH
HIGHER -- HAVE MORE YEARS OF
EDUCATION AND HIGHER INCOME,
WERE MUCH LESS LIKELY TO BE IN
CLASS 4, THE CLASS WITH SERIOUS
FINANCIAL STRESS.
AND THEN FOR HISTORY OF AUD,
WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE IN THE
CLASSES WITH WORK INTERRUPTIONS
AND SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESS.
AND THEN, WHEN I LOOK AT SOME OF
THE OUTCOMES, IT'S VERY
CONSISTENT PATTERN.
IF I USE THE CONTINUOUS SUN
SCORE OR THE CATEGORICAL
VARIABLE, IT TELLS ME THAT MORE
STRESS, MORE WORST OUTCOMES.
HOWEVER, WHEN WE USE THE LEADING
CLASSES, IT'S CLEAR THAT THE
CLASS OF FINANCIAL STRESS, THE
LAST CLASS WITH 9%, ALWAYS HAD
THE HIGHEST ENDORSEMENT IN TERMS
OF PERCEIVED STRESS, IN TERMS OF
PROBLEMATIC DRINKING AND
DEPRESSION, ALCOHOL CRAVING.
AND GOING TO THE NEXT SLIDE,
IT'S ALSO.
SO I THINK IN THIS PARTICULAR
SITUATION, THE LEADING CLASS
ANALYSIS WAS QUITE USEFUL
BECAUSE IT HELPS US FIGURE OUT
WHAT GROUPS OF PEOPLE WE HAVE
AND IS NOT JUST LIKE MORE STRESS
WORST OUTCOMES BUT LIKE THERE IS
A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAD
SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESSORS AND
THEY ARE WORSE ACROSS MULTIPLE
OUTCOMES.
I THINK THAT THE ABILITY TO LOOK
AT THE DIFFERENT GROUPS,
DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS AND ALSO
INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD SORT OF
SHOWED THAT THERE MIGHT BE
CERTAIN GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO
MIGHT BE EXPERIENCING DIFFERENT
SETS OF STRESSORS.
SO I THINK IT'S INFORMATIVE FOR
INTERVENTION.
IN THE PAPER WE TALK ABOUT
HOLISTIC INTERVENTION AND
COMMUNITY OUTREACH WHICH I STILL
BELIEF IS VERY RELEVANT.
I HAVE A FEW THOUGHTS ABOUT LIKE
THE NEXT STEPS.
BUT SOME OF THE THINGS THAT WE
HAVE DONE WITH THIS SAME SAMPLE
IS TO LOOK AT ADDITIONAL
SUBGROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO MIGHT BE
MOST VULNERABLE TO STRESS.
SO USING THESE SAME ITEMS, FOR
EXAMPLE, IN A RECENT PAPER, WE
SHOWED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH A
HISTORY OF SUICIDALLY WAS MORE
VULNERABLE TO THE NEGATIVE
IMPACT OF STRESS ON MENTAL
HEALTH OUTCOMES.
THAT IS REALLY USEFUL APPROACH
TO IDENTIFY GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO
MIGHT NEED MORE HELP.
AND THEN, I THINK LONEYNESS
FINDING WAS INTERESTING
ESPECIALLY BECAUSE OF THE
LONELINESS EPIDEMIC.
WE SHOWED THAT PEOPLE WITH A
HISTORY OF AUD HAD HIGHER --
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS.
AND ONE OF THE MECHANISMS.
WE TESTED LONELINESS AND SOCIAL
SUPPORT AS POTENTIAL MEDIATORS
AND FOUND THAT ONLY LONELINESS
WAS ONE OF THE PATHWAYS.
AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST, I
THINK ABOUT WHAT WOULD BE THE
IMPLICATIONS?
SO ONE OF THE THINGS I'M VERY
EXCITED ABOUT IS CONNECT SOME OF
MY CLINICAL WORK HERE AT THE NIH
AND TRY TO TRANSLATE IT TO
INFORMED PRACTICE.
SO ONE OF THE -- ONE PAPER THAT
I HAVE IN REVIEW RIGHT NOW IS TO
TALK ABOUT HOW WE COULD SELECT
AND ADAPT SOME OF THE DBT SKILLS
TO TREAT ADDICTIONS.
SO I'M EXCITED TO HOPEFULLY SEE
THAT AND SHARE THAT WITH OTHERS
IN THE FUTURE.
I LIKE TO THANK AGAIN FOR THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK AND SHARE
OUR WORK.
I WANT TO THANK ALL THE
PARTICIPANTS AND THE PIs OF
THE STUDY.
AND MY CONTACT INFORMATION IS UP
THERE IF YOU WANT TO CONTACT ME
WITH QUESTIONS.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
PLEASE REMEMBER IF YOU HAVE
QUESTIONS, SUBMIT THEM WITH THE
SEND LIVE FEEDBACK.
THEY WILL COME TO MY E-MAIL AND
I'LL ASK THEM WHEN WE FINISH ALL
THE SPEAKERS.
ALSO THERE WAS ONE QUESTION
ABOUT WHERE TO FIND THE AGENDA.
IF YOU GO TO OUR OBSSR WEB PAGE
AND CLICK ON THIS EVENT, IT WILL
TAKE YOU TO THE -- YOU CAN SEE
THE REGISTRATION, CLICK ON THE
REGISTRATION PAGE, THERE IS A
TAB FOR THE AGENDA THAT IS
AVAILABLE THERE.
SO IF YOU ARE CURIOUS FOR THE
AGENDA, YOU CAN FIND IT THERE.
NEXT I'M GOING TO INTRODUCE
DR. KRISTIN PERRY.
SHE IS A NIDA T32 POST-DOCTORAL
FELLOW IN THE PREVENTION AND
METHODOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM
WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF
BIOBEHAVIORAL HEALTH AT THE
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY.
HER RESEARCH HAS ASSESSED THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION IN
EARLY CHILDHOOD AND EXAMINED THE
ROLE OF PEER RISK AND PROTECTIVE
FACTORS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM COORDINATION AND
PREDICTING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.
MORE RECENTLY, SHE HAS FOCUSED
ON THE ROLE OF THE PRENATAL
PERIOD AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR AND THE
USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN
NOVEL WAYS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND
THE IMPACT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND THE
ENVIRONMENT IN RELATIONSHIP WITH
EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR ACROSS
DEVELOPMENT.
HER PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY
HER RECENT PUBLICATION, PRENATAL
TOBACCO, TOBACCO-CANNABIS
COEXPOSURE AND CHILD EMOTION
REGULATION.
THE ROLE OF CHIDE AUTONOMIC
FUNCTIONING AND SENSITIVE
PARENTING WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.
SO DR. KRISTIN PERRY.
>> THANK YOU.
IT'S AN HONOR TO BE HERE TODAY
AND I'M REALLY EXCITED TO SHARE
SOME OF THIS RESEARCH FOCUSED ON
PRENATAL TOBACCO AND
TOBACCO-CANNABIS COEXPOSURE.
FIRST I WANT TO PROVIDE THE
CITATION AS WELL AS PROVIDE SOME
DISCLAIMERS AND THANK MY
CO-AUTHORS WHO WERE VERY
INFLUENTIAL IN THIS WORK.
THE OUTCOME OF INTEREST IN THIS
STUDY WAS EMOTION REGULATION AND
WHEN I TALK ABOUT EMOTION
REGULATION I'M TALKING ABOUT TWO
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS.
THE FIRST IS EMOTION REGULATION
WHICH REFERS TO CHANGES IN
INTENSITY AND DURATION OF
EMOTIONS IN RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS.
AND THE SECOND IS RAPID AND
EXAGGERATED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
AND MOOD CHANGES.
EMOTION REGULATION IS A CRITICAL
AND SOCIAL -- IN THIS STUDY, I
ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS THROUGH
A FEW AIMS.
THE FIRST IS DEVELOPMENTAL
MODEL, A TYPE OF MOL ED THAT AT
EACH DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE THERE
ARE SALIENT TASKS AND A FAILURE
TO MEET THOSE TASKS AT ONE
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE HAS
DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES TO THE
NEXT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE.
AS SPECIFICALLY INTERESTED IN
TESTING TWO DIFFERENT PATHWAYS
AT THESE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
INFLUENCE.
SO HERE IS OUR MODEL AND I'M
GOING TO BREAKDOWN THE TWO
DIFFERENT PATHWAYS I TESTED IN
THIS STUDY.
THE FIRST PATHWAY WAS A
REGULATION AND REACTIVITY
PATHWAY THAT -- PRENATAL TOBACCO
EXPOSURE AND CANNABIS COEXPOSURE
IN ADDITION TO PRENATAL NEGATIVE
MOOD WHICH OFTEN OCCURS WITH
SUBSTANCE USE AND A RISK FACTOR
FOR CHILD EMOTION REGULATION
DEFICITS ON ITS OWN.
SO I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE
PRENATAL RISKS AND THREE
DIFFERENT FACTORS.
SO THE PRENATAL RISKS WERE
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTION NOTHINGED TOULAR HOOD
AND THEN ASSOCIATED WITH
EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN EMOTION
REGULATIONS AT EARLY SCHOOL AGE.
AND I WANT TO BREAKDOWN
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONING.
THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM IS THE REST AND DIGEST
SYSTEM.
AND IT WAS MEASURED USING
RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA,
THE HEART RATE INNER BEAT IN
CONJUNCTION WITH RESPIRATION.
AND IF YOU SAW A BEAR IN THE
WILD OR AT THE NIH CAMPUS, WE
WOULD EXPECT THAT YOUR
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
WITHDRAW AND RESULT IN ACTION
AND RESPONSE TO THREAT TO FIGHT
THE BEAR OR RUN FROM THE BEAR.
HOWEVER, IF YOU SAW A PUPPY AND
YOU LIKE PUPPIES, WE MIGHT
EXPECT YOUR PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM WOULD ACTIVATE
AND RESULT IN RSA AUGMENTATION.
PRACTICALLY THIS WOULD RESULT IN
EITHER EQUILIBRIUM OR ENGAGEMENT
WITH THE PUPPY OR THE OWNERS.
WHEN THINKING ABOUT THE
PARASYMPATHET IIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
IT'S IMPORTANT TOL CONSIDER THE
CONTEXT IN WHICH IT'S MEASURED.
THE FIRST CONTEXT OF MEASUREMENT
WAS BASELINE SO THIS REFLECTS AN
INDIVIDUAL'S GENERAL ABILITY TO
REGULATE.
AND THERE IS A LARGE BODY OF
LITERATURE THAT SUGGESTS THAT
LOW BASELINE RSA IS ASSOCIATED
WITH POOR EMOTIONAL REGULATION
OR HIGHER ABILITY OF NEGATIVITY.
THE SECOND WAY TO ASSESS THE
STUDY IS THROUGH RSA REACTIVITY
WHICH IN THIS STUDY REFERS TO A
CHANGE FROM BASELINE TO A
FRUSTRATION TASK.
AND HERE IS THE TASK THAT WAS
USED, A GENTLE ARMORY STRAINED
PARADIGM.
TODDLERS WATCHED A VIDEO FOR
THREE MINUTES AND THEN THE
PARADIGM STARTED.
A TOY WAS PLACED IN FRONT OF THE
TODDLERS AND THEIR ARMS WERE
HELD SO THEY COULDN'T PLAY WITH
THE TOY.
SO THOSE TWO REACTIVITY TRIALS
WERE AVERAGED AND BASELINE
VALUES WERE SUBTRACT FRIDAY THEM
TO INDEX RSA REACTIVITY.
IN REGARDS TO RSA REACTIVITY,
THE LITERATURE IS MORE MIXED BUT
GENERALLY A MODERATE AMOUNT OF
WITHDRAWAL MAY BE ADAPTIVE.
THE SECOND PATHWAY OF INTEREST
WAS A CHRONIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK PATHWAY AND GIVEN THE
PRENATAL RISKS IN THIS STUDY, I
WAS INTERESTED IN EXAMINING
CHRONISITY AND POSTNATAL
SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE AS WELL AS
CREPEISITY TO MATERNAL NEGATIVE
MOOD.
BOTH FACTORS WERE ASSOCIATED
WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF --
ELEVATED NEGATIVITY OR POOR
EMOTION REGULATION AT EARLY
SCHOOL AGE.
AND THE SECOND AIM OF THE STUDY
WAS FOCUSED ON EXAMINING
DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
THEORY.
NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
FUNCTIONS AS A MODERATOR BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN
DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES.
CHILDREN WHO ARE MORE REACTIVE
ARE THEORIZED TO BE MORE
SENSITIVE TO BOTH POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE CONTEXT.
AND ONE WAY THIS IS SOMETIMES
EXPLAINED IS THROUGH METAPHOR
WITH DANDELIONS AND ORCHIDS.
AND SO IF YOU KNOW FLOWERS, YOU
KNOW DANDELIONS FLOURISH
ANYWHERE.
THIS IS ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD
AND IT LOOKS PRETTY GOOD.
AND THIS IS WHAT WE MIGHT
CONSIDER A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT
SO A DANDELION IN A FLOWER
FIELD.
IN BOTH ENVIRONMENTS IT LOOKS
PRETTY SIMILAR.
THIS IS A METAPHOR FOR OUR LESS
REACTIVE CHILDREN.
SO CHILDREN WHO ARE LESS
REACTIVE ARE THEORIZED TO HAVE
SIMILAR OUTCOMES REGARDLESS OF
THE ENVIRONMENT THAT THEY ARE
IN.
WHEREAS ORCHIDS ARE MORE
REACTIVE.
IN THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT THEY
WILL HAVE THE WORST OUTCOMES OF
ALL.
BUT IN A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT,
THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE THE BEST
OUTCOMES.
IN THIS STUDY I WAS INTERESTED
IN DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
AND SENSITIVE PARENTING.
SENSITIVE PARENTING IS A
PARENT'S ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE
THEIR CHILD'S NEEDS AND RESPOND
APPROPRIATELY.
THIS IS A TARGET FOR MANY
PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION
EFFORTS.
SO THE HYPOTHESIS WAS CHILDREN
WHO ARE MORE REACTIVE ARE MORE
LIKELY TO BE SENSITIVE TO THIS
POSITIVE CONTEXT OF SENSITIVE
PARENTING RELATIVE TO THOSE WHO
ARE LESS REACTIVE.
AND I ASSESSED THIS THROUGH
INTERACTIONS WITH RSA AND
SENSITIVE PARENTING.
IN TERMS OF THE SAMPLE, THIS WAS
A SAMPLE OF 247 MOTHER-CHILD
DIETS RECRUITED IN THE FIRST
TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY,
PREDOMINANTLY PLAQUE AND SINGLE
MOTHERS AND PEOPLE WERE
RECRUITED INTO THREE GROUPS.
EXPOSURE GROUP AND THEN A
DEMOGRAPHIC CONTROL GROUP THAT
WAS MATCHED ON MATERNAL AGE AND
EDUCATION.
AND THE SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE
GROUPS ARE CREATED BASED ON
THREE METHODS, THE FIRST
MATERNAL SELF REPORT OF
SUBSTANCE USE, THE SECOND WAS
MATERNAL SALIVA AND THE THIRD
WAS MA CONE YUM.
THERE ARE NO GROUP DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE GROUPS IN REGARDS TO
DEMOGRAPHICS WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF RACE AND ETHNICITY WHERE THE
DEMOGRAPHIC CONTROL GROUP HAD
THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF MOTHERS OF
COLOR.
THE STUDY WAS PRE REGISTERED ON
OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK AND IT
WAS A MULTIMETHOD STUDY SO I'M
NOT GOING TO GO INTO DETAIL IN
THE MEASURES BUT I'M HAPPY TO
ANSWER QUESTIONS IF PEOPLE HAVE
THEM.
BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS WERE USED AT
ALL-TIME POINTS.
INTERVIEWS WERE USED AT ALL-TIME
POINTS.
SAYS REPORT WAS USED AT EARLY
SCHOOL AGE.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA WAS COLLECTED
IN TODDLER HOOD.
MATERNAL REPORT WAS USED AT
ALL-TIME POINTS.
AND TEACHER REPORT WAS USED AS
EARLY SCHOOL AGE.
SO IN REGARDS TO EMOTION
REGULATION WE HAD ACCESSOR
REPORT, TEACHER REPORT AND
MATERNAL REPORT.
CHILDREN CAME INTO THE LAB
SESSION AT EARLY SCHOOL AGE AND
AFTER THAT SESSION, RESEARCH
ASSISTANTS COMPLETED REPORTS OF
CHILDREN'S EMOTION REGULATION
THAT COMPRISES THE ASSESSOR
REPORT.
AND THEN A MATH ANALYSIS WAS
USED TO ASSESS THESE AIMS AND
IT'S A TYPE OF STATISTICAL
KECKNIQUE WHERE YOU REGRESS THE
OUTCOMES AT ONE TIME PERIOD ON
THE PREDICTORS OF THE PREVIOUS
TIME PERIOD SO IT REALLY ALLOWS
US TO EXAMINE PERSPECTIVE
LONGITUDINAL DIFFERENCES.
AND ON TO THE RESULTS.
I'M GOING BREAKDOWN THIS MODEL A
LITTLE BIT BASED ON THE
HYPOTHESIZED PATHWAYS I WANTED
TO SHOW THE ENTIRE MODEL.
YOU'LL NOTICE THE DEVELOPMENTAL
PERIOD IS AT THE TOP.
AND THEN DOWN HERE I WANT TO
POINT OUT THE MODEL PROVIDED A
GOOD FIT TO THE DATA.
SO ON TO THE FIRST POTENTIAL
PATHWAY, REGULATION AND
REACTIVITY PATHWAY.
WE FOUND THAT LOW BASELINE RSA
WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER
ABILITY NEGATIVITY AS WE EXPECT.
AND WE ALSO SAW THIS ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN PRENATAL MATERNAL
NEGATIVE MOOD AND EMOTIONAL
REACTIVITY IN LATE TODDLER HOOD.
YOU'LL NOTICE THAT THERE ARE NO
PATHWAYS FROM THE PRENATAL
FACTORS TO EARLY SCHOOL AGE
EMOTION REGULATION THROUGH THESE
MECHANISMS.
SO HOWEVER ALL THERE WAS LIMITED
EVIDENCE FOR THIS PATHWAY.
AND THEN IN TERMS OF THE SECOND
HYPOTHESIZED PATHWAY, WE FOUND
THAT PRENATAL MATERNAL NEGATIVE
MOOD AND TOBACCO ONLY EXPOSURE
WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER
LEVELS OF MOST NATAL MATERNAL
NEGATIVE MOOD.
AND THEN POSTNATAL MATERNAL
NEGATIVE MOOD WAS NEGATIVELY
ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTION
REGULATION.
IN TERMS OF POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE
ACCIDENT SUPPOSURE, ALL THE
PRENATAL RISKS WERE ASSOCIATED
WITH POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE
ACCIDENT SUPPOSURE AND IT WAS
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF
NEGATIVITY AS WE HAD
HYPOTHESIZED.
WE FOUND AN UNEXPECTED EFFECT
WHERE HIGHER LEVELS OF POSTNATAL
SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE WERE
ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER RATINGS
OF EMOTION REGULATION AND SO
THIS IS NOT SOMETHING THAT WE
HYPOTHESIZED.
WE HYPOTHESIZED IT IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
AND THE ONE ALTERNATIVE
EXPLANATION FOR THIS FINDING IS
THAT THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE MIGHT
MATTER.
SO IN A POST-HOC ANALYSIS THEY
LOOKED AT ALCOHOL, CANNABIS AND
TOBACCO EXPOSURE.
AND WHAT WE SAW IS THAT CANNABIS
EXPOSURE IS WHAT IS DRIVING THIS
POSITIVE ASSOCIATION.
AND THIS MIGHT BE BECAUSE THERE
IS SOME LITERATURE THAT SUGGESTS
THAT CANNABIS CAN ALTER THE
VALIDITY OF PEOPLE'S RATINGS OF
BEHAVIOR SO MOTHERS WERE
REPORTING MORE CANNABIS USE,
MIGHT BE PERCEIVING THEIR
CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR IN A
DIFFERENT WAY.
ADDITIONALLY, THIS COULD BE A
STATISTICAL ARTIFACT.
WE ARE CONTROLLING FOR THINGS
LIKE MOOD IN THE MODEL, AND THEN
WHAT IS LEFT OVER AND CANNABIS
EXPOSURE MIGHT BE POSITIVELY
ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTION
REGULATION.
DEFINITELY MORE WORK NEEDS TO BE
DONE TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THESE
TYPES OF FINDINGS.
AND THEN THE SECOND AIM OF THE
STUDY.
THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT
INTERACTION BETWEEN RSA
REACTIVITY AND THE SENSITIVE
PARENTING IN PREDICTING ASSESSOR
REPORTED EMOTION REGULATION.
AND WE HAVE EMOTION REGULATION
ON THE Y AXINGS AND SENSITIVE
PARENTING ON THE X AXIS.
SO CHILDREN WITH RSA WITHDRAWAL,
THAT IS THAT POTENTIALLY MORE
ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO OUR
FRUSTRATION TASK.
FOR THOSE CHILDREN, WE SEE
SENSITIVE PARENTING IS
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF
EMOTION REGULATION.
SO THESE CHILDREN WHO EXPERIENCE
RSA WITHDRAWAL, THEY ARE GETTING
THAT PROTECTIVE BENEFIT FROM
SENSITIVE PARENTING.
SO THESE CHILDREN MIGHT BE OUR
ORCHIDS, SENSITIVE TO THAT
POSITIVE CONTEXT.
WHEREAS CHILDREN WHO SHOWED RSA
AUGMENTATION, DOTTED LINE,
THAT'S NOT POTENTIAL THAT'S
POTENTIALLY LES ADAPTIVE
RESPONSE, NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
SENSITIVE PARENTING AND EMOTION
REGULATION.
SO THOSE CHILDREN ARE GETTING NO
POSITIVE BENEFIT FROM SENSITIVE
PARENTING.
SO THESE MIGHT BE OUR DANDEL
DANDELIONS.
PARTICULARLY WE SAW THAT
POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE AND
NEGATIVE MOOD REALLY MEDIATED
THESE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN
PRENATAL RISKS AND EMOTION
REGULATION.
HOWEVER, WE HAD SOME UNEXPECTED
FINDINGS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING
CANNABIS EXPOSURE AND MORE
RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE DONE TO
DISENTANGLE THESE ASSOCIATIONS
AND BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ROLE
OF MATERNAL MOOD VERSUS BE
STANCE EXPOSURE WHICH OFTEN CO
CO-OCCUR.
THERE IS LESS EVIDENCE FOR THE
PHYSIOLOGIY AND REACTIVITY
PATHWAY AND SOME OF THIS MIGHT
BE BECAUSE OF THE TIMING OF
MEASUREMENT.
SO SOME OF OUR PRIOR WORK WE
FOUND THAT PARTICULARLY
COEXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONING AND INFANCY.
SO A DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING MIGHT
BE CRITICAL.
ADDITIONALLY WE SAW THAT
BASELINE RSA PREDICTED
NEGATIVITY AS WE EXPECTED.
SO MORE RESEARCH CAN BE DONE TO
DETERMINE WHAT REALLY PREDICTS
BASELINE RSA FOR THESE CHILDREN.
WE SAW THAT THERE WAS AN
INTERACTION BETWEEN RSA REACT
ACTIVITY AND SENSITIVE PARENTING
IN PREDICTING EMOTION
REGULATION.
AND I THINK THIS WAS REALLY
NOTABLE TO US BECAUSE IT
SUGGESTS THAT NOT ALL CHILDREN
ARE GETTING THE SAME BENEFIT
FROM SENSITIVE PARENTING.
SO IT'S REALLY CRITICAL TO
FIGURE OUT WHEN THESE
INTERACTIONS MIGHT BE MORE
SALIENT AND WHAT FACTORS MIGHT
BE MORE IMPACTFUL FOR WHICH
SPECIFIC CHILDREN.
AND IN SOME CONSISTENT WITH THE
LEGACY, IT'S IMPORTANT TO
EXAMINE THESE DIFFERENT
PATHWAYSES AND MULTIPLE LEVELS
OF INFLUENCE AS WELL AS
INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INFLUENCE.
I'D LIKE TO THANK THE FAMILIES
FIRST AND FOREMOST AND ALSO NIDA
WHO FUNDED THIS WORK AND FUNDS
MY TIME.
AND THEN THANK YOU AGAIN FOR
HAVING ME HERE TODAY.
>> THANK YOU DR. PERRY.
SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TOL
INTRODUCE OUR NEXT ESI,
DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN WHO IS A
NIDA T32 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW IN
THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
HER PROGRAM OF RESEARCH EXAMINES
THE COMPLEXISH PLAY BETWEEN
BIOLOGICAL AND CONTEXTURAL
INFLUENCES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH
SELF-REGULATION.
I'M DOING THIS WITHOUT MY
GLASSES.
SO I'M GOING TO STRETCH MY NOTES
A LITTLE.
SHE IS INTERESTED IN
SELF-REGULATION AS AN
INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPE LINK
GENOMICS TO OUTCOMES AS WELL AS
UNDERSTANDING THE -- PASSIONATE
ABOUT THE INCLUSION OF
UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND
TAKING A STRENGTH-BASED APPROACH
TO UNDERSTANDING THE VARIOUS
FACTORS IMPLICATED IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO, EMOTIONAL
COMPETENCIES FOR CHILDREN OF ALL
BACKGROUNDS.
THIS PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY
HER RECENT PUBLICATION, NOVEL
MEASURES OF FAMILY ORIENTATION
AND CHILDHOOD SELF-REGULATION.
A GENETICALLY INFORMED TWIN
STUDY WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN THE
JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY.
DO I HAVE YOUR RIGHT SLIDE UP
HERE?
THIS IS NOT HOW THE SLIDES ARE
SUPPOSED TO LOOK.
>> I'M GOING TO TRY TO BE A
DANDELION DURING THIS
PRESENTATION.
SO THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.
I'M REALLY EXCITED TO SHARE MY
WORK TITLED NOVEL MEASURES OF
FAMILY ORIENTATION AND CHILDHOOD
SELF-REGULATION, A GENETICALLY
INFORMED TWIN STUDY.
SO FAMILIAR LIMP IS A
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CULTURAL
CONSTRUCT IDENTIFIED IN HISPANIC
AND LATINX FAMILIES THAT CENTERS
AROUND SUPPORT, OBLIGATION AND
REFERENCE TO THE FAMILY UNIT.
A MAJORITY OF THE RESEARCH ON
FAMILIARISM IS CONDUCTED IN
ADOLESCENT SAMPLES WITH FEW
RESEARCH OCCURRING IN THE MIDDLE
CHILDHOOD PERIOD.
THE FEW STUDIES THAT EXIST SHOW
THAT GREATER PARENT REPORTED
FAMILISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH
GREATER PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND
GREATER ACADEMIC MOTIVATION.
HOWEVER, WE KNOW THAT CHILDREN
IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD ARE
BEGINNING TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN
VALUE SYSTEMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
THE FAMILY UNIT AND SO, BETTER
MEASUREMENT IS NEEDED OUTSIDE OF
PARENT REPORT TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND YOUTH ENDORSEMENT OF
FAMILISM AND HOW THAT MAY IMPACT
THEIR DEVELOPMENT LATER ON.
ADDITIONALLY, FAMILY CULTURAL
VALUES SHAPE CHILDREN SOCIOAND
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
AND IN PARTICULAR,
SELF-REGULATION.
HOWEVER, INTERESTINGLY, THERE IS
VERY LITTLE RESEARCH EXAMINING
THE LENGTH BETWEEN CULTURAL
VALUES AND CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
AND THE ONE EXPLICIT RESEARCH
STUDY I FOUND WAS A MIXED METHOD
STUDY OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN
FAMILIES AND FOUND THAT FAMILY
CULTURAL VALUES WERE NOT
ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
SO, AGAIN, MORE RESEARCH IS NE
NEEDED.
GIVEN THE SALIENT IMPORTANCE OF
SELF-REGULATION FOR NOT ONLY
CHILDREN BUT ACROSS THE LIFES
LIFESPAN.
AND JUST TO PIVOT A LITTLE BIT.
WE KNOW THAT SELF-REGULATION IS
INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES.
ADDITIONALLY, THE CULTURAL
GENOMICS PERSPECTIVE PAUSE THAT
IS NEARLY EVERY COMMENT AND
BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME IS INFLUENCED
BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND
CULTURAL INFLUENCES.
HOWEVER, THE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR
GENETICS LARGELY IGNORES THE
ROLE OF CULTURE IN UNDERSTANDING
THE ETIOLOGY OF COMPLEX HUMAN
TRAITS AND SO THIS IS WHERE I
HOPE MY WORKING COME IN.
AND SO SOME OF THE BROAD OVERALL
QUESTION OF THIS STUDY WAS ARE
CULTURAL PROCESSES WITHIN THE
FAMILY RELATED TO CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION?
AND SO THERE WERE THREE MAIN
AIMS OF THE STUDY.
THE FIRST AIM WAS TO TAKE A
MULTIMETHOD APPROACH TO CREATE A
NOVEL MEASURE OF FAMILY
ORIENTATION IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD.
AND THIS INCLUDED CODING PARENT
CHILD INTERACTION TASKS, PARENT
REPORTED MEASURES, AS WELL AS
OBSERVER REPORTS.
THE SECOND AIM OF THE STUDY WAS
TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER FAMILY
CULTURAL VALUES WERE ASSOCIATED
WITH CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION.
AND I HYPOTHESIZED THAT GREATER
FAMILY ORIENTATION WOULD BE
ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ADAPTIVE
SELF-REGULATION.
AND THEN THE THIRD AIM WAS TO
UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL
INTERPLAY BETWEEN FAMILY
CULTURAL VALUES AND CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
AND HERE I HYPOTHESIZED THAT
GREATER FAMILY CULTURAL VALUES
WOULD INCREASE THE ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIANTS IN CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
SO PARTICIPANTS WERE DRAWN FROM
THE LONGITUDINAL ARIZONA TWIN
PROJECT AND AT THE CURRENT WAVE
THAT IS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY,
YOUTH WERE ABOUT EIGHT YEARS
OLD.
AND THESE ARE TWINS FROM THE
STATE OF ARIZONA.
IN ABOUT A THIRD OF THE SAMPLE
IDENTIFIED AS HISPANIC OR LAT
LATINO.
AND SO AS I PREVIOUSLY
MENTIONED, FAMILISM IS
HISTORICALLY IDENTIFIED IN
HISPANIC AND LATINX FAMILIES BUT
RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT FAMILISM
SHOWS MEASUREMENT IN VARIETIES
ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FAMILIES AS WELL AS ACROSS
DIFFERENT RACIAL ETHNIC GROUPS.
-- DIVERSE SAMPLE OF FAMILIES.
I'M GOING TO CALL THIS CONSTRUCT
FAMILY ORIENTATION SO THE
CULTURAL PROCESS INVOLVING AN
EMPHASIS ON PROVIDING SUPPORT,
RESPECT, OBLIGATION TO THE
FAMILY SYSTEM.
SO, HERE ON AIM 1, I INCLUDED A
BUNCH OF MEASURES THAT I THOUGHT
MIGHT BE INDICATIVE OF FAMILY
ORIENTATION THAT I WILL
EVENTUALLY INCLUDE IN AN
EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS.
SO FIRST, THERE ARE PARENT CHILD
INTERACTION TASKS THAT WERE
ALREADY COLLECTED.
AND SO A PARENT AND EACH TWIN,
WOULD TALK FOR 7 1/2 MINUTES AND
I DEVELOPED A CODING SCHEME IN
WHICH WE RATED THE EXTENT THAT
THE CONVERSATION WAS INDICATIVE
OF FAMILY ORIENTATION.
SO HERE I DERIVED BOTH PARENT
FAMILY ORIENTATION AS WELL AS
CHILD FAMILY ORIENTATION.
I ALSO INCLUDED THE PARENT
REPORTED MEXICAN-AMERICAN
CULTURAL VALUE SCALE WHICH IS A
GOLD STANDARD MEASURE OF FAMILY
CULTURAL VALUES.
AND THEN, I ALSO INCLUDED
EXPERIMENTER ASSESSMENTS OF THE
PARENT CHILD DIE ADD THROUGH THE
WHOLE VISIT.
SO THIS WOULD INCLUDE THINGS
LIKE HOW AFFECTIVELY MATCHED WAS
THE PARENT WITH THEIR CHILD
THROUGHOUT THE HOME VISIT?
HOW COMPLIANT WAS THE CHILD WITH
THE PRIMARY CAREGIVER AND THE
EXPERIMENTER?
SO THOSE SORTS OF QUESTIONS.
AND THEN MEASURES OF
SELF-REGULATION INCLUDED TASK
BASE, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING.
SO THERE WAS THE CONTINUOUS
PERFORMANCE TASK AND DIGIT SPAN
BACKWARD.
AS WELL AS PARENT AND
TEEATURE-REPORTED EFFORTFUL
CONTROL, ACT VEILED CONTROL,
INHIBITORY CONTROL AND
ATTENTIONAL FOCUSING.
SO AGAIN, AIM 1 USED THIS
ANALYSIS TO DERIVE NOVEL
MEASURES OF FAMILY ORIENTATION.
AND I TESTED ONE, TWO AND 3
FACTOR SOLUTIONS AND I ENDED UP
GOING WITH THE TWO FACTOR
SOLUTION.
GIVEN THEORETICAL SUPPORT FOR
FAMILY ORIENTATION VALUES AS
WELL AS BEHAVIORS.
SO FOR VALUES, WE HAVE GOT THAT
PARENT-REPORTED MEXICAN-AMERICAN
CULTURAL VALUE SCALE.
SO SUPPORT, OBLIGATION -- FAMILY
ORIENTATION DERIVED FROM THE
CODED VIDEOTAPE AS WELL AS
MEASURES FROM EXPERIMENTER
OBSERVATIONS OF TWIN AFFECT
DURING THE HOME VISIT.
AND SO, FACTOR LOADINGS ABOVE .3
WERE RETAINED SO WHATEVER YOU
SEE IN THOSE SQUARES WERE
RETAINED AS FACTORS AND CARRIED
OUT THROUGH ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS.
SO FOR AIM TWO, WHICH WAS TO
USED MULTILEVEL REGRESSION
ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER
OR NOT FAMILY ORIENTATION WAS
ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REGULATION,
INTERESTINGLY, I FOUND THAT
FAMILY ORIENTATION VALUES WERE
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
HOWEVER, FAMILY ORIENTATION
BEHAVIORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
BETTER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING
PERFORMANCE WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF DIGIT SPAN BACKWARD.
AS WELL AS HIGHER REPORTED
PARENT AND TEACHER-REPORTED
EFFORTFUL CONTROL.
AND THEN AIM 3 AGAIN, WANTED TO
USE THE TWINNESS OF THE SAMPLE
TO UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL
INTERPLAY BETWEEN FAMILY
ORIENTATION AND YOUTH
SELF-REGULATION.
AND AGAIN, THIS AIM IS UNIQUE IN
THAT MOST STUDIES CAN'T GET AT
THIS QUESTION BUT GIVEN THAT
THERE ARE TWINS, WE CAN TAKE A
LOOK.
SO THE TWIN METHOD IS A POWERFUL
TOOL THAT ALLOWS US TO USE THE
EXTENT THAT IDENTICAL AND
FRATERNAL TWINS ARE RELATED TO
MAKE ASSERTIONS ABOUT THE
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR PHENOTYPE
OF INTEREST.
SO VERY GENERALLY, IDENTICAL
TWINS SHARE 100% OF THEIR GENES
WHEREAS FRATERNAL TWINS SHARE
ABOUT ON AVERAGE, 50% OF THEIR
DNA.
SO IF YOU -- IF MONOZYGOTIC OR
IDENTICAL TWINS ARE MORE SIMILAR
ON A TRAIT COMPARED TO FRATERNAL
TWINS, THEN WE CAN ASSERT THAT
THE TRAIT IS GENETICALLY
INFLUENCED.
HOWEVER, IF ASSOCIATIONS ARE
COMPARABLE ACROSS IDENTICAL AND
FRATERNAL TWINS, THEN THAT TELLS
US THAT MAYBE THE ENVIRONMENT
MAY BE MORE IMPORTANT IN
EXPLAINING VARIATION OF A TRAIT.
AND SO WHAT WE CAN DO IS THEN
DECOMPOSE THIS INFORMATION INTO
A SPECIAL CASE OF STRUCTURALLY
PATIENT MODELING.
THIS IS WHAT WE CALL A
UNIVARIATE TWIN MODEL.
SO A, STANDS FOR ADDITIVE
GENETIC INFLUENCES OR THIS
LATENT IDEA OF A LOT OF GENES
INFLUENCING THE TRAIT.
C IS SHARED C IS THE NON-SHARED
ENVIRONMENT.
THESE ARE ASPECTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
THE TWIN DISSIMILARITIY.
SO THESE ARE THINGS LIKE ONE
TWIN GETTING AN ILLNESS.
ATTENDING DIFFERENT SCHOOLS AND
E ALSO INCLUDES MEASUREMENT
ERROR.
AND SO, NOT SHOWN HERE, WE FOUND
THAT ALL THE MEASURES OF
SELF-REGULATION WERE INFLUENCED
BY ADDITIVE GENETIC AND
NON-SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES SO THE A AND B
PATHs.
AND REALLY INTERESTINGLY, THIS
HAS NEVER BEEN DONE BEFORE.
WE WERE ABLE TOL DECOMPOSE THE
VARIANTS ON FAMILY ORIENTATION
BEHAVIORS GIVEN THAT THERE WAS A
SEPARATE SCORE FOR EACH TWIN.
AND WHAT WE FIND IS LARGELY
BEHAVIORS WERE INFLUENCED BY
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES BUT
REALLY INTERESTINGLY, IS WE ALSO
SEE THIS ADDITIVE GENETIC
INFLUENCE, WHICH IS CONCORDANT
WITH THEORY SUGGESTING THAT EVEN
MEASURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT ARE
TO SOME DEGREE GENETICALLY
INFLUENCED.
AND THE UNIVARIATE TWIN MODEL
CAN BE EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE
ROLE OF A MODERATOR AS SHOWN BY
THE TRIANGLES.
THIS TESTS WHETHER IN THIS CASE
FAMILY ORIENTATION, VALUES AND
BEHAVIORS DOES IT MODERATE THE
ADDITIVE GENETIC, SHARED
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NON-SHARED
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON
SELF-REGULATION?
SO KIND OF GETTING AT THAT GENE
ENVIRONMENT CULTURE INTERPLAY.
AND INTERESTINGLY, ACROSS ALL
MODELS, I FOUND THAT FAMILY
ORIENTATION VALUES AND BEHAVIORS
DID NOT MODERATE THE ETIOLOGY OF
CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION.
SO IT SEEMS THAT FAMILY
ORIENTATION BEHAVIORS SEEM TO BE
IMPORTANT FOR MEAN LEVELS OF
SELF-REGULATION BUT MAYBE NOT
FOR THE GENETIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ETIOLOGY OF
REGULATION.
AND SO FOR OUR DISCUSSION FOR
AIM 1, I WAS ABLE TO DERIVE A
NOVEL MEASURE OF FAMILY
ORIENTATION THAT GOES BEYOND
PARENT-REPORTED MEASURES.
AND FOR AIM 2, AND CONCORDANT
WITH PREVIOUS LITERATURE, I
FOUND THAT FAMILY ORIENTATION
BEHAVIORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
BETTER CHILDREN'S
SELF-REGULATION.
SO THIS SUGGESTS THAT CHILDREN'S
BEHAVIOR, FAMILY ORIENTATION
BEHAVIORS OR BEHAVIORAL
MANIFESTATIONS OF THEIR CULTURAL
VALUES, MAY BE A REALLY
IMPORTANT AND ACCURATE WAY TO
ASSESS THEIR CULTURAL VALUES IN
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD.
AND AGAIN, I DID NOT FIND THAT
FAMILY ORIENTATION -- SPANS
BACKWARD.
TELL ASSESSES CHILDREN'S WORKING
MEMORY WHICH WORKING MEMORY IS
SHOWN TO HAVE A SLOWER
DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRESSION
COMPARED TO OTHER
SELF-REGULATORY PROCESSES SUCH
AS INHIBITORY CONTROL.
SO IT'S POSSIBLE THAT IT'S JUST
TOO EARLY TO ASSESS THIS
ASSOCIATION.
AND THEN IN TERMS OF AIM 3, SO
EXAMINING THE GENETIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL
CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERPLAY
BETWEEN FAMILY CULTURAL VALUES
AND SELF-REGULATION.
AGAIN, I FOUND THAT MEAN LEVELS,
THAT FAMILY ORIENTATION SEEMS TO
BE IMPORTANT FOR MEAN LEVELS OF
CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION BUT
MAY NOT BE SALIENT FOR THE
ETIOLOGY OF SELF-REGULATION THAT
THE AGE.
AND SO IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO
TRACK THIS AS YOUTH ENTER INTO
ADOLESCENCE, A PERIOD OF RAPID
GROWTH IN SELF-REGULATION.
SO, I'M GOING TO BE HONEST.
I DO NOT REMEMBER THE STRENGTHS
OF THE STUDY.
SOME I CAN THINK OF OFF THE TOP
OF MY HEAD IS THAT I REALLY
THINK THIS WORK IS IMPORTANT TO
FURTHER THE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR
GENETICS IN THAT IT NOT ONLY --
IT INCLUDES DEVELOPMENTAL
PERSPECTIVE, GENOMIC
PERSPECTIVES AND ALSO CULTURALLY
INFORMED PERSPECTIVES TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT FOR
CHILDREN ACROSS A VARIETY OF
DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS.
SO, THE TAKE-HOME MESSAGE FOR
TODAY IS FAMILY ORIENTATION IS
IMPORTANT FOR YOUTH
SELF-REGULATION.
THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU.
WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR
FLEXIBILITY AND TENACITY THERE.
I THINK THESE SLIDES WERE
CORRECT WHEN WE UPLOADED THEM
BUT THERE IS SOME SORT OF
TRANSLATION THAT IS HAPPENING ON
THIS DEVICE THAT SEEMS TO HAVE
MISSED YOUR THOUGHT OR
SOMETHING.
THAT IS WHAT WE HAVE GUESSED
BECAUSE AS FAR AS WE CAN SEE ON
OUR COMPUTERS, EVERYTHING LOOKS
GREAT.
ONE OPTION IS WE WILL
PROBABLY -- IF YOU DON'T MIND,
WE CAN MAKE A PDF OF YOUR SLIDES
AND ATTACH IT TO OUR WEBSITE SO
THAT PEOPLE CAN GO BACK AND LOOK
AT THEM BECAUSE WE REALLY
APPRECIATE THAT.
AND MAYBE YOU CAN REVIEW YOUR
STRENGTHS AND WE CAN DISCUSS
THEM IN THE DISCUSSION.
AND YES, YOU OBVIOUSLY KNOW YOUR
WORK VERY WELL BECAUSE YOU WERE
ABLE TO JUST TALK ABOUT IT OFF
THE TOP OF YOUR HEAD.
SO THANKS.
SO, FOR THE LAST OF OUR
PRESENTATIONS IN OUR ESIs, WE
HAVE ELYSE THULIN AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DR. ELYSE THULIN USES -- FIREARM
ARM RELATED INJURY IN
ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING ADULTS
AND VARIATIONS BY INTENT GENDER
MORALITY AND THE WAYS THAT
TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE SPACES CAN
EXACERBATE OR BE LEVERAGED TO
REDUCE THE RISK OF HARM.
TODAY -- I CAN FORWARD THAT
SLIDE.
TODAY, HER PRESENTATION IS
INSPIRED BY HER ARTICLE,
LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF
ELECTRONIC DATING VIOLENCE ON
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND
DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS ACROSS
ADOLESCENCE PUBLISHED IN THE
JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL
VIOLENCE F YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS, PLEASE SUBMIT THEM
INTO THE ONLINE PORTAL AND WE
WILL BE FOLLOWING UP THIS
PRESENTATION WITH OUR Q&A.
SO DR. ELYSE THULIN, IF YOU WANT
TO COME UP.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR
HAVING ME HERE.
THAT LAST PRESENTATION WAS
AMAZING.
I WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO
SUCH A PERFORMANCE WITHOUT
SLIDES.
SO ANOTHER ROUND TO MY COLLEA
COLLEAGUE.
WE HAD A YOUNGER AGE RANGE AND
THEN MIDDLE AGE RANGE AND NOW
I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT
ADOLESCENCE AND NOT ABOUT THEM
TODAY, DESPITE WHERE I WORK, I'M
GOING TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT
SOMETHING ELSE THAT IS REALLY
FUNDAMENTALLY IMPORTANT IN HOW
WE THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES THAT CONTEMPORARY
ADOLESCENTS AND IT IS CHILDREN
EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS ADULT, AND
THAT IS -- ADOLESCENCE IS A TIME
OF A LOT OF CHANGE.
QUITE A FEW THINGS ARE GOING ON.
DEVELOPMENTALLY WE CAN SEE HOW
TRANSITIONING FROM BEING VERY
MUCH AN INDIVIDUAL THAT NEEDS TO
BE CARED FOR INTO GAINING THAT
AUTONOMY AS WELL AS THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE THAT IS
OCCUR.
ANOTHER IMPORTANT PART OF
ADOLESCENCE IS THE MERGENCE OF
DATING BEHAVIORS, GENERALLY OR
AT LEAST THE INTEREST IN THOSE
BEHAVIORS.
AND THAT OF COURSE IS A NEW WAY
OF RELATING THAT EXTENDS BEYOND
THE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIORS THAT
YOUTH WILL HAVE HAD IN EARLIER
CHILD YEARS.
SO WE KNOW THERE IS SOME MAJOR
RISK FACTORS, NOT SURPRISING.
THESE ARE VIOLENCE EXPOSURE,
SUBSTANCE USE AND MENTAL HEALTH
CONCERNS.
WE ALSO KNOW THAT MODERN
ADOLESCENTS ARE FACING A TOUGH
WORLD.
WE HAD A MAJOR PANDEMIC ANDY
KNOW THERE IS INCREASES IN
DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AND
MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS IN OUR
YOUTH.
WE ARE CONSISTENTLY WORRIED
ABOUT SUBSTANCE USE AND ACCESS
TO THINGS LIKE CANNABIS AT THIS
POINT AND WE ALSO LOOK AT DATING
VIOLENCE.
SOMETHING THAT IS MISSING FROM
OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE IS A
VERY CRITICAL FEATURE.
SO WE DON'T HAVE -- FOR THOSE
LISTENING VIA AM ZOO, I'M
GUESSING THE MAJORITY OF YOU
HAVE SOMETHING WITHIN SIX INCHES
OF YOUR BODY AND THAT'S A CELL
PHONE.
I DON'T HAVE MINE IT'S ON THE
TABLE BUT IT WAS WITHIN SIX
INCHES OF ME WHEN I WAS SITTING
DOWN.
THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND WE
ARE ADULTS BUT WE SEE THIS
FEATURE IS REALLY IMPORTANT FOR
ADOLESCENTS.
SO THESE STATISTICS ARE FROM
2022, SO A COUPLE OF YEARS OLDER
NOW BUT 95% OF ADOLESCENTS ARE
HAVING A ACCESS TO A SMARTPHONE
AND USUALLY IT'S THEIR
SMARTPHONE.
AND BEYOND JUST HAVING A
SMARTPHONE IN THEIR LIVES, YOUTH
SPEND A LOT OF TIME ON LINE AND
ON SCREENS.
ON AVERAGE, 8 HOURS A DAY.
AND ALMOST HALF OF YOUTH ARE
SAYING THEY ARE ONLINE ALMOST
CONSTANTLY, SUBSTANTIALLY UP
FROM NOT EVEN 10 YEARS PRIOR
WHEN IT WAS ONLY A QUARTER.
SO THIS PHENOMENON IS HIGHLY
PREVALENT.
IT'S TAKING UP A LOT OF THEIR
TIME AND WE'RE SEEING INCREASES
IN THE AMOUNT OF TIME THEY ARE
HAVING.
AND I DON'T HAVE THE SLIDE IN
THIS SLIDE DECK RIGHT NOW BUT I
WANT TO NOTE THAT THERE ARE
CONCERNS ABOUT DISPARITIES WHICH
ARE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT TO
ACKNOWLEDGE.
I THINK EARLIER, 10 YEARS AGO,
MAYBE FIVE YEARS AGO, THERE WAS
CONCERN ABOUT ACCESS AND
DISPARITIES AND ACCESS.
AND WHILE THERE STILL ARE SOME
DISPARITIES, NOW THE DISPARITIES
WE ARE SEEING IS IN THE AMOUNT
OF TIME BEING SPENT ON LINE WITH
OFTEN CHILDREN APART, SPENDING
MORE HOURS ON LINE AS COMPARED
TO THEIR WHITE PEERS.
SO, AGAIN, THINKING ABOUT THE
AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE AND WHAT THEY
ARE DOING ON LINE, IS REALLY
IMPORTANT PARTICULARLY AS WE
THINK ABOUT DISPARITIES.
SO, IT'S NOT ALL BAD AND I'M NOT
HERE TO TELL YOU THE INTERNET
AND SOCIAL MEDIA IS A BAD THING.
THERE ARE A LOT OF GREAT THINGS
THAT CAN HAPPEN ON LINE WHICH IS
WHY WE LIKE IT SO MUCH.
WE ALL SPEND TIME SCROLLING.
WE CAN CHAT WITH OUR FRIENDS AND
OUR FAMILY.
THINK ABOUT A PARENT NEEDING TO
TEXT THEIR KID, LIKE I'M GOING
TO PICK YOU UP.
THAT'S REALLY HELPFUL TO STAY IN
TOUCH WITH FRIENDS ET CETERA.
YOU CAN GET INFORMATION ON LINE.
A LOT OF US ARE WATCHING THROUGH
AN ONLINE PORTAL RIGHT NOW AND
THIS IS A REALLY CRITICAL PIECE
OF OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM BOTH
FORMAL AND INFORMAL.
AND THEN ENTERTAINMENT.
WE ALL EXPERIENCE COVID.
WE HAD OUR YEARS OF PANDEMIC
WHERE WE WERE NETFLIXING A LOT
OF THE TIME.
GAMING, GETTING TO WATCH T.V.,
YouTube, ET CETERA.
THOSE ARE ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE
DONE TO HELP RELIEF STRESS AT
TIMES AND TAKE SOME TIME OUT OF
THE REAL WORLD AND HAVE A BIT OF
A BREAK.
THOSE CAN ALL BE POSITIVE
THINGS.
BUT, THERE ARE -- THIS IS FROM A
META-ANALYSIS FROM A YEAR OR
MAYBE TWO YEARS AGO AT THIS
POINT.
BUT MORE THAN A QUARTER OF YOUTH
ARE REPORTING VICTIMMATION.
WE DON'T HAVE A NATIONALLY
REPRESENTATIVE STATISTIC AT THIS
POINT.
BUT WE ARE SEEING MORE SURVEYS
STARTING TO PULL QUESTIONS ABOUT
CYBERDATING VIOLENCE INTO THEIR
BATTERIES SO HOPEFULLY WE'LL SEE
MORE OF THESE STATISTICS COMING
OUT.
THEY ARE IMPORTANT TO TRACK OVER
TIME.
BECAUSE IT'S NOT ONLY THAT IT'S
PREVALENT -- WHEN WE SAY THIS
WHAT DO WE MEAN?
THERE ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT
TERMS OUT THERE.
DIGITAL DATING ABUSE.
ELECTRONIC DATING VIOLENCE,
CYBERDATING VIOLENCE.
THE FIELD HASN'T YET AGREED WHAT
WE WANT TO CALL IT.
WE ARE HAVING A HARD TIME
DEFINING IT BECAUSE TECHNOLOGY
CHANGES REALLY FAST AND NEW
FORMS OF NEGATIVE BEHAVIORS
EMERGE FREQUENTLY.
BUT FOR NOW YOU CAN THINK ABOUT
IT AS BEHAVIORS RANGING FROM
TRACKING AND MONITORING THAT CAN
BE ACTIVE WHERE YOU'RE DEMANDING
SOMEONE'S PASSWORD AND YOU'RE
KEEPING TABS ON THEM.
TO SOMETHING THAT IS A BIT MORE
PASSIVE WHERE YOU'RE JUST
KEEPING -- WATCHING SOMEONE AS
THEY TAG THEMSELVES AND GEO TAG
THEMSELVES AND KEEPING AN EYE ON
WHO YOU'RE TALKING TO EACH OTHER
VIA COMMENTS THAT ARE PUBLICLY
VISIBLE.
INTIMIDATION, SEXUAL COERCION
AND SEXTING.
THAT CAN BE THE DEMANDING OF
ILLICIT IMAGES WHICH UNDERAGE 18
FEDERALLY IS A FEDERAL FRIEND.
TAKING A PICTURE OF YOURSELF AS
AN ADOLESCENT IN TERMS OF
ILLICIT PICTURE, IS A FEDERAL
CRIME AND SHARING IT IS
DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD SEXUAL
MATERIALS.
SO THAT IS TRICKY AS WELL.
ALSO THAT CAN THEN BE RESHARED,
ET CETERA.
SO THERE IS A LOT OF -- WORK.
IT IS IMPORTANT WE CAPTURE
DISTINCT FORMS TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND WHICH -- BOTH THE
PREVALENCE OF THOSE FORMS AND
HOW THEY IMPACT HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING.
AND THESE BEHAVIORS ARE
OCCURRING ON AVERAGE AT THE AGE
OF 16.
SO WE HYPOTHESIZED IN ANOTHER
PAPER THAT THE REASON WHY THE
PEEK OF THESE EXPOSURES ARE AGE
16 IS BECAUSE THAT IS THE AGE
THAT MANY YOUTH START DRIVING.
SO ALL OF A SUDDEN, YOU MIGHT BE
A LITTLE BIT LESS RELIANT ON
YOUR DEVICES AND WE SEE IN OTHER
LITERATURE, INCREASES OF
PHYSICAL FORMS OF DATING
VIOLENCE.
SO, THERE MIGHT BE A TRADEOFF.
WE MIGHT SEE A TRADEOFF BETWEEN
THE DIGITAL VERSUS THE PHYSICAL.
BUT AGE 16 IS THE AVERAGE AGE OF
EXPOSURE.
WE NEED TO CAPTURE FROM EARLY
ADOLESCENCE THROUGH LATER
ADOLESCENCE.
SO OUR RESEARCH QUESTION IS,
WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE OVER
TIME AND HOW DOES THAT IMPACT
MENTAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIORS OVER
TIME?
SO, WE PULLED OUR DATA FROM THE
STRENGTHENING HEALTHY ADOLESCENT
RELATIONSHIP EXPERIENCES SHARE
STUDY.
A FOUR-YEAR PROSPECTIVE
LONGITUDINAL STUDY DESIGNED AS
TWO DIFFERENT COHORTS SO IT'S AN
ACCELERATED COHORT DESIGN,
PRETTY EXCITING.
AND THE YOUNGER COHORT STARTED
AT AGE 12 THROUGH 15.
THE OLDER WAS AGE 15-18.
AND YOU CAN SEE HALF AND HALF
FEMALE.
THEIR BASE DISTRIBUTION IS THE
SAME BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS AND
THESE YOUTH WERE GOING TO SCHOOL
IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AND THEY
WERE RECRUIT FRIDAY THREE -- THE
PIs OF THE STUDY DETERMINED
SCHOOL DISTRICT LEVELS OF RISK
RELATIVE TO A PUBLIC INDEXES AND
MEASURES IN TERMS OF THINKING
ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND
STRUCTURAL RISKS POTENTIALLY
BEING EXPOSED AND THEN WE
SAMPLED EACH OF THOSE THREE RISK
LEVELS.
FOR THIS PARTICULAR STUDY, WE
DID A MIX-EFFECT MODEL
STRATIFIED BY COHORT AND USED
YOUTH TO SET THE RANDOM
INTERCEPT AND THEN LOOKING AT
OVER TIME THE TRAJECTORY.
AND OUR BIG QUESTIONS ARE, WE
HAD THREE FORMS OF CYBERDATING
VIOLENCE WE WANTED TO LOOK AT.
PRIOR WORK WE HAD DONE HELPED TO
DEFINE THESE THREE DIFFERENT
FORMS OF CYBERDATING VIOLENCE AS
DISTINCT AND UNIQUE.
SO WE HAVE SOME PAPERS OUT ABOUT
THAT AS WELL AS TRAJECTORIES
ACROSS TIME.
AS YOU SAW EARLY FROM THE OTHER
ANALYSIS WE SAW PEEKS AROUND 16
OF THESE THREE TYPES OF
BEHAVIORS.
AND WE REALLY WANT TO KNOW
AGAIN, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND
BEHAVIORS?
WHILE I CAN TELL YOU IT'S REALLY
IMPORTANT, I NEED TO SHOW YOU
SOME IMPORTANT TO -- [ INAUDIBLE
WE ALSO NEED TO CONTROL SOME
IMPORTANT COVARIATES.
ONE THING THAT MIKES ME EXCITED
IS WE WERE ABLE TO CONTROL FOR
PHYSICAL AND IN-PERSON FORMS OF
DATING VIOLENCE.
SO WE ACCOUNT FOR OTHER FORMS OF
DATING VIOLENCE SO THAT IS BEING
HIT, SLAPPED, PUNCHED.
EMOTION DATING VIOLENCE IS BEING
CALLED NAMES VERBALLY IN PERSON,
WHICH SIMILAR TO ELECTRONIC
CYBERHARASSMENT BUT IT'S THE
IN-PERSON PART THAT IS UNIQUE.
SEXUAL DATING VIOLENCE IS FORMS
OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION.
AND THEN WE HAD ACES AND DIVIDED
THEM AS THREAT AND
DEPRIVATION-BASED ACES.
WE CAN BE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT HOW
WE WANT TO THE DO A DIFFERENT
MEASURE BECAUSE COMBINING THINGS
OR HAVING CLASSIFICATIONS AND
THEN WE HAVE GENDER AND WE
STRATIFIED THAT COHORT.
SO WHAT DID WE FIND?
WELL, IT TURNS OUT
CYBERHARASSMENT AND MONITORING
DID NOT HAVE AFFECT ON
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS CONTROLLING
FOR COVARIATES AND CYBERSEXUAL
COERCION, DEMANDING OF THE
IMAGES FROM A DATING PARTNER AND
DOING IT SO COERCIVELY, HAD A
POSITIVE EFFECT OVER TIME AND
AGAIN THIS IS A FOUR-YEAR
LONGITUDINAL COHORT ACROSS
MULTIPLE YEARS OF ADOLESCENCE.
FOR OUR DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS,
WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT
CYBERHARASSMENT AGAIN STILL
WASN'T SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED
WITH THESE BEHAVIORS OVER TIME
BUT THE CYBERSEXUAL COERCION WAS
AS WITH CYBERMONITORRING AND
CYBERMONITORRING IS DEMANDING OF
PASSWORDS AND FORCEFULLY
MONITORING.
AND AGAIN WE CONTROLLED FOR
COVARIATES.
SO, TO SUMMARIZE, CYBERSEXUAL
COERCION IS REALLY IMPORTANT.
THIS ECHOS THE IN-PERSON DATING
VIOLENCE WORK THAT HAS BEEN DONE
SHOWING THAT SEXUAL FORMS OF
VIOLENCE HAVE THE GREATEST
MAGNITUDE OF EFFECT OFTEN.
THEY ARE REALLY IMPORTANT DURING
THIS AGE BECAUSE THESE ARE THE
PRELIMINARY EXPOSURES TO SEXUAL
EXPERIENCES AND SO, WE WANT OUR
YOUTH TO HAVE POSITIVE SEXUAL
EXPERIENCES WHEN THEY ARE
STARTING TO DATE.
BUT I THINK BECAUSE THERE IS A
LACK OF EXPERIENCE AND BECAUSE
OF STIGMA AND OTHER INFLUENTIAL
FACTORS, THESE PRIMARY
EXPERIENCES ARE REALLY
INFLUENTIAL.
WE ALSO FIND THAT
CYBERMONITORRING WAS INFLUENTIAL
ON DELINK WEPT BEHAVIORS.
THIS IS THE MORE FORCEFUL FORM
OF BEING MONITORED.
THE FACT THAT IT'S SIGNIFICANTLY
ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER DELINQUENT
BEHAVIORS SUGGESTS THEY ARE
CLUSTERING TOGETHER,
PARTICULARLY OUR DIFFERENT
DATING VIOLENCE VARIABLES WERE
VICTIMIZATION.
SO THAT MIGHT BE DRAGGING THAT
RELATIONSHIP.
SO, OUR CONCLUSION IS THAT THESE
CYBERDATING CONSTRUCTS ARE
UNIQUE.
THEY ADD UNIQUE EXPOSURES EVEN
WHEN YOU CONTROL FOR THE
PHYSICAL FORMS OF DATING
VIOLENCE.
WE NEED TO BE FOLLOWING THIS
ACROSS TIME AND PARTICULARLY
GIVEN HOW IMPORTANT THE ONLINE
WORLD IS TO OUR MODERN DAY
YOUTH.
WE HAVE SOME OTHER PROJECTS
GOING ON SO ONE THING WE ARE
LOOKING AT IS GASLIGHTING AND
GHOSTING.
TWO OTHER CONSTRUCTS THAT ARE
IMPORTANT.
A BUNCH OF OTHER ONES AS I SAID
EARLIER, NEW FORMS OF THESE COME
UP ALL THE TIME.
SO THIS IS THE EXCITING PART OF
BEING A SCIENTIST AND BEING
WILLING TO CREATE NEW MEASURES
FOR THOSE WHOSE HAVE DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF INFLUENCE AND THINKING
ABOUT THOSE.
I THINK IT IS IMPORTANT WE GET
NATIONAL DATA COLLECTED ABOUT
THIS AND WE WANT TO HAVE
NATIONAL ESTIMATES PARTICULARLY
GIVEN THAT THERE ARE DISPARITIES
IN EXPOSURES AND WE IMAGINE
THERE COULD BE DISPARITIES THAT
ARE REALLY IMPORTANT BUT WE
CAN'T STUDY THOSE UNLESS WE HAVE
A NATIONAL DATA TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND THAT.
SO WITH THAT, I'M GOING SAY
THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND HAND IT
BACK OVER TO LAUREN.
>> SO, THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH.
I WANT TO THANK ALL MY ESIs
FOR THEIR INTERESTING
PRESENTATIONS.
WE NOW HAVE A Q&A SESSION.
SO PLEASE GO AHEAD AND SEND ANY
QUESTIONS THROUGH THE SEND LIVE
FEEDBACK E-MAIL.
IF THERE IS ANYONE IN THE ROOM
THAT WOULD LIKE TO ASK A
QUESTION -- I'M GOING TO ASK MY
ESIs -- WE ARE GOING TO
CLUSTER YOU HERE IF YOU DON'T
MIND COMING UP.
AND THEN, IT LOOKS LIKE ONE OF
MY COLLEAGUES IS HERE AT THE
MICROPHONE SO IF ANYONE ELSE, WE
HAVE TWO MICROPHONES THAT WE CAN
USE TO ASK QUESTIONS.
SO THANK YOU.
>> YES, SO I'M DANA FROM OBSSR
AND I HAVE A QUESTION FOR
DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN.
BUT IT COULD BE ANY OF YOU ALL.
SO PIPE IN WHERE IT IS
APPROPRIATE.
SO I KNOW YOU TALKED ABOUT
FAMILISM -- I CANNOT GET THAT
WORD OUT.
WHICH I THINK IS A VERY
INTERESTING CONCEPT AND I'M
REALLY EXCITED THAT YOU TALKED
ABOUT OTHER CULTURES ALSO HAVING
THIS.
I WANTED TO SEE IF YOU HAD
THOUGHT ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF
OTHER INDIVIDUALS THAT MAY NOT
BE TECHNICALLY FAMILY.
SO, I KNOW WE WERE TALKING ABOUT
WITH HISPANIC FAMILIES AND YOU
HAVE A FAMILY-FOCUSED AND A LOT
OF TIMES YOU HAVE A PRETTY GOOD
SIZED FAMILY GROUP.
I'M THINKING ABOUT INDIVIDUALS
EVEN MYSELF FOR INSTANCE, SINGLE
MOM, THAT MOVES TO A STRANGE
CITY.
I FIND MYSELF COLLECTING MY
TRIBE AROUND ME SO MAY NOT BE
GENETIC FAMILY BUT THE GROUP.
HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT THESE
TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS AND THOSE
KIND OF MODERATING EFFECTS AS
WELL?
>> ABSOLUTELY.
THAT'S A REALLY GREAT QUESTION
AND I THINK IT IS SOMETHING WE
NEED TO CONSIDER AS THE
LANDSCAPE CHANGES.
FAMILIES LOOK A LITTLE
DIFFERENT.
WE ARE RELYING ON SOCIAL MEDIA
FOR OUR FAMILY SUPPORT.
SO, YES, IN FUTURE RESEARCH, NOT
ONLY AM I GOING TO CONTINUE TO
FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT IN GENERAL,
BUT CONSIDERING HOW PEOPLE
OUTSIDE -- A LOT OF THE FAMILY
MAY BE REALLY IMPORTANT IN
FARMING THESE CULTURAL VALUES
AROUND THOSE AROUND US.
>> MINE IS FOR JEREMEY LUK, A
CHANCE TO SHOW OFF SOME OF YOUR
CLINICAL SKILLS.
I HAD SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT
COVID.
AND COPING WITH COVID.
AND I THINK FOR A LOT OF US, MY
OBSERVATIONS ARE THAT WE KIND OF
LIKE TRYING TO REMEMBER -- WE
DON'T THINK ABOUT BRUNO, A LOT
OF US DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT
COVID.
DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT OR
THINK ABOUT IT.
AND I THINK ABOUT DIFFERENT
TYPES OF COPING, MALADAPTIVE
COPING WHERE YOU JUST DENY
THINGS THAT HAPPENED OR TRY TO
REPRESS IT.
AND EVEN MORE ROGUE AND ACTIVE
WAYS TO COPE.
I THINK ABOUT LIKE IN TERMS OF
TREATING TRAUMA WITH PROLONGED
EXPOSURE AND THINKING ABOUT THE
THING THAT IS BAD HELPS TO
OVERCOME IT.
SO, I WANTED YOU TO TALK A
LITTLE BIT ABOUT AS PEOPLE LOOK
BACK ON COVID EPIDEMIC, WHAT
KIND OF WORK ON COPING OR WITH
SOME OF THESE STRESSORS, WHAT
MIGHT BE WAYS TO MITIGATE THAT?
MAYBE YOU RESEARCHED IT AND
MAYBE YOU JUST KNOW FROM YOUR
OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND
EXPERTISE YOU MIGHT WANT TO
COMMENT ON THAT.
>> THAT IS A REALLY GREAT
QUESTION.
AND WE DID ONE LEADING CLASS
ANALYSIS ON COVID-RELATED STRESS
AND WE HAVE A DIFFERENT PAPER
THAT ANALYZED FIVE DIFFERENT
ITEMS ALSO FROM THE CDC
QUESTIONNAIRE BANK, WHICH WAS
FOCUSED ON POSITIVE COPING.
I DON'T REMEMBER ALL THE ITEMS
OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD.
BUT WHEN WE DID THE ANALYSIS, WE
FOUND ABOUT 80% AND 20%, TWO
CLASSES.
THE 20% CLASS HAD PRETTY MUCH
LIKE WHEN INDIVIDUALS HAVE
POSITIVE COPING ACROSS SUPPORT
AND -- LIKE NOT UTILIZING THE
POSITIVE COPING MECHANISMS.
IT WOULD BE OF THOSE 20%.
THE THINGS THAT PEOPLE USE --
THE ITEMS WOULD BE THINGS LIKE
MEDITATION, ENGAGING IN POSITIVE
BEHAVIORS LIKE EXERCISING AND
OTHER LIFESTYLE POSITIVE COPING
MECHANISMS.
SO WE DO HAVE A DIFFERENT
ANALYSIS OF THAT POSITIVE
COPING.
I THINK CLINICALLY, ONE OF THE
THINGS THAT I HEAR THE MOST IS,
THE LACK OF STRUCTURE DURING
COVID.
IF SOMEONE WAS GOING TO STAY AT
HOME, THERE IS NO STRUCTURE.
YOU GET BORED.
IF YOU DRINK NO ONE CAN SEE IT.
IT PRESENTS A SITUATION WHERE --
ESPECIALLY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH
ALCOHOL USE DISORDER, IT IS EASY
TO THAN HAVE A SLIP OR RELAPSE.
SO THAT WOULD BE SOME OF THE
THOUGHTS THAT I HAVE IN RESPONSE
TO THE QUESTION.
HOPEFULLY THAT ANSWERS IT.
THANK YOU.
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.
I'M FROM THE NIMH AND
CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL.
THESE ARE EXCELLENT PROJECTS AND
OUTSTANDING WORK.
IT'S A PLEASURE TO HEAR AND SEE
THESE TODAY.
ALSO IT'S GREAT TO SEE SOME OF
THE THEMES FROM YOUR TALKS THIS
MORNING.
THEMES AROUND MENTAL HEALTH,
AROUND CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE
AND AROUND INNOVATIONS AND
METHODOLOGY.
IT'S JUST FANTASTIC TO SEE.
I GUESS I HAVE A SIMILAR
QUESTION TO DR. JANE SIMONI, AND
THIS IS FOR DR. KRISTIN PERRY
AND DR. PERRY, I'M WONDERING
BASED ON YOUR RESULTS, IF YOU
HAVE PARTICULAR IMPLICATIONS AND
IDEAS ABOUT WHAT WE SHOULD
PROCEED WITH IN TERMS OF FAMILY,
CHILD OR PARENTING INTERVENTIONS
AS A RESULT OF YOUR WORK?
>> YES, SO I HAVE GOTTEN WARM TO
THIS WORK.
THIS IS SOMETHING I HAVE BEEN
THINKING A LOT ABOUT BECAUSE A
LOT OF PARENTING INTERVENTIONS
WERE DEVELOPED WITH THE IDEA
THIS SHOULD WORK FOR ALL
CHILDREN AND WE KNOW NOW,
ESPECIALLY A LOT OF
INTERVENTIONS WERE BASED MAINLY
ON WHITE FAMILIES AND WITHOUT
THE CULTURAL SENSITIVITY WE NOW
KNOW IS NECESSARY TO HAVE
SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS AND
ALSO LOOKING AT THESE
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGIY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS.
WHAT WE SEE IN MY STUDY AND MANY
OTHERS, CHILDREN ARE NOT
REACTING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN
THE SAME WAY.
SO WE NEED TO DO A BETTER JOB AT
TAILORING INTERVENTIONS FOR
CERTAIN CHILDREN AND FAMILIES.
AND I THINK THAT ALSO MEANS
IDENTIFYING UNIQUE STRENGTHS
THAT FAMILIES HAVE BUT WITHIN
THIS BIGGER CULTURAL FRAMEWORK.
SO I THINK WE CAN REALLY TAKE
THIS WORK BY LOOKING AT
PHYSIOLOGY AS WELL AS FAMILY
CONTEXT AND THE CULTURAL CONTEXT
AS WE HEARD ABOUT TODAY.
>> THANK YOU.
AND FOR DR. ELYSE THULIN, YOU'RE
HELPING US TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND -- WE HAVE KNOWN
THERE ARE THESE COMPLICATIONS,
DIFFICULTIES, AND MAYBE
PERNICIOUS EFFECTS OF SOCIAL
MEDIA USE ON MENTAL HEALTH,
ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.
AND I THINK YOU'RE HELPING US TO
UNDERSTAND NOT JUST WHETHER THAT
HAPPENS BUT WHAT AND HOW AND
THAT IS REALLY WHERE THE SCIENCE
NEEDS TO GO.
SO GIVEN THAT YOU DO SEE SOME
ASSOCIATIONS IN YOUR WORK,
PARTICULARLY BETWEEN THIS
PARTICULAR KIND OF SEXUAL -- I
FORGET HOW YOU PHRASED IT -- HOW
DO WE RESPOND TO THAT KIND OF
CHANNEL?
DO WE WORK WITH THE YOUNG
PEOPLE?
WITH FAMILIES?
ALL THE ABOVE?
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS?
>> YES, MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION
OR MAYBE BILLION DOLLAR
QUESTION.
WE IN THE UNITED STATES ARE
BEHIND IN TERMS OF OUR POLICIES.
SO THE EU HAS DONE A PRETTY GOOD
JOB OF MOVING FORWARD POLICIES
AROUND DATA RIGHTS, DATA
REGULATION, DATE DATING ON
SOCIAL MEDIA.
THE PRODUCT YOU GET IN EUROPE,
THE EU, THE MEHTA PRODUCT, IS A
BIT DIFFERENT THAN THE PRODUCT
YOU GET IN THE UNITED STATES.
NOW SOCIOLOGIST AND OTHER
POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE
THINKING ABOUT THE INTERNET
RELATIVE TO THE SPLINTER NET
WHERE WE NO LONGER HAVE JUST ONE
GIANT SEA OF ONLINE SPACE THAT
PEOPLE CAN NAVIGATE.
WE ARE GOING TO HAVE SOME PODS
OF THIS, I GUESS, AS MORE
REGULATION HAPPENS AND MORE
DECISIONS ARE MADE ON A
COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY LEVEL OR
STATE-BY-STATE LEVEL.
SO FOR EXAMPLE, MONTANA BAND
TIKTOK LAST YEAR, I THINK.
WHILE I ALWAYS WANT US TO FIND
SOLUTIONS THAT HELP YOU FEEL
EMPOWERED AND ABLE TO NAVIGATE
THE LIVES THAT THEY ARE IN,
BECAUSE THEY ARE IMPORTANT
CRITICAL SKILLS, AND I WANT
PARENTS TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT
THAT, I THINK WE CAN'T JUST
DELEGATE THIS TO KIDS AND THEIR
PARENTS.
THIS IS A BIGGER PROBLEM.
AND YES, AGAIN, LET'S CREATE
INTERVENTIONS THAT HELP BUT IF
WE PUT TO THE ON FAMILIES, WE
KNOW THAT WE HAVE EXACERBATION
OF DISPARITIES.
NOT ALL PARENTS ARE ABLE TO BE
WITH THEIR ADOLESCENTS AFTER
SCHOOL.
THAT'S NOT A REALITY.
SO, WE NEED POLICIES THAT ARE
GOING TO HELP.
AND WE ALSO NEED TO STAND UP AND
SAY LIKE, IN THE UNITED STATES,
THIS IS HOW THIS WORKS.
POLICIES HAPPEN BECAUSE WE HAVE
ADVOCACY.
THAT'S A IMPORTANT PART OF THIS.
AND IT'S REALLY VERY HARD TO
MONITOR SOCIAL MEDIA RIGHT NOW
BASED ON HOW THOSE APIs ARE
WRITTEN.
[ INAUDIBLE ]
SO THIS IS SOMETHING I THINK
ABOUT A LOT.
AND WE DEFINITELY NEED POLICIES.
THANKS.
>> WELL SAID AND THANK YOU VERY
MUCH.
>> IS THIS A QUESTION FOR DR.
DR. PERI.
WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF
ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY
INTERACTIONS AS FOUND IN YOUR
STUDY FOR INTERVENTION EFFORTS?
>> I THINK I TOUCHED ON THIS A
LITTLE BIT.
I REALLY THINK IT'S IMPORTANT
FOR INTERVENTIONS WHEN PEOPLE
ARE DESIGNING INTERVENTIONS IS
TO LOOK AT THESE INDIVIDUAL BY
INTERVENTION EFFECTS.
AND I KNOW THAT IS SOMETHING IN
THE LITERATURE THAT HAS BEEN
STARTED TO BE CONDUCTED A LOT
MORE.
BUT TRYING TO THINK ABOUT WHAT
ARE THE -- AND WHICH CHILDREN
ARE LESS REACTIVE CHILDREN SO
THAT WE CAN TAYLOR INTERVENTIONS
TO THOSE CHILDREN.
SO FOR EXAMPLE, WE KNOW NOW THE
SMART WATCH, A LOT IS PHYSIOLOGY
DATA IS MORE READILY AND EASILY
ACCESSIBLE FOR CHILDREN AND
THEIR FAMILIES.
BUT ALSO RESEARCHERS AND HEALTH
CARE PROVIDERS.
SO IT COULD BE A MECHANISM FOR
THE FUTURE.
A LOT MORE RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE
DONE TO HELP US UNDERSTAND AND
APPLY THIS ENVIRONMENT BY
PHYSIOLOGY APPROACH TO
INTERVENTION WORK.
>> THANK YOU.
>> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS IN THE
ROOM?
>> WOULD YOU BRING DR. PERRY
BACK UP AGAIN?
YOU TALKED ABOUT -- THANK YOU
ALL FOR YOUR TALKS.
THEY WERE ALL REALLY
INTERESTING.
BUT YOU WERE ANSWERING A
QUESTION A MINUTE AGO ABOUT
ACROSS FAMILIES YOU ANSWERED THE
QUESTION AND TALKED ABOUT ACROSS
FAMILIES.
I'M WONDERING WITHIN FAMILIES.
WERE YOU FIRST TIME PARENTS OR
DID THEY ALREADY HAVE KIDS?
AND HOW DOES THE PARENT THINK
ABOUT --
>> YOU HAVE GREAT INTERVENTIONS
AND I LEARNED SOMETHING FOR ONE
KID AND NOW THIS KID IS
DIFFERENT.
>> YES, SO IN REGARDS TO THE
FIRST QUESTION, THESE FAMILIES
WERE NOT ONLY FIRST TIME PARENTS
BUT SOMEWHERE FIRST TIME
PARENTS.
SO THERE IS NO EXCLUSION
CRITERIA BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF
CHILDREN PEOPLE ALREADY HAD.
IT WAS REALLY BASED ON THE
SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE.
THAT WAS REALLY WHAT WE WERE
TRYING TO COLLECT WITHIN THE
STUDY.
BUT IN REGARDS TO YOUR SECOND
QUESTION, I'M GOING PUT ON MY
CLINICAL HAT A LITTLE BIT SO I'M
ALSO A CLINICAL CHILD
PSYCHOLOGIST AND I DID A LOT OF
INTERVENTION WORK WITH CHILDREN
WHO HAVE DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR
PROBLEMS, WHO ARE VERY YOUNG IN
EARLY CHILDHOOD.
AND OFTENTIMES PARENTS WOULD SAY
THAT EXACTLY THAT I HAVE ONE
CHILD AND THEY ARE BEHAVING THIS
WAY AND THIS OTHER CHILD HAZE
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SET OF
NEEDS.
ONE THING WE ALWAYS EMPHASIZE TO
PARENTS IS IT'S REALLY A
BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP.
BECAUSE PARENTS FEEL A LOT OF
GUILT SOMETIMES FOR THEIR
CHILDREN'S MISBEHAVIOR.
THAT'S NOT THE CASE.
CERTAIN CHILDREN BRING DIFFERENT
THINGS TO THE TABLE PARTICULARLY
REGARDING TEMPERAMENT.
AND THAT'S GOING TO CAUSE
PARENTS TO REACTED A CERTAIN
WAY.
SO WE REALLY WANT TO TRY TO DO
WITHIN AN INTERVENTION WORK IS
GIVE PARENTS SKILLS TO HELP
MAXIMIZE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS
WITH THEIR CHILDREN.
AND SO I THINK THAT LOOKS
DIFFERENTLY BASED ON WHAT YOUR
CHILD IS BRINGING TO THE TABLE.
SOME KIDS ARE EASY AND NEVER
NEED AN INTERVENTION BECAUSE
THEY WILL LISTEN THE FIRST TIME
AND NEVER REALLY HAVE TO DO
ANYTHING.
WHEREAS OTHER FAMILIES ARE GOING
TO NEED MORE SUPPORT AND HELP.
AND I THINK THAT IS REALLY WHERE
ALSO INTERVENTION WORK NEEDS TO
BE TAILORED TO THOSE FAMILIES
AND THINKING ABOUT HOW WE AS
THERAPISTS CAN HELP THEM INSTEAD
OF JUST GIVING THEM ALL OF THIS
KNOWLEDGE.
>> DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN.
IT'S LIKE I'M CALLING YOU UP ON
THE GAUNTLET.
WHAT ARE SOME WAYS IN WHICH
BEHAVIOR GENETIC RESEARCH CAN
INFORM INTERVENTION AND
PREVENTION EFFORTS?
>> THERE IS ALL THIS REALLY
GREAT TALK ABOUT PRECISION
MEDICINE AND GENETICS IS ANOTHER
WAY IN WHICH THAT CAN HAPPEN.
UNFORTUNATELY, THE FIELD RIGHT
NOW ADVANCES REALLY ONLY BENEFIT
EUROPEAN ANCESTRY INDIVIDUALS.
AND SO, I THINK MORE PROXIMALLY
MY WORK JUST KIND OF OPENS UP
THE DISCUSSION FOR BEHAVIOR
GENETICISTS BOTH WHO DO TWIN
STUDIES AS WELL AS MOLECULAR
GENETIC WORK.
NOT ONLY TO INCLUDE MORE
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES BUT TO
JUST BE MORE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT
MEASUREMENT AND THOUGHTFULLY
DISCUSSING GENETICALLY-INFORMED
RESEARCH WITH VARIOUS
POPULATIONS.
IN TERMS OF OTHER WAYS BEHAVIOR
GENETICS CAN BENEFIT, BEHAVIOR
GENETICS HAS SO MANY COOL NOVEL,
CREATIVE WAYS TO KIND OF GET AT
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES AND SO FOR EXAMPLE,
YOU CAN SORT OF PARSE OUT THE
ROLE OF GENETIC INFLUENCES AND
WHAT YOU'RE LEFT WITH ARE
SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL
MECHANISMS THAT ARE LEADING TO
YOUR PHENOTYPE OF INTEREST.
SO, THOSE ARE THE CONTEXT TO
INTERVENE ON.
SO I THINK THOSE ARE SOME WAYS
IN WHICH THE FIELD CAN BENEFIT
FAMILIES.
>> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS IN THE
ROOM?
>> A QUESTION FOR DR. JEREMEY
LUK IT'S INTERESTING TO SEE THE
LATENT CLASS MODELS APPROACH TO
DIFFERENTIATE PARTICIPANTS AND
SITUATIONS.
WAS IT THAT ALMOST HALF OF THE
PEOPLE REPORTED HAVING VERY
LITTLE IMPACT OF COVID ON THEIR
LIVES?
AND NOT TO BE TOO FLIP BUT I
GUESS, WHO ARE THESE PEOPLE?
WHO IS THE 50% WHO SAID IT
DIDN'T HAVE A BIG IMPACT ON
THEIR LIVES?
>> SO THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
WHEN WE HAVE THESE LATENT PASSES
FROM THE ANALYSIS, WE SORT OF
IMPOSE THE LABELS ON TO THE
CLASSES.
SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE ITEM
PROBABILITIES, THE CLASS WITH
MINIMAL COVID-RELATED IMPACT,
THEY DID REPORT SOME CHANGES I
THINK IT'S 52% BECAUSE NOT LIKE
THERE IS LIKE NO IMPACT AT ALL.
BUT IT WAS -- IT DIDN'T REALLY
AFFECT THEIR FINANCIAL SITUATION
AS MUCH.
LIKE WE THOUGHT MAYBE THEY HAVE
SOME SAVINGS, RIGHT?
ONE OF THE FINDINGS I THOUGHT IN
TERMS OF THE -- LOOKING AT THE
DIFFERENT GROUPS AND WHO WERE
BEING -- WHO WERE MEMBERS IN
DIFFERENT CLASSES.
ONE OF THOSE ABOUT THE INCOME I
THOUGHT WAS POWERFUL BECAUSE IT
WAS OVER 75K GROUP NOT EVEN ONE
PERSON THAT WAS CLASSIFIED IN
THE CLASS FOUR, WHICH IN
SUBSEQUENT ANALYSIS, THE CLASS 4
WAS THE CLASS THAT HAD MUCH MORE
ELEVATED OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF
MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID RELATED
OUTCOMES AND WORST QUALITY OF
LIFE.
SO PERHAPS INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY
HAVE A LOT OF -- WHO MAY HAVE A
LITTLE BIT MORE FINANCIAL
RESOURCES DURING COVID IT
AFFECTED THEM BUT NOT TO A
DEGREE THEY COULDN'T PAY FOR
THEIR RENT OR GAS.
THEY HAD SOME FINANCIAL BUFFER.
WE HAVE THESE ITEMS FROM THE CDC
AND WHAT DOES IT REALLY TELL US?
WHEN WE FIND DIFFERING CLASSES
AND ONE OF THOSE IS MINIMAL OF
LIKE NOT A LOT OF IMPACT.
IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN
THERE IS NO IMPACT AT ALL BUT
PERHAPS ITEMS WERE NOT CAPTURING
SOME OF THE WAYS THE PANDEMIC
WAS INFLUENCING THE INDIVIDUAL.
THANK YOU.
>> OUR FINAL QUESTION IS FOR
DR. ELYSE THULIN.
WHAT MAKES THE ONLINE SPACE SO
UNIQUE IN LITTLE ROLE IN
ADOLESCENCE VIOLENCE EXPOSURE?
>> SO, A LOT OF THE WORK THAT WE
HAVE SEEN IN THE VIOLENCE SPACE
WAS DURING A TIME WHEN THERE
WASN'T AN ONLINE SPACE.
SO YOU THINK ABOUT IT, TAKE A
PICTURE OF YOURSELF THAT WAS IN
SOME WAY EXPLICIT AND GAVE IT TO
YOUR PARTNER.
AND THEY SHOW IT TO SOME
FRIENDS.
THAT WOULD PROBABLY CAUSE
DISTRESS.
IN THEORY YOU COULD GET THAT
PHYSICAL PHOTO BACK AND DESTROY
IT.
BURN IT, SHRED IT, WHATEVER.
EACH BE IF THEY MADE PHYSICAL
COPIES, YOU COULD IN THEORY,
COLLECT EVERY COPY BACK.
THE ONLINE SPACE IS NOT LIKE
THAT.
NOT ONLY IS IT KIND OF -- IT IS
PERMANENT.
BUT YOU CAN SHARE INFORMATION AT
ANY TIME OF DAY.
THE MAJORITY OF YOUTH GET ON
LINE DURING 11 P.M.-6 A.M.
THEY CAN SHARE WITH 10S,
HUNDREDSES, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
AND YOU CAN NEVER GET IT BACK.
IT'S OUT THERE.
AND SO THE REACH JUST IN TERMS
OF THE FREQUENCY OF WHAT CAN
ENGAGE.
YOU CAN SEND HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS OF TEXT BACK-AND-FORTH
IN A DAY.
YOU CAN BE RECEIVING
HARSYSTEMMENT CONSTANTLY.
YOU CAN BLOCK AN ACCOUNT AND
THEY'LL MAKE ANOTHER ACCOUNT.
OR YOU END UP TALKING TO SOMEONE
ELSE IN ANOTHER ACCOUNT.
THE ONLINE SPACE IS UNIQUE AND
DIFFERENT FROM IN-PERSON SPACE
THAT IS WE STUDIED TRADITIONALLY
IN VIOLENCE RESEARCH.
AND SO THEY ARE REALLY IMPORTANT
AND INCREDIBLY UBIQUITOUS.
I ALSO WANT TO SAY, WE DID THIS
RESEARCH BEFORE LARGE LANGUAGE
MODELS WERE REALLY MORE
MAINSTREAM.
THEY ARE UNDERPINNING A LOT OF
THE AI TOOLS THAT ARE ACTIVELY
USING SO LIKE CHAT GBT, IMAGE
GENERATION, WE KNOW THAT THERE
ARE THINGS LIKE DEEP FAKES.
THAT IS A WHOLE NEW AREA WHERE
YOU CAN START TO NOW CREATE
IMAGES, VIDEOS, TEXTS USING AI
THAT LOOKS VERY REAL THAT'S NOT
BASED ON AN ACTUAL IMAGE OR
THINGS SAID.
AND WE SEE THIS PLAY OUT IN A
LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS.
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT VIOLENCE,
IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND AND
CAPTURE AND GOING BACK TO THE
QUESTION ABOUT WHAT DO WE DO
ABOUT IT?
WE ADDRESS IT FROM MULTIPLE
LEVELS.
WE WORK WITH YOUTH AND PARENTS
AND EDUCATORS.
WE WORK WITH ADULTS TRAINING
THEM TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THESE
SPACES BECAUSE WE DIDN'T GROW UP
WITH THESE SPACES.
THEY ARE NEW TO US AS WELL.
SO I THINK A LOT OF ADULTS FEEL
UNDER PREPARED FOR HOW TO DEAL
WITH THAT AND THEY ALSO NEED
EDUCATION.
>> I WANT TO FOLLOW-UP ON THAT.
IS THERE AN EFFORT TO ALSO
INFORM LAW ENFORCEMENT?
BECAUSE I THINK SOMETIMES LAW
ENFORCEMENT MIGHT NOT THINK THAT
CYBERSTALKING OR CYBERBULLYING
IS AS BIG A DEAL AS SOMEBODY WHO
LEAVES PRESENTS AT YOUR HOUSE OR
HOWEVER PEOPLE STALK.
I'M CURIOUS ABOUT THAT.
>> YES, SO I THINK IT DEPENDS ON
WHICH LAW ENFORCEMENT YOU'RE
TALKING ABOUT.
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PROBABLY
HAS SOME OF THE MORE ROBUST
DEFINITIONS AT THIS POINT.
AND THEN STATE-BY-STATE AND
COUNTY BY COUNTY IT CAN VARY.
ONE THING I WILL SAY, THROUGH
THE OTHER WORK I DO IS
AUTONOMOUS REPORTING SYSTEMS.
THIS IS WHERE YOUTH CAN SUBMIT
INFORMATION ABOUT CONCERNING
BEHAVIOR IN THEIR COMMUNITY AND
SCHOOL TO THIS ANONYMOUS
CONFIDENTIAL SYSTEM.
THAT'S THE GENERAL PREMISE.
A LOT IS BASED ON SOCIAL MEDIA.
AND SO I THINK THESE RECEIPTS
ARE STARTING TO GET TO LAW
ENFORCEMENT MORE DIRECTLY
THROUGH THOSE TYPES OF REPORTING
MECHANISMS.
I THINK AS WE SEE VERY, VERY SAD
BUT ALSO VERY POWERFUL EXAMPLES
OF HOW THESE THINGS PLAY OUT,
IT'S EASIER TO HAVE THOSE
STORIES, HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT
AND INFLUENCE OUR LAW
ENFORCEMENT BUT I DON'T KNOW YET
OF LIKE NATIONAL TRAININGS FOR
ALL LAW ENFORCEMENT ON LIKE
CYBERSEXUAL STALKING.
>> I DON'T THINK WE HAVE ANY --
LAST CHANCE FOR QUESTIONS.
SO, I WANT TO THANK AGAIN ALL OF
OUR ESI HONOREES FOR TRAVELING
HERE TO DC AND GIVING YOUR TALK
THROUGH SOME DIFFICULT TIMES FOR
SOME OF YOU.
AND WE REALLY APPRECIATE ALL OF
THESE REALLY INTERESTING TALKS
TODAY SO LET'S GIVE THEM ONE
MORE ROUND OF APPLAUSE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
AND WE ARE FINISHING ABOUT 10
MINUTES EARLY SO WE ARE GOING TO
GO ON BREAK AND WE ARE GOING TO
RECONVENE AT 2:50.
SO -- SORRY, 3:50.
I'M LOOKING AT THIS THING RIGHT
HERE.
IN 10 MINUTES.
AND WE WILL RECONVENE WITH OUR
DISTINGUISHED LECTURER.
SO WE ARE TAKING A BREAK.
THANK YOU.
>> WELCOME BECOME, I'M ERICA
SPOTTS OF OBSSR AND THE CHAIR OF
THE THIS SELECTION COMMITTEE.
WELCOME TO THE 17th MA TILDE
WHITE RILEY DISTINGUISHED
LECTURE.
THE RECIPIENT OF THIS AWARD HAS
A RESEARCH CAREER THAT ADVANCED
BEHAVIOR AND SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE IN AREAS WITH THE NIH
MISSION.
ALSO FOLLOWS DR. WHITE RYLE'S'S
VISION THROUGH EXPANDED
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING THAT INCLUDES
COGNITIVE EFFECTIVE AND SOCIAL
FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY OF LIFE,
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH RESULTS THAT IMPROVE
THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN SOCIETY.
ILLUMINATING THE AIRPORT PLAY
AMONG PROCESSES AT MULTIHELL
LEVELS, INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND
BEHAVIORAL FACTORS IF PHYSICAL
HEALTH AND THE UTILITY OF
KNOWLEDGE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
AND HEALTH POLICY, LIFE COURSE
PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT,
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETIES AN ANDE
RECIPIENT IS SELECTED BY THE
COMMITTEE.
THIS COMMITTEE VOLUNTEERS THEIR
TIME AND EFFORT TO READING ALL
THE NOMINATIONS AND THEN
SELECTING ONE FROM AMONG MANY
DESERVING NOMINEES.
I'D LIKE TO THANK THIS YEAR'S
COMMITTEE FOR THEIR SERVICE.
WE WILL GIVE THEM A QUICK ROUND
OF APPLAUSE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
AND NOW IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE
I PRESENT THIS MATILDA WHITE
RILEY NOMINATION, BERNICE
PESCOSOLIDO FROM INDIANA
UNIVERSITY AND FAMILY DIRECTOR
FOR THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
RESEARCH.
THE NEW INSTITUTE THAT TARGETS
RESEARCH AND SOCIOMEDICAL
SCIENCES.
SHE IS AN ELECTED MEMBER OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TRAINED AS A MEDICAL SOCIOLOGIST
HER RESEARCH FOCUSES ON HOW
SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CULTURE
PROVIDE INSIGHTS IN HEALTH,
ILLNESS AND HEALING PHENOMENA
AND MORE SPECIFICALLY ON STIGMA,
SUICIDE, HEALTH CARE USE AND
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS.
HER CONCERNS SPAN LOCAL,
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS TARGETING
MENTAL ILLNESS.
A Q&A SESSION WILL FOLLOW THE
PRESENTATION.
WE WELCOME QUESTIONS FROM BOTH
VIRTUAL AND IN-PERSON ATTENDEES.
AND THEN TECHNICAL SUPPORTS
SLIDE WILL BE UP AFTER THE TALK
OR MAYBE I CAN MAKE IT HAPPEN?
ONE MOMENT PLEASE.
WE HAVE A BRIEF TECHNICAL
DIFFICULTY.
>> TECHNOLOGY HAS ITS FLIPS.
>> SORRY ABOUT THAT.
VIRTUAL ATTENDEES MAY SUBMIT A
QUESTION AT ANY TIME.
TO SUBMIT A QUESTION -- WE WILL
RECEIVE IN REALTIME.
WE WILL ALTERNATE IN-PERSON WITH
VIRTUAL QUESTIONS.
I'M HAPPY NOW TO ASK DR. BERNICE
PESCOSOLIDO TO RECEIVE HER AWA
AWARD.
RATHER THAN TAKE UP PRECIOUS
TIME, I WILL TURP THE STAGE OVER
TO DR. BERNICE PESCOSOLIDO TO
BEGIN HER PRESENTATION.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
>> THANK YOU.
AND I WANT TO THANK THE IT GUY
BECAUSE I'M NOT LIKE THE YOUNGER
GENERATION.
IF THESE SLIDES HADN'T COME UP,
I WOULD HAVE GONE HOME.
30 YEARS AGO, I WAS SMART ENOUGH
TO BIRTH A CHILD TWO GREW UP TO
BE AN IT GUY.
JOE, I KNOW YOU'RE LISTENING.
THANK YOU, I SHOULD HAVE BROUGHT
YOU WITH ME.
MATILDA WHITE RILEY WAS A REG
END EVEN WHEN I WAS IN GRADUATE
SCHOOL.
I NEVER REALLY GOT THE
OPPORTUNITIED TO KNOW HER WELL.
BUT SHE WAS A FOUNDER OF TWO
IMPORTANT PARTS OF SOCIOLOGY.
I MUST SAY BASED ON MY OWN
IGNORANCE, I HEARD ABOUT THIS
AWARD BUT I NEVER REALLY THOUGHT
ABOUT IT MUCH BECAUSE I ASSUMED
IT WAS IN AGING, WHICH WAS OF
COURSE MATILDA'S -- WHERE SHE
PAVED THE ROAD FOR EVERYBODY
ELSE.
SHE ALSO PAVED THE ROAD IN THE
IDEA OF LOOKING BEYOND THE
PERSON, BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL,
OUTSIDE OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO THE
THINGS THAT WOULD AFFECT THEIR
HEALTH AND HOW THEY UNDERSTOOD
WHAT WAS HAPPENING TO THEIR BODY
AND THEIR MIND.
SO, THAT WAS ONE OF THE REASONS
I NEVER REALLY KNEW MUCH ABOUT
THIS AWARD BECAUSE I ASSUMED IT
WAS AN AWARD FOR AGING RESEARCH,
WHICH IS NOT WHAT I DO.
SO I DECIDED THAT ONE OF THE
THINGS I NEEDED TO DO WHEN I GOT
THIS INCREDIBLE LETTER WAS TO
SORT OF DIG DOWN AND SEE WHO GOT
THIS AWARD IN THE PAST?
AND IT WAS AMAZING.
THE FIRST INAUGURAL AWARD WENT
TO DAVID Mc.
SOON AFTER THAT IT WENT TO JOHN
McKINLEY.
BOTH OF THOSE PEOPLE, NOT MY
FORMAL MENTORS, WERE INCREDIBLY
INFLUENTIAL IN MY CAREER.
I WANT TO THANK THEM FOR THAT.
YOU GO A LITTLE LATER AND OUR
SCIENTISTS IN OUR SISTER
DISCIPLINES OF PSYCHOLOGY,
PEOPLE LIKE TERRI MOFFITT, AND
AN TONANT MOVIE.
MOST PEOPLE KNOW HIS SOCIAL
CONVOY MODEL.
WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW IS HER
GENEROSITY AND WILLINGNESS TO
MEET WITH SOMEBODY, ME, WHEN WE
WERE DOING THE FIRST NATIONAL
STIGMA STUDY AND I KNEW THAT
THERE HAD BEEN A STIGMA STUDY --
IT WASN'T EXACTLY A STIGMA STUDY
BUT IT WAS CALLED AMERICANS VIEW
THEIR MENTAL HEALTH.
IT WAS COMMISSIONED BY THE JOINT
COMMISSION OF CONGRESS IN 1949.
AND I CALLED TONY OUT OF THE
BLUE FOR MATERIALS, INCLUDING
INTERVIEW SCHEDULES AND NOT
KNOWING ME AT ALL, WE DROVE
THERE AND TONY REALLY WAS AN
INCREDIBLY GENEROUS PERSON.
AND THEN FINALLY, MORE OF MY
CONTEMPORARY, ONE OF MY
COLLEAGUES, DAVID WILLIAMS.
STOW LOOKING AT THE LIST, I'M SO
DEEPLY HONORED TO BE PART OF
THIS GROUP.
I WANT TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT
OBSS ARE: I WILL NEVER BE A
HISTORIAN, NOT VERY GOOD WITH
DATES AND THINGS, BUT FROM MY
OWN PERSONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF
THE TIME, I DON'T KNOW IF PEOPLE
UNDERSTAND HOW IMPORTANT OBSRR
WAS TO US.
BECAUSE AT THAT TIME, THE
SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL LAB THAT HAD
BEEN AT NIMH WAS DISSOLVING
BEFORE THAT.
AND THAT THE TRADITIONAL VERY
BROAD TRAINING PROGRAMS IN
THINGS LIKE MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
WERE ALSO GOING BY THE WAYSIDE
BEING REPLACED BY A VERY -- MUCH
MORE NARROW VIEW OF WHAT SOME OF
THE NIH DID AND FOR NIMH, IT WAS
SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL
ILLNESS, WHICH IS NOT WHAT MANY
OF US IN MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY WERE
DOING AT THE TIME.
AND SO, THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS
MOVE BACK AT THAT POINT TO
LOOKING AT PSYCHIATRIC
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS.
AND A LOT OF US WONDERED WHETHER
THERE WAS ANY PLACE FOR US IN
THE NIH.
ABOUT THAT TIME, AND IT WAS
ABOUT 10 YEARS INTO MY CAREER,
OBSSR WAS FOUNDED AND IT MADE US
FEEL LIKE WE HAD A HOME.
AND I JUST WANT TO THANK THE
PEOPLE WHO FOUNDED IT AND THE
PEOPLE WHO KEEP IT ALIVE AND THE
PEOPLE WHO KEEP IT SO VIBRANT
FOR ALLOWING US TO BRING OUR
EXPERTISE, WE HOPE, TO HELP THE
HEALTH OF THIS NATION.
SO, BEFORE I GO DOWN A DEEP
RABBIT HOLE ON ISSUES OF SOCIAL
NETWORKS, WHICH IS MY AREA, I
DID WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT HUMAN INTERACTION AND THE
FOCUS ON THAT BECAUSE IT HAS A
VERY TWISTED HISTORY OF STARTS
AND STOPS AND THERE HAVE BEEN
CONTRIBUTIONS AND PROGRESS BUT
THERE HAVE ALSO BEEN CHALLENGES.
SO, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE
KNOW IS THAT THIS IS A VERY
ANCIENT IDEA THAT BACK IN THE
ROMAN EMPIRE THAT ONE OF THE
MORAL PHILOSOPHERS SAID THAT THE
THING THAT HELPS PEOPLE BE
HEALTHY OR GET BETTER IS THE
AFFECTION OF HIS FRIENDS.
AND THIS HAS BEEN A COMMON THEME
THROUGHOUT THE EARLY HISTORY,
EARLY MEDICAL AND HEALTH HISTORY
OF POPULATIONS.
BUT WHEN WE CAME DOWN TO THE
RISE OF SCIENTIFIC, WESTERN,
ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE, THERE WERE
TWO POSSIBLE WAYS THAT WE COULD
GO AND THERE WAS THIS BATTLE FOR
MEDICAL DOMINANCE.
ABOUT HOW MEDICINE IS
ESSENTIALLY A SOCIAL SCIENCE AND
ON THE OTHER SIDE, YOU HAVE
LOUIE PASTURE TALKING ABOUT
ANTHRAX, AND GERM THEORY.
WE KNOW WHO WON THAT BATTLE,
RIGHT?
IT WAS NOT THE SOCIAL
PHYSICIANS.
BUT, THERE WAS ALWAYS A STALWART
GROUP OF SOCIAL PHYSICIANS AND
THEN JOINED LATER BY PUBLIC
HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGISTS THAT KEPT
THAT ALIVE.
AND SO, I THINK NOW AT THIS
POINT IN TIME, IT'S UNDISPUTED
THAT WE UNDERSTAND THAT WE CAN
TALK BOTH ABOUT OF HEALTH AND
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS AND HEALING
BEING AFFECTED BOTH BY FORCES
INSIDE THE BODY BUT ALSO BY
FORCES OUTSIDE OF THE BODY.
BUT THERE IS THIS CONTINUED
TENSION ABOUT WHERE WE SHOULD
FOCUS.
I TOOK A QUICK LOOK AT THE NIH
ROSTER OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
AND I THINK THE PROMINENCE OF --
I THINK IT'S NOW UNDISPUTED THAT
RELATIONSHIPS MATTER.
THERE ARE OVER 50 CURRENT PAs,
RFAs, THAT HAVE SOMETHING TO
DO WITH SOCIAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL
NETWORKS.
WE CAN THINK ABOUT TWO RECENT
WORKSHOPS THAT WERE HELD, ONE AT
THE NIA THAT WAS ORGANIZED
BYBRIA PERRY AND TOM VALENTI
FROM USC.
WE CAN TALK ABOUT NIDDK WHERE
THEY PUT TOGETHER A GROUP TO
LOOK AT THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL
FACTORS ON THE ILLNESSES AND
DISEASES THAT THEY FOCUS ON.
WE CAN ALSO THINK ABOUT THE
INTERNAL PROGRAM AT NIH AND THE
PIONEERING WORK DONE BY PEOPLE
LIKE LAURA CAYLEE AT THE GENOME
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, WHICH LOOKED
VERY EARLY ON AND CONTINUES TO
LOOK AT HOW WE LEVERAGE PEOPLE
AROUND PEOPLE TO GET THEM TO
UNDERSTAND THE KINDS OF GENETIC
PROBLEMS THAT THEY MIGHT FACE IN
THEIR FAMILIES.
SO, I THINK IT'S REALLY
IMPORTANT THAT WE NOW SEE A
VARIETY OF FLAVORS OF LOOKING AT
PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WHETHER
WE ARE TALKING ABOUT SOCIAL
SUPPORT, WHICH OF COURSE SIDNEY
COB, THE FAMOUS EPIDEMIOLOGIST
IN THE 1970s, LYNN IN THE
SOCIAL STRESS MODEL, SOCIAL
NETWORKS -- I'LL GO INTO THAT IN
MORE DETAIL THAN YOU WANT LATER.
WHETHER WE TALK ABOUT NETWORK
SCIENCE, A LATE COMER AT THE END
OF THE LAST CENTURY, OR WE TALK
ABOUT CONNECTEDNESS AND THERE I
THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO
TALK ABOUT THE 2011-2012 FOCUS
OF THE CDC ON CONNECTEDNESS AS A
WAY TO THINK ABOUT SUICIDE.
NOW THIS IS EVEN SPREAD NOW THE
DISSEMINATION HAS SPREAD TO THE
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES WHERE A
RECENT PAPER IN NATURE
COMMUNICATIONS SHOWED THAT USING
THIS INCREDIBLE DATASET OF OVER
1000 SPECIES FINDING THAT GROUPS
THAT LIVE TOGETHER TEND TO HAVE
GREATER LONGEVITY I'M TAKING IT
AS A WIN AND THE PROGRESS WE
HAVE MADE IN TERMS OF
UNDERSTANDING THE IDEA OF
INTERCONNECTION AS PART OF WHAT
INFLUENCES LIFE AND DEATH.
NOW, THAT COMES WITH DISPUTED
ORIGINS OF WHO INVENTED THE
STUDY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS?
IS IT AUGUST COUNT, THE FOUNDER
OF SOCIOLOGY WHO SAID WE'RE
GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE LAWS OF
INTERACTION OR THE EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS WHO LOOKED AT
KINDERGARTNERS AND HOW THEY
PLAYED TOGETHER?
MATHEMATICIANS WHO TALKED ABOUT
GRAFT THEORY OR PSYCHIATRY
TALKING ABOUT DRAMA TA LEDGER
CALL VIEW OF PEOPLE'S LIVES.
LATE COMMERCE, PHYSICIST, NOW
CENTRAL EVOLVED IN UNDERSTANDING
NETWORK CONNECTIONS AND BIG
DATA.
I THINK THE POINT HERE IS NOT TO
ARGUE ABOUT THIS BECAUSE THERE
HAVE BEEN PLENTY OF ARGUMENTS
ABOUT WHO REALLY FOUNDED THIS
AREA.
BUT I THINK THE POINT IS TO
UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE EBBS
AND FLOWS IN HOW MUCH SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS ARE SEEN AS BEING
IMPORTANT IN TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND HEALTH AND ILLNESS
AND SOMETIMES WHEN BIOLOGY IS
SEEN.
BECAUSE SOMETIMES IT'S SORT OF
MISALIGNED.
IT'S SEEN AS MISALIGNED WITH THE
BIOLOGICAL VIEW UNTIL RECENTLY.
AND I'M GOING TO ARGUE IT'S NOT
MISALIGNED WITH THAT.
THAT WE CAN FIND A VERY STRONG
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL
AND THE BIOLOGICAL BY THINKING
WITH A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE.
MY PHILOSOPHER IS THE SCUP
TERWHO SAID I INVENT NOTHING, I
REDISCOVER.
THERE ARE TWO VERY STRONG
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL
NETWORKS.
ONE COMES FROM 1927 WHEN HE SAID
SOCIETY ARISES FROM THE
INDIVIDUAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL
FROM ASSOCIATIONS HE SAID THERE
WERE TWO FORMS OF NETWORKS.
FIRST IS CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
WHICH REPRESENTS PRE MODERN
SOCIETY.
BY THE VIRTUE OF WHERE YOU WERE
BORN, YOUR FAMILY AND OCCUPATION
WAS DEFINED, YOUR CHURCH WAS
DEFINED, YOUR PLACE OF RESIDENCE
WAS DEFINED.
NOW THAT CAME WITH SOME REAL
STRENGTHS WHICH IS YOU REALLY
KNEW WHO YOU WERE AND YOU REALLY
KNEW WHAT YOUR PLACE WAS IN THE
WORLD.
THE PROBLEM WAS IN THINKING
ABOUT SOME OF MY RESEARCH ON
STIGMA, IT ALSO MEANT IF YOU
WEREN'T PART OF THAT CIRCLE,
EVERYBODY ELSE WAS CONSIDERED
DANGEROUS, POLLUTING,
PROBLEMATIC.
HE TALKED ABOUT HOW CHOICE AND
THE INDIVIDUAL BECAME MORE
IMPORTANT AND SO A PERSON'S
IDENTITY IS NOW FORMED BY THE
INTERSECTION OF SOCIAL CIRCLES.
SO THAT MAKES THEM MORE
SOPHISTICATED, MORE DEVELOPED.
WHAT DO WE GET FROM THIS BY
THINKING THIS WAY?
THE FIRST THING WE THOUGHT WAS,
THERE MAY BE ANOTHER SOCIAL
STRUCTURE THAT WAS NOT
ANTICIPATED, THE MOST MODERN
SOCIAL STRUCTURE WHERE THE
INDIVIDUAL IS SO FREE TO CONNECT
THEMSELVES TO DIFFERENT GROUPS
THAT REALLY THE SOCIAL SAFETY
NET UNDER THEM IS PRETTY WEAK.
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, I THINK
WHAT WE SAW IN THIS WAS THAT
THESE ARE NOT JUST HISTORICAL
STRUCTURES.
THESE ARE POTENTIAL STRUCTURES
IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY THAT
HAVE DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS FOR
HOMELESSNESS, POLICY, AND MENTAL
HEALTH POLICY WHICH I STUDIED.
WE TALKED ABOUT HOW THESE ERAS
HELPED SHAPE POLICY BUT ALSO HAD
IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING
THE SITUATION AND CONDITION OF
INDIVIDUALS.
SO THAT WAS ONE OF THE
FOUNDATIONS FOR ME.
THE SECOND WAS THE THEORY OF
SUICIDE.
THIS AS MANY PEOPLE KNOW IS THE
FOUNDATION FOR THE DISCIPLINE OF
SOCIOLOGY.
AND WHAT WAS SAID IS THERE ARE
TWO AXIS OF VARIATION THAT
DESCRIBE EVERY GROUP.
THEY HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF
INTEGRATION WHICH IS LOVE, CARE
AND CONCERN.
AND THEY HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT
OF REGULATION, WHICH IS PEOPLE
WHO GUIDE YOU AND MENTOR YOU AND
TELL YOU WHEN YOU'RE DOING
SOMETHING STUPID.
AND TOGETHER THOSE TWO THINGS
ARE IMPORTANT AND WHEN THEY GET
OUT OF WACK, AND THEY ARE TOO
HIGH OR TOO LOW, THOSE ARE WHEN
YOU HAVE THESE UNIQUE KINDS OF
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR THAT CAN
HAPPEN VERY POWERFUL WORK BUT WE
THOUGHT THAT MAYBE ONE WAY TO
THINK ABOUT THIS WAS TO
TRANSLATE IT FROM THIS IDEA OF
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE INTO THE
IDEA OF AN ACTUAL SOCIAL SAFETY
NET.
AND WHEN WE DREW OUT HIS THEORY
IN TERMS OF A GRAPHIC, WE DID
SEE WHAT LOOKED PRETTY MUCH LIKE
A SOCIAL SAFETY NET OR CIRCUS
NET IN WHICH YOU COULD SEE THOSE
POLES, EACH OF THEM AS BEING
VERY DANGEROUS FOR INDIVIDUALS.
IN THE CASE OF NORMLESSNESS OR
EGOISM, A CLASSIC LONELY KNOWS,
WHAT HAPPENS IS THE ROPES OF THE
SAFETY NET ARE SO FAR APART THAT
WHEN INDIVIDUALS FACE A CRISIS,
THEY FALL THROUGH THE NET
BECAUSE THE ROPES AREN'T THERE
TO HANG ON TO.
THE BEST PLACE TO BE IS IN THE
MIDDLE OR BOTTOM OF THE SOCIAL
SAFETY NET WHERE THERE IS A
MODERATE AMOUNT OF INTEGRATION
AND REGULATION AND THAT GIVES
YOU THE GIVE THAT ALLOWS YOU TO
BALANCE WHEN YOU HAVE SOME KIND
OF SOCIAL CRISIS.
FATALISTIC, AND THE IDEA IS
NORMS BECOME SO TIGHT IN AN AREA
THAT THE SOCIAL SAFETY NET
BECOMES A WALL AND WHEN PEOPLE
HIT IT, IT SHATTERS RATHER THAN
SAVES THEM.
AND I CAN'T THINK OF A BETTER
WAY TO THINK ABOUT SUICIDES IN
CULTS OR SUICIDE CLUSTERS IN
HIGH SCHOOLS.
I THINK THAT THIS IS ABSOLUTELY
ESSENTIAL AND SOME OF MY
C█OLLEAGUES USED THIS TO SORT OF
THINK ABOUT, IN THIS WAY, AND
TOO OFTEN WE DON'T THINK ABOUT
THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS, ESPECIALLY
IF WE TAKE A SOCIAL SUPPORT
PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE THERE IS A
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOT HAVING
ANY SOCIAL SUPPORT AND HAVING
SUPPORT WHICH IS TOXIC.
AND ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE,
SCHIZOPHRENICS AND SAINTS, THAT
FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGY BOOK.
BUT IN FACT, WE CAN TALK ABOUT
SUICIDE BOMBERS.
VERY MUCH IN THIS LIGHT IN TERMS
OF THINKING ABOUT THESE.
SO, THE CONTRIBUTION WAS TO
THINK ABOUT THE THINGS THAT WE
ALREADY KNEW AND SET A
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR
UNDERSTANDING HOW A NETWORK
TRANSLATION CAN UPDATE AND MAKE
MORE RELEVANT THE STUDY OF
SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL
RELATIONS.
SO, THE KINDS OF WORK THAT I DID
IN THE BEGINNING REALLY WERE
PREMISED ON THE IDEA OF DOING
SOCIAL NETWORKS IS A THEORETICAL
ACT.
IF YOU TAKE A SOCIAL NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE, YOU HAVE TO RETHINK
ALL OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK
SOCIAL NETWORK PEOPLE BRING TO
THE TABLE AND THINK ABOUT A LOT.
WHAT IS THE MEANING?
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A SOCIAL
TIE AND WHAT KINDS OF SOCIAL
TIES SHOULD YOU BE ASKING ABOUT?
THERE IS SOME PLACES OR THERE
ARE SOME PROBLEMS OR SOME
SCIENTISTS WHO THINK THAT ALL
KINDS OF TIES ARE SOCIAL TIES.
BUT PHYSICIST MARK NEWMAN WHO
WROTE THIS BEAUTIFUL PAPER ABOUT
HOW SOCIAL NETWORKS, PEOPLE'S
NETWORKS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT FROM TECHNOLOGICAL
NETWORKS BECAUSE THEY HAVE THIS
NON TRIVIAL CLUSTERING AND THERE
ARE THESE POSITIVE CORRELATIONS
BETWEEN THESE ADJACENT COLUMNS.
I THINK WE ALSO NEED TO THINK
ABOUT IT IN TERMS OF MEASUREMENT
AND SO WHEN YOU TAKE A NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE, YOU HAVE TO THINK
ABOUT NOT JUST ASKING WHO DO YOU
TALK TO, BUT YOU HAVE TO THINK
ABOUT SPECIFICITY AND ONE THING
THAT WE FOUND IS THAT WHEN YOU
ASK PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR HEALTH,
WHAT IS PREDICTIVE OF HOW THEY
ARE DOING ARE NOT IMPORTANT
MATTERS, WHICH IS THE GENERAL
MAIN GENERATOR WE TEND TO USE,
BUT ASKING THEM SPECIFICALLY
ABOUT HEALTHNET WORKS.
IN OTHER WORDS, THERE HAS TO BE
SOME SORT OF TAILORING.
WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT MISSING
DATA.
NONE OF US GET 100% RESPONSE
RATES.
SO WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THIS
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE
DID WAS WE WERE CONCERNED ABOUT
THIS IN THE INDIANAPOLIS NETWORK
MENTAL HEALTH STUDY AND WHAT WE
DID IS WE WENT OUT ONE STEP.
WE ASKED PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR
NETWORKS BUT THEN WE WENT OUT
ONE STEP AND WE ASKED THE
NETWORKS THAT THEY MENTIONED,
LIKE HOW DO YOU SEE YOUR
RELATIONSHIP WITH THIS PERSON?
AND HERE IS WHAT WAS
INTERESTING.
THE IDEA WOULD BE OR THE BETTER
SITUATION WOULD BE THAT THE
PEOPLE WHO WERE DIFFERENT
BETWEEN EGOS PART OF THEIR
SOCIAL NETWORKS AND ALTERS PART
OF THE SOCIAL NETWORK, WOULD BE
THE DIFFERENCES WERE TEATED
LIERS.
NO.
-- OUTLIGHTERS.
THE DIFFERENCE WAS IN THE CENTER
OF THE NETWORK WHERE PEOPLE WITH
SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL
ILLNESS MENTION THE SAME PERSON
AS A SUPPORT AND AS A HASSLER,
LOOKING AT THE NEGATIVE TIES, OR
THEY DIDN'T INCLUDE THE HASSLER
AT ALL.
BUT IF YOU ASKED ABOUT THEM,
OFTEN THE PERSON THAT THEY FELT
WAS MOST PROBLEMATIC IN THEIR
LIFE WAS SOMEBODY THAT WAS
ESSENTIALLY, IF YOU DIDN'T THINK
ABOUT IT, MISSING DATA IN YOUR
ANALYSIS.
AND FINALLY, THINKING ABOUT
MECHANISMS OF CHANGE AND THIS IS
WHERE I THINK SOCIAL NETWORKS
DOES HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF AN
EDGE OVER SOCIAL SUPPORT
RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING WAY.
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE HAVE
SEEN IN SOCIAL NETWORKS IS THE
ISSUE OF CHURCH.
SO IF YOU ASK SOMEBODY AT POINT
A HOW MANY PEOPLE -- WHO IS IN
YOUR NETWORK?
STANDARD SOCIAL SUPPORT
QUESTIONS, STANDARD SOCIAL
NETWORK QUESTIONS.
THEY GIVE YOU A NUMBER.
YOU GO BACK AND ASK THEM TWO
YEARS LATER, TWO MONTHS LATER,
WHO IS IN YOUR NETWORK?
YOU KNOW WHAT?
PEOPLE TEND TO SAY ABOUT THE
SAME NUMBER.
BUT GUESS WHAT?
WHAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT IS WHAT
THE COMPOSITION, HOW THE
COMPOSITION OF THOSE NETWORKS
HAVE CHANGED.
AND IF YOU ONLY ASK ABOUT SOCIAL
SUPPORT, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO SEE
THAT.
I THINK MORE IMPORTANTLY, SOCIAL
SUPPORT IS A PERCEIVED MEASURE.
SO HOW GOOD IS YOUR SOCIAL
SUPPORT?
AND IT'S VERY POWERFUL.
AND I'M NOT AN ANTISOCIAL
SUPPORT PERSON.
I BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF SOCIAL
SUPPORT AS THE MEAT ON THE BONES
OF SOCIAL NETWORKS.
BUT, IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE, IT'S
VERY HARD TO CHANGE SOMEONE'S
PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR SOCIAL
NETWORK UNLESS YOU CHANGE THE
STRUCTURE OF THEIR SOCIAL
NETWORK.
AND I THINK THAT'S WHERE SOCIAL
NETWORK GIVE US A LITTLE BIT OF
A LEG UP.
AND THINKING ABOUT THIS, THE
DATA ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE IS
DATA FROM THE INDIANAPOLIS
NETWORK MALE STUDY WHERE WE
THOUGHT VERY HEAVILY ABOUT SOME
OF THESE DIFFERENCES WHEN YOU
CONCEPTUALIZE USING A NETWORK
FRAMEWORK AND ANY OTHER
FRAMEWORK.
SO WE NOT ONLY ASKED PEOPLE IN
OUR STUDY WITH SERIOUS AND
PERSISTENT MENTAL ILLNESS ABOUT
NETWORKS OVER TIME AND YOU CAN
SEE THEY ALL TOOK A DIVE TO A
CERTAIN EXTENT, BECAUSE ONE OF
THE THINGS IS WIG BURNOUT OVER
TIME AND WHAT TENDS TO BE LEFT
IS THE FAMILY.
WE WANTED TO MAKE SURE THAT
WASN'T JUST A RESULT OF THE
DISORDER OR SOMETHING ABOUT HOW
WE MEASURED IT.
SO WHAT WE DID AT THE SAME TIME
IS, WE DID A REPRESENTATIVE
SAMPLE OF PEOPLE IN INDIANAPOLIS
AND WE ASKED THEM, PEOPLE WE
SCREENED THEM OUT FOR MENTAL
HEALTH PROBLEMS.
AND WE FOUND THAT IN
INDIANAPOLIS, NETWORKS WERE
GETTING LARGER BUT PEOPLE WITH
SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS WAS
DECREASING.
SO, THAT LED ME TO THINK ABOUT
THE ISSUE OF UTILIZATION, WHICH
I WAS ALWAYS INTERESTED IN THE
PROBLEM OF HOW DO PEOPLE RESPOND
TO THE ONSET OF CRISIS?
AND WHAT MORE IMPORTANT CRISIS
CAN YOU TAKE ON THAN LIFE AND
DEATH?
BUT IT WASN'T THE FIRST PERSON
TO THINK ABOUT THIS.
ELLIOT IN HIS CLASSIC WORK ON
THIS TALKED ABOUT THE TWO
DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS
THAT MATTER.
BASICALLY SIZE, WHICH IS DO YOU
HAVE AN EXTENDED NETWORK, A TINY
NETWORK?
AND THEN HE TALKED ABOUT
CULTURAL CONTENT WHICH WAS A
REALLY IMPORTANT ADDITION TO
TRADITIONAL SOCIAL NETWORK
THEORY BECAUSE HE SAID, IT
MATTERS WHETHER YOUR NETWORKS
ARE CONGRUENT OR NOT CONGRUENT
WITH MEDICAL THINKING, WITH
MODERN MEDICAL THINKING.
BECAUSE THINK ABOUT IT THIS WAY.
THE NETWORK TELLS YOU HOW MUCH
OF A PUSH THERE IS.
HOW MUCH INFLUENCE IS THERE ON
YOUR DECISION-MAKING?
BUT THE CULTURAL CONTENT TELLS
YOU WHETHER OR NOT IT PUSHES YOU
TO OR AWAY FROM MENTAL HEALTH
TREATMENT.
AND CHARLES AND HIS CLASSIC
STUDY CALLED FRIENDS AND
SUPPORTERS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY,
MADE THE ARGUMENT IN NEW YORK
STAY THAT IF YOU HAD LOTS OF
FRIENDS THAT WERE IN
PSYCHOTHERAPY, THEN YOU WOULD
LIKE PSYCHOTHERAPY.
BUT I ALSO DID WITH A GROUP OF
PEOPLE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
PUERTO RICO, PARTICULARLY
MARGARITA, WE DID A STUDY IN
PUERTO RICO AND WE FOUND THE
MORE NETWORKS YOU HAD IN PUERTO
RICO, THE LESS LIKELY YOU WERE
TO GO TO THE SYSTEM FOR LOTS OF
REASONS WE COULD TALK ABOUT,
INCLUDING SOME OF THE THINGS
THAT SOME OF OUR YOUNG SCHOLARS
TALKED ABOUT.
BUT ALSO ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE
MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM IN PUERTO
RICO.
SO, I TRIED TO DEAL WITH THIS IN
THINKING ABOUT THE REALLY GOOD
THEORIES THAT WERE OUT THERE.
YOU KNOW THEM ALL.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL, THEORY OF
REASONED ACTION, AND MAYBE
SOCIOBEHAVIORAL MODEL.
THINKING ABOUT THOSE THEORIES
WHICH I CUT MY TEETH ON AND
REALLY LIKED.
BUT I KEPT THINKING TO MYSELF,
THE IMAGE IN THOSE MODELS IS
REALLY OF SOMEBODY WEIGHING THE
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT.
AND I THOUGHT TO MYSELF, I DON'T
KNOW ANYBODY WHO MAKES THEIR
DECISIONS THAT WAY.
AND SO, THE NETWORK EPISODE
MODEEL WAS AN ATTEMPT TO BUILD
ON WHAT WE UNDERSTOOD ABOUT
SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL
SUPPORT.
AND PEOPLE BOUNCE OFF ONE
ANOTHER.
WE LEARNED INTERESTING THING
ABOUT THIS AND I WANTED TO SAY
THAT I THINK THAT SOME PEOPLE
HAVE TAKEN WITH IT AND RUN WITH
IT IN VERY IMPORTANT WAYS.
AND THERE WAS A CHILDREN'S
VERSION OF THIS WHICH IS
POWERFUL.
ARLENE STIFF MAN AT WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY ST. LOUIS DEVELOPED
THE GATEWAY PROVIDER MODEL TO
TALK ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT SOCIAL
SYSTEMS BECOME THE NETWORK
GATEWAY FOR KIDS TO GET CARE.
THE OTHER THING THAT I AM REALLY
PROUD ABOUT THIS MODEL IS THAT
THE PEOPLE WHO TEND TO USE IT
ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE
TRENCHES WITH PEOPLE WITH
SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL
ILLNESS AND ALSO THE PEOPLE WHO
ARE STUDYING DIVERSE
COMMUNITIES.
AND BLACK BOYS AND GETTING INTO
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AND HIS
NEWER WORK ON SUICIDE AMONG
AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES.
THEY ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE FOUND
THIS USEFUL.
AND THAT MAKES ME EXTREMELY
HAPPY THAT MAYBE THERE HAS BEEN
A CONTRIBUTION THERE.
THE OTHER THING WAS TAKING WHAT
WE KNEW ABOUT THE SUICIDE AND
THINKING ABOUT HOW IT WAS BEING
USED.
AND DIRK LINE DID NOT TALK ABOUT
NETWORKS, PER SE.
HE TALKED ABOUT SOCIAL GROUPS.
HE TALKED ABOUT RICH VERSUS POOR
AND CATHOLICS VERSUS PROTESTANTS
AND AT ONE POINT, PEOPLE
SUICIDOLOGISTS SAID THERE IS ONE
LAW OF SUICIDE THAT CATHOLICS
COMMIT SUICIDE MORE THAN
PROTESTANTS.
AND IT WAS LIKE, REALLY?
DO THEY?
DO WE KNOW THAT?
BECAUSE MOSTLY WE ARE STUDYING
SUICIDE RATES.
WHICH SAYS SOMETHING VERY
DIFFERENT.
IT SAYS PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN AREAS
WITH LOTS OF CATHOLICS HAVE
LOWER SUICIDE RATES THAN PEOPLE
WHO LIVE IN AREAS WITH LOTS OF
PROTESTANTS.
SO WE STARTED TO TRY TO THINK
ABOUT WHAT WAS THE NATURE OF THE
RELIGIOUS NETWORKS OF PEOPLE
WITH DIFFERENT -- THAT LIVE IN
AREAS WITH DIFFERENT SUICIDE
RATES?
AND WE WERE ABLE TO START TO
THINK ABOUT HARMONIZING DATA IN
A WAY THAT WE COULD LOOK TO THE
GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY THAT HAD
NETWORK DATA AND HAD DETAILED
DATA ON RELIGIONS ON.
AND WE WERE ABLE TO FIND, THAT
YES, IN THE UNITED STATES, WHICH
IS THE MOST DENOMINATION
ALLIESED RELIGIOUS COUNTRY IN
THE WORLD, WE HAVE MORE
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS THAN
ANYBODY.
THAT CATHOLICISM DOES CONTINUE
TO ANCHOR THE BOTTOM OF SUICIDE
RATES.
AND GUESS WHAT?
THEY ARE ALSO THE PEOPLE WHO ARE
MOST LIKELY TO HAVE ONLY OTHER
CATHOLICS IN THEIR SOCIAL
NETWORKS.
AND AS YOU GET AWAY FROM THAT,
YOU GO UP THE SIDES OF THE NET
WHERE YOU GET ON ONE SIDE
JONESTOWN AND ON THE OTHER SIDE,
ATHEIST WHERE THE SUED RATES --
THE SORT OF NETWORKS JUST
DISAPPEARING AND THE OTHER ONES
WHERE THEY CLOSE UP.
IT STRUCK ME THAT WE REALLY
NEEDED TO GO FURTHER IN TERMS OF
THE NEXT STEPS BECAUSE WE ARE
SEEING THE ADMINISTRATIVE
SCIENTIST IN THE 70s TALKED
ABOUT THAT MORE AND MORE
PROBLEMS ARE WICKED.
OR IF YOU'RE FROM RHODE ISLAND
LIKE I AM, WICKED.
SO I GOT THESE WICKED PROBLEMS.
AND THEY ARE NOT AMENABLE TO
LINEAR THINKING.
AND THEY ARE A LITTLE BIT LIKE
WACK A MOLE LIKE IF YOU HIT IT
SOMEWHERE IT WILL POP UP
SOMEWHERE ELSE SO WE NEEDED TO
START THINKING IN TERMS OF
LARGER EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.
THERE IS NO SHORTAGE, NO
SHORTAGE OF ECOLOGICAL MODELS.
MULTILAYER MODELS.
I COULDN'T BIND THIS AGAIN IN
GOOGLE BUT YOU CAN THINK ABOUT
THE EARLY THEORY OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT.
THAT WAS PROBABLY THE GRAND
DADDY OF THEM ALL.
BUT THE PROBLEM WITH THOSE
MODELS AND I HAVE SEEN ONES THAT
ARE -- LIKE THIS ONE, BECAUSE I
THOUGHT IT WAS PARTICULARLY
PRETTY, BUT THE PROBLEM WITH
THESE MODELS IS THAT THEY ONLY
REALLY SATISFIED ONE OF FIVE
CONDITIONS I THINK THAT YOU NEED
TO MEET TO DO A MULTI-LEVEL
MODEL THAT WILL GIVE YOU SOME
PURCHASE.
AND THAT IS, I THINK WE'VE GOT
IT DOWN.
WE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA WHAT
THE SET OF CONTEXTURAL LEVELS
ARE THAT MATTER.
THIS IS THE DOCUMENTED IN
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH AND THERE
WERE A LOT OF REALLY EXCELLENT
REPORTS THAT CAME OUT OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMIES, CAME OUT OF
THE NIH, THAT TALKED ABOUT
NEURONS TO NEIGHBORHOODS, RIGHT?
JUST A BRILLIANT -- THAT'S ONE
OF MY GO TO BOOKS.
BUT THE PROBLEM IS WITH THESE,
IS THAT THEY DON'T OFFER
UNDERLYING MECHANISM OR AGENT OF
ACTION THAT CONNECTS THESE.
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, IF YOU ASK
THE SCIENTISTS AT EACH ONE OF
THOSE LEVELS TO COME UP WITH THE
VARIABLES THAT MATTER, THEY'LL
GIVE YOU AT MINIMUM, 30
VARIABLES THAT MATTER.
SO WE HAVE GOT THIS HUGE AMOUNT
OF VARIABLES AND DON'T KNOW HOW
THEY ARE INTERCONNECTED BUT IF
YOU TAKE A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE,
IT GIVES YOU A WAY TO NARROW
DOWN.
HOW IS IT AFFECTED AND HOW DOES
IT INTERACT WITH THOSE?
THE OTHER THING THAT TAKING A
NETWORK PERSPECTIVE I FIND
USEFUL IS THAT IT EMPLOYS A
LANGUAGE THAT IS NOW VERY
FAMILIAR, ESPECIALLY SINCE
NETWORK SCIENCE CAME IN THE
1990S.
THEY NOW WHEN YOU HAVE THE
PHYSICIST BOARD, YOU HAVE SOME
REALLY POWERFUL PARTNERS TO
THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS.
SO EVERYBODY FROM BIOLOGISTS TO
PHYSICIST TO SOCIOLOGISTS,
ANTHROPOLOGISTS, PEOPLE ARE
THINKING ABOUT SOCIAL NETWORKS.
AND SO THAT GIVES US A WAY TO
TALK TO ONE ANOTHER.
AND I THINK IT ALSO SUGGESTS
THAT WE'RE NOT ALWAYS GOING TO
BE ABLE TO HAVE NETWORK DATA
THAT MATCHES THE REAL EXPERTS
WANT.
SO WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TO USE
THE FULL RANGE OF METHODOLOGICAL
TOOLS THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN
USEFUL.
SO WHAT DID WE DO NEXT?
WHAT WE DID IS BROUGHT TOGETHER
A WHOLE BUNCH OF SCIENTISTS.
AND SO, IF YOU LOOK AT THAT
LIST, WHICH I CAN'T REALLY SEE
FROM HERE, IT INCLUDES
NEUROSCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIST
AND PSYCHOLOGISTS AND
METHODOLOGISTS AND ALL THE
PEOPLE THAT WERE INTERESTED IN
THINKING ABOUT THIS.
AND FOR ME I STARTED THINKING
ABOUT THE SAFETY NET AS A
THEORETICAL PLANE THAT EXISTS.
THERE IS ALWAYS SOME KIND OF
COMBINATION OF WHAT YOU'RE
LOOKING AT THAT PROVIDES THAT
NADIR OF SUPPORT, THAT BALANCE
AT THE BOTTOM AND THEY CAN ALL
SORT OF GO IN WONKY FASHION TO
DANGEROUS POLES.
AND SO THIS REALLY FITS VERY
WELL WITH PEOPLE LIKE ELEANOR'S
IDEAS IN TERMS OF THE COMMENTS
AND COMPLEXITY THEORY.
AND IT REALLY DEPLOYS
INTERACTION AND DYNAMICS.
SO THE FRACTAL STRUCTURE WHICH
IS THAT SELF REPEATING KIND OF
THING, GETTING ALL THESE PEOPLE
TOGETHER WAS TO ASK THEM THE
FOLLOWING QUESTION.
IN YOUR OWN AREA OF RESEARCH, IS
THERE NETWORK RESEARCH OR IS
THERE RESEARCH THAT SUPPORTS THE
IDEA OF NETWORKS AND OPERATION
AT YOUR LEVEL?
AND AS A RESULT OF THAT, IN THE
FIRST PAPER THAT WE DID IS THAT
WE LOOKED AT THIS USING ALCOHOL
ABUSE OR ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AS
THE AREA TO WHICH WE TRIED TO
SEE IF THERE WAS A WAY TO THINK
ABOUT THIS.
AND IT LOOKED LIKE IT HAS SOME
INTERESTING POSSIBILITIES.
BECAUSE IT COMBINES THE IDEA OF
BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING WHICH WE
THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT, THE
ANTHROPOLOGIST COMING UP WITH
THE IDEA THAT BIOLOGICAL
EMBEDDING REALLY HELPS US
EXPLAIN WHY THINGS LIKE
DISCRIMINATION, WHY AND HOW
DISCRIMINATION GETS UNDER THE
SKIN, RIGHT?
BUT THEN WE ALSO HAVE THE SOCIAL
EMBEDDING IN WHICH WE LOOK AT
THE OPPOSITE.
SO, WE WERE REALLY TRYING TO USE
THIS -- AND IT'S A THEORETICAL
MODEL.
CAN WE EVER OPERATIONALIZE THIS?
I DON'T KNOW.
BUT IT'S A WAY TO THINK AND IT
HAS BEEN -- WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
USE IT TO TAKE OUR RESEARCH A
LITTLE FURTHER.
SO THERE ARE THREE THINGS I
WANTED TO TALK ABOUT.
IN TERMS OF OUR CURRENT
RESEARCH.
AND ONE IS THINKING ABOUT
PATHWAYS TO CARE.
EVEN WHEN I LOOKED AT PREDICTING
WHO WOULD GO TO A DOCTOR VERSUS
NOT GO TO A DOCTOR.
THAT DOESN'T ANSWER THE QUESTION
THAT JOHN CLASS EN WHO WAS IN
THE SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL THAT
PEOPLE WITH SEVERE MENTAL
ILLNESS DO NOT GET INTO
TREATMENT QUICKLY AND
EFFICIENTLY.
SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE
HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO, AND THIS
GOES BACK TO JAMEEE'S USE OF
LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS, ONE OF MY
FAVORITE ANALYTIC TOOLS, IS THAT
WHAT WE HAVE SEEN CONSISTENTLY
IS THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH THE
MOST SERIOUS PROBLEMS HAVE THE
MOST COMPLICATED PATHWAYS TO
CARE.
WHY IS THAT?
IF IT'S SO SERIOUS AND SO
OBVIOUS, WHY AREN'T THEY JUST
GOING TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM?
THERE IS A LOT OF REASONS BUT
ONE OF THE THINGS IS, IS THAT WE
FOUND THAT THERE ARE BASIC
PATHWAYS WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT
THAT SAY THERE ARE DIFFERENT
PHENOMENON.
THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHWAYS
THAT ARE IMPORTANT.
ONE IS COERCION AND WE FOUND IN
OUR STUDY THAT 25% OF PEOPLE WHO
ENDED UP IN THE MENTAL HEALTH
SYSTEM CAME IN RESISTING.
THEY CAME IN EITHER UNDER WHAT
WE CALL FORMER HARD COERCION,
THE LAW, BROUGHT THEM IN OR SOFT
COERCION, WHICH IS MOM GUILT.
THAT GOT YOU INTO TREATMENT.
AND 30% OF PEOPLE GOT IN BY
MUDDLING THROUGH.
THEY COULDN'T TELL US HOW THEY
GOT THERE.
AND THIS CONCEPT WE BORROWED
FROM CHARLES, THE POLITICAL
SCIENTIST WHO SAID THAT THIS IS
THE WAY AMERICANS MAKE SOCIAL
POLICY, WHICH SEEMED RIGHT TO
US.
WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
CULTURAL STRUCTURES ON THE
BOTTOM RIGHT, WHERE HOW DOES THE
PERSON THINK ABOUT THEIR MENTAL
HEALTH?
HOW DOES THE SOCIAL NETWORK
THINK ABOUT IT AND HOW DOES THE
STATE-OF-THE-ART MEASURE USED IN
THE POPULATION?
SO ROB BEGIN ON'S ABILITY TO DO
ADAPTIVE TESTING.
HOW MUCH DO THOSE OVERLAP IN
TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT THIS?
AND HOW DOES THAT CULTURAL
STRUCTURE MAP ON TO JEREMEY'S
LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE OF THE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PATHWAYS OR
COMBINATION THAT IS PEOPLE USE?
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE
FOUND IS THAT IN FACT, WE'RE
STARTING TO SEE THAT IT LOOKS
VERY DIFFERENT FOR MENTAL
ILLNESS AS OPPOSED TO PHYSICAL
ILLNESS.
WHICH I DON'T THINK WE
NECESSARILY ANTICIPATED.
THE SECOND AREA OF RESEARCH THAT
I THINK THIS IS APPLICABLE TO IS
GOVERNOR MAN'S CLASSIC AREA OF
STIGMA, WHICH I BECAME INVOLVED
IN -- GUAV MAN'S -- I BECAME IN
INVOLVED WITH BECAUSE AFTER WE
STARTED DOING THE NETWORK -- THE
OBVIOUS ANSWER AGAIN FROM THE
SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL LAB AT NIMH,
WAS STIGMA.
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
CONTEMPORARY STIGMA RESEARCH
FOUND IS THAT THE MOST
CONSISTENT CORRELATE OF HIGH
LEVELS OF STIGMA IS NOT HAVING
CONTACT WITH PEOPLE WITH MENTAL
HEALTH PROBLEMS.
BUT THE MEASURE IS LIKE A
MACHETE.
IT'S VERY, VERY CRUDE.
IT'S LIKE, HAVE YOU OR ANYONE
YOU KNOWN HAD MENTAL ILLNESS?
AND THE IDEA WAS THAT THEN THAT
HAD ALL KINDS OF IMPLICATIONS
FOR POLICY AND ANTI-STIGMA
EFFORTS.
BUT AS THINKING FROM A NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE, THAT DIDN'T SET
RIGHT WITH US.
SO IN THE LAST, 2018 NATIONAL
STIGMA STUDY WHICH WAS THE THIRD
WAVE OF THAT STUDY, WE PUT ON A
NETWORK BATTERY AND ASKED, TELL
US ABOUT THE PEOPLE YOU KNOW
WITH MENTAL ILLNESS?
AND WHAT WE FOUND THERE IN TERMS
OF THIS IS THAT WHAT IS REALLY
SEEMS TO BE HAPPENING IS THAT
IT'S ACTUALLY VERY BAD IF YOU
KNOW A LOT OF PEOPLE BUT NOT
VERY WELL.
AND THAT ACTUALLY INCREASES THE
AMOUNT OF STIGMA YOU FEEL
TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH MENTAL
ILLNESS.
WHEREAS IF YOU HAVE STRONG TIES
TO THEM, THEN THAT LETS YOU SEE
THEIR FULL HUMANITY.
THAT'S HOW WE EXPLAIN THAT.
BUT I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS
I'M MOST EXCITED ABOUT IS HOW
THIS HAS ALLOWED US TO
BREAKTHROUGH DATA BARRIERS IN
THE STUDY OF SUICIDE.
AND THAT IS THAT AS I MENTIONED,
MOST SOCIOLOGIST, WE MEASURE
SUICIDE RATES.
BUT IF WE GO BACK TO THE
CATHOLIC VERSUS PROTESTANT
QUESTION, IF WE GO BACK TO THE
QUESTION OF HOW DOES RELIGION
FACTOR IN WITH SUICIDE, THE
QUESTION WE WANT TO KNOW IS, IN
THOSE AREAS WHERE SUICIDE IS
LOW, IS IT THAT THE CATHOLICS
ARE HAVING THOSE KINDS OF
NETWORKS AND BEING PROTECTED?
OR IS IT THAT THE PROTESTANTS
ARE JUST TRYING TO AVOID ANY
CONTACT WITH THE CATHOLICS?
LIKE WHAT IS GOING ON AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AGGREGATION?
WELL, THIS PRESENTS A REALLY BIG
ANALYTIC PROBLEM BECAUSE YOU
CAN'T GET DATA AT THAT LEVEL ON
BOTH INDIVIDUALS AND CONTEXT.
I MEAN, YOU CAN IF YOU THINK
ABOUT THE CLASSIC JACKSON HEART
STUDY, YOU CAN DO THAT IF YOU'RE
ASKING INSURED ABOUT HEART
DISEASE.
YOU CAN'T DO THAT WITH SUICIDE
BECAUSE THE PEOPLE YOU WANT TO
TALK TO ARE DEAD.
RIGHT?
NOW, INVASION, THE NVDRS --
INNOVATION.
THEY HAVE DATA ON INDIVIDUALS TO
FOLLOW STUDY IN THE CLASSIC WAY,
FATHER OF SUICIDOLOGY IN
AMERICA, WHERE THEY GO BACK AND
ASK PEOPLE, IT'S NOT GREAT DATA.
BUT IT'S DATA.
BUT STILL, WHAT'S THE MISSING
PIECE?
THE MISSING PIECE IS YOU HAVE
DATA WHERE DO YOU GET IT?
FROM THE U.S. CENSUS.
WE COMBINED, BECAUSE THE CENSUS
DROPPED THE LONG FORM AND WENT
TO THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY
SURVEY, WE WERE ABLE TO
BREAKTHROUGH DATA BARRIERS IN
THE STUDY OF SUICIDE AND ASK THE
QUESTION, IT'S NOT NETWORK DATA,
RIGHT?
BUT IF WE THINK ABOUT THE
CONCEPT OF HOM OPLY, WE CAN MAKE
THE THEORETICAL ARGUMENT ABOUT
IF NETWORKS MATTER, THEN IT
SHOULD BE THE CASE THAT PEOPLE
WHO LIVE IN AREAS LIKE THEM
SHOULD HAVE GREATER SUPPORT AND
INTERPRET DIFFERENT KINDS OF
CRISIS IN THE SAME WAY.
OR IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
SO LET ME GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE T
TOOK US A WHILE TO THINK THROUGH
THIS.
LET'S TAKE THE CASE OF
UNEMPLOYMENT WHICH IS THE GRAPH
ON THE LEFT.
UNEMPLOYMENT, ONE OF THE MOST
CONSISTENT PREDICTORS OF
SUICIDE, INDIVIDUAL LEVEL,
AGGREGATE LEVEL, DOESN'T MATTER.
WHAT THE CHART ON THE FAR LEFT
BUT THE FIRST ONE SHOWS WHERE WE
SHOW WHAT KINDS OF LEVELS WE'RE
LOOKING AT, WHAT THAT SHOWS IS
IF YOU LIVE IN AN AREA -- IF
YOU'RE UNEMPLOYED AND YOU LIVE
IN AN AREA WHERE LOTS OF OTHER
PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYED, THE
EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON
SUICIDE IS MINIMAL.
THE PROBLEM IS, IF YOU'RE
UNEMPLOYED AND YOU LIVE IN AN
AREA WHERE EVERYBODY ELSE IS
EMPLOYED, AND THE WAY THAT WE
UNDERSTAND THAT IS THROUGH THE
IDEA OF HOM OPLY, LIKE BIRDS OF
A FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER AND YOU
INTERPRET FAILURE OR CRISIS
DIFFERENTLY.
IF YOU LIVE IN DETROIT AND
YOU'RE UNEMPLOYED, THAT IS NOT
GOING TO RAISE YOUR SUICIDE
RISK.
BUT IF YOU LIVE IN WESTPORT,
CONNECTICUT AND YOU'RE THE ONLY
ONE THAT IS UNEMPLOYED AROUND
THE BIG MANSIONS, YOU'RE GOING
TO BLAME YOURSELF AS OPPOSED TO
BEING IN DETROIT WHERE YOU BLAME
THE SYSTEM.
THAT'S WHAT WE THINK IS THE
UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF THIS.
BUT TO TAKE THAT ONE STEP
FURTHER WHAT WE DID IS, WE ASKED
ABOUT WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE
GREAT RECESSION?
BECAUSE YOU WOULD EXPECT THAT
THAT CHANGE, THAT CALCULUS IN
PEOPLE'S MINDS, AND WHAT THAT
GRAPH ON THE FAR LEFT SHOWS
THERE WASN'T AN AFFECT OF
SANENESS, WHICH TECHNICALLY HAS
THIS TERM, CROSS LEVEL
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC HOMOGENEITY.
EXCUSE ME, I'M A SOCIOLOGIST.
WE DO SOME JARGON.
BUT WE CALL IT SANENESS.
WHAT SANENESS EXISTS BEFORE THE
GREAT RECESSION, BUT DURING THE
GREAT RECESSION, THE POWER OF
SANENESS ALMOST WENT ARCHITECTS
WAY BECAUSE EVERYBODY WAS
UNEMPLOYED.
BUT, LOOK AT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE
BLUE LINE.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE ECONOMY
STARTED TO RETURN?
WE'RE CONTINUING TO PURSUE THIS
TRYING TO FIGURE OUT OTHER WAYS
WHERE WE COULD USE NETWORK
THEORY BUT BE SATISFIED FOR NOT
HAVING NETWORK DATA.
AND THE REALLY SOPHISTICATED
PEOPLE IN SOCIAL NETWORKS WANT.
BUT I'M HAPPY TO LIVE WITH THIS
KIND OF DATA BECAUSE I THINK THE
THEORY IS POWERFUL ENOUGH TO
GIVE US WAYS TO THINK ABOUT
THIS.
HOW DOES THIS WORK IN TERMS OF
THINKING ABOUT THE REAL WORLD?
IT'S NOT THAT I DON'T HAVE
INTEREST IN THE REAL WORLD, IT'S
NOT WHY I GOT INTO THIS.
BUT BE CAREFUL WHAT HAPPENS.
I GOT ASKED BY TWO GROUPS,
INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND AN
ADVOCACY GROUP THAT YOU MAY KNOW
WAS STARTED BY GLEN CLOSE TO
TAKE ON THE ISSUES OF MENTAL
HEALTH, SUICIDE AND STIGMA ON
COLLEGE CAMPUSES.
I THOUGHT, OH, MY.
WHERE AM I GOING WITH THIS?
SO WHAT WE DID WAS, WE THOUGHT
ABOUT AND WENT THROUGH THE
NETWORK LITERATURE AND SAID,
WHAT PRINCIPLES ARE THERE IN
NETWORKS?
WE CAME UP WITH PRINCIPLES THAT
WERE CONGRUENT WITH A NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE.
WE FOLLOWED THE ENTERING
STUDENTS IN THE 2016 COHORT AND
WERE ABLE TO MARK USING THESE
FIVE PRINCIPLES AND I CAN TALK
ABOUT THEM LATER.
BUT THEY ARE ALL BASED ON
NETWORK RESEARCH.
FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE PERIODS
IN PEOPLE'S DEVELOPMENT WHEN
THEY ARE MORE OPEN TO CHANGE IN
THEIR ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND
BEHAVIORS.
AND THAT'S WHEN THEIR NETWORKS
CHANGE.
AND WHEN PEOPLE COME TO COLLEGE,
IT SETS UP ALL THE CONDITIONS
FOR NETWORK CHANGE.
SO IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE THEIR
ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND
BEHAVIORS, GET THEM IN
ORIENTATION.
AND START AND BE CONSISTENT.
SO JUST GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF
HOW THAT WORKED.
AND SO, WHAT WE DID WAS, WE
STARTED TO BUILD USING A NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE THE KINDS OF
NETWORKS GOING FROM GREENE UP
AND HIS WORK ON GAME STRANGERS
WITH THE PEOPLE AT UNIVERSITY OF
NEVADA, THE IDEA OF GAME
CHANGERS.
THIS COMES FROM A CLASSIC
NETWORK RESEARCH ON THE
IMPORTANCE OF OPINION LEADERS.
SO WHO ARE THE OPINION LEADERS
AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY WHO ARE
IMPORTANT TO GET ONBOARD TO BE
ABLE TO DO THIS INTERVENTION?
AND WE GOT THEM ONBOARD.
TO CREATE A NETWORK NOT ONLY OF
THE GAME CHANGERS BUT OF ALL THE
PARTS OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY THAT
COULD HAVE A CONSISTENT MESSAGE
ABOUT STIGMA.
WHERE WE ARE NOW, AND AS I SAID,
WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SHOW CHANGE
IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS IN
COLLEGE STUDENTS OVER TIME ON
THIS.
AND THIS IS ACTUALLY A FREE
PROGRAM.
AND WE ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
HOW DO YOU BUILD A NATIONAL
NETWORK FOR A PROGRAM THAT IS
FREE BUT DOES REQUIRE CERTAIN
THINGS LIKE HIGH-TOUCH, IN ORDER
TO SORT OF TRY TO TEMPER DOWN
THE RISING SUICIDE RATE AMONG
AMERICAN YOUTH?
WE ARE NOT ANYWHERE NEAR YET BUT
THOSE ARE THE SORT OF NETWORKS
THAT WE'RE BUILDING THAT WE HAVE
CONTACTS WITH AND WE'LL SEE HOW
IT GOES.
SO, WHAT THIS SAID TO ME IS
THAT, I THINK THAT WE NEED TO
THINK ABOUT AND THIS COULD BE
BLASS FEMI AND I HOPE NOBODY HAS
ANY STONES TO THROW AT THIS
POINT.
BUT I THINK WE REALLY NEED TO
THINK ABOUT THE TRANSLATIONAL
PATHWAY IN TERMS OF HOW WE DO
SOCIAL CHANGE.
I THINK IN TERMS OF THE GOLD
STANDARD, THE RANDMIZED CLINICAL
TRIAL, I HAVE PROBLEMS WITH
THAT.
I HAVE PROBLEMS WITH IT IN PART
BECAUSE IT IS AN INDIVIDUAL BASE
MODEL AS OPPOSED TO A
NETWORK-BASED MODEL.
SO I'M NOT GOING TO LIKE IT AS
MUCH.
I THINK WE CAN DEAL WITH THAT
INSTEAD OF FIDELITY TO THE
MODEL, I THINK FIDELITY TO THE
PRINCIPLES OF CHANGE IS DOABLE.
AND SO, WE ARE NOT TAKE TALKING
ABOUT PRECISION MEDICINE, WHY
CAN'T WE THINK ABOUT PRECISION
TRANSLATION?
TAILORING TO THE SOCIAL CONTEXT?
IN OTHER WORDS, INSTEAD OF
HAVING CANNED MATERIALS THAT
PEOPLE HAVE TO USE EXACTLY THE
WAY THAT EVERYBODY ELSE USES
THEM, WHY CAN'T WE HAVE AN ON
SITE IMMENTIONER WHERE PEOPLE
HAVE A BASKET OF OPTIONS THAT
HAVE BEEN EVIDENCE-BASED THAT
THEY CAN USE AND MODERATE TO
THEIR CULTURE, TO THEIR SOCIAL
CONTEXT, TO THEIR AGE, TO ALL OF
THOSE THINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT
TO THEM?
I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE
REASONS THAT MANY RANDOMIZED
CLINICAL TRIALS AFTER THEY HAVE
BEEN SHOWN TO BE SUCCESSFUL,
DON'T GET ADOPTED.
PEOPLE DON'T FEEL THEY HAVE
OWNERSHIP.
AND I THINK THAT WE CAN DO THAT.
SO, I LIKE ONLINE MATERIALS BUT
I THINK ONLINE MATERIALS HAVE TO
BE COMBINED WITH COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT AND ADDITIVE
PARTNERSHIPS AT THE SITE.
WHY CAN'T WE MOVE FROM
PRECISION, IF WE'RE GOING TO DO
PRECISION MEDICINE, CAN WE ALSO
DO PRECISION TRANSLATION?
AND I THINK THAT THIS BECOMES
PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT WHEN WE
ARE TRYING TO UNRAVEL THE SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH,
PARTICULARLY AMONG MINORITIZED
POPULATIONS.
AND I DRAW HERE FROM A
SOCIOLOGIST NAMED CHARLES TILLY
WHO WAS A NETWORK PERSON AND HE
TALKS ABOUT DURABLE INEQUALITY.
WHY IS IT SO HARD TO BREAK THE
BONDS OF INEQUALITY?
LIKE STIGMA, SUICIDE AND
PATHWAYS TO CARE, ANY QUALITY IS
PLAYED OUT THROUGH SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS, POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE.
AGAIN, YOU CAN NOT EXPERIENCE
STIGMA EXCEPT THROUGH SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS.
AND SO TO ME, THIS IS A
POSITIVE -- THIS IS A WAY TO
THINK ABOUT THIS.
I THINK WE HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO
BUT I THINK A NETWORK
PERSPECTIVE UNDERNEATH AND
THROUGH THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
OF HEALTH MIGHT GIVE US NEW WAYS
TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN CHANGE
THINGS.
AND I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE
WAY THAT -- I DON'T WANT
BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS IN SCIENCE
ARE NOW ACKNOWLEDGING THAT THEY
SEEN THE COMING CHALLENGES IN
HEALTH ILLNESS AND HEALING, WILL
REQUIRE A COUPLING OF SYSTEMATIC
SOCIAL CHANGE AND SCIENTIFIC
PROGRESS.
AND THAT'S WHERE I'M HOPING THAT
WE HEAD AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH F ANYONE
IN THE ROOM HAS QUESTIONS, WE
WILL WELCOME THEM NOW.
AND LAUREN WILL KEEP AN EYE ON
THE ONLINE IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS
ON ONLINE, PLEASE HID THE SEND
LIVE FEED BACK ICON AND TYPE
AWAY.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
THAT WAS A TOUR DE FORCE OVER
MANY DECADES OF RESEARCH IN THAT
AREA.
AND I JUST HAD A VERY QUESTION
ABOUT METHODOLOGY.
YOU SAID YOUR BASIC RESEARCHER
BUT HOW DO YOU PROPOSE YOU
MEASURE NETWORKS?
AND HOW DO WE -- HOW IS THAT
CHANGING IN THIS DIGITAL
ENVIRONMENT?
>> I THINK IT'S DIFFERENT.
I MEAN I THINK YOU HAVE TO
FIGURE OUT IF YOU'RE DOING
ONLINE, I THINK THE PHYSICIST
HAVE THIS KNOCKED.
THEY REALLY KNOW HOW TO SCRAPE
THE WEB AND GET THE TIES AND
THEY HAVE COME UP WITH IDEAS
ABOUT THE RICH CLUB, WHICH IS
THE CERTAIN PARTICULAR STRUCTURE
THAT I THINK NETWORK SCIENTISTS
CALL SOMETHING ELSE.
I MEAN PEOPLE WHO DO SOCIAL
NETWORKS CALL SOMETHING ELSE.
FOR US, WE WERE ASKED TO BE PART
OF THE FEE NEXT TOOLKIT.
IF YOU GO THERE, YOU WILL SEE
THAT -- AND I CHAIRED THE SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY PHOENIX TOOLKIT
GROUP.
BUT BARBARA AT CHAPEL HILL DID
THE DEMOGRAPHIC ONE.
AND SHE ASKED US TO INCLUDE SORT
OF A STANDARD BATTERY OF HOW YOU
DO THIS.
AND THIS IS WHERE WE GET INTO
TROUBLE WITH TRYING TO BE PART
OF RESEARCH BECAUSE PEOPLE WILL
CALL ME AND SAY, I WANT TO PUT
NETWORKS IN MY STUDY AND I'M
LIKE, OKAY, IT'S A 20 MINUTE
BATTERY.
AND PEOPLE SAY THINGS TO ME
LIKE, I REALLY WANTED TWO
QUESTIONS.
AND I'M LIKE, YOU CAN'T REALLY
DO IT WITH TWO QUESTIONS.
YOU CAN DO SOMETHING.
YOU CAN ASK PEOPLE ABOUT THE
SIZE OF THEIR NETWORKS OR
SOMETHING OR -- AND I THINK AS I
SAID, SO IF THEY JUST WANT TO GO
THERE, THEY CAN'T DO NETWORKS,
BUT THEY CAN DO SOMETHING THAT
IS RELATIONAL.
SO I THINK THERE IS PRETTY
STANDARD METHODOLOGIES.
THE BIG DISTINCTION WE MAKE IS
SOME JARGON.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
EGOCENTRIC NETWORKS OR PERSONAL
NETWORKS, NETWORKS THAT ARE
CONNECTED TO A PERSON.
SO I TELL YOU WHO MY PEOPLE ARE.
VERSUS SOCIOCENTRIC OR COMPLETE
OR FULL NETWORKS WHERE YOU HAVE
TO GET THE NETWORKS FROM
EVERYBODY IN THAT SORT OF
SPHERE.
AND THAT'S VERY HARD TO DO.
BUT I THINK THERE ARE REALLY
GOOD BOOKS OUT THERE ABOUT HOW
TO DO THIS.
SO I THINK IT'S PRETTY STANDARD.
I THINK THE METHODOLOGY IS
PRETTY STANDARD ON THIS.
BUT WHAT I WOULD SAY IS, DON'T
BE AFRAID TO TAYLOR IT TO YOUR
QUESTION.
BECAUSE WHEN WE TOOK THE CHANCE
OF NOT JUST ASKING IMPORTANT
MATTERS, WHICH WAS THE NAME
GENERATOR THAT EVERYBODY WAS
USING AND WE ADDED HEALTH
MEASURES, WE -- HEALTHNET WORKS,
WE THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO BE
THE INTERSECTION OF HEALTHNET
WORKS AND IMPORTANT MATTERS
NETWORKS THAT WAS GOODBYE TO BE
POWERFUL.
IT WASN'T.
IT WAS SIMPLY HEALTHNET WORKS.
SO YOU TAKE A GUESS.
YOU TAKE A GAMBLE, COLLECT THE
DATA.
AND PEOPLE LOVE THESE.
IF YOU HAVE THE TIME, ESPECIALLY
THE ONES THAT ARE ON LINE WHERE
YOU PUT PEOPLE IN CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES AND YOU CONNECT THEM OR
NOT, PEOPLE REALLY LIKE DOING
THOSE.
I THINK THE PROBLEM IS THAT WE
AS SCIENTISTS ARE LIKE, DO WE
REALLY WANT TO SPEND A HALF HOUR
DOING THIS IF THAT'S NOT REALLY
WHAT WE WANT TO DO?
THE ANSWER FOR ME IS, YES, I
THINK THE ANSWER FOR A LOT OF
OTHER PEOPLE IS NO.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR
TALK AND CONGRATULATIONS ON THE
AWARD.
VERY WELL DESERVED.
I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT LIKE A
SOCIAL NETWORK INTERVENTION.
SO, WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO THAT
AT DIFFERENT LEVELS.
LIKE WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO THAT
FOR A PERSON AND THEN WE MIGHT
BE ABLE TO ALSO DO THAT AS YOU
WORKING IN THE UNIVERSITIES LIKE
AN ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL.
OR COMMUNITY.
AND CAN YOU TALK ABOUT WHAT
THOSE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
INTERVENTIONS MIGHT LOOK LIKE?
>> SO I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT ONE
THAT -- ONE OF THE REASONS I GOT
INTO DO THIS WAS NIMH FUNDED
PROJECTS AND ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON
PROJECT CALLED THE NINE CITY
STUDY, AND WHAT THEY DID, THIS
WAS LED IN PART BY CHAPEL HILL.
WHAT THEY DID WAS, THEY CREATED
A CENTRAL HEALTH NAVIGATOR.
THIS WAS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL
LEVEL.
AND WHAT THEY WERE ABLE TO SHOW
IS THAT WITH THIS HEALTH
NAVIGATOR WHO CONNECTED ALL OF
THE OTHER PROVIDERS IN THE AREA,
THAT THEY WERE ABLE TO GET A
MORE INTEGRATED, BETTER HEALTH
CARE SYSTEM.
BECAUSE THEY HAD SOMEBODY ELSE
STUDY WHAT HAPPENED TO PEOPLE IN
THOSE NINE CITIES OVER TIME THAT
HAD SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT
MENTAL ILLNESS.
AND THEY SHOWED NO CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE TWO.
BUT, SO THE SYSTEM GOT BETTER
BUT PEOPLE DIDN'T GET BETTER.
BUT THOSE TWO STUDIES WERE
CONDUCTED INDEPENDENTLY.
THEY DIDN'T CONNECT PEOPLE'S
EXPERIENCES INTO THAT SYSTEM AND
THEY DIDN'T DRAW THE TIES
BETWEEN THE LEVELS.
SO WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THERE
WAS A SUB SET OF PEOPLE WHO
BECAME MORE INTEGRATED INTO THE
SYSTEM AND GOT BETTER BECAUSE
THEY DIDN'T MEASURE THAT.
BUT IT WAS A MASTERPIECE FOR ITS
TIME.
SO WE KIND OF KNOW HOW TO DO
THIS.
IT'S UNUSUAL AND TIME CONSUMING
AND IT'S JUST KIND OF DIFFERENT.
BUT IT'S A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT
IT THAT I THINK WE CAN DO THOSE
THINGS.
IT WAS GREAT TO DO IT ON A
COLLEGE CAMPUS AND WATCH -- ONE
OF THE FINDINGS WHEN I SAY
BEHAVIOR CHANGED.
SO THE BEHAVIOR WAS, WE WOULD
HAVE LIKED TO BE CHANGE IN THE
USE OF A COLLEGE COUNSELING
SERVICES.
OR OBVIOUS HIPPA REASONS.
WHAT WE WERE ABLE TO DO, WHAT WE
FOUND IS, OVER TIME, MORE
STUDENTS WERE REPORTING PEOPLE
WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN
THEIR NETWORK.
SO WHAT DO WE THINK HAPPENED?
THAT PEOPLE AS WE ARE DOING THIS
BIG THING, IT WAS ALL ABOUT
BRAIN CHANGE TO MIND.
WE DID ALL KINDS OF EVENTS.
AND ALL LED BY STUDENTS.
STUDENTS CAME UP WITH THEM AND
LED THEM, WE JUST HELPED PROVIDE
THEM WITH THE THINGS THAT THEY
NEEDED.
DID THEY RUN OUT AND THE SAY, WE
ARE DOING THIS BIG CAMPAIGN SO
WE HAVE TO GET SOMEBODY WITH
MENTAL ILLNESS, GOT TO MEET MY
FRIEND.
NO, IT WAS A DISCLOSURE
BEHAVIOR.
SO MORE PEOPLE UNDERSTOOD THAT
THERE WERE PEOPLE THEY WERE
ALREADY FRIENDS WITH WHO HAD
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND NOW
THEY WERE FREE TO TALK ABOUT IT.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
>> ARE THERE ANY ONLINE QUEST
QUESTIONS?
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
JUST A FABULOUS TALK.
I'M WONDERING FAMILIES USED TO
BE WITHIN THE FAMILY, MUCH MORE
SIMILAR AND NOW WE HAVE SUCH
DIVERSITY, FAMILIES HAVE PEOPLE
OF MULTIPLE RACE AND ETHNICITY,
NATIVITY AND ALSO NOW WE HAVE
TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES.
HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT SOCIAL
NETWORKS IN THIS INCREASING AND
MULTIPLYING COMPLEXITY?
>> SO WE JUST DID AN ANALYSIS, A
STUDY CALLED THE
PERSON-TO-PERSON HEALTH
INTERVIEW STUDY AND IT IS A
3000-PERSON SCIENTIFICALLY
SELECTED REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
IN THE STATE OF INDIANA.
IT'S AN OMNIBUS HEALTH SURVEY.
WE ASKED THEM ABOUT SUICIDAL
IDEATION AND HOW THAT CAN RESULT
IN LOWER LEVELS OF SUICIDAL
IDEATION.
AND ONE OF THEM IS THE SOLID
FAMILY NETWORK, WHICH YOU KIND
OF EXPECT.
BUT THE OTHER ONE IS WHAT
SOMEBODY TALKED ABOUT EARLIER.
BASICALLY THE KIN NETWORK WHERE
PEOPLE CREATE THEIR OWN NETWORKS
OF THE PEOPLE AROUND THEM THAT
MATTER TO THEM BECAUSE MAYBE
THEIR FAMILY DOESN'T WORK.
SO IT COULD BE MIXED.
SOME FAMILY BUT SOME FRIENDS.
THE TWO NETWORKS THAT WERE
REALLY TOXIC WAS THE EMPTY
NETWORK WHICH YOU EXPECT.
THAT'S WHERE THE ROPES ARE FAR
APART AND PEOPLE DON'T HAVE
ANYBODY.
BUT THE OTHER ONE WAS SOMETHING
THAT WE HAVE ALSO FOUND IN A
STUDY WE ARE DOING WITH OTHERS
IN ARIZONA -- OR NEW MEXICO,
SORRY -- AMONG NATIVE-AMERICANS.
THAT'S THE LARGE AND LOOSE
NETWORK OF PEOPLE WHO ALSO HAVE
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS.
AND THEIR SUICIDE RISK IS
HIGHER.
SO PEOPLE WHO THINK THEY HAVE A
LOT OF PEOPLE AROUND THEM, THEY
CAN DRAW ON THEM, BUT THESE TIES
ARE NOT -- THEY ARE NOT ONES YOU
CAN -- YOU CAN HANG WITH THESE
PEOPLE.
YOU CAN DRINK WITH THESE PEOPLE.
BUT THEY ARE NOT THERE FOR THE
KINDS OF SUPPORT THAT YOU NEED
TO SORT OF TAMP DOWN YOUR
LIKELIHOOD OF SUICIDE.
SO, WE HAVE NOW FOUND THIS IN
TWO STUDIES, THE LARGE LOOSE
NETWORK IS VERY TOXIC.
>> ARE THERE ANY FINAL QUESTIONS
FOR DR. BERNICE PESCOSOLIDO?
THEN LET'S JOIN ME IN THANKING
HER AGAIN FOR THIS AMAZING TALK
AND CONGRATULATE HER ON HER
AWARD.
[ APPLAUSE ]
JUST A COUPLE OF LAST MINUTE --
I WANT TO THANK OUR ESI
PRESENTERS.
AND CONGRATULATIONS AGAIN ON
YOUR AWARDS.
AND A BIG THANK YOU AND
CONGRATULATIONS TO DR. BERNICE
PESCOSOLIDO, OUR 17th NIH
MATILDA WHITE RILEY
DISTINGUISHED LECTURE.
FABULOUS TO HEAR FROM YOU.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR JOINING
US TODAY.
WE REALLY APPRECIATE IT.
AND FINALLY PLEASE MARK YOUR
CALENDARS, JUNE 6, 7 AND 11, THE
FUTURE OF SCIENTIFIC
CONFERENCING VIRTUAL MEETING TO
BRING TOGETHER MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES TO EXPLORE
ADVANTAGES, BARRIERS, GAPS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUTURE OF
SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES FOR THE
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES.
YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
ABOUT THIS EXCITING CONFERENCE
ON OUR WEBSITE.
I ALSO ENCOURAGE YOU TO
SUBSCRIBE TO OBSSRA NEWSLETTER
FOR UPDATES AT
OBSSR.OED.NIH.GOV.
AND AT THIS TIME I WILL CONCLUDE
OUR HONORS.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.