1 00:00:09,017 --> 00:00:10,285 >> HELLO, EVERYONE I'M THE 2 00:00:10,285 --> 00:00:11,686 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR AT NIH FOR 3 00:00:11,686 --> 00:00:13,321 THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL 4 00:00:13,321 --> 00:00:14,656 SCIENCES AND DIRECTOR OF THE 5 00:00:14,656 --> 00:00:16,324 OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL 6 00:00:16,324 --> 00:00:26,801 SCIENCES RESEARCH HERE ON CAM 7 00:00:26,801 --> 00:00:27,035 CAMPUS. 8 00:00:27,035 --> 00:00:30,305 WE HAVE APPLIED CLARITY AND 9 00:00:30,305 --> 00:00:32,006 RIGOR IN THEIR RESEARCH TO 10 00:00:32,006 --> 00:00:34,142 CHALLENGE ACCEPTED NOTIONS ABOUT 11 00:00:34,142 --> 00:00:36,077 BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF 12 00:00:36,077 --> 00:00:38,213 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HAVE PURSUED 13 00:00:38,213 --> 00:00:40,215 RESEARCH EFFORTS THAT REALLY 14 00:00:40,215 --> 00:00:42,517 IMPACT POLICY, PRACTICE AND 15 00:00:42,517 --> 00:00:45,019 PUBLIC PERCEPTION TO IMPROVE OUR 16 00:00:45,019 --> 00:00:47,522 UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT HEALTH AND 17 00:00:47,522 --> 00:00:47,989 HEALTH EQUITY CAN BE. 18 00:00:47,989 --> 00:00:50,225 IT'S SO EXCITING TO HAVE, 19 00:00:50,225 --> 00:00:52,327 ESPECIALLY OUR EARLY-STAGE 20 00:00:52,327 --> 00:00:54,829 INVESTIGATORS HERE TODAY AND TO 21 00:00:54,829 --> 00:00:57,198 HONOR OUR DISTINGUISHED LECTURER 22 00:00:57,198 --> 00:00:59,234 FROM THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY WHO 23 00:00:59,234 --> 00:01:00,969 WILL ALSO DELIVER THE KEYNOTE 24 00:01:00,969 --> 00:01:03,638 ADDRESS ENTITLED, THE POWER OF 25 00:01:03,638 --> 00:01:04,706 HUMAN CONNECTION TO HEALTH AND 26 00:01:04,706 --> 00:01:07,942 HEALTH CARE. 27 00:01:07,942 --> 00:01:10,645 OUR ESI HONOREES WERE SELECTED 28 00:01:10,645 --> 00:01:12,747 OUT OF A GROUP OF 80 RESEARCHERS 29 00:01:12,747 --> 00:01:14,749 WHO SUBMITTED PUBLISHED 30 00:01:14,749 --> 00:01:16,451 PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS TO OUR ESI 31 00:01:16,451 --> 00:01:17,652 PAPER COMPETITION. 32 00:01:17,652 --> 00:01:18,953 EACH PAPER WAS CAREFULLY 33 00:01:18,953 --> 00:01:20,555 REVIEWED BY OUR STAFF AND RATED 34 00:01:20,555 --> 00:01:21,823 BASED ON THE FOLLOWING 35 00:01:21,823 --> 00:01:22,624 QUESTIONS. 36 00:01:22,624 --> 00:01:24,692 INFORMED BY DR. MA TILTEDDA 37 00:01:24,692 --> 00:01:27,629 WHITE RILEY'S SCIENTIFIC LEGACY. 38 00:01:27,629 --> 00:01:32,367 FIRST, HOW POTENTIALLY IMPACTFUL 39 00:01:32,367 --> 00:01:32,967 OR INFLUENTIAL IS THE PAPER ON 40 00:01:32,967 --> 00:01:33,635 THE HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORAL 41 00:01:33,635 --> 00:01:35,236 AND SOCIAL SCIENCES? 42 00:01:35,236 --> 00:01:38,172 HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER USE 43 00:01:38,172 --> 00:01:41,042 SOPHISTICATED METHODOLOGICAL 44 00:01:41,042 --> 00:01:42,644 APPROACHES TO ADDRESS IMPORTANT 45 00:01:42,644 --> 00:01:46,047 EMPIRICAL QUESTIONS THAT ARE 46 00:01:46,047 --> 00:01:48,249 DERIVED FROM THEORETICAL 47 00:01:48,249 --> 00:01:48,550 FRAMEWORKS? 48 00:01:48,550 --> 00:01:50,351 HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER 49 00:01:50,351 --> 00:01:51,352 INTEGRATE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF 50 00:01:51,352 --> 00:01:54,255 INFLUENCE AND/OR THE DYNAMIC 51 00:01:54,255 --> 00:01:57,659 LONGITUDINAL AND BIDIRECTIONAL 52 00:01:57,659 --> 00:01:59,160 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS ON 53 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:00,862 INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA? 54 00:02:00,862 --> 00:02:02,597 AND HOW WELL DOES THE PAPER 55 00:02:02,597 --> 00:02:03,665 INTEGRATE APPROACHES FROM 56 00:02:03,665 --> 00:02:04,866 MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES TO ADDRESS 57 00:02:04,866 --> 00:02:06,467 THE RESEARCH QUESTION? 58 00:02:06,467 --> 00:02:08,069 SO CONGRATULATIONS TO THIS 59 00:02:08,069 --> 00:02:12,807 YEAR'S ESI HONOREES, DR. JEREMEY 60 00:02:12,807 --> 00:02:15,777 LUK, ELISEO PEREZ-STABLE, GIANNA 61 00:02:15,777 --> 00:02:22,684 REA-SANDIN, - A COUPLE OF 62 00:02:22,684 --> 00:02:24,052 HOUSEKEEPING NOTES, DR. LAUREN 63 00:02:24,052 --> 00:02:26,454 WILL MODERATE THE PRESENTATIONS 64 00:02:26,454 --> 00:02:30,625 AND ERICA SPOTTS WILL MODERATE 65 00:02:30,625 --> 00:02:31,225 THE DISTINGUISHED LECTURE AND 66 00:02:31,225 --> 00:02:33,161 PRESENTATION AND FACILITATE THE 67 00:02:33,161 --> 00:02:35,263 Q&A AND CONVEY YOUR QUESTIONS 68 00:02:35,263 --> 00:02:36,664 AND COMMENTS TO THE PRESENTERS. 69 00:02:36,664 --> 00:02:39,367 TODAY'S EVENT IS BEING BROADCAST 70 00:02:39,367 --> 00:02:40,868 THROUGH NIH VIDEOCAST AND 71 00:02:40,868 --> 00:02:42,403 QUESTIONS FROM VIDEOCAST VIEWERS 72 00:02:42,403 --> 00:02:44,372 CAN BE SUBMITTED VIA THE 73 00:02:44,372 --> 00:02:45,073 FEEDBACK FORM. 74 00:02:45,073 --> 00:02:47,275 TO SUBMIT A QUESTION, THE 75 00:02:47,275 --> 00:02:49,777 VIRTUAL ATTENDEES MAY SELECT THE 76 00:02:49,777 --> 00:02:53,181 SEND LIVE FEEDBACK ICON ON THE 77 00:02:53,181 --> 00:02:55,483 NIH VIDEO PAGE AND ENTER 78 00:02:55,483 --> 00:02:57,185 VIDEOCAST PAGE AND ENTER YOUR 79 00:02:57,185 --> 00:02:58,553 COMMENT OR QUESTION WHICH WE 80 00:02:58,553 --> 00:03:00,188 WILL RECEIVE IN REALTIME. 81 00:03:00,188 --> 00:03:03,658 DURING EACH Q&A, WE'LL TRY TO 82 00:03:03,658 --> 00:03:04,759 ALTERNATE IN-PERSON AND THE 83 00:03:04,759 --> 00:03:05,994 VIRTUAL QUESTIONS. 84 00:03:05,994 --> 00:03:08,596 FEEL FREE TO SEND YOUR QUESTIONS 85 00:03:08,596 --> 00:03:10,231 AT ANY TIME DURING THE 86 00:03:10,231 --> 00:03:10,565 PRESENTATION. 87 00:03:10,565 --> 00:03:12,066 THANK YOU AGAIN FOR JOINING THE 88 00:03:12,066 --> 00:03:14,102 17th ANNUAL MATILDA WHITE 89 00:03:14,102 --> 00:03:15,103 RILEY BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL 90 00:03:15,103 --> 00:03:16,471 SCIENCE HONORS EVENT. 91 00:03:16,471 --> 00:03:21,643 WE HOPE YOU EN JOE IT AND I -- 92 00:03:21,643 --> 00:03:24,479 ENJOY IT AND NOW I TURN IT OVER 93 00:03:24,479 --> 00:03:30,485 TO DR. LAUREN FORDYCE. 94 00:03:30,485 --> 00:03:32,887 >> WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN WITH OUR 95 00:03:32,887 --> 00:03:35,289 ESI PORTION OF OUR EVENT. 96 00:03:35,289 --> 00:03:37,392 SO EACH WILL DELIVER A 15 MINUTE 97 00:03:37,392 --> 00:03:38,393 PRESENTATION AND THEN ALL OF 98 00:03:38,393 --> 00:03:40,461 THEM WILL GIVE THEIR 99 00:03:40,461 --> 00:03:41,162 PRESENTATIONS AND THEN WE'LL 100 00:03:41,162 --> 00:03:43,164 HAVE A MODERATED DISCUSSION 101 00:03:43,164 --> 00:03:45,099 WHERE WE CAN TAKE QUESTIONS FROM 102 00:03:45,099 --> 00:03:48,703 THOSE OF US IN THE ROOM AND FROM 103 00:03:48,703 --> 00:03:51,873 THE Q&A ON LINE. 104 00:03:51,873 --> 00:03:53,675 SO, I WANTED TO REMIND YOU OF 105 00:03:53,675 --> 00:03:55,677 OUR EVENT GUIDELINES. 106 00:03:55,677 --> 00:03:57,412 PLEASE NOTE THAT PARTICIPANTS 107 00:03:57,412 --> 00:03:59,881 ARE REQUIRED TO UPHOLD THE 108 00:03:59,881 --> 00:04:01,182 PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES OF THIS 109 00:04:01,182 --> 00:04:03,084 MEETING AND PLEASE KEEP ALL 110 00:04:03,084 --> 00:04:06,287 COMMENTS RELEVANT TO THE EVENT 111 00:04:06,287 --> 00:04:06,688 TOPIC. 112 00:04:06,688 --> 00:04:09,190 AS DR. JANE SIMONI JUST 113 00:04:09,190 --> 00:04:10,692 MENTIONED, WE HAVE A LIVE 114 00:04:10,692 --> 00:04:12,093 FEEDBACK BUTTON WHICH THOSE OF 115 00:04:12,093 --> 00:04:14,996 YOU WHO ARE OBSERVING FROM YOUR 116 00:04:14,996 --> 00:04:18,466 HOMES OR OFFICES OR YOUR CAR, 117 00:04:18,466 --> 00:04:21,903 YOU CAN SEND -- THERE IS A 118 00:04:21,903 --> 00:04:24,572 BUTTON THAT IS SEND LIVE 119 00:04:24,572 --> 00:04:25,973 FEEDBACK AND YOU CAN SUBMIT YOUR 120 00:04:25,973 --> 00:04:26,507 QUESTIONS THERE. 121 00:04:26,507 --> 00:04:28,576 IF YOU HAVE ANY ISSUES WITH 122 00:04:28,576 --> 00:04:30,678 TECHNICAL SUPPORT, CALL THE IT 123 00:04:30,678 --> 00:04:32,747 SERVICE DESK AND AS A REMINDER, 124 00:04:32,747 --> 00:04:36,017 THIS EVENT IS BEING RECORDED AND 125 00:04:36,017 --> 00:04:37,985 IT WILL BE AVAILABLE ABOUT A ONE 126 00:04:37,985 --> 00:04:45,593 MONTH OR MORE ON OUR WEBSITE. 127 00:04:45,593 --> 00:04:48,129 I CAN INTRODUCE JEREMY THIS MAIN 128 00:04:48,129 --> 00:04:50,164 SLIDE. 129 00:04:50,164 --> 00:04:54,402 I'M EXCITED TO INTRODUCE OUR 130 00:04:54,402 --> 00:04:55,636 INVESTIGATORS AND IT WAS 131 00:04:55,636 --> 00:04:57,105 EXTREMELY COMPETITIVE YEAR AS 132 00:04:57,105 --> 00:05:00,108 MENTIONED, AND WE SELECTED FIVE 133 00:05:00,108 --> 00:05:03,211 ESIs AND FOUR WILL BE 134 00:05:03,211 --> 00:05:05,313 PRESENTING TODAY. 135 00:05:05,313 --> 00:05:08,182 DR. JEREMEY LUK, DR. KRISTIN 136 00:05:08,182 --> 00:05:12,987 PERRY, DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN AND 137 00:05:12,987 --> 00:05:16,524 DR. VOL PEE WAS SELECTED AND SHE 138 00:05:16,524 --> 00:05:18,326 COULDN'T PRESENT TODAY BUT 139 00:05:18,326 --> 00:05:19,861 PLEASE KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR HER 140 00:05:19,861 --> 00:05:22,130 IN THE FUTURE. 141 00:05:22,130 --> 00:05:24,031 DR. JEREMEY LUK IS A CLINICAL 142 00:05:24,031 --> 00:05:24,665 PSYCHOLOGIST WITHIN THE OFFICE 143 00:05:24,665 --> 00:05:26,768 OF THE CLINICAL DIRECTOR AT THE 144 00:05:26,768 --> 00:05:27,802 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALCOHOL 145 00:05:27,802 --> 00:05:29,003 ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM. 146 00:05:29,003 --> 00:05:30,705 SO HERE AT THE NIH. 147 00:05:30,705 --> 00:05:33,441 HE SAY LICENSED CLINICAL 148 00:05:33,441 --> 00:05:34,709 PSYCHOLOGIST WITH RESEARCH 149 00:05:34,709 --> 00:05:36,310 EXPERIENCE IN ALCOHOL USE, 150 00:05:36,310 --> 00:05:37,812 MENTAL HEALTH, HEALTH 151 00:05:37,812 --> 00:05:40,114 DISPARITIES AND STATISTICAL 152 00:05:40,114 --> 00:05:40,414 METHODS. 153 00:05:40,414 --> 00:05:42,550 AND HIS CURRENT ROLE PROVIDES 154 00:05:42,550 --> 00:05:44,018 CLINICAL SERVICES TO PATIENTS 155 00:05:44,018 --> 00:05:47,755 WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND 156 00:05:47,755 --> 00:05:48,389 SUPERVISES DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN 157 00:05:48,389 --> 00:05:49,690 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. 158 00:05:49,690 --> 00:05:51,826 HIS RECENT RESEARCH FOCUSES ON 159 00:05:51,826 --> 00:05:53,227 UNDERSTANDING MULTIDIMENSIONAL 160 00:05:53,227 --> 00:05:54,829 QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE CONTEXT 161 00:05:54,829 --> 00:05:57,331 OF RECOVERY AND THE APPLICATION 162 00:05:57,331 --> 00:05:58,833 OF THIRD WAVE BEHAVIORAL 163 00:05:58,833 --> 00:06:03,638 THERAPIES TO TREAT ADDICTIVE 164 00:06:03,638 --> 00:06:04,005 BEHAVIORS. 165 00:06:04,005 --> 00:06:06,407 HIS PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY 166 00:06:06,407 --> 00:06:08,142 HIS RECENT PUBLICATION, A 167 00:06:08,142 --> 00:06:09,844 PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH TO 168 00:06:09,844 --> 00:06:11,412 CAPTURE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND 169 00:06:11,412 --> 00:06:13,581 THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACT OF 170 00:06:13,581 --> 00:06:15,249 COVID-RELATED STRESSORS, 171 00:06:15,249 --> 00:06:17,151 PUBLISHED IN AMERICAN 172 00:06:17,151 --> 00:06:17,485 PSYCHOLOGIST. 173 00:06:17,485 --> 00:06:23,057 AND DR. NATSIA LIU NATS A JEREME 174 00:06:23,057 --> 00:06:24,826 WELCOME TO COME UP AND BEGIN 175 00:06:24,826 --> 00:06:35,136 YOUR PRESENTATION. 176 00:06:38,940 --> 00:06:41,642 >> MY TALK TODAY IS GOING TO BE 177 00:06:41,642 --> 00:06:45,046 ON A PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH TO 178 00:06:45,046 --> 00:06:53,254 CAPTURE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND 179 00:06:53,254 --> 00:06:54,522 MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACT OF 180 00:06:54,522 --> 00:06:55,957 COVID-RELATED STRESSORS. 181 00:06:55,957 --> 00:06:57,258 I HAVE 15 MINUTES. 182 00:06:57,258 --> 00:06:58,559 SO SOME OF THE DETAILS I WILL 183 00:06:58,559 --> 00:06:59,060 LEAVE OUT. 184 00:06:59,060 --> 00:07:01,729 BUT THIS IS THE PAPER PUBLISHED 185 00:07:01,729 --> 00:07:05,233 IN THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AND 186 00:07:05,233 --> 00:07:07,268 HERE -- ARE MY CO-AUTHORS WHICH 187 00:07:07,268 --> 00:07:10,171 I DEFINITELY WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE 188 00:07:10,171 --> 00:07:11,239 BECAUSE WITHOUT THE TEAM THIS 189 00:07:11,239 --> 00:07:12,240 WOULD NOT HAPPEN. 190 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:15,076 SO, DURING THE COVID-19 191 00:07:15,076 --> 00:07:18,145 PANDEMIC, THERE WERE A LOT OF 192 00:07:18,145 --> 00:07:18,946 UNEXPECTED CHANGE THAT IS PEOPLE 193 00:07:18,946 --> 00:07:23,684 HAD TO ADJUST TO AND IN THE 194 00:07:23,684 --> 00:07:26,954 LITERATURE THERE ARE WAYS TO 195 00:07:26,954 --> 00:07:27,855 CONCEPTUALIZE COVID-RELATED 196 00:07:27,855 --> 00:07:28,089 STRESS. 197 00:07:28,089 --> 00:07:30,324 ONE OF THE WAYS WAS TO LOOK AT 198 00:07:30,324 --> 00:07:31,993 SOME OF THE CHANGES AS A 199 00:07:31,993 --> 00:07:33,661 FUNCTION OF LIKE HOW PEOPLE AS 200 00:07:33,661 --> 00:07:36,364 THEY EXPERIENCE THE COVID 201 00:07:36,364 --> 00:07:37,365 PANDEMIC, SOME OF THE 202 00:07:37,365 --> 00:07:39,066 ADJUSTMENTS THEY HAVE TO MAKE. 203 00:07:39,066 --> 00:07:40,735 SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHANGES? 204 00:07:40,735 --> 00:07:43,771 I THINK THE PANDEMIC HAS REALLY 205 00:07:43,771 --> 00:07:45,473 INFLUENCED PEOPLE'S LIVES IN 206 00:07:45,473 --> 00:07:48,075 DIVERSE WAYS SO NOT ONLY ONE WAY 207 00:07:48,075 --> 00:07:49,076 THAT PEOPLE EXPERIENCE IN 208 00:07:49,076 --> 00:07:49,877 DIFFERENT WAYS. 209 00:07:49,877 --> 00:07:52,780 SO FROM THE VERY EARLY STAGE 210 00:07:52,780 --> 00:07:54,782 WHERE THERE WAS SHUTDOWNS AND 211 00:07:54,782 --> 00:07:57,652 THERE IS A LOT OF SOCIAL 212 00:07:57,652 --> 00:07:59,787 ISOLATION THAT COULD BE A LOT OF 213 00:07:59,787 --> 00:08:03,157 CHANGES TO HOW PEOPLE APPROACH 214 00:08:03,157 --> 00:08:06,460 WORK IN SOME PLACES. 215 00:08:06,460 --> 00:08:07,662 SOME OF THE WORK WOULD BE 216 00:08:07,662 --> 00:08:09,964 SWITCHED TO TELEWORK AND SOME 217 00:08:09,964 --> 00:08:11,265 PEOPLE THERE WILL BE MORE WORK 218 00:08:11,265 --> 00:08:13,100 AND THEN LESS WORK. 219 00:08:13,100 --> 00:08:14,869 THERE COULD BE ESSENTIAL WORKERS 220 00:08:14,869 --> 00:08:17,772 WHO MIGHT BE PARTICULARLY 221 00:08:17,772 --> 00:08:18,172 AFFECTED. 222 00:08:18,172 --> 00:08:20,174 AND THEN THERE IS THE FINANCIAL 223 00:08:20,174 --> 00:08:22,877 PIECE THAT COULD BE LOSS OF 224 00:08:22,877 --> 00:08:26,180 INCOME WHEN PEOPLE ARE NOT ABLE 225 00:08:26,180 --> 00:08:28,082 TO WORK IN CERTAIN AREAS. 226 00:08:28,082 --> 00:08:31,686 DEPENDING ON WHAT THEY DO. 227 00:08:31,686 --> 00:08:32,787 FINANCIAL STRESS, COULDN'T PAY 228 00:08:32,787 --> 00:08:36,390 THEIR BILLS AND HAVE TO WORRY 229 00:08:36,390 --> 00:08:40,094 ABOUT THINGS LIKE PAYING FOR GAS 230 00:08:40,094 --> 00:08:40,861 OR OTHER THINGS. 231 00:08:40,861 --> 00:08:43,597 A LOT OF FINANCIAL-RELATED 232 00:08:43,597 --> 00:08:43,831 THINGS. 233 00:08:43,831 --> 00:08:47,101 AND THEN ALSO THERE COULD BE THE 234 00:08:47,101 --> 00:08:50,504 ACTUAL COVID INFECTION TO THE 235 00:08:50,504 --> 00:08:54,008 CELL, TO THOSE AROUND YOU AND 236 00:08:54,008 --> 00:08:55,710 THEN DIFFERENT WAYS, FOR 237 00:08:55,710 --> 00:08:58,079 EXAMPLE, THE LOSS OF A LOVED ONE 238 00:08:58,079 --> 00:09:00,581 DUE TO COVID-19. 239 00:09:00,581 --> 00:09:02,516 SO JUST TO LAY OUT, THERE ARE A 240 00:09:02,516 --> 00:09:06,087 LOT OF WAYS THE PANDEMIC 241 00:09:06,087 --> 00:09:07,588 IMPACTED PEOPLE'S LIVES. 242 00:09:07,588 --> 00:09:10,691 AND I THINK IN THE LITERATURE 243 00:09:10,691 --> 00:09:14,295 SOME OF THESE CHANGES OR SOME OF 244 00:09:14,295 --> 00:09:15,896 THESE IMPACTS HAS BEEN 245 00:09:15,896 --> 00:09:17,598 CONCEPTUALIZED AS COVID-RELATED 246 00:09:17,598 --> 00:09:17,898 STRESS. 247 00:09:17,898 --> 00:09:21,702 AND WE KNOW FROM ADDICTION 248 00:09:21,702 --> 00:09:24,005 THEORY THAT WHEN THERE IS 249 00:09:24,005 --> 00:09:26,407 STRESS, SOME PEOPLE MIGHT DRINK 250 00:09:26,407 --> 00:09:29,377 TO COPE WITH THE STRESS. 251 00:09:29,377 --> 00:09:33,814 SO, HERE IS A VERY SIMPLE 252 00:09:33,814 --> 00:09:40,588 ILLUSTRATION OF HOW THAT MIGHT 253 00:09:40,588 --> 00:09:45,793 BE THE CASE AND IT LEAD TO 254 00:09:45,793 --> 00:09:46,694 SOCIAL ISOLATION. 255 00:09:46,694 --> 00:09:49,630 IT WAS DIFFICULT AND STRESSFUL 256 00:09:49,630 --> 00:09:50,231 FOR PEOPLE. 257 00:09:50,231 --> 00:09:55,803 ONE OF THE QUESTIONS AS I 258 00:09:55,803 --> 00:09:57,705 APPROACHED THIS WITHIN A LARGER 259 00:09:57,705 --> 00:09:59,340 PROJECT AT NIAAA. 260 00:09:59,340 --> 00:10:01,409 WE HAVE A PROJECT THAT REALLY 261 00:10:01,409 --> 00:10:04,311 TRIED TO FOLLOW-UP ON SOME OF 262 00:10:04,311 --> 00:10:06,614 THE PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS WHO 263 00:10:06,614 --> 00:10:08,215 CAME TO THE NIH TO DO RESEARCH 264 00:10:08,215 --> 00:10:13,020 AND WERE ABLE TO FOLLOW THEM 265 00:10:13,020 --> 00:10:15,723 DURING THE PANDEMIC SO WE TRIED 266 00:10:15,723 --> 00:10:17,691 TO LOOK AT LIKE BEFORE THE 267 00:10:17,691 --> 00:10:18,125 PANDEMIC. 268 00:10:18,125 --> 00:10:20,394 WE HAD SOME HISTORICAL DATA ON 269 00:10:20,394 --> 00:10:20,594 THEM. 270 00:10:20,594 --> 00:10:22,196 SO DURING THE PANDEMIC, WE WANT 271 00:10:22,196 --> 00:10:24,098 TO SEE HOW THEY ARE DOING DURING 272 00:10:24,098 --> 00:10:26,133 THE PANDEMIC. 273 00:10:26,133 --> 00:10:29,603 AND WE HAVE SOME MEASURES FROM 274 00:10:29,603 --> 00:10:35,209 THE CDC COVID-19 COMMITTEE 275 00:10:35,209 --> 00:10:37,011 SURVEY BANK QUESTIONS. 276 00:10:37,011 --> 00:10:38,813 AND ALL OF THESE WOULD MAP ON TO 277 00:10:38,813 --> 00:10:41,515 WHAT I JUST MENTIONED ABOUT THE 278 00:10:41,515 --> 00:10:42,316 COVID-RELATED STRESS. 279 00:10:42,316 --> 00:10:44,919 SO THE STUDY OBJECTIVE IS TO 280 00:10:44,919 --> 00:10:46,720 FIGURE OUT WHAT IS THE BEST WAY 281 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:49,123 TO MODEL THESE STRESSORS? 282 00:10:49,123 --> 00:10:51,625 AND THEN ALSO TO EXAMINE HOW 283 00:10:51,625 --> 00:10:53,661 DISPARITIES IN EXPOSURE TO 284 00:10:53,661 --> 00:10:55,729 COVID-RELATED STRESSORS AND ALSO 285 00:10:55,729 --> 00:11:00,701 EXAMINE IMPACT ON MENTAL HEALTH, 286 00:11:00,701 --> 00:11:01,435 OUTALCOHOL-RELATED OUTCOMES AND 287 00:11:01,435 --> 00:11:02,036 QUALITY OF LIFE. 288 00:11:02,036 --> 00:11:06,640 SO THE DATA SOURCES FROM NIAAA, 289 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:08,642 COVID-19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON 290 00:11:08,642 --> 00:11:11,112 ALCOHOL STUDY. 291 00:11:11,112 --> 00:11:12,847 THE STUDY DESIGNS A LONG TERM 292 00:11:12,847 --> 00:11:15,416 STUDY THAT SPANS TWO YEARS SO WE 293 00:11:15,416 --> 00:11:18,652 HAVE TO COLLECT SOME DATA 294 00:11:18,652 --> 00:11:20,287 BECAUSE THERE WAS SOME EXTENSION 295 00:11:20,287 --> 00:11:22,123 OF THE RECOMMENDED TIMEFRAME N 296 00:11:22,123 --> 00:11:23,924 THIS ANALYSIS, THE DATA 297 00:11:23,924 --> 00:11:27,728 COLLECTION WAS DONE FROM JUNE 3, 298 00:11:27,728 --> 00:11:30,431 2020, TO JANUARY 6, 2022. 299 00:11:30,431 --> 00:11:35,736 THE PARTICIPANTS INCLUDED 463 300 00:11:35,736 --> 00:11:38,339 ADULTS, THE MEAN AGE WAS ABOUT 301 00:11:38,339 --> 00:11:40,541 45 YEARS OF AGE. 302 00:11:40,541 --> 00:11:42,843 IT WAS ABOUT HALF MALE AND 303 00:11:42,843 --> 00:11:43,077 FEMALE. 304 00:11:43,077 --> 00:11:44,845 THE SAMPLE WAS DIVERSE IN TERMS 305 00:11:44,845 --> 00:11:50,718 OF RACE AND ETHNICITY. 306 00:11:50,718 --> 00:11:53,220 WE HAVE HISTORIC DATA ABOUT 307 00:11:53,220 --> 00:11:55,222 WHETHER THEY HAD ALCOHOL USE 308 00:11:55,222 --> 00:11:57,525 DISORDER, AUD, AND SO IN THIS 309 00:11:57,525 --> 00:12:00,928 SAMPLE, WE HAVE 42% WITH A 310 00:12:00,928 --> 00:12:02,830 HISTORY OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. 311 00:12:02,830 --> 00:12:04,765 WE ALSO ASKED THEM WHETHER THEY 312 00:12:04,765 --> 00:12:09,136 WERE BEING TESTED FOR COVID-19. 313 00:12:09,136 --> 00:12:11,839 SO ONLY 50% OF THEM WERE TESTED 314 00:12:11,839 --> 00:12:14,074 FOR COVID-19 AND IN THIS SAMPLE, 315 00:12:14,074 --> 00:12:17,945 THERE WERE ONLY 11 PEOPLE WHO 316 00:12:17,945 --> 00:12:19,446 REPORTED BEING TESTED POSITIVE. 317 00:12:19,446 --> 00:12:24,552 SO IT'S A VERY SMALL NUMBER 318 00:12:24,552 --> 00:12:24,852 HERE. 319 00:12:24,852 --> 00:12:26,921 IN TERMS OF THE MEASURES, I WILL 320 00:12:26,921 --> 00:12:29,523 SHOW YOU THE COVID-RELATED 321 00:12:29,523 --> 00:12:31,258 STRESS MEASURES IN A SUBSEQUENT 322 00:12:31,258 --> 00:12:31,458 SLIDE. 323 00:12:31,458 --> 00:12:32,860 IN TERMS OF THE OUTCOME 324 00:12:32,860 --> 00:12:37,464 MEASURES, WE HAVE A LOT OF 325 00:12:37,464 --> 00:12:47,975 DIFFERENT AREAS LIKE PERCEIVED 326 00:12:48,609 --> 00:12:50,344 STRESS SCALE S ALCOHOL USE 327 00:12:50,344 --> 00:12:52,646 DISORDERS IDENTIFICATION TEST. 328 00:12:52,646 --> 00:12:54,248 GENERALIZE ANXIETY DISORDER BY 329 00:12:54,248 --> 00:13:00,521 THE GAD7 AND THE ALCOHOL CRAVING 330 00:13:00,521 --> 00:13:00,921 SCALE. 331 00:13:00,921 --> 00:13:03,057 WE HAVE SOME ADDITIONAL 332 00:13:03,057 --> 00:13:03,958 SECONDARY OUTCOMES WE WERE 333 00:13:03,958 --> 00:13:06,060 INTERESTED IN, INCLUDING 334 00:13:06,060 --> 00:13:07,361 LONELINESS, DRINKING TO COPE AND 335 00:13:07,361 --> 00:13:11,765 ALSO VERY IMPORTANTLY, NIAAA HAS 336 00:13:11,765 --> 00:13:13,567 RECENTLY PUT OUT NEW DEFINITION 337 00:13:13,567 --> 00:13:18,372 OF RECOVERY, WHICH REALLY 338 00:13:18,372 --> 00:13:20,975 EXPANDS THE SCOPE FROM NOT JUST 339 00:13:20,975 --> 00:13:22,543 ABSTINENCE ONLY BUT ALSO 340 00:13:22,543 --> 00:13:25,279 CONSIDERING QUALITY OF LIFE AS 341 00:13:25,279 --> 00:13:27,548 PART OF RECOVERY. 342 00:13:27,548 --> 00:13:28,949 THINKING ABOUT THE WHOLE PERSON. 343 00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:31,952 SO WE ALSO HAVE THIS MEASURE ON 344 00:13:31,952 --> 00:13:33,053 QUALITY OF LIFE. 345 00:13:33,053 --> 00:13:37,458 IT HAS FOUR DOMAINS, PHYSICAL, 346 00:13:37,458 --> 00:13:39,493 PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND 347 00:13:39,493 --> 00:13:39,793 ENVIRONMENT. 348 00:13:39,793 --> 00:13:41,962 SO THESE ARE THE ITEMS TAKEN 349 00:13:41,962 --> 00:13:43,764 FROM THE CDC. 350 00:13:43,764 --> 00:13:45,799 WE SORT OF TOOK SOME OF THEM -- 351 00:13:45,799 --> 00:13:50,571 I THINK 13 OF THEM WERE FROM THE 352 00:13:50,571 --> 00:13:51,472 QUESTION BANK AND THEN THERE 353 00:13:51,472 --> 00:13:53,874 WERE A FEW THAT WE SORT OF ADDED 354 00:13:53,874 --> 00:13:55,175 LIKE THE ESSENTIAL WORKER ONE 355 00:13:55,175 --> 00:13:58,479 AND THEN THE LAST THREE 356 00:13:58,479 --> 00:14:01,982 QUESTIONS WE KIND OF ADAPTED AND 357 00:14:01,982 --> 00:14:03,651 INTEGRATED INTO THIS LIST. 358 00:14:03,651 --> 00:14:06,787 BUT ESSENTIALLY, HERE I 359 00:14:06,787 --> 00:14:08,389 COLOR-CODED THEM SO THE FIRST 360 00:14:08,389 --> 00:14:10,991 COUPLE OF 1-5, THEY ARE RELATED 361 00:14:10,991 --> 00:14:12,059 TO WORK. 362 00:14:12,059 --> 00:14:14,695 FOR EXAMPLE, THE SECOND ONE IS 363 00:14:14,695 --> 00:14:16,697 WORK MORE HOURS THAN USUAL. 364 00:14:16,697 --> 00:14:18,999 THE THIRD IS WORKED REDUCED 365 00:14:18,999 --> 00:14:19,199 HOURS. 366 00:14:19,199 --> 00:14:20,901 NUMBER 4 IS, WAS NOT ABLE TO 367 00:14:20,901 --> 00:14:22,002 WORK. 368 00:14:22,002 --> 00:14:24,405 SO MOST OF THESE ARE POTENTIALLY 369 00:14:24,405 --> 00:14:25,105 STRESSFUL. 370 00:14:25,105 --> 00:14:27,708 THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION, NUMBER 1 371 00:14:27,708 --> 00:14:29,310 WAS REVERSED CODED BECAUSE IT 372 00:14:29,310 --> 00:14:30,778 TALKS ABOUT TELEWORK AND 373 00:14:30,778 --> 00:14:32,379 PROBABLY THAT IS AN -- IN THE 374 00:14:32,379 --> 00:14:34,014 LITERATURE, PEOPLE ALSO TALK 375 00:14:34,014 --> 00:14:38,719 ABOUT IT AS INCREASED 376 00:14:38,719 --> 00:14:40,487 FLEXIBLABILITY HELPS PEOPLE -- 377 00:14:40,487 --> 00:14:42,389 IT'S LESS STRESSFUL FOR PEOPLE. 378 00:14:42,389 --> 00:14:44,091 ITEMS 6 AND 7 ARE RELATED TO 379 00:14:44,091 --> 00:14:44,992 CHILD CARE. 380 00:14:44,992 --> 00:14:48,495 NUMBER 8-14 ARE RELATED TO 381 00:14:48,495 --> 00:14:50,397 FINANCIAL STRESS. 382 00:14:50,397 --> 00:14:51,398 SO EXAMPLE WOULD BE INCOME OR 383 00:14:51,398 --> 00:14:54,101 PAY HAS BEEN REDUCED OR NO PAY 384 00:14:54,101 --> 00:14:54,702 AT ALL. 385 00:14:54,702 --> 00:14:56,403 WE DON'T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO 386 00:14:56,403 --> 00:15:00,407 PAY RENT, FOOD OR GAS AND SO ON. 387 00:15:00,407 --> 00:15:02,009 AND THEN THE LAST THREE 388 00:15:02,009 --> 00:15:03,944 QUESTIONS ARE RELATED TO WHETHER 389 00:15:03,944 --> 00:15:07,014 THEY HAVE A FAMILY MEMBER OR 390 00:15:07,014 --> 00:15:09,717 CLOSE FRIEND OR PARTNER BEING 391 00:15:09,717 --> 00:15:13,687 AFFECTED BY COVID-19 IN TERMS OF 392 00:15:13,687 --> 00:15:16,290 INFECTION, HOSPITALIZATION AND 393 00:15:16,290 --> 00:15:16,490 DEATH. 394 00:15:16,490 --> 00:15:22,629 ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE PERC 395 00:15:22,629 --> 00:15:22,863 PERCENT. 396 00:15:22,863 --> 00:15:24,932 SO FOR EXAMPLE, WORK MORE HOURS, 397 00:15:24,932 --> 00:15:29,269 THIS WAS ENDORSED BY A 28% OF 398 00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:29,703 THE SAMPLE. 399 00:15:29,703 --> 00:15:34,541 INCOME OR PAY HAS BEEN REDUCED, 400 00:15:34,541 --> 00:15:36,009 27%. 401 00:15:36,009 --> 00:15:37,311 SO, WHEN I LOOK AT THE 402 00:15:37,311 --> 00:15:40,013 LITERATURE AND SEE HOW PEOPLE GO 403 00:15:40,013 --> 00:15:43,217 ABOUT MEASURING THE CONSTRUCT OF 404 00:15:43,217 --> 00:15:45,986 COVID-RELATED STRESS, I SEE 405 00:15:45,986 --> 00:15:52,726 PEOPLE TRYING TO JUST PACK THEM 406 00:15:52,726 --> 00:15:53,861 UP IN TERMS OF STRESS. 407 00:15:53,861 --> 00:15:57,231 SO THAT IS WHAT I HAVE DONE ON 408 00:15:57,231 --> 00:15:59,600 THE LEFT HERE, CONTINUOUS SUM 409 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:00,134 SCORE. 410 00:16:00,134 --> 00:16:04,238 SO YOU CAN SEE THAT PEOPLE 411 00:16:04,238 --> 00:16:08,542 ENDORSE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF 412 00:16:08,542 --> 00:16:09,743 COVID-RELATED STRESSORS AND IT 413 00:16:09,743 --> 00:16:12,846 MAKES SENSE. 414 00:16:12,846 --> 00:16:14,314 LIKE IT'S ONE METHOD OF DOING 415 00:16:14,314 --> 00:16:14,481 IT. 416 00:16:14,481 --> 00:16:17,317 ON THE RIGHT IS WHAT I CALL THE 417 00:16:17,317 --> 00:16:19,620 CATEGORICAL GROUPING WHERE YOU 418 00:16:19,620 --> 00:16:21,989 SORT OF LOOK AT THE ENDORSEMENT 419 00:16:21,989 --> 00:16:25,426 AND THEN YOU CREATE SOME SORT OF 420 00:16:25,426 --> 00:16:26,927 ARBITRARY CUTOFFS AND SAY, IF 421 00:16:26,927 --> 00:16:32,032 SOMEONE ENDORSED 0 OR 1 OF THESE 422 00:16:32,032 --> 00:16:34,134 STRESSORS, IT WOULD BE LOW 423 00:16:34,134 --> 00:16:34,435 STRESS. 424 00:16:34,435 --> 00:16:37,738 AND THEN 2-3 WOULD BE MEDIUM AND 425 00:16:37,738 --> 00:16:39,339 THEN 4 OR MORE WOULD BE HIGH. 426 00:16:39,339 --> 00:16:42,943 SO THAT'S WHAT I'VE DONE ON THE 427 00:16:42,943 --> 00:16:43,143 RIGHT. 428 00:16:43,143 --> 00:16:47,314 AND THEN I ALSO APPLIED THE LATE 429 00:16:47,314 --> 00:16:49,016 IN CLASS ANALYSIS APPROACH WHICH 430 00:16:49,016 --> 00:16:52,419 HAS THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY 431 00:16:52,419 --> 00:16:54,755 HIDDEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHERE 432 00:16:54,755 --> 00:16:57,024 THEY MUST SHARE THE SAME PATTERN 433 00:16:57,024 --> 00:16:59,159 OF ENDORSEMENT FOR THESE 434 00:16:59,159 --> 00:17:01,361 COVID-RELATED STRESSORS. 435 00:17:01,361 --> 00:17:03,030 SO WE HAVE FOUR CLASSES. 436 00:17:03,030 --> 00:17:05,833 THE FIRST CLASS MADE UP ABOUT 437 00:17:05,833 --> 00:17:07,935 HALF OF THE SAMPLE, WHICH I CALL 438 00:17:07,935 --> 00:17:10,270 MINIMAL COVID-RELATED IMPACT. 439 00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:12,339 THE SECOND CLASS IS WORK 440 00:17:12,339 --> 00:17:14,641 INTERRUPTIONS, ABOUT 25% OF THE 441 00:17:14,641 --> 00:17:15,142 SAMPLE. 442 00:17:15,142 --> 00:17:16,944 THEN THE THIRD CLASS, FAMILY OR 443 00:17:16,944 --> 00:17:19,246 FRIENDS AFFECTED BY COVID IS 444 00:17:19,246 --> 00:17:19,646 ABOUT 15%. 445 00:17:19,646 --> 00:17:21,648 AND THEN THE LAST CLASS IS 446 00:17:21,648 --> 00:17:22,783 SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESS. 447 00:17:22,783 --> 00:17:27,588 YOU CAN SEE THAT CLASS IS ABOUT 448 00:17:27,588 --> 00:17:28,455 9%. 449 00:17:28,455 --> 00:17:30,357 SO SOME OF OUR KEY FINDINGS IS 450 00:17:30,357 --> 00:17:34,161 THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT THESE 451 00:17:34,161 --> 00:17:35,329 CLASSES, WE SEE HEALTH 452 00:17:35,329 --> 00:17:37,564 DISPARITIES IN TERMS OF RACE AND 453 00:17:37,564 --> 00:17:39,633 ETHNICITY. 454 00:17:39,633 --> 00:17:42,369 WE SEE THAT LIKE THE 455 00:17:42,369 --> 00:17:43,337 AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE MORE 456 00:17:43,337 --> 00:17:44,938 LIKELY TO BE IN CLASS 3 WHERE 457 00:17:44,938 --> 00:17:47,074 THEY HAVE FAMILY OR FRIENDS 458 00:17:47,074 --> 00:17:48,542 AFFECTED BY COVID-19. 459 00:17:48,542 --> 00:17:49,943 WHEN WE LOOK AT EDUCATION AND 460 00:17:49,943 --> 00:17:53,947 INCOME, WE SEE THAT THOSE WITH 461 00:17:53,947 --> 00:17:54,882 HIGHER -- HAVE MORE YEARS OF 462 00:17:54,882 --> 00:17:57,084 EDUCATION AND HIGHER INCOME, 463 00:17:57,084 --> 00:18:00,254 WERE MUCH LESS LIKELY TO BE IN 464 00:18:00,254 --> 00:18:02,089 CLASS 4, THE CLASS WITH SERIOUS 465 00:18:02,089 --> 00:18:03,090 FINANCIAL STRESS. 466 00:18:03,090 --> 00:18:06,460 AND THEN FOR HISTORY OF AUD, 467 00:18:06,460 --> 00:18:08,962 WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE IN THE 468 00:18:08,962 --> 00:18:11,198 CLASSES WITH WORK INTERRUPTIONS 469 00:18:11,198 --> 00:18:14,568 AND SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESS. 470 00:18:14,568 --> 00:18:17,170 AND THEN, WHEN I LOOK AT SOME OF 471 00:18:17,170 --> 00:18:19,072 THE OUTCOMES, IT'S VERY 472 00:18:19,072 --> 00:18:19,973 CONSISTENT PATTERN. 473 00:18:19,973 --> 00:18:22,876 IF I USE THE CONTINUOUS SUN 474 00:18:22,876 --> 00:18:26,179 SCORE OR THE CATEGORICAL 475 00:18:26,179 --> 00:18:30,584 VARIABLE, IT TELLS ME THAT MORE 476 00:18:30,584 --> 00:18:32,085 STRESS, MORE WORST OUTCOMES. 477 00:18:32,085 --> 00:18:34,187 HOWEVER, WHEN WE USE THE LEADING 478 00:18:34,187 --> 00:18:36,890 CLASSES, IT'S CLEAR THAT THE 479 00:18:36,890 --> 00:18:38,292 CLASS OF FINANCIAL STRESS, THE 480 00:18:38,292 --> 00:18:41,194 LAST CLASS WITH 9%, ALWAYS HAD 481 00:18:41,194 --> 00:18:43,964 THE HIGHEST ENDORSEMENT IN TERMS 482 00:18:43,964 --> 00:18:46,667 OF PERCEIVED STRESS, IN TERMS OF 483 00:18:46,667 --> 00:18:50,170 PROBLEMATIC DRINKING AND 484 00:18:50,170 --> 00:18:50,971 DEPRESSION, ALCOHOL CRAVING. 485 00:18:50,971 --> 00:18:58,412 AND GOING TO THE NEXT SLIDE, 486 00:18:58,412 --> 00:19:01,181 IT'S ALSO. 487 00:19:01,181 --> 00:19:04,785 SO I THINK IN THIS PARTICULAR 488 00:19:04,785 --> 00:19:06,887 SITUATION, THE LEADING CLASS 489 00:19:06,887 --> 00:19:08,589 ANALYSIS WAS QUITE USEFUL 490 00:19:08,589 --> 00:19:10,691 BECAUSE IT HELPS US FIGURE OUT 491 00:19:10,691 --> 00:19:14,728 WHAT GROUPS OF PEOPLE WE HAVE 492 00:19:14,728 --> 00:19:17,297 AND IS NOT JUST LIKE MORE STRESS 493 00:19:17,297 --> 00:19:18,899 WORST OUTCOMES BUT LIKE THERE IS 494 00:19:18,899 --> 00:19:24,104 A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAD 495 00:19:24,104 --> 00:19:26,473 SERIOUS FINANCIAL STRESSORS AND 496 00:19:26,473 --> 00:19:30,577 THEY ARE WORSE ACROSS MULTIPLE 497 00:19:30,577 --> 00:19:30,844 OUTCOMES. 498 00:19:30,844 --> 00:19:32,479 I THINK THAT THE ABILITY TO LOOK 499 00:19:32,479 --> 00:19:34,781 AT THE DIFFERENT GROUPS, 500 00:19:34,781 --> 00:19:36,683 DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS AND ALSO 501 00:19:36,683 --> 00:19:40,587 INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD SORT OF 502 00:19:40,587 --> 00:19:41,822 SHOWED THAT THERE MIGHT BE 503 00:19:41,822 --> 00:19:43,991 CERTAIN GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO 504 00:19:43,991 --> 00:19:46,126 MIGHT BE EXPERIENCING DIFFERENT 505 00:19:46,126 --> 00:19:47,294 SETS OF STRESSORS. 506 00:19:47,294 --> 00:19:51,598 SO I THINK IT'S INFORMATIVE FOR 507 00:19:51,598 --> 00:19:51,932 INTERVENTION. 508 00:19:51,932 --> 00:19:53,800 IN THE PAPER WE TALK ABOUT 509 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:55,736 HOLISTIC INTERVENTION AND 510 00:19:55,736 --> 00:19:58,105 COMMUNITY OUTREACH WHICH I STILL 511 00:19:58,105 --> 00:20:02,109 BELIEF IS VERY RELEVANT. 512 00:20:02,109 --> 00:20:07,014 I HAVE A FEW THOUGHTS ABOUT LIKE 513 00:20:07,014 --> 00:20:07,814 THE NEXT STEPS. 514 00:20:07,814 --> 00:20:08,882 BUT SOME OF THE THINGS THAT WE 515 00:20:08,882 --> 00:20:11,518 HAVE DONE WITH THIS SAME SAMPLE 516 00:20:11,518 --> 00:20:13,620 IS TO LOOK AT ADDITIONAL 517 00:20:13,620 --> 00:20:16,390 SUBGROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO MIGHT BE 518 00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:18,025 MOST VULNERABLE TO STRESS. 519 00:20:18,025 --> 00:20:21,194 SO USING THESE SAME ITEMS, FOR 520 00:20:21,194 --> 00:20:23,430 EXAMPLE, IN A RECENT PAPER, WE 521 00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:25,899 SHOWED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH A 522 00:20:25,899 --> 00:20:29,302 HISTORY OF SUICIDALLY WAS MORE 523 00:20:29,302 --> 00:20:33,006 VULNERABLE TO THE NEGATIVE 524 00:20:33,006 --> 00:20:34,307 IMPACT OF STRESS ON MENTAL 525 00:20:34,307 --> 00:20:35,208 HEALTH OUTCOMES. 526 00:20:35,208 --> 00:20:39,112 THAT IS REALLY USEFUL APPROACH 527 00:20:39,112 --> 00:20:41,515 TO IDENTIFY GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO 528 00:20:41,515 --> 00:20:44,384 MIGHT NEED MORE HELP. 529 00:20:44,384 --> 00:20:50,524 AND THEN, I THINK LONEYNESS 530 00:20:50,524 --> 00:20:51,625 FINDING WAS INTERESTING 531 00:20:51,625 --> 00:20:52,626 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE OF THE 532 00:20:52,626 --> 00:20:54,127 LONELINESS EPIDEMIC. 533 00:20:54,127 --> 00:20:55,529 WE SHOWED THAT PEOPLE WITH A 534 00:20:55,529 --> 00:21:00,701 HISTORY OF AUD HAD HIGHER -- 535 00:21:00,701 --> 00:21:01,301 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. 536 00:21:01,301 --> 00:21:02,936 AND ONE OF THE MECHANISMS. 537 00:21:02,936 --> 00:21:05,539 WE TESTED LONELINESS AND SOCIAL 538 00:21:05,539 --> 00:21:06,640 SUPPORT AS POTENTIAL MEDIATORS 539 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,309 AND FOUND THAT ONLY LONELINESS 540 00:21:09,309 --> 00:21:12,546 WAS ONE OF THE PATHWAYS. 541 00:21:12,546 --> 00:21:14,481 AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST, I 542 00:21:14,481 --> 00:21:16,550 THINK ABOUT WHAT WOULD BE THE 543 00:21:16,550 --> 00:21:16,883 IMPLICATIONS? 544 00:21:16,883 --> 00:21:20,320 SO ONE OF THE THINGS I'M VERY 545 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:22,022 EXCITED ABOUT IS CONNECT SOME OF 546 00:21:22,022 --> 00:21:26,326 MY CLINICAL WORK HERE AT THE NIH 547 00:21:26,326 --> 00:21:28,929 AND TRY TO TRANSLATE IT TO 548 00:21:28,929 --> 00:21:31,031 INFORMED PRACTICE. 549 00:21:31,031 --> 00:21:32,532 SO ONE OF THE -- ONE PAPER THAT 550 00:21:32,532 --> 00:21:37,137 I HAVE IN REVIEW RIGHT NOW IS TO 551 00:21:37,137 --> 00:21:38,638 TALK ABOUT HOW WE COULD SELECT 552 00:21:38,638 --> 00:21:42,042 AND ADAPT SOME OF THE DBT SKILLS 553 00:21:42,042 --> 00:21:43,643 TO TREAT ADDICTIONS. 554 00:21:43,643 --> 00:21:45,812 SO I'M EXCITED TO HOPEFULLY SEE 555 00:21:45,812 --> 00:21:48,048 THAT AND SHARE THAT WITH OTHERS 556 00:21:48,048 --> 00:21:50,317 IN THE FUTURE. 557 00:21:50,317 --> 00:21:53,954 I LIKE TO THANK AGAIN FOR THIS 558 00:21:53,954 --> 00:21:55,422 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK AND SHARE 559 00:21:55,422 --> 00:21:56,022 OUR WORK. 560 00:21:56,022 --> 00:22:03,230 I WANT TO THANK ALL THE 561 00:22:03,230 --> 00:22:08,735 PARTICIPANTS AND THE PIs OF 562 00:22:08,735 --> 00:22:09,636 THE STUDY. 563 00:22:09,636 --> 00:22:11,238 AND MY CONTACT INFORMATION IS UP 564 00:22:11,238 --> 00:22:13,240 THERE IF YOU WANT TO CONTACT ME 565 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:14,040 WITH QUESTIONS. 566 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:18,745 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 567 00:22:18,745 --> 00:22:27,120 ATTENTION. 568 00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:27,821 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 569 00:22:27,821 --> 00:22:30,423 PLEASE REMEMBER IF YOU HAVE 570 00:22:30,423 --> 00:22:31,725 QUESTIONS, SUBMIT THEM WITH THE 571 00:22:31,725 --> 00:22:32,626 SEND LIVE FEEDBACK. 572 00:22:32,626 --> 00:22:34,261 THEY WILL COME TO MY E-MAIL AND 573 00:22:34,261 --> 00:22:35,762 I'LL ASK THEM WHEN WE FINISH ALL 574 00:22:35,762 --> 00:22:36,630 THE SPEAKERS. 575 00:22:36,630 --> 00:22:37,731 ALSO THERE WAS ONE QUESTION 576 00:22:37,731 --> 00:22:40,066 ABOUT WHERE TO FIND THE AGENDA. 577 00:22:40,066 --> 00:22:42,636 IF YOU GO TO OUR OBSSR WEB PAGE 578 00:22:42,636 --> 00:22:44,337 AND CLICK ON THIS EVENT, IT WILL 579 00:22:44,337 --> 00:22:48,275 TAKE YOU TO THE -- YOU CAN SEE 580 00:22:48,275 --> 00:22:50,343 THE REGISTRATION, CLICK ON THE 581 00:22:50,343 --> 00:22:51,444 REGISTRATION PAGE, THERE IS A 582 00:22:51,444 --> 00:22:52,746 TAB FOR THE AGENDA THAT IS 583 00:22:52,746 --> 00:22:53,747 AVAILABLE THERE. 584 00:22:53,747 --> 00:22:55,248 SO IF YOU ARE CURIOUS FOR THE 585 00:22:55,248 --> 00:23:00,554 AGENDA, YOU CAN FIND IT THERE. 586 00:23:00,554 --> 00:23:03,223 NEXT I'M GOING TO INTRODUCE 587 00:23:03,223 --> 00:23:03,957 DR. KRISTIN PERRY. 588 00:23:03,957 --> 00:23:07,060 SHE IS A NIDA T32 POST-DOCTORAL 589 00:23:07,060 --> 00:23:09,162 FELLOW IN THE PREVENTION AND 590 00:23:09,162 --> 00:23:10,363 METHODOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM 591 00:23:10,363 --> 00:23:11,565 WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF 592 00:23:11,565 --> 00:23:13,166 BIOBEHAVIORAL HEALTH AT THE 593 00:23:13,166 --> 00:23:15,268 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY. 594 00:23:15,268 --> 00:23:16,870 HER RESEARCH HAS ASSESSED THE 595 00:23:16,870 --> 00:23:18,438 DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION IN 596 00:23:18,438 --> 00:23:20,240 EARLY CHILDHOOD AND EXAMINED THE 597 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,976 ROLE OF PEER RISK AND PROTECTIVE 598 00:23:22,976 --> 00:23:24,845 FACTORS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS 599 00:23:24,845 --> 00:23:25,879 SYSTEM COORDINATION AND 600 00:23:25,879 --> 00:23:27,681 PREDICTING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. 601 00:23:27,681 --> 00:23:29,950 MORE RECENTLY, SHE HAS FOCUSED 602 00:23:29,950 --> 00:23:31,852 ON THE ROLE OF THE PRENATAL 603 00:23:31,852 --> 00:23:34,354 PERIOD AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 604 00:23:34,354 --> 00:23:35,055 EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR AND THE 605 00:23:35,055 --> 00:23:37,557 USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN 606 00:23:37,557 --> 00:23:38,558 NOVEL WAYS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 607 00:23:38,558 --> 00:23:41,361 THE IMPACT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND THE 608 00:23:41,361 --> 00:23:43,463 ENVIRONMENT IN RELATIONSHIP WITH 609 00:23:43,463 --> 00:23:46,266 EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR ACROSS 610 00:23:46,266 --> 00:23:46,967 DEVELOPMENT. 611 00:23:46,967 --> 00:23:49,569 HER PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY 612 00:23:49,569 --> 00:23:52,672 HER RECENT PUBLICATION, PRENATAL 613 00:23:52,672 --> 00:23:55,175 TOBACCO, TOBACCO-CANNABIS 614 00:23:55,175 --> 00:23:56,676 COEXPOSURE AND CHILD EMOTION 615 00:23:56,676 --> 00:23:58,178 REGULATION. 616 00:23:58,178 --> 00:23:59,946 THE ROLE OF CHIDE AUTONOMIC 617 00:23:59,946 --> 00:24:01,181 FUNCTIONING AND SENSITIVE 618 00:24:01,181 --> 00:24:02,782 PARENTING WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN 619 00:24:02,782 --> 00:24:05,685 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. 620 00:24:05,685 --> 00:24:14,694 SO DR. KRISTIN PERRY. 621 00:24:14,694 --> 00:24:15,161 >> THANK YOU. 622 00:24:15,161 --> 00:24:16,496 IT'S AN HONOR TO BE HERE TODAY 623 00:24:16,496 --> 00:24:18,765 AND I'M REALLY EXCITED TO SHARE 624 00:24:18,765 --> 00:24:21,067 SOME OF THIS RESEARCH FOCUSED ON 625 00:24:21,067 --> 00:24:23,670 PRENATAL TOBACCO AND 626 00:24:23,670 --> 00:24:24,871 TOBACCO-CANNABIS COEXPOSURE. 627 00:24:24,871 --> 00:24:26,873 FIRST I WANT TO PROVIDE THE 628 00:24:26,873 --> 00:24:28,275 CITATION AS WELL AS PROVIDE SOME 629 00:24:28,275 --> 00:24:31,111 DISCLAIMERS AND THANK MY 630 00:24:31,111 --> 00:24:33,980 CO-AUTHORS WHO WERE VERY 631 00:24:33,980 --> 00:24:34,681 INFLUENTIAL IN THIS WORK. 632 00:24:34,681 --> 00:24:36,182 THE OUTCOME OF INTEREST IN THIS 633 00:24:36,182 --> 00:24:38,785 STUDY WAS EMOTION REGULATION AND 634 00:24:38,785 --> 00:24:39,986 WHEN I TALK ABOUT EMOTION 635 00:24:39,986 --> 00:24:41,388 REGULATION I'M TALKING ABOUT TWO 636 00:24:41,388 --> 00:24:43,089 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS. 637 00:24:43,089 --> 00:24:45,292 THE FIRST IS EMOTION REGULATION 638 00:24:45,292 --> 00:24:47,193 WHICH REFERS TO CHANGES IN 639 00:24:47,193 --> 00:24:48,995 INTENSITY AND DURATION OF 640 00:24:48,995 --> 00:24:50,697 EMOTIONS IN RESPONSE TO 641 00:24:50,697 --> 00:24:52,599 ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS. 642 00:24:52,599 --> 00:24:57,771 AND THE SECOND IS RAPID AND 643 00:24:57,771 --> 00:24:58,705 EXAGGERATED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES 644 00:24:58,705 --> 00:25:02,709 AND MOOD CHANGES. 645 00:25:02,709 --> 00:25:10,283 EMOTION REGULATION IS A CRITICAL 646 00:25:10,283 --> 00:25:12,485 AND SOCIAL -- IN THIS STUDY, I 647 00:25:12,485 --> 00:25:14,788 ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS THROUGH 648 00:25:14,788 --> 00:25:16,289 A FEW AIMS. 649 00:25:16,289 --> 00:25:18,391 THE FIRST IS DEVELOPMENTAL 650 00:25:18,391 --> 00:25:21,261 MODEL, A TYPE OF MOL ED THAT AT 651 00:25:21,261 --> 00:25:23,163 EACH DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE THERE 652 00:25:23,163 --> 00:25:23,997 ARE SALIENT TASKS AND A FAILURE 653 00:25:23,997 --> 00:25:25,899 TO MEET THOSE TASKS AT ONE 654 00:25:25,899 --> 00:25:27,100 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE HAS 655 00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:30,403 DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES TO THE 656 00:25:30,403 --> 00:25:31,404 NEXT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE. 657 00:25:31,404 --> 00:25:32,706 AS SPECIFICALLY INTERESTED IN 658 00:25:32,706 --> 00:25:35,909 TESTING TWO DIFFERENT PATHWAYS 659 00:25:35,909 --> 00:25:38,211 AT THESE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF 660 00:25:38,211 --> 00:25:38,478 INFLUENCE. 661 00:25:38,478 --> 00:25:39,779 SO HERE IS OUR MODEL AND I'M 662 00:25:39,779 --> 00:25:41,381 GOING TO BREAKDOWN THE TWO 663 00:25:41,381 --> 00:25:43,383 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS I TESTED IN 664 00:25:43,383 --> 00:25:44,884 THIS STUDY. 665 00:25:44,884 --> 00:25:46,486 THE FIRST PATHWAY WAS A 666 00:25:46,486 --> 00:25:50,390 REGULATION AND REACTIVITY 667 00:25:50,390 --> 00:25:52,225 PATHWAY THAT -- PRENATAL TOBACCO 668 00:25:52,225 --> 00:25:54,794 EXPOSURE AND CANNABIS COEXPOSURE 669 00:25:54,794 --> 00:25:56,696 IN ADDITION TO PRENATAL NEGATIVE 670 00:25:56,696 --> 00:25:58,131 MOOD WHICH OFTEN OCCURS WITH 671 00:25:58,131 --> 00:25:59,733 SUBSTANCE USE AND A RISK FACTOR 672 00:25:59,733 --> 00:26:01,401 FOR CHILD EMOTION REGULATION 673 00:26:01,401 --> 00:26:02,802 DEFICITS ON ITS OWN. 674 00:26:02,802 --> 00:26:04,404 SO I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 675 00:26:04,404 --> 00:26:05,605 PRENATAL RISKS AND THREE 676 00:26:05,605 --> 00:26:06,806 DIFFERENT FACTORS. 677 00:26:06,806 --> 00:26:12,212 SO THE PRENATAL RISKS WERE 678 00:26:12,212 --> 00:26:13,580 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 679 00:26:13,580 --> 00:26:14,314 FUNCTION NOTHINGED TOULAR HOOD 680 00:26:14,314 --> 00:26:16,516 AND THEN ASSOCIATED WITH 681 00:26:16,516 --> 00:26:20,020 EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN EMOTION 682 00:26:20,020 --> 00:26:21,821 REGULATIONS AT EARLY SCHOOL AGE. 683 00:26:21,821 --> 00:26:25,625 AND I WANT TO BREAKDOWN 684 00:26:25,625 --> 00:26:29,095 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 685 00:26:29,095 --> 00:26:29,829 FUNCTIONING. 686 00:26:29,829 --> 00:26:32,132 THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS 687 00:26:32,132 --> 00:26:35,001 SYSTEM IS THE REST AND DIGEST 688 00:26:35,001 --> 00:26:35,235 SYSTEM. 689 00:26:35,235 --> 00:26:37,871 AND IT WAS MEASURED USING 690 00:26:37,871 --> 00:26:38,905 RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, 691 00:26:38,905 --> 00:26:42,142 THE HEART RATE INNER BEAT IN 692 00:26:42,142 --> 00:26:43,643 CONJUNCTION WITH RESPIRATION. 693 00:26:43,643 --> 00:26:45,111 AND IF YOU SAW A BEAR IN THE 694 00:26:45,111 --> 00:26:46,713 WILD OR AT THE NIH CAMPUS, WE 695 00:26:46,713 --> 00:26:49,416 WOULD EXPECT THAT YOUR 696 00:26:49,416 --> 00:26:52,018 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 697 00:26:52,018 --> 00:26:53,219 WITHDRAW AND RESULT IN ACTION 698 00:26:53,219 --> 00:26:54,921 AND RESPONSE TO THREAT TO FIGHT 699 00:26:54,921 --> 00:26:58,324 THE BEAR OR RUN FROM THE BEAR. 700 00:26:58,324 --> 00:27:00,126 HOWEVER, IF YOU SAW A PUPPY AND 701 00:27:00,126 --> 00:27:01,728 YOU LIKE PUPPIES, WE MIGHT 702 00:27:01,728 --> 00:27:03,763 EXPECT YOUR PARASYMPATHETIC 703 00:27:03,763 --> 00:27:04,931 NERVOUS SYSTEM WOULD ACTIVATE 704 00:27:04,931 --> 00:27:11,104 AND RESULT IN RSA AUGMENTATION. 705 00:27:11,104 --> 00:27:12,005 PRACTICALLY THIS WOULD RESULT IN 706 00:27:12,005 --> 00:27:13,706 EITHER EQUILIBRIUM OR ENGAGEMENT 707 00:27:13,706 --> 00:27:17,844 WITH THE PUPPY OR THE OWNERS. 708 00:27:17,844 --> 00:27:20,480 WHEN THINKING ABOUT THE 709 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:23,049 PARASYMPATHET IIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 710 00:27:23,049 --> 00:27:24,117 IT'S IMPORTANT TOL CONSIDER THE 711 00:27:24,117 --> 00:27:25,518 CONTEXT IN WHICH IT'S MEASURED. 712 00:27:25,518 --> 00:27:28,288 THE FIRST CONTEXT OF MEASUREMENT 713 00:27:28,288 --> 00:27:30,323 WAS BASELINE SO THIS REFLECTS AN 714 00:27:30,323 --> 00:27:32,425 INDIVIDUAL'S GENERAL ABILITY TO 715 00:27:32,425 --> 00:27:32,725 REGULATE. 716 00:27:32,725 --> 00:27:35,028 AND THERE IS A LARGE BODY OF 717 00:27:35,028 --> 00:27:36,029 LITERATURE THAT SUGGESTS THAT 718 00:27:36,029 --> 00:27:38,164 LOW BASELINE RSA IS ASSOCIATED 719 00:27:38,164 --> 00:27:41,668 WITH POOR EMOTIONAL REGULATION 720 00:27:41,668 --> 00:27:45,738 OR HIGHER ABILITY OF NEGATIVITY. 721 00:27:45,738 --> 00:27:47,240 THE SECOND WAY TO ASSESS THE 722 00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:49,142 STUDY IS THROUGH RSA REACTIVITY 723 00:27:49,142 --> 00:27:51,644 WHICH IN THIS STUDY REFERS TO A 724 00:27:51,644 --> 00:27:54,447 CHANGE FROM BASELINE TO A 725 00:27:54,447 --> 00:27:55,748 FRUSTRATION TASK. 726 00:27:55,748 --> 00:27:58,751 AND HERE IS THE TASK THAT WAS 727 00:27:58,751 --> 00:28:01,955 USED, A GENTLE ARMORY STRAINED 728 00:28:01,955 --> 00:28:02,222 PARADIGM. 729 00:28:02,222 --> 00:28:03,022 TODDLERS WATCHED A VIDEO FOR 730 00:28:03,022 --> 00:28:04,958 THREE MINUTES AND THEN THE 731 00:28:04,958 --> 00:28:06,059 PARADIGM STARTED. 732 00:28:06,059 --> 00:28:07,760 A TOY WAS PLACED IN FRONT OF THE 733 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:14,167 TODDLERS AND THEIR ARMS WERE 734 00:28:14,167 --> 00:28:16,369 HELD SO THEY COULDN'T PLAY WITH 735 00:28:16,369 --> 00:28:17,170 THE TOY. 736 00:28:17,170 --> 00:28:18,972 SO THOSE TWO REACTIVITY TRIALS 737 00:28:18,972 --> 00:28:20,740 WERE AVERAGED AND BASELINE 738 00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:22,842 VALUES WERE SUBTRACT FRIDAY THEM 739 00:28:22,842 --> 00:28:27,447 TO INDEX RSA REACTIVITY. 740 00:28:27,447 --> 00:28:29,449 IN REGARDS TO RSA REACTIVITY, 741 00:28:29,449 --> 00:28:31,151 THE LITERATURE IS MORE MIXED BUT 742 00:28:31,151 --> 00:28:32,952 GENERALLY A MODERATE AMOUNT OF 743 00:28:32,952 --> 00:28:38,458 WITHDRAWAL MAY BE ADAPTIVE. 744 00:28:38,458 --> 00:28:40,059 THE SECOND PATHWAY OF INTEREST 745 00:28:40,059 --> 00:28:42,395 WAS A CHRONIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 746 00:28:42,395 --> 00:28:44,164 RISK PATHWAY AND GIVEN THE 747 00:28:44,164 --> 00:28:46,966 PRENATAL RISKS IN THIS STUDY, I 748 00:28:46,966 --> 00:28:49,068 WAS INTERESTED IN EXAMINING 749 00:28:49,068 --> 00:28:51,337 CHRONISITY AND POSTNATAL 750 00:28:51,337 --> 00:28:54,774 SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE AS WELL AS 751 00:28:54,774 --> 00:28:56,442 CREPEISITY TO MATERNAL NEGATIVE 752 00:28:56,442 --> 00:28:56,676 MOOD. 753 00:28:56,676 --> 00:28:58,178 BOTH FACTORS WERE ASSOCIATED 754 00:28:58,178 --> 00:29:00,480 WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF -- 755 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:02,048 ELEVATED NEGATIVITY OR POOR 756 00:29:02,048 --> 00:29:06,653 EMOTION REGULATION AT EARLY 757 00:29:06,653 --> 00:29:08,354 SCHOOL AGE. 758 00:29:08,354 --> 00:29:09,889 AND THE SECOND AIM OF THE STUDY 759 00:29:09,889 --> 00:29:13,359 WAS FOCUSED ON EXAMINING 760 00:29:13,359 --> 00:29:16,262 DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 761 00:29:16,262 --> 00:29:17,163 THEORY. 762 00:29:17,163 --> 00:29:18,164 NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 763 00:29:18,164 --> 00:29:20,967 FUNCTIONS AS A MODERATOR BETWEEN 764 00:29:20,967 --> 00:29:24,204 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN 765 00:29:24,204 --> 00:29:25,171 DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES. 766 00:29:25,171 --> 00:29:28,041 CHILDREN WHO ARE MORE REACTIVE 767 00:29:28,041 --> 00:29:28,575 ARE THEORIZED TO BE MORE 768 00:29:28,575 --> 00:29:30,910 SENSITIVE TO BOTH POSITIVE AND 769 00:29:30,910 --> 00:29:32,111 NEGATIVE CONTEXT. 770 00:29:32,111 --> 00:29:33,780 AND ONE WAY THIS IS SOMETIMES 771 00:29:33,780 --> 00:29:35,648 EXPLAINED IS THROUGH METAPHOR 772 00:29:35,648 --> 00:29:39,285 WITH DANDELIONS AND ORCHIDS. 773 00:29:39,285 --> 00:29:42,922 AND SO IF YOU KNOW FLOWERS, YOU 774 00:29:42,922 --> 00:29:44,791 KNOW DANDELIONS FLOURISH 775 00:29:44,791 --> 00:29:45,058 ANYWHERE. 776 00:29:45,058 --> 00:29:46,759 THIS IS ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD 777 00:29:46,759 --> 00:29:48,695 AND IT LOOKS PRETTY GOOD. 778 00:29:48,695 --> 00:29:49,963 AND THIS IS WHAT WE MIGHT 779 00:29:49,963 --> 00:29:51,164 CONSIDER A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT 780 00:29:51,164 --> 00:29:54,200 SO A DANDELION IN A FLOWER 781 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:54,400 FIELD. 782 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:56,402 IN BOTH ENVIRONMENTS IT LOOKS 783 00:29:56,402 --> 00:29:57,136 PRETTY SIMILAR. 784 00:29:57,136 --> 00:29:59,505 THIS IS A METAPHOR FOR OUR LESS 785 00:29:59,505 --> 00:30:00,173 REACTIVE CHILDREN. 786 00:30:00,173 --> 00:30:02,909 SO CHILDREN WHO ARE LESS 787 00:30:02,909 --> 00:30:03,876 REACTIVE ARE THEORIZED TO HAVE 788 00:30:03,876 --> 00:30:04,978 SIMILAR OUTCOMES REGARDLESS OF 789 00:30:04,978 --> 00:30:09,182 THE ENVIRONMENT THAT THEY ARE 790 00:30:09,182 --> 00:30:10,783 IN. 791 00:30:10,783 --> 00:30:13,186 WHEREAS ORCHIDS ARE MORE 792 00:30:13,186 --> 00:30:13,453 REACTIVE. 793 00:30:13,453 --> 00:30:14,487 IN THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT THEY 794 00:30:14,487 --> 00:30:16,889 WILL HAVE THE WORST OUTCOMES OF 795 00:30:16,889 --> 00:30:17,090 ALL. 796 00:30:17,090 --> 00:30:18,424 BUT IN A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT, 797 00:30:18,424 --> 00:30:24,097 THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE THE BEST 798 00:30:24,097 --> 00:30:24,364 OUTCOMES. 799 00:30:24,364 --> 00:30:26,699 IN THIS STUDY I WAS INTERESTED 800 00:30:26,699 --> 00:30:28,901 IN DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 801 00:30:28,901 --> 00:30:31,304 AND SENSITIVE PARENTING. 802 00:30:31,304 --> 00:30:32,605 SENSITIVE PARENTING IS A 803 00:30:32,605 --> 00:30:34,107 PARENT'S ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE 804 00:30:34,107 --> 00:30:37,510 THEIR CHILD'S NEEDS AND RESPOND 805 00:30:37,510 --> 00:30:37,844 APPROPRIATELY. 806 00:30:37,844 --> 00:30:39,579 THIS IS A TARGET FOR MANY 807 00:30:39,579 --> 00:30:42,682 PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION 808 00:30:42,682 --> 00:30:42,915 EFFORTS. 809 00:30:42,915 --> 00:30:44,751 SO THE HYPOTHESIS WAS CHILDREN 810 00:30:44,751 --> 00:30:46,219 WHO ARE MORE REACTIVE ARE MORE 811 00:30:46,219 --> 00:30:47,787 LIKELY TO BE SENSITIVE TO THIS 812 00:30:47,787 --> 00:30:49,689 POSITIVE CONTEXT OF SENSITIVE 813 00:30:49,689 --> 00:30:51,190 PARENTING RELATIVE TO THOSE WHO 814 00:30:51,190 --> 00:30:53,393 ARE LESS REACTIVE. 815 00:30:53,393 --> 00:30:55,028 AND I ASSESSED THIS THROUGH 816 00:30:55,028 --> 00:30:58,298 INTERACTIONS WITH RSA AND 817 00:30:58,298 --> 00:31:00,633 SENSITIVE PARENTING. 818 00:31:00,633 --> 00:31:01,801 IN TERMS OF THE SAMPLE, THIS WAS 819 00:31:01,801 --> 00:31:05,805 A SAMPLE OF 247 MOTHER-CHILD 820 00:31:05,805 --> 00:31:08,608 DIETS RECRUITED IN THE FIRST 821 00:31:08,608 --> 00:31:10,810 TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY, 822 00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:12,111 PREDOMINANTLY PLAQUE AND SINGLE 823 00:31:12,111 --> 00:31:14,914 MOTHERS AND PEOPLE WERE 824 00:31:14,914 --> 00:31:21,020 RECRUITED INTO THREE GROUPS. 825 00:31:21,020 --> 00:31:22,522 EXPOSURE GROUP AND THEN A 826 00:31:22,522 --> 00:31:23,323 DEMOGRAPHIC CONTROL GROUP THAT 827 00:31:23,323 --> 00:31:26,025 WAS MATCHED ON MATERNAL AGE AND 828 00:31:26,025 --> 00:31:26,326 EDUCATION. 829 00:31:26,326 --> 00:31:28,928 AND THE SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE 830 00:31:28,928 --> 00:31:29,829 GROUPS ARE CREATED BASED ON 831 00:31:29,829 --> 00:31:31,731 THREE METHODS, THE FIRST 832 00:31:31,731 --> 00:31:33,433 MATERNAL SELF REPORT OF 833 00:31:33,433 --> 00:31:35,134 SUBSTANCE USE, THE SECOND WAS 834 00:31:35,134 --> 00:31:37,337 MATERNAL SALIVA AND THE THIRD 835 00:31:37,337 --> 00:31:39,205 WAS MA CONE YUM. 836 00:31:39,205 --> 00:31:40,840 THERE ARE NO GROUP DIFFERENCES 837 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,209 BETWEEN THE GROUPS IN REGARDS TO 838 00:31:43,209 --> 00:31:43,843 DEMOGRAPHICS WITH THE EXCEPTION 839 00:31:43,843 --> 00:31:47,046 OF RACE AND ETHNICITY WHERE THE 840 00:31:47,046 --> 00:31:48,114 DEMOGRAPHIC CONTROL GROUP HAD 841 00:31:48,114 --> 00:31:52,318 THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF MOTHERS OF 842 00:31:52,318 --> 00:31:52,919 COLOR. 843 00:31:52,919 --> 00:31:54,620 THE STUDY WAS PRE REGISTERED ON 844 00:31:54,620 --> 00:31:55,822 OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK AND IT 845 00:31:55,822 --> 00:31:58,224 WAS A MULTIMETHOD STUDY SO I'M 846 00:31:58,224 --> 00:31:59,959 NOT GOING TO GO INTO DETAIL IN 847 00:31:59,959 --> 00:32:01,327 THE MEASURES BUT I'M HAPPY TO 848 00:32:01,327 --> 00:32:03,963 ANSWER QUESTIONS IF PEOPLE HAVE 849 00:32:03,963 --> 00:32:04,230 THEM. 850 00:32:04,230 --> 00:32:07,333 BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS WERE USED AT 851 00:32:07,333 --> 00:32:08,334 ALL-TIME POINTS. 852 00:32:08,334 --> 00:32:12,472 INTERVIEWS WERE USED AT ALL-TIME 853 00:32:12,472 --> 00:32:12,705 POINTS. 854 00:32:12,705 --> 00:32:14,640 SAYS REPORT WAS USED AT EARLY 855 00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:15,541 SCHOOL AGE. 856 00:32:15,541 --> 00:32:17,443 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA WAS COLLECTED 857 00:32:17,443 --> 00:32:19,145 IN TODDLER HOOD. 858 00:32:19,145 --> 00:32:21,047 MATERNAL REPORT WAS USED AT 859 00:32:21,047 --> 00:32:22,148 ALL-TIME POINTS. 860 00:32:22,148 --> 00:32:24,250 AND TEACHER REPORT WAS USED AS 861 00:32:24,250 --> 00:32:25,151 EARLY SCHOOL AGE. 862 00:32:25,151 --> 00:32:26,552 SO IN REGARDS TO EMOTION 863 00:32:26,552 --> 00:32:28,955 REGULATION WE HAD ACCESSOR 864 00:32:28,955 --> 00:32:31,958 REPORT, TEACHER REPORT AND 865 00:32:31,958 --> 00:32:33,860 MATERNAL REPORT. 866 00:32:33,860 --> 00:32:34,660 CHILDREN CAME INTO THE LAB 867 00:32:34,660 --> 00:32:36,629 SESSION AT EARLY SCHOOL AGE AND 868 00:32:36,629 --> 00:32:38,264 AFTER THAT SESSION, RESEARCH 869 00:32:38,264 --> 00:32:39,832 ASSISTANTS COMPLETED REPORTS OF 870 00:32:39,832 --> 00:32:41,868 CHILDREN'S EMOTION REGULATION 871 00:32:41,868 --> 00:32:47,273 THAT COMPRISES THE ASSESSOR 872 00:32:47,273 --> 00:32:47,507 REPORT. 873 00:32:47,507 --> 00:32:49,542 AND THEN A MATH ANALYSIS WAS 874 00:32:49,542 --> 00:32:50,877 USED TO ASSESS THESE AIMS AND 875 00:32:50,877 --> 00:32:53,579 IT'S A TYPE OF STATISTICAL 876 00:32:53,579 --> 00:32:54,447 KECKNIQUE WHERE YOU REGRESS THE 877 00:32:54,447 --> 00:32:55,748 OUTCOMES AT ONE TIME PERIOD ON 878 00:32:55,748 --> 00:32:57,183 THE PREDICTORS OF THE PREVIOUS 879 00:32:57,183 --> 00:32:59,185 TIME PERIOD SO IT REALLY ALLOWS 880 00:32:59,185 --> 00:33:02,955 US TO EXAMINE PERSPECTIVE 881 00:33:02,955 --> 00:33:05,191 LONGITUDINAL DIFFERENCES. 882 00:33:05,191 --> 00:33:06,125 AND ON TO THE RESULTS. 883 00:33:06,125 --> 00:33:08,294 I'M GOING BREAKDOWN THIS MODEL A 884 00:33:08,294 --> 00:33:10,263 LITTLE BIT BASED ON THE 885 00:33:10,263 --> 00:33:12,064 HYPOTHESIZED PATHWAYS I WANTED 886 00:33:12,064 --> 00:33:15,768 TO SHOW THE ENTIRE MODEL. 887 00:33:15,768 --> 00:33:18,871 YOU'LL NOTICE THE DEVELOPMENTAL 888 00:33:18,871 --> 00:33:20,673 PERIOD IS AT THE TOP. 889 00:33:20,673 --> 00:33:21,874 AND THEN DOWN HERE I WANT TO 890 00:33:21,874 --> 00:33:24,177 POINT OUT THE MODEL PROVIDED A 891 00:33:24,177 --> 00:33:27,079 GOOD FIT TO THE DATA. 892 00:33:27,079 --> 00:33:28,681 SO ON TO THE FIRST POTENTIAL 893 00:33:28,681 --> 00:33:30,183 PATHWAY, REGULATION AND 894 00:33:30,183 --> 00:33:32,552 REACTIVITY PATHWAY. 895 00:33:32,552 --> 00:33:34,654 WE FOUND THAT LOW BASELINE RSA 896 00:33:34,654 --> 00:33:37,256 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER 897 00:33:37,256 --> 00:33:40,159 ABILITY NEGATIVITY AS WE EXPECT. 898 00:33:40,159 --> 00:33:42,061 AND WE ALSO SAW THIS ASSOCIATION 899 00:33:42,061 --> 00:33:43,563 BETWEEN PRENATAL MATERNAL 900 00:33:43,563 --> 00:33:46,065 NEGATIVE MOOD AND EMOTIONAL 901 00:33:46,065 --> 00:33:47,967 REACTIVITY IN LATE TODDLER HOOD. 902 00:33:47,967 --> 00:33:49,469 YOU'LL NOTICE THAT THERE ARE NO 903 00:33:49,469 --> 00:33:51,571 PATHWAYS FROM THE PRENATAL 904 00:33:51,571 --> 00:33:54,474 FACTORS TO EARLY SCHOOL AGE 905 00:33:54,474 --> 00:33:56,742 EMOTION REGULATION THROUGH THESE 906 00:33:56,742 --> 00:33:57,043 MECHANISMS. 907 00:33:57,043 --> 00:33:57,877 SO HOWEVER ALL THERE WAS LIMITED 908 00:33:57,877 --> 00:34:02,081 EVIDENCE FOR THIS PATHWAY. 909 00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:05,485 AND THEN IN TERMS OF THE SECOND 910 00:34:05,485 --> 00:34:07,587 HYPOTHESIZED PATHWAY, WE FOUND 911 00:34:07,587 --> 00:34:09,489 THAT PRENATAL MATERNAL NEGATIVE 912 00:34:09,489 --> 00:34:11,757 MOOD AND TOBACCO ONLY EXPOSURE 913 00:34:11,757 --> 00:34:13,693 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER 914 00:34:13,693 --> 00:34:15,495 LEVELS OF MOST NATAL MATERNAL 915 00:34:15,495 --> 00:34:18,030 NEGATIVE MOOD. 916 00:34:18,030 --> 00:34:18,798 AND THEN POSTNATAL MATERNAL 917 00:34:18,798 --> 00:34:20,266 NEGATIVE MOOD WAS NEGATIVELY 918 00:34:20,266 --> 00:34:23,102 ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTION 919 00:34:23,102 --> 00:34:33,312 REGULATION. 920 00:34:36,449 --> 00:34:39,151 IN TERMS OF POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE 921 00:34:39,151 --> 00:34:41,087 ACCIDENT SUPPOSURE, ALL THE 922 00:34:41,087 --> 00:34:43,689 PRENATAL RISKS WERE ASSOCIATED 923 00:34:43,689 --> 00:34:45,658 WITH POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE 924 00:34:45,658 --> 00:34:46,259 ACCIDENT SUPPOSURE AND IT WAS 925 00:34:46,259 --> 00:34:48,094 ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF 926 00:34:48,094 --> 00:34:51,497 NEGATIVITY AS WE HAD 927 00:34:51,497 --> 00:34:52,198 HYPOTHESIZED. 928 00:34:52,198 --> 00:34:54,800 WE FOUND AN UNEXPECTED EFFECT 929 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,004 WHERE HIGHER LEVELS OF POSTNATAL 930 00:34:58,004 --> 00:34:59,372 SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE WERE 931 00:34:59,372 --> 00:35:00,506 ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER RATINGS 932 00:35:00,506 --> 00:35:03,342 OF EMOTION REGULATION AND SO 933 00:35:03,342 --> 00:35:05,411 THIS IS NOT SOMETHING THAT WE 934 00:35:05,411 --> 00:35:05,778 HYPOTHESIZED. 935 00:35:05,778 --> 00:35:07,213 WE HYPOTHESIZED IT IN THE 936 00:35:07,213 --> 00:35:07,980 OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 937 00:35:07,980 --> 00:35:09,715 AND THE ONE ALTERNATIVE 938 00:35:09,715 --> 00:35:10,783 EXPLANATION FOR THIS FINDING IS 939 00:35:10,783 --> 00:35:12,618 THAT THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE MIGHT 940 00:35:12,618 --> 00:35:12,885 MATTER. 941 00:35:12,885 --> 00:35:16,222 SO IN A POST-HOC ANALYSIS THEY 942 00:35:16,222 --> 00:35:18,090 LOOKED AT ALCOHOL, CANNABIS AND 943 00:35:18,090 --> 00:35:19,191 TOBACCO EXPOSURE. 944 00:35:19,191 --> 00:35:21,761 AND WHAT WE SAW IS THAT CANNABIS 945 00:35:21,761 --> 00:35:24,997 EXPOSURE IS WHAT IS DRIVING THIS 946 00:35:24,997 --> 00:35:26,699 POSITIVE ASSOCIATION. 947 00:35:26,699 --> 00:35:27,800 AND THIS MIGHT BE BECAUSE THERE 948 00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:29,802 IS SOME LITERATURE THAT SUGGESTS 949 00:35:29,802 --> 00:35:32,004 THAT CANNABIS CAN ALTER THE 950 00:35:32,004 --> 00:35:34,006 VALIDITY OF PEOPLE'S RATINGS OF 951 00:35:34,006 --> 00:35:35,207 BEHAVIOR SO MOTHERS WERE 952 00:35:35,207 --> 00:35:37,176 REPORTING MORE CANNABIS USE, 953 00:35:37,176 --> 00:35:38,811 MIGHT BE PERCEIVING THEIR 954 00:35:38,811 --> 00:35:39,912 CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR IN A 955 00:35:39,912 --> 00:35:40,913 DIFFERENT WAY. 956 00:35:40,913 --> 00:35:43,215 ADDITIONALLY, THIS COULD BE A 957 00:35:43,215 --> 00:35:43,683 STATISTICAL ARTIFACT. 958 00:35:43,683 --> 00:35:44,684 WE ARE CONTROLLING FOR THINGS 959 00:35:44,684 --> 00:35:47,320 LIKE MOOD IN THE MODEL, AND THEN 960 00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:49,422 WHAT IS LEFT OVER AND CANNABIS 961 00:35:49,422 --> 00:35:50,723 EXPOSURE MIGHT BE POSITIVELY 962 00:35:50,723 --> 00:35:52,892 ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTION 963 00:35:52,892 --> 00:35:53,426 REGULATION. 964 00:35:53,426 --> 00:35:54,527 DEFINITELY MORE WORK NEEDS TO BE 965 00:35:54,527 --> 00:35:55,895 DONE TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THESE 966 00:35:55,895 --> 00:36:02,335 TYPES OF FINDINGS. 967 00:36:02,335 --> 00:36:07,006 AND THEN THE SECOND AIM OF THE 968 00:36:07,006 --> 00:36:07,206 STUDY. 969 00:36:07,206 --> 00:36:08,307 THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT 970 00:36:08,307 --> 00:36:10,409 INTERACTION BETWEEN RSA 971 00:36:10,409 --> 00:36:12,612 REACTIVITY AND THE SENSITIVE 972 00:36:12,612 --> 00:36:14,714 PARENTING IN PREDICTING ASSESSOR 973 00:36:14,714 --> 00:36:18,017 REPORTED EMOTION REGULATION. 974 00:36:18,017 --> 00:36:20,419 AND WE HAVE EMOTION REGULATION 975 00:36:20,419 --> 00:36:23,522 ON THE Y AXINGS AND SENSITIVE 976 00:36:23,522 --> 00:36:27,526 PARENTING ON THE X AXIS. 977 00:36:27,526 --> 00:36:29,528 SO CHILDREN WITH RSA WITHDRAWAL, 978 00:36:29,528 --> 00:36:32,231 THAT IS THAT POTENTIALLY MORE 979 00:36:32,231 --> 00:36:34,734 ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO OUR 980 00:36:34,734 --> 00:36:35,301 FRUSTRATION TASK. 981 00:36:35,301 --> 00:36:37,036 FOR THOSE CHILDREN, WE SEE 982 00:36:37,036 --> 00:36:37,670 SENSITIVE PARENTING IS 983 00:36:37,670 --> 00:36:40,640 ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF 984 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:42,441 EMOTION REGULATION. 985 00:36:42,441 --> 00:36:44,610 SO THESE CHILDREN WHO EXPERIENCE 986 00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,045 RSA WITHDRAWAL, THEY ARE GETTING 987 00:36:46,045 --> 00:36:49,749 THAT PROTECTIVE BENEFIT FROM 988 00:36:49,749 --> 00:36:51,117 SENSITIVE PARENTING. 989 00:36:51,117 --> 00:36:54,487 SO THESE CHILDREN MIGHT BE OUR 990 00:36:54,487 --> 00:36:55,955 ORCHIDS, SENSITIVE TO THAT 991 00:36:55,955 --> 00:36:58,958 POSITIVE CONTEXT. 992 00:36:58,958 --> 00:37:02,361 WHEREAS CHILDREN WHO SHOWED RSA 993 00:37:02,361 --> 00:37:04,463 AUGMENTATION, DOTTED LINE, 994 00:37:04,463 --> 00:37:07,133 THAT'S NOT POTENTIAL THAT'S 995 00:37:07,133 --> 00:37:08,634 POTENTIALLY LES ADAPTIVE 996 00:37:08,634 --> 00:37:09,735 RESPONSE, NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 997 00:37:09,735 --> 00:37:11,871 SENSITIVE PARENTING AND EMOTION 998 00:37:11,871 --> 00:37:12,171 REGULATION. 999 00:37:12,171 --> 00:37:14,240 SO THOSE CHILDREN ARE GETTING NO 1000 00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,643 POSITIVE BENEFIT FROM SENSITIVE 1001 00:37:17,643 --> 00:37:18,144 PARENTING. 1002 00:37:18,144 --> 00:37:28,721 SO THESE MIGHT BE OUR DANDEL 1003 00:37:33,626 --> 00:37:33,859 DANDELIONS. 1004 00:37:33,859 --> 00:37:35,394 PARTICULARLY WE SAW THAT 1005 00:37:35,394 --> 00:37:37,263 POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE AND 1006 00:37:37,263 --> 00:37:39,031 NEGATIVE MOOD REALLY MEDIATED 1007 00:37:39,031 --> 00:37:40,466 THESE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 1008 00:37:40,466 --> 00:37:42,835 PRENATAL RISKS AND EMOTION 1009 00:37:42,835 --> 00:37:43,235 REGULATION. 1010 00:37:43,235 --> 00:37:45,171 HOWEVER, WE HAD SOME UNEXPECTED 1011 00:37:45,171 --> 00:37:48,040 FINDINGS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING 1012 00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:50,042 CANNABIS EXPOSURE AND MORE 1013 00:37:50,042 --> 00:37:52,344 RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE DONE TO 1014 00:37:52,344 --> 00:37:53,112 DISENTANGLE THESE ASSOCIATIONS 1015 00:37:53,112 --> 00:37:54,680 AND BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ROLE 1016 00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:57,483 OF MATERNAL MOOD VERSUS BE 1017 00:37:57,483 --> 00:38:01,353 STANCE EXPOSURE WHICH OFTEN CO 1018 00:38:01,353 --> 00:38:01,787 CO-OCCUR. 1019 00:38:01,787 --> 00:38:04,390 THERE IS LESS EVIDENCE FOR THE 1020 00:38:04,390 --> 00:38:05,458 PHYSIOLOGIY AND REACTIVITY 1021 00:38:05,458 --> 00:38:08,260 PATHWAY AND SOME OF THIS MIGHT 1022 00:38:08,260 --> 00:38:10,463 BE BECAUSE OF THE TIMING OF 1023 00:38:10,463 --> 00:38:10,863 MEASUREMENT. 1024 00:38:10,863 --> 00:38:12,164 SO SOME OF OUR PRIOR WORK WE 1025 00:38:12,164 --> 00:38:13,866 FOUND THAT PARTICULARLY 1026 00:38:13,866 --> 00:38:16,669 COEXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH 1027 00:38:16,669 --> 00:38:17,570 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1028 00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:18,771 FUNCTIONING AND INFANCY. 1029 00:38:18,771 --> 00:38:20,606 SO A DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING MIGHT 1030 00:38:20,606 --> 00:38:22,374 BE CRITICAL. 1031 00:38:22,374 --> 00:38:25,878 ADDITIONALLY WE SAW THAT 1032 00:38:25,878 --> 00:38:26,979 BASELINE RSA PREDICTED 1033 00:38:26,979 --> 00:38:29,682 NEGATIVITY AS WE EXPECTED. 1034 00:38:29,682 --> 00:38:31,283 SO MORE RESEARCH CAN BE DONE TO 1035 00:38:31,283 --> 00:38:33,886 DETERMINE WHAT REALLY PREDICTS 1036 00:38:33,886 --> 00:38:38,157 BASELINE RSA FOR THESE CHILDREN. 1037 00:38:38,157 --> 00:38:39,592 WE SAW THAT THERE WAS AN 1038 00:38:39,592 --> 00:38:40,860 INTERACTION BETWEEN RSA REACT 1039 00:38:40,860 --> 00:38:42,561 ACTIVITY AND SENSITIVE PARENTING 1040 00:38:42,561 --> 00:38:46,198 IN PREDICTING EMOTION 1041 00:38:46,198 --> 00:38:46,499 REGULATION. 1042 00:38:46,499 --> 00:38:47,466 AND I THINK THIS WAS REALLY 1043 00:38:47,466 --> 00:38:48,901 NOTABLE TO US BECAUSE IT 1044 00:38:48,901 --> 00:38:49,769 SUGGESTS THAT NOT ALL CHILDREN 1045 00:38:49,769 --> 00:38:51,670 ARE GETTING THE SAME BENEFIT 1046 00:38:51,670 --> 00:38:52,972 FROM SENSITIVE PARENTING. 1047 00:38:52,972 --> 00:38:54,373 SO IT'S REALLY CRITICAL TO 1048 00:38:54,373 --> 00:38:56,008 FIGURE OUT WHEN THESE 1049 00:38:56,008 --> 00:38:57,376 INTERACTIONS MIGHT BE MORE 1050 00:38:57,376 --> 00:38:58,210 SALIENT AND WHAT FACTORS MIGHT 1051 00:38:58,210 --> 00:39:03,182 BE MORE IMPACTFUL FOR WHICH 1052 00:39:03,182 --> 00:39:04,483 SPECIFIC CHILDREN. 1053 00:39:04,483 --> 00:39:06,485 AND IN SOME CONSISTENT WITH THE 1054 00:39:06,485 --> 00:39:07,887 LEGACY, IT'S IMPORTANT TO 1055 00:39:07,887 --> 00:39:09,121 EXAMINE THESE DIFFERENT 1056 00:39:09,121 --> 00:39:10,990 PATHWAYSES AND MULTIPLE LEVELS 1057 00:39:10,990 --> 00:39:12,691 OF INFLUENCE AS WELL AS 1058 00:39:12,691 --> 00:39:14,193 INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE 1059 00:39:14,193 --> 00:39:18,531 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INFLUENCE. 1060 00:39:18,531 --> 00:39:20,199 I'D LIKE TO THANK THE FAMILIES 1061 00:39:20,199 --> 00:39:22,101 FIRST AND FOREMOST AND ALSO NIDA 1062 00:39:22,101 --> 00:39:24,103 WHO FUNDED THIS WORK AND FUNDS 1063 00:39:24,103 --> 00:39:25,771 MY TIME. 1064 00:39:25,771 --> 00:39:27,006 AND THEN THANK YOU AGAIN FOR 1065 00:39:27,006 --> 00:39:37,383 HAVING ME HERE TODAY. 1066 00:39:38,551 --> 00:39:48,894 >> THANK YOU DR. PERRY. 1067 00:39:50,863 --> 00:39:53,199 SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TOL 1068 00:39:53,199 --> 00:39:58,003 INTRODUCE OUR NEXT ESI, 1069 00:39:58,003 --> 00:40:00,406 DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN WHO IS A 1070 00:40:00,406 --> 00:40:02,007 NIDA T32 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW IN 1071 00:40:02,007 --> 00:40:03,409 THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY AT 1072 00:40:03,409 --> 00:40:05,811 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 1073 00:40:05,811 --> 00:40:07,613 HER PROGRAM OF RESEARCH EXAMINES 1074 00:40:07,613 --> 00:40:10,049 THE COMPLEXISH PLAY BETWEEN 1075 00:40:10,049 --> 00:40:11,717 BIOLOGICAL AND CONTEXTURAL 1076 00:40:11,717 --> 00:40:14,420 INFLUENCES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO 1077 00:40:14,420 --> 00:40:16,121 THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH 1078 00:40:16,121 --> 00:40:16,488 SELF-REGULATION. 1079 00:40:16,488 --> 00:40:18,257 I'M DOING THIS WITHOUT MY 1080 00:40:18,257 --> 00:40:18,490 GLASSES. 1081 00:40:18,490 --> 00:40:20,426 SO I'M GOING TO STRETCH MY NOTES 1082 00:40:20,426 --> 00:40:20,860 A LITTLE. 1083 00:40:20,860 --> 00:40:22,428 SHE IS INTERESTED IN 1084 00:40:22,428 --> 00:40:24,930 SELF-REGULATION AS AN 1085 00:40:24,930 --> 00:40:29,401 INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPE LINK 1086 00:40:29,401 --> 00:40:32,638 GENOMICS TO OUTCOMES AS WELL AS 1087 00:40:32,638 --> 00:40:39,545 UNDERSTANDING THE -- PASSIONATE 1088 00:40:39,545 --> 00:40:41,080 ABOUT THE INCLUSION OF 1089 00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:42,648 UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS AND 1090 00:40:42,648 --> 00:40:43,849 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND 1091 00:40:43,849 --> 00:40:45,251 TAKING A STRENGTH-BASED APPROACH 1092 00:40:45,251 --> 00:40:47,253 TO UNDERSTANDING THE VARIOUS 1093 00:40:47,253 --> 00:40:49,455 FACTORS IMPLICATED IN THE 1094 00:40:49,455 --> 00:40:52,524 DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO, EMOTIONAL 1095 00:40:52,524 --> 00:40:53,559 COMPETENCIES FOR CHILDREN OF ALL 1096 00:40:53,559 --> 00:40:53,859 BACKGROUNDS. 1097 00:40:53,859 --> 00:40:55,761 THIS PRESENTATION IS INSPIRED BY 1098 00:40:55,761 --> 00:40:57,062 HER RECENT PUBLICATION, NOVEL 1099 00:40:57,062 --> 00:40:59,064 MEASURES OF FAMILY ORIENTATION 1100 00:40:59,064 --> 00:41:02,067 AND CHILDHOOD SELF-REGULATION. 1101 00:41:02,067 --> 00:41:04,270 A GENETICALLY INFORMED TWIN 1102 00:41:04,270 --> 00:41:05,638 STUDY WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN THE 1103 00:41:05,638 --> 00:41:10,175 JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY. 1104 00:41:10,175 --> 00:41:18,651 DO I HAVE YOUR RIGHT SLIDE UP 1105 00:41:18,651 --> 00:41:28,460 HERE? 1106 00:41:28,460 --> 00:41:30,296 THIS IS NOT HOW THE SLIDES ARE 1107 00:41:30,296 --> 00:41:34,466 SUPPOSED TO LOOK. 1108 00:41:34,466 --> 00:41:36,902 >> I'M GOING TO TRY TO BE A 1109 00:41:36,902 --> 00:41:40,272 DANDELION DURING THIS 1110 00:41:40,272 --> 00:41:40,606 PRESENTATION. 1111 00:41:40,606 --> 00:41:41,774 SO THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 1112 00:41:41,774 --> 00:41:44,476 I'M REALLY EXCITED TO SHARE MY 1113 00:41:44,476 --> 00:41:46,278 WORK TITLED NOVEL MEASURES OF 1114 00:41:46,278 --> 00:41:49,281 FAMILY ORIENTATION AND CHILDHOOD 1115 00:41:49,281 --> 00:41:50,983 SELF-REGULATION, A GENETICALLY 1116 00:41:50,983 --> 00:41:56,922 INFORMED TWIN STUDY. 1117 00:41:56,922 --> 00:41:58,290 SO FAMILIAR LIMP IS A 1118 00:41:58,290 --> 00:41:59,692 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CULTURAL 1119 00:41:59,692 --> 00:42:01,193 CONSTRUCT IDENTIFIED IN HISPANIC 1120 00:42:01,193 --> 00:42:03,662 AND LATINX FAMILIES THAT CENTERS 1121 00:42:03,662 --> 00:42:06,098 AROUND SUPPORT, OBLIGATION AND 1122 00:42:06,098 --> 00:42:12,204 REFERENCE TO THE FAMILY UNIT. 1123 00:42:12,204 --> 00:42:15,374 A MAJORITY OF THE RESEARCH ON 1124 00:42:15,374 --> 00:42:19,511 FAMILIARISM IS CONDUCTED IN 1125 00:42:19,511 --> 00:42:20,512 ADOLESCENT SAMPLES WITH FEW 1126 00:42:20,512 --> 00:42:23,482 RESEARCH OCCURRING IN THE MIDDLE 1127 00:42:23,482 --> 00:42:24,083 CHILDHOOD PERIOD. 1128 00:42:24,083 --> 00:42:27,519 THE FEW STUDIES THAT EXIST SHOW 1129 00:42:27,519 --> 00:42:30,122 THAT GREATER PARENT REPORTED 1130 00:42:30,122 --> 00:42:32,491 FAMILISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH 1131 00:42:32,491 --> 00:42:34,193 GREATER PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND 1132 00:42:34,193 --> 00:42:37,196 GREATER ACADEMIC MOTIVATION. 1133 00:42:37,196 --> 00:42:39,498 HOWEVER, WE KNOW THAT CHILDREN 1134 00:42:39,498 --> 00:42:40,599 IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD ARE 1135 00:42:40,599 --> 00:42:42,601 BEGINNING TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN 1136 00:42:42,601 --> 00:42:44,403 VALUE SYSTEMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO 1137 00:42:44,403 --> 00:42:46,705 THE FAMILY UNIT AND SO, BETTER 1138 00:42:46,705 --> 00:42:49,408 MEASUREMENT IS NEEDED OUTSIDE OF 1139 00:42:49,408 --> 00:42:52,011 PARENT REPORT TO BETTER 1140 00:42:52,011 --> 00:42:53,979 UNDERSTAND YOUTH ENDORSEMENT OF 1141 00:42:53,979 --> 00:42:56,281 FAMILISM AND HOW THAT MAY IMPACT 1142 00:42:56,281 --> 00:43:03,889 THEIR DEVELOPMENT LATER ON. 1143 00:43:03,889 --> 00:43:06,592 ADDITIONALLY, FAMILY CULTURAL 1144 00:43:06,592 --> 00:43:09,695 VALUES SHAPE CHILDREN SOCIOAND 1145 00:43:09,695 --> 00:43:10,229 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1146 00:43:10,229 --> 00:43:13,399 AND IN PARTICULAR, 1147 00:43:13,399 --> 00:43:14,199 SELF-REGULATION. 1148 00:43:14,199 --> 00:43:16,101 HOWEVER, INTERESTINGLY, THERE IS 1149 00:43:16,101 --> 00:43:18,003 VERY LITTLE RESEARCH EXAMINING 1150 00:43:18,003 --> 00:43:19,605 THE LENGTH BETWEEN CULTURAL 1151 00:43:19,605 --> 00:43:22,508 VALUES AND CHILDREN'S 1152 00:43:22,508 --> 00:43:22,875 SELF-REGULATION. 1153 00:43:22,875 --> 00:43:24,810 AND THE ONE EXPLICIT RESEARCH 1154 00:43:24,810 --> 00:43:27,713 STUDY I FOUND WAS A MIXED METHOD 1155 00:43:27,713 --> 00:43:29,715 STUDY OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN 1156 00:43:29,715 --> 00:43:32,184 FAMILIES AND FOUND THAT FAMILY 1157 00:43:32,184 --> 00:43:33,685 CULTURAL VALUES WERE NOT 1158 00:43:33,685 --> 00:43:35,421 ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S 1159 00:43:35,421 --> 00:43:35,788 SELF-REGULATION. 1160 00:43:35,788 --> 00:43:43,195 SO, AGAIN, MORE RESEARCH IS NE 1161 00:43:43,195 --> 00:43:45,097 NEEDED. 1162 00:43:45,097 --> 00:43:46,799 GIVEN THE SALIENT IMPORTANCE OF 1163 00:43:46,799 --> 00:43:48,901 SELF-REGULATION FOR NOT ONLY 1164 00:43:48,901 --> 00:43:54,173 CHILDREN BUT ACROSS THE LIFES 1165 00:43:54,173 --> 00:43:54,440 LIFESPAN. 1166 00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:57,609 AND JUST TO PIVOT A LITTLE BIT. 1167 00:43:57,609 --> 00:43:59,912 WE KNOW THAT SELF-REGULATION IS 1168 00:43:59,912 --> 00:44:01,914 INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND 1169 00:44:01,914 --> 00:44:04,616 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. 1170 00:44:04,616 --> 00:44:07,419 ADDITIONALLY, THE CULTURAL 1171 00:44:07,419 --> 00:44:09,121 GENOMICS PERSPECTIVE PAUSE THAT 1172 00:44:09,121 --> 00:44:12,124 IS NEARLY EVERY COMMENT AND 1173 00:44:12,124 --> 00:44:13,525 BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME IS INFLUENCED 1174 00:44:13,525 --> 00:44:16,929 BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND 1175 00:44:16,929 --> 00:44:17,830 CULTURAL INFLUENCES. 1176 00:44:17,830 --> 00:44:19,598 HOWEVER, THE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR 1177 00:44:19,598 --> 00:44:21,633 GENETICS LARGELY IGNORES THE 1178 00:44:21,633 --> 00:44:23,869 ROLE OF CULTURE IN UNDERSTANDING 1179 00:44:23,869 --> 00:44:26,605 THE ETIOLOGY OF COMPLEX HUMAN 1180 00:44:26,605 --> 00:44:28,240 TRAITS AND SO THIS IS WHERE I 1181 00:44:28,240 --> 00:44:34,346 HOPE MY WORKING COME IN. 1182 00:44:34,346 --> 00:44:36,215 AND SO SOME OF THE BROAD OVERALL 1183 00:44:36,215 --> 00:44:40,619 QUESTION OF THIS STUDY WAS ARE 1184 00:44:40,619 --> 00:44:41,720 CULTURAL PROCESSES WITHIN THE 1185 00:44:41,720 --> 00:44:45,023 FAMILY RELATED TO CHILDREN'S 1186 00:44:45,023 --> 00:44:45,390 SELF-REGULATION? 1187 00:44:45,390 --> 00:44:47,126 AND SO THERE WERE THREE MAIN 1188 00:44:47,126 --> 00:44:48,927 AIMS OF THE STUDY. 1189 00:44:48,927 --> 00:44:51,430 THE FIRST AIM WAS TO TAKE A 1190 00:44:51,430 --> 00:44:53,632 MULTIMETHOD APPROACH TO CREATE A 1191 00:44:53,632 --> 00:44:56,635 NOVEL MEASURE OF FAMILY 1192 00:44:56,635 --> 00:44:58,337 ORIENTATION IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD. 1193 00:44:58,337 --> 00:45:03,542 AND THIS INCLUDED CODING PARENT 1194 00:45:03,542 --> 00:45:05,344 CHILD INTERACTION TASKS, PARENT 1195 00:45:05,344 --> 00:45:10,949 REPORTED MEASURES, AS WELL AS 1196 00:45:10,949 --> 00:45:14,153 OBSERVER REPORTS. 1197 00:45:14,153 --> 00:45:18,857 THE SECOND AIM OF THE STUDY WAS 1198 00:45:18,857 --> 00:45:20,926 TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER FAMILY 1199 00:45:20,926 --> 00:45:22,828 CULTURAL VALUES WERE ASSOCIATED 1200 00:45:22,828 --> 00:45:24,663 WITH CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION. 1201 00:45:24,663 --> 00:45:28,033 AND I HYPOTHESIZED THAT GREATER 1202 00:45:28,033 --> 00:45:30,135 FAMILY ORIENTATION WOULD BE 1203 00:45:30,135 --> 00:45:33,639 ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ADAPTIVE 1204 00:45:33,639 --> 00:45:35,641 SELF-REGULATION. 1205 00:45:35,641 --> 00:45:38,544 AND THEN THE THIRD AIM WAS TO 1206 00:45:38,544 --> 00:45:40,946 UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC, 1207 00:45:40,946 --> 00:45:43,315 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL 1208 00:45:43,315 --> 00:45:45,350 INTERPLAY BETWEEN FAMILY 1209 00:45:45,350 --> 00:45:48,220 CULTURAL VALUES AND CHILDREN'S 1210 00:45:48,220 --> 00:45:48,587 SELF-REGULATION. 1211 00:45:48,587 --> 00:45:50,355 AND HERE I HYPOTHESIZED THAT 1212 00:45:50,355 --> 00:45:52,658 GREATER FAMILY CULTURAL VALUES 1213 00:45:52,658 --> 00:45:56,862 WOULD INCREASE THE ENVIRONMENTAL 1214 00:45:56,862 --> 00:45:59,865 VARIANTS IN CHILDREN'S 1215 00:45:59,865 --> 00:46:03,502 SELF-REGULATION. 1216 00:46:03,502 --> 00:46:04,770 SO PARTICIPANTS WERE DRAWN FROM 1217 00:46:04,770 --> 00:46:07,639 THE LONGITUDINAL ARIZONA TWIN 1218 00:46:07,639 --> 00:46:09,274 PROJECT AND AT THE CURRENT WAVE 1219 00:46:09,274 --> 00:46:11,176 THAT IS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY, 1220 00:46:11,176 --> 00:46:14,079 YOUTH WERE ABOUT EIGHT YEARS 1221 00:46:14,079 --> 00:46:14,746 OLD. 1222 00:46:14,746 --> 00:46:16,148 AND THESE ARE TWINS FROM THE 1223 00:46:16,148 --> 00:46:18,383 STATE OF ARIZONA. 1224 00:46:18,383 --> 00:46:20,252 IN ABOUT A THIRD OF THE SAMPLE 1225 00:46:20,252 --> 00:46:25,958 IDENTIFIED AS HISPANIC OR LAT 1226 00:46:25,958 --> 00:46:26,491 LATINO. 1227 00:46:26,491 --> 00:46:28,160 AND SO AS I PREVIOUSLY 1228 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:30,929 MENTIONED, FAMILISM IS 1229 00:46:30,929 --> 00:46:31,763 HISTORICALLY IDENTIFIED IN 1230 00:46:31,763 --> 00:46:35,467 HISPANIC AND LATINX FAMILIES BUT 1231 00:46:35,467 --> 00:46:38,337 RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT FAMILISM 1232 00:46:38,337 --> 00:46:40,906 SHOWS MEASUREMENT IN VARIETIES 1233 00:46:40,906 --> 00:46:41,974 ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1234 00:46:41,974 --> 00:46:44,376 FAMILIES AS WELL AS ACROSS 1235 00:46:44,376 --> 00:46:52,150 DIFFERENT RACIAL ETHNIC GROUPS. 1236 00:46:52,150 --> 00:46:54,386 -- DIVERSE SAMPLE OF FAMILIES. 1237 00:46:54,386 --> 00:46:56,655 I'M GOING TO CALL THIS CONSTRUCT 1238 00:46:56,655 --> 00:46:58,991 FAMILY ORIENTATION SO THE 1239 00:46:58,991 --> 00:47:01,260 CULTURAL PROCESS INVOLVING AN 1240 00:47:01,260 --> 00:47:03,295 EMPHASIS ON PROVIDING SUPPORT, 1241 00:47:03,295 --> 00:47:06,298 RESPECT, OBLIGATION TO THE 1242 00:47:06,298 --> 00:47:16,541 FAMILY SYSTEM. 1243 00:47:16,742 --> 00:47:20,078 SO, HERE ON AIM 1, I INCLUDED A 1244 00:47:20,078 --> 00:47:21,780 BUNCH OF MEASURES THAT I THOUGHT 1245 00:47:21,780 --> 00:47:24,583 MIGHT BE INDICATIVE OF FAMILY 1246 00:47:24,583 --> 00:47:25,784 ORIENTATION THAT I WILL 1247 00:47:25,784 --> 00:47:28,086 EVENTUALLY INCLUDE IN AN 1248 00:47:28,086 --> 00:47:30,289 EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS. 1249 00:47:30,289 --> 00:47:33,659 SO FIRST, THERE ARE PARENT CHILD 1250 00:47:33,659 --> 00:47:35,560 INTERACTION TASKS THAT WERE 1251 00:47:35,560 --> 00:47:36,662 ALREADY COLLECTED. 1252 00:47:36,662 --> 00:47:42,467 AND SO A PARENT AND EACH TWIN, 1253 00:47:42,467 --> 00:47:44,169 WOULD TALK FOR 7 1/2 MINUTES AND 1254 00:47:44,169 --> 00:47:45,570 I DEVELOPED A CODING SCHEME IN 1255 00:47:45,570 --> 00:47:48,473 WHICH WE RATED THE EXTENT THAT 1256 00:47:48,473 --> 00:47:50,208 THE CONVERSATION WAS INDICATIVE 1257 00:47:50,208 --> 00:47:51,677 OF FAMILY ORIENTATION. 1258 00:47:51,677 --> 00:47:54,613 SO HERE I DERIVED BOTH PARENT 1259 00:47:54,613 --> 00:47:56,114 FAMILY ORIENTATION AS WELL AS 1260 00:47:56,114 --> 00:48:00,185 CHILD FAMILY ORIENTATION. 1261 00:48:00,185 --> 00:48:02,487 I ALSO INCLUDED THE PARENT 1262 00:48:02,487 --> 00:48:04,389 REPORTED MEXICAN-AMERICAN 1263 00:48:04,389 --> 00:48:06,325 CULTURAL VALUE SCALE WHICH IS A 1264 00:48:06,325 --> 00:48:09,695 GOLD STANDARD MEASURE OF FAMILY 1265 00:48:09,695 --> 00:48:16,101 CULTURAL VALUES. 1266 00:48:16,101 --> 00:48:19,771 AND THEN, I ALSO INCLUDED 1267 00:48:19,771 --> 00:48:21,273 EXPERIMENTER ASSESSMENTS OF THE 1268 00:48:21,273 --> 00:48:22,974 PARENT CHILD DIE ADD THROUGH THE 1269 00:48:22,974 --> 00:48:26,078 WHOLE VISIT. 1270 00:48:26,078 --> 00:48:26,678 SO THIS WOULD INCLUDE THINGS 1271 00:48:26,678 --> 00:48:28,680 LIKE HOW AFFECTIVELY MATCHED WAS 1272 00:48:28,680 --> 00:48:30,582 THE PARENT WITH THEIR CHILD 1273 00:48:30,582 --> 00:48:31,783 THROUGHOUT THE HOME VISIT? 1274 00:48:31,783 --> 00:48:33,985 HOW COMPLIANT WAS THE CHILD WITH 1275 00:48:33,985 --> 00:48:36,888 THE PRIMARY CAREGIVER AND THE 1276 00:48:36,888 --> 00:48:37,222 EXPERIMENTER? 1277 00:48:37,222 --> 00:48:41,193 SO THOSE SORTS OF QUESTIONS. 1278 00:48:41,193 --> 00:48:44,496 AND THEN MEASURES OF 1279 00:48:44,496 --> 00:48:46,498 SELF-REGULATION INCLUDED TASK 1280 00:48:46,498 --> 00:48:49,901 BASE, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING. 1281 00:48:49,901 --> 00:48:51,970 SO THERE WAS THE CONTINUOUS 1282 00:48:51,970 --> 00:48:57,008 PERFORMANCE TASK AND DIGIT SPAN 1283 00:48:57,008 --> 00:48:57,275 BACKWARD. 1284 00:48:57,275 --> 00:49:00,212 AS WELL AS PARENT AND 1285 00:49:00,212 --> 00:49:03,715 TEEATURE-REPORTED EFFORTFUL 1286 00:49:03,715 --> 00:49:07,085 CONTROL, ACT VEILED CONTROL, 1287 00:49:07,085 --> 00:49:09,688 INHIBITORY CONTROL AND 1288 00:49:09,688 --> 00:49:14,593 ATTENTIONAL FOCUSING. 1289 00:49:14,593 --> 00:49:18,196 SO AGAIN, AIM 1 USED THIS 1290 00:49:18,196 --> 00:49:19,698 ANALYSIS TO DERIVE NOVEL 1291 00:49:19,698 --> 00:49:24,903 MEASURES OF FAMILY ORIENTATION. 1292 00:49:24,903 --> 00:49:27,906 AND I TESTED ONE, TWO AND 3 1293 00:49:27,906 --> 00:49:29,908 FACTOR SOLUTIONS AND I ENDED UP 1294 00:49:29,908 --> 00:49:33,578 GOING WITH THE TWO FACTOR 1295 00:49:33,578 --> 00:49:33,845 SOLUTION. 1296 00:49:33,845 --> 00:49:36,581 GIVEN THEORETICAL SUPPORT FOR 1297 00:49:36,581 --> 00:49:39,151 FAMILY ORIENTATION VALUES AS 1298 00:49:39,151 --> 00:49:41,119 WELL AS BEHAVIORS. 1299 00:49:41,119 --> 00:49:45,724 SO FOR VALUES, WE HAVE GOT THAT 1300 00:49:45,724 --> 00:49:46,992 PARENT-REPORTED MEXICAN-AMERICAN 1301 00:49:46,992 --> 00:49:49,995 CULTURAL VALUE SCALE. 1302 00:49:49,995 --> 00:49:56,902 SO SUPPORT, OBLIGATION -- FAMILY 1303 00:49:56,902 --> 00:49:59,337 ORIENTATION DERIVED FROM THE 1304 00:49:59,337 --> 00:50:00,205 CODED VIDEOTAPE AS WELL AS 1305 00:50:00,205 --> 00:50:02,407 MEASURES FROM EXPERIMENTER 1306 00:50:02,407 --> 00:50:03,608 OBSERVATIONS OF TWIN AFFECT 1307 00:50:03,608 --> 00:50:07,112 DURING THE HOME VISIT. 1308 00:50:07,112 --> 00:50:11,416 AND SO, FACTOR LOADINGS ABOVE .3 1309 00:50:11,416 --> 00:50:13,118 WERE RETAINED SO WHATEVER YOU 1310 00:50:13,118 --> 00:50:15,720 SEE IN THOSE SQUARES WERE 1311 00:50:15,720 --> 00:50:19,024 RETAINED AS FACTORS AND CARRIED 1312 00:50:19,024 --> 00:50:24,996 OUT THROUGH ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS. 1313 00:50:24,996 --> 00:50:28,733 SO FOR AIM TWO, WHICH WAS TO 1314 00:50:28,733 --> 00:50:30,101 USED MULTILEVEL REGRESSION 1315 00:50:30,101 --> 00:50:30,936 ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER 1316 00:50:30,936 --> 00:50:34,372 OR NOT FAMILY ORIENTATION WAS 1317 00:50:34,372 --> 00:50:37,843 ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REGULATION, 1318 00:50:37,843 --> 00:50:39,044 INTERESTINGLY, I FOUND THAT 1319 00:50:39,044 --> 00:50:41,413 FAMILY ORIENTATION VALUES WERE 1320 00:50:41,413 --> 00:50:44,749 NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S 1321 00:50:44,749 --> 00:50:45,150 SELF-REGULATION. 1322 00:50:45,150 --> 00:50:48,119 HOWEVER, FAMILY ORIENTATION 1323 00:50:48,119 --> 00:50:50,722 BEHAVIORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH 1324 00:50:50,722 --> 00:50:53,158 BETTER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING 1325 00:50:53,158 --> 00:50:54,226 PERFORMANCE WITH THE EXCEPTION 1326 00:50:54,226 --> 00:50:56,695 OF DIGIT SPAN BACKWARD. 1327 00:50:56,695 --> 00:50:59,130 AS WELL AS HIGHER REPORTED 1328 00:50:59,130 --> 00:51:03,568 PARENT AND TEACHER-REPORTED 1329 00:51:03,568 --> 00:51:09,941 EFFORTFUL CONTROL. 1330 00:51:09,941 --> 00:51:14,546 AND THEN AIM 3 AGAIN, WANTED TO 1331 00:51:14,546 --> 00:51:17,349 USE THE TWINNESS OF THE SAMPLE 1332 00:51:17,349 --> 00:51:19,818 TO UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC, 1333 00:51:19,818 --> 00:51:22,821 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL 1334 00:51:22,821 --> 00:51:24,823 INTERPLAY BETWEEN FAMILY 1335 00:51:24,823 --> 00:51:27,659 ORIENTATION AND YOUTH 1336 00:51:27,659 --> 00:51:28,026 SELF-REGULATION. 1337 00:51:28,026 --> 00:51:29,861 AND AGAIN, THIS AIM IS UNIQUE IN 1338 00:51:29,861 --> 00:51:32,330 THAT MOST STUDIES CAN'T GET AT 1339 00:51:32,330 --> 00:51:33,932 THIS QUESTION BUT GIVEN THAT 1340 00:51:33,932 --> 00:51:38,737 THERE ARE TWINS, WE CAN TAKE A 1341 00:51:38,737 --> 00:51:39,137 LOOK. 1342 00:51:39,137 --> 00:51:40,639 SO THE TWIN METHOD IS A POWERFUL 1343 00:51:40,639 --> 00:51:43,441 TOOL THAT ALLOWS US TO USE THE 1344 00:51:43,441 --> 00:51:45,310 EXTENT THAT IDENTICAL AND 1345 00:51:45,310 --> 00:51:48,246 FRATERNAL TWINS ARE RELATED TO 1346 00:51:48,246 --> 00:51:49,114 MAKE ASSERTIONS ABOUT THE 1347 00:51:49,114 --> 00:51:50,448 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 1348 00:51:50,448 --> 00:51:52,551 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR PHENOTYPE 1349 00:51:52,551 --> 00:51:53,318 OF INTEREST. 1350 00:51:53,318 --> 00:51:55,554 SO VERY GENERALLY, IDENTICAL 1351 00:51:55,554 --> 00:51:59,391 TWINS SHARE 100% OF THEIR GENES 1352 00:51:59,391 --> 00:52:00,058 WHEREAS FRATERNAL TWINS SHARE 1353 00:52:00,058 --> 00:52:05,363 ABOUT ON AVERAGE, 50% OF THEIR 1354 00:52:05,363 --> 00:52:05,630 DNA. 1355 00:52:05,630 --> 00:52:08,333 SO IF YOU -- IF MONOZYGOTIC OR 1356 00:52:08,333 --> 00:52:10,502 IDENTICAL TWINS ARE MORE SIMILAR 1357 00:52:10,502 --> 00:52:12,504 ON A TRAIT COMPARED TO FRATERNAL 1358 00:52:12,504 --> 00:52:14,839 TWINS, THEN WE CAN ASSERT THAT 1359 00:52:14,839 --> 00:52:16,474 THE TRAIT IS GENETICALLY 1360 00:52:16,474 --> 00:52:17,442 INFLUENCED. 1361 00:52:17,442 --> 00:52:19,778 HOWEVER, IF ASSOCIATIONS ARE 1362 00:52:19,778 --> 00:52:22,147 COMPARABLE ACROSS IDENTICAL AND 1363 00:52:22,147 --> 00:52:22,881 FRATERNAL TWINS, THEN THAT TELLS 1364 00:52:22,881 --> 00:52:25,250 US THAT MAYBE THE ENVIRONMENT 1365 00:52:25,250 --> 00:52:27,152 MAY BE MORE IMPORTANT IN 1366 00:52:27,152 --> 00:52:30,355 EXPLAINING VARIATION OF A TRAIT. 1367 00:52:30,355 --> 00:52:34,626 AND SO WHAT WE CAN DO IS THEN 1368 00:52:34,626 --> 00:52:35,694 DECOMPOSE THIS INFORMATION INTO 1369 00:52:35,694 --> 00:52:37,796 A SPECIAL CASE OF STRUCTURALLY 1370 00:52:37,796 --> 00:52:38,763 PATIENT MODELING. 1371 00:52:38,763 --> 00:52:43,501 THIS IS WHAT WE CALL A 1372 00:52:43,501 --> 00:52:44,569 UNIVARIATE TWIN MODEL. 1373 00:52:44,569 --> 00:52:47,672 SO A, STANDS FOR ADDITIVE 1374 00:52:47,672 --> 00:52:49,174 GENETIC INFLUENCES OR THIS 1375 00:52:49,174 --> 00:52:53,778 LATENT IDEA OF A LOT OF GENES 1376 00:52:53,778 --> 00:52:56,748 INFLUENCING THE TRAIT. 1377 00:52:56,748 --> 00:53:07,092 C IS SHARED C IS THE NON-SHARED 1378 00:53:07,092 --> 00:53:07,392 ENVIRONMENT. 1379 00:53:07,392 --> 00:53:08,360 THESE ARE ASPECTS OF THE 1380 00:53:08,360 --> 00:53:10,228 ENVIRONMENT THAT CONTRIBUTE TO 1381 00:53:10,228 --> 00:53:11,096 THE TWIN DISSIMILARITIY. 1382 00:53:11,096 --> 00:53:12,664 SO THESE ARE THINGS LIKE ONE 1383 00:53:12,664 --> 00:53:16,968 TWIN GETTING AN ILLNESS. 1384 00:53:16,968 --> 00:53:18,770 ATTENDING DIFFERENT SCHOOLS AND 1385 00:53:18,770 --> 00:53:22,674 E ALSO INCLUDES MEASUREMENT 1386 00:53:22,674 --> 00:53:22,974 ERROR. 1387 00:53:22,974 --> 00:53:26,077 AND SO, NOT SHOWN HERE, WE FOUND 1388 00:53:26,077 --> 00:53:28,079 THAT ALL THE MEASURES OF 1389 00:53:28,079 --> 00:53:29,280 SELF-REGULATION WERE INFLUENCED 1390 00:53:29,280 --> 00:53:31,883 BY ADDITIVE GENETIC AND 1391 00:53:31,883 --> 00:53:33,485 NON-SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL 1392 00:53:33,485 --> 00:53:36,354 INFLUENCES SO THE A AND B 1393 00:53:36,354 --> 00:53:36,755 PATHs. 1394 00:53:36,755 --> 00:53:38,289 AND REALLY INTERESTINGLY, THIS 1395 00:53:38,289 --> 00:53:39,691 HAS NEVER BEEN DONE BEFORE. 1396 00:53:39,691 --> 00:53:42,093 WE WERE ABLE TOL DECOMPOSE THE 1397 00:53:42,093 --> 00:53:44,462 VARIANTS ON FAMILY ORIENTATION 1398 00:53:44,462 --> 00:53:45,797 BEHAVIORS GIVEN THAT THERE WAS A 1399 00:53:45,797 --> 00:53:48,867 SEPARATE SCORE FOR EACH TWIN. 1400 00:53:48,867 --> 00:53:52,303 AND WHAT WE FIND IS LARGELY 1401 00:53:52,303 --> 00:53:54,973 BEHAVIORS WERE INFLUENCED BY 1402 00:53:54,973 --> 00:53:56,174 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES BUT 1403 00:53:56,174 --> 00:53:59,411 REALLY INTERESTINGLY, IS WE ALSO 1404 00:53:59,411 --> 00:54:04,983 SEE THIS ADDITIVE GENETIC 1405 00:54:04,983 --> 00:54:06,685 INFLUENCE, WHICH IS CONCORDANT 1406 00:54:06,685 --> 00:54:09,487 WITH THEORY SUGGESTING THAT EVEN 1407 00:54:09,487 --> 00:54:10,789 MEASURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT ARE 1408 00:54:10,789 --> 00:54:15,393 TO SOME DEGREE GENETICALLY 1409 00:54:15,393 --> 00:54:15,794 INFLUENCED. 1410 00:54:15,794 --> 00:54:18,897 AND THE UNIVARIATE TWIN MODEL 1411 00:54:18,897 --> 00:54:20,098 CAN BE EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE 1412 00:54:20,098 --> 00:54:22,701 ROLE OF A MODERATOR AS SHOWN BY 1413 00:54:22,701 --> 00:54:23,902 THE TRIANGLES. 1414 00:54:23,902 --> 00:54:25,704 THIS TESTS WHETHER IN THIS CASE 1415 00:54:25,704 --> 00:54:31,309 FAMILY ORIENTATION, VALUES AND 1416 00:54:31,309 --> 00:54:33,111 BEHAVIORS DOES IT MODERATE THE 1417 00:54:33,111 --> 00:54:34,879 ADDITIVE GENETIC, SHARED 1418 00:54:34,879 --> 00:54:36,314 ENVIRONMENTAL AND NON-SHARED 1419 00:54:36,314 --> 00:54:38,783 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON 1420 00:54:38,783 --> 00:54:39,150 SELF-REGULATION? 1421 00:54:39,150 --> 00:54:42,987 SO KIND OF GETTING AT THAT GENE 1422 00:54:42,987 --> 00:54:43,621 ENVIRONMENT CULTURE INTERPLAY. 1423 00:54:43,621 --> 00:54:45,890 AND INTERESTINGLY, ACROSS ALL 1424 00:54:45,890 --> 00:54:48,693 MODELS, I FOUND THAT FAMILY 1425 00:54:48,693 --> 00:54:50,095 ORIENTATION VALUES AND BEHAVIORS 1426 00:54:50,095 --> 00:54:52,997 DID NOT MODERATE THE ETIOLOGY OF 1427 00:54:52,997 --> 00:54:54,499 CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION. 1428 00:54:54,499 --> 00:54:58,903 SO IT SEEMS THAT FAMILY 1429 00:54:58,903 --> 00:55:00,605 ORIENTATION BEHAVIORS SEEM TO BE 1430 00:55:00,605 --> 00:55:02,707 IMPORTANT FOR MEAN LEVELS OF 1431 00:55:02,707 --> 00:55:04,008 SELF-REGULATION BUT MAYBE NOT 1432 00:55:04,008 --> 00:55:05,510 FOR THE GENETIC AND 1433 00:55:05,510 --> 00:55:08,513 ENVIRONMENTAL ETIOLOGY OF 1434 00:55:08,513 --> 00:55:10,815 REGULATION. 1435 00:55:10,815 --> 00:55:13,785 AND SO FOR OUR DISCUSSION FOR 1436 00:55:13,785 --> 00:55:17,122 AIM 1, I WAS ABLE TO DERIVE A 1437 00:55:17,122 --> 00:55:18,623 NOVEL MEASURE OF FAMILY 1438 00:55:18,623 --> 00:55:20,325 ORIENTATION THAT GOES BEYOND 1439 00:55:20,325 --> 00:55:24,896 PARENT-REPORTED MEASURES. 1440 00:55:24,896 --> 00:55:27,899 AND FOR AIM 2, AND CONCORDANT 1441 00:55:27,899 --> 00:55:28,900 WITH PREVIOUS LITERATURE, I 1442 00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:31,803 FOUND THAT FAMILY ORIENTATION 1443 00:55:31,803 --> 00:55:33,705 BEHAVIORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH 1444 00:55:33,705 --> 00:55:35,807 BETTER CHILDREN'S 1445 00:55:35,807 --> 00:55:36,207 SELF-REGULATION. 1446 00:55:36,207 --> 00:55:40,011 SO THIS SUGGESTS THAT CHILDREN'S 1447 00:55:40,011 --> 00:55:42,413 BEHAVIOR, FAMILY ORIENTATION 1448 00:55:42,413 --> 00:55:43,615 BEHAVIORS OR BEHAVIORAL 1449 00:55:43,615 --> 00:55:44,816 MANIFESTATIONS OF THEIR CULTURAL 1450 00:55:44,816 --> 00:55:47,218 VALUES, MAY BE A REALLY 1451 00:55:47,218 --> 00:55:48,820 IMPORTANT AND ACCURATE WAY TO 1452 00:55:48,820 --> 00:55:51,523 ASSESS THEIR CULTURAL VALUES IN 1453 00:55:51,523 --> 00:55:56,594 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD. 1454 00:55:56,594 --> 00:56:00,532 AND AGAIN, I DID NOT FIND THAT 1455 00:56:00,532 --> 00:56:09,974 FAMILY ORIENTATION -- SPANS 1456 00:56:09,974 --> 00:56:10,241 BACKWARD. 1457 00:56:10,241 --> 00:56:11,943 TELL ASSESSES CHILDREN'S WORKING 1458 00:56:11,943 --> 00:56:13,144 MEMORY WHICH WORKING MEMORY IS 1459 00:56:13,144 --> 00:56:15,446 SHOWN TO HAVE A SLOWER 1460 00:56:15,446 --> 00:56:16,815 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRESSION 1461 00:56:16,815 --> 00:56:19,017 COMPARED TO OTHER 1462 00:56:19,017 --> 00:56:19,818 SELF-REGULATORY PROCESSES SUCH 1463 00:56:19,818 --> 00:56:21,119 AS INHIBITORY CONTROL. 1464 00:56:21,119 --> 00:56:23,922 SO IT'S POSSIBLE THAT IT'S JUST 1465 00:56:23,922 --> 00:56:29,427 TOO EARLY TO ASSESS THIS 1466 00:56:29,427 --> 00:56:29,727 ASSOCIATION. 1467 00:56:29,727 --> 00:56:32,730 AND THEN IN TERMS OF AIM 3, SO 1468 00:56:32,730 --> 00:56:34,966 EXAMINING THE GENETIC, 1469 00:56:34,966 --> 00:56:37,635 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL 1470 00:56:37,635 --> 00:56:38,603 CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERPLAY 1471 00:56:38,603 --> 00:56:41,105 BETWEEN FAMILY CULTURAL VALUES 1472 00:56:41,105 --> 00:56:44,042 AND SELF-REGULATION. 1473 00:56:44,042 --> 00:56:46,110 AGAIN, I FOUND THAT MEAN LEVELS, 1474 00:56:46,110 --> 00:56:47,745 THAT FAMILY ORIENTATION SEEMS TO 1475 00:56:47,745 --> 00:56:50,415 BE IMPORTANT FOR MEAN LEVELS OF 1476 00:56:50,415 --> 00:56:52,217 CHILDREN'S SELF-REGULATION BUT 1477 00:56:52,217 --> 00:56:56,020 MAY NOT BE SALIENT FOR THE 1478 00:56:56,020 --> 00:56:58,189 ETIOLOGY OF SELF-REGULATION THAT 1479 00:56:58,189 --> 00:56:58,456 THE AGE. 1480 00:56:58,456 --> 00:57:00,725 AND SO IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO 1481 00:57:00,725 --> 00:57:03,027 TRACK THIS AS YOUTH ENTER INTO 1482 00:57:03,027 --> 00:57:05,129 ADOLESCENCE, A PERIOD OF RAPID 1483 00:57:05,129 --> 00:57:08,833 GROWTH IN SELF-REGULATION. 1484 00:57:08,833 --> 00:57:10,335 SO, I'M GOING TO BE HONEST. 1485 00:57:10,335 --> 00:57:12,003 I DO NOT REMEMBER THE STRENGTHS 1486 00:57:12,003 --> 00:57:15,840 OF THE STUDY. 1487 00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:18,142 SOME I CAN THINK OF OFF THE TOP 1488 00:57:18,142 --> 00:57:19,744 OF MY HEAD IS THAT I REALLY 1489 00:57:19,744 --> 00:57:21,446 THINK THIS WORK IS IMPORTANT TO 1490 00:57:21,446 --> 00:57:23,248 FURTHER THE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR 1491 00:57:23,248 --> 00:57:26,551 GENETICS IN THAT IT NOT ONLY -- 1492 00:57:26,551 --> 00:57:28,553 IT INCLUDES DEVELOPMENTAL 1493 00:57:28,553 --> 00:57:30,555 PERSPECTIVE, GENOMIC 1494 00:57:30,555 --> 00:57:32,056 PERSPECTIVES AND ALSO CULTURALLY 1495 00:57:32,056 --> 00:57:34,626 INFORMED PERSPECTIVES TO BETTER 1496 00:57:34,626 --> 00:57:36,861 UNDERSTAND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT FOR 1497 00:57:36,861 --> 00:57:41,466 CHILDREN ACROSS A VARIETY OF 1498 00:57:41,466 --> 00:57:43,334 DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS. 1499 00:57:43,334 --> 00:57:44,736 SO, THE TAKE-HOME MESSAGE FOR 1500 00:57:44,736 --> 00:57:47,672 TODAY IS FAMILY ORIENTATION IS 1501 00:57:47,672 --> 00:57:50,275 IMPORTANT FOR YOUTH 1502 00:57:50,275 --> 00:57:52,577 SELF-REGULATION. 1503 00:57:52,577 --> 00:58:02,654 THANK YOU. 1504 00:58:02,654 --> 00:58:05,056 >> THANK YOU. 1505 00:58:05,056 --> 00:58:07,558 WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR 1506 00:58:07,558 --> 00:58:09,961 FLEXIBILITY AND TENACITY THERE. 1507 00:58:09,961 --> 00:58:11,162 I THINK THESE SLIDES WERE 1508 00:58:11,162 --> 00:58:12,563 CORRECT WHEN WE UPLOADED THEM 1509 00:58:12,563 --> 00:58:13,965 BUT THERE IS SOME SORT OF 1510 00:58:13,965 --> 00:58:16,034 TRANSLATION THAT IS HAPPENING ON 1511 00:58:16,034 --> 00:58:17,568 THIS DEVICE THAT SEEMS TO HAVE 1512 00:58:17,568 --> 00:58:18,469 MISSED YOUR THOUGHT OR 1513 00:58:18,469 --> 00:58:18,736 SOMETHING. 1514 00:58:18,736 --> 00:58:21,272 THAT IS WHAT WE HAVE GUESSED 1515 00:58:21,272 --> 00:58:22,740 BECAUSE AS FAR AS WE CAN SEE ON 1516 00:58:22,740 --> 00:58:24,842 OUR COMPUTERS, EVERYTHING LOOKS 1517 00:58:24,842 --> 00:58:25,076 GREAT. 1518 00:58:25,076 --> 00:58:26,978 ONE OPTION IS WE WILL 1519 00:58:26,978 --> 00:58:27,779 PROBABLY -- IF YOU DON'T MIND, 1520 00:58:27,779 --> 00:58:30,648 WE CAN MAKE A PDF OF YOUR SLIDES 1521 00:58:30,648 --> 00:58:32,183 AND ATTACH IT TO OUR WEBSITE SO 1522 00:58:32,183 --> 00:58:33,751 THAT PEOPLE CAN GO BACK AND LOOK 1523 00:58:33,751 --> 00:58:35,086 AT THEM BECAUSE WE REALLY 1524 00:58:35,086 --> 00:58:36,454 APPRECIATE THAT. 1525 00:58:36,454 --> 00:58:38,456 AND MAYBE YOU CAN REVIEW YOUR 1526 00:58:38,456 --> 00:58:41,159 STRENGTHS AND WE CAN DISCUSS 1527 00:58:41,159 --> 00:58:43,061 THEM IN THE DISCUSSION. 1528 00:58:43,061 --> 00:58:44,963 AND YES, YOU OBVIOUSLY KNOW YOUR 1529 00:58:44,963 --> 00:58:46,965 WORK VERY WELL BECAUSE YOU WERE 1530 00:58:46,965 --> 00:58:48,466 ABLE TO JUST TALK ABOUT IT OFF 1531 00:58:48,466 --> 00:58:50,168 THE TOP OF YOUR HEAD. 1532 00:58:50,168 --> 00:58:51,269 SO THANKS. 1533 00:58:51,269 --> 00:58:53,972 SO, FOR THE LAST OF OUR 1534 00:58:53,972 --> 00:59:01,879 PRESENTATIONS IN OUR ESIs, WE 1535 00:59:01,879 --> 00:59:02,814 HAVE ELYSE THULIN AT THE 1536 00:59:02,814 --> 00:59:05,183 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 1537 00:59:05,183 --> 00:59:13,191 DR. ELYSE THULIN USES -- FIREARM 1538 00:59:13,191 --> 00:59:15,693 ARM RELATED INJURY IN 1539 00:59:15,693 --> 00:59:17,195 ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING ADULTS 1540 00:59:17,195 --> 00:59:19,664 AND VARIATIONS BY INTENT GENDER 1541 00:59:19,664 --> 00:59:21,399 MORALITY AND THE WAYS THAT 1542 00:59:21,399 --> 00:59:24,602 TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE SPACES CAN 1543 00:59:24,602 --> 00:59:25,336 EXACERBATE OR BE LEVERAGED TO 1544 00:59:25,336 --> 00:59:29,374 REDUCE THE RISK OF HARM. 1545 00:59:29,374 --> 00:59:33,378 TODAY -- I CAN FORWARD THAT 1546 00:59:33,378 --> 00:59:33,978 SLIDE. 1547 00:59:33,978 --> 00:59:35,680 TODAY, HER PRESENTATION IS 1548 00:59:35,680 --> 00:59:38,082 INSPIRED BY HER ARTICLE, 1549 00:59:38,082 --> 00:59:39,183 LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF 1550 00:59:39,183 --> 00:59:40,685 ELECTRONIC DATING VIOLENCE ON 1551 00:59:40,685 --> 00:59:43,588 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND 1552 00:59:43,588 --> 00:59:46,090 DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS ACROSS 1553 00:59:46,090 --> 00:59:46,958 ADOLESCENCE PUBLISHED IN THE 1554 00:59:46,958 --> 00:59:48,359 JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL 1555 00:59:48,359 --> 00:59:50,395 VIOLENCE F YOU HAVE ANY 1556 00:59:50,395 --> 00:59:51,763 QUESTIONS, PLEASE SUBMIT THEM 1557 00:59:51,763 --> 00:59:53,131 INTO THE ONLINE PORTAL AND WE 1558 00:59:53,131 --> 00:59:54,699 WILL BE FOLLOWING UP THIS 1559 00:59:54,699 --> 00:59:56,801 PRESENTATION WITH OUR Q&A. 1560 00:59:56,801 --> 00:59:59,303 SO DR. ELYSE THULIN, IF YOU WANT 1561 00:59:59,303 --> 01:00:09,514 TO COME UP. 1562 01:00:14,018 --> 01:00:14,585 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 1563 01:00:14,585 --> 01:00:15,520 HAVING ME HERE. 1564 01:00:15,520 --> 01:00:17,488 THAT LAST PRESENTATION WAS 1565 01:00:17,488 --> 01:00:17,722 AMAZING. 1566 01:00:17,722 --> 01:00:19,490 I WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO 1567 01:00:19,490 --> 01:00:21,692 SUCH A PERFORMANCE WITHOUT 1568 01:00:21,692 --> 01:00:21,926 SLIDES. 1569 01:00:21,926 --> 01:00:32,503 SO ANOTHER ROUND TO MY COLLEA 1570 01:00:33,871 --> 01:00:34,072 COLLEAGUE. 1571 01:00:34,072 --> 01:00:37,341 WE HAD A YOUNGER AGE RANGE AND 1572 01:00:37,341 --> 01:00:38,142 THEN MIDDLE AGE RANGE AND NOW 1573 01:00:38,142 --> 01:00:40,511 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 1574 01:00:40,511 --> 01:00:42,547 ADOLESCENCE AND NOT ABOUT THEM 1575 01:00:42,547 --> 01:00:43,848 TODAY, DESPITE WHERE I WORK, I'M 1576 01:00:43,848 --> 01:00:45,383 GOING TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT 1577 01:00:45,383 --> 01:00:47,318 SOMETHING ELSE THAT IS REALLY 1578 01:00:47,318 --> 01:00:48,586 FUNDAMENTALLY IMPORTANT IN HOW 1579 01:00:48,586 --> 01:00:51,389 WE THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL 1580 01:00:51,389 --> 01:00:55,526 INFLUENCES THAT CONTEMPORARY 1581 01:00:55,526 --> 01:00:56,127 ADOLESCENTS AND IT IS CHILDREN 1582 01:00:56,127 --> 01:00:57,895 EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS ADULT, AND 1583 01:00:57,895 --> 01:01:07,905 THAT IS -- ADOLESCENCE IS A TIME 1584 01:01:07,905 --> 01:01:09,307 OF A LOT OF CHANGE. 1585 01:01:09,307 --> 01:01:11,509 QUITE A FEW THINGS ARE GOING ON. 1586 01:01:11,509 --> 01:01:14,078 DEVELOPMENTALLY WE CAN SEE HOW 1587 01:01:14,078 --> 01:01:15,313 TRANSITIONING FROM BEING VERY 1588 01:01:15,313 --> 01:01:18,116 MUCH AN INDIVIDUAL THAT NEEDS TO 1589 01:01:18,116 --> 01:01:19,417 BE CARED FOR INTO GAINING THAT 1590 01:01:19,417 --> 01:01:20,818 AUTONOMY AS WELL AS THE 1591 01:01:20,818 --> 01:01:22,120 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE THAT IS 1592 01:01:22,120 --> 01:01:22,320 OCCUR. 1593 01:01:22,320 --> 01:01:24,021 ANOTHER IMPORTANT PART OF 1594 01:01:24,021 --> 01:01:25,323 ADOLESCENCE IS THE MERGENCE OF 1595 01:01:25,323 --> 01:01:26,424 DATING BEHAVIORS, GENERALLY OR 1596 01:01:26,424 --> 01:01:29,427 AT LEAST THE INTEREST IN THOSE 1597 01:01:29,427 --> 01:01:29,694 BEHAVIORS. 1598 01:01:29,694 --> 01:01:30,728 AND THAT OF COURSE IS A NEW WAY 1599 01:01:30,728 --> 01:01:34,599 OF RELATING THAT EXTENDS BEYOND 1600 01:01:34,599 --> 01:01:36,200 THE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIORS THAT 1601 01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:40,304 YOUTH WILL HAVE HAD IN EARLIER 1602 01:01:40,304 --> 01:01:40,605 CHILD YEARS. 1603 01:01:40,605 --> 01:01:43,007 SO WE KNOW THERE IS SOME MAJOR 1604 01:01:43,007 --> 01:01:44,709 RISK FACTORS, NOT SURPRISING. 1605 01:01:44,709 --> 01:01:48,112 THESE ARE VIOLENCE EXPOSURE, 1606 01:01:48,112 --> 01:01:49,113 SUBSTANCE USE AND MENTAL HEALTH 1607 01:01:49,113 --> 01:01:49,380 CONCERNS. 1608 01:01:49,380 --> 01:01:56,220 WE ALSO KNOW THAT MODERN 1609 01:01:56,220 --> 01:01:57,622 ADOLESCENTS ARE FACING A TOUGH 1610 01:01:57,622 --> 01:01:58,022 WORLD. 1611 01:01:58,022 --> 01:02:00,124 WE HAD A MAJOR PANDEMIC ANDY 1612 01:02:00,124 --> 01:02:02,527 KNOW THERE IS INCREASES IN 1613 01:02:02,527 --> 01:02:03,461 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AND 1614 01:02:03,461 --> 01:02:06,030 MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS IN OUR 1615 01:02:06,030 --> 01:02:06,464 YOUTH. 1616 01:02:06,464 --> 01:02:07,031 WE ARE CONSISTENTLY WORRIED 1617 01:02:07,031 --> 01:02:09,500 ABOUT SUBSTANCE USE AND ACCESS 1618 01:02:09,500 --> 01:02:11,435 TO THINGS LIKE CANNABIS AT THIS 1619 01:02:11,435 --> 01:02:20,545 POINT AND WE ALSO LOOK AT DATING 1620 01:02:20,545 --> 01:02:20,811 VIOLENCE. 1621 01:02:20,811 --> 01:02:22,914 SOMETHING THAT IS MISSING FROM 1622 01:02:22,914 --> 01:02:24,916 OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE IS A 1623 01:02:24,916 --> 01:02:27,718 VERY CRITICAL FEATURE. 1624 01:02:27,718 --> 01:02:30,021 SO WE DON'T HAVE -- FOR THOSE 1625 01:02:30,021 --> 01:02:31,923 LISTENING VIA AM ZOO, I'M 1626 01:02:31,923 --> 01:02:33,824 GUESSING THE MAJORITY OF YOU 1627 01:02:33,824 --> 01:02:35,126 HAVE SOMETHING WITHIN SIX INCHES 1628 01:02:35,126 --> 01:02:38,629 OF YOUR BODY AND THAT'S A CELL 1629 01:02:38,629 --> 01:02:38,829 PHONE. 1630 01:02:38,829 --> 01:02:40,631 I DON'T HAVE MINE IT'S ON THE 1631 01:02:40,631 --> 01:02:42,633 TABLE BUT IT WAS WITHIN SIX 1632 01:02:42,633 --> 01:02:43,935 INCHES OF ME WHEN I WAS SITTING 1633 01:02:43,935 --> 01:02:44,135 DOWN. 1634 01:02:44,135 --> 01:02:47,238 THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND WE 1635 01:02:47,238 --> 01:02:49,440 ARE ADULTS BUT WE SEE THIS 1636 01:02:49,440 --> 01:02:52,443 FEATURE IS REALLY IMPORTANT FOR 1637 01:02:52,443 --> 01:02:52,743 ADOLESCENTS. 1638 01:02:52,743 --> 01:02:54,645 SO THESE STATISTICS ARE FROM 1639 01:02:54,645 --> 01:02:56,647 2022, SO A COUPLE OF YEARS OLDER 1640 01:02:56,647 --> 01:02:59,350 NOW BUT 95% OF ADOLESCENTS ARE 1641 01:02:59,350 --> 01:03:00,751 HAVING A ACCESS TO A SMARTPHONE 1642 01:03:00,751 --> 01:03:04,655 AND USUALLY IT'S THEIR 1643 01:03:04,655 --> 01:03:05,256 SMARTPHONE. 1644 01:03:05,256 --> 01:03:06,557 AND BEYOND JUST HAVING A 1645 01:03:06,557 --> 01:03:07,825 SMARTPHONE IN THEIR LIVES, YOUTH 1646 01:03:07,825 --> 01:03:10,361 SPEND A LOT OF TIME ON LINE AND 1647 01:03:10,361 --> 01:03:10,928 ON SCREENS. 1648 01:03:10,928 --> 01:03:13,431 ON AVERAGE, 8 HOURS A DAY. 1649 01:03:13,431 --> 01:03:17,368 AND ALMOST HALF OF YOUTH ARE 1650 01:03:17,368 --> 01:03:19,837 SAYING THEY ARE ONLINE ALMOST 1651 01:03:19,837 --> 01:03:22,139 CONSTANTLY, SUBSTANTIALLY UP 1652 01:03:22,139 --> 01:03:23,741 FROM NOT EVEN 10 YEARS PRIOR 1653 01:03:23,741 --> 01:03:25,343 WHEN IT WAS ONLY A QUARTER. 1654 01:03:25,343 --> 01:03:27,645 SO THIS PHENOMENON IS HIGHLY 1655 01:03:27,645 --> 01:03:27,912 PREVALENT. 1656 01:03:27,912 --> 01:03:30,147 IT'S TAKING UP A LOT OF THEIR 1657 01:03:30,147 --> 01:03:31,716 TIME AND WE'RE SEEING INCREASES 1658 01:03:31,716 --> 01:03:34,151 IN THE AMOUNT OF TIME THEY ARE 1659 01:03:34,151 --> 01:03:34,452 HAVING. 1660 01:03:34,452 --> 01:03:38,055 AND I DON'T HAVE THE SLIDE IN 1661 01:03:38,055 --> 01:03:39,357 THIS SLIDE DECK RIGHT NOW BUT I 1662 01:03:39,357 --> 01:03:42,159 WANT TO NOTE THAT THERE ARE 1663 01:03:42,159 --> 01:03:43,628 CONCERNS ABOUT DISPARITIES WHICH 1664 01:03:43,628 --> 01:03:45,663 ARE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT TO 1665 01:03:45,663 --> 01:03:45,963 ACKNOWLEDGE. 1666 01:03:45,963 --> 01:03:48,366 I THINK EARLIER, 10 YEARS AGO, 1667 01:03:48,366 --> 01:03:49,667 MAYBE FIVE YEARS AGO, THERE WAS 1668 01:03:49,667 --> 01:03:51,269 CONCERN ABOUT ACCESS AND 1669 01:03:51,269 --> 01:03:52,637 DISPARITIES AND ACCESS. 1670 01:03:52,637 --> 01:03:55,039 AND WHILE THERE STILL ARE SOME 1671 01:03:55,039 --> 01:03:56,140 DISPARITIES, NOW THE DISPARITIES 1672 01:03:56,140 --> 01:03:58,042 WE ARE SEEING IS IN THE AMOUNT 1673 01:03:58,042 --> 01:04:00,444 OF TIME BEING SPENT ON LINE WITH 1674 01:04:00,444 --> 01:04:01,946 OFTEN CHILDREN APART, SPENDING 1675 01:04:01,946 --> 01:04:03,848 MORE HOURS ON LINE AS COMPARED 1676 01:04:03,848 --> 01:04:06,450 TO THEIR WHITE PEERS. 1677 01:04:06,450 --> 01:04:07,952 SO, AGAIN, THINKING ABOUT THE 1678 01:04:07,952 --> 01:04:09,854 AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE AND WHAT THEY 1679 01:04:09,854 --> 01:04:11,656 ARE DOING ON LINE, IS REALLY 1680 01:04:11,656 --> 01:04:13,157 IMPORTANT PARTICULARLY AS WE 1681 01:04:13,157 --> 01:04:19,263 THINK ABOUT DISPARITIES. 1682 01:04:19,263 --> 01:04:20,865 SO, IT'S NOT ALL BAD AND I'M NOT 1683 01:04:20,865 --> 01:04:23,367 HERE TO TELL YOU THE INTERNET 1684 01:04:23,367 --> 01:04:24,769 AND SOCIAL MEDIA IS A BAD THING. 1685 01:04:24,769 --> 01:04:26,804 THERE ARE A LOT OF GREAT THINGS 1686 01:04:26,804 --> 01:04:27,571 THAT CAN HAPPEN ON LINE WHICH IS 1687 01:04:27,571 --> 01:04:28,873 WHY WE LIKE IT SO MUCH. 1688 01:04:28,873 --> 01:04:30,741 WE ALL SPEND TIME SCROLLING. 1689 01:04:30,741 --> 01:04:32,376 WE CAN CHAT WITH OUR FRIENDS AND 1690 01:04:32,376 --> 01:04:33,778 OUR FAMILY. 1691 01:04:33,778 --> 01:04:34,979 THINK ABOUT A PARENT NEEDING TO 1692 01:04:34,979 --> 01:04:37,682 TEXT THEIR KID, LIKE I'M GOING 1693 01:04:37,682 --> 01:04:38,582 TO PICK YOU UP. 1694 01:04:38,582 --> 01:04:40,484 THAT'S REALLY HELPFUL TO STAY IN 1695 01:04:40,484 --> 01:04:42,753 TOUCH WITH FRIENDS ET CETERA. 1696 01:04:42,753 --> 01:04:45,022 YOU CAN GET INFORMATION ON LINE. 1697 01:04:45,022 --> 01:04:46,691 A LOT OF US ARE WATCHING THROUGH 1698 01:04:46,691 --> 01:04:48,025 AN ONLINE PORTAL RIGHT NOW AND 1699 01:04:48,025 --> 01:04:50,294 THIS IS A REALLY CRITICAL PIECE 1700 01:04:50,294 --> 01:04:52,196 OF OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM BOTH 1701 01:04:52,196 --> 01:04:54,398 FORMAL AND INFORMAL. 1702 01:04:54,398 --> 01:04:55,766 AND THEN ENTERTAINMENT. 1703 01:04:55,766 --> 01:04:57,301 WE ALL EXPERIENCE COVID. 1704 01:04:57,301 --> 01:04:59,470 WE HAD OUR YEARS OF PANDEMIC 1705 01:04:59,470 --> 01:05:00,838 WHERE WE WERE NETFLIXING A LOT 1706 01:05:00,838 --> 01:05:02,606 OF THE TIME. 1707 01:05:02,606 --> 01:05:05,376 GAMING, GETTING TO WATCH T.V., 1708 01:05:05,376 --> 01:05:06,410 YouTube, ET CETERA. 1709 01:05:06,410 --> 01:05:07,378 THOSE ARE ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE 1710 01:05:07,378 --> 01:05:09,313 DONE TO HELP RELIEF STRESS AT 1711 01:05:09,313 --> 01:05:11,716 TIMES AND TAKE SOME TIME OUT OF 1712 01:05:11,716 --> 01:05:13,284 THE REAL WORLD AND HAVE A BIT OF 1713 01:05:13,284 --> 01:05:13,984 A BREAK. 1714 01:05:13,984 --> 01:05:16,887 THOSE CAN ALL BE POSITIVE 1715 01:05:16,887 --> 01:05:18,956 THINGS. 1716 01:05:18,956 --> 01:05:29,500 BUT, THERE ARE -- THIS IS FROM A 1717 01:05:36,874 --> 01:05:37,908 META-ANALYSIS FROM A YEAR OR 1718 01:05:37,908 --> 01:05:39,810 MAYBE TWO YEARS AGO AT THIS 1719 01:05:39,810 --> 01:05:40,010 POINT. 1720 01:05:40,010 --> 01:05:42,913 BUT MORE THAN A QUARTER OF YOUTH 1721 01:05:42,913 --> 01:05:46,617 ARE REPORTING VICTIMMATION. 1722 01:05:46,617 --> 01:05:48,886 WE DON'T HAVE A NATIONALLY 1723 01:05:48,886 --> 01:05:50,521 REPRESENTATIVE STATISTIC AT THIS 1724 01:05:50,521 --> 01:05:50,721 POINT. 1725 01:05:50,721 --> 01:05:53,624 BUT WE ARE SEEING MORE SURVEYS 1726 01:05:53,624 --> 01:05:56,527 STARTING TO PULL QUESTIONS ABOUT 1727 01:05:56,527 --> 01:05:57,928 CYBERDATING VIOLENCE INTO THEIR 1728 01:05:57,928 --> 01:05:59,330 BATTERIES SO HOPEFULLY WE'LL SEE 1729 01:05:59,330 --> 01:06:00,998 MORE OF THESE STATISTICS COMING 1730 01:06:00,998 --> 01:06:01,165 OUT. 1731 01:06:01,165 --> 01:06:05,302 THEY ARE IMPORTANT TO TRACK OVER 1732 01:06:05,302 --> 01:06:05,503 TIME. 1733 01:06:05,503 --> 01:06:13,911 BECAUSE IT'S NOT ONLY THAT IT'S 1734 01:06:13,911 --> 01:06:15,112 PREVALENT -- WHEN WE SAY THIS 1735 01:06:15,112 --> 01:06:16,213 WHAT DO WE MEAN? 1736 01:06:16,213 --> 01:06:17,615 THERE ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT 1737 01:06:17,615 --> 01:06:18,916 TERMS OUT THERE. 1738 01:06:18,916 --> 01:06:20,718 DIGITAL DATING ABUSE. 1739 01:06:20,718 --> 01:06:22,820 ELECTRONIC DATING VIOLENCE, 1740 01:06:22,820 --> 01:06:23,921 CYBERDATING VIOLENCE. 1741 01:06:23,921 --> 01:06:25,222 THE FIELD HASN'T YET AGREED WHAT 1742 01:06:25,222 --> 01:06:26,223 WE WANT TO CALL IT. 1743 01:06:26,223 --> 01:06:28,926 WE ARE HAVING A HARD TIME 1744 01:06:28,926 --> 01:06:30,327 DEFINING IT BECAUSE TECHNOLOGY 1745 01:06:30,327 --> 01:06:33,030 CHANGES REALLY FAST AND NEW 1746 01:06:33,030 --> 01:06:36,434 FORMS OF NEGATIVE BEHAVIORS 1747 01:06:36,434 --> 01:06:37,334 EMERGE FREQUENTLY. 1748 01:06:37,334 --> 01:06:39,737 BUT FOR NOW YOU CAN THINK ABOUT 1749 01:06:39,737 --> 01:06:40,838 IT AS BEHAVIORS RANGING FROM 1750 01:06:40,838 --> 01:06:42,006 TRACKING AND MONITORING THAT CAN 1751 01:06:42,006 --> 01:06:44,542 BE ACTIVE WHERE YOU'RE DEMANDING 1752 01:06:44,542 --> 01:06:45,843 SOMEONE'S PASSWORD AND YOU'RE 1753 01:06:45,843 --> 01:06:47,645 KEEPING TABS ON THEM. 1754 01:06:47,645 --> 01:06:49,346 TO SOMETHING THAT IS A BIT MORE 1755 01:06:49,346 --> 01:06:51,315 PASSIVE WHERE YOU'RE JUST 1756 01:06:51,315 --> 01:06:52,550 KEEPING -- WATCHING SOMEONE AS 1757 01:06:52,550 --> 01:06:54,785 THEY TAG THEMSELVES AND GEO TAG 1758 01:06:54,785 --> 01:06:56,620 THEMSELVES AND KEEPING AN EYE ON 1759 01:06:56,620 --> 01:07:00,124 WHO YOU'RE TALKING TO EACH OTHER 1760 01:07:00,124 --> 01:07:03,627 VIA COMMENTS THAT ARE PUBLICLY 1761 01:07:03,627 --> 01:07:05,729 VISIBLE. 1762 01:07:05,729 --> 01:07:08,365 INTIMIDATION, SEXUAL COERCION 1763 01:07:08,365 --> 01:07:09,366 AND SEXTING. 1764 01:07:09,366 --> 01:07:11,235 THAT CAN BE THE DEMANDING OF 1765 01:07:11,235 --> 01:07:17,141 ILLICIT IMAGES WHICH UNDERAGE 18 1766 01:07:17,141 --> 01:07:18,642 FEDERALLY IS A FEDERAL FRIEND. 1767 01:07:18,642 --> 01:07:20,945 TAKING A PICTURE OF YOURSELF AS 1768 01:07:20,945 --> 01:07:24,548 AN ADOLESCENT IN TERMS OF 1769 01:07:24,548 --> 01:07:25,850 ILLICIT PICTURE, IS A FEDERAL 1770 01:07:25,850 --> 01:07:28,819 CRIME AND SHARING IT IS 1771 01:07:28,819 --> 01:07:30,955 DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD SEXUAL 1772 01:07:30,955 --> 01:07:31,222 MATERIALS. 1773 01:07:31,222 --> 01:07:32,957 SO THAT IS TRICKY AS WELL. 1774 01:07:32,957 --> 01:07:36,126 ALSO THAT CAN THEN BE RESHARED, 1775 01:07:36,126 --> 01:07:36,393 ET CETERA. 1776 01:07:36,393 --> 01:07:40,264 SO THERE IS A LOT OF -- WORK. 1777 01:07:40,264 --> 01:07:42,366 IT IS IMPORTANT WE CAPTURE 1778 01:07:42,366 --> 01:07:43,868 DISTINCT FORMS TO BETTER 1779 01:07:43,868 --> 01:07:46,537 UNDERSTAND WHICH -- BOTH THE 1780 01:07:46,537 --> 01:07:47,438 PREVALENCE OF THOSE FORMS AND 1781 01:07:47,438 --> 01:07:50,741 HOW THEY IMPACT HEALTH AND 1782 01:07:50,741 --> 01:07:53,344 WELL-BEING. 1783 01:07:53,344 --> 01:07:55,346 AND THESE BEHAVIORS ARE 1784 01:07:55,346 --> 01:07:56,413 OCCURRING ON AVERAGE AT THE AGE 1785 01:07:56,413 --> 01:07:58,382 OF 16. 1786 01:07:58,382 --> 01:07:59,450 SO WE HYPOTHESIZED IN ANOTHER 1787 01:07:59,450 --> 01:08:02,253 PAPER THAT THE REASON WHY THE 1788 01:08:02,253 --> 01:08:04,255 PEEK OF THESE EXPOSURES ARE AGE 1789 01:08:04,255 --> 01:08:06,957 16 IS BECAUSE THAT IS THE AGE 1790 01:08:06,957 --> 01:08:08,459 THAT MANY YOUTH START DRIVING. 1791 01:08:08,459 --> 01:08:11,095 SO ALL OF A SUDDEN, YOU MIGHT BE 1792 01:08:11,095 --> 01:08:13,097 A LITTLE BIT LESS RELIANT ON 1793 01:08:13,097 --> 01:08:16,166 YOUR DEVICES AND WE SEE IN OTHER 1794 01:08:16,166 --> 01:08:19,370 LITERATURE, INCREASES OF 1795 01:08:19,370 --> 01:08:21,238 PHYSICAL FORMS OF DATING 1796 01:08:21,238 --> 01:08:21,739 VIOLENCE. 1797 01:08:21,739 --> 01:08:28,913 SO, THERE MIGHT BE A TRADEOFF. 1798 01:08:28,913 --> 01:08:30,714 WE MIGHT SEE A TRADEOFF BETWEEN 1799 01:08:30,714 --> 01:08:35,152 THE DIGITAL VERSUS THE PHYSICAL. 1800 01:08:35,152 --> 01:08:37,254 BUT AGE 16 IS THE AVERAGE AGE OF 1801 01:08:37,254 --> 01:08:37,621 EXPOSURE. 1802 01:08:37,621 --> 01:08:40,357 WE NEED TO CAPTURE FROM EARLY 1803 01:08:40,357 --> 01:08:42,993 ADOLESCENCE THROUGH LATER 1804 01:08:42,993 --> 01:08:44,862 ADOLESCENCE. 1805 01:08:44,862 --> 01:08:47,364 SO OUR RESEARCH QUESTION IS, 1806 01:08:47,364 --> 01:08:48,365 WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE OVER 1807 01:08:48,365 --> 01:08:51,669 TIME AND HOW DOES THAT IMPACT 1808 01:08:51,669 --> 01:08:54,772 MENTAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIORS OVER 1809 01:08:54,772 --> 01:08:55,973 TIME? 1810 01:08:55,973 --> 01:08:58,075 SO, WE PULLED OUR DATA FROM THE 1811 01:08:58,075 --> 01:09:00,277 STRENGTHENING HEALTHY ADOLESCENT 1812 01:09:00,277 --> 01:09:01,378 RELATIONSHIP EXPERIENCES SHARE 1813 01:09:01,378 --> 01:09:01,679 STUDY. 1814 01:09:01,679 --> 01:09:04,782 A FOUR-YEAR PROSPECTIVE 1815 01:09:04,782 --> 01:09:07,084 LONGITUDINAL STUDY DESIGNED AS 1816 01:09:07,084 --> 01:09:09,286 TWO DIFFERENT COHORTS SO IT'S AN 1817 01:09:09,286 --> 01:09:10,487 ACCELERATED COHORT DESIGN, 1818 01:09:10,487 --> 01:09:12,790 PRETTY EXCITING. 1819 01:09:12,790 --> 01:09:17,494 AND THE YOUNGER COHORT STARTED 1820 01:09:17,494 --> 01:09:19,663 AT AGE 12 THROUGH 15. 1821 01:09:19,663 --> 01:09:22,166 THE OLDER WAS AGE 15-18. 1822 01:09:22,166 --> 01:09:26,804 AND YOU CAN SEE HALF AND HALF 1823 01:09:26,804 --> 01:09:27,037 FEMALE. 1824 01:09:27,037 --> 01:09:28,305 THEIR BASE DISTRIBUTION IS THE 1825 01:09:28,305 --> 01:09:30,274 SAME BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS AND 1826 01:09:30,274 --> 01:09:33,444 THESE YOUTH WERE GOING TO SCHOOL 1827 01:09:33,444 --> 01:09:34,078 IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN AND THEY 1828 01:09:34,078 --> 01:09:37,982 WERE RECRUIT FRIDAY THREE -- THE 1829 01:09:37,982 --> 01:09:40,484 PIs OF THE STUDY DETERMINED 1830 01:09:40,484 --> 01:09:43,487 SCHOOL DISTRICT LEVELS OF RISK 1831 01:09:43,487 --> 01:09:45,289 RELATIVE TO A PUBLIC INDEXES AND 1832 01:09:45,289 --> 01:09:47,691 MEASURES IN TERMS OF THINKING 1833 01:09:47,691 --> 01:09:49,293 ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND 1834 01:09:49,293 --> 01:09:50,461 STRUCTURAL RISKS POTENTIALLY 1835 01:09:50,461 --> 01:09:53,497 BEING EXPOSED AND THEN WE 1836 01:09:53,497 --> 01:09:58,002 SAMPLED EACH OF THOSE THREE RISK 1837 01:09:58,002 --> 01:09:58,268 LEVELS. 1838 01:09:58,268 --> 01:10:00,304 FOR THIS PARTICULAR STUDY, WE 1839 01:10:00,304 --> 01:10:03,741 DID A MIX-EFFECT MODEL 1840 01:10:03,741 --> 01:10:05,209 STRATIFIED BY COHORT AND USED 1841 01:10:05,209 --> 01:10:08,312 YOUTH TO SET THE RANDOM 1842 01:10:08,312 --> 01:10:10,781 INTERCEPT AND THEN LOOKING AT 1843 01:10:10,781 --> 01:10:13,517 OVER TIME THE TRAJECTORY. 1844 01:10:13,517 --> 01:10:16,220 AND OUR BIG QUESTIONS ARE, WE 1845 01:10:16,220 --> 01:10:18,389 HAD THREE FORMS OF CYBERDATING 1846 01:10:18,389 --> 01:10:20,391 VIOLENCE WE WANTED TO LOOK AT. 1847 01:10:20,391 --> 01:10:22,793 PRIOR WORK WE HAD DONE HELPED TO 1848 01:10:22,793 --> 01:10:24,495 DEFINE THESE THREE DIFFERENT 1849 01:10:24,495 --> 01:10:26,530 FORMS OF CYBERDATING VIOLENCE AS 1850 01:10:26,530 --> 01:10:27,898 DISTINCT AND UNIQUE. 1851 01:10:27,898 --> 01:10:30,601 SO WE HAVE SOME PAPERS OUT ABOUT 1852 01:10:30,601 --> 01:10:31,802 THAT AS WELL AS TRAJECTORIES 1853 01:10:31,802 --> 01:10:32,469 ACROSS TIME. 1854 01:10:32,469 --> 01:10:35,005 AS YOU SAW EARLY FROM THE OTHER 1855 01:10:35,005 --> 01:10:36,607 ANALYSIS WE SAW PEEKS AROUND 16 1856 01:10:36,607 --> 01:10:38,008 OF THESE THREE TYPES OF 1857 01:10:38,008 --> 01:10:38,275 BEHAVIORS. 1858 01:10:38,275 --> 01:10:40,411 AND WE REALLY WANT TO KNOW 1859 01:10:40,411 --> 01:10:42,613 AGAIN, WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON 1860 01:10:42,613 --> 01:10:43,814 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND 1861 01:10:43,814 --> 01:10:44,214 BEHAVIORS? 1862 01:10:44,214 --> 01:10:45,783 WHILE I CAN TELL YOU IT'S REALLY 1863 01:10:45,783 --> 01:10:48,218 IMPORTANT, I NEED TO SHOW YOU 1864 01:10:48,218 --> 01:10:52,289 SOME IMPORTANT TO -- [ INAUDIBLE 1865 01:10:52,289 --> 01:10:55,125 WE ALSO NEED TO CONTROL SOME 1866 01:10:55,125 --> 01:10:55,592 IMPORTANT COVARIATES. 1867 01:10:55,592 --> 01:10:57,428 ONE THING THAT MIKES ME EXCITED 1868 01:10:57,428 --> 01:10:59,196 IS WE WERE ABLE TO CONTROL FOR 1869 01:10:59,196 --> 01:11:01,198 PHYSICAL AND IN-PERSON FORMS OF 1870 01:11:01,198 --> 01:11:01,999 DATING VIOLENCE. 1871 01:11:01,999 --> 01:11:04,735 SO WE ACCOUNT FOR OTHER FORMS OF 1872 01:11:04,735 --> 01:11:07,638 DATING VIOLENCE SO THAT IS BEING 1873 01:11:07,638 --> 01:11:08,739 HIT, SLAPPED, PUNCHED. 1874 01:11:08,739 --> 01:11:11,108 EMOTION DATING VIOLENCE IS BEING 1875 01:11:11,108 --> 01:11:13,243 CALLED NAMES VERBALLY IN PERSON, 1876 01:11:13,243 --> 01:11:16,714 WHICH SIMILAR TO ELECTRONIC 1877 01:11:16,714 --> 01:11:19,550 CYBERHARASSMENT BUT IT'S THE 1878 01:11:19,550 --> 01:11:21,018 IN-PERSON PART THAT IS UNIQUE. 1879 01:11:21,018 --> 01:11:22,720 SEXUAL DATING VIOLENCE IS FORMS 1880 01:11:22,720 --> 01:11:23,887 OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION. 1881 01:11:23,887 --> 01:11:26,223 AND THEN WE HAD ACES AND DIVIDED 1882 01:11:26,223 --> 01:11:29,126 THEM AS THREAT AND 1883 01:11:29,126 --> 01:11:36,633 DEPRIVATION-BASED ACES. 1884 01:11:36,633 --> 01:11:37,735 WE CAN BE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT HOW 1885 01:11:37,735 --> 01:11:40,537 WE WANT TO THE DO A DIFFERENT 1886 01:11:40,537 --> 01:11:41,872 MEASURE BECAUSE COMBINING THINGS 1887 01:11:41,872 --> 01:11:43,140 OR HAVING CLASSIFICATIONS AND 1888 01:11:43,140 --> 01:11:46,210 THEN WE HAVE GENDER AND WE 1889 01:11:46,210 --> 01:11:47,411 STRATIFIED THAT COHORT. 1890 01:11:47,411 --> 01:11:51,148 SO WHAT DID WE FIND? 1891 01:11:51,148 --> 01:11:52,916 WELL, IT TURNS OUT 1892 01:11:52,916 --> 01:11:54,051 CYBERHARASSMENT AND MONITORING 1893 01:11:54,051 --> 01:11:56,353 DID NOT HAVE AFFECT ON 1894 01:11:56,353 --> 01:11:58,555 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS CONTROLLING 1895 01:11:58,555 --> 01:12:00,624 FOR COVARIATES AND CYBERSEXUAL 1896 01:12:00,624 --> 01:12:02,159 COERCION, DEMANDING OF THE 1897 01:12:02,159 --> 01:12:04,661 IMAGES FROM A DATING PARTNER AND 1898 01:12:04,661 --> 01:12:07,631 DOING IT SO COERCIVELY, HAD A 1899 01:12:07,631 --> 01:12:08,966 POSITIVE EFFECT OVER TIME AND 1900 01:12:08,966 --> 01:12:11,168 AGAIN THIS IS A FOUR-YEAR 1901 01:12:11,168 --> 01:12:13,036 LONGITUDINAL COHORT ACROSS 1902 01:12:13,036 --> 01:12:15,739 MULTIPLE YEARS OF ADOLESCENCE. 1903 01:12:15,739 --> 01:12:17,341 FOR OUR DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS, 1904 01:12:17,341 --> 01:12:20,644 WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT 1905 01:12:20,644 --> 01:12:22,546 CYBERHARASSMENT AGAIN STILL 1906 01:12:22,546 --> 01:12:24,348 WASN'T SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED 1907 01:12:24,348 --> 01:12:25,249 WITH THESE BEHAVIORS OVER TIME 1908 01:12:25,249 --> 01:12:27,751 BUT THE CYBERSEXUAL COERCION WAS 1909 01:12:27,751 --> 01:12:30,354 AS WITH CYBERMONITORRING AND 1910 01:12:30,354 --> 01:12:32,055 CYBERMONITORRING IS DEMANDING OF 1911 01:12:32,055 --> 01:12:37,161 PASSWORDS AND FORCEFULLY 1912 01:12:37,161 --> 01:12:37,461 MONITORING. 1913 01:12:37,461 --> 01:12:42,266 AND AGAIN WE CONTROLLED FOR 1914 01:12:42,266 --> 01:12:42,866 COVARIATES. 1915 01:12:42,866 --> 01:12:45,669 SO, TO SUMMARIZE, CYBERSEXUAL 1916 01:12:45,669 --> 01:12:46,670 COERCION IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 1917 01:12:46,670 --> 01:12:49,940 THIS ECHOS THE IN-PERSON DATING 1918 01:12:49,940 --> 01:12:52,042 VIOLENCE WORK THAT HAS BEEN DONE 1919 01:12:52,042 --> 01:12:54,144 SHOWING THAT SEXUAL FORMS OF 1920 01:12:54,144 --> 01:12:55,779 VIOLENCE HAVE THE GREATEST 1921 01:12:55,779 --> 01:12:57,281 MAGNITUDE OF EFFECT OFTEN. 1922 01:12:57,281 --> 01:12:58,749 THEY ARE REALLY IMPORTANT DURING 1923 01:12:58,749 --> 01:13:00,684 THIS AGE BECAUSE THESE ARE THE 1924 01:13:00,684 --> 01:13:02,386 PRELIMINARY EXPOSURES TO SEXUAL 1925 01:13:02,386 --> 01:13:04,054 EXPERIENCES AND SO, WE WANT OUR 1926 01:13:04,054 --> 01:13:05,956 YOUTH TO HAVE POSITIVE SEXUAL 1927 01:13:05,956 --> 01:13:07,457 EXPERIENCES WHEN THEY ARE 1928 01:13:07,457 --> 01:13:10,861 STARTING TO DATE. 1929 01:13:10,861 --> 01:13:13,363 BUT I THINK BECAUSE THERE IS A 1930 01:13:13,363 --> 01:13:14,665 LACK OF EXPERIENCE AND BECAUSE 1931 01:13:14,665 --> 01:13:20,304 OF STIGMA AND OTHER INFLUENTIAL 1932 01:13:20,304 --> 01:13:21,371 FACTORS, THESE PRIMARY 1933 01:13:21,371 --> 01:13:25,409 EXPERIENCES ARE REALLY 1934 01:13:25,409 --> 01:13:25,709 INFLUENTIAL. 1935 01:13:25,709 --> 01:13:29,079 WE ALSO FIND THAT 1936 01:13:29,079 --> 01:13:31,982 CYBERMONITORRING WAS INFLUENTIAL 1937 01:13:31,982 --> 01:13:33,183 ON DELINK WEPT BEHAVIORS. 1938 01:13:33,183 --> 01:13:35,085 THIS IS THE MORE FORCEFUL FORM 1939 01:13:35,085 --> 01:13:36,253 OF BEING MONITORED. 1940 01:13:36,253 --> 01:13:38,021 THE FACT THAT IT'S SIGNIFICANTLY 1941 01:13:38,021 --> 01:13:41,491 ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER DELINQUENT 1942 01:13:41,491 --> 01:13:42,993 BEHAVIORS SUGGESTS THEY ARE 1943 01:13:42,993 --> 01:13:46,196 CLUSTERING TOGETHER, 1944 01:13:46,196 --> 01:13:48,866 PARTICULARLY OUR DIFFERENT 1945 01:13:48,866 --> 01:13:52,269 DATING VIOLENCE VARIABLES WERE 1946 01:13:52,269 --> 01:13:52,970 VICTIMIZATION. 1947 01:13:52,970 --> 01:13:57,808 SO THAT MIGHT BE DRAGGING THAT 1948 01:13:57,808 --> 01:13:58,275 RELATIONSHIP. 1949 01:13:58,275 --> 01:14:01,478 SO, OUR CONCLUSION IS THAT THESE 1950 01:14:01,478 --> 01:14:03,580 CYBERDATING CONSTRUCTS ARE 1951 01:14:03,580 --> 01:14:03,814 UNIQUE. 1952 01:14:03,814 --> 01:14:06,283 THEY ADD UNIQUE EXPOSURES EVEN 1953 01:14:06,283 --> 01:14:07,584 WHEN YOU CONTROL FOR THE 1954 01:14:07,584 --> 01:14:09,186 PHYSICAL FORMS OF DATING 1955 01:14:09,186 --> 01:14:09,453 VIOLENCE. 1956 01:14:09,453 --> 01:14:10,487 WE NEED TO BE FOLLOWING THIS 1957 01:14:10,487 --> 01:14:11,688 ACROSS TIME AND PARTICULARLY 1958 01:14:11,688 --> 01:14:13,690 GIVEN HOW IMPORTANT THE ONLINE 1959 01:14:13,690 --> 01:14:16,693 WORLD IS TO OUR MODERN DAY 1960 01:14:16,693 --> 01:14:16,894 YOUTH. 1961 01:14:16,894 --> 01:14:18,195 WE HAVE SOME OTHER PROJECTS 1962 01:14:18,195 --> 01:14:20,297 GOING ON SO ONE THING WE ARE 1963 01:14:20,297 --> 01:14:22,099 LOOKING AT IS GASLIGHTING AND 1964 01:14:22,099 --> 01:14:22,499 GHOSTING. 1965 01:14:22,499 --> 01:14:23,700 TWO OTHER CONSTRUCTS THAT ARE 1966 01:14:23,700 --> 01:14:24,001 IMPORTANT. 1967 01:14:24,001 --> 01:14:26,169 A BUNCH OF OTHER ONES AS I SAID 1968 01:14:26,169 --> 01:14:27,471 EARLIER, NEW FORMS OF THESE COME 1969 01:14:27,471 --> 01:14:28,805 UP ALL THE TIME. 1970 01:14:28,805 --> 01:14:30,707 SO THIS IS THE EXCITING PART OF 1971 01:14:30,707 --> 01:14:33,110 BEING A SCIENTIST AND BEING 1972 01:14:33,110 --> 01:14:40,484 WILLING TO CREATE NEW MEASURES 1973 01:14:40,484 --> 01:14:41,652 FOR THOSE WHOSE HAVE DIFFERENT 1974 01:14:41,652 --> 01:14:44,021 LEVELS OF INFLUENCE AND THINKING 1975 01:14:44,021 --> 01:14:44,721 ABOUT THOSE. 1976 01:14:44,721 --> 01:14:46,690 I THINK IT IS IMPORTANT WE GET 1977 01:14:46,690 --> 01:14:47,891 NATIONAL DATA COLLECTED ABOUT 1978 01:14:47,891 --> 01:14:49,693 THIS AND WE WANT TO HAVE 1979 01:14:49,693 --> 01:14:52,129 NATIONAL ESTIMATES PARTICULARLY 1980 01:14:52,129 --> 01:14:53,897 GIVEN THAT THERE ARE DISPARITIES 1981 01:14:53,897 --> 01:14:56,400 IN EXPOSURES AND WE IMAGINE 1982 01:14:56,400 --> 01:14:57,601 THERE COULD BE DISPARITIES THAT 1983 01:14:57,601 --> 01:14:58,802 ARE REALLY IMPORTANT BUT WE 1984 01:14:58,802 --> 01:15:00,137 CAN'T STUDY THOSE UNLESS WE HAVE 1985 01:15:00,137 --> 01:15:02,706 A NATIONAL DATA TO BETTER 1986 01:15:02,706 --> 01:15:03,206 UNDERSTAND THAT. 1987 01:15:03,206 --> 01:15:09,012 SO WITH THAT, I'M GOING SAY 1988 01:15:09,012 --> 01:15:10,614 THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND HAND IT 1989 01:15:10,614 --> 01:15:20,958 BACK OVER TO LAUREN. 1990 01:15:36,139 --> 01:15:36,840 >> SO, THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH. 1991 01:15:36,840 --> 01:15:39,242 I WANT TO THANK ALL MY ESIs 1992 01:15:39,242 --> 01:15:40,811 FOR THEIR INTERESTING 1993 01:15:40,811 --> 01:15:41,144 PRESENTATIONS. 1994 01:15:41,144 --> 01:15:48,251 WE NOW HAVE A Q&A SESSION. 1995 01:15:48,251 --> 01:15:53,123 SO PLEASE GO AHEAD AND SEND ANY 1996 01:15:53,123 --> 01:15:55,325 QUESTIONS THROUGH THE SEND LIVE 1997 01:15:55,325 --> 01:15:56,326 FEEDBACK E-MAIL. 1998 01:15:56,326 --> 01:15:57,728 IF THERE IS ANYONE IN THE ROOM 1999 01:15:57,728 --> 01:15:59,129 THAT WOULD LIKE TO ASK A 2000 01:15:59,129 --> 01:16:02,232 QUESTION -- I'M GOING TO ASK MY 2001 01:16:02,232 --> 01:16:03,433 ESIs -- WE ARE GOING TO 2002 01:16:03,433 --> 01:16:04,735 CLUSTER YOU HERE IF YOU DON'T 2003 01:16:04,735 --> 01:16:06,136 MIND COMING UP. 2004 01:16:06,136 --> 01:16:09,039 AND THEN, IT LOOKS LIKE ONE OF 2005 01:16:09,039 --> 01:16:12,542 MY COLLEAGUES IS HERE AT THE 2006 01:16:12,542 --> 01:16:14,144 MICROPHONE SO IF ANYONE ELSE, WE 2007 01:16:14,144 --> 01:16:15,846 HAVE TWO MICROPHONES THAT WE CAN 2008 01:16:15,846 --> 01:16:26,223 USE TO ASK QUESTIONS. 2009 01:16:26,957 --> 01:16:28,959 SO THANK YOU. 2010 01:16:28,959 --> 01:16:31,928 >> YES, SO I'M DANA FROM OBSSR 2011 01:16:31,928 --> 01:16:34,331 AND I HAVE A QUESTION FOR 2012 01:16:34,331 --> 01:16:36,767 DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN. 2013 01:16:36,767 --> 01:16:39,369 BUT IT COULD BE ANY OF YOU ALL. 2014 01:16:39,369 --> 01:16:40,771 SO PIPE IN WHERE IT IS 2015 01:16:40,771 --> 01:16:41,071 APPROPRIATE. 2016 01:16:41,071 --> 01:16:45,642 SO I KNOW YOU TALKED ABOUT 2017 01:16:45,642 --> 01:16:47,444 FAMILISM -- I CANNOT GET THAT 2018 01:16:47,444 --> 01:16:48,145 WORD OUT. 2019 01:16:48,145 --> 01:16:49,546 WHICH I THINK IS A VERY 2020 01:16:49,546 --> 01:16:50,847 INTERESTING CONCEPT AND I'M 2021 01:16:50,847 --> 01:16:52,249 REALLY EXCITED THAT YOU TALKED 2022 01:16:52,249 --> 01:16:54,451 ABOUT OTHER CULTURES ALSO HAVING 2023 01:16:54,451 --> 01:16:55,252 THIS. 2024 01:16:55,252 --> 01:16:58,155 I WANTED TO SEE IF YOU HAD 2025 01:16:58,155 --> 01:17:01,258 THOUGHT ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF 2026 01:17:01,258 --> 01:17:02,959 OTHER INDIVIDUALS THAT MAY NOT 2027 01:17:02,959 --> 01:17:05,862 BE TECHNICALLY FAMILY. 2028 01:17:05,862 --> 01:17:08,065 SO, I KNOW WE WERE TALKING ABOUT 2029 01:17:08,065 --> 01:17:09,666 WITH HISPANIC FAMILIES AND YOU 2030 01:17:09,666 --> 01:17:11,668 HAVE A FAMILY-FOCUSED AND A LOT 2031 01:17:11,668 --> 01:17:13,870 OF TIMES YOU HAVE A PRETTY GOOD 2032 01:17:13,870 --> 01:17:14,304 SIZED FAMILY GROUP. 2033 01:17:14,304 --> 01:17:17,240 I'M THINKING ABOUT INDIVIDUALS 2034 01:17:17,240 --> 01:17:18,575 EVEN MYSELF FOR INSTANCE, SINGLE 2035 01:17:18,575 --> 01:17:20,377 MOM, THAT MOVES TO A STRANGE 2036 01:17:20,377 --> 01:17:20,644 CITY. 2037 01:17:20,644 --> 01:17:24,881 I FIND MYSELF COLLECTING MY 2038 01:17:24,881 --> 01:17:26,049 TRIBE AROUND ME SO MAY NOT BE 2039 01:17:26,049 --> 01:17:27,284 GENETIC FAMILY BUT THE GROUP. 2040 01:17:27,284 --> 01:17:30,053 HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT THESE 2041 01:17:30,053 --> 01:17:31,254 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS AND THOSE 2042 01:17:31,254 --> 01:17:33,256 KIND OF MODERATING EFFECTS AS 2043 01:17:33,256 --> 01:17:33,857 WELL? 2044 01:17:33,857 --> 01:17:34,224 >> ABSOLUTELY. 2045 01:17:34,224 --> 01:17:35,325 THAT'S A REALLY GREAT QUESTION 2046 01:17:35,325 --> 01:17:36,460 AND I THINK IT IS SOMETHING WE 2047 01:17:36,460 --> 01:17:38,962 NEED TO CONSIDER AS THE 2048 01:17:38,962 --> 01:17:46,870 LANDSCAPE CHANGES. 2049 01:17:46,870 --> 01:17:47,571 FAMILIES LOOK A LITTLE 2050 01:17:47,571 --> 01:17:47,838 DIFFERENT. 2051 01:17:47,838 --> 01:17:49,473 WE ARE RELYING ON SOCIAL MEDIA 2052 01:17:49,473 --> 01:17:52,476 FOR OUR FAMILY SUPPORT. 2053 01:17:52,476 --> 01:17:54,478 SO, YES, IN FUTURE RESEARCH, NOT 2054 01:17:54,478 --> 01:17:56,179 ONLY AM I GOING TO CONTINUE TO 2055 01:17:56,179 --> 01:17:58,548 FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT IN GENERAL, 2056 01:17:58,548 --> 01:18:04,087 BUT CONSIDERING HOW PEOPLE 2057 01:18:04,087 --> 01:18:05,288 OUTSIDE -- A LOT OF THE FAMILY 2058 01:18:05,288 --> 01:18:06,890 MAY BE REALLY IMPORTANT IN 2059 01:18:06,890 --> 01:18:09,493 FARMING THESE CULTURAL VALUES 2060 01:18:09,493 --> 01:18:19,669 AROUND THOSE AROUND US. 2061 01:18:19,669 --> 01:18:22,973 >> MINE IS FOR JEREMEY LUK, A 2062 01:18:22,973 --> 01:18:24,474 CHANCE TO SHOW OFF SOME OF YOUR 2063 01:18:24,474 --> 01:18:25,275 CLINICAL SKILLS. 2064 01:18:25,275 --> 01:18:28,178 I HAD SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT 2065 01:18:28,178 --> 01:18:28,778 COVID. 2066 01:18:28,778 --> 01:18:30,013 AND COPING WITH COVID. 2067 01:18:30,013 --> 01:18:32,782 AND I THINK FOR A LOT OF US, MY 2068 01:18:32,782 --> 01:18:35,385 OBSERVATIONS ARE THAT WE KIND OF 2069 01:18:35,385 --> 01:18:37,087 LIKE TRYING TO REMEMBER -- WE 2070 01:18:37,087 --> 01:18:38,588 DON'T THINK ABOUT BRUNO, A LOT 2071 01:18:38,588 --> 01:18:40,390 OF US DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT 2072 01:18:40,390 --> 01:18:40,590 COVID. 2073 01:18:40,590 --> 01:18:41,791 DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT OR 2074 01:18:41,791 --> 01:18:43,193 THINK ABOUT IT. 2075 01:18:43,193 --> 01:18:43,994 AND I THINK ABOUT DIFFERENT 2076 01:18:43,994 --> 01:18:45,996 TYPES OF COPING, MALADAPTIVE 2077 01:18:45,996 --> 01:18:47,898 COPING WHERE YOU JUST DENY 2078 01:18:47,898 --> 01:18:49,399 THINGS THAT HAPPENED OR TRY TO 2079 01:18:49,399 --> 01:18:53,003 REPRESS IT. 2080 01:18:53,003 --> 01:18:54,604 AND EVEN MORE ROGUE AND ACTIVE 2081 01:18:54,604 --> 01:18:55,405 WAYS TO COPE. 2082 01:18:55,405 --> 01:18:56,907 I THINK ABOUT LIKE IN TERMS OF 2083 01:18:56,907 --> 01:18:58,909 TREATING TRAUMA WITH PROLONGED 2084 01:18:58,909 --> 01:19:00,010 EXPOSURE AND THINKING ABOUT THE 2085 01:19:00,010 --> 01:19:02,212 THING THAT IS BAD HELPS TO 2086 01:19:02,212 --> 01:19:03,680 OVERCOME IT. 2087 01:19:03,680 --> 01:19:05,215 SO, I WANTED YOU TO TALK A 2088 01:19:05,215 --> 01:19:06,816 LITTLE BIT ABOUT AS PEOPLE LOOK 2089 01:19:06,816 --> 01:19:08,718 BACK ON COVID EPIDEMIC, WHAT 2090 01:19:08,718 --> 01:19:10,787 KIND OF WORK ON COPING OR WITH 2091 01:19:10,787 --> 01:19:12,122 SOME OF THESE STRESSORS, WHAT 2092 01:19:12,122 --> 01:19:14,457 MIGHT BE WAYS TO MITIGATE THAT? 2093 01:19:14,457 --> 01:19:15,025 MAYBE YOU RESEARCHED IT AND 2094 01:19:15,025 --> 01:19:16,226 MAYBE YOU JUST KNOW FROM YOUR 2095 01:19:16,226 --> 01:19:17,694 OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND 2096 01:19:17,694 --> 01:19:18,695 EXPERTISE YOU MIGHT WANT TO 2097 01:19:18,695 --> 01:19:19,429 COMMENT ON THAT. 2098 01:19:19,429 --> 01:19:23,233 >> THAT IS A REALLY GREAT 2099 01:19:23,233 --> 01:19:24,634 QUESTION. 2100 01:19:24,634 --> 01:19:26,803 AND WE DID ONE LEADING CLASS 2101 01:19:26,803 --> 01:19:28,138 ANALYSIS ON COVID-RELATED STRESS 2102 01:19:28,138 --> 01:19:31,208 AND WE HAVE A DIFFERENT PAPER 2103 01:19:31,208 --> 01:19:33,410 THAT ANALYZED FIVE DIFFERENT 2104 01:19:33,410 --> 01:19:37,214 ITEMS ALSO FROM THE CDC 2105 01:19:37,214 --> 01:19:40,116 QUESTIONNAIRE BANK, WHICH WAS 2106 01:19:40,116 --> 01:19:41,952 FOCUSED ON POSITIVE COPING. 2107 01:19:41,952 --> 01:19:43,119 I DON'T REMEMBER ALL THE ITEMS 2108 01:19:43,119 --> 01:19:44,721 OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD. 2109 01:19:44,721 --> 01:19:47,724 BUT WHEN WE DID THE ANALYSIS, WE 2110 01:19:47,724 --> 01:19:50,927 FOUND ABOUT 80% AND 20%, TWO 2111 01:19:50,927 --> 01:19:51,628 CLASSES. 2112 01:19:51,628 --> 01:19:59,469 THE 20% CLASS HAD PRETTY MUCH 2113 01:19:59,469 --> 01:20:01,838 LIKE WHEN INDIVIDUALS HAVE 2114 01:20:01,838 --> 01:20:05,442 POSITIVE COPING ACROSS SUPPORT 2115 01:20:05,442 --> 01:20:07,544 AND -- LIKE NOT UTILIZING THE 2116 01:20:07,544 --> 01:20:08,645 POSITIVE COPING MECHANISMS. 2117 01:20:08,645 --> 01:20:10,747 IT WOULD BE OF THOSE 20%. 2118 01:20:10,747 --> 01:20:13,550 THE THINGS THAT PEOPLE USE -- 2119 01:20:13,550 --> 01:20:17,120 THE ITEMS WOULD BE THINGS LIKE 2120 01:20:17,120 --> 01:20:21,825 MEDITATION, ENGAGING IN POSITIVE 2121 01:20:21,825 --> 01:20:26,129 BEHAVIORS LIKE EXERCISING AND 2122 01:20:26,129 --> 01:20:30,734 OTHER LIFESTYLE POSITIVE COPING 2123 01:20:30,734 --> 01:20:31,034 MECHANISMS. 2124 01:20:31,034 --> 01:20:33,136 SO WE DO HAVE A DIFFERENT 2125 01:20:33,136 --> 01:20:34,938 ANALYSIS OF THAT POSITIVE 2126 01:20:34,938 --> 01:20:35,171 COPING. 2127 01:20:35,171 --> 01:20:37,240 I THINK CLINICALLY, ONE OF THE 2128 01:20:37,240 --> 01:20:39,142 THINGS THAT I HEAR THE MOST IS, 2129 01:20:39,142 --> 01:20:43,647 THE LACK OF STRUCTURE DURING 2130 01:20:43,647 --> 01:20:45,548 COVID. 2131 01:20:45,548 --> 01:20:52,355 IF SOMEONE WAS GOING TO STAY AT 2132 01:20:52,355 --> 01:20:55,592 HOME, THERE IS NO STRUCTURE. 2133 01:20:55,592 --> 01:20:56,326 YOU GET BORED. 2134 01:20:56,326 --> 01:21:00,964 IF YOU DRINK NO ONE CAN SEE IT. 2135 01:21:00,964 --> 01:21:04,834 IT PRESENTS A SITUATION WHERE -- 2136 01:21:04,834 --> 01:21:06,469 ESPECIALLY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH 2137 01:21:06,469 --> 01:21:08,638 ALCOHOL USE DISORDER, IT IS EASY 2138 01:21:08,638 --> 01:21:12,042 TO THAN HAVE A SLIP OR RELAPSE. 2139 01:21:12,042 --> 01:21:12,909 SO THAT WOULD BE SOME OF THE 2140 01:21:12,909 --> 01:21:14,711 THOUGHTS THAT I HAVE IN RESPONSE 2141 01:21:14,711 --> 01:21:15,745 TO THE QUESTION. 2142 01:21:15,745 --> 01:21:21,751 HOPEFULLY THAT ANSWERS IT. 2143 01:21:21,751 --> 01:21:29,059 THANK YOU. 2144 01:21:29,059 --> 01:21:29,959 >> GOOD AFTERNOON. 2145 01:21:29,959 --> 01:21:32,662 I'M FROM THE NIMH AND 2146 01:21:32,662 --> 01:21:33,663 CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL. 2147 01:21:33,663 --> 01:21:36,533 THESE ARE EXCELLENT PROJECTS AND 2148 01:21:36,533 --> 01:21:37,067 OUTSTANDING WORK. 2149 01:21:37,067 --> 01:21:38,968 IT'S A PLEASURE TO HEAR AND SEE 2150 01:21:38,968 --> 01:21:39,569 THESE TODAY. 2151 01:21:39,569 --> 01:21:40,670 ALSO IT'S GREAT TO SEE SOME OF 2152 01:21:40,670 --> 01:21:43,273 THE THEMES FROM YOUR TALKS THIS 2153 01:21:43,273 --> 01:21:43,506 MORNING. 2154 01:21:43,506 --> 01:21:44,574 THEMES AROUND MENTAL HEALTH, 2155 01:21:44,574 --> 01:21:46,076 AROUND CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE 2156 01:21:46,076 --> 01:21:48,345 AND AROUND INNOVATIONS AND 2157 01:21:48,345 --> 01:21:48,645 METHODOLOGY. 2158 01:21:48,645 --> 01:21:51,548 IT'S JUST FANTASTIC TO SEE. 2159 01:21:51,548 --> 01:21:54,284 I GUESS I HAVE A SIMILAR 2160 01:21:54,284 --> 01:21:55,952 QUESTION TO DR. JANE SIMONI, AND 2161 01:21:55,952 --> 01:22:00,290 THIS IS FOR DR. KRISTIN PERRY 2162 01:22:00,290 --> 01:22:02,258 AND DR. PERRY, I'M WONDERING 2163 01:22:02,258 --> 01:22:03,660 BASED ON YOUR RESULTS, IF YOU 2164 01:22:03,660 --> 01:22:06,096 HAVE PARTICULAR IMPLICATIONS AND 2165 01:22:06,096 --> 01:22:08,064 IDEAS ABOUT WHAT WE SHOULD 2166 01:22:08,064 --> 01:22:10,667 PROCEED WITH IN TERMS OF FAMILY, 2167 01:22:10,667 --> 01:22:11,801 CHILD OR PARENTING INTERVENTIONS 2168 01:22:11,801 --> 01:22:18,174 AS A RESULT OF YOUR WORK? 2169 01:22:18,174 --> 01:22:19,676 >> YES, SO I HAVE GOTTEN WARM TO 2170 01:22:19,676 --> 01:22:20,076 THIS WORK. 2171 01:22:20,076 --> 01:22:21,578 THIS IS SOMETHING I HAVE BEEN 2172 01:22:21,578 --> 01:22:22,679 THINKING A LOT ABOUT BECAUSE A 2173 01:22:22,679 --> 01:22:24,781 LOT OF PARENTING INTERVENTIONS 2174 01:22:24,781 --> 01:22:25,982 WERE DEVELOPED WITH THE IDEA 2175 01:22:25,982 --> 01:22:27,016 THIS SHOULD WORK FOR ALL 2176 01:22:27,016 --> 01:22:28,585 CHILDREN AND WE KNOW NOW, 2177 01:22:28,585 --> 01:22:29,886 ESPECIALLY A LOT OF 2178 01:22:29,886 --> 01:22:31,488 INTERVENTIONS WERE BASED MAINLY 2179 01:22:31,488 --> 01:22:33,990 ON WHITE FAMILIES AND WITHOUT 2180 01:22:33,990 --> 01:22:36,192 THE CULTURAL SENSITIVITY WE NOW 2181 01:22:36,192 --> 01:22:39,095 KNOW IS NECESSARY TO HAVE 2182 01:22:39,095 --> 01:22:40,797 SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS AND 2183 01:22:40,797 --> 01:22:42,399 ALSO LOOKING AT THESE 2184 01:22:42,399 --> 01:22:44,100 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGIY 2185 01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:45,068 AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. 2186 01:22:45,068 --> 01:22:47,303 WHAT WE SEE IN MY STUDY AND MANY 2187 01:22:47,303 --> 01:22:49,205 OTHERS, CHILDREN ARE NOT 2188 01:22:49,205 --> 01:22:51,307 REACTING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN 2189 01:22:51,307 --> 01:22:52,008 THE SAME WAY. 2190 01:22:52,008 --> 01:22:54,711 SO WE NEED TO DO A BETTER JOB AT 2191 01:22:54,711 --> 01:22:55,912 TAILORING INTERVENTIONS FOR 2192 01:22:55,912 --> 01:22:57,213 CERTAIN CHILDREN AND FAMILIES. 2193 01:22:57,213 --> 01:23:00,717 AND I THINK THAT ALSO MEANS 2194 01:23:00,717 --> 01:23:01,418 IDENTIFYING UNIQUE STRENGTHS 2195 01:23:01,418 --> 01:23:02,986 THAT FAMILIES HAVE BUT WITHIN 2196 01:23:02,986 --> 01:23:04,988 THIS BIGGER CULTURAL FRAMEWORK. 2197 01:23:04,988 --> 01:23:06,589 SO I THINK WE CAN REALLY TAKE 2198 01:23:06,589 --> 01:23:08,725 THIS WORK BY LOOKING AT 2199 01:23:08,725 --> 01:23:10,126 PHYSIOLOGY AS WELL AS FAMILY 2200 01:23:10,126 --> 01:23:12,028 CONTEXT AND THE CULTURAL CONTEXT 2201 01:23:12,028 --> 01:23:16,032 AS WE HEARD ABOUT TODAY. 2202 01:23:16,032 --> 01:23:17,901 >> THANK YOU. 2203 01:23:17,901 --> 01:23:20,103 AND FOR DR. ELYSE THULIN, YOU'RE 2204 01:23:20,103 --> 01:23:21,304 HELPING US TO BETTER 2205 01:23:21,304 --> 01:23:22,205 UNDERSTAND -- WE HAVE KNOWN 2206 01:23:22,205 --> 01:23:25,141 THERE ARE THESE COMPLICATIONS, 2207 01:23:25,141 --> 01:23:26,709 DIFFICULTIES, AND MAYBE 2208 01:23:26,709 --> 01:23:28,711 PERNICIOUS EFFECTS OF SOCIAL 2209 01:23:28,711 --> 01:23:29,813 MEDIA USE ON MENTAL HEALTH, 2210 01:23:29,813 --> 01:23:31,314 ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. 2211 01:23:31,314 --> 01:23:33,116 AND I THINK YOU'RE HELPING US TO 2212 01:23:33,116 --> 01:23:35,018 UNDERSTAND NOT JUST WHETHER THAT 2213 01:23:35,018 --> 01:23:37,020 HAPPENS BUT WHAT AND HOW AND 2214 01:23:37,020 --> 01:23:38,955 THAT IS REALLY WHERE THE SCIENCE 2215 01:23:38,955 --> 01:23:39,656 NEEDS TO GO. 2216 01:23:39,656 --> 01:23:42,025 SO GIVEN THAT YOU DO SEE SOME 2217 01:23:42,025 --> 01:23:43,927 ASSOCIATIONS IN YOUR WORK, 2218 01:23:43,927 --> 01:23:46,729 PARTICULARLY BETWEEN THIS 2219 01:23:46,729 --> 01:23:51,034 PARTICULAR KIND OF SEXUAL -- I 2220 01:23:51,034 --> 01:23:57,841 FORGET HOW YOU PHRASED IT -- HOW 2221 01:23:57,841 --> 01:24:00,243 DO WE RESPOND TO THAT KIND OF 2222 01:24:00,243 --> 01:24:00,477 CHANNEL? 2223 01:24:00,477 --> 01:24:01,845 DO WE WORK WITH THE YOUNG 2224 01:24:01,845 --> 01:24:02,145 PEOPLE? 2225 01:24:02,145 --> 01:24:03,146 WITH FAMILIES? 2226 01:24:03,146 --> 01:24:04,113 ALL THE ABOVE? 2227 01:24:04,113 --> 01:24:08,918 WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS? 2228 01:24:08,918 --> 01:24:11,054 >> YES, MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION 2229 01:24:11,054 --> 01:24:17,227 OR MAYBE BILLION DOLLAR 2230 01:24:17,227 --> 01:24:17,727 QUESTION. 2231 01:24:17,727 --> 01:24:19,329 WE IN THE UNITED STATES ARE 2232 01:24:19,329 --> 01:24:21,431 BEHIND IN TERMS OF OUR POLICIES. 2233 01:24:21,431 --> 01:24:24,133 SO THE EU HAS DONE A PRETTY GOOD 2234 01:24:24,133 --> 01:24:27,637 JOB OF MOVING FORWARD POLICIES 2235 01:24:27,637 --> 01:24:30,440 AROUND DATA RIGHTS, DATA 2236 01:24:30,440 --> 01:24:32,809 REGULATION, DATE DATING ON 2237 01:24:32,809 --> 01:24:33,376 SOCIAL MEDIA. 2238 01:24:33,376 --> 01:24:35,945 THE PRODUCT YOU GET IN EUROPE, 2239 01:24:35,945 --> 01:24:38,548 THE EU, THE MEHTA PRODUCT, IS A 2240 01:24:38,548 --> 01:24:39,849 BIT DIFFERENT THAN THE PRODUCT 2241 01:24:39,849 --> 01:24:42,018 YOU GET IN THE UNITED STATES. 2242 01:24:42,018 --> 01:24:43,253 NOW SOCIOLOGIST AND OTHER 2243 01:24:43,253 --> 01:24:43,953 POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE 2244 01:24:43,953 --> 01:24:45,655 THINKING ABOUT THE INTERNET 2245 01:24:45,655 --> 01:24:46,556 RELATIVE TO THE SPLINTER NET 2246 01:24:46,556 --> 01:24:49,659 WHERE WE NO LONGER HAVE JUST ONE 2247 01:24:49,659 --> 01:24:52,061 GIANT SEA OF ONLINE SPACE THAT 2248 01:24:52,061 --> 01:24:53,530 PEOPLE CAN NAVIGATE. 2249 01:24:53,530 --> 01:24:56,966 WE ARE GOING TO HAVE SOME PODS 2250 01:24:56,966 --> 01:24:59,469 OF THIS, I GUESS, AS MORE 2251 01:24:59,469 --> 01:25:01,437 REGULATION HAPPENS AND MORE 2252 01:25:01,437 --> 01:25:04,173 DECISIONS ARE MADE ON A 2253 01:25:04,173 --> 01:25:05,275 COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY LEVEL OR 2254 01:25:05,275 --> 01:25:05,875 STATE-BY-STATE LEVEL. 2255 01:25:05,875 --> 01:25:09,078 SO FOR EXAMPLE, MONTANA BAND 2256 01:25:09,078 --> 01:25:12,348 TIKTOK LAST YEAR, I THINK. 2257 01:25:12,348 --> 01:25:15,652 WHILE I ALWAYS WANT US TO FIND 2258 01:25:15,652 --> 01:25:17,453 SOLUTIONS THAT HELP YOU FEEL 2259 01:25:17,453 --> 01:25:19,489 EMPOWERED AND ABLE TO NAVIGATE 2260 01:25:19,489 --> 01:25:20,657 THE LIVES THAT THEY ARE IN, 2261 01:25:20,657 --> 01:25:21,691 BECAUSE THEY ARE IMPORTANT 2262 01:25:21,691 --> 01:25:22,859 CRITICAL SKILLS, AND I WANT 2263 01:25:22,859 --> 01:25:25,295 PARENTS TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT 2264 01:25:25,295 --> 01:25:28,765 THAT, I THINK WE CAN'T JUST 2265 01:25:28,765 --> 01:25:29,866 DELEGATE THIS TO KIDS AND THEIR 2266 01:25:29,866 --> 01:25:30,099 PARENTS. 2267 01:25:30,099 --> 01:25:31,601 THIS IS A BIGGER PROBLEM. 2268 01:25:31,601 --> 01:25:33,570 AND YES, AGAIN, LET'S CREATE 2269 01:25:33,570 --> 01:25:34,771 INTERVENTIONS THAT HELP BUT IF 2270 01:25:34,771 --> 01:25:36,172 WE PUT TO THE ON FAMILIES, WE 2271 01:25:36,172 --> 01:25:38,207 KNOW THAT WE HAVE EXACERBATION 2272 01:25:38,207 --> 01:25:39,208 OF DISPARITIES. 2273 01:25:39,208 --> 01:25:41,377 NOT ALL PARENTS ARE ABLE TO BE 2274 01:25:41,377 --> 01:25:43,179 WITH THEIR ADOLESCENTS AFTER 2275 01:25:43,179 --> 01:25:43,479 SCHOOL. 2276 01:25:43,479 --> 01:25:45,181 THAT'S NOT A REALITY. 2277 01:25:45,181 --> 01:25:47,250 SO, WE NEED POLICIES THAT ARE 2278 01:25:47,250 --> 01:25:49,285 GOING TO HELP. 2279 01:25:49,285 --> 01:25:50,987 AND WE ALSO NEED TO STAND UP AND 2280 01:25:50,987 --> 01:25:52,088 SAY LIKE, IN THE UNITED STATES, 2281 01:25:52,088 --> 01:25:54,591 THIS IS HOW THIS WORKS. 2282 01:25:54,591 --> 01:25:56,292 POLICIES HAPPEN BECAUSE WE HAVE 2283 01:25:56,292 --> 01:25:56,559 ADVOCACY. 2284 01:25:56,559 --> 01:25:58,194 THAT'S A IMPORTANT PART OF THIS. 2285 01:25:58,194 --> 01:26:01,397 AND IT'S REALLY VERY HARD TO 2286 01:26:01,397 --> 01:26:02,765 MONITOR SOCIAL MEDIA RIGHT NOW 2287 01:26:02,765 --> 01:26:06,970 BASED ON HOW THOSE APIs ARE 2288 01:26:06,970 --> 01:26:10,273 WRITTEN. 2289 01:26:10,273 --> 01:26:12,875 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2290 01:26:12,875 --> 01:26:13,977 SO THIS IS SOMETHING I THINK 2291 01:26:13,977 --> 01:26:14,777 ABOUT A LOT. 2292 01:26:14,777 --> 01:26:17,580 AND WE DEFINITELY NEED POLICIES. 2293 01:26:17,580 --> 01:26:17,880 THANKS. 2294 01:26:17,880 --> 01:26:20,283 >> WELL SAID AND THANK YOU VERY 2295 01:26:20,283 --> 01:26:25,688 MUCH. 2296 01:26:25,688 --> 01:26:29,292 >> IS THIS A QUESTION FOR DR. 2297 01:26:29,292 --> 01:26:29,559 DR. PERI. 2298 01:26:29,559 --> 01:26:31,694 WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF 2299 01:26:31,694 --> 01:26:33,896 ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY 2300 01:26:33,896 --> 01:26:35,498 INTERACTIONS AS FOUND IN YOUR 2301 01:26:35,498 --> 01:26:38,635 STUDY FOR INTERVENTION EFFORTS? 2302 01:26:38,635 --> 01:26:40,703 >> I THINK I TOUCHED ON THIS A 2303 01:26:40,703 --> 01:26:41,304 LITTLE BIT. 2304 01:26:41,304 --> 01:26:44,007 I REALLY THINK IT'S IMPORTANT 2305 01:26:44,007 --> 01:26:45,208 FOR INTERVENTIONS WHEN PEOPLE 2306 01:26:45,208 --> 01:26:46,776 ARE DESIGNING INTERVENTIONS IS 2307 01:26:46,776 --> 01:26:49,479 TO LOOK AT THESE INDIVIDUAL BY 2308 01:26:49,479 --> 01:26:50,046 INTERVENTION EFFECTS. 2309 01:26:50,046 --> 01:26:51,314 AND I KNOW THAT IS SOMETHING IN 2310 01:26:51,314 --> 01:26:52,982 THE LITERATURE THAT HAS BEEN 2311 01:26:52,982 --> 01:26:54,917 STARTED TO BE CONDUCTED A LOT 2312 01:26:54,917 --> 01:26:55,118 MORE. 2313 01:26:55,118 --> 01:27:00,790 BUT TRYING TO THINK ABOUT WHAT 2314 01:27:00,790 --> 01:27:02,992 ARE THE -- AND WHICH CHILDREN 2315 01:27:02,992 --> 01:27:06,195 ARE LESS REACTIVE CHILDREN SO 2316 01:27:06,195 --> 01:27:08,398 THAT WE CAN TAYLOR INTERVENTIONS 2317 01:27:08,398 --> 01:27:09,399 TO THOSE CHILDREN. 2318 01:27:09,399 --> 01:27:11,401 SO FOR EXAMPLE, WE KNOW NOW THE 2319 01:27:11,401 --> 01:27:13,503 SMART WATCH, A LOT IS PHYSIOLOGY 2320 01:27:13,503 --> 01:27:15,938 DATA IS MORE READILY AND EASILY 2321 01:27:15,938 --> 01:27:16,806 ACCESSIBLE FOR CHILDREN AND 2322 01:27:16,806 --> 01:27:18,007 THEIR FAMILIES. 2323 01:27:18,007 --> 01:27:19,509 BUT ALSO RESEARCHERS AND HEALTH 2324 01:27:19,509 --> 01:27:21,377 CARE PROVIDERS. 2325 01:27:21,377 --> 01:27:23,312 SO IT COULD BE A MECHANISM FOR 2326 01:27:23,312 --> 01:27:24,614 THE FUTURE. 2327 01:27:24,614 --> 01:27:26,315 A LOT MORE RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE 2328 01:27:26,315 --> 01:27:28,017 DONE TO HELP US UNDERSTAND AND 2329 01:27:28,017 --> 01:27:29,585 APPLY THIS ENVIRONMENT BY 2330 01:27:29,585 --> 01:27:33,222 PHYSIOLOGY APPROACH TO 2331 01:27:33,222 --> 01:27:34,991 INTERVENTION WORK. 2332 01:27:34,991 --> 01:27:35,792 >> THANK YOU. 2333 01:27:35,792 --> 01:27:43,499 >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS IN THE 2334 01:27:43,499 --> 01:27:47,103 ROOM? 2335 01:27:47,103 --> 01:27:48,438 >> WOULD YOU BRING DR. PERRY 2336 01:27:48,438 --> 01:27:49,739 BACK UP AGAIN? 2337 01:27:49,739 --> 01:27:51,307 YOU TALKED ABOUT -- THANK YOU 2338 01:27:51,307 --> 01:27:52,542 ALL FOR YOUR TALKS. 2339 01:27:52,542 --> 01:27:54,911 THEY WERE ALL REALLY 2340 01:27:54,911 --> 01:27:55,211 INTERESTING. 2341 01:27:55,211 --> 01:27:56,145 BUT YOU WERE ANSWERING A 2342 01:27:56,145 --> 01:28:02,218 QUESTION A MINUTE AGO ABOUT 2343 01:28:02,218 --> 01:28:08,891 ACROSS FAMILIES YOU ANSWERED THE 2344 01:28:08,891 --> 01:28:10,426 QUESTION AND TALKED ABOUT ACROSS 2345 01:28:10,426 --> 01:28:10,693 FAMILIES. 2346 01:28:10,693 --> 01:28:14,330 I'M WONDERING WITHIN FAMILIES. 2347 01:28:14,330 --> 01:28:15,998 WERE YOU FIRST TIME PARENTS OR 2348 01:28:15,998 --> 01:28:17,233 DID THEY ALREADY HAVE KIDS? 2349 01:28:17,233 --> 01:28:19,502 AND HOW DOES THE PARENT THINK 2350 01:28:19,502 --> 01:28:20,136 ABOUT -- 2351 01:28:20,136 --> 01:28:22,405 >> YOU HAVE GREAT INTERVENTIONS 2352 01:28:22,405 --> 01:28:23,606 AND I LEARNED SOMETHING FOR ONE 2353 01:28:23,606 --> 01:28:25,108 KID AND NOW THIS KID IS 2354 01:28:25,108 --> 01:28:25,708 DIFFERENT. 2355 01:28:25,708 --> 01:28:27,210 >> YES, SO IN REGARDS TO THE 2356 01:28:27,210 --> 01:28:28,678 FIRST QUESTION, THESE FAMILIES 2357 01:28:28,678 --> 01:28:30,346 WERE NOT ONLY FIRST TIME PARENTS 2358 01:28:30,346 --> 01:28:31,714 BUT SOMEWHERE FIRST TIME 2359 01:28:31,714 --> 01:28:31,948 PARENTS. 2360 01:28:31,948 --> 01:28:34,917 SO THERE IS NO EXCLUSION 2361 01:28:34,917 --> 01:28:36,819 CRITERIA BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF 2362 01:28:36,819 --> 01:28:37,620 CHILDREN PEOPLE ALREADY HAD. 2363 01:28:37,620 --> 01:28:40,223 IT WAS REALLY BASED ON THE 2364 01:28:40,223 --> 01:28:41,257 SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE. 2365 01:28:41,257 --> 01:28:42,225 THAT WAS REALLY WHAT WE WERE 2366 01:28:42,225 --> 01:28:44,093 TRYING TO COLLECT WITHIN THE 2367 01:28:44,093 --> 01:28:44,327 STUDY. 2368 01:28:44,327 --> 01:28:47,029 BUT IN REGARDS TO YOUR SECOND 2369 01:28:47,029 --> 01:28:48,631 QUESTION, I'M GOING PUT ON MY 2370 01:28:48,631 --> 01:28:49,932 CLINICAL HAT A LITTLE BIT SO I'M 2371 01:28:49,932 --> 01:28:52,101 ALSO A CLINICAL CHILD 2372 01:28:52,101 --> 01:28:54,303 PSYCHOLOGIST AND I DID A LOT OF 2373 01:28:54,303 --> 01:28:55,338 INTERVENTION WORK WITH CHILDREN 2374 01:28:55,338 --> 01:28:57,340 WHO HAVE DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR 2375 01:28:57,340 --> 01:28:59,075 PROBLEMS, WHO ARE VERY YOUNG IN 2376 01:28:59,075 --> 01:29:00,710 EARLY CHILDHOOD. 2377 01:29:00,710 --> 01:29:02,211 AND OFTENTIMES PARENTS WOULD SAY 2378 01:29:02,211 --> 01:29:04,113 THAT EXACTLY THAT I HAVE ONE 2379 01:29:04,113 --> 01:29:05,515 CHILD AND THEY ARE BEHAVING THIS 2380 01:29:05,515 --> 01:29:07,917 WAY AND THIS OTHER CHILD HAZE 2381 01:29:07,917 --> 01:29:09,018 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SET OF 2382 01:29:09,018 --> 01:29:09,652 NEEDS. 2383 01:29:09,652 --> 01:29:11,220 ONE THING WE ALWAYS EMPHASIZE TO 2384 01:29:11,220 --> 01:29:13,322 PARENTS IS IT'S REALLY A 2385 01:29:13,322 --> 01:29:15,091 BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP. 2386 01:29:15,091 --> 01:29:16,726 BECAUSE PARENTS FEEL A LOT OF 2387 01:29:16,726 --> 01:29:18,461 GUILT SOMETIMES FOR THEIR 2388 01:29:18,461 --> 01:29:18,961 CHILDREN'S MISBEHAVIOR. 2389 01:29:18,961 --> 01:29:20,530 THAT'S NOT THE CASE. 2390 01:29:20,530 --> 01:29:22,231 CERTAIN CHILDREN BRING DIFFERENT 2391 01:29:22,231 --> 01:29:23,933 THINGS TO THE TABLE PARTICULARLY 2392 01:29:23,933 --> 01:29:24,867 REGARDING TEMPERAMENT. 2393 01:29:24,867 --> 01:29:26,502 AND THAT'S GOING TO CAUSE 2394 01:29:26,502 --> 01:29:27,837 PARENTS TO REACTED A CERTAIN 2395 01:29:27,837 --> 01:29:28,004 WAY. 2396 01:29:28,004 --> 01:29:30,439 SO WE REALLY WANT TO TRY TO DO 2397 01:29:30,439 --> 01:29:32,141 WITHIN AN INTERVENTION WORK IS 2398 01:29:32,141 --> 01:29:34,143 GIVE PARENTS SKILLS TO HELP 2399 01:29:34,143 --> 01:29:35,745 MAXIMIZE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS 2400 01:29:35,745 --> 01:29:36,579 WITH THEIR CHILDREN. 2401 01:29:36,579 --> 01:29:39,048 AND SO I THINK THAT LOOKS 2402 01:29:39,048 --> 01:29:41,050 DIFFERENTLY BASED ON WHAT YOUR 2403 01:29:41,050 --> 01:29:42,218 CHILD IS BRINGING TO THE TABLE. 2404 01:29:42,218 --> 01:29:43,619 SOME KIDS ARE EASY AND NEVER 2405 01:29:43,619 --> 01:29:44,587 NEED AN INTERVENTION BECAUSE 2406 01:29:44,587 --> 01:29:45,922 THEY WILL LISTEN THE FIRST TIME 2407 01:29:45,922 --> 01:29:47,657 AND NEVER REALLY HAVE TO DO 2408 01:29:47,657 --> 01:29:48,124 ANYTHING. 2409 01:29:48,124 --> 01:29:49,926 WHEREAS OTHER FAMILIES ARE GOING 2410 01:29:49,926 --> 01:29:51,460 TO NEED MORE SUPPORT AND HELP. 2411 01:29:51,460 --> 01:29:53,629 AND I THINK THAT IS REALLY WHERE 2412 01:29:53,629 --> 01:29:54,564 ALSO INTERVENTION WORK NEEDS TO 2413 01:29:54,564 --> 01:29:56,032 BE TAILORED TO THOSE FAMILIES 2414 01:29:56,032 --> 01:29:58,434 AND THINKING ABOUT HOW WE AS 2415 01:29:58,434 --> 01:29:59,468 THERAPISTS CAN HELP THEM INSTEAD 2416 01:29:59,468 --> 01:30:09,378 OF JUST GIVING THEM ALL OF THIS 2417 01:30:09,378 --> 01:30:14,250 KNOWLEDGE. 2418 01:30:14,250 --> 01:30:15,251 >> DR. GIANNA REA-SANDIN. 2419 01:30:15,251 --> 01:30:18,054 IT'S LIKE I'M CALLING YOU UP ON 2420 01:30:18,054 --> 01:30:18,387 THE GAUNTLET. 2421 01:30:18,387 --> 01:30:21,157 WHAT ARE SOME WAYS IN WHICH 2422 01:30:21,157 --> 01:30:22,859 BEHAVIOR GENETIC RESEARCH CAN 2423 01:30:22,859 --> 01:30:25,061 INFORM INTERVENTION AND 2424 01:30:25,061 --> 01:30:27,063 PREVENTION EFFORTS? 2425 01:30:27,063 --> 01:30:28,064 >> THERE IS ALL THIS REALLY 2426 01:30:28,064 --> 01:30:30,266 GREAT TALK ABOUT PRECISION 2427 01:30:30,266 --> 01:30:32,368 MEDICINE AND GENETICS IS ANOTHER 2428 01:30:32,368 --> 01:30:35,171 WAY IN WHICH THAT CAN HAPPEN. 2429 01:30:35,171 --> 01:30:37,139 UNFORTUNATELY, THE FIELD RIGHT 2430 01:30:37,139 --> 01:30:40,743 NOW ADVANCES REALLY ONLY BENEFIT 2431 01:30:40,743 --> 01:30:42,478 EUROPEAN ANCESTRY INDIVIDUALS. 2432 01:30:42,478 --> 01:30:45,681 AND SO, I THINK MORE PROXIMALLY 2433 01:30:45,681 --> 01:30:47,683 MY WORK JUST KIND OF OPENS UP 2434 01:30:47,683 --> 01:30:49,652 THE DISCUSSION FOR BEHAVIOR 2435 01:30:49,652 --> 01:30:51,153 GENETICISTS BOTH WHO DO TWIN 2436 01:30:51,153 --> 01:30:53,956 STUDIES AS WELL AS MOLECULAR 2437 01:30:53,956 --> 01:30:54,557 GENETIC WORK. 2438 01:30:54,557 --> 01:30:57,960 NOT ONLY TO INCLUDE MORE 2439 01:30:57,960 --> 01:30:58,861 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES BUT TO 2440 01:30:58,861 --> 01:31:02,164 JUST BE MORE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT 2441 01:31:02,164 --> 01:31:04,834 MEASUREMENT AND THOUGHTFULLY 2442 01:31:04,834 --> 01:31:06,802 DISCUSSING GENETICALLY-INFORMED 2443 01:31:06,802 --> 01:31:09,472 RESEARCH WITH VARIOUS 2444 01:31:09,472 --> 01:31:11,874 POPULATIONS. 2445 01:31:11,874 --> 01:31:12,174 POPULATIONS. 2446 01:31:12,174 --> 01:31:15,778 IN TERMS OF OTHER WAYS BEHAVIOR 2447 01:31:15,778 --> 01:31:18,681 GENETICS CAN BENEFIT, BEHAVIOR 2448 01:31:18,681 --> 01:31:21,284 GENETICS HAS SO MANY COOL NOVEL, 2449 01:31:21,284 --> 01:31:25,154 CREATIVE WAYS TO KIND OF GET AT 2450 01:31:25,154 --> 01:31:26,289 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 2451 01:31:26,289 --> 01:31:28,424 INFLUENCES AND SO FOR EXAMPLE, 2452 01:31:28,424 --> 01:31:30,693 YOU CAN SORT OF PARSE OUT THE 2453 01:31:30,693 --> 01:31:33,396 ROLE OF GENETIC INFLUENCES AND 2454 01:31:33,396 --> 01:31:35,364 WHAT YOU'RE LEFT WITH ARE 2455 01:31:35,364 --> 01:31:37,199 SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL 2456 01:31:37,199 --> 01:31:38,467 MECHANISMS THAT ARE LEADING TO 2457 01:31:38,467 --> 01:31:41,570 YOUR PHENOTYPE OF INTEREST. 2458 01:31:41,570 --> 01:31:45,775 SO, THOSE ARE THE CONTEXT TO 2459 01:31:45,775 --> 01:31:46,108 INTERVENE ON. 2460 01:31:46,108 --> 01:31:48,978 SO I THINK THOSE ARE SOME WAYS 2461 01:31:48,978 --> 01:31:53,282 IN WHICH THE FIELD CAN BENEFIT 2462 01:31:53,282 --> 01:32:01,557 FAMILIES. 2463 01:32:01,557 --> 01:32:09,165 >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS IN THE 2464 01:32:09,165 --> 01:32:10,766 ROOM? 2465 01:32:10,766 --> 01:32:12,802 >> A QUESTION FOR DR. JEREMEY 2466 01:32:12,802 --> 01:32:14,971 LUK IT'S INTERESTING TO SEE THE 2467 01:32:14,971 --> 01:32:18,975 LATENT CLASS MODELS APPROACH TO 2468 01:32:18,975 --> 01:32:21,177 DIFFERENTIATE PARTICIPANTS AND 2469 01:32:21,177 --> 01:32:21,477 SITUATIONS. 2470 01:32:21,477 --> 01:32:23,012 WAS IT THAT ALMOST HALF OF THE 2471 01:32:23,012 --> 01:32:24,714 PEOPLE REPORTED HAVING VERY 2472 01:32:24,714 --> 01:32:27,383 LITTLE IMPACT OF COVID ON THEIR 2473 01:32:27,383 --> 01:32:27,683 LIVES? 2474 01:32:27,683 --> 01:32:29,785 AND NOT TO BE TOO FLIP BUT I 2475 01:32:29,785 --> 01:32:35,291 GUESS, WHO ARE THESE PEOPLE? 2476 01:32:35,291 --> 01:32:37,593 WHO IS THE 50% WHO SAID IT 2477 01:32:37,593 --> 01:32:39,395 DIDN'T HAVE A BIG IMPACT ON 2478 01:32:39,395 --> 01:32:40,696 THEIR LIVES? 2479 01:32:40,696 --> 01:32:41,797 >> SO THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 2480 01:32:41,797 --> 01:32:46,402 WHEN WE HAVE THESE LATENT PASSES 2481 01:32:46,402 --> 01:32:49,205 FROM THE ANALYSIS, WE SORT OF 2482 01:32:49,205 --> 01:32:50,906 IMPOSE THE LABELS ON TO THE 2483 01:32:50,906 --> 01:32:51,407 CLASSES. 2484 01:32:51,407 --> 01:32:57,313 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE ITEM 2485 01:32:57,313 --> 01:32:59,215 PROBABILITIES, THE CLASS WITH 2486 01:32:59,215 --> 01:33:03,819 MINIMAL COVID-RELATED IMPACT, 2487 01:33:03,819 --> 01:33:14,330 THEY DID REPORT SOME CHANGES I 2488 01:33:17,066 --> 01:33:19,402 THINK IT'S 52% BECAUSE NOT LIKE 2489 01:33:19,402 --> 01:33:23,439 THERE IS LIKE NO IMPACT AT ALL. 2490 01:33:23,439 --> 01:33:25,908 BUT IT WAS -- IT DIDN'T REALLY 2491 01:33:25,908 --> 01:33:27,109 AFFECT THEIR FINANCIAL SITUATION 2492 01:33:27,109 --> 01:33:28,911 AS MUCH. 2493 01:33:28,911 --> 01:33:31,714 LIKE WE THOUGHT MAYBE THEY HAVE 2494 01:33:31,714 --> 01:33:33,049 SOME SAVINGS, RIGHT? 2495 01:33:33,049 --> 01:33:34,917 ONE OF THE FINDINGS I THOUGHT IN 2496 01:33:34,917 --> 01:33:39,221 TERMS OF THE -- LOOKING AT THE 2497 01:33:39,221 --> 01:33:42,825 DIFFERENT GROUPS AND WHO WERE 2498 01:33:42,825 --> 01:33:43,826 BEING -- WHO WERE MEMBERS IN 2499 01:33:43,826 --> 01:33:45,027 DIFFERENT CLASSES. 2500 01:33:45,027 --> 01:33:51,300 ONE OF THOSE ABOUT THE INCOME I 2501 01:33:51,300 --> 01:33:52,735 THOUGHT WAS POWERFUL BECAUSE IT 2502 01:33:52,735 --> 01:33:59,842 WAS OVER 75K GROUP NOT EVEN ONE 2503 01:33:59,842 --> 01:34:01,177 PERSON THAT WAS CLASSIFIED IN 2504 01:34:01,177 --> 01:34:02,912 THE CLASS FOUR, WHICH IN 2505 01:34:02,912 --> 01:34:05,314 SUBSEQUENT ANALYSIS, THE CLASS 4 2506 01:34:05,314 --> 01:34:08,717 WAS THE CLASS THAT HAD MUCH MORE 2507 01:34:08,717 --> 01:34:11,687 ELEVATED OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF 2508 01:34:11,687 --> 01:34:14,323 MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID RELATED 2509 01:34:14,323 --> 01:34:15,925 OUTCOMES AND WORST QUALITY OF 2510 01:34:15,925 --> 01:34:16,125 LIFE. 2511 01:34:16,125 --> 01:34:17,526 SO PERHAPS INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY 2512 01:34:17,526 --> 01:34:20,963 HAVE A LOT OF -- WHO MAY HAVE A 2513 01:34:20,963 --> 01:34:23,833 LITTLE BIT MORE FINANCIAL 2514 01:34:23,833 --> 01:34:25,434 RESOURCES DURING COVID IT 2515 01:34:25,434 --> 01:34:27,636 AFFECTED THEM BUT NOT TO A 2516 01:34:27,636 --> 01:34:29,638 DEGREE THEY COULDN'T PAY FOR 2517 01:34:29,638 --> 01:34:30,840 THEIR RENT OR GAS. 2518 01:34:30,840 --> 01:34:40,049 THEY HAD SOME FINANCIAL BUFFER. 2519 01:34:40,049 --> 01:34:41,851 WE HAVE THESE ITEMS FROM THE CDC 2520 01:34:41,851 --> 01:34:45,855 AND WHAT DOES IT REALLY TELL US? 2521 01:34:45,855 --> 01:34:47,356 WHEN WE FIND DIFFERING CLASSES 2522 01:34:47,356 --> 01:34:49,358 AND ONE OF THOSE IS MINIMAL OF 2523 01:34:49,358 --> 01:34:51,961 LIKE NOT A LOT OF IMPACT. 2524 01:34:51,961 --> 01:34:53,929 IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN 2525 01:34:53,929 --> 01:34:56,465 THERE IS NO IMPACT AT ALL BUT 2526 01:34:56,465 --> 01:34:59,401 PERHAPS ITEMS WERE NOT CAPTURING 2527 01:34:59,401 --> 01:35:02,037 SOME OF THE WAYS THE PANDEMIC 2528 01:35:02,037 --> 01:35:10,045 WAS INFLUENCING THE INDIVIDUAL. 2529 01:35:10,045 --> 01:35:10,980 THANK YOU. 2530 01:35:10,980 --> 01:35:14,350 >> OUR FINAL QUESTION IS FOR 2531 01:35:14,350 --> 01:35:15,050 DR. ELYSE THULIN. 2532 01:35:15,050 --> 01:35:18,354 WHAT MAKES THE ONLINE SPACE SO 2533 01:35:18,354 --> 01:35:20,556 UNIQUE IN LITTLE ROLE IN 2534 01:35:20,556 --> 01:35:24,059 ADOLESCENCE VIOLENCE EXPOSURE? 2535 01:35:24,059 --> 01:35:25,661 >> SO, A LOT OF THE WORK THAT WE 2536 01:35:25,661 --> 01:35:31,667 HAVE SEEN IN THE VIOLENCE SPACE 2537 01:35:31,667 --> 01:35:33,669 WAS DURING A TIME WHEN THERE 2538 01:35:33,669 --> 01:35:35,271 WASN'T AN ONLINE SPACE. 2539 01:35:35,271 --> 01:35:37,973 SO YOU THINK ABOUT IT, TAKE A 2540 01:35:37,973 --> 01:35:39,275 PICTURE OF YOURSELF THAT WAS IN 2541 01:35:39,275 --> 01:35:41,277 SOME WAY EXPLICIT AND GAVE IT TO 2542 01:35:41,277 --> 01:35:42,444 YOUR PARTNER. 2543 01:35:42,444 --> 01:35:44,280 AND THEY SHOW IT TO SOME 2544 01:35:44,280 --> 01:35:44,513 FRIENDS. 2545 01:35:44,513 --> 01:35:45,581 THAT WOULD PROBABLY CAUSE 2546 01:35:45,581 --> 01:35:45,848 DISTRESS. 2547 01:35:45,848 --> 01:35:48,250 IN THEORY YOU COULD GET THAT 2548 01:35:48,250 --> 01:35:49,451 PHYSICAL PHOTO BACK AND DESTROY 2549 01:35:49,451 --> 01:35:50,052 IT. 2550 01:35:50,052 --> 01:35:51,620 BURN IT, SHRED IT, WHATEVER. 2551 01:35:51,620 --> 01:35:53,689 EACH BE IF THEY MADE PHYSICAL 2552 01:35:53,689 --> 01:35:55,291 COPIES, YOU COULD IN THEORY, 2553 01:35:55,291 --> 01:35:57,760 COLLECT EVERY COPY BACK. 2554 01:35:57,760 --> 01:35:59,061 THE ONLINE SPACE IS NOT LIKE 2555 01:35:59,061 --> 01:35:59,361 THAT. 2556 01:35:59,361 --> 01:36:02,865 NOT ONLY IS IT KIND OF -- IT IS 2557 01:36:02,865 --> 01:36:03,299 PERMANENT. 2558 01:36:03,299 --> 01:36:05,868 BUT YOU CAN SHARE INFORMATION AT 2559 01:36:05,868 --> 01:36:07,169 ANY TIME OF DAY. 2560 01:36:07,169 --> 01:36:12,274 THE MAJORITY OF YOUTH GET ON 2561 01:36:12,274 --> 01:36:20,583 LINE DURING 11 P.M.-6 A.M. 2562 01:36:20,583 --> 01:36:23,886 THEY CAN SHARE WITH 10S, 2563 01:36:23,886 --> 01:36:25,487 HUNDREDSES, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE 2564 01:36:25,487 --> 01:36:27,189 AND YOU CAN NEVER GET IT BACK. 2565 01:36:27,189 --> 01:36:27,990 IT'S OUT THERE. 2566 01:36:27,990 --> 01:36:29,992 AND SO THE REACH JUST IN TERMS 2567 01:36:29,992 --> 01:36:34,496 OF THE FREQUENCY OF WHAT CAN 2568 01:36:34,496 --> 01:36:34,730 ENGAGE. 2569 01:36:34,730 --> 01:36:38,367 YOU CAN SEND HUNDREDS OF 2570 01:36:38,367 --> 01:36:40,269 THOUSANDS OF TEXT BACK-AND-FORTH 2571 01:36:40,269 --> 01:36:41,670 IN A DAY. 2572 01:36:41,670 --> 01:36:46,976 YOU CAN BE RECEIVING 2573 01:36:46,976 --> 01:36:48,677 HARSYSTEMMENT CONSTANTLY. 2574 01:36:48,677 --> 01:36:52,181 YOU CAN BLOCK AN ACCOUNT AND 2575 01:36:52,181 --> 01:36:56,085 THEY'LL MAKE ANOTHER ACCOUNT. 2576 01:36:56,085 --> 01:36:58,988 OR YOU END UP TALKING TO SOMEONE 2577 01:36:58,988 --> 01:37:00,422 ELSE IN ANOTHER ACCOUNT. 2578 01:37:00,422 --> 01:37:01,991 THE ONLINE SPACE IS UNIQUE AND 2579 01:37:01,991 --> 01:37:03,592 DIFFERENT FROM IN-PERSON SPACE 2580 01:37:03,592 --> 01:37:05,894 THAT IS WE STUDIED TRADITIONALLY 2581 01:37:05,894 --> 01:37:07,162 IN VIOLENCE RESEARCH. 2582 01:37:07,162 --> 01:37:08,430 AND SO THEY ARE REALLY IMPORTANT 2583 01:37:08,430 --> 01:37:10,199 AND INCREDIBLY UBIQUITOUS. 2584 01:37:10,199 --> 01:37:12,401 I ALSO WANT TO SAY, WE DID THIS 2585 01:37:12,401 --> 01:37:13,502 RESEARCH BEFORE LARGE LANGUAGE 2586 01:37:13,502 --> 01:37:16,605 MODELS WERE REALLY MORE 2587 01:37:16,605 --> 01:37:16,905 MAINSTREAM. 2588 01:37:16,905 --> 01:37:19,408 THEY ARE UNDERPINNING A LOT OF 2589 01:37:19,408 --> 01:37:23,212 THE AI TOOLS THAT ARE ACTIVELY 2590 01:37:23,212 --> 01:37:26,482 USING SO LIKE CHAT GBT, IMAGE 2591 01:37:26,482 --> 01:37:28,217 GENERATION, WE KNOW THAT THERE 2592 01:37:28,217 --> 01:37:30,286 ARE THINGS LIKE DEEP FAKES. 2593 01:37:30,286 --> 01:37:32,621 THAT IS A WHOLE NEW AREA WHERE 2594 01:37:32,621 --> 01:37:35,724 YOU CAN START TO NOW CREATE 2595 01:37:35,724 --> 01:37:41,096 IMAGES, VIDEOS, TEXTS USING AI 2596 01:37:41,096 --> 01:37:42,731 THAT LOOKS VERY REAL THAT'S NOT 2597 01:37:42,731 --> 01:37:44,900 BASED ON AN ACTUAL IMAGE OR 2598 01:37:44,900 --> 01:37:45,601 THINGS SAID. 2599 01:37:45,601 --> 01:37:47,202 AND WE SEE THIS PLAY OUT IN A 2600 01:37:47,202 --> 01:37:48,203 LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS. 2601 01:37:48,203 --> 01:37:49,705 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT VIOLENCE, 2602 01:37:49,705 --> 01:37:51,307 IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND AND 2603 01:37:51,307 --> 01:37:52,608 CAPTURE AND GOING BACK TO THE 2604 01:37:52,608 --> 01:37:54,009 QUESTION ABOUT WHAT DO WE DO 2605 01:37:54,009 --> 01:37:55,110 ABOUT IT? 2606 01:37:55,110 --> 01:37:57,313 WE ADDRESS IT FROM MULTIPLE 2607 01:37:57,313 --> 01:37:57,713 LEVELS. 2608 01:37:57,713 --> 01:37:59,214 WE WORK WITH YOUTH AND PARENTS 2609 01:37:59,214 --> 01:38:00,115 AND EDUCATORS. 2610 01:38:00,115 --> 01:38:01,617 WE WORK WITH ADULTS TRAINING 2611 01:38:01,617 --> 01:38:03,819 THEM TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THESE 2612 01:38:03,819 --> 01:38:05,120 SPACES BECAUSE WE DIDN'T GROW UP 2613 01:38:05,120 --> 01:38:05,954 WITH THESE SPACES. 2614 01:38:05,954 --> 01:38:07,323 THEY ARE NEW TO US AS WELL. 2615 01:38:07,323 --> 01:38:09,525 SO I THINK A LOT OF ADULTS FEEL 2616 01:38:09,525 --> 01:38:10,926 UNDER PREPARED FOR HOW TO DEAL 2617 01:38:10,926 --> 01:38:18,534 WITH THAT AND THEY ALSO NEED 2618 01:38:18,534 --> 01:38:18,801 EDUCATION. 2619 01:38:18,801 --> 01:38:21,003 >> I WANT TO FOLLOW-UP ON THAT. 2620 01:38:21,003 --> 01:38:25,007 IS THERE AN EFFORT TO ALSO 2621 01:38:25,007 --> 01:38:26,108 INFORM LAW ENFORCEMENT? 2622 01:38:26,108 --> 01:38:27,810 BECAUSE I THINK SOMETIMES LAW 2623 01:38:27,810 --> 01:38:29,812 ENFORCEMENT MIGHT NOT THINK THAT 2624 01:38:29,812 --> 01:38:31,647 CYBERSTALKING OR CYBERBULLYING 2625 01:38:31,647 --> 01:38:36,218 IS AS BIG A DEAL AS SOMEBODY WHO 2626 01:38:36,218 --> 01:38:38,654 LEAVES PRESENTS AT YOUR HOUSE OR 2627 01:38:38,654 --> 01:38:39,421 HOWEVER PEOPLE STALK. 2628 01:38:39,421 --> 01:38:41,423 I'M CURIOUS ABOUT THAT. 2629 01:38:41,423 --> 01:38:43,525 >> YES, SO I THINK IT DEPENDS ON 2630 01:38:43,525 --> 01:38:44,727 WHICH LAW ENFORCEMENT YOU'RE 2631 01:38:44,727 --> 01:38:45,527 TALKING ABOUT. 2632 01:38:45,527 --> 01:38:46,829 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PROBABLY 2633 01:38:46,829 --> 01:38:49,431 HAS SOME OF THE MORE ROBUST 2634 01:38:49,431 --> 01:38:51,066 DEFINITIONS AT THIS POINT. 2635 01:38:51,066 --> 01:38:52,901 AND THEN STATE-BY-STATE AND 2636 01:38:52,901 --> 01:38:54,303 COUNTY BY COUNTY IT CAN VARY. 2637 01:38:54,303 --> 01:38:56,004 ONE THING I WILL SAY, THROUGH 2638 01:38:56,004 --> 01:38:58,040 THE OTHER WORK I DO IS 2639 01:38:58,040 --> 01:38:59,341 AUTONOMOUS REPORTING SYSTEMS. 2640 01:38:59,341 --> 01:39:00,976 THIS IS WHERE YOUTH CAN SUBMIT 2641 01:39:00,976 --> 01:39:02,544 INFORMATION ABOUT CONCERNING 2642 01:39:02,544 --> 01:39:05,247 BEHAVIOR IN THEIR COMMUNITY AND 2643 01:39:05,247 --> 01:39:08,050 SCHOOL TO THIS ANONYMOUS 2644 01:39:08,050 --> 01:39:08,851 CONFIDENTIAL SYSTEM. 2645 01:39:08,851 --> 01:39:09,952 THAT'S THE GENERAL PREMISE. 2646 01:39:09,952 --> 01:39:13,422 A LOT IS BASED ON SOCIAL MEDIA. 2647 01:39:13,422 --> 01:39:15,023 AND SO I THINK THESE RECEIPTS 2648 01:39:15,023 --> 01:39:16,525 ARE STARTING TO GET TO LAW 2649 01:39:16,525 --> 01:39:17,559 ENFORCEMENT MORE DIRECTLY 2650 01:39:17,559 --> 01:39:21,764 THROUGH THOSE TYPES OF REPORTING 2651 01:39:21,764 --> 01:39:27,636 MECHANISMS. 2652 01:39:27,636 --> 01:39:30,939 I THINK AS WE SEE VERY, VERY SAD 2653 01:39:30,939 --> 01:39:32,174 BUT ALSO VERY POWERFUL EXAMPLES 2654 01:39:32,174 --> 01:39:34,042 OF HOW THESE THINGS PLAY OUT, 2655 01:39:34,042 --> 01:39:36,545 IT'S EASIER TO HAVE THOSE 2656 01:39:36,545 --> 01:39:38,347 STORIES, HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT 2657 01:39:38,347 --> 01:39:39,748 AND INFLUENCE OUR LAW 2658 01:39:39,748 --> 01:39:41,550 ENFORCEMENT BUT I DON'T KNOW YET 2659 01:39:41,550 --> 01:39:43,852 OF LIKE NATIONAL TRAININGS FOR 2660 01:39:43,852 --> 01:39:46,855 ALL LAW ENFORCEMENT ON LIKE 2661 01:39:46,855 --> 01:39:57,232 CYBERSEXUAL STALKING. 2662 01:39:58,634 --> 01:40:00,569 >> I DON'T THINK WE HAVE ANY -- 2663 01:40:00,569 --> 01:40:01,937 LAST CHANCE FOR QUESTIONS. 2664 01:40:01,937 --> 01:40:03,772 SO, I WANT TO THANK AGAIN ALL OF 2665 01:40:03,772 --> 01:40:07,242 OUR ESI HONOREES FOR TRAVELING 2666 01:40:07,242 --> 01:40:11,180 HERE TO DC AND GIVING YOUR TALK 2667 01:40:11,180 --> 01:40:13,949 THROUGH SOME DIFFICULT TIMES FOR 2668 01:40:13,949 --> 01:40:15,617 SOME OF YOU. 2669 01:40:15,617 --> 01:40:17,352 AND WE REALLY APPRECIATE ALL OF 2670 01:40:17,352 --> 01:40:18,754 THESE REALLY INTERESTING TALKS 2671 01:40:18,754 --> 01:40:21,056 TODAY SO LET'S GIVE THEM ONE 2672 01:40:21,056 --> 01:40:26,862 MORE ROUND OF APPLAUSE. 2673 01:40:26,862 --> 01:40:28,464 [ APPLAUSE ] 2674 01:40:28,464 --> 01:40:29,765 AND WE ARE FINISHING ABOUT 10 2675 01:40:29,765 --> 01:40:31,500 MINUTES EARLY SO WE ARE GOING TO 2676 01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:34,703 GO ON BREAK AND WE ARE GOING TO 2677 01:40:34,703 --> 01:40:38,607 RECONVENE AT 2:50. 2678 01:40:38,607 --> 01:40:42,277 SO -- SORRY, 3:50. 2679 01:40:42,277 --> 01:40:47,216 I'M LOOKING AT THIS THING RIGHT 2680 01:40:47,216 --> 01:40:47,416 HERE. 2681 01:40:47,416 --> 01:40:48,250 IN 10 MINUTES. 2682 01:40:48,250 --> 01:40:50,953 AND WE WILL RECONVENE WITH OUR 2683 01:40:50,953 --> 01:40:53,388 DISTINGUISHED LECTURER. 2684 01:40:53,388 --> 01:40:54,923 SO WE ARE TAKING A BREAK. 2685 01:40:54,923 --> 01:40:57,579 THANK YOU. 2686 01:40:57,579 --> 01:40:59,881 >> WELCOME BECOME, I'M ERICA 2687 01:40:59,881 --> 01:41:02,984 SPOTTS OF OBSSR AND THE CHAIR OF 2688 01:41:02,984 --> 01:41:05,186 THE THIS SELECTION COMMITTEE. 2689 01:41:05,186 --> 01:41:08,757 WELCOME TO THE 17th MA TILDE 2690 01:41:08,757 --> 01:41:09,891 WHITE RILEY DISTINGUISHED 2691 01:41:09,891 --> 01:41:10,125 LECTURE. 2692 01:41:10,125 --> 01:41:12,560 THE RECIPIENT OF THIS AWARD HAS 2693 01:41:12,560 --> 01:41:15,196 A RESEARCH CAREER THAT ADVANCED 2694 01:41:15,196 --> 01:41:16,097 BEHAVIOR AND SCIENTIFIC 2695 01:41:16,097 --> 01:41:19,567 KNOWLEDGE IN AREAS WITH THE NIH 2696 01:41:19,567 --> 01:41:20,268 MISSION. 2697 01:41:20,268 --> 01:41:22,103 ALSO FOLLOWS DR. WHITE RYLE'S'S 2698 01:41:22,103 --> 01:41:23,405 VISION THROUGH EXPANDED 2699 01:41:23,405 --> 01:41:24,672 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF HEALTH AND 2700 01:41:24,672 --> 01:41:25,473 WELL-BEING THAT INCLUDES 2701 01:41:25,473 --> 01:41:27,008 COGNITIVE EFFECTIVE AND SOCIAL 2702 01:41:27,008 --> 01:41:29,077 FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY OF LIFE, 2703 01:41:29,077 --> 01:41:30,912 BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2704 01:41:30,912 --> 01:41:32,180 RESEARCH RESULTS THAT IMPROVE 2705 01:41:32,180 --> 01:41:37,685 THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN SOCIETY. 2706 01:41:37,685 --> 01:41:38,286 ILLUMINATING THE AIRPORT PLAY 2707 01:41:38,286 --> 01:41:42,123 AMONG PROCESSES AT MULTIHELL 2708 01:41:42,123 --> 01:41:42,991 LEVELS, INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND 2709 01:41:42,991 --> 01:41:44,592 BEHAVIORAL FACTORS IF PHYSICAL 2710 01:41:44,592 --> 01:41:45,794 HEALTH AND THE UTILITY OF 2711 01:41:45,794 --> 01:41:47,495 KNOWLEDGE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE 2712 01:41:47,495 --> 01:41:49,998 AND HEALTH POLICY, LIFE COURSE 2713 01:41:49,998 --> 01:41:51,099 PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT, 2714 01:41:51,099 --> 01:41:52,600 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF 2715 01:41:52,600 --> 01:42:03,278 INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETIES AN ANDE 2716 01:42:04,879 --> 01:42:09,484 RECIPIENT IS SELECTED BY THE 2717 01:42:09,484 --> 01:42:12,587 COMMITTEE. 2718 01:42:12,587 --> 01:42:14,222 THIS COMMITTEE VOLUNTEERS THEIR 2719 01:42:14,222 --> 01:42:15,623 TIME AND EFFORT TO READING ALL 2720 01:42:15,623 --> 01:42:16,991 THE NOMINATIONS AND THEN 2721 01:42:16,991 --> 01:42:18,693 SELECTING ONE FROM AMONG MANY 2722 01:42:18,693 --> 01:42:19,494 DESERVING NOMINEES. 2723 01:42:19,494 --> 01:42:21,296 I'D LIKE TO THANK THIS YEAR'S 2724 01:42:21,296 --> 01:42:22,497 COMMITTEE FOR THEIR SERVICE. 2725 01:42:22,497 --> 01:42:23,998 WE WILL GIVE THEM A QUICK ROUND 2726 01:42:23,998 --> 01:42:27,068 OF APPLAUSE. 2727 01:42:27,068 --> 01:42:27,735 [ APPLAUSE ] 2728 01:42:27,735 --> 01:42:30,238 AND NOW IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE 2729 01:42:30,238 --> 01:42:35,343 I PRESENT THIS MATILDA WHITE 2730 01:42:35,343 --> 01:42:37,912 RILEY NOMINATION, BERNICE 2731 01:42:37,912 --> 01:42:38,847 PESCOSOLIDO FROM INDIANA 2732 01:42:38,847 --> 01:42:40,482 UNIVERSITY AND FAMILY DIRECTOR 2733 01:42:40,482 --> 01:42:43,451 FOR THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 2734 01:42:43,451 --> 01:42:43,718 RESEARCH. 2735 01:42:43,718 --> 01:42:46,020 THE NEW INSTITUTE THAT TARGETS 2736 01:42:46,020 --> 01:42:47,522 RESEARCH AND SOCIOMEDICAL 2737 01:42:47,522 --> 01:42:47,789 SCIENCES. 2738 01:42:47,789 --> 01:42:49,557 SHE IS AN ELECTED MEMBER OF THE 2739 01:42:49,557 --> 01:42:50,992 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND 2740 01:42:50,992 --> 01:42:53,328 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2741 01:42:53,328 --> 01:42:55,296 TRAINED AS A MEDICAL SOCIOLOGIST 2742 01:42:55,296 --> 01:42:57,732 HER RESEARCH FOCUSES ON HOW 2743 01:42:57,732 --> 01:42:59,334 SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CULTURE 2744 01:42:59,334 --> 01:43:00,702 PROVIDE INSIGHTS IN HEALTH, 2745 01:43:00,702 --> 01:43:02,804 ILLNESS AND HEALING PHENOMENA 2746 01:43:02,804 --> 01:43:05,240 AND MORE SPECIFICALLY ON STIGMA, 2747 01:43:05,240 --> 01:43:06,875 SUICIDE, HEALTH CARE USE AND 2748 01:43:06,875 --> 01:43:09,210 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS. 2749 01:43:09,210 --> 01:43:10,345 HER CONCERNS SPAN LOCAL, 2750 01:43:10,345 --> 01:43:13,715 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 2751 01:43:13,715 --> 01:43:16,484 QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS TARGETING 2752 01:43:16,484 --> 01:43:17,619 MENTAL ILLNESS. 2753 01:43:17,619 --> 01:43:21,222 A Q&A SESSION WILL FOLLOW THE 2754 01:43:21,222 --> 01:43:22,223 PRESENTATION. 2755 01:43:22,223 --> 01:43:23,625 WE WELCOME QUESTIONS FROM BOTH 2756 01:43:23,625 --> 01:43:28,730 VIRTUAL AND IN-PERSON ATTENDEES. 2757 01:43:28,730 --> 01:43:31,633 AND THEN TECHNICAL SUPPORTS 2758 01:43:31,633 --> 01:43:38,106 SLIDE WILL BE UP AFTER THE TALK 2759 01:43:38,106 --> 01:43:47,916 OR MAYBE I CAN MAKE IT HAPPEN? 2760 01:43:47,916 --> 01:43:58,226 ONE MOMENT PLEASE. 2761 01:44:03,598 --> 01:44:07,335 WE HAVE A BRIEF TECHNICAL 2762 01:44:07,335 --> 01:44:17,545 DIFFICULTY. 2763 01:44:43,037 --> 01:44:53,448 >> TECHNOLOGY HAS ITS FLIPS. 2764 01:44:54,048 --> 01:44:55,350 >> SORRY ABOUT THAT. 2765 01:44:55,350 --> 01:44:57,151 VIRTUAL ATTENDEES MAY SUBMIT A 2766 01:44:57,151 --> 01:44:58,920 QUESTION AT ANY TIME. 2767 01:44:58,920 --> 01:45:07,362 TO SUBMIT A QUESTION -- WE WILL 2768 01:45:07,362 --> 01:45:08,997 RECEIVE IN REALTIME. 2769 01:45:08,997 --> 01:45:11,232 WE WILL ALTERNATE IN-PERSON WITH 2770 01:45:11,232 --> 01:45:12,734 VIRTUAL QUESTIONS. 2771 01:45:12,734 --> 01:45:15,336 I'M HAPPY NOW TO ASK DR. BERNICE 2772 01:45:15,336 --> 01:45:23,211 PESCOSOLIDO TO RECEIVE HER AWA 2773 01:45:23,211 --> 01:45:26,748 AWARD. 2774 01:45:26,748 --> 01:45:28,349 RATHER THAN TAKE UP PRECIOUS 2775 01:45:28,349 --> 01:45:30,151 TIME, I WILL TURP THE STAGE OVER 2776 01:45:30,151 --> 01:45:31,853 TO DR. BERNICE PESCOSOLIDO TO 2777 01:45:31,853 --> 01:45:33,688 BEGIN HER PRESENTATION. 2778 01:45:33,688 --> 01:45:34,355 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2779 01:45:34,355 --> 01:45:35,056 >> THANK YOU. 2780 01:45:35,056 --> 01:45:36,758 AND I WANT TO THANK THE IT GUY 2781 01:45:36,758 --> 01:45:39,227 BECAUSE I'M NOT LIKE THE YOUNGER 2782 01:45:39,227 --> 01:45:39,527 GENERATION. 2783 01:45:39,527 --> 01:45:40,928 IF THESE SLIDES HADN'T COME UP, 2784 01:45:40,928 --> 01:45:47,135 I WOULD HAVE GONE HOME. 2785 01:45:47,135 --> 01:45:48,836 30 YEARS AGO, I WAS SMART ENOUGH 2786 01:45:48,836 --> 01:45:51,673 TO BIRTH A CHILD TWO GREW UP TO 2787 01:45:51,673 --> 01:45:53,041 BE AN IT GUY. 2788 01:45:53,041 --> 01:45:54,942 JOE, I KNOW YOU'RE LISTENING. 2789 01:45:54,942 --> 01:45:56,077 THANK YOU, I SHOULD HAVE BROUGHT 2790 01:45:56,077 --> 01:46:00,048 YOU WITH ME. 2791 01:46:00,048 --> 01:46:01,749 MATILDA WHITE RILEY WAS A REG 2792 01:46:01,749 --> 01:46:03,051 END EVEN WHEN I WAS IN GRADUATE 2793 01:46:03,051 --> 01:46:03,284 SCHOOL. 2794 01:46:03,284 --> 01:46:05,820 I NEVER REALLY GOT THE 2795 01:46:05,820 --> 01:46:06,854 OPPORTUNITIED TO KNOW HER WELL. 2796 01:46:06,854 --> 01:46:11,259 BUT SHE WAS A FOUNDER OF TWO 2797 01:46:11,259 --> 01:46:17,065 IMPORTANT PARTS OF SOCIOLOGY. 2798 01:46:17,065 --> 01:46:19,067 I MUST SAY BASED ON MY OWN 2799 01:46:19,067 --> 01:46:20,168 IGNORANCE, I HEARD ABOUT THIS 2800 01:46:20,168 --> 01:46:22,437 AWARD BUT I NEVER REALLY THOUGHT 2801 01:46:22,437 --> 01:46:25,073 ABOUT IT MUCH BECAUSE I ASSUMED 2802 01:46:25,073 --> 01:46:26,974 IT WAS IN AGING, WHICH WAS OF 2803 01:46:26,974 --> 01:46:29,177 COURSE MATILDA'S -- WHERE SHE 2804 01:46:29,177 --> 01:46:33,281 PAVED THE ROAD FOR EVERYBODY 2805 01:46:33,281 --> 01:46:33,481 ELSE. 2806 01:46:33,481 --> 01:46:35,183 SHE ALSO PAVED THE ROAD IN THE 2807 01:46:35,183 --> 01:46:38,286 IDEA OF LOOKING BEYOND THE 2808 01:46:38,286 --> 01:46:40,088 PERSON, BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL, 2809 01:46:40,088 --> 01:46:41,456 OUTSIDE OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO THE 2810 01:46:41,456 --> 01:46:43,157 THINGS THAT WOULD AFFECT THEIR 2811 01:46:43,157 --> 01:46:44,759 HEALTH AND HOW THEY UNDERSTOOD 2812 01:46:44,759 --> 01:46:46,761 WHAT WAS HAPPENING TO THEIR BODY 2813 01:46:46,761 --> 01:46:48,363 AND THEIR MIND. 2814 01:46:48,363 --> 01:46:49,397 SO, THAT WAS ONE OF THE REASONS 2815 01:46:49,397 --> 01:46:51,299 I NEVER REALLY KNEW MUCH ABOUT 2816 01:46:51,299 --> 01:46:52,867 THIS AWARD BECAUSE I ASSUMED IT 2817 01:46:52,867 --> 01:46:54,969 WAS AN AWARD FOR AGING RESEARCH, 2818 01:46:54,969 --> 01:46:56,671 WHICH IS NOT WHAT I DO. 2819 01:46:56,671 --> 01:46:58,439 SO I DECIDED THAT ONE OF THE 2820 01:46:58,439 --> 01:47:01,175 THINGS I NEEDED TO DO WHEN I GOT 2821 01:47:01,175 --> 01:47:03,077 THIS INCREDIBLE LETTER WAS TO 2822 01:47:03,077 --> 01:47:05,279 SORT OF DIG DOWN AND SEE WHO GOT 2823 01:47:05,279 --> 01:47:08,282 THIS AWARD IN THE PAST? 2824 01:47:08,282 --> 01:47:11,085 AND IT WAS AMAZING. 2825 01:47:11,085 --> 01:47:13,988 THE FIRST INAUGURAL AWARD WENT 2826 01:47:13,988 --> 01:47:15,289 TO DAVID Mc. 2827 01:47:15,289 --> 01:47:17,592 SOON AFTER THAT IT WENT TO JOHN 2828 01:47:17,592 --> 01:47:17,892 McKINLEY. 2829 01:47:17,892 --> 01:47:20,194 BOTH OF THOSE PEOPLE, NOT MY 2830 01:47:20,194 --> 01:47:23,364 FORMAL MENTORS, WERE INCREDIBLY 2831 01:47:23,364 --> 01:47:24,098 INFLUENTIAL IN MY CAREER. 2832 01:47:24,098 --> 01:47:26,100 I WANT TO THANK THEM FOR THAT. 2833 01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:28,669 YOU GO A LITTLE LATER AND OUR 2834 01:47:28,669 --> 01:47:30,004 SCIENTISTS IN OUR SISTER 2835 01:47:30,004 --> 01:47:31,272 DISCIPLINES OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2836 01:47:31,272 --> 01:47:33,708 PEOPLE LIKE TERRI MOFFITT, AND 2837 01:47:33,708 --> 01:47:38,112 AN TONANT MOVIE. 2838 01:47:38,112 --> 01:47:40,481 MOST PEOPLE KNOW HIS SOCIAL 2839 01:47:40,481 --> 01:47:41,516 CONVOY MODEL. 2840 01:47:41,516 --> 01:47:44,085 WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW IS HER 2841 01:47:44,085 --> 01:47:44,886 GENEROSITY AND WILLINGNESS TO 2842 01:47:44,886 --> 01:47:46,687 MEET WITH SOMEBODY, ME, WHEN WE 2843 01:47:46,687 --> 01:47:48,089 WERE DOING THE FIRST NATIONAL 2844 01:47:48,089 --> 01:47:50,291 STIGMA STUDY AND I KNEW THAT 2845 01:47:50,291 --> 01:47:52,193 THERE HAD BEEN A STIGMA STUDY -- 2846 01:47:52,193 --> 01:47:55,396 IT WASN'T EXACTLY A STIGMA STUDY 2847 01:47:55,396 --> 01:47:56,497 BUT IT WAS CALLED AMERICANS VIEW 2848 01:47:56,497 --> 01:47:57,198 THEIR MENTAL HEALTH. 2849 01:47:57,198 --> 01:48:00,368 IT WAS COMMISSIONED BY THE JOINT 2850 01:48:00,368 --> 01:48:02,804 COMMISSION OF CONGRESS IN 1949. 2851 01:48:02,804 --> 01:48:11,546 AND I CALLED TONY OUT OF THE 2852 01:48:11,546 --> 01:48:16,017 BLUE FOR MATERIALS, INCLUDING 2853 01:48:16,017 --> 01:48:16,884 INTERVIEW SCHEDULES AND NOT 2854 01:48:16,884 --> 01:48:19,520 KNOWING ME AT ALL, WE DROVE 2855 01:48:19,520 --> 01:48:22,023 THERE AND TONY REALLY WAS AN 2856 01:48:22,023 --> 01:48:23,124 INCREDIBLY GENEROUS PERSON. 2857 01:48:23,124 --> 01:48:26,127 AND THEN FINALLY, MORE OF MY 2858 01:48:26,127 --> 01:48:27,228 CONTEMPORARY, ONE OF MY 2859 01:48:27,228 --> 01:48:28,896 COLLEAGUES, DAVID WILLIAMS. 2860 01:48:28,896 --> 01:48:30,531 STOW LOOKING AT THE LIST, I'M SO 2861 01:48:30,531 --> 01:48:33,835 DEEPLY HONORED TO BE PART OF 2862 01:48:33,835 --> 01:48:36,103 THIS GROUP. 2863 01:48:36,103 --> 01:48:37,805 I WANT TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT 2864 01:48:37,805 --> 01:48:40,408 OBSS ARE: I WILL NEVER BE A 2865 01:48:40,408 --> 01:48:42,210 HISTORIAN, NOT VERY GOOD WITH 2866 01:48:42,210 --> 01:48:44,612 DATES AND THINGS, BUT FROM MY 2867 01:48:44,612 --> 01:48:47,415 OWN PERSONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF 2868 01:48:47,415 --> 01:48:50,017 THE TIME, I DON'T KNOW IF PEOPLE 2869 01:48:50,017 --> 01:48:51,819 UNDERSTAND HOW IMPORTANT OBSRR 2870 01:48:51,819 --> 01:48:53,721 WAS TO US. 2871 01:48:53,721 --> 01:48:56,824 BECAUSE AT THAT TIME, THE 2872 01:48:56,824 --> 01:48:57,692 SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL LAB THAT HAD 2873 01:48:57,692 --> 01:49:00,828 BEEN AT NIMH WAS DISSOLVING 2874 01:49:00,828 --> 01:49:02,129 BEFORE THAT. 2875 01:49:02,129 --> 01:49:06,534 AND THAT THE TRADITIONAL VERY 2876 01:49:06,534 --> 01:49:09,036 BROAD TRAINING PROGRAMS IN 2877 01:49:09,036 --> 01:49:10,338 THINGS LIKE MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY 2878 01:49:10,338 --> 01:49:13,007 WERE ALSO GOING BY THE WAYSIDE 2879 01:49:13,007 --> 01:49:17,044 BEING REPLACED BY A VERY -- MUCH 2880 01:49:17,044 --> 01:49:19,247 MORE NARROW VIEW OF WHAT SOME OF 2881 01:49:19,247 --> 01:49:22,650 THE NIH DID AND FOR NIMH, IT WAS 2882 01:49:22,650 --> 01:49:24,619 SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL 2883 01:49:24,619 --> 01:49:26,020 ILLNESS, WHICH IS NOT WHAT MANY 2884 01:49:26,020 --> 01:49:27,955 OF US IN MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY WERE 2885 01:49:27,955 --> 01:49:29,257 DOING AT THE TIME. 2886 01:49:29,257 --> 01:49:32,126 AND SO, THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS 2887 01:49:32,126 --> 01:49:34,428 MOVE BACK AT THAT POINT TO 2888 01:49:34,428 --> 01:49:36,631 LOOKING AT PSYCHIATRIC 2889 01:49:36,631 --> 01:49:37,131 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS. 2890 01:49:37,131 --> 01:49:39,667 AND A LOT OF US WONDERED WHETHER 2891 01:49:39,667 --> 01:49:41,736 THERE WAS ANY PLACE FOR US IN 2892 01:49:41,736 --> 01:49:42,537 THE NIH. 2893 01:49:42,537 --> 01:49:44,405 ABOUT THAT TIME, AND IT WAS 2894 01:49:44,405 --> 01:49:48,643 ABOUT 10 YEARS INTO MY CAREER, 2895 01:49:48,643 --> 01:49:50,645 OBSSR WAS FOUNDED AND IT MADE US 2896 01:49:50,645 --> 01:49:52,847 FEEL LIKE WE HAD A HOME. 2897 01:49:52,847 --> 01:49:55,650 AND I JUST WANT TO THANK THE 2898 01:49:55,650 --> 01:49:57,251 PEOPLE WHO FOUNDED IT AND THE 2899 01:49:57,251 --> 01:49:59,754 PEOPLE WHO KEEP IT ALIVE AND THE 2900 01:49:59,754 --> 01:50:02,089 PEOPLE WHO KEEP IT SO VIBRANT 2901 01:50:02,089 --> 01:50:04,258 FOR ALLOWING US TO BRING OUR 2902 01:50:04,258 --> 01:50:07,328 EXPERTISE, WE HOPE, TO HELP THE 2903 01:50:07,328 --> 01:50:09,864 HEALTH OF THIS NATION. 2904 01:50:09,864 --> 01:50:12,767 SO, BEFORE I GO DOWN A DEEP 2905 01:50:12,767 --> 01:50:14,969 RABBIT HOLE ON ISSUES OF SOCIAL 2906 01:50:14,969 --> 01:50:16,137 NETWORKS, WHICH IS MY AREA, I 2907 01:50:16,137 --> 01:50:19,540 DID WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT 2908 01:50:19,540 --> 01:50:21,742 ABOUT HUMAN INTERACTION AND THE 2909 01:50:21,742 --> 01:50:24,745 FOCUS ON THAT BECAUSE IT HAS A 2910 01:50:24,745 --> 01:50:27,848 VERY TWISTED HISTORY OF STARTS 2911 01:50:27,848 --> 01:50:30,284 AND STOPS AND THERE HAVE BEEN 2912 01:50:30,284 --> 01:50:31,285 CONTRIBUTIONS AND PROGRESS BUT 2913 01:50:31,285 --> 01:50:33,955 THERE HAVE ALSO BEEN CHALLENGES. 2914 01:50:33,955 --> 01:50:34,956 SO, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 2915 01:50:34,956 --> 01:50:38,859 KNOW IS THAT THIS IS A VERY 2916 01:50:38,859 --> 01:50:41,562 ANCIENT IDEA THAT BACK IN THE 2917 01:50:41,562 --> 01:50:43,598 ROMAN EMPIRE THAT ONE OF THE 2918 01:50:43,598 --> 01:50:45,566 MORAL PHILOSOPHERS SAID THAT THE 2919 01:50:45,566 --> 01:50:47,301 THING THAT HELPS PEOPLE BE 2920 01:50:47,301 --> 01:50:49,937 HEALTHY OR GET BETTER IS THE 2921 01:50:49,937 --> 01:50:52,473 AFFECTION OF HIS FRIENDS. 2922 01:50:52,473 --> 01:50:54,075 AND THIS HAS BEEN A COMMON THEME 2923 01:50:54,075 --> 01:50:55,943 THROUGHOUT THE EARLY HISTORY, 2924 01:50:55,943 --> 01:50:58,079 EARLY MEDICAL AND HEALTH HISTORY 2925 01:50:58,079 --> 01:51:00,281 OF POPULATIONS. 2926 01:51:00,281 --> 01:51:02,950 BUT WHEN WE CAME DOWN TO THE 2927 01:51:02,950 --> 01:51:05,086 RISE OF SCIENTIFIC, WESTERN, 2928 01:51:05,086 --> 01:51:06,253 ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE, THERE WERE 2929 01:51:06,253 --> 01:51:07,955 TWO POSSIBLE WAYS THAT WE COULD 2930 01:51:07,955 --> 01:51:11,158 GO AND THERE WAS THIS BATTLE FOR 2931 01:51:11,158 --> 01:51:16,664 MEDICAL DOMINANCE. 2932 01:51:16,664 --> 01:51:18,065 ABOUT HOW MEDICINE IS 2933 01:51:18,065 --> 01:51:19,133 ESSENTIALLY A SOCIAL SCIENCE AND 2934 01:51:19,133 --> 01:51:21,969 ON THE OTHER SIDE, YOU HAVE 2935 01:51:21,969 --> 01:51:24,438 LOUIE PASTURE TALKING ABOUT 2936 01:51:24,438 --> 01:51:25,239 ANTHRAX, AND GERM THEORY. 2937 01:51:25,239 --> 01:51:27,308 WE KNOW WHO WON THAT BATTLE, 2938 01:51:27,308 --> 01:51:27,508 RIGHT? 2939 01:51:27,508 --> 01:51:30,277 IT WAS NOT THE SOCIAL 2940 01:51:30,277 --> 01:51:31,078 PHYSICIANS. 2941 01:51:31,078 --> 01:51:33,314 BUT, THERE WAS ALWAYS A STALWART 2942 01:51:33,314 --> 01:51:34,882 GROUP OF SOCIAL PHYSICIANS AND 2943 01:51:34,882 --> 01:51:37,284 THEN JOINED LATER BY PUBLIC 2944 01:51:37,284 --> 01:51:39,086 HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGISTS THAT KEPT 2945 01:51:39,086 --> 01:51:40,888 THAT ALIVE. 2946 01:51:40,888 --> 01:51:42,890 AND SO, I THINK NOW AT THIS 2947 01:51:42,890 --> 01:51:46,360 POINT IN TIME, IT'S UNDISPUTED 2948 01:51:46,360 --> 01:51:49,096 THAT WE UNDERSTAND THAT WE CAN 2949 01:51:49,096 --> 01:51:50,598 TALK BOTH ABOUT OF HEALTH AND 2950 01:51:50,598 --> 01:51:52,299 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS AND HEALING 2951 01:51:52,299 --> 01:51:54,902 BEING AFFECTED BOTH BY FORCES 2952 01:51:54,902 --> 01:51:56,704 INSIDE THE BODY BUT ALSO BY 2953 01:51:56,704 --> 01:51:58,305 FORCES OUTSIDE OF THE BODY. 2954 01:51:58,305 --> 01:52:00,875 BUT THERE IS THIS CONTINUED 2955 01:52:00,875 --> 01:52:03,511 TENSION ABOUT WHERE WE SHOULD 2956 01:52:03,511 --> 01:52:03,711 FOCUS. 2957 01:52:03,711 --> 01:52:07,815 I TOOK A QUICK LOOK AT THE NIH 2958 01:52:07,815 --> 01:52:10,284 ROSTER OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 2959 01:52:10,284 --> 01:52:12,687 AND I THINK THE PROMINENCE OF -- 2960 01:52:12,687 --> 01:52:15,489 I THINK IT'S NOW UNDISPUTED THAT 2961 01:52:15,489 --> 01:52:16,624 RELATIONSHIPS MATTER. 2962 01:52:16,624 --> 01:52:21,696 THERE ARE OVER 50 CURRENT PAs, 2963 01:52:21,696 --> 01:52:23,497 RFAs, THAT HAVE SOMETHING TO 2964 01:52:23,497 --> 01:52:25,800 DO WITH SOCIAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL 2965 01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:26,200 NETWORKS. 2966 01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:30,604 WE CAN THINK ABOUT TWO RECENT 2967 01:52:30,604 --> 01:52:32,106 WORKSHOPS THAT WERE HELD, ONE AT 2968 01:52:32,106 --> 01:52:37,812 THE NIA THAT WAS ORGANIZED 2969 01:52:37,812 --> 01:52:39,013 BYBRIA PERRY AND TOM VALENTI 2970 01:52:39,013 --> 01:52:40,014 FROM USC. 2971 01:52:40,014 --> 01:52:42,416 WE CAN TALK ABOUT NIDDK WHERE 2972 01:52:42,416 --> 01:52:44,585 THEY PUT TOGETHER A GROUP TO 2973 01:52:44,585 --> 01:52:47,988 LOOK AT THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL 2974 01:52:47,988 --> 01:52:49,390 FACTORS ON THE ILLNESSES AND 2975 01:52:49,390 --> 01:52:51,092 DISEASES THAT THEY FOCUS ON. 2976 01:52:51,092 --> 01:52:54,195 WE CAN ALSO THINK ABOUT THE 2977 01:52:54,195 --> 01:52:55,896 INTERNAL PROGRAM AT NIH AND THE 2978 01:52:55,896 --> 01:52:56,897 PIONEERING WORK DONE BY PEOPLE 2979 01:52:56,897 --> 01:52:59,734 LIKE LAURA CAYLEE AT THE GENOME 2980 01:52:59,734 --> 01:53:01,302 RESEARCH INSTITUTE, WHICH LOOKED 2981 01:53:01,302 --> 01:53:03,504 VERY EARLY ON AND CONTINUES TO 2982 01:53:03,504 --> 01:53:07,108 LOOK AT HOW WE LEVERAGE PEOPLE 2983 01:53:07,108 --> 01:53:09,410 AROUND PEOPLE TO GET THEM TO 2984 01:53:09,410 --> 01:53:11,011 UNDERSTAND THE KINDS OF GENETIC 2985 01:53:11,011 --> 01:53:12,413 PROBLEMS THAT THEY MIGHT FACE IN 2986 01:53:12,413 --> 01:53:14,315 THEIR FAMILIES. 2987 01:53:14,315 --> 01:53:15,816 SO, I THINK IT'S REALLY 2988 01:53:15,816 --> 01:53:18,953 IMPORTANT THAT WE NOW SEE A 2989 01:53:18,953 --> 01:53:21,222 VARIETY OF FLAVORS OF LOOKING AT 2990 01:53:21,222 --> 01:53:21,822 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WHETHER 2991 01:53:21,822 --> 01:53:24,825 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT SOCIAL 2992 01:53:24,825 --> 01:53:26,160 SUPPORT, WHICH OF COURSE SIDNEY 2993 01:53:26,160 --> 01:53:29,196 COB, THE FAMOUS EPIDEMIOLOGIST 2994 01:53:29,196 --> 01:53:31,732 IN THE 1970s, LYNN IN THE 2995 01:53:31,732 --> 01:53:34,235 SOCIAL STRESS MODEL, SOCIAL 2996 01:53:34,235 --> 01:53:35,636 NETWORKS -- I'LL GO INTO THAT IN 2997 01:53:35,636 --> 01:53:37,138 MORE DETAIL THAN YOU WANT LATER. 2998 01:53:37,138 --> 01:53:39,039 WHETHER WE TALK ABOUT NETWORK 2999 01:53:39,039 --> 01:53:41,542 SCIENCE, A LATE COMER AT THE END 3000 01:53:41,542 --> 01:53:43,744 OF THE LAST CENTURY, OR WE TALK 3001 01:53:43,744 --> 01:53:45,246 ABOUT CONNECTEDNESS AND THERE I 3002 01:53:45,246 --> 01:53:47,047 THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 3003 01:53:47,047 --> 01:53:50,317 TALK ABOUT THE 2011-2012 FOCUS 3004 01:53:50,317 --> 01:53:53,053 OF THE CDC ON CONNECTEDNESS AS A 3005 01:53:53,053 --> 01:53:58,125 WAY TO THINK ABOUT SUICIDE. 3006 01:53:58,125 --> 01:54:00,461 NOW THIS IS EVEN SPREAD NOW THE 3007 01:54:00,461 --> 01:54:01,829 DISSEMINATION HAS SPREAD TO THE 3008 01:54:01,829 --> 01:54:03,464 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES WHERE A 3009 01:54:03,464 --> 01:54:05,933 RECENT PAPER IN NATURE 3010 01:54:05,933 --> 01:54:07,434 COMMUNICATIONS SHOWED THAT USING 3011 01:54:07,434 --> 01:54:10,237 THIS INCREDIBLE DATASET OF OVER 3012 01:54:10,237 --> 01:54:13,874 1000 SPECIES FINDING THAT GROUPS 3013 01:54:13,874 --> 01:54:17,178 THAT LIVE TOGETHER TEND TO HAVE 3014 01:54:17,178 --> 01:54:27,721 GREATER LONGEVITY I'M TAKING IT 3015 01:54:29,123 --> 01:54:30,925 AS A WIN AND THE PROGRESS WE 3016 01:54:30,925 --> 01:54:31,959 HAVE MADE IN TERMS OF 3017 01:54:31,959 --> 01:54:34,061 UNDERSTANDING THE IDEA OF 3018 01:54:34,061 --> 01:54:37,064 INTERCONNECTION AS PART OF WHAT 3019 01:54:37,064 --> 01:54:38,566 INFLUENCES LIFE AND DEATH. 3020 01:54:38,566 --> 01:54:41,268 NOW, THAT COMES WITH DISPUTED 3021 01:54:41,268 --> 01:54:43,671 ORIGINS OF WHO INVENTED THE 3022 01:54:43,671 --> 01:54:45,306 STUDY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS? 3023 01:54:45,306 --> 01:54:47,141 IS IT AUGUST COUNT, THE FOUNDER 3024 01:54:47,141 --> 01:54:49,143 OF SOCIOLOGY WHO SAID WE'RE 3025 01:54:49,143 --> 01:54:51,245 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE LAWS OF 3026 01:54:51,245 --> 01:54:53,047 INTERACTION OR THE EDUCATIONAL 3027 01:54:53,047 --> 01:54:54,448 PSYCHOLOGISTS WHO LOOKED AT 3028 01:54:54,448 --> 01:54:56,250 KINDERGARTNERS AND HOW THEY 3029 01:54:56,250 --> 01:54:58,752 PLAYED TOGETHER? 3030 01:54:58,752 --> 01:54:59,553 MATHEMATICIANS WHO TALKED ABOUT 3031 01:54:59,553 --> 01:55:02,890 GRAFT THEORY OR PSYCHIATRY 3032 01:55:02,890 --> 01:55:03,891 TALKING ABOUT DRAMA TA LEDGER 3033 01:55:03,891 --> 01:55:05,492 CALL VIEW OF PEOPLE'S LIVES. 3034 01:55:05,492 --> 01:55:07,995 LATE COMMERCE, PHYSICIST, NOW 3035 01:55:07,995 --> 01:55:09,563 CENTRAL EVOLVED IN UNDERSTANDING 3036 01:55:09,563 --> 01:55:11,966 NETWORK CONNECTIONS AND BIG 3037 01:55:11,966 --> 01:55:12,166 DATA. 3038 01:55:12,166 --> 01:55:14,268 I THINK THE POINT HERE IS NOT TO 3039 01:55:14,268 --> 01:55:15,402 ARGUE ABOUT THIS BECAUSE THERE 3040 01:55:15,402 --> 01:55:17,171 HAVE BEEN PLENTY OF ARGUMENTS 3041 01:55:17,171 --> 01:55:19,974 ABOUT WHO REALLY FOUNDED THIS 3042 01:55:19,974 --> 01:55:20,174 AREA. 3043 01:55:20,174 --> 01:55:22,276 BUT I THINK THE POINT IS TO 3044 01:55:22,276 --> 01:55:23,143 UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE EBBS 3045 01:55:23,143 --> 01:55:27,081 AND FLOWS IN HOW MUCH SOCIAL 3046 01:55:27,081 --> 01:55:28,983 RELATIONSHIPS ARE SEEN AS BEING 3047 01:55:28,983 --> 01:55:31,385 IMPORTANT IN TRYING TO 3048 01:55:31,385 --> 01:55:33,654 UNDERSTAND HEALTH AND ILLNESS 3049 01:55:33,654 --> 01:55:36,891 AND SOMETIMES WHEN BIOLOGY IS 3050 01:55:36,891 --> 01:55:37,091 SEEN. 3051 01:55:37,091 --> 01:55:39,193 BECAUSE SOMETIMES IT'S SORT OF 3052 01:55:39,193 --> 01:55:39,493 MISALIGNED. 3053 01:55:39,493 --> 01:55:41,795 IT'S SEEN AS MISALIGNED WITH THE 3054 01:55:41,795 --> 01:55:42,830 BIOLOGICAL VIEW UNTIL RECENTLY. 3055 01:55:42,830 --> 01:55:44,798 AND I'M GOING TO ARGUE IT'S NOT 3056 01:55:44,798 --> 01:55:45,499 MISALIGNED WITH THAT. 3057 01:55:45,499 --> 01:55:48,502 THAT WE CAN FIND A VERY STRONG 3058 01:55:48,502 --> 01:55:49,870 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL 3059 01:55:49,870 --> 01:55:51,272 AND THE BIOLOGICAL BY THINKING 3060 01:55:51,272 --> 01:56:01,749 WITH A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE. 3061 01:56:07,755 --> 01:56:08,923 MY PHILOSOPHER IS THE SCUP 3062 01:56:08,923 --> 01:56:11,492 TERWHO SAID I INVENT NOTHING, I 3063 01:56:11,492 --> 01:56:11,792 REDISCOVER. 3064 01:56:11,792 --> 01:56:14,094 THERE ARE TWO VERY STRONG 3065 01:56:14,094 --> 01:56:15,095 SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR 3066 01:56:15,095 --> 01:56:17,798 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL 3067 01:56:17,798 --> 01:56:18,499 NETWORKS. 3068 01:56:18,499 --> 01:56:20,901 ONE COMES FROM 1927 WHEN HE SAID 3069 01:56:20,901 --> 01:56:23,404 SOCIETY ARISES FROM THE 3070 01:56:23,404 --> 01:56:26,006 INDIVIDUAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL 3071 01:56:26,006 --> 01:56:31,478 FROM ASSOCIATIONS HE SAID THERE 3072 01:56:31,478 --> 01:56:33,213 WERE TWO FORMS OF NETWORKS. 3073 01:56:33,213 --> 01:56:35,316 FIRST IS CONCENTRIC CIRCLES 3074 01:56:35,316 --> 01:56:37,384 WHICH REPRESENTS PRE MODERN 3075 01:56:37,384 --> 01:56:38,085 SOCIETY. 3076 01:56:38,085 --> 01:56:39,887 BY THE VIRTUE OF WHERE YOU WERE 3077 01:56:39,887 --> 01:56:41,488 BORN, YOUR FAMILY AND OCCUPATION 3078 01:56:41,488 --> 01:56:43,324 WAS DEFINED, YOUR CHURCH WAS 3079 01:56:43,324 --> 01:56:44,892 DEFINED, YOUR PLACE OF RESIDENCE 3080 01:56:44,892 --> 01:56:45,960 WAS DEFINED. 3081 01:56:45,960 --> 01:56:47,528 NOW THAT CAME WITH SOME REAL 3082 01:56:47,528 --> 01:56:49,296 STRENGTHS WHICH IS YOU REALLY 3083 01:56:49,296 --> 01:56:51,999 KNEW WHO YOU WERE AND YOU REALLY 3084 01:56:51,999 --> 01:56:53,400 KNEW WHAT YOUR PLACE WAS IN THE 3085 01:56:53,400 --> 01:56:53,600 WORLD. 3086 01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:55,002 THE PROBLEM WAS IN THINKING 3087 01:56:55,002 --> 01:56:56,503 ABOUT SOME OF MY RESEARCH ON 3088 01:56:56,503 --> 01:56:59,006 STIGMA, IT ALSO MEANT IF YOU 3089 01:56:59,006 --> 01:57:01,108 WEREN'T PART OF THAT CIRCLE, 3090 01:57:01,108 --> 01:57:03,043 EVERYBODY ELSE WAS CONSIDERED 3091 01:57:03,043 --> 01:57:05,212 DANGEROUS, POLLUTING, 3092 01:57:05,212 --> 01:57:09,883 PROBLEMATIC. 3093 01:57:09,883 --> 01:57:11,218 HE TALKED ABOUT HOW CHOICE AND 3094 01:57:11,218 --> 01:57:12,319 THE INDIVIDUAL BECAME MORE 3095 01:57:12,319 --> 01:57:14,488 IMPORTANT AND SO A PERSON'S 3096 01:57:14,488 --> 01:57:16,123 IDENTITY IS NOW FORMED BY THE 3097 01:57:16,123 --> 01:57:18,125 INTERSECTION OF SOCIAL CIRCLES. 3098 01:57:18,125 --> 01:57:22,096 SO THAT MAKES THEM MORE 3099 01:57:22,096 --> 01:57:32,606 SOPHISTICATED, MORE DEVELOPED. 3100 01:57:46,587 --> 01:57:48,022 WHAT DO WE GET FROM THIS BY 3101 01:57:48,022 --> 01:57:49,556 THINKING THIS WAY? 3102 01:57:49,556 --> 01:57:50,424 THE FIRST THING WE THOUGHT WAS, 3103 01:57:50,424 --> 01:57:55,929 THERE MAY BE ANOTHER SOCIAL 3104 01:57:55,929 --> 01:57:57,131 STRUCTURE THAT WAS NOT 3105 01:57:57,131 --> 01:57:58,732 ANTICIPATED, THE MOST MODERN 3106 01:57:58,732 --> 01:57:59,933 SOCIAL STRUCTURE WHERE THE 3107 01:57:59,933 --> 01:58:02,536 INDIVIDUAL IS SO FREE TO CONNECT 3108 01:58:02,536 --> 01:58:03,437 THEMSELVES TO DIFFERENT GROUPS 3109 01:58:03,437 --> 01:58:05,339 THAT REALLY THE SOCIAL SAFETY 3110 01:58:05,339 --> 01:58:07,908 NET UNDER THEM IS PRETTY WEAK. 3111 01:58:07,908 --> 01:58:09,810 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, I THINK 3112 01:58:09,810 --> 01:58:12,146 WHAT WE SAW IN THIS WAS THAT 3113 01:58:12,146 --> 01:58:15,416 THESE ARE NOT JUST HISTORICAL 3114 01:58:15,416 --> 01:58:15,716 STRUCTURES. 3115 01:58:15,716 --> 01:58:17,418 THESE ARE POTENTIAL STRUCTURES 3116 01:58:17,418 --> 01:58:19,453 IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY THAT 3117 01:58:19,453 --> 01:58:25,125 HAVE DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS FOR 3118 01:58:25,125 --> 01:58:26,827 HOMELESSNESS, POLICY, AND MENTAL 3119 01:58:26,827 --> 01:58:33,934 HEALTH POLICY WHICH I STUDIED. 3120 01:58:33,934 --> 01:58:36,236 WE TALKED ABOUT HOW THESE ERAS 3121 01:58:36,236 --> 01:58:38,639 HELPED SHAPE POLICY BUT ALSO HAD 3122 01:58:38,639 --> 01:58:40,507 IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING 3123 01:58:40,507 --> 01:58:42,142 THE SITUATION AND CONDITION OF 3124 01:58:42,142 --> 01:58:42,443 INDIVIDUALS. 3125 01:58:42,443 --> 01:58:43,377 SO THAT WAS ONE OF THE 3126 01:58:43,377 --> 01:58:44,745 FOUNDATIONS FOR ME. 3127 01:58:44,745 --> 01:58:48,048 THE SECOND WAS THE THEORY OF 3128 01:58:48,048 --> 01:58:48,282 SUICIDE. 3129 01:58:48,282 --> 01:58:50,551 THIS AS MANY PEOPLE KNOW IS THE 3130 01:58:50,551 --> 01:58:53,320 FOUNDATION FOR THE DISCIPLINE OF 3131 01:58:53,320 --> 01:58:53,620 SOCIOLOGY. 3132 01:58:53,620 --> 01:58:55,022 AND WHAT WAS SAID IS THERE ARE 3133 01:58:55,022 --> 01:58:57,758 TWO AXIS OF VARIATION THAT 3134 01:58:57,758 --> 01:58:59,159 DESCRIBE EVERY GROUP. 3135 01:58:59,159 --> 01:59:01,061 THEY HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF 3136 01:59:01,061 --> 01:59:02,229 INTEGRATION WHICH IS LOVE, CARE 3137 01:59:02,229 --> 01:59:02,696 AND CONCERN. 3138 01:59:02,696 --> 01:59:04,665 AND THEY HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT 3139 01:59:04,665 --> 01:59:07,734 OF REGULATION, WHICH IS PEOPLE 3140 01:59:07,734 --> 01:59:10,003 WHO GUIDE YOU AND MENTOR YOU AND 3141 01:59:10,003 --> 01:59:12,372 TELL YOU WHEN YOU'RE DOING 3142 01:59:12,372 --> 01:59:13,640 SOMETHING STUPID. 3143 01:59:13,640 --> 01:59:15,642 AND TOGETHER THOSE TWO THINGS 3144 01:59:15,642 --> 01:59:18,112 ARE IMPORTANT AND WHEN THEY GET 3145 01:59:18,112 --> 01:59:20,147 OUT OF WACK, AND THEY ARE TOO 3146 01:59:20,147 --> 01:59:21,682 HIGH OR TOO LOW, THOSE ARE WHEN 3147 01:59:21,682 --> 01:59:24,218 YOU HAVE THESE UNIQUE KINDS OF 3148 01:59:24,218 --> 01:59:29,556 SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR THAT CAN 3149 01:59:29,556 --> 01:59:31,358 HAPPEN VERY POWERFUL WORK BUT WE 3150 01:59:31,358 --> 01:59:32,860 THOUGHT THAT MAYBE ONE WAY TO 3151 01:59:32,860 --> 01:59:35,162 THINK ABOUT THIS WAS TO 3152 01:59:35,162 --> 01:59:37,831 TRANSLATE IT FROM THIS IDEA OF 3153 01:59:37,831 --> 01:59:39,166 TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE INTO THE 3154 01:59:39,166 --> 01:59:41,768 IDEA OF AN ACTUAL SOCIAL SAFETY 3155 01:59:41,768 --> 01:59:42,469 NET. 3156 01:59:42,469 --> 01:59:44,371 AND WHEN WE DREW OUT HIS THEORY 3157 01:59:44,371 --> 01:59:46,273 IN TERMS OF A GRAPHIC, WE DID 3158 01:59:46,273 --> 01:59:47,975 SEE WHAT LOOKED PRETTY MUCH LIKE 3159 01:59:47,975 --> 01:59:50,043 A SOCIAL SAFETY NET OR CIRCUS 3160 01:59:50,043 --> 01:59:52,880 NET IN WHICH YOU COULD SEE THOSE 3161 01:59:52,880 --> 01:59:56,250 POLES, EACH OF THEM AS BEING 3162 01:59:56,250 --> 01:59:57,284 VERY DANGEROUS FOR INDIVIDUALS. 3163 01:59:57,284 --> 02:00:01,255 IN THE CASE OF NORMLESSNESS OR 3164 02:00:01,255 --> 02:00:04,791 EGOISM, A CLASSIC LONELY KNOWS, 3165 02:00:04,791 --> 02:00:05,759 WHAT HAPPENS IS THE ROPES OF THE 3166 02:00:05,759 --> 02:00:08,095 SAFETY NET ARE SO FAR APART THAT 3167 02:00:08,095 --> 02:00:09,863 WHEN INDIVIDUALS FACE A CRISIS, 3168 02:00:09,863 --> 02:00:11,565 THEY FALL THROUGH THE NET 3169 02:00:11,565 --> 02:00:12,699 BECAUSE THE ROPES AREN'T THERE 3170 02:00:12,699 --> 02:00:13,967 TO HANG ON TO. 3171 02:00:13,967 --> 02:00:15,669 THE BEST PLACE TO BE IS IN THE 3172 02:00:15,669 --> 02:00:17,371 MIDDLE OR BOTTOM OF THE SOCIAL 3173 02:00:17,371 --> 02:00:18,972 SAFETY NET WHERE THERE IS A 3174 02:00:18,972 --> 02:00:20,474 MODERATE AMOUNT OF INTEGRATION 3175 02:00:20,474 --> 02:00:21,875 AND REGULATION AND THAT GIVES 3176 02:00:21,875 --> 02:00:24,878 YOU THE GIVE THAT ALLOWS YOU TO 3177 02:00:24,878 --> 02:00:26,480 BALANCE WHEN YOU HAVE SOME KIND 3178 02:00:26,480 --> 02:00:36,790 OF SOCIAL CRISIS. 3179 02:00:40,160 --> 02:00:41,562 FATALISTIC, AND THE IDEA IS 3180 02:00:41,562 --> 02:00:45,265 NORMS BECOME SO TIGHT IN AN AREA 3181 02:00:45,265 --> 02:00:47,100 THAT THE SOCIAL SAFETY NET 3182 02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:48,669 BECOMES A WALL AND WHEN PEOPLE 3183 02:00:48,669 --> 02:00:50,871 HIT IT, IT SHATTERS RATHER THAN 3184 02:00:50,871 --> 02:00:51,572 SAVES THEM. 3185 02:00:51,572 --> 02:00:53,006 AND I CAN'T THINK OF A BETTER 3186 02:00:53,006 --> 02:00:58,612 WAY TO THINK ABOUT SUICIDES IN 3187 02:00:58,612 --> 02:01:00,847 CULTS OR SUICIDE CLUSTERS IN 3188 02:01:00,847 --> 02:01:01,248 HIGH SCHOOLS. 3189 02:01:01,248 --> 02:01:04,284 I THINK THAT THIS IS ABSOLUTELY 3190 02:01:04,284 --> 02:01:07,888 ESSENTIAL AND SOME OF MY 3191 02:01:07,888 --> 02:01:09,923 C█OLLEAGUES USED THIS TO SORT OF 3192 02:01:09,923 --> 02:01:11,825 THINK ABOUT, IN THIS WAY, AND 3193 02:01:11,825 --> 02:01:13,927 TOO OFTEN WE DON'T THINK ABOUT 3194 02:01:13,927 --> 02:01:15,629 THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS, ESPECIALLY 3195 02:01:15,629 --> 02:01:17,731 IF WE TAKE A SOCIAL SUPPORT 3196 02:01:17,731 --> 02:01:18,999 PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE THERE IS A 3197 02:01:18,999 --> 02:01:21,001 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOT HAVING 3198 02:01:21,001 --> 02:01:23,103 ANY SOCIAL SUPPORT AND HAVING 3199 02:01:23,103 --> 02:01:27,841 SUPPORT WHICH IS TOXIC. 3200 02:01:27,841 --> 02:01:30,110 AND ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE, 3201 02:01:30,110 --> 02:01:31,612 SCHIZOPHRENICS AND SAINTS, THAT 3202 02:01:31,612 --> 02:01:33,113 FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGY BOOK. 3203 02:01:33,113 --> 02:01:35,415 BUT IN FACT, WE CAN TALK ABOUT 3204 02:01:35,415 --> 02:01:36,316 SUICIDE BOMBERS. 3205 02:01:36,316 --> 02:01:38,118 VERY MUCH IN THIS LIGHT IN TERMS 3206 02:01:38,118 --> 02:01:45,425 OF THINKING ABOUT THESE. 3207 02:01:45,425 --> 02:01:46,526 SO, THE CONTRIBUTION WAS TO 3208 02:01:46,526 --> 02:01:48,328 THINK ABOUT THE THINGS THAT WE 3209 02:01:48,328 --> 02:01:50,430 ALREADY KNEW AND SET A 3210 02:01:50,430 --> 02:01:52,032 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR 3211 02:01:52,032 --> 02:01:53,834 UNDERSTANDING HOW A NETWORK 3212 02:01:53,834 --> 02:01:55,535 TRANSLATION CAN UPDATE AND MAKE 3213 02:01:55,535 --> 02:01:57,237 MORE RELEVANT THE STUDY OF 3214 02:01:57,237 --> 02:01:59,439 SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL 3215 02:01:59,439 --> 02:01:59,940 RELATIONS. 3216 02:01:59,940 --> 02:02:01,708 SO, THE KINDS OF WORK THAT I DID 3217 02:02:01,708 --> 02:02:05,612 IN THE BEGINNING REALLY WERE 3218 02:02:05,612 --> 02:02:10,050 PREMISED ON THE IDEA OF DOING 3219 02:02:10,050 --> 02:02:12,953 SOCIAL NETWORKS IS A THEORETICAL 3220 02:02:12,953 --> 02:02:13,120 ACT. 3221 02:02:13,120 --> 02:02:15,055 IF YOU TAKE A SOCIAL NETWORK 3222 02:02:15,055 --> 02:02:16,923 PERSPECTIVE, YOU HAVE TO RETHINK 3223 02:02:16,923 --> 02:02:18,725 ALL OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK 3224 02:02:18,725 --> 02:02:19,926 SOCIAL NETWORK PEOPLE BRING TO 3225 02:02:19,926 --> 02:02:23,130 THE TABLE AND THINK ABOUT A LOT. 3226 02:02:23,130 --> 02:02:24,231 WHAT IS THE MEANING? 3227 02:02:24,231 --> 02:02:26,233 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A SOCIAL 3228 02:02:26,233 --> 02:02:28,268 TIE AND WHAT KINDS OF SOCIAL 3229 02:02:28,268 --> 02:02:31,738 TIES SHOULD YOU BE ASKING ABOUT? 3230 02:02:31,738 --> 02:02:33,707 THERE IS SOME PLACES OR THERE 3231 02:02:33,707 --> 02:02:36,243 ARE SOME PROBLEMS OR SOME 3232 02:02:36,243 --> 02:02:37,644 SCIENTISTS WHO THINK THAT ALL 3233 02:02:37,644 --> 02:02:42,382 KINDS OF TIES ARE SOCIAL TIES. 3234 02:02:42,382 --> 02:02:44,584 BUT PHYSICIST MARK NEWMAN WHO 3235 02:02:44,584 --> 02:02:45,952 WROTE THIS BEAUTIFUL PAPER ABOUT 3236 02:02:45,952 --> 02:02:47,754 HOW SOCIAL NETWORKS, PEOPLE'S 3237 02:02:47,754 --> 02:02:49,356 NETWORKS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY 3238 02:02:49,356 --> 02:02:50,957 DIFFERENT FROM TECHNOLOGICAL 3239 02:02:50,957 --> 02:02:53,560 NETWORKS BECAUSE THEY HAVE THIS 3240 02:02:53,560 --> 02:02:55,362 NON TRIVIAL CLUSTERING AND THERE 3241 02:02:55,362 --> 02:02:58,865 ARE THESE POSITIVE CORRELATIONS 3242 02:02:58,865 --> 02:03:02,235 BETWEEN THESE ADJACENT COLUMNS. 3243 02:03:02,235 --> 02:03:03,837 I THINK WE ALSO NEED TO THINK 3244 02:03:03,837 --> 02:03:05,839 ABOUT IT IN TERMS OF MEASUREMENT 3245 02:03:05,839 --> 02:03:07,741 AND SO WHEN YOU TAKE A NETWORK 3246 02:03:07,741 --> 02:03:09,609 PERSPECTIVE, YOU HAVE TO THINK 3247 02:03:09,609 --> 02:03:11,244 ABOUT NOT JUST ASKING WHO DO YOU 3248 02:03:11,244 --> 02:03:13,714 TALK TO, BUT YOU HAVE TO THINK 3249 02:03:13,714 --> 02:03:16,350 ABOUT SPECIFICITY AND ONE THING 3250 02:03:16,350 --> 02:03:17,818 THAT WE FOUND IS THAT WHEN YOU 3251 02:03:17,818 --> 02:03:20,253 ASK PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR HEALTH, 3252 02:03:20,253 --> 02:03:23,156 WHAT IS PREDICTIVE OF HOW THEY 3253 02:03:23,156 --> 02:03:24,658 ARE DOING ARE NOT IMPORTANT 3254 02:03:24,658 --> 02:03:26,460 MATTERS, WHICH IS THE GENERAL 3255 02:03:26,460 --> 02:03:28,462 MAIN GENERATOR WE TEND TO USE, 3256 02:03:28,462 --> 02:03:30,697 BUT ASKING THEM SPECIFICALLY 3257 02:03:30,697 --> 02:03:31,164 ABOUT HEALTHNET WORKS. 3258 02:03:31,164 --> 02:03:32,532 IN OTHER WORDS, THERE HAS TO BE 3259 02:03:32,532 --> 02:03:42,642 SOME SORT OF TAILORING. 3260 02:03:42,642 --> 02:03:44,344 WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT MISSING 3261 02:03:44,344 --> 02:03:44,544 DATA. 3262 02:03:44,544 --> 02:03:47,147 NONE OF US GET 100% RESPONSE 3263 02:03:47,147 --> 02:03:47,347 RATES. 3264 02:03:47,347 --> 02:03:48,548 SO WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THIS 3265 02:03:48,548 --> 02:03:50,884 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 3266 02:03:50,884 --> 02:03:52,052 DID WAS WE WERE CONCERNED ABOUT 3267 02:03:52,052 --> 02:03:53,787 THIS IN THE INDIANAPOLIS NETWORK 3268 02:03:53,787 --> 02:03:55,355 MENTAL HEALTH STUDY AND WHAT WE 3269 02:03:55,355 --> 02:03:57,257 DID IS WE WENT OUT ONE STEP. 3270 02:03:57,257 --> 02:03:58,558 WE ASKED PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR 3271 02:03:58,558 --> 02:03:59,860 NETWORKS BUT THEN WE WENT OUT 3272 02:03:59,860 --> 02:04:01,762 ONE STEP AND WE ASKED THE 3273 02:04:01,762 --> 02:04:03,463 NETWORKS THAT THEY MENTIONED, 3274 02:04:03,463 --> 02:04:05,065 LIKE HOW DO YOU SEE YOUR 3275 02:04:05,065 --> 02:04:06,967 RELATIONSHIP WITH THIS PERSON? 3276 02:04:06,967 --> 02:04:09,169 AND HERE IS WHAT WAS 3277 02:04:09,169 --> 02:04:09,469 INTERESTING. 3278 02:04:09,469 --> 02:04:11,972 THE IDEA WOULD BE OR THE BETTER 3279 02:04:11,972 --> 02:04:13,673 SITUATION WOULD BE THAT THE 3280 02:04:13,673 --> 02:04:15,075 PEOPLE WHO WERE DIFFERENT 3281 02:04:15,075 --> 02:04:18,779 BETWEEN EGOS PART OF THEIR 3282 02:04:18,779 --> 02:04:20,480 SOCIAL NETWORKS AND ALTERS PART 3283 02:04:20,480 --> 02:04:21,982 OF THE SOCIAL NETWORK, WOULD BE 3284 02:04:21,982 --> 02:04:25,352 THE DIFFERENCES WERE TEATED 3285 02:04:25,352 --> 02:04:25,685 LIERS. 3286 02:04:25,685 --> 02:04:26,853 NO. 3287 02:04:26,853 --> 02:04:27,788 -- OUTLIGHTERS. 3288 02:04:27,788 --> 02:04:29,289 THE DIFFERENCE WAS IN THE CENTER 3289 02:04:29,289 --> 02:04:31,491 OF THE NETWORK WHERE PEOPLE WITH 3290 02:04:31,491 --> 02:04:34,694 SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL 3291 02:04:34,694 --> 02:04:35,796 ILLNESS MENTION THE SAME PERSON 3292 02:04:35,796 --> 02:04:39,466 AS A SUPPORT AND AS A HASSLER, 3293 02:04:39,466 --> 02:04:41,368 LOOKING AT THE NEGATIVE TIES, OR 3294 02:04:41,368 --> 02:04:43,470 THEY DIDN'T INCLUDE THE HASSLER 3295 02:04:43,470 --> 02:04:43,703 AT ALL. 3296 02:04:43,703 --> 02:04:45,172 BUT IF YOU ASKED ABOUT THEM, 3297 02:04:45,172 --> 02:04:46,873 OFTEN THE PERSON THAT THEY FELT 3298 02:04:46,873 --> 02:04:50,477 WAS MOST PROBLEMATIC IN THEIR 3299 02:04:50,477 --> 02:04:51,878 LIFE WAS SOMEBODY THAT WAS 3300 02:04:51,878 --> 02:04:52,579 ESSENTIALLY, IF YOU DIDN'T THINK 3301 02:04:52,579 --> 02:04:55,782 ABOUT IT, MISSING DATA IN YOUR 3302 02:04:55,782 --> 02:04:56,049 ANALYSIS. 3303 02:04:56,049 --> 02:04:57,884 AND FINALLY, THINKING ABOUT 3304 02:04:57,884 --> 02:04:59,486 MECHANISMS OF CHANGE AND THIS IS 3305 02:04:59,486 --> 02:05:00,687 WHERE I THINK SOCIAL NETWORKS 3306 02:05:00,687 --> 02:05:02,689 DOES HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF AN 3307 02:05:02,689 --> 02:05:03,890 EDGE OVER SOCIAL SUPPORT 3308 02:05:03,890 --> 02:05:05,392 RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING WAY. 3309 02:05:05,392 --> 02:05:07,994 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE HAVE 3310 02:05:07,994 --> 02:05:10,997 SEEN IN SOCIAL NETWORKS IS THE 3311 02:05:10,997 --> 02:05:12,098 ISSUE OF CHURCH. 3312 02:05:12,098 --> 02:05:13,800 SO IF YOU ASK SOMEBODY AT POINT 3313 02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:15,302 A HOW MANY PEOPLE -- WHO IS IN 3314 02:05:15,302 --> 02:05:16,303 YOUR NETWORK? 3315 02:05:16,303 --> 02:05:17,804 STANDARD SOCIAL SUPPORT 3316 02:05:17,804 --> 02:05:18,705 QUESTIONS, STANDARD SOCIAL 3317 02:05:18,705 --> 02:05:19,406 NETWORK QUESTIONS. 3318 02:05:19,406 --> 02:05:20,807 THEY GIVE YOU A NUMBER. 3319 02:05:20,807 --> 02:05:22,375 YOU GO BACK AND ASK THEM TWO 3320 02:05:22,375 --> 02:05:23,910 YEARS LATER, TWO MONTHS LATER, 3321 02:05:23,910 --> 02:05:25,812 WHO IS IN YOUR NETWORK? 3322 02:05:25,812 --> 02:05:26,613 YOU KNOW WHAT? 3323 02:05:26,613 --> 02:05:27,981 PEOPLE TEND TO SAY ABOUT THE 3324 02:05:27,981 --> 02:05:29,382 SAME NUMBER. 3325 02:05:29,382 --> 02:05:29,916 BUT GUESS WHAT? 3326 02:05:29,916 --> 02:05:32,285 WHAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT IS WHAT 3327 02:05:32,285 --> 02:05:33,620 THE COMPOSITION, HOW THE 3328 02:05:33,620 --> 02:05:35,388 COMPOSITION OF THOSE NETWORKS 3329 02:05:35,388 --> 02:05:36,523 HAVE CHANGED. 3330 02:05:36,523 --> 02:05:38,225 AND IF YOU ONLY ASK ABOUT SOCIAL 3331 02:05:38,225 --> 02:05:40,827 SUPPORT, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO SEE 3332 02:05:40,827 --> 02:05:41,027 THAT. 3333 02:05:41,027 --> 02:05:42,696 I THINK MORE IMPORTANTLY, SOCIAL 3334 02:05:42,696 --> 02:05:45,198 SUPPORT IS A PERCEIVED MEASURE. 3335 02:05:45,198 --> 02:05:47,734 SO HOW GOOD IS YOUR SOCIAL 3336 02:05:47,734 --> 02:05:48,502 SUPPORT? 3337 02:05:48,502 --> 02:05:49,536 AND IT'S VERY POWERFUL. 3338 02:05:49,536 --> 02:05:51,938 AND I'M NOT AN ANTISOCIAL 3339 02:05:51,938 --> 02:05:52,806 SUPPORT PERSON. 3340 02:05:52,806 --> 02:05:54,908 I BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF SOCIAL 3341 02:05:54,908 --> 02:05:57,711 SUPPORT AS THE MEAT ON THE BONES 3342 02:05:57,711 --> 02:05:59,613 OF SOCIAL NETWORKS. 3343 02:05:59,613 --> 02:06:02,115 BUT, IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE, IT'S 3344 02:06:02,115 --> 02:06:04,317 VERY HARD TO CHANGE SOMEONE'S 3345 02:06:04,317 --> 02:06:06,319 PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR SOCIAL 3346 02:06:06,319 --> 02:06:07,821 NETWORK UNLESS YOU CHANGE THE 3347 02:06:07,821 --> 02:06:09,523 STRUCTURE OF THEIR SOCIAL 3348 02:06:09,523 --> 02:06:09,756 NETWORK. 3349 02:06:09,756 --> 02:06:11,625 AND I THINK THAT'S WHERE SOCIAL 3350 02:06:11,625 --> 02:06:13,326 NETWORK GIVE US A LITTLE BIT OF 3351 02:06:13,326 --> 02:06:14,127 A LEG UP. 3352 02:06:14,127 --> 02:06:16,329 AND THINKING ABOUT THIS, THE 3353 02:06:16,329 --> 02:06:18,031 DATA ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE IS 3354 02:06:18,031 --> 02:06:20,267 DATA FROM THE INDIANAPOLIS 3355 02:06:20,267 --> 02:06:21,034 NETWORK MALE STUDY WHERE WE 3356 02:06:21,034 --> 02:06:23,236 THOUGHT VERY HEAVILY ABOUT SOME 3357 02:06:23,236 --> 02:06:25,105 OF THESE DIFFERENCES WHEN YOU 3358 02:06:25,105 --> 02:06:27,240 CONCEPTUALIZE USING A NETWORK 3359 02:06:27,240 --> 02:06:28,341 FRAMEWORK AND ANY OTHER 3360 02:06:28,341 --> 02:06:28,642 FRAMEWORK. 3361 02:06:28,642 --> 02:06:30,443 SO WE NOT ONLY ASKED PEOPLE IN 3362 02:06:30,443 --> 02:06:33,413 OUR STUDY WITH SERIOUS AND 3363 02:06:33,413 --> 02:06:35,582 PERSISTENT MENTAL ILLNESS ABOUT 3364 02:06:35,582 --> 02:06:36,182 NETWORKS OVER TIME AND YOU CAN 3365 02:06:36,182 --> 02:06:37,417 SEE THEY ALL TOOK A DIVE TO A 3366 02:06:37,417 --> 02:06:40,754 CERTAIN EXTENT, BECAUSE ONE OF 3367 02:06:40,754 --> 02:06:47,727 THE THINGS IS WIG BURNOUT OVER 3368 02:06:47,727 --> 02:06:48,929 TIME AND WHAT TENDS TO BE LEFT 3369 02:06:48,929 --> 02:06:49,563 IS THE FAMILY. 3370 02:06:49,563 --> 02:06:51,131 WE WANTED TO MAKE SURE THAT 3371 02:06:51,131 --> 02:06:53,934 WASN'T JUST A RESULT OF THE 3372 02:06:53,934 --> 02:06:56,403 DISORDER OR SOMETHING ABOUT HOW 3373 02:06:56,403 --> 02:06:56,770 WE MEASURED IT. 3374 02:06:56,770 --> 02:06:58,838 SO WHAT WE DID AT THE SAME TIME 3375 02:06:58,838 --> 02:07:02,676 IS, WE DID A REPRESENTATIVE 3376 02:07:02,676 --> 02:07:04,945 SAMPLE OF PEOPLE IN INDIANAPOLIS 3377 02:07:04,945 --> 02:07:06,546 AND WE ASKED THEM, PEOPLE WE 3378 02:07:06,546 --> 02:07:07,814 SCREENED THEM OUT FOR MENTAL 3379 02:07:07,814 --> 02:07:08,381 HEALTH PROBLEMS. 3380 02:07:08,381 --> 02:07:10,250 AND WE FOUND THAT IN 3381 02:07:10,250 --> 02:07:11,618 INDIANAPOLIS, NETWORKS WERE 3382 02:07:11,618 --> 02:07:14,955 GETTING LARGER BUT PEOPLE WITH 3383 02:07:14,955 --> 02:07:17,958 SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS WAS 3384 02:07:17,958 --> 02:07:18,458 DECREASING. 3385 02:07:18,458 --> 02:07:20,160 SO, THAT LED ME TO THINK ABOUT 3386 02:07:20,160 --> 02:07:21,828 THE ISSUE OF UTILIZATION, WHICH 3387 02:07:21,828 --> 02:07:24,064 I WAS ALWAYS INTERESTED IN THE 3388 02:07:24,064 --> 02:07:27,767 PROBLEM OF HOW DO PEOPLE RESPOND 3389 02:07:27,767 --> 02:07:30,170 TO THE ONSET OF CRISIS? 3390 02:07:30,170 --> 02:07:31,738 AND WHAT MORE IMPORTANT CRISIS 3391 02:07:31,738 --> 02:07:34,741 CAN YOU TAKE ON THAN LIFE AND 3392 02:07:34,741 --> 02:07:34,941 DEATH? 3393 02:07:34,941 --> 02:07:36,142 BUT IT WASN'T THE FIRST PERSON 3394 02:07:36,142 --> 02:07:39,646 TO THINK ABOUT THIS. 3395 02:07:39,646 --> 02:07:41,247 ELLIOT IN HIS CLASSIC WORK ON 3396 02:07:41,247 --> 02:07:43,249 THIS TALKED ABOUT THE TWO 3397 02:07:43,249 --> 02:07:46,052 DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS 3398 02:07:46,052 --> 02:07:47,354 THAT MATTER. 3399 02:07:47,354 --> 02:07:48,488 BASICALLY SIZE, WHICH IS DO YOU 3400 02:07:48,488 --> 02:07:50,757 HAVE AN EXTENDED NETWORK, A TINY 3401 02:07:50,757 --> 02:07:51,091 NETWORK? 3402 02:07:51,091 --> 02:07:53,493 AND THEN HE TALKED ABOUT 3403 02:07:53,493 --> 02:07:55,762 CULTURAL CONTENT WHICH WAS A 3404 02:07:55,762 --> 02:07:57,464 REALLY IMPORTANT ADDITION TO 3405 02:07:57,464 --> 02:07:58,465 TRADITIONAL SOCIAL NETWORK 3406 02:07:58,465 --> 02:08:00,667 THEORY BECAUSE HE SAID, IT 3407 02:08:00,667 --> 02:08:03,670 MATTERS WHETHER YOUR NETWORKS 3408 02:08:03,670 --> 02:08:05,905 ARE CONGRUENT OR NOT CONGRUENT 3409 02:08:05,905 --> 02:08:07,073 WITH MEDICAL THINKING, WITH 3410 02:08:07,073 --> 02:08:07,941 MODERN MEDICAL THINKING. 3411 02:08:07,941 --> 02:08:09,876 BECAUSE THINK ABOUT IT THIS WAY. 3412 02:08:09,876 --> 02:08:11,578 THE NETWORK TELLS YOU HOW MUCH 3413 02:08:11,578 --> 02:08:13,313 OF A PUSH THERE IS. 3414 02:08:13,313 --> 02:08:14,481 HOW MUCH INFLUENCE IS THERE ON 3415 02:08:14,481 --> 02:08:15,982 YOUR DECISION-MAKING? 3416 02:08:15,982 --> 02:08:18,084 BUT THE CULTURAL CONTENT TELLS 3417 02:08:18,084 --> 02:08:20,186 YOU WHETHER OR NOT IT PUSHES YOU 3418 02:08:20,186 --> 02:08:24,290 TO OR AWAY FROM MENTAL HEALTH 3419 02:08:24,290 --> 02:08:24,591 TREATMENT. 3420 02:08:24,591 --> 02:08:26,593 AND CHARLES AND HIS CLASSIC 3421 02:08:26,593 --> 02:08:27,594 STUDY CALLED FRIENDS AND 3422 02:08:27,594 --> 02:08:29,062 SUPPORTERS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, 3423 02:08:29,062 --> 02:08:31,164 MADE THE ARGUMENT IN NEW YORK 3424 02:08:31,164 --> 02:08:32,966 STAY THAT IF YOU HAD LOTS OF 3425 02:08:32,966 --> 02:08:34,901 FRIENDS THAT WERE IN 3426 02:08:34,901 --> 02:08:35,869 PSYCHOTHERAPY, THEN YOU WOULD 3427 02:08:35,869 --> 02:08:37,737 LIKE PSYCHOTHERAPY. 3428 02:08:37,737 --> 02:08:39,673 BUT I ALSO DID WITH A GROUP OF 3429 02:08:39,673 --> 02:08:41,408 PEOPLE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 3430 02:08:41,408 --> 02:08:43,977 PUERTO RICO, PARTICULARLY 3431 02:08:43,977 --> 02:08:46,246 MARGARITA, WE DID A STUDY IN 3432 02:08:46,246 --> 02:08:48,014 PUERTO RICO AND WE FOUND THE 3433 02:08:48,014 --> 02:08:50,316 MORE NETWORKS YOU HAD IN PUERTO 3434 02:08:50,316 --> 02:08:51,685 RICO, THE LESS LIKELY YOU WERE 3435 02:08:51,685 --> 02:08:54,320 TO GO TO THE SYSTEM FOR LOTS OF 3436 02:08:54,320 --> 02:08:56,189 REASONS WE COULD TALK ABOUT, 3437 02:08:56,189 --> 02:08:56,990 INCLUDING SOME OF THE THINGS 3438 02:08:56,990 --> 02:08:59,159 THAT SOME OF OUR YOUNG SCHOLARS 3439 02:08:59,159 --> 02:08:59,893 TALKED ABOUT. 3440 02:08:59,893 --> 02:09:02,462 BUT ALSO ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE 3441 02:09:02,462 --> 02:09:04,531 MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM IN PUERTO 3442 02:09:04,531 --> 02:09:05,298 RICO. 3443 02:09:05,298 --> 02:09:08,702 SO, I TRIED TO DEAL WITH THIS IN 3444 02:09:08,702 --> 02:09:10,804 THINKING ABOUT THE REALLY GOOD 3445 02:09:10,804 --> 02:09:11,805 THEORIES THAT WERE OUT THERE. 3446 02:09:11,805 --> 02:09:13,273 YOU KNOW THEM ALL. 3447 02:09:13,273 --> 02:09:20,447 HEALTH BELIEF MODEL, THEORY OF 3448 02:09:20,447 --> 02:09:21,715 REASONED ACTION, AND MAYBE 3449 02:09:21,715 --> 02:09:22,782 SOCIOBEHAVIORAL MODEL. 3450 02:09:22,782 --> 02:09:23,850 THINKING ABOUT THOSE THEORIES 3451 02:09:23,850 --> 02:09:25,919 WHICH I CUT MY TEETH ON AND 3452 02:09:25,919 --> 02:09:26,653 REALLY LIKED. 3453 02:09:26,653 --> 02:09:28,321 BUT I KEPT THINKING TO MYSELF, 3454 02:09:28,321 --> 02:09:30,423 THE IMAGE IN THOSE MODELS IS 3455 02:09:30,423 --> 02:09:32,192 REALLY OF SOMEBODY WEIGHING THE 3456 02:09:32,192 --> 02:09:33,893 COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TREATMENT. 3457 02:09:33,893 --> 02:09:35,628 AND I THOUGHT TO MYSELF, I DON'T 3458 02:09:35,628 --> 02:09:36,730 KNOW ANYBODY WHO MAKES THEIR 3459 02:09:36,730 --> 02:09:37,597 DECISIONS THAT WAY. 3460 02:09:37,597 --> 02:09:40,100 AND SO, THE NETWORK EPISODE 3461 02:09:40,100 --> 02:09:41,601 MODEEL WAS AN ATTEMPT TO BUILD 3462 02:09:41,601 --> 02:09:43,002 ON WHAT WE UNDERSTOOD ABOUT 3463 02:09:43,002 --> 02:09:52,378 SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIAL 3464 02:09:52,378 --> 02:09:56,216 SUPPORT. 3465 02:09:56,216 --> 02:09:58,918 AND PEOPLE BOUNCE OFF ONE 3466 02:09:58,918 --> 02:09:59,619 ANOTHER. 3467 02:09:59,619 --> 02:10:00,754 WE LEARNED INTERESTING THING 3468 02:10:00,754 --> 02:10:05,325 ABOUT THIS AND I WANTED TO SAY 3469 02:10:05,325 --> 02:10:06,693 THAT I THINK THAT SOME PEOPLE 3470 02:10:06,693 --> 02:10:08,895 HAVE TAKEN WITH IT AND RUN WITH 3471 02:10:08,895 --> 02:10:11,598 IT IN VERY IMPORTANT WAYS. 3472 02:10:11,598 --> 02:10:13,199 AND THERE WAS A CHILDREN'S 3473 02:10:13,199 --> 02:10:15,268 VERSION OF THIS WHICH IS 3474 02:10:15,268 --> 02:10:15,902 POWERFUL. 3475 02:10:15,902 --> 02:10:17,937 ARLENE STIFF MAN AT WASHINGTON 3476 02:10:17,937 --> 02:10:18,538 UNIVERSITY ST. LOUIS DEVELOPED 3477 02:10:18,538 --> 02:10:20,707 THE GATEWAY PROVIDER MODEL TO 3478 02:10:20,707 --> 02:10:22,342 TALK ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT SOCIAL 3479 02:10:22,342 --> 02:10:24,611 SYSTEMS BECOME THE NETWORK 3480 02:10:24,611 --> 02:10:26,946 GATEWAY FOR KIDS TO GET CARE. 3481 02:10:26,946 --> 02:10:29,115 THE OTHER THING THAT I AM REALLY 3482 02:10:29,115 --> 02:10:31,117 PROUD ABOUT THIS MODEL IS THAT 3483 02:10:31,117 --> 02:10:33,720 THE PEOPLE WHO TEND TO USE IT 3484 02:10:33,720 --> 02:10:36,122 ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE 3485 02:10:36,122 --> 02:10:37,023 TRENCHES WITH PEOPLE WITH 3486 02:10:37,023 --> 02:10:39,125 SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT MENTAL 3487 02:10:39,125 --> 02:10:40,527 ILLNESS AND ALSO THE PEOPLE WHO 3488 02:10:40,527 --> 02:10:46,432 ARE STUDYING DIVERSE 3489 02:10:46,432 --> 02:10:46,733 COMMUNITIES. 3490 02:10:46,733 --> 02:10:48,701 AND BLACK BOYS AND GETTING INTO 3491 02:10:48,701 --> 02:10:51,938 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AND HIS 3492 02:10:51,938 --> 02:10:54,841 NEWER WORK ON SUICIDE AMONG 3493 02:10:54,841 --> 02:10:56,342 AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES. 3494 02:10:56,342 --> 02:10:58,745 THEY ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE FOUND 3495 02:10:58,745 --> 02:10:59,546 THIS USEFUL. 3496 02:10:59,546 --> 02:11:01,447 AND THAT MAKES ME EXTREMELY 3497 02:11:01,447 --> 02:11:03,116 HAPPY THAT MAYBE THERE HAS BEEN 3498 02:11:03,116 --> 02:11:05,285 A CONTRIBUTION THERE. 3499 02:11:05,285 --> 02:11:07,453 THE OTHER THING WAS TAKING WHAT 3500 02:11:07,453 --> 02:11:09,956 WE KNEW ABOUT THE SUICIDE AND 3501 02:11:09,956 --> 02:11:12,926 THINKING ABOUT HOW IT WAS BEING 3502 02:11:12,926 --> 02:11:13,493 USED. 3503 02:11:13,493 --> 02:11:15,328 AND DIRK LINE DID NOT TALK ABOUT 3504 02:11:15,328 --> 02:11:15,762 NETWORKS, PER SE. 3505 02:11:15,762 --> 02:11:17,730 HE TALKED ABOUT SOCIAL GROUPS. 3506 02:11:17,730 --> 02:11:20,466 HE TALKED ABOUT RICH VERSUS POOR 3507 02:11:20,466 --> 02:11:21,334 AND CATHOLICS VERSUS PROTESTANTS 3508 02:11:21,334 --> 02:11:23,837 AND AT ONE POINT, PEOPLE 3509 02:11:23,837 --> 02:11:25,572 SUICIDOLOGISTS SAID THERE IS ONE 3510 02:11:25,572 --> 02:11:28,708 LAW OF SUICIDE THAT CATHOLICS 3511 02:11:28,708 --> 02:11:29,843 COMMIT SUICIDE MORE THAN 3512 02:11:29,843 --> 02:11:30,143 PROTESTANTS. 3513 02:11:30,143 --> 02:11:31,544 AND IT WAS LIKE, REALLY? 3514 02:11:31,544 --> 02:11:32,045 DO THEY? 3515 02:11:32,045 --> 02:11:33,046 DO WE KNOW THAT? 3516 02:11:33,046 --> 02:11:34,848 BECAUSE MOSTLY WE ARE STUDYING 3517 02:11:34,848 --> 02:11:35,748 SUICIDE RATES. 3518 02:11:35,748 --> 02:11:37,016 WHICH SAYS SOMETHING VERY 3519 02:11:37,016 --> 02:11:37,283 DIFFERENT. 3520 02:11:37,283 --> 02:11:38,952 IT SAYS PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN AREAS 3521 02:11:38,952 --> 02:11:42,789 WITH LOTS OF CATHOLICS HAVE 3522 02:11:42,789 --> 02:11:44,157 LOWER SUICIDE RATES THAN PEOPLE 3523 02:11:44,157 --> 02:11:46,059 WHO LIVE IN AREAS WITH LOTS OF 3524 02:11:46,059 --> 02:11:46,359 PROTESTANTS. 3525 02:11:46,359 --> 02:11:49,062 SO WE STARTED TO TRY TO THINK 3526 02:11:49,062 --> 02:11:50,864 ABOUT WHAT WAS THE NATURE OF THE 3527 02:11:50,864 --> 02:11:53,366 RELIGIOUS NETWORKS OF PEOPLE 3528 02:11:53,366 --> 02:11:55,068 WITH DIFFERENT -- THAT LIVE IN 3529 02:11:55,068 --> 02:11:56,870 AREAS WITH DIFFERENT SUICIDE 3530 02:11:56,870 --> 02:11:57,070 RATES? 3531 02:11:57,070 --> 02:11:58,671 AND WE WERE ABLE TO START TO 3532 02:11:58,671 --> 02:12:00,306 THINK ABOUT HARMONIZING DATA IN 3533 02:12:00,306 --> 02:12:03,977 A WAY THAT WE COULD LOOK TO THE 3534 02:12:03,977 --> 02:12:06,779 GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY THAT HAD 3535 02:12:06,779 --> 02:12:07,847 NETWORK DATA AND HAD DETAILED 3536 02:12:07,847 --> 02:12:10,149 DATA ON RELIGIONS ON. 3537 02:12:10,149 --> 02:12:12,085 AND WE WERE ABLE TO FIND, THAT 3538 02:12:12,085 --> 02:12:13,186 YES, IN THE UNITED STATES, WHICH 3539 02:12:13,186 --> 02:12:16,356 IS THE MOST DENOMINATION 3540 02:12:16,356 --> 02:12:17,557 ALLIESED RELIGIOUS COUNTRY IN 3541 02:12:17,557 --> 02:12:20,059 THE WORLD, WE HAVE MORE 3542 02:12:20,059 --> 02:12:21,961 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS THAN 3543 02:12:21,961 --> 02:12:22,395 ANYBODY. 3544 02:12:22,395 --> 02:12:24,063 THAT CATHOLICISM DOES CONTINUE 3545 02:12:24,063 --> 02:12:26,099 TO ANCHOR THE BOTTOM OF SUICIDE 3546 02:12:26,099 --> 02:12:26,299 RATES. 3547 02:12:26,299 --> 02:12:27,100 AND GUESS WHAT? 3548 02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:28,568 THEY ARE ALSO THE PEOPLE WHO ARE 3549 02:12:28,568 --> 02:12:31,871 MOST LIKELY TO HAVE ONLY OTHER 3550 02:12:31,871 --> 02:12:32,906 CATHOLICS IN THEIR SOCIAL 3551 02:12:32,906 --> 02:12:33,172 NETWORKS. 3552 02:12:33,172 --> 02:12:35,275 AND AS YOU GET AWAY FROM THAT, 3553 02:12:35,275 --> 02:12:37,176 YOU GO UP THE SIDES OF THE NET 3554 02:12:37,176 --> 02:12:40,280 WHERE YOU GET ON ONE SIDE 3555 02:12:40,280 --> 02:12:43,249 JONESTOWN AND ON THE OTHER SIDE, 3556 02:12:43,249 --> 02:12:44,984 ATHEIST WHERE THE SUED RATES -- 3557 02:12:44,984 --> 02:12:47,587 THE SORT OF NETWORKS JUST 3558 02:12:47,587 --> 02:12:48,988 DISAPPEARING AND THE OTHER ONES 3559 02:12:48,988 --> 02:12:59,332 WHERE THEY CLOSE UP. 3560 02:13:01,134 --> 02:13:03,569 IT STRUCK ME THAT WE REALLY 3561 02:13:03,569 --> 02:13:05,271 NEEDED TO GO FURTHER IN TERMS OF 3562 02:13:05,271 --> 02:13:07,006 THE NEXT STEPS BECAUSE WE ARE 3563 02:13:07,006 --> 02:13:08,675 SEEING THE ADMINISTRATIVE 3564 02:13:08,675 --> 02:13:09,609 SCIENTIST IN THE 70s TALKED 3565 02:13:09,609 --> 02:13:11,010 ABOUT THAT MORE AND MORE 3566 02:13:11,010 --> 02:13:12,645 PROBLEMS ARE WICKED. 3567 02:13:12,645 --> 02:13:14,714 OR IF YOU'RE FROM RHODE ISLAND 3568 02:13:14,714 --> 02:13:17,083 LIKE I AM, WICKED. 3569 02:13:17,083 --> 02:13:18,985 SO I GOT THESE WICKED PROBLEMS. 3570 02:13:18,985 --> 02:13:21,321 AND THEY ARE NOT AMENABLE TO 3571 02:13:21,321 --> 02:13:22,722 LINEAR THINKING. 3572 02:13:22,722 --> 02:13:25,158 AND THEY ARE A LITTLE BIT LIKE 3573 02:13:25,158 --> 02:13:26,693 WACK A MOLE LIKE IF YOU HIT IT 3574 02:13:26,693 --> 02:13:27,827 SOMEWHERE IT WILL POP UP 3575 02:13:27,827 --> 02:13:29,195 SOMEWHERE ELSE SO WE NEEDED TO 3576 02:13:29,195 --> 02:13:31,898 START THINKING IN TERMS OF 3577 02:13:31,898 --> 02:13:34,500 LARGER EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. 3578 02:13:34,500 --> 02:13:37,003 THERE IS NO SHORTAGE, NO 3579 02:13:37,003 --> 02:13:40,807 SHORTAGE OF ECOLOGICAL MODELS. 3580 02:13:40,807 --> 02:13:42,008 MULTILAYER MODELS. 3581 02:13:42,008 --> 02:13:44,711 I COULDN'T BIND THIS AGAIN IN 3582 02:13:44,711 --> 02:13:46,145 GOOGLE BUT YOU CAN THINK ABOUT 3583 02:13:46,145 --> 02:13:47,814 THE EARLY THEORY OF CHILD 3584 02:13:47,814 --> 02:13:48,114 DEVELOPMENT. 3585 02:13:48,114 --> 02:13:49,615 THAT WAS PROBABLY THE GRAND 3586 02:13:49,615 --> 02:13:51,317 DADDY OF THEM ALL. 3587 02:13:51,317 --> 02:13:52,819 BUT THE PROBLEM WITH THOSE 3588 02:13:52,819 --> 02:13:54,620 MODELS AND I HAVE SEEN ONES THAT 3589 02:13:54,620 --> 02:13:56,255 ARE -- LIKE THIS ONE, BECAUSE I 3590 02:13:56,255 --> 02:13:57,523 THOUGHT IT WAS PARTICULARLY 3591 02:13:57,523 --> 02:13:59,125 PRETTY, BUT THE PROBLEM WITH 3592 02:13:59,125 --> 02:14:02,128 THESE MODELS IS THAT THEY ONLY 3593 02:14:02,128 --> 02:14:05,231 REALLY SATISFIED ONE OF FIVE 3594 02:14:05,231 --> 02:14:05,898 CONDITIONS I THINK THAT YOU NEED 3595 02:14:05,898 --> 02:14:07,734 TO MEET TO DO A MULTI-LEVEL 3596 02:14:07,734 --> 02:14:09,535 MODEL THAT WILL GIVE YOU SOME 3597 02:14:09,535 --> 02:14:09,836 PURCHASE. 3598 02:14:09,836 --> 02:14:12,505 AND THAT IS, I THINK WE'VE GOT 3599 02:14:12,505 --> 02:14:13,239 IT DOWN. 3600 02:14:13,239 --> 02:14:14,640 WE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA WHAT 3601 02:14:14,640 --> 02:14:16,843 THE SET OF CONTEXTURAL LEVELS 3602 02:14:16,843 --> 02:14:18,011 ARE THAT MATTER. 3603 02:14:18,011 --> 02:14:20,346 THIS IS THE DOCUMENTED IN 3604 02:14:20,346 --> 02:14:20,947 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH AND THERE 3605 02:14:20,947 --> 02:14:23,049 WERE A LOT OF REALLY EXCELLENT 3606 02:14:23,049 --> 02:14:24,384 REPORTS THAT CAME OUT OF THE 3607 02:14:24,384 --> 02:14:27,320 NATIONAL ACADEMIES, CAME OUT OF 3608 02:14:27,320 --> 02:14:28,821 THE NIH, THAT TALKED ABOUT 3609 02:14:28,821 --> 02:14:30,423 NEURONS TO NEIGHBORHOODS, RIGHT? 3610 02:14:30,423 --> 02:14:32,358 JUST A BRILLIANT -- THAT'S ONE 3611 02:14:32,358 --> 02:14:33,926 OF MY GO TO BOOKS. 3612 02:14:33,926 --> 02:14:35,561 BUT THE PROBLEM IS WITH THESE, 3613 02:14:35,561 --> 02:14:37,830 IS THAT THEY DON'T OFFER 3614 02:14:37,830 --> 02:14:40,166 UNDERLYING MECHANISM OR AGENT OF 3615 02:14:40,166 --> 02:14:41,134 ACTION THAT CONNECTS THESE. 3616 02:14:41,134 --> 02:14:43,536 AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, IF YOU ASK 3617 02:14:43,536 --> 02:14:44,637 THE SCIENTISTS AT EACH ONE OF 3618 02:14:44,637 --> 02:14:46,839 THOSE LEVELS TO COME UP WITH THE 3619 02:14:46,839 --> 02:14:48,141 VARIABLES THAT MATTER, THEY'LL 3620 02:14:48,141 --> 02:14:50,343 GIVE YOU AT MINIMUM, 30 3621 02:14:50,343 --> 02:14:51,044 VARIABLES THAT MATTER. 3622 02:14:51,044 --> 02:14:53,546 SO WE HAVE GOT THIS HUGE AMOUNT 3623 02:14:53,546 --> 02:14:55,148 OF VARIABLES AND DON'T KNOW HOW 3624 02:14:55,148 --> 02:14:56,249 THEY ARE INTERCONNECTED BUT IF 3625 02:14:56,249 --> 02:14:58,084 YOU TAKE A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE, 3626 02:14:58,084 --> 02:15:06,059 IT GIVES YOU A WAY TO NARROW 3627 02:15:06,059 --> 02:15:06,659 DOWN. 3628 02:15:06,659 --> 02:15:09,762 HOW IS IT AFFECTED AND HOW DOES 3629 02:15:09,762 --> 02:15:10,863 IT INTERACT WITH THOSE? 3630 02:15:10,863 --> 02:15:12,665 THE OTHER THING THAT TAKING A 3631 02:15:12,665 --> 02:15:16,135 NETWORK PERSPECTIVE I FIND 3632 02:15:16,135 --> 02:15:17,236 USEFUL IS THAT IT EMPLOYS A 3633 02:15:17,236 --> 02:15:18,971 LANGUAGE THAT IS NOW VERY 3634 02:15:18,971 --> 02:15:21,841 FAMILIAR, ESPECIALLY SINCE 3635 02:15:21,841 --> 02:15:24,744 NETWORK SCIENCE CAME IN THE 3636 02:15:24,744 --> 02:15:24,944 1990S. 3637 02:15:24,944 --> 02:15:26,446 THEY NOW WHEN YOU HAVE THE 3638 02:15:26,446 --> 02:15:28,448 PHYSICIST BOARD, YOU HAVE SOME 3639 02:15:28,448 --> 02:15:30,049 REALLY POWERFUL PARTNERS TO 3640 02:15:30,049 --> 02:15:31,451 THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS. 3641 02:15:31,451 --> 02:15:33,753 SO EVERYBODY FROM BIOLOGISTS TO 3642 02:15:33,753 --> 02:15:36,456 PHYSICIST TO SOCIOLOGISTS, 3643 02:15:36,456 --> 02:15:37,857 ANTHROPOLOGISTS, PEOPLE ARE 3644 02:15:37,857 --> 02:15:39,859 THINKING ABOUT SOCIAL NETWORKS. 3645 02:15:39,859 --> 02:15:41,561 AND SO THAT GIVES US A WAY TO 3646 02:15:41,561 --> 02:15:42,462 TALK TO ONE ANOTHER. 3647 02:15:42,462 --> 02:15:43,763 AND I THINK IT ALSO SUGGESTS 3648 02:15:43,763 --> 02:15:44,964 THAT WE'RE NOT ALWAYS GOING TO 3649 02:15:44,964 --> 02:15:47,767 BE ABLE TO HAVE NETWORK DATA 3650 02:15:47,767 --> 02:15:50,536 THAT MATCHES THE REAL EXPERTS 3651 02:15:50,536 --> 02:15:50,736 WANT. 3652 02:15:50,736 --> 02:15:52,972 SO WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TO USE 3653 02:15:52,972 --> 02:15:55,675 THE FULL RANGE OF METHODOLOGICAL 3654 02:15:55,675 --> 02:15:58,578 TOOLS THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN 3655 02:15:58,578 --> 02:16:08,721 USEFUL. 3656 02:16:12,425 --> 02:16:13,893 SO WHAT DID WE DO NEXT? 3657 02:16:13,893 --> 02:16:15,361 WHAT WE DID IS BROUGHT TOGETHER 3658 02:16:15,361 --> 02:16:17,096 A WHOLE BUNCH OF SCIENTISTS. 3659 02:16:17,096 --> 02:16:18,865 AND SO, IF YOU LOOK AT THAT 3660 02:16:18,865 --> 02:16:20,366 LIST, WHICH I CAN'T REALLY SEE 3661 02:16:20,366 --> 02:16:23,803 FROM HERE, IT INCLUDES 3662 02:16:23,803 --> 02:16:25,004 NEUROSCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIST 3663 02:16:25,004 --> 02:16:28,074 AND PSYCHOLOGISTS AND 3664 02:16:28,074 --> 02:16:34,380 METHODOLOGISTS AND ALL THE 3665 02:16:34,380 --> 02:16:35,281 PEOPLE THAT WERE INTERESTED IN 3666 02:16:35,281 --> 02:16:38,050 THINKING ABOUT THIS. 3667 02:16:38,050 --> 02:16:42,755 AND FOR ME I STARTED THINKING 3668 02:16:42,755 --> 02:16:44,991 ABOUT THE SAFETY NET AS A 3669 02:16:44,991 --> 02:16:49,495 THEORETICAL PLANE THAT EXISTS. 3670 02:16:49,495 --> 02:16:50,897 THERE IS ALWAYS SOME KIND OF 3671 02:16:50,897 --> 02:16:52,365 COMBINATION OF WHAT YOU'RE 3672 02:16:52,365 --> 02:16:55,768 LOOKING AT THAT PROVIDES THAT 3673 02:16:55,768 --> 02:16:56,602 NADIR OF SUPPORT, THAT BALANCE 3674 02:16:56,602 --> 02:16:58,070 AT THE BOTTOM AND THEY CAN ALL 3675 02:16:58,070 --> 02:17:01,007 SORT OF GO IN WONKY FASHION TO 3676 02:17:01,007 --> 02:17:02,275 DANGEROUS POLES. 3677 02:17:02,275 --> 02:17:05,278 AND SO THIS REALLY FITS VERY 3678 02:17:05,278 --> 02:17:08,181 WELL WITH PEOPLE LIKE ELEANOR'S 3679 02:17:08,181 --> 02:17:11,083 IDEAS IN TERMS OF THE COMMENTS 3680 02:17:11,083 --> 02:17:12,485 AND COMPLEXITY THEORY. 3681 02:17:12,485 --> 02:17:15,588 AND IT REALLY DEPLOYS 3682 02:17:15,588 --> 02:17:19,091 INTERACTION AND DYNAMICS. 3683 02:17:19,091 --> 02:17:20,693 SO THE FRACTAL STRUCTURE WHICH 3684 02:17:20,693 --> 02:17:23,996 IS THAT SELF REPEATING KIND OF 3685 02:17:23,996 --> 02:17:25,298 THING, GETTING ALL THESE PEOPLE 3686 02:17:25,298 --> 02:17:27,300 TOGETHER WAS TO ASK THEM THE 3687 02:17:27,300 --> 02:17:28,568 FOLLOWING QUESTION. 3688 02:17:28,568 --> 02:17:31,804 IN YOUR OWN AREA OF RESEARCH, IS 3689 02:17:31,804 --> 02:17:34,173 THERE NETWORK RESEARCH OR IS 3690 02:17:34,173 --> 02:17:35,808 THERE RESEARCH THAT SUPPORTS THE 3691 02:17:35,808 --> 02:17:37,910 IDEA OF NETWORKS AND OPERATION 3692 02:17:37,910 --> 02:17:38,911 AT YOUR LEVEL? 3693 02:17:38,911 --> 02:17:41,013 AND AS A RESULT OF THAT, IN THE 3694 02:17:41,013 --> 02:17:42,815 FIRST PAPER THAT WE DID IS THAT 3695 02:17:42,815 --> 02:17:47,787 WE LOOKED AT THIS USING ALCOHOL 3696 02:17:47,787 --> 02:17:49,989 ABUSE OR ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AS 3697 02:17:49,989 --> 02:17:53,192 THE AREA TO WHICH WE TRIED TO 3698 02:17:53,192 --> 02:17:54,493 SEE IF THERE WAS A WAY TO THINK 3699 02:17:54,493 --> 02:17:55,094 ABOUT THIS. 3700 02:17:55,094 --> 02:17:58,998 AND IT LOOKED LIKE IT HAS SOME 3701 02:17:58,998 --> 02:17:59,832 INTERESTING POSSIBILITIES. 3702 02:17:59,832 --> 02:18:01,701 BECAUSE IT COMBINES THE IDEA OF 3703 02:18:01,701 --> 02:18:03,002 BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING WHICH WE 3704 02:18:03,002 --> 02:18:05,905 THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT, THE 3705 02:18:05,905 --> 02:18:06,806 ANTHROPOLOGIST COMING UP WITH 3706 02:18:06,806 --> 02:18:08,507 THE IDEA THAT BIOLOGICAL 3707 02:18:08,507 --> 02:18:09,909 EMBEDDING REALLY HELPS US 3708 02:18:09,909 --> 02:18:12,011 EXPLAIN WHY THINGS LIKE 3709 02:18:12,011 --> 02:18:13,713 DISCRIMINATION, WHY AND HOW 3710 02:18:13,713 --> 02:18:14,814 DISCRIMINATION GETS UNDER THE 3711 02:18:14,814 --> 02:18:15,414 SKIN, RIGHT? 3712 02:18:15,414 --> 02:18:19,919 BUT THEN WE ALSO HAVE THE SOCIAL 3713 02:18:19,919 --> 02:18:21,320 EMBEDDING IN WHICH WE LOOK AT 3714 02:18:21,320 --> 02:18:22,922 THE OPPOSITE. 3715 02:18:22,922 --> 02:18:26,792 SO, WE WERE REALLY TRYING TO USE 3716 02:18:26,792 --> 02:18:28,928 THIS -- AND IT'S A THEORETICAL 3717 02:18:28,928 --> 02:18:29,328 MODEL. 3718 02:18:29,328 --> 02:18:30,997 CAN WE EVER OPERATIONALIZE THIS? 3719 02:18:30,997 --> 02:18:31,831 I DON'T KNOW. 3720 02:18:31,831 --> 02:18:33,499 BUT IT'S A WAY TO THINK AND IT 3721 02:18:33,499 --> 02:18:34,900 HAS BEEN -- WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 3722 02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:39,338 USE IT TO TAKE OUR RESEARCH A 3723 02:18:39,338 --> 02:18:42,208 LITTLE FURTHER. 3724 02:18:42,208 --> 02:18:43,376 SO THERE ARE THREE THINGS I 3725 02:18:43,376 --> 02:18:45,311 WANTED TO TALK ABOUT. 3726 02:18:45,311 --> 02:18:46,646 IN TERMS OF OUR CURRENT 3727 02:18:46,646 --> 02:18:46,912 RESEARCH. 3728 02:18:46,912 --> 02:18:48,514 AND ONE IS THINKING ABOUT 3729 02:18:48,514 --> 02:18:49,615 PATHWAYS TO CARE. 3730 02:18:49,615 --> 02:18:52,518 EVEN WHEN I LOOKED AT PREDICTING 3731 02:18:52,518 --> 02:18:53,819 WHO WOULD GO TO A DOCTOR VERSUS 3732 02:18:53,819 --> 02:18:56,222 NOT GO TO A DOCTOR. 3733 02:18:56,222 --> 02:18:59,959 THAT DOESN'T ANSWER THE QUESTION 3734 02:18:59,959 --> 02:19:02,228 THAT JOHN CLASS EN WHO WAS IN 3735 02:19:02,228 --> 02:19:10,736 THE SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL THAT 3736 02:19:10,736 --> 02:19:12,438 PEOPLE WITH SEVERE MENTAL 3737 02:19:12,438 --> 02:19:13,439 ILLNESS DO NOT GET INTO 3738 02:19:13,439 --> 02:19:14,440 TREATMENT QUICKLY AND 3739 02:19:14,440 --> 02:19:14,740 EFFICIENTLY. 3740 02:19:14,740 --> 02:19:15,675 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 3741 02:19:15,675 --> 02:19:17,443 HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO, AND THIS 3742 02:19:17,443 --> 02:19:20,146 GOES BACK TO JAMEEE'S USE OF 3743 02:19:20,146 --> 02:19:22,548 LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS, ONE OF MY 3744 02:19:22,548 --> 02:19:24,216 FAVORITE ANALYTIC TOOLS, IS THAT 3745 02:19:24,216 --> 02:19:28,154 WHAT WE HAVE SEEN CONSISTENTLY 3746 02:19:28,154 --> 02:19:30,022 IS THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH THE 3747 02:19:30,022 --> 02:19:31,057 MOST SERIOUS PROBLEMS HAVE THE 3748 02:19:31,057 --> 02:19:33,526 MOST COMPLICATED PATHWAYS TO 3749 02:19:33,526 --> 02:19:34,527 CARE. 3750 02:19:34,527 --> 02:19:35,861 WHY IS THAT? 3751 02:19:35,861 --> 02:19:38,064 IF IT'S SO SERIOUS AND SO 3752 02:19:38,064 --> 02:19:40,066 OBVIOUS, WHY AREN'T THEY JUST 3753 02:19:40,066 --> 02:19:41,867 GOING TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM? 3754 02:19:41,867 --> 02:19:43,302 THERE IS A LOT OF REASONS BUT 3755 02:19:43,302 --> 02:19:46,439 ONE OF THE THINGS IS, IS THAT WE 3756 02:19:46,439 --> 02:19:47,673 FOUND THAT THERE ARE BASIC 3757 02:19:47,673 --> 02:19:50,743 PATHWAYS WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 3758 02:19:50,743 --> 02:19:54,080 THAT SAY THERE ARE DIFFERENT 3759 02:19:54,080 --> 02:20:04,123 PHENOMENON. 3760 02:20:04,123 --> 02:20:05,858 THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHWAYS 3761 02:20:05,858 --> 02:20:07,660 THAT ARE IMPORTANT. 3762 02:20:07,660 --> 02:20:09,161 ONE IS COERCION AND WE FOUND IN 3763 02:20:09,161 --> 02:20:11,564 OUR STUDY THAT 25% OF PEOPLE WHO 3764 02:20:11,564 --> 02:20:14,767 ENDED UP IN THE MENTAL HEALTH 3765 02:20:14,767 --> 02:20:15,768 SYSTEM CAME IN RESISTING. 3766 02:20:15,768 --> 02:20:17,269 THEY CAME IN EITHER UNDER WHAT 3767 02:20:17,269 --> 02:20:21,273 WE CALL FORMER HARD COERCION, 3768 02:20:21,273 --> 02:20:23,376 THE LAW, BROUGHT THEM IN OR SOFT 3769 02:20:23,376 --> 02:20:25,578 COERCION, WHICH IS MOM GUILT. 3770 02:20:25,578 --> 02:20:34,854 THAT GOT YOU INTO TREATMENT. 3771 02:20:34,854 --> 02:20:39,925 AND 30% OF PEOPLE GOT IN BY 3772 02:20:39,925 --> 02:20:40,326 MUDDLING THROUGH. 3773 02:20:40,326 --> 02:20:41,961 THEY COULDN'T TELL US HOW THEY 3774 02:20:41,961 --> 02:20:42,995 GOT THERE. 3775 02:20:42,995 --> 02:20:45,264 AND THIS CONCEPT WE BORROWED 3776 02:20:45,264 --> 02:20:46,665 FROM CHARLES, THE POLITICAL 3777 02:20:46,665 --> 02:20:48,067 SCIENTIST WHO SAID THAT THIS IS 3778 02:20:48,067 --> 02:20:51,270 THE WAY AMERICANS MAKE SOCIAL 3779 02:20:51,270 --> 02:21:01,514 POLICY, WHICH SEEMED RIGHT TO 3780 02:21:01,514 --> 02:21:01,680 US. 3781 02:21:01,680 --> 02:21:03,883 WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 3782 02:21:03,883 --> 02:21:05,384 CULTURAL STRUCTURES ON THE 3783 02:21:05,384 --> 02:21:09,155 BOTTOM RIGHT, WHERE HOW DOES THE 3784 02:21:09,155 --> 02:21:14,794 PERSON THINK ABOUT THEIR MENTAL 3785 02:21:14,794 --> 02:21:15,094 HEALTH? 3786 02:21:15,094 --> 02:21:16,595 HOW DOES THE SOCIAL NETWORK 3787 02:21:16,595 --> 02:21:19,165 THINK ABOUT IT AND HOW DOES THE 3788 02:21:19,165 --> 02:21:20,900 STATE-OF-THE-ART MEASURE USED IN 3789 02:21:20,900 --> 02:21:24,503 THE POPULATION? 3790 02:21:24,503 --> 02:21:27,173 SO ROB BEGIN ON'S ABILITY TO DO 3791 02:21:27,173 --> 02:21:28,140 ADAPTIVE TESTING. 3792 02:21:28,140 --> 02:21:29,775 HOW MUCH DO THOSE OVERLAP IN 3793 02:21:29,775 --> 02:21:31,577 TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT THIS? 3794 02:21:31,577 --> 02:21:33,579 AND HOW DOES THAT CULTURAL 3795 02:21:33,579 --> 02:21:36,916 STRUCTURE MAP ON TO JEREMEY'S 3796 02:21:36,916 --> 02:21:38,317 LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE OF THE 3797 02:21:38,317 --> 02:21:39,885 DIFFERENT KINDS OF PATHWAYS OR 3798 02:21:39,885 --> 02:21:41,287 COMBINATION THAT IS PEOPLE USE? 3799 02:21:41,287 --> 02:21:44,123 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 3800 02:21:44,123 --> 02:21:45,491 FOUND IS THAT IN FACT, WE'RE 3801 02:21:45,491 --> 02:21:47,993 STARTING TO SEE THAT IT LOOKS 3802 02:21:47,993 --> 02:21:49,695 VERY DIFFERENT FOR MENTAL 3803 02:21:49,695 --> 02:21:51,697 ILLNESS AS OPPOSED TO PHYSICAL 3804 02:21:51,697 --> 02:21:51,997 ILLNESS. 3805 02:21:51,997 --> 02:21:52,898 WHICH I DON'T THINK WE 3806 02:21:52,898 --> 02:21:55,301 NECESSARILY ANTICIPATED. 3807 02:21:55,301 --> 02:21:56,602 THE SECOND AREA OF RESEARCH THAT 3808 02:21:56,602 --> 02:22:00,806 I THINK THIS IS APPLICABLE TO IS 3809 02:22:00,806 --> 02:22:03,008 GOVERNOR MAN'S CLASSIC AREA OF 3810 02:22:03,008 --> 02:22:06,078 STIGMA, WHICH I BECAME INVOLVED 3811 02:22:06,078 --> 02:22:09,215 IN -- GUAV MAN'S -- I BECAME IN 3812 02:22:09,215 --> 02:22:10,716 INVOLVED WITH BECAUSE AFTER WE 3813 02:22:10,716 --> 02:22:14,487 STARTED DOING THE NETWORK -- THE 3814 02:22:14,487 --> 02:22:16,322 OBVIOUS ANSWER AGAIN FROM THE 3815 02:22:16,322 --> 02:22:19,225 SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL LAB AT NIMH, 3816 02:22:19,225 --> 02:22:21,227 WAS STIGMA. 3817 02:22:21,227 --> 02:22:24,129 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 3818 02:22:24,129 --> 02:22:25,598 CONTEMPORARY STIGMA RESEARCH 3819 02:22:25,598 --> 02:22:28,200 FOUND IS THAT THE MOST 3820 02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:29,802 CONSISTENT CORRELATE OF HIGH 3821 02:22:29,802 --> 02:22:31,303 LEVELS OF STIGMA IS NOT HAVING 3822 02:22:31,303 --> 02:22:33,506 CONTACT WITH PEOPLE WITH MENTAL 3823 02:22:33,506 --> 02:22:34,406 HEALTH PROBLEMS. 3824 02:22:34,406 --> 02:22:37,309 BUT THE MEASURE IS LIKE A 3825 02:22:37,309 --> 02:22:38,010 MACHETE. 3826 02:22:38,010 --> 02:22:39,211 IT'S VERY, VERY CRUDE. 3827 02:22:39,211 --> 02:22:41,814 IT'S LIKE, HAVE YOU OR ANYONE 3828 02:22:41,814 --> 02:22:44,817 YOU KNOWN HAD MENTAL ILLNESS? 3829 02:22:44,817 --> 02:22:47,219 AND THE IDEA WAS THAT THEN THAT 3830 02:22:47,219 --> 02:22:49,822 HAD ALL KINDS OF IMPLICATIONS 3831 02:22:49,822 --> 02:22:52,324 FOR POLICY AND ANTI-STIGMA 3832 02:22:52,324 --> 02:22:52,558 EFFORTS. 3833 02:22:52,558 --> 02:22:55,427 BUT AS THINKING FROM A NETWORK 3834 02:22:55,427 --> 02:22:56,028 PERSPECTIVE, THAT DIDN'T SET 3835 02:22:56,028 --> 02:22:57,930 RIGHT WITH US. 3836 02:22:57,930 --> 02:23:00,733 SO IN THE LAST, 2018 NATIONAL 3837 02:23:00,733 --> 02:23:01,901 STIGMA STUDY WHICH WAS THE THIRD 3838 02:23:01,901 --> 02:23:04,436 WAVE OF THAT STUDY, WE PUT ON A 3839 02:23:04,436 --> 02:23:05,905 NETWORK BATTERY AND ASKED, TELL 3840 02:23:05,905 --> 02:23:07,806 US ABOUT THE PEOPLE YOU KNOW 3841 02:23:07,806 --> 02:23:09,308 WITH MENTAL ILLNESS? 3842 02:23:09,308 --> 02:23:12,611 AND WHAT WE FOUND THERE IN TERMS 3843 02:23:12,611 --> 02:23:14,113 OF THIS IS THAT WHAT IS REALLY 3844 02:23:14,113 --> 02:23:16,615 SEEMS TO BE HAPPENING IS THAT 3845 02:23:16,615 --> 02:23:18,117 IT'S ACTUALLY VERY BAD IF YOU 3846 02:23:18,117 --> 02:23:21,453 KNOW A LOT OF PEOPLE BUT NOT 3847 02:23:21,453 --> 02:23:22,221 VERY WELL. 3848 02:23:22,221 --> 02:23:24,056 AND THAT ACTUALLY INCREASES THE 3849 02:23:24,056 --> 02:23:25,824 AMOUNT OF STIGMA YOU FEEL 3850 02:23:25,824 --> 02:23:27,126 TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH MENTAL 3851 02:23:27,126 --> 02:23:27,760 ILLNESS. 3852 02:23:27,760 --> 02:23:30,029 WHEREAS IF YOU HAVE STRONG TIES 3853 02:23:30,029 --> 02:23:31,630 TO THEM, THEN THAT LETS YOU SEE 3854 02:23:31,630 --> 02:23:33,232 THEIR FULL HUMANITY. 3855 02:23:33,232 --> 02:23:34,533 THAT'S HOW WE EXPLAIN THAT. 3856 02:23:34,533 --> 02:23:35,935 BUT I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS 3857 02:23:35,935 --> 02:23:37,937 I'M MOST EXCITED ABOUT IS HOW 3858 02:23:37,937 --> 02:23:39,138 THIS HAS ALLOWED US TO 3859 02:23:39,138 --> 02:23:40,039 BREAKTHROUGH DATA BARRIERS IN 3860 02:23:40,039 --> 02:23:43,242 THE STUDY OF SUICIDE. 3861 02:23:43,242 --> 02:23:46,812 AND THAT IS THAT AS I MENTIONED, 3862 02:23:46,812 --> 02:23:50,649 MOST SOCIOLOGIST, WE MEASURE 3863 02:23:50,649 --> 02:23:51,250 SUICIDE RATES. 3864 02:23:51,250 --> 02:23:54,320 BUT IF WE GO BACK TO THE 3865 02:23:54,320 --> 02:23:55,220 CATHOLIC VERSUS PROTESTANT 3866 02:23:55,220 --> 02:23:57,656 QUESTION, IF WE GO BACK TO THE 3867 02:23:57,656 --> 02:24:00,659 QUESTION OF HOW DOES RELIGION 3868 02:24:00,659 --> 02:24:01,560 FACTOR IN WITH SUICIDE, THE 3869 02:24:01,560 --> 02:24:04,330 QUESTION WE WANT TO KNOW IS, IN 3870 02:24:04,330 --> 02:24:06,832 THOSE AREAS WHERE SUICIDE IS 3871 02:24:06,832 --> 02:24:08,734 LOW, IS IT THAT THE CATHOLICS 3872 02:24:08,734 --> 02:24:09,935 ARE HAVING THOSE KINDS OF 3873 02:24:09,935 --> 02:24:12,037 NETWORKS AND BEING PROTECTED? 3874 02:24:12,037 --> 02:24:13,973 OR IS IT THAT THE PROTESTANTS 3875 02:24:13,973 --> 02:24:16,375 ARE JUST TRYING TO AVOID ANY 3876 02:24:16,375 --> 02:24:17,242 CONTACT WITH THE CATHOLICS? 3877 02:24:17,242 --> 02:24:19,645 LIKE WHAT IS GOING ON AT 3878 02:24:19,645 --> 02:24:21,246 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AGGREGATION? 3879 02:24:21,246 --> 02:24:26,151 WELL, THIS PRESENTS A REALLY BIG 3880 02:24:26,151 --> 02:24:28,454 ANALYTIC PROBLEM BECAUSE YOU 3881 02:24:28,454 --> 02:24:33,859 CAN'T GET DATA AT THAT LEVEL ON 3882 02:24:33,859 --> 02:24:34,960 BOTH INDIVIDUALS AND CONTEXT. 3883 02:24:34,960 --> 02:24:36,462 I MEAN, YOU CAN IF YOU THINK 3884 02:24:36,462 --> 02:24:38,964 ABOUT THE CLASSIC JACKSON HEART 3885 02:24:38,964 --> 02:24:41,266 STUDY, YOU CAN DO THAT IF YOU'RE 3886 02:24:41,266 --> 02:24:42,067 ASKING INSURED ABOUT HEART 3887 02:24:42,067 --> 02:24:42,301 DISEASE. 3888 02:24:42,301 --> 02:24:43,969 YOU CAN'T DO THAT WITH SUICIDE 3889 02:24:43,969 --> 02:24:45,270 BECAUSE THE PEOPLE YOU WANT TO 3890 02:24:45,270 --> 02:24:48,273 TALK TO ARE DEAD. 3891 02:24:48,273 --> 02:24:49,375 RIGHT? 3892 02:24:49,375 --> 02:24:55,481 NOW, INVASION, THE NVDRS -- 3893 02:24:55,481 --> 02:24:55,881 INNOVATION. 3894 02:24:55,881 --> 02:24:59,151 THEY HAVE DATA ON INDIVIDUALS TO 3895 02:24:59,151 --> 02:25:01,954 FOLLOW STUDY IN THE CLASSIC WAY, 3896 02:25:01,954 --> 02:25:03,789 FATHER OF SUICIDOLOGY IN 3897 02:25:03,789 --> 02:25:05,257 AMERICA, WHERE THEY GO BACK AND 3898 02:25:05,257 --> 02:25:07,159 ASK PEOPLE, IT'S NOT GREAT DATA. 3899 02:25:07,159 --> 02:25:08,661 BUT IT'S DATA. 3900 02:25:08,661 --> 02:25:10,863 BUT STILL, WHAT'S THE MISSING 3901 02:25:10,863 --> 02:25:11,063 PIECE? 3902 02:25:11,063 --> 02:25:20,205 THE MISSING PIECE IS YOU HAVE 3903 02:25:20,205 --> 02:25:23,042 DATA WHERE DO YOU GET IT? 3904 02:25:23,042 --> 02:25:24,610 FROM THE U.S. CENSUS. 3905 02:25:24,610 --> 02:25:27,112 WE COMBINED, BECAUSE THE CENSUS 3906 02:25:27,112 --> 02:25:28,580 DROPPED THE LONG FORM AND WENT 3907 02:25:28,580 --> 02:25:30,182 TO THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY 3908 02:25:30,182 --> 02:25:31,984 SURVEY, WE WERE ABLE TO 3909 02:25:31,984 --> 02:25:33,285 BREAKTHROUGH DATA BARRIERS IN 3910 02:25:33,285 --> 02:25:36,488 THE STUDY OF SUICIDE AND ASK THE 3911 02:25:36,488 --> 02:25:39,191 QUESTION, IT'S NOT NETWORK DATA, 3912 02:25:39,191 --> 02:25:39,391 RIGHT? 3913 02:25:39,391 --> 02:25:42,494 BUT IF WE THINK ABOUT THE 3914 02:25:42,494 --> 02:25:44,563 CONCEPT OF HOM OPLY, WE CAN MAKE 3915 02:25:44,563 --> 02:25:47,900 THE THEORETICAL ARGUMENT ABOUT 3916 02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:49,835 IF NETWORKS MATTER, THEN IT 3917 02:25:49,835 --> 02:25:52,171 SHOULD BE THE CASE THAT PEOPLE 3918 02:25:52,171 --> 02:25:55,874 WHO LIVE IN AREAS LIKE THEM 3919 02:25:55,874 --> 02:25:59,011 SHOULD HAVE GREATER SUPPORT AND 3920 02:25:59,011 --> 02:26:00,879 INTERPRET DIFFERENT KINDS OF 3921 02:26:00,879 --> 02:26:03,916 CRISIS IN THE SAME WAY. 3922 02:26:03,916 --> 02:26:04,650 OR IN DIFFERENT WAYS. 3923 02:26:04,650 --> 02:26:06,218 SO LET ME GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE T 3924 02:26:06,218 --> 02:26:07,886 TOOK US A WHILE TO THINK THROUGH 3925 02:26:07,886 --> 02:26:08,120 THIS. 3926 02:26:08,120 --> 02:26:10,322 LET'S TAKE THE CASE OF 3927 02:26:10,322 --> 02:26:11,190 UNEMPLOYMENT WHICH IS THE GRAPH 3928 02:26:11,190 --> 02:26:15,294 ON THE LEFT. 3929 02:26:15,294 --> 02:26:16,295 UNEMPLOYMENT, ONE OF THE MOST 3930 02:26:16,295 --> 02:26:18,497 CONSISTENT PREDICTORS OF 3931 02:26:18,497 --> 02:26:19,798 SUICIDE, INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, 3932 02:26:19,798 --> 02:26:24,703 AGGREGATE LEVEL, DOESN'T MATTER. 3933 02:26:24,703 --> 02:26:27,106 WHAT THE CHART ON THE FAR LEFT 3934 02:26:27,106 --> 02:26:29,108 BUT THE FIRST ONE SHOWS WHERE WE 3935 02:26:29,108 --> 02:26:30,909 SHOW WHAT KINDS OF LEVELS WE'RE 3936 02:26:30,909 --> 02:26:32,878 LOOKING AT, WHAT THAT SHOWS IS 3937 02:26:32,878 --> 02:26:35,514 IF YOU LIVE IN AN AREA -- IF 3938 02:26:35,514 --> 02:26:37,015 YOU'RE UNEMPLOYED AND YOU LIVE 3939 02:26:37,015 --> 02:26:39,618 IN AN AREA WHERE LOTS OF OTHER 3940 02:26:39,618 --> 02:26:41,987 PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYED, THE 3941 02:26:41,987 --> 02:26:44,823 EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON 3942 02:26:44,823 --> 02:26:46,325 SUICIDE IS MINIMAL. 3943 02:26:46,325 --> 02:26:48,193 THE PROBLEM IS, IF YOU'RE 3944 02:26:48,193 --> 02:26:50,095 UNEMPLOYED AND YOU LIVE IN AN 3945 02:26:50,095 --> 02:26:52,197 AREA WHERE EVERYBODY ELSE IS 3946 02:26:52,197 --> 02:26:53,699 EMPLOYED, AND THE WAY THAT WE 3947 02:26:53,699 --> 02:26:57,102 UNDERSTAND THAT IS THROUGH THE 3948 02:26:57,102 --> 02:27:00,839 IDEA OF HOM OPLY, LIKE BIRDS OF 3949 02:27:00,839 --> 02:27:01,507 A FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER AND YOU 3950 02:27:01,507 --> 02:27:02,808 INTERPRET FAILURE OR CRISIS 3951 02:27:02,808 --> 02:27:03,108 DIFFERENTLY. 3952 02:27:03,108 --> 02:27:05,811 IF YOU LIVE IN DETROIT AND 3953 02:27:05,811 --> 02:27:07,179 YOU'RE UNEMPLOYED, THAT IS NOT 3954 02:27:07,179 --> 02:27:09,014 GOING TO RAISE YOUR SUICIDE 3955 02:27:09,014 --> 02:27:09,314 RISK. 3956 02:27:09,314 --> 02:27:13,519 BUT IF YOU LIVE IN WESTPORT, 3957 02:27:13,519 --> 02:27:14,419 CONNECTICUT AND YOU'RE THE ONLY 3958 02:27:14,419 --> 02:27:17,523 ONE THAT IS UNEMPLOYED AROUND 3959 02:27:17,523 --> 02:27:20,125 THE BIG MANSIONS, YOU'RE GOING 3960 02:27:20,125 --> 02:27:22,628 TO BLAME YOURSELF AS OPPOSED TO 3961 02:27:22,628 --> 02:27:24,129 BEING IN DETROIT WHERE YOU BLAME 3962 02:27:24,129 --> 02:27:24,530 THE SYSTEM. 3963 02:27:24,530 --> 02:27:26,131 THAT'S WHAT WE THINK IS THE 3964 02:27:26,131 --> 02:27:27,199 UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF THIS. 3965 02:27:27,199 --> 02:27:28,967 BUT TO TAKE THAT ONE STEP 3966 02:27:28,967 --> 02:27:32,437 FURTHER WHAT WE DID IS, WE ASKED 3967 02:27:32,437 --> 02:27:34,840 ABOUT WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE 3968 02:27:34,840 --> 02:27:36,542 GREAT RECESSION? 3969 02:27:36,542 --> 02:27:38,510 BECAUSE YOU WOULD EXPECT THAT 3970 02:27:38,510 --> 02:27:40,946 THAT CHANGE, THAT CALCULUS IN 3971 02:27:40,946 --> 02:27:43,448 PEOPLE'S MINDS, AND WHAT THAT 3972 02:27:43,448 --> 02:27:46,418 GRAPH ON THE FAR LEFT SHOWS 3973 02:27:46,418 --> 02:27:48,020 THERE WASN'T AN AFFECT OF 3974 02:27:48,020 --> 02:27:50,222 SANENESS, WHICH TECHNICALLY HAS 3975 02:27:50,222 --> 02:27:53,125 THIS TERM, CROSS LEVEL 3976 02:27:53,125 --> 02:27:54,159 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC HOMOGENEITY. 3977 02:27:54,159 --> 02:27:56,228 EXCUSE ME, I'M A SOCIOLOGIST. 3978 02:27:56,228 --> 02:27:57,729 WE DO SOME JARGON. 3979 02:27:57,729 --> 02:28:01,733 BUT WE CALL IT SANENESS. 3980 02:28:01,733 --> 02:28:03,001 WHAT SANENESS EXISTS BEFORE THE 3981 02:28:03,001 --> 02:28:04,436 GREAT RECESSION, BUT DURING THE 3982 02:28:04,436 --> 02:28:07,306 GREAT RECESSION, THE POWER OF 3983 02:28:07,306 --> 02:28:09,474 SANENESS ALMOST WENT ARCHITECTS 3984 02:28:09,474 --> 02:28:10,843 WAY BECAUSE EVERYBODY WAS 3985 02:28:10,843 --> 02:28:11,310 UNEMPLOYED. 3986 02:28:11,310 --> 02:28:14,947 BUT, LOOK AT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE 3987 02:28:14,947 --> 02:28:16,114 BLUE LINE. 3988 02:28:16,114 --> 02:28:19,852 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE ECONOMY 3989 02:28:19,852 --> 02:28:30,162 STARTED TO RETURN? 3990 02:28:37,502 --> 02:28:39,037 WE'RE CONTINUING TO PURSUE THIS 3991 02:28:39,037 --> 02:28:41,640 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT OTHER WAYS 3992 02:28:41,640 --> 02:28:45,177 WHERE WE COULD USE NETWORK 3993 02:28:45,177 --> 02:28:51,817 THEORY BUT BE SATISFIED FOR NOT 3994 02:28:51,817 --> 02:28:52,251 HAVING NETWORK DATA. 3995 02:28:52,251 --> 02:28:53,785 AND THE REALLY SOPHISTICATED 3996 02:28:53,785 --> 02:28:56,355 PEOPLE IN SOCIAL NETWORKS WANT. 3997 02:28:56,355 --> 02:28:58,056 BUT I'M HAPPY TO LIVE WITH THIS 3998 02:28:58,056 --> 02:29:01,159 KIND OF DATA BECAUSE I THINK THE 3999 02:29:01,159 --> 02:29:02,160 THEORY IS POWERFUL ENOUGH TO 4000 02:29:02,160 --> 02:29:08,166 GIVE US WAYS TO THINK ABOUT 4001 02:29:08,166 --> 02:29:08,533 THIS. 4002 02:29:08,533 --> 02:29:10,569 HOW DOES THIS WORK IN TERMS OF 4003 02:29:10,569 --> 02:29:14,072 THINKING ABOUT THE REAL WORLD? 4004 02:29:14,072 --> 02:29:16,241 IT'S NOT THAT I DON'T HAVE 4005 02:29:16,241 --> 02:29:18,377 INTEREST IN THE REAL WORLD, IT'S 4006 02:29:18,377 --> 02:29:20,379 NOT WHY I GOT INTO THIS. 4007 02:29:20,379 --> 02:29:22,481 BUT BE CAREFUL WHAT HAPPENS. 4008 02:29:22,481 --> 02:29:26,251 I GOT ASKED BY TWO GROUPS, 4009 02:29:26,251 --> 02:29:28,320 INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND AN 4010 02:29:28,320 --> 02:29:30,055 ADVOCACY GROUP THAT YOU MAY KNOW 4011 02:29:30,055 --> 02:29:32,791 WAS STARTED BY GLEN CLOSE TO 4012 02:29:32,791 --> 02:29:34,860 TAKE ON THE ISSUES OF MENTAL 4013 02:29:34,860 --> 02:29:36,361 HEALTH, SUICIDE AND STIGMA ON 4014 02:29:36,361 --> 02:29:37,329 COLLEGE CAMPUSES. 4015 02:29:37,329 --> 02:29:39,264 I THOUGHT, OH, MY. 4016 02:29:39,264 --> 02:29:40,766 WHERE AM I GOING WITH THIS? 4017 02:29:40,766 --> 02:29:42,668 SO WHAT WE DID WAS, WE THOUGHT 4018 02:29:42,668 --> 02:29:44,469 ABOUT AND WENT THROUGH THE 4019 02:29:44,469 --> 02:29:46,071 NETWORK LITERATURE AND SAID, 4020 02:29:46,071 --> 02:29:49,574 WHAT PRINCIPLES ARE THERE IN 4021 02:29:49,574 --> 02:29:59,351 NETWORKS? 4022 02:29:59,351 --> 02:30:03,388 WE CAME UP WITH PRINCIPLES THAT 4023 02:30:03,388 --> 02:30:04,589 WERE CONGRUENT WITH A NETWORK 4024 02:30:04,589 --> 02:30:04,890 PERSPECTIVE. 4025 02:30:04,890 --> 02:30:06,258 WE FOLLOWED THE ENTERING 4026 02:30:06,258 --> 02:30:13,565 STUDENTS IN THE 2016 COHORT AND 4027 02:30:13,565 --> 02:30:16,068 WERE ABLE TO MARK USING THESE 4028 02:30:16,068 --> 02:30:17,903 FIVE PRINCIPLES AND I CAN TALK 4029 02:30:17,903 --> 02:30:18,570 ABOUT THEM LATER. 4030 02:30:18,570 --> 02:30:20,472 BUT THEY ARE ALL BASED ON 4031 02:30:20,472 --> 02:30:25,143 NETWORK RESEARCH. 4032 02:30:25,143 --> 02:30:26,778 FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE PERIODS 4033 02:30:26,778 --> 02:30:27,980 IN PEOPLE'S DEVELOPMENT WHEN 4034 02:30:27,980 --> 02:30:29,481 THEY ARE MORE OPEN TO CHANGE IN 4035 02:30:29,481 --> 02:30:31,583 THEIR ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND 4036 02:30:31,583 --> 02:30:31,984 BEHAVIORS. 4037 02:30:31,984 --> 02:30:33,485 AND THAT'S WHEN THEIR NETWORKS 4038 02:30:33,485 --> 02:30:33,719 CHANGE. 4039 02:30:33,719 --> 02:30:35,887 AND WHEN PEOPLE COME TO COLLEGE, 4040 02:30:35,887 --> 02:30:38,090 IT SETS UP ALL THE CONDITIONS 4041 02:30:38,090 --> 02:30:39,191 FOR NETWORK CHANGE. 4042 02:30:39,191 --> 02:30:41,193 SO IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE THEIR 4043 02:30:41,193 --> 02:30:42,694 ATTITUDES, BELIEFS AND 4044 02:30:42,694 --> 02:30:44,463 BEHAVIORS, GET THEM IN 4045 02:30:44,463 --> 02:30:44,763 ORIENTATION. 4046 02:30:44,763 --> 02:30:46,465 AND START AND BE CONSISTENT. 4047 02:30:46,465 --> 02:30:49,167 SO JUST GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF 4048 02:30:49,167 --> 02:30:50,268 HOW THAT WORKED. 4049 02:30:50,268 --> 02:30:52,871 AND SO, WHAT WE DID WAS, WE 4050 02:30:52,871 --> 02:30:55,874 STARTED TO BUILD USING A NETWORK 4051 02:30:55,874 --> 02:30:58,877 PERSPECTIVE THE KINDS OF 4052 02:30:58,877 --> 02:31:02,547 NETWORKS GOING FROM GREENE UP 4053 02:31:02,547 --> 02:31:03,448 AND HIS WORK ON GAME STRANGERS 4054 02:31:03,448 --> 02:31:05,984 WITH THE PEOPLE AT UNIVERSITY OF 4055 02:31:05,984 --> 02:31:07,486 NEVADA, THE IDEA OF GAME 4056 02:31:07,486 --> 02:31:07,753 CHANGERS. 4057 02:31:07,753 --> 02:31:10,789 THIS COMES FROM A CLASSIC 4058 02:31:10,789 --> 02:31:11,690 NETWORK RESEARCH ON THE 4059 02:31:11,690 --> 02:31:13,458 IMPORTANCE OF OPINION LEADERS. 4060 02:31:13,458 --> 02:31:15,794 SO WHO ARE THE OPINION LEADERS 4061 02:31:15,794 --> 02:31:17,996 AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY WHO ARE 4062 02:31:17,996 --> 02:31:19,798 IMPORTANT TO GET ONBOARD TO BE 4063 02:31:19,798 --> 02:31:22,534 ABLE TO DO THIS INTERVENTION? 4064 02:31:22,534 --> 02:31:30,375 AND WE GOT THEM ONBOARD. 4065 02:31:30,375 --> 02:31:32,811 TO CREATE A NETWORK NOT ONLY OF 4066 02:31:32,811 --> 02:31:36,081 THE GAME CHANGERS BUT OF ALL THE 4067 02:31:36,081 --> 02:31:38,016 PARTS OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY THAT 4068 02:31:38,016 --> 02:31:39,317 COULD HAVE A CONSISTENT MESSAGE 4069 02:31:39,317 --> 02:31:41,286 ABOUT STIGMA. 4070 02:31:41,286 --> 02:31:44,089 WHERE WE ARE NOW, AND AS I SAID, 4071 02:31:44,089 --> 02:31:45,724 WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SHOW CHANGE 4072 02:31:45,724 --> 02:31:48,393 IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS IN 4073 02:31:48,393 --> 02:31:50,128 COLLEGE STUDENTS OVER TIME ON 4074 02:31:50,128 --> 02:31:50,328 THIS. 4075 02:31:50,328 --> 02:31:52,397 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY A FREE 4076 02:31:52,397 --> 02:31:52,631 PROGRAM. 4077 02:31:52,631 --> 02:31:54,566 AND WE ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 4078 02:31:54,566 --> 02:31:57,102 HOW DO YOU BUILD A NATIONAL 4079 02:31:57,102 --> 02:31:59,104 NETWORK FOR A PROGRAM THAT IS 4080 02:31:59,104 --> 02:32:03,208 FREE BUT DOES REQUIRE CERTAIN 4081 02:32:03,208 --> 02:32:04,076 THINGS LIKE HIGH-TOUCH, IN ORDER 4082 02:32:04,076 --> 02:32:07,712 TO SORT OF TRY TO TEMPER DOWN 4083 02:32:07,712 --> 02:32:10,515 THE RISING SUICIDE RATE AMONG 4084 02:32:10,515 --> 02:32:11,316 AMERICAN YOUTH? 4085 02:32:11,316 --> 02:32:13,085 WE ARE NOT ANYWHERE NEAR YET BUT 4086 02:32:13,085 --> 02:32:14,519 THOSE ARE THE SORT OF NETWORKS 4087 02:32:14,519 --> 02:32:16,822 THAT WE'RE BUILDING THAT WE HAVE 4088 02:32:16,822 --> 02:32:19,191 CONTACTS WITH AND WE'LL SEE HOW 4089 02:32:19,191 --> 02:32:20,826 IT GOES. 4090 02:32:20,826 --> 02:32:22,527 SO, WHAT THIS SAID TO ME IS 4091 02:32:22,527 --> 02:32:24,429 THAT, I THINK THAT WE NEED TO 4092 02:32:24,429 --> 02:32:26,832 THINK ABOUT AND THIS COULD BE 4093 02:32:26,832 --> 02:32:28,300 BLASS FEMI AND I HOPE NOBODY HAS 4094 02:32:28,300 --> 02:32:29,701 ANY STONES TO THROW AT THIS 4095 02:32:29,701 --> 02:32:29,901 POINT. 4096 02:32:29,901 --> 02:32:31,403 BUT I THINK WE REALLY NEED TO 4097 02:32:31,403 --> 02:32:33,105 THINK ABOUT THE TRANSLATIONAL 4098 02:32:33,105 --> 02:32:35,907 PATHWAY IN TERMS OF HOW WE DO 4099 02:32:35,907 --> 02:32:36,575 SOCIAL CHANGE. 4100 02:32:36,575 --> 02:32:41,413 I THINK IN TERMS OF THE GOLD 4101 02:32:41,413 --> 02:32:43,915 STANDARD, THE RANDMIZED CLINICAL 4102 02:32:43,915 --> 02:32:44,816 TRIAL, I HAVE PROBLEMS WITH 4103 02:32:44,816 --> 02:32:45,016 THAT. 4104 02:32:45,016 --> 02:32:47,953 I HAVE PROBLEMS WITH IT IN PART 4105 02:32:47,953 --> 02:32:50,722 BECAUSE IT IS AN INDIVIDUAL BASE 4106 02:32:50,722 --> 02:32:52,624 MODEL AS OPPOSED TO A 4107 02:32:52,624 --> 02:32:53,425 NETWORK-BASED MODEL. 4108 02:32:53,425 --> 02:32:55,026 SO I'M NOT GOING TO LIKE IT AS 4109 02:32:55,026 --> 02:32:55,227 MUCH. 4110 02:32:55,227 --> 02:32:56,628 I THINK WE CAN DEAL WITH THAT 4111 02:32:56,628 --> 02:32:58,830 INSTEAD OF FIDELITY TO THE 4112 02:32:58,830 --> 02:33:02,501 MODEL, I THINK FIDELITY TO THE 4113 02:33:02,501 --> 02:33:04,035 PRINCIPLES OF CHANGE IS DOABLE. 4114 02:33:04,035 --> 02:33:06,938 AND SO, WE ARE NOT TAKE TALKING 4115 02:33:06,938 --> 02:33:09,941 ABOUT PRECISION MEDICINE, WHY 4116 02:33:09,941 --> 02:33:13,245 CAN'T WE THINK ABOUT PRECISION 4117 02:33:13,245 --> 02:33:13,812 TRANSLATION? 4118 02:33:13,812 --> 02:33:15,814 TAILORING TO THE SOCIAL CONTEXT? 4119 02:33:15,814 --> 02:33:16,948 IN OTHER WORDS, INSTEAD OF 4120 02:33:16,948 --> 02:33:17,816 HAVING CANNED MATERIALS THAT 4121 02:33:17,816 --> 02:33:20,318 PEOPLE HAVE TO USE EXACTLY THE 4122 02:33:20,318 --> 02:33:22,154 WAY THAT EVERYBODY ELSE USES 4123 02:33:22,154 --> 02:33:27,259 THEM, WHY CAN'T WE HAVE AN ON 4124 02:33:27,259 --> 02:33:27,859 SITE IMMENTIONER WHERE PEOPLE 4125 02:33:27,859 --> 02:33:29,427 HAVE A BASKET OF OPTIONS THAT 4126 02:33:29,427 --> 02:33:30,762 HAVE BEEN EVIDENCE-BASED THAT 4127 02:33:30,762 --> 02:33:34,132 THEY CAN USE AND MODERATE TO 4128 02:33:34,132 --> 02:33:36,635 THEIR CULTURE, TO THEIR SOCIAL 4129 02:33:36,635 --> 02:33:39,137 CONTEXT, TO THEIR AGE, TO ALL OF 4130 02:33:39,137 --> 02:33:40,672 THOSE THINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT 4131 02:33:40,672 --> 02:33:41,072 TO THEM? 4132 02:33:41,072 --> 02:33:42,874 I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE 4133 02:33:42,874 --> 02:33:45,177 REASONS THAT MANY RANDOMIZED 4134 02:33:45,177 --> 02:33:46,178 CLINICAL TRIALS AFTER THEY HAVE 4135 02:33:46,178 --> 02:33:48,180 BEEN SHOWN TO BE SUCCESSFUL, 4136 02:33:48,180 --> 02:33:49,447 DON'T GET ADOPTED. 4137 02:33:49,447 --> 02:33:51,383 PEOPLE DON'T FEEL THEY HAVE 4138 02:33:51,383 --> 02:33:51,650 OWNERSHIP. 4139 02:33:51,650 --> 02:33:54,252 AND I THINK THAT WE CAN DO THAT. 4140 02:33:54,252 --> 02:33:56,821 SO, I LIKE ONLINE MATERIALS BUT 4141 02:33:56,821 --> 02:33:58,723 I THINK ONLINE MATERIALS HAVE TO 4142 02:33:58,723 --> 02:34:00,659 BE COMBINED WITH COMMUNITY 4143 02:34:00,659 --> 02:34:02,861 ENGAGEMENT AND ADDITIVE 4144 02:34:02,861 --> 02:34:03,562 PARTNERSHIPS AT THE SITE. 4145 02:34:03,562 --> 02:34:05,764 WHY CAN'T WE MOVE FROM 4146 02:34:05,764 --> 02:34:06,965 PRECISION, IF WE'RE GOING TO DO 4147 02:34:06,965 --> 02:34:08,266 PRECISION MEDICINE, CAN WE ALSO 4148 02:34:08,266 --> 02:34:10,168 DO PRECISION TRANSLATION? 4149 02:34:10,168 --> 02:34:12,170 AND I THINK THAT THIS BECOMES 4150 02:34:12,170 --> 02:34:12,871 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT WHEN WE 4151 02:34:12,871 --> 02:34:15,574 ARE TRYING TO UNRAVEL THE SOCIAL 4152 02:34:15,574 --> 02:34:17,576 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, 4153 02:34:17,576 --> 02:34:19,678 PARTICULARLY AMONG MINORITIZED 4154 02:34:19,678 --> 02:34:19,978 POPULATIONS. 4155 02:34:19,978 --> 02:34:22,280 AND I DRAW HERE FROM A 4156 02:34:22,280 --> 02:34:23,715 SOCIOLOGIST NAMED CHARLES TILLY 4157 02:34:23,715 --> 02:34:25,383 WHO WAS A NETWORK PERSON AND HE 4158 02:34:25,383 --> 02:34:27,786 TALKS ABOUT DURABLE INEQUALITY. 4159 02:34:27,786 --> 02:34:29,487 WHY IS IT SO HARD TO BREAK THE 4160 02:34:29,487 --> 02:34:37,262 BONDS OF INEQUALITY? 4161 02:34:37,262 --> 02:34:38,763 LIKE STIGMA, SUICIDE AND 4162 02:34:38,763 --> 02:34:41,766 PATHWAYS TO CARE, ANY QUALITY IS 4163 02:34:41,766 --> 02:34:43,501 PLAYED OUT THROUGH SOCIAL 4164 02:34:43,501 --> 02:34:46,004 INTERACTIONS, POSITIVE OR 4165 02:34:46,004 --> 02:34:46,504 NEGATIVE. 4166 02:34:46,504 --> 02:34:48,974 AGAIN, YOU CAN NOT EXPERIENCE 4167 02:34:48,974 --> 02:34:50,909 STIGMA EXCEPT THROUGH SOCIAL 4168 02:34:50,909 --> 02:34:51,243 INTERACTIONS. 4169 02:34:51,243 --> 02:34:54,079 AND SO TO ME, THIS IS A 4170 02:34:54,079 --> 02:34:55,280 POSITIVE -- THIS IS A WAY TO 4171 02:34:55,280 --> 02:34:56,081 THINK ABOUT THIS. 4172 02:34:56,081 --> 02:34:58,283 I THINK WE HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO 4173 02:34:58,283 --> 02:35:00,085 BUT I THINK A NETWORK 4174 02:35:00,085 --> 02:35:01,186 PERSPECTIVE UNDERNEATH AND 4175 02:35:01,186 --> 02:35:02,520 THROUGH THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS 4176 02:35:02,520 --> 02:35:04,389 OF HEALTH MIGHT GIVE US NEW WAYS 4177 02:35:04,389 --> 02:35:07,292 TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN CHANGE 4178 02:35:07,292 --> 02:35:07,525 THINGS. 4179 02:35:07,525 --> 02:35:10,295 AND I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE 4180 02:35:10,295 --> 02:35:15,000 WAY THAT -- I DON'T WANT 4181 02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:15,900 BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS IN SCIENCE 4182 02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:18,103 ARE NOW ACKNOWLEDGING THAT THEY 4183 02:35:18,103 --> 02:35:19,404 SEEN THE COMING CHALLENGES IN 4184 02:35:19,404 --> 02:35:20,905 HEALTH ILLNESS AND HEALING, WILL 4185 02:35:20,905 --> 02:35:23,108 REQUIRE A COUPLING OF SYSTEMATIC 4186 02:35:23,108 --> 02:35:24,609 SOCIAL CHANGE AND SCIENTIFIC 4187 02:35:24,609 --> 02:35:25,510 PROGRESS. 4188 02:35:25,510 --> 02:35:27,712 AND THAT'S WHERE I'M HOPING THAT 4189 02:35:27,712 --> 02:35:31,116 WE HEAD AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR 4190 02:35:31,116 --> 02:35:41,293 ATTENTION. 4191 02:35:44,696 --> 02:35:45,330 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH F ANYONE 4192 02:35:45,330 --> 02:35:47,999 IN THE ROOM HAS QUESTIONS, WE 4193 02:35:47,999 --> 02:35:50,101 WILL WELCOME THEM NOW. 4194 02:35:50,101 --> 02:35:52,103 AND LAUREN WILL KEEP AN EYE ON 4195 02:35:52,103 --> 02:35:54,406 THE ONLINE IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS 4196 02:35:54,406 --> 02:35:58,243 ON ONLINE, PLEASE HID THE SEND 4197 02:35:58,243 --> 02:36:01,012 LIVE FEED BACK ICON AND TYPE 4198 02:36:01,012 --> 02:36:02,414 AWAY. 4199 02:36:02,414 --> 02:36:03,815 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4200 02:36:03,815 --> 02:36:05,817 THAT WAS A TOUR DE FORCE OVER 4201 02:36:05,817 --> 02:36:07,218 MANY DECADES OF RESEARCH IN THAT 4202 02:36:07,218 --> 02:36:07,419 AREA. 4203 02:36:07,419 --> 02:36:10,388 AND I JUST HAD A VERY QUESTION 4204 02:36:10,388 --> 02:36:12,023 ABOUT METHODOLOGY. 4205 02:36:12,023 --> 02:36:14,125 YOU SAID YOUR BASIC RESEARCHER 4206 02:36:14,125 --> 02:36:16,628 BUT HOW DO YOU PROPOSE YOU 4207 02:36:16,628 --> 02:36:17,595 MEASURE NETWORKS? 4208 02:36:17,595 --> 02:36:20,298 AND HOW DO WE -- HOW IS THAT 4209 02:36:20,298 --> 02:36:22,300 CHANGING IN THIS DIGITAL 4210 02:36:22,300 --> 02:36:22,600 ENVIRONMENT? 4211 02:36:22,600 --> 02:36:23,435 >> I THINK IT'S DIFFERENT. 4212 02:36:23,435 --> 02:36:24,803 I MEAN I THINK YOU HAVE TO 4213 02:36:24,803 --> 02:36:28,106 FIGURE OUT IF YOU'RE DOING 4214 02:36:28,106 --> 02:36:29,407 ONLINE, I THINK THE PHYSICIST 4215 02:36:29,407 --> 02:36:30,108 HAVE THIS KNOCKED. 4216 02:36:30,108 --> 02:36:31,676 THEY REALLY KNOW HOW TO SCRAPE 4217 02:36:31,676 --> 02:36:33,812 THE WEB AND GET THE TIES AND 4218 02:36:33,812 --> 02:36:37,615 THEY HAVE COME UP WITH IDEAS 4219 02:36:37,615 --> 02:36:39,217 ABOUT THE RICH CLUB, WHICH IS 4220 02:36:39,217 --> 02:36:40,618 THE CERTAIN PARTICULAR STRUCTURE 4221 02:36:40,618 --> 02:36:43,021 THAT I THINK NETWORK SCIENTISTS 4222 02:36:43,021 --> 02:36:44,122 CALL SOMETHING ELSE. 4223 02:36:44,122 --> 02:36:46,825 I MEAN PEOPLE WHO DO SOCIAL 4224 02:36:46,825 --> 02:36:47,826 NETWORKS CALL SOMETHING ELSE. 4225 02:36:47,826 --> 02:36:51,029 FOR US, WE WERE ASKED TO BE PART 4226 02:36:51,029 --> 02:36:52,297 OF THE FEE NEXT TOOLKIT. 4227 02:36:52,297 --> 02:36:54,733 IF YOU GO THERE, YOU WILL SEE 4228 02:36:54,733 --> 02:36:57,736 THAT -- AND I CHAIRED THE SOCIAL 4229 02:36:57,736 --> 02:36:59,637 PSYCHOLOGY PHOENIX TOOLKIT 4230 02:36:59,637 --> 02:36:59,938 GROUP. 4231 02:36:59,938 --> 02:37:02,040 BUT BARBARA AT CHAPEL HILL DID 4232 02:37:02,040 --> 02:37:04,442 THE DEMOGRAPHIC ONE. 4233 02:37:04,442 --> 02:37:06,578 AND SHE ASKED US TO INCLUDE SORT 4234 02:37:06,578 --> 02:37:08,546 OF A STANDARD BATTERY OF HOW YOU 4235 02:37:08,546 --> 02:37:09,047 DO THIS. 4236 02:37:09,047 --> 02:37:11,149 AND THIS IS WHERE WE GET INTO 4237 02:37:11,149 --> 02:37:13,551 TROUBLE WITH TRYING TO BE PART 4238 02:37:13,551 --> 02:37:14,352 OF RESEARCH BECAUSE PEOPLE WILL 4239 02:37:14,352 --> 02:37:18,056 CALL ME AND SAY, I WANT TO PUT 4240 02:37:18,056 --> 02:37:19,524 NETWORKS IN MY STUDY AND I'M 4241 02:37:19,524 --> 02:37:21,926 LIKE, OKAY, IT'S A 20 MINUTE 4242 02:37:21,926 --> 02:37:22,360 BATTERY. 4243 02:37:22,360 --> 02:37:23,928 AND PEOPLE SAY THINGS TO ME 4244 02:37:23,928 --> 02:37:25,930 LIKE, I REALLY WANTED TWO 4245 02:37:25,930 --> 02:37:26,197 QUESTIONS. 4246 02:37:26,197 --> 02:37:27,932 AND I'M LIKE, YOU CAN'T REALLY 4247 02:37:27,932 --> 02:37:29,033 DO IT WITH TWO QUESTIONS. 4248 02:37:29,033 --> 02:37:30,135 YOU CAN DO SOMETHING. 4249 02:37:30,135 --> 02:37:31,336 YOU CAN ASK PEOPLE ABOUT THE 4250 02:37:31,336 --> 02:37:32,971 SIZE OF THEIR NETWORKS OR 4251 02:37:32,971 --> 02:37:36,341 SOMETHING OR -- AND I THINK AS I 4252 02:37:36,341 --> 02:37:44,249 SAID, SO IF THEY JUST WANT TO GO 4253 02:37:44,249 --> 02:37:45,617 THERE, THEY CAN'T DO NETWORKS, 4254 02:37:45,617 --> 02:37:47,752 BUT THEY CAN DO SOMETHING THAT 4255 02:37:47,752 --> 02:37:48,453 IS RELATIONAL. 4256 02:37:48,453 --> 02:37:50,355 SO I THINK THERE IS PRETTY 4257 02:37:50,355 --> 02:37:51,756 STANDARD METHODOLOGIES. 4258 02:37:51,756 --> 02:37:54,259 THE BIG DISTINCTION WE MAKE IS 4259 02:37:54,259 --> 02:37:55,026 SOME JARGON. 4260 02:37:55,026 --> 02:37:56,928 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 4261 02:37:56,928 --> 02:37:58,863 EGOCENTRIC NETWORKS OR PERSONAL 4262 02:37:58,863 --> 02:37:59,764 NETWORKS, NETWORKS THAT ARE 4263 02:37:59,764 --> 02:38:01,666 CONNECTED TO A PERSON. 4264 02:38:01,666 --> 02:38:06,738 SO I TELL YOU WHO MY PEOPLE ARE. 4265 02:38:06,738 --> 02:38:08,339 VERSUS SOCIOCENTRIC OR COMPLETE 4266 02:38:08,339 --> 02:38:09,641 OR FULL NETWORKS WHERE YOU HAVE 4267 02:38:09,641 --> 02:38:12,343 TO GET THE NETWORKS FROM 4268 02:38:12,343 --> 02:38:14,312 EVERYBODY IN THAT SORT OF 4269 02:38:14,312 --> 02:38:14,546 SPHERE. 4270 02:38:14,546 --> 02:38:17,749 AND THAT'S VERY HARD TO DO. 4271 02:38:17,749 --> 02:38:19,250 BUT I THINK THERE ARE REALLY 4272 02:38:19,250 --> 02:38:20,351 GOOD BOOKS OUT THERE ABOUT HOW 4273 02:38:20,351 --> 02:38:21,252 TO DO THIS. 4274 02:38:21,252 --> 02:38:22,620 SO I THINK IT'S PRETTY STANDARD. 4275 02:38:22,620 --> 02:38:24,055 I THINK THE METHODOLOGY IS 4276 02:38:24,055 --> 02:38:24,856 PRETTY STANDARD ON THIS. 4277 02:38:24,856 --> 02:38:26,157 BUT WHAT I WOULD SAY IS, DON'T 4278 02:38:26,157 --> 02:38:28,960 BE AFRAID TO TAYLOR IT TO YOUR 4279 02:38:28,960 --> 02:38:29,227 QUESTION. 4280 02:38:29,227 --> 02:38:31,763 BECAUSE WHEN WE TOOK THE CHANCE 4281 02:38:31,763 --> 02:38:34,165 OF NOT JUST ASKING IMPORTANT 4282 02:38:34,165 --> 02:38:35,767 MATTERS, WHICH WAS THE NAME 4283 02:38:35,767 --> 02:38:36,334 GENERATOR THAT EVERYBODY WAS 4284 02:38:36,334 --> 02:38:38,636 USING AND WE ADDED HEALTH 4285 02:38:38,636 --> 02:38:40,772 MEASURES, WE -- HEALTHNET WORKS, 4286 02:38:40,772 --> 02:38:42,474 WE THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO BE 4287 02:38:42,474 --> 02:38:44,509 THE INTERSECTION OF HEALTHNET 4288 02:38:44,509 --> 02:38:46,578 WORKS AND IMPORTANT MATTERS 4289 02:38:46,578 --> 02:38:47,212 NETWORKS THAT WAS GOODBYE TO BE 4290 02:38:47,212 --> 02:38:47,479 POWERFUL. 4291 02:38:47,479 --> 02:38:47,979 IT WASN'T. 4292 02:38:47,979 --> 02:38:50,715 IT WAS SIMPLY HEALTHNET WORKS. 4293 02:38:50,715 --> 02:38:51,950 SO YOU TAKE A GUESS. 4294 02:38:51,950 --> 02:38:55,587 YOU TAKE A GAMBLE, COLLECT THE 4295 02:38:55,587 --> 02:38:59,757 DATA. 4296 02:38:59,757 --> 02:39:00,492 AND PEOPLE LOVE THESE. 4297 02:39:00,492 --> 02:39:01,960 IF YOU HAVE THE TIME, ESPECIALLY 4298 02:39:01,960 --> 02:39:05,163 THE ONES THAT ARE ON LINE WHERE 4299 02:39:05,163 --> 02:39:06,965 YOU PUT PEOPLE IN CONCENTRIC 4300 02:39:06,965 --> 02:39:09,067 CIRCLES AND YOU CONNECT THEM OR 4301 02:39:09,067 --> 02:39:11,069 NOT, PEOPLE REALLY LIKE DOING 4302 02:39:11,069 --> 02:39:11,269 THOSE. 4303 02:39:11,269 --> 02:39:13,538 I THINK THE PROBLEM IS THAT WE 4304 02:39:13,538 --> 02:39:14,873 AS SCIENTISTS ARE LIKE, DO WE 4305 02:39:14,873 --> 02:39:16,274 REALLY WANT TO SPEND A HALF HOUR 4306 02:39:16,274 --> 02:39:17,542 DOING THIS IF THAT'S NOT REALLY 4307 02:39:17,542 --> 02:39:18,576 WHAT WE WANT TO DO? 4308 02:39:18,576 --> 02:39:21,679 THE ANSWER FOR ME IS, YES, I 4309 02:39:21,679 --> 02:39:23,147 THINK THE ANSWER FOR A LOT OF 4310 02:39:23,147 --> 02:39:31,322 OTHER PEOPLE IS NO. 4311 02:39:31,322 --> 02:39:32,290 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 4312 02:39:32,290 --> 02:39:35,760 TALK AND CONGRATULATIONS ON THE 4313 02:39:35,760 --> 02:39:36,160 AWARD. 4314 02:39:36,160 --> 02:39:40,131 VERY WELL DESERVED. 4315 02:39:40,131 --> 02:39:42,667 I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT LIKE A 4316 02:39:42,667 --> 02:39:44,469 SOCIAL NETWORK INTERVENTION. 4317 02:39:44,469 --> 02:39:46,371 SO, WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO THAT 4318 02:39:46,371 --> 02:39:47,171 AT DIFFERENT LEVELS. 4319 02:39:47,171 --> 02:39:48,706 LIKE WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO THAT 4320 02:39:48,706 --> 02:39:50,174 FOR A PERSON AND THEN WE MIGHT 4321 02:39:50,174 --> 02:39:53,645 BE ABLE TO ALSO DO THAT AS YOU 4322 02:39:53,645 --> 02:39:54,379 WORKING IN THE UNIVERSITIES LIKE 4323 02:39:54,379 --> 02:39:55,880 AN ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL. 4324 02:39:55,880 --> 02:39:56,981 OR COMMUNITY. 4325 02:39:56,981 --> 02:39:58,883 AND CAN YOU TALK ABOUT WHAT 4326 02:39:58,883 --> 02:40:00,485 THOSE DIFFERENT KINDS OF 4327 02:40:00,485 --> 02:40:01,986 INTERVENTIONS MIGHT LOOK LIKE? 4328 02:40:01,986 --> 02:40:04,255 >> SO I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT ONE 4329 02:40:04,255 --> 02:40:06,090 THAT -- ONE OF THE REASONS I GOT 4330 02:40:06,090 --> 02:40:08,893 INTO DO THIS WAS NIMH FUNDED 4331 02:40:08,893 --> 02:40:11,095 PROJECTS AND ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON 4332 02:40:11,095 --> 02:40:12,497 PROJECT CALLED THE NINE CITY 4333 02:40:12,497 --> 02:40:14,198 STUDY, AND WHAT THEY DID, THIS 4334 02:40:14,198 --> 02:40:17,602 WAS LED IN PART BY CHAPEL HILL. 4335 02:40:17,602 --> 02:40:21,773 WHAT THEY DID WAS, THEY CREATED 4336 02:40:21,773 --> 02:40:24,409 A CENTRAL HEALTH NAVIGATOR. 4337 02:40:24,409 --> 02:40:25,610 THIS WAS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL 4338 02:40:25,610 --> 02:40:25,977 LEVEL. 4339 02:40:25,977 --> 02:40:27,579 AND WHAT THEY WERE ABLE TO SHOW 4340 02:40:27,579 --> 02:40:30,281 IS THAT WITH THIS HEALTH 4341 02:40:30,281 --> 02:40:32,984 NAVIGATOR WHO CONNECTED ALL OF 4342 02:40:32,984 --> 02:40:35,787 THE OTHER PROVIDERS IN THE AREA, 4343 02:40:35,787 --> 02:40:38,289 THAT THEY WERE ABLE TO GET A 4344 02:40:38,289 --> 02:40:41,859 MORE INTEGRATED, BETTER HEALTH 4345 02:40:41,859 --> 02:40:47,498 CARE SYSTEM. 4346 02:40:47,498 --> 02:40:50,168 BECAUSE THEY HAD SOMEBODY ELSE 4347 02:40:50,168 --> 02:40:52,170 STUDY WHAT HAPPENED TO PEOPLE IN 4348 02:40:52,170 --> 02:40:53,671 THOSE NINE CITIES OVER TIME THAT 4349 02:40:53,671 --> 02:40:55,540 HAD SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT 4350 02:40:55,540 --> 02:40:56,574 MENTAL ILLNESS. 4351 02:40:56,574 --> 02:40:58,443 AND THEY SHOWED NO CONNECTION 4352 02:40:58,443 --> 02:41:00,778 BETWEEN THE TWO. 4353 02:41:00,778 --> 02:41:02,180 BUT, SO THE SYSTEM GOT BETTER 4354 02:41:02,180 --> 02:41:04,082 BUT PEOPLE DIDN'T GET BETTER. 4355 02:41:04,082 --> 02:41:06,884 BUT THOSE TWO STUDIES WERE 4356 02:41:06,884 --> 02:41:08,353 CONDUCTED INDEPENDENTLY. 4357 02:41:08,353 --> 02:41:11,589 THEY DIDN'T CONNECT PEOPLE'S 4358 02:41:11,589 --> 02:41:13,458 EXPERIENCES INTO THAT SYSTEM AND 4359 02:41:13,458 --> 02:41:15,259 THEY DIDN'T DRAW THE TIES 4360 02:41:15,259 --> 02:41:16,794 BETWEEN THE LEVELS. 4361 02:41:16,794 --> 02:41:19,263 SO WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THERE 4362 02:41:19,263 --> 02:41:21,299 WAS A SUB SET OF PEOPLE WHO 4363 02:41:21,299 --> 02:41:22,567 BECAME MORE INTEGRATED INTO THE 4364 02:41:22,567 --> 02:41:23,801 SYSTEM AND GOT BETTER BECAUSE 4365 02:41:23,801 --> 02:41:25,870 THEY DIDN'T MEASURE THAT. 4366 02:41:25,870 --> 02:41:28,506 BUT IT WAS A MASTERPIECE FOR ITS 4367 02:41:28,506 --> 02:41:28,706 TIME. 4368 02:41:28,706 --> 02:41:31,109 SO WE KIND OF KNOW HOW TO DO 4369 02:41:31,109 --> 02:41:31,309 THIS. 4370 02:41:31,309 --> 02:41:35,279 IT'S UNUSUAL AND TIME CONSUMING 4371 02:41:35,279 --> 02:41:37,615 AND IT'S JUST KIND OF DIFFERENT. 4372 02:41:37,615 --> 02:41:38,983 BUT IT'S A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT 4373 02:41:38,983 --> 02:41:42,687 IT THAT I THINK WE CAN DO THOSE 4374 02:41:42,687 --> 02:41:42,920 THINGS. 4375 02:41:42,920 --> 02:41:44,589 IT WAS GREAT TO DO IT ON A 4376 02:41:44,589 --> 02:41:46,190 COLLEGE CAMPUS AND WATCH -- ONE 4377 02:41:46,190 --> 02:41:48,493 OF THE FINDINGS WHEN I SAY 4378 02:41:48,493 --> 02:41:50,395 BEHAVIOR CHANGED. 4379 02:41:50,395 --> 02:41:53,097 SO THE BEHAVIOR WAS, WE WOULD 4380 02:41:53,097 --> 02:41:55,299 HAVE LIKED TO BE CHANGE IN THE 4381 02:41:55,299 --> 02:41:58,770 USE OF A COLLEGE COUNSELING 4382 02:41:58,770 --> 02:41:59,070 SERVICES. 4383 02:41:59,070 --> 02:42:01,172 OR OBVIOUS HIPPA REASONS. 4384 02:42:01,172 --> 02:42:03,074 WHAT WE WERE ABLE TO DO, WHAT WE 4385 02:42:03,074 --> 02:42:05,009 FOUND IS, OVER TIME, MORE 4386 02:42:05,009 --> 02:42:07,612 STUDENTS WERE REPORTING PEOPLE 4387 02:42:07,612 --> 02:42:08,479 WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN 4388 02:42:08,479 --> 02:42:09,981 THEIR NETWORK. 4389 02:42:09,981 --> 02:42:12,383 SO WHAT DO WE THINK HAPPENED? 4390 02:42:12,383 --> 02:42:14,285 THAT PEOPLE AS WE ARE DOING THIS 4391 02:42:14,285 --> 02:42:15,887 BIG THING, IT WAS ALL ABOUT 4392 02:42:15,887 --> 02:42:16,988 BRAIN CHANGE TO MIND. 4393 02:42:16,988 --> 02:42:19,090 WE DID ALL KINDS OF EVENTS. 4394 02:42:19,090 --> 02:42:20,758 AND ALL LED BY STUDENTS. 4395 02:42:20,758 --> 02:42:21,893 STUDENTS CAME UP WITH THEM AND 4396 02:42:21,893 --> 02:42:24,295 LED THEM, WE JUST HELPED PROVIDE 4397 02:42:24,295 --> 02:42:26,497 THEM WITH THE THINGS THAT THEY 4398 02:42:26,497 --> 02:42:26,731 NEEDED. 4399 02:42:26,731 --> 02:42:27,999 DID THEY RUN OUT AND THE SAY, WE 4400 02:42:27,999 --> 02:42:29,600 ARE DOING THIS BIG CAMPAIGN SO 4401 02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:31,703 WE HAVE TO GET SOMEBODY WITH 4402 02:42:31,703 --> 02:42:33,805 MENTAL ILLNESS, GOT TO MEET MY 4403 02:42:33,805 --> 02:42:34,105 FRIEND. 4404 02:42:34,105 --> 02:42:36,908 NO, IT WAS A DISCLOSURE 4405 02:42:36,908 --> 02:42:37,275 BEHAVIOR. 4406 02:42:37,275 --> 02:42:38,209 SO MORE PEOPLE UNDERSTOOD THAT 4407 02:42:38,209 --> 02:42:39,711 THERE WERE PEOPLE THEY WERE 4408 02:42:39,711 --> 02:42:41,179 ALREADY FRIENDS WITH WHO HAD 4409 02:42:41,179 --> 02:42:42,447 MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND NOW 4410 02:42:42,447 --> 02:42:51,789 THEY WERE FREE TO TALK ABOUT IT. 4411 02:42:51,789 --> 02:42:52,724 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4412 02:42:52,724 --> 02:42:58,429 >> ARE THERE ANY ONLINE QUEST 4413 02:42:58,429 --> 02:43:03,768 QUESTIONS? 4414 02:43:03,768 --> 02:43:04,569 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4415 02:43:04,569 --> 02:43:09,107 JUST A FABULOUS TALK. 4416 02:43:09,107 --> 02:43:10,708 I'M WONDERING FAMILIES USED TO 4417 02:43:10,708 --> 02:43:13,311 BE WITHIN THE FAMILY, MUCH MORE 4418 02:43:13,311 --> 02:43:16,714 SIMILAR AND NOW WE HAVE SUCH 4419 02:43:16,714 --> 02:43:18,816 DIVERSITY, FAMILIES HAVE PEOPLE 4420 02:43:18,816 --> 02:43:20,918 OF MULTIPLE RACE AND ETHNICITY, 4421 02:43:20,918 --> 02:43:24,222 NATIVITY AND ALSO NOW WE HAVE 4422 02:43:24,222 --> 02:43:24,922 TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES. 4423 02:43:24,922 --> 02:43:26,824 HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT SOCIAL 4424 02:43:26,824 --> 02:43:29,127 NETWORKS IN THIS INCREASING AND 4425 02:43:29,127 --> 02:43:30,728 MULTIPLYING COMPLEXITY? 4426 02:43:30,728 --> 02:43:32,697 >> SO WE JUST DID AN ANALYSIS, A 4427 02:43:32,697 --> 02:43:34,232 STUDY CALLED THE 4428 02:43:34,232 --> 02:43:34,732 PERSON-TO-PERSON HEALTH 4429 02:43:34,732 --> 02:43:38,836 INTERVIEW STUDY AND IT IS A 4430 02:43:38,836 --> 02:43:39,504 3000-PERSON SCIENTIFICALLY 4431 02:43:39,504 --> 02:43:42,106 SELECTED REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE 4432 02:43:42,106 --> 02:43:42,607 IN THE STATE OF INDIANA. 4433 02:43:42,607 --> 02:43:44,809 IT'S AN OMNIBUS HEALTH SURVEY. 4434 02:43:44,809 --> 02:43:52,550 WE ASKED THEM ABOUT SUICIDAL 4435 02:43:52,550 --> 02:43:53,951 IDEATION AND HOW THAT CAN RESULT 4436 02:43:53,951 --> 02:43:57,021 IN LOWER LEVELS OF SUICIDAL 4437 02:43:57,021 --> 02:43:57,288 IDEATION. 4438 02:43:57,288 --> 02:43:59,257 AND ONE OF THEM IS THE SOLID 4439 02:43:59,257 --> 02:44:00,925 FAMILY NETWORK, WHICH YOU KIND 4440 02:44:00,925 --> 02:44:01,526 OF EXPECT. 4441 02:44:01,526 --> 02:44:03,127 BUT THE OTHER ONE IS WHAT 4442 02:44:03,127 --> 02:44:06,330 SOMEBODY TALKED ABOUT EARLIER. 4443 02:44:06,330 --> 02:44:07,732 BASICALLY THE KIN NETWORK WHERE 4444 02:44:07,732 --> 02:44:09,300 PEOPLE CREATE THEIR OWN NETWORKS 4445 02:44:09,300 --> 02:44:10,935 OF THE PEOPLE AROUND THEM THAT 4446 02:44:10,935 --> 02:44:12,236 MATTER TO THEM BECAUSE MAYBE 4447 02:44:12,236 --> 02:44:13,738 THEIR FAMILY DOESN'T WORK. 4448 02:44:13,738 --> 02:44:15,740 SO IT COULD BE MIXED. 4449 02:44:15,740 --> 02:44:17,542 SOME FAMILY BUT SOME FRIENDS. 4450 02:44:17,542 --> 02:44:20,244 THE TWO NETWORKS THAT WERE 4451 02:44:20,244 --> 02:44:22,613 REALLY TOXIC WAS THE EMPTY 4452 02:44:22,613 --> 02:44:25,049 NETWORK WHICH YOU EXPECT. 4453 02:44:25,049 --> 02:44:26,417 THAT'S WHERE THE ROPES ARE FAR 4454 02:44:26,417 --> 02:44:27,518 APART AND PEOPLE DON'T HAVE 4455 02:44:27,518 --> 02:44:27,852 ANYBODY. 4456 02:44:27,852 --> 02:44:29,420 BUT THE OTHER ONE WAS SOMETHING 4457 02:44:29,420 --> 02:44:31,222 THAT WE HAVE ALSO FOUND IN A 4458 02:44:31,222 --> 02:44:38,362 STUDY WE ARE DOING WITH OTHERS 4459 02:44:38,362 --> 02:44:41,432 IN ARIZONA -- OR NEW MEXICO, 4460 02:44:41,432 --> 02:44:42,834 SORRY -- AMONG NATIVE-AMERICANS. 4461 02:44:42,834 --> 02:44:45,937 THAT'S THE LARGE AND LOOSE 4462 02:44:45,937 --> 02:44:48,806 NETWORK OF PEOPLE WHO ALSO HAVE 4463 02:44:48,806 --> 02:44:49,740 MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. 4464 02:44:49,740 --> 02:44:51,542 AND THEIR SUICIDE RISK IS 4465 02:44:51,542 --> 02:44:51,776 HIGHER. 4466 02:44:51,776 --> 02:44:53,044 SO PEOPLE WHO THINK THEY HAVE A 4467 02:44:53,044 --> 02:44:55,246 LOT OF PEOPLE AROUND THEM, THEY 4468 02:44:55,246 --> 02:44:58,049 CAN DRAW ON THEM, BUT THESE TIES 4469 02:44:58,049 --> 02:45:00,251 ARE NOT -- THEY ARE NOT ONES YOU 4470 02:45:00,251 --> 02:45:02,053 CAN -- YOU CAN HANG WITH THESE 4471 02:45:02,053 --> 02:45:02,286 PEOPLE. 4472 02:45:02,286 --> 02:45:05,056 YOU CAN DRINK WITH THESE PEOPLE. 4473 02:45:05,056 --> 02:45:06,824 BUT THEY ARE NOT THERE FOR THE 4474 02:45:06,824 --> 02:45:08,459 KINDS OF SUPPORT THAT YOU NEED 4475 02:45:08,459 --> 02:45:10,161 TO SORT OF TAMP DOWN YOUR 4476 02:45:10,161 --> 02:45:10,962 LIKELIHOOD OF SUICIDE. 4477 02:45:10,962 --> 02:45:12,430 SO, WE HAVE NOW FOUND THIS IN 4478 02:45:12,430 --> 02:45:15,733 TWO STUDIES, THE LARGE LOOSE 4479 02:45:15,733 --> 02:45:22,840 NETWORK IS VERY TOXIC. 4480 02:45:22,840 --> 02:45:24,642 >> ARE THERE ANY FINAL QUESTIONS 4481 02:45:24,642 --> 02:45:27,445 FOR DR. BERNICE PESCOSOLIDO? 4482 02:45:27,445 --> 02:45:28,980 THEN LET'S JOIN ME IN THANKING 4483 02:45:28,980 --> 02:45:31,082 HER AGAIN FOR THIS AMAZING TALK 4484 02:45:31,082 --> 02:45:36,888 AND CONGRATULATE HER ON HER 4485 02:45:36,888 --> 02:45:37,088 AWARD. 4486 02:45:37,088 --> 02:45:39,357 [ APPLAUSE ] 4487 02:45:39,357 --> 02:45:42,360 JUST A COUPLE OF LAST MINUTE -- 4488 02:45:42,360 --> 02:45:48,566 I WANT TO THANK OUR ESI 4489 02:45:48,566 --> 02:45:49,066 PRESENTERS. 4490 02:45:49,066 --> 02:45:53,137 AND CONGRATULATIONS AGAIN ON 4491 02:45:53,137 --> 02:45:55,973 YOUR AWARDS. 4492 02:45:55,973 --> 02:45:57,842 AND A BIG THANK YOU AND 4493 02:45:57,842 --> 02:45:59,477 CONGRATULATIONS TO DR. BERNICE 4494 02:45:59,477 --> 02:46:02,647 PESCOSOLIDO, OUR 17th NIH 4495 02:46:02,647 --> 02:46:03,881 MATILDA WHITE RILEY 4496 02:46:03,881 --> 02:46:04,782 DISTINGUISHED LECTURE. 4497 02:46:04,782 --> 02:46:05,750 FABULOUS TO HEAR FROM YOU. 4498 02:46:05,750 --> 02:46:06,584 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR JOINING 4499 02:46:06,584 --> 02:46:07,084 US TODAY. 4500 02:46:07,084 --> 02:46:08,886 WE REALLY APPRECIATE IT. 4501 02:46:08,886 --> 02:46:11,889 AND FINALLY PLEASE MARK YOUR 4502 02:46:11,889 --> 02:46:14,158 CALENDARS, JUNE 6, 7 AND 11, THE 4503 02:46:14,158 --> 02:46:16,360 FUTURE OF SCIENTIFIC 4504 02:46:16,360 --> 02:46:18,362 CONFERENCING VIRTUAL MEETING TO 4505 02:46:18,362 --> 02:46:19,363 BRING TOGETHER MULTIPLE 4506 02:46:19,363 --> 02:46:20,965 DISCIPLINES TO EXPLORE 4507 02:46:20,965 --> 02:46:23,434 ADVANTAGES, BARRIERS, GAPS AND 4508 02:46:23,434 --> 02:46:24,068 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUTURE OF 4509 02:46:24,068 --> 02:46:25,169 SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES FOR THE 4510 02:46:25,169 --> 02:46:26,237 BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 4511 02:46:26,237 --> 02:46:27,371 YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION 4512 02:46:27,371 --> 02:46:28,773 ABOUT THIS EXCITING CONFERENCE 4513 02:46:28,773 --> 02:46:30,174 ON OUR WEBSITE. 4514 02:46:30,174 --> 02:46:32,176 I ALSO ENCOURAGE YOU TO 4515 02:46:32,176 --> 02:46:35,980 SUBSCRIBE TO OBSSRA NEWSLETTER 4516 02:46:35,980 --> 02:46:43,187 FOR UPDATES AT 4517 02:46:43,187 --> 02:46:43,587 OBSSR.OED.NIH.GOV. 4518 02:46:43,587 --> 02:46:46,123 AND AT THIS TIME I WILL CONCLUDE 4519 02:46:46,123 --> 02:46:47,491 OUR HONORS. 4520 02:46:47,491 --> 02:46:57,835 THANK YOU VERY MUCH.