>> WELCOME, I'M JEFF RESNICK,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH,
SENIOR HISTORIAN. THANK YOU FOR
JOINING US FOR THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HISTORY
TALK. NLM HISTORY TALKS PROMOTE
AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM AND
RELATED COLLECTIONS FOR
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC
SERVICE IN BIOMEDICINE, THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE
HUMANITIES P. TALKS ALSO
SUPPORTS THE COMMITMENT OF NLM
TO RECOGNIZE DIVERSITY OF
COLLECTIONS SPAN 11 CENTURIES
ENCOMPASS RANGE OF DIGITAL
PHYSICAL FORMATS AND ORIGINATE
FROM EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE.
MOREOVER NLM HISTORY TALKS
FOREGROUND VOICES OF PEOPLE OF
COLOR, WOMEN AND INDIVIDUALS OF
VARIETY OF CULTURAL AND
DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS WHO
VALUE THESE COLLECTIONS AND USE
THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR RESEARCH,
TEACHING AND THEIR LEARNING. SO
WELCOME, EVERYONE. FOR THOSE WHO
WISH TO SHARE QUESTIONS WITH OUR
SPEAKER THIS
A. PLEASE USE THE LIVE FEEDBACK
BUTTON YOU SEE UNDERNEATH THE
VIDEO STREAM. SO TODAY I HAVE
THE GREAT PLEASURE AN PRIVILEGE
TO INTRODUCE RAN CAPUCAO, WHO IS
REN CAPUCAO, PLEATING A Ph.D.
IN NURSING, A REGISTERED NURSE
HE HOLD AS MASTERS OF SCIENCE AN
NURSING DEGREE ALSO FROM THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. HE IS
ACCOMPLISHED DIGITAL HUMANIST
WITH IMPRESSIVE PORTFOLIO OF
DIGITAL MAPPING FULL
BRIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM, AND
ARTS HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES SUMMER RESEARCH GRANT
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
HE ALSO RECEIVED AWARDS FROM
ASSOCIATION OF ASIAN STUDIES OF
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
COUNCIL, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
SCHOOL OF NURSING, THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CENTER
FOR GLOBAL INNOVATION AND
INQUIRY, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA BARBARA BATES
CENTER FOR STUDY OF HISTORY OF
NURSING. HE'S ALSO RECEIVED
SUPPORT FROM VIRGINIA
HUMANITIES. REN'S COMBINATION OF
PUBLICATIONS AND INTERVIEWS ARE
EXTENSIVE AS ACADEMIC HONORS.
HE PUBLISHED SEVERAL RESEARCH
AND NURSING PRACTICE ARTICLES IN
SCHOLARLY JOURNALS AND POPULAR
PUBLICATIONS AND CO-AUTHORED AND
PUBLISHED A BOOK RAISING
STANDARDS SAVING LIVES THE
HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY OF
PHILIPPINES NURSING. A VARIETY
OF NEWS OUTLETS ALSO INTERVIEWED
REN ABOUT EXPERTISE IN HISTORY
OF NURSING AND EXPERIENCES AS A
NURSE. ADDITIONALLY REN IS
CURATOR OF A CULTURE TO CARE,
HISTORY OF FILIPINO NURSES IN
HAVE VIRGINIA THIS IS AN
EXHIBITION MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH
SPONSORSHIP HE RECEIVED FROM THE
PHILIPPINE NURSES ASSOCIATION OF
VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIA
HUMANITIES. TRAVELING FROM THE
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL CENTER
VIRGINIA TO THE LIBRARY OF
VIRGINIA THE PHYSICAL EXHIBITION
IS NOW PERMANENTLY HOUSED AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF
NURSING CENTER FOR NURSING
HISTORICAL INQUIRY. HIS WEBSITE
REN CAPUCAO RENCAPUCAO.COM
PRESENTS A DIGITIZED VERSION OF
THE EXHIBITION. ON THIS SITE REN
EXPLAINS THAT HEALTHCARE, HEALTH
WELL BEING AND QUALITY OF LIFE
CONSTITUTE KEY FOCI FOR NURSING
SCHOLARSHIP AND HE AND HIS WORK
ADVANCES THIS KNOWLEDGE USING
INTERDISCIPLINARY METHODS TO
REVEAL MESSY CARE POLITICS
IMMESHED IN THE LIVES OF SEVERAL
NURSES TRAVERSED BETWEEN BEDSIDE
AND THE GLOBAL HEALTHCARE ARENA
FOR OVER A CENTURY. REN'S
CURRENT RESEARCH EXPLORES THE
TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY OF FILL
PEE KNOW NURSES DURING THE
ANALYTICS OF RACE, GENDER AND
DISABILITY. HE JOINS US TODAY TO
OFFER PERSPECTIVES ON THIS
RESEARCH AS HE COMPLETED IT AT
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
AND OTHER HISTORICAL
COLLECTIONS. THE TITLE OF HIS
TALK IS UNFIT TO NURSE, THE
EFFICIENCY AND DISCIPLINE AT THE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
1898 TO 1916. REN, WELCOME.
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US
TODAY AND WE REALLY LOOK FORWARD
TO YOUR TALK. OVER TO YOU.
>> THANK YOU. AND THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE FOR THE
INVITATION TO BE HERE TODAY.
ALSO THANK YOU TO EVERYONE HERE
IN ATTENDANCE. I'M HUMBLED TO
SHARE MY RERESEARCH AND INBED TO
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF ARCHIVES
TO PIECE TOGETHER THIS FILIPINO
NURSES DURING THE EARLY 20TH
CENTURY WITH OTHER MATERIALS
GATHERED IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
COLLECTIONS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND
THE PHILIPPINES NOTABLY NATIONAL
ARCHIVES AND UNIVERSITY OF
PHILIPPINES MAN LA HERITAGE
PROJECT. TO BEGIN I WOULD LIKE
TO TELL STORY OF A STUDENT NURSE
CENTRAL TO MY PROJECT. FILIPINO
NURSE. IN 1916 FLORENTINA
(INAUDIBLE) ORIGINALLY FROM
(INAUDIBLE) WAS 19 YEARS OF AGE
AND MORE THAN 100 MILES FROM
HOME. (INDISCERNIBLE) STUDENT
NURSE AT THE HOSPITAL. SHE WAS A
PROMISING STUDENT WITH
EXCEPTIONAL RECORD UNTIL ONE
NIGHT ON DUTY IN AUGUST. AROUND
2 A.M. A POST-OPERATIVE PATIENT
BESIEGED FLORENTINA FOR BED PAN
WITH ASSISTANCE BUT NO ONE WAS
AVAILABLE TO AID HER HE CAN
COMPUTING THE PROCEDURE --
EXECUTING THE PROCEDURE SHE
ASKED THEM TO WAIT. TWO AND A
HALF HOURS FLEW BY WHEN THE
POST-OPERATIVE PATIENT ASKED FOR
THE BED PAN AGAI AGAIN. PLEASE A
MINUTE SHE RESPONDED IN THE
MIDST OF CHARTING THE VITAL
SIGNS. BOTH STUDENT NURSE AND
POST-OPERATIVE PATIENT WERE
TEAMING WITH FRUSTRATION WITH
ATTENTION BREAKING WHEN THE
PATIENT UTTERING REMARKS AGAINST
FLORENTINA AND NURSING
PROFESSION IN GENERAL. SHE
REQUESTED THE PATIENT REFRAIN
BUT THE LATTER CONTINUES TO
BERATE NURSING AS A FORM OF
SERVITUDE. NO LONGER ABLE TO
BITE TONGUE AN EXCHANGING
ERUPTED. AT THE END OF THE DUTY,
FLORENTINA SUBMITTED A REPORT TO
HER SUPERVISOR ACKNOWLEDGING
LACK OF PROVIDENCE THAT NIGHT
AND HOPING FOR RESOLUTION
BETWEEN HER AND PATIENT. THE
LETTER WENT TO THE
SUPERINTENDENTS OFFICE. SHE DID
NOT CONSIDER THE SERIOUSNESS OF
SITUATION BOTH DIGNITY AND THAT
OF PROFESSION BUT THE
SUPERINTENDENT REMARK TALKING
BACK TO PATIENTS WAS VIOLATION
OF CODE OF CONDUCT AND COMMENTED
PATIENTS AND NURSES ALSO PLAINED
ABOUT HER. A STARK SUDDEN
CONTRAST THAT JUXTAPOSED HER
EXCELLENT RECORD. HER CASE
FORWARDED TO THE STUDENT WELL
TAMMY FOR ACTION. UPON RETURNING
THE DORMITORY SHE SHARED WITH
HER CLOSE FRIEND THE REPUGNANCE
OF EVENTS AND TREATED LIKE AN
MA'AM. SHE BEGAN PREPARING
INTERVENTION LETTER. IF I SHOULD
REMAIN IN THE HOSPITAL I MIGHT
SUBMIT SUICIDE BECAUSE I CANNOT
STAND THE TREATMENT I RECEIVED,
I HAD BETTER DIE THAN LIVE IN
DISHONOR. THE FRIEND MANAGED TO
MULTI HER ENOUGH FOR THEM TO
ATTEND CLASS. FLORENTINA
DISAPPEARED AFTERWARD. ON AUGUST
1819OR, 1916 AT 11K 40 A.M. HER
BATHROOM WAS FOUND ON A BATHROOM
FLOOR AFTER DRINKING ACID AND 40
MINUTES LATER HER SPIRIT PASSED
ONONON. UNBEKNOWNST HER DEATH IS
STATED A STRIKE NEVER FELT
BEFORE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
OCCURRING DURING INTENSE DEBATE,
THE FITNESS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.
FIT OPINIONS (INDISCERNIBLE)
ELICITED CONSTANT BITTER
DISCUSSION IN THE ISLANDS, IT
WAS A BUZZ WORD AT THE TIME,
SIGNALING A ABILITY TO PROPERLY
EXERCISE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF
A LIBERAL MODERN SOCIETY BUT
FITNESS AS INDICATED BY
(INDISCERNIBLE) ALSO GAINED
POPULAR MEANING BY 20TH CENTURY
AID MIDST SOCIAL DARWINISM AND
(INAUDIB(INAUDIBLE). THE BODY CE
CONDITIONED TO ACQUIRE FITNESS
THROUGH PHYSICAL EXERCISE DIET
AND HEALTH TO IMPROVE INDIVIDUAL
EFFICIENCY. THUS THE TRAINED
NURSE WHO EMBODIED A GENDERED
ASPIRATION OF CIVIC FITNESS
PROVED INSTRUMENTAL NOT ONLY
INSTILLING PHYSICAL FITNESS IN
OTHERS BUT TEACHING PROPER WAYS
OLIVING. -- OF LIVING. AS I
DISCUSS MY DISABILITY FRAMEWORK
I WANT TO LAY OUT SOME KEY
DEFINITIONS FOR REFERENCE.
FITNESS WAS PART AND PARCEL OF
THE IMAGINARY UNDERPINNING U.S.
COLONIZATION OF PHILIPPINES THAT
GOVERNED MEANING OF HEALTHY BODY
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY. THE
IDEA OF BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
BLANKETED WESTERN CIVILIZATION
OVER THE PRESUMED BACKWARDNESS
OF ISLANDS, WITH FORMER
CITIZENRY BECOMING INDICATIVE OF
SPECIES FUNCTIONING. IN OTHER
WORDS DETERMINED WHO WAS
CONSIDERED FULLY HUMAN AND WHO
HAD THE CAPACITY TO PARTAKE IN
CITIZENSHIP AND EXERCISE LIBERAL
RIGHTS. FOR THE U.S. WHITE ABLE
BODIED HETERO NORMATIVE MEN
EMBODIED SPECIES FUNCTIONING
WHILE WOMEN COULDN'T ATTAIN THE
SAME LEVEL OF FITNESS THE TRAIN
NURSE REPRESENTED THE GENDERED
ABILITY WHICH FILIPINOS WERE
ALSO SUBSUMED. THE IDEAL OF
FITNESS HOWEVER PROVES
IMPOSSIBLE OR DEAL FOR EVERYONE
AMIDST INCREASING DEMANDS OF
SOCIETY AND THE FLUCTUATION OF
INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
CAPACITIES OVER TIME. THE UP
ABILITY TO LIVE UP TO THIS IDEA
BREEDS PAIR KNOWIA FEAR AND
INADEQUACY WHICH SCHOLAR POINTS
OUT PROVIDES THE AMOUNT OF
TEMPERATURE AND NUTRIENTS FOR
DISABLISM TO GROW.
NOTWITHSTANDING PROGRESS IN THE
ISLANDS AMERICANS INCLUDING
NURSES MITIGATED ANXIETIES BY
CONTINUING TO ASCRIBE FITNESS OF
FILIPINOS AS INFERIOR USING
PHYSICALLY WEAK, FEELABLE MINDED
AND SEMIINVALID TO DISABILITY
BINARY BETWEEN COLONIZER AND
COLONIZE. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
BECOMES INTEGRAL ASPECT OF
TRAINING OF NURSES. INDEED
PROGRESS AND MODERNIZATION ARE
CENTRAL THEMES IN HISTORY OF
MEDICINE PUBLIC HEALTH DURING
AMERICAN COLONIALISM,
(INDISCERNIBLE) DESCRIBES
AMERICANS UTILIZE MODERN MEDICAL
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICES TO DEFER
(INDISCERNIBLE) CITIZENSHIPSHIP
WRITING ON FILIPINO NURSES
CATHERINE PROVIDES THE ROLE OF
NURSING IN THE WISHMENT FOR
SELF-GOVERNMENT. THROUGH
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DISABILITY
I ATTEMPT (INDISCERNIBLE)
CONSTRUCTED DURING THE AMERICAN
COLONIAL PERIOD. UNDER THE
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT NURSES WERE
SUBSUMED (INDISCERNIBLE) AND
CELEBRATED FOR OVERCOMING RACIAL
DEFICIENCIES. I EXPLORE THE
FORMATIVE YEARS AT THE GENERAL
HOSPITAL FEEDING UP TO DYNAMIC
EVENTS OF 1916. EXAMINING
ASSOCIATION OF CIVIC PHYSICAL
FITNESS AND LABOR OF NURSES IN
BETWEEN. HERE ABILITY OF THESE
NURSES WAS ALWAYS APPROACHING
BUT NEVER REACHING THAT OF
AMERICAN NURSE H. THE NURSES
NAVIGATING THE FRONTIER WERE
MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ABLEISM
UNDER COLONIAL LIMELIGHT AND
REMAIN AT SUBJECT DIVISION
PROGRESSIVE DISCOURSE OF
DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY. AS
SUCH DISTRESS WAS PAR AND PARCEL
FOR FILIPINO NURSES TO MAKE THE
MOST OF TIME I WILL FAST FORWARD
TO 1907 BUT I CAN ANSWER
QUESTIONS ABOUT GROUND WORK LAID
BY AMERICAN NURSES FOLLOWING
COLONIALIZATION IN 1898 AT THE
END. INSTEAD I WILL BEGIN
NARRATIVE AROUND THE ORIGINS OF
THE PHILIPPINE COMMUNITY SCHOOL
FOR NURSES AND GENERAL HOSPITAL
DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF
AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES THE TRAINING OF
FILIPINOS IN NURSE PREGNANT
RECEIVED WESTERN CRITICS AS THE
ULTRA DEMOCRATIC TRAINED NURSE
SIGNALED HIGHER FITNESS. NEXT
PLAN TO BUILD MODERN HOSPITAL
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE BODY OF
ISLANDS APPOINTED BY U.S.
PRESIDENT WERE NOT CONVINCED THE
ANNEXATION OF SCHOOL OF NURSES
WILL LEAD TO USEFUL RESULTS. NO
QUESTION ABOUT DEMAND FOR NURSES
IN THE ISLANDS BUT IF SOCIAL
RELATE REFORM OF THE MASSES HAD
ALREADY PROVED ARDUOUS, HOW
COULD INDIGENOUS WOMEN TRAIN IN
PROFESSIONAL NURSING? AS SEEN
HERE WITH QUOTE FROM AMERICAN
NURSE LEADER, THESE WOMEN WOULD
HAVE TO UNDERGO A METAMORPHOSIS
TO TRAIN NURSE. HER ACCOUNT AS
POINTED OUT REVERBERATES THE
PERVASIVENESS OF RACISM AND
NURSING DESPITE THE ASSENTS OF
PROFESSION DURING THE LATTER
HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
NOTWITHSTANDING INHIBITIONS ON
CAPACITY TO NURSE, IMPERATIVE
LOCALLY TRAINED NURSES CANNOT BE
DENIED. IN 1907 THE GOVERNMENT
PASSED ACT NUMBER 1688 TO
APPROPRIATE FUNDS TO CONSTRUCT
MODERN HOSPITAL NAMED THE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL AS
INSTITUTION WOULD SERVE ENTIRE
COUNTRY. AS THE HOSPITAL BECAME
A REALITY, MARY COALMAN AND
SOFIA (INDISCERNIBLE) THE GIRLS
DORMITORY OF THE NORMAL SCHOOL
ALONGSIDE VICTORRIZER DIRECTOR
OF BUREAU OF HEALTH,
SUCCESSFULLY CAMPAIGNED THE
GOVERNMENT TO GREEN LIGHT NURSES
TRAINING COURSE, MARKING THE
BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES,
ADMINISTRATED BY BUREAUS OF
EDUCATION AND HEALTH, THE TWO
YEAR COURSE HOUSE IN GIRLS
DORMITORY AND SERVED AS PROGRAM
FOR STUDENTS INTERESTED IN
NURSING TO GO OFF TO FINISH
TRAINING AT THE PHILIPPINE
GENERAL HOSPITAL EX UPON
COMPLETION. IT IT WAS AN
EXPERIMENT TO ASSESS FILIPINOS
ASSESSMENT TO NURS NURSE. IT GOA
ROCKY START AS THEY HAD TO
CAJOLE A HANDSFUL WITH CANDY AND
FLOWERS TO ER MAIN IN THE
PROGRAM, THIS PROVED INEFFECTIVE
IN STUDENTS TO DISAVOW
COLLECTIVELY THIS IS SERVANTS
WORK, NO MORE TO DO WITH IT.
THEIR SENTIMENTS REFLECTED THE
EARLY DEMOGRAPHIC OF THE SCHOOL
WHICH COMPRISED STUDENTS FROM
AFFLUENT FAMILIES. THESE
STUDENTS SOCIO STATUS REFLECTED
AMERICAN NURSING PRACTICE OF
RECRUITING WOMEN FROM UPPER
CLASS TO DISPLAY MORAL APTITUDE
SUITED FOR THE PROFESSION.
SIMILARLY, NURSING WOULD HAVE TO
MAKE THE PROFESSIONALISM
AMENABLE TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN
STUDENTS. INDEED THE PERCEPTION
OF NURSE AS MENIAL LABORER
COMMENSURATE TO LOW STATUS OF
HOUSE MADE ALSO KNOWN AS
(INAUDIBLE) HAD TO BE OVERCOME
FOR THE COURSE TO BE SUCCESSFUL.
RUBBLED BY THE STUDENTS COMMIT
COALMAN PUT ON A PLAY TO NOT OWN
CORRAL BACK BUT TRANSFORM
CULTURAL MEANING OF NURSING.
THEY WROTE A DRAMA THAT DEPICTED
THEM AS HEROINS WHO SAVED
PERSONS FROM THE JAWS OF DEATH
AND HIRED PROFESSIONAL ACTORS TO
ENSURE INTEGRITY OF PRODUCTION.
THEY LIMITED THE ATTENDANCE OF
THE PLAY TO INVITATION ONLY
CAREFULLY CURATING A GUEST LIST
INCLUDING HIGH RANKING OFFICIALS
ALONGSIDE FORMER STUDENTS. THEY
EXCLUSIVE EVENT FILLED TO
CAPACITY CURBED A RESOUNDING
SUCCESS AS STUDENTS RETURN THE
NEXT DAY WITH A FERVOR TO
CONTINUE THE NURSING STUDIES.
HOWEVER, IMPASS AFTER IN FORM OF
HE IS STUDENTS PARENTS WHO
STORMED HIS OFFICE FOLLOWING THE
DAUGHTERS FIRST EXPERIENCE IN
THE HOSPITALS. THE PARENTS
BELIEVE THEIR DAUGHTERS HAD BEEN
DISGRACED AND HUMILIATED AFTER
PROPROVIDING CARE TO PATIENTS OF
OPPOSITE SEX AND DEMAND STUDENTS
RETURN HOME. THEY VIEWED THE
TRAINED NURSE WITH UNFAMILIARITY
UNLIKE PHYSICIAN ROLE INTRODUCED
DURING EXPANSION O COLONIALISM,
THE GENDERED ROLE OF NURSE
CARING FOR STRANGERS
PARTICULARLY OPPOSITE SEX COUNTS
CULTURAL NORMS THAT DISAVOWED
EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN OUTSIDE THE
HOME AND UPHELD CONSERVATIVE
VALUES AROUND WOMEN SEXUALITY.
UNABLE TO BREAK THROUGH TO THE
PARENTS, NOW, I'M TIRED OF THIS
NONSENSE, OUR AMERICAN WOMEN ARE
JUST AS FINE AS YOURS AND TAKE
UP NURSING CAREERS WITHOUT LOSS
OF DIGNITY OR SELF-RESPECT IF
YOU ARE SO PARAMOUNT IN THE
SCALE PUBLIC DEFENDER'S OFFICE
CIVILIZATION YOU CAN'T REALIZE
THIS, TAKE YOUR DAUGHTERS OUT AT
ONCE. I DON'T WANT THEM HERE ANY
LONGER. I HAVE GIVEN THEM THE
OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN A
PROFESSION BUT YOU ARE EXACTLY
WHETHER YOUR CRITICS AND THAT
THE MOMENT PARENTS INTERJECT AND
REVERSED THEIR POSITION.
PLEADING WITH HIM FOR AN HOUR TO
RETAIN THEIR DAUGHTERS BEFORE HE
RELENTED. AMIDST THE IMPLICATION
HE UPHELD NURSING AS MARKER OF
CIVILIZED. STUDENTS GO ON TO
COMPLETE ACADEMIC YEAR WITH
COMMENDATION, DESPITE THE SNAGS
THE NURSES TRAINING COURSE
TRANSFORMED THE IMAGE OF NURSE
PASS COMMENSURATE WITH MODERN
FILIPINO WOMAN. SUCCESS WAS
EMBEDDED TO THE GROWN WORK OF
FIRST STUDENTS WHO TRIUMPHED
OVER AMERICAN PREJUDICES ABOUT
ABILITY OF FILIPINOS. IN
SUBSEQUENT YEARS THE HAVE
ALREADYIZATION OF PROGRESS
OVERSHADOWED THE GROUNDED
EXPERIENCES OF THE STUDENT
NURSES WHO NAVIGATED THE
FRONTIER OF PROFESSION M. THEY
REQUIRED A SOUNDED MIND OR AT
LEAST CULTIVATED ONE ALONG THE
WAY. TO REMAIN RESILIENT AGAINST
PUBLIC DISPARAGING COMMENTS
ABOUT NURSING. THE WORK WITH
MASSES WAS DISRUPTED CHALLENGING
GENDER ASSUMPTIONS OF WOMAN'S
WORK AND DISPLACING INDIGENOUS
HEALTH PRACTICES. THE ADMISSION
OF COHORT TO TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES IN 1908 ACCORDING TO A
MEMBER, INITIATED A JOURNEY
WHERE SHE MARKED FOOTSTEPS. SHE
ENCOUNTERED THE DERISION SHE AND
PEERS GOT FROM THE PUBLIC,
ASSERTING ONLY FEW FATHOM THE
SUFFERING HER COHORT EMBODIED.
THIS JOURNEY WAS NOT ONLY
EMOTIONALLY TURBULENT BUT
FISCALLY TAXING ON THEM. AND
JUST TWO MONTHS THEY DONNED BLUE
STRIPED UNIFORMS WHITE APRONS AN
HAT AND THROWN HEAD FIRST INTO
THE CONTAINMENT OF THE EPIDEMIC
AT THE CIVIL HOSPITAL. THIS WAS
PART OF THE PRACTICAL WORK WHICH
ENTAILED WORKING SIX HOURS A DAY
WITH OFF DUTY OCCURRING EVERY
TWO WEEKS. THE SCHEDULE OF
BALANCING WARD DUTY PROVED
DRAINING ON STUDENTS BUT AS THE
IDEAL NURSE PRACTICE THEY PUT ON
A BRIGHT CHEERFUL DEMEANOR AT
THE START DESPITE RECURSIVE
EXHAUSTION SHUN AND AMIDST THE
DRUDGERY THEY ALLEVIATED
THEMSELVES BY FINDING JOY IN
ASPECTS OF THEIR LIVES. DURING
THE MORNING COMMUTE TO THE
HOSPITAL SOME GIRLS ASKED THE
DRIVER TO TAKE THE SCENIC ROUTE
AFTER DUTY THEY DETOURED THROUGH
THE PARK TO LISTEN TO THE MUSIC
BANDS AND FEEL THE BREEZE FROM
THE BAY CARESSING THEIR SKIN.
OUTSIDE THE COURSE THEY LOOK FOR
OPPORTUNITIES FOR AMUSEMENT
PARTICIPATING IN ATHLETICS WITH
OTHER GIRLS AT THE NORMAL
SCHOOL. THESE MOMENTS WERE THE
ONES THEY CHERISHED THE MOST.
AS THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL NEARED COMPLETION THE
GOVERNMENT INVESTED AND EXPANDED
NURSING LAY FORCE. UNDER ACT
1931 APPROPRIATED FUNDS FOR
FISCAL ESTABLISHMENT OF A
TRAINING SCHOOL WHICH UPON
COMPLETION BECOME THE NEW HOME
OF THE PHILIPPINE TRAINING
SCHOOL FOR NURSES. THIS LAW WAS
FOLLOWED BY ACT NUMBER 1975
WHICH REORGANIZED THE TRAINING
SCHOOL SOLELY UNDER BUREAU OF
HEALTH BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY,
MADE INSTITUTION CO-EDUCATIONAL.
UNFORTUNATELY I DON'T HAVE
ENOUGH TIME TO COVER
SIGNIFICANCE OF MALE STUDENTS IN
THIS PRESENTATION BUT I WILL
TAKE QUESTIONS AT THE END.
MOVING FORWARD THE TERMS STUDENT
NURSE AND GRADUATE NURSE REFER
TO BOTH SEXES. IN SEPTEMBER 10
SEPTEMBER 1910 THE HOSPITAL OPEN
AND BECOME CENTER OF MODERN
MEDICINE IN ASIA AND MARKET OF
PROGRESS THAT CONFLATED AMERICAN
ATTITUDES. THE HOSPITAL HAD
FOUR DISTINCT OBJECTIVES TO
SERVE HEALTH NEEDS OF PUBLIC TO
AFFORD UNPARALLELED SERVICE TO
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES TO PROVIDE
EXCEPTIONAL FACILITIES FOR
MEDICAL STUDENTS, AND TO TRAIN
NURSES ON MASS SCALE. WITH 350
BED CAPACITY, THERE WAS NOT ONLY
LARGEST MOST MODERN HOSPITAL IN
THE REGION, BUT DEEMED COLONIAL
AUTHORITIES COMPARABLE TO THE
BEST HOSPITALS IN THE WESTERN
WORLD. LIKE OTHER HOSPITALS IN
THE U.S. THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL WAS A CAPITAL INTENSIVE
ENDEAVOR THAT WARRANTED
IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO
ECONOMIZE HOSPITAL EFFICIENCY.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT BEGAN
THEORY TO IMPROVE ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE IN THE INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR OF THE US. BUT GAINED
TRACTION DURING THE PROGRESSIVE
ERA TO ENCOMPASS EVERY ASPECT OF
EXISTENCE. PROGRESS SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT TO CREATE A POLITICS
OF EFFICIENCY THAT PROMOTED A
PROPER WAY OF LIVING, THE
DEFINITION OF EFFICIENCY BURIED
ACROSS FIELDS BUT WITHIN THE
HOSPITAL IT AIMED TO SET ORDER
COB SERVING RESOURCE,
STREAMLINING SERVICES, AND
REGIMENTING STAFF TO ECONOMIZE
OPERATIONS. IN THE HOSPITAL
NURSES WERE ON MISSION AN
TRAINED TO BATTLE DISEASE AND
DISORDERLY ENVIRONMENTS, FITTED
TO REDUCE WASTE AND OVERSEE
EFFICIENCY. NURSE PROPENSITY FOR
APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
DEMONSTRATED ATTEMPT TO ETCH OUT
BOUNDARIES AND CLAIM OBJECTIVE
SCIENTIFIC SPACE UNTAKEN BY
MEDICINE. ACCORDING TO
(INDISCERNIBLE) EFFICIENCY IN
NURSING MEDIATE SERVICE WITH
SCIENCE AND MADE
PROFESSIONALIZATION AMENABLE AND
AMIDST THIS CALCULUS CHARACTER
SERVED AS ABILITY DEEMED
CRITICAL TO REFORMATION IN BOTH
NURSING AND HOSPITAL CARE.
CHARACTER CAN BE READ AS FITNESS
BUT TAILORED TO NURSING. AND IT
FORMED ASPIRATION FOR EQUAL
STANDARD OF IDEAL NURSE WHO
EMBODIED WESTERN CULTURAL NORMS
OF WOMAN HOOD, VALUES OF
ALTRUISM OBEDIENCE,
SELF-DISCIPLINE THE
(INDISCERNIBLE) NURSE HOWEVER
ANXIETIES IN MAINTAINING THIS
IMAGE AMIDST PHYSICALLY AND
MENTALLY TAX WORK AND DEMANDS OF
THE HOSPITAL. THROUGH EUGENICS
HEREDITY DETERMINE APTITUDE OF
NURSE TO SOME DEGREE OF
CERTAINTY. SCIENTIFIC RACISM
REDUCED ANXIETIES OF WHITE
NURSES FORCING A RACIAL DIVIDE
WHO WAS THE IDEAL NURSE AND
SUSPENDED IN THE PROCESS. AT THE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL,
AMERICAN NURSE ASSUMED A
SUPERIOR CLASS OF CHARACTER
TRAINING STUDENTS AND OVERSEEING
GRADUATE NURSES WHO IN THEIR
EYES COULD ONLY BECOME PAIL
IMITATIONS. EXAMINING THE
COLONIAL PROJECT OF AMERICAN
NURSING (INDISCERNIBLE) ASTUTELY
OBSERVED HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATORS
IDENTIFIED AMERICAN NURSES ON
NURSING TRAINEES WAS IMPORTANT
TO COLONIAL GOALS THAN DIRECT
PATIENT CARE ABILITIES. THEY
ALSO BELIEVE FILIPINO NURSES
PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDES
APPROXIMATE BEHAVE YOUS NEVER
MEASURE TO THE AMERICAN
STANDARD. THIS ESTABLISHED A
RACIAL DIVISION OF LABOR, NURSE
DUTIES ENTAILED THE DIRECT CARE
OF AMERICAN PATIENTS AND
SUPERVISION OF ANCILLARY STAFF
AND STUDENT NURSES. STILL THE
WITH THE RACIAL HIERARCHY
(INDISCERNIBLE) AS A RYE YUM OF
OF BENEVOLENCE. ON APRIL 9,
1912 GRADUATION OF SECOND COHORT
OF PHILIPPINE TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES WAS HIGHLY
POLITICIZED SPENTCAL. IT
OCCURRED AT THE HALL THE PLACE
OF FILIPINO LEGISLATURE WHERE
THE LEADERS AS SPEAKERS, THE
ACTING GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE
ISLAND HANDED OUT DIPLOMAS AND
THE STUDENTS OF EACH SEX WAS
HONORED WITH THE MEDAL FOR
HIGHEST EFFICIENCY RECORD. THIS
GRAND CELEBRATION BY THE
CONCERTED EFFORTS BY THE
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT RAISE
CULTURAL VALUE OF NURSING WITHIN
THE ISLANDS. THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT ALSO LEVERAGED
NURSING TO ADVANCE CULTURAL
IMAGE OF U.S. AS EXEMPTIONAL
INTERNATIONALLY -- EXCEPTIONAL
AND DEPLOYED PROGRESS TO ISLANDS
TO DEMARCATE THE CAPABILITIES OF
FILIPINOS OVER THE JAPANESE AS
SHOW OF POWER. IN 1913 LETTER TO
MODERN HOSPITAL JOURNAL,
(INDISCERNIBLE) A HOSPITAL
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE GENERAL
HOSPITAL ASSERTED PHILIPPINES
HAVING MORE PROMISING MATERIAL
THAN JAPAN, WHICH
(INDISCERNIBLE) GERMAN MODEL HE
ALSO CONTENDED THE COURSE OF
INSTRUCTION OFFERED BY THE
PHILIPPINE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
NURSES IS PROBABLY NOT EXCELLED
BY ANY TRAINING SCHOOL IN THE
WORLDED. I DON'T RECALL
(INAUDIBLE) IN THE UNITED STATES
THAT PROVIDED BETTER FACILITIES
FOR TEACHING THAN ARE FOUND
HERE. REGARDING AMERICAN NURSING
AND ABILITY (INDISCERNIBLE) WAS
UNDERHEARD BY GEOPOLITICS. THE
GROWING IMPERIAL PRESENCE OF
JAPAN RAISED AMERICAN ANXIETY
AND LOOMED OVER THE PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE AND U.S.
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
TERRITORY CONSIDERED SO FAR IN
DISTANCE AND DEVELOPMENT. IN
CLOSING OUT HIS LETTER HE
STRESSED THAT THE GRADUATE
FILIPINO NURSE RANKS NEXT TO
AMERICAN. THIS SHOWS THE STATUS
BETWEEN COLONIZER AND COLONIZED
AND CLAIMED EXCELLENCE OF THE
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES WAS
UNMATCHED PARADOXICALLY
GRADUATES CAPABLE BUT ALSO NOT
QUITE. THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL ACCORDING TO
(INDISCERNIBLE) WAS (INAUDIBLE)
OF COLONIAL QUALITY DEMANDING
WHITE AMERICAN ORDER AND
EFFICIENCY, THERE AMERICAN
NURSES VIEWED THEMSELVES AS IN
CHARGE OF DIRECTING NURSING
SERVICES THEY WERE THE MASTER
SPIRITS DIRECTING THE GROWTH AND
EFFICIENCY. THIS INCLUDED I
DON'T HAVE SEEING THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE FILIPINO
NURSES. THE PATERNALISTIC NATURE
OF BENEVOLENCE BRINGED THE
FILIPINO AS DISABLED AND
UNPRODUCTIVE. SEVERAL EQUAL TO
ONE AMERICAN. THIS VALUATION OF
BODIES WAS SUPPORTED BY SALARIES
OF AMERICAN NURSES WHOSE WAGES
WERE (INAUDIBLE) SAME POSITION.
AS SUCH THE AMERICAN -- THE
ECONOMIC VALUE OF AMERICAN
NURSES AFFIRMED THEIR AUTHORITY
IN EXTRACTING LABOR FROM PILL PI
KNOW USER NURSES FOR THE SAKE OF
EFFICIENCY. HOWEVER THE RACIAL
DIVISION OF LABOR SUPPORTING THE
ILLUSION OF AMERICAN NURSE
SUPERIORITY BEGAN TO LOOSEN AS
AMERICAN NURSES PROVED DIFFICULT
TO RECRUIT AND IS MORE COHORT OF
FILIPINO NURSES GRADUATED. THE
LATTER WERE NOW ALSO TRESS
PASSING UPON THE FORMER
RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE THE
AMERICAN BOARDS. AMERICAN NURSES
AS (INDISCERNIBLE) POINTS OUT
ENTERTAINED THE IDEA THAT
FILIPINO NURSES MIGHT BECOME
EQUALS IN FUTURE BUT NOT PRESENT
TIME OR THEIR PRESENCE. WHILE
COLONIAL AUTHORITIES (INAUDIBLE)
DEMOGRAPHIC OF HOSPITAL FILIPINO
NURSES GROUNDED EXPERIENCES
PARTICULARLY ON THE AMERICAN
WARD ILLUSTRATE A MORE
PRECARIOUS TAIL OF PROGRESS.
(INDISCERNIBLE) A 20-YEAR-OLD
GRADUATES NURSE EMPLOYED ON
AMERICAN WARD CONSIDERED A
COMPETENT DEVOTED NURSE FOR THE
CHEERFUL DISPOSITIONS BUT MAY 9,
1914 FOUND DEAD IN QUARTER AFTER
IMBIDING DICHLORIDE. IN THE
DAYS LEAD TO HER DEATH SHE
DEMONSTRATED SIGN OF DEPRESSION
AND NERVOUSNESS WITH HOSPITAL
STAFF DESCRIBING HER AS
FORGETFUL AND VERY NERVOUS,
TITHED LOUDLY AND EXCITEDLY TO
THE NURSES ON THE FLOOR, CRYING
THE LATE HOURS OF THE NIGHT.
MANY SPECULATED OVER WORK WAS
CAUSE OF HER DETERIORATING AND
WORK PERFORMANCE AND CARING FOR
HER FATHER WHEN OFF DUTY. BEFORE
HE DEATH SHE HAD ADDRESSED
LETTERS TO THE CHIEF NURSE AND
FRIENDS AND RELATIVES BIDDING
FAIR WELL. THESE DIVULGED HER
CLAIMS OF RECEIVING REPRIMAND
FROM THE AMERICAN NURSES. THE
(INAUDIBLE) PAPER SUGGESTED THAT
ON TOP OF THE DEMANDS OF WORK
AND HER INABILITY TO IMPROVE
FATHER'S FAILING HEALTH THE
DEPCATION SHE FACED HAD LOWERED
HER SELF-ESTEEM ENOUGH TO PUSH
HER TO THE EDGE. THE
INVESTIGATION FOLLOWING HER
DEATH FOUND ACCUSATIONS OF
VERBAL ABUSE AND THE DECISION
WOULD SET A PRECEDENT FOR
INDIVIDUAL CULPABILITY ON
COUNTER EXAMPLES OF PROGRESS OR
THE NORM. FOR SHADOWING THE CASE
OF FLORENTINA DEATH IN THE
COMING YEARS. BY 1914 THE
SUPPLEMENTATION OF AMERICANS
WITH FILIPINOS AT THE GENERAL
HOSPITAL WAS WELL UNDERWAY
ALONGSIDE OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF
THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE.
THE TURN OVER OF AMERICANS WAS
PART OF THE GOVERNOR'S
PHILIPPINIZATION POLICY THAT
BEGAN IN 1913 AND AIMED TO HAVE
FILIPINOS COMPLETELY OCCUPY
GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SERVANT
POSITIONS IN PREPARATION FOR
THEIR INDEPENDENT. HIS
APPOINTMENT UNDER PRESIDENT
WILSON MARKED THE FIRST TIME
DEMOCRATIC PARTY HAD CONTROL
OVER THE ISLANDS. AS SUCH THE
ORGANIZATION RECEIVED AD
MODISHMENT FROM REREPUBLICANS
AND RETENTIONISTS THE FORMER
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR WHO
AMBASSADORRED THE POLICY FOR
RUINING THE PROGRESS MADE THUS
FAR, THEY CONSIDERED THAT THE
PHILIPPINES WAS STILL DEVELOPING
AND FILIPINOS REMAINED UNFIT FOR
SELF-GOVERNMENT. STILL,IZER
PRAISED THE PHILIPPINIZATION OF
NURSING SERVICES A T THE
HOSPITAL THE PREVIOUS YEAR WITH
REMAINING EIGHT AMERICAN NURSES
IGNORING PILL FILIPINO NURSE
FITNESS. HE MADE COMMENDATIONS
ABOUT THE GRADUATES, EMPLOYED
INSTRUCTORS A T THE TRAINING
SCHOOL STATING THEY HAD PROVEN
THEIR ABILITY TO CARRY ON WORK
OF PREDECESSORS SO IF THERE WAS
ONE AREA OF O DEVELOPMENT THAT
PROVED READY FOR AUTONOMY, HE
BELIEVED IT WAS NURSING.
HOWEVER PHILIPPINIZATION AT THE
HOSPITAL REMAINS ACYTE OF
TENSION, THE INSTITUTION
UNDERWENT REORGANIZATION
FOLLOWING WINIFRED'S APPOINTMENT
AS SECRETARY OF SPIN YOUR AS HE
ATTEMPTED TO -- INTERIOR AS HE
ATTEMPTED TO IMPROVE THE
REPUTATION. ON FEBRUARY 5, 1915
PASSAGE OF ACT 2467 LED TO MAJOR
CHANGES AT THE PHILIPPINE
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES. THE
TRAINING SCHOOL BECAME A
DEPARTMENT OF THE HOSPITAL AND
HAD ACADEMIC CURRICULUM OVERSEEN
BY THE UNIVERSITY OF
PHILIPPINES. THESE CHANGES WERE
CEMENTED BY RENAMING TO THE
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL
SCHOOL OF NURSING. BY START OF
1915, 1916 YEAR, THE SCHOOL OF
NURSING HAD CUMULATIVELY
PRODUCED 146 GRADUATES AND
CURRENTLY ENROLLED AROUND 200
STUDENTS. AS SEEN BY THESE MAPS,
THEY HAILED ACROSS MORE THAN 180
TOWNS WITH ONE INTERNATIONAL
STUDENTS FROM CHINA. THE RAPID
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING CANNOT BE
SKOALLY CREDITED TO AMERICAN
INGENUITY AS STUDENT AND
GRADUATE NURSES PROVIDED CARE
ACROSS THE ISLANDS. THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT WOULD RAPPORT THAT
HOSPITAL 1915 HAD ONE OF THE
MOST SUCCESSFUL FISCAL YEARS IN
HISTORY REGARDING QUALITY OF
WORK, HOWEVER THIS CONTRAST WITH
THE DIE TRIBE OF A FORMER MEMBER
OF THE PHILIPPINE DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION WHO DESCRIBED THE
HOSPITAL THAT YEAR AS BEING THE
MOST CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLE OF
DISORGANIZATION AND INEFFICIENCY
THAT MATERIALIZED FROM UNDER THE
EVIL EFFECTS OF THE PRESENT
REGIME. HE FAILED TO PROVIDE
EVIDENCE FOR THE ACCUSATION BUT
IT WASN'T WITHOUT MERIT MERIT.
CONTROVERSY AROSE AROUND THE YOU
WILLTURE OF DISCIPLINE WHICH --
CULTURE OF DISCIPLINE WHICH LED
MEMBERS OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
BOARD TO RESIGN IN JULY 1915.
THE ADVISORY BOARD COMPRISED
PROMINENT FILIPINO WOMEN IN
COMMUNITY NOTABLY THE PRESIDENT,
WHO NOW MARRIED HAD HELPED
CONCEIVE PROFESSIONAL NURSING AT
GIRL'S DORMITORY. ONE STUDENT
NURSE DESCRIBED (INDISCERNIBLE)
DOES AS ENCOURAGING MANY GIRLS
TO ENTERTHE PROFESSION AND
BEFRIENDING HUNDREDS OF THEM.
THE BOARD PURPOSE TO COOPERATE
WITH HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES ON
MATTERS REGARDING THE SCHOOL AND
THE WELFARE OF THE STUDENT BODY.
(INDISCERNIBLE) READYING NATION
THE BOARD ABOUT SOLVED ITSELF OF
COMPLAINTS OF STUDENTS REGARDING
(INDISCERNIBLE) IT ATTEMPTED TO
MEDIATE TWO PARTIES BY
FORWARDING CASES TO SECRETARY
DEMNISON BUT HE RULED THE BOARD
HAD NO JURISDICTION OVER MATTERS
BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS AND
HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES AS THEIR
INTERVENTION IMPEDED THE
HOSPITAL EFFICIENCY WILL
DETERMINE NURSE IN THE FUTURE
SEEKING ASSISTANCE FROM EXTERNAL
PARTIES REGARDING DISCIPLINARY
MEASURES (INDISCERNIBLE) BE
GROUNDS FOR EXPUNCHES. HIS
RULING (INDISCERNIBLE) SAFEGUARD
INSTITUTIONS PROGRESSIVE IMAGE
ALREADY UNDER ATTACK. HOWEVER
THIS RULING WAS AN AFFRONT OF
THE FUNCTION OF THE BOARD AND
PRIMARY CAUSE FOR ITS
RESIGNATION. IN A LETTER TO THE
SECRETARY BOARD ASSERTED
(INDISCERNIBLE) RESULTED FROM
STUDENTS DISCIPLINARY MEASURES
STRAINING THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STUDENTS AND THE
SUPERINTENDENT AND E SPITE
ATTEMPT TO ASSIST IN SETTLEMENT
OF CONTROVERSIES AND THE
HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES, NO
CONSIDERATIONS (INDISCERNIBLE)
HAD BEEN GIVEN TO THE DIFFERENT
MATTERS (INAUDIBLE).
(INDISCERNIBLE) MORE SO AS
(INAUDIBLE) NOW VOICE OF
PROMINENT FILIPINOS COULD NO
LONGER RAISE CONCERNS OR L
CHALLENGE HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES.
AS SUCH THE DISCIPLINARY CULTURE
OF THE SCHOOL BECAME UNCHECKED
AND STUDENTS FRUSTRATIONS BEGAN
FOSTER. -- TO FESTER. ON MAY 3,
1916 WILLIAM (INDISCERNIBLE)
DIRECTOR OF THE HOSPITAL TRIED
TO INCREASE HOSPITAL EFFICIENCY
ANNOUNCED INTRODUCTIONS OF
(INAUDIBLE) HOWEVER ATHLETICS
WAS A MAIN STAY AT THE SCHOOL
(INDISCERNIBLE) IMPLEMENTATION
WAS NOVEL CONSIDERING THE STUDY
OF AMERICAN CURRICULA CONDUCTED
(INDISCERNIBLE) DEPICTED THAT OF
NIGHT SCHOOLS ONLY THREE HAD A
COURSE DEDICATED TO PHYSICAL
EDUCATION. AT THE PHILIPPINE
GENERAL HOSPITAL SKOL OF NURSING
THE ATHLETICS COURSE
(INDISCERNIBLE) SEPARATELY ONCE
A WEEK FOR CALISTHENICS BUT
STUDENTS COULD ALSO PARTAKE IN
SPORTS CLUBS INCLUDING TENNIS,
BASKETBALL INDOOR BASEBALL AND
VOLLEYBALL. HE INSISTED THE
CURRENT (INAUDIBLE) WAS ELECTED.
WHAT MADE HIS COURSE DIFFERENT
WAS THE PHYSICAL DEMANDS ON
STUDENTS, THE NEW COURSE THAT
BEGAN ON MAY 15 REQUIRED
STUDENTS OF BOTH SEXES TO REPORT
PROMPTLY TO THE ATHLETICS GROWN
AT 4:30 P.M. TO EXERCISE FOR 45
MINUTES FIVE DAYS A WEEK. THEY
CONDITIONED STUDENTS ABILITY TO
ENDURE (INAUDIBLE) STRENUOUS
DEMANS OF PATIENT CARE. FOR
AMERICAN NURSE EDUCATOR CLAIRE,
IT COULD REJUVENATE HEALTH OF
STUDENTS WRONGED BY TIRELESS
DEMANDS OF TRAINING SCHOOL. HER
CONTEMPORARY LOOKED BEYOND
INDIVIDUAL WELL BEING TO
CAPITALIZE ON THE VALUE OF
CONDITIONING BODIES TO MEET
DEMANDS OF THE MODERN HOSPITAL.
SHE POSITIONED TO USE PHYSICAL
EXERCISE TO CORRECT BODILY
WEAKNESSES AND IMPROVE THE
PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY OF NURSES,
IMPROVE PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY OF
NURSES. HER POSITION DIDN'T
EXIST WITHIN A VACUUM BUT
AMIDDIST MOVEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT AND RACISM. THE
BELIEF THE FILIPINO BODY WAS
FEEBLE MADE FILIPINO NURSES
VULNERABLE TO DISCIPLINARY
MEASURES PROMOTING EFFICIENCY
LIKE EXERCISE. HE REASONED HIS
COURSE WAS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE
THE FITNESS OF THE NURSES,
ASSERTING NURSING IS THE MOST
ARDUOUS OCCUPATION KNOWN FOR
WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE AND EVEN IN
THE UNITED STATES WITH LARGER
AND PHYSICALLY STRONGER CLASS OF
WOMEN THAN EXIST HERE, MORE
FAILURES IN INDIVIDUAL NURSES
HAVE DUE TO PHYSICAL REASONS
THAN ANY OTHER ONE CAUSE. MY
EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS IN THIS
COUNTRY AND ANALYSIS OF RECORDS
OF SCHOOL SHOW THAT PHYSICAL
INEFFICIENCY IS GREATEST
OBSTACLE TO ADVANCEMENT OF
PROFESSIONAL NURSING IN THIS
COUNTRY AND (INDISCERNIBLE).
RACIALIZATION --
>> EXCUSE ME. THIS IS JEFF
OBVIOUSLY. CAN I ASK YOU, I'M
SORRY TO INTERRUPT YOU, I
APOLOGIZE. COULD YOU PAUSE FOR
JUST A MOMENT WHILE WE TRY TO
TROUBLESHOOT YOUR SOUND?
>> OF COURSE.
>> YOUR BANDWIDTH IS DEGRADING
THROUGH NO FAULT OF ANYBODYs
AND WE ARE GOING TO TRY TO
SMOOTH THINGS OUT. THANK YOU
VERY MUCH AND TO EVERYONE
WATCHING. PLEASE CAN WE HAVE
YOUR PATIENTS FOR JUST A MOMENT.
THANK YOU. I'LL BE RIGHT BACK
WITH YOU. THANK YOU. FLORENTISOD
DO A ROBUST SON CHECK BEFORE
REN'S TALK. BUT THESE THINGS
HAPPEN. TECHNOLOGY IS WHAT IT
IS. THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR
PATIENCE. WE WILL BE RIGHT BACK
WITH YOU IN A MOMENT. REN YOUR
TALK IS FANTASTIC AND I HAVE
SEVERAL GREAT QUESTIONS FOR YOU
THAT I THINK YOU WILL APPRECIATE
TO TEASE OUT THE MEANING OF SOME
OF THE THINGS YOU HAVE RAISED.
REALLY DO LOOK FORWARDS TO THE
Q&A. AT THE CONCLUSION. THANK
YOU. THANK YOU AGAIN FOR YOUR
PATIENCE. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME
WE HAVE EVERY NEEDED TO DO.
THIS DUE TO A SOUNDED ISSUE WE
WANT TO TRY TO TROUBLESHOOT. SO
WE ARE WORKING ON IT.
>> NO WORRIES. I TEND TO HAVE
BAD LUCK ANYWAY. BOUND TO
HAPPEN.
>> REN, WE ARE GOING TO MOVE
WHEN YOU ARE READY, WE ARE GOING
TO MOVE TO YOUR NEXT SLIDE. BACK
TO YOU. IF YOU GIVE YOUR VERBAL
QUEUE WE WILL THEN MOVE THE
SLIDES FOR YOU.
>>
>> CAN YOU REPEAT THAT?
>> I'M NOT SHOWING THE SLIDES
ANY MORE, YOU GUYS ARE?
>> CORRECT. WE ARE GOING TO
SHIFT THAT OVER. WHEN YOU WANT
TO MOVE TO THE NEXT SLIDE JUST
LET -- JUST SAY SO. SHOULD I
BEGIN?
>> ONE MOMENT, PLEASE. YES.
PLEASE CONTINUE. WE WILL PICK IT
UP FROM HERE. THANK YOU ALL FOR
YOUR PATIENCE. REN BACK TO YOU.
PLEASE CONTINUE WHEN YOU WANT TO
US TO CHANGE SLIDES, WE'LL DO
THAT. THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU, EVERYONE FOR YOUR
PATIENCE. I JUST FINISHED
MUSGROVE'S QUOTE POO SO I WILL
CONTINUE WHERE I LEFT OFF. THE
QUOTE JUST FINISHED. RACIALIZAS
AS WEAKER THAN AMERICAN COUNTER
PARTS INFER THEIR BODIES COULD
BE PUSHED FURTHER, BE MORE
EFFICIENT AND PRODUCTIVE. IN
OTHER WORDS THEY EXPECTED
INEFFICIENCY OF FILIPINO NURSES
NOT ONLY PREVENTED THEIR EQUAL
STATUS TO AMERICAN NURSES BUT
MADE THEIR BODIES MORE
VULNERABLE TO DISTRACTIONS. IN
HEXOSLIDE. IMPLEMENTATION OF
NEW ATHLETICS COURSE WAS NOT
SMOOTH. BEING MET WITH PASSIVE
RESISTANCE FROM THE STUDENTS,
MICHAEL WALSH THE INSTRUCTOR
OBSERVED THE -- IS THAT THE
RIGHT SLIDE? NOT SURE IF THAT IS
THE RIGHT SLIDE. THAT'S THE ONE.
SORRY. ONE SECOND THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW
ATHLETICS COURSE WAS NOT SMOOTH
MET WITH RESISTANCE FROM THE
STUDENSTUDENTS. THE ATHLETICS
INSTRUCTOR OBSERVED THE
PARTICIPATION OF FEMALE STUDENTS
WHO OFTEN LAGGED WHILE RUNNING.
TO COUNTER ACT THIS HE REQUIRED
THE GIRLS TO HOLD HANDS OF MALE
PEERS WHILE RUNNING LAPS THE
PRACTICE OF HANDS HOLDING WAS
DISCONTINUED AFTER SEVERAL
ATTEMPTS DUE TO PERCEIVED VISUAL
DISCOMFORT AND COMPLAINTS THIS
CORRECTIVE ACTION WAS ODD
CONSIDERING PHYSICAL CONTACT
WITH OPPOSITE SEX OUTSIDE OF
MARRIAGE IS AGAINST THEIR
CULTURE. OVER TIME ABSENCES AND
TARDINESS AMONG SENIOR STUDENTS
BECAME MORE VISIBLE COUNTER ACT
THESE SILENT PROTEST IT IS
ADMINISTRATION ON AUGUST 17
BEGAN STRICTER MEASURES FOR EACH
SEX WITH SENIOR MALE STUDENTS
PUNISHMENT PROVING THE MOST
SEVERE. WHILE GIRLS HAD
DORMITORY PRIVILEGED REVOKED AND
TAGS REMOVED BOYS SCRUBBED
TOILETS FOR TWO HOURS EACH DAY
FOR A WEEK IN ADDITION THE THE
REGULAR EIGHT HOUR DUTY. HOWEVER
PUNISHMENTS FOR STUDENTS
DEMONSTRATING GOOD BEHAVIOR WERE
SUSPENDED. THE LENIENCY ON
AUGUST 18 COINCIDE WITH THE
SUICIDES OF FLORENTINA THOUSAND
SHE SAID THIS EVENT WAS NOT DUE
TO THE PUNISHMENTS. AMIDST THE
TENSION, THE LOCAL PRESS
ASCRIBED OUTRAGE. PARTICULARLY
TARGETED MUSGROVE AND
(INDISCERNIBLE) AND SPUN A
NARRATIVE THAT BLAMED HOSPITAL
INEFFICIENCY ON AMERICAN
INCOMPETENCY. HEADLINES ABOUT
THE HOP COINCIDE WITH THOSE --
ABOUT THE HOSPITAL COINCIDE WITH
THOSE ON THE JONES BILL, A
PROPOSED U.S. LEGISLATION
INTRODUCED IN 1912 THAT
ENDEAVORED FORMAL COMMITMENT TO
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE, THAT
CURRENT ITERATION WAS SET TO BE
LAW BY U.S. CONGRESS IN THE
COMING WEEKS. IT WOULD FURTHER
INSTITUTIONALIZE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC AND GRANT IMMUNITY OVER
THE LEGISLATURE BUT MAINTAINED
POWERS OF APPOINTED GOVERNOR
GENTLE GRANTED UPON PROOF OF
GOVERNMENT. ACCORDING TO
(INDISCERNIBLE) THE BILL HAD A
PRIMARY DEFECT. IT FORCED
FILIPINOS TO PROVE ABILITY
ABILITY FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT IN
ALIEN POLITICAL SYSTEM THEIR
SHARE IN GOVERNANCE REMAINED
MINOR. THE JONES BILL WOULD
BECOME LAW ON AUGUST 29, 1916,
BUT ON THE SAME DAY AS IF THE
PRE-CONDITION OF STABLE
GOVERNMENT, NEXT SLIDE, STUDENT
NURSES AT THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL ORCHESTRATE AD STRIKE
AT SCALE UNSEEN IN HISTORY OF
THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE.
THE COINCIDENCE AND QUICK
ORGANIZATION OF THE STRIKE
WARRANTS INQUIRY WHETHER
POLITICAL FORCES WERE INVOLVED.
NONETHELESS HOWEVER STUDENTS
WALKING OUT ON THEIR DUTIES
DEMONSTRATED STAND AGAINST
HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES. THEY
SUBMITTED A PETITION THAT SERVED
AS UNE OFFICIAL RESIGNATION. THE
PETITION OBJECTED TO STRICT OR
RIGID PUNISHMENTS WITH HER BEING
CASUALTY OF INJUSTICE AND SOUGHT
TO REFORM THE HOSPITAL
DISCIPLINARY CULTURE. DISCIPLINE
BY THE STUDENTS ENTAILED
PUNISHING OF STUDENT BODIES.
STUDENTS PRIMARY GRIEVANCE
CENTERED AROUND THE ATHLETICS
COURSE. HOWEVER, THE STUDENT
BODY WAS IS NOT COMPLETELY
NULLIFY MISDEMEANOR THE STRIKE
AS SOME STUDENTS STUDENTS
CLAIMED THEY WERE COERCED OR
ALLOWED INFORMED CONSENT. UP TO
150 STUDENTS ALONGSIDE GRADUATE
NURSES PARTOOK IN THE STRIKE AND
DISRUPTED HOSPITAL SERVICES.
THE STRIKE LAST TWO GAYS BEFORE
QUELLED BY POLICE FORCE AND U.S.
ARMY RESERVES. STUDENTS WHO
STRIKED OR REFUSIONED TO RETURN
TO DUTY WERE BLACKLISTED FROM
FUTURE EMPLOYMENT IN THE CIVIL
SERVICE. FOLLOWING THE STRIKE
GOVERNOR GENERAL (INDISCERNIBLE)
APPOINTED THE DIRECTOR OF CIVIL
SERVICE TO LEAD INVESTIGATION OF
THE HOSPITAL DISCIPLINARY
CULTURE SPANNING THE PAST THREE
YEARS. DURING THE INVESTIGATION
TENSIONS REMAINED HIGH AS
ATTEMPT WAS MADE ON MUSGROVE'S
LIFE WHO SURVIVED POISSON. THE
INVESTIGATION CONCLUDESSED
NEARLY TWO MONTHS LATER AS HE
PUBLICLY RELEASED THE REPORT OF
INVESTIGATION OF THE PHILIPPINE
GENERAL HOSPITAL ON OCTOBER 21.
THE REPORT DETERMINED THAT THE
COURSE WAS NECESSARY IN
REPLACEMENT OF AMERICAN NURSES
AS A PREMATURE ACT THAT
ENDANGERED EFFICIENCY OF THE
HOSPITAL DUE TO FILIPINO NURSES
RELATIVE LACK OF PHYSICAL
ABILITY. IT ALSO DEEMED THE
PUNISHMENT FOR TARDINESS AND
ABSENCE AS APPROPRIATE. WHILE
THE REPORT EXONERATED HOSPITAL
AUTHORITIES OF ALL WRONG DOING,
ITS LOGIC MORE IMPORTANTLY
ILLUSTRATES THE HOSPITAL ABLEIST
CULTURE. OVER THE COURSE OF LEE
YEARS, THE HOSPITAL WITNESSED
THE DEATH OF FIVE STUDENT AND
GRADUATE NURSES TWO OF WHOM WERE
SUICIDES, IN ADDITION IT ALSO
EXPERIENCED THREE ALLEGED
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS. THESE NUMBERS
PROVE ALARMING CONSIDERING THAT
THREE YEAR STUDY OF 23 AMERICAN
TRAINING SCHOOLS IN 1907
REPORTED THE LARGEST DEATH COUNT
AMONG THEM WAS TWO. SO WHY WAS
THE MORTALITY RISK AMONG
FILIPINO NURSES SO HIGH? THIS
RISK WAS RELATESSED TO THE
PRESSURES FACED BY AMERICAN AND
FILIPINO NURSES ASPIRING TO BE
THE IDEAL NURSE AND THE CHANGING
DYNAMICS OF THE HOSPITALS AMIDST
PHILIPPINIZATION. FOR EACH CASE
OF SUICIDE AND I LEDGED ATTEMPT,
THE -- ALLEGED ATTEMPT THE
REPORT CONTAINED MENTAL
INSTABILITY. THIS CONNECTION
REIMPLYING INFERIORITY OF THE
FILIPINO RACE. DIVES DEEPER INTO
POSITION ON IMPLEMENTING THE
ATHLETICS COURSE AND MORE
BROADLY OVERALL FITNESS OF THE
FILIPINO NURSES. HIS RESEARCH
DETERMINED THAT HYSTERICAL
CHARACTER AND CHILD LIKE WERE
AMONG THE FILIPINOS. HE STATED
ONLY FEW HAD THE FORTITUDE TO
HANDLE THE STRESS OF WESTERN
CIVILIZATION WHICH IS WHY THESE
DISORDERS PREVAILED TRYING TO
ADOPT MEDICATION AND EFFICIENT
IS AND UNPREPARED BY BREEDING
TRAINING OR ENVIRONMENT TO DO
SO. IT ALSO NORMALIZED
SELF-DESTRUCTION AS AN ACT
EXECUTED AMONG PERSONS OF A LOW
ORDER MENTALITY. HIS RESEARCH
CONVEYED IN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
FILIPINO NURSES LACK OF ABILITY
AND SELF-HARM WHEREAS ACTS OF
SELF-HARM DEAFED INEVITABLE.
MEDICALIZATION OF FILIPINO
FITNESS PROVIDED THE EXPLANATION
FOR IMPOSING CAPABILITY ON THE
INDIVIDUAL RATHER THAN THE
HOSPITALS. YET CLOSE ANALYSIS OF
THE CASES REVEALSES IT WAS A
ENVIRONMENT THAT SUBSUMED
(INDISCERNIBLE) AS PATTERN
EMERGING IN WITNESS ACCOUNTS,
THEY COLLECTIVELY EXPRESS
DEPRESSION ANGER STRESS AND FEAR
OFTEN IN RELATION TO RECEIVING
AS MONITIONMENTS FROM AMERICAN
NURSE SUPERVISORS. THIS
RELATIONSHIP RENDERED THE
FILIPINO NURSES POWERLESS UNDER
CHAIN OF COMMANDS. IN TWO OF THE
ALLEGED ATTEMPTS,
(INDISCERNIBLE) AND MARIA
(INDISCERNIBLE) CLAIMED THEIR
DRUG OVERDOSE WERE NOT SUICIDAL
BUT EFFORTS TO RELIEVE STRESS.
BOTH NURSES LEARN ABOUT THE
CHOSEN DRUG EFFECTS IN THE
MEDICAL COURSE AND POTENTIAL
CONSEQUENCE OF OVERDOSING. THUS
THEIR WILLINGNESS TO EXPERIMENT
WITH THE IMPROPER USE OF DRUGS
DEPICTED AGENCY AND DESPERATION
IN COPING WITH THE UNCLEAR BAR
SET BY AMERICAN NURSES. THESE
CASES ILLUMINATE PRESSURES OF
HAVING TO PROVE FITNESS
REGARDING RACE AND PROFESSIO
PROFESSIONALISM. FOLLOWING THE
REPORT RELEASE PUBLIC OUTRAJ
ERUPTED AND WAS FAN THE PRESS,
NOT FAR BEHIND WAS RESIGNATION
OF (INDISCERNIBLE). THE RECEIVE
SEQUENCE OF EVANS FROM AUGUST TO
OCTOBER 1916 EXPEDITESSED
PHILIPPINIZATION AT THE GENERAL
HOSPITAL AND LED FILIPINO NURSE
TO SUCCEEDS IN THE HIGHEST
NURSING POSITION IN THE ISLANDS
ASSUMING THE ROLE WAS
(INDISCERNIBLE), A GRADUATE OF
THE TRAINING SCHOOL WHO RECEIVED
POST GRADUATE TRAINING IN THE
U.S. AN MENTOR BY
(INDISCERNIBLE). THE FOUNDER OF
THE AMERICAN RED CROSS NURSING
SERVICE. HER EXPERIENCE ABROAD
BROUGHT CLOSER TO AMERICAN
STANDARD OF NURSE AND MADE HER A
VIABLE CANDIDATE TO LEAD
FILIPINO NURSING. IN THE WAKE OF
STRIKE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
REPORTS CONCEDESSED THE HOSPITAL
WAS OPERATING ON A MORE
SATISFACTORY BASIS THAN BEFORE
AND RUNNING SMOOTHLY AND
HARMONIOUSLY UNDER THE
ADMINISTRATION OF FILIPINOS.
NURSING FORMATIVE YEARS AND AND
INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN
PHILIPPINES CENTERED AROUND THE
HOSPITAL, COLONIAL AUTHORITIES
SUBVERTED FILIPINO ATTITUDES TO
PICK UP THE PROFESSION AS SIGN
OF PROGRESS MADE POSSIBLE ONLY
UNDER AMERICAN INGENUITY, THIS
LINEARITITIVE OF PROGRESS IS
PERFORATED BY EXAMINING THE
EXPERIENCES OF FILIPINO NURSES
THAT DEMONSTRATESSED THE
FLUIDITY OF ABILITY AND
DISABILITIES. THE ABLEIST
CHARACTER OF IDEAL NURSE
IMPOSSIBLE SET IMPOSSIBLE
STANDARDS AND INSTILLED IDENTITY
AMONG AMERICANS AN LATINOS.
SOCIETIES ONLY GREW AMONG
HOSPITAL AUTHORITIES AS FILIPINO
CONTINUED TO DEMONSTRATE A
PROWESS IN NURSING. THESE
FEELINGS ESPOUSED THE HOSPITAL
TO IMPLEMENT DISABLING
DISCOURSES OF EFFICIENCY
UNDERMINING FILIPINO FITNESS TO
MAINTAIN STATUS QUO OF COLONIAL
AND NURSING HIERARCHIES.
STUDENT NURSES PENT UP
FRUSTRATIONS WITH THE HOSPITAL
DISCIPLINARY CULTURE LED TO
(INDISCERNIBLE) STRIKE AT THE
HOSPITAL. THIS STRIKE CHALLENGED
THE CLAIMS OF COLONIAL
BENEVOLENCE IN BEING LED BY
THOSE WHO BORE DUTY OF CARE. IT
WAS A COLLECTIVE DEMANDS BY
FILIPINO NURSES TO BE TREATS AS
SUBJECTS RATHER THAN OBJECTS OF
CARE. THE COLONIAL NARRATIVE
DEPICT IT IS STRIKE AS BLOW TO
MODERN PROGRESS AND EVENT
UNWORTHY OF MEMORY BUT
ALTERNATIVE BREEDING LIKE THIS
SIGNAL IT IS STRIKE AS A WATER
SHED MOMENT FOR FILIPINO
NURSING. FILIPINO NURSING GAINED
AUTONOMY TO BETTER TAYLOR CARE
TO LEAD THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND
MOST IMPORTANTLY, ASIDE FOR
THEMSELVES WHO WAS FIT TO BE A
NURSE. AND NEXT SLIDE. AND
THAT'S THE ENDS OF MY
PRESENTATION. THANK YOU,
EVERYONE FOR LISTENING IN.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. GREAT
PRESENTATION. THANK YOU AGAIN
FOR YOUR PATIENCE AS WE
TROUBLESHOOTING THE SOUND WHICH
DID CORRECT ITSELF TO SOME
DEGREE. THANK YOU.
>> GLAD.
>> SO WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO IS
REMIND OUR VIEWERS YOU CAN
SUBMIT QUESTIONS THROUGH THE
LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON UNDERNEATH
THE VIDEO STREAM. SO DO SEND
YOUR QUESTIONS THERE. THEY WILL
COME TO ME AND I WILL SEE THEM
ON THE SCREEN OVER HERE. AND BRH
-- THANK YOU FOR THIS
FASCINATING TALK. THE IDEA OF A
CO-EDUCATIONAL NURSING PROGRAM
IN THE EARLY 1900s IS
INTRIGUING. YOU MENTION THAT THE
IDEA OF FEMALE NURSES PROVIDING
CARE FOR MALE PATIENTS WAS
INITIALLY MET WITH SHAME. WAS
THERE A CORRESPONDING SOCIETAL
CHALLENGE TO MALE NURSES
TREATING FEMALE PATIENTS OR DID
THEY SIMPLY AVOID HAVING THAT
SITUATION OCCUR?
>> FROM MY UNDERSTANDING, OF
EXAMINING MALE NURSE STUDENTS
THE REASON THEY WERE
INCORPORATED IS MORE SO TO
MAINTAIN THAT GENDER DIVISION OF
CARE. FOR MEN NURSES, THEY WERE
THERE TO STILL CARE MOSTLY MALE
PATIENTS AND ALSO ESSENTIAL TO
THE COLONIAL PROJECT MANY TERMS
OF KEEPING THE INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR NURSING WITH WHERE TRYING TO
BRING -- TRYING TO ASSENT MEN
NURSES OUTWARDS BY BEYOND
HOSPITAL AS WELL, ACT KIND OF AS
A TRAINED STANDARD CARE TO
REPLACE MILITARY OFFICERS AS
SANITARIANS TO DO WORK OF PUBLIC
HEALTH IN THE REMOTE VILLAGES
AND AREAS. SO THEY DEEMED THIS
WAS INAPPROPRIATE OR IMPROPER
FOR WOMEN TO DO. THAT'S THE MAIN
NEED TORR THESE MALE STUDENTS
AND SEE THE STUDENT WE WONNER
WHERE THEY WENT BECAUSE THEY
WERE PROMINENT, THE EARLY
CLASSES WAS PRETTY MUCH 50, 50
BETWEEN THE GENDER RATIO BUT WE
SEE THE MALE NURSES TRAIL OFF BY
19 TOs BECAUSE I GUESS THEIR
PURPOSE WAS NO LONGER VALUED.
BUT MOST PART, IT MALE NURSES
CONTINUED TO WORK WITHIN THE
GENDER NURSING. IF U WHERE LOOK
AT THE BROADER COLONIAL PROJECT,
THAT IS MEN IN NURSES IF YOU
LOOK AT CULTURE OF NURSING IN
U.S., MEN IN NURSING WAS NOT A
HIGH STATUS, THEY WERE BELOW
FEMALE NURSES SO FOR THESE MALE
NURSES TO BE LAUD AND TOUTED AS
GREAT IN THE PHILIPPINES
INTERESTING TO SEE WHAT IT IS
DOING TO REAFIE THE CULTURAL
BACKWARDNESS IN COUNTRIES BY
ALLOWING MAINTAINING TO PURSUE
NURSING.
>> THANK YOU. SO ON THE HEALS OF
THAT ANSWER, THERE IS A QUESTION
THAT I WOULD LIKE TO ASK YOU
THAT CAME IN THROUGH THE LIVE
FEEDBACK O WHICH
YOU DREW ON PUBLISHED MEMOIRS OF
A -- WRITTEN DECADES LATERMENT
DID YOU FIND ANY SOURCES OR
PERHAPS NO? AND RELATED
QUESTION, TO WHAT EXTENT WERE
THERE ORAL HISTORIES THAT YOU
DREW ON TO CONSTRUCT YOUR
NARRATIVE, UNDERSTANDING THIS
WAS IN THE 19 TEENS AN EARLY
20s. IF YOU CAN SPEAK TO
SOURCE MATERIAL WE RECEIVED
SEVERAL QUESTIONS IN THIS
REGARD.
>> FOR IN THIS CASE I MANAGED TO
DIG DEEPER INTO THE SUBJECTIVITY
OF FILIPINO NURSES DURING THIS
PERIOD. THERE ARE SOME -- A FEW
NURSES LIKE BUT THESE ARE -- IT
IS DIFFERENT FROM THESE NURSES I
WOULD SAY SAY, THEY ARE FROM
THIS PERIOD BUT THEY ALL LOOK
ANOTHER PART OF MY PROJECT, I
HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO TALK ABOUT.
BUT THESE NURSES ARE -- EARLY
MIGRANTS WHO WENT TO (INAUDIBLE)
TO THE U.S. IN EARLY 1920s BUT
THERE ARE ORAL HISTORIES OF
THESE NURSES WHO ARE -- WHO
EXPERIENCE IN NURSING
(INDISCERNIBLE) IN THE US. BUT
THEY TALK ABOUT THEIR TRAINING
IN THE PHILIPPINES AS WELL SO
I'M DRAWING ON THOSE. I'M
DRAWING ON SO MANY DIFFERENT
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, LOCAL
NEWSPAPERS IN THE TIME PERIOD.
THERE WAS EVEN LIKE A LOT OF
MATERIAL I WAS ABLE TO GRAB WAS
PUBLISH AD YEARBOOK, IN 1915,
FROM THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING THAT
IS -- WAS PUBLISHED, LIKE
EDITORS WHERE STUDENTS -- WERE
STUDENTS THEMSELVES SO YOU SEE A
LOT WHAT THEY THINK ABOUT NURSE,
HOW THEY FEEL. SO IT IS REALLY
HARD TO PIECE ALL THIS TOGETHER
BUT THAT IS WHAT I HAVE HAD TO
DO IS DIG THROUGH DIFFERENT
SOURCE MATERIAL TO BE ABLE TO
PIECE ITING TO AND MAKE SENSE
BECAUSE ALTERNATIVE READING OF
LOOKING DEEPER INTO BEYOND THE
STRIKE ITSELF, IT IS KIND OF A
ERASED FROM HISTORY AND NOT
VIEWED AS IMPORTANT BUT BY
LOOKING AT IT FROM THE STUDENT,S
FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE
FILIPINO STUDENTS AND NURSES
THEMSELVES YOU SEE THIS
UNATTAINABLE STANDARD BEING
PUSHED UP AGAINST AND YOU SEE
WHERE THE STRIKE COMES. WHETHER
IT WAS POLITICALLY MOTIVATED,
THERE'S STILL IMPORTANCE IN WHAT
THEY DID.
>> OF COURSE. MY GUESS IS SOME
OF THE CONTOURS OF WHAT YOU ARE
SHARING I'M PROMPTED TO ASK WHEN
YOU FIND A PARTICULAR SOURCE AND
YOU ARE LOOKING FOR THOSE PIECES
TO HELP CONSTRUCT YOUR
NARRATIVE, WHEN YOU DO FIND ONE,
WHATEVER IT IS, YOU PROBABLY
METAPHORICALLY JUMPING UP AND
DOWN BECAUSE IT DOES HELP YOU
PIECE TOGETHER THE NARRATIVE YOU
ARE CONSTRUCTING SO YOU DO HAVE
TO LOOK VERY -- AND WHEN YOU
FIND THOSE PIECES, THEY COME
TOGETHER VERY NICELY SO I HAVE
GOTTEN THE SENSE FROM THE SHAPE
OF YOUR NARRATIVE, YOU DID
EXCELLENT JOB DRAWING ON THOSE
SOURCES VISUAL AND TEXTURAL.
REALLY WELL DONE. IN FACT
ANOTHER QUESTION THAT'S COME IN,
THE HOSPITAL PRODUCTION YOU
MENTIONED SOUNDED FASCINATING.
IN LEARNING ABOUT THIS DID YOU
FIND ANY SOURCES BEYOND WHAT
THIS PERSON UNDERSTOOD TO BE THE
NEWSPAPER ACCOUNT OF IT? DID YOU
FIND ANY PRODUCTION OF SCRIPT OR
ANY OTHER CONTEMPORARY
REFLECTIONS ON THAT PRODUCTION?
>> PRODUCTION AS IN THE AMOUNT
STUDENTS I GUESS NUMBER OF
GRADUATES WERE PRODUCED OR --
>> WELL, THIS PERSON'S I THINK
THIS PERSON'S REFERRING TO IN
THE FIRST THIRD OF YOUR
PRESENTATION, YOU TALKED ABOUT A
PLAY THAT WAS PRODUCED.
>> OH, YES.
>> NOT PRODUCTION OF STUDENTS
BUT PRODUCTION --
>> SORRY.
>> I THINK BY PRODUCTION THEY
ARE SUGGESTING THEATRICAL
PRODUCTION YOU ALLUDED TO.
>> YES. CAN YOU REPEAT THE
QUESTION?
>> THE HOSPITAL PRODUCTION
THEATRICAL PRODUCTION YOU
MENTIONED SOUNDED FASCINATING.
IN LEARNING ABOUT THIS, DID YOU
FIND ANY SOURCES BEYOND WHAT
SEEMS TO BE THE NEWSPAPER
ACCOUNT OF IT? AND ANY
PRODUCTION QUOTE SCRIPT OR ANY
OTHER CONTEMPORARY REFLECTIONS
ON IT?
>> FOR SURE. I WASN'T -- SO FOR
THE ACTUAL PLAY, FROM THE
ORIGINAL PLAY ITSELF WAS WRITTEN
IN THE MEMOIR OF VICTORRIZEER.
AN AMERICAN ODYSSEY SO YOU CAN
READ IT IN THERE. BUT FOR THE
PICTURE I SHOWED, I NEEDED A
PICTURE BUT FOR THE -- THAT WAS
IN THE YEARBOOK OF THE
PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL. WE ARE
SEEING DIFFERENT CASES WHERE
THIS PLAY, IT IS CONTINUING ON
WHERE THE NURSE KEEPS BEING
EMBODIED AS THE MODERN WOMAN AND
HOW IT BECOMES SO INGRAINED TO
HOW IT IS PART OF HOW IT COMES
INGRAINED TO THE CULTURE OF
PHILIPPINES ITSELF.
>> UNDERSTOOD. THANK YOU. WE
HAVE TIME FOR TWO MORE
QUESTIONS. ARE THERE SPECIFIC
ASPECTS OF YOUR WORK WHICH YOU
WOULD LIKE TO EXPAND? AND FOR
ANY PARTICULAR REASONS?
>> MOST DEFINITELY. SO FOR THE
SLIDE I SHOWED PHOTOGRAPHS OF
THE MALE STUDENTS, THIS IS --
THE FIRST I SHOWED IS LIKE THE
FIRST CHAPTER OF MY
DISSERTATION. SO THE SECOND
CHAPTER ACTUALLY DELVES DEEPER
INTO WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE
STRIKE.MENT SO AMIDST THE
STRIKE, IMMEDIATELY AS STUDENTS
WALKED OUT THE HOSPITAL SENT OUT
LETTERS ACROSS THE PHILIPPINES,
WHOEVER ON THE WAITEST LIST
BECAUSE HUGE WAITING LIST FOR
THE SCHOOL. HOSPITAL NEEDS YOU
NOW AND THEY WOULD BE ADMITTED.
SO ONE OF THE STUDENTS OR ONE OF
THE STUDENTS I SHOWED IN THAT
SLIDE ON THE RIGHT SIDE THE MALE
STUDENT IS ONE OF THE STUDENTS
THAT WAS BROUGHT TO THE
HOSPITAL, HE GOT A LETTER RIGHT
AWAY TO GO TO A HOSPITAL AND IT
EXPLORES HIS JOURNEY, HIS
JOURNEY WAS TO BECOME A
PHYSICIAN THROUGH NURSING.
INTERESTING BECAUSE IN THE
ORIGINAL CATALOG OF THE
PHILIPPINE SCHOOL FOR NURSES IT
SAYS NURSING IS A GOOD
STEPPINGSTONE FOR THOSE WHO WANT
TO PURSUE MEDICINE. SO THIS
SPECIFICALLY SPEAKS TO MEN WHO
WEAR OBVIOUSLY NURSING IS NOT
THE GENDER -- LIKE IT IS NOT THE
PATERNAL ROLE THEY ARE SUPPOSED
TO I ASSUME. SO A LOT OF THEM
PURSUE THIS ROUTE IN NURSING TO
GO TO MEDICINE. SO SINCE THERE'S
LIMITED MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE
PHILIPPINES THEY HAVE ACCESS TO
GO TO THE U.S. SINCE THEY ARE
CONSIDERED U.S. NATIONALS. I
FOLLOWED HIS STORY O THE U.S.
WHERE HE TRIES TO -- HE IS IS ON
HIS WAY TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN
BUT THEN YOU SEE ALL THESE
BARRIERS THAT KEEP POPPING UP
FROM MEDICAL LICENSURE,
PREVENTING ALIENS OR PEOPLE WHO
ARE UNABLE TO BECOME CITIZENS TO
BECOME LICENSED AS PHYSICIANS.
OF COURSE DURING THAT PERIOD OF
EARLY 20TH CENTURY THE ONLY
PEOPLE WHO ARE REALLY BARRED
FROM GAINING CITIZENSHIP ARE
ASIANS. SO WE ARE SEEING BY THE
TIME THE PHILIPPINES BY 1934
WHEN IT LOSES NATIONAL STATUS,
OR LOSINGS THE NATIONAL STATUS
CITIZENSHIP IT BECOMES A PROBLEM
FOR FILIPINOS. BUT IN THAT WAY
I GUESS I'M EXAMINING LIKE THE
WEATHERING PROCESS OF THE
WEARING DOWN UPON THE HEALTH OF
THESE CHARACTERS, WE SEE IN THIS
JOURNEY BY THE TIME HE DOES GET
INTO MEDICAL SCHOOL HE IS
APPLYING FOR AS A 50-YEAR-OLD
MAN, HE GETS IN AN FUNNY HIS
RECOMMENDATION LETTER BASICALLY
STILL BY WHITE PHYSICIANS THEY
THEY DESCRIBE HIM AS A BOY
STILL. A GOOD FILIPINO BOY. HE
GETS IN BUT WITHIN THE FIRST
COUPLE OF WEEKS HE DIES OF HEART
CONDITIONS SO WE ARE SEEING THE
LONG PROCESS OF WEATHERING
THAT'S HAPPENING UPON, THERE'S
ABLEIST STRUCTURES PREVENTING
THEM FROM SUCCEEDING. THAT IS
THE PROJECT I'M EXCITED ABOUT
THAT I WISH I COULD SHARE BUT
DON'T HAVE ENOUGH TIME.
>> YOU SHARED JUST A TASTE OF IT
THAT WE LOOK FORWARD TO LEARNING
MORE ABOUT WHEN INEVITABLY YOU
COMPLETE YOUR DEGREE AND PUBLISH
YOUR BOOK WHICH I KNOW I WILL
LOOK FORWARD TO READING AS DO
MANY PEOPLE. SO THIS LEADS US TO
OUR FINAL QUESTION, SOMEONE
WRITES IN, FANTASTIC WORK BY
NURSE HISTORIAN. WHAT IS NEXT
FOR YOU AND YOUR WORK
PROFESSIONALLY SPEAKING? YOU ARE
WORKING ON YOUR Ph.D.. WHEN DO
YOU EXPECT TO RECEIVE THAT AND
WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT YOUR
NEXT STEPS? YOUR WONDERFUL IN
BOTH FIELDS.
>> IT IS NOW TIME CRUNCH BECAUSE
I WAS GOING TO TELL YOU SOONER,
IF YOU WANTED TO -- I WANTED TO
PACE MYSELF BUT I FOUND OUT I
RECEIVED A MELON POST DOC AT UVA
SO I JUST HAVE TO (INAUDIBLE)
DISSERTATION BY JULY, BY END OF
JULY SO THAT'S THE DEADLINE. TO
GO THROUGH THIS PROCESS OF
LEARNING MORE HOW TO FURTHER
INTEGRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
HISTORY OF NURSING INTO
HEALTHCARE OR NEWSING CURRICULUM
-- NURSING CURRICULUM, THE
IMPORTANCE TO HEALTHCARE POLICY
AS WELL. WHEN I WAS DOING MY
FULL BRIGHT IN PHILIPPINES PER
SE I WAS WRITING THE BOOK THAT
RAIDING STANDARDS SAVING --
RAISING STANDARD SAVING LIVES IN
TANDEM WITH UNIVERSITY OF
PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF NURSING,
THE DEAN SPECIFICALLY AND ISSUES
THERE ARE SO -- THEY MIRROR U.S.
BUT ON DIFFERENT SCALE AND WE
ARE SEEING THE LEGACY OF
COLONIALISM IMPACT ON THE NURSE
PROFESSION OVER THERE. I THINK
THIS HISTORY HAS SO MUCH VALUE
IN SHAPING POLICY, JUST WE HAVE
TO KEEP PUSHING IT OUT, THESE
STORIES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO
UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEMPORARY
TIMES AND ISSUES WE ARE FACING.
SO I THINK THAT IS MY GOAL IS
TO, I DON'T KNOW, --
(INDISCERNIBLE) BE ENGAGED ON
THE GROUND WITH NURSES THAT I
WORK WITH AND CONTINUING TO MAKE
GLOBAL CHANGES IF POSSIBLE TO
MAKE HEALTHCARE ACCESS EQUITABLE
FOR EVERYONE TRULY.
>> FIRSTLY CONGRATULATIONS ON
YOUR NEWS, POST DOC. MY
COLLEAGUES AND I AND NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND EVERYONE
WATCHING WISH YOU CONTINUED
SUCCESS ON YOUR PROFESSIONAL
JOURNEY FROM NURSING AND HISTORY
TO POLICY. IF WE OURSELVES COULD
BE FURTHER RESOURCE FOR YOU,
THROUGH ACCESS TO OUR COLLECTION
DON'T HESITATE TO BE IN TOUCH
AND I KNOW COLLEAGUES ACROSS ALL
INSTITUTIONS THAT HOLD MATERIAL
THAT INFORM YOUR WORK, WARMLY
WELCOME YOU TO BE IN TOUCH AND
WE WISH YOU EVERY CONTINUED
SUCCESS. GREAT TALK. YOU ARE
ONWARD TOWARD A WONDERFUL
FURTHER SUCCESS WITHOUT A DOUBT
THANK YOU, REN, VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR TIME THIS AFTERNOON, FOR
PREPARING YOUR TALK AND THANK
YOU AGAIN FOR YOUR PATIENCE WITH
OUR TECHNICAL CHALLENGE WHICH IS
JUST THE NATURE OF THINGS THESE
DAYS. THANKS AGAIN. WE LOOK
FORWARD TO KEEPING IN TOUCH.
>> THANK YOU.
>> I WOULD LIKE TO SHARE THE
NEWS ABOUT THE NEXT NLM HISTORY
TALK ON MAY 30TH, THURSDAY.
BURNING WITH THANKS AGAIN
TO REN CAPUCAO, THANK YOU SO
MUCH FOR TUNING MANY IN TO THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND
TUNE INTO FUTURE PROGRAMS WE
APPRECIATE YOUR INTEREST AND
ENGAGEMENT, IF WE AT THE NLM CAN
BE A RESOURCE FOR YOU AND YOUR
RESEARCH THROUGH ACCESS TO OUR
COLLECTION PLEASE DO NOT
HESITATE TO CONTACT US AND WE
LOOK FORWARD TO BEING IN TOUCH
AND BEING A RESOURCE FOR YOU.
THANKS TO EVERYONE AND THANKS
AGAIN TO REN CAPUCAO. HAVE A
GOOD DAY, BYE-BYE.