>> GOOD AFTERNOON, I'M DAVID LEOPOLD AND IT'S MY PLEASURE TODAY TO WELCOME YOU LOAMACYIS PE--LUIS POEZ, HE'S FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF SPAIN. HE GOT HIS MD AT UNIVERSITY OF GRENADDA, FOLLOWED BY Ph.D. IN COMPARATIVE NEUROEMBRIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLA. FOR THE LAST THREE DECADES HE STUDIED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND A RANGE OF BRAIN SPECIES PRIMARILY IN THE MOUSE AND IN THE CHICK. HE AUTHORED MORE THAN 200 PAPERS AND SUMMARIZED HIS FINDINGS IN SEVERAL COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS AND ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN, INCLUDING THE FOREBRAIN, MIDBRAIN AND HIND BRAIN, LUIS DRAWS ON EMBRYOLOGY AND INTERSPECIES COMPARISON. THIS IS IN THE SENSE OF THE CLASSIC NEUROANATOMIST, FROM THE NEUROEND OF THE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURY. LIKE THEM, LUIS IS INTERESTED IN BIG WEB CONNECTEDS--QUESTIONS ABOUT THE BRAIN, WHAT ARE THE CORDINATE SYSTEMS AND THE COMPARTMENTS INTO WHICH THE BRAIN IS ORGANIZED AND HOW DOES THIS ORGANIZATION BEAR IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURES FAMILIAR TO US SUCH AS AMYGDALA AND HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE BASAL GANGLIA AND THE MODERN ERA OF NEUROEMBRIOLOGY, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND GENE EXPRESSION MAPPING HAVE BEGUN TO PAINT THE NEW PICTURE OF BRAIN ORGANIZATION. FIRST WE HAVE LEARNED OF THE HIGH DEGREE OF SPACIAL SPECIFICITY AND THE WHAT DETERMINE THE AND THAT IN TURN DETERMINES HOW THE BRAIN GROWS AND SECOND WE LEARNED HOW REMARKABLY SIMILAR THIS PROCESS IS BETWEEN SEIZIES THAT HAVE DIFFERENT LOOKING BRAIN CONSPIRACY SEPARATED BY HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS AND LUIS' WORK HAS BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT OF THE PROGRESS WE'VE HAD IN THIS EXCITING MODERN ERA AND TIME DOES NOT ME TO LIST HIS MANY CONTRIBUTION BUS I WILL MENTION ONE WHICH I THINK IS SOMETHING HE MAY TALK ABOUT A BIT TODAY AND THIS IS A NOTION OF A SEGMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREBRAIN THAT IS HAD OF THE INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE. WITH A NUMBER OF COLLABORATORS INCLUDING JOHN RUBEIN STEIN WHO GIVE US A SEMINAR HERE TWO YEARS AGO, LUIS USED A HOST TO SIGNIFICANTLY AMEND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF BRAIN ORGANIZATION. THE MOTION OF THE PROSMERES IS 14 YEARS OLD, BUT IN THE LAST FEW YEARS IT'S BEEN POSSIBLE TO EXPLORE THESE DOMAINS IN DETAIL USING MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES AND I DARE SAY THAT THIS NEW INFORMATION AS NOT QUITE BEN TRAITED THE WIDER--PENETRATE TED THE WIDER SCIENCE COMMUNITY AND WILL HAVE A STRONG IMPACT OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS. YOU CAN READ FOR EXAMPLE, ABOUT THE SUBITANTIA NIAGARA BEING A FOLLIC STRUCTURE WHICH SOUNDS STRANGE AND YOU CAN LEARN THAT THE AMYGDALA IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF CORTICALE AND STRIATUANDATTAL COMPONENTS AND RECENTLY, YOU CAN LEARN THAT THE SUBNUCLEUS IS PART OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THESE ASSIGNMENTS ARE NOT SIM ANTIC BUT THEY'RE IN FACT A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF THE MOLECULAR MAPS PERTAIN TO THE WOULD YOU NOTARYS AND VERY IMPORTANT FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEEPER MEANING OF THE FUNCTION. SO ONE LAST POINT, IF YOU'D LIKE TO GET A FEEL FOR SOME OF THIS WORK, I CAN RECOMMEND TWO OF LEWIS' RECENT PUBLICATIONS, ONE IS THE REVIEW ON EARLY MIGRATION OF CELLS TANGENTIALLY WITHIN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES IN 20 EXPLEVEN THIS MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING THESE ASPECTS OFLET HUMAN BRAIN THAT MAKE IT SPECIAL FOR OTHER VERTEBRATES. AND ANOTHER IS A REMARKABLE CHAPTEROT HYPE THALAMUS WHICH HE PUBLISH INDEED THE MOUSE IF HE EVERROUS SYSTEM WHICH HE CO EDIT TOGETHER WITH A COLLEAGUE. IF YOU'RE LIKE ME, YOU NEED TO READ THESE SEVERAL TIMES. TODAY HE WILL BE TALKING ABOUT ONE ASPECT OF THE PROSOMERIC MODEL RELATED TO VISION, THE TITLE IS: STEREOTYPED SPARTIAL ORIENTATION OF THE RETINAL LOCATION NONAPOPTOTIC--RETINAL LOCATION NO TYPICALLY-ORDERED RETINAL PROJECTION FIELDS: A PROSOMERIC MODEL ANALYSIS. >> I'M ABLE TO PRESENT SOME OF OUR IDEAS IN FRONT OF YOU, SO I WILL TRY TO BE VERY GENERAL IN MY COMMENTS, NOT TO ENTER TOO MUCH INTO NAMING THINGS AND TO EMPHASIZE IDEAS. SO THE PROSOMERIC MODEL IS A GENERAL FORT TO CLASSIFY MORPHOLOGY IN THE NEURAL TUBE IN SENSE OF HAVING A TOPOLOGY OF IT, KNOWING WHAT IS THE MAIN--THE MAIN DIMENSIONS BUT WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT THE DIMENSIONS, AND YOU FOLLOW THE CASES IN MORPHOLOGY ALL THE WAY FROM THE NEUROBRAIN INTO THE LOWER BRAIN AND CLASSIFY SUPPLEMENTS THAT START TO APPEAR WITH THE BRAIN WORK AND FRY TO CLASSIFY IN SORT OF GENERAL, MEANINGFUL WAY, THE TYPES OF STRUCTURE WE GET AND HOW IT AFFECTS THE ACTION AND AVIATION, THE CELL TYPES AND QUITE THE AMOUNT OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF BRAIN AND MORPH O GENESIS. HERE YOU SEE THE NEUROTUBE IN A SIMPLIFIED VIEW, AS YOU SEE, SITTING ON TOP OF IT'S ESSENTIAL FOR THE INDUCTION OF NEURAL TISSUE AND WE KNOW THIS ALSO ESSENTIAL FOR INDUCTION WITHIN THE NEURAL TUBE OF THE FLOOR, THE FLOOR PLATE OF THE NEUROTUBE DOESN'T FORM UNLESS HAVE YOU ANOTHER CORE SITTING UNDERNEATH AND THEN ONCE HAVE YOU A FROG PLATE, THAT IS RELL VABT FOR THE DOMAIN ALONG THE VENTRAL HALF OF THE LATERAL WALL OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE]. THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE NEURAL TUBE IS COMPOSED OF THE ROOF PLATE WHICH IS THE SEAT OF A COMLITELY DIFFERENT SET OF A MORPHING GENE OF THE MOLECULES THAT DORSALLIZE AND VENTRALLIZE AND HAPPENS WITH THOSE COME NOTHING VENTER AND THEN HAVE YOUg'# THE OTHER PLATE AS THEY SAID TO THE ROOF PLATE WHICH IS SUPPOSED TO [INDISCERNIBLE] DORSAL PORTION. SO IN THE DORSAL PORTION I MENTION OF THE NEURAL TUBE AND BOTH CALLED HIND BRAIN, MIDBRAIN AND INSEVERE MITRAL RAN ICEIS, WE HAVE THE ROOF, WE HAVE THE BASIAN BASAL DOMAIN AND WE HAVE A VERY SIMPLE COMMON ORGANIZATION TO START WITH. WHERE WE HAVE A COMMON PATTERN MECHANISM WITH DORSAL AXIS AND VENTALIZERS AND OF COURSE, THE END, WE HAVE PECULIAR SINGULAR MEN THAT WAS THE TERMINAL WAR IN THE TUBE WHICH WAS JUST THE END OF ALL OF OF IT AND ENTER THE OTHER CAUSAL WILL HAVE ANOTHER [INDISCERNIBLE], AND NO ONE SPEAKS ABOUT THAT. AND OF COURSE, THEY MENTION THIS THIS DOOR WAY IS ALREADY SLIGHTLY BENT BUT IT'S QUITE STRAIGHT SO CAN YOU SAY THEY ARE THE LEVEL OF IT IN THE NEURAL TUBES YOU CAN SEE THIS--THIS AXIS OF THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS PARTICULARLY STRAIGHT, BUT SOON THERE'S BENDING, THIS BENDING BECOMES QUITE SIGNIFICANT SO THAT WE HAVE THE FOLLIC FLEXORS BUT THIS IS THE MOST RELEVANT ONE SO WE HAVE THE HIND ONE HERE AND WE HAVE THE TOP AND THIS OVER HERE AND THIS THE [INDISCERNIBLE], IN AN AREA WHERE PREVIOUSLY THERE WAS NOTHING. SO THE AREA WHERE THE ENCEPHALON IS GOING TO APPEAR IS DORSAL TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR TIM TICE AND THIS IS WHERE THE INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE WILL BE--INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE IS A DORSAL STRUCTURE UNDERNEATH THE ROOF AND THAT IS ANOTHER STRUCTURE UNDERNEATH THE ROOF AND THAT'S THE REASON WHY IN OUR MODEL, THE AXIS OF THE BRAIN DOES NOT END INTO INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE, THERE'S A MAJOR DIFFERENCE WITH THE OTHER MODELS THAT YOU FIND BY TRADITION IN THE ANATOMY THAT BELIEVE THAT THE AXIS OF THE BRAIN COMES FROM THE HIND AREA AND IT FINISHES THE INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE AXIUM AND IT THESE WERE HERE IN THE DURING THE CENTER OF THE TERMINAL WALL WERE SOMEWHERE HERE. SO THAT'S THE MAJOR FIRST DIFFERENCE IN THE MODELS AND OTHER MODELS. A PART OF THE LONGITUDINAL SONGS, THE BASAL AND ROOF SONGS WE SHOW COMMON TO THE BRAIN, WE HAVE NOW UNTIL PROSTURAL POSITION, SO WE HAVE DORSAL BRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS, AND WE HAVE THE MIDBRAIN, HIND BRAIN AND THE SPARKLE. THOSE ARE DUE TO DIFFERENT SIGNALING AND PROCESSING ALREADY, AND THEY'RE UNDER THE PLATE. WHICH ACCORDING TO DISTANCE FROM SIGNALING, COMING FROM THE FRONT OR SIGNALING COMING FROM THE BACK, USUALLY DIVIDE, ANTERIOR OR POSTERIOR INTO THIS SORT OF CONSTANT AREA. THIS DISTRIBUTION IS GENERAL FOR ALL THE BRAKES. IF WE GO NOW BACK TO THE NEURAL PLATE, WE HAVE SOME SORT OF IMPRESSION JUST TO SEE AGAIN HOW ARE THIS DISTAL ORGANIZED IN THE PLATE? THIS IS WHEN THEY BEGIN TO BE INDUCED AND ALL THIS SORT OF REGENERATION START IN THE NEUROPLATE. YOU CAN SEE, MIDLAND NIS THE PROSPECTIVE FLOOR PLATE OF THE BRAIN, THIS IS THE BORDER BUT STOPS SOMEWHERE HERE, BETWEEN THE PROSPECTIVE MEDICARE AND MEDICAID ILLEGALSARY BODIES SIGNAL WHERE IT'S GOING TO BE THE HAND OF THE PROPER FLOOR. THIS IS JUST SIMPLY THE FACT THAT THIS IS THE END OF WHERE THE DELTA YOU THE END OF THE THAT, YOU CANNOT BUILD ANY [INDISCERNIBLE] FIRST BECAUSE YOU NEED THAT TO BE THE FLOOR, SO IT ENDS THERE, AND THE FLOOR, AND DOES THIS ASPECT OF THOSE CLEAR, SO IT WAS IN THE LEFT COUPLE OF YEARS, WE BECAME AWARE OF THE FACT THAT THE [INDISCERNIBLE] WAS FINISHING THE MEDICARE AND MEDICAID ILLEGALSARY BODIES AND MARKED FOR IDENTIFICATION MARKED FOR IDENTIFICATION MEDICARE AND MEDICAID ILLEGALSARY BODIES AND THESE S&P THE PLACE WATHE FLEURY WINDS. AROUND THE FLOOR WE HAVE THE BASIAN DECODER AT PLATE LIMITED BY THE RED LINE AS YOU SEE, ONCE THE FLOOR ENDS, THE BASAL PLATE FROM COMPRISED TO THE ONE ON THE LEFT AND THIS AREA WHERE YOU HAVE CENTER AND THE HYPOTHESIS SO SURPRISINGLY WE ALWAYS THOUGHT IT WAS THE FLOOR DOMAIN, IT IS THE SEATING IN THE CENTER OF THE BASAL PLATE AND THEN WE HAVE OUTSIDE OF THE RED LINE, WE HAVE THE DOMAIN OF THE BRAIN, WHICH AGAIN CONNECTS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT THE FRONT AND THAT'S WHERE WE HAVE THE EYE AND THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND SEATINGOT DORSAL END MUCH THE BRAIN. PARTICULARLY, THIS DOMAIN WHICH ENCODES BASICALLY THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN THE GEL OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONNEBLGHTING WITH ALBUT MINES IN THE REST OF THE BRAIN. THIS IS PERSPECTIVE INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE IN THE NEUROPLATE, IT'S EXTREMELY SMALL. BUT THIS WILL EXPAND A LOT BECAUSE OF DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH, LATER ONES THAT IS CLOSEST INTO THE NEURAL TUBE AND AFTERWARD, BOTH SIDES AND WE PRODUCE A HUGE DOMAIN WHICH WE KNOW OF, THE HEMISPHERE SPHERES A LOT OF THOSE TINGS, THEREFORE WHATEVER HAPPENS IN THE--LATER IN THE INSEVERE MITRALLA LONE, AS YOU SEE, THE INSEVERESEVEREINSEVERE MITRALLA MITRALLA--ENCEPHALON, SO THE BORDER OF THIS WILL BE THE ROOF OF THE BRAIN. SO THIS IS THE PROXIMAL POSITION OF THE ENCEPHALON, AND THIS IS THE NUMBER OF VERTEBRAES THAT THE VOLUME CONTAINING THE CORTEX IS SLIGHTLY MORE [INDISCERNIBLE] THAN THE SUPALLIUM WHICH WILL BE FORMED INTO OTHER COMPARTMENTS, THIS WAS AGAIN A SURPRISE. BECAUSE IN THE 90S I REMEMBER BETTING [INDISCERNIBLE], WHY WERE THE PALIENT VESSELS, [INDISCERNIBLE] AND I THOUGHT THAT IT SHOULD BE INSIDE, LIKE WHERE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND IT WOULD BE OUTSIDE, AND WITH BLUE, BUT THAT WAS NOT THE CASE, WE DID THE EXPERIMENTS, WE DID THE MAPPING AND TO OUR OWN SURPRISE IT WAS FOUND THAT THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ROSTAL, CONNECTS HERE, THE LEVEL OF [INDISCERNIBLE] AS THE PALLIUM, CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA AND THE CLASS RHEUM AND SO ON ALL APPEARS IN THIS OTHER BLOCK CORNER. SO THIS IS THE TOP LOGICAL MAP, IT DOESN'T FORM AND WE MOVE INTO THE CLOSED NEURAL TUBE HERE AND WE SEE THE BELIEVE BELIEVE IS THE ENCEPHALON AND IT'S PROSPECTIVE IN THE OTHER PLATE WILL NOT CALL THIS THALAMUS AND PROTECTED AND THE MIDBRAIN, THE MIDBRAIN AS OWN SUPERIOR [INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE HAVE HIND BRAIN, TO SEVERAL PORTIONS, THE ONES CONTAIN THIS CEREBELLUM AND SO YOU CAN SEE THAT WITH THIS MODEL, WE HAVE A GENERAL SYSTEMATIC OR UNDERSTANDING POSITIONS, IN THE BRAIN OR POSITION OF [INDISCERNIBLE] IN CONNECTIONS AND PATHWAYS AND ALL KINDS OF MIGRATIONS AND SO ON, SO A DOESN'T EFFECTS WE CAN CLASSIFY A LOT OF PHENOMENA IN THE BRAIN ACCORDING TO WHERE THEY ARE IN THIS MAP, WHERE THEY GO FROM DORSAL TO VENTRAL, THEY ARE GOING FROM DORSAL TO VENTRAL AND FROM HERE TO HERE THAT THEY'RE GOING TO DORSAL TO COLOR AND SO WE CAN CLASSIFY IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY ANYTHING THAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN AND ANYTHING THAT HAPPENS IN ALL AREAS OF THE BRAIP BECAUSE THIS IS VALUE FOR ALL VERTEBRATES. OKAY, WE NOW MOVE WITH THE SAME SCHEMA THE INFORMATION INTO THE CLOSE NEURAL TUBE AND WE EXPAND THE FOLLIC TERRITORY INTO THE PHALLIC VESICLES LEFT, BRUISING ON THE ORIGINATED PREOPTIC AREA HERE, REMAIN WHAT IS' COMING FROM THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE DOMAIN HERE IN THE NEURAL PLATE, THAT'S GOING TO BE AND NOW CAN YOU FOLLOW THE ROOF THAT WAS OUTSIDE THE BORDER OF THE NEURAL PLATE, WE CAN FOLLOW THE MIDLINE HOW THE ROOF CHANGES AND HERE IN THE HYM RIM SO THEY'RE MIDLINE. IT'S MIDLINE. MIDLINE AND THEN [INDISCERNIBLE], AND SO ON, TISSUE AND FINALLY THE COMMISSIONER PLATE OF THE SEPTORS UMPIRES AND FINISHING WITH THE [INDISCERNIBLE]. THAT'S THE END OF THE ROOF SO THIS POINT HAS BEEN PROVEN BY EXPERIMENTS OF FETE MAPPING OF THE MIDPOINT OF THE BORDER OF THE PLATE. SO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] IS WITH THE COMMISSION AND ANYTHING YOU SEE BEHIND THAT, IS ENTERING INTO THE THROUGH [INDISCERNIBLE] THE BLUE DOMAIN, AND YELLOW DOMAIN AND RED DOMAIN. SO BLUE, THEN YELLOW, THEN RED. SO NOW WE'RE GOING INSIDE THE DORSAL VENTRAL MENTION AND TO RELEASE THE DORSAL FLOOR OF THE LEVEL OF ASPECT BODIES. SO THE AMOUNT OF ANTIBODIES FOR THE FLOOR THAT,'S WHERE WE RELEASE FROM PA TO THERE AND FROM THERE WE HAVE THE FLOOR, WHICH AGAIN IS ON THE HYPOTHAT WILL MIC FLOOR, AND HIGH [INDISCERNIBLE] IN FLOOR. OKAY? NOW, [INDISCERNIBLE] IN RED, WHAT IS BASAL FROM WHAT IS [INDISCERNIBLE] AS YOU KNOW, THE DOMAINS GROW MUCH MORE SO THEY DEVELOP INTO THE CENTERS IN THE BRAIN, THE BASAL ONES. AND THE MOST OF THE DOMAINS THAT WE ARE AWARE OF, LIKE CEREBELLUMS, FOLLICULA AND ALL OF THEM ARE BELONGS TO THE PLATE ON THE BRAIN, BUT THERE ARE DIFFICULT CENTERS AS WELL, THEY'RE DEVELOPING ALONG THE MUSCLE PLATE. ALSO SOME OF THEM OUT THERE LIKE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], NOT BECAUSE THEY'RE BORN THERE. OKAY, SO NOW TO CONNECT WITH THE OBJECT OF MY TALK, WHERE THE OPTIC SPOTS AND CENTERS AND WHAT WAS THERE ANY RETINAL LOCATION NO TOPIC MAPS BEING DONE ON THE CENTERS WHERE THEY ALL RELATE SOMEHOW TO THE DIMENSIONS OF THE LONGITUDESINAL AND THE DORSAL VENTRAL DIMENSIONS OF THE PROSMERIS MODEL. SO WE'RE SEEING WHAT THE HIPPO THALAMUS TO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] DORSAL PART OF BRAIN, INSEVERE MITRAL RON UP TO HERE, TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PROTECT UMPIRES AND THEN YOU GO INTO THE MIDBRAIN AND YOU SEE THE OPTIC COMING OUT OF THE OPTIC STARTS, PARTIALIAL INTO HERE AND GROWING ALL THE WAY INTO THE MIDGROUND. ACCORDING TO ANALYSIS, THIS THE LONG NUDETAL TRACT, GOING FROM DORSAL, THE DORSAL YOU CAN BE IS HERE AND FROM THERE YOU GO, SEEING CLEARLY ALONG THE OTHER PLATE AND ALTHOUGH THE OTHER PLATE, THE BASAL PLATE, ALWAYS CROSSING TO SEE IF DOMAIN ANTERIOR POSTERIOR DOMAINS ENEMY THE PATHWAY ENDS IN THE SUPERIOR [INDISCERNIBLE] AND YOU CAN SEE THE LONG NUDEINAL TRACKS AND YOU CAN SEE THESE ORDINAR ILLEGALSLY MUCH MORE DORSAL, SO THIS IS THE ROOF, HERE, CAN YOU SEE THEM AS [INDISCERNIBLE], PARALLEL TO THE OBJECT, BUT MORE DORSAL. AND WE SEE THE TERMINAL AND AGAIN PARALLEL TO THE OTHER ONES. BUT EVEN MORE SO,OT OTHER HAND WE HAVE THE MENTAL BACK AND MEDICARE AND MEDICAID ILLEGALSARY PRESENTER WHICH SHALL ENCLOSE THEM WITHIN THE BUFFER PLATE. SO CAN YOU SEE, THE FULL BRAIN, LIKE A NICE, WHAT IS THE DIMENSIONS OF SPACE, FOR MOLECULAR IN THE NEURAL PLACE SO WHAT IS DORSAL, WHAT IS COLOR HA IS DIFFERENTIAL DORSAL POSITION IN IF I WERE TO SELECT WHICH POSITION THEY WANT TO GROW IN SO THEY WANT TO GO LONG NUDEINAL BUT CLEARLY THEY CAN SELECT GOING IN THERE, OR GOING THERE, OR GOING THERE, SO THEY MUST BE READING OUT SOME SORT OF POSITION AND INFORMATION, OF THE BASE PLATE, OF THE ENCEPHALON IN ORDER TO SELECT POSITION AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE OPTICAL PATHWAY. IF I RECEIVE TO HAVE ANY POSITION, WHICH THEY LIKE, AND THAT'S WHERE THEY GREW THROUGH AND LONG THIS PATHWAY, THAT'S GOING TO MEET A NUMBER OF SEALS, WHERE WE DIFFERENTIAL BELONGS EITHER TO HIPPO THALAMUS, OR HIPPO THALAMUS, OR TO PROTECT THEM OR TO MIDBRAIN AND ISSUE ONE OF THEM, THE FIBERS WILL SELECTIVELY AND SOME OF THEM WILL AND SOME OF THEM WON'T DEPENDING ON WHICH INFORMATION THEY BRING WITH THEM, WITH THEM, THEY WILL SYNAPSE ON EVEN NUMBERS OF THIS CELL COMPLEXES AND WILL BUILD RETINAL LOCATION NONAPOPTOTIC RECIPE AND FORMATIONSOT ENCEPHALON IN THE MIDBRAIN. SO THAT'S PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF WHAT YOU WANT TO ANALYZE IN TOM TERMS OF THIS AND THE FACT THAT THIS IS THE IN THE TRACT, AND SOME INTERMEDIATE POSITION WITHIN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] IS NOT AS VENTRAL AS THE BOUNDARIES OR SOMETHING MORE VENTRAL THAT THE OBJECT HAD IN THE OTHER THINGS MORE DORSAL THAN THE OTHER WITHIN THEIR PLATE. SO THAT'S THE FIRST ANALYSIS YOU WILL FIND IN THE BOOKS USUALLY. SO HERE'S ONE FROM WALK OFF, THIS NICE MOUSE, AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IT COMES IN FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] REGION AND IT SEEMS TO GET THERE, AND SPREAD OUT, IS HYPOTHALAMUS AND THROUGH PROTECT OHM HERE, CAN YOU SEE THE DORSAL PORTION, AND WE CAN SEE THE ITEM HERE, HOW THOSE CROSS PROTECT OHM FOR THE HIPPO THALAMUS IF IT HAPPENS IN THERE--LATER TO THIS IMAGE. OKAY, SO, LET'S LOOK A LITTLE BIT MOIRE DETAIL AT THIS PARTS OF THE ENCEPHALON. AND SEE HOW IT GIVES THERE, SO THAT'S WHAT WE CALL IT, IT WORKS WITH THE NEUROANATOMY, IT WAS ESTABLISHED, WITH THE [INDISCERNIBLE] FOR THE ENCEPHALON, SO IN CLASSICAL TIMES, THE HYPOTHALAMUS WAS THERE OF THE ENCEPHALON, IN THAT SENSE, THIS AXIS WAS NOT BEING USED NORTHIS AXIS OR THAT AXIS. THE ROOF, THE FLOOR AND THE OTHER PIECES YOU SEE ARE PATHWAY GIVESAR LEAL LINES. ALL OF THEM SIGNIFY THIS LONG NUDEINAL, BUT IN THE TIMES OF HAVOC, YOU SEE THE AXIS WAS PASSING THIS WAY. ARBTARLY, THEY NEVER GAVE ANY REASONS FOR ANY OF THAT AND BECAUSE OF THIS ARBITRARY GOING THIS WAY, ALL THESE CLASSICAL ENCEPHALON DORSAL AND WITH THE DECISION AND [INDISCERNIBLE] ONE HE WAS PRETTY MUCH CONSCIOUS OF WHAT HE WAS DOING AND HERE'S REASONS FOR DOING THAT, I WILL NOT ENTER INTO THAT, BUT IN ANY CASE, THIS DECISION OF [INDISCERNIBLE] HAS BEEN IN THE NECK AND NOW IT IS WITHIN THE HANDS WE HAVE TO FORGET ABOUT IT SO IT'S OBSOLETE NOW. SO THE AXIS, WE HAD TO RETURN TO THIS FIELD, THE RED LINE, THE FLOOR, AND THE ROOF, ARE SHOWING US WHAT IS THE AXIS. AND THAT MEANS THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE FLOOR, OF THE ENCEPHALON, IN AND THAT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, SO THAT'S WHY WE HAVE THE ENCEPHALON EXCLUDING HYPOTHALAMUS AND SAYING ENCEPHALON PROPER IS ONLY THIS DOMAIN HERE AND IT'S DORSAL PART IS CLOSE TO THE ROOF AND THE VENTRAL PART IS CLOSE TO THE FLOOR. OKAY? SO IN A PERSON WITH THAT, AND THE NUMBER OF PATTERNS AND THINGS THAT YOU CAN SEE, ANDy WILL SEE IN THE OTHER PREPARATIONS. OKAY, SO THIS IS THE SITUATION, SO VERSES HIPPO THALAMUS, AND YOU CAN SEE ARE THAT THE MIDBRAIN DOES NOT TOUCH AT ALL THE HYPOTHALAMUS, AND IT DOES CONTINUE IN THE ENCEPHALON FROM PROPER [INDISCERNIBLE] ENCEPHALON, AND ONLY THROUGH THE HYPEY THALAMUS, SO FIBER COMING FROM HERE, GOING TO THE CORTEX HAS TO CROSS [INDISCERNIBLE], AND END THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND IT CAN ENTER INTO A ENCEPHALON, OTHERWISE IT'S NOT POSSIBLE, YOU COOPERATE PASS INTO THE ENCEPHALON THROUGH THE ROOF. OKAY SO THIS EMBRYO JUST TO SHOW THESE SORT OF THINGS CAN YOU SEE, ACTUALLY IN THE NUMBER OF EMBRYONS IN THE MIDBRAIN HAS OPPOSITE, AND RATHER WAN,--ONE BUT YOU CAN ESTABLISH THE HIPPIE THALAMUS HERE, AND THE OTHER HYPOTHALAMUS OVER HERE AND THIS POSITION THERE, GOING UP INTO THE ENCEPHALON, YOU SEE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], THE FIBERS OF THE ENCEPHALON COME OUT ALONG THIS DOMAIN HERE OF THE PART OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THE TRAG ECTOMYOSIN [INDISCERNIBLE] OF THE BENDING INTO THE MUSCLE PLATE. AND THEN YOU SEE HERE, THE HYPOTHALAMUS WITH THE EMINENCE ON TOP WITH THE DORSAL PART HERE, AND THEN YOU SEE THE THALAMUS OF THE NEEDLE COMAIN HERE WITH THE LIST IS QUITE SMALL. WHILE [INDISCERNIBLE]. AND PRIMATE IN THE HUMOR IS QUITE WEAK AND YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS AND THAT IN THE MOUSE, THE PRETHALAMUS, THALAMUS AND THALAMUS, CAN YOU SEE HOW MAMMOTH THE THALAMIC DOMAIN IS THERE. IT'S SAME TOPOLOGY, MUCH LARGER, WHY? IT'S LARGER BECAUSE IT HAS TO [INDISCERNIBLE] THE CORTEX, AND AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS FOR THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND A NUMBER OF KD AREAS TO ATTEND TO AND MANY MORE, THIS IS NOT JUST [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE THEY'RE NEEDED, THEY GREEN CELLS BECAUSE THEY'RE THERE THEY ARE USED. THERE'S NO NEED FOR ANYTHING, NO [INDISCERNIBLE] IN WHAT I'M SAYING. IT'S THE OPPOSITE BECAUSE OF EVOLUTION, LEADING TO A BIGGER THALAMUS, AND BIGGER PALLIUM, YOU GET INCREASE FUNCTIONALITY IN THE CORTEX INCASE CONSERVATION OF THE CELL GROUPS IN THE THALAMUS. SO AS YOU CAN SEE, FROM THAT POINT OF VIEW, THE THALAMUS HAS [INDISCERNIBLE] SELECTIVITY IMPORTANCE IN THE EVOLUTION FROM [INDISCERNIBLE]. AND PROTECT UMKC HAS MORE SIMILAR T. HAS NOT CHANGED SO MUCH FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND CAN YOU SEE SIGNIFICANT TRACKS WHICH ARE LONG MARKS IN THE ENCEPHALON, HERE AND THERE, HERE, CAN YOU SEE THE FLEX OR THE [INDISCERNIBLE] COMING DOWN FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AT THE BOTTOM BETWEEN THALAMUS AND PROTECT OHM AND YOU CAN SEE THIS ALONG THIS LINE HERE. AND OF COURSE YOU SEE THE THALAMIC CORTICALE FIBERS COMING OUT AND CROSSING THE THALAMIC BOUNDARY WHICH IS CLEAR CUT HERE AND IS SOMEWHERE HERE IN THIS IMAGE, AND CAN YOU SEE HOW THIS GROWS FROM THALAMUS FROM THERE APPROACH, AS WE SAY FROM HERE TO HERE, CROSSING THIS LINE. THIS IS DARK AND FROM THERE THEY GO HERE WHICH IS HERE AND WHEN THEY ARE HERE, THEY CAN GO UP AND ENTER INTO THE ENCEPHALON. SO IT'S MUCH--AS YOU SEE IT'S LIKE [INDISCERNIBLE] IN A CITY, SO YOU NEED TO EVEN SEE WHERE FIBER K'S GROW THROUGH, AND FROM ONE SEAT TO ANOTHER, YOU HAVE TO GO MORE OR LESS GIVEN THE [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO THIS SHOWS WITH THIS MODEL, WE CAN EXPLAIN REPTILES AND ANIMALS AND WE CAN EXPLAIN WITH THE SAME SCHEMA, MAMMALIAN STRUCTURES, ONLY THAT WE NEED TO CONSIDER RELATIVE IN PIECES OR DECREASES AND FROM THE DIFFERENT AREAS AND UNDERNEATH THE BASAL PLATE FROM CENTER BRAIN AND MIDBRAID, YOU HAVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORS SPONDY LIGHTISES TO THIS YEAR, AND YOU SEE THIS PLATE AND THE DIFFER PLATE IS VERY CLEAR CUT BOUNDARY, SEPARATING SO THIS RED LINE IS VISIBLE IN THE STRUCTURE AND ALSO ALSO [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE IN THE BASAL PLATE IT'S LONGITUDINAL SO YOU WE CAN SEE THE FIBERS GROWING IN THE PLATE, AND IN THE OTHER PLATE, THE DIRECTIONALITY OF THE FIBER SYSTEM MORE COMPLEX, SOME OF THEM ARE GOING, CENTRAL, SOME OF THEM ARE GOING [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO THIS IS BASICALLY, HOW YOU SEE SOME SCHEMEATIC AND THIS DEEP ANALYSIS, HOW THE ENCEPHALON PROPER CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE BLOTS OF TISSUE, AND THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS AND PROTECTUM. AND THIS CONTINUES THROUGH THE MIDBRAIN TOM DANE AND INTO THE BASAL PART OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS YOU CAN SEE HERE. OKAY, SO THAT THE WAY IN WHICH THE MODEL IS APPLIED. SO WE JUMP TO THE HUMAN CASE, YOU WILL SEE THAT THE EFFECTS ARE THE SAME ONLY THAT THE PROPORTIONS ARE GOING TO CHANGE SO THAT NOW WE HAVE THE MIDBRAIN HERE, WE HAVE THE HYPOTHALAMUS OVER THERE, AND WE HAVE HERE THE CONTIN NUCLEOTIDESSITY, AND THE--CONTINUITY AND THE CORTEX, AND WE SEE THE BOUNDARY WITHIN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PROPER AND AS YOU SEE HERE, THE THALAMIC TERRITORY LOOKING DIFFERENT FROM THE TERRITORY AND FROM PROTECT OHM TERRITORY HERE AND HERE, AND HERE THE BOUNDARY ACROSS THE POSTERIOR INTO THE MIDAREA HERE AND YOU CAN SEE THIS HERE COMING ë OF THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THALAMUS AND PROTECT OHMS THAT YOU SEE HAPPEN IN THE SCHEME OF [INDISCERNIBLE]. WITH THE REST OF THE MOUSE. OKAY, SO THIS AS YOU SEE, IN THE HUMAN HAS NOT REALLY CHANGED, THE DIMENSIONS HOW MANY NEEDLES ARE THERE, THERE ARE MANY MORE, YOU HAD IN A MOUSE AND MANY MORE THAN YOU IN ANY NONMAMMAL AND IF YOU WANT TO GO INTO THE CORTEX, THE SAME, SO THE PROPORTIONS, AND THE RELATIVE SIZE OF NUMBER OF CELLS, HAS CHANGED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY, BUT NOT THE TOPOLOGY OF THE AREAS, THE BOUNDARIES HAVE STAYED WHERE THEY WERE, SO WE HAD HAD EXACTLY THE SAME SET, AND THE SAME SET OF DIRECTION, AND LONGITUDINAL AND DORSAL, WHAT'S DORSAL IS DORSAL AND WHAT'S VENTRAL, IS VENTRAL. SO THAT HAS NOT CHANGED. SO TO SPEAK ABOUT DIRECTIONS, THE BRAINS HERE, SIMPLIFIED FORM OF REPTILE, THESE, YOU CAN SEE, IF WE ARE IN THE SECTION, OR TO THE OPTIC MEANS ALONG IT IS [INDISCERNIBLE], BEFORE THAT, IT'S LONGITUDINAL GOING FROM DORSAL TO CODAL, HERE'S THE END OF THE TARGET IN THE MIDBRAIN PROTECT OHM, SO THIS IS THE LONGITUDINAL DIMENSION, SO THIS IS THE OPTIC, THE FIBERS DEEPER THAT ARE LONG NUDEINAL, AND THE MUSCLES BELONG TO THIS, TO BE SURE. IN IS CLOSE BEHIND IN THIS POSITION, ASK THEN YOU SEE THERE'S A NUMBER OF TRANSVERSAL DOMAIN YOU YOU CAN DISTINGUISH HERE, AND THIS PROTECT OHM B-BON, AND PTHREE IS HIPPO THALAMUS AND CAN YOU SEE THE BLOCKS OF RED AND GREEN COLOR, RESPONDING TO STAINING BY THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND WHICH BASICALLY IN THIS ANIMAL STAIN THE FIBERS IN RED, AND FIBERS IN GREEN. SO WE'RE LOOKING AT VERY THIN FIBERS IN RED TERMINAL FIELDS AND SO ON AND IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL. AND WE LOOK AT FIBERS WE HAVE THE GREEN. SO CAN YOU SEE THE FIBERS CLEARLY, THIS NICE BLOCKS OF THE ENCEPHALON. THESE ARE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS IF WE ARE GROWING THE BACK OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WE'RE NEVER GROWING HERE, AND ENCEPHALON, THEY SELECT THIS ACROSS THIS POSTERIOR PORTION OF THE HYPE OR THALAMUS AND DO NOT USE THIS TERRITORY HERE AND WHEN THEY REACH THIS PLATE, THERE IS A POSITION WITH THE BASIAN DECODERRAAL PLACE--BASAL PLATE AND IT WILL TURN INTO THE BRAIN STEM. HERE YOU SEE A SET OF FIBERS AND TERMINALS BELONGS TO HYPOTHALAMUS, AND VERY SMALL BECAUSE IT'S A LIST, I CAN TELL YOU THAT REPTILE VS VERY LITTLE THALAMUS AND YOU HAVE PROTECT OHM AND YOU SEE THAT DIVIDED INTO SOME DIFFERENT PORTIONS. SEE SEE MORE ABOUT THAT LATER AND IN GENERAL, VISUAL NARROW [INDISCERNIBLE] WHERE FIBERS CONNECT, USUALLY ARE SUPERFICIAL CENTERS AND YOU HAVE SOME CONNECTIONS AND THIS ONE HERE AND THERE AND THERE AND THERE, AND IF FEELS SOMEHOW MEANS THAT THE FIBERS COMES FROM THE RETINA AND CROSSING OR NONCROSSING, THEY'RE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THEY ARE CROSSING THIS BOUNDARIES THAT THEY ARE MEETING DIFFERENT CELLS AND TERRITORY IN ORDER TO BUILD ON A TOPIC TERMINAL FIELDS IN THE CORRECT POSITIONS IN THE REGIONS WHERE THEY'RE CROSSING. AND NOT ONLY ALTS DO THE CONNECTION, AND THE DORSAL VENTRAL POSITION OF OF THE CELL COMES FROM THE RETINA. NOW THIS REMAINS IN THE ENCEPHALON PROPER, THERE ARE DIFFERENTIALLY SPECIFY ACCORDING TO THIS, THEY ARE EXPRESSING SO THAT MEAN THIS IS IS NOT ONLY ONE MORE ROSE AND ANOTHER KOASAL. SOME ARE BIG AND SOME ARE SMALL BUT THEY ARE ALSO DIFFERENT MOLECULAR, SO THIS IS A SAMPLE AND SOME ARE NOT IMPORTANT. THIS IS JUST WE HAVE SEEN THE ASPECT NOW, WHERE THEY LABEL, YOU CAN SEE IN THIS CASE, WE'RE HAVING THALAMUS AND PROTECT OHM TOGETHER WITH SOME MIDBRAIN WHERE THE SPECIMEN IS NOT IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND IN THIS CASE, CAN YOU SEE THIS, EXPRESSED IN THE PROTECT OME, BUT NONAPOPTOTIC THE IN THE--NOT IN THE THALAMUS, AND THEY COMPARE IT WITH ANOTHER GENE, BUT NOT HERE IN THIS AREA, BUT NOT IN THE THALAMUS, SO THE THALAMUS IS LACKING EXPRESSION OF THIS OTHER GENE. AGAIN, WE CAN SEE THAT ALL THESE GENES THAT WE ARE LOOKING HERE, THEY'RE IN THE OTHER PLATE AND WE HAVE THE BASAL PLATE, WE SAW THE EXPRESSION UNDERNEATH AND WE HAVE SELECTIVE AREAS HERE WHICH ALSO IN THE INTERTHALAMIC AREA, AND THE LIMIT FOR THE THALAMICCA, WHICH HAS SOME OTHER EFFECTS, YOU SEE HERE, AND THESE OTHER GENES WITH THE RESPONSE TO THIS BORDER AND EXPRESS EXACTLY, ON THE BORDER AND USUALLY THIS IS USED AS A MARKER OF THE BASAL BOUNDARY AND THAT MEANS IT'S TELLING VISUALLY, ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MARKER, AND IT'S THE BEGINNING OF THAT PLATEOT OTHER SIDE, SO YOU CAN SEE THE ENCEPHALON IS ENTIRELY THE SAME OF THE ENTIRE AND BECAUSE IT'S ON TOP OF THE LINE, WHERE THE MEDICARE AND MEDICAID ILLEGALSARY BODY, AND SO ON ARE BASIAN DECODER BASAL DOMAINS BECAUSE THEY'RE UNDER MADE THIS LINE AND THE SAME HAPPENS, AND THE MOTOR NEURONS OF COURSE WILL APPEAR ON UNDERNEATH THIS LINE. THERE ARE ADDITIONAL GENE PATTERNS, THEY SEEM TO BE AS CAN YOU SEE HERE, IF THIS IS ANOTHER PLATE, AND THIS IS INfl CAN YOU SEE THERE'S SOME SUBMISSION OF THE THIS THAT DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE EITHER OF THESE GENES AND THESE SEEM SOPHISTICATED FILL IN THE HOLES, SO THE PICTURE IS BIT MORE COMPLICATED THAT ONLY OTHER BASED DOMAINS AS WELL, SO THIS WE CAN DISCUSS HOW MANY PARTS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED ALONG THE DORSAL VENTRAL DIMENSION, OR ON THE [INDISCERNIBLE] YOU CAN SEE SOME GENES IN THE EXPRESSION DOMAIN. THEY TURN UP FROM BEING LONG NUDEINAL TO BEING [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO THIS IS 90-DEGREES TOPOLOGY CHANGE IN THE POSITION OF THE EXPRESSION, WHICH MEANS THE REGULATION OF THE THINGS ARE SPREADS IS DOUBLE. SO SOME MECHANISM THAT IS STOPPING, CREATING THIS BOUNDARY HERE WHICH IS [INDISCERNIBLE], AND POSTERIOR PATTERN, WHEREAS THIS PART OF THE EXPRESSION IS BEING CONTROLLED BY DORSAL VENTRAL PATTERN MECHANISM. SO WE CAN SEE HOW A GENE CONTROLLED BY BOTH DORSAL VENTRAL AND POSTERIOR, AND THE SAME HAPPENED HERE BECAUSE THIS GENE IS MAINLY CONCONTROLLED BY THE VENTRAL PATTERNING, AND ONLY VENTRAL BUT HERE, [INDISCERNIBLE], INTO A POSTERIOR PATTERNING, AND DOMAIN SO, GENES CAN BE COMPLEX AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE JUST A SMALL SAMPLE OF CASES BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, WE CAN ADD LIKE THESE FIVE YEARS, WE CAN LOOK AT 20 OR 400 YEARS AND USUALLY THE GOONS SEEM TO RESPECT THE BOUNDARIES PROPOSED BY US IN THE MODEL SO ALL OF THESE BOUNDARIES, WE GO BARKING WITH THEM AND WE SEE THEY COME INTO LANGUAGE FOR OUR MODELS, SO THAT HAS BEEN THE FORCE OF THE MODEL, IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO CO INSIDE WITH THE LINES PROPOSED FOR MANY, MANY, PATTERNS. ONCE WE ADVANCE IN DEVELOPMENT AND LED THE NUCLEI DEVELOP MORE SO THEY BECOME CLOSER TO THE ADULT, CAN YOU SEE SOME OF THE VISUAL NUCLEI LIKE THE HYPOTHALAMUS WHERE YOU GET THE VENTRAL [INDISCERNIBLE] OR PRE-[INDISCERNIBLE], YOU SEE THE NUCLEUS OF THE SUPERFICIAL OPTIC TRACK, CAN SEE HOW THIS BELONGS TO CONTEXT AND THE ENCEPHALON AND THIS DEEP HERE, THE ALL FROM THIS DOMAINOT VENTICLE TO THE [INDISCERNIBLE], THIS IS THE CLOSEST TO THE OBJECT, BUT ONLY THE SUPERFICIAL COMPONENT OF THIS COMPLEX WILL BE RECEIVE THANKSGIVING VISUAL PROJECTIONS, AND THAT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] NEVER ENTER INTO THE DEEP DOMAIN, SO THE KD HA WHICH HAVE OTHER FUNCTIONS, BUT IF WE DID G TO [INDISCERNIBLE], WE SEE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] HAS COMING ALONG THIS POSITION, AND THIS WILL HAVE OFFICIAL PROJURISDICTIONS SEPARATE FROM THE SUPERFISHIA ONCE FROM A DIFFERENT SET OF PROJECTIONS ALONG THE PTH DOMAIN AND THE THEY ARE MUCH MORE COMPLICATED THAN MAMMALS IN TERMS OF VISUAL PROJECTIONS. SO THESE ARE ALSO NOT SAID IN THE BOOKS. OKAY, HERE WE SEE ANOTHER GENE THAT'S SUPERVISED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN THIS CASE, AND BECAUSE WE DON'T SEE ALL THE [INDISCERNIBLE], WE CAN SEE THEY [INDISCERNIBLE], THE BUNDRY, BETWEEN THE THALAMUS AND THALAMUS, YOU CAN SEE THE AREA, THE BOUNDARY IS NEGATIVE FOR THIS GENE, THIS IS ONLY THE DORSAL PART, FOR THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS DIFFERENT IN THE DOMAIN, AND THE NEGATIVE ONE CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS AND THEY'RE LOOK NOTHING THE PREVIOUS SLIDE AND HERE WE HAVE THE GENIC WITH ANOTHER, VENTRAL THALAMIC OR PRETHALAMIC NUCLEUS WHICH RECEIVE THIS IS PROJECTIONS AND SEPARATE FROM THE PREGENIC RATE AND ALSO THE SURFACE GETS CONTACT WITH THE OPTIC FIBERS AND GETS INPUT THERE, DEEP TO IT HAVE YOU THE NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. WE HAVE SEE THE SAMES SUPERVISION BY SOME OTHER SET OF GENES YOU WHERE WE HAVE HERE, THE [INDISCERNIBLE], SIMILAR SITUATION WHERE WE SEE THE ROSTAL PART OF PRETHALAMUS STAINING IN THE PART, UNSTAINED, WHITE DOMAIN WE SEE HERE. SO ON THE OTHER HAND HERE, WE HAVE THALAMIC EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES, WE HAVE SOME EXPRESSION CORRESPONDING TO THESE OUT OF HERE AND WE SEE PARTICULARLY THIS BLUE CORRESPONDS TO THE INTERGENIC, AND ONE OF THEM IN THE DOMAINS HERE, IN THE ENCEPHALON AND WITHIN THE BOOKS USUALLY IS VERY AMBIGUOUS AND IT BELONGS OR WHERE IT DEVELOPS AND ACCORDING TO THIS DAT AIT DEVELOPS INSIDE OF THE THALAMUS, SO IT BELONGS TO A THAT THALAMIC DOMAIN WHERE MUCH LITERATURE SAYS THAT IT BELONGS TO THE DORSAL DOMAIN SO THIS DOMAIN, ACCORDING TO THE GENE, THAT IT FOLDS. SO OKAY, SO AS YOU SEE THE GENES WITHIN THE HANDS YOU CAN GO BACK TO WHAT CLASSICALLY WAS DONE JUST BY [INDISCERNIBLE], ANALYSIS AND NOW WE CAN PAINT THESE NICE COLORS, AND THE HIPTAL MUSAND THE PROTECTED ONE. AND WE CAN POSITION OUR DERIVATIVES ACCORDING TO ANALYSIS, CAN YOU SAVE ACCORDING TO THE INTERMEDIATE OR SUPERFICIAL OF THE WORLD AND WE CAN IN EACH OF THESE AM DOMAINS, DELIVER THESE, WILL BE SITTING CLOSE TO THE OPTIC FIBERS OF THE CELL SURFACE AND IT WILL BE RECEIVING RETINAL FIBERS AND THEREFORE A RECIPE OF THE NEUROFIBERS. SO WE'RE EXPECTING ACTUALLY THE OPTIC TACK OF THIS HERE AND THIS IS THE DIFFERENCE OF OF THE MOUSE HERE AND THEN THE FIBERS GROW HERE AND AND AND FORGOT TO, FIBERS COME NOTHING FROM THE VENTRAL READY NOW, COMING IN FROM THE DORSAL RETINA, AND SPACE BETWEEN, AND DORSAL VENTRAL PROJECTIONS FROM THE RETINA, THIS IS DORSAL POSITION RETINA AND CAN YOU SEE HOW THE FIBERS AS THEY PASS THROUGH THE HYPOTHALAMUS ARE CLOSE TOGETHER, IN THIS POSITION, AND THEN WHEN THEY REACH THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THEY EXPAND SLIGHTLY, AND THEY'RE IN THIS AREA, AND BECAUSE THE PROTECT OHM, AND SO YOU CAN SEE THE OBJECT ARE CLEARLY SELECTING SOME PORTION OF THE MOLECULAR SPECIFIED TERRITORY OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE ENCEPHALON TO REACH THE MIDBRAIN. WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE PROTECT OME. THE MOLECULAR MAKEUP AND WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE PROTECT OHM IS NOT THE SIMPLE STRUCTURE THAT WE SAW BEFORE IN THE LITERATURE, TALLLY IT'S DIVIDED INTO THREE PART, IT WAS DIFFER IN MARKERS SO THE [INDISCERNIBLE]. AND THEN WE HAVE THE COMMISSIONER PORTION HERE IN BROWN AND IT SEEMS A DOMAIN IN BETWEEN, SO IT'S LIKE A WIDE TISSUE, JUST LIKE A [INDISCERNIBLE], SO THIS, DIFFERENCE TO THE POSTERIOR, THE POSTERIOR IS A BIG POCKET OF FIBERS THAT CLOSE THEM OR OVER THE TOP THERE. SO THE POSTERIOR ROVING ALONGs0 THE PROTECT OHM WHICH IS [INDISCERNIBLE]. THE AND IF WE GOT A SECTION, THE MENTION HERE, AND WE SEE THIS, OR THAT. IN THIS CASE, WE HAVE BLUE MARKER, AND THE DOMAIN IS HERE, IN THE THALAMUS AND THIS WOULD BE INSIDE THE THALAMUS, THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THALAMUS AND PROTECT OHM AND WE HAVE DORSAL PROTECT OHM AND THAT HAS DEEP DERIVATIVES AND SUPERFICIAL DERIVATIVES, AND THOSE SUPERFICIAL DOMAIN. THEN WE HAVE A WIDE DOMAIN IN BETWEEN, WE SEE ALSO COMES FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE], ALL THE WAY TO THE SURFACE, AND AT THE SURFACE WE ALSO SEE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], AND THEN WE HAVE THE BROWN DOMAIN LABEL WITH BROWN WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE COMMISSION OF THE DOMAIN OF THE PROTECT OHM, AND HAS DIFFERENT DEEP AND DOMAINS AND THE CELL SURFACE, HAS DERIVATIVES OF THE CELL THAT WE ALSO BECOME BACK IN THE OPTIC FIBERS AND WE SEE THE PRIMATESSATIONS AND GO BEYOND--IF WE GO, MARKERS SHOWING THE DOMAIN HERE WHICH IS NEGATIVE FOR OTHER MARKERS, IS [INDISCERNIBLE], POSITIVE, FOR SOME DIFFERENTIAL [INDISCERNIBLE] SO ACTUALLY THIS DOMAINS ARE THE PROTECT OHM. VERY DISTANT MOLECULARLY, AND A NUMBER OF PROTECT OHM, AND NOT ENTER INTO ALL OF THESE STRUCTURE IN THE PROTECT OHM. NOBODY KNOWS ABOUT THE PROTECT OHM. AND WE HAVE SPENT THE LAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE PROTECT UMKC BUT WE'RE NOW CONTRAITING TO THE SUPERFICIAL AREA HERE. CAN YOU SEE THE ANTERIOR PORTION IS BIGGER THIS, IS THE ANTERIOR PROTECT OHM NUCLEUS AND THIS SUPERFICIAL [INDISCERNIBLE] IN PART OF THE NUCLEUS. WE HAVE THIS OTHER COMPANIES THAT ARE MUCH THINNER AT THE BACK OF THAT, THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE WHAT THEY CALL THE NERMALTAL NUCLEI OF THE TRACT, SO THIS TERMINAL NUCLEI YOU SEE, THESE ARE FROM THIS CELL THAT YOU SEE HAVE MOLECULAR FROM THE OTHER ONES. OKAY, SO, I THINK THAT WE DO THIS AND THEN WE HAVE A SECTION TO SHOW THE SECTIONS, YOU CAN SEE THE BLUE DERIVATIVES, THE WIGHT DISCIPLINARY RIFFEATIVES AND THE BROWN DERIVATIVES ARE SEPARATING NUCLEI AND SEPARATING DOMAINS ONE AFTER THE OTHER IN THE POSTERIOR DIMENSION. THIS ANTERIOR AREA BY THE WAY WILL MESS UP THE RETINA DORSAL AREA. WHERE THE DORSAL VENTRALg27 DIMENSION WILL BE IN THE RETINA IN [INDISCERNIBLE] WAYS. VENTRAL GOES UP AND DORSAL POSITION AT GOES DOWN. THAT'S REALLY ADVANCED SO THIS THIS CHARACTERISTIC WAS DISCOVERED IN THE 70S BY PEOPLE WORKING ON THE MAP, THEY MAPPED WELL ENOUGH IN THE NUMBER OF THINGS AND ORDER TO NOTICE THIS PROPERTY THAT IN GENERAL THE LINES FORGET ABOUT THIS LABOR HERE. THE WAY THEY NAME THE RETINA AND THIS IS VENTRAL READY NOW, BOTH PARTS HERE AND THIS IS DORSAL READY IN BOTH PARTS HERE. THIS LINE ACTUALLY CAN BE CONTINUED AND OTHER WAY INTO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] SO THE SAME PATTERN, RETINA GOES HERE AND GOES THERE AND GOES THERE AND GO THIS HAS. IN THE DORSAL RETINA GOES HERE AND HERE AND HERE AND HERE. SO THIS IS THE COMMONNALLITY OF PATTERN, OF THE DORSAL VENTRAL REPRESENTATION IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE MULTIPLICITY OF CENTERS ALONG THE INSEVERE MITRAL LONG MIDBRAIN. AND WHAT HAPPENS WITHIN THAT TEMPORAL AREA I MENTIONED? WELL NASAL ENDS HERE IN THE MIDBRAIN BUT AS YOU FOLLOW THE COLORS OR WHATEVER, YOU WILL SEE, THIS IS IN THE MIDPRIMERo o> HERE AND DORSAL, AND DORSAL AND DORSAL SO THIS IS A MIRROR IMAGE IN THE TEMPORAL REPRESENTATION OF THE VISUAL FIELD AND THE RETINA, AS YOU CHANGE FROM INTO THE ENCEPHALON. A AND SOME YEARS LATER, THE SAME MODEL HERE BUT WITH SOME DIFFERENT LABERATORS, THESE ARE MODULATED ANALYSIS, AND THIS IS SIMILAR CONCLUSIONS, THE ONLY THING IS THAT SHE FORGOT, BECAUSE IT'S IN FIVE, AND SHE FORGOT ABOUT THE COMMONNALLITY OF THIS LINE AND INSTEAD DIVIDE THROUGH A NUMBER OF [INDISCERNIBLE], SMALL PIECES, SO THEY FORGOT ABOUT THE FIBER THAT MAKES A UPON CONTINUOUS THING, AND THESE ARE SMALL PARTS SO USUALLY THE 235EU8URE IN THIS CASE, IS--FAILURE IN THIS CASE, IS THE THALAMIC [INDISCERNIBLE], AND ELEMENTS ARE PRETHALAMIC PROTECTOR AND THIS IS MIDBRAIN. AND THIS--THE OTHER PAPER, THIS IS PROTECTOR [INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL AND THIS THREE IS A POST THALAMIC SO THEY HAVE BEEN LOCATED IN FINDING THOSE IN THE CLUE CLEUS, AND ALL GENETICALLY LIFTED. WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE FROG IN IF YOU LOOK AT THE SECTION OF THE FROG, AND YOU SEE THE PROTECTEM WITH THIS AND [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THIS OBJECT OF THE YOU CAN SEE THEY MEASURE PART OF THE THALAMUS HERE, THIS BLOCK HERE GETS A BIG DEGREE OF [INDISCERNIBLE] IN EVOLUTION FROM THE AMNIOT INTO THE PODSED TO POLES AND MAMAS, SO THIS IS THE LARGE PART OF THE THALAMUS IN A FROG, IF YOU FIND ANYTHING IN [INDISCERNIBLE]. THAT BECOMES MUCH BIGGER AS YOU PROCEED IN EVOLUTION, IS THIS PORTION ANTERIOR, IS DORSAL, CAN YOU SEE IT'S CLOSE TO THE ROOF, AND SO THIS IS MORE WHERE AND IT'S GOING TO BE PRODUCED SO, IF YOU LOOK IN THIS AREA YOU WILL FIND [INDISCERNIBLE] THIS EXPLAINS WHY THE PROGWILL FIND--FIND THIS THALAMIC DORSAL. SO WHEN WE PASS INTO THE INNER MOUSE, CAN YOU SEE THIS MORE OR LESS SHOWS THIS SORT OF DERIVATIVES, WE SEE HERE THAT THESE DOMAIN, WILL APPEAR IN BLUE, IT WILL BE MUCH LARGER THAN IT IS HERE IN THE FROG AND YOU WILL SEE ALSO THIS DOMAIN WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER DOMAIN. SO THAT'S WHAT WE CALL THE [INDISCERNIBLE], TEARS OF THE THALAMUS, AND THE TEAR AND VENTRAL TEAR. SO HERE, YOU SEE THESE TEARS, LABELED WITH THE [INDISCERNIBLE], SO THIS BECOMES MUCH BIPGENER A MOUSE AND THAT WILL CONTAIN MORE [INDISCERNIBLE], AND HERE, THERE'S [INDISCERNIBLE], HERE MORE LIKE POSTERIOR AND SOMETHING ELSE, AND THIS VENTRAL DOMAIN, WILL PRODUCE [INDISCERNIBLE], AND HE WILL TAKE IT'S POSTERIOR, BUT VENTRAL WITHIN THIS ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL. SO THAT EXPLAINS THE FROG, SMALL PEOPLE LOST, BECAUSE THEY NEVER THOUGHT THAT [INDISCERNIBLE] COULD BE SO FAR DORSAL IN THE STRUCTURE. OKAY, SO WE DO A RECENT SECTION, WHO'S A FROG THEN, COMING FROM THE HYPE HOE THALAMUS, AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS, PROTECT OHM AND INTO THE POSTERIOR AND PASSING TO THE MIDBRAIN TO SEE THE LABELING OF THE OPTICAL OPTICAL PATHWAY, ALL ALONG AND CAN YOU SEE IT CONNECTING WITH ALL SECTIONS AND WE KNOW THIS PORTION IS THAT WILLIC BECAUSE IT'S RETINAL, AND NEVER LABELS FROM THE PROTECT OHM, AND THIS AREA WHERE WE HAVE THE PREMUREDDIAL, AND THE NUCLEUS IN THE FROG AND THESE ARE VERY, TINY NEUROPILE AND PROJECTIONS, IN THIS AREA, WHERE THE CELL POSITIVES ARE SITTING DEEP AND THEY EXTEND THE DENDRITES TO FOR THE INPUT IN THIS POSITION. SO WITH THAT SORT OF COMPARATIVE ASSOCIATION WE CAN SEE HOW FAR THE SCHEME PROJECTIONS FROM THE RETINA, IS SIMILAR AND NOT SIMILAR ACROSS THE DIFFERENT VERTEBRAES, AND THIS IS THE PATTERN WE DISCOVER FOR THE FROG, WHERE BASICALLY WE SEE THE THAT WILL AMIC HERE AND SEMESTER NAEVERINAL THAT WILL AMIC SO BEFORE, AND THEN THIS NEW, THAT WILL AMIC COMPONENTS OF THE--THALAMIC COMPONENTS, AND SOME DEGREE AS WELL, AND THEN WE HAVE SEVEN HELPED PROTECT OHM, AND THE DIFFERENT AND MADE CHANGES WITH THIS DOMAIN AND BIGGER IN THE LEAFLET, MORE OR LESS OR SIMILAR. THIS IS VERY PROTECTED NUCLEUS, PROPERTY FOR POPULAR EFFECTS, AND IT'S IMPORTANT FOR THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THIS IS THE BASIC NUCLEUS, WE SEE IMPORTANT FOR THE OPTICAL IMAGES O KINETIC FOR FLEX, THE SAME AS THIS STRUCTURE HERE, AND TERMINAL AND DORSAL TERMINAL NUCLEUS, SO THE PATTERN IS VERY CONSERVE AS WE PASS FROM RETINA, AND THE AREA IN RED, ENLARGES AND BECOMES MORE SIGNIFICANT, THERE ARE TWO LAYERS TO IT, SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP LAYERS SIMILAR TO THE MAMMAL AND THEN HAVE YOU THE [INDISCERNIBLE] UNDERNEATH, YOU HAVE THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN THE BIRDS AND THE NUCLEUS APPEARING HERE THAT WAS NOT THERE IN REPTILES. IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS. AND THEN AS YOU PASS THROUGH MAMMALS, AGAIN WE SEE A BASICALLY SIMILAR PROTECT OHM SIMILAR AND HERE WE HAVE AN ADDITION WHICH IS INFERIOR IMPROVEMENT WHICH SEEMS TO RECEIVE DIRECT RETINAL INPUT FROM THERE, FROM THE RETINA, BUT OTHERWISE WE HAVE VENTRAL RELIEF AND WE SEE CEIVE THE APPEARANCE OF THE GENERATE. THAT THEY HAVE THE POSITION RELATIVE. THE MUTE O GENIC AREA, WHERE IS IT IN ALL THESE ANIMALS, IT'S DEEP SEEDED IN THE RIGHT POSITION, SO [INDISCERNIBLE] MAMMALIAN THAT YOU MOVE YOUR [INDISCERNIBLE]-9— FROM THE VENTRICULAR LEVEL FROM THE POSITION, SO ANY ANIMAL YOU SEE, THERE IT MUST BE A MAMMAL OKAY? SO IT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] MEDICARE AND MAMMALS. SO THIS IS DEEP AND YOU DON'T SEE IN THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MOUSE OF THE ANIMALS. SO AS YOU SEE, THE CONCLUSION IS THAT PRACTICALLY THE TARGETS OF THE RETINA IN THE BRAIN HAVE NOT CHANGED PRACTICALLY. NOW FEW ADDITION, A DITION THERE, THIS ADDITION THERE, THAT CHANGES IN SIZE, THING THINGS BECOME BIGGER AND SOME THINGS BECOME SMALLER, LIKE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], NUCLEUS AND OTHER PRETHAT WILL AMIC NUCLEI AND SOME ARE CRITICAL AND SOME ARE THE REFLEX, AND THEY OBJECT CONNECTION, YOU CANNOT CHANGE, THIS IS SOME THE SENSE OF THIS NUCLEUS IN SOME AREAS RELATED TO PROTECT OHM, AND THIS SEEMS TO PASS TO BE ALSO IN SOME OTHER DOMAINS, SO WE DON'T KNOW STILL WHERE THE MIGRATION OR THAT MEANS DUPLICATION OF THE NUCLEUS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. WE DON'T KNOW THAT. DISAT SOME POINT WE NEED TO EXPLORE THAT. BUT IN CONCLUSION, FROM A POINT OF VIEW, BOTH IN TERMS OF HOW MANY RETINAL TARGETS, IN TERMS OF POSITION A LITTLE BIT AS I MENTION, THAT IS DORSAL, WHAT IS DORSAL WITH THIS YOU CAN SEE THE SCHEME IS CONSERVED, SO THIS IS VERY CONSERVATIVE POTERN THAT HAS NOT CHANGED OVER EVOLUTION, AND IF GO TO A LAMP RAY, THIS IS MOST [INDISCERNIBLE], ONE OF THE MOST PRIMITIVE ANIMALS YOU WILL SEE AND IT'S PRETTY MUCH THE SAME STORY AS WELL IN THE LAMP RAY. SO HERE YOU SEE, SITUATION, WELL, ONE THING THAT'S NEW FOR YOU PROBABLY IS THAT IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE], WE DON'T HAVE SUPER [INDISCERNIBLE], WE HAVE FRONT IN AND IT'S MIDBRAID. THIS WAS CALLED CLASSICALLY, POSTERIOR PROTECTED NUCLEUS, WE HOW THE IT BELONGED TO THE FOLLICULAR JUSTIFICATIONIFICATION, WE SEE THIS IS IN THE MIDBRAIN AND WE SEE IN THE MEMORY WE HAVE TWO FORMATION. ONE IS BIG AND IS A SUPERCO LICKULAR ANALYSIS AND THE OTHER HALF SEPARATES WITH THE RATEINAL AND THEY ARE MIRROR IMAGE ALONG THE TEMPORAL AXIS SO IN THOSE THAT'S HERE AND TEMP TEMPORAL AND HERE IS THEY HELP WITH THAT ACTION IN THERE. THIS STRUCTURE HAS CLASSICALLY ABOUT NAMING [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE YOU CANNOT CALL IT NO LONGER POSTERIOR NUCLEUS, SO WE HAVE CHOSEN TO USE THE NAME THAT WAS USING REPTILES AND INVERTS USE IT FOR [INDISCERNIBLE] SO THAT THE NAME WE ARE APPLYING ALSO TO MAMMALS FOR THIS PARTICULAR [INDISCERNIBLE] OF THE FRONT OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE] SO WHEN YOU LOOK NOW, OF THE VISUAL PROJECTIONS IN A MAMMAL LIKE IN THIS CASE, A RABBIT. SECTIONS ARE PROTECTED IN MIDBRAIN, ON THE TOP OF THE BRAIN. YOU CAN SEE THIS OVERHERE AND YOU CORRESPOND TO THE PROTECT OHM GRADE. YOU CAN SEE WHERE THEY ARE, AND THIS THESE ARE THE BEHIND THE LINE SEPARATING THEM THE PROTECT OHM FROM THE MIDBRAIN. SO IT'S SMALLER THAN THE SUPERIOR CO LICKULAR, AND IT'S NOT ONLY THERE, BUT ALSO DIVIDED INTO DEFENSE OF THESE COMPONENTS, AND AND MAYBE YOU HAVE AND AND THE PROJECTIONS, TO PROTECT IT, AND THE SITUATION THERE. ON THE OTHER HAND, WE SEE THE ANTERIOR PROTECT ANT NUCLEUS WHICH WE SEE COMING FROM THE SURFACE AND THIS IS OUR VISUAL PROJECTIONOT SUPERFICIAL PART EVER THE PROTECT OHM AND CAN YOU FOLLOW THERE AND THERE AND EVEN SOMEWHERE THERE HERE. SO THAT IS THE AMYGDALA OF THE PROTECTIVE, OF THE TRACT, WE SEE THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN PROTECT UMKC AND THALAMUS. OT OTHER HAND, THIS IS HERE, THE ONLY WAY TO PROTECT THE NUCLEUS IS HERE, THAT DORSAL RELATIVE TO NUCLEUS AND THE EXTENDS LATERALLY INTO THE DORSAL TERMINAL AND THE THEY WILL FOLLOW, THERE, AND FROM THERE, DEFINITELY, YOU REACH THE LATINAL AREA, AND YOU REACH THE MEDE YARKS SO THE MEDIAL LATERAL AND DORSAL NUCLEI WHICH WE MAKE A COMPLEX WITH IT, AND THOSE RECEIVE FIBERS FROM THE AXIS. IF YOU SEE THE LAB GENIC RAY, AND THE LAB COMMENNENT AND INTO THIS AREA AND SO ON, SO YOU I WANT TO SHOW YOU HOW YOU SEE THESE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THESE OTHER PROTECTED ELEMENTS WHICH ARE NORMALLY NOT SO WELL PROTECTED IN THE LIT ARE THURE. --LITERATURE, GENETICALLY WE CAN SEE SEPARATE LABELING OF THIS AREA FROM THE SUPERIOR, HERE YOU CAN SEE, GENES, WHICH APPEAR DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THESE TWO DOMAINS, THEY ARE NOT EXPRESSED IN THE PROTECT OHM. THESE THERAPIST IS THE BOUNDARY IN THE PROTECT OHM BUT CAN YOU SEE THE DORSAL END OF THE MIDBRAIN. AND THIS IS GREAT, AND INFERIOR COLICAULOUS ON LOWS AND AGAIN, YOU SEE THE PESTERIOR COMMISSION, ONLY IN THE BRAIN NOT IN THE SUPERIOR AND THIS IS EPHRIN TWO, AND THIS IS NASAL DOMAIN WHERE THE FIBERS ARE GOING TO PRO DICK AND EXPRESS ONLY AT THE DORSAL END BECAUSE OF THIS LIVER SHAPED INVERSION OF THE ATOPIC FIELD. SO THIS IS GENE IS GOING TO BE EXPRESSED AT THE SUPERFOLLICULAR DORSAL END OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND IN TERM YOU WILL HAVE A [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO THE STORY OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE] BRINGS ME BACK TO THE RETINAL LOCATION NO TOPIC PROPERS OF THESE FIELDS OF PROJECTION, IT WAS STUDIED BY COLLABORATORS AND A NUMBER OF PAPERS. THIS MAP IS A TWO OR FIVE, CAN YOU SEE IN THE NUMBER OF RECIPE FIELDS IN THE EXPRESSION WHERE YOU CAN SEE THESE [INDISCERNIBLE] MIDBRAIN OR DORSAL EXPRESSION, PUTS THE FIELD IN THEM, AND AGAIN HAVING MORE INTENSE EXPRESSION OF THIS MARKERS, SIMILAR THING HAS A LEVEL, AND THIS AREA IS SECTIONS OR THIS IS DORSAL, SO CAN YOU SEE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] EXPRESSION, AND THE SAME HAPPENS ALSO FOR THE PREGENIC LATE OPTICAL SOME OF THE OPTICALS, NOT ONLY NUCLEAR, SHOW THIS VARIANTS BUT SOME OF THEM AS YOU WILL SEE, LATER. ONCE SOME OF THESE ARE IMPORTANT FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER OF PATIENTSATHY ISSUES BECAUSE HERE YOU SEE THE WILD-TYPE, HOW TEMPORAL IT IS CLEARLY LOCATED AT THAT EXTREME THERE, THE TEMPORAL PROJECTION AND IN THE MUTANT FOR THIS EFIVE E10 FRAME, YOU CAN SEE HOW LABELING WE PRODUCE THIS ORGANIZED PROJECTION WITH LESS RESTRICTED GENERALLY PLACED MORE OR LESS IN THAT--THIS HALF OF THE NEUROPATH, SILL, THE POSITION OF THE FIELD, IS NOT AS GOOD AS IN THE WILD-TYPE. OKAY. SO THIS IS HAS BEEN LEADING TO THE THEORY THAT THE RETINAL FIBERS COME IN, THEY INCREASINGLY BECOME BETTER AT LOCALIZING THE THEORETICAL PROJECTION FIELD AND APPARENT PARENTALLY FIRST THEY'VE OVERSTEPPED THE AREA WHERE THEY'RE GOING TO FINISH AT THE END AND THE FREE MECHANISM, OPPOSE TO INTO A FIVE, AGAINST THE RECEPTORS IF THERE'S RECEPTORS IN THE FIBERS THAT THE INTERACTION WITH THESE TWO, WILL MAKE FOR LOCALIZED ROSE NEARBY THE AREA WHERE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ISSUED FORM, THIS OTHER PORTION OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE], RETRACTED LATER ON, SLOWLY AND SOME OTHER LIKE THIS, THE ALLELES ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE LENGTH IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] OF THE FIBERS USED HERE, THIS LEVELING OF THIS WAY, NOW WE HAVE LONGER RETINAS, ENTERING MORE EFFICIENTLY INTO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AREA AND THIS FUNCTION WHEN FUNCTION STARTS TO APPEAR IN THE EYES OPEN OR EVEN BEFORE THEY OPEN, SOME CURRENTS START TO APPEAR THIS FUNCTIONAL EIGHT WILL LEAD UP WITH THIS SORT OF THING. SO THE RETINAL LOCATION NOLL AREA, BECOMES MORE BECOMES MORE FINELY TUNED AS WE PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT. HERE YOU SEE MORE DETAILS OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE], WHICH IS AN EXCELLENT ANALYSIS AND THEY ANALYZE AND TIMES THEY HAVE THE RETINA OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE] SHOWING THERE ARE DOMAINS OF WITH THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL AND THESE ARE EXPRESSED, AND IT'S COMING OUT OF THESE DORSAL AND MENTAL PORTIONS, AND THESE ARE FIBERS GOING TO THE VENTRAL AND END OF THE TRACK AND PROJECT SELECTIVELY TO VENTRAL ENDS OF THESE NEUROBITES WHERE THESE ARE LARGER AND IT'S GOES WITH THE OPPOSITE END OF THE TRACK IN CONNECTING WITH THE UPPER PORTION, USUALLY THEY ARE DOING THE SAME IN ALL THE DIFFERENT FACETS OF THE VISUAL TRACT AND YOU CAN SEE IN DEVELOPMENT HOW THIS COURSE IN DEVELOPMENT AND HOW THESE NEUROPATHS GET ALSO TO BE MORE LOCALIZED AND MORE PERFECT INDEED THE PORTION OF THE STRUCTURE. SO THAT MEANS THAT WE CAN EXPLAIN THIS WAY, OF EACH IN THE PROJECTION FIELD, WHERE WE HAVE THE--ONLY SOMETIMES IN A PARTICULAR POSITION AND WE HAVE THE VENTRICLE IN THE CASE OF THE FOLLICULARS, SO THE INTERDORSALLY IN A--I FIND THIS SCHEME A BIT CONFUSING BECAUSE IT'S WELL, THE TEMPORAL FIBERS THERE, AND YOU SEE TEMPORALS AS WELL AND YOU SEE THE KD HA FIVE% SO IT'S JUST THE OPPOSITE. AND IT'S VERY COMMON COMMENTARY WHEN YOU SEE COMPARISON WITH THE SORT OF MAPS WHICH MIGHT BE [INDISCERNIBLE], PEOPLE TELL YOU THAT THE TOPOLOGY OF THE MAP IS TILTED. THEY USE THE WORD TILTED BECAUSE THE LINES SEEM TO BE TILTED, IN NO PARTICULAR ANGLE BUT THIS IS I'M TOLD IS A TOPOLOGY POINT OF VIEW IS ONLY THAT YOU'RE BENDING YOUR BRAIN WALL FROM THE MIDBRAIN. YOU'RE BEND TGF AT THE ENCEPHALON AND THEN YOU BEND THE AXIS AND THE FIBERS ARE JUST FOLLOWING WILL TOPOLOGY POSITION, THEY DON'T MIND THAT THE BRAIN IS BENT. SO THIS TILTING IS THE AFFECT OF THE BENDING OF THE AXIS AS YOU ENTER INTO THE ENCEPHALON. SO THERE'S NOT ANYTHING AT ALL. SO THE FIBERS ARE THE SAME POSITION IN EVERY CASE IN EVERY LEVEL. SO THE POSITION OF THE TILTED MATCH IS TELLING WHAT YOU IS THE REAL PRODICAL POSITIONS THAT THE FIBERS HAVE RECOGNIZED AND THEY CALL FROM ONE TO ANOTHER. THE ANALYSIS OF THIS DIFFERENT VISUAL CENTERS ACTUALLY HAVE A FIXED POSITION ACCORDING TO THE TELOMERES WAS FIRST TOUCHED OR ONLY TOUCHED BY [INDISCERNIBLE], 2001, ACTUALLY THESE PIECES BECAUSE OUR FRIEND IS [INDISCERNIBLE], AND HE WAS DOING THIS STUDY, I WAS THERE AT THE LABORATORY @ SAME TIME--AT THE SAME TIME AND HE SHOWED ME HIS MODAND HE WILL IT WAS ME THAT SORT OF SAID, I THINK YOU CAN ANALYZE THIS THING SO HE DIVIDED THE NEUROPILES INTO THE PROCEDURE AND THE POSITIONS RELATIVE TO THIS BENDING OF THE AXIS SO THIS IS THE TOPOLOGY OF THE BENDING OF THE AXIS I MENTIONED. AND HE ANALYZED THAT IN THE CHICKEN IS 89, DIFFERENT [INDISCERNIBLE] AS CAN YOU SEE, THE SAME DATA FOR THE MOUSE, HERE THE CHICKEN IS EASIER TO SEE THE GRAY ON THE FRONT OF THE TECT OHM, CAN YOU SEE THE STRONGER EXPRESSION OF THE FRONTAL MUST LEAD US TO THE PROTECT OHM AND THE INFORMATION HAS AN EQUAL GRADIENT IN THE SAME FOR THE PRETHAT WILL AMILLIO ICCOMPONENT. ON THE BACK YOU CAN SEE THE COMEGZ, THE STRONG NASAL AREA OF THIS [INDISCERNIBLE] AND AS WE GO THROUGH IT, THE BRAINS PARTICULARLY AND CAN YOU SEE THE SAME SORT OF AREA IN THE SECTION FOR INSTANCE, CAN YOU SEE THE STRONGLY EXPRESSION, OPPOSITE TO THE PATHOGEN YOU RECEIVE THE PROTECT OHM AND HERE CAN YOU SEE A FIVE AGAIN AND THE SAME IN THE SOLUTION, WITH THE SOLUTION AND AGAIN, IN THE PROTECT OHM, YOU CAN SEE THE STRONGER ONE HERE AND IN HERE YOU CAN SEE THESE PARTS STRONGER THERE. STRONGER THAN THAT. OT OTHER HAND CAN YOU SEE THAT THIS--THE LIP I EDUCATIONAL WHICH IS FILLING IN THIS SWITCH HERE IS NEGATIVE, IT'S NOT STAINING. FOR A FRIENDS AND AND THE SAME HAPPENS FOR THE TERMINAL IN THE PROTECT OHM, WE HAVE HERE AND THEY ALSO SEE THE STAIN. THAT MEANS THAT SOME SELECTIVE PARTS ARE POINTING THE VISUAL PATHWAY DON'T LABEL OR DON'T USE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] TO ORDER IN THE FABRIC, MAYBE THEY'RE NOT [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THEY DON'T NEED THE PRINTS BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT KD RETINAL LOCATION NONAPOPTOTIC TOPIC SO WE CAN FINALLY RECOVER AGAIN THE PROSOMERIC WITH THE HIPPO THALAMUS, PROPER MIDBRAINg>[m AND I'M SURE YOU'RE AWARE, THE RECIPE IN THE NUCLEI, SO THAT I PUT ALWAYS INTO THIS AREA OF TOPIC IN THE ORGANIZATION, IN BLUE IS THE TERMINAL ENDING OF THE TEMPORAL FAVOR, OF THE RETINA, AND IN ORANGE, THE FIBERS OF THE READINESS. YOU CAN SEE WITH THE BRAIN, THE FOLLICULARS TO THE RAY AND NUCLEUS OF THE TRACT, CAN YOU SEE THAT THERE'S THIS IMPATIENCE, THAT DOES NOT OCCUR AT THE BAND WIDTH AND SOME PEOPLE HAVE SAID, AND THAT OCCURS INSIDE THE MIDBRAIN, INSIDE THIS TWO OPTICAL NEUROPATH THAT FORM IN THE MIDBRAIN. ON THE OTHER HAND IN THE PROTECT OHM, WE'RE NOT AWEIGH THESE SENSE ARE A TOPIC FOR APPROPRIATIONS, MAYBE THEY DON'T NEED IT BECAUSE THIS IS FOR A TOPULAR REFLECTIONS AND WE NEED QUAWBTITY OF LIFE, POINT TO POINT REPRESENTATION, AND PROBABLY FOR THE [INDISCERNIBLE], REFLECTS, YOU REALLY NEED IN THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT IN THE FIELD, AND IN THIS CASE, WE ARE HERE, NASAL TEMPORAL MOVEMENT, AND MAYBE AGAIN NOT THE FIBERS THAT COME FROM NASAL OR TEMPORAL, WHEREAS IN THIS POSITION, HERE, WE ARE MAPPING VERTICAL, MOVEMENT OR MOVING STIMMULE I IN THE VISUAL FIELD, THEY DIVIDE THE SAME PATTERN AND NUCLEOTIDES CHEUS, AND THEY'RE LESS DATA FOR THE AREA, SO THE DOSES IS VERY SPECULATIVE, AND THIS ALBUT MIN HERE IS TO BE SIMILAR TO THE THIS AND THIS WAS MORE IMPORTANT APPARENTLY IN THE FROG THAT IT WAS IN MAMMALS OR IN THE--ON BIRTH, SO THAT IS WHERE IT SEEMED TO BE INTRODUCED, MAYBE, I'M NOT SURE THAT MAMMOTHS STILL HAVE TO SEPARATE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], IT HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY IDENTIFY AND THEN HAVE YOU THE [INDISCERNIBLE], NUCLEUS AGAIN, NOT RETINAL LOCATIONIN O TOPIC AND YOU SEE IN GENERAL, NEUROPATH VS A COMMON AXIS FOR THE NASAL TEMPORAL AND FOR THE CORRESPONDS TO THE LONG TIEWDINAL DIMENSION, AND SEPARATING WHAT IS GOING TO BE DORSAL FROM WHAT WILL BE VENTRAL AND ALSO WITH THE DORSAL VENTRAL IN THE RETINA, AND THEN WE HAVE IN THE TEND TO BE FORMED CLOSE TO ONE OF THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SAME AREA IN WHICH THEY ARE, CLOSE TO THE DORSAL BOUNDARY, CLOSE TO THE DORSAL BOUNDARY THIS, IS CLOSE TO THE CLOSAL BOUNDARY IN THIS CASE, AND THIS IS CLOSE TO WELL, YOU KNOW WHAT, SO YOU SEE THIS GENERALLALLITIES THAT CAN BE MADE OUT OF THIS OTHER THING. THE LINES SEPARATING WITH THE SEVENERAL NASAL, AX PEER TO SHOW THAT THE HOUR OF THEM DORSAL AND DORSAL VENTRAL LINES COMING FROM THE ROOF INTO THE BASIAN DECODER AT BOUNDARY, SO ALL OF THEM IN THE KD HA BEING EXPERIMENTAL FOUND TO BE, ACTUALLY CORRESPOND TO THE DORSAL VENTRAL LINES TRANSVERSAL LINES. OKAY SO THAT MEANS THAT THE PROSOMERIC MODELS GIVE YOU SOME SORT OF ORDER, THAT SEEMS TO BE GENERALLY APPLIED TO ALL THE PROJECTIONS INDEPENDENTLY THAT THEY ARE IN ONE OR OTHER OF THE PROSMERES OR THE OTHER PARTS SO THAT IS CURIOUS. AND. , THE TOPIC, ARE OPTICAL IMAGES O KINETIC SORT OF FIBERS FROM THERE, FROM THE READ RETINA. IN THE CASE OF THE FIBERS, OTHER IT IS AND IDENTIFY POSITIONS IN THE RETINA WHERE YOU CAN FIND CELLS AND SELECTIVE FOR UPPER MOVEMENT THE OR DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF SPARE OR STIMULI OR NASAL TEMPORAL MOVEMENT, AND THIS SORT OF THING PROSGEEKS TYPICALLY, TO THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL OR TO THE LATERAL TEMPORAL AND TERMINAL, EXCUSE ME, AND NUCLEUS OF THE AXIS, FOLLOWING IN PARTICULAR, AND DIRECTION OF THE FIBERS, AND THIS ALSO IDENTIFY ALSO WITHIN THE MEDIATE TEMPORAL,A IT COULD RECOGNIZE THE DOMAINS IS MAINLY UP ONE, WITH THE HISTORY, SAYS MOVEMENT AND DISTANCE SAYS IN THIS AREA, DOMAIN, HE HAS MAINLY DOWNWARD MOVEMENT. THAT MEANS SOME PARTITION WITHIN THIS NUCLEI, SO IT'S NOT BEEN NAYS ASTERISKS VERSES TEMPORAL, BUT UPWARDS OR NAYS AT TEMPORAL, SO NOW, IT'S TEMPORAL MOVEMENT BUT IN ANY CASE, THIS TERMINAL, AND VISION INSIDE OF THIS, THAT MIGHT BE EXPLAINABLE BY THE PROSOMERIC ANALYSIS ITSELF BECAUSE IT WILL GO HERE TO A MAP OF THIS EXTRAORDINARY NUCLEUS OF THE AXIS OF THE OPTICAL PUBLIC HERE, SUEY WHAT IS INEVERYBODY EIGHTED AND THIS IS MAIN TAUGHT WAY, WE FORGET ABOUT IT, THIS IS THE AXIS OF THE OTHER ROUTE. HERE WE SEE THAT THE CREATION INTO THE [INDISCERNIBLE], THEN WE GET FIBERS SEPARATING GOING INTO THE MEDIAL TERMINAL OR INTO THE INTEGRAL LEAFLET, OR IN THE NUCLEUS OR ALL GOING HERE TO THE LALERAL TERMINAL, DORSAL TERMINAL. IN THE CASE OF THE NUCLEUS, SEATING ACROSS THESE THREE SEGMENTS OF THE ENCEPHALON, THEY WILL EXPLAIN WHAT THEY HAD [INDISCERNIBLE] MAYBE IN THIS SPOT, YOU HAVE THESE AND THIS IS DOWNWARD MOVEMENT, SO SOME OF THE DISTINKDZ, MIGHT BE RELATE THAD YOU HAVE YOURSELF IN DIFREPRESENTIAL PROPERTIES IN EACH ONE OF THE SEGMENTAL COMPONENT OF THE NUCLEUS, SO THIS IS JUST TO SHOW [INDISCERNIBLE] LABELING WITH THE PATHWAY YOU CAN SEE THE FIBERS ACTUALLY SEPARATE FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ACTUALLY TAKE THIS AND HOW THEY MOVE AROUND, THE MUTE O GENIC AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE, HOW THE FIBER PASSING BEHIND IT IN AND [INDISCERNIBLE], IN FRONT OF THE THIS HERE SO ALL THIS, YOU FIND IN GLEEL, LIFE, CAN YOU SEE IN THE SCHEMA AND HOW THIS RELATES TO BOUNDARIES IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] MODEL SO ALL THIS IS NOT ACCIDENTAL, THEY'RE MOVING BECAUSE THERE'S A BOUNDARY THERE AND THRER GOING INTO DORSAL BOUNDARY. SO THEY KNOW HERE, THAT THEY HAVE REACHES THE END OF THE THALAMUS AND THEY KNOW THEY ARE CLOSE TO THE PROTECT OME, AND DOWN TO THE DORSAL POSITION ALONG THE BOUNDARY OF THAT POSITION. SO MANY [INDISCERNIBLE] SO FAR THAT YOU SEE, THAT SEEM TO BE COMP PLETELY ANON MOUSE AND THAT MEANS THEY ARE LEADING OUT TO WHERE THEY ARE, THEY ARE CHOOSING A PATH, YOU KNOW TO REACH THIS AND THE ONE TO REACH SO THINGS CAN BE QUITE COMPLICATED AS THIS IMAGE SHOWS BUT THE WAY IN BLUE, SUE THE THIS, AND THE BLANKET COMES DOWN AND THEN BENDS AND CONTINUES INTO THE PREAMINAL TRACT AND BASICALLY ALL THE TRACKS GET TO BE MUCH MORE ORDERED SCHEMA HERE IN THE MODTHEY'LL THEY DON'T USE THE MODEL. THAT'S ALL. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. [ APPLAUSE ] >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> WHICH ONE DID YOU SAY? >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] THAT IS WHAT IS SAID, SOME OF THEM GO THROUGH THE REGULAR OPTIC TRACK IS SOME OTHERS COME FROM THE BASAL BUT THEY SELECTIVELY TOUCH IT THERE. >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] I DON'T HEAR YOU VERY WELL SO I'M NOT SURE I UNDERSTOOD YOUR QUESTION, IT'S ODD BECAUSE IT'S SORT OF OBLIQUE, IT'S AND IT'S SLANTED SO THAT'S WHY I SAY AND NADE AND IT OUT. . >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> SOME RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER OF PATIENTSATHY, BECAUSE THEY'RE RECOGNIZE INDEED THE SAME MOVEMENT, THEY ARE IN THE TEMPORAL FIELD, SO, IT SEEMS TO BE RELEVANT TO TRIGGER THE REFLECTIONS FROM THE PARTICULAR POINT IN THE TOPIC FIELD. SO FROM THAT POINT OF VIEW, YOU WILL EXPECT THEM TO BE AND--WITH THE FREBDS AND SO OSO MAYBE IT'S SOME OTHER THEY THINK THAT RELATES TO THEIR RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER OF PATIENTSATHY, SO IT HASN'T BEEN FUN YET AND PEOPLE USUALLY WHEN THEY ANALYZE THIS MATERIAL, THEY ARE NOT INDUCING OPTIMAL OR OPTIMALLY SECTIONS, SO THE SECTION IN THE OBLIQUE NUCLEI, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ANALYZE WHERE THEY ARE, NASAL TEMPORAL, SO I ALWAYS THOUGHT IT WAS MAYBE CUTTING A BETTER [INDISCERNIBLE], AND SO I JUST PICKED UP THE TOPIC AND [INDISCERNIBLE], BUT THE DATA ARE NOT CLEAR. >> OKAY, THANK YOU VERY. [ APPLAUSE ]