>> SO, WELCOME. IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE TODAY'S SPEAKER DR. GIACOMO RIZZOLATTI, HE IS THE DOCTOR OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY IN ITALY AND HE WAS BORN IN THE SOVIET UNION AT THIS TIME, NOW IT'S THE UKRAINE. HE STUDIED MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY. HE STUDIED AT THE UNIVERSITY IN ONTARIO CANADA. HE HAS BEEN PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN BRAIN BEHAVIOR SOCIETY AND ITALIAN SOCIETY OF NEUROSCIENCE. HE'S HONORARY MEMBER OF ACADEMY OF ART AND SCIENCES. HE RECEIVED MANY AWARDS SUCH AS GOLD PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY, GEORGE MILLER AWARD FOR PRELIMINARY PRIZE FOR MEDICINE AND A PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY GRUBER MAYOR AWARD, FOUNDATION SURPRISE FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND [INDISCERNIBLE] PRIZE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. AS YOU MAY KNOW, GIACOMO DISCOVERED MININEURONS. I BELIEVE THIS IS 1 OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE. , BEFORE THIS DISCOVERY, INTERNAL SCIENCE WAS DEVOTED TO SCIENCE ITSELF. IT DID NOT CARE ABOUT OTHERS. WITH GIACOMO'S DISCOVERY WE HAVE A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE IS GOOD BECOMING A VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC THANKS TO GIAX COMO--GIACOMO'S DISCOVERY. BEFORE, THAT, HE MADE SO MANY INTERESTING DISCOVERIES, MANY ISSUES, INCLUDING THE [INDISCERNIBLE] SUPERIOR VISUAL CORTEX, INTERHEMISPHERIC INTERACTIONS, STEANINGS AND AND--ATTENTION AND EYE MOVEMENT AND SPEECH AND LANGUAGE AND SONG. SO WE'RE VERY GLAD AND EAGER TO HEAR FROM GIACOMO RIZZOLATTI, HAS PROGRESSED AND HOW IT HAS BEEN IN THE PAST AND HOW IT WILL GROW IN THE FUTURE. TODAY'S TITLE IS THE MIRAKA O MECHANISM: A NEURAL MECHANISM FOR UNDERSTANDING OTHERS. [ APPLAUSE ] >> SO NOW, LET'S IMAGINE THAT YOU GO INSIDE THE BAR AND YOU SEE A CUSTOMER DRINKING A GLASS OF BEER SO I THINK YOU IMMEDIATELY, WE TALKED BEFORE TO RECOGNIZE WHAT'S GOING ON, THIS GUY IS GRASPING A GLASS OF BEER AND EVEN ACCORDING TO HOW THE GLASS IS GRAP'D. SO--GRASPED, HE WILL DRINK IT BUT IF IT'S LIKE THAT, IT'S VERY LIGHT. SO IN A VERY SHORT TIME, I WON'T SAY HOW MUCH BUT IN A VERY SHORT TIME, YOU MAKE A RECOGNITION OF THE ACTION, MAYBE ALSO INTENTION, SO HOW THIS HAPPENS? THE CLASSICAL VIEW, THE TRADITIONAL VIEW, DERIVE FRIDAY PHILOSOPHY IS THAT YOU FIRST DESCRIBED THE VISUAL OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT AND THEN YOU INFER USING SOME HIGHER ORDER. MAYBE LANGUAGE OR SOME LANGUAGE SIMILAR PRO SEASES, WHAT IS GOING ON--PROCESS, WHAT IS GOING ON. SO THAT'S THE POINT. HAVE YOU A VISUAL DESCRIPTION AND THEN HAVE YOU INFER ENSEL RELATED TO YOUR HIGH ORDER CAPACITY. WELL, THERE IS ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW AGAIN, AND WE GO BACK, WITH THE TERMINOLOGY WHICH CLAIMED THAT THE SAME SUGGESTION IS NOT EVEN, BUT MAYBE THE PURPOSE WHO ELABORATED THE MOST AT THIS POINT. SO SOMEHOW WHAT YOU SEE HAVE A REFLICKS IN YOUR OWN ACTIVITY AND YOU DON'T NEED ANY INTERFERENCE OVER ANY LANGUAGE PROCESS IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY MEASURE IN BEFORE. YOU HAVE A KIND OF COPY OF THE ACTION DOWN BY THE OTHER IN YOUR BRAIN AND THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE VISUAL COPY AND THEN MOTOR COPY AND IT WOULD TELL YOU WHY, MOTOR COPY IS THE BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING. SO I'M--ACTUALLY I'M FOCUS ON THE DOGMATIC, I THINK BOTH MECHANISMS I JUST DESCRIBED, I'M SURE IN SOME OCCASION WE MEET AND WE MUST BE RAY KIND OF SHERLOCK HOMES THINKING AND DESCRIBE, BUT BOTH OF US CONSIDER FOR MANY, BY MOST PSYCHOLOGIST, IT'S A KIND OF POETRY. IT'S ACTUALLY DREW. WE HAVE MECHANISM WHICH ALLOW US TO HAVE I RELATION WITH THE OTHER AND UNDERSTAND THE OTHER WITHOUT HIGHER ORDER INTERFERENCE PROCESS. SO THIS MECHANISM, IT'S THE MIRROR MECHANISM AND NOW I WILL TRY TO SHOW IN WHAT IS THIS MECHANISM AND WHERE IT'S LOCATED. SO HOW INITIAL EXPERIMENT AS WE MENTIONED BEFORE ON THE MOTOR CORTEX, SO WE APPROACHED THE MOTOR CORTEX SINCE LATE 80S, AND EARLY 90S, USING SOMETHING, USING AN APPROACH WHICH IS MORE AND PEOPLE ENVISION STARTED TODAY THE VISUAL SYSTEM, SO FOR EACH UNIT, WE'RE CALL INDEED THE MODEL SYSTEM, WE TRY TO SEE WHICH ARE THE TRIGGER FEATURE AND BECAUSE OF THAT, WE AVOIDED A RIGID PARADIGM IN WHICH THE MONKEY JUST REACH OR GRAB SOMETHING, WE HAVE THE KIND OF ETICS TO LOGICAL APPROACH, SO WE PLAY WITH THE MONKEY AND LOOK AT HOW IT RESPONDED. WHAT YOU SEE HERE BECAUSE OF EDUCATION, LOOKING AT MYSELF, AND THE TONICS OF THOSE DOSE IN THE MOTOR CORTEX AND NOW THIS IS ACCEPTED BY MANY, IT WILL BE OBVIOUSLY IN THE NEXT EDITION OF [INDISCERNIBLE], BUT FOR THOSE THAT ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE F4 AND F5 REPRESENT THE PREMOTOR CORTEX INSTEAD THESE ARE THE CLUBS, STARTING AREA, WE FOUND AN INTERESTING THING. THE FIRST 1 WAS THAT MOST NEURONS DO NOT HAVE MOVEMENT BUT CAUSE MOTOR ACT. WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOTOR ACT. MOVEMENT YOU CAN ILLICIT BY ELECTRICAL OR MAGNETIC STIPULATION ASK ALSO WHY YOU USE YOUR HAND, DO YOU A LOT OF MOVEMENT AND SOMETIME THE MOVEMENT, ORGANIZE THE SPECIFIC PARTNER, THAT ALLOW YOU TO REACH A GOAL. TAKEN--THEY'S A MOTOR ACT, AND THEY LEADS IN A WAY TO REACH SUCH A GOAL. SO WE FOUND IN NEURON 5, THAT'S ALMOST ALL GOAL. SO WE HAVE A MORE RECENT 1 AND I DO NOT HAVE TIME TODAY TO SHOW YOU, IT'S VERY CLEAR, BUT IF YOU RECORD NEURFROM 5, THIS NEURON CANNOT EXPLAIN TERRIBLE MOVEMENT BECAUSE IT DISCHARGE WITH THE MONKEY GRASP WITH THE RIGHT HAND, LEFT HAND, SO DIFFERENT SET OF MOVEMENTS INVOLVED, ANOTHER PROPERTY THE OTHER 1 IS THE GOAL WHICH CUT OFF RATHER THAN THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT, AND ANOTHER PROPERTY OF THIS AREA WAS THE FACT THAT MANY NEURONS IN F5, IS CHARGED WHEN YOU SHOW AN OBJECT NONAPOPTOTIC THE MONKEY. SO THE MORCHG SECOMLITELY STEEL. THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE OBJECTS ARE CORRELATED WITH THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT CORRELATED BY THAT NEURON. SO IF YOU HAVE A NEURON, WHICH FOR PRECISION GREAT, THE PRESENTATION OF RAISIN MAY DETERMINE EACH CHARGE IF YOU HAVE A NEURON WHICH IS CODE, ALL HAND GRASPING, AND SOMETHING ROUND. THIS TYPE OF TRANSFORMATION OF A OBJECT TO DISCHARGE NEURON, IT'S A PROCESS WE START AND IT HAS BEEN STARTED BY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND IT CONTINUES IN 5. SO IN THIS WAY, OBJECT IN A SENSE TRANSFORMED IN POTENTIAL MOTOR ACT. SO THIS NEURON 5, BUT THE MONKEY DOES NOT MOVE, IT'S JUST THERE, READY TO BE USED IN CASE THE PREFRONTAL LOBE OR OTHER STATUTE ALLOWED THE ACTION. WHILE WE WERE STUDY THANKSGIVING NEURON, WE FOUND THAT IN SOME CASE, THE INITIAL OBJECT WAS NOT ENOUGH. BUT IT REQUIRED, SO LET'S IMAGINE, I TEST MY MONKEY PRESENTING AN OBJECT LIKE THAT AND SAID DISCHARGE WAS NOT 1 I WAS PRESENTING BUT WHAT I WAS GRASPING IN ORDERED TO PRO SENT. SO THE OBJECT, AND MY HAND WERE A NECESSITY SO AN ACTION IN THE OBJECT WAS A NECESSITY TO TRIGGER THE NEURON. HERE IS AN OLD EXAMPLE, IF YOU LOOK AT B, THE MONKEY'S GRATESP BE AND RAISING, HE EXPERIMENT WITH GRASPING AND IN BOTH CASES, THERE IS THIS CHARGE. SO NOW I WILL SHOW A MOTOR NEURON, MANY OF YOU IT IS MOVING BECAUSE I SHOW IT'S SEVERAL OCCASIONS. BUT STILL, IT'S THE BEST WAY TO DEMONSTRATE THE PHENOMENON. SO I LIKE TO SHOW YOUR DOG MAY BE BORING FOR SOMEBODY BUT YOU SEE THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OF IT. SO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO LOOK AT. THAT'S A GRASPING NEURON. YOU HAVE TO CORRELATE THE ACTION WITH THE [INDISCERNIBLE]. THIS IS THE SAME NEURON. [UNINTELLIGIBLE AUDIO FROM VIDEO ] THE GOAL IS THE SAME. SO THIS IS THE PHENOMENON AND ONCE YOU HAVE THE ELECTRODE INSIDE THE 5 IN A CERTAIN PART OF IT BECAUSE THE NEURONS APPROXIMATE 20-25% MORE, SO [INDISCERNIBLE], THERE YOU HAVE IT. YOU DON'T NEED A COMPLEX STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OR COMPLEX CHARTS, THIS PROCESS IS EASY TO RECOGNIZE. WE CAN SHOW HOW IT'S CONSTANT SO IT'S GOING ON, 1 POINT WHICH WE HAVE BEEN ASKED SEVERAL TIME FIST WE NEED TO CONDITION THE MONKEY FOR DOING THAT, NO? IN THIS CASE FOR EXAMPLE, THE MONKEY IN A IS SIMPLY AN INTRUDER, HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH EXPERIMENTS FOR WHICH WE ACCORD AND IT'S GRAFTING, EATING AND DOING THINGS AND EVERY TIME MONKEY A IS GRAFTING SOMETHING, THERE IS THIS CHARGE IN THE BRAIN OF THE OTHER MONKEY, SO THE MONKEY WOULD NEVER RECEIVE ANY WORD BECAUSE IT'S RECEIVED BY THE INTRUDER. WELL, NOW WHEN WE DISCOVER THAT, OF COURSE WE HAVE TO FIND EXPLANATION WHY THIS NEURON DO THIS STRANGE THING AND I MUST CONFESS AT BEGINNING WE THOUGHT IT SHOULD BE SOMETHING WITH THIS MUTATION, I THINK HUMANS THIS MECHANISM IS PLACED WITH THE--BUT THE EVOLUTIONARY SEEMS NOT TO BE INVITATION BECAUSE MONKEY DO NOT IMITATE WITH THEIR HAND AND ARE LEARNED BY HAND AND THEY HAVE FACIAL EXPRESSION WHICH THEY REPLICATE AND SO ON, BUT ONLY [INDISCERNIBLE] IT CANNOT BE INVITATION BECAUSE THIS MECHANISM WILL BE WITHOUT BEHAVIOR COUNTERPART. SO THE OTHER IDEA WAS A BIT INSPIRED BY MODERATE LANGUAGE THAT THESE--THIS COPY OF THE ACTION, IT'S REQUIRED IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE OTHER ARE DOING, SO THE GOAL OF AN ACTUAL OBSERVER, BECAME CODED IN THE MOTOR CORTEX, OF THE OBSERVED. SO HOW TO DEMONSTRATE IT SO 1 WAY OF COURSE, IT'S LESIONS BUT WE WERE A BIT SCARED BECAUSE SIMULTANEOUSLY WE FOUND THAT AT THE SAME TIME, WE FOUND IT WAS ON THE LEFT SIDE AND RIGHT SIDE, IT WAS IN THE PARIETAL LOBE, SO TO MAKE SUCH A BIG LESION, I WAS AFRAID TO HAVE A DEMANDED MONKEY SO WE USE ANOTHER STRATEGY TO CHANGE THE CONTINGENCY, WHAT HAPPENS INSTEAD OF VISUAL STIMULI, WITH OTHER STIMULI WHICH DESCRIBE ACTION, THERE IS SPECIFIC NOISE WHICH DESCRIBE ACTION, SO WE USE IT THIS TIME NOW THERE ARE DATA FROM CLINICAL --AND DISASSOCIATION BETWEEN FACIAL AND MOTOR--IN THE MANKY AND JUST TO MAKE AN EXAMPLE, IF YOU ARE IN YOUR HOTEL AND YOU HEAR SOMETHING LIKE THAT YOU CAN RECOGNIZE SOMEBODY'S WALKING, IT'S A TYPICAL NOISE, FOR THE MONKEY IT'S A TYPICAL 1, YOU BREAK PEANUTS OR YOU BREAK SOMETHING IT'S A NOISE WHICH REALLY CHARACTERIZE VERY NICELY IN ACTION, SO THAT'S WHAT WE SHOULD FORTIFY THIS GOING IN SCIENCE IN WHICH WE SHOW IT THAT THE MURAL NEURONS ARE DISCHARGED WHEN THE MONKEY SEE AND HEAR THE SOUND. WHEN THEY SEE THE AND DESCRIBE INDEED A CERTAIN ACTION, PRODUCE IT, AND DISCHARGE IT STRONGER, IT'S THE BLUE CURVE THEN OTHER TYPE OF NOISE, WHITE NOISE OR OTHER ACTION WHICH WE'RE NOT SPECIFIC FOR THAT TYPE OF ACTION. AND THEN, WE TRIED ALSO TO SEE IN SOME NEURON THE MOTOR PROPERTIES THERE. THAT WAS NOT THE OLD CASES, WE COULD TEST THEM, BUT ANYWAY, IT WAS VERY CLEAR THAT THE SOUND ALONE PRODUCE IT, PROVIDE THAT IT WAS DESCRIBED IN THE TYPICAL NOISE FOR THAT NEURON. THE OTHER EXPERIMENT WAS THEN, JUST FOLLOWING IDEA, SO WHAT HAPPENS IF THE MONKEY CANNOT SEE THE FEATURE OF THE TYPICAL FEATURE OF THE NEURONS BUT STILL CAN DEDUCE WHAT IS THE ACTION. SO WE SELECTED ONLY THOSE NEURONS WHICH IN NORMAL BEHAVIOR HAVE IT FOR DISTAL MOVEMENT, AND WE TEST IT. FIRST ON THE LEFT SIDE, THE TYPICAL INTERSYSTEM, AND THEY'RE OBSERVING IN VIVO, 1 OF OUR STUDENTS GRASPING AN ORAGE, THEN THERE WAS NOTHING. AND FOR MONKEY, MIMICKING IT'S NOT ABLE TO TRIGGER NEURONS AND THEN THE USUAL IS THE THIRD MANLE IN WHICH WE PUT A SCREEN, THERE IS A BLACK SCREEN. SO THE MONKEY--SO THE BEGINNING OF THE MOVEMENT WHICH WAS REACHING AND NOT GRASPING, AND NOTHING ELSE, YOU WILL SEE IT'S MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN, I MUST SAY THIS IS A VERY SIMPLIFIED FORM. WE HAVE TO ASK ABOUT THE LOCATION OF THIS AND SOPHISTICATED ON, BUT ANYWAY, THE ESSENCE, IT'S VERY SIMPLE. SORRY. THIS IS JUST PLAIN MIRROR RESPONSE. [UNINTELLIGIBLE AUDIO ] SO THE DISCHARGE FOR THE MONKEY DOESN'T SEE THE REACTION, THE MONKEY DOESN'T SEE GRASPING BUT THEY DO HAVE A KIND OF CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND, IT SEEM THERE IS IS THIS OBJECT, AND YOU DO THAT, IT'S MOST LIKE GRAFTING AND HERE IS THE CONTROL IN WHICH THE MONKEY SEES ESSENTIALLY THE SAME. THERE IS NO DISCHARGE. THERE IS SOME LATE DISCHARGE BUT WHO IS EXPERT OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, SO, NOW, AT THIS POINT, OUR CONCLUSION, WITH THE MIRROR ECIMISM, IT'S A MECHANISM WHICH TRANSLATE THE SENSORY INFORMATION IN THE MODEL FORMAT. AND THIS MODEL FORMAT SEEMS THE SAME FORMAT WE USE WHETHER WE DO ACTION, IT'S USEFUL FOR UNDERSTANDING. SOME PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN THEY SAID, OH, WELL, SO WHILE NEURONS FIRE IT'S THAT PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE THING, BUT IF THAT'S WHAT--TELL BE SOMETHING WITH THE NEUROONS FIRE AND THEN [INDISCERNIBLE] DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. WHAT HAPPENS, IS WHEN THE NEURONS FIRE, THEY EXCITE, THEY IGNITE OR DETERMINE THE ACTIVATION OF MANY OTHER NEURONS WHICH INCLUDE--NOW THERE'S A BEAUTIFUL PAPER BY ROGER AND ARE THE CORTICALE SPINAL TRACT, SO YOU HAVE A BIG SCHEMA MODEL SCHEMA IN YOUR BRAIN, SO THE MIRROR NEURON IS THE MECHANISM TO TRIGGER IT, IT'S NOT THEIR JOB TO SAY, YOU UNDERSTAND THE THING, BUT THEIR JOB IS TO TRANSFORM SENSORY INFORMATION AND THE SIN OPTIC CONNECTION TO HAVE ACTIVITY IN OTHER PREMOTOR NEURONS TO HAVE ACTIVITY IN CORTICALE SPINAL TRACT AND FROM CLINICAL STUDY, WITH THE BASAL GANGLION YOU HAVE A SCHEMEATIC. YOU HAVE THE TERMS AND THIS MOTOR SCHEME IS MATCHED, IT IS NOT JUST THE DISCHARGE OF X NUMBER OF NEURONS WE DETERMINE, SO THERE IS--I DON'T THINK THERE IS ANYTHING MAGIC BUT RATHER IT'S A WAY IN WHICH NOW WHAT I PRESENTED UP TO NOW ARE [INDISCERNIBLE] WE PUBLISHED IN THE BEGINNING OF THIS CENTURY. NOW SOMETHING NEW. NOW I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU SOME DATA WHICH WE'LL OBTAIN IT. WITH YOUR [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THE REASON TO WORK WITH IT, THE ARE THE SINGLE NEURONS BUT IF 1 WERE TO HAVE THE WHOLE CIRCUIT, IT'S BETTER TO HAVE SOMETHING LIKE MRI, FMRI, SO IN [INDISCERNIBLE] THEY FOUND IT'S NOT SO DIFFICULT TO TRAIN A MONKEY TO BE USEFUL FOR FMRI, SO THE MONKEY TRAINED TO SIT IN A STINK POSITION, THERE IS A LIGHT HERE, THE LIGHT CHANGE COLOR AND THE MONKEY REENFORCED IT EVERY TIME THE COLOR CHANGE. SO IT'S VERY SIMPLE PARADIGM. CAN YOU DO OUTSIDE SCANNER, WHEN THE MONKEY LEARNED TO DO THAT. TO SIT IN THIS POSITION AND TO DO THE TASK. YOU CAN PUT INSIDE THE SCANNER AND FOR 45 OR 50 MINUTES, IT GOES WELL. THE MONK SEQUIET AND IT IS TAKEN BY THE TASK AND 1 CAN PRESENT SIMULTANEOUSLY AROUND THE FIXATION POINT, YOU PRESENT MOVIES AND THEN CAN YOU LEARN, WHAT IS THE AREA WHICH BECAME ACTIVE, WHAT IS THE CIRCUIT WITH WHICH THEY BECAME ACTIVE AND 1 YOU PRESENT, SO WE PRESENT 2 TYPE OF MOVIE, GIRL GRASPING AN OBJECT OR JUST A HAND AND IF YOU LOOK HERE, THERE ARE SEVERAL, BUT IF YOU LOOK AT 3 TEST TESLA WHICH IS THE BEST, YOU SEE THAT IN THIS CASE, THE ACTIVATION'S VERY STRONG IN SDS, IN THE INTERRAPARIETAL SALTUS AND IN THE REG AROUND 5, IT GOES EVEN MORE TOWARDS THE FRONTAL LOBE, SO THAT'S--THERE ARE 3 SPOTS AND THEN WE SHOW YOU LATER THE SAME IS TRUE FOR HUMANS. ONE HAS TO BE CAREFUL, THAT THE STS IS THE AREA WHICH HAS BEEN STUDIED, FOR EXAMPLE, HE DESCRIBED THE COMPLEX HAND OBJECT INTERACTION BLUE AS FAR AS I KNOW THERE IS NO MOTOR ACTIVITY THERE. WE ALSO TRY TO DO EXPERIMENT WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE HAVE NOT FOUND IT TO BE INTERACTIVE SO STS SEEMS TO BE VISUAL AREA, BUT IS THE AREA PROJECTED TO THE 2 NODES OF THE ACTION OF OBSERVATIONS WHICH IS THE PARIETAL LOBE AND THE PREMOTOR. >> THE P-GP AND SO ON ARE CYTOKETONNIC AREAS AND THEY'RE DESCRIBED BY THE COWORKERS COWORKERS AND WE USE IT TO ADD INSIDE THE SALKUS, AND THEN A SERIES OF AREAS IN STS AND THERE ARE SO MANY AND THEY DON'T STAND BUT FOR ME IT'S A MYSTERY HOW MANY THERE ARE. SOME OF COURSE ARE WELL KNOWN BUT THEN THERE ARE OTHER. WELL, WORK IS THE RESULT OF THIS AS FAR AS THE PARIETAL LOBE IS CONCERNED, IT WAS CLEAR THAT IT WAS 1 AREA, WHICH IS STRONGLY INVOLVEMENT ON THE COMPLEXITY WHICH IS RFP OF G, USING ON THE COLUMN AND INSIDE THE SALT IS ESSENTIALLY, WE HAVE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIP AND EXPERIMENTS BUT I'M NOT SURE WHAT IT MEANS BUT AAP AND PFG ARE REALLY THE 2 NODES WHICH IN ALL EXPERIMENTS ARE ACTIVE. NOW, HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF STS? SO TOGETHER WHICH PREFER ACTION TO SCRAM BERNEA DEET OR STATIC STEELER, BUT WHICH 1 IS REALLY IMPORTANT THE WAY WE THOUGHT IT'S THE BEST IS TO DO SOMETHING INACTIVE, AND INJECT THE PFB IP AND WHICH OF THIS AREA RECEIVE INFORMATION. YOU CAN GET THIS IDEA THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR OBSERVATION. HERE ARE 2 EXPERIMENT AND YOU CAN SEE WITHOUT GOING INTO THE TAPE, THAT 1--THE TRACE IS INJECT INDEED PFG. HAVE YOU ESSENTIALLY THE DOSE BANK OF STS. WHY, WHEN YOU INJECT IAPP, IT'S MORE IN THE VENTRIL INCLUDING THE INTRA TEMPORAL LOBE AND THAT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE IT INTEGRATE THE OBJECT, THE LOBE CAN HAVE ACCESS TO THIS ON HOW TO MODEL IT, OR TO GIVE SOME IMPORTANT INFORMATION, WELL, TO MAKE THE STORY SHORT, HERE IS THE SUMMARY THAT'S PUBLISHED IT RECENTLY, AND YOU SEE THERE ARE 2 STREAM, 1 COMING FROM THE DORSAL PART OF STS AND GOING TO PFG, AND 1 IS COMING FROM THE VENTRAL AND IS GOING TO IAPP, EAPP, EVERYBODY KNOWS THERE ARE MANY NEURONS RELATED TO HAND MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF ACCORDANCES, I MENTIONED BEFORE, BUT THERE ARE ALSO NEURONS AND RECORDING NEURONS WE FOUND THERE ARE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF THEM THERE. WELL, NOW, 1 QUESTION, WHICH I HAVE BEEN ASKED OFTEN BUT WHY STS, IS NOT ENOUGH. WE HAVE MOW MANY IMPORTANT INFORMATION, THE WORK OF PARENTS MANY YEARS AGO, SHOW THAT EVEN THIS STAFF, GRASPING OBJECT IS REPRESENTED, ESPECIALLY IN THIS AREA HERE, AND LP 2 ACCORDING SO WHY STS IS NOT ENOUGH. WELL IS 1 CONCEPTUAL ACTION FOR UNDERSTANDING AND 1 IS RATED TO IMPERICAL FINDING, THE CONCEPTURAL POINT OF VIEW, IF YOU THINK WHAT MEANS UNDERSTANDING GRASPING, IT SHOULD BE 1 THAT IS NOT ONLY 1 EFFECT. GRASPING YOU MUST GENERALIZE, IT'S GRASPING IF I DO THAT, GRASPING IF I USE IT, TOO IF I USE IT, SO SOMETHING VISUAL DESCRIPTION, DESCRIBE ONLY 1 THING AND ALL THE DATA WE HAVE ON STS IS EXACTLY THAT. SO IF YOU HAVE A NEURON WHICH DESCRIBE GRASPING WITH FINGER THIS, NEURON IS NOT DESCRIBED GRASPING IN WITH THE MOUTH. SO THIS LEVEL OF GENERALIZATION IS ACHIEVED LATER IN THE PARIETAL AND IN PREMOTOR CORTEX. SO IN DATA WE PROVE THAT THIS EXPERIMENT, THIS IS THE STATE, SO LET'S IMAGINE, ARE A PERSON TO SEE SOME ACTION, THEN EITHER WITH THE HEAD OR WITH THE HAND. AND THEN YOU STIMULATE A DIFFERENT SITUATION. SO THIS IS OBITUATION, IT'S NOT SPECIFIC FOR 1 ACTION IF YOU SEE THE PREMOTOR CORTEX, IT'S SPECIFIC FOR THE ACTION WHICH IS CODED IN STS. SO IN STS IF YOU'RE OBITUATED FOR MANY ACTION, IT'S ONLY 1 WHICH IS A NOT WITH ALL OF THEM. I AM SORRY, THIS EXPERIMENT DONE BY KATANA WITH CMS, I EXPERIENCE IT SHORTLY BUT THE POINT IS THAT GENERALIZATION OCCURS IN THE PREMOTOR CORTEX. BUT THERE IS NO GENERALIZATION IN STS. WELL, NOW SOMETHING ELSE. THAT'S ANOTHER COLLABORATION WE STARTED AND GATHER PEOPLE AND YOU ALWAYS USE THE STIMULI, YOU MOVE AROUND THE MONKEY AND YOU AREINIZE TO HAVE--THERE IS A LOT OF STABILITY IF YOU COPYRIGHTIFY. THIS IS STARTED WITH THE DOSE. SO THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL AND WE WORK WITH THEM AND THEY PREPARE FILMS AND WE FOUND THAT YOU'REONS GET 5, 5, BOTH, 1 OF THESE IN THE STIMULUS, THAT SEEMS TO BE ANOTHER BUT IT'S EXPERIMENTAL BUT ALSO 1 YOU PRESENT, MOVIE. SO IT'S NOT NECESSITY. THE TRICK IS AGAIN CONDITIONING SO THE MONKEY FIXES IT'S POINT, AND THEN AROUND ARE ABLE TO TRIGGER NEURONS. WELL, THEN, THE IDEA WAS TO SEE WHAT HAPPENS, THE MONKEY, SEE, ACTION MADE FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. GENTLEMAN. SO YOU SEE--SO YOU SEE HERE, THE MONKEY GRASPING AND YOU OBSERVE MONKEY IN THIS WAY, THIS 180-DEGREE, HERE IT'S ECHO CENTRIC PERSPECTIVE, HERE IS 90. SO THE RESULTS ARE HERE. SO WE FOUND, INDEED EFFECTIVE NEURONS WHICH PREFER 1 OF THE PERSPECTIVES, SO THIS NEURON IT'S UNSPECIFIC, BUT THE OTHER CLEARLY PREFER THE--I THINK THIS IS BLUE, SO IT PREFERS THE 0-DEGREE AND THIS IS PREFERRED 100-DEGREE. SO OF COURSE THEY ARE OTHER NEWS WE DON'T DO IT BUT ANYWAY, IN GENERAL THERE IS A CLEAR TREND FOR SOME THAN FOR THE OTHER. WELL, NOW FOR US, WILL IT BE PROGRAM? SO FOR PEOPLE WHO IS A STUDENT OF BOCCO WELL IT'S CLEAR, HAVE YOU DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW AND THEN HAVE YOU A KIND OF NEURONS OF HIGHER ORDER WHICH PUT TOGETHER THE DIFFERENCE POINT OF VIEW AND GIVE YOU A GENERAL VIEW OF 3, 4, OR HOW MANY. THERE IS DIFFICULTY. SO THIS NEURON ARE MOTOR NEURON SO THEY SAY, GRASPING, SO WHAT'S MATTER? IF IT'S GRASPING FROM THE LEFT, FROM THE RIGHT, FROM TOP DOWN, TO THINK ABOUT GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, IF YOU HAVE A NEURON, AND IT FIRES, IT DOESN'T MATTER, HOW IT HAS BEEN TRIGGERED, OR THINK OF SOMETHING LIKE [INDISCERNIBLE] IF I TRIGGER THE INVOLVEMENT, IT DOESN'T MATTER FIT'S A LOT OF STRENGTH, YOU SAY IT'S A GIRL DOING THAT, STRONG MAN, SO, WHAT WOULD BE THE PURPOSE FOR A NEURON WITH--AS IT NOW SAYS GRASPING DO FOCUS ON THE INPUT WAS FROM RIGHT TO LEFT OR FROM [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO, I FOUND THE PROBLEM HERE. SO 1 POSSIBILITY WAS THAT THIS TYPE OF DISCHARGE, NOT SO USEFUL FOR FORWARD, BUT IT'S VERY IMPORTANT FOR BACKWARD PROJECTION BECAUSE MOTOR NEURON OR MOTOR NEURON IN GENERAL TAKE GRASPING BUT IF I WANT TO PERCEIVE AN ACTION, I NEED ALSO TO KNOW THE DATA, THE REINTERCEPTION REQUIRE THE VISUAL. SO IF SOMEONE SAY MUTER NEURONS ARE ENOUGH TO UNDERSTAND THE ACTION, THE GOAL WAS ALL ABOUT THE VISUAL DETAILS WHICH ARE CRUCIAL IF I MAY SAY. SO MAYBE IT'S GOING IN THE OTHER DIRECTION. SO REEBTLY WE TRIED TO APPROACH THIS PROBLEM WHICH WOULD BE PRICE TO APPROACHING THE MONKEY IN HUMANS. USING EEG, SO THE EXPERIMENT IS THE FOLLOWING. I AM SORRY I AM JUST JUMPING TO HUMAN STUDY, I WILL DESCRIBE LATER IN MORE DETAIL BUT NOW WE ARE RECORDING, THAT'S SET FOR LONGER WITH THE HUMAN AND WE PRESENT THE STIMULUS AND THEN IMMEDIATELY AFTER WITHOUT THE BREAK 1, HAVE YOU ENOUGH SO YOU SEE GRASPING WHICH IS GRASPING TO USE, GRASPING TO MOVE. AND WE RECORDED HIGH DENSITY EEG. WITH HIGH DENSITY EEG, AFTER VERIFICATION, YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENT WAY AND WE HAVE ENORMOUS OOH MOUNT OF POINT BECAUSE IT'S 128 ELECTRODES AND THEN USING THE LOW RATE, CAN YOU TRANSFORM THIS POINT IN POSITION ON THE MNI BRAIN. SO HAVE YOU MANY POINTS ON THE BRAIN AND YOU LOOK WHAT HAPPENS IN TIME IN TERMS OF EXITATION OF THIS POINT. WHAT WE FOUND? WE ARE NOT THE FIRST PEOPLE THAT DESCRIBE THAT BEFORE, BUT NOT FOR ACTION, FOR ACTION, WITH THIS GUY, IF THERE IS AN INITIAL DISCHARGE, AND INITIAL ACTIVATION, IN THE OCCIPITAL PARIETAL MOTOR, I WAS SURPRISED WHEN THEY FOUND THE TIME OF THE MOTOR IS ALMOST THE SAME AS IN THE VISUAL AREA, AND THE SAME AS BEEN FOUND BY [INDISCERNIBLE], HE'S BEEN FOUND BY MANY PEOPLE, I DON'T KNOW HOW IT'S POSSIBLE TO ARRIVE SO EARLY, BUT ANYWAY, IT'S VERY EARLY ACTIVATION, BUT THE CRUCIAL THING IS THE SECOND WAVE. SO AFTER ABOUT 2000 MILLI SECOND, WE HAVE ANOTHER ACTIVATION OF THE VISUAL CORTEX, SO IT'S SOMETHINGwwvb„V„E [6p SINCE THERE IS NOTHING, WHICH SHOULD JUSTIFY FROM THE EXTERNAL 1, WE THINK THAT'S MOST LIKELY A TOP DOWN ACTIVATION. SO IT'S GOING BACK AND HERE YOU SEE THE SAME. IT'S TRUE--IN THE LEFT IT'S MUCH MORE CLEAR THAN THE RIGHT, IN OUR CASE. SO, HOWEVER AT THIS POINT, WE KNOW VERY LITTLE. THERE IS SECOND WAVE AND WE ASK, WITH SOME PEOPLE WHICH ARE EXPERT IN CMS AND ESPECIALLY CATANIA WHO WAS STILL TRAINED TO SEE WHAT HAPPEN FIST WE STIMULATE WITH DMS AND A DIFFERENT TIME INTERVAL SO IF WE STIMULATE SILL ULTIMATELY TANIOUSLY WITH THE FIRST WAVE, IT'S OBVIOUS TO WHAT'S THE EXTENT SHOULD BE, BUT WHAT HAPPEN’IKŤ FIST WE STIMULATE WITH THE DIFFERENT DELAY, SO THAT'S AGAIN, THE SENSE WHAT I MENTIONED BEFORE, HERE IT'S WHEN IT WAS STIMULATED. AT 49 YEARS OLD, IT WAS RATHER A LONG EXPERIMENT AND THE RESULT, SHOWED HERE, SO IF YOU EXAMINE NOW, THE ACCURACY, WHAT HE STUDIED WAS THE ACCURACY OF THE RESPONSES, IT'S USING PLACING AND THE THIRD CONDITION WAS THE OBJECT BY ITSELF AS A CONTROL. SO AT TIME, 90, HAVE YOU IT CLEAR, THE DECREASE IN ACCURACY, NOT SURPRISING BECAUSE YOU INTERFERE WITH THE FIRST WAVE AND THEN THE THINGS DISAPPEAR AT 180, NOTHING HAPPENS. YOU STIMULATE THE BRAIN BUT THERE IS NO INTERFERENCE BUT 1 WE ARE BACK TO THE WAY TO WAVE--THEY WAIT 280-METER SECOND, WE HAVE VERY CLEAR DEFICIT IN IT. WE HAVE NOTED THAT THE TASK WAS EXTREMELY SIMPLE. HAVE YOU JUST TO SAY IT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] SO, IT'S NOT THAT YOU BECOME BLIND BUT YOU LOSE THE DESCRIPTION OF THE DICTATES, YOU CANNOT RECOGNIZE THAT YOU ARE GRASPING FOR MOVING OR GRASPING FOR--THESE ARE VERY PRELIMINARY, THEY ARE NOT PUBLISHED YET, WE'RE WORKING ON THEM AND WE ARE TRYING TO DO OTHER CONTROL BUT IT'S FASCINATING TO THINK THAT ACTION, PERCEPTION, ACTUALLY HAS A KIND OF 2 WAYS, 1 IT'S IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO RECOGNIZE THE MEANING, [INDISCERNIBLE] AND SO ON. BUT WHEN YOU HAVE THAT, YOU MUST ALSO KNOW HOW THIS DECKITATE HAPPENS AND TO HAVE A BINDING BETWEEN THE MOTOR SYSTEM, THE MOTOR SYSTEM, AND ALL THIS IS VERY, VERY, IMPORTANT. AND MAYBE IT GOES VERY BACK TO THE OCCIPITAL LOBE BECAUSE YOU MUST HAVE A KIND OF [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO WHEN I DESCRIBE THE GRASPING, IT OCCURRED, I KNOW WHERE IT IS IN SPACE OR IF YOU WANT REGULAR COORDINATE IT, SO SOME AREA LIKE AREA 1919 IN GENERAL, I THINK IT'S VERY IMPORTANT. OKAY, NOW I WILL BE VERY SHORT ABOUT HUMAN STATUS, THIS IS THE SAME 1 PRACTICALLY, AND PUBLISH THE MONKEY STUFF WE WENT TO A CENTER WHERE IT WAS TESTED AT THE TIME AND WE LOOK AT RESULTS WHEN YOU PRESENT ACTION. NOW THERE ARE AN ENORMOUS AMOVENT DATA ON THIS POINT. THAT'S A--IT'S A RADIO RITURNED BY COWORKERS AND REVIEW OF MORE THAN 120 PAPER OBSERVATION. AND YOU CAN SEE THAT WORK THAT'S ACTIVE IS EXACTLY WHAT WE FOUND IN THE BANK. SO THE STS REGION, SO IN FAVOR OF PARIETAL LOBE CENTER HERE, WHERE IT'S HUMAN APP AND PFG AND 10 PREMOTOR CORTEX, YOU HUMAN IS ALSO DOSE OF PREMOTOR CORTEX AND WE CAN DISCUSS WHY IT MAY CORRECT. NOW ANOTHER EXPERIMENT WHICH I WANT TO SHOW WHICH IS EASIER TO DO HUMANS WHICH EXPLAIN BETTER MY POSITION OF WHAT NEURONS ARE DOING IS THIS 1 WHICH HAS BEEN OUT 3 OR 4 YEARS AGO. HERE WE PLACE IT IN A SCANNER WITH STUDENTS AND WE'RE SHOW IT TO STUDENTS, 3 DIFFERENT ACTION. NO, I MEAN THE SAME ACTION IN THIS CASE, BUT DONE BY 3 DIFFERENT PERSONS, INDIVIDUALS. 1 IS HUMAN BEING, 1 IS MONKEY, AND 1 IS DOG. SO IN THE SECTIONAL ANALYSIS PART OF THE EXPERIMENT, THEY SEE AGAIN ACTION, BUT THE PERSON WAS READING A NEWSPAPER, THE MONKEY WAS MAKING LIP SMACKING AND THE„3u8 DOLOGY WAS BARKING SO THE RESULT WERE QUITE CLEAR, FOR BITING THERE WAS PRACTICALLY THE SAME DISCHARGE ON THE LEFT FOR MAN MONKEY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THEA MODEL CITIZEN SPHERE WHICH CALLED THE ACTION AND IT'S EXACTLY THE SAME. WE UNDERSTAND THE ACTION OF THE DOG BECAUSE WE KNOW HOW TO BITE. BUT FOR COMMUNE COMMUNICATIVE ACTION, THE PICTURE IS DIFFERENT, SO YOU SEE AS FAR AS HUMANS ARE CONCERNED, HAVE YOU A CLEAR [INDISCERNIBLE] AND OTHER ACTIVATION, WHEN YOU SEE THE MONKEY DOING THE LIP SMACKING, MAYBE YOU HAVE SOMETHING HERE, BUT FOR DOG, HAVE YOU ONLY VISUALIZE. SO HOW WE UNDERSTAND THE DOG IS BARING, I THINK WE UNDERSTAND THE DOG IS BARKING BECAUSE WE MAKE LOGICAL INFER ENSELS, WE KNOW THE WAY IN WHICH THE DOG COMMUNICATES WITH THE BARKING BUT THERE'S NOTHING INSIDE OF THE CELL, THAT'S THE CRUCIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WAY IN WHICH THE MIRROR ECANISM DESCRIBE ACTION AND THE WAY IN WHICH WE CAN DESCRIBE USING MENTALLIZING THIS AREA. SO IN 1 CASE, IT'S SOMETHING WE SHOULD REALLY ENTER INSIDE OURSELVES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IT WAS BUT WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IT MEANS, BARKING SO, WE HAVE NO FEELING OF BARKING, OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. SO I THINK THAT'S--I THINK THAT'S THE CRUCIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MENTALLIZING AND WE UNDERSTAND THE THING BECAUSE WE THINK AND SO ON AND THE WAY IN WHICH THE REALITY ENTERS INSIDE ITSELF, SO I WANT TO SHOW YOU AT THE END, ONLY 1 THING. SO SOME EXPERIMENT THAT WE PUBLISH IT WITH--LEONARDO FOGASSI, THERE ARE PARIETAL LOBES WHICH ARE ABLE TO DISCRIMINATE THE INTENTION OF THE PEOPLE. SO IN OTHER WORDS THERE ARE GRASS'LL BE NEURON WHICH FIRE ONLY IF I GRASP IN A WAY WHICH IS USEFUL FOR DRINKING OR USEFUL FOR MOVING. AND THE VICE VERSA, THERE ARE NEURONS WHICH FIRE, IF THE CONTINGENCY OF SUCH THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THE PERSON IS GRASPING FOR EATING OR DRINKING OR FOR MOVING. SO IN OTHER WORDS, UNLIKE THE CLASSICAL WHO JUST SAY GRASPING, PUSHING, BREAKING, THEY SAY BREAKING FOR--GRASPING FOR, PUSHING FOR, SO IN A SENSE, THEY ARE A KIND OF VERY ELEMENTARY WAY TO UNDERSTAND THE INTENTION, WHEN THEY SAID AT THE BEGINNING OF MY TALK, IF YOU GRASP LIKE THAT FOR SURE, NOBLE WILL THINK THAT I'M GRASPING FOR DRINKING. AND THAT'S ALSOY PLECTIVE NEURONS. SO--REFLECT IMPEDIMENTS NEURONS. SO WHAT WE DID IS WE TRY TO SEE IF THIS IS TRUE IN HUMANS AND WE RECORD WIDE A LOT OF TECHNOLOGY THE EMG, OF 1 OF THOSE THAT OPEN THE MOUTH. IN CHILDREN, WE DO THE SAME TASK THAT WE DID IN THE MONKEY WITH [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO GRASPING AND BRINGING TO THE MOUTH AND GRASPING AND PUT IT INTO THE CONTAINER, WE RECORDED, THAT'S TYPICALLY DEVELOPING ACHEWMENT, AND WE RECORD EMG WHICH HAS BEEN RECTIFIED RECTIFIED HERE AND THE IMPORTANT POINT HERE, 0 IS THE MOMENT IN WHICH THE HAND TOUCH THE OBJECT. SO YOU SEE THAT TYPICALLY DEVELOPING KIDS, 800 MILLI SECOND BEFORE, THERE IS ALREADY ACTIVATION OF THE MASSIVE, SO, 1, I THINK SOMETHING, I PREPARE THE ACTION, AND MY INTENTION IS REFLECTING THE SERIES OF MOTOR PREPARATION WHICH LEADS TO ACTIVATION OF THE MUSCLE. THAT'S 1 AGAIN, TYPICALLY DEVELOPING KIDS OBSERVATION NOTHING, AGAIN THE ACTION OF THE OTHER PERSON INTRUDES INSIDE THE MODEL SYSTEM, SO AGAIN, THE RED IS 1 FOR SOMEBODY WHICH GRASPING INEREDDER TO EAT AND--IN ORDER TO EAT AND BLUE IS WHEN THEY PUT SOMETHING IN PLACE. OF COURSE A STRONG DISCHARGE HERE THAT THE ATTENTION FROM THIS GOES DOWN. AND THAT'S WHAT'S HAPPENING IN KIDS WITH THIS. O IN CHILDREN WITH OTIS, IT SEEMS THE ATTENTION IS NOT COMLITELY CLEAR WITH THE BOY. THIS IS HAS BEENOT HIGH FUNCTIONING AUTISTIC CHILDREN, THEY HAVE ALL THE NORMAL INTELLIGENCE AND THEY KNOW WHAT THEY WANT TO DO, BUT SOMEHOW, THEIR ACTION IS NOT FLUID. IT'S SUBDIVIDE IN SUBACTION, SO, THEY GRASP THE CHOCOLATE AND THEN THEY ARE ABLE TO PUT IT INTO THE MOUTH AND THE MOST DRAMATIC THING IS HERE, SO HERE THEY UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON, THEIR COGNITIVE CAPACITY ARE INTACT TO SAY, WELL, KIDS GRASPING A PIECE OF CHOCOLATE BUT THEY LOOK AT MOTOR SYSTEM, NOTHING IS THERE. IT'S EVERYTHING'S MENTALLIZING STUFF, IT'S NOT IN HERE, THEY DON'T--THEY DON'T HAVE THE FEELING OF WHAT THE OTHER ARE DOING. SO THAT'S EXPLAIN, YOU KNOW IT'S A LADY WHO IS NOW IN HER 40 OR 50 WHO IS WROTE A NICE BOOK AND SHE SAID, I FOUND IF HARD TO MOVE AT ALL BECAUSE I HAD TO THINK OUT EVERYTHING I DID IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO DO IT. THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT YOU SAW BEFORE ABOUT IT,g TO ORDER MY BODY TO CARRY OUT THE WORK AND IT HAD TO DO, BUT I THANK YOU ALL THE TIME. SO, THERE'S AS FAR AS THE MOTOR SYSTEM IS CONCERNED. I THINK THE DISTURBANCE OF OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM, FROM THE MENTAL ASPECT, THERE IS NOW PLENTY OF DATA WITH MRI OR WITH OTHER METHOD SHOWING THE MOTOR SYSTEM IS WEPPED THAT'S--DEVELOPED, VERY SIMILAR, IN THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM IN THE CORTICALE, CORTICALE CONNECTION, BUT IF YOU IMAGINE THAT THIS SYSTEM IS HIGHLY DISORGANNAIZED OF COURSE YOU CANNOT HAVE A MIRRORING, NOT BECAUSE THE MIRROR NEURON ARE BROKEN PER SE BUT BECAUSE ALL THE MECHANISM WHICH CREATE NEURON SYSTEM IS SOMEHOW DISTURBED BUT THE CONSEQUENCE, THE COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCE IS THAT BASES BASES--BECAUSE OF THAT THEY HAVE NO CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND THE OTHER PEOPLE FROM INSIDE. THESE GUYS WHICH HAVE HIGHLY INTELLIGENT, HIGH INTELLIGENCE AND DO VERY WELL AND GOT THE POSITIONS, YET THEY HAVE NO CAPACITY SO EMPTHYSELF WITH THE OTHER PEOPLE TO BE WITH OTHER PEOPLE, WHY? MAYBE BECAUSE THEY'RE INTACT BUT A WAY TO FEEL THE PEOPLE TO HAVE THIS OLD SYSTEM WHICH ALLOW YOU TO PARTICIPATE TO THE OTHER, IT'S A PROBLEM. SO OUR VIEW NOW IS THAT BOTH SHOULD BE SOMEHOW APPROACHED, RATHER NOT FROM THE COMMUNATIVE POINT OF VIEW FROM THE MOTOR POINT OF VIEW, IN THE FIRST AMOUNT TO HIGHER WITH THE MOTOR VIEW AND HOW WE DO SOMETHING WITH THIS CASE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM. I AM I THINK TIME. THANK YOU. [ APPLAUSE ] SOUTH AMERICA A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO, I TALKED WITH YOU ABOUT THIS AND YOU MENTIONED, I THINK YOU HAD A VIDEO OF IT WHERE MONKEYS WERE ABLE TO BE TAUGHT. YOU RECORDED FROM THE NEURONS IN THE F5 REGION WHILE EXPERIMENTER WAS USING A PAIR OF PLIERS TO-- >> YEAH, YEAH, YEAH. >> AND AFTER A WHILE I THOUGHT YOU SAID THAT MONKEY NEURONS STARTED TO FIRE ALTHOUGH INITIALLY THEY DIDN'T BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T REALIZE THAT THE PLIERS WERE ABLE TO HAVE THIS GRASP, WAS THAT CORRECT? >> NO, NOT AT ALL. NOT COMPLETELY. SORRY. [LAUGHTER] SO WHAT WE FOUND IS--WELL, THE FIRST THING WE HAVE NOT DONE REALLY, A PROPER EXPERIMENT SHOW WAG HAPPENS BEFORE TRAINING AND AFTER TRAINING. WHAT WAS CLEAR THERE IS THIS CHARGE WAS PRESENT AT BOTH WHEN THE MONKEY GRASPED WITH THE HAND TOOL BUT THE INTENSITY OF THIS CHARGE WAS MUCH STRONGER THAN WAS THE NATURAL EFFECTOR RATHER THAN A TOOL. BUT THE PROPER EXPERIMENT TO SEE, IS--HAS NOT BEEN DONE BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT CONTROLLED WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE. IS. >> THANKS FOR THE NICE TALK AND THIS IS PERHAPS RELATED TO THE PREVIOUS QUESTION, AND THAT IS IN ALL THE TASKS, THE MONKEYS ARE OBSERVING SOMEBODY GRASP SOMETHING THAT THEY ESSENTIALLY WANT. HAVE EXPERIMENTS BEEN DONE FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE MONKEYS OBSERVE AN ACTION WHOSE GOAL IS NOT SALIENT TO THE MONKEY OR PERHAPS SUBVERSES? --SUBVERSIVE? >> I DO NOT KNOW ABOUT EXPERIMENT IN MONKEY, IN HUMAN DONE IN STRANGE ACTIONS LIKE FOR EXAMPLE, OPENING THE DOOR WITH THE LEG AND SO ON. SO WHAT HAPPENS, THERE ARE 3 OR 4 OF THESE EXPERIMENTS WHICH THEY MADE BIZARRE TYPE OF ACTION AND USUALLY YOU HAVE DOUBLE ACTIVATION AND HAVE YOU ACTIVATION OF THE NEURAL SYSTEM PROBABLY BECAUSE LIFTING THE LEG AND IT'S CAUGHT SOMEWHERE, BUT THEN YOU HAVE TYPICALLY ALSO ACTIVATION OF THIS AREA, WHICH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND MENTALLIZING AREA, SO ON THE RIGHT THEN, HAVE YOU THE ACTIVATION OF THIS MYSTERIOUS AREA WHICH SOMETIMES IS STS AND SOMETIMES--ANYWAY, THERE IS SOME AREA THIS AND SOMETIME ALSO THE MEDIA CORTEX, THE CORTEX WITH THE MEDIA SURFACE. VERY ROSTERAL, VERY ROSTERAL. SO THAT'S--IT'S CONSIDERED THE OTHERS, THAT ALLOW TO YOU MENTALLIZE. YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE, IN MIRROR, IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE KNOW IN PHYSIOLOGY, THE OTHER IS JUST A CORRELATION, YOU KNOW, IT'S A CORRELATIVE STUDY, SO 1 IS ORDER ORDER, NECESSITY IN SOME AREA BUT WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT COULD HAPPEN IN THERE, WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITY, WHAT IT MEANS. SO FOR PHYSIOLOGYST, UNSATISFACTORY, FOR OTHER PEOPLE, IT'S VERY NICE. >> HI, DO YOU HAVE SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT WHETHER PERHAPS MOTOR NEURONS MAY HAVE 5, MAY HAVE DIFFERENT PROJECTIONS THAN OTHER NEURONS IN 5? YES, PERHAPS DIFFERENT INVOLVEMENT OF STRIATUM OR AMYGDALA? >> MAYBE I DON'T UNDERSTAND? YOU ARE ASKING ME IF THERE ARE OTHER PLACES IN THE BRAIN WHERE THERE ARE MIRROR NEURONS? PROJECTION FROM--SO THE CONNECTION OF THE 5 OF MIRROR NEURONS I SUPPOSE ARE THE SAME AS THE OTHER NEURONS SO NOW WE'RE DOING A ANOTHER RATHER PAINFUL STUDY IN WHICH WE TRY TO SEE WHERE ARE THEY'RE LOCALIZEAISING AND I THINK IT'S ESSENTIAL THEY HAVE THE NEURONS ON THE TOP LAYERS. BUT THE PROJECTION OF THIS NEURONS, I THINKOOSE THE SAME OF THE OTHER--I THINK IT'S THE SAME OF THE OTHERS SO CERTAINLY OF F1 BECAUSE THEY'RE DIRECT CONNECTION FROM THE 5 TO F1. >> [INDISCERNIBLE]. >> I THINK WHAT MAKES DIFFERENCE IS THE INPUT SO THEY RECEIVE A SPECIFIC TYPE OF INPUT WHICH IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER TYPE OF NEURON WHICH HAVE NO VISUAL INPUT AT ALL AND THERE ARE OTHER NEURONS WHICH RECEIVE INPUT FROM AIP, AND THEY DESCRIBE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] SO THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT IT'S NOT SOMETHING TRANCHE IN THEIR MORPHOLOGY, BUT IT'S THE TYPE OF OF INPUT WHICH ARRIVE THERE, NOW, HOW THIS INPUT IS DETERMINED IF IT'S SOME LEARNING OR COMPLETED I DON'T KNOW BUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OTHER IS JUST--I THINK IT'S A MATTER OF CONNECTION. >> HELLO, I WONDER IF YOU KNOW ABOUT ANY STUDIES OR HAVE ANY THOUGHTS ABOUT WHETHER IMPLIED ACTION OBSERVATION FROM A STATIC PICTURE FOR EXAMPLE WOULD ALSO STIMULATE MOTOR NEURONS. NOT THEN IN THE MONKEY BUT CERTAINLY TRUE FOR YOU HAD HANS, ALSO THOSE DATA WHICH I SHOWED YOU THERE WAS NO REAL IN THIS EG DATA WHICH I SHOWED YOU THERE WASN'T ACTIVATION OF MOTOR CORTEX, THERE WAS NO ACTUAL MOVE. WAS IMPLIED MOVEMENT SO IT WAS 1 STIMPLUS AFTER THE OTHER AND HAVE YOU THE FEELING THAT 1'S THERE. >> AND IF YOU DIDN'T HAVE A SERIES OF PICTURES FOR EXAMPLE, SAY YOU HAD A HAND ON A KEY, ON A PIANO WHERE WE COGNITIVELY UNDERSTAND THAT THERE'S A AN IMPLIED DEPRESSION OF THE KEY, WOULD YOU EXPECT A STATUS PICTURE LIKE THAT WITHOUT THE IMPLICATIONS WITH THE PICTURES WOULD STIMULATE THE MOTOR NEURONS? >> I DON'T KNOW--I DON'T KNOW--I DON'T KNOW. >> THANK YOU. >> FOR YOUR LAST STARTER YOU SHOW THE AUTISTIC CHILDREN AND THEIR RESPONSE, SO, I JUST--YOU COULD YOU EXPLAIN TO ME HOW THE CHILDREN--BECAUSE BASED ON OBSERVATION RIGHT, EITHER CAN YOU EAT OR YOU PLACE? AND HOW CAN YOU SEE EARLY RESPONSE BEFORE THE ACTION HAPPENING THERE, MAYBE A COUPLE HUNDRED MILLI SECONDS, HOW THE CHILDREN CAN DISTINGUISH 1 TO SEE SOMEBODY IS EATING [INDISCERNIBLE], HOW CAN WE DISTINGUISH AHEAD OF THE TIME. >> IT IS DISTINGUISHED IN 1 CASE IT'S CHOCOLATE AND THE OTHER IT'S A PIECE OF PAPER. SO, IT WORKS REALLY. BUT YOUR QUESTION IS INTERESTING BECAUSE IT'S INDICATE THAT YOU MUSET HAVE A SPECIFIC CONTEXT TO TRIGGER 1 OR THE OTHER AND NEED TO LINKS THE MIRROR SYSTEM WHICH IS RECOGNIZE THE ACTION, THAT'S WHY I WAS SO HAPPY TO SHOW THERE IS INPUT FROM INTRA TEMPORAL LOBE WHICH GIVES YOU INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS THE OPTION, THE CHOCOLATE OR THE PAPER. >> AND USELESS, THINKING WHY IS THERE THE SPEED OF THE ACTION IN TERMS ESPECIALLY WHEN THEY HAVE THE CHILDREN MAKE A WELL DIFFERENCE, MAYBE IF IT'S LOWER, MAYBE THE CHILDREN CAN RESPOND RATHER THAN JUST [INDISCERNIBLE] >> FOR CHILDREN IT CAN BE POSSIBILITY BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT TESTED. FOR THE MONKEY IN THE PAPER, I PUBLISH IT WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND OTHERS WE CHECK IT FOR THE--SINCE THE CLAIM OF THE PAPER IS THE NEURON IS SPECIFIC FOR GRASPING, TO EAT AND NOT TO GRASPING TO PLACE, WE HAVE TO BE SHARE THE KINEMATTICS WAS NOT THERE AND SO WE HAVE 3 CONDITION, 1 IT WAS CONTAINER HERE, A CONTAINER HERE OR THE MOUTH. SO THE EASY OF THE, THE FASTEST IS DOING THAT. THE LOWEST IS PUT IN THERE, SO WE CORRELATED IT WAS THERE WAS NO CORRELATION, SO THE GOAL WAS THE FACTOR, WHICH DETERMINED THE DISCHARGE AND NOT THE WAY IN WHICH [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO IN THAT CASE, WE DID ALL THIS, BUT FOR THE CHILDREN, NO, HONESTLY WE HAVE NOTHING. YES? >> SO WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT IS THE MIRROR NEURONS INVOLVED GRASPING AND REACHING BUT THE DISCUSSIONS OF MIRROR NEURONS EXTEND FAR GRAND TO EMOTION IN PARTICULAR, SO HOW--HOW DOES THAT CORRELATE TO MIRROR NEURONS? IS THAT SIMPLY MIMICKRY, OR MIRROR NEURONS INVOLVED IN THE SEEN. >> FORTUNATELY HAD NO TIME BECAUSE IN MY PRESENTATION I HAVE ALSO A SET OF SLIDES INVOLVING EMOTIONS. SO I THINK AT THE MOMENT, WE KNOW THAT THE REASON THE MECHANISM [INDISCERNIBLE], THERE ARE EXCELLENT PAPER DOWN BY PATTERSON AND HIS GROUP AT DUKE UNIVERSITY, THE GERMAN GROUP, THEY THEY ARE IN THE MOTOR SYSTEM OF SINGING BIRDS AND THEY TRY BOTH, 1 THE BIRDS SING AND WHEN THEY HEAR THE SAME SONG DONE BY A SPECIFIC, SO THAT'S 1 PATH. THEN AS FAR AS MONKEYS CONCERNED, WE HAVE SOME PRELIMINARY DATA FOR EXAMPLE, THOSE, YOU KNOW WHEN YOU--THERE ARE NEURON WHICH IS FIRE AND THE MONK SEGROOMING AND THEY SERVE SOMEBODY GROOMING THE [INDISCERNIBLE] IT'S VERY EXPERIMENTAL. >> HOW IS THAT-- >> IF I HAVE 10 SECONDS I WILL SHOW YOU BECAUSE IT'S VERY NICE. THEN ABOUT THE MOTION WELL, THERE ARE SO MANY WE HAVE ONLY A FEW NEURON LIKE THAT. MAYBE WE'RE WRONG, BUT WE HAVE ONLY 4 OR 5 UNITS OF THIS TYPE. SO PLEASE TAKE IT WITH CAUTION BUT I THINK THAT IT'S SO NICE. IT'S DONE BOY DR. ISHIDSA WHO IS A YOUNG POST DOC WORKING IN MY LAB. [LAUGHTER] >> I AM SORRY WE HAVE FEW--BUT I LIKE SO MUCH, I LIKE TO SHOW IT. THIS IS IN THE ISELA. THE ONTARIO [INDISCERNIBLE] SO COMING TO THE QUESTION, FOR SURE IN HUMAN STUDY, WE KNOW THAT THE SAME EMOTION ILLICKITIED ARE ROTTEN LIKE, DISGUST, THEN YOU SEE A FACE WITH A ROTTEN [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HAVE YOU THE BOX AGAIN. WELL, I SUPPOSE BY INTERFERONS THERE SHOULD BE. BECAUSE MIRROR NEURONS, IT'S NOT THE--IT'S A NEURON WHICH TRANSFORM, A CERTAIN TYPE OF SENSOR INFORMATION IS A MOTOR PROGRAM, WHY WE WENT NOW TO RECORD FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE WE ARE CONVINCED THAT THE INSULIN IS, SENTIALLY A MOTOR SYSTEM, [INDISCERNIBLE] SO IF YOU STIMULATE SOME PART OF THESE, YOU COULD HAVE HOW IS IT CALLED--IT'S AUTOFACIAL BUT IT'S REALLY FORgośsw EATING. ALL YOU HAVE--ALSO FOR DISGUST PART OF IT. SO IF YOU STIMULATE THE INSULIN, HAVE YOU A COMPLEX PATTERN. HAVE YOU SOME PART OF THE INSULIN WHICH ACTUALLY IS VERY POORLY MODELED BUT IF YOU WERE [INDISCERNIBLE], YOU HAVE PART OF THIS WHICH IT'S CALLED INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR AND IF YOU GO [INDISCERNIBLE], THE BEHAVIOR COME ACOUCH ANNIEED BY UNPLEASANT SENSATION, DISGUST AND IF YOU GO EVEN VENTRALLY, HAVE YOU A LARGE REGION IN WHICH YOU CAN ELICIT [INDISCERNIBLE] BEHAVIOR. SO THE MONKEY STARTS TO RESPOND TO AŤg BEHAVIOR EVEN IF YOU PRESENT IT VERY UNPLEASANT [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO I THINK FOR ME, THIS IS REALLY A TRANSFORMATION OF ACTIVITY WHICH IN A SENSE [INDISCERNIBLE] USE THE INFORMATION FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] TO PRODUCE THIS THING BUT THEY ARE REACTING ONLY WHEN THEY SEE THE OTHER PEOPLE SO WHAT IS YOUR POINT? WHY YOU DON'T THINK IT'S THE SAME MECHANISM? AND THEN ALSO WE HAVE SOME EVIDENCE, SPECIALLY THE WORK OF [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT IF YOU RECORD FROM OF--IF YOU STIMULATE, THIS AREA BEYOND THRESHOLD AND RECORD FROM THE TIME, YOU SEE THAT 1 YOU HEAR, SOME [INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH REQUIRE MOVEMENT OF THE TONGUE, HAVE YOU ACTIVATION, ALTHOUGH THE PERSON IS [INDISCERNIBLE] SO YOU SHOULD GET TRANSFORMATION OF [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH THE PROGRAM. >> WELL, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR WONDERFUL PRESENTATION, HI2 QUESTIONS ISSUES THE FIRST 1 RELATED TO EMOTION AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF EMOTION AND MOTIVATION, YOU EXPLAINED THAT. THE SECOND REQUEST WAS THAT THERE'S BEEN SOME CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING THE INTERPRETATION OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF MOTOR NEURON SYSTEM AND INTENTION OR ACTION UNDERSTANDING, SO I JUST WANTED TO--IT SEEMS FROM YOUR TALK AND WITH THE WAY YOU EXPLAINED IT IS THAT THE MIRROR NEURON SYSTEM IS NECESSARILY BUT NOT NECESSARILY SUFFICIENT TO YOU KNOW CAPTURE THE WHOLE PICTURE OF INTENTION UNDERSTANDING WHERE INTENTION DOESN'T ONLY REFER TO THE UNDERSTANDING THAT I'M--YOU KNOW, THE PERSON YOU ARE OBSERVING IS ATTEMPTING TO GRASP AN OBJECT ATTEMPTING VERSES TO GRASP AN OBJECT BECAUSE THEY'RE DRINKING FROM IT OR BECAUSE THEY'RE THIRST SCHEWANT TO DRINK FROM IT. >> I THINK WHAT YOU ARE ASKING IS 2 POINTS. 1 IS IF THEIR ALTERNATIVE THEORY WHICH PLAINS THE FUNCTION OF MIRROR NEURONS AND THERE IS 1 THAT IS RATHER CLEVER THAT HAS BEEN ADVANCED BY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND SO ON WHICH THINK THAT ACTUALLY THEY UNDERSTANDING IS ESSENTIALLY IN STS, BUT OFTEN THIS UNDERSTANDING ARE SOMEHOW FUZZY. SO INFORMATION ARRIVE TO THE MOTOR CORTEX AND THROUGH IT A PROBABLISTIC STAFF, THE ACTIVITY OF PROMOTOR CORTEX IS TRIGGERED, GO BACK AND THEN SOMEHOW YOU UNDERSTAND THE THING. IT'S VERY INTELLIGENT, I THINK THE IDEA BUT STILL, I [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE CO DIRECTED MOTOR NEURONS SO I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT--THEN THERE ARE SECOND STREAM OF [INDISCERNIBLE] BUT I THINK THAT IS WRONG, BUT 3 OR 4 YEARS AGO, THEY HAVE PAPER CLAIM TAG HUMANS HAVE NO MIRROR NEURONS BECAUSE USING REPETITIONS FOR PRESSURE PARADIGM, THEY HAVE NEGATIVE RESULT BUT THESE PAPER HAVE A BIG FLOW, SO REPETITION SUPPRESSION APPEARS WHEN YOU USE THE SAME INPUT AND WHEN YOU USE IT SEVERAL TIMES. THEY WANTED TO USE THIS TRANSMOTOR STUFF, SO THEY CLAIM THAT THE MOTOR NEURONS DEMONSTRATE IF YOU DO AN ACTUAL OBSERVATION--OBSERVATION AN ACTION AND THEN YOU DO IT, SHOULD BE SUPPRESSION, BUT ACTUALLY WHEN I DO AN ACTION, IT'S NOT--I AM NOT USING MY CONNECTION FROM THE VISUAL CORTEX, BUT I USE SOMETHING WHICH COMING FROM PREFRONTAL LOBE THERE, IS NO [INDISCERNIBLE] BETWEEN THERE, BUT I THINK NOW THE PEOPLE AT THE BEGINNING WERE VERY FOND OF THIS, WHAT SOME OF THE PEOPLE WEAR, BUT OTHER WE'RE NOT BAD, BUT I THINK NOW THEY'RE CONVINCED THAT THIS WAS A FLOW OF LOGIC IN THE EXPERIMENT. >> OKAY, INTERESTING DISCUSSION COULD GO ON FOREVER. THANK YOU, GIACOMO. [ APPLAUSE ]