1 00:00:04,654 --> 00:00:06,923 SO, THIS SESSION THIS MORNING IS 2 00:00:06,923 --> 00:00:09,125 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 3 00:00:09,125 --> 00:00:11,461 AND, YOU KNOW, I LIKE THIS 4 00:00:11,461 --> 00:00:13,530 TOPIC. I LIKE THE APPROACH OF 5 00:00:13,530 --> 00:00:15,198 STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS AS A 6 00:00:15,198 --> 00:00:18,234 STATE AND HAVING HANDLES ON WAYS 7 00:00:18,234 --> 00:00:20,904 TO PERTURB THAT STATE AND ASK 8 00:00:20,904 --> 00:00:23,073 QUESTIONS ABOUT MEK ANNISTICALLY 9 00:00:23,073 --> 00:00:24,674 HOW IT WORKS. 10 00:00:24,674 --> 00:00:26,943 YOU WILL HEAR ABOUT ANESTHESIA 11 00:00:26,943 --> 00:00:30,146 AND SLEEP STATES AS HANDLES OF 12 00:00:30,146 --> 00:00:32,182 PERHAPS PERTURBATIONS FOR STATES 13 00:00:32,182 --> 00:00:35,218 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND USE THAT TO 14 00:00:35,218 --> 00:00:36,953 MEKNISTICALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT IS 15 00:00:36,953 --> 00:00:38,388 GOING ON AND THE FIRST SPEAKER 16 00:00:38,388 --> 00:00:42,926 OF THE MORNING IS DR. EMMORY 17 00:00:42,926 --> 00:00:48,231 BROWN WHO IS THE EDWARD HOOD -- 18 00:00:48,231 --> 00:00:53,536 AT MIT ANDORY 19 00:00:53,536 --> 00:00:54,170 BROWN WHO IS THE EDWARD HOOD -- 20 00:00:54,170 --> 00:01:04,347 AT MIT 21 00:01:16,493 --> 00:01:21,131 TERS AND RECIPIENT OF NIH 22 00:01:21,131 --> 00:01:24,100 DIRECTOR'S PIONEER AWARD AND 23 00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:29,739 GUBER PRICE FOR NEUROSCIENCE. 24 00:01:29,739 --> 00:01:40,050 EMORY, WELCOME. 25 00:01:40,283 --> 00:01:42,252 GREAT. JIM, THANK YOU SO MUCH 26 00:01:42,252 --> 00:01:45,121 FOR THE INVITATION AND THANKS 27 00:01:45,121 --> 00:01:46,489 FOR INVITING ME TO TAKE PART IN 28 00:01:46,489 --> 00:01:48,458 THE CONFERENCE. 29 00:01:48,458 --> 00:01:52,128 IT IS GREAT TO HANG OUT WITH YOU 30 00:01:52,128 --> 00:02:02,238 GUY 31 00:02:07,944 --> 00:02:13,116 GUYS. 32 00:02:13,116 --> 00:02:23,560 I SWEAR IT WORKED BEFORE. 33 00:02:32,569 --> 00:02:34,871 >> JUST TO SAVE TIME I WILL TALK 34 00:02:34,871 --> 00:02:37,941 ABOUT UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND HOW 35 00:02:37,941 --> 00:02:40,043 ANTHETICS PRODUCE STATES OF 36 00:02:40,043 --> 00:02:43,346 UNCONSCIOUSNESS. I WILL -- I'M 37 00:02:43,346 --> 00:02:46,015 GOING TO DO THAT BY GOING 38 00:02:46,015 --> 00:02:47,450 THROUGH DIFFERENT DRUGS THAT WE 39 00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,320 USE AND SHOW YOU A BIT OF THE 40 00:02:50,320 --> 00:02:50,787 DYNAMICS. 41 00:02:50,787 --> 00:02:53,189 LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL AND SOME 42 00:02:53,189 --> 00:02:58,428 EEG WORK IN HUMANS AND 43 00:02:58,428 --> 00:02:58,862 NON-PRIMATES. 44 00:02:58,862 --> 00:03:01,364 I CAN PROBABLY DO MY WHOLE TALK 45 00:03:01,364 --> 00:03:02,999 ABOUT MY SLIDES. 46 00:03:02,999 --> 00:03:13,543 SO, HERE WE GO. JUST A RESET. 47 00:03:14,077 --> 00:03:16,012 GREAT. THANK YOU. THIS 48 00:03:16,012 --> 00:03:21,017 ADVANCES IT? 49 00:03:21,017 --> 00:03:23,987 GREAT. THANK YOU. 50 00:03:23,987 --> 00:03:26,789 -- MY FUNDING SUPPORT GENEROUS 51 00:03:26,789 --> 00:03:28,825 SUPPORT OVER THE YEARS FROM NIH 52 00:03:28,825 --> 00:03:31,060 AND DEPARTMENTS OF ANESTHESIA 53 00:03:31,060 --> 00:03:34,197 AND MIT AND PERSONAL INTERESTS I 54 00:03:34,197 --> 00:03:37,133 HAVE IN SOME OF THIS RESEARCH 55 00:03:37,133 --> 00:03:40,470 AND COLLEAGUES GOOD FORTUNE TO 56 00:03:40,470 --> 00:03:50,680 WORK WITH. 57 00:03:51,047 --> 00:03:53,116 INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM IMAGINE 58 00:03:53,116 --> 00:03:58,621 MET TICK AND EARL IS A -- 59 00:03:58,621 --> 00:04:00,456 MATHEMATICIANS LIKE -- AND LAURA 60 00:04:00,456 --> 00:04:03,293 LOUIS ONE OF THE FORMER GRADUATE 61 00:04:03,293 --> 00:04:06,763 STUDENTS NOW ON FACULTY AT MIT 62 00:04:06,763 --> 00:04:10,500 AND JAKE WHO IS A PHD STUDENT 63 00:04:10,500 --> 00:04:13,169 AND OUTLINE I WILL FOLLOW. I 64 00:04:13,169 --> 00:04:14,704 WILL TALK ABOUT FOUR DIFFERENT 65 00:04:14,704 --> 00:04:17,674 DRUGS IN A LITTLE DETAIL. 66 00:04:17,674 --> 00:04:20,043 I WILL TALK ABOUT OTHER 67 00:04:20,043 --> 00:04:22,011 SLOW-DELTA OSCILLATIONS AND MAIN 68 00:04:22,011 --> 00:04:25,114 THEME IS STRAIGHTFORWARD AND 69 00:04:25,114 --> 00:04:26,449 ANTHETICS PRODUCE OSCILLATIONS 70 00:04:26,449 --> 00:04:28,217 AND DIFFERENT MECHANISMS AND 71 00:04:28,217 --> 00:04:29,752 BRAIN IS TURNED OFF 72 00:04:29,752 --> 00:04:32,455 DIFFERENTIALLY DEPENDING UPON 73 00:04:32,455 --> 00:04:34,958 HOW OSCILLATIONS ARE PRODUCED. 74 00:04:34,958 --> 00:04:36,159 ALL RIGHT? 75 00:04:36,159 --> 00:04:38,695 WHY DON'T I GET STARTED? 76 00:04:38,695 --> 00:04:40,863 WHAT IS GENERAL ANESTHESIA? 77 00:04:40,863 --> 00:04:44,667 THIS IS IMPORTANT TO STATE DRUG 78 00:04:44,667 --> 00:04:47,136 INDUCIBLE STATE CONSISTING OF 79 00:04:47,136 --> 00:04:48,938 CONSCIOUSNESS AND AMANOTHERIA 80 00:04:48,938 --> 00:04:52,442 AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STABILITY AND 81 00:04:52,442 --> 00:05:02,885 STARTED ANTINOCICEPTION. 82 00:05:06,356 --> 00:05:12,128 IF YOU ARE UNCONSCIOUS IT IS 83 00:05:12,128 --> 00:05:12,662 ANTINOCICEPTION. 84 00:05:12,662 --> 00:05:15,865 WORKING WITH GETTING WORDS MORE 85 00:05:15,865 --> 00:05:18,034 PRECISE EFFECTS MANAGING 86 00:05:18,034 --> 00:05:20,937 PATIENTS AND HOW SCIENCE IS 87 00:05:20,937 --> 00:05:24,107 DOING AND ANESTHESIA WORKS IS 88 00:05:24,107 --> 00:05:26,009 MYSTERY AND MULTIPLE MECHANISMS 89 00:05:26,009 --> 00:05:29,045 TALKING ABOUT PRIMARILY HOW IT 90 00:05:29,045 --> 00:05:30,780 WORKS AND GENERATING 91 00:05:30,780 --> 00:05:33,116 OSCILLATIONS THAT EFFECT HOW THE 92 00:05:33,116 --> 00:05:34,784 BRAIN COMMUNICATES IS THE MAIN 93 00:05:34,784 --> 00:05:39,656 THING AND EXPERIMENTS DONE IN 94 00:05:39,656 --> 00:05:42,992 1935 AND BELL JUNE 95 00:05:42,992 --> 00:05:44,761 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY FIRST EXPERIMENT 96 00:05:44,761 --> 00:05:49,599 OUT OF CATS AND TRANSECTED 97 00:05:49,599 --> 00:05:52,368 SPINAL CORD FROM BRAINSTEM AND 98 00:05:52,368 --> 00:05:56,372 BRAIN AND EEG AND GOT PATTERNS 99 00:05:56,372 --> 00:06:02,311 LIKE THIS AND CALLED IT 100 00:06:02,311 --> 00:06:13,222 ENCEPHALE IET SOLE ISOLÉ -- WHAE 101 00:06:18,828 --> 00:06:20,797 SAW WAS SLOW OSCILLATIONS AND 102 00:06:20,797 --> 00:06:22,999 THIS GAVE US SOME IDEA THAT AREA 103 00:06:22,999 --> 00:06:24,967 BETWEEN A AND B HAD SOMETHING TO 104 00:06:24,967 --> 00:06:27,770 DO WITH AROUSAL. SO, NOW WE 105 00:06:27,770 --> 00:06:30,239 KNOW THAT AROUSAL CENTERS ARE 106 00:06:30,239 --> 00:06:31,874 SITTING THERE. WE CAN 107 00:06:31,874 --> 00:06:33,009 APPRECIATE THAT. 108 00:06:33,009 --> 00:06:34,744 SO, THE THING THAT I WANT TO -- 109 00:06:34,744 --> 00:06:37,613 POINT I WANT TO MAKE IS ALL 110 00:06:37,613 --> 00:06:40,883 ANTHETICS HAVE TARGETS IN THESE 111 00:06:40,883 --> 00:06:42,585 AREAS AND NOT SURPRISINGLY 112 00:06:42,585 --> 00:06:44,787 PRODUCE THINGS THAT LOOK LIKE 113 00:06:44,787 --> 00:06:47,123 THE ISOLE AND STATE WHAT THEY 114 00:06:47,123 --> 00:06:48,424 ARE HITTING AND HOW MUCH THE 115 00:06:48,424 --> 00:06:50,827 BRAIN IS TURNED OFF VARIES. 116 00:06:50,827 --> 00:06:51,094 RIGHT? 117 00:06:51,094 --> 00:06:54,864 THIS IS A SCHEMATIC I PUT 118 00:06:54,864 --> 00:06:56,466 TOGETHER AND NORMALLY WILL SHARE 119 00:06:56,466 --> 00:07:00,603 THE VIDEO. IN INTEREST OF TIME 120 00:07:00,603 --> 00:07:02,171 I WILL GO THROUGH IT. 121 00:07:02,171 --> 00:07:04,474 POINTER IS WHAT, EXACTLY? 122 00:07:04,474 --> 00:07:07,043 HERE? I HAVE IT, GREAT. COUPLE 123 00:07:07,043 --> 00:07:08,344 REALLY QUICK POINTS HERE IF YOU 124 00:07:08,344 --> 00:07:13,015 ARE AWARE THIS IS 5 MICRO VOLTS 125 00:07:13,015 --> 00:07:17,153 AWAKE AND INCREASED DOSES OF 126 00:07:17,153 --> 00:07:19,555 PROEP POE FALL DEVELOP 127 00:07:19,555 --> 00:07:20,623 OSCILLATIONS AND SLOW 128 00:07:20,623 --> 00:07:21,791 OSCILLATIONS WITH OTHER 129 00:07:21,791 --> 00:07:23,259 OSCILLATIONS AND IT THIS 130 00:07:23,259 --> 00:07:25,294 OSCILLATION THAT I'M SHOWING YOU 131 00:07:25,294 --> 00:07:29,165 HERE AND WITH C HERE AND HAVE 132 00:07:29,165 --> 00:07:31,801 SOMEONE SUFFICIENTLY SEDATED 133 00:07:31,801 --> 00:07:34,070 LIKE A COLONOSCOPY I WOULD DO 134 00:07:34,070 --> 00:07:36,439 THAT TO SEE AND BETA 135 00:07:36,439 --> 00:07:38,207 OSCILLATIONS AND PERSON IS 136 00:07:38,207 --> 00:07:39,909 SEDATED AND WOULD RESPOND TO YOU 137 00:07:39,909 --> 00:07:41,711 AND WHAT HAVE YOU AND WOULDN'T 138 00:07:41,711 --> 00:07:44,413 BE COMPLETELY UNCONSCIOUS AND 139 00:07:44,413 --> 00:07:46,048 CROSSING THIS LINE BETWEEN C AND 140 00:07:46,048 --> 00:07:50,586 D HERE AND ON TO E, F AND G AND 141 00:07:50,586 --> 00:07:52,822 PERSON IS UNCONSCIOUS AND SLOW 142 00:07:52,822 --> 00:07:54,424 DELTA OWE S LAITIONS AND FAST 143 00:07:54,424 --> 00:07:57,827 OWE S LAITION AND THAT YOU SEE 144 00:07:57,827 --> 00:07:58,694 RIDING ON TOP. 145 00:07:58,694 --> 00:08:02,832 SO, WHAT I WILL DO IS LOOK FOR 146 00:08:02,832 --> 00:08:03,232 THE PARTS. 147 00:08:03,232 --> 00:08:05,067 EXCUSE ME. PARTS IN THE BRAIN 148 00:08:05,067 --> 00:08:07,170 STEM THAT COULD BE CONTRIBUTING 149 00:08:07,170 --> 00:08:09,005 TO THIS AND WON'T BE ONLY 150 00:08:09,005 --> 00:08:10,807 SOURCES AND MECHANISMS SLOW 151 00:08:10,807 --> 00:08:13,309 OSCILLATIONS THAT ARE PRODUCED 152 00:08:13,309 --> 00:08:14,911 WITH PRO POE PAL AND IMPORTANT 153 00:08:14,911 --> 00:08:16,979 ONE TO UNDERSTAND AND ONCE YOU 154 00:08:16,979 --> 00:08:20,049 BECOME PROFOUNDLY UNCONSCIOUS 155 00:08:20,049 --> 00:08:21,384 YOU HAVE BURST SUPPRESSION THAT 156 00:08:21,384 --> 00:08:25,521 IS NEUROLOGICAL AND METABOLIC AS 157 00:08:25,521 --> 00:08:32,061 WELL BETWEEN BURST ISOLEK TICK 158 00:08:32,061 --> 00:08:34,564 STATE AND THIS IS A WOMAN I TOOK 159 00:08:34,564 --> 00:08:37,133 CARE OF IN THE OPERATING ROOM A 160 00:08:37,133 --> 00:08:42,205 FEW YEARS BACK. I STARTED PRO 161 00:08:42,205 --> 00:08:46,709 POE FOL HERE. 162 00:08:46,709 --> 00:08:50,780 I SEE ALPHA OSCILLATIONS AT 10 163 00:08:50,780 --> 00:08:55,051 HERTZ THAT IS CLASSIC SITUATION 164 00:08:55,051 --> 00:09:00,523 OF PRO POE FOLPROPOFOL HERE. 165 00:09:00,523 --> 00:09:01,157 I SEE ALPHA OSCILLATIONS AT 10 166 00:09:01,157 --> 00:09:01,791 HERTZ THAT IS CLASSIC SITUATION 167 00:09:01,791 --> 00:09:03,759 OF PROPOFOL. 168 00:09:03,759 --> 00:09:06,696 OF ALL THINGS EEG IS USED FOR, 169 00:09:06,696 --> 00:09:09,165 THIS IS -- THIS IS ONE OF THE 170 00:09:09,165 --> 00:09:10,867 STRONGEST SIGNALS AND IF I 171 00:09:10,867 --> 00:09:13,402 SHOWED YOU THE VIDEO YOU WOULD 172 00:09:13,402 --> 00:09:15,471 SEE WHY. SOON AS DRUG IS TAKEN 173 00:09:15,471 --> 00:09:17,773 OVER THERE IS NO MOTION 174 00:09:17,773 --> 00:09:20,109 ARTIFACTS BASICALLY AND SIGNALS 175 00:09:20,109 --> 00:09:21,711 AND STUDYING WHAT IS GOING ON 176 00:09:21,711 --> 00:09:24,247 AND GETTING DATA FROM THE 177 00:09:24,247 --> 00:09:27,717 OPERATING ROOM. THIS IS A FLAMO 178 00:09:27,717 --> 00:09:29,085 CORTICAL OSCILLATION AND WON'T 179 00:09:29,085 --> 00:09:30,820 COMMENT THAT MUCH ON THAT AND 180 00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:33,389 GOING BACK TO SLOW DELTA 181 00:09:33,389 --> 00:09:34,824 OSCILLATIONS AND RUN INFUSION 182 00:09:34,824 --> 00:09:38,427 AND JUST TO BE CLEAR IF I GO 183 00:09:38,427 --> 00:09:40,530 BACK HERE. 184 00:09:40,530 --> 00:09:42,398 WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU IS THIS 185 00:09:42,398 --> 00:09:45,268 PATTERN HERE. I'M SHOWING YOU D 186 00:09:45,268 --> 00:09:48,371 ESSENTIALLY AND YOU CAN SEE SLOW 187 00:09:48,371 --> 00:09:51,607 OSCILLATION AND 10 HERTZ 188 00:09:51,607 --> 00:09:52,608 OSCILLATION ESSENTIALLY. 189 00:09:52,608 --> 00:09:56,178 SO, IF I WERE TO DRAW A PICTURE, 190 00:09:56,178 --> 00:09:56,479 SORRY. 191 00:09:56,479 --> 00:09:58,748 THERE WE GO. IF I WERE TO DRAW 192 00:09:58,748 --> 00:10:01,017 A PICTURE WHERE THE POSSIBLE 193 00:10:01,017 --> 00:10:06,022 TARGETS ARE IT IS A DRUG THAT 194 00:10:06,022 --> 00:10:13,129 ENHANCES DRUG MODULATOR AND WE 195 00:10:13,129 --> 00:10:24,040 ARE GABBO NURJIC GABA EARTHERGIT 196 00:10:26,409 --> 00:10:28,778 IS LIKE MY WRIST HERE THAT IS 197 00:10:28,778 --> 00:10:30,613 PREOPTIC AREA OF THE 198 00:10:30,613 --> 00:10:35,685 HYPOTHALAMUS AND FINGERS ARE 199 00:10:35,685 --> 00:10:40,423 GABAERGIC THAT GOES TO AROUSAL 200 00:10:40,423 --> 00:10:42,625 CENTERS ADMINISTERING PROPOFOL 201 00:10:42,625 --> 00:10:45,127 PASSING THROUGH THE BASAL ARTERY 202 00:10:45,127 --> 00:10:51,000 HERE AND GOING INTO THE PONS AND 203 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:53,135 PARTS OF THE MID BRAIN AND 204 00:10:53,135 --> 00:10:56,372 RECEPTORS AND DECREASES INPUTS 205 00:10:56,372 --> 00:10:58,607 GOING FROM CORTEX UP TO THE 206 00:10:58,607 --> 00:11:01,143 THALAMUS AND IT IS HITTINGIN 207 00:11:01,143 --> 00:11:03,346 HIBTORY COMPONENTS AS WELL AND 208 00:11:03,346 --> 00:11:06,015 CORTEX AND HITTING THE TRN AND 209 00:11:06,015 --> 00:11:07,483 ALONG WITH THE PRINCIPLE, THERE 210 00:11:07,483 --> 00:11:10,586 IS A TARGET IN THE BRAIN STEM 211 00:11:10,586 --> 00:11:12,254 CONTRIBUTING TO SLOW 212 00:11:12,254 --> 00:11:12,588 OSCILLATIONS. 213 00:11:12,588 --> 00:11:13,356 ALL RIGHT? 214 00:11:13,356 --> 00:11:15,291 SO, THESE ARE SOME OF THE BEST 215 00:11:15,291 --> 00:11:17,126 HUMAN DATA WE HAVE THAT IS A 216 00:11:17,126 --> 00:11:19,395 WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE HUMAN 217 00:11:19,395 --> 00:11:21,130 BRAIN AND LIKE MANY 218 00:11:21,130 --> 00:11:23,399 INSTITUTIONS, YOU HAVE PEOPLE 219 00:11:23,399 --> 00:11:25,434 THAT COME FROM EPILEPSY SURGERY 220 00:11:25,434 --> 00:11:28,104 WITH ELECTRODES IMPLANTED 221 00:11:28,104 --> 00:11:29,171 STAYING IN THE HOSPITAL FOR 222 00:11:29,171 --> 00:11:33,142 SEVERAL DAYS AND OFF MEDICATIONS 223 00:11:33,142 --> 00:11:35,778 AFTER THEY SEIZED ENOUGH. 224 00:11:35,778 --> 00:11:38,147 THEY COME BACK HAVE ELECTRODES 225 00:11:38,147 --> 00:11:40,149 REMOVED AND THEY THEN COME BACK 226 00:11:40,149 --> 00:11:42,218 AND HAVE RESECTION. THAT SECOND 227 00:11:42,218 --> 00:11:43,552 TIME COMING BACK TO THE 228 00:11:43,552 --> 00:11:45,121 OPERATING ROOM YOU HAVE A 229 00:11:45,121 --> 00:11:47,156 NATURAL EXPERIMENT AND YOU HAVE 230 00:11:47,156 --> 00:11:49,125 HUMANS THAT HAVE ELECTRODES IN 231 00:11:49,125 --> 00:11:51,694 THEIR BRAIN. IF YOU JUST -- YOU 232 00:11:51,694 --> 00:11:55,664 WILL GIVE THEM ANESTHESIA AND 233 00:11:55,664 --> 00:11:57,633 PROPOFOL AND RECORD AND SEE WHAT 234 00:11:57,633 --> 00:12:00,336 NEURONS ARE DOING AND WHAT IS 235 00:12:00,336 --> 00:12:04,774 THE MAIN PART OF THIS COMPONENT 236 00:12:04,774 --> 00:12:08,444 OF LAURO THESIS AND NEURON 237 00:12:08,444 --> 00:12:10,379 SPIKING AND RED ELECTRODE HERE 238 00:12:10,379 --> 00:12:12,548 AND FIELD POTENTIALS AND PERSON 239 00:12:12,548 --> 00:12:15,051 WHEN CONSCIOUS PRIOR TO 240 00:12:15,051 --> 00:12:18,521 RECEIVING PROPOFOL. LOOK WHAT 241 00:12:18,521 --> 00:12:21,123 HAPPENS WHEN HE BECOMES 242 00:12:21,123 --> 00:12:22,858 UNCONSCIOUS. OPPOSED TO SPIKING 243 00:12:22,858 --> 00:12:24,794 WHEREVER NEURONS WANT TO, THIS 244 00:12:24,794 --> 00:12:27,329 NEURON IS SPIKING NOW. IT 245 00:12:27,329 --> 00:12:29,432 SPIKES NOW. IT SPIKES NOW. ALL 246 00:12:29,432 --> 00:12:30,132 RIGHT? 247 00:12:30,132 --> 00:12:32,435 YOU SEE THE SLOW OSCILLATION 248 00:12:32,435 --> 00:12:35,037 THAT IS TIGHTLY COUPLED TO AND 249 00:12:35,037 --> 00:12:37,506 PERHAPS MODULATING TO SOME 250 00:12:37,506 --> 00:12:39,241 EXTENT HOW NEURONS WILL SPIKE 251 00:12:39,241 --> 00:12:40,476 AND IMAGINE HOW THIS IS 252 00:12:40,476 --> 00:12:42,912 HAPPENING NOT ONLY HERE AND AT 253 00:12:42,912 --> 00:12:44,146 OTHER LOCATIONS AND PROBABLY OUT 254 00:12:44,146 --> 00:12:46,148 THE CORTEX IT WILL BE VERY 255 00:12:46,148 --> 00:12:47,817 DIFFICULT TO BE CONSCIOUS. ALL 256 00:12:47,817 --> 00:12:48,250 RIGHT? 257 00:12:48,250 --> 00:12:50,586 THIS IS A LOOK AT 258 00:12:50,586 --> 00:12:52,555 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND DON'T KNOW 259 00:12:52,555 --> 00:12:55,758 WHAT SPIKE RATE HAS TO DROP TO, 260 00:12:55,758 --> 00:12:57,727 TO BECOME UNCONSCIOUS BUT 261 00:12:57,727 --> 00:13:00,196 PRACTICAL THING ABOUT THIS AND 262 00:13:00,196 --> 00:13:00,863 EMPHASIZING THE PRACTICAL PART 263 00:13:00,863 --> 00:13:03,699 OF THIS IS THAT YOU CAN SEE SLOW 264 00:13:03,699 --> 00:13:05,101 OSCILLATIONS ON THE MONITOR IN 265 00:13:05,101 --> 00:13:07,036 THE OPERATINGOR AND KNOW SOMEONE 266 00:13:07,036 --> 00:13:09,271 IS UNCONSCIOUS AND NO REASON FOR 267 00:13:09,271 --> 00:13:12,241 PEOPLE TO HAVE AWARENESS ON 268 00:13:12,241 --> 00:13:15,377 ANESTHESIA AND BE OVERDOSED AND 269 00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:18,414 DOING THIS THUS FAR AND TAKING 270 00:13:18,414 --> 00:13:20,883 IT FURTHER HERE AND WE HAVE 271 00:13:20,883 --> 00:13:24,253 REDONE SAME EXPERIMENTS WITH 272 00:13:24,253 --> 00:13:26,155 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES AND ANDREW 273 00:13:26,155 --> 00:13:29,458 MILLER A POST DOC AND JAKE IS A 274 00:13:29,458 --> 00:13:34,697 PHD STUDENT. FOUR AREAS -- WE 275 00:13:34,697 --> 00:13:38,767 HAVE THIS LINE OF RECORDING 276 00:13:38,767 --> 00:13:41,036 SITES GOING BACK FROM FRONT TO 277 00:13:41,036 --> 00:13:42,872 BACK AND FIELD POTENTIALS ARE 278 00:13:42,872 --> 00:13:44,640 HERE AND THIS IS SPIKING 279 00:13:44,640 --> 00:13:46,642 ACTIVITY AND QUANTIFYING 10 TO 280 00:13:46,642 --> 00:13:49,044 12 SPIKES PER SECOND. ALL 281 00:13:49,044 --> 00:13:49,512 RIGHT? 282 00:13:49,512 --> 00:13:52,014 AND BASICALLY FIELD POTENTIALS 283 00:13:52,014 --> 00:13:55,918 AND SAME THING ADMINISTER PROPOE 284 00:13:55,918 --> 00:13:57,920 FOLS AND FUSION AND ANIMAL 285 00:13:57,920 --> 00:13:59,622 BECOMES CONSCIOUS AND SLOW 286 00:13:59,622 --> 00:14:00,990 OSCILLATIONS AND LOOK WHAT YOU 287 00:14:00,990 --> 00:14:03,125 SEE NOW TRACING THIS BACK ACROSS 288 00:14:03,125 --> 00:14:05,461 NOT JUST ONE REGION OF THE 289 00:14:05,461 --> 00:14:08,464 CORTEX BUT ACROSS MORE THAN ONE 290 00:14:08,464 --> 00:14:09,698 REGION AND SEE THAT THE SPIKE 291 00:14:09,698 --> 00:14:11,734 RATE IS DROPPED AND 292 00:14:11,734 --> 00:14:12,768 QUANTIFICATIONS ARE IMPORTANT 293 00:14:12,768 --> 00:14:15,304 FROM 10 TO 12 SPIKES PER SECOND 294 00:14:15,304 --> 00:14:18,107 DOWN TO ONE HALF TO ONE SPIKE 295 00:14:18,107 --> 00:14:22,511 PER SECOND AND 99.5% DROP IN 296 00:14:22,511 --> 00:14:25,080 SPIKE RATE THERE IS PROFOUND 297 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:26,582 UPDATES AND PROFOUND SPIKING 298 00:14:26,582 --> 00:14:29,151 LIKE YOU SEE HERE. 299 00:14:29,151 --> 00:14:31,153 AGAIN, I CAN'T TELL YOU WHAT THE 300 00:14:31,153 --> 00:14:32,922 SPIKE RATE HAS TO DROP TO FOR 301 00:14:32,922 --> 00:14:35,291 THE PERSON OR MONKEY TO BE 302 00:14:35,291 --> 00:14:38,427 UNCONSCIOUS AND SUBMIT TO YOU 303 00:14:38,427 --> 00:14:40,162 THIS ANIMAL IS PROFOUNDLY 304 00:14:40,162 --> 00:14:42,598 UNCONSCIOUS GOING ACROSS THE 305 00:14:42,598 --> 00:14:45,201 ENTIRE CORTEX AND PROCESSING 1 306 00:14:45,201 --> 00:14:47,069 TO 2 SPIKES PER SECOND AND 307 00:14:47,069 --> 00:14:49,238 LOOKING AT THIS NOW AND NOT ONLY 308 00:14:49,238 --> 00:14:52,575 LOOKING AT THIS ACROSS THE 309 00:14:52,575 --> 00:14:54,543 CORTEX IN THIS WAY BUT ALSO 310 00:14:54,543 --> 00:14:56,178 BILATERALLY AND AT SAME TIME 311 00:14:56,178 --> 00:14:57,646 LOOKING DEEP WITHIN THE CORTEX 312 00:14:57,646 --> 00:15:01,684 TO SEE WHAT IS GOING ON. 313 00:15:01,684 --> 00:15:02,184 QUESTION? 314 00:15:02,184 --> 00:15:12,728 QUESTION? -- FOCUSING ON THIS 315 00:15:33,048 --> 00:15:35,117 PATTERN HERE IS ONE YOU SEE WHEN 316 00:15:35,117 --> 00:15:38,320 SOMEONE RECEIVES KETAMINE FOR 317 00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:39,388 LIKE JUST SEDATION. 318 00:15:39,388 --> 00:15:41,257 THIS IS THE PATTERN THAT YOU SEE 319 00:15:41,257 --> 00:15:44,293 IF YOU GIVE KETAMINE TO PATIENTS 320 00:15:44,293 --> 00:15:46,395 COMING TO TREATMENT FOR 321 00:15:46,395 --> 00:15:48,530 DEPRESSION. LOW DOSE KETAMINE 322 00:15:48,530 --> 00:15:51,400 LOW DOSE KETAMINE MAKES EEG 323 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:53,535 SPEED UP NOT SLOW DOWN. WHEN 324 00:15:53,535 --> 00:15:56,338 YOU GIVE A LARGE ENOUGH DOSE SO 325 00:15:56,338 --> 00:15:59,174 SOMEONE BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS YOU 326 00:15:59,174 --> 00:16:01,377 GET A REALLY COOL PATTERN WHERE 327 00:16:01,377 --> 00:16:03,679 I WILL FIND A MOUSE AGAIN AND 328 00:16:03,679 --> 00:16:05,648 YOU GO FAST AND SLOW AND FAST 329 00:16:05,648 --> 00:16:07,683 AND SLOW AND EVERY 4 TO 10 330 00:16:07,683 --> 00:16:09,952 SECONDS YOU SPEED UP AND SLOW 331 00:16:09,952 --> 00:16:11,787 DOWN. SPEED UP AND SLOW DOWN. 332 00:16:11,787 --> 00:16:12,421 RIGHT? 333 00:16:12,421 --> 00:16:15,124 YOU CAN SEE IT WELL HERE ON THE 334 00:16:15,124 --> 00:16:16,358 SPECTROGRAM. THIS IS ACTUAL 335 00:16:16,358 --> 00:16:18,727 HUMAN DATA TAKEN FROM THE 336 00:16:18,727 --> 00:16:20,262 OPERATING ROOM AND SOMEONE IS 337 00:16:20,262 --> 00:16:22,531 RECEIVING JUST BASICALLY 338 00:16:22,531 --> 00:16:22,798 KETAMINE. 339 00:16:22,798 --> 00:16:24,700 RIGHT? 340 00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:27,169 APPLYING THIS PRINCIPLE HAS TO 341 00:16:27,169 --> 00:16:29,104 BE AREA IN THE BRAIN STEM 342 00:16:29,104 --> 00:16:30,205 CONTRIBUTING TO THIS AND AREA 343 00:16:30,205 --> 00:16:34,276 THAT IS PROJECTIONS AND GLUTE 344 00:16:34,276 --> 00:16:36,445 AMA TERJIC PROJECTIONS THAT ARE 345 00:16:36,445 --> 00:16:40,416 COMING IN FROM THE PARABRICKULAR 346 00:16:40,416 --> 00:16:45,154 AREA AND RETICULAR FORMATION AND 347 00:16:45,154 --> 00:16:48,490 BASO GANG LEO THALAMUS IT IS NOT 348 00:16:48,490 --> 00:16:50,960 THAT SIMPLE GETTING US IN THE 349 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:53,128 BALLPARK AND MORE GOING ON AND 350 00:16:53,128 --> 00:16:55,631 FIRST THING GOING BACK TO 351 00:16:55,631 --> 00:16:57,433 INTERNEURON. ONE THING THAT 352 00:16:57,433 --> 00:16:59,768 HAPPENS WITH INTERNEURON IS THAT 353 00:16:59,768 --> 00:17:03,772 AT LOW DOSES PROPOE FOL OR 354 00:17:03,772 --> 00:17:06,408 KETAMINE TAKES OUT THE INTRO 355 00:17:06,408 --> 00:17:09,878 NEURONS BINDING GABA RECEPTOR 356 00:17:09,878 --> 00:17:14,149 AND GLUTE AMA TURJIC RECEPTORS 357 00:17:14,149 --> 00:17:15,784 ON INHIBITORY NEURONS. THEY ARE 358 00:17:15,784 --> 00:17:18,120 WORKING ALL THE TIME AND FOR 359 00:17:18,120 --> 00:17:19,355 KETAMINE TO BE EFFECTIVE IT HAS 360 00:17:19,355 --> 00:17:21,657 TO ACTUALLY GET INTO THE CHANNEL 361 00:17:21,657 --> 00:17:23,959 AND PARIETAL NEURONS ARE LIKE 362 00:17:23,959 --> 00:17:26,295 THIS AND PROBABILISTICALLY AT 363 00:17:26,295 --> 00:17:28,230 LOW DOSE IF YOU DO THAT YOU WILL 364 00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:30,232 TAKE OUT THE INTERNEURONS FIRST 365 00:17:30,232 --> 00:17:32,901 AND GIVING HIGHER AND HIGHER 366 00:17:32,901 --> 00:17:35,571 DOSES YOU GET THE -- YOU 367 00:17:35,571 --> 00:17:37,473 ACTUALLY GET PARAMETAL NEURONS 368 00:17:37,473 --> 00:17:39,274 NOT JUST SIMPLE TURNING OFF BUT 369 00:17:39,274 --> 00:17:43,812 THERE IS A DYNAMIC BEING SET UP 370 00:17:43,812 --> 00:17:45,114 BETWEEN VARIOUS BRAIN REGIONS 371 00:17:45,114 --> 00:17:47,082 WORKING NOW WITH EXPERIMENTS AND 372 00:17:47,082 --> 00:17:49,651 WITH MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND I 373 00:17:49,651 --> 00:17:51,954 WILL SHOW YOU A LITTLE DATA 374 00:17:51,954 --> 00:17:54,289 ANALYSIS ON THIS. THIS IS A 375 00:17:54,289 --> 00:17:57,059 NON-HUMAN PRIMATE. YOU KNOW, 376 00:17:57,059 --> 00:17:58,927 KETAMINE INFUSION AND YOU CAN 377 00:17:58,927 --> 00:18:01,697 SEE THE STATE AND SEE THE UP 378 00:18:01,697 --> 00:18:03,999 SORT OF THE FAST OSCILLATION AND 379 00:18:03,999 --> 00:18:06,602 SLOW OSCILLATION AND GOING BACK 380 00:18:06,602 --> 00:18:10,839 AND FORTH. WHAT INDIE DID IS 381 00:18:10,839 --> 00:18:12,207 USED HIDDEN MARK-OFF MODEL TO 382 00:18:12,207 --> 00:18:14,643 LOOK AT THIS. SYSTEM WASN'T 383 00:18:14,643 --> 00:18:16,578 GOING JUST FAST AND SLOW, FAST 384 00:18:16,578 --> 00:18:19,415 AND SLOW, IT WAS GOING LET'S SAY 385 00:18:19,415 --> 00:18:22,918 SLOW. A LITTLE FASTER. A 386 00:18:22,918 --> 00:18:25,521 LITTLE FASTER, FAST. SLOW A 387 00:18:25,521 --> 00:18:27,623 LITTLE FASTER AND SO FORTH AND 388 00:18:27,623 --> 00:18:30,426 SEE THAT HERE 4 STATE HIDDEN 389 00:18:30,426 --> 00:18:33,061 MARK OFF MODEL DESCRIBING 390 00:18:33,061 --> 00:18:34,797 DYNAMICS AND MONKEY NOW SHOWING 391 00:18:34,797 --> 00:18:37,433 THE SAME PATTERN AND IS GAMMA 392 00:18:37,433 --> 00:18:38,767 OSCILLATIONS AND SEE THEM GOING 393 00:18:38,767 --> 00:18:40,068 THROUGH VARIOUS STATES. 394 00:18:40,068 --> 00:18:42,070 WHAT IS HAPPENING ACROSS THE 395 00:18:42,070 --> 00:18:43,639 BRAIN HERE? 396 00:18:43,639 --> 00:18:46,074 SO, THIS IS THE 4 REGIONS LIKE 397 00:18:46,074 --> 00:18:47,376 WE LOOKED AT BEFORE. 398 00:18:47,376 --> 00:18:51,213 WHAT WE FOUND OUT IS ABOUT 399 00:18:51,213 --> 00:18:52,948 IFFIST% OF THE TIME ALL REGIONS 400 00:18:52,948 --> 00:18:59,555 ARE IN SYNC AND 70% OF TIME 401 00:18:59,555 --> 00:19:01,590 POSTERIOR REGIONS ARE IN SYNC 402 00:19:01,590 --> 00:19:03,992 HERE AND 80% OF THE TIME TWO 403 00:19:03,992 --> 00:19:06,094 FRONTAL REGIONS ARE IN SYNC. 404 00:19:06,094 --> 00:19:07,396 ALL RIGHT? 405 00:19:07,396 --> 00:19:08,630 OTHER INTERESTING THING ABOUT 406 00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:11,733 THIS IS WITH PROPOFOL I TOLD YOU 407 00:19:11,733 --> 00:19:15,337 SPIKE RATES DROP 99% AND HERE 408 00:19:15,337 --> 00:19:17,105 SPIKE RATES ARE ON AVERAGE SAME 409 00:19:17,105 --> 00:19:19,575 AS WHEN ANIMAL IS AWAKE AND WHAT 410 00:19:19,575 --> 00:19:21,310 HAPPENS IS DURING FAST PERIODS 411 00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,546 THEY SPEED UP A LITTLE BIT AND 412 00:19:24,546 --> 00:19:26,515 SLOW PERIOD DROP DRAMATICALLY 413 00:19:26,515 --> 00:19:29,151 AND SPEED UP A LITTLE BIT AND 414 00:19:29,151 --> 00:19:30,752 DROP DRAMATICALLY AND I'M NOT 415 00:19:30,752 --> 00:19:33,322 PRESENTING DATA ON THAT AND WHAT 416 00:19:33,322 --> 00:19:35,491 NEURONS ARE DOING AND YOU CAN 417 00:19:35,491 --> 00:19:37,125 IMAGINE THAT THIS DYNAMIC MAKES 418 00:19:37,125 --> 00:19:41,063 IT VERY DIFFICULT TO BE 419 00:19:41,063 --> 00:19:41,363 CONSCIOUS. 420 00:19:41,363 --> 00:19:42,865 I JUST PUT THIS IN THERE BECAUSE 421 00:19:42,865 --> 00:19:44,266 I PUT IT IN THERE. 422 00:19:44,266 --> 00:19:47,002 ALL RIGHT? 423 00:19:47,002 --> 00:19:51,507 SO, EZRA MARCUS A WRITER FOR NEW 424 00:19:51,507 --> 00:19:53,041 YORK TIMES WROTE ME A COUPLE 425 00:19:53,041 --> 00:19:56,612 YEARS AGO AND PEOPLE SNIFFING 426 00:19:56,612 --> 00:19:59,381 NITE TRIX OXIDE AND SIMILAR TO 427 00:19:59,381 --> 00:20:00,849 GETTING HIGH. THIS IS DUMB. 428 00:20:00,849 --> 00:20:02,551 DON'T DO THIS. ALL RIGHT? 429 00:20:02,551 --> 00:20:06,255 LOOKING AT THIS GUY HERE WITH 430 00:20:06,255 --> 00:20:10,292 MASK OVER HIS FACE PEDIATRIC 431 00:20:10,292 --> 00:20:10,993 ANESTHESIOLOGIST WILL TELL YOU 432 00:20:10,993 --> 00:20:12,895 WE DO THIS WITH KIDS AND WITH 433 00:20:12,895 --> 00:20:15,030 THEM YOU CAN'T PUT IV IN VERY 434 00:20:15,030 --> 00:20:18,567 OFTEN AND HAVE THEM TAKE A 435 00:20:18,567 --> 00:20:21,470 SINGLE BREATH OF NITRIC OXIDE 436 00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:23,739 WITH C04 OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT 437 00:20:23,739 --> 00:20:24,873 AND THEY WILL GO OUT JUST LIKE 438 00:20:24,873 --> 00:20:26,742 THAT AND THIS IS LOOKING LIKE 439 00:20:26,742 --> 00:20:30,245 SOMEONE IS TRYING TO SEL 440 00:20:30,245 --> 00:20:32,180 SELF-ANESTHETIZE THEMSELVES THAT 441 00:20:32,180 --> 00:20:34,116 IS REALLY DANGEROUS AND NOBODY 442 00:20:34,116 --> 00:20:37,786 IS THERE TO REVIVE YOU. EZRA 443 00:20:37,786 --> 00:20:39,054 WROTE ME BECAUSE WE WENT BACK 444 00:20:39,054 --> 00:20:41,590 AND LOOKED AT ALL DATA WE 445 00:20:41,590 --> 00:20:42,958 COLLECTED OVER SEVERAL YEARS ON 446 00:20:42,958 --> 00:20:46,762 AND FOUND SOME VERY INTERESTING 447 00:20:46,762 --> 00:20:48,664 DYNAMICS IN NITRIC OXIDE AND 448 00:20:48,664 --> 00:20:50,966 WHAT I WANT TO SHOW YOU HERE. 449 00:20:50,966 --> 00:20:53,302 THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON NITRIC 450 00:20:53,302 --> 00:20:55,337 OXIDE. ALL RIGHT? HERE, THIS 451 00:20:55,337 --> 00:20:57,773 LINE TO THIS LINE IS ONE SECOND 452 00:20:57,773 --> 00:21:00,008 FROM HERE TO HERE IS ONE SECOND 453 00:21:00,008 --> 00:21:03,645 AND STANDARD MONTAGE IN ORS 2 ON 454 00:21:03,645 --> 00:21:05,647 LEFT AND 2 ON RIGHT AND GROUND 455 00:21:05,647 --> 00:21:08,817 REFERENCE IN MIDDLE AND BRAIN ON 456 00:21:08,817 --> 00:21:11,653 NITRIC OXIDE GENERATES ALMOST 457 00:21:11,653 --> 00:21:12,888 PERFECT SIGN WAVES AND WHY THIS 458 00:21:12,888 --> 00:21:14,923 IS DUMB TO DO. YOU SHOULD NOT 459 00:21:14,923 --> 00:21:15,824 DO THIS. 460 00:21:15,824 --> 00:21:16,658 ALL RIGHT? 461 00:21:16,658 --> 00:21:17,526 ALL RIGHT? 462 00:21:17,526 --> 00:21:18,260 ALL RIGHT. 463 00:21:18,260 --> 00:21:20,963 WHEN I FIRST SAW THIS, IT WAS 464 00:21:20,963 --> 00:21:22,798 LITERALLY INCREDIBLE AND WE WENT 465 00:21:22,798 --> 00:21:25,267 BACK OVER A SERIES OF DATA 19 466 00:21:25,267 --> 00:21:27,169 CASES WE COLLECTED OVER A PERIOD 467 00:21:27,169 --> 00:21:30,739 OF A YEAR AND A HALF OR SO AND 468 00:21:30,739 --> 00:21:32,241 SAW JUST THIS PATTERN AND WILL 469 00:21:32,241 --> 00:21:34,509 SHOW YOU WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE AND 470 00:21:34,509 --> 00:21:36,678 COMMONLY WORKS BECAUSE WE TURN 471 00:21:36,678 --> 00:21:38,747 NITRIC OXIDE ON TOWARDS END OF 472 00:21:38,747 --> 00:21:39,314 THE CASE. 473 00:21:39,314 --> 00:21:41,750 AND AS WE COME OFF THE OTHER 474 00:21:41,750 --> 00:21:43,852 ANTHETICS IT IS EASIER TO WAKE 475 00:21:43,852 --> 00:21:48,323 UP NITRIC OXIDE FROM SAY 476 00:21:48,323 --> 00:21:50,325 ISOFLOURINE PATTERN THAT STARTS 477 00:21:50,325 --> 00:21:51,727 TO BREAK DOWN BREAK DOWN AND 478 00:21:51,727 --> 00:21:54,062 WHERE IT TAKES EFFECT AND NITRIC 479 00:21:54,062 --> 00:21:56,565 OXIDE IS BUILDING UP HERE 480 00:21:56,565 --> 00:21:58,400 CONSTANT RATE 60% AND SLOW 481 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:00,836 OSCILLATION AND WHAT IS REALLY 482 00:22:00,836 --> 00:22:03,138 COOL ABOUT THIS IS IT DOESN'T 483 00:22:03,138 --> 00:22:05,040 CONTINUE AND AT SOME POINT 484 00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:06,708 BREAKS UP ON ITS OWN BECOMING A 485 00:22:06,708 --> 00:22:08,577 FASTER OSCILLATION AND HAVE NO 486 00:22:08,577 --> 00:22:12,314 IDEA WHY IT HAPPENS AND WON'T 487 00:22:12,314 --> 00:22:15,917 FIGURE IT OUT STUDYING NITRIC 488 00:22:15,917 --> 00:22:17,819 OXIDE NOT A FRIEND TO THE 489 00:22:17,819 --> 00:22:20,022 ENVIRONMENT AND IT IS COOL AND 490 00:22:20,022 --> 00:22:22,924 PRINCIPLE AND NDNA ANTAGONIST 491 00:22:22,924 --> 00:22:25,394 AND IN AREAS WHERE KETAMINE IS 492 00:22:25,394 --> 00:22:27,329 ACTING AND A COMPLETELY 493 00:22:27,329 --> 00:22:31,099 DIFFERENT DYNAMIC FROM KETAMINE. 494 00:22:31,099 --> 00:22:34,436 THEN ONE FINAL POINT HERE, YOU 495 00:22:34,436 --> 00:22:37,773 KNOW, WE ARE ASKED WHICH OF YOUR 496 00:22:37,773 --> 00:22:40,342 DRUGS IN ANY WAY MIMICS STATES 497 00:22:40,342 --> 00:22:42,477 LIKE SLEEP FOR EXAMPLE AND ONES 498 00:22:42,477 --> 00:22:45,747 THAT COME CLOSE TO MIMICKING 499 00:22:45,747 --> 00:22:47,049 STATES LIKE SLEEP BECAUSE AT LOW 500 00:22:47,049 --> 00:22:49,284 DOSAGE YOU WILL SEE SPINDLE 501 00:22:49,284 --> 00:22:51,386 ACTIVITY AND SLOW OSCILLATION 502 00:22:51,386 --> 00:22:54,222 WILL LOOK LIKE NON-REM STAGE 2 503 00:22:54,222 --> 00:22:57,092 SLEEP AND HIGHER DOSES LOOKS 504 00:22:57,092 --> 00:22:59,494 LIKE SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND 505 00:22:59,494 --> 00:23:00,729 MECHANISTICALLY IS SIMILAR TO -- 506 00:23:00,729 --> 00:23:03,365 I MEAN IN LAST FEW YEARS NUMBER 507 00:23:03,365 --> 00:23:04,533 OF RESEARCHERS TAUGHT US WORLD 508 00:23:04,533 --> 00:23:07,335 IS NOT AS SIMPLE AS I WILL MAKE 509 00:23:07,335 --> 00:23:09,104 IT NOW AND NUMBER OF AREAS ARE 510 00:23:09,104 --> 00:23:10,472 PROBABLY INVOLVED IF HAD HELPING 511 00:23:10,472 --> 00:23:12,507 THE BRAIN TURN OWE OF TO 512 00:23:12,507 --> 00:23:15,277 INITIATE SLEEP AND ONE IS 513 00:23:15,277 --> 00:23:16,912 PREOPTIC AREA OF THE 514 00:23:16,912 --> 00:23:19,514 HYPOTHALAMUS THAT STAYS 515 00:23:19,514 --> 00:23:20,282 DISINHIBITED. 516 00:23:20,282 --> 00:23:22,150 SO, BY BLOCKING THE -- WHAT 517 00:23:22,150 --> 00:23:27,522 COMES OUT OF THE LOCUST CERTIFY 518 00:23:27,522 --> 00:23:31,827 YOU'LLEOUS AND ANEARTHIC ENERGY 519 00:23:31,827 --> 00:23:33,695 THERE, YOU CAN ACTUALLY TURN ON 520 00:23:33,695 --> 00:23:37,566 THE PREOPTIC AREA AND GENERATE 521 00:23:37,566 --> 00:23:39,701 PATTERNS LIKE WE ARE SHOWING YOU 522 00:23:39,701 --> 00:23:41,370 HERE AND THREE LITTLE FACTOIDS 523 00:23:41,370 --> 00:23:43,972 TO END UP WITH. SLOW 524 00:23:43,972 --> 00:23:45,307 OSCILLATIONS OCCUR IN VERY YOUNG 525 00:23:45,307 --> 00:23:47,442 BRAINS AND KIDS UNDER THREE 526 00:23:47,442 --> 00:23:55,484 YEARS OF AGE GIVING GAB YAERGIC 527 00:23:55,484 --> 00:23:57,619 STAGE AND -- PROBABLY REPRESENTS 528 00:23:57,619 --> 00:24:00,922 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. OLDER 529 00:24:00,922 --> 00:24:02,657 PATIENT, I COUNT MYSELF AMONG 530 00:24:02,657 --> 00:24:04,760 THAT GROUP TOO NOW. YOU WILL 531 00:24:04,760 --> 00:24:06,294 PROBABLY SEE SLOW OSCILLATIONS 532 00:24:06,294 --> 00:24:09,431 AND SEE NO ALPHA OSCILLATIONS 533 00:24:09,431 --> 00:24:11,366 WHATSOEVER AND IS PROBABLY BRAIN 534 00:24:11,366 --> 00:24:13,068 GETTING OLDER. 535 00:24:13,068 --> 00:24:17,105 ONE IS DEVELOPMENT AND OTHER IS 536 00:24:17,105 --> 00:24:19,641 DEGENERATION AND OVERWHELMING 537 00:24:19,641 --> 00:24:21,977 SEPSIS WE SAW A LOT DURING COVID 538 00:24:21,977 --> 00:24:25,013 THEY HAVE SLOW OSCILLATIONS. 539 00:24:25,013 --> 00:24:27,682 GENTLEMAN I TOOK CARE OF DRUG 540 00:24:27,682 --> 00:24:30,752 ADDICT ANAESTHETIZING INFECTION 541 00:24:30,752 --> 00:24:32,654 CAME TO OPERATING ROOM EVERY 3 542 00:24:32,654 --> 00:24:35,190 TO 4 DAYS TO HAVE IT CLEANED UP 543 00:24:35,190 --> 00:24:38,693 AND PUTTING EEG ON IT HE IS 34 544 00:24:38,693 --> 00:24:41,997 AND EXPECTED TO SEE SLOW 545 00:24:41,997 --> 00:24:45,033 OSCILLATION IN ACETYLLE FLUORINE 546 00:24:45,033 --> 00:24:47,636 AND SAW SLOW OSCILLATIONS 547 00:24:47,636 --> 00:24:51,039 TURNING OFF BRAIN STEM AROUSAL 548 00:24:51,039 --> 00:24:56,611 CENTERS AND THEY ARE ACTING LIKE 549 00:24:56,611 --> 00:24:58,547 BREMER'S -- PATIENTS AND LONG 550 00:24:58,547 --> 00:25:00,582 INFECTION CLEARS UP AND 551 00:25:00,582 --> 00:25:03,051 INITIALLY HAVE SLOW OSCILLATIONS 552 00:25:03,051 --> 00:25:05,053 CLEARING UP AND ALPHA 553 00:25:05,053 --> 00:25:06,054 OSCILLATIONS COME BACK 554 00:25:06,054 --> 00:25:07,756 SUGGESTING COULD BE INFLAMMATORY 555 00:25:07,756 --> 00:25:09,124 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THIS IS WHAT 556 00:25:09,124 --> 00:25:10,358 I HAVE TOLD YOU HERE. 557 00:25:10,358 --> 00:25:13,495 ALL ANTHETICS WITH SLOW DELTA 558 00:25:13,495 --> 00:25:15,263 OSCILLATIONS ARE PROBABLY 559 00:25:15,263 --> 00:25:16,231 MECHANISMS AND THROUGH 560 00:25:16,231 --> 00:25:17,732 PRINCIPLES AND DIRECT ACTION IN 561 00:25:17,732 --> 00:25:20,302 THE THALAMUS AND CORTEX. 562 00:25:20,302 --> 00:25:24,005 EACH OF THE ANTHETICS HAS 563 00:25:24,005 --> 00:25:27,108 DIFFERENT EEG SIGNATURE CHANGING 564 00:25:27,108 --> 00:25:30,145 DRAMATICALLY WITH DOSE AND 565 00:25:30,145 --> 00:25:31,346 PATIENT AGE AND [INDISCERNIBLE] 566 00:25:31,346 --> 00:25:38,954 I WILL STOP THERE. 567 00:25:38,954 --> 00:25:39,888 >> MORNING. THANK YOU SO MUCH 568 00:25:39,888 --> 00:25:43,158 FOR THIS. WE ARE WORKING IN A 569 00:25:43,158 --> 00:25:45,360 SIMILAR WAY. WE ARE RECORDING 570 00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:48,630 FROM PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND 571 00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:50,031 PARIETAL CORTEX UNDER ANESTHESIA 572 00:25:50,031 --> 00:25:52,734 AND USE A HIDDEN MARK OF MODEL 573 00:25:52,734 --> 00:25:54,803 WITH TWO STATES AND WONDERING 574 00:25:54,803 --> 00:25:59,174 AND DATA IS EASIER TO 575 00:25:59,174 --> 00:26:02,110 RATIONALIZE -- OR TOO EXCITATORY 576 00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:03,812 POPULATIONS WITH ONE INHIBITORY 577 00:26:03,812 --> 00:26:05,914 POPULATION LEADING UP TO THIS 578 00:26:05,914 --> 00:26:09,784 STATE. THE FULL STATES YOU USE, 579 00:26:09,784 --> 00:26:13,154 WHAT COULD BE THE 580 00:26:13,154 --> 00:26:14,756 CRYTOARCHITECTURAL NODES TO 581 00:26:14,756 --> 00:26:17,125 GENERATE THIS OR CIRCUITS 582 00:26:17,125 --> 00:26:18,894 CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR 583 00:26:18,894 --> 00:26:20,662 CIRCUIT THAT WOULD HAVE FOUR 584 00:26:20,662 --> 00:26:21,296 DIFFERENT STATES? 585 00:26:21,296 --> 00:26:23,198 >> WHAT HAPPENS YOU ARE RIGHT 586 00:26:23,198 --> 00:26:26,635 THERE IS PRIMARY POPULATION OF 587 00:26:26,635 --> 00:26:28,270 FAST AND SLOW GUYS AND WHAT 588 00:26:28,270 --> 00:26:30,138 HAPPENS IS THEY DON'T JUST GO ON 589 00:26:30,138 --> 00:26:33,108 AND OFF BUT THEY MUTE OR START 590 00:26:33,108 --> 00:26:36,111 INHIBITING A LITTLE MORE AND 591 00:26:36,111 --> 00:26:37,312 DISINHIBITING A LITTLE LESS AND 592 00:26:37,312 --> 00:26:39,581 A LITTLE LESS AND WHAT IS 593 00:26:39,581 --> 00:26:41,116 OCCURRING AND TWO PRIMARY GROUPS 594 00:26:41,116 --> 00:26:43,051 THAT COME ABOUT IS DIFFERENCE IN 595 00:26:43,051 --> 00:26:46,621 EFFECT OF KETAMINE ON INHIBITORY 596 00:26:46,621 --> 00:26:48,223 INTERNEURONS COMPARED TO 597 00:26:48,223 --> 00:26:49,457 PARAMETERS IS WHAT HAPPENS AND 598 00:26:49,457 --> 00:26:53,295 YOU CAN DO IT WITH TWO 599 00:26:53,295 --> 00:27:03,571 POPULATIONS -- 600 00:27:07,142 --> 00:27:08,843 >> YOU HAVE TO HAVE ACTIONS 601 00:27:08,843 --> 00:27:10,812 COMING FROM THE BRAIN STEM. 602 00:27:10,812 --> 00:27:13,114 SO, THEY ARE PROBABLY GIVING YOU 603 00:27:13,114 --> 00:27:16,685 LARGE INHIBITION; RIGHT? 604 00:27:16,685 --> 00:27:21,056 AFTER THEY HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN 605 00:27:21,056 --> 00:27:23,425 INHIBITED FOR AIN HIBTORY 606 00:27:23,425 --> 00:27:24,926 NEURONS IN CORTEX CAN COME BACK 607 00:27:24,926 --> 00:27:26,995 ON AND POINT IS IT IS NOT JUST 608 00:27:26,995 --> 00:27:30,765 THIS, THIS, AND THIS. IT IS 609 00:27:30,765 --> 00:27:31,800 ACTUALLY -- THAT IS ALL. 610 00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:32,801 >> THANK YOU. 611 00:27:32,801 --> 00:27:34,836 >> HI. I'M VERY INTERESTING 612 00:27:34,836 --> 00:27:37,005 DATA AND ESPECIALLY ONE WITH 613 00:27:37,005 --> 00:27:39,240 MILLER ON THE MONKEY AND CURIOUS 614 00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:41,977 ABOUT FILING PATTERNS YOU ARE 615 00:27:41,977 --> 00:27:43,445 GETTING THERE AND DID YOU 616 00:27:43,445 --> 00:27:45,580 ANALYZE DIVERSITY OF PATTERNS 617 00:27:45,580 --> 00:27:46,448 YOU COULD GET? 618 00:27:46,448 --> 00:27:48,483 PERHAPS IF YOU HAVE WAKING STATE 619 00:27:48,483 --> 00:27:51,286 DATA ON SAME CELLS I SUPPOSE YOU 620 00:27:51,286 --> 00:27:52,754 DO ON THOSE AND WOULD YOU 621 00:27:52,754 --> 00:27:55,190 RECOGNIZE SOME PATTERNS THAT ARE 622 00:27:55,190 --> 00:27:57,892 CODING IN WAKEFUL STATE OR IS IT 623 00:27:57,892 --> 00:28:01,162 JUST A NONCODING HIGHLY 624 00:28:01,162 --> 00:28:02,430 SYNCHRONIZED PATTERN. 625 00:28:02,430 --> 00:28:04,866 >> GREAT QUESTION. IN OTHER 626 00:28:04,866 --> 00:28:06,701 WORDS UPSTATE WHEN ANIMAL IS 627 00:28:06,701 --> 00:28:08,436 AWAKE AND UNCONSCIOUS IS THERE 628 00:28:08,436 --> 00:28:10,405 STILL STUFF GOING ON AND FIGURED 629 00:28:10,405 --> 00:28:13,074 OUT NOW GOING TO IT WITH MORE 630 00:28:13,074 --> 00:28:14,409 DETAIL AND TURNS OUT THERE 631 00:28:14,409 --> 00:28:16,611 PROBABLY ISN'T AND THIS IS A 632 00:28:16,611 --> 00:28:17,812 PROFOUND LEVEL OF SHUTDOWN. 633 00:28:17,812 --> 00:28:18,246 >> UH-HUH. 634 00:28:18,246 --> 00:28:20,415 >> I MEAN, YOU HAVE SPIKE RATES 635 00:28:20,415 --> 00:28:22,384 THAT ARE REASONABLE DURING UP 636 00:28:22,384 --> 00:28:24,052 STATES AND DURING DOWN STATES 637 00:28:24,052 --> 00:28:26,821 PRETTY MUCH NOTHING IS GOING ON 638 00:28:26,821 --> 00:28:27,155 ESSENTIALLY. 639 00:28:27,155 --> 00:28:28,490 >> RIGHT. 640 00:28:28,490 --> 00:28:30,358 >> NOT MUCH CODING IS GOING ON 641 00:28:30,358 --> 00:28:30,592 THERE. 642 00:28:30,592 --> 00:28:33,261 >> UP STATES I'M INTERESTED IN. 643 00:28:33,261 --> 00:28:35,296 ARE THEY DIVERSE ENOUGH AND 644 00:28:35,296 --> 00:28:37,032 PREDICT THEY ARE NOT REALLY 645 00:28:37,032 --> 00:28:37,265 CODING. 646 00:28:37,265 --> 00:28:38,900 >> RIGHT. I DON'T THINK THEY 647 00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:42,037 ARE. THIS IS 10 TO 12 SPIKES 648 00:28:42,037 --> 00:28:45,006 PER SECOND AND ONE-TO-ONE.5 649 00:28:45,006 --> 00:28:46,207 SPIKES PER SECOND. DON'T THINK 650 00:28:46,207 --> 00:28:48,243 HE IS CODING. 651 00:28:48,243 --> 00:28:50,311 >> LOOKING AT IT LOOKS LIKE AT 652 00:28:50,311 --> 00:28:52,013 LEAST TWO STATES THERE. 653 00:28:52,013 --> 00:28:53,782 >> DEFINITELY COUPLE STATES AND 654 00:28:53,782 --> 00:28:57,118 WHY I REMEMBER AND SHOWING YOU 655 00:28:57,118 --> 00:28:58,720 THE SPIKES. SPIKE RATE IS VERY 656 00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:08,930 LO HE AND THAT IS THE KEY POINT. 657 00:29:08,930 --> 00:29:19,574 >> YEAH. SO SH -- 658 00:29:19,574 --> 00:29:22,610 >> REPORTS OF INTRAOPERATIVES 659 00:29:22,610 --> 00:29:23,078 AWARENESS. 660 00:29:23,078 --> 00:29:24,913 WHAT DO YOU THINK OF BOTH 661 00:29:24,913 --> 00:29:28,616 CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MEMORY 662 00:29:28,616 --> 00:29:29,717 RECALLING STIMULI PRESENTED 663 00:29:29,717 --> 00:29:31,653 DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA? 664 00:29:31,653 --> 00:29:32,954 >> VERY GOOD QUESTION. ONE 665 00:29:32,954 --> 00:29:34,689 REASON THAT WE ARE PARANOID 666 00:29:34,689 --> 00:29:36,891 ABOUT -- ONE THING WE ARE 667 00:29:36,891 --> 00:29:37,859 PARANOID ABOUT IS HAVING PEOPLE 668 00:29:37,859 --> 00:29:40,495 NO THE HAVE AWARENESS AND THE 669 00:29:40,495 --> 00:29:41,830 DIFFICULTY IS THAT IN THESE 670 00:29:41,830 --> 00:29:44,432 CASES OF AWARENESS THEY ARE NOT 671 00:29:44,432 --> 00:29:46,601 USING THE EEG. IF SOMEONE CAME 672 00:29:46,601 --> 00:29:49,104 TO ME AND SAID LAST TIME I HAD 673 00:29:49,104 --> 00:29:51,005 ANESTHESIA I HAD AWARENESS, 674 00:29:51,005 --> 00:29:54,042 OKAY. IT WON'T HAPPEN AGAIN. I 675 00:29:54,042 --> 00:29:56,010 WOULD ANESTHETIZE THEM AND TAKE 676 00:29:56,010 --> 00:29:58,046 THEM DOWN TO A STATE THAT LOOKED 677 00:29:58,046 --> 00:30:00,048 LIKE THAT; RIGHT? 678 00:30:00,048 --> 00:30:02,150 THAT WON'T BE AWARE AND WE ARE 679 00:30:02,150 --> 00:30:04,185 APPROXIMATELY RIGHT ABOUT SLOW 680 00:30:04,185 --> 00:30:05,420 OSCILLATIONS AND HAVEN'T TOLD 681 00:30:05,420 --> 00:30:07,489 YOU ABOUT ALPHA OSCILLATIONS AND 682 00:30:07,489 --> 00:30:09,124 BRAIN TURNED OFF AND SOMEONE 683 00:30:09,124 --> 00:30:11,126 WILL BE PROFOUNDLY UNCONSCIOUS 684 00:30:11,126 --> 00:30:13,128 AND IS PROBLEM THEY DON'T USE 685 00:30:13,128 --> 00:30:16,798 THE EEG. 20% OF 686 00:30:16,798 --> 00:30:18,433 ANESTHESIOLOGISTS USE EEG TO 687 00:30:18,433 --> 00:30:20,335 MONITOR THEIR PATIENTS. 688 00:30:20,335 --> 00:30:22,437 IT IS A SOLVABLE PROBLEM. 689 00:30:22,437 --> 00:30:26,407 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, EMORY. 690 00:30:26,407 --> 00:30:27,075 >> THANK YOU. 691 00:30:27,075 --> 00:30:29,811 >> I WILL INTRODUCE THE SECOND 692 00:30:29,811 --> 00:30:33,114 SPEAKER AND MAYBE WE CAN PULL 693 00:30:33,114 --> 00:30:36,251 GEORGE UP VIRTUALLY. GEORGE IS 694 00:30:36,251 --> 00:30:38,419 AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST AND NIH 695 00:30:38,419 --> 00:30:41,422 FUNDED NEUROSCIENTIST AT 696 00:30:41,422 --> 00:30:42,123 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND 697 00:30:42,123 --> 00:30:45,793 SERVES AT PROFESSOR AND CHAIR AT 698 00:30:45,793 --> 00:30:49,097 DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY AT 699 00:30:49,097 --> 00:30:51,199 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN -- IN 700 00:30:51,199 --> 00:30:53,501 2014 AND DIRECTED IT UNTIL 2020 701 00:30:53,501 --> 00:30:56,371 AND FOUNDED MICHIGAN PSYCHIATRIC 702 00:30:56,371 --> 00:30:57,972 CENTER IN 2022 THAT HE CURRENT 703 00:30:57,972 --> 00:31:00,241 WILL I DIRECTED AND RESEARCH 704 00:31:00,241 --> 00:31:04,345 SPANS MECHANISMS OF ANTHETIC 705 00:31:04,345 --> 00:31:06,247 INDUCED UNCONSCIOUSNESS 706 00:31:06,247 --> 00:31:07,882 INTRAOPERATIVE AWARENESS AND 707 00:31:07,882 --> 00:31:10,251 SLEEP AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND 708 00:31:10,251 --> 00:31:12,353 CORTEX AND CONSCIOUSNESS NEAR 709 00:31:12,353 --> 00:31:14,155 DEATH EXPERIENCES TESTING 710 00:31:14,155 --> 00:31:16,991 THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS USING 711 00:31:16,991 --> 00:31:19,093 ANTHETICS AND GEORGE, THE FLOOR 712 00:31:19,093 --> 00:31:20,195 IS YOURS. 713 00:31:20,195 --> 00:31:21,796 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. ARE YOU 714 00:31:21,796 --> 00:31:23,198 ABLE TO HEAR ME? 715 00:31:23,198 --> 00:31:25,099 >> WE HEAR YOU CLEARLY. 716 00:31:25,099 --> 00:31:26,034 >> WONDERFUL. 717 00:31:26,034 --> 00:31:29,003 THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS, DR. 718 00:31:29,003 --> 00:31:32,273 HEY AND OTHERS FOR THIS 719 00:31:32,273 --> 00:31:33,675 WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO 720 00:31:33,675 --> 00:31:35,543 PARTICIPATE ALBEIT VIRTUALLY. I 721 00:31:35,543 --> 00:31:37,111 WILL DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT 722 00:31:37,111 --> 00:31:38,446 BEING FLANKED BY EMINENT DR. 723 00:31:38,446 --> 00:31:40,815 BROWN AND DR. BANKS. I WILL 724 00:31:40,815 --> 00:31:43,685 HAVE AN INTERLUDE OF SORTS 725 00:31:43,685 --> 00:31:45,653 REFLECTING ON ANESTHESIA AND 726 00:31:45,653 --> 00:31:46,087 CONSCIOUSNESS. 727 00:31:46,087 --> 00:31:49,891 I HOPE TO CONVEY SOME OF MY 728 00:31:49,891 --> 00:31:52,493 EXCITEMENT AS TO WHY GENERAL 729 00:31:52,493 --> 00:31:54,862 ANTHETICS AND ANESTHETIZED 730 00:31:54,862 --> 00:31:57,098 STATES ARE INDISPENSABLE TOOLS 731 00:31:57,098 --> 00:31:58,733 TO STUDY CONSCIOUSNESS AND FIRST 732 00:31:58,733 --> 00:32:04,505 WILL ARGUE CONCEPTUAL ORIGIN OF 733 00:32:04,505 --> 00:32:06,608 ANTHEESHOLOGY IS ASH KRERNL AND 734 00:32:06,608 --> 00:32:09,244 GENERAL ANESTHESIA MIGHT BE A 735 00:32:09,244 --> 00:32:11,512 FUNDAMENTALLY BIOLOGICAL PROCESS 736 00:32:11,512 --> 00:32:15,650 AND SHARING DATA THAT GENERAL 737 00:32:15,650 --> 00:32:17,619 ANESTHESIA IS MECHANISTICALLY 738 00:32:17,619 --> 00:32:19,354 DISTINCT FROM SLEEP AND ARE 739 00:32:19,354 --> 00:32:20,955 DISTINCT STATES WITH SHARED 740 00:32:20,955 --> 00:32:23,358 TRAITS AND SHOWING DATA 741 00:32:23,358 --> 00:32:24,892 SUGGESTING THAT ANESTHETIZED 742 00:32:24,892 --> 00:32:28,062 STATE IS DYNAMIC AND YOU HEARD 743 00:32:28,062 --> 00:32:29,998 FROM DR. BROWN ALREADY ON THIS 744 00:32:29,998 --> 00:32:31,899 AND FIN WILL I JUST SURVEYED 745 00:32:31,899 --> 00:32:34,302 SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES TO 746 00:32:34,302 --> 00:32:36,337 SUGGEST GENERAL ANESTHESIA IS A 747 00:32:36,337 --> 00:32:37,906 POWERFUL TOOL TO UNDERSTAND 748 00:32:37,906 --> 00:32:38,339 CONSCIOUSNESS. 749 00:32:38,339 --> 00:32:39,874 I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT, OF 750 00:32:39,874 --> 00:32:41,776 COURSE, THERE IS A LOT OF GREAT 751 00:32:41,776 --> 00:32:43,144 WORK OUT THERE. 752 00:32:43,144 --> 00:32:46,214 SO, LET'S START OFF WITH THE 753 00:32:46,214 --> 00:32:46,714 HISTORICAL ORIGINS. 754 00:32:46,714 --> 00:32:49,083 I THINK MOST OF US TALK ABOUT 755 00:32:49,083 --> 00:32:51,219 THE HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA AND WE 756 00:32:51,219 --> 00:32:54,455 THINK ABOUT THE BITTER PRIORITY 757 00:32:54,455 --> 00:32:56,791 DISPUTE BETWEEN WILLIAM THOMAS 758 00:32:56,791 --> 00:33:00,595 GREEN MORTON AND THE DENTIST. 759 00:33:00,595 --> 00:33:05,099 AND THE PHYSICIAN CRAWFORD LONG. 760 00:33:05,099 --> 00:33:06,167 MOST OF US WOULD AGREE THAT THE 761 00:33:06,167 --> 00:33:09,003 FIRST PUBLIC DEMONSTRATION OF A 762 00:33:09,003 --> 00:33:10,872 SURGERY UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA 763 00:33:10,872 --> 00:33:15,209 HAPPENED OCTOBER 16TH, 1846 AND 764 00:33:15,209 --> 00:33:18,112 IS FINCH BUILDING AT 765 00:33:18,112 --> 00:33:18,746 MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL 766 00:33:18,746 --> 00:33:21,783 AND THAT IS THE SURGICAL 767 00:33:21,783 --> 00:33:23,251 AMPHITHEATRE THAT IS NOW CALLED 768 00:33:23,251 --> 00:33:26,888 THE ETHER DOME AND WOULD SUGGEST 769 00:33:26,888 --> 00:33:28,790 THIS IS MERELY PHARMACOLOGICAL 770 00:33:28,790 --> 00:33:31,292 BIRTH OF THE FIELD AND 771 00:33:31,292 --> 00:33:33,161 INSTANTIATION AND CONCEPTUAL 772 00:33:33,161 --> 00:33:36,931 ORIGINS ARE ANCIENT AND DATE TO 773 00:33:36,931 --> 00:33:37,565 ANTIQUITY. 774 00:33:37,565 --> 00:33:41,002 AND I'M SHOWING YOU VARIOUS 775 00:33:41,002 --> 00:33:44,539 PICTURES OF PSYCHOPOMPS NOT 776 00:33:44,539 --> 00:33:48,509 PSYCHOPATHS BUT PSYCHOPOMPS THAT 777 00:33:48,509 --> 00:33:50,211 TRANSLATES FROM THE GREEK AS 778 00:33:50,211 --> 00:33:52,580 CHAPERONES OF THE SOUL AND 779 00:33:52,580 --> 00:33:53,948 ANCIENTS RECOGNIZE THAT STATE 780 00:33:53,948 --> 00:33:55,750 TRANSITIONS WERE INHERENTLY 781 00:33:55,750 --> 00:33:57,652 DANGEROUS AND YOU HAVE HERMES 782 00:33:57,652 --> 00:34:00,388 FROM THE GREEK TRADITION AND 783 00:34:00,388 --> 00:34:03,958 ANNU BOWS FROM ANCIENT EGYPT AND 784 00:34:03,958 --> 00:34:09,097 FROM AZTEC MYTHOLOGIES AND OYA 785 00:34:09,097 --> 00:34:14,035 FROM YOU ARE UB AN -- AND THESE 786 00:34:14,035 --> 00:34:16,838 GODS OR GUYS FOCUS ON STATE 787 00:34:16,838 --> 00:34:18,239 TRANSITIONS. IN PARTICULAR 788 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:19,741 STATE TRANSITION FROM BEING 789 00:34:19,741 --> 00:34:22,210 ALIVE TO BEING DEAD AND HAD A 790 00:34:22,210 --> 00:34:25,847 MORE GENERAL MEANING AND WOULD 791 00:34:25,847 --> 00:34:28,216 SUGGEST THAT ANESTHESIOLOGISTS 792 00:34:28,216 --> 00:34:37,458 ARE 21ST CENTURY PSYCHOPOMPS AND 793 00:34:37,458 --> 00:34:41,829 CARL YOUNG REINVOKED THIS TERM 794 00:34:41,829 --> 00:34:46,601 TO DESCRIBE PSYCHOANALYSIS. 795 00:34:46,601 --> 00:34:49,103 TRANSFORMATION OF CONSCIOUS AND 796 00:34:49,103 --> 00:34:51,139 UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING AND THINK 797 00:34:51,139 --> 00:34:54,742 THAT ANESTHESIOLOGISTS ARE 798 00:34:54,742 --> 00:34:57,845 MODERN DAY PSYCHOPOMPS MODERN 799 00:34:57,845 --> 00:34:59,947 DAY ANESTHESIOLOGY IS NOT JUST 800 00:34:59,947 --> 00:35:03,718 THIS PICTURE THAT HANG BS IN 801 00:35:03,718 --> 00:35:05,653 ETHER DOME BUT FROM. 802 00:35:05,653 --> 00:35:06,554 >> YOU: [SPEAKING] FROENIOUS -- 803 00:35:06,554 --> 00:35:09,123 LAPPED OF THE LIVING BATTLEFIELD 804 00:35:09,123 --> 00:35:14,495 OF THE TROJAN WAR TO HADES AND 805 00:35:14,495 --> 00:35:18,232 HERMES IS FUNCTIONING PSYCHOPOMP 806 00:35:18,232 --> 00:35:24,238 AND SAR PED ON IS SUSPENDED BY 807 00:35:24,238 --> 00:35:32,447 TWIN BROTHERS HYPNOSE AND 808 00:35:32,447 --> 00:35:32,713 THANATOS. 809 00:35:32,713 --> 00:35:34,415 NOT A WOUNDED SOLDIER BUT 810 00:35:34,415 --> 00:35:36,350 PATIENT WITH SURGICAL WOUNDS 811 00:35:36,350 --> 00:35:38,653 BEING HELD IN SUSPENSION BY 812 00:35:38,653 --> 00:35:39,954 GENERAL ANESTHESIA THAT IS A 813 00:35:39,954 --> 00:35:48,362 KIND OF SYNTHESIS OF HUTNOS AND 814 00:35:48,362 --> 00:35:50,565 THANATOS AND REVERSIBILITY AND 815 00:35:50,565 --> 00:35:53,634 DEATH AND TIMELESSNESS AND 816 00:35:53,634 --> 00:35:55,803 PROFOUND ABLIFON AND GETTING 817 00:35:55,803 --> 00:35:56,938 BACK TO MEDICAL ORIGIN SOMETHING 818 00:35:56,938 --> 00:35:59,974 I WANT TO POINT OUT DR. BROWN OR 819 00:35:59,974 --> 00:36:01,442 BANKS CAN CORRECT ME IF I'M 820 00:36:01,442 --> 00:36:04,479 WRONG AND AS FAR AS I KNOW THERE 821 00:36:04,479 --> 00:36:06,113 HASN'T BEEN A SINGLE REPORT OF A 822 00:36:06,113 --> 00:36:10,284 HUMAN BEING THAT COULD NOT BE 823 00:36:10,284 --> 00:36:11,152 ANESTHETIZED AND THESE DRUGS 824 00:36:11,152 --> 00:36:14,088 WORK 100% OF THE TIME. IN DAYS 825 00:36:14,088 --> 00:36:16,491 OF OLD PEOPLE WOULD DIE ON 826 00:36:16,491 --> 00:36:18,226 INDUCTION AND OPERATING ROOMS 827 00:36:18,226 --> 00:36:19,827 WOULD EXPLODE THAT IS 828 00:36:19,827 --> 00:36:21,295 INCONVENIENT FOR SURGERY AND WE 829 00:36:21,295 --> 00:36:22,463 HAVE MOVED BEYOND THAT STAGE AND 830 00:36:22,463 --> 00:36:26,601 THIS IS A REALLY REMARKABLE TOOL 831 00:36:26,601 --> 00:36:30,371 THAT OBLATES CONSCIOUSNESS 100% 832 00:36:30,371 --> 00:36:32,039 OF THE TIME AND DOESN'T JUST DO 833 00:36:32,039 --> 00:36:35,343 SO IN HUMANS AND WOULD ARGUE 834 00:36:35,343 --> 00:36:37,178 THAT ANESTHESIA IS ALMOST A 835 00:36:37,178 --> 00:36:39,213 BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. 836 00:36:39,213 --> 00:36:40,848 IT WORKS ACROSS ALL SPECIES THAT 837 00:36:40,848 --> 00:36:42,250 HAVE BEEN TESTED. 838 00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:45,486 NOT ONLY HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN 839 00:36:45,486 --> 00:36:48,122 PRIMATES AND RODENTS THAT YOU 840 00:36:48,122 --> 00:36:52,660 HAVE HEARD ABOUT BUT ALSO 841 00:36:52,660 --> 00:36:59,901 DROSOPHILA NEMATODE CELIGANS AND 842 00:36:59,901 --> 00:37:02,870 VENUS FLY TRAP STOPS TRAPPING 843 00:37:02,870 --> 00:37:06,407 REVERSIBLY AND SINGLE-CELLED 844 00:37:06,407 --> 00:37:08,175 ORGANISMS CAN BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO 845 00:37:08,175 --> 00:37:09,443 THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL 846 00:37:09,443 --> 00:37:12,613 ANESTHESIA AND A FEW YEARS AGO 847 00:37:12,613 --> 00:37:15,383 COLLEAGUE AND FRIEND MAX FROM 848 00:37:15,383 --> 00:37:18,386 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND I 849 00:37:18,386 --> 00:37:21,122 TRIED TO SYNTHESIZE THIS DATA 850 00:37:21,122 --> 00:37:22,557 GENERAL BIOLOGY OF ANESTHESIA 851 00:37:22,557 --> 00:37:23,991 AND IT CROSSES SPECIES AND WHAT 852 00:37:23,991 --> 00:37:27,328 IS INTERESTING IS NUMBER OF 853 00:37:27,328 --> 00:37:29,363 ANTHETIC ENDPOINTS IN TERMS OF 854 00:37:29,363 --> 00:37:31,966 IMPAIRED RESPONSIVENESS AND 855 00:37:31,966 --> 00:37:35,536 IMPAIRED MOBILITY ARE CONSERVED 856 00:37:35,536 --> 00:37:37,805 ACROSS VARIOUS SPECIES. 857 00:37:37,805 --> 00:37:38,839 THERE IS SOMETHING INTERESTING 858 00:37:38,839 --> 00:37:41,809 TO POINT OUT WITH RESPECT TO 859 00:37:41,809 --> 00:37:44,979 SINGLE CELL ORGANISMS THAT 860 00:37:44,979 --> 00:37:48,182 PREDATES SLEEP OBVIOUSLY. YOU 861 00:37:48,182 --> 00:37:51,519 HAVE A SINGLE CELL BEGINNING OF 862 00:37:51,519 --> 00:37:53,120 DISASSOCIATING SHARED CIRCUIT 863 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,223 HYPOTHESIS RELATED TO ANTHETIC 864 00:37:55,223 --> 00:37:57,858 MECHANISMS AND ANOTHER 865 00:37:57,858 --> 00:37:59,594 INTERESTING QUESTION ARISES 866 00:37:59,594 --> 00:38:02,363 WHICH IS WHY WOULD A SINGLE CELL 867 00:38:02,363 --> 00:38:06,434 ORGANISM BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO AN 868 00:38:06,434 --> 00:38:09,103 ANTHETIC? WAS THERE ANY KIND OF 869 00:38:09,103 --> 00:38:09,971 EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE? THIS IS 870 00:38:09,971 --> 00:38:13,941 PURE SPECK LAITION AND IF YOU 871 00:38:13,941 --> 00:38:17,878 IMAGINE PRY MORDIAL ATMOSPHERE 872 00:38:17,878 --> 00:38:18,746 OF EARTH THERE WAS ADVANTAGE AND 873 00:38:18,746 --> 00:38:21,649 TO BE ABLE TO DOWN REGULATE 874 00:38:21,649 --> 00:38:24,652 CERTAIN POSITIONS OF GASEOUS 875 00:38:24,652 --> 00:38:25,987 COMPOSITION AND IF YOU DON'T 876 00:38:25,987 --> 00:38:27,755 BELIEVE THAT ANTHETIC GASES CAN 877 00:38:27,755 --> 00:38:30,324 BE ISSUED FORTH FROM THE EARTH 878 00:38:30,324 --> 00:38:33,461 REMINDING YOU OF ORACLE OF 879 00:38:33,461 --> 00:38:36,130 DELPHI POSITIONING HERSELF IN 880 00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:39,266 TRIPOD OF FAULTS AND TEMPLE OF 881 00:38:39,266 --> 00:38:40,635 APOLLO AND GAS WOULD COME UP 882 00:38:40,635 --> 00:38:45,206 SWEET SMELLING DESCRIBED BY 883 00:38:45,206 --> 00:38:48,009 PLUTAR AND ENTER TRANS STATE AND 884 00:38:48,009 --> 00:38:50,878 SOMETIMES THERE WOULD BE 885 00:38:50,878 --> 00:38:52,413 CONVUNGS AND DELIVER PROPHECY 886 00:38:52,413 --> 00:38:55,449 AND THEY EXAMINED FAULTS UNDER 887 00:38:55,449 --> 00:38:56,951 THE TEMPLE AND FOUND THEY 888 00:38:56,951 --> 00:38:59,487 PRODUCED ETHYLENE THAT IS SWEET 889 00:38:59,487 --> 00:39:03,624 SMELLING AND STUDIED IN 1950S BY 890 00:39:03,624 --> 00:39:08,396 ISABELLA HERB THAT DEMONSTRATED 891 00:39:08,396 --> 00:39:10,498 SUBANTHETIC LEVELS COULD INDUCE 892 00:39:10,498 --> 00:39:12,233 TRANSSTATES AND SOMETIMES 893 00:39:12,233 --> 00:39:12,633 SEIZURES. 894 00:39:12,633 --> 00:39:15,036 NOW, I HAVE MENTIONED SLEEP. 895 00:39:15,036 --> 00:39:17,405 ONE OF THE FIRST MAJOR 896 00:39:17,405 --> 00:39:19,840 HYPOTHESES IN THE SYSTEMS 897 00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:21,108 NEUROSCIENCE OF GENERAL 898 00:39:21,108 --> 00:39:24,278 ANESTHESIA IS SHIFTING FROM 899 00:39:24,278 --> 00:39:26,080 BIOMOLECULAR TARGETS TO NEURAL 900 00:39:26,080 --> 00:39:29,617 SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS IS GENERAL 901 00:39:29,617 --> 00:39:31,752 ANTHETICS HIJACKED SLEEP 902 00:39:31,752 --> 00:39:35,056 MACHINERY IN ORDER TO INDUCE 903 00:39:35,056 --> 00:39:38,426 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND WAS REALLY 904 00:39:38,426 --> 00:39:39,093 COMPELLING CORRELATIVE EVIDENCE. 905 00:39:39,093 --> 00:39:41,662 IT IS FOR THE FACT THAT 906 00:39:41,662 --> 00:39:43,297 ANTHETICS ACTIVATE SLEEP 907 00:39:43,297 --> 00:39:48,169 PROMOTING AREAS LIKE CONVENIENT 908 00:39:48,169 --> 00:39:51,005 TRA LATERAL PREOPERABLE NUCLEUS 909 00:39:51,005 --> 00:39:54,075 YOU HEARD FROM DR. BROWN AND -- 910 00:39:54,075 --> 00:39:56,744 INCLUDING ELEGANT STUDY BY DR. 911 00:39:56,744 --> 00:40:00,281 KELTS THAT SHOWS PUNITIVE SLEEP 912 00:40:00,281 --> 00:40:02,750 PROMOTING NEURONS ARE ACTIVATED 913 00:40:02,750 --> 00:40:04,652 BY ISOFLOURINE AND NOBODY HAD 914 00:40:04,652 --> 00:40:06,687 EVER REALLY TESTED THIS 915 00:40:06,687 --> 00:40:09,490 CAUSALLY. 916 00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:12,293 SO, WHAT WE DID IS 917 00:40:12,293 --> 00:40:14,595 CHEMOGENETICALLY ACTIVATE 918 00:40:14,595 --> 00:40:17,064 GABAERGIC NEURONS IN PREOPTIC 919 00:40:17,064 --> 00:40:20,568 AREA AND SHOWED THAT THOSE 920 00:40:20,568 --> 00:40:22,837 ACTIVATIONS COULD MODULATE 921 00:40:22,837 --> 00:40:24,205 SLEEP/WAKE ARCHITECTURE AND THEY 922 00:40:24,205 --> 00:40:27,374 DIDN'T APPEAR TO HAVE AN EFFECT 923 00:40:27,374 --> 00:40:29,043 ON ANTHETIC STATE TRANSITIONS. 924 00:40:29,043 --> 00:40:32,046 AS YOU CAN SEE HERE IN THE TIME 925 00:40:32,046 --> 00:40:33,681 TO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 926 00:40:33,681 --> 00:40:36,283 AND THE TIME TO RECOVERY OF 927 00:40:36,283 --> 00:40:39,387 CONSCIOUSNESS AT 1.5% 928 00:40:39,387 --> 00:40:42,256 ISOFLOURINE THAT IS A COMMONLY 929 00:40:42,256 --> 00:40:45,392 USED INHALED ANTHETIC. GLUTE 930 00:40:45,392 --> 00:40:48,195 AMA TURJIC NEURONS FOUND IN 931 00:40:48,195 --> 00:40:51,899 PREOPTIC NUCLEUS GO ON TO STUDY 932 00:40:51,899 --> 00:40:55,002 IN MORE DETAIL CAUSE WAKEFULNESS 933 00:40:55,002 --> 00:40:58,272 AND FRAGMENTED NON-REM SLEEP AND 934 00:40:58,272 --> 00:41:01,142 DIDN'T APPEAR TO HAVE EFFECT ON 935 00:41:01,142 --> 00:41:02,209 STATE TRANSITIONS WITH RESPECT 936 00:41:02,209 --> 00:41:07,748 TO 1.5 ISOFLOURINE AND 1.2% 937 00:41:07,748 --> 00:41:09,617 ISOFLOURINE AND MIGHT BE SOME 938 00:41:09,617 --> 00:41:10,951 RELATIONSHIP AND CERTAINLY IS 939 00:41:10,951 --> 00:41:13,187 SHARED PHENOTYPE AND SHARED 940 00:41:13,187 --> 00:41:14,989 TRAITS AND DISTINCT STATES AND 941 00:41:14,989 --> 00:41:16,590 DR. BROWN AND COLLEAGUES SHOWED 942 00:41:16,590 --> 00:41:18,859 THIS AT NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL 943 00:41:18,859 --> 00:41:20,928 AND IS NO TRIVIAL RELATIONSHIP 944 00:41:20,928 --> 00:41:22,763 BETWEEN SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA 945 00:41:22,763 --> 00:41:25,466 SUCH THAT ANTHETICS BIND TO A 946 00:41:25,466 --> 00:41:28,169 SINGLE SLEEP PROMOTING NUCLEUS 947 00:41:28,169 --> 00:41:30,438 TO INDUCE UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 948 00:41:30,438 --> 00:41:34,141 I ALSO WANT TO NOTE THAT 949 00:41:34,141 --> 00:41:35,576 ANESTHETIZED STATE IS DYNAMICS 950 00:41:35,576 --> 00:41:38,679 AND NOT LIKE SLEEP IN TERMS 951 00:41:38,679 --> 00:41:40,781 OFALITY ERNATIONS BETWEEN 952 00:41:40,781 --> 00:41:44,685 NON-REM AND REM SLEEP AND AS YOU 953 00:41:44,685 --> 00:41:46,120 HAVE SEEN FROM DR. BROWN AND WE 954 00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:49,790 AND OTHERS HAVE SHOWN IN SEVERAL 955 00:41:49,790 --> 00:41:52,459 STUDIES ANESTHETIZED STATE IS 956 00:41:52,459 --> 00:41:54,795 NOT JUST A MONOLITH OR BRAIN 957 00:41:54,795 --> 00:41:56,831 GETTING SHUT OFF AND PUBLISHED 958 00:41:56,831 --> 00:41:59,767 SEVERAL ARTICLES IN ISSUE OF 959 00:41:59,767 --> 00:42:02,169 ANESTHESIOLOGY IN HUMANS SHOWING 960 00:42:02,169 --> 00:42:03,637 CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS 961 00:42:03,637 --> 00:42:05,039 DISAPPEARING RIGHT AFTER 962 00:42:05,039 --> 00:42:06,674 INDUCTION OF ANESTHESIA CAN 963 00:42:06,674 --> 00:42:08,209 REAPPEAR DURING THE COURSE OF 964 00:42:08,209 --> 00:42:10,978 THE ANTHETIC AND ONE STUDY WAS 965 00:42:10,978 --> 00:42:14,815 IN SURGICAL PATIENTS WITH 966 00:42:14,815 --> 00:42:17,117 WIRELESS WHOLE SCALP EEG AND ONE 967 00:42:17,117 --> 00:42:19,553 MIGHT ARGUE SURGERY IS GOING ON 968 00:42:19,553 --> 00:42:22,756 AND VARIOUS LEVELS OF STIMULI 969 00:42:22,756 --> 00:42:24,124 AND WILL YOU HAVE DIFFERENT 970 00:42:24,124 --> 00:42:25,726 CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS THAT 971 00:42:25,726 --> 00:42:28,128 EMERGE AND PARALLEL STUDY WAS IN 972 00:42:28,128 --> 00:42:30,264 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AT SUPER 973 00:42:30,264 --> 00:42:31,932 THERAPEUTIC LEVELS OF 974 00:42:31,932 --> 00:42:33,901 ISOFLOURINE ANESTHESIA FOR THREE 975 00:42:33,901 --> 00:42:36,370 HOURS WITHOUT ANY EX-OWETH NOWS 976 00:42:36,370 --> 00:42:38,873 STIMULUS AND SHOWED STRUCTURED 977 00:42:38,873 --> 00:42:41,141 TRANSITIONS IN THEIR 978 00:42:41,141 --> 00:42:41,942 CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS THAT THIS 979 00:42:41,942 --> 00:42:43,644 IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT I 980 00:42:43,644 --> 00:42:46,914 THINK THE FACT THAT ANESTHETIZED 981 00:42:46,914 --> 00:42:49,149 STATE IS DYNAMIC MAKES IT 982 00:42:49,149 --> 00:42:50,885 INTERESTINGIN FORMATIVE IN TERMS 983 00:42:50,885 --> 00:42:53,287 OF NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROBIOLOGY 984 00:42:53,287 --> 00:42:55,823 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND STUDY WE 985 00:42:55,823 --> 00:42:58,559 PUBLISHED IN 2020 TRIED TO 986 00:42:58,559 --> 00:43:00,160 CHARACTERIZE TEMPORAL CIRCUITS 987 00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:03,931 OF CONSCIOUS STATES AND CIRCLES 988 00:43:03,931 --> 00:43:04,632 ARE REPRESENTING FUNCTIONAL 989 00:43:04,632 --> 00:43:07,735 BRAIN NETWORKS AND ARROWS 990 00:43:07,735 --> 00:43:08,402 TRANSITION PROBABILITIES ACROSS 991 00:43:08,402 --> 00:43:11,171 THE DIFFERENT STATES. 992 00:43:11,171 --> 00:43:13,974 YOU CAN SEE THAT ALTHOUGH 993 00:43:13,974 --> 00:43:15,509 PROPOFOL AND KETAMINE MIGHT NOT 994 00:43:15,509 --> 00:43:17,745 BE ASSOCIATION WITH CONNECTED 995 00:43:17,745 --> 00:43:19,513 CONSCIOUSNESS, IT IS NOT A 996 00:43:19,513 --> 00:43:23,150 MONOWILL IJIC STATE. THERE ARE 997 00:43:23,150 --> 00:43:24,785 STILL SHIFTS ACROSS FUNCTIONAL 998 00:43:24,785 --> 00:43:27,922 BRAIN NETWORKS AND THAT TEMPORAL 999 00:43:27,922 --> 00:43:30,291 CIRCUIT IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH 1000 00:43:30,291 --> 00:43:32,593 CONSCIOUS PROCESSING AND 1001 00:43:32,593 --> 00:43:34,762 SUBSEQUENT REPORT SUGGESTED THAT 1002 00:43:34,762 --> 00:43:36,797 INTERIOR INSULA MIGHT PLAY A 1003 00:43:36,797 --> 00:43:39,233 ROLE IN DETERMINING STATE 1004 00:43:39,233 --> 00:43:41,902 TRANSITIONS SERVING AS A 1005 00:43:41,902 --> 00:43:45,139 CORTICAL GATE FOR CONSCIOUS 1006 00:43:45,139 --> 00:43:45,372 ACCESS. 1007 00:43:45,372 --> 00:43:48,642 AND THEN FINALLY, I WANT TO JUST 1008 00:43:48,642 --> 00:43:50,678 SURVEY SEVERAL STUDIES WE HAVE 1009 00:43:50,678 --> 00:43:53,147 CONDUCTED TO GIVE YOU A SENSE 1010 00:43:53,147 --> 00:43:55,316 WHAT ANTHETICS CAN DO IN TERMS 1011 00:43:55,316 --> 00:43:57,885 OF PROBING THEORIES OR 1012 00:43:57,885 --> 00:44:01,088 MECHANISMS OR CORRELATES OF 1013 00:44:01,088 --> 00:44:01,555 CONSCIOUSNESS. 1014 00:44:01,555 --> 00:44:03,290 ONE ORIGINAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS 1015 00:44:03,290 --> 00:44:07,761 SET OUT IN THE 1990S BY FRANCIS 1016 00:44:07,761 --> 00:44:09,430 CRICK AND CHRISTOF AND OTHERS 1017 00:44:09,430 --> 00:44:12,499 WAS TO IDENTIFY NEUROCORRELATES 1018 00:44:12,499 --> 00:44:15,803 OF CONSCIOUSNESS SO ULTIMATELY 1019 00:44:15,803 --> 00:44:18,005 WE COULD IDENTIFY NEURAL CAUSES 1020 00:44:18,005 --> 00:44:19,540 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND HAS BEEN 1021 00:44:19,540 --> 00:44:21,709 LOTS OF DISCUSSION IN THE PAST 1022 00:44:21,709 --> 00:44:26,613 WEEK BECAUSE OF TEMPLETON FUNDED 1023 00:44:26,613 --> 00:44:27,214 ADVERSARIAL COLLABORATION 1024 00:44:27,214 --> 00:44:29,450 PROBING VARIOUS MAJOR THEORIES 1025 00:44:29,450 --> 00:44:31,852 OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND WANTED 1026 00:44:31,852 --> 00:44:34,555 TO TAKE AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH OF 1027 00:44:34,555 --> 00:44:37,491 QUESTION TO ROLE OF PREFRONTAL 1028 00:44:37,491 --> 00:44:39,693 VERSUS POSTERIOR CORTEX IN TERMS 1029 00:44:39,693 --> 00:44:42,963 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTIVATE 1030 00:44:42,963 --> 00:44:44,465 REGIONS AND SEE WHICH ONE WAS 1031 00:44:44,465 --> 00:44:47,635 CAPABLE OF INDUCING 1032 00:44:47,635 --> 00:44:48,235 CONSCIOUSNESS UNDER THE 1033 00:44:48,235 --> 00:44:51,171 STRINGENT CONDITIONS OF A 1034 00:44:51,171 --> 00:44:53,273 CLINICALLY RELEVANT ANESTHESIA 1035 00:44:53,273 --> 00:44:54,708 AND HOPEFULLY YOU ARE ABLE TO 1036 00:44:54,708 --> 00:44:57,644 SEE THIS. ANIMALS THAT HAVE EEG 1037 00:44:57,644 --> 00:45:01,348 AND HAVE MICRO DIALYSIS KAJ ET 1038 00:45:01,348 --> 00:45:03,717 TERS AND THIS IN PREMEDIAL 1039 00:45:03,717 --> 00:45:05,819 CORTEX AND THIS IN PARIETAL 1040 00:45:05,819 --> 00:45:08,856 CORTEX AND LOOKING AT FRONTAL 1041 00:45:08,856 --> 00:45:11,992 EEG AND PARIETAL EEG IN GREEN 1042 00:45:11,992 --> 00:45:15,829 AND REVERSE STYLIZING -- AGONIST 1043 00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:20,167 INTO THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF 1044 00:45:20,167 --> 00:45:22,503 POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX AND 1045 00:45:22,503 --> 00:45:25,105 FIRST THING TO DO IS EEG CHANGES 1046 00:45:25,105 --> 00:45:27,341 AND SHIFTING TO FASTER ACTIVITY 1047 00:45:27,341 --> 00:45:29,777 AND ANIMALS ARE NOT WAKING UP 1048 00:45:29,777 --> 00:45:30,511 IMMEDIATELY DESPITE THIS 1049 00:45:30,511 --> 00:45:33,847 TRANSITION AND LOOKS LIKE THERE 1050 00:45:33,847 --> 00:45:37,017 IS SOME EP LEP TA FORM ACTIVITY 1051 00:45:37,017 --> 00:45:41,121 GOING ON HERE THAT RESOLVES 1052 00:45:41,121 --> 00:45:42,990 ULTIMATELY AND I WILL FAST 1053 00:45:42,990 --> 00:45:46,360 FORWARD. YOU SEE ANIMALS WITH 1054 00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:47,161 PREFRONTAL CORTICAL STIMULATION 1055 00:45:47,161 --> 00:45:48,862 THAT IS STARTING TO WAKE UP. 1056 00:45:48,862 --> 00:45:50,731 HOW DO WE KNOW ANIMALS ARE 1057 00:45:50,731 --> 00:45:52,766 CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS? 1058 00:45:52,766 --> 00:45:55,969 ONE SURRO GATE WE USE THAT IS 1059 00:45:55,969 --> 00:45:56,904 ADMITTEDLY A PERFECT ONE IS 1060 00:45:56,904 --> 00:45:59,006 WRITING REFLEX AND ANIMALS LIKE 1061 00:45:59,006 --> 00:46:00,774 TO BE ON ALL FOURS. 1062 00:46:00,774 --> 00:46:02,876 TURNING THEM ON THEIR BACK THEY 1063 00:46:02,876 --> 00:46:04,812 WILL WRITE THEMSELVES AND WHEN 1064 00:46:04,812 --> 00:46:07,381 THEY LOSE THAT REFLEX DURING 1065 00:46:07,381 --> 00:46:09,316 ANESTHESIA WE CONSIDER IT 1066 00:46:09,316 --> 00:46:12,352 SURROGATE FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS 1067 00:46:12,352 --> 00:46:15,723 AND ANIMAL FOR PREFRONTAL 1068 00:46:15,723 --> 00:46:16,924 STIMULATION IS STARTING TO RIGHT 1069 00:46:16,924 --> 00:46:18,425 ITSELF AND STARTING TO WAKE UP 1070 00:46:18,425 --> 00:46:20,194 AND WHAT IS ALSO INTERESTING IS 1071 00:46:20,194 --> 00:46:23,497 YOU SEE EEG ACTIVATED UNDER BOTH 1072 00:46:23,497 --> 00:46:26,700 OF THESE CONDITIONS. 1073 00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:29,069 AND NOW IF WE FORWARD -- TAKE A 1074 00:46:29,069 --> 00:46:31,672 LOOK AHEAD. YOU CAN SEE THIS 1075 00:46:31,672 --> 00:46:33,774 ANIMAL IS LOOKING RATHER AWAKE 1076 00:46:33,774 --> 00:46:35,609 DESPITE THE FACT THAT IT IS 1077 00:46:35,609 --> 00:46:37,678 STILL BREATHING CLINICAL WILL I 1078 00:46:37,678 --> 00:46:44,818 RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF CEBO 1079 00:46:44,818 --> 00:46:46,487 FLUORINE AND POWERFUL 1080 00:46:46,487 --> 00:46:48,088 DEMONSTRATION IN MY MIND IN 1081 00:46:48,088 --> 00:46:49,990 TERMS OF GLOBAL STATE OF AROUSAL 1082 00:46:49,990 --> 00:46:52,159 AND ABILITY OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX 1083 00:46:52,159 --> 00:46:56,296 TO REVERSE THE ANESTHETIZED 1084 00:46:56,296 --> 00:46:59,833 STATE. WE CAN ALSO USE 1085 00:46:59,833 --> 00:47:02,703 ANTHETICS TO TEST DIFFERENT 1086 00:47:02,703 --> 00:47:04,972 ANOLYTIC MEASURES AND THIS IS A 1087 00:47:04,972 --> 00:47:07,274 STUDY FROM SEVERAL YEARS AGO 1088 00:47:07,274 --> 00:47:08,809 TRYING TO APPROXIMATE THE 1089 00:47:08,809 --> 00:47:11,545 MEASURE 5 THAT IS RELATED TO 1090 00:47:11,545 --> 00:47:13,147 INTEGRATED INFORMATION THEORY OF 1091 00:47:13,147 --> 00:47:16,550 CONSCIOUSNESS USING KETAMINE AND 1092 00:47:16,550 --> 00:47:18,418 ISOFLOURINE AND USING ANTHETICS 1093 00:47:18,418 --> 00:47:21,121 AS A REPRODUCIBLE TOOL TO STUDY 1094 00:47:21,121 --> 00:47:23,891 SOME ALGORITHMS OR ANALYTIC 1095 00:47:23,891 --> 00:47:27,995 TECHNIQUES IN A WAY THAT YOU 1096 00:47:27,995 --> 00:47:30,097 CAN'T WITH NEUROPATHOLOGIC STATE 1097 00:47:30,097 --> 00:47:32,833 OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS FOR EXAMPLE. 1098 00:47:32,833 --> 00:47:34,501 WE RECENTLY TRIED TO USE 1099 00:47:34,501 --> 00:47:36,136 ANTHETICS TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE 1100 00:47:36,136 --> 00:47:38,105 DIMENSIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 1101 00:47:38,105 --> 00:47:40,807 NOW, THIS TWO DIMENSIONAL MAP 1102 00:47:40,807 --> 00:47:42,643 HAS APPEARED SINCE THE 2000S. 1103 00:47:42,643 --> 00:47:44,845 AND WE COULD HAVE A LOT OF 1104 00:47:44,845 --> 00:47:45,979 DEBATES ABOUT THIS. 1105 00:47:45,979 --> 00:47:48,282 THESE TWO DIMENSIONS LISTED 1106 00:47:48,282 --> 00:47:50,184 LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS OR GLOBAL 1107 00:47:50,184 --> 00:47:52,252 STATE OF AROUSAL AND WAKEFULNESS 1108 00:47:52,252 --> 00:47:55,522 AND CONTENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1109 00:47:55,522 --> 00:47:56,857 AWARENESS AND WHAT WE ARE 1110 00:47:56,857 --> 00:47:58,125 EXPERIENCING AND WE COULD ARGUE 1111 00:47:58,125 --> 00:47:59,960 AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THERE ARE 1112 00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:02,796 MORE DIMENSIONS AND WHETHER 1113 00:48:02,796 --> 00:48:05,165 THESE SHOULD BE ORTHOGONAL TO 1114 00:48:05,165 --> 00:48:08,068 ONE ANOTHER. NOBODY REALLY 1115 00:48:08,068 --> 00:48:09,169 EXPLORED WHAT THESE DIMENSIONS 1116 00:48:09,169 --> 00:48:10,737 MEAN IN THE BRAIN AND EARLIER 1117 00:48:10,737 --> 00:48:12,940 THIS YEAR WE PUBLISHED AN 1118 00:48:12,940 --> 00:48:14,942 ARTICLE USING GENERAL ANTHETICS 1119 00:48:14,942 --> 00:48:18,278 AND ALSO COMPARING IT TO OTHER 1120 00:48:18,278 --> 00:48:20,681 POTENTIALLY ALTERED STATES OF 1121 00:48:20,681 --> 00:48:24,985 CONSCIOUSNESS AND TO SEE IF 1122 00:48:24,985 --> 00:48:26,720 CORTICAL GRADIENTS WERE ABLE TO 1123 00:48:26,720 --> 00:48:28,589 ENCODE DIMENSIONS OF 1124 00:48:28,589 --> 00:48:31,358 CONSCIOUSNESS AND, AGAIN, 1125 00:48:31,358 --> 00:48:34,795 PROPOFOL, SEDATION, ANESTHESIA, 1126 00:48:34,795 --> 00:48:37,130 KETAMINE, BEING ACCESSIBLE AND 1127 00:48:37,130 --> 00:48:38,265 REPRODUCIBLE TOOLS TO ASK 1128 00:48:38,265 --> 00:48:39,333 QUESTIONS LIKE THIS. 1129 00:48:39,333 --> 00:48:42,302 DATA ON ANESTHESIA CAN ALSO 1130 00:48:42,302 --> 00:48:46,306 INFORM THEORY AND SAW DR. DAHAN 1131 00:48:46,306 --> 00:48:48,609 IN THE AUDIENCE AND HAD GREAT 1132 00:48:48,609 --> 00:48:52,312 PRIVILEGE TO WORK WITH HIM AND 1133 00:48:52,312 --> 00:48:53,580 [INDISCERNIBLE] ON THIS 1134 00:48:53,580 --> 00:48:57,251 SYNTHESIS RELATE TODAY GLOBAL 1135 00:48:57,251 --> 00:49:00,454 NEURONAL WORKSPACE HYPOTHESIS 1136 00:49:00,454 --> 00:49:02,956 AND BELIEVE THAT ANESTHETIC DATA 1137 00:49:02,956 --> 00:49:06,493 SUPPORT THIS IN A VARIETY OF 1138 00:49:06,493 --> 00:49:11,431 WAYS AND DR. MIKE HIGHER IN 2013 1139 00:49:11,431 --> 00:49:13,300 PUBLISHED A THEORETICAL PIECE ON 1140 00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:15,168 EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 1141 00:49:15,168 --> 00:49:17,337 THIS IS A QUESTION THAT DATES AT 1142 00:49:17,337 --> 00:49:18,805 LEAST TO DARWIN THAT STRUGGLED 1143 00:49:18,805 --> 00:49:20,841 WITH A QUESTION. HOW DO WE 1144 00:49:20,841 --> 00:49:22,476 STUDY IT? 1145 00:49:22,476 --> 00:49:24,378 ANTHETICS MIGHT BE HELPFUL AND 1146 00:49:24,378 --> 00:49:27,581 WORK ACROSS BIOLOGY AND ALSO THE 1147 00:49:27,581 --> 00:49:29,950 EMERGENCE PROCESS FROM GENERAL 1148 00:49:29,950 --> 00:49:32,552 ANESTHESIA THAT STARTS WITH FILO 1149 00:49:32,552 --> 00:49:36,290 GENETICALLY CONSERVED 1150 00:49:36,290 --> 00:49:37,991 SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES. 1151 00:49:37,991 --> 00:49:40,827 WE CAN EVEN APPROACH SOME OF THE 1152 00:49:40,827 --> 00:49:43,964 FRINGE CONTROVERSIAL THEORIES 1153 00:49:43,964 --> 00:49:45,866 LIKE ORCHESTRATED OBJECTIVE 1154 00:49:45,866 --> 00:49:49,836 REDUCTION AND QUANTUM THEORY BY 1155 00:49:49,836 --> 00:49:50,837 ROGER PEN ROSE AND 1156 00:49:50,837 --> 00:49:51,805 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HAS BEEN 1157 00:49:51,805 --> 00:49:53,907 AROUND A LONG TIME AND LOTS OF 1158 00:49:53,907 --> 00:49:56,310 PASSIONATE DISCUSSIONS AND 1159 00:49:56,310 --> 00:49:59,379 CONTROVERSIES BUT HAS BEEN VERY 1160 00:49:59,379 --> 00:50:04,718 LITTLE DATA TO EITHER ELIMINATE 1161 00:50:04,718 --> 00:50:07,354 THEORY FROM DISCOURSE OR MOVE OR 1162 00:50:07,354 --> 00:50:09,122 CONSIDER IT ASPECTS MORE 1163 00:50:09,122 --> 00:50:11,992 CAREFULLY AND HOW WILL WE STUDY 1164 00:50:11,992 --> 00:50:14,928 THIS CONCEPT THAT THE BRAIN IS 1165 00:50:14,928 --> 00:50:17,130 SOMEHOW FUNCTIONING IN SINGLE 1166 00:50:17,130 --> 00:50:18,098 QUANTUM PARTICLE AND 1167 00:50:18,098 --> 00:50:19,766 CONSCIOUSNESS SOMEHOW EMERGES 1168 00:50:19,766 --> 00:50:22,336 FROM QUANTUM COHERENCE. 1169 00:50:22,336 --> 00:50:23,837 I COULDN'T THINK OF A WAY BUT 1170 00:50:23,837 --> 00:50:27,140 COULD THINK OF A WAY TO STUDY A 1171 00:50:27,140 --> 00:50:28,942 COROLLARY OR IMPLICATION OF THAT 1172 00:50:28,942 --> 00:50:32,179 THEORY RELATE TODAY ANTHETIC 1173 00:50:32,179 --> 00:50:34,181 MECHANISMS COMING UP WITH 1174 00:50:34,181 --> 00:50:35,615 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR 1175 00:50:35,615 --> 00:50:36,950 INVESTIGATING EFFECTS OF 1176 00:50:36,950 --> 00:50:40,020 ANTHETICS ON ENTANGLED PHOTONS 1177 00:50:40,020 --> 00:50:42,289 IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND WAS 1178 00:50:42,289 --> 00:50:44,324 LOOKING FOR A MODEL THAT 1179 00:50:44,324 --> 00:50:47,594 ENTAILED A MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM 1180 00:50:47,594 --> 00:50:50,564 EVENT THAT WAS HAPPENING AT 1181 00:50:50,564 --> 00:50:51,565 BIOLOGICAL TEMPERATURES THAT IS 1182 00:50:51,565 --> 00:50:56,203 A CRITIQUE OF OR AND IS SUBJECT 1183 00:50:56,203 --> 00:50:59,973 TO EFFECTS OF ANTHETICS AND 1184 00:50:59,973 --> 00:51:02,009 CLAUDE BERNARD IN THE 19TH 1185 00:51:02,009 --> 00:51:04,277 CENTURY DEMONSTRATED THAT 1186 00:51:04,277 --> 00:51:06,279 ANTHETICS COULD REVERSIBLY 1187 00:51:06,279 --> 00:51:08,682 SUPPRESS PHOTO SYNTHESIS AND 1188 00:51:08,682 --> 00:51:10,584 PARTNERED WITH DR. TED GOODNESS 1189 00:51:10,584 --> 00:51:13,487 UP AT THE LEFT HERE AND IS A 1190 00:51:13,487 --> 00:51:15,655 QUANTUM CHEMIST AND APPLIED 1191 00:51:15,655 --> 00:51:20,560 PHYSICIST AT UNIVERSITY OF 1192 00:51:20,560 --> 00:51:23,130 MICHIGAN AND HE STUDIES QUANTUM 1193 00:51:23,130 --> 00:51:28,101 LIGHT IN A LASER LAB. LASER IS 1194 00:51:28,101 --> 00:51:30,737 SHOT THROUGH A CYST ALE AND WE 1195 00:51:30,737 --> 00:51:34,408 WERE ABLE TO STUDY INTERACTIONS 1196 00:51:34,408 --> 00:51:39,513 BETWEEN HALO GENERATED ETHERS 1197 00:51:39,513 --> 00:51:41,148 AND ENTANGLED CLASSICAL PHOTONS 1198 00:51:41,148 --> 00:51:43,283 CAN'T CONFIRM OR REFUTE THIS 1199 00:51:43,283 --> 00:51:44,985 MODEL AND CAN'T SAY THAT 1200 00:51:44,985 --> 00:51:47,521 BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF GENERAL 1201 00:51:47,521 --> 00:51:50,023 ANESTHESIA IS QUANTUM IN NATURE. 1202 00:51:50,023 --> 00:51:52,058 I'M GIVING AN EXAMPLE HOW WE 1203 00:51:52,058 --> 00:51:54,795 WERE ABLE TO USE ANTHETICS AS A 1204 00:51:54,795 --> 00:51:59,266 WAY OF EMPIRICALLY PROBING A 1205 00:51:59,266 --> 00:52:02,102 THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 1206 00:52:02,102 --> 00:52:05,138 FINALLY, OUR WORK ON THE NEAR 1207 00:52:05,138 --> 00:52:06,306 DEATH EXPERIENCE. 1208 00:52:06,306 --> 00:52:08,942 THIS ELECTRICAL SURGE AT END OF 1209 00:52:08,942 --> 00:52:11,311 LIFE WAS FIRST IDENTIFIED WITH 1210 00:52:11,311 --> 00:52:14,414 AN ANESTHESIA MONITOR AND 1211 00:52:14,414 --> 00:52:15,916 BISPECTRAL INDEX THAT IS SHOWN 1212 00:52:15,916 --> 00:52:19,586 IN INTEROPERATIVE SETTING WITH 1213 00:52:19,586 --> 00:52:22,055 DONORS, ORGAN DONORS ALSO IN THE 1214 00:52:22,055 --> 00:52:23,623 CRITICAL CARE SETTING AND WERE 1215 00:52:23,623 --> 00:52:27,294 SO MANY UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND 1216 00:52:27,294 --> 00:52:32,899 DR. GIMA A NEUROSCIENTIST AT 1217 00:52:32,899 --> 00:52:34,101 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND I 1218 00:52:34,101 --> 00:52:35,936 PARTNERED UP TO TAKE A 1219 00:52:35,936 --> 00:52:37,537 SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THIS IN 1220 00:52:37,537 --> 00:52:40,006 DYING ANIMALS EXPERIMENTAL 1221 00:52:40,006 --> 00:52:42,409 CARDIAC ARREST OR RESPIRATORY 1222 00:52:42,409 --> 00:52:44,244 ARREST AND ALSO LEVERAGING SOME 1223 00:52:44,244 --> 00:52:47,080 TECHNIQUES WE HAVE USED TO STUDY 1224 00:52:47,080 --> 00:52:48,682 ANTHETIC STATE TRANSITIONS 1225 00:52:48,682 --> 00:52:52,619 RECENTLY TRANESSLATED THIS TO 1226 00:52:52,619 --> 00:52:53,119 HUMANS. 1227 00:52:53,119 --> 00:52:57,357 ANOTHER ARTICLE IN PNES 1228 00:52:57,357 --> 00:53:01,061 PUBLISHED IN MAY. I HOPE I HAVE 1229 00:53:01,061 --> 00:53:03,196 CONVINCED OR COMPELLED YOU ABOUT 1230 00:53:03,196 --> 00:53:04,998 THE ORIGIN OF ANESTHESIOLOGY AND 1231 00:53:04,998 --> 00:53:07,334 WE ARE REALLY ALL ABOUT STATE 1232 00:53:07,334 --> 00:53:07,667 TRANSITIONS. 1233 00:53:07,667 --> 00:53:09,035 I THINK THIS IS REALLY CRITICAL 1234 00:53:09,035 --> 00:53:11,238 TO THE STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 1235 00:53:11,238 --> 00:53:18,311 GENERAL A- ANESTHESIA IS 1236 00:53:18,311 --> 00:53:23,116 BIOLOGICAL AND PLANTS STRESSED 1237 00:53:23,116 --> 00:53:25,785 EMIT GASES THAT HAVE ANTHETIC 1238 00:53:25,785 --> 00:53:28,555 PROPERTIES AND IS A TOOL TO 1239 00:53:28,555 --> 00:53:30,357 STUDY SENSATION ACROSS BIOLOGY 1240 00:53:30,357 --> 00:53:35,428 AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA IS 1241 00:53:35,428 --> 00:53:36,263 MECHANISTICALLY ASLEEP -- 1242 00:53:36,263 --> 00:53:37,864 INFORMATIVE FOR STUDY OF THE 1243 00:53:37,864 --> 00:53:39,699 BRAIN AND CONSHOUSNESS AND HOPE 1244 00:53:39,699 --> 00:53:41,434 I HAVE SHOWN A FEW EXAMPLES 1245 00:53:41,434 --> 00:53:43,470 INCLUDING MANY PRODUCED BY THOSE 1246 00:53:43,470 --> 00:53:45,305 IN THE AUDIENCE THAT GENERAL 1247 00:53:45,305 --> 00:53:47,307 ANESTHESIA IS A POWERFUL TOOL TO 1248 00:53:47,307 --> 00:53:49,342 PROBE CONSCIOUSNESS. 1249 00:53:49,342 --> 00:53:52,279 I WANT TO ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE HENRY 1250 00:53:52,279 --> 00:53:54,648 BEACHER FORMER CHAIR OF 1251 00:53:54,648 --> 00:53:56,349 ANESTHESIA AT MASS GENERAL 1252 00:53:56,349 --> 00:53:58,418 PUBLISHING ARTICLE IN SCIENCE IN 1253 00:53:58,418 --> 00:54:01,021 1947 CALLED ANESTHESIA SECOND 1254 00:54:01,021 --> 00:54:03,290 POWER, PROBING THE MIND AND 1255 00:54:03,290 --> 00:54:05,125 FIRST POWER WAS MEDICAL 1256 00:54:05,125 --> 00:54:06,993 REVOLUTION OF PAINLESS SURGERY 1257 00:54:06,993 --> 00:54:09,195 AND SECOND POWER, ABILITY TO 1258 00:54:09,195 --> 00:54:11,431 EXPLORE AND INVESTIGATE MENTAL 1259 00:54:11,431 --> 00:54:11,865 PROCESSES. 1260 00:54:11,865 --> 00:54:14,467 AND WITH THAT, I WANT TO THANK 1261 00:54:14,467 --> 00:54:17,837 NIH FOR CONSISTENT SUPPORT AND 1262 00:54:17,837 --> 00:54:20,273 NSF WHO FUNDED GRADUATE STUDENTS 1263 00:54:20,273 --> 00:54:21,575 AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY 1264 00:54:21,575 --> 00:54:23,243 COLLEAGUES THAT CENTER FOR 1265 00:54:23,243 --> 00:54:24,945 CONSCIOUSNESS SIGNS AND I WILL 1266 00:54:24,945 --> 00:54:27,314 THANK YOU AGAIN FOR YOUR KIND 1267 00:54:27,314 --> 00:54:30,150 ATTENTION AND THANK ORGANIZERS 1268 00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:32,919 FOR OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE. 1269 00:54:32,919 --> 00:54:33,620 THANK YOU. 1270 00:54:33,620 --> 00:54:40,860 >> >> THANK YOU, GEORGE. I 1271 00:54:40,860 --> 00:54:42,295 INVITE QUESTIONS FROM THE ROOM. 1272 00:54:42,295 --> 00:54:44,464 >> HI. I KNOW THERE IS REPORTS 1273 00:54:44,464 --> 00:54:47,767 OF DREAMING STATES WHEN PATIENTS 1274 00:54:47,767 --> 00:54:50,236 WAKE UP FROM ANESTHESIA AND DO 1275 00:54:50,236 --> 00:54:52,539 YOU HAVE A SENSE WHETHER 1276 00:54:52,539 --> 00:54:54,140 COMPLETE FABULATION OR LINKED TO 1277 00:54:54,140 --> 00:54:55,408 DYNAMIC STATES THAT YOU 1278 00:54:55,408 --> 00:54:56,643 DESCRIBED OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT? 1279 00:54:56,643 --> 00:54:58,712 >> YEAH. THAT IS A GREAT 1280 00:54:58,712 --> 00:54:59,179 QUESTION. 1281 00:54:59,179 --> 00:55:01,214 SO, I THINK IT IS UNKNOWN. I 1282 00:55:01,214 --> 00:55:04,084 WOULD BE INTERESTED TO HEAR WHAT 1283 00:55:04,084 --> 00:55:05,852 EMORY OR MATT HAVE TO SAY. 1284 00:55:05,852 --> 00:55:08,321 THESE ARE REPORTED WITH SIMILAR 1285 00:55:08,321 --> 00:55:09,990 FREQUENCY AS DREAM RECALL AFTER 1286 00:55:09,990 --> 00:55:13,293 SLEEP AND WHEN YOU DO FORMAL 1287 00:55:13,293 --> 00:55:13,627 INTERVIEWS. 1288 00:55:13,627 --> 00:55:16,763 IT IS ABOUT 20% OF PATIENTS IN 1289 00:55:16,763 --> 00:55:18,098 RIGOROUS STUDIES AND WITH 1290 00:55:18,098 --> 00:55:21,134 KETAMINE IS UP TO 80% AS YOU 1291 00:55:21,134 --> 00:55:22,268 MIGHT IMAGINE. 1292 00:55:22,268 --> 00:55:23,703 THERE HAVE BEEN SOME STUDIES 1293 00:55:23,703 --> 00:55:26,640 SUGGESTING THAT THERE IS A 1294 00:55:26,640 --> 00:55:27,707 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNATURE 1295 00:55:27,707 --> 00:55:29,676 DURING EMERGENCE BUT THINK IT IS 1296 00:55:29,676 --> 00:55:33,179 STILL UNCLEAR AS TO WHETHER OR 1297 00:55:33,179 --> 00:55:37,651 NOT THIS IS INTRINSIC TO THE 1298 00:55:37,651 --> 00:55:38,318 ANESTHETIZED STATE OR SOMETHING 1299 00:55:38,318 --> 00:55:41,888 THAT IS HAPPENING DURING THE 1300 00:55:41,888 --> 00:55:43,690 EMERGENCE PROCESS. THANK YOU. 1301 00:55:43,690 --> 00:55:43,990 >> THANKS. 1302 00:55:43,990 --> 00:55:46,026 >> THANKS VERY MUCH, GEORGE. 1303 00:55:46,026 --> 00:55:48,561 I'M WONDERING ABOUT TWO RELATED 1304 00:55:48,561 --> 00:55:49,596 THINGS, I THINK. 1305 00:55:49,596 --> 00:55:52,265 ONE, CAN YOU ELABORATE ON THE 1306 00:55:52,265 --> 00:55:55,001 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMERGENCE 1307 00:55:55,001 --> 00:55:57,570 FROM GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND 1308 00:55:57,570 --> 00:55:59,372 CONDITIONS LIKE UNRESPONSIVE 1309 00:55:59,372 --> 00:56:01,041 WAKEFULNESS AND MINIMALLY 1310 00:56:01,041 --> 00:56:03,009 CONSCIOUS STATE THAT IS 1311 00:56:03,009 --> 00:56:05,145 MENTIONED IN THE SLIDES. 1312 00:56:05,145 --> 00:56:07,647 I AM THINKING A LOT OF THE 1313 00:56:07,647 --> 00:56:09,149 CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY THAT GETS 1314 00:56:09,149 --> 00:56:11,151 USED AROUND THIS NEEDS TO CHANGE 1315 00:56:11,151 --> 00:56:12,519 AND PEOPLE STILL COMMONLY TALK 1316 00:56:12,519 --> 00:56:14,888 ABOUT WAKING FROM ANESTHESIA AND 1317 00:56:14,888 --> 00:56:17,857 THIS STRONGLY SUGGESTS A 1318 00:56:17,857 --> 00:56:18,958 SLEEP-LIKE STATE. IS THAT 1319 00:56:18,958 --> 00:56:21,094 SOMETHING YOU WOULD DISCOURAGE? 1320 00:56:21,094 --> 00:56:22,762 >> I WILL START WITH THE SECOND 1321 00:56:22,762 --> 00:56:23,430 QUESTION FIRST. 1322 00:56:23,430 --> 00:56:25,598 FIRST, I THINK IT IS A GOOD 1323 00:56:25,598 --> 00:56:28,668 POINT AND WE USE SLEEP AS A 1324 00:56:28,668 --> 00:56:29,769 METAPHOR. VERY OFTEN BECAUSE 1325 00:56:29,769 --> 00:56:33,840 PATIENTS WHO ARE COMING IN WHO 1326 00:56:33,840 --> 00:56:36,443 MIGHT NOT UNDERSTAND 1327 00:56:36,443 --> 00:56:37,877 ANESTHETIZED STATE CERTAINLY 1328 00:56:37,877 --> 00:56:40,980 HAVE EXPERIENTIAL KNOWLEDGE OF 1329 00:56:40,980 --> 00:56:42,349 REVERSIBLE STATE OF UNCONSCIOUS 1330 00:56:42,349 --> 00:56:45,118 THANES IS SLEEP. IT HAS 1331 00:56:45,118 --> 00:56:47,220 POSITIVE CONNOTATIONS OF 1332 00:56:47,220 --> 00:56:48,354 RESTORATION AND DON'T THINK 1333 00:56:48,354 --> 00:56:50,557 THOUGH THAT TALKING ABOUT 1334 00:56:50,557 --> 00:56:54,327 WAKEFULNESS OR WAKING UP 1335 00:56:54,327 --> 00:56:56,696 NECESSARILY TETHERS THAT TO 1336 00:56:56,696 --> 00:56:58,465 SLEEP. I DO THINK THAT WE NEED 1337 00:56:58,465 --> 00:57:00,333 TO RETHINK TERMINOLOGY AND 1338 00:57:00,333 --> 00:57:02,402 ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS AWARENESS AND 1339 00:57:02,402 --> 00:57:05,438 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AWARENESS AND 1340 00:57:05,438 --> 00:57:06,773 ANESTHESIOLOGY, WE ARE TALKING 1341 00:57:06,773 --> 00:57:11,244 ABOUT INTRAOPERATIVE 1342 00:57:11,244 --> 00:57:13,146 CONSCIOUSNESS PLUS POST-OP 1343 00:57:13,146 --> 00:57:15,215 ITERATIVE EXPLICIT EPISODIC 1344 00:57:15,215 --> 00:57:16,616 RECALL OF SURGICAL EVENTS AND 1345 00:57:16,616 --> 00:57:18,651 THIS HAS A DIFFERENT MEANING 1346 00:57:18,651 --> 00:57:20,120 MORE STRICTLY RELATE TODAY 1347 00:57:20,120 --> 00:57:23,089 CONTENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN 1348 00:57:23,089 --> 00:57:24,424 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND 1349 00:57:24,424 --> 00:57:26,226 PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND IN TERMS 1350 00:57:26,226 --> 00:57:28,361 OF EMERGENCE, THAT IS A GREAT 1351 00:57:28,361 --> 00:57:30,196 QUESTION AND THINK WHAT WAS 1352 00:57:30,196 --> 00:57:31,931 REALLY INTERESTING IS I WAS 1353 00:57:31,931 --> 00:57:33,900 STARTING OFF MY CAREER AND 1354 00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:35,769 FACULTY FIRST IN 2007. 1355 00:57:35,769 --> 00:57:38,371 THERE IS AN EVOLUTION OF STUDY 1356 00:57:38,371 --> 00:57:40,006 SHOWING COMMON NEUROCORRELATES 1357 00:57:40,006 --> 00:57:43,343 ACROSS VARIOUS STATES OF 1358 00:57:43,343 --> 00:57:44,644 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND 1359 00:57:44,644 --> 00:57:46,513 PHYSIOLOGICAL FARM LOGIC AND 1360 00:57:46,513 --> 00:57:48,281 PATHOLOGIC AND QUESTION ARISES 1361 00:57:48,281 --> 00:57:51,785 IF SIMILAR NEUROCORRELATES HOW 1362 00:57:51,785 --> 00:57:53,820 COME SLEEP CAN BE REVERSED IN 1363 00:57:53,820 --> 00:57:57,123 SECONDS AND IN MINUTES AND IN 1364 00:57:57,123 --> 00:57:58,925 PATHOLOGIC STATE NOT AT ALL AND 1365 00:57:58,925 --> 00:58:00,627 STUDY OF EMERGENCE IS IMPORTANT 1366 00:58:00,627 --> 00:58:02,996 AND IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO 1367 00:58:02,996 --> 00:58:07,033 RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENCES OF A 1368 00:58:07,033 --> 00:58:07,667 PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION AND 1369 00:58:07,667 --> 00:58:10,069 SOMEBODY WITH A HEALTHY BRAIN 1370 00:58:10,069 --> 00:58:11,838 AND THAN SOMEBODY WHO HAS A 1371 00:58:11,838 --> 00:58:14,174 STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITY AND 1372 00:58:14,174 --> 00:58:17,510 PATHOLOGIC STATE OF 1373 00:58:17,510 --> 00:58:18,411 UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 1374 00:58:18,411 --> 00:58:22,348 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM THE 1375 00:58:22,348 --> 00:58:23,917 ONLINE AUDIENCE. 1376 00:58:23,917 --> 00:58:27,187 IT IS HAS ANYONE TESTED WHETHER 1377 00:58:27,187 --> 00:58:28,388 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP 1378 00:58:28,388 --> 00:58:30,557 SUCH AS MEMORY CONSOLIDATION 1379 00:58:30,557 --> 00:58:35,261 OCCUR WITH GENERAL ANTHETIC 1380 00:58:35,261 --> 00:58:35,528 AGENTS? 1381 00:58:35,528 --> 00:58:39,399 >> YES. I THINK THERE HAS BEEN 1382 00:58:39,399 --> 00:58:42,335 STUDIES RELATED TO IMPLICIT 1383 00:58:42,335 --> 00:58:43,169 MEMORY. 1384 00:58:43,169 --> 00:58:45,038 DURING THE ANESTHETIZED STATE 1385 00:58:45,038 --> 00:58:49,042 AND I CAN'T THINK OF ANY VERY 1386 00:58:49,042 --> 00:58:49,309 RECENTLY. 1387 00:58:49,309 --> 00:58:53,146 I DON'T THINK THAT, THAT HAS 1388 00:58:53,146 --> 00:58:57,217 BEEN WELL-CHARACTERIZED. 1389 00:58:57,217 --> 00:58:59,953 >> OKAY. THANK YOU. PLEASE 1390 00:58:59,953 --> 00:59:03,189 JOIN ME IN THANKING DR. 1391 00:59:03,189 --> 00:59:03,590 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 1392 00:59:03,590 --> 00:59:04,757 >> THANK YOU. 1393 00:59:04,757 --> 00:59:07,460 >> SO, OUR FINAL SPEAKER OF THE 1394 00:59:07,460 --> 00:59:09,863 SESSION IS DR. MATTHEW BANKS WHO 1395 00:59:09,863 --> 00:59:15,235 COMES TO US FROM UNIVERSITY OF 1396 00:59:15,235 --> 00:59:15,668 WISCONSIN-MADISON. 1397 00:59:15,668 --> 00:59:18,338 -- SPECIFIC TO CHANGES IN 1398 00:59:18,338 --> 00:59:20,473 CONSCIOUSNESS INSIGHTS FROM 1399 00:59:20,473 --> 00:59:22,041 COMPARING SLEEP AND GENERAL 1400 00:59:22,041 --> 00:59:23,409 ANESTHESIA AND DR. BANKS 1401 00:59:23,409 --> 00:59:28,147 RECEIVED BSE AND MSC FROM JOHNS 1402 00:59:28,147 --> 00:59:30,950 HOPKINS AND DOCTORATE OF 1403 00:59:30,950 --> 00:59:32,886 NEUROSCIENCE -- HE IS PROFESSOR 1404 00:59:32,886 --> 00:59:36,122 OF ANESTHESIOLOGY AND AFFILIATE 1405 00:59:36,122 --> 00:59:38,391 -- WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 1406 00:59:38,391 --> 00:59:40,326 AND PUBLIC HEALTH AND RECAN 1407 00:59:40,326 --> 00:59:42,228 SEARCH INCLUDES MECHANISMS OF 1408 00:59:42,228 --> 00:59:44,030 LOSS AND RECOVERY OF 1409 00:59:44,030 --> 00:59:45,832 CONSCIOUSNESS OF ANESTHESIA AND 1410 00:59:45,832 --> 00:59:48,968 CHANGES IN AROUSAL DURING 1411 00:59:48,968 --> 00:59:51,838 NATURAL SLEEP AND LINK BETWEEN 1412 00:59:51,838 --> 00:59:52,805 INFORMATION AND BRAIN FUNCTION 1413 00:59:52,805 --> 00:59:57,377 OF DELIRIUM AND AMELIORATE 1414 00:59:57,377 --> 00:59:58,778 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. 1415 00:59:58,778 --> 01:00:00,580 >> THANK YOU, JIM. THANK YOU 1416 01:00:00,580 --> 01:00:05,251 ALSO TO JONATHAN AND TO BIYU FOR 1417 01:00:05,251 --> 01:00:07,487 INVITING ME AND TO ALL FOR 1418 01:00:07,487 --> 01:00:10,890 MAKING A TRIP AND TO ALL ONLINE 1419 01:00:10,890 --> 01:00:11,224 PARTICIPANTS. 1420 01:00:11,224 --> 01:00:14,594 I -- HONESTLY, I FEEL A LITTLE 1421 01:00:14,594 --> 01:00:17,430 INTIMIDATED COMING AFTER EMORY 1422 01:00:17,430 --> 01:00:18,932 AND GEORGE WHO ARE VERY LARGE 1423 01:00:18,932 --> 01:00:20,800 BOOTS TO FILL. I WILL DO MY 1424 01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:23,036 BEST AND USED TO STUDY 1425 01:00:23,036 --> 01:00:25,405 MECHANISMS OF ANESTHESIA IN MICE 1426 01:00:25,405 --> 01:00:30,343 AND RODENTS AND I DECIDED IT 1427 01:00:30,343 --> 01:00:33,146 WOULD BE EASIER TO STUDY IN 1428 01:00:33,146 --> 01:00:34,681 HUMANS. I'M NOT SURE THAT IS 1429 01:00:34,681 --> 01:00:38,184 REALLY TRUE AND ONE THING THAT 1430 01:00:38,184 --> 01:00:39,819 IS EASIER IN HUMANS IS THAT YOU 1431 01:00:39,819 --> 01:00:45,124 CAN ACTUALLY ASK THEM IF THEY 1432 01:00:45,124 --> 01:00:47,460 ARE CONSCIOUS AND WE TYPICALLY 1433 01:00:47,460 --> 01:00:49,796 BELIEVE THEY ARE ANSWERS. THESE 1434 01:00:49,796 --> 01:00:51,698 ARE MY DISCLOSURES. 1435 01:00:51,698 --> 01:00:53,933 AND I WILL TELL A STORY IN FOUR 1436 01:00:53,933 --> 01:00:55,301 PARTS AND HOPEFULLY WILL GET TO 1437 01:00:55,301 --> 01:01:00,406 THEM ALL. I WANT TO START WISHU 1438 01:01:00,406 --> 01:01:02,542 OF TERMINOLOGY AND WHAT WE ARE 1439 01:01:02,542 --> 01:01:03,910 MEASURING AND ASSUMING AND THINK 1440 01:01:03,910 --> 01:01:06,346 WE ARE ALL ON BOARD WITH 1441 01:01:06,346 --> 01:01:07,180 DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONSCIOUS 1442 01:01:07,180 --> 01:01:09,048 AND UNCONSCIOUS THAT IS THE 1443 01:01:09,048 --> 01:01:12,018 PRESENCE VERSUS ABSENCE OF 1444 01:01:12,018 --> 01:01:12,318 EXPERIENCE. 1445 01:01:12,318 --> 01:01:14,420 WE HAVE TALKED LESS ABOUT 1446 01:01:14,420 --> 01:01:17,290 CONNECTED VERSUS DISCONNECTED 1447 01:01:17,290 --> 01:01:19,425 CONSCIOUSNESS THAT IS EXPERIENCE 1448 01:01:19,425 --> 01:01:21,995 THAT IS VERSUS IS NOT CONTROLLED 1449 01:01:21,995 --> 01:01:24,330 OR INFLUENCE THAT IS ROOTED IN 1450 01:01:24,330 --> 01:01:25,431 THE ENVIRONMENT AND DREAMING, 1451 01:01:25,431 --> 01:01:28,067 FOR EXAMPLE, IS A EXAMPLE OF 1452 01:01:28,067 --> 01:01:29,769 DISCONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1453 01:01:29,769 --> 01:01:32,538 WOULD ARGUE THAT SOMETHING VERY 1454 01:01:32,538 --> 01:01:35,708 MUCH LIKE DREAMING HAPPENS 1455 01:01:35,708 --> 01:01:36,476 DURING ANESTHESIA AS WELL. 1456 01:01:36,476 --> 01:01:38,945 UNIMPORTANTLY UNRESPONSIVENESS 1457 01:01:38,945 --> 01:01:41,114 IS WHAT WE GET WHEN WE ASK A 1458 01:01:41,114 --> 01:01:43,850 SUBJECT WHO IS BEING 1459 01:01:43,850 --> 01:01:45,618 ANESTHETIZED OR A PATIENT WHAT 1460 01:01:45,618 --> 01:01:48,354 WE GET WHEN THEY DON'T RESPOND 1461 01:01:48,354 --> 01:01:49,322 THAT UNRESPONSIVENESS IS A 1462 01:01:49,322 --> 01:01:51,958 MIXTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES 1463 01:01:51,958 --> 01:01:53,826 THAT IS THAT THEY COULD BE IN A 1464 01:01:53,826 --> 01:01:55,194 STATE OF CONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS 1465 01:01:55,194 --> 01:01:57,463 ABOUT YOU UNABLE OR UNMOTIVATED 1466 01:01:57,463 --> 01:01:59,165 TO RESPOND AND COULD BE IN STATE 1467 01:01:59,165 --> 01:02:01,234 OF DISCONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS 1468 01:02:01,234 --> 01:02:02,902 THAT IS HAVING EXPERIENCE AND 1469 01:02:02,902 --> 01:02:04,771 THAT EXPERIENCE IS NOT TETHERED 1470 01:02:04,771 --> 01:02:06,272 TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEY 1471 01:02:06,272 --> 01:02:08,307 COULD BE UNCONSCIOUS AND THINK 1472 01:02:08,307 --> 01:02:10,476 THAT WE OFTEN SORT OF MAKE THE 1473 01:02:10,476 --> 01:02:12,478 ASSUMPTION THAT PEOPLE ARE 1474 01:02:12,478 --> 01:02:14,213 UNCONSCIOUS UNDER ANESTHESIA AND 1475 01:02:14,213 --> 01:02:15,748 MAKES US FEEL BETTER GOING INTO 1476 01:02:15,748 --> 01:02:17,850 THE OR TO ASSUME THAT IS THE 1477 01:02:17,850 --> 01:02:18,151 CASE. 1478 01:02:18,151 --> 01:02:19,819 IT IS AN ASSUMPTION. 1479 01:02:19,819 --> 01:02:22,955 MY COLLABORATOR AND FRIEND ROB 1480 01:02:22,955 --> 01:02:25,191 SANDERS WROTE A NICE PAPER 1481 01:02:25,191 --> 01:02:26,959 ACTUALLY WITH GIULIO AND OTHERS 1482 01:02:26,959 --> 01:02:31,497 A WHILE BACK ABOUT THIS ISSUE OF 1483 01:02:31,497 --> 01:02:32,398 UNRESPONSIVENESS VERSUS 1484 01:02:32,398 --> 01:02:33,800 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND ENCOURAGE 1485 01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,836 YOU TO CHECK IT OUT AND GETTING 1486 01:02:36,836 --> 01:02:38,938 AT THAT ISSUE OF DREAMING AND 1487 01:02:38,938 --> 01:02:40,306 ANESTHESIA AND HAVE BEEN MANY 1488 01:02:40,306 --> 01:02:42,375 STUDIES REPORTING DREAMING IN 1489 01:02:42,375 --> 01:02:45,912 ANESTHESIA BOTH IN PATIENTS AND 1490 01:02:45,912 --> 01:02:47,180 IN RESEARCH SUBJECT VOLUNTEERS 1491 01:02:47,180 --> 01:02:52,151 AND THE PERCENTAGES THAT ARE 1492 01:02:52,151 --> 01:02:53,920 VARIED DEPENDING ON THE DRUG AND 1493 01:02:53,920 --> 01:02:56,456 STUDY AND PATIENTS STUDIES I 1494 01:02:56,456 --> 01:02:59,692 LOOKED AT REPORT SOMETHING 1495 01:02:59,692 --> 01:03:01,194 BETWEEN 20 TO 50% AND GEORGE 1496 01:03:01,194 --> 01:03:03,229 MENTIONED KETAMINE INCIDENTS 1497 01:03:03,229 --> 01:03:05,498 THAT IS MUCH HIGHER AND RESEARCH 1498 01:03:05,498 --> 01:03:07,834 SUBJECTS FOR EXAMPLE HARRY HAD A 1499 01:03:07,834 --> 01:03:12,071 VERY LARGE STUDY DONE IN FINLAND 1500 01:03:12,071 --> 01:03:14,774 ON SEVERAL DIFFERENT ANTHETIC 1501 01:03:14,774 --> 01:03:16,743 AGENT AND THOSE SUBJECTS REPORTS 1502 01:03:16,743 --> 01:03:19,645 WERE 80 TO 90% OF THE TIME THAT 1503 01:03:19,645 --> 01:03:21,581 PATIENT -- SUBJECTS WERE 1504 01:03:21,581 --> 01:03:23,950 UNRESPONSIVE DURING ANESTHESIA 1505 01:03:23,950 --> 01:03:26,085 AND ACTUALLY REPORTED DREAMING 1506 01:03:26,085 --> 01:03:27,553 OR EXPERIENCE AFTERWARDS. 1507 01:03:27,553 --> 01:03:29,122 SO, AGAIN, I THINK IT IS 1508 01:03:29,122 --> 01:03:32,625 IMPORTANT FOR US TO KEEP THAT IN 1509 01:03:32,625 --> 01:03:36,062 MI 1510 01:03:36,062 --> 01:03:36,395 MIND. 1511 01:03:36,395 --> 01:03:38,865 AS I MENTIONED I FOCUSED ON 1512 01:03:38,865 --> 01:03:40,366 HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH FOR A 1513 01:03:40,366 --> 01:03:44,537 NUMBER OF YEARS AND WORK WITH 1514 01:03:44,537 --> 01:03:46,005 INTRACRANIAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 1515 01:03:46,005 --> 01:03:49,142 THAT IS THE TERM I USE TO REFER 1516 01:03:49,142 --> 01:03:52,145 TO ECOG AND STEREO-EEG IS 1517 01:03:52,145 --> 01:03:54,380 COLLECTED IN CONTEXT OF EPILEPSY 1518 01:03:54,380 --> 01:03:56,182 PATIENTS THAT COME IN TO HAVE 1519 01:03:56,182 --> 01:03:59,785 BRAIN RECEPTION SURGERY. 1520 01:03:59,785 --> 01:04:02,488 AND WE -- WE GATHER A TREMENDOUS 1521 01:04:02,488 --> 01:04:04,490 AMOUNT OF DATA FROM PATIENTS 1522 01:04:04,490 --> 01:04:07,727 THAT IS A REMARKABLE 1523 01:04:07,727 --> 01:04:08,161 OPPORTUNITY. 1524 01:04:08,161 --> 01:04:09,996 AND ENTERPRISE. 1525 01:04:09,996 --> 01:04:12,064 THAT DATA THAT IS COLLECTED 1526 01:04:12,064 --> 01:04:14,066 INCLUDES MRI BOTH STRUCTURAL AND 1527 01:04:14,066 --> 01:04:16,936 FUNCTIONAL AND INTRACRANIAL 1528 01:04:16,936 --> 01:04:19,205 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ITSELF 1529 01:04:19,205 --> 01:04:21,107 THAT YIELDS LOCAL FIELD 1530 01:04:21,107 --> 01:04:23,109 POTENTIALS AND UNITY COGNITIVETY 1531 01:04:23,109 --> 01:04:25,545 AND DO COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS OF 1532 01:04:25,545 --> 01:04:27,213 PATIENTS PREOPERATIVE AND 1533 01:04:27,213 --> 01:04:29,182 POST-OP ITERATIVE AND DO 1534 01:04:29,182 --> 01:04:31,484 AUDIOLOGY TO TEST SENSORY 1535 01:04:31,484 --> 01:04:33,119 APPARATUS. WE COLLECT 1536 01:04:33,119 --> 01:04:34,987 BIOMARKERS FOR EXAMPLE FOR 1537 01:04:34,987 --> 01:04:36,355 DEMENTIA RISK AND INFLAMMATION. 1538 01:04:36,355 --> 01:04:37,790 THERE IS LOTS OF OPPORTUNITIES 1539 01:04:37,790 --> 01:04:40,226 FOR BUILDING A RESEARCH PROGRAM 1540 01:04:40,226 --> 01:04:41,594 AND DESIGNING EXPERIMENTS 1541 01:04:41,594 --> 01:04:43,329 FOCUSED ON THESE TYPES OF DATA. 1542 01:04:43,329 --> 01:04:45,231 WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY FOR 1543 01:04:45,231 --> 01:04:48,568 EXAMPLE TO INVESTIGATE DELIRIUM 1544 01:04:48,568 --> 01:04:51,771 POST-OP ITERATIVE DELIRIUM AND 1545 01:04:51,771 --> 01:04:53,539 POST ICTAL DELIRIUM THAT IS 1546 01:04:53,539 --> 01:04:55,541 SOMETHING WE ARE ACTIVE ENGAGE 1547 01:04:55,541 --> 01:04:57,276 IN TO LOOK AT OVERLAPS AND 1548 01:04:57,276 --> 01:04:59,812 INFLUENCE FOR EXAMPLE OF SLOWER 1549 01:04:59,812 --> 01:05:01,747 ACTIVITY ON THE BRAIN IN ALTERED 1550 01:05:01,747 --> 01:05:03,516 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND WE 1551 01:05:03,516 --> 01:05:05,952 DO MANY EXPERIMENTS WHEN THE 1552 01:05:05,952 --> 01:05:07,553 SUBJECTS ARE -- WHEN PATIENTS 1553 01:05:07,553 --> 01:05:11,257 ARE AWAKE. THOSE ARE TASK-BASED 1554 01:05:11,257 --> 01:05:13,593 EXPERIMENTS AND RESTING STATE 1555 01:05:13,593 --> 01:05:14,827 EXPERIMENTS AND DO OVERNIGHT 1556 01:05:14,827 --> 01:05:17,196 SLEEP RECORDINGS WITH SCALP EEG 1557 01:05:17,196 --> 01:05:20,299 AND EMG AND DO POLY SIN OWING 1558 01:05:20,299 --> 01:05:22,435 GRAPHY AND OTHER DAYS THEY DON'T 1559 01:05:22,435 --> 01:05:25,004 HAVE EEG LEADS ATTACHED AND WE 1560 01:05:25,004 --> 01:05:26,772 USE SOMETHING CALLED WATCH PAD 1561 01:05:26,772 --> 01:05:30,276 TO MONITOR SLEEP STUDIES LESS 1562 01:05:30,276 --> 01:05:32,812 ACCURATELY AND IN CONTEXT OF 1563 01:05:32,812 --> 01:05:34,280 OVERNIGHT SLEEP EXPERIMENTS DO 1564 01:05:34,280 --> 01:05:37,116 WAKE UP EXPERIMENTS AND DATA HAS 1565 01:05:37,116 --> 01:05:39,518 BEEN REPORTED AND WE DO 1566 01:05:39,518 --> 01:05:41,087 ANESTHESIA EXPERIMENTS BOTH 1567 01:05:41,087 --> 01:05:44,390 INDUCTION OF ANESTHESIA AND WE 1568 01:05:44,390 --> 01:05:46,859 -- WE HAVE APPROVAL FOR LOOKING 1569 01:05:46,859 --> 01:05:49,996 AT 4 DIFFERENT DRULGS AND HAVE 1570 01:05:49,996 --> 01:05:51,230 CURRENTLY DONE PROPOE FOL AND 1571 01:05:51,230 --> 01:05:53,132 [INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL AS 1572 01:05:53,132 --> 01:05:54,700 EMERGENCE AND LOOK AND COMPARE 1573 01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:56,435 INDUCTION AND EMERGENCE IN THE 1574 01:05:56,435 --> 01:05:58,070 SAME PATIENTS AND CURRENTLY THAT 1575 01:05:58,070 --> 01:06:02,108 WORK IS BEING DONE AT TWO SITES. 1576 01:06:02,108 --> 01:06:04,744 COLLABORATOR IS AT UNIVERSITY OF 1577 01:06:04,744 --> 01:06:06,846 IOWA UNDER DIRECTION OF MATT 1578 01:06:06,846 --> 01:06:09,915 HOWARD AND DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY 1579 01:06:09,915 --> 01:06:10,783 NEUROSURGEON IS [INDISCERNIBLE] 1580 01:06:10,783 --> 01:06:14,186 AND MY COLLABORATOR AND GOOD 1581 01:06:14,186 --> 01:06:18,724 FRIEND KIRILL IS THE HEAD OF THE 1582 01:06:18,724 --> 01:06:21,060 RESEARCH PROGRAM WE ARE ENGAGED 1583 01:06:21,060 --> 01:06:24,997 IN AND AT UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 1584 01:06:24,997 --> 01:06:28,134 THEY RECORDED FROM OR RECRUITED 1585 01:06:28,134 --> 01:06:30,770 225 PATIENTS IN PAST 25 YEARS 1586 01:06:30,770 --> 01:06:36,042 AND DOING EXPERIMENTS AT 1587 01:06:36,042 --> 01:06:37,510 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN AND 1588 01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:41,681 NEUROSURGEON WENDY LAKE AND 1589 01:06:41,681 --> 01:06:43,616 RECORDED FROM 16 PATIENTS OVER 1590 01:06:43,616 --> 01:06:46,052 TWO YEARS AND CURRENT FUNDED 1591 01:06:46,052 --> 01:06:48,187 RESEARCH FROM NIH COLLECTING 1592 01:06:48,187 --> 01:06:50,656 DATA ON BOTH SITES AND GETTING 1593 01:06:50,656 --> 01:06:52,625 16 TO 20 PATIENTS PER YEAR AT 1594 01:06:52,625 --> 01:06:53,893 THE TWO SITES. 1595 01:06:53,893 --> 01:06:57,129 OKAY. SO, I WANTED TO SORT OF 1596 01:06:57,129 --> 01:07:00,266 TALK ABOUT THIS COMPARISON 1597 01:07:00,266 --> 01:07:01,500 BETWEEN SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA 1598 01:07:01,500 --> 01:07:03,669 THAT WE HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON FOR 1599 01:07:03,669 --> 01:07:05,604 SEVERAL YEARS NOW AND WANTED TO 1600 01:07:05,604 --> 01:07:08,140 POINT OUT FIRST OF ALL THEORIES 1601 01:07:08,140 --> 01:07:09,475 OF CONSCIOUSNESS DON'T ACTUALLY 1602 01:07:09,475 --> 01:07:12,044 SPECIFY THE CONTEXT OF LOSS AND 1603 01:07:12,044 --> 01:07:13,346 RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1604 01:07:13,346 --> 01:07:15,681 ARE MORE INTERESTED IN WHAT IS 1605 01:07:15,681 --> 01:07:17,850 THE STRUCTURE THAT OR PROCESSES 1606 01:07:17,850 --> 01:07:21,954 THAT UNDERLIE CONSCIOUS 1607 01:07:21,954 --> 01:07:22,254 EXPERIENCE. 1608 01:07:22,254 --> 01:07:25,124 AND OUR PREMISE IS THAT 1609 01:07:25,124 --> 01:07:26,325 CONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1610 01:07:26,325 --> 01:07:29,061 DISCONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1611 01:07:29,061 --> 01:07:30,463 UNCONSCIOUSNESS OCCURRED DURING 1612 01:07:30,463 --> 01:07:33,366 SLEEP AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND 1613 01:07:33,366 --> 01:07:35,501 HYPOTHESIS IS IT SHOULD BE 1614 01:07:35,501 --> 01:07:37,503 POSSIBLE TO OBSERVE COMMON BRAIN 1615 01:07:37,503 --> 01:07:39,004 NETWORK RE-ORGANIZATION DURING 1616 01:07:39,004 --> 01:07:40,673 SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA THAT IS 1617 01:07:40,673 --> 01:07:42,108 REFLECTIVE OF STATES OF 1618 01:07:42,108 --> 01:07:44,043 CONSCIOUSNESS AND THAT IS THERE 1619 01:07:44,043 --> 01:07:45,144 ARE MANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1620 01:07:45,144 --> 01:07:46,912 SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA AND HEARD 1621 01:07:46,912 --> 01:07:48,881 ABOUT THEM THIS MORNING FOR 1622 01:07:48,881 --> 01:07:51,283 EXAMPLE AND THE -- THE PROCESS 1623 01:07:51,283 --> 01:07:52,752 OR THE -- THE RE-ORGANIZATION 1624 01:07:52,752 --> 01:07:55,087 THAT HAPPENS IN THE NETWORKING 1625 01:07:55,087 --> 01:07:58,758 THAT CORRESPONDS TO OR UNDERLIES 1626 01:07:58,758 --> 01:08:00,326 CONSCIOUSNESS, WE HYPOTHESIZE IT 1627 01:08:00,326 --> 01:08:02,795 WILL BE THE SAME REGARDLESS OF 1628 01:08:02,795 --> 01:08:04,663 CONTEXT IN WHICH THAT OCCURS. 1629 01:08:04,663 --> 01:08:07,600 AND WE ARE INVESTIGATING NETWORK 1630 01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:08,768 STRUCTURE IN PARTICULAR AND DATA 1631 01:08:08,768 --> 01:08:10,336 THAT I WILL SHOW YOU TODAY THAT 1632 01:08:10,336 --> 01:08:13,572 IS WE ARE FOCUSED ON 1633 01:08:13,572 --> 01:08:14,073 CONNECTIVITY. 1634 01:08:14,073 --> 01:08:16,208 THE -- THE -- AND PART OF THE 1635 01:08:16,208 --> 01:08:17,777 MOTIVATION FOR THAT IS THE 1636 01:08:17,777 --> 01:08:20,780 CHANGES IN THE NEUROSUBSTRATED 1637 01:08:20,780 --> 01:08:23,149 CONSCIOUSNESS THAT SHOULD 1638 01:08:23,149 --> 01:08:24,116 MANIFEST CHANGES IN STRUCTURE 1639 01:08:24,116 --> 01:08:26,786 OPPOSED TO CHANGES IN NETWORK 1640 01:08:26,786 --> 01:08:27,820 ACTIVITY. 1641 01:08:27,820 --> 01:08:29,388 SO, THESE EXPERIMENTS ARE -- 1642 01:08:29,388 --> 01:08:31,557 THEY ARE DONE IN THESE PATIENTS 1643 01:08:31,557 --> 01:08:33,659 ON TWO DIFFERENT OCCASIONS AND 1644 01:08:33,659 --> 01:08:36,328 OVERNIGHT SLEEP EXPERIMENT THAT 1645 01:08:36,328 --> 01:08:39,465 I MENTIONED AND IT IS INVOLVING 1646 01:08:39,465 --> 01:08:41,801 MANY HOURS OF REPORTING WITH 1647 01:08:41,801 --> 01:08:45,304 SCALP EEG LEADS IN ADDITION TO 1648 01:08:45,304 --> 01:08:48,741 INTRACRANIAL ELECTRODES AND EMG 1649 01:08:48,741 --> 01:08:51,076 AND DOING POLYSIN OWING GRAPHY 1650 01:08:51,076 --> 01:08:53,479 AND LABEL DATA AT ANY GIVEN 1651 01:08:53,479 --> 01:08:55,081 MOMENT IN TIME WITH DIFFERENCE 1652 01:08:55,081 --> 01:08:57,349 STATES OF SLEEP COLOR COATED 1653 01:08:57,349 --> 01:08:59,718 HERE FOR YOUR REFERENCE AND WE 1654 01:08:59,718 --> 01:09:01,587 ALSO THEN ON A DIFFERENT DAY 1655 01:09:01,587 --> 01:09:04,590 JUST PRIOR TO THE REMOVAL OF THE 1656 01:09:04,590 --> 01:09:07,193 ELECTRODES, WE DO AN INDUCTION 1657 01:09:07,193 --> 01:09:08,327 EXPERIMENT. IN THAT INDUCTION 1658 01:09:08,327 --> 01:09:10,362 EXPERIMENT WE ARE DOING FOR 1659 01:09:10,362 --> 01:09:14,366 EXAMPLE A SLOW INFUSION OF 1660 01:09:14,366 --> 01:09:15,034 PROPOFOL IN WHICH INCREASE DOSE 1661 01:09:15,034 --> 01:09:18,103 OF PROPOFOL SO WE CAN CAPTURE A 1662 01:09:18,103 --> 01:09:19,271 SEDATED STATE THAT IS STATE 1663 01:09:19,271 --> 01:09:21,740 WHICH THERE IS DRUG ON BOARD AND 1664 01:09:21,740 --> 01:09:23,509 PATIENTS ARE STILL RESPONSIVE 1665 01:09:23,509 --> 01:09:24,877 AND IN UNRESPONSIVE STATE THAT 1666 01:09:24,877 --> 01:09:26,979 WE ASSUME THAT AT LEAST 1667 01:09:26,979 --> 01:09:28,881 SOMETIMES THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS 1668 01:09:28,881 --> 01:09:30,349 AND WE DON'T ACTUALLY KNOW 1669 01:09:30,349 --> 01:09:31,917 WHETHER THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS OR 1670 01:09:31,917 --> 01:09:34,753 IN DISCONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS. 1671 01:09:34,753 --> 01:09:37,056 AND SO WE HAVE THESE FIVE STATES 1672 01:09:37,056 --> 01:09:39,358 OF -- STAGES OF SLEEP AND HAVE 1673 01:09:39,358 --> 01:09:41,460 THREE STAGES OF ANESTHESIA. 1674 01:09:41,460 --> 01:09:43,395 AND OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT SOME 1675 01:09:43,395 --> 01:09:45,564 OF THE STATES ARE GOING TO 1676 01:09:45,564 --> 01:09:48,334 OVERLAP IN TERMS OF WHAT THE 1677 01:09:48,334 --> 01:09:49,635 NETWORK STRUCTURE OR BRAIN 1678 01:09:49,635 --> 01:09:51,036 NETWORK STRUCTURE LOOKS LIKE AND 1679 01:09:51,036 --> 01:09:53,672 IN PARTICULAR WE HAVE IDENTIFIED 1680 01:09:53,672 --> 01:09:57,643 STATES N2 AND N3 DURING SLEEP 1681 01:09:57,643 --> 01:09:59,912 AND UNRESPONSIVE SLEEP DURING 1682 01:09:59,912 --> 01:10:01,847 ANESTHESIA REDUCE PROBABILITY OF 1683 01:10:01,847 --> 01:10:03,749 CONSCIOUSNESS THAT WE EXPECT 1684 01:10:03,749 --> 01:10:06,252 THAT NETWORK STRUCTURE WILL BE 1685 01:10:06,252 --> 01:10:06,519 SIMILAR. 1686 01:10:06,519 --> 01:10:09,088 AND STATES SUCH AS REM AND WAKE 1687 01:10:09,088 --> 01:10:12,057 AND LIKELY N1 AND SEDATED STATE 1688 01:10:12,057 --> 01:10:13,592 IN WHICH PROBABILITY OF 1689 01:10:13,592 --> 01:10:15,761 CONSCIOUSNESS IS HIGH AS IN 1690 01:10:15,761 --> 01:10:16,929 STATES IN WHICH THE NETWORK 1691 01:10:16,929 --> 01:10:19,131 STRUCTURE WILL BE SIMILAR. 1692 01:10:19,131 --> 01:10:22,001 SO, AGAIN, WE -- WE DO 1693 01:10:22,001 --> 01:10:23,669 MEASUREMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL 1694 01:10:23,669 --> 01:10:24,737 CONNECTIVITY AT LEAST IN THE 1695 01:10:24,737 --> 01:10:26,839 FIRST PART OF THE TALK AND WILL 1696 01:10:26,839 --> 01:10:27,973 GET TO EFFECTIVE [INDISCERNIBLE] 1697 01:10:27,973 --> 01:10:30,576 LATER AND THIS IS TYPICAL 1698 01:10:30,576 --> 01:10:32,511 ELECTROCOVERAGE IN OLDER 1699 01:10:32,511 --> 01:10:35,548 PATIENTS DOING EXCLUSIVELY 1700 01:10:35,548 --> 01:10:36,649 STEREO-EEGS NOT DOING GRIDS 1701 01:10:36,649 --> 01:10:38,918 ANYMORE AND WE HAVE 200 1702 01:10:38,918 --> 01:10:41,687 RECORDING SITES IN PATIENTS AND 1703 01:10:41,687 --> 01:10:45,324 WE CAN THEN CALCULATE PAIR OIS 1704 01:10:45,324 --> 01:10:47,026 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY GETTING 1705 01:10:47,026 --> 01:10:50,663 A MATRIX THAT I'M ILLUSTRATING 1706 01:10:50,663 --> 01:10:52,965 HERE AND WE ORGANIZE OR ORDER 1707 01:10:52,965 --> 01:10:54,333 ELECTRODES ROUGHLY 1708 01:10:54,333 --> 01:10:56,735 HIERARCHICALLY THAT IS AN AUDIO 1709 01:10:56,735 --> 01:10:58,837 CENTRIC LAB. LOTS OF THE 1710 01:10:58,837 --> 01:11:00,873 ELECTRODES ARE IN OR AROUND 1711 01:11:00,873 --> 01:11:02,408 AUDITORY CORTEX AND ORDERED THEM 1712 01:11:02,408 --> 01:11:05,578 THAT WAY AND CAN DO ANALYSIS AT 1713 01:11:05,578 --> 01:11:06,979 ELECTRODE LEVEL AND AT REGION OF 1714 01:11:06,979 --> 01:11:08,948 INTEREST LEVEL AND WE CAN ALSO 1715 01:11:08,948 --> 01:11:10,916 REPRESENT CONNECTIVITY AS IN 1716 01:11:10,916 --> 01:11:12,084 THESE CORE CONNECTIVITY PLOTS 1717 01:11:12,084 --> 01:11:14,787 THAT I WILL DO IN THE NEXT SLIDE 1718 01:11:14,787 --> 01:11:15,588 OR 2. 1719 01:11:15,588 --> 01:11:18,324 THIS PARTICULAR MEASURE OF 1720 01:11:18,324 --> 01:11:19,458 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IS ALPHA 1721 01:11:19,458 --> 01:11:21,327 [INDISCERNIBLE] INDEX AND USED 1722 01:11:21,327 --> 01:11:23,562 OTHER MEASURES OF FUNCTIONAL 1723 01:11:23,562 --> 01:11:24,496 CONNECTIVITY AS WELL. 1724 01:11:24,496 --> 01:11:26,599 THIS IS ONE OF THE MAIN RESULTS 1725 01:11:26,599 --> 01:11:28,667 FROM SEVERAL YEARS AGO. 1726 01:11:28,667 --> 01:11:32,705 IN WHICH WE EXAMINED THIS 1727 01:11:32,705 --> 01:11:35,207 REGIONAL -- REGION BY REGION 1728 01:11:35,207 --> 01:11:36,575 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN 1729 01:11:36,575 --> 01:11:38,344 STAGES OF SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA 1730 01:11:38,344 --> 01:11:40,346 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE I THINK 1731 01:11:40,346 --> 01:11:44,283 JUST BY EYE IS THAT THE FIVE 1732 01:11:44,283 --> 01:11:45,918 STAGES ON THE LEFT OF THIS 1733 01:11:45,918 --> 01:11:47,886 DIVIDING LINE THAT CORRESPONDS 1734 01:11:47,886 --> 01:11:50,589 TO WAKE STAGES AND REM SLEEP AND 1735 01:11:50,589 --> 01:11:52,057 PROBABILITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS 1736 01:11:52,057 --> 01:11:54,426 HIGH AS WELL AS N1 AND SEDATED 1737 01:11:54,426 --> 01:11:57,463 LOOK SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER AND 1738 01:11:57,463 --> 01:11:59,898 PRETTY DISTINCT FROM N2 SLEEP 1739 01:11:59,898 --> 01:12:01,333 AND UNRESPONSIVE STATE AROUND 1740 01:12:01,333 --> 01:12:03,068 ANESTHESIA THAT LOOK REMARKABLY 1741 01:12:03,068 --> 01:12:05,137 SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER IN TERMS 1742 01:12:05,137 --> 01:12:06,739 OF CONNECTIVITY PROFILES AND 1743 01:12:06,739 --> 01:12:08,941 SHOWED BASICALLY CONNECTIVITY 1744 01:12:08,941 --> 01:12:11,610 SHIFTING FROM BEING SORT OF MORE 1745 01:12:11,610 --> 01:12:12,811 DOMINANT STRONGEST CONNECTIVITY 1746 01:12:12,811 --> 01:12:16,615 IN THE BACK OF THE BRAIN IN THE 1747 01:12:16,615 --> 01:12:17,916 STATES OF ELEVATED PROBABILITY 1748 01:12:17,916 --> 01:12:19,184 OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT IS 1749 01:12:19,184 --> 01:12:20,619 COMPARED TO SHIFTING TO THE 1750 01:12:20,619 --> 01:12:22,888 FRONT OF THE BRAIN DURING STATES 1751 01:12:22,888 --> 01:12:26,191 OF REDUCED PROBABILITY OF 1752 01:12:26,191 --> 01:12:26,558 CONSCIOUSNESS. 1753 01:12:26,558 --> 01:12:28,827 AND WE ALSO -- IN USING DATA AND 1754 01:12:28,827 --> 01:12:32,364 BECAUSE WE CAN MEASURE 1755 01:12:32,364 --> 01:12:33,132 CONNECTIVITY JUST USING VERY 1756 01:12:33,132 --> 01:12:35,234 BRIEF SEGMENTS OF DATA AS LITTLE 1757 01:12:35,234 --> 01:12:38,637 AS 10 SECONDS WE CAN DO A 1758 01:12:38,637 --> 01:12:40,539 CLASSIFIER ANALYSIS AND TRAIN A 1759 01:12:40,539 --> 01:12:42,141 CLASSIFIER ON THE SLEEP DATA. 1760 01:12:42,141 --> 01:12:45,778 AND THEN SEE IF IT CAN CLASSIFY 1761 01:12:45,778 --> 01:12:48,013 OTHER STAGES OF THE N2 SLEEP 1762 01:12:48,013 --> 01:12:49,982 DATA AND SEE IF IT CAN CLASSIFY 1763 01:12:49,982 --> 01:12:52,685 OTHER STAGES OF SLEEP AND 1764 01:12:52,685 --> 01:12:54,119 CLASSIFY ANESTHESIA DATA AND 1765 01:12:54,119 --> 01:12:56,221 DOES A REMARKABLY GOOD JOB OF 1766 01:12:56,221 --> 01:12:58,924 DOING THAT THAT IS FOR EXAMPLE 1767 01:12:58,924 --> 01:13:00,859 UNRESPONSIVE STATE OF ANESTHESIA 1768 01:13:00,859 --> 01:13:04,363 IS WELL CLASSIFIED BY CLASSWARD 1769 01:13:04,363 --> 01:13:14,573 TREND IN N2 AND N3 SLEEP. 1770 01:13:14,573 --> 01:13:19,244 >> A TRIAL BY TRIAL BASIS? 1771 01:13:19,244 --> 01:13:22,448 THESE ARE AVERAGES ACROSS FIVE 1772 01:13:22,448 --> 01:13:24,550 PATIENTS AND IN EACH OF THE 1773 01:13:24,550 --> 01:13:26,085 PATIENTS WAS SUCCESSFUL. DON'T 1774 01:13:26,085 --> 01:13:27,953 HAVE NUMBERS HERE BUT ABLE TO DO 1775 01:13:27,953 --> 01:13:30,322 IT IN EACH OF THE PATIENTS 1776 01:13:30,322 --> 01:13:32,224 VISUALLY AND DATA IS IN 1777 01:13:32,224 --> 01:13:33,692 SUPPLEMENTAL PAPER THAT WE CAN 1778 01:13:33,692 --> 01:13:35,194 TALK ABOUT LATER. 1779 01:13:35,194 --> 01:13:36,795 I HAVE SHOWN YOU AT LEAST 1780 01:13:36,795 --> 01:13:39,531 EVIDENCE THAT THERE ARE 1781 01:13:39,531 --> 01:13:40,599 OVERLAPPING MECHANISMS OF 1782 01:13:40,599 --> 01:13:42,901 CHANGES IN CONSCIOUS STATE IN 1783 01:13:42,901 --> 01:13:44,436 SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA AND WOULD 1784 01:13:44,436 --> 01:13:46,138 LIKE TO KNOW WHAT NETWORK 1785 01:13:46,138 --> 01:13:47,372 ORGANIZATION ACTUALLY LOOKS 1786 01:13:47,372 --> 01:13:47,706 LIKE. 1787 01:13:47,706 --> 01:13:50,409 AND TO DO THAT, WE ARE -- WE 1788 01:13:50,409 --> 01:13:52,244 STARTED TO USE A METHOD THAT 1789 01:13:52,244 --> 01:13:56,281 GEORGE ELUDED TO IN HIS TALK 1790 01:13:56,281 --> 01:13:59,485 DIFFUSION MAP IMBEDDING AND WAS 1791 01:13:59,485 --> 01:14:00,819 MOTIVATED BY THE OBSERVATION 1792 01:14:00,819 --> 01:14:04,323 THAT IN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 1793 01:14:04,323 --> 01:14:05,591 MATRICES SHOWING ANOTHER ONE 1794 01:14:05,591 --> 01:14:07,126 HERE THIS IS A DIFFERENT MEASURE 1795 01:14:07,126 --> 01:14:09,762 OF CONNECTIVITY AND AGAIN IS NOT 1796 01:14:09,762 --> 01:14:10,395 MUCH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1797 01:14:10,395 --> 01:14:12,364 DIFFERENT MEASURES OF 1798 01:14:12,364 --> 01:14:12,765 CONNECTIVITY. 1799 01:14:12,765 --> 01:14:14,900 WHAT WE OBSERVE IS THAT UNDER 1800 01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:16,869 ANESTHESIA THERE IS A LOT MORE 1801 01:14:16,869 --> 01:14:18,804 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND MORE 1802 01:14:18,804 --> 01:14:19,571 BLOCKINESS AND SOME SORT OF 1803 01:14:19,571 --> 01:14:22,941 STRUCTURE THAT IS OBVIOUS IN 1804 01:14:22,941 --> 01:14:24,009 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MATRICES 1805 01:14:24,009 --> 01:14:25,110 THAT SEEM TO TELL US SOMETHING 1806 01:14:25,110 --> 01:14:26,712 ABOUT WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN THE 1807 01:14:26,712 --> 01:14:30,048 BRAIN AND IN THE BRAIN NETWORK 1808 01:14:30,048 --> 01:14:33,118 IN THE UNRESPONSIVE STATE UNDER 1809 01:14:33,118 --> 01:14:34,520 ANESTHESIA AND DIFFUSION MAP 1810 01:14:34,520 --> 01:14:36,021 IMBEDDING IS A WAY TO GET 1811 01:14:36,021 --> 01:14:38,957 ANSWERS ABOUT OR WAY TO 1812 01:14:38,957 --> 01:14:41,026 INTERROGATE FUNCTIONAL 1813 01:14:41,026 --> 01:14:42,327 CONNECTIVITY MATRICES TO 1814 01:14:42,327 --> 01:14:43,495 UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY ARE TRYING 1815 01:14:43,495 --> 01:14:46,031 TO TELL US ILLUSTRATED WITH A 1816 01:14:46,031 --> 01:14:48,300 TOY MODEL HERE AND TAKING 1817 01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:50,903 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MATRIX 1818 01:14:50,903 --> 01:14:52,471 AND NORMIZE IT AND DIFFUSION 1819 01:14:52,471 --> 01:14:54,406 MATRIX AND REASON IT IS CALLED 1820 01:14:54,406 --> 01:14:55,774 THAT IS NOT IMPORTANT IN THE 1821 01:14:55,774 --> 01:14:58,744 MOMENT AND IN THREE EXAMPLES WE 1822 01:14:58,744 --> 01:14:59,845 INCREASINGLY STRONG COMMUNITY 1823 01:14:59,845 --> 01:15:03,415 STRUCTURE IN THE TOY MODEL. 1824 01:15:03,415 --> 01:15:06,752 AND WE ARE ALSO PLOTTING OUT THE 1825 01:15:06,752 --> 01:15:10,389 OOIG AN VALUE SPECTRUM OF 1826 01:15:10,389 --> 01:15:11,757 CONNECTIVITY MATRICES AND YOU 1827 01:15:11,757 --> 01:15:12,624 SEE SPECTRUM ITSELF HAS 1828 01:15:12,624 --> 01:15:15,294 INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMUNITY 1829 01:15:15,294 --> 01:15:17,996 STRUCTURE THAT IS WELL-KNOWN IN 1830 01:15:17,996 --> 01:15:20,032 THE SPECTRAL THEORY AND IF WE 1831 01:15:20,032 --> 01:15:23,535 TAKE THESE DATA AND USE THE 1832 01:15:23,535 --> 01:15:25,938 EYEINGIAN VALUE SPECTRUM MAP 1833 01:15:25,938 --> 01:15:28,273 INTO IMBEDDING SPACE AND 1834 01:15:28,273 --> 01:15:29,975 FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY BETWEEN 1835 01:15:29,975 --> 01:15:33,478 RECORDING SITES AS MEASURED BY 1836 01:15:33,478 --> 01:15:34,980 SIMILAR CONNECTIVITY PROFILES TO 1837 01:15:34,980 --> 01:15:37,482 THE REST OF THE BRAIN 1838 01:15:37,482 --> 01:15:38,584 CORRESPONDS TO EUCLIDIAN 1839 01:15:38,584 --> 01:15:42,621 DISTANCE IN IMBEDDING SPACE AND 1840 01:15:42,621 --> 01:15:44,456 FOR EXAMPLE WHEN COMMUNITY 1841 01:15:44,456 --> 01:15:46,391 STRUCTURE IS WEAK SIMULATED 1842 01:15:46,391 --> 01:15:48,627 RECORDING SITES ARE SCATTERED 1843 01:15:48,627 --> 01:15:49,862 AND IS LOOSE ORGANIZATION TO 1844 01:15:49,862 --> 01:15:52,297 THEM AND THEY ARE SCATTERED AND 1845 01:15:52,297 --> 01:15:54,333 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IS STRONG 1846 01:15:54,333 --> 01:15:55,801 RECORDING STARTS TO CLUSTER INTO 1847 01:15:55,801 --> 01:15:58,003 TIGHT CLUSTERS CORRESPONDING TO 1848 01:15:58,003 --> 01:16:00,339 LOSS OF DISTINCTION OR 1849 01:16:00,339 --> 01:16:00,873 DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN 1850 01:16:00,873 --> 01:16:02,474 DIFFERENT RECORDING SITES AND 1851 01:16:02,474 --> 01:16:04,610 CLUSTERS THEMSELVES START TO 1852 01:16:04,610 --> 01:16:07,312 MOVE FARTHER APART FROM EACH 1853 01:16:07,312 --> 01:16:09,114 OTHER INDICATING A DECREASE IN 1854 01:16:09,114 --> 01:16:10,582 FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN 1855 01:16:10,582 --> 01:16:12,184 THESE DIFFERENT REGIONS. 1856 01:16:12,184 --> 01:16:15,087 SO, WHEN WE APPLY THIS TO OUR 1857 01:16:15,087 --> 01:16:18,924 ANESTHESIA DATA, WE SAW SIMILAR 1858 01:16:18,924 --> 01:16:23,362 CHANGE IN THE OOIGIAN VALUE 1859 01:16:23,362 --> 01:16:26,598 SPECTRUM THAT GETS PEAKER 1860 01:16:26,598 --> 01:16:29,534 REFLECTING A CHANGE IN COMMUNITY 1861 01:16:29,534 --> 01:16:40,045 STRUCTURE -- WE QUANTIFY THIS 1862 01:16:41,914 --> 01:16:45,117 CHANGE IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1863 01:16:45,117 --> 01:16:47,286 USING WHAT WE CALL EFFECTIVE 1864 01:16:47,286 --> 01:16:49,121 DIMENSIONALITY THAT IS MEASURE 1865 01:16:49,121 --> 01:16:54,059 OF COMPLEXITY OR ENTROPY IN 1866 01:16:54,059 --> 01:16:55,260 CONNECTIVITY MATRIX AND SINGLE 1867 01:16:55,260 --> 01:16:56,895 MOMENT IN TIME CORRESPONDING TO 1868 01:16:56,895 --> 01:16:59,097 HOW COMPLICATED OR UNCOMPLICATED 1869 01:16:59,097 --> 01:17:01,400 THE NETWORK IS AND CAN TRACK 1870 01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:03,568 CHANGES IN THAT EFFECTIVE 1871 01:17:03,568 --> 01:17:04,903 DIMENSIONALITY FOR EXAMPLE 1872 01:17:04,903 --> 01:17:06,438 DURING OVERNIGHT SLEEP AND SEE 1873 01:17:06,438 --> 01:17:08,974 WHEN PATIENTS TRANSITION INTO 1874 01:17:08,974 --> 01:17:11,576 FOR EXAMPLE N2 SLEEP EFFECTIVE 1875 01:17:11,576 --> 01:17:12,945 DIMENSIONALITY GOES DOWN AND 1876 01:17:12,945 --> 01:17:14,813 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE MEANS THAT 1877 01:17:14,813 --> 01:17:18,350 NETWORK IS LESS COMPLICATED AND 1878 01:17:18,350 --> 01:17:20,886 DURING REM SLEEP FOR EXAMPLE YOU 1879 01:17:20,886 --> 01:17:21,687 HAVE WAKELIKE COMMUNITY 1880 01:17:21,687 --> 01:17:24,056 STRUCTURE IN THE NETWORK AND WE 1881 01:17:24,056 --> 01:17:26,391 SEE SOMETHING SIMILAR DURING THE 1882 01:17:26,391 --> 01:17:27,492 ANESTHESIA EXPERIMENT. 1883 01:17:27,492 --> 01:17:30,195 AGAIN, EACH OF THE DATA POINTS 1884 01:17:30,195 --> 01:17:32,030 REPRESENTS A SHORT SEGMENT OF 1885 01:17:32,030 --> 01:17:34,800 DATA WE CALCULATE FUNCTIONAL 1886 01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:35,200 CONNECTIVITY. 1887 01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,602 THAT EFFECT IS CONSISTENT ACROSS 1888 01:17:37,602 --> 01:17:40,739 PATIENTS AND WE SEE BASICALLY A 1889 01:17:40,739 --> 01:17:42,307 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1890 01:17:42,307 --> 01:17:43,208 UNRESPONSIVE STATE AND WAKE 1891 01:17:43,208 --> 01:17:46,645 STATE AND IT IS ACROSS OUR 15 1892 01:17:46,645 --> 01:17:46,912 PATIENTS. 1893 01:17:46,912 --> 01:17:50,315 AND WE SEE A SIMILAR PHENOMENON 1894 01:17:50,315 --> 01:17:53,919 DURING SLEEP AND NOTABLY DURING 1895 01:17:53,919 --> 01:17:55,687 REM SLEEP EFFECTIVE 1896 01:17:55,687 --> 01:17:57,656 DIMENSIONALITY JUMPS BACK UP AND 1897 01:17:57,656 --> 01:17:59,524 THINGS NOT SHOWING YOU DUE TO 1898 01:17:59,524 --> 01:18:01,093 TIME IS THIS EFFECT IS GLOBAL. 1899 01:18:01,093 --> 01:18:04,396 THAT IS WE DID A SENSITIVITY 1900 01:18:04,396 --> 01:18:05,564 ANALYSIS LEAVING OUT DIFFERENT 1901 01:18:05,564 --> 01:18:07,499 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN DOING 1902 01:18:07,499 --> 01:18:09,267 ANALYSIS AND DIDN'T MATTER IF WE 1903 01:18:09,267 --> 01:18:12,571 LEFT OUT PREFRONTAL OR PARIETAL 1904 01:18:12,571 --> 01:18:14,406 CORTEX OR WHATEVER AND SAW SAME 1905 01:18:14,406 --> 01:18:18,510 EFFECT AND IT IS NOT 1906 01:18:18,510 --> 01:18:19,945 FREQUENCY-BOUND SPECIFIC AND SEE 1907 01:18:19,945 --> 01:18:23,148 SIMILAR RESULTS ACROSS FREQUENCY 1908 01:18:23,148 --> 01:18:23,615 SPECTRUM. 1909 01:18:23,615 --> 01:18:26,652 I HAVE SHOWN YOU INTERROGATION 1910 01:18:26,652 --> 01:18:30,689 OF THIS CONNECTIVITY MATRIX. 1911 01:18:30,689 --> 01:18:33,525 AND WHAT WE CAN ALSO DO, AGAIN, 1912 01:18:33,525 --> 01:18:36,695 IS PLOT DATA IN IMBEDDING SPACE. 1913 01:18:36,695 --> 01:18:38,697 WE START TO SEE CLUSTERING OF 1914 01:18:38,697 --> 01:18:40,966 RECORDING SITES AND IMBEDDING 1915 01:18:40,966 --> 01:18:42,968 SPACE DURING ANESTHESIA. 1916 01:18:42,968 --> 01:18:46,371 AND ALSO DURING -- DURING N3 1917 01:18:46,371 --> 01:18:48,740 SLEEP AND CORRESPONDING TO 1918 01:18:48,740 --> 01:18:51,143 DECREASE IN DIFFERENTIATION IN 1919 01:18:51,143 --> 01:18:53,445 FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION THAT I 1920 01:18:53,445 --> 01:18:55,580 SHOWED YOU WITH THE MODEL. IN 1921 01:18:55,580 --> 01:18:57,682 THE LAST COUPLE MINUTES I WILL 1922 01:18:57,682 --> 01:18:59,284 HAVE TO FLY THROUGH SOME -- SOME 1923 01:18:59,284 --> 01:19:01,086 SORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS. 1924 01:19:01,086 --> 01:19:03,055 WE ARE SORT OF INTERESTED IN 1925 01:19:03,055 --> 01:19:05,123 DYNAMICS OF, YOU KNOW, TIME 1926 01:19:05,123 --> 01:19:06,458 SERIES ANALYSIS INDICATES THERE 1927 01:19:06,458 --> 01:19:08,260 IS INTERESTING DYNAMICS TO WHAT 1928 01:19:08,260 --> 01:19:10,562 IS HAPPENING DURING SLEEP AND 1929 01:19:10,562 --> 01:19:10,862 ANESTHESIA. 1930 01:19:10,862 --> 01:19:14,066 WE ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN 1931 01:19:14,066 --> 01:19:15,033 LOOKING AT EFFECTIVE 1932 01:19:15,033 --> 01:19:16,368 CONNECTIVITY IN ADDITION TO 1933 01:19:16,368 --> 01:19:17,335 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 1934 01:19:17,335 --> 01:19:19,204 INTERESTED IN GETTING AT HIDDEN 1935 01:19:19,204 --> 01:19:21,106 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT IS 1936 01:19:21,106 --> 01:19:23,442 AS OPPOSED TO JUST THE 1937 01:19:23,442 --> 01:19:24,609 ASSUMPTION SOMEBODY IS 1938 01:19:24,609 --> 01:19:26,845 UNCONSCIOUS WHEN UNRESPONSIVE. 1939 01:19:26,845 --> 01:19:29,881 AGAIN, WE CAN MEASURE FUNCTIONAL 1940 01:19:29,881 --> 01:19:32,184 CONNECTIVITY USING VERY SHORT 1941 01:19:32,184 --> 01:19:33,418 CONNECTIVITY USING VERY SHORT 1942 01:19:33,418 --> 01:19:34,419 SEGMENTS OF TIME. 1943 01:19:34,419 --> 01:19:37,189 WE CAN ESTIMATE DIRECTED 1944 01:19:37,189 --> 01:19:39,357 CONNECTIVITY AND SORT OF GRANGER 1945 01:19:39,357 --> 01:19:43,662 TYPE CAUSALITY USING 1946 01:19:43,662 --> 01:19:45,497 MULTIVARATTIVE AGGRESSIVE MODELS 1947 01:19:45,497 --> 01:19:47,432 WITH THIS DATA AND THESE MODELS 1948 01:19:47,432 --> 01:19:49,267 HAVE MANY, MANY PARAMETERS AND 1949 01:19:49,267 --> 01:19:52,237 WORKED ON METHODS TO REDUCE DATA 1950 01:19:52,237 --> 01:19:56,508 REQUIREMENTS FOR FITTING MODELS 1951 01:19:56,508 --> 01:19:57,075 AND SPECIFICALLY DIFFERENT 1952 01:19:57,075 --> 01:19:58,877 REGULARIZATION STRATEGIES AND 1953 01:19:58,877 --> 01:20:00,812 ONE REGULARIZATION STRATEGY WE 1954 01:20:00,812 --> 01:20:03,548 USE ACTUALLY FUNCTIONAL MRI 1955 01:20:03,548 --> 01:20:05,217 RESTING STATE CONNECTIVITY TO 1956 01:20:05,217 --> 01:20:08,086 INFORM MODEL FITS TO GREATLY 1957 01:20:08,086 --> 01:20:09,521 REDUCE AMOUNTS OF DATA REQUIRED 1958 01:20:09,521 --> 01:20:13,458 TO FIT MODELS AND CAN GET A 1959 01:20:13,458 --> 01:20:15,794 REASONABLE FIT TO A NETWORK WITH 1960 01:20:15,794 --> 01:20:18,096 200 RECORDING SITES USING AS 1961 01:20:18,096 --> 01:20:21,666 LITTLE AS 4 SECONDS OF DATA AND 1962 01:20:21,666 --> 01:20:23,735 DERIVING EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY 1963 01:20:23,735 --> 01:20:25,270 MEASUREMENTS FROM DATA. 1964 01:20:25,270 --> 01:20:28,373 AND THEN FINALLY, INFERRING 1965 01:20:28,373 --> 01:20:31,877 HIDDEN STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 1966 01:20:31,877 --> 01:20:35,313 AND MENTIONING SLEEP DATA IS 1967 01:20:35,313 --> 01:20:37,115 MEASUREMENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 1968 01:20:37,115 --> 01:20:40,719 DATA AND FROM GIULIO'S LAB AND 1969 01:20:40,719 --> 01:20:42,120 DOING SLEEP-WAKE EXPERIMENTS TO 1970 01:20:42,120 --> 01:20:44,823 PRO EBB THAT QUESTION AND ARE 1971 01:20:44,823 --> 01:20:45,490 HYPOTHESIZING DIFFERENT STATES 1972 01:20:45,490 --> 01:20:47,793 OF CONSCIOUSNESS. IN THIS 1973 01:20:47,793 --> 01:20:48,927 PARTICULAR APPROACH WE HAVE 4 1974 01:20:48,927 --> 01:20:50,362 DIFFERENT STATES AND NUMBER OF 1975 01:20:50,362 --> 01:20:51,496 STATES IS SOMETHING WE ARE 1976 01:20:51,496 --> 01:20:54,366 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO 1977 01:20:54,366 --> 01:20:56,368 CONSTRAIN AND COUPLE DIFFERENT 1978 01:20:56,368 --> 01:20:58,970 CONNECTED STATE AND DISCONNECTED 1979 01:20:58,970 --> 01:21:00,672 CONSCIOUS STATE AND 1980 01:21:00,672 --> 01:21:03,008 TRANSITIONING WITH RAPID 1981 01:21:03,008 --> 01:21:04,809 DYNAMICS AND TRANSITIONS ARE 1982 01:21:04,809 --> 01:21:06,678 REFLECTED IN CONNECTIVITY CHANGE 1983 01:21:06,678 --> 01:21:08,680 OFS AND TAKE DATA SEGMENTED INTO 1984 01:21:08,680 --> 01:21:10,749 SHORT SEGMENTS AND USE A METHOD 1985 01:21:10,749 --> 01:21:14,452 THAT WE CAN TRY TO FIT THOSE 1986 01:21:14,452 --> 01:21:15,820 FOUR DIFFERENT MODELS TO DATA 1987 01:21:15,820 --> 01:21:18,390 AND DOING THAT WE ARE ABLE TO 1988 01:21:18,390 --> 01:21:22,294 CAPTURE SOME OF THE EXPECTED 1989 01:21:22,294 --> 01:21:25,230 DYNAMICS AND EXPECTED STATES OF 1990 01:21:25,230 --> 01:21:27,332 CONSCIOUSNESS DURING DIFFERENT 1991 01:21:27,332 --> 01:21:27,999 STAGES OF SLEEP. 1992 01:21:27,999 --> 01:21:31,803 THEY COMPARE WELL TO WHAT IS 1993 01:21:31,803 --> 01:21:36,374 OBSERVED IN THESE SLEEP WAKE 1994 01:21:36,374 --> 01:21:37,943 EXPERIMENTS. 1995 01:21:37,943 --> 01:21:38,577 S 1996 01:21:38,577 --> 01:21:39,811 SO, FUTURE DIRECTIONS TALKING 1997 01:21:39,811 --> 01:21:41,513 ABOUT WORKING ON IDENTIFYING 1998 01:21:41,513 --> 01:21:43,849 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 1999 01:21:43,849 --> 01:21:46,218 DERIVING HIDDEN STATES AND 2000 01:21:46,218 --> 01:21:49,688 MAPPING FROM INTRACRANIAL TO 2001 01:21:49,688 --> 01:21:52,457 SCALP EEGS TO WORK WITH MORE 2002 01:21:52,457 --> 01:21:53,858 PATIENTS AND CLINICAL SETTINGS 2003 01:21:53,858 --> 01:21:56,928 AND ARE INTERESTED IN DIFFERENT 2004 01:21:56,928 --> 01:21:59,598 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN POST-OP 2005 01:21:59,598 --> 01:22:01,499 ITERATIVE AND POST DICK TAL 2006 01:22:01,499 --> 01:22:03,001 DELIRIUM AND THANKING 2007 01:22:03,001 --> 01:22:04,002 COLLABORATORS AND WE MIGHT HAVE 2008 01:22:04,002 --> 01:22:08,006 TIME FOR A QUESTION OR 2. THANK 2009 01:22:08,006 --> 01:22:18,116 YOU. 2010 01:22:23,088 --> 01:22:25,690 >> HI. I WONDER IF YOU HAVE 2011 01:22:25,690 --> 01:22:27,225 THOUGHTS ABOUT WHERE DISORDERS 2012 01:22:27,225 --> 01:22:28,960 OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS FIT IN THE 2013 01:22:28,960 --> 01:22:31,162 FOUR SORT OF STAGES OF 2014 01:22:31,162 --> 01:22:32,097 CONSCIOUSNESS GIVEN THAT 2015 01:22:32,097 --> 01:22:34,699 CURRENTLY THEY ARE DEFINED IN 2016 01:22:34,699 --> 01:22:36,001 TERMS OF RESPONSIVENESS. 2017 01:22:36,001 --> 01:22:38,703 >> YEAH. SO, I MEAN, WE ARE 2018 01:22:38,703 --> 01:22:41,139 SPECIFICALLY TRYING TO APPLY TO 2019 01:22:41,139 --> 01:22:43,441 DELIRIUM AN ACUTE DISORDER OF 2020 01:22:43,441 --> 01:22:45,644 CONSCIOUSNESS AND WE THINK THAT 2021 01:22:45,644 --> 01:22:48,213 DELIRIUM IS PROBABLY A MIXTURE 2022 01:22:48,213 --> 01:22:52,751 OR A -- IT INVOLVES FLUCTUATING 2023 01:22:52,751 --> 01:22:53,585 CHANGES BETWEEN SOMETHING THAT 2024 01:22:53,585 --> 01:22:57,389 IS CLOSER TO A DISCONNECTED 2025 01:22:57,389 --> 01:22:59,958 CONSCIOUSNESS VERSUS A CONNECTED 2026 01:22:59,958 --> 01:23:00,859 CONSCIOUS STATE THAT ATTENTION 2027 01:23:00,859 --> 01:23:05,664 IS GREATLY IMPAIRED AND WORK OF 2028 01:23:05,664 --> 01:23:07,332 HYPOTHESIS AND WILL USE THIS 2029 01:23:07,332 --> 01:23:08,633 DATA TO DRIVE EVIDENCE FOR THAT. 2030 01:23:08,633 --> 01:23:12,404 >> HI, MATTHEW. TERRIFIC WORK. 2031 01:23:12,404 --> 01:23:16,141 I LOVE THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS IN 2032 01:23:16,141 --> 01:23:18,376 MULTIDIMENSIONAL COMPOSITION. 2033 01:23:18,376 --> 01:23:21,579 I WANT TO CHALLENGE YOUR 2034 01:23:21,579 --> 01:23:22,947 CHARACTERIZATION OF DREAMINGNESS 2035 01:23:22,947 --> 01:23:24,949 IN FORM OF DISCONNECTED 2036 01:23:24,949 --> 01:23:25,617 CONSCIOUSNESS AND MIGHT GUESS 2037 01:23:25,617 --> 01:23:27,919 WHERE YOU ARE COMING FROM HERE 2038 01:23:27,919 --> 01:23:30,522 AND TERM DISCONNECTED HAS AN 2039 01:23:30,522 --> 01:23:32,557 IMPLICIT ASSUMPTION TO THAT IS 2040 01:23:32,557 --> 01:23:33,892 THAT THE ONLY THING 2041 01:23:33,892 --> 01:23:35,293 CONSCIOUSNESS THAT CAN BE 2042 01:23:35,293 --> 01:23:37,529 CONNECTED TO IS THE ENVIRONMENT. 2043 01:23:37,529 --> 01:23:39,664 EVEN LOOKING AT YOUR DATA, WE 2044 01:23:39,664 --> 01:23:42,233 KNOW FROM LOTS OF RESEARCH THAT 2045 01:23:42,233 --> 01:23:46,371 REM AS A STATE LOOKS IN FACT 2046 01:23:46,371 --> 01:23:49,874 VERY SIMILAR TO WAKEFULNESS. 2047 01:23:49,874 --> 01:23:55,747 I JUST WANTED TO ASK WHY YOU 2048 01:23:55,747 --> 01:23:57,782 DECIDED TO GO WITH DISCONNECTED 2049 01:23:57,782 --> 01:24:01,119 CONSCIOUSNESS RATHER THAN 2050 01:24:01,119 --> 01:24:02,087 ENVIRONMENTALLY DISCONNECTED 2051 01:24:02,087 --> 01:24:04,522 CONSCIOUSNESS OPPOSED TO HOMEO 2052 01:24:04,522 --> 01:24:07,359 STATICALLY CONNECTED 2053 01:24:07,359 --> 01:24:08,593 CONSCIOUSNESS OR SOMETHING ELSE 2054 01:24:08,593 --> 01:24:09,861 CONNECTED CONSCIOUSNESS AND WHAT 2055 01:24:09,861 --> 01:24:12,130 ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT? 2056 01:24:12,130 --> 01:24:14,199 >> I WAS HANDED THE TERM AND CAN 2057 01:24:14,199 --> 01:24:15,700 BLAME IT ON OTHER PEOPLE AND 2058 01:24:15,700 --> 01:24:19,270 AGREE THAT WE ARE ACTUALLY 2059 01:24:19,270 --> 01:24:21,373 INVOLVED IN A VERY WEIRD AND 2060 01:24:21,373 --> 01:24:23,108 INTERESTING AND RELEVANT STUDY 2061 01:24:23,108 --> 01:24:26,644 RIGHT NOW THAT MY COLLABORATOR 2062 01:24:26,644 --> 01:24:28,446 CALLS THE PISS PISS EXPERIMENT 2063 01:24:28,446 --> 01:24:30,148 AND THAT IS PHENOMENON WHEN YOU 2064 01:24:30,148 --> 01:24:31,583 DREAM AND YOU HAVE TO PEE AND 2065 01:24:31,583 --> 01:24:34,319 YOU HAVE TO ACTUALLY PEE AND YOU 2066 01:24:34,319 --> 01:24:36,321 WAKE UP AND GO PEE AND HOPEFULLY 2067 01:24:36,321 --> 01:24:38,289 THAT IS WHAT HAPPENS THAT 2068 01:24:38,289 --> 01:24:39,524 APPARENTLY ONLY HAPPENS IN ABOUT 2069 01:24:39,524 --> 01:24:41,459 HALF OF THE PEOPLE THAT WE HAVE 2070 01:24:41,459 --> 01:24:43,428 ASKED ABOUT THAT IS PRODUCING 2071 01:24:43,428 --> 01:24:48,299 AND YOU ARE CLEARLY GETTING A 2072 01:24:48,299 --> 01:24:49,768 RECEPTIVE SIGNAL WHILE DREAMING 2073 01:24:49,768 --> 01:24:52,437 AND AGREE THERE IS INTERESTING 2074 01:24:52,437 --> 01:24:55,073 SUBTLETY THERE AND DISCONNECTION 2075 01:24:55,073 --> 01:24:57,976 WE CAN TELL REFERS TO AGENT 2076 01:24:57,976 --> 01:25:00,378 DOING ASKING REFERS TO PATIENT 2077 01:25:00,378 --> 01:25:01,479 AND AGREE THAT DISCONNECTED 2078 01:25:01,479 --> 01:25:03,214 MIGHT BE A BETTER TERM. 2079 01:25:03,214 --> 01:25:04,983 >> THANKS. I'M INTERESTED IN 2080 01:25:04,983 --> 01:25:10,488 THE APPARENT DISAGREEMENT WITH 2081 01:25:10,488 --> 01:25:14,025 EMORY'S TALK AND PATIENTS UNDER 2082 01:25:14,025 --> 01:25:14,759 ANESTHESIA PROFOUNDLY 2083 01:25:14,759 --> 01:25:16,327 UNCONSCIOUS FROM EEG AND ON FACE 2084 01:25:16,327 --> 01:25:18,029 OF IT YOU ARE QUESTIONING THIS 2085 01:25:18,029 --> 01:25:19,464 AND I'M INTERESTED IN WHETHER 2086 01:25:19,464 --> 01:25:25,737 THIS IS JUST APPEARANCE OF SD 2087 01:25:25,737 --> 01:25:28,973 DISAGREEMENT OR IF THERE IS AN 2088 01:25:28,973 --> 01:25:32,377 IMPORTANT IKKU AT STAKE HERE. 2089 01:25:32,377 --> 01:25:36,581 >> IT IS IMPOSSIBLE AT MOMENT TO 2090 01:25:36,581 --> 01:25:38,316 VERIFY IF SOMEONE IS UNCONSCIOUS 2091 01:25:38,316 --> 01:25:39,751 AND SOMETHING WE ARE TRYING TO 2092 01:25:39,751 --> 01:25:42,387 WORK ON TO FIGURE OUT. YOU CAN 2093 01:25:42,387 --> 01:25:44,189 VERIFY IF SOMEBODY IS 2094 01:25:44,189 --> 01:25:45,623 UNCONSCIOUS AND IF THEY DON'T 2095 01:25:45,623 --> 01:25:46,391 RESPOND THERE IS LOTS OF 2096 01:25:46,391 --> 01:25:47,358 DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES. 2097 01:25:47,358 --> 01:25:50,695 >> DO YOU THINK VERY SLOW WA OF 2098 01:25:50,695 --> 01:25:52,163 EEG SIGNATURES COULD BE 2099 01:25:52,163 --> 01:25:53,331 INDICATING FORMS OF 2100 01:25:53,331 --> 01:25:53,698 CONSCIOUSNESS? 2101 01:25:53,698 --> 01:25:55,733 >> SO, AGAIN, WHAT I'M SAYING IS 2102 01:25:55,733 --> 01:25:57,135 THAT WE DON'T -- WE ARE ASSUMING 2103 01:25:57,135 --> 01:26:00,138 THAT IS THE CASE. THAT IS AN 2104 01:26:00,138 --> 01:26:00,438 ASSUMPTION. 2105 01:26:00,438 --> 01:26:02,607 RIGHT. IT MAY WELL BE TRUE AND 2106 01:26:02,607 --> 01:26:04,275 OBVIOUSLY EMORY FEELS STRONGLY 2107 01:26:04,275 --> 01:26:05,477 IT IS. 2108 01:26:05,477 --> 01:26:06,945 THAT IS AN ASSUMPTION. 2109 01:26:06,945 --> 01:26:10,148 WHAT WE ARE DOING HERE IS I 2110 01:26:10,148 --> 01:26:12,951 THINK WE ARE TRYING TO FIGURE 2111 01:26:12,951 --> 01:26:14,586 THAT OUT AND ONE EXAMPLE ROB 2112 01:26:14,586 --> 01:26:16,521 SANDERS DID A SERIES OF 2113 01:26:16,521 --> 01:26:18,723 EXPERIMENTS WITH ISOLATED FORUM 2114 01:26:18,723 --> 01:26:22,627 TECHNIQUE THAT BASICALLY YOU 2115 01:26:22,627 --> 01:26:23,428 ANESTHETIZE SOMEBODY AND USE 2116 01:26:23,428 --> 01:26:26,931 THEIR ARM OR USE A TOURNIQUET SO 2117 01:26:26,931 --> 01:26:29,134 THEIR ARM IS STILL RESPONSIVE 2118 01:26:29,134 --> 01:26:31,102 AND THEY CAN SKEEZ YOUR ARM FOR 2119 01:26:31,102 --> 01:26:32,604 EXAMPLE AND ASKED PEOPLE TO 2120 01:26:32,604 --> 01:26:34,506 SKEEZ THEIR HAND AND THEY SHOWED 2121 01:26:34,506 --> 01:26:36,541 SLOW WAVE ACTIVITY IN E EG THERE 2122 01:26:36,541 --> 01:26:39,077 WAS 6 OF 90 PEOPLE IN THE STUDY 2123 01:26:39,077 --> 01:26:41,579 THAT ACTUALLY RESPONDED. 2124 01:26:41,579 --> 01:26:43,348 SO, IT IS AT LEAST POSSIBLE THAT 2125 01:26:43,348 --> 01:26:45,450 YOU CAN HAVE SLOW WAVE ACTIVITY 2126 01:26:45,450 --> 01:26:47,719 IN E EG AND STILL BE AWARE. 2127 01:26:47,719 --> 01:26:49,988 YOU KNOW, AGAIN, I THINK IT IS 2128 01:26:49,988 --> 01:26:53,625 SOMETHING THAT WE NEED TO VERIFY 2129 01:26:53,625 --> 01:26:59,330 RATHER THAN ASSUME. 2130 01:26:59,330 --> 01:27:02,033 THANK YOU. EXCELLENT SESSION 2131 01:27:02,033 --> 01:27:03,568 THIS MORNING. 2132 01:27:03,568 --> 01:27:05,970 WE ARE EATING A LITTLE INTO THE 2133 01:27:05,970 --> 01:27:07,705 COFFEE BREAK AND WE CAN TAKE 2134 01:27:07,705 --> 01:27:11,009 TIME FOR 10 MINUTES FOR COFFEE 2135 01:27:11,009 --> 01:27:14,445 BREAK AND RETURN HERE 40 MINUTES 2136 01:27:14,445 --> 01:27:17,332 AFTER THE HOUR. 2137 01:27:17,332 --> 01:27:24,907 HELLO, EVERYBODY. 2138 01:27:24,907 --> 01:27:30,612 I'M YOSEF PARVIZI AND WILL 2139 01:27:30,612 --> 01:27:33,682 MODERATE THIS SESSION FIRST 2140 01:27:33,682 --> 01:27:37,152 SPEAKER IS HIS HIENES DR. 2141 01:27:37,152 --> 01:27:41,690 BLUMENFELD DIRECTOR OF SURGERY 2142 01:27:41,690 --> 01:27:43,192 AT YALE UNIVERSITY AND EXPERT ON 2143 01:27:43,192 --> 01:27:44,226 BRAIN MECHANISMS OF 2144 01:27:44,226 --> 01:27:46,161 CONSCIOUSNESS AS WE ALL KNOW AND 2145 01:27:46,161 --> 01:27:51,200 HE SPECIALIZES IN STUDIES OF 2146 01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:52,401 ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS IN 2147 01:27:52,401 --> 01:27:54,102 EPILEPSY AND IS THE LEADER IN 2148 01:27:54,102 --> 01:27:56,371 THE FIELD, BY FAR. WE ALL 2149 01:27:56,371 --> 01:28:00,008 LISTEN TO HIM AND GET INSPIRED 2150 01:28:00,008 --> 01:28:04,813 BY HIS IDEAS AND WHAT HE HAS TO 2151 01:28:04,813 --> 01:28:08,383 REPORT IN TERMS OF EMPIRICAL 2152 01:28:08,383 --> 01:28:10,419 FINDINGS AND DIRECTS YALE 2153 01:28:10,419 --> 01:28:12,254 NEUROCLINICAL IMAGING CENTER AND 2154 01:28:12,254 --> 01:28:14,289 IS AN ACTIVE CLINICIAN DEALING 2155 01:28:14,289 --> 01:28:18,160 WITH PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY 2156 01:28:18,160 --> 01:28:23,198 EPILEPSY AND HAS A LAB THAT DOES 2157 01:28:23,198 --> 01:28:25,767 MULTIMODAL TYPE OF WORK. 2158 01:28:25,767 --> 01:28:32,374 IN ADDITION TO ALL THIS, HE HAS 2159 01:28:32,374 --> 01:28:35,877 AUTHORED WONDERFUL TEXT BOOK IN 2160 01:28:35,877 --> 01:28:39,014 NEUROLOGY THAT IS WIDELY USED IN 2161 01:28:39,014 --> 01:28:41,717 MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND I USE IN 2162 01:28:41,717 --> 01:28:44,553 TEACHING AND LOVE FIGURES AND 2163 01:28:44,553 --> 01:28:47,856 SIMPLICITY AND CLARITY IN THE 2164 01:28:47,856 --> 01:28:51,927 TEXTBOOK AND PLEASE WELCOME DR. 2165 01:28:51,927 --> 01:28:55,897 BLUMEN 2166 01:28:55,897 --> 01:28:56,198 BLUMENFELD. 2167 01:28:56,198 --> 01:28:59,468 >> THANK YOU, YOSEF. IT HAS 2168 01:28:59,468 --> 01:29:00,569 BEEN FUN TO LEARN FROM EACH 2169 01:29:00,569 --> 01:29:02,504 OTHER AND TALKS HAVE BEEN 2170 01:29:02,504 --> 01:29:04,373 OUTSTANDING AND DISCUSSIONS 2171 01:29:04,373 --> 01:29:06,241 IN-BETWEEN HAVE ALSO BEEN QUITE 2172 01:29:06,241 --> 01:29:06,575 AMAZING. 2173 01:29:06,575 --> 01:29:14,049 THERE ARE SLIDES UP HERE. 2174 01:29:14,049 --> 01:29:19,921 I AM GOING TO TALK ABOUT 2175 01:29:19,921 --> 01:29:22,758 SUBCORTICAL AROUSAL AND 2176 01:29:22,758 --> 01:29:24,593 DETECTION AND PUT THAT IN 2177 01:29:24,593 --> 01:29:27,329 CONTEXT OF NORMAL CONSCIOUSNESS 2178 01:29:27,329 --> 01:29:29,097 AND IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS AND 2179 01:29:29,097 --> 01:29:30,599 DISORDERS LIKE EPILEPSY AND WILL 2180 01:29:30,599 --> 01:29:34,770 START WITH A STORY AND, AGAIN, 2181 01:29:34,770 --> 01:29:36,605 BRIEF OVERVIEW AND TALKING ABOUT 2182 01:29:36,605 --> 01:29:38,607 EARLY DETECTION SIGNALS AND 2183 01:29:38,607 --> 01:29:42,811 EARLIEST SIGNALS THAT CAUSES 2184 01:29:42,811 --> 01:29:43,979 BIFURCATION BETWEEN WHAT WE ARE 2185 01:29:43,979 --> 01:29:46,748 AND ARE NOT CONSCIOUSNESS AND 2186 01:29:46,748 --> 01:29:49,117 HASN'T BEEN EMPHASIS SO FAR IN 2187 01:29:49,117 --> 01:29:50,619 THESE SESSIONS THAT WE WILL TALK 2188 01:29:50,619 --> 01:29:53,121 ABOUT A BIT AND WILL TALK ABOUT 2189 01:29:53,121 --> 01:29:56,258 SUBCORTICAL AROUSAL AND HOW THAT 2190 01:29:56,258 --> 01:29:58,226 TRANSIENTLY MAY BE MODULATED AT 2191 01:29:58,226 --> 01:30:00,662 TIME OF CONSCIOUS EVENTS AND HOW 2192 01:30:00,662 --> 01:30:02,030 IT COULD BE IMPORTANT FOR 2193 01:30:02,030 --> 01:30:04,833 CONTROLLING AND AUGMENTING AND 2194 01:30:04,833 --> 01:30:07,102 FACILITATING WHAT WE ARE OR ARE 2195 01:30:07,102 --> 01:30:09,638 NOT CONSCIOUSNESS AND WILL TALK 2196 01:30:09,638 --> 01:30:10,439 ABOUT NEUROSTIMULATION AND HOW 2197 01:30:10,439 --> 01:30:13,308 IT CAN BE USED THERAPEUTICALLY 2198 01:30:13,308 --> 01:30:15,277 TO MODULATE CONSCIOUSNESS AND 2199 01:30:15,277 --> 01:30:17,846 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 2200 01:30:17,846 --> 01:30:19,948 EPILEPSY AND THREE GOALS TO TALK 2201 01:30:19,948 --> 01:30:22,117 ABOUT THIS MORNING AND FOLLOWING 2202 01:30:22,117 --> 01:30:25,587 THEME OF DETECTION AND PULSE AND 2203 01:30:25,587 --> 01:30:27,489 MODULATION THROUGH STIMULATION. 2204 01:30:27,489 --> 01:30:29,858 STARTING WITH STORY OF A MOUSE 2205 01:30:29,858 --> 01:30:32,894 AND MOUSE IN LAB AND THIS IS A 2206 01:30:32,894 --> 01:30:37,632 POST DOC THAT PUT THIS PREPRINT 2207 01:30:37,632 --> 01:30:39,301 BIOARCHIVE PREPRINT COMING OUT 2208 01:30:39,301 --> 01:30:41,503 SOON AND MOUSE ON A WHEEL THAT 2209 01:30:41,503 --> 01:30:43,638 IS TRAINED TO WILLIC IN RESPONSE 2210 01:30:43,638 --> 01:30:45,340 TO SOUND AND IS MOTIVATED EVERY 2211 01:30:45,340 --> 01:30:46,608 TIME IT HEARS THE SOUND AND IF 2212 01:30:46,608 --> 01:30:49,745 IT LICKS IN TIME IT CAN RECEIVE 2213 01:30:49,745 --> 01:30:52,381 A SUGAR WATER REWARD AND 2214 01:30:52,381 --> 01:30:55,384 ATTENTIVE AND HOPING TO HEAR THE 2215 01:30:55,384 --> 01:30:58,320 SOUND WHEN IT RESPONDS 2216 01:30:58,320 --> 01:31:00,055 APPROPRIATELY IT CAN GET SUGAR 2217 01:31:00,055 --> 01:31:00,355 WATER. 2218 01:31:00,355 --> 01:31:04,793 AT SAME TIME WE HAVE ELECTRODES 2219 01:31:04,793 --> 01:31:08,430 RECORDING ORBITAL -- WE HAVE 2220 01:31:08,430 --> 01:31:11,867 CENSORS THAT WE INJECTED INTO 2221 01:31:11,867 --> 01:31:22,411 ORBITAL FRONTAL CORTEX TO DETECT 2222 01:31:26,548 --> 01:31:28,950 ACETYLCHOLINE IN THIS MOUSE. 2223 01:31:28,950 --> 01:31:32,154 MOUSE LICKS TRANSIENT RISE IN 2224 01:31:32,154 --> 01:31:37,092 ACETYLLE CHOLINE WE CAN DETECT 2225 01:31:37,092 --> 01:31:48,737 IN ORBITAL FRONT TAL CORBITAL F 2226 01:31:56,311 --> 01:31:59,414 SEIZURES THESE FOCAL HIPPOCAMPAL 2227 01:31:59,414 --> 01:32:03,285 OR TEMPORAL SEIZURES DEPRESS 2228 01:32:03,285 --> 01:32:04,586 AROUSAL GLOBALLY CAUSING 2229 01:32:04,586 --> 01:32:06,087 INDIVIDUAL MOUSE OR HUMAN TO BE 2230 01:32:06,087 --> 01:32:10,025 IN STATE OF DEPRESSED AROUSAL OR 2231 01:32:10,025 --> 01:32:11,660 RESPONSIVENESS IN A PERIOD OF 2232 01:32:11,660 --> 01:32:15,730 TIME AND HAS A TRANSIENT BURSE 2233 01:32:15,730 --> 01:32:19,468 OR PULSE OF SUBCORTICAL -- MOUSE 2234 01:32:19,468 --> 01:32:21,470 MISSES RESPONSE WHEN IT IS 2235 01:32:21,470 --> 01:32:24,239 EVOKED PULSE OF AROUSAL THAT IS 2236 01:32:24,239 --> 01:32:27,175 DEPRESSED DURING SEIZURES THAT 2237 01:32:27,175 --> 01:32:29,578 IS A LITTLE PHENOMENON I WANT TO 2238 01:32:29,578 --> 01:32:31,613 POINT OUT AND MOUSE HAS TO HEAR 2239 01:32:31,613 --> 01:32:35,417 SOUND AND DETECT IT AND HAS 2240 01:32:35,417 --> 01:32:38,386 AUGMENTATION WE BELIEVE AND FAS 2241 01:32:38,386 --> 01:32:40,222 ILLTORY PULSE AND FOCUSING ON 2242 01:32:40,222 --> 01:32:42,424 THAT AND TWO EARLY ORBS EARLY 2243 01:32:42,424 --> 01:32:44,092 AND TRANSITIONAL EVENTS 2244 01:32:44,092 --> 01:32:46,661 OCCURRING WITH AWARENESS OF 2245 01:32:46,661 --> 01:32:48,363 PERCEPTUAL EVENTS THAT WE WILL 2246 01:32:48,363 --> 01:32:49,764 TALK ABOUT THIS MORNING AND 2247 01:32:49,764 --> 01:32:51,266 THINKING ABOUT TIMELINE OF 2248 01:32:51,266 --> 01:32:53,435 CONSCIOUS EVENTS AND MANY PEOPLE 2249 01:32:53,435 --> 01:32:55,971 HAVE SORT OF BROUGHT UP VERY 2250 01:32:55,971 --> 01:32:57,239 IMPORTANT POINTS THAT IF 2251 01:32:57,239 --> 01:32:58,740 SOMETHING OCCURS AT TIME ZERO 2252 01:32:58,740 --> 01:33:00,876 AND COULD BE A PERCEPTUAL EVENT 2253 01:33:00,876 --> 01:33:03,645 OR SOMETHING THAT WE COULD DO OR 2254 01:33:03,645 --> 01:33:04,946 COULD BE A THOUGHT EVEN. 2255 01:33:04,946 --> 01:33:06,848 THERE ARE PROCESSES THAT HAPPEN 2256 01:33:06,848 --> 01:33:08,884 AROUND THAT TIME THAT WE ARE 2257 01:33:08,884 --> 01:33:10,485 INTERESTED IN STUDYING 2258 01:33:10,485 --> 01:33:11,853 MECHANISMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 2259 01:33:11,853 --> 01:33:14,222 IS ALSO THINGS THAT OCCUR 2260 01:33:14,222 --> 01:33:17,425 EARLIER AND OCCUR LATER AND VERY 2261 01:33:17,425 --> 01:33:20,462 INFLUENTIAL PAPER BY ARROW AND 2262 01:33:20,462 --> 01:33:23,231 MALONI WE KNOW ABOUT AND BIYU 2263 01:33:23,231 --> 01:33:25,267 CONTRIBUTED TO THINKING OF THIS 2264 01:33:25,267 --> 01:33:27,569 AND OTHER FIELDS AND MICHAEL 2265 01:33:27,569 --> 01:33:28,803 PITS SHOWING IMPORTANT THINGS 2266 01:33:28,803 --> 01:33:31,873 THAT HAPPENS AND SHOWING 2267 01:33:31,873 --> 01:33:34,075 CONSEQUENCES DISENTANGLING THAT 2268 01:33:34,075 --> 01:33:35,544 RELATED TO REPORT AND THINGS 2269 01:33:35,544 --> 01:33:37,979 THAT HAPPEN BEFORE AND AFTER AND 2270 01:33:37,979 --> 01:33:38,713 THINGS THAT HAPPEN RIGHT 2271 01:33:38,713 --> 01:33:40,382 IMMEDIATELY AT THE TIME OF THE 2272 01:33:40,382 --> 01:33:42,417 EVENT AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER AND 2273 01:33:42,417 --> 01:33:45,587 FIRST 200 MILLISECONDS TO CREATE 2274 01:33:45,587 --> 01:33:47,155 THIS DISTINCTION BETWEEN THINGS 2275 01:33:47,155 --> 01:33:49,824 WE ARE OR ARE NOT AWARE OF. 2276 01:33:49,824 --> 01:33:51,993 AND, AGAIN, WHAT I WILL FOCUS ON 2277 01:33:51,993 --> 01:33:55,830 IS A VERY KIND OF INITIAL STAGE 2278 01:33:55,830 --> 01:33:57,799 WHERE BIFURCATION OCCURS AND 2279 01:33:57,799 --> 01:34:00,702 DIFFERENT EVENT AND STATES OF 2280 01:34:00,702 --> 01:34:03,738 AROUSAL AND VIL LENS, PERHAPS 2281 01:34:03,738 --> 01:34:07,042 AND PRIOR HAVE BEEN STUDIED AND 2282 01:34:07,042 --> 01:34:10,645 STATES OF OWE SLATION OCCURS AND 2283 01:34:10,645 --> 01:34:13,982 THERE IS SOMETHING THAT HAPPENS 2284 01:34:13,982 --> 01:34:18,053 HERE WHICH IS BIFURCATION AND 2285 01:34:18,053 --> 01:34:19,554 DETECTION AND PROCESSES THAT 2286 01:34:19,554 --> 01:34:21,256 HAPPEN HERE AND WHATEVER THEORY 2287 01:34:21,256 --> 01:34:23,358 YOU WANT TO ASCRIBE TO AND 2288 01:34:23,358 --> 01:34:24,359 COMBINATION OF THEORIES ARE 2289 01:34:24,359 --> 01:34:27,062 IMPORTANT FOR CREATING CONSCIOUS 2290 01:34:27,062 --> 01:34:30,498 AWARENESS AND WE CAN SUMMARIZE 2291 01:34:30,498 --> 01:34:30,832 THIS. 2292 01:34:30,832 --> 01:34:33,568 I DON'T WANT TO INTRODUCE 2293 01:34:33,568 --> 01:34:35,537 ANOTHER THEORY BUT SUMMARY OF 2294 01:34:35,537 --> 01:34:39,040 THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES THAT I 2295 01:34:39,040 --> 01:34:41,242 RECENTLY PUT IN A REVIEW ARTICLE 2296 01:34:41,242 --> 01:34:42,978 AND EARLY DETECTION HAS TO 2297 01:34:42,978 --> 01:34:45,380 HAPPEN AND SOME NETWORK OR 2298 01:34:45,380 --> 01:34:46,581 MECHANISMS THAT CAUSES 2299 01:34:46,581 --> 01:34:48,350 BIFURCATION BETWEEN EVENTS THAT 2300 01:34:48,350 --> 01:34:50,619 WILL BE CONSCIOUS OR 2301 01:34:50,619 --> 01:34:50,952 UNCONSCIOUS. 2302 01:34:50,952 --> 01:34:53,655 THIS IS THE OTHER THING I WILL 2303 01:34:53,655 --> 01:34:55,557 EMPHASIZE TODAY. I BELIEVE 2304 01:34:55,557 --> 01:34:58,159 THERE IS SUBCORTICAL 2305 01:34:58,159 --> 01:35:01,096 AUGMENTATION THAT MIGHT PLAY 2306 01:35:01,096 --> 01:35:01,830 IMPORTANT ROLE. TRANSIENT. 2307 01:35:01,830 --> 01:35:03,531 AGAIN, TO DISTINGUISH FROM STATE 2308 01:35:03,531 --> 01:35:07,435 OF NETWORK BEFORE AND STATE OF 2309 01:35:07,435 --> 01:35:09,904 AROUSAL AND VIL LENS BEFORE 2310 01:35:09,904 --> 01:35:11,473 TRANSIENT SURGE OR PULSE FAS 2311 01:35:11,473 --> 01:35:14,342 ILLTORY EVENT THAT OCCURS EARLY 2312 01:35:14,342 --> 01:35:15,877 COULD CONTINUE AND BE EARLY OR 2313 01:35:15,877 --> 01:35:18,546 LATE INTERACTING WITH CORTICAL 2314 01:35:18,546 --> 01:35:20,148 CIRCUITS TO FACILITATE AND 2315 01:35:20,148 --> 01:35:22,584 AUGMENT AND PARTICIPATE IN THE 2316 01:35:22,584 --> 01:35:23,318 EMERGENCE OF OTHER VERY 2317 01:35:23,318 --> 01:35:24,686 IMPORTANT PROCESSES THAT 2318 01:35:24,686 --> 01:35:27,455 INCLUDE, YOU KNOW, TURNING 2319 01:35:27,455 --> 01:35:28,857 CIRCUITS OFF AND TURNING 2320 01:35:28,857 --> 01:35:31,526 CIRCUITS ON AND ALL KINDS OF 2321 01:35:31,526 --> 01:35:32,794 IMPORTANT SIGNALING THAT MIGHT 2322 01:35:32,794 --> 01:35:34,529 HAPPEN OR BE COMPATIBLE AND 2323 01:35:34,529 --> 01:35:36,031 COULD BE COMPATIBLE WITH 2324 01:35:36,031 --> 01:35:37,999 DIFFERENT THEORIES AND IIT AND 2325 01:35:37,999 --> 01:35:39,934 WORKSPACE AND RECURRENT 2326 01:35:39,934 --> 01:35:41,403 PROCESSING, ET CETERA. HIGH 2327 01:35:41,403 --> 01:35:43,605 ORDER THEORIES AND THEORIES TO 2328 01:35:43,605 --> 01:35:45,607 ASCRIBE TO AND ALL THIS AND 2329 01:35:45,607 --> 01:35:48,109 EARLY EVENTS ARE THINGS I WANT 2330 01:35:48,109 --> 01:35:49,244 TO EMPHASIZE ON RIGHT NOW AND 2331 01:35:49,244 --> 01:35:50,745 FIRST TALKING ABOUT DETECTION 2332 01:35:50,745 --> 01:35:53,548 THAT HAS BEEN STUDIED A LOT. 2333 01:35:53,548 --> 01:35:55,083 I'M NOT AN EXPERT IN THIS AND 2334 01:35:55,083 --> 01:35:57,752 THIS IS GOING BACK VERY FAR. 2335 01:35:57,752 --> 01:36:01,923 PEOPLE HAVE LOOKED IN NON-HUMAN 2336 01:36:01,923 --> 01:36:06,361 PRIMATES AND COLLEAGUES MAY KNOW 2337 01:36:06,361 --> 01:36:08,663 I'M SURE A LOT MORE ABOUT THIS 2338 01:36:08,663 --> 01:36:10,932 THAN I DO AND FRONTAL FIELDS OF 2339 01:36:10,932 --> 01:36:14,102 EYE ACTIVITY AND LOOKING IN OWL 2340 01:36:14,102 --> 01:36:17,172 AND AFIAN MODELS AND SHOWING TO 2341 01:36:17,172 --> 01:36:19,708 DETECT THEM AND DETECTAL AREAS 2342 01:36:19,708 --> 01:36:22,610 AND MIDBRAIN AND PARIETAL CORTEX 2343 01:36:22,610 --> 01:36:25,046 PLAYS A ROLE AND EARLY SIGNALS 2344 01:36:25,046 --> 01:36:27,182 OCCURRING VISUAL SIGNALS ALMOST 2345 01:36:27,182 --> 01:36:29,451 AS EARLY AS PRIMARY VISUAL 2346 01:36:29,451 --> 01:36:30,885 CORTICAL SIGNALS AND LESS DONE 2347 01:36:30,885 --> 01:36:33,755 IN HUMANS AND A FEW PAPERS 2348 01:36:33,755 --> 01:36:35,990 LOOKING AT VERY EARLY SIGNALS IN 2349 01:36:35,990 --> 01:36:38,493 THE AREAS OF THE BRAIN OUTSIDE 2350 01:36:38,493 --> 01:36:41,763 OF THE PRIMARY SENSORY CORTICES 2351 01:36:41,763 --> 01:36:44,599 AND SHOWING A FEW RECENT STUDIES 2352 01:36:44,599 --> 01:36:48,369 FROM OUR GROUP LOOKING AT USING 2353 01:36:48,369 --> 01:36:50,672 HUMAN INTERCRANIAL EEG WITH 2354 01:36:50,672 --> 01:36:53,141 PATIENT AND FIRST PAPER THIS IS 2355 01:36:53,141 --> 01:36:56,144 SAMPLE SIZE AND METAANALYSIS OF 2356 01:36:56,144 --> 01:37:01,416 RAM DATA SET THAT IS PUBLICLY 2357 01:37:01,416 --> 01:37:06,254 AVAILA 2358 01:37:06,254 --> 01:37:06,554 AVAILABLE. 2359 01:37:06,554 --> 01:37:10,525 PRESENTED TO PARTICIPANTS 2360 01:37:10,525 --> 01:37:11,793 ANALYZING BROADBAND GAMA 2361 01:37:11,793 --> 01:37:13,595 ACTIVITY FIRING OF CORTICAL 2362 01:37:13,595 --> 01:37:15,396 NEURONS WE LOOKED AT SUCH A 2363 01:37:15,396 --> 01:37:17,499 LARGE SAMPLE SIZE AND WERE ABLE 2364 01:37:17,499 --> 01:37:19,901 TO GET VERY SENSITIVE SIGNAL 2365 01:37:19,901 --> 01:37:21,169 ANALYSIS OF EARLIEST SIGNALS 2366 01:37:21,169 --> 01:37:22,036 THAT APPEAR. 2367 01:37:22,036 --> 01:37:25,707 WHAT WE SAW IN THIS STUDY, OKAY, 2368 01:37:25,707 --> 01:37:28,510 IS THE POSTERIOR MIDDLE FRONTAL 2369 01:37:28,510 --> 01:37:32,380 GYRUS IN THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE 2370 01:37:32,380 --> 01:37:38,486 AND FRONTAL EYE AREA AND LOOK 2371 01:37:38,486 --> 01:37:42,457 THERE IS VERY THIS IS ZERO TO 50 2372 01:37:42,457 --> 01:37:45,193 MILLISEC INCREASES IN MEDIAL 2373 01:37:45,193 --> 01:37:47,462 FRONTAL CORTEX IN THE RIGHT 2374 01:37:47,462 --> 01:37:48,730 HEMISPHERE. THERE IS AN 2375 01:37:48,730 --> 01:37:51,065 INCREASE IN THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL 2376 01:37:51,065 --> 01:37:53,034 LOBE IN THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE AND 2377 01:37:53,034 --> 01:37:56,905 ALONG WE SEE VISUAL CORTICAL 2378 01:37:56,905 --> 01:37:59,407 ACTIVATION AND EARLY FUSIFORM 2379 01:37:59,407 --> 01:38:01,543 GYRUS ACTIVATION AND INCREASE IN 2380 01:38:01,543 --> 01:38:03,745 AREA 37 AND SOMETHING HAPPENED 2381 01:38:03,745 --> 01:38:05,246 TO PROJECTION HERE. THANK YOU. 2382 01:38:05,246 --> 01:38:09,517 THIS IS ONE STUDY. 2383 01:38:09,517 --> 01:38:10,752 DID SOMETHING DISCONNECT? 2384 01:38:10,752 --> 01:38:12,020 WE -- THANK YOU. 2385 01:38:12,020 --> 01:38:13,721 I WILL TALK -- I WILL CONTINUE 2386 01:38:13,721 --> 01:38:16,391 TO TALK. I WILL SUMMARIZE THE 2387 01:38:16,391 --> 01:38:17,225 NEXT SLIDE. 2388 01:38:17,225 --> 01:38:19,928 IT WAS DONE BY ANOTHER STUDENT 2389 01:38:19,928 --> 01:38:22,597 IN ANOTHER POST DOC IN THE LAB. 2390 01:38:22,597 --> 01:38:24,866 IT SHOWS A SIMILAR EARLY SIGNALS 2391 01:38:24,866 --> 01:38:28,603 IN VISUAL CORTEX AND FUSIFORM 2392 01:38:28,603 --> 01:38:30,305 GYRUS WITH A DIFFERENT VISUAL 2393 01:38:30,305 --> 01:38:32,974 STIMULUS AND IN THIS CASE IT 2394 01:38:32,974 --> 01:38:36,377 SHOWS VERY EARLY WITHIN 30 TO 60 2395 01:38:36,377 --> 01:38:39,480 MILLISECONDS WE SEE ACTIVITY 2396 01:38:39,480 --> 01:38:42,817 INCREASES, AGAIN, IN FRONTAL 2397 01:38:42,817 --> 01:38:44,219 CORTICAL AREAS SLIGHTLY 2398 01:38:44,219 --> 01:38:46,254 DIFFERENT FROM THESE AREAS AND 2399 01:38:46,254 --> 01:38:50,925 SEE LEFT CORTICAL ACTIVATION AND 2400 01:38:50,925 --> 01:38:52,293 HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVATION AND IN 2401 01:38:52,293 --> 01:38:54,562 FUSIFORM GYRUS AND IN OTHER 2402 01:38:54,562 --> 01:38:55,597 REGIONS AND CONTINUE TO DESCRIBE 2403 01:38:55,597 --> 01:38:57,732 IN SLIDES AND GOING THROUGH THIS 2404 01:38:57,732 --> 01:38:59,634 QUICKLY WHEN WE GET THE -- THIS 2405 01:38:59,634 --> 01:39:01,502 IS GOOD IMAGERY AND WHOEVER IS 2406 01:39:01,502 --> 01:39:03,738 INTERESTED IN IMAGERY THIS IS A 2407 01:39:03,738 --> 01:39:05,273 GOOD EXERCISE IN CONSCIOUS 2408 01:39:05,273 --> 01:39:07,108 MENTAL IMAGERY AND IF YOU CAN 2409 01:39:07,108 --> 01:39:08,610 IMAGINE THE NEXT SLIDE THAT WILL 2410 01:39:08,610 --> 01:39:10,612 BE WHERE WE START TO TALK ABOUT 2411 01:39:10,612 --> 01:39:10,945 THESE. 2412 01:39:10,945 --> 01:39:12,881 THE RESULTS I HAVE BEEN TALKING 2413 01:39:12,881 --> 01:39:14,883 ABOUT SO FAR ARE JUST VISUAL 2414 01:39:14,883 --> 01:39:16,417 PERCEPTION THAT ARE NO THE 2415 01:39:16,417 --> 01:39:18,720 SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR 2416 01:39:18,720 --> 01:39:20,989 CONSCIOUS VERSUS UNCONSCIOUS 2417 01:39:20,989 --> 01:39:22,991 PERCEPTIONS ASSUMING THAT PEOPLE 2418 01:39:22,991 --> 01:39:24,692 ARE CONSCIOUS AND STIMULI ARE 2419 01:39:24,692 --> 01:39:28,363 OBVIOUS AND EASY TO SEE AND NEXT 2420 01:39:28,363 --> 01:39:29,597 STUDIES WE WILL TALK ABOUT ARE 2421 01:39:29,597 --> 01:39:32,400 HERE WE GO, PERFECT TIME. THIS 2422 01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:34,736 IS THE STUDY AND CORTICAL 2423 01:39:34,736 --> 01:39:35,904 ACTIVATION STUDY FROM THE OTHER 2424 01:39:35,904 --> 01:39:38,273 ONES YOU CAN SEE. THIS IS THE 2425 01:39:38,273 --> 01:39:40,241 VISUAL. STILL NOT THERE. OKAY. 2426 01:39:40,241 --> 01:39:42,410 IMAGINE, PLEASE, IF YOU WOULD. 2427 01:39:42,410 --> 01:39:46,381 NOW, WE ARE A STUDY OF FACE 2428 01:39:46,381 --> 01:39:47,081 PERCEPTION WHERE THE FACE IS 2429 01:39:47,081 --> 01:39:50,418 TIGHT TREATED TO THE 50% 2430 01:39:50,418 --> 01:39:54,822 THRESHOLD OF DETECTION AND WENDY 2431 01:39:54,822 --> 01:39:57,525 HERMAN GRAD STUDENT IN LAB 2432 01:39:57,525 --> 01:40:01,296 DEVELOPED THIS TEST USING 2433 01:40:01,296 --> 01:40:03,398 INTRACRANIAL EEG -- VISUAL 2434 01:40:03,398 --> 01:40:05,400 CORTEX AND WE DIDN'T EMPHASIZE 2435 01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:07,402 IN THAT PAPER BUT THERE IN THE 2436 01:40:07,402 --> 01:40:09,604 RESULTS IS VERY EARLY WITHIN THE 2437 01:40:09,604 --> 01:40:11,105 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IS NOT QUITE 2438 01:40:11,105 --> 01:40:15,243 AS GOOD. LOWER SAMPLE SIZE IS 9 2439 01:40:15,243 --> 01:40:17,946 PATIENTS. 150 MILLISECONDS IS 2440 01:40:17,946 --> 01:40:20,315 ABLE TO SEE IN LEFT FRONTAL EYE 2441 01:40:20,315 --> 01:40:23,785 FIELDS AND, AGAIN, IN FUSIFORM 2442 01:40:23,785 --> 01:40:26,454 GYRUS OF COURSE AND LEFT FRONTAL 2443 01:40:26,454 --> 01:40:30,525 EYE FIELDS WITH 150 MILLISECONDS 2444 01:40:30,525 --> 01:40:31,559 THERE FOR PERCEIVED BUT NOT FOR 2445 01:40:31,559 --> 01:40:33,728 NOT PERCEIVED VISUAL STIMULI 2446 01:40:33,728 --> 01:40:36,764 THAT IS EARLY IN AREAS OUTSIDE 2447 01:40:36,764 --> 01:40:38,700 OF PRIMARY CORTICES AND SLIGHTLY 2448 01:40:38,700 --> 01:40:40,668 DIFFERENT AREAS WE SEE FOR 2449 01:40:40,668 --> 01:40:42,670 DIFFERENT STIMULI AND PARADIGMS 2450 01:40:42,670 --> 01:40:44,439 AND NETWORK SEEMING TO SERVE 2451 01:40:44,439 --> 01:40:48,276 THIS VERY EARLY DETECTION 2452 01:40:48,276 --> 01:40:50,678 BIFURCATION FUNCTION AND FINALLY 2453 01:40:50,678 --> 01:40:53,348 RECENTLY THIS IS ON BIOARCHIVE 2454 01:40:53,348 --> 01:40:55,249 KATE WILL HOPEFULLY HAVE 2455 01:40:55,249 --> 01:40:56,684 SOMETHING AND PICTURE ANOTHER 2456 01:40:56,684 --> 01:40:57,919 BEAUTIFUL SET OF BRAINS WITH 2457 01:40:57,919 --> 01:41:00,021 COLORS ON THEM AND YOU CAN SEE 2458 01:41:00,021 --> 01:41:03,257 THAT WITH AUDITORY AND AUDITORY 2459 01:41:03,257 --> 01:41:06,361 TASK, WE NOW SEE THAT THE -- 2460 01:41:06,361 --> 01:41:09,764 AGAIN, INTERESTING. THE RIGHT 2461 01:41:09,764 --> 01:41:12,367 MIDDLE POSTERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS 2462 01:41:12,367 --> 01:41:14,502 WITH AUDITORY TASK FRONTAL EYE 2463 01:41:14,502 --> 01:41:15,503 FIELDS SHOW SOMEBODY IS 2464 01:41:15,503 --> 01:41:17,472 ADVANCING MY SLIDES AND THEY ARE 2465 01:41:17,472 --> 01:41:19,540 NOT APPEARING THERE AND SEE 2466 01:41:19,540 --> 01:41:22,510 AGAIN FRONTAL EYE FIELDS 2467 01:41:22,510 --> 01:41:26,047 PROMINENT EARLY SIGNAL IN 100 2468 01:41:26,047 --> 01:41:27,315 MILLISECONDS OF STIMULUS THERE 2469 01:41:27,315 --> 01:41:30,151 FOR PERCEIVED STIMULI NOT THERE 2470 01:41:30,151 --> 01:41:32,520 FOR NOT PERCEIVED AUDITORY 2471 01:41:32,520 --> 01:41:34,389 STIMULI AND EARLY DETECTION 2472 01:41:34,389 --> 01:41:35,857 NETWORK TO SUMMARIZE YOU CAN SEE 2473 01:41:35,857 --> 01:41:38,993 WITH HUMAN INTRAKRAINIAL EEG 2474 01:41:38,993 --> 01:41:41,629 WITH MULTIPLE STUDIES CONVERGING 2475 01:41:41,629 --> 01:41:43,264 ON NETWORK OF DIFFERENT AREAS 2476 01:41:43,264 --> 01:41:44,732 APPEARING IN DIFFERENT REGIONS 2477 01:41:44,732 --> 01:41:47,668 OF FRONTAL CORTEX MEDIAL 2478 01:41:47,668 --> 01:41:49,904 TEMPORAL AND SOME NOT OTHERS AND 2479 01:41:49,904 --> 01:41:52,206 PRIMARY AUDITORY VISUAL CORTICES 2480 01:41:52,206 --> 01:41:56,444 IN ONSET OF THE STIMULUS. 2481 01:41:56,444 --> 01:41:57,578 YES? 2482 01:41:57,578 --> 01:42:00,815 >> YEAH. [TOO FAR FROM MIC TO 2483 01:42:00,815 --> 01:42:01,049 HEAR]. 2484 01:42:01,049 --> 01:42:03,751 >> SURE. I WILL KEEP TALKING GO 2485 01:42:03,751 --> 01:42:06,054 ON ZOOM AND SOMEONE GIVING HIGH 2486 01:42:06,054 --> 01:42:07,822 SIGN I WILL QUICKLY GO BACK ON 2487 01:42:07,822 --> 01:42:08,356 SLIDES AGAIN. 2488 01:42:08,356 --> 01:42:10,425 >> IF YOU WANT TO SEE SLIDES, 2489 01:42:10,425 --> 01:42:12,326 LOG IN AND QUIET YOUR ZOOM SO 2490 01:42:12,326 --> 01:42:14,228 YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SEE IT. 2491 01:42:14,228 --> 01:42:16,664 >> PLEASE MUTE SO WE DON'T HAVE 2492 01:42:16,664 --> 01:42:17,832 REVERBERATIONS AROUND THE ROOM. 2493 01:42:17,832 --> 01:42:19,634 COULD BE FUN BUT A LITTLE 2494 01:42:19,634 --> 01:42:19,967 DISTRACTING. 2495 01:42:19,967 --> 01:42:22,670 ALL RIGHT. I HAVE COVERED THE 2496 01:42:22,670 --> 01:42:25,106 DETECT CIRCUIT THAT I WANTED TO 2497 01:42:25,106 --> 01:42:26,407 TALK ABOUT TODAY. 2498 01:42:26,407 --> 01:42:28,976 AND IN PERCEPTION OF VISUAL AND 2499 01:42:28,976 --> 01:42:30,044 AUDITORY STIMULI. 2500 01:42:30,044 --> 01:42:32,080 I WILL NOW SHIFT TO TALKING 2501 01:42:32,080 --> 01:42:37,351 ABOUT THE PULSE. OKAY? 2502 01:42:37,351 --> 01:42:39,587 THE PULSE I HAVE BEEN SAYING 2503 01:42:39,587 --> 01:42:46,060 THERE IS A TRANSIENT DYNAMIC 2504 01:42:46,060 --> 01:42:50,031 SURGE -- MODULATING PERCEPTUAL 2505 01:42:50,031 --> 01:42:52,333 AWARENESS AND IDEA WE HEARD WE 2506 01:42:52,333 --> 01:42:53,334 HEARD BEAUTIFUL SET OF TALKS 2507 01:42:53,334 --> 01:42:54,869 FROM PEOPLE THAT STUDY 2508 01:42:54,869 --> 01:42:56,704 ANESTHESIA ABOUT STATES OF 2509 01:42:56,704 --> 01:42:58,806 CONSCIOUSNESS AND ROLE OF THE 2510 01:42:58,806 --> 01:43:01,042 SUBCORTICAL AROUSAL CIRCUITS YOU 2511 01:43:01,042 --> 01:43:04,979 KNOW WHAT WE HEARD ABOUT BREMER 2512 01:43:04,979 --> 01:43:06,948 AND DR. BROWN ABOUT HOW THESE 2513 01:43:06,948 --> 01:43:09,150 KIND OF BACK NEARLY 100 YEARS 2514 01:43:09,150 --> 01:43:11,819 AGO PEOPLE WERE AWARE THAT 2515 01:43:11,819 --> 01:43:12,820 SUBCORTICAL CIRCUITS WERE 2516 01:43:12,820 --> 01:43:17,125 IMPORTANT FOR AROUSAL AND 2517 01:43:17,125 --> 01:43:19,794 SIMULATION STUDIES FROM MORUZZI 2518 01:43:19,794 --> 01:43:24,098 AND MAGUN I WILL ZIP BACK 2519 01:43:24,098 --> 01:43:25,133 QUICKLY AND GO THROUGH THEM 2520 01:43:25,133 --> 01:43:27,068 QUICKLY SO WE HAVE A CHANCE TO 2521 01:43:27,068 --> 01:43:28,669 NOT JUST HEAR ABOUT BUT 2522 01:43:28,669 --> 01:43:30,138 VISUALIZE CIRCUITS. 2523 01:43:30,138 --> 01:43:34,408 AGAIN, THIS IS PAPER NO. 1. 2524 01:43:34,408 --> 01:43:37,678 KWON ET AL AND SHOWING FRONTAL 2525 01:43:37,678 --> 01:43:39,981 CORTICAL CIRCUIT WITH VISUAL 2526 01:43:39,981 --> 01:43:41,282 DETECTION AND ANOTHER PAPER 2527 01:43:41,282 --> 01:43:45,086 PEOPLE LOOK AT FRONTAL CORTEX. 2528 01:43:45,086 --> 01:43:46,854 SAY AGAIN? 2529 01:43:46,854 --> 01:43:48,689 SOMEBODY SAID MUTE. OKAY. 2530 01:43:48,689 --> 01:43:51,292 GREAT. FUN, FUN WITH VISUAL AND 2531 01:43:51,292 --> 01:43:55,496 AUDITORY PERCEPTION; RIGHT? 2532 01:43:55,496 --> 01:43:56,998 THERE WE GO. 2533 01:43:56,998 --> 01:44:00,868 OKAY THIS IS HERMAN PAPER 2534 01:44:00,868 --> 01:44:03,905 SHOWING EARLY FRONTAL ACTIVITY 2535 01:44:03,905 --> 01:44:05,439 FOCUS IN LEFT CORTEX SEEING 2536 01:44:05,439 --> 01:44:07,675 EARLY SIGNALS WITH PERCEIVED 2537 01:44:07,675 --> 01:44:09,977 VERSUS NOT PERCEIVED AND 2538 01:44:09,977 --> 01:44:15,049 AUDITORY PERCEIVED VERSUS NOT 2539 01:44:15,049 --> 01:44:22,623 PERCEIVED FRONTAL CATEGORY AND 2540 01:44:22,623 --> 01:44:25,459 BIFURCATION CONSCIOUS VERSUS NOT 2541 01:44:25,459 --> 01:44:27,428 CONSCIOUS EVENTS PULSE YES. 2542 01:44:27,428 --> 01:44:29,330 >> CHOICE OF TAKING 3 TO 5 2543 01:44:29,330 --> 01:44:31,465 MINUTES BRA EBBING TO FIX THIS 2544 01:44:31,465 --> 01:44:31,699 ISSUE? 2545 01:44:31,699 --> 01:44:33,768 >> THAT IS FINE. THANK YOU. 2546 01:44:33,768 --> 01:44:41,175 >> ALL RIGHT. THANK YOUEAK TO ? 2547 01:44:41,175 --> 01:44:44,378 >> THAT IS FINE. THANK YOU. 2548 01:44:44,378 --> 01:44:46,981 >> ALL RIGHT. THANK YOU. 2549 01:44:46,981 --> 01:44:48,282 >> WE WILL TAKE A BREAK AND 2550 01:44:48,282 --> 01:44:50,718 THERE WILL BE A SPECIAL 2551 01:44:50,718 --> 01:44:54,121 ANNOUNCEMENT FROM PROFESSOR BRAD 2552 01:44:54,121 --> 01:44:59,227 EDITOR AND CHIEF OF GENERAL OF 2553 01:44:59,227 --> 01:44:59,760 NEUROCOGNITIVE SCIENCE. 2554 01:44:59,760 --> 01:45:06,067 >> SO AT -- DR. HOOD IS A 2555 01:45:06,067 --> 01:45:08,369 CONSULTING EDITOR AT GENERAL AND 2556 01:45:08,369 --> 01:45:11,239 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE. AS THIS 2557 01:45:11,239 --> 01:45:13,107 CONFERENCE WAS BEING ORGANIZED 2558 01:45:13,107 --> 01:45:16,377 SHE APPROACHED ME ABOUT THE IDEA 2559 01:45:16,377 --> 01:45:19,046 OF PUTTING TOGETHER A SPECIAL 2560 01:45:19,046 --> 01:45:21,749 FOCUS ON THEME OF THIS MEETING 2561 01:45:21,749 --> 01:45:27,021 AND WOW HAVE RECEIVED AN E-MAIL 2562 01:45:27,021 --> 01:45:29,957 ABOUT THIS. SHE IS BOSSING THIS 2563 01:45:29,957 --> 01:45:32,393 AND INFORMED ME TODAY RATHER 2564 01:45:32,393 --> 01:45:34,462 THAN JULY FIRST IS AUGUST 1ST 2565 01:45:34,462 --> 01:45:36,797 AND DATE BY WHICH WE WOULD LAKE 2566 01:45:36,797 --> 01:45:39,700 TO KNOW YOU ARE PLANNING TO 2567 01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:41,235 SUBMIT AND SHE WILL DISTRIBUTE 2568 01:45:41,235 --> 01:45:48,776 THE E-MAIL THAT IS JCOG 2569 01:45:48,776 --> 01:45:49,744 NEURO@GMAIL.COM. AND WHAT DID 2570 01:45:49,744 --> 01:45:54,382 YOU OR WE SAY? OCTOBER 31ST? 2571 01:45:54,382 --> 01:45:56,083 END OF OCTOBER IS DEADLINE WE 2572 01:45:56,083 --> 01:45:58,019 ARE SHOOTING FOR FOR SUBMISSIONS 2573 01:45:58,019 --> 01:46:01,956 THAT COULD BE AN EMPIRICAL PAPER 2574 01:46:01,956 --> 01:46:07,628 AND SORT OF A FULL SPECTRUM 2575 01:46:07,628 --> 01:46:10,798 REVIEW OR BRIEF PERSPECTIVE 2576 01:46:10,798 --> 01:46:13,601 FORMAT THAT IS YOU KNOW MORE OF 2577 01:46:13,601 --> 01:46:14,869 AN OPINION PIECE YOU ARE NOT 2578 01:46:14,869 --> 01:46:17,071 EXPECTED TO COMPREHENSIVELY 2579 01:46:17,071 --> 01:46:18,539 REVIEW ENTIRE LITERATURE AND IF 2580 01:46:18,539 --> 01:46:20,508 YOU HAVE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS 2581 01:46:20,508 --> 01:46:23,844 ABOUT HOW TO DO IT, YOU CAN 2582 01:46:23,844 --> 01:46:30,751 EITHER USE THIS JCOG NEURO@GMAIL 2583 01:46:30,751 --> 01:46:39,960 ADDRESS OR E-MAIL ME 2584 01:46:39,960 --> 01:46:42,229 POSTLE.WISC.EDU AT WISCONSIN AND 2585 01:46:42,229 --> 01:46:45,032 BIYU WHO IS A CONSULTING EDITOR 2586 01:46:45,032 --> 01:46:47,034 AT THE JOURNAL AND WILL BOSS 2587 01:46:47,034 --> 01:46:47,902 THIS PROCESS. 2588 01:46:47,902 --> 01:46:51,272 WE LOOK FORWARD TO GETTING LOTS 2589 01:46:51,272 --> 01:46:56,711 OF GOOD CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS 2590 01:46:56,711 --> 01:46:57,611 SPECIAL FOCUS. 2591 01:46:57,611 --> 01:47:00,348 >> I CAN SEND E-MAIL OUT AGAIN 2592 01:47:00,348 --> 01:47:02,016 THE ORIGINAL ONE AND IF YOU 2593 01:47:02,016 --> 01:47:12,426 DON'T GET AN E-MAIL -- 2594 01:47:15,830 --> 01:47:17,598 >> ACTUALLY, THEY ARE ASKING TO 2595 01:47:17,598 --> 01:47:22,136 TAKE A BREAK AND GO TO COFFEE 2596 01:47:22,136 --> 01:47:23,637 SECTION. THEY NEED TO BRING A 2597 01:47:23,637 --> 01:47:26,974 LADDER AND FIX THE PROJECTOR. 2598 01:47:26,974 --> 01:47:30,311 THANK YOU. 2599 01:47:30,311 --> 01:47:40,454 [BRE 2600 01:54:02,669 --> 01:54:02,870 [BREAK]. 2601 01:54:02,870 --> 01:54:06,573 >> PLEASE -- SO LET'S GET -- 2602 01:54:06,573 --> 01:54:07,307 >> YES. 2603 01:54:07,307 --> 01:54:10,544 >> ALL RIGHT. 2604 01:54:10,544 --> 01:54:12,813 >> THIS ONE IS THE WIRELESS 2605 01:54:12,813 --> 01:54:15,616 SIGNAL GOING. SHOULD WE OPEN IT 2606 01:54:15,616 --> 01:54:16,049 OR NOT. 2607 01:54:16,049 --> 01:54:19,553 >> IT WILL BE OKAY. 2608 01:54:19,553 --> 01:54:21,588 >> YEAH. 2609 01:54:21,588 --> 01:54:24,158 >> OKAY. 2610 01:54:24,158 --> 01:54:27,161 WE ARE BACK. 2611 01:54:27,161 --> 01:54:30,297 JUST AGAIN TO RECAP AND SUM UP 2612 01:54:30,297 --> 01:54:33,400 AND CHRISTOF AND I HAD 2613 01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:34,401 PRODUCTIVE CONVERSATIONS DURING 2614 01:54:34,401 --> 01:54:36,370 THE BREAK AND DON'T WANT TO GET 2615 01:54:36,370 --> 01:54:38,672 TOO STUCK ON THE EXACT TIMING 2616 01:54:38,672 --> 01:54:40,541 DETECTION OF THE SIGNAL. IT IS 2617 01:54:40,541 --> 01:54:43,644 THERE WHETHER IFFIST OR 100MS. 2618 01:54:43,644 --> 01:54:45,612 I DON'T THINK THAT IS -- IT IS 2619 01:54:45,612 --> 01:54:47,714 IMPORTANT TO SORT THAT OUT AND 2620 01:54:47,714 --> 01:54:49,316 METHODS ARE IN OUR PAPER IF 2621 01:54:49,316 --> 01:54:51,151 ANYONE IS CURIOUS. 2622 01:54:51,151 --> 01:54:52,753 THERE COULD ALWAYS BE ISSUES 2623 01:54:52,753 --> 01:54:55,055 THAT WE WEREN'T AWARE OF THAT 2624 01:54:55,055 --> 01:54:57,524 WOULD INFLUENCE TIMING A BIT AND 2625 01:54:57,524 --> 01:55:00,327 POINTING OUT BIOPHYSICALLY IT IS 2626 01:55:00,327 --> 01:55:03,730 CHALLENGING TO GET SIGNALS TO IT 2627 01:55:03,730 --> 01:55:05,666 FAST AND THERE IS DATA THERE AND 2628 01:55:05,666 --> 01:55:09,670 PRIMATES AND HUMANS SHOWING FAST 2629 01:55:09,670 --> 01:55:13,373 -- 50 MILLISECONDS OR 100 2630 01:55:13,373 --> 01:55:14,675 MILLISECONDS ARE EARLY SIGNALS 2631 01:55:14,675 --> 01:55:17,544 WE ARE SEEING IN MULTIPLE 2632 01:55:17,544 --> 01:55:19,179 DIFFERENT TASKS WITH DETECTION 2633 01:55:19,179 --> 01:55:22,049 OF THESE PERCEPTUAL SIGNALS AND 2634 01:55:22,049 --> 01:55:23,951 THERE ARE THEREFORE PERCEIVED 2635 01:55:23,951 --> 01:55:26,954 AND NOT PERCEIVED AND TO QUALIFY 2636 01:55:26,954 --> 01:55:28,622 BY SAYING THESE ARE ALL TASK 2637 01:55:28,622 --> 01:55:30,090 RELATED WITH EXCEPTION OF THE 2638 01:55:30,090 --> 01:55:31,825 FIRST ONE AND FIRST PARADIGM 2639 01:55:31,825 --> 01:55:33,660 THESE ARE TASK RELATED FOR THE 2640 01:55:33,660 --> 01:55:34,661 AWARENESS TASKS. 2641 01:55:34,661 --> 01:55:37,030 THERE ARE TASKS INVOLVED AND 2642 01:55:37,030 --> 01:55:39,199 TASKS ACTIVITIES OCCUR MUCH 2643 01:55:39,199 --> 01:55:41,969 LATER AND INTERESTING AND 2644 01:55:41,969 --> 01:55:43,337 FRUITFUL THOUGHT FOR ONGOING 2645 01:55:43,337 --> 01:55:43,670 DISCUSSION. 2646 01:55:43,670 --> 01:55:46,807 I WILL SHIFT NOW TO TALK ABOUT 2647 01:55:46,807 --> 01:55:47,641 THIS PULSE. 2648 01:55:47,641 --> 01:55:50,844 IT IS, I THINK, YOU KNOW, 2649 01:55:50,844 --> 01:55:51,178 INTERESTING. 2650 01:55:51,178 --> 01:55:55,215 NOT EMPHASIZED VERY MUCH IN 2651 01:55:55,215 --> 01:55:56,483 STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS IN 2652 01:55:56,483 --> 01:55:58,886 PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS OR 2653 01:55:58,886 --> 01:56:00,320 AWARENESS OF INACTION OR OF 2654 01:56:00,320 --> 01:56:00,854 THOUGHTS. 2655 01:56:00,854 --> 01:56:03,523 IDEA IS, AGAIN, EARLY AND AGAIN 2656 01:56:03,523 --> 01:56:05,292 I WON'T GET STUCK TOO MUCH IN 2657 01:56:05,292 --> 01:56:07,060 TIMING AND THIS OCCURS EARLY AND 2658 01:56:07,060 --> 01:56:10,464 SHOULD BE EARLY EVENT THAT COULD 2659 01:56:10,464 --> 01:56:12,766 OCCUR ALSO AND CONTIGUOUSLY IN 2660 01:56:12,766 --> 01:56:14,902 TIME WITH LATER EVENTS AND 2661 01:56:14,902 --> 01:56:17,437 AUGMENT THEM AND INTERACT WITH 2662 01:56:17,437 --> 01:56:21,475 CORTICAL SIGNALS AND FAS ILLTORY 2663 01:56:21,475 --> 01:56:24,711 -- NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN BRAIN 2664 01:56:24,711 --> 01:56:27,848 STEM AND PONS AND BASAL AND 2665 01:56:27,848 --> 01:56:29,983 FOREBRAIN IMPORTANT IN 2666 01:56:29,983 --> 01:56:31,551 AUGMENTING CONSCIOUS EVENTS AND 2667 01:56:31,551 --> 01:56:32,452 TALKING ABOUT EVIDENCE FOR THIS 2668 01:56:32,452 --> 01:56:35,989 AND NOW SLIDES ARE NOT 2669 01:56:35,989 --> 01:56:36,990 ADVANCING. 2670 01:56:36,990 --> 01:56:37,224 OKAY. 2671 01:56:37,224 --> 01:56:37,991 THANK YOU! 2672 01:56:37,991 --> 01:56:39,927 WE WILL LEAVE IT HERE AND I WILL 2673 01:56:39,927 --> 01:56:40,360 CONTINUE. 2674 01:56:40,360 --> 01:56:42,095 NO. WE WILL GET IT. 2675 01:56:42,095 --> 01:56:44,364 VERY QUICKLY AND LOTS OF 2676 01:56:44,364 --> 01:56:46,733 PREVIOUS WORK SHOWING SUSTAINED 2677 01:56:46,733 --> 01:56:49,736 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS DEPEND 2678 01:56:49,736 --> 01:56:51,772 CRITICALLY ON SUBCORTICAL 2679 01:56:51,772 --> 01:56:54,474 AROUSAL SYSTEMS GOING BACK TO A 2680 01:56:54,474 --> 01:56:56,276 CENTURY AND NEUROSTIMULATION 2681 01:56:56,276 --> 01:57:00,380 STUDIES AND WE STIMULATED 2682 01:57:00,380 --> 01:57:01,448 INTRALAMBITIER REGIONS OF 2683 01:57:01,448 --> 01:57:04,184 THALAMUS AND IN PATIENTS 2684 01:57:04,184 --> 01:57:06,386 CHRONICALLY IMPLANTING 2685 01:57:06,386 --> 01:57:09,523 ELECTRODES AND GETTING CORTICAL 2686 01:57:09,523 --> 01:57:12,659 FIZZ -- THIS IS CENTRA LATERAL 2687 01:57:12,659 --> 01:57:14,227 NUCLEUS AND LOCATIONS OF 2688 01:57:14,227 --> 01:57:17,097 CATHODES AND ANODES AND 2689 01:57:17,097 --> 01:57:19,166 STIMULATED WITH DIFFERENT 2690 01:57:19,166 --> 01:57:20,434 INTENSITY LEVELS AND FOUND -- 2691 01:57:20,434 --> 01:57:24,271 OKAY. HOW DO I ADVANCE THE 2692 01:57:24,271 --> 01:57:28,442 SLIDES? 2693 01:57:28,442 --> 01:57:31,712 CLICK ON THIS SLIDE. THANK YOU. 2694 01:57:31,712 --> 01:57:34,915 WE FOUND THIS IS INCREASES IN 2695 01:57:34,915 --> 01:57:36,350 BROADBAND ACTIVITY IN HIGHER 2696 01:57:36,350 --> 01:57:38,352 FREQUENCY RANGES AND DECREASES 2697 01:57:38,352 --> 01:57:40,887 IN LOWER FREQUENCY ACTIVITY 2698 01:57:40,887 --> 01:57:42,622 INCREASING WITH CURRENT LEVEL 2699 01:57:42,622 --> 01:57:44,391 PRODUCING CORTICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL 2700 01:57:44,391 --> 01:57:46,626 AROUSAL AND SHOWING LATER DATA 2701 01:57:46,626 --> 01:57:50,731 SHOWING AROUSAL FROM SLEEP ALSO 2702 01:57:50,731 --> 01:57:52,366 WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF 2703 01:57:52,366 --> 01:57:52,699 STIMULATION. 2704 01:57:52,699 --> 01:57:57,604 >> WHAT ABOUT EVENTS? 2705 01:57:57,604 --> 01:58:00,374 NOT MANY STUDIES HAVE LOOKED AT 2706 01:58:00,374 --> 01:58:03,810 FMRI SIGNALS IN SUBCORTICAL 2707 01:58:03,810 --> 01:58:07,280 AREAS WITH CONSCIOUS EVENTS AND 2708 01:58:07,280 --> 01:58:08,548 PERCEPTUAL STUDIES AND LOTS HAS 2709 01:58:08,548 --> 01:58:10,150 TO DO WITH FACT AND SHOWING 2710 01:58:10,150 --> 01:58:13,353 INTERESTING SIGNALS OCCURRING IN 2711 01:58:13,353 --> 01:58:15,756 MIDBRAIN AND IN THALAMUS THAT 2712 01:58:15,756 --> 01:58:18,458 HAVE A VERY INCREASE AND 2713 01:58:18,458 --> 01:58:22,329 DECREASE THAT DON'T FIT CANON 2714 01:58:22,329 --> 01:58:26,033 CAL HRS AND ARE MISSED IN FMRI 2715 01:58:26,033 --> 01:58:27,567 STUDIES WHERE SIGNALS ARE CLOSE 2716 01:58:27,567 --> 01:58:29,870 TOGETHER IN TIME AND IF SIGNALS 2717 01:58:29,870 --> 01:58:31,438 ARE FAR APART FROM EACH OTHER 2718 01:58:31,438 --> 01:58:33,807 AND USING SPECIAL ANALYSIS 2719 01:58:33,807 --> 01:58:35,675 METHODS YOU CAN PICK UP THESE 2720 01:58:35,675 --> 01:58:37,577 SIGNALS AND ONE STUDY WE DID 2721 01:58:37,577 --> 01:58:39,880 WITH VISUAL PERCEPTION AND A FEW 2722 01:58:39,880 --> 01:58:42,249 DIFFERENT TASKS AND 408 2723 01:58:42,249 --> 01:58:44,284 PARTICIPANTS TO DO THIS ONE AND 2724 01:58:44,284 --> 01:58:47,721 CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS WITH SHARED 2725 01:58:47,721 --> 01:58:49,790 NETWORK SHOWING TRANSIENT VERY 2726 01:58:49,790 --> 01:58:54,161 EARLY INCREASE IN MIDBRAIN AND 2727 01:58:54,161 --> 01:58:55,562 INTRA -- AND IN SALIENCE NETWORK 2728 01:58:55,562 --> 01:59:00,033 AND FMRI AND LOTS OF THESE WILL 2729 01:59:00,033 --> 01:59:02,569 BE BLURRED TOGETHER IN TIME AND 2730 01:59:02,569 --> 01:59:03,804 EMPHASIZING AGAIN THERE IS A 2731 01:59:03,804 --> 01:59:07,074 PULSE OF FMRI SIGNAL IN 2732 01:59:07,074 --> 01:59:09,676 SUBCORTICAL AREAS WITH VISUAL 2733 01:59:09,676 --> 01:59:11,812 PERCEPTION OR ATTENTION TASKS 2734 01:59:11,812 --> 01:59:14,581 AND AGAIN IS SHOWING MORE ABOUT 2735 01:59:14,581 --> 01:59:17,084 MIDBRAIN AND ROIS IN MIDBRAIN 2736 01:59:17,084 --> 01:59:19,753 AND IN THALAMUS SHOWING VERY 2737 01:59:19,753 --> 01:59:21,822 EARLY AND FAST FOR FMRI AND 2738 01:59:21,822 --> 01:59:23,924 TRANSIENT IS KEY AND COMES DOWN 2739 01:59:23,924 --> 01:59:27,794 QUICKLY AND COULD BE MISSED WITH 2740 01:59:27,794 --> 01:59:30,630 ANALYSIS DONE WITH THIS AND HRI 2741 01:59:30,630 --> 01:59:32,532 PEAKS AT 6 SECONDS AND THIS 2742 01:59:32,532 --> 01:59:34,868 PEAKS AT 3 OR 4 SECONDS AFTER 2743 01:59:34,868 --> 01:59:39,172 ONSET AND POST DOC IN LAB IS 2744 01:59:39,172 --> 01:59:40,974 COMPLETING A NICE STUDY NOW 2745 01:59:40,974 --> 01:59:43,810 GOING ON HUMAN CONNECTOME 2746 01:59:43,810 --> 01:59:45,412 PROJECT AND TAKING DATA SHE 2747 01:59:45,412 --> 01:59:47,047 COULD FIND FROM DIFFERENT SENSE 2748 01:59:47,047 --> 01:59:49,216 YRY MODALITIES THAT ARE NOT 2749 01:59:49,216 --> 01:59:51,485 AWARENESS STUDIES BUT ATTENTION 2750 01:59:51,485 --> 01:59:54,588 STUDIES FOR THE MOST PART AND 2751 01:59:54,588 --> 01:59:56,056 PEOPLE ARE INTENDING TO VISUAL 2752 01:59:56,056 --> 01:59:58,859 AND AUDITORY AND TASTE OR 2753 01:59:58,859 --> 02:00:01,027 TACTILE STIMULI THAT IS A TOTAL 2754 02:00:01,027 --> 02:00:03,763 OF OVER 1500 PARTICIPANTS AND 2755 02:00:03,763 --> 02:00:06,900 SHE DID A MASSIVE CONJUNCTION 2756 02:00:06,900 --> 02:00:08,235 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TASKS 2757 02:00:08,235 --> 02:00:10,170 LOOKING AT SUBCORTICAL AREAS 2758 02:00:10,170 --> 02:00:12,339 WHAT DO THEY SHARE IN COMMON? 2759 02:00:12,339 --> 02:00:14,474 WE SAW DIFFERENT ACTIVITY IN 2760 02:00:14,474 --> 02:00:16,510 CORTEX VISUAL AND DIFFERENT 2761 02:00:16,510 --> 02:00:18,078 ACTIVITY FOR AUDITORY AND 2762 02:00:18,078 --> 02:00:20,247 TACTILE AND AREAS YOU WOULD 2763 02:00:20,247 --> 02:00:22,115 EXPECT FOR CORTICAL AREAS 2764 02:00:22,115 --> 02:00:24,184 INVOLVED IN PERCEPTUAL TASKS AND 2765 02:00:24,184 --> 02:00:26,086 LOOKING IN CORTICAL AREAS AND 2766 02:00:26,086 --> 02:00:27,787 WHAT DO THEY SHARE IN COMMON? 2767 02:00:27,787 --> 02:00:29,923 THIS IS WHAT SHE FOUND? THIS 2768 02:00:29,923 --> 02:00:32,526 IS TWO SECONDS AND IS 2769 02:00:32,526 --> 02:00:34,794 PERMUTATION CLUSTER-BASED 2770 02:00:34,794 --> 02:00:36,363 STATISTICS LOOKING AT CHANGE IN 2771 02:00:36,363 --> 02:00:38,632 THE SIGNAL OVER TIME AND TWO 2772 02:00:38,632 --> 02:00:41,001 SECONDS DON'T DETECT ANYTHING 2773 02:00:41,001 --> 02:00:43,570 QUITE YET AND HERE EARLIEST 2774 02:00:43,570 --> 02:00:46,339 SIGNAL CHANGES WE SEE BILATERAL 2775 02:00:46,339 --> 02:00:48,041 MIDBRAIN RETICULAR FORMATION 2776 02:00:48,041 --> 02:00:50,610 SEEING HERE AND CENTRAL THALAMIC 2777 02:00:50,610 --> 02:00:53,413 REGIONS AND IS FOUR SECONDS 2778 02:00:53,413 --> 02:00:55,348 AFTER STIMULUS ONSET ON FMRI 2779 02:00:55,348 --> 02:00:57,851 THAT IS EARLY AND IF YOU LOOK AT 2780 02:00:57,851 --> 02:01:01,688 6 SECONDS AND LOOK AT MIDBRAIN 2781 02:01:01,688 --> 02:01:03,590 SIGNAL AND THE SIGNAL HAS 2782 02:01:03,590 --> 02:01:05,158 ALREADY GONE DOWN AND THALAMUS 2783 02:01:05,158 --> 02:01:06,660 PERSISTS AND CONTINUES TO GO UP 2784 02:01:06,660 --> 02:01:09,429 AND REMAINS AND ALL THE SIGNALS 2785 02:01:09,429 --> 02:01:11,765 GO AWAY BY 8 SECONDS AND SIGNALS 2786 02:01:11,765 --> 02:01:13,833 ARE IN OTHER PLACES TOO. THIS 2787 02:01:13,833 --> 02:01:16,403 IS HIGHLY THRESHOLD SHOWING MOST 2788 02:01:16,403 --> 02:01:18,438 CONSISTENT AND MOST KIND OF 2789 02:01:18,438 --> 02:01:20,407 HIGHEST AMPLITUDE AND 2790 02:01:20,407 --> 02:01:21,841 SUBCORTICAL SIGNALS WE SEE IN 2791 02:01:21,841 --> 02:01:26,713 OVER FIFTEEN 00 PARTICIPANTS IN, 2792 02:01:26,713 --> 02:01:29,282 YOU KNOW, VISION, HEARING, TOUCH 2793 02:01:29,282 --> 02:01:31,184 AND TASTE AND DIDN'T FIND A GOOD 2794 02:01:31,184 --> 02:01:33,553 DATA SET TO USE FOR OLFACTION WE 2795 02:01:33,553 --> 02:01:35,121 WOULD LIKE TO INCLUDE BUT 2796 02:01:35,121 --> 02:01:36,323 HAVEN'T FOUND A GOOD ONE AND IF 2797 02:01:36,323 --> 02:01:40,026 YOU FIND A GOOD DATA SET, PLEASE 2798 02:01:40,026 --> 02:01:43,430 LET US KNOW. KRONEMER WHO IS 2799 02:01:43,430 --> 02:01:45,799 HERE WAS A GRAD STUDENT IN LAB 2800 02:01:45,799 --> 02:01:48,168 AND DID HEROIC STUDY AND VERY 2801 02:01:48,168 --> 02:01:50,437 LARGE SAMPLE SIZE DATA AND NOW 2802 02:01:50,437 --> 02:01:52,639 IS POST DOC AT NIH AND ONE OF 2803 02:01:52,639 --> 02:01:55,742 THE ORGANIZERS OF THE MEETING. 2804 02:01:55,742 --> 02:01:59,079 THANK YOU, SHARIF. DID A 2805 02:01:59,079 --> 02:02:02,716 FANTASTIC STUDY AND FMRI DATA IN 2806 02:02:02,716 --> 02:02:04,784 A MOMENT WILL SHOW AND 2807 02:02:04,784 --> 02:02:06,853 CHRONICALLY IMPLANTED DEVICES 2808 02:02:06,853 --> 02:02:08,922 USING PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS TASK 2809 02:02:08,922 --> 02:02:11,458 WITH VISUAL OF FACE TIGHT 2810 02:02:11,458 --> 02:02:14,027 TREATED TO 50% PERCEPTION 2811 02:02:14,027 --> 02:02:17,897 THRESHOLD COMPARING ERPS FOR 2812 02:02:17,897 --> 02:02:21,735 FACES PEOPLE PERCEIVED OR DIDN'T 2813 02:02:21,735 --> 02:02:26,806 PERCEIVE AND FOUND ERP THALAMIC 2814 02:02:26,806 --> 02:02:27,841 AWARENESS POTENTIAL OR TAP AND 2815 02:02:27,841 --> 02:02:31,444 NICE BIG ERP THAT APPEARS FOR 2816 02:02:31,444 --> 02:02:34,881 FACES THAT ARE PERCEIVED AND NOT 2817 02:02:34,881 --> 02:02:36,850 PERCEIVED FACES IT IS NOT THERE 2818 02:02:36,850 --> 02:02:38,218 AND IS A VERY CLEAR DISTINCTION 2819 02:02:38,218 --> 02:02:40,854 FOR PERCEIVED VERSUS NOT 2820 02:02:40,854 --> 02:02:43,456 PERCEIVED THAT IS BIPHASIC AND 2821 02:02:43,456 --> 02:02:45,091 IS EARLIER THAN P3 AND LATER 2822 02:02:45,091 --> 02:02:48,361 THAN VAN AND N2. THIS IS THE 2823 02:02:48,361 --> 02:02:50,397 EVENT AND IT IS LOCALIZED AND 2824 02:02:50,397 --> 02:02:52,499 YOU CAN SEE RED ELECTRODE 2825 02:02:52,499 --> 02:02:54,801 CONTACTS AND PURPLE ELECTRODE 2826 02:02:54,801 --> 02:02:57,971 CONTACTS IS WHERE ERP OCCURS IN 2827 02:02:57,971 --> 02:03:00,307 CENTRAL THAT'LL AMIN TRA LAMB 2828 02:03:00,307 --> 02:03:02,942 ETTER REGION THAT WE SEE MOST 2829 02:03:02,942 --> 02:03:04,811 PROMINENTLY THIS INTERESTING ERP 2830 02:03:04,811 --> 02:03:08,014 THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH 2831 02:03:08,014 --> 02:03:09,783 PERCEIVED VISUAL STIMULI THAT IS 2832 02:03:09,783 --> 02:03:11,851 ALSO FOUND IN ONE PATIENT ONLY 2833 02:03:11,851 --> 02:03:14,921 AND FOUND IN ONE PATIENT FOR A 2834 02:03:14,921 --> 02:03:17,557 VERY SIMILAR TASK WITH AUDITORY 2835 02:03:17,557 --> 02:03:18,625 PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS AND IS NOT 2836 02:03:18,625 --> 02:03:20,493 -- WE THINK NOT JUST SPECIFIC TO 2837 02:03:20,493 --> 02:03:23,163 VISUAL AND COULD BE A GENERAL 2838 02:03:23,163 --> 02:03:25,532 PURPOSE, AGAIN, SIGNAL THAT WE 2839 02:03:25,532 --> 02:03:27,334 BELIEVE THAT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT 2840 02:03:27,334 --> 02:03:28,868 FOR AUGMENTING PERCEPTUAL 2841 02:03:28,868 --> 02:03:31,705 AWARENESS AND AUDITORY TASK AND 2842 02:03:31,705 --> 02:03:34,407 PERCEPTUAL THRESHOLD THAT WE SAW 2843 02:03:34,407 --> 02:03:36,476 ERP AND THOMAS WHO IS HERE AND 2844 02:03:36,476 --> 02:03:38,978 POSTER IS IN THE NEXT ROOM IS 2845 02:03:38,978 --> 02:03:41,981 STIMULATING WITH TIME STIMULI 2846 02:03:41,981 --> 02:03:43,750 COINCIDING WITH VISUAL THRESHOLD 2847 02:03:43,750 --> 02:03:47,053 STIMULI TO SEE IF WE CAN 2848 02:03:47,053 --> 02:03:49,055 MODULATE PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS BY 2849 02:03:49,055 --> 02:03:50,457 STIMULATING AT TIME OF THE 2850 02:03:50,457 --> 02:03:52,092 STIMULUS OR AT OTHER TIMES AND 2851 02:03:52,092 --> 02:03:54,127 SO FAR LOOKS PROMISING THAT 2852 02:03:54,127 --> 02:03:55,695 THERE MIGHT BE MODULATION THAT 2853 02:03:55,695 --> 02:03:56,663 WE GET. 2854 02:03:56,663 --> 02:03:58,898 OKAY. SORRY I WILL MAKE MY WAY 2855 02:03:58,898 --> 02:04:01,234 THROUGH THE REST OF THE SLIDES 2856 02:04:01,234 --> 02:04:03,436 QUICKLY AS I CAN. THANK YOU. 2857 02:04:03,436 --> 02:04:08,475 THIS IS SHARIF'S FMRI DATA 2858 02:04:08,475 --> 02:04:11,044 SHOWING SIGNAL IN THE MIDBRAIN 2859 02:04:11,044 --> 02:04:12,645 AND SIGNAL IN THE THALAMUS WE 2860 02:04:12,645 --> 02:04:15,915 GET WITH VISUAL PERCEPTION DOES 2861 02:04:15,915 --> 02:04:18,918 NOT DEPEND ON REPORT, TASK 2862 02:04:18,918 --> 02:04:19,819 REREPORT. DEVELOPED A BEAUTIFUL 2863 02:04:19,819 --> 02:04:22,222 METHOD FOR ELIMINATING TASK 2864 02:04:22,222 --> 02:04:24,224 REPORT USING MEASUREMENTS AND 2865 02:04:24,224 --> 02:04:25,859 MACHINE LEARNING ON THE EYE 2866 02:04:25,859 --> 02:04:26,359 MOVEMENTS. 2867 02:04:26,359 --> 02:04:30,063 HERE, YOU SEE THEIN DEPENDENT 2868 02:04:30,063 --> 02:04:33,633 MIDBRAIN AND THALAMIC SIGNALS. 2869 02:04:33,633 --> 02:04:35,702 BILL'S GROUP HAS DONE A NICE 2870 02:04:35,702 --> 02:04:37,404 STUDY OF RECOGNITION AWARENESS 2871 02:04:37,404 --> 02:04:39,739 WHERE THEY SEE ALSO VERY SIMILAR 2872 02:04:39,739 --> 02:04:41,307 RESULTS IN THE MID-BRAIN 2873 02:04:41,307 --> 02:04:43,977 THALAMUS AND SUBCORTICAL AREAS 2874 02:04:43,977 --> 02:04:44,978 ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL 2875 02:04:44,978 --> 02:04:45,678 RECOGNITION. 2876 02:04:45,678 --> 02:04:48,415 SO, BACK TO THE -- BACK TO THE 2877 02:04:48,415 --> 02:04:51,985 SEIZURES IN THE ANIMAL MODEL AND 2878 02:04:51,985 --> 02:04:55,388 WHAT HAPPENS DURING FOCAL 2879 02:04:55,388 --> 02:04:56,389 HIPPOCAMPAL SEIZURES? 2880 02:04:56,389 --> 02:04:58,124 THIS IS RAT DATA YOU NOW AND IF 2881 02:04:58,124 --> 02:05:00,260 YOU LOOK AT A RAT AND LOOK AT 2882 02:05:00,260 --> 02:05:04,197 SAME AREAS, THE MIDBRAIN AND THE 2883 02:05:04,197 --> 02:05:06,800 THALAMUS THAT IS TRANSIENTLY 2884 02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:08,535 ACTIVATED DURING PERCEPTUAL 2885 02:05:08,535 --> 02:05:10,937 AWARENESS IS A FOCAL LIMBIC 2886 02:05:10,937 --> 02:05:13,039 SEIZURE AND BOLD FMRI. BLUE 2887 02:05:13,039 --> 02:05:16,276 MEANS IT IS TURNED OFF. OKAY? 2888 02:05:16,276 --> 02:05:18,611 SO, THE THALAMUS AND MID-BRAIN 2889 02:05:18,611 --> 02:05:21,748 ARE DEPRESSED OR INHIBITED 2890 02:05:21,748 --> 02:05:24,350 DURING THIS HIPPOCAMPAL SEIZURE 2891 02:05:24,350 --> 02:05:26,719 AND HIPPOCAMPUS IS SHOWING 2892 02:05:26,719 --> 02:05:29,155 ACTIVITY FROM THE SEIZURE AND 2893 02:05:29,155 --> 02:05:30,957 CORTEX IS ALSO SUPPRESSED AND 2894 02:05:30,957 --> 02:05:33,526 CORTEX GETS SHUT OFF AND PUT 2895 02:05:33,526 --> 02:05:35,795 INTO A SLEEP-LIKE STATE DURING 2896 02:05:35,795 --> 02:05:39,365 HIPPOCAMPUS AND SUSTAINED 2897 02:05:39,365 --> 02:05:44,170 AROUSAL IS EFFECTED AND 2898 02:05:44,170 --> 02:05:47,607 BEGINNING -- THEY ARE FIRING IS 2899 02:05:47,607 --> 02:05:49,209 SUPPRESSED DURING SEIZURES AND 2900 02:05:49,209 --> 02:05:54,514 WILL SKIP QUICKLY AND NOT COLON 2901 02:05:54,514 --> 02:05:57,550 URGIC AND -- ARE INHIBITED 2902 02:05:57,550 --> 02:05:59,519 DURING THE SEIZURE CAN WE DO 2903 02:05:59,519 --> 02:06:00,487 ANYTHING ABOUT THIS THERAPIUTE 2904 02:06:00,487 --> 02:06:02,722 CAL WILL I AND TALKING ABOUT 2905 02:06:02,722 --> 02:06:03,990 NEUROSTIMULATION AND THESE ARE 2906 02:06:03,990 --> 02:06:07,126 RATS THAT ARE EXPLORING CAGES 2907 02:06:07,126 --> 02:06:07,894 NORMALLY BEFORE SEIZURES OCCUR 2908 02:06:07,894 --> 02:06:10,463 THAT WILL HAVE SEIZURES INDUCED 2909 02:06:10,463 --> 02:06:12,966 BY BRIEF ELECTRICAL SHOCK TO THE 2910 02:06:12,966 --> 02:06:14,934 HIPPOCAMPUS AND WHEN IT OCCURS 2911 02:06:14,934 --> 02:06:16,069 THEY FREEZE AND THEIR BRAIN STEM 2912 02:06:16,069 --> 02:06:18,538 IS INHIBITED AND THALAMUS IS 2913 02:06:18,538 --> 02:06:22,275 INHIBITED AND CORTEX SLOW-WAVING 2914 02:06:22,275 --> 02:06:24,310 AND THIS ANIMAL ON RIGHT IS 2915 02:06:24,310 --> 02:06:25,745 RECEIVING THERAPEUTIC 2916 02:06:25,745 --> 02:06:27,614 STIMULATION TO SUBCORTICAL 2917 02:06:27,614 --> 02:06:28,147 AROUSAL SYSTEMS. 2918 02:06:28,147 --> 02:06:30,183 THIS ANIMAL IS NOT. 2919 02:06:30,183 --> 02:06:31,684 DESPITE FACT THAT ANIMAL IS 2920 02:06:31,684 --> 02:06:33,119 CONTINUING TO HAVE A SEIZURE IN 2921 02:06:33,119 --> 02:06:36,122 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, CORTEX IS NOW 2922 02:06:36,122 --> 02:06:39,592 AWAKE AND ANIMAL IS ABLE TO 2923 02:06:39,592 --> 02:06:41,394 EXPLORE CAGE NORMALLY DESPITE 2924 02:06:41,394 --> 02:06:43,129 FACT THAT SEIZURES HAPPENED AND 2925 02:06:43,129 --> 02:06:45,865 LOOK AT THIS AND YOU KNOW 2926 02:06:45,865 --> 02:06:47,867 PATIENTS OUT THERE HAVE EPILEPSY 2927 02:06:47,867 --> 02:06:50,837 AND SEIZURES AND TRY TO TREAT 2928 02:06:50,837 --> 02:06:52,138 WITH MEDICATIONS AND SURGERY 2929 02:06:52,138 --> 02:06:53,773 WHEN WE CAN AND PATIENTS 2930 02:06:53,773 --> 02:06:56,309 CONTINUE TO HAVE FOCAL AND 2931 02:06:56,309 --> 02:06:58,278 COMPLEX AWARANCE AND TEMPORAL LO 2932 02:06:58,278 --> 02:06:59,913 EBB AND NO TREATMENT NOW TAKES 2933 02:06:59,913 --> 02:07:03,082 AWAY ALL SEIZURES IF WE PUT A 2934 02:07:03,082 --> 02:07:04,384 NEUROSTIMULATOR INTO THEM AND 2935 02:07:04,384 --> 02:07:08,955 TRY TO INTERRUPT SEIZURES LIKE 2936 02:07:08,955 --> 02:07:10,757 DEFIBRILLATOR DEVICE USED 2937 02:07:10,757 --> 02:07:12,492 CLINICALLY TO INTERRUPT SEIZURES 2938 02:07:12,492 --> 02:07:14,694 REDUCING SEIZURES BUT HAVE 2939 02:07:14,694 --> 02:07:16,095 SEIZURES WITH IMPAIRED 2940 02:07:16,095 --> 02:07:17,764 CONSCIOUSNESS AND CAN WE DO FOR 2941 02:07:17,764 --> 02:07:20,099 PATIENTS TO HELP THEM AS A 2942 02:07:20,099 --> 02:07:22,068 SECOND TYPE OF TREATMENT TRY TO 2943 02:07:22,068 --> 02:07:24,370 STOP SEIZURES IF CAN'T HELP THEM 2944 02:07:24,370 --> 02:07:26,940 STIMULATE AREAS RESTORING 2945 02:07:26,940 --> 02:07:28,141 CONSCIOUSNESS PROCEDURES BY 2946 02:07:28,141 --> 02:07:30,710 IMPROVING AROUSAL AND CLINICAL 2947 02:07:30,710 --> 02:07:34,781 TRIAL, IT IS A BRAIN INITIATIVE 2948 02:07:34,781 --> 02:07:37,283 STUDY AT YALE AND DARTMOUTH AT 2949 02:07:37,283 --> 02:07:39,485 MAYO AND CENTRAL SITE AND 2950 02:07:39,485 --> 02:07:42,355 STIMULATION FOR THALAMUS AROUSAL 2951 02:07:42,355 --> 02:07:47,393 FOR RESTORAL -- IF PEOPLE HAVE 2952 02:07:47,393 --> 02:07:49,462 BILATERAL -- WE IMPLANT 2953 02:07:49,462 --> 02:07:52,332 PROCEDURES AND DETECT SEIZURES 2954 02:07:52,332 --> 02:07:55,168 TRYING TO INTERRUPT THEM WITH 2955 02:07:55,168 --> 02:07:56,502 THERAPY STIMULATING THE HIPPOCAM 2956 02:07:56,502 --> 02:07:58,905 PIE. IF IT WORKS, GREAT. WE 2957 02:07:58,905 --> 02:08:01,040 HAVE TWO MORE ELECTRODES IN THE 2958 02:08:01,040 --> 02:08:04,110 THALAMUS AND ALGORITHM ON DEVICE 2959 02:08:04,110 --> 02:08:06,279 IF SEIZURE IS INTERRUPTED, 2960 02:08:06,279 --> 02:08:09,649 GREAT. IF NOT INTERRUPTED BY 2961 02:08:09,649 --> 02:08:11,184 HIPPOCAMPAL STIMULATION WE 2962 02:08:11,184 --> 02:08:13,353 STIMULATE THALAMUS TO PRODUCE 2963 02:08:13,353 --> 02:08:15,755 AROUSAL AND RESTORE RESPONSIVE 2964 02:08:15,755 --> 02:08:19,058 BEHAVIOR DURING SEIZURES AND 2965 02:08:19,058 --> 02:08:20,093 UNILATERAL DO SOMETHING SIMILAR 2966 02:08:20,093 --> 02:08:23,696 AND INTERESTING RESULTS THAT YOU 2967 02:08:23,696 --> 02:08:25,965 SEE IN THE MACAQUE THIS IS A 2968 02:08:25,965 --> 02:08:27,800 HUMAN VERSION OF THIS AND THIS 2969 02:08:27,800 --> 02:08:30,303 IS FIVE PATIENTS STIMULATING 2970 02:08:30,303 --> 02:08:35,174 SAME REGION THAT YURI SHOWED 2971 02:08:35,174 --> 02:08:41,748 CENTURY LATERAL NUCLEUS AND SLOW 2972 02:08:41,748 --> 02:08:45,885 STEEP AND N1 AND N2 WAKING SLEEP 2973 02:08:45,885 --> 02:08:48,488 -- IT IS AMAZING PEOPLE LIKE ON 2974 02:08:48,488 --> 02:08:50,923 AND OFF SWITCH AND WATCHING 2975 02:08:50,923 --> 02:08:52,125 PEOPLE DURING THIS IF IN DEEP 2976 02:08:52,125 --> 02:08:53,926 SLEEP AND OPEN EYES AND LOOK 2977 02:08:53,926 --> 02:08:55,528 AROUND AND ASK THEM AFTERWARDS 2978 02:08:55,528 --> 02:08:57,830 NEXT MORNING OR LATER WHAT 2979 02:08:57,830 --> 02:08:59,532 HAPPENED? I FELT LIKE WAKING UP 2980 02:08:59,532 --> 02:09:01,834 AND TURN OFF SIMULATION AND THEY 2981 02:09:01,834 --> 02:09:04,370 GO BACK TO SLEEP AGAIN. 2982 02:09:04,370 --> 02:09:07,373 INCREDIBLE. EEG ACTIVITY 2983 02:09:07,373 --> 02:09:09,175 INCREASED IN FAST WAVE ACTIVITY 2984 02:09:09,175 --> 02:09:12,345 AND DECREASE IN SLOW WAVE 2985 02:09:12,345 --> 02:09:14,347 ACTIVITY OCCURRING DURING 2986 02:09:14,347 --> 02:09:16,349 STIMULATION AND WE HAD TWO 2987 02:09:16,349 --> 02:09:18,017 PATIENTS EXITING RANDOMIZED 2988 02:09:18,017 --> 02:09:19,652 PHASE AND THREE MORE PATIENTS 2989 02:09:19,652 --> 02:09:23,990 WAITING TO GET RESULTS AND 2990 02:09:23,990 --> 02:09:25,224 BEHAVIORAL DATA RESULTS -- 2991 02:09:25,224 --> 02:09:26,926 BLUETOOTH TO IMPLANTED DEVICE 2992 02:09:26,926 --> 02:09:28,961 AND WHEN HAVING A SEIZURE ASKS 2993 02:09:28,961 --> 02:09:31,297 THEM QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS AND 2994 02:09:31,297 --> 02:09:34,734 VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL TESTING 2995 02:09:34,734 --> 02:09:36,736 PUSHING BUTTON ON FACE WATCH AND 2996 02:09:36,736 --> 02:09:39,305 RESPOND TO QUESTIONS DURING 2997 02:09:39,305 --> 02:09:40,740 COMMANDS DURING AND AFTER 2998 02:09:40,740 --> 02:09:42,575 PROCEDURES AND ONE PATIENT HAD 2999 02:09:42,575 --> 02:09:44,043 SIGNIFICANT BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF 3000 02:09:44,043 --> 02:09:46,279 THE STIMULATION DURING SEIZURES 3001 02:09:46,279 --> 02:09:49,515 AND HERE WE DO WE ALTERNATE 3002 02:09:49,515 --> 02:09:51,818 WITHIN PATIENT RANDOMLY AND 3003 02:09:51,818 --> 02:09:54,987 BLINDED WHETHER GETTING 3004 02:09:54,987 --> 02:09:56,089 THERAPEUTIC OR SHAM STIMULATION 3005 02:09:56,089 --> 02:09:58,024 AND THERAPEUTIC STIMULATION 3006 02:09:58,024 --> 02:10:00,359 EARLY IN THE SEIZURE YOU GET 3007 02:10:00,359 --> 02:10:02,195 SIGNIFICANT BENEFIT OVERALL 3008 02:10:02,195 --> 02:10:02,862 STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT WHERE 3009 02:10:02,862 --> 02:10:05,531 PERSON IS IMPAIRED AND MEMORY OF 3010 02:10:05,531 --> 02:10:07,900 EVENT AFTERWARDS IS FACILITATED 3011 02:10:07,900 --> 02:10:09,802 AND POST DOC HERE IN THE 3012 02:10:09,802 --> 02:10:11,771 AUDIENCE THAT PROVIDED US WITH 3013 02:10:11,771 --> 02:10:15,808 DATA THAT IS BEAUTIFUL SHOWS US 3014 02:10:15,808 --> 02:10:17,343 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF CENTRAL 3015 02:10:17,343 --> 02:10:19,045 LATERAL STIMULATION DURING 3016 02:10:19,045 --> 02:10:20,713 SEIZURES AND IMPROVING 3017 02:10:20,713 --> 02:10:21,114 CONSCIOUSNESS. 3018 02:10:21,114 --> 02:10:24,383 TO SUMMARIZE, WE TALKED ABOUT 3019 02:10:24,383 --> 02:10:28,788 THIS EARLY DETECTION NETWORK AND 3020 02:10:28,788 --> 02:10:30,323 DETAILS NEED TO BE WORKED OUT 3021 02:10:30,323 --> 02:10:32,158 AND NEED MORE WORK ON THIS AND 3022 02:10:32,158 --> 02:10:33,793 IS INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT 3023 02:10:33,793 --> 02:10:35,828 QUESTION TO ASK WHERE DOES 3024 02:10:35,828 --> 02:10:37,563 BIFURCATION OCCUR AND HOW DOES 3025 02:10:37,563 --> 02:10:39,599 IT OCCUR THAT DISTINGUISHES 3026 02:10:39,599 --> 02:10:42,168 EVENTS WE ARE OR ARE NOT 3027 02:10:42,168 --> 02:10:43,669 CONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBSEQUENT AND 3028 02:10:43,669 --> 02:10:44,403 VERY IMPORTANT THINGS HAPPEN IN 3029 02:10:44,403 --> 02:10:46,305 THE BRAIN TO FULLY FORM THAT 3030 02:10:46,305 --> 02:10:48,274 CONSCIOUS EVENT AND IS SOMETHING 3031 02:10:48,274 --> 02:10:51,444 EARLY THAT HAPPENS THAT MAKES 3032 02:10:51,444 --> 02:10:53,246 INITIAL DECISION THAT I THINK 3033 02:10:53,246 --> 02:10:54,714 BARES FURTHER INVESTIGATION AND 3034 02:10:54,714 --> 02:10:56,983 OUR STUDIES SO FAR SHOWED MAYBE 3035 02:10:56,983 --> 02:10:58,885 THERE IS A KIND OF INTERESTING 3036 02:10:58,885 --> 02:11:01,387 NETWORK INCLUDING MULTIPLE AREAS 3037 02:11:01,387 --> 02:11:03,856 INCLUDING FRONTAL CORTEX AND 3038 02:11:03,856 --> 02:11:06,192 MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE AND 3039 02:11:06,192 --> 02:11:08,327 INCLUDING IN ONE CASE AT LEAST 3040 02:11:08,327 --> 02:11:11,063 AREA 37 AND OCCIPITAL CORTEX 3041 02:11:11,063 --> 02:11:12,431 THAT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT FOR 3042 02:11:12,431 --> 02:11:13,833 SIGNAL DETECTION AND THERE IS 3043 02:11:13,833 --> 02:11:16,969 EVIDENCE THAT I SHOWED HOPEFULLY 3044 02:11:16,969 --> 02:11:17,904 FROM CONVERGING DIFFERENT 3045 02:11:17,904 --> 02:11:20,406 SOURCES INCLUDING FMRI AND MANY 3046 02:11:20,406 --> 02:11:22,175 DIFFERENT MODALITIES AND VISION 3047 02:11:22,175 --> 02:11:24,043 AND AUDITION TACTILE AND TASTE 3048 02:11:24,043 --> 02:11:28,281 AND INCLUDING SOME 3049 02:11:28,281 --> 02:11:37,156 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY THAT SUGGESTS 3050 02:11:37,156 --> 02:11:41,360 -- FINALLY BY STIMULATING SAME 3051 02:11:41,360 --> 02:11:44,664 SUBCORTICAL AREAS LOOKING AT 3052 02:11:44,664 --> 02:11:48,100 MODULATION DURING SPLEEP AND 3053 02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,337 HOPEFULLY I SHOULD HAVE 3054 02:11:51,337 --> 02:11:52,438 MENTIONED OF COURSE THAT THIS 3055 02:11:52,438 --> 02:11:57,310 WAS BASED ON WORK BY NICO AND 3056 02:11:57,310 --> 02:11:59,512 COLLEAGUES WERE COLLABORATING 3057 02:11:59,512 --> 02:12:01,080 WITH THEM THAT IS EXTENSION OF 3058 02:12:01,080 --> 02:12:02,849 WORK WITH CONSCIOUSNESS 3059 02:12:02,849 --> 02:12:04,150 STIMULATING SAME AREAS OF THE 3060 02:12:04,150 --> 02:12:07,453 BRAIN AND THANKS VERY MUCH AND 3061 02:12:07,453 --> 02:12:14,894 WANT TO THANK SUPPORTERS. 3062 02:12:14,894 --> 02:12:18,831 LAB MEMBERS AND -- OKAY. SURE. 3063 02:12:18,831 --> 02:12:19,899 YES? 3064 02:12:19,899 --> 02:12:20,633 >> ONE SHORT QUESTION. 3065 02:12:20,633 --> 02:12:26,005 >> FIRST, I WANT TO COMMEND YOU 3066 02:12:26,005 --> 02:12:28,608 FOR YOUR COURAGE UNDER 3067 02:12:28,608 --> 02:12:29,976 EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES 3068 02:12:29,976 --> 02:12:31,410 PRESENTING THIS TALK. WELL 3069 02:12:31,410 --> 02:12:33,145 DONE. QUESTION I HAVE IS ABOUT 3070 02:12:33,145 --> 02:12:34,881 TIMING AND ONE THING THAT IS 3071 02:12:34,881 --> 02:12:41,854 PUZZLING IS THAT TAP THAT SHARIF 3072 02:12:41,854 --> 02:12:45,825 SHOWED IS TAKING PLACE IN 200MS 3073 02:12:45,825 --> 02:12:47,727 AND TALKING ABOUT PREFRONTAL 3074 02:12:47,727 --> 02:12:52,398 ACTIVATION EARLY ON IN 150MS 3075 02:12:52,398 --> 02:12:54,700 RANGE AND CAN YOU TELL WHAT IS 3076 02:12:54,700 --> 02:12:56,002 GOING ON IN TIMING AND HOW YOU 3077 02:12:56,002 --> 02:12:57,503 WOULD TACKLE THAT PROBLEM. 3078 02:12:57,503 --> 02:13:00,339 >> JURY IS OUT ON THE TIMING AND 3079 02:13:00,339 --> 02:13:03,175 THIS DATA SHOWS IN THE THALAMUS, 3080 02:13:03,175 --> 02:13:04,777 RIGHT? 3081 02:13:04,777 --> 02:13:07,580 OKAY. THIS IS BROADBAND GAMA 3082 02:13:07,580 --> 02:13:09,949 ACTIVITY AND THERE IS SIGNAL 3083 02:13:09,949 --> 02:13:12,919 WITHIN 100MS AND EARLIER IN THE 3084 02:13:12,919 --> 02:13:15,554 CORTEX DETECTION AND VERY SOON 3085 02:13:15,554 --> 02:13:17,490 AFTERWOIRDS AUGMENTATION IS 3086 02:13:17,490 --> 02:13:18,891 COMING FROM SUBCORTICAL SYSTEMS 3087 02:13:18,891 --> 02:13:21,661 AND TIMING WITH ERPS AND WHAT IT 3088 02:13:21,661 --> 02:13:24,297 MEANS WITH NORMAL ACTIVITY IN 3089 02:13:24,297 --> 02:13:27,600 AROUSAL CIRCUIT NEEDS TO BE 3090 02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:28,734 INVESTIGATED AND DON'T KNOW AND 3091 02:13:28,734 --> 02:13:29,168 IMPORTANT QUESTION. 3092 02:13:29,168 --> 02:13:30,970 >> THANK YOU FOR THIS WONDERFUL 3093 02:13:30,970 --> 02:13:33,539 TALK AND WANT TO GET BACK TO MY 3094 02:13:33,539 --> 02:13:36,375 INTEREST IN THE DISTINCTION 3095 02:13:36,375 --> 02:13:39,145 BETWEEN SALIENCE AND 3096 02:13:39,145 --> 02:13:39,845 PHENOMENOLOGY AT COLLIER AND 3097 02:13:39,845 --> 02:13:41,314 THINKING ABOUT THE CASE WHERE 3098 02:13:41,314 --> 02:13:43,616 YOU DO THALAMIC STIMULATION AND 3099 02:13:43,616 --> 02:13:45,851 YOU MENTIONED IT WAS POTENTIALLY 3100 02:13:45,851 --> 02:13:48,888 POSSIBLE TO COMBINE IT WITH AN 3101 02:13:48,888 --> 02:13:50,456 ACTUAL SENSORY STIMULATION. 3102 02:13:50,456 --> 02:13:50,923 >> YES. 3103 02:13:50,923 --> 02:13:52,391 >> WHAT WILL YOU PREDICT WILL 3104 02:13:52,391 --> 02:13:53,592 HAPPEN IN THAT CASE? 3105 02:13:53,592 --> 02:13:55,728 WILL YOU PREDICT THAT THE 3106 02:13:55,728 --> 02:13:57,263 EXPERIENCE WOULD BE MORE SALIENT 3107 02:13:57,263 --> 02:13:59,332 AND HAVE SAME QUALITY OR PREDICT 3108 02:13:59,332 --> 02:14:01,934 THAT THALAMIC STIMULATION ALSO 3109 02:14:01,934 --> 02:14:03,069 CHANGES QUALITY? 3110 02:14:03,069 --> 02:14:05,404 >> YEAH. GREAT QUESTION. 3111 02:14:05,404 --> 02:14:06,872 THOMAS WOULD BE -- HE HAS DONE 3112 02:14:06,872 --> 02:14:08,407 THIS. HE WOULD BE BEST PERSON 3113 02:14:08,407 --> 02:14:09,842 TO TALK TO MAYBE AT BREAK AND 3114 02:14:09,842 --> 02:14:11,911 HAS A POSTER ABOUT THIS AND IN 3115 02:14:11,911 --> 02:14:13,412 INTEREST OF TIME I WILL MAYBE 3116 02:14:13,412 --> 02:14:14,413 MOVE ON. 3117 02:14:14,413 --> 02:14:15,014 THANK YOU. 3118 02:14:15,014 --> 02:14:18,050 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3119 02:14:18,050 --> 02:14:26,125 >> OKAY. SO, NEXT SPEAKER IS 3120 02:14:26,125 --> 02:14:36,802 DR. MASIMINI -- HE IS PROFESSOR 3121 02:14:36,802 --> 02:14:38,738 OF PHYSIOLOGY AT UNIVERSITY OF 3122 02:14:38,738 --> 02:14:41,907 MILAN AND FELLOW CANADIAN 3123 02:14:41,907 --> 02:14:43,576 INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 3124 02:14:43,576 --> 02:14:46,145 AND WORKING WITH LEGENDARY 3125 02:14:46,145 --> 02:14:48,314 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN CANADA. AND 3126 02:14:48,314 --> 02:14:52,485 THEN AT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 3127 02:14:52,485 --> 02:14:55,821 WITH OUR DEAR GIULIO. HIS WORK 3128 02:14:55,821 --> 02:14:59,859 SPANS FOR -- HE USES 3129 02:14:59,859 --> 02:15:00,526 INTRACELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 3130 02:15:00,526 --> 02:15:03,129 AND EEG AND TMSE. 3131 02:15:03,129 --> 02:15:13,672 AND IMAGING AND HAS PUBLISHED -- 3132 02:16:15,868 --> 02:16:18,471 THE SECOND PART I WILL TRY TO 3133 02:16:18,471 --> 02:16:22,174 DIG DEEPER INTO THE BRAIN AND TO 3134 02:16:22,174 --> 02:16:24,276 UNDERSTAND MECHANISM LOSS AND 3135 02:16:24,276 --> 02:16:26,579 RECOVERY COMPLEXITY AND HERE 3136 02:16:26,579 --> 02:16:28,280 WOULD CONNECT TO MANY THINGS 3137 02:16:28,280 --> 02:16:30,449 SAID BEFORE LIKE EMERY AND MANY 3138 02:16:30,449 --> 02:16:34,820 OTHERS ABOUT THIS BASIC NEURONAL 3139 02:16:34,820 --> 02:16:45,364 PATTERN AND -- INJURY AND GOLD 3140 02:17:10,556 --> 02:17:14,760 STANDARD IS BEHAVIORAL AND SCALE 3141 02:17:14,760 --> 02:17:17,463 AND IT WORKS. 3142 02:17:17,463 --> 02:17:20,432 IT IS USEFUL AND THIS 3143 02:17:20,432 --> 02:17:21,901 STRATIFICATION BASED ON THESE 3144 02:17:21,901 --> 02:17:25,771 CONSCIOUS BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 3145 02:17:25,771 --> 02:17:29,241 IS VERY USEFUL AND TRAJECTORY 3146 02:17:29,241 --> 02:17:33,279 PATIENTS FAMILIES AND CAREGIVERS 3147 02:17:33,279 --> 02:17:34,413 WE KNOW AND NEED TO REMEMBER 3148 02:17:34,413 --> 02:17:36,649 EVERY TIME IS BASED ON BEHAVIOR 3149 02:17:36,649 --> 02:17:39,218 AND WE KNOW RESPONSIVENESS IS 3150 02:17:39,218 --> 02:17:40,686 NOT UNCONSCIOUS AND IS 3151 02:17:40,686 --> 02:17:42,021 FUNDAMENTALLY THE PROBLEM AND 3152 02:17:42,021 --> 02:17:43,489 WILL BE SHORT HERE. 3153 02:17:43,489 --> 02:17:48,661 THIS CAN BE THE CASE AFTER 3154 02:17:48,661 --> 02:17:50,629 BRINGING INJURY AND EXECUTIVE 3155 02:17:50,629 --> 02:17:52,231 FUNCTIONS AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS 3156 02:17:52,231 --> 02:17:55,367 AND IMPAIRED BECAUSE OF SENSORY 3157 02:17:55,367 --> 02:17:57,303 CONNECTION AND IMPAIRMENT AND 3158 02:17:57,303 --> 02:17:59,104 SENSORY PROCESSING AND USING 3159 02:17:59,104 --> 02:18:01,941 EXTREME CASE OF BRAIN THAT IS 3160 02:18:01,941 --> 02:18:03,842 LARGELY DISCONNECTED FROM 3161 02:18:03,842 --> 02:18:06,712 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND MAYBE 3162 02:18:06,712 --> 02:18:09,982 TEMPORARILY IS NOT A THOUGHT 3163 02:18:09,982 --> 02:18:11,884 EXPERIMENT IN BRAIN INJURY AND 3164 02:18:11,884 --> 02:18:14,820 HAPPENING IN FRONTAL LESIONS 3165 02:18:14,820 --> 02:18:18,557 THAT ARE IMPAIRING EXECUTIVE 3166 02:18:18,557 --> 02:18:21,560 NETWORKS AND I WILL SHOW A CASE. 3167 02:18:21,560 --> 02:18:23,796 LESIONS WITHOUT IMPAIRED 3168 02:18:23,796 --> 02:18:25,631 LANGUAGE AND MAYBE BRAIN STEM 3169 02:18:25,631 --> 02:18:27,766 LESION BARING SENSORY INPUT AND 3170 02:18:27,766 --> 02:18:29,368 MOTOR OUTPUT IN ALL COMBINATIONS 3171 02:18:29,368 --> 02:18:32,271 THAT CAN REALLY HAPPEN. IN THE 3172 02:18:32,271 --> 02:18:34,240 END, POSSIBILITY OF AN ISLAND OF 3173 02:18:34,240 --> 02:18:36,308 AWARENESS THAT IS NOT ACCESSIBLE 3174 02:18:36,308 --> 02:18:39,712 TO EXTREME PERSPECTIVE OF 3175 02:18:39,712 --> 02:18:40,946 SENSORY STIMULATION AND 3176 02:18:40,946 --> 02:18:43,515 OBSERVATIONAL BEHAVIORAL AND 3177 02:18:43,515 --> 02:18:44,717 SENSORY STIMULATION INCLUDES 3178 02:18:44,717 --> 02:18:46,986 ACTIVE ERP ACTIVE PARADIGMS IS 3179 02:18:46,986 --> 02:18:48,554 POSSIBLE THE AND IS KIND OF 3180 02:18:48,554 --> 02:18:50,356 EXERCISE THAT THEY WOULD LIKE TO 3181 02:18:50,356 --> 02:18:53,225 DO AND HERE OF COURSE THE 3182 02:18:53,225 --> 02:18:55,094 ETHICAL OR CLINICAL NEED IS YOU 3183 02:18:55,094 --> 02:18:58,530 KNOW WE NEED MEASURES THAT ARE 3184 02:18:58,530 --> 02:18:59,999 BASED ON SOME PHYSICAL PROCESSES 3185 02:18:59,999 --> 02:19:02,167 OCCURRING IN THE BRAIN AND 3186 02:19:02,167 --> 02:19:04,737 INDEPENDENTLY SENSORY INPUT AND 3187 02:19:04,737 --> 02:19:06,639 PROCESSING EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 3188 02:19:06,639 --> 02:19:09,074 AND MOTOR OUTPUTS AND FIRST LINE 3189 02:19:09,074 --> 02:19:11,477 IS EEG THAT WORKS. 3190 02:19:11,477 --> 02:19:14,446 THIS IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF 3191 02:19:14,446 --> 02:19:15,881 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND ARE OTHER 3192 02:19:15,881 --> 02:19:17,383 CLASSIFICATIONS AND RECORDING 3193 02:19:17,383 --> 02:19:19,718 EEG IS VERY, VERY INFORMATIVE 3194 02:19:19,718 --> 02:19:24,323 AND EVEN IN PATIENTS AND THIS 3195 02:19:24,323 --> 02:19:26,558 EEG WITH HIGH ALPHA POWER AND 3196 02:19:26,558 --> 02:19:29,595 LOW DELTA AND IT IS A GOOD SIGN. 3197 02:19:29,595 --> 02:19:31,563 EVEN IN OUR RESPONSIVE PATIENTS 3198 02:19:31,563 --> 02:19:35,334 IS A MARKER OF POTENTIAL 3199 02:19:35,334 --> 02:19:36,669 COGNITIVE MARKER DISASSOCIATION 3200 02:19:36,669 --> 02:19:38,237 THAT IS IMPORTANT AND OTHER HAND 3201 02:19:38,237 --> 02:19:42,107 THAT IS EEG THAT IS SEVERELY 3202 02:19:42,107 --> 02:19:43,609 ABNORMAL DOMINANT RHYTHM 3203 02:19:43,609 --> 02:19:46,645 SUPPRESSED EEG NO ALPHA POWER 3204 02:19:46,645 --> 02:19:48,781 LOSS OF GRADIENCE IS A BAD SIGN 3205 02:19:48,781 --> 02:19:52,384 AND IS A GRAY AREA THAT IS VAST. 3206 02:19:52,384 --> 02:19:55,888 IN THIS GRAY AREA EEG ASSESSMENT 3207 02:19:55,888 --> 02:20:00,192 CAN BE INCONCLUSIVE AND 3208 02:20:00,192 --> 02:20:02,227 COMPATIBLE WITH MINIMAL 3209 02:20:02,227 --> 02:20:03,329 CONSCIOUS STATE OR MORE AND WANT 3210 02:20:03,329 --> 02:20:05,564 TO ELABORATE A LITTLE ON WHY 3211 02:20:05,564 --> 02:20:07,032 THIS CAN BE THE CASE. 3212 02:20:07,032 --> 02:20:09,868 WE KNOW AND THIS, AGAIN, 3213 02:20:09,868 --> 02:20:11,770 CONNECTS WITH DISCUSSION THAT IS 3214 02:20:11,770 --> 02:20:13,038 NOT ONGOING BEFORE. 3215 02:20:13,038 --> 02:20:15,774 YOU KNOW, WE CAN HAVE 3216 02:20:15,774 --> 02:20:17,042 CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG DATA WAVES 3217 02:20:17,042 --> 02:20:19,445 IN SOME CASES THAT ARE 3218 02:20:19,445 --> 02:20:21,613 EXCEPTIONS AND ARE INTERESTING. 3219 02:20:21,613 --> 02:20:23,515 IN CASE OF BRAIN INJURY PATIENT 3220 02:20:23,515 --> 02:20:25,217 IS NOT SO MUCH SUCH AN 3221 02:20:25,217 --> 02:20:26,919 EXCEPTION. OF COURSE, WHAT CAN 3222 02:20:26,919 --> 02:20:28,320 HAPPEN IS THAT MAYBE YOU COULD 3223 02:20:28,320 --> 02:20:30,889 HAVE A CONSCIOUS PATIENT WITH 3224 02:20:30,889 --> 02:20:33,025 EPILEPTIC FOCUS SLOW WAVES 3225 02:20:33,025 --> 02:20:35,294 GENERATED THERE WILL DOMINATE 3226 02:20:35,294 --> 02:20:37,629 AND OLD STANDING NOTION LESIONS 3227 02:20:37,629 --> 02:20:41,367 FOCAL LESIONS NONIMPAIRED -- 3228 02:20:41,367 --> 02:20:43,168 POWERFUL SLEEP WAVES THAT 3229 02:20:43,168 --> 02:20:45,437 DOMINATE THIS WE KNOW YOU HAVE 3230 02:20:45,437 --> 02:20:47,673 SLOW WAVES INTERCRANIALLY AND 3231 02:20:47,673 --> 02:20:51,210 EXIST WITH ACTIVE PATTERNS WHAT 3232 02:20:51,210 --> 02:20:53,879 DOMINATES SCALP IS IN SLOW WAVE 3233 02:20:53,879 --> 02:20:56,415 AND HAVE TO BE CAREFUL LOOKING 3234 02:20:56,415 --> 02:20:59,985 AT SCALP EEG AND WE KNOW ALPHA 3235 02:20:59,985 --> 02:21:02,354 CAN BE SUPPRESSED AND WE TAKE AS 3236 02:21:02,354 --> 02:21:03,989 A MEASURE AND INDEX OF 3237 02:21:03,989 --> 02:21:06,325 CONSCIOUSNESS AND PRESERVED 3238 02:21:06,325 --> 02:21:07,593 CONSCIOUSNESS COULD BE 3239 02:21:07,593 --> 02:21:10,028 SUPPRESSED IN MANY CONSCIOUS 3240 02:21:10,028 --> 02:21:12,464 CONDITIONS AND DISCONNECTED FROM 3241 02:21:12,464 --> 02:21:14,166 ENVIRONMENT REM SLEEP AND 3242 02:21:14,166 --> 02:21:16,135 KETAMINE AND RECENT WORKS ARE 3243 02:21:16,135 --> 02:21:19,905 SHOWING PSYCHEDELICS AND IS A 3244 02:21:19,905 --> 02:21:21,874 STRONG SUPPRESSION OF ALPHA. 3245 02:21:21,874 --> 02:21:23,242 EXPLAINING THIS GRAY AREA AND 3246 02:21:23,242 --> 02:21:25,511 FACT THAT RELY ON ALPHA POWER 3247 02:21:25,511 --> 02:21:28,380 AND DELTA POWER IS NOT ALWAYS SO 3248 02:21:28,380 --> 02:21:29,848 INFORMATIVE IN PATIENTS AND WHAT 3249 02:21:29,848 --> 02:21:33,152 IS THE ALTERNATIVE. ONE 3250 02:21:33,152 --> 02:21:34,553 ALTERNATIVE GOING BEYOND RHYTHMS 3251 02:21:34,553 --> 02:21:37,256 AND LEVEL OF ACTIVITY LOOKING AT 3252 02:21:37,256 --> 02:21:38,991 OTHER PROPERTIES OR SYSTEM AND 3253 02:21:38,991 --> 02:21:41,093 HERE I WANT TO GO BACK TO A 3254 02:21:41,093 --> 02:21:44,296 PAPER THAT I FIND VERY 3255 02:21:44,296 --> 02:21:44,663 INTERESTING. 3256 02:21:44,663 --> 02:21:47,199 GIULIO WAS ONE OF THE AUTHORS 3257 02:21:47,199 --> 02:21:49,835 FIRST AUTHOR HERE CONSCIOUS OF 3258 02:21:49,835 --> 02:21:52,371 COMPLEXITY AND FIRST PAPER THAT 3259 02:21:52,371 --> 02:21:56,375 PROVIDES THE PROPOSAL OR 3260 02:21:56,375 --> 02:22:06,919 PROPOSES A DIRECT AND COMPLIS. 3261 02:23:06,211 --> 02:23:12,251 WHAT IS NICE IS IN GENERAL IT 3262 02:23:12,251 --> 02:23:15,120 WORKS USING FMRI AND BALANCE 3263 02:23:15,120 --> 02:23:18,857 BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND FUNCTION 3264 02:23:18,857 --> 02:23:20,058 DIVERSITY AND IS ANOTHER 3265 02:23:20,058 --> 02:23:24,396 BEAUTIFUL PAPER AND IS 3266 02:23:24,396 --> 02:23:26,131 MULTICENTRIC PAPER LED BY PARRIS 3267 02:23:26,131 --> 02:23:28,834 AND FMRI IS USED FOR THIS 3268 02:23:28,834 --> 02:23:30,435 MEASURE AND DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES 3269 02:23:30,435 --> 02:23:36,041 YOU NAME IT FMRI AND STEREO-EG 3270 02:23:36,041 --> 02:23:40,946 AND MICROCEPHALOGRAPHY IN MANY 3271 02:23:40,946 --> 02:23:44,383 CONDITIONS RANGING IN SLEEP AND 3272 02:23:44,383 --> 02:23:45,817 PSYCHEDELICS AND WHAT IS 3273 02:23:45,817 --> 02:23:56,562 INTERESTING AND ENCOURAGE IING. 3274 02:23:58,030 --> 02:24:01,934 THIS IS A SIGN WE ARE MAKING 3275 02:24:01,934 --> 02:24:04,269 PROGRESS AND CHRISTOF USING THE 3276 02:24:04,269 --> 02:24:05,404 BET IS CLASSIFIED. 3277 02:24:05,404 --> 02:24:07,739 IT IS A COMPLICATED LANDSCAPE 3278 02:24:07,739 --> 02:24:09,841 AND MANY WAYS MEASURING 3279 02:24:09,841 --> 02:24:11,977 COMPLEXITY AND SHOULD BE 3280 02:24:11,977 --> 02:24:13,879 TAXONOMY HERE AND DERIVING 3281 02:24:13,879 --> 02:24:16,381 NETWORKINGS AND COMPUTING USING 3282 02:24:16,381 --> 02:24:19,284 ROUGH THEORY TO CALCULATE 3283 02:24:19,284 --> 02:24:21,587 COMPLEXITY AND YOU CAN COMPLETE 3284 02:24:21,587 --> 02:24:24,856 DIRECTLY ON TIME SERIES ASSUMING 3285 02:24:24,856 --> 02:24:26,425 INTEGRATION AND PERTURB DIRECTLY 3286 02:24:26,425 --> 02:24:31,430 TO CORTEX ENGAGING CAUSAL 3287 02:24:31,430 --> 02:24:33,832 INTERACTIONS THAT IS -- 3288 02:24:33,832 --> 02:24:34,933 MEASURING INTERACTION OF CHAIN 3289 02:24:34,933 --> 02:24:37,703 OF INTERACTION THAT IS APPROACH 3290 02:24:37,703 --> 02:24:41,206 THAT WILL SPEND A LITTLE TIME ON 3291 02:24:41,206 --> 02:24:43,308 AND I KNOW IT WELL AND 3292 02:24:43,308 --> 02:24:46,712 INTEGRATION SERIOUSLY AND 3293 02:24:46,712 --> 02:24:57,255 CORRELATION OF PERSPECTIVE -- IF 3294 02:25:28,286 --> 02:25:31,023 THE BRAIN IS MODULAR AND 3295 02:25:31,023 --> 02:25:32,624 INTEGRATION IS LOST, RESPONSES 3296 02:25:32,624 --> 02:25:43,135 ARE LOCAL IN SPACE AND TIME. 3297 02:26:06,892 --> 02:26:09,161 THIS IS THE WAY IT WORKS AND 3298 02:26:09,161 --> 02:26:10,896 LAST VERSION OF THE MACHINE YOU 3299 02:26:10,896 --> 02:26:13,331 HAVE A STIMULATOR ON TOP OF THE 3300 02:26:13,331 --> 02:26:16,802 HEAD AND SUBJECT YOU SEE EEG 3301 02:26:16,802 --> 02:26:19,204 MACHINE. IS THIS A LASER? 3302 02:26:19,204 --> 02:26:22,374 THERE IS A NAVIGATION. AND THEN 3303 02:26:22,374 --> 02:26:24,643 WHAT IS KEY IS ON THE SCREEN, 3304 02:26:24,643 --> 02:26:27,279 RIGHT AWAY, THANK YOU. RIGHT 3305 02:26:27,279 --> 02:26:31,717 AWAY AS YOU RUN THE EXPERIMENT 3306 02:26:31,717 --> 02:26:33,852 YOU SEE THE BRAIN RESPONSE AND 3307 02:26:33,852 --> 02:26:38,290 SEE AND CAN APPRECIATE IN MANY 3308 02:26:38,290 --> 02:26:43,962 CASES ESPECIALLY IN WHAT IS 3309 02:26:43,962 --> 02:26:46,531 HAPPENING AND THIS IS PRESENCE 3310 02:26:46,531 --> 02:26:50,035 OF ABSENCE OF COMPLEXITY AND YOU 3311 02:26:50,035 --> 02:26:52,537 QUANTIFY THAT AND IN PRACTICE IN 3312 02:26:52,537 --> 02:26:53,438 CONSCIOUS CONDITIONS RESPONSE 3313 02:26:53,438 --> 02:26:56,174 LOOKS LIKE THIS AND IT IS 3314 02:26:56,174 --> 02:26:58,243 INTERESTING AND CURRENT WAYS OF 3315 02:26:58,243 --> 02:27:00,145 ACTIVITY AND SPEAKING ABOUT 3316 02:27:00,145 --> 02:27:02,147 FEEDBACKS AND CORTICAL FEEDBACKS 3317 02:27:02,147 --> 02:27:04,149 AND THALAMUS IS INVOLVED AND 3318 02:27:04,149 --> 02:27:05,984 THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR THAT. 3319 02:27:05,984 --> 02:27:09,621 WHAT STRIKES YOUR EYE IS THAT 3320 02:27:09,621 --> 02:27:11,923 RESPONSE IS GLOBAL AND RICH 3321 02:27:11,923 --> 02:27:13,592 DIFFERENTIATED AND DIFFERENT 3322 02:27:13,592 --> 02:27:16,294 AREAS DOING DIFFERENT THINGS AT 3323 02:27:16,294 --> 02:27:19,064 DIFFERENT TIMES AND SPATIAL 3324 02:27:19,064 --> 02:27:19,798 TEMPORAL [INDISCERNIBLE] IS RICH 3325 02:27:19,798 --> 02:27:21,833 AND YOU HAVE DETERMINISTIC 3326 02:27:21,833 --> 02:27:25,504 PATTERN OF INTERACTIONS 3327 02:27:25,504 --> 02:27:31,243 WIDESPREAD AND QUITE COMPLEX. 3328 02:27:31,243 --> 02:27:33,211 TYPICALLY LARGER SCREEN AND 3329 02:27:33,211 --> 02:27:34,846 SIMPLE AND POSITIVE WAVE AND 3330 02:27:34,846 --> 02:27:36,915 PATTERN OF CORTICAL ACTIVATION 3331 02:27:36,915 --> 02:27:40,051 IS REALLY STEREOTYPICAL AND 3332 02:27:40,051 --> 02:27:42,487 CENTER OF MASK STAYS AT 3333 02:27:42,487 --> 02:27:44,623 STIMULATION SITE AND IS TYPICAL 3334 02:27:44,623 --> 02:27:46,858 PATTERN AND TYPICAL READ OUT. 3335 02:27:46,858 --> 02:27:48,126 OKAY? 3336 02:27:48,126 --> 02:27:50,662 WE QUANTIFY THIS WITH COMPLEXITY 3337 02:27:50,662 --> 02:27:53,431 MEASURE AND UNZIPPING AND THEN 3338 02:27:53,431 --> 02:27:57,269 IT IS IMPORTANT TO CALIBRATE 3339 02:27:57,269 --> 02:27:59,371 MEASURE IN CONDITIONS KNOWN AND 3340 02:27:59,371 --> 02:28:01,373 BEST KNOWN OF KNOWLEDGE AND WAY 3341 02:28:01,373 --> 02:28:03,241 TO PROCEED IN LONG SERIES OF 3342 02:28:03,241 --> 02:28:07,145 EXPERIMENT AND WE TOOK A 3343 02:28:07,145 --> 02:28:08,547 CONSCIOUS BENCHMARK OF PATIENTS 3344 02:28:08,547 --> 02:28:10,148 REPORTING THEY ARE CONSCIOUS AND 3345 02:28:10,148 --> 02:28:14,619 AWAKE AND ABLE TO REPORT AND IN 3346 02:28:14,619 --> 02:28:15,287 DISCONNECTED STATES LIKE 3347 02:28:15,287 --> 02:28:17,823 DREAMING OR KETAMINE IS 3348 02:28:17,823 --> 02:28:20,592 BENCHMARK FOR CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3349 02:28:20,592 --> 02:28:22,828 COUNTERFACTUAL OF UNCONSCIOUS 3350 02:28:22,828 --> 02:28:24,429 STATES BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE 3351 02:28:24,429 --> 02:28:26,665 BECAUSE MAYBE THEY ARE -- IT IS 3352 02:28:26,665 --> 02:28:28,900 DIFFICULT TO PROVE 3353 02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:31,102 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND ANESTHESIA 3354 02:28:31,102 --> 02:28:34,072 AND DEEP REM SLEEP THAT IS 3355 02:28:34,072 --> 02:28:39,244 COUNTERFACTUAL AND HAVING TWO 3356 02:28:39,244 --> 02:28:39,644 SDL 3357 02:28:39,644 --> 02:28:40,846 DISTRIBUTIONS IS DRAWING CUTOFF 3358 02:28:40,846 --> 02:28:43,181 AND IF A PATIENT SCORES IN SPITE 3359 02:28:43,181 --> 02:28:47,252 OF RESPONSIVENESS ABOVE THIS 3360 02:28:47,252 --> 02:28:49,187 CUTOFF THAT IS WITHIN 3361 02:28:49,187 --> 02:28:49,955 DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEXITY THAT 3362 02:28:49,955 --> 02:28:52,457 WE FIND ONLY IN CASES OF 3363 02:28:52,457 --> 02:28:53,992 CONSCIOUS REPORTS THEN EVEN IF 3364 02:28:53,992 --> 02:28:55,861 IT IS UNRESPONSIVE WE NEED TO 3365 02:28:55,861 --> 02:28:57,662 PAY ATTENTION TO THIS PATIENT 3366 02:28:57,662 --> 02:28:59,965 AND WE MOVE TO PATIENTS 3367 02:28:59,965 --> 02:29:01,766 ACCORDING TO THIS LOGIC AND 3368 02:29:01,766 --> 02:29:04,035 FIRST TEST IS IN MINIMALLY 3369 02:29:04,035 --> 02:29:05,670 CONSCIOUS PATIENT AND IS TEST 3370 02:29:05,670 --> 02:29:07,405 NOT INFERENCE AND KNOW CONSCIOUS 3371 02:29:07,405 --> 02:29:09,841 AND DIFFICULT TO DETECT WITH 3372 02:29:09,841 --> 02:29:12,344 BRAIN-BASED MEASURE AND VERY 3373 02:29:12,344 --> 02:29:14,112 HIGH SENSITIVITY LOOKING AT THEM 3374 02:29:14,112 --> 02:29:19,351 WITH DMSEEG AND SENSITIVITY OF 3375 02:29:19,351 --> 02:29:21,786 EEG AND COMPLEXITY IS IN SLOW 3376 02:29:21,786 --> 02:29:23,221 WAVES AND WE HAVE THIS CORE 3377 02:29:23,221 --> 02:29:25,123 COMPLEXITY AND SURFACE OF SLOW 3378 02:29:25,123 --> 02:29:28,393 WAVES THAT EMERGES AS A 3379 02:29:28,393 --> 02:29:30,462 DETERMINISTIC PATTERN AND REAL 3380 02:29:30,462 --> 02:29:33,198 TARGET IS UNRESPONSIVE 3381 02:29:33,198 --> 02:29:34,165 WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME AND PATIENT 3382 02:29:34,165 --> 02:29:35,967 WE DON'T KNOW BETTER THAT IS NOT 3383 02:29:35,967 --> 02:29:37,802 MUCH BEHAVIOR AND IN THIS CASE 3384 02:29:37,802 --> 02:29:39,671 IS QUITE INTERESTING AND IS 3385 02:29:39,671 --> 02:29:43,608 MAJORITY OF PATIENT THAT IS 3386 02:29:43,608 --> 02:29:47,012 STUCK IN LOW COMPLEXITY STATE 3387 02:29:47,012 --> 02:29:48,013 SLEEPLIKE ANESTHESIA WAVES IS 3388 02:29:48,013 --> 02:29:51,016 SIMPLE AND BRAIN IS ACTIVE AND 3389 02:29:51,016 --> 02:29:52,250 LOW COMPLEXITY AND THERE IS 3390 02:29:52,250 --> 02:29:56,021 SHARE OF PATIENT WHO IS INDEED 3391 02:29:56,021 --> 02:29:58,123 SHOWING THIS COMPLEX PATTERN WE 3392 02:29:58,123 --> 02:30:01,092 NORMALLY SEE ONLY IN CONSCIOUS 3393 02:30:01,092 --> 02:30:03,161 BENCHMARK THAT IS ABOUT 20% OF 3394 02:30:03,161 --> 02:30:04,562 PATIENTS THAT IS INTERESTING BY 3395 02:30:04,562 --> 02:30:06,564 CLINICAL POINT OF VIEW AND ARE 3396 02:30:06,564 --> 02:30:07,699 BOTH INTERESTING AND WHAT DOES 3397 02:30:07,699 --> 02:30:10,969 IT MEAN TO BE HIGH COMPLEXITY 3398 02:30:10,969 --> 02:30:12,504 AND UNRESPONSIVE. 3399 02:30:12,504 --> 02:30:15,607 ACTUALLY, A FEW CASES. 3400 02:30:15,607 --> 02:30:18,543 LET'S TAKE TWO PATIENTS 3401 02:30:18,543 --> 02:30:21,079 RESPONSIVE AND SAME LABEL AND 3402 02:30:21,079 --> 02:30:24,916 EWS AND THEY UNDERGO TMEG AND 3403 02:30:24,916 --> 02:30:26,451 ONE CASE YOU SEE HIGH COMPLEXITY 3404 02:30:26,451 --> 02:30:28,219 ON LEFT AND LOW COMPLEXITY ON 3405 02:30:28,219 --> 02:30:29,454 RIGHT AND I WILL SHOW YOU 3406 02:30:29,454 --> 02:30:31,890 EXAMPLE OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE 3407 02:30:31,890 --> 02:30:35,327 HIGH COMPLEXITY AND ASSUMPTION 3408 02:30:35,327 --> 02:30:37,195 AND LOGIC IS IT IS OKAY BUT 3409 02:30:37,195 --> 02:30:39,297 THERE IS A CAPACITY FOR 3410 02:30:39,297 --> 02:30:40,432 CONSCIOUS AND MAYBE IS NOT 3411 02:30:40,432 --> 02:30:41,967 EXPRESSED AND MAYBE WHAT WE NEED 3412 02:30:41,967 --> 02:30:45,870 TO DO IS LOOK FOR CHANNELS. 3413 02:30:45,870 --> 02:30:47,272 AND RESTORING EXECUTIVE FUNCTION 3414 02:30:47,272 --> 02:30:49,240 AND COMMUNICATION CHANNELS AND 3415 02:30:49,240 --> 02:30:51,509 ONE CASE RECENTLY PUBLISHED 3416 02:30:51,509 --> 02:30:53,611 TOGETHER WITH BRIAN IN BOSTON, 3417 02:30:53,611 --> 02:31:01,219 THIS IS AIEPATIENT WITH MASSIVE 3418 02:31:01,219 --> 02:31:03,888 FRONTAL INJURY DUE TO ANNURISM 3419 02:31:03,888 --> 02:31:06,958 THAT IS RESPONSIVE FOR WEEKS AND 3420 02:31:06,958 --> 02:31:11,129 EEG GOES WITH THIS OH, MY GOD. 3421 02:31:11,129 --> 02:31:12,664 OKAY? 3422 02:31:12,664 --> 02:31:15,500 AND COGNITIVE POTENTIAL AND 3423 02:31:15,500 --> 02:31:17,302 PETRI NOT [INDISCERNIBLE] SORRY 3424 02:31:17,302 --> 02:31:20,405 IT IS ABSENT AND HAPPENS. 3425 02:31:20,405 --> 02:31:23,008 COMPLEXITY IS HIGH INSTEAD. 3426 02:31:23,008 --> 02:31:25,010 SO, WE HAVE LUXURY TO PUT 3427 02:31:25,010 --> 02:31:27,112 PATIENT IN SCANNER TO RUN AN 3428 02:31:27,112 --> 02:31:29,047 ACTIVE PARADIGM THAT IS NOT 3429 02:31:29,047 --> 02:31:30,815 ALWAYS POSSIBLE AND PATIENT WAS 3430 02:31:30,815 --> 02:31:33,551 ABLE TO PERFORM MENTAL IMAGERY 3431 02:31:33,551 --> 02:31:35,553 AND SHOW RIGHT ACTIVATION THAT 3432 02:31:35,553 --> 02:31:38,390 IS SUGGESTING THAT IT WAS 3433 02:31:38,390 --> 02:31:39,557 ACTUALLY THERE IN SPITE OF 3434 02:31:39,557 --> 02:31:40,759 EVERYTHING ELSE AND IS 3435 02:31:40,759 --> 02:31:42,293 CONCURRENT EVIDENCE THAT IS 3436 02:31:42,293 --> 02:31:42,894 USEFUL. 3437 02:31:42,894 --> 02:31:45,764 THIS IS ONE CASE. 3438 02:31:45,764 --> 02:31:47,298 ANOTHER CASE THERE IS MANY CASES 3439 02:31:47,298 --> 02:31:50,101 WE SEE COMPLEXITY GROWING IN THE 3440 02:31:50,101 --> 02:31:52,704 BRAIN BEFORE IT SHOWS UP IN 3441 02:31:52,704 --> 02:31:53,104 BEHAVIOR. 3442 02:31:53,104 --> 02:31:55,006 AND THIS IS INTERESTING. 3443 02:31:55,006 --> 02:31:57,175 THIS CAN -- YOU KNOW, IT IS 3444 02:31:57,175 --> 02:31:58,877 ENCOURAGING IN THE SENSE THAT WE 3445 02:31:58,877 --> 02:32:01,613 COULD THINK OF TAKING THIS EXAM 3446 02:32:01,613 --> 02:32:05,350 FOR NOW DONE IN THE MORE CHRONIC 3447 02:32:05,350 --> 02:32:07,185 SETTING CLOSER TO TIME OF INJURY 3448 02:32:07,185 --> 02:32:10,388 THAT IS PROPOSAL THAT BRIAN IS 3449 02:32:10,388 --> 02:32:12,457 PUSHING IN MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL 3450 02:32:12,457 --> 02:32:13,825 HOSPITAL AND HAVE EVIDENCE THIS 3451 02:32:13,825 --> 02:32:18,863 CAN BE ACTUALLY HELPFUL. 3452 02:32:18,863 --> 02:32:21,566 BECAUSE THIS IS A CASE, VERY 3453 02:32:21,566 --> 02:32:25,570 FIRST ACUTE CASE WE HAVE HAD 3454 02:32:25,570 --> 02:32:29,040 THAT IS PONS MIDBRAIN AND 3455 02:32:29,040 --> 02:32:30,475 CEREBELLUM AND DEBATE ON 3456 02:32:30,475 --> 02:32:32,510 INTENSIVE CARE UNIT HOW TO 3457 02:32:32,510 --> 02:32:34,412 PROCEED THAT IS FULLY RESPONSIVE 3458 02:32:34,412 --> 02:32:36,948 FOR MANY WEEKS AND EEG IS NOT SO 3459 02:32:36,948 --> 02:32:38,983 GREAT AND THEY SEND IT TO US AND 3460 02:32:38,983 --> 02:32:44,389 WE PERFORM MEASUREMENT IN A VERY 3461 02:32:44,389 --> 02:32:46,324 ACUTE SETTIN TUBATED TO ANTHEESH 3462 02:32:46,324 --> 02:32:47,725 YOLGS IN PLACE AND YOU SEE ON 3463 02:32:47,725 --> 02:32:50,428 THE SCREEN WHAT HAPPENS THAT IS 3464 02:32:50,428 --> 02:32:52,263 FULL OF RESPONSIVENESS. 3465 02:32:52,263 --> 02:32:56,501 NO VERTICAL EYE MOVEMENTS, 3466 02:32:56,501 --> 02:32:56,901 NOTHING. 3467 02:32:56,901 --> 02:33:00,472 EXCEPT FOR ON THE SCREEN YOU SEE 3468 02:33:00,472 --> 02:33:03,775 THIS. THIS IS REALLY HIGH 3469 02:33:03,775 --> 02:33:05,343 COMPLEXITY CONFIRMED BY NUMBER 3470 02:33:05,343 --> 02:33:07,645 THAT IS ALSO INTERESTING THAT IF 3471 02:33:07,645 --> 02:33:09,881 WE LET THE PATIENT FALL ASLEEP 3472 02:33:09,881 --> 02:33:11,883 AND CLOSE THEIR EYES AND DON'T 3473 02:33:11,883 --> 02:33:15,753 DO AROUSAL PROTOCOL AND LET THEM 3474 02:33:15,753 --> 02:33:17,856 GO COMPLEXITY FALLS DOWN. IT 3475 02:33:17,856 --> 02:33:19,390 MEANS SOMETHING. INDEED AFTER 3476 02:33:19,390 --> 02:33:22,694 15 DAYS, PATIENT RECOVERED 3477 02:33:22,694 --> 02:33:24,395 VERTICAL EYE MOVEMENT AND 3478 02:33:24,395 --> 02:33:26,531 COMMUNICATED WANTED TO UNDERGO 3479 02:33:26,531 --> 02:33:27,265 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THIS AND 3480 02:33:27,265 --> 02:33:30,702 THAT AND IS POTENTIAL FOR USING 3481 02:33:30,702 --> 02:33:34,172 THIS IN ALSO IN EARLY STAGES OF 3482 02:33:34,172 --> 02:33:34,973 INJURY. 3483 02:33:34,973 --> 02:33:36,641 TWO MINUTES. 3484 02:33:36,641 --> 02:33:38,510 OKAY. 3485 02:33:38,510 --> 02:33:39,777 SUPER CHALLENGING. 3486 02:33:39,777 --> 02:33:42,780 >> YOU CAN USE QUESTIONS IN 7 3487 02:33:42,780 --> 02:33:43,081 MINUTES. 3488 02:33:43,081 --> 02:33:44,782 >> I WILL TRY NOT TO. YOU KNOW, 3489 02:33:44,782 --> 02:33:47,051 NOW IT WILL BE FLOW OF IMAGES 3490 02:33:47,051 --> 02:33:49,287 AND WORDS. 3491 02:33:49,287 --> 02:33:50,755 OKAY. LOW COMPLEXITY PATIENTS 3492 02:33:50,755 --> 02:33:53,258 THAT IS INTERESTING BECAUSE IT 3493 02:33:53,258 --> 02:33:55,460 LOOKS LIKE SLEEP ANESTHESIA AND 3494 02:33:55,460 --> 02:33:56,394 REVERSIBLE STATES AND SOME 3495 02:33:56,394 --> 02:33:58,696 RECOVER AND WE DON'T KNOW WHY. 3496 02:33:58,696 --> 02:34:01,633 SOME RECOVER COMPLEXITY AND 3497 02:34:01,633 --> 02:34:02,500 RECOVER CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3498 02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:03,635 INTERESTING WHAT HAPPENS SLEEP 3499 02:34:03,635 --> 02:34:06,037 IS A GOOD MODEL. AFTER ALL, 3500 02:34:06,037 --> 02:34:08,106 NOBODY IS DESTROYING BRAIN WHEN 3501 02:34:08,106 --> 02:34:10,475 YOU FALL ASLEEP AND HAVE SAME 3502 02:34:10,475 --> 02:34:12,043 LOSS OF COMPLEXITY AND EVIDENCE 3503 02:34:12,043 --> 02:34:14,913 AND WHAT HAPPENS IN SLEEP, YOU 3504 02:34:14,913 --> 02:34:17,782 HAVE FEET FORWARD WAVE AND 3505 02:34:17,782 --> 02:34:19,617 RECURRENT ACTIVATION ARE 3506 02:34:19,617 --> 02:34:21,319 DESTROYED AND HYPOTHESIS, WHY IS 3507 02:34:21,319 --> 02:34:23,721 IT IN SLEEP AT LEAST? 3508 02:34:23,721 --> 02:34:25,823 SLEEP DOWN STATES THE KIND OF, 3509 02:34:25,823 --> 02:34:29,194 YOU KNOW, SILENT FEAR THAT EMERY 3510 02:34:29,194 --> 02:34:31,629 SHOWED BEFORE IS THERE. THEY 3511 02:34:31,629 --> 02:34:33,698 ARE THERE BECAUSE OF INCREASING 3512 02:34:33,698 --> 02:34:36,334 ADAPTATION AND INHIBITION IN -- 3513 02:34:36,334 --> 02:34:37,402 FOR MANY REASONS THAT ARE MAIN 3514 02:34:37,402 --> 02:34:40,305 WILL I RELATED TO ACTIVATED 3515 02:34:40,305 --> 02:34:43,808 SYSTEMS AND NEURONS UNDER THIS 3516 02:34:43,808 --> 02:34:45,043 CONDITION BECOME ACTIVE AND PUSH 3517 02:34:45,043 --> 02:34:47,445 AND THEY BECOME ACTIVE THEY 3518 02:34:47,445 --> 02:34:48,980 BECOME SILENT AND THOUGHT THIS 3519 02:34:48,980 --> 02:34:50,615 IS MAYBE WHAT HAPPENS IN SLEEP 3520 02:34:50,615 --> 02:34:52,917 AND KILLER OF COMPLEXITY IS THE 3521 02:34:52,917 --> 02:34:56,120 DOWN STATE THAT CAN BE READ OUT 3522 02:34:56,120 --> 02:34:57,689 AND AT SCALP LEVEL AND 3523 02:34:57,689 --> 02:34:59,824 SUPPRESSION OF HIGH FREQUENCY 3524 02:34:59,824 --> 02:35:02,694 AND BLUE BLOB AND WENT 3525 02:35:02,694 --> 02:35:04,429 INTRACRANIALLY AND FOUND INDEED 3526 02:35:04,429 --> 02:35:06,764 IN SLEEP IN INTRACRANIAL FIELD 3527 02:35:06,764 --> 02:35:09,300 YOU HAVE SIMPLE WAVE AND 3528 02:35:09,300 --> 02:35:13,304 DOWNSTEP AND NOT ONLY THAT 3529 02:35:13,304 --> 02:35:14,205 ADDRESSES IMPORTANT CONDITION 3530 02:35:14,205 --> 02:35:15,873 WITH STAN'S QUESTION AND WHAT 3531 02:35:15,873 --> 02:35:17,642 HAPPENS DURING UP STATE AND 3532 02:35:17,642 --> 02:35:19,310 AFTER THE DOWN STATE, DOWN STATE 3533 02:35:19,310 --> 02:35:22,347 IS SILENT PERIOD AND IS 3534 02:35:22,347 --> 02:35:23,581 INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT DOWN 3535 02:35:23,581 --> 02:35:26,684 STEP IS FOLLOWED BY ACTIVITY AND 3536 02:35:26,684 --> 02:35:28,419 UPSTATE AND UPSTATE IS 3537 02:35:28,419 --> 02:35:29,954 COMPLETELY STOCHASTIC WITH 3538 02:35:29,954 --> 02:35:31,756 RESPECT TO INITIAL INPUT AND 3539 02:35:31,756 --> 02:35:34,125 SHOW THAT WITH PHASE LOCKING 3540 02:35:34,125 --> 02:35:36,361 FACTOR AND IS COMPLETE BREAK 3541 02:35:36,361 --> 02:35:38,196 DOWN OF CAUSALITY AND SILENCE 3542 02:35:38,196 --> 02:35:40,064 AND THEY ARE ALSO FORGETTING 3543 02:35:40,064 --> 02:35:40,365 AFTER. 3544 02:35:40,365 --> 02:35:43,134 THIS IS A KEY ELEMENT THAT CAN 3545 02:35:43,134 --> 02:35:45,770 DISRUPT CAUSALITY IN SPITE OF 3546 02:35:45,770 --> 02:35:47,739 NEURAL ACTIVITY DURING UPSTATE 3547 02:35:47,739 --> 02:35:49,807 AND HAPPENS IN RODENTS AND IN 3548 02:35:49,807 --> 02:35:51,876 MODELS IF YOU CHANGE PARAMETERS 3549 02:35:51,876 --> 02:35:55,113 LIKE ADAPTATIONS AND EXCITATION 3550 02:35:55,113 --> 02:35:56,881 AND INHIBITION AND MOST 3551 02:35:56,881 --> 02:35:58,583 IMPORTANT IT HAPPENS IN HUMAN 3552 02:35:58,583 --> 02:36:02,520 SLEEP OF COURSE AND IN THE WAKE 3553 02:36:02,520 --> 02:36:05,123 STATE PATIENT AND SAME THING. 3554 02:36:05,123 --> 02:36:06,858 DOWN STATE BREAKDOWN OF 3555 02:36:06,858 --> 02:36:08,026 CAUSALITY AND LOCAL COMPLEXITY 3556 02:36:08,026 --> 02:36:10,662 AND EYES OPEN. THIS IS 3557 02:36:10,662 --> 02:36:12,363 INTRUSION OF SLEEPLIKE MECHANISM 3558 02:36:12,363 --> 02:36:15,133 IN BRAIN OF PATIENT AND THIS 3559 02:36:15,133 --> 02:36:16,100 INTRUSION WHEN THIS INTRUSION 3560 02:36:16,100 --> 02:36:20,071 GOES AWAY, GRADUALLY PATIENT 3561 02:36:20,071 --> 02:36:21,372 RECOVERS CAUSALITY AND 3562 02:36:21,372 --> 02:36:22,507 COMPLEXITY AND INTERESTING, I 3563 02:36:22,507 --> 02:36:25,376 THINK IT RELATES TO YOUR WORK 3564 02:36:25,376 --> 02:36:27,912 BECAUSE YOU SHOW SOME, YOU KNOW, 3565 02:36:27,912 --> 02:36:30,581 SIMILAR THINGS. 3566 02:36:30,581 --> 02:36:32,116 AND IN THE STATE THIS IS 3567 02:36:32,116 --> 02:36:33,484 EVERYWHERE AND YOU HAVE CORTEX 3568 02:36:33,484 --> 02:36:36,387 AND ALSO IT CAN HAPPEN AFTER 3569 02:36:36,387 --> 02:36:38,956 STROKE LOCALLY AND CAN YOU HAVE 3570 02:36:38,956 --> 02:36:40,224 INTRUSION OF SLEEPLIKE DYNAMIC 3571 02:36:40,224 --> 02:36:42,160 IN THE WAKE BRAIN AFTER A 3572 02:36:42,160 --> 02:36:42,493 STROKE. 3573 02:36:42,493 --> 02:36:44,295 WHICH IS INTERESTING. 3574 02:36:44,295 --> 02:36:47,865 IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT 3575 02:36:47,865 --> 02:36:50,068 EMERY WAS SAYING SLOW WAVES ARE 3576 02:36:50,068 --> 02:36:51,736 BEGINNING OF LIFE AND END OF 3577 02:36:51,736 --> 02:36:55,473 LIFE AND SEVERE DISEASES. 3578 02:36:55,473 --> 02:36:57,975 MANY MECHANISMS THAT DID ARE 3579 02:36:57,975 --> 02:36:59,877 CONVERGING AFTER BRAIN INJURY IN 3580 02:36:59,877 --> 02:37:01,779 DETERMINING SLOW WAVES AND DON'T 3581 02:37:01,779 --> 02:37:04,749 GO HERE AND ACTIVATING SYSTEMS 3582 02:37:04,749 --> 02:37:06,984 AND INFORMATION AND HYPOXIA AND 3583 02:37:06,984 --> 02:37:08,386 CONVERGE IN LEADING TO 3584 02:37:08,386 --> 02:37:09,187 STABILITY. 3585 02:37:09,187 --> 02:37:11,456 AND ONCE -- CAN IT -- I HAVE -- 3586 02:37:11,456 --> 02:37:15,026 I HAVE ONE MINUTE? 3587 02:37:15,026 --> 02:37:17,328 >> OKAY. 3588 02:37:17,328 --> 02:37:19,864 SO, ONCE BY STABILITY IS 3589 02:37:19,864 --> 02:37:22,700 INSTANTIATED BECAUSE OF THE 3590 02:37:22,700 --> 02:37:24,669 INJURY AND EVEN LOCALLY. 3591 02:37:24,669 --> 02:37:25,837 THINGS CAN HAPPEN. 3592 02:37:25,837 --> 02:37:28,373 WE KNOW FOR EXAMPLE THAT SLOW 3593 02:37:28,373 --> 02:37:30,675 WAVES IN THE SLEEPING BRAIN, 3594 02:37:30,675 --> 02:37:32,910 THEY CAN TRAVEL AND START 3595 02:37:32,910 --> 02:37:34,645 SOMEWHERE AND TRAVEL FAR AWAY. 3596 02:37:34,645 --> 02:37:37,181 QUESTION IS, MAYBE YOU HAVE 3597 02:37:37,181 --> 02:37:38,716 FOCUS OF STABILITY AFTER INJURY 3598 02:37:38,716 --> 02:37:40,184 IN STROKE AND WAVES ARE THERE 3599 02:37:40,184 --> 02:37:42,520 AND ARE IMPAIRING LOCALLY AND 3600 02:37:42,520 --> 02:37:44,555 THEY CAN TRAVEL AND INTERFERE. 3601 02:37:44,555 --> 02:37:47,325 WITH THAT INTRACRANIALLY TAKING 3602 02:37:47,325 --> 02:37:51,262 ADVANTAGE OF RADIO FREQUENCY 3603 02:37:51,262 --> 02:37:52,330 THERMO[INDISCERNIBLE] AND HIGH 3604 02:37:52,330 --> 02:37:54,298 DENSITY STEREO-EEG RECORDINGS 3605 02:37:54,298 --> 02:37:57,201 AND WHEN AHAPPENS AROUND THE 3606 02:37:57,201 --> 02:37:58,803 LESION YOU HAVE DONUT OF SLEEP 3607 02:37:58,803 --> 02:38:00,605 IN WAKEFULNESS AND AREAS THAT 3608 02:38:00,605 --> 02:38:02,640 ARE RECEIVING WE HAVE CORTICAL 3609 02:38:02,640 --> 02:38:05,243 CORTICAL POTENTIAL AND 3610 02:38:05,243 --> 02:38:06,244 SELECTIVELY RECEIVING FROM 3611 02:38:06,244 --> 02:38:09,147 PERILESION OF SLEEPING AREA THEY 3612 02:38:09,147 --> 02:38:11,616 GO INTO SLEEPLIKE STATE IN SENSE 3613 02:38:11,616 --> 02:38:14,452 THAT DELL INCREASES AND 3614 02:38:14,452 --> 02:38:16,587 POTENTIAL FOR NETWORK 3615 02:38:16,587 --> 02:38:17,288 DISRUPTION. 3616 02:38:17,288 --> 02:38:19,957 IT IS BY STABILITY AND SLOW 3617 02:38:19,957 --> 02:38:21,659 WAVES AND LOCAL INJURIES ARE 3618 02:38:21,659 --> 02:38:25,530 DOING MORE AND DO A LOT IN TURN 3619 02:38:25,530 --> 02:38:28,332 IN VEGETATIVE STATE PATIENT AND 3620 02:38:28,332 --> 02:38:29,667 BRAIN STEM AND THALAMUS AND THIS 3621 02:38:29,667 --> 02:38:32,136 AND THAT AND ALSO IN STROKE. 3622 02:38:32,136 --> 02:38:34,205 IT IS INTERESTING. 3623 02:38:34,205 --> 02:38:36,274 BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT DOWN STATES 3624 02:38:36,274 --> 02:38:39,010 AND SLOW WAVES NOT ONLY DISRUPT 3625 02:38:39,010 --> 02:38:40,711 NETWORK AND CAUSALITY AS I 3626 02:38:40,711 --> 02:38:43,481 SHOWED BUT BEHAVIOR AND LOCALLY 3627 02:38:43,481 --> 02:38:47,585 SLOW WAVES DURING AND INTRUDING 3628 02:38:47,585 --> 02:38:49,187 WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEP 3629 02:38:49,187 --> 02:38:51,189 DEPRIVATION AND WAKEFULNESS 3630 02:38:51,189 --> 02:38:53,758 IMPAIR SELECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND 3631 02:38:53,758 --> 02:38:55,159 IMAGINE WHAT MASS INTRUSION OF 3632 02:38:55,159 --> 02:38:56,928 SLOW WAVES CAN DO IN THE BRAIN 3633 02:38:56,928 --> 02:39:00,665 AND CAN BE FIXED IN PRINCIPLE IN 3634 02:39:00,665 --> 02:39:02,733 VITRO AND IS IT GOOD TO REDUCE 3635 02:39:02,733 --> 02:39:04,836 SLOW WAVES AND GOOD THING AND 3636 02:39:04,836 --> 02:39:06,871 NEED TO THINK ABOUT IT AND SLOW 3637 02:39:06,871 --> 02:39:09,607 WAVES ARE GOOD AND SLOW WAVES IN 3638 02:39:09,607 --> 02:39:11,576 SLEEP WE PAY FOR MANY THINGS 3639 02:39:11,576 --> 02:39:14,779 STATIC AND PLASTIC AND INJURIES 3640 02:39:14,779 --> 02:39:17,448 IN ACUTE PHASE COULD BE THE CASE 3641 02:39:17,448 --> 02:39:19,550 AND HAVE TO BE CARINGFUL AND TRY 3642 02:39:19,550 --> 02:39:21,085 TO UNDERSTAND WHEN GOOD AND BAD 3643 02:39:21,085 --> 02:39:23,354 AND WHAT THEY DO AND COMPLICATED 3644 02:39:23,354 --> 02:39:25,122 METHOD AND WANT TO FINISH AND 3645 02:39:25,122 --> 02:39:26,858 KNOW WE SHOULD LOOK FORWARD AND 3646 02:39:26,858 --> 02:39:29,527 SPIRIT OF MEETING AND GOOD TO 3647 02:39:29,527 --> 02:39:31,562 LOOK BACK BECAUSE EARLY IDEAS 3648 02:39:31,562 --> 02:39:34,098 ARE GREAT IDEAS AND WE HAVE TO 3649 02:39:34,098 --> 02:39:37,001 VALUE AND OUR IDEAS WILL BE 3650 02:39:37,001 --> 02:39:41,172 TESTED IN THE FUTURE AND THIS IS 3651 02:39:41,172 --> 02:39:42,974 PROPOSING DIE ASQUEEZIS BY 3652 02:39:42,974 --> 02:39:44,976 OBSERVING FIGURING OUT LESION IS 3653 02:39:44,976 --> 02:39:46,010 DOING SOMETHING BECAUSE OF LOSS 3654 02:39:46,010 --> 02:39:48,246 OF NEURONS AND DOING A LOT 3655 02:39:48,246 --> 02:39:50,214 BECAUSE OF NETWORK FUNCTIONAL 3656 02:39:50,214 --> 02:39:54,752 EFFECT AND DISRUPTION OF FAR 3657 02:39:54,752 --> 02:39:56,187 AWAY ACTIVITY. 3658 02:39:56,187 --> 02:39:57,488 AND THEN THERE WAS ANOTHER 3659 02:39:57,488 --> 02:39:57,822 NOTION. 3660 02:39:57,822 --> 02:40:03,928 THIS IS ONE OF THE FATHERS OF 3661 02:40:03,928 --> 02:40:04,795 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY THAT 3662 02:40:04,795 --> 02:40:06,197 DISCOVER DELTA RHYTHM FOR FIRST 3663 02:40:06,197 --> 02:40:08,666 TIME WAS DESCRIBED IN THIS AREA 3664 02:40:08,666 --> 02:40:10,301 AND PUT THIS ALL TOGETHER AND 3665 02:40:10,301 --> 02:40:11,302 WITH THE HELP OF [INDISCERNIBLE] 3666 02:40:11,302 --> 02:40:16,908 THAT I ALSO WANT TO THANK AND 3667 02:40:16,908 --> 02:40:27,451 REMEMBER WHO DISCOVERED THAT -- 3668 02:40:29,353 --> 02:40:30,688 THESE ARE GREAT 3669 02:40:30,688 --> 02:40:33,024 NEUROPHYSIOLOGISTS AND GREAT 3670 02:40:33,024 --> 02:40:39,063 IDEAS THAT ARE BECOMING ONLY 100 3671 02:40:39,063 --> 02:40:41,732 YEARS LATER IN LAB CLINICAL 3672 02:40:41,732 --> 02:40:46,003 STUFF AND WE WORK AND ALL 3673 02:40:46,003 --> 02:40:51,876 COLLABORATORS -- WHICH IS 3674 02:40:51,876 --> 02:40:55,079 ANOTHER FANTASTIC TEAM WE WORK 3675 02:40:55,079 --> 02:41:01,752 ON AND THANK YOU FOR IT. 3676 02:41:01,752 --> 02:41:03,821 >> THANK YOU FOR THE VERY 3677 02:41:03,821 --> 02:41:05,022 INTERESTING TALK. MY QUESTION 3678 02:41:05,022 --> 02:41:09,460 IS RELATED TO COMBA. THERE ARE 3679 02:41:09,460 --> 02:41:11,295 PATIENTS THAT CAN RECOVER 3680 02:41:11,295 --> 02:41:14,699 THROUGH COMBA IN PERIOD OF 3681 02:41:14,699 --> 02:41:17,501 SEVERAL DAYS AND IN MONTHS AND 3682 02:41:17,501 --> 02:41:19,770 YEARS AND CAN PCI MEASURE 3683 02:41:19,770 --> 02:41:21,672 COMPLEXITY AND VALUE CHANGES OF 3684 02:41:21,672 --> 02:41:23,774 PCI OVER TIME OR DAYS OR MONTHS 3685 02:41:23,774 --> 02:41:25,977 CAN IT BE USED TO PREDICT WHEN A 3686 02:41:25,977 --> 02:41:28,379 PERSON CAN RECOVER FROM COMA? 3687 02:41:28,379 --> 02:41:29,747 HAVE YOU STUDIED THAT? 3688 02:41:29,747 --> 02:41:31,782 LIKE I IS A YOU THAT YOU HAVE 3689 02:41:31,782 --> 02:41:37,221 SOME INDICES LIKE THE PCI WAS 3690 02:41:37,221 --> 02:41:39,890 .44 VERSUS .23 AND WHAT IS 3691 02:41:39,890 --> 02:41:42,526 TIMESCALE YOU MEASURE DURING 3692 02:41:42,526 --> 02:41:43,928 OVER DAYS OR TIME? THANK YOU. 3693 02:41:43,928 --> 02:41:47,264 >> THANK YOU. JUST TO CLARIFY 3694 02:41:47,264 --> 02:41:49,433 BY COMA YOU MEAN COMA EYES 3695 02:41:49,433 --> 02:41:52,670 CLOSED NO AROUSAL OR IN GENERAL 3696 02:41:52,670 --> 02:41:56,007 DISORDERS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS 3697 02:41:56,007 --> 02:41:57,408 RESPONSIVENESS FROM VEGETATIVE 3698 02:41:57,408 --> 02:41:58,943 STATE SORRY JUST WANT TO ANSWER. 3699 02:41:58,943 --> 02:42:01,412 >> PATIENT IS IN COMA. 3700 02:42:01,412 --> 02:42:02,880 >> EYES CLOSED. 3701 02:42:02,880 --> 02:42:03,481 >> YES. 3702 02:42:03,481 --> 02:42:06,083 >> I DON'T EXPECT PCI TO BE -- I 3703 02:42:06,083 --> 02:42:08,386 WOULD BE SURPRISED IF I WAS TO 3704 02:42:08,386 --> 02:42:13,958 -- I NEVER FOUND PCI HIGH IN A 3705 02:42:13,958 --> 02:42:17,795 COMA AND NO AROUSAL OR 3706 02:42:17,795 --> 02:42:21,198 COMPLEXITY OR PCI. 3707 02:42:21,198 --> 02:42:22,867 MEASUREMENT BECOMES INTERESTING 3708 02:42:22,867 --> 02:42:25,870 MOMENT YOU RECOVER AROUSAL EYES 3709 02:42:25,870 --> 02:42:27,738 OPENING AND MASTER SWITCH OF YOU 3710 02:42:27,738 --> 02:42:29,807 KNOW WAKEFULNESS AS WE SAY BUT 3711 02:42:29,807 --> 02:42:31,142 YOU KNOW AND IT IS INTERESTING 3712 02:42:31,142 --> 02:42:34,712 BECAUSE RECOVERY OF AROUSAL CAN 3713 02:42:34,712 --> 02:42:36,147 HAVE DIFFERENT CONSEQUENCES. 3714 02:42:36,147 --> 02:42:40,384 IN SOME PATIENTS, CORTEX REMAINS 3715 02:42:40,384 --> 02:42:42,453 IN STUCK IN SLEEPLIKE STATE AND 3716 02:42:42,453 --> 02:42:45,723 IS MAIN POINT AND IS 80% OF 3717 02:42:45,723 --> 02:42:46,223 PATIENTS. 3718 02:42:46,223 --> 02:42:49,593 20% RECOVER AROUSAL AND RECOVER 3719 02:42:49,593 --> 02:42:52,897 COMPLEXITY AND NOT BEHAVIOR. 3720 02:42:52,897 --> 02:42:53,764 SO, YES. 3721 02:42:53,764 --> 02:42:56,367 ONCE EYES ARE OPENING HAPPENS IS 3722 02:42:56,367 --> 02:42:58,169 USEFUL TO TRACK THEM AND EXAMPLE 3723 02:42:58,169 --> 02:43:00,705 I SHOWED IS MEASUREMENTS 3724 02:43:00,705 --> 02:43:03,708 SEPARATED BY 10 DAYS AND 1, 10 3725 02:43:03,708 --> 02:43:05,342 DAYS AND 20 DAYS. 3726 02:43:05,342 --> 02:43:07,812 >> GREAT. 3727 02:43:07,812 --> 02:43:11,716 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3728 02:43:11,716 --> 02:43:16,220 >> OKAY. FINAL SPEAKER FOR THIS 3729 02:43:16,220 --> 02:43:21,892 SESSION IS PROFESSOR MOFAKHAM. 3730 02:43:21,892 --> 02:43:24,228 SIMA HAS BEEN TRAINED AS A 3731 02:43:24,228 --> 02:43:26,130 NUCLEAR PHYSICIST AND HAS BEEN 3732 02:43:26,130 --> 02:43:28,365 WORKING ON CONDENSED MATTER 3733 02:43:28,365 --> 02:43:28,666 PHYSICS. 3734 02:43:28,666 --> 02:43:33,904 SHE WAS GRADUATED FROM THE 3735 02:43:33,904 --> 02:43:37,775 ULTIMATE BEST UNIVERSITY IN IRAN 3736 02:43:37,775 --> 02:43:40,511 CALLED SHARIF AND CAME TO UNITED 3737 02:43:40,511 --> 02:43:43,481 STATES AND HAD PHD IN 3738 02:43:43,481 --> 02:43:46,150 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE AT 3739 02:43:46,150 --> 02:43:48,285 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND POST 3740 02:43:48,285 --> 02:43:50,721 DOC AT MIU AND HAS BEEN FACULTY 3741 02:43:50,721 --> 02:43:54,625 AT STONEY BROOK IN THE LAST FIVE 3742 02:43:54,625 --> 02:43:56,594 YEARS AND LAB FOCUSES ON STUDIES 3743 02:43:56,594 --> 02:43:59,497 OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3744 02:43:59,497 --> 02:44:08,372 COMBINES INTRACRANIAL -- 3745 02:44:08,372 --> 02:44:12,209 >> THANK YOU JOSEPH FOR A KIND 3746 02:44:12,209 --> 02:44:15,880 INTRODUCTION AND THANKING 3747 02:44:15,880 --> 02:44:20,918 ORGANIZER BIYU AND NHF AND NIH 3748 02:44:20,918 --> 02:44:22,686 AND ALL OF YOU. I WANT TO TALK 3749 02:44:22,686 --> 02:44:24,655 ABOUT RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 3750 02:44:24,655 --> 02:44:26,857 AFTER A TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. 3751 02:44:26,857 --> 02:44:29,260 RESEARCH WE HAVE BEEN DOING FOR 3752 02:44:29,260 --> 02:44:38,402 THE LAST FIVE OR 6 YEARS ATSTONY 3753 02:44:38,402 --> 02:44:38,636 BROOK. 3754 02:44:38,636 --> 02:44:39,804 CAN I PROCEED? 3755 02:44:39,804 --> 02:44:40,905 IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION ALL 3756 02:44:40,905 --> 02:44:42,873 OF THE DEVICES HAVE BEEN USING 3757 02:44:42,873 --> 02:44:45,376 THIS STUDY AND THEY ARE USED IN 3758 02:44:45,376 --> 02:44:47,812 ACCORDANCE WITH FDA APPROVED 3759 02:44:47,812 --> 02:44:48,112 LABELING. 3760 02:44:48,112 --> 02:44:51,782 FIRST THING FIRST, I WANT TO 3761 02:44:51,782 --> 02:44:54,418 ACKNOWLEDGE MY TEAM. MICHAEL 3762 02:44:54,418 --> 02:44:57,221 FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGEON RUN LAB 3763 02:44:57,221 --> 02:44:59,957 TOGETHER IN DEPARTMENT AT STONEY 3764 02:44:59,957 --> 02:45:00,958 BROOK AND [INDISCERNIBLE] 3765 02:45:00,958 --> 02:45:02,493 DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR OF 3766 02:45:02,493 --> 02:45:05,129 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND YURI 3767 02:45:05,129 --> 02:45:09,433 WHO IS A CLOSE COLLABORATOR AND 3768 02:45:09,433 --> 02:45:19,910 GREAT FRIEND -- ALSO CREATE 3769 02:45:34,258 --> 02:45:35,826 CAUSAL PERTURBATIONS AND SEE HOW 3770 02:45:35,826 --> 02:45:38,562 THE BRAIN RESPONDS TO THAT. 3771 02:45:38,562 --> 02:45:40,965 WE ALSO DEVELOP BEHAVIORAL 3772 02:45:40,965 --> 02:45:42,700 MEASURES THAT CAN OBJECTIVELY 3773 02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:44,501 MEASURE RECOVERY OF 3774 02:45:44,501 --> 02:45:47,371 CONSCIOUSNESS IN PATIENTS. 3775 02:45:47,371 --> 02:45:51,008 NOW, ALL THESE TOGETHER GIVES US 3776 02:45:51,008 --> 02:45:55,613 AN INSIGHT THAT HAS CELLULAR AND 3777 02:45:55,613 --> 02:45:57,414 NETWORK INTERACTIONS THAT RESULT 3778 02:45:57,414 --> 02:46:00,384 IN RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN 3779 02:46:00,384 --> 02:46:03,387 THESE PATIENTS AND OVERARCHING 3780 02:46:03,387 --> 02:46:07,258 GOAL OF THE TEAM IS BASICALLY TO 3781 02:46:07,258 --> 02:46:09,193 DEVELOP NOVEL THERAPEUTIC 3782 02:46:09,193 --> 02:46:09,660 APPROACHES. 3783 02:46:09,660 --> 02:46:12,129 FOR EXAMPLE, THIS LIGHT I'M 3784 02:46:12,129 --> 02:46:15,165 SHOWING HERE IS THIS STIMULATION 3785 02:46:15,165 --> 02:46:17,568 PROPOSAL TO FACILITATE RETURN OF 3786 02:46:17,568 --> 02:46:20,004 CONSCIOUSNESS IN PATIENTS. 3787 02:46:20,004 --> 02:46:21,572 SO, TODAY, I WILL START WITH 3788 02:46:21,572 --> 02:46:23,974 SHOWING YOU SOME OF THE CLINICAL 3789 02:46:23,974 --> 02:46:25,976 OBSERVATION AND HOW DO PATIENTS 3790 02:46:25,976 --> 02:46:28,379 RECOVER CONSCIOUSNESS AND WHAT 3791 02:46:28,379 --> 02:46:30,381 INTERACTIONS SUPPORT RECOVERY OF 3792 02:46:30,381 --> 02:46:34,385 CONSCIOUSNESS AND BEHAVIORAL 3793 02:46:34,385 --> 02:46:36,186 MEASURES, SEE ME. WE ARE 3794 02:46:36,186 --> 02:46:39,223 DEVELOPING IN THE LAB THAT 3795 02:46:39,223 --> 02:46:42,693 OBJECTIVELY MEASURES BEHAVIORAL 3796 02:46:42,693 --> 02:46:46,797 COMPONENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3797 02:46:46,797 --> 02:46:51,201 OUTLOOK FOR BROADER FIELD KEY 3798 02:46:51,201 --> 02:46:53,637 QUESTIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 3799 02:46:53,637 --> 02:46:55,673 AS YOU KNOW TRAUMATIC BRAIN 3800 02:46:55,673 --> 02:46:58,442 INJURY CAN RESULT IN LOSS OF 3801 02:46:58,442 --> 02:47:00,644 CONSCIOUSNESS STONYBROOK RECEIVE 3802 02:47:00,644 --> 02:47:03,714 70 TO 80 CASES AND GRAPH ON 3803 02:47:03,714 --> 02:47:05,749 RIGHT YOU SEE TIME TO COMMAND 3804 02:47:05,749 --> 02:47:08,452 FOLLOWING IS IMPORTANT TO 3805 02:47:08,452 --> 02:47:09,887 MENTION THAT THERE IS TALK 3806 02:47:09,887 --> 02:47:12,289 TALKING ABOUT RECOVERY OF 3807 02:47:12,289 --> 02:47:14,558 CONSCIOUSNESS AND WHAT I MEAN IS 3808 02:47:14,558 --> 02:47:17,928 RECOVERY OF COMMAND FOLLOWING 3809 02:47:17,928 --> 02:47:19,596 GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR THAT 3810 02:47:19,596 --> 02:47:21,899 DOESN'T COVER -- IT DOESN'T 3811 02:47:21,899 --> 02:47:24,301 COVER OR INCLUDE COVERT 3812 02:47:24,301 --> 02:47:24,768 CONSCIOUSNESS. 3813 02:47:24,768 --> 02:47:26,270 IF YOU LOOK AT THE GRAPH, YOU 3814 02:47:26,270 --> 02:47:29,473 SEE THAT THE MOST OF THE 3815 02:47:29,473 --> 02:47:31,608 PATIENTS, THEY RECOVERED 3816 02:47:31,608 --> 02:47:33,744 CAPACITY TO FOLLOW COMMAND 3817 02:47:33,744 --> 02:47:35,079 PRETTY SOON WITHIN THE FIRST 10 3818 02:47:35,079 --> 02:47:37,514 DAYS AND SOME THAT TAKES WEEKS 3819 02:47:37,514 --> 02:47:39,483 AND MONTHS TO RECOVER 3820 02:47:39,483 --> 02:47:41,251 CONSCIOUSNESS AND 20% OF THOSE 3821 02:47:41,251 --> 02:47:46,123 THAT THEY DON'T RECOVER 3822 02:47:46,123 --> 02:47:46,557 CONSCIOUSNESS. 3823 02:47:46,557 --> 02:47:50,561 WE BUILT IT LARGE DATABASE OF 3824 02:47:50,561 --> 02:47:51,795 670 PATIENTS AT STONYBROOK LAST 3825 02:47:51,795 --> 02:47:54,465 THEIR TA ENYEARS LOOKING AT HOW 3826 02:47:54,465 --> 02:47:56,734 PATIENTS RECOVER CONSCIOUSNESS 3827 02:47:56,734 --> 02:47:58,202 BASICALLY CURRENT WAYS OF 3828 02:47:58,202 --> 02:48:01,605 MEASURING LEVELS OF 3829 02:48:01,605 --> 02:48:03,607 CONSCIOUSNESS AS MAR CELLO IS ON 3830 02:48:03,607 --> 02:48:05,709 BASED ON BEHAVIOR MEASURING 3831 02:48:05,709 --> 02:48:08,245 BASED ON SCORING SYSTEM LIKE GCS 3832 02:48:08,245 --> 02:48:10,314 THAT IS ONE OF THEM THAT IS 3833 02:48:10,314 --> 02:48:14,351 BASICALLY BASED ON EYE OPENING 3834 02:48:14,351 --> 02:48:16,453 VARIABLE AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR. 3835 02:48:16,453 --> 02:48:20,457 SO, HERE IN THE FIGURE, YOU CAN 3836 02:48:20,457 --> 02:48:23,927 SEE TRAJECTORY OF RECOVERY. 3837 02:48:23,927 --> 02:48:26,930 IT IS FOR POPULATION OF THESE 3838 02:48:26,930 --> 02:48:28,732 PATIENTS AND EACH TRACE IS 3839 02:48:28,732 --> 02:48:30,901 TRAJECTORY RECOVERY FOR ONE 3840 02:48:30,901 --> 02:48:31,468 PATIENT. 3841 02:48:31,468 --> 02:48:34,405 LOOKING AT THIS FIGURE, I HOPE 3842 02:48:34,405 --> 02:48:36,440 YOU CAN SEE THERE IS TWO 3843 02:48:36,440 --> 02:48:39,943 DIFFERENT DISTINCT PATTERNS OF 3844 02:48:39,943 --> 02:48:42,613 RECOVERY EMERGING. 3845 02:48:42,613 --> 02:48:45,749 ONE IS SHOWN IN BLUE AND OTHER 3846 02:48:45,749 --> 02:48:49,086 IN BLACK AND HAVE SEPARATED 3847 02:48:49,086 --> 02:48:51,922 THESE TRAJECTORIES BASED ON 3848 02:48:51,922 --> 02:48:54,758 RECOVERY RATE OF PATIENTS. 3849 02:48:54,758 --> 02:49:00,097 IF YOU TAKE AVERAGE OF THESE 3850 02:49:00,097 --> 02:49:02,699 TRACES, YOU CAN SEE FAST GROUP 3851 02:49:02,699 --> 02:49:06,070 CURVE LOOKS EXPONENTIAL AND SLOW 3852 02:49:06,070 --> 02:49:09,940 ONE LOOKS LIKE MORE SIGMOIDAL 3853 02:49:09,940 --> 02:49:10,340 CURVE. 3854 02:49:10,340 --> 02:49:12,242 NOW, WE HAVE BUILT CLASSIFIERS 3855 02:49:12,242 --> 02:49:14,745 WITH MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES 3856 02:49:14,745 --> 02:49:18,182 AND CLASSIFIABLE SUPERVISED AND 3857 02:49:18,182 --> 02:49:20,217 UNSUPERVISED THAT ARE CAPABLE OF 3858 02:49:20,217 --> 02:49:21,618 IDENTIFYING THE TWO GROUPS AND 3859 02:49:21,618 --> 02:49:23,887 NOW THE QUESTION IS WHAT ARE 3860 02:49:23,887 --> 02:49:27,858 UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ARE 3861 02:49:27,858 --> 02:49:29,426 SUPPORTING THESE DISTINCT 3862 02:49:29,426 --> 02:49:30,594 RECOVERY PATTERNS? 3863 02:49:30,594 --> 02:49:32,696 SO, THE FAST RECOVERY GROUPS 3864 02:49:32,696 --> 02:49:35,966 THAT ARE SHOWN IN BLUE, IT IS 3865 02:49:35,966 --> 02:49:37,501 MORE OR LESS FOLLOWING NUN OR 3866 02:49:37,501 --> 02:49:41,338 ALL RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 3867 02:49:41,338 --> 02:49:45,275 THAT IS EXPLAINED BY NICO SHIFTS 3868 02:49:45,275 --> 02:49:47,945 MODEL AS A CIRCUIT MODEL THAT IS 3869 02:49:47,945 --> 02:49:51,215 DUE TO RETURN OF AEROSOL AND 3870 02:49:51,215 --> 02:49:52,549 EXCITABILITY OF CORTICAL NETWORK 3871 02:49:52,549 --> 02:49:54,384 AND SLOW RECOVERY CARE HOWEVER 3872 02:49:54,384 --> 02:49:56,487 DOESN'T FOLLOW THAT AND 3873 02:49:56,487 --> 02:49:58,388 HYPOTHESIZE RECOULD EVERY OF 3874 02:49:58,388 --> 02:49:59,790 CONSCIOUSNESS IN SLOW RECOVERY 3875 02:49:59,790 --> 02:50:03,627 CARE IS DUE TO GRADUAL RECOVERY 3876 02:50:03,627 --> 02:50:05,629 OF CONNECTIVITY AND WHAT ARE 3877 02:50:05,629 --> 02:50:07,331 FACTORS THAT EFFECT CONNECTIVITY 3878 02:50:07,331 --> 02:50:10,334 OF CORTICAL NETWORKS? 3879 02:50:10,334 --> 02:50:14,371 PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT 3880 02:50:14,371 --> 02:50:17,040 [INDISCERNIBLE] PLAYS A ROLE. 3881 02:50:17,040 --> 02:50:19,309 NOW, NEW MODEL OF THALAMUS IS 3882 02:50:19,309 --> 02:50:21,945 THAT THALAMUS IS NOT JUST 3883 02:50:21,945 --> 02:50:23,380 PASSIVE RELAY OF SENSORY 3884 02:50:23,380 --> 02:50:27,251 INFORMATION TO CORTEX BUT RATHER 3885 02:50:27,251 --> 02:50:36,360 ACTIVELY HIGHER THAT'LL MIC -- 3886 02:50:36,360 --> 02:50:39,763 INTERACTION IN CORTEX AND BASED 3887 02:50:39,763 --> 02:50:41,665 ON OBSERVATIONS WE HYPOTHESIZE 3888 02:50:41,665 --> 02:50:44,368 FLEXIBLE INFORMATION COGNITIVE 3889 02:50:44,368 --> 02:50:48,071 NEURAL ENSEMBLES NEED TOED R 3890 02:50:48,071 --> 02:50:49,773 GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR AND TO 3891 02:50:49,773 --> 02:50:51,975 EXAMINE IT THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE 3892 02:50:51,975 --> 02:50:54,745 USED DTRI NEUROIMAGING TO LOOK 3893 02:50:54,745 --> 02:50:56,914 AT INTEGRITY OF THE TRACKS THAT 3894 02:50:56,914 --> 02:51:00,918 THEY ARE ORIGINATING FROM WHOLE 3895 02:51:00,918 --> 02:51:03,153 THALAMUS AND [INDISCERNIBLE] TO 3896 02:51:03,153 --> 02:51:06,823 PFC THAT IS INCLUDING PFC AND 3897 02:51:06,823 --> 02:51:09,927 MPFC AND A CONSIDER. C AND OFC 3898 02:51:09,927 --> 02:51:15,299 AND CORRELATED INTEGRITY FOR 3899 02:51:15,299 --> 02:51:18,068 ENTROPY FOR OUTCOME OF THE 3900 02:51:18,068 --> 02:51:18,535 PATIENTS. 3901 02:51:18,535 --> 02:51:21,672 AND AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE PLOT 3902 02:51:21,672 --> 02:51:23,640 ON THE RIGHT THAT PATIENTS THAT 3903 02:51:23,640 --> 02:51:26,610 THEY HAD HIGH INTEGRITY OF 3904 02:51:26,610 --> 02:51:29,546 THAT'LL MAL CORTICAL PROJECTIONS 3905 02:51:29,546 --> 02:51:31,415 SHOWED FAVORABLE RESULTS AND 3906 02:51:31,415 --> 02:51:33,584 FAVORABLE RESULT HERE IS DEFINED 3907 02:51:33,584 --> 02:51:36,920 AS RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3908 02:51:36,920 --> 02:51:39,856 IT IS WITHIN UNCONSCIOUSNESS 3909 02:51:39,856 --> 02:51:43,527 HERE FOLLOWING COMMAND THAT IS 3910 02:51:43,527 --> 02:51:48,365 WITHIN 30 DAYS AFTER BRAIN 3911 02:51:48,365 --> 02:51:49,233 INJURY. 3912 02:51:49,233 --> 02:51:50,467 NOW, TO SEE HOW A STRUCTURE 3913 02:51:50,467 --> 02:51:55,439 CONNECTS TO DYNAMICS, WE ALSO 3914 02:51:55,439 --> 02:51:59,476 USE SEIZURE MONITORING DEPTH 3915 02:51:59,476 --> 02:52:01,111 ELECTRODES IMPLANTED FROM PFC TO 3916 02:52:01,111 --> 02:52:04,414 A CONSIDER. C AND 10 CONTACTS 3917 02:52:04,414 --> 02:52:05,916 RECORDING EACH OF THESE AND 3918 02:52:05,916 --> 02:52:07,684 APPLYING STIMULATION AND THIS IS 3919 02:52:07,684 --> 02:52:10,420 A VERY RARE SETTING IN TYPES OF 3920 02:52:10,420 --> 02:52:12,356 PATIENTS THAT CAN IN ADDITION TO 3921 02:52:12,356 --> 02:52:15,192 DIRECT ACING CRESS TO THE DEPTH 3922 02:52:15,192 --> 02:52:19,396 CORTICAL REGIONS IN HUMAN, HE 3923 02:52:19,396 --> 02:52:22,299 CAN ALSO PERTURB REGION SEEING 3924 02:52:22,299 --> 02:52:25,936 HOW BRAIN RESPONDS AS THEY 3925 02:52:25,936 --> 02:52:26,637 RECOVER CONSCIOUSNESS. 3926 02:52:26,637 --> 02:52:28,672 IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION ALL 3927 02:52:28,672 --> 02:52:32,109 STUDIES ARE IRB APPROVED AND IN 3928 02:52:32,109 --> 02:52:34,578 ADDITION DATA SAFETY MONITORING 3929 02:52:34,578 --> 02:52:36,413 BOARD ALSO SUPERVISES STUDIES 3930 02:52:36,413 --> 02:52:38,382 AND IMPLANTATION IS DONE BECAUSE 3931 02:52:38,382 --> 02:52:42,953 OF THE CLINICAL BENEFIT FOR 3932 02:52:42,953 --> 02:52:44,821 PATIENTS. 3933 02:52:44,821 --> 02:52:47,758 NOW, LET'S LOOK AT THE -- HOW 3934 02:52:47,758 --> 02:52:51,928 THE BRAIN RESPONDS WHEN YOU 3935 02:52:51,928 --> 02:52:54,164 APPLY SINGLE PULSES OF 3936 02:52:54,164 --> 02:52:55,799 STIMULATION LOOKING AT RESPONSES 3937 02:52:55,799 --> 02:52:57,467 HERE AND APPLY STIMULATION 3938 02:52:57,467 --> 02:53:02,739 PULSES AT ACC AND ARE RECORDING 3939 02:53:02,739 --> 02:53:05,976 RESPONSES ON SALP CHANNELS AND 3940 02:53:05,976 --> 02:53:09,513 EXAMPLE OF TWO PATIENTS WITH TC 3941 02:53:09,513 --> 02:53:13,617 THAT IS AWAKE AND ONE WITH NO TC 3942 02:53:13,617 --> 02:53:15,552 THAT IS NOT RECOVERING AND 3943 02:53:15,552 --> 02:53:18,822 RESPONSES FOR PATIENT NOT 3944 02:53:18,822 --> 02:53:23,060 RECOVERY IS STEREOTYPICAL HUGE 3945 02:53:23,060 --> 02:53:24,061 RESPONSES REP TETTIVE AND 3946 02:53:24,061 --> 02:53:27,164 STEREOTYPICAL AND SIMILAR TO 3947 02:53:27,164 --> 02:53:30,000 WHAT MAR CELLO WAS SHOWING IN 3948 02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:33,937 HIS RESEARCH AND PATIENT WITH NO 3949 02:53:33,937 --> 02:53:36,940 THALAMIC INJURY RESPONSES ARE 3950 02:53:36,940 --> 02:53:39,876 COMPLEX AND VARIABLE AND WE HAVE 3951 02:53:39,876 --> 02:53:41,978 DONE ANALYSIS FOR ALL OF THE 3952 02:53:41,978 --> 02:53:44,014 FIVE PATIENTS THAT THEY WERE 3953 02:53:44,014 --> 02:53:45,949 IMPLANTED WITH ELECTRODE AND 3954 02:53:45,949 --> 02:53:48,719 THOUGHT THAT THALAMIC INJURY 3955 02:53:48,719 --> 02:53:51,922 RESULTED IN LOW COMPLEXITY AND 3956 02:53:51,922 --> 02:53:55,692 LOW VARIABILITY OF THE SIGNALS. 3957 02:53:55,692 --> 02:53:58,161 SO, MOST AWAKE PERSON OR 3958 02:53:58,161 --> 02:54:00,364 PATIENTS HAD HIGHEST COMPLEXITY 3959 02:54:00,364 --> 02:54:03,767 AND HIGHEST VARIABILITY IN THESE 3960 02:54:03,767 --> 02:54:07,137 SIGNALS. 3961 02:54:07,437 --> 02:54:09,906 NOW, TO SEE HOW DYNAMICS EVOLVE 3962 02:54:09,906 --> 02:54:12,376 OVER TIME WE HAVE DONE PHASES 3963 02:54:12,376 --> 02:54:14,077 BASED RECONSTRUCTION AND IDEA IS 3964 02:54:14,077 --> 02:54:16,346 YOU PULL OUT SIGNAL BASED ON 3965 02:54:16,346 --> 02:54:18,115 DELAYED VERSION THAT IS TO 3966 02:54:18,115 --> 02:54:21,918 CAPTURE UNDERLYING DYNAMICS THAT 3967 02:54:21,918 --> 02:54:25,389 SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AND BUILT 3968 02:54:25,389 --> 02:54:26,723 UNDERLYING STRUCTURES THAT 3969 02:54:26,723 --> 02:54:28,959 SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN MOST AWAKE 3970 02:54:28,959 --> 02:54:32,362 ONE. YOU CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT 3971 02:54:32,362 --> 02:54:36,299 THAT PHASES ARE VERY COMPLEX AND 3972 02:54:36,299 --> 02:54:38,402 LOOKS MUCH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 3973 02:54:38,402 --> 02:54:40,370 HAS LOTS OF FREEDOM. 3974 02:54:40,370 --> 02:54:43,006 IT IS UNPREDICTABLE AND HAS A 3975 02:54:43,006 --> 02:54:46,843 LOT OF POSSIBLE STATES. 3976 02:54:46,843 --> 02:54:50,347 I WANTED MAYBE LATER I CAN TALK 3977 02:54:50,347 --> 02:54:53,617 TO KALINA ABOUT THESE AND HER 3978 02:54:53,617 --> 02:54:57,421 IDEA OF UNPREDICTABILITY. 3979 02:54:57,421 --> 02:55:01,758 FOR THE DEEP COMBA WITH THALAMIC 3980 02:55:01,758 --> 02:55:05,762 INJURY, YOU SEE PHASES FACE 3981 02:55:05,762 --> 02:55:07,531 LOOKS LIKE A STRUCTURED ACTOR 3982 02:55:07,531 --> 02:55:09,533 THAT IS PREDICTABLE AND 3983 02:55:09,533 --> 02:55:11,001 REPETITIVE AND LIMITED NUMBER OF 3984 02:55:11,001 --> 02:55:12,969 STATES ARE AVAILABLE AND 3985 02:55:12,969 --> 02:55:15,939 BASICALLY NO FREEDOM AND WHEN WE 3986 02:55:15,939 --> 02:55:19,476 APPLIED SINGLE PULSES OF 3987 02:55:19,476 --> 02:55:22,479 STIMULATION, WE SAW THAT 3988 02:55:22,479 --> 02:55:23,647 STIMULATION DIDN'T CHANGE 3989 02:55:23,647 --> 02:55:27,584 TRAJECTORY OF THE STATES IN THE 3990 02:55:27,584 --> 02:55:28,852 ATTRACTOR. 3991 02:55:28,852 --> 02:55:31,621 FOR A PERSON WHO IS IN AWAKE 3992 02:55:31,621 --> 02:55:33,557 STATE, STIMULATION TAKES 3993 02:55:33,557 --> 02:55:38,395 TRAJECTORY TO DIFFERENT 3994 02:55:38,395 --> 02:55:38,695 DIRECTIONS. 3995 02:55:38,695 --> 02:55:41,832 SO, TAKE-HOME MESSAGE FROM THE 3996 02:55:41,832 --> 02:55:45,936 STAGE IS VAGUS STATE IS COMPLEX 3997 02:55:45,936 --> 02:55:48,205 AND UNPREDICTABLE AND HAS LOTS 3998 02:55:48,205 --> 02:55:51,208 OF FREEDOM AND IN COMA STATE 3999 02:55:51,208 --> 02:55:53,710 WITH THALAMIC INJURY CORTICAL 4000 02:55:53,710 --> 02:55:56,413 STATES THERE IS STUCK IN THIS 4001 02:55:56,413 --> 02:55:58,381 ATTRACTOR THAT IS LIMITED NUMBER 4002 02:55:58,381 --> 02:56:02,219 OF -- HAS VERY LIMITED NUMBER OF 4003 02:56:02,219 --> 02:56:04,754 POSSIBLE STAKES REPETITIVE AND 4004 02:56:04,754 --> 02:56:05,088 PREDICTABLE. 4005 02:56:05,088 --> 02:56:07,057 AND WE HAVE REPEATED THIS 4006 02:56:07,057 --> 02:56:10,927 ANALYSIS AND IT IS IN A BUNCH OF 4007 02:56:10,927 --> 02:56:14,197 PATIENTS RECOVERING PATIENTS 20 4008 02:56:14,197 --> 02:56:16,600 PATIENTS EEG AND OBSERVE SIMILAR 4009 02:56:16,600 --> 02:56:19,135 THING AND ANALYZE FURTHER USING 4010 02:56:19,135 --> 02:56:21,938 REOCCURRENCE PLOT AND CALCULATED 4011 02:56:21,938 --> 02:56:23,340 DETERMINISM LEVEL AND SAW 4012 02:56:23,340 --> 02:56:26,276 PATIENTS THAT THEY HAVE HIGH 4013 02:56:26,276 --> 02:56:28,378 INTEGRITY OF THAT'LL AMMAL 4014 02:56:28,378 --> 02:56:29,446 CORTICAL [INDISCERNIBLE] HAVE 4015 02:56:29,446 --> 02:56:31,882 LOW THAT'LL AMMISM AND IT IS 4016 02:56:31,882 --> 02:56:33,250 HIGH AND VERY PREDICTABLE 4017 02:56:33,250 --> 02:56:35,452 DYNAMIC THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH 4018 02:56:35,452 --> 02:56:39,289 THIS AND COLLABORATOR AND HIS 4019 02:56:39,289 --> 02:56:45,128 TEAM ALSO TRIED TO USE GAUSSIAN 4020 02:56:45,128 --> 02:56:47,564 PROCESSES TO PREDICT SIGNALS 4021 02:56:47,564 --> 02:56:49,900 BASED ON HISTORY AND FOUND IT 4022 02:56:49,900 --> 02:56:52,402 EASIER TO PREDICT SIGNALS WITH 4023 02:56:52,402 --> 02:56:55,572 THALAMIC INJURY PREDICTED FOR 4024 02:56:55,572 --> 02:56:57,941 LONGER TIME AND MORE ACCURACY 4025 02:56:57,941 --> 02:57:00,343 AND FOUND THAT WHEN THERE IS 4026 02:57:00,343 --> 02:57:01,745 THALAMIC INJURY NUMBER OF 4027 02:57:01,745 --> 02:57:03,380 CORTICAL STATES WILL SHRINK AND 4028 02:57:03,380 --> 02:57:07,350 ARE MUCH LESS STATES AVAILABLE. 4029 02:57:07,350 --> 02:57:10,387 NOW, SPEAKING ON PAST, THIS IS 4030 02:57:10,387 --> 02:57:12,322 WHAT ACTUALLY WILLIAM JAMES 4031 02:57:12,322 --> 02:57:19,796 FOUND AND WROTE IN 1890 THAT 4032 02:57:19,796 --> 02:57:23,266 THAT'LL AM US IS REQUIRED FOR 4033 02:57:23,266 --> 02:57:26,503 PREDICTABLE BEHAVIOR. 4034 02:57:26,503 --> 02:57:37,047 WHY IT CREATES -- IN THIS MODEL 4035 02:57:39,649 --> 02:57:40,517 CORTEX INCLUDED EXCITATORYIN 4036 02:57:40,517 --> 02:57:43,219 HIBTORY CELLS AND THALAMUS DOES 4037 02:57:43,219 --> 02:57:45,288 TWO IMPORTANT THINGS PROVIDING 4038 02:57:45,288 --> 02:57:49,559 EXCITATORY INPUT TO CORTEX AND 4039 02:57:49,559 --> 02:57:53,463 ACTIVELY AMPLIFIES CORTICAL 4040 02:57:53,463 --> 02:57:54,631 CORTICAL SYNAPTIC GATES AND THIS 4041 02:57:54,631 --> 02:57:59,035 MODEL IS SUCCESSFUL TO SIMULATE 4042 02:57:59,035 --> 02:58:01,204 SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY IN COMBA 4043 02:58:01,204 --> 02:58:02,872 AND AWAKE AND SLOW WAVE THAT 4044 02:58:02,872 --> 02:58:05,041 EMERY WAS TALKING ABOUT THIS 4045 02:58:05,041 --> 02:58:06,943 MORNING AND ALSO WAS SUCCESSFUL 4046 02:58:06,943 --> 02:58:11,381 TO REPLICATE IN THE COMPLEX 4047 02:58:11,381 --> 02:58:14,651 RESPONSES THAT IS SHOWING IN 4048 02:58:14,651 --> 02:58:17,120 AWAKE AND STEREOTYPICAL RESPONSE 4049 02:58:17,120 --> 02:58:21,358 IN COMA AND COMPLEX PHASES 4050 02:58:21,358 --> 02:58:23,159 FACING AWAKE AND ATTRACTER 4051 02:58:23,159 --> 02:58:25,328 DYNAMICS IN COMA AND IN THIS 4052 02:58:25,328 --> 02:58:27,931 MODEL WE HAVE AN EXPERIMENT THAT 4053 02:58:27,931 --> 02:58:29,766 WE IMBEDDED IN NEURAL 4054 02:58:29,766 --> 02:58:32,235 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 4055 02:58:32,235 --> 02:58:33,403 STRENGTHENING SOME CONNECTIONS. 4056 02:58:33,403 --> 02:58:36,773 AND WE LOOKED AT DYNAMIC 4057 02:58:36,773 --> 02:58:39,009 ENSEMBLE IN COMA AND IN AWAKE 4058 02:58:39,009 --> 02:58:41,845 STATE AND ACTIVITY OF NEURONS 4059 02:58:41,845 --> 02:58:43,913 FOREIGN SEMABLE THAT IS SHOWN IN 4060 02:58:43,913 --> 02:58:45,915 RED BOX HERE AND AS YOU CAN SEE 4061 02:58:45,915 --> 02:58:49,152 IN THE COMA STATE THAT SPIKES 4062 02:58:49,152 --> 02:58:51,321 FOLLOW THE REST OF THE NETWORK 4063 02:58:51,321 --> 02:58:53,223 AND THEY CANNOT DISTINGUISH 4064 02:58:53,223 --> 02:58:56,359 ACTIVITY FROM THE REST OF THE 4065 02:58:56,359 --> 02:58:56,726 NETWORK. 4066 02:58:56,726 --> 02:59:00,864 ADDING THALAMIC INPUT AND IN 4067 02:59:00,864 --> 02:59:03,633 AWAKE STATE AND COMPLEX AWAKE 4068 02:59:03,633 --> 02:59:06,403 STATE, YOU CAN SEE NEURONS COME 4069 02:59:06,403 --> 02:59:09,072 TOGETHER AND ACTIVITY OF THESE 4070 02:59:09,072 --> 02:59:11,007 ENSEMBLE IS SHOWN IN RED BOX 4071 02:59:11,007 --> 02:59:13,410 HERE THAT IS VERY DISTINCT FROM 4072 02:59:13,410 --> 02:59:15,745 THE REST OF THE NETWORK. 4073 02:59:15,745 --> 02:59:18,248 ENSEMBLE IS ACTIVATED AND 4074 02:59:18,248 --> 02:59:19,549 ENSEMBLE CAN THINK ABOUT A CUP 4075 02:59:19,549 --> 02:59:22,986 OF COFFEE OR GOING TO DREAM OR 4076 02:59:22,986 --> 02:59:24,888 ANY THOUGHT YOU HAVE. 4077 02:59:24,888 --> 02:59:26,289 PREDICTION OF THESE MODELS IS 4078 02:59:26,289 --> 02:59:29,592 THAT RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 4079 02:59:29,592 --> 02:59:32,228 REQUIRED THALAMIC SUPPORT OF 4080 02:59:32,228 --> 02:59:33,830 CORTICAL NETWORK THAT HAS 4081 02:59:33,830 --> 02:59:36,366 DYNAMIC AND FLEXIBLE FORMATION 4082 02:59:36,366 --> 02:59:38,935 OF COGNITIVE NEURAL ENSEMBLES 4083 02:59:38,935 --> 02:59:40,904 AND BASICALLY WHAT THIS MODEL IS 4084 02:59:40,904 --> 02:59:44,240 SAYING IS THAT THALAMUS SUFFERS 4085 02:59:44,240 --> 02:59:46,276 CORTICAL NEURONS TO COME 4086 02:59:46,276 --> 02:59:48,078 TOGETHER AND CODE INFORMATION 4087 02:59:48,078 --> 02:59:50,146 AND CUP OF COFFEE AND JEAN AT 4088 02:59:50,146 --> 02:59:52,248 NIH AND WHAT I NEED TO APPLY AND 4089 02:59:52,248 --> 02:59:54,751 ALL THESE THINGS AND NICE AND 4090 02:59:54,751 --> 02:59:57,787 DYNAMIC DANCE OF THESE 4091 02:59:57,787 --> 02:59:59,622 ENSEMBLES, IT IS WHAT THAT 4092 02:59:59,622 --> 03:00:01,357 CREATES THE COMPLEXITY THAT WE 4093 03:00:01,357 --> 03:00:05,729 SEE IN THE PHASE OF SPACE OF 4094 03:00:05,729 --> 03:00:07,097 ECOG RECORDING. 4095 03:00:07,097 --> 03:00:10,433 THIS IS MAIN PREDICTION OF THE 4096 03:00:10,433 --> 03:00:10,834 MODEL. 4097 03:00:10,834 --> 03:00:13,670 NOW, WHAT WE DID IS SEPARATED 4098 03:00:13,670 --> 03:00:15,905 ROLE OF EXCITABILITY AND 4099 03:00:15,905 --> 03:00:19,309 CONNECTIVITY IN THESE MODELS AND 4100 03:00:19,309 --> 03:00:21,911 BASICALLY WE STARTED WITH WEAK 4101 03:00:21,911 --> 03:00:23,379 EXCITABILITY INCREASE 4102 03:00:23,379 --> 03:00:25,248 EXCITABILITY OF THE NETWORK 4103 03:00:25,248 --> 03:00:28,752 GRADUALLY AND SAW IT IS ALL OR 4104 03:00:28,752 --> 03:00:31,721 NONE BASICALLY EFFECT ENSEMBLE 4105 03:00:31,721 --> 03:00:33,356 APPEARS SUDDENLY HERE AND DOING 4106 03:00:33,356 --> 03:00:35,391 THIS IN CONNECTIVITY, WE SAW 4107 03:00:35,391 --> 03:00:38,128 THAT EMERGENCE OF ENSEMBLE IS 4108 03:00:38,128 --> 03:00:39,929 REALLY GRADUAL AND INTERESTING 4109 03:00:39,929 --> 03:00:42,198 TO SEE IT STARTS IN SMALL 4110 03:00:42,198 --> 03:00:44,834 PATCHES AND ISLANDS AND MERGED 4111 03:00:44,834 --> 03:00:48,371 TOGETHER ENSEMBLE EMERGES AND IS 4112 03:00:48,371 --> 03:00:50,173 VERY CONSISTENT WITH CLINICAL 4113 03:00:50,173 --> 03:00:52,709 OBSERVATION THAT I SHOWED YOU IN 4114 03:00:52,709 --> 03:00:55,011 THE BEGINNING AND SO FAR I 4115 03:00:55,011 --> 03:00:58,715 SHOWED YOU THAT THALAMIC 4116 03:00:58,715 --> 03:01:02,118 INJURIES CORRELATES WITH DEFICIT 4117 03:01:02,118 --> 03:01:05,054 GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVOR THAT 4118 03:01:05,054 --> 03:01:07,557 CREATES A FUNCTIONALLY PASSIVE 4119 03:01:07,557 --> 03:01:09,959 STATE THAT IS STUCK IN THIS 4120 03:01:09,959 --> 03:01:12,796 ATTRACTOR THAT IS PREDICTABLE 4121 03:01:12,796 --> 03:01:15,899 LOW COMPLEXITY AND 4122 03:01:15,899 --> 03:01:16,266 DETERMINISTIC. 4123 03:01:16,266 --> 03:01:18,501 IT HAS -- IT ONLY ALLOWS LIMITED 4124 03:01:18,501 --> 03:01:22,372 NUMBER OF STATES THAT ARE 4125 03:01:22,372 --> 03:01:23,907 PERIODIC. 4126 03:01:23,907 --> 03:01:27,644 THAT ARE PERIODICALLY MOVE TO 4127 03:01:27,644 --> 03:01:32,348 THIS STATE. THE LAST AND MOST 4128 03:01:32,348 --> 03:01:34,651 IMPORTANT LOW COMPLEXITY AND 4129 03:01:34,651 --> 03:01:38,421 PREDICT BABILITY DYNAMIC 4130 03:01:38,421 --> 03:01:41,991 COMPARED TO ENSEMBLE DYNAMIC AND 4131 03:01:41,991 --> 03:01:43,726 TOLD YOU ABOUT STRUCTURE AND 4132 03:01:43,726 --> 03:01:47,764 INTERACTION NEEDED FOR RECOVERY 4133 03:01:47,764 --> 03:01:50,133 OF CONSCIOUSNESS, ITS BIOMARKERS 4134 03:01:50,133 --> 03:01:52,035 AND OUR MODEL AND INCLUDES REAL 4135 03:01:52,035 --> 03:01:55,271 TIME OBJECTIVE BEHAVIOR MODEL OF 4136 03:01:55,271 --> 03:01:55,638 CONSCIOUSNESS. 4137 03:01:55,638 --> 03:01:58,341 SO, IN THE LAB, WE ARE TRYING TO 4138 03:01:58,341 --> 03:02:00,109 DEVELOP THIS MEASURE OF 4139 03:02:00,109 --> 03:02:01,744 CONSCIOUSNESS AND BEHAVIOR 4140 03:02:01,744 --> 03:02:03,947 MEASURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT IS 4141 03:02:03,947 --> 03:02:07,016 COMMAND FOLLOWING THAT IS BASED 4142 03:02:07,016 --> 03:02:10,053 ON QUANTIFYING STIMULUS EVOKED 4143 03:02:10,053 --> 03:02:14,958 FACIAL MICRO EXPRESSION AND AS 4144 03:02:14,958 --> 03:02:17,160 MAR CELLO SAYS MEASURING LEVEL 4145 03:02:17,160 --> 03:02:19,329 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND SLOW 4146 03:02:19,329 --> 03:02:21,030 CLINICIAN DEPENDENCE AND 4147 03:02:21,030 --> 03:02:24,100 SUBJECTIVE AND SO THEY ARE NOT 4148 03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:28,938 GOOD TO PLUG INTO CLOSED LOOP 4149 03:02:28,938 --> 03:02:29,939 STIMULATION SYSTEM. 4150 03:02:29,939 --> 03:02:33,977 TO IMPROVE IN THIS METHOD, WE 4151 03:02:33,977 --> 03:02:37,146 HAVE WHAT WE ARE DOING IS 4152 03:02:37,146 --> 03:02:38,681 VIDEOTAPING PATIENT SPACE AND WE 4153 03:02:38,681 --> 03:02:40,383 ARE PRESENTING AUDIO SIGNALS. 4154 03:02:40,383 --> 03:02:43,052 FOR EXAMPLE, WE ARE ASKING THEM 4155 03:02:43,052 --> 03:02:45,455 TO OPEN YOUR EYE AND MAKE A 4156 03:02:45,455 --> 03:02:47,957 SMILE AND WE ARE TRACKING 4157 03:02:47,957 --> 03:02:49,926 PICHLEL AND PICHLEL THEIR FACE 4158 03:02:49,926 --> 03:02:58,401 AND PICHLEL BY PICHLEL X AND YP 4159 03:02:58,401 --> 03:02:59,035 AND PIXEL THEIR FACE AND PIXEL 4160 03:02:59,035 --> 03:03:03,006 BY PIXEL X AND Y. 4161 03:03:03,006 --> 03:03:04,407 VISUALIZE IN HEAT MAP AND 4162 03:03:04,407 --> 03:03:06,009 SHOWING EXAMPLE AND FACE IS 4163 03:03:06,009 --> 03:03:08,378 BLURRED BECAUSE OF IRB 4164 03:03:08,378 --> 03:03:08,711 REQUIREMENT. 4165 03:03:08,711 --> 03:03:11,915 WHAT YOU SEE BELOW THE BLUE LINE 4166 03:03:11,915 --> 03:03:13,683 IS SOME OF ACTIVITY AROUND THE 4167 03:03:13,683 --> 03:03:16,219 EYE AREA. I WILL PRESENT THE 4168 03:03:16,219 --> 03:03:19,289 PATIENT BY OPENING YOUR EYE 4169 03:03:19,289 --> 03:03:19,656 COMMAND. 4170 03:03:19,656 --> 03:03:24,394 RED LINE IS WHERE YOU OPEN YOUR 4171 03:03:24,394 --> 03:03:28,097 EYE COMMAND IS PRESENTED. 4172 03:03:28,097 --> 03:03:30,700 YOU CAN APPRECIATE BREATHING 4173 03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:32,402 MOVEMENT IN THE FACE NOW WHERE 4174 03:03:32,402 --> 03:03:34,137 IT HEATS RED LINE AND OPEN YOUR 4175 03:03:34,137 --> 03:03:35,972 EYE AND COMMAND IS PRESENTED AND 4176 03:03:35,972 --> 03:03:39,442 YOU SEE THE EYE MOVEMENT AROUND 4177 03:03:39,442 --> 03:03:41,878 THE EYE. 4178 03:03:41,878 --> 03:03:45,949 THIS IS MISSED BY CLINICIANS. 4179 03:03:45,949 --> 03:03:48,151 ONLY 20% OF THESE -- THEY CAN BE 4180 03:03:48,151 --> 03:03:51,688 OBSERVED BY CLINICIANS. 4181 03:03:51,688 --> 03:03:54,123 SOME MORE EXAMPLE IS DIFFERENT 4182 03:03:54,123 --> 03:03:55,959 COMMANDS THAT YOU CAN PRESENT 4183 03:03:55,959 --> 03:03:59,262 AND OVERALL WE OBSERVED THAT 4184 03:03:59,262 --> 03:04:02,498 USING THIS TECHNIQUE WE CAN 4185 03:04:02,498 --> 03:04:04,167 DETECT AND PREDICT CONSCIOUSNESS 4186 03:04:04,167 --> 03:04:09,973 10 DAYS AND EARLIER THAN CRS AND 4187 03:04:09,973 --> 03:04:12,375 WITH NAKED EYE BASICALLY AND 4188 03:04:12,375 --> 03:04:15,845 THIS IS CRUCIAL AND LOTS OF 4189 03:04:15,845 --> 03:04:17,647 DECISIONS ABOUT KEEPING PATIENTS 4190 03:04:17,647 --> 03:04:19,482 AND WITHDRAWING CARE IS MADE 4191 03:04:19,482 --> 03:04:20,750 DURING THIS TIME. 4192 03:04:20,750 --> 03:04:23,019 SO, THE OUTLOOK AND KEY 4193 03:04:23,019 --> 03:04:24,620 QUESTIONS, I THINK FIRST 4194 03:04:24,620 --> 03:04:27,290 QUESTION, HOW CAN WE OBJECTIVELY 4195 03:04:27,290 --> 03:04:32,395 GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR AND EMG 4196 03:04:32,395 --> 03:04:34,364 PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN SOME 4197 03:04:34,364 --> 03:04:35,665 SUCCESS WITH THESE I THINK OR 4198 03:04:35,665 --> 03:04:39,969 SEE ME TECHNIQUE THAT IS ALSO 4199 03:04:39,969 --> 03:04:44,874 VERY EASY TO IMPLANT AND IN THE 4200 03:04:44,874 --> 03:04:48,478 BEDSIDE AND IS EASY TO BE 4201 03:04:48,478 --> 03:04:51,581 INTEGRATED WITH E COG AND FUTURE 4202 03:04:51,581 --> 03:04:53,349 TECHNIQUES SAMPLE MUSCLES AND 4203 03:04:53,349 --> 03:04:56,285 SEAMLESS LINKAGE TO EEG AND ECOG 4204 03:04:56,285 --> 03:04:57,720 AND SECOND THING WHAT IS 4205 03:04:57,720 --> 03:04:59,922 MECHANISM OF RECOVERY OF 4206 03:04:59,922 --> 03:05:01,524 CONSCIOUSNESS AND SHOWING TWO 4207 03:05:01,524 --> 03:05:03,292 MECHANISMS FAST AND SLOW AND 4208 03:05:03,292 --> 03:05:09,966 CONNECTED THOSE TO NEURAL ENSEM 4209 03:05:09,966 --> 03:05:13,736 FORMATION AND HAVE DIRECT HOW 4210 03:05:13,736 --> 03:05:16,005 CAN YOU FACILITATE RECOVERY OF 4211 03:05:16,005 --> 03:05:17,340 CONSCIOUSNESS AND CORTICAL 4212 03:05:17,340 --> 03:05:19,075 STIMULATION WORK AND IN MODEL WE 4213 03:05:19,075 --> 03:05:21,511 SHOWED IF YOU APPLY CORTICAL 4214 03:05:21,511 --> 03:05:24,380 STIMULATION THAT THE DASHED LINE 4215 03:05:24,380 --> 03:05:29,585 IS ONLY -- IT HAS MORE EFFECT IF 4216 03:05:29,585 --> 03:05:31,854 PERSON IS LACKING EXCITABILITY 4217 03:05:31,854 --> 03:05:35,658 AND NOT AS EFFECTIVE IF 4218 03:05:35,658 --> 03:05:37,693 CONNECTIVITY IS MISSING AND WE 4219 03:05:37,693 --> 03:05:41,531 SAW THAT EXPERIMENTALLY WHEN WE 4220 03:05:41,531 --> 03:05:44,400 APPLIED TO SINGLE STIMULATIONS 4221 03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,236 OF ACC OF PATIENT AND SAW 4222 03:05:47,236 --> 03:05:49,639 AEROSOL WAS INCREASED BY 4223 03:05:49,639 --> 03:05:51,240 INCREASED HEART RATE AND 4224 03:05:51,240 --> 03:05:53,609 BREATHING AND WHAT DO WE DO TO 4225 03:05:53,609 --> 03:05:55,011 ENTRIES TO FACILITATE RECOVERY 4226 03:05:55,011 --> 03:05:57,647 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND IN PATIENTS 4227 03:05:57,647 --> 03:06:02,819 THAT THEY LACK CONNECTIVITY. 4228 03:06:02,819 --> 03:06:06,989 WE TALKED ABOUT ROLE OF THALAMUS 4229 03:06:06,989 --> 03:06:07,924 AND EXCITABILITY AND 4230 03:06:07,924 --> 03:06:10,927 CONNECTIVITY AND THINK THAT WE 4231 03:06:10,927 --> 03:06:14,163 -- WE THINK THAT WITH 4232 03:06:14,163 --> 03:06:15,798 RESOLVEMENT AND OTHER COLLEAGUES 4233 03:06:15,798 --> 03:06:19,535 WE DISCUSS CLOSE STIMULATION 4234 03:06:19,535 --> 03:06:22,872 PARADIGM THAT IS PAIRED 4235 03:06:22,872 --> 03:06:25,908 STIMULATION IN THALAMUS AND WHAT 4236 03:06:25,908 --> 03:06:28,411 IS SHOWED EARLIER TODAY AND MD 4237 03:06:28,411 --> 03:06:29,779 FOR CONNECTIVITY AND WHAT 4238 03:06:29,779 --> 03:06:32,415 FASHION I THINK IT SHOULD BE 4239 03:06:32,415 --> 03:06:36,319 CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM COUPLED WITH 4240 03:06:36,319 --> 03:06:37,220 PREDICTIVE MODELING AND 4241 03:06:37,220 --> 03:06:39,489 REAL-TIME BEHAVIORAL MEASURE OF 4242 03:06:39,489 --> 03:06:44,393 CONSCIOUSNESS AND WITH THAT I AM 4243 03:06:44,393 --> 03:06:49,098 DONE. 4244 03:06:49,098 --> 03:06:56,405 >> WE HAVE FIVE MINUTES FOR 4245 03:06:56,405 --> 03:06:58,574 QUESTI 4246 03:06:58,574 --> 03:06:58,875 QUESTIONS. 4247 03:06:58,875 --> 03:07:00,343 BEAUTIFUL TALK AND APPROACH 4248 03:07:00,343 --> 03:07:01,677 SEEMS EXCITING AND CURIOUS IF 4249 03:07:01,677 --> 03:07:03,379 YOU HAVE STANDARDS FOR AS YOU 4250 03:07:03,379 --> 03:07:06,048 KNOW ASSESSING LEVEL OF 4251 03:07:06,048 --> 03:07:06,983 CONSCIOUSNESS IN PEOPLE WITH 4252 03:07:06,983 --> 03:07:08,918 CHRONIC DISORDERS AND 4253 03:07:08,918 --> 03:07:11,120 CONSCIOUSNESS VERY DEPENDENT ON 4254 03:07:11,120 --> 03:07:13,289 AROUSAL STATE AND STIMULATORY 4255 03:07:13,289 --> 03:07:14,657 PROTOCOLS IS THERE A PROTOCOL 4256 03:07:14,657 --> 03:07:16,325 YOU DO SOMETHING TO BE SURE 4257 03:07:16,325 --> 03:07:17,960 PATIENT IS SUFFICIENTLY AROUSED 4258 03:07:17,960 --> 03:07:20,796 AND DO IT REPEATED ASSESSMENTS 4259 03:07:20,796 --> 03:07:22,698 AND HOW DOES IT ALL WORK? 4260 03:07:22,698 --> 03:07:27,937 >> YEAH. WAY WE DO IT, FIRST OF 4261 03:07:27,937 --> 03:07:29,839 ALL WE MAKE SURE SEDATIONS ARE 4262 03:07:29,839 --> 03:07:32,408 OFF BEFORE WE DO IT AND WE DO 4263 03:07:32,408 --> 03:07:33,776 CRS FIRST. 4264 03:07:33,776 --> 03:07:36,379 AND THEN WE DO THE SEE ME. 4265 03:07:36,379 --> 03:07:39,015 AND WE REPEAT THAT TWO TIMES A 4266 03:07:39,015 --> 03:07:42,618 DAY FOR THE DURATION THAT THEY 4267 03:07:42,618 --> 03:07:44,253 ARE IN HOSPITAL. 4268 03:07:44,253 --> 03:07:45,955 >> THANK YOU. 4269 03:07:45,955 --> 03:07:46,289 >> OF COURSE. 4270 03:07:46,289 --> 03:07:49,091 >> QUESTION ONLINE. 4271 03:07:49,091 --> 03:07:53,429 DO YOU BELIEVE ROLE OF THALAMUS 4272 03:07:53,429 --> 03:07:57,533 ACTS AS PER TUBATIVE -- NOTING 4273 03:07:57,533 --> 03:07:58,968 OTHERWISE WOULD GET CAUGHT IN 4274 03:07:58,968 --> 03:08:01,003 ATTRACTOR OR DOMINATED STATE. 4275 03:08:01,003 --> 03:08:03,873 >> SO, I THINK THAT THALAMUS I 4276 03:08:03,873 --> 03:08:07,443 DON'T KNOW IF I UNDERSTOOD THE 4277 03:08:07,443 --> 03:08:08,377 QUESTION WELL. 4278 03:08:08,377 --> 03:08:10,913 IF IT WAS WHAT THALAMUS DOES TO 4279 03:08:10,913 --> 03:08:13,249 INHIBIT THE ATTRACTOR, IS THAT 4280 03:08:13,249 --> 03:08:14,250 THE QUESTION? 4281 03:08:14,250 --> 03:08:16,686 >> SO, I -- WHAT THALAMUS DOES 4282 03:08:16,686 --> 03:08:20,656 IS IT ENABLES CORTICAL NEURONS 4283 03:08:20,656 --> 03:08:22,058 TO GO IN FUNCTIONAL ACTIVE STATE 4284 03:08:22,058 --> 03:08:24,493 THAT THEY CAN ACTUALLY 4285 03:08:24,493 --> 03:08:26,495 COMMUNICATE TOGETHER AND COME 4286 03:08:26,495 --> 03:08:29,565 TOGETHER FORM ENSEMBLES AND GET 4287 03:08:29,565 --> 03:08:32,134 ENSEMBLES ACTIVATED AND 4288 03:08:32,134 --> 03:08:35,705 DEACTIVATES AND ENSEMBLES AND 4289 03:08:35,705 --> 03:08:38,441 ANOTHER ENSEMBLE AND COMPLEX 4290 03:08:38,441 --> 03:08:40,743 PHASES FACE AND IF YOU REMOVE 4291 03:08:40,743 --> 03:08:43,312 THEY PASSIVELY GO UP AND DOWN 4292 03:08:43,312 --> 03:08:47,383 WITH THALAMIC RHYTHM, BASICALLY. 4293 03:08:47,383 --> 03:08:52,021 >> THANK YOU. VERY CLEAR TALK. 4294 03:08:52,021 --> 03:08:54,323 WITH THIS FAITH BASED ANALYSIS 4295 03:08:54,323 --> 03:08:55,491 IF I UNDERSTAND CORRECTLY WHAT 4296 03:08:55,491 --> 03:08:57,960 YOU DO IS TIME DELAY IMBEDDING 4297 03:08:57,960 --> 03:08:59,395 AND FACE ANALYSIS. 4298 03:08:59,395 --> 03:09:00,129 >> YES. 4299 03:09:00,129 --> 03:09:02,598 >> THAT IS DONE ON SAME SIGNAL; 4300 03:09:02,598 --> 03:09:03,633 RIGHT? 4301 03:09:03,633 --> 03:09:05,101 >> YEAH. 4302 03:09:05,101 --> 03:09:07,703 >> DO YOU ADD SOME DELAYS MORE 4303 03:09:07,703 --> 03:09:11,140 THAN OTHERS AND SEE SOME KIND OF 4304 03:09:11,140 --> 03:09:12,675 BIFURCATION OR AVALANCHES THAT 4305 03:09:12,675 --> 03:09:15,411 WOULD HAPPEN OR HAVE SOME KIND 4306 03:09:15,411 --> 03:09:16,145 OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATE 4307 03:09:16,145 --> 03:09:18,914 TO THE POPULATIONS THAT YOU 4308 03:09:18,914 --> 03:09:20,816 WOULD THEN MODEL OR THAT WOULD 4309 03:09:20,816 --> 03:09:28,991 KICK THIS OUT OF THE ATTRACTOR 4310 03:09:28,991 --> 03:09:30,760 INSTANCE? AM I BEING CLEAR? IF 4311 03:09:30,760 --> 03:09:32,094 YOU HAVE DELAY THAT TIME SCALE 4312 03:09:32,094 --> 03:09:34,997 MUST HAVE A MEANING IN TERMS OF 4313 03:09:34,997 --> 03:09:35,998 CHANGE AND TRAJECTORY THAT CAN 4314 03:09:35,998 --> 03:09:38,267 GO THIS WAY OR THAT WAY AND YOU 4315 03:09:38,267 --> 03:09:41,437 HAVE CRITICAL SLOWING DOWN OR 4316 03:09:41,437 --> 03:09:42,972 AVALANCHES THAT WOULD INDICATE A 4317 03:09:42,972 --> 03:09:44,373 STATE CHANGE AND I'M INTERESTED 4318 03:09:44,373 --> 03:09:45,941 IN THE TIME COMPONENT THAT YOU 4319 03:09:45,941 --> 03:09:49,178 -- IF YOU SEE THAT IN -- IN WHAT 4320 03:09:49,178 --> 03:09:50,846 DELAY DO YOU SEE THIS? 4321 03:09:50,846 --> 03:09:54,183 >> I THINK WE TRIED DIFFERENT 4322 03:09:54,183 --> 03:09:54,417 DELAYS. 4323 03:09:54,417 --> 03:09:56,252 AND NOW I'M TRYING TO REMEMBER 4324 03:09:56,252 --> 03:09:58,287 HOW DID YOU PICK THE DELAY? 4325 03:09:58,287 --> 03:10:00,990 CAN I LOOK IT UP AND TELL YOU 4326 03:10:00,990 --> 03:10:01,223 LATER? 4327 03:10:01,223 --> 03:10:01,724 >> SURE. 4328 03:10:01,724 --> 03:10:02,758 >> YEAH. 4329 03:10:02,758 --> 03:10:03,426 >> THANKS. 4330 03:10:03,426 --> 03:10:05,061 >> FOR SOME REASON I DON'T 4331 03:10:05,061 --> 03:10:05,328 REMEMBER. 4332 03:10:05,328 --> 03:10:06,829 >> STAN TAKES LAST QUESTION. 4333 03:10:06,829 --> 03:10:08,964 >> THANK YOU FOR BEAUTIFUL TALK 4334 03:10:08,964 --> 03:10:11,367 AND PROCEEDING QUESTION AND BOTH 4335 03:10:11,367 --> 03:10:14,470 OF YOU AND WHAT ARE PROSPECTS 4336 03:10:14,470 --> 03:10:16,439 USING LESS INVASIVE STIMULATION 4337 03:10:16,439 --> 03:10:18,541 AND DIRECT STIMULATION TO GET IN 4338 03:10:18,541 --> 03:10:20,409 CORTEX AND PERHAPS IN FOCUSED 4339 03:10:20,409 --> 03:10:21,977 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND IS THIS 4340 03:10:21,977 --> 03:10:23,913 BEING USED AT THE MOMENT IN -- 4341 03:10:23,913 --> 03:10:25,548 AT YOUR PLACE OR OTHER PLACES? 4342 03:10:25,548 --> 03:10:29,752 >> I MEAN, WE HAVE NOT -- 4343 03:10:29,752 --> 03:10:31,520 MARSHALL, WANT TO ANSWER THAT 4344 03:10:31,520 --> 03:10:33,322 QUESTION? I THINK YOU ARE 4345 03:10:33,322 --> 03:10:35,558 BETTER AND CAN TALK BETTER ABOUT 4346 03:10:35,558 --> 03:10:35,725 IT. 4347 03:10:35,725 --> 03:10:39,995 >> IS IT STANDING FOR RECOVERY 4348 03:10:39,995 --> 03:10:42,331 FOR DIAGNOSTIC. 4349 03:10:42,331 --> 03:10:42,732 >> STIMULATION. 4350 03:10:42,732 --> 03:10:46,902 >> TO BE HONEST I DON'T HAVE 4351 03:10:46,902 --> 03:10:52,341 EXPERIENCE WITH THAT EXCEPT FOR 4352 03:10:52,341 --> 03:10:53,609 ULTRA SOUND AND INITIAL 4353 03:10:53,609 --> 03:10:54,977 OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL RESULTS 4354 03:10:54,977 --> 03:10:55,644 THAT I KNOW. 4355 03:10:55,644 --> 03:10:57,947 >> WE ARE THINKING TO BUY THAT 4356 03:10:57,947 --> 03:10:59,949 BECAUSE IT LOOKS SO PROMISING 4357 03:10:59,949 --> 03:11:03,252 AND IS TOO EXPENSIVE AND GETS 4358 03:11:03,252 --> 03:11:08,391 FUNDING FROM NIH. 4359 03:11:08,391 --> 03:11:11,560 >> >> YEAH. DO YOU MIND? 4360 03:11:11,560 --> 03:11:11,994 >> YEAH. 4361 03:11:11,994 --> 03:11:14,497 >> CAN WE ASK THE QUESTION AND 4362 03:11:14,497 --> 03:11:17,366 WAIT FOR THE GENERAL DISCUSSION. 4363 03:11:17,366 --> 03:11:18,801 BECAUSE WHAT HAPPENED THIS 4364 03:11:18,801 --> 03:11:21,003 MORNING IF YOU DON'T MIND WE GO 4365 03:11:21,003 --> 03:11:23,639 GRAB LUNCH AND COME HERE AND DO 4366 03:11:23,639 --> 03:11:24,940 THE GENERAL DISCUSSION 4367 03:11:24,940 --> 03:11:26,475 SIMULTANEOUSLY SO WE SAVE SOME 4368 03:11:26,475 --> 03:11:28,411 TIME AND GIVE FIVE MINUTES FOR 4369 03:11:28,411 --> 03:11:30,446 YOU TO GRAB DRINKS AND LUNCH AND 4370 03:11:30,446 --> 03:11:31,180 GENERAL DISCUSSION WILL START 4371 03:11:31,180 --> 03:11:32,581 AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY ASK 4372 03:11:32,581 --> 03:11:33,782 QUESTIONS FOR THE GENERAL. 4373 03:11:33,782 --> 03:11:34,383 THANK YOU. 4374 03:11:34,383 --> 03:11:37,644 OKAY. I THINK PEOPLE ONLINE 4375 03:11:37,644 --> 03:11:39,212 SHOULD BE ABLE TO HEAR US. WE 4376 03:11:39,212 --> 03:11:41,548 HAVE PEOPLE IN THE ROOM AND 4377 03:11:41,548 --> 03:11:43,416 SPEAKERS FROM BOTH SESSIONS THIS 4378 03:11:43,416 --> 03:11:45,185 MORNING HERE AT THE FRONT READY 4379 03:11:45,185 --> 03:11:45,852 FOR QUESTIONS. 4380 03:11:45,852 --> 03:11:48,321 SO, I HAVE ONE QUESTION I 4381 03:11:48,321 --> 03:11:50,924 WILL GET A START THAT COMES FROM 4382 03:11:50,924 --> 03:11:53,860 JOHN NYE, WHO IS OUR DIRECTOR OF 4383 03:11:53,860 --> 03:11:57,230 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AT NIH. 4384 03:11:57,230 --> 03:12:00,533 HIS QUESTION IS THAT OBJECTIVE 4385 03:12:00,533 --> 03:12:05,405 OR COMPUTER VISION APPROACHES TO 4386 03:12:05,405 --> 03:12:08,141 HELP PREDICT RECOVERY THAT WOULD 4387 03:12:08,141 --> 03:12:12,612 BE FORESEEN ON SEEMS PROMISING. 4388 03:12:12,612 --> 03:12:17,283 CAN SPEAKER COMMENT ON ETHICAL 4389 03:12:17,283 --> 03:12:20,553 IMPLICATIONS REGARDING FAMILY 4390 03:12:20,553 --> 03:12:24,057 AND SUPPORTING TREATMENT 4391 03:12:24,057 --> 03:12:25,592 REGIMENS? 4392 03:12:25,592 --> 03:12:27,160 >> THANK YOU. I EXPLAINED 4393 03:12:27,160 --> 03:12:29,562 BEFORE THAT ALL OF THE STUDIES 4394 03:12:29,562 --> 03:12:32,232 WE HAVE ARE IRB APPROVED AND 4395 03:12:32,232 --> 03:12:35,268 DEVICES USED BASED ON FDA 4396 03:12:35,268 --> 03:12:37,971 LABELING. 4397 03:12:37,971 --> 03:12:42,809 WE ALSO HAVE TWO -STEP CONSENTING 4398 03:12:42,809 --> 03:12:45,645 STRATEGY THAT IS BASICALLY 4399 03:12:45,645 --> 03:12:47,747 DISCUSSING WITH FAMILY MEMBERS 4400 03:12:47,747 --> 03:12:49,916 BOTH NEUROSURGEON AND RESEARCH 4401 03:12:49,916 --> 03:12:51,851 TEAM THAT DISCUSS WITH FAMILY 4402 03:12:51,851 --> 03:12:55,655 MEMBERS ABOUT THE PROCEDURE AND 4403 03:12:55,655 --> 03:12:57,123 BENEFIT AND RISK AND CAN I STOP 4404 03:12:57,123 --> 03:12:58,191 RIGHT THERE? 4405 03:12:58,191 --> 03:13:01,961 AND SO WHAT WAS THE REST OF THE 4406 03:13:01,961 --> 03:13:02,262 QUESTION? 4407 03:13:02,262 --> 03:13:04,764 >> SO, WHAT ARE ETHICAL 4408 03:13:04,764 --> 03:13:06,065 IMPLICATIONS GOING AND TELLING 4409 03:13:06,065 --> 03:13:10,370 THE FAMILY THAT WE DON'T SEE ANY 4410 03:13:10,370 --> 03:13:12,205 RESPONSES THAT WE THINK YOUR 4411 03:13:12,205 --> 03:13:15,141 DEAR 1 IS GOING TO DIE OR NOT 4412 03:13:15,141 --> 03:13:15,475 RECOVER. 4413 03:13:15,475 --> 03:13:17,210 >> PIECE OF INFORMATION THAT 4414 03:13:17,210 --> 03:13:19,212 PHYSICIANS HAVE THAT SEE ME AND 4415 03:13:19,212 --> 03:13:20,947 ALSO ELECTRICAL RESPONSES OF THE 4416 03:13:20,947 --> 03:13:22,916 BRAIN THAT YOU CAN PROVIDE TO 4417 03:13:22,916 --> 03:13:25,685 FAMILY MEMBERS AND THEN THEY CAN 4418 03:13:25,685 --> 03:13:28,421 DECIDE THAT IS WHAT THEY WANT TO 4419 03:13:28,421 --> 03:13:28,588 DO. 4420 03:13:28,588 --> 03:13:30,356 >> THIS PIECE OF INFORMATION 4421 03:13:30,356 --> 03:13:32,659 WILL BE PUT TOGETHER IN THE 4422 03:13:32,659 --> 03:13:35,128 CONTEXT OF ALL OTHER CLINICAL 4423 03:13:35,128 --> 03:13:36,095 LINES OF INFORMATION? 4424 03:13:36,095 --> 03:13:36,429 >> YEAH. 4425 03:13:36,429 --> 03:13:38,431 >> IT IS NOT A RESEARCHER THAT 4426 03:13:38,431 --> 03:13:40,199 IS INTERACTING WITH THE FAMILY. 4427 03:13:40,199 --> 03:13:40,667 >> NO. 4428 03:13:40,667 --> 03:13:42,902 >> IT WILL BE CLINICIANS. 4429 03:13:42,902 --> 03:13:44,404 >> YES. 4430 03:13:44,404 --> 03:13:46,539 >> SAME WITH MAR CELLO. DO YOU 4431 03:13:46,539 --> 03:13:48,908 SEE ETHICAL METHODS WITH YOUR 4432 03:13:48,908 --> 03:13:50,910 PROBLEM THAT ARE PREDICTING 4433 03:13:50,910 --> 03:13:51,177 RECOVERY. 4434 03:13:51,177 --> 03:13:53,313 >> I SEE INFORMATION AND NEED 4435 03:13:53,313 --> 03:13:54,747 FOR DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK OF 4436 03:13:54,747 --> 03:13:55,782 COMMUNICATION THAT IS VERY 4437 03:13:55,782 --> 03:13:57,550 IMPORTANT I THINK COLLABORATING 4438 03:13:57,550 --> 03:13:59,452 WITH PHILOSOPHER AND ETHICISTS 4439 03:13:59,452 --> 03:14:01,187 THAT WILL BE VERY, VERY 4440 03:14:01,187 --> 03:14:02,989 IMPORTANT. 4441 03:14:02,989 --> 03:14:04,123 AGAIN, I AGREE. 4442 03:14:04,123 --> 03:14:06,793 WE ARE REDUCING UNCERTAINTY AND 4443 03:14:06,793 --> 03:14:08,795 PUTTING TOGETHER AND ADDING MORE 4444 03:14:08,795 --> 03:14:10,730 INFORMATION. 4445 03:14:10,730 --> 03:14:12,665 NORMALLY, ALL TECHNIQUES SEE ME 4446 03:14:12,665 --> 03:14:17,937 AND PCI ARE THERE TO REVEAL MORE 4447 03:14:17,937 --> 03:14:20,573 THAN WHAT BEHAVIOR SHOWS THAT I 4448 03:14:20,573 --> 03:14:24,611 THINK IS ALSO AN ETHICAL NEED 4449 03:14:24,611 --> 03:14:26,779 THAT WE NEED TO FEEL AND PROBLEM 4450 03:14:26,779 --> 03:14:29,816 IS HOW DO WE COMMUNICATE THAT IN 4451 03:14:29,816 --> 03:14:32,318 FACE OF MAYBE POOR BEHAVIOR OF 4452 03:14:32,318 --> 03:14:32,585 OUTCOME. 4453 03:14:32,585 --> 03:14:32,852 >> YES. 4454 03:14:32,852 --> 03:14:34,587 >> AND JUST TO MENTION THAT WE 4455 03:14:34,587 --> 03:14:37,490 ALSO HAVE ETHICISTS, PHD 4456 03:14:37,490 --> 03:14:41,127 ETHICISTS ON THE TEAM THAT HELP 4457 03:14:41,127 --> 03:14:42,929 US WITH THESE QUESTIONS. 4458 03:14:42,929 --> 03:14:44,897 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME AND CAN I 4459 03:14:44,897 --> 03:14:46,899 FOLLOW UP ON THE QUESTION? 4460 03:14:46,899 --> 03:14:48,134 THIS IS JOHN HERE. 4461 03:14:48,134 --> 03:14:51,004 >> YES, PLEASE. WE ALL HEAR 4462 03:14:51,004 --> 03:14:51,204 YOU. 4463 03:14:51,204 --> 03:14:52,438 >> GO AHEAD. 4464 03:14:52,438 --> 03:14:53,940 >> THIS IS YOUR VOICE. 4465 03:14:53,940 --> 03:14:55,475 >> SORRY I GUESS WHAT I'M 4466 03:14:55,475 --> 03:14:56,976 GETTING AT I'M SURE I WOULD 4467 03:14:56,976 --> 03:14:58,578 IMAGINE FROM A CLINICAL 4468 03:14:58,578 --> 03:14:59,746 PERSPECTIVE THAT THE CLINICIAN 4469 03:14:59,746 --> 03:15:02,181 WOULD WANT TO USE AS MANY 4470 03:15:02,181 --> 03:15:03,483 DIFFERENT INPUTS OR POINTS OF 4471 03:15:03,483 --> 03:15:05,585 INFORMATION TO MAKE TO -- TO 4472 03:15:05,585 --> 03:15:07,153 INFORM THE CLINICAL DECISIONS 4473 03:15:07,153 --> 03:15:11,691 AND I'M ASKING AT A KIND OF 4474 03:15:11,691 --> 03:15:13,826 BROADER LEVEL THAT IS AT WHAT 4475 03:15:13,826 --> 03:15:15,495 POINT DO YOU THINK METHODS WILL 4476 03:15:15,495 --> 03:15:17,730 ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO -- HOW 4477 03:15:17,730 --> 03:15:19,265 RELIABLE COULD YOU GET METHODS 4478 03:15:19,265 --> 03:15:20,967 TO SAY IN THE NEXT COUPLE OF 4479 03:15:20,967 --> 03:15:23,436 YEARS OR 2 TO 5 YEARS AND 4480 03:15:23,436 --> 03:15:24,637 CERTAINLY I WOULD IMAGINE AS 4481 03:15:24,637 --> 03:15:26,773 WELL YOU WOULDN'T WANT TO MAKE A 4482 03:15:26,773 --> 03:15:28,441 DECISION TO WITHHOLD CARE BASED 4483 03:15:28,441 --> 03:15:30,443 ON ONE CRITERIA AND WHAT EXTENT 4484 03:15:30,443 --> 03:15:33,046 CAN YOU USE IT TO INFORM MORE 4485 03:15:33,046 --> 03:15:34,914 AGGRESSIVE CARE AND WHAT 4486 03:15:34,914 --> 03:15:36,749 THRESHOLD CAN YOU FOLKS IMAGINE 4487 03:15:36,749 --> 03:15:38,051 YOU WOULD NEED TO MAKE THESE 4488 03:15:38,051 --> 03:15:39,519 KINDS OF DECISIONS AND HOW 4489 03:15:39,519 --> 03:15:41,754 RELIABLE DO YOU THINK YOU COULD 4490 03:15:41,754 --> 03:15:43,923 GET THESE IN TERMS OF FALSE 4491 03:15:43,923 --> 03:15:45,825 POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES AND 4492 03:15:45,825 --> 03:15:47,026 THINGS LIKE THAT AND MIGHT BE 4493 03:15:47,026 --> 03:15:49,562 GREAT TO DISCUSS AFTER THE NEXT 4494 03:15:49,562 --> 03:15:50,930 SESSION AS WELL AND THOUGHTS ON 4495 03:15:50,930 --> 03:15:52,632 THAT FROM THE PANEL THAT I WOULD 4496 03:15:52,632 --> 03:15:53,933 REALLY APPRECIATE HEARING. 4497 03:15:53,933 --> 03:15:56,035 >> WE SEE ETHICISTS HERE IN THE 4498 03:15:56,035 --> 03:15:57,437 AUDIENCE THAT ARE SMILING AND 4499 03:15:57,437 --> 03:15:58,938 THAT IS A GREAT SUGGESTION. 4500 03:15:58,938 --> 03:16:01,240 MAYBE WE CAN DISCUSS A LOT MORE 4501 03:16:01,240 --> 03:16:04,077 AFTER THE NEXT SESSION. 4502 03:16:04,077 --> 03:16:06,813 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS BY SIMA OR 4503 03:16:06,813 --> 03:16:09,148 MAR CELLO ABOUT RELIABILITY AND 4504 03:16:09,148 --> 03:16:12,151 ACCURACY OF YOUR METHOD AND HOW 4505 03:16:12,151 --> 03:16:13,286 CONFIDENT ARE YOU THAT YOUR 4506 03:16:13,286 --> 03:16:14,354 METHOD IS WORKING? 4507 03:16:14,354 --> 03:16:17,824 >> SORRY GO AHEAD, SIMA. 4508 03:16:17,824 --> 03:16:22,328 >> I MEAN FOR SIMA, WE HAVE 26 4509 03:16:22,328 --> 03:16:23,496 PATIENTS AND WOULD BE MORE 4510 03:16:23,496 --> 03:16:25,098 CONFIDENT TO HAVE MORE PATIENTS. 4511 03:16:25,098 --> 03:16:26,466 YOU KNOW? 4512 03:16:26,466 --> 03:16:28,468 IT IS A THING THAT SHOWS YOU 4513 03:16:28,468 --> 03:16:30,036 MORE SIGNS OF RECOVERY THAT YOU 4514 03:16:30,036 --> 03:16:30,703 WOULD MISS. 4515 03:16:30,703 --> 03:16:33,740 SO, IT IS NOT SAYING, YOU KNOW, 4516 03:16:33,740 --> 03:16:36,142 IT IS IN A NET POSITIVE 4517 03:16:36,142 --> 03:16:37,410 DIRECTION AND MORE INFORMATION 4518 03:16:37,410 --> 03:16:38,745 UNDER RECOVERY AND IS BASICALLY 4519 03:16:38,745 --> 03:16:40,680 PEOPLE THAT WERE MISSED IF IT 4520 03:16:40,680 --> 03:16:43,182 WASN'T SEE ME, YOU CAN BASICALLY 4521 03:16:43,182 --> 03:16:45,017 SAY THAT NO THEY HAVE ACTUALLY 4522 03:16:45,017 --> 03:16:46,052 -- THEY CAN ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND 4523 03:16:46,052 --> 03:16:48,020 WHAT YOU ARE SAYING AND THEY ARE 4524 03:16:48,020 --> 03:16:50,690 TRYING TO MAKE A SMILE AND YOU 4525 03:16:50,690 --> 03:16:52,358 CANNOT JUST SEE IT BECAUSE YOUR 4526 03:16:52,358 --> 03:16:54,494 EYES ARE JUST -- DON'T HAVE THE 4527 03:16:54,494 --> 03:16:57,163 CAPACITY TO DETECT THAT BUT SEE 4528 03:16:57,163 --> 03:16:58,264 ME CAN DETECT THAT. 4529 03:16:58,264 --> 03:17:00,500 >> SIMA, YOU ARE SAYING THAT NIH 4530 03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:02,135 NEEDS TO SUPPORT YOU MORE. 4531 03:17:02,135 --> 03:17:02,535 >> YES. 4532 03:17:02,535 --> 03:17:04,604 >> SO YOU CAN GET MORE PATIENTS. 4533 03:17:04,604 --> 03:17:06,005 >> EXACTLY. 4534 03:17:06,005 --> 03:17:06,939 >> MORE MONEY IS EVEN. 4535 03:17:06,939 --> 03:17:07,607 >> YES. 4536 03:17:07,607 --> 03:17:09,842 >> I'M BASED IN ITALY AND HAVE 4537 03:17:09,842 --> 03:17:11,277 NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST HERE AND 4538 03:17:11,277 --> 03:17:13,446 DON'T GET ANY MONEY ANYWAYS, BUT 4539 03:17:13,446 --> 03:17:15,681 I WOULD SAY THAT, YEAH. I THINK 4540 03:17:15,681 --> 03:17:18,918 THAT AND I AGREE AGAIN THAT WE 4541 03:17:18,918 --> 03:17:22,221 ARE GAINING TERRAIN IN 4542 03:17:22,221 --> 03:17:24,457 SENSITIVITY. THAT WAS THE 4543 03:17:24,457 --> 03:17:24,724 PROBLEM. 4544 03:17:24,724 --> 03:17:26,859 AND IN THIS RESPECT, I THIS I 4545 03:17:26,859 --> 03:17:27,960 THAT WE HAVE CONFIDENCE. 4546 03:17:27,960 --> 03:17:32,165 LIKE, FOR EXAMPLE, IN CASE OF 4547 03:17:32,165 --> 03:17:34,934 PCI94% IN CMS MEANS THAT YOU ARE 4548 03:17:34,934 --> 03:17:36,903 LIKELY TO BE VERY SENSITIVE IN 4549 03:17:36,903 --> 03:17:38,871 RESPONSIVE PATIENTS AS WELL. 4550 03:17:38,871 --> 03:17:40,106 WHAT IS DIFFICULT TO DEMONSTRATE 4551 03:17:40,106 --> 03:17:42,308 WITH TECHNIQUES, I THINK, AT 4552 03:17:42,308 --> 03:17:45,144 LEAST, IS THE ABSENCE OF 4553 03:17:45,144 --> 03:17:46,512 CONSCIOUSNESS AND IN GENERAL 4554 03:17:46,512 --> 03:17:47,780 ABSENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS 4555 03:17:47,780 --> 03:17:48,581 DIFFICULT TO DEMONSTRATE. 4556 03:17:48,581 --> 03:17:49,549 >> YEAH. 4557 03:17:49,549 --> 03:17:51,350 >> YOU GIVE MORE INFORMATION AND 4558 03:17:51,350 --> 03:17:53,186 MORE CONFIDENCE AND REDUCE 4559 03:17:53,186 --> 03:17:55,054 UNCERTAINTY AND DEMONSTRATING 4560 03:17:55,054 --> 03:17:58,925 ABSENCE IS VERY DIFFICULT WITH 4561 03:17:58,925 --> 03:18:00,593 FUNCTIONAL MARKERS. 4562 03:18:00,593 --> 03:18:03,496 >> YEAH. I -- YES. THANKS, 4563 03:18:03,496 --> 03:18:03,830 EVERYONE. 4564 03:18:03,830 --> 03:18:05,431 GREAT TO HAVE A FOCUSED 4565 03:18:05,431 --> 03:18:07,233 DISCUSSION ON THIS ISSUE, I 4566 03:18:07,233 --> 03:18:07,466 THINK. 4567 03:18:07,466 --> 03:18:09,969 I SUPPOSE THAT I HAVE TWO 4568 03:18:09,969 --> 03:18:12,138 THOUGHTS ON THE COMMUNICATION OF 4569 03:18:12,138 --> 03:18:13,105 UNCERTAINTY ISSUE. 4570 03:18:13,105 --> 03:18:16,809 I MEAN, ONE IS THAT IT SEEMS TO 4571 03:18:16,809 --> 03:18:20,546 ME THAT THERE NEEDS TO BE A 4572 03:18:20,546 --> 03:18:25,184 SHIFT AWAY FROM FREQUENT TIFT -- 4573 03:18:25,184 --> 03:18:26,552 IN DIRECTION OF BAYESIAN 4574 03:18:26,552 --> 03:18:27,954 FRAMEWORK AIMING TO QUANTIFY THE 4575 03:18:27,954 --> 03:18:30,122 DEGREE OF EVIDENCE SO THAT THE 4576 03:18:30,122 --> 03:18:31,657 QUESTION BECOMES HOW MUCH 4577 03:18:31,657 --> 03:18:34,560 EVIDENCE IS THIS EEG READ-OUT 4578 03:18:34,560 --> 03:18:36,295 PROVIDING IN RELATION TO THE 4579 03:18:36,295 --> 03:18:37,230 POSSIBILITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 4580 03:18:37,230 --> 03:18:38,531 THEN YOU HAVE THE PROBLEM THAT 4581 03:18:38,531 --> 03:18:41,167 SOMETIMES THERE IS A BIT OF A 4582 03:18:41,167 --> 03:18:42,501 MISMATCH BETWEEN THE WAY THAT 4583 03:18:42,501 --> 03:18:44,403 BAYESIANS TALK ABOUT THESE 4584 03:18:44,403 --> 03:18:46,172 THINGS AND WHAT THE PUBLIC 4585 03:18:46,172 --> 03:18:47,540 UNDERSTANDS AND THERE IS I THINK 4586 03:18:47,540 --> 03:18:49,809 A VERY USEFUL THING THAT IS USED 4587 03:18:49,809 --> 03:18:52,078 A LOT IN UK GOVERNMENT CIRCLES 4588 03:18:52,078 --> 03:18:55,348 IS THIS IDEA OF A PROBABILITY 4589 03:18:55,348 --> 03:18:57,149 YARDSTICK WHERE YOU HAVE 4590 03:18:57,149 --> 03:18:58,417 STANDARDIZED FRAMEWORK FROM 4591 03:18:58,417 --> 03:19:00,720 MOVING FROM CONTINUOUS 4592 03:19:00,720 --> 03:19:02,021 PROBABILITIES TO QUALITATIVE 4593 03:19:02,021 --> 03:19:04,190 LANGUAGE IN AN AGREED WAY AND 4594 03:19:04,190 --> 03:19:05,691 SAYS THINGS LIKE DON'T USE THE 4595 03:19:05,691 --> 03:19:10,062 PHRASE REALISTIC PROBABILITY 4596 03:19:10,062 --> 03:19:10,763 UNLESS PROBABILITY IS IN THIS 4597 03:19:10,763 --> 03:19:12,365 RANGE OR PHRASE HIGHLY LIKELY 4598 03:19:12,365 --> 03:19:13,933 UNLESS IT IS OVER HERE IN THIS 4599 03:19:13,933 --> 03:19:15,968 RANGE AND I'M INTERESTED IN WHAT 4600 03:19:15,968 --> 03:19:17,270 YOU THINK ABOUT THAT. 4601 03:19:17,270 --> 03:19:18,537 IDEA THAT PART OF THE SOLUTION 4602 03:19:18,537 --> 03:19:20,539 HERE IS TO FIRSTLY MONTH OF TO A 4603 03:19:20,539 --> 03:19:21,841 MORE BAYESIAN WAY OF THINKING 4604 03:19:21,841 --> 03:19:25,311 ABOUT ISSUES AND SECOND WILL I 4605 03:19:25,311 --> 03:19:28,514 TO USE PROBABLY YARDSTICKS TO 4606 03:19:28,514 --> 03:19:32,652 COMMUNICATE WITH PATIENTS AND 4607 03:19:32,652 --> 03:19:32,919 FAMILIES. 4608 03:19:32,919 --> 03:19:37,123 >> IT -- IT IS AN INTERESTING 4609 03:19:37,123 --> 03:19:38,658 PERSPECTIVE AND THERE ARE 4610 03:19:38,658 --> 03:19:40,159 DISCUSSIONS EVEN ON HOW 4611 03:19:40,159 --> 03:19:41,661 COMBINING IN MEANINGFUL WAYS 4612 03:19:41,661 --> 03:19:44,063 THAT IS MEASURED AND SOME 4613 03:19:44,063 --> 03:19:47,400 MEASURES ARE VERY GOOD AT 4614 03:19:47,400 --> 03:19:49,268 DETECTING, YOU KNOW, BASIC 4615 03:19:49,268 --> 03:19:53,739 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND MCS 4616 03:19:53,739 --> 03:19:56,776 MINUS OR PLUS AND LIKE PCI, 4617 03:19:56,776 --> 03:19:58,144 REALLY, IT IS A SAFETY NET AND 4618 03:19:58,144 --> 03:20:00,546 ON TOP OF THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE 4619 03:20:00,546 --> 03:20:01,781 DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS LIKE IS THE 4620 03:20:01,781 --> 03:20:06,452 PATIENT ABLE TO ENGAGE IN 4621 03:20:06,452 --> 03:20:08,154 VOLITIONAL ACTIVITY OR ABLE TO 4622 03:20:08,154 --> 03:20:09,488 UNDERSTAND SEMANTIC NARRATIVE 4623 03:20:09,488 --> 03:20:10,923 LANGUAGE THAT IS EXECUTIVE 4624 03:20:10,923 --> 03:20:11,891 FUNCTION. SO, YOU KNOW, SHOULD 4625 03:20:11,891 --> 03:20:15,328 BE -- YEAH. IN THE FULL 4626 03:20:15,328 --> 03:20:16,862 ASSESSMENT THAT YOU SHOULD TAKE 4627 03:20:16,862 --> 03:20:18,931 ACCOUNT ALL THIS IN A MEANINGFUL 4628 03:20:18,931 --> 03:20:20,433 WAY AND WHETHER IT IS 4629 03:20:20,433 --> 03:20:22,034 PROBABILISTIC AND I DON'T KNOW. 4630 03:20:22,034 --> 03:20:23,602 I'M NOT EXPERT BUT IT MAKES A 4631 03:20:23,602 --> 03:20:27,406 LOT OF SENSE IN THE OVERALL 4632 03:20:27,406 --> 03:20:31,978 ASSESS 4633 03:20:31,978 --> 03:20:34,146 ASSESSMENT. 4634 03:20:34,146 --> 03:20:35,982 OF COURSE, WE HAVE TO HAVE A 4635 03:20:35,982 --> 03:20:38,551 DECISION WHETHER IT WILL BE A 4636 03:20:38,551 --> 03:20:42,021 YARDSTICK OR METER STICK. 4637 03:20:42,021 --> 03:20:43,589 JUST FRILL US. 4638 03:20:43,589 --> 03:20:46,559 >> HERE, IT IS A YARDSTICK. 4639 03:20:46,559 --> 03:20:49,362 YEAH. QUESTIONS OF ANY OTHERS? 4640 03:20:49,362 --> 03:20:50,963 MY SECOND QUESTION IS TO WHAT 4641 03:20:50,963 --> 03:20:52,531 EXTENT DO YOU SEE DISTINCTIONS 4642 03:20:52,531 --> 03:20:57,536 OF PBS AND NCS + AND NCS MINUS 4643 03:20:57,536 --> 03:20:59,605 THAT IS STILL BEING USEFUL IN 4644 03:20:59,605 --> 03:21:02,842 FACE OF INCREDIBLY DEG 4645 03:21:02,842 --> 03:21:04,110 GREYEDATED EVIDENTIARY PICTURE 4646 03:21:04,110 --> 03:21:06,312 AND SOME PEOPLE SAY WHAT THIS IS 4647 03:21:06,312 --> 03:21:08,314 ALL POINTING TO IS NEED TO MOVE 4648 03:21:08,314 --> 03:21:10,916 BEYOND THAT TERMINOLOGY AND TALK 4649 03:21:10,916 --> 03:21:13,886 BEYOND DISORDERS OF 4650 03:21:13,886 --> 03:21:16,022 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND ACCEPT THAT 4651 03:21:16,022 --> 03:21:18,024 IGNORANCE IS PROFOUND FROM 4652 03:21:18,024 --> 03:21:19,859 VEGETATIVE VERSUS MINIMALLY 4653 03:21:19,859 --> 03:21:20,226 CONSCIOUSNESS. 4654 03:21:20,226 --> 03:21:29,068 WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THIS? 4655 03:21:29,068 --> 03:21:29,935 >> YEAH. 4656 03:21:29,935 --> 03:21:32,405 >> YOU CAN'T SAY NO COMMENT BUT 4657 03:21:32,405 --> 03:21:33,639 YES COMMENT. 4658 03:21:33,639 --> 03:21:34,540 >> YEAH. 4659 03:21:34,540 --> 03:21:35,441 >> YES. 4660 03:21:35,441 --> 03:21:37,843 >> MAYBE CAN YOU REPHRASE THE 4661 03:21:37,843 --> 03:21:38,144 QUESTION? 4662 03:21:38,144 --> 03:21:39,745 JUST IN SHORT SO THE QUESTION IS 4663 03:21:39,745 --> 03:21:42,348 THAT WE HAVE THIS TAXONOMY WE 4664 03:21:42,348 --> 03:21:42,648 HAVE THIS. 4665 03:21:42,648 --> 03:21:44,984 >> HERE WE ARE USING TAXONOMY IN 4666 03:21:44,984 --> 03:21:47,253 YOUR TALK AND SAYING THAT AIM IS 4667 03:21:47,253 --> 03:21:49,288 TO TRY TO PLACE PATIENTS 4668 03:21:49,288 --> 03:21:50,589 CORRECTLY WITHIN THIS TAXONOMY 4669 03:21:50,589 --> 03:21:52,024 BUT THERE IS SORT OF A DIFFERENT 4670 03:21:52,024 --> 03:21:53,793 WAY TO GO HERE WHICH IS TO SAY 4671 03:21:53,793 --> 03:21:55,961 LET'S JUST HAVE THE CATEGORY OF 4672 03:21:55,961 --> 03:21:58,130 PROLONGED DISORDER OF 4673 03:21:58,130 --> 03:21:58,497 CONSCIOUSNESS. 4674 03:21:58,497 --> 03:22:01,233 AND DELIBERATELY AVOID TRYING TO 4675 03:22:01,233 --> 03:22:03,836 PUT LABELS ON PATIENTS BECAUSE 4676 03:22:03,836 --> 03:22:05,371 WHAT THIS EVIDENCE IS REALLY 4677 03:22:05,371 --> 03:22:07,406 TELLING US IS SOMETHING ABOUT 4678 03:22:07,406 --> 03:22:09,675 THE -- THE DANGER OF HAVING ANY 4679 03:22:09,675 --> 03:22:11,377 SORT OF FORM OF LABELING THAT 4680 03:22:11,377 --> 03:22:13,846 LABELS PATIENTS IS DEFINITELY 4681 03:22:13,846 --> 03:22:14,280 NOT CONSCIOUS. 4682 03:22:14,280 --> 03:22:16,382 >> YEAH. THIS IS TRUE IT IS 4683 03:22:16,382 --> 03:22:17,683 HAPPENING LIKE THE MORE WE KNOW 4684 03:22:17,683 --> 03:22:21,921 THE MORE THE GRANULARITY OF THIS 4685 03:22:21,921 --> 03:22:24,957 DEFINITION AND BEFORE NCS WASN'T 4686 03:22:24,957 --> 03:22:27,493 AN OPTION BEFORE 2002 AND SEEN 4687 03:22:27,493 --> 03:22:30,429 OKAY AND MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS AND 4688 03:22:30,429 --> 03:22:31,997 MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS PLUS OR 4689 03:22:31,997 --> 03:22:33,232 MINUS BECAUSE WE LEARN MORE AND 4690 03:22:33,232 --> 03:22:35,701 NOW HAVE COGNITIVE MODEL 4691 03:22:35,701 --> 03:22:36,936 DISASSOCIATION THAT IS ACTUALLY 4692 03:22:36,936 --> 03:22:39,071 HAPPENING AND WE STILL HAVE MANY 4693 03:22:39,071 --> 03:22:42,708 NAMES AND NEED TO DEVELOP, YOU 4694 03:22:42,708 --> 03:22:46,378 KNOW, A BETTER WAY OF, YOU KNOW, 4695 03:22:46,378 --> 03:22:47,747 DESCRIBING THIS CONTINUUM 4696 03:22:47,747 --> 03:22:48,914 SOMEHOW AND YEAH IT IS 4697 03:22:48,914 --> 03:22:49,215 HAPPENING. 4698 03:22:49,215 --> 03:22:51,550 >> WE GO TO ONLINE QUESTIONS. 4699 03:22:51,550 --> 03:22:54,987 >> WE HAD A QUESTION THAT WOULD 4700 03:22:54,987 --> 03:22:59,125 COME IN DURING DR. BLUMENFELDS 4701 03:22:59,125 --> 03:23:01,494 TALK AND QUESTION DURING 4702 03:23:01,494 --> 03:23:02,895 STIMULATED AROUSAL FROM SLEEP 4703 03:23:02,895 --> 03:23:04,830 STAGE AND 3, THE EVENT IS 4704 03:23:04,830 --> 03:23:06,265 REMEMBERED LATER. THE QUESTION 4705 03:23:06,265 --> 03:23:08,934 IS WERE THE PEOPLE COGNITIVELY 4706 03:23:08,934 --> 03:23:11,971 COHERENT AND/OR BEHAVIORALLY 4707 03:23:11,971 --> 03:23:14,206 RESPONSIVE DURING THE AROUSAL 4708 03:23:14,206 --> 03:23:14,540 ITSELF? 4709 03:23:14,540 --> 03:23:16,775 >> THANK YOU. GREAT QUESTION. 4710 03:23:16,775 --> 03:23:18,777 WE DIDN'T DO ANY KIND OF 4711 03:23:18,777 --> 03:23:20,579 BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS DURING 4712 03:23:20,579 --> 03:23:22,248 THESE STIMULATIONS THAT IS DONE 4713 03:23:22,248 --> 03:23:24,183 REALLY FOR PURPOSES OF TIGHT 4714 03:23:24,183 --> 03:23:25,818 TRAITING THE STIMULATION 4715 03:23:25,818 --> 03:23:26,852 PARAMETERS TO SEE WHAT WOULD BE 4716 03:23:26,852 --> 03:23:29,522 EFFECTIVE IN PRODUCING AROUSALS 4717 03:23:29,522 --> 03:23:31,891 TO BE IN VENUES DURING SEIZURES 4718 03:23:31,891 --> 03:23:33,058 AND GREAT QUESTION. WE DON'T 4719 03:23:33,058 --> 03:23:37,329 HAVE ANY DATA TO ADDRESS THAT AT 4720 03:23:37,329 --> 03:23:38,931 THIS POINT. 4721 03:23:38,931 --> 03:23:41,033 >> SO, MY QUESTION IS FOR ALL OF 4722 03:23:41,033 --> 03:23:42,635 YOU. I WANTED TO HEAR YOUR 4723 03:23:42,635 --> 03:23:46,138 THOUGHTS ON THE REALLY CLINICAL 4724 03:23:46,138 --> 03:23:47,606 IMPORTANT TOPIC THAT CAME UP 4725 03:23:47,606 --> 03:23:49,508 YESTERDAY AND TOPIC OF 4726 03:23:49,508 --> 03:23:49,875 DISASSOCIATION. 4727 03:23:49,875 --> 03:23:53,112 AND I WANTED TO HEAR HOW YOU 4728 03:23:53,112 --> 03:23:55,447 THINK THESE IDEAS OF COMPLEXITY 4729 03:23:55,447 --> 03:23:59,418 OR DYNAMICS THAT YOU ARE 4730 03:23:59,418 --> 03:24:01,253 OBSERVING BETWEEN ANESTHESIA AND 4731 03:24:01,253 --> 03:24:02,454 WAKEFULNESS AND STATES WE 4732 03:24:02,454 --> 03:24:03,722 DISCUSSED THAT MIGHT RELATE TO 4733 03:24:03,722 --> 03:24:06,926 THAT AND I ASK IT IS A COMMON 4734 03:24:06,926 --> 03:24:09,328 PHENOMENON AND IT HAPPENS IN 4735 03:24:09,328 --> 03:24:11,363 EVERY-DAY LIFE AND GO BACK AND 4736 03:24:11,363 --> 03:24:13,432 FORTH BETWEEN MILD STATE 4737 03:24:13,432 --> 03:24:14,567 DISASSOCIATIONS AND MIND 4738 03:24:14,567 --> 03:24:16,302 WANDERING OFF THIS AND TO REALLY 4739 03:24:16,302 --> 03:24:18,671 SEVERE STATES OF DISASSOCIATIONS 4740 03:24:18,671 --> 03:24:20,139 WHERE PEOPLE CAN CAUSE CAR 4741 03:24:20,139 --> 03:24:20,706 ACCIDENTS BECAUSE THEY WERE 4742 03:24:20,706 --> 03:24:23,075 STUCK IN A MEN TALE STATE THAT 4743 03:24:23,075 --> 03:24:24,843 THEY COULDN'T GET OUT OF. 4744 03:24:24,843 --> 03:24:28,547 SO, I WAS WONDERING WHAT DO WE 4745 03:24:28,547 --> 03:24:30,916 KNOW ABOUT NEURODYNAMICS AND 4746 03:24:30,916 --> 03:24:32,384 ESPECIALLY IF THERE HAVE BEEN 4747 03:24:32,384 --> 03:24:35,187 ANY STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH 4748 03:24:35,187 --> 03:24:37,456 EPILEPSY THAT MAY ALSO HAVE 4749 03:24:37,456 --> 03:24:39,291 EXPERIENCED A DISASSOCIATIVE 4750 03:24:39,291 --> 03:24:41,594 STATE IMPLANTED WITH ELECTRODES 4751 03:24:41,594 --> 03:24:43,596 AND HAS ANYONE LOOKED AT THAT 4752 03:24:43,596 --> 03:24:45,397 AND IF NOT DO YOU HAVE 4753 03:24:45,397 --> 03:24:46,532 SPECULATIONS HOW YOU MIGHT BE 4754 03:24:46,532 --> 03:24:49,635 ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AT NEURAL 4755 03:24:49,635 --> 03:24:52,705 LEVEL THIS PHENOMENON OF 4756 03:24:52,705 --> 03:24:53,339 DISASSOCIATION? 4757 03:24:53,339 --> 03:24:54,874 >> I DO EPT KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT 4758 03:24:54,874 --> 03:24:55,074 THAT. 4759 03:24:55,074 --> 03:24:56,942 IT IS A FASCINATING QUESTION 4760 03:24:56,942 --> 03:24:58,844 THOUGH AND WORTH LOOKING INTO. 4761 03:24:58,844 --> 03:25:00,279 I KNOW THERE HAVE BEEN -- PEOPLE 4762 03:25:00,279 --> 03:25:02,014 HAVE LOOKED AT IT AND 4763 03:25:02,014 --> 03:25:03,115 [INDISCERNIBLE] LOOKED AT THEM 4764 03:25:03,115 --> 03:25:04,583 AND SOME RELATED QUESTIONS 4765 03:25:04,583 --> 03:25:08,587 HAVING TO DO WITH, YOU KNOW, 4766 03:25:08,587 --> 03:25:11,423 SELF-RECOGNITION AND, YOU KNOW, 4767 03:25:11,423 --> 03:25:13,392 YOU KNOW, OUT OF BODY 4768 03:25:13,392 --> 03:25:14,460 EXPERIENCES AND YOU KNOW BEYOND 4769 03:25:14,460 --> 03:25:17,196 THAT I DON'T -- AND THERE WERE 4770 03:25:17,196 --> 03:25:21,166 FINDINGS OF CHANGES IN PARIETAL 4771 03:25:21,166 --> 03:25:23,602 CORTEX AND VISUAL FRONTAL CORTEX 4772 03:25:23,602 --> 03:25:26,105 IN PATIENTS AND FASCINATING 4773 03:25:26,105 --> 03:25:27,873 QUESTION AND DON'T KNOW MUCH 4774 03:25:27,873 --> 03:25:29,341 MORE AND DO YOU HAVE THINGS TO 4775 03:25:29,341 --> 03:25:29,975 ADD? 4776 03:25:29,975 --> 03:25:32,444 >> I WILL TALK WITH KALINA LATER 4777 03:25:32,444 --> 03:25:34,913 ON AND DISAGREE WITH YOUR 4778 03:25:34,913 --> 03:25:37,583 LABELING OF MIND WANDERING AS A 4779 03:25:37,583 --> 03:25:38,484 DISASSOCIATIVE STATE AND MAYBE 4780 03:25:38,484 --> 03:25:41,020 WE CAN DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT 4781 03:25:41,020 --> 03:25:41,253 LATER. 4782 03:25:41,253 --> 03:25:42,955 >> SOME PEOPLE LIKE IT. YEAH. 4783 03:25:42,955 --> 03:25:43,722 >> RIGHT. 4784 03:25:43,722 --> 03:25:46,125 >> THANK YOU. 4785 03:25:46,125 --> 03:25:46,558 >> THANK YOU. 4786 03:25:46,558 --> 03:25:49,928 >> HI. EXCUSE ME. THANK YOU. 4787 03:25:49,928 --> 03:25:51,230 I WANTED TO RETURN TO DISORDERS 4788 03:25:51,230 --> 03:25:53,899 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND WE HAVE 4789 03:25:53,899 --> 03:25:55,801 THIS SORT OF COURSE GRAINED 4790 03:25:55,801 --> 03:25:58,103 NOTION RIGHT NOW THAT THE 4791 03:25:58,103 --> 03:25:59,905 DIAGNOSIS THAT IS SOMEWHAT 4792 03:25:59,905 --> 03:26:02,207 PREDICTIVE OF PROGNOSIS AND 4793 03:26:02,207 --> 03:26:07,379 BETTER PROGNOSIS IF IN MCS AND 4794 03:26:07,379 --> 03:26:08,681 VSUSUWS AND SO ON. 4795 03:26:08,681 --> 03:26:10,816 DO YOU THINK WORK ARE YOU DOING 4796 03:26:10,816 --> 03:26:14,753 IS MORE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC 4797 03:26:14,753 --> 03:26:18,390 PURPOSES OR FOR PROGNOSTIC 4798 03:26:18,390 --> 03:26:20,192 PURPOSES? IS WORK YOU ARE DOING 4799 03:26:20,192 --> 03:26:25,164 NOW GOING TO HELP US PREDICT 4800 03:26:25,164 --> 03:26:27,766 BETTER WHO WILL REMEMBER. 4801 03:26:27,766 --> 03:26:30,436 >> I THINK BOTH SEEMING AND 4802 03:26:30,436 --> 03:26:31,837 COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS COULD BE 4803 03:26:31,837 --> 03:26:32,671 USED FOR BOTH. 4804 03:26:32,671 --> 03:26:36,442 I MEAN, SEE ME I CAN SHOW IT CAN 4805 03:26:36,442 --> 03:26:37,876 PREDICT RECOVERY 10 DAYS EARLIER 4806 03:26:37,876 --> 03:26:41,213 THAN CRS AND WE HAVE DONE 4807 03:26:41,213 --> 03:26:42,581 COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS OR 4808 03:26:42,581 --> 03:26:44,183 COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS WHEN I DID 4809 03:26:44,183 --> 03:26:46,919 -- SO, WE RECORD AND HAVE THIS 4810 03:26:46,919 --> 03:26:48,053 CONTINUOUS RECORDINGS OF THE 4811 03:26:48,053 --> 03:26:51,790 BRAIN AND, YOU KNOW, OVER DAYS 4812 03:26:51,790 --> 03:26:54,093 AFTER ETRODE IS IMPLANTED AND 4813 03:26:54,093 --> 03:26:55,794 WHEN I CALCULATE COMPLEXITY, I 4814 03:26:55,794 --> 03:27:01,567 CAN SEE INCREASE BY LEVEL OF 4815 03:27:01,567 --> 03:27:03,302 ARROWS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS IN THE 4816 03:27:03,302 --> 03:27:04,670 PATIENT AND WANT TO SEE WHAT 4817 03:27:04,670 --> 03:27:07,206 YOUR EXPERIENCE IS I CAN SEE 4818 03:27:07,206 --> 03:27:09,675 COMPLEXITY GOES UP AS PATIENT IS 4819 03:27:09,675 --> 03:27:11,744 RECOVERING CONSCIOUSNESS. 4820 03:27:11,744 --> 03:27:14,313 >> YEAH. THIS IS VERY 4821 03:27:14,313 --> 03:27:14,646 INTERESTING. 4822 03:27:14,646 --> 03:27:17,916 SO, PRIMARY IDEA THAT WE HAD IN 4823 03:27:17,916 --> 03:27:19,518 MIND WAS DIAGNOSIS. 4824 03:27:19,518 --> 03:27:21,587 SO, HERE AND NOW. 4825 03:27:21,587 --> 03:27:23,122 WE THINK THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR 4826 03:27:23,122 --> 03:27:26,625 -- FOR MANY REASONS. 4827 03:27:26,625 --> 03:27:28,360 BUT, THEN WE UNDERSTOOD THERE 4828 03:27:28,360 --> 03:27:30,929 WAS ALSO PROGNOSTIC ASPECT TO 4829 03:27:30,929 --> 03:27:32,998 IT. PROGNOSIS, I DON'T THINK IT 4830 03:27:32,998 --> 03:27:34,633 IS SO MUCH IN SHORT TERM 4831 03:27:34,633 --> 03:27:38,370 RECOVERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS BUT 4832 03:27:38,370 --> 03:27:39,972 RECOVERY OF -- SHOWING THAT 4833 03:27:39,972 --> 03:27:42,141 COMPLEXITY CAN BE HIGH IN THE 4834 03:27:42,141 --> 03:27:43,809 PATIENT THAT SHOWED 4835 03:27:43,809 --> 03:27:46,178 CONNECTEDNESS WAS I FROM THE 4836 03:27:46,178 --> 03:27:47,913 VERY BEGINNING FROM PARIETAL 4837 03:27:47,913 --> 03:27:49,415 STIMULATION THAT THE PATIENT WAS 4838 03:27:49,415 --> 03:27:51,083 ABLE TO RUN THE TASK IN THE 4839 03:27:51,083 --> 03:27:53,986 SCANNER AND UNABLE TO SHOW 4840 03:27:53,986 --> 03:27:55,621 BEHAVIORALLY AND THEN IMPROVED 4841 03:27:55,621 --> 03:27:58,657 BEHAVIOR THAT EMERGED IN NEW 4842 03:27:58,657 --> 03:27:59,625 STAGE AND WAS ABLE TO 4843 03:27:59,625 --> 03:28:01,460 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE MODEL AND 4844 03:28:01,460 --> 03:28:03,195 AT THAT POINT COMPLEXITY, YOU 4845 03:28:03,195 --> 03:28:05,164 KNOW, GREW IN THE FRONT. 4846 03:28:05,164 --> 03:28:07,466 SO, THERE IS REGIONAL ASPECT TO 4847 03:28:07,466 --> 03:28:09,368 IT. I THINK UNDERSTANDING AND 4848 03:28:09,368 --> 03:28:10,969 THIS MECHANISM IS VERY 4849 03:28:10,969 --> 03:28:11,737 IMPORTANT. 4850 03:28:11,737 --> 03:28:16,341 AS FOR AS PROGNOSIS GOES, YES. 4851 03:28:16,341 --> 03:28:18,010 SHORT-TERM, DEFINITELY. WE SEE 4852 03:28:18,010 --> 03:28:20,179 THAT. LONG TERM AS FAR AS I'M 4853 03:28:20,179 --> 03:28:21,747 CONCERNED WITH INTERNAL MEASURES 4854 03:28:21,747 --> 03:28:23,582 OF COMPLEXITY AND I'M TALKING 4855 03:28:23,582 --> 03:28:26,452 FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, MOTOR 4856 03:28:26,452 --> 03:28:27,152 RECOVERY AUTONOMY AND QUALITY OF 4857 03:28:27,152 --> 03:28:29,021 LIFE DIFFICULT TO SAY. BY 4858 03:28:29,021 --> 03:28:31,423 DEFINITION OUR MEASURE BYPASSES 4859 03:28:31,423 --> 03:28:33,125 BEHAVIOR AND WHY IT IS GOOD AND 4860 03:28:33,125 --> 03:28:36,228 THEN IT DOESN'T TELL YOU MUCH 4861 03:28:36,228 --> 03:28:37,996 ABOUT WHETHER MULTISYSTEMS ARE 4862 03:28:37,996 --> 03:28:40,499 RECOVERED OR NOT BUT ABOUT 4863 03:28:40,499 --> 03:28:42,134 CONSCIOUSNESS, YES. 4864 03:28:42,134 --> 03:28:45,704 >> SIX MORE MINUTES MAX FOR THE 4865 03:28:45,704 --> 03:28:46,371 DISCUSSION. 4866 03:28:46,371 --> 03:28:52,144 SIX MORE MINUTES MAX. 4867 03:28:52,144 --> 03:28:55,314 SO, SHORT QUESTIONS AND SHORT 4868 03:28:55,314 --> 03:28:56,682 ANSWERS, PLEASE. 4869 03:28:56,682 --> 03:28:58,650 >> SHORT ANSWERS DON'T ALWAYS 4870 03:28:58,650 --> 03:29:00,752 GIVE YOU INSIGHT. WHAT I WAS 4871 03:29:00,752 --> 03:29:02,521 GOING TO SAY IS THIS HAS BEEN A 4872 03:29:02,521 --> 03:29:04,723 GREAT SESSION AND REALLY WANT TO 4873 03:29:04,723 --> 03:29:06,124 THANK EVERYONE. ONE THING 4874 03:29:06,124 --> 03:29:07,626 BECOMING CLEAR TO ME AND CURIOUS 4875 03:29:07,626 --> 03:29:08,927 ABOUT YOUR IMPRESSIONS, YOU 4876 03:29:08,927 --> 03:29:11,730 KNOW, THERE IS A SEARCH OF 4877 03:29:11,730 --> 03:29:12,564 NEUROCORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 4878 03:29:12,564 --> 03:29:14,833 AND SEEMS TO BE DISAGREEMENTS 4879 03:29:14,833 --> 03:29:17,469 ABOUT NEUROCORRELATES OF 4880 03:29:17,469 --> 03:29:18,237 UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND DIFFERENT 4881 03:29:18,237 --> 03:29:19,805 THINGS MIGHT BE GOING ON IN 4882 03:29:19,805 --> 03:29:23,342 SLEEP, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT MIGHT 4883 03:29:23,342 --> 03:29:25,410 BE DEEP SLEEP IN UNCONSCIOUS 4884 03:29:25,410 --> 03:29:26,612 STATE VERSUS UNCONSCIOUSNESS 4885 03:29:26,612 --> 03:29:28,614 THAT ARISES FROM ANESTHESIA AND 4886 03:29:28,614 --> 03:29:30,816 WANT TO TURN TO THE ISSUE OF 4887 03:29:30,816 --> 03:29:33,952 ROLE OF NEUROMODULATORS IN 4888 03:29:33,952 --> 03:29:35,787 EFFECTING THIS ACEILLE CHOLINE 4889 03:29:35,787 --> 03:29:38,190 CAN WAKE UP RODENTS FROM 4890 03:29:38,190 --> 03:29:40,259 [INDISCERNIBLE] FLOURINE AND YOU 4891 03:29:40,259 --> 03:29:44,096 HAVE SHOWN DATA HOW LOOKING AT 4892 03:29:44,096 --> 03:29:45,430 ACETYLCHOLINE IN ORBITAL FRONTAL 4893 03:29:45,430 --> 03:29:48,500 CORINNE DECHL CAN YOU TELL ABOUT 4894 03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:50,869 DIFFERENCE OF ROLE OF 4895 03:29:50,869 --> 03:29:52,271 NEUROMODULATORS AND GETTING AT 4896 03:29:52,271 --> 03:29:53,138 MEASURES OF COMPLEXITY WHAT 4897 03:29:53,138 --> 03:29:56,642 WOULD GO ON IF YOU ARE GIVING 4898 03:29:56,642 --> 03:29:58,810 ACETYL FLOURINE AND ACETYL 4899 03:29:58,810 --> 03:30:00,746 CHLORINE AND ANIMAL IS WAKING UP 4900 03:30:00,746 --> 03:30:02,514 AND ALSO UNDER INFLUENCE AND 4901 03:30:02,514 --> 03:30:04,583 CURIOUS ROLE OF NEUROMONTHED 4902 03:30:04,583 --> 03:30:06,919 LATORS AND ROLE OF COMPLEXITY IN 4903 03:30:06,919 --> 03:30:11,189 THE CONTEXT OF THE KIND OF 4904 03:30:11,189 --> 03:30:13,358 EXPERIMENTS THAT WERE DESCRIBED. 4905 03:30:13,358 --> 03:30:14,393 >> GO AHEAD. 4906 03:30:14,393 --> 03:30:17,696 >> SUPER QUICK, I THINK THAT 4907 03:30:17,696 --> 03:30:19,431 NEUROMODULATION IS AN ENABLING 4908 03:30:19,431 --> 03:30:22,234 FACTOR THAT IS SOMETHING UNIQUE 4909 03:30:22,234 --> 03:30:23,835 LIKE BLOOD FLOW IS KEY. 4910 03:30:23,835 --> 03:30:25,470 THEN COMPLEXITY IS 4911 03:30:25,470 --> 03:30:26,905 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 4912 03:30:26,905 --> 03:30:28,807 NEUROMODULATION ITSELF IS NOT 4913 03:30:28,807 --> 03:30:30,275 ENOUGH AND IS CLEAR. WE SEE 4914 03:30:30,275 --> 03:30:31,443 THAT. BUT YOU NEED IT. 4915 03:30:31,443 --> 03:30:33,345 THAT IS -- YOU KNOW, THAT IS 4916 03:30:33,345 --> 03:30:35,180 SIMPLE AND, YOU KNOW, VERY SHORT 4917 03:30:35,180 --> 03:30:36,315 ANSWER WHAT WE SEE AND THIS IS 4918 03:30:36,315 --> 03:30:38,617 THE KIND OF RELATION WE SEE. 4919 03:30:38,617 --> 03:30:40,686 >> I WILL JUST SAY A QUICK 4920 03:30:40,686 --> 03:30:42,054 COMMENT THAT IS THAT I THINK THE 4921 03:30:42,054 --> 03:30:45,591 ROLE OF ALL OF THE 4922 03:30:45,591 --> 03:30:46,825 NEUROMODULATORS IS VASTLY 4923 03:30:46,825 --> 03:30:48,260 UNDERESTIMATED AND THINK THERE 4924 03:30:48,260 --> 03:30:49,962 IS -- INTERESTING THING IS IT IS 4925 03:30:49,962 --> 03:30:52,197 NOT JUST ONE SYSTEM AS YOU KNOW 4926 03:30:52,197 --> 03:30:58,537 AS WE ALL KNOW ACETYLCHOLINE AND 4927 03:30:58,537 --> 03:31:00,238 NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE AND 4928 03:31:00,238 --> 03:31:01,206 [INDISCERNIBLE], ET CETERA. 4929 03:31:01,206 --> 03:31:02,808 EACH OF THEM PLAYS CERTAINLY 4930 03:31:02,808 --> 03:31:04,843 PLAYS DIFFERENT ROLES IN 4931 03:31:04,843 --> 03:31:06,044 INTERACTING IN VERY COMPLEX WAYS 4932 03:31:06,044 --> 03:31:08,347 AND SO UNDERSTANDING HOW ALL 4933 03:31:08,347 --> 03:31:10,916 THESE TOGETHER SYNERGISTICALLY 4934 03:31:10,916 --> 03:31:12,050 AND DIFFERENTIALLY EFFECT 4935 03:31:12,050 --> 03:31:13,852 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF COMPLEXITY 4936 03:31:13,852 --> 03:31:16,121 AND OF THE NETWORKS IS A WIDE 4937 03:31:16,121 --> 03:31:18,323 OPEN FIELD AND THINK THAT THEY 4938 03:31:18,323 --> 03:31:19,891 HAVE ALL BEEN STUDIED 4939 03:31:19,891 --> 03:31:22,260 INDIVIDUALLY FOR MOOD REGULATION 4940 03:31:22,260 --> 03:31:24,029 AND FOR, YOU KNOW, ALL OTHER 4941 03:31:24,029 --> 03:31:25,230 QUESTIONS AND REALLY NOT SO MUCH 4942 03:31:25,230 --> 03:31:27,833 IN THE SORT OF DETAILED ASPECTS 4943 03:31:27,833 --> 03:31:29,968 HOW THEY CONTRIBUTE TO 4944 03:31:29,968 --> 03:31:31,503 MODULATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 4945 03:31:31,503 --> 03:31:31,903 >> YEAH. 4946 03:31:31,903 --> 03:31:33,538 >> I WOULD PUSH BACK A LITTLE 4947 03:31:33,538 --> 03:31:36,375 BIT ALSO ON THE IDEA THAT 4948 03:31:36,375 --> 03:31:37,209 UNCONSCIOUS AND WHAT IS 4949 03:31:37,209 --> 03:31:39,411 DIFFERENT IN CORTEX WHEN YOU ARE 4950 03:31:39,411 --> 03:31:40,846 UNCONSCIOUS DURING SLEEP IS 4951 03:31:40,846 --> 03:31:41,713 DIFFERENT. 4952 03:31:41,713 --> 03:31:44,049 AGAIN, IT IS FROM WHAT IS 4953 03:31:44,049 --> 03:31:46,551 HAPPENING DURING ANESTHESIA AND 4954 03:31:46,551 --> 03:31:48,620 AS MAR CELLO SAID ENABLING 4955 03:31:48,620 --> 03:31:50,422 FACTOR MIGHT BE DIFFERENT AND 4956 03:31:50,422 --> 03:31:51,857 SUBCORTICAL FACTORS MIGHT BE 4957 03:31:51,857 --> 03:31:55,193 DIFFERENT AND IN CORTEX I 4958 03:31:55,193 --> 03:31:56,495 HAVEN'T SEEN EVIDENCE THERE IS 4959 03:31:56,495 --> 03:31:58,163 DIFFERENCE AND WHAT OUR WORK 4960 03:31:58,163 --> 03:31:59,798 SHOWS IS THERE IS LOTS OF 4961 03:31:59,798 --> 03:32:02,868 SIMILARITY WHAT IS GOING ON IN 4962 03:32:02,868 --> 03:32:07,606 CORTEX AND COURTI CO THALAMIC 4963 03:32:07,606 --> 03:32:07,906 CIRCUITS. 4964 03:32:07,906 --> 03:32:10,709 >> VERY QUICK QUESTIONS. 4965 03:32:10,709 --> 03:32:12,444 WHO GIVES COMMAND TO OPEN EYES? 4966 03:32:12,444 --> 03:32:13,779 DOCTOR OR RELATIVE OR FAMILY 4967 03:32:13,779 --> 03:32:16,381 MEMBER FOR EXAMPLE AND COULD 4968 03:32:16,381 --> 03:32:17,849 THERE BE A DIFFERENCE? SECOND 4969 03:32:17,849 --> 03:32:21,320 IS VERY QUICKLY FOR YOU TO IS 4970 03:32:21,320 --> 03:32:23,288 REGARDING BEING IN NEW YORK AND 4971 03:32:23,288 --> 03:32:26,491 I'M SURE LOTS OF PEOPLE'S FIRST 4972 03:32:26,491 --> 03:32:27,659 LANGUAGE IS DIFFERENT AND 4973 03:32:27,659 --> 03:32:29,361 COMMENT IS GIVEN IN ENGLISH OR 4974 03:32:29,361 --> 03:32:30,962 TO GIVE IN FIRST LANGUAGE. 4975 03:32:30,962 --> 03:32:32,798 >> SO, GREAT QUESTIONS. 4976 03:32:32,798 --> 03:32:34,833 SO, THE WAY THAT WE HAVE IT 4977 03:32:34,833 --> 03:32:36,568 RIGHT NOW IS AUTOMATED MACHINE 4978 03:32:36,568 --> 03:32:39,271 THAT BASICALLY COMPUTER ASKS THE 4979 03:32:39,271 --> 03:32:41,039 PATIENT OPEN YOUR EYES. 4980 03:32:41,039 --> 03:32:43,542 SO, PRE-RECORDED VOICE OF, YOU 4981 03:32:43,542 --> 03:32:45,811 KNOW, WE HAVE -- AND THAT 4982 03:32:45,811 --> 03:32:48,780 COMPUTERS PLAY WITH CERTAIN 4983 03:32:48,780 --> 03:32:50,582 TIMING AND BLOCKS OF TIMINGS AND 4984 03:32:50,582 --> 03:32:53,218 GUESS IF WE DO FAMILY MEMBERS, 4985 03:32:53,218 --> 03:32:54,419 THAT PROBABLY IS MORE EFFECTIVE 4986 03:32:54,419 --> 03:32:58,023 AND WE HAVE NOT DONE IT THOUGH. 4987 03:32:58,023 --> 03:33:00,225 BECAUSE THAT WOULD ALSO 4988 03:33:00,225 --> 03:33:01,993 INTEGRATE A COMPONENT OF 4989 03:33:01,993 --> 03:33:03,428 EMOTIONS AND MEMORIES. 4990 03:33:03,428 --> 03:33:03,762 >> YEAH. 4991 03:33:03,762 --> 03:33:06,098 >> THAT IS -- YOU KNOW, THAT IS 4992 03:33:06,098 --> 03:33:06,465 MISSING MAYBE. 4993 03:33:06,465 --> 03:33:08,533 >> YEAH. THAT IS WHY I WAS 4994 03:33:08,533 --> 03:33:10,535 THINKING AND ALSO WITH REGARD TO 4995 03:33:10,535 --> 03:33:12,704 LANGUAGE AND WAKING UP FROM 4996 03:33:12,704 --> 03:33:14,606 ANESTHESIA PEOPLE TRY TO GO TO 4997 03:33:14,606 --> 03:33:16,408 FIRST LANGUAGE IF PATIENT IS NOT 4998 03:33:16,408 --> 03:33:18,009 WAKING UP; RIGHT? 4999 03:33:18,009 --> 03:33:20,245 >> WE HAVE ENGLISH AND SPANISH 5000 03:33:20,245 --> 03:33:22,013 AND GREEK AND HAVE TRANSLATED 5001 03:33:22,013 --> 03:33:25,484 SEE ME TO THESE THREE AND 5002 03:33:25,484 --> 03:33:26,284 DEFINITELY WE THINK THAT. 5003 03:33:26,284 --> 03:33:28,120 >> THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. 5004 03:33:28,120 --> 03:33:29,888 >> USING YOUR FIRST LANGUAGE. 5005 03:33:29,888 --> 03:33:32,224 >> AND RELATIVE RIGHT PROBABLY 5006 03:33:32,224 --> 03:33:33,725 POSSIBLE WOULD BE -- 5007 03:33:33,725 --> 03:33:34,192 >> YEAH. 5008 03:33:34,192 --> 03:33:37,028 >> SIMA, IS IT POSSIBLE TO USE 5009 03:33:37,028 --> 03:33:39,164 THESE COMPUTATIONAL METHODS TO 5010 03:33:39,164 --> 03:33:42,033 HAVE A FAMILY MEMBER DO SOME 5011 03:33:42,033 --> 03:33:44,236 RANDOM VOICE RECORDING AND YOU 5012 03:33:44,236 --> 03:33:45,837 BASICALLY ASK COMPUTER TO 5013 03:33:45,837 --> 03:33:47,539 TRANSLATE THE VOICE INTO THAT 5014 03:33:47,539 --> 03:33:50,442 FAMILY MEMBER'S VOICE SO THAT 5015 03:33:50,442 --> 03:33:52,344 YOU CAN USE SIMILAR AUTOMATIC 5016 03:33:52,344 --> 03:33:55,113 TRANSLATION KIND OF THING? 5017 03:33:55,113 --> 03:33:57,082 >> LIKE A DEEP FAKE BASICALLY. 5018 03:33:57,082 --> 03:33:57,916 >> YEAH. 5019 03:33:57,916 --> 03:33:59,584 >> WHY NOT? 5020 03:33:59,584 --> 03:34:00,685 >> OKAY. 5021 03:34:00,685 --> 03:34:03,021 >> YES. I HAVE A COMMENT AND 5022 03:34:03,021 --> 03:34:05,824 QUESTION. COMMENT IS I THINK 5023 03:34:05,824 --> 03:34:06,925 THIS WAS A VERY BEAUTIFUL 5024 03:34:06,925 --> 03:34:07,893 SESSION THIS MORNING RESTORING 5025 03:34:07,893 --> 03:34:10,362 LOTS OF THE COMPLEXITY OF 5026 03:34:10,362 --> 03:34:11,830 THAT'LL MAL CORTICAL LOOPS 5027 03:34:11,830 --> 03:34:13,698 INVOLVED IN CONSCIOUSNESS AND 5028 03:34:13,698 --> 03:34:15,000 CIRCUITS AND FINE BRAIN DETAILS 5029 03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:16,968 OF THE CIRCUITS AND THANK YOU 5030 03:34:16,968 --> 03:34:18,870 VERY MUCH FOR A BEAUTIFUL 5031 03:34:18,870 --> 03:34:19,771 MORNING AND IF YOU MIGHT 5032 03:34:19,771 --> 03:34:21,840 REMEMBER WE STARTED WITH WHAT I 5033 03:34:21,840 --> 03:34:23,542 THOUGHT WAS A VERY FRUSTRATING 5034 03:34:23,542 --> 03:34:26,611 AND SIMPLISTIC IDEA WE NEED 5035 03:34:26,611 --> 03:34:27,712 SINGLE EXPERIMENT AND THOUGHT 5036 03:34:27,712 --> 03:34:29,614 OUT SERIES IN BACK OF THE BRAIN 5037 03:34:29,614 --> 03:34:31,850 AND FRONT OF THE BRAIN AND THIS 5038 03:34:31,850 --> 03:34:33,285 MORNING SAW IT IS NEITHER AND IS 5039 03:34:33,285 --> 03:34:35,353 MUCH MORE INTERESTING AND IN 5040 03:34:35,353 --> 03:34:37,856 FACT IN THE IN MOSSIMO'S WORK WE 5041 03:34:37,856 --> 03:34:41,393 FIND WE CAN HAVE LOT OF 5042 03:34:41,393 --> 03:34:43,395 CONVERGENCE AND THERE IS 5043 03:34:43,395 --> 03:34:44,095 CROSS-LAB CONVERGENCE AND IF 5044 03:34:44,095 --> 03:34:46,898 THERE IS A SERIES OF 5045 03:34:46,898 --> 03:34:48,500 COMPUTATIONS UNFOLDING IN A 5046 03:34:48,500 --> 03:34:51,002 CENTRAL WORKSPACE WE WILL SEE 5047 03:34:51,002 --> 03:34:52,437 COMPLEXITY OF SIGNALS IN THIS 5048 03:34:52,437 --> 03:34:53,839 NOTION OF TIME AND THIS NOTION 5049 03:34:53,839 --> 03:34:55,574 OF COMPLEXITY IS I THINK FITTING 5050 03:34:55,574 --> 03:34:59,544 WITH TWO MOTHERS THAT WE HAVE 5051 03:34:59,544 --> 03:35:01,246 BEEN PROPOSING WITH GIULIO AND 5052 03:35:01,246 --> 03:35:03,748 CAN AGREE THIS WOULD BE A GOOD 5053 03:35:03,748 --> 03:35:05,417 MEASURE AND QUESTION TO MOSSIMO 5054 03:35:05,417 --> 03:35:08,420 DO WE HAVE NEED TO TMS? I ASKED 5055 03:35:08,420 --> 03:35:09,588 YOU THIS BEFORE AND WOULD LOVE 5056 03:35:09,588 --> 03:35:12,057 TO SEE DATA COULD WE HAVE EITHER 5057 03:35:12,057 --> 03:35:14,559 MEASURE OF INTERNAL UNFOLDING OF 5058 03:35:14,559 --> 03:35:16,194 ACTIVATION WE DO WHEN WE DO 5059 03:35:16,194 --> 03:35:19,464 RESTING STATE ACTIVITY OR 5060 03:35:19,464 --> 03:35:21,299 EXTERNAL AUDITORY STIMULATION 5061 03:35:21,299 --> 03:35:23,802 AND THIS LOCAL AND GLOBAL 5062 03:35:23,802 --> 03:35:24,469 PARADIGM. 5063 03:35:24,469 --> 03:35:28,473 WOULD THE RESULTS BE HIGHLY 5064 03:35:28,473 --> 03:35:29,374 CONVERGENT ACROSS THESE THREE 5065 03:35:29,374 --> 03:35:30,575 WAYS BASICALLY TO MEASURE 5066 03:35:30,575 --> 03:35:34,479 COMPLEXITY UNFOLDING EVENT IN 5067 03:35:34,479 --> 03:35:36,114 THE BRAIN? 5068 03:35:36,114 --> 03:35:39,050 >> THANK YOU. REALLY. 5069 03:35:39,050 --> 03:35:42,921 SO, YEAH. THE REASON THAT 5070 03:35:42,921 --> 03:35:44,389 EMPIRICAL CONVERGENCE IS A GOOD 5071 03:35:44,389 --> 03:35:46,324 THING BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, WE ARE 5072 03:35:46,324 --> 03:35:48,293 ALL INTERESTED IN PATIENTS AND 5073 03:35:48,293 --> 03:35:50,595 WE -- I THINK THAT AT THE END OF 5074 03:35:50,595 --> 03:35:52,097 THE DAY IS GOOD THAT THESE 5075 03:35:52,097 --> 03:35:54,733 COMPLEXITY MEASURES MAYBE WOULD 5076 03:35:54,733 --> 03:35:56,568 BE, YOU KNOW, I'M SURE 5077 03:35:56,568 --> 03:35:57,669 COMPLEXITY MEASURES AT SOME 5078 03:35:57,669 --> 03:35:59,537 POINT WOULD BE PROVED WRONG IN 5079 03:35:59,537 --> 03:36:02,173 SPECIFIC CASES AND OVERALL IS 5080 03:36:02,173 --> 03:36:02,374 GOOD. 5081 03:36:02,374 --> 03:36:04,576 AND I THINK THAT THIS IS REALLY, 5082 03:36:04,576 --> 03:36:06,544 YOU KNOW, AN IMPORTANT SIGN. 5083 03:36:06,544 --> 03:36:10,448 THEN, YOU KNOW, ABOUT THE PER 5084 03:36:10,448 --> 03:36:14,553 TUR BASING AND THERE, AGAIN, 5085 03:36:14,553 --> 03:36:17,289 THEORETICAL ASPECTS COME A 5086 03:36:17,289 --> 03:36:19,291 LITTLE BACK INTO PLAY AND PERTER 5087 03:36:19,291 --> 03:36:22,193 BASING IS HEAVILY SPIKED IN 5088 03:36:22,193 --> 03:36:26,498 TRAJECTORY BY IIT BECAUSE IIT IS 5089 03:36:26,498 --> 03:36:27,999 PERTER BASING AND CAUSAL EFFECT 5090 03:36:27,999 --> 03:36:30,435 IS WHAT MATTERS AND THERE IS 5091 03:36:30,435 --> 03:36:32,137 INTEGRATION INFORMATION PART AND 5092 03:36:32,137 --> 03:36:34,205 ALSO NEED TO EXPLORE WHAT THE 5093 03:36:34,205 --> 03:36:35,407 SYSTEM CAN DO RATHER THAN WHAT 5094 03:36:35,407 --> 03:36:37,943 IT DOES. 5095 03:36:37,943 --> 03:36:40,178 THIS IS A KEY DIFFERENCE. 5096 03:36:40,178 --> 03:36:42,314 SO, I THINK THAT OBSERVING 5097 03:36:42,314 --> 03:36:44,049 DYNAMICS TELLS A LOT ABOUT THE 5098 03:36:44,049 --> 03:36:46,918 SYSTEM AND YOU NEED TO -- SO 5099 03:36:46,918 --> 03:36:50,689 DYNAMIC FOREVER AND ASSUMING IT 5100 03:36:50,689 --> 03:36:53,224 GOES TO OR POSSIBLE STATES AND 5101 03:36:53,224 --> 03:36:55,593 CAUSALITY AND INTERACTION IS NOT 5102 03:36:55,593 --> 03:36:58,897 OBSERVED BY THESE AND WHY I 5103 03:36:58,897 --> 03:37:00,899 THINK PERTURBATIONS ARE USEFUL 5104 03:37:00,899 --> 03:37:03,535 IN THEORETICAL FRAME AND THEY 5105 03:37:03,535 --> 03:37:06,071 TAKE THIS INTEGRATION VERY 5106 03:37:06,071 --> 03:37:07,806 SERIOUS AND COULD BE 5107 03:37:07,806 --> 03:37:09,541 APPROXIMATED YES. THAT IS POINT 5108 03:37:09,541 --> 03:37:13,945 I MAKE AND THERE ARE SPONTANEOUS 5109 03:37:13,945 --> 03:37:16,648 MEASURE AND PERTER BASING 5110 03:37:16,648 --> 03:37:18,917 MEASURE AND IN TERMS OF 5111 03:37:18,917 --> 03:37:20,819 SPECIFICITY WE WILL GET OVER 5112 03:37:20,819 --> 03:37:23,521 TERMS AND PER TER BASINGS SHOW 5113 03:37:23,521 --> 03:37:27,058 VERY HIGH VARIABILITY I THINK 5114 03:37:27,058 --> 03:37:29,361 BECAUSE THEY -- YOU KNOW, IT IS 5115 03:37:29,361 --> 03:37:30,762 CAUSAL AND ABOVE AND BEYOND WHAT 5116 03:37:30,762 --> 03:37:32,297 IS HAPPENING AND MANY 5117 03:37:32,297 --> 03:37:33,598 CONFOUNDING PRACTICE AND I WOULD 5118 03:37:33,598 --> 03:37:37,969 BE HAPPY TO SEE THAT SPONTANEOUS 5119 03:37:37,969 --> 03:37:39,637 MEASURE IS BETTER THAN PER TER 5120 03:37:39,637 --> 03:37:43,608 BASING THAT WOULD BE EASIER AND 5121 03:37:43,608 --> 03:37:44,909 MAYBE WILL HAPPEN AND YEAH. 5122 03:37:44,909 --> 03:37:56,254 THIS IS MY TAKE ON IAKE ON IT. 5123 03:38:11,369 --> 03:38:13,838 >> I THINK YOU HAVE GOT A LOT 5124 03:38:13,838 --> 03:38:14,706 MORE INFORMATION OUT OF THOSE 5125 03:38:14,706 --> 03:38:16,775 TYPES OF MODELS AND NOT SURE 5126 03:38:16,775 --> 03:38:19,611 THAT CAUSALITY IS SAME CAUSALITY 5127 03:38:19,611 --> 03:38:20,945 THAT MAR CELLO IS TALKING ABOUT 5128 03:38:20,945 --> 03:38:24,649 AND THINK THERE IS A LOT MORE 5129 03:38:24,649 --> 03:38:27,452 INFORMATION CERTAINLY. 5130 03:38:27,452 --> 03:38:29,587 >> I THINK WE SHOULD GIVE PEOPLE 5131 03:38:29,587 --> 03:38:31,723 A 10 MINUTE BREAK HERE FOR THE 5132 03:38:31,723 --> 03:38:34,092 NEXT SESSION AND THANKS TO THIS 5133 03:38:34,092 --> 03:38:35,527 MORNING'S SPEAKERS AND PREPARING 5134 03:38:35,527 --> 03:38:37,929 FOR NEURO ETHICS SECTION COMING 5135 03:38:37,929 --> 03:38:42,886 UP AT QUARTER PAST THE HOUR. 5136 03:38:42,886 --> 03:38:45,622 GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY. MY 5137 03:38:45,622 --> 03:38:51,695 NAME IS NINASHU PROGRAM CO-LEAD 5138 03:38:51,695 --> 03:38:52,296 AND THE BRAIN NEUROETHICS 5139 03:38:52,296 --> 03:38:53,931 WORKING GROUP, I WILL BE 5140 03:38:53,931 --> 03:38:54,832 MODERATING OUR NEXT SESSION 5141 03:38:54,832 --> 03:38:56,967 WHICH I THINK HOPEFULLY WILL 5142 03:38:56,967 --> 03:38:58,869 INTEGRATE THE THEMES WE HEARD 5143 03:38:58,869 --> 03:39:00,237 FROM SCIENTIFIC DISCOVER RACE 5144 03:39:00,237 --> 03:39:01,572 AND THINK ABOUT THE ETHICAL 5145 03:39:01,572 --> 03:39:02,840 IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROETHICS OF 5146 03:39:02,840 --> 03:39:04,341 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH AND AI. 5147 03:39:04,341 --> 03:39:06,176 WE HAVE THREE WONDERFUL 5148 03:39:06,176 --> 03:39:08,746 SPEAKERS. OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS 5149 03:39:08,746 --> 03:39:13,083 DR. SID JOHNEN SO, PHILOSOPHER 5150 03:39:13,083 --> 03:39:15,886 AND NEUROETHICIST AT THE CENTER 5151 03:39:15,886 --> 03:39:18,856 FOR BIOETHICS AT SUNY UNIVERSITY 5152 03:39:18,856 --> 03:39:20,557 AND UP STATE HOSPITALS. SHE IS 5153 03:39:20,557 --> 03:39:22,092 ASSOCIATE EDITOR FOR NEUROETHICS 5154 03:39:22,092 --> 03:39:24,228 AND A MEMBER OF THE NIH BRAIN 5155 03:39:24,228 --> 03:39:25,662 INITIATIVE NEUROETHICS WORKING 5156 03:39:25,662 --> 03:39:27,431 GROUP. DR. JOHNSON'S BOOKS 5157 03:39:27,431 --> 03:39:29,666 INCLUDE THE ETHICS OF 5158 03:39:29,666 --> 03:39:33,904 UNCERTAINTY, ENTANGLED ETHICAL 5159 03:39:33,904 --> 03:39:37,141 AND EPISTEMIC RISKS AN ETHICSES 5160 03:39:37,141 --> 03:39:39,009 IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS. HER 5161 03:39:39,009 --> 03:39:40,744 RESEARCH IS ANIMAL EVENTICS AND 5162 03:39:40,744 --> 03:39:42,045 BRAIN INJURIES INCLUDING BRAIN 5163 03:39:42,045 --> 03:39:44,782 DEATH AND DISORDERS OF 5164 03:39:44,782 --> 03:39:45,616 CONSCIOUSNESS. HER TALK IS 5165 03:39:45,616 --> 03:39:47,851 ENTITY AND UNCERTAINTIES ETHICAL 5166 03:39:47,851 --> 03:39:55,692 IMPLICATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 5167 03:39:55,692 --> 03:39:59,897 >> THANK YOU, NINA. THANKS TO 5168 03:39:59,897 --> 03:40:01,265 JIM FOR KEEPING THE TRAINS 5169 03:40:01,265 --> 03:40:03,133 RUNNING ON TIME TODAY, DESPITE 5170 03:40:03,133 --> 03:40:05,536 THE HICCUPS WE HAVE HAD. 5171 03:40:05,536 --> 03:40:06,703 YESTERDAY WAS A VERY LONG DAY 5172 03:40:06,703 --> 03:40:08,639 AND I'M SURE WE ARE WELL I THINK 5173 03:40:08,639 --> 03:40:10,340 MANY OF US HAVE TO RUN OFF TO 5174 03:40:10,340 --> 03:40:15,579 THE AIRPORTS AND SO ON AS DO I. 5175 03:40:15,579 --> 03:40:17,948 SO I HAVE NO DISCLOSE INSURES SO 5176 03:40:17,948 --> 03:40:22,653 NO DISCLOSE INSURE SLIDE, I'M AN 5177 03:40:22,653 --> 03:40:24,621 ETHICIST AND AREAS OF 5178 03:40:24,621 --> 03:40:25,923 SCHOLARSHIP ARE BRAIN INJURIES 5179 03:40:25,923 --> 03:40:28,025 AND ANIMAL ETHICS AND ETHICS OF 5180 03:40:28,025 --> 03:40:29,359 RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS SO I WILL 5181 03:40:29,359 --> 03:40:31,995 TRY TO CONNECT THOSE DOTS TODAY 5182 03:40:31,995 --> 03:40:33,230 BECAUSE I THINK THEY ARE VERY 5183 03:40:33,230 --> 03:40:35,866 MUCH CONNECTED, THOUGH I MAY BE 5184 03:40:35,866 --> 03:40:36,600 IDIOSYNCRATIC IN MY THINKING 5185 03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:40,070 THERE. I HAVE BEEN ASKED TO TALK 5186 03:40:40,070 --> 03:40:41,538 ABOUT AI TO THE EXTENT THAT I 5187 03:40:41,538 --> 03:40:42,706 CAN. AND I WILL TRY TO CONNECT 5188 03:40:42,706 --> 03:40:45,909 THAT WILL DOT AS WELL. I THINK 5189 03:40:45,909 --> 03:40:47,544 ONE OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN 5190 03:40:47,544 --> 03:40:50,447 ALL OF THESE IS THE 5191 03:40:50,447 --> 03:40:52,115 IDENTIFICATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 5192 03:40:52,115 --> 03:40:54,551 SO MY PLAN IN KEEPING WITH THE 5193 03:40:54,551 --> 03:40:56,753 THEME OF THIS SESSION, IS TO 5194 03:40:56,753 --> 03:40:58,388 TALK ABOUT TWO QUESTIONS OR 5195 03:40:58,388 --> 03:41:00,691 PROBLEMS, ONE IS THE 5196 03:41:00,691 --> 03:41:01,692 DISTRIBUTION QUESTION WHICH IS 5197 03:41:01,692 --> 03:41:03,961 PUT SIMPLY, ABOUT THE 5198 03:41:03,961 --> 03:41:05,929 DISTRIBUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS OR 5199 03:41:05,929 --> 03:41:07,998 WHICH ENTITIES ARE CONSCIOUS. 5200 03:41:07,998 --> 03:41:10,701 TYPICALLY FUNCTIONING ADULT 5201 03:41:10,701 --> 03:41:12,769 HUMANS ARE PARADIGM CASE OF A 5202 03:41:12,769 --> 03:41:15,806 CONSCIOUS ENTITY AMONG HUMANS 5203 03:41:15,806 --> 03:41:17,107 THOUGH THERE ARE DIVERSITY OF 5204 03:41:17,107 --> 03:41:19,276 PERSONS PERSONS WITH DISORDERS 5205 03:41:19,276 --> 03:41:20,711 OF CONSCIOUSNESS, INFANTS, 5206 03:41:20,711 --> 03:41:23,180 PRE-TERM INFANTS, CHILDREN WITH 5207 03:41:23,180 --> 03:41:26,884 HYDRO ENCEPHLY ORAN ENCEPHLY, 5208 03:41:26,884 --> 03:41:28,452 ALL OF WHO IT IS REASONABLE TO 5209 03:41:28,452 --> 03:41:31,688 ASK IF THEY ARE CONSCIOUS. AND 5210 03:41:31,688 --> 03:41:33,790 THERE IS ALL THE NON-MAMMAL 5211 03:41:33,790 --> 03:41:42,065 ANIMALS. INSECTS FISH, MOLLUSK, 5212 03:41:42,065 --> 03:41:47,104 CRUSTACEANS M PERHAPS THE STURDY 5213 03:41:47,104 --> 03:41:50,173 TOWARDEGRADE. THEN THERE'S AI. 5214 03:41:50,173 --> 03:41:51,708 ABOUT WHICH THERE ARE QUESTIONS 5215 03:41:51,708 --> 03:41:53,010 REGARDING THE VERY POSSIBILITY 5216 03:41:53,010 --> 03:41:54,678 OF CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGING AT 5217 03:41:54,678 --> 03:41:58,982 SOME POINT IN THE FUTURE. THE 5218 03:41:58,982 --> 03:41:59,983 SECOND PROBLEM IS THE MORAL 5219 03:41:59,983 --> 03:42:02,619 STATUS PROBLEM. WHICH IS 5220 03:42:02,619 --> 03:42:03,220 SIMILARLY A DISTRIBUTION 5221 03:42:03,220 --> 03:42:06,390 PROBLEM. WHAT ENTITIES MATTER 5222 03:42:06,390 --> 03:42:08,125 MORALLY. IT IS STANDARD ACROSS 5223 03:42:08,125 --> 03:42:10,961 MANY MORAL THEORIES TO THINK 5224 03:42:10,961 --> 03:42:12,596 THAT SENTIENTS OR CONSCIOUSNESS 5225 03:42:12,596 --> 03:42:14,331 IS SUFFICIENT FOR AN ENTITY TO 5226 03:42:14,331 --> 03:42:17,034 MATTER MORALLY, FOR IT TO HAVE 5227 03:42:17,034 --> 03:42:19,703 INTEREST AND WELL BEING THAT 5228 03:42:19,703 --> 03:42:22,239 MATTER TO ITSELF. IN PRACTICE IT 5229 03:42:22,239 --> 03:42:25,676 IS NEVER JUST CONSCIOUSNESS. IT 5230 03:42:25,676 --> 03:42:26,643 IS TYPICALLY CONSCIOUSNESS PLUS 5231 03:42:26,643 --> 03:42:28,478 SOME OTHER TRAITS, TRAITS THAT 5232 03:42:28,478 --> 03:42:29,780 TYPICALLY FUNCTION IN ADULT 5233 03:42:29,780 --> 03:42:31,648 HUMANS HAPPEN TO HAVE, LIKE 5234 03:42:31,648 --> 03:42:34,985 MORAL AGENCY, AUTONOMY 5235 03:42:34,985 --> 03:42:36,386 COMMUNICATION, FREE WILL. 5236 03:42:36,386 --> 03:42:37,955 SOPHISTICATED COGNITIVE AND 5237 03:42:37,955 --> 03:42:39,489 PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPACITIES, 5238 03:42:39,489 --> 03:42:43,894 PROBLEM SOLVING, SELF-AWARENESS, 5239 03:42:43,894 --> 03:42:45,562 AND YOU CAN SEE HOW NEUROSCIENCE 5240 03:42:45,562 --> 03:42:46,263 MIGHT HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY 5241 03:42:46,263 --> 03:42:47,431 ABOUT THESE AS WELL. QUITE A FEW 5242 03:42:47,431 --> 03:42:49,666 OF THESE SHOWED UP IN 5243 03:42:49,666 --> 03:42:52,836 YESTERDAY'S TALKS. THERE ARE NO 5244 03:42:52,836 --> 03:42:56,239 PROPERTIES, TRAITS OR 5245 03:42:56,239 --> 03:42:58,342 CHARACTERISTICS UNIQUE TO HUMANS 5246 03:42:58,342 --> 03:43:00,277 EXCEPT OUR SPECIES. MANY OF 5247 03:43:00,277 --> 03:43:02,346 THESE PROPERTIES TRAITS AND 5248 03:43:02,346 --> 03:43:04,247 CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT FOUND IN 5249 03:43:04,247 --> 03:43:05,148 NON-TYPICALLY FUNCTIONING 5250 03:43:05,148 --> 03:43:07,684 HUMANS. LIKE INFANTS OR SOMEONE 5251 03:43:07,684 --> 03:43:09,252 WITH ADVANCED ALZHEIMER'S FOR 5252 03:43:09,252 --> 03:43:13,423 EXAMPLE. NONETHELESS 5253 03:43:13,423 --> 03:43:15,125 CONSCIOUSNESS AND WELFARE AND 5254 03:43:15,125 --> 03:43:16,927 MORAL STATUS WITH FREQUENTLY 5255 03:43:16,927 --> 03:43:18,428 LINKED CONSCIOUSNESS IS 5256 03:43:18,428 --> 03:43:19,863 SEEMINGLY REQUIRED TO ASCRIBE 5257 03:43:19,863 --> 03:43:22,132 POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE VALUE TO 5258 03:43:22,132 --> 03:43:25,469 ONE'S OWN STATES. CAUSING HARM 5259 03:43:25,469 --> 03:43:28,038 TO CREATURES WHO CAN SUFFER IS 5260 03:43:28,038 --> 03:43:29,740 MORALLY WRONG GENERALLY AND 5261 03:43:29,740 --> 03:43:33,910 REQUIRES JUSTIFICATION. FOR COB 5262 03:43:33,910 --> 03:43:35,812 CHAZAN MALLS AND PRACTICE WE SEE 5263 03:43:35,812 --> 03:43:38,248 CONSCIOUSNESS AND MORAL STATUS 5264 03:43:38,248 --> 03:43:39,416 DECOUPLED FREQUENTLY. WE HEARD 5265 03:43:39,416 --> 03:43:43,820 ABOUT A LOT OF RESEARCH BEING 5266 03:43:43,820 --> 03:43:45,155 PERFORMED ON CONSCIOUS MAMMALS 5267 03:43:45,155 --> 03:43:46,556 IN THIS MEETING. WHEN YOU 5268 03:43:46,556 --> 03:43:49,593 CONSIDER THE USE OF ANIMALS FOR 5269 03:43:49,593 --> 03:43:50,861 FOOD PRODUCTION THE NUMBERS ARE 5270 03:43:50,861 --> 03:43:53,930 VASTLY HIGHER. SO FOR WELFARE 5271 03:43:53,930 --> 03:43:56,133 RELATED POLICIES, REGULATIONS, 5272 03:43:56,133 --> 03:43:59,469 AND LAWS, CONSCIOUSNESS OR 5273 03:43:59,469 --> 03:44:02,472 SENTIENTS MATTERS MINIMALLY AND 5274 03:44:02,472 --> 03:44:04,141 WE CONTRIBUTE THE MINIMALIZATION 5275 03:44:04,141 --> 03:44:10,013 THERE TO HUMAN EXCEPTIONALISM. 5276 03:44:10,013 --> 03:44:11,448 HUMAN EXCEPTIONALISM LOOKS LIKE 5277 03:44:11,448 --> 03:44:13,316 THIS. BACK IN THE EARLY 2000S 5278 03:44:13,316 --> 03:44:14,551 RESEARCHERS WERE STARTING TO DO 5279 03:44:14,551 --> 03:44:15,852 WORK THAT INVOLVED IMPLANTING 5280 03:44:15,852 --> 03:44:17,654 HUMAN BRAIN TISSUE INTO MOUSE 5281 03:44:17,654 --> 03:44:20,123 BRAINS, CREATING SO CALLED 5282 03:44:20,123 --> 03:44:22,225 CHIMERIC MICE OR THE HUMAN 5283 03:44:22,225 --> 03:44:24,428 NEURON MOUSE. THERE WAS A LOT OF 5284 03:44:24,428 --> 03:44:27,297 HAND RINGING ABOUT THIS IN THE 5285 03:44:27,297 --> 03:44:28,799 NEUROETHICS LITERATURE, SINCE 5286 03:44:28,799 --> 03:44:29,933 THEN THERE'S BEEN LOTS OF 5287 03:44:29,933 --> 03:44:31,401 RESEARCH COOING THIS IN A 5288 03:44:31,401 --> 03:44:33,637 VARIETY OF ANIMALS. WITH RESULTS 5289 03:44:33,637 --> 03:44:35,672 THAT HAVE BEEN FAIRLY STRIKING, 5290 03:44:35,672 --> 03:44:37,808 BOTH IN TERMS OF THE INTEGRATION 5291 03:44:37,808 --> 03:44:39,876 OF THE HUMAN TISSUE IN SOME 5292 03:44:39,876 --> 03:44:41,178 CASES TAKING OVER LARGE PARTS OF 5293 03:44:41,178 --> 03:44:44,681 THE BRAIN. AND FUNCTIONAL 5294 03:44:44,681 --> 03:44:46,450 DIFFERENCES SO MICE THAT APPEAR 5295 03:44:46,450 --> 03:44:51,755 SMARTER AND LEARN FASTER. WHAT 5296 03:44:51,755 --> 03:44:53,223 NEUROETHICISTS SAID AT THE TIME 5297 03:44:53,223 --> 03:44:56,693 WAS NOTEWORTHY BECAUSE WHAT GOT 5298 03:44:56,693 --> 03:44:58,195 PEOPLE WORKED UP ABOUT THE 5299 03:44:58,195 --> 03:44:58,995 RESEARCH WAS THE POSSIBILITY OF 5300 03:44:58,995 --> 03:45:04,134 CREATING A HUMANIZED MOUSE. SO 5301 03:45:04,134 --> 03:45:05,135 THIS QUOTE SAYS A VARIETY OF 5302 03:45:05,135 --> 03:45:06,336 THINGS. THE MOUSE BRAIN IS 5303 03:45:06,336 --> 03:45:09,139 SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER THAN THE 5304 03:45:09,139 --> 03:45:10,340 HUMAN BRAIN, MOUSE BRAINED ARE 5305 03:45:10,340 --> 03:45:13,310 ORGANIZED DIFFERENTLY, THE 5306 03:45:13,310 --> 03:45:15,679 PROPORTION OF BRAIN COMPOSED OF 5307 03:45:15,679 --> 03:45:16,913 NEOCORTEX IS HUGELY GREATER IN 5308 03:45:16,913 --> 03:45:18,448 HUMANS. NEUROSCIENTISTS BELIEVE 5309 03:45:18,448 --> 03:45:20,817 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE BRAIN 5310 03:45:20,817 --> 03:45:22,552 PRODUCES CONSCIOUSNESS, A MOUSE 5311 03:45:22,552 --> 03:45:24,988 BRAIN MADE UP OF ENTIRELY HUMAN 5312 03:45:24,988 --> 03:45:26,490 NEURONS WOULD STILL BE A MOUSE 5313 03:45:26,490 --> 03:45:28,158 BRAIN IN SIZE AND ARCHITECTURE 5314 03:45:28,158 --> 03:45:30,127 AND THUS COULD NOT HAVE HUMAN 5315 03:45:30,127 --> 03:45:31,294 ATTRIBUTES INCLUDING 5316 03:45:31,294 --> 03:45:35,198 CONSCIOUSNESS. SO THE POINT THAT 5317 03:45:35,198 --> 03:45:38,168 MICE ARE NOT CONSCIOUS IS 5318 03:45:38,168 --> 03:45:40,270 STRIKING. THIS KIND OF ARGUMENT, 5319 03:45:40,270 --> 03:45:41,838 ONE BASED ON THE NEURAL 5320 03:45:41,838 --> 03:45:43,740 ARCHITECTURE OF SOME ANIMAL 5321 03:45:43,740 --> 03:45:44,908 BRAIN IS STILL COMMON. IT IS 5322 03:45:44,908 --> 03:45:46,810 USED TO ARGUE AGAINST FISH 5323 03:45:46,810 --> 03:45:49,212 SENTIENTS FOR EXAMPLE AS I WILL 5324 03:45:49,212 --> 03:45:51,047 TALK IN A LITTLE BIT. BUT ASIDE 5325 03:45:51,047 --> 03:45:53,750 FROM CARVING OUT THIS EXCEPTION 5326 03:45:53,750 --> 03:45:55,519 FOR HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS THERE IS 5327 03:45:55,519 --> 03:45:58,455 ALSO THIS UNWARRANTED SKEPTICISM 5328 03:45:58,455 --> 03:45:59,823 ABOUT MOUSE CONSCIOUSNESS OR 5329 03:45:59,823 --> 03:46:01,658 AWARENESS OR SOME KIND OF 5330 03:46:01,658 --> 03:46:03,493 UNSTATED ASSUMPTION THAT IT 5331 03:46:03,493 --> 03:46:05,629 WOULD BE INFERIOR IN SOME 5332 03:46:05,629 --> 03:46:09,065 MORALLY RELEVANT WAY TO HUMAN 5333 03:46:09,065 --> 03:46:10,667 CONSCIOUSNESS. SO THE CONCERN 5334 03:46:10,667 --> 03:46:13,103 ABOUT HUMANIZING THE MOUSE IS A 5335 03:46:13,103 --> 03:46:15,672 CONCERN ABOUT MAKING THE MOUSE A 5336 03:46:15,672 --> 03:46:18,441 CREATURE WE HAVE TO CARE ABOUT. 5337 03:46:18,441 --> 03:46:20,944 THE WORRY ABOUT HUMANIZED MOUSE 5338 03:46:20,944 --> 03:46:24,080 WAS REALLY ABOUT INTRODUCING 5339 03:46:24,080 --> 03:46:24,881 HUMAN NEUROTISSUE WHERE THE 5340 03:46:24,881 --> 03:46:28,585 IDEAS THAT THE HUMAN BRAIN AND 5341 03:46:28,585 --> 03:46:30,053 ITS COMPONENTS MAKES HUMANS 5342 03:46:30,053 --> 03:46:31,821 EXCEPTIONAL. ALL WHICH IS AN 5343 03:46:31,821 --> 03:46:33,890 EXAMPLE OF MOVING THE GOAL 5344 03:46:33,890 --> 03:46:36,126 POSTS, WE DON'T NEED TO WORRY 5345 03:46:36,126 --> 03:46:37,661 ABOUT MOUSE CONSCIOUSNESS, JUST 5346 03:46:37,661 --> 03:46:38,328 HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS. WHATEVER IT 5347 03:46:38,328 --> 03:46:44,701 IS. SO BACK TO THE DISTRIBUTION 5348 03:46:44,701 --> 03:46:46,570 PROBLPROBLEM. THERE ARE SEVERAL 5349 03:46:46,570 --> 03:46:47,837 CHALLENGES TO IDENTIFYING 5350 03:46:47,837 --> 03:46:49,206 CONSCIOUSNESS IN DIVERSE SPECIES 5351 03:46:49,206 --> 03:46:51,975 AND IN AI. PETER MENTIONED 5352 03:46:51,975 --> 03:46:53,643 YESTERDAY THE PARALLEL IN 5353 03:46:53,643 --> 03:46:56,947 INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION, THE 5354 03:46:56,947 --> 03:47:00,383 PRESENCE OF NON-HOMOLOGOUS AND 5355 03:47:00,383 --> 03:47:01,318 ANALOGOUS BRAIN STRUCTURES IN 5356 03:47:01,318 --> 03:47:04,588 OCTOPUS FOR EXAMPLE, THE 5357 03:47:04,588 --> 03:47:05,188 PHYLOGENETICALLY DISTANCE THE 5358 03:47:05,188 --> 03:47:06,590 LESS HOMOLOGOUS THE BRAINS GET. 5359 03:47:06,590 --> 03:47:08,491 WHEN YOU LOOK AT OCTOPUSES THEY 5360 03:47:08,491 --> 03:47:11,728 ARE INCREDIBLY COMPLEX AND SMART 5361 03:47:11,728 --> 03:47:13,363 CREATURES WHOSE BRAINS ARE 5362 03:47:13,363 --> 03:47:15,098 SQUISHY AND CAN BE COMPRESSED 5363 03:47:15,098 --> 03:47:17,000 WITHOUT INJURY UNLIKE OUR BRAINS 5364 03:47:17,000 --> 03:47:18,201 WHICH ARE VERY TENDER AND HAVE 5365 03:47:18,201 --> 03:47:23,540 TO BE ENCASED IN A HARD SHELL. 5366 03:47:23,540 --> 03:47:24,941 THE OCTOPUS IS VERY END BRAINED 5367 03:47:24,941 --> 03:47:29,279 AND THE ARMS SEEM TO THINK, ARMS 5368 03:47:29,279 --> 03:47:31,915 ARE RICH IN NEURONS UNLIKE OUR 5369 03:47:31,915 --> 03:47:34,117 RELATIVELY STUPID ARMS. IF YOU 5370 03:47:34,117 --> 03:47:36,286 ARE PERSUADED ONLY HUMAN LIKE 5371 03:47:36,286 --> 03:47:37,621 BRAINS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS 5372 03:47:37,621 --> 03:47:39,689 SYSTEMS CAN GIVE RISE TO 5373 03:47:39,689 --> 03:47:41,324 CONSCIOUSNESS, OR THE RIGHT KIND 5374 03:47:41,324 --> 03:47:42,125 OF CONSCIOUSNESS, YOU ARE GOING 5375 03:47:42,125 --> 03:47:44,461 TO HAVE TO RULE OUT ANY ANIMAL 5376 03:47:44,461 --> 03:47:45,962 WITH A BRAIN THAT IS NOT 5377 03:47:45,962 --> 03:47:49,466 SUFFICIENTLY SIMILAR. WHAT 5378 03:47:49,466 --> 03:47:50,767 COUNTS AS SUFFICIENTLY SIMILAR 5379 03:47:50,767 --> 03:47:52,102 IS THEN A PROBLEM YOU SHOULD BE 5380 03:47:52,102 --> 03:47:58,808 THINKING ABOUT. WE ALSO RELY ON 5381 03:47:58,808 --> 03:48:00,143 INFERENCES FROM BEHAVIORAL 5382 03:48:00,143 --> 03:48:00,877 EVIDENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS NOT 5383 03:48:00,877 --> 03:48:02,345 JUST IN ANIMALS BUT ALSO IN 5384 03:48:02,345 --> 03:48:09,552 HUMANS. AS WE HAVE JUST HEARD. 5385 03:48:09,552 --> 03:48:11,221 ANIMAL BEHAVIORS ARE OFTEN 5386 03:48:11,221 --> 03:48:13,723 POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND CAN BE 5387 03:48:13,723 --> 03:48:16,359 MULTIPLY REALIZABLE LIKE HUMAN 5388 03:48:16,359 --> 03:48:18,395 BEHAVIORS AND CAN BE CONSCIOUS 5389 03:48:18,395 --> 03:48:20,430 AND UNCONSCIOUS. THE BEHAVIORAL 5390 03:48:20,430 --> 03:48:22,732 TESTS CONTROVERSIAL IN ANIMALS 5391 03:48:22,732 --> 03:48:23,900 ARE FREQUENTLY USED, WE USE 5392 03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:25,969 BEHAVIORAL TESTS IN HUMAN, TESTS 5393 03:48:25,969 --> 03:48:28,805 IN INFANT BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSES 5394 03:48:28,805 --> 03:48:30,640 THE BEDSIDE BEHAVIORAL EXAM USED 5395 03:48:30,640 --> 03:48:31,608 IN PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF 5396 03:48:31,608 --> 03:48:35,378 CONSCIOUSNESS. SO DESPITE 5397 03:48:35,378 --> 03:48:36,546 DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE 5398 03:48:36,546 --> 03:48:39,149 WE FREQUENTLY THOUGH SEE VERY 5399 03:48:39,149 --> 03:48:41,284 SIMILAR BEHAVIORS IN DIVERSE 5400 03:48:41,284 --> 03:48:43,386 SPECIES LIKE WOUND TENDING WHICH 5401 03:48:43,386 --> 03:48:45,789 IS SOMETHING HERMIT CRABS DO. 5402 03:48:45,789 --> 03:48:47,324 HERMIT CRABS ARE PRETTY FAR FROM 5403 03:48:47,324 --> 03:48:49,726 THE PRIMATE FAMILY TREE BUT THEY 5404 03:48:49,726 --> 03:48:53,563 ENGAGE IN MOTIVATIONAL TRADE 5405 03:48:53,563 --> 03:48:56,700 OFFS WHEN AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK IS 5406 03:48:56,700 --> 03:48:58,368 ADMINISTERED ENCOURAGING THEM TO 5407 03:48:58,368 --> 03:49:00,036 EVACUATE THEIR SHELL, THEY WILL 5408 03:49:00,036 --> 03:49:01,271 TRADE OFF COMPETING DEMANDS LIKE 5409 03:49:01,271 --> 03:49:03,073 THE QUALITY OF THEIR CURRENT 5410 03:49:03,073 --> 03:49:05,241 SHELL, THE INTENSITY OF THE 5411 03:49:05,241 --> 03:49:08,778 NOXIOUS STIMULUS, AND OLFACTORY 5412 03:49:08,778 --> 03:49:10,246 QUEUES THAT INDICATE PRESENCE OF 5413 03:49:10,246 --> 03:49:11,348 PREDATORS. THESE ARE LIKE THE 5414 03:49:11,348 --> 03:49:13,683 KINDS OF THINGS THAT HUMAN IN 5415 03:49:13,683 --> 03:49:14,884 D.C. MIGHT DECIDE IF THEY WANT 5416 03:49:14,884 --> 03:49:15,752 TO MOVE TO A DIFFERENT 5417 03:49:15,752 --> 03:49:20,557 APARTMENT. SO WE HAVE-DEEP 5418 03:49:20,557 --> 03:49:22,859 METHOD LOGICAL PROBLEM. WE DON'T 5419 03:49:22,859 --> 03:49:24,294 HAVE A CONSENSUS ON THE 5420 03:49:24,294 --> 03:49:26,796 METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING 5421 03:49:26,796 --> 03:49:27,630 CONSCIOUSNESS IN NON-HUMANS. 5422 03:49:27,630 --> 03:49:29,599 HERE IS A COUPLE OF FAMILIAR 5423 03:49:29,599 --> 03:49:31,167 EXAMPLES SOME WHICH HAVE BEEN 5424 03:49:31,167 --> 03:49:34,871 DISCUSSED HERE DURING THIS WEEK 5425 03:49:34,871 --> 03:49:36,773 THE MIRROR SELF -RECOGNITION TEST 5426 03:49:36,773 --> 03:49:39,442 IS A TEST OF SELF-WARENESS 5427 03:49:39,442 --> 03:49:41,044 THOUGH GORDON GALLUP WHO 5428 03:49:41,044 --> 03:49:42,379 IDENTIFY OR DEVISED THE TEST 5429 03:49:42,379 --> 03:49:46,116 DENIES THAT IT IS. SEVERAL 5430 03:49:46,116 --> 03:49:47,684 SPECIES AND TAXA PASSED THIS 5431 03:49:47,684 --> 03:49:50,086 TEST INCLUDING CHIMPANZEES 5432 03:49:50,086 --> 03:49:53,089 DOLPHINS OR DAS HORSES, PIGEONS 5433 03:49:53,089 --> 03:49:56,359 MAG PIES AND THE CLEAN SMALL 5434 03:49:56,359 --> 03:49:58,228 REEF FISH. I THINK IT IS REALLY 5435 03:49:58,228 --> 03:50:00,363 INTERESTING THAT MARINE ANIMALS 5436 03:50:00,363 --> 03:50:02,766 WHO HAVE EVOLVED THIS ABILITY IT 5437 03:50:02,766 --> 03:50:04,234 ALSO INVOLVED IN AN ENVIRONMENT 5438 03:50:04,234 --> 03:50:07,403 WITHOUT REFLECTIVE SURFACES. 5439 03:50:07,403 --> 03:50:09,139 THIS TEST IS PRONE TO FALSE 5440 03:50:09,139 --> 03:50:11,241 NEGATIVES. DOGS ARE LESS ATTUNE 5441 03:50:11,241 --> 03:50:14,778 TO VISUAL QUEUES THAN TO 5442 03:50:14,778 --> 03:50:15,545 OLFACTORY ONES, THAT FAIL THE 5443 03:50:15,545 --> 03:50:17,580 TEST. SOME ANIMALS MIGHT NOT 5444 03:50:17,580 --> 03:50:19,282 CARE IF THEY HAVE A NOVEL MARK 5445 03:50:19,282 --> 03:50:21,584 ON THEIR BODIES. SOME ANIMALS 5446 03:50:21,584 --> 03:50:24,387 INITIALLY RESPOND SO QUICKLY AND 5447 03:50:24,387 --> 03:50:26,322 IMPRESESSIVELY TOWARDS A MIRROR 5448 03:50:26,322 --> 03:50:27,457 EGRESSTIVELY THEY NEVER GHETTO A 5449 03:50:27,457 --> 03:50:28,458 POINT THEY RECOGNIZE IT IS A 5450 03:50:28,458 --> 03:50:31,694 REFLECTION. CAN'T BE TRAINED ON 5451 03:50:31,694 --> 03:50:35,365 MIRRORS. EXPERIMENTS OF PAIN, OR 5452 03:50:35,365 --> 03:50:38,001 SENTIENT SIMILARLY CAN BE 5453 03:50:38,001 --> 03:50:39,936 CONTROVERSIAL, ONE POINT IS 5454 03:50:39,936 --> 03:50:41,137 DIVERSITY OF BRAINS, SO THE 5455 03:50:41,137 --> 03:50:43,072 DENIERS OF FISH PAIN FOR EXAMPLE 5456 03:50:43,072 --> 03:50:45,208 WILL CLAIM FISH CAN'T FEEL PAIN 5457 03:50:45,208 --> 03:50:46,209 BECAUSE THEY LACK THE NEURAL 5458 03:50:46,209 --> 03:50:48,344 STRUCTURE FOR PAIN. THE 5459 03:50:48,344 --> 03:50:51,381 STRUCTURE FOUND IN HUMANS. SO 5460 03:50:51,381 --> 03:50:53,016 DEDUCTIVE INFERENCES ARE A KIND 5461 03:50:53,016 --> 03:50:54,918 OF ARGUMENT FROM DISANALOGY BUT 5462 03:50:54,918 --> 03:50:57,320 THE RESEARCH ON FISH PAIN LOOKS 5463 03:50:57,320 --> 03:51:00,123 AT BEHAVIORS. APPLY A PAINFUL 5464 03:51:00,123 --> 03:51:02,158 STIMULUS, OBSERVE THE FISH 5465 03:51:02,158 --> 03:51:04,227 BEHAVIOR, THE FISH WILL BREATHE 5466 03:51:04,227 --> 03:51:05,862 FASTER, IT WILL RUB THE AFFECTED 5467 03:51:05,862 --> 03:51:07,997 SITE WHICH ARE TYPICAL PAIN 5468 03:51:07,997 --> 03:51:11,134 BEHAVIORS THEY DON'T ENGAGE IN 5469 03:51:11,134 --> 03:51:11,734 NORMAL ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIOR 5470 03:51:11,734 --> 03:51:13,536 WHEN THEY ARE IN PAIN BUT THEY 5471 03:51:13,536 --> 03:51:15,505 RESPOND TO ANALGESIA LIKE 5472 03:51:15,505 --> 03:51:17,407 MORPHINE AND LIDOCAINE AND THEY 5473 03:51:17,407 --> 03:51:20,677 HAVE OPIOID RECEPTORS. SO FROM 5474 03:51:20,677 --> 03:51:22,745 THIS INFERENCE TO THE BEST 5475 03:51:22,745 --> 03:51:24,280 EXPLANATION WE CAN INFER FISH 5476 03:51:24,280 --> 03:51:26,850 FEEL PAIN. THEY ALSO ENGAGE IN 5477 03:51:26,850 --> 03:51:29,018 LOTS OF INTERESTING AND COMPLEX 5478 03:51:29,018 --> 03:51:31,321 BEHAVIORS INCLUDING SOME THAT 5479 03:51:31,321 --> 03:51:32,388 INVOLVE MEMORY AND SOCIAL 5480 03:51:32,388 --> 03:51:34,657 LEARNING, RECOGNITION OF OTHERS 5481 03:51:34,657 --> 03:51:37,627 AND COOPERATION, SOME WHICH HAVE 5482 03:51:37,627 --> 03:51:39,529 BEEN FOUND BY ECONOMISTS WHO 5483 03:51:39,529 --> 03:51:43,032 DIED AND WATCHED THEM. THE 5484 03:51:43,032 --> 03:51:45,034 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC EXAM FOR 5485 03:51:45,034 --> 03:51:46,169 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS 5486 03:51:46,169 --> 03:51:49,506 ALSO A BEHAVIORAL TEST THAT 5487 03:51:49,506 --> 03:51:51,774 LOOKS FOR VOLUNTARY 5488 03:51:51,774 --> 03:51:52,542 NON-REFLEXIVE BEHAVIORAL 5489 03:51:52,542 --> 03:51:54,344 RESPONSES TO VARIOUS STIMULI IN 5490 03:51:54,344 --> 03:51:56,846 PATIENTS WITH DISORDERED 5491 03:51:56,846 --> 03:51:59,249 CONSCIOUSNESS, MARCELLO 5492 03:51:59,249 --> 03:52:00,183 EXPLAINED THIS BEAUTIFULLY THIS 5493 03:52:00,183 --> 03:52:01,851 MORNING AND ALSO NOTED THERE HAS 5494 03:52:01,851 --> 03:52:03,720 BEEN FOR SEVERAL DECADES A 5495 03:52:03,720 --> 03:52:05,855 PERSISTENT RATE OF MISDIAGNOSIS 5496 03:52:05,855 --> 03:52:07,524 OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS IN THESE 5497 03:52:07,524 --> 03:52:10,293 PATIENTS WHICH IS ESTIMATED TO 5498 03:52:10,293 --> 03:52:12,962 BE BETWEEN 39 AND 43%. THAT'S 5499 03:52:12,962 --> 03:52:15,665 FOUR OUT OF TEN PATIENTS, WHO 5500 03:52:15,665 --> 03:52:17,800 ARE CONSCIOUS AND MISDIAGNOSED 5501 03:52:17,800 --> 03:52:21,538 AS UNCONSCIOUS. THE RATE IS 5502 03:52:21,538 --> 03:52:23,172 PROBABLY HIGHER. I AM SPEAKING 5503 03:52:23,172 --> 03:52:24,741 TO THE DIRECTOR OF THE NEURAL 5504 03:52:24,741 --> 03:52:26,543 REHABILITATION CENTER IN HOUSTON 5505 03:52:26,543 --> 03:52:27,343 AND HE TOLD ME THAT OF THE 5506 03:52:27,343 --> 03:52:30,613 PATIENTS WHO COME INTO HIS 5507 03:52:30,613 --> 03:52:33,383 FACILITY, ABOUT 98% ARE 5508 03:52:33,383 --> 03:52:35,485 MISDIAGNOSE WHEN THEY ARRIVE. SO 5509 03:52:35,485 --> 03:52:36,953 SOME OF THE BEHAVIORS WE LOOK 5510 03:52:36,953 --> 03:52:38,955 FOR ALLOW FOR STRONG INFERENCES 5511 03:52:38,955 --> 03:52:41,658 OF CONSCIOUSNESS, SO 5512 03:52:41,658 --> 03:52:43,092 INTELLIGIBLE VERBALIZATION, 5513 03:52:43,092 --> 03:52:45,328 FUNCTIONAL OBJECT USE, OBJECT 5514 03:52:45,328 --> 03:52:46,729 LOCALIZATION, SOME OF THE TESTS 5515 03:52:46,729 --> 03:52:49,866 LIKE THE TESTS IN THE VISUAL SUB 5516 03:52:49,866 --> 03:52:52,268 SCALE VISUAL FIXATION, VISUAL 5517 03:52:52,268 --> 03:52:54,671 PURSUIT, ARE ALSO CONSIDERED TO 5518 03:52:54,671 --> 03:52:57,206 BE BEHAVIORS INDICATIVE OF 5519 03:52:57,206 --> 03:52:59,409 CONSCIOUSNESS BUT FAILURE TO 5520 03:52:59,409 --> 03:53:00,743 DETECT FIXATION AND PURSUIT HAVE 5521 03:53:00,743 --> 03:53:04,247 BEEN IDENTIFIED AS LEADING TO 5522 03:53:04,247 --> 03:53:07,350 MISDIAGNOSIS. ONE DUCK STUDY 5523 03:53:07,350 --> 03:53:09,152 FOUND IN 39% OF PATIENTSES WHO 5524 03:53:09,152 --> 03:53:12,188 WERE MISDIAGNOSED VISUAL PURSUIT 5525 03:53:12,188 --> 03:53:13,990 AND VISUAL FIXATION WAS 5526 03:53:13,990 --> 03:53:15,858 UNDETECTED IN MORE THAN HALF OF 5527 03:53:15,858 --> 03:53:19,929 THEM. SO HERE IS THE ETHICAL 5528 03:53:19,929 --> 03:53:21,030 PARALLELS WITH THE SITUATION 5529 03:53:21,030 --> 03:53:24,434 WITH ANIMALS AN AI. THERE IS A 5530 03:53:24,434 --> 03:53:26,069 LONG, LONG HISTORY OF CLAIMS 5531 03:53:26,069 --> 03:53:28,237 THAT PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF 5532 03:53:28,237 --> 03:53:30,273 CONSCIOUSNESS EITHER LACK MORAL 5533 03:53:30,273 --> 03:53:32,141 STATUS OR HAVE DIMINISHED MORAL 5534 03:53:32,141 --> 03:53:34,677 STATUS BECAUSE OF THEIR 5535 03:53:34,677 --> 03:53:35,478 DIMINISHED CONSCIOUSNESS. SO 5536 03:53:35,478 --> 03:53:37,647 BACK IN THE '70s JOSEPH 5537 03:53:37,647 --> 03:53:40,316 FLETCHER A BIOETHICIST AND 5538 03:53:40,316 --> 03:53:42,352 THEOLOGIAN SAID THE VEGETABLE 5539 03:53:42,352 --> 03:53:44,187 PATIENT NO MATTER HOW MANY 5540 03:53:44,187 --> 03:53:47,190 SPONTANEOUS VITAL FUNCTIONS IS 5541 03:53:47,190 --> 03:53:49,192 DEAD, A NON-PERSON. JEFF MCMAHAN 5542 03:53:49,192 --> 03:53:51,294 A COUPLE DECADES LATER SAID IN 5543 03:53:51,294 --> 03:53:53,663 MANY CASES IN WHICH THE PATIENT 5544 03:53:53,663 --> 03:53:56,366 ENTERS A PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE 5545 03:53:56,366 --> 03:53:57,467 STATE WHAT HAS HAPPENED IS THE 5546 03:53:57,467 --> 03:53:59,335 PERSON HAS DIED OR CEASED TO 5547 03:53:59,335 --> 03:54:05,475 EXIST. MORE RECENTLY, LEVY AND 5548 03:54:05,475 --> 03:54:06,709 (INDISCERNIBLE) CLAIM IT IS 5549 03:54:06,709 --> 03:54:08,811 SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS WHICH 5550 03:54:08,811 --> 03:54:09,445 REQUIRES ACCESS CONSCIOUSNESS 5551 03:54:09,445 --> 03:54:12,482 THAT MATTERS FOR PERSON HOOD. 5552 03:54:12,482 --> 03:54:14,917 INDIVIDUALS WITH ONLY PHENOMENAL 5553 03:54:14,917 --> 03:54:17,720 CONSCIOUSNESS LIKE THOSE IN THE 5554 03:54:17,720 --> 03:54:18,821 MCS MIGHT BE SENTIENT AND HAVE A 5555 03:54:18,821 --> 03:54:21,924 LOW GRADE OF MORAL STATUS AKIN 5556 03:54:21,924 --> 03:54:24,460 TO WHAT WE HAVE ACCORDED TO 5557 03:54:24,460 --> 03:54:26,763 ANIMALS. IN STUDIES OF PUBLIC 5558 03:54:26,763 --> 03:54:29,932 BELIEFS AND ATTITUDE ABOUT THE 5559 03:54:29,932 --> 03:54:31,567 VSUWS, MANY PEOPLE CONSIDERED 5560 03:54:31,567 --> 03:54:33,636 THESE PATIENTS TO BE MORE DEAD 5561 03:54:33,636 --> 03:54:36,272 THAN DEAD PEOPLE. AND HAVE LESS 5562 03:54:36,272 --> 03:54:39,475 MENTAL CAPACITY THAN THE DEAD. 5563 03:54:39,475 --> 03:54:41,010 OUR INABILITY TO RELIABLY 5564 03:54:41,010 --> 03:54:42,612 IDENTIFY CONSCIOUSNESS IN HUMANS 5565 03:54:42,612 --> 03:54:44,447 WITH THESE DISORDERS IS VERY 5566 03:54:44,447 --> 03:54:49,419 CONSEQUENTIAL. MACHINES AND 5567 03:54:49,419 --> 03:54:52,255 AIs CAN MIMIC BEHAVIORS, 5568 03:54:52,255 --> 03:54:55,124 HUMANOID ROBOTS CAN MIMIC HUMAN 5569 03:54:55,124 --> 03:54:56,592 BEHAVIOR, AMYLOID ROBOTS LIKE 5570 03:54:56,592 --> 03:54:58,861 THE TERRIFYING DOG BOTS THAT 5571 03:54:58,861 --> 03:55:01,064 BOSTON DYNAMICS MAKES CAN MIMIC 5572 03:55:01,064 --> 03:55:03,700 ANIMAL BEHAVIORS ALSO MIMIC 5573 03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:05,735 VERBAL REPORTS WHICH ARE USED 5574 03:55:05,735 --> 03:55:06,736 EXTENTSIVELY IN CONSCIOUSNESS 5575 03:55:06,736 --> 03:55:07,904 AND PERCEPTION RESEARCH IN 5576 03:55:07,904 --> 03:55:12,675 HUMANS. SO AD DUCKTIVE 5577 03:55:12,675 --> 03:55:13,810 INFERENCES, ARGUMENTS FROM 5578 03:55:13,810 --> 03:55:15,511 ANALOGY AND BEHAVIORS ARE 5579 03:55:15,511 --> 03:55:16,779 EXTENTSIVELY USED TO TEST FOR 5580 03:55:16,779 --> 03:55:19,682 CONSCIOUSNESS IN BOTH ANIMALS 5581 03:55:19,682 --> 03:55:21,551 AND NON-VERBAL NON-TYPICALLY 5582 03:55:21,551 --> 03:55:23,953 FUNCTIONING HUMANS. AND WE KNOW 5583 03:55:23,953 --> 03:55:26,656 THAT IN THOSE HUMANS WE ARE 5584 03:55:26,656 --> 03:55:28,324 WRONG, QUITE OFTEN AND WE SHOULD 5585 03:55:28,324 --> 03:55:29,826 ALSO ASSUME WE ARE PROBABLY NOT 5586 03:55:29,826 --> 03:55:31,494 GOING TO BE VERY RELIABLE WHEN 5587 03:55:31,494 --> 03:55:35,398 IT COMES TO NON -HUMANS. FOR A, I 5588 03:55:35,398 --> 03:55:38,568 THINK ALL BETS ARE OFF. THIS IS 5589 03:55:38,568 --> 03:55:41,604 A ROBOT THAT I SAW AT DULLES 5590 03:55:41,604 --> 03:55:43,005 AIRPORT A FEW YEARS AGO. IT 5591 03:55:43,005 --> 03:55:44,006 BELONGED TO A RESTAURANT, I 5592 03:55:44,006 --> 03:55:46,542 WATCHED FOR A FEW HOURS WHILE 5593 03:55:46,542 --> 03:55:47,944 WAITING FOR MY FLIGHT. I WAS 5594 03:55:47,944 --> 03:55:50,146 MAD ON THIS ROBOT BEHALF THAT IT 5595 03:55:50,146 --> 03:55:51,914 WAS FORCED TO WE ARE A JERSEY 5596 03:55:51,914 --> 03:55:54,050 FOR THE D.C. FOOTBALL TEAM WHICH 5597 03:55:54,050 --> 03:55:56,853 AT THE TIME STILL HAD RACIST 5598 03:55:56,853 --> 03:55:58,955 NAME PEOPLE MOSTLY IGNORED THIS 5599 03:55:58,955 --> 03:56:02,158 ROBOT AND IT KIND OF LOOKED SAD. 5600 03:56:02,158 --> 03:56:05,528 I'M A ROBOT SYMPATHIZER. I WILL 5601 03:56:05,528 --> 03:56:07,029 LAY MY CARDS ON THE TABLE. I 5602 03:56:07,029 --> 03:56:09,766 NAMED ANY ROOMBA, ITS NAME IS 5603 03:56:09,766 --> 03:56:11,434 FLUFFY. FLUFFY SENDS MESSAGES TO 5604 03:56:11,434 --> 03:56:13,436 MY PHONE ALL THE TIME SAYING 5605 03:56:13,436 --> 03:56:15,872 THAT IT IS STUCK ON A CLIFF. I 5606 03:56:15,872 --> 03:56:18,040 DO NOT HAVE CLIFFS IN MY HOUSE. 5607 03:56:18,040 --> 03:56:19,642 I DON'T THINK FLUFFY IS 5608 03:56:19,642 --> 03:56:22,278 CONSCIOUS OR LYING ABOUT THE 5609 03:56:22,278 --> 03:56:23,679 CLIFFS, IT DOES SOMETIMES 5610 03:56:23,679 --> 03:56:25,715 ACCURATELY REPORT BEING STUCK 5611 03:56:25,715 --> 03:56:27,016 ELSEWHERE WHICH ALSO HAPPENS 5612 03:56:27,016 --> 03:56:30,319 QUITE FREQUENTLY. MACHINES AND 5613 03:56:30,319 --> 03:56:32,655 AI DON'T HAVE A BRAIN, NOT A 5614 03:56:32,655 --> 03:56:34,223 BIOLOGICAL BRAIN. AT BEST IT IS 5615 03:56:34,223 --> 03:56:36,793 A BRAIN BY FUNCTIONAL ANALOGY. 5616 03:56:36,793 --> 03:56:38,828 SO THE OTHER STRATEGY FOR 5617 03:56:38,828 --> 03:56:40,229 FINDING CONSCIOUSNESS IN ANIMALS 5618 03:56:40,229 --> 03:56:42,231 WHICH IS TO LOOK FOR HOMOLOGOUS 5619 03:56:42,231 --> 03:56:43,065 BRAIN STRUCTURE IS ALSO OFF THE 5620 03:56:43,065 --> 03:56:47,270 TABLE. BUT THEIR ABILITY TO 5621 03:56:47,270 --> 03:56:49,071 MIMIC HUMAN BEHAVIOR INCLUDING 5622 03:56:49,071 --> 03:56:51,874 VERBAL REPORTS IS A SERIOUS 5623 03:56:51,874 --> 03:56:53,409 EPISTEAMIC CONFOUND. IF AI TELLS 5624 03:56:53,409 --> 03:56:56,312 US THEY ARE HAPPY OR IN LOVE OR 5625 03:56:56,312 --> 03:56:58,881 SAD, DO WE BELIEVE IT? IF A CHAT 5626 03:56:58,881 --> 03:57:01,017 BOT TELLS US THAT IT IS 5627 03:57:01,017 --> 03:57:03,486 CONSCIOUS DO WE BELIEVE IT? OUR 5628 03:57:03,486 --> 03:57:05,054 FUTURE COULD HAVE FULL OF LAWFUL 5629 03:57:05,054 --> 03:57:08,224 ROBOTS WHO CAN'T LIE OR COULD BE 5630 03:57:08,224 --> 03:57:10,993 FILLED WITH PSYCHOTIC MACHINES 5631 03:57:10,993 --> 03:57:14,564 RAISE ON REDDIT AND 4 CHAN. SO I 5632 03:57:14,564 --> 03:57:16,299 SUSPECT THAT IF CONSCIOUSNESS 5633 03:57:16,299 --> 03:57:19,268 EMERGES IN A MACHINE WE WON'T 5634 03:57:19,268 --> 03:57:21,070 RECOGNIZE IT. THERE ARE LIKELY 5635 03:57:21,070 --> 03:57:22,738 FALSE POSITIVES AND FALSE 5636 03:57:22,738 --> 03:57:23,539 NEGATIVES, THERE ARE ALREADY 5637 03:57:23,539 --> 03:57:25,575 PEOPLE WHO CLAIM THAT THERE ARE 5638 03:57:25,575 --> 03:57:28,544 CONSCIOUS AIs IN THE WORLD. SO 5639 03:57:28,544 --> 03:57:30,046 WHAT TO DO? WE HAVE SEVERAL 5640 03:57:30,046 --> 03:57:33,082 PROBLEMS RELATED TO RELIANCE ON 5641 03:57:33,082 --> 03:57:35,384 BEHAVIORS, IN ANIMALS WE DON'T 5642 03:57:35,384 --> 03:57:36,419 UNDERSTAND THEIR BEHAVIORS OR 5643 03:57:36,419 --> 03:57:38,754 RECOGNIZE THEM AS CONSCIOUS IN 5644 03:57:38,754 --> 03:57:41,357 HUMANS WITH DISORDERED BRAINS, 5645 03:57:41,357 --> 03:57:42,458 BEHAVIORS CAN BE QUITE 5646 03:57:42,458 --> 03:57:43,693 UNRELIABLE AS A TEST OF 5647 03:57:43,693 --> 03:57:46,028 CONSCIOUSNESS. AI AND MACHINE 5648 03:57:46,028 --> 03:57:48,264 ARE MIMICKING OUR BEHAVIORS WELL 5649 03:57:48,264 --> 03:57:49,332 ENOUGH SOME PEOPLE ARE ALREADY 5650 03:57:49,332 --> 03:57:50,833 CONVINCED THAT THEY ARE 5651 03:57:50,833 --> 03:57:54,036 CONSCIOUS. ALL THESE SCENARIOS 5652 03:57:54,036 --> 03:57:55,771 PRESENT US WITH EPISTEMIC AND 5653 03:57:55,771 --> 03:58:00,009 ETHICAL RISKS. SO THE CONCEPT 5654 03:58:00,009 --> 03:58:02,511 OF INDUCTIVE RISK IS USEFUL TO 5655 03:58:02,511 --> 03:58:04,447 US HERE, THAT COMES FROM 5656 03:58:04,447 --> 03:58:05,982 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, KICKING 5657 03:58:05,982 --> 03:58:08,017 AROUND SINCE 1950s AND IS 5658 03:58:08,017 --> 03:58:09,418 WOEFULLY UNDERUSED AS A 5659 03:58:09,418 --> 03:58:10,620 PRINCIPAL FOR MANAGING 5660 03:58:10,620 --> 03:58:13,689 UNCERTAINTY. I DISCUSS IT IN MY 5661 03:58:13,689 --> 03:58:17,927 BOOK ON DISORDERS OF 5662 03:58:17,927 --> 03:58:20,496 CONSCIOUSNESS. SO THE IDEA IS 5663 03:58:20,496 --> 03:58:22,698 THERE ARE INTERACTING EPISTEMIC 5664 03:58:22,698 --> 03:58:24,800 AND ETHICAL RISKS WHEN WE ACCEPT 5665 03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:26,836 A SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS. IF OUR 5666 03:58:26,836 --> 03:58:29,839 EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS AS FISH 5667 03:58:29,839 --> 03:58:31,807 DO NOT FEEL PAIN THE EPISTEMIC 5668 03:58:31,807 --> 03:58:33,376 RISK IS THE RISK THAT WE ARE 5669 03:58:33,376 --> 03:58:36,178 WRONG. THE ETHICAL RISKS ARE 5670 03:58:36,178 --> 03:58:37,980 THOSE ETHICALLY SIGNIFICANT 5671 03:58:37,980 --> 03:58:38,848 CONSEQUENCES OF BEING WRONG. IN 5672 03:58:38,848 --> 03:58:41,050 OUR EXPERIMENT IF WE ARE WRONG, 5673 03:58:41,050 --> 03:58:42,919 THE FISH IS A LITTLE EXPERIENCE 5674 03:58:42,919 --> 03:58:46,055 PAIN AND BE HARMED. SO WAGNER 5675 03:58:46,055 --> 03:58:47,890 BACK IN THE 50s PROVIDED WHAT 5676 03:58:47,890 --> 03:58:49,759 I CALL THE PRINCIPLE OF 5677 03:58:49,759 --> 03:58:51,527 INDUCTIVE RISK WHICH ARE 5678 03:58:51,527 --> 03:58:53,562 EPISTEMIC RISK TAKING SHOULD BE 5679 03:58:53,562 --> 03:58:56,299 CONSTRAINED BY THE ETHICAL RISKS 5680 03:58:56,299 --> 03:58:58,434 OF BEING WRONG. HIGH ETHICAL 5681 03:58:58,434 --> 03:59:00,303 RISKS SHOULD LIMIT THE 5682 03:59:00,303 --> 03:59:03,105 ACCEPTABLE EPISTEMIC RISKS. HOW 5683 03:59:03,105 --> 03:59:06,108 RISKY IS OUR RELIANT ON THE JFK 5684 03:59:06,108 --> 03:59:09,011 COMA RECOVERY SCALE FOR 5685 03:59:09,011 --> 03:59:11,414 DIAGNOSING DISORDERS OF 5686 03:59:11,414 --> 03:59:13,149 CONSCIOUSNESS, DIAGNOSING 5687 03:59:13,149 --> 03:59:16,285 CONSCIOUSNESS S. RISKY GIVEN 40% 5688 03:59:16,285 --> 03:59:19,588 OF MISDIAGNOSIS BUT ETHICALLY 5689 03:59:19,588 --> 03:59:21,090 RISKY AND CONSEQUENTIAL SO GIVEN 5690 03:59:21,090 --> 03:59:22,825 THE ETHICAL RISK WE SHOULD BE 5691 03:59:22,825 --> 03:59:25,027 LESS WILLING TO TAKE EPISTEMIC 5692 03:59:25,027 --> 03:59:26,929 RISKS AND LESS TOLERANT OF THOSE 5693 03:59:26,929 --> 03:59:28,731 RISKS. WE SHOULD TRUST THE TEST 5694 03:59:28,731 --> 03:59:29,999 LESS EVEN THOUGH IT IS KIND OF 5695 03:59:29,999 --> 03:59:33,402 WHAT WE HAVE RIGHTS NOW. SO THIS 5696 03:59:33,402 --> 03:59:35,137 IS A PRINCIPLE AMONG OTHER 5697 03:59:35,137 --> 03:59:37,907 THINGS OF EPISTEMIC DUTIES. SO 5698 03:59:37,907 --> 03:59:40,009 BACK TO THE FISH. WE HAVE 5699 03:59:40,009 --> 03:59:41,911 EXISTING EVIDENCE OF DIVERSE 5700 03:59:41,911 --> 03:59:43,312 HOMOLOGOUS NON-HOMOLOGOUS 5701 03:59:43,312 --> 03:59:44,981 NERVOUS SYSTEMS ACROSS SPECIES 5702 03:59:44,981 --> 03:59:48,884 AND TAXA PLUS PAIN BEHAVIORS IN 5703 03:59:48,884 --> 03:59:50,953 FISH, COMPLEX NON-REFLEXIVE 5704 03:59:50,953 --> 03:59:52,755 BEHAVIORS IN FISH BUT FISH LACK 5705 03:59:52,755 --> 03:59:55,624 A NEOCORTEX. THEIR BRAINS ARE 5706 03:59:55,624 --> 03:59:58,994 NOT LIKE PARADIGM MAMMAL BRAIN F 5707 03:59:58,994 --> 04:00:01,097 WE ARE WRONG FISH DO NOT 5708 04:00:01,097 --> 04:00:02,598 EXPERIENCE PAIN THEN OUR 5709 04:00:02,598 --> 04:00:03,299 EXPERIMENTAL FISHES COULD SUFFER 5710 04:00:03,299 --> 04:00:05,034 OR THE OCTOPUS SUBJECT TO THE 5711 04:00:05,034 --> 04:00:07,370 SAME PAIN STIMULUS AND INJECTION 5712 04:00:07,370 --> 04:00:10,740 OF ASEEDIC ACID. IS THAT ENOUGH 5713 04:00:10,740 --> 04:00:12,308 TO CONSTRAIN EPISTEMIC RISK 5714 04:00:12,308 --> 04:00:15,578 TAKING? I THINK. 5715 04:00:15,578 --> 04:00:16,946 SO ONE THING YOU WILL NOTICE IS 5716 04:00:16,946 --> 04:00:19,281 INDUCTIVE RISK INDEXES EPISTEMIC 5717 04:00:19,281 --> 04:00:21,751 RISK TAKING TO ETHICAL RISKS BUT 5718 04:00:21,751 --> 04:00:23,753 DOESN'T CONSIDER WHETHER OR NOT 5719 04:00:23,753 --> 04:00:26,055 THE RESEARCH IS BENEFICIAL TO 5720 04:00:26,055 --> 04:00:30,326 ANYONE SO IT WOULD PERMIT LOW 5721 04:00:30,326 --> 04:00:33,763 EPISTEMIC AND LOW RISK RESEARCH 5722 04:00:33,763 --> 04:00:34,663 PURELY CURIOSITY DRIVEN WHERE 5723 04:00:34,663 --> 04:00:36,365 MAIN BENEFITS MIGHT BE EPISTEMIC 5724 04:00:36,365 --> 04:00:38,567 BUT NOT HIGH RISK RESEARCH WITH 5725 04:00:38,567 --> 04:00:39,869 EPISTEMIC BENEFITS. THE LEVEL 5726 04:00:39,869 --> 04:00:43,939 OF EPISTEMIC RISK DEPENDS IN 5727 04:00:43,939 --> 04:00:44,940 PART RIGHTLY ON WHAT WE ALREADY 5728 04:00:44,940 --> 04:00:49,512 KNOW. SO INDEXING EPISTEMIC RISK 5729 04:00:49,512 --> 04:00:52,615 O THE ETHICAL RISKS OF BEING 5730 04:00:52,615 --> 04:00:53,416 WRONG REQUIRES UNDERSTANDING 5731 04:00:53,416 --> 04:00:56,318 BOTH OF THOSE RISKS. INCLUDING 5732 04:00:56,318 --> 04:00:57,987 HARMS TO SUBJECTS, AND THAT IS 5733 04:00:57,987 --> 04:01:02,324 AN EPISTEMIC DUTY OF SCIENTISTS. 5734 04:01:02,324 --> 04:01:04,060 EPISTEMIC RESPONSIBILITIES 5735 04:01:04,060 --> 04:01:05,861 REQUIRES ACTING ON ETHICALLY 5736 04:01:05,861 --> 04:01:07,663 RELEVANT INFORMATION AND THAT IS 5737 04:01:07,663 --> 04:01:09,765 AN ETHICAL DUTY TO REVISE OUR 5738 04:01:09,765 --> 04:01:11,801 ETHICS IF REQUIRED. I THINK THE 5739 04:01:11,801 --> 04:01:13,669 PRESENCE OF EPISTEMIC RISK AND 5740 04:01:13,669 --> 04:01:15,337 ETHICAL RISKS CALLS ON US TO 5741 04:01:15,337 --> 04:01:18,174 FIND WAYS TO LIMIT BOTH. BOTH 5742 04:01:18,174 --> 04:01:21,143 TYPES OF RISK IN RESEARCH BY 5743 04:01:21,143 --> 04:01:23,012 FINDING NEW METHODS FOR 5744 04:01:23,012 --> 04:01:26,882 INVESTIGATING QUESTIONS ABOUT 5745 04:01:26,882 --> 04:01:28,451 CONSCIOUSNESS, EXPERIMENTS ON 5746 04:01:28,451 --> 04:01:29,552 NON-VERBAL TASK PERFORMING 5747 04:01:29,552 --> 04:01:30,986 INFANTS WE HEARD YESTERDAY WHOM 5748 04:01:30,986 --> 04:01:35,391 WE REALLY DID NOT WANT TO HARM. 5749 04:01:35,391 --> 04:01:37,326 THERE ARE MANY EPISTEMIC 5750 04:01:37,326 --> 04:01:38,794 QUESTIONS ABOUT NON-HUMAN 5751 04:01:38,794 --> 04:01:39,462 CONSCIOUSNESS AND SENTIENTS. WE 5752 04:01:39,462 --> 04:01:42,364 HAVE LOTS OF QUESTIONS ABOUT 5753 04:01:42,364 --> 04:01:43,766 HUMANS IN LINE WITH WHAT 5754 04:01:43,766 --> 04:01:45,601 JONATHAN SAID YESTERDAY WE OUGHT 5755 04:01:45,601 --> 04:01:48,003 TO KNOW WHAT WOULD BE ROBUST 5756 04:01:48,003 --> 04:01:49,472 EVIDENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 5757 04:01:49,472 --> 04:01:51,540 SENTIENTS AN VARIOUS ENTITIES 5758 04:01:51,540 --> 04:01:54,076 AND WE OUGHT TO BE COMMITTED TO 5759 04:01:54,076 --> 04:01:56,479 ACCEPTING AND ACTING ON THAT 5760 04:01:56,479 --> 04:01:59,482 EVIDENCE IF WE FIND IT. 5761 04:01:59,482 --> 04:02:01,350 CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKE THE AIR WE 5762 04:02:01,350 --> 04:02:02,952 BREATHE. WE ARE ABSOLUTELY 5763 04:02:02,952 --> 04:02:04,220 SURROUNDED BY CONSCIOUSNESS 5764 04:02:04,220 --> 04:02:07,189 CREATURES AND WE DON'T SEE THEM. 5765 04:02:07,189 --> 04:02:09,158 NOT THE FIRST TO NOTE THE 5766 04:02:09,158 --> 04:02:10,392 POSSIBILITY THAT CONSCIOUS AI 5767 04:02:10,392 --> 04:02:12,094 WILL BE TREATED MUCH LIKE WE 5768 04:02:12,094 --> 04:02:15,764 TREAT THE MAJORITY OF CONSCIOUS 5769 04:02:15,764 --> 04:02:19,301 ANIMALS AND HUMANS OF UNCERTAIN 5770 04:02:19,301 --> 04:02:19,969 CONSCIOUSNESS BUT WE HAVE 5771 04:02:19,969 --> 04:02:22,104 OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE ON THE 5772 04:02:22,104 --> 04:02:25,441 BURDENS OF EPISTEMIC AND ETHICAL 5773 04:02:25,441 --> 04:02:27,143 OBLIGATIONS AND RETHINK ALL 5774 04:02:27,143 --> 04:02:37,686 THOSE INTERACTIONS. THANK YOU. 5775 04:02:43,959 --> 04:02:46,061 >> IT IS A RACE. 5776 04:02:46,061 --> 04:02:46,962 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. MY 5777 04:02:46,962 --> 04:02:50,032 QUESTION IS THIS, SINCE SO MUCH 5778 04:02:50,032 --> 04:02:52,668 DEPENDS ON THE DEFINITION OF 5779 04:02:52,668 --> 04:02:53,936 CONSCIOUSNESS, CAN YOU SUM UP 5780 04:02:53,936 --> 04:02:55,971 FOR US, THAT IS WHAT THIS IS 5781 04:02:55,971 --> 04:02:59,875 ABOUT, CAN YOU SUM UP FOR US HOW 5782 04:02:59,875 --> 04:03:01,877 MUCH PROGRESS YOU THINK WE HAVE 5783 04:03:01,877 --> 04:03:04,380 MADE SINCE THE DEMISE OF THE 5784 04:03:04,380 --> 04:03:05,214 PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO 5785 04:03:05,214 --> 04:03:07,183 DEFINEING WHAT THE HUMAN BRAIN 5786 04:03:07,183 --> 04:03:13,055 AND CONSCIOUSNESS IS AND THE 5787 04:03:13,055 --> 04:03:14,123 ASCENDNESS OF WHAT WE HAVE BEEN 5788 04:03:14,123 --> 04:03:15,124 HEARING IN THIS CONFERENCE WHICH 5789 04:03:15,124 --> 04:03:18,194 IS EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL 5790 04:03:18,194 --> 04:03:20,629 ASCEND ENSAY OF CONSCIOUSNESS? 5791 04:03:20,629 --> 04:03:20,796 THE 5792 04:03:20,796 --> 04:03:22,064 >> HOW MUCH PROGRESS WE HAVE 5793 04:03:22,064 --> 04:03:26,835 MADE, I HAVE NO IDEA. IT DEPENDS 5794 04:03:26,835 --> 04:03:28,404 WHETHER OR NOT WE GET TO THE 5795 04:03:28,404 --> 04:03:30,272 RIGHT ANSWER. I MEAN, I'M A 5796 04:03:30,272 --> 04:03:32,675 PHILOSOPHER SO I AM FAR MORE 5797 04:03:32,675 --> 04:03:34,210 IMMERSED IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL 5798 04:03:34,210 --> 04:03:36,779 THEORIES AND LESS SO IN THE 5799 04:03:36,779 --> 04:03:37,880 NEUROSCIENTIFIC THEORIES BUT 5800 04:03:37,880 --> 04:03:39,748 ALSO MY WORK IS PRIMARILY ON 5801 04:03:39,748 --> 04:03:41,383 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS SO I 5802 04:03:41,383 --> 04:03:44,753 HAVE A PERHAPS PRACTICAL 5803 04:03:44,753 --> 04:03:46,922 ORIENTATION ON THAT. I THINK WE 5804 04:03:46,922 --> 04:03:49,291 HAVE SOME EVIDENCE FOR BOTH 5805 04:03:49,291 --> 04:03:52,061 APPROACH, THE BET HAS NOT YET 5806 04:03:52,061 --> 04:03:54,129 BEEN WON AND I'M NOT CONVINCED 5807 04:03:54,129 --> 04:03:56,232 LOOKING FOR CORRELATES IS GOING 5808 04:03:56,232 --> 04:03:58,133 TO BE THE RIGHT APPROACH. THE 5809 04:03:58,133 --> 04:03:59,835 WORK WE HEARD ABOUT THIS MORNING 5810 04:03:59,835 --> 04:04:03,739 ON DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS 5811 04:04:03,739 --> 04:04:05,107 FASCINATING NEE THE SORT OF 5812 04:04:05,107 --> 04:04:06,575 OBJECTIVE MEASURES THAT WE ARE 5813 04:04:06,575 --> 04:04:09,211 LOOKING FOR TO TRY TO DETECT 5814 04:04:09,211 --> 04:04:10,212 CONSCIOUSNESS AND I THINK THERE 5815 04:04:10,212 --> 04:04:11,013 HAS BEEN SOME GOOD PROGRESS 5816 04:04:11,013 --> 04:04:15,818 THERE. 5817 04:04:15,818 --> 04:04:17,720 >> I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT THE 5818 04:04:17,720 --> 04:04:21,090 STUDY OF EPISTEMIC RISK TAKING. 5819 04:04:21,090 --> 04:04:24,093 THIS CASE OF DISORDERS OF 5820 04:04:24,093 --> 04:04:26,028 CONSCIOUSNESS, SO WE SHOULDN'T 5821 04:04:26,028 --> 04:04:27,863 TRUST -- SHOULDN'T FACE TOO MUCH 5822 04:04:27,863 --> 04:04:30,065 TRUST IN THESE BEHAVIORS TESTED 5823 04:04:30,065 --> 04:04:31,867 USE. THERE ISN'T A REASON WHY WE 5824 04:04:31,867 --> 04:04:33,135 SHOULD FACE TOO MUCH TRUST IN 5825 04:04:33,135 --> 04:04:35,838 THEM, THE VERY HIGH RATE OF 5826 04:04:35,838 --> 04:04:37,773 DIAGNOSIS. . MISDIAGNOSIS. SO 5827 04:04:37,773 --> 04:04:39,441 THE REASON NOT TO TRUST THE TEST 5828 04:04:39,441 --> 04:04:41,410 IS AN EPISTEMIC REASON 5829 04:04:41,410 --> 04:04:43,112 FUNDAMENTALLY, THESE SEEM TO BE 5830 04:04:43,112 --> 04:04:45,614 SAYING THAT THE ETHICAL HIGH 5831 04:04:45,614 --> 04:04:48,250 STAKES GIVE US ADDITIONAL REASON 5832 04:04:48,250 --> 04:04:49,652 NOT TO TRUST IT OR REASON TO 5833 04:04:49,652 --> 04:04:51,186 TRUST IT LESS. THAT BIT I DIDN'T 5834 04:04:51,186 --> 04:04:52,688 REALLY UNDERSTAND. 5835 04:04:52,688 --> 04:04:57,259 >> YEAH. SO I THINK THAT ONE 5836 04:04:57,259 --> 04:04:58,560 USEFUL WAY TO THINK ABOUT 5837 04:04:58,560 --> 04:05:00,295 INDUCTIVE RISK IS ALSO TO SORT 5838 04:05:00,295 --> 04:05:03,766 OF FLIP IT OVER AND INDEX OUR 5839 04:05:03,766 --> 04:05:06,068 ETHICAL RISK TAKING TO OUR 5840 04:05:06,068 --> 04:05:08,270 EPISTEMIC RISK TAKING. SO THE 5841 04:05:08,270 --> 04:05:10,873 HIGHER RISK THE TEST IS OR THE 5842 04:05:10,873 --> 04:05:15,911 MORE LIKELY IT IS TO GIVE US AN 5843 04:05:15,911 --> 04:05:20,115 INCORRECT ANSWER SHOULD START TO 5844 04:05:20,115 --> 04:05:21,483 LIMIT THE ETHICAL RISK TAKING 5845 04:05:21,483 --> 04:05:23,218 THAT WE ARE WILLING TO TOLERATE 5846 04:05:23,218 --> 04:05:26,689 AND IN THE CASE OF PATIENTS WITH 5847 04:05:26,689 --> 04:05:29,291 IN COMA, PATIENTS DIAGNOSED AS 5848 04:05:29,291 --> 04:05:32,561 IN THE VSUWS THERE IS A STRONG 5849 04:05:32,561 --> 04:05:33,962 LIKELIHOOD OF WITHDRAWING 5850 04:05:33,962 --> 04:05:35,197 TREATMENT IN THOSE PATIENTS AND 5851 04:05:35,197 --> 04:05:39,168 THAT IS ETHICALLY RISKY OR CAN 5852 04:05:39,168 --> 04:05:41,203 BE VERY ETHICALLY RISKY. WE 5853 04:05:41,203 --> 04:05:44,640 COULD BE RIGHT BUT WE COULD ALSO 5854 04:05:44,640 --> 04:05:46,241 BE WRONG. PRACTICALLY SPEAKING I 5855 04:05:46,241 --> 04:05:47,710 THINK PEOPLE WHO ARE MAKING 5856 04:05:47,710 --> 04:05:51,246 DECISIONS FOR THESE PATIENTS 5857 04:05:51,246 --> 04:05:53,549 NEED TO UNDERSTAND EPISTEMIC 5858 04:05:53,549 --> 04:05:56,585 RISKS OF THE TESTING AS THEY 5859 04:05:56,585 --> 04:05:58,153 UNDERTAKE THE ETHICAL RISKS OF 5860 04:05:58,153 --> 04:06:02,858 MAKING DECISIONS FOR THOSE 5861 04:06:02,858 --> 04:06:10,399 PEOPLE. THANK YOU. 5862 04:06:10,399 --> 04:06:13,302 >> OUR NEXT SPEAKER DR. JOSEPH 5863 04:06:13,302 --> 04:06:15,003 FINS IS THE WILLIAM DAVIS JR. 5864 04:06:15,003 --> 04:06:17,172 M.D. PROFESSOR MEDICAL ETHICS AT 5865 04:06:17,172 --> 04:06:18,907 WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE 5866 04:06:18,907 --> 04:06:20,309 CO-DIRECTS CONSORS CHUM FOR 5867 04:06:20,309 --> 04:06:21,310 ADVANCED STUFF THE OF BRAIN 5868 04:06:21,310 --> 04:06:23,645 INJURY AT WEILL CORNELL AND 5869 04:06:23,645 --> 04:06:25,547 ROCKEFELLAR UNIVERSITY, AT YALE 5870 04:06:25,547 --> 04:06:26,915 LAW SCHOOL THE SOL MAN CENTER 5871 04:06:26,915 --> 04:06:28,584 DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR IN ED MANY 5872 04:06:28,584 --> 04:06:30,786 SIN BIOETHICS AND THE LAW AND A 5873 04:06:30,786 --> 04:06:32,554 VISITING PROFESSOR. THE AUTHOR 5874 04:06:32,554 --> 04:06:34,923 OF THE BOOK RIGHTS COME TO MIND 5875 04:06:34,923 --> 04:06:36,525 BRAIN INJURY ETHICS AND STRUGGLE 5876 04:06:36,525 --> 04:06:39,094 FOR CONSCIOUSNESS, DR. FINS IS 5877 04:06:39,094 --> 04:06:40,662 ELECTED TO NATIONAL AKEYPAD MY 5878 04:06:40,662 --> 04:06:42,131 OF MEDICINE, THE AMERICAN 5879 04:06:42,131 --> 04:06:43,499 ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AND 5880 04:06:43,499 --> 04:06:47,403 THE ROYAL NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 5881 04:06:47,403 --> 04:06:49,171 SPAIN. NEUROETHICS DISORDERS OF 5882 04:06:49,171 --> 04:06:50,105 CONSCIOUSNESS AND DISABILITY 5883 04:06:50,105 --> 04:06:52,641 RIGHTS. THE NORMATIVE CHALLENGE 5884 04:06:52,641 --> 04:06:54,276 OF COVER CONSCIOUSNESS. 5885 04:06:54,276 --> 04:06:55,577 >> -- COVERT CONSCIOUSNESS. 5886 04:06:55,577 --> 04:06:57,246 >> THANKS FOR THE INVITATION TO 5887 04:06:57,246 --> 04:06:58,480 THE NIH FOR THEIR SUPPORT HERE 5888 04:06:58,480 --> 04:07:00,983 AND ELSEWHERE. BEFORE I START I 5889 04:07:00,983 --> 04:07:03,452 WANT TO MAKE ONE CLARIFY MANAGE 5890 04:07:03,452 --> 04:07:05,120 COMMENT ABOUT THE COLON RECOVERY 5891 04:07:05,120 --> 04:07:06,288 SCALE WHICH IS IMPORTANT TO 5892 04:07:06,288 --> 04:07:09,291 STATE THAT STUDY OFTEN CITED 5893 04:07:09,291 --> 04:07:10,325 ABOUT THE 41% ERROR RATE WAS 5894 04:07:10,325 --> 04:07:12,761 DONE BY THE PERSON WHO CREATED 5895 04:07:12,761 --> 04:07:15,164 THE COMA RECOVERY SCALE WITH 5896 04:07:15,164 --> 04:07:16,098 CAROLYN (INDISCERNIBLE) AND IT 5897 04:07:16,098 --> 04:07:18,500 WASN'T SO MUCH THE EPISTEMIC 5898 04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:19,902 DEFAULT OF THE DEFICIT OF THE 5899 04:07:19,902 --> 04:07:22,971 TEST, BUT RATHER THE NIHILISM 5900 04:07:22,971 --> 04:07:24,506 AND MISATTENTION TO THIS 5901 04:07:24,506 --> 04:07:26,375 POPULATION. SO THEY ACTUALLY 5902 04:07:26,375 --> 04:07:28,076 FOUND PEOPLE WHO WERE IN THE 5903 04:07:28,076 --> 04:07:29,878 MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE WHEN 5904 04:07:29,878 --> 04:07:32,147 THEY REINTERROGATED THEM BUT NOT 5905 04:07:32,147 --> 04:07:33,315 EVALUATED. THAT WAS THE 5906 04:07:33,315 --> 04:07:34,383 DIAGNOSIS THEY CAME INTO THE 5907 04:07:34,383 --> 04:07:35,851 NURSING HOME WITH. THESE WERE 5908 04:07:35,851 --> 04:07:37,786 PEOPLE LIMITED TO PEOPLE WHO HAD 5909 04:07:37,786 --> 04:07:38,954 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN 5910 04:07:38,954 --> 04:07:41,123 NURSING HOMES SO IT IS A 5911 04:07:41,123 --> 04:07:42,591 REFLECTION OF THE NIHILISM, IT 5912 04:07:42,591 --> 04:07:44,626 IS A SOCIAL DEFICIT VERSUS AN 5913 04:07:44,626 --> 04:07:45,494 EPISTEMIC DEFICIT ABOUT THE 5914 04:07:45,494 --> 04:07:46,895 TEST. IT IS IMPORTANT TO 5915 04:07:46,895 --> 04:07:48,330 APPRECIATE THAT. SO WHAT I WANT 5916 04:07:48,330 --> 04:07:51,767 TO DO IS TALK ABOUT DISCOVERING 5917 04:07:51,767 --> 04:07:54,002 COVERT CONSCIOUSNESS AND THEN 5918 04:07:54,002 --> 04:07:55,337 COVER CONSCIOUSNESS CAN BE TWO 5919 04:07:55,337 --> 04:07:56,572 SORTS, ONE, BIOLOGICAL, WE DON'T 5920 04:07:56,572 --> 04:07:58,106 SEE IT, THE OTHER IS SOCIO 5921 04:07:58,106 --> 04:07:59,374 LOGICAL BECAUSE WE DON'T WANT TO 5922 04:07:59,374 --> 04:08:00,876 SEE IT. WE DON'T CARE ABOUT 5923 04:08:00,876 --> 04:08:03,078 THESE PEOPL PEOPLE. IN THAT REGI 5924 04:08:03,078 --> 04:08:05,914 TOTALLY AGREE WE MARGINALIZED 5925 04:08:05,914 --> 04:08:09,351 THIS POPULATION. WHEN THEY TOLD 5926 04:08:09,351 --> 04:08:11,887 US WE WOULD TALK AI I SAID I 5927 04:08:11,887 --> 04:08:13,655 KNOW NOTHING ABOUT AI BUT I GOT 5928 04:08:13,655 --> 04:08:15,991 CREATIVE SO I WANTED TO SAY CMD 5929 04:08:15,991 --> 04:08:18,393 MEETS AI SO LIKE AN ALPHA SET 5930 04:08:18,393 --> 04:08:21,930 SOUP. CMD IS COGNITIVE MOTOR 5931 04:08:21,930 --> 04:08:23,098 DISSOCIATION WHICH IS WHAT 5932 04:08:23,098 --> 04:08:25,000 (INAUDIBLE) HAS CALLED A COVER 5933 04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:26,668 CONSCIOUSNESS, WHICH GOES ALL 5934 04:08:26,668 --> 04:08:29,671 THE WAY FROM MCS ALL THE WAY UP 5935 04:08:29,671 --> 04:08:31,039 TO LOCK AND STATE, A BROAD 5936 04:08:31,039 --> 04:08:33,308 CATEGORY. AND I WANTED TO TALK 5937 04:08:33,308 --> 04:08:36,645 ABOUT THAT IS DEFINING IT AS A 5938 04:08:36,645 --> 04:08:37,880 DISCORDANCE BETWEEN BEHAVIORS WE 5939 04:08:37,880 --> 04:08:39,915 SEE THE TRADITIONAL BASIS OF 5940 04:08:39,915 --> 04:08:42,117 EVALUATION AND WHAT IS HAPPENING 5941 04:08:42,117 --> 04:08:45,387 AS IT WERE UNDER THE HOOD ON 5942 04:08:45,387 --> 04:08:50,392 IMAGES OR BIOELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC 5943 04:08:50,392 --> 04:08:51,927 BIOMARKERS AND THE DISCORDANCE. 5944 04:08:51,927 --> 04:08:54,930 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT ETHICAL CMD 5945 04:08:54,930 --> 04:08:57,399 WITH AI AND A PERFECT STORM FOR 5946 04:08:57,399 --> 04:08:59,067 PROBLEMS GIVEN PAST HIRY OF 5947 04:08:59,067 --> 04:09:01,603 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, 5948 04:09:01,603 --> 04:09:02,905 MARGINALIZATION OF POPULATION, 5949 04:09:02,905 --> 04:09:04,206 THE CLOSE ADHERENCE TO 5950 04:09:04,206 --> 04:09:05,574 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RIGHT TO 5951 04:09:05,574 --> 04:09:07,509 DIE IN CASES LIKE QUINALAN AND 5952 04:09:07,509 --> 04:09:09,912 THE LIKE AND THE CLIMATE USE OF 5953 04:09:09,912 --> 04:09:12,748 AI I WILL LIMIT BY USE OF AI AS 5954 04:09:12,748 --> 04:09:15,951 ASSISTIVE DEVICE, A ASSISTIVE 5955 04:09:15,951 --> 04:09:17,352 TOOL HELP LANGUAGE GENERATION, 5956 04:09:17,352 --> 04:09:18,820 FOR THAT'S PEOPLE WHO ARE LOCKED 5957 04:09:18,820 --> 04:09:20,355 IN THEIR HEADS IF LOCKED IN OR 5958 04:09:20,355 --> 04:09:24,092 OTHERWISE LOCKED IN H THEY CAN'T 5959 04:09:24,092 --> 04:09:25,727 COMMUNICATE, GIVING THEM ABILITY 5960 04:09:25,727 --> 04:09:26,895 TO BE MORE FLUENT MORE FLUENT 5961 04:09:26,895 --> 04:09:28,997 THAN I AM RIGHT NOW, MORE FLUENT 5962 04:09:28,997 --> 04:09:30,933 WITH THEIR LANGUAGES IS REALLY 5963 04:09:30,933 --> 04:09:33,068 IMPORTANT AND YOU CAN THINK 5964 04:09:33,068 --> 04:09:35,504 ABOUT CHATGPT AND ONE OF THESE 5965 04:09:35,504 --> 04:09:37,005 PATIENTS AND WHAT KIND OF 5966 04:09:37,005 --> 04:09:38,473 LANGUAGE CONTENT THEY PRODUCE 5967 04:09:38,473 --> 04:09:40,309 AND I THINK THAT GIVEN THE 5968 04:09:40,309 --> 04:09:42,978 BIASES THAT EXIST IN IN THE 5969 04:09:42,978 --> 04:09:44,279 DATABASE WE ARE CALLING UPON 5970 04:09:44,279 --> 04:09:45,647 COULD BE PROBLEMS, WILL HAVE 5971 04:09:45,647 --> 04:09:47,082 SOME EXAMPLES OF THAT TALKING 5972 04:09:47,082 --> 04:09:49,017 ABOUT THE UNINTENDED 5973 04:09:49,017 --> 04:09:50,519 CONSEQUENCES SO WHERE DO WE ALL 5974 04:09:50,519 --> 04:09:52,354 START? WE HAVE TO START WITH 5975 04:09:52,354 --> 04:09:54,656 THIS PAPER WHICH I COMMEND TO 5976 04:09:54,656 --> 04:09:55,757 EVERYBODY TO READ WHICH IS THE 5977 04:09:55,757 --> 04:09:57,793 ORIGINAL PAPER THAT FRED PLUM 5978 04:09:57,793 --> 04:09:59,361 AND BRIAN JEANETTE ALSO 5979 04:09:59,361 --> 04:10:01,096 RESPONSIBLE JEANETTE FOR THE 5980 04:10:01,096 --> 04:10:02,998 GLASS COCOA MA SCALE AND FRED IS 5981 04:10:02,998 --> 04:10:05,467 ALSO RESPONSIBLE IN 1966, MY 5982 04:10:05,467 --> 04:10:07,736 TEACHER FOR THE LOCKED IN STATE 5983 04:10:07,736 --> 04:10:08,971 SO TWO GIANTS OF NEUROSURGERY 5984 04:10:08,971 --> 04:10:10,172 AND NEUROLOGY AND THEY WROTE 5985 04:10:10,172 --> 04:10:13,709 THIS PAPER IN THE LANSETT OF A 5986 04:10:13,709 --> 04:10:15,644 WITHOUT A NAME, THE PERSISTENT 5987 04:10:15,644 --> 04:10:17,512 VEGETATIVE STATE. THERE -- IF 5988 04:10:17,512 --> 04:10:19,448 YOU READ IT FRANK WAS A 5989 04:10:19,448 --> 04:10:20,716 BRILLIANT EDITOR, THERE IS A 5990 04:10:20,716 --> 04:10:23,352 LINE IN THERE, WHO SAYS IT SEEMS 5991 04:10:23,352 --> 04:10:25,787 WAKEFULNESS WITHOUT AWARENESS. 5992 04:10:25,787 --> 04:10:28,256 IT SEEMS WAKEFULNESS WITHOUT 5993 04:10:28,256 --> 04:10:29,925 AWARENINGS, HE NEVER USED AN 5994 04:10:29,925 --> 04:10:33,462 EXTRA HE DIDN'T NEED AND THIS 5995 04:10:33,462 --> 04:10:34,630 WORD SEEMS SUGGEST IT IS 5996 04:10:34,630 --> 04:10:35,897 POSSIBILITY THAT WE DON'T KNOW 5997 04:10:35,897 --> 04:10:37,532 THERE COULD BE BE COVERT 5998 04:10:37,532 --> 04:10:38,266 CONSCIOUSNESS, WE ONLY KNOW WHAT 5999 04:10:38,266 --> 04:10:40,802 WE ARE OBSERVING BASED ON 6000 04:10:40,802 --> 04:10:43,005 BEDSIDE BEHAVIORAL METRIC. IT 6001 04:10:43,005 --> 04:10:45,273 INFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF COVER 6002 04:10:45,273 --> 04:10:47,843 CONSCIOUSNESS OR COGNITIVE MOTOR 6003 04:10:47,843 --> 04:10:49,344 DISSOCIATION. IT ALSO SUGGESTS 6004 04:10:49,344 --> 04:10:52,147 THAT IT SAYS WAKEFULNESS WITHOUT 6005 04:10:52,147 --> 04:10:54,149 AWARENESS SOUNDS LIKE 6006 04:10:54,149 --> 04:10:55,584 UNRESPONSIVE WAKEFULNESS 6007 04:10:55,584 --> 04:10:57,019 SYNDROME SO THE PROVIDENCE FOR 6008 04:10:57,019 --> 04:10:58,086 THAT PHRASE IS HERE AND 6009 04:10:58,086 --> 04:10:59,755 EVERYTHING WE ARE TALKING ABOUT 6010 04:10:59,755 --> 04:11:02,057 SHOULD HAVE NOT USE UNRESPONSIVE 6011 04:11:02,057 --> 04:11:03,792 WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME BECAUSE ALL 6012 04:11:03,792 --> 04:11:06,428 THE PEOPLE HAVE COVERT 6013 04:11:06,428 --> 04:11:08,930 CONSCIOUSNESS MAYBE BEHAVIORALLY 6014 04:11:08,930 --> 04:11:11,867 UNRESPONSIVE IN WAKE BUT MAYBE 6015 04:11:11,867 --> 04:11:14,136 UNRESPONSIVE IN NEUROIMAGING OR 6016 04:11:14,136 --> 04:11:15,470 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL WAY. SO 6017 04:11:15,470 --> 04:11:18,206 VERY PROBLEMATIC TERM. THE FIRST 6018 04:11:18,206 --> 04:11:19,875 MAJOR STUDY THAT ILLUSTRATED 6019 04:11:19,875 --> 04:11:21,309 THIS DISCORDANCE WHAT YOU SEE AT 6020 04:11:21,309 --> 04:11:23,111 THE BEDSIDE AND ON EXAM WAS THIS 6021 04:11:23,111 --> 04:11:24,980 BRILLIANT PAPER BY ADRIENNE, O 6022 04:11:24,980 --> 04:11:27,783 WHEN THAT WAS IN SCIENCE IN 2006 6023 04:11:27,783 --> 04:11:29,618 A YOUNG WOMAN 25, IN A CAR 6024 04:11:29,618 --> 04:11:31,420 ACCIDENT CARRIED THE BEHAVIORAL 6025 04:11:31,420 --> 04:11:32,754 DIAGNOSIS OF BEING IN THE 6026 04:11:32,754 --> 04:11:35,290 VEGETATIVE STATE, AND SAID TO 6027 04:11:35,290 --> 04:11:36,758 THEM IMAGINE PLAYING TENNIS, 6028 04:11:36,758 --> 04:11:37,959 IMAGINE WALKING THROUGH YOUR 6029 04:11:37,959 --> 04:11:41,563 HOUSE, AND SHE LIT UP MOTOR 6030 04:11:41,563 --> 04:11:42,364 STRIP AND SPATIAL NAVIGATION 6031 04:11:42,364 --> 04:11:45,167 AREAS OF THE BRAIN. AND THIS 6032 04:11:45,167 --> 04:11:47,903 SHOW WAS ENTITLED DECKING 6033 04:11:47,903 --> 04:11:49,037 AWARENESS IN VEGETATIVE STATE 6034 04:11:49,037 --> 04:11:52,507 WHICH IS PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE 6035 04:11:52,507 --> 04:11:54,409 WAKEFUL AND RESPONSIVENESS IS IN 6036 04:11:54,409 --> 04:11:55,377 MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE OR 6037 04:11:55,377 --> 04:11:56,878 ABOVE. SO - THE FIRST 6038 04:11:56,878 --> 04:11:59,981 ILLUSTRATION OF COVERT 6039 04:11:59,981 --> 04:12:04,619 CONSCIOUSNESS, AND IN 2015 NICO 6040 04:12:04,619 --> 04:12:06,188 SHIV MY COLLEAGUE, COGNITIVE 6041 04:12:06,188 --> 04:12:08,423 MOTOR DISSOCIATION FROM OCS TO 6042 04:12:08,423 --> 04:12:13,195 LOCKED IN STATE. THAT STARTED IN 6043 04:12:13,195 --> 04:12:15,330 THE CHRONIC CARE SECTOR, BUT 6044 04:12:15,330 --> 04:12:17,265 MIGRATED INTO THE INTENSIVE CARE 6045 04:12:17,265 --> 04:12:18,900 UNIT AS WE HEARD ABOUT EARLIER 6046 04:12:18,900 --> 04:12:23,739 THIS MORNING THIS AFTERNOON, AND 6047 04:12:23,739 --> 04:12:24,372 (INDISCERNIBLE) WROTE PAPER IN 6048 04:12:24,372 --> 04:12:26,441 BRAIN, PAPER HE AND I WROTE 6049 04:12:26,441 --> 04:12:29,211 TOGETHER TALKING THE USE OF 6050 04:12:29,211 --> 04:12:30,979 NEUROIMAGING IN THE 6051 04:12:30,979 --> 04:12:32,848 NEUROINTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND YOU 6052 04:12:32,848 --> 04:12:34,282 CAN SEE THAT THERE IS AN 6053 04:12:34,282 --> 04:12:36,151 INCREMENT FROM THE GLASGOW COMA 6054 04:12:36,151 --> 04:12:37,953 SCALE TO THE COMA RECOVERY SCALE 6055 04:12:37,953 --> 04:12:39,688 WHICH IS BETTER THAN THE GLASGOW 6056 04:12:39,688 --> 04:12:41,389 COMA SCALE, IF YOU HAD 6057 04:12:41,389 --> 04:12:42,958 NEUROIMAGING YOU GET INCREASE 6058 04:12:42,958 --> 04:12:45,927 YIELD ON THE ACCURACY OF THE 6059 04:12:45,927 --> 04:12:49,131 DIAGNOSIS. YAN CLAUSESEN 6060 04:12:49,131 --> 04:12:50,766 FOLLOWED IN 2019 NEW ENGLAND 6061 04:12:50,766 --> 04:12:52,634 JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AT COLUMBIA 6062 04:12:52,634 --> 04:12:54,803 AND OTHERS AND THEY DID EEG AND 6063 04:12:54,803 --> 04:12:56,772 PEOPLE UNRESPONSIVE AND THEY 6064 04:12:56,772 --> 04:12:59,341 FOUND THAT 14% PEOPLE WERE 6065 04:12:59,341 --> 04:13:00,709 ACTUALLY RESPONSIVE WHEN THEY 6066 04:13:00,709 --> 04:13:02,944 WERE GIVEN A VOLITIONAL TEST; 6067 04:13:02,944 --> 04:13:05,647 ALL VOLITIONAL TESTS MUCH LIKE 6068 04:13:05,647 --> 04:13:07,015 IMAGINE WALKENING YOUR HOUSE, 6069 04:13:07,015 --> 04:13:08,850 PLAYING TENNIS AND IT TURNED OUT 6070 04:13:08,850 --> 04:13:09,518 PROGNOSTICALLY THERE WAS A 6071 04:13:09,518 --> 04:13:10,519 QUESTION EARLIER THIS MORNING 6072 04:13:10,519 --> 04:13:12,487 DID THE PEOPLE WHO HAD A 6073 04:13:12,487 --> 04:13:14,589 POSITIVE TEST ON RESPONSE TO EEG 6074 04:13:14,589 --> 04:13:15,857 ACTUALLY DID BETTER A YEAR 6075 04:13:15,857 --> 04:13:18,994 LATER. BUT IT IS CONFOUNDED 6076 04:13:18,994 --> 04:13:20,462 BECAUSE PEOPLE ALSO TOLD THE 6077 04:13:20,462 --> 04:13:22,130 FAMILIES AND MORE HOPEFUL AND 6078 04:13:22,130 --> 04:13:23,398 THEY DIDN'T WITHDRAW CARE. SO 6079 04:13:23,398 --> 04:13:25,967 WHETHER IT WAS BIOLOGICAL, OR 6080 04:13:25,967 --> 04:13:28,003 CONTEXTUAL IT IS HARD TO TEASE 6081 04:13:28,003 --> 04:13:31,006 OUT. WHAT I WANT TO DO IS TAKE 6082 04:13:31,006 --> 04:13:35,110 CND AND CONNECT IT TO AI. I WILL 6083 04:13:35,110 --> 04:13:37,312 LIMIT AI SIMPLY TO LANGUAGE 6084 04:13:37,312 --> 04:13:39,114 GENERATION, THIS IS A PAPER THAT 6085 04:13:39,114 --> 04:13:41,216 I WROTE PUBLISHED WITH MY LAW 6086 04:13:41,216 --> 04:13:42,884 STUDENTS AT YALE, PUBLISHED IN 6087 04:13:42,884 --> 04:13:44,452 HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW IN 6088 04:13:44,452 --> 04:13:47,055 TECHNOLOGY ABOUT USING BCI TO 6089 04:13:47,055 --> 04:13:48,356 GIVE VOICE TO THE PATIENT AND 6090 04:13:48,356 --> 04:13:51,026 THIS IS A PICTURE HERE FOR THOSE 6091 04:13:51,026 --> 04:13:53,428 WHO READ BY BOOK ABOUT NANCY AND 6092 04:13:53,428 --> 04:13:55,664 MAGGIE WHO IS A YOUNG WOMAN WHO 6093 04:13:55,664 --> 04:13:57,666 HAD THE MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS 6094 04:13:57,666 --> 04:13:59,367 STATE WHO WAS USING AN EYE 6095 04:13:59,367 --> 04:14:00,802 TRACKING DEVICE. YOU CAN THINK 6096 04:14:00,802 --> 04:14:03,038 ABOUT IT SAYS CA AND ALL OF A 6097 04:14:03,038 --> 04:14:06,775 SUDDEN GENERATES C FOR CAT BUT 6098 04:14:06,775 --> 04:14:08,977 SHE MIGHT WANT CAN OR A CAR OR 6099 04:14:08,977 --> 04:14:09,611 MIGHT WANT SOMETHING ELSE SO 6100 04:14:09,611 --> 04:14:11,913 THAT IS A SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION 6101 04:14:11,913 --> 04:14:13,582 HOW GENERATION OF THE 6102 04:14:13,582 --> 04:14:14,950 INTELLIGENCE OF THE MACHINE 6103 04:14:14,950 --> 04:14:16,785 COULD SUPERSEDE THE INTENT OF 6104 04:14:16,785 --> 04:14:19,020 THE PERSON USING THE DEVICE. BUT 6105 04:14:19,020 --> 04:14:20,889 IT CUB FAR MORE COMPLICATED AS 6106 04:14:20,889 --> 04:14:24,392 WE WILL SEE. SO THIS IS A PAPER 6107 04:14:24,392 --> 04:14:26,962 FROM MEREDITH WHIT TEAR WHO WAS 6108 04:14:26,962 --> 04:14:29,831 AT MICROSOFT IN NYU TALKING 6109 04:14:29,831 --> 04:14:31,766 ABOUT DISABILITY BIAS AND AI. 6110 04:14:31,766 --> 04:14:33,468 SHE SAID DISABLED PEOPLE HAVE 6111 04:14:33,468 --> 04:14:35,003 BEEN SUBJECT TO HISTORIC AND 6112 04:14:35,003 --> 04:14:36,805 PRESENT DAY MARGINALIZATION. AND 6113 04:14:36,805 --> 04:14:38,707 SUCH PATTERNS OF MARGINALIZATION 6114 04:14:38,707 --> 04:14:40,809 ARE IMPRINTED IN THE DATA THAT 6115 04:14:40,809 --> 04:14:42,844 SHAPES AI SYSTEMS. WE HEARD A 6116 04:14:42,844 --> 04:14:45,747 LOT ABOUT THAT RECENTLY. MACHINE 6117 04:14:45,747 --> 04:14:48,116 LEARNED MODES OF MODERATE 6118 04:14:48,116 --> 04:14:49,751 CONVERSATION CLASSIFY TEXT WHICH 6119 04:14:49,751 --> 04:14:52,254 MENTIONED DISABILITY IS MORE 6120 04:14:52,254 --> 04:14:53,955 TOXIC SO IF THESE MACHINES AS 6121 04:14:53,955 --> 04:14:55,757 THEY MATURE ARE DRAWING UPON 6122 04:14:55,757 --> 04:14:58,059 THESE DATABASES WHICH HAVE THE 6123 04:14:58,059 --> 04:15:00,028 RACIAL BIAS, WE HAVE HEARD ABOUT 6124 04:15:00,028 --> 04:15:02,464 SEX, WE HEARD ABOUT HOMOPHOBIA, 6125 04:15:02,464 --> 04:15:04,833 WE HER OTHER BIASES ENTRENCHED 6126 04:15:04,833 --> 04:15:08,470 IN THESE DATABASES, THAT IT IS A 6127 04:15:08,470 --> 04:15:09,804 NORTHERN NOT GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 6128 04:15:09,804 --> 04:15:11,640 IN THE AI, YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS 6129 04:15:11,640 --> 04:15:15,243 COULD GENERATE A BIAS. THE 6130 04:15:15,243 --> 04:15:17,012 INTERSECTIONALITY OF BIAS, GETS 6131 04:15:17,012 --> 04:15:19,714 WORSE BECAUSE OF WHAT SYD WAS 6132 04:15:19,714 --> 04:15:22,751 TALKING EARLIER, SUPPORTS PEOPLE 6133 04:15:22,751 --> 04:15:24,152 WITH BRAIN INJURY, AS I HAVE 6134 04:15:24,152 --> 04:15:25,553 WRITTEN IN MY BOOK AND 6135 04:15:25,553 --> 04:15:27,222 ELSEWHERE, THE RIGHT TO DIE WAS 6136 04:15:27,222 --> 04:15:28,924 ESTABLISHED ON THE BACKS OF THE 6137 04:15:28,924 --> 04:15:30,692 VEGETATIVE STATE. THIS IS A 6138 04:15:30,692 --> 04:15:33,094 PICTURE OF KAREN ANN QUINALAN 6139 04:15:33,094 --> 04:15:34,129 AND THE NEGATIVE RIGHT TO BE 6140 04:15:34,129 --> 04:15:35,830 LEFT ALONE WAS ESTABLISHED IN 6141 04:15:35,830 --> 04:15:39,801 THE FUTILITY OF THE VEGETATIVE 6142 04:15:39,801 --> 04:15:42,904 STATE AND IN FRANK TESTIMONY TO 6143 04:15:42,904 --> 04:15:45,807 JUDGE THE CHIEF JUDGE NEW JERSEY 6144 04:15:45,807 --> 04:15:47,575 SUPPORT WAS A LOSS OF A 6145 04:15:47,575 --> 04:15:49,878 COGNITIVE MOTOR -- COGNITIVE 6146 04:15:49,878 --> 04:15:52,614 SAFETY AND STATE THAT BECAME A 6147 04:15:52,614 --> 04:15:54,416 MORAL WARN TO REMOVE LIFE 6148 04:15:54,416 --> 04:15:56,318 SUPPORT. IT WAS THAT LOSS THAT 6149 04:15:56,318 --> 04:15:58,119 SAID THE STATE HAS NO EXTERNAL 6150 04:15:58,119 --> 04:16:00,522 COMPELLING INTEREST THAT COMPEL 6151 04:16:00,522 --> 04:16:01,489 KAREN INTERESTINGLY TO ENDURE 6152 04:16:01,489 --> 04:16:04,960 THE UNENDURABLE IF SHE IS RUELY 6153 04:16:04,960 --> 04:16:06,795 VEGETATIVE SHE IS NOT ENDURING 6154 04:16:06,795 --> 04:16:08,496 BUT IT IS WHAT FAMILIES ARE 6155 04:16:08,496 --> 04:16:10,432 ENDURING BARING WITNESS TO THIS 6156 04:16:10,432 --> 04:16:12,434 VISUAL, ONLY THE VEGETATE A FEW 6157 04:16:12,434 --> 04:16:14,836 MORE MEASURABLE WITH NO REAL 6158 04:16:14,836 --> 04:16:16,404 POSSIBILITY OF RETURNING TO 6159 04:16:16,404 --> 04:16:18,740 COGNITIVE OR SANCTITITY OF LIFE. 6160 04:16:18,740 --> 04:16:21,076 OVER THE YEARS THE CONSEQUENCES 6161 04:16:21,076 --> 04:16:21,576 OF QUINALAN HAS BEEN TO 6162 04:16:21,576 --> 04:16:23,478 ESTABLISH A RIGHT TO DIE, 6163 04:16:23,478 --> 04:16:25,847 CONSIDERED THE LAND MARK RIGHT 6164 04:16:25,847 --> 04:16:28,750 TO DIE CASE. PHYSICIANS BECAME 6165 04:16:28,750 --> 04:16:29,985 ACCULTURATED TO THE RIGHT TO DIE 6166 04:16:29,985 --> 04:16:34,823 AND VEGETATIVE STATE BECAME 6167 04:16:34,823 --> 04:16:36,624 RESULT ULTIMATE IN BRAIN 6168 04:16:36,624 --> 04:16:37,926 FUTILITY, NOTHING CAN OR SHOULD 6169 04:16:37,926 --> 04:16:41,629 BE DONE, THE INJURIES FELT 6170 04:16:41,629 --> 04:16:41,997 IMMUTABLE. 6171 04:16:41,997 --> 04:16:43,999 WHEN I KNOW INTERVIEWED 50 6172 04:16:43,999 --> 04:16:45,734 FAMILIES WITH LOVED ONES OF 6173 04:16:45,734 --> 04:16:47,635 DISORDER OF CONSCIOUSNESS, THEY 6174 04:16:47,635 --> 04:16:49,104 ENCOUNTERED A DISINTERESTED 6175 04:16:49,104 --> 04:16:51,606 HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, THERE WAS A 6176 04:16:51,606 --> 04:16:54,209 STEREOTYPIC TRAJECTORY OF 6177 04:16:54,209 --> 04:16:56,711 NEGLECT AND KNIEVEL NIHILISM, 6178 04:16:56,711 --> 04:16:58,546 THE PRESUMPTION THAT BRAINS 6179 04:16:58,546 --> 04:17:01,950 NEVER GET BETTER EARLY DECISIONS 6180 04:17:01,950 --> 04:17:04,652 TO WITHHOLD CARE AND PREMATURE 6181 04:17:04,652 --> 04:17:05,920 PALLIATIVE CARE RECOMMENDATIONS 6182 04:17:05,920 --> 04:17:07,055 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE 6183 04:17:07,055 --> 04:17:09,257 LANGUAGE YOU FIND IN THE 6184 04:17:09,257 --> 04:17:10,425 LITERATURE, FROM DR. (INAUDIBLE) 6185 04:17:10,425 --> 04:17:12,961 HEARD OF NEURAL ICU AT MAYO AND 6186 04:17:12,961 --> 04:17:15,797 IT IS A DESCRIBED AS THE FAMILY 6187 04:17:15,797 --> 04:17:16,531 CONFERENCE END OF LIFE 6188 04:17:16,531 --> 04:17:17,732 GUIDELINES FOR COMATOSE 6189 04:17:17,732 --> 04:17:19,934 PATIENTS. BY COMATOSE IS THE 6190 04:17:19,934 --> 04:17:21,903 FIRST 14 DAYS OR SO AFTER A LOSS 6191 04:17:21,903 --> 04:17:24,005 OF CONSCIOUSNESS. IT IS NOT 6192 04:17:24,005 --> 04:17:25,940 FOREVER, IT IS THE EYES CLOSE 6193 04:17:25,940 --> 04:17:27,776 STATE OF UNRESPONSIVENESS BUT WE 6194 04:17:27,776 --> 04:17:29,644 KNOW ALL THIS, AT THAT EARLY 6195 04:17:29,644 --> 04:17:32,080 JUNCTURE TO TALK ABOUT THE 6196 04:17:32,080 --> 04:17:34,983 FUTILITY, FAMILIES WHO ARE 6197 04:17:34,983 --> 04:17:35,817 UNCONVINCED SHOULD BE TOLD THEY 6198 04:17:35,817 --> 04:17:38,319 HAVE MARKEDLY DIMINISHED 6199 04:17:38,319 --> 04:17:39,454 EXPECTATIONS THAT WITHDRAW LIFE 6200 04:17:39,454 --> 04:17:40,622 SUPPORT AS MORE COMMENSURATE 6201 04:17:40,622 --> 04:17:42,457 THING TO DO. SO IT IS EARLY ON 6202 04:17:42,457 --> 04:17:45,927 AND PRETTY MUCH VERY 6203 04:17:45,927 --> 04:17:47,095 DECLARATIVE. SYSTEMATIC DATA 6204 04:17:47,095 --> 04:17:50,432 FROM CANADA, SHOWED THAT SOME 6205 04:17:50,432 --> 04:17:54,169 32% OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE A TBI DIE 6206 04:17:54,169 --> 04:17:55,403 BUT 70% OF THOSE DEATHS ARE 6207 04:17:55,403 --> 04:17:58,173 ACCOUNTED FOR BY DECISION TO 6208 04:17:58,173 --> 04:17:59,741 ALTER THE NATURAL HISTORY AND 6209 04:17:59,741 --> 04:18:01,643 WITHDRAW LIFE SUSTAINING 6210 04:18:01,643 --> 04:18:03,645 THERAPY, REFLECTIVE OF THE BIAS. 6211 04:18:03,645 --> 04:18:07,749 NOW TURNING TO CMD, WHAT IS 6212 04:18:07,749 --> 04:18:10,051 REALLY CRITICAL IS THE 6213 04:18:10,051 --> 04:18:10,552 INSTRUMENTALITY OF 6214 04:18:10,552 --> 04:18:12,087 COMMUNICATION. THE KEY THING FOR 6215 04:18:12,087 --> 04:18:13,888 PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THEIR HEADS, 6216 04:18:13,888 --> 04:18:16,591 IS TO GET OUT. FOR PEOPLE WHO 6217 04:18:16,591 --> 04:18:19,961 HAVE A MOTORIC DISABILITY THE 6218 04:18:19,961 --> 04:18:21,196 RAMP ON THE SIDE WALK ALLOWS 6219 04:18:21,196 --> 04:18:22,697 THEM TO REINTEGRATE TO SOCIETY, 6220 04:18:22,697 --> 04:18:25,166 FOR THESE PEOPLE IT IS THE 6221 04:18:25,166 --> 04:18:26,768 ABILITY TO FOSTER FUNCTIONAL 6222 04:18:26,768 --> 04:18:30,672 COMMUNICATION. WITH THAT 6223 04:18:30,672 --> 04:18:31,906 RERE-ESTABLISH THE DATE, 6224 04:18:31,906 --> 04:18:33,608 COMMUNITY, AS I TALK ABOUT THE 6225 04:18:33,608 --> 04:18:35,243 DISABILITY PARADIGM RIGHTS THAT 6226 04:18:35,243 --> 04:18:37,212 I DRAW UPON IS INTEGRATE PEOPLE 6227 04:18:37,212 --> 04:18:38,813 FULLY INTO SOCIETY AND RETURN 6228 04:18:38,813 --> 04:18:41,316 THEM TO THEIR FAMILIES AN HOMES 6229 04:18:41,316 --> 04:18:42,317 AND THEIR COMMUNITIES AND 6230 04:18:42,317 --> 04:18:44,419 LANGUAGE IS CENTRAL TO THAT. SO 6231 04:18:44,419 --> 04:18:46,387 RESTORING FUNCTIONAL 6232 04:18:46,387 --> 04:18:48,189 COMMUNICATION IS VERY IMPORTANT. 6233 04:18:48,189 --> 04:18:49,491 HERE WE HAVE TWO OF THE MAJOR 6234 04:18:49,491 --> 04:18:52,260 MODES BY WHICH THIS IS HAPPENED. 6235 04:18:52,260 --> 04:18:54,562 THIS IS THE FOLLOW UP OF THE 6236 04:18:54,562 --> 04:18:57,465 ADRIENNE NOL ARKS MARKSORN 6237 04:18:57,465 --> 04:19:00,001 PAPER, SECOND SENIOR AUTHOR, 6238 04:19:00,001 --> 04:19:01,469 THIS MONTY PAPER THEY TOGGLED 6239 04:19:01,469 --> 04:19:05,273 IMAGINE PLAYING TENNIS AND 6240 04:19:05,273 --> 04:19:06,508 SPATIAL NAVIGATION, 6241 04:19:06,508 --> 04:19:08,276 INTERESTINGLY IN THIS STUDY 30 6242 04:19:08,276 --> 04:19:09,811 OF THE 31 PATIENTS WHO WERE 6243 04:19:09,811 --> 04:19:11,379 THOUGHT TO BE VEGETATIVE WERE 6244 04:19:11,379 --> 04:19:14,449 IDENTIFIED BY THE COMA RECOVERY 6245 04:19:14,449 --> 04:19:16,184 SCALE AND ONLY 1 WAS IDENTIFIED 6246 04:19:16,184 --> 04:19:19,687 THTHIS WAY. SO THE TEST 6247 04:19:19,687 --> 04:19:20,922 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIELD 6248 04:19:20,922 --> 04:19:24,425 PEOPLE WHO COULD DO COMA 6249 04:19:24,425 --> 04:19:25,393 RECOVERY SCALE STUFF CAN'T DO 6250 04:19:25,393 --> 04:19:27,896 THIS ON THE IMAGE SO IT IS NOT 6251 04:19:27,896 --> 04:19:29,097 READY FOR PRIME TIME, IT IS 6252 04:19:29,097 --> 04:19:30,632 STILL EARLY. THE OTHER WAY OF 6253 04:19:30,632 --> 04:19:31,266 RE-ESTABLISHING COMMUNICATIONS 6254 04:19:31,266 --> 04:19:33,535 IS A STUDY WE DID ALLUDED TO 6255 04:19:33,535 --> 04:19:36,004 YESTERDAY BY DR. SOLOMON BUT WE 6256 04:19:36,004 --> 04:19:38,239 PUBLISHED THERE IN NATURE IN 6257 04:19:38,239 --> 04:19:40,208 2007 WHERE WE STIMULATED THE 6258 04:19:40,208 --> 04:19:41,576 INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS OF THE 6259 04:19:41,576 --> 04:19:44,012 THALAMUS, IT WAS A PATIENT WHO 6260 04:19:44,012 --> 04:19:48,082 HAD BEEN BRUTALLY INJURED AND AD 6261 04:19:48,082 --> 04:19:50,218 HAD INITIAL GLASGOW COMA SCALE 6262 04:19:50,218 --> 04:19:51,986 OF 3 WHICH IS LOW AS IT CAN GO 6263 04:19:51,986 --> 04:19:53,955 WITHOUT SOMEONE DYING, UP TO LOW 6264 04:19:53,955 --> 04:19:55,823 LEVEL NCS AND HAD BEEN AT A 6265 04:19:55,823 --> 04:19:59,594 STABLE BASELINE FOR FOUR YEARS. 6266 04:19:59,594 --> 04:20:00,828 WITH THE THALAMIC STIMULATION 6267 04:20:00,828 --> 04:20:02,363 FOR THE REASONS WE HEARD THIS 6268 04:20:02,363 --> 04:20:04,132 MORNING, NICO SHIV WAS THE FIRST 6269 04:20:04,132 --> 04:20:08,469 AUTHOR ON THIS, WE WERE ABLE TO 6270 04:20:08,469 --> 04:20:11,306 BRING HIM BACK TO SOME DEGREE OF 6271 04:20:11,306 --> 04:20:13,641 RECOVERY SO WE DID A SIX MONTH 6272 04:20:13,641 --> 04:20:15,543 DOUBLE BLIND CROSS OVER STUDY 6273 04:20:15,543 --> 04:20:18,046 BILATERAL THALAMIC STIMULATION, 6274 04:20:18,046 --> 04:20:19,380 THOSE TRACKS LOOKED ABSOLUTELY 6275 04:20:19,380 --> 04:20:20,815 GRAND AND LARGE BUT IT JUST 6276 04:20:20,815 --> 04:20:22,884 SCATTER AROUND IN A MAGNETIC 6277 04:20:22,884 --> 04:20:25,086 FILAMENT AND IT JUST AN OLD CAT 6278 04:20:25,086 --> 04:20:26,854 SCAN, WE DIDN'T HAVE FMRI AT 6279 04:20:26,854 --> 04:20:29,357 THAT TIME, YOU CAN USE FMRI NOW 6280 04:20:29,357 --> 04:20:30,892 BUT COULDN'T THEN BECAUSE IT 6281 04:20:30,892 --> 04:20:32,360 WOULD BURN THE BRAIN BUT THE 6282 04:20:32,360 --> 04:20:35,163 PATIENT GOT THALAMIC DBS 6283 04:20:35,163 --> 04:20:37,665 BILATERALLY AND WITH THAT 6284 04:20:37,665 --> 04:20:39,334 IMPROVED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORS, 6285 04:20:39,334 --> 04:20:40,335 LIMB CONTROL AND ORAL FEEDING. 6286 04:20:40,335 --> 04:20:42,003 HE WAS ABLE TO SAY -- BEFORE 6287 04:20:42,003 --> 04:20:44,305 THIS HE WOULD ONLY HAVE 6288 04:20:44,305 --> 04:20:46,140 INTERMITTENT ABILITY TO MOVE HIS 6289 04:20:46,140 --> 04:20:47,809 EYES, THAT IS THE EXTENT OF HIS 6290 04:20:47,809 --> 04:20:50,445 INTERACTION WITH THE WORLD. WITH 6291 04:20:50,445 --> 04:20:52,213 DBS HE WAS ABLE TO SAY SIX OR 6292 04:20:52,213 --> 04:20:54,115 SEVEN WORD SENTENCE, TELL HIS 6293 04:20:54,115 --> 04:20:56,384 MOTHER HE LOVED HER, THE FIRST 6294 04:20:56,384 --> 04:20:58,219 16 WORDS OF PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 6295 04:20:58,219 --> 04:21:01,556 AND GO TO OLD NAVY AND CHOOSED 6296 04:21:01,556 --> 04:21:03,091 CLOTHING HE LIKED. HE IMPROVED 6297 04:21:03,091 --> 04:21:04,626 LIMB CONTROL AND FIRST TIME IN 6298 04:21:04,626 --> 04:21:06,327 SIX YEARS HE WAS ABLE TO EAT BY 6299 04:21:06,327 --> 04:21:08,263 MOUTH AND NOT BY -- AND MAINTAIN 6300 04:21:08,263 --> 04:21:10,198 HIS SECRETIONS SO THESE IMPROVED 6301 04:21:10,198 --> 04:21:12,233 CORRELATIONS SIMULATION -- 6302 04:21:12,233 --> 04:21:15,536 IMPROVEMENTS CORRELATED WITH 6303 04:21:15,536 --> 04:21:16,504 STIMULATION AND THERE WAS SOME 6304 04:21:16,504 --> 04:21:18,339 CROSS OVER EFFECT BUT THE -- 6305 04:21:18,339 --> 04:21:19,007 THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN SOME 6306 04:21:19,007 --> 04:21:21,042 INDUCTIONS OF PLASTICITY, BUT 6307 04:21:21,042 --> 04:21:23,344 THIS WAS THE FIRST EVIDENCE DBS 6308 04:21:23,344 --> 04:21:25,313 CAN RESTORE LATE RECOVERY FROM 6309 04:21:25,313 --> 04:21:29,550 SEVERE TBI. AND I DESCRIBE THIS 6310 04:21:29,550 --> 04:21:31,719 AS AGENCY (INAUDIBLE) ELECTRICAL 6311 04:21:31,719 --> 04:21:34,022 CURRENT GIVING HIM BACK SOME 6312 04:21:34,022 --> 04:21:35,923 DEGREE OF AGENCY. WE THOUGHT WE 6313 04:21:35,923 --> 04:21:38,926 HAD DONE A GOOD THING AND WERE 6314 04:21:38,926 --> 04:21:41,663 HAPPY AND GRANT, A NEUROSURGEON 6315 04:21:41,663 --> 04:21:44,699 IN NEW ZYLAND WRITES THIS PAPER 6316 04:21:44,699 --> 04:21:46,000 -- SEE LAND WRITES THIS PAPER 6317 04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:46,734 BRUTALLY CRITICIZING WHAT WE DID 6318 04:21:46,734 --> 04:21:48,903 CALLED THE MINUTENALLY CONSCIOUS 6319 04:21:48,903 --> 04:21:50,271 STATE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION, 6320 04:21:50,271 --> 04:21:53,675 WHAT IS WORSE IN FUTILITY AND HE 6321 04:21:53,675 --> 04:21:56,577 USES THIS PHRASE THERE IS THE 6322 04:21:56,577 --> 04:21:58,146 RISK OF UNBARABLE BADNESS THAT 6323 04:21:58,146 --> 04:22:01,082 WE HAD DONE THIS HORRIBLE THING. 6324 04:22:01,082 --> 04:22:03,451 LATE HE E REVIEWED MY BOOK BUT 6325 04:22:03,451 --> 04:22:05,687 THINGS TURNED AROUND BY THEN. SO 6326 04:22:05,687 --> 04:22:06,888 THIS WAS GREAT PEERSON WE HAVE 6327 04:22:06,888 --> 04:22:09,223 RIGHT TO USE HIS NAME AND IRB 6328 04:22:09,223 --> 04:22:10,692 AND HIPAA BEHAVIORS AND THAT IS 6329 04:22:10,692 --> 04:22:13,695 ALL FROM HIS MOTHER H SO GREG IS 6330 04:22:13,695 --> 04:22:15,863 CRYING ONE DAY, I SAID MAYBE 6331 04:22:15,863 --> 04:22:17,632 GRANT WAS RIGHT, MAYBE WE 6332 04:22:17,632 --> 04:22:19,534 CREATED THIS SITUATION WHERE NOW 6333 04:22:19,534 --> 04:22:21,669 HE IS SELF-AWARE HOW DIRE HIS 6334 04:22:21,669 --> 04:22:23,004 SITUATION IS WHEREAS BEFORE HE 6335 04:22:23,004 --> 04:22:25,606 WAS JUST OBLIVIOUS TO IT. SHE 6336 04:22:25,606 --> 04:22:28,276 SAYS GREG WAS CRYING ONE DAY, I 6337 04:22:28,276 --> 04:22:30,545 WAS VISITING HIM AND HE SAID I'M 6338 04:22:30,545 --> 04:22:33,114 CRYING FOR COREY. I HAD 6339 04:22:33,114 --> 04:22:34,182 INTERVIEWED FOR HOURS AND HOURS, 6340 04:22:34,182 --> 04:22:35,983 I SAID WHO IS COREY, SHE SAID 6341 04:22:35,983 --> 04:22:38,219 THAT IS HIS BROTHER WHO DOES NOT 6342 04:22:38,219 --> 04:22:39,754 COME THE SEE HIM THAT IS IN 6343 04:22:39,754 --> 04:22:41,923 DENIAL AND EVEN I STARTED 6344 04:22:41,923 --> 04:22:43,491 CRYING. I SAID HERE HE IS, HE IS 6345 04:22:43,491 --> 04:22:44,358 AWARE AND KNOWS WHAT IS GOING 6346 04:22:44,358 --> 04:22:46,828 ONON. SO T IT IS NOT 6347 04:22:46,828 --> 04:22:48,296 SELF-REFLECTIVE AND 6348 04:22:48,296 --> 04:22:48,930 SELF-GRIEVING HIS SITUATION, HE 6349 04:22:48,930 --> 04:22:50,198 IS UPSET HIS BROTHER IS NOT 6350 04:22:50,198 --> 04:22:52,367 THERE. SO THIS LEADS TO THE 6351 04:22:52,367 --> 04:22:54,001 STATEMENT WHICH IS THE MANTRA OF 6352 04:22:54,001 --> 04:22:55,903 THE DISABILITY RIGHTS COMMUNITY, 6353 04:22:55,903 --> 04:22:58,005 NOTHING ABOUT US WITHOUT US. IF 6354 04:22:58,005 --> 04:23:00,208 YOU GOING TO TALK ABOUT US ASK 6355 04:23:00,208 --> 04:23:02,944 US DON'T PUT WORDS IN YOU ARE O 6356 04:23:02,944 --> 04:23:07,382 MOUTH WHETHER IT IS BIAS OR 6357 04:23:07,382 --> 04:23:08,983 CHATGPT NOTHING ABOUT US WITHOUT 6358 04:23:08,983 --> 04:23:11,185 US. ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS TERRY 6359 04:23:11,185 --> 04:23:15,022 WALLACE, I WROTE IN THE WINTER 6360 04:23:15,022 --> 04:23:17,625 ISSUE OF NESM ISSUE IN 6361 04:23:17,625 --> 04:23:20,528 TECHNOLOGY. YOU MAY RECALL THIS 6362 04:23:20,528 --> 04:23:21,929 PERSON WOKE UP AFTER 19 YEARS 6363 04:23:21,929 --> 04:23:23,264 THOUGHT TO BE IN VEGETATIVE 6364 04:23:23,264 --> 04:23:24,932 STATE BUT MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS. 6365 04:23:24,932 --> 04:23:26,667 HAD AN OBITUARY IN THE NEW YORK 6366 04:23:26,667 --> 04:23:28,903 TIMES, AND THIS IS A PAPER THAT 6367 04:23:28,903 --> 04:23:32,306 WAS PUBLISHED IN JCI IN 2005 6368 04:23:32,306 --> 04:23:34,575 THAT SHOWED EXONAL SPROUTING AND 6369 04:23:34,575 --> 04:23:35,777 PRUNING IN HIS BRAIN WHICH 6370 04:23:35,777 --> 04:23:37,745 PROBABLY WAS THE SUBSTRATE FOR 6371 04:23:37,745 --> 04:23:42,016 HIS RECOVERY. SO REALLY FAMOUS 6372 04:23:42,016 --> 04:23:43,885 GUY, MOST WON'T GET A PICTURE IN 6373 04:23:43,885 --> 04:23:47,288 NEW YORK TIMES WHEN WE HAVE OUR 6374 04:23:47,288 --> 04:23:48,823 OBITUARY, FAMILY HAS TO PAY FOR 6375 04:23:48,823 --> 04:23:50,424 IT -- THAT IS A JOKE. BUT THIS 6376 04:23:50,424 --> 04:23:54,095 WAS A BIG DEAL. AND YET HE DIED 6377 04:23:54,095 --> 04:23:56,197 VERY TYPICAL DEATH. AND PEOPLE 6378 04:23:56,197 --> 04:23:58,299 PUT WORDS IN HIS MOUT MOUTH. HIS 6379 04:23:58,299 --> 04:24:00,368 SISTER I HAVE PERMISSION TO TELL 6380 04:24:00,368 --> 04:24:02,303 THE STORY ABOUT, TAMMY BAYS THEY 6381 04:24:02,303 --> 04:24:04,205 GOT A CALL FROM THE -- WE GOT A 6382 04:24:04,205 --> 04:24:06,007 CALL, NICO AND I GOT A CALL 6383 04:24:06,007 --> 04:24:07,008 BECAUSE SHE WAS OLE WE HAD 6384 04:24:07,008 --> 04:24:09,377 STUDIED HIM AND WE HAD BEEN IN 6385 04:24:09,377 --> 04:24:12,346 TOUCH, SO DOCTOR SAYS TO TERRY, 6386 04:24:12,346 --> 04:24:15,149 WHO IS ON VENTILATOR, DO YOU 6387 04:24:15,149 --> 04:24:17,485 WANT TO BE WITH YOUR MOTHER? HER 6388 04:24:17,485 --> 04:24:19,387 MOTHER DIED A FEW YEARS AGO, HE 6389 04:24:19,387 --> 04:24:20,855 WAS CLOSE AND TERRY SAID YES. 6390 04:24:20,855 --> 04:24:22,790 TERRY HAS PROBLEMS WITH 6391 04:24:22,790 --> 04:24:24,091 TEMPERRALTY. HE DOESN'T KNOW IF 6392 04:24:24,091 --> 04:24:26,727 IT IS 1984 WHEN HE GOT INJURED, 6393 04:24:26,727 --> 04:24:28,229 WHEN HE WOKE UP AND HE WAS 6394 04:24:28,229 --> 04:24:29,130 WATCHING THE PRESIDENT ONE DAY 6395 04:24:29,130 --> 04:24:31,966 ON TV. AND IT WAS GEORGE BUSH OR 6396 04:24:31,966 --> 04:24:34,235 SOMETHING. HE SAID WHAT HAPPENED 6397 04:24:34,235 --> 04:24:36,137 TO RONALD REAGAN, HE WAS LIKE 6398 04:24:36,137 --> 04:24:37,605 RIP VAN WINKLE. THE POINT IS THE 6399 04:24:37,605 --> 04:24:39,040 DOCTOR INFERRED THAT HE WANTED 6400 04:24:39,040 --> 04:24:40,942 TO DIE. THAT HE WANTED HIS 6401 04:24:40,942 --> 04:24:42,310 VENTILATOR REMOVED BECAUSE HE 6402 04:24:42,310 --> 04:24:44,345 WANTED TO BE WITH HIS MOTHER. 6403 04:24:44,345 --> 04:24:46,347 ANOTHER EXAMPLE PUTTING WORDS IN 6404 04:24:46,347 --> 04:24:49,116 HIS MOUTH. SO IT IS THE 6405 04:24:49,116 --> 04:24:50,651 INTERSECTIONALITY OF ASSISTIVE 6406 04:24:50,651 --> 04:24:52,386 TECHNOLOGY THE BIASES TOWARDS 6407 04:24:52,386 --> 04:24:55,756 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY THE RIGHT 6408 04:24:55,756 --> 04:24:59,427 TO DIE LINEAGE AND THE LIKE AND 6409 04:24:59,427 --> 04:25:01,529 THAT GETS THE IMPORTANCE OF 6410 04:25:01,529 --> 04:25:03,231 DISABILITY RIGHTS. I ARGUED IN 6411 04:25:03,231 --> 04:25:04,432 THE TIMES AND ELSEWHERE THAT 6412 04:25:04,432 --> 04:25:05,833 BRAIN INJURY AND THE CIVIL RIGHT 6413 04:25:05,833 --> 04:25:07,768 WE DON'T THINK ABOUT. WE NEED TO 6414 04:25:07,768 --> 04:25:10,071 THINK ABOUT UNIDENTIFIED 6415 04:25:10,071 --> 04:25:11,973 MISIDENTIFIED MISCONSTRUED 6416 04:25:11,973 --> 04:25:13,507 CONSCIOUSNESS IS TO VIOLATE IS 6417 04:25:13,507 --> 04:25:15,009 CIVIL RIGHTS OF THESE PEOPLE. 6418 04:25:15,009 --> 04:25:18,880 AND IT VIOLATES THE ADA MANDATE, 6419 04:25:18,880 --> 04:25:21,215 AND THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF 6420 04:25:21,215 --> 04:25:22,917 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES THAT 6421 04:25:22,917 --> 04:25:25,920 CALLS FOR MAXIMAL SOCIETAL 6422 04:25:25,920 --> 04:25:27,154 INTEGRATION WHICH TIES TO 6423 04:25:27,154 --> 04:25:28,356 LANGUAGE AND EVERYTHING SO UP AT 6424 04:25:28,356 --> 04:25:29,490 YALE WE HAD BEEN WRITING WITH 6425 04:25:29,490 --> 04:25:30,858 MORE REVIEW ARTICLES AN 6426 04:25:30,858 --> 04:25:32,059 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 6427 04:25:32,059 --> 04:25:34,929 WE CAN SKIP ALL THIS BECAUSE THE 6428 04:25:34,929 --> 04:25:36,230 KEY POINT HERE IS THAT WE ARE 6429 04:25:36,230 --> 04:25:38,199 MOVING FROM A RIGHTS FRAMEWORK 6430 04:25:38,199 --> 04:25:42,169 TO A CAPABILITIES FRAMEWO FRAME. 6431 04:25:42,169 --> 04:25:45,172 MARK NUSSBALM HAVE SAID BECAUSE 6432 04:25:45,172 --> 04:25:47,008 TECHNOLOGY IS A CAPABILITY THAT 6433 04:25:47,008 --> 04:25:47,808 ENABLES PEOPLE TO COMMUNICATE, 6434 04:25:47,808 --> 04:25:49,210 TO BE IN THE WORLD BUT ALSO IT 6435 04:25:49,210 --> 04:25:50,678 HAS THE CAPABILITY OF DOING 6436 04:25:50,678 --> 04:25:54,248 HARM. JOHN DUEY AND I'M A 6437 04:25:54,248 --> 04:25:55,449 PRAGMATIST IN THE AMERICAN 6438 04:25:55,449 --> 04:25:56,984 TRADITION WROTE IN A REALLY 6439 04:25:56,984 --> 04:25:59,787 INTERESTING SA COMMON SENSE 6440 04:25:59,787 --> 04:26:01,355 SCIENTIFIC IRQUERY INVENTIONS OF 6441 04:26:01,355 --> 04:26:02,189 NEW AGENCIES AN INSTRUMENTS, 6442 04:26:02,189 --> 04:26:04,525 THINK OF DBS NEUROIMAGING AND 6443 04:26:04,525 --> 04:26:06,060 ALL THINGS WE TALK ABOUT TODAY 6444 04:26:06,060 --> 04:26:09,297 CREATE NEW ENDS. CREATE NEW 6445 04:26:09,297 --> 04:26:11,432 CONSEQUENCES, WHICH STIR MEN AND 6446 04:26:11,432 --> 04:26:14,201 WOMEN TO FORM NEW PURPOSES SO I 6447 04:26:14,201 --> 04:26:15,870 ARGUE THAT THESE FOLKS ARE 6448 04:26:15,870 --> 04:26:18,072 DEPENDENT UPON TECHNOLOGY. 6449 04:26:18,072 --> 04:26:19,807 TECHNOLOGY REVEAL COVERT 6450 04:26:19,807 --> 04:26:21,576 CONSCIOUSNESS. BEFORE WE HAD WE 6451 04:26:21,576 --> 04:26:22,743 DIDN'T KNOW THIS PROBLEM 6452 04:26:22,743 --> 04:26:25,646 EXISTED. THEIR VOICE DEPENDS ON 6453 04:26:25,646 --> 04:26:28,249 NEUROIMAGING, DBS AND YES EVEN 6454 04:26:28,249 --> 04:26:30,918 AI. BUT AI CAN AID OR DISTORT 6455 04:26:30,918 --> 04:26:32,987 THEIR VOICE, INTEGRATE THEM OR 6456 04:26:32,987 --> 04:26:34,755 MARGINALIZE THEM, AUGMENT 6457 04:26:34,755 --> 04:26:37,792 DISCRIMINATION OR FACILITATE 6458 04:26:37,792 --> 04:26:38,759 COMMUNICATION AND BUILD 6459 04:26:38,759 --> 04:26:40,227 COMMUNITY, IT IS OUR CHOICE. SO 6460 04:26:40,227 --> 04:26:40,828 THAT IS IT. THANK YOU VERY 6461 04:26:40,828 --> 04:26:51,339 MUCH. I NEVER TALK THAT FAST. 6462 04:26:52,907 --> 04:26:55,876 >> COULD YOU JUST HOE FOR LIKE 6463 04:26:55,876 --> 04:26:57,345 ME WHO DON'T KNOW, EXPLAIN HOW 6464 04:26:57,345 --> 04:27:02,516 THIS ABILITY TO GET YES, NO 6465 04:27:02,516 --> 04:27:05,853 ANSWERS FROM THESE PATIENTS, HOW 6466 04:27:05,853 --> 04:27:07,688 THEY PROGRESSED OVER THE LAST 6467 04:27:07,688 --> 04:27:09,357 YEARS? IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE 6468 04:27:09,357 --> 04:27:10,191 REGULAR COMMUNICATION WITH 6469 04:27:10,191 --> 04:27:12,560 PEOPLE LIKE THIS OR SPOTTY, ONE 6470 04:27:12,560 --> 04:27:13,094 DAY THERE ONE DAY -- 6471 04:27:13,094 --> 04:27:15,663 >> THEIR ABILITY TO COMMUNIQUE 6472 04:27:15,663 --> 04:27:16,797 RELATES TO THEIR OWN INTERNAL 6473 04:27:16,797 --> 04:27:19,166 DYNAMICS BECAUSE REVEL OF 6474 04:27:19,166 --> 04:27:21,702 AROUSAL WILL DETERMINE HOW WELL 6475 04:27:21,702 --> 04:27:26,607 THEY DO. TO CATCH THEM NOT LOW 6476 04:27:26,607 --> 04:27:28,609 POINT THEIR JET LAG BUT BETTER 6477 04:27:28,609 --> 04:27:30,111 POINT MORE AROUSED. THE OTHER 6478 04:27:30,111 --> 04:27:31,812 THING THAT IS THE TEST 6479 04:27:31,812 --> 04:27:33,280 CHARACTERISTICS ARE -- TO ANSWER 6480 04:27:33,280 --> 04:27:35,449 THE EARLIER QUESTION JOHN ASKED, 6481 04:27:35,449 --> 04:27:37,418 THE PRIOR SESSION, THAT IS THE 6482 04:27:37,418 --> 04:27:39,086 PROBLEM BECAUSE A POSITIVE TEST 6483 04:27:39,086 --> 04:27:41,389 IS JUST POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE 6484 04:27:41,389 --> 04:27:43,057 TEST COULD BE A FLAW IN I DON'T 6485 04:27:43,057 --> 04:27:44,425 WANT TO ANSWER ITS OR THE 6486 04:27:44,425 --> 04:27:49,764 TECHNOLOGY WAS WRONG. WE CAN 6487 04:27:49,764 --> 04:27:52,033 LABEL PEOPLE PERMANENTLY 6488 04:27:52,033 --> 04:27:53,100 UNCONSCIOUS OR VEGETATIVE 6489 04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:54,168 BECAUSE THEY DON'T RESPOND TO A 6490 04:27:54,168 --> 04:27:55,836 TEST. PEOPLE LIKE JOE AND OTHERS 6491 04:27:55,836 --> 04:27:59,907 ARE TRYING TO CORRELATES THE 6492 04:27:59,907 --> 04:28:01,342 BEHAVIORAL TEST TO THIS AND WE 6493 04:28:01,342 --> 04:28:02,576 DON'T HAVE GOOD TEST 6494 04:28:02,576 --> 04:28:04,645 CHARACTERISTICS AS YES, SIR. 6495 04:28:04,645 --> 04:28:06,047 THERE ARE SOME FUNDAMENTAL 6496 04:28:06,047 --> 04:28:08,682 PROBLEMS, THERE IS ALSO AN 6497 04:28:08,682 --> 04:28:09,617 INTEROPERABILITY PROBLEM BECAUSE 6498 04:28:09,617 --> 04:28:11,719 DIFFERENT CENTERS USE DIFFERENT 6499 04:28:11,719 --> 04:28:15,289 PARADIGMS AND SO TO PULL DATA IS 6500 04:28:15,289 --> 04:28:17,158 COMPLICATED. WE HAVE AN EFFORT 6501 04:28:17,158 --> 04:28:20,161 THROUGH THE MCDONALD FOUNDATION 6502 04:28:20,161 --> 04:28:21,896 DOING THIS, IT HAS BEEN 6503 04:28:21,896 --> 04:28:23,064 COMPLICATED BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO 6504 04:28:23,064 --> 04:28:26,467 STRIP DOWN THE DATA SET TO HAVE 6505 04:28:26,467 --> 04:28:28,969 COMMENCEERABILITY. SO STILL AN 6506 04:28:28,969 --> 04:28:29,637 EVOLVING PROBLEM. 6507 04:28:29,637 --> 04:28:33,674 >> THANKS VERY MUCH. YOU FOCUS 6508 04:28:33,674 --> 04:28:37,411 ON USE OF AI ASSISTANCE AND 6509 04:28:37,411 --> 04:28:39,513 REHABILITATION, ALSO INTERESTED 6510 04:28:39,513 --> 04:28:41,515 IN THE ROLE AI PLAYS IN THESE 6511 04:28:41,515 --> 04:28:44,518 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN THE 6512 04:28:44,518 --> 04:28:45,553 (INAUDIBLE) STUDY FOR EXAMPLE 6513 04:28:45,553 --> 04:28:49,223 WHERE WE HAVE THE MASSIVEEEG 6514 04:28:49,223 --> 04:28:52,193 DATA AND -- MASSIVE EEG DATA AND 6515 04:28:52,193 --> 04:28:52,927 ONE OF THE (INAUDIBLE) IS TRYING 6516 04:28:52,927 --> 04:28:55,062 TO INTERPRET IT. DO YOU SEE THAT 6517 04:28:55,062 --> 04:28:57,164 SUBSTANTIALLY LESS PROBLEMATIC 6518 04:28:57,164 --> 04:29:00,000 USE OF AI OR DO YOU FEAR SOME OF 6519 04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:01,368 THOSE BIASES YOU ARE TALKING 6520 04:29:01,368 --> 04:29:01,602 ABOUT -- 6521 04:29:01,602 --> 04:29:03,537 >> I THINK THE RISK OF BIAS IN 6522 04:29:03,537 --> 04:29:05,873 MACHINE LEARNING LOOKING AT AN 6523 04:29:05,873 --> 04:29:09,410 OBJECTIVE DATA SET IS MUCH, MUCH 6524 04:29:09,410 --> 04:29:10,344 LESS. I THINK THAT WILL BE 6525 04:29:10,344 --> 04:29:11,712 USEFUL, THE FEW MOMENTS BEFORE I 6526 04:29:11,712 --> 04:29:13,714 CAME UP I GOT A LITTLE 6527 04:29:13,714 --> 04:29:16,450 NOTIFICATION FROM DOXIMITY FOR 6528 04:29:16,450 --> 04:29:18,219 USING AI IN THE ICU FOR BRAIN 6529 04:29:18,219 --> 04:29:19,920 INJURY SO I THINK IT WILL BE 6530 04:29:19,920 --> 04:29:21,889 THERE BUT THE NEUTRAL DOMAINS 6531 04:29:21,889 --> 04:29:25,226 AND VALUE LADEN DOMAINS WHERE 6532 04:29:25,226 --> 04:29:35,703 RISK OF BIAS CAN CREEP IN. 6533 04:29:39,874 --> 04:29:47,348 >> THAW. 6534 04:29:47,348 --> 04:29:49,784 >> OUR LAST SPEAKER FOR THIS 6535 04:29:49,784 --> 04:29:52,019 SESSION IS DR. ERIC OERMANN, 6536 04:29:52,019 --> 04:29:53,954 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF 6537 04:29:53,954 --> 04:29:55,790 NEUROSURGERY, NEUROLOGY AND DATA 6538 04:29:55,790 --> 04:29:57,057 SCIENCE AT NYU, STUDIED 6539 04:29:57,057 --> 04:29:58,559 MATHEMATICS AT GEORGETOWN AND 6540 04:29:58,559 --> 04:29:59,527 PHILOSOPHY WITH THE PRESIDENT 6541 04:29:59,527 --> 04:30:01,695 COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS AND 6542 04:30:01,695 --> 04:30:03,164 ABANDONED GRADUATE STUDIES IN 6543 04:30:03,164 --> 04:30:05,499 GROUP THEORY TO PURSUE 6544 04:30:05,499 --> 04:30:08,669 NEUROSURGERY. HE COMPLETE AD 6545 04:30:08,669 --> 04:30:09,637 POST-DOCTORAL SCIENCES AND 6546 04:30:09,637 --> 04:30:12,740 SERVED AS VISOR AT GOOGLE X ON 6547 04:30:12,740 --> 04:30:14,041 PROJECT AMBER. HIS TALK IS 6548 04:30:14,041 --> 04:30:15,209 BUILDING BLOCKS OF 6549 04:30:15,209 --> 04:30:19,780 CONSCIOUSNESS. 6550 04:30:19,780 --> 04:30:20,281 >> 6551 04:30:20,281 --> 04:30:22,349 >> FIRST THANKS FOR HAVING ME 6552 04:30:22,349 --> 04:30:23,517 HERE FOR ORGANIZING THIS. I 6553 04:30:23,517 --> 04:30:25,219 LEARNED SO MUCH LISTENING TO 6554 04:30:25,219 --> 04:30:26,687 THESE TALKS. I THINK THERE IS A 6555 04:30:26,687 --> 04:30:29,657 COMPUTER SCIENTIST COMING TO THE 6556 04:30:29,657 --> 04:30:32,326 CONSCIOUSNESS, IT IS VERY EYE 6557 04:30:32,326 --> 04:30:34,862 OPENING. HOPEFULLY INTERESTING 6558 04:30:34,862 --> 04:30:36,964 PERSPECTIVE COMING FROM THE 6559 04:30:36,964 --> 04:30:38,165 NEUROSURGEONS WORK WITH A LOT OF 6560 04:30:38,165 --> 04:30:40,367 PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF 6561 04:30:40,367 --> 04:30:41,068 CONSCIOUSNESS BUT PARTICULARLY 6562 04:30:41,068 --> 04:30:43,737 AS COMPUTER SCIENTIST, I 6563 04:30:43,737 --> 04:30:44,672 DEFINITELY COULD SPEND THE 6564 04:30:44,672 --> 04:30:46,073 ENTIRE AFTERNOON TALKING AI AND 6565 04:30:46,073 --> 04:30:47,541 I THINK WE HEARD IT POP UP IN 6566 04:30:47,541 --> 04:30:52,179 MANY MANY TALKS, PROFESSOR FINS 6567 04:30:52,179 --> 04:30:52,846 TALKING ABOUT ASSISTIVE DEVICE. 6568 04:30:52,846 --> 04:30:56,584 CERTAINLY THERE IS A ROLE FOR AI 6569 04:30:56,584 --> 04:30:58,152 INTERPRETIVE ROLE HELPING 6570 04:30:58,152 --> 04:31:01,121 INTERPRET NEUROIMAGING AND EEG 6571 04:31:01,121 --> 04:31:02,389 DATA AND ALSO EVEN THE ROLE FOR 6572 04:31:02,389 --> 04:31:04,191 AI IN TERMS OF THE VERY 6573 04:31:04,191 --> 04:31:05,860 INFRASTRUCTURE OF HOW WE DO 6574 04:31:05,860 --> 04:31:07,428 RESEARCH, VECTOR DATABASES, 6575 04:31:07,428 --> 04:31:09,096 BEING ABLE TO USE AI TO SHARE 6576 04:31:09,096 --> 04:31:11,065 DATA AND COLLABORATE BETTER. BUT 6577 04:31:11,065 --> 04:31:13,634 CERTAINLY FROM MY TALK I WANT TO 6578 04:31:13,634 --> 04:31:16,871 NARROW DOWN ON THE ACTUAL STUDY 6579 04:31:16,871 --> 04:31:18,739 OF CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN AI. THAT 6580 04:31:18,739 --> 04:31:20,541 QUESTION OF CONSCIOUS MACHINES. 6581 04:31:20,541 --> 04:31:21,642 I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE RELEVANT 6582 04:31:21,642 --> 04:31:24,545 TO THE NATURE OF THIS 6583 04:31:24,545 --> 04:31:25,579 CONFERENCE, DISCLOSE INSURES, 6584 04:31:25,579 --> 04:31:28,749 THEY ARE NOT RELEVANT. THIS IS 6585 04:31:28,749 --> 04:31:31,652 MY BACKGROUND. THE STUDY OF 6586 04:31:31,652 --> 04:31:33,020 CONSCIOUSNESS COMPUTER SCIENCE 6587 04:31:33,020 --> 04:31:34,255 IS AT ORIGINS OF COMPUTER 6588 04:31:34,255 --> 04:31:36,690 SCIENCE. REALLY ON THE DAWN OF 6589 04:31:36,690 --> 04:31:39,793 MODERN COMPUTER SCIENCE, TURNING 6590 04:31:39,793 --> 04:31:40,894 ADAM LOVE LACE ARGUED 6591 04:31:40,894 --> 04:31:44,365 CONSCIOUSNESS AND MACHINES. WITH 6592 04:31:44,365 --> 04:31:46,133 AL ALSO SAYING SHE FELT MACHINES 6593 04:31:46,133 --> 04:31:47,334 TO BE CONSCIOUS OUR WOULD HAVE 6594 04:31:47,334 --> 04:31:50,771 TO CREATE SPONTANEOUS TO. 6595 04:31:50,771 --> 04:31:52,773 COUP FOR WORK AND PUSHING BACK 6596 04:31:52,773 --> 04:31:54,008 AGAINST THIS NOTION. AND 6597 04:31:54,008 --> 04:31:56,310 SUGGESTING HE AGREED WITH ATA 6598 04:31:56,310 --> 04:31:58,279 THAT PERHAPS THE MACHINE THEY 6599 04:31:58,279 --> 04:32:00,247 WERE TALK ABOUT THE TURN OF THE 6600 04:32:00,247 --> 04:32:01,782 CURRENTLY WERE NOT CAPABLE OF 6601 04:32:01,782 --> 04:32:03,717 THIS BUT THAT COB SERVING THAT 6602 04:32:03,717 --> 04:32:05,519 COG ANY ACTIVE CAPABILITY OF 6603 04:32:05,519 --> 04:32:09,690 BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS ARE 6604 04:32:09,690 --> 04:32:11,692 CONSTRAINED BY BIOLOGICAL 6605 04:32:11,692 --> 04:32:13,694 SUBSTRATE IN THIS CASE MACHINES 6606 04:32:13,694 --> 04:32:15,562 AND SOME DAY IN HIS ESTIMATION 6607 04:32:15,562 --> 04:32:17,598 CAPABILITIES WOULD INCREASE AND 6608 04:32:17,598 --> 04:32:18,899 EXPAND THERE BY EXPANDING WHAT 6609 04:32:18,899 --> 04:32:23,370 THEY WERE CAPABLE OF AND BECOME 6610 04:32:23,370 --> 04:32:24,538 INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM 6611 04:32:24,538 --> 04:32:26,974 BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS IN SENSE OF 6612 04:32:26,974 --> 04:32:28,642 COGNITIVE CAPABILITY WHICH THIS 6613 04:32:28,642 --> 04:32:30,377 NOTION GIVING RISE TO FAMOUS 6614 04:32:30,377 --> 04:32:33,080 TURNING TEST. BUT ALSO THIS 6615 04:32:33,080 --> 04:32:35,783 NOTION THAT THE CAPABILITIES OF 6616 04:32:35,783 --> 04:32:37,384 MACHINES ARE HIGHLY DETERMINED 6617 04:32:37,384 --> 04:32:39,320 BY THEIR UNDERLYING SUBSTRATE 6618 04:32:39,320 --> 04:32:41,722 COMPUTATIONAL HARDWARE, AND THAT 6619 04:32:41,722 --> 04:32:44,892 PERHAPS AS WE EXPAND THEM FROM A 6620 04:32:44,892 --> 04:32:47,294 PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE IN TERMS OF 6621 04:32:47,294 --> 04:32:48,829 HARDWARE, WE MIGHT EVENTUALLY 6622 04:32:48,829 --> 04:32:50,331 SEE MORE INTELLIGENT CONSCIOUS 6623 04:32:50,331 --> 04:32:51,165 MACHINES AND CERTAINLY WE HAVE 6624 04:32:51,165 --> 04:32:52,433 BEEN DOING THIS IN THE FIELD OF 6625 04:32:52,433 --> 04:32:58,672 AI. THE FIGURE ON THE LEFT -- ON 6626 04:32:58,672 --> 04:33:00,574 THE LEFT HERE SHOWS THE GENERAL 6627 04:33:00,574 --> 04:33:02,943 SIZE OF AI MODELS, RANGING FROM 6628 04:33:02,943 --> 04:33:05,346 1950s TO NOW. WE SEE ALMOST 6629 04:33:05,346 --> 04:33:06,580 EXPONENTIAL INCREASE HOW LARGE 6630 04:33:06,580 --> 04:33:08,449 THESE ARE GETTING. SO I KNOW ONE 6631 04:33:08,449 --> 04:33:11,352 OF THE EARLIER TALKS, SOMEONE 6632 04:33:11,352 --> 04:33:13,520 MENTIONED I THINK ORDER OF 3 6633 04:33:13,520 --> 04:33:15,923 TRILLION SYNAPSES AND THAT IS 6634 04:33:15,923 --> 04:33:18,325 NOT INCONCEIVABLE CONCERNING HOW 6635 04:33:18,325 --> 04:33:20,361 RAPIDLY WE SCALE THEM UP, WE 6636 04:33:20,361 --> 04:33:21,628 HAVE 3 TRILLION PARAMETER 6637 04:33:21,628 --> 04:33:24,832 MODELS. TRULY GETTING BIGGER 6638 04:33:24,832 --> 04:33:26,367 AND AS THEY GET BIGGER PERHAPS 6639 04:33:26,367 --> 04:33:28,168 IN LINE WITH TURNING'S 6640 04:33:28,168 --> 04:33:30,571 PREDICTION AXI MODELS ARE 6641 04:33:30,571 --> 04:33:32,106 INCREASINGLY COMPETENT AT THE 6642 04:33:32,106 --> 04:33:34,475 VARIOUS BENCHMARKS WITH COMPUTER 6643 04:33:34,475 --> 04:33:35,809 SCIENCE, BETTER ABLE TO 6644 04:33:35,809 --> 04:33:37,811 UNDERSTAND HANDWRITING SPEECH, 6645 04:33:37,811 --> 04:33:40,047 HUMAN LANGUAGE,, AND PERHAPS 6646 04:33:40,047 --> 04:33:41,115 THIS IS ONE OF THE BIG 6647 04:33:41,115 --> 04:33:43,083 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTER 6648 04:33:43,083 --> 04:33:44,985 SCIENCE AND THINGS JONATHAN 6649 04:33:44,985 --> 04:33:46,653 TALKED IN HIS TALK FOCUSED ON 6650 04:33:46,653 --> 04:33:48,455 THE CONCRETE BENCHMARKS AND 6651 04:33:48,455 --> 04:33:50,357 MAYBE A LITTLE TOO MUCH SO AND 6652 04:33:50,357 --> 04:33:52,092 LESS ON KIND OF MORE 6653 04:33:52,092 --> 04:33:53,494 NATURALISTIC EXPLORATION OF THEM 6654 04:33:53,494 --> 04:33:54,995 HOPEFULLY MY TALK WILL GIVE A 6655 04:33:54,995 --> 04:34:00,467 FLAIR WHAT THIS COULD LOOK LIKE 6656 04:34:00,467 --> 04:34:02,369 I DON'T NEED TO BELABOR THE 6657 04:34:02,369 --> 04:34:04,171 OTHER SPEAKERS TALKED ABOUT IT, 6658 04:34:04,171 --> 04:34:05,873 AN APPROPRIATE TIME TO TALK 6659 04:34:05,873 --> 04:34:07,141 ABOUT MACHINE CONSCIOUSNESS. 6660 04:34:07,141 --> 04:34:09,743 THERE IS GOOGLE ENGINEER WHOFELD 6661 04:34:09,743 --> 04:34:10,944 LAMBDA GOOGLE LARGE LANGUAGE 6662 04:34:10,944 --> 04:34:12,446 MODEL ASCENSION MOST AGREE 6663 04:34:12,446 --> 04:34:14,782 THAT'S PROBABLY NOT THE CASE, 6664 04:34:14,782 --> 04:34:15,949 LANGUAGE MODEL ARE NOT EVEN 6665 04:34:15,949 --> 04:34:17,851 AGENTS THEY JUST HAVE A 6666 04:34:17,851 --> 04:34:19,787 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF 6667 04:34:19,787 --> 04:34:20,220 WORDS. 6668 04:34:20,220 --> 04:34:23,557 BUT CERTAINLY QUESTIONS OF AI 6669 04:34:23,557 --> 04:34:24,324 CONSCIOUSNESS SENTIENCE, AI 6670 04:34:24,324 --> 04:34:26,660 RIGHTS AN LAWS WILL BECOME 6671 04:34:26,660 --> 04:34:29,663 INCREASINGLY RELEVENCE BUT ARE 6672 04:34:29,663 --> 04:34:31,432 NOW. SIMILAR QUESTION OF LAWS. 6673 04:34:31,432 --> 04:34:34,902 IN THE CASE OF COPYRIGHT LAW, WE 6674 04:34:34,902 --> 04:34:37,204 HAVE SEVERAL TWO LARGE ACTIVE 6675 04:34:37,204 --> 04:34:38,305 LAW SUITS CURRENTLY LITIGATED 6676 04:34:38,305 --> 04:34:41,475 OVER THE RIGHTS OF AI AUTHORS 6677 04:34:41,475 --> 04:34:43,410 AND WHAT THE THE RAMIFICATIONS 6678 04:34:43,410 --> 04:34:45,145 FOR COPYRIGHT. SO THESE ARE 6679 04:34:45,145 --> 04:34:47,881 FUTURE CONCERNS, VERY REAL AN 6680 04:34:47,881 --> 04:34:52,586 RELEVANT NOW FROM A LEGAL SENSE. 6681 04:34:52,586 --> 04:34:54,922 MY TAKE ON LISTENING TO A LOT OF 6682 04:34:54,922 --> 04:34:57,858 THIS DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY OF 6683 04:34:57,858 --> 04:35:00,194 CONSCIOUSNESS, ESPECIALLY 6684 04:35:00,194 --> 04:35:01,595 NEUROSCIENCE IS THIS IS HARD. I 6685 04:35:01,595 --> 04:35:02,496 PROBABLY UNDERSTAND A THIRD OF 6686 04:35:02,496 --> 04:35:04,465 THE EARLIER TALKS, THE PAST TWO 6687 04:35:04,465 --> 04:35:05,999 DAYS IF HONEST WITH MYSELF, AS 6688 04:35:05,999 --> 04:35:08,902 COMPUTER SCIENTIST. WE HAVE BEEN 6689 04:35:08,902 --> 04:35:10,370 STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS FOR A 6690 04:35:10,370 --> 04:35:12,673 LONG TIME AS SPECIES, SINCE 6691 04:35:12,673 --> 04:35:15,342 DISCOVERY OF WRITING IN A SENSE. 6692 04:35:15,342 --> 04:35:17,478 ARISTOTLE WRITES ABOUT IT. I 6693 04:35:17,478 --> 04:35:20,514 THINK ONE THING WE CAN'T AGREE 6694 04:35:20,514 --> 04:35:21,915 ON WHETHER WE CAN WRITE 6695 04:35:21,915 --> 04:35:25,285 CONSCIOUSNESS, THIS NATURE OF 6696 04:35:25,285 --> 04:35:26,820 INEVITABLE QUALITY. ONE OF MY 6697 04:35:26,820 --> 04:35:29,990 THOUGHTS ON ONE WAY AI 6698 04:35:29,990 --> 04:35:31,125 SPECIFICALLY CAN HELP 6699 04:35:31,125 --> 04:35:31,792 INVESTIGATE CONSCIOUSNESS IS 6700 04:35:31,792 --> 04:35:33,727 NOTION OF REGENERATIVE RESEARCH 6701 04:35:33,727 --> 04:35:34,828 PARADIGMS, A MEANS OF EASING 6702 04:35:34,828 --> 04:35:36,763 INTO THAT ANALOGY, I THOUGHT WE 6703 04:35:36,763 --> 04:35:38,198 START WITH SOMETHING REALLY 6704 04:35:38,198 --> 04:35:42,936 SIMPLE LIKE BAKING CAKES. SO ON 6705 04:35:42,936 --> 04:35:45,439 THE TOP OF THE CAKES, ONE OF MY 6706 04:35:45,439 --> 04:35:47,608 HOBBIES IS BAKING IN ADDITION TO 6707 04:35:47,608 --> 04:35:48,075 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND 6708 04:35:48,075 --> 04:35:48,976 NEUROSURGERY, WHEN YOU ARE 6709 04:35:48,976 --> 04:35:51,245 INTERESTED IN BAKING ONE THING 6710 04:35:51,245 --> 04:35:52,846 IS YOU WANTS TO BAKE 6711 04:35:52,846 --> 04:35:53,780 SPECIFICCATION, YOU SAY HEY, 6712 04:35:53,780 --> 04:35:56,550 WHAT GOES INTO THIS CAKE WE 6713 04:35:56,550 --> 04:35:57,918 FOUND AT SUCH AND SUCH BAKERY 6714 04:35:57,918 --> 04:35:59,887 WHICH IS EASY TO DO IN NEW YORK. 6715 04:35:59,887 --> 04:36:02,055 LUCKY TO PRACTICE. IT TURNS OUT 6716 04:36:02,055 --> 04:36:05,893 THAT IT IS KIND OF HARD TO 6717 04:36:05,893 --> 04:36:06,493 DECONSTRUCTCATION. THE REASON 6718 04:36:06,493 --> 04:36:09,229 BAKING A CAKE IS IRREVERSIBLE 6719 04:36:09,229 --> 04:36:10,964 THERM MOW DYNAMIC PROCESS. I'M 6720 04:36:10,964 --> 04:36:13,500 AWARE OF WHAT MAKES 6721 04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:15,035 THERMODYNAMICS IRREVERSIBLE I 6722 04:36:15,035 --> 04:36:16,803 WON'T GET INTO BUT IT IS A 6723 04:36:16,803 --> 04:36:18,472 UNIQUE PROCESS IN CHANGING 6724 04:36:18,472 --> 04:36:20,040 ENTROPY AS YOU MIX THE 6725 04:36:20,040 --> 04:36:21,074 INGREDIENTS TOGETHER AND APPLY 6726 04:36:21,074 --> 04:36:25,078 HEAT. SO WHILE YOU CAN 6727 04:36:25,078 --> 04:36:25,646 DECONSTRUCTCATION THERE ARE 6728 04:36:25,646 --> 04:36:26,647 COMPANIESNA GET YOU AN MRI ON 6729 04:36:26,647 --> 04:36:29,883 YOUR CAKE, A MASS SPEC LIQUID 6730 04:36:29,883 --> 04:36:30,884 CHROMATOGRAPHY, IT DOESN'T TELL 6731 04:36:30,884 --> 04:36:33,153 YOU WHAT GOES INTOCATION. 6732 04:36:33,153 --> 04:36:33,820 DOESN'T SAY ANYTHING ABOUT WHAT 6733 04:36:33,820 --> 04:36:35,589 GOES INTO THE CASE. THE WAY YOU 6734 04:36:35,589 --> 04:36:38,292 REVERSE ENGINEER OR FIGURE OUT 6735 04:36:38,292 --> 04:36:39,526 WHAT MAKESCATION IS YOU BAKE 6736 04:36:39,526 --> 04:36:43,263 CAKES. THIS IS THE GEORGETOWN 6737 04:36:43,263 --> 04:36:44,464 CUP CAKE, HIGHLY RECOMMENDED 6738 04:36:44,464 --> 04:36:48,669 WHILE IN TOWN. FIGURE OUT WHAT 6739 04:36:48,669 --> 04:36:50,704 IS IN THE CASE WE BAKE THEM. THE 6740 04:36:50,704 --> 04:36:51,972 ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS FOR THIS 6741 04:36:51,972 --> 04:36:53,840 EXERCISE ARE SIMILARITY MEASURE 6742 04:36:53,840 --> 04:36:54,808 KNOWING THAT WE HAVE CONSTRUCTED 6743 04:36:54,808 --> 04:36:55,976 THE CAKE THAT WE ARE LOOKING 6744 04:36:55,976 --> 04:36:59,580 FOR. AS WELL AS BASIC SEARCH, 6745 04:36:59,580 --> 04:37:00,881 FUNDAMENTALLY A SEARCH PROBLEM, 6746 04:37:00,881 --> 04:37:02,049 WE ARE LOOKING FOR SOMETHING IN 6747 04:37:02,049 --> 04:37:03,684 SPACE OF INGREDIENTS. NOW 6748 04:37:03,684 --> 04:37:04,785 EVERYONE CAN UNDERSTAND ANALOGY 6749 04:37:04,785 --> 04:37:07,454 OF THEM STARTING TO DRAW THAT 6750 04:37:07,454 --> 04:37:08,622 THIS GENERATIVE APPROACH TO 6751 04:37:08,622 --> 04:37:10,123 RESEARCH. STUDYING THE FORWARD 6752 04:37:10,123 --> 04:37:12,426 PROCESS IN TERMS OF SEARCH 6753 04:37:12,426 --> 04:37:13,794 PROBLEM, POTENTIAL WAY TO GO 6754 04:37:13,794 --> 04:37:17,030 ABOUT STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS. 6755 04:37:17,030 --> 04:37:18,498 ORDER ADDITIONAL SLIDES I HAVE 6756 04:37:18,498 --> 04:37:20,267 IN MY LATEST VERSION I HAVE 6757 04:37:20,267 --> 04:37:21,868 PHILOSOPHY UP HERE AND ETHICS 6758 04:37:21,868 --> 04:37:23,870 WHICH I DO THINK GUIDE THE AI 6759 04:37:23,870 --> 04:37:25,906 RESEARCH AND NEUROSCIENCE BUT IN 6760 04:37:25,906 --> 04:37:27,975 MY MIND AR RESEARCH OFFERS A 6761 04:37:27,975 --> 04:37:30,344 UNIQUE ABILITY TO STUDY THIS 6762 04:37:30,344 --> 04:37:32,045 FORWARD PROCESS OF TRYING TO 6763 04:37:32,045 --> 04:37:33,146 BUILD INTELLIGENCE AND 6764 04:37:33,146 --> 04:37:34,481 CONSCIOUSNESS INTO MACHINES, 6765 04:37:34,481 --> 04:37:36,116 WHERE IT IS A FULLY UNDERSTOOD 6766 04:37:36,116 --> 04:37:40,654 PROCESS FROM SOUP TO NUTS. 6767 04:37:40,654 --> 04:37:41,288 NEUROSCIENCE IN PARTICULAR AS 6768 04:37:41,288 --> 04:37:43,190 WELL AS PHILOSOPHY CAN CONSTRAIN 6769 04:37:43,190 --> 04:37:45,259 OR DEFINE THAT SEARCH BASE. SO 6770 04:37:45,259 --> 04:37:47,027 FOR THE REST OF MY TALK, I AM 6771 04:37:47,027 --> 04:37:49,830 GOING TO FOCUS ON WHERE I SEE 6772 04:37:49,830 --> 04:37:50,631 THOSE EFFORTS CURRENTLY BEING 6773 04:37:50,631 --> 04:37:54,735 WITHIN THE SPACE OF AI. 6774 04:37:54,735 --> 04:37:56,403 CERTAINLY THE MAYBE MOST 6775 04:37:56,403 --> 04:37:57,771 CRITICAL OR ESSENTIAL PART IS 6776 04:37:57,771 --> 04:37:59,640 THIS AREA REINFORCEMENT LEARNING 6777 04:37:59,640 --> 04:38:01,308 SO REINFORCEMENT IS A SUB FIELD 6778 04:38:01,308 --> 04:38:04,611 OF AI AND RICHARD SAID IN ONE OF 6779 04:38:04,611 --> 04:38:06,413 THE MAJOR SCIENTISTS AND 6780 04:38:06,413 --> 04:38:08,115 DESCRIBES THE SCIENCE OF THE 6781 04:38:08,115 --> 04:38:09,716 MIND, THE MATHEMATICS OF 6782 04:38:09,716 --> 04:38:11,518 INTELLIGENCE AND SELF AND THE 6783 04:38:11,518 --> 04:38:13,820 REASON IT IS INTERESTING, IN THE 6784 04:38:13,820 --> 04:38:15,088 CONTEXT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND AI 6785 04:38:15,088 --> 04:38:18,792 IS REINFORCEABLE LEARNING IS 6786 04:38:18,792 --> 04:38:19,626 VERY DIFFERENT FROM LADIES AND 6787 04:38:19,626 --> 04:38:22,062 GENTLEMEN MODELS OR 6788 04:38:22,062 --> 04:38:24,331 CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORKS OR OTHER 6789 04:38:24,331 --> 04:38:25,699 MODELS ESPECIALLY IN 6790 04:38:25,699 --> 04:38:27,434 NEUROSCIENCE BUT SEEKS TO MODEL 6791 04:38:27,434 --> 04:38:28,535 AGENTS WITHIN ENVIRONMENTS THAT 6792 04:38:28,535 --> 04:38:32,506 TAKE ACTION TO MAXIMIZE REWARDS 6793 04:38:32,506 --> 04:38:34,007 THIS IS INTERESTING SO THINK 6794 04:38:34,007 --> 04:38:35,575 ABOUT THAT IS WHAT A LOT OF US 6795 04:38:35,575 --> 04:38:36,710 HAVE BEEN TALKING THE PAST 6796 04:38:36,710 --> 04:38:41,181 COUPLE OF DAYS, ARTHROPODS OR 6797 04:38:41,181 --> 04:38:43,116 DROSOPHILA OR UNITS, ALL IN A 6798 04:38:43,116 --> 04:38:44,651 SENSE AGENTS, RESISTENING SOME 6799 04:38:44,651 --> 04:38:49,389 ENVIRONMENT, GREATER NATUR NATU. 6800 04:38:49,389 --> 04:38:51,224 SEEKING BASIC REWARDS. THIS 6801 04:38:51,224 --> 04:38:53,026 MAKES A IDEAL TEST BED FOR 6802 04:38:53,026 --> 04:38:55,495 CONSENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS SINCE 6803 04:38:55,495 --> 04:38:59,566 WE HAVE ARTIFICIAL AGENTS. SO 6804 04:38:59,566 --> 04:39:01,501 THE ME CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH IN 6805 04:39:01,501 --> 04:39:04,137 AI AI IS NATURAL INTERSECTION OF 6806 04:39:04,137 --> 04:39:05,372 NEUROSCIENCE AND RESEARCH WHERE 6807 04:39:05,372 --> 04:39:07,741 WE SEE CONCEPTS AND 6808 04:39:07,741 --> 04:39:09,076 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 6809 04:39:09,076 --> 04:39:11,978 BENEFITING FROM STUDYING, SPARSE 6810 04:39:11,978 --> 04:39:13,013 CONNECTIVITY, CONVOLUTIONS LIKE 6811 04:39:13,013 --> 04:39:14,781 I MENTIONED, SPIKING ACTIVITY. 6812 04:39:14,781 --> 04:39:17,584 SO THE CONSCIOUSNESS IS PERHAPS 6813 04:39:17,584 --> 04:39:22,055 INTERESTING FUTURE TO DRIVE AI 6814 04:39:22,055 --> 04:39:23,824 RESEARCH. THIS IS A NEW SLIDE 6815 04:39:23,824 --> 04:39:26,293 BUT I WAS INSPIRED BY LISTENING 6816 04:39:26,293 --> 04:39:29,796 TO THE INITIAL TALK ON IT AND 6817 04:39:29,796 --> 04:39:31,131 GLOBAL NEURAL WORKS THISRY, TO 6818 04:39:31,131 --> 04:39:33,266 ME AS AI SCIENTIST I HEAR THIS, 6819 04:39:33,266 --> 04:39:35,469 THIS IS SHARED BY (INAUDIBLE) 6820 04:39:35,469 --> 04:39:37,437 THAT GLOBAL THEORY IS THE 6821 04:39:37,437 --> 04:39:38,505 PERCEIVE ACROSS ATTENTION 6822 04:39:38,505 --> 04:39:41,007 MECHANISM SO THE WAY THE PRO SEE 6823 04:39:41,007 --> 04:39:42,075 DIVESTITURE WORKS IS WE HAVE 6824 04:39:42,075 --> 04:39:43,977 MULTIPLE INPUTS AND IT CAN BE 6825 04:39:43,977 --> 04:39:45,145 SOUNDS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, IT 6826 04:39:45,145 --> 04:39:50,851 CAN BE VISUAL IMAGES, YOU CAN BE 6827 04:39:50,851 --> 04:39:51,651 TEAKSED, ALL THESE GET 6828 04:39:51,651 --> 04:39:53,620 (INAUDIBLE) BY SOME OTHER FIXED 6829 04:39:53,620 --> 04:39:55,822 FUNCTION SO TURN INTO BITE SIZE 6830 04:39:55,822 --> 04:39:57,090 DISCREET AMOUNTS SUCH AS ACTION 6831 04:39:57,090 --> 04:39:57,924 POTENTIAL IF YOU WANT TO THINK 6832 04:39:57,924 --> 04:40:00,093 ABOUT IT IN A NEUROSCIENTIFIC 6833 04:40:00,093 --> 04:40:02,362 TERM BUT DISCRETE INPUTS GET 6834 04:40:02,362 --> 04:40:04,498 MULTIPLIED BY THE LIVED MATRIX. 6835 04:40:04,498 --> 04:40:06,500 A LOWER DIMENSIONALITY THAN 6836 04:40:06,500 --> 04:40:07,901 THOSE INPUTS SO CAPTURE THE 6837 04:40:07,901 --> 04:40:09,603 INFORMATION FROM ALL THE INPUTS 6838 04:40:09,603 --> 04:40:11,471 IN THE SINGLE UNITARY LADEN 6839 04:40:11,471 --> 04:40:13,273 ARRAY. THEN WE START APPLYING 6840 04:40:13,273 --> 04:40:14,708 THE SELF-ATTENTION PROCESS. 6841 04:40:14,708 --> 04:40:16,243 WHICH IS THE FUNDAMENTAL 6842 04:40:16,243 --> 04:40:17,944 MECHANISM BEHIND THE LANGUAGE 6843 04:40:17,944 --> 04:40:20,881 MODELS. WHICH LETS US LEARN 6844 04:40:20,881 --> 04:40:21,481 COMPLEX SET OF RELATIONSHIPS 6845 04:40:21,481 --> 04:40:23,083 BETWEEN THOSE ENCODED FEATURES. 6846 04:40:23,083 --> 04:40:24,851 WE HAVE DONE THIS A FEW TIMES WE 6847 04:40:24,851 --> 04:40:27,154 CAN DEVELOP SOME OUTPUT AND 6848 04:40:27,154 --> 04:40:30,090 SIMPLY BE LINEAR READ OUT TO 6849 04:40:30,090 --> 04:40:31,658 SOME ACTION, WE CAN RECONSTRUCT 6850 04:40:31,658 --> 04:40:33,360 THE INPUTS OR PREDICT FUTURE 6851 04:40:33,360 --> 04:40:36,296 STATE. BUT THE COOL THING ABOUT 6852 04:40:36,296 --> 04:40:38,131 THINKING PER RECEIVER IS GLOBAL 6853 04:40:38,131 --> 04:40:39,499 NEUROWORKS SPACE IS SUDDENLY 6854 04:40:39,499 --> 04:40:41,301 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT PERHAPS 6855 04:40:41,301 --> 04:40:43,703 UNLIKE THALAMUS I CAN PICK THIS 6856 04:40:43,703 --> 04:40:45,305 APART. LOOK ON THE INSIDE TO SEE 6857 04:40:45,305 --> 04:40:47,307 WHAT IT IS GO DOING AND ENGINEER 6858 04:40:47,307 --> 04:40:49,910 INTO AGENTS. IF YOU HAVE PER 6859 04:40:49,910 --> 04:40:51,111 RECEIVER TEXT AND TRY TO TELL US 6860 04:40:51,111 --> 04:40:52,546 ABOUT WHETHER THE TEXT IS KIND 6861 04:40:52,546 --> 04:40:54,648 OF A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE 6862 04:40:54,648 --> 04:40:56,283 VALENCE IT SHOW IT IS WORDS IT 6863 04:40:56,283 --> 04:40:58,218 FOCUSES ON. OR CONVERSELY TRYING 6864 04:40:58,218 --> 04:40:59,886 TO CLASSIFY ANIMALS WE CAN SEE 6865 04:40:59,886 --> 04:41:01,621 FOCUSING ON THE DOG. MORE 6866 04:41:01,621 --> 04:41:03,223 INTERESTINGLY YOU CAN LOOK INTO 6867 04:41:03,223 --> 04:41:05,025 THAT GLOBAL NEURAL WORK SPACE OF 6868 04:41:05,025 --> 04:41:06,193 PER RECEIVER AND SEE THE 6869 04:41:06,193 --> 04:41:08,195 ACTIVATION PATTERNS RESEMBLE 6870 04:41:08,195 --> 04:41:10,030 THAT OF CONVOLUTION. SEEMS TO 6871 04:41:10,030 --> 04:41:13,533 HAVE LEARNED MECHANISM LIKE 6872 04:41:13,533 --> 04:41:15,235 CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK 6873 04:41:15,235 --> 04:41:16,570 GENERALIZED GLOBAL NEURAL WORK 6874 04:41:16,570 --> 04:41:19,473 SPACE. MOST EXCITINGLY 6875 04:41:19,473 --> 04:41:20,907 ULTIMATELY USE THESE MODELS TO 6876 04:41:20,907 --> 04:41:21,641 LOOK AT BEHAVIOR AND 6877 04:41:21,641 --> 04:41:25,479 ENVIRONMENT. THE PER RECEIVER IS 6878 04:41:25,479 --> 04:41:29,716 TESTED IN ENVIRONMENT IF YOU SAW 6879 04:41:29,716 --> 04:41:32,352 THE NEWS BASIC PER RECEIVER 6880 04:41:32,352 --> 04:41:34,588 ARCHITECTURE OR NEUROWORK SPACE 6881 04:41:34,588 --> 04:41:35,589 IS BEHIND DEEP MINDS SUCCESSFUL 6882 04:41:35,589 --> 04:41:36,990 ATTEMPT BEATING HUMAN MASTERS AT 6883 04:41:36,990 --> 04:41:39,793 THE VIDEO GAME STAR CRAFT. THE 6884 04:41:39,793 --> 04:41:41,127 INTERESTING THINK IS WE CAN'T 6885 04:41:41,127 --> 04:41:43,330 STUDY INNER WORKINGS OF THE 6886 04:41:43,330 --> 04:41:44,297 HUMAN PLAYERS PLAYING STAR CRAFT 6887 04:41:44,297 --> 04:41:46,700 WE CAN SEE HOW THAT GLOBAL 6888 04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:47,701 NEURAL WORK SPACE WITHIN THE PER 6889 04:41:47,701 --> 04:41:50,036 RECEIVER IS PROCESSING THE 6890 04:41:50,036 --> 04:41:51,771 ENVIRONMENT TO OBTAIN WORLD 6891 04:41:51,771 --> 04:41:53,473 CLASS RESULTS WITHIN THIS VERY 6892 04:41:53,473 --> 04:41:57,811 LIMITED BUT ALSO VERY RICH GAME 6893 04:41:57,811 --> 04:42:03,316 PLAY ENVIRONMENT. ANOTHER 6894 04:42:03,316 --> 04:42:09,089 INTERESTINTEREST INTERSECTION BI 6895 04:42:09,089 --> 04:42:10,357 AND CONSCIOUSNESS IS THIS PAST 6896 04:42:10,357 --> 04:42:13,960 WOKE AT ASSC IS THIS NOTION OF 6897 04:42:13,960 --> 04:42:15,662 NEVADA TAIBILITY. COMPUTER 6898 04:42:15,662 --> 04:42:17,197 SCIENTIST WHERE WE HAVE TO BE 6899 04:42:17,197 --> 04:42:19,499 ABLE TO WRITE EVERYTHING DOWN IN 6900 04:42:19,499 --> 04:42:21,701 CODE, THIS NOTION OF NEVADA 6901 04:42:21,701 --> 04:42:26,206 TAIBILITY OF THE -- 6902 04:42:26,206 --> 04:42:27,440 INEVITABILITY, THE RECENT 6903 04:42:27,440 --> 04:42:31,378 PROJECT OUT OF (INAUDIBLE) 6904 04:42:31,378 --> 04:42:32,946 GROUP, DOES AN INTERESTING TAKE 6905 04:42:32,946 --> 04:42:35,348 ON THE INEVITABILITY OF 6906 04:42:35,348 --> 04:42:36,016 CONSCIOUSNESS STARTING WITH 6907 04:42:36,016 --> 04:42:39,753 BASIC CONCEPT AND COMPUTATIONAL 6908 04:42:39,753 --> 04:42:41,187 NEUROSCIENCE THAT BRAIN CALL 6909 04:42:41,187 --> 04:42:42,188 RATIONS COME OUT OF DYNAMICAL 6910 04:42:42,188 --> 04:42:43,123 SYSTEM BUT TAKING THE NOTION 6911 04:42:43,123 --> 04:42:44,691 THEN OF IF YOU HAVE A DYNAMICAL 6912 04:42:44,691 --> 04:42:46,226 SYSTEM AND YOU WANT TO PASS 6913 04:42:46,226 --> 04:42:47,594 MESSAGES BETWEEN AGENTS IN AND 6914 04:42:47,594 --> 04:42:48,895 OUT THOSE MESSAGES NECESSARILY 6915 04:42:48,895 --> 04:42:51,097 HAVE TO COME OUT OF THE FIXED 6916 04:42:51,097 --> 04:42:53,133 POINTSER TRACTORS AND THAT 6917 04:42:53,133 --> 04:42:55,835 COLLAPSE OF THE SYSTEM, SPECIFIC 6918 04:42:55,835 --> 04:42:56,803 ATTRACTORS INVOLVES INFORMATION 6919 04:42:56,803 --> 04:42:58,972 LOSS. AND THAT INFORMATION 6920 04:42:58,972 --> 04:43:02,375 LOSS, IS A WAY OF CAPTURING THE 6921 04:43:02,375 --> 04:43:05,745 NOTION INEVITABILITY OF THE 6922 04:43:05,745 --> 04:43:06,379 PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS. 6923 04:43:06,379 --> 04:43:08,448 AS AI SCIENTIST OR COMPUTER 6924 04:43:08,448 --> 04:43:11,084 SCIENTIST PUTS SERIOUS 6925 04:43:11,084 --> 04:43:11,551 MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK 6926 04:43:11,551 --> 04:43:12,919 INFORMATION THEORY BEHIND 6927 04:43:12,919 --> 04:43:15,155 OTHERWISE A FAIRLY CHALLENGING 6928 04:43:15,155 --> 04:43:22,495 PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT. ONE 6929 04:43:22,495 --> 04:43:25,832 NOTION OF INTUITIONAL CHALLENGE 6930 04:43:25,832 --> 04:43:27,801 IS ALSO FACES U IN THE CASE OF 6931 04:43:27,801 --> 04:43:31,137 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING. THIS 6932 04:43:31,137 --> 04:43:33,440 ALGORITHM IS FOR THE WIN, A 6933 04:43:33,440 --> 04:43:34,407 TRAINING OF REINFORCEMENT 6934 04:43:34,407 --> 04:43:36,876 LEARNING AGENTS USING A 6935 04:43:36,876 --> 04:43:38,345 RECURRENTS NEURAL NETWORK 6936 04:43:38,345 --> 04:43:40,880 BACKBONE TO PLAY CAPTURE THE 6937 04:43:40,880 --> 04:43:44,117 FLAG. THEY PLAYED AGAINST 6938 04:43:44,117 --> 04:43:45,518 THEMSELVES MILLIONS OF TIMES IN 6939 04:43:45,518 --> 04:43:46,586 ORDER AT SCALE IN ORDER TO 6940 04:43:46,586 --> 04:43:48,955 ACHIEVE THIS BUT ALSO PLAYING IN 6941 04:43:48,955 --> 04:43:50,590 HUMANS. WHEN HUMANS WERE ASKED 6942 04:43:50,590 --> 04:43:52,058 TO DESCRIBE THE AI GAME PLAY 6943 04:43:52,058 --> 04:43:54,060 THEY NOTESSED EXHIBITED SEVERAL 6944 04:43:54,060 --> 04:43:55,528 SIMILAR BEHAVIORS AS THE HUMAN 6945 04:43:55,528 --> 04:43:57,697 TEAMS, IT LEARNED TO DEPEND THE 6946 04:43:57,697 --> 04:43:59,599 FLAG, TO CAMP IN THE OPPONENT 6947 04:43:59,599 --> 04:44:03,603 BASE SO ONCE THE FLAG WAS 6948 04:44:03,603 --> 04:44:06,072 CAPTURED IT COULD WAIT THERE TO 6949 04:44:06,072 --> 04:44:07,607 RESPOND AND GRAB IT AGAIN AND 6950 04:44:07,607 --> 04:44:10,176 WORK AS A TEAM TO FOLLOW 6951 04:44:10,176 --> 04:44:11,177 TEAMMATES AROUND, THE DESCRIBED 6952 04:44:11,177 --> 04:44:12,412 BASED ON INTERACTIONS WITH TEAM 6953 04:44:12,412 --> 04:44:13,680 MATES. THEY COORDINATE THE 6954 04:44:13,680 --> 04:44:15,849 STRATEGIES. THE INTERESTING 6955 04:44:15,849 --> 04:44:17,517 THING IS THAT WE KNOW FROM THE 6956 04:44:17,517 --> 04:44:19,119 ENGINEERING IS THE AI MODELS HAD 6957 04:44:19,119 --> 04:44:22,522 NO MEANS OF COMMUNICATING. SO 6958 04:44:22,522 --> 04:44:25,492 DISPLAY THE SOPHISTICATED TEEN 6959 04:44:25,492 --> 04:44:26,593 BEHAVIORS YOU PARTICIPANTS 6960 04:44:26,593 --> 04:44:28,395 DESCRIBE SOME KIND OF TEAM WORK 6961 04:44:28,395 --> 04:44:30,497 EMERGE FROM SELF-INTERESTED 6962 04:44:30,497 --> 04:44:31,965 GOALS OF TRYING TO MAXIMIZE 6963 04:44:31,965 --> 04:44:34,601 REWARDED INDIVIDUAL AGENTS. SO I 6964 04:44:34,601 --> 04:44:37,871 THINK DEEPLY MISLEADING. IT 6965 04:44:37,871 --> 04:44:39,739 SEEMS LIKES IN THE TEAM WORK 6966 04:44:39,739 --> 04:44:43,376 MORE AKIN TO SCHOOLING A FISH. 6967 04:44:43,376 --> 04:44:45,111 SIMILARLY ON THE SEPARATE 6968 04:44:45,111 --> 04:44:46,546 EXPERIMENT WITH SIMILAR NETWORK 6969 04:44:46,546 --> 04:44:48,515 HAVING THESE LITTLE BLUE GUYS 6970 04:44:48,515 --> 04:44:49,916 THEY END UP TRYING TO HIDE FROM 6971 04:44:49,916 --> 04:44:51,151 THE RED ONES AND THEY END UP 6972 04:44:51,151 --> 04:44:52,519 LEARNING TO WORK TOGETHER TO 6973 04:44:52,519 --> 04:44:56,423 BUILD PORTS TO HIGH. VERY 6974 04:44:56,423 --> 04:44:57,924 SEEMINGLY PURPOSEFUL BEHAVIOR 6975 04:44:57,924 --> 04:44:59,793 VERY COORDINATED BEHAVIOR BUT 6976 04:44:59,793 --> 04:45:01,327 EMERGING SPONTANEOUSLY FROM EACH 6977 04:45:01,327 --> 04:45:02,896 AGENTS MAXIMIZE THE OWN 6978 04:45:02,896 --> 04:45:04,030 INDIVIDUAL REWARDS WITHOUT 6979 04:45:04,030 --> 04:45:08,101 EXPLICIT MEANS OF COLLABORATION 6980 04:45:08,101 --> 04:45:10,103 ON THE TOP OF THE LANGUAGE MODEL 6981 04:45:10,103 --> 04:45:12,038 I THINK AS AN AI SCIENTIST AND 6982 04:45:12,038 --> 04:45:13,173 INTERESTED IN IN CONSCIOUSNESS 6983 04:45:13,173 --> 04:45:16,409 IN AI ONE INTERESTING THING IS 6984 04:45:16,409 --> 04:45:17,977 USING LANGUAGE MODEL AS MEANS OF 6985 04:45:17,977 --> 04:45:19,312 INTERACTING HAVING AI INTERACT 6986 04:45:19,312 --> 04:45:20,914 WITH EACH OTHER AS WELL AS WITH 6987 04:45:20,914 --> 04:45:23,116 THE GREATER WORLD. SISERO 6988 04:45:23,116 --> 04:45:25,218 PUBLISH AD FEW WEEKS AGO IN 6989 04:45:25,218 --> 04:45:29,122 SCIENCE BY FACEBOOK. AS TRAIN 6990 04:45:29,122 --> 04:45:31,224 DIP PLEA MACY FOR ANYONE 6991 04:45:31,224 --> 04:45:33,359 FAMILIAR, DIPLOMACY HAS 6992 04:45:33,359 --> 04:45:36,196 RELATIVELY CONTROL EUROPEAN 6993 04:45:36,196 --> 04:45:37,197 COUNTRIES AND HAVE ROUGHLY 6994 04:45:37,197 --> 04:45:39,332 SIMILAR FORCES AND YOU WIN BY 6995 04:45:39,332 --> 04:45:40,934 CONVINCING FOLKS TO AL PLY WITH 6996 04:45:40,934 --> 04:45:44,137 YOU AND BETRAY YOUR ALLIES. SO 6997 04:45:44,137 --> 04:45:45,739 YOU NEED TO ENGAGE IN THE SEAT 6998 04:45:45,739 --> 04:45:48,708 WHICH AI TURNED OUTS VERY GOOD 6999 04:45:48,708 --> 04:45:50,744 AT. T WITH MOST HUMANS UNAWARE 7000 04:45:50,744 --> 04:45:51,878 THEY WERE PLAYING AGAINST 7001 04:45:51,878 --> 04:45:55,982 MACHINES. SO THE LANGUAGE 7002 04:45:55,982 --> 04:45:57,150 MODELS, TO VISUALIZE OR 7003 04:45:57,150 --> 04:45:58,384 EXPERIENCE THESE VERY 7004 04:45:58,384 --> 04:45:59,586 SOPHISTICATED BEHAVIORS BUT ALSO 7005 04:45:59,586 --> 04:46:01,087 A MEANS OF DIRECTLY INTERACTING 7006 04:46:01,087 --> 04:46:07,393 WITH AI MODELS, IN A VERY 7007 04:46:07,393 --> 04:46:08,495 (INAUDIBLE) NATURAL LANGUAGE 7008 04:46:08,495 --> 04:46:09,929 THESE MODELS ONES THAT WE CAN 7009 04:46:09,929 --> 04:46:12,999 PICK APART INCITE ABLATE 7010 04:46:12,999 --> 04:46:15,702 COMPONENTS AND SEE WHAT EACH 7011 04:46:15,702 --> 04:46:16,703 INDIVIDUAL CASE DOES TO THE 7012 04:46:16,703 --> 04:46:19,205 MODEL. I WANT TO MENTION 7013 04:46:19,205 --> 04:46:22,342 RECURRENTS STATES BASED MODELS. 7014 04:46:22,342 --> 04:46:24,978 THIS IS THE NOTION OF TAKING THE 7015 04:46:24,978 --> 04:46:27,347 ENTIRE INPUT SPACE STATE OF THE 7016 04:46:27,347 --> 04:46:30,183 ENVIRONMENT ENCODING TO CURRENTS 7017 04:46:30,183 --> 04:46:31,918 NETWORK. TRIES TO PREDICT FUTURE 7018 04:46:31,918 --> 04:46:34,420 WORLD STATES. EXCITING THING 7019 04:46:34,420 --> 04:46:39,058 ABOUT THIS IN A SENSE ENABLES 7020 04:46:39,058 --> 04:46:40,627 ARCI MODELS TO ENNABLE TIME 7021 04:46:40,627 --> 04:46:43,496 TRAVEL, MAYBE -- AI MODELS TO 7022 04:46:43,496 --> 04:46:45,932 ENABLE TIME TRAVEL. THE TOP IS 7023 04:46:45,932 --> 04:46:47,167 TRUE TRAJECTORY, WHAT HAPPENED, 7024 04:46:47,167 --> 04:46:49,869 HERE ARE INPUTS, MIDDLE, SECOND 7025 04:46:49,869 --> 04:46:52,071 IS MODEL, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE 7026 04:46:52,071 --> 04:46:52,906 MODELS INTERNAL PROJECTION OF 7027 04:46:52,906 --> 04:46:55,842 WHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN, 7028 04:46:55,842 --> 04:46:56,743 CLOSELY TRACKS WHO WAS GOING TO 7029 04:46:56,743 --> 04:46:58,611 END UP HAPPENING IN THE REAL 7030 04:46:58,611 --> 04:47:01,414 WORLD. THE PROJECTION OF WHAT HE 7031 04:47:01,414 --> 04:47:02,715 THINKS IT IS HAPPEN IT IS AI 7032 04:47:02,715 --> 04:47:05,418 DECIDES WHAT TO DO. PROCESS WE 7033 04:47:05,418 --> 04:47:07,487 TYPICALLY ASCRIBE TO VERY HIGH 7034 04:47:07,487 --> 04:47:08,521 LEVEL CONSCIOUSNESS BUT HAPPENS 7035 04:47:08,521 --> 04:47:10,290 NATURALLY OUT OF THIS AI 7036 04:47:10,290 --> 04:47:13,860 ARCHITECTURE WE CAN PICK APART. 7037 04:47:13,860 --> 04:47:15,628 ANOTHER INTERESTING PHENOMENON 7038 04:47:15,628 --> 04:47:17,230 SPECIFICALLY ABOUT THESE 7039 04:47:17,230 --> 04:47:19,432 RECURRENT STATE BASED MODELS IS 7040 04:47:19,432 --> 04:47:22,068 ONE OF THE CRITICISMS OF AI 7041 04:47:22,068 --> 04:47:23,203 TECHNIQUES, REINFORCEMENT 7042 04:47:23,203 --> 04:47:25,538 LEARNING IS THERE'S SO DATA 7043 04:47:25,538 --> 04:47:27,073 INTENSIVE THEY TAKE THAT NOTION 7044 04:47:27,073 --> 04:47:30,343 OF SCALE, THAT TERRY TALKED 7045 04:47:30,343 --> 04:47:31,544 ABOUT AND RUN WILD IN TERMS OF 7046 04:47:31,544 --> 04:47:32,579 PLAYING THE GAMES WITH 7047 04:47:32,579 --> 04:47:34,380 EQUIVALENTS OF MILLIONS OF 7048 04:47:34,380 --> 04:47:36,082 YEARS. WHICH AGAIN EVOLUTION IS 7049 04:47:36,082 --> 04:47:38,785 MAYBE NOT THAT LONG. EXCITING 7050 04:47:38,785 --> 04:47:41,888 THINGS ABOUT WORLD MODELS WHEN 7051 04:47:41,888 --> 04:47:43,489 YOU ENDOW THIS ABILITY WITH A 7052 04:47:43,489 --> 04:47:46,559 REAL WORLD MODEL A PROJECT 7053 04:47:46,559 --> 04:47:48,061 THEMSELVES FORWARD THEY BECOME 7054 04:47:48,061 --> 04:47:49,662 SAMPLE EFFICIENT. THE BOTTOM APP 7055 04:47:49,662 --> 04:47:50,697 BOTTOM IS THE MODEL CONSIDERED 7056 04:47:50,697 --> 04:47:52,599 THE STATE OF THE ART AND THE TOP 7057 04:47:52,599 --> 04:47:54,100 IS THIS CURRENT STATES BASED 7058 04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:56,936 MODEL WHICH IS MUCH MORE SAMPLE 7059 04:47:56,936 --> 04:47:59,405 EFFICIENT CONTAINING A MAX SCORE 7060 04:47:59,405 --> 04:48:03,343 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE LESS DATA. 7061 04:48:03,343 --> 04:48:04,777 AND REALLY QUICKLY ONE OTHER WAY 7062 04:48:04,777 --> 04:48:07,480 IS TEACH AI TO HAVE INTRINSIC 7063 04:48:07,480 --> 04:48:09,849 SENSE OF CURIOSITY, AS AN ASIDE, 7064 04:48:09,849 --> 04:48:11,985 AI AGENTS THAT TRIED TO USE 7065 04:48:11,985 --> 04:48:13,786 CURIOSITY IS SOURCE OF REWARD, 7066 04:48:13,786 --> 04:48:15,688 WHEN THEY SEE A TV IN VIRTUAL 7067 04:48:15,688 --> 04:48:17,090 ENVIRONMENT THEY STOP AND GET 7068 04:48:17,090 --> 04:48:20,827 STUCK ON THE TV BECAUSE IT IS 7069 04:48:20,827 --> 04:48:23,396 STIMULSTIMULATED WITH NEW THINGI 7070 04:48:23,396 --> 04:48:24,931 THINK THOUGH BECAUSE THERE IS 7071 04:48:24,931 --> 04:48:26,132 RECURRENTS THEME HERE FROM 7072 04:48:26,132 --> 04:48:27,600 TURNING TO A LOT OF THINGS I 7073 04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:28,935 HAVE SHOWN YOU, ALMOST ALL 7074 04:48:28,935 --> 04:48:31,237 THINGS RELY ON SCALE. NOT JUST 7075 04:48:31,237 --> 04:48:32,405 SCALE IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF 7076 04:48:32,405 --> 04:48:35,208 PARAMETERS OF THE AI AGENTS, 7077 04:48:35,208 --> 04:48:37,777 CERTAINLY ONE OF THE DRIVING 7078 04:48:37,777 --> 04:48:38,912 THINGS ABOUT LANGUAGE MODEL, BUT 7079 04:48:38,912 --> 04:48:40,713 ALSO THE SCALE OF THE 7080 04:48:40,713 --> 04:48:43,283 ENVIRONMENT THEY EXIST WITHIN. 7081 04:48:43,283 --> 04:48:44,317 THERE IS BIG LANGUAGE MODELS 7082 04:48:44,317 --> 04:48:45,918 THAT ARE IMPRESSIVE, EQUALLY 7083 04:48:45,918 --> 04:48:47,253 IMPRESSIVE ABOUT THE BIG 7084 04:48:47,253 --> 04:48:48,421 LANGUAGE MODELS ARE THE BIG DATA 7085 04:48:48,421 --> 04:48:50,023 SETS. LIKEWISE FOR THE 7086 04:48:50,023 --> 04:48:51,024 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AGENTS, 7087 04:48:51,024 --> 04:48:53,159 THE MAJOR DRIVER LOTS OF THESE 7088 04:48:53,159 --> 04:48:54,427 SOPHISTICATED BEHAVIORS ISN'T 7089 04:48:54,427 --> 04:48:55,929 NECESSARILY THE SCALE OF THE 7090 04:48:55,929 --> 04:48:57,463 MODELS, MANY OF THESE CASES HAVE 7091 04:48:57,463 --> 04:48:59,565 BEEN RELATIVELY MODEST CERTAINLY 7092 04:48:59,565 --> 04:49:02,835 COMPARED TO LANGUAGE MODELS BUT 7093 04:49:02,835 --> 04:49:03,937 THE VAST SCALING OF ENVIRONMENT 7094 04:49:03,937 --> 04:49:06,272 INTO ENVIRONMENT DISPLAYING A 7095 04:49:06,272 --> 04:49:09,075 WIDE DEGREE OF DIVERSITY AND 7096 04:49:09,075 --> 04:49:14,147 POTENTIAL TASKS, IN CONCLUSION I 7097 04:49:14,147 --> 04:49:15,748 DO THINK THIS GENERATIVE 7098 04:49:15,748 --> 04:49:17,050 APPROACH TO CONSCIOUS RESEARCH 7099 04:49:17,050 --> 04:49:19,185 IS SOMETHING AI CAN BRING TO THE 7100 04:49:19,185 --> 04:49:22,689 TABLE AND GET UNIQUELY TIES INTO 7101 04:49:22,689 --> 04:49:24,023 PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC 7102 04:49:24,023 --> 04:49:25,892 DOMAINS CERTAINLY THAT QUESTION 7103 04:49:25,892 --> 04:49:27,226 OF WHAT CONSTITUTES 7104 04:49:27,226 --> 04:49:28,127 CONSCIOUSNESS AND MACHINES IS 7105 04:49:28,127 --> 04:49:31,130 OPEN ONE AND NECESSARY ONE TO 7106 04:49:31,130 --> 04:49:32,398 THINK OF ENGINEERING 7107 04:49:32,398 --> 04:49:35,234 CONSCIOUSNESS TO AI. AND ALSO 7108 04:49:35,234 --> 04:49:37,236 AGAIN IDENTIFYING WHAT BASIC 7109 04:49:37,236 --> 04:49:39,539 SEARCH INGREDIENTS WHAT THE KEY 7110 04:49:39,539 --> 04:49:40,473 COMPONENTS, WHICH I THINK 7111 04:49:40,473 --> 04:49:41,741 CERTAINLY THE SCALE OF THE MODEL 7112 04:49:41,741 --> 04:49:44,777 IS ESSENTIAL, HAVING DIVERSE 7113 04:49:44,777 --> 04:49:47,547 VERY NATURALISTIC ENVIRONMENT IS 7114 04:49:47,547 --> 04:49:48,815 IMPORTANT. ALSO OF COURSE THE 7115 04:49:48,815 --> 04:49:50,450 SUFFICIENT COMPUTING TO WRAP ALL 7116 04:49:50,450 --> 04:49:54,320 THIS TOGETHER. GIVE SHOUT OUT 7117 04:49:54,320 --> 04:49:58,424 TO MY WONDERFUL TEAM, TO DO ALL 7118 04:49:58,424 --> 04:49:59,992 THIS TOGETHER AND KIND OF A 7119 04:49:59,992 --> 04:50:01,327 FINAL THOUGHT RICHARD FRYMAN 7120 04:50:01,327 --> 04:50:02,795 WHAT I CANNOT CREATE I DO NOT 7121 04:50:02,795 --> 04:50:13,206 UNDERSTAND. THANK YOU. 7122 04:50:21,381 --> 04:50:22,448 >> THANKS VERY MUCH. I THINK THE 7123 04:50:22,448 --> 04:50:24,417 CASE OF AI IS A REALLY GOOD ONE, 7124 04:50:24,417 --> 04:50:25,952 HELPING US SEE THE IMMATURITY OF 7125 04:50:25,952 --> 04:50:27,387 OUR THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 7126 04:50:27,387 --> 04:50:29,989 BECAUSE WE TRIED TO APPLY THEM 7127 04:50:29,989 --> 04:50:32,592 AND WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHAT 7128 04:50:32,592 --> 04:50:33,960 THEY SAY IN SOME OF THESE CASES 7129 04:50:33,960 --> 04:50:35,461 SO THE GLOBAL WORK SPACE THEORY 7130 04:50:35,461 --> 04:50:39,065 FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROCEDURE 7131 04:50:39,065 --> 04:50:41,801 ARCHITECTURE IS THIS MIXTURE OF 7132 04:50:41,801 --> 04:50:42,835 SIMILARITIES AN DIFFERENCES, 7133 04:50:42,835 --> 04:50:45,838 SOME ASPECTS OF THE VERSION OF 7134 04:50:45,838 --> 04:50:47,273 CLEARLY NOT THERE IN SOME 7135 04:50:47,273 --> 04:50:49,375 ASPECTS OF IT. WE FACE THIS 7136 04:50:49,375 --> 04:50:51,277 QUESTION WHICH ELEMENTS OF THE 7137 04:50:51,277 --> 04:50:53,613 GLOBAL WET SPACE ARCHITECTURE 7138 04:50:53,613 --> 04:50:56,215 ACTUALLY INDISPENSABLE FOR 7139 04:50:56,215 --> 04:50:58,217 CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IN WHICH 7140 04:50:58,217 --> 04:51:00,119 ASPECT SUGGESTS CONTINGENT 7141 04:51:00,119 --> 04:51:00,853 FEATURES OF THE WAY IMPLEMENTED 7142 04:51:00,853 --> 04:51:04,090 IN THE HUMAN BRAIN. I DON'T KNOW 7143 04:51:04,090 --> 04:51:06,359 HOW TO SETTLE THAT QUESTION. ANY 7144 04:51:06,359 --> 04:51:08,227 THOUGHTS ON THAT AND HOW WE 7145 04:51:08,227 --> 04:51:09,695 MIGHT GO ABOUT SETTLING THE 7146 04:51:09,695 --> 04:51:10,029 ISSUE? 7147 04:51:10,029 --> 04:51:12,231 >> YEAH, I THIS SO ME ATTORNEYLY 7148 04:51:12,231 --> 04:51:14,767 -- I THINK TO ME CERTAINLY, ONE 7149 04:51:14,767 --> 04:51:16,769 THING I TALK ABOUT IS THE IDEA 7150 04:51:16,769 --> 04:51:19,272 IT DOESN'T CAPTURE THE FULL 7151 04:51:19,272 --> 04:51:21,040 COMPLEXITY OF THE HAYNES MODEL 7152 04:51:21,040 --> 04:51:22,041 GLOBAL NETWORK SPACE BUT THE 7153 04:51:22,041 --> 04:51:23,709 EXCITING QUESTION IS CAN WE 7154 04:51:23,709 --> 04:51:26,379 BUILD IN THOSE -- THE FULL 7155 04:51:26,379 --> 04:51:27,580 COMPLEXITY OF THE GLOBAL NEURAL 7156 04:51:27,580 --> 04:51:30,016 WORK SPACE THEORY AND MAYBE IN 7157 04:51:30,016 --> 04:51:31,150 THE RIGHT NATURALISTIC 7158 04:51:31,150 --> 04:51:32,452 ENVIRONMENT ASSESS WHICH OF 7159 04:51:32,452 --> 04:51:35,188 THESE COMPONENTS HAVE WHAT KIND 7160 04:51:35,188 --> 04:51:36,589 OF EFFECT GRANTED ENVIRONMENTAL 7161 04:51:36,589 --> 04:51:38,925 LIMITATION BUT THE ABILITY TO 7162 04:51:38,925 --> 04:51:40,760 INTIMATELY TEST OUR THEORIES IN 7163 04:51:40,760 --> 04:51:42,495 VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT WHERE WE 7164 04:51:42,495 --> 04:51:44,096 CONTROL LEVERS IN THIS 7165 04:51:44,096 --> 04:51:45,531 CONSTRUCTIVE SENSE IS A VERY 7166 04:51:45,531 --> 04:51:53,372 EXCITING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY. 7167 04:51:53,372 --> 04:51:55,374 >> ONE QUESTION FROM ONLINE 7168 04:51:55,374 --> 04:51:57,643 ATTENDANCE, IS IT TRUE WE DON'T 7169 04:51:57,643 --> 04:51:59,011 FULLY UNDERSTAND HOW LARGE 7170 04:51:59,011 --> 04:52:01,514 LANGUAGE MODELS AND GENERATIVE 7171 04:52:01,514 --> 04:52:04,917 AI PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS? 7172 04:52:04,917 --> 04:52:08,521 >> UNDERSTANDING IS A TRICKY 7173 04:52:08,521 --> 04:52:11,224 WORD. HOPEFULLY THIS WHOLE 7174 04:52:11,224 --> 04:52:13,893 CONFERENCE IS KEYED PEOPLE INTO 7175 04:52:13,893 --> 04:52:16,896 THAT. I THINK ON A VERY BASIC 7176 04:52:16,896 --> 04:52:18,564 LEVEL OF NO, WE UNDERSTAND 7177 04:52:18,564 --> 04:52:22,568 PERFECTLY HOW THEY WORK. 7178 04:52:22,568 --> 04:52:23,669 PROBABLY THINGS DISTRIBUTIONS 7179 04:52:23,669 --> 04:52:25,905 OVER THEIR INPUT TOKEN DATA SETS 7180 04:52:25,905 --> 04:52:27,039 AND MANIPULATE THE DISTRIBUTION 7181 04:52:27,039 --> 04:52:29,742 OF TOKENS OR WORDS I SHOULD SAY, 7182 04:52:29,742 --> 04:52:31,410 WORDS WITHIN DATA SETS, 7183 04:52:31,410 --> 04:52:32,178 INTIMATELY CONTROL WHAT THEY PUT 7184 04:52:32,178 --> 04:52:36,282 OUT AND I THINK CERTAINLY TIES 7185 04:52:36,282 --> 04:52:37,483 INTO FINS OBSERVATIONS THAT THE 7186 04:52:37,483 --> 04:52:39,485 BIAS OF AI MODELS REFLECT IT IS 7187 04:52:39,485 --> 04:52:41,654 BIAS OF DATA SETS AND SOME WAYS 7188 04:52:41,654 --> 04:52:43,356 BIAS OF US AS PEOPLE GENERATING 7189 04:52:43,356 --> 04:52:47,760 THE DATA SETS. ACTUALLY I THINK 7190 04:52:47,760 --> 04:52:49,362 WE UNDERSTAND VERY WELL THE 7191 04:52:49,362 --> 04:52:54,934 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF THEM. 7192 04:52:54,934 --> 04:52:57,470 WHY A SINGLE GIVEN WORD IS THE 7193 04:52:57,470 --> 04:52:59,138 ONE THAT COMES OUT, THAT IS HARD 7194 04:52:59,138 --> 04:53:00,907 TO ANSWER, HARD TO KNOW NOT 7195 04:53:00,907 --> 04:53:02,174 BECAUSE WE DONE KNOW HOW THEY 7196 04:53:02,174 --> 04:53:03,743 WORK BUT BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW 7197 04:53:03,743 --> 04:53:06,746 WHICH OF THOSE FORCES TRAINED 7198 04:53:06,746 --> 04:53:07,580 ACROSS MASSIVE SCALE WAS 7199 04:53:07,580 --> 04:53:10,416 RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT. IN SOME 7200 04:53:10,416 --> 04:53:12,084 WAYS I ALWAYS RETURN TO MY ROOTS 7201 04:53:12,084 --> 04:53:14,187 IN THERMO DYNAMICS AND THINKING 7202 04:53:14,187 --> 04:53:15,855 IN TERMS OF MICROSTATES AND 7203 04:53:15,855 --> 04:53:18,491 MACRO STATES IF WE UNDERSTAND 7204 04:53:18,491 --> 04:53:20,726 MICROSCOPIC SCALE OCCUR OVER 7205 04:53:20,726 --> 04:53:23,663 MASSIVE SCALES LIKELY IN 7206 04:53:23,663 --> 04:53:24,997 THERMODYNAMICS WE MIGHT NOT 7207 04:53:24,997 --> 04:53:26,299 APPRECIATE THE FULL MICROCAUSES 7208 04:53:26,299 --> 04:53:32,438 OF THOSE EFFECTS. 7209 04:53:32,438 --> 04:53:33,739 >> VERY INTERESTING TALK. THANK 7210 04:53:33,739 --> 04:53:36,742 YOU. SO ONE THING THAT STRUCK ME 7211 04:53:36,742 --> 04:53:41,847 ABOUT YOUR TALK IS THE FOCUS OF 7212 04:53:41,847 --> 04:53:46,619 AI RESEARCH ON PRACTICAL BENCH 7213 04:53:46,619 --> 04:53:49,055 MARKS AS OPPOSED TO A LOT OF 7214 04:53:49,055 --> 04:53:52,325 STUFF TALKED ABOUT AT THIS 7215 04:53:52,325 --> 04:53:54,093 MEETING. INEVITABILITY IS ONE 7216 04:53:54,093 --> 04:53:57,363 WAY OF TALKING BUT THE VARIOUS 7217 04:53:57,363 --> 04:53:59,599 CRITERIA OF CONSCIOUSNESS. FOR 7218 04:53:59,599 --> 04:54:03,269 EXAMPLE, IF WE LOOK AT LARGE 7219 04:54:03,269 --> 04:54:05,371 LANGUAGE MODELS I THINK THEY 7220 04:54:05,371 --> 04:54:07,006 HAVE MADE IT CLEAR THE TOURING 7221 04:54:07,006 --> 04:54:12,979 TEST IS USELESS. I GUESS THE 7222 04:54:12,979 --> 04:54:16,549 QUESTION IS, IS THERE ANY 7223 04:54:16,549 --> 04:54:18,618 MOVEMENT IN AI OR CAN YOU SEE A 7224 04:54:18,618 --> 04:54:23,823 DIRECTION IN AI -- IN AI 7225 04:54:23,823 --> 04:54:25,391 RESEARCH TOWARDS MORE LIKE 7226 04:54:25,391 --> 04:54:26,592 CONSIDERING THESE CRITERIA THAT 7227 04:54:26,592 --> 04:54:29,128 WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT HERE IN 7228 04:54:29,128 --> 04:54:32,098 TERMS OF DEVELOPING AI THAT 7229 04:54:32,098 --> 04:54:33,733 MIGHT TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT 7230 04:54:33,733 --> 04:54:36,402 CONSCIOUSNESS AS OPPOSED TO WHAT 7231 04:54:36,402 --> 04:54:38,037 IS THE BEST BRUTE FORCE WAY TO 7232 04:54:38,037 --> 04:54:40,840 RECOGNIZE HANDS WRITING. 7233 04:54:40,840 --> 04:54:42,908 >> FEW POINTS. ONE, SORT OF 7234 04:54:42,908 --> 04:54:44,477 TEACHES TURN TEST, THE PROBABLY 7235 04:54:44,477 --> 04:54:47,713 WITH TURN TEST DEPENDS ON 7236 04:54:47,713 --> 04:54:48,481 EVALUATOR, I CAN TALK AND 7237 04:54:48,481 --> 04:54:50,549 IMMEDIATELY KNOW THAT IS AI. I 7238 04:54:50,549 --> 04:54:51,851 THINK A GREAT TEST IS DETECT 7239 04:54:51,851 --> 04:54:57,990 WHETHER IT UNDERSTANDS PALEAN 7240 04:54:57,990 --> 04:54:59,859 CHROMES IT DOES NOT. OR TOKEN 7241 04:54:59,859 --> 04:55:02,328 LEVEL. WHICH IS A HACK HOW IT IS 7242 04:55:02,328 --> 04:55:04,530 ENGINEER SO MYSELF AS TOURING 7243 04:55:04,530 --> 04:55:06,432 EXAMINER OF LARGE LANGUAGE 7244 04:55:06,432 --> 04:55:09,068 MODEL, FOR ME AS A LARGE 7245 04:55:09,068 --> 04:55:10,536 LANGUAGE MODEL SO -- DOUBLY 7246 04:55:10,536 --> 04:55:12,038 SUGGEST THERE IS'S CHALLENGES TO 7247 04:55:12,038 --> 04:55:14,807 THE TURNING TEST. I THINK PART 7248 04:55:14,807 --> 04:55:16,776 OF THE REASON SUCCESSIVE 7249 04:55:16,776 --> 04:55:17,943 BENCHMARKS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 7250 04:55:17,943 --> 04:55:20,279 IS A LOT ARE ENGINEERS AND NICE 7251 04:55:20,279 --> 04:55:22,148 TO HAVE A QUANTITIES FAYTIVE 7252 04:55:22,148 --> 04:55:23,449 TARGET CONSTANTLY BUILD AGAINST 7253 04:55:23,449 --> 04:55:26,252 UNTIL YOU CAN HIT IT. BUT I DO 7254 04:55:26,252 --> 04:55:27,453 THINK MAYBE MY HOPE IS SOMETHING 7255 04:55:27,453 --> 04:55:30,022 THAT CAN COME OUT OF THIS 7256 04:55:30,022 --> 04:55:31,757 WORKSHOP, MAYBE STARTING TO 7257 04:55:31,757 --> 04:55:32,792 SHIFT SOME OF THE FOCUS OF HOW 7258 04:55:32,792 --> 04:55:34,493 WE START THINKING ABOUT AI AND 7259 04:55:34,493 --> 04:55:36,329 EVALUATING WITH THE TOOLS OF 7260 04:55:36,329 --> 04:55:37,463 COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL 7261 04:55:37,463 --> 04:55:39,331 NEUROSCIENCE. SO I THINK THE AI 7262 04:55:39,331 --> 04:55:41,000 CAN POTENTIALLY OFFER 7263 04:55:41,000 --> 04:55:42,301 INTERESTING INSIGHTS THOUGHT OF 7264 04:55:42,301 --> 04:55:44,337 THAT WAY MOVING AWAY FROM OUR 7265 04:55:44,337 --> 04:55:45,337 DOGMATIC CHASE OF THESE 7266 04:55:45,337 --> 04:55:48,040 BENCHMARKS WHICH AS WE SEE 7267 04:55:48,040 --> 04:55:49,275 FREQUENTLY WE JUST BUILD A 7268 04:55:49,275 --> 04:55:51,811 BIGGER MODEL AND SUDDENLY BE THE 7269 04:55:51,811 --> 04:55:55,114 BENCHMARK, SOME WAYS 7270 04:55:55,114 --> 04:55:56,482 INTERESTING, MAYBE (INAUDIBLE) 7271 04:55:56,482 --> 04:55:58,851 POINT BUT NON-INTEREST DOESN'T 7272 04:55:58,851 --> 04:55:59,518 TELL US ANYTHING INTERESTING 7273 04:55:59,518 --> 04:56:09,995 ABOUT THE WORLD. ENTER SO I 7274 04:56:11,163 --> 04:56:13,599 THINK RIGHT NOW IT SAYS ON THE 7275 04:56:13,599 --> 04:56:15,301 AGENDA YOU ARE DUE FOR A COFFEE 7276 04:56:15,301 --> 04:56:16,635 BREAK TO ENABLE GENERAL 7277 04:56:16,635 --> 04:56:18,304 DISCUSSION WITH PANELISTS I 7278 04:56:18,304 --> 04:56:25,511 WOULD INVITE DR. OERMANN AND DR. 7279 04:56:25,511 --> 04:56:27,113 FINS, WE LEGAL BEGIN IF FOLKS 7280 04:56:27,113 --> 04:56:29,782 WOULD LIKE TO STEP OUT TO GET 7281 04:56:29,782 --> 04:56:31,851 COFFEE AND CALFNATE AND THEN 7282 04:56:31,851 --> 04:56:33,052 RETURN FOR GENERAL DISCUSSION. 7283 04:56:33,052 --> 04:56:43,529 PLEASE FEEL FREE. DISCLOSE 7284 05:00:12,471 --> 05:00:23,782 INSURE DISTEST TESTTEST TEST TET 7285 05:00:34,293 --> 05:00:35,494 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 7286 05:00:35,494 --> 05:00:36,996 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 7287 05:00:36,996 --> 05:00:39,598 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 7288 05:00:39,598 --> 05:00:49,775 TEST TEST 7289 05:02:10,055 --> 05:02:11,790 >> WE HAVE TWO PANELISTS WE HAD 7290 05:02:11,790 --> 05:02:13,292 A COUPLE OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 7291 05:02:13,292 --> 05:02:14,727 THAT CAME IN DURING THAT BREAK 7292 05:02:14,727 --> 05:02:16,929 SO WE WILL ASK THOSE FIRST. THEN 7293 05:02:16,929 --> 05:02:18,030 AS PEOPLE CONTINUE TO THINK 7294 05:02:18,030 --> 05:02:19,298 ABOUT WHAT THE SPEAKERS HAVE 7295 05:02:19,298 --> 05:02:20,699 TALKED ABOUT WE'LL HAVE TIME FOR 7296 05:02:20,699 --> 05:02:25,938 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AS WELL. 7297 05:02:25,938 --> 05:02:28,574 >> I CAN GET STARTED. QUESTION 7298 05:02:28,574 --> 05:02:31,343 CAME IN THE LAST TALK FROM 7299 05:02:31,343 --> 05:02:33,212 REMOTE AUDIENCE. QUESTION IS 7300 05:02:33,212 --> 05:02:34,680 WHAT MAKES YOU BELIEVE AN AI 7301 05:02:34,680 --> 05:02:38,083 AGENT CAN ENGAGE IN MENTAL TIME 7302 05:02:38,083 --> 05:02:39,685 TRAVEL? CAN YOU SAY A LITTLE BIT 7303 05:02:39,685 --> 05:02:42,688 MORE HOW THAT WORKS? IF I CAN 7304 05:02:42,688 --> 05:02:45,124 EDITORIALIZE AND ADD A LITTLE -- 7305 05:02:45,124 --> 05:02:47,893 ANOTHER SIMILAR TOPIC THAT 7306 05:02:47,893 --> 05:02:49,294 INTERESTS ME IS AS WE HAVE THE 7307 05:02:49,294 --> 05:02:51,630 AI SYSTEMS ENGAGE IN MORE 7308 05:02:51,630 --> 05:02:53,165 INTRINSIC OR COGNITIVE TASKS 7309 05:02:53,165 --> 05:02:55,100 THAT DON'T HAVE NECESSARILY A 7310 05:02:55,100 --> 05:02:57,269 DIRECT BEHAVIORAL OUTPUT, HOW DO 7311 05:02:57,269 --> 05:02:59,338 WE IDENTIFY IF THEY ARE ENGAGING 7312 05:02:59,338 --> 05:03:00,839 THOSE THINGS THAT ARE INTERNALLY 7313 05:03:00,839 --> 05:03:04,943 SOURCED, IF YOU WILL? 7314 05:03:04,943 --> 05:03:07,146 >> THIS IS APPROPRIATING THE 7315 05:03:07,146 --> 05:03:09,014 LANGUAGE OF COGNITIVE 7316 05:03:09,014 --> 05:03:10,782 NEUROSCIENCE TO DESCRIBE 7317 05:03:10,782 --> 05:03:13,986 COMPUTATIONAL PHENOMENON BUT I 7318 05:03:13,986 --> 05:03:15,287 THINK MAYBE INTERESTING 7319 05:03:15,287 --> 05:03:17,856 INTERACTION HERE IS THAT THIS IS 7320 05:03:17,856 --> 05:03:19,958 A MODEL THAT IT LEARNS THE 7321 05:03:19,958 --> 05:03:22,261 DYNAMICS OF THE WORLD AND IT IS 7322 05:03:22,261 --> 05:03:24,863 PROGRAMMED BY DESIGN TO TAKE 7323 05:03:24,863 --> 05:03:26,598 THIS MODEL HOW THE WORLD WORKS 7324 05:03:26,598 --> 05:03:27,933 AND PLAY IT FORWARD AND TRY TO 7325 05:03:27,933 --> 05:03:29,334 PREDICT WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS 7326 05:03:29,334 --> 05:03:31,203 FOR IT. SEVERAL SECONDS IN THE 7327 05:03:31,203 --> 05:03:32,805 FUTURE AND BASED ON THOSE 7328 05:03:32,805 --> 05:03:34,807 PREDICTIONS IT WILL CHOOSE HOW 7329 05:03:34,807 --> 05:03:37,976 IT WILL ACT IN THE PRESENT TO 7330 05:03:37,976 --> 05:03:41,814 MAXIMIZE IN REWARD. TO ME, THIS 7331 05:03:41,814 --> 05:03:42,614 IS SIMILAR ENOUGH AS FAR AS I 7332 05:03:42,614 --> 05:03:46,852 UNDERSTAND MENTAL TIME TRAVEL, 7333 05:03:46,852 --> 05:03:48,620 TO HAVE DONE IT THE SAME WAY OR 7334 05:03:48,620 --> 05:03:50,322 SUGGEST AS A MODEL OF MENTAL 7335 05:03:50,322 --> 05:03:51,356 TIME TRAVEL ISN'T SOMETHING TO 7336 05:03:51,356 --> 05:03:53,859 STUDY MANY COGNITIVE 7337 05:03:53,859 --> 05:03:54,860 NEUROSCIENCE NOW YOU HAVE THIS 7338 05:03:54,860 --> 05:03:57,930 POWERFUL COMPUTATIONAL MODEL TO 7339 05:03:57,930 --> 05:04:00,032 CONTROL INNER WORKINGS OF IT, 7340 05:04:00,032 --> 05:04:01,333 THE ENVIRONMENT, SUDDENLY OFFERS 7341 05:04:01,333 --> 05:04:03,502 A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR 7342 05:04:03,502 --> 05:04:05,304 RESEARCH IN TIME TRAVEL. IF I 7343 05:04:05,304 --> 05:04:06,872 HAVE THE CONCEPT CORRECTLY FROM 7344 05:04:06,872 --> 05:04:17,382 THE NEUROSCIENCE STANDPOINT. 7345 05:04:24,623 --> 05:04:28,193 >> THERE WAS ONE QUESTION THAT I 7346 05:04:28,193 --> 05:04:32,664 BELIEVE JOHN NYE ASKED THE LAST 7347 05:04:32,664 --> 05:04:34,800 SESSION, IT MIGHT BE ENTERWOVEN 7348 05:04:34,800 --> 05:04:36,501 WHICH IS INFORMING PATIENTS AND 7349 05:04:36,501 --> 05:04:38,103 FAMILIES BASED OFF TECHNOLOGIES 7350 05:04:38,103 --> 05:04:39,538 THAT PREDICT THINGS YOU WEREN'T 7351 05:04:39,538 --> 05:04:43,942 EARLIER ABLE TO. SO BOTH OF YOU 7352 05:04:43,942 --> 05:04:45,911 COMMENT WHAT THAT MIGHT MEAN? 7353 05:04:45,911 --> 05:04:48,247 >> I THINK TO START WITH THAT 7354 05:04:48,247 --> 05:04:50,816 THERE'S ALWAYS A KIND OF BRIGHT 7355 05:04:50,816 --> 05:04:51,383 VOLUME DISTINCTION BETWEEN 7356 05:04:51,383 --> 05:04:53,118 RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE, 7357 05:04:53,118 --> 05:04:55,153 AND THAT IS BEGINNING TO FALL 7358 05:04:55,153 --> 05:04:58,490 APART OVER THE RECENT YEARS AND 7359 05:04:58,490 --> 05:05:00,325 WHEN I THINK ABOUT THAT I DO 7360 05:05:00,325 --> 05:05:01,894 AGREE IF YOU HAVE RESULTS YOU 7361 05:05:01,894 --> 05:05:03,295 SHOULD SHARE THEM IF YOU ARE 7362 05:05:03,295 --> 05:05:04,296 GOING TO SHARE WITH A CLINICAL 7363 05:05:04,296 --> 05:05:06,899 TEAM. THE INVESTIGATOR TEAM IS 7364 05:05:06,899 --> 05:05:10,168 NOT THEIR NATURAL VECTOR TO 7365 05:05:10,168 --> 05:05:12,237 SHARE IT, IT NEEDS TO BE 7366 05:05:12,237 --> 05:05:13,839 ACTIONABLE INFORMATION AND THE 7367 05:05:13,839 --> 05:05:15,007 VALENCE OF THE INFORMATION 7368 05:05:15,007 --> 05:05:16,642 MATTERS LIKE POSITIVE TEST CAN 7369 05:05:16,642 --> 05:05:20,345 BE DISPOSITIVE. A NEGATIVE TEST 7370 05:05:20,345 --> 05:05:22,114 CAN BE ERRONEOUS SO WE HAVE TO 7371 05:05:22,114 --> 05:05:24,616 BE VERY CLEAR IN FRAMING WHAT IT 7372 05:05:24,616 --> 05:05:27,219 IS. AS FAR AS THE OBLIGATIONS OF 7373 05:05:27,219 --> 05:05:29,454 INVESTIGATORS, I REALLY HAVE 7374 05:05:29,454 --> 05:05:31,256 BEEN STRUCK BY HENRY 7375 05:05:31,256 --> 05:05:32,658 RICHARDSON'S GROUP ABOUT 7376 05:05:32,658 --> 05:05:34,593 ANCILLARY CARE OBLIGATIONS AND I 7377 05:05:34,593 --> 05:05:35,594 HAVE WRITTEN A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 7378 05:05:35,594 --> 05:05:37,663 THIS AS WELL AND THE CONTEXT HE 7379 05:05:37,663 --> 05:05:38,697 WRITES ABOUT HIS THING IS YOU 7380 05:05:38,697 --> 05:05:41,500 ARE DOING RESEARCH OVERSEAS AND 7381 05:05:41,500 --> 05:05:43,535 PROHIBITED AS AN AMERICAN FUNDED 7382 05:05:43,535 --> 05:05:45,003 INVESTIGATOR TO SPEND ANY 7383 05:05:45,003 --> 05:05:47,005 AMERICAN DOLLARS AND PROVIDING 7384 05:05:47,005 --> 05:05:49,308 HEALTHCARE, DOING HIV RESEARCH 7385 05:05:49,308 --> 05:05:53,879 IN EGYPT AND PEOPLE ARE GETTING 7386 05:05:53,879 --> 05:05:55,113 HISTOSEW MYSIS, THEY IS RELATED 7387 05:05:55,113 --> 05:06:01,019 IN P POOLS OF WATER AND HISTOSO 7388 05:06:01,019 --> 05:06:01,987 MYSIS. YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO 7389 05:06:01,987 --> 05:06:03,689 USE THE HEALTHCARE THAT RELATES 7390 05:06:03,689 --> 05:06:04,790 TO YOUR INVESTIGATION. IF YOU 7391 05:06:04,790 --> 05:06:06,158 HAVE A DEGREE OF INVOLVEMENT 7392 05:06:06,158 --> 05:06:08,593 WITH THE PATIENTS AND OTHERWISE 7393 05:06:08,593 --> 05:06:09,828 ABAY DONNED THE SUBJECTS YOU 7394 05:06:09,828 --> 05:06:12,064 HAVE AN ANCILLARY CARE 7395 05:06:12,064 --> 05:06:13,632 OBLIGATION, GIVEN ABANDONMENT OF 7396 05:06:13,632 --> 05:06:14,733 OUR PATIENT POPULATION AND GIVEN 7397 05:06:14,733 --> 05:06:17,269 THE VERY SPECIALIZED EXPERTISE 7398 05:06:17,269 --> 05:06:20,405 PEOPLE AT DOC RESEARCH MAY HAVE, 7399 05:06:20,405 --> 05:06:23,241 THEN MAYBE NOT BE ABLE TO 7400 05:06:23,241 --> 05:06:24,977 DELEGATE TO THE AVERAGE 7401 05:06:24,977 --> 05:06:27,379 NEUROLOGIST WHO DOESN'T 7402 05:06:27,379 --> 05:06:30,115 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE COMA 7403 05:06:30,115 --> 05:06:31,283 RECOVERY SCALE IS SO THAT NEEDS 7404 05:06:31,283 --> 05:06:32,784 TO BE WAY TO CROSS OVER THE 7405 05:06:32,784 --> 05:06:34,820 CLINICAL PRACTICE RESEARCH 7406 05:06:34,820 --> 05:06:37,356 DIVIDE AND BREAK THAT DOWN, 7407 05:06:37,356 --> 05:06:38,890 SUSAN WALT HAS WRITTEN WHEN 7408 05:06:38,890 --> 05:06:41,059 THOSE KINDS OF THINGS HAPPEN AND 7409 05:06:41,059 --> 05:06:43,228 I THINK IF YOU COMBINE 7410 05:06:43,228 --> 05:06:46,665 RICHARDSON AND WOLF YOU GET 7411 05:06:46,665 --> 05:06:47,866 ACTION ABILITY PROXIMITY AND THE 7412 05:06:47,866 --> 05:06:49,334 FACT THAT THERE IS NO ONE ELSE 7413 05:06:49,334 --> 05:06:51,003 WHO CAN DO IT AND YOU SHARE THE 7414 05:06:51,003 --> 05:06:53,338 INFORMATION. THE FINAL THING, 7415 05:06:53,338 --> 05:06:54,773 THE KIND OF INFORMATION WHAT YOU 7416 05:06:54,773 --> 05:06:58,243 REALLY NEED TO WORRY ABOUT ARE 7417 05:06:58,243 --> 05:07:01,113 TYPE 2 ERRORS. CONSCIOUSNESS IS 7418 05:07:01,113 --> 05:07:02,748 THERE BUT YOU DON'T DETECT IT 7419 05:07:02,748 --> 05:07:05,851 AND YOU LABEL SOMEBODY, IT IS AN 7420 05:07:05,851 --> 05:07:07,219 ERROR OF DETECTION. I THINK WE 7421 05:07:07,219 --> 05:07:08,854 ARE NOT ADVANCED ENOUGH TO KNOW 7422 05:07:08,854 --> 05:07:13,525 WITH CERTAINTY WHAT A NEGATIVE 7423 05:07:13,525 --> 05:07:15,427 TEST MEANS. 7424 05:07:15,427 --> 05:07:18,063 >> HI, VERY INTERESTING TALK SO 7425 05:07:18,063 --> 05:07:20,065 I HAVE A QUESTION RELATED TO 7426 05:07:20,065 --> 05:07:22,067 THIS PANEL, THE PREVIOUS WHICH 7427 05:07:22,067 --> 05:07:24,403 IS PRAGMATIC SO WHERE IS THE 7428 05:07:24,403 --> 05:07:27,572 MEDICAL ASSURANCE IN THIS? I 7429 05:07:27,572 --> 05:07:29,374 MEAN, I DON'T WANT TO BE IN THAT 7430 05:07:29,374 --> 05:07:30,942 POSITION, BUT YOU HAVE A 7431 05:07:30,942 --> 05:07:32,310 RELATIVE THAT SOMEONE ELSE IS 7432 05:07:32,310 --> 05:07:33,912 SAYING THIS IS THE END OF IT AND 7433 05:07:33,912 --> 05:07:37,249 YOU HAPPEN TO BE AWARE OF ALL 7434 05:07:37,249 --> 05:07:39,317 THESE RESEARCH WOMEN HEAR ABOUT, 7435 05:07:39,317 --> 05:07:44,856 HOW CAN YOU ADVOCATE AND TRY TO 7436 05:07:44,856 --> 05:07:45,057 PUSH. 7437 05:07:45,057 --> 05:07:47,726 >> I'M CURRENTLY PART OF UA 7438 05:07:47,726 --> 05:07:48,994 STREET TRIAL THROUGH THE NIH 7439 05:07:48,994 --> 05:07:50,996 WHICH IS DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 7440 05:07:50,996 --> 05:07:53,632 IN MODERATE TO SEVERE BRAIN 7441 05:07:53,632 --> 05:07:55,767 INJURY. THESE ARE PEOPLE 7442 05:07:55,767 --> 05:07:56,768 MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE, THE 7443 05:07:56,768 --> 05:07:58,103 EVOLUTION OF THE STUDY, THE 7444 05:07:58,103 --> 05:07:59,504 PEOPLE WHETHER CAN GIVE CONSENT 7445 05:07:59,504 --> 05:08:01,573 BECAUSE WE DEMONSTRATE EFFICACY 7446 05:08:01,573 --> 05:08:04,609 IN THE 2007, SO WE EVOLVE TO 7447 05:08:04,609 --> 05:08:06,812 PEOPLE WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE 7448 05:08:06,812 --> 05:08:10,115 BRAIN INJURY, GLASGOW TO 7 AS 7449 05:08:10,115 --> 05:08:12,818 PARTS OF MY PARTICIPATION IN 7450 05:08:12,818 --> 05:08:14,953 INDEPENDENT RF GRANT, WITH BRAIN 7451 05:08:14,953 --> 05:08:16,721 INITIATIVE WHERE TALKING TO 7452 05:08:16,721 --> 05:08:18,223 PATIENTS CALLED SUBJECTS AND 7453 05:08:18,223 --> 05:08:19,491 FAMILIES ABOUT A LOT OF ISSUES 7454 05:08:19,491 --> 05:08:21,093 ONE ISSUE THAT COMES UP IS 7455 05:08:21,093 --> 05:08:22,360 ASSURANCE AND ONE OF THE KEY 7456 05:08:22,360 --> 05:08:24,296 ISSUES THAT COMES UP IS POST 7457 05:08:24,296 --> 05:08:27,399 TRIAL OBLIGATIONS. SO WHO IS 7458 05:08:27,399 --> 05:08:29,868 RESPONSIBLE IF YOU HAVE IN 7459 05:08:29,868 --> 05:08:31,870 DWELLING DEVICE? THAT WAS 7460 05:08:31,870 --> 05:08:33,472 IMPLANTED FOR THIS FIRST STUDY, 7461 05:08:33,472 --> 05:08:35,941 EVERYTHING FROM BATTERY 7462 05:08:35,941 --> 05:08:39,778 REPLACEMENT WHICH IS $20,000, 7463 05:08:39,778 --> 05:08:40,846 MAINTENANCE BECAUSE YOU CAN'T 7464 05:08:40,846 --> 05:08:41,780 (INAUDIBLE) THOUGH LIKE A 7465 05:08:41,780 --> 05:08:43,949 CARDIAC PATIENT, YOU CAN'T GO 7466 05:08:43,949 --> 05:08:45,117 THE AVERAGE EMERGENCY ROOM 7467 05:08:45,117 --> 05:08:46,852 BECAUSE THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT TO 7468 05:08:46,852 --> 05:08:48,854 DO WITH IT. THIS IS AN AREA 7469 05:08:48,854 --> 05:08:50,722 GREAT CONCERN TO THE BRAIN 7470 05:08:50,722 --> 05:08:53,358 INITIATIVE ABOUT HOW DO WE CARE 7471 05:08:53,358 --> 05:08:58,196 FOR PEOPLE WITH SARA AND ERIC 7472 05:08:58,196 --> 05:08:59,131 PIONEERS, THEY PUT THEMSELVES 7473 05:08:59,131 --> 05:09:00,398 OUT THERE TO BE SUBJECTS IN 7474 05:09:00,398 --> 05:09:01,600 TRIALS, THEY HAVE DEVICES NOT 7475 05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:03,635 LIKE IN A DRUG TRIAL AND WE STOP 7476 05:09:03,635 --> 05:09:06,138 THE DRUG, THIS IS STILL THERE, 7477 05:09:06,138 --> 05:09:07,339 AN END DWELLING DEVICE SO I HAVE 7478 05:09:07,339 --> 05:09:09,441 ARGUED THAT I THINK IT IS PARTS 7479 05:09:09,441 --> 05:09:12,344 OF THE COST OF DOING BUSINESS. 7480 05:09:12,344 --> 05:09:14,346 THAT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE A 7481 05:09:14,346 --> 05:09:16,214 SITUATION WHERE IRB IS REQUIRED, 7482 05:09:16,214 --> 05:09:18,416 INVESTIGATORS FUNDERS, SPONSORS, 7483 05:09:18,416 --> 05:09:19,851 THE INSURANCE COMPANIES, 7484 05:09:19,851 --> 05:09:22,954 EVERYBODY TO HAVE A PLAN FOR 7485 05:09:22,954 --> 05:09:25,056 POST TRIAL HELP POST STUDY. THE 7486 05:09:25,056 --> 05:09:26,825 PROBLEM IS WHAT HAPPENS IF IT 7487 05:09:26,825 --> 05:09:29,294 HELPS THE PERSON AND IT HASN'T 7488 05:09:29,294 --> 05:09:32,330 PROVEN TORR VET A A THERAPY YET. 7489 05:09:32,330 --> 05:09:34,633 IT IS NOT ESTABLISHED. . ONCE 7490 05:09:34,633 --> 05:09:36,735 ESTABLISHED AS THERAPY IT TENDS 7491 05:09:36,735 --> 05:09:38,670 TO GET COVER LIKE DBS OR 7492 05:09:38,670 --> 05:09:40,572 PARKINSON IS COVERED BY CMS, 7493 05:09:40,572 --> 05:09:41,740 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE 7494 05:09:41,740 --> 05:09:43,174 HAVE HAD THAT SO WE GET INTO A 7495 05:09:43,174 --> 05:09:43,875 PROBLEM WITH PAYING FOR 7496 05:09:43,875 --> 05:09:45,377 SOMETHING THAT MAY NOT BE PROVEN 7497 05:09:45,377 --> 05:09:47,445 TO WORK BUT I THINK WE NEED TO 7498 05:09:47,445 --> 05:09:49,414 THINK ABOUT SACRIFICES OF THESE 7499 05:09:49,414 --> 05:09:52,651 SUBJECTS THAT MAY AND COMPENSATE 7500 05:09:52,651 --> 05:09:54,553 LONGITUDINALLY FOR THE RISKS 7501 05:09:54,553 --> 05:09:56,588 GOING INTO THE STUDY. BUT IT IS 7502 05:09:56,588 --> 05:09:56,888 COMPLICATED. 7503 05:09:56,888 --> 05:09:58,990 >> THAT IS INTERESTING BUT I 7504 05:09:58,990 --> 05:10:00,992 ALSO THINK ABOUT THE STEP 7505 05:10:00,992 --> 05:10:03,295 BEFORE. HOW DO I CONVINCE 7506 05:10:03,295 --> 05:10:07,632 SOMEBODY IT MAYBE WORTH IT TO 7507 05:10:07,632 --> 05:10:10,869 CONTINUE WITH THE CARE WHEN 7508 05:10:10,869 --> 05:10:14,172 SOMEONE IS DEEMED COMATOSE STAGE 7509 05:10:14,172 --> 05:10:16,975 AND THERE IS NO POSSIBILITY OF 7510 05:10:16,975 --> 05:10:19,377 RECOVERY WITHOUT TAKING INTO 7511 05:10:19,377 --> 05:10:23,415 ACCOUNT THESE NEW TECHNIQUES 7512 05:10:23,415 --> 05:10:24,049 THERE COULD BE POSSIBILITY SO 7513 05:10:24,049 --> 05:10:28,253 PREVIOUS STAGE TO THAT, TO BE A 7514 05:10:28,253 --> 05:10:30,922 PATIENT IN A CLINICAL TRIAL. 7515 05:10:30,922 --> 05:10:32,624 >> PART OF WHAT WE ARE TRYING TO 7516 05:10:32,624 --> 05:10:35,193 FIGURE OUT ARE BIOMARKERS TO 7517 05:10:35,193 --> 05:10:36,227 PROGNOSTICATE TO GIVE FAMILIES 7518 05:10:36,227 --> 05:10:38,330 THAT INFORMATION BUT A LOT OF 7519 05:10:38,330 --> 05:10:39,531 TIMES THE FRAMING OF THE 7520 05:10:39,531 --> 05:10:41,132 QUESTION IS, THAT THERE IS NO 7521 05:10:41,132 --> 05:10:42,767 HOPE FOR RECOVERY WHEN IN FACT 7522 05:10:42,767 --> 05:10:48,106 THERE IS SOME HOPE FOR RECOVERY. 7523 05:10:48,106 --> 05:10:50,909 AND I RECENTLY HAD LUNCH, HE 7524 05:10:50,909 --> 05:10:54,713 KNOWS I TALK ABOUT IT BOB 7525 05:10:54,713 --> 05:10:56,514 WOODRUFF ABC NEWS, HE HAD A 7526 05:10:56,514 --> 05:10:59,618 BRAIN INJURY IED IN WAR IN IRAQ 7527 05:10:59,618 --> 05:11:03,121 AND HE WAS AT BETHESDA. FOR SIX 7528 05:11:03,121 --> 05:11:04,289 WEEKS AND THEY WERE ABOUT TO 7529 05:11:04,289 --> 05:11:05,724 MAKE A DECISION TO SEND TO A 7530 05:11:05,724 --> 05:11:08,493 NURSING HOME, HE WAKE UP AND 7531 05:11:08,493 --> 05:11:10,295 SAYS -- HONEY, WHERE HAVE YOU 7532 05:11:10,295 --> 05:11:11,997 BEEN? NOW HE IS OFF DOING STUDY 7533 05:11:11,997 --> 05:11:15,600 -- STORIES FOR ABC NEWS B, WE 7534 05:11:15,600 --> 05:11:16,968 HAD LUNCH TOGETHER, BREAKFAST 7535 05:11:16,968 --> 05:11:21,206 TOGETHER IN THE CITY. SO THE 7536 05:11:21,206 --> 05:11:23,541 NIHILISM HAS TO BE UNDERSTOOD 7537 05:11:23,541 --> 05:11:25,143 AND IT IS NOT LIKE WE WANT TO 7538 05:11:25,143 --> 05:11:28,747 PROMOTE A LIFE THAT IS NOT WORTH 7539 05:11:28,747 --> 05:11:31,049 CANNOT BE BORNE BY THE PERSON, 7540 05:11:31,049 --> 05:11:33,351 OR INCONSISTENT WITH VALUES BUT 7541 05:11:33,351 --> 05:11:35,253 KEY THING FOR US IS CLINICAL, 7542 05:11:35,253 --> 05:11:36,655 FOLKS IN CLINICAL ETHICISTS IS 7543 05:11:36,655 --> 05:11:38,523 TO BE CLEAR ABOUT THE RISK OF 7544 05:11:38,523 --> 05:11:39,624 BENEFITS ALTERNATIVES IN 7545 05:11:39,624 --> 05:11:41,259 INFORMED CONSENT PROCESS SO 7546 05:11:41,259 --> 05:11:43,261 PEOPLE MAKE INFORMED DECISION. 7547 05:11:43,261 --> 05:11:43,928 SOMETIMES THEY GET HALF THE 7548 05:11:43,928 --> 05:11:47,966 INFORMATION. 7549 05:11:47,966 --> 05:11:52,203 >> I LIKE THAT FRAMING AS 7550 05:11:52,203 --> 05:11:53,905 BIOMARKERS, PROGNOSTIC 7551 05:11:53,905 --> 05:11:56,341 BIOMARKERS THE WAY I THINK ABOUT 7552 05:11:56,341 --> 05:11:57,375 IT HAVING MORE INFORMATION ABOUT 7553 05:11:57,375 --> 05:11:58,810 BIOMARKERS TO INFORM THE 7554 05:11:58,810 --> 05:11:59,778 DISCUSSIONS IS ALWAYS A POSITIVE 7555 05:11:59,778 --> 05:12:03,915 THING. I WON'T TALK ABOUT 7556 05:12:03,915 --> 05:12:05,583 INSURANCE COMPANIES I HAVE TO DO 7557 05:12:05,583 --> 05:12:06,551 A (INAUDIBLE) LATER THIS 7558 05:12:06,551 --> 05:12:08,887 AFTERNOON. WE HAVE ONE MORE 7559 05:12:08,887 --> 05:12:10,288 QUESTION ONLINE. THIS QUESTION 7560 05:12:10,288 --> 05:12:12,557 WAS DIRECTED TOWARD DR. JOHNSON 7561 05:12:12,557 --> 05:12:14,092 BUZZ QUESTIONER SAID THEY WOULD 7562 05:12:14,092 --> 05:12:15,427 BE INTERESTED IN HEARING WHAT 7563 05:12:15,427 --> 05:12:16,394 THE OTHER PANELIST VERSUS TO 7564 05:12:16,394 --> 05:12:19,364 OFFER AS WELL. THIS PERSON 7565 05:12:19,364 --> 05:12:24,502 WRITES I UNDERSTAND THE FOCUS ON 7566 05:12:24,502 --> 05:12:25,737 BIOENERGETICLY DISTANT ANIMALS 7567 05:12:25,737 --> 05:12:28,406 ARCI TO PROBE BOUNDARIES OF 7568 05:12:28,406 --> 05:12:30,442 CONSCIOUSNESS NEAR TERM ETHICS 7569 05:12:30,442 --> 05:12:33,645 ETHICAL DECISION MAKING WHY NOT 7570 05:12:33,645 --> 05:12:36,514 PRIORITIZE NON -HUMAN PRIMATES TO 7571 05:12:36,514 --> 05:12:38,917 REACH SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS FOR 7572 05:12:38,917 --> 05:12:43,722 RESEARCH AND ETHICAL DECISION 7573 05:12:43,722 --> 05:12:45,890 MAKING? 7574 05:12:45,890 --> 05:12:49,361 >> I THINK CERTAINLY I THINK MY 7575 05:12:49,361 --> 05:12:52,797 TAKE IS A PURE SCIENTIST IS 7576 05:12:52,797 --> 05:12:55,400 REALLY DON'T SAY SKEPTICISM BUT 7577 05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:56,735 TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS IS 7578 05:12:56,735 --> 05:12:59,471 MORE A GENERATIVE APPROACH TO 7579 05:12:59,471 --> 05:13:02,006 THE RESEARCH SO I'M NOT -- MAYBE 7580 05:13:02,006 --> 05:13:05,076 A LITTLE SKEPTICAL OR AT LEAST 7581 05:13:05,076 --> 05:13:06,544 MORE PERSONALLY INTERESTED IN 7582 05:13:06,544 --> 05:13:08,113 WHAT WE CAN LEARN BY TRYING TO 7583 05:13:08,113 --> 05:13:09,114 BUILD CONSCIOUSNESS RATHER THAN 7584 05:13:09,114 --> 05:13:12,050 TEASE IT APART, SO FOR ME 7585 05:13:12,050 --> 05:13:13,585 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES ARE MAYBE 7586 05:13:13,585 --> 05:13:15,954 LESS INTERESTING SINCE I THINK 7587 05:13:15,954 --> 05:13:17,889 THEY BARE LESS -- THEY MAY BARE 7588 05:13:17,889 --> 05:13:19,591 MORE SIMILARITY THE HUMANS BUT 7589 05:13:19,591 --> 05:13:22,227 MUCH LESS SIMILARITY TO MACHINE 7590 05:13:22,227 --> 05:13:24,696 THAN ARTHEROPODS OR DROSOPHILA 7591 05:13:24,696 --> 05:13:27,031 WHICH IS MORE EXCITE SINCE THEY 7592 05:13:27,031 --> 05:13:33,505 ARE MORE ANALOGOUS TO MACHINES. 7593 05:13:33,505 --> 05:13:36,407 >> I THINK THIS IS ALSO MORE A 7594 05:13:36,407 --> 05:13:43,214 QUESTION FOR SYD. IT SEEMS TO ME 7595 05:13:43,214 --> 05:13:45,917 IN TERMS THERE ARE TYPE 11 RISK 7596 05:13:45,917 --> 05:13:48,086 OF TYPE 1 ERRORS. IN THIS STUFF 7597 05:13:48,086 --> 05:13:50,088 YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT, IT IS 7598 05:13:50,088 --> 05:13:52,357 MORE -- IT IS MORE ASYMMETRICAL 7599 05:13:52,357 --> 05:13:53,825 BECAUSE THERE IS THE RISK OF 7600 05:13:53,825 --> 05:13:56,628 ENDING THE LIFE OF A CONSCIOUS 7601 05:13:56,628 --> 05:13:58,496 PERSON VERSUS OKAY YOU KEEP 7602 05:13:58,496 --> 05:14:00,298 SOMEONE WHO WILL NEVER RECOVER 7603 05:14:00,298 --> 05:14:01,332 CONSCIOUSNESS ON LIFE SUPPORT 7604 05:14:01,332 --> 05:14:02,867 FOR A LITTLE WHILE LONGER. THAT 7605 05:14:02,867 --> 05:14:04,936 IS A FINANCIAL COST. SOME OF 7606 05:14:04,936 --> 05:14:07,439 THESE OTHER CASES, LIKE THINKING 7607 05:14:07,439 --> 05:14:09,574 BACK TO JONATHAN'S TALK FROM 7608 05:14:09,574 --> 05:14:11,976 YESTERDAY IF WE DECIDE THAT 7609 05:14:11,976 --> 05:14:13,945 OCTOPUSES ARE CONSCIOUS BEINGS 7610 05:14:13,945 --> 05:14:15,513 THEN LIKE ALL THE PEOPLE WHO 7611 05:14:15,513 --> 05:14:17,549 FISH OCTOPUS FOR A LIVING ARE 7612 05:14:17,549 --> 05:14:19,617 OUT OF -- THERE IS THESE HUGE 7613 05:14:19,617 --> 05:14:20,718 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES. IF WE 7614 05:14:20,718 --> 05:14:23,955 TURN -- THINK ABOUT AI, IF WE 7615 05:14:23,955 --> 05:14:25,490 START DECIDING, IF WE GO WITH 7616 05:14:25,490 --> 05:14:27,625 THAT GOGGLE ENGINEER AND DECIDE 7617 05:14:27,625 --> 05:14:31,896 OUR CHAT BOTS ARE MORALLY 7618 05:14:31,896 --> 05:14:32,897 PEOPLE, THAT COULD HAVE SOME 7619 05:14:32,897 --> 05:14:37,535 SERIOUS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. I 7620 05:14:37,535 --> 05:14:39,003 WONDER IF YOU SHOULD SPEAK TO 7621 05:14:39,003 --> 05:14:40,371 THE OTHER BOTH OF YOU SPEAK TO 7622 05:14:40,371 --> 05:14:40,939 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN 7623 05:14:40,939 --> 05:14:51,082 THERE. 7624 05:15:00,358 --> 05:15:02,760 >> I WROTE A PIECE ABOUT THE 7625 05:15:02,760 --> 05:15:04,295 ORGANOIDS, I THINK WHICH IS 7626 05:15:04,295 --> 05:15:11,069 PROBABLY AS LOW AS YOU CAN GO G. 7627 05:15:11,069 --> 05:15:11,769 WHETHER THEY WERE SENTIENT OR 7628 05:15:11,769 --> 05:15:14,873 NOT. I SPEND SO MUCH TIME 7629 05:15:14,873 --> 05:15:16,441 CONCERNED ABOUT PEOPLE NOT 7630 05:15:16,441 --> 05:15:17,308 CONCERNED ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS OF 7631 05:15:17,308 --> 05:15:18,209 PEOPLE WHO MIGHT BE CONSCIOUS 7632 05:15:18,209 --> 05:15:19,711 THAT I HAVE A HARD TIME WORRYING 7633 05:15:19,711 --> 05:15:21,346 ABOUT AN ORGANOID WHEN PEOPLE 7634 05:15:21,346 --> 05:15:24,983 HAVE BEEN MARGINALIZED. AND IT 7635 05:15:24,983 --> 05:15:26,751 IS -- SEEMS A LITTLE 7636 05:15:26,751 --> 05:15:29,687 DISPROPORTION GNAT. AND SO I 7637 05:15:29,687 --> 05:15:32,857 WOULD LOOK AT THESE OTHER 7638 05:15:32,857 --> 05:15:34,092 ENTITIES AS MODELS AND I THINK 7639 05:15:34,092 --> 05:15:36,394 WE HAVE TO BE AS HUMANE AS WE 7640 05:15:36,394 --> 05:15:38,329 CAN BE BUT HUMANE IS AN 7641 05:15:38,329 --> 05:15:39,931 INTERESTING WORD, APPLIES TO 7642 05:15:39,931 --> 05:15:40,999 HUMAN, I THINK YOU HAVE TO 7643 05:15:40,999 --> 05:15:44,936 GENERALIZE THAT CONCERN. BUT I 7644 05:15:44,936 --> 05:15:47,906 HAVE -- I WOULD RATHER FOCUS ON 7645 05:15:47,906 --> 05:15:49,407 A REAL PROBLEM VERY PRESENT FOR 7646 05:15:49,407 --> 05:15:51,743 ME AT LEAST IN MY SPACE. I THINK 7647 05:15:51,743 --> 05:15:53,411 THERE IS -- I DON'T HAVE THE 7648 05:15:53,411 --> 05:15:55,113 BANDWIDTH TO CONSIDER THE OTHER 7649 05:15:55,113 --> 05:15:57,815 STUFF, A LOT OF GOOD PEOPLE TO 7650 05:15:57,815 --> 05:16:00,184 HAVE THE BAND WITHTO DO THAT. 7651 05:16:00,184 --> 05:16:02,287 ONE THING AT -- BANDWIDTH TO DO 7652 05:16:02,287 --> 05:16:03,555 THAT. ONE THING INTERESTING IN 7653 05:16:03,555 --> 05:16:04,989 THIS MEETING IS SO EXPERTISE IN 7654 05:16:04,989 --> 05:16:06,291 THIS ROOM AND SO DEEP IN CERTAIN 7655 05:16:06,291 --> 05:16:07,692 AREAS BUT I DON'T THINK THERE'S 7656 05:16:07,692 --> 05:16:10,628 ANYONE WHO UNDEREVERYTHING. AND 7657 05:16:10,628 --> 05:16:13,898 -- UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING. THAT 7658 05:16:13,898 --> 05:16:15,466 IS HUMBLING BUT CONCERNING 7659 05:16:15,466 --> 05:16:16,801 BECAUSE HOW DO WE GET OUT OF 7660 05:16:16,801 --> 05:16:19,270 SILOS AN LEARN? 7661 05:16:19,270 --> 05:16:23,975 WE NEED MORE THESE CROSS DOMAIN 7662 05:16:23,975 --> 05:16:26,277 CONVERSATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE 7663 05:16:26,277 --> 05:16:29,981 WORK I DESCRIBE TERRY ROSS 7664 05:16:29,981 --> 05:16:32,083 RECRUITING IS DISCOVERY IN ADULT 7665 05:16:32,083 --> 05:16:34,185 BRAIN BUT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE 7666 05:16:34,185 --> 05:16:35,653 PEDIATRIC BRAIN ALL THE TIME. 7667 05:16:35,653 --> 05:16:37,855 PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGISTS AND 7668 05:16:37,855 --> 05:16:39,524 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PEOPLE DEAL 7669 05:16:39,524 --> 05:16:41,192 WITH ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY LATER 7670 05:16:41,192 --> 05:16:43,227 IN LIFE, NOT REALLY SO WE NEED 7671 05:16:43,227 --> 05:16:45,096 CROSS FERTILIZATION, THE BRAIN 7672 05:16:45,096 --> 05:16:46,864 INITIATIVE HAS DONE THAT IN A 7673 05:16:46,864 --> 05:16:48,433 BRILLIANT WAY BUT WE NEED MORE 7674 05:16:48,433 --> 05:16:51,235 MIXING IT UP, WE HAVE MORE A 7675 05:16:51,235 --> 05:16:53,037 MOSAIC, WE ARE AL CHALLENGED BY 7676 05:16:53,037 --> 05:16:54,606 THINGS WE HAVEN'T HEARD ABOUT OR 7677 05:16:54,606 --> 05:16:56,908 DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT TO 7678 05:16:56,908 --> 05:16:58,743 INTEGRATE TO OUR OWN WORK. 7679 05:16:58,743 --> 05:17:02,413 >> TO GRAB THAT QUESTION UPFRONT 7680 05:17:02,413 --> 05:17:04,649 AMOUNT OF PHILOSOPHERS JOE, 7681 05:17:04,649 --> 05:17:07,251 MAYBE JONATHAN MORE TO SAY ON 7682 05:17:07,251 --> 05:17:10,421 THIS, FOR AI AGENTS ESPECIALLY 7683 05:17:10,421 --> 05:17:11,956 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING NOT ONLY 7684 05:17:11,956 --> 05:17:14,092 CREATING THE AI AGENTS BUT DON'T 7685 05:17:14,092 --> 05:17:15,927 EXIST WITHIN THE WORLD AS WE DO 7686 05:17:15,927 --> 05:17:17,495 BUT EXIST IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 7687 05:17:17,495 --> 05:17:19,063 CREATED NOT JUST AGENT BUT THE 7688 05:17:19,063 --> 05:17:20,865 ENTIRE UNIVERSE, PERHAPS THAT 7689 05:17:20,865 --> 05:17:23,101 SUGGESTS MAYBE WE WOULD HAVE 7690 05:17:23,101 --> 05:17:23,701 DIFFERENT OBLIGATIONS TO THEM 7691 05:17:23,701 --> 05:17:29,107 EVEN IF THEY DID HAVE 7692 05:17:29,107 --> 05:17:30,441 CONSCIOUSNESS. 7693 05:17:30,441 --> 05:17:31,976 >> COULD YOU EXPAND A LITTLE BIT 7694 05:17:31,976 --> 05:17:34,612 ABOUT THE BIOMARKERS ISSUE? I 7695 05:17:34,612 --> 05:17:38,416 THINK THAT IS REALLY 7696 05:17:38,416 --> 05:17:39,317 INTERESTING. I DON'T KNOW WHY 7697 05:17:39,317 --> 05:17:41,786 THE MRI ISN'T A GOOD-BYE MARKER. 7698 05:17:41,786 --> 05:17:43,287 YOU EXPLAINED SOME OF THE 7699 05:17:43,287 --> 05:17:44,622 PROBLEMS WE CAN WORK ON THAT BUT 7700 05:17:44,622 --> 05:17:46,124 HOW DOES ONE DEVELOP A BIOMARKER 7701 05:17:46,124 --> 05:17:48,926 WHEN THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 7702 05:17:48,926 --> 05:17:52,497 DISEASE IS. FOR EXAMPLE, LONG 7703 05:17:52,497 --> 05:17:54,465 COVID WHAT IS THE BIOMARKER FOR 7704 05:17:54,465 --> 05:17:56,534 LONG COVID? LET'S AGREE WHAT 7705 05:17:56,534 --> 05:17:57,902 LONG COVID IS? THAT IS 7706 05:17:57,902 --> 05:18:00,204 DIFFICULT. WHAT IS A BIOMARKER 7707 05:18:00,204 --> 05:18:01,272 FOR CONSCIOUSNESS WE HEARD THE 7708 05:18:01,272 --> 05:18:03,041 LAST THREE DAYS I'M SOMEBODY WHO 7709 05:18:03,041 --> 05:18:03,741 DIDN'T UNDERSTAND MOST OF WHAT 7710 05:18:03,741 --> 05:18:07,645 IS GOING ON BUT HOW DO WE BUILD 7711 05:18:07,645 --> 05:18:08,780 A BIOMARKER OF CONSCIOUSNESS 7712 05:18:08,780 --> 05:18:10,682 WHEN WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WE ARE 7713 05:18:10,682 --> 05:18:10,982 LOOKING FOR. 7714 05:18:10,982 --> 05:18:14,318 >> I THINK THAT REVEALS ANOTHER 7715 05:18:14,318 --> 05:18:16,654 MEDIC QUESTION. THERE'S 7716 05:18:16,654 --> 05:18:17,422 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS WHAT 7717 05:18:17,422 --> 05:18:18,689 CONSCIOUSNESS IS AND 7718 05:18:18,689 --> 05:18:20,324 INSTRUMENTAL DEFINITIONS OF 7719 05:18:20,324 --> 05:18:25,563 CONSCIOUSNESS THAT LIKE MCS. MCS 7720 05:18:25,563 --> 05:18:28,366 NEGATIVE, I HAVE LOGICAL 7721 05:18:28,366 --> 05:18:29,934 HUMILITY BECAUSE CATEGORIES LIKE 7722 05:18:29,934 --> 05:18:32,970 TERRY WALLACE IN 1993 WAS IN 7723 05:18:32,970 --> 05:18:35,306 NURSING HOME, HE WAS DESCRIBED 7724 05:18:35,306 --> 05:18:36,674 VEGETATIVE AND THE MAN AT THE 7725 05:18:36,674 --> 05:18:38,876 OTHER BED HIS MOTHER TOLD ME THE 7726 05:18:38,876 --> 05:18:40,144 STORY, OTHER BED AN ELDER MAN 7727 05:18:40,144 --> 05:18:43,915 WITH DEMENTIA, ASPHYXIATED 7728 05:18:43,915 --> 05:18:45,783 HIMSELF IN THE SHEETS AND DIED. 7729 05:18:45,783 --> 05:18:48,052 THE NURSE NEVER STUDYING WHAT 7730 05:18:48,052 --> 05:18:49,887 THE VEGETATIVE STATE WAS, 7731 05:18:49,887 --> 05:18:51,789 THOUGHT HE LOOKED UPSET SO SHE 7732 05:18:51,789 --> 05:18:55,093 CALLED HIS MOM TO COME IN BE 7733 05:18:55,093 --> 05:18:58,162 WITH HIM. LATER AFTER TERRY WOKE 7734 05:18:58,162 --> 05:18:59,130 UP SHE RECOULDN'T THIRD DEGREE 7735 05:18:59,130 --> 05:19:02,066 TO ME AND SHE SAID NOW I KNOW 7736 05:19:02,066 --> 05:19:04,168 THAT HE WAS AWARE BECAUSE IT WAS 7737 05:19:04,168 --> 05:19:05,870 ALMOST CERTAIN HE WAS MINIMALLY 7738 05:19:05,870 --> 05:19:06,637 CONSCIOUS STATE WHEN THAT 7739 05:19:06,637 --> 05:19:08,206 HAPPENED AND HE HAD SOME ABILITY 7740 05:19:08,206 --> 05:19:09,674 TO UNDERSTAND. THE POINT IS, THE 7741 05:19:09,674 --> 05:19:11,476 EVOLUTION OF OUR DIAGNOSTICS IS 7742 05:19:11,476 --> 05:19:13,411 WE DID NOT HAVE A NAME FOR THAT 7743 05:19:13,411 --> 05:19:16,814 YET. BECAUSE MCS HASN'T BEEN 7744 05:19:16,814 --> 05:19:17,915 CODIFIED UNTIL I THINK THE 7745 05:19:17,915 --> 05:19:19,016 FOLLOWING AROUND THAT SAME TIME 7746 05:19:19,016 --> 05:19:21,686 BUT IT HADN'T BEEN CODIFIED, NOT 7747 05:19:21,686 --> 05:19:24,021 IN THE LITERATURE. SO WE NEED TO 7748 05:19:24,021 --> 05:19:25,590 THE PROBLEM IS WE ARE GOING TO 7749 05:19:25,590 --> 05:19:27,692 HAVE TO DEAL WITH IMPRECISE 7750 05:19:27,692 --> 05:19:31,662 CATEGORIES. WE SEE MORE IN 7751 05:19:31,662 --> 05:19:34,699 PSYCHIATRY GOING FROM DSM MODEL 7752 05:19:34,699 --> 05:19:36,100 EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND DESCRIPTIVE 7753 05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:38,469 WHICH IS BETTER THAN 7754 05:19:38,469 --> 05:19:39,137 IDIOSYNCRATIC PSYCHOANALYST 7755 05:19:39,137 --> 05:19:40,171 THINKING, I THINK THIS IS WHAT 7756 05:19:40,171 --> 05:19:43,641 IT IS. NOW WE HAVE CRITERIA BUT 7757 05:19:43,641 --> 05:19:45,910 WE ARE MOVING ON TO TOM INS EBBL 7758 05:19:45,910 --> 05:19:47,111 STUFF WITH CIRCUIT BASED 7759 05:19:47,111 --> 05:19:49,180 CRITERIA SO A CIRCUIT BASED 7760 05:19:49,180 --> 05:19:51,682 DISTORTION OF THE MESO CIRCUIT. 7761 05:19:51,682 --> 05:19:53,551 DISTORTION DEFAULT NETWORK. WE 7762 05:19:53,551 --> 05:19:55,686 WILL GET MORE DISCRETE AND YES 7763 05:19:55,686 --> 05:19:56,554 SORTED AT THE STAGE NOW WHERE 7764 05:19:56,554 --> 05:19:58,189 YOU CAN HAVE A LUNCH IN YOU ARE 7765 05:19:58,189 --> 05:20:00,658 YOU NECK AND SOME PEOPLE DIE, 7766 05:20:00,658 --> 05:20:02,927 SOME DIDN'T, SOME HAD BOY SOME 7767 05:20:02,927 --> 05:20:05,596 HAD LYMPHOMA, BUT BEFORE A 7768 05:20:05,596 --> 05:20:06,497 MICROSCOPE YOU COULDN'T 7769 05:20:06,497 --> 05:20:07,899 DISTINGUISH ONE FROM THE OTHER 7770 05:20:07,899 --> 05:20:09,200 SO WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING OF 7771 05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:11,302 OUR CATEGORIZATION AND WE HAVE 7772 05:20:11,302 --> 05:20:14,672 TO HAVE A REAL CONTINGENCY ABOUT 7773 05:20:14,672 --> 05:20:15,807 CATEGORIES NOT WEDDED TO THE 7774 05:20:15,807 --> 05:20:16,607 CATEGORIES BECAUSE THEY ARE 7775 05:20:16,607 --> 05:20:18,476 LIKELY TO EVOLVE AND CHANGE OVER 7776 05:20:18,476 --> 05:20:21,546 TIME. THAT IS A GOOD THING. THE 7777 05:20:21,546 --> 05:20:23,281 BIOMARKERS WILL HELP US TO 7778 05:20:23,281 --> 05:20:27,385 REFINE THOSE CATEGORIES. LIKE 7779 05:20:27,385 --> 05:20:28,786 (INAUDIBLE) LISTER WRITES ABOUT 7780 05:20:28,786 --> 05:20:31,155 DEPRESSION. THERE'S FOUR TYPES 7781 05:20:31,155 --> 05:20:32,924 THERE'S SEVEN KINDS OF LEUKEMIA, 7782 05:20:32,924 --> 05:20:35,059 AML LEUKEMIA, THAT CHANGED THE 7783 05:20:35,059 --> 05:20:37,895 TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA, APL USED 7784 05:20:37,895 --> 05:20:40,631 TO BE THE BAD LEUKEMIA AND NOW 7785 05:20:40,631 --> 05:20:41,632 YOU GET (INAUDIBLE) FOR IT AND 7786 05:20:41,632 --> 05:20:43,935 YOU CAN SURVIVE BUT THE 7787 05:20:43,935 --> 05:20:44,702 CATEGORIZATION OF DISEASE THAT 7788 05:20:44,702 --> 05:20:47,305 LEADS TO THE EVOLUTION OF 7789 05:20:47,305 --> 05:20:49,807 THERAPEUTICS. SO I THINK 7790 05:20:49,807 --> 05:20:51,843 BIOMARKERS WITH ALL THEIR FLAWS, 7791 05:20:51,843 --> 05:20:54,078 INSTRUMENTALLY LOOK AT THEM, AT 7792 05:20:54,078 --> 05:20:55,947 WHATEVER THEY CAN DO FOR YOU 7793 05:20:55,947 --> 05:20:57,014 PRAGMATICALLY IN THE CLINIC LIKE 7794 05:20:57,014 --> 05:21:01,586 A PRAGMATIC TRIAL AND LEARN MORE 7795 05:21:01,586 --> 05:21:02,954 AND WE (INAUDIBLE). 7796 05:21:02,954 --> 05:21:06,290 >> ONE WE WERE TALKING EARLIER 7797 05:21:06,290 --> 05:21:08,960 IS THAT WHAT WE CAN ALL AGREE ON 7798 05:21:08,960 --> 05:21:13,197 IS THE NEED FOR BIOMARKERS. OUR 7799 05:21:13,197 --> 05:21:14,966 OWN PERSPECTIVE I'M ON CALL FOR 7800 05:21:14,966 --> 05:21:16,601 NEUROTRAUMA. I'M CERTAIN THAT 7801 05:21:16,601 --> 05:21:19,003 OUR DISCUSSION OF THE NEED FOR 7802 05:21:19,003 --> 05:21:20,671 BIOMARKERS WILL BECOME VERY REAL 7803 05:21:20,671 --> 05:21:24,542 FOR ME IN SOME PATIENTS I WILL 7804 05:21:24,542 --> 05:21:29,714 ENCOUNTER. KIND OF REARE FORCED 7805 05:21:29,714 --> 05:21:30,982 BY PRAGUE MATTISM THAT WE HAVE 7806 05:21:30,982 --> 05:21:32,350 BUT WE NEED TO DO BETTER. 7807 05:21:32,350 --> 05:21:34,352 >> NUMBERS DON'T EQUATE WITH 7808 05:21:34,352 --> 05:21:38,522 VALUES. THE APACHE SCORE IN THE 7809 05:21:38,522 --> 05:21:41,092 ICU WHICH IS PROGNOSTIC 7810 05:21:41,092 --> 05:21:42,693 INDICATOR OF SURVIVABILITY 7811 05:21:42,693 --> 05:21:44,161 DIDN'T CHANGE HOW FAMILIES MADE 7812 05:21:44,161 --> 05:21:46,364 DECISIONS WHETHER TO WITHDRAW OR 7813 05:21:46,364 --> 05:21:48,165 WITHDRAW OUR COUNT SO WITH 7814 05:21:48,165 --> 05:21:49,300 BETTER PROGNOSTICATION IT 7815 05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:50,735 DOESN'T MEAN THE FAMILY WILL 7816 05:21:50,735 --> 05:21:53,104 MAKE THE DECISION THAT A 7817 05:21:53,104 --> 05:21:57,909 RATIONAL AGENT WOULD MAKE SO IT 7818 05:21:57,909 --> 05:22:01,579 IS COMPLICATED. 7819 05:22:01,579 --> 05:22:03,915 >> WE WILL MOVE ON THANKS TO OUR 7820 05:22:03,915 --> 05:22:09,220 SPEAKERS FOR THE WONDERFUL 7821 05:22:09,220 --> 05:22:19,230 SESSION. 7822 05:22:19,230 --> 05:22:22,667 >> THE NEXT SESSION WE WILL HAVE 7823 05:22:22,667 --> 05:22:25,469 REPRESENTATIVES OF SEVERAL 7824 05:22:25,469 --> 05:22:28,272 FUNDING AGENCIES WHO ARE WE 7825 05:22:28,272 --> 05:22:30,174 TAKING A COFFEE BREAK OR MOVING 7826 05:22:30,174 --> 05:22:34,045 TO THE NEXT SESSION. SO LUCKY 7827 05:22:34,045 --> 05:22:35,980 TO HAVE REPRESENTATIVE SEVERAL 7828 05:22:35,980 --> 05:22:37,782 FUNDING AGENCIES TO TELL US ANT 7829 05:22:37,782 --> 05:22:41,052 THEIR PERSPECTIVES. OUR FIRST 7830 05:22:41,052 --> 05:22:44,889 SPEAKER FOR THIS SESSION IS DR. 7831 05:22:44,889 --> 05:22:55,099 JIM KNIGHT. 7832 05:22:57,268 --> 05:22:58,836 >> I'M HAPPY TO HAVE THIS MUCH 7833 05:22:58,836 --> 05:23:09,380 OPEN DISCUSSION THAT (INAUDIBLE) 7834 05:23:13,951 --> 05:23:17,355 (OFF MIC) 7835 05:23:17,355 --> 05:23:23,661 >> ON STAGE TODAY WE HAVE -- THE 7836 05:23:23,661 --> 05:23:26,664 FIRST SPEAKER IS DR. JIM KNIGHT 7837 05:23:26,664 --> 05:23:30,701 A SENIOR PROGRAM DIRECTOR AT 7838 05:23:30,701 --> 05:23:32,303 NINDS WHO IS ALSO HEAVILY 7839 05:23:32,303 --> 05:23:35,272 INVOLVED IN BRAIN INITIATIVE. SO 7840 05:23:35,272 --> 05:23:38,175 HE OVERSEES -- HE IS A CO-LEAD 7841 05:23:38,175 --> 05:23:40,544 OF THE INTEGRATIVE AND EXCUSE 7842 05:23:40,544 --> 05:23:42,713 DAYTIVE NEUROSCIENCE TEAM AN 7843 05:23:42,713 --> 05:23:43,581 OVERSEES BRAIN PROGRAMS IN 7844 05:23:43,581 --> 05:23:44,749 UNDERSTANDING CIRCUITS OF THE 7845 05:23:44,749 --> 05:23:46,417 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, TEAM 7846 05:23:46,417 --> 05:23:48,753 SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND 7847 05:23:48,753 --> 05:23:50,321 INTRACRANIAL RESEARCH 7848 05:23:50,321 --> 05:23:52,289 OPPORTUNITIES IN HUMAN 7849 05:23:52,289 --> 05:23:53,824 NEUROSCIENCE. HE HAS A SYSTEMS 7850 05:23:53,824 --> 05:23:55,626 NEUROSCIENCE BACKGROUND AND WAS 7851 05:23:55,626 --> 05:23:56,961 HEAVILY INVOLVED IN THE 7852 05:23:56,961 --> 05:23:59,230 AUGMENTATION AND PLANNING OF 7853 05:23:59,230 --> 05:24:00,865 THIS WORKSHOP. HAVE BEEN VERY -- 7854 05:24:00,865 --> 05:24:03,734 HE PLAYED IMPRESS BY HIS 7855 05:24:03,734 --> 05:24:04,769 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONAL WISDOM 7856 05:24:04,769 --> 05:24:05,703 AND FORESIGHT IN THE PLANNING 7857 05:24:05,703 --> 05:24:15,880 PROCESS. 7858 05:24:21,919 --> 05:24:27,291 >> THANK YOU, PETER. AND 7859 05:24:27,291 --> 05:24:28,759 ACTUALLY THE ORGANIZATIONAL 7860 05:24:28,759 --> 05:24:31,729 ACUMEN HERE COMES ACTUALLY FROM 7861 05:24:31,729 --> 05:24:37,802 YOU AND JONATHAN AND FARA AND -- 7862 05:24:37,802 --> 05:24:39,336 SO I TAKE NO CREDIT FOR ANY OF 7863 05:24:39,336 --> 05:24:46,977 THAT. SO THE IDEA HERE WAS TO 7864 05:24:46,977 --> 05:24:50,481 GIVE A SNAP SHOT OF WHAT THE 7865 05:24:50,481 --> 05:24:52,183 PEOPLE WHO HAVE ACCESS TO 7866 05:24:52,183 --> 05:24:54,685 FUNDING TO HELP YOU, THE 7867 05:24:54,685 --> 05:24:56,687 RESEARCHERS, GET YOUR RESEARCH 7868 05:24:56,687 --> 05:25:00,724 DONE IN THIS AREA. AND SO WE 7869 05:25:00,724 --> 05:25:01,759 WILL TAKE TURNS PRESENTING A 7870 05:25:01,759 --> 05:25:05,429 LITTLE BIT OF INFORMATION BUT I 7871 05:25:05,429 --> 05:25:08,532 WOULDN'T HAPPY TO HAVE THIS AS A 7872 05:25:08,532 --> 05:25:09,433 DISCUSSION OF PRESENTATION FROM 7873 05:25:09,433 --> 05:25:15,539 MY POINT OF VIEW HERE. ONE OF 7874 05:25:15,539 --> 05:25:16,607 THE IMPORTANT THINGS I HAVE SEEN 7875 05:25:16,607 --> 05:25:19,510 ABOUT THE CONFERENCE WE HAVE HAD 7876 05:25:19,510 --> 05:25:22,913 HERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE 7877 05:25:22,913 --> 05:25:24,915 RESEARCH COMMUNITY TO COME 7878 05:25:24,915 --> 05:25:28,052 TOGETHER AND SEE THE NEED FOR 7879 05:25:28,052 --> 05:25:32,656 INTERDISCIPLINARY AND FOCUSED 7880 05:25:32,656 --> 05:25:34,992 WORK ON THE AREA OF 7881 05:25:34,992 --> 05:25:36,794 CONSCIOUSNESS. SO I THINK THE 7882 05:25:36,794 --> 05:25:37,695 RESEARCH COMMUNITY WILL PROBABLY 7883 05:25:37,695 --> 05:25:39,396 BENEFIT FROM A WORKSHOP LIKE 7884 05:25:39,396 --> 05:25:41,765 THIS. AS MUCH AS WE THE FUNDERS 7885 05:25:41,765 --> 05:25:43,501 WILL BENEFIT AND UNDERSTANDING 7886 05:25:43,501 --> 05:25:48,739 WHAT THE COMMUNITY IS DOING AND 7887 05:25:48,739 --> 05:25:49,507 WHAT WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO TO 7888 05:25:49,507 --> 05:25:56,514 HELP. I AM A REPRESENTATIVE OF 7889 05:25:56,514 --> 05:26:00,184 ABOUT TWO DOZEN PROGRAM OFFICERS 7890 05:26:00,184 --> 05:26:01,652 ACROSS MORE THAN A DOZEN 7891 05:26:01,652 --> 05:26:03,120 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS AND 7892 05:26:03,120 --> 05:26:06,590 OFFICES AND PROGRAMS AT NIH. WHO 7893 05:26:06,590 --> 05:26:09,126 HAVE TAKEN AN INTEREST IN 7894 05:26:09,126 --> 05:26:10,027 UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS GOING ON 7895 05:26:10,027 --> 05:26:13,330 IN THE FIELD OF CONSCIOUSNESS 7896 05:26:13,330 --> 05:26:14,999 AND LOOK AT HOW NIH MIGHT BE 7897 05:26:14,999 --> 05:26:18,802 ABLE TO FACILITATE THE RESEARCH 7898 05:26:18,802 --> 05:26:21,005 IN CONSCIOUSNESS. WHAT DOES THAT 7899 05:26:21,005 --> 05:26:22,506 MEAN IN THE FUTURE? THAT YOU 7900 05:26:22,506 --> 05:26:24,408 WILL HAVE PROGRAM OFFICERS 7901 05:26:24,408 --> 05:26:25,409 INTERESTED IN CONSCIOUSNESS AT 7902 05:26:25,409 --> 05:26:26,343 THEIR INSTITUTES AND HELP 7903 05:26:26,343 --> 05:26:29,647 PROMOTE WITHIN THEIR INSTITUTE. 7904 05:26:29,647 --> 05:26:31,549 THE OTHER SPECTRUM OF THINGS 7905 05:26:31,549 --> 05:26:33,083 COULD MEAN NEW NIH DIRECTOR WE 7906 05:26:33,083 --> 05:26:34,518 CREATE A NEW INSTITUTE OF 7907 05:26:34,518 --> 05:26:36,187 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH. SO 7908 05:26:36,187 --> 05:26:37,922 SOMEWHERE IN THAT SPECTRUM I 7909 05:26:37,922 --> 05:26:39,690 THINK THIS WORKSHOP HOPEFULLY 7910 05:26:39,690 --> 05:26:44,895 WILL BE HELPFUL TO YOU AS 7911 05:26:44,895 --> 05:26:47,431 RESEARCHERS. THE AUDIENCE HAS 7912 05:26:47,431 --> 05:26:48,632 THINNED OUT HERE BUT THIS IS 7913 05:26:48,632 --> 05:26:50,067 BEING RECORDED SO THE MANY 7914 05:26:50,067 --> 05:26:51,268 PEOPLE WILL HAVE ACCESS TO THIS 7915 05:26:51,268 --> 05:27:01,512 INFORMATION. 7916 05:27:02,880 --> 05:27:10,521 >> HERE WE GO. JUST TO GET SOME 7917 05:27:10,521 --> 05:27:14,992 CREDIT HERE FOR ONE THING. THE 7918 05:27:14,992 --> 05:27:16,360 FUNDING THAT CAME FROM NIH TO 7919 05:27:16,360 --> 05:27:18,662 SUPPORT THIS WORKSHOP CAME FROM 7920 05:27:18,662 --> 05:27:20,564 THE NIH BLUEPRINT, A 7921 05:27:20,564 --> 05:27:23,601 CONFEDERATION OF ABOUT A DOZEN 7922 05:27:23,601 --> 05:27:26,003 INSTITUTES ACROSS THE NIH WHO 7923 05:27:26,003 --> 05:27:28,706 HAVE SOME INTEREST IN THE 7924 05:27:28,706 --> 05:27:31,609 NEUROSCIENCES AND THE 7925 05:27:31,609 --> 05:27:33,043 NEUROTHERAPIES. AND ALSO THE NIH 7926 05:27:33,043 --> 05:27:36,480 BRAIN INITIATIVE WHICH YOU KNOW 7927 05:27:36,480 --> 05:27:41,418 ABOUT IS A A SEPARATE PROGRAM 7928 05:27:41,418 --> 05:27:44,488 THAT REALLY SPECIALIZES IN THE 7929 05:27:44,488 --> 05:27:47,758 FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGYNA THE 7930 05:27:47,758 --> 05:27:53,564 INSTITUTES DON'T. -- BIOLOGY 7931 05:27:53,564 --> 05:27:55,366 THAT THE INSTITUTES DON'T. THIS 7932 05:27:55,366 --> 05:27:57,668 CAME FROM THE NIH INITIATIVE AND 7933 05:27:57,668 --> 05:27:58,902 LEADERSHIP AND I THANK BOTH OF 7934 05:27:58,902 --> 05:27:59,837 THOSE PROGRAMS FOR HELPING WITH 7935 05:27:59,837 --> 05:28:02,473 THAT. I'M JUST GOING TO QUICKLY 7936 05:28:02,473 --> 05:28:07,444 GIVE YOU A SURVEY OF WHAT NIH IS 7937 05:28:07,444 --> 05:28:08,646 FUNDENING THE CONSCIOUSNESS 7938 05:28:08,646 --> 05:28:10,614 RESEARCH. I DID THIS ABOUT A 7939 05:28:10,614 --> 05:28:12,082 YEAR AND A HALF AGO WHEN TALKING 7940 05:28:12,082 --> 05:28:14,318 TO THE TEMPLETON FOUNDATION. 7941 05:28:14,318 --> 05:28:16,954 THIS DATA IS STALE BY TWO YEARS. 7942 05:28:16,954 --> 05:28:20,858 BUT I THINK IT GIVES YOU A 7943 05:28:20,858 --> 05:28:23,227 PICTURE THAT NIH DOES HAVE A 7944 05:28:23,227 --> 05:28:24,495 FOOTPRINT IN FUNDING 7945 05:28:24,495 --> 05:28:25,329 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH. I HAVE 7946 05:28:25,329 --> 05:28:27,598 HEARD FROM A NUMBER OF THE 7947 05:28:27,598 --> 05:28:29,199 PEOPLE HERE THAT THEY HAVE BEEN 7948 05:28:29,199 --> 05:28:30,567 TOLD OH DON'T PUT CONSCIOUSNESS 7949 05:28:30,567 --> 05:28:32,403 IN TITLE OF YOUR APPLICATION. IT 7950 05:28:32,403 --> 05:28:37,474 WILL KILL IT. SO IT IS HARD TO 7951 05:28:37,474 --> 05:28:38,709 FIND SUPPORT FOR CONSCIOUSNESS 7952 05:28:38,709 --> 05:28:41,145 RESEARCH WHEN YOU DON'T PUT P IT 7953 05:28:41,145 --> 05:28:42,746 INTO YOUR ABSTRACT AND TITLES. 7954 05:28:42,746 --> 05:28:47,217 BUT I TRIED TO DO THAT. I'M -- 7955 05:28:47,217 --> 05:28:48,819 THEN I WILL QUICKLY GO THROUGH A 7956 05:28:48,819 --> 05:28:51,588 SURVEY OF WHAT THE NIH PROGRAM 7957 05:28:51,588 --> 05:28:56,026 AVAILABLE TO YOU NOW ARE TO FUND 7958 05:28:56,026 --> 05:28:58,128 YOUR INTEREST IN CONSCIOUSNESS 7959 05:28:58,128 --> 05:28:59,897 RESEARCH. WE WILL SEE WHAT 7960 05:28:59,897 --> 05:29:06,203 HAPPENS WITH TIME IN THE FUTURE 7961 05:29:06,203 --> 05:29:07,771 THE WAY I DID THIS I USED A TOOL 7962 05:29:07,771 --> 05:29:09,039 LIKE THE NIH REPORTER THAT ANY 7963 05:29:09,039 --> 05:29:14,078 OF YOU COULD DO. USE, AND 7964 05:29:14,078 --> 05:29:15,946 SEARCHED FOR KEY WORDS FINGER 7965 05:29:15,946 --> 05:29:22,119 PRINTS THAT NIH HAS MADE THAT 7966 05:29:22,119 --> 05:29:24,822 INCORPORATE OR APPROXIMATE 7967 05:29:24,822 --> 05:29:26,156 INCLUDE CONSCIOUSNESS. IT IS 7968 05:29:26,156 --> 05:29:28,125 IMPERFECT FINGERPRINT SO THESE 7969 05:29:28,125 --> 05:29:29,660 NUMBERS ARE NOT PERFECT NUMBERS, 7970 05:29:29,660 --> 05:29:31,028 WAY TOO MANY FALSE POSITIVES SO 7971 05:29:31,028 --> 05:29:34,031 I HAD TO DO A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF 7972 05:29:34,031 --> 05:29:37,034 MANUAL CULLING OF THIS. I WANT 7973 05:29:37,034 --> 05:29:39,236 TO EMPHASIZE THESE NUMBERS ARE 7974 05:29:39,236 --> 05:29:42,172 APPROXIMATE BUT DOES GIVE YOU AN 7975 05:29:42,172 --> 05:29:44,608 IDEA OF THE FOOTPRINT NIH DOES 7976 05:29:44,608 --> 05:29:47,144 HAVE IN FUNDING CONSCIOUSNESS 7977 05:29:47,144 --> 05:29:48,946 RESEARCH. TOTAL I CAME UP WITH 7978 05:29:48,946 --> 05:29:53,650 YOU SEE THERE IS ABOUT 17 TO $18 7979 05:29:53,650 --> 05:29:55,219 MILLION THAT WAS BEING SPENT IN 7980 05:29:55,219 --> 05:29:57,121 RESEARCH THAT HAD TO DO WITH 7981 05:29:57,121 --> 05:30:00,357 CONSCIOUSNESS. IT IS NOT A SMALL 7982 05:30:00,357 --> 05:30:03,293 AMOUNT OF MONEY ON THE LEFT I 7983 05:30:03,293 --> 05:30:06,130 DIVIDED THAT BY THE INSTITUTES 7984 05:30:06,130 --> 05:30:09,833 AND CENTERS THAT WERE SUPPORTING 7985 05:30:09,833 --> 05:30:12,169 THOSE FUNDS, MOST AS YOU CAN SEE 7986 05:30:12,169 --> 05:30:13,937 CAME FROM THE NEUROLOGY 7987 05:30:13,937 --> 05:30:15,506 INSTITUTE NS. THE GENERAL 7988 05:30:15,506 --> 05:30:17,407 MEDICINE INSTITUTE THAT IS GM. 7989 05:30:17,407 --> 05:30:19,309 THAT IS LARGELY ANESTHESIA 7990 05:30:19,309 --> 05:30:20,477 RESEARCH BECAUSE THEY ARE 7991 05:30:20,477 --> 05:30:21,945 RESPONSIBLE FOR UNDERSTANDING 7992 05:30:21,945 --> 05:30:23,414 THE MECHANISMS AND THE 7993 05:30:23,414 --> 05:30:25,983 IMPLICATIONS, APPLICATIONS OF 7994 05:30:25,983 --> 05:30:28,585 ANESTHESIA. THE MENTAL HEALTH 7995 05:30:28,585 --> 05:30:30,154 INSTITUTE AS WELL AS OTHERS AS 7996 05:30:30,154 --> 05:30:35,325 YOU HAVE SEEN ON THERE. IT IS BY 7997 05:30:35,325 --> 05:30:37,361 DOLLARS ON THE LEFT AND NUMBERS 7998 05:30:37,361 --> 05:30:39,530 OF AWARDS ON THE RIGHT. SO I 7999 05:30:39,530 --> 05:30:43,133 THINK WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT THE 8000 05:30:43,133 --> 05:30:46,537 MAJOR MONEY GOING TO RESEARCH 8001 05:30:46,537 --> 05:30:48,238 THAT WOULD BE LABELED 8002 05:30:48,238 --> 05:30:49,273 CONSCIOUSNESS COMES FROM GENERAL 8003 05:30:49,273 --> 05:30:50,307 MEDICINE NEUROLOGY AND MENTAL 8004 05:30:50,307 --> 05:30:58,482 HEALTH. BY GRANT MECHANISM I 8005 05:30:58,482 --> 05:31:01,452 DIVIDED BY GRANT MECHANISM AND 8006 05:31:01,452 --> 05:31:03,454 BY AND LARGE THE LARGEST PART OF 8007 05:31:03,454 --> 05:31:05,055 THAT PIE WE CALL RESEARCH 8008 05:31:05,055 --> 05:31:06,990 PROJECT GRANTS, THOSE WHO ARE 8009 05:31:06,990 --> 05:31:09,593 FAMILIAR WITH NIH FUNDING THOSE 8010 05:31:09,593 --> 05:31:13,330 RO1s AND R21s STANDARD 8011 05:31:13,330 --> 05:31:17,668 FUNDING MECHANISMS YOU CAN SEE K 8012 05:31:17,668 --> 05:31:19,436 AWARDS, THOSE ARE MENTORED EARLY 8013 05:31:19,436 --> 05:31:24,675 CAREER AWARDS, F AWARDS 8014 05:31:24,675 --> 05:31:27,244 FELLOWSHIP AWARDS AND A FEW 8015 05:31:27,244 --> 05:31:31,949 MECHANISMS LIKE THE DP 2 ONE OF 8016 05:31:31,949 --> 05:31:34,418 THE HIGH RISK HIGH REWARD 8017 05:31:34,418 --> 05:31:35,385 PROGRAMS WITH OFFICE OF THE 8018 05:31:35,385 --> 05:31:40,390 DIRECTOR OF THE NIH. THEN I 8019 05:31:40,390 --> 05:31:41,425 TRIED TO -- THIS REQUIRE AD 8020 05:31:41,425 --> 05:31:44,795 LITTLE BIT OF MANUAL CURATION AS 8021 05:31:44,795 --> 05:31:47,197 WELL AS SOME AUTOMATED CURATION 8022 05:31:47,197 --> 05:31:50,200 BUT I TRIED TO DIVIDE ALL THIS 8023 05:31:50,200 --> 05:31:52,236 UP IN TO WHAT WAS THE MAJOR 8024 05:31:52,236 --> 05:31:54,004 TOPIC, THE MAYOR THRUST OF WHAT 8025 05:31:54,004 --> 05:31:57,708 THE RESEARCH WAS TRYING TO 8026 05:31:57,708 --> 05:31:59,643 ACCOMPLISH AND I DIVIDED INTO 8027 05:31:59,643 --> 05:32:01,678 WHAT I CALL NEURAL MECHANISMS, A 8028 05:32:01,678 --> 05:32:05,949 MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF 8029 05:32:05,949 --> 05:32:09,152 CONSCICONSCIOUSNESS OR NEURAL 8030 05:32:09,152 --> 05:32:11,054 THERAPEUTICS THAT IS APPLIED 8031 05:32:11,054 --> 05:32:14,458 RESEARCH THAT HAD -- HAD TO DO 8032 05:32:14,458 --> 05:32:16,426 WITH CONSCIOUSNESS. ANESTHESIA, 8033 05:32:16,426 --> 05:32:18,095 SPECIFICALLY MECHANISMS AND THE 8034 05:32:18,095 --> 05:32:20,797 APPLICATION OF ANESTHESIA, 8035 05:32:20,797 --> 05:32:22,032 COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR AND 8036 05:32:22,032 --> 05:32:24,268 ETHICS AND AS YOU CAN SEE WHICH 8037 05:32:24,268 --> 05:32:27,271 AND LARGE, MOST OF THE RESEARCH 8038 05:32:27,271 --> 05:32:28,672 WAS ON NEURAL MECHANISM, TRYING 8039 05:32:28,672 --> 05:32:31,642 TO GET A MECHANISTIC 8040 05:32:31,642 --> 05:32:32,943 UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT 8041 05:32:32,943 --> 05:32:33,977 CONSCIOUSNESS MIGHT BE IN THE 8042 05:32:33,977 --> 05:32:37,414 BIOLOGICAL MACHINE. AND MOST OF 8043 05:32:37,414 --> 05:32:39,149 IT WAS IN HUMANS OR OTHER 8044 05:32:39,149 --> 05:32:39,917 MAMMALS, I DON'T HAVE THAT ON 8045 05:32:39,917 --> 05:32:41,118 HERE BECAUSE THAT DATA IS HARD 8046 05:32:41,118 --> 05:32:44,755 TO GET. OUT OF THESE DATABASES. 8047 05:32:44,755 --> 05:32:49,126 MOST WAS HUMANS, MAMMALS SUCH AS 8048 05:32:49,126 --> 05:32:50,260 RODENTS,ERS THERE WEREN'T A LOTS 8049 05:32:50,260 --> 05:32:52,162 OF SPECIAL SPECIES, I DON'T 8050 05:32:52,162 --> 05:32:54,097 THINK THERE WERE ANY OCTOPUS IN 8051 05:32:54,097 --> 05:33:01,939 THIS YEAR AND A HALF AGO. AND 8052 05:33:01,939 --> 05:33:07,311 YOU CAN SEE THE -- THE NEURAL 8053 05:33:07,311 --> 05:33:08,712 THERAPEUTICS THIS WOULD BE LIKE 8054 05:33:08,712 --> 05:33:12,382 STUDIES OF EPILEPSY AND 8055 05:33:12,382 --> 05:33:13,984 RELATIONSHIP TO CONSCIOUSNESS 8056 05:33:13,984 --> 05:33:18,188 AND THAT IS A FAIR SIZE OF THIS. 8057 05:33:18,188 --> 05:33:21,458 THEN A MINORITY ON COGNITION AND 8058 05:33:21,458 --> 05:33:23,694 BEHAVIOR, ONE AWARD ON ETHICS AT 8059 05:33:23,694 --> 05:33:29,366 THAT TIME. THIS WAS QUITE 8060 05:33:29,366 --> 05:33:31,768 REVEALING. WHERE WERE THESE 8061 05:33:31,768 --> 05:33:32,970 APPLICATIONS REVIEWED? BECAUSE 8062 05:33:32,970 --> 05:33:34,137 IT IS VERY IMPORTANT SO THESE 8063 05:33:34,137 --> 05:33:36,940 WERE ALL AWARDED GRANTS. IT IS 8064 05:33:36,940 --> 05:33:40,477 VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHERE 8065 05:33:40,477 --> 05:33:41,812 YOUR PROPOSAL IS GETTING 8066 05:33:41,812 --> 05:33:42,879 REVIEWED BECAUSE IT IS THE 8067 05:33:42,879 --> 05:33:43,880 REVIEW THAT GETS THE SCORE AND 8068 05:33:43,880 --> 05:33:47,551 THE SCORE DETERMINES WHETHER A 8069 05:33:47,551 --> 05:33:48,919 GIVEN INSTITUTE FUNDS THAT 8070 05:33:48,919 --> 05:33:50,887 RESEARCH AND THE REVIEW PANELS 8071 05:33:50,887 --> 05:33:52,356 ARE BY AND LARGE SEPARATE FROM 8072 05:33:52,356 --> 05:33:56,326 THE INSTITUTES. SO THESE ARE 8073 05:33:56,326 --> 05:34:00,964 REVIEW PANELS MOSTLY AT THE 8074 05:34:00,964 --> 05:34:02,632 CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC REVIEW NOT 8075 05:34:02,632 --> 05:34:10,807 SPECIFIC ICs. SAT IS WHERE 8076 05:34:10,807 --> 05:34:16,113 ANESTHESIA WOULD GO. ANNIE IS -- 8077 05:34:16,113 --> 05:34:21,318 WHAT IS ANNI STAND FOR, ONE OF 8078 05:34:21,318 --> 05:34:29,726 MY NIH COLLEAGUES, YOU REMEMBER 8079 05:34:29,726 --> 05:34:31,194 (OFF MIC) 8080 05:34:31,194 --> 05:34:37,134 THE LARGEST PART IS 8081 05:34:37,134 --> 05:34:41,238 >> OKAY. THAT'S EPILEPSY. 8082 05:34:41,238 --> 05:34:42,906 SPECIAL EMPHASIS PANELS, THOSE 8083 05:34:42,906 --> 05:34:45,942 ARE THE ONES THAT GO 8084 05:34:45,942 --> 05:34:47,711 SPECIFICALLY TO IC FOR REVIEW 8085 05:34:47,711 --> 05:34:49,479 RATHER THAN THE CENTER FOR 8086 05:34:49,479 --> 05:34:51,615 SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. BUT WHAT I 8087 05:34:51,615 --> 05:34:53,717 WOULD CONCLUDE FROM THIS IS 8088 05:34:53,717 --> 05:34:55,452 CONSCIOUSNESS DOES NOT GET A 8089 05:34:55,452 --> 05:34:57,454 CONSISTENT CAPTURE REVIEW WHEN 8090 05:34:57,454 --> 05:35:00,123 IT COMES TO NIH. THERE IS NO 8091 05:35:00,123 --> 05:35:01,858 REVIEW PANEL ON CONSCIOUSNESS. 8092 05:35:01,858 --> 05:35:05,695 AS WE KNOW FROM LAST COUPLE OF 8093 05:35:05,695 --> 05:35:08,331 DAYS, MANY FACETS TO 8094 05:35:08,331 --> 05:35:09,399 CONSCIOUSNESS AND CONSCIOUSNESS 8095 05:35:09,399 --> 05:35:10,400 RESEARCH SO YOU WOULDN'T 8096 05:35:10,400 --> 05:35:12,803 NECESSARILY EXPECT ETHICS GO TO 8097 05:35:12,803 --> 05:35:17,307 THE SAME REVIEW PANEL BIOLOGICAL 8098 05:35:17,307 --> 05:35:22,412 MECHANISM PANEL WOULD BE BUT IT 8099 05:35:22,412 --> 05:35:24,514 IS STRIKING THERE IS NOT A 8100 05:35:24,514 --> 05:35:27,484 CONSISTENT PLACE FOR 8101 05:35:27,484 --> 05:35:28,752 CONSCIOUSNESS TO BE REVIEWED AT 8102 05:35:28,752 --> 05:35:33,890 NIH. A QUESTION. IC INSTITUTES 8103 05:35:33,890 --> 05:35:36,126 AND CENTERS. NEUROLOGY, MENTAL 8104 05:35:36,126 --> 05:35:37,227 HEALTH, EYE INSTITUTE, 8105 05:35:37,227 --> 05:35:43,533 TESTIFINESS INSTITUTE. SO ON. 8106 05:35:43,533 --> 05:35:45,368 DEAFNESS INSTITUTE. SO ON. 8107 05:35:45,368 --> 05:35:45,736 (OFF MIC) 8108 05:35:45,736 --> 05:35:51,074 >> SPECIAL EMPHASIS PANELS. 8109 05:35:51,074 --> 05:35:53,810 THESE WERE ALL IC STEPS THOUGH. 8110 05:35:53,810 --> 05:35:56,379 YEAH. YEAH. SPECIAL EMPHASIS 8111 05:35:56,379 --> 05:35:57,881 PANEL IS NOT STANDING PANEL. IT 8112 05:35:57,881 --> 05:35:59,683 IS ONE WHERE THERE IS A SPECIAL 8113 05:35:59,683 --> 05:36:01,518 CALL, SPECIAL SCOPE OF WORK -- 8114 05:36:01,518 --> 05:36:03,320 OF SCIENCE AND SO YOU GET THE 8115 05:36:03,320 --> 05:36:04,321 REVIEWERS THAT WOULD BE SPECIFIC 8116 05:36:04,321 --> 05:36:06,156 FOR THAT SCOPE OF SCIENCE. WHAT 8117 05:36:06,156 --> 05:36:07,891 A SPECIAL EMPHASIS PANEL IS. T 8118 05:36:07,891 --> 05:36:13,530 >> I NICE TO MEET YOU. WE SPOKE. 8119 05:36:13,530 --> 05:36:17,434 NICE TO MEET YOU, WE SPOKE A 8120 05:36:17,434 --> 05:36:18,502 WHILE AGO. ABOUT GRANT 8121 05:36:18,502 --> 05:36:19,770 STRATEGIES THANK YOU FOR YOUR 8122 05:36:19,770 --> 05:36:23,974 ADVICE AND HELP. CURIOUS TO ME 8123 05:36:23,974 --> 05:36:27,010 THIS LOOKS LIKE A SMALL NUMBER 8124 05:36:27,010 --> 05:36:28,478 OF GRANTS. BUT I DON'T KNOW I'M 8125 05:36:28,478 --> 05:36:32,015 COMPARED TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 8126 05:36:32,015 --> 05:36:34,017 GRANTS THAT EXIST IN CLINICAL 8127 05:36:34,017 --> 05:36:35,352 AND NON-CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 8128 05:36:35,352 --> 05:36:37,521 LOOKS LIKE A TOTAL OF 40 GRANTS 8129 05:36:37,521 --> 05:36:39,689 SO WHAT IS THE TOTAL NUMBER. 8130 05:36:39,689 --> 05:36:41,892 WHAT IS THE DENOMINATOR? IT 8131 05:36:41,892 --> 05:36:44,361 SEEMS LIKE A TINY NUMBER TO ME 8132 05:36:44,361 --> 05:36:45,729 BUT IT COULD BE MISTAKEN. 8133 05:36:45,729 --> 05:36:48,064 >> IF YOU WERE -- IF YOU WERE TO 8134 05:36:48,064 --> 05:36:50,400 TAKE SOMETHING LIKE EPILEPSY? 8135 05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:52,602 THESE ARE RELATIVELY SMALL 8136 05:36:52,602 --> 05:36:53,937 NUMBENUMBERS. SOMETHING SPECIFIE 8137 05:36:53,937 --> 05:36:57,541 EPILEPSY. IF YOU TAKE A BEHAVIOR 8138 05:36:57,541 --> 05:37:01,645 YOUR LIKE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS, THIS 8139 05:37:01,645 --> 05:37:04,181 IS A RELATIVELY LARGE NUMBER FOR 8140 05:37:04,181 --> 05:37:07,884 IF YOU WERE TO PICK UP BEHAVIOR. 8141 05:37:07,884 --> 05:37:08,752 CONSIDER CONSCIOUSNESS AS 8142 05:37:08,752 --> 05:37:11,454 BEHAVIOR HOW MUCH IS FUNDED AT 8143 05:37:11,454 --> 05:37:15,592 THE NIH. IT IS NOT HUGE. $18 8144 05:37:15,592 --> 05:37:17,994 MILLION A YEAR IS ENOUGH TO GET 8145 05:37:17,994 --> 05:37:18,562 SOMETHING DONE. 8146 05:37:18,562 --> 05:37:23,133 >> HOW ABOUT ATTENTION, MEMORY, 8147 05:37:23,133 --> 05:37:25,302 PERCEPTION, THOSE ANALOGOUS 8148 05:37:25,302 --> 05:37:27,971 SORTS OF FIELDS OF RESEARCH, 8149 05:37:27,971 --> 05:37:28,772 ATTENTION, THOSE KINDS OF 8150 05:37:28,772 --> 05:37:31,007 THINGS. WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF 8151 05:37:31,007 --> 05:37:32,876 GRANTS IN THOSE FIELDS OPPOSED 8152 05:37:32,876 --> 05:37:34,844 TO CONSCIOUSNESS. THAT MIGHT BE 8153 05:37:34,844 --> 05:37:35,145 A PAIRLY -- 8154 05:37:35,145 --> 05:37:36,880 >> COMPARED NUMBERS FOR YOU 8155 05:37:36,880 --> 05:37:38,081 HERE. 8156 05:37:38,081 --> 05:37:38,748 >> CURIOUS. 8157 05:37:38,748 --> 05:37:40,917 >> LEARNING AND MEMORY WOULD BE 8158 05:37:40,917 --> 05:37:42,552 LARGER THAN THIS. BUT ATTENTION 8159 05:37:42,552 --> 05:37:44,588 MIGHT BE A LIT LARGER PROBABLY 8160 05:37:44,588 --> 05:37:49,292 NOT A LOT LARGER. DECISION 8161 05:37:49,292 --> 05:37:51,828 MAKING IS SOMETHING THAT GETS -- 8162 05:37:51,828 --> 05:37:53,797 BUT NOT SURE HOW MUCH BIGGER 8163 05:37:53,797 --> 05:37:55,332 DECISION -- PERCEPTION. 8164 05:37:55,332 --> 05:37:57,500 >> PERCEPTION USUALLY GOES TO 8165 05:37:57,500 --> 05:37:59,970 THE INSTITUTE OF THAT ORGAN LIKE 8166 05:37:59,970 --> 05:38:02,873 THE EYE INSTITUTE OR DEAFNESS 8167 05:38:02,873 --> 05:38:06,042 INSTITUTE. SO PERCEPTION USUALLY 8168 05:38:06,042 --> 05:38:09,312 GOES TO A SPECIFIC INSTITUTE. 8169 05:38:09,312 --> 05:38:11,114 AND OF COURSE THEIR INTERESTS 8170 05:38:11,114 --> 05:38:16,019 ARE FOCUSED SPECIFICALLY ON THAT 8171 05:38:16,019 --> 05:38:19,422 BUT I KNOW MAYBE SHARON WIGS IS 8172 05:38:19,422 --> 05:38:24,060 ONLINE BUT THE EYE INSTITUTE. 8173 05:38:24,060 --> 05:38:26,229 WHEN IT LOOKS AT FUNDING IT 8174 05:38:26,229 --> 05:38:28,832 CHUNK THE VARIOUS ASPECT OF 8175 05:38:28,832 --> 05:38:31,801 VISION INTO THE RETINA, THE 8176 05:38:31,801 --> 05:38:33,637 ANTERIOR EYE, CENTRAL NERVOUS 8177 05:38:33,637 --> 05:38:35,171 SYSTEM AND THEY LOOK AT THE 8178 05:38:35,171 --> 05:38:36,940 FUNDING WITHIN EACH OF THOSE 8179 05:38:36,940 --> 05:38:41,478 GROUPS TO MAKE DECISIONS ON WHAT 8180 05:38:41,478 --> 05:38:42,646 IS IMPORTANT TO GET FUNDED SO 8181 05:38:42,646 --> 05:38:47,284 THERE IS A GOOD DISTRIBUTION 8182 05:38:47,284 --> 05:38:48,551 ACROSS ALL OF VISION FOR 8183 05:38:48,551 --> 05:38:50,353 EXAMPLE, I USED TO BE FUNDED BY 8184 05:38:50,353 --> 05:38:51,788 EYE INSTITUTE SO I CAN SPEAK TO 8185 05:38:51,788 --> 05:38:54,591 THAT A BIT BUT I DON'T KNOW 8186 05:38:54,591 --> 05:38:58,228 POLICIES OF ALL THE INSTITUTES. 8187 05:38:58,228 --> 05:39:01,064 IT IS NOT A HUGE AMOUNT OF 8188 05:39:01,064 --> 05:39:03,199 MONEY. BUT I DON'T THINK IT IS A 8189 05:39:03,199 --> 05:39:12,375 TRIVIAL AMOUNT OF MONEY THIS IS 8190 05:39:12,375 --> 05:39:13,643 A SNAP SHOT WHAT I FOUND WHEN I 8191 05:39:13,643 --> 05:39:18,481 LOOK AT THIS ROUGHLY TWO YEARS 8192 05:39:18,481 --> 05:39:19,950 AGO. THIS IS A WORD CLOUD OF 8193 05:39:19,950 --> 05:39:21,751 GRANTS TO GET SOME IDEA OF WHAT 8194 05:39:21,751 --> 05:39:25,455 THE EMPHASIS OF ALL THESE 8195 05:39:25,455 --> 05:39:26,289 AWARDS, THIS COMES FROM THE 8196 05:39:26,289 --> 05:39:31,027 ABSTRACT AND THE TITLES, A WORD 8197 05:39:31,027 --> 05:39:33,530 CLOUD FROM THAT. YOU CAN SEE 8198 05:39:33,530 --> 05:39:35,565 FROM ANESTHESIA CONSCIOUSNESS OF 8199 05:39:35,565 --> 05:39:37,167 COURSE IS LARGE BECAUSE THAT WAS 8200 05:39:37,167 --> 05:39:40,470 THE -- ONE OF THE KEY WORDS. 8201 05:39:40,470 --> 05:39:45,508 FUNCTIONAL STUDIES, ANESTHESIA, 8202 05:39:45,508 --> 05:39:49,279 COGNITIVE STATES AND SLEEP. 8203 05:39:49,279 --> 05:39:53,717 NETWORK AND PREDICTIONS. 8204 05:39:53,717 --> 05:39:55,885 INTERESTING EXPLAINED IN HERE. 8205 05:39:55,885 --> 05:40:02,225 STIMULATION OF THALAMUS. NOTABLE 8206 05:40:02,225 --> 05:40:04,160 THEMES, THESE ARE JUST MY OWN 8207 05:40:04,160 --> 05:40:05,562 IMPRESSION AS I WAS LOOKING DOWN 8208 05:40:05,562 --> 05:40:08,098 THE LIST OF GRANTS, ANESTHESIA, 8209 05:40:08,098 --> 05:40:09,899 COMA, PERTURBATIONS OF 8210 05:40:09,899 --> 05:40:11,368 CONSCIOUSNESS FOR PROMINENT 8211 05:40:11,368 --> 05:40:15,171 THING THAT I COULD FIND IN THE 8212 05:40:15,171 --> 05:40:16,973 AWARDS. AND BRAIN ACTIVITY AND 8213 05:40:16,973 --> 05:40:18,108 CONNECTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL 8214 05:40:18,108 --> 05:40:19,909 STUDIES. MOSTLY TAKEN FROM 8215 05:40:19,909 --> 05:40:22,846 DISORDERED PATIENTS WHICH RATHER 8216 05:40:22,846 --> 05:40:25,315 THAN NORMAL SUBJECTS. THERE WAS 8217 05:40:25,315 --> 05:40:28,151 A LOT OF EMPHASIS ON FUNCTIONAL 8218 05:40:28,151 --> 05:40:31,988 NETWORK AND STATE TRANSITIONS 8219 05:40:31,988 --> 05:40:33,056 WHICH GIVEN WHAT CONSCIOUSNESS 8220 05:40:33,056 --> 05:40:36,826 PROBABLY IS FOR US ALL, THAT 8221 05:40:36,826 --> 05:40:39,929 MAKES SENSE TO ME. THERE WAS A 8222 05:40:39,929 --> 05:40:44,701 LOT -- AND THEN BRAIN AND 8223 05:40:44,701 --> 05:40:46,603 CORTICAL THALAMIC BEHAVIORAL 8224 05:40:46,603 --> 05:40:48,538 COGNITIVE UNDERSTANDING WERE 8225 05:40:48,538 --> 05:40:50,673 THEMES HARP PROMINENT IN WHAT I 8226 05:40:50,673 --> 05:40:52,742 SAW IN THE LIST. THIS IS A SNAP 8227 05:40:52,742 --> 05:40:54,177 SHOT. I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE 8228 05:40:54,177 --> 05:40:56,479 INFORMATIVE FOR US, ME, AT NIH 8229 05:40:56,479 --> 05:40:58,982 TO LOOK AT THIS. I THINK IT IS 8230 05:40:58,982 --> 05:41:02,218 INSTRUCTIVE TO SHARE. HERE. 8231 05:41:02,218 --> 05:41:05,188 THESE ARE DATA THAT YOU CAN GET 8232 05:41:05,188 --> 05:41:06,689 TO YOURSELF FOR THE NIH REPORTER 8233 05:41:06,689 --> 05:41:09,592 BECAUSE THESE WERE AWARDED 8234 05:41:09,592 --> 05:41:12,829 GRANTS. VERY QUICKLY I WILL GO 8235 05:41:12,829 --> 05:41:15,532 THROUGH WHAT IS AVAILABLE TO YOU 8236 05:41:15,532 --> 05:41:17,767 NOW AS CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCHERS 8237 05:41:17,767 --> 05:41:20,570 HOW COULD YOU APPLY TO NIH TO 8238 05:41:20,570 --> 05:41:22,605 GET MONEY FOR YOUR RESEARCH 8239 05:41:22,605 --> 05:41:24,340 THERE ARE THE PARENT FUNDING 8240 05:41:24,340 --> 05:41:28,445 MECHANISMS, THE RO1, R21, VERY 8241 05:41:28,445 --> 05:41:31,214 BOTTOM OF EACH OF THESE 8242 05:41:31,214 --> 05:41:34,083 HIGHLIGHTED IN FUNNY COLOR THERE 8243 05:41:34,083 --> 05:41:38,688 COLOR DEFECTIVE SO I CAN'T GUESS 8244 05:41:38,688 --> 05:41:39,823 WHAT THE COLOR MIGHT BE BUT I 8245 05:41:39,823 --> 05:41:43,827 CAN SEE IT WELL. IS THE NUMBER 8246 05:41:43,827 --> 05:41:45,395 OF AWARDS I FOUND IN THESE 8247 05:41:45,395 --> 05:41:46,863 VARIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH A A 8248 05:41:46,863 --> 05:41:49,432 LITTLE BIT OF INFORMATION. THIS 8249 05:41:49,432 --> 05:41:50,867 IS STANDARD FUNDING MECHANISM 8250 05:41:50,867 --> 05:41:52,068 MOST OF THESE REVIEWS ARE 8251 05:41:52,068 --> 05:41:57,140 THROUGH THE CSR REVIEW, REVIEWED 8252 05:41:57,140 --> 05:42:00,310 AT THESE NON-SPECIFIC 8253 05:42:00,310 --> 05:42:01,644 NON-CONSCIOUSNESS FOCUSED REVIEW 8254 05:42:01,644 --> 05:42:05,782 PANELS. THERE ARE PLENTY OF 8255 05:42:05,782 --> 05:42:07,016 TRAINING PROGRAMS AND THERE WERE 8256 05:42:07,016 --> 05:42:09,119 PLENTY OF AWARDS NUMBER OF 8257 05:42:09,119 --> 05:42:12,155 AWARDS WITHIN TRAINING PROGRAMS. 8258 05:42:12,155 --> 05:42:16,726 THERE ARE F 31 AND F 32 8259 05:42:16,726 --> 05:42:18,428 POST-DOCTORAL AN PRE-DOCTORAL 8260 05:42:18,428 --> 05:42:20,930 TRAINING PROGRAMS, KO 8 MENTORED 8261 05:42:20,930 --> 05:42:23,867 CLINICAL SCIENTIST AWARDS, K99 R 8262 05:42:23,867 --> 05:42:26,369 300 IS A TRANSITION FOR ADVANCED 8263 05:42:26,369 --> 05:42:27,871 RESEARCH SCIENTIST OR POST DOCS 8264 05:42:27,871 --> 05:42:30,473 AND MAKING A TRANSITION INTO A 8265 05:42:30,473 --> 05:42:32,509 FIRST FACULTY AWARD. SO THERE 8266 05:42:32,509 --> 05:42:33,476 WAS REPRESENTATION AMONG ALL 8267 05:42:33,476 --> 05:42:35,545 THESE TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR 8268 05:42:35,545 --> 05:42:37,113 PEOPLE WHO WERE DOING RESEARCH 8269 05:42:37,113 --> 05:42:40,283 IN CONSCIOUSNESS. THESE ARE SOME 8270 05:42:40,283 --> 05:42:41,651 OF THE SPECIALTY FUNDING 8271 05:42:41,651 --> 05:42:45,355 PROGRAMS. THESE ARE NOT THE 8272 05:42:45,355 --> 05:42:47,657 PARENT PROGRAMS THAT WE GO -- 8273 05:42:47,657 --> 05:42:49,092 WOULD GO TO THE VARIOUS 8274 05:42:49,092 --> 05:42:51,294 INSTITUTE INTERESTS, THESE ARE 8275 05:42:51,294 --> 05:42:54,964 ESPECIALLY FUNDING PROGRAMS. AND 8276 05:42:54,964 --> 05:42:56,866 THERE IS A COUPLE OF INSTITUTES 8277 05:42:56,866 --> 05:42:58,902 HAVE AN RM 1 COLLABORATIVE 8278 05:42:58,902 --> 05:43:00,570 PROGRAM TO GET 8279 05:43:00,570 --> 05:43:01,738 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH MANY 8280 05:43:01,738 --> 05:43:04,073 THE DOOR. NIGMS HAD ONE OF THOSE 8281 05:43:04,073 --> 05:43:06,643 FOR A FEW YEARS AND NINDS JUST 8282 05:43:06,643 --> 05:43:09,812 ISSUED ONE SO THIS IS A TEAM, 8283 05:43:09,812 --> 05:43:13,383 SMALL TEAM RESEARCH APPROACH TO 8284 05:43:13,383 --> 05:43:17,020 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS. NIMH HAS 8285 05:43:17,020 --> 05:43:17,987 SEVERAL PROGRAMS THAT MIGHT BE 8286 05:43:17,987 --> 05:43:19,355 RELEVANT IF YOU ARE INTERESTED 8287 05:43:19,355 --> 05:43:20,990 IN VARIOUS ASPECT OF 8288 05:43:20,990 --> 05:43:22,692 CONSCIOUSNESS THERE IS EXECUTIVE 8289 05:43:22,692 --> 05:43:24,327 FUNCTIONS PROGRAM. YOU CAN 8290 05:43:24,327 --> 05:43:26,696 CONTACT AN VIEW ROSSI I IMAGINE 8291 05:43:26,696 --> 05:43:28,531 IS ONLINE TODAY, IF YOU HAD 8292 05:43:28,531 --> 05:43:32,402 QUESTIONS ABOUT THAT. BRAIN 8293 05:43:32,402 --> 05:43:34,437 DYNAMICS PROGRAM, (INAUDIBLE) 8294 05:43:34,437 --> 05:43:40,109 GOMEZ IS THE PROGRAM DIRE DIRECR 8295 05:43:40,109 --> 05:43:42,145 FOR THAT, HE IS CO-LEAD WITH ME 8296 05:43:42,145 --> 05:43:43,746 FOR THE BRAIN TEAM FUNDING THE 8297 05:43:43,746 --> 05:43:44,514 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH I WILL 8298 05:43:44,514 --> 05:43:48,184 GET TO IN A MOMENT. AND GIVEN 8299 05:43:48,184 --> 05:43:51,187 THE TALKS EARLIER THIS WEEK, 8300 05:43:51,187 --> 05:43:53,022 PSYCH DELLICS RELATED COMPOUNDS, 8301 05:43:53,022 --> 05:43:56,025 THERE IS A PROGRAM FOR THAT AT 8302 05:43:56,025 --> 05:43:58,561 NIMH. IF YOU HAD AN INTEREST IN 8303 05:43:58,561 --> 05:43:59,996 THAT YOU MIGHT LOOK AT THAT 8304 05:43:59,996 --> 05:44:00,797 EMAIL ADDRESS THAT YOU SEE 8305 05:44:00,797 --> 05:44:07,971 THERE. FROM NINDS, SYSTEMS AND 8306 05:44:07,971 --> 05:44:08,805 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 8307 05:44:08,805 --> 05:44:11,474 PORTFOLIO IS NOW HELD BY LESLIE 8308 05:44:11,474 --> 05:44:14,077 OSBOURNE. IF MORE NEUROLOGICAL 8309 05:44:14,077 --> 05:44:17,513 ROW THAN MENTAL HEALTH LESLIE 8310 05:44:17,513 --> 05:44:19,749 WOULD BE THE ONE TO TALK TO OR 8311 05:44:19,749 --> 05:44:21,484 ME, THAT WAS MY FORMER PORTFOLIO 8312 05:44:21,484 --> 05:44:23,086 AT NINDS. THEN THE BRAIN 8313 05:44:23,086 --> 05:44:27,490 INITIATIVE HAS A SET OF PROGRAMS 8314 05:44:27,490 --> 05:44:29,192 LISTED NEXT ON THE LIST HERE. 8315 05:44:29,192 --> 05:44:33,162 THERE IS A U-19 TEAM RESEARCH 8316 05:44:33,162 --> 05:44:34,530 PROGRAMS WHICH USES A 8317 05:44:34,530 --> 05:44:35,531 MULTI-COMPONENT PROGRAM, IT IS 8318 05:44:35,531 --> 05:44:38,501 LIKE PUTTING TOGETHER MULTIPLE 8319 05:44:38,501 --> 05:44:40,637 RO1s, MAYBE THREE, FOUR, FIVE 8320 05:44:40,637 --> 05:44:42,538 RO1 SIZE PROJECTS AND THEY MIGHT 8321 05:44:42,538 --> 05:44:44,540 HAVE CORES SO RESOURCE CORES 8322 05:44:44,540 --> 05:44:46,509 THAT WOULD SUPPORT THE PROJECTS, 8323 05:44:46,509 --> 05:44:47,777 THE IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THIS 8324 05:44:47,777 --> 05:44:51,147 TEAM RESEARCH PROGRAM IS, THIS 8325 05:44:51,147 --> 05:44:52,982 IS AN EXPERIMENT THAT THE BRAIN 8326 05:44:52,982 --> 05:44:55,184 INITIATIVE IS DOING IN HOW TO 8327 05:44:55,184 --> 05:44:58,254 FUNDS NEUROSCIENCE. IF -- IT 8328 05:44:58,254 --> 05:44:59,956 CERTAINLY CAN BE RELATED TO 8329 05:44:59,956 --> 05:45:01,357 CONSCIOUSNESS. YOU CAN COME WITH 8330 05:45:01,357 --> 05:45:02,959 A CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH TO ANY 8331 05:45:02,959 --> 05:45:04,827 PROGRAM. AS LONG AS THE EMPHASIS 8332 05:45:04,827 --> 05:45:08,698 IS ON UNDERSTANDING AT A 8333 05:45:08,698 --> 05:45:11,100 MECHANISTIC LEVEL OF BRAIN 8334 05:45:11,100 --> 05:45:11,601 CIRCUMSTANCES, THAT'S A 8335 05:45:11,601 --> 05:45:15,238 REQUIREMENT OF THESE PROGRAMS. 8336 05:45:15,238 --> 05:45:16,272 ONE OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS 8337 05:45:16,272 --> 05:45:19,776 TEAM RESEARCH PROGRAM USING THIS 8338 05:45:19,776 --> 05:45:21,744 U-19 MECHANISM IS THEY MUST BE 8339 05:45:21,744 --> 05:45:23,746 PROJECTS THAT TO BE SUCCESSFUL 8340 05:45:23,746 --> 05:45:25,481 THEY MUST BE DONE COLLECTIVELY, 8341 05:45:25,481 --> 05:45:30,186 THEY MUST BE DONE TOGETHER. A 8342 05:45:30,186 --> 05:45:31,854 PROGRAM PROJECT WITH THREE OR 8343 05:45:31,854 --> 05:45:33,656 FOUR RO1s WORKING IN PARALLEL 8344 05:45:33,656 --> 05:45:35,391 DOESN'T FIT. IT HAS TO BE A 8345 05:45:35,391 --> 05:45:39,228 PROGRAM WHERE THE PROJECTS TO BE 8346 05:45:39,228 --> 05:45:40,096 SUCCESSFUL THEY MUST BE DONE 8347 05:45:40,096 --> 05:45:44,467 COLLECTIVELY. 8348 05:45:44,467 --> 05:45:47,870 >> HOW TRANSLATIONAL CAN THEY BE 8349 05:45:47,870 --> 05:45:50,139 AS FAR AS BASIC MECHANISM? 8350 05:45:50,139 --> 05:45:52,075 >> QUESTION HOW APPLIED OR TRAN 8351 05:45:52,075 --> 05:45:55,445 LAKESSAL VERSUS BASIC. AND -- 8352 05:45:55,445 --> 05:45:56,412 TRANSLATIONAL VERSUS BASIC. THE 8353 05:45:56,412 --> 05:45:58,848 BRAIN INITIATIVE EXISTS IN LARGE 8354 05:45:58,848 --> 05:46:01,317 PART TO DO WHAT THE INSTITUTES 8355 05:46:01,317 --> 05:46:03,252 DON'T. SO IF TRULY TRANSLATIONAL 8356 05:46:03,252 --> 05:46:05,221 FOR NEUROLOGY, OR FOR A MENTAL 8357 05:46:05,221 --> 05:46:07,990 HEALTH, IT SHOULD GO TO THOSE 8358 05:46:07,990 --> 05:46:10,059 INSTITUTES. SO YOU MIGHT THINK 8359 05:46:10,059 --> 05:46:14,697 OF RO1 PROGRAM, BRAIN INITIATIVE 8360 05:46:14,697 --> 05:46:16,065 MORE TOWARDS FUNDAMENTAL 8361 05:46:16,065 --> 05:46:17,734 UNDERSTANDING BASIC FUNDAMENTAL 8362 05:46:17,734 --> 05:46:19,102 NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS OR 8363 05:46:19,102 --> 05:46:20,570 CONSCIOUSNESS LIKE MECHANISMS OF 8364 05:46:20,570 --> 05:46:23,906 BRAIN MECHANISMS THAT IMPACT 8365 05:46:23,906 --> 05:46:25,408 CONSCIOUSNESS. IF TRULY 8366 05:46:25,408 --> 05:46:27,377 TRANSLATIONAL OR APPLIED IT 8367 05:46:27,377 --> 05:46:30,680 SHOULD GO TO INSTITUTE THAT 8368 05:46:30,680 --> 05:46:31,781 WOULD HAVE THAT SPECIALTY. 8369 05:46:31,781 --> 05:46:32,682 (OFF MIC) 8370 05:46:32,682 --> 05:46:38,454 >> CONVERGENCE IS THIS EQUAL 8371 05:46:38,454 --> 05:46:41,657 MECHANISM GROWING CONVERGENCE AT 8372 05:46:41,657 --> 05:46:43,459 NSF? IS IT SIMILAR KIND OF TYPE 8373 05:46:43,459 --> 05:46:44,560 OF THING? 8374 05:46:44,560 --> 05:46:48,030 >> WE'LL HAVE A TALK FROM NSF IN 8375 05:46:48,030 --> 05:46:49,132 FEW MINUTES. 8376 05:46:49,132 --> 05:46:50,700 >> I WAS WONDERING SCOPE, HOW 8377 05:46:50,700 --> 05:46:51,567 MUCH MONEY. 8378 05:46:51,567 --> 05:46:58,374 >> SCOPE OF MONEY FOR -- I THINK 8379 05:46:58,374 --> 05:47:01,010 THE NIGMS I THINK THE CAPPED 1 8380 05:47:01,010 --> 05:47:06,082 MILLION DIRECT COST PER YEAR. 8381 05:47:06,082 --> 05:47:08,384 THE RM 1 AT NINDS IS NOT CAPPED 8382 05:47:08,384 --> 05:47:10,820 BUT MUST BE JUSTIFIED. FOR THE 8383 05:47:10,820 --> 05:47:13,022 SIZE THE U 19 DOES NOT HAVE A 8384 05:47:13,022 --> 05:47:14,357 CAP BUT MUST BE JUSTIFIED TO FIT 8385 05:47:14,357 --> 05:47:19,362 THE SCOPE OF THE WORK. BECAUSE 8386 05:47:19,362 --> 05:47:21,364 NAY ARE LARGE PROGRAMS THE SIZE 8387 05:47:21,364 --> 05:47:24,967 OF THREE SOMETIMES FOUR OR FIVE 8388 05:47:24,967 --> 05:47:28,671 RO1s THEY CAN HAVE DIRECT COST 8389 05:47:28,671 --> 05:47:29,605 BUDGETS UP TO THE MILLIONS PER 8390 05:47:29,605 --> 05:47:35,545 YEAR. IT HAS TO FIT THE SCOPE OF 8391 05:47:35,545 --> 05:47:37,947 THE WORK. THERE IS A UO 1 8392 05:47:37,947 --> 05:47:40,049 PROGRAM THAT IS EXPLORATORY 8393 05:47:40,049 --> 05:47:40,950 FEEDER PROGRAM INTO THAT. I 8394 05:47:40,950 --> 05:47:45,755 DIDN'T PUT IT ON TO THIS LIST. 8395 05:47:45,755 --> 05:47:47,890 IT DOES EXIST YOU CAN TALK TO ME 8396 05:47:47,890 --> 05:47:48,825 OR KAREN, THE PROGRAM OFFICER 8397 05:47:48,825 --> 05:47:52,728 FOR THAT EXPLORATORY VERSION. 8398 05:47:52,728 --> 05:47:55,198 OF THIS U 19 WE HAVE A RESEARCH 8399 05:47:55,198 --> 05:47:56,799 OPPORTUNITIES IN HUMANS PROGRAMS 8400 05:47:56,799 --> 05:47:57,633 AND SOME OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE 8401 05:47:57,633 --> 05:48:00,436 BEEN HERE THIS WEEK HAVE FUNDING 8402 05:48:00,436 --> 05:48:05,808 FROM THIS PROGRAM, THE 8403 05:48:05,808 --> 05:48:06,742 OPPORTUNITY NEUROSURGELY YOU 8404 05:48:06,742 --> 05:48:08,110 HAVE ACCESS DIRECTLY TO THE 8405 05:48:08,110 --> 05:48:12,415 BRAIN TO OR OR MANIPULATE IN THE 8406 05:48:12,415 --> 05:48:13,549 BRAIN TO ASK NEUROSCIENCE 8407 05:48:13,549 --> 05:48:14,750 QUESTIONS, SO IT IS NOT 8408 05:48:14,750 --> 05:48:17,353 TRANSLATIONAL, NOT THERAPEUTIC, 8409 05:48:17,353 --> 05:48:19,689 AND IT IS NOT FOR THERAPEUTIC 8410 05:48:19,689 --> 05:48:21,023 IMPACT TO THE PATIENTS, IT IS 8411 05:48:21,023 --> 05:48:24,060 FOR THE PATIENTS TO BE A 8412 05:48:24,060 --> 05:48:25,528 VOLUNTEER BECAUSE YOU ARE 8413 05:48:25,528 --> 05:48:28,731 RECORDING AND HAVE ACCESS TO 8414 05:48:28,731 --> 05:48:30,299 THEIR BRAIN AND ASK A QUESTION 8415 05:48:30,299 --> 05:48:31,801 ABOUT HOW DOES THE BRAIN WORK. 8416 05:48:31,801 --> 05:48:34,170 YOU CAN CERTAINLY DO THAT FOR A 8417 05:48:34,170 --> 05:48:39,175 CONSCIOUSNESS STUDY. WE USED TO 8418 05:48:39,175 --> 05:48:41,410 HAVE EXPLORATORY VERSION OF THIS 8419 05:48:41,410 --> 05:48:42,945 RO 8 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND 8420 05:48:42,945 --> 05:48:43,546 PROGRAMS, WE JUST BROUGHT IT 8421 05:48:43,546 --> 05:48:49,485 BACK. THERE SHE IS IN THE BACK 8422 05:48:49,485 --> 05:48:50,386 PROGRAM OFFICER FOR THAT. SO IT 8423 05:48:50,386 --> 05:48:53,756 IS THE EXPLORATORY FEEDER 8424 05:48:53,756 --> 05:48:55,224 VERSION OF THIS RESEARCH 8425 05:48:55,224 --> 05:48:56,125 OPPORTUNITIES IN HUMANS. IT IS 8426 05:48:56,125 --> 05:49:05,034 A THREE YEAR PROGRAM. ENABLING 8427 05:49:05,034 --> 05:49:07,236 STEP TO ALLOW WHAT YOU NEED TO 8428 05:49:07,236 --> 05:49:08,938 DO TO GET TO LARGER FIVE YEAR 8429 05:49:08,938 --> 05:49:11,240 AWARD OF RESEARCH ROH PROGRAM 8430 05:49:11,240 --> 05:49:14,744 YOU CAN TALK TO MIRAV (PHONETIC) 8431 05:49:14,744 --> 05:49:17,580 ABOUT THAT. WE HAVE A NEW SET 8432 05:49:17,580 --> 05:49:19,849 OF PROGRAMS CALLED THE BRAIN 8433 05:49:19,849 --> 05:49:22,051 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION AND 8434 05:49:22,051 --> 05:49:24,120 SYNCHRONIZATION, BBQS PROGRAMS. 8435 05:49:24,120 --> 05:49:26,756 THERE IS ONE -- SO THE PURPOSE 8436 05:49:26,756 --> 05:49:30,760 OF THIS IS TO ASSAYS OF BEHAVIOR 8437 05:49:30,760 --> 05:49:33,796 TO THE SAME HIGH CONTENT AND 8438 05:49:33,796 --> 05:49:36,832 HIGH TEMPO RESOLUTION AS NEURAL 8439 05:49:36,832 --> 05:49:38,434 RECORDINGS. SO TO GET FROM 8440 05:49:38,434 --> 05:49:41,003 HAVING SURVEYS OF PATIENTS WHICH 8441 05:49:41,003 --> 05:49:43,072 HAS NO TEMPORAL RESOLUTION TO IT 8442 05:49:43,072 --> 05:49:48,077 TO SOME BEHAVE ASSAY LIKE SEE 8443 05:49:48,077 --> 05:49:51,380 ME, YES, SEE ME THAT HAS HIGH 8444 05:49:51,380 --> 05:49:53,749 CONTENT AND HIGH TEMPORAL 8445 05:49:53,749 --> 05:49:55,318 RESOLUTION ROUGHLY EQUAL TO 8446 05:49:55,318 --> 05:50:05,895 NEURAL RECORDINGS THEMSELVES. 8447 05:50:05,895 --> 05:50:07,596 RU 61 WHICH TRANSITIONS TO R 33 8448 05:50:07,596 --> 05:50:08,764 SO A MILESTONE DRIVEN KIND OF 8449 05:50:08,764 --> 05:50:14,370 PROGRAM. THERE IS A HUMAN 8450 05:50:14,370 --> 05:50:16,672 CRITTER VERSION OF IT. HOLLY 8451 05:50:16,672 --> 05:50:21,978 MOORE IS HERE. HOLLY WAVE YOUR 8452 05:50:21,978 --> 05:50:27,216 HAND, HE , SHE IS NOT HERE NOW.G 8453 05:50:27,216 --> 05:50:29,485 AN R34, A PLANNING MECHANISM, 8454 05:50:29,485 --> 05:50:32,922 LIKE -- IT IS LIKE AN R21. SO 8455 05:50:32,922 --> 05:50:36,392 THIS AGAIN IS ENABLING STEP IN 8456 05:50:36,392 --> 05:50:44,000 THE BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS CRITTERS 8457 05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:45,034 WITH HIGH RESOLUTION. YOU CAN 8458 05:50:45,034 --> 05:50:52,908 IMAGINE IF WE HAVE AENINGS 8459 05:50:52,908 --> 05:50:54,076 EMPLOYERTORY VERSION E WILL BE 8460 05:50:54,076 --> 05:50:55,311 RATIVE VERSION SOMETIME IN THE 8461 05:50:55,311 --> 05:50:58,614 FUTURE -- EXPLORATORY VERSION. 8462 05:50:58,614 --> 05:50:59,515 THEN A PROGRAM I WILL MENTION 8463 05:50:59,515 --> 05:51:01,651 AND JONATHAN MAY TALK TOO, THERE 8464 05:51:01,651 --> 05:51:04,820 IS A JOINT AGENCY PROGRAM 8465 05:51:04,820 --> 05:51:07,156 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AND 8466 05:51:07,156 --> 05:51:08,391 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 8467 05:51:08,391 --> 05:51:10,926 PROGRAM, IT IS BY DEFINITION 8468 05:51:10,926 --> 05:51:11,994 EXPERIMENTALIST WHO COLLABORATE 8469 05:51:11,994 --> 05:51:15,698 WITH A THEORY OR MODELING OR 8470 05:51:15,698 --> 05:51:18,868 QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES PERSON 8471 05:51:18,868 --> 05:51:21,003 ON A SPECIFIC QUESTION. AND THE 8472 05:51:21,003 --> 05:51:24,540 QUESTION CAN CERTAINLY BE ABOUT 8473 05:51:24,540 --> 05:51:28,144 CONSCIOUSNESS OR MECHANISMS OF 8474 05:51:28,144 --> 05:51:29,545 CONSCIOUSNESS. A PROGRAM WHERE 8475 05:51:29,545 --> 05:51:31,647 APPLICATIONS ARE REVIEWED IN AN 8476 05:51:31,647 --> 05:51:38,220 NSF REVIEW PANEL WITH A NIH SRO 8477 05:51:38,220 --> 05:51:42,358 WHO CO--- IS AT THE REVIEW AND 8478 05:51:42,358 --> 05:51:45,194 DEPENDING WHAT THE TOPIC OF THE 8479 05:51:45,194 --> 05:51:47,496 RESEARCH PROGRAM IS AND HOW WELL 8480 05:51:47,496 --> 05:51:49,398 IT SCORES IT CAN BE PICKED UP BY 8481 05:51:49,398 --> 05:51:52,868 EITHER AGENCY AND PICKED UP BY 8482 05:51:52,868 --> 05:51:54,103 ANY OF THE TEN INSTITUTE WHO 8483 05:51:54,103 --> 05:51:55,271 PARTICIPATE IN THIS PROGRAM. SO 8484 05:51:55,271 --> 05:51:57,606 IT WOULD INCLUDE MENTAL HEALTH 8485 05:51:57,606 --> 05:51:59,875 NEUROLOGY AND MOST OF THE 8486 05:51:59,875 --> 05:52:00,643 NEUROINSTITUTES THAT YOU WOULD 8487 05:52:00,643 --> 05:52:05,514 THINK ABOUT. THOSE ARE PROGRAMS 8488 05:52:05,514 --> 05:52:08,184 YOU CAN USE NOW TO GET IN THE 8489 05:52:08,184 --> 05:52:10,319 DOOR AT NIH. THEY ARE ALSO HIGH 8490 05:52:10,319 --> 05:52:12,221 RISK HIGH REWARD RESEARCH 8491 05:52:12,221 --> 05:52:15,257 PROGRAMS, PIONEER AWARD, THE NEW 8492 05:52:15,257 --> 05:52:16,926 INNOVATOR AWARD, TRANSFORMATIVE 8493 05:52:16,926 --> 05:52:18,461 RESEARCH AWARDS AND EARLY 8494 05:52:18,461 --> 05:52:21,530 INDEPENDENCE AWARDS. GO DIRECTLY 8495 05:52:21,530 --> 05:52:24,867 THROUGH THE OFFICE OF THE NIH 8496 05:52:24,867 --> 05:52:25,434 DIRECTOR NOT THROUGH AN 8497 05:52:25,434 --> 05:52:29,004 INSTITUTE. TO SOME EXTENT THEY 8498 05:52:29,004 --> 05:52:30,473 ARE MORE FUND THE PERSON RATHER 8499 05:52:30,473 --> 05:52:31,440 THAN FUND THE PROJECT KIND OF 8500 05:52:31,440 --> 05:52:34,276 REVIEW. TO SIMPLIFY THINGS A 8501 05:52:34,276 --> 05:52:43,052 BIT. SO THANKS FOR EVERYBODY TO 8502 05:52:43,052 --> 05:52:45,521 BE HERE. THOSE OF US AT NIH 8503 05:52:45,521 --> 05:52:49,358 EITHER IN THE ROOM OR ONLINE, WE 8504 05:52:49,358 --> 05:52:50,759 ARE HAPPY TO TALK TO YOU IF YOU 8505 05:52:50,759 --> 05:52:54,597 HAVE QUESTIONS. AND I HAVE 8506 05:52:54,597 --> 05:52:56,098 LEARNED AD LOT AND EXCITED TO 8507 05:52:56,098 --> 05:52:57,833 SEE WHERE THIS GOES. IN THE 8508 05:52:57,833 --> 05:53:07,343 COMING YEARS. THANKS. 8509 05:53:07,343 --> 05:53:09,912 >> OUR SECOND SPEAKER FOR THIS 8510 05:53:09,912 --> 05:53:12,915 SESSION IS DR. JONATHAN 8511 05:53:12,915 --> 05:53:14,316 FRITZSCHE, GREAT PLEASURE TO 8512 05:53:14,316 --> 05:53:15,584 INTRODUCE HIM, THE PROGRAM 8513 05:53:15,584 --> 05:53:17,620 DIRECTOR OF THE COGNITIVE 8514 05:53:17,620 --> 05:53:20,623 NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM AT NSF. HE 8515 05:53:20,623 --> 05:53:25,928 ALSO OVERSAW IS OVERSEEING THE 8516 05:53:25,928 --> 05:53:29,064 NSF BRAIN INITIATIVE PROGRAM NCS 8517 05:53:29,064 --> 05:53:29,899 PROGRAM, I HAVE BEEN VERY 8518 05:53:29,899 --> 05:53:31,734 FORTUNATE TO INTERACT WITH 8519 05:53:31,734 --> 05:53:32,735 JONATHAN THE LAST YEAR ALSO 8520 05:53:32,735 --> 05:53:36,505 PLANNING FOR THIS WORKSHOP. HE 8521 05:53:36,505 --> 05:53:41,844 REALLY WAS A PERSON BEHIND BRAIN 8522 05:53:41,844 --> 05:53:43,612 NSF AND NIH TOGETHER MAKING THIS 8523 05:53:43,612 --> 05:53:45,548 WORKSHOP A POSSIBILITY AND 8524 05:53:45,548 --> 05:53:46,816 REALITY. VERY MUCH GRATEFUL FOR 8525 05:53:46,816 --> 05:53:52,488 JONATHAN FOR DOING THAT. AND FOR 8526 05:53:52,488 --> 05:53:54,023 BRINGING (INAUDIBLE) TO DISCUSS 8527 05:53:54,023 --> 05:54:04,433 THESE EXCITING TOPICS. 8528 05:54:20,816 --> 05:54:22,885 >> THANKS TO ALL THE SURVIVORS 8529 05:54:22,885 --> 05:54:24,486 WHO STUCK AROUND TO THE LAST 8530 05:54:24,486 --> 05:54:25,654 HOUR OF THE LAST DAY OF THIS 8531 05:54:25,654 --> 05:54:28,424 CONFERENCE. IT'S BEEN REALLY 8532 05:54:28,424 --> 05:54:30,593 EXCITING. AND I'M GOING TO GIVE 8533 05:54:30,593 --> 05:54:31,760 FAIRLY BRIEF REMARKS. WHAT I 8534 05:54:31,760 --> 05:54:34,496 WANT YOU TO DO IS GET A BRIEF 8535 05:54:34,496 --> 05:54:37,233 OVERVIEW OF WHAT NSF CAN OFFER. 8536 05:54:37,233 --> 05:54:39,101 IF YOU WANT TO FOLLOW-UP GET 8537 05:54:39,101 --> 05:54:42,338 MANY TOUCH WITH ME. I WOULD BE 8538 05:54:42,338 --> 05:54:43,505 HAPPY TO RESPOND QUICKLY BECAUSE 8539 05:54:43,505 --> 05:54:45,507 I WANT TO SUPPORT THIS WORK. 8540 05:54:45,507 --> 05:54:47,943 BOTH JIM AND I HAD GONE TO 8541 05:54:47,943 --> 05:54:49,912 LITTLE BIT OF BACKGROUND GONE TO 8542 05:54:49,912 --> 05:54:53,182 A MEETING TEMPLETON ORGANIZED IN 8543 05:54:53,182 --> 05:54:54,583 MARCH, IT WAS THERE FOR A YOUNG 8544 05:54:54,583 --> 05:54:55,784 INVESTIGATORS WHO WANTED TO GET 8545 05:54:55,784 --> 05:54:57,987 FUNDING FOR CONSCIOUSNESS 8546 05:54:57,987 --> 05:55:00,256 RESEARCH AND TEMPLETON DANGLED A 8547 05:55:00,256 --> 05:55:01,523 LITTLE MONEY FOR THE MOST 8548 05:55:01,523 --> 05:55:02,825 SUCCESSFUL PROPOSALS OF THE 20 8549 05:55:02,825 --> 05:55:06,061 PEOPLE SELECTED. AND IT WAS A 8550 05:55:06,061 --> 05:55:08,097 GOOD OPPORTUNITY TO BRAINSTORM 8551 05:55:08,097 --> 05:55:09,865 AND FOR SENIOR INVESTIGATORS TO 8552 05:55:09,865 --> 05:55:11,567 INTERACT WITH YOUNGER PEOPLE WHO 8553 05:55:11,567 --> 05:55:13,135 WANTED TO EXPLORE THIS FIELD AND 8554 05:55:13,135 --> 05:55:15,404 WE ARE A LITTLE NERVOUS ABOUT 8555 05:55:15,404 --> 05:55:16,438 USING THIS WORD CONSCIOUSNESS IN 8556 05:55:16,438 --> 05:55:21,911 THEIR PROPOSALS. BOTH JIM AND I 8557 05:55:21,911 --> 05:55:23,512 AND HAL HAD GONE TO THE MEETING 8558 05:55:23,512 --> 05:55:26,081 AND WE DECIDED WE WERE GOING TO 8559 05:55:26,081 --> 05:55:27,483 GO TO TALK DIRECTLY WITH THE 8560 05:55:27,483 --> 05:55:30,219 PEOPLE AT THE TEMPLETON 8561 05:55:30,219 --> 05:55:32,855 FOUNDATION TO GET A FEEL FOR 8562 05:55:32,855 --> 05:55:34,523 WHAT COULD BE DONE TO ENHANCE 8563 05:55:34,523 --> 05:55:36,992 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH AFTER $20 8564 05:55:36,992 --> 05:55:39,328 MILLION DISSIPATED. THEY FUNDED 8565 05:55:39,328 --> 05:55:41,997 A REALLY EXCITED SET OF STUDIES 8566 05:55:41,997 --> 05:55:45,234 WE HEARD ABOUT ALREADY FROM 8567 05:55:45,234 --> 05:55:49,471 CHRIS AND JEWEL OWE AND STAN FOR 8568 05:55:49,471 --> 05:55:51,540 ADVERSARIAL RESEARCH BUT THAT 8569 05:55:51,540 --> 05:55:53,475 $20 MILLION IS ONLY INTENDED TO 8570 05:55:53,475 --> 05:55:54,510 LAST FIVE YEARS, SO ONE OF THE 8571 05:55:54,510 --> 05:55:59,315 THINGS WE THOUGHT WAS HERE IS A 8572 05:55:59,315 --> 05:56:00,916 COMMUNITY TO SUSTAIN AND PROVIDE 8573 05:56:00,916 --> 05:56:03,118 FROM NIH AND NSF TO GET THE 8574 05:56:03,118 --> 05:56:04,520 EXCITING WORK GOING. THAT WAS 8575 05:56:04,520 --> 05:56:06,021 PART OF THE IMPETUS FOR THIS 8576 05:56:06,021 --> 05:56:07,656 WORKSHOP. TO GET A FEEL FOR 8577 05:56:07,656 --> 05:56:09,658 WHERE WE ARE AT, WHERE WE ARE 8578 05:56:09,658 --> 05:56:11,727 GOING AND HOW NSF AND NIH AND 8579 05:56:11,727 --> 05:56:18,334 OTHER AGENCIES INCLUDING OTHER 8580 05:56:18,334 --> 05:56:19,535 FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT FUND WORK 8581 05:56:19,535 --> 05:56:22,838 IN THIS AREA CAN SUPPORT. SEE IF 8582 05:56:22,838 --> 05:56:33,349 I CAN ADVANCE THIS P. HERE IS 8583 05:56:34,049 --> 05:56:37,453 THE NSF BUILDING, ALEXANDRIA 8584 05:56:37,453 --> 05:56:38,687 NOW. I HAVE BEEN THERE FOUR 8585 05:56:38,687 --> 05:56:39,722 TIMES THE LAST THREE YEARS, IT 8586 05:56:39,722 --> 05:56:44,226 IS A VERY NICE BUILDING. I GOT 8587 05:56:44,226 --> 05:56:45,728 LOST THERE, COULDN'T REMEMBER 8588 05:56:45,728 --> 05:56:47,930 WHICH FLOOR DIRECTOR WAS UNAWARE 8589 05:56:47,930 --> 05:56:49,832 WHICH OFFICE WAS BUT I HAVE GONE 8590 05:56:49,832 --> 05:56:51,500 THERE FOR FINGERPRINTING. IT IS 8591 05:56:51,500 --> 05:56:52,801 A GREAT PLACE. ONE ADVANTAGE IS 8592 05:56:52,801 --> 05:56:54,336 THEY HAVE A MORE EFFICIENT 8593 05:56:54,336 --> 05:56:55,871 SYSTEM, THAN NIH FOR THE GATEWAY 8594 05:56:55,871 --> 05:56:58,640 TO LET PEOPLE IN. WE WILL WORK 8595 05:56:58,640 --> 05:57:00,476 ON THAT A LITTLE BIT MORE NEXT 8596 05:57:00,476 --> 05:57:01,677 TIME TO FACILITATE FUTURE 8597 05:57:01,677 --> 05:57:08,851 MEETINGS. SO JUST A QUICK 8598 05:57:08,851 --> 05:57:10,152 OVERVIEW OF THE STRUCTURE OF NSF 8599 05:57:10,152 --> 05:57:11,687 SO YOU GET A FEEL FOR IT, IN 8600 05:57:11,687 --> 05:57:15,557 BLUE I HIGHLIGHTED THE DIRECTOR 8601 05:57:15,557 --> 05:57:16,892 WHICH FUNDED CONSCIOUSNESS 8602 05:57:16,892 --> 05:57:18,861 RESEARCH IN ONE FORM OR ANOTHER 8603 05:57:18,861 --> 05:57:21,030 OVER THE YEAR YEARS. THAT INCLUS 8604 05:57:21,030 --> 05:57:22,931 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, SIZE, 8605 05:57:22,931 --> 05:57:23,732 COMPUTER INFORMATION SCIENCE AND 8606 05:57:23,732 --> 05:57:27,269 ENGINEERING. ENGINEERING ITSELF 8607 05:57:27,269 --> 05:57:30,105 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES 8608 05:57:30,105 --> 05:57:32,307 AND THE DIRECTOR SOCIAL 8609 05:57:32,307 --> 05:57:33,942 BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC SCIENCES I'M 8610 05:57:33,942 --> 05:57:37,212 GOING TO DIVISION CALLED BCS 8611 05:57:37,212 --> 05:57:39,047 BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE 8612 05:57:39,047 --> 05:57:41,750 AND NEW DIRECTOR FUNDED BY CHIPS 8613 05:57:41,750 --> 05:57:43,285 ACT, THIS IS THE TECHNOLOGY 8614 05:57:43,285 --> 05:57:44,887 INNOVATION AND PARTNERSHIPS. AND 8615 05:57:44,887 --> 05:57:49,458 NOTICE A LOT OF PEOPLE HERE IN 8616 05:57:49,458 --> 05:57:51,794 PRESENTATIONS HAD SAID SOMETHING 8617 05:57:51,794 --> 05:57:53,829 ABOUT HOW DISCLOSURE TO MAKE. 8618 05:57:53,829 --> 05:57:57,466 GUESS WHAT, TIPS IS RIGHT THERE 8619 05:57:57,466 --> 05:57:59,034 TO HELP YOU SUPPORT ANY WORK YOU 8620 05:57:59,034 --> 05:58:00,269 MIGHT WANT TO DO THAT IS 8621 05:58:00,269 --> 05:58:02,471 TRANSLATIONAL SO WE ARE NOT 8622 05:58:02,471 --> 05:58:04,473 DOING -- NSF DOES NOT SUPPORT 8623 05:58:04,473 --> 05:58:05,908 CLINICAL RESEARCH PER SE BUT IT 8624 05:58:05,908 --> 05:58:07,643 IS INTERESTED IN INNOVATION AND 8625 05:58:07,643 --> 05:58:09,945 INTERESTED IN WAYS IN WHICH YOU 8626 05:58:09,945 --> 05:58:10,846 MIGHT TAKE YOUR RESEARCH AND 8627 05:58:10,846 --> 05:58:11,547 TRANSLATE TO SOMETHING THAT 8628 05:58:11,547 --> 05:58:14,683 COULD BE USEFUL AT A CLINICAL 8629 05:58:14,683 --> 05:58:16,919 LEVEL OR DIAGNOSIS OR SORT OF 8630 05:58:16,919 --> 05:58:18,854 HELPING PEOPLE WHO ARE LOCKED 8631 05:58:18,854 --> 05:58:22,357 IN. THE SORTS OF QUESTIONS THAT 8632 05:58:22,357 --> 05:58:26,161 RELATE TO POSITIVE APPLICATIONS 8633 05:58:26,161 --> 05:58:27,262 THAT COULD BE TURNED INTO A 8634 05:58:27,262 --> 05:58:30,566 BUSINESS. THAT COULD BE USEFUL. 8635 05:58:30,566 --> 05:58:34,803 TO KEEP THAT IN MIND, AS WE GO 8636 05:58:34,803 --> 05:58:35,938 ALONG. OVER TWO -THIRDS OF FUNDED 8637 05:58:35,938 --> 05:58:38,040 BY NSF AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER. 8638 05:58:38,040 --> 05:58:39,808 THAT IS ENCOURAGING YOU SHOULD 8639 05:58:39,808 --> 05:58:43,812 FEEL LIKE YOU ARE PART OF A TEAM 8640 05:58:43,812 --> 05:58:47,082 THAT WILL GET INTEREST FROM NSF 8641 05:58:47,082 --> 05:58:48,217 AND POSSIBLE SUPPORT IN FUNDING. 8642 05:58:48,217 --> 05:58:51,220 WILL IS NO ONE CONSCIOUSNESS 8643 05:58:51,220 --> 05:58:53,322 INSTITUTE AT NSF AT LEAST NOT 8644 05:58:53,322 --> 05:58:55,023 NOW. YOU HAVE TO APPLY THE 8645 05:58:55,023 --> 05:58:58,560 DIFFERENT PROGRAMS IN DIFFERENT 8646 05:58:58,560 --> 05:58:59,795 DIRECTORATES. THAT IS THE WAY IT 8647 05:58:59,795 --> 05:59:03,065 WORKS. YOU APPLY THROUGH 8648 05:59:03,065 --> 05:59:03,832 RESEARCH.GOV BUT BASICALLY YOU 8649 05:59:03,832 --> 05:59:06,568 HAVE TO TAILOR TO THE DIFFERENT 8650 05:59:06,568 --> 05:59:07,302 DIRECTORIES AND DIFFERENT 8651 05:59:07,302 --> 05:59:10,439 PROGRAMS. THERE IS A LOT OF TEXT 8652 05:59:10,439 --> 05:59:12,207 HERE BUT BASICALLY THERE IS A 8653 05:59:12,207 --> 05:59:13,675 LOT OF INTEREST IN A BROAD SET 8654 05:59:13,675 --> 05:59:17,279 OF AREAS FOR FUNDING. NOT SO 8655 05:59:17,279 --> 05:59:19,748 MUCH CLINICAL ORIENTATION BUT 8656 05:59:19,748 --> 05:59:25,120 ANIMAL HUMAN RESEARCH STUDIES OF 8657 05:59:25,120 --> 05:59:26,088 CONSCIOUSNESS IDEALLY DOING 8658 05:59:26,088 --> 05:59:28,323 COMPARATIVE STUDIES USING 8659 05:59:28,323 --> 05:59:29,958 SIMILAR BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGICAL 8660 05:59:29,958 --> 05:59:33,061 PARADIGMS. WITHIN MICROGRAM 8661 05:59:33,061 --> 05:59:33,662 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE WE CAN 8662 05:59:33,662 --> 05:59:35,764 FUND WORK THAT HAS PARALLELS 8663 05:59:35,764 --> 05:59:38,634 WITH NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, AND 8664 05:59:38,634 --> 05:59:39,401 ALSO WITH HUMANS. 8665 05:59:39,401 --> 05:59:41,603 WE ARE ALSO FUNDING NOW STUDIES 8666 05:59:41,603 --> 05:59:43,071 IN FERRETS AND HUMANS BUT THE 8667 05:59:43,071 --> 05:59:44,940 GOAL IS NOT JUST TO HAVE ANIMAL 8668 05:59:44,940 --> 05:59:46,842 MODEL BUT SHOW THE VALUE OF THAT 8669 05:59:46,842 --> 05:59:50,879 ANIMAL MODEL FOR HUMAN WORK. NSF 8670 05:59:50,879 --> 05:59:52,614 SUPPORTED STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT 8671 05:59:52,614 --> 05:59:54,082 OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND 8672 05:59:54,082 --> 05:59:54,783 SELF-AWARENESS IN CHILDREN. 8673 05:59:54,783 --> 05:59:56,018 THERE IS A PROGRAM CALLED 8674 05:59:56,018 --> 05:59:57,519 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCES WITHIN 8675 05:59:57,519 --> 06:00:00,355 SBE. ROLE OF LANGUAGE, A 8676 06:00:00,355 --> 06:00:02,691 LINGUISTICS PROGRAM WE CO-FUNDED 8677 06:00:02,691 --> 06:00:04,293 WITH LINGUISTICS AND 8678 06:00:04,293 --> 06:00:06,061 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCES. 8679 06:00:06,061 --> 06:00:07,462 CONSTRUCTION CONSCIOUS NARRATIVE 8680 06:00:07,462 --> 06:00:09,898 DEFINES INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFIES, 8681 06:00:09,898 --> 06:00:12,734 SOCIAL CONSCIOUS SO A SOCIAL 8682 06:00:12,734 --> 06:00:14,403 PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM ALSO FOCUS ON 8683 06:00:14,403 --> 06:00:17,072 QUESTIONS THAT HAVE TO DO WITH 8684 06:00:17,072 --> 06:00:18,674 SOCIAL AWARENESS AND 8685 06:00:18,674 --> 06:00:19,374 INTERACTION, FUNDING 8686 06:00:19,374 --> 06:00:21,910 HYPERSCANNING LOOKING AT LOOKING 8687 06:00:21,910 --> 06:00:22,878 AT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE 8688 06:00:22,878 --> 06:00:24,546 TWO PEOPLE IN SCANNER 8689 06:00:24,546 --> 06:00:28,417 INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER. 8690 06:00:28,417 --> 06:00:29,851 THERE IS SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 8691 06:00:29,851 --> 06:00:31,887 PROGRAM, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 8692 06:00:31,887 --> 06:00:34,756 PROGRAM WHERE THE CONTEXT IS 8693 06:00:34,756 --> 06:00:36,625 WHAT CULTURE YOU ARE FROM, HOW 8694 06:00:36,625 --> 06:00:39,528 DOES IT SHAPE CONSCIOUSNESS OR 8695 06:00:39,528 --> 06:00:44,433 PERCEPTION. AND WE HAVE SOME 8696 06:00:44,433 --> 06:00:45,567 STUDIES WHAT HAPPENS IN 8697 06:00:45,567 --> 06:00:49,204 MEDITATION DRUG INDUCED 8698 06:00:49,204 --> 06:00:51,006 PSYCHODELLIC STATES. I WILL 8699 06:00:51,006 --> 06:00:53,108 DISCUSS A COUPLE OF PROPOSALS 8700 06:00:53,108 --> 06:00:55,210 FOR MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF 8701 06:00:55,210 --> 06:00:56,345 CONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS BRAIN 8702 06:00:56,345 --> 06:00:57,479 STATES THAT WE HEARD ABOUT TODAY 8703 06:00:57,479 --> 06:00:58,413 AND OTHER CONSCIOUS STATES WE 8704 06:00:58,413 --> 06:01:02,184 HAWEHAVE. SO HERE IS A TEN OR SO 8705 06:01:02,184 --> 06:01:04,786 RECENT NSF AWARD TO SHOW YOU THE 8706 06:01:04,786 --> 06:01:06,521 VARIETY. HERE IS WHAT I'M 8707 06:01:06,521 --> 06:01:08,857 FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER 8708 06:01:08,857 --> 06:01:09,925 WHERE SUBJECTS BELIEVE THEY HAVE 8709 06:01:09,925 --> 06:01:14,429 EPILEPSY OR PARKINSON AND THEY 8710 06:01:14,429 --> 06:01:16,798 DON'T. BUT THEY DISPLAY THEM. 8711 06:01:16,798 --> 06:01:17,666 THAT I BELIEVE FIRMLY THEY HAVE 8712 06:01:17,666 --> 06:01:19,835 THEM. SO TRYING TO FIND OUT WHAT 8713 06:01:19,835 --> 06:01:21,103 IS HAPPENING ON NEUROLOGICAL 8714 06:01:21,103 --> 06:01:22,437 LEVEL AND FINDING OUT WHAT IS 8715 06:01:22,437 --> 06:01:25,707 THE ORIGIN OF THIS. A STUDY 8716 06:01:25,707 --> 06:01:27,342 CROSS CULTURAL STUDY OF AUDITORY 8717 06:01:27,342 --> 06:01:29,011 AND VISUAL PERCEPTUAL 8718 06:01:29,011 --> 06:01:30,512 DIFFERENCES GOING INTO BRAZIL 8719 06:01:30,512 --> 06:01:31,813 AND FINDING OUT DIFFERENT 8720 06:01:31,813 --> 06:01:34,349 CONCEPTS OF NUMBER OR VISUAL 8721 06:01:34,349 --> 06:01:36,418 PERCEPTION ULTRA PERCEPTION 8722 06:01:36,418 --> 06:01:37,519 EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT 8723 06:01:37,519 --> 06:01:38,654 LEARNING IN HUMANS AND IN 8724 06:01:38,654 --> 06:01:42,891 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. COUPLE 8725 06:01:42,891 --> 06:01:45,560 RECENT SLEEP STUDIES LOOKING AT 8726 06:01:45,560 --> 06:01:49,931 MEMORY MODIFICATION AND 8727 06:01:49,931 --> 06:01:52,701 CONSOLIDATION, DURING WITH BRAIN 8728 06:01:52,701 --> 06:01:53,835 STIMULATION DURING SLEEP WE 8729 06:01:53,835 --> 06:01:55,904 FUNDED A COUPLE OF NEW PROPOSALS 8730 06:01:55,904 --> 06:01:58,173 ALONG THOSE LINES THIS SPRING. 8731 06:01:58,173 --> 06:01:59,875 REAL TIME DIALOGUE BETWEEN 8732 06:01:59,875 --> 06:02:01,143 EXPERIMENTERS AND DREAMERS 8733 06:02:01,143 --> 06:02:03,612 DURING RIM SLEEP AND LUCID 8734 06:02:03,612 --> 06:02:05,314 SLEEP. THEN NEURAL MECHANISMS OF 8735 06:02:05,314 --> 06:02:07,049 AGENCY IN MOTOR CONTROLS AND 8736 06:02:07,049 --> 06:02:10,152 SENSORY MOTOR AN LEARNING, 8737 06:02:10,152 --> 06:02:11,853 MECHANISTIC NEURAL THEORY OF 8738 06:02:11,853 --> 06:02:14,222 LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS DURING 8739 06:02:14,222 --> 06:02:17,292 ANESTHESIA, THIS BY THE WAY 8740 06:02:17,292 --> 06:02:18,427 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL 8741 06:02:18,427 --> 06:02:20,595 SCIENCES NOT SBE AND NEURAL 8742 06:02:20,595 --> 06:02:25,067 DYNAMICS THAT SUPPORT CONSCIOUS 8743 06:02:25,067 --> 06:02:26,501 AWARENESS STOCHASTIC FROM THE 8744 06:02:26,501 --> 06:02:29,371 ACTIVATEK SYSTEM. I WANT TO LET 8745 06:02:29,371 --> 06:02:30,706 PETER KNOW WE ARE SUPPORTING ONE 8746 06:02:30,706 --> 06:02:33,542 STUDY OF EEG FROM THE OCTOPUS 8747 06:02:33,542 --> 06:02:35,210 BRAIN, THIS IS PETER AT 8748 06:02:35,210 --> 06:02:37,279 DARTMOUTH. I LIKE TO FUNDS MORE 8749 06:02:37,279 --> 06:02:39,314 OCTOPUS STUDIES, THIS IS AN 8750 06:02:39,314 --> 06:02:40,816 EXCITING AREA AND THERE ARE 8751 06:02:40,816 --> 06:02:42,417 COUPLE OF RESEARCHERS DOING 8752 06:02:42,417 --> 06:02:45,220 PREYLY EXCITING WORK IN THIS 8753 06:02:45,220 --> 06:02:46,955 AREA, BOTH -- DOING EXCITING 8754 06:02:46,955 --> 06:02:49,758 WORK IN THIS AREA. SO THAT IS AN 8755 06:02:49,758 --> 06:02:51,059 AREA OF INTEREST. SO WHEN YOU 8756 06:02:51,059 --> 06:02:52,828 APPLY TO NSF YOU HAVE TO KEEP A 8757 06:02:52,828 --> 06:02:56,064 COUPLE OF THINGS IN MIND. HAS TO 8758 06:02:56,064 --> 06:02:58,667 BE GOOD PROPOSAL BUT HOW WHAT 8759 06:02:58,667 --> 06:03:01,803 WAY, A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM 8760 06:03:01,803 --> 06:03:04,706 NSF, FORGIVE ME IF I'M WRONG BUT 8761 06:03:04,706 --> 06:03:07,209 TOO OFTEN WHEN WE GOT NIH 8762 06:03:07,209 --> 06:03:09,244 FUNDING WE HAVE A BOILERPLATE 8763 06:03:09,244 --> 06:03:12,481 JUSTIFICATION FOR WHY IT WAS 8764 06:03:12,481 --> 06:03:13,515 IMPORTANT FROM A CLINICAL 8765 06:03:13,515 --> 06:03:14,616 STANDPOINT FOR FUNDAMENTAL 8766 06:03:14,616 --> 06:03:17,753 RESEARCH. NSF IS MORE INTERESTED 8767 06:03:17,753 --> 06:03:21,957 IN REALLY SEEING BROADER IMPACT 8768 06:03:21,957 --> 06:03:24,292 OUTSIDE OF THE ACADEMIC WORLD 8769 06:03:24,292 --> 06:03:26,161 AND TRYING TO LOOK AT IMPACT ON 8770 06:03:26,161 --> 06:03:30,298 SOCIETY. SO MENTORING 8771 06:03:30,298 --> 06:03:32,100 ENCOURAGING DIVERSITY AND 8772 06:03:32,100 --> 06:03:34,669 SOCIETAL BENEFITS IS REALLY 8773 06:03:34,669 --> 06:03:36,705 CRITICAL AS WELL AS THE 8774 06:03:36,705 --> 06:03:38,240 INTELLECTUAL MERIT, THERE IS 8775 06:03:38,240 --> 06:03:40,776 ALSO A SCENE GOING ON HAS TO BE 8776 06:03:40,776 --> 06:03:42,411 CREATIVE ORIGINAL WELL THOUGHT 8777 06:03:42,411 --> 06:03:43,645 THROUGH, GOOD ACCESS TO 8778 06:03:43,645 --> 06:03:47,115 RESOURCES AND SO FORTH. SO ALL 8779 06:03:47,115 --> 06:03:48,083 THOSE THINGS ARE NECESSARY BUT 8780 06:03:48,083 --> 06:03:51,286 THE BROADER IMPACT ALSO PLAYS A 8781 06:03:51,286 --> 06:03:53,955 BIG ROLE, HAPPY TO TALK IF THAT 8782 06:03:53,955 --> 06:03:56,358 IS SOMETHING YOU ARE NOT FAILURE 8783 06:03:56,358 --> 06:03:58,226 WITH BECAUSE YOU APPLIED TO NIH 8784 06:03:58,226 --> 06:04:02,164 IN THE PAST. SHOUT OUT TO 8785 06:04:02,164 --> 06:04:03,365 SHERIFFE HERE, ONE THING WE 8786 06:04:03,365 --> 06:04:06,168 WANTED TO DO FOR THIS CONFERENCE 8787 06:04:06,168 --> 06:04:09,137 WAS ENHANCE DIVERSITY AND 8788 06:04:09,137 --> 06:04:11,239 INCLUSION AND SO SHERIFFE HAS 8789 06:04:11,239 --> 06:04:14,009 BEEN INSTRUMENTAL AND INCREDIBLY 8790 06:04:14,009 --> 06:04:15,177 GENEROUS AND TALENTED IN 8791 06:04:15,177 --> 06:04:17,712 SETTLING UP A PROGRAM FOR 8792 06:04:17,712 --> 06:04:18,713 HOWARDS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS THAT 8793 06:04:18,713 --> 06:04:21,950 WAS A PARALLEL COURSE TO THIS 8794 06:04:21,950 --> 06:04:24,753 MEETING AND WAS A MINI COURSE TO 8795 06:04:24,753 --> 06:04:26,388 TEACH THEM ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS 8796 06:04:26,388 --> 06:04:28,557 AND NEURAL BIOLOGY OF 8797 06:04:28,557 --> 06:04:29,658 CONSCIOUSNESS. WE ARE HAVING 8798 06:04:29,658 --> 06:04:30,759 ANOTHER MEETING FRIDAY WITH 8799 06:04:30,759 --> 06:04:32,427 THEIR -- THEY HAVE TO MAKE 8800 06:04:32,427 --> 06:04:33,762 PROPOSALS FOR RESEARCH IF THEY 8801 06:04:33,762 --> 06:04:36,665 WANT TO DO TO MAKE GET FUNDED. 8802 06:04:36,665 --> 06:04:39,935 GOD KNOWS, BY NSF OR NIH ONE DAY 8803 06:04:39,935 --> 06:04:41,069 BUT THIS IS AN EXCITING 8804 06:04:41,069 --> 06:04:42,037 OPPORTUNITY AND THIS IS THE KIND 8805 06:04:42,037 --> 06:04:46,174 OF THING NSF WANTS TO PROMOTE. 8806 06:04:46,174 --> 06:04:51,213 SO TRANSFORMATIVE. WE DON'T 8807 06:04:51,213 --> 06:04:53,248 SUPPORT INCREMENTAL PROPOSALS. 8808 06:04:53,248 --> 06:04:55,116 INCREMENTAL, DAM GOOD PROPOSAL 8809 06:04:55,116 --> 06:04:58,920 BUT BASICALLY A LOGICAL RATIONAL 8810 06:04:58,920 --> 06:05:00,522 THOUGHTFUL PERHAPS EVEN REALLY 8811 06:05:00,522 --> 06:05:03,558 GOOD SET OF STUDIES THAT CARRY 8812 06:05:03,558 --> 06:05:05,527 ON BUT PURE PREDICTABLE, YOU 8813 06:05:05,527 --> 06:05:06,895 KNOW WHAT YOU GET AND FILL MANY 8814 06:05:06,895 --> 06:05:10,465 THE BLANKS. GREAT, THAT IS HOW 8815 06:05:10,465 --> 06:05:11,867 SCIENCE MOVES BUT AT LEAST IN MY 8816 06:05:11,867 --> 06:05:13,435 PROGRAM FOR SURE AND OTHER 8817 06:05:13,435 --> 06:05:14,302 PROGRAMS AS WELL WHAT YOU HAVE 8818 06:05:14,302 --> 06:05:18,139 TO DO IS GO FURTHER. IT HAS TO 8819 06:05:18,139 --> 06:05:19,941 BE SOMETHING THAT TAKES YOU AND 8820 06:05:19,941 --> 06:05:21,243 THE RESEARCH TO DIFFERENT LEVEL 8821 06:05:21,243 --> 06:05:24,913 SO HIGH RISK, HIGH REWARD AND 8822 06:05:24,913 --> 06:05:25,881 SOMETHING THAT IS REALLY GOING 8823 06:05:25,881 --> 06:05:28,383 TO TRANSFORM THE FIELD, NOT 8824 06:05:28,383 --> 06:05:31,219 SOMETHING THAT IS HOME GROWN SO 8825 06:05:31,219 --> 06:05:32,954 THINK BIG AND INTERDISCIPLINARY. 8826 06:05:32,954 --> 06:05:34,556 HERE ARE SOME THEMES THAT HAVE 8827 06:05:34,556 --> 06:05:35,724 BEEN DISCUSSED AT THE WORKSHOP 8828 06:05:35,724 --> 06:05:39,194 AND THAT I THINK YOU ALL HAVE A 8829 06:05:39,194 --> 06:05:43,598 SENSE OF BEING KEY TO ADVANCES 8830 06:05:43,598 --> 06:05:45,634 IN THE FIELD. WE WANT TO SUPPORT 8831 06:05:45,634 --> 06:05:47,402 CAUSAL STUDIES AS WELL AS 8832 06:05:47,402 --> 06:05:48,570 CORRELATIVE STUDIES ON THE 8833 06:05:48,570 --> 06:05:49,971 NEURAL BASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 8834 06:05:49,971 --> 06:05:52,774 WE WANT TO SEE THEORETICAL 8835 06:05:52,774 --> 06:05:54,009 MODELS OF BRAIN STATES AND 8836 06:05:54,009 --> 06:05:55,810 CONSCIOUSNESS AND NEW 8837 06:05:55,810 --> 06:05:56,411 EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS FOR 8838 06:05:56,411 --> 06:05:59,080 TESTING THOSE. SO AGAIN THIS 8839 06:05:59,080 --> 06:06:01,750 SOMETHING THAT IS PARAMOUNT IN 8840 06:06:01,750 --> 06:06:02,551 DISCUSSION DURING THIS 8841 06:06:02,551 --> 06:06:04,319 CONFERENCE, IT IS REALLY 8842 06:06:04,319 --> 06:06:06,254 IMPORTANT THAT YOU COME UP WITH 8843 06:06:06,254 --> 06:06:10,892 A WAY OF TESTING IT, IT OCCURS 8844 06:06:10,892 --> 06:06:13,128 TO ME THE ADVERSARIAL TESTS ARE 8845 06:06:13,128 --> 06:06:14,629 HOTLY CONTESTED BY THE PEOPLE 8846 06:06:14,629 --> 06:06:16,798 WHO GOT THE RESULTS. I THINK 8847 06:06:16,798 --> 06:06:19,734 AGAIN, IT HAS BEEN AFFIANTS 8848 06:06:19,734 --> 06:06:23,405 EFFORT TEMPLE TON AND 8849 06:06:23,405 --> 06:06:24,172 INVESTIGATORS SHOULD BE 8850 06:06:24,172 --> 06:06:25,140 CONGRATULATED. THERE IS ROOM 8851 06:06:25,140 --> 06:06:27,876 FOR DESIGNING CLEVER EXPERIMENTS 8852 06:06:27,876 --> 06:06:29,477 THAT TEST WELL DEFINED MODELS 8853 06:06:29,477 --> 06:06:31,479 AND THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND 8854 06:06:31,479 --> 06:06:33,915 REALLY IMPORTANT TO DEVELOP 8855 06:06:33,915 --> 06:06:34,916 COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICAL 8856 06:06:34,916 --> 06:06:39,921 APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING BRAIN 8857 06:06:39,921 --> 06:06:42,557 STATES. THIS TIES IN P WITH THE 8858 06:06:42,557 --> 06:06:43,892 BBQS THAT YOU WANT TO DO 8859 06:06:43,892 --> 06:06:45,193 COMPARATIVE STUDIES THAT HAVE 8860 06:06:45,193 --> 06:06:48,863 HIGH RESOLUTION STUDIES AT 8861 06:06:48,863 --> 06:06:50,732 NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL LEVEL WITH 8862 06:06:50,732 --> 06:06:53,301 TIPS OF DIRECTORATE, THE LARGEST 8863 06:06:53,301 --> 06:06:54,002 ADDITIONAL FUNDING OVER A 8864 06:06:54,002 --> 06:06:56,171 BILLION DOLLARS INTO THIS, PER 8865 06:06:56,171 --> 06:06:58,540 YEAR, SO THIS IS A LOT OF MONEY, 8866 06:06:58,540 --> 06:07:00,442 AND THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO 8867 06:07:00,442 --> 06:07:10,719 THINK ABOUT AI SEN SENSE, IF YOU 8868 06:07:10,719 --> 06:07:12,554 ARE ABLE TO LINK YOUR WORK THIS 8869 06:07:12,554 --> 06:07:15,357 IS AN OPPORTUNITY. ONE THING 8870 06:07:15,357 --> 06:07:17,025 ABOUT CRCNS PROGRAM MENTIONED BY 8871 06:07:17,025 --> 06:07:19,227 JIM, THAT PROGRAM HAS 50 TO $60 8872 06:07:19,227 --> 06:07:21,429 MILLION EACH YEAR. IT IS A LARGE 8873 06:07:21,429 --> 06:07:22,497 BUNCH OF MONEY AND YOU CAN GET 8874 06:07:22,497 --> 06:07:24,265 FUNDING FOR THAT IF YOU HAVE A 8875 06:07:24,265 --> 06:07:25,300 COMPUTATIONAL COMPONENT IN YOUR 8876 06:07:25,300 --> 06:07:27,802 WORK. YOU HAVE TO COLLABORATE 8877 06:07:27,802 --> 06:07:30,071 WITH SOMEONE DOING COMPUTATIONAL 8878 06:07:30,071 --> 06:07:32,173 STUFF AND IT IS FUNDED BY NIH 8879 06:07:32,173 --> 06:07:35,644 NSF AND ALSO DEPARTMENT OF 8880 06:07:35,644 --> 06:07:37,078 ENERGY. THAT GIVES YOU AN 8881 06:07:37,078 --> 06:07:38,246 OPPORTUNITY TO GET FUNDING 8882 06:07:38,246 --> 06:07:41,850 BEYOND NSF RESOURCES THOUGH NSF 8883 06:07:41,850 --> 06:07:44,352 DOES ORIGINAL PANEL REVIEW. IT 8884 06:07:44,352 --> 06:07:45,653 HAS ALSO HAS COLLABORATIVE 8885 06:07:45,653 --> 06:07:47,255 POSSIBILITIES IN SIX OR SEVEN 8886 06:07:47,255 --> 06:07:49,724 FOREIGN COUNTRIES SO IF YOU HAVE 8887 06:07:49,724 --> 06:07:52,694 SOMEONE WHO TO COLLABORATE WITH 8888 06:07:52,694 --> 06:07:58,566 LIKE STAN IN FRANCE OR OTHERS IN 8889 06:07:58,566 --> 06:08:01,936 GERMANY OR LIKE JAPAN SPAIN 8890 06:08:01,936 --> 06:08:03,204 GERMANY, THOSE NATIONAL SCIENCE 8891 06:08:03,204 --> 06:08:04,706 AGENCIES WILL FUNDS THE WORK OF 8892 06:08:04,706 --> 06:08:05,907 THOSE INVESTIGATORS IN ADDITION 8893 06:08:05,907 --> 06:08:09,944 TO WHAT WE FUND FROM THE US. SO 8894 06:08:09,944 --> 06:08:11,413 CONSIDER INTERNATIONAL WORK IS 8895 06:08:11,413 --> 06:08:13,682 AN OPPORTUNITY THERE. THAT 8896 06:08:13,682 --> 06:08:17,152 PRETTY MUCH IS ALL I WANT TO SAY 8897 06:08:17,152 --> 06:08:18,620 EXCEPT THAT THERE IS OF COURSE 8898 06:08:18,620 --> 06:08:20,922 COUNTER PARTS FOR NSF FOR 8899 06:08:20,922 --> 06:08:22,323 PRE-DOCTORAL AND POST-DOCTORAL 8900 06:08:22,323 --> 06:08:24,092 FUNDING AND IN FACT WILL IS NOW 8901 06:08:24,092 --> 06:08:26,094 A PROGRAM WHICH GIVES FUNDING 8902 06:08:26,094 --> 06:08:28,229 FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IF YOU 8903 06:08:28,229 --> 06:08:29,364 HAVE AN NSF GRANT TO BRING THEM 8904 06:08:29,364 --> 06:08:31,666 INTO THE LAB AND GET THEM 8905 06:08:31,666 --> 06:08:33,668 INVOLVED. SO I'M GOING TO STOP 8906 06:08:33,668 --> 06:08:35,437 THERE, HAPPY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 8907 06:08:35,437 --> 06:08:37,906 BUT FEEL FREE TO BE IN TOUCH 8908 06:08:37,906 --> 06:08:42,844 WITH ME, JUST 8909 06:08:42,844 --> 06:08:44,312 JAYFRITZSCHE@NSF. GOV, I'M AROUND 8910 06:08:44,312 --> 06:08:45,880 A LITTLE LONGER BEFORE I MIGRATE 8911 06:08:45,880 --> 06:08:47,682 TO ANOTHER AGENCY, FEEL PRETO 8912 06:08:47,682 --> 06:08:48,817 CONTACT ME SOON. THERE ARE OTHER 8913 06:08:48,817 --> 06:08:53,521 PEOPLE FOR EXAMPLE KEN WANG IS 8914 06:08:53,521 --> 06:08:55,990 THE PERSON WHO RUN IT IS CRC 8915 06:08:55,990 --> 06:08:58,259 NESS PROGRAM, A PERMANENT NSF 8916 06:08:58,259 --> 06:08:59,661 PROGRAM DIRECTOR AND HAS REALLY 8917 06:08:59,661 --> 06:09:04,132 SHAPED THE COMPUTATIONAL 8918 06:09:04,132 --> 06:09:05,500 COMMUNITY IN HELP GET IT GOING 8919 06:09:05,500 --> 06:09:07,535 AND REALLY GREAT WAY. BE IN 8920 06:09:07,535 --> 06:09:09,537 TOUCH WITH HIM IF INTERESTED IN 8921 06:09:09,537 --> 06:09:11,139 THE CRCNS PROGRAM. 8922 06:09:11,139 --> 06:09:13,975 >> I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE 8923 06:09:13,975 --> 06:09:17,512 PROGRAM. YOU SAID HAVING -- IS 8924 06:09:17,512 --> 06:09:20,482 IT LIKE MORE COMPUTATIONAL 8925 06:09:20,482 --> 06:09:22,450 COMPONENT IS LIKE DOMINANT OR 8926 06:09:22,450 --> 06:09:24,219 EXPERIMENTAL? OR IT DOESN'T 8927 06:09:24,219 --> 06:09:24,486 MATTER? 8928 06:09:24,486 --> 06:09:28,089 >> FOR THE CR CMS PROGRAM? 8929 06:09:28,089 --> 06:09:30,759 >> COMPUTATIONAL APPLYING TO GET 8930 06:09:30,759 --> 06:09:30,992 DATA -- 8931 06:09:30,992 --> 06:09:32,694 >> WHAT HAPPENS FROM THAT 8932 06:09:32,694 --> 06:09:34,896 PROGRAM IS BOTH COMPONENTS HAVE 8933 06:09:34,896 --> 06:09:37,065 TO BE IMPORTANT, HAS TO BE AN 8934 06:09:37,065 --> 06:09:37,799 IMPORTANT COLLABORATION THAT 8935 06:09:37,799 --> 06:09:41,169 BRINGS TOGETHER MODELERS AND 8936 06:09:41,169 --> 06:09:43,371 EXPERIMENTALISTS. THEY ARE BOTH 8937 06:09:43,371 --> 06:09:45,206 IMPORTANT. SO IN POINT OF FACT 8938 06:09:45,206 --> 06:09:46,841 IF YOU PUSH ME ON IT THE 8939 06:09:46,841 --> 06:09:47,942 COMPUTATIONAL SOMETIMES A LITTLE 8940 06:09:47,942 --> 06:09:50,445 BIT STRONGER THAN SOME OF THE 8941 06:09:50,445 --> 06:09:52,147 EXPERIMENTAL WORK. IF WILL IS 8942 06:09:52,147 --> 06:09:55,049 NOT A WAY OF TESTING THE 8943 06:09:55,049 --> 06:09:56,084 COMPUTATIONAL MODEL IT DOESN'T 8944 06:09:56,084 --> 06:09:57,652 GET FUNDED. 8945 06:09:57,652 --> 06:09:59,154 >> IS IT THE DRIVER SHOULD BE 8946 06:09:59,154 --> 06:10:02,123 MORE COMPUTATIONAL IN PERSON. 8947 06:10:02,123 --> 06:10:02,423 AND BRING -- 8948 06:10:02,423 --> 06:10:06,161 >> IF YOU A COMPUTATIONAL 8949 06:10:06,161 --> 06:10:07,662 PERSON, YOU ARE TO A CERTAIN 8950 06:10:07,662 --> 06:10:09,330 EXTENT YOU FIND SOMEONE DOING -- 8951 06:10:09,330 --> 06:10:12,367 FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU WERE TO WORK 8952 06:10:12,367 --> 06:10:15,870 WITH URI AND YOU TO HAVE SOMEONE 8953 06:10:15,870 --> 06:10:19,274 A PURE MATHEMATICIAN, 8954 06:10:19,274 --> 06:10:19,908 COMPUTATIONAL PERSON TO COME UP 8955 06:10:19,908 --> 06:10:21,276 WITH EXTENSION OF THALAMIC 8956 06:10:21,276 --> 06:10:23,545 CORTICAL MODEL OR BE ABLE TO DO 8957 06:10:23,545 --> 06:10:24,445 THAT YOURSELF? YOU HAVE TO 8958 06:10:24,445 --> 06:10:26,014 CLARIFY WHAT THE ROLES ARE FOR 8959 06:10:26,014 --> 06:10:26,814 DIFFERENT PEOPLE WHO ARE 8960 06:10:26,814 --> 06:10:30,285 INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSA PROPOSA 8961 06:10:30,285 --> 06:10:33,121 JUSTIFY WHY THIS IS A 8962 06:10:33,121 --> 06:10:34,322 SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE. THE 8963 06:10:34,322 --> 06:10:36,724 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUNDING THERE 8964 06:10:36,724 --> 06:10:38,193 ARE GOOD THERE IS HIGHER 8965 06:10:38,193 --> 06:10:40,762 LIKELIHOOD OF FUNDING FOR PRAY 8966 06:10:40,762 --> 06:10:42,463 PROGRAM THAN OTHER PROGRAMS AT 8967 06:10:42,463 --> 06:10:44,532 NSF H. I WOULD URGE YOU GET MANY 8968 06:10:44,532 --> 06:10:47,602 TOUCH WITH KEN AND SUBMIT A 8969 06:10:47,602 --> 06:10:49,437 REALLY CLEAR ONE PAGER 8970 06:10:49,437 --> 06:10:50,471 SUMMARIZING WHO IS INVOLVED, 8971 06:10:50,471 --> 06:10:51,539 WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO DO AND 8972 06:10:51,539 --> 06:10:58,513 ACCOMPLISH. ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 8973 06:10:58,513 --> 06:11:00,081 OKAY. THANK YOU ALL. I WILL TURN 8974 06:11:00,081 --> 06:11:07,388 IT TO HAL. 8975 06:11:07,388 --> 06:11:09,624 >> NEXT SPEAKER IN THE SESSION 8976 06:11:09,624 --> 06:11:11,993 IS DR. HAL GREENWALD, PROGRAM 8977 06:11:11,993 --> 06:11:14,963 OFFICER AT OSR, FOR PEOPLE WHO 8978 06:11:14,963 --> 06:11:17,198 DON'T KNOW WHAT THIS ACRONYM 8979 06:11:17,198 --> 06:11:18,933 MEANS, IT IS THE AIR FORCE 8980 06:11:18,933 --> 06:11:20,468 OFFICE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 8981 06:11:20,468 --> 06:11:22,871 WHERE THE PROGRAM DIRECTOR FOR 8982 06:11:22,871 --> 06:11:25,340 COGNITIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL 8983 06:11:25,340 --> 06:11:27,709 NEUROSCIENCE, SO HAL AND I FIRST 8984 06:11:27,709 --> 06:11:31,446 MET IN OCTOBER OF 2019 AT NSF, 8985 06:11:31,446 --> 06:11:34,782 SUNDAY WORKSHOP ON COMPUTATIONAL 8986 06:11:34,782 --> 06:11:36,084 NEUROSCIENCE SAN ANTONIO, AT THE 8987 06:11:36,084 --> 06:11:38,453 TIME HE JUST ARRIVED AT AFOSR 8988 06:11:38,453 --> 06:11:42,223 HALF A YEAR AGO AND I -- WE 8989 06:11:42,223 --> 06:11:43,491 (INAUDIBLE) I HEARD HIM TALKING 8990 06:11:43,491 --> 06:11:45,059 ABOUT ALL THESE IDEAS BUILDING A 8991 06:11:45,059 --> 06:11:48,162 NEW PROGRAM AT OSR. AND I WILL 8992 06:11:48,162 --> 06:11:50,899 NOW SAY AMAZING INTERESTING 8993 06:11:50,899 --> 06:11:54,369 PROGRAM HE BUILT THERE. HAL. 8994 06:11:54,369 --> 06:11:55,570 >> THANK YOU. THANK YOU VERY 8995 06:11:55,570 --> 06:11:56,838 MUCH FOR THE KIND INTRODUCTION 8996 06:11:56,838 --> 06:11:59,040 AND INVITING ME TO ATTEND THIS 8997 06:11:59,040 --> 06:12:00,775 VERY INTERESTING MEETING. ALSO 8998 06:12:00,775 --> 06:12:02,911 TO PARTICIPATE WITH EVERYONE 8999 06:12:02,911 --> 06:12:11,052 ELSE ON THE PANEL. SO WHAT I'M 9000 06:12:11,052 --> 06:12:15,556 GOING TO TALK ABOUT IS PRIMARILY 9001 06:12:15,556 --> 06:12:17,659 MY PROGRAM BECAUSE I THINK THAT 9002 06:12:17,659 --> 06:12:18,626 WHEN I HAVE GONE AROUND AND 9003 06:12:18,626 --> 06:12:21,596 SPOKEN WITH PEOPLE, MOST ARE 9004 06:12:21,596 --> 06:12:23,097 AWARE THAT THIS EVEN EXISTS BUT 9005 06:12:23,097 --> 06:12:25,500 IT IS NOT ALL THAT SURPRISING 9006 06:12:25,500 --> 06:12:27,302 BECAUSE THE FIRST GRANTS WERE 9007 06:12:27,302 --> 06:12:29,570 AWARDED ABOUT FOUR YEARS AGO SO 9008 06:12:29,570 --> 06:12:37,879 A NEW PROGRA PROGRAM. SO TO STA, 9009 06:12:37,879 --> 06:12:42,650 LIKE NSF AND NIH AFOSR AS A 9010 06:12:42,650 --> 06:12:43,851 WHOLE FUNDS BAY SUCK RESEARCH. 9011 06:12:43,851 --> 06:12:45,687 I'M STARTING OFF HERE BECAUSE 9012 06:12:45,687 --> 06:12:46,487 THINK ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT OF 9013 06:12:46,487 --> 06:12:48,189 DEFENSE THEY THINK APPLICATIONS 9014 06:12:48,189 --> 06:12:50,325 AND APPLIED RESEARCH. CONGRESS 9015 06:12:50,325 --> 06:12:51,526 GIVES US MONEY FOR BASIC 9016 06:12:51,526 --> 06:12:53,995 RESEARCH. SO THAT IS WHAT WE 9017 06:12:53,995 --> 06:12:56,230 FUND. THE AIR FORCE DOES FUND 9018 06:12:56,230 --> 06:13:00,034 APPLIED RESEARCH WHICH IS AIMED 9019 06:13:00,034 --> 06:13:02,537 AT SOLVING PARTICULAR PROBLEMS 9020 06:13:02,537 --> 06:13:04,372 VERSUS JUST EXACTING SCIENTIFIC 9021 06:13:04,372 --> 06:13:05,273 UNDERSTANDING BUT THAT WORK IS 9022 06:13:05,273 --> 06:13:07,275 TYPICALLY DONE BY THE TECHNICAL 9023 06:13:07,275 --> 06:13:09,277 DIRECTOR AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB 9024 06:13:09,277 --> 06:13:17,652 WITHIN THE AIR FORCE. SO 9025 06:13:17,652 --> 06:13:18,853 AIRFOSR HAS ALMOST 40 PORTFOLIOS 9026 06:13:18,853 --> 06:13:20,388 SPANNING DIFFERENCE AREAS OF 9027 06:13:20,388 --> 06:13:21,756 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. AND 9028 06:13:21,756 --> 06:13:25,994 YOU CAN SEE THOSE HERE. SO MINE 9029 06:13:25,994 --> 06:13:27,362 IS THE COMPUTATIONAL 9030 06:13:27,362 --> 06:13:28,596 NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTED 9031 06:13:28,596 --> 06:13:32,166 IN YELLOW. I HAVE ALSO FOR THE 9032 06:13:32,166 --> 06:13:34,502 PAST TWO YEARS BEEN MANAGING THE 9033 06:13:34,502 --> 06:13:36,604 COMPUTATIONAL COGNITION MACHINE 9034 06:13:36,604 --> 06:13:37,739 INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM, IF ANYONE 9035 06:13:37,739 --> 06:13:39,574 IS INTERESTED IN MANAGING AN AI 9036 06:13:39,574 --> 06:13:40,808 PROGRAM OR KNOWS SOMEONE WHO IS 9037 06:13:40,808 --> 06:13:43,311 INTERESTED IN MANAGING REALLY 9038 06:13:43,311 --> 06:13:45,780 GREAT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 9039 06:13:45,780 --> 06:13:46,914 PROGRAM,PLEASE LET ME KNOW OR 9040 06:13:46,914 --> 06:13:49,250 TALK TO ME, WE HAVE A JOB THAT 9041 06:13:49,250 --> 06:13:50,918 IS POSTED THAT CLOSES ON FRIDAY 9042 06:13:50,918 --> 06:13:52,653 SO THERE IS TWO DAYS LEFT TO 9043 06:13:52,653 --> 06:13:57,125 APPLY. I HAVE BEEN DOING THAT 9044 06:13:57,125 --> 06:13:58,259 JOB IN IN A ADDITION TO THE 9045 06:13:58,259 --> 06:13:59,360 NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM FOR THE 9046 06:13:59,360 --> 06:14:02,263 PAST TWO YEARS. IT HAS BEEN 9047 06:14:02,263 --> 06:14:03,364 REALLY INTERESTING AND I DON'T 9048 06:14:03,364 --> 06:14:05,199 WANT TO GIVE UP THE OTHER 9049 06:14:05,199 --> 06:14:07,635 PROGRAM BUT I'M MANAGING A LOT. 9050 06:14:07,635 --> 06:14:09,904 SO IT WILL BE -- LOOKING FORWARD 9051 06:14:09,904 --> 06:14:11,205 THE HAVING A GREAT COLLEAGUE TO 9052 06:14:11,205 --> 06:14:15,643 TAKE OVER THAT PART. SO THE 9053 06:14:15,643 --> 06:14:16,911 COGNITIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL 9054 06:14:16,911 --> 06:14:18,212 NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM HAS TWO 9055 06:14:18,212 --> 06:14:21,349 PIECES. ONE PART IS BASIC 9056 06:14:21,349 --> 06:14:23,651 NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. FUNDING 9057 06:14:23,651 --> 06:14:25,153 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND 9058 06:14:25,153 --> 06:14:26,988 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING STUDIES 9059 06:14:26,988 --> 06:14:28,723 EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL 9060 06:14:28,723 --> 06:14:31,125 APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING THE 9061 06:14:31,125 --> 06:14:32,527 MECHANISMS OF APPERCEPTION 9062 06:14:32,527 --> 06:14:34,529 COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR. THERE IS 9063 06:14:34,529 --> 06:14:37,665 WORK IN HUMANS NON-HUMAN 9064 06:14:37,665 --> 06:14:40,034 PRIMATES, RODENTS, CELL CULTURES 9065 06:14:40,034 --> 06:14:41,669 VARIOUS TYPES OF ANIMAL AND 9066 06:14:41,669 --> 06:14:45,940 HUMAN MODELS. AND WE ARE TRYING 9067 06:14:45,940 --> 06:14:47,442 TO ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 9068 06:14:47,442 --> 06:14:48,910 NEUROSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF 9069 06:14:48,910 --> 06:14:50,445 THE AIR FORCE SPACE FORCE AND 9070 06:14:50,445 --> 06:14:53,314 BROADER DOD. WITHIN THAT PART OF 9071 06:14:53,314 --> 06:14:54,916 THE PROGRAM ALSO I HAVE GOT 9072 06:14:54,916 --> 06:14:56,851 EMPHASIS ON NEURAL CODING 9073 06:14:56,851 --> 06:14:58,553 INFORMATION REPRESENTATION. HOW 9074 06:14:58,553 --> 06:15:00,922 DO NEURONS REPRESENT AND 9075 06:15:00,922 --> 06:15:01,889 COMMUNICATE INFORMATION? WHEN I 9076 06:15:01,889 --> 06:15:04,025 WAS DESIGNING THE PROGRAM THIS 9077 06:15:04,025 --> 06:15:06,427 IS REALLY ONE OF THE HARDEST 9078 06:15:06,427 --> 06:15:07,228 PARTS -- QUESTIONS IN 9079 06:15:07,228 --> 06:15:08,496 NEUROSCIENCE, REALLY THE HOLY 9080 06:15:08,496 --> 06:15:10,298 GRAIL, IF YOU UNDERSTAND THAT IT 9081 06:15:10,298 --> 06:15:11,532 WILL ENABLE ALL SORTS OF THINGS 9082 06:15:11,532 --> 06:15:12,733 IN TERMS OF RESEARCH 9083 06:15:12,733 --> 06:15:14,335 CAPABILITIES AND ALSO 9084 06:15:14,335 --> 06:15:16,104 APPLICATIONS DOWN THE ROAD, I'M 9085 06:15:16,104 --> 06:15:18,840 DOING WHAT I CAN TO TRY TO PUSH 9086 06:15:18,840 --> 06:15:20,174 EVEN THOUGH IT IS VERY, VERY 9087 06:15:20,174 --> 06:15:22,143 TOUGH PROBLEM. THE OTHER PART OF 9088 06:15:22,143 --> 06:15:25,079 THE PROGRAM IS THE WORK AT THE 9089 06:15:25,079 --> 06:15:26,781 INTERSECTION OF NEUROSCIENCE AN 9090 06:15:26,781 --> 06:15:28,349 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. THIS 9091 06:15:28,349 --> 06:15:31,018 INCLUDES BRAIN INSPIRED MACHINE 9092 06:15:31,018 --> 06:15:32,820 LEARNING, COMPUTING AND 9093 06:15:32,820 --> 06:15:34,589 BIOINSPIRED SENSING. ALL THIS 9094 06:15:34,589 --> 06:15:38,359 WORK IS GROUNDED IN NEUROBIOLOGY 9095 06:15:38,359 --> 06:15:40,361 AND NEUROSCIENCE MECHANISMS. 9096 06:15:40,361 --> 06:15:41,929 WHAT I AM HOPING WILL EMERGE, 9097 06:15:41,929 --> 06:15:49,136 STARTING TO SEE THIS, IS A 9098 06:15:49,136 --> 06:15:49,737 BENEFICIAL CYCLE WHERE 9099 06:15:49,737 --> 06:15:51,806 PREDICTION FROM ONE PART OF THE 9100 06:15:51,806 --> 06:15:53,341 PROGRAM CAN BE TESTED IN THE 9101 06:15:53,341 --> 06:15:56,310 OTHER PART OF THE PROGRAM. MOST 9102 06:15:56,310 --> 06:15:57,445 GRANTS FOLLOW ONE PART OR THE 9103 06:15:57,445 --> 06:15:59,180 OTHER THOUGH I HAVE HAD FEW THAT 9104 06:15:59,180 --> 06:16:03,784 SPAN BOTH. IN GENERAL WHICH ARE 9105 06:16:03,784 --> 06:16:06,187 LOOKING FOR HIGH RISK HIGH -- WE 9106 06:16:06,187 --> 06:16:08,256 ARE LOOK FOR HIGH RISK HIGH 9107 06:16:08,256 --> 06:16:10,124 IMPACT RESEARCH IDEAS LIKE 9108 06:16:10,124 --> 06:16:11,692 JONATHAN WAS MENTIONING BUT OUR 9109 06:16:11,692 --> 06:16:16,397 APPROACH IS A LITTLE BIT 9110 06:16:16,397 --> 06:16:18,099 DIFFERENT AND WE USE -- WE DON'T 9111 06:16:18,099 --> 06:16:20,568 USE PANELS THE WAY NSF AND NIH 9112 06:16:20,568 --> 06:16:22,303 DO, WE DO AD HOC PEER REVIEW SO 9113 06:16:22,303 --> 06:16:24,071 WE HAVE A PEER REVIEW PROCESS 9114 06:16:24,071 --> 06:16:25,840 BUT WILL SEND PROPOSALS OUTS TO 9115 06:16:25,840 --> 06:16:29,210 TWO TO THREE PEEP BILL EMAIL AND 9116 06:16:29,210 --> 06:16:31,879 GET INDEPENDENT EVALUATION. IT 9117 06:16:31,879 --> 06:16:33,548 HELPS BEING MORE RISK TOLERANT 9118 06:16:33,548 --> 06:16:34,615 THAN PANELS WHICH TEND TO BE 9119 06:16:34,615 --> 06:16:38,319 RISK AVERSE. THIS IS BENEFIT IN 9120 06:16:38,319 --> 06:16:39,987 TERMS OF SUPPORTING THE HIGH 9121 06:16:39,987 --> 06:16:42,356 RISK HIGH IMPACT RESEARCH WE 9122 06:16:42,356 --> 06:16:43,591 DEFINE. THAT HOLDS FOR THE 9123 06:16:43,591 --> 06:16:44,992 DIFFERENT PORTFOLIOS ACROSS THE 9124 06:16:44,992 --> 06:16:55,536 AGENCY. I HAD A SLIDE DISAPPEAR. 9125 06:16:56,103 --> 06:16:58,339 ANOTHER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NSF 9126 06:16:58,339 --> 06:17:00,474 AND NIH IN OUR PROGRAM IS THAT 9127 06:17:00,474 --> 06:17:04,212 WE FUND WORK WORLDWI WORLDWIDE.E 9128 06:17:04,212 --> 06:17:05,846 WORK DOESN'T HAVE TO BE WITHIN 9129 06:17:05,846 --> 06:17:07,582 U.S. ONLY OUR CORE GRANTS ARE 9130 06:17:07,582 --> 06:17:08,649 OPEN TO ALMOST ANYONE WE ARE 9131 06:17:08,649 --> 06:17:10,384 LOOKING TO FUND THE BEST 9132 06:17:10,384 --> 06:17:11,452 RESEARCH IN THE WORLD WHERE IT 9133 06:17:11,452 --> 06:17:12,987 HAPPENS TO BE. SO TO SUPPORT 9134 06:17:12,987 --> 06:17:15,489 THAT, WE HAVE GOT INTERNATIONAL 9135 06:17:15,489 --> 06:17:20,728 OFFICES IN LONDON, TOKYO, CHILE 9136 06:17:20,728 --> 06:17:23,898 AND NEW OFFICES THAT JUST OPENED 9137 06:17:23,898 --> 06:17:26,567 IN BRAZIL AND MELBOURNE, 9138 06:17:26,567 --> 06:17:29,570 AUSTRALIA. SO THE INTERNATIONAL 9139 06:17:29,570 --> 06:17:30,671 PROGRAM OFFICERS AROUND THE 9140 06:17:30,671 --> 06:17:31,606 WORLD HAVE POTTS OF MONEY TO 9141 06:17:31,606 --> 06:17:33,341 FUND RESEARCH GRANTS BUT ALSO 9142 06:17:33,341 --> 06:17:35,309 WORK AS OUR EYES AND EARS AROUND 9143 06:17:35,309 --> 06:17:38,346 THE WORLD BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO 9144 06:17:38,346 --> 06:17:41,882 TOUR THE REGIONS. IT IS POSSIBLE 9145 06:17:41,882 --> 06:17:45,253 FOR INVESTIGATORS IN THE U.S. TO 9146 06:17:45,253 --> 06:17:48,155 BE CO-FUNDED WITH RESEARCHERS 9147 06:17:48,155 --> 06:17:49,490 AND OTHER COUNTRIES AND VICE 9148 06:17:49,490 --> 06:17:55,396 VERSA. GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF THE 9149 06:17:55,396 --> 06:17:57,265 TYPES OF THINGS THAT THE PROGRAM 9150 06:17:57,265 --> 06:17:59,967 IS FUNDING, I HAVE GOT A 9151 06:17:59,967 --> 06:18:01,302 SELECTION OF RECENT GRANTS HERE. 9152 06:18:01,302 --> 06:18:03,437 THIS IS NOT EVERYTHING, THERE'S 9153 06:18:03,437 --> 06:18:04,805 BEEN NEW THINGS ADDED SINCE I 9154 06:18:04,805 --> 06:18:07,108 MADE THIS LIST AS WELL. BUT YOU 9155 06:18:07,108 --> 06:18:09,677 WILL SEE THERE IS WORK FROM 9156 06:18:09,677 --> 06:18:11,545 BASIC RESEARCH ON THE RETINAL 9157 06:18:11,545 --> 06:18:13,547 MECHANISMS OF COLOR AND FORM 9158 06:18:13,547 --> 06:18:15,683 PERCEPTION, WHICH I'M EXCITED 9159 06:18:15,683 --> 06:18:17,618 ABOUT, EXCITED ABOUT EVERYTHING 9160 06:18:17,618 --> 06:18:19,287 HERE BUT I LIKE THAT PROGRAM, 9161 06:18:19,287 --> 06:18:22,223 THERE IS ALSO SOME WORK ON 9162 06:18:22,223 --> 06:18:24,125 MEMORY PARTICULARLY INTERESTING 9163 06:18:24,125 --> 06:18:25,359 WHETHER WHEN YOU FORGET 9164 06:18:25,359 --> 06:18:28,362 SOMETHING WHETHER THE MEMORY IS 9165 06:18:28,362 --> 06:18:31,599 LOST DELETED OR INACCESSIBLE OR 9166 06:18:31,599 --> 06:18:33,701 WHETHER IT IS GONE OR JUST 9167 06:18:33,701 --> 06:18:35,403 INACCESSIBLE AND IF INACCESSIBLE 9168 06:18:35,403 --> 06:18:37,071 WHETHER IT RESTORED. THE BOLD 9169 06:18:37,071 --> 06:18:38,572 AREAS GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF THE 9170 06:18:38,572 --> 06:18:40,875 TYPES OF THINGS WE HAVE BEEN 9171 06:18:40,875 --> 06:18:43,678 FUNDING,, THESE WEREN'T A PRY 9172 06:18:43,678 --> 06:18:48,015 OWERY CATEGORIES, WHEN I LOOK AT 9173 06:18:48,015 --> 06:18:49,850 GRANTS TOGETHER THESE ARE WHAT 9174 06:18:49,850 --> 06:18:55,723 FELL OUT. SO TO GET START WITH 9175 06:18:55,723 --> 06:18:57,258 AFOSR THE BEST WAY TO START IS 9176 06:18:57,258 --> 06:18:59,627 WITH A WHITE PAPER. THIS IS A 9177 06:18:59,627 --> 06:19:01,462 PRE-PROPOSAL THREE TO FIVE PAGES 9178 06:19:01,462 --> 06:19:03,898 PLUS REFERENCES, WHERE YOU LAY 9179 06:19:03,898 --> 06:19:05,166 OUT WHAT YOUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS 9180 06:19:05,166 --> 06:19:06,767 ARE, HYPOTHESES, WHAT YOUR 9181 06:19:06,767 --> 06:19:08,502 APPROACH IS, WHAT THE 9182 06:19:08,502 --> 06:19:12,406 ANTICIPATED BENEFITS ARE TO THE 9183 06:19:12,406 --> 06:19:14,508 DOD. AND APPROXIMATE COSTS. SO 9184 06:19:14,508 --> 06:19:15,776 WE DO MOST OF THE SELECTION ON 9185 06:19:15,776 --> 06:19:19,080 THE FRONT END WITH THE WHITE 9186 06:19:19,080 --> 06:19:21,148 PAPERS. YOU JUST SUBMIT THOSE BY 9187 06:19:21,148 --> 06:19:23,651 EMAIL. IF THOSE ARE -- THE CALL 9188 06:19:23,651 --> 06:19:25,019 -- YOU CAN SUBMIT A WHITE PAPER 9189 06:19:25,019 --> 06:19:32,059 AT ANY TIME. OUR BROAD AGENCY 9190 06:19:32,059 --> 06:19:32,927 ANNOUNCEMENT PROPOSALS ARE OPEN 9191 06:19:32,927 --> 06:19:34,462 YEAR ROUND BUT WE HAVE A FUNDING 9192 06:19:34,462 --> 06:19:35,796 CYCLE BUT THERE ARE TIMES WE 9193 06:19:35,796 --> 06:19:37,164 HAVE MONEY AVAILABLE AND TIMES 9194 06:19:37,164 --> 06:19:39,066 WE DON'T IF YOU ARE INVITED TO 9195 06:19:39,066 --> 06:19:40,468 SUBMIT A FULL PROPOSAL THROUGH 9196 06:19:40,468 --> 06:19:41,802 GRANTS.GOV WE GIVE YOU GUIDANCE 9197 06:19:41,802 --> 06:19:44,872 ABOUT WHEN TO APPLY. THE 9198 06:19:44,872 --> 06:19:45,940 PROPOSAL IS SIMILAR TO WHAT YOU 9199 06:19:45,940 --> 06:19:50,444 SEE FOR NSF OR NIH, FORMATTING 9200 06:19:50,444 --> 06:19:52,980 DIFFERENCES. WE DON'T HAVE A 12 9201 06:19:52,980 --> 06:19:55,583 PAGE LIMIT. STILL YOU DON'T NEED 9202 06:19:55,583 --> 06:19:57,918 TO WRITE A WHOLE BOOK. IF THAT 9203 06:19:57,918 --> 06:20:00,187 IS NOW OUT FOR PEER REVIEW AND 9204 06:20:00,187 --> 06:20:03,324 THEN IF SELECTED THEN GENERALLY 9205 06:20:03,324 --> 06:20:05,626 WITHIN SIX MONTHS AFTER YOU HAVE 9206 06:20:05,626 --> 06:20:08,262 SUBMITTED YOUR INITIAL PROPOSAL 9207 06:20:08,262 --> 06:20:09,930 THEN YOUR GRANT IS AWARDED AND 9208 06:20:09,930 --> 06:20:14,502 YOU CAN START. SOME OF YOU HAVE 9209 06:20:14,502 --> 06:20:15,603 HAD EXPERIENCE WORKING WITH 9210 06:20:15,603 --> 06:20:19,573 OTHER ASPECTS OTHER PARTS OF THE 9211 06:20:19,573 --> 06:20:20,741 DOD LIKE DARPA WITH OVER SIGHT. 9212 06:20:20,741 --> 06:20:24,545 WE TEND NOT TO BE DOWN YOUR NECK 9213 06:20:24,545 --> 06:20:27,748 AS MUCH. SO THERE IS A ANNUAL 9214 06:20:27,748 --> 06:20:31,218 REPORT WHICH IS DUE EVERY YEAR, 9215 06:20:31,218 --> 06:20:33,654 DESCRIBING WHAT IS DONE AND I 9216 06:20:33,654 --> 06:20:34,855 HOLD ANNUAL PROGRAM REVIEW WE 9217 06:20:34,855 --> 06:20:36,557 BRING INVESTIGATOR FUNDING 9218 06:20:36,557 --> 06:20:38,025 EVERYONE GETS TO HEAR WHAT 9219 06:20:38,025 --> 06:20:40,895 EVERYONE ELSE IS DOING, IT IS AN 9220 06:20:40,895 --> 06:20:42,096 OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN GET 9221 06:20:42,096 --> 06:20:46,467 FEEDBACK ON IDEAS, IT IS A MINI 9222 06:20:46,467 --> 06:20:48,636 CONFERENCE. PART OF THE GOAL 9223 06:20:48,636 --> 06:20:50,037 THERE IS TO BUILD A COMMUNITY 9224 06:20:50,037 --> 06:20:56,877 AROUND THE PROGRAM. AS FAR AS 9225 06:20:56,877 --> 06:20:58,612 CONSCIOUSNESS, MY LAST SLIDE, AS 9226 06:20:58,612 --> 06:20:59,914 FAR AS CONSCIOUSNESS I DON'T 9227 06:20:59,914 --> 06:21:02,950 CURRENTLY HAVE ANY GRANTS ON 9228 06:21:02,950 --> 06:21:05,019 CONSCIOUSNESS, THAT IS NOT 9229 06:21:05,019 --> 06:21:06,053 POSSIBLE, IT IS JUST THAT IT 9230 06:21:06,053 --> 06:21:09,056 HASN'T HAPPENED. SO I AM OPEN 9231 06:21:09,056 --> 06:21:12,193 TO IT BUT IT WILL BE IMPORTANT 9232 06:21:12,193 --> 06:21:13,828 TO RELATE THE GOALS OF THE 9233 06:21:13,828 --> 06:21:16,931 RESEARCH TO HOW THAT WILL 9234 06:21:16,931 --> 06:21:20,267 BENEFIT THE AIR FORCE BASE AND 9235 06:21:20,267 --> 06:21:22,536 DOD. ONE OF MY COLLEAGUES KEVIN 9236 06:21:22,536 --> 06:21:23,637 SCHMIDT HERE MONDAY AND TUESDAY 9237 06:21:23,637 --> 06:21:26,440 THIS WEEK FROM AIR FORCE 9238 06:21:26,440 --> 06:21:28,642 RESEARCH LAB, ASKING TO 9239 06:21:28,642 --> 06:21:30,177 PUBLICIZE A WEEKLY DISCUSSION 9240 06:21:30,177 --> 06:21:34,448 GROUP CALLED QUEST. THE QU 9241 06:21:34,448 --> 06:21:36,684 STANDS FOR QUALITY, THE REST IS 9242 06:21:36,684 --> 06:21:40,054 ACRONYM BUT THESE ARE WEEKLY 9243 06:21:40,054 --> 06:21:40,921 DISCUSSIONS, SOMETIMES 9244 06:21:40,921 --> 06:21:42,623 DISCUSSING PAPERS, INVITED 9245 06:21:42,623 --> 06:21:44,825 SPEAKERS COME IN, OTHER TIMES 9246 06:21:44,825 --> 06:21:47,061 DISCUSSING QUESTIONS RELATED TO 9247 06:21:47,061 --> 06:21:48,128 QUALITY UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND 9248 06:21:48,128 --> 06:21:49,697 THOSE ARE OPEN TO ANYBODY, THEY 9249 06:21:49,697 --> 06:21:51,665 ARE NEW ON FRIDAYS, AND IF YOU 9250 06:21:51,665 --> 06:21:53,467 LIKE TO BE ADDED TO THE LIST, 9251 06:21:53,467 --> 06:21:56,570 PLEASE JUST EMAIL ME. IF YOU 9252 06:21:56,570 --> 06:22:00,808 WANTED TO LEARN MORE, I WILL BE 9253 06:22:00,808 --> 06:22:05,145 AVAILABLE HERE YOU CAN REACH ME 9254 06:22:05,145 --> 06:22:09,517 AT NEU 9255 06:22:09,517 --> 06:22:13,954 NEUROSCIENCE .NEUROSCIENCE.AF.ML 9256 06:22:13,954 --> 06:22:17,024 THANK YOU. 9257 06:22:17,024 --> 06:22:19,660 >> NOTHING TO DO WITH MY OWN 9258 06:22:19,660 --> 06:22:21,395 POTENTIAL FUNDING BUT TALK ABOUT 9259 06:22:21,395 --> 06:22:22,763 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AIR FORCE AN 9260 06:22:22,763 --> 06:22:25,266 SPATES FORCE AND I WAS JUST 9261 06:22:25,266 --> 06:22:25,966 THINKING DAYDREAMING I THINK 9262 06:22:25,966 --> 06:22:27,001 THAT IS A GOOD THING WE WERE 9263 06:22:27,001 --> 06:22:28,836 TALKING ABOUT THAT THE OTHER DAY 9264 06:22:28,836 --> 06:22:31,238 BUT WITH PROLONGED SPACE FLIGHT 9265 06:22:31,238 --> 06:22:33,941 IT MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE IN A 9266 06:22:33,941 --> 06:22:35,743 KIND OF DOWN REGULATED BRAIN 9267 06:22:35,743 --> 06:22:37,411 STATE. ANYBODY LOOKING AT THAT 9268 06:22:37,411 --> 06:22:38,479 BECAUSE THAT MIGHT BE VERY MUCH 9269 06:22:38,479 --> 06:22:40,047 RELATED TO IN THE SENSE OF 9270 06:22:40,047 --> 06:22:44,551 INDUCE DISORDER OF CONSCIOUSNESS 9271 06:22:44,551 --> 06:22:48,055 SO THE ASTRONAUTS ARE 9272 06:22:48,055 --> 06:22:49,556 METABOLICALLY PRESERVED TO THE 9273 06:22:49,556 --> 06:22:50,524 TRIP TO MARS OR SOMETHING LIKE 9274 06:22:50,524 --> 06:22:52,493 THAT. IT'S SCIENCE FICTIONY BUT 9275 06:22:52,493 --> 06:22:53,494 THAT IS WHAT WE ARE TALKING 9276 06:22:53,494 --> 06:22:53,694 ABOUT. 9277 06:22:53,694 --> 06:22:54,728 >> THE SHORT ANSWER, I DON'T 9278 06:22:54,728 --> 06:22:57,932 KNOW. BUT THERE IS WORK WITH 9279 06:22:57,932 --> 06:22:58,966 CERTAINLY WITHIN AIR FORCE 9280 06:22:58,966 --> 06:23:01,201 RESEARCH LAB WHICH IS NOW 9281 06:23:01,201 --> 06:23:03,270 SERVING THE SPACE FORCE AS WELL 9282 06:23:03,270 --> 06:23:04,605 AND NASA IS INVOLVED FOR A 9283 06:23:04,605 --> 06:23:06,740 LISTENING TIME THROUGH DIFFERENT 9284 06:23:06,740 --> 06:23:09,510 ASPECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT AND HAS 9285 06:23:09,510 --> 06:23:11,378 WORK ACROSS VARIOUS AREAS OF 9286 06:23:11,378 --> 06:23:15,816 NEUROSCIENCE FOR EXAMPLE. THERE 9287 06:23:15,816 --> 06:23:18,819 ARE ALSO QUESTIONS THE LONG TERM 9288 06:23:18,819 --> 06:23:21,055 WHAT THE SPACE FORCE IS GOING TO 9289 06:23:21,055 --> 06:23:22,356 BE, WHAT THEY ARE GOING TO DO 9290 06:23:22,356 --> 06:23:24,024 BUT WE ARE LOOKING AT THINGS 9291 06:23:24,024 --> 06:23:25,993 LIKE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU ARE 9292 06:23:25,993 --> 06:23:28,696 IN MOREAU MOTOR ENVIRONMENTS -- 9293 06:23:28,696 --> 06:23:30,197 MORE REMOTE ENVIRONMENTS AND THE 9294 06:23:30,197 --> 06:23:32,800 AFFECT ON BODY, BRAIN, ET 9295 06:23:32,800 --> 06:23:34,535 CETERETCETERA. FOR AIR FORCE, E 9296 06:23:34,535 --> 06:23:37,371 FORCE, WHAT IS CALLED THE 9297 06:23:37,371 --> 06:23:38,272 DEPARTMENT OF TESTIMONY AIR 9298 06:23:38,272 --> 06:23:41,075 FORCE, INCLUDES AIR FORCE AND 9299 06:23:41,075 --> 06:23:44,178 SPACE FORCE. THERE IS WORKING 9300 06:23:44,178 --> 06:23:45,479 FUNDED THERE BUT WE ARE 9301 06:23:45,479 --> 06:23:46,847 DEFINEING WHAT THE FUTURE IS 9302 06:23:46,847 --> 06:23:47,548 GOING TO LOOK LIKE. 9303 06:23:47,548 --> 06:23:49,984 >> THE REASON I ASK IS BECAUSE 9304 06:23:49,984 --> 06:23:54,822 DURING COVID WE OBSERVED AND 9305 06:23:54,822 --> 06:23:58,058 PUBLISHED (INDISCERNIBLE) AND 9306 06:23:58,058 --> 06:24:00,728 OTHERS WE FOUND THAT PROLONG 9307 06:24:00,728 --> 06:24:03,697 HIGH -- EPISODES OF HYPOXEMIA 9308 06:24:03,697 --> 06:24:05,699 AND PROLONGED GABBANERGIC 9309 06:24:05,699 --> 06:24:09,903 EXPOSURE INDUCED A DISORDER OF 9310 06:24:09,903 --> 06:24:10,537 CONSCIOUSNESS WHICH (INAUDIBLE) 9311 06:24:10,537 --> 06:24:13,440 WROTE IN A PNAS ARTICLE THAT WAS 9312 06:24:13,440 --> 06:24:16,310 IT WAS ALMOST A DOWN REGULATION 9313 06:24:16,310 --> 06:24:17,945 HIBERNATION STING WHICH SEEMED 9314 06:24:17,945 --> 06:24:19,313 LIKE COULD HAVE IMPACT FOR 9315 06:24:19,313 --> 06:24:20,114 PRESERVING BRAIN FUNCTION. IN 9316 06:24:20,114 --> 06:24:21,181 OTHER WORDS PEOPLE LOOKED LIKE 9317 06:24:21,181 --> 06:24:23,550 THEY WERE HIGHLY DOWN REGULATED 9318 06:24:23,550 --> 06:24:25,853 BUT THEN THEY RECOVERED. BUT 9319 06:24:25,853 --> 06:24:27,021 THE ISSUE THAT WAS IMPORTANT WAS 9320 06:24:27,021 --> 06:24:28,856 THAT PEOPLE -- THEY LOOK LIKE 9321 06:24:28,856 --> 06:24:31,525 THEY WEREN'T GOING TO RECOVER 9322 06:24:31,525 --> 06:24:33,661 AND DECISIONS BUT IT WAS A 9323 06:24:33,661 --> 06:24:35,496 PRESERVING FUNCTION VERSUS A 9324 06:24:35,496 --> 06:24:37,498 DELETERIOUS FUNCTION AND 9325 06:24:37,498 --> 06:24:40,567 HYPOXEMIA AND GABBANERGIC IN 9326 06:24:40,567 --> 06:24:42,102 COMBINATION SO MAYBE IMPLICATION 9327 06:24:42,102 --> 06:24:43,837 FOR PROLONGED SPACE TRAVEL. 9328 06:24:43,837 --> 06:24:45,706 >> PROLONGED SPACE FLIGHT AND 9329 06:24:45,706 --> 06:24:46,473 ALSO FOR HEALTHCARE. 9330 06:24:46,473 --> 06:24:47,941 >> IMMEDIATE TO KNOW THAT YOU 9331 06:24:47,941 --> 06:24:50,611 NEED TO GET PEOPLE TIME DURING 9332 06:24:50,611 --> 06:24:51,845 LONG COVID -- DURING COVID IN 9333 06:24:51,845 --> 06:24:53,647 THE ICU TO RECOVER BECAUSE THEY 9334 06:24:53,647 --> 06:24:55,249 HAVE POTENTIALITY TO RECOVER 9335 06:24:55,249 --> 06:24:56,784 BREAKING THE OTHER RULES WE 9336 06:24:56,784 --> 06:24:59,353 TRADITIONALLY ASCRIBE TO PROLONG 9337 06:24:59,353 --> 06:25:00,788 STATES IN THE ICU. 9338 06:25:00,788 --> 06:25:02,256 >> BUT IN SPACE IN GENERAL YOU 9339 06:25:02,256 --> 06:25:05,926 HAVE GOT HYPOXIA, YOU HAVE 9340 06:25:05,926 --> 06:25:07,561 RADIATION EXPOSURE, LOW GRAVITY 9341 06:25:07,561 --> 06:25:08,495 ENVIRONMENT, THERE IS A LOT OF 9342 06:25:08,495 --> 06:25:09,863 THINGS THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC FOR 9343 06:25:09,863 --> 06:25:11,532 THE BODY THAT PEOPLE HAVE TO 9344 06:25:11,532 --> 06:25:13,600 DEAL WITH, ESPECIALLY -- THAT IS 9345 06:25:13,600 --> 06:25:15,035 A CHALLENGE FOR NASA IF THEY 9346 06:25:15,035 --> 06:25:19,473 WANT TO GO TO MARS. 9347 06:25:19,473 --> 06:25:21,575 >> I HAVE A QUESTION. DO YOU 9348 06:25:21,575 --> 06:25:23,277 AUTO SAMPLE PRE-AND 9349 06:25:23,277 --> 06:25:29,316 POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCHERS? 9350 06:25:29,316 --> 06:25:31,118 >> FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS WE HAVE 9351 06:25:31,118 --> 06:25:32,086 NATIONAL DEFENSE SCIENCE AND 9352 06:25:32,086 --> 06:25:35,222 ENGINEERING GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP. 9353 06:25:35,222 --> 06:25:39,960 WHICH IS IF YOU GO TO NDSEG.ORG 9354 06:25:39,960 --> 06:25:42,062 I THINK YOU CAN FINE IT F YOU 9355 06:25:42,062 --> 06:25:43,831 GOOGLE IT, THERE ARE GRADUATE 9356 06:25:43,831 --> 06:25:45,766 PROGRAMS, THE FELLOWSHIPS 9357 06:25:45,766 --> 06:25:47,501 AVAILABLE PAY FOR RESEARCH, PAY 9358 06:25:47,501 --> 06:25:50,938 FOR TRAVEL, SO THAT WOULD BE 9359 06:25:50,938 --> 06:25:55,909 AWARDED TO THE STUDENTS. OR FOR 9360 06:25:55,909 --> 06:25:58,078 THEIR UNIVERSITY. FOR POST DOCS 9361 06:25:58,078 --> 06:26:00,514 IN GENERAL RESEARCH GRANTS WILL 9362 06:26:00,514 --> 06:26:02,683 COVER GRADUATE STUDENTS AND 9363 06:26:02,683 --> 06:26:04,351 POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS WORKING ON 9364 06:26:04,351 --> 06:26:06,186 THE GRANTS. BUT THE GRANTS ARE 9365 06:26:06,186 --> 06:26:07,621 GENERALLY AWARDED TO THE 9366 06:26:07,621 --> 06:26:09,423 INSTITUTION THROUGH THE FACULTY 9367 06:26:09,423 --> 06:26:12,726 MEMBER IN MOST CASES THE 9368 06:26:12,726 --> 06:26:14,061 UNIVERSITIES DON'T ALLOW POST 9369 06:26:14,061 --> 06:26:16,830 DOCS TO APPLY FOR GRANTS FOR 9370 06:26:16,830 --> 06:26:19,700 REGULAR RESEARCH GRANTS. I THINK 9371 06:26:19,700 --> 06:26:21,401 IT IS OFTEN LARGELY GOVERNED BY 9372 06:26:21,401 --> 06:26:25,606 THE UNIVERSITY POLICY. I HAVE 9373 06:26:25,606 --> 06:26:27,074 FUNDED GRANTS TO PEOPLE JUST 9374 06:26:27,074 --> 06:26:28,475 TRANSITIONING TO THE NEW FACULTY 9375 06:26:28,475 --> 06:26:33,447 POSITIONS. BUT THOSE ARE WHEN 9376 06:26:33,447 --> 06:26:38,085 GRANTS STARTED THEY WERE REGULAR 9377 06:26:38,085 --> 06:26:38,318 FACULTY. 9378 06:26:38,318 --> 06:26:38,752 >> OKAY. 9379 06:26:38,752 --> 06:26:40,587 >> THANK YOU. 9380 06:26:40,587 --> 06:26:43,090 >> THANKS IT IS MY PLEASURE TO 9381 06:26:43,090 --> 06:26:43,957 INTRODUCE OUR FOURTH SPEAKER OF 9382 06:26:43,957 --> 06:26:48,862 THE SESSION, DR. KEVIN MOSES, 9383 06:26:48,862 --> 06:26:51,298 SENIOR PROGRAM DIRECTOR AT THE 9384 06:26:51,298 --> 06:26:52,199 WN (INAUDIBLE) FOUNDATION. 9385 06:26:52,199 --> 06:26:54,268 BEFORE THAT HE PLAYED A 9386 06:26:54,268 --> 06:26:56,270 LEADERSHIP ROLE IN MANY PREMIER 9387 06:26:56,270 --> 06:26:59,406 PRIVATE FUND AID GYPSIES. HE 9388 06:26:59,406 --> 06:27:02,075 HELPED FUND THE GENE RESEARCH 9389 06:27:02,075 --> 06:27:03,310 FUND AT THE HOWARD HUGHES 9390 06:27:03,310 --> 06:27:04,611 MEDICAL INSTITUTE AND HE WAS 9391 06:27:04,611 --> 06:27:08,849 ALSO DIRECTOR OF SCIENCE AT THE 9392 06:27:08,849 --> 06:27:11,251 WELLCOME TRUST SCIENTIFIC 9393 06:27:11,251 --> 06:27:15,322 OFFICER AT THE CHAN ZUCKERBURG 9394 06:27:15,322 --> 06:27:16,723 INITIATIVE AN VICE PRESIDENT OF 9395 06:27:16,723 --> 06:27:18,625 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS AT THE 9396 06:27:18,625 --> 06:27:19,493 (INAUDIBLE) FOUNDATION. DR. 9397 06:27:19,493 --> 06:27:22,262 MOSES. 9398 06:27:22,262 --> 06:27:23,564 >> THANK YOU, THINK I CAN DO IT 9399 06:27:23,564 --> 06:27:28,268 FROM HERE. I DIDN'T PLAN GIVING 9400 06:27:28,268 --> 06:27:29,803 A FINAL TALK I DIDN'T BRING 9401 06:27:29,803 --> 06:27:33,207 SLIDES SO I WILL DO A QUICK RUN 9402 06:27:33,207 --> 06:27:37,244 DOWN ON THE FOUNDATION. FIRST I 9403 06:27:37,244 --> 06:27:38,445 WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU AND ERIC 9404 06:27:38,445 --> 06:27:40,113 FOR INVITE MEG TO THIS 9405 06:27:40,113 --> 06:27:42,683 CONFERENCE. THIS IS A TOTAL 9406 06:27:42,683 --> 06:27:45,052 PLEASURE FASCINATING MIND 9407 06:27:45,052 --> 06:27:46,119 BENDING EYE OPENING WONDERFUL. 9408 06:27:46,119 --> 06:27:54,394 THANK YOU. VERY GOOD TO HEAR 9409 06:27:54,394 --> 06:27:57,531 FROM PEOPLE. WHICH LED ME TO -- 9410 06:27:57,531 --> 06:27:59,967 I WILL SEEK PROPOSALS.S. I AM 9411 06:27:59,967 --> 06:28:02,035 FROM THE WM FOUNDATION LIVES IN 9412 06:28:02,035 --> 06:28:05,305 LOS ANGELES AND WE ARE AMBITION 9413 06:28:05,305 --> 06:28:08,141 IS TO BE FUNDING VERY BASIC AND 9414 06:28:08,141 --> 06:28:11,945 EARLY PROPOSALS AT THE HIGH RISK 9415 06:28:11,945 --> 06:28:15,449 ENDS LEADING TO GIGANTIC 9416 06:28:15,449 --> 06:28:17,117 DISCOVERIES. FIRST THING I DID 9417 06:28:17,117 --> 06:28:20,020 IS A REVIEW OF THE TEN YEARS OF 9418 06:28:20,020 --> 06:28:22,356 PROPOSALS UP TO 2020, TEN YEARS 9419 06:28:22,356 --> 06:28:25,759 OF GRANTS. T HINDSIGHT 2020. IT 9420 06:28:25,759 --> 06:28:28,528 HAS I WILL GIVE YOU THE TWO 9421 06:28:28,528 --> 06:28:30,697 EXAMPLES OF EXTREME 9422 06:28:30,697 --> 06:28:33,166 WONDERFULNESS. TO GIVE AN IDEA 9423 06:28:33,166 --> 06:28:36,169 OF THE SCOPE, THE RANGE AND THE 9424 06:28:36,169 --> 06:28:37,204 KINDS OF THINGS WE ARE LOOKING 9425 06:28:37,204 --> 06:28:42,542 FOR. ONE END EXTREME TO THE 9426 06:28:42,542 --> 06:28:44,912 NON-BIOLOGICAL -- THERE WAS A 9427 06:28:44,912 --> 06:28:48,515 GRANT TO TUNE UP WITH ADAPTIVE 9428 06:28:48,515 --> 06:28:50,717 OPTICS THE GIANT TELESCOPES ON 9429 06:28:50,717 --> 06:28:52,286 HAWAII THAT -- FUNDED TO LOOK 9430 06:28:52,286 --> 06:28:53,520 FOR THE BLACK HOLE AT THE CENTER 9431 06:28:53,520 --> 06:28:57,624 OF OUR GALAXY. THAT SUCCEEDED 9432 06:28:57,624 --> 06:29:00,527 AND THEY FOUND THE BLACK HOLE 9433 06:29:00,527 --> 06:29:04,264 AND THAT PI WAS (INAUDIBLE) UCLA 9434 06:29:04,264 --> 06:29:07,034 WHO GOT THE NOBEL PRIZE IN 2020. 9435 06:29:07,034 --> 06:29:09,770 THAT IS ONE EXTREME. GIANT 9436 06:29:09,770 --> 06:29:11,171 DISCOVERY. SHE HAD NO 9437 06:29:11,171 --> 06:29:16,443 PRELIMINARY DATA AT THE TIME -- 9438 06:29:16,443 --> 06:29:19,313 WE LIKE RISK AND EARLY -- THE 9439 06:29:19,313 --> 06:29:22,950 OTHER EXTREME RELEVANT TO THIS 9440 06:29:22,950 --> 06:29:25,786 ROOM (INAUDIBLE) IN 2008 EARLY 9441 06:29:25,786 --> 06:29:29,289 WORK ON OPTOGENETICS. AGAIN YOU 9442 06:29:29,289 --> 06:29:30,424 CAN UNDERSTAND WHY THAT WAS 9443 06:29:30,424 --> 06:29:35,295 SUCCESSFUL GRANT. WE DID FEW 9444 06:29:35,295 --> 06:29:37,331 GRANTS, 15 TO 20 A YEAR BUT WE 9445 06:29:37,331 --> 06:29:41,635 ARE LOOKING FOR THOSE EARLY 9446 06:29:41,635 --> 06:29:43,770 HOPEFULLY SPECTACULAR, PEOPLE 9447 06:29:43,770 --> 06:29:47,207 WITH BIG IDEAS, DON'T NEED SO 9448 06:29:47,207 --> 06:29:49,876 MUCH FOR DATA, BRING THEM TO US 9449 06:29:49,876 --> 06:29:52,179 AND WE WILL GIVE IT A WHIRL. AT 9450 06:29:52,179 --> 06:29:54,214 THE EXTREME SIMPLICITY, THE 9451 06:29:54,214 --> 06:29:56,216 FRONT END OF THE APPLICATION, SO 9452 06:29:56,216 --> 06:29:59,453 ONE PAGE CONCEPT. NOT TOO MUCH 9453 06:29:59,453 --> 06:30:01,188 INVESTMENT IN WORK TO GET IT TO 9454 06:30:01,188 --> 06:30:07,260 US. ONLY GRANTS FROM PIs ONLY 9455 06:30:07,260 --> 06:30:10,097 SADLY U.S. UNIVERSITIES, THOUGH 9456 06:30:10,097 --> 06:30:12,499 WE PERMIT COLLABORATIONS WITH 9457 06:30:12,499 --> 06:30:16,303 OTHER INSTITUTIONS. THAT IS ALL 9458 06:30:16,303 --> 06:30:19,673 I REALLY HAVE. OUR ONLY EXAMPLE 9459 06:30:19,673 --> 06:30:21,007 OF FUNDING CONSCIOUSNESS WAS THE 9460 06:30:21,007 --> 06:30:26,480 GRANT WE MADE LAST YEAR. SO THAT 9461 06:30:26,480 --> 06:30:37,024 GIVES YOU SOME IDEA. THANK YOU. 9462 06:30:42,129 --> 06:30:42,262 WHERE 9463 06:30:42,262 --> 06:30:47,667 >> I JUST WAIT? OKAY. 9464 06:30:47,667 --> 06:30:50,837 >> OUR LAST PRESENTATION IS 9465 06:30:50,837 --> 06:30:52,105 RECORDED TALK BECAUSE OF 9466 06:30:52,105 --> 06:30:54,441 SCHEDULED CONFLICT BUT FROM VERY 9467 06:30:54,441 --> 06:30:59,646 SPECIAL GUESTS, FROM (INAUDIBLE) 9468 06:30:59,646 --> 06:31:02,549 MARSHALL TEMPLETON AWARD 9469 06:31:02,549 --> 06:31:04,384 FOUNDATION, AS YOU HEARD IN THIS 9470 06:31:04,384 --> 06:31:05,919 WORKSHOP LAUNCHED AD 9471 06:31:05,919 --> 06:31:06,720 CONSCIOUSNESS INITIATIVE FIVE 9472 06:31:06,720 --> 06:31:10,657 YEARS AGO THAT HELPED TO PROPEL 9473 06:31:10,657 --> 06:31:13,193 THE FIELD FORWARD. SO I THINK 9474 06:31:13,193 --> 06:31:14,461 THEY WILL BE TELLING US A BIT 9475 06:31:14,461 --> 06:31:16,930 ABOUT THE -- I THINK NOW LIKE 9476 06:31:16,930 --> 06:31:18,298 THE 20 TO $30 MILLION THEY PUT 9477 06:31:18,298 --> 06:31:19,933 IN TO CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH 9478 06:31:19,933 --> 06:31:21,535 OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS. AND 9479 06:31:21,535 --> 06:31:24,171 MANY OF YOU HAVE SEEN THE 9480 06:31:24,171 --> 06:31:27,040 INITIAL RESULTS AT ASSC AND TALK 9481 06:31:27,040 --> 06:31:33,146 ON THE FIRST DAY. SO THEY WILL 9482 06:31:33,146 --> 06:31:36,783 BE TELLING US ABOUT THE 9483 06:31:36,783 --> 06:31:37,918 CONSCIOUSNESS INITIATIVE. IF YOU 9484 06:31:37,918 --> 06:31:48,295 CAN GET TALK LOADED UP 9485 06:32:03,610 --> 06:32:07,881 >> HELLO MY NAME IS (INAUDIBLE) 9486 06:32:07,881 --> 06:32:11,451 HAIRSON, PRESIDENT OF THE 9487 06:32:11,451 --> 06:32:12,252 TEMPLETON CHARITY FOUNDATION. 9488 06:32:12,252 --> 06:32:13,720 THANK YOU FOR ALLOWING ME TO 9489 06:32:13,720 --> 06:32:15,188 OFFER MY REMARKS AT THE OUTSET 9490 06:32:15,188 --> 06:32:20,327 OF THIS NIH NSF NEXT FRONTIERS 9491 06:32:20,327 --> 06:32:23,029 IN CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH 9492 06:32:23,029 --> 06:32:25,599 WORKSHOP. THE QUESTION OF 9493 06:32:25,599 --> 06:32:28,168 CONSCIOUSNESS, ORIGIN, NATURE 9494 06:32:28,168 --> 06:32:30,270 SUBSTANCE AND STRUCTURE OF OUR 9495 06:32:30,270 --> 06:32:32,939 SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS IS HUNDREDS 9496 06:32:32,939 --> 06:32:36,710 OF YEARS OLE. AT THE OUTSET OF 9497 06:32:36,710 --> 06:32:38,745 THE 16TH CENTURY TO BE CONSCIOUS 9498 06:32:38,745 --> 06:32:40,147 IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE MEANT TO BE 9499 06:32:40,147 --> 06:32:43,149 AWARE OF A SECRET OR SOMETHING 9500 06:32:43,149 --> 06:32:47,621 PRIVAPRIVATE. SINCE THEN THIS TC 9501 06:32:47,621 --> 06:32:49,422 OCCUPIED HUMANITIES DEEPEST 9502 06:32:49,422 --> 06:32:52,392 THINKERS RANGING FROM RENEE 9503 06:32:52,392 --> 06:32:55,829 DECART, JOHN LOCK, MARCH SELL 9504 06:32:55,829 --> 06:33:01,234 PRUST AND FAVORITE STAR TREK 9505 06:33:01,234 --> 06:33:04,471 CREATOR GENE RODEN BURY OUR 9506 06:33:04,471 --> 06:33:06,373 FOUNDER SAID IT IS IMPORTANT TO 9507 06:33:06,373 --> 06:33:07,541 REALIZE THE MOST COMPLICATED 9508 06:33:07,541 --> 06:33:08,909 OBJECT WE ARE AWARE OF IN OUR 9509 06:33:08,909 --> 06:33:12,879 UNIVERSE IS THE HUMAN BRAIN. IT 9510 06:33:12,879 --> 06:33:15,181 IS AS YET MYSTERIOUS PROPERTY OF 9511 06:33:15,181 --> 06:33:17,551 INNER EMERGENT CONSCIOUSNESS, 9512 06:33:17,551 --> 06:33:19,252 COMBINED WITH INTELLIGENCE AN 9513 06:33:19,252 --> 06:33:22,789 EXTENTSIVE CAPACITY FOR MEMORY 9514 06:33:22,789 --> 06:33:25,992 MAKES US US. I BELIEVE THAT THE 9515 06:33:25,992 --> 06:33:27,294 NEXT SIX MONTHS WILL BE 9516 06:33:27,294 --> 06:33:29,095 REMEMBERED AS A CRITICAL TURNING 9517 06:33:29,095 --> 06:33:33,033 POINT IN THIS LONG INTELLECTUAL 9518 06:33:33,033 --> 06:33:35,202 JOURNEY. OVER THE NEXT SIX 9519 06:33:35,202 --> 06:33:37,804 MONTHS THE FIRST RESULTS FROM 9520 06:33:37,804 --> 06:33:39,206 TEMPLETON WORLD CHARITY 9521 06:33:39,206 --> 06:33:41,775 FOUNDATION GROUND BREAKING 9522 06:33:41,775 --> 06:33:43,410 ACCELERATING RESEARCH ON 9523 06:33:43,410 --> 06:33:44,144 CONSCIOUSNESS INITIATIVE WILL BE 9524 06:33:44,144 --> 06:33:48,615 PRESENTED. WE HOPE THIS MARKS A 9525 06:33:48,615 --> 06:33:51,017 SURGE OF NEW RESEARCH ON 9526 06:33:51,017 --> 06:33:53,353 CONSCIOUSNESS AND PERHAPS SIGNAL 9527 06:33:53,353 --> 06:33:54,321 A BROADER SHIFT HOW SCIENCE IS 9528 06:33:54,321 --> 06:33:58,158 DONE. TO BE SURE, THE SUBJECT OF 9529 06:33:58,158 --> 06:33:59,859 CONSCIOUSNESS IS NOTORIOUSLY 9530 06:33:59,859 --> 06:34:01,761 STICKY. THERE IS LITTLE 9531 06:34:01,761 --> 06:34:03,029 AGREEMENT WHAT ANATOMICAL 9532 06:34:03,029 --> 06:34:04,331 STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL 9533 06:34:04,331 --> 06:34:06,833 FUNCTIONS PRODUCE CONSCIOUSNESS. 9534 06:34:06,833 --> 06:34:08,401 SCHOLARS ACROSS DISCIPLINES CAN 9535 06:34:08,401 --> 06:34:10,670 LOOK AT THE SAME DATA AND DRAW 9536 06:34:10,670 --> 06:34:14,274 VERY DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS. IN 9537 06:34:14,274 --> 06:34:16,276 THE VERNACULAR WE CAN BE 9538 06:34:16,276 --> 06:34:18,211 CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS 9539 06:34:18,211 --> 06:34:20,981 REFLECTING A PARTICULAR STATE OF 9540 06:34:20,981 --> 06:34:23,950 A PERSON. WE CAN BE CONSCIOUS OF 9541 06:34:23,950 --> 06:34:25,085 SOMETHING PERCEIVING OR BEING 9542 06:34:25,085 --> 06:34:28,555 AWARE OF IT. WE CAN BE 9543 06:34:28,555 --> 06:34:29,756 SELF-CONSCIENCE CONTEMPLATING 9544 06:34:29,756 --> 06:34:31,224 ONE'S OWN ACTIONS OR 9545 06:34:31,224 --> 06:34:32,826 PERCEPTIONS. WITHIN ITS MANY 9546 06:34:32,826 --> 06:34:35,729 USAGES AN VARIOUS SHADES OF 9547 06:34:35,729 --> 06:34:39,265 MEANING, THERE ARE DOZENS OF 9548 06:34:39,265 --> 06:34:41,201 THEORIES DEVELOPED AND PROPOSED 9549 06:34:41,201 --> 06:34:42,736 OVER DECADES. ALL THESE THEORIES 9550 06:34:42,736 --> 06:34:45,705 ARE METAPHYSICAL, THEY MAKE 9551 06:34:45,705 --> 06:34:46,673 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE 9552 06:34:46,673 --> 06:34:50,543 FUNDAMENTALS OF REALITY, AND 9553 06:34:50,543 --> 06:34:53,680 SUBSET OF THESE THEORIES IS 9554 06:34:53,680 --> 06:34:54,748 EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE. IN OTHER 9555 06:34:54,748 --> 06:34:56,116 WORDS THEY MAKE PREDICTIONS 9556 06:34:56,116 --> 06:34:57,684 ABILITY CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION AND 9557 06:34:57,684 --> 06:34:59,386 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED 9558 06:34:59,386 --> 06:35:03,256 WITH IT. SOME THEORIES CLAIM 9559 06:35:03,256 --> 06:35:04,724 CONSCIOUSNESS IS A PRODUCT OF 9560 06:35:04,724 --> 06:35:07,093 THE STRICT NEUROLOGICAL SIGNALS 9561 06:35:07,093 --> 06:35:10,263 AND INFORMATION PROCESSING THAT 9562 06:35:10,263 --> 06:35:11,698 HAPPENS IN SYNAPSES IN THE BRAIN 9563 06:35:11,698 --> 06:35:13,767 OR ELSEWHERE IN THE NERVOUS 9564 06:35:13,767 --> 06:35:15,735 SYSTEM. OTHERS CONSCIOUSNESS 9565 06:35:15,735 --> 06:35:17,671 SHAPED FUNDAMENTALLY BY THE BODY 9566 06:35:17,671 --> 06:35:20,040 AS A WHOLE WHILE STILL OTHERS 9567 06:35:20,040 --> 06:35:21,941 INVOKE MORE EXOTIC PROCESSES 9568 06:35:21,941 --> 06:35:26,513 LIKE QUANTUM MECHANICS. FOR 9569 06:35:26,513 --> 06:35:28,314 MANY DECADES THEORETICAL 9570 06:35:28,314 --> 06:35:30,483 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF 9571 06:35:30,483 --> 06:35:31,584 CONSCIOUSNESS MAY HAVE BEEN A 9572 06:35:31,584 --> 06:35:34,788 SLEEPY NICHE OF THE ACADEMY, NEW 9573 06:35:34,788 --> 06:35:40,193 YORK RESIDENTS AND OTHER 9574 06:35:40,193 --> 06:35:41,828 DEVELOPMENTS HAVE CAUSED ITS 9575 06:35:41,828 --> 06:35:43,229 LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE TO RAPIDLY 9576 06:35:43,229 --> 06:35:46,299 GROW. ONE REASON PERHAPS FOR 9577 06:35:46,299 --> 06:35:48,702 THIS IS THE EXPLOSION OF 9578 06:35:48,702 --> 06:35:50,337 RESEARCH ON INTELLIGENCE BOTH 9579 06:35:50,337 --> 06:35:53,873 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ONE HAND 9580 06:35:53,873 --> 06:35:55,342 WE LEARN ABOUT THE REMARKABLE 9581 06:35:55,342 --> 06:35:57,777 BRILLIANCE OF THE LIVING WORLD. 9582 06:35:57,777 --> 06:35:59,579 MEMORY AND LANCE ABOUT B 9583 06:35:59,579 --> 06:36:01,815 STATISTIC REASONING AND EMPATHY 9584 06:36:01,815 --> 06:36:03,683 AND OTHER PRIMATES, 9585 06:36:03,683 --> 06:36:05,919 SELF-AWARENESS IN BIRDS AND 9586 06:36:05,919 --> 06:36:09,422 FORMS OF COGNITION IN SIGNATURE 9587 06:36:09,422 --> 06:36:10,790 L CELLULAR ORGANISMS. AT THE 9588 06:36:10,790 --> 06:36:13,326 SAME TIME POWERFUL NEW 9589 06:36:13,326 --> 06:36:15,261 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS, 9590 06:36:15,261 --> 06:36:18,064 FROM BEING RELEASED DAILY. 9591 06:36:18,064 --> 06:36:20,100 THESE HAVE REMARKABLE POWERS IN 9592 06:36:20,100 --> 06:36:21,768 PASSING. TOUGH STANDARDIZED 9593 06:36:21,768 --> 06:36:23,703 TESTS RANGING FROM SAT TO 9594 06:36:23,703 --> 06:36:26,005 MEDICAL LICENSING EXAMS, AND 9595 06:36:26,005 --> 06:36:27,407 THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE FOR THE 9596 06:36:27,407 --> 06:36:30,076 EMERGENCE OR DEVELOPMENT OF MORE 9597 06:36:30,076 --> 06:36:31,578 SOPHISTICATED SOCIAL COGNITIVE 9598 06:36:31,578 --> 06:36:36,416 SKILLS LIKE A THEORY OF MIND, 9599 06:36:36,416 --> 06:36:38,918 WHICH MAY DEMONSTRATE SOME SENSE 9600 06:36:38,918 --> 06:36:39,886 SYSTEM UNDERSTANDS PERSPECTIVE 9601 06:36:39,886 --> 06:36:41,988 OF OTHER AGENTS OR AT LEAST ACT 9602 06:36:41,988 --> 06:36:47,427 TO US LIKE IT DOES. THESE 9603 06:36:47,427 --> 06:36:49,162 DEMONSTRATIONS ARE NO DOUBT 9604 06:36:49,162 --> 06:36:50,463 ASTOUNDING BUT THEY SECURITY THE 9605 06:36:50,463 --> 06:36:52,432 FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE. INTELLIGENCE 9606 06:36:52,432 --> 06:36:53,933 IS NOT THE SAME THING AS 9607 06:36:53,933 --> 06:36:56,136 CONSCIOUSNESS. PROBLEM SOLVING 9608 06:36:56,136 --> 06:36:59,739 ABILITY IS NOT NECESSARILY 9609 06:36:59,739 --> 06:37:01,074 CORRELATED. WITH INTERIOR LIFE 9610 06:37:01,074 --> 06:37:02,675 OR SUBJECTABLE AWARENESS OR 9611 06:37:02,675 --> 06:37:03,676 INDIVIDUALITY THAT PERSISTS OVER 9612 06:37:03,676 --> 06:37:06,980 TIME. NONETHELESS AS THE NUMBER 9613 06:37:06,980 --> 06:37:10,984 OF DIVERSITY OF INTELLIGENT 9614 06:37:10,984 --> 06:37:15,688 AGENTS WE RECOGNIZE GROWS, WE 9615 06:37:15,688 --> 06:37:17,323 ARE FORCED TO ASK A NUMBER OF 9616 06:37:17,323 --> 06:37:21,761 BIG QUESTIONS, ARE MORAL 9617 06:37:21,761 --> 06:37:23,329 OBLIGATIONS TO CREATURE AND 9618 06:37:23,329 --> 06:37:25,031 CREATION ALIKE. WHICH SYSTEMS 9619 06:37:25,031 --> 06:37:26,933 FEEL PAIN, WHICH SUFFER HOW 9620 06:37:26,933 --> 06:37:28,201 SHOULD LEGAL AND POLITICAL 9621 06:37:28,201 --> 06:37:31,437 SYSTEMS RESPOND? IN 20818 THE 9622 06:37:31,437 --> 06:37:33,740 TEMPLETON CHARITY FOUNDATION 9623 06:37:33,740 --> 06:37:36,509 COMMITTED $30 MILLION TO HELP 9624 06:37:36,509 --> 06:37:38,111 MOVE THE FIELD OF CONSCIOUSNESS 9625 06:37:38,111 --> 06:37:39,212 FORWARD USING A NEW KIND OF 9626 06:37:39,212 --> 06:37:40,914 APPROACH CALLED STRUCTURED 9627 06:37:40,914 --> 06:37:42,715 ADVERSARIAL COLLABORATION. THIS 9628 06:37:42,715 --> 06:37:47,520 APPROACH WAS INSPIRED BY WORK OF 9629 06:37:47,520 --> 06:37:51,090 ECONOMISTS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS 9630 06:37:51,090 --> 06:37:53,993 AMONG OTHERS. IT SEEKS TO BREAK 9631 06:37:53,993 --> 06:37:56,996 THE TYPICAL ACADEMIC CYCLE WHERE 9632 06:37:56,996 --> 06:37:59,265 PROPONENTS OF COMPETING THEORIES 9633 06:37:59,265 --> 06:38:03,636 ENGAGE IN A ACADEMIC ARMS RACE 9634 06:38:03,636 --> 06:38:05,238 INDIVIDUALS MARSHALLING IN A 9635 06:38:05,238 --> 06:38:08,741 CONSECUTIVE SERIES OF ARGUMENTS 9636 06:38:08,741 --> 06:38:10,743 UNFOLDING OVER DECADES AND 9637 06:38:10,743 --> 06:38:11,845 INCOMPLETE EVIDENCE BEING 9638 06:38:11,845 --> 06:38:13,947 AMASSED FROM ONE SIDE OR THE 9639 06:38:13,947 --> 06:38:18,918 OTHER. SO TO AVOID THIS DEFAULT 9640 06:38:18,918 --> 06:38:20,653 MODE OF RESEARCH THE FOUNDATION 9641 06:38:20,653 --> 06:38:23,022 WORKED WITH COMPETING TEAMS OF 9642 06:38:23,022 --> 06:38:24,724 RESEARCHERS TO DESIGN A COMMON 9643 06:38:24,724 --> 06:38:27,827 SET OF EXPERIMENTS THAT 9644 06:38:27,827 --> 06:38:29,896 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DIFFERENT 9645 06:38:29,896 --> 06:38:31,097 THEORIES. RESULTS FROM THESE 9646 06:38:31,097 --> 06:38:33,733 COMMON SET OF EXPERIMENTS THESE 9647 06:38:33,733 --> 06:38:36,636 TESTS, SUPPORT ONE THEORY AND 9648 06:38:36,636 --> 06:38:37,937 DETRACT FROM ANOTHER. THOSE 9649 06:38:37,937 --> 06:38:39,906 CALLS ARE PUBLICLY PLEDGE SERRED 9650 06:38:39,906 --> 06:38:42,108 PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF 9651 06:38:42,108 --> 06:38:44,444 STUDIES. EXPERIMENTS ARE 9652 06:38:44,444 --> 06:38:47,614 SIMULTANEOUSLY REPLICATED IN 9653 06:38:47,614 --> 06:38:50,783 DIFFERENT SITES THERE ARE FIVE 9654 06:38:50,783 --> 06:38:52,185 ADVERSARIAL COLLABORATIONS 9655 06:38:52,185 --> 06:38:58,024 CURRENTLY ACTIVE. THE FIRST ONE 9656 06:38:58,024 --> 06:38:59,659 GLOBAL NEURONAL WORK SPACE AND 9657 06:38:59,659 --> 06:39:01,227 INTEGRATED INFORMATION THEORY, 9658 06:39:01,227 --> 06:39:02,328 THE RESULTS WHICH WERE ANNOUNCED 9659 06:39:02,328 --> 06:39:05,832 DAYS AGO. NUMBER TWO, 9660 06:39:05,832 --> 06:39:07,066 COMPARISON OF FIRST ORDER AND 9661 06:39:07,066 --> 06:39:09,002 HIGHER ORDER THEORIES OF 9662 06:39:09,002 --> 06:39:11,004 CONSCIOUSNESS, NUMBER THREE, 9663 06:39:11,004 --> 06:39:12,739 TESTING GLOBAL NEURONAL WORK 9664 06:39:12,739 --> 06:39:14,207 SPACE AGAINST INTEGRATED 9665 06:39:14,207 --> 06:39:16,843 INFORMATION THEORY AND ANIMAL 9666 06:39:16,843 --> 06:39:18,378 MODELS. NUMBER FOUR INTEGRATED 9667 06:39:18,378 --> 06:39:20,246 INFORMATION THEORY ON PREDICTIVE 9668 06:39:20,246 --> 06:39:21,547 PROCESSING ACCOUNTS OF 9669 06:39:21,547 --> 06:39:24,717 CONSCIOUSNESS. AND NUMBER 5, 9670 06:39:24,717 --> 06:39:25,919 COMPARING DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF 9671 06:39:25,919 --> 06:39:27,620 HIGHER ORDER THEORIES OF 9672 06:39:27,620 --> 06:39:28,922 CONSCIOUSNESS. IN ADDITION TO 9673 06:39:28,922 --> 06:39:30,890 THESE STRUCTURED ADVERSARIAL 9674 06:39:30,890 --> 06:39:32,191 COLLABORATIONS WE FUNDED 9675 06:39:32,191 --> 06:39:34,594 COMMUNITY BUILDING SUPPORTIVE 9676 06:39:34,594 --> 06:39:37,730 EFFORTS, TO GRANTS TO THE CENTER 9677 06:39:37,730 --> 06:39:40,600 FOR OPEN SCIENCE FOR PROGRAM 9678 06:39:40,600 --> 06:39:44,971 USING REGISTER REPORTS. AND ALSO 9679 06:39:44,971 --> 06:39:47,006 CANADIAN INSTITUTES FOR ADVANCE 9680 06:39:47,006 --> 06:39:51,411 CFAR FOR A WINTER SCHOOL ON A 9681 06:39:51,411 --> 06:39:52,512 NEUROSCIENCE CONSCIOUSNESS. WE 9682 06:39:52,512 --> 06:39:55,014 DON'T EXPECT TO SOLVE ALL THE 9683 06:39:55,014 --> 06:39:55,782 MYSTERIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 9684 06:39:55,782 --> 06:39:57,317 THROUGH THESE EFFORTS BUT WE DO 9685 06:39:57,317 --> 06:39:59,752 AIM TO FOSTER PROGRESS BY 9686 06:39:59,752 --> 06:40:04,424 REDUCING THE NUMBER OF VIABLE 9687 06:40:04,424 --> 06:40:05,758 THYRISTOR CAUSING THE THEORIES 9688 06:40:05,758 --> 06:40:08,895 TO CHANGE OVER TIME USING THIS 9689 06:40:08,895 --> 06:40:10,330 RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC AND 9690 06:40:10,330 --> 06:40:13,833 CONCEPTUAL INVESTIGATION. THIS 9691 06:40:13,833 --> 06:40:15,234 MAY SOUND SIMPLE BUT I KNOW AND 9692 06:40:15,234 --> 06:40:16,469 I THINK YOU KNOW THIS KIND OF 9693 06:40:16,469 --> 06:40:20,807 APPROACH IS INCREDIBLY RARE IN 9694 06:40:20,807 --> 06:40:22,008 SCIENCE, HAD TO HAVE TESTS OF 9695 06:40:22,008 --> 06:40:25,578 COMPETING THEORIES OR SOMETIMES 9696 06:40:25,578 --> 06:40:27,947 TECHNICALLY IMPRACTICAL AND 9697 06:40:27,947 --> 06:40:30,350 SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE. THESE 9698 06:40:30,350 --> 06:40:32,652 STUDIES CAN TAKE OVER $5 MILLION 9699 06:40:32,652 --> 06:40:38,958 OR MORE TO CONDUCT AND OF COURSE 9700 06:40:38,958 --> 06:40:39,959 TOSS PARTICIPATE REQUIRES A HUGE 9701 06:40:39,959 --> 06:40:42,962 AMOUNT OF COURAGE. I WOULD LIKE 9702 06:40:42,962 --> 06:40:44,163 TO THANK ALL THOSE RESEARCHERS 9703 06:40:44,163 --> 06:40:48,901 WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE PROCESS 9704 06:40:48,901 --> 06:40:50,837 NO ONE GETS A TENURED FACULTY 9705 06:40:50,837 --> 06:40:52,405 POSITION BEING PROVEN WRONG, IT 9706 06:40:52,405 --> 06:40:53,906 TAKES COURAGE AND HUMILITY TO 9707 06:40:53,906 --> 06:40:57,510 ENGAGE. YET WE HOPE THROUGH THE 9708 06:40:57,510 --> 06:40:59,312 PROCESSES OF ADVERSARIAL 9709 06:40:59,312 --> 06:41:01,848 COLLABORATIONS WILL DRAW CLOSER 9710 06:41:01,848 --> 06:41:04,117 TO A TRUER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW 9711 06:41:04,117 --> 06:41:05,385 CONSCIOUSNESS REALLY WORKS. AND 9712 06:41:05,385 --> 06:41:07,453 WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO THINK 9713 06:41:07,453 --> 06:41:10,189 THAT SUCH BREAKTHROUGHS WILL BE 9714 06:41:10,189 --> 06:41:11,524 OF PROFOUND IMPORTANCE TO 9715 06:41:11,524 --> 06:41:16,129 HUMANITY. IN ADDITION, IF THE 9716 06:41:16,129 --> 06:41:17,196 ADVERSARIAL COLLABORATION 9717 06:41:17,196 --> 06:41:18,831 PROCESS IS SUCCESSFUL I THINK IT 9718 06:41:18,831 --> 06:41:21,300 CAN BE ADAPTED TO OTHER FIELDS 9719 06:41:21,300 --> 06:41:23,469 WITH SIMILARLY INTRACKABLE OR 9720 06:41:23,469 --> 06:41:25,304 LONG STAND PROBLEMS. FOR PAM 9721 06:41:25,304 --> 06:41:30,476 EXAMPLE IT COULD BE USED TO 9722 06:41:30,476 --> 06:41:32,445 APPROACH QUESTIONS ABOUT NATURE 9723 06:41:32,445 --> 06:41:35,615 IMPLICIT BIAS OR SOCIALLY 9724 06:41:35,615 --> 06:41:37,850 MOTIVATED REASONING AND ALSO 9725 06:41:37,850 --> 06:41:39,719 THIS IS SOMETHING I BELIEVE THAT 9726 06:41:39,719 --> 06:41:42,021 UNIQUE FUNDING MECHANISM 9727 06:41:42,021 --> 06:41:43,489 PHILANTHROPY AND OTHER LIKE 9728 06:41:43,489 --> 06:41:47,660 MINDED FUNDERS ARE UNIQUELY ABLE 9729 06:41:47,660 --> 06:41:49,729 TO TAKE ON. STRUCTURING THE 9730 06:41:49,729 --> 06:41:50,963 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY TAKING 9731 06:41:50,963 --> 06:41:53,366 RISKS AN ENGAGING WITH LONG TERM 9732 06:41:53,366 --> 06:41:54,500 SUPPORT FOR THESE SORTS OF 9733 06:41:54,500 --> 06:41:56,636 STUDIES. IN THAT VAIN I WANT TO 9734 06:41:56,636 --> 06:41:58,204 EXTEND A SPECIAL NOTE OF 9735 06:41:58,204 --> 06:42:00,106 GRATITUDE TO JIM, JONATHAN AND 9736 06:42:00,106 --> 06:42:02,375 OTHER FUNDERS IN THE ROOM. WHO 9737 06:42:02,375 --> 06:42:04,510 FUND THE NEXT FRONTIER IN 9738 06:42:04,510 --> 06:42:05,778 CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH. WE HOPE 9739 06:42:05,778 --> 06:42:08,014 THE THEORETICAL ADVANCES, THOSE 9740 06:42:08,014 --> 06:42:09,949 ACHIEVED THROUGH ADVERSARIAL 9741 06:42:09,949 --> 06:42:10,950 COLLABORATION AND ALSO THE 9742 06:42:10,950 --> 06:42:13,319 AMAZING AND RAPID PROGRESS OF 9743 06:42:13,319 --> 06:42:16,522 AVAILABLE TOOLS, AND TECHNIQUES, 9744 06:42:16,522 --> 06:42:18,424 SUCH AS THOSE SUPPORTED BY THE 9745 06:42:18,424 --> 06:42:20,259 BRAIN INITIATIVE WILL FORM A 9746 06:42:20,259 --> 06:42:21,727 VIRTUAL CIRCLE INCREASING 9747 06:42:21,727 --> 06:42:22,895 DISCOVERY AND INCREASING 9748 06:42:22,895 --> 06:42:24,597 RESOURCES, APPLIED TO THIS AREA 9749 06:42:24,597 --> 06:42:28,701 OF RESEARCH. IN MY OFFICE, 9750 06:42:28,701 --> 06:42:30,269 CHANGES A MOTTO FROM MY TIME AS 9751 06:42:30,269 --> 06:42:32,105 WORKING AS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE 9752 06:42:32,105 --> 06:42:35,241 RESEARCHER IN AFRICA, ADAPTED 9753 06:42:35,241 --> 06:42:36,709 FROM OLD PROVERB THAT SAYS IF 9754 06:42:36,709 --> 06:42:40,446 YOU WANT TO GO FAST, GO ALONE. 9755 06:42:40,446 --> 06:42:43,549 HOWEVER IF YOU WANT TO GO FARGO 9756 06:42:43,549 --> 06:42:45,017 TOGETHER. I WANT TO SAY YOU ARE 9757 06:42:45,017 --> 06:42:46,819 THE CORE OF THIS COMMUNITY AND 9758 06:42:46,819 --> 06:42:49,655 COUNT Y'ALL AS FELLOW COMPANIONS 9759 06:42:49,655 --> 06:42:50,490 IN THIS UNIQUELY IMPORTANT 9760 06:42:50,490 --> 06:43:00,867 ENDEAVOR. THANK YOU. 9761 06:43:02,535 --> 06:43:10,643 (OFF MIC) 9762 06:43:10,643 --> 06:43:13,946 >> SO THE UK OF INTEREST IN THE 9763 06:43:13,946 --> 06:43:15,681 MOMENT IN LOTTERY BASED MODELS 9764 06:43:15,681 --> 06:43:17,483 WHICH I THINK IS QUITE 9765 06:43:17,483 --> 06:43:20,086 INTERESTING. AS A WAY OF FUNDING 9766 06:43:20,086 --> 06:43:23,289 HIGH RISK RESEARCH. SOMETHING 9767 06:43:23,289 --> 06:43:24,791 SOMETIMES HAPPENS IS FUNDERS SAY 9768 06:43:24,791 --> 06:43:26,592 THEY WANT HIGH RISK HIGH GAIN 9769 06:43:26,592 --> 06:43:28,694 AND WHAT COMES OUT AT THE END 9770 06:43:28,694 --> 06:43:30,363 EVERYONE THEN JUST SAYS OH THAT 9771 06:43:30,363 --> 06:43:34,600 IS RISK AVERSE. BOTH KINDS MADE 9772 06:43:34,600 --> 06:43:38,538 IN THIS SESSION WITH THE LOTTERY 9773 06:43:38,538 --> 06:43:41,874 APPROACH, THINGS THAT MIGHT GET 9774 06:43:41,874 --> 06:43:43,242 OTHERWISE SCREENED OUT AS BEING 9775 06:43:43,242 --> 06:43:46,112 A LITTLE BIT RISKY GOING TO THE 9776 06:43:46,112 --> 06:43:48,981 LOTTERY AND SOMETIMES THEY GET 9777 06:43:48,981 --> 06:43:50,783 (INAUDIBLE) SO I THINK IT IS 9778 06:43:50,783 --> 06:43:53,219 REALLY -- IT IS NOT -- IT IS GOT 9779 06:43:53,219 --> 06:43:57,490 PROBLEMS AS WELL BUT I'M REALLY 9780 06:43:57,490 --> 06:43:58,925 INTERESTED SOME OF THE FUNDING 9781 06:43:58,925 --> 06:44:00,226 AGENCIES I'M APPLYING TO DOING 9782 06:44:00,226 --> 06:44:04,997 THIS SORT OF THIN THING. IER IFS 9783 06:44:04,997 --> 06:44:07,333 ON YOUR RADAR AND YOU ARE 9784 06:44:07,333 --> 06:44:09,535 INTERESTING IN TRYING. 9785 06:44:09,535 --> 06:44:11,137 >> IS YOUR QUESTION WHETHER OR 9786 06:44:11,137 --> 06:44:13,639 NOT WE ARE REALLY WILLING TO 9787 06:44:13,639 --> 06:44:19,245 TOLERATE CRAZY IDEAS? I THINK 9788 06:44:19,245 --> 06:44:21,280 THE KECK FOUNDATION DOESN'T 9789 06:44:21,280 --> 06:44:21,781 REQUIRE DATA THAT. 9790 06:44:21,781 --> 06:44:24,750 IS IMPRESSIVE THERE. THAT 9791 06:44:24,750 --> 06:44:27,687 SOMETHING THAT WITHIN MY PROGRAM 9792 06:44:27,687 --> 06:44:29,222 IS UNUSUAL, SOMETIMES WHAT WE 9793 06:44:29,222 --> 06:44:33,125 WILL DO FUND PEOPLE IF THEY HAVE 9794 06:44:33,125 --> 06:44:34,927 A LITTLE BIT OF PRELIMINARY DATA 9795 06:44:34,927 --> 06:44:36,562 BUT SOMEONE SAYS I WANT TO DO 9796 06:44:36,562 --> 06:44:38,564 RECORDINGS AT HIGH RESOLUTION AT 9797 06:44:38,564 --> 06:44:40,132 17 SAY YOU HAVEN'T DONE IT 9798 06:44:40,132 --> 06:44:43,169 BEFORE. YOU HAVE DONE 3T NOT 7T 9799 06:44:43,169 --> 06:44:45,238 SO NOT FUNDED IN THIS CYCLE AND 9800 06:44:45,238 --> 06:44:47,473 THEY GET PRELIMINARY DATA BEFORE 9801 06:44:47,473 --> 06:44:49,275 THEY APPL APPLY. YOU CAN SAY THS 9802 06:44:49,275 --> 06:44:50,710 RISK AVERSE BECAUSE THEY ARE 9803 06:44:50,710 --> 06:44:54,814 GOOD PEOPLE GOOD SCIENTISTS BUT 9804 06:44:54,814 --> 06:44:56,482 THERE'S TRICKS INVOLVED. T AND 9805 06:44:56,482 --> 06:44:59,018 THE PANELISTS WANTED TO SEE SOME 9806 06:44:59,018 --> 06:45:01,220 EVIDENCE THAT THEY REALLY HAD 9807 06:45:01,220 --> 06:45:02,588 THAT TECHNIQUE DOWN ABLE TO MAKE 9808 06:45:02,588 --> 06:45:07,226 USE OF IT IN A CONSTRUCTIVE WAY 9809 06:45:07,226 --> 06:45:11,964 SO ONE THING I'M INTRIGUED BY IS 9810 06:45:11,964 --> 06:45:13,199 A PROPOSAL WE ARE GOING TO 9811 06:45:13,199 --> 06:45:15,034 IMPLEMENT AT NSF WHICH IS THE 9812 06:45:15,034 --> 06:45:16,903 CRAZIEST PROPOSALS THAT DID NOT 9813 06:45:16,903 --> 06:45:18,738 GET FUNDED AND PUT THEM IN A 9814 06:45:18,738 --> 06:45:20,506 SPECIAL PANEL. IT IS ALL THE 9815 06:45:20,506 --> 06:45:22,041 REJECTS THAT ARE A LITTLE BIT 9816 06:45:22,041 --> 06:45:23,809 NUTTY BUT MAYBE POTENTIALLY 9817 06:45:23,809 --> 06:45:25,778 REALLY EXCITING. AND HAVE A 9818 06:45:25,778 --> 06:45:27,313 PANEL SAY LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT 9819 06:45:27,313 --> 06:45:29,682 THESE, FRESH LOOK AT THEM. SO IF 9820 06:45:29,682 --> 06:45:34,987 THE PROGRAM OFFICER DECIDES THE 9821 06:45:34,987 --> 06:45:37,123 PANEL -- PROGRAM OFFICER NSF 9822 06:45:37,123 --> 06:45:38,424 HAVE MORE DISCRETION AND DON'T 9823 06:45:38,424 --> 06:45:42,495 HAVE TO FOLLOW THE PANEL SORT OF 9824 06:45:42,495 --> 06:45:44,230 EVALUATION IN FULL. BUT IF THERE 9825 06:45:44,230 --> 06:45:45,665 IS A PROPOSAL THAT DID NOT GET 9826 06:45:45,665 --> 06:45:47,533 FUNDED BUT PEOPLE THINK THIS 9827 06:45:47,533 --> 06:45:50,102 MIGHT REALLY BE POTENTIALLY 9828 06:45:50,102 --> 06:45:53,072 EXCITING THE RIGHT REVIEWERS AND 9829 06:45:53,072 --> 06:45:55,708 THE RIGHT -- THAT GOES TO A 9830 06:45:55,708 --> 06:45:59,812 SPECIAL PANEL. 9831 06:45:59,812 --> 06:46:00,880 SPEAKER5: THE QUESTION ARE YOU 9832 06:46:00,880 --> 06:46:03,149 DONATE EXPLORING A LOTTERY BASED 9833 06:46:03,149 --> 06:46:04,650 SYSTEMS FOR INCREASING FUND 9834 06:46:04,650 --> 06:46:04,917 SOMETHING. 9835 06:46:04,917 --> 06:46:07,453 >> THAT SOMETHING THAT TEMPLETON 9836 06:46:07,453 --> 06:46:07,586 -- 9837 06:46:07,586 --> 06:46:09,555 >> IF I COULD QUICKLY SPEAK ON 9838 06:46:09,555 --> 06:46:10,790 BEHALF OF THEM BECAUSE I'M 9839 06:46:10,790 --> 06:46:12,792 FUNDED BY THEM. THROUGH TWO 9840 06:46:12,792 --> 06:46:17,930 DIFFERENT GRANTS, ONE IS THE ARC 9841 06:46:17,930 --> 06:46:19,632 ADVERSARIAL COLLABORATION WHICH 9842 06:46:19,632 --> 06:46:22,435 IS ANOTHER LOTTERY VERY 9843 06:46:22,435 --> 06:46:23,402 DIFFERENT, IT IS A (INAUDIBLE) 9844 06:46:23,402 --> 06:46:26,005 BASE APPLICATION. I HAVE A 9845 06:46:26,005 --> 06:46:27,907 SMALLER GRANT THAT WAS FUNDED 9846 06:46:27,907 --> 06:46:29,241 THROUGH A LOTTERY BASED 9847 06:46:29,241 --> 06:46:30,710 MECHANISM AND IT IS NOT THAT 9848 06:46:30,710 --> 06:46:33,946 CRAZY REALLY I THINK THIS WAS 9849 06:46:33,946 --> 06:46:35,681 ONE (INAUDIBLE) WAS THE PROGRAM 9850 06:46:35,681 --> 06:46:38,551 OFFICER THERE, WHERE THEY HAD 9851 06:46:38,551 --> 06:46:40,619 THIS HOPE CALL FOR NEW IDEAS AND 9852 06:46:40,619 --> 06:46:43,556 SMALLER PROJECTS, AND WE APPLIED 9853 06:46:43,556 --> 06:46:45,691 AND I THINK THE EXECUTIVE 9854 06:46:45,691 --> 06:46:47,626 ALGORITHM HOW THEY DO THAT IS ON 9855 06:46:47,626 --> 06:46:48,928 THEIR WEBSITE, YOU CAN LOOK IT 9856 06:46:48,928 --> 06:46:50,529 UP BUT THAT WAS A LOTTERY STAGE 9857 06:46:50,529 --> 06:46:52,698 AND THEY WERE ACKNOWLEDGING THAT 9858 06:46:52,698 --> 06:46:55,601 THERE IS LIKE RANDOMNESS IN 9859 06:46:55,601 --> 06:46:58,804 REVIEW IN THE REVIEW OF THE 9860 06:46:58,804 --> 06:47:02,675 PROCESS. SO THAT WAS CLEAR IN 9861 06:47:02,675 --> 06:47:06,345 HIS WEBINAR TOOL ALL THE 9862 06:47:06,345 --> 06:47:07,913 APPLICANTS THAT THERE IS A 9863 06:47:07,913 --> 06:47:10,983 REMEDY PROCESS WHERE IF YOU DID 9864 06:47:10,983 --> 06:47:12,451 A GRANT DID NOT WIN THE LOTTERY 9865 06:47:12,451 --> 06:47:13,753 AND THERE IS SOME REASON FOR 9866 06:47:13,753 --> 06:47:15,654 THEM, IT IS HIGHLY WORTH FUNDING 9867 06:47:15,654 --> 06:47:18,491 THEY COULD RESCUE IT FROM THE 9868 06:47:18,491 --> 06:47:21,627 LABORATORY PROCESS. SO I CAN'T 9869 06:47:21,627 --> 06:47:23,429 SPEAK ANY MORE BUT IF YOU WANT 9870 06:47:23,429 --> 06:47:24,497 TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THAT 9871 06:47:24,497 --> 06:47:25,965 MECHANISM THERE IS A FUNDER WHO 9872 06:47:25,965 --> 06:47:27,233 TRIED IT AND YOU MIGHT WANT TO 9873 06:47:27,233 --> 06:47:31,937 REACH OUT TO ERIC MARSHALL AT 9874 06:47:31,937 --> 06:47:33,172 TEMPLETON TO GET -- 9875 06:47:33,172 --> 06:47:34,940 >> AS A MODEL THERE IS A 9876 06:47:34,940 --> 06:47:36,142 HUMILITY TO IT, THERE IS A 9877 06:47:36,142 --> 06:47:38,411 CERTAIN RECOGNITION THAT 9878 06:47:38,411 --> 06:47:39,712 WHATEVER PANEL SETS OUT NO 9879 06:47:39,712 --> 06:47:41,947 MATTER HOW GOOD WILL BE DWIGHT A 9880 06:47:41,947 --> 06:47:43,849 POOR JUDGE OF QUANTITY 9881 06:47:43,849 --> 06:47:46,752 PROJECTEDS AND HUGE RESOURCES 9882 06:47:46,752 --> 06:47:48,654 POURED INTO THIS IMPERFECT 9883 06:47:48,654 --> 06:47:54,960 SYSTEM. RANDOMIZATION IS QUICK 9884 06:47:54,960 --> 06:47:57,997 AND CHEAP AND POSSIBLY KNOW 9885 06:47:57,997 --> 06:48:00,366 RISK. I'M INTRIGUED BY THE 9886 06:48:00,366 --> 06:48:00,733 EXPERIMENTS. 9887 06:48:00,733 --> 06:48:02,935 >> I WANT TO SAY RANDOMIZATION 9888 06:48:02,935 --> 06:48:05,070 IS -- HAS SOME LIMITATION SO THE 9889 06:48:05,070 --> 06:48:07,239 THING THAT I TRIED TO DO AT -- 9890 06:48:07,239 --> 06:48:10,242 UNSUCCESSFULLY IS TO HAVE A 9891 06:48:10,242 --> 06:48:13,612 SECOND PANEL SECOND SET OF 9892 06:48:13,612 --> 06:48:15,548 PANEL, PANELISTS REVIEW THE SAME 9893 06:48:15,548 --> 06:48:17,283 SET OF PROPOSALS TO SEE HOW MUCH 9894 06:48:17,283 --> 06:48:18,884 CORRELATION. JIM DID ANALYSIS 9895 06:48:18,884 --> 06:48:21,187 AT ONE POINT AT NIH AND IT WAS 9896 06:48:21,187 --> 06:48:23,656 HIGH CORRELATION. MY SENSE IS 9897 06:48:23,656 --> 06:48:27,293 THAT YOU ARE RIGHT. WHO IS ON 9898 06:48:27,293 --> 06:48:28,727 THE REVIEW PANEL MAY GET 9899 06:48:28,727 --> 06:48:29,962 DIFFERENCE OUTCOMES SO IN THAT 9900 06:48:29,962 --> 06:48:35,301 SENSE IF YOU CHOOSE THE TOP TEN 9901 06:48:35,301 --> 06:48:37,670 PERCENT, 15 PERCENT THERE HAS TO 9902 06:48:37,670 --> 06:48:43,142 BE A LITTLE RANDOMNESS IN THERE 9903 06:48:43,142 --> 06:48:43,909 INTERESTING QUESTION HOW TO 9904 06:48:43,909 --> 06:48:47,680 SOLVE THAT PROBLEM. I THINK 9905 06:48:47,680 --> 06:48:49,682 DAVID'S IDEA SOUNDS APPEALING 9906 06:48:49,682 --> 06:48:50,950 BUT AGAIN SOMETIMES MISSES THE 9907 06:48:50,950 --> 06:48:52,818 POINT WHICH IS THAT THERE ARE 9908 06:48:52,818 --> 06:48:55,788 SOME PROPOSALS THAT ACTUALLY ARE 9909 06:48:55,788 --> 06:48:57,923 LIKELY TO BE MORE PROMISING THAN 9910 06:48:57,923 --> 06:49:00,126 OTHERS. 9911 06:49:00,126 --> 06:49:03,729 >> I WANT TO POINT OUT ALSO THAT 9912 06:49:03,729 --> 06:49:04,663 FOR WITHIN MY PORTFOLIO WE HAVE 9913 06:49:04,663 --> 06:49:06,765 NOT BEEN REQUIRING PRELIMINARY 9914 06:49:06,765 --> 06:49:11,036 DATA. I HAVE BEEN TELLING 9915 06:49:11,036 --> 06:49:13,873 APPLICANTS HAVING THE DATA WILL 9916 06:49:13,873 --> 06:49:15,007 STRENGTHEN YOUR PROPOSAL BUT 9917 06:49:15,007 --> 06:49:16,609 KNOW FROM SPEAKING WITH 9918 06:49:16,609 --> 06:49:17,209 RESEARCHERS THERE IS A FEELING 9919 06:49:17,209 --> 06:49:18,377 YOU HAVE TO DO THE RESEARCH 9920 06:49:18,377 --> 06:49:19,945 BEFORE YOU PROPOSE IT. AND THAT 9921 06:49:19,945 --> 06:49:24,283 IS NOT WHAT E WANT. WE WANT THE 9922 06:49:24,283 --> 06:49:26,652 NOVEL RESEARCH. ON THE 9923 06:49:26,652 --> 06:49:28,787 RANDOMNESS THING, I REMEMBER 9924 06:49:28,787 --> 06:49:30,723 APPLYING FOR COLLEGE AND PEOPLE 9925 06:49:30,723 --> 06:49:31,891 TALKED OF DOWN THE STAIRS AND 9926 06:49:31,891 --> 06:49:33,159 BASICALLY RANDOM PROCESS TO GET 9927 06:49:33,159 --> 06:49:36,195 IN. THIS IS REALLY EMBRACING 9928 06:49:36,195 --> 06:49:40,366 THAT. I AM NOT AWARE MY 9929 06:49:40,366 --> 06:49:41,267 ORGANIZATION HAS CONSIDERED 9930 06:49:41,267 --> 06:49:43,168 THAT, WE HAVE ALSO GOT VARIOUS 9931 06:49:43,168 --> 06:49:44,503 JUSTIFICATIONS THAT WE HAVE TO 9932 06:49:44,503 --> 06:49:46,438 WRITE FOR PROPOSALS SO JUST 9933 06:49:46,438 --> 06:49:50,876 HAVING RANDOM ASSIGNMENTS IS NOT 9934 06:49:50,876 --> 06:49:53,112 REALLY WHERE WE HAVE GONE. I 9935 06:49:53,112 --> 06:49:56,148 OFTEN DO THINK ABOUT EVALUATING 9936 06:49:56,148 --> 06:49:58,651 THE PERFORMANCE OF OUR 9937 06:49:58,651 --> 06:50:01,153 PORTFOLIOS AND HOW DO WE KNOW WE 9938 06:50:01,153 --> 06:50:02,321 ARE FUNDING THE BEST SCIENCE AND 9939 06:50:02,321 --> 06:50:04,390 HOW WELL WE ARE DOING CHOOSING 9940 06:50:04,390 --> 06:50:07,226 THIS VERSUS THAT AND THIS OTHER 9941 06:50:07,226 --> 06:50:08,727 THING WOULD BE BETTER. IT IS 9942 06:50:08,727 --> 06:50:10,362 VERY DIFFICULT BECAUSE YOU 9943 06:50:10,362 --> 06:50:11,931 BASICALLY HAVE TO RERUN THE 9944 06:50:11,931 --> 06:50:13,666 SIMULATION, YOU HAVE TO HAVE THE 9945 06:50:13,666 --> 06:50:15,401 MONTE CARLO AND WE DON'T HAVE 9946 06:50:15,401 --> 06:50:19,405 THE MEANS TO DO THAT. I DO SAVE 9947 06:50:19,405 --> 06:50:23,242 WHAT I DECLINE AND WHAT DOESN'T 9948 06:50:23,242 --> 06:50:24,343 REVIEW WELL AND OTHER TIME MOVE 9949 06:50:24,343 --> 06:50:26,445 BACK TO SEE HOW THE SCIENCE 9950 06:50:26,445 --> 06:50:27,813 PROGRESSED WHAT DO WE MISS AND 9951 06:50:27,813 --> 06:50:30,082 HOW WE LEARN FROM THAT. 9952 06:50:30,082 --> 06:50:31,817 >> HIGH RISK HIGH REWARD MEANS 9953 06:50:31,817 --> 06:50:34,320 PROGRAMS THAT YOU FUND, PROPOSAL 9954 06:50:34,320 --> 06:50:35,821 YOU FUND FAIL AND YOU HAVE TO 9955 06:50:35,821 --> 06:50:37,022 ACCEPT THAT IF YOU GO THAT 9956 06:50:37,022 --> 06:50:43,162 ROUTE. I WILL SAY MY FIRST RO1 9957 06:50:43,162 --> 06:50:46,098 FROM NIH REQUIRED MORE 9958 06:50:46,098 --> 06:50:47,633 PRELIMINARY DATA AND FUNDED IT 9959 06:50:47,633 --> 06:50:49,535 ONCE I GOT THE RESULTS, INITIAL 9960 06:50:49,535 --> 06:50:50,769 RESULTS PUBLISHED IN NATURE 9961 06:50:50,769 --> 06:50:51,837 NEUROSCIENCE SO IT WAS A -- 9962 06:50:51,837 --> 06:50:55,341 THERE IS A SENSE THAT THIS 9963 06:50:55,341 --> 06:50:57,543 REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY DATA 9964 06:50:57,543 --> 06:50:57,876 GOES TOO FAR. 9965 06:50:57,876 --> 06:50:59,311 >> I WANT TO TAKE ONE MORE 9966 06:50:59,311 --> 06:51:00,779 QUESTION AND WE WILL MOVE TO 9967 06:51:00,779 --> 06:51:01,947 NEXT SESSION. GO AHEAD, DR. 9968 06:51:01,947 --> 06:51:04,717 BANKS. 9969 06:51:04,717 --> 06:51:06,986 >> LET ME JUST ONE LITTLE PART 9970 06:51:06,986 --> 06:51:12,925 OF AN ANSWER TO THAT. A TRICK I 9971 06:51:12,925 --> 06:51:14,226 ENANTIQUOERED AT HOWARD HUGH 9972 06:51:14,226 --> 06:51:16,328 MEDICAL INSTITUTE, I DON'T WORK 9973 06:51:16,328 --> 06:51:21,634 ANY MORE IS THEY WOULD ALMOST 9974 06:51:21,634 --> 06:51:22,301 NEVER FUDGED PROPOSAL FUND 9975 06:51:22,301 --> 06:51:24,637 INVESTIGATOR FOR WHOM ALL 9976 06:51:24,637 --> 06:51:26,605 REVIEWERS THOUGHT IT WAS GREAT. 9977 06:51:26,605 --> 06:51:28,007 THEY WANTED AT LEAST ONE 9978 06:51:28,007 --> 06:51:32,144 REVIEWER TO DISAGREE. IT IS IF 9979 06:51:32,144 --> 06:51:34,246 IT WAS CONSENSUS WONDERFUL, 9980 06:51:34,246 --> 06:51:36,582 THERE WERE OTHER AGENCIES IN 9981 06:51:36,582 --> 06:51:42,354 TOWN THAT WILL (INAUDIBLE). 9982 06:51:42,354 --> 06:51:52,354 HOWARD HUGHES.