>>WELCOME. I'M
JEFF REZNICK CHIEF MEDICAL
HISTORY OF MEDICINE AT THE GNASH
GNAT INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. THANK
YOU FOR JOINING US FOR NLM
HISTORY TALK. TO THOSE ON
TWITTER THANKS FOR FOLLOWING
ALONG USING THE HASH TAG NLM
TALK. THOSE WHO WISH TO SHARE
QUESTIONS WITH OUR SPEAKER THIS
AFTERNOON, PLEASE LOOK FOR THE
LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON UNDER YOUR
VIDEO AND USE THAT TO SEND THE
QUESTIONS THAT WILL COME TO ME.
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
ANNUAL HISTORY TALKS ARE
INTENDED TO PROMOTE AWARENESS
AND USE OF NLM AND RELATED
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS FOR
RESEARCH EDUCATION AND PUBLIC
SERVICE IN BIOMEDICINE, SOCIAL
SCIENCES, AND OF COURSE
HUMANITIES. NLM HISTORY TALKS
SUPPORT COMMITMENT OF NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO RECOGNIZE
DIVERSITY OF ITS COLLECTION
WHICH SPAN 10 CENTURIES AND
ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF DIGITAL
PHYSICAL FORMATS AND ORIGINATE
FROM NEARLY EVERY PART OF GLOBE.
MOREOVER NLM HISTORY GIVES
VOICES TO PEOPLE OF COLOR, WOMEN
AND INDIVIDUALS VARIETY OF
DISCIPLINE BACKGROUNDS WHO VALUE
COLLECTIONS AND USE THEM TO
ADVANCE RESEARCH TEACHING AND
THEIR LEARNING. TODAY'S TALK IS
CO-SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL
ENDOWMENT FOR HUMANITIES OFFICE
OF HUMANITIES. PART OF NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE PARTNERSHIP
WITH THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
HUMANITIES SPECIFICALLY THE NEH
NLM PART SHEER NEAR SHIP THROUGH
VIRGINIA TECH TO CO-SPONSOR DATA
HEALTH AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES
SHARED HORIZONS. THIS IS A
SERIES OF VIRTUAL PROGRAMS AND
SCHOLARLY BOOK. TO EXPLAIN IN
COOPERATION DETAIL TO INTRODUCE
TODAY'S DISTINGUISHED SPEAKER I
WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE DR. TOM
USING OF VIRGINIA TECH. ME IS A
PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
AT VIRGINIA TECH AND ASSOCIATE
DEAN FOR GRADUATE STUDIES AND
RESEARCH AT VIRGINIA TECH
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND
HUMAN SCIENCES. HIS CURRENT
RESEARCH PROJECT EXPLORES THE
TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
ABOUT THE SO CALLED RUSSIAN
INFLUENZA, 1889, 1890 USING DATA
AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES
APPROACHES TO MEDICAL HISTORY.
COORDINATES THE TECH DATA AND
SOCIAL CONTEXT PROGRAMS WHICH
SUSTAINS INTERDISCIPLINARY
APPROACH OF DATA ANALYTICS
COMPUTATIONAL SKILLS AND
CRITICAL THINKING IN HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. DR. EWING.
TO YOU AND THANK YOU FOR JOINING
US.
>>THANK YOU, IT IS A PRIVILEGE
TO BE PART OF THIS PROGRAM AND
VIRGINIA TECH TO RECEIVE SUPPORT
FROM THE NIH TO ORGANIZE THE
DATA HEALTH AND DIGITAL
HUMANITIES SHARED HORIZON TO DO
INITIATIVE YOU MENTIONED WHICH
ASSESSES THE PAST DECADE OF DATA
INFORMED COMMUNITY SCHOLARSHIP,
CHARGES INCREASINGLY
INTERDISCIPLINARY FUTURE AND
ADDRESSING NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR
ENHANCING DIGITAL HUMANITIES
INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY AND GLOBAL
HEALTH. SHARED HORIZONS MARKS
THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY OF SHARED
HORIZONS DATA MEDICINE AND
DIGITAL HUMANITIES, UNIQUESIS
POEMIUS IN 2013 WHICH MARKED THE
BEGINNING OF THE NIH NLM
COLLABORATCOLLABORATION. IN THEN
YEARS NEH AND NLM CO-SPONSORED
MANY INITIATIVES EXPLORED THE
INTERSECTION OF BIOMEDICAL AND
HUMANITIES RESEARCH, SHARED
HORIZONS 2 CONTINUES THIS
IMPACTFUL DECADE LONG
COLLABORATION WHICH IS BROUGHT
TOGETHER SCHOLAR SCIENTISTS
LIBRARIANS ARCHIVISTS CURATORS,
TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS HEALTHCARE
PROFESSIONALS AND CULTURAL
HERITAGE ORGANIZATIONS TO SHARE
EXPERTISE AND DEVELOP RESEARCH
AGENDA. WE HAVE THE FIRST OF TWO
LECTURES PART OF DIGITAL HEALTH
DIGITAL HUMANITIES. IT IS A
PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DR. KIM
GALLON TO DELIVER THIS LECTURE.
SHE IS ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF
AFRICANA STUDIES BROWN
UNIVERSITY. HE IS ALSO A FELLOW
OF THE JUST TECH PROGRAM, OF THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH
COUNCIL. OVER THE ARC OF HER
CAREER WORK IS SUPPORTED BY THE
AMERICAN COUNCIL LEARNING
SOCIETIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
HUMANITIESND SOCIAL SCIENCE
COUNCIL AND SPENCER FOUNDATION.
HER WORK INVESTIGATED THE
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF THE BLACK
IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTU CENTURYT
BOOK AFRICAN AMERICAN READER
SHIP SEXUALITY OF BLACK PRESS
PUBLISHED IN 2020, ARGUES
AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
RESPONSE TO BLACK SEXUAL
EXPRESSION AGENCY IDENTITY IN IF
FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
ALSO AUTHOR OF FIELD OF FINDING
ARTICLE MAKES THE CASE TORR
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES. HER
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
READING AND RESIDENTIAL
SEGREGATION INVOLVES MORE IN THE
20TH CENTURY. SHE IS ALSO
WORKING ON A BOOK PROJECT ON
RACE, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, AND
HEALTH EQUITY. TODAY SHE IS WITH
US TO TALK ABOUT ASPECTS OF
CURRENT RESEARCH AS WELL AS HER
FOUNDING DIRECTORSHIP OF THE
LEADING BLACK HUMANITIES
PROJECT. COVID BLACK. DR.
GALLON, WELCOME, THANK YOU FOR
SPEAKING TO US ON SHED SHUTTING
THE DIGITAL BACK DOOR, CREATING
TECH JUSTICE WITH HEALTH DATA
AND LIQUIDITY AND THE BLACK
DIGITAL HUMANITIES. THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT WARM
WELCOMING INTRODUCTION. I WANT
TO START OFF THANKING THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
HUMANITIES FOR INVITING ME TO BE
PART OF THE SHARED HORIZONS
PROGRAM, IT IS AN HONOR TO BE
PART OF SUCH A DISTINGUISHED
COLLABORATION, PARTICULARLY ONE
THAT CROSSES DISCIPLINES AS I
LIKE TO THINK OF MY WORK AND
CERTAINLY MY WORK DOES CROSS
DISCIPLINES. I ALSO WANT TO
THANK JEFFREY R EXSNICK AND HIS
TEAM FOR ORGANIZING MY VIRTUAL
VISIT CHEMOING IN CONTACT WITH
ME SENDING GENTLE REMINDERS.
THIS WAS ONE OF THE NEW THINGS
THAT I REALLY WANTED TO DO WHEN
I WAS APPROACHED LAST YEAR, LAST
SPRING RATHER, TO DO THIS WORK
AND SO IT IS REALLY
HUMANITIES. AND BROWN UNIVERSITY
ALSO FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF THIS
WORK PARTICULARLY AFRICANA
STUDIES. SO I ALSO WANT TO START
WITH FRAMING A LOT OF MY TALK
TODAY BY MY FORMER LIFE AS A
LIBRARIAN. MY FIRST FOR RAY INTO
HIGHER EDUCATION WAS AS AN
ACADEMIC LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA LIBRARY WHERE I
SPENT A SHORT SIGNIFICANT
FOUNDATIONAL TIME AS THE AFRICAN
AMERICAN RESEARCH LIBRARIAN AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY THERE. AND I DID A
COUPLE OF STINTS AS PUBLIC
LIBRARIAN AS WELL AS RUTGER
HEARSAY UNIVERSITY OF CAMDEN AS
ACADEMIC LIBRARY. IN MANY WAYS
MY WORK IS SORT OF INTERFACING
INTERACTING WITHS AROUND
INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, THAT
FORMS THE
(NO AUDIO) OUT OF COVID HAS
SPENT TIME IN THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS WORKING ON MODULES
AROUND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
RACISM AND MEDICINE WITH
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
AND SO AS YOU WILL SEE LATER ON
IN MY TALK TODAY, I DRAW HEAVILY
FROM COLLECTIONSB. AS RESOURCES
FOR CLINICIANS WHO ARE
DISCOVERING BECOMING AIN'T
ACQUAINTED WITH HISTORICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF RACISM AND
MEDICINE, THE NATIONAL LIBRARY
OF MEDICINE IS INCREDIBLE
REPOSITORY WE HAD INCORPORATED
AND MYSELF INTO THESE MODULES.
WE ARE GRATEFUL FOR THAT. I WANT
TO START OFF BY TALKING ABOUT
THE REAL VALUE BEING ABLE THE
USE THESE COLLECTIONS TO CREATE
MEANING AND NARRATIVES AROUND
HISTORY OF RACISM AND MEDICINE.
I ALSO WANT TO SAY THAT A PART
OF MY TALK TODAY WILL ALSO BE
CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS
TO CREATE DIGITAL COLLECTION
AROUND RACISM AND IN THE HISTORY
OF MEDICINE ANDSCOPY BOTH BRING
A CRITIQUE BUT ALSO A VERY
CELEBRATORY LAUDTORY COMMENT
AROUND THIS AS REPOSITORY. SO MY
TALK TODAY IS GOING TO COVER
SEVERAL DIFFERENT THINGS THAT I
HOPE I CAN BRING TOGETHER IN
SOME SENSE. I EXPECT THE TALK --
TO TALK FOR ABOUT 45 TO 50
MINUTES, GOING TO TRY TO DO A
GOOD JOB OF STICKING TO THE
SLIDES AND NOT DIGRESSING TOO
MUCH SO THAT THERE IS MUCH TIME
FOR QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR
ME. SO THE OVERVIEW OF MY TALK
TODAY TO THINK ABOUT THESE BIG
QUESTIONS THAT DRIVE MY WORK
AROUND RACE, DIGITAL HEALTH,
DIGITAL HUMANITIES. I WANT TO
SET THIS TALK TO MAKE SURE WE
UNDERSTAND HOW I APPROACH
DIGITAL HUMANITIES FROM A BLACK
DH, DIGITAL HUMANITIES
PERSPECTIVE SO YOU UNDERSTAND
SOME OF THE PATHWAYS THAT MY
WORK TAKES AS WELL AS SOME OF
THE QUESTIONS I'M ASKING. THEN I
WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT
THE DIGITAL BACK DOOR,
CONCEPTUALIZATION THAT I HAVE
DEVELOPED AS WAY TO TALK ABOUT
DIGITAL HEALTH AND HEALTH
INEQUITIES THAT ARE EMBEDDED AND
TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.
THEN I WANT TO LOOK SPECIFICALLY
AT NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS I WANT TO
MAKE AN ARGUMENT THEY FUNCTION
AS DING TALL BOOK DOOR
UNWHITTINGLY UNINTENTIONALLY BUT
NONETHELESS ONES THAT CREATE
INEQUITY HUH WE THINK ABOUT THE
HISTORY OF RACISM AND MEDICINE.
I WANT TO END ON A OPTIMISTIC
NOTE AND A REALLY CHALLENGE TO
ALL OF US TO THINK MORE
CRITICALLY ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF
DATA LIQUIDITY AND HOW THAT
MIGHT ALONG WITH BLACK DIGITAL
HUMANITIES ACT AS AN
INTERVENTION IN THE WAYS WE
BUILD TECHNOLOGICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND THE
HISTORY OF RACISM MEDICINE, HOW
WE BUILD TECH NO LOGICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE IN DIGITAL HEALTH
HOW PEOPLE RECEIVE AND ACCESS
CARE. SO I WILL START WITH SOME
OF THE BIG QUESTIONS THAT DRIVE
MY OVERARCHING WORK BUT ALSO
CERTAINLY THE TALK THAT I'M
GIVING TODAY. SO THAT FIRST
QUESTION, ONLY THREE OF THEM BUT
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO CONNECT
HEALTH AND WELL BEING EXPLORING
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN IN A
WORLD THAT PIVOTS ONE DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGIES? I THIS I THAT WE
TALK ABOUT DIGITAL HEALTH AND
WELL BEING AND DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGIES ARE FRAMED AT THE
ALMOST UNIVERSAL GOOD IN TERMS
OF ACCESSING HEALTHCARE AND I
WOULD LIKE TO TROUBLE THAT A
LITTLE BIT AND MY WORK QUESTIONS
WHAT IT MEANS TO CONNECT HEALTH
AND WELL BEING TO TECHNOLOGY. MY
SECOND QUESTION, HOW CAN THE
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES FOSTER
SHAPE EQUITABLE JUST DIGITAL
PROCESSES AND HEALTH
TECHNOLOGIES. IN A MINUTE I WILL
TALK ABOUT WHAT I MEAN BY BLACK
DH. BUT I THINK THAT DIGITAL
HUMANITIES IN GENERAL SHOULD BE
ENGAGED WITH THE HUMAN. RIGHT? I
TAKE THE FACT THAT DIGITAL
HUMANITIES FOSTERS ON THESE
QUESTIONS AND ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMANITY, NOT
ONES THAT WE JUST TALK ABOUT IN
THE ACADEMY, OR IN OUR FIVE
BUBBLES BUT ONES THAT CERTAINLY
SHOULD HAVE IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S
LIVES ON THE GROUND IT WAS
REALLY WHY I STARTED COVID BLACK
AS A FIRST RESPONSE DIGITAL
HUMANITIES PROJECT THAT COULD
DEMONSTRATE THE VALUE OF
TECHNOLOGY HUMAN ETHIC QUESTIONS
ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS TO THINK AND
COLLECT AND VISUALIZE DATA ON
MORTALITY AND RACE AND COVID.
THEN MY LAST QUESTION IS WHAT IS
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL COLLECTIONS
IN ESTABLISHING DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
THAT MIGHT FUNCTION PATHWAYS TO
JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE. AND
HEALTH AND MEDICINE. IRONICALLY,
I WILL FIND THE TIME TO WRITE
OBJECT THIS ONE DAY, THERE IS AN
INCREDIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS AND ACADEMIC
LIBRARIES AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES
AND CONVERSION OF PAPER BASED
RECORDS TO DIGITIZE ELECTRONIC
HEALTH RECORDS. IN MANY WAYS,
ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES
BEGIN DIGITIZING THEIR
COLLECTIONS BEFORE CONVERSION OF
PAPER BASED RECORDS THAT HAPPENS
IN THE EARLY 2000s. RIGHT? SO
I THINK THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP
THERE AND MANY WAYS THE ACADEMIC
LIBRARIES AND THEIR PROCESSES
MEDICAL LIBRARIES AND PROCESSES
COULD IN SOME SENSE BE A MODEL
AND SET THE TONE FOR HOW TO
CREATE INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS
JUST AND EQUITABLE. SO WHAT DO I
MEAN BY BLACK DIGITAL
HUMANITIES? BLACK DIGITAL
HUMANITIES TO ME IS A WAY OF
THINKING ABOUT A SPACE, A
STRUCTURE AND DELIBERATE SPACE
TO CONSIDER AND TO CREATE
KNOWLEDGE THAT LIES AT THE
INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN THE
DIGITAL HUMANITY AND BLACKNESS.
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES IS VERY
MUCHS AREDRESTED EPISTEMOLOGIESF
AFRICANA AND BLACK STUDIES. ONE
OF THE QUESTIONS IS WHAT DOES IT
MEAN TO BE HUMAN BECAUSE BLACK
PEOPLE, PEOPLE OF AFRICAN
DESCENT THROUGH ENSLAVEMENT AND
COLONIZATION, THESE GLOBAL
PROCESSES, THEIR HUMANITIES
HASN'T AND CONTINUES TO NOT
NECESSARILY BE A GIVEN. SO BLACK
DIGITAL HUMANITIES AGAIN,
FOCUSING ON THE HUMANITY, LOOKS
AND EXPLORES WHAT IT MEANS TO BE
HUMAN FROM THIS STANDPOINT BLACK
DING TA HUMANITIES ALSO
QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES THE
INHERENT VALUE OF DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY AS A POSITIVE GOOD AS
A UNIVERSAL GOOD. IT DOESN'T
NEGATE THE GOOD TECHNOLOGY
OFFERS US AND DOESN'T NEGATE THE
WAYS MAKES HEALTHCARE MORE
ASSESSABLE OR KNOWLEDGE MORE
ACCESSIBLE BUT CREATES AND
CHALLENGES, CREATES QUESTIONS
AND CHALLENGES OF US TO THINK
CRITICALLY ABOUT THIS TECHNOLOGY
AND HOW IT MIGHT BE A DOUBLE
EDGE SWORD WHERE ONE END OFFERS
ACCESS EVEN AS FORE CLOSES OR
CREATES OTHER INJUSTICES.
FINALLY, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, AS
A METHOD RECOVERING BLACK
HUMANITY AND JUSTICE, OR
CREATING JUSTICE IS ALSO A PART
OF BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITY, AGAIN
FROM MY PERSPECTIVE. I DON'T
KNOW THAT I COULD BE IN ANY SORT
OF FIELD THAT HAS A LITTLE
IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S LIVED
EXPERIENCES. SO WHEN I ENGAGE IN
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES, IT IS
ALWAYS TO THINK ABOUT HOW MY
WORK CAN IMPACT COMMUNITIES AND
I SAY THAT PLURAL WITHIN THE
ACADEMY AND OUTSIDE THE ACADEMY
AND ANYTHING ELSE IN BETWEEN
THOSE TWO THINGS. SO I WANT TO
SET THE GROUND AND SET THE STAGE
FOR HOW I'M THINKING ABOUT BLACK
DIGITAL HUMANITIES, BECAUSE I'M
GOING TO END THE TALK TODAY WITH
HOPEFULLY A CHARGE, CHALLENGE TO
ALL OF US TO USE A BLACK DH
PRACTICE OR SOMETHING SIMILAR TO
IT AND HOW WE THINK ABOUT
TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH. SO THE
DIGITAL BACK DOOR. THE DIGITAL
BACK DOOR IS A MANIFESTATION OF
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES
PROJECT. IT IS A CASE STUDY FOR
BLACK DH AND EQUITABLE JUST
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY OR THINKING
ABOUT HOW TO GET TO THAT. SO THE
DIGITAL BACK DOOR REALLY COMES
FROM THIS CONCEPT OF THAT IS
REALLY POPULAR RIGHT NOW, LIKE
LOTS OF THINGS HEALTHCARE,
ACADEMIA, BIG TECH. THERE ARE
BUZZ WORDS AND PHRASES THAT ARE
SORT OF IN. THE DIGITAL FRONT
DOOR RIGHT NOW IS SOMETHING
BEING TALKED A LOT ABOUT IN
DIGITAL HEALTH. WITH HEALTH TECH
COMPANIES, REALLY SORT OF MAKING
A CASE FOR THIS IDEA THAT HAS
LARGELY BEEN AROUND FOR A WHILE,
THAT CREATING A PLACE OR
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PEOPLE TO
ACCESS TECHNOLOGY IN ALL ASPECT
OF THEIR LIFE. THE HEALTHCARE
INDUSTRY IS NOW TALKING ABOUT A
DIGITAL FRONT DOOR. SO FROM THE
MOMENT YOU LOG ON TO THE
INTERNET THEY WANT TO CREATE A
SYSTEM, EXPERIENCE FOR YOU, THAT
ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE THESE TOUCH
POINTS THAT ENGAGE WITH DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY THAT STREAMLINE
INTEROPERABLE, THAT IS A
HOLISTIC SYSTEM. IT MADE ME
REALLY THINK ABOUT DOORS AND
ACCESS AND WHO IS ALLOWED TO GO
IN, WHO IS ALLOWED TO LEAVE, AND
I THOUGHT ABOUT THE BACK DOORS
THAT BLACK COMMUNITIES PEOPLE OF
COLOR, THE LITERAL BACK DOORS
PEOPLE HAD TO GO IN TO TO
RESTAURANTS OR THEATERS OR JUST
TO EVEN WORK IN SOMEONE'S HOME,
A WHITE PERSON'S HOME. I THOUGHT
ABOUT HOW TECHNOLOGY EVEN AS
OFFERS AN ACCESS, MANY PEOPLE
ARE YOU SHAL YARE USHERED INTO L
BACK DOORS, TECHNOLOGICAL
PROCESSES AND TOOLS IN
HEALTHCARE SUCH AS RACIALLY
BIASED INFRASTRUCTURE
LIMITATIONS, DIGITAL RED LINE,
DIRTY DATA, THINGS THAT CREATE
INEQUITIES UNWITTINGLY AND
THAT'S ONE THING THAT I WANT TO
-- A BIG TAKE AWAY FOR US TO
THINK ABOUT IN MY TALK IS THAT
MUCH INEQUITYS WE SEE IN DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY ARE NOT NECESSARILY
INTENTIONAL. THEY ARE THERE
BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF CARE,
LACK OF INSIGHT. LACK OF TIME.
LACK OF STAFFINGING. TO CREATE
PROCESSES THAT ARE INTENTIONALLY
JUST INTENTIONALLY DEAL WITH
LARGER SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH AND HOW THEY COME TO BEAR
ON PEOPLE'S ACCESS TO DIGITAL
HEALTH. SO THESE DIGITAL BACK
DOORS, UNWITTINGLY, I DO LEAVE
ROOM SOME ARE INTENTIONAL, I
DON'T THINK MOST ARE AND SOME
WAYS THAT MAKES IT MORE HARMFUL
BECAUSE THEY SEEM NORMALIZED,
SEEM WITHOUT ANY SORT OF ILL
INTENT EVEN IS THEY MIGHT HAVE
ILL INTENT. THESE EXACERBATE
HEALTH INEQUITIES ORGANIZATION
DEFINES SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCES
IN THE HEALTH STATUS OF
DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS. SO
THESE DIGITAL BACK DOORS, CREATE
A HOLISTIC STREAMLINE EXPERIENCE
AND NOT UNINTERRUPTED. THE GROUP
OR IDEA GOING TO A DIGITAL BACK
DOOR YOU ARE ABLE TO ACCESS
CARE. IS THAT THE CARE THAT YOU
MIGHT ACCESS IF YOU WERE ABLE TO
EXPERIENCE HEALTHCARE OR HEALTH
THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
WITHOUT THESE PARTICULAR
PROCESSING TOOLS? PROBABLY NOT.
BUT BEING ABLE TO ACCESS CARE
ONE IS ABLE TO EXTRACT OR
RECEIVE SOME CARE IN SOME GOOD.
I THINK THAT WE NEED TO SPEAK
ABOUT DIGITAL HEALTH INEQUITIES
AND EQUITIES IN GENERAL AND
THESE COMPLEX WAYS THEY ARE NOT
BLACK OR WHITE EITHER BAD OR
GOOD BUT YOU CAN ACHIEVE SOME
CARE AND SOME GOOD EVEN IN
SYSTEMS THAT OVERALL ARE ARE
OPPRESSIVE OR EXASPERATE OR
CREATE INEQUITIES. T SO THE
DIGITAL BACK DOOR, I WANT TO USE
MY IDEAS AROUND DIGITAL
HUMANITIES, SORT OF MAKE THIS
COME ALIVE. FOR PEOPLE. RENEE
PAIN WHO IS DESIGNER, FIRM THAT
DESIGNS FOR TECH JUSTICE AND
SOCIAL JUSTICE, HELP ME DESIGN
AND THINK ABOUT WHAT A DIGITAL
BACK DOOR MIGHT LOOK LIKE IF WE
WERE TO VISUALIZE IT. SO I'LL
PLAY, THIS IS A 30 SECOND CLIP
OF WHAT WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT AS
DIGITAL BACK DOOR. HOW IT IS
OPEN IN ONE INSTANCE, HOW IT
MOVES AROUND, SO IN ONE INSTANCE
YOU ARE ACCESSING DIGITAL HEALTH
AND ONE AREA, LIFE THAT MIGHT BE
TELEHEALTH OR TELEMEDICINE, IT
MOVES AND YOU MIGHT BE ACCESSING
YOUR ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD
AND IN THAT INSTANCE YOU MAY
EXPERIENCE EQUITABLE
ACCESSIBILITY BUT OTHER INSTANCE
YOU MAY NOT. SO THIS DIGITAL
BACK DOOR IS DECEPTIVELY -- I'M
SORRY, GOT TO MOVE FORWARD. THIS
DIGITAL BACK DOOR, I THINK
TECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL CAN BE,
DECEPTIVELY LIBTORY AS CONSUMERS
OF DIGIT DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TE
ARE LED TO BELIEVE TECHNOLOGY IS
A SOURCE OF LIBERATION OPPOSED
TO BEING TETHERED TO MACHINES
THAT MAY OR MAY NOT NECESSARILY
EMPHASIZE OR REPRESENT FULL
HUMANITY OR ALLOW US TO ACCESS
OUR FULL HUMANITY SO THAT IN THE
DIGITAL BACK DOOR VISUALIZATION
I TOLD YOU OPENING BUT ALSO
CLOSING THAT MOVING AROUND
SUGGESTS A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT
TECHNOLOGY THAT MIGHT BE -- LEAD
US TO THINKING THAT IT IS SOLELY
LIBERTORY AND NOT THINKING THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THE DOWN SIDE OF
COMPLETELY TECHNOLOGICALLY
DRIVEN SOCIETY OR HEALTHCARE. I
WANT TO CONVEY THAT
DIGITALIZATION, THE VISUAL AND
NARRATIVE CHALLENGE OF
NAVIGATING A HEALTH SYSTEM BOTH
ACCESSIBLE AND INACCESSIBLE TO
BLACK COMMUNITIES WE KNOW THAT
BLACK AND BROWN COMMUNITIES ARE
MUCH MORE LIKELY TO INTERACT
WITH HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS, THROUGH
TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS LIMITED
THROUGH DIGITAL RED LINING. WE
KNOW DOCUMENTATION AND
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
REPRESENT SOMETIMES CREATES
BIASES IN THE WAYS THE LANGUAGE
IS USED. BLACK AND BROWN
COMMUNITIES OFTEN ARE LEAST
LIKELY TO ACCESS THEIR PERSONAL
HEALTH RECORDS BECAUSE LOW
LEVELS OF DIGITAL LITERACY AND
NUMB RACINESSING SOME OF T
NUMERACY THAT IS IN THE
LANGUAGE, WE DO SEE
DISPROPORTIONATE RATES LESS
LIKELY OF BLACK AND BROWN
COMMUNITIES. THAT
DIGITALIZATION, THE INTENTION
WAS TO EMPHASIZE HOW HEALTHCARE
IS A LUCID AND SORT OF MYSTERY,
FOR MANY PEOPLE THAT WE TALK
ABOUT DIGITAL HEALTH AS BEING
OPENING UP HEALTH BUT FOR MANY
PEOPLE IT ACTUALLY HAS MADE
HEALTH MORE OBSCURE. TO INTERACT
WITH ONE'S HEALTHCARE
PRACTITIONER, CAN BE GREAT
DURING PANDEMIC BUT ALSO LENDS A
LITTLE MYSTIQUE AND MYSTERY
ABOUT THE HEALTHCARE IN A SENSE
WHEN YOU ARE NOT SITTING DOWN
WITH SOMEONE IN THE PHYSICAL AND
THEIR PHYSICAL PRESENCE. SO THAT
IS WHAT I HOPE THIS DIGITAL BACK
DOOR SYMBOLIZES TO PEOPLE IN
TERMS HOW WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT
HEALTHCARE. DIGITAL BACK DOOR IS
SHIFT OVER A LITTLE BIT TO
DIGITAL COLLECTION, YOU MAYBE
ASKING HOW TO MOVE TO DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS AND METADATA IN THIS
DIGITAL BACK DOOR DIGITAL BACK
DOORS ARE NOT CREATED IN SILOS.
EQUITIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE, DIGITAL HEALTH
IS NOT CREATED IN A SILO. THERE
ARE HUMAN ACTORS AND PEOPLE THAT
CREATE DIGITAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
AND INFRASTRUCTURE UNWITTINGLY
IMPACT PEOPLE. I ALSO THINK
THERE IS AN INFRASTRUCTURE OF
INFORMATION SHARING, AND
KNOWLEDGE SHARING THAT SHARES A
LOT WITH TECHNOLOGICAL DIGITAL
HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE. DIGITAL
BACK DOORS LINK TO BROADER
SYSTEM OF INHE CAN THE IS AND
TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND
I WANT TO SHOW YOU HOW OTHER
DIGITAL BACK DOORS OPERATE AND
CREATE CHALLENGES FOR ACCESSING
A HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND RACISM
AND MEDICINE THAT CERTAINLY IS
INFORMATIVE AND NECESSARY FOR
PEOPLE WHO ARE WORKING IN
DIGITAL HEALTH. SO THE ONE THING
WE KNOW THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE IS INSTRUMENTAL IN, I
STARTED OFF SAYING CLINICIANS
NOW WILL BE ABLE TO CONNECT THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS TO THIS
NARRATIVE OF HISTORY OF RACISM,
SO THESE MODULES CREATED,
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IS
CITED THROUGH THERE FOR DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS THAT CLINICIANS NOW
LINK BACK TO DEFINE ORIGINAL
SOURCES THAT HELPS UNDERSTAND
HOW WE GET TO A HEALTHCARE
SYSTEM THAT BOTH CREATED CARE
FOR PEOPLE AND HAS HELPED PEOPLE
BUT AT THE SAME TIME CALL PEOPLE
IN THE HISTORY OF THE LEGACY OF
RACISM BUT THIS DIGITAL LIBRARY
AS MUCH OF THE DIGITAL
COLLECTION NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE, OPENS UP THESE AVENUES
TO DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE
HISTORY OF RACISM AND MEDICINE,
UNFORTUNATELY IT ALSO CLOSES.
RIGHT? SO I SHARE THE REST OF MY
TALK HOPING THAT IT WILL BE
SHARE IN GOOD FAITH THAT I
TALKING ABOUT THE LIMITATIONS OF
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
AND DIGITAL COLLECTION AS WAY TO
OPEN A CONVERSATION AND WAY FOR
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS BOTH IN THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BUT
OTHER PLACES TO BE A MODEL HOW
TO CREATE TECHNOLOGICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT ACTS AS
INTERVENTION INTO THE HISTORY OF
RACISM AND RAISE, MEDICINE AND
SCIENCE. METADATA THAT I THINK
WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT BEING A
CHALLENGE. WE KNOW CONVERSATIONS
DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE THORNY
NATURE OF METADATA IS PART OF A
FUNDAMENTAL CONVERSATION WHEN
YOU TALK DIGITAL COLLECTIONS.
MANY PEOPLE HAVE TALKED ABOUT
THE WAYS THAT GET AROUND FAULTY
METADATA, METADATA THAT IS
INCOMPLETE, METADATA THAT IS
INCONSISTENT. METADATA THAT
DOESN'T CAPTURE THE NUANCES OF
THE PARTICULAR OBJECT OR DIGITAL
ITEM. SO THAT IS WHAT I WOULD
LIKE TO TALK ABOUT IN THE
CONTEXT OF THIS DIGITAL BACK
DOOR HOW METADATA AND DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS CAN ACT AS ANOTHER
FORM OF DIGITAL BACK DOOR IN THE
HISTORY OF RACISM AND MEDICINE.
I WANT TO SHOW YOU THESE IMAGES
AND I WANT TO JUST TAKE ABOUT
MAYBE TEN, 20 SECONDS FOR YOU TO
LOOK AT THESE IMAGES AND THINK
ABOUT THEM, WHAT YOU SEE, WHAT
THESE IMAGES MEAN TO YOU. I WILL
TALK ABOUT EACH OF THEM. THERE'S
THREE IN A ROW THEN I WILL STOP
AND TALK ABOUT THEM. THESE ARE
IMAGES FROM THE NATIONAL LIBRARY
MEDICINE, AND THERE ARE
INTERESTING IMAGES IF YOU WANT
TO SEE IF YOU WANT TO PUT
SOMETHING IN THE CHAT, I CAN'T
SEE THE CHAT BUT I WOULD LOVE TO
LOOK LATER ON IF INTERESTED IN
JUST PUTTING IN A COUPLE OF
WORDS OF WHAT YOU ARE SEEING,
WHAT THIS IS EVOKING FOR YOU IN
TERMS OF HOW YOU ARE
UNDERSTANDING THIS IMAGE. I WILL
LET YOU READ, I WILL GIVE YOU
MAYBE ANOTHER FIVE SECONDS TO
LOOK AT THIS IMAGE AND REALLY
TAKE IT IN IN ITS ENTIRETY. AND
WHAT IT SAYS. THEN I WILL MOVE
TO THE NEXT IMAGE. ANOTHER IMAGE
FROM THE -- FROM THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE DIGITAL
IMAGE COLLECTION. IT IS A
BEAUTIFUL IMAGE IN MANY WAYS THE
ILLUSTRATION, THE COLOR, AND
OTHER WAYS MAYBE NOT SO MUCH. I
WILL TALK ABOUT THAT. SO AGAIN,
ANOTHER FIVE SECONDS TAKING IN
THE IMAGE, REALLY ENGAGING IT, I
WELCOME PEOPLE TO PUT IN
ANYTHING IN THE CHAT, IF YOU
HAVE ACCESS TO IT, NOT SURE IF
YOU HAVE ACCESS TO IT BUT IF --
WRITE THINGS DOWN FOR THE Q&A.
YOU ARE NOTICING IN THESE IMAGES
AND WHAT THEY SAY. WHAT THEY SAY
ABOUT COMMUNITY, WHAT THEY SAY
ABOUT RACE, WHAT THEY SAY ABOUT
GENDER, MEDICINE, HEALTHCARE.
AND THE LAST IMAGE BEFORE I TALK
ABOUT THESE THREE IMAGES AND WHY
THEY ARE -- WHAT HOLDS THEM
TOGETHER. AGAIN, SAME THING,
TAKING IN AN IMAGE. HERE YOU
WILL SEE IMAGE HOPEFULLY YOU
WILL SEE AS A MORE RECENT IMAGE
IN TERMS OF THE PERIOD OF TIME
THAT IT'S PORTRAYING BUT ALSO WE
SEE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
HEALTHCARE, THERE ARE MESSAGES
ABOUT RACE, ABOUT GENDER, MAYBE
SEXUALITY, LABOR HERE AS WITH
THE OTHER ONES. AGAIN, FIVE MORE
SECONDS TAKING IN THIS IMAGE
REALLY ABSORBING IT. ALL IMAGES
FROM THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE DIGITAL COLLECTIONS
WHICH IS AMAZING SET OF IMAGES
THAT I WELCOME AND ENCOURAGE
ANYONE IN INTERESTED IN HISTORY
OF MEDICINE OR JUST INTERESTED
IN HISTORICAL IMAGES, IT IS A
GOLD MINE OF IMAGES. WHAT HOLDS
THE IMAGES TOGETHER IS THAT
THESE IMAGES ALL ARE PART OF A
DIGITAL COLLECTION BUT ALL ARE
-- HAVE FAULTY METADATA. WHAT DO
I MEAN BY THE FAULTY METADATA?
LET ME TALK ABOUT WHERE THE
IMAGES COME FROM, THE FIRST,
THIS IMAGE IS -- THIS IMAGE. ALL
THREE IMAGES RATHER. ALL THREE
COME FROM THE MICHAEL ZWERDLING
COLLECTION. IF I AM PRONOUNCING
THIS NAME CORRECTLY WAS A OR IS,
NOT SURE IF THE PERSON IS STILL
ALIVE, MAYBE SOMEONE FROM THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE CAN
TELL ME. WAS A COLLECTOR OF POST
CARDS AND ALSO A NURSE, A
REGISTERED NURSE. HE WAS
INTERESTED IN IMAGES OF NURSING
ACROSS TIME AND PLACE. AND IF
YOU GO LOOK AT THE LARGER CORPUS
WHICH I QUICK LOOK AT THIS
MORNING, AMAZING COLLECTION OF
IMAGES THAT LOOK AT NURSES
ACROSS TIME AND SPACE. AND
VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SORT OF
FORMFORMS. NURSE IN THE MILITAR,
NURSES IN PRIVATE HOSPITAL,
BLACK NURSES, WHITE NURSES ASIAN
NURSES. NURSES GLOBALLY. SO HE
WAS A PROLIFIC COLLECTOR OF
THESE IMAGES, I THINK 2500
IMAGES IN THIS COLLECTION. BUT
THESE IMAGES THAT I PULL OUT OF
THAT COLLECTION THAT COME UP
WHEN YOU TYPE IN AFRICAN
AMERICANS, INTO THE DIGITAL --
TO THE SEARCH ENGINE FOR
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
DIGITAL COLLECTION, THESE COME
UP UNDER AFRICAN AMERICANS. AS I
WAS PERUSING THESE, THIS
HAPPENED TO ME BEFORE IN TERMS
OF LOOKING FOR IMAGES FOR THE
MODULES THAT I'M WORKING ON,
WHERE I WILL STUMBLE ON A
COLLECTION OR DOCUMENT OF IMAGES
AND I LOOK AT THE METADATA AND
THE METADATA IS LACKING. SO HERE
WE HAVE METADATA THAT SAYS
NURSES, INFANT NEWBORN FATHERS
AFRICAN AMERICANS. WE ALSO HAVE
ABSTRACT ADDED THAT TALKS ABOUT
A NURSE HANDING A WHITE MAN A
DARK SKIN BABY, THE SCENE
PRESUMABLY TAKES PLACE IN OFFICE
OR HOME WHICH THE BIRTH HAS JUST
TAKEN PLACE. THE NURSE IS
WEARING A RED DRESS WHITE APRON
AND WHITE CAP, PRESENTS A THE
BABY AS HE STANDS UP AND TIPS
OVER HIS CHAIR IN SURPRISE. WHY
DO I SAY THIS METADATA ACT AS A
BACK DOOR? WHY IS THIS METADATA
FAULTY? IT IS FAULTY BECAUSE IT
DOESN'T DESCRIBE THIS AS A
RACIST IMAGE. IT DOESN'T
DESCRIBE IT AS A DEEPLY, DEEPLY
ANTI-BLACK PEJORATIVE, HARMFUL
INJURIOUS IMAGE. EVEN THE
CAPTION, IT IS A LITTLE DARKIE.
I WILL TALK MORE ABOUT HOW I SEE
THESE, I WILL MOVE TO THE NEXT
IMAGE THEN COUPLE MORE DOCUMENTS
AND THEN I WANT TO BRING THIS
TOGETHER AND TALKING ABOUT HOW
THIS METADATA OPERATES THE
DIGITAL BACK DOOR SO I DON'T
WANT TO GET AHEAD OF MYSELF. WE
SEE A SIMILAR SORT OF THING OR
SAME THING HAPPENING WITH A
DIVORCE REASON, RIGHT? SO WE ARE
LED TO BELIEVE WITH THIS IMAGE
THAT IT IS A REASON FOR DIVORCE
BECAUSE THIS WOMAN, ASSUME HAD A
EXTRAMARITAL AFFAIR WITH A
PERSON OF AFRICAN DESCENT, HENCE
THE CHILD BEING A DARKER SKIN
BABY. BUT WE HAVE PRETTY INKNOCK
LOUSE METADATA NURSES INFANT
PARENTS DIVORCE LAWYERS AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AN ABSTRACT I DON'T
SPEND MUCH TIME READING BUT
DESCRIBES THE SCENE AND WITHOUT
ANY SORT OF INFORMATION, LINKS,
EXTENUATING INFORMATION THAT
WOULD AGAIN DESCRIBE THIS THAT
WOULD CAPTURE THIS AS A RACIST
IMAGE. AS A CARICATURE, MAYBE
NOT CARICATURE BUT THE NEXT
IMAGE IS MORE A CARICATURE BUT
CERTAINLY A RACIST IMAGE THAT IS
HARMFUL AND WAS HARMFUL TO BLACK
PEOPLE. NEXT IMAGE. SAME THING,
AGAIN THESE COME FROM THE
MICHAEL ZWERDLING COLLECTION.
OVERALL I CAN TELL IS A
COLLECTION I WOULD NOT
NECESSARILY ASCRIBE IT AS A
RACIST COLLECTION BUT CERTAINLY
INCLUDES RACIST IMAGES IN IT.
SAME THING WITH THIS METADATA.
HERE, WHICH MAKES THIS A LITTLE
MORE COMPLEX AND LITTLE BIT MORE
HARMFUL, IT IS GENRE DESCRIBED
AS A POST CARD WHIT AND HUMOR.
AT WHOSE EXPENSE? MOST BLACK
PEOPLE, PEEP OF COLOR ARE NOT
GOING TO FIND THIS, I WOULD SAY
MOST WHITE PEOPLE ARE NOT GOING
TO FIND THIS IMAGE PARTICULARLY
FUNNY OR HUMOROUS. EVEN AS IT
MIGHT HAVE BEEN FOR THE TIME
PERIOD IT WAS CREATED IN, THOUGH
1960, NOT THAT LONG AGO. SO HERE
WE HAVE AGAIN NURSES AFRICAN
AMERICANS, INFANT NEWBORN TWINS
POST CARD WIT HUMOR, THESE ARE
RACIST CARICATURES. WE HAVE
THIS PLAY ON THIS IDEA, THIS
PARTICULAR ILLUSTRATOR OR
CREATOR OF THIS IMAGE IS
INTEREST AND PLAYING WITH THIS
IDEA OF INTERRACIAL
RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUAL
RELATIONSHIP AND THE CHILDREN
PRODUCED OUT OF THOSE
RELATIONSHIPS SO THERE IS AN
INTERESTING THING I DON'T HAVE
TIME TO DELVE TO THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF THIS WORK BUT MY MAIN GOAL IN
PRESENTING THIS TO YOU IS
THINKING HOW THIS METADATA
OFFERS IN DIGITAL BACK DOOR
CREATES INEQUITY, IF IT CLOSES
OFF HISTORY OF RACISM IN THE WAY
THAT IT IS PRESENTED TO THE
USER. I WILL HAVE MUCH MORE TO
SAY ABOUT THIS BUT I WANT TO
SHOW YOU ANOTHER IMAGE. I FOUND
THIS IMAGE AND WAS STRUCK BY IT
MANY THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE. WHAT LEGACY DO THEY
SHARE? THIS IS AN IMAGE, I THINK
A POSTER OR SOME SORT OF
INFORMATIONAL IMAGE FROM THE
POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU, A
GOVERNMENT AGENCY I BELIEVE THAT
LOOKS AND COLLECTING POPULATION
DATA STATISTICS AS A WAY TO
BRING WARENESS AROUND INJUSTICE
AND HARM. SO YOU MAY BE SAYING
WHAT ABOUT THIS IMAGE IS A
PROBLEM? WE CAN START OFF WITH
THE WAYS THAT LEGACY IS FRAMED
AROUND AROUND THESE STEREOTYPES
AND HARMFUL IDEAS ABOUT BLACK
WOMEN, ABOUT AFRICAN WOMEN, THAT
IS TIED TO VERY MUCH TO THESE
MISCONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND RACIST
IDEA IDEALS ABOUT AFRICAN --
IDEOLOGIES ABOUT AFRICAN PEOPLE.
SEXUAL HEALTH, YOUNG AGE FIRST
BIRTH, TALKS ABOUT FEMALE
GENITAL MUTILATION, SEXUAL
EXPLOITATION AND TRAFFICKING.
ALL THINGS THAT SOME PEOPLE
MAYBE IN THE AUDIENCE STILL
THINK THAT IS A WAY OF BRINGING
AWARENESS AROUND THE -- SOME OF
THE HUMANITARIAN ISSUES WOMEN IN
OTHER COUNTRIES FACE. PERHAPS I
THINK THAT THERE IS A LOT OF
LITERATURE THAT SUGGESTS THERE
IS BETTER WAYS TO RAISE
CONSCIOUSNESS AND AMPLIFY SOME
OF THE ISSUES THAT WOMEN AND
OTHER COUNTRIES FACE AROUND
HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION. BE IT
AS IT MAY, THAT IS ONE QUIBBLE
THAT I HAVE, THAT IS NOT REALLY
GETTING THE IDEA OF METADATA. I
THINK WHEN WE LOOK AT THE
METADATA FOR THIS IMAGE WE SEE A
PARTICULAR ISSUE, WITH FAULTY
METADATA. THIS METADATA IS
DESCRIBED WOMEN'S HEALTH CHILD
WELFARE SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AFRICAN
AMERICANS. I WOULD SUGGEST TO
YOU THIS IS NOT AN IMAGE OF
AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, THESE
ARE IMAGES OF WOMEN FROM SOME
AFRICAN COUNTRY, ON THE
CONTINENT, I WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO
SAY QUITE FRANKLY, THESE ARE
WOMEN PROBABLY CERTAINLY FROM AN
ETHNIC GROUP OR TRIBE AS THEY
MIGHT DESCRIBE THEMSELVES.
THESE ARE WOMEN FROM A
PARTICULAR AREA OR REGION WITHIN
A COUNTRY. SO THE METADATA FOR
THIS IMAGE, AGAIN, OPERATES AS A
DIGITAL BOOK DOOR TO THE HISTORY
OF RACE AND RACISM AND MEDICINE
AGAIN, I WILL COME BACK TO THIS
IDEA OF METADATA. I WANT TO SHOW
YOU ONE MORE IMAGE AND THEN HAVE
SUMMATION AROUND THESE IMAGES
THEN I WANT TO MOVE TO DATA
LIQUIDITY AND HOW I THINK DATA
LIQUIDITY CAN ACT AS AN
INTERVENTION TO THIS FAULTY
METADATA. WHAT YOU ARE SEEING
HERE IS A IS A 19TH CENTURY
DOCUMENT, I HAVE BEEN WORKING
WITH THESE DOCUMENTS, INCREDIBLE
AGAIN IN THESE MODULES BECAUSE
THEY REALLY HELP PEOPLE AND
CLINICIANS WHO STILL BELIEVE
RELYING ON RACE, AS A WAY OF
DIAGNOSING AND TALKING
VULNERABILITY TO PARTICULAR
HEALTH CONDITIONS IS NECESSARY
IN ORDER TO TREAT PEOPLE AND
HELPING THEM CONNECT THE DESIRE
TO TALK ABOUT RACE DIFFERENCES
AND PEOPLE'S BODIES AND HEALTH
CONDITIONS SO THIS LEGACY OF
HISTORY OF RACISM AND SCIENTIFIC
RACISM, HISTORY OF OF RACISM AND
MEDICINE AND SCIENTIFIC RACISM,
I THINK WE DOING A LOT OF GOOD
WORK AT THE AMA AT COVID BLACK,
AND HELPING CLINICS WHO WERE
TRAINED IN MEDICAL PROGRAMS, WHO
DIDN'T HAVE A LOT OF HISTORY OF
MEDICINE OR IF THEY DID, DIDN'T
HAVE MUCH TIME TO ENGAGE INTO
THESE ORIGINAL IDEAS AROUND THE
BODIES OF BLACK PEOPLE SO THIS
IS A DOCUMENT, THE DATA THE
BLACK BAND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
AND PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AFRICAN
NEGRO BY HERMAN BERMEISTER,
PROFESSOR ZOOLOGY BUT TRANSLATED
BY JULIUS FREELANDER DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY AT BERLIN. SO WE KNOW
THE FOUNDATIONAL IDEAS AROUND
HEALTH AND SCIENCE ARE DEEPLY
IMPER GATE WITH HISTORY OF
RACISM AND DARWINISTIC IDEAS
ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY. SO HERE IT
IS DIFFICULT FOR YOU TO READ,
THIS -- I WILL PARAPHRASE
QUICKLY, I TOOK PROBABLY SOME OF
THE MOST LEAST OFFENSIVE
LANGUAGE FROM THIS DOCUMENT AS A
WAY TO NOT BE OFFENSIVE TO
PEOPLE IN THE AUDIENCE EVEN AS I
THINK IT IS GOOD TO BE AWARE OF
THESE DOCUMENTS. THIS IS THE
LANGUAGE HERE IS DESCRIBING THE
FOOT OF BLACK PEOPLE, HOW IT IS
FLAT, IT IS A LOW HEEL, JUST
GOING -- BREAKING DOWN THE
ANATOMY OF BLACK PEOPLE'S BODIES
OF AFRICAN PEOPLE'S BODIES.
WHAT YOU WILL SEE IN HERE, THIS
PART TOWARDS THE END, THIS
SECTION, I WILL READ THIS,
RESEMBLED TO THE FURTHER
STRENGTHENED BY THE WIDE
SEPARATION BETWEEN THE FIRST AND
SECOND TOES OF THE NEGRO FOOT.
SO THIS DOCUMENT IS RIFE WITH
COMPARISONS OF BLACK PEOPLE TO
APES, ORANGOTANGS. TALKS ABOUT
THE SMALL BRAINS OF BLACK PEOPLE
COMPARED TO EUROPEANS. THERE'S
ONE THAT READS WE HAVE COME TO
THE NEGRO IN DEVIATION PRESENTS
SO MANY ANALOGIES WITH THE
CONFIRMATION OF THE RATE THAT IT
MAYBE PRONOUNCED A SCIENTIFIC
FACT. NO ONE SERIOUSLY DOUBT THE
HUMANITY OF THE NEGRO. THAT WAS
INTERESTING SO THEY ARE NOT
TOTALLY SUB HUMAN OR NOT TOTALLY
NOT HUMAN, THEY ARE SUB HUMAN,
WHEREAS THEY ARE MUCH MORE LIKE
APES AND ORANGOTANGS AND
ANIMALS. SO I HOPE THIS DOESN'T
SUR PLACE ANYONE, THIS IS PART
OF SCIENCE AND RACISM. THIS IS
SOMETHING TO COME TO EXPECT TO
FIND IN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE DIGITAL COLLECTIONS. I
THINK THAT THIS DISCOVERABILITY
TO BRING THESE IMAGES IN TO THE
PUBLIC TO READ WHERE THE HISTORY
OF MEDICINE BEGINS IN MANY WAYS
PARTICULARLY RELATES TO BLACK
PEOPLE IS A VALUE THAT IS IN --
UNMEASURABLE. BUT AGAIN, TO WHAT
END WILL WE HAVE METADATA THAT
DOESN'T CAPTURE THAT. ONE THING
I WANT TO SHOW YOU IS THAT THE
OCR DEMONSTRATES APE IS USED 31
TIMES IN A DOCUMENT THAT I THINK
IS ONLY ABOUT 20 PAGES, NOT A
VERY LONG DOCUMENT. SO WE SEE
THIS LANGUAGE OF THE APE USED
OVER AND OVER AGAIN BUT WHEN WE
LOOK AT THE METADATA WE DON'T
SEE ANYTHING THAT WOULD SUGGEST
SCIENTIFIC RACISM OR RACISM. IN
FACT I DISCOVER THESE DOCUMENTS
BY PUTTING IN AFRICAN OR NEGRO
AND SORT OF JUST VERY CAREFULLY
GOING TO THE IMAGES AND AS A
HISTORIAN, IF I SEE SOMETHING
ABOUT COMPARATIVE OF AFRICAN
NEGRO IT SCREAMS SCIENTIFIC
RACISM I SO I CAN FIND THESE
RELATIVELY EASILY BUT WHAT ABOUT
THE PERSON WHO CAN'T FIND THESE
THINGS? EVEN IRRESPECTIVE OF
DISCOVERABILITY, WHICH I THINK
IS IMPORTANT, AND I TALK ABOUT,
JUST THE HARM OF NOT DESCRIBING
THIS FOR WHAT IT IS. AS
SCIENTIFIC RACISM. SO YOU MAY
BE SAYING NOW, THIS IS WHAT I --
I'M NOT -- I TOOK CATALOGING
MANY YEARS AGO AND I LIKED IT
BUT DECIDED NOT TO BECOME A
CATALOGER BUT YOU MAY BE ASKING
YOURSELF AS I DID BECAUSE I
DON'T HAVE A LOT OF EXPERIENCE
WITH THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE
DESCRIPTIONS USED TO DESCRIBE
ITEMS IN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE, MAYBE THERE'S NOT
LANGUAGE TO CAPTURE RACISM IN
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS OR DIGITAL
IMAGES IN THE SYSTEM. THERE
ACTUALLY IS. IF YOU DO TYPE IN
RACISM IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE,
THERE ARE ITEMS THAT ARE
DESCRIBED AS RACISM OR TALKING
ABOUT RACISM. SO THERE IS
LANGUAGE I WOULD ARGUE THERE,
THAT COULD BE USED FOR THE
METADATA IN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY
OF MEDICINE, THAT CAPTURE AND
DESCRIBE THESE THINGS MUCH MORE
ACCURATELY. THAN WHAT THEY ARE
BEING DESCRIBED WITH THE
METADATA. WHAT IS THE HARM?
WHAT ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? HOW
IMPACTFUL IS METADATA AT THE END
OF THE DAY? I WOULD SUGGEST TO
YOU IT IS INCREDIBLY IMPACTFUL
TO NOT HAVE METADATA DO
IMPORTANT WORK OF DESCRIBING
THESE ITEMS AS SCIENTIFIC RACISM
OR AS RACIST. I THINK ONE OF THE
THINGS THAT HAPPENS, THIS IS
WHERE I ARGUE THIS METADATA
OPERATES AS A DIGITAL BOOK DOOR
INTO THE HISTORY -- BACK DOOR TO
HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND RACISM
IN THESE COLLECTIONS, IT
NORMALIZES ANTI-BLACK RACISM AND
RACE, THEY ARE HIDDEN IN PLAIN
SIGHT WITHIN THE METADATA AND
OUTSIDE THE METADATA. IT DOESN'T
TAKE A ROCKET SCIENTIST I WOULD
ARGUE ONCE YOU READ THE
DOCUMENTS TO SEE THE RACISM IN
IT. BUT YOU DON'T -- THE
METADATA DOESN'T DO THAT. THEY
ARE HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT WITHIN
THE METADATA. BUT BECAUSE THEY
ARE HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT, THERE
IS A TACIT ADOPTION OF RACISM
THAT'S CONVEYED IN THE DATA
DIGITAL OBJECT. SO LET ME BE
CERTAIN I'M NO WAY SAYING THAT
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
IS ENDORSING OR SUPPORTING
DOCUMENTS IN ANY INTENTIONAL WAY
ENDORSING THESE VIEWS,
ABSOLUTELY NOT. BUT WITHOUT THE
ACCURATE METADATA, IT SORT OF
NORMALIZES IT, IT LEAVES THE
DOCUMENT TO GO UNCHALLENGED IN
ITS RACISM. I WOULD LIKE TO
THINK ANYBODY WHO USES THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IS
USING IT IN A WAY THAT TAKES
DOCUMENTS AND USE THEM AS WAY TO
EDUCATE PEOPLE ABOUT RACISM, OR
TRY TO COUNTER RACISM. BUT ALSO
I'M A REALIST AND KNOW PEOPLE
DON'T ALWAYS USE THESE DOCUMENTS
IN THAT WAY. IN THIS WAY THAT
ALLOWINGS PEOPLE BAD ACTORS, OF
PEOPLE WHO DO HAVE RACIST
INTENTIONS TO USE THESE
DONGMENTS WITHOUT EVEN SEE --
DOCUMENTS WITHOUT SEEING
METADATA TO CHALLENGE THEM TO
THINK ABOUT THESE DOCUMENTS AS
PROBLEMS. THIS METADATA
ENDORSES RACIST BIOMEDICAL IDEAS
ABOUT BLACK HUMANITY. THEY PER
PETTWAY AND SUPPORT THESE
ANTI-BLACK RACIST STEREOTYPES.
AND THE HISTORY OF RACISM AND
DIGITIZED HISTORY OF HEALTH AND
MEDICINE IS OBSCURED THROUGH A
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICE.
HUMAN ACTORS, THAT BOTH
WILLFULLY UNINTENTIONALLY AND
UNWITTINGLY ARE BLIND TO RACISM,
DON'T KNOW HOW TO CAPTURE THE
RACISM IN THOSE IMAGES, BELIEVE
IT MIGHT BE BETTER NOT TO BRING
RACISM UP BECAUSE IT MIGHT LEND
ITSELF OR CREATE LIABILITIES FOR
PEOPLE. AND JUST ARE LEFT
WITHOUT A LOT OF GUIDANCE HOW
THE CREATE METADATA FOR THESE
COLLECTIONS. I DON'T KNOW WHAT
THAT IS. I DON'T KNOW WHAT THOSE
PROCESSES, THESE ARE
SPECULATIONS ON MY PART.
WITHOUT ANY REAL SENSE OF
DECISION MAKING PROCESS THAT
GOES INTO DESCRIBING IMAGES. SO
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THESE
IMAGES? I THINK THE POOR DIRTY
METADATA, CALLING IT DIRTY
BECAUSE IT IS INCOMPLETE, IT
LACKS SUFFICIENT INFORMATION,
EXACERBATES AND PERPETUATES THE
HARM OF THE ORIGINAL OBJECT. THE
ORIGINAL OBJECT, THE CENTER OF
THE ORIGINAL OBJECT IS TO CREATE
A RACIST IMAGE. RIGHT? THE
IMPACT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS
DISCOVERABILITY THAT BOTH
ENLIGHTENS AND CONCEALS. SO WE
THINK ABOUT DISCOVERABILITY IN
THE WORLD OF LIBRARIES AS A
GOOD, WE WANT TO MAKE
COLLECTIONS MORE AVAILABLE YOU
WANT TO DIGITIZE STUFF, GET
THINGS OUT TO PUBLIC AND OPEN
SOURCE WAYS. I DON'T KNOW
LIBRARIAN, ANY SCHOLAR THAT
WOULD ARGUE AGAINST THAT,
DISCOVERABILITY THAT IS NOT
NUANCED BY REALLY GOOD
INFORMATION TO HELP PEOPLE
UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY ARE SEEING,
AND WHAT THEY ARE READING ARE
ACCESSING, ENLIGHTENS AND
CONCEALS. IT BOTH GOOD BUT ALSO
HARMFUL. THE IMPACT OF IMAGES
THAT HAVE FAULTY METADATA THAT
OPERATES AS DIGITAL BACK DOOR TO
HISTORY, OPERATES BOTH IN THIS
INSTANCE. I ALSO THINK IT
PRESERVES A HISTORY WITHOUT
DISRUPTING THE HISTO HISTORY. AD
MAINTAINS AN OBJECT WITHOUT
INTERVENING INTO THIS OBJECT.
WITH THE PRIVILEGE AND LUXURY OF
HISTORY AND TIME. SO I'M
HISTORIAN AND TIME DOESN'T
NECESSARILY MAKE THINGS BETTER
MORE PROGRESSIVE AND MORE JUST,
BUT WHEN YOU -- YOU COULD
OPERATE WITH THAT INTENTION,
SURELY THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE
HAVE, THE NEED AND THE DESIRE TO
REDRESS THE HARMS OF MEDICINE,
AND SCIENCE, DEFINITELY SHOULD
MAKE US WANT TO PRESERVE AN ITEM
WHAT IT CAN TELL ABOUT PAST BUT
ALSO CHALLENGE AND CREATE A
COUNTER NARRATIVE TO THAT ITEM
TO HELP UNDERSTAND HOW FAR WE
HAVE COME. IN OUR PRACTICE OF
MEDICINE AND HEALTH AND HOW WE
THINK ABOUT PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT
RACES AND HOW WE THINK ABOUT THE
HUMANITY. WHEN WE DON'T CREATE
GOOD METADATA FOR THOSE
COLLECTIONS, THEN WE PRESERVE
AND WE MAINTAIN UNINTERRUPTED
HISTORY OF RACISM IN MEDICINE
AND SCIENCE. NOW I'M GOING TO
END WITH MORE OPTIMISTIC HOPEFUL
CHALLENGES. WHAT WE CAN DO WITH
DATA LIQUIDITY. AGAIN, ANOTHER
PHRASE OFTEN USED IN HEALTHCARE
AND THINKING ABOUT DATA. SO WHAT
NOW? I WILL STOP HERE TO SAY
THAT IN MANY WAYS IF YOU LIVE
LONG ENOUGH AND I HOPE I DO, I
HOPE EVERYONE ELSE DOES, YOU
SORT OF SEE YOURSELF COMING FULL
CIRCLE. WHAT I HAVE SEEN THE
LAST TWO YEARS IS MYSELF COMING
FULL CIRCLE AROUND INFORMATION
AND INFORMATION SHARING SO MUCH
THAT I WENT BACK-TO-SCHOOL LAST
YEAR AND I GOT A DEGREE IN
HEALTH INFORMATICS. SO A LOT OF
WHAT YOU HEAR ME TALKING ABOUT
WITH DATA LIQUIDITY ELECTRONIC
HEALTH RECORDS AND HEALTH
INFORMATION IS COMING FROM THIS
NEW KNOWLEDGE I DISCOVERED THAT
I PUT INTO MY REPERTOIRE, SKILLS
NOW, BOTH AS LIBRARIAN AS A
SCHOLAR. WHEN I TALK DATA
LIQUIDITY I AM TALKING LANGUAGE
AND PROCESSES THAT ARE REALLY
TALKED ABOUT WILDLY IN THE FIELD
OF HEALTH INFORMATICS. WHAT IS
DATA LICK IN THE CONTEXT OF
HEALTHCARE? DATA LIQUIDITY
ABILITY OF DATA TO FLOW
THROUGHOUT A HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
EASILY AND SECURELY SO THAT
INFORMATION IS QUICKLY AVAILABLE
TO CLINICIANS, PATIENTS AND
OTHERS WHENEVER THEY NEED IT.
PEOPLE THINK ABOUT DATA
LIQUIDITY AS BEING THE RIGHT
DATA, TO THE RIGHT PERSON AT THE
RIGHT TIME. FOR THE RIGHT
PROBLEM. SOMETIMES PEOPLE WILL
TALK ABOUT DATA INTEROPERABILITY
AND DATA LIQUIDITY AS INTER--
THEY USE THEM INTERCHANGEABLY
AND THERE ARE REALLY SOME
DISTINCTIONS. WE TALK ABOUT
DATA INTEROPERABILITY OFTEN
PEOPLE ARE TALKING SHARING THAT
DATA, LINKING DATA, MAKING THAT
DATA ACCESSIBLE BETWEEN
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND HAVING
SYSTEMS SPEAK TO EACH OTHER,
REALLY IMPORTANT THINGS IN
HEALTHCARE, REALLY IMPORTANT
THINGS IN THE WORLD OF DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS ALSO. DATA LIQUIDITY
IS DIFFERENT IN THE SENSE DATA
LIQUIDITY IS MORE FOCUSED AROUND
PROBLEM-SOLVING, DIAGNOSING A
CONDITION. RIGHT? AND ACCESSING
DATA THAT COULD THEN BE
INCORPORATING DATA THAT CAN BE
USED FOR THAT PARTICULAR PROBLEM
BUT ALSO CAN BE USED DOWNSTREAM
FOR OTHER PROBLEMS. THERE IS A
CERTAIN LEVEL OF FLEXIBILITY AND
IDEA AROUND DIAGNOSIS AND
SOLVING A PROBLEM THAT IS REALLY
PART OF THIS I LOVE DATA
LIQUIDITY. IT IS NOT TETHERED TO
A PARTICULAR SYSTEM OR
INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE THERE
IS A CERTAIN FLEXIBILITY OF THIS
DATA LIQUIDITY SO THERE HAS TO
BE AN INFRASTRUCTURE THAT CAN
HANDLE A LEVEL OF FLEXIBILITY.
AND DATA LIQUIDITY CREATES THE
NECESSARY CONTEXT AND NECESSARY
NUANCE TO INFORMATION. SO IF YOU
ARE DIAGNOSING SOMEONE,
SOMETHING HEALTHCARE PROBLEM AND
YOU NEED TO PULL IN DATA ABOUT
THEIR HEART RATE IN ANOTHER
INSTANCE, YOU WANTED TO KNOW THE
CONTEXT OF THAT DATA, YOU WANT
TO KNOW THE BACKGROUND
INFORMATION FROM DATA YOU PULL
IN. DATA LIQUIDITY ALSO IS
MULTI-DIRECTIONAL FLOWS. IT CAN
BE USED DOWNSTREAM AND LATER BY
OTHER SYSTEMS OR OTHER USERS, I
JUST MENTIONED THAT. L IT GOT ME
THINKING ABOUT DATA LIQUIDITY
FOR DIGITAL COLLECTION. DIGITAL
BACK DOORS IN GENERAL. BIG
PROBLEM WITH DIGITAL BACK DOORS
WHETHER THERE ARE CONCEPTUALIZED
DIGITAL COLLECTION
CONCEPTUALIZED IN THE WORLD OF
HEALTHCARE IS DATA. DIRTY DATA,
INCOMPLETE DATA, BIAS DATA, SO
SO MUCH SORT OF RESTS IN THIS
KNOWLEDGE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH
DATA AS A DATA POINT. AND WHAT
GOES INTO THAT DATA. SO I
THOUGHT ABOUT WHO -- THINK ABOUT
METADATA LIQUIDITY IN THESE
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS HISTORY OF
RACISM AND MEDICINE OR HISTORY
OF RACE AND MEDICINE, WE MIGHT
THINK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT
LIBRARIAN -- LIBRARY STAFF,
LIBRARIANS HAVE GREATER ACCESS
TO INFORMATION AND DATA.
INCORPORATING AND TAPPING INTO
THE HISTORY OF RACISM AND
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE TO USE TO
CONTEXTUALIZE AND ANALYZE
DIGITAL OBJECTS THEY HAVE TO
DESCRIBE SO THEY CAN BRING IN
OTHER INFORMATION THAT ENABLES
TOME TO DESCRIBE AND CREATE
ACCURATE METADATA TO DESCRIBE
IMAGES THAT I SHOWED YOU MORE
APPROPRIATELY. MORE HUMANELY.
MORE FROM A JUST PERSPECTIVE. SO
THIS DRAW CACHE OF DATA
INFORMATION HISTORICAL AND
CONTEMPORARY RACISM IN MEDICINE
AND SCIENCE, BUT ALSO ALLOW DATA
LIQUIDITY FOR METADATA BUT ALSO
CREATE LIBRARIANS CREATING NEW
DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ONE
DEDICATED TO TECH AND HEALTH
JUSTICE THAT COULD BE USED AND
ADOPTED BY DIGITAL HEALTH MORE
BROADLY. THESE SYSTEMS DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS AND THE METADATA IS
TIED TO AND CONNECTED TO
CERTAINLY SHOULD BE TO HOW
PEOPLE'S HEALTH CONDITIONS MIGHT
BE DESCRIBED IN ELECTRONIC
HEALTH RECORD OR HEALTH RECORD.
NOT SAYING ONE TO ONE, CERTAINLY
BOTH APPLES, MAYBE THERE ARE
APPLE AND ORANGE BUT BOTH FRUIT
AND BEING THAT WAY, THEY SHOULD
PROBABLY -- WE SHOULD SEE
INTERACTION HAPPENING BETWEEN
HOW WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT
DIGITIZING OR DESCRIBING HISTORY
OF RACISM AND MEDICINE WITH HOW
WE THINK DESCRIBING RACE IN
DIGITAL HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE.
FINALLY, THIS IS WHERE I WILL
END AND I WOULD LOVE TO FIELD
SOME QUESTIONS IF PEOPLE HAVE
THEM. IS THINKING HOW WE BRING
BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES INTO
THIS. BLACK DIGITAL HUMANITIES
IF YOU REMEMBER IT IS A
CONSTRUCTIVE DELIBERATE SPACE,
REALLY THINK WHAT IT MEANS TO BE
HUMAN. I WOULD LOVE TO CHALLENGE
ANYONE WORKING WITH DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS, BUT PARTICULARLY IN
THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND
HISTORY OF RACE AND MEDICINE,
BECAUSE WE KNOW THE FAULTY
HISTORY, THE THORNY HISTORY, TO
TAKE UP THESE QUESTIONS OR
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN WORKING WITH
DIGITAL OBJECTS AND DIGITAL
MATERIALS. THE FIRST THING THAT
A BLACK DH PRACTICE WOULD WANT
SOMEONE DOING THIS WORK IS TO
QUESTION THE VALIDITY OF THE
DIGITAL OBJECT AND THE TECHNICAL
PROCESSES TO RECOGNIZE RESPECTED
HUMANITY OF BLACK PEOPLE. WHY DO
I SAY THAT? BECAUSE BLACK
PEOPLE'S HUMANITY HAS NOT BEEN
GIVEN HISTORICALLY AND IT MADE
PLACES GLOBALLY AND IN THE
UNITED STATES IT IS NOT
NECESSARILY A GIVEN, I THINK WE
HAVE TO QUESTION TECHNOLOGICAL
PROCESSES AND CERTAIN
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT WERE CREATED
IN A VERY NEUTRAL WAY AND
QUESTION WHETHER THEY ARE
ACTUALLY INHERENTLY BUILT TO
RECOGNIZE AND RESPECT HUMANITY
OF BLACK PEEP AND QUESTIONING
THAT VALIDITY, QUESTIONING THOSE
OBJECTS PERHAPS CAN SEE PROBLEMS
WITH IMAGES OR MATERIALS TICKET,
DIGITIZED TICKET THAT NEEDS TO
BE DESCRIBED ACCURATELY. I WOULD
ALSO ASK LIBRARIANS AN STAFF TO
THINK ABOUT THE IDEAS AND IMAGES
OF BLACK PEOPLE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE, AS PROBLEMS, THAT
DOESN'T MEAN THEY ARE ALL
PROBLEMS, RIGHT? BUT A LOT OF
THE WAYS THAT THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE AND THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE HAVE TALKED ABOUT BLACK
PEOPLE AND OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR
HAVE BEEN FROM A MODEL OF
DEFICIT. I THINK IF YOU APPROACH
THESE DIGITAL IMAGES AS PROBLEMS
TO BE SOLVED OR RAISING
QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMANITY, AGAIN
IT MAY MAKE PEOPLE MORE ATTUNE
TO THE CHALLENGES AND THE
COMPLEXITY AND ADDED NUANCE AND
WORK AND LABOR, ALL THINGS THAT
I THINK COME WITH MATERIAL COSTS
BUT I THINK ARE NECESSARY, IN
DESCRIBING THESE IMAGES. MY
FINAL CHALLENGE IS THAT I LOVE
LIBRARIANS AND STAFF TO CREATE
DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE THAT
INTENTIONALLY MITIGATES THE HARM
OF THE ORIGINAL SCENT OF
ANTI-BLACK RACISM, THAT IS NOT
TO SUGGEST WHITE LIBRARIANS AN
STAFF HAVE TO BE ACTIVISTS,
PROMOTE A PARTICULAR IDEOLOGY
AROUND RACE OR RACISM, BUT ONE
MIGHT SEE THEMSELVES PASS
DISRUPTING THE HISTORY OF THIS
HARM IN SOMETHING THAT IS ONE
HAND RELATIVELY SIMPLE BUT VERY
PROFOUND AN IMPACTFUL IN TERMS
OF METADATA. AND SEEING THEIR
WORK IN WORK THAT DISRUPTS AND
CHALLENGES THE HISTORY OF
RACISM. SO I WANT TO STOP HERE
AND SAY THANK YOU AGAIN FOR
ALLOWING ME TO GIVE THIS TALK
TODAY. I LOOK FORWARD TO THE
QUESTIONS. I LOOK FORWARD TO THE
HARD QUESTIONS AND THE
CHALLENGES TO THIS WORK. BECAUSE
IT JUST MAKES ME A BETTER
SCHOLAR AND MAKES ME DEVELOP
PROJECTS THAT ARE ACTUALLY GOING
TO BE MEANINGFUL AND HOPEFULLY
HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON
PEOPLE'S LIVES. THANK YOU, I
WILL ADVANCE O THE LAST SLIDE
AND LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR
QUESTIONS.
>>DR. GALLON, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR THIS AMAZING AND VERY
IMPORTANT TALK, QUITE OBVIOUSLY
TO YOUR POINT ABOUT BEING BETTER
HISTORIAN AN BETTER LIBRARIAN,
YOUR HONOR TALK WILL HELP
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND
OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, THAT
HOLD COLLECTIONS SPANNING
GENERATIONS AND CENTURIES TO
STEWARD THEM IN A MUCH MORE
RESPONSIBLE THOUGHTFUL WAY
UNDOUBTEDLY. SO WE HOPE, I HOPE
THAT YOUR TALK WILL BE HEARD BY
MANY AND LESSONS THEREIN
FOLLOWED AND HEARD AND
APPRECIATE BY MANY IN ALL THE
WAYS YOU DESCRIBE AND ELOQUENTLY
AND IMPACTFULLY. BEFORE WE MOVE
TO QUESTIONS LET ME SAY I
CERTAINLY SHARE IN THE MOST
POSITIVE WAY THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IS AWARE OF
AND SUPPORTS THE NEED TO UPDATE
ITS METADATA. SO THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR BRINGING THIS
CONVERSATION FORWARD PUBLICLY,
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR ALL THE
REASONS YOU STATE FAR BETTER
THAN I CAN. I HAVE A NUMBER OF
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE COME IN. LET
ME GET RIGHT TO THEM. THANK YOU
FOR THIS INCREDIBLY INSIGHTFUL
AND REGULATORY TALK, SOMEONE
WRITES IN REGARDING METADATA,
AND IMPROVING CATALOG RECORDS TO
INDICATE THAT CERTAIN COLLECTION
ITEMS ARE RACIST, THE EXAMPLES
YOU SHARED ARE SOMEWHAT
OBVIOUSLY RACIST AND COULD BE
LABELED AS SUCH. AND SHOULD BE
LABELED AS SUCH BUT SOME RACISM
WITH INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IS MUCH
MORE SUBTLE AND SUBJECTIVE.
CATALOGING NEEDS TO BE AS
OBJECTIVE AS POSSIBLE THOUGH
SOME LEVEL OF BIAS IS PROBABLY
UP I VOIDABLE THOUGH WE NEED TO
BE AWARE. HOW DO WE OBJECTIVELY
DEFINE SOMETHING AS SUBJECTIVE
AS RACISM?
>>GREAT QUESTION, IF I HAD THAT
ANSWER PROBABLY -- COULD MAYBE
CHANGE THE WORLD IN SOME SENSE
BUT A GOOD QUESTION ABOUT THE
SUBTLETY OF RACISM AND THE HARM
THAT HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY
TECHS CODO UNWITTINGLY. I DON'T
WANT TO SAY WE HAVE THE APPROACH
RACISM AS SORT OF IN THE EYE OF
THE HOLDER OR RECEIVER. I THINK
THOUGH THAT CREATING METADATA,
THAT IS NUANCED AND
CONTEXTUALIZED, METADATA THAT
SHARES MORE DATA LIQUIDITY, I
WANT TO GO BACK TO THAT THAT IS
LINKED AND INTERCONNECTED WITH
MAYBE ORIGINAL SOURCES. AGAIN, I
MAY BE SPEAKING OUTS OF TURN, IN
TERMS OF WHAT IS POSSIBLE IN THE
RECORDS. RIGHT? IN THE
TECHNICAL RECORDS IN TERMS OF
FIELDS THAT HAVE TO BE OR CAN BE
POPULATED. BUT IF THERE IS A WAY
TO CREATE INFRASTRUCTURE THAT
WOULD LINK TO ORIGINAL SOURCES
OR ORIGINAL AWE ORSHIP OR MORE
INFORMATION ABOUT PARTICULAR
INDIVIDUAL OR SYSTEM, I THINK
THAT CREATES AVENUE FOR PEOPLE
HOPEFULLY TO LEARN MORE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTICULAR
ITEM OR OBJECT. PARTICULARLY IN
THESE INSTANCES WHERE THERE IS
SUBTLE SHADES OF RACISM, SO I
DON'T KNOW IF THAT NECESSARILY
ANSWER IT IS QUESTION BUT I
DEFINITELY THINK DATA LIQUIDITY
AND INTEROPERABILITY LINKED AND
SHARED DATA HAS TO CAN COME INTO
PLAY AND ALSO THINKING ABOUT
SHARING AND LINKING DATA, MOVING
BEYOND SHARING DATA BUT ALSO
DATA LIQUIDITY CREATING AND
TRYING TO SOLVE PROBLEMS.
PROBLEMS OF OBSCURED HISTORIES,
PROBLEMS OF HISTORIES THAT ARE
ONE DIMENSIONAL OR ARE UNKNOWN.
I THINK MANY OF THE PEOPLE I
TALK TO TALK ABOUT LINK DATA,
TANK INTEROPERABILITY, SHARED
DATA, AS A SHARING INFORMATION
BUT P WE MIGHT TURN THAT SHARING
INFORMATION TO HOW DO WE SOLVE
PROBLEMS, AROUND DESCRIBING
THINGS ACCURATELY, IT MIGHT BE
-- MIGHT REVEAL MORE THAN IT
ACTUALLY -- THAN WE MIGHT THINK
AND THAT MIGHT GO INTO
DESCRIBING OR PROVIDING MORE
HISTORY OF RACISM MAYBE NOT AS
APPARENT.
>>THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION
HAS COME IN SIMILAR TO THE FIRST
ONE BUT I THINK A DEEP DIVE HERE
IS WELL WORTH IT. THANK YOU, DR.
GALLON, FOR YOUR PRESENTATION
AND YOUR THOUGHTFUL COMMENTS ON
METADATA. MANY IN THE ARCHIVE
WORLD HAD BEEN LOOKING AT ME
DATA AND MAKING CHANGES SUCH AS
ADDRESSING HARMFUL LANGUAGE IN
METADATA. I HAVE NOT HEARD OF
ANY ARCHIVES LOOKING AT ADDING
LANGUAGE THAT SPECIFICALLY
IDENTIFIES CONTENT AS RACIST OR
I AM AWARE OF SOME WRITES
ORGANIZATIONS HAVE HARMFUL
CONTENT WARNING ON CONTENT
PAGES. WHAT WAYS WOULD YOU
SUGGEST NLM BEGIN LOOKING AT ITS
METADATA?
>>THAT IS INTERESTING. I
THOUGHT A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THAT.
I'M NOT THE EXPERT IN HERE, IN
THIS WAY. IN THIS INSTANCE, TO
PRESCRIBE WHAT THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SHOULD DO. I
WILL SAY COUPLE OF THINGS. ONE,
THAT THERE ARE IMAGES AND THINGS
THAT DRY SCRIBE AS RACIST OR
BEING CONNOTING OR EXPRESSING A
HISTORY OF RACISM ALREADY IN THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SO
THERE IS AN EXISTING PROCESS
PERHAPS. I WOULDN'T KNOW THAT
BUT I KNOW THAT I DID A COUPLE
OF TESTS TO SEE IF I COULD FIND
SCIENTIFIC RACISM OR RACISM AS A
PIECE OF METADATA IN THE DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS AND I DID FIND
THINGS. I WOULD SAY THAT I
DIDN'T FIND A LOT AND I PUT IN
RACISM AS DIGITAL LIBRARY IMAGE
COLLECTIONS, NOTHING WAS
RETURNED. SO I DO KNOW THERE IS
METADATA IN THE DIGITAL
COLLECTIONS, THAT SPEAKS TO
PARTICULAR IMAGE BEING EITHER
RACIST OR EXPRESSING RACISM. OR
TALKING ABOUT RACISM. I DO THINK
THERE MIGHT BE INFRASTRUCTURE
PROCESSES THAT EXIST. I WANT TO
SPEAK TO HARMFUL CONTENT PART OF
THIS. I HAVE SEEN THAT LANGUAGE
AND NOT A FAN OF THOSE, I
WOULDN'T ADVOCATE FOR THOSE IF I
WERE IN A POSITION OF POWER
DECISION MAKING IN TERMS OF
METADATA BECAUSE I THINK WE HAVE
TO CALL THINGS OUT FOR WHAT THEY
ARE. RACIST IMAGES ARE HARMFUL
BUT I THINK WE NEED THE GET
COMFORTABLE WITH LANGUAGE THAT
IS REVEALING OF THE HISTORY OF
INSTITUTIONS IN THE HEALTHCARE
SYSTEMS IN THIS COUNTRY. IT IS
NOT A COMBINATION, IT IS A
RECONCILING WITH HISTORY OF
HEALTHCARE SCIENTIFIC FEEL THAT
IS BASED IN FACT IN EVIDENCE.
WHEN WE LABEL SOMETHING HARMFUL,
AS OPPOSED TO RACIST, WE ARE
DIMINISHING THE POWER TO
ACTUALLY MAKE CHANGE THAT COULD
BRING US ALL FURTHER ALONG IN
OUR HUMANITY AND OUR DESIRE,
HOPEFULLY COLLECTIVE DESIRE TO
LIVE IN A JUST WORLD.
>>THANK YOU. COUPLE OF OTHER
QUESTIONS HAVE COME IN WITH SOME
COMMENTS ABOUT PRESENTATION,
ABSOLUTELY BRILLIANT
PRESENTATION, SOMEONE WRITES MY
THANKS TO DR. GALLON FOR SHARING
HER WORK AN PERSPECTIVE.
ADDITIONALLY WE NEED TO EXPAND
OUR KNOWLEDGE OF IMPLICIT AND
EXPLICIT BIASES TO INCLUDE THE
DIGITAL WORLD. AND AN
UNDERSTANDING OF AGGREGATION OF
DATA, DATA LIQUIDITY AND HOW IT
IS USED TO PREVENT AND NOT
EXACERBATE RACISM. ONE QUESTION
SPECIFIC QUESTION THAT HAS COME
IN, CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT
DIGITAL RED LINING? WHAT THAT
EXACTLY -- WHAT MEANS EXACTLY?
>>YEAH. AIM NOT DIGITAL -- I
DON'T EXPERT OR SPEAK VERY MUCH
ABOUT DIGITAL RED LINING AS A
SCHOLAR. I DON'T SPEAK AT IT
FROM A SCHOLARLY PERSPECTIVE BUT
BASELINE DIGITAL RED LINING IS
THE -- INEQUITABLE, SOMETIMES
BECAUSE OF GEOGRAPHY, BUT BROAD
BASE WIFI OR INTERNET ACCESS,
NEEDED IN ORDER TO RUN
APPLICATIONS, ACCESS THE
INTERNET, SO IN MANY PARTS
PARTICULARLY IN RURAL AREAS
WHERE YOU ARE GOING TO HAVE
PEOPLE LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC
INCOMES, THEY LACK BROADBAND
ACCESS TO THE INTERNET. WE RAY
THROUGH SAW WHAT THAT MEANT FOR
PEOPLE WHO HAD TO ACCESS
TELEHEALTH OR SCHOOL ONLINE AND
IN RURAL AREAS, AND OTHER AREAS
WHERE -- THERE ARE SOME URBAN
SWATH AND POCKETS THAT ALSO LACK
REALLY GOOD BROADBAND ACCESS.
SO DIGITAL RED LINING LIKE THE
RED LINING, IT IS A MEANING FROM
THE RED LINING THAT HAPPENS IN
THE 1930s, '40s AND '50s
WHERE LENDERS DRAW RED LINES
AROUND THE MAPS OF WHERE BLACK
PEOPLE LIVE AS THESE ARE PLACES
THAT PEOPLE SHOULDN'T GET ACCESS
TO HOME LOANS AND THESE ARE
AREAS OF THE COUNTRY TERMS OF
HOUSING, THAT HAVE LOW PROPERTY
VALUES THAT ARE CONSIDERED
PLACES THAT NO ONE WANTS TO LIVE
BECAUSE BLACK COMMUNITIES ABOUT
THE STIGMA RACE AND RACISM
ATTACHED TO THEM. SO THAT IS
WHERE DIGITAL RED LINING COMES
FROM. THERE'S SOME PUSH BACK ON
THAT, AND ABOUT WHETHER YOU CAN
REALLY CALL IT RED LINING.
BECAUSE THERE IS A REAL
INTENTION ON LENDERS AND
MORTGAGE COMPANIES TO DRAW RED
LINES ON A MAP. DIGITAL RED
LINING EITHER ARGUE, NOT AN
EXPERT ON THIS, HAPPENS IN THIS
UNINTENTIONAL WAY. I DON'T THINK
THERE IS A LOT OF INTENTION TO
CREATE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR ACCESSING THE INTERNET. SO
SOME PEOPLE PUSH BACK ON CALLING
IT DIGITAL RED LINING BECAUSE OF
LACK OF INTENTIONALITY. THE
IMPACT, I THINK IS THE SAME. IT
IS TIED TO RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS
SO WHOM EVER ASKED THAT QUESTION
I HOPE I DID IT JUSTICE. IF
ANYONE HAS A MORE SUCCINCT
SOPHISTICATED ANSWER PLEASE FEEL
FREE TO PUT A LINK IN THE CHAT
OR SOMETHING ELSE.
>>THANK YOU, DR. GALLON.
CERTAINLY JUST A REMINDER TO
THOSE WATCHING, UNDER YOUR
VIDEOS AND MY FEEDBACK BUTTON,
YOU CAN USE THAT TO SEND -- TO
EMAIL QUESTIONS TO ME. WHICH I
WILL BE HAPPY TO HAVE A LOOK AT
AND AS TIME ALLOWS, ASK DR.
GALLON TO ADDRESS. SOMEONE
WRITES IN NOT A LIBRARIAN, AS A
RESEARCHER WE ARE LOOKING AT
ALGORITHMIC FAIRNESS TO ENSURE
RACISM IS MINIMIZED. A COMMENT
THAT'S COME IN. ANOTHER
QUESTION, IS COULD YOU SPEAK TO
THE RESPONSES THAT YOU HAVE
HEARD BEING READ ABOUT FROM
PHYSICIANS NURS AND OTHERS IN
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION TO
ADDRESS RACISM IN THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE?
>>I DON'T WANT TO SPEAK TO THIS
TOO MUCH, I'M IN THE A
CLINICIAN, NOT EVEN HISTORIAN OF
MEDICINE. I HAVE BEEN SORT OF
WORKING THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
BECAUSE OF MY WORK WITH THE
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIAT ASSOC.
AND QUITE FRANKLY, I SORT OF --
THE PERSON IN THE ROOM, THE
DIGITAL ROOM, I'M WORKING WITH
THE AMA TEAM AND HEARING THEM
TALK ABOUT THE PUSH BACK THE AMA
HAS RECEIVED, DR. LISA
(INAUDIBLE) PRESIDENT I THINK OF
EQUITY HEALTH EQUITY AT THE AMA
HAS BEEN A PIONEER AND LEADER IN
REALLY PUSHING THE AMA TO
RECONCILE WITH ITS OWN HISTORY
OF RACISM AS WELL TO TALK ABOUT
WHAT EDUCATION LOOKS LIKE FOR
CLINICIANS, MOVING FORWARD AS WE
TRY TO CREATE NEW FUTURE OF
HEALTHCARE THAT IS EQUITABLE. I
HEAR THERE IS PUSH BACK, WITH
LOT OF PUSH BACK COMING FROM
CLINICIANS WHO ARE ABOUT NOT --
THE MOVE OF USING RACE IN
DIAGNOSES AROUND PULSE --
FORGETTING THE LANGUAGE, SORT OF
THINGS THAT TEST MEASURE ONE'S
OXYGEN WHICH WERE PULSE OX -- I
CAN'T PRONOUNCE IT RIGHT NOW,
SOMEONE ELSE WILL KNOW WHAT THEY
ARE. PUSH BACK USING RACE AS A
PARTICULAR SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF
HEALTH CREATING VULNERABILITY IN
TERMS OF HEALTH CONDITIONS.
THERE IS A PUSH BACK ON THAT.
THEN PUSH BACK ON THE IDEA THAT
RACISM IS NOT PRACTICE IN
HEALTHCARING MORE AND WHAT WE
THINK ABOUT RACISM IN MEDICINE
IS CERTAINLY AN ARTIFACT OF
HISTORY. THAT REALLY DOESN'T
COME TO BEAR ON HEALTHCARE IN
THE 21ST CENTURY AS MUCH AS
PEOPLE SAY THAT IT DOES. I WILL
STOP THERE BECAUSE AGAIN I AM
NOT A CLINICIAN. I DON'T STUDY
MEDICINE IN THAT WAY SO I DON'T
WANT TO SPEAK OUT OF TURN AND
SAY SOMETHING THAT MAYBE
INAPPROPRIATE OR INCORRECT.
>>WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE
QUESTION, ON THE HEELS OF WHAT
YOU SHARED, THE ECOSYSTEM, THAT
YOU JUST DESCRIBED, HAVE YOU
OBSERVED GENERATIONAL
DIFFERENCES IN APPROACHES TO
ADDRESSING RACISM AND MITIGATING
RACISM?
>>AGAIN, THIS IS COMING FROM
BEING OBSERVER OF WHAT IS
HAPPENING IN THE MEDICAL
EDUCATION WHERE I DO FEEL
COMFORTABLE SAYING THIS BECAUSE
I AM WORKING IN -- HELPING TO
EDUCATE DOCTORS AND NEW
CLINICIANS, EMERGING CLINICIANS,
IT IS A YOUNGER GENERATION, OF
DOCTORS PEOPLE WORKING IN THE
FIELD OF MEDICINE, EVEN IN
DIGITAL HEALTH AND HEALTH EQUITY
PUSHING FOR THESE CONVERSATIONS
AROUND INEQUITY. THIS IS NOT TO
CREATE THE OLD FOLKS ARE STUCK
IN THEIR WAYS. BUT I DO THINK
THAT NEWER GENERATION FEELS AS
THOUGH THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO
TALK REALLY RAW TERMS EXPLICIT
TERMS ABOUT RACISM AND MEDICINE,
RACISM AND DIGITAL HEALTH AND
HEALTH EQUITY WITH A LOT OF
COMPLICATION AND A LOT OF
GUIDANCE FROM MORE EXPERIENCED
PEOPLE, BUT REALLY PUSHING THESE
CONVERSATIONS TO BE HAD AND
EDUCATION THAT ACTUALLY CAPTURES
THIS HISTORY. OF RACISM. AND
REALLY WOULD LIKE TO END ON A
CELEBRATORY NOTE OF THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. I DON'T
THINK YOU CAN HAVE A NEW MODEL
OF EDUCATION, RATHER HISTORY OF
RACISM AND MEDICINE WITHOUT
THESE DIGITAL COLLECTIONS. THEY
REMAIN IN ARCHIVES AND LARGELY
REMAIN INACCESSIBLE TO THE
PEOPLE, PEOPLE WHO CHOOSE TO NOT
RECONCILE WITH THIS HISTORY,
PEOPLE WHO CHOOSE TO NOT
UNDERSTAND THIS HISTORY AND
PEOPLE WHO WOULDN'T KNOW THESE
COLLECTIONS AND THESE DOCUMENTS
EXIST BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE
ACCESS TO THEM. DESPITE MY
CRITIQUE, HUE FOR YOUR TAKING IT
IN GOOD STEAD, THIS IS ABOUT
CREATING MORE ACCESSIBILITY,
MORE KNOWLEDGE, I THINK THAT THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND
ITS DIGITAL COLLECTIONS CONTINUE
TO BE INVALUABLE RESOURCE FOR
JUST TECH, JUST HEALTH TECH AND
HEALTH EQUITY.
>>THANK YOU. CERTAINLY YOU USE
THE PHRASE PUSHING THE
CONVERSATION AND YOUR
PRESENTATION HAS DONE THAT
BEAUTIFULLY IMPACTFULLY,
ELOQUENTLY, AND IMPORTANTLY. AND
I APPRECIATE YOUR ENDING ON A
POSITIVE NOTE, NONETHELESS THIS
IS AN IMPORTANT TIMELY CRITICAL
CONVERSATION TO HAVE IT IS A
PRIVILEGE TO WORK WITH YOU TO
BRING YOUR TALENT FORWARD IN
THIS PRESENTATION AS PART OF OUR
SERIES AND THE PARTNERSHIP WITH
THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT OF THE
HUMANITIES. ON BEHALF OF
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE,
THANK YOU FOR THE WORK YOU ARE
DOING, FOR THIS PRESENTATION FOR
TAKING THE TIME TO PREPARE IT.
AND TO WORK WITH US TO BE PART
OF OUR SERIES. SO THANK YOU
VERY MUCH, WISHING YOU ALL THE
BEST IN YOUR GONING VERY
IMPORTANT RESEARCH AND LOOK
FORWARD TO KEEPING IN TOUCH.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU. THANK YOU VERY
MUCH.