>> WELCOME, I'M JEFF RESNICK AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH. THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY FOR TODAY'S NLM HISTORY TALK. FOR THOSE ON TWITTER THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING USING #NLMHISTTALK. THEY ARE USED FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SERVICE. IN BIO MEDICINE, SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES AND SUPPORTS COMMITMENT OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO RECOGNIZE THE DIVERSITY OF IT'S COLLECTION. ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF DIGITAL FORMATS AND FROM EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE. MORE OVER IT AIMS TO APPRECIATE THE DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES WHO VALUE THIS FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING. BEFORE I INTRODUCE TODAY'S SPEAKERS, JOIN US ON THURSDAY OCTOBER 28, 2:0 P.M. EASTERN, WE WILL WELCOME DR. FARRELL -- GENDER SEXUALITY STUDIES. HISTORIAN OF MEDICINE, CARIBBEAN, FAMILY DRAMA, SMALLPOX VACCINATION IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE. TODAY I HAVE THE PRIVILEGE OF REPRESENTING TWO SPEAKERS REPRESENTING TWO INSTITUTIONS. ANGELA SAWARD, WELLCOME COLLECTION, CENTRAL LONDON. TO EXHIBITIONS, COLLECTIONS, DIGITAL BROADCAST AND PUBLISHING, WELLCOME HAS -- PART OF THE WELCOME TRUST, UNDER SIR HENRY IN 1936. SHE HOLDS BACKGROUND IN FILM AND SOUND ARCHIVES AND MASTERS IN MEDIA TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION FROM UNIVERSITY OF THE ARS. SHE HAS WORKED WITH ARTISTS, TELEVISION PRODUCERS. AND WRITTEN ON HER -- HELD BY WELLCOME COLLECTION. AND ALSO SPOKEN NUMEROUS CONFERENCES WITH COLLEAGUES AROUND THE WORLD INCLUDING CO-PRESENTER, SARAH EILERS. SARAH EILERS AUDIO VISUAL AT NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, LOCATED ON THE CAMPUS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND. WITH HER BACKGROUND IN FILM STUDIES AND CURATION AND MASTERS IN UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN SHE HAS WRITTEN 10,000 MEDICAL TITLES IN FILM, TAPE AND OTHER FORMATS. SHE IS NLM'S HISTORIAN, BUILDING RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS AND COLLECTION AND RAISING AWARENESS AMONG INDIVIDUALS AROUND THE WORLD. DIRECTOR OF MEDICINE ON SCREEN, NLM'S CURE ATED PORTAL FEATURING FILMS INCLUDING PRODUCTIONS WE WILL DISCUSS TODAY WHICH YOU WILL ALL SEE. FIND MEDICINE ON SCREEN, MEDICINEONSCREAM@NLM.NIH.GOV. PLEASE TAKE TIME TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THEIR WORK THROUGH OUR INTERVIEW ON OUR BLOG CIRCULATING NOW. YOU WILL FIND IT AS THE FEATURED POST, CIRCULATING NOW. ADDITIONALLY IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS AS YOU LISTEN TO TODAY'S PRESENTATION PLEASE SEND THEM USING THE LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON AT THE BOTTOM OF THE VIDEO SCREEN OR FOLLOWING ON TWITTER, USING THE #NLMHISTTALK. IF YOU DON'T SEE THE LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON, RELOAD THE PAGE OF YOUR BROWSER AND IT WILL APPEAR. SO ANGELA AND SARAH JOIN US WITH FILM WITH CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE, THE VERY MEDIUM OF MOVING IMAGES CONVEYING ENVIRONMENTAL MESSAGES ABOUT INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY AND GLOBAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. IT'S MY PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE TO WELCOME BOTH OF THEM SPEAKING ON "PERIL IN THE AIR: POLLUTION ACTIVISM ON FILM". OVER TO BOTH OF YOU AND THANKS FOR PRESENTING TODAY. >> THANK YOU, JEFF. GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. I'M SARAH EILERS. ANGELA AND I HAVE COLLABORATED BEFORE ON PANELS AND RESEARCH AND WE ARE VERY HAPPY TO BE DOING SO AGAIN. ONE THING SHE AND I TALKED ABOUT, WE PLANNED THIS PRESENTATION, WE ARE IN THE FORTUNATE POSITION OF DISCUSSING WITH OUR AUDIENCE AND WITH EACH OTHER A TOPIC ON WHICH A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF RECENT SCHOLARSHIP HAS BEEN DONE. I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A QUICK OVERVIEW OF THAT. THIS IS MATERIAL TO EXPLORE FURTHER IF YOU WOULD LIKE AND ANGELA WILL TAKE YOU THROUGH "PERIL IN THE AIR: POLLUTION ACTIVISM ON FILM" AND BACK TO ME POLLUTION ON FILM IN THE U.S. ESPECIALLY IN THE CONTEXT OF FILMS PRODUCED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT ADVOCACY HOW THE FILMS WERE DISSEMINATED AND HOW FILMS ON THIS TOPIC EVOLVED AS THE 1960'S GAVE WAY TO THE 1970'S. NEXT SLIDE. SINCE WE ARE STREAMING MATERIAL YOU MAY FIND THE SOUND OR IMAGE TO BE GLITCHY ALONG THE WAY. HERE ARE THE URL'S FOR EACH OF THE FILMS WE ARE SHOWING CLIPS OF. PUT A FEW WORDS OF THE TITLE AS WELL. NEXT SLIDE. HERE AT NLM IT STARTED WITH EXHIBITION PROGRAM LED BY PATTY TUI. THREATS FROM FOSSIL FUELS, OPEN BURNING OF TRASH TO FILTHY RIVERS, FISH KILLS AND THE PERILS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. NLM PLANNED A NEW EXHIBIT FOR SEPTEMBER 2020 CALLED 50 YEARS AGO TO TAKE A LOOK BACK AT THAT 1970 EFFORT. INCLUDING THE WORK OF RACHEL CARSON IN FOUNDING THE MOVEMENT. COVID-19 INTERFERED WITH OUR PLANS TO STAGE A PHYSICAL EXHIBIT BUT WE HAVE A WONDERFUL ONLINE PRESENTATION. WHICH YOU CAN SEE AT THIS URL. NEXT SLIDE. THIS FEATURED MATERIAL CONTRIBUTED BY ENTITIES AS DIVERGENT AS THE SIERRA CLUB AND DUPONT CORPORATION. FILM WAS NOT PART OF THE ORIGINAL DARKENING DAY. BUT THE EXHIBITION PROGRAM ADDED IMAGES FROM 50 YEARS AGO. EDUCATING MYSELF FROM THAT TOPIC TO INCLUDE IN THE 2020 COMMEMORATION THE LEADERSHIP AND ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN WORKING TO COMBAT POLLUTION REALLY STOOD OUT TO ME AS DID ITS ASPIRATIONAL USE OF FILM AS A MEANS OF ACHIEVING THAT. YOU SEE THIS ARCH, THE SOLUTION ST. LOUIS ARCH. THAT WILL COME AROUND AGAIN. THIS GUILTY CHIMNEYS. NEXT SLIDE. A LITTLE MORE ABOUT THE SCHOLARSHIP. WE DECIDED WE WOULD HIGHLIGHT THE TOPIC OF FILM IN THE ENVIRONMENT, IN MEDICINE ON SCREEN, WHICH AS JEFF DESCRIBED IS OUR CURATED PORTAL. PAIRING WITH ESSAYS THAT TAKE A DEEP DIVE INTO ONE OR MORE TITLES AT A TIME. IN THIS CASE DR. JENNIFER PETERSON OF UNIVERSITY OF LOS ANGELES WROTE ABOUT SIX FILMS IN THE N.L.M. COLLECTION. AND ANGELA WORKED ON "JUST BREATHE" AND A FILM CALLED "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY". YOU WILL HEAR MORE ABOUT IN A FEW MOMENTS. A LARGE AUDIENCE GOT A SNEAK PREVIEW AT THE MAY 2020 ORPHAN FILM SYMPOSIUM. WHOSE THEMES YOU SEE HERE ON THE RIGHT. ANGELA FOLLOWED UP HER TALK AT ORPHANS WITH HER OWN MEDICINE ON SCREEN ESSAY, AND JENNIFER PETERSON WAS A GUEST IN JANUARY 2021 ON A PODCAST CALLED FRAMING MEDIA. EPISODE #8 AND DISCUSSING THESE SIX FILMS JENNIFER RIGHTS ABOUT IN "MEDICINE ON SCREEN". WE WILL SHIFT YOU OVER TO ANGELA WHO WILL TAKE YOU BACK TO THE EARLY DAYS OF U.K.'S PERIL IN THE AIR. NEXT SLIDE. >> THANK YOU FOR THIS TALK AND TO SARAH EILERS. I'VE BEEN IN AUDIO VISUAL FOR SOME TIME NOW AND WE HAVE FOUND LOTS OF MUTUAL POINT OF COMPARISON. OUR JOINT PRESENTATION IS DESIGNED TO CONSIDER THE GLOBAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ESPECIALLY IN CITIES WE LIVE. REMINDER ACTIVISM DIDN'T START RECENTLY OR IN ONE LOCATION. IT'S BEEN ONGOING. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. HAVING WORKED WITH OUR AB COLLECTION SINCE 2005, LOOKING AT WAYS TO MAKE THEM MORE ACCESSIBLE, HERE IS A PEEK AT SHELVES IN OUR STORE WITH FILMS AND VIDEOS. ABOUT 10,000 IN TOTAL, WAX CYLINDER, ADDRESS BY FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN 1892 TO FORM DIGITAL VIDEO FILED RECORDING LIVED EXPERIENCE. WORKING WITH AV MATERIALS HAS MANY CHALLENGES. THE FIRST IS AROUND FORMATS AND PLAYABILITY. WE HOLD ABOUT 3,000 FILMS ON 8, 9.5, 16 AND 32 MILLIMETER GAUGES. STRATEGY IS TO DIGITIZE THIS MATERIAL FOR THE FUTURE. THERE ARE AT LEAST 16 VIDEO FORMATS AS WELL AS MANY MORE AUDIO FORMATS SUCH AS WAX CYLINDER I MENTIONED BEFORE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. BEFORE WE CONSIDER THE FILMS, I WANTED TO TAKE YOU ON A JOURNEY BACK IN TIME TO EXPLORE HOW POLLUTION ACTIVISM HAS BEEN FRAMED HISTORICALLY. THE TITLE OF THE TALK, PERIL IN THE AREAS INSPIRED BY THE FRONT PAGE OF THE 12-PAGE FOOT CLIP ADVERTISING PETS TABLETS FOR COUGHS AND COLDS IN THE U.K. ON THE LEFT OF THE SLIDE. SENSATIONALIZED OF THE POTENTIAL THREAT FROM HIDDEN MICROBES IN THE AIR. MADE IN 1913 BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR. HENCE WAR SHIPS LOOMING ON THE HORIZON AND PANICKING CROWDS BELOW. THIS COMBINED THE ACTUAL THREAT OF GERMS IN THE EXISTENTIAL THREAT OF INVASION. IN THE PAGES OF THE BOOKLET I LIT UPON THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE, A BAD SMOKY FOG CAUSES MORE DEATHS THAN A MODERN BATTLE. THE EVIDENCE THAT POLLUTION CAUSES ILL HEALTH IS ALREADY UNDERSTOOD. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISEASE AND POLLUTION IS FREQUENTLY CHARACTERIZED AS A BATTLE OF WHITE AND OTHER MEDIA TYPES, MANY OCCASIONS WE ENCOUNTER THE LANGUAGE OF WAR BEING USED. WHETHER THIS BOOKLET WAS A SUCCESSFUL ADVERTISING TOOL IN PROMOTING SALES WAS HARD TO SAY BUT IT VIVIDLY REFLECTS THE ZEITGEIST OF THE TIME. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. EVEN FURTHER BACK IN 1661, JOHN F. LYNN PUBLISHED WORK, THE DIGITIZED TITLE PAGE SHOWN HERE ON THE LEFT ABOUT THE SMOKE THAT HUNG OVER LONDON. TO MARK THE REIGN OF CHARLES II WHO ASCENDED TO THE THRONE WHEN THE MONARCHY WAS RESTORED IN 1660. IT WAS AIMED MOVING NOXIOUS TRADES TO THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE CITY SO THE CENTER WAS A MORE PLEASANT PLACE TO BE. WHAT WE UNDERSTAND TO BE ZONE. HE MAY HAVE BEEN SURPRISED THAT HUNDREDS OF YEARS LATER HE WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE GRANDFATHER OF POLLUTION ACTIVISM IN THE U.K. HIS WORK FUMIFUGIUM WAS PUBLISHED FOUR TIMES IN 1930, 1933, 1971 AND 2011 SUPPORTING ANTI-POLLUTION CAMPAIGNING. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. THE FIRST TIME EVELYN'S WORK WAS PUBLISHED. MODERN METHOD OF PICTURES SHOWING THE SMOKE OVER OUR CITIES OR CORROSION OF STONE WORK. EVELYN'S USE OF LANGUAGE. THIS READS AS THOUGH THERE WAS ALREADY FATIGUE OVER WHAT WAS A FAMILIAR ISSUE AND THIS LED ME TO CONSIDER WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO COMMUNICATE THE PERIL IN THE AIR FROM AIR POLLUTION? NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. SARAH WILL TALK ABOUT FILM MAKING IN SECOND WORLD WAR IN THE U.S. SIMILAR IN THE U.K. AND ELSEWHERE THEY WERE POLITICAL AND HEALTH RELATED ENDS BECAME THE GO-TO MEDIUM IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20th CENTURY. REFLECTING THIS TREND IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION U.K., WHICH STARTED AS THE COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY IN 18 88. SCRIPT FOR CAMPAIGNING FILM WHICH WAS NEVER MADE. THE FILM ONLY HAS A WORKING TITLE, SMOAKE OF LONDON DISSIPATED. THE LAST PAGES OF THE SCRIPT REPRODUCED ON THIS SLIDE. THE VERY FIRST SEQUENCE OPENS WITH FUMIFUGUIM AND WRITING AND READING FROM HIS WORK. THE NARRATIVE WAS DEVISED TO DISAVOW THE IDEA THAT A COZY COAL FIRE IS IDEAL. THE PROBLEM PERCEIVED AT THE TIME, PEOPLE WERE RESISTANT TO CHANGE AND VALUED THEIR HOME COMFORTS, EVEN WHEN IT CAME WITH DRAFTS AND DIRT CAUSED BY COAL SMOKE. INTROO -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE SAID IT'S BEEN PREFERABLE TO PRESENTATION AND FILM DESIGNED TO INTEGRATE A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS AND STIMULATE PEOPLE TO ACTION MUST RELY ON QUICK VISUAL AND ORAL CONTRASTS. THEREFORE, THE RECOMMENDATION IS THAT FOR MAXIMUM IMPACT, THE AUDIENCE NEEDED A PACY APPROACH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER. NEXT SLIDE. HERE IS SOME DETAIL FROM THE SHOOTING SCRIPT WHICH I TRANSCRIBED. THIS MEDIUM IS TO ENABLE THE FORM SUGGESTED OF THE FILM TO BE ADEQUATELY -- IN PRACTICE THERE'S A SIMULTANEOUS COMMENTARY SIDE-BY-SIDE WITH THE VISUALS ON THE LEFT, ON THE COMMENTARY ON THE RIGHT. JOHN F. -- EVELYN'S VOICE, WEAVE THROUGH THE NARRATIVE AND HIS WORDS IN THE FILM. THAT MEN WHOSE VERY BEING IS AIR SHOULD NOT BREATHE IT FREELY WHEN THEY MAY -- THEMSELVES TO THIS MISERY IS A STRANGE STUPIDITY. THIS IS TEAMED WITH THE FINAL IMAGES OF CHILDREN LOOKING UP IN THE SUN. PERHAPS TO THEIR FUTURE, WHICH ILLUSTRATES WHAT THEY MEAN BY VISUAL AND ORAL CONTRASTS AND THE FILM CAN ACHIEVE OTHER FORMS OF MEDIA COMMUNICATION. NEXT SLIDE. IN REALITY FILMS WERE AN EXPENSIVE MEDIUM TO PRODUCE. GOVERNMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, RELIGIOUS BODIES OR OTHER PARTIES. THE NORM WAS TO PRODUCE BOOKLETS AND PAMPHLETS AND ENGAGE IN OTHER WAYS. IT WAS DELIVERED BY HEALTH EXHIBITIONS MOUNTED IN THE U.K. AT TOWN HALLS OF MEDICAL CENTERS WITH DISPLAYS AND PLETHORA OF PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THIS ACTIVITY EXIST AND SOME PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICE OF MEDICAL REPORTS WHICH LOOKED AT HEALTH PROVISION AT A LOCAL LEVEL. DETAILS OF THE LOCAL ACTIVITY LEADS TO LOCATION SPECIFIC TO ONE OF THE FILMS I WILL TALK ABOUT. REPRODUCED HERE WITH ONE TAKEN CLEAN AIR EXHIBITION IN 1959 AND ANOTHER FROM IDEAL HOMES EXHIBITION IN 1962 WITH EAGER VISITORS PEERING AT THE DISPLAYS, PERHAPS PROVIDING EVIDENCE THERE WAS AN APPETITE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT OF THE GREAT SMOKE OF LONDON IN 1952, UPWARDS OF 12,000 PEOPLE DIED AND CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1956. IN THE CENTER ON THE RIGHT I'VE HIGHLIGHTED ONE BOOK ENTITLED "GUILTY CHIMNEYS". THIS PROVED INVALUABLE TO MY RESEARCH ON ONE OF THE FILMS I WILL TALK ABOUT. PROVIDED VALUABLE CONTEXT TO THE FILM ALONGSIDE THE WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF THE FILMMAKER. NEXT SLIDE. GENERALLY MANY OF THE A.V. THAT COME TO US ARE ITEMIZED. VERY FEW COLLECTIONS ARRIVE WITH SUBSTANTIVE PAPERWORK. THIS MEANS HISTORIES OF A.V. COLLECTIONS NEED TO BE PAIN TAKINGLY RECONSTRUCTED. ENVIRONMENTAL FILMS MEDIUM FEATURES TWO WELL DOCUMENTED FILMS, THE RIVER FROM THE 1930'S WHICH LOOKED AT THE DUST BOWL YEARS AND GREAT DEPRESSION AND NOTHING BEFORE THE 1960'S. I SUSPECT MANY OF THE FILMS SUCH AS THE ONE SARAH AND I TALK ABOUT ARE SIMPLY OFF THE RADAR OF MOST FILM SCHOLARS, AT LEAST UNTIL RECENTLY. TWO FILMS WHICH ARRIVED AT WELLCOME WHICH ADDRESSED SOME ISSUES RELATING TO AIR POLLUTION AND EXISTENTIAL THREAT TO OUR HEALTH IN THE FUTURE. THE FIRST FILM, "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" FROM 1964, WAS MADE IN LEADS, ENGLAND AND THE OTHER FILM FROM THE U.S., "HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBON, USA" IN 1967 BOTH MADE BY STUDENT FILMMAKERS. IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY I HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT IN DETAIL FOR MEDICINE ON SCREEN. MORE COMPLEXION FROM THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION ARCHIVE BUT DONATED TO THE ORGANIZATION IN 2005. THE FILM HAD BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE FILM COMPETITION AND IT WON A MEDAL. THE SCRIPT WRITER MEDICAL ADVISOR OF THE FILM LEADS GENERAL INFIRMARY AT THE TIME. SHE WAS SHOCKED AT THE LEVELS OF DISTRESS SHE ENCOUNTERED IN HER CLINIC. IN HERSELF-PUBLISHED MEMOIR SHE MENTIONED HOW SHE BECAME INVOLVED IN THE FILM. I WANTED SOME FILMMAKERS TO MAKE THE FILM. WE COLLABORATED. THE COMPANION FILM TO "TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" WAS "HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBONS" AT U.C.L.A. WE GET TO UNEARTH ANY SUPPORTING MATERIAL ABOUT THE FILM'S HISTORY. THE FIRST EXTRACTED SHOWS A WOMAN WITH A NEWSPAPER WITH THE HEADLINES, SLOW DEADIEST WAR, POWERFUL MESSAGE WHICH HARKS BACK TO SMOAKE WITH PEPSI & CO.ADVERTISEMENT SEEN EARLIER. THIS FILM ENTERED THE COLLECTION OF TWO OTHERS ON ENVIRONMENTAL THEMES. WHILE MADE BY A COMPANY SHELL, CLEAN AIR AND SMOG, THE SILENT KILLER FROM 1963 MADE IN THE U.S. TOO. A LOT OF FILM FEATURED BRITISH SCIENTIST WHEN HE HEADED THE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH BARTHOLOMEW HOSPITAL LONDON. PUBLISHED ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND AIR POLLUTION AND CHILDREN BEING VICTIMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. THE CONNECTIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C., THE NUMBER OF CONFERENCES THERE. IT MIGHT BE VIA THIS GROUP THE FILMS WERE ADDED TO THE ARCHIVES. SOMETIMES IT'S VERY HARD TO UNPICK, FILM IS A TRANSNATIONAL MEDIUM. NEXT SLIDE. REFERENCING THE NOTES PROVIDED WITH THE SCRIPT FROM 1947 I MEN SHNED BEFORE, BOTH THESE FILMS SURVEY METHODOLOGY TO BUILD THEIR CASE WITH REPEATED IMAGERY. AND IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY, THE ENVIRONMENTAL CULPRIT IS CHIMNEY EMISSIONS. UNSURPRISINGLY, THERE ARE CITY PANORAMAS WITH THESE IMAGES AND CHIMNEYS BLOWING SMOKE. THOSE GUILTY CHIMNEYS. IN "HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBONS" ROADS AND TRAFFIC AND HOW OUR CITIES HAVE BECOME ASPHALT JUNGLES ANTAGONISTIC TO HUMANS. NEXT SLIDE. IN "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" THE IMPACTS OF THE POLLUTION ARE SEEN OF THE ENVIRONMENT, ESPECIALLY BUILDINGS A HOT TOPIC AT THE TIME IN THE U.K. CITY DEPOSITS AND RAIN REACTING WITH THESE PARTICLES AND ERODING HISTORIC STONE WORK. THIS CONTRAST WITH THE DOMESTIC IMPACT WITH CONSTANT CLEANING REQUIRED ON SURFACES AND CLOTHING. THE SCRIPT WRITER MENTIONED IN A MEMOIR THAT -- PLACED OUTSIDE FOR FRESH AIR WERE MADE DIRTY POTENTIALLY IMPACTING ON THOSE CHILDREN'S LUNGS. THE DRYING LAUNDRY ON THE LINE WOULD BE QUICKLY DIRTY DUE TO PHOTO CHEMICAL SMOG. THIS LATER FILM TAKES THE MORE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH AND IT'S EVIDENCE-BASED AND SCENES OF LABORATORY ON RATS, LOOKS AT THE EFFECT ON PLANTS. NEXT SLIDE. RESEARCHING THE BACKGROUND TO "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" WAS LUCKY TO RECEIVE THE PAPER IN 2011. AS WELL AS THE SCRIPT WRITER SHE WAS ALSO ITS MEDICAL ADVISOR. BORN AILEEN MARY WILLIAMSON AND HER ROAD TO MEDICINE WAS NOT STRAIGHT FORWARD. SHE ATTENDED SCHOOL IN 1940'S, SHE WAS ONE OF SEVEN WOMEN IN 77 MEDICAL STUDENTS. INDICATIVE OF THE GENDER BIAS AT THE TIME. SHE FOLLOWED HER HUSBAND TO LEEDS. IMMEDIATELY STRUCK BY THE LEVELS OF POLLUTION THERE. IN HER WORDS ATTACK THE URBAN POLLUTION PARTICULARLY OF LEEDS WITH MY USUAL FRONTAL ASSAULT. I TALKED WITH DOCTORS, CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS, TRADE UNIONS ANYONE WHO WOULD LISTEN AND FOR THOSE WHO WOULD HAVE PREFERRED NOT TO. READING NOW SOME OF THE ARTICLES I WROTE AND LECTURES I GAVE, I AM SURPRISED THAT WE HAD AS MANY FRIENDS AS IN FACT WE DID. OUTSIDE LONDON THE SPEED WAS SLOW WITH THE ACT. MARY WAS A CLINICIAN WHO ABANDONED HERSELF FROM THE FRONT LINES. SHE WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE HOSPITALS BE EXEMPT FROM REDUCING THEIR EMISSIONS WERE CAUSING HARM TO THEIR PATIENTS THROUGH THE CIRCULATION OF DIRTY AIR. IN HER AUTOBIOGRAPHY SHE SPEAKS FROM A POSITION OF FEELING MARGINALIZEDED IN MEDICINE BECAUSE SHE WAS A WOMAN. MARY WAS ALSO AGAINST THE FATALISM WHICH PREVAILED AND ACCEPTING THE STATUS QUO. THERE'S A PHRASE COMMON IN THIS REGION, WHERE THERE'S MUCK THERE'S GRASS. MEANING WHERE THERE'S POLLUTION, THERE'S PROFIT. EVIDENCED BY THE WEALTH AND SHINY BRASS BUTTONS PERHAPS. SHE WAS A LONE CAMPAIGNING FEMALE VOICE. WHOLE ANTI-POLLUTION SECTOR WAS DOMINATED BY MEN AS EVIDENCED BY THIS BOOKLET IN CELEBRATION OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN 1956 SHOWN ON THE RIGHT. ENTITLED THE MEN BEHIND THE CLEAN AIR ACT. NEXT SLIDE. HEALTH PROPAGANDA AND CAMPAIGNING FILMS OFTEN USED PERSONAL STORIES TO CREATE EMOTIONAL IMPACT. IN FACT, THE INSERTION OF SEQUENCES OF LIVED EXPERIENCE SPEAKS TO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL CASE, CERTAIN CONDITIONS TO CREATE A NARRATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. THIS ADDS CREDIBILITY TO THE ARGUMENT THAT AIR POLLUTION IS BAD FOR HEALTH. MARY ALSO APPEARS IN THE SCENE I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU FIRST FROM "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY". THIS SEQUENCE WAS SENSITIVELY SHOUT BUT SHOWS DISTRESS EXPERIENCED WITH LUNG DISEASE AS WELL AS IT'S IMPACT ON WELL-BEING. IT'S VERYING AFFECTING. JOHN HOLMES WHO APPEARS IN THE FILM IS ALL AT HIS YEARS OF 58. AUDIO IS TAKEN TO RECORD THE SOUNDS STRUGGLING TO BREATHE. HE HAS A STRONG REGIONAL ACCENT. HE DIRECTLY ADDRESSES THE AUDIENCE AND FACTUALLY STATES HIS BREATHING DIFFICULTIES, ALL MADE WORSE TO FLUCTUATING LEVELS IN QUALITY OF AIR. THESE ARE BOTH WHILE MALES AND ONE OF THE REASONS THIS IS ARGUABLY ON THE POPULATION LEVEL A HIGHER INSTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND SMOKING DURING THEIR EMPLOYMENT. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. AND THIS WILL BE TWO CLIPS AND THEY WILL PLAY BACK-TO-BACK. >> FROM THE HOSPITAL'S OWN CHIMNEY. IN THIS HOSPITAL THE COST OF CLEANING FAR EXCEEDS THE COST OF DRUGS. >> HELLO, MR. HOLMES. HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN OUT OF WORK? >> SIX YEARS. >> DO YOU SIT LIKE THIS ALL DAY? >> YES. >> WHY DO YOU SIT LIKE THIS? >> THE ONLY WAY -- >> DO YOU HAVE ANY PAIN? >> YES. [INDISCERNIBLE] >> ARE THEY SORE? >> VERY SORE. >> DO THE DAYS SEEM VERY LONG TO YOU? -- >> HOW LONG DO YOU USUALLY SLEEP? >> -- >> WHAT WAKES YOU UP? >> [INDISCERNIBLE] >> CAN YOU -- >> NO. >> DID YOU HAVE A GOOD NIGHT LAST NIGHT? >> NO. -- >> THEN WHAT HAPPENED AFTER? >> I TRY TO GET BACK UP AGAIN. SOMETIMES I DO AND SOMETIMES I DON'T -- >> AND YOU SIT UP HERE IN THE NIGHT AS WELL AS THE DAY? >> OH YES. >> IN THE EVER CROWDED CONDITIONS OF SMALL HOUSES, YOUNG CHILDREN BREATHE IN THE GERMS THAT HAVE COUGHED OVER THEM. [CHILD SPEAKING-INDISCERNIBLE] [COUGHING] >> MANY REGARD CLEAN AIR AS A LUXURY TO BE ENJOYED AT SOME TIME WHEN IT'S MORE CONVENIENT. WE CANNOT POSTPONE OUR NEXT BREATH UNTIL IT'S MORE CONVENIENT AND IN THE MEANTIME THE AIR WE BREATHE IS DIRTY AND DANGEROUS. BRONCHITIS AND OTHER LUNG DISEASES CRIPPLE AND KILL. [COUGHING] PEOPLE NEED CLEAN AIR. FROM THE HOSPITAL'S OWN CHIMNEY. NEW AND USED, COMMON AND UNIQUE, GULPING IN PRECIOUS AIR, POLLUTING WHAT'S LEFT. EVEN WHILE TURNED OFF, THE AUTOMOBILE SOILS THE AIR. SIMPLY EVAPORATION ACCOUNTS FOR 10% OF OUR PROBLEM. RUNNING, IDLING OR OFF. ALWAYS CONSUMING, ALWAYS POLLUTING. CLOTHES NEVER CLEAN BECAUSE OF SMOG. AND THE VICTIMS OF LUNG DISEASES. MADE WORSE BY SMOG. >> HAVING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES, EMPHYSEMA. SMALL CONCENTRATIONS. I GET HEAVY PRESSURE ON MY CHEST. OF COURSE IT'S VERY HARD FOR ME TO BREATHE IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA BECAUSE WHEN YOU GET IN A TRAFFIC JAM, WITH ALL THE POLLUTION IN THE AIR. AND I LOOK FORWARD TO THE DAYS THAT WE WILL BE WITHOUT SMOG. >> THESE ARE THE FINAL WORDS OF THE COMMENTARY OF HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBONS. CLEAN AIR IS OUR HERITAGE, NOW OUR RESPONSIBILITY. WE MUST ACTIVELY SUPPORT AND SHARE IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. IT'S AS IMPORTANT AS OUR NEXT BREATHE. THIS CLOSING SEQUENCE IS REMINISCENT FROM THE ONE I IDENTIFIED IN 1947 WITH CHILDREN LOOKING UP AT THE SKY. WHETHER IT APPEALS TO OUR BETTER SENSE RATHER THAN SUGGEST THAT THE AUDIENCE IS STUPID. WITH THE TWO FILMS I TOLD YOU ABOUT, ENDEAVORED TO REVEAL WHAT KIND OF THOUGHT AND RESEARCH OF THEIR HIDDEN HISTORIS. THIS IS ONE APPROACH TO LOOKING AT FILMS THROUGH A HISTORICAL LENS. NEXT, SARAH IS GOING TO TALK ABOUT AN AMAZING COHORTS OF FILMS WHICH HAVE AN ENVIABLE DISTRIBUTION LEVEL AS DISCOVERED IN SARAH'S RESEARCH. NEXT SLIDE. >> THANK YOU. THIS PAMPHLET IS A WONDERFUL PLACE TO BEGIN TALKING ABOUT THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S EFFORT TO MOVE IMAGERY TO COMBAT POLLUTION. FREE FILMS ON AIR POLLUTION IS A PAMPHLET THAT CAN BE FOUND NLM COLLECTION, NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND DEMONSTRATES HOW ACTIVE THE GOVERNMENT WAS PERFECT PRODUCING OR SPONSORING FILMS IN THE 60'S AND 07'S. 70'S. THIS WAS THE ERA CLEAN AIR ACT WAS PASSED AND WATER, AND CLEAN AIR. IT WASN'T JUST THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH IN THE FORM OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE AND OTHER AGENCIES BUT THE U.S. SENATE THAT ENTHUSIASTICALLY EMBRACED THIS CHARGE AND MEDIUM. WE HAVEN'T COLLECTED ALL THE FILMS FEATURED IN THIS PAMPHLET BUT WE WILL. THE THENG THING TO NOTICE, BREADTH OF NETWORKS, ABC, NBC, PBS, THEIR AFFILIATES. PROBABLY HAVE THEIR OWN REASONS FOR PARTICIPATING AND LIKELY ALONG THE LINES, YES IT'S A PROBLEM, WE NEED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT, BUT THIS IS THE PRICE WE PAY FOR OUR PROSPERITY AND HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING AND THERE ARE OTHER FILMS THAT WOULD TAKE ISSUE WITH THAT PERSPECTIVE, OF COURSE. NARRATORS OF THESE FILMS WERE RESPECTED JOURNALISTS SUCH AS DANIEL SHORE AND SANDRA DANOAKER. THIS SUGGESTS A COLLECTIVE BELIEF THAT THIS WAS A CRITICAL TOPIC WORTHY OF REASONABLY HIGH PRODUCTION VALUES AND EFFORTS TO DISSEMINATE. NEXT SLIDE? THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS MADE TWO FILMS. ONE ON AIR POLLUTION, ONE ON WATER POLLUTION. MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE APPEARED IN THE FILMS DILIGENTLY WORKING AWAY, MARKING UP THEIR LEGISLATION, DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS AND WHILE WE DON'T YET HOLD A COPY OF ILL WINDS ON A SUNNY DAY WE HAVE A POSTER YOU SEE ON THE RIGHT THAT SHOWS THE FILM WAS SCREENED ON THE N.I.H. CAMPUS IN A FEW DIFFERENT LOCATIONS. ILL WINDS WAS NARRATOR BY ACTOR JAMES GARNER AND OTHER FILM ON WATER POLLUTION NAIR RITED BY HENRY FONDA AND THE IMAGE ON THE LOWER LEFT IS JAMES GARNER -- NOT ANTI POLLUTION GUY. NEXT SLIDE. SO WHY FILM? BECAUSE MOVING IMAGES WERE THOUGHT TO BE AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM FOR HOLDING A PERSON'S ATTENTION, FOR STIMULATING DISCUSSION AND ENCOURAGING CIVIC PARTICIPATION. IT'S THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA. THE MILITARY HAS LED THE WAY DURING THE WAR IN THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF FILM TO EDUCATE, ILLUSTRATE AND WARN. AND MOST FILMS WERE AIMED DIRECTLY AT SOLDIERS ADDRESSING VENEREAL DISEASE. FATIGUE. AND TO AID THE PUBLIC, AND DISSEMINATE INFORMATION THEY WANTED THE PUBLIC TO KNOW. EDUCATIONAL, INSTRUCTIONAL AND PER SWAISIVE FILM TOOK OFF. WHEN FILMS WERE SHOWN IN A COMMUNITY, A MODERATED DISCUSSION FOLLOWING THE FILM WAS CONSIDERED A KEY ELEMENT OF TRANSLATING THAT VIEW POINT, OR THAT VIEWING EXPERIENCE INTO INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY ACTION. SO IT NEEDED TO BE A STRUCTURED DISCUSSION, IS THE THINKING. NEXT SLIDE. I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU A COUPLE CLIPS HERE. THIS FIRST IS JUST THE INTRO TO A FILM FROM THE LATE 1960'S. I BELIEVE FIRST MADE IN '67 AND WE HAVE A VERSION FROM '69 THAT EMPHASIZES PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND COMING TOGETHER AS THE COMMUNITY. HERE IS THE ARCH AGAIN. THE SAME THING YOU SAW BEFORE IN THE EXHIBIT. [BREATHING] >> SURE, I HEAR A LOT ABOUT IT BUT I DON'T HAVE TIME TO WORRY ABOUT IT. >> THIS IMAGE OF A YOUNG GIRL ALSO APPEARS IN "ILL WINDS". >> WE LIVE IN THE CITY. YOU BET WE WOULD BE CONCERNED ABOUT IT BUT IT DOESN'T BOTHER US AS MUCH OUT HERE. >> QUITE A NUMBER OF THESE DRAMATIC HOSPITAL IMAGES. >> BY THE TIME WE GET TO THE EARLY 1970'S, THE VIBE HAS SHIFTED. PAUSE IT, PLEASE. SO THE CLIP YOU ARE ABOUT TO SEE IS FROM "COUNT DOWN TO COLLISION". IN THE 1960'S THERE WAS A MORE OF PRESENTING THE PROBLEM AND FIGURING OUT HOW TO RESPOND FEEL. ESPECIALLY IF THE FILM WAS MADE DIRECTLY BY THE GOVERNMENT. BY THE 1970'S, IT'S TURNING TO APOCALYPTIC CRITIQUES OF CONSUMERISM AND WASTE AND THIS IS WELL COVERED BY DR. PETERSON. SO THE TONE HAS REALLY SHIFTED AND THE MAKER OF COUNTDOWN TO COLLISION, MURDOCK HEAD HAD KIND OF A WAY OF DOING THINGS. EARLY PRODUCTIONS WAS BASED OUT IN VIRGINIA, FOUNDED IN 1961 AND IT WAS REFERRED TO AS A PROGRESSIVE ISLAND OF THOUGHT AT THAT TIME. THROUGHOUT THE 1960'S AND 70'S. HE MADE A LOT OF FILMS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, GLOBAL HEALTH AND DRUG USE. MANY SUPPORTED AT LEAST IN PART BY THE GOVERNMENT. HE ALSO SPENT A FEW YEARS IN PRISON, SOMETHING RELATED TO BRIBERY. BUT WHEN HE GOT OUT, HE WENT RIGHT BACK TO MAKING MOVIES. SO NOW YOU WILL SEE A CLIP FROM "COUNTDOWN TO COLLISION". [VIDEO-CAPTIONED] RECALL THIS FILM WAS MADE IN 1973, JUST A FEW YEARS AFTER THE MOON LANDING AND AFTER THE FIRST EARTH DAY. SO SPACE IS ON OUR MINDS, THE PLANET IS ON OUR MINDS. AND THE END OF THIS SEGMENT LEAVES ONE WITH ALMOST GROTESQUE IMAGERY, NOT OF TRASH BUT RATHER OF PEOPLE. RUBBER HALLOWEEN MASKS, YOU IMAGINE GHOULS AND ZOMBIES KIR CIRCLING THE SUN INDEFINITELY. CATASTROPHIC EXISTENCE IS WHAT MAY AWAIT US. NEXT SLIDE. SO I WAS VERY INTERESTED IN HOW THESE FILMS WERE DISTRIBUTED AND DEPLOYED IN THE COUNTRY. AND IN RESEARCHING NEWSPAPER DATABASE THAT I FOUND, I WAS ABLE TO CONFIRM THAT "COUNTDOWN" WAS SEEN IN A NUMBER OF SETTINGS, BESIDES ORGANIZED SCREENINGS WITH DISCUSSIONS TO FOLLOW, ALSO AIRED ON TELEVISION. MEDIUM THAT THE AMERICAN PUBLIC WAS FULLY EMBRACING IN THE 1960'S AND 1970'S. IT HAD A BROAD REACH. AT THAT TIME THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR NETWORKS AND THEY DIDN'T RUN PROGRAMMING 24 HOURS A DAY SO YOU WATCHED WHAT WAS ON. IN MY REVIEW OF DATABASES, I FOUND MANY INSTANCES OF "COUNTDOWN" AND OTHER PROGRAMS. NEXT SLIDE I WILL SHOW YOU MORE OF THOSE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. SO HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF POLLUTION FILMS BROADCAST AND SHOWN IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS. SO THERE'S FILM FESTIVAL AT COMMUNITY COLLEGE. THERE'S A TEA. POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE MEETING. AND THEN IN ST. LOUIS, THIS WAS FILMED IN ST. LOUIS AND EAST ST. LOUIS IS SHOWN ON A SATURDAY NIGHT AT 7:00 P.M. NOW MEASURING WHAT TYPE OF IMPACT THE FILMS MAY HAVE HAD IS MUCH HARDER TO DO. AND ANGELA TALKED ABOUT SOME OF THE CHALLENGES OF TRACING THINGS WHEN IT COMES TO FILM. THIS IS ANOTHER DIMENSION TO IT. DID THE PEOPLE WHO WATCHED OR ATTENDED A COMMUNITY MEETING, DID THEY MODIFY THEIR BEHAVIORS? MODIFY BEHAVIORS? IT'S A TOPIC WORTH EXPLORING. NEXT SLIDE. STILL TODAY WHEN EDUCATING OURSELVES ABOUT PERILS IN THE AIR, WHAT'S ONE THING YOU CAN DO ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION? WELL, YOU CAN ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO HOST VIRTUAL FILM SCREENINGS. THE FILM THEY MENTION HERE "UNBREATHABLE, THE FIGHT FOR HEALTHY AIR" NEXT SLIDE. YOU WILL GET A SENSE WHAT THAT LOOKS LIKE. THIS IS A SCREEN GRAB. IT LOOKS LIKE YOU CAN PLAY THE VIDEO BUT IT'S JUST A CAPTURE. IF YOU GO TO THE UNBREATHABLE WEBSITE YOU CAN VIEW ABOUT A 2.5 MINUTE VIDEO ABOUT THE MOVING. -- MOVIE. AND AGAIN IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO KNOW IF SOME OF THESE VIRTUAL SCREENINGS WERE HELD, AND I THINK THEY WERE CLEARLY INTENDED TO BE PART OF A BROADER DISCUSSION JUST AS BACK IN THE POST-WAR ERA. FILMS WERE FRAMED AS A WAY OF MOTIVATING AND ORGANIZING PEOPLE. NEXT SLIDE. AS A CODA I WANTED TO MENTION THIS TOO. DURING A LONGISH TELEWORK DAY LAST MONTH, I DASHED OVER TO MY LOCAL COFFEE BAR. WHILE I WAS WAITING MY EYES FELL UPON THIS APRIL 2021 ISSUE OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. PRACTICALLY THE WHOLE ISSUE IS DEVOTED TO THE FIGHT FOR CLEAN AIR. I START FLIPPING THROUGH IT, TAKING SUBSTANDARD PICTURES WITH MY PHONE. IT'S COVID FOCUSED BUT WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT WHAT WE HAVE BEEN DISCUSSING HERE, THIS SAME TOPIC COULD HAVE BEEN A NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ISSUE 50-55 YEARS AGO. NOW THIS IS COVID-FOCUSED BUT KIND OF LAYERED ON TOP OF EXISTING DISPARITIES OF OF WEALTHY COUNTRIES AND POORER COUNTRIES AND WHAT KIND OF AIR THEY BREATHE. NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. AND FINISHING UP HERE, LOOKING CLOSELY AT POLLUTION'S TOLL ON THE BODY. WHAT THAT MEANS FOR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND AGAIN, LAYERING COVID ON TOP OF IT, YOU CAN IMAGINE IT IS STILL SEEN AS A VERY SERIOUS TRET AR THREAT TO WORLD HEALTH. AT THIS POINT WE WILL WRAP UP. THANK YOU VERY MUCH, EVERYONE. AND WE WILL MOVE INTO A QUESTION AND ANSWER MODERATED BY DR. JEFF RESNICK. >> THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH. GREAT PRESENTATIONS. WE HAVE SEVERAL QUESTIONS THAT I'M RECEIVING THROUGH THE LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON BELOW THE VIDEOCAST. SO IF YOU ARE WATCHING, IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION, USE THE LIVE FEEDBACK QUESTION, OR ON TWITTER DIRECT MESSAGE ME AT JEFFERYSRESNICK. OR #NLMHISTTALK. THIS PERSON WRITES THE SPECIFICITY, EVEN GOING BACK TO EVELYN'S BOOK ADDRESSES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. LATER ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVIST FILMS LIKE AL GORE'S "AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH" TOOK A WIDER APPROACH. WHY DO YOU THINK THE MESSAGE CHANGED? BECAUSE THE EARLIER FILMS WERE EFFECTIVE SO THE PROBLEMS THEY HIGHLIGHTED HAD ALREADY BEEN MITIGATED? >> ANGELA, YOU WANT TO TAKE THAT ONE? >> THAT'S A REALLY INTERESTING QUESTION. I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS I NOTICED WAS A SENSE OF FATIGUE. SO I'M NOT ENTIRELY SURE WHETHER THOSE EARLY FILMS WERE SUCCESSFUL. BUT CLEARLY, THE REPEATED IMAGING WORKS WITHIN THE KIND OF FRAMEWORK OF A SINGLE FILM, MAYBE A SMALL CO-HORT OF FILMS. BUT IT DOESN'T EXIST OVERTIME. FATIGUE AND NOVELTY IS PERHAPS PART OF BEING HUMAN, PERHAPS. HOW ABOUT YOU, SARAH? WHAT IS IT FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE? WHAT DO YOU THINK? >> WELL, I THINK, YES, FATIGUE COMES TO MIND. AND AT LEAST IN THE FILMS THAT I WAS ABLE TO PULL FROM OUR COLLECTION AND THAT WERE DISCUSSED IN MEDICINE ON SCREEN, THERE AREN'T A LOT OF SOLUTIONS OFFERED. AND THERE'S A LOT OF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM. THERE'S DRAMATIC IMAGERY. AND THERE'S, YOU KNOW, GET OUT THERE AND DO SOMETHING. BUT WHAT TO DO IS NOT REALLY ADDRESSED VERY WELL. I THINK THAT'S ONE THING THAT IMPROVED. EVEN STARTING WITH EARTH DAY AND THE COMMUNICATIONS AROUND THAT. WE CAN STOP THROWING TRASH ON THE GROUND. THERE WERE SOME VERY SPECIFIC THINGS I THINK EVOLVED. SO I DO THINK THE MESSAGE GOT A LITTLE BIT MORE ROBUST. AND, AS I THINK WE BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND CLIMATE CHANGE, WHICH YOU KNOW, ALSO IS NOT JUST A POST 2000 THING, BUT WAS RECOGNIZED EARLIER, I THINK MORE CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS WERE KIND OF CLASSIFIED AS SUCH. AND TALKED ABOUT. >> SOMETHING ABOUT LAYERING WHEN IT COMES TO MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS, PARTICULARLY IN THE HEALTH SECTOR. BOTH OF US HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE OF KIND OF HOW SOME ISSUES WERE FRAMED IN AN EXHIBITION. KIND OF THOSE HEALTH EXHIBITIONS THAT WERE REALLY IMPORTANT IN PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR. AND THEN THE BOOKLETS AND PAMPHLETS AND THE COLLATERAL THAT COMES WITH IT. SO IN MANY WAYS THE FILMS ARE KIND OF EITHER THE CHERRY ON THE TOP OR PART OF THE, YOU KNOW, LIKE THE ARMORY, YOU KNOW? OF YOU KNOW, HEALTH PROPAGANDA AND IT'S VERY INTERESTING THAT WE THINK, WE MIGHT THINK OF PROPAGANDA NOW IN A PERJORATIVE SENSE. HEALTH PROPAGANDA WAS REALLY QUITE EARNESTLY LOOKED AT. AND MESSAGING WAS REALLY YOU KNOW, REALLY PEOPLE TOOK THIS VERY SERIOUSLY ABOUT WHAT MESSAGES AND THE MEANS OF DELIVERING THEM AS WELL. SO -- BUT I THINK IT'S INTERESTING YOU HAVE THAT ACCESS, SARAH, TO THAT DISTRIBUTION RECORD. THAT IS JUST REALLY UNBELIEVABLE. AND ONE OF THE FILMS I SPOKE ABOUT, THE ONE FROM LEEDS. I MANAGED TO FIND EVIDENCE FROM ONE SCREENING IN 1966 WHICH IS PROBABLY SEVERAL YEARS AFTER IT WAS MADE. I MEAN, THAT'S JUST ONE. AND I HAD TO SPEND A LOT OF TIME LOOKING. >> YEAH, YEAH. AND I'M SURE PROBABLY, I THINK IT'S PROBABLY JUST A SMALL SNAPSHOT OF REALLY THE BREADTH AND REACH SOME OF THESE FILMS HAD, BUT REALLY IT'S HARD TO KNOW THE IMPACT. >> SO THAT'S A GREED GREAT LEAD-IN TO THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS. I WILL COMBINE THESE TOGETHER. SO, CAN YOU SPEAK ABOUT HOW THE PRODUCERS OF ANYONE OR MORE OF THESE FILMS THEMSELVES THOUGHT ABOUT IMPACT? HOW DID THEY HOPE TO MEASURE IMPACT? DID THEY GO SO FAR AS TO SURVEY THEIR AUDIENCE AND RELATED QUESTION IS SEVERAL PEOPLE HAVE WRITTEN, CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT HOW ANY COMMUNITY RECEIVED A PARTICULAR FILM? WAS THERE, CAN YOU TRACK ANY DEBATE ABOUT THE FILM THAT WENT ON IN A PUBLIC SETTING? INDIVIDUALS WHO DISAGREE WITH WHAT WAS BEING PORTRAYED OR INDIVIDUALS WHO SAID WE OUGHT TO TAKE ACTION AS A RESULT OF WHAT WE HAVE SEEN? >> WELL, ONE THING I SAID TO ANGELA AS WE WERE PUTTING THIS TOGETHER WAS, YOU KNOW, I FOUND ALL THESE MENTIONS IN A NEWSPAPER DATABASE. NOW WHAT I WANT TO FIND IS A LETTER TO THE EDITOR IN THIS DATABASE THAT SAYS I WAS SO GLAD TO SEE YOUR REPORT ON THE LOCAL WATER AND SEWER BOARD AND YOU KNOW, THEY ARE TAKING POLLUTION SERIOUSLY AND ENCOURAGING ACTION OF THIS, OR THIS. I WANTED TO FIND SOMETHING THAT SOMEBODY READ THIS AND RESPONDED. BUT I WASN'T FINDING THAT MATERIAL. I DO THINK THAT, I KNOW, THAT FILMS THAT WERE MADE BY THE, IF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER WHICH WAS AFFILIATED FOR THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL IN ATLANTA AND THEN MOVED UP HERE TO BETHESDA AND WAS ALWAYS PART OF THE LIBRARY'S SPHERE, I DO KNOW THEY TRACKED NUMBERS OF FILMS. THEY LOANED FILMS. THEY PRODUCED AND ACQUIRED AND ALSO LOANED THEM OUT AND CIRCULATED THEM. THERE ARE SOME GENERAL FIGURES ON CIRCULATION, BUT NOT REALLY SPECIFIC TO TITLE. WE SENT OUT THIS MANY THOUSANDS OF FILMS. SO NO, I HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO FIND, I HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO GET DOWN IN THE WEEDS AND FIND WHAT SORT OF DEBATE WAS ENGENDERED. THERE WAS ONE NEWSPAPER CLIP I DIDN'T END UP PUTTING IN BUT IT WAS KIND OF INTERESTING BECAUSE IT WAS A LADY'S AUXILIARY. A LOT OF THESE WERE LADIES GROUP, TEA GROUPS OR MEETING CIRCLES. THEY WOULD HAVE A BROADER SOCIAL AGENDA AND WOULD SHOW THESE FILMS. SO IN ONE OF THEM, THE WOMAN WHO WAS LEADING THE TALK, ACTUALLY SAYS LIFTED UP A TRASH CAN AND SPREAD THE TRASH ALL OVER THE ROOM. SAID WE DON'T NEED TO GO TO THE LANDFILL TO SEE TRASH, IT'S ALL AROUND US. I IMAGINE SOMEBODY LIKE THAT PROBABLY DIDN'T STOP THERE. SHE PROBABLY TOOK IT FURTHER. AND SHE PROBABLY ORGANIZED SOME KIND OF ACTION. BUT WE DON'T, YOU KNOW, WE DON'T HAVE THAT RESEARCH AT THIS POINT. >> THANK YOU. >> AND THE WAY I COULD SPEAK TO THAT QUESTION A LITTLE BIT IS THAT CERTAINLY MARY IN HER MEMOIR TAKES SOME CREDIT, OR KIND OF ASSERTS THAT SHE CAN TAKE SOME CREDIT FOR MAKING LEEDS INTO THE SPARKLING CITY IT IS NOW. AND IT'S A REALLY GREAT CITY IF YOU EVER GET TO VISIT. I DEPICT THAT A LITTLE BIT IN MEDICINE ON SCREEN BECAUSE I THINK SHE WAS SWIMMING WITH THE TIDE. THAT'S SOMETHING SARAH ADDRESSED A BIT MORE IN HER KIND OF PRESENTATION BECAUSE BEING THAT WE HAVE THE MIDLANDINGS, WE HAVE SPACE, WE HAVE EARTH DAY AND THINGS, SOCIETY IS SHIFTING AND CHANGING. AND IT'S NOT THAT KIND OF, YOU KNOW, I DON'T THINK WE CAN REALLY CO-RELATE THAT EXACTLY BUT WE KNOW MORE OR LESS THINGS SEEM TO BE CHANGING IN THAT DIRECTION AND THAT CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY SEEMS TO BE KIND OF MORE, I DON'T KNOW, MORE IN EVIDENCE, I THINK FROM PERHAPS, THE RISE OF TELEVISION, FOR EXAMPLE. RATHER THAN THE FILMS I WAS SHOWING, THEY WERE DISTRIBUTED ON FILM. SO THERE HAD TO BE AN EXPECTATION THERE WAS AN OBJECTIVE THERE AND WOULD HAVE TO BE POSTED AND POSTED BACK AND CHECK BACK. IF YOU PUT IT ON TELEVISION YOU ARE QUITE PASSIVE IN TERMS OF RECEIVING IT. SO YOU ARE RIGHT. THE TV STUFF MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE IN TERMS OF IMPACT, THOUGH THE NUMBERS WERE THERE. BUT HOW GREAT IT WOULD BE TO BE IN A TIME MACHINE AND GO BACK AND WITNESS EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED, YOU KNOW. >> YES. >> SO WITH REGARD TO TELEVISION, OR THE RISE OF TELEVISION, SOMEONE WROTE IN AND ASKED, WITH REGARD TO JAMES GARNER, THIS IS A QUESTION FOR YOU, SARAH. DID YOU KNOW IF JAMES GARNER WAS PAID FOR HIS INVOLVEMENT IN THE FILM YOU MENTIONED? OR DID HE DO IT AS A PUBLIC SERVICE? ASSUMING HE DID IT AS THE LATTER. CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT HIS PARTICIPATION AND FAMOUS INDIVIDUALS, GENERALLY BOTH ACTORS AND VOICE OVER SPECIALISTS? >> YEAH, WELL THE PAMPHLET FREE FILMS ON TELEVISION TALKS ABOUT THE NUMBER, THE PARTICIPANTS AND KIND OF HIGH PROFILE PARTICIPANTS, IT DOESN'T SPEAK TO WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE PAID. I THINK THAT'S A REALLY INTERESTING QUESTION. THESE FILMS, THERE WAS MONEY FOR THEM. THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS WAS GUNG-HO TO MAKE AT LEAST THESE TWO FILMS. THEY MAY HAVE MADE MORE BUT THESE WERE THE POLLUTION ONES THEY MADE. THEY HAD A BUDGET, I SUPPOSE THEY WERE PROBABLY CAPABLE OF PAYING SOMEBODY. YOU HAVE JOURNALISTS, ACTORS. I DON'T KNOW IF THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN A DIVIDE BETWEEN, YOU KNOW, THE LEVEL OF, I DON'T KNOW, INTEREST AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PARTICULAR TOPIC. BUT ONE ASSUMES THAT THOSE WHO AGREE TO PARTICIPATE THOUGHT IT WAS A WORTHY TOPIC. BUT I GUESS I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE PAID. I THINK THESE DEFINITELY COST SOME MONEY TO PRODUCE. AND SO, YOU KNOW, THEY MAY WELL HAVE BEEN. >> THANK YOU. WE HAVE HAD SEVERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT HEALTH DISPARITIES IN CITIES, BOTH IN THE U.K. AND IN THE UNITED STATES. A QUESTION FOR YOU, ANGELA, TO WHAT EXTENT, I'M TRYING TO EXPLAIN THIS ONE QUESTION WE RECEIVED. TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE CENTRAL FUNDING OF THESE FILMS BY THE U.K. GOVERNMENT, IN INSTANCES YOU CAN IDENTIFY, DID THIS FUNDING SPUR THE FUNDING OF THESE FILMS AT A REGIONAL OR LOCAL LEVEL? KIND OF A DYNAMIC AT PLAY IN THE U.K. >> NO, NOT THAT -- MAYBE MY GAZE HASN'T BEEN IN THAT DIRECTION. I MEAN, CERTAINLY I CAN THINK, THESE ARE STUDENT FILMS. SO THERE IS, LIKE A HEIGHTENED SENSE OF INJUSTICE IN THEM. SO I AM VERY MUCH PRIVILEGED IN ONE FILM, -- VIEW, SHE IS IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION SO I THINK SHE FELT RESPONSIBLE. BUT THE STUDENTS HAVE, MY FEELING IS THE STUDENTS -- THEY ARE DELIVERING A PRODUCT, SO THERE'S A LITTLE BIT OF, THEY ARE A LITTLE BIT FORMULAIC IN CERTAIN RESPECTS IN TERMS OF THEIR SURVEY. BUT THEY ARE VERY CLEAR ON IDENTIFYING THOSE DISPARITIES. I MEAN THE KIND OF DOCUMENTARY MOVEMENT REALLY DID START WITH LOOKING AT HOW LIVES WERE REALLY LIVED. AND I CAN THINK ABOUT FILMS, THINGS LIKE SLUMS AND HOUSING. WHICH IS KIND OF TIED UP WITH POLLUTION AND HOW WE LIVE IN CITIES. THESE FILMS AREN'T REALLY PART OF THAT -- I MEAN I HAVEN'T THOUGHT OF THEM AS PART OF THAT CONTINUUM BUT CERTAINLY AS A DOCK -- DOCUMENTARY STYLE THEY ARE REFERENCING THE FOREBEARERS TO A CERTAIN DEGREE. LIKE THE HEALTH DISPARITIES ARE A LONGER FILM. I HAD AN INTERESTING DISCUSSION WITH SARAH ABOUT CLASS. BECAUSE IT DOES MAKE -- THIS CORRELATION BETWEEN, EITHER CLASS OF WHERE PEOPLE LIVE, WHAT PROFESSIONS THEY HAVE, WHERE THEY CHOOSE TO LIVE OR HAVE TO LIVE. I CERTAINLY HEARD IN MARY'S MEMOIRS SHE WRITES QUITE A BIT ABOUT HER EXPERIENCES. OTHER THAN THAT, I'M NOT SURE, YEAH, IT'S INTERESTING. THAT GIVES ME SOME INSPIRATION TO LOOK A BIT CLOSER AND SEE IF I CAN FIND SOME THINGS I CAN TIE INTO THAT. THANK YOU. >> I JUST WANTED TO SAY, I'M REMINDED, ANGELA, THAT WHEN I FIRST WATCHED "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" ALL THE WAY THROUGH, THEY VERY CLEARLY REFER TO WHERE PEOPLE OF SOCIAL CLASS ONE TEND TO LIVE, SOCIAL CLASS FOUR OR FIVE TEND TO LIVE. AND THE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. AND IT IS ABOUT DISPARITY, BUT I REMEMBER SAYING TO ANGELA, ARE THEY REALLY SAYING THAT, CLASS ONE, TWO, THREE AND SAYING THAT IN THE FILM? IT SOUNDED TO ME, GOSH THAT'S KIND OF OFFENSIVE. ANGELA YOU WERE EXPLAINING AT LEAST IN THAT ERA, AND MAYBE STILL TODAY, THAT'S JUST A VERY COMMON WAY, WE MIGHT SAY WORKING CLASS OR MIDDLE CLASS IN THE U.S. AND IN THE U.K. IT COULD BE MORE COMMON ATTACHING SOCIAL CLASS 1, 2, 3 AND YOU UNDERSTOOD WHAT'S MEANT BY THAT. >> YEAH, I THINK YOU ARE RIGHT. ABOUT POPULATION ANALYSIS AT THE TIME. AND PERHAPS I DIDN'T MAKE IT VERY CLEAR BUT NEITHER OF THESE FILMS WERE NECESSARILY MADE FOR, THEIR AUDIENCES WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE DEFINED. "IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY" WAS MADE FOR MEDICAL AUDIENCES. IT DIDN'T HAVE A KIND OF PUBLIC AIRING AS SUCH. AND THEN HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBONS, I'M NOT SURE ACTUALLY. IT HAS MORE MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL CONTENT. BUT I'M VERY KEEN IF ANYONE HAS ENCOUNTERED THAT FILM BEFORE, IF YOU WATCH, IF YOU'VE GOT TIME GO AND WATCH THE FULL FILM AND MAYBE THAT WILL KIND OF UNEARTH MORE SCHOLARSHIP THAT'S KIND OF WAITING TO BE REVEALED. >> MAYBE YOU COULD REMIND INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE WATCHING WHERE THEY COULD GO SEE THESE FILMS, BOTH OF YOU. >> WELL, THE FILMS THAT WE PRESENT CLIPS FROM CAN ALL BE FOUND IN NLM DIGITAL COLLECTIONS. THE TWO ANGELA YOU TALKED ABOUT CAN BE FOUND ON THE WELLCOME COLLECTION WEBSITE AS WELL, RIGHT? >> AS WELL. YEAH. THEY ARE ALSO WITHIN THE NLM AUDIO/VISUAL SECTION AS WELL. >> OUR COPY OF HORSEPOWER, OUR COPIES OF BOTH CAME FROM ANGELA. HORSEPOWER AND HYDROCARBONS IS A FILM MADE IN THE U.S., I THINK BY UCLA STUDENTS BUT I HADN'T HEARD OF IT. THANKS TO ANGELA WE HAVE A COPY OF IT IN NLM DIGITAL COLLECTIONS. >> GREAT. THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION THAT'S COME TO US, SARAH MENTIONED SOME POLLUTING INDUSTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE FILM PROJECTS. COULD YOU POSSIBLY BE MORE SPECIFIC HOW THEY NAVIGATED THESE ANTI-POLLUTION CAMPAIGNS. >> GOING BACK TO THE DARKENING DAY IN THE 1970'S AND THE IMAGES I HAVE SEEN FROM THAT, THE NLM EXHIBITION PROJECT SHARED A FOLDER OF SCANS, IT JUST, IT WAS SURPRISINGLY, UNCONTROVERSIAL AND IT SEEMED -- NOW YOU DON'T KNOW THE CREATOR OF THIS EXHIBIT. WE DON'T KNOW HOW MANY INDUSTRIAL GIANTS HE MAY HAVE APPROACHED AND SAID I DON'T WANT TO BE PART OF AN ANTI-POLLUTION EXHIBIT. BUT THERE'S LOTS OF CORRESPONDENTS BETWEEN THE CURATOR OF THE EXHIBIT AND DIFFERENT COMPANIES AND DIFFERENT NONPROFITS. AND I THINK, AS A RULE, THEY SAW IT AS AN OPPORTUNITY, THE SAME WAY, YOU KNOW, WE SEE MAYBE SOME OF OUR BIG TECH COMPANIES TODAY TRYING TO POSITION THEMSELVES ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF HISTORY IN CERTAIN WAYS. PEOPLE ARE CARING ABOUT THIS MORE. WE, DUPONT, FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU GO BACK, WE DON'T NEED TO GO BACK TO IT BUT ON THE SLIDE I SHOWED THAT HAD IMAGES FROM THE 1970 EXHIBIT YOU SEE THERE'S A DUPONT MODEL FOR SOME KIND, I KNOW THEY WEREN'T A CAR COMPANY OBVIOUSLY, BUT SEEMED TO BE SOME KIND OF CLEAN CARBURETOR THING. I THINK THEY WERE INTERESTED IN POSITIONING THEMSELVES AS, YOU KNOW, BEING IN THE BUSINESS OF DOING WHAT THEY DO, BUT THERE ARE ALSO SOME GOOD OUTPUTS FROM THIS AND THEY RECOGNIZE, TOO, THAT, YOU KNOW, THERE'S A ROLE TO BE PLAYED BY CAR COMPANIES AND OTHERS. AND OF COURSE, THEY ALL WANT TO GET OUT A LITTLE BIT IN FRONT AND SAY THEY ARE DOING SOMETHING. OR DOING SOMETHING BEFORE THEY GET REGULATED INTO DOING IT. >> JUST VERY ANECDOTALLY WE HAVE FILMS IN THE COLLECTION THAT KIND OF SPONSORED BY PHARMACEUTICAL COME COOMES. -- COMPANIES. MY UNDERSTANDING IS SOME HAVE COMMUNITY FUNDS AND THEY WOULD USE SOME OF THAT COMMUNITY FUNDING TO MAKE FILMS SOMETIMES. AND THE FILMS WOULD SOMETIMES SIT A LITTLE OUTSIDE OF THE STRATEGY OF THE ORGANIZATIONS. I MENTION THAT, ON THE OTHER HAND THERE ARE OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND THINK ABOUT SHELL IN PARTICULAR HAD AN AMAZING FILM UNIT. INCREDIBLY HIGH PRODUCTION VALUE, REALLY EXPERIENCED TEAM, MADE ABSOLUTELY STUNNING FILMS. SO IT IS QUITE INTERESTING ABOUT WHERE THESE INDIVIDUAL ORGANIZATIONS, HOW THEY SITUATED THIS PARTICULAR ACTIVITY. >> VERY GOOD, THANK YOU. SO SOMEONE HAS WRITTEN IN WITH THANKS TO BOTH OF YOU FOR THESE PRESENTATIONS. WHAT ARE YOUR NEXT STEPS IN THE WORK YOU BOTH DO IN TERMS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING THESE FILMS AND WRITING ABOUT THEM. WHAT ARE YOUR NEXT PROJECTS? >> WELL, I WILL SAY I KNOW FOR SURE MY NEXT PROJECT, RELATED TO THIS SPECIFICALLY, I'VE ALREADY BEEN IN TOUCH WITH THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES WHICH BECAUSE OF COVID IS NOT ABLE TO OFFER THE SAME KIND OF SERVICES AS IN NON-COVID TIMES. THEY OFFER FILMS ON AIR POLLUTION THAT WE DON'T YET HOLD. I WILL GET COPIES OF THOSE AS SOON AS I CAN AND ADD THAT TO OUR ARCHIVE. AND MAYBE DO, EVENTUALLY WE MIGHT HAVE A FOLLOW ON, A THIRD INSTALLMENT FROM MEDICINE ON SCREEN WHERE WE ADD SOME OF THESE FILMS TO THE SET THAT WE HIGHLIGHT AND HAD BEEN HIGHLIGHTED IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT FORUMS. AND THE OTHER THING THAT I FEEL IS A RELATED PIECE TO ALL OF THIS. I MENTIONED MURDOCK HEAD OF PRODUCTIONS MADE A LOT OF FILMS ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND POPULATION. AND WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF HAVING DIGITIZED NOW ABOUT 200 NEW TITLES ON THOSE TOPICS. MANY OF WHICH WERE MADE BY ARIELY PRODUCTIONS, WHICH WE HAD IN OUR PROCESSED VAULT FOR 20 YEARS AND WE ARE ABLE TO DIGITIZE THOSE AND GET THEM INTO DIGITAL COLLECTIONS AND ALREADY HAVE A COUPLE PEOPLE TO WRITE ABOUT THEM FOR MEDICINE ON SCREEN. THEY ARE VERY MUCH COUCHED AS A RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE. OVER POPULATION AS WELL. MANY SUPPORTED BY THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. AS WELL AS A COUPLE OF OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES. SO IT KIND OF COMES FULL CIRCLE TO THIS FEDERAL SUPPORT. THAT'S AN INTERESTING SET OF FILMS I COULD SAY FOR SURE THIS KIND OF SUPPORT WOULD NOT BE OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO FILM S ON THIS TOPIC OF OVER POPULATION AND DIFFERENT WAYS TO RESPOND TO IT. SO THOSE ARE SOME OF MY NEXT STEPS. >> AND YOU, ANGELA? >> ON A PERSONAL LEVEL, I'M VERY INTERESTED IN, I MENTIONED PATRICK -- AND I'M INTERESTED IN THE WHOLE GENRE OF FILMS, THE MEDICAL FILMS A HIDDEN CINEMA. THE IDEA OF THE INFLUENCE OF SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC ADVICE, -- SHADOW, HARD TO DEFINE. ALSO HARD TO, A LITTLE BIT HARD TO RESEARCH. THERE'S A COUPLE OF THINGS THAT COME TO MIND IN THE COLLECTION, NOT NECESSARILY HAVING TO DO WITH AIR POLLUTION. BUT I'M INTERESTED IN THAT INTERSECTION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND FILMS. BUT ON AN INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL, WE ARE LOOKING AT MOUNTING AN EXHIBITION FOR THE PUBLIC NEXT YEAR, IN APRIL-MAY. WHICH WILL TAKE THE THEME OF AIR. SO THAT WILL BE QUITE INTERESTING. AND I'VE ALREADY BEEN DOING A BIT MORE RESEARCH INTO THE ARCHIVES AND SHARING SOME OF THE RESEARCH I'VE BEEN DOING THIS ERA AND I SHARED TODAY WITH THE CURATORS, JUST TO SAY HERE ARE SOME OF THE INTERESTING THINGS I'VE FOUND. THERE'S A LOT, IF YOU LIKE, I MEAN ARCHIVES COULD BE EXTRAORDINARY, BUT WHAT COULD BE QUITE A LOT -- WHEN IT COMES TO LOOKING AT LOTS OF PAPERS AND MINUTES AND THINGS. AND YOU JUST FEEL YOU ARE DOZING OFF. HERE IT IS, THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT I'M LOOKING FOR. SO THAT'S KIND OF THE DISCOVERY. I DON'T THINK I WILL STOP DOING THAT. BUT YES. IT MIGHT WELCOME FULL CIRCLE, BUT SARAH -- OH WE HAVE POPULATION FILMS COMING OUT OF OUR EARS, THAT'S ANOTHER AREA. >> YEAH, WE CAN DO A LOT WITH THAT. >> YEAH, WHICH TAKES US A BIT LATER IN THE 80'S AS WELL. >> YEAH, 70'S AND 80'S. >> SO IT'S INTERESTING THE WAY THESE THEMES COME INTO FOCUS AND THEY EBB AWAY A LITTLE BIT. AND THAT MIGHT BE TO DO WITH THE WAY FILMS ARE KIND OF, THEY ARE LOST AND THEN FOUND OR THEY COULD BE, YOU KNOW, BECOME SEPARATED FROM THEIR FELLOW FILMS. SARAH, YOU SAID, YOU ARE MISSING THE ONE YOU REALLY WANT. HANG IN THERE A LITTLE BIT LONGER. WE ARE USED TO KIND OF BEING DISAPPOINTED AND HANGING ON THERE A BIT LONGER. >> YEAH. >> WELL, THANK YOU BOTH VERY, VERY MUCH FOR YOUR PRESENTATIONS AND I'M SURE THAT MANY VIEWERS TODAY ARE INSPIRED TO LEARN MORE FROM BOTH OF YOU AND THE COLLECTIONS. I CERTAINLY AM VERY GRATEFUL FOR THE TIME YOU TOOK TO PUT THESE PRESENTATIONS TOGETHER. AND TO REALLY SURFACE THE SYNERGY OF THE COLLECTIONS AS WELL AS YOUR EXPERTISE AND, SO WE WILL LEAVE IT THERE. AND YOUR CONTACT DETAILS ARE VERY KINDLY ON THE SLIDE. SO WE ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO BE IN TOUCH. AND WE THANK EVERYONE FOR TUNING IN TODAY, THE CORE PRESENTATION WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE ARCHIVE OF HISTORY AND EVENTS AT THE NIH. SO THANK YOU, ANGELA AND SARAH. THE BEST TO YOU AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU, JEFF.