MY NAME IS JEFF REZNICK, I AM CHIEF OF MEDICINE HERE AT THE LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY FOR THE FOURTH ANNUAL NNLM MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. AND FOR THOSE ON TWITTER THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING ALONG BY USING THE #HISTALK. THIS IS ARE THE PATHWAY GIVES OF THE 2020 HISTORY TALKS ON ANNUAL SERIES DESIGNED TO PROMOTE AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM'S HISTORICAL COLLECTION FOR USE, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SERVICE IN BIOMEDICINE, SOCIAL SCIENCES, FORMATS AND ORIGINATE FROM NEARLY EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE. MORE OVER THE SERIES AIMS TO APPRECIATE THE DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS OF VARIOUS DISCIPLINES OF VALUE COLLECTIONS AND USE THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR RESEARCH, TEACHING AND THEIR LEARNING. TODAY'S PROGRAM LIKE ALL OF OUR LECTURES IS BEING LIVE STREAMED GLOBALLY AND SUBSEQUENTLY WILL BE ARCHIVED BY NIH VIDEOCASTING. BOTH EFFORTS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GENEROUS GIFT OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BY THE MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY MEDICAL FOUNDATION. IT IS THAT GIFT WHICH IN 2016 HELPED OUR INSTITUTION TO ESTABLISH THE NLM MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY FELLOWSHIP IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. THE FELLOWSHIP PROVIDES $10,000 TO SUPPORT HISTORICAL RESEARCH. AND PAPERS WHICH REPRESENT THE DIVERSE AREAS IN WHICH DR. DEBAKEY MADE A LASTING IMPACT SUCH AS SURGERY, MEDICAL, HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION, POLICY AND MUCH MORE. THE GIFT TO THE NLM ALSO MADE POSSIBLE THIS PORTION OF NLM'S HISTORY TALKS, THE ANNUAL MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE IN MEDCINE. IN FEBRUARY OF THIS YEAR THE NLM RELEASED ITS CALL FOR FELLOWSHIP APPLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 2021. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED TO APPLY PLEASE VISIT THE WEBSITE OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION FOR COMPLETE DETAILS. CAN YOU GOOGLE NLM HMD, HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION AND FIND OUR SITE AND GO TO THE SITE DEDICATED TO THE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM. APPLICATIONS FOR THE CYCLE ARE DUE VERY SOON ON SEPTEMBER 25th, 2020. IF YOU MISSED THE DEADLINE LOOK FOR THE CALL OF APPLICATIONS EARLY 2022 NEXT YEAR FROM THE NLM. IT'S MY DISTINCT PRIVILEGE AND PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE D R. SARA FARHAN, WITH INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OF THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN THE UNITED ARAB EMERITATES. SHE JOINS US TODAY TO SHARE OUTCOMES OF HER RESEARCH ON THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION WITH ATTENTION TO THE FIELD OF SURGERY IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS OF BAGHDAD AND BEIRUT AND THE CENTRAL ROLE OF DR. MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS. A NATIVE OF IRAQ, SHE RECEIVED HER DOCTORATE FROM NEW YORK UNIVERSITY IN TORONTO, CANADA, SPECIALIZING NOTHING THE MODERN HISTORY OF IRAQ AND MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE EAST AS WELL AS MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CULTURAL HISTORY, DR. FARHAN IS THE AUTHOR OF SEVERAL ARTICLES SUCH AS THE BRITISH OF MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES, CONTEMPORARY IRAQ IN THE ARAB WORLD, LEFT HISTORY AND JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY IRAQ STUDIES. WITH SEVERAL MORE ARTICLES CURRENTLY IN THE PIPELINE. PLEASE JOIN ME WHERE YOU ARE IN WELCOMING DR. FARHAN WHO WILL DELIVER THE FOURTH ANNUAL MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE, DEBAKEY, IN BAGHDAD AND BEIRUT, THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 1945-1970. >> THANK YOU SO RESEARCH, I WOULD LIKE TO FIRST START BY RECOGNIZING THAT DR. MICHAEL DEBAKEY'S BERGT DAY WAS 2 DAYS AGO SO I WILL CONSIDER THIS TALK AS A CELEBRATION. I ALSO WANT TO THANK THE PROGRAM FOR AFFORDING ME THE GENEROUS FUNDS THAT ASSISTED ME IN CONDUCTING THIS RESEARCH WHEN I WAS A FELLOW AT THE LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. I HAD HIGH HOPES OF HOPING TO RETURN AND DO FURTHER RESEARCH OVER THE SUMMER BUT UNFORTUNATELY I WILL HAVE TO POSTPONE IT. I WANT TO PERSONALLY THANK DR. RESNICK IN YOUR ONGOING SUPPORT AND BELIEVING IN THIS PROJECT AND A TREMENDOUS THANK YOU TO YOUR TEAM TO THE COMMUNITY AS WELL AS [INDISCERNIBLE]. IT IS AN HONOR MORE ME TO BE DELIVERING THE FOURTH ANNUAL NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. DR. SHELLY Mc KELLER WHO DELIVERED THE INAUGURAL LECTURE IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE STATED IN HER INTERVIEW WITH THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, "I THINK THERE ARE SO MANY ASPECTS OF DR. DEBAKEY'S MULTIFACETED CAREER THAT COULD BE EXPLORED. FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT ABOUT HIS VISION AND IMPACT REGARDING MEDICAL EDUCATION." MY LECTURE TODAY ATTEMPTS TO HIGHLIGHT DEBAKEY'S IMPACT ON MEDICAL EDUCATION PARTICULARLY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THIS LECTURE IS PART OF A RESEARCH PROJECT THAT TRACES THE PED GO LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN RELATION TO THE UNITED STATES. FOR THIS LECTURE I WILL HIGHLIGHT DEBAKEY'S CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICAL EDUCATION, CONTRIBUTIONS PARTICULARLY SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. HE'S A CENTRAL FIGURE IN THIS PROJECT AS THE LINKS HE FORGED IN THE MIDDLE EAST. DEBAKEY'S HERITAGE WAS A SOURCE OF PRIDE NOT ONLY TO DOCTORS BUT TO THE GENERAL POPULATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST. WHEN MENTIONED ALMOST ALSO HIS LEBANESE HERITAGE IS UNDERSCORED ALONGSIDE HIS RESEARCH AND ACCOMPLISHMENTSMENT SO IT IS IN THE BACK DROP OF THESE THEMES I PRESENT TO YOU THE FOURTH ANNUAL MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE, THE INTERNATIONALIZE OF SURGICAL EDUCATION. IN 1957 PROMINENT AMERICAN SURGEON ALLEN OWHIPLE--OOPS, SORRY--ALAN OWHIPLE GAVE A TITLE TRAINING OF THE SURGEONS WHICH HE LATER PUBLISH INDEED THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, WHIPPLE'S LECTURE PROVIDED US WITH A UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE OF AMERICAN SURGEONS PERSPECTIVES WITH TRAINING FED GOJYS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. TO WHIPPLE, THEY OBTAINED UNMATCHED SKILLS THAT HE BELIEVED WERE FAR SUPERIOR TO OTHER MODELS USED IN OTHER FACULTIES AROUND THE WORLD. IN HIS ADDRESS WHIPPLE, KRETICIZED THESE IN EUROPE AND IN THE MIDDLE EAST WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT WHERE HE SAID OTHER INSTITUTIONS LACK A STRUCTURE SYSTEM AND BEDSIDE TEACHING. HE STRESSED THAT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT WHERE HIS UNDERSTUDY JOSEPH MCDONALD, DEAN OF SURGERY WAS THE ONLY WORTH WHILE INSTITUTE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. HE THEREFORE CONSIDERED THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT AS A SUITABLE TRAINING FACULTY FOR TRAINING SKILLED SURGEONS HOWEVER WHIPPLE'S OPINION WAS UNDOUBTEDLY ROOTED IN THE OPINION OF HIS STUDY, AND THE EXTENSION OF HIS KNOWLEDGE REACH I. E. AND ALL DOCTORS AND SURGEONS ALIKE FLOCKED TO THE EAST TO OBTAIN HIGH RANKING POSITIONS WITHIN THE MEDICAL FACULTY, A POSITION THAT CARRIED LITTLE DEGREE OF RECOGNITION AND HIGH PRESTIGE. WHIPLE'S FORMER RESIDENT WAS RECRUITED AS DEAN AND CHAIRMAN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT IN 1946. IT MUST BE STRESSED THAT WHIPPLE'S ASSESSMENT WAS BASED ON LIMITED ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL FACULTIES. HE HAD ONLY ASSESSED 2. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT AND THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN TEHRAN IRAN, AND IF HE HAD SEEN OTHER FACILITIES PERHAPS HIS ASSESSMENT WOULD HAVE DEFERRED. TWO YEARS PRIOR, DR. MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY CONDUCTED A LENGTHY TOUR OF THE REGION IN WHICH HE EXAMINED 5 MEDICAL COLLEGES AND 3 COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST, THESE WERE IN LEBANON, SYRIA AND IRAQ. DEBAKEY CAME TO AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT CONCLUSION. ACCORDING TO CRAIG ALAN MILLER, DEBAKEY THOUGHT THAT DESPITE LIMITED FUNDINGS MEDICAL COLLEGES IN THE MIDDLE EAST WERE PRAISE WORTHY. IN APRIL OF 1954, AGAIN 3 YEARS PRIOR TO WHIPPLE'S ADDRESS, THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEDICAL ASSEMBLY, OR LIMA WAS HOSTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT, THE ASSEMBLY ATTRACTED REGIONAL AS WELL AS NATIONAL ATTENTION. IT HAD AUDIENCE PARTICIPANTS THAT INCLUDED PROMINENT FIGURES IN MEDICINE INEXCLUDING MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY. DEBAKEY'S ATTENDANCE WAS OF PARTICULAR SIGNATURES NOX FAMILY ACTIVATOR CANC BECAUSE THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE REQUESTED HIS PRESENCE IN 1953 BUT HE DID NOT ATTEND. THE 1954 REQUEST HOWEVER WAS MUCH MORE PRESSING SINCE IT ACCOMPANIED THE U.S.'S PRESENCE. HIS VISIT COMMENCED WITH THE--INITIATED THE SERIES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN REGIONAL FACT FACULTIES AND INSTRUCTORS ALIKE. HE FORGED NEW CONNECTIONS AND REINFORCED EXISTING 1S N. IN TALK I WILL HIGHLIGHT THESE INTERACTIONS WHICH I ARGUE WILL WERE ROOTED IN THE EXPERIENCES OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND SURGEONS SHARED. WE SHARED EXPERIENCE BY THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SURGICAL EDUCATION, SURGEONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST WERE NOT WORK NOTHING A VACUUM ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT. ON THE CONTRARY, THEY WERE PART OF AN INTRICATE NETWORK OF PROFESSIONALS WHO CELEBRATED THE EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE AND EMBRACED NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEAL. CENTRAL TO THIS DISCUSSION IS DR. MICHAEL DEBAKEY. HIS FOOTPRINTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST WAS PRIOR TO HIS 1954 VISIT. MEDICAL COLLEGES IN THE MIDDLE EAST STUDIED APPLIED AND TALK DEBAKEY'S FINDINGS. HIS NAME WAS PART OF THE MEDICAL LEXICON IN THE REGION. ONE OF THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF MY RESEARCH IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE SHARED EXPERIENCES OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD WHILE AT THE SAME TIME CRITIQUE THE NOTION THAT MODERN MEDICINE IS WESTERN MEDICINE. MEMBERS OF AN INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY WHERE THE EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE WAS ROOTED IN LIFE LONG LEARNING, AN EXPERIENCE THAT DISPELS ORIENTALIST DEPICTIONS THAT OFTEN CONSENT THE EAST AS A BACK BOARD OR A STILL PLACE WHERE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATIONS UNDERWENT AN ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT. I ARGUE THAT MEDICAL EDUCATION TRANSCENDED NATIONAL BORDERS. THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE 19th CENTURY WHEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC HYGIENE AND SANITATION COMMITTEES WERE FORMED IN ORDER TO COME TO A UNIVERSALIST APPROACH AND HANDLING DISEASE OUTBREAK. THESE DIMENSIONS WERE BROADENED AFTER WORLD WAR 1 WHERE POLITICAL RATIONALS ABOUT PEACE, COOPERATION AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDINGS, REINFORCED EXISTING EDUCATIONAL NETWORKS AND ESTABLISHED NEW 1S. HOWEVER IT WAS AFTER WORLD WAR II WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION THAT THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION REALLY BECAME CENTRALIZED. MORE POINTEDLY THE LINKS THAT YOU--SORRY--THAT THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION TOOK FORM IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR II AS A RESULT OF THIS UNDERSTANDING THAT A UNIFIED VISION OF HOW TO PROMOTE EDUCATION CAN BE CONDUCTED BEYOND POLITICS, BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS AND THIS REALLY LIMITED COLONIAL ENTERPRISES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THIS WAS ALSO A TIME WHEN ANTICOLONIAL MOVEMENTS WERE FORMING IN THE REGION. THIS WAS A CRITICAL MOMENT IN THE HISTORY OF PED GO LOGICAL HEDGING, THE UNITED STATES WHICH HAD ESTABLISHED EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST WAS ABLE TO CAPITALIZE OFF THE WEAKENING TIES OF EUROPEAN COLONS AND INTERJECT STUDENT FOR STUDENTS SEEK POST GRADUATE EDUCATION. IN PARTICULAR AMERICAN MEDICAL MISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE 19th CENTURY. HOWEVER, IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR II, WE DO SEE AN INCREASE IN GRADUATE STUDENTS SEEKING POST GRADUATE CERTIFICATION AT AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS. THERE ARE NUMEROUS ORGANIZATIONS BUT I WOULD LIKE TO STRESS 2, 1 IN ENGLAND, FACED THE CONSEQUENCES OF POST COLONIAL MOVEMENTS THAT WORKED TO SEVERE MITRALLER TIES WITH THE COLOWNIAL CENTER. THESE WEAKENING TIES WERE FURTHER PRONOUNCED DURING WORLD WAR II WHEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND INCURRED SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGES. SECONDLY THE UNITED STATES QUICK RESOLVE TO REPLACE EDUCATIONAL MISSIONS WERE WELCOMED BY THE MIDDLE EAST EDQUAITED CLASSES. WITH THE BACK DROP OF THESE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS WE SEE EMBOLDENED EDUCATION RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE MIDDLE EAST. MORE POINTEDLY AMERICAN MEDICAL EDUCATION WAS ESTABLISHED IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE 19th CENTURY WITH THE FOUNDING OF THE SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE IN BEIRUT LATER TO BE KNOWN AS THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT. THE MEDICAL COLLEGE FACILITY OF AGENCY WHICH IS THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT TRAINED A PLETHORA OF ARAB STUDENTS WHO WENT ON TO THE UNITED STATES TO PURSUE FURTHER QUALIFICATION. THEREFORE, AMERICAN PEDGOGICAL AUTHORITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST HAS DEEP ROOTS. IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR II, HIDING NATIONAL MOVEMENTS TOOK FORM IN ANTICOLONNIALLY PROTESTS. MANY OF THESE LEADERS WERE EDUCATED IN PLACES LIKE AUB. LOCAL AFFAIRS AS A DETRIMENT OF INDEPENDENCE PHYSICIAN OF THE UNITED STATES AS A MORE VIABLE OPTION TO OBTAINING SPECIALIZATION IN THE COLOWNIAL CENTERS. BE IT LONDON OR PARIS. IT WAS ALSO DURING THIS PERIOD OF HEIGHTENED NATIONALISM THAT DR. MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY WORK GAINED ATTENTION IN THE REGION. CENTRAL TO THE HIS LEBONESE HERITAGE, BEING OF ARAB DESCENT DEBAKEY WAS SEEN AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF ARAB CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. ARAB DOCTORS WERE EMPOWERED BY HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS, THEY SAW HIM AS 1 OF THEIR OWN, IT GAVE THEM DIGNITY AND PRIDE. LOCAL DOCTORS AND STUDENTS ALIKE HARMONIZED THE KNOWLEDGE WITH HIS CONTRIBUTION SAYS BY STRESSING THEIR SHARED PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS THEIR ARAB HERITAGE. AS WE WILL SEE, DEBAKEY BECAME AN EXTENSION OF THE REGION'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN MEDICINE. HE'S POSITIONED ALONG TODAY PROMINENT HISTORICAL FIGURES IN MEDICINE SUCH AS [INDISCERNIBLE] OR EVENSEENIA IN CULTURE. DEBAKEY'S PRESENCE WAS A CONFIRMATION OF THESE SENTIMENTS. THROUGHOUT THE MODERN--VARIOUS REGIONS THAT GOVERN THIS AREA, OF THE VARIOUS REGIONS THAT GOVERN THIS AREA. IN PARTICULAR, MODERN IRAQ, SYRIA AND LEBANON WERE UNDER THE AUTOMAN EMPIRE WHERE LEADERSHIP IN ISTANBUL WOULD DEDICATE LOCAL GOVERNORS OPERATING IN LOCAL CENTERS. WHILE THE STORIES READ THAT THESE EMPIRES WERE EXPLOITED FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ADMINISTRATIVELY THE REGION WAS NEGLECTED. THERE A GRADEIATION TO THIS NEGLECT HOWEVER, WHERE IRAQ SUFFERED THE MOST TO LIMITED FINANCES AND ATTENTION PAID TO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS. MEDICAL EDUCATION HOWEVER WAS A VIABLE OPTION IN ISTANBUL WHERE THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL COLLEGE WAS LOCATED. THE AFFLUENT DIGNITARIES WHO COULD AFFORD EDUCATION FLOCKED THERE AND IT WAS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THEM TO IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD GREAT INTO THE BUREAUCRATIC APPARATUS OF THE STATE. ININE 67 AMERICAN MISSIONARARYS OPENED A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN BEIRUT, FRENCH JESUITS FOLLOWED THEREAFTER BY OPENING ST. JOSEPH'S MEDICAL COLLEGE ININE 89. THE AUTOMAN STATE INITIALLY VIEWED THESE INSTITUTIONS WITH SUSPICION AS CONCERNS OVER FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN THE ARAB PERIPHERIES OCPAID DEBATES AMONGST POLICY MAKERS IN ISTANBUL. THE STATE RESPONDED WITH FUNDING FOR IMPERIAL MEDICAL COLLEGE IN DEMASCULINIZED KUS, WHICH IS MODERN DAY SYRIA, THE FACAS SILGITY OPENED IN 1903. SO AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY, ASPIRING DOCTORS OF AFFLU ENSEL RESIDING IN THE PERIPHERY SAW THEMSELVES AT AN INTERSECTION WHERE THE CAPITAL PLAYED A CRUCIAL PART AND IF THEY COULD AFFORD THE OPPORTUNITY FOR FOREIGN EDUCATION ABROAD, THEY DEFINITELY TOOK IT. THE OPTIONS WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE PARIS AND BERLIN. WITH THE COLLAPSE OF THE AUTOMAN EMPIRE FOLLOWING WORLD WAR 1, AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN BEIRUT REMAINED ALMOST UNCHANGED BUT THE FRENCH ESSENTIALLY CONTROLLED THE REGION. LEBANON AND SYRIA WERE GOVERNED UNDER THE FRENCH MANDATE AS PART OF THE AWARD THEY RECEIVED IN 1918 AND IRAQ WAS GIVEN TO A GLIMPSE. DEMASCULINIZED KUS TRANSITIONED FROM AN IMPERIAL MEDICAL COLLEGE TO AN ARAB INSTITUTE BUT THE CITY WAS NOW UNDER THE FRENCH MANDATE. AS SUCH INSTRUCTING IN ARABIC EMPHASIZED A FORM OF RESISTANCE TO THE COLONIAL ENTERPRISE, BUT AS WE SHALL SEE THIS HINDERED THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE RECEIVED IN DEMASCULINIZED KUS, IRAQOT OTHER HAND BECAME PART OF ENGLAND AND IT DID NOT HAVE ANY OTHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITY THE TIME. 1927 A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN BAGHDAD WAS FOUNDED WHERE FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL HEALTH OFFICERS SUDDENLY BECAME PROFESSORS, THEREFORE BY THE TURN OF THE CENTURY, EUROPEAN ENTERPRISES WERE ROOT INDEED THE FOUNDATION AND RESTRUCTURING OF MEDICAL EDUCATION, THIS WAS THEN PRODUCED IN MEDICAL FACULTIES. DOCTORS GRADUATING FROM THESE FACILITIES PURSUED FURTHER CERTIFICATIONS ABROAD, THEY WERE LINKED TO COLONIAL POWERS SO EITHER LONDON OR PARIS BEING THE POPULAR OPTIONS FOR THOSE DESIRING FURTHER QUALIFICATIONS. FRANCE WAS A COMMON CHOICE FOR ST. JOSEPH GRADUATES. FOR EXAMPLE, BAGHDAD GRADUATES TENDED TO FLOCK TOWARDS LONDON THIS, IS ALSO RELATED TO THE LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTIONS AT THESE FACILITIES IN THE CASE OF BAGHDAD IT WAS INSTRUCTED IN ENGLISH, THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN BEIRUT ALSO IN ENGLISH AND ST. JOSEPH IN FRENCH SO IT MADE MORE SENSE FOR THE GRADUATES TO PURSUE FURTHER EDUCATION IN A FRENCH-SPEAKING COUNTRY. DURING AND IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR II, THE BRENCH AND BRITISH MANDATE SYSTEMS CONCLUDED, HOWEVER EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN THE REGION REMAINED. THESE TRANSFORMATIONS CREATED TENSIONS BETWEEN ARAB NATIONALISTS SEEKING FULL INDEPENDENT AND EUROPEAN POWERS THAT CONTINUE TO INTERFERE IN LOCAL AFFAIRS. AS A RESULT OF THE DEVASTATION'S EUROPEAN COUNTRIES INCURRED AS WELL AS CALLS FOR ARAB INDEPENDENCE, OR INDEPENDENCE FROM EUROPEAN DOMINATION, EDUCATIONAL MISSIONS EXPERIENCE SHIFTS IN THE AFTER MATH OF WORLD WAR II WHERE DOCTORS GRADUATING FROM THESE REGIONAL INSTITUTES BEGAN TO HEAD TO THE UNITED STATES FOR CERTIFICATION AND SPECIALIZATION IN LARGER NUMBERS RECORDS LOCATED AT THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ARCHIVE AND COLLEGE PARK INDICATE THAT AT LEAST SOME MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATES WERE ANTICIPATING THESE SHIPS. THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S ENGAGED WITH NUMEROUS AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGE MAINLY IN NEW YORK, TEXAS, AND CALIFORNIA TO GAUGE THEIR WILLINGNESS TO ESTABLISH FOREIGN EDUCATION NETWORKS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE MIDDLE EAST. IT ALSO SEEMS THAT THESE INCENTIVES--GIANTS, WRITING TO THE AMERICAN EMBASSY'S IN IRAQ SYRIA, AND LEBANON IN HOPES OF PENETRATING THE MARKETS THAT THE PREVIOUSLY WAS DOMINATED BY FRANCE AND ENGLAND. IT IS THEREFORE NOT SURPRISING TO SEE THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT ENCOURAGED DEBAKEY TO HEAD TO THE 19,544th ANNUAL MIDDLE EAST MEDICAL ASSEMBLY. I SPECULATE THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT HOPED THAT DEBAKEY WOULD ESTABLISH NEW TIES IN BEIRUT IN HOPES OF PERSUADING DOCTORS AND POLITICIANS ALIKE TO CONSIDER THE UNITED STATES AS A WORTH WHILE ALLY FOR MEDICAL MEANS INCENTIVE, MISSIONS AND CAMPAIGNS. AND YET DEBAKEY WAS ONLY ASKED TO ATTEND THE CONFERENCE ITSELF WHICH LASTED FROM APPROXIMATELY 11th AND NINTH, UNTIL THE 11th. DEBAKEY REMAINED ALMOST A MONTH IN THE MIDDLE EAST. HE TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO TOUR, LECTURE AND PROVIDE APPLICABLE INSTRUCTIONS OF OTHER REGIONAL FACULTY. HE NOT ONLY STRENGTHENED THE TIES WITH BEIRUT BUT ESTABLISHED PERSONAL TIES TO THE MEDICAL COLLEGES IN ALEPO AND DEMASCULINIZED KUS AND SYRIA, AS WELL AS IN BAGHDAD IRAQ. DEBAKEY'S VISIT WAS WELCOMED BY LOCAL DOCTORS AND ASPIRING STUDENTS ALIKE. IN AN INTERVIEW I CONDUCTED IN BEIRUT IN 2018, A FORM WILL MEDICAL DOCTOR [INDISCERNIBLE] RECALLED THE OCCASION. THE YOUNG STUDENT WAS SO EXCITED TO ATTEND THE DEBAKEY'S ADDRESS THAT HE WANTED TO INSURE THAT HIS COAT WAS IRONED BEFORE THE OCCASION. HE BELIEVES THAT HE IS A DISTANT RELATIVE OF DEBAKEY WHICH I'M SURE ADDED TO HIS EXCITEMENT. THE EAGER STUDENT TOOK HIS COAT TO A LOCAL SEAM STRESS TO INSURE IT WAS CLEANED AND PRESSED BEFORE THE OCCASION HOWEVER UPON RETURNING TO RETRIEVE THE COAT THE EXCITED STUDENT WAS IMMEDIATELY DISAPPOINTED TO LEARN THAT THE SEAM STRESS HAD LEFT THE CITY TO HEAD TO A WEDDING. PANICKED HE RETURNED TO THE HALL BECAUSE HE LACKED THE PROPER ATTIRE AND MISSED THE LECTURE ENTIRELY. DEBAKEY GAVE OTHER LECTURES AT MEDICAL COLLEGE OF ST. JOSEPH WHICH IS THE MEDICAL FACILITY I MENTIONED EARLIER. HE THEN TRAVELED TO THE LOCAL DOCTOR TO VISIT COLLEGES IN SYRIA, WHICH ARE AGAIN LOCATED IN THE NORTH ELEPO AS WELL AS DEMASCULINIZED KUS. DEBAKEY LECTURED AT THESE FACILITIES BUT HE WAS VERY CRITICAL OF THESE FACULTIES AS WELL. ONE OF HIS CONCERNS WHEN THE ARAB NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN SYRIA WAS THWARTING THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. HE FEARED THAT INSTRUCTION IN ARABIC AND THE BAN ON BOOKS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES LIMITED THE ABILITY OF STUDENTS AND THESE FACULTIES. I ASSUME HIS CONCERN WAS THAT THEY WERE NOT PARTICIPATING IN THIS INTERNATIONAL NETWORK THAT AUB WAS DEFINITELY A PART OF. AFTER LEAVING SYRIA, DEBAKEY HEADED TO BAGHDAD AND VISITED THE ROYAL MEDICAL COLLEGE OF IRAQ. AT THE TIME THE DEAN WAS [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WAS A GRADUATE OF THE ISTANBUL IMPERIAL COLLEGE DURING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD. THE DEAN WELCOMED DEBAKEY AND REQUESTED THAT HE PARTICIPATE IN A NUMBER OF CONFERENCES WITH THE IRAQI MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AS WELL AS PROVIDE LECTURES TO STUDENTS, SURGERY AND PRACTICING SURGEONS. IN HIS 1954 ANNUAL REPORT, DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] STATES THAT THE VISIT WAS INFORMATIVE TO THE STUDENTS AND FACULTY ALIKE, AND WAS ESPECIALGLY PLEASED TO HER DEBAKEY'S POSITIVE REVIEW OF THE COLLEGE'S SURGERY MODULE. DEBAKEY SPENT ALMOST ALL OF APRIL TOURING REGIONAL FACILITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST, PROVIDING LECTURES, INSTRUCTIONS AND PARTICIPATE NOTHING NATIONAL LOCAL CONFERENCES, HOWEVER HIS FOOTPRINTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST PREIDATES IN 1954 VISIT. THE DEAN OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN BAGHDAD HIGHLIGHTED THE FACTS THAT STUDENTS IN BAGHDAD STUDIED MICHAEL DEBAKEY'S CONTRIBUTION PRIOR TO THIS HISTORIC VISIT. IN WHICH HE WAS REFERRING TO DEBAKEY'S PUBLICATIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE 1930S AND 40S, SURGEONS AND DOCTORS ALIKE IN THE MIDDLE EAST WERE READING ON THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED IN THE UNITED STATES BY DEBAKEY AND HIS MENTOR [INDISCERNIBLE] AMONG OTHERS WELL BEFORE THE HISTORIC 1954 VISIT, AS EARLY AS 1940 MILL JOURNALS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, PARTICULARLY IN IRAQ CITES DEBAKEY'S WORK ON THE VALVE TRANSFUSION INSTRUMENT. THEY WERE ALSO FAMILIAR WITH OTHER ADVANCES MADE IN THIS PARTICULAR SUBSECTION OF THE FIELD SUCH AS THE ROBERT GROSS CONTRIBUTION IN THE 40S. OTHER WORKS HAVE CITED DEBAKEY AND [INDISCERNIBLE]'S RESEARCH ON TUBERCULOSIS, THIS WAS PARTICULARLY SIGNIFICANT IN THE MIDDLE IN THE 1950S WHEN THE TUBERCULOSIS OUTBREAK WAS RAM ANT AS WELL. --RAMPANT AS WELL. SO THE WORK HE'S DONE ON TUBERCULOSIS BECOMES PRONOUNCED AGAIN. THEY WERE ALSO PARTICIPATING AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE FIELD. IT WASN'T JUST A 1 DIRECTION--IT WASN'T A 1 DIRECTION EXCHANGE. THE CONVERSATION OF IRAQI DOCTORS WERE HAVING AMONGST THEMSELVES WERE IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE FIELD. FOR EXAMPLE, HERE I HAVE AN ARTICLE FROM THE MEDICAL FACULTY OF IRAQ, THIS WAS PUBLISHED IN 1954, IN 1949 WHERE THE AUTHORS CONTEMPLATE THE PROPER APPROACH TO THE CON--TO HOW TO CONDUCT AND TREAT DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH IS A FATAL CONGESTIVE HEART CONDITION THAT CAN CAUSE HEART FAIL AND YOU ARE HYPER TENSION. THE ARTICLE'S CONCLUSIONS FALL IN LINE WITH ROBERT GROSS AS WELL AS DEBAKEY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THIS PARTICULAR CONDITION. MORE OVER, WHILE CONDUCTING RESEARCH AT THE IRAQI MEDICAL ARCHIVE, I CAME ACROSS CLIPPINGS OF DEBAKEY'S RESEARCH ON THE VALVE AS WELL AS JOURNALS HE EDITED AND CONTRIBUTED TO. THIS IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE. LIKE I SAID THE EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE WAS NOT 1 DIRECTIONAL, DEBAKEY ALSO STUDIED THE WORKS OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF DOCTORS AND INSTRUCTORS FROM THE MIDDLE EAST. FOR EXAMPLE THE WORKS OF LEBONESE DOCTORS [INDISCERNIBLE] INSTRUCTOR AT THE AUB WAS EXAMINED BY DEBAKEY. THEY COMPOSED A BRIEF COLLECTION OF MEDICAL ETHICS WHERE A MEDICAL STUDENTS LEARNED OF THE HISTORY OF ETHICS, ITS APPLICATION AND THEIR ONGOING RESPONSIBILITIES TO THEIR PATIENT. [INDISCERNIBLE] STRESSED THAT A DOCTOR'S DUTY DOES NOT END WHEN A PATIENT LEAVES THE CLINIC, THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT HIGHLIGHTED THE KOWLEDGE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE UNITED STATES. HE DID NOT SEE HIMSELF AS SUPERIOR TO MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IN THE REGION BUT AS THEIR EQUAL. HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE REGION AND ITS MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS CONTINUED TO FLOURISH THROUGHOUT THE 60S, 70S AND 80S. LOCAL SURGEONS FOLLOWING DEBAKEY'S WORK WORK QUITE CLOSELY AND THEY ALSO COLLABORATED ON SEVERAL RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR EXAMPLE, IN 1956, PROMINENT IRAQI SURGEON [INDISCERNIBLE] PUBLISHED A PAPER WITH DALTON COOLEY DEBAKEY'S COLLEAGUE AT BAYLOR AT THE TIME. THE CONTRIBUTION WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. IN 1966 THE CARDIO THERAPY ANDATTIC UNIT AT THE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE ON RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE IN YOUNG PEOPLE IN IRAQ. THE TEAM WAS LED BY D R. IHSAN AL-BAHRANI, AND MANY OF THESE PEOPLE CAME FROM THE SOCIOECONOMIC STRATA. THE TEAM COMPARED FINDINGS TO OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH AND CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT LIVING CONDITIONS PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEART DISEASE. THE TEAM CONSIDERED DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] A SKILLED IRAQI SURGEON AT THE TIME AS PART OF THIS LONG LEGACY THAT I--TEXAS MADE SURGEON. AND [INDISCERNIBLE] FORGED A FRIENDSHIP WITH DEBAKEY. HE PURSUED HIS MASTERS IN SURGERY IN HOUSTON IN 1950S. SO THIS HIGHLIGHTS AGAIN, THE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF--AT LEAST OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SOCIETY. MORE OVER, DEBAKEY'S RELATIONSHIP WITH DR. YUSEF [INDISCERNIBLE] IS HIGHLIGHTED AGAIN IN 1980 WHEN THE INTERNATIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR SOCIETY MEETING WAS SCHEDULED TO TAKE PLACE IN BAGHDAD IN IRAQ. HOWEVER, SADA M HUSSEIN AND ITOLLA HAD TO BE POSTPONED. IN 1969, A MAGAZINE PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE ON MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE EAST WHERE DEBAKEY DEPICTED AS LONG OF A HISTORICAL TRAJECTORY OF MEDICAL DEVELOPMENT EMERGING FROM THE REGION. THE ARTICLE LAMENTED ON THE BRAIN DRAIN AND ANG LICKIZATION OF OTHER ARAB PIONEERS. IT STATES: IT IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE COMPLETELY THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ARAB WORK IN MEDICINE, MANY DOCTORS CAN BE CITED WHO HAVE BRILLIANT PROMISE WHO WHO ARE STILL COMPARATIVELY YOUNG IN THEIR LATE EARLY 30S OR 40S. STATISTICS SHOW THE MIDDLE EASTERN GRADUATE LICENSED IN PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES ALONE CAME TO 10% OF THE AREA'S YEARLY CROP. ONE ESTABLISHED ABROAD,--ONCE ESTABLISHED ABROAD, THEY MELT INTO THE LAND SCAPE AND THIS IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT, ARAB NAMES ARE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INCAS LIAISONICIZED AND HERE THEY GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF A FEW OF THEM. KHOURY BECOMES COREY, AND DABAGHI BECOMES DEBAKEY, SO CLEARLY THIS ARTICLE IS LAMENTING ON THE BRAIN DRAIN BUT AT THE SAME TIME HIGHLIGHTS THE HISTORICAL TRAJECTORY OF ARAB CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE. AND HERE I'M SORRY THAT THE IMAGE IS NOT VERY CLEAR BUT IT STATES FROM AVICENNA TO DEBAKEY, VISION AND ENTERPRISE IN THE ARTS OF HEALING. THIS IS REMARKABLE TO BE PRESENTED IN THE SAME CATEGORY AS SUCH HISTORICAL FIGURES OF MEDICINE. BUT THIS DOESN'T STOP THERE. DESPITE THE SUPPOSED INCAS LIAISON KIEZATION, THE ARAB WORLD CONTINUED TO STRESS HIS HERITAGE, IN 1977 DEBAKEY'S POSITIONED ALONGSIDE OTHER ARAB-JUDAIC AND ISLAMIC DOCTORS HIGHLIGHTING AGAIN HISTORICAL CONTINUITY. AT THE SAME TIME HOWEVER, DEBAKEY'S CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE DOES EMPHASIZE HIS UNIT STATES TRAINING. AND THE SAME MAGAZINE DEBAKEY IS REFERENCED AS THE TEXAS TORNADO OR THE PIONEER OF OPEN HEART SURGERY. I THINK THE EMPHASIS ON HIS TRAINING IN THE UNITED STATES GIVES HIM A LOT OF LEVERAGE AND PRESTIGE IN AN AREA THAT'S UNFORTUNATELY AT TIMES DOES NOT ESTEEM THE MEDICAL EDUCATION OF THE REGION. HE OF COURSE, WE KNOW HE PERFORMED ON NUMEROUS PROMINENT POLITICIANS AND FIGURES IN THE REGION INCLUDING [INDISCERNIBLE] AMONGST MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY IN SAUDI ARABIA, BUT THIS IS IN THE PERIOD I CONCENTRATED OW BUT I THOUGHT IT WAS WORTH WHILE TO MENTION WHAT A LONG LASTING LEGACY HE LEFT IN THE REGION. SO TO CONCLUDE DEBAKEY REMAINS CONNECTED TO THE MIDDLE EAST, AGAIN WAY BEYOND THE TIMELINE I FOCUSED ON. HE PERFORMED ON A SERIES OF POLITICIANS BUT ALSO HE INSTRUCTED NUMEROUS PROMINENT PHYSICIANS IN THE REGION. HIS INFLUENCE EXTENDS BEYOND WHAT I COVERED TODAY. THE ARCHIVE AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AS WELL AS THE--PROVIDE A PLETHORA OF RARELY EXPLORED SOURCES AT LEAST IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND IT'S DEFINITELY WORTH WHILE IF YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO CHECK THEM OUT BECAUSE IT IS REMARKABLE WHAT YOU DISCOVER. ONE OF THE SOURCES THAT REALLY CAUGHT MY ATTENTION WAS FROM THE DEBAKEY COLLECTION AND I WANT TO PART WAYS WITH IT. THIS IS A POEM FOUND IN THE BRIEF MEDICAL BIBLE WHICH IS AGAIN ETHICS ON MEDICINE, LIKE DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] IT'S A LOVELY POEM THAT DESCRIBES DEBAKEY'S LIFE AND CONTRIBUTION. AND I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE A GREAT WAY TO CLOSE TODAY'S LECTURE. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND I WOULD BE READY TO HEAR ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU WOULD LIKE ME TO FIELD ANY. THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU DR. FAHRAN FOR A GREAT, GREAT LECTURE. THANK YOU SO MUCH SO WE DO HAVE 25 MINUTES FOR QUESTIONS AND THE WAY WE'RE GOING TO DO THIS IS FOR THOSE ALL OF YOU WHO ARE WATCHING VIA THE NIH VIDEOCAST WITH THANKS TO MY COLLEAGUE LINSY FRANZ AND THE NIH VIDEOCASTING COLLEAGUES, THERE IS A SEND LIVE FEEDBACK LINK TO WHICH ANYONE CAN SEND A QUESTION OR A COMMENT. ADDITIONALLY IF YOU'RE FOLLOWING ON TWITTER, CAN YOU INSTANT MESSAGE ME, I AM @JEF FREYRESNICK, AND LET'S SEE IF WE HAVE IME QUESTIONS. QUESTIONS WILL BE COMING DIRECTLY TO MY E-MAIL. WHILE WE WAIT FOR A FEW QUESTIONS, DR. FAHRAN, TELL US A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT YOUR FUTURE PROJECTS RELATED TO THIS PERHAPS OR BRANCHES OF YOUR CURRENT WORK THAT YOU ARE PURSUING BEYOND WHAT YOU HAVE DESCRIBED? >> YES, SO LIKE I SAID EARLIER I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN DISPELLING THIS NOTION THAT THE MIDDLE EAST AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE IS SORT OF ENDED. AND INSTEAD IT BECAME A SPONGE OF WESTERN MEDICINE SO MY WORK SORT OF REFLECTS THAT AND I HAVE SEVERAL PROJECTS UNDERWAY. THE 1 THAT I'M CURRENTLY INTERESTED IN IS INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS STUDYING OR GETTING CERTIFIED IN THE UNITED STATES AND THOSE THAT DID RETURN AND HOW THAT SORT OF EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE HAPPENED. I'M ALSO INTERESTED IN COMPARING THESE STUDENTS TO DOCTORS, AMERICAN DOCTORS AS WELL AS BRITISH DOCTORS WHO CAME AND WORKED IN THE MIDDLE EAST FOR A BIT AND THEN RETURNED BACK TO THEIR HOME COUNTRY AND STUDY WHAT THE FORMS OF MULTIDIRECTIONAL, PERHAPS MULTILAYERED PROCESS THAT WAS THE OTHER PROJECT I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN AND ACTUALLY IT'S PART OF THE SOURCES THAT I FOUND AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IS A COLLECTION OF RECORDS ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROLOGY AND SO AT LEAST IN IRAQ IT'S A VERY LIMITED FIELD SO YOU CAN IMAGINE MY EXCITEMENT WHEN I DID COME ACROSS THESE RECORDS. I'M HOPING THAT IN DUE TIME I WILL BE ABLE TO RETURN TO NLM TO SEE WHAT ELSE I CAN FIND. >> AND WE CERTAINLY LOOK FORWARD TO HAVING YOU BACK, WITHOUT QUESTION. >> THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU. SO WE DO HAVE 1 QUESTION THAT'S COME IN. DEBAKEY WAS ASKED TO ATTEND THE MIDDLE EASTERN--MIDDLE EAST MEDICAL ASSEMBLY OF 1954, APRIL 1954 BUT HE STAYED FOR ALMOST A MONTH LECTURING AND TOURING, AND THE QUESTION IS WAS THIS ADDITIONAL TIME IN THE MIDDLE EAST ENCOURAGED OR INFLUENCED BY THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT? DID HE HAVE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT AFTERWARD? >> FROM MY UNDERSTANDING THE LETTERS THAT I DID SEE IS WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO GO TO THE NATIONAL--TO THIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. THERE WASN'T A FORMAL INVITATION FROM THEA FACILITIES THAT I DID EXAMINE, SO I EXAMINED BEIRUT AS A MEDICAL COLLEGE OF BEIRUT'S AND THEIR RECORDS AND OF COURSE, WHAT REMAINS UNFORTUNATELY MYSTERY MEDICAL COLLEGE OF BAGHDAD'S EFFORTS THAT WAS DESTROYED AFTER 2003. SO I DIDN'T FIND A--AN OFFICIAL REQUEST FROM THESE FACILITIES. SO MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HE TOOK UPON HIMSELF, CERTAINLY FOR SYRIA BECAUSE SYRIA AT THE TIME WAS EXPERIENCING A POLITICAL TURMOIL WHERE EVERY FEW YEARS YOU WOULD HAVE A CUE DETA WHERE 1 MILITARY OFFICIAL WOULD OVERTHROW ANOTHER. SO IT WASN'T NECESSARILY A VERY POSITIVE TIME TO GO AND ESTABLISH OR ASSESS THESE FACILITIES BUT NONETHELESS, WE WENT THERE AND I THINK THAT HE WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH A LOCAL, AT LEAST A LEBANESE LOCAL OR A YOUNG DOCTOR, SO I THINK THAT MIGHT HAVE CREATED SOME COMFORT, SOMEONE WHO KNOWS THE LAY OF THE LAND COMPARED TO IRAQ WHICH IS MORE OR LESS STABLE AT THE TIME THIS WAS A KINGDOM THAT REALLY WORKED WELL WITH INGLAND. ENGLAND STILL HAD A DEGREE OF INFLUENCE IN IRAQ, BUT THE IRAQI DOCTORS WERE MORE WILLING TO ENGAGE WITH FOREIGN DOCTORS. NORMALLY THEY WOULD BE COMMUNICATING WITH ENGLISH DOCTORS OR OTHER DOCTORS FROM THE COMMON WEALTH SO DEBAKEY'S VISIT WAS SORT OF LIKE AN EXCEPTION TO THIS TREND BUT AT THE SAME TIME VERY WELL EXCEPTION FROM THE RECORDS THAT 1954 ANNUAL REPORTS FROM THE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN [INDISCERNIBLE]. >> THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION DR. FAHRAN THAT'S COME IN VIA TWITTER, THIS INDIVIDUAL WRITES, I KNOW SHE HAS DONE SOME WORK ON NURSING, REFERRING TO YOU, COULD DR. FAHRAN DISCUSS WHAT SHE'S DISCOVERED IN RELATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL NURSING EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST OR NURSING AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT, THANK YOU. >> ACTUALLY, I THINK THAT I MIGHT BE CONFUSED WITH ANOTHER COLLEAGUE OF MINE DR. LYDIA [INDISCERNIBLE]. I HAVEN'T DONE WORK ON NURSING. I BRIEFLY DISCUSSED NURSING IN MY FORTH COMING PROJECT BUT I RIGHT IT ALONGSIDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. WHAT I DO--WHAT I CAN TELL YOU ABOUT NURSING, THIS WAS DONE AT A HOSPITAL. IT WAS STARTED AT A HOSPITAL BASIS, THERE WASN'T A FORMAL SCHOOL ESTABLISHED UNTIL AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE SO IT WAS IN THE 1936 IS WHEN WE SEE NURSES ACTUALLY LIVING IN THE HOSPITALS AND WORKING INCOMING ATTENDING CLASSES AT THE MEDICAL COLLEGE BUT PRIOR TO THAT PERIOD, THE NURSING STUDENTS IN IRAQ WERE TRAINED AT THE MAJOR CENTERS SO MOSUL, BAGHDAD AND [INDISCERNIBLE]. AND THEY ALSO TENDED TO BE PREDOMINANTLY [INDISCERNIBLE], THE BRITISH PREFERRED TO WORK WITH IRAQI MINORITIES. IN THE NORTH FOR EXAMPLE, THEY ARE ARMENIAN CHRISTIANS IN DAG DAD THEY WERE CHRISTIANS AS WELL AS JEWS AND IN [INDISCERNIBLE] WE HAVE EVIDENCE THAT THERE'S A SMALL ARMENIAN POPULATION THERE THAT THE BRITISH PREFERRED TO WORK WITH. WE ALSO HAVE EXAMPLES OF NURSING SISTERS AND ORDERLIES BY THE BRITISH TO HELP FACILITATE THIS TRAINING BUT MY KNOWLEDGE IS UNFORTUNATELY LIMITED TO IRAQ. AND I WOULD LOVE TO DO A LITTLE MORE WORK TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF NURSING EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN GENERAL BUT I WOULD REFER YOU TO MY COLLEAGUE. HE'S DOING PHENOMENAL WORK ON IRAN. >> VERY GOOD. THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION THAT'S COME IN, WHAT SORTS OF SENSITIVE DYNAMICS DID DEBAKEY FIND HE HAD TO NAVIGATE IN THE CHANGING POLITICS OF IRAQ AND THE REGION OVERALL? >> YEAH, SO MY UNDERSTANDING IS IT BECAME A BIT TENSE WHEN AGAIN SADDAM HUSSEIN AND IATOLA HMMEINE, WENT ON A DESTRUCTIVE PATTERN, SO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SURGICAL COMMUNITY WAS REALLY WORKING AND THRIVING AND IRAQI DOCTORS ARE PARTICIPATING, COMMUNICATING WITH THE DOCTORS IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD TO THE POINT WHERE DOCTOR YUSEF'S [INDISCERNIBLE] REALLY WAS READY TO HOST THE FACILITY. IT WAS SUPPOSED TO TAKE PLACE IN NOVEMBER OF 1980 BUT AT THAT POINT IRAQ ALREADY STARTED ITS AGGRESSION AGAINST IRAN AND THEY COULDN'T REALLY POSTPONE IT TO NEXT YEAR BECAUSE AS WE KNOW NOW, NO 1 REALLY THOUGHT THE WAR WOULD LAST THAT LONG. I THINK IRAQ THOUGHT IT WOULD BE A QUICK CONCLUSION. IRAN HAD JUST UNDERGONE AN REVOLUTION AND IT WAS EXPERIENCING ITS OWN POLITICAL TURMOIL BUT REALLY IN MY OTHER LARGER WORK, I TALK ABOUT THE DEGRADATION OF IRAQI MEDICAL INFORMATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND SADDAM HUSSEIN REALLY DID A NUMBER ON MEDICAL EDUCATION IN IRAQ, IN ADDITION TO CUTTING OFF, TO SEVERE MITRALLERRING TIES AND ISOLATING IRAQ'S DOCTORS FROM THE LARGER INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, ON A DOMESTIC LEVEL THERE WAS SYSTEMIC FIRING. PEOPLE WERE BEING FIRED IF THEY WEREN'T ALIGNED WITH THE REGIME. SO HERE YOU HAVE DEBAKEY WHO HAS, YOU KNOW EVEN PRIOR TO 1954 HE'S BEEN ESTABLISHING HIS NOT [INDISCERNIBLE] HE HAD BEEN NURTURING THEM AND I'M SURE HE WS QUITE DISAPPOINTED WHEN HE REALIZED THAT HIS FRIENDS IN IRAQ ARE NOW POLITICALLY CUT OFF FROM THE COMMUNITY. ALSO, THE CONFERENCE WAS RESCHEDULED FOR 1981 AND IT WAS HELD IN HOUSTON. SO IT WAS PULLED AWAY ENTIRELY FROM THE REGION WHICH IS REALLY SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE 1 WOULD THINK THAT IT WOULD BE RESCHEDULE AT ANOTHER FACILITY. PERHAPS BEIRUT BUT NO, THE ENTIRE EVENT WAS RESCHEDULED BACK TO THE UNITED STATES AND THAT TELLS US HOW DEVASTATING THIS WAS AND THAT THE WAR WASN'T JUST BETWEEN THE BORDERS BETWEEN IRAN AND IRAQ--OH I APOLOGIZE, --I JUST REMEMBERED THEY COULD BT HAVE IT IN BEIRUT BECAUSE THERE WAS A CIVIL WAR IN BEIRUT AT THE TIME SO REALLY DEBAKEY'S CONNECTIONS WERE NOT JUST DISRUPTED IN IRAQ BUT THERE WAS A CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON, HIS THWARTED. THE BATHIST REGIME IN SYRIA WAS ALREADY ALIVE AND WELL, THERE WERE ALL OF THESE MISADVENTURES WITH REGIONAL CONFLICTS TAKING PLACE. SO THIS PERIOD I THINK, I WOULD ARGUE, UNDERMINES THIS OTHERWISE REALLY WONDERFUL NURTURING RELATIONSHIP THAT DEBAKEY ESTABLISHED AND IT WAS JUST A--THE MIDDLE EAST WAS UNDER GOING A POLITICAL TURMOIL AND YOU KNOW CONFLICTS--DOMESTIC, CONFLICTS, CIVIL WAR BUT ALSO NEIGHBORS CONFLICTS SO I WOULD IMAGINE THAT WAS QUITE DISAPPOINTING BUT WE DO HAVE EVIDENCE THAT HE VISITED SAUDI ARABIA IN HIS 70S AND SO THE TIES THERE, HE HAD SOME JORDINNIAN FRIENDSAs WELL, BUT I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THESE ARE VERY ESTABLISHED POLITICAL NETWORKS, NOT NECESSARILY THE PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES. >> THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION FROM TWITTER REGARDING YOUR SOURCES. YOU SPOKE AT LENGTH ABOUT USING SOURCES FROM THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE OF COURSE, WHAT KIND OF SOURCES DID YOU USE DURING YOUR ARCHIVAL WORK IN IRAQ. IN PARTICULARLY HOW DID YOU FIND THE INTERVIEWEES, YOU SPOKE ABOUT? >> YEAH, SO, THE MOST CHALLENGING PART OF THIS PROJECT AND FUTURE PROJECTS WILL ALWAYS BE FINDING RESOURCES THAT ARE--USED TO BE PART OF AN ARCHIVE, SO IN IRAQ, THE MEDICAL ARCHIVE WAS DESTROYED IN 2003 AND AS A RESULT WE HAVE TO PIECE THIS HISTORY TOGETHER BASED ON THE BRAIN DRAIN, THAT'S HOW I STARTED, I STARTED FOLLOWING IRAQI DOCTORS IN ENGLAND, IRAQI IN DOCTORS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. I STARTED ATTENDING--REPRODUCE DOCTORS SO THE SON OF A PROMINENT DOCTOR IS MORE LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE--TO BE ENCOURAGED TO PURSUE THE CAREER AND SO ON AND SO FORTH. SO I STARTED THAT WAY AND SLOWLY BUT SURELY BY 2006, 2016-2017 THE IRAQI MEDICAL ARCHIVE WAS FULLY IN OPERATION SO I HEADED TO IRAQ WITH OUR CONNECTION THERE AND WE STILL MAINTAIN A VERY CLOSE RELATIONSHIP. I ACTUALLY SEND HIM SOME OF THE STUFF I FOUND IN HOPES OF LIKE REESTABLISHING THE COLLECTION THAT ONCE WAS, BUT IT WAS A VERY DIFFICULT PROCESS AND THIS IS WHY I'M VERY GRATEFUL FOR LIVING ARCHIVES, CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS WITH FORMER MEDICAL STUDENTS, ORAL INTERVIEWS, ALSO THEY HAVE THEIR NOTES, THEY HAVE THEIR--THEY STILL HAVE THEIR SCHOOL NOTES, THEY HAVE THEIR ARTICLES THAT THEY READ EXAMS THEY DID, SO THESE ARE REALLY VALUABLE RESOURCES TO AGAIN SHARED EXPERIENCES ABOUT DOCTORS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THEY WERE EXPERIENCING THE SAME--FOR EXAMPLE, EXAM ANXIETY AS A MEDICAL STUDENT IN THE UNITED STATES WOULD HAVE PROBABLY EXPERIENCED AS WELL. >> THANK YOU. ANOTHER QUESTION HAS COME IN WHEN DR. DEBAKEY VISITED CHINA IN 1973, THIS PERSON RIGHTS HE MADE BRIEF COMMENTS ON ACCUPUNCTURE BOTH AS A THERAPEUTIC MODALITY ILLNESSES AND AS A METHOD OF ANESTHESIA AND THIS INDIVIDUAL'S WONDERING IF IN YOUR RESEARCH, DID YOU COME ACROSS DR. DEBAKEY MENTIONING ANY NEW BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICINE AS PRACTICED IN THE MIDDLE EAST DURING HIS VISIT. DID HE COMMENT ON THAT AT ALL? >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. SO I HAVEN'T COME ACROSS ANYTHING DEBAKEY PARTICULARLY SAID REGARDING TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OR DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THERAPY BUT I HAVE COME ACROSS OTHER GERMAN AND AMERICAN DOCTORS WHO HAVE--WHO HAVE DONE SO, AND I CAN TELL YOU A BIT ABOUT THAT AND NORTH OF IRAQ THERE IS THIS LAKE THAT HAS MINERALS IN IT AND WHEN THE BRITISH FAVORITE CAME TO IRAQ THEY CRITICIZED THE LOCAL POPULATION FOR PRACTICING THIS APPROACH AS A FORM OF THERAPY SO WHEN SOMEBODY HAD A BACK ACHE THEY WOULD GO AND HANG OUT IN THIS LAKE AND IT WAS ESSENTIALLY OUTSIDE OF THE LAKE THERE WERE LITTLE HOT SPRINGS BUT BY 1930S WE HAVE GERMAN DOCTORS WRITING ABOUT THIS BEING A VERY% BENEFICIAL APPROACH TO HEALING, AGAIN, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALING OR JUST PHYSICAL PAIN AND WE ALSO BY 1940S, 1950S WE HAVE OTHER DOCTORS COMMENTING ON IT FROM THE UNITED STATES AND THEY'RE ACTUALLY NOT JUST COMMENTING ON IT BUT THEY'RE SUGGESTING THAT THE GOVERNMENT MAKE IT A--LIKE IF THEY HAVE A MEDICAL MANDATED SPA THERE, THEY WOULD GO THERE. ANOTHER THING WAS DEBAKEY WAS ALSO CRITICIZED WITH MAINTAINING HIS CONTACT WITH COMMUNIST COUNTRIES DURING THE COLD WAR AND IN IRAQ, AFTER THE OVERTHROW OF THE MONARCHY IN THE 1958, WE SEE A SERIES OF REGIMES THAT ARE HIGHLY CRITICAL OF THE UNITED STATES IMMEDIATELY AFTER 58, WE SEE A REGIME THAT ALIGNED ITSELF AT LEAST TEMPORARILY WITH THE COMMUNE IV THERAPY MOVEMENT IN IRAQ--COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN IRAQ, AND DESPITE THAT DEBAKEY MAINTAINED CONNECTION WITH THE IRAQI COMMUNITY. SO IN ADDITION TO THIS FANTASTIC QUESTION, I WANTED TO ADD TO DEBAKEY HE REALLY DIDN'T CARE ABOUT THESE POLITICS AND HE DIDN'T SEVERE MITRALLER TIES WITH THE COUNTRIES OR BASED ON THEIR POLITICAL AFFILIATION WHICH IS REMARKABLE AGAIN TO DEFINE. >> AGREED. >> WELL, THANK YOU DR. FARHAN, I THINK WE ARE GOING TO BRING YOUR HOUR TO CONCLUSION WITH THANKS FROM MYSELF, ALL MY COLLEAGUESA THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR LECTURE TODAY, FOR TAKING THE TIME TO PREPARE IT, AT WHAT IS A VERY BUSY TIME FOR EVERYONE WHO IS TEACHING AND UNDERTAKING RESEARCH AND EVERYBODY FOR THAT MATTER, AND WE WISH YOU CONTINUED SUCCESS IN YOUR RESEARCH, WE LOOK FORWARD TO WELCOMING YOU BACK AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND I WISH YOU ALL THE BEST IN THE MEAN TIME. THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. HAVE A GREAT DAY. >> YOU TOO, HAVE A GOOD EVENING.