>>MY NAME IS JEFF REZNICK AND CHIEF OF OF THE DIVISION OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US FOR THE MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY LECTURE FOR MEDICINE. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR FOLLOWING US ON TWITTER. THIS EVENT IS PART OF THE NLM'S 2021 HISTORY TALKS, AN ANNUAL SERIES DESIGNED TO PROMOTE AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SERVICE AND BIOMEDICINE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES. THE SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE COMMITMENT OF THE NLM TO RECOGNIZE THE DIVERSITY OF ITS COLLECTIONS WHICH SPAN 10 CENTURIES AND ARRANGE FORMATS AND ORIGE NAT FROM EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE. MORE OVER THE SERIES AIMS TO APPRECIATE THE DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COLLECTIONS TO ADVANCE RESEARCH, TEACHING AND LEARNING. TODAY'S PROGRAM LIKE ALL OF OUR LECTURES IS BEING LIVE STREAMED GLOBALLY AND WILL BE ARCHIVED, BOTH MADE POSSIBLE BY THE GENEROUS GIFT BY THE MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY FOUNDATION AND IT IS THAT GIFT THAT HELPED OUR INSTITUTION TO ESTABLISH THE MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY FELLOWSHIP IN MEDICINE. IT PROVIDES $10,000 TO PROVIDE RESEARCH IN HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE NLM. WHICH INCLUDE PAPERS OF MICHAEL E. DEBAKEY, REFLECTING DIVERSE AREAS WHERE HE MADE A LASTING IMPACT AS A LEGENDARY SURGEON, EDUCATOR AND MEDICAL STATESMAN FOR THE AREAS OF SURGERY TO MEDICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE POLICY AND MUCH MORE. EARLIER THIS MONTH, THE NLM RELEASED ITSELF CALL FOR FELLOWSHIP APPLICATIONS FOR 2022, IF YOU ARE INTERESTED TO APPLY LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION, DETAILS THAT COMPLETE SIGHT IS WWW.NLM.GOV FORWARD/HMD, APPLICATIONS ARE DUE TO SEPTEMBER 30th 2021. IT IS MY DISTINCT PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE TODAY TO INTRODUCE OUR SPEAKER DR. ALLISON HILL-EDGAR. SHE JOINS US AS THE 2020 DEBAKEY FELLOW, DR. EDGAR IS A DOCTOR AND VISUAL ARTIST WHO WORKS IN NEW YORK CITY AND HER BODY OF WORK FOCUSES ON THE HUMAN FORM AND SEEKS TO EXPLORE AND ANALYZE THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE, IN PARTICULAR, SHE INVESTIGATES THE OFTEN COMPLICATED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF 1'S INTERNAL WORLD, BOTH PHYSICAL AND MEBILITIAL AND 1'S EXTERNAL REALITY. DR. HILL EDGAR IS A GRADUATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE WHERE SHE MAJORED IN FINE ARTS AND DURING HER TIME IN COLLEGE AND SHE ALSO WORKED FOR ART EDUCATION FOR THE BLIND IN THE CITY AND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WOMEN IN THE ARTS IN WASHINGTON D. C. FOLLOWING COLLEGE SHE TOOK A POST GRADUATE YEAR IN PARIS TO STUDY ART HISTORY, AND FIGURE DRAWING, ALTHOUGH STUDIO ART HAS BEEN HER ENDURING PAST PASSION, DR. EDGAR PURSUED A FASCINATION WITH THE HUMAN BODY FROM A SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE. SHE EARNED HER M. D. PRACTICES COLUMBIA CLERG OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS IN 2003 AND COMPLETED INTERNSHIP AT COLUMBIAN PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL AND OBTAINED HER MEDICAL LICENSE IN 2004. DURING THE PERIOD IN WHICH SHE STUDIED MEDICINE SHE COMPLEMENTED HER WORK WITH DRAWINGS, PHOTOGRAPHY AND STUDY OF HISTORY IN ANATOMY AND ART. IN 2004, DR. EDGAR DECIDED TO TURN TO A FULL-TIME CAREER AS AN ARTIST. SHE EARNED HER MASTERS AND PAINTING EXHIBITING AND TEACHING IN NEW YORK. HER WORK HAS BEEN EXHIBITED IN GALLERIES AND MUSEUMS IN THE NEW YORK CITY AREA AND HER WORK IS ALSO IN PRIVATE COLLECTIONS IN NEW YORK CITY, WASHINGTON D. C., CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA, CONNECTICUT, MAINE, NEW YORK AND HOLLAND. AS DR. AND HARDIST DR. HILL-EDGAR'S COMBINATION OF THESE FIELDS OF STUDY HAVE GIVEN HER A UNIQUE CONTINUING OF THE HUMAN FORM AND FUNCTIONS. IT IS THE MELDING OF ART, SCIENCE AND CONSIDERATION OF THE HUMAN CONDITION THAT DRIVES MUCH OF HER ENDEAVOR TODAY AND FORMS HER RESEARCH IN THE VAST COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, INITIAL RESULTS OF WHICH WILL BE SHARING WITH US IN HER PRESENTATION ENTITLED DISSECTING GENDER, REFRAMING ANATOMICAL HISTORY THROUGH THE FEMALE BODY. DR. HILL-EDGAR WELCOME AND THANK YOU IN ADVANCE FOR A GREAT PRESENT ANTICIPATION, LOOK FORWARD TO IT. >> THANK YOU DR. RESNICK--IT COMBINES ART AND MEDICINE--MICHAEL DEBAKEY AND THE ART HISTORY AND HIS PRACTICE, AS A CHILD HE HAD A SKILL THAT CERTAINLY CONTRIBUTED TO HIS SURGICAL SKILLS LATER IN LIFE AND NO DOUBT IT TAKES A CREATIVE MIND AND A KNOWLEDGE HAVING MANIPULATE VARIOUS MATERIALS TO INVENT AND SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENT NEW PROCEDURES AND DEVICES. THE INTERSECTION OF IMPORTANT MEDICINE HAS BEEN OF GREAT INTEREST TO ME. I WAS FORTUNATE TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY AS A FOURTH YEAR STUDENT AT COLUMBIA IN WHICH I RESEARCHED A STUDENT NOTEBOOK OF 1872 AT THE COLUMBIA MEDICAL ARCHIVE SPECIAL COLLECTION. SINCE MEDICAL SCHOOL I CONTINUED TO RESEARCH ANATOMICAL HISTORY AS WELL AS CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS WHO APPROACH THE BODY AND ANATOMY AND FROM A CREATIVE PERSPECTIVE. THE STUDY NOT ONLY INFLUENCED BY OWN CREATIVE WORK BUT ENCOURAGED ME TO EVALUATE HIGH,A PROACH TO THE HUMAN BODY, IN PARTICULAR THE FEMALE BODY. BUT I BELIEVE THAT CREATING A CREATIVE EYE AND ANALYSIS, HELPS TO REVEAL HOW MEDICINE WAS HELPING PHYSICIANS AND SOCIETY. MORE ANATOMICAL IMAGES I RESEARCHED, THE MORE I BEGAN TO REALIZE THEY WERE PREDOMINANTLY MALE BODIES ESPECIALLY THOSE IMAGES THAT CIRCULATED INTO THE GENERAL PUBLIC. I WAS CURIOUS, WERE WOMEN'S BODIES A PART OF THE CANNON OF ANATOMICAL HISTORIES AND IF SO WHAT CONTEXT, I DECIDED TO GO BACK TO THE LIBRARY AT THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE WHERE I DID A LOT OF RESEARCH IN MED SCHOOL AND LUCKILY FOR ME, THE WONDERFUL LIBRARIAN ARLENE [INDISCERNIBLE] REMEMBERED ME FROM 17 YEARS BEFORE AND SHE HELPED GUIDE ME ON THIS AMAZING TOPIC. IT QUICKLY BECAME CLEAR THAT ALTHOUGH WOMEN'S BODY VS BEEN A PART OF ANATOMICAL HISTORY FROM CONCEPTION, IT WAS USUALLY AT THE REPRODUCTIVE OTHER BODY TO THE NEUTRAL MALE BODY, WHILE THE HISTORY AND ANATOMY IS WELL DOCUMENTED, I WANTED TO REVISIT IT, WITH THE FEMALE BODY AS A PRIMARY SUBJECT. THE VISUAL TREASURE IS FASCINATING PERSONALITIES AND LOTS OF HISTORICAL MOMENTS, AS I SAY TO ALL MY FRIENDS THIS HAS BEEN THE PROJECT THAT KEEPS ON GIVING. WHILE THIS TALK WILL ONLY COVER A SMALL PORTION OF MY RESEARCH, I HOPE TO GIVE YOU AN OVERVIEW OF SOME OF THE ISSUES I'VE BEEN INVESTIGATING AND SHOW HOW THE ANATOMICAL HISTORY OF WOMEN'S BODIES ARE OFTEN MARGINALIZED OR OTHER PART OF THE BINARY AND GIVE US DIVERSE INSIGHT INTOS HOW THEIR BODIES HAVE BEEN TREATED FOR THEIR DIFFERENCE. WESTERN ART AND MEDICINE SHARE AN INDEPENDENT HISTORY NOT ONLY DO WE SHARE THIS HERE IN THIS PICTURE BUT THEY'RE PART OF A SAME GUILD IN FLORENCE IN THE EARLY RENAISSANCE. THIS PAINTING CAPTURES SO MUCH OF THE ANATOMY. THERE ARE CLASSICAL SCULPTURES SHOWING THE FORM AND AT THE FEET, THERE'S A TEXT BY GALIN WITH ANATOMICAL DRAWING AND YOU SEE THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY AS WELL AS THE MOTHER AS THE ROUGH ATOM PRODUCTIVE BODY IN THIS PAINTING. THIS IS TRULY A COLLABORATION OF ART AND MEDICINE. AS ANATOMY SHIFTED FROM BEING A TEXTURAL PRACTICE THAT WAS HANDED DOWN FROM THE ANCIENT FROM A MODERN 1 THAT STRESSED OBSERVATION AND DIRECT OBSERVATION, IT REQUIRED A VISUAL FORM OF COMMUNICATION TO RECORD THESE OBSERVATIONS. I ALSO WANT TO FOCUS ON THE ISSUE OF GENDER THAT'S ANATOMICAL IMAGES. UNTIL THE 20th CENTURY ISSUES OF SEX, GENDER, GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL PREFERENCE WILL BE CONSIDERED TO BE UNIFORMLY ALIGNED AND CATEGORIES INTO A BINARY OF MALE AND FEMALE. ALTHOUGH HISTORY IS FULL OF CASES THAT DID NOT INFORM TO THESE DIVISIONS, THEY WERE CONSIDERED OPERATIONS FROM THE NORM. IN THE IMAGE OF ADAM AND EVE, YOU SEE THE CHRISTIAN BINARY COUPLE TAKING AN APPLE FROM THE TREE, IN THE FORM OF A SKELETON, THE AMAT MIST IS TELLING THE VIEWER THEY WILL LEARN THE LESSONS OF WELL FROM THE ANATOMICAL BOOK THE WAY ADAM AND EVE DID IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN. THROUGHOUT THIS TALK, I WILL REFER TO THE W. H. O.'S DEFINITION OF 6 SUCH AS BIOLODGE XAL AND CHASTICS OF THAT DEFINE MEN AND WOMEN AND GENDER FOR SOCIAL CONSTRUCTED ROLES, BEHAVIORS, ACTIVITIES AND ATTRIBUTES THAT GIVEN SOCIETIES APPROPRIATE FOR MEN AND WOMEN. EVEN WITHIN BIOLOGICAL SEX, THERE ARE MANY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE 1'S PHYSIOLOGICAL PRESENTATION SUCH AS A PERSON'S GENETIC MAKEUP INTERUTERINE DEVELOPMENT, HORMONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PUBERTY. AS A RESULT, THERE'S VARIETY IN HOW HAY PERSON CAN PRESENT WHETHER EXTREMITIES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE OR SOMEWHERE IN TWIN STUDIES BETWEEN AS IT INTERSECTS. THIS A AN IMAGE OF JOHN BLUNT, MAN, MIDLIFE AND HOW 1 DEFINED GENDENER 1973. DURING THIS TIME THERE WAS AN INTENSE CONTROVERSY BETWEEN MIDWIFE WIVES AND MEDICAL MEN AND WITH THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO DELIVER BABIES, ONLY MEN WERE ALLOWED TO GET A MEDICAL EDUCATION AND USE TOOLS LIKE FORCEPS. THIS PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL DRESSED UP AS EITHER A MAN OR WOMAN DEPENDING ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF BIRTH THEY WERE ATTENDING. WHILE HERE IN THIS CASE, YOU CAN SEE THE SEX WAS THE SAME, HE ALTERED HIS GENDER PRESENTATION TO NAVIGATE SOCIETY'S NARMS AND EXPECTATION. ONE THING IS FOR SURE, WHAT WE NORMALLY SEE IN ANATOMICAL HISTORY IS THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG, THERE'S NO BETTER PLACE TO DIVE INTO WHAT'S BEEN WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED WHEN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE WHICH HAS THE LARGEST COLLECTION OF MEDICAL RESOURCES IN THE WORLD. I'D LIKE TO ILLUSTRATE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS EXCITING--OF HOW EXCITING THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH CAN BE, 1 DAY I WAS WORKING THROUGH THE OBSTETRIC IMAGES OF FAMOUS MIDWIVES, SHOWN HERE, HUNTER ON THE LEFT THOUGHT ANATOMY HAD REPRESENT WHAT YOU SAW AND AS CAN YOU SEE FROM THESE ILLUSTRATIONS HE DID NOT SHY AWAY FROM DETAILS EVEN THE BUTCHERED APPEARANCE OF A WOMAN'S BODY. IN THE MIDDLE IS [INDISCERNIBLE] ANATOMICAL TABLES WHICH IS TD FIRST ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL BOOK PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. AND ON THE RIGHT, IS THE LEAST KNOWN OF THE 3, [INDISCERNIBLE] A FRENCH SURGEON AND NOT MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT HIM. IN THE BACK OF 1 OF HIS ATLASS I FOUND THIS ... THESE ARE 2 PLATES ENTITLED IN ENGLISH, BOY HERM AFROUGH ATOM DIET SEEN GERL HERMAPHRODITE, THEY WERE NOT INTENDED TO BE ISSUED WITH HIS WORK BUT THEY FOUND THEIR WAY INTO THIS VOLUME. HER MARVIN MUSCAN ROUGH ATOM DIET DESCRIBED INTERSECT INDIVIDUALS AND AT THE BOTTOM THERE'S A HANDWRITTEN NOTE THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS. THERE ARE THINGS I FIND INTERESTING ABOUT THEIR IMAGE, THEY'RE UNUSUAL IN THEIR CONTENT AND THEY'RE NOT OBSTETRICAL. SO WHY WOULD THEY BE CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME? I BELIEVE THE REASONS FOR THAT ARE 2 FOLD, FOR 1 ANY PHYSICAL PRESENTATION OUT OF THE NORM IS CONSIDERED AN [INDISCERNIBLE]. AND NONNORMATIVE BODY ASSOCIATED WITH THE BINARY OTHER, THE WOMAN, CERTAINLY NOT THE UNIVERSAL MANNER. THIS IS PROBABLY 1 OF THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE IMAGES IN ALL OF OUR HISTORY LEO NARDEE DA VINCI CALLED THE UNIVERSAL MAN, POWERFUL EXEMPLAR OF THE HUMAN RACE DEFINES THE IDEAL, THE PERSON WITH MATH, SCIENCE, UNIVERSE AND GOD BUT IN DOING SO, HE ALSO DEFINES THE OTHER, THE PERSON THAT'S NOT THE IDEAL. WHICH BY DEFAULT IS ANYONE WHO'S NOT MALE, WHITE, YOUNG, PERFECTLY PROPORTIONED, FIT AND WITHOUT ANY HAIR ON HIS BODY EXCEPT HIS WONDERFUL HEAD. I RECENTLY CAME ACROSS IN IMAGE ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND I LIKED THE MESSAGE BASICALLY THAT DEEP INSIDE US IS COMMON HUMANITY AND DIFFERENCES IN RACE, SEXUAL PREVENTIVE FERENCE, ORPIRATE HOOD OR CHANGE IN OGBONNIA OKORONKWOIPATION BUT AS I POINTED OUT TO THE PERSON WHO POSTED THIS IMAGE, THERE ARE NO WOMEN HERE. EVEN IN A MESSAGE OF INCLUSIVITY THE SKELETONS ARE ALL MALE, I DON'T BELIEVE THE INTENTION WAS TO EXCLUDE WOMEN, I ACTUALLY THINK MOST PEOPLE DON'T KNOW THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A MALE AND FEMALE SKELETON BUT FOR THE MOST PART THAT'S BECAUSE FOR THE MOST PART WE'RE PROVIDED WITH CONNECTICUT CYSTENT DEFAULT IMAGE OF THE BODY AND THAT'S MALE. ON A PRACTICAL LEVEL IT'S EASIER AND CHEAPER TO BUY A MALE SKELETON AS AN ARTIST TO FOCUSES ON THE FEMALE BODY, I WAS LOOKING TO PURCHASE 1 TO USE AS A FREE RADICALS ENSEL, CLASSIC HUMAN, PAINTED HUMAN, PREVENTIVEIUM LIFETIME HUMAN, HIGHLY FLEXIBLE HUMAN, DELUXE SUPER HUMAN, MINIATURE HUMAN AND IN THE FINE PRINT THEY USE THE TERM, HE, THE CLASSIC. BUT IF YOU KEEP SEARCHING YOU, EVENTUALLY FIEBD A FEMALE VERSION, THIS IS THE CHEAPEST FEMALE YOU COULD GET, THE CHEAPEST MALE WAS $189, AND THEN THE BOX POPPED UP ASKING IF THEY COULD HELP ME. WELL THEY COULD, I SPARE YOU THE EXTENSIVE CONVERSATION THAT MADE ITS WAY ALL THE WAY TO MANAGEMENT BUT THE RESULT WAS THEY OFFERED MY A MALE SKELETON WITH FEMALE PELVIC BEAN FOR REDUCED PRICE, I INFORMED THAT WAS A STANDARD TROAP GOING BACK TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THEY WERE USED TO RESTRICT A WOMAN'S ROLE TO KEEP HER IN HOME AND REDUCE HER VOICE IN GOVERNMENT. AT WHICH TIME THEY OFFERED ME THE FEMALE SKELETON. I POINTED OUT WHEN THE MALE BODY IS CALLED THE NORM AND THE FEMALE BODY WAS PRICED SO HIGH AND VERY DIFFICULT TO FIND IT WAS ART HISTORY TO DECIDE. TO QUOTE [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO HAS WRITTEN EXTENSIVELY ABOUT THE SKELETONS IN THE CLOSET, QUOTE THE MEASUREMENT OF DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKELETON AND LED SOME ANATOMISTS TO CONCLUDE THAT WHITE WOMEN RANK BELOW EUROPEAN MEN AND SHE CONTINUED IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND USING THAT WITH CHILDREN AND PRIMITIVE PEOPLE, STATE INDEED A DIFFERENT WAY, CULTURAL IDEALS MASQUERADED THE FACTS OF NATURE WHICH INTERN SERVED AS THE BASIS FOR SOCIAL INEQUALITY. THIS WAS TRUE FOR WOMEN AND ENSLAVED AFRICANS. FOR EXAMPLE, MANY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS BOTH PAST AND PRESENT ARE FULL OF VISUAL GENDER BIAS, FOR EXAMPLE, GRAY'S ANATOMY, ONLY AROUND 11% OF THE NONGENITAL IMAGES WERE FEMALE. THIS WAS SEEN IN A WIDER SAMPLE OF TEXTBOOKS AS WELL. IN 2018 A STUDY BY PARKER SHOWED THAT GENDER BIAS AND MEDICAL IMAGES HAD A DIRECT EFFECT ON STUDENTS IMPLICIT GENDER ATTITUDES. THE LOGIC FOR INCLUDING OR EXCLUDING THE FEMALE BODY HAS BEEN VARIABLE OVER TIME, THIS CAN BE SEEN NOT JUST IN SKELETONS AND TEXTBOOKS BUT IN REAL WORLD EXAMPLES THAT AFFECT OUR LIVES. RESEARCHERS HAVE OFTEN DEFENDED EXCLUSION OF WOMEN FROM STUDIES STAYING THAT HORMONAL CYCLES MAKE THEM TOO BIOLOGICAL HETEROGENEOUSIO GENERATED YIEWS BOTH FROM MEN AND EACH OTHER. TO QUOTE THE AUTHOR OF OUTRAGEOUS PRACTICES: IT DEFIES LOGIC TO CLAIM GEBDER DIFFERENCE CAN AFFECT STUDY RESULTS BY AFFECTING DRUG METABOLISM BUT THEN TO IGNORE THOSE DIFFERENCES, STUDY ONLY MEN, AND EXTRAPOLATE THOSE RESULTS TO WOMEN. WHILE DRUG STUDIES BEGAN TO LOOK AT SEX AS A FACTOR, WOMEN DID, 8 OUT OF 10 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS WERE PULLED OFF THE MARKET BETWEEN 1997-2001 AND THEY WERE DONE SO BECAUSE THEY WERE FOUND TO HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON WOMEN. SIMILARLY, THE TORYOITA SIENNA IS KNOWN TO HAVE THE HIGHEST SAFETY RATINGS, WHEN THE U.S. INTRODUCED A FEMALE CRASH TEST DUMMY IN 2011 THE PASSENGER SEAT WENT FROM HAVING A RATING OF 5 TO A RATING OF 2. THEY DIDN'T TEST WOMEN DRIVERS IN THE DRIVER'S SEAT BECAUSE THE ASSUMPTION WAS THE DRIVER WOULD BE MALE. --INITIATIVE AND INFORM THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH TO IMPROVE RESEARCH IN WOMEN AND COORDINATE ON WOMEN'S ISSUES. IN 1993 THE NIH REVITALIZATION ACT BECAME LAW WHICH MANDATED THE INCLUSION OF MEMORY RESPONSE WITH MINORITIES IN CLINICAL RESEARCH FUNDED BY THE NIH, WHILE IN THE LAST DECADE THERE HAVE BEEN GREAT INCREASED EFFORTS TO INCLUDE WOMEN AND STUDIES THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM IN 2020 ESTIMATED THAT THE GLOBAL GEBDER GAP WOULD TAKE ABOUT 99 YEARS TO CLOSE. NOW I WANT TO GIVE YOU A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ANATOMICAL REPRESENTATION OF FEMALE BODIES THROUGHOUT HISTORY ALONG 4 MAJOR THEMES. FIRST IS THE FEMALE CADAVER. THIS IMAGE IS FROM A 15th CENTURY BOOK BASED ON 13th CENTURY TEXT, THERE WAS A POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND IT'S CLEARLY AN EXAMPLE OF THE GENDER BIAS FOUND IN ANATOMICAL REPRESENTATION, DEPICTED HERE IS CHRISTIAN STORY OF ORIGINS ENTITLED THE CREATION OF EVE AND THE STRUCTURE OF MAN IN WHICH EVE RISES OUT OF ADAMS RIB TO EMBRACE GOD AND ALL THE WHILE IS ENCIRCLED IN THE GARDEN. EDEN. IN THE FOREGROND STANDING FREELYY ENGAGING WITH THE LAND SCAPE IS MAN WITH HIS ANONYMIZED TORSO IN FULL FRONTAL VIEW, THIS SHOWS THAT THE WOMEN'S BODY AND CREATION ITSELF ARE PRESCRIBED IN AN SYMBOLIC AND ALLEGORICAL WORLD AS MAN'S BODY IS PART OF THE EARTHLY ROUND, HE'S FACT OFINATE AND YOU ARE THEREFORE APPROPRIATE FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY. THAT DICHOTOMY AS WELL AS HIERARCHICAL ORDER OF MAN FIRST, WOMEN SECOND HAS BEEN PRESENT IN ANATOMY AND MEDICINE SINCE ITS BEGINNING AND REMAINS IN VARIOUS FORMS TODAY. IT'S NOT THAT WOMENS BODIES WEREN'T DISSECTED, THEY WERE, BUT THEY WERE UNDERSLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES, FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO THE 20th CENTURY, MOST WERE EXECUTED CRIMINALS, SOMETIMES UNCLAIMED BODIES, VICTIMS OF GRAVE ROBINGS AND VICTIMS OF MURDER. IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE 20th CENTURY THAT VOLUNTARY BODILY DONATIONS BECAME COMMON. CONTINUE TO DISSECTING WOMEN'S BODIES THERE WERE A FEW AVAILABLE, NOT ONLY BECAUSE THERE WERE FEWER FEMALE CRIMINALS BUT ALSO BECAUSE THEY COULD BT BE EXECUTED BY PREGINANCE, THERE WERE OTHER WAYS PEOPLE COULD GAIN ACCESS TO THE INTERIOR OF WOMEN'S BODIES. PERHAPS THE MOST TIMELY 1 THAT WE ALL KNOW IS THE C-SECTION. WHILE MANY BELIEVED IT WAS NAMED AFTER JULIUS CAESAR BECAUSE IT GOES BACK TO THAT TIME, IT WAS NOT, HE REFERENCES HIS MOTHER LATER IN LIFE AND THERE'S NO WAY SHE WOULD HAVE SURVIVED. ACCORDING TO MYTHOLOGY, THE GREEK GOD OF MEDICINE WAS ALSO BORN BY C-SECTION AND NERO WHO MANAGES TO FIND HIS WAY INTO STORIES, SUPPOSED POISONED HIS MOTHER AND WATCHED HER AUTOPSIES. KATHRYN PARK DESCRIBED IN THE SECRETS OF WOMEN OTHER REASONS WOMEN WERE DISSECTED IN THE MIDDLE AGES SUCH AS IN THE UNUSUAL CASE OF A [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WAS DISSECTED TO VERIFY HER CLAIM THAT THE STIGMA [INDISCERNIBLE] WERE IN HER BODY, 1 THE PICTURE ON THE RIGHT IS SHOWING THE ACTUAL PROCESS OF POSTMORTEM DISSECTION AND IT'S OF A WOMAN, FROM THE DISSECTOR WHO HAD KNIFE AND LIVER IN HAND AND THE MONITORING GUESTURE OF THE PHYSICIAN WHO JUST WALKED IN, LOOKS AS THOUGH HE WAS CAUGHT IN THE ACT OF SOMETHING HE WAS BT SUPPOSED TO DO. I WOULD NOW LIKE TO DISCUSS THE EXTENSIVE HISTORY OF THE ANATOMICAL FEMALE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BODY. AS I MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY, THE FEMALE BODY IS MOST COMMONLY REPRESENTED AS A REPRODUCTIVE OTHER TO THE UNIVERSAL MAN, A ROLE THAT GAME THE MOST DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC AND MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND THE MOST FREQUENT REPRESENTATION OF PREGNANCY IN THE MEDIEVAL TIMES AND EARLY MODERN CHRISTIAN ART WAS THE VIRGIN MARY SEEN IN THE MIDDLE WITH THE TINY BABY JESUS, WHILE NOT MEDICAL, HER PERVASIVE IMAGE OF HOLY, PURE, [INDISCERNIBLE] FOR FAMILY INFLUENCE ACCEPTED MOST REPRESENTING WOMEN. ON THE LEFT IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE TERRA FINDING EXTREMES OF [INDISCERNIBLE]. IN THE MARGINS OF THIS MANUSCRIPT, SOMEONE HAS DRAWN A FEW MULTIVARIOUS WOMEN WITH 1 OF THEM HAVING UP TO 28 BABIES. ON THE RIGHT IT'S AN IMAGE OF 1300 AND SHOWS THE CENTRAL IMPORTANCE OF A REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY, IN FACT ONLY ORGAN SHOWN WAS HER UTERROUS. IF YOU ARE CURIOUS, ABOUT THE SHAPE OF HER UTERROUS ON, IT ILLUSTRATES THE EARLY CONCEPT OF UTERINE STRUCTURE, ESTABLISHED IN ANCIENT TIMES AND PASSED DOWN TO THE RENAISSANCE, ACCORDING TO THIS, THE UTERROUS HAD 7 COMPARTMENTS TO ACCOMMODATE MULTIPLE BIRTHS AND DETERMINE THE SEX OF THE INFAPT. THESE PICTURES DEMONSTRATE THE 7 CELL UTERROUS, THE MIDDLE 1 IS A 13th CENTURY THAT IMAGINES THE UTERROUS AND RELATED STRUCTURES AS A CRUCIFIX AND THENOT RIGHT IS A WOOD BLOCK PRINT FROM [INDISCERNIBLE]. THIS 1 WAS ACTUALLY DISSECTED AND REALIZED THEY ONLY HAD 1 COMPARTMENT AND THEY WERE RECEPTIVE TO ANY SECTION. THIS SERIES OF IMAGES OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY ARE BIDE CANNED WHAT A SCHOLAR AND PHYSICIAN, FROM 1485 AND THE EARLEST ISLAMIC VERSIONS OF THIS TYPE BUT THEY LIKELY HAVE AN ANCIENT ORIGIN IN ALEXANDRIA SINCE SIMILAR FORMS SHOW UP IN EUROPE AND PERSIA, TRADITIONALLY THESE ARE A 5 FIGURE SERIES BUT THIS IS OUT OF THE 6 FIGURE WHICH YOU CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT OF A PREGNANT WOMAN. IT'S BASICALLY THE SAME AS THE ARE--ADMINISTRATIVE TERIOLE FIGURE ONLY HE ADDED A UTERROUS, AS CAN YOU SEE THESE ARE CONCEPTUAL, THEY'RE REDUCTED AND SCHEMATIC, YOU WOULDN'T WANT TO DO SURGERY FROM THESE IMAGES BUT IT DOES GIVE A SLIGHT INDICATION OF WHERE ORGANS WERE PLACED IN THE BODY, THE ONLY INDICATION OF SEX DIFFERENCE HERE IS THE UTERROUS AND THERE'S NO INDICATION OF ANY GENDER DIFFERENCES, THERE ARE MUTUAL BODIES. IN THE 15th CENTURY, THE FIELDS OF ANATOMY BEGAN TO CHANGE RAPIDLY, ANATOMICAL DIRECTION AND OBSERVATION WERE PART OF THE MEDICAL TEACHING PRACTICE. ILLUSTRATION IN THE FORM OF WOOD BLOCK PRINTS WERE ESSENTIAL. SHOWN IN THESE WORKS ARE [INDISCERNIBLE] HIS 1491 WORK WITH THE FIRST PRINTED MEDICAL TEXTBOOK WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. THREE YEARS LATER HEREVISED THEM AND PRINTED IT IN ITALIAN TO REACH A BROADER AUDIENCE AT THE LEFT IS THE PRINTS AND YOU CAN SEE WHAT THE TRADITIONAL ANATOMICAL THEATURE WOULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE AND HIERARCHICAL WITH THE PROFESSOR AT THE TOP, MEDICAL STUDENTS BELOW THAT, THE SURGEON AND THE CADAVER. AT THE RIGHT IS A SICKNESS FIGURE IN WHICH NAMES DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY AS WELL AS DIFFERENT POSSIBLE MALADIES, AND ALL OF THESE RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE MALE BODY. BUT HE ALSO INCLUDED IN HIS 1491 AND FREEN EDITION FEMALE FIGURES. OT EARLY EDITION OF THE LEFT, THE BODY IS IN THE POSTURE CALLING AN ILIAC IMAGES THAT GENDER IS INDICATED BY HER HIGH DRESS, ALTHOUGH MANY ORGANS ARE LABELED AS POTENTIAL ILLNESS OF FOR EACH, THE TEXT ONLY DISCUSSES HER REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. IN THE 94 EDITIONOT RIGHT, THIS WAS SEEN AS A GREAT ADVANCEMENT, IN THE UNDERSTANDING AND REPRESENTATION OF ANATOMY. AND WHILE THERE'S A GREATER ATTEMPT TO SITUATE HER ORGANS IN THE LOCATIONS THAT WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE FOUND AND THEY ALSO PUT HER IN AN ARM CHAIR HER INTERNAL ANATOMY HAS BEEN REDUCED FOR ONLY GENITAL DIAGRAM. ON THE LEFT CAN YOU SEE HE COPIED THIS FULL FIGURE, THE SICKNESS FIGURE, BUT HE'S ALSO INCLUDED THE ORGANS, INSIDE, AT THE SAME TIME HE WAS DOING THIS, HE WAS ALSO TRYING TO TEACH HIMSELF LATIN MEDICINE AND,A NAT ME. ON THE RIGHT DOES A DRAWING FOR ABOUT 25 YEARS LATER IN 1510 WHICH IS 1 OF THE MOST ICONIC OF ALL RENAISSANCE DRAWINGS AND DEFINITELY THE MOST COMPLETE STUDY THAT LEONARDO DID OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS. WHILE THERE ARE MANY INACCURACIES INCLUDING A 7 CELLED INTERIOR UTERINE OUTLINE IT'S A FAR CRY FROM WHAT HIS CONTEMPORARIES WERE DOING, FURTHER MORE IT'S 1 OF THE ONLY EXAMPLES THAT WHERE THE FEMALE BODY WAS USED AS THE NORMATIVE BODY. INTERESTINGLY, THE IMAGE IS CATEGORIZED WITHIN THE FEMALE GENITAL URINARY SYSTEM. LEONARDO WAS ALSO INTERESTED IN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY AND THE MECHANICS OF GUESTATION, HE MADE 1 OF THE FIRST ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF FEMALE GENITALIA, BASED ON ACTUAL DISSECTION AND HE WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO CORRECTLY DRAW THE URTERRINE ARTERY AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE CERVIX AND VAGINA. HE OCCASIONALLY WOULD ORBTIANYL BOVINE AND HUMAN PARTS HE IS THE FIRST PERSON TO DEPICT THE HUMAN FETUS IN THE PROPER POSITION IN THE WOMB AND BY DRAWING THE WOMB WITH ONLY 1 COMPARTMENT. IN ADDITION, LEONARDO WAS NASAA.COMINATED BY THE COMPLEX LEG OF HUMANS AND THEIR CONNECTION TOINATE AND YOU ARE TO GOD. THIS IS A BIT OF DETOUR FROM THE WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE BODY, BUT IT'S A SIGNIFICANT PAINTING IN TERMS OF HOW BOTH SEX AND GENDER WERE POETIC TRAYED. THIS IS ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, COMPLETED BETWEEN 1513 AND 1516 AND BELIEVED TO BE HIS FINAL PAINTING. IT WAS WITH HIM WHEN HE DIED. IN IT LEONARDO CREATES A TRAIL OF ST. JOHN THAT'S INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN MAN AND GOD, SENSUAL AND SPIRITUAL MALE AND FEMALE. EVIDENCE FOR THIS NONBINARY THINKING CAN BE SEEN IN A DRAWING FROM HIS STUDIO OR THE ST. JOHN, NOT MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT THIS IMAGE OR EVEN IF IT'S BY HIS HAND BUT IT GIVES YOU INSIGHT INTOS THE CREATIVE SPACE THAT LEONARDO OCCUPIED. FOR HIM THE MELDING OF THE SEXES WAS ASSOCIATE WIDE GODLINESS, NOT DYSFUNCTION. AN IMAGE FROM ABOUT 20 YEARS AFTER LEONARDO DIED. THESE ARE PART OF A SERIES OF ILLUSTRATION CALL FLAT BOOKS ALL CALLED FUGITIVE SHEETS IN WHICH LAYER CANS BE CUT OUT AND ASSEMBLED LIKE PAPER DOLLS, THEY DEPICT THE MALE AND FEMALE AS COMPANIONS. THIS WORK IS BY [INDISCERNIBLE] IN 1619, HERE YOU CAN SEE THAT THE LEVEL OF DETAIL AND INTRICACY HAS JUMPED TREMENDOUSLY DURING THIS TIME. OT RIGHT YOU CAN SEE AN EXAMPLE OF 1 OF THE FLAPS BEING PULLED UP, IT WAS AN NALGOUS TO THE DISSECTION ITSELF, IN THE ILLUSTRATION NOT ONLY DID WE SHOW THE MALE AND FEMALE FIGURES BUT IF WE LOOK AT THE BOTTOM IN THE MIDDLE, CAN YOU SEE THAT THERE'S A HUGE TORSO OF A PREGNANT WOMEN. THIS FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS THE CENTRALITY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION TO ANATOMY. WHEN YOU OPEN THE PREGNANT ABNORMALITIES DOMAININ, YOU ARE CONFROBT WIDE A METRICS DUCE O TYPE OGRE OR DIABLA, THIS WAS TO WORN OF THE PROXIMITY OF EVIL IN ALL OF GOD'S HANDIWORK, UNDER THAT FLAP YOU WORK YOUR WAY TO THE BABY AND THE BACK OF THE U TERUS. JUMPING SEVERAL CENTURIES I WANT TO SHOW THIS EXAMPLE OF A LARGE MANIKIN AT AND CALLED WHITE'S PHYSIOLOGICAL MANIKIN. CAN YOU SEE BY THE CHAIR ON THE RIGHT HOW BIG IT IS. THIS CLEARLY IS MALE AND BEING USED HERE AS A UNIVERSAL BODY BUT AS YOU START TO OPEN THE FLAPS, YOU DISCOVER THERE'S OHM 1 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THAT'S OF A WOMAN. COMPLETE WITH EXTERNAL GENITALIA, SHOWN IN CROSS SECTION WHICH YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT, ANOTHER FEATURE THAT WAS INTERESTING ABOUT THIS LAB BOOK IS THAT CAN YOU OPEN UP THE RIB CAGE, YOU'RE PRESENT TD WITH AN ILITRATION OF THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF CORSETING WHICH WAS A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH CONCERN FOR WOMEN AT THE TIME. THESIS FEMALE REFERENCES CAN MAKE A COMPELLING EXAMPLE OF THE 19th CENTURY INTERSECTS OR TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUAL, THAT WAS NOT THE INTENT. IT SHOWS VERY CLEARLY HERE THAT THE MALE BODY SERVED AS THE NORM ALL ABOUT BUT 1 ASPECT AND THE FEMALE BODY WAS SIGNIFICANT ONLY FOR HER REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY AND DANGEROUS FASHION CHOICES. ALSO SHOWN IS A 1905 ANATOMICAL MANIKIN FULLY DIDY VOTED TO SHOWING A WOMAN'S BODY PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT. OF NOTE, IT WAS PROVIDED BY A FEMALE DOCTOR, DR. [INDISCERNIBLE]. WHEREAS THE FLAT BOOKS AND SHEETS WERE CONCEIVED TO BE USEFUL TO A BROAD AUDIENCE SUCH AS DOCTORS MEDICAL STUDENTS, SURGEONS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC, PRINTED ANATOMICAL BOOKS WERE GEARED TOWARDS THE MEDICAL AUDIENCE. AGAIN YOU OFTEN SEE THE INITIAL COMPANION PAIR BUT IN THIS FORMAT, THE MAN TENDS TO BE BROADLY DISSECTED AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, AND THE WOMAN IS ONLY PARTIALLY DISSECTED TO SHOW FOR YOUR GENITAL ORGANS. YOU ALSO BEGIN TO SEE A GENDERING OF THE RESPECTIVE WORLDS FOR EXAMPLE, MEN TEND TO BE ACTIVE ENGAGING WITH THE LANDSCAPE, AND EVEN SOMETIMES PARTICIPATING IN THEIR OWN DISSECTION. WOMEN HOWEVER ARE GENERALLY SHOWN IN INTERIOR SETTING OR CLOAKED ARE VETED DOWN AND PASSIVE MODEST IF NOT SHAMEFUL, FURTHER MORE THEY'RE ONLY SHOWN FOR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, I'M PARTICULARLY FOND OF THE 1 ON THE RIGHT WHERE SHE'S TAKING AN ACTIVE ROLE IN POINTING OUT HER PLACENTA AS IF SHE'S SHOWING A NEW TRUTH ABOUT THE FEMALE BODY. 1543 WAS A SIGNIFICANT TURNING BUOYANT IN THE HISTORY OF ANADIA ME. [INDISCERNIBLE] PUBLISHED THE WORK FABRICCA EXPW SHE CHANGED THE NATURE OF ANATOMY AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE, NOT ONLY DID HE PERFORM HIS OWN DISSECTIONS AND REPORT THEM IN GREAT DETAIL BUT ALSO THE FIRST PERSON TO REFUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL DETAILS. THE PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK CAN CAN NOW BE DONE BY THE PRINTING PRESS, PURSUIT OF ANATOMY EXPLODED. THERE ARE A COUPLE THINGS I WANT TO POINT OUT IN THIS IMAGE, FIRST OF ALL NOTE THE SHIFT OF THE ANATOMIST OF THE PHYSICIAN ON I HAD TO THE PROFESSOR BEING NEXT TO THE CADAVER, BOTH TEACHING AND OBSERVING DIRECTLY. SURROUNDING ALL OF THIS IS A THRONG OF STUDENTS, DOGS, MONKEYS BUT IN THE CENTER OF CHAOS IS THE MAIN EVENT, THE MAIN FOCUS, THE CADAVER. AND QUITE REMARKABLY, IT'S A WOMAN. THIS WAS NOT BY CHANCE. VERSALIERKS IS WAS PROUD HE HE DISSECTED 12 WOMAN, THEY EMBODIED THE SECRETS OF LIFE TO GENDER ANATOMY WHILE IT'S SIGNIFICANT THAT THE FEMALE BODY IS THE--AND UNSETTLING ABOUT THIS CELLS IN THE BLOODURE, SHE'S THE ONLY WOMAN IN THIS BOISTEROUS CROWD, SHE'S NAKED AND HER BODY IS OPEN AND AVAILABLE FOR EXAM NATION, SHE IS NOT THE ONLY WOMAN IN THE ROOM, THERE'S ANOTHER WOMAN HIDING IN THE BACK, SO THE STORY GOES THE CADAVER WAS A CRIMINAL AND BEFORE SHE COULD BE EXCUED CUTED AND DISSECTED A MIDWIFE HAD TO VERIFY SHE WAS NOT PREGNANT. IT'S BELIEVED THIS FIGURE IS THE MIDWIFE WHO SEALED HER FATE. THIS IS BEST KNOWN FOR THE ICONIC EXQUISITE AND MUSCLE AND SKELETON, THEYA LOOK ALIVE IN DEATH AND THEY ARE CELEBRATION OF MAN'S MAJESTY AND SPIRIT. BUT WHEN HE DEMONSTRATES THE INTERNAL ORGANS INSITUE, HE OFTEN SITUATES THEM IN FAMOUS ANC YEBT SCULPTURES AND MAKING THE BODIES ACCEPTABLE AND HISTORICALLY AND ARTISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. THERE ARE ONLY 2 TORSOS OF WOMEN IN THE ENTIRE BOOK, THOSE SHOWING THE ORGANS AND THIS 1 SHE'S PRESENTED IN THE BODY OF A SCRUPT'LLURE OF VENOUS DEMILO, THE FABRICCA REVEALS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF HOW SEX AND GENDER WERE FRAMED DURING THIS TIME. IF YOU LOOK AT A PICTURE OF THE GENITALS, WE ALL KNOW WHAT THIS IS, A VAGINA, IF YOU ARE LIKE ME, YOU PROBABLY THOUGHT THIS WAS PART OF THE MALE ANATOMY BUT THIS ISA AN ILLUSTRATION OF A VARMIS GUIN AWHILE THERE ARE MANY THEORIES ABOUT WHY IT WAS DRAWN THIS WAY, INCLUDING A HASTY WAY. Q.WHICH A MISTRESS WAS TAKEN OUT OF THE GROUND AND THEY CUT OUT HER REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN, IT IS A MORE DIRECTLY OF A LONG STANDING PHILOSOPHY HANDED DOWN FROM ANCIENTS THAT WOMENS ORGANS REMEMBER WERE HOMOLOGUES, OF THE BODY. FURTHER MORE THE ANCIENT THEORIES FIND THAT THE HIRE ARMY OF DIFFERENCES WITH WOMAN'S AGER ANS BEING AN INCOMPLETE VERSION OF MEN OR INFERIOR REALIZIZATION. SO WHILE THE VERSALIS DEBUNKED A LOT OF THE ANCIENTS AND TOUTED THE IMPORTANCE OF DISSECTING WOMEN AND DIRECT OBSERVATION, HE STILL ALLOWED TRADITIONAL SEX AND GENDER BASED THEORIES TO DICTATE HIS REPRESENTATION. I ALSO WANT TO SHOW MORE PICTURES OF WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE BODIES, THIS IS A PICTURE OF THE FETUS FROM 1986, FOCUSES ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND ALSO WOMBS THAT UNFOLD AND FLOWER. ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGGING WHO'S ACTUALLY MORE ARTIST THAN ANATOMY WAS [INDISCERNIBLE]. HIS IMAGES ARE HAUNTINGLY HIEWMEROUS AND YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT, COMPARED TO THE ONES ON THE RIGHT HE WAS MUCH MORE INTERESTED AND INTRIGUED BY THE FEMALE BODY. THESE ARE OFTEN ILLUSTRATED AS 2 FIGURES, A LIFE LIKE AND HIGHLY GEBDERRED WOMEN, WITH FACIAL EXPRESSION, HAIR STYLES, MATERNAL AND DRAMATIC, AND ANOTHER WOMAN WHO'S SEXUAL AND MONSTROUS, AT THE FEET ARE DISSECTED GENITAL ORGANS AND FETUSES, PLACENTAS AND OCCASIONALLY A FLOATING EMBRYONIC [INDISCERNIBLE] IN A LITTLE GLASS. AND JUST TO SHOW YOU THAT ANATOMY OF LIVE AND WELL AND CONTEMPORARY ART, HERE ARE 2 INSTALLERATIONS BY DAMAN HURST. THESE ARE MASSIVE EXAMPLES OF THE FULL PREGNANCY FIGURE AND THE UTERROUS. THE SCULPT'LLURE --SCULPTURE IN THE LEFT. THE 21621 INSTALLATION ON THE RIGHT IS IN QATAR OUTSIDE THE TRUSTEES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER, IT'S SUPPOSELY THE FIRST NAKED SCULPTURE IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND CAUSED QUITE A CONTROVERSY. IT FOLLOWS EMBRYO TO SPERM, FETUS TO BIRTH, TO BABY BOY. I WANT TO FOCUS ON THAT SECOND FORM OF SYMBOLIC REPRODUCTIVE BODY, THE UTERROUS, UP UNTIL THE 20th SEBTRY LIVE FETUSES COULDN'T BE VISUALIZED THUS THE IMAGES OF THE INTERUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CREATED BOTH THE PRACTICAL PURPOSE OF TEACHING PEOPLE HOW TO DELIVER BABIES BUT ALSO FOR THE PHILOSOPHICAL 1 FOR THE ORIGINS OF LIFE, YOU CAN SEE THE UTERROUS WITH PRESENTATIONS AT BIRTH. JUST AS THE IMAGE OF THE PREGNANT WOMEN HAS CHANGED WITH TIME, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD VIEWS SO AS THE FETAL IMAGE IN UTERO, JUST LIKE UNIVERSAL HUMAN IS TYPICALLY MALE, SO TOO IS THE UNIVERSAL BABY. THIS IS SOME OF THE IMAGES I'VE FOUND OF BABIES, WHILE THESE AREN'T PLEASANT THE FEMALE GENITALIA WILL BE--MOST PLACED AT HOME WITH FEMALE FRIENDS AND FAMILY AND A MIDWIFE WHO OFFERED EXPERTISE AND GUIDANCE. OCCASIONALLY MALES WERE BROUGHT IN THIS CASES OF EMERGENCY EITHER TO SAVE THE LIFE OF THE BABY, OR SAVE THE LIFE OF THE MOTHER. THEY HAD A TERRIBLE REPUTATION WITH MIDWIFES WHO WILL DO EVERYTHING TO DELIVER THE BABY BEFORE CALLING ON A SURGEON AND CONVERSELY THE SURGEONS HAD A TERRIBLE VIEW OF MIDWIVES. IN THE 17th CENTURY PETER CHAMBERLAIN INVENTED FORCEPS AND BY THE 18th CENTURY THEY WERE USED ALL OVER EUROPE. CAN YOU SEE THEM IN THE CENTER PICTURE. SINCE IT WAS ILLEGAL FOR MIDWIVES TO USE THEM, MEN SLOWLY TOOK OVER THE PRACTICE. THE PICTURE IN THE MIDDLE AND RIGHT ARE BY [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO I MENTIONED EARLIER, HE WAS SIGNIFICANT OBSTETRICIAN BY THE MITTED 18 G CENTURY AND CONSIDERED A GREAT TEACHER BUT HE WAS NOT ENTIRELY LIKED BY THE MIDWIVES, IN FACT ELIZABETH MEAL, MIDWIFE AND FEMINIST FROM THE TIME DESCRIBED HIM AS A GREAT HORSE GOD MOTHER OF A MIDWIFE. THESE ARE SOME OF THE MIDWIFES LEANING UP TO THAT PERIOD, THEY OFTEN SERVED AS MIDWIVES THEY DISSPELLED MYTHS AND BIRTH, SUCH AS THE IDEAS OF WOMEN'S GENITALS BEING INVERTED HOM LOGS OF MEN, EMPHASIZE THE WOMEN'S ROLE IN CONCEPT AND FOUGHT FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EQUALITY, 1 COULD NOT LEARN ANYTHING FROM WOMEN ABOUT BOOKS BECAUSE THEY HAD BEEN WRITTEN BY MEN AND OF COURSE, THEY WERE SOMETIMES ACCUSED OF WITCH CRAFT. THERE ISTH CENTURY MIDWIFE WHO I LOOLD TO DISCUSS IN MORE DETAIL BECAUSE SHE'S 1 OF THE MOST INTERESTING PEOPLE THAT CAME ACROSS IN MY RESEARCH. THIS IS MARGARET [INDISCERNIBLE] SHE'S WRITTEN A FANTASTIC BOOK CALLED THE KING'S MIDWIFE, OF ALL THE PEOPLE TRYING TO TAKE OVER THE PRACTICE SHE DECIDED TO RECREATE HERSELF AT THE AGE OF 45. SHE BEGAN CALLING HERSELF MADON EVEN THOUGH SHE WASN'T MARRIED AND PROMOTED HER STATUS WITHIN THE PATRIARCHY RATHER THAN ENGAGING IN FEMINIST ADVOCACY WORK WITH THE MIDWIVES. SHE PUBLISHED A BOOK SEEN HERE, AND IT WAS A PRACTICAL MANUEL ON HOW TO DELIVER CHILDREN IN WHICH SHE POSITS HERSELF AS A DEDICATED SERVE ABT OF THE STATE STRESSING THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFE FREG PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY OF THE BENEFIT OF THE FRENCH NATIONAL POPULATION, NOT LONG AFTER PUBLISHING THIS BOOK, KING LOUIS THE 15th GAVE HER THE TASK OF TRAVELING THROUGHOUT FRANCE YOU SHOULD HIS PATRONAGE AND PROTECTION TO SHARE HER EXPERTISE. THIS WAS UNHEARD OF FOR A WOMAN OF HER TIME AND THROUGH AMERICAN HISTORY SHE DELIVERED THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. HERE SHE SHOWS DELIVERY OF A MALE BABY. IN THE PARLIAMENT OF PARIS RULED IN 1755 THAT MIDWIVES COULDN'T USE FORCEPS SHE DECIDED TO CREATE THE FIRST OBSTETRICAL MAN KEN WHICH SHE CALLED HER MACHINE, SHE COULD USE IT IN THE CLASSES AND BELIEVED IT WOULD PROPER TRAIN MIDWIVES SO FORCEPS WOULD BE UNNECESSARY, HER MODEL CONTAINS THE WOMB, VAGINA, RECTUM, LIGAMENT AND THE AS WELL AS THE CHILD. THERE'S A CHILD HEAD WITH OVERLAPPING CRANIAL BONES, PLACENTA WITH MEMBRANES, TWINS WITH EMBRAINS, UMBIL KACCT CORD, AND THE OTHER HALF WHICH WAS INFLATED AND COULD SIMULATE THAT OF AN ALIVE CHILD, SHE ALSO INCLUDED A UTERROUS AND A [INDISCERNIBLE] TO PRACTICE PLACEMENT. SHE ALSO INTRODUCED DIFFERENT FLUIDS THAT YOU COULD BUY FOR EXTRA MONEY. THIS IS AN X-RAY OF HER MACHINE. AND YOU CAN SEE FROM IT, THAT SHE'S USED AN ACTUAL FEMALE PELVIC BONE AND CONSTRUCTED JOINS. SHE SUPPOSEDLY MADE OVER 600 OF THESE IN HER LIFETIME BUT ONLY 1 REMAINS. FOR COMPARISON THIS IS ANOTHER MANIKIN IN THE SAME MUSEUM ADJACENT TO HERS, IT WAS MADE A HUNDRED YEARS LATER BY 2 MEN AND 1 OF THE MOST POPULAR MODELS ON THE MARKET. IT OFFERS LESS DETAILS AND MATERIALS WHICH ARE WOOD, METAL, SOME LEATHER ARE A FAR CRY FROM THE TISSUES OF THE BODY. I WOULD SAY THAT GAPING MATALIC RING OF A VARMIS BEGINNA OFFERS LITTLE IN THE WAY OF ACTUAL EXPERIENCE OF A DELIVERY WHILE BOTH MODELS ARE OBJECTIFYING AND IMPERSONAL I THINK IT'S INTERESTING TO CONTRAST THE SIMILAR ITEMS MADE BY A WOMAN WHO WAS TEACHING PRIMARILY WOMEN AND MEN TEACHING MOSTLY MEN. BUT REALLY STOOD OUT IN PARTICULAR WAS THAT THIS WAS A BABY GIRL, GIVEN THAT ALL THE BOOKS ILLUSTRATE A MALE BABY IT'S FAGSINATING TO ME IN THIS CASE, SHE DEVELOPMENTAL ENDOCRINOLOGYIATES FROM THE STANDARD. WELL I CAN ONLY SPECULATE ON THE REASON FOR THIS, I LIKE TO BELIEVE THAT WHEN SHE WAS IN THE CLASSES SHE FELT THE LIBERTY TO INCLUDE THE GIRL MODEL. JUMPING AHEAD 200 CENTURIES WE KNEW TECHNOLOGIES WERE DEVELOPED, YOU COULD NOW SEE THE INTERIOR OF LIVING BODIES AND THE EARLY 1920S X-RAYS WERE USED UNTIL THE HARMFUL EFFECTS WERE DISCOVERED AND THEN IN 1958 ULTRA SOUNDS BECAME THE GOLD STANDARD FOR PEOPLE IMAGES. MEDICALLY THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTIONIZED MATERNAL AND FETAL CARE. SOCIALLY IT CREATED THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE FETAL PORTRAIT THAT'S NOW DISTRIBUTED IN ADS, CHRISTMAS CARDS, THROUGHOUT SOCIAL MEDIA. AND POLITICALLY IT'S BEEN USED BY THE RIGHT TO LIFE MOVEMENT FOR POLITICAL AND LEGISLATIVE ACTION. IN MANY WAYS, IT'S OUR CONTRIBUTION, FOR THE LITTLE MAN IN THE UTERROUS, TO QUOTE [INDISCERNIBLE], SUCH VISUALS PRESENTS FETAL INDEPENDENCE DID SO AT THE EXPENSE OF MATERNAL EMBODIMENT. IN THE 1960S AND 70S THIS ISOLATED LITTLE HERO BOASTS START UP WITH PHOTOGRAPHS OF FETUSES STARTED APPEARING ON MAGAZINE COVERS AND THIS SPARKED A NEW FASCINATION WITHIN MEDICINE AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC, WITH EMBRYOLOGY. BUT AT THE SAME TIME, IT BEGAN TO STOKE FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURISTIC POWER OF LABORATORY BASED REPRODUCTION AS WELL AS DEMISE OF THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY, THIS FAMOUS LIFE COVER FROM 1965 FEATURES LEONARD NELSON'S PHOTOS OF A FETUS WITH A STORY ABOUT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND 8 MILLION COPIES SOLD WITHIN THE FIRST 4 DAYS OF THE RELEASE. WHILE THE ART CLAIMS THAT THE PHOTOS WERE LIVING FETUSES, WILSON ACTUALLY PHOTOGRAPHS ABORTED MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM SWEDISH WOMEN WHO LEGALLY TERMINATED PREGNANCIES. AS A RESULT HIGH WAS ABLE TO COMPOSE THE FOES ON WITH BACKGROUND, POSITION AND PUTTING THE THUMB OF THE FETUSES HAND IN ITS MOUTH TO MAKE IT LOOK MORE ALIVE. IN ALL OF THE IMAGES, THE PRESENCE OF MOTHER HAS BEEN ERADICATED THUS MINIMIZING HER VITAL ROLE AS WELL AS THE FETUS DEPENDENCE UPON HER MPLET THIS HAVE AN IMPACT ON POPULAR CULTURE, MOST NOTABLY THE STANLEY COOPER SPACE ODESSY, THE FREE FLOATING CHILD REPRESENTS A NEXT GENERATED IN EVOLUTION, THIS MAKES THE MOTHER COMPLETE, NOT ONLY IS THE BABY SPONTANEOUSLY BORN FROM THE CHARACTER WHO'S MALE AFTER HE DIES BUT ALSO THE ACTUAL BABY MODEL WHICH WAS MADE BY A WOMAN THAT WAS USED IN THE FILM. SHE WAS NEVER GIVEN CREDIT AND FINAL CREDIT FOR THE FILM. HER NAME WAS LIZ MOORE. THIS IS A TIME POPPER FROM 1978 THAT MARKED THE FIRST TEST TUBE BABY LUIS BROWN DESPITE SHE CAME FROM FEMALE AND MALE PARENTS THE IMAGE SHOWS 2 SPACE AGE FINGERS REACHING OUT TO CREATE LIFE. THE GESTURE IS A DIRECT QUOTE FROM THE CYSTINE CEILING IN WHICH GOD TOUCHES THE OUTSTREECHED FINGER TO CREATE LIFE. THUS DRIVING HOME THE MESSAGE THAT JUST WITH DIVINE CREATION IN THE BEGINNING, IN SCIENTIFIC CREATION IN THE FUTURE, THE WOMAN WILL NOT BE INVOLVED. IRONICALLY AS THE SAME IMAGES WERE BEING CIRCULATED WOMEN'S REPRODUCT UF FUNCTION TOOK ON PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN BOTH MEDICINE AND POLITICS, FOR ISSUES SUCH AS OPORTION, BIRTH CONTROL AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. AND HERE IT IS, THE STUDY THAT WAS JUST PUBLISH INDEED NATURE AN ARTIFICIAL WOMB GROWING A MOUSE EMBRYO FOR HALF OF ITS NATURAL GUESTATION PERIOD COMPLETE WITH BEATING HEART CELLS, HEAD AND LIMB BUDS. AS WE DISCUSSED ALREADY, BEING SEEN PREDOMINANTLY AS A REPRODUCTIVE BODY FROM DIFFERENT HORMONAL CYCLES AND WOMEN HAVE KEPT THEM OUT OF MEDICAL TRIALS, FURTHER MORE HAVING A UTERROUS OF CHILD BEARING POTENTIAL TREATS EVERY WOMAN LIKE A WALKING [INDISCERNIBLE] EVEN IF THEY DON'T WANT TO HAVE CHILDREN, CAN'T HAVE CHILDREN OR NOT CURRENTLY PREGNANT, WE ARE KEPT OUT OF DRUG STUDIES. CONCERNS TO THE RISK ARE UNDERSTANDABLE AND WE WANT TO,A VOID TRAGEDIES LIKE CRISIS OF THE 50S AND 60S BUT AS [INDISCERNIBLE] POINTS OUT IN THE BOOK DOING HARM THERE'S A TENDENCY TO FOCUS ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TREATMENT TO THE DANGERS OF THE FETUS. ACCORDING TO THE CDC 90% OF THE THEM TAKE SOME FORM OF MEDICATION AND 70% OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION WHILE PREGNANT BUT THESE DRUGS HAVE UNKNOWN SAFETY OR EFFICACY BECAUSE THEY'VE NEVER BEEN TESTED IN PREGNANT WOMEN THIS, LEAVES THE WOMAN AND FETUS VULNERABLE TO THE UNTREATED CONDITION OR IN AN UNCONTROLLED EXPERIMENT EVERY TIME THEY TAKE A MEDICATION, AGAIN TO QUOTE DOOSENBERRY, WE LEARN ON THE BACKS OF WOMEN WHILE PRETENDING WE DON'T BE EXPERIMENT ON PREGNANT WOMEN. --PROW FOUND EFFECTS ON EVERY ASPECT OF HER LIFE, SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, POLITICAL, AND MORE, IT'S SOCIAL ANATOMICAL DETERMINISM THAT HAS SHAICHED THE REST OF HER HUMAN EXPERIENCE. I WOULD LOAMACYIC TO TURN TO THE THEME OF THE ANATOMICAL WOMAN AS A SEXUAL BODY. THE FOCUS ON REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY WENT HAND AND IN HAND AS A SEXUAL BODY, BUT INSTEAD OF SEEING HER AS A SEXUAL SUBJECT WITH STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS THAT ENABLE HER OWN SEXUAL PLEASURE, HER BODY WAS ILLUSTRATED AS A SEXUAL OBJECT AVAILABLE FOR VISUAL COMSUMPTION BY OTHERS. THIS IS ALBREAK[INDISCERNIBLE] DRAWING IN NUDE AND IN IT YOU SEE ON THE RIGHT A MALE ARTIST DRAWING A FEMALE MODEL THROUGH A TRANSPARENT GRID THAT HELPS HER ASSESS HER BODY, HE IS THE ACTIVE ANALYTIC PARTICIPANT AND HE EXISTS IN THE WORLD OF SCIENCE, STRUCTURE AND ORDER, SHE HOWEVER, IN CONTRAST IS SENSEIOUSLY LYING ON CUSHIONS WHILE PASSIVELY OFFERING HERSELF TO HIS GAZE. THE INCLUSION OF THE TALL OBELISK BETWEEN HIS ARTS, SWORT AT HIS WASTE AND PEN HE'S ABOUT TO DIP INTO INK ARE NOT SUBTLE ABOUT LAWN MOWER HE'S THINKING. WHAT'S STRIKING ABOUT THE POSITION IS THE POSITIONING AND SUBJECT OBJECT RELATIONSHIP ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF A GUIN ONICOLOGICAL EXAM. INDEED, THERE'S AN EROTICISM TO ANATOMY AS MEDICAL IV THERAPIORIAN POINTED OUT, DISSECTION HAS OFTEN BEEN REGARDED AS A KIND OF UNDRESSING OF THE BODY OR A RAPE OF THE GRAVE. IT'S ALSO PROVIDED A LEGITIMATE DOMAIN IN WHICH MALE AND FEMALE GENITALS RECEIVED DETAILED REPRESENTATION, AS HE DESCRIBES IT'S [INDISCERNIBLE] PORNOGRAPHY GAVE IT A GLOW AND A TINNINGLE. A FASCINATING RENAISSANCE EXAMPLE OF THIS IS CHARLES [INDISCERNIBLE] DISSECTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. WHILE HE DID DOCUMENT MEDICAL IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES AND THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY, DRAW AND LABEL THE KLITORIS, YOU CAN SEE HIS ART RIFTRY WAS NOWHERE ON PARWITH THE OTHERS BUT AS THE SAYING GOES AND SEX SELLS AND ETIENNE IS VERY INTERESTED IN SEX. FOR HIS ANATOMICAL WOMAN HE BORROWED A SERIES OF POPULAR PORNO GRAPHIC IMAGES FROM THE EROTICS BOOK THE LOVES OF THE GODS. FOR THE MOST PART DEPICTED IN BEDROOMS SWIMMING IN ECSTASY, AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY ON THE FIGURES, THE SENSE OF SEX LINGERS HOWEVER AND APPEALED TO A WIDE AUDIENCE BOTH MEDICAL AND NONMEDICAL. IN THE IMAGE ON THE LEFT, IT'S 1 OF THE ONLY 1S WHERE SHE'S OWZ AND THE VOYEURISTICKISTIC EXPERIENCE OF THE READER IS MIRRORED BY THE MAN IN THE UPPER LEFT CONNER STANDING ON A BALCONY AND READJUSTING HIS GLASSES TO GET A BETTER VIEW, ON THE RIGHT I FIND IT INCONGRUUS AS SHE POINTING TO A VERY SPORTUEUS LOOKING SPEC LUMON THE FLOOR. HERE AGAIN IS [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO SEEMS TO BE REVELING IN THE GROTESQUE EROSETTAICISM OF THE DISSECTED BODY, WHILE THIS COULD BE CONSTRUED AS THE BIRTHING POSE, IT REALLY FEELS SHE'S MORE READY FOR A SEXUAL ENCOUNTER OF THE VIEWER. TAKING ANOTHER 2000 YEAR LEAP, THIS IS THE MEDICAL TEXTBOOK ENTITLED ANATOMICAL BASIS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE FROM FREDERICK BECKER. FROM 1971 HE USES PHOTOGRAPHS OF PIN UP GIRLS AND PLOY BOY STYLE NUDES ALONG WITH SEXUALLY SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS ABOUT WOMEN, A BOYCOTT FROM GEORGE TOWN MEDICAL SCHOOL AND PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE DENOUNCED THE BOOK AS DENIGRATION OF WOMEN AND MEN PRACTICING MEDICINE, IT WAS WRA UNSUPPORTED FROM THE MARKET WHERE THE AUTHOR CLAIMS THEY IT WAS A WITCH HUNT. THE CORRESPONDING IMAGES OF MEN ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT, THEY'RE NONSEXUAL AND FOCUSED ON THE PART OF THE BODY YOU'RE STUDYING. PERHAPS THE MOST STRIKING AND OBVIOUS SEXUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN HAVE BEEN THE 3D MODELS. THIS IS IN PART DUE TO THE UNCANNINESS OF THEIR PHYSICALITY WHICH MAKES THEM FEEL STRAIMPLEGLY FAMILIAR WITH WAYS THAT ARE UNPHOTOIZED, THIS IS ALSO OF THE WAX MODELS ALSO CALLED WAX VENUSS, DURING THE ERA OF ENLIGHTENMENT, IT WOULD GO ON TOUR IN EUROPE IN THE NAME OF EDUCATION AND REFINEMENT AND THE ESSENTIAL PART OF THAT TOUR WAS VISITING ILLEGALSING THE CABINETS OF CURIOSITY AND WAX MODELS THROUGHOUT EUROPE. THE CENTERPIECE OF ANY GOOD COLLECTION WAS THE LIFE SIZE WAX MODEL OF BEAUT Y AND PERFECTION. IN,A DITION TO HAVING, AS YOU CAN SEE ACCURATELY COLORED ORGANS THAT COULD BE TOUCHED AND REMOVED AND EXPLORES, THE VENUSS HAD FINE CLOTHES, JEWELS, BED CUSHIONS AND HAIR CARE. WHILE ON TOUR THE PEOPLE WOULD SEE THE OTHER VENUSS WHO WOULD SHARE POSS AND, ATTRIBUTES AND EROTICS CONTENT. THIS IS ANOTHER PIECE FROM THE MID19th CENTURY DISPLAYED IN PARIS. DESPITE HAVING AN ABDOMINAL INCISION AND A MECHANISM OF A REPLICATED GRAPH, SHE IS THE EMBODIMENT OF VICTORRIAL MODESTY IN HER WHITE LACE GOWN THAT COVERS HER WHOLE BODY, DURING THIS ERA, MEDICAL EXAMS WERE PERFORMED BY DOCTORS REACHING UP UNDER THE CLOTHING OF WOMEN TO NOT COMPROMISE THE MODESTY. I FIND THE TITLE OF SLEEPING VENUS, SHE'S IS NOT SLEEPING OR IN NORMAL POSTURE, SHE IS HOWEVER, TIED UP AND LOOKS IN DISBELIEF AS 2 SETS OF DISEMBODIED MALE HANDS, THIS FEELS MORE LIKE GOGHTIC TERROR AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND WHILE THE GOWN MAY COVER HER GENERATEDIT OLDER PEOPLES IN THE VICTORRIAL TRADITION, THE EXCISION LOOKED LIKE A VAGINA, THE DISSECTION ITSELF IS FOR THE FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS. ANOTHER CENTURY LATER ANOTHER MANIKIN WAS DEVELOPED THAT'S RESPONSIBLE FOR SAVING MILLIONS OF LIVES. THIS IS [INDISCERNIBLE] ALSO KNOWN AS CPR ANNY OR THE MOST KISSED FACE OF ALL TIME. SHE WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1960S BY A TOY MAKER AND IS STILL IN PRODUCTION TODAY AT THE LAYER DOLL MEDICAL COMPANY. WHEN DESIGNING HER FACE THEY DECIDED TO USE A FAMOUS FACE OF A WOMEN WHO DIED IN THE EARLY 80S -Y IT WAS POPULAR FOR PEOPLE TO HAVE THESE IMAGES IN THEIR HOUSE. THE DESIGNERS OF THE CPR DOLL FELT IT WAS IMPORTANT THAT THE MODEL BE FEMALE BUT A DISESSABLE FEMALE SUSPECTING MEN WOULD BE RELUCTANT TO PRACTICE CPR ON A MALE DOLL'S LIPS AND THAT'S IMPLICIT IN THE LIFE SAVING MEDICAL MODEL IS THAT THE NOTION THAT THE FEMALE BODY IS A PASSIVE RECIPIENT OF INTIMATE CONTACT WHY MALES ARE NEITHER. NEVER THE LESS IF YOU HAVE EVER DONE A CPR TRAINING CLASS, YOU NOTICE THAT IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE A MODEL, IT LOOKS LIKE A TORSO OF A MAN OR BABY. THE ORIGATOR OF THE MODEL THOUGHT IT WOULD BE KISSABLE AS A WIDELY MEDICAL TOOL ONCE AGAIN THE FEMALE BODY TRANSFORMS INTO THE UNIVERSAL MALE AND IF CASE YOU'RE NOT SURE IF THE TORSO IS MALE, HERE'S EXAMPLES FROM ANOTHER WEBSITE WHERE THEY'RE NAMED BRADEN, AMBUMAN AND OTHER NAMES. THERE ARE A FEW OTHER CPR MODELS ON THE MARKET, THIS IS CPR ARLENE WHO IS AUDLY WEARING LIPSTICK AND THESE HERE ARE SOME OF THE REAL HUMAN BODIES FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] FAMOUS EXHIBIT BODY WORLD. IT'S 1 OF THE MOST POPULAR EXHIBITS OF ALL TIME, TRAVELED MODEL CITIZEN MANY COUNTRIES AND SEEN BY MILLIONS PEOPLE AND THE MODERN REVIVAL FOR PUBLIC ANATOMY. THE PROCESS INVOLVES REP ARE IICATEING THE FLUIDS OF THE SOME OF THE TISSUES OF THE VARIOUS CADAVERS BY A PLASTIC POLYMER HE INVENTED. HE CALLED THE PROCESS OF PUTTING THE PROCESS POLYMER FORCED IMPREGNATION. WHILE THE MOST MALE BODIES WERE GENERALLY ENGAGE INDEED ATHLETIC ACTIVITIES SUCH AS TENNIS, BASKETBALL OR POKER HE WAS CRITICIZED BETWEEN THE CHRIS CREPANCY OF MALE AND FEMALE BODIES IN HIS SHOW BUT HE WAS BEING SENSITIVE TO PERCEIVED COMMUNITY CONCERNS AND DID NOT WANT TO APPEAR VOYEURISTICKISTIC IN SHOWING TOO MANY FEMALE BODIES. THIS IS SOME OF HIS FEMALE BODIES IF YOU DID NOT WANT TO,A PEER VOYEURISTICKISTIC HE CLEARLY MISSED THE MARK. ALMOST ALL OF HIS WOMEN ARE HIGHLY SEXUALIZED COMPOSES WHERE THEY'RE ENGAGE INDEED BALLET, FIGURE SKATING OR SEDUCTIVELY REVEALING PREGNANCY. SO I WILL NOW PRESENT A FEW EXAMPLES OF HOW SEXUALIZING THE FEMALE BODY MADE THINGS LIKE BREASTS AND GENERAL EXCITINGLY TABU AND AS A RESULT MANY FELT THE NEED TO COVER OR BLUR THEM OUT. THE NLM HAS 2 VOLUMES OF THIS BOOK, THE BOOK DESCRIPTION OF THE BODY OF MAN THAT ILLUSTRATE THIS POINT. IN 1615, BROOK PUBLISHED THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE BOOK ON ANADIA ME IN ENGLISH IN LONDON AND IN IT HE BORROWS IMAGES FROM OTHER ANATOMIST ON THE RIGHT, AND HE USED IT TO SHOW THE FEMALE GENITAL ANATOMY. THE BISHOP OF LONDON OBJECTED TO THE TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION, ESPECIALLY THE NATURAL PARTS BELONGS TO GENERATION BECAUSE HE CONSIDERED----TO DESCROIB THE FEMALE PART. WHEN THE SECTION ERKSZ DITION CAME OUT IN 1631, THE IMAGE ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE AS BEEN REMOVE AS YOU SEE ON THE RIGHT. IT IS A BLANK SPACE WITH THE LETTER Y OVER IT, DESPITE BEING A NATURAL PART OF THE FEMALE ANATOMY IT WAS DEEMED SEXUAL AND INDESSENT AND THEREFORE WAS ERAISED. A MODERN XASM OF THIS FRAMING WAS IN THE NEWS LAST YEAR, THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES HAD AN EXHIBIT IN 2020 TO CELEBRATE THE CENTENNIAL WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE EXHIBIT, THEY HAD A PHOTOGRAPH FROM THE 2017 WOMEN'S MARCH, IT WAS NOT THE ORIGINAL IMAGE, THEY BLURRED OUT PROTEST POSTERS THAT CRITICIZED BOTH PRESIDENT TRUMP OR THAT REFERRED TO THE FEMALE GENITALIA, THIS PHOTO IS TECHNICALLY NOT IN THEIR COLLECTION SO IT'S NOT AN ALTERATION OF AN ARCHIVED WORK BUT IT RECEIVED CRITICISM NONETHELESS. THEY APOLOGY GUISED AND STATED THAT DID THE NONAPOPTOTIC WANT TO APPEAR PARTINISON AND THEY BLURTED OUT THE WORDS VARMIS BEGINNA AND PUSSY, AND VARMIS BEGINNA AND A BI ONOLOGICAL WORK USED IN SCIENCE CLASS BUT BECAUSE OF THE THIS HYPER SEXUALIZATION OF THE BODY IT WAS SEEN AS INAPPROPRIATE. WELL THE SLAING TERM IS NOT SCIENTIFIC, THE REASON IT WAS ON THE PROTEST POSTER IS BECAUSE IT WAS QUOTING THE PRESIDENT, ERASING BODIES AND POSTERS NEXT TO THEM IS QUITE IRONIC. ANOTHER CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE THAT'S MAKING A LOT OF HEAD LINES THESE DAYS IS THE MOVEMENT, IN VISUAL MEDIA, THE FEMALE NIPPLE MUST BE COVERED, NOT THE BEST TISSUE JUST THE NAPLES, BUT A MAIL NIPPLE DOES NOT, MANY ACTIVIST AND CELEBRITY VS TAKEN THIS UP ON PROTEST AND THERE'S BEEN A FILM ABOUT IT, THE PICTURE ON THE BOTTOM LEFT IS FROM THE FILM. AS A FIGURATIVE ARTIST THIS POSES PROBLEMS, I'VE HAD MY WORK SENSORRED EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE IDENTIFIED. I WOULD LIKE TO INVESTIGATE ANOTHER THEME WITHIN THE HISTORY OF WOMEN'S ANATOMY, THE WOMEN'S BODY AS THE MONSTROUS BODY. THUS FAR WE'VE SEEN THE REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL BODY, USUALLY PURE, YOUNG, MATERNAL, AVAILABLE AND PASSIVE BUT WHAT ABOUT WOMEN WHO DIDN'T FIT INTO THOSE CATEGOR ESTIMATE THAD, WHAT ABOUT WHOSE WOMEN'S BODIES WERE DIFFERENT OR COULDN'T BE CONTROLLED IN SUCH INSTANCES THE FEMALE BODY WAS ILLUSTRATE AS A TRANSGRESSIVE OR MONSTROUS BODY. ONE WAY THAT WEEM DID NOT FIT INTO THE ACCEPTABLE STEREOTYPE OF NORMAL WOMEN WAS THROUGH ADVANCED OR ACCESS AGE. IT'S AS IF THE ONLY OTHER OPTION BEING YOUTHFUL, FERTILE AND PURE IS BEING QUITE GHASTLY OR NOT SHOWN AT ALL. FURTHER MORE AS SEEN IN THESE IMAGES, A DEFUCT REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM RUNS THE RISK OF TURNING INTO MASSIVELY DEADLY TUMORS. EVERYTHING HERE FEELS EXAGGERATED BOTH THE TUMORS AND THE SAGINESS OF THE WOMEN. IN THIS INTERESTING SERIES OF ANATOMY ENTITLED THE 4 SEASONS OF HUMANITY WHICH ARE AT DUKE UNIVERSITY, CAN YOU FOLLOW A MAN AND WOMEN THROUGH THEIR SEASONS OF THEIR LIFE, 2 IMAGES ARE FROM SUMMER AND AH TUM AND REVEAL A WOMAN AND MAN IN THEIR YOUTHFUL PRIME. SHE'S INCREASINGLY FETTERILE AND IN THIS CASE, HE'S INCREASINGLY ERECT. AND THEY'RE BOTH STANDING IN LUSH BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPES, AS THEY HOLD UP FLASKS OF VARIOUS HUMORS. IN WINTER HOWEVER, CAN YOU SEE THAT THE WOMAN IS CLEARLY DONE, SHE'S HOLDING HER STAFF MORETALLITY AND DUMPING OUT HER FLASK OF MEL AN ALCOHOLLIA, SHE STEPS INTO A GRAVE LITTERED WITH BONES AND DEAD THINGS AND IN HER OLD AGE SHE APPEARS TO HAVE LOST HER SKIN AND HAIR, ON THE MAN LOST HIS HAIR BUT STANDING IN THE LANDSCAPE AMONG A LUSH PLANT LOOKING AT A WORKING MAN AND FAMILY SCENE IN THE BACKGROUND HOLDING HIS FLASK UP HIGH. ANOTHER EXAMPLE, IN THE LATE 1980S THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE EMBARKED ON A MASSIVE PROJECT TO CREATE THE MOST EXTENSIVE ANATOMICAL RECORD IN HISTORY, THE HUMAN PROJECT, THEY WANT TO PROVIDE HIGHLY DETAILED DIGITAL DATA SET OF REAL HUMAN ANATOMY, THEY COULD CORRESPOND TO CT AND MRI SCANS, IN DOING SO THEY HOPE TO COMBINE THE ARTISTRY OF THE PAST WITH CONTEMPORARY 3D MODELING COMPUTER SOFTWARE TO RECONSTRUCT ANY ASPECT OF THE HUMAN BODY. USING A MALE AND FEMALE CADAVER, THEY SCANNED USING CT AND MRI AND THEN FROZE THE BODIES IN GELATIN. IN CROSS SECTIONS HEAD TO TOE AND TOOK DIGITAL PICTURES, PHOTOGRAPHS AT EACH LEVEL, AND NOW THESE DIGIT AT IMAGES KNOWN AS THE DATA SET CAN BE REASSEMBLED NAVIGATES AND MANIPULATED USING SOFTWARE PROGRAMS. AS CAN YOU SEE, SOME CAN BE ANIMATED AND CORRELATED WITH CT OR MRI AS YOU SEE IN THE BOTTOM RIGHT. --UNDER ISSUES THAT AROSE IN THE COURSE OF THE VISIBLE HUMAN PROJECT VENLT BOTH BODIES WERE ACQUIRED THROUGH DONATIONS AND MET BIOETHICAL STANDARDS OF INFORMED CONSENT. THE MAN WAS A 39 YEAR-OLD CONVICT EXECUTED BY LETHAL INJECTION AND DONATED BUSINESS PROGRAMS BODY. THE WOMAN WAS A 59 YEAR-OLD HOUSEWIFE DIED OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DONATED BY HER HUSBAND. HIS BOOED WAS OBLIGATIONS STAINED FIRST AND PROCESSED FIRST JUST UNDER 2000 HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES, THERE WERE ABNORMALITIES IN THE BODY, HE ONLY HAD 1 TESTICLE, MISSING HIS APPENDIX AS WELL AS SEVERAL TEETH AND TISSUE HAD DETERIOR 8ED AT THE LETHAL INJECTION SITE, THERE WERE ALSO ISSUES WITH THE BODY AND PROCESSING, BRAIN WAS A LITTLE SWOLLEN, INNER EAR [INDISCERNIBLE] WERE LOST AND ARMS WERE CUT AT SLIGHTLY THE WRONG ANGLE. THE WOMAN ON THE RECOLLECT HAND WAS DONE LATER AND AS RISULT THEY WERE ABLE TO DO THINNER SLICES RESULT NOTHING 5000 HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES GIVING HER A FAR MORE DETAILEDIGEIT AT BODY. WHILE THE DATA SETS THEMSELVES ARE WITHOUT TEXT OR INTERPRETATION, THE BODIES ENDED UP CARRYING A LOT OF CULTURAL BAGGAGE. PERHAPS THE MOST COMMON WOULD BE THE ORIGINAL VIRTUAL COUPLE A DIGITAL ADAM AND EVE IN THE CYBERSPACE GARDEN OF EDEN. AS SUCH ALL THE MORALS, GENDER CODING AND HIERARCHIES THAT WERE APPLIED TO THE FIRST CHRISTIAN COUPLE WERE REAPPLIED HERE. THE PARTICULAR NARRATIVE OF THE VIRTUAL MAN IS 1 OF REDEMPTION AND RESURRECTION WAS A CONVICTED MURDER, NOW AN INTERNATIONAL HERO, JESUS FIGURE AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS MAN, THE WOMAN CONTINUED TO BE KNOWN AS I HOUSEWIFE, WHO LIKE EVE CAME LATER TO BE HIS COMPANION. WHILE THE VISIBLE HUMAN PROJECT MAY BE THE MOST CONTEMPORARY FORM OF ANATOMICAL IMAGE IT CARRIES ON MANY TRADITIONS OF HISTORICAL ANATOMY. HERE AGAIN, THE MALE, DESPITE MISSING BODY PARTS BE DISTORTED AND CONTAINING LESS INFORMATION BECAME THE ANATOMICAL NORM, THE BODIES BEEN USED IN MORE TEXT, RECONSTRUCTION, 3D AND ANIMATED MODELS. SHE'S BEEN TREATED AS REPRODUCTIVE ADJUNCT SERVING MOSTLY FOR VISUAL RELEALT TRAINING AND GYNECOLOGY. BUT HERMANIZEATION UNFORT MATILY WENT FURTHER THAN THAT BECAUSE HER MOST MEN PAUSAL BODY DEVIATING FROM THE FEMALE NORM AND MADE HER LESS USEFUL. SHE DIDN'T FIT INTO THE FAJTLYICTURE OF A YOUNG REPRODUCTIVE VIABLE UNIT AS A RESULT A NEW WOMAN'S BEING PREPARED, THE STANFORD VISIBLE FEMALE DISIEBED AS NORMAL OF AND CHILD BEARING AGE. AS THESE EXAMPLES OF ILLUSTRATED THE FUNCTIONING,--THE NONFUNCTIONS WORLD RENDERED THE FELL MALE BODY MONSTROUS OR INSIGNIFICANT. IN CONTRAST HOWEVER, A HYPER FUNCTIONING RIM OR ANY FORM OF FEMALE EXCESS CREATED PROBLEMS, UNTIL THE 1930S VERY LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE ARE PRODUCTION AND AS A RESULT THE UTERROUS WAS THE EMBODYIMENT WITH ANYTHING DAHLINGER COULD GO WRONG WITH HUMAN GEPMENT, THESE IMAGES ARE DONE BY A SCENTH CENTURY FRERVE SURGEON WHO IS PRAISED FOR HIS ADVANCES IN SURGERY. ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE THE FIRST PHYSICIAN TO PROVIDE ORGANIZED MIDWIFE TRAIN NOTHING A HOSPITAL SETTING. IN HIS WRITING ABOUT OBSTETRICS HE PUT FORTH HIS VIEW THAT THE FEMALE BODY WAS INCOMPLETE AND DEFECT AND I HAVE THAT MENSTRUATION WAS A DYSFUNCTION AND WOMEN WERE UNSTABLE BECAUSE OF THEIR ETERI, AND THIS INCLUDED ANYTHING FROM THE COMMON PLACE SUCH AS TWINS TO FANTASTICAL BEASTS HE CLAIMS TO HAVE SEEN OR HEARD OF THROUGH TALES PASSED DOWN THROUGH HISTORY. ONE SUCH MONSTROSITY WAS A MULTIPLE BIRTH. ON THE LEFT IS A POOR WOMEN HOLDING UP 20 FETUSES WITH A HOOLA HOOP, ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY INCLUDING BREECH, SET OF TWINS AND ON THE BOTTOM LIFE A HERM AFROUGH ATOM DIET. IN DIED THERE WAS A FEAR OF DIFFICULTY WITH DELIVERY. BUT THERE WERE TIMES THAT MULTIPLE BIRTHS WERE UNNATURAL AND A SIGN OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS, [INDISCERNIBLE] AGER UDPGA THAT MULTIPLES WERE EXCESSIVE MATERNAL SEXUAL PLEASURE AND PROOF OF THEIR SEXUAL INSATIETY NEURONSIABILITY. AS I MENTIONED EARLIER, THE UNIVERSAL BABY LIKE THE UNIVERSAL HUMAN WAS MALE. BUT THIS WAS THE 1 PLACE THAT I FOUND AN ABUNDANCE OF FEMALES HE PROVIDES SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF FEMALE CONJOINED TWINS 1 OF WHICH HAS A CAPTION THAT READS: EXAMPLE OF THE 2 GREAT QUANTITY OF FEMALES. HE SEEMS TO ALSO HAVE A PENCH ANT AS YOU SEE ON THE RIGHT FOR POINTING OUT UNUSUAL FEMALE PRESENTATION. SUCH AS A GIRL WHO WAS BORN WITHOUT A HEAD. BASICALLY ANY PHYSICAL PRESENTATION THAT WASN'T A WHITE EUROPEAN SINGLETON WAS CONSIDERED THE OTHER OR IN HIS WORDS A MONSTROSITY. THIS BRINGS UP ANOTHER ISSUE, IT WASN'T JUST WOMBS THAT WERE SCARY, IT WAS ALSO HER MIND. THE CAPTION SEEN AT TOP IN FRENCH READS, FIGURE OF A GIRL COVERED IN HAIR AND A BLACK WHILED MADE BY THE IMAGINATION. THE BELIEF 1'S IMAGINATION COULD AFFAIRS TEAM LEADERRER PREGNANCY GOES BACK IN WHICH THE WOMEN SEEN TOGETHER SERVED AS A MODEL FOR ANOTHER BOOK CONTINUED TO BE PUBLISHED INTO THE TWEBTTH CENTURY THE IMAGE ON THE RIGHT IS FROM ARISTOTLE'S MASTERPIECE, NOT WRITTEN BY ARISTOTLE OR A PASTER PIECE BUT PUBLISHED IN LONDON 1684. THE PIECE WAS TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM PAR-A. AND IT SAYS THE EFA GHEES OF A MAIDEN HAIRY AND AN INFANT THAT WAS BLACK. AND THE TEXT OF THE BOOK, ARISTOTLE GOES ON TO EXPLAIN THE MOTHER OF THE HAIRY WOMAN IS IN THE IMAGE OF ST. JOHN COVERED IN ANIMAL SKIN DURING POPULATION AND THE MOTHER OF THE BLACK CHILD WAS THINKING ABOUT ETHIOPIA AT THE SAME TIME. THIS BIS ARD LITTLE BOOK ABOUT THE MYSTERY OF THE SEX, WOMEN'S BODIES AND BIRTH IS PROBABLY THE MOST WIDELY PRIBTED BOOK ON A MEDICAL SUBJECT ON THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES, A THIRD VERSION OF 1710 STILL PRINTED AND SOLD TO A GENERAL AUDIENCE IN THE 1930S. ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS TO TRACK IN THIS VEERS IS HOW THIS CHANGES OVER TIME THEY BECOME MORE ABOUT CLASS, FEMININITY AND MOTHERHOOD AND UPPER CLASS. YOU CAN SEE FROM THESE 2 VERSIONS, YOU SEE THE WOMAN ON THE LEFT JUST A NUDE WOMAN NEXT TO A SCENE OF A MARRIAGE AND ON THE RIGHT, YOU SEE HER IN THE OFFICE WITH A SHEER COVERING, NEXT TO A SCENE OF MATERNITY. THIS ON THE LEFT IS AN IMAGE FROM 1831 FROM ARISTOTLE'S MASTERPIECE AS CAN YOU SEE HERE THE FRONT PIECE IS NOW [INDISCERNIBLE]. CHANG AND INCAS WERE THE MOST FAMOUS CONJOINED TWINS OF THE 18th CENTURY, MADE MONEY TOURING AMERICA AND PUTTING THEM ON DISPLAY AS CURIOSITYS, THEY DID THIS WITH WITH P. T. BARNUM, THEY ALLOWED DOCTORS TO EXAMINE THEM PROVIDING MUCH OF THE EARLY DOCUMENTATION OF CONJOINED TWINS BY PHYSICIANS. THIS NEW IMAGE THAT WE SEE HERE, IT DONE CONTINUES THE TRADITION OF THE BOOKS PREOCCUPATION WITH THOSE RACE AND PHYSICAL ANOMALIES, HERE UNITED IN 1 REAL WORLD FAMOUS EXAMPLE. WHILE CHANG AND INCAS MIGHT BE THE MOST EXAMPLES OF WHAT THEY CALL EXTRAORDINARY BODIES, THERE WERE OTHER PEOPLE WHO BECAME WORLD FAMOUS AS PER THE 19th CENTURY TOURING CABINETS OF CURIOSITY OR FREAK SHOWS OR THE CIRCUS, THESE SPECTACLES WENT HAND IN HAND AS YOU SEE IN THE MIDDLE AS WELL AS MEDICAL [INDISCERNIBLE] IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. CENTRAL TO THESE SPECTACLES WAS THE OPPORTUNITY TO WITNESS FIRST HAND VARIABLE HUMAN ANATOMY WHETHER CONJOINED TWINS, HAIRY WOMEN, OTHER CULT RURS, NONWHITE RACES, AS WELL AS ANY PHYSICAL TRAIT, DISEASE OR BODY ALTERATION THAT MAY BE DIFFERENT. THE SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF FEMALES, AND INTERSECT BODIES WERE VERY POPULAR, AS WERE THE DISPLAYS OF VENUSS, BOTH WAX AND LIVING. THERE WAS A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SHOW MA KNOW AND THE SCIENTISTS WANT THE DOCTORS WOULD LEGITIMATE THE TESTIMONY BY OFFERING TESTIMONIALS OF AUTHENT SISSITY AND THE SHOW MAN WOULD OFFER THIS AS WELL TO THE DOCTORS, TO SEE SIDE SHOW PERFORMERS WERE SOLD TO DOCTORS AS ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS FOR FURTHER STUDY. HERE'S AN INTERESTING STORY I WANT TO EXPLAIN, THIS IS MILLI CHRISTINE MARY McCOY, THEY ACHIEVED FAME AND FINANCIAL SUCCESS DURING THEIR LIFETIME BUT THEY RECEIVED MUCH LESS HISTORICAL ATTENTION. THEY WERE BORN IN 1851 AS SLAVES IN NORTH CAROLINA AND SOLD 3 TIMES BEFORE THE AGE OF 6. THE FUSE OF THE PELVIS, AND OTHERWISE HEALTHY BUT UNAICIAL TO DEE SLAVE WORK BUT VALUABLE AS A SPECTACLE, THEY WERE TAUGHT TO READ, SING, DISTANCE, PLAY THE PIANO AND THEY KNEW 5 LANGUAGES, THEY TOURED IN U.S. AND EUROPE AND THEY WERE SOMETIMES BILL AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT AS AFRICAN TWINS AND 2 HEADED NIGHTING GALE. DISABILITY SCHOLARS, CLASSIFIED MOST SIDE SHOW PERFORMANCES IN 2 CATEGORIES, EXOTIC IN WHICH THEY WERE ADVERTISED AS SAVAGES BECAUSE OF THE NONWHITE STATUS OR GRANDIZED MODE WHERE THEY WERE ACTUALITY CURRED, HIGHLY EDUCATED AND SOPHISTICATED. IN 1869 THE TWINS PUBLISHED AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND THE DESCRIPTION OF 2 HEADED GIRL IN WHICH THEY PROVIDED A GENERALLY APPOSITIVE ASHES COUNT OF THEIR LIVES AND A FAMILY THAT OWNED THEM AS WELL AS EXTENSIVE LIST OF THE MEDICAL TESTIMONIES VERIFYING AUTHENTICITY, WHILE THIS MAY BE HAVE BEEN A PUBLIC NARRATIVE, IT IS UNCLEAR HOW MUCH THEY WERE ABLE TO HAVE GIIVE THEY WERE TEENAGERS, ENSLAVED, CONJOINED AND FREAKED A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE SOCIAL CONTROL IN WHICH DIFFERENT BODIES ARE STYLIZED, DEMONIZESSED AND MARKETED. IN 22,007 A LETTER WAS FOUND IN THE NATIONALAR CHIVES THAT REVEALED ANOTHER SIDE TO THE STORY. IN 1866 THE McCOY'S PARENTS WENT TO THE BIER REQUESTING ASSISTANCE RECOVERING THEIR DAUGHTERS FROM THE SMITHS WHO DESPITE THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION AND HAD THEM ON THE EXHIBITION AT BARNUMS MUSEUM IN NEW YORK CITY. WHILE THERE ARE MILES PER HOUR ISSUES TO DISCUSS, I WANT TO FECCOUS THE MEDICAL, THEY HAD TO INDURANGO BOOTS PULT MEL PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS FROM BIRTH TO 14, IN THEIR REPORTS PHYSICIANS WERE FIXATED ON DEBATING THE EXACT CONFIGURATION OF THE TWIN'S GENITALIAS, COUCHED IT AS SCIENTIFIC CURE QUOSITY BUT BOTH PHYSICIANS AND PUBLIC AT LARGE SHARED AN EROTIC OBSESSION WITH THEIR REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AND MARRIAGE POTENTIAL ALL OF WHICH CHALLENGED GENDER NORMS. FOLLOWING THE POPULATION WHEN THEY WERE 14, THE TWINS DECIDED THEY WOULD NONAPOPTOTIC THE HAVE ANY FURTHER MEDICAL EXAMS WHICH INFURIATED PHYSICIANS THROUGHOUT THE U.S., THEY WERE ACCUSED OF BEING [INDISCERNIBLE] DESPITE THE PAST TESTIMONIALS. WHEN THE TWINS FELL SICK WITH A SEVERE ABSCESS AT THE AGE OF 20 DOCTORS EXPRESSED JOY AND GRATITUDE THAT THEY NEEDED MEDICAL CARE TO BE REEXAMINED. THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN WAS THE SAME DOCTOR WHO PERFORMED CHANG AND ANG'S AUTOPSIES, HE PRESSURED THEM TO LET HIM TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH PARTIALLY UNCLOTHED SO YOU COULD SEE THE POINT OF BODILY CONNECTION, HE WAS PROUD OF HIMSELF THROUGH EARNEST AND TREATY CONVINCED THEM TO TAKE THE PHOTO AND COMMENTED BOTH THEIR MODEST SKPE BAKUGAN THEIR DISPLEASURE. LOOKING AT THEIR FACIAL FEATURES, I DON'T REALLY SEE MODESTY BUT I DO SEE DISAPPOINTMENT, ANGER AND DEFIELD FUNCTIONSANCE, A REPORT OF HIS EXAM NATION, THIS PHOTOGRAPH AND 2 DETAILED ILLUSTRATIONS THAT HE HAD MADE OF THEIR VULVA AND SLAYED LOWER LEGS WERE PUBLISHED IN THE PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF MEDICINE SURGERY IN 1871. WHAT WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT WAS ANY MENTION OF HOW OR EVEN IF THE ABSCESS WAS TREATED, THE WHOLE REASON THEY HAD SOUGHT MEDICAL CARE. CHOSEN HERE TO COVER THEIR BODIES SINCE IT'S CLEAR THEIR CONSENT WAS CO ERGSED AND THEY WERE NEVER INFORMED OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS BEING MADE, FURTHER MORE NEITHER THE PHOTOS OR SKETCHES ADDRESS THE MEDICAL ISSUE THAT WAS BECOME SOUGHT. I ALSO WANT TO POINT OUT THESE IMAGES WERE SUBSEQUENTLY AFFAIRS TEAM LEADERRERRED THE. THE BOTTOM IMAGE IS FROM DR. FISHER'S RECORDS HAND BOOK WITH THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, THAT SIGHTS THE ARTICLE AS THE SOURCE BUT AS CAN YOU SEE HERE, HE'S CHANGED THE FACE OF MILLI TO SOFTEN HER EXPRESSION AND DIVERT HER DEFYING GAZE. THE IN DOG SO SHE'S NEGATED THE POWER OF HAD GAZE AND HER PERSONAL EXPERIENCE T. REPROPOSITIONS HER THE ANATOMICAL OBJECT AVAILABLE FOR STUDY RATHER THAN THE ACT OF SUBJECT CHALLENGING THAT AUTHORITY. IF YOU COMPARE MILLI CHRISTIN TO DAISY AND VIOLET WHO ABEERED LATER, THEY WERE IN SIDE SHOW, VAUDEVILLE AS AND BURLESQUE ACTS, THERE WAS A SIMILAR VOYEURISTICKISTIC SEXUALIZATION OF THESE TWINS BUT THE MILTONS DID NOT SUFFER THE SAME MEDICAL SCRUTINY NOR WERE ANY OTHER SOURCES THAT DESCRIBE THEIR GENITALIA AND THEIR LEGACY VS BEEN DIFFERENT. WHERE THE FIRST HAD BEEN FORGETTEN, THE HILTON SUBJECTS HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF MUSICALS, YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF SIDE SHOW AND PART OF THEIR LIVES. THIS HAD TO DO WITH THE FACT THAT IN THE 19th CENTURY, BLACK FEMALE SEXUALITY WAS SEEN AS A THREAT TO WHITE WOMAN'S PURITY AND MORALITY. --BOTH IN LIFE AND DEATH SHE WAS STYLIZED PUT ON DEPLACE AND EXPLOITED FOR HER AFRICAN HERITAGE AND PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES. IN THE 1819 FRENCH DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, THE SCIENTIST WROTE THAT BLACK WOMEN HAD OVERDEVELOPED SEXUAL ORGANS THAT CAUSED THEIR PRIMITIVE SEXUALITY, THE HOTTENTOTES, WERE SEEN AS--THUS HIGHLIGHTING WHAT THEY SAW AS HER EXCESSES, RACIAL, GENITAL AND SEXUAL EUROPEAN CREATED ANOTHER TYPE OF MONSTROUS WOMAN. THIS IMAGE IS FROM THE 2010 MOVIE BLACK VENUS WHICH TELLS THE STORY OF SARAH BERTMAN'S LIFE, WHEN SHE DIED OF AGE 26, HER BODY CONSIDERED A SPECIMEN OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST, WENT INTO THE POSSESSION OF THE NATURALIST GEORGE KUBIAK, HE MADE A PLASTER CAST OF HER BODY A COPY OF WHICH IS SHOWN HERE IN THE MOVIE AND THEN HE DISSECTED HER BODY, PRESERVED HER SKELETON, PICKLED HER GENITALS AND BRAIN IN JARS AND PUT THEM ALL ON DISPLAY NEXT TO HER BODY CAST AT PARIS' MUSEUM OF MAN. THEY REMAIN OFFICE OF DIVERSITY PUBLIC DISPLAY IN UNTIL 1974, THE DIFFERENCE IN HOW MEDICAL ETHICS AND NORMS WERE APPLIED TO BLACK VERSUS WHITE FEMALE BODIES IS APPARENT HERE, SARAH'S BODY, LIKE CHRISTINE IS DEEMED DIFFERENT AND POWERLESS AND THERE ARE DISSECTED AND ANATOMIZED AND PASSED AROUND IN JARS WITHOUT HER CONSENT. IN 19, NELSON MANDELA WAS ELEBTED PRESIDENT OF SOUTH AFRICA AND REQUESTED THAT HER REMAINS AND BODY CAST BE RETURNED FOR BURIAL IN HER HOME COUNTRY BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 2002 THAT THE FRERVE GOVERNMENT AGREED. 192 YEARS LATER AFTER SHE LEFT FOR EUROPE SHE WAS BURIED IN THE EASTERN CAPE COD. TO CONCLUDE I WANT TO JUXTAPOSE THIS IMAGE OF EVE WITH THE CREATION OF MAN AFTER 1 I FOUND IN THE NATIONAL LIEB OF MEDICINE, I SPENT THE DAY LOOKING AT FICTIVE REWARDURES AND IT WAS INCREDIBLE LOAMACYY NEEDUOUS BUT WHILE SOME UPDATES HAD BEEN MADE OVER TIME THAT REFLECTED MEDICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, NOT MUCH HAD CHANGED IN TERMS OF SEX AND GENDER REPRESENTATION. BUT THE VERY LAST 1, THAT I SAW, THAT I PICKED UP, WAS THE 2020 GRAYS ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS SHOWN AT THE RIGHT AND VERY FIRST IMAGE I SAW, IS HERE. IN THE THORACIC SECTION, THEY USE A FEMALE TORSO TO DEMONSTRATE CARDIAC ANATOMY, ALTHOUGH THE IMPACT OF ANATOMICAL HISTORY ON THE FEMALE BODY IS BEING DEVELOPED, THINGS ARE STARTING TO CHANGE. BODIES THAT WERE ONCE FRAMED TO BE OTHER, DIFFERENT OR SYMBOLIC OR AGEND AS ARE NOW ILLUSTRATED EMBRACED AND ILLUSTRATED AS NORMALLATIVE SCIENTIFICALLY SIGNIFICANT BODIES. FURTHER MORE A COMPLEX CONVERSATION OF SEX AND GENDER MOVED TO THE MAIN STREAM. SOCIETY AND MEDICINE ARE PAYING MORE ATTENTION TO THE STORY EXPTION EXPERIENCES OF THOSE WHOSE PHYSICAL PRESENTATION AND IDENTITIES ARE ALONG A SPECTRUM AND ARE ALSO INDIVIDUALIZED. THANK YOU AND NOW I AM HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS. >> DR. HILL-EDGAR, FANTASTIC TALK. THANK YOU VERY, VERY MUCH. REALLY WELL DONE. THANK YOU. WE HAVE TIME FOR JUST A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS. FOR THOSE WHO ARE WATCHING REMOTELY THERE IS A LIVE FEEDBACK LINK JUST UNDER THE VIDEO AND YOU CAN USE THAT TO SEND A QUESTION WHICH WILL ARRIVE DIRECTLY IN MY E-MAIL, OR IF YOU'RE ON TWITTER FOLLOWING US, CAN YOU DIRECT MESSAGE ME. I'M AT JEFFREY.SHADN'T RESNICK. SO 1 OF OUR VIEWERS WRITES THANK YOU FOR THE WONDERFUL TALK. YOU NOTED THAT THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP WOULD TAKE ABOUT 99 YEARS TO CLOSE AND YOU CITED EXAMPLES OF HOW AMERICAN MEDICINE IS WORKING TO CLOSE THE GAP, CLOSING THE GOABAL GAP REQUIRES TBLOABAL EFFORT. HOW WIDE SPREAD IS THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE GENDER GAP AROUND THE WORLD AND ARE THERE PARALLEL EFFORTS TO CLOSE IT? >> WELL, THERE'S SOME PLACES, ENGLAND FOR EXAMPLE, IS ALSO LOOKING INTO THIS, AND MANY OF THE STUDIES THAT I CITED WERE THERE AND FRANCE AND EUROPE THEY'RE ALSO LOOKING MORE INTO IT. BUT OBVIOUSLY, THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP ENCOMPASSES A LOT MORE, THAN JUST SORT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. WE'RE ALSO LOOKING AT ECONOMIC SITUATION OF WOMEN EXPW OBVIOUSLY IN A LOT OF OTHER COUNTRIES, THERE'S A LOT MORE THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN TERMS OF REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN, EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND THEN THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF WOMEN. SO, YOU KNOW DEPENDING ON HOW WE WANT TO LOOK AT IT IN TERMS OF WHAT'S HAPPENING IN AMERICA VERSUS ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ENTIRE WORLD, I DO THINK THERE'S SOME ADVANCES TAKING PLACE HERE. I MEAN AT LEAST YOU HAVE HERE THE RECOGNITION OF NIH, THAT THESE THINGS HAVE TO BE ADDRESSED AND LAWS THAT ARE BEING PASSED TO DO THAT. WE'RE ALSO SORT OF THE LEADING FORCE IN MEDICINE IN THIS COUNTRY, SO YOU KNOW I DO HOPE AND EXPECT THAT THAT MIGHT BE LESS IF YOU'RE JUST LOOKING AT AMERICA SPECIFICALLY, BUT THERE IS, I THINK THE FEELING IS UNTIL WE IMPROVE THIZATION FOR WOMEN ALL AROUND THE WORLD, YOU KNOW WOO AS WELL AS GENERAL HEALTHCARE THAT SOME PLACES HAVE EARLIER ACCESS TO JUST BECAUSE OF SOME OF OUR MORE RESTRICTIVE LAWS. >> THANK YOU. ANOTHER VIEWER WRITES. ABSOLUTELY REMARKABLE, THANK YOU SO MUCH. THE GATES FOUNDATION SHOULD BE INTERESTED TO PICK UP YOUR FIND EXPTION RECOMMENDATIONS. NO QUESTION THERE BUT A WOBDERFUL COMMENT--WONDERFUL COMMENT WITH CREDIT TO YOUR WONDERFUL RESEARCH. SOMEONE WRITES TELL US ABOUT YOUR FUTURE PLANS IF ARE YOUR RESEARCH? DO HAVE YOU ANY PLANS TO PUBLISH ASPECTS OF WHAT YOU PRESENTED THIS AFTERNOON? >> YES, I HAVE LOTS OF PLANS, WITH COVID I HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO GO BACK INTO THE LIBRARY FOR A VERY LONG TIME SO THERE'S SO MANY THINGS STILL AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE THAT I'M DYING TO GO BACK AND SEE AS WELL AS LITTLER INSTITUTIONS. YOU KNOW I JUST--I KNOW WAS A VERY LONG AND DETAILED PRESENTATION, BUT THE MATERIAL I HAVE IS ACTUALLY MULTIPLE GREATER THAN THIS. I HAVE SO MANY OTHER STORIES AND TOPICS THAT I WOULD HAVE LOVED TO INCLUDE HAD I HAD MORE TIME. SO I PLAN TO WRITE A BOOK ABOUT THIS, IT'S IN THE WORKS AND IT'S MUCH MORE EXCONTINUOUSIVE THAN WHAT I PRESENTED HERE TODAY BUT I ALSO--1 OF MY MAJOR GOALS, BEING AN ARTIST, I LOVE THE TANGIBLE ASPECT OF THESE WORKS. AND, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN SEE THEM ON A LITTLE IMAGE ON THE COMBEAUTER SCREEN, BUT THEY CERTAINLY DON'T COMPARE TO THE ACT OF HOLDING SOMETHING IN YOUR HANDS OR ENCOUNTERING IT RIGHT IN FRONT OF YOU. AS I MENTIONED IN THE BEGINNING, THE CONTEXT MATTERS, I THINK SEEING THESE WORKS WHETHER THEY'RE IN A BOOK OR SIZE OR JIOF THE THE CRAFTSMANSHIP IN PERSON IS SO VERY IMPORTANT TO APPRECIATING WHAT THEY ARE THAT I--YOU KNOW I WOULD VERY MUCH LIKE TO PUT TOGETHER AN EXHIBITION, SO 1 OF MY MAIN GOALS THAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO SOONER RATHER THAN LATER IS PULL TOGETHER ALL THESE WORKS. IT WILL TAKE A LOT OF EFFORT AND SORT OF COORDINATED SUPPORT FROM THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE THESE THINGS, LUCKILY THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HAS SOME OF THEM, BUT I WOULD VERY MUCH LIKE TO SEE AN EXHIBITION BECAUSE I THINK PEOPLE SHOULD SEE THESE THINGS TOGETHER IN PERSON IN THEIR SORT OF ORIGINAL FORMAT. >> THANK YOU. ANOTHER OF OUR VIEWERS WRITES ABSOLUTELY FABULOUS TALK AND THIS VIEWER AS A QUESTION, DO YOU THINK THE INCLUSION OF THE INTERSECT CELL AS 17 DEMONSTRATES THAT EARLIER ANATOMISTS WERE MORE AWARE OF INTERSEXED INDIVIDUALS? >> I--SO 1 OF THE THINGS I APPRECIATED IT ABOUT THIS PROJECT WAS HOW MUCH MORE, I SAW EXAMPLES OF INTERSECTS AWARENESS THAN YOU DO RIGHT NOW IN MEDICINE. AND SO, I THINK--I THINK, YOU KNOW WHAT'S REMARKABLE TO ME, AND TO A CERTAIN POINT IN HISTORY, INTERSECTS INDIVIDUALS WERE SEEN AS A FACT OF LIFE, THEY EXISTED. AND I THINK AS WE GET TO WHERE I WAS SHOWING [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THERE WAS THIS--HE REALLY PUT IT IN MORE IN TERMS OF THE MONSTROUS AND THEN WITH THE WHOLE 19th CENTURY CABINET OF CURIOSITY IS FREAK SHOWS, I THINK AS A CULTURE WE SORT OF REDEFINE THE OTHER AND PUT THE OTHER IN A SEPARATE SPHERE AND CERTAINLY OTHER CULTURES HAVE HAD--THEY HAVE TERMS FOR INTERSECTS AS WELL THAT'S FAR MORE DIVERSE THAN WHAT WE HAVE BUT I THINK A LOT OF IT HAS TO DO WITH TRANSITION HAPPENED SORT OF IN THE 19th CENTURY, REALLYY AND THEN WITH IF YOU LOOK AT THE 20th SEBTRY WHICH I UNFORTUNATELY DEPARTMENT HAVE TIME TO TALK ABOUT, IT'S QUITE KNOWN WITHIN MEDICINE THAT CHILDREN ARE BORN WITH EITHER INTERSECTS OR AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA AND THERE ARE SURGICAL PROCEDURES THAT HAVE BEEN DONE FOR YEARS TO DEAL WITH THAT AND PART OF WHAT WE'VE DONE IN THIS COUNTRY FERS ASSUME YOU HAD TO BE ASSIGNED FROM BIRTH AT BINARY OR EITHER MALE OR FEMALE AND CONSTRUCT YOUR ANATOMY AACCORDINGLY AND BE RAISED ACCORDING TO THAT GENDER, SO IN THE LAST CENTURY THERE'S BEEN SOME EFFORT TO SORT OF ELIMINATE THIS SORT OF APPEARANCE OF INTERSECTS EVEN THOUGH THERE'S MULTIPLE HEALTH ISSUES AND INTERNAL ORGANS YOU CAN'T ALWAYS AFFECT. SO--EXCUSE ME ANYWAY, BUT THEN WHAT I WOULD SAY, IS THAT I'M VERY ENCOURAGED BY THE LAST FEW DECADES WHERE THERE'S SO MUCH MORE AWARENESS OF INTERSEXED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SURGERY THAT HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR A WHILE ARE NOW PART OF THE TRANSEXUAL SURGICAL PROCESS. BOTH THE SURGERIES AND THE HORMONES THAT WERE USED TO ELIMINATE THE INTERSECT TOWARDS THE BINARY WE'RE NOW LOOKING TO SOME OF THOSE TO REALLY EXPLORE WHAT I SEE AS A BIGGER SPECTRUM, OF SEX AND GENDER ACROSS--UNDERSTAND PATIENTS AND TREAT PATIENTS WHO HAVE GENDER IDENTITIER AND SEX ISSUES. >> THANK YOU. WE COME TO THE END OF ONURE TIME TOGETHER THIS AFTERNOON BUT BY WAY OF THANKING YOU, I WOULD LIKE TO READ A MESSAGE THAT WAS SEBT BY ANOTHER 1 OF OUR VIEWER THIS IS AFTERNOON. THANK YOU FOR SHINING A LIGHT ON FEMALE REPRESENTATION AND FOR DEMONSTRATING HOW CULTURE AND HEGHT INTERSECT. BRAVO. LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING MORE AND TO FOLLOW YOU AS THIS IMPORTANT RESEARCH CONTINUES. SO, THIS INDIVIDUAL COULD NOT HAVE SAID IT BETTER AND I'M NOT GOING TO SAY IT BETTER. IT'S OUTSTANDING AND MY COLLEAGUES AND I AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE LOOK FORWARD TO WELCOMING YOU BACK IN DUE COURSE AND WE WISH YOU EVERY CONTINUED SUCCESS IN THIS FANTASTIC RESEARCH TOUR DEFORCE THAT YOU OFFERED US THIS AFTERNOON. THANK YOU FOR PREPARING IT AND PRESENTING AND IT LOOKING FORWARD TO KEEPING NUCLEOTIDES TOUCH AND BEST TO YOU AND YOUR FAMILY. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH.