1 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:08,560 >>I AM PATTI BRENNAN 2 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:10,760 DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 3 00:00:10,760 --> 00:00:13,200 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. WELCOME TO 4 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:13,760 THE NLM LECTURE ON SCIENCE, 5 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:14,320 TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: IS 6 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:14,880 MISINFORMATION THE PROBLEM? 7 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:22,440 RE-EXAMINING THE INFODEMIC. 8 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:24,600 THIS SERIES ALLOWS YOU TO 9 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:25,240 EXPLORE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 10 00:00:25,240 --> 00:00:25,880 SOCIAL THINKING AND SCIENCE AND 11 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:28,360 TODAY WE ARE EXCITED TO HAVE 12 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:31,880 RENEE DIRESTA, WITH THE TOPIC 13 00:00:31,880 --> 00:00:32,520 CALLED NLM LECTURE ON SCIENCE, 14 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:33,080 TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: IS 15 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:33,640 MISINFORMATION THE PROBLEM? 16 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:35,040 RE-EXAMINING THE INFODEMIC. 17 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:42,480 A LITTLE BACKGROUND. AS THE 18 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:44,800 COVID PANDEMIC IS SPREADING 19 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:45,400 ACROSS THE US SCIENTISTS AND 20 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:46,000 MITIGATION SPECIALIST WERE 21 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:46,600 DEALING WITH THE CHANGING 22 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:47,240 NATURE OF THE PANDEMIC AS WELL 23 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:47,840 AS WHAT WAS REFERRED TO IN A 24 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:55,400 NEGATIVE WAY AS INFODEMIC, 25 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:56,040 FALSELY MISLEADING INFORMATION 26 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:56,680 ABOUT THE DISEASE AND TREATMENT 27 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:57,280 AND VACCINES AND IN OUR TALK 28 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:07,760 TODAY RENEE WILL EXPLORE THE 29 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:09,160 DYNAMICS AND SHE IS TECHNICAL 30 00:01:09,160 --> 00:01:12,240 RESEARCH MANAGER AT THE 31 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:13,400 STANFORD INTERNET OBSERVATORY 32 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:14,000 WHICH IS A CROSS DISCIPLINARY 33 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,640 PROGRAM OF RESEARCH, TEACHING 34 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,400 AND POLICY FOR THE STUDY, ABUSE 35 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:20,880 AND CURRENT INFORMATION 36 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:24,520 TECHNOLOGY HAS ADVISED 37 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:25,160 CONGRESS, THE STATE DEPARTMENT 38 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:25,760 AND OTHER ACADEMIC, CIVIC AND 39 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:26,920 BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS ARE SHE 40 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:32,320 STUDIED DISINFORMATION AND 41 00:01:32,320 --> 00:01:32,920 COMPETITION PROPAGANDA IN THE 42 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:35,320 CONTEXT OF PSEUDOSCIENCE 43 00:01:35,320 --> 00:01:36,320 CONSPIRACIES, TERRORISM AND 44 00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:36,880 STATE-SPONSORED INFORMATION 45 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:37,240 WARFARE. 46 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:45,160 WAS ELECTED RENEE DIRESTA TO 47 00:01:45,160 --> 00:01:45,720 SPEAK TODAY BECAUSE FIRST 48 00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:46,240 IMPORTANT SHE STUDIES HOW 49 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:48,320 INFORMATION SYSTEMS CAN OR HAVE 50 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:48,920 BEEN ABUSED. IMPORTANTLY SHE 51 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:49,560 LOOKS AT HOW FALSE NARRATIVES 52 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,800 CAN SPREAD ACROSS CLASSROOMS 53 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:53,400 AND UNDERSTAND HOW ALGORITHMS 54 00:01:53,400 --> 00:02:03,280 INTERSECT WITH USER BEHAVIOR. 55 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:03,880 RENEE IS ALSO DONE QUITE A BIT 56 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:04,400 OF WORK WITH CHILDHOOD 57 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:05,040 IMMUNIZATION HAS A PASSION FOR 58 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:05,520 TRUSTABLE PUBLIC HEALTH 59 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:08,160 INFORMATION, PARTICULAR 60 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:08,800 IMPORTANCE IN THE PANDEMIC AND 61 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:09,400 CONTINUES TO BE AN IMPORTANT 62 00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:14,880 TOPIC FOR BOTH THE NIH AND THE 63 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:15,440 PUBLIC HEALTH COMMUNITY AT 64 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,960 LARGE AND RENEE WAS SCHOLARSHIP 65 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:19,600 PARTICULARLY INTERESTING TO US 66 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:20,680 BECAUSE THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF 67 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:22,640 MEDICINE AS A COMMITMENT TO BE 68 00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:24,200 A TRUSTED PARTNER IN HEALTH AND 69 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:27,760 A PROVIDER OF TRUSTABLE HEALTH 70 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:28,360 INFORMATION TO THE BIOMEDICAL 71 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:32,440 RESEARCH COMMUNITY AS WELL AS 72 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:33,120 HUMAN HEALTH TO EVERYONE AND AM 73 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:33,680 EXCITED TO HAVE HER JOIN US 74 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:34,280 TODAY AND I LOOK FORWARD TO 75 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:37,400 YOUR COMMENTS. 76 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:37,920 I ALSO LOOK FORWARD TO HER 77 00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:38,520 THOUGHTS AND DURING HER TALK 78 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:39,280 TODAY YOU CAN SUBMIT QUESTIONS 79 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:39,920 USING THE LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON 80 00:02:39,920 --> 00:02:47,760 ON THE VIDEOCAST AND LISA 81 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:48,360 FEDERER, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE 82 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:48,960 OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES WILL 83 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:49,760 BE MONITORING AND PRESENTING 84 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:51,080 QUESTIONS AND NOW ENJOY 85 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:51,960 YOURSELF. THANK YOU. 86 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,680 >> RENEE: THANK YOU SO MUCH 87 00:02:54,680 --> 00:03:02,760 PATTY FOR THAT INTRODUCTION. I 88 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:03,400 AM HONORED TO BE ASKED TO GIVE 89 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:03,960 THIS TALK TODAY AND REALLY 90 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:04,560 LOOKING FORWARD TO PRESENTING 91 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:05,160 SOME OF OUR WORK. IT IS GOING 92 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:08,120 TO BE A PANDEMIC NARRATIVE 93 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:08,720 FOCUS TALK AND I THOUGHT THAT 94 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:09,360 WOULD BE THE MOST RELEVANT AND 95 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:09,960 I WILL BE PRESENTING SOME OF 96 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:15,800 THE WORK THAT WE DID IN 2021. 97 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:22,640 THE TALK IS A LITTLE BIT 98 00:03:22,640 --> 00:03:23,680 PREROGATIVE, IS MISINFORMATION 99 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:27,200 A PROBLEM? 100 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:27,760 I'M GOING TO GO THROUGH WAYS 101 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:28,400 IN WHICH WE AS A RESEARCHER TO 102 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:29,760 DO THAN I AM AT THE STANFORD 103 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:30,320 INTERNET OBSERVATORY TRY TO 104 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:31,160 UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW 105 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:39,520 MISINFORMATION RELATED TO COVID 106 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:40,120 VACCINES AND THEN FOUND THAT 107 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:40,760 QUITE OFTEN WHAT WE WERE SEEING 108 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:41,600 WAS NOT ACCURATELY CLASSIFIED 109 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:42,240 AS MISINFORMATION AT ALL SO LET 110 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:43,800 ME DIVE IN. 111 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:51,920 SO, IN 2019, MANY OF US BEGAN 112 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:52,520 TO HEAR STORIES ABOUT HIGHLY 113 00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:55,080 CONTAGIOUS AND HIGHLY FATAL 114 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:55,680 PNEUMONIA-- THAT WAS WHAT IT 115 00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:56,320 WAS THOUGHT ABOUT ORIGINALLY-- 116 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:01,360 SPREADING FROM CHINA. IN 117 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:01,960 STORIES OF CHINESE COMMUNIST 118 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,800 PARTY EFFORTS TO SUPPRESS THE 119 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:05,400 INCIDENT ALSO BEGAN TO EMERGE 120 00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:05,960 AND THERE WERE PHYSICIANS 121 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:08,280 ATTENDED THE ALARM AND WERE 122 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,320 ARRESTED BY THE STATE. AND 123 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:13,240 OTHER STORIES-- THESE STORIES, 124 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:16,560 THESE FRONT-LINE PHYSICIANS-- 125 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:17,200 LEAKED INTO THE NATIONAL MEDIAN 126 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:27,720 BECAME THE FACE OF THE STORY 127 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:33,520 INTERNATIONALLY, AND INCLUDING 128 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:34,040 SOME OF STORIES LIKE THE 129 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:34,680 OPTOMETRIST TRAGICALLY DIED, 130 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:36,120 CHINESE STATE MEDIA BEGAN 131 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:36,720 COMMENTING PUBLICLY ABOUT IT 132 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:37,320 AND THEY PUT A LOT OF CONTENT 133 00:04:37,320 --> 00:04:39,920 OUT ON FACEBOOK, IN ENGLISH 134 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:41,960 LANGUAGE FACEBOOK PAGES. WHAT 135 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:42,560 THEY TRY TO DO IS PUT A VERY 136 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:52,160 POSITIVE SPIN ON THINGS. EVEN 137 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:52,760 THIS DR. WHOMTHEY HAD ARRESTED 138 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:53,360 AND DETAINED, ALL OF A SUDDEN 139 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:56,080 BECAME A NATIONAL HERO. AND SO 140 00:04:56,080 --> 00:04:59,800 THERE WAS AN EPIDEMIC SPREADING 141 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:03,080 IN CHINA. 142 00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:03,640 AND WHAT BEGAN TO HAPPEN IS 143 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:04,160 THAT THE STORIES OF THE 144 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:04,760 PANDEMIC BEGAN TO EMERGE FAR 145 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:11,440 BEYOND CHINA. AS A CENTER OF 146 00:05:11,440 --> 00:05:13,680 THAT STUDY AND WASTE NARRATIVE 147 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:14,320 SPREAD WE THINK ABOUT THINGS IN 148 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:19,000 THREE BIG BUCKETS: 149 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:19,640 MISINFORMATION WHICH IS CONTENT 150 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:20,280 THAT IS DEMONSTRABLY FALSE AND 151 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:20,920 THE PEOPLE WHO ARE SPREADING IT 152 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:21,520 ARE OFTEN DOING SO 153 00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:22,080 ACCIDENTALLY, THERE IS SOME 154 00:05:22,080 --> 00:05:30,560 SORT OF FALSE CLAIM THERE. 155 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:31,800 THERE IS DISINFORMATION WHERE 156 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:32,400 THERE IS A COORDINATED EFFORT, 157 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:35,040 THE COORDINATED CAMPAIGN, WITH 158 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:35,640 THE INTENT IS TO MISINFORM THE 159 00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:36,200 PUBLIC AND MANIPULATE THE 160 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:38,440 PUBLIC AND OFTEN TIMES WHAT WE 161 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:39,080 SEE IN THAT PARTICULAR CASE IS 162 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:45,720 THERE IS A LOT OF FAKE ACCOUNTS 163 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:46,200 A LOT OF BEHAVIOR AND 164 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:46,760 INFORMATION MARKED BY THIS 165 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:48,040 DYNAMIC OF INAUTHENTICITY. AND 166 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:51,320 AS I MENTIONED PARTICULARLY FOR 167 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:51,880 STATE ACTORS COME INTO PLAY 168 00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:57,920 PARTICULARLY STATE MEDIA, THERE 169 00:05:57,920 --> 00:05:58,520 WAS QUITE A LOT OF PROPAGANDA 170 00:05:58,520 --> 00:05:59,080 THAT OFTENTIMES IN HER PAST 171 00:05:59,080 --> 00:05:59,720 WORK LOOKING AT WAYS IN WHICH 172 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:00,360 STATE ACTORS TALK ABOUT TOPICS 173 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:00,960 PARTICULARLY POLITICAL TOPICS 174 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:06,000 WE SEE THIS MIX OF 175 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:08,040 DISINFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA 176 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:08,640 CAMPAIGNS. 177 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:15,880 IN THE EARLY -- PROJECT WE 178 00:06:15,880 --> 00:06:16,440 WERE LOOKING A STATE ACTOR 179 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:18,000 PROPAGANDA AND DISINFORMATION 180 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:25,240 CAMPAIGNS. WE WERE INTERESTED 181 00:06:25,240 --> 00:06:25,800 IN WAYS IN WHICH DIFFERENT 182 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:26,360 NATIONSTATES WERE TRYING TO 183 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:28,080 SHAPE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF AN 184 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:28,680 EMERGING DISEASE, USING BOTH 185 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:29,800 THE SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE NORMAL 186 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:34,960 MEDIA CHANNELS. IT WAS A FULL 187 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:35,600 MEDIA APPROACH FOR THESE ACTORS 188 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:37,000 AS THEY SPREAD DISINFORMATION 189 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:37,520 AND PROPAGANDA AND IT IS 190 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:39,800 IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THE 191 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:40,400 EXTENT TO WHICH THEY WERE USING 192 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:41,040 ALL OF THE CHANNELS AT THEIR 193 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:43,840 DISPOSAL TO DO IT. 194 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:45,120 BUT EVEN AS WE LOOKED AT THE 195 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:49,840 STATE PROPAGANDA AND 196 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:50,440 DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS WHAT 197 00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:51,040 WE STARTED TO NOTICE IS THAT 198 00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:55,760 BECAUSE THE PANDEMIC IS MOBILE, 199 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:56,320 DIFFERENT NARRATIVES WERE 200 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:56,920 ATTRACTING PUBLIC ATTENTION AT 201 00:06:56,920 --> 00:07:04,000 VERY DIFFERENT TIMES. SO EARLY 202 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:04,600 ON, FAR BEFORE FEBRUARY 2020, 203 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:05,240 PEOPLE INSIDE THE STATION PARTS 204 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:07,800 OF NORTH AFRICA WERE TALKING 205 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:16,160 ABOUT HYDROXY CHLOROQUINE. THEY 206 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:16,800 WERE VERY INTERESTED IN HYDROXY 207 00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:17,400 CHLOROQUINE AND WHETHER THIS 208 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,000 WOULD BE SOME SUCCESSFUL 209 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:20,640 TREATMENT AS IT BEGAN TO SPREAD 210 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:23,280 OUT OF CHINA INTO SOUTHEAST 211 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:23,880 ASIA AND THEN FROM THERE TO THE 212 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:29,320 REST OF THE WORLD. MENTIONS OF 213 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:29,960 HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE FOLLOW THIS 214 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:38,840 INTERESTING PATH AS THIS IS 215 00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:39,400 TWOFOLD STARTED TO SEE THE 216 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:39,760 NARRATIVES OF 217 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:40,360 HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE POP UP AND 218 00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:45,520 WHAT WAS INTERESTING IS THAT 219 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:46,040 OTHER COUNTRIES WHO WERE 220 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:47,720 FAMILIAR WITH THE DRUG AND HAVE 221 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:56,680 USED IT AS ANTIMALARIAL-- YOU 222 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:57,320 HAVE NOT SEEN IT IN THE UNITED 223 00:07:57,320 --> 00:07:59,760 STATES USE VOCATIONAL MENTIONS 224 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:00,320 IN THE ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 225 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:04,720 COMMUNITIES-- IT TAKES A POTENT 226 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:08,040 DOMESTIC INFLUENCER TO MAKE 227 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:10,040 THIS AVAILABLE AND OF COURSE 228 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:10,600 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 229 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:10,960 STATES. 230 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:11,680 ONE OF THE CHALLENGES OF 231 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:18,840 COURSE IS THAT NOBODY KNEW IF 232 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:19,400 HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE WORK AND 233 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:20,040 THIS NARRATIVE WAS DONE MONTHS 234 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:26,800 AND MONTHS AFTER IT HAD SPREAD 235 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:27,440 AND SO WOULD YOU START TO SEE 236 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:28,040 EVEN IN THE VERY EARLY STAGES 237 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:28,600 OF THE PANDEMIC IS MASSIVE 238 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:29,240 PUBLIC ATTENTION TO THINGS LIKE 239 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:32,480 CLAIMS OF CURES THAT RECEIVE 240 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:33,080 SIGNIFICANT LEFT FROM PEOPLE 241 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:34,520 WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF 242 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:35,720 INFLUENCE. THAT COULD BE SOCIAL 243 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:37,680 MEDIA INFLUENCERS, NATIONAL 244 00:08:37,680 --> 00:08:39,920 POLITICIANS OR AUTHORITY 245 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:44,680 FIGURES. AND SO THERE IS THIS 246 00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:47,440 LAG OPPORTUNITY BETWEEN WHEN A 247 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:48,000 TOPIC BECOMES KNOWN TO THE 248 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:48,640 PUBLIC AND WHEN IT GOES VIRAL, 249 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:49,280 AND OF COURSE WE DON'T ACTUALLY 250 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:49,840 FIND THAT THE TRUTH OF THE 251 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:51,600 MATTER UNTIL MUCH, MUCH LATER 252 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:52,200 SO THIS BEGINS TO HAPPEN OVER 253 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:58,400 AND OVER AGAIN. THERE ARE MANY 254 00:08:58,400 --> 00:08:58,960 STORIES OF THINGS THAT ARE 255 00:08:58,960 --> 00:08:59,800 THOUGHT TO CURE THIS DISEASE 256 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:00,440 EVEN AS THE DISEASE IS NOT WELL 257 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:01,040 UNDERSTOOD, AND THE CURES ARE 258 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:02,400 NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. 259 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:12,640 SO, GOES WITH THE THINGS IN 260 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:13,240 THE REALM OF NOT TOTALLY SURE 261 00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:15,880 TO YET AND A LOT OF PUBLIC 262 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:16,480 ATTENTION TO TRYING TO FIGURE 263 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:26,280 OUT WHAT IS TRUE OR NOT TRUE. 264 00:09:26,280 --> 00:09:27,880 AND THERE WERE THINGS THAT WERE 265 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:28,520 DEMONSTRABLY FALSE, THIS VIDEO 266 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:33,640 WENT VIRAL, DOZENS AND DOZENS 267 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:34,240 OF FACT CHECKS TRYING TO REFUTE 268 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:34,880 THIS HALF-HOUR VIDEO INCLUDING 269 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:35,480 MICROBES IN THE SPEECH THAT 270 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:40,080 WOULD CURE US, WHICH THE 271 00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:40,600 GOVERNMENT HAD IS WHY THE 272 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:41,200 GOVERNMENT HAD SHUT DOWN THE 273 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:41,800 BEACHES AND WAS CLEARLY FALSE 274 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:43,640 CLAIMS. THERE WERE SO MANY 275 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:44,120 DIFFERENT FALSE CLAIMS 276 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:44,680 PRESENTED ALL AT ONCE IT 277 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:47,240 BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT FOR 278 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:47,760 DEBUNKERS TO TRY TO GET 279 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:52,280 ACCURATE INFORMATION OUT THERE. 280 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:52,840 AND SO WE WERE INTERESTED IN 281 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:53,480 AGAIN JUST HOW THESE NARRATIVES 282 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:55,480 WERE SPREADING, AND SO WE WERE 283 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:56,000 PAYING ATTENTION TO THIS 284 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:57,880 PARTICULAR ONE AS WELL. AND WE 285 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:02,680 STARTED TO PAY ATTENTION TO 286 00:10:02,680 --> 00:10:03,320 WHAT DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS 287 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:06,440 ON FACEBOOK-- PUBLIC GROUPS ON 288 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:07,040 FACEBOOK-- THE VIDEO AND THE 289 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:09,480 PEOPLE MENTIONED IN IT, WE DID 290 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:13,680 A STUDY IN THIS THE GRAPH FROM 291 00:10:13,680 --> 00:10:14,280 A BLOG WHERE WE WROTE ON IT AND 292 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:20,840 WE STARTED TO NOTICE LEVELS OF 293 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:26,000 HIGH SALIENCE TO ANTI-VACCINE 294 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:26,600 COMMUNITIES EARLY ON AND YOU 295 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:27,800 STARTED TO SEE THE TOP OF THE 296 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:28,400 GRAPHICS THE NUMBER OF POSTS OF 297 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:30,600 PEOPLE WHO WERE SHARING THIS 298 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:31,840 CONTRACT, AND AT THE BOTTOM IS 299 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:32,400 TOTAL INTERACTION WITH THE 300 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:33,000 CONTENT AND RECLASSIFIED IT 301 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:33,600 LIKE 19,000 DIFFERENT GROUPS, 302 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:40,480 DIFFERENT PUBLIC GROUPS, WHERE 303 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:41,080 THIS CONTENT WOUND UP AND WE 304 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:41,680 TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WERE 305 00:10:41,680 --> 00:10:42,200 THESE GROUPS WERE MAINLY 306 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:47,280 TALKING ABOUT. 307 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:47,880 IT TURNS OUT THAT THERE WERE 308 00:10:47,880 --> 00:10:48,480 NOT ONLY ANTI-VACCINE GROUPS 309 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:49,000 ARE IS VERY COMMON TO SEE 310 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:49,520 ANTI-VACCINE CONTENT IN 311 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:51,880 ANTI-VACCINE GROUPS, BUT WHEN 312 00:10:51,880 --> 00:11:02,320 YOU START TO SEE CONTENT 313 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:04,280 PARTICULARLY HIGHLY 314 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:04,840 CONSPIRATORIAL CONTENT LIKE 315 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:07,720 THIS TO GET MASSIVE PICKUPS-- 316 00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:08,200 THERE IS A PURPLE LINE 317 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:08,840 UNDERNEATH IT WHICH IS CALLED 318 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:11,480 MISCELLANEOUS. AND WHAT WAS 319 00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:12,040 VERY INTERESTING ABOUT THE 320 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:12,640 MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS WAS THAT 321 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:13,920 THESE WERE GROUPS LIKE THE 322 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:16,080 CORGI CLUB OF A PARTICULAR 323 00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:18,720 LOCATION IN CONNECTICUT. 324 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:19,360 GROUPS THAT NORMALLY TALK ABOUT 325 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:25,600 GUITARS. GROUPS THAT NORMALLY 326 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:26,120 TALKED ABOUT COMPLETELY 327 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:26,640 UNRELATED CULTURAL THINGS 328 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:27,240 NEIGHBORHOODS AND STUFF LIKE 329 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:29,000 THAT. 330 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:29,720 ALL OF A SUDDEN WHAT YOU 331 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:30,160 STARTED TO SEE IS A 332 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:32,960 PROLIFERATION OF DISCOUNTED 333 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:35,520 INTERGROUP THE NORMALLY PAID NO 334 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:36,120 ATTENTION TO THIS TOPIC. AND 335 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:36,600 THAT FOR US WAS A VERY 336 00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:44,680 INTERESTING SIGNAL. IT SHOWED 337 00:11:44,680 --> 00:11:45,280 THAT THIS CONTENT WAS HAVING 338 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:45,800 RESIDENTS WITH FAR MORE 339 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:46,440 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEOPLE, FAR 340 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:49,240 MORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 341 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:49,760 AUDIENCES THAN THE NORMAL 342 00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:52,080 ANTI-VACCINE SPACE WHERE IT IS 343 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:52,800 COMMON TO FIND THE STUFF IN. 344 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:56,880 SO THE VIDEO GOES WILDLY VIRAL 345 00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:59,880 AND AFTER EIGHT OR 10 MILLION 346 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:03,440 VIEWS, THE PLATFORM IS TAKEN 347 00:12:03,440 --> 00:12:04,040 DOWN. THIS IS WHERE YOU START 348 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:04,680 TO SEE THE NARRATIVE SHIFTS TO 349 00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:08,760 CENSORSHIP. AND THEN THIS VIDEO 350 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:19,280 HAS BEEN DOWNLOADED TO A NUMBER 351 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:21,560 OF PROBLEMS IN THE PLATFORMS 352 00:12:21,560 --> 00:12:22,200 STARTED PLAYING WHACK-A-MOLE AS 353 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:22,680 PEOPLE WERE TRYING TO 354 00:12:22,680 --> 00:12:25,480 REUPLOADED. AND IT CREATES 355 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:29,720 VERY MUCH A BACKFIRE HAPPENS AS 356 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:30,320 THE PLATFORMS TRIED TO CENSOR 357 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:30,920 IT BUT OF COURSE THERE IS NOT 358 00:12:30,920 --> 00:12:33,880 MUCH POINT IN DOING THAT. IT 359 00:12:33,880 --> 00:12:34,360 WAS A VERY QUESTIONABLE 360 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:35,000 DECISION, BUT IT WAS WHAT THEY 361 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:35,520 CHOSE TO DO. 362 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,760 SO, AS THIS WAS HAPPENING, AS 363 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:46,200 WE WERE SEEING-- WE HAD A SET 364 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:46,840 OF PROJECTS WHERE WE HAD A VERY 365 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:47,520 INTERNATIONAL FOCUS. WE WERE 366 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:48,120 CURIOUS HOW THESE NARRATIVES 367 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:49,240 WILL BE RECEIVED OVERSEAS, AND 368 00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:49,760 WHAT HAPPENED WITH THAT 369 00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:52,840 PANDEMIC VIDEO, EVEN AS THE 370 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:53,840 FACT CHECK WAS COMING OUT IN 371 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:56,080 THE UNITED STATES, THE VIDEO 372 00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:56,680 BEGAN TO GO VIRAL TRANSLATED 373 00:12:56,680 --> 00:12:58,480 INTO OTHER LANGUAGES. THERE WAS 374 00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:03,120 NO TRANSLATION OF THE FACT 375 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:03,680 CHECK, AND SO AGAIN YOU SEE 376 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:04,200 THIS OFFSET OR THE VIRAL 377 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:07,840 CONTENT AND HITS PEOPLE, IT IS 378 00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:08,480 RESONANT AND IT TAKES MULTIPLE 379 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:12,240 DAYS TO GET THE FACTS OUT. THE 380 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:12,800 COMMUNITIES REJECT THE FACT 381 00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,840 CHECK AND TRY TO FIGURE OUT 382 00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:16,440 WHAT TO TRUST AND THAT IS THE 383 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:25,040 DYNAMIC THAT HAPPENS A LOT. 384 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:25,600 THE CORGI CLUB WHO SAW THE 385 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:26,160 CONTENT THEY TRIED TO FACT 386 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:26,680 CHECK TO SEE WHAT IS MOST 387 00:13:26,680 --> 00:13:27,320 AUTHENTIC IN THE TRUST SCIENCE 388 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:29,480 AND NATURE, BUT THEY DON'T KNOW 389 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:30,080 THEY CAN TRUST YOU BECAUSE 390 00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:30,960 AFTER ALL THIS VIDEO SAYING 391 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:31,880 THAT GOVERNMENT AND 392 00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:33,080 INSTITUTIONS ARE TRYING TO KEEP 393 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:36,480 PEOPLE FROM FINDING OUT. YOU 394 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:37,120 SEE A LOT OF THIS DYNAMIC WHERE 395 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:39,000 THE FACT CHECK IS NOT-- PEOPLE 396 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:39,640 ARE HESITANT AROUND WHETHER OR 397 00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:43,160 NOT TO BELIEVE IT. 398 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:43,680 SO WE DECIDED THAT WE WERE 399 00:13:43,680 --> 00:13:44,520 GOING TO UNDERTAKE THE STUDY. 400 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:48,600 AND LOOK AT WHAT COVID 401 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:49,200 NARRATIVES AROUND THE VACCINE 402 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:56,480 AND THIS IS A LITTLE BIT LATER, 403 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:57,120 WE STARTED TO SEE THE VACCINE 404 00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:57,760 ROLLOUT AND IN ANTICIPATION OF 405 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:58,240 THAT WE STARTED PAYING 406 00:13:58,240 --> 00:13:58,840 ATTENTION TO NARRATIVES ABOUT 407 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:02,760 THE VACCINE AND WE WERE VERY 408 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:03,320 INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING 409 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:05,200 WHETHER WE WOULD SEE THE SAME 410 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:10,800 PATTERNS, THE SAME HOPS FROM 411 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:11,360 ONE COMMUNITY INTO ANOTHER 412 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:12,000 COMMUNITY AND WHETHER WE WOULD 413 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,560 SEE PLATFORMS MODERATE FAR 414 00:14:14,560 --> 00:14:16,160 ALONG AFTER-THE-FACT OR EARLY. 415 00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:20,240 HOW THEY WOULD MODERATE, 416 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:20,840 PLATFORMS HAD DIFFERENT TYPES 417 00:14:20,840 --> 00:14:23,440 OF MODERATION WE WILL TALK 418 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:24,000 ABOUT THAT LITTLE BIT. WERE 419 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:24,440 VERY INTERESTED IN 420 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:25,080 UNDERSTANDING WHAT WAS GOING TO 421 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:25,720 HAPPEN WITH VACCINE NARRATIVES, 422 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:28,200 SO WE UNDERTOOK THIS PROJECT 423 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:37,480 ALL THE VIRALITY PROJECT. 424 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:40,000 IT DREW VERY HEAVILY ON 425 00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:40,640 EXISTING RESEARCH INTO VACCINE 426 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:41,280 HESITANCY. VACCINE HESITANCY IS 427 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:43,680 AN EXTREME THE OLD PHENOMENON, 428 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:44,320 AND YOU CAN PULL UP THE BRITISH 429 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:44,880 MEDICAL JOURNAL AND YOU CAN 430 00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:55,360 LOOK BACK AT LETTERS TO THE 431 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:56,920 EDITOR IN THE 1800S AND THE 432 00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:57,560 MEMBERS OF THE ANTI-VACCINATION 433 00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:58,120 ARGUING THAT THE SMALLPOX 434 00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:02,440 INOCULATION RETURNED TO HUMAN 435 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:04,880 COW, AND THE DISTINCTION WAS 436 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:05,480 CARRIED OUT IN THE LETTERS TO 437 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:09,120 THESE MEDICAL JOURNALS. 438 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:09,680 AND SO WITH THIS VERY LARGE 439 00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:12,800 BODY OF HESITANCY LITERATURE, 440 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:13,400 WITH EACH NEW VACCINE YOU SEE 441 00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:14,040 WHAT ACTUALLY TURNS OUT TO BE 442 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:17,200 VERY SIMILAR NARRATIVES. WE 443 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:19,320 DECIDED THAT WE WOULD DRAW ON 444 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:19,920 THE EXISTING LITERATURE TO TRY 445 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:20,520 TO DO OUR STUDY OF VACCINE 446 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:22,200 NARRATIVES RELATED TO COVID. 447 00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:22,840 AND THIS IS AN IMAGE OF A FINAL 448 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:24,040 REPORT AT THE VIRALITY 449 00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:30,240 PROJECT.ORG. 450 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:30,840 ROUGHLY SPEAKING WE LOOKED AT 451 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:31,800 NARRATIVES AND WE LOOKED AT 452 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:32,400 ACTORS AND TACTICS AND THEN WE 453 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:33,680 LOOKED AT PLATFORM POLICIES. 454 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:34,240 THAT IS BECAUSE ONE OF THE 455 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:38,440 THINGS THAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT 456 00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:39,040 FAXING HESITANCY AND VACCINE 457 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:39,640 NARRATIVES TODAY IS THAT THEY 458 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:50,120 ARE HAVING A SOCIAL MEDIA. 459 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:55,080 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THE 460 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:55,680 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL AND HOW 461 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:56,280 THOSE NARRATIVES SPREAD AS I 462 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:56,920 MENTIONED YOU CAN OBSERVE WHICH 463 00:15:56,920 --> 00:15:59,000 PUBLIC COMMUNITIES ARE SHARING 464 00:15:59,000 --> 00:15:59,560 THIS CONTENT AND HELP FROM 465 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:01,080 POLICIES WERE EITHER ENABLING 466 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:01,600 OR REDUCING THE SPREAD OF 467 00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:03,960 CERTAIN TYPES OF CONTENT. THAT 468 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:05,680 WAS THE WORK THAT WE SET OUT TO 469 00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:12,520 DO. 470 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:13,080 SO, WE DECIDED WE WERE GOING 471 00:16:13,080 --> 00:16:13,680 TO LOOK AT VACCINE NARRATIVES 472 00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:14,240 THAT FELL INTO FOUR VERY 473 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:14,840 WELL-ESTABLISHED CATEGORIES AND 474 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:17,120 THESE WERE DRAWN FROM ANACOTA 475 00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:27,840 AND KAREN (CORRECTION) TERRENCE 476 00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:32,320 SMITH AND WHETHER OR NOT THE 477 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,600 VACCINES WERE SAFE AND 478 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:36,200 EFFECTIVE NARRATIVES ABOUT 479 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:36,800 DISTRIBUTION AND THIS WAS WHO 480 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,160 SHOULD GET THE VACCINE? SHOULD 481 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:39,800 THE VACCINE BE REQUIRED? A LOT 482 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:40,360 OF THE CONVERSATIONS AROUND 483 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:41,000 MANDATES THAT KIND OF FELL INTO 484 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:46,320 THAT DISTRIBUTION BUCKET AND 485 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:46,920 THEN WE LOOKED AT THE FOURTH 486 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:47,400 BUCKET THAT WE CALLED 487 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:47,920 CONSPIRACY AND AGAIN THE 488 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:50,360 ACADEMIC DEFINITION, THIS IS 489 00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:50,920 CONTENT WHERE IT IMPUTES A 490 00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:53,440 DELIBERATE ACTION TO SOMEBODY. 491 00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:54,000 IT SAYS THAT THE VACCINE IS 492 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:59,680 UNSAFE. BECAUSE A CABAL OF EVIL 493 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:00,320 BILLIONAIRES WHO WANT TO REDUCE 494 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:06,200 THE POPULATION OF THE WORLD. 495 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:06,800 THE VACCINE IS UNSAFE IS ONE 496 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:07,440 PIECE OF IT BUT WHERE YOU HAVE 497 00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:08,000 THE CONSPIRACY LAYER, THE 498 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:08,760 ARGUMENT IS THAT IT IS 499 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:09,320 HAPPENING FOR A PURPOSE AND 500 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:12,080 SOMEONE IS RESPONSIBLE. 501 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:16,400 SO WE STARTED TO OBSERVE ON 502 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:16,880 SOCIAL MEDIA ALL OF THE 503 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:17,520 DIFFERENT NARRATIVES THAT WERE 504 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:23,680 GOING VIRAL. AND SO SOMETIMES 505 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:24,960 THEY WERE-- THIS IS THE KIND OF 506 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:25,520 CONTENT THAT WE SAW IN THE 507 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:29,920 SAFETY CATEGORY-- WE HAD THESE 508 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:30,520 FIRST-PERSON VIDEOS AND ADVERSE 509 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:33,040 REACTIONS. THERE WAS A LOT OF 510 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:35,560 THAT. IS VERY DIFFICULT TO KNOW 511 00:17:35,560 --> 00:17:37,640 IF THAT CONTENT IS AUTHENTIC. 512 00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:38,200 IF THE REACTION IS ACTUALLY 513 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:38,840 TIED TO THE VACCINE. BUT THESE 514 00:17:38,840 --> 00:17:43,640 ARE WILDLY POPULAR VIDEOS 515 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:44,280 BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE VERY, VERY 516 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:44,880 CONCERNED ABOUT THAT AND THE 517 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:45,640 VIDEOS ARE OFTEN VERY HARD TO 518 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:50,440 WATCH AND THERE IS THIS DYNAMIC 519 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:51,040 WHERE THE NARRATIVE OF THE 520 00:17:51,040 --> 00:17:51,560 VACCINES DANGERS WHICH IS 521 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:52,120 HEAVILY SUPPORTED BY THESE 522 00:17:52,120 --> 00:17:58,080 FIRST-PERSON VIDEOS. 523 00:17:58,080 --> 00:17:58,680 THERE WERE A NUMBER OF OTHER 524 00:17:58,680 --> 00:17:59,280 THINGS THAT CONTINUE TO OCCUR, 525 00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:04,440 THAT THE VACCINE REALLY KILL 526 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:05,000 YOU AND ALTER YOUR DNA AND 527 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:05,600 CONTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES. THE 528 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:06,160 TOXIC SUBSTANCES OFTENTIMES 529 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,080 VEERED INTO THE CONSPIRATORIAL, 530 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:09,680 THERE WAS A WHOLE MOVEMENT OF 531 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:10,320 THOUGHT THERE WAS SOME SORT OF 532 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:10,880 SNAKE VENOM COMPOUNDING THE 533 00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:15,840 VACCINE. THERE WERE A LOT OF 534 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:16,480 ARGUMENTS THAT THE VACCINE HAD 535 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:17,080 NOT BEEN PROPERLY TESTED. AND 536 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:21,200 THERE WERE MANY THEORIES ABOUT 537 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:24,640 THE VACCINE ADVERSE REPORTING 538 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:25,160 SYSTEM WHICH HAS BEEN IN 539 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:25,800 EXISTENCE FOR MANY DECADES AND 540 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:28,880 IT IS A COMMUNITY REPORTED-- 541 00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:29,480 ANYONE CAN FILE A REPORT AND 542 00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:31,600 OFTEN TIMES PHYSICIANS FILE 543 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:32,080 REPORTS IN WHICH PEOPLE 544 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:32,720 INDICATE THAT THEY BELIEVE THEY 545 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:33,560 HAVE HAD A REACTION TO THE 546 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:38,720 VACCINE. AND THE PURPOSE OF 547 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:39,320 THE VACCINE ADVERSE REPORTING 548 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:45,560 SYSTEM IS ACTUALLY FOR FOLKS IN 549 00:18:45,560 --> 00:18:48,800 CDC AND ELSEWHERE TO MONITOR 550 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:49,400 REACTION REPORT SO THEY CAN 551 00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:51,480 DECIDE IF THERE IS IN FACT 552 00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:52,040 RECENT TO POTENTIALLY HALT 553 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:53,720 ADMINISTRATION OF A VACCINE. SO 554 00:18:53,720 --> 00:18:55,360 VERS HAS A VERY HIGH END REAL 555 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:55,960 IMPORTANT PURPOSE OF WHAT YOU 556 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:59,920 START TO SEE DURING COVID IS 557 00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:00,360 THAT THEIR LONGTIME 558 00:19:00,360 --> 00:19:00,840 ANTI-VACCINE ADVOCATES 559 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:03,560 ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO GO FILE 560 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:04,200 VERS REPORTS AND PUTTING IT OUT 561 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,200 THERE CONSTANTLY. YOU CAN PULL 562 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:07,880 DOWN THE DATA SETS WHICH ARE 563 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:16,400 PUBLIC AND LOOK AT THEM. THERE 564 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:17,000 ARE A LOT OF CLAIMS THAT ARE 565 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,560 EXTREMELY VAGUE, I HAD A LIGHT 566 00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,520 FEVER AFTER THE VACCINE AND 567 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:24,120 AFTER THE REPORT IS FILED, 568 00:19:24,120 --> 00:19:24,680 STATISTICS ARE PRESENTED IN 569 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:27,200 SUCH A WAY AS IF TENS OF 570 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:27,800 MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ARE ALL OF A 571 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:28,440 SUDDEN FINE REPORT BECAUSE THEY 572 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:29,120 HAVE HAD TERRIBLE REACTIONS TO 573 00:19:29,120 --> 00:19:37,840 THE VACCINE. 574 00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:38,640 AN INTERESTING EXAMPLE AGAIN, 575 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:39,280 A GRAIN OF TRUTH IN THE WAY THE 576 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:39,880 PUBLIC PROCESSES IT DEPENDS ON 577 00:19:39,880 --> 00:19:40,480 WHETHER OR NOT THEY ACTUALLY 578 00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:50,920 UNDERSTAND WHAT VERS IS. 579 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:54,160 AND THEN THERE IS THE ADVOCACY 580 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:54,760 NARRATIVES FOCUS ON THE IDEA 581 00:19:54,760 --> 00:19:55,400 THAT THE VACCINE IS NOT WORKING 582 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:56,200 ONE THING THAT IS INTERESTING 583 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:56,800 IS EVEN TALKING ABOUT THESE 584 00:19:56,800 --> 00:19:57,400 LIES TODAY, DEPENDING ON WHEN 585 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:01,000 YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE DATA, 586 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:01,600 EARLY EFFICACY FOR THE FIRST 587 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:02,160 WAVE OF COVID AND THE FIRST 588 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:02,760 BATCH OF VACCINES LOOKS QUITE 589 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:03,840 HIGH. BUT EFFICACY IS 590 00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:08,480 POTENTIALLY NOT AS HIGH IN 591 00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:09,080 DIFFERENT MANIFESTATIONS OF THE 592 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:11,840 DISEASE OF THE DISEASE MUTATES. 593 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:18,240 WHAT YOU START TO SEE IS EVEN 594 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:20,120 DISCUSSING, EVEN TALKING ABOUT 595 00:20:20,120 --> 00:20:20,680 THE CHALLENGE OF ASSESSING 596 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:21,240 WHETHER A NARRATIVE AROUND 597 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:23,280 EFFICACY IS TRUE OR FALSE, 598 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:23,840 OFTENTIMES IT IS VERY TIME 599 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:24,400 BOUNDED AND THIS CREATES AN 600 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:25,240 INTERESTING DYNAMIC, ALSO 601 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:26,960 AFTER-THE-FACT AND PEOPLE CAN 602 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:27,560 SAY NO, IT NEVER WORKED ANYWAY 603 00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:32,800 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT WORK NOW. 604 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,040 AND SO THIS BECOMES AN 605 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:35,640 INTERESTING CHALLENGE AT THE 606 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:36,240 DIFFERENT VARIANTS BEGAN TO 607 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:36,840 UNFOLD OVER THE COURSE OF US 608 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,360 DOING OUR WORK. 609 00:20:40,360 --> 00:20:43,080 AGAIN, THE BULLETS ON THE 610 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:43,680 SLIDES ARE NOT MAKING A CLAIM 611 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:44,280 WHETHER THE NARRATIVES ARE TRUE 612 00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,200 OR FALSE, SIMPLY THESE ARE THE 613 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:47,880 THINGS WE SAW THAT FELL IN THE 614 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:56,240 EFFICACY BUCKET. THE SAME 615 00:20:56,240 --> 00:20:56,840 THING WITH DISTRIBUTION. THE 616 00:20:56,840 --> 00:20:57,480 MOST COMMON THEMES WE SAW WITH 617 00:20:57,480 --> 00:20:58,960 THE IDEA THAT VACCINES WERE 618 00:20:58,960 --> 00:20:59,560 DEVELOPED FOR PROFIT AND THE 619 00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:00,160 DISTRIBUTION IS TIED TO PHARMA 620 00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:00,760 PROFITS AND VACCINE MANDATES 621 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,200 VIOLATE MEDICAL FREEDOM AGAIN 622 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:04,840 VERY POLITICAL OPINION YOU CAN 623 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:05,480 FOLLOW ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER OF 624 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:09,800 IT BUT HE WAS VERY POPULAR. 625 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:11,640 VACCINE PASSPORT COMPROMISE 626 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,280 PRIVACY AND AGAIN THE SAME 627 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:15,840 THING. YOU CAN MAKE THESE 628 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:16,440 TRADE-OFF ARGUMENTS BUT THESE 629 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:17,040 WERE THE TYPES OF THEMES WE 630 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:17,520 WERE SEEING RELATED TO 631 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:19,320 DISTRIBUTION. 632 00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:19,840 AND THEN CONSPIRACY AS I 633 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:21,960 MENTIONED YOU SEE THINGS REALLY 634 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:23,520 BLENDED, WHERE IT IS NOT JUST 635 00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:33,600 THAT PEOPLE ARE DYING FROM THE 636 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:34,240 VACCINE-- WHICH IS ONE CLAIM-- 637 00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:35,440 IT IS THAT IN FACT IT IS A 638 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:36,040 PREMEDITATED MASS MURDER. THE 639 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:36,680 VACCINES ARE NEW WORLD BLOCKED 640 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:37,280 WITH THIS POPULATION AND THIS 641 00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:37,920 IS WHERE YOU START TO SEE THESE 642 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:38,480 FALSE AND MISLEADING CLAIMS 643 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:42,640 THAT ARE AGAIN ATTRIBUTING 644 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:43,120 MALCONTENT TOO OFTEN 645 00:21:43,120 --> 00:21:43,680 INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITY 646 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:47,800 FIGURES. AND THESE BECOME QUITE 647 00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:50,440 PROMINENT. 648 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:51,000 SO, THERE IS INTERESTINGLY, 649 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,400 EVEN IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE 650 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:56,000 MOST RIDICULOUS OF THESE THE 651 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:56,560 IDEA IS THAT THE VACCINE IS 652 00:21:56,560 --> 00:21:59,120 MAKING YOU MAGNETIC YOU WOULD 653 00:21:59,120 --> 00:21:59,720 THINK THIS IS THE SORT OF THING 654 00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:02,800 THAT MIGHT BE ROUNDLY MOCKED. 655 00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:03,440 WHAT YOU START TO SEE IS THERE 656 00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:05,280 IS THE INITIAL SET OF CLAIMS 657 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:05,960 THAT THE VACCINE IS MADE PEOPLE 658 00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:09,400 MAGNETIC. THERE IS 659 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:11,680 AMPLIFICATION OF THESE CLAIMS 660 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:12,200 BY LONGTIME ANTI-VACCINE 661 00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,120 ADVOCATES. THEN THROUGHOUT, 662 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:20,120 AFTER OF THE THING HIT PUBLIC 663 00:22:20,120 --> 00:22:20,680 AWARENESS PARTICULARLY ON A 664 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:22,080 PLATFORM LIKE TICK-TOCK YOU 665 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:22,680 START TO SEE PEOPLE MOCKING THE 666 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:24,360 IDEA SO THERE IS A COUNTER 667 00:22:24,360 --> 00:22:29,440 SPEECH THROUGH MOCKERY, THE 668 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:29,920 IDEA THAT IS ALL VERY 669 00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,520 RIDICULOUS AND WE SHOULD NOT 670 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:31,120 TAKE IT SERIOUSLY. SO THERE IS 671 00:22:31,120 --> 00:22:35,680 THAT EFFORT TO RESTORE SOME 672 00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:36,120 COMMON SENSE TO THE 673 00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:37,760 CONVERSATION. BUT THEN YOU DO 674 00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:39,240 SEE, AGAIN THIS IS A LONGTIME 675 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:47,520 ANTI-VACCINE PHYSICIAN, AND SHE 676 00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:49,400 IS A BELIEVER NEPHROLOGIST, 677 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:51,960 AND WHAT YOU START TO SEE IS 678 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:53,200 THIS TESTIMONY BEFORE A 679 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:53,680 LEGISLATURE, THAT THESE 680 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:54,320 VACCINES ARE DANGEROUS AND THAT 681 00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:54,960 THEY ARE ACTUALLY MAKING PEOPLE 682 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:56,080 MAGNETIC. IT MAKES ITS WAY FROM 683 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,640 THE INTERNET INTO THE PUBLIC 684 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:01,560 CONVERSATION. 685 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:03,560 SO, AGAIN AS I MENTIONED, -- 686 00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:13,360 AND SMITH HAVE BOTH DONE 687 00:23:13,360 --> 00:23:13,960 WORKING WHERE THEY DETAILED IS 688 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:14,600 YOUR CURRENT CAST OF CHARACTERS 689 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:15,160 ARE ONE OF THE INTERESTING 690 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:15,720 PIECES OF THIS IS THAT IT 691 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:16,320 REALLY SPEAKS TO WHO DOES THE 692 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:16,880 PUBLIC TRUST? WHAT KIND OF 693 00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:17,480 VACCINE NARRATIVES? WHERE DO 694 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:24,720 THEY COME FROM? HOW DO PEOPLE 695 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:25,280 RECEIVE THEM WHEN THEY COME 696 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,840 FROM A PERSON THAT THEY SEE AS 697 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:28,400 BEING JUST LIKE THEM, AND 698 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:29,000 HAVING THEIR BEST INTEREST AT 699 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:34,280 HEART? 700 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:34,880 AND SO IN AN EARLIER VACCINE 701 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:35,520 CONVERSATION, AROUND FALSE AND 702 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:37,520 MISLEADING NARRATIVES AROUND 703 00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:38,120 VACCINES, YOU SEE PEOPLE WITH 704 00:23:38,120 --> 00:23:41,600 MEDICAL DEGREES WHO ARE 705 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:42,240 ANTI-VACCINE MAKING PARTICULAR 706 00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:43,840 CLAIMS AGAINST VACCINES AND YOU 707 00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:44,480 CAN SAY WELL THERE IS A DOCTOR 708 00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:47,400 OVER HERE WHO AGREES WITH ME SO 709 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:47,960 MY OPINION IS VALID. 710 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:48,560 SO THERE IS REALLY THAT VERY 711 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:51,000 STRONG COMPONENT. DO I TRUST 712 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,800 THIS MESSENGER? AND WHAT WE 713 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,560 STARTED TO SEE WITH THE COVID 714 00:23:57,560 --> 00:23:58,160 VACCINES IS THAT THE MESSAGES 715 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:00,440 ARE NOT JUST COMING FROM 716 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:07,920 PHYSICIANS AND THESE SORT OF 717 00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:10,120 LONG-STANDING METROHEALTH 718 00:24:10,120 --> 00:24:10,720 INFLUENCERS, AND PEOPLE WHO 719 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:11,160 HAVE BEEN PART OF THE 720 00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:11,800 CONVERSATION BUT VERY QUICKLY 721 00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:12,440 MOVES INTO POLITICAL IDENTITY. 722 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:14,640 AND VERY, VERY QUICKLY IT 723 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:17,520 BECOMES HIGHLY POLARIZED AROUND 724 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:27,240 PARTISAN IDENTITY IN PARTICULAR. 725 00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:27,880 WHEREAS THERE HAS ALWAYS BEEN 726 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:28,480 SOME ARGUMENTS AROUND LIBERTY 727 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:29,840 IN PAST VACCINE CONVERSATIONS, 728 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:30,400 BECOMES VERY MUCH FRONT AND 729 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,640 CENTER IN THE COVID 730 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:35,240 CONVERSATION YOU START TO SEE 731 00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:38,880 HIGH CORRELATIONS IN SURVEYS, 732 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:40,120 STUDIES THAT ARE LOOKING AT 733 00:24:40,120 --> 00:24:50,000 ACTUAL VACCINE UPTAKE IN WHICH 734 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:50,600 COMMUNITIES THAT ARE STRONGLY 735 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:51,200 RIGHT-LEANING HAVE MUCH LOWER 736 00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:51,720 VACCINATION RATES THAT 737 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:54,360 COMMUNITIES ARE LEFT-LEANING, 738 00:24:54,360 --> 00:24:54,960 AND YOU START TO SEE THE IMPACT 739 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:55,800 OF NARRATIVES AND THE IMPACT OF 740 00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:56,440 THE IDENTITY DRIVEN NARRATIVE, 741 00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:06,920 THIS PARTISAN IDENTITY, THE 742 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:10,240 ADOPTION OF BOTH THERE ARE 743 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:10,800 ANTI-MANDATE ARGUMENTS AND 744 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:11,400 OFTEN TIMES THE ANTI-MANDATE 745 00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:11,960 ARGUMENTS TIED INTO A FALSE 746 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:12,560 CLAIM AROUND THE VACCINES AND 747 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:13,160 THE SITE WILL TALK ABOUT IN A 748 00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:13,720 LITTLE BIT THAT BECOME VERY 749 00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:14,320 CHALLENGING AS SOCIAL MEDIA 750 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:14,920 COMPANIES TRY TO DECIDE ABOUT 751 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:20,200 WHAT TO DO ABOUT ALL OF THIS. 752 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:20,800 PROBABLY SPEAKING THIS IS OUR 753 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:21,400 CAST OF CHARACTERS OF PEOPLE 754 00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:22,000 WHO ARE ABLE TO MAKE VACCINE 755 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:26,440 RELATED NARRATIVES GO VIRAL. 756 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:33,240 SO, PLATFORM POLICIES. THERE 757 00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:35,440 ARE MANY, MANY DIFFERENT SOCIAL 758 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:36,000 MEDIA PLATFORMS. WE WERE 759 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:44,040 LOOKING AT ALL OF THE 760 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:44,600 DIFFERENT-- MANY OF THEM, A 761 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,480 SURPRISINGLY NUMBER OF THEM PUT 762 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:48,120 A VACCINE RELATED POLICIES AND 763 00:25:48,120 --> 00:25:48,720 TYPICALLY THOSE THAT HAVE NOT 764 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:51,400 GONE THAT ROUTE OFTENTIMES 765 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:51,920 FOCUSED THEIR MODERATION 766 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:52,520 POLICIES MORE STRONGLY AROUND 767 00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:53,560 USER INTERACTIONS AND 768 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:54,200 HARASSMENT AND THINGS LIKE THAT 769 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:56,360 AND DO BECOME INTERESTED IN HOW 770 00:25:56,360 --> 00:26:00,640 TO AVOID SPREADING PANIC. AND 771 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:01,240 HOW TO AVOID SPREADING FALSE 772 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:04,560 INFORMATION. HOW TO AVOID 773 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:05,120 SPREADING WHAT COMES TO BE 774 00:26:05,120 --> 00:26:05,560 CALLED ANTI-VACCINE 775 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:06,400 MISINFORMATION UNDER PLATFORM. 776 00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:10,280 AND SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE, WE 777 00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:10,880 DID THIS FINAL REPORT TO THE 778 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:16,000 PRESENT EARLY ON, THE 779 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:16,640 SCREENSHOT, THAT HAS AN ENTIRE 780 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:17,760 CHAPTER THAT ACTUALLY LOOKS AT 781 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:18,400 PLATFORM POLICIES AND HOW THEY 782 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:19,600 EVOLVED THEIR POLICIES OVER 783 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:19,920 TIME. 784 00:26:19,920 --> 00:26:23,600 AND SO, WE MADE THESE TABLES 785 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,920 THAT SAID, DOES THIS PLATFORM 786 00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:28,560 HAVE A POLICY ABOUT THIS TOPIC? 787 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:30,960 AND MADE A SERIES OF CHARTS TO 788 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:34,960 TRY TO GET AN UNDERSTANDING OF 789 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:35,760 HOW DIFFERENT PLATFORMS SOLVE 790 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:41,440 THE ECOSYSTEM. AND SO ONE OF 791 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:42,040 THE REASONS FOR DOING THIS IS 792 00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:43,640 BECAUSE PLATFORMS CAN EITHER 793 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:44,240 REMOVE, REDUCE OR INFORM THE 794 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:47,760 THREE BUCKETS OF MODERATION. 795 00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:48,400 REMOVE MEANS THEY TAKE IT DOWN 796 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:49,440 LIKE A PANDEMIC VIDEO, THEY 797 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:54,080 TRIED TO GET RID OF IT. 798 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:54,600 PRODUCE MEANS THEY REDUCE 799 00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:55,320 DISTRIBUTION SO THE NARRATIVE 800 00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:56,040 IS ALLOWED TO STAY UP ON THE 801 00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:59,920 PLATFORM, BUT THEY TRY TO AVOID 802 00:26:59,920 --> 00:27:03,120 RECOMMENDING IT TO MORE PEOPLE. 803 00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:03,720 IF YOU FOLLOW AN ACCOUNT THAT 804 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:07,360 PUTS IT OUT YOU MIGHT SEE IT; 805 00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:08,000 IF YOU DON'T FOLLOW AN ACCOUNT 806 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:08,680 TO PUT IT OUT THEY ARE SUPPOSED 807 00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:11,000 TO NOT PUSH IT TO YOU. THAT IS 808 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,480 HOW THAT REDUCED POLICY WORKS. 809 00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:14,320 SIMILARLY IF IT IS SOMETHING 810 00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:21,080 WHERE THERE'S THE RECOMMENDER 811 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:23,640 SYSTEM-- YOU DON'T SEE 812 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:24,280 EVERYTHING FROM A PERSON 813 00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:24,880 FOLLOWING, IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE 814 00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:26,680 THAT BECAUSE A LOT OF PEOPLE 815 00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:28,880 MISUNDERSTAND-- SO IT REDUCES 816 00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:35,760 IT AMONG THE SERIES OF POSTS 817 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:36,400 THAT THE PLATFORM CHOOSES FROM 818 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:37,040 WHEN IT IS CREATING YOUR FEED. 819 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:38,360 THAT IS HOW REDUCE WORKS. 820 00:27:38,360 --> 00:27:42,920 AND INFORM IS WHAT IT SOUNDS 821 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:43,560 LIKE, THEY PUT OUT A LABEL AND 822 00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:44,120 TRY TO GET A FACT CHECK AND 823 00:27:44,120 --> 00:27:44,760 THEY TRIED TO PUT A FACT CHECK 824 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,600 ON THE CONTENT. OFTENTIMES AND 825 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:51,000 IN SOME OF OUR PRIOR PROJECTS, 826 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:51,600 WE HAVE MUCH MORE CAPACITY TO 827 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:53,640 REALLY SEE WHAT TYPE OF 828 00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:54,240 INTERVENTION THE PLATFORM USED 829 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:59,160 THE MOST OFTEN. LABELING IS 830 00:27:59,160 --> 00:27:59,760 ACTUALLY A VERY, VERY POPULAR 831 00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:00,400 BECAUSE AGAIN THEY ARE ALLOWING 832 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:05,560 THE CONTENT TO STAND, BUT THEY 833 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:06,200 ARE PUTTING CONTRACT AROUND IT. 834 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:06,760 IN THE WAY IT IS MORE LIKE 835 00:28:06,760 --> 00:28:09,760 COUNTER SPEECH THEN SOMETHING 836 00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:11,720 LIKE YOU REMOVE WHICH IS MORE 837 00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:14,920 LIKE CENSORSHIP. THAT IS A 838 00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:15,800 SPECTRUM OF PLATFORM MODERATION 839 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:22,280 TOOLS. 840 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:23,480 THIS IS A RUBRIC UNDER WHICH 841 00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:28,320 PLATFORMS TRIED TO HANDLE THE 842 00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:28,920 CONTENT THAT WAS OFTEN GOING 843 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:36,240 VIRAL ON THEIR SITES. SO YOU 844 00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:36,880 CAN IMAGINE AS I WAS MENTIONING 845 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:37,440 EARLY ON, NARRATIVES ABOUT 846 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:39,880 SAFETY FOR EXAMPLE IN WHICH 847 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:40,880 PEOPLE WERE UPLOADING CONTENT, 848 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:49,720 THERE IS A REAL TRADE-OFF 849 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,920 THERE, YOU CANNOT LABEL IT. YOU 850 00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:52,520 CANNOT TAKE IT DOWN AND THERE 851 00:28:52,520 --> 00:28:53,040 ARE TRADE-OFFS WITH THREE 852 00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:55,960 EXPRESSIONS. THE PLATFORM IS 853 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:56,600 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHICH SIDE 854 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:57,240 OF THE LINE TO FALL ON AS THEY 855 00:28:57,240 --> 00:28:57,720 EVALUATE WHICH OF THESE 856 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:00,160 MODERATION TOOLS TO USE. 857 00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:03,720 SO THEY TRY IN THEIR POLICIES 858 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:04,280 TO MAINTAIN THE DISTINCTION 859 00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:04,880 BETWEEN FACTUALLY INACCURATE 860 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:05,600 MISINFORMATION VS. PERSONAL 861 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:10,440 STORIES OR POLITICAL ARGUMENTS, 862 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:12,800 MEDICAL FREEDOM ARGUMENTS. THE 863 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:14,960 SET OF POLICIES ACTUALLY DATES 864 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,840 BACK NOT TO COVID BUT THE 865 00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:19,760 MEASLES OUTBREAKS THAT HAPPEN 866 00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:22,120 IN BROOKLYN, AND AMERICAN SAMOA 867 00:29:22,120 --> 00:29:22,760 IN 2019 WHERE YOU FIRST STARTED 868 00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:27,080 TO SEE THE PLATFORM SAYING HEY, 869 00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:27,680 MISINFORMATION ABOUT VACCINES 870 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:29,560 IS HAVING AN IMPACT. IT IS 871 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:30,160 CAUSING OUTBREAKS IN CERTAIN 872 00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:34,080 PARTS OF THE WORLD. WE SHOULD 873 00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:34,640 BE ELEVATING AUTHORITATIVE 874 00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:35,720 SOURCES. WE SHOULD NOT BE 875 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:42,840 ACCEPTING FOR EXAMPLE AD 876 00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:43,360 DOLLARS FROM ANTI-VACCINE 877 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:43,920 ACTIVISTS WHO WANT TO BOOST 878 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:44,520 THEIR CONTENT BUT AT THE SAME 879 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:45,120 TIME THERE IS A DIFFERENCE 880 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:48,240 BETWEEN SAYING VACCINES CAUSE 881 00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:48,880 AND ENLISTING A SIDE EFFECT OR 882 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:51,040 PROBLEM THEY THINK THEY CAUSED 883 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:51,960 VS. SAYING I DON'T THINK THEY 884 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:53,760 SHOULD BE REQUIRED. WHICH IS A 885 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:56,760 STATEMENT OF POLITICAL OPINION. 886 00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:57,360 THIS IS THE LINE THAT YOU SEE 887 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:02,200 THE PLATFORMS BEGIN TO TRY TO 888 00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:03,840 WALK, AS THEY TRY TO AVOID OVER 889 00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:04,440 MODERATION OR FALLING INTO 890 00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:04,840 CENSORSHIP. 891 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:09,520 WHAT YOU START TO SEE DURING 892 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:10,080 COVID IS THAT EVEN AS THESE 893 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:11,480 POLICIES WERE DEVELOPED AROUND 894 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:14,880 MEASLES OUTBREAKS, PEOPLE 895 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:15,880 REALLY UNDERSTOOD MEASLES AS A 896 00:30:15,880 --> 00:30:16,480 DISEASE. SCIENTISTS HAVE RUN 897 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:19,760 TESTS ON THE MMR VACCINE SAFETY 898 00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:25,720 IN STUDIES THAT HAVE BEEN 899 00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:26,280 CONDUCTED FROM NEGATIVE ITS 900 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:26,800 POINT IN PART BECAUSE OF 901 00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:27,880 CONSPIRACY THEORIES ABOUT 902 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:31,200 VACCINE THEORIES CAUSING 903 00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:31,800 AUTISM, AND WHAT YOU START TO 904 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:32,400 SEE IS CERTAIN DISEASES OR 905 00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:32,960 CERTAIN VACCINES WHERE THE 906 00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:35,600 STUDIES ARE QUITE ROBUST, THEY 907 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:36,200 HAVE A LOT OF AUTHORITATIVE 908 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:36,720 INFORMATION AND A LOT OF 909 00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:41,840 AUTHORITATIVE CONTENT. AND WITH 910 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,440 COVID THEY DON'T AND SO THERE 911 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:45,440 IS THIS CHALLENGE THAT START TO 912 00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:47,560 HAPPEN WHERE INSTITUTIONS ARE 913 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:50,280 RETICENT. THEY DON'T WANT TO 914 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:50,880 SPEAK UP ABOUT WHAT THEY KNOW 915 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:51,440 ABOUT THE DISEASE OR HOW IT 916 00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:55,760 SPREADS, ABOUT COVID, AND WHAT 917 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:56,320 IS GOING ON AND WHAT CURES 918 00:30:56,320 --> 00:30:59,680 ACTUALLY WERE. THEY ARE WAITING 919 00:30:59,680 --> 00:31:01,040 ON THE FACT TO COME OUT. AND 920 00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:01,680 FOR THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO 921 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:05,040 GATHER THOSE FACTS. 922 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:05,760 WHAT YOU START TO SEE IS THERE 923 00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:08,200 IS A TIME DELAY. SCIENCE IS NOT 924 00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,480 HAPPENING ON THE TIMESCALE OF 925 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:18,960 TWITTER VIRALITY, AND AS THESE 926 00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:19,520 NARRATIVES ARE GOING VIRAL 927 00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,080 THERE IS LITTLE THAT THE 928 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:20,680 PLANTINGS CAN POINT TO BECAUSE 929 00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:21,280 THE AUTHORITATIVE INFORMATION 930 00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:22,880 IS NOT KNOWN. 931 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:29,520 SO WE GATHERED DATA FOR 932 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:30,120 SEVERAL MONTHS AND WE STARTED 933 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:30,760 TRYING TO THINK ABOUT HOW COULD 934 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:32,040 WE PROCESS THIS INFORMATION 935 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:36,160 AFTER THE FACT. A LOT OF THE 936 00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:36,720 TIMES WHAT WE DO IS WE DO A 937 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,840 RAPID RESPONSE PROJECT. WHAT WE 938 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:41,360 CALLED THEM. WHAT WE ARE 939 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:51,880 LOOKING AT THINGS AS THEY ARE 940 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:56,280 HAPPENING, UNDERSTANDING WHAT 941 00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:56,880 NARRATIVES ARE GONE VIRAL AND 942 00:31:56,880 --> 00:31:57,400 WHAT COMMUNITIES THEY ARE 943 00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:57,960 HITTING IN AND WHERE IS THE 944 00:31:57,960 --> 00:31:58,560 RESONANCE. IT IS IMPORTANT TO 945 00:31:58,560 --> 00:31:59,200 KNOW THAT A NARRATIVE CAN BEGIN 946 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:01,080 LIKE WITH THE PANDEMIC VIDEO. 947 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:01,680 THE COMMUNITY WAS SUPER ENGAGE 948 00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:02,280 EARLY ON AND THAT IS A COMMON 949 00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:03,960 THING TO HAVE HAPPEN AT THIS 950 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:12,120 POINT OF THE NARRATIVE IS GOING 951 00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:12,760 TO BE RECEIVED VERY DIFFERENTLY 952 00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:13,360 BY DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES, FOR 953 00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:15,960 EXAMPLE WITH THE BLACK 954 00:32:15,960 --> 00:32:16,520 COMMUNITY, NARRATIVES ABOUT 955 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:25,200 PAST ATROCITIES, OR MEDICINE 956 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:25,800 SAFETY IN TERMS OF MORTALITY, 957 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:26,400 AND MEDICAL RACISM ABOUT THE 958 00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:27,880 BLACK COMMUNITY AND YOU START 959 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:28,480 TO SEE ARGUMENTS THAT CONNECT 960 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:29,120 THESE TWO THINGS THAT ARE GOING 961 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:34,680 TO BE MORE RESONANT WITHIN 962 00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:35,240 COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE BEEN 963 00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:35,800 IMPACTED BY THOSE PAST AND 964 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,880 CURRENT PROBLEMS THEN FOR 965 00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:39,400 EXAMPLE PEOPLE WHO FOLLOW 966 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:40,000 WELLNESS INFLUENCERS WERE NOT 967 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:40,640 INTERESTED IN OR FAMILIAR WITH 968 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:44,240 THE TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENTS. AND 969 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:44,840 SO THOSE PARTICULAR TYPES OF 970 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:46,040 NARRATIVES ARE NOT GOING TO 971 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:46,640 PLAY PARTICULARLY WELL OR ARE 972 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:47,720 AMPLIFIED BY THE WELLNESS 973 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:51,560 COMMUNITY. 974 00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:52,120 WHAT YOU START TO SEE IS THE 975 00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:52,640 DIFFERENTIATION AND THE 976 00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:54,600 PROLIFERATION OF NARRATIVES 977 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:55,160 THAT MOVE WITHIN PARTICULAR 978 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:58,640 COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE ENTIRETY 979 00:32:58,640 --> 00:32:59,560 OF THE SOCIAL ECOSYSTEM AND 980 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,720 THEN WHAT WE ARE LEFT WITH, IS 981 00:33:01,720 --> 00:33:02,280 WHAT IS THE AUTHORITATIVE 982 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:06,560 INFORMATION TO RETURN? WHAT IS 983 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:07,960 THE COUNTER SPEECH WHEN 984 00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:08,600 SOMETHING IS FALSE? AND THAT IS 985 00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:09,240 WHEN YOU BEGIN TO SEE THAT THE 986 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:13,640 INFRASTRUCTURE IS NOT THERE. 987 00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:14,200 MEMBERS OF COMMUNITIES HAVE 988 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:14,720 VISIBILITY INTO WHAT IS 989 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:15,880 SPREADING WITHIN THEIR 990 00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:16,520 COMMUNITY; THEY ARE NOT SOCIAL 991 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:20,360 MEDIA OBSERVERS. AND SO THERE 992 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,760 IS A DISCONNECT HAPPENING WHERE 993 00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:24,400 THEY MIGHT KNOW THAT SOMETHING 994 00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,400 IS BEGINNING, OR SOMETHING HAS 995 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:28,040 BEGUN TO TAKE HOLD BECAUSE THE 996 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:28,640 MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY MAY 997 00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:29,200 SEE IT BUT THIS QUESTION OF 998 00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,840 WHERE DID IT COME FROM, AND IS 999 00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:32,400 IT SOMETHING THAT I NEED TO 1000 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:37,240 RESPOND OR CAN IGNORE IT, IS 1001 00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:39,760 WHERE YOU START TO SEE A LOT OF 1002 00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:42,200 DIFFERENT RESPONSES. BUT THE 1003 00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:43,960 COMMUNITIES DON'T HAVE THE 1004 00:33:43,960 --> 00:33:44,480 VISIBILITY OR SITUATIONAL 1005 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:47,800 AWARENESS. 1006 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:48,320 SO AFTER ALL THE DATA IS 1007 00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:52,760 GATHERED, AND WE ANALYZE IT, 1008 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:53,320 WHAT BECAME CLEAR TO US WAS 1009 00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:53,960 THAT MISINFORMATION WAS NOT THE 1010 00:33:53,960 --> 00:34:03,920 RIGHT FRAMING FOR A LOT OF WHAT 1011 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:04,480 WE WERE SEEING. THERE WAS 1012 00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:05,040 DISINFORMATION; THERE WERE 1013 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:07,200 RUSSIAN ACCOUNTS SPREADING 1014 00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:07,760 NONSENSE ABOUT VACCINE AND 1015 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:15,560 TRYING TO SAY HEY YOUTUBERS, 1016 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:15,960 TRYING TO SPREAD 1017 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:16,600 MISINFORMATION, NIPPING AROUND 1018 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:19,840 THE EDGES BUT IT IS NOT THE 1019 00:34:19,840 --> 00:34:22,200 MAIN EVENT. IT WAS THERE BUT IT 1020 00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:22,760 WAS NOT THE FOCUS OF THE 1021 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:28,960 MAJORITY OF OUR WORK. 1022 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:29,520 SAME THING WITH STATE ACTOR 1023 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:30,120 PROPAGANDA. IT IS OUT THERE. 1024 00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:30,760 THEY ARE PUTTING IT OUT. BUT IT 1025 00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:34,240 IS NOT THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION. 1026 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:35,840 SO WHERE WE CAME DOWN WAS AT A 1027 00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:36,480 MUCH BETTER MODEL FOR THINKING 1028 00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:37,120 ABOUT WHAT HAD HAPPENED, ON THE 1029 00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:37,760 WAYS IN WHICH THESE NARRATIVES 1030 00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:41,360 HAD MOVED, RETURNING TO THE 1031 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:43,880 IDEA OF VIRAL RUMORS. SO THE 1032 00:34:43,880 --> 00:34:47,160 ACADEMIC DEFINITION OF A RUMOR 1033 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:50,640 IS, UNVERIFIED, UNOFFICIAL 1034 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:52,040 PIECES OF INFORMATION OR 1035 00:34:52,040 --> 00:34:52,600 STORIES THAT CIRCULATE FROM 1036 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:54,400 PERSON-TO-PERSON. AND IT'S 1037 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,920 REALLY THAT PERSON-TO-PERSON 1038 00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:59,720 THING THAT IS SO HIGHLY 1039 00:34:59,720 --> 00:35:00,960 RELEVANT HERE. 1040 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:04,040 IF YOU THINK ABOUT ANY OF THE 1041 00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:04,600 RUMOR, EVEN LIKE A GOSSIP, 1042 00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:05,200 PEOPLE ARE SHARING IT BECAUSE 1043 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:06,160 THEY THINK IT IS INTERESTING. 1044 00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:06,760 BECAUSE THEY WANT TO KNOW THE 1045 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:11,400 TRUTH ABOUT IT. THEY THINK 1046 00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:12,040 THERE IS SOME SALIENCE TO THEIR 1047 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,120 LIVES, IN THE CASE OF A NOVEL 1048 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:15,680 DISEASE AND A VACCINE THAT 1049 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:23,360 MIGHT KEEP YOU SAFE FROM IT. OF 1050 00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:23,960 COURSE ALIAS IS VERY, VERY 1051 00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:25,680 HIGH. ONE OF THE REASONS IS 1052 00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:27,120 THAT WE SELL RUMORS ON STEROIDS 1053 00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:30,440 DURING COVID IS THAT EVERYBODY 1054 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:31,000 WAS PAYING ATTENTION PEOPLE 1055 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,840 WERE SITTING AROUND IN THEIR 1056 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:35,680 HOUSES, MANY MILLIONS OF 1057 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:36,240 PEOPLE, JUST SITTING THERE 1058 00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:37,720 READING THEIR PHONES, DOOM 1059 00:35:37,720 --> 00:35:42,520 SCROLLING. THE WAY YOU 1060 00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:43,160 PARTICIPATE IN THE CONVERSATION 1061 00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:44,240 AS YOU CLICK THE SHARE BUTTON 1062 00:35:44,240 --> 00:35:45,080 THAT IS EXACTLY HOW YOU 1063 00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:45,680 CONTINUE TO PROPAGATE A RUMOR 1064 00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:46,560 ALONG. 1065 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:54,600 AND I THOUGHT, WE WIND UP 1066 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:55,240 DOING SOME-- THIS MAY BE FUNNY 1067 00:35:55,240 --> 00:35:59,680 FOR LIBRARIANS-- I WAS 1068 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:00,200 INTERESTED IN HOW PEOPLE 1069 00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:00,800 EVALUATE THE RUMOR NATURE AND 1070 00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:03,960 OTHER EPIDEMICS. I WENT DEEP 1071 00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:13,040 INTO STANFORD'S LIBRARY STACKS 1072 00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:15,960 IN PLACES WHERE THE LIGHTS TURN 1073 00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:16,560 ON WHEN YOU WALKED IN AND WAY 1074 00:36:16,560 --> 00:36:17,200 BACK IN THE STACKS THERE WAS AN 1075 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:17,880 ENTIRE SMALL WALL OF BOOKS LIKE 1076 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:21,680 AN EPIDEMIC OF RUMORS. AND 1077 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:22,320 WHAT WAS SO INTERESTING OF THAT 1078 00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:23,520 IS THAT AGAIN THIS PHENOMENON 1079 00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,320 OF RUMORS, I PULLED ONE OF THEM 1080 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:27,760 CALLED AN EPIDEMIC OF RUMORS. 1081 00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:28,360 IT'S ABOUT THE RUMORS MOVING 1082 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:32,120 THROUGH THE SARS EPIDEMIC AND 1083 00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:35,680 THEY ARE VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL. 1084 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:36,280 AND THAT IS THE THING THAT IS 1085 00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:36,960 SO REMARKABLE I THINK ABOUT HOW 1086 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:42,240 WE UNDERSTAND THESE SITUATIONS 1087 00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:45,920 AS A FUNCTION OF SOCIAL MEDIA. 1088 00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:46,480 YOU THINK ABOUT THE MORE IN 1089 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,520 THE CONTEXT OF RUMORS, AGAIN 1090 00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:49,760 THE SAME WAY THE DRAWING ON -- 1091 00:36:49,760 --> 00:36:58,720 AND SMITH'S WORK, ABOUT VACCINE 1092 00:36:58,720 --> 00:36:59,240 MISINFORMATION WITH MORE 1093 00:36:59,240 --> 00:36:59,840 WELL-ESTABLISHED VACCINES WE 1094 00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:00,480 CAN PERHAPS LOOK AT THIS NOW IS 1095 00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:02,480 A PHENOMENON OF THE EPIDEMIC OF 1096 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:08,080 RUMORS THAT WE KNOW IS GOING TO 1097 00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:08,680 HAPPEN EVERY TIME THERE IS A 1098 00:37:08,680 --> 00:37:11,640 NEWER NOVEL DISEASE. OR NEW AND 1099 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:12,960 HIGHLY SALIENT DISEASE, AND 1100 00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:13,480 RECOGNIZING THAT THIS IS 1101 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:14,080 PERHAPS THE MORE APPROPRIATE 1102 00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:16,840 MODEL. 1103 00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:17,440 BECAUSE THE OTHER PROBLEM WITH 1104 00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:18,040 RUMORS IS THAT SOMETIMES THEY 1105 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:22,560 DO TURN OUT TO BE TRUE. EVEN AS 1106 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:23,200 WE WERE COLLECTING STORIES THAT 1107 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:27,360 APPEAR TO BE FALSE, WHAT YOU DO 1108 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:28,000 FIND IS THAT SOME SMALL PORTION 1109 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:35,280 OF THEM TURN OUT TO BE TRUE. 1110 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:35,920 AND SO THIS IDEA THAT YOU ARE 1111 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:36,520 DEBUNKING MISINFORMATION OR 1112 00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:42,160 FACT CHECKING MISINFORMATION, 1113 00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:42,800 THE FACT IS THAT INFORMATION IS 1114 00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:43,400 OFTEN NOT AVAILABLE AND WHAT 1115 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:44,000 YOU ARE DEALING WITH IS THE 1116 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:44,520 TIME OFFSET WHEN ACCURATE 1117 00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:46,800 INFORMATION CAN BE KNOWN AND 1118 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:47,440 THE VIRAL CONTENT THAT IS GOING 1119 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:48,000 TO REACH THE PUBLIC, AND BE 1120 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,200 SPREAD BY THE PUBLIC. 1121 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:55,320 SO THE KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR THIS 1122 00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:55,920 WAS ANTI-VACCINE NARRATIVES 1123 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:56,520 ARE VERY OLD BUT THE WAY THEY 1124 00:37:56,520 --> 00:37:58,080 SPREAD HAS CHANGED. EVEN THE 1125 00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:01,960 TERM "ANTI-VACCINE NARRATIVES," 1126 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,120 "VACCINE HESITANCY NARRATIVES," 1127 00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:08,760 "LIBERTY NARRATIVES," CANNOT BE 1128 00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:09,360 LUMPED TOGETHER AND THEY HAVE 1129 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:14,480 TO BE DIFFERENTIATED. THE 1130 00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:15,040 POWER TO INFLUENCE OPINIONS 1131 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:18,600 INCREASINGLY LIES WITH THOSE 1132 00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:19,160 THAT CAN MORE WIDELY AND 1133 00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:19,800 EFFECTIVELY DISSEMINATE MESSAGE 1134 00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:21,600 AND THIS IS WHAT YOU SEE IN OUR 1135 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:22,200 STUDY OF THE ACTORS PEOPLE WHO 1136 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:27,040 HAVE LARGE FOLLOWINGS, PEOPLE 1137 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:27,680 WHO HAVE TRUSTED RELATIONSHIPS 1138 00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:28,240 ARE REALLY THE PEOPLE WERE 1139 00:38:28,240 --> 00:38:31,080 MAKING THE CONTENT PROPAGATE. 1140 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:32,160 THE PEOPLE WHO CAN MAKE IT 1141 00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:32,800 REACH A WHOLE LOT OF PEOPLE ALL 1142 00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:39,400 AT ONCE. SO UNDERSTANDING THE 1143 00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:40,040 DYNAMICS AND HOW IMPLANTS WORK 1144 00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:40,560 IN AN ECOSYSTEM IS REALLY 1145 00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:41,080 CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO 1146 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:41,640 UNDERSTAND HOW THE RUMORS 1147 00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:42,000 SPREAD. 1148 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:42,280 1149 00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:49,240 NONE OF THIS IS HAPPENING IN A 1150 00:38:49,240 --> 00:38:49,880 VACUUM. WE HAVE A TIME OF LOW 1151 00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:52,040 AND DECLINING TRUST, LOW AND 1152 00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:52,560 DECLINING CONFIDENCE IN 1153 00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:55,480 INSTITUTIONS, HIGH EFFECTIVE 1154 00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:56,080 POLARIZATION MEANING PARTISAN 1155 00:38:56,080 --> 00:38:56,720 GROUPS DON'T LIKE EACH OTHER IN 1156 00:38:56,720 --> 00:39:02,440 HIGH CONTENT BLOG, CONSTANTLY 1157 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:03,080 CURATING WHAT IS SHOWING UP IN 1158 00:39:03,080 --> 00:39:03,680 YOUR FEET AND YOU WILL NEVER 1159 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:07,440 SCROLL TO THE BOTTOM OF YOUR 1160 00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:07,960 FEED, AND SEE ALL OF YOUR 1161 00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:08,600 INFORMATION SO WHAT IS CURATED 1162 00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:09,240 FOR YOU BECOMES IN PART HOW YOU 1163 00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:11,960 PROCESS THE WORLD. AND THEN A 1164 00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:12,520 CHALLENGE OF ATTENTION THAT 1165 00:39:12,520 --> 00:39:20,880 GOES ALONG WITH ALL OF THIS. 1166 00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:21,440 WHICH APP ARE YOU GOING TO 1167 00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:22,080 OPEN? WHAT IS GOING TO CAPTURE 1168 00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:25,400 YOUR ATTENTION? SO EMPLOYERS 1169 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:28,000 ARE LIKELY TO PRODUCE CONTENT, 1170 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:29,520 CAPTURE YOUR ATTENTION AND 1171 00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:30,080 THERE IS SENSATIONALISM AND 1172 00:39:30,080 --> 00:39:39,880 FEEDBACK. 1173 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:40,400 THE SECOND BIG TAKE AWAY, 1174 00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:40,920 CHANGE IS A CURRENT ALONG 1175 00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:51,400 SOCIAL SHIFTS, INCLUDING A 1176 00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:53,160 DECLINE IN TRUST. NOT A 1177 00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:53,720 PROBLEM OF THE INTERNET AND 1178 00:39:53,720 --> 00:39:54,240 THESE DYNAMICS REQUIRE A 1179 00:39:54,240 --> 00:39:57,200 DIFFERENT TYPE OF THE RESPONSE. 1180 00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:57,800 THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF 1181 00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,400 AMERICANS TRUST THE PRESIDENT. 1182 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:02,000 WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT WE 1183 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:02,640 ARE IN, WE NEED TO BE THINKING 1184 00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,120 ABOUT HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE 1185 00:40:05,120 --> 00:40:08,280 THESE NARRATIVES AND HOW TO 1186 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:08,840 RECOGNIZE HOW GRANULAR AND 1187 00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:09,480 FRAGMENTED THEY ARE AND TO THE 1188 00:40:09,480 --> 00:40:10,800 EXTENT TO WHICH PEOPLE 1189 00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:11,400 PARTICIPATE BECAUSE IT REALLY 1190 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:12,760 CARE AND THEY ARE REALLY 1191 00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:15,960 PARTICIPATING IN THAT CURING 1192 00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:20,320 PROCESS. 1193 00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:20,880 ALONGSIDE THAT AND THIS TIES 1194 00:40:20,880 --> 00:40:21,520 IN VERY MUCH OF THE INFLUENCER 1195 00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:22,120 DYNAMICS AS WELL, INFLUENCE AND 1196 00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:25,520 EXPERTISE HAVE BEEN DECOUPLED. 1197 00:40:25,520 --> 00:40:26,000 THERE WERE A NUMBER OF 1198 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:26,560 FRONT-LINE PHYSICIANS IN 1199 00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:27,120 PARTICULAR COULD GAIN SOME 1200 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:28,560 TWITTER FOLLOWING, SAYING HEY, 1201 00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:30,880 I WORK AT SUCH AND SUCH 1202 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:33,520 HOSPITAL IN SUCH AND SUCH PLACE. 1203 00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:34,040 LET ME TELL YOU WHAT IS 1204 00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:35,800 ACTUALLY HAPPENING ON THE 1205 00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:37,840 GROUND. 1206 00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:38,400 BEYOND THAT THESE SORT OF 1207 00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:40,120 AUTHORITATIVE INSTITUTIONS 1208 00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:41,520 DON'T COMMUNICATE IN THE SAME 1209 00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:42,800 WAY THAT INFLUENCERS DO. THEY 1210 00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:43,960 ARE NOT REALLY OUT THERE 1211 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:49,640 CAPTURING ATTENTION. AND SO 1212 00:40:49,640 --> 00:40:50,200 WHAT THIS MEANS IS THAT AS 1213 00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:50,840 PLATFORMS ARE KEYING OFF THINGS 1214 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:51,480 LIKE ENGAGEMENT TO DECIDE WHAT 1215 00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:52,800 TO CURATE, THE INFLUENCERS HAVE 1216 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:58,200 THE GREATER POWER TO HAVE THEIR 1217 00:40:58,200 --> 00:40:58,760 MESSAGE BEING SEEN IN PART 1218 00:40:58,760 --> 00:41:02,880 BECAUSE THEY ENJOY THAT TRUST 1219 00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:03,440 WITH THEIR AUDIENCE AND THE 1220 00:41:03,440 --> 00:41:04,040 ARTIST WILL SHARE THE CONTENT 1221 00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:04,680 AND THE ALGORITHM WILL PICK UP 1222 00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:05,200 ON THE ENGAGEMENT SIGNAL 1223 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:06,000 HAPPENING THERE. 1224 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:11,160 AND SO, ONE OF THE OTHER 1225 00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:11,760 PIECES OF THIS IS THAT IT IS 1226 00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:22,280 NOT A PROBLEM OF FACT CHECKING. 1227 00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:23,320 THERE ARE FACT CHECKERS OUT 1228 00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:23,800 THERE AND AVAILABLE, 1229 00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:24,360 PARTICULARLY AFTER THE TIME 1230 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:30,640 LINE HAS RESOLVED, AND 1231 00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:32,000 PARTICULARLY WHEN THE FACT 1232 00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:32,640 CHECK IS NOT ALWAYS TRUSTED AND 1233 00:41:32,640 --> 00:41:33,280 THE FACT CHECK DYNAMIC IS PART 1234 00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:35,520 AND PARCEL OF THE DYNAMIC OF 1235 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:36,160 INFLUENCE, TRUST AND ATTENTION 1236 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:39,760 CAPTURING. 1237 00:41:39,760 --> 00:41:40,320 IS THERE ANYTHING OPTIMISTIC 1238 00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:40,920 THAT WE CAN SEE AFTER A STUDY 1239 00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:43,280 TO UNDERSTAND THIS? ONE OF THE 1240 00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:44,200 GROUPS THAT WE WORKED WITH WAS 1241 00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:49,640 A GROUP CALLED THIS IS OUR SHOT. 1242 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:50,240 WHAT WE TRY TO DO AS WE WERE 1243 00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:50,840 STUDYING THESE NARRATIVES AND 1244 00:41:50,840 --> 00:41:56,120 RAPID RESPONSE PROCESS AS WE 1245 00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:56,720 STARTED WRITING READINGS AND 1246 00:41:56,720 --> 00:41:57,360 ORIGINALLY WE WERE THINKING OF 1247 00:41:57,360 --> 00:41:59,120 WRITING BRIEFINGS ABOUT 1248 00:41:59,120 --> 00:41:59,720 MISINFORMATION, BUT AGAIN WE 1249 00:41:59,720 --> 00:42:00,320 BEGAN TO REALIZE THAT WE WERE 1250 00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:00,920 WRITING BRIEFINGS AROUND VIRAL 1251 00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:06,440 NARRATIVES. AND THE REASON WE 1252 00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:07,880 WERE TRYING TO DO THAT IS SO 1253 00:42:07,880 --> 00:42:09,000 THAT THE MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS, 1254 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:09,560 AND THE PEOPLE EQUIPPED TO 1255 00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,680 COUNTER SPEAK-- WE OURSELVES 1256 00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:20,640 ARE NOT PHYSICIANS AT SIL-- WE 1257 00:42:20,640 --> 00:42:21,240 ARE NOT EQUIPPED TO BE THE 1258 00:42:21,240 --> 00:42:21,800 COUNTY SPEAKERS OR CREDIBLE 1259 00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:22,400 MESSENGERS WE WORK WITH THIS 1260 00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:23,480 DECISION SO WE CAN TELL THEM 1261 00:42:23,480 --> 00:42:24,080 WITHIN THIS COMMUNITY THIS 1262 00:42:24,080 --> 00:42:26,800 NARRATIVE IS TAKING HOLD. 1263 00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:27,400 WITHIN THIS COMMUNITY THIS IS 1264 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:32,000 THE FOCUS OF THE CONVERSATION. 1265 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:32,600 THESE ARE THE NARRATIVES THAT 1266 00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:37,560 ARE GOING VIRAL DAY IN AND DAY 1267 00:42:37,560 --> 00:42:38,160 OUT. MORE IMPORTANTLY THESE ARE 1268 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:38,760 THE RUMORS WHERE PEOPLE ARE 1269 00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:39,360 PAYING ATTENTION TO THEM, HIGH 1270 00:42:39,360 --> 00:42:39,960 DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION AND 1271 00:42:39,960 --> 00:42:40,560 ENGAGEMENT, AND THERE IS NO 1272 00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:45,360 RESPONSE. 1273 00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:45,920 AND SO WHAT YOU START TO SEE 1274 00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:47,400 WITH THIS GROUP OF PHYSICIANS 1275 00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:48,000 IS THEY BEGIN TO CREATE CONTENT. 1276 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,440 AND SOME OF IT IS THE KIND OF 1277 00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:54,880 INFORMATIVE CHARTS AND GRAPHS. 1278 00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:55,440 HERE IS THE AUTHORITY OF 1279 00:42:55,440 --> 00:42:55,880 SCIENCE AND THE BEST 1280 00:42:55,880 --> 00:42:56,480 INFORMATION WE HAVE AT THIS 1281 00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:57,880 POINT. HERE IS WHAT WE KNOW 1282 00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:00,680 ABOUT THE DISEASE OR THE 1283 00:43:00,680 --> 00:43:01,280 TREATMENT OF THE VACCINE BUT A 1284 00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:03,840 LOT OF IT IS ALSO FIRST-PERSON 1285 00:43:03,840 --> 00:43:10,520 CONTACT. SO HERE IS A MEDICAL 1286 00:43:10,520 --> 00:43:11,160 PROFESSIONAL WITH A BAND-AID ON 1287 00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:13,880 HER ARM. I JUST GOT VACCINATED 1288 00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:14,480 AND I GOT VACCINATED AND I AM 1289 00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:18,120 FINE. HERE IS MY STORY AND ONE 1290 00:43:18,120 --> 00:43:22,800 OF THE REASONS FOR THAT IS THAT 1291 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:23,400 OTHERWISE ALL OF THE STORIES 1292 00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:24,040 ABOUT BEING VACCINATED THERE IS 1293 00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:24,640 AN ASYMMETRY OF PASSION WHERE 1294 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:26,160 YOU HAVE REPORTS FROM PEOPLE 1295 00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:29,440 WHO DID HAVE A BAD EXPERIENCE. 1296 00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:30,080 YOU DON'T WANT THOSE STORIES TO 1297 00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:30,640 BE THE ONLY FIRST-PERSON 1298 00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:35,520 STORIES THAT ARTICULATING. CAN 1299 00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:36,840 YOU PUT OUT STORIES ABOUT I GOT 1300 00:43:36,840 --> 00:43:37,440 VACCINATED, NOTHING HAPPENED 1301 00:43:37,440 --> 00:43:40,680 AND I FEEL FINE I AM HAPPY I AM 1302 00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:51,200 PROTECTED? THAT IS A NARRATIVE 1303 00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,720 AND THE KINDS OF CONTENT YOU 1304 00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:54,320 START TO SEE THESE PHYSICIANS 1305 00:43:54,320 --> 00:43:54,880 TRYING TO CREATE. THE OTHER 1306 00:43:54,880 --> 00:44:01,120 THING THAT THEY DO IS USING 1307 00:44:01,120 --> 00:44:01,720 MEMES, LIKE THE CAR MAKING A 1308 00:44:01,720 --> 00:44:04,120 RAPID SHARP TURN TO GO DOWN THE 1309 00:44:04,120 --> 00:44:08,480 PATH, A COMMON MEME, LIKE THE 1310 00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:09,080 UPPER RIGHT CORNER TO THE GUY 1311 00:44:09,080 --> 00:44:11,760 WITH THE TWO BUTTONS. THE KIND 1312 00:44:11,760 --> 00:44:12,360 OF COUNTING THE PEOPLE ON THE 1313 00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:13,400 INTERNET NORMALLY SHARE. 1314 00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:17,800 SO THE COVID PANDEMIC HAS 1315 00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:19,760 SIGNIFICANTLY WOUND DOWN. BUT 1316 00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:23,800 THE ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT, THE 1317 00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:24,400 REAL TRUE DIEHARD OLD-SCHOOL 1318 00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:25,320 ANTI-VACCINE ACTIVISTS WHO HAVE 1319 00:44:25,320 --> 00:44:34,880 BEEN IN THIS CONVERSATION BACK 1320 00:44:34,880 --> 00:44:35,520 IN 2015, AROUND THE DISNEYLAND 1321 00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:36,120 MEASLES UPDATE WITH FALLBACKS 1322 00:44:36,120 --> 00:44:36,760 AND REQUIREMENTS FOR SCHOOL FOR 1323 00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:37,600 THE BETTER PART OF A DECADE 1324 00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:38,160 STILL BELIEVE THAT VACCINES 1325 00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:41,640 CAUSE AUTISM. THOSE FOLKS 1326 00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:42,240 ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANT AUDIENCE 1327 00:44:42,240 --> 00:44:47,520 GROWTH DURING CVOID-19. AND 1328 00:44:47,520 --> 00:44:50,160 NOW THOSE AUDIENCES ARE POINTED 1329 00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:50,800 AT OTHER HEALTH RELATED TOPICS 1330 00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:51,440 RELATED TO THE VACCINES. 1331 00:44:51,440 --> 00:44:52,040 1332 00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:54,360 AND THIS IS WHERE EVEN THOUGH 1333 00:44:54,360 --> 00:44:59,040 COVID HAS WOUND DOWN, THERE IS 1334 00:44:59,040 --> 00:44:59,680 GOING TO BE A NEED TO MAINTAIN 1335 00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:02,760 SOME KIND OF STRUCTURED 1336 00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:03,360 RESPONSES ENCOUNTER SPEECH TO 1337 00:45:03,360 --> 00:45:03,920 TRY TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT 1338 00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:07,840 GOING FORWARD, AS THESE 1339 00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:10,880 EFFORTS, AS THESE LARGE ENGAGED 1340 00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:11,520 PARTICIPATORY NETWORKS ARE NOW 1341 00:45:11,520 --> 00:45:12,120 POINTED AT ROUTINE CHILDHOOD 1342 00:45:12,120 --> 00:45:14,840 IMMUNIZATIONS. 1343 00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:18,120 AND SO, I THINK I AM A TIME. 1344 00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:18,720 PERFECT TIMING SO I AM HAPPY TO 1345 00:45:18,720 --> 00:45:20,040 TAKE QUESTIONS FOR 15 MINUTES. 1346 00:45:20,040 --> 00:45:24,320 BUT AGAIN ROUGHLY, AS 1347 00:45:24,320 --> 00:45:24,960 LIBRARIANS, AS PEOPLE WHO WERE 1348 00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:26,000 DEEPLY FAMILIAR WITH THE 1349 00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:27,760 DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE, AS 1350 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:31,800 PEOPLE WHO ARE TIED IN TO 1351 00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:34,800 PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES OR OTHER 1352 00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:37,960 LIBRARIANS OR MEMBERS OF LOCAL 1353 00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:38,600 COMMUNITIES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO 1354 00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:39,800 HAVE NETWORK COMMUNITY 1355 00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:45,200 RESPONSES. THINGS THAT GO 1356 00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:45,800 BEYOND FACT CHECKING AND MOVE 1357 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:46,360 TOWARDS BUILDING TRUST AND 1358 00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:47,880 CREATING A SENSE OF COMMUNITY 1359 00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:48,440 AGAIN, AND REINFORCING THE 1360 00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:50,680 IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH FOR 1361 00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:53,960 COMMUNITIES IN THE REAL WORLD. 1362 00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:54,560 THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND I AM 1363 00:45:54,560 --> 00:46:00,080 HAPPY TO CHAT. 1364 00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:00,720 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH RENÉE FOR 1365 00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:01,280 THEIR EXCELLENT TALK AND MY 1366 00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:04,480 NAME IS LISA FEDERER, ACTING 1367 00:46:04,480 --> 00:46:05,600 DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF 1368 00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,160 STRATEGIC INITIATIVES AT NLM 1369 00:46:08,160 --> 00:46:11,520 SPONSORING THIS EVENT AND WE 1370 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:12,120 THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE. WE 1371 00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:12,720 ALREADY HAVE A FEW QUESTIONS 1372 00:46:12,720 --> 00:46:13,640 AND FOR THOSE OF YOU WATCHING, 1373 00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:14,160 FEEL FREE TO SUBMIT YOUR 1374 00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:17,720 QUESTIONS USING THE SUBMIT LIVE 1375 00:46:17,720 --> 00:46:18,320 FEEDBACK BUTTON THAT YOU WILL 1376 00:46:18,320 --> 00:46:19,560 FIND JUST UNDERNEATH THE VIDEO 1377 00:46:19,560 --> 00:46:21,520 ON VIDEOCAST. 1378 00:46:21,520 --> 00:46:28,320 WE WILL START WITH, 1379 00:46:28,320 --> 00:46:29,760 INTERESTING THAT VACCINE 1380 00:46:29,760 --> 00:46:30,400 ASSOCIATED EVENTS NO MATTER HOW 1381 00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:31,520 RARE OR BIZARRE ARE SUBJECT 1382 00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:32,160 OBLIGATION, POSITIVE FEEDBACK 1383 00:46:32,160 --> 00:46:32,720 FOR ASSOCIATED EVENTS WITH 1384 00:46:32,720 --> 00:46:42,040 NEGATIVE TREATMENTS, I.E., 1385 00:46:42,040 --> 00:46:42,600 IVERMECTYN, ARE SUBJECT TO 1386 00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:44,040 DENIAL. 1387 00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:54,360 >> RENEE: IVERMECTYN IS 1388 00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:00,120 INTERESTING BUT BECAUSE HE 1389 00:47:00,120 --> 00:47:03,600 BECAME SO HIGHLY PARTISAN, AS A 1390 00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:04,200 FUNCTION OF IDENTITY AND YOU 1391 00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:04,840 HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS 1392 00:47:04,840 --> 00:47:05,400 THAT WERE PASSIONATE ABOUT 1393 00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:06,920 IVERMECTYN. 1394 00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:07,440 THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE 1395 00:47:07,440 --> 00:47:10,600 EARLY ON WHO DID NOT BELIEVE 1396 00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:11,200 THAT COVID WAS A PROBLEM AND 1397 00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:11,800 THERE HEARD FROM A LOT OF 1398 00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:16,760 TRUSTED INFORMATION THAT COVID 1399 00:47:16,760 --> 00:47:17,400 WAS A HOAX AND WHAT YOU STARTED 1400 00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:18,520 TO SEE IS PEOPLE BEGAN TO DIE, 1401 00:47:18,520 --> 00:47:19,120 AND THEN THE REALIZATION THAT 1402 00:47:19,120 --> 00:47:22,320 MAYBE THIS IS NOT A HOAX, BUT 1403 00:47:22,320 --> 00:47:23,720 AT THE SAME TIME HOW SHOULD 1404 00:47:23,720 --> 00:47:26,120 THEY THINK ABOUT IT? AND PEOPLE 1405 00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:26,760 WHO WERE DEEPLY DISTRUSTFUL OF 1406 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:28,480 THE VACCINE NONETHELESS 1407 00:47:28,480 --> 00:47:29,080 RECOGNIZED THERE WAS A CHANCE 1408 00:47:29,080 --> 00:47:29,680 THEY WERE GOING TO GET THIS 1409 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:37,960 DISEASE AND THAT IS WHERE 1410 00:47:37,960 --> 00:47:38,600 IVERMECTYN BECOMES A SOURCE OF 1411 00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:39,160 GREAT INTEREST AS A WAY TO 1412 00:47:39,160 --> 00:47:39,760 AVOID THE VACCINE THAT THEY 1413 00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:40,360 BEEN HEARING IS DANGEROUS AND 1414 00:47:40,360 --> 00:47:42,840 TOXIC. AND IS GOING TO CAUSE 1415 00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:44,080 HEART PROBLEMS AND PERHAPS KILL 1416 00:47:44,080 --> 00:47:47,760 THEM. AS THEY ARE HEARING THAT, 1417 00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:48,400 IVERMECTYN IS PRESENTED AS AN 1418 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:56,360 ALTERNATIVE. ONE OF THE 1419 00:47:56,360 --> 00:47:57,000 INTERESTING DYNAMICS WITH FAKE 1420 00:47:57,000 --> 00:47:57,600 CURES, IS THAT SOMETIMES YOU 1421 00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:01,480 HAVE INFLUENCERS-- CRITICALLY 1422 00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:02,040 WELLNESS EMPLOYERS WHO ARE 1423 00:48:02,040 --> 00:48:04,120 MOTIVATED NOT JUST BY WANTING 1424 00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:06,080 TO CONNECT AND GROW THEIR 1425 00:48:06,080 --> 00:48:06,640 AUDIENCE BUT ALSO TAKE THIS 1426 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:07,200 HIGH DOSE VITAMIN C WHICH I 1427 00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:11,360 HAPPEN TO SELL. AND THERE ARE 1428 00:48:11,360 --> 00:48:12,120 OTHER DYNAMICS RELATED TO THAT. 1429 00:48:12,120 --> 00:48:14,960 SO I THINK THAT FINDING 1430 00:48:14,960 --> 00:48:17,960 MESSENGERS WHO ARE TRUSTED TO 1431 00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:22,120 TELL THE OTHER SIDE OF THAT 1432 00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:22,720 STORY IS WHERE YOU HAVE TO GO 1433 00:48:22,720 --> 00:48:23,320 AT THIS POINT TO TRY TO FLIP 1434 00:48:23,320 --> 00:48:23,640 THAT. 1435 00:48:23,640 --> 00:48:27,240 >> LISA: THAT MAKES SENSE. 1436 00:48:27,240 --> 00:48:34,000 ANOTHER QUESTION, WHAT IMPACT 1437 00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:34,640 DOES DISCOMFORT AND UNCERTAINTY 1438 00:48:34,640 --> 00:48:39,920 HAVE ON THE EPIDEMIC OF RUMORS? 1439 00:48:39,920 --> 00:48:40,520 WE'RE NOT SURE YET IS SCARIER 1440 00:48:40,520 --> 00:48:41,120 THAN HEARING HOW TERRIBLE OR 1441 00:48:41,120 --> 00:48:41,720 HOW BAD IS KNOWN. IS THIS 1442 00:48:41,720 --> 00:48:42,320 RELEVANT TO SPREAD? 1443 00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:43,880 >> RENEE: IT IS A GREAT 1444 00:48:43,880 --> 00:48:44,480 QUESTION AND YOU SEE THIS IN 1445 00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:51,400 THE BOOK, THE EPIDEMIC OF 1446 00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:52,000 RUMORS THEY DO COVER THE 1447 00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:58,480 DYNAMIC OF UNCERTAINTY AND SOME 1448 00:48:58,480 --> 00:48:59,120 OF THE LITERATURE AROUND RUMORS 1449 00:48:59,120 --> 00:48:59,760 ALSO DOES IT AND HIGHLIGHTS THE 1450 00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:01,920 FACT THAT WHEN PEOPLE SHARE 1451 00:49:01,920 --> 00:49:02,440 THIS WITH HER FRIENDS AND 1452 00:49:02,440 --> 00:49:04,240 HOPING THEIR FRIENDS HAVE BEEN 1453 00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:07,840 MORE INFORMATION OR A PIECE OF 1454 00:49:07,840 --> 00:49:08,480 IT-- I WAS WRITING ARTICLES FOR 1455 00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:09,080 THE ATLANTIC QUITE A BIT DURING 1456 00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:11,640 THE WORK WE WERE DOING HERE 1457 00:49:11,640 --> 00:49:12,240 TRYING TO CONCEPTUALIZE THIS 1458 00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:14,200 FOR THE PUBLIC, WHEN THE 1459 00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:14,840 INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY FIGURES 1460 00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:17,800 DON'T PARTICIPATE IN THE 1461 00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:18,400 CONVERSATION, YOU JUST CREATE 1462 00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:19,040 AVOID WHEREBY THE ONLY CONTENT 1463 00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:29,720 THAT IS OUT THERE, IS CONTENT 1464 00:49:29,720 --> 00:49:30,200 PRODUCED BY EITHER DEEPLY 1465 00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:30,840 CONCERNED PEOPLE OR FINANCIALLY 1466 00:49:30,840 --> 00:49:31,840 MOTIVATED PEOPLE, AND IS HARD 1467 00:49:31,840 --> 00:49:32,440 TO HOP INTO THE CONVERSATION AT 1468 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:42,040 THE END AND SAY NO, NO, THIS IS 1469 00:49:42,040 --> 00:49:42,680 THE TRUTH BECAUSE YOU HAVE NOT 1470 00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:43,840 EST. A RAPPORT AND THERE IS NO 1471 00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:44,480 DYNAMIC WHERE THE PARTICIPATION 1472 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:50,880 IS HAPPENING. 1473 00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:51,480 THERE ARE MANY INFLUENCERS WHO 1474 00:49:51,480 --> 00:49:51,960 GAIN THEIR OWN CLOUD BY 1475 00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:52,560 POSITIONING THEMSELVES AS A 1476 00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:53,160 SOURCE OF TRUTH IN OPPOSITION 1477 00:49:53,160 --> 00:49:54,640 TO AUTHORITY AND INSTITUTIONS. 1478 00:49:54,640 --> 00:49:55,240 WHERE UNDERMINING CONFIDENCE 1479 00:49:55,240 --> 00:49:55,880 INSTITUTIONS IS HOW THEY GROW 1480 00:49:55,880 --> 00:50:02,640 THEIR AUDIENCES, BECAUSE THEY 1481 00:50:02,640 --> 00:50:08,040 ARE HETERODOX THINKERS AND 1482 00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:08,640 CONTRARIANS. AND INSTITUTIONS 1483 00:50:08,640 --> 00:50:09,120 THAT ARE ACCUSTOMED TO 1484 00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:09,720 COMMUNICATING IN CONFERENCES 1485 00:50:09,720 --> 00:50:13,880 AND FACT SHEETS-- WHAT WE NEED 1486 00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:14,480 TO SEE MORE OF OUR THINGS THAT 1487 00:50:14,480 --> 00:50:15,840 SAY THIS IS WHAT WE KNOW TO BE 1488 00:50:15,840 --> 00:50:17,520 TRUE RIGHT NOW. THIS IS OUR 1489 00:50:17,520 --> 00:50:18,120 BEST UNDERSTANDING OF WHERE 1490 00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:22,560 THINGS ARE RIGHT NOW. AND THAT 1491 00:50:22,560 --> 00:50:23,120 IS THE KIND OF TRANSPARENCY 1492 00:50:23,120 --> 00:50:23,760 WHERE THE RECOGNITION IS THAT 1493 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:29,120 YOU MIGHT BE WRONG. AND YET AT 1494 00:50:29,120 --> 00:50:29,720 THE SAME TIME I DO THINK THAT 1495 00:50:29,720 --> 00:50:30,200 SAYING THIS IS OUR BEST 1496 00:50:30,200 --> 00:50:30,800 UNDERSTANDING OF THE FACTS 1497 00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:34,120 RIGHT NOW IS SOMETHING THAT WE 1498 00:50:34,120 --> 00:50:34,600 NEED TO SEE FROM OUR 1499 00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:35,520 INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITY 1500 00:50:35,520 --> 00:50:39,760 FIGURES. AT EXPLAINING THROUGH 1501 00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:41,400 EDUCATION OR MEDIA LITERACY 1502 00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:42,040 THAT THE INTERNET DOES NOT HAVE 1503 00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:43,680 ALL THE FACTS FOR YOU. AT THE 1504 00:50:43,680 --> 00:50:47,000 TIME THAT YOU WANT THEM. YOU 1505 00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:47,640 SEE THIS IN A LOT OF DIFFERENT 1506 00:50:47,640 --> 00:50:52,960 CRISIS EVENTS. TRAGICALLY WITH 1507 00:50:52,960 --> 00:50:53,520 MASS SHOOTINGS THERE ARE 1508 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:54,120 OFTENTIMES PEOPLE WHO ARE NAMED 1509 00:50:54,120 --> 00:50:59,000 AS THE SUSPECT, PURELY BECAUSE 1510 00:50:59,000 --> 00:50:59,560 SOME PEOPLE ON THE INTERNET 1511 00:50:59,560 --> 00:51:00,120 FOUND SOMETHING AND THEY 1512 00:51:00,120 --> 00:51:03,680 THOUGHT THEY WERE BEING 1513 00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:04,320 SLEUTHS, AND THEY PUT THIS OUT 1514 00:51:04,320 --> 00:51:04,920 THERE AND IS PEOPLE SCROLLING 1515 00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:05,560 AND SCROLLING BECAUSE THEY WANT 1516 00:51:05,560 --> 00:51:08,600 TO KNOW THE TRUTH, IT IS HIGHLY 1517 00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:09,200 SENSATIONAL AND UPSETTING EVENT 1518 00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:09,840 AND THEY WANT TO PARTICIPATE IN 1519 00:51:09,840 --> 00:51:12,600 THE CONVERSATION ABOUT IT. YOU 1520 00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:13,200 DO START TO SEE THAT DYNAMIC 1521 00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:18,640 HAPPEN OVER AND OVER AGAIN. AND 1522 00:51:18,640 --> 00:51:20,120 SO THIS IDEA THAT IN THE HEAT 1523 00:51:20,120 --> 00:51:22,560 OF THE CHAOS OF THE SITUATION, 1524 00:51:22,560 --> 00:51:23,080 THAT INFORMATION IS NOT 1525 00:51:23,080 --> 00:51:23,680 NECESSARILY WHAT RISES TO THE 1526 00:51:23,680 --> 00:51:24,240 TOP. SO HELPING PEOPLE MAKE 1527 00:51:24,240 --> 00:51:29,360 THAT CONNECTION, HEY, THERE'S A 1528 00:51:29,360 --> 00:51:29,920 LOT OF TIMES WHERE YOU SEE 1529 00:51:29,920 --> 00:51:30,560 FALSE RUMORS FLY WHEN THERE IS 1530 00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:33,960 A SERIOUS WORLD EVENT. THAT 1531 00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:34,560 SAME THING HAPPENS IN THIS MORE 1532 00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:35,160 SUSTAINED EXPERIENCE DURING 1533 00:51:35,160 --> 00:51:35,640 THIS PANDEMIC. 1534 00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:43,680 >> LISA: INTERESTING SO YEAH. 1535 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:44,200 ANOTHER QUESTION. I AM 1536 00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:44,800 WONDERING WHETHER YOU HAD ANY 1537 00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:45,360 CONVERSATIONS WITH MEDICAL 1538 00:51:45,360 --> 00:51:47,560 PROVIDERS AROUND THIS NEW 1539 00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:48,160 RESPONSIBILITY TO BECOME MORE 1540 00:51:48,160 --> 00:51:58,640 OF AN INFLUENCER IN THEIR 1541 00:51:59,600 --> 00:52:00,160 PERSONAL ONLINE SPACES. THIS IS 1542 00:52:00,160 --> 00:52:00,680 NOT A RESPONSIBILITY OR 1543 00:52:00,680 --> 00:52:01,200 BEHAVIOR WE HAD ASKED OF 1544 00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:01,800 MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IN THE 1545 00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:02,400 PAST AND LIKELY ADDS A WHOLE 1546 00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:03,000 ADDITIONAL BURDEN OF FEELING 1547 00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,560 RESPONSIBLE FOR COMBATING MIS 1548 00:52:05,560 --> 00:52:08,160 OR DISINFORMATION. 1549 00:52:08,160 --> 00:52:14,960 >> RENEE: IT IS A VERY HEROIC 1550 00:52:14,960 --> 00:52:15,920 EFFORT OF THOSE PHYSICIANS THAT 1551 00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:23,560 WE SAW. WE ARE PART OF THE 1552 00:52:23,560 --> 00:52:24,200 CALIFORNIA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1553 00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:24,760 WITH THE NEW EACH OTHER AND 1554 00:52:24,760 --> 00:52:28,680 PRIOR TO DECIDING TO DISSIPATE 1555 00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:30,040 AS COMMUNICATORS TO THE SPACE 1556 00:52:30,040 --> 00:52:36,600 BUT THERE WERE-- @CLUBHOUSE WAS 1557 00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:37,160 A POPULAR AT THE TIME WITH 1558 00:52:37,160 --> 00:52:37,760 VOICE CHAT AND IT WAS POPULAR 1559 00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:38,360 AMONG THE BLACK COMMUNITY AS 1560 00:52:38,360 --> 00:52:41,600 WELL, EARLY ADOPTERS. YOU DID 1561 00:52:41,600 --> 00:52:45,960 SEE MANY, MANY BLACK PHYSICIANS 1562 00:52:45,960 --> 00:52:46,560 STARTING ROOMS AND CLUBHOUSES 1563 00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:48,600 THAT SAID DO YOU HAVE QUESTIONS 1564 00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:52,080 ABOUT COVID? I AM HERE SO YOU 1565 00:52:52,080 --> 00:52:56,840 CAN ASK ME. 1566 00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:57,480 AT NIGHT AND AFTER THEIR SHIFT 1567 00:52:57,480 --> 00:52:58,080 IN THE WORK THAT THEY DID THEY 1568 00:52:58,080 --> 00:53:00,000 MADE THEMSELVES AVAILABLE FOR 1569 00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:01,680 AN HOUR OR TWO TO ANSWER 1570 00:53:01,680 --> 00:53:02,280 QUESTIONS FROM THE COMMUNITY 1571 00:53:02,280 --> 00:53:02,800 AND SO I THINK THIS IS A 1572 00:53:02,800 --> 00:53:05,560 QUESTION PERHAPS FOR MEDICAL 1573 00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:07,960 PROFESSIONALS. I HAVE BEEN 1574 00:53:07,960 --> 00:53:10,360 PARTICIPATING. I SPOKE WITH THE 1575 00:53:10,360 --> 00:53:11,280 AMERICAN BOARD OF INTERNAL 1576 00:53:11,280 --> 00:53:14,200 MEDICINE FOLKS. I WAS AT ONE OF 1577 00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:17,360 THEIR CONFERENCES LAST YEAR. 1578 00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:17,960 AND THEY ARE REALLY TRYING TO 1579 00:53:17,960 --> 00:53:21,240 PRIORITIZE. IS THERE A RESPONSE 1580 00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:25,240 FUNCTION WHERE THEY CAN MAKE A 1581 00:53:25,240 --> 00:53:25,880 NETWORK OF PHYSICIANS WHO WANTS 1582 00:53:25,880 --> 00:53:26,480 TO DO THIS? SO PEOPLE CAN BE 1583 00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:28,360 TAPPED IN FOR THE RELATIVE 1584 00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:32,280 EXPERTISE AT RELEVANT TIMES. 1585 00:53:32,280 --> 00:53:32,800 THE REAL CHALLENGES YOU DO 1586 00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,680 HAVE TO WORK ON BUILDING AN 1587 00:53:36,680 --> 00:53:39,160 AUDIENCE, AND BUILDING WITH THE 1588 00:53:39,160 --> 00:53:39,720 AUDIENCE AND THAT IS WHERE 1589 00:53:39,720 --> 00:53:40,320 EXISTING INFLUENCERS-- EVEN 1590 00:53:40,320 --> 00:53:42,080 WELLNESS ARE THE THINGS-- BRING 1591 00:53:42,080 --> 00:53:49,480 ON PHYSICIANS. SOMETIMES IT IS 1592 00:53:49,480 --> 00:53:50,040 A BETTER WAY OF GETTING THE 1593 00:53:50,040 --> 00:53:50,600 MESSAGE OUT RATHER THAN THE 1594 00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:52,000 PHYSICIAN SITTING THERE TRYING 1595 00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:52,560 TO BECOME A FULL-FLEDGED 1596 00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:53,040 INFLUENCER WITH HUNDRED 1597 00:53:53,040 --> 00:53:53,640 THOUSAND FOLLOWERS THEMSELVES 1598 00:53:53,640 --> 00:53:55,000 AND SOME OF THEM WANT TO DO IT, 1599 00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:56,240 SOME OF THEM DON'T BUT YOU DO 1600 00:53:56,240 --> 00:53:59,560 SEE THIS DYNAMIC, POSITIONS 1601 00:53:59,560 --> 00:54:00,160 BEGINNING TO PICK THIS UP AND 1602 00:54:00,160 --> 00:54:00,680 TAKE IT ON AS PART OF THE 1603 00:54:00,680 --> 00:54:01,240 RESPONSIBILITIES. 1604 00:54:01,240 --> 00:54:03,440 >> LISA: I THINK THE QUESTION 1605 00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:04,640 THAT IS A LITTLE BIT RELATED TO 1606 00:54:04,640 --> 00:54:05,160 THAT, I HEARD FROM FACT 1607 00:54:05,160 --> 00:54:12,880 CHECKERS THAT EL TIEMPO LATINO, 1608 00:54:12,880 --> 00:54:13,480 THEY OBSERVED THE MESSAGE OF 1609 00:54:13,480 --> 00:54:14,080 GETTING VACCINATED AND TAKEN 1610 00:54:14,080 --> 00:54:14,680 PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT FAMILY 1611 00:54:14,680 --> 00:54:24,480 MEMBERS IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN 1612 00:54:24,480 --> 00:54:25,120 HISPANIC IMMUNITIES AND ASKING 1613 00:54:25,120 --> 00:54:25,720 PEOPLE TO DO THESE THINGS FOR 1614 00:54:25,720 --> 00:54:26,360 THEMSELVES HAVE YOU SEEN HEALTH 1615 00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:26,920 PROFESSIONALS CHANGE THEIR 1616 00:54:26,920 --> 00:54:27,520 LANGUAGE OR START USING MORE 1617 00:54:27,520 --> 00:54:28,160 TRANSLATORS WHEN TALKING TO HIS 1618 00:54:28,160 --> 00:54:28,720 ESL POPULATIONS, ESPECIALLY 1619 00:54:28,720 --> 00:54:29,280 CONTENT INFORMATION NOT IN 1620 00:54:29,280 --> 00:54:29,640 ENGLISH? 1621 00:54:29,640 --> 00:54:33,080 >> RENEE: WE LOOKED AT 1622 00:54:33,080 --> 00:54:33,680 NARRATIVES IN SPANISH AND IN 1623 00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:36,320 CHINESE. AND SO WE DO HAVE 1624 00:54:36,320 --> 00:54:39,920 SECTIONS OF THE REPORT WILL 1625 00:54:39,920 --> 00:54:40,520 TALK ABOUT THAT. SO SOMETIMES 1626 00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:42,360 IT COMES THROUGH TRANSLATION, 1627 00:54:42,360 --> 00:54:45,920 MEANING THE RUMORS WERE OFTEN 1628 00:54:45,920 --> 00:54:48,720 TRANSLATED FROM AMERICAN SOCIAL 1629 00:54:48,720 --> 00:54:52,160 MEDIA INTO SPANISH AND CHINESE 1630 00:54:52,160 --> 00:54:54,880 LANGUAGES. BUT THERE ARE UNIQUE 1631 00:54:54,880 --> 00:54:55,520 NARRATIVES ARE HIGHLY RESONANT 1632 00:54:55,520 --> 00:54:56,080 WITH A POPULATION LIKE FOR 1633 00:54:56,080 --> 00:54:58,520 EXAMPLE AMONG THE CHINESE 1634 00:54:58,520 --> 00:54:59,080 EX-PAT COMMUNITY NARRATIVES 1635 00:54:59,080 --> 00:55:03,240 THAT THIS IS THE CCP VIRUS THAT 1636 00:55:03,240 --> 00:55:08,360 WAS PLAYED A LOT AND AGAIN THAT 1637 00:55:08,360 --> 00:55:08,960 SALIENCE IS NOT VERY RELEVANT 1638 00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:09,600 TO THE DYNAMICS OF THE CHINESE 1639 00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:12,880 COMMUNIS PARTY OR THEORIES 1640 00:55:12,880 --> 00:55:13,480 ABOUT GOVERNMENT COURSE AND 1641 00:55:13,480 --> 00:55:14,000 AROUND VACCINES AND THAT 1642 00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:14,520 RESONATE IN A PARTICULAR 1643 00:55:14,520 --> 00:55:20,960 DIFFERENT WAY. 1644 00:55:20,960 --> 00:55:21,520 AND AS YOU NOTED WITHIN THE 1645 00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:22,120 SPANISH-LANGUAGE POPULATION, 1646 00:55:22,120 --> 00:55:22,680 APPEALING TO COMMUNITY OR 1647 00:55:22,680 --> 00:55:24,520 PEEING THE FAMILY MAY BE MORE 1648 00:55:24,520 --> 00:55:25,120 RESONANT. I THINK THERE NEEDS 1649 00:55:25,120 --> 00:55:25,600 TO BE A WHOLE LOT MORE 1650 00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:27,280 SUSTAINED WORK LOOKING AT THIS. 1651 00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:30,800 AND SIO, WE LOOK A LOT OF 1652 00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:33,000 DIFFERENT THINGS ON THE 1653 00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:33,600 INTERNET, A LOT OF DIFFERENT 1654 00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:38,800 TOPICS AND SO WHAT WE DEVOTED 1655 00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:39,280 2021 TO THIS IT IS NOT 1656 00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:39,840 SOMETHING WE ARE CURRENTLY 1657 00:55:39,840 --> 00:55:44,280 PERSISTING IN SO BUILDING THOSE 1658 00:55:44,280 --> 00:55:44,840 CONNECTIONS WHERE YOU HAVE 1659 00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:45,280 THESE CIVIL SOCIETY 1660 00:55:45,280 --> 00:55:45,760 ORGANIZATIONS ARE THESE 1661 00:55:45,760 --> 00:55:47,880 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS 1662 00:55:47,880 --> 00:55:48,520 PLUGGING INTO SOME SORT OF BODY 1663 00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:51,960 THAT IS CAPABLE OF ASSESSING 1664 00:55:51,960 --> 00:55:52,440 NARRATIVES OR ONLINE 1665 00:55:52,440 --> 00:55:53,040 INFORMATION IS SOMETHING YOU 1666 00:55:53,040 --> 00:55:56,560 NEED TO HAVE AS A MUCH MORE 1667 00:55:56,560 --> 00:55:58,160 SUSTAINED SET OF RELATIONSHIPS. 1668 00:55:58,160 --> 00:55:58,720 WHICH REQUIRES FUNDING AND 1669 00:55:58,720 --> 00:55:59,160 COMMITMENT. 1670 00:55:59,160 --> 00:56:03,560 >> LISA: YES AND THERE'S A 1671 00:56:03,560 --> 00:56:04,200 COUPLE QUESTIONS THAT HAVE COME 1672 00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:08,200 IN THAT RELATE TO WHAT 1673 00:56:08,200 --> 00:56:08,800 LIBRARIANS CAN DO. AS YOU MIGHT 1674 00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:09,400 EXPECT WITH HIS AUDIENCE. I 1675 00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:11,000 WILL SAY THAT NLM AND THROUGH 1676 00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:11,560 THE NETWORK OF THE NATIONAL 1677 00:56:11,560 --> 00:56:17,600 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HAVE BEEN 1678 00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:18,200 DOING SOME WORK IN THIS AREA 1679 00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:18,720 BUT MAYBE YOU CAN SPEAK A 1680 00:56:18,720 --> 00:56:19,280 LITTLE BIT MORE TO WHAT ARE 1681 00:56:19,280 --> 00:56:19,800 ACTIONABLE THINGS THAT 1682 00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:21,680 LIBRARIANS CAN DO TO HELP OUT 1683 00:56:21,680 --> 00:56:22,680 IN THESE AREAS. 1684 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:28,680 >> RENEE: I THINK IT IS THE 1685 00:56:28,680 --> 00:56:29,760 OPPORTUNITIES FOR INFORMATION 1686 00:56:29,760 --> 00:56:33,920 LITERACY I THINK ARE HUGE. I 1687 00:56:33,920 --> 00:56:39,840 HAVE THREE LITTLE KIDS. ONE OF 1688 00:56:39,840 --> 00:56:40,400 THEM GETS CURRICULUM RIGHT 1689 00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:41,560 NOW-- ACTUALLY TWO OF THEM EVEN 1690 00:56:41,560 --> 00:56:42,080 IN KINDERGARTEN THEY ARE 1691 00:56:42,080 --> 00:56:42,760 STARTING IT-- NOT EVERYTHING ON 1692 00:56:42,760 --> 00:56:46,640 THE INTERNET IS REAL. IT IS 1693 00:56:46,640 --> 00:56:52,800 VERY CUTE, KID ORIENTED. JUST 1694 00:56:52,800 --> 00:56:53,440 BECAUSE THEY SAID IT ON YOUTUBE 1695 00:56:53,440 --> 00:56:54,080 DOES NOT MEAN IT IS TRUE KIND 1696 00:56:54,080 --> 00:56:54,680 OF STUFF AND WE NEED TO LEVEL 1697 00:56:54,680 --> 00:56:59,560 DATA FOR ADULTS. BUT WHERE DO 1698 00:56:59,560 --> 00:57:00,200 ADULTS SEE OR HEAR ABOUT THESE 1699 00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:05,400 SORTS OF DYNAMICS? HOW DO YOU 1700 00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:05,960 CONVEY THAT A LOT OF TIMES 1701 00:57:05,960 --> 00:57:06,560 PEOPLE SHARE RUMORS BECAUSE 1702 00:57:06,560 --> 00:57:07,800 THEY FEEL VERY EMOTIONALLY 1703 00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:12,840 REAL, VERY RESONANT? AND IN 1704 00:57:12,840 --> 00:57:13,480 DOING SO YOU ALMOST ENSURE THAT 1705 00:57:13,480 --> 00:57:14,120 OTHER MEMBERS OF YOUR COMMUNITY 1706 00:57:14,120 --> 00:57:19,320 ARE GOING TO SEE IT TOO. IS 1707 00:57:19,320 --> 00:57:19,840 THIS SOMETHING YOU FEEL 1708 00:57:19,840 --> 00:57:20,440 STRONGLY ENOUGH ABOUT THAT YOU 1709 00:57:20,440 --> 00:57:21,040 BELIEVE IS TRUE AND YOU WANT 1710 00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:21,640 THE REST OF THE COMMUNITY TO 1711 00:57:21,640 --> 00:57:30,320 SEE IT? 1712 00:57:30,320 --> 00:57:30,920 EVEN AS PLATFORMS TRY TO THINK 1713 00:57:30,920 --> 00:57:31,480 ABOUT TRENDING TOPICS AND 1714 00:57:31,480 --> 00:57:32,120 DESIGN AND RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS 1715 00:57:32,120 --> 00:57:32,720 AND THEY ACCEPT AD DOLLARS FROM 1716 00:57:32,720 --> 00:57:35,720 ALL THESE DIFFERENT THINGS 1717 00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:36,240 THERE IS A QUESTION ABOUT 1718 00:57:36,240 --> 00:57:36,840 INCREASING USE OF AGENCY AND 1719 00:57:36,840 --> 00:57:42,480 ENCOURAGING COMMUNITY MEMBERS 1720 00:57:42,480 --> 00:57:43,000 TO FIND OUT THE FACTS AND 1721 00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:43,560 POTENTIALLY COUNTER SPEAK 1722 00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:44,160 WITHIN COMMUNITIES AND SINCE 1723 00:57:44,160 --> 00:57:44,800 LIBRARIANS DO OFTEN HAVE STRONG 1724 00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:45,400 TIES WITHIN THE COMMUNITY, THAT 1725 00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,560 MIGHT BE ONE AREA FOR 1726 00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:53,280 CONTINUING ADULT EDUCATION TO 1727 00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:53,840 HELP MAKE THE WAY THAT THE 1728 00:57:53,840 --> 00:57:54,480 SYSTEM WORKS A LITTLE BIT MORE 1729 00:57:54,480 --> 00:57:55,040 CLEAR-- PARTICULARLY TO OLD 1730 00:57:55,040 --> 00:57:55,440 REPUBLIC. 1731 00:57:55,440 --> 00:58:02,480 >> LISA: YET NOTHING THAT TIES 1732 00:58:02,480 --> 00:58:02,960 WELL INTO THE WORK OF 1733 00:58:02,960 --> 00:58:06,720 INFORMATION LITERACY. 1734 00:58:06,720 --> 00:58:17,160 I WILL DO OUR LAST QUESTION. 1735 00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:19,200 CAN YOU COMMENT ON THE ROLE OF 1736 00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:19,800 SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS FOR 1737 00:58:19,800 --> 00:58:20,440 EXAMPLE MICKEY MÉNAGE? ON THE 1738 00:58:20,440 --> 00:58:21,040 PROPAGATION OF MISINFORMATION 1739 00:58:21,040 --> 00:58:22,200 VS. THE ROLE OF CONVENTIONAL 1740 00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:22,800 SOCIAL NEVER PROPAGATION FOR 1741 00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:23,440 EXAMPLE FACEBOOK FRIENDS? 1742 00:58:23,440 --> 00:58:25,680 >> RENEE: THAT IS AN 1743 00:58:25,680 --> 00:58:26,240 INTERESTING QUESTION AND OF 1744 00:58:26,240 --> 00:58:27,680 COURSE I REMEMBER THE MICKEY 1745 00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:30,040 MENAGE (PHONETIC) INCIDENT AND 1746 00:58:30,040 --> 00:58:31,680 I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY DO, A 1747 00:58:31,680 --> 00:58:35,600 FRIEND OF A FRIEND RUMOR. MY 1748 00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:37,920 BOYFRIEND'S BROTHERS COUSIN 1749 00:58:37,920 --> 00:58:39,320 EXPERIENCE AN EVENT WHERE HIS 1750 00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:43,560 TESTICLES FELL. THAT WAS THE 1751 00:58:43,560 --> 00:58:44,160 THEORY. HOW DO YOU FACT CHECK 1752 00:58:44,160 --> 00:58:48,440 THAT? 1753 00:58:48,440 --> 00:58:51,000 AND SO WHAT WANT UP HAPPENING, 1754 00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:55,360 I THINK ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 1755 00:58:55,360 --> 00:58:56,000 IS PUTTING ISOLATED EVENTS INTO 1756 00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:57,720 CONTEXT. ONE, WE DON'T KNOW 1757 00:58:57,720 --> 00:59:01,520 THAT IT HAPPENED IN TWO, WE 1758 00:59:01,520 --> 00:59:03,960 DON'T KNOW THE VACCINE COSTED 1759 00:59:03,960 --> 00:59:08,280 IN THREE, IF IT DID HAPPEN 1760 00:59:08,280 --> 00:59:08,880 THERE ARE OCCASIONALLY OUTLIER 1761 00:59:08,880 --> 00:59:11,320 EVENT SO YOU THINK ABOUT THE 1762 00:59:11,320 --> 00:59:11,960 SAFETY STATISTICS AND ISOLATED 1763 00:59:11,960 --> 00:59:12,560 STORIES AND SO THERE ARE WAYS 1764 00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:13,240 TO COUNTER SPEAK IN RESPONSE TO 1765 00:59:13,240 --> 00:59:16,200 THAT. VERY DIFFICULT TO PUT UP 1766 00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:16,800 A LABEL SAYING THIS DOES NOT 1767 00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:22,360 HAPPEN. AND THAT AGAIN IS WHERE 1768 00:59:22,360 --> 00:59:23,000 WE GET A PLATFORMS THAT ARE NOT 1769 00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:23,560 NECESSARILY THE BEST WAY TO 1770 00:59:23,560 --> 00:59:25,440 ADDRESS THAT SITUATION PERHAPS. 1771 00:59:25,440 --> 00:59:26,000 BUT INFLUENCERS ALSO BEING 1772 00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:30,800 AWARE OF THE ROLE THAT THEY 1773 00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:31,280 PLAY IN THE INFORMATION 1774 00:59:31,280 --> 00:59:36,280 ECOSYSTEM AND A LOT OF TIMES, 1775 00:59:36,280 --> 00:59:36,880 THE IMPACT OF SPECULATION IF 1776 00:59:36,880 --> 00:59:39,840 YOU ARE SOMEBODY WITH A LARGE 1777 00:59:39,840 --> 00:59:40,360 FOLLOWING, IS NOT ALWAYS 1778 00:59:40,360 --> 00:59:44,720 NECESSARILY INTERNALIZED. 1779 00:59:44,720 --> 00:59:45,320 AND SO THE INFLUENCER HAS THE 1780 00:59:45,320 --> 00:59:45,960 POWER TO REACH A LOT OF PEOPLE 1781 00:59:45,960 --> 00:59:50,400 ALL AT ONCE. THEY HAVE A 1782 00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:52,200 MILLION FOLLOWERS OR SOMETHING. 1783 00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:54,800 BUT THERE ARE INTERESTING 1784 00:59:54,800 --> 00:59:55,360 THEORIES OF PERSUASION THAT 1785 00:59:55,360 --> 01:00:00,400 DATE BACK TO THE 1940S ACTUALLY 1786 01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:01,000 WHAT PEOPLE TRIED TO STUDY 1787 01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:01,600 PROPAGANDA BROADCAST MEDIA AND 1788 01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:03,880 THE IMPACT ON POPULATION 1789 01:00:03,880 --> 01:00:05,560 DIRECTLY, CALL THE HYPODERMIC 1790 01:00:05,560 --> 01:00:07,080 THEORY OF INFORMATION. PEOPLE 1791 01:00:07,080 --> 01:00:07,720 WHO SAW CONTENT ON THE PROJECT 1792 01:00:07,720 --> 01:00:16,240 IMMEDIATELY BEGAN TO BELIEVE IT. 1793 01:00:16,240 --> 01:00:16,680 AND THE FUNNY WAS THAT 1794 01:00:16,680 --> 01:00:17,280 OFTENTIMES IT WAS MEDIATED 1795 01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:17,880 THROUGH FIRENDS. SO THEY WERE 1796 01:00:17,880 --> 01:00:18,520 PEOPLE THAT THEY CALLED OPINION 1797 01:00:18,520 --> 01:00:24,560 LEADERS IN THE STUDY THAT 1798 01:00:24,560 --> 01:00:28,040 SERVED AS A ROLE AS MEDIATORS 1799 01:00:28,040 --> 01:00:34,760 OR TRANSLATORS, AND THAT 1800 01:00:34,760 --> 01:00:35,400 DYNAMIC HAPPENS IN SOCIAL MEDIA 1801 01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:35,960 TODAY SO YOU DO HAVE THESE 1802 01:00:35,960 --> 01:00:36,560 MEMBERS OF YOUR FRIEND GROUP 1803 01:00:36,560 --> 01:00:37,120 WHOM YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO 1804 01:00:37,120 --> 01:00:38,400 TRUST OR LISTEN TO OR BE 1805 01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:38,960 ENGAGED IN A BACK-AND-FORTH 1806 01:00:38,960 --> 01:00:39,840 WITH AND SOME OF THEM TURN OUT 1807 01:00:39,840 --> 01:00:43,920 TO BE KIND OF HIGH-FREQUENCY 1808 01:00:43,920 --> 01:00:44,520 SHARERS OF CERTAIN TYPES OF 1809 01:00:44,520 --> 01:00:47,480 CONTENT. AND SO THE THEORY IS 1810 01:00:47,480 --> 01:00:50,160 THAT THE IMPACT IS DIFFERENT 1811 01:00:50,160 --> 01:00:55,960 BECAUSE ONE IS SOMEBODY PERHAPS 1812 01:00:55,960 --> 01:00:56,520 SOMEWHAT UNATTAINABLE BUT 1813 01:00:56,520 --> 01:01:01,920 TRUSTED BUT OFTENTIMES THE 1814 01:01:01,920 --> 01:01:02,560 FANDOM WILL SHARE BECAUSE THEY 1815 01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:03,080 HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH 1816 01:01:03,080 --> 01:01:03,680 INFLUENCER BUT AS FAR AS DOES 1817 01:01:03,680 --> 01:01:08,600 THE CHANGE THEIR MINDS? THE 1818 01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:09,200 CURRENT THINKING IS THAT MIND 1819 01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:09,800 CHANGING HAPPENS MUCH MORE AND 1820 01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:10,400 THAT SORT OF PERSONAL SENSE 1821 01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:11,000 THAT HAPPENS WITH PEOPLE AND 1822 01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:15,800 PLATFORM LIKE FACEBOOK. SO IT 1823 01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:18,880 IS A DIFFERENT DYNAMIC. TWITTER 1824 01:01:18,880 --> 01:01:19,480 IS MORE BROADCAST AND FANDOM 1825 01:01:19,480 --> 01:01:21,880 APPLICATION VS. FACEBOOK WHAT 1826 01:01:21,880 --> 01:01:22,480 YOU ARE TALKING TO PEOPLE WHO 1827 01:01:22,480 --> 01:01:23,080 ARE IN A GROUP WITH YOU AND SO 1828 01:01:23,080 --> 01:01:24,880 YOU REALLY FORM A COMMUNITY, A 1829 01:01:24,880 --> 01:01:25,520 TRUSTED COMMUNITY AS YOU ENGAGE 1830 01:01:25,520 --> 01:01:26,120 AROUND THESE ISSUES. 1831 01:01:26,120 --> 01:01:29,840 >> LISA: VERY INTERESTING AND 1832 01:01:29,840 --> 01:01:30,440 THAT DOES TAKE US TO THE HOUR 1833 01:01:30,440 --> 01:01:34,320 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH RENEE FOR 1834 01:01:34,320 --> 01:01:34,920 THIS EXCELLENT TALK AND THANK 1835 01:01:34,920 --> 01:01:35,440 YOU ALL FOR JOINING US IN 1836 01:01:35,440 --> 01:01:36,000 SPECIAL THANKS TO THOSE WHO 1837 01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:37,080 SUBMITTED QUESTIONS. WILL CLOSE 1838 01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:38,720 THERE, AND THANK YOU ALL AGAIN 1839 01:01:38,720 --> 00:00:00,000 AND HAVE A GREAT REST OF YOUR DAY.