1 00:00:33,574 --> 00:00:34,675 THIS YEAR'S WORKSHOP IS 2 00:00:34,675 --> 00:00:35,209 ADVASING OUTCOME MEASURE 3 00:00:35,209 --> 00:00:38,345 DEVELOP AM AND ANALYTICAL 4 00:00:38,345 --> 00:00:39,947 APPROACHES SO THE PAIN ANIMALS 5 00:00:39,947 --> 00:00:42,783 WORKSHOP WAS SET UP WITH THE 6 00:00:42,783 --> 00:00:44,585 DIVISION TO DIGS CUSS THE 7 00:00:44,585 --> 00:00:48,722 MEASUREMENT OF PAIN IN ANIMALS. 8 00:00:48,722 --> 00:00:50,224 AND THE GOAL REALLY OF THE 9 00:00:50,224 --> 00:00:52,326 WORKSHOP IS TO BE A FORM OF 10 00:00:52,326 --> 00:00:53,861 DISCUSSION AND EXCHANGE OF IDEAS 11 00:00:53,861 --> 00:00:55,028 AND HOPEFULLY YOU'VE MET A FEW 12 00:00:55,028 --> 00:00:58,298 PEOPLE AND YOU REALIZE IT'S 13 00:00:58,298 --> 00:01:01,935 QUITE A MIXED GATHERING HERE. 14 00:01:01,935 --> 00:01:04,204 WE HAVE INDIVIDUALS FROM REG LA 15 00:01:04,204 --> 00:01:05,606 THORY EAMTIONS, WE HAVE 16 00:01:05,606 --> 00:01:08,041 INDIVIDUALS FROM INDUSTRY BOTH 17 00:01:08,041 --> 00:01:09,810 ON THE VETERINARY AND HUMAN SIDE 18 00:01:09,810 --> 00:01:10,277 OF INDUSTRY. 19 00:01:10,277 --> 00:01:13,747 WE HAVE FOLK FROM THE NIH, FROM 20 00:01:13,747 --> 00:01:14,781 PRIVATE PRACTICE, VETERINARY 21 00:01:14,781 --> 00:01:16,183 PRACTICE FROM ACADEMIA AND SO, 22 00:01:16,183 --> 00:01:18,852 IN A SENSE IT'S KIND OF AN 23 00:01:18,852 --> 00:01:23,123 UNCOMFORTABLE MIX, ISN'T IT IN 24 00:01:23,123 --> 00:01:25,158 BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT NECESSARILY 25 00:01:25,158 --> 00:01:26,693 SURROUNDED BY YOUR REGULAR 26 00:01:26,693 --> 00:01:27,461 COLLEAGUES, YOUR REGULAR FRIENDS 27 00:01:27,461 --> 00:01:31,365 BUT I THINK THAT UNCOMFORTABLE 28 00:01:31,365 --> 00:01:32,399 MIX HOPEFULLY WILL BECOME 29 00:01:32,399 --> 00:01:33,634 COMFORTABLE AND I THINK THAT'S 30 00:01:33,634 --> 00:01:35,035 REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE'RE 31 00:01:35,035 --> 00:01:38,672 REALLY, WE'RE ALL INVOLVED IN 32 00:01:38,672 --> 00:01:40,374 THE SAME THING. 33 00:01:40,374 --> 00:01:42,209 WE'RE ALL INVOLVED IN ANIMAL 34 00:01:42,209 --> 00:01:43,410 RESEARCH, ON THE VETERINARY 35 00:01:43,410 --> 00:01:45,012 CLINICAL SIDE, ON THE RESEARCH 36 00:01:45,012 --> 00:01:47,014 SIDE, DEVELOPMENT OF 37 00:01:47,014 --> 00:01:48,015 THERAPEUTICS AND WE'RE ALL 38 00:01:48,015 --> 00:01:50,317 STRUGGLING WITH THE SAME 39 00:01:50,317 --> 00:01:52,486 QUESTIONS, WE'RE STRUGGLING WITH 40 00:01:52,486 --> 00:01:55,122 HOW DO WE MEASURE PAIN IN OUR 41 00:01:55,122 --> 00:02:02,829 MODEL, IN OUR PATIENTS >> IN 42 00:02:02,829 --> 00:02:03,764 OUR CLINICAL MODELS. 43 00:02:03,764 --> 00:02:09,136 SO HOPEFULLY THERE WILL BE 44 00:02:09,136 --> 00:02:11,238 PLENTY OF EXCHANGE AND 45 00:02:11,238 --> 00:02:13,206 PRESENTATION OF IDEAS. 46 00:02:13,206 --> 00:02:16,176 HOPEFULLY YOU MAY LISTEN TO A 47 00:02:16,176 --> 00:02:18,745 LECTURE ON A SPECIES YOU MAY 48 00:02:18,745 --> 00:02:20,847 NEVER EVER WORK ON, BUT 49 00:02:20,847 --> 00:02:21,915 HOPEFULLY WHEN YOU LISTEN TO 50 00:02:21,915 --> 00:02:24,651 THAT, YOU MAY TAKE AWAY A FEW 51 00:02:24,651 --> 00:02:26,653 IDEAS AND MODEL TO YOUR 52 00:02:26,653 --> 00:02:28,622 DEPARTMENT AND HOPEFULLY WE WILL 53 00:02:28,622 --> 00:02:29,556 INFLUENCE TRANSLATIONAL AND 54 00:02:29,556 --> 00:02:30,357 VETERINARY RESEARCH EMPLOY SO 55 00:02:30,357 --> 00:02:36,463 VERY STRONG AIM OF THIS WORKSHOP 56 00:02:36,463 --> 00:02:38,098 IS TO DEVELOP OUR ABILITY IN 57 00:02:38,098 --> 00:02:40,534 PAIN AND ANIMALS SO THAT ANIMALS 58 00:02:40,534 --> 00:02:42,536 ARE BETTER MODELS SO THAT WE CAN 59 00:02:42,536 --> 00:02:45,138 ADVANCE HUMAN PAIN THERAPEUTIC 60 00:02:45,138 --> 00:02:45,605 DEVELOPMENT. 61 00:02:45,605 --> 00:02:47,207 AT THE SAME TIME UNDERSTAND MORE 62 00:02:47,207 --> 00:02:48,475 ABOUT HOW TO MEASURE AND 63 00:02:48,475 --> 00:02:49,876 THEREFORE CONTROL PAIN IN 64 00:02:49,876 --> 00:02:50,243 ANIMALS. 65 00:02:50,243 --> 00:02:54,314 AND SO THOSE THINGS VERY MUCH 66 00:02:54,314 --> 00:02:56,149 ARE INTERWOVEN HERE IN THIS 67 00:02:56,149 --> 00:02:58,986 THEME AND HOPEFULLY WILL IMPROVE 68 00:02:58,986 --> 00:03:01,788 HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH WELFARE 69 00:03:01,788 --> 00:03:02,856 AND WELBEING. 70 00:03:02,856 --> 00:03:08,762 THE PRESENTATIONS AS WE GO 71 00:03:08,762 --> 00:03:10,497 THROUGH THE DAY ARE THE AGENDA 72 00:03:10,497 --> 00:03:14,368 GIVES YOU THE TIME OF THE 73 00:03:14,368 --> 00:03:14,634 SPEAKERS. 74 00:03:14,634 --> 00:03:15,535 SPEAKERS PLEASE PAY TEAPGZ TO 75 00:03:15,535 --> 00:03:15,736 THAT. 76 00:03:15,736 --> 00:03:19,006 WE WILL NOT TAKE QUESTIONS AFTER 77 00:03:19,006 --> 00:03:20,140 EACH DISCUSSION BUT INSTEAD WE 78 00:03:20,140 --> 00:03:21,975 WILL SAVE THOSE FOR THE PANEL 79 00:03:21,975 --> 00:03:23,777 DISCUSSIONS AT THE END OF EACH 80 00:03:23,777 --> 00:03:24,411 SESSION. 81 00:03:24,411 --> 00:03:28,982 I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 82 00:03:28,982 --> 00:03:29,549 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE HERE. 83 00:03:29,549 --> 00:03:30,617 THESE ARE INDIVIDUAL WHO IS CAME 84 00:03:30,617 --> 00:03:32,252 TOGETHER TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN, 85 00:03:32,252 --> 00:03:33,620 THEY'RE A DIVERSE ORGANIZING 86 00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:34,454 COMMITTEE AND I THINK THAT 87 00:03:34,454 --> 00:03:36,623 REALLY THEN SPEAKS TO THE 88 00:03:36,623 --> 00:03:38,558 RICHNESS OF THE PROGRAM AND 89 00:03:38,558 --> 00:03:39,960 EVERYONE HAS PULLED THEIR WEIGHT 90 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:40,293 HERE. 91 00:03:40,293 --> 00:03:43,930 I DO WANT TO CALL OUT MARIE GILL 92 00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:46,133 WHO LATE LAST NIGHT WAS DOING A 93 00:03:46,133 --> 00:03:47,634 STELLAR JOB OF PICKING UP ALL 94 00:03:47,634 --> 00:03:49,936 THE MESS THAT THE REST OF US HAD 95 00:03:49,936 --> 00:03:52,906 LEFT BEHIND AND BRENGING THIS 96 00:03:52,906 --> 00:03:55,075 TOGETHER. 97 00:03:55,075 --> 00:04:01,515 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 98 00:04:01,515 --> 00:04:03,350 NONAPOPTOTIC A MEETING LIKE 99 00:04:03,350 --> 00:04:03,950 THIS, ALTHOUGH AUTOAIR 100 00:04:03,950 --> 00:04:05,185 RELATIVELY SMALL MEETING COSTS 101 00:04:05,185 --> 00:04:07,454 10S OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS TO 102 00:04:07,454 --> 00:04:09,856 PUT ON, MAYBE 70, $80,000, YOU 103 00:04:09,856 --> 00:04:12,059 THIS WOULD NOT HAVE HAPPENED, 104 00:04:12,059 --> 00:04:13,360 YOU DON'T PAY REGISTRATION FEES 105 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:15,562 BECAUSE WE'RE HERE AT THE NIH, 106 00:04:15,562 --> 00:04:16,630 THAT'S AN IMPORTANT PART OF THIS 107 00:04:16,630 --> 00:04:18,265 BUT THERE'S I LOT OF COSTS THAT 108 00:04:18,265 --> 00:04:20,734 GO ON TO PUT ON A MEETING LIKE 109 00:04:20,734 --> 00:04:20,967 THIS. 110 00:04:20,967 --> 00:04:25,705 SO EXTREMELY GRATEFUL TO THE MAY 111 00:04:25,705 --> 00:04:29,342 DAY FUND, IN PARTICULAR 112 00:04:29,342 --> 00:04:30,377 CHRISTINE SPELMAN WHO HAS TALKED 113 00:04:30,377 --> 00:04:31,845 TO THE BOARD AND BEEN A GREAT 114 00:04:31,845 --> 00:04:33,013 SUPPORTER AND THE NIH ARE 115 00:04:33,013 --> 00:04:36,616 PROVOIDING THE ROOM AND THE AV 116 00:04:36,616 --> 00:04:38,885 SUPPORT AT NO CHARGE. 117 00:04:38,885 --> 00:04:39,820 >> WE HAVE ADEGRADATIONAL 118 00:04:39,820 --> 00:04:42,522 SUPPORT FROM THE MORRIS ANIMAL 119 00:04:42,522 --> 00:04:47,527 FOUNDATION AND THE PAIN 120 00:04:47,527 --> 00:04:50,097 EDUCATION CENTER AND COMPARATIVE 121 00:04:50,097 --> 00:04:51,064 PAIN RESEARCH FROM NC STATE. 122 00:04:51,064 --> 00:04:53,166 SO THANK TO YOU ALL OF OUR 123 00:04:53,166 --> 00:04:53,433 SPONSORS. 124 00:04:53,433 --> 00:04:56,503 THERE WILL BE CONTINUED 125 00:04:56,503 --> 00:04:57,204 EDUCATION CERTIFICATE FOR THOSE 126 00:04:57,204 --> 00:04:58,371 WHO WOULD LAKE THEM EMPLOY THEY 127 00:04:58,371 --> 00:05:00,006 WILL BE ISSUED SHORTLY AFTER THE 128 00:05:00,006 --> 00:05:00,273 WORKSHOP. 129 00:05:00,273 --> 00:05:01,808 IF YOU DON'T RECEIVE YOUR 130 00:05:01,808 --> 00:05:03,443 CERTIFICATE, BY THE END OF NEXT 131 00:05:03,443 --> 00:05:04,845 WEEK, PLEASE CONTACT DANE AND 132 00:05:04,845 --> 00:05:09,216 THAT'S HIS WORK E-MAIL THERE, CE 133 00:05:09,216 --> 00:05:10,650 REGIVATION AT NCSU.EDU. 134 00:05:10,650 --> 00:05:14,921 ALL RIGHT, JUST A COUPLE OF 135 00:05:14,921 --> 00:05:15,522 HOUSEKEEPING THINGS HERE. 136 00:05:15,522 --> 00:05:24,030 SO WE ARE IN THE--I CAN'T WORK 137 00:05:24,030 --> 00:05:24,631 THAT. 138 00:05:24,631 --> 00:05:28,602 WE ARE IN THE AUDITORIUM THERE, 139 00:05:28,602 --> 00:05:31,204 THAT'S WHERE THE PRESENTATIONS 140 00:05:31,204 --> 00:05:32,639 ARE TAKING PLACE. 141 00:05:32,639 --> 00:05:34,708 YOU PROBABLY FIGURED OUT 142 00:05:34,708 --> 00:05:35,976 REGISTRATION IS JUST OUTSIDE, 143 00:05:35,976 --> 00:05:37,377 COFFEE IS JUST BEYOND THAT, 144 00:05:37,377 --> 00:05:39,312 THAT'S WHERE THE BOX LURCHS WILL 145 00:05:39,312 --> 00:05:40,814 BE AT LUNCH TIME. 146 00:05:40,814 --> 00:05:43,350 IF YOU KEEP GOING BEHIND THAT, 147 00:05:43,350 --> 00:05:46,720 THERE'S A ROOM E1 AND E2, THERE 148 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:48,121 WILL BE 2 PRESENTATIONS AT LUVEN 149 00:05:48,121 --> 00:05:48,922 TIME IN THERE. 150 00:05:48,922 --> 00:05:50,657 THEY WILL BE SEQUENTIAL, THEY 151 00:05:50,657 --> 00:05:53,093 WILL BE IN YOUR ASCRENDA AND YOU 152 00:05:53,093 --> 00:05:54,995 CAN GRAB A BOX LUNCH AND PARK 153 00:05:54,995 --> 00:06:00,000 YOURSELF IN E1, E2 ASK LISTEN TO 154 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:00,467 THOSE PRESENTATIONS. 155 00:06:00,467 --> 00:06:01,635 LATER ON AT THE END OF THE DAY, 156 00:06:01,635 --> 00:06:10,243 WE WILL HAVE A RECEPTION, HEAVY 157 00:06:10,243 --> 00:06:11,344 OR'ORDEAURK Vs, AND THEN GO 158 00:06:11,344 --> 00:06:13,613 BACK INTO THE STAIRS INTO THE 159 00:06:13,613 --> 00:06:15,348 AUDITORIUM WITH A BASIC OF 160 00:06:15,348 --> 00:06:18,018 WINDOWS, THERE WILL BE POSTERS 161 00:06:18,018 --> 00:06:20,453 THERE, WINE, BEER, APPETIZERS, A 162 00:06:20,453 --> 00:06:23,990 CHANCE TO ENGAGE WITH COLLEAGUES 163 00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:24,691 AND OTHER ATTENDEES. 164 00:06:24,691 --> 00:06:27,961 SO WE'RE GOING TO KICKOFF THIS 165 00:06:27,961 --> 00:06:29,696 MORNING THE THEME OF THIS 166 00:06:29,696 --> 00:06:30,864 MORNING'S UPDISTRICT ATTORNEYS 167 00:06:30,864 --> 00:06:31,998 ON VALIDATED APPROACHES TO 168 00:06:31,998 --> 00:06:33,900 MEASURING PAIN AND THAT WILL 169 00:06:33,900 --> 00:06:36,937 MORPH INTO A DISCUSSION ABOUT 170 00:06:36,937 --> 00:06:37,971 THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL 171 00:06:37,971 --> 00:06:41,007 IPT GREATER TELEIENCE AND 172 00:06:41,007 --> 00:06:43,710 MACHINE LEARNING. 173 00:06:43,710 --> 00:06:46,713 AND IT'S MY PLEASURE NOW TO 174 00:06:46,713 --> 00:06:47,447 INTRODUCE THE FIRST 175 00:06:47,447 --> 00:06:49,883 PRESENTATION. 176 00:06:49,883 --> 00:06:56,189 THIS IS THE MICHELLE SHARKEY PAW 177 00:06:56,189 --> 00:06:57,257 LECTURE, MICHELLE SHARKEY, 178 00:06:57,257 --> 00:06:58,558 UNFORT MATILY DIED IN 2022, SHE 179 00:06:58,558 --> 00:07:00,794 WAS A TEAM MEMBER, FRIEND ASK 180 00:07:00,794 --> 00:07:03,096 INTEGRAL PART OF THE 181 00:07:03,096 --> 00:07:05,799 ORGANIZATION OF THE PAW MEETINGS 182 00:07:05,799 --> 00:07:08,268 RIGHT FROM THE START. 183 00:07:08,268 --> 00:07:10,704 FOR OVER 20 YEARS MESHLE WORKED 184 00:07:10,704 --> 00:07:11,938 AT THE CENTER FOR VEDINARY 185 00:07:11,938 --> 00:07:13,707 MEDICINE AND WAS A VERY STRONG 186 00:07:13,707 --> 00:07:16,509 ADVOCATE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF 187 00:07:16,509 --> 00:07:18,178 ANALGESICS FOR ANIMALS, THE 188 00:07:18,178 --> 00:07:20,580 DEVELOPMENT BEHIND THAT, OF PAIN 189 00:07:20,580 --> 00:07:21,615 ASSESSMENT TOOLS. 190 00:07:21,615 --> 00:07:24,818 SHE WAS AN ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL 191 00:07:24,818 --> 00:07:25,619 PERSON. 192 00:07:25,619 --> 00:07:27,420 YOU WILL HEAR IN DCORRELATED 193 00:07:27,420 --> 00:07:27,954 TTIAFTER THE ACCIDENT 194 00:07:27,954 --> 00:07:30,390 PRESENTATION IN A MOMENT, YOU 195 00:07:30,390 --> 00:07:32,025 WILL HEAR SNIPITS THAT SPEAK TO 196 00:07:32,025 --> 00:07:35,061 HER PERSONALITY BUT SHE WAS 197 00:07:35,061 --> 00:07:36,129 ALWAYS ABSOLUTELY DELIGHTFUL, SO 198 00:07:36,129 --> 00:07:38,331 HIGHLY ORGANIZED IT WAS UNREAL. 199 00:07:38,331 --> 00:07:40,567 SHE REALLY MOVED OUR MEETINGS 200 00:07:40,567 --> 00:07:42,302 FORWARD AND MADE THE PAW 201 00:07:42,302 --> 00:07:43,003 MEETINGS HAPPEN. 202 00:07:43,003 --> 00:07:48,174 SO SHE'S VERY MUCH MISSED. 203 00:07:48,174 --> 00:07:49,509 AND SHE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN 204 00:07:49,509 --> 00:07:51,144 STARTING THE PAIN ANIMALS 205 00:07:51,144 --> 00:07:51,411 WORKSHOP. 206 00:07:51,411 --> 00:07:53,246 SO AT 10 AMAND I DO REMEMBER THE 207 00:07:53,246 --> 00:07:56,283 TIME AT 10 AMON THE 23rd OF 208 00:07:56,283 --> 00:07:58,918 DECEMBER IN 2015, I HAD A CALL 209 00:07:58,918 --> 00:07:59,853 WITH MICHELLE WITH THIS IDEA OF 210 00:07:59,853 --> 00:08:02,022 TALKING ABOUT THE PAIN IN 211 00:08:02,022 --> 00:08:02,889 ANIMALS WORKSHOP. 212 00:08:02,889 --> 00:08:05,191 SHE WAS REALLY EXCITED, 213 00:08:05,191 --> 00:08:06,059 ABSOLUTELYON BOARD AND SHE 214 00:08:06,059 --> 00:08:08,695 REALLY PICKED IT UP AND DROVE IT 215 00:08:08,695 --> 00:08:09,829 FORWARD FROM THAT POINT ALLOWING 216 00:08:09,829 --> 00:08:14,934 THE 50 MEETING TO BE HELD IN 217 00:08:14,934 --> 00:08:15,402 2017. 218 00:08:15,402 --> 00:08:20,940 SO IT'S AN HONOR TO HAVE A 219 00:08:20,940 --> 00:08:23,510 MEMORIAL LECTURE IN HER HONOR, 220 00:08:23,510 --> 00:08:25,645 AND THERE'S NO 1 BETTER TO 221 00:08:25,645 --> 00:08:29,783 PRECEPT THIS THAN DOTTIE BROWN. 222 00:08:29,783 --> 00:08:31,184 DOTTIE SPEPT MOST OF HER CAREER 223 00:08:31,184 --> 00:08:32,118 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 224 00:08:32,118 --> 00:08:34,521 PENNSYLVANIA WHERE SHE WAS A 225 00:08:34,521 --> 00:08:35,722 SURGEON, EPIDEMIOLOGIST AND 226 00:08:35,722 --> 00:08:36,256 CLINICAL PAIN RESEARCHER. 227 00:08:36,256 --> 00:08:39,225 IF YOU DON'T KNOW DOTTIE BROWN, 228 00:08:39,225 --> 00:08:43,396 YOU'VE PROBABLY HEARD OF THE 229 00:08:43,396 --> 00:08:45,198 CBPI, THEY'RE ALMOST SYNONYMOUS. 230 00:08:45,198 --> 00:08:46,433 SHE MOVED THAT FORWARD, SHE 231 00:08:46,433 --> 00:08:51,004 DEVELOPED THAT AND SHE REALLY 232 00:08:51,004 --> 00:08:52,572 SPEARHEADED US TALKING ABOUT 233 00:08:52,572 --> 00:08:54,407 OWNER ASSESSMENT TOOLS ACCIDENT 234 00:08:54,407 --> 00:08:55,942 CAREGIVER ASSESSMENT TOOLS AS A 235 00:08:55,942 --> 00:09:00,780 MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPACT OF 236 00:09:00,780 --> 00:09:00,980 PAIN. 237 00:09:00,980 --> 00:09:02,816 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 238 00:09:02,816 --> 00:09:04,017 PENNSYLVANIA SHE MOVED TO 239 00:09:04,017 --> 00:09:06,786 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHERE SHE HEADED 240 00:09:06,786 --> 00:09:09,456 UP MORE TRANSLATIONAL INITIATIVE 241 00:09:09,456 --> 00:09:11,491 AND SHE MOVED TO MARS PET 242 00:09:11,491 --> 00:09:15,495 HEALTHCARE WHERE SHE LEADS UP 243 00:09:15,495 --> 00:09:17,130 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION GLOBALLY. 244 00:09:17,130 --> 00:09:18,431 SHE--BECAUSE OF THAT MOVE AND A 245 00:09:18,431 --> 00:09:20,433 CONFLICT THAT CAME UP IN TERMS 246 00:09:20,433 --> 00:09:23,303 OF SCHEDULING, SHE CANNOT BE 247 00:09:23,303 --> 00:09:27,974 HERE TODAY BUT SHE HAS RECORDED 248 00:09:27,974 --> 00:09:29,142 A PRESENTATION AND I'M GOING TO 249 00:09:29,142 --> 00:09:39,652 DO MY BEST TO BRING THAT UP. 250 00:09:51,998 --> 00:09:52,766 SHE'S GOTTEN IT. 251 00:09:52,766 --> 00:09:54,067 >> I'M SO SORRY I'M NOT ABLE TO 252 00:09:54,067 --> 00:10:04,544 BE THERE WITH YOU IN PERSON- 253 00:10:05,245 --> 00:10:05,845 -NGOOD MORNING EVERYONE, 254 00:10:05,845 --> 00:10:08,415 I'M SO SORRY THAT I'M NOT ABLE 255 00:10:08,415 --> 00:10:10,216 TO BE THERE WITH YOU IN PERSON 256 00:10:10,216 --> 00:10:12,018 TODAY, BUT I AM REALLY, REALLY 257 00:10:12,018 --> 00:10:14,154 TRULY HONORED TO BE ABLE TO 258 00:10:14,154 --> 00:10:16,823 DELIVER THIS FIRST MICHELLE 259 00:10:16,823 --> 00:10:17,557 SHARKEY MEMORIAL LECTURE. 260 00:10:17,557 --> 00:10:19,159 MANY OF YOU KNEW MICHELLE AS A 261 00:10:19,159 --> 00:10:20,794 REALLY KEY FIGURE IN THE SUCCESS 262 00:10:20,794 --> 00:10:22,962 OF THIS PAIN AND ANIMAL WORKSHOP 263 00:10:22,962 --> 00:10:25,598 WHICH STARTED BACK IN 2017. 264 00:10:25,598 --> 00:10:27,534 FOR US ON THE PLANNING COMMITTEE 265 00:10:27,534 --> 00:10:28,868 MICHELLE WAS THE FLU THAT HELD 266 00:10:28,868 --> 00:10:31,070 OUR TEAM TOGETHER, SHE KEPT US 267 00:10:31,070 --> 00:10:32,972 ON TRACK WITH AGENDA AND 268 00:10:32,972 --> 00:10:39,913 MINUTES, SHE WAS REALLY GOOD AT 269 00:10:39,913 --> 00:10:41,748 HEARDING ANIMALS BUT MORE 270 00:10:41,748 --> 00:10:43,183 IMPORTANTLY SHE KEPT US FOCUS ON 271 00:10:43,183 --> 00:10:44,651 OUR MISSION, SHE CAME ON TO 272 00:10:44,651 --> 00:10:46,619 EVERY CALL WITH A CHEERY HIGH 273 00:10:46,619 --> 00:10:48,021 GANG, MOW MATTER WHAT WAS GOING 274 00:10:48,021 --> 00:10:49,856 ON IN HER LIFE, SHE FELT LIKE 275 00:10:49,856 --> 00:10:50,857 PERFECT FOCUS ON WAS ON THE TEAM 276 00:10:50,857 --> 00:10:53,293 AND ON THE TEAM'S GOALS AND SHE 277 00:10:53,293 --> 00:10:54,761 ALWAYS FINISHED EVERY SINGLE 278 00:10:54,761 --> 00:10:55,895 CALL BY THANKING EVERYONE FOR 279 00:10:55,895 --> 00:10:59,332 THEIR TIME AND FOR THEIR 280 00:10:59,332 --> 00:11:00,200 CONTRIBUTIONS. 281 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,435 SHE CONNECTED INDIVIDUALLY WITH 282 00:11:02,435 --> 00:11:04,304 EVERYONE IN ONLY THE MOST 283 00:11:04,304 --> 00:11:05,872 POSITIVE AND UPLIFTING WAYS. 284 00:11:05,872 --> 00:11:07,440 AND OF COURSE, MICHELLE'S FAMILY 285 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:09,609 KNEW HER BEST AND HER BROTHER 286 00:11:09,609 --> 00:11:10,944 CHUB WAS KIND ENOUGH TO SHARE 287 00:11:10,944 --> 00:11:12,245 WITH US INSIGHTS INTO MICHELLE'S 288 00:11:12,245 --> 00:11:16,983 LOVE AND PASSION FOR WHAT SHE 289 00:11:16,983 --> 00:11:17,250 DID. 290 00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:19,786 HER BROTHER WROTE DR. MICHELLE 291 00:11:19,786 --> 00:11:21,321 SHARKY TOOK GREAT PRIDE IN THE 292 00:11:21,321 --> 00:11:22,422 PAIN AND ANIMAL WORKSHOP AND WAS 293 00:11:22,422 --> 00:11:24,524 1 OF THE PEOPLE WHO HELPED TO 294 00:11:24,524 --> 00:11:25,525 GET IT STARTED. 295 00:11:25,525 --> 00:11:27,260 LAST FEBRUARY MICHELLE DIED 296 00:11:27,260 --> 00:11:30,763 AFTER A LONG VALIANT BALGT 297 00:11:30,763 --> 00:11:31,464 AGAINST CANCER. 298 00:11:31,464 --> 00:11:32,832 AS HER TIME GREW SHORT, SHE SAID 299 00:11:32,832 --> 00:11:35,001 SHE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE PAWS 300 00:11:35,001 --> 00:11:37,504 CITED IN HER OBITIARY. 301 00:11:37,504 --> 00:11:39,439 ALWAYS A STRONG DETERMINED 302 00:11:39,439 --> 00:11:42,308 WOMAN, DR. SHARKY KEPT HER 303 00:11:42,308 --> 00:11:43,343 CANCER BATTLE PRIVATE. 304 00:11:43,343 --> 00:11:46,479 SHE LOVED HER JOB AND VALUED HER 305 00:11:46,479 --> 00:11:48,581 COLLEAGUESA THE FDA SO MUCH THAT 306 00:11:48,581 --> 00:11:49,716 SHE CONTINUED HER WORK TO THE 307 00:11:49,716 --> 00:11:52,385 VERY END OF HER LIFE, NOT 308 00:11:52,385 --> 00:11:53,887 WANTING TO SEPARATE HERSELF FROM 309 00:11:53,887 --> 00:11:56,489 HER COLLEAGUES OR THEIR MISSION. 310 00:11:56,489 --> 00:12:00,927 MICHELLE ALWAYS WANTED TO BE A 311 00:12:00,927 --> 00:12:01,961 VETERINARIAN, HER FAMILIES 312 00:12:01,961 --> 00:12:04,864 REMEMBERS HER AS A YOUNG CHILD 313 00:12:04,864 --> 00:12:06,466 RAPPING THE PAWS OF THE FAMILY 314 00:12:06,466 --> 00:12:08,301 DOG IN TOILET PAPER EMPLOY WHILE 315 00:12:08,301 --> 00:12:09,903 MICHELLE WAS ALWAYS MORE 316 00:12:09,903 --> 00:12:11,104 COMFORTABLE IN THE BACKGROUND, 317 00:12:11,104 --> 00:12:13,306 NAMING THIS PAWS LECT NUR HER 318 00:12:13,306 --> 00:12:14,807 HONOR WOULD UNDOUBTED HE BRING A 319 00:12:14,807 --> 00:12:17,210 BIG BOWFUL SMILE WE ALL REMEMBER 320 00:12:17,210 --> 00:12:18,811 TO HER FACE. 321 00:12:18,811 --> 00:12:20,780 SO, THANKS SO MUCH TO MICHELLE'S 322 00:12:20,780 --> 00:12:21,514 FAMILY FOR SHARING THEIR 323 00:12:21,514 --> 00:12:23,283 BEAUTIFUL WORDS WITH US IN 324 00:12:23,283 --> 00:12:25,919 ADDITION TO BEING A ROLELY 325 00:12:25,919 --> 00:12:27,520 IMPORTANT AND SPECIAL PERSON TO 326 00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:29,455 THE REASON THAT WE SIT HERE 327 00:12:29,455 --> 00:12:30,990 TODAY, MICHELLE WAS IMPORTANT IN 328 00:12:30,990 --> 00:12:33,059 MY OWN PERSONAL JOURNEY AND THE 329 00:12:33,059 --> 00:12:35,595 SEARCH FOR BETTER WAYS TO 330 00:12:35,595 --> 00:12:37,630 IDENTIFY AND TREAT CHRONIC PAIN 331 00:12:37,630 --> 00:12:40,166 IN OUR COMPANION ANIMALS WHICH I 332 00:12:40,166 --> 00:12:41,801 WILL SHARE IN A BIT LATER. 333 00:12:41,801 --> 00:12:43,636 WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO ON THE 334 00:12:43,636 --> 00:12:45,038 NEXT HALF HOUR OR SO IS LOOK 335 00:12:45,038 --> 00:12:47,073 BACK TO WHERE WE STARTED IN OUR 336 00:12:47,073 --> 00:12:49,175 SEARCH FOR WAYS TO MEASURE AND 337 00:12:49,175 --> 00:12:50,777 IMPACT CHRONIC PAIN ACROSS 338 00:12:50,777 --> 00:12:51,010 SPECIES. 339 00:12:51,010 --> 00:12:52,111 WHERE WE ARE NOW, AND THINK 340 00:12:52,111 --> 00:12:55,815 ABOUT WHERE WE'RE GOING IN THE 341 00:12:55,815 --> 00:12:56,149 FUTURE. 342 00:12:56,149 --> 00:12:58,051 FOR ME PERSONALLY AS I THOUGHT 343 00:12:58,051 --> 00:12:59,419 BACK ON THIS, I CONSIDER THIS 344 00:12:59,419 --> 00:13:02,488 JOURNEY AS 1 OF THE YELLOW BRICK 345 00:13:02,488 --> 00:13:02,722 ROAD. 346 00:13:02,722 --> 00:13:04,657 AS WE ALL KNOW THE YELLOW BRICK 347 00:13:04,657 --> 00:13:07,527 ROAD WAS A KEY FEATURE IN THE 348 00:13:07,527 --> 00:13:09,596 WIZARD OF OZ WHICH DOROTHY AND 349 00:13:09,596 --> 00:13:11,698 HER FRIENDS USE TO FOLLOW TO THE 350 00:13:11,698 --> 00:13:12,732 EMERALD CITY AND OVERTIME THE 351 00:13:12,732 --> 00:13:15,068 CONCEPT OF THE YELLOW BRICK ROAD 352 00:13:15,068 --> 00:13:20,306 HAS EVOLVED TO REPRESENT A 353 00:13:20,306 --> 00:13:22,408 COURSE OF ACTION THAT A PERSON 354 00:13:22,408 --> 00:13:23,810 TAKES BELIEVING IT WILL LEAD TO 355 00:13:23,810 --> 00:13:25,812 GOOD THINGS AND THAT HAS ALWAYS 356 00:13:25,812 --> 00:13:26,679 REALLY RESONATE WIDE ME. 357 00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:27,981 I THINK SOMETIMES WHEN THE ROAD 358 00:13:27,981 --> 00:13:30,350 IS REALLY LOPPING, AND WHEN THE 359 00:13:30,350 --> 00:13:31,284 JOURNEY'S REALLY HARD, IT'S 360 00:13:31,284 --> 00:13:32,785 DIFFICULT TO SEE HOW FAR WE'VE 361 00:13:32,785 --> 00:13:34,320 COME, PARTICULARLY WHEN WE'RE 362 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:35,388 WORKING REALLY, REALLY HARD IN 363 00:13:35,388 --> 00:13:36,422 THE MOMENT. 364 00:13:36,422 --> 00:13:38,424 I THINK NOW'S REALLY A PERFECT 365 00:13:38,424 --> 00:13:40,960 TIME TO ELECTRIC BACK AS WE'RE 366 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:42,128 COMING YOU--LOOK BACK AS WE'RE 367 00:13:42,128 --> 00:13:48,201 COMING UP ON A DECADE FROM 368 00:13:48,201 --> 00:13:50,603 BEGINNING THE FIRST PAWS 369 00:13:50,603 --> 00:13:53,006 WORKSHOP, SO I WILL DATE MYSELF 370 00:13:53,006 --> 00:13:55,942 MANY TIMES OVER THIS, BUT I WILL 371 00:13:55,942 --> 00:13:58,211 TART WITH MY OWN PERSONAL 372 00:13:58,211 --> 00:13:59,412 PERSPECTIVE ON THIS JOURNEY AND 373 00:13:59,412 --> 00:14:00,780 BRING YOU GO TO US TOGETHER TO 374 00:14:00,780 --> 00:14:03,583 THINK ABOUT WHERE WE ARE NOW AND 375 00:14:03,583 --> 00:14:04,350 WHERE WE'RE GOING. 376 00:14:04,350 --> 00:14:06,986 SO THIS IS THE 30,000-FOOT VIEW 377 00:14:06,986 --> 00:14:11,624 OF THE JOURNEY OF DEVELOPMENT 378 00:14:11,624 --> 00:14:12,759 FOR OFTIO ARTHRITIS PAIN MANAGE 379 00:14:12,759 --> 00:14:15,561 AM WHICH IS WHERE MOST CHRONIC 380 00:14:15,561 --> 00:14:17,330 PAIN MANAGEMENT PAIN HAS BEEN 381 00:14:17,330 --> 00:14:18,631 FOCUSED BECAUSE IT'S SO 382 00:14:18,631 --> 00:14:20,033 PREVALENT IN DOGS. 383 00:14:20,033 --> 00:14:22,035 THIS SPANS THE FULL SPECTRUM 384 00:14:22,035 --> 00:14:23,202 FROM WHEN THERE WAS NOTHING 385 00:14:23,202 --> 00:14:25,371 APPROVED FOR USE TO TODAY WHERE 386 00:14:25,371 --> 00:14:31,044 MORE NOVEL MODES OF ACTION ARE 387 00:14:31,044 --> 00:14:31,544 NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE. 388 00:14:31,544 --> 00:14:32,712 SO I FIRST STARTED ON THIS 389 00:14:32,712 --> 00:14:35,348 JOURNEY WAY BACK IN THE OTC 390 00:14:35,348 --> 00:14:37,216 TIME, SO THE OVERTHE COUNTER 391 00:14:37,216 --> 00:14:40,620 TIMES, PRIOR TO THE FIRST 392 00:14:40,620 --> 00:14:42,121 NONSTEROIDAL BEING APPROVED FOR 393 00:14:42,121 --> 00:14:44,290 DOGS IN 1996. 394 00:14:44,290 --> 00:14:46,392 AND THIS IS A TIME WHEN WE WERE 395 00:14:46,392 --> 00:14:48,127 REALLY TREATING ONLY THE MOST 396 00:14:48,127 --> 00:14:49,762 AFFECTED ANIMALS. 397 00:14:49,762 --> 00:14:53,299 WE TALKED TO OWNERS A LOT ABOUT 398 00:14:53,299 --> 00:14:54,200 THINGS LIKE CONTROLLED EXERCISE 399 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:55,902 AND SWIMMING, WE TRIED TO HELP 400 00:14:55,902 --> 00:15:01,841 OWNERS NAVIGATE TO A SAFE PLACE 401 00:15:01,841 --> 00:15:03,976 POSSIBLE, ADMINISTER ASPIRIN AND 402 00:15:03,976 --> 00:15:05,478 WRITE PREARE SCRIPGZS FOR PEROX 403 00:15:05,478 --> 00:15:07,146 CAM, AT THE TIME FROM A 404 00:15:07,146 --> 00:15:07,847 THERAPEUTIC TANNED POINT, THIS 405 00:15:07,847 --> 00:15:10,483 WAS THE BEST WE COULD DO AND 406 00:15:10,483 --> 00:15:12,151 UNFORTUNATELY MANY DOGS HAD 407 00:15:12,151 --> 00:15:14,921 THEIR OFTIO ARTHRITIS PAIN GO ON 408 00:15:14,921 --> 00:15:17,290 NOT ADEQUATELY TREATED AND MANY 409 00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:18,591 TIMES NOT AT ALL AND PART OF 410 00:15:18,591 --> 00:15:19,892 THIS LACK OF TREATMENT WAS DUE 411 00:15:19,892 --> 00:15:22,628 TO THE LACK OF TRULY SAFE AND 412 00:15:22,628 --> 00:15:23,296 EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS AND PART 413 00:15:23,296 --> 00:15:24,864 WAS DUE TO THE LACK OF 414 00:15:24,864 --> 00:15:27,734 RECOGNITION OF THE PREVALENCE OF 415 00:15:27,734 --> 00:15:29,936 OFTIO ARTHRITIS AND THE SIGNS OF 416 00:15:29,936 --> 00:15:40,179 CHRONIC PAIN C 417 00:15:50,256 --> 00:15:55,428 HRONIC PAIN IN OUR PATIENTS. 418 00:15:55,428 --> 00:15:58,731 IT WAS THE POINT AT WHICH THE 419 00:15:58,731 --> 00:16:00,833 VIABILITY OF A PAIN THERAPEUTIC 420 00:16:00,833 --> 00:16:02,401 DROVE THE DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND 421 00:16:02,401 --> 00:16:03,336 THE TRUE PREVALENCE OF THE STEEZ 422 00:16:03,336 --> 00:16:04,537 AND THE BEST WAY TO RECK MYSELF 423 00:16:04,537 --> 00:16:05,938 IT IN OUR PATIENTS. 424 00:16:05,938 --> 00:16:08,741 THERE WAS A RELATIVELY QUICK 425 00:16:08,741 --> 00:16:10,743 SUCCESS OF APPROVALS OF 426 00:16:10,743 --> 00:16:12,311 ADDITIONAL NONSTEROIDALS AND 427 00:16:12,311 --> 00:16:13,346 THERE WERE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 428 00:16:13,346 --> 00:16:15,815 ON HOW TO RECOGNIZE CHRONIC PAIN 429 00:16:15,815 --> 00:16:17,116 IN DOGS THAT WERE LAUNCHED BY 430 00:16:17,116 --> 00:16:20,620 THE COMPANIES THAT WERE 431 00:16:20,620 --> 00:16:22,088 DEVELOPING THE DRUGS. 432 00:16:22,088 --> 00:16:23,389 AND PRACTICE CHANGED, THE 433 00:16:23,389 --> 00:16:25,658 OWNER'S MIND SET OF OH SHE'S 434 00:16:25,658 --> 00:16:27,093 JUST LYING DOWN BECAUSE HE'S 435 00:16:27,093 --> 00:16:28,528 GETTING OLDER, KIND OF SLOW LE 436 00:16:28,528 --> 00:16:30,496 SHIFTED TO PROACT OFLY MAKING 437 00:16:30,496 --> 00:16:34,200 APPOINTMENTS BECAUSE I THINK MY 438 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:36,002 DOG HAS ARTHRITIS. 439 00:16:36,002 --> 00:16:37,303 VETERINARIANS BEGAN MAKING 440 00:16:37,303 --> 00:16:41,440 DECISIONS ABOUT WHICH NSIDES TO 441 00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:43,676 USE AND WHICH NSAID TO USE AND 442 00:16:43,676 --> 00:16:46,045 HOW TO DECIDE WHEN A SWITCH WAS 443 00:16:46,045 --> 00:16:46,946 NEEDED. 444 00:16:46,946 --> 00:16:49,615 AND IT WASN'T JUST DAILY 445 00:16:49,615 --> 00:16:50,316 PRACTICALIS THAT CHANGED. 446 00:16:50,316 --> 00:16:51,384 RESEARCH CHANGED AS WELL MUCH 447 00:16:51,384 --> 00:16:53,352 WHEN A PROVEN THERAPEUTIC BECAME 448 00:16:53,352 --> 00:16:56,088 AVAILABLE, IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO 449 00:16:56,088 --> 00:16:57,857 DO REALLY ROBUST STUDIES 450 00:16:57,857 --> 00:16:59,025 EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 451 00:16:59,025 --> 00:17:02,562 METHODS TO DIAGNOSE AND TREAT 452 00:17:02,562 --> 00:17:03,229 AND MONITOR DISEASE. 453 00:17:03,229 --> 00:17:04,230 ON THE GRAPH ON THE RIGHT, YOU 454 00:17:04,230 --> 00:17:05,798 CAN SEE THE RELATIVELY LOW 455 00:17:05,798 --> 00:17:07,433 INCIDENCE OF PAPERS THAT WERE 456 00:17:07,433 --> 00:17:11,838 MEPGZING THE PREVALENCE OF K908 457 00:17:11,838 --> 00:17:14,473 PRIOR TO 1996 AND HOW THE YEAR 458 00:17:14,473 --> 00:17:17,009 OVER YEAR INCIDENTS DRAMATICALLY 459 00:17:17,009 --> 00:17:18,211 INCREASES AFTER 1996 TO OVER 460 00:17:18,211 --> 00:17:20,546 300% IN THE EARLY 2000S, AND 461 00:17:20,546 --> 00:17:22,648 THAT KIND OF SETTLES BACK TO THE 462 00:17:22,648 --> 00:17:25,518 ESTATEITATE WHERE WE ARE NOW OF 463 00:17:25,518 --> 00:17:27,220 ABOUT WOP 30% YEARLY INCREASES, 464 00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:30,356 SO A REALLY EXCITING TIME TO BE 465 00:17:30,356 --> 00:17:31,023 A PRACTITIONER AND SCIENTIST 466 00:17:31,023 --> 00:17:32,391 INTERESTED IN THE MEASUREMENT 467 00:17:32,391 --> 00:17:37,230 AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. 468 00:17:37,230 --> 00:17:40,733 FOR ME DURING THIS TIME BECAME 469 00:17:40,733 --> 00:17:42,568 IF INVOLVED IN SETTING UP 470 00:17:42,568 --> 00:17:44,136 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM. 471 00:17:44,136 --> 00:17:45,371 SO IN COLLABORATION WITH THE 472 00:17:45,371 --> 00:17:46,873 FOLKS AT THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL 473 00:17:46,873 --> 00:17:48,107 OF PENNSYLVANIA WE WERE LOOKING 474 00:17:48,107 --> 00:17:50,610 TO FOCUS ON THE USE OF 475 00:17:50,610 --> 00:17:51,310 NEUROTOXINS FOR BONE CANCER PANE 476 00:17:51,310 --> 00:17:56,949 AND IT WAS A RESPONSE TO THIS 477 00:17:56,949 --> 00:17:58,184 REALIZE THAT THERE WAS A LACK OF 478 00:17:58,184 --> 00:18:00,486 A FULL SET OF CLINICALLY 479 00:18:00,486 --> 00:18:01,787 APPROPRIATE ANIMAL MODELS FOR 480 00:18:01,787 --> 00:18:03,256 BOTH BASIC SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL 481 00:18:03,256 --> 00:18:06,792 RESEARCH AND CLINICAL TRIALS SO 482 00:18:06,792 --> 00:18:07,927 OF PROMISING AGENTS. 483 00:18:07,927 --> 00:18:12,064 WE WERE STUDYING DOG FIST 484 00:18:12,064 --> 00:18:13,232 OSTEOSARCOMA AS A PRECLINICAL 485 00:18:13,232 --> 00:18:17,069 MODEL OF HUMAN CANCER PAIN AND 486 00:18:17,069 --> 00:18:18,671 WE DID MORE STUDIES IN CLINICAL 487 00:18:18,671 --> 00:18:21,540 ANIMALS AND THEN AS WE MOVED TO 488 00:18:21,540 --> 00:18:24,043 STUDIES IN DOGS WITH BONE 489 00:18:24,043 --> 00:18:27,613 CANCER, 1 OF THE BIG QUESTIONS 490 00:18:27,613 --> 00:18:29,682 HOW ARE WE GOING TO MEASURE 491 00:18:29,682 --> 00:18:29,916 OUTCOME? 492 00:18:29,916 --> 00:18:31,584 HOW WILL WE KNOW IF THE 493 00:18:31,584 --> 00:18:36,022 NEUROTOXINS HAD A BENEFICIAL 494 00:18:36,022 --> 00:18:40,860 EFFECT IN WE'VE DON'T THIS AND 495 00:18:40,860 --> 00:18:42,728 GAIN ANALYSIS ASK USED A VISUAL 496 00:18:42,728 --> 00:18:45,464 AN LOG SCALE AS EFFICACY OUTCOME 497 00:18:45,464 --> 00:18:47,099 MEASURES, BUT WE ACTUALLY RAN 498 00:18:47,099 --> 00:18:51,671 INTO SOME ISSUES WITH EACH OF 499 00:18:51,671 --> 00:18:52,738 THESE APPROACHES. 500 00:18:52,738 --> 00:18:55,374 FOR DIFFERENT REASONS THE 501 00:18:55,374 --> 00:18:56,575 THERMAL SUSCEPTIVE TESTING AND 502 00:18:56,575 --> 00:18:58,511 THE GAIN ANALYSIS WEREN'T 503 00:18:58,511 --> 00:19:01,480 FEASIBLE AT SCALE, THE TERMAL 504 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:03,215 TESTING ISSUES EQUIPMENT WASN'T 505 00:19:03,215 --> 00:19:04,917 AVAILABLE FOR THE LARNL AND 506 00:19:04,917 --> 00:19:07,620 GIANT BREED DOGS ON THE STUDY 507 00:19:07,620 --> 00:19:09,188 AND GAIN ANALYSIS WAS DIFFICULT 508 00:19:09,188 --> 00:19:10,323 FOR CANCER USING THE TECHNOLOGY 509 00:19:10,323 --> 00:19:12,024 THAT WAS AVAILABLE AT THE TIME. 510 00:19:12,024 --> 00:19:13,559 A LOT OF DOGS HAD DIFFICULTY 511 00:19:13,559 --> 00:19:16,295 GOING BACK AND FORTH OVER THE 512 00:19:16,295 --> 00:19:17,096 FORCE PLATE MULTIPLE TIMES TO 513 00:19:17,096 --> 00:19:18,998 GET THE NUMBER OF PASSES NEEDED 514 00:19:18,998 --> 00:19:21,600 TO DO VALID TRIALS. 515 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:23,869 SO WE REALIZED WE WERE GOING TO 516 00:19:23,869 --> 00:19:25,471 NEED ANOTHER APPROACH TO 517 00:19:25,471 --> 00:19:27,406 MEASURING OUTCOME, SO AS PART OF 518 00:19:27,406 --> 00:19:30,843 AN NIH GRANT TO EVALUATE 519 00:19:30,843 --> 00:19:32,411 NEUROTOXINS IN DOGS WITH OFTIO 520 00:19:32,411 --> 00:19:34,981 ARGT RIGHT WE ADDED A NAME TO 521 00:19:34,981 --> 00:19:36,315 FESTER DEVELOP A VALIDATED TOOL 522 00:19:36,315 --> 00:19:40,753 THAT WOULD ALLOW US TO RELIABLY 523 00:19:40,753 --> 00:19:42,588 CAPTURE THE DOG'S BEHAVIORS AND 524 00:19:42,588 --> 00:19:44,090 ACTIVITIES IN ITS HOME 525 00:19:44,090 --> 00:19:45,825 ENVIRONMENT, SO GUY QUANTIFYING 526 00:19:45,825 --> 00:19:47,460 THE OWNER'S ASSESS AM OF PAIN 527 00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:48,861 OUTCOME IN THEIR DOG, WE KNEW 528 00:19:48,861 --> 00:19:51,130 THE RELATIVELY RAP EDUCATIONAL 529 00:19:51,130 --> 00:19:52,832 DEC PROGRESSION OF OSTEOSARCOMA 530 00:19:52,832 --> 00:19:54,133 WOULD MAKE DEVELOPING THE TOOL 531 00:19:54,133 --> 00:19:55,968 IN THAT POPULATION VERY 532 00:19:55,968 --> 00:19:58,237 DIFFICULT, SO WE DECIDED TO 533 00:19:58,237 --> 00:20:01,374 FIRST DEVELOP THE INSTRUMENT IN 534 00:20:01,374 --> 00:20:03,642 DOGS WITH A MORE CHRONIC PAIN 535 00:20:03,642 --> 00:20:06,679 STATE, SO DOGS WITH 536 00:20:06,679 --> 00:20:07,947 OSTEOARTHRITIS AND VALIDATED IN 537 00:20:07,947 --> 00:20:10,216 DOGS WITH BONE CANCER AS A 538 00:20:10,216 --> 00:20:12,084 SUBSEQUENT STEP AND THIS IS 539 00:20:12,084 --> 00:20:22,595 WHERE WE ARRIVEDDA THE CANINE 540 00:20:29,535 --> 00:20:30,736 BRIEF PAIN INVENTORY. 541 00:20:30,736 --> 00:20:33,472 AT THE TIME, SO, AGAIN, 20 YEARS 542 00:20:33,472 --> 00:20:36,208 AGO, I KNEW THAT THIS AREA OF 543 00:20:36,208 --> 00:20:37,610 RESEARCH DEVELOPING AND 544 00:20:37,610 --> 00:20:41,047 VALIDATING HEALTH ARK 545 00:20:41,047 --> 00:20:42,748 ASSESSESMENT INSTRUMENTS WAS NEW 546 00:20:42,748 --> 00:20:45,618 TO ME BUT WHAT I DID FOCUS ON 547 00:20:45,618 --> 00:20:47,019 THE TRULY FULLY COMPREHEND WAS 548 00:20:47,019 --> 00:20:49,088 THAT THIS AREA OF SCIENCE WAS 549 00:20:49,088 --> 00:20:50,856 NOT KNOWN OR UNDERSTOOD BY THE 550 00:20:50,856 --> 00:20:51,957 VETERINARY COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE 551 00:20:51,957 --> 00:20:53,959 AND THIS BECAME VERY REAL, VERY 552 00:20:53,959 --> 00:20:56,962 QUICKLY, WHEN I SUBMITTED THIS 553 00:20:56,962 --> 00:20:58,431 FIRST CBPI MANUSCRIPT FOR 554 00:20:58,431 --> 00:20:59,932 PUBLICATION, THE REVOWS THAT 555 00:20:59,932 --> 00:21:01,867 INITIALLY CAME BACK, CAN 556 00:21:01,867 --> 00:21:04,403 GENERALLY BE SUMMARIZED BOY THE 557 00:21:04,403 --> 00:21:06,472 1 REVIEWER WHO WROTE AND I 558 00:21:06,472 --> 00:21:08,841 QUOTE: THIS IS THE MOST 559 00:21:08,841 --> 00:21:12,845 RIDICULOUS WASTE OF TIME THAT I 560 00:21:12,845 --> 00:21:14,814 HAVE EVER SEEN. 561 00:21:14,814 --> 00:21:16,849 AND LAUGHABLE WAS AN ADJECTIVE 562 00:21:16,849 --> 00:21:19,418 USED BY ANOTHER REVIEWER, SO 563 00:21:19,418 --> 00:21:22,555 THERE WAS CLEARLY A HUGE 564 00:21:22,555 --> 00:21:23,756 AWARENESS AND EDUCATION GAP THAT 565 00:21:23,756 --> 00:21:25,458 NEEDED TO BE FILLED BEFORE WE 566 00:21:25,458 --> 00:21:28,928 COULD GET TO ACCEPTANCE OF THIS 567 00:21:28,928 --> 00:21:29,228 MANUSCRIPT. 568 00:21:29,228 --> 00:21:31,497 REVIEWERS KEPT BEING ADDED TO 569 00:21:31,497 --> 00:21:33,332 THE MANUSCRIPT AND EACH RESPONSE 570 00:21:33,332 --> 00:21:35,734 BACK TO THE REVIEWERS GOT LONGER 571 00:21:35,734 --> 00:21:37,269 AND LONGER ISSUES EACH TIME 572 00:21:37,269 --> 00:21:38,304 ADDED MORE REFERENCES TO SUPPORT 573 00:21:38,304 --> 00:21:40,372 EVERY SENTENCE IN THE 574 00:21:40,372 --> 00:21:41,040 MANUSCRIPT. 575 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,241 IT'S KIND OF CRAZY. 576 00:21:42,241 --> 00:21:44,110 AT 1 POINT THERE WERE OVER 250 577 00:21:44,110 --> 00:21:45,444 REFERENCES LISTED IN THE ARLAND 578 00:21:45,444 --> 00:21:49,849 SOME OF THE REVIEWS GOT CRAZIER 579 00:21:49,849 --> 00:21:50,783 AS WELL. 580 00:21:50,783 --> 00:21:52,918 MY PERSONAL FAVORITE WAS THE 581 00:21:52,918 --> 00:21:55,287 REVIEWER WHO SPENT 5 PAGES 582 00:21:55,287 --> 00:21:56,489 EXPLAINING HOW MISGUIDED THIS 583 00:21:56,489 --> 00:22:01,093 WORK WAS AND REFERRED ME TO THE 584 00:22:01,093 --> 00:22:03,028 SPACE PROGRAM WHERE CHIMPS HAD 585 00:22:03,028 --> 00:22:04,196 BEEN SENT INTO SPACE AND 586 00:22:04,196 --> 00:22:05,698 EVERYONE THOUGHT THEY WERE 587 00:22:05,698 --> 00:22:06,866 ENJOYING THEMSELVES BECAUSE THEY 588 00:22:06,866 --> 00:22:08,367 WERE SMILING BUT IN ACTUALITY 589 00:22:08,367 --> 00:22:10,636 THEY WERE NOT HAPPY AND IF YOU 590 00:22:10,636 --> 00:22:12,071 CAN'T JUDGE THE FEELINGS OF THE 591 00:22:12,071 --> 00:22:13,672 MONKEY THEN YOU DEFINITELY CAN'T 592 00:22:13,672 --> 00:22:15,341 JUDGE THE FEELINGS OF A DOG. 593 00:22:15,341 --> 00:22:16,909 AND THAT REVIEW I HAD FRAMED AND 594 00:22:16,909 --> 00:22:18,177 WAS HANGING IN MY OFFICE 595 00:22:18,177 --> 00:22:19,478 ACTUALLY FOR QUITE A WHILE. 596 00:22:19,478 --> 00:22:21,480 THERE WERE TIMES THAT I TRULY 597 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:23,249 FEARED I WOULD NEVER GET THE 598 00:22:23,249 --> 00:22:26,085 MANUSCRIPT PUBLISHED IN THE 599 00:22:26,085 --> 00:22:28,354 VETERINARY LITERATURE AND HAVING 600 00:22:28,354 --> 00:22:29,455 THIS INSTRUMENTED ACCEPTED AS 601 00:22:29,455 --> 00:22:31,390 VALID BY THE VETERINARY 602 00:22:31,390 --> 00:22:32,291 COMMUNITY WAS KEY TO THE 603 00:22:32,291 --> 00:22:34,360 PROGRESSION OF MY ENTIRE 604 00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:35,194 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, 605 00:22:35,194 --> 00:22:36,795 SO STRESSFUL TIMES FOR ME. 606 00:22:36,795 --> 00:22:39,365 IN THE END OF COURSE IT DID GET 607 00:22:39,365 --> 00:22:40,699 PUBLISHED, IT TOOK ME 2 YEARS 608 00:22:40,699 --> 00:22:43,068 AND OVER A DOZEN DIFFERENT 609 00:22:43,068 --> 00:22:47,206 REVIEWERS TO FINDALLY HAVE IT 610 00:22:47,206 --> 00:22:47,640 ACCEPTED. 611 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:49,475 INTERESTINGLY HOWEVER WHEN THE 612 00:22:49,475 --> 00:22:51,877 PAPER WAS FINALLY PUBLISHED SOME 613 00:22:51,877 --> 00:22:54,113 SORT OF TIME WARP OCCURRED AND 614 00:22:54,113 --> 00:22:55,481 MAGICALLY THE REVIEW PROCESS 615 00:22:55,481 --> 00:22:57,683 ONLY TOOK A MONTH BUT YOU HAVE 616 00:22:57,683 --> 00:22:58,817 TO CHOOSE YOUR BALGTS. 617 00:22:58,817 --> 00:23:02,655 SO I HAVE SAY AS PAINFUL AS THE 618 00:23:02,655 --> 00:23:03,822 PROCESS WAS, IT HIGHLIGHTED THE 619 00:23:03,822 --> 00:23:06,158 AREAS ON WHICH WE REALLY NEEDED 620 00:23:06,158 --> 00:23:08,561 TO FOCUS IN ORDER TO HAVE 621 00:23:08,561 --> 00:23:10,062 VETERINARY MEDICINE EMBRACE THIS 622 00:23:10,062 --> 00:23:12,598 SEEMINGLY KNEW AREA OF RESEARCH. 623 00:23:12,598 --> 00:23:13,632 AND THERE WERE 3 MAJOR 624 00:23:13,632 --> 00:23:19,872 OBJECTIONS THAT NEEDED TO BE 625 00:23:19,872 --> 00:23:20,206 OVERCOME. 626 00:23:20,206 --> 00:23:22,241 THE FIRST MAJOR OBJECTION OF 627 00:23:22,241 --> 00:23:25,744 COURSE WAS JUST THIS GENERAL 628 00:23:25,744 --> 00:23:26,478 MISCONCEPTION THAT SUBJECTIVE 629 00:23:26,478 --> 00:23:28,314 STATES CAN'T BE MEASURED ISSUES 630 00:23:28,314 --> 00:23:29,848 CAN'T BE QUANTIFIED AND WE'VE 631 00:23:29,848 --> 00:23:31,951 ALL BEEN EXPOSED TO THE 632 00:23:31,951 --> 00:23:33,085 MEASUREMENT OF SUBJECTIVE 633 00:23:33,085 --> 00:23:33,419 STATES. 634 00:23:33,419 --> 00:23:35,854 WE CAN THINK ABOUT IQ TESTS AND 635 00:23:35,854 --> 00:23:37,189 PERSONALITY TESTS AND WHEN IT AM 636 00:23:37,189 --> 00:23:38,757 CANS TO MEASURING SUBJECTIVE 637 00:23:38,757 --> 00:23:43,629 HEALTH STATES WE CAN NOW 638 00:23:43,629 --> 00:23:45,264 RECOGNIZE THERE'S AN ENTIRE BODY 639 00:23:45,264 --> 00:23:47,633 OF SCIENCE AROUND THE METHOD 640 00:23:47,633 --> 00:23:49,268 LOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND 641 00:23:49,268 --> 00:23:51,637 VALIDATION OF RELIABLE 642 00:23:51,637 --> 00:23:53,706 INSTRUMENTS. 643 00:23:53,706 --> 00:23:55,474 THE SECOND OBJECTION WAS BUT OUR 644 00:23:55,474 --> 00:23:57,476 PATIENTS CAN'T SPEAK SO ONCE 645 00:23:57,476 --> 00:24:00,746 FOLKS KIND OF ACQUIESCE TO THE 646 00:24:00,746 --> 00:24:03,015 IDEA THAT OKAY, THE SCIENCE 647 00:24:03,015 --> 00:24:04,116 EXISTS AND SUBJECTIVE HEALTH 648 00:24:04,116 --> 00:24:05,951 STATES CAN BE MEASURED, THE NEXT 649 00:24:05,951 --> 00:24:07,486 CONCERN WAS THAT THE FIELD WAS 650 00:24:07,486 --> 00:24:09,421 ALL BASED ON SELF-REPORT IN 651 00:24:09,421 --> 00:24:12,691 HUMANS AND OUR PATIENTS CAN'T 652 00:24:12,691 --> 00:24:12,891 SPEAK. 653 00:24:12,891 --> 00:24:14,860 SO HERE WE HAVE TO REFER TO ALL 654 00:24:14,860 --> 00:24:16,729 THE LITERATURE ON HEALTH 655 00:24:16,729 --> 00:24:19,198 ASSESSMENTS AND PEDIATRIC 656 00:24:19,198 --> 00:24:21,467 POPULATIONS AND SOME COGNITIVELY 657 00:24:21,467 --> 00:24:22,801 IMPAIRED ADULT POPULATIONS AND 658 00:24:22,801 --> 00:24:26,038 CLEARLY IN THESE AREAS VALID AND 659 00:24:26,038 --> 00:24:27,439 RELIABLE BEHAVIOR BASED TOOLS 660 00:24:27,439 --> 00:24:29,742 HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO MEASURE 661 00:24:29,742 --> 00:24:33,679 HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THESE 662 00:24:33,679 --> 00:24:34,380 NONVERBAL GROUPS. 663 00:24:34,380 --> 00:24:37,116 AND THE THIRD BIG OBJECTION WAS 664 00:24:37,116 --> 00:24:38,784 BUT OWNERS ARE NOT TRAINED 665 00:24:38,784 --> 00:24:40,786 OBSERVERS OF PAIN. 666 00:24:40,786 --> 00:24:45,224 SO THIS HARKENS BACK TO THE 667 00:24:45,224 --> 00:24:47,960 MEASUREMENT OF ACUTE PAIN. 668 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:50,262 SO THE HISTORY OF AND THE 669 00:24:50,262 --> 00:24:51,563 LITERATURE AROUND PAIN IN 670 00:24:51,563 --> 00:24:52,731 VETERINARY MEDICINE IS MUCH 671 00:24:52,731 --> 00:24:53,399 LONGER THAN CHRONIC PAIN. 672 00:24:53,399 --> 00:24:55,200 AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THOSE 673 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:56,902 PAPERS VERY COMMONLY IN THE 674 00:24:56,902 --> 00:24:58,003 METHOD SECTION, IT WILL TALK 675 00:24:58,003 --> 00:25:00,205 ABOUT A TRAINED OBSERVER 676 00:25:00,205 --> 00:25:01,740 EVALUATING POST OPERATIVE 677 00:25:01,740 --> 00:25:04,610 PATIENTS FOR PAIN AND THEN 678 00:25:04,610 --> 00:25:05,811 INTERVENING WHEN APPROPRIATE. 679 00:25:05,811 --> 00:25:07,746 AND IT MAKES TOTAL SENSE IN THIS 680 00:25:07,746 --> 00:25:08,947 SITUATION, YOU KNOW VETERINARY 681 00:25:08,947 --> 00:25:09,748 PROFESSIONALS ARE GOING TO BE 682 00:25:09,748 --> 00:25:12,618 THE 1S WITH THE GREATEST 683 00:25:12,618 --> 00:25:15,421 EXPERIENCE, THE GREATEST 684 00:25:15,421 --> 00:25:17,289 EXPERTISE AND UNDERSTANDING WHAT 685 00:25:17,289 --> 00:25:18,791 AND IMMEDIATELY POST OPERATIVE 686 00:25:18,791 --> 00:25:21,293 ANIMAL LOOKS LIKE AS ITS COMING 687 00:25:21,293 --> 00:25:22,895 OUT OF ANESTHES RAW DATA AND 688 00:25:22,895 --> 00:25:24,029 RECOVERING FROM SURGERY. 689 00:25:24,029 --> 00:25:24,763 HOWEVER, MOST FOLKS NOW ACCEPT 690 00:25:24,763 --> 00:25:28,901 THAT WHEN IT AM CANS TO CHRONIC 691 00:25:28,901 --> 00:25:29,802 PAIN, CONDITIONS LIKE 692 00:25:29,802 --> 00:25:30,936 OSTEOARTHRITIS OR CANCER PAIN, 693 00:25:30,936 --> 00:25:34,540 THE BEHAVIORS THAT THE ANIMALS 694 00:25:34,540 --> 00:25:35,274 EXPRESS, MOST INDICATIVE OF 695 00:25:35,274 --> 00:25:38,277 THEIR PAIN ARE OCCURRING AT HOME 696 00:25:38,277 --> 00:25:39,578 IN THEIR ROUTINE ENVIRONMENT AND 697 00:25:39,578 --> 00:25:42,314 WE NOW RECOGNIZE THAT MANY OF 698 00:25:42,314 --> 00:25:43,148 THESE BEHEAEVERS INDICATIVE OF 699 00:25:43,148 --> 00:25:45,617 CHRONIC PAIN THAT THE OWNERS SEE 700 00:25:45,617 --> 00:25:47,252 AT HOME ARE NOT JUST SOMETHING 701 00:25:47,252 --> 00:25:49,355 THAT CAN BE EVALUATED IN THE 702 00:25:49,355 --> 00:25:50,255 CLINIC. 703 00:25:50,255 --> 00:25:52,257 PARTICULARLY WHEN ANIMALS ARE 704 00:25:52,257 --> 00:25:53,325 EXCITED AND DISTRACTED AND SO 705 00:25:53,325 --> 00:25:54,626 THE CONCEPT THAT OWNERS ARE 706 00:25:54,626 --> 00:25:56,128 INDEED A MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE 707 00:25:56,128 --> 00:25:57,663 OBSERVER OF CHRONIC PAIN 708 00:25:57,663 --> 00:25:59,298 CONDITIONS AND THEIR PET IS 709 00:25:59,298 --> 00:26:00,132 FAIRLY WELL ACCEPTED THESE DAYS 710 00:26:00,132 --> 00:26:02,434 ABOUT YOU THERE WAS A FAIR 711 00:26:02,434 --> 00:26:03,702 AMOUNT OF PUSH BACK ON THIS 1 712 00:26:03,702 --> 00:26:04,970 FOR QUITE A WHILE. 713 00:26:04,970 --> 00:26:07,906 WHEN I STARTED SPEAKING ABOUT 714 00:26:07,906 --> 00:26:10,576 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CBPI, 715 00:26:10,576 --> 00:26:11,610 THERE WERE OFTEN COMMENTS THAT 716 00:26:11,610 --> 00:26:13,545 WOULD COME IN THE QUESTION AND 717 00:26:13,545 --> 00:26:14,613 ANSWER SESSION WHERE 718 00:26:14,613 --> 00:26:15,447 VETERINARIANS WOULD GIVE 719 00:26:15,447 --> 00:26:16,949 EXAMPLES WHERE AN OWNER'S 720 00:26:16,949 --> 00:26:19,585 ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN THEIR DOG 721 00:26:19,585 --> 00:26:20,152 WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS WAS 722 00:26:20,152 --> 00:26:22,087 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT THE 723 00:26:22,087 --> 00:26:25,891 VETERINARIAN THEMSELVES 724 00:26:25,891 --> 00:26:26,158 ASSESSED. 725 00:26:26,158 --> 00:26:28,360 SOME OF THESE CAN BE DIFFERENCES 726 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:31,563 BECAUSE WE KNOW IN ORDER TO GET 727 00:26:31,563 --> 00:26:32,264 RELIABLE ASSESSMENTS, THE SAME 728 00:26:32,264 --> 00:26:35,534 PERSON NEEDS TO BE DOING THOSE 729 00:26:35,534 --> 00:26:36,568 ASSESSMENTS BUT MOST OF THE 730 00:26:36,568 --> 00:26:37,736 COMMENTS CAME THAT BELIEVING AT 731 00:26:37,736 --> 00:26:39,071 SOME LEVEL THAT AN OWNER COULD 732 00:26:39,071 --> 00:26:40,072 NOT GIVE AN APPROPRIATE 733 00:26:40,072 --> 00:26:41,039 ASSESSMENT AND I UNDERSTAND THE 734 00:26:41,039 --> 00:26:42,841 CONCERN AND I HAVE MY OWN 735 00:26:42,841 --> 00:26:44,643 INSTANCES WHERE I STRUGGLED A 736 00:26:44,643 --> 00:26:46,278 BIT, WITH WHAT AN OWNER MAY BE 737 00:26:46,278 --> 00:26:48,313 SAYING VERSUS WHAT I WAS SEEING 738 00:26:48,313 --> 00:26:50,082 IN THE CLINIC, BUT I GOT OVER 739 00:26:50,082 --> 00:26:52,551 THIS PRETTY QUICKLY WHEN I 740 00:26:52,551 --> 00:26:54,987 STARTED ASKING OWNERS TO SHARE 741 00:26:54,987 --> 00:26:56,188 VIDEOS OF WHAT THEY WERE SEEING 742 00:26:56,188 --> 00:26:57,089 AT HOME. 743 00:26:57,089 --> 00:26:58,824 SO HERE'S 1 EXAMPLE, THIS DOG 744 00:26:58,824 --> 00:27:00,592 WAS ENROLLED IN A STUDY I WAS 745 00:27:00,592 --> 00:27:03,896 RUNNING WHERE WE WERE EVALUATING 746 00:27:03,896 --> 00:27:08,100 THE EFFICACY OF AN 747 00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:11,003 INTERARTICULAR NEUROTOXIN FOR 748 00:27:11,003 --> 00:27:11,703 THE MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS 749 00:27:11,703 --> 00:27:12,304 PAIN. 750 00:27:12,304 --> 00:27:14,740 THIS IS A DOG WITH SEVERE 751 00:27:14,740 --> 00:27:15,808 OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE STIFLE AND 752 00:27:15,808 --> 00:27:18,143 THE TOP VIDEO IS THE 753 00:27:18,143 --> 00:27:18,744 PRETREATMENT ARK ASSESSESMENT. 754 00:27:18,744 --> 00:27:27,419 YOU CAN SEE THE DOGS REALLY 755 00:27:27,419 --> 00:27:29,188 AFFECTED AND YOU CAN SEE HE 756 00:27:29,188 --> 00:27:31,323 DOESN'T USE THE LEG MUCH AT ALL 757 00:27:31,323 --> 00:27:32,858 AND THE BECOME VIDEO IS THE DOG 758 00:27:32,858 --> 00:27:38,931 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INTRAARTICULAR 759 00:27:38,931 --> 00:27:40,666 NEUROINJECTION, AND YOU CAN SEE 760 00:27:40,666 --> 00:27:43,168 THE DOG DOESN'T LOOK DRASTICALLY 761 00:27:43,168 --> 00:27:43,435 DIFFERENT. 762 00:27:43,435 --> 00:27:44,903 AFTER THE VISIT WAS COMPLETE AND 763 00:27:44,903 --> 00:27:46,305 ALL OF OUR ARK ASSESSESMENTS 764 00:27:46,305 --> 00:27:49,875 WERE DONE, I LOOKED AT THE CBPI 765 00:27:49,875 --> 00:27:52,144 THAT THE OWNER COMPLETED AND SHE 766 00:27:52,144 --> 00:27:54,847 MARKED THE DOG AS MARKEDLY 767 00:27:54,847 --> 00:27:56,048 BETTER COMPARED TO BASE LINE 768 00:27:56,048 --> 00:27:56,915 ASSESSMENT WHICH WAS NOT WHAT I 769 00:27:56,915 --> 00:27:59,551 SAW IN THE CLINIC, SO I JUST 770 00:27:59,551 --> 00:28:00,886 ASKED OWNER IF SHE WOULD BE 771 00:28:00,886 --> 00:28:02,120 WILLING TO TAKE VIDEO OF WHAT 772 00:28:02,120 --> 00:28:05,824 HER DOG WAS DOING AT HOME ARE 773 00:28:05,824 --> 00:28:06,892 THE BEHAVIORS SHE WAS SEEING 774 00:28:06,892 --> 00:28:08,627 THAT WERE LEADING HER TO GIVE 775 00:28:08,627 --> 00:28:15,667 THE RESPONSES THAT SHE DID. 776 00:28:15,667 --> 00:28:17,970 SO THAT SAME AFTERNOON SHE SENT 777 00:28:17,970 --> 00:28:21,206 ME THIS VIDEO OF THE DOG IN HER 778 00:28:21,206 --> 00:28:21,607 BACKYARD. 779 00:28:21,607 --> 00:28:23,375 I WATCHED THIS VIDEO MULTILE 780 00:28:23,375 --> 00:28:24,943 TIMES TO MIC SURE I UNDERSTOOD 781 00:28:24,943 --> 00:28:26,211 WHICH DOG WAS THE DOG THAT WAS 782 00:28:26,211 --> 00:28:27,145 IN THE CLINICAL STUDY AND I HAD 783 00:28:27,145 --> 00:28:29,047 TO CALL THE OWNER AND CONFIRM 784 00:28:29,047 --> 00:28:31,550 WHAT I THOUGHT WHICH WAS THAT, 785 00:28:31,550 --> 00:28:32,951 THE DOG WITHOUT THE BALL IS 786 00:28:32,951 --> 00:28:34,820 ACTUALLY THE DOG IN OUR STUDY, 787 00:28:34,820 --> 00:28:36,688 AND YOU CAN PICK IT UP A LITTLE 788 00:28:36,688 --> 00:28:38,557 BIT IN THE VIDEO, CAN YOUEE 789 00:28:38,557 --> 00:28:40,158 THERE'S A LITTLE STUMBLE OUT IN 790 00:28:40,158 --> 00:28:42,027 THE YARD AND THERE'S CLEARLY 791 00:28:42,027 --> 00:28:44,730 LIKE A LIMP AND A LITTLE HAD BOB 792 00:28:44,730 --> 00:28:46,665 WHEN HE HITS THE PAVEMENT ISSUE 793 00:28:46,665 --> 00:28:48,033 THE TAKE AWAY OF COURSE BEING 794 00:28:48,033 --> 00:28:51,370 THAT WHAT WE SEE IN THIS VIDEO 795 00:28:51,370 --> 00:28:53,005 AS AN INDICATION OF HOW THE DOG 796 00:28:53,005 --> 00:28:54,439 IS DOING IS NOTHING LIKE THE ARK 797 00:28:54,439 --> 00:28:56,074 ASSESSESMENT THAT WE DID IN THE 798 00:28:56,074 --> 00:28:58,343 HOSPITAL, SO WE'VE COME AROUND 799 00:28:58,343 --> 00:29:01,013 TO THE UNDERSTANDING THAT WHEN 800 00:29:01,013 --> 00:29:02,514 EVALUATING CHRONIC PAIN AND MANY 801 00:29:02,514 --> 00:29:03,815 OTHER CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN OUR 802 00:29:03,815 --> 00:29:05,183 SPECIES IT'S HOW THE ANIMAL 803 00:29:05,183 --> 00:29:06,852 DOING AT HOME OR IN ITS ROUTINE 804 00:29:06,852 --> 00:29:08,453 ENVIRONMENT THAT WE NEED TO 805 00:29:08,453 --> 00:29:10,822 MEASURE AND MANY TIMES THE OWNER 806 00:29:10,822 --> 00:29:14,726 IS BEST SUITED TO PROVIDE THAT 807 00:29:14,726 --> 00:29:15,360 INFORMATION. 808 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:19,464 SO BY THE EARLY 2010S, I THINK 809 00:29:19,464 --> 00:29:21,767 WE GOTTEN OVER MOST OF THESE 810 00:29:21,767 --> 00:29:22,834 FUNDAMENTAL HURDLES AROUND THE 811 00:29:22,834 --> 00:29:25,404 DEVELOPMENT OF HOW ARK 812 00:29:25,404 --> 00:29:26,305 ASSESSESMENT INSTRUMENTS. 813 00:29:26,305 --> 00:29:27,339 THERE IS ACCEPTANCE THAT THERE 814 00:29:27,339 --> 00:29:28,974 IS A SCIENCE TO MEASURING 815 00:29:28,974 --> 00:29:29,942 SUBJECTIVE HEALTH STATES THAT WE 816 00:29:29,942 --> 00:29:31,910 CAN DO IT EVEN THOUGH OUR 817 00:29:31,910 --> 00:29:32,844 PATIENTS ARE NONVERBAL, AND THAT 818 00:29:32,844 --> 00:29:35,948 WHEN IT COMES TO CHRONIC 819 00:29:35,948 --> 00:29:38,050 CONDITIONS, GETTING THE 820 00:29:38,050 --> 00:29:40,018 INFORMATION FROM THE AT-HOME 821 00:29:40,018 --> 00:29:41,887 ENVIRONMENT WHICH CAN BE 822 00:29:41,887 --> 00:29:42,955 QUANTIFYING THE OWNER'S 823 00:29:42,955 --> 00:29:45,891 ASSESSMENT IS IMPORTANT AND IT'S 824 00:29:45,891 --> 00:29:46,425 POSSIBLE. 825 00:29:46,425 --> 00:29:48,360 AND SO WITH THOSE MAJOR HURDLES 826 00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:50,195 PASS, KIND OF A WHOLE MIEW SET 827 00:29:50,195 --> 00:29:52,130 OF WHAT FOR ME WERE UNXEBTED 828 00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:54,032 QUESTIONS TARTED BEING ASKED. 829 00:29:54,032 --> 00:29:58,470 AS I WAS MAKING PRESENTATIONS 830 00:29:58,470 --> 00:30:00,439 ABOUT THE CANINE PAIN INVENTORY 831 00:30:00,439 --> 00:30:02,140 AND SOME OF ITS USE IN MY 832 00:30:02,140 --> 00:30:04,276 CLINICAL TRIALS, FOR EXAMPLE IN 833 00:30:04,276 --> 00:30:08,280 2017 AT THE--I'M SORRY IN 2007 834 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:09,581 AT THE [INDISCERNIBLE], AT THE 835 00:30:09,581 --> 00:30:12,784 END OF MY PRESENTATION ON THE 836 00:30:12,784 --> 00:30:13,785 DEVELOPMENT OF CBPI, SOMEONE 837 00:30:13,785 --> 00:30:14,519 STOOD UP AND INTRODUCE 838 00:30:14,519 --> 00:30:17,089 THEMSELVES AS BEING FROM THE CBM 839 00:30:17,089 --> 00:30:19,958 AND AT THAT TIME I WASN'T 840 00:30:19,958 --> 00:30:22,728 INTERACTING AT ALL, SO I DO NOT 841 00:30:22,728 --> 00:30:26,131 REMEMBER WHO THAT WAS, BUT HER 842 00:30:26,131 --> 00:30:27,966 QUESTION WAS WHO DO YOU THINK 843 00:30:27,966 --> 00:30:32,037 SHOULD PAY FOR THIS KIND OF WORK 844 00:30:32,037 --> 00:30:34,139 IN MEANING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 845 00:30:34,139 --> 00:30:35,474 AND VALIDATION OF HEALTH ARK 846 00:30:35,474 --> 00:30:36,041 ASSESSESMENT TRIEWMENTS. 847 00:30:36,041 --> 00:30:37,743 SO THIS WAS A COMPLETELY 848 00:30:37,743 --> 00:30:39,778 UNEXPECTED QUESTION FOR ME IN 849 00:30:39,778 --> 00:30:40,245 THE MOMENT. 850 00:30:40,245 --> 00:30:42,948 I JUST EXPLAINED HOW WE GARNERED 851 00:30:42,948 --> 00:30:45,350 THE FUNDING THROUGH NIH BY 852 00:30:45,350 --> 00:30:46,618 LEVERAGING THIS TRANSLATIONAL 853 00:30:46,618 --> 00:30:48,353 MEDICINE APPROACH, BUT THAT 854 00:30:48,353 --> 00:30:51,189 WOULDN'T NECESSARILY BE POSSIBLE 855 00:30:51,189 --> 00:30:52,057 THROUGHOUT ALL INDICATIONS AND 856 00:30:52,057 --> 00:30:53,492 THIS LED TO A FASCINATING BACK 857 00:30:53,492 --> 00:30:56,261 AND FOGGER IN THE AUDIENCE AMONG 858 00:30:56,261 --> 00:30:58,130 THE PERSON FROM THE CBM WHO 859 00:30:58,130 --> 00:31:00,165 ASKED THE QUESTION, SOME FOLKS 860 00:31:00,165 --> 00:31:01,900 FROM INDUSTRY WHO CLEARLY WERE 861 00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:03,268 VERY VESTED IN THE ANSWER AS 862 00:31:03,268 --> 00:31:05,370 WELL AS SOME FOLKS FROM 863 00:31:05,370 --> 00:31:07,472 FOUNDATIONS AND IT WAS 864 00:31:07,472 --> 00:31:08,140 INTERESTING, ULTIMATELY EACH 865 00:31:08,140 --> 00:31:12,010 THOUGHT THE OTHER HAD SOME 866 00:31:12,010 --> 00:31:12,978 RESPONSIBILITY IN FUNDING THE 867 00:31:12,978 --> 00:31:15,013 DEVELOPMENT OF THESE KINDS OF 868 00:31:15,013 --> 00:31:16,148 OUTCOME ARK ASSESSESMENT 869 00:31:16,148 --> 00:31:17,416 INSTRUMENTS AND ULTIMATELY THE 870 00:31:17,416 --> 00:31:19,017 MODERATOR HAD TO STEP IN AND 871 00:31:19,017 --> 00:31:21,420 BRING IT BACK TO THE PODIUM BUT 872 00:31:21,420 --> 00:31:23,455 WHAT WAS REALLY INTERESTING 873 00:31:23,455 --> 00:31:25,824 ABOUT THIS CONVERSATION AND WHAT 874 00:31:25,824 --> 00:31:30,362 IT DID WAS HIGHLIGHT HOW TIME 875 00:31:30,362 --> 00:31:32,230 AND RESOURCE INTENSIVE THE 876 00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:33,999 DEVELOPMENT OF A RELIABLE AND 877 00:31:33,999 --> 00:31:38,070 VALID OUTCOME ASSESSMENT 878 00:31:38,070 --> 00:31:38,770 INSTRUMENT CAN BE PARTICULARLY 879 00:31:38,770 --> 00:31:41,406 IN A SPACE WHERE 1 DOESN'T 880 00:31:41,406 --> 00:31:42,708 ALREADY EXIST. 881 00:31:42,708 --> 00:31:44,242 ANOTHER QUESTION THAT SPARKED A 882 00:31:44,242 --> 00:31:45,677 REALLY FIERCE DEBATE IN THE 883 00:31:45,677 --> 00:31:47,779 MOMENT WAS SOMETHING AGAIN THAT 884 00:31:47,779 --> 00:31:48,814 I WASN'T EXPECTING WHEN SOMEONE 885 00:31:48,814 --> 00:31:54,252 STOOD UP AND ASKED SO WHICH IS 886 00:31:54,252 --> 00:31:55,787 BETTER, YOUR INSTRUMENT MEANING 887 00:31:55,787 --> 00:31:58,557 THE CBPI OR GAIN ANALYSIS. 888 00:31:58,557 --> 00:32:00,926 THIS WAS ANOTHER QUESTION THAT 889 00:32:00,926 --> 00:32:03,395 WAS PRIZING TO ME BECAUSE IT 890 00:32:03,395 --> 00:32:04,629 NEVER OCCURRED THAT PROPOSING 891 00:32:04,629 --> 00:32:06,765 ANOTHER TOOL LIKE THE KRRK BPI 892 00:32:06,765 --> 00:32:08,834 WOULD BE PERSPEEFED AS COMPETING 893 00:32:08,834 --> 00:32:10,736 WITH A VERY WELL VALIDATED AND 894 00:32:10,736 --> 00:32:12,471 HIGHLY USEFUL TOOL WHICH HAD 895 00:32:12,471 --> 00:32:19,945 BEEN AROUND IN THE CHRONIC PAIN 896 00:32:19,945 --> 00:32:22,881 SPACE SUCH AS PAIN ANALYSIS. 897 00:32:22,881 --> 00:32:25,817 AND THIS DEBATE GOT QUITE HEATED 898 00:32:25,817 --> 00:32:26,084 AT TIMES. 899 00:32:26,084 --> 00:32:27,352 BUT I THINK WE GOT TO THE PAIN 900 00:32:27,352 --> 00:32:29,321 WHERE WE UNDERSTAND AND MEASURE 901 00:32:29,321 --> 00:32:30,789 THINGS WITH OWNER ANALYSIS AND 902 00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:33,525 AGAIN ANALYSIS IS CLEARLY THE 903 00:32:33,525 --> 00:32:34,259 GOLD STANDARD FOR MEASURING 904 00:32:34,259 --> 00:32:35,327 LAMENESS AND IF YOU WANT TO 905 00:32:35,327 --> 00:32:36,595 MEASURE LAME PS AND YOU HAVE 906 00:32:36,595 --> 00:32:38,163 ACCESS TO GAIN ANALYSIS, 907 00:32:38,163 --> 00:32:40,832 ABSOLUTELY IT'S THE WAY TO GO, 908 00:32:40,832 --> 00:32:42,167 IF YOU WANT TO MEASURE WHAT'S 909 00:32:42,167 --> 00:32:44,736 HAPPENING IN THE ANIMAL'S HOME 910 00:32:44,736 --> 00:32:45,804 ENVIRONMENT WHEN AN OWNER 911 00:32:45,804 --> 00:32:47,806 ASSESSMENT MAY BE WHAT YOU WOULD 912 00:32:47,806 --> 00:32:48,039 CHOOSE. 913 00:32:48,039 --> 00:32:49,541 THEY BOTH WORK WELL, THEY BOTH 914 00:32:49,541 --> 00:32:52,711 HAVE PROS AND CONS AND THE 915 00:32:52,711 --> 00:32:53,578 CHOICE OF INSTRUMENT WILL BE 916 00:32:53,578 --> 00:32:56,047 BASED ON THE GOALS OF THE STUDY 917 00:32:56,047 --> 00:32:56,982 AND THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO 918 00:32:56,982 --> 00:32:57,783 DID IT. 919 00:32:57,783 --> 00:33:00,018 SO I THINK WE'VE MOSTLY GOTTEN 920 00:33:00,018 --> 00:33:00,952 PAST THIS HURDLE. 921 00:33:00,952 --> 00:33:02,254 IT STILL LINGERS A LITTLE BIT 922 00:33:02,254 --> 00:33:05,390 TODAY, MAYBE LESS IN THE CONTEXT 923 00:33:05,390 --> 00:33:06,391 OF GENERATED ANALYSIS. 924 00:33:06,391 --> 00:33:09,361 I THINK MORE IN THE CONTEXT OF 925 00:33:09,361 --> 00:33:15,267 NOW HAVING MULTIPLE VALIDATED 926 00:33:15,267 --> 00:33:16,067 OWNER ASSESSMENTS AVAILABLE. 927 00:33:16,067 --> 00:33:18,036 SO NOW IT WOULDN'T BE UNUSUAL TO 928 00:33:18,036 --> 00:33:19,538 GET THE QUESTION, WHICH IS 929 00:33:19,538 --> 00:33:21,840 BETTER, THE LOAD OR THE API, OR 930 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:23,608 THE COI, OR THE CBPI, AGAIN, 931 00:33:23,608 --> 00:33:25,110 WITH THE IDEA THAT THERE'S 1 932 00:33:25,110 --> 00:33:26,645 PERFECT TOOL TO USE IN EVERY 933 00:33:26,645 --> 00:33:27,813 SITUATION. 934 00:33:27,813 --> 00:33:29,080 AND WE KNOW THAT WHILE ALL OF 935 00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:31,650 THESE TOOLS MIGHT BE IN KIND OF 936 00:33:31,650 --> 00:33:33,318 VARYING POINTS OF VALIDATION, 937 00:33:33,318 --> 00:33:34,619 THEY'RE ALL OWNER ASSESSMENTS 938 00:33:34,619 --> 00:33:36,021 BUT IN THE END THEY'RE NOT 939 00:33:36,021 --> 00:33:37,689 MEASURING EXACTLY THE SAME 940 00:33:37,689 --> 00:33:39,057 THING, THEY'RE ASKING ABOUT 941 00:33:39,057 --> 00:33:40,792 DIFFERENT BEHEAEVERS AND 942 00:33:40,792 --> 00:33:41,860 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES THOSE 943 00:33:41,860 --> 00:33:45,564 BEHAVIORS, SOME FOCUS ON PAIN, 944 00:33:45,564 --> 00:33:46,865 OTHERS ON MOBILITY, OR FUNCTION, 945 00:33:46,865 --> 00:33:48,300 AND IT'S THROUGH THINGS LIKE 946 00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:50,302 THIS PAIN AND ANIMAL WORKSHOP 947 00:33:50,302 --> 00:33:52,337 THAT WE'VE REALLY BEEN ABLE TO 948 00:33:52,337 --> 00:33:54,005 COME TOGETHER AS A GROUP OF 949 00:33:54,005 --> 00:33:55,173 SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS, WHO 950 00:33:55,173 --> 00:33:56,808 ARE INTERESTED IN PAIN 951 00:33:56,808 --> 00:33:58,543 MEASUREMENT AND PAIN MANAGED TO 952 00:33:58,543 --> 00:34:00,478 REALIZE THERE'S NEVER GOING TO 953 00:34:00,478 --> 00:34:02,247 BE 1 PERFECT TOOL WHEN IT COMES 954 00:34:02,247 --> 00:34:06,184 TO MEASURING PAIN ACROSS THE 955 00:34:06,184 --> 00:34:07,352 BOARD. 956 00:34:07,352 --> 00:34:08,320 IT'S A MULTIDIMENSIONAL COMPLEX 957 00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:12,090 CONDITION THAT VARIES BASED ON 958 00:34:12,090 --> 00:34:12,958 THE UNDERLYING DISEASE, THE 959 00:34:12,958 --> 00:34:15,160 POPULATION IN YOUR CLINIC OR THE 960 00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:16,895 POPULATION THAT MAY BE IN YOUR 961 00:34:16,895 --> 00:34:18,964 CLINICAL TODAY ASK WE NEED 962 00:34:18,964 --> 00:34:20,031 MULTIPLE VALID AND RELIABLE 963 00:34:20,031 --> 00:34:22,234 TOOLS TO BE ABLE TO PROGRESS THE 964 00:34:22,234 --> 00:34:23,368 PROGRESSION FORWARD IN THE 965 00:34:23,368 --> 00:34:24,736 MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF 966 00:34:24,736 --> 00:34:29,541 CROPPIC PAIN IN OUR PATIENTS. 967 00:34:29,541 --> 00:34:34,913 SO TO ME IT FELT LIKE THESE PAIN 968 00:34:34,913 --> 00:34:36,081 IN ANIMAL WORKSHOPS CAME AT THE 969 00:34:36,081 --> 00:34:38,950 RIGHT TIME. 970 00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:39,885 THE FIRST 1 WAS 2017 WHICH WAS 971 00:34:39,885 --> 00:34:42,854 10 YEARS AFTER THE FIRST CBPI 972 00:34:42,854 --> 00:34:45,590 PAPERS AND WE'VE GOTTEN OVER 973 00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:46,758 THOSE EARLY MISCONCEPTIONS AND 974 00:34:46,758 --> 00:34:47,092 HURDLES. 975 00:34:47,092 --> 00:34:48,393 AND WE WERE READY TO DIG INTO 976 00:34:48,393 --> 00:34:49,761 THE NUTS AND BOLTS AND SAY OKAY, 977 00:34:49,761 --> 00:34:53,365 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE. 978 00:34:53,365 --> 00:34:56,234 AND YOU CAN SEE THE DEPTH OF 979 00:34:56,234 --> 00:34:57,936 COMMITMENT AND SCIENTIFIC 980 00:34:57,936 --> 00:34:59,905 ROBUSTNESS THAT WAS POURED INTO 981 00:34:59,905 --> 00:35:02,207 REALLY MOVING THE PROFESSIONAL 982 00:35:02,207 --> 00:35:05,810 FFD THROUGH THESE PAIN AND 983 00:35:05,810 --> 00:35:06,478 ANIMAL WORKSHOPS. 984 00:35:06,478 --> 00:35:12,217 ALL THE WORKSHOPS HAD THE SAME 2 985 00:35:12,217 --> 00:35:13,585 BASIC OBJECTIVES. 986 00:35:13,585 --> 00:35:15,120 SO TO ADVANCE TRANSLATION AS 987 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:16,154 WELL ASVIATEINARY RESEARCH. 988 00:35:16,154 --> 00:35:17,389 FROM THE VETERINARY MEDICINE 989 00:35:17,389 --> 00:35:18,623 PERSPECTIVE, WE REALIZE THAT 990 00:35:18,623 --> 00:35:21,559 CHRONIC PAIN IS 1 OF THE MOST 991 00:35:21,559 --> 00:35:23,962 POORLY UNDERSTAND AND RELATIVELY 992 00:35:23,962 --> 00:35:25,330 UNDERDIGITEXTED CONDITIONS IN 993 00:35:25,330 --> 00:35:25,864 THE PROFESSIONAL. 994 00:35:25,864 --> 00:35:27,565 AND FROM A TRANSLATIONAL 995 00:35:27,565 --> 00:35:28,400 RESEARCH STANDPOINT, WE KNOW 996 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:32,037 THAT THERE'S BEEN A LACK OF 997 00:35:32,037 --> 00:35:33,405 TRANSLATION OF BASIC RESEARCH 998 00:35:33,405 --> 00:35:36,441 INTO NEW AND APPROVED 999 00:35:36,441 --> 00:35:37,142 THERAPEUTICS FOR THE TREATMENT 1000 00:35:37,142 --> 00:35:39,477 OF PAIN AND WE WANT TO 1001 00:35:39,477 --> 00:35:40,712 INVESTIGATE HEALTH STUDIES 1002 00:35:40,712 --> 00:35:41,546 ACROSS HUMAN AND VETERINARY 1003 00:35:41,546 --> 00:35:42,714 MEDICINE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO 1004 00:35:42,714 --> 00:35:49,487 IMPROVING HEALTH FOR ALL OF OUR 1005 00:35:49,487 --> 00:35:49,721 SPECIES. 1006 00:35:49,721 --> 00:35:53,391 SO THE FIRST WORKSHOP DISSED THE 1007 00:35:53,391 --> 00:35:55,694 STATUS OF CHRONIC PAIN 1008 00:35:55,694 --> 00:35:59,798 MEASUREMENT IN ANIMALS FROM THE 1009 00:35:59,798 --> 00:36:00,832 THERAPEUTIC DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND 1010 00:36:00,832 --> 00:36:01,833 THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH AND IT 1011 00:36:01,833 --> 00:36:04,903 TOUCHED ON OUTCOME ARK 1012 00:36:04,903 --> 00:36:06,738 ASSESSESMENT INCLUDING CLINICAL 1013 00:36:06,738 --> 00:36:08,139 METROLOGY INSTRUMENTS, GAIT 1014 00:36:08,139 --> 00:36:09,274 ANALYSIS AND ACTIVITY 1015 00:36:09,274 --> 00:36:12,277 MONITORING, AS WELL AS THE 1016 00:36:12,277 --> 00:36:14,779 POTENTIALLY VALUABLE APPROACHES 1017 00:36:14,779 --> 00:36:21,786 OF QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING, 1018 00:36:21,786 --> 00:36:23,421 NOKRRK ICEPTIVE WITHDRAWAL 1019 00:36:23,421 --> 00:36:26,558 MEASURES AND PLACEBO EFFECTS AND 1020 00:36:26,558 --> 00:36:28,827 NEUROPATHIN PAINS, IT WAS A 1021 00:36:28,827 --> 00:36:30,795 BROAD LIST OF PRIORITIES FOR 1022 00:36:30,795 --> 00:36:32,197 FUTURE RESEARCH WAS GENERATED. 1023 00:36:32,197 --> 00:36:33,832 AND SO THE PRIORITIES THAT CAME 1024 00:36:33,832 --> 00:36:36,334 OUT OF THAT FIRST WORKSHOP 1025 00:36:36,334 --> 00:36:39,637 AROUND THE CLINICAL METROLOGY 1026 00:36:39,637 --> 00:36:41,039 TRIEWMENTS ARE BASICALLY 1027 00:36:41,039 --> 00:36:42,974 CATEGORRORRIZED AS WHAT WE NEED 1028 00:36:42,974 --> 00:36:46,011 TO DO WITH OUR CURRENTLY 1029 00:36:46,011 --> 00:36:46,511 AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS. 1030 00:36:46,511 --> 00:36:49,080 WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO TO DEVELOP 1031 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:51,249 SOPs FOR THE APPROPRIATE USE 1032 00:36:51,249 --> 00:36:53,018 OF OUR INSTRUMENTS ONCE THEY'RE 1033 00:36:53,018 --> 00:36:54,419 VALIDATED AND WHAT ARE THE BEST 1034 00:36:54,419 --> 00:36:57,188 STUDY DESIGNS FOR USING CMIs. 1035 00:36:57,188 --> 00:37:00,558 SO IF YOU LOOK IN THAT FIRST 1036 00:37:00,558 --> 00:37:01,926 BUCKET OF PRIORITY ANDS QUICKLY 1037 00:37:01,926 --> 00:37:03,728 KIND OF SCAN THE LITERATURE FOR 1038 00:37:03,728 --> 00:37:06,131 WHAT'S COME UP SINCE THAT FIRST 1039 00:37:06,131 --> 00:37:07,198 WORKSHOP IN 2017, YOU CAN SEE 1040 00:37:07,198 --> 00:37:08,833 THERE'S BEEN A FAIR AMOUNT OF 1041 00:37:08,833 --> 00:37:10,769 ACTIVITY FOR A LOT OF THESE 1042 00:37:10,769 --> 00:37:11,536 DIFFERENT BULLET POINTS. 1043 00:37:11,536 --> 00:37:15,240 WE CAN SEE PUBLICATIONS AROUND 1044 00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:17,342 MEASURING PAIN AND NONMUSK LO 1045 00:37:17,342 --> 00:37:20,478 SKELETAL CONDITIONS SO MOST 1046 00:37:20,478 --> 00:37:22,380 CANCER, CANCER NEUROPATHIN PAIN, 1047 00:37:22,380 --> 00:37:31,156 WE ALSO SEE PUB LIAISON KAIGS 1048 00:37:31,156 --> 00:37:32,190 ABOUT ANALGESICS PARTICULARLY 1049 00:37:32,190 --> 00:37:32,557 INTRAARTICULAR. 1050 00:37:32,557 --> 00:37:33,892 AS WELL AS UNDERSTANDING ON 1051 00:37:33,892 --> 00:37:35,460 CLINICAL DIFFERENCES AND SUCCESS 1052 00:37:35,460 --> 00:37:36,127 FAILURE CRITERIA WHICH ARE 1053 00:37:36,127 --> 00:37:38,630 THINGS THAT WE WILL TALK ABOUT 1054 00:37:38,630 --> 00:37:42,367 MORE IN THIS WORKSHOP. 1055 00:37:42,367 --> 00:37:44,302 WHEN IT COMES TO THE SECOND 1056 00:37:44,302 --> 00:37:46,337 BUCKET, SO DEVELOPING THE USE OF 1057 00:37:46,337 --> 00:37:47,405 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 1058 00:37:47,405 --> 00:37:50,708 FOR THE USE OF CMIs, IT'S A 1059 00:37:50,708 --> 00:37:51,910 BIT DIFFICULT TO,A ASSESSES WHAT 1060 00:37:51,910 --> 00:37:54,779 KIND OF PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE 1061 00:37:54,779 --> 00:37:55,013 HERE. 1062 00:37:55,013 --> 00:37:56,714 THERE'S CLEARLY A NEED FOR 1063 00:37:56,714 --> 00:38:01,119 STANDARD METHODOLOGY ON HOW WE 1064 00:38:01,119 --> 00:38:01,986 INCORPORATE CMIs PROTOCOLS BUT 1065 00:38:01,986 --> 00:38:06,624 IT'S NOT CLEAR THAT THERE ARE 1066 00:38:06,624 --> 00:38:09,160 WELL ACCEPTED WIDELY AVAILABLE 1067 00:38:09,160 --> 00:38:11,696 GUIDELINES FOR HOW WE DO THIS IN 1068 00:38:11,696 --> 00:38:14,099 GENERAL OR HAD EASILY 1069 00:38:14,099 --> 00:38:15,867 IDENTIFIABLE AND AVAILABLE 1070 00:38:15,867 --> 00:38:18,570 SOPs OR HAND BOOKS OR 1071 00:38:18,570 --> 00:38:19,170 INSTRUCTIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT 1072 00:38:19,170 --> 00:38:21,306 DETAIL ABOUT HOW TO USE MOST OF 1073 00:38:21,306 --> 00:38:22,941 THESE INSTRUMENTS INDIVIDUALLY. 1074 00:38:22,941 --> 00:38:24,776 SO IT SEEMS LIKE THERE'S WORK TO 1075 00:38:24,776 --> 00:38:27,512 DO FOR THIS BUCKET. 1076 00:38:27,512 --> 00:38:30,081 AND WHEN IT COMES TO THAT LAST 1077 00:38:30,081 --> 00:38:31,683 BUCKET AND WHAT'S THE OPTIMAL 1078 00:38:31,683 --> 00:38:35,120 STUDY DESIGN FOR THE USE OF 1079 00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:36,488 CMIs, WE SEE INTERESTING 1080 00:38:36,488 --> 00:38:40,959 ARTICLES FOCUSING ON STUDY 1081 00:38:40,959 --> 00:38:42,260 DESIGN ASSOCIATED ELEMENTS LIKE 1082 00:38:42,260 --> 00:38:44,262 RESPONSE BIAS OR RECALL BIAS SO 1083 00:38:44,262 --> 00:38:44,863 SOME INTERESTING MOVEMENT IN 1084 00:38:44,863 --> 00:38:47,132 THIS AREA, BUT I THINK THERE'S A 1085 00:38:47,132 --> 00:38:48,766 LOT MORE THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE 1086 00:38:48,766 --> 00:38:51,836 FOR US TO REALLY UNDERSTAND 1087 00:38:51,836 --> 00:38:53,938 OPTIMAL CLINICAL DESIGNS FOR 1088 00:38:53,938 --> 00:38:59,077 CMIs IN VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1089 00:38:59,077 --> 00:39:01,779 WHEN IT COMES TO THE PRIORITIES 1090 00:39:01,779 --> 00:39:02,714 FOR ACTIVITY MONITORING THAT 1091 00:39:02,714 --> 00:39:05,583 CAME OUT OF THAT FIRST WORKSHOP 1092 00:39:05,583 --> 00:39:08,653 IN 2017, THE FIRST BUCKET WAS 1093 00:39:08,653 --> 00:39:10,989 AROUND THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE 1094 00:39:10,989 --> 00:39:12,323 ACTIVITY MONITORS. 1095 00:39:12,323 --> 00:39:15,226 THE SECOND BUCKET WAS PRIORITIES 1096 00:39:15,226 --> 00:39:16,728 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW 1097 00:39:16,728 --> 00:39:18,930 MONITORS AND KIND OF THIS 1098 00:39:18,930 --> 00:39:20,064 MISCELLANEOUS BUCKET OF OTHER 1099 00:39:20,064 --> 00:39:21,566 THINGS TO THINK ABOUT TO MOVE 1100 00:39:21,566 --> 00:39:23,401 THE FIELD FORWARD FOR ACTIVITY 1101 00:39:23,401 --> 00:39:33,178 MONITORING IN OUR VETERINARY 1102 00:39:33,178 --> 00:39:33,645 SPECIES. 1103 00:39:33,645 --> 00:39:35,980 WHEN YOU SCAN THE LITERATURE TO 1104 00:39:35,980 --> 00:39:37,815 SEE WHO'S HAPPENED SINCE THAT 1105 00:39:37,815 --> 00:39:41,786 MEETING, IT LOOKS LIKE THERE'S 1106 00:39:41,786 --> 00:39:43,421 ACTIVITY AVAILABLE IN THE 1107 00:39:43,421 --> 00:39:46,391 MONITORS AND HOW BEST TO CAPTURE 1108 00:39:46,391 --> 00:39:48,026 THE SPECIFIC PAIN, DETERMINING 1109 00:39:48,026 --> 00:39:49,861 OUTPUTS TO USE, ARE THERE 1110 00:39:49,861 --> 00:39:50,628 PROCEDURES SPECIFIC TO SPECIFIC 1111 00:39:50,628 --> 00:39:52,030 PAIN DEHAD A FEWS, THERE'S A LOT 1112 00:39:52,030 --> 00:39:53,731 OF FOCUS FOR EXAMPLE ON NIGHT 1113 00:39:53,731 --> 00:39:55,733 TIME ACTIVITY AND HOW WELL 1114 00:39:55,733 --> 00:39:56,634 ANIMALS ARE SLEEPING. 1115 00:39:56,634 --> 00:39:58,770 SO A LOT OF REALLY NICE MOVEMENT 1116 00:39:58,770 --> 00:40:05,243 FOR THIS FIRST BUCKET. 1117 00:40:05,243 --> 00:40:06,411 THERE'S ALSO INTERESTING 1118 00:40:06,411 --> 00:40:08,713 MOVEMENT FOR THE SECOND BUCKET. 1119 00:40:08,713 --> 00:40:12,584 WE'RE DEVELOPING ACTIVITY 1120 00:40:12,584 --> 00:40:14,419 MONITORS, FOCUSING ON SMALL 1121 00:40:14,419 --> 00:40:16,287 ANIMALS, MAKING SURE WE HAVE 1122 00:40:16,287 --> 00:40:17,455 MONITORS FOR CATSAs WELL AS 1123 00:40:17,455 --> 00:40:19,090 DOGS, THESE ARE THE AREAS THAT 1124 00:40:19,090 --> 00:40:21,926 SEEM TO BE PRETTY ACTIVE. 1125 00:40:21,926 --> 00:40:23,928 AND THAT LAST BUCKET WHERE WE'RE 1126 00:40:23,928 --> 00:40:25,797 LOOKING AT SOPs AND BEST 1127 00:40:25,797 --> 00:40:27,332 APPROACHES FOR THINGS LIKE AT 1128 00:40:27,332 --> 00:40:29,534 THAT TIMISTICAL EVALUATION OF 1129 00:40:29,534 --> 00:40:30,268 THE DATA. 1130 00:40:30,268 --> 00:40:32,036 THE 2021 PAIN AND ANIMAL 1131 00:40:32,036 --> 00:40:34,906 WORKSHOP DID A DEEP DIVE INTO 1132 00:40:34,906 --> 00:40:36,074 ACCEL ROMETRY AROUND SOME OF 1133 00:40:36,074 --> 00:40:37,842 THESE DETAILS SO WE KNOW THAT 1134 00:40:37,842 --> 00:40:40,111 THERE'S ACTIVITY IN THIS AREA 1135 00:40:40,111 --> 00:40:41,746 BECAUSE THIS GROUP, THIS 1136 00:40:41,746 --> 00:40:44,349 WORKSHOP WAS DRIVING THAT 1137 00:40:44,349 --> 00:40:45,416 CONVERSATION FORWARD 4 YEARS 1138 00:40:45,416 --> 00:40:48,353 AFTER THE INITIAL WORKSHOP. 1139 00:40:48,353 --> 00:40:50,855 WHEN IT CAME TO WHAT PRIORITIES 1140 00:40:50,855 --> 00:40:53,091 COME UP AROUND GAIT ANALYSIS, 1141 00:40:53,091 --> 00:40:54,759 YOU KNOW FROM THAT 2017 1142 00:40:54,759 --> 00:40:55,827 WORKSHOP, AGAIN THERE WAS A 1143 00:40:55,827 --> 00:40:58,930 FOCUS ON WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW 1144 00:40:58,930 --> 00:41:00,131 AROUND OUR CURRENTLY AVAILABLE 1145 00:41:00,131 --> 00:41:01,132 TECHNIQUES AS WELL AS KIND OF 1146 00:41:01,132 --> 00:41:05,069 THE CATCH ALL BUCKET FOR OTHER 1147 00:41:05,069 --> 00:41:05,370 PRIORITIES. 1148 00:41:05,370 --> 00:41:07,272 FOR THAT FIRST BUCKET OF 1149 00:41:07,272 --> 00:41:08,439 CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES, 1150 00:41:08,439 --> 00:41:11,509 THERE'S CLEARLY LOTS OF ACTIVITY 1151 00:41:11,509 --> 00:41:15,813 FOCUSING ON HOW TO INSURE WE'RE 1152 00:41:15,813 --> 00:41:17,715 GETTING THE BEST DATA AS WELL AS 1153 00:41:17,715 --> 00:41:21,352 UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES 1154 00:41:21,352 --> 00:41:23,588 AND THE VARIOUS TOOLS WE USE TO 1155 00:41:23,588 --> 00:41:25,757 COLLECT DATA AND A FOCUS ON 1156 00:41:25,757 --> 00:41:29,327 WHICH PARAMETERS MAY BE THE MOST 1157 00:41:29,327 --> 00:41:30,595 APPROPRIATE OUTCOMES. 1158 00:41:30,595 --> 00:41:35,033 AND JUST LIKE ACCEL ROMETRY, THE 1159 00:41:35,033 --> 00:41:37,435 2021 PAIN IN ANIMAL WORKSHOP DID 1160 00:41:37,435 --> 00:41:39,103 A DEEP DIVE INTO GAIT ANALYSIS 1161 00:41:39,103 --> 00:41:41,072 AND OTHER DETALES THAT ARE IN 1162 00:41:41,072 --> 00:41:42,674 THE SECOND BUCKET SO WE KNOW 1163 00:41:42,674 --> 00:41:44,309 THERE'S ACTIVITY TBH THIS AREA 1164 00:41:44,309 --> 00:41:48,446 BECAUSE AGAIN THIS GROUP WAS 1165 00:41:48,446 --> 00:41:49,480 DRIVING THE CONVERSATION FORWARD 1166 00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:53,351 4 YEARS AFTER THAT INITIAL 1167 00:41:53,351 --> 00:41:53,618 WORKSHOP. 1168 00:41:53,618 --> 00:41:57,355 WHEN IT CAME TO THE PRIORITIES 1169 00:41:57,355 --> 00:41:58,489 FOR QUANTITATIVE SENSORY 1170 00:41:58,489 --> 00:41:59,791 TESTING, AGAIN THERE WERE THOSE 1171 00:41:59,791 --> 00:42:01,159 THAT FOCUSED ON CURRENT 1172 00:42:01,159 --> 00:42:03,027 METHODOLOGY AND QUITE A DETAILED 1173 00:42:03,027 --> 00:42:06,798 LIST OF QUESTIONS ASSOCIATED 1174 00:42:06,798 --> 00:42:08,866 WITH UNDERSTANDING SENSORY 1175 00:42:08,866 --> 00:42:09,500 PHENOTYPES. 1176 00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:10,668 THERE HASN'T BEEN A TON OF 1177 00:42:10,668 --> 00:42:13,938 ACTIVITY IN THIS AREA, IN 1178 00:42:13,938 --> 00:42:15,006 VETERINARY MEDICINE AS LEAST 1179 00:42:15,006 --> 00:42:19,043 RELATIVE RIGHT, TO THE OTHER 1180 00:42:19,043 --> 00:42:19,744 PRIORITIES THAT WERE IDENTIFIED. 1181 00:42:19,744 --> 00:42:24,282 IT LOOKS LIKE WE'RE REALLY STILL 1182 00:42:24,282 --> 00:42:25,783 SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER 1183 00:42:25,783 --> 00:42:27,185 DIRECT TREATMENT RELATED CHANGES 1184 00:42:27,185 --> 00:42:30,221 AND SENSORY PROCESSING CAN BE 1185 00:42:30,221 --> 00:42:32,757 DOCUMENTED OR WHETHER ANY OF 1186 00:42:32,757 --> 00:42:35,159 THESE PARAMETERS CAN BE USED TO 1187 00:42:35,159 --> 00:42:37,328 REALLY DEFEIGN A PHENOTYPE THAT 1188 00:42:37,328 --> 00:42:39,397 CAN PREDICT RESPONSE TO THE 1189 00:42:39,397 --> 00:42:40,264 ANALGESICS FOR EXAMPLE, SO 1190 00:42:40,264 --> 00:42:42,200 THERE'S A LOT TO THINK ABOUT AND 1191 00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:43,701 I THINK A LOT OF OPPORTUNITY 1192 00:42:43,701 --> 00:42:49,707 HERE FOR US TO POTENTIALLY MAKE 1193 00:42:49,707 --> 00:42:50,174 PROGRESS. 1194 00:42:50,174 --> 00:42:53,411 AND FINALLY THE PRIORITIES 1195 00:42:53,411 --> 00:42:54,912 AROUND PLACEBO EFFECTS. 1196 00:42:54,912 --> 00:42:56,447 THERE WERE 2 BUCKETS. 1197 00:42:56,447 --> 00:42:57,482 ONE FOCUSED ON AN OPPORTUNITY TO 1198 00:42:57,482 --> 00:43:02,387 PULL DATA FROM THE MULTITUDE OF 1199 00:43:02,387 --> 00:43:03,821 PLACEBO CONTROL TRIALS THAT ARE 1200 00:43:03,821 --> 00:43:04,789 HAPPENING IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1201 00:43:04,789 --> 00:43:08,393 TO DO A REALLY DEEP DIVE INTO 1202 00:43:08,393 --> 00:43:09,394 TRULY UNDERSTANDING WHICH 1203 00:43:09,394 --> 00:43:12,630 PATIENT AND TODAY DESIGN FACTORS 1204 00:43:12,630 --> 00:43:15,333 CAN IMPACT THE PLACEBO RESPONSE. 1205 00:43:15,333 --> 00:43:17,468 THE SECOND BUCKET REALLY RAISED 1206 00:43:17,468 --> 00:43:18,970 QUESTIONS AROUND WHAT ARE THOSE 1207 00:43:18,970 --> 00:43:21,105 ELEMENTS OF A STUDY THAT MAY BE 1208 00:43:21,105 --> 00:43:22,807 IMPACTING MA SEEB O RESPONSE 1209 00:43:22,807 --> 00:43:24,909 THAT WE HAVEN'T REALLY BEEN 1210 00:43:24,909 --> 00:43:26,711 FOCUSED ON IN VETERINARY 1211 00:43:26,711 --> 00:43:28,146 MEDICINE, THINGS LIKE HOW 1212 00:43:28,146 --> 00:43:30,782 CONSENT FORMS ARE WORDED OR WHAT 1213 00:43:30,782 --> 00:43:31,949 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SITE 1214 00:43:31,949 --> 00:43:34,352 MIGHT BE FOR EXAMPLE. 1215 00:43:34,352 --> 00:43:37,522 BOTH OF THESE BUCKETS STILL SEEM 1216 00:43:37,522 --> 00:43:39,690 LIKE VERY BIG AREAS OF AN 1217 00:43:39,690 --> 00:43:40,024 OPPORTUNITY. 1218 00:43:40,024 --> 00:43:41,926 IT'S NOT CLEAR THERE IS A 1219 00:43:41,926 --> 00:43:43,461 SIGNIFICANT MOVEMENT ON THESE 1220 00:43:43,461 --> 00:43:44,128 PRIORITIES SPECIFICALLY SO IT'LL 1221 00:43:44,128 --> 00:43:46,397 BE INTERESTING FOR THIS GROUP TO 1222 00:43:46,397 --> 00:43:49,300 HAVE THAT CONVERSATION TO IS 1223 00:43:49,300 --> 00:43:51,369 THIS AN AREA THAT PEOPLE ARE 1224 00:43:51,369 --> 00:43:52,503 ACTUALLY MOVING FORWARD OR IS 1225 00:43:52,503 --> 00:43:54,505 THERE STILL AN OPPORTUNITY TO 1226 00:43:54,505 --> 00:43:59,911 GET GALVANIZE BEHIND THESE 1227 00:43:59,911 --> 00:44:00,178 CONCEPTS. 1228 00:44:00,178 --> 00:44:01,879 PLACEBO EFFECTS DO POP UP AGAIN 1229 00:44:01,879 --> 00:44:04,949 IN THE 2019 WORKSHOP, BUT NOT 1230 00:44:04,949 --> 00:44:07,718 NECESSARILY AROUND THOSE 1231 00:44:07,718 --> 00:44:08,119 PARTICULAR TOPICS. 1232 00:44:08,119 --> 00:44:10,121 SO CLEARLY PLACEBO EFFECTS ARE 1233 00:44:10,121 --> 00:44:11,956 FRONT OF MIND FOR EVERYONE 1234 00:44:11,956 --> 00:44:13,191 WORKING IN THE PAIN SPACE BUT IT 1235 00:44:13,191 --> 00:44:16,627 SEEMS THERE ARE STILL A LOT OF 1236 00:44:16,627 --> 00:44:17,862 OPPORTUNITY TO DEVISE A 1237 00:44:17,862 --> 00:44:20,097 STRATEGIC PLANENTLY TOW TACKLE 1238 00:44:20,097 --> 00:44:21,199 THE ISSUES. 1239 00:44:21,199 --> 00:44:23,534 IN THE END FOR THE 2017 1240 00:44:23,534 --> 00:44:25,002 WORKSHOP, THERE WERE 3 MAJOR 1241 00:44:25,002 --> 00:44:26,404 PUBLICATIONS THAT CAME OUT. 1242 00:44:26,404 --> 00:44:30,141 THE FIRST DESCRIBED THE 1243 00:44:30,141 --> 00:44:33,344 FUNCTIONS THAT HAPPENED AT THE 1244 00:44:33,344 --> 00:44:35,146 WORKSHOP ISSUE THE SECOND LISTED 1245 00:44:35,146 --> 00:44:36,247 OUT THE PRIORITIES THAT I 1246 00:44:36,247 --> 00:44:37,415 MENTIONED HERE TODAY AND THE 1247 00:44:37,415 --> 00:44:39,584 THIRD FOCUSED ON THE 1248 00:44:39,584 --> 00:44:40,751 TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE ASPECT 1249 00:44:40,751 --> 00:44:43,054 AND HOW VETERINARY SPECIES CAN 1250 00:44:43,054 --> 00:44:44,222 REALLY HELP INFORM HUMAN HEALTH, 1251 00:44:44,222 --> 00:44:47,258 SO A LOT OF REALLY NICE 1252 00:44:47,258 --> 00:44:48,960 SUBSTANTIVE OUTPUT FROM THAT 1253 00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:50,228 VERY FIRST 2017 WORKSHOP THAT WE 1254 00:44:50,228 --> 00:44:54,599 CAN NOW LOOK BACK ON 6 YEARS 1255 00:44:54,599 --> 00:44:55,700 LATER. 1256 00:44:55,700 --> 00:44:58,135 THE SECOND WORKSHOP IN 2019 1257 00:44:58,135 --> 00:44:59,904 BROADENED THE DISCUSSION TO 1258 00:44:59,904 --> 00:45:02,573 INCLUDE FARM ANIMALS, SPECIES, 1259 00:45:02,573 --> 00:45:03,508 DISCUSSING THE ADVANCES AND ROAD 1260 00:45:03,508 --> 00:45:05,076 PLOKS TO THE MEASUREMENT OF 1261 00:45:05,076 --> 00:45:07,945 ACUTE PAIN, AND THE POTENTIAL 1262 00:45:07,945 --> 00:45:10,414 FOR SPONTANEOUS CONDITIONS AND 1263 00:45:10,414 --> 00:45:12,049 ANIMALS TO CONTRIBUTE TO 1264 00:45:12,049 --> 00:45:13,084 TRANSLATIONAL ACUTE PAIN 1265 00:45:13,084 --> 00:45:17,522 RESEARCH FOR HUMAN THERAPEUTICS. 1266 00:45:17,522 --> 00:45:18,923 BOTH SUBJECTIVE AND OBLIGATIONS 1267 00:45:18,923 --> 00:45:21,792 YECTIVE MEASURES WERE DISCUSSED 1268 00:45:21,792 --> 00:45:23,761 ENCLOUDING QUESTIONNAIRES, 1269 00:45:23,761 --> 00:45:26,497 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS SCALES, 1270 00:45:26,497 --> 00:45:28,032 ACTIVITY MONITORING, KINETIC 1271 00:45:28,032 --> 00:45:30,668 LIMB EVALUATION, COMPLEX 1272 00:45:30,668 --> 00:45:32,670 BEHAVIORIAL TESTS AND 1273 00:45:32,670 --> 00:45:33,671 PHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES REALLY 1274 00:45:33,671 --> 00:45:34,438 ACROSS SPECIES. 1275 00:45:34,438 --> 00:45:35,973 IT WAS REALLY BEING TO SEE WHERE 1276 00:45:35,973 --> 00:45:38,309 THERE WAS A LOT OF OVERLAP AMONG 1277 00:45:38,309 --> 00:45:41,045 SPECIES FOR EXAMPLE, THERE WERE 1278 00:45:41,045 --> 00:45:42,313 MANY SPECIES WHERE FACIAL 1279 00:45:42,313 --> 00:45:44,749 EXPRESSION SKILLS WERE BEING 1280 00:45:44,749 --> 00:45:45,917 DEVELOPED, MUCH LIKE KINETIC 1281 00:45:45,917 --> 00:45:46,617 LIMB EVALUATION AND THESE ARE 1282 00:45:46,617 --> 00:45:48,119 AREAS THAT ARE CLEARLY 1283 00:45:48,119 --> 00:45:51,155 CONTINUING TO BE VERY ACTIVE 1284 00:45:51,155 --> 00:45:52,523 ACROSS SPECIES INCLUDING HUMANS, 1285 00:45:52,523 --> 00:45:53,691 SO IT'LL BE VERY INTERESTING TO 1286 00:45:53,691 --> 00:45:56,127 SEE HOW ALL OF THIS DEVELOPS 1287 00:45:56,127 --> 00:45:57,695 MOVING FORWARD, NOW THAT WORE 1288 00:45:57,695 --> 00:46:02,199 JUST ABOUT 4 YEARS OUT FROM THAT 1289 00:46:02,199 --> 00:46:03,734 PARTICULAR WORKSHOP. 1290 00:46:03,734 --> 00:46:06,203 THE 2021 WORKSHOP WAS A BIT 1291 00:46:06,203 --> 00:46:07,939 DIFFERENCE IN THAT THE PRIOR TO 1292 00:46:07,939 --> 00:46:11,375 THERE WAS A DEEPER DIVE INTO A 1293 00:46:11,375 --> 00:46:13,711 MORE SELECTIVE NUMBER OF TOPICS. 1294 00:46:13,711 --> 00:46:15,746 THE PRIOR WORKSHOPS HAD TAKEN A 1295 00:46:15,746 --> 00:46:18,149 BROAD FOCUS AND DIDN'T GO TOO 1296 00:46:18,149 --> 00:46:19,550 DEEP INTO ANY 1 AREA SO IT WAS 1297 00:46:19,550 --> 00:46:20,952 NICE TO CARRY THE CONVERSATION 1298 00:46:20,952 --> 00:46:23,454 FORWARD WITH A COUPLE OF TOPICS 1299 00:46:23,454 --> 00:46:24,922 AND DIVE A BIT DEEPER. 1300 00:46:24,922 --> 00:46:27,024 AND THE 2 TOPICS THAT WERE 1301 00:46:27,024 --> 00:46:27,592 CONTINUATIONS OF DISCUSSIONS 1302 00:46:27,592 --> 00:46:30,227 FROM THE PRIOR WORKSHOPS AS 1303 00:46:30,227 --> 00:46:32,063 MENTIONED WERE ACCEL ROMETRY AND 1304 00:46:32,063 --> 00:46:32,730 GAIT ANALYSIS. 1305 00:46:32,730 --> 00:46:35,333 SO CLEARLY A LOT OF ACTIVITY IN 1306 00:46:35,333 --> 00:46:37,435 THESE 2 AREAS CONTINUES AS YOU 1307 00:46:37,435 --> 00:46:39,303 SCAN THE LITERATURE ON A REGULAR 1308 00:46:39,303 --> 00:46:40,004 BASIS APPROXIMATE SEE PUB 1309 00:46:40,004 --> 00:46:41,772 LIAISON KAIGS GOING FORWARD,As 1310 00:46:41,772 --> 00:46:43,274 WELL AS WHAT'S BEING DRIVEN 1311 00:46:43,274 --> 00:46:49,347 DIRECTLY BY THESE WORKSHOPS. 1312 00:46:49,347 --> 00:46:51,716 ONE NEW TOPIC BROACHED IN 2021 1313 00:46:51,716 --> 00:46:53,751 WAS THE CONCEPT OF BIOMARKERS 1314 00:46:53,751 --> 00:46:55,720 FOR PAIN, SO THE ABILITY TO 1315 00:46:55,720 --> 00:46:58,122 DOCUMENT THE PRESENCE AND THE 1316 00:46:58,122 --> 00:47:00,758 SEVERITY OF PAIN WITH 1 SIMPLE 1317 00:47:00,758 --> 00:47:03,260 OBJECTIVE TEST IS THE HOLY GRAIL 1318 00:47:03,260 --> 00:47:04,895 RIGHT OF PAIN MEASUREMENT, THE 1319 00:47:04,895 --> 00:47:05,896 HUMAN SPACE IN PARTICULAR HAS 1320 00:47:05,896 --> 00:47:07,798 BEEN LOOKINGA THE THIS FOR MANY 1321 00:47:07,798 --> 00:47:10,001 YEARS AND I THINK WE'VE COME 1322 00:47:10,001 --> 00:47:11,636 GENERALLY AROUND TO THE IDEA 1323 00:47:11,636 --> 00:47:14,071 THAT IT'S UNLIKELY THAT SUCH A 1324 00:47:14,071 --> 00:47:15,106 COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICALITATE IS 1325 00:47:15,106 --> 00:47:17,041 GOING TO BE CONSISTENTLY 1326 00:47:17,041 --> 00:47:18,676 MEASURED WITH JUST 1 SIMPLE TEST 1327 00:47:18,676 --> 00:47:22,246 AND THERE'S A LOT OF FOCUS ON 1328 00:47:22,246 --> 00:47:24,215 ALGORITHMS NOW, USING AI AND 1329 00:47:24,215 --> 00:47:27,218 MACHINE LEARNING TO PUT TOGETHER 1330 00:47:27,218 --> 00:47:27,885 VARIOUS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS TO 1331 00:47:27,885 --> 00:47:30,221 LOOK FOR SOME SORT OF COMPOSITE 1332 00:47:30,221 --> 00:47:33,424 THAT MAY BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 1333 00:47:33,424 --> 00:47:34,592 PAIN OR ANIMALS OR PEOPLE WHO 1334 00:47:34,592 --> 00:47:36,961 ARE AT RISK FOR PAIN FOR 1335 00:47:36,961 --> 00:47:37,194 EXAMPLE. 1336 00:47:37,194 --> 00:47:40,197 AND THIS IS AN AREA THAT CLEARLY 1337 00:47:40,197 --> 00:47:41,132 HAS AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF 1338 00:47:41,132 --> 00:47:42,733 ACTIVITY IN THE LITERATURE, 1339 00:47:42,733 --> 00:47:43,868 VETERINARY MEDICINE IS A 1340 00:47:43,868 --> 00:47:44,869 RELATIVELY NEW PLAYER TO THIS 1341 00:47:44,869 --> 00:47:46,437 FIELD, IT WILL BE REALLY BEING 1342 00:47:46,437 --> 00:47:48,706 AND IMPORTANT TO SEE HOW WE CAN 1343 00:47:48,706 --> 00:47:50,474 LEVERAGE THIS SEARCH FOR THE 1344 00:47:50,474 --> 00:47:52,510 HOLY GRAIL BIOMARKER OR A SET OF 1345 00:47:52,510 --> 00:47:56,914 BIOMARKERS IN OUR VETERINARY 1346 00:47:56,914 --> 00:47:57,915 SPECIES WITH WHEN'S BEEN 1347 00:47:57,915 --> 00:47:59,550 HAPPENING IN THE HUMAN WORLD FOR 1348 00:47:59,550 --> 00:48:00,518 QUITE A WHILE EMPLOY SO MUCH 1349 00:48:00,518 --> 00:48:01,786 MORE TO COME HERE FOR SURE 1350 00:48:01,786 --> 00:48:03,354 EMPLOY SO IF WE THEN LOOK BACK 1351 00:48:03,354 --> 00:48:09,994 AT THE TIMELINE OF PAIN 1352 00:48:09,994 --> 00:48:11,395 MANAGEMENT FOR CANINE 1353 00:48:11,395 --> 00:48:12,063 OSTEOARTHRITIS, IT'S REMARKABLE 1354 00:48:12,063 --> 00:48:14,932 TO SEE HOW MUCH HAS BEEN 1355 00:48:14,932 --> 00:48:16,600 ACCOMPLISHED IN THE VETERINARY 1356 00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:16,967 COMMUNITY. 1357 00:48:16,967 --> 00:48:19,203 AND THE IMPORTANCE WE BROUGHT OF 1358 00:48:19,203 --> 00:48:20,838 VETERINARY MEDICINE TO 1359 00:48:20,838 --> 00:48:22,973 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN HUMAN 1360 00:48:22,973 --> 00:48:23,207 HEALTH. 1361 00:48:23,207 --> 00:48:24,442 THERE'S STILL MUCH MORE FOR US 1362 00:48:24,442 --> 00:48:26,077 TO LEARN PARTICULARLY THROUGH 1363 00:48:26,077 --> 00:48:27,445 COLLABORATION, DATA SHARING AND 1364 00:48:27,445 --> 00:48:29,313 OPEN COMMUNICATION AND THESE 1365 00:48:29,313 --> 00:48:31,882 PAIN IN ANIMAL WORKSHOPS HAVE 1366 00:48:31,882 --> 00:48:34,051 BEEN REALLY INTEGRAL TO THE MOST 1367 00:48:34,051 --> 00:48:38,089 RECENT WAVE OF KNOWLEDGE IN 1368 00:48:38,089 --> 00:48:38,823 AWARENESS EMPLOY SO 1369 00:48:38,823 --> 00:48:42,093 INTERESTINGLY I WAS PUTTING THE 1370 00:48:42,093 --> 00:48:42,727 STACK TOGETHER, 1 TECHNOLOGY 1371 00:48:42,727 --> 00:48:44,295 TRANSFER THAT STRUCK ME IS THE 1 1372 00:48:44,295 --> 00:48:45,996 AREA THAT THERE HAS BEEN VERY 1373 00:48:45,996 --> 00:48:48,365 LITTLE FOCUS ON IS VETERINARY 1374 00:48:48,365 --> 00:48:48,899 ASSESSMENTS. 1375 00:48:48,899 --> 00:48:54,672 THE FOI FOR THAT FIRST NSAID 1376 00:48:54,672 --> 00:48:57,541 APPROVAL IPT GREATER CLUEDED 1377 00:48:57,541 --> 00:48:59,510 GAIT ANALYSIS AND VET 1378 00:48:59,510 --> 00:49:00,478 ASSESSMENT, OPENER ARK 1379 00:49:00,478 --> 00:49:01,979 ASSESSESMENT AND CLEARLY WE'RE 1380 00:49:01,979 --> 00:49:03,581 TALKING ABOUT VET ASSESSMENTS 1381 00:49:03,581 --> 00:49:04,982 TODAY AND GAIT AND OWNER 1382 00:49:04,982 --> 00:49:06,650 ANALYSIS AND HOW DO WE DO IT 1383 00:49:06,650 --> 00:49:08,285 BETTER AND THAT'S VALUABLE FOR 1384 00:49:08,285 --> 00:49:09,787 THE VETERINARY COMMUNITY AND 1385 00:49:09,787 --> 00:49:11,956 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH BUT 1386 00:49:11,956 --> 00:49:12,790 INTERESTINGLY WE'VE REALLY NOT 1387 00:49:12,790 --> 00:49:15,893 BEEN FOCUSING ON THE VETERINARY 1388 00:49:15,893 --> 00:49:16,460 ASSESSMENT PARTICULARLY FOR 1389 00:49:16,460 --> 00:49:17,161 CHRONIC PAIN. 1390 00:49:17,161 --> 00:49:20,498 SO AS I WRAP UP THIS 1391 00:49:20,498 --> 00:49:21,932 PRESENTATION, A PROVEOCATION, IS 1392 00:49:21,932 --> 00:49:23,934 THERE A VALUE TO A FOCUS OF 1393 00:49:23,934 --> 00:49:25,069 VETERINARY ARK ASSESSES OF PAIN 1394 00:49:25,069 --> 00:49:27,772 IN OR HAVE WE MOVED TO A 1395 00:49:27,772 --> 00:49:29,507 CONSENSUS THAT THESE OTHER 1396 00:49:29,507 --> 00:49:31,308 APPROACHES TO CHRONIC PAIN 1397 00:49:31,308 --> 00:49:32,743 MEASUREMENT WILL PROVIDE MORE 1398 00:49:32,743 --> 00:49:34,111 INSIGHT IN THE LONG RUN EMPLOY 1399 00:49:34,111 --> 00:49:36,747 SO JUST A PROVOCATION AS WE 1400 00:49:36,747 --> 00:49:41,919 THINK ABOUT THIS WORKSHOP WILL 1401 00:49:41,919 --> 00:49:42,753 INFLUENCE THE PRIORITIES OF THE 1402 00:49:42,753 --> 00:49:42,987 FUTURE. 1403 00:49:42,987 --> 00:49:44,321 SO NOW I WOULD LIKE TO BRING IT 1404 00:49:44,321 --> 00:49:45,790 BACK TO WHERE WE TARTED ON THIS 1405 00:49:45,790 --> 00:49:47,992 JOURNEY AND MY PERSONAL 1406 00:49:47,992 --> 00:49:49,126 CONNECTION TO MICHELLE WHEN WE 1407 00:49:49,126 --> 00:49:49,727 WERE ON IT. 1408 00:49:49,727 --> 00:49:51,595 WHEN I LOOK BACK ON MY DECADE OF 1409 00:49:51,595 --> 00:49:54,532 CHAOS, WHEN I WAS TRYING TO GET 1410 00:49:54,532 --> 00:49:56,167 THE CBPI PAPER PUBLISHED AND 1411 00:49:56,167 --> 00:49:57,468 THEN AFTER PUBLICATION, YOU KNOW 1412 00:49:57,468 --> 00:49:59,203 DEFENDING THE SCIENCE AND THE 1413 00:49:59,203 --> 00:50:01,705 UTILITY OF THE INSTRUMENTS AND 1414 00:50:01,705 --> 00:50:05,142 YOU KNOW WADING THROUGH 1415 00:50:05,142 --> 00:50:06,777 ACCUSATIONS AROUND WHICH WAS 1416 00:50:06,777 --> 00:50:08,179 BETTER AND WHO SHOULD PAY AND I 1417 00:50:08,179 --> 00:50:09,680 REMEMBER THE EXACT MOMENT I MET 1418 00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:14,185 MICHELLE IN PERSON AND IT WAS AT 1419 00:50:14,185 --> 00:50:16,587 THE 2017 WORKSHOP AND OBVIOUSLY 1420 00:50:16,587 --> 00:50:17,955 COMMUNICATING BEFORE THEN BUT I 1421 00:50:17,955 --> 00:50:19,523 HADN'T MET HER ONE-ON-ONE IN 1422 00:50:19,523 --> 00:50:20,925 PERSON, AND SHE CAME UP TO ME 1423 00:50:20,925 --> 00:50:22,059 AND SHE PAUSED AND SHE LOOKED ME 1424 00:50:22,059 --> 00:50:24,328 IN THE EYE AND SHE SAID, THANK 1425 00:50:24,328 --> 00:50:28,499 YOU FOR MAKING US BETTER. 1426 00:50:28,499 --> 00:50:31,435 AND THIS THAT MOMENT I FELT THIS 1427 00:50:31,435 --> 00:50:33,237 HUGE WEIGHT OF THE DECADE OF 1428 00:50:33,237 --> 00:50:37,141 CHAOS FOR ME LIFTING AND I WAS 1429 00:50:37,141 --> 00:50:38,576 JUST HAD THIS FEELING OF GOING 1430 00:50:38,576 --> 00:50:43,314 BACK TO OUR MISSION AND WHY WE 1431 00:50:43,314 --> 00:50:46,217 DO WHAT WE DO BECAUSE MAKING THE 1432 00:50:46,217 --> 00:50:47,484 SCIENCE BETTER, MAKING THE 1433 00:50:47,484 --> 00:50:48,586 PROFESSION BETTER, MAKING THE 1434 00:50:48,586 --> 00:50:50,754 LIVES OF ANIMAL AND PEOPLE 1435 00:50:50,754 --> 00:50:52,556 BETTER THAT'S WHERE WHY WE DO 1436 00:50:52,556 --> 00:50:53,958 WHAT WE DO AND I WILL NEVER 1437 00:50:53,958 --> 00:50:55,259 FORGET THAT MOMENT AND THE PEACE 1438 00:50:55,259 --> 00:50:56,694 THAT MICHELLE GAVE ME AS I MOVED 1439 00:50:56,694 --> 00:51:00,397 INTO THE NEXT PHASE OF MY 1440 00:51:00,397 --> 00:51:00,731 CAREER. 1441 00:51:00,731 --> 00:51:02,766 WITH JUST THOSE FEW WORDS IT WAS 1442 00:51:02,766 --> 00:51:03,567 TRULY A GIFT. 1443 00:51:03,567 --> 00:51:05,536 SO AS I'M WRACHING UP, I WILL 1444 00:51:05,536 --> 00:51:07,504 TAKE A PLAY OUT OF THE MICHELLE 1445 00:51:07,504 --> 00:51:09,840 SHARKY PLAY BOOK AND SAY, TO ALL 1446 00:51:09,840 --> 00:51:16,113 OF YOU FOLKS THAT HAVE BEEN 1447 00:51:16,113 --> 00:51:17,414 MEETINGS, SPEARHEADING THESE 1448 00:51:17,414 --> 00:51:18,816 WORKSHOPS, DUNCAN IN PARTICULAR, 1449 00:51:18,816 --> 00:51:20,484 TO THE MANY SPEAKERS AND 1450 00:51:20,484 --> 00:51:21,652 SPONSORS AND EVERYONE WHO COMES 1451 00:51:21,652 --> 00:51:22,987 TO THESE WORKSHOPS AND ENGAGES 1452 00:51:22,987 --> 00:51:24,688 IN THE CONVERSATION AND THE 1453 00:51:24,688 --> 00:51:26,323 DEBATE, I JUST WANT TO SAY THANK 1454 00:51:26,323 --> 00:51:29,526 YOU FOR MAKING US BETTER BECAUSE 1455 00:51:29,526 --> 00:51:32,796 IN THE END WE'RE DOING IT ALL 1456 00:51:32,796 --> 00:51:43,173 FOR THEM SO THANK YOU. 1457 00:51:56,720 --> 00:52:05,029 [ APPLAUSE ] 1458 00:52:05,029 --> 00:52:07,064 1459 00:52:07,064 --> 00:52:12,136 >> GOOD MORNING, IT'S MY 1460 00:52:12,136 --> 00:52:18,075 PLEASURE TO WORK DR. E, EVANG 1461 00:52:18,075 --> 00:52:20,277 ILISSA, HER TOPIC AND PAIN 1462 00:52:20,277 --> 00:52:24,014 SCORING IN FARM ANIMALS, SHE 1463 00:52:24,014 --> 00:52:25,649 RECEIVED HER UNIVERSITY DEGREE 1464 00:52:25,649 --> 00:52:27,851 FROM BRAZIL AND ALSO OBTAINED 1465 00:52:27,851 --> 00:52:30,254 MERMASTER'S DEGROO FROM THE 1466 00:52:30,254 --> 00:52:33,257 UNIVERSITY OF SAO P A OLO, 1467 00:52:33,257 --> 00:52:35,426 BEFORE EARNING A Ph.D. FROM 1468 00:52:35,426 --> 00:52:38,195 THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL IN 1469 00:52:38,195 --> 00:52:40,931 CANADA, SURRENTLY WORKED AS A 1470 00:52:40,931 --> 00:52:44,501 RESEARCHIST AT LAB RAARE TOYS 1471 00:52:44,501 --> 00:52:49,340 IN--LABORATORIES IN CANADA SO 1472 00:52:49,340 --> 00:52:59,717 WELCOME, EVANG ELISTA. 1473 00:53:05,656 --> 00:53:06,824 [ APPLAUSE ] 1474 00:53:06,824 --> 00:53:07,658 NTHANK YOU. 1475 00:53:07,658 --> 00:53:11,061 THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE, 1476 00:53:11,061 --> 00:53:14,064 WHEN I ATTENDED THE FIRST MEET 1477 00:53:14,064 --> 00:53:15,466 NOTHING FALL OF 2017, I COULD 1478 00:53:15,466 --> 00:53:16,967 NOT IMAGINE I WOULD BE HERE 1479 00:53:16,967 --> 00:53:18,635 SPEAKING TO THE AUDIENCE SO I'M 1480 00:53:18,635 --> 00:53:21,105 REALLY HONORED AND THANKFUL FOR 1481 00:53:21,105 --> 00:53:22,239 THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE AND 1482 00:53:22,239 --> 00:53:25,609 TODAY I WILL TALK ON MEASUREMENT 1483 00:53:25,609 --> 00:53:27,544 PROPERTIES IN FARM ANIMALS. 1484 00:53:27,544 --> 00:53:29,013 MOST OF MY RESEARCH I'VE DONE 1485 00:53:29,013 --> 00:53:31,882 WITH CAT ANDS DOGS BUT I DID 1486 00:53:31,882 --> 00:53:33,550 PARTICIPATE IN THIS BIG 1487 00:53:33,550 --> 00:53:35,052 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW THAT WE DID 1488 00:53:35,052 --> 00:53:37,454 WITH FARM ANIMAL ANDS THAT LED 1489 00:53:37,454 --> 00:53:41,892 TO A NEW FIELD OF DISCOVERY AND 1490 00:53:41,892 --> 00:53:43,193 RAISED SOME INTERESTED, TOO. 1491 00:53:43,193 --> 00:53:46,296 FIRST, I WOULD LIKE TO DISCLOSE 1492 00:53:46,296 --> 00:53:48,799 THAT ALTHOUGH I WORK I AM GOING 1493 00:53:48,799 --> 00:53:50,100 TO PRESENT HERE WAS DONE WHILE I 1494 00:53:50,100 --> 00:53:52,870 WAS A Ph.D. AT THE UNIVERSITY 1495 00:53:52,870 --> 00:54:00,577 OF MONTREAL, NOW I WORK FOR 1496 00:54:00,577 --> 00:54:02,079 CHARLES RIVER AND TODAY I DO NOT 1497 00:54:02,079 --> 00:54:03,881 SPEAK TO THEIR BEHALF EMPLOY AS 1498 00:54:03,881 --> 00:54:07,051 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION INTO THE 1499 00:54:07,051 --> 00:54:09,253 SUBJECT ISSUES THE SOCIETY 1500 00:54:09,253 --> 00:54:10,988 FIELDS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IS 1501 00:54:10,988 --> 00:54:12,589 CONITANTLY CHEANCHING AND NOW 1502 00:54:12,589 --> 00:54:14,858 THERE'S MORE CONCERN ABOUT PAIN 1503 00:54:14,858 --> 00:54:15,893 AND WELFARE. 1504 00:54:15,893 --> 00:54:17,895 IT'S WELL DETERMINED THAT PAIN 1505 00:54:17,895 --> 00:54:19,830 CAUSES FEAR, SUFFERING AND 1506 00:54:19,830 --> 00:54:21,865 STRESS WHICH CAN NEGATIVELY 1507 00:54:21,865 --> 00:54:23,467 IMPACT ANIMAL WELFARE AND 1508 00:54:23,467 --> 00:54:24,768 DECREASE PRODUCTIVITY. 1509 00:54:24,768 --> 00:54:26,437 THE CURRENT PAIN INSTRUMENTS 1510 00:54:26,437 --> 00:54:28,072 THAT WE HAVE THAT ARE AVAILABLE 1511 00:54:28,072 --> 00:54:31,475 RELY ON THE EVALUATION OF 1512 00:54:31,475 --> 00:54:35,312 BEHAVIOR, OR FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 1513 00:54:35,312 --> 00:54:37,514 AND SOME OTHER MORE OBJECTIVE 1514 00:54:37,514 --> 00:54:38,916 MOTHERS OF EVALUATING OR 1515 00:54:38,916 --> 00:54:42,419 RESPONSE TO AICAL BAITED PAINFUL 1516 00:54:42,419 --> 00:54:46,290 STIMULUS SUCH AS SENSORY TESTING 1517 00:54:46,290 --> 00:54:49,793 AND OTHER PARAMETERS AS 1518 00:54:49,793 --> 00:54:51,662 DOTTIE JUST MENTIONED, GAIT 1519 00:54:51,662 --> 00:54:52,863 ANALYSIS, LAMENESS AND ET 1520 00:54:52,863 --> 00:54:53,330 CETERA. 1521 00:54:53,330 --> 00:54:58,168 TODAY I WILL FOCUS ON THE 1522 00:54:58,168 --> 00:54:59,570 BEHAVIOR AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 1523 00:54:59,570 --> 00:55:01,071 IN FARM ANIMALS AND IN WHICH 1524 00:55:01,071 --> 00:55:05,742 FARM ANIMALS WE WILL TALK ABOUT 1525 00:55:05,742 --> 00:55:08,745 MAINLY KALGT, BUFFALOS, SHEEP, 1526 00:55:08,745 --> 00:55:10,747 GOATS, PIGS APPROXIMATE AND 1527 00:55:10,747 --> 00:55:12,182 POULTRY, THESE WERE CONSIDERED 1528 00:55:12,182 --> 00:55:13,851 THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR ANIMAL 1529 00:55:13,851 --> 00:55:15,786 PROTEIN, HORSES WERE NOT INCLUDE 1530 00:55:15,786 --> 00:55:17,888 THE STUDY WE DID BECAUSE THEY'RE 1531 00:55:17,888 --> 00:55:18,589 A DIFFERENT DPROWP. 1532 00:55:18,589 --> 00:55:20,290 ALTHOUGH THEY'RE ALSO RAISED IN 1533 00:55:20,290 --> 00:55:23,994 FARMS AND USED FOR PROTEIN 1534 00:55:23,994 --> 00:55:25,929 PRODUCTION, TOO, HERE WE FOCUS 1535 00:55:25,929 --> 00:55:32,102 ONLY ON THE OTHER MOST RELEVANT 1536 00:55:32,102 --> 00:55:32,436 SPECIES. 1537 00:55:32,436 --> 00:55:36,807 THIS IS A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, A 1538 00:55:36,807 --> 00:55:37,741 RECENT SISATTIC REVIEW THAT 1539 00:55:37,741 --> 00:55:40,177 POIGNED OUT THE METHOD LOGICAL 1540 00:55:40,177 --> 00:55:41,345 CHARACTERISTICS OR THE ASSAY 1541 00:55:41,345 --> 00:55:43,046 BUILDS IN THE FARM ANIMALS. 1542 00:55:43,046 --> 00:55:44,214 THAT'S THE REFERENCE HERE THAT 1543 00:55:44,214 --> 00:55:51,255 WAS PUBLISHED EARLIER THIS YEAR 1544 00:55:51,255 --> 00:55:51,622 IN THE JOURNAL. 1545 00:55:51,622 --> 00:55:55,626 THESE INSTRUMENTS THEY WERE 1546 00:55:55,626 --> 00:55:57,895 SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESSED USING A 1547 00:55:57,895 --> 00:55:59,196 APPRAISAL TOOL THAT WOULD REGARD 1548 00:55:59,196 --> 00:56:00,297 THE MEASURE AM PROPERTIES WE 1549 00:56:00,297 --> 00:56:02,933 WILL DOIF A BIT MORE INTO THAT, 1550 00:56:02,933 --> 00:56:05,702 IN PERFORMING SUCH SYSTEMATIC 1551 00:56:05,702 --> 00:56:07,838 REVIEWS, IT'S IMPORTANT OF 1552 00:56:07,838 --> 00:56:09,573 OUTCOME MEASUREMENT SUCH AS 1553 00:56:09,573 --> 00:56:10,841 PAIN, SCORING INSTRUMENTS SUCH 1554 00:56:10,841 --> 00:56:12,609 AS PAIN SCALES, IT'S IMPORTANT 1555 00:56:12,609 --> 00:56:17,114 BECAUSE IT HELPS SELECTING THE 1556 00:56:17,114 --> 00:56:19,116 MOST SUITABLE INSTRUMENT FOR 1557 00:56:19,116 --> 00:56:23,353 EACH SPECIES OR FOR EACH TIME OF 1558 00:56:23,353 --> 00:56:25,088 PAIN, FOR EXAMPLE ACUTE PAIN 1559 00:56:25,088 --> 00:56:26,089 VERSUS CHRONIC PAIN EXPSM IT 1560 00:56:26,089 --> 00:56:28,158 HELPS TO IESHES DENTIFY THE 1561 00:56:28,158 --> 00:56:29,593 GAP'S KNOWLEDGE, WHICH WILL THEN 1562 00:56:29,593 --> 00:56:35,332 BE USED TO DESEEN NEW STUDIES OR 1563 00:56:35,332 --> 00:56:39,403 IMPROVE THE PREVIOUS EXISTING 1564 00:56:39,403 --> 00:56:40,537 SYSTEMS. 1565 00:56:40,537 --> 00:56:43,974 THESE MEASUREMENT PROPERTIES I'M 1566 00:56:43,974 --> 00:56:45,375 MENTIONING THEY'RE MAINLY 1567 00:56:45,375 --> 00:56:45,909 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY. 1568 00:56:45,909 --> 00:56:49,046 HERE I WILL USE THE TAXONOMY OR 1569 00:56:49,046 --> 00:56:50,581 DEFINITION FROM THE COSMIC 1570 00:56:50,581 --> 00:56:53,250 INITIATIVE WHICH IS THE 1571 00:56:53,250 --> 00:56:54,718 CONSENSUS BASED STANDARDS FOR 1572 00:56:54,718 --> 00:56:55,686 SELECTION OF HEALTH MEASUREMENT 1573 00:56:55,686 --> 00:56:58,889 STRIEWPTS THEY STARTED THIS 1574 00:56:58,889 --> 00:57:00,657 INITIATIVE WITH PATIENT OUTCOME 1575 00:57:00,657 --> 00:57:03,060 REPORTED MEASURES BUT HERE IS A 1576 00:57:03,060 --> 00:57:07,264 LITTLE BIT--ADAPTATION FOR OUR 1577 00:57:07,264 --> 00:57:09,433 VERY GOOD PEASHTS ABOUT YOU WE 1578 00:57:09,433 --> 00:57:12,202 CAN STILL USE THIS SET OF 1579 00:57:12,202 --> 00:57:13,470 GUIDELINES ESTABLISHED FOR 1580 00:57:13,470 --> 00:57:18,008 ASSESSING THE PAIN ASSESSMENT 1581 00:57:18,008 --> 00:57:18,308 INSTRUMENTS. 1582 00:57:18,308 --> 00:57:19,843 RELIABILITY WILL INCLUDE TEST, 1583 00:57:19,843 --> 00:57:25,849 RETEST OF THE SCALE. 1584 00:57:25,849 --> 00:57:26,416 INTERAND INTERCONSIST ENSEL, 1585 00:57:26,416 --> 00:57:28,752 ACCURACY OF THE SCALE, ET CETERA 1586 00:57:28,752 --> 00:57:31,888 WHILE VALIDITY WOULD INCLUDE THE 1587 00:57:31,888 --> 00:57:34,591 CONTENT, CONSTRUCT AND CRITERION 1588 00:57:34,591 --> 00:57:35,592 VALIDITY. 1589 00:57:35,592 --> 00:57:37,761 IN THIS DEFINITION, THE 1590 00:57:37,761 --> 00:57:38,862 CONSIDERED RESPONSIVENESS AS A 1591 00:57:38,862 --> 00:57:40,464 SEPARATE DOMAIN WHICH WOULD BE 1592 00:57:40,464 --> 00:57:42,232 THE RESPONSE FOR EXAMPLE, TO AN 1593 00:57:42,232 --> 00:57:47,337 INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE PAIN 1594 00:57:47,337 --> 00:57:49,506 STATUS AFTER ANALGESIC TREATMENT 1595 00:57:49,506 --> 00:57:51,108 FOR EXAMPLE. 1596 00:57:51,108 --> 00:57:53,043 SOME AUTHORS DO INCLUDE THE 1597 00:57:53,043 --> 00:57:54,111 RESPONSIVENESS INSIDE THE 1598 00:57:54,111 --> 00:57:56,580 CONSTRUCT VALIDITY BUT HERE IT 1599 00:57:56,580 --> 00:57:58,148 WAS RATED SEPARATELY. 1600 00:57:58,148 --> 00:58:01,351 AND THERE'S ANOTHER 1 CALLED 1601 00:58:01,351 --> 00:58:02,819 INTERPRETABILITY THAT IS NOT AN 1602 00:58:02,819 --> 00:58:04,321 ACTUAL MEASURE AM PROPERTY OF AN 1603 00:58:04,321 --> 00:58:06,456 INSTRUMENT BUT IT'S AN IMPORTANT 1604 00:58:06,456 --> 00:58:10,761 CHARACTERISTIC BECAUSE IT HELPS 1605 00:58:10,761 --> 00:58:13,597 DEFINING A CLINICAL--ASSIGNING A 1606 00:58:13,597 --> 00:58:14,698 CLINICAL MEANING A SCORE OR 1607 00:58:14,698 --> 00:58:15,766 DETERMINING A CORE. 1608 00:58:15,766 --> 00:58:20,904 FOR EXAMPLE, DETERMINING A SCORE 1609 00:58:20,904 --> 00:58:23,140 FOR RESCUE ANNAL GEEZIA. 1610 00:58:23,140 --> 00:58:24,841 A KEEMATTIC REVIEW SUCH AS THIS 1611 00:58:24,841 --> 00:58:28,979 1 WILL FOLLOW THE STANDARD STEPS 1612 00:58:28,979 --> 00:58:29,680 FOR IT. 1613 00:58:29,680 --> 00:58:31,915 FIRST REGISTERING THE PROTOCOL, 1614 00:58:31,915 --> 00:58:35,886 EITHER PUBLISHING OR IN A 1615 00:58:35,886 --> 00:58:36,520 SPECIFIC DATABASE. 1616 00:58:36,520 --> 00:58:38,622 THEN IN THE LITERATURE SEARCH 1617 00:58:38,622 --> 00:58:43,260 LOOKING FOR ALL THE RELEVANT 1618 00:58:43,260 --> 00:58:45,562 REFERENCES, DETERMINING KEY 1619 00:58:45,562 --> 00:58:47,397 TERMS FOR SEARCH, KREENING ALL 1620 00:58:47,397 --> 00:58:48,999 THE STUDIES FOUND FOR 1621 00:58:48,999 --> 00:58:51,101 ELIGIBILITY, THEN ALL RELEVANT 1622 00:58:51,101 --> 00:58:54,504 DATA WAS EXTRACTED WITH A 1623 00:58:54,504 --> 00:58:55,605 COLLECTION TABLE THE MOST 1624 00:58:55,605 --> 00:58:57,374 IMPORTANT PART OF THE SYSTEMATIC 1625 00:58:57,374 --> 00:59:01,611 REVIEW WILL BE THE ANALYSIS AND 1626 00:59:01,611 --> 00:59:02,646 INTERPRETATION OF THESE RESULTS 1627 00:59:02,646 --> 00:59:05,415 AND THIS DATA AND THEN THE 1628 00:59:05,415 --> 00:59:09,920 RECORDING ACCORDING TO SPECIFIC 1629 00:59:09,920 --> 00:59:11,688 GUIDELINE. 1630 00:59:11,688 --> 00:59:13,690 DURING THE ANALYSIS ISSUES THE 1631 00:59:13,690 --> 00:59:14,925 INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA, THE 1632 00:59:14,925 --> 00:59:17,094 QUALITY OF THE EVIDENT WAS 1633 00:59:17,094 --> 00:59:20,097 GRADED ACCORDING TO THE COSMIN 1634 00:59:20,097 --> 00:59:22,833 GUIDELINES, THIS WAS INITIALLY 1635 00:59:22,833 --> 00:59:24,935 DEVELOPED FOR PATIENT REPORTED 1636 00:59:24,935 --> 00:59:27,237 OUTCOME TISSUES AND THEN IT WAS 1637 00:59:27,237 --> 00:59:28,538 ADAPTED FOR EXAMPLE, WHICH DID 1638 00:59:28,538 --> 00:59:30,173 NOT INCLUDE METHODS OF 1639 00:59:30,173 --> 00:59:32,442 INTERVIEWING THE PATIENT 1640 00:59:32,442 --> 00:59:33,410 REGARDING THEIR PAIN. 1641 00:59:33,410 --> 00:59:35,545 HERE OUR PAIN INSTRUMENTS, IT'S 1642 00:59:35,545 --> 00:59:39,416 THE ASSESSMENT USUALLY BY THE 1643 00:59:39,416 --> 00:59:40,817 VETERINARIAN THAT OOH SIGNS A 1644 00:59:40,817 --> 00:59:42,386 SCORE ACCORDING TO THE OBSERVED 1645 00:59:42,386 --> 00:59:45,789 BEHAVIORING OR THE OBSERVED 1646 00:59:45,789 --> 00:59:47,657 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANIMAL. 1647 00:59:47,657 --> 00:59:49,860 AND THIS METHODOLOGY WAS ALSO 1648 00:59:49,860 --> 00:59:51,161 PREVIOUSLY USE INDEED ANOTHER 1649 00:59:51,161 --> 00:59:53,663 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TO GRADE ALL 1650 00:59:53,663 --> 00:59:55,799 THE SCALES OR FACIAL EXPRESSION 1651 00:59:55,799 --> 01:00:06,176 SCALES IN OTHER NONHUMAN MAMMAL 1652 01:00:06,176 --> 01:00:06,610 SPECIES. 1653 01:00:06,610 --> 01:00:08,111 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT METHOD 1654 01:00:08,111 --> 01:00:09,413 LOGICAL QUALITY, I'M REFERRING 1655 01:00:09,413 --> 01:00:10,580 TO THE ROBUSTNESS OF THE DESIGN 1656 01:00:10,580 --> 01:00:13,116 OF THE STUDY AND THE STATISTICAL 1657 01:00:13,116 --> 01:00:13,383 APPROACH. 1658 01:00:13,383 --> 01:00:16,119 I KNOW THAT'S THE PART THAT A 1659 01:00:16,119 --> 01:00:18,722 LOT OF PEOPLE PASS THROUGH, THEY 1660 01:00:18,722 --> 01:00:20,257 READ QUICKLY WHEN READING A 1661 01:00:20,257 --> 01:00:22,192 PAPER BUT THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT 1662 01:00:22,192 --> 01:00:25,061 TO KNOW AND HOW TO ASSESS THIS 1663 01:00:25,061 --> 01:00:27,264 METHODOLOGY AND HOW CAN YOU 1664 01:00:27,264 --> 01:00:28,231 INTERPRET THE FINDINGS ACCORDING 1665 01:00:28,231 --> 01:00:33,003 TO WHAT HAS BEEN DONE BEHIND IT. 1666 01:00:33,003 --> 01:00:34,871 WE ARK ASSESSESSED A SET OF 1667 01:00:34,871 --> 01:00:37,507 CRITERIA TR THE DEVELOPMENT OF 1668 01:00:37,507 --> 01:00:39,009 THIS SCALES INCLUDING DESIGN OF 1669 01:00:39,009 --> 01:00:41,344 THE STUDIES, THE STEPS TO TURN 1670 01:00:41,344 --> 01:00:44,881 THE SINGLE IERK TEMS, SINGLE 1671 01:00:44,881 --> 01:00:47,184 BEHAVIORS OBSERVED ABOUT A 1672 01:00:47,184 --> 01:00:49,152 COMPREHENSIVE INSTRUMENT THAT 1673 01:00:49,152 --> 01:00:51,488 MEASURES PAIN. 1674 01:00:51,488 --> 01:00:54,224 THEN THE PRESSUREMENTS HERE ARE 1675 01:00:54,224 --> 01:00:56,293 MENTIONED AS THE INTERNAL 1676 01:00:56,293 --> 01:00:58,361 CONSISTENCY WHICH IS ASSESSES 1677 01:00:58,361 --> 01:01:01,331 HOW THE ITEMS IN THE SCALE ARE 1678 01:01:01,331 --> 01:01:06,436 INTERRELATED AMONGST EACH OTHER. 1679 01:01:06,436 --> 01:01:07,838 THE RELIABILITY INTERAND 1680 01:01:07,838 --> 01:01:12,175 INTROOBSERVER, THE SAME OBSERVER 1681 01:01:12,175 --> 01:01:13,610 OR EVALUATOR DURING--IN 1682 01:01:13,610 --> 01:01:14,478 DIFFERENT OCCASIONS FOR EXAMPLE 1683 01:01:14,478 --> 01:01:17,447 OVER TIME OR THE RELIABILITY 1684 01:01:17,447 --> 01:01:20,417 BETWEEN DIFFERENT OBSERVERS WITH 1685 01:01:20,417 --> 01:01:21,051 DIFFERENT CHEASHTISTICS OR 1686 01:01:21,051 --> 01:01:22,853 DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE. 1687 01:01:22,853 --> 01:01:25,088 MEASUREMENT ERROR OR ACCURACY OF 1688 01:01:25,088 --> 01:01:25,622 THE SCALE. 1689 01:01:25,622 --> 01:01:27,190 HOW CONPILOT PROJECT DENT CAN 1690 01:01:27,190 --> 01:01:28,492 YOU BE THAT THAT INSTRUMENT 1691 01:01:28,492 --> 01:01:29,292 WORKS OR NOT? 1692 01:01:29,292 --> 01:01:32,262 HOW WAS THE STUDY BEHIND IT, WAS 1693 01:01:32,262 --> 01:01:34,798 IT WELL DEVELOPED TO ACTUALLY 1694 01:01:34,798 --> 01:01:38,301 ARK ASSESSES PAIN OR IS IT 1695 01:01:38,301 --> 01:01:39,169 MEASURING SOMETHING ELSE, ET 1696 01:01:39,169 --> 01:01:40,103 CETERA. 1697 01:01:40,103 --> 01:01:42,839 LIKE THE RESPONSIVENESS TO 1698 01:01:42,839 --> 01:01:44,407 ANALGESICS AND THE CROSS 1699 01:01:44,407 --> 01:01:45,475 CULTURAL VALIDITY IF THIS 1700 01:01:45,475 --> 01:01:48,245 INSTRUMENT WAS TESTED BY ANOTHER 1701 01:01:48,245 --> 01:01:49,446 GROUP OR IN A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE 1702 01:01:49,446 --> 01:01:54,184 OR SETTING THAN THE ORIGINAL 1. 1703 01:01:54,184 --> 01:01:56,052 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF THIS 1704 01:01:56,052 --> 01:02:01,291 GRADING SYSTEM USED TO RATE EACH 1705 01:02:01,291 --> 01:02:03,226 OF THE STUDIES. 1706 01:02:03,226 --> 01:02:04,995 THIS CRITERIA HERE IF WE LOOK AT 1707 01:02:04,995 --> 01:02:07,397 THE COLUMN IN THE MITSD, 1708 01:02:07,397 --> 01:02:08,164 HIGHLIGHTED FOR THE GENERAL 1709 01:02:08,164 --> 01:02:11,101 DESEEN OF THE STUDY, WAS THERE A 1710 01:02:11,101 --> 01:02:11,701 CLEAR DESCRIPTION PROVIDED OF 1711 01:02:11,701 --> 01:02:14,437 THE CONSTRUCT TO BE MEASURED. 1712 01:02:14,437 --> 01:02:16,106 FOR EXAMPLE, HERE THE CONSTRUCT 1713 01:02:16,106 --> 01:02:16,640 IS PAIN. 1714 01:02:16,640 --> 01:02:19,976 IS IT CLEAR THAT THIS INSTRUMENT 1715 01:02:19,976 --> 01:02:20,477 IS MEASURING PAIN. 1716 01:02:20,477 --> 01:02:23,813 MOST OF THE LOW SCORES ASSIGNED 1717 01:02:23,813 --> 01:02:26,349 ARE DUE TO REPORTING AND IN HERE 1718 01:02:26,349 --> 01:02:28,084 IN THIS PART ALL THESE STUDIES 1719 01:02:28,084 --> 01:02:30,053 WERE RATED FOR THE METHOD 1720 01:02:30,053 --> 01:02:32,923 LOGICAL QUALITIES AS VERY GOOD, 1721 01:02:32,923 --> 01:02:37,627 ADEQUATE, DOUBTFUL OR 1722 01:02:37,627 --> 01:02:37,928 INADEQUATE. 1723 01:02:37,928 --> 01:02:39,162 IF THE DESCREPGZ OF THE 1724 01:02:39,162 --> 01:02:42,132 CONSTRUCT WAS CLEAR, THE TYPE OF 1725 01:02:42,132 --> 01:02:43,900 PAIN, THE MODEL, IF IT WAS 1726 01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:46,069 SURGICAL STIMULUS, IF IT WASN'T 1727 01:02:46,069 --> 01:02:47,837 NATURALLY OCCURRING TYPE OF PAIN 1728 01:02:47,837 --> 01:02:48,271 OR NOT. 1729 01:02:48,271 --> 01:02:51,141 AND THE OTHER EXAMPLE IN THE 1730 01:02:51,141 --> 01:02:51,875 CONTENT VALIDITY WAS ESTABLISHED 1731 01:02:51,875 --> 01:02:54,144 AND HOW WAS IT ESTABLISHED. 1732 01:02:54,144 --> 01:02:56,780 WAS THERE AN INDEX CALCULATED. 1733 01:02:56,780 --> 01:02:59,983 WAS THERE EXPERT OPINION, WAS 1734 01:02:59,983 --> 01:03:04,621 THERE A HISTOGRAM PERFORMED 1735 01:03:04,621 --> 01:03:06,122 BEFORE THE ASSEM MYELIN OF THESE 1736 01:03:06,122 --> 01:03:08,024 ITEMS INTO THE CURRENT SYSTEM OR 1737 01:03:08,024 --> 01:03:10,727 THE FINAL SCALE. 1738 01:03:10,727 --> 01:03:12,462 AFTER THAT, FIRST PART WAS 1739 01:03:12,462 --> 01:03:13,530 RELATED TO THE METHODS AND THEN 1740 01:03:13,530 --> 01:03:15,599 THERE WAS THE QUALITY OF 1741 01:03:15,599 --> 01:03:15,899 FINDINGS. 1742 01:03:15,899 --> 01:03:19,336 NOW WE WILL RATE THE QUALITY OF 1743 01:03:19,336 --> 01:03:21,004 THE METHOD ANDS THE FINDINGS, 1744 01:03:21,004 --> 01:03:26,543 THE RESULTS THAT WERE PUBLISHED. 1745 01:03:26,543 --> 01:03:28,078 FOR EACH CALCULATION, LET'S SAY 1746 01:03:28,078 --> 01:03:29,079 FOR RELIABILITY. 1747 01:03:29,079 --> 01:03:31,548 IF THE CO EFFICIENT WAS HIGHER 1748 01:03:31,548 --> 01:03:34,017 THAN .7, IN THAT CASE THE RESULT 1749 01:03:34,017 --> 01:03:35,051 WOULD BE CONSIDERED EFESHT OR 1750 01:03:35,051 --> 01:03:38,555 POSITIVE OR THE OTHER WAY 1751 01:03:38,555 --> 01:03:41,291 AROUND, LOWER THAN .7 NEGATIVE 1752 01:03:41,291 --> 01:03:42,492 OR INDETERMINANT. 1753 01:03:42,492 --> 01:03:46,296 IN THIS THEY WERE RATED AS 1754 01:03:46,296 --> 01:03:47,030 POSITIVE, NEGATIVE OR 1755 01:03:47,030 --> 01:03:47,397 ENDETERMINANT. 1756 01:03:47,397 --> 01:03:48,431 IN THE END WE WILL GATHER THE 1757 01:03:48,431 --> 01:03:51,501 FESTER PART OF THE BIOLOGICAL 1758 01:03:51,501 --> 01:03:52,936 QUALITY, QUALITY OF FINDINGS TO 1759 01:03:52,936 --> 01:03:54,104 SUMMARIZE THE STRENGTH OF THE 1760 01:03:54,104 --> 01:03:58,575 EVIDENCE RELATED TO THAT 1761 01:03:58,575 --> 01:03:59,142 TRIEWMENT. 1762 01:03:59,142 --> 01:04:01,544 THE STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE WAS 1763 01:04:01,544 --> 01:04:04,614 RATED AS HIGH, MODERATE, LOW AND 1764 01:04:04,614 --> 01:04:05,048 VERY LOW. 1765 01:04:05,048 --> 01:04:07,517 AND IN CASE OF HIGH STRENGTH 1766 01:04:07,517 --> 01:04:09,486 EVIDENCE WOULD BE CONSISTENT 1767 01:04:09,486 --> 01:04:10,553 FINDINGS AND MULTIPLE STUDIES 1768 01:04:10,553 --> 01:04:14,958 OFAT LEAST ADEQUATE OR 1 OF VERY 1769 01:04:14,958 --> 01:04:15,558 GOOD QUALITY. 1770 01:04:15,558 --> 01:04:17,027 SO IN THE METHOD LOGICAL QUALITY 1771 01:04:17,027 --> 01:04:19,896 OF THE STUDY WAS LOW, USUALLY 1772 01:04:19,896 --> 01:04:30,073 THE STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE WOULD 1773 01:04:30,073 --> 01:04:30,740 BE LOWERED. 1774 01:04:30,740 --> 01:04:35,245 IN THE STUDY LITERATURE 1775 01:04:35,245 --> 01:04:40,650 RESEARCH, MORE THAN 800 STUDIES 1776 01:04:40,650 --> 01:04:44,621 WERE DONE, 209 DUPLICATES 1777 01:04:44,621 --> 01:04:46,256 REMOVED, THE ABNORMALITIES TRACT 1778 01:04:46,256 --> 01:04:48,358 WERE STUDIED AND AGAIN MOST OF 1779 01:04:48,358 --> 01:04:49,426 THEM WERE EXCLUDED. 1780 01:04:49,426 --> 01:04:53,697 THEY DID NOT MEET THE INCLUSION 1781 01:04:53,697 --> 01:04:54,064 CRITERIA. 1782 01:04:54,064 --> 01:04:56,433 FORTY-EIGHT STUDIES WERE 1783 01:04:56,433 --> 01:04:58,968 ASSESSED FOR FULL TEXT ELIGIBLE 1784 01:04:58,968 --> 01:05:00,904 BY 2 INDEPENDENT OBSERVERS AND 1785 01:05:00,904 --> 01:05:04,007 25 EXCLUDED IN THE REASONS. 1786 01:05:04,007 --> 01:05:06,042 YOU CAN SEE HERE. 1787 01:05:06,042 --> 01:05:07,944 THIS 23 STUDIES THAT WERE 1788 01:05:07,944 --> 01:05:12,315 FINALLY INCLUDED IN THE REVIEW, 1789 01:05:12,315 --> 01:05:14,050 THEY WERE REFERRING TO 20 1790 01:05:14,050 --> 01:05:17,854 INSTRUMENTS FOR PAIN ASSESSMENT 1791 01:05:17,854 --> 01:05:21,424 IN FARM ANIMALS. 1792 01:05:21,424 --> 01:05:24,394 MOSTLY, ACTUALLY FOR THIS 3 MAIN 1793 01:05:24,394 --> 01:05:26,196 SPECIES OR GROUPS OF ANIMALS, 1794 01:05:26,196 --> 01:05:29,232 BEEF AND THEIR KALGT, PIGS AND 1795 01:05:29,232 --> 01:05:31,735 SHEEP, THESE ARE THE 3 MAIN 1796 01:05:31,735 --> 01:05:33,837 SPECIES FOR WHICH THERE WERE 1797 01:05:33,837 --> 01:05:34,704 INSTRUMENTS PUBLISHED. 1798 01:05:34,704 --> 01:05:37,373 THERE WERE 12 BEHAVIOR BASED 1799 01:05:37,373 --> 01:05:39,743 PAIN SCALES, 7 WHICH WERE FACIAL 1800 01:05:39,743 --> 01:05:41,711 EXPRESSIONS OR GRIMACE SKILLS. 1801 01:05:41,711 --> 01:05:43,513 AND 1 CONSIDERED MIXED THAT 1802 01:05:43,513 --> 01:05:45,682 WOULD CONSIDER BOTH THE BEHAVIOR 1803 01:05:45,682 --> 01:05:52,255 AND FACIAL EXPRESSION IN COWS. 1804 01:05:52,255 --> 01:05:56,025 HERE ARE LISTED THE NAMES OF ALL 1805 01:05:56,025 --> 01:05:57,293 THE INSTRUMENTS. 1806 01:05:57,293 --> 01:05:58,962 THE MAJORITY OF THEM WAS 1807 01:05:58,962 --> 01:05:59,496 DEVELOPED FOR ACUTE PAIN. 1808 01:05:59,496 --> 01:06:00,997 AND THERE WERE A FEW THAT WERE 1809 01:06:00,997 --> 01:06:02,632 AMRIED FOR A SPECIFIC TYPE OF 1810 01:06:02,632 --> 01:06:03,266 PAIN. 1811 01:06:03,266 --> 01:06:06,236 FOR EXAMPLE, THE PAIN SCORING 1812 01:06:06,236 --> 01:06:08,738 SYSTEM FOR VENTRICULAR SYSTEM 1813 01:06:08,738 --> 01:06:09,472 DEVICES IMPLANTED IN SHEEP. 1814 01:06:09,472 --> 01:06:11,107 SO THAT WOULD BE APPLIED FOR A 1815 01:06:11,107 --> 01:06:15,612 SPECIFIC CONTEXT OR A SPECIFIC 1816 01:06:15,612 --> 01:06:16,646 MODEL OF PAIN. 1817 01:06:16,646 --> 01:06:20,717 THERE ARE OTHERS FOR ABDOMINAL 1818 01:06:20,717 --> 01:06:21,551 PAIN OR CASTRATION. 1819 01:06:21,551 --> 01:06:22,986 SO EACH 1 IS A SETTING OR 1820 01:06:22,986 --> 01:06:29,859 CONTEXT IN WHICH IT SHOULD BE 1821 01:06:29,859 --> 01:06:30,760 APPLIED. 1822 01:06:30,760 --> 01:06:32,529 THEY RANGED A LOT IN LENGTH OR 1823 01:06:32,529 --> 01:06:33,730 IN COMPLEXITY OF EACH SCALE FROM 1824 01:06:33,730 --> 01:06:38,234 1 TO THE OTHERS. 1825 01:06:38,234 --> 01:06:40,203 THEY WERE USUALLY 6 ITEMS LONG 1826 01:06:40,203 --> 01:06:42,505 BUT RAIRVELG FROM 3 TO 22 ITEMS 1827 01:06:42,505 --> 01:06:47,377 RESEARCH THEY WERE SCALES TO BE 1828 01:06:47,377 --> 01:06:50,213 EVALUATED LIKE A GRIMACE SCALE, 1829 01:06:50,213 --> 01:06:51,748 AND THERE WERE 22 WITH 1830 01:06:51,748 --> 01:06:53,183 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC 1831 01:06:53,183 --> 01:06:53,449 BEHAVIORS. 1832 01:06:53,449 --> 01:06:56,486 THE FINAL SCORE IN ALL OF THEM 1833 01:06:56,486 --> 01:06:58,021 WAS CALCULATED BY THE SUM OF THE 1834 01:06:58,021 --> 01:07:01,858 INDIVIDUAL ITEMS IN A CUT OFF OR 1835 01:07:01,858 --> 01:07:05,495 AN INTERVENTIONAL CORE THRESHOLD 1836 01:07:05,495 --> 01:07:09,966 FOR ANNAL GEEZIA WAS REPORTED IN 1837 01:07:09,966 --> 01:07:11,334 ONLY 5 INSTRUMENTS. 1838 01:07:11,334 --> 01:07:14,671 REGARDING THE MEASUREMENT 1839 01:07:14,671 --> 01:07:16,306 PROPERTIES THE LAST 2 PAIN 1840 01:07:16,306 --> 01:07:21,678 SCALES FOR CATTLE, PIGS AND 1841 01:07:21,678 --> 01:07:22,912 SHEEP, THEY PRESENTED OVERALL 1842 01:07:22,912 --> 01:07:25,481 HIGH STRENGTH OF EVIDENT. 1843 01:07:25,481 --> 01:07:27,517 AS STUDIES BEHIND THE SCALE 1844 01:07:27,517 --> 01:07:29,219 SHOWED ROBUST METHODOLOGY AND A 1845 01:07:29,219 --> 01:07:30,987 STEADY SCORE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 1846 01:07:30,987 --> 01:07:31,955 AND VALIDATION STEPS. 1847 01:07:31,955 --> 01:07:38,394 THERE WERE OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR 1848 01:07:38,394 --> 01:07:40,597 SHEEP, PIGS, CATTLE, THAT 1849 01:07:40,597 --> 01:07:43,867 PRESENTED MODERATE STRENGTH BUT 1850 01:07:43,867 --> 01:07:45,735 MOST OTHER STUDIES PRESENTED LOW 1851 01:07:45,735 --> 01:07:47,403 STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE. 1852 01:07:47,403 --> 01:07:51,808 IN THOSE CASES, THE SMALL 1853 01:07:51,808 --> 01:07:52,542 NUMBER 1854 01:07:52,542 --> 01:07:53,576 OF STUDIES, INADEQUATE 1855 01:07:53,576 --> 01:07:59,182 METHODOLOGY, DESEEN OR 1856 01:07:59,182 --> 01:08:00,250 CONFLICTING OR INDETERMINANT 1857 01:08:00,250 --> 01:08:01,317 FINDINGS. 1858 01:08:01,317 --> 01:08:05,889 THESE ARE THE 3 INSTRUMENTS WE 1859 01:08:05,889 --> 01:08:08,725 HAVE NOW DAYS FOR CATTLE, PIGS 1860 01:08:08,725 --> 01:08:15,598 AND SHEEP WHICH PRESENTED BY 1861 01:08:15,598 --> 01:08:17,300 QUALITY EVIDENCE LEADING TO 1862 01:08:17,300 --> 01:08:18,034 DEVELOPMENT. 1863 01:08:18,034 --> 01:08:21,337 THE PAIN SCALE FOR KALGT HAS 5 1864 01:08:21,337 --> 01:08:23,373 ITEMS INCLUDING LOCOMOTION, 1865 01:08:23,373 --> 01:08:24,540 ACTIVITY, APPETITE, INTERACTIVE 1866 01:08:24,540 --> 01:08:25,842 BEHAVIOR AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS 1867 01:08:25,842 --> 01:08:26,342 BEHAVIORS. 1868 01:08:26,342 --> 01:08:27,877 WE HAVE A TOTAL SCORE OF 10. 1869 01:08:27,877 --> 01:08:29,846 IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE 1870 01:08:29,846 --> 01:08:33,149 CUT-OFF SCORE FOR RESCUE 1871 01:08:33,149 --> 01:08:34,784 ANAGEEZIA OF 3 OR 4 IN THE 1872 01:08:34,784 --> 01:08:36,386 ORIGINAL VERSION OR ITALIAN 1873 01:08:36,386 --> 01:08:39,155 VERSION TRANSLATION WAS ALSO 1874 01:08:39,155 --> 01:08:44,727 RETESTED FOR THIS INTERVENTIONAL 1875 01:08:44,727 --> 01:08:44,994 THRESHOLD. 1876 01:08:44,994 --> 01:08:46,930 FOR PIGS, 6 ITEMS WITH A TOTAL 1877 01:08:46,930 --> 01:08:49,465 OF 18 AND SIMILARLY FOR SHEEP, 1878 01:08:49,465 --> 01:08:53,202 IT'S 6 ITEMS LONG TAKEN BO 1879 01:08:53,202 --> 01:08:54,837 CONSIDERATION THE INTERACTION, 1880 01:08:54,837 --> 01:08:57,273 LOCOMOTION, HAD POSITION FOSTER, 1881 01:08:57,273 --> 01:09:07,650 ACTIVITY AND APPETITE. 1882 01:09:09,485 --> 01:09:10,586 IN CONCLUSION, THIS STUDY SHOWED 1883 01:09:10,586 --> 01:09:12,522 A LOT OF VARIABILITY IN THE 1884 01:09:12,522 --> 01:09:13,022 GAPS. 1885 01:09:13,022 --> 01:09:14,657 AND ALTHOUGH THE STUDY IS BEHIND 1886 01:09:14,657 --> 01:09:16,859 EITHER THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS 1887 01:09:16,859 --> 01:09:18,628 ISSUES THE DEMOGRAPHIC OF THIS 1888 01:09:18,628 --> 01:09:20,363 ANIMAL, SEX, AGE, IF IT WAS ONLY 1889 01:09:20,363 --> 01:09:22,598 1 BREED OR DIFFERENT BREEDS OF 1890 01:09:22,598 --> 01:09:26,669 ANIMALS INCLUDED IN THE STUDIES, 1891 01:09:26,669 --> 01:09:28,571 ALSO IN HOW THIS IERK TEMS WERE 1892 01:09:28,571 --> 01:09:29,806 SELECTED TO COMOPPOSITE 1893 01:09:29,806 --> 01:09:30,773 BEHAVIORIAL PHENOTYPE THE FINAL 1894 01:09:30,773 --> 01:09:32,275 METHOD OR THE FINAL PAIN SCALE 1895 01:09:32,275 --> 01:09:34,978 AND THE REPORTED LEVEL OF 1896 01:09:34,978 --> 01:09:37,447 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY. 1897 01:09:37,447 --> 01:09:40,383 THE CROSS CULTURAL VALIDITY AND 1898 01:09:40,383 --> 01:09:42,819 TESTING OF ANOTHER GROUP BY A 1899 01:09:42,819 --> 01:09:45,955 RESEARCHER WAS ONLY PERFORMED 11 1900 01:09:45,955 --> 01:09:48,925 SCALE WHICH WAS THE 1901 01:09:48,925 --> 01:09:50,860 [INDISCERNIBLE] PAIN SCALE FOR 1902 01:09:50,860 --> 01:09:51,060 KALGT. 1903 01:09:51,060 --> 01:09:52,962 AND THE CONSTRUCT AND CRITERIA 1904 01:09:52,962 --> 01:09:54,931 AND RELIABILITY ARE THE MOST 1905 01:09:54,931 --> 01:09:56,165 STUDIED MEASUREMENT PROPERTIES 1906 01:09:56,165 --> 01:10:01,304 WITH VARIABLE STRENGTH OF 1907 01:10:01,304 --> 01:10:02,038 EVIDENCE HERE. 1908 01:10:02,038 --> 01:10:03,773 STUDIES SUCH AS THIS SYSTEMATIC 1909 01:10:03,773 --> 01:10:06,542 REVIEW, THEY HELP US IDENTIFY 1910 01:10:06,542 --> 01:10:08,044 THE GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND WHERE 1911 01:10:08,044 --> 01:10:10,480 MORE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED AND 1912 01:10:10,480 --> 01:10:16,786 AND HOW YOU CAN DESIGN NEW 1913 01:10:16,786 --> 01:10:19,989 STUDIES TO SUPPLY THIS NICHE. 1914 01:10:19,989 --> 01:10:22,525 FOR INSTANCE, THE TRIEWMENTS 1915 01:10:22,525 --> 01:10:25,128 WITH VERY LOW STRENGTH OF 1916 01:10:25,128 --> 01:10:26,095 EVIDENCE, WHICH RECEIVED LOW 1917 01:10:26,095 --> 01:10:28,031 SCORES DUE TO THE STUDIES OR 1918 01:10:28,031 --> 01:10:28,865 METHODOLOGY, BUT MOSTLY 1919 01:10:28,865 --> 01:10:31,467 REPORTING AND I WOULD LIKE TO 1920 01:10:31,467 --> 01:10:34,871 STRESS HERE, THIS IMPORTANCE OF 1921 01:10:34,871 --> 01:10:37,073 USING WRITING AND REPORTING 1922 01:10:37,073 --> 01:10:39,208 GUIDELINES DURING THE 1923 01:10:39,208 --> 01:10:39,942 PUBLICATION PROCESS. 1924 01:10:39,942 --> 01:10:40,676 SOMETIMES IT'S NOT THAT IT HAS 1925 01:10:40,676 --> 01:10:44,213 NOT BEG YOUR PARDON DONE, IT'S 1926 01:10:44,213 --> 01:10:46,282 JUST THE REPORTING HAS NOT BEEN 1927 01:10:46,282 --> 01:10:47,750 CLEAR SO YOU CAPTAIN DETERMINE 1928 01:10:47,750 --> 01:10:51,187 THE EVIDENT FOR STUDY FOR THAT 1929 01:10:51,187 --> 01:10:51,421 EXAMPLE. 1930 01:10:51,421 --> 01:10:54,490 KALGT, PIGS, AND SHEEP ARE THE 1931 01:10:54,490 --> 01:10:57,393 SPECIES FOR WHICH SEVERAL PAIN 1932 01:10:57,393 --> 01:11:00,229 SCALES WERE DEVELOPED FOR USE 1933 01:11:00,229 --> 01:11:05,201 AND INSTRUMENTS WITH REPORDED 1934 01:11:05,201 --> 01:11:09,272 VALDATION ARE REPORTED FOR 1935 01:11:09,272 --> 01:11:11,207 BUFFALOS, GOATS, CAMEL 1936 01:11:11,207 --> 01:11:12,608 EDUCATIONALS AND AVIAN SPECIES. 1937 01:11:12,608 --> 01:11:14,877 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE 1938 01:11:14,877 --> 01:11:16,179 LIBRARIAN AT THE FACULTY OF 1939 01:11:16,179 --> 01:11:16,979 IMMEDIATE, WHO HELPED WITH THE 1940 01:11:16,979 --> 01:11:18,381 KEY WORDS AND THE SEARCH AND THE 1941 01:11:18,381 --> 01:11:21,217 TERMS AND OUR RESEARCH LAB 1942 01:11:21,217 --> 01:11:24,987 INVOLVED IN THIS STUDIES . 1943 01:11:24,987 --> 01:11:28,357 THANK YOU. 1944 01:11:28,357 --> 01:11:37,967 [ APPLAUSE ] 1945 01:11:37,967 --> 01:11:39,869 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH DR. EVANG 1946 01:11:39,869 --> 01:11:40,436 ELISTA, APPRECIATE IT. 1947 01:11:40,436 --> 01:11:43,439 THERE WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 1948 01:11:43,439 --> 01:11:45,741 QUESTIONS DURING THE PANEL 1949 01:11:45,741 --> 01:11:47,443 DISCUSSION AT THE END OF THE 1950 01:11:47,443 --> 01:11:48,044 SESSION. 1951 01:11:48,044 --> 01:11:50,279 WE HAVE DR. BARATT, AND THEN THE 1952 01:11:50,279 --> 01:11:54,417 BREAK WILL FOLLOW, YES? 1953 01:11:54,417 --> 01:11:59,088 SO WE HAVE WELCOME DR. DAN 1954 01:11:59,088 --> 01:12:02,758 BARRATT, TO THE PODIUM, SHE'S A 1955 01:12:02,758 --> 01:12:04,627 CLINICAL RESEARCHER IN THE 1956 01:12:04,627 --> 01:12:07,563 CLINICAL FORMACOLOGY AND DRUG 1957 01:12:07,563 --> 01:12:11,334 DISPOSITION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF 1958 01:12:11,334 --> 01:12:13,102 ADELAIDE, THAT DOESN'T ROLL OFF 1959 01:12:13,102 --> 01:12:15,171 THE TONGUE. 1960 01:12:15,171 --> 01:12:16,839 DAN HAS PRECISION MEDICINE AND 1961 01:12:16,839 --> 01:12:18,708 FOCUSING ON THE DISCOVERY AND 1962 01:12:18,708 --> 01:12:21,477 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS OF 1963 01:12:21,477 --> 01:12:24,147 PAIN AND ANALGESIC RESPONSE TO 1964 01:12:24,147 --> 01:12:25,848 SUPPORT PRECISION PAIN MEDICINE. 1965 01:12:25,848 --> 01:12:26,249 WELCOME, DAN. 1966 01:12:26,249 --> 01:12:32,021 APPRECIATE YOU BEING HERE. 1967 01:12:32,021 --> 01:12:42,231 [ APPLAUSE ] 1968 01:12:43,633 --> 01:12:44,967 >> THANK YOU FOR THE 1969 01:12:44,967 --> 01:12:51,307 INTRODUCTION AND THE INI HAVE 1970 01:12:51,307 --> 01:12:55,111 VITATION TO BRUCE BLOOD-BASED 1971 01:12:55,111 --> 01:12:56,579 BIOMARKERS IN PAIN ANNAL GEESIA 1972 01:12:56,579 --> 01:12:57,680 AND HUMANS AND LIVESTOCK. 1973 01:12:57,680 --> 01:12:58,714 I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE A GOOD 1974 01:12:58,714 --> 01:13:01,817 PLACE TO START WHERE WE LEFT OFF 1975 01:13:01,817 --> 01:13:04,554 AT THE LAST PAWS WORKSHOP IN 1976 01:13:04,554 --> 01:13:04,754 2021. 1977 01:13:04,754 --> 01:13:06,989 AND SO BACK THEN WE ESTABLISHED 1978 01:13:06,989 --> 01:13:09,192 IN LIVESTOCK THERE WERE 2 KEY 1979 01:13:09,192 --> 01:13:12,528 NEEDS OR KEY CONTEXTS OF USE FOR 1980 01:13:12,528 --> 01:13:14,430 OBJECTIVE PAIN BIOMARKERS IN 1981 01:13:14,430 --> 01:13:14,864 LIVESTOCK. 1982 01:13:14,864 --> 01:13:17,433 ONE IS IN TRIALS TO GET DRUGGED 1983 01:13:17,433 --> 01:13:18,701 APPROVED FOR PAIN IN FOOD 1984 01:13:18,701 --> 01:13:20,503 ANIMALS AND AT LEAST IN 1985 01:13:20,503 --> 01:13:23,973 AUSTRALIA THERE'S ALSO A DESIRE 1986 01:13:23,973 --> 01:13:26,742 FOR SCALABLE FIELDABLE AND MORE 1987 01:13:26,742 --> 01:13:27,543 AFFORDABLE SOLUTIONS FOR 1988 01:13:27,543 --> 01:13:30,379 INTEGRATING MARKETING AND PAIN 1989 01:13:30,379 --> 01:13:32,715 ARE BEING PART OF OUR BROADER 1990 01:13:32,715 --> 01:13:33,482 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. 1991 01:13:33,482 --> 01:13:37,186 WE ALREADY HEARD TODAY ABOUT 1992 01:13:37,186 --> 01:13:37,920 THEY'RE NOT BEING 1 PERFECT TOOL 1993 01:13:37,920 --> 01:13:42,024 TO USE AND THERE'S A NEED TO 1994 01:13:42,024 --> 01:13:42,959 COMBINE MULTIPLE TOOLS TOGETHER 1995 01:13:42,959 --> 01:13:44,727 AND SELECT THE RIGHT TOOLS FOR 1996 01:13:44,727 --> 01:13:47,330 THE JOB FOR PARTICULAR PAIN 1997 01:13:47,330 --> 01:13:47,563 CONTEXT. 1998 01:13:47,563 --> 01:13:48,397 AND THE RESEARCH I'M TALKING 1999 01:13:48,397 --> 01:13:53,369 ABOUT TODAY IS TRYING TO ADD 2000 01:13:53,369 --> 01:13:54,670 BLOOD BASED BIOMARKERS TO THAT 2001 01:13:54,670 --> 01:13:56,172 SET OF VALUABLE TOOLS. 2002 01:13:56,172 --> 01:13:58,040 AND ON THE LAST SESSION WE HAD A 2003 01:13:58,040 --> 01:13:59,775 SESSION ON BLOOD BASED 2004 01:13:59,775 --> 01:14:01,644 BIOMARKERS THAT IS ELECTRICKING 2005 01:14:01,644 --> 01:14:03,846 TO HARNESS OUR PERIPHERAL AND 2006 01:14:03,846 --> 01:14:05,881 CENTRAL NEURONAL AND IMMUNE 2007 01:14:05,881 --> 01:14:07,750 SYSTEMS WHEREBY WE CAN USE BLOOD 2008 01:14:07,750 --> 01:14:09,252 AND CELLULAR AND SOLUBLE 2009 01:14:09,252 --> 01:14:10,920 COMPONENTS TO GIVE US INDICATION 2010 01:14:10,920 --> 01:14:12,421 NOT ONLY OF WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 2011 01:14:12,421 --> 01:14:14,123 THE PERIPHERY BUT ALSO WHAT HEY 2012 01:14:14,123 --> 01:14:15,224 HAPPENING IN BRAIN AND SPOKENNAL 2013 01:14:15,224 --> 01:14:17,093 CORD, WHICH IS OF COURSE 2014 01:14:17,093 --> 01:14:17,627 IMPORTANT FOR PAIN. 2015 01:14:17,627 --> 01:14:19,195 SO IN THAT SESSION WE HEARD 2016 01:14:19,195 --> 01:14:20,763 ABOUT MORE THAN 10 YEARS AGO 2017 01:14:20,763 --> 01:14:24,267 NOW, HOW WE COULD DETECT BLOOD 2018 01:14:24,267 --> 01:14:25,701 GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT 2019 01:14:25,701 --> 01:14:27,403 CORRELATED REALLY NICELY WITH 2020 01:14:27,403 --> 01:14:31,574 THE DEGREE OF ALODENIA, 2021 01:14:31,574 --> 01:14:36,779 GENERATED BY A GREAT RESTRICTION 2022 01:14:36,779 --> 01:14:39,448 IN RATS AND WE CAN DO GENE ASSAY 2023 01:14:39,448 --> 01:14:41,717 THAT'S ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE 2024 01:14:41,717 --> 01:14:44,120 PAIN PATIENTS FROM HEALTHY 2025 01:14:44,120 --> 01:14:45,988 CONTROLS AND PROFESSOR 2026 01:14:45,988 --> 01:14:46,722 [INDISCERNIBLE] RAN US THROUGH 2027 01:14:46,722 --> 01:14:48,824 HIS WORK THAT WERE ABLE TO 2028 01:14:48,824 --> 01:14:50,226 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LOW PAIN 2029 01:14:50,226 --> 01:14:52,295 AND HIGH PAIN STATES WITHIN 2030 01:14:52,295 --> 01:14:55,197 INDIVIDUALS AS WELL AS 2031 01:14:55,197 --> 01:14:56,766 DIFFERENTIATE PAIN IN HEALTHY 2032 01:14:56,766 --> 01:14:59,435 CONTROLS AS WELL. 2033 01:14:59,435 --> 01:15:01,103 AND THEN, DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] 2034 01:15:01,103 --> 01:15:03,706 INTRODUCES TO THESE CIRCULATING 2035 01:15:03,706 --> 01:15:05,007 BIOMARKERS IN VET SPECIES AND 2036 01:15:05,007 --> 01:15:06,809 THESE ARE PARTICULARLY 2037 01:15:06,809 --> 01:15:07,476 INTERESTING IN BIOMARKERS 2038 01:15:07,476 --> 01:15:09,712 BECAUSE THEY'RE KEY REGULATORS 2039 01:15:09,712 --> 01:15:11,213 OF PROTEIN EXPRESSION BOTH 2040 01:15:11,213 --> 01:15:13,683 WITHIN A CELL BYPASSING TO THE 2041 01:15:13,683 --> 01:15:15,117 MRNA PREVENTING TRANSLATION, BUT 2042 01:15:15,117 --> 01:15:17,920 ALSO BETWEEN CELLS THROUGH THE 2043 01:15:17,920 --> 01:15:19,588 RELEASE OF THESE MICRORNAs 2044 01:15:19,588 --> 01:15:21,023 INSIDE OF EXOSTUDIES OF MULTIPLE 2045 01:15:21,023 --> 01:15:21,457 ENDOCRINES. 2046 01:15:21,457 --> 01:15:23,225 AND IMPORTANTLY FOR US THEY CAN 2047 01:15:23,225 --> 01:15:28,597 BE DETECTED AND QUANTIFIED IN 2048 01:15:28,597 --> 01:15:29,965 ACCESSIBLE BIOFLUIDS LIKE SALIVA 2049 01:15:29,965 --> 01:15:32,068 AND BLOOD AND IMPORTANTLY ALSO 2050 01:15:32,068 --> 01:15:35,204 RELATIVELY STABLE IN NEEZ 2051 01:15:35,204 --> 01:15:36,539 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES PARTICULARLY 2052 01:15:36,539 --> 01:15:38,507 COMPARED TO SAY MESSENGER RNA 2053 01:15:38,507 --> 01:15:40,009 BECAUSE OF THIS THEY'VE SHOWN 2054 01:15:40,009 --> 01:15:45,414 GOOD POTENTIAL AS A NUMBER OF 2055 01:15:45,414 --> 01:15:46,248 BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 2056 01:15:46,248 --> 01:15:49,885 AND THE DOCTOR RAN US THROUGH 2057 01:15:49,885 --> 01:15:51,387 HER RESEARCH LOOKINGA THE THAT 2058 01:15:51,387 --> 01:15:54,090 SAN FRANCISCO LIVA AND PLASMA 2059 01:15:54,090 --> 01:15:58,594 MARKER RNAs HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 2060 01:15:58,594 --> 01:16:03,566 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SHAM AND 2061 01:16:03,566 --> 01:16:05,067 MALE CASTRATED PIGLETS, AND ALSO 2062 01:16:05,067 --> 01:16:10,806 TWEEP POST AND POST SURMINGRY IN 2063 01:16:10,806 --> 01:16:13,342 SLIDERS AND IN SOME CASES WITH 2064 01:16:13,342 --> 01:16:14,944 SPECIFICITY INDICATED BY THESE 2065 01:16:14,944 --> 01:16:17,947 HIGH AREAS THAT RECEIVE 2066 01:16:17,947 --> 01:16:18,848 OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CODES. 2067 01:16:18,848 --> 01:16:23,919 AND SO THESE CIRCULATING 2068 01:16:23,919 --> 01:16:25,855 MICRORNAs THAT HAVE BEEN THE 2069 01:16:25,855 --> 01:16:28,357 FOCUS OF COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH 2070 01:16:28,357 --> 01:16:29,058 BETWEEN PROFESSOR HANZ 2071 01:16:29,058 --> 01:16:32,428 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HIS TEAM 2072 01:16:32,428 --> 01:16:41,303 HERE AND US AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 2073 01:16:41,303 --> 01:16:43,038 ADELAIDE, STUDYING RNAs IN 2074 01:16:43,038 --> 01:16:44,407 PIGLETS AND CATTLE. 2075 01:16:44,407 --> 01:16:47,877 I WILL RUN THROUGH THESE TODAY. 2076 01:16:47,877 --> 01:16:49,945 THE FIRST WAS IN KALGT, IN AN 2077 01:16:49,945 --> 01:16:53,282 EXISTING TRIAL AT KSU OF TOPICAL 2078 01:16:53,282 --> 01:16:55,718 LIDOCAINE AND INTRAVENOUS MEL OX 2079 01:16:55,718 --> 01:16:58,554 CAM FOR CASTRATION AND DEHORN 2080 01:16:58,554 --> 01:16:58,921 NOTHING CALVES. 2081 01:16:58,921 --> 01:17:02,291 AND THIS STUDY HAD 5 GROUPS. 2082 01:17:02,291 --> 01:17:04,593 ONE GROUP WITHOUT CASTRATION 2083 01:17:04,593 --> 01:17:06,328 WITH DEHORNING, WE HAD A 2084 01:17:06,328 --> 01:17:07,463 DEHORNING GROUP WITH NO 2085 01:17:07,463 --> 01:17:11,000 TREATMENT AND THEN DIFFERENT 2086 01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:15,271 COMBINATIONS OF MEL OX CAM AND 2087 01:17:15,271 --> 01:17:15,538 LIDOCAINE. 2088 01:17:15,538 --> 01:17:17,406 THE PROCEDURE WAS OUT TO HOURS 2089 01:17:17,406 --> 01:17:19,475 AND WEEKS FOLLOWING DEHORNING 2090 01:17:19,475 --> 01:17:20,743 AND CASTRATION AND THE KANSAS 2091 01:17:20,743 --> 01:17:24,513 TEAM HAD SERUM AVAILABLE FOR 2092 01:17:24,513 --> 01:17:26,348 THOSE ANIMALS FOR WHICH THEY 2093 01:17:26,348 --> 01:17:29,084 EXTRACTED EXOSTUDIES OF STUDIESE 2094 01:17:29,084 --> 01:17:32,421 ENDOCRINES AND RAN RNASEQ TO 2095 01:17:32,421 --> 01:17:35,057 MARK THE RNAs AND TO THE BRIEF 2096 01:17:35,057 --> 01:17:38,761 THE ANALYSIS OF THAT MICRORNA 2097 01:17:38,761 --> 01:17:41,797 WAS TO ITENTIFY MICRORNAs THAT 2098 01:17:41,797 --> 01:17:43,399 MIGHT MAKE GOOD CANDIDATE ANDS 2099 01:17:43,399 --> 01:17:45,334 FOLLOWING DEHORNING AND 2100 01:17:45,334 --> 01:17:48,337 CASTRATION, AND PARTICULARLY 2101 01:17:48,337 --> 01:17:49,405 LOOKING TOWARDS THE END PRODUCT 2102 01:17:49,405 --> 01:17:52,508 WILL NOT BE USING RNASEQ, IT 2103 01:17:52,508 --> 01:17:54,276 WILL NOT USE MORE TARGETED 2104 01:17:54,276 --> 01:17:56,245 TECHNOLOGIES SO TRYING TO FIND 2105 01:17:56,245 --> 01:17:58,047 INDIVIDUAL CANDIDATES RATHER 2106 01:17:58,047 --> 01:17:59,281 THAN COMPLEX SIGNATURES WITHIN 2107 01:17:59,281 --> 01:18:01,450 THE SEQUENCING DATA SO OUR 2108 01:18:01,450 --> 01:18:02,485 ANALYSIS SOUGHT TO MATCH THAT 2109 01:18:02,485 --> 01:18:04,053 CONTEXT OF USE LOOKING TOWARDS 2110 01:18:04,053 --> 01:18:07,189 USING THESE IN TRIALS TO GET 2111 01:18:07,189 --> 01:18:09,158 DRUGS APPROVED FOR PAIN IN KALGT 2112 01:18:09,158 --> 01:18:11,026 AND HARNESSING THE POWER OF THE 2113 01:18:11,026 --> 01:18:13,229 REPEATED MEASURES TAKEN AND THE 2114 01:18:13,229 --> 01:18:15,064 VARIABILITY WITHIN THE GROUP 2115 01:18:15,064 --> 01:18:15,664 THAT WAS OBSERVED. 2116 01:18:15,664 --> 01:18:18,868 SO HERE WE SEE, THESE ARE THE 2117 01:18:18,868 --> 01:18:21,370 RESULTS OF VISUAL AN LOG SCALE 2118 01:18:21,370 --> 01:18:22,905 OF THE PAINY BEHAVIOR SO THIS 2119 01:18:22,905 --> 01:18:24,173 SHOWS HERE, IN PLAQUE THE 2120 01:18:24,173 --> 01:18:25,674 AVERAGE IS ACROSS ALL THE 2121 01:18:25,674 --> 01:18:27,543 ANIMALS WITHIN EACH GROUP AND WE 2122 01:18:27,543 --> 01:18:34,550 SEE A VERY CLEAR BEHAVIORIAL 2123 01:18:34,550 --> 01:18:36,519 RESPONSE AROUND 6-12 HOURS 2124 01:18:36,519 --> 01:18:37,119 FOLLOWING PROCEDURE, AND THERE 2125 01:18:37,119 --> 01:18:42,358 WAS ANT OBVIOUS EFFECT OF 2126 01:18:42,358 --> 01:18:43,759 LIDOCAINE OR MELOXICAM WITH 2127 01:18:43,759 --> 01:18:45,394 THESE BEHAVIORS AND WE USE THIS 2128 01:18:45,394 --> 01:18:47,930 TO GUIDE OUR ANALYSIS WITH 2129 01:18:47,930 --> 01:18:49,698 RNAs AND WE,A PROACH THAT FROM 2130 01:18:49,698 --> 01:18:53,502 3 DIRECTIONS, SO FOR EACH 2131 01:18:53,502 --> 01:18:55,204 MICRORNA, WE ASSISTED FOR HOW 2132 01:18:55,204 --> 01:18:57,072 WELL IT CORRELATED WITH THE 2133 01:18:57,072 --> 01:18:59,041 VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALES IN 2134 01:18:59,041 --> 01:19:01,544 REALTIME, HOW WELL THEY TRACT 2135 01:19:01,544 --> 01:19:02,745 WITHIN AN ANIMAL AND CHAIMPLES 2136 01:19:02,745 --> 01:19:04,613 IN PAIN BEHAVIORS AND AFTER THE 2137 01:19:04,613 --> 01:19:05,981 ACCIDENT ASSESSESSED EACH 2138 01:19:05,981 --> 01:19:08,017 MICRORNA HOW ABOUT IT 2139 01:19:08,017 --> 01:19:08,951 DIFFERENTIATED PAIN VERSUS NO 2140 01:19:08,951 --> 01:19:10,586 PAIN STATES WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL 2141 01:19:10,586 --> 01:19:13,455 ANIMAL AS WELL AS PERFORMING THE 2142 01:19:13,455 --> 01:19:16,091 MORE TRADITIONAL FOR GENE 2143 01:19:16,091 --> 01:19:17,793 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS, DIFIENTIAL 2144 01:19:17,793 --> 01:19:18,794 JEEP ANALYSIS APPROACH STARTING 2145 01:19:18,794 --> 01:19:19,962 WITH FIRSTLY SEEING WHETHER 2146 01:19:19,962 --> 01:19:22,364 THERE WAS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2147 01:19:22,364 --> 01:19:23,666 CONTROL AND PLACEBO GROUP AT 2148 01:19:23,666 --> 01:19:26,835 EACH TIME POINT AND IF THAT WAS 2149 01:19:26,835 --> 01:19:28,871 SIGNIFICANT EXAMINING WHETHER IT 2150 01:19:28,871 --> 01:19:32,274 WAS A REVERSAL ON LIDOCAINE. 2151 01:19:32,274 --> 01:19:34,209 SO WITH OUR TALK CANDIDATES IS 2152 01:19:34,209 --> 01:19:36,512 THAT WE SEE THEM COME TO THE TOP 2153 01:19:36,512 --> 01:19:38,614 OF THOSE LISTS FOR THOSE 2154 01:19:38,614 --> 01:19:41,383 ANALYSIS BUT THE DIFFERENT YALE 2155 01:19:41,383 --> 01:19:42,451 YEEP EXPRESSION ANALYSIS ALLOWED 2156 01:19:42,451 --> 01:19:44,186 US TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL 2157 01:19:44,186 --> 01:19:45,287 CANDIDATES THAT DON'T 2158 01:19:45,287 --> 01:19:47,356 NECESSARILY FOLLOW THAT EXIST 2159 01:19:47,356 --> 01:19:49,658 SAME TEMPORAL PROFILE OF THE 2160 01:19:49,658 --> 01:19:49,992 BEHAVIOR. 2161 01:19:49,992 --> 01:19:58,901 AND WE WILL SEE EXAMPLES OF 2162 01:19:58,901 --> 01:20:00,302 BOTH. 2163 01:20:00,302 --> 01:20:01,704 NICELY WE SAW GOOD OVERLAP 2164 01:20:01,704 --> 01:20:05,040 BETWEEN THE CORRELATION AND 2165 01:20:05,040 --> 01:20:05,474 CLASSIFICATION BASED 2166 01:20:05,474 --> 01:20:07,676 ASSESSMENTS, AS WELL WITH THE 2167 01:20:07,676 --> 01:20:08,277 DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION 2168 01:20:08,277 --> 01:20:10,446 WHICH ALSO WAS ABLE TO IDENTIFY 2169 01:20:10,446 --> 01:20:13,182 ADDITIONAL RAPID AND LATE 2170 01:20:13,182 --> 01:20:13,882 RESPONSE MICRORNAs WHICH 2171 01:20:13,882 --> 01:20:16,785 DIDN'T NECESSARILY FOLLOW THIS 2172 01:20:16,785 --> 01:20:18,954 TEMPORAL PAIN PROFILE EMPLOY SO 2173 01:20:18,954 --> 01:20:24,760 FOCUSING ON THOSE OVERLAPPING 2174 01:20:24,760 --> 01:20:27,162 MICRORNAs, HERE, WE HAVE THOSE 2175 01:20:27,162 --> 01:20:27,896 POSITIVE AND CORRELATED, AND 2176 01:20:27,896 --> 01:20:31,166 TONS OF HIGH PAIN AND WE HAD THE 2177 01:20:31,166 --> 01:20:31,734 NEGATIVELY CORRELATED 2178 01:20:31,734 --> 01:20:32,368 MICROREFRESH YOUR RECOLLECTION 2179 01:20:32,368 --> 01:20:34,470 NAs WELL AS RAPID AND LIGHT 2180 01:20:34,470 --> 01:20:37,539 RESPONSE MICRORNAs AS WELL AND 2181 01:20:37,539 --> 01:20:38,474 NOT SURPRISINGLY WITHIN THOSE 2182 01:20:38,474 --> 01:20:39,875 GROUPS WE HAVE HIGH CORRELATION, 2183 01:20:39,875 --> 01:20:41,844 SO WE HAVE CLUSTERS OF 2184 01:20:41,844 --> 01:20:44,480 MICRORNAs THAT FOLLOW EACH 2185 01:20:44,480 --> 01:20:45,280 OTHER. 2186 01:20:45,280 --> 01:20:47,316 SO SOME OF OUR STAND OUT 2187 01:20:47,316 --> 01:20:49,485 EXAMPLES OF THOSE, 1 OF THESE IS 2188 01:20:49,485 --> 01:20:50,986 THE MIR143, WE SEE THE 2189 01:20:50,986 --> 01:20:52,388 EXPRESSION PROFILES IN THE 2190 01:20:52,388 --> 01:20:54,323 DIFFERENT GROUPS SO PARTICULARLY 2191 01:20:54,323 --> 01:20:56,392 HERE IN THE PLACEBO GROUP WE SEE 2192 01:20:56,392 --> 01:21:00,029 THE CLEAR SPIKE EXPRESSION AT 12 2193 01:21:00,029 --> 01:21:01,830 HOURS WHICH CORRELATES REALLY 2194 01:21:01,830 --> 01:21:03,432 NICELY WITHIN EACH ANIMAL WITH 2195 01:21:03,432 --> 01:21:07,403 HIS PROFILE OF HIS VISUAL 2196 01:21:07,403 --> 01:21:08,570 ANALOGUE SCALE. 2197 01:21:08,570 --> 01:21:11,273 THIS MICRORNA ALSO DID VERY WELL 2198 01:21:11,273 --> 01:21:12,474 IN DIFFERENTIATING THE PAIN AND 2199 01:21:12,474 --> 01:21:16,779 NO PAIN STATES WITHIN THE 2200 01:21:16,779 --> 01:21:17,379 ANIMALS AS WELL. 2201 01:21:17,379 --> 01:21:20,082 AND FOR EACH OF THESE WE HAVE 2202 01:21:20,082 --> 01:21:21,583 CORRELATED MICRORNAs THAT 2203 01:21:21,583 --> 01:21:22,551 SHOWED THESE PROFILES AS WELL, 2204 01:21:22,551 --> 01:21:25,054 SO WE HAD THE RAPID RESPONSE, SO 2205 01:21:25,054 --> 01:21:27,356 THE GOOD EXAMPLE HERE WAS THE 2206 01:21:27,356 --> 01:21:29,758 MEAN, AND 9, AND 9 B, THIS IS 2207 01:21:29,758 --> 01:21:30,726 EARLY SPARK EXPRESSION AND WOO 2208 01:21:30,726 --> 01:21:33,295 HAVE AN EXAMPLE OF THE LIGHT 2209 01:21:33,295 --> 01:21:34,296 RESPONDING RIKE ROUGH ATOM 2210 01:21:34,296 --> 01:21:35,497 RNETWORK As SO WE HAVE THE INN 2211 01:21:35,497 --> 01:21:39,001 CREASE THE SAME LATER ON, WEEKS 2212 01:21:39,001 --> 01:21:39,501 FOLLOWING THE PROCEDURE. 2213 01:21:39,501 --> 01:21:43,005 AND SO NOT ONLY DO THESE TOP 2214 01:21:43,005 --> 01:21:46,608 CANDIDATES HERE IN TERMS OF 2215 01:21:46,608 --> 01:21:50,412 DIFFERENCE WITH DIFFERENTIAL 2216 01:21:50,412 --> 01:21:51,880 RESPONSE IN LIGHT CHANGE, WE 2217 01:21:51,880 --> 01:21:57,286 ALSO SEE AN EFFECT OR REVERSAL 2218 01:21:57,286 --> 01:22:01,090 WITH PARTICULARLY 2219 01:22:01,090 --> 01:22:02,257 MELOXICAM TREATMENT BUT NOT 2220 01:22:02,257 --> 01:22:02,691 LIDOCAINE. 2221 01:22:02,691 --> 01:22:05,627 SO IN TERMS HOW THESE MIGHT BE 2222 01:22:05,627 --> 01:22:10,365 MORE FAMILIAR WITH IN 2021, 22, 2223 01:22:10,365 --> 01:22:12,101 MIRIAM MARTIN AND HANZ AND THEIR 2224 01:22:12,101 --> 01:22:16,205 TEAM PUB LESHED AN ASSESS OF 2225 01:22:16,205 --> 01:22:18,073 MULTIPLE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS 2226 01:22:18,073 --> 01:22:19,975 AND FOR SPECIFICITY FOR 2227 01:22:19,975 --> 01:22:21,744 DIFFERENTIATING PAIN IN CATTLE 2228 01:22:21,744 --> 01:22:22,578 USING THESE OPERATING 2229 01:22:22,578 --> 01:22:23,946 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES AND THE 2230 01:22:23,946 --> 01:22:25,347 AREA UNDERNEATH THEM SO THIS IS 2231 01:22:25,347 --> 01:22:30,586 JUST A GRAPHICAL SUMMARY OF 2232 01:22:30,586 --> 01:22:32,020 THEIR FINDINGS FOR THE 2233 01:22:32,020 --> 01:22:35,424 CASTRATION AND DEHORNING AND WE 2234 01:22:35,424 --> 01:22:37,159 SEE CORTISOL DOES A DPD YOB 2235 01:22:37,159 --> 01:22:42,231 EARLY ON AND TESTING PERFORMED 2236 01:22:42,231 --> 01:22:43,499 VERY WELL, TOO WHERE IT WAS 2237 01:22:43,499 --> 01:22:45,734 ASSESSED AND COVER INDEED THAT 2238 01:22:45,734 --> 01:22:48,704 PUBLICATION, PERFORMED POORLY OR 2239 01:22:48,704 --> 01:22:49,605 ACCEPTABLY DEPENDING ON THE TIME 2240 01:22:49,605 --> 01:22:50,906 POINT YOU LOOK AT. 2241 01:22:50,906 --> 01:22:52,007 SO FOCUSING ON THE TIME POINTS 2242 01:22:52,007 --> 01:22:55,344 THAT WERE COVERED IN THE 2243 01:22:55,344 --> 01:23:00,482 MICRORNA TRIAL, WE SEE OUR EARLY 2244 01:23:00,482 --> 01:23:03,552 RESPONSE, RAPID RESPONSE, 9999 2245 01:23:03,552 --> 01:23:11,460 B, PERFORMING 6-12 HOURS, OUR 2246 01:23:11,460 --> 01:23:12,861 LIGHT RESPONSE MIR, 122 2247 01:23:12,861 --> 01:23:14,730 PERFORMING QUITE WELL BY EARLY 2248 01:23:14,730 --> 01:23:16,498 AND LATE OR AS WELL AND FOR EACH 2249 01:23:16,498 --> 01:23:18,734 OF THESE EXAMPLES THERE ARE 2250 01:23:18,734 --> 01:23:21,837 CORRELATED MICRORNAs IN THAT 2251 01:23:21,837 --> 01:23:23,505 CATEGORY THAT PERFORM AS WELL. 2252 01:23:23,505 --> 01:23:25,774 NODDING OFF OW WELL THE TEAM DID 2253 01:23:25,774 --> 01:23:28,410 WITH THE VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALES 2254 01:23:28,410 --> 01:23:29,478 AND DIFREBTIATING THE PLACEBO 2255 01:23:29,478 --> 01:23:32,815 FROM CONTROL ANIMALS AS WELL. 2256 01:23:32,815 --> 01:23:35,684 PARTICULARLY COMPARED TO 2257 01:23:35,684 --> 01:23:36,185 PREVIOUS STUDIES. 2258 01:23:36,185 --> 01:23:38,287 SO IN TERMS OF THE BIOLOGICAL 2259 01:23:38,287 --> 01:23:40,522 CONTEXT SO IN CATTLE, THE NUMBER 2260 01:23:40,522 --> 01:23:41,323 OF THESE MICRORNAs ARE 2261 01:23:41,323 --> 01:23:45,194 ASSOCIATED WITH THE INNATE 2262 01:23:45,194 --> 01:23:46,228 IMMUNE RESPONSE INVITRO, SOME 2263 01:23:46,228 --> 01:23:47,863 ALSO HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS 2264 01:23:47,863 --> 01:23:49,898 CHANGING EXPRESSION IN SERUM IN 2265 01:23:49,898 --> 01:23:51,433 HEAT STRESS KALGT AS WELL, SO IN 2266 01:23:51,433 --> 01:23:55,337 TERMS OF WHY YOU MIGHT SEE THESE 2267 01:23:55,337 --> 01:23:56,171 FOLLOWING DEHORNING AND 2268 01:23:56,171 --> 01:23:59,074 CASTRATION, CAN YOU SEE HOW THEY 2269 01:23:59,074 --> 01:24:02,110 MIGHT BE ELEVATING RESPONSE TO 2270 01:24:02,110 --> 01:24:03,779 DNLING ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR 2271 01:24:03,779 --> 01:24:05,414 PATTERNS INDUCE BY INJURIES. 2272 01:24:05,414 --> 01:24:07,516 SO IN TERMS OF HUMANS, IN TERMS 2273 01:24:07,516 --> 01:24:09,785 OF LINKS TWOAN THE HUMAN 2274 01:24:09,785 --> 01:24:12,321 PREVALENCE OF MICRORNAs, 2275 01:24:12,321 --> 01:24:13,689 CIRCULATING DEC BIOMARKERS 2276 01:24:13,689 --> 01:24:16,558 IDENTIFIED AS CANDIDATES FOR 2277 01:24:16,558 --> 01:24:19,428 ENDOMEET REOISEIS AND RHEUMATOID 2278 01:24:19,428 --> 01:24:21,897 ARTHRITIS. 2279 01:24:21,897 --> 01:24:24,633 MIR21 IS CONSIDERED A LIVER 2280 01:24:24,633 --> 01:24:27,002 MICRORNA AND ASSOCIATE WIDE 2281 01:24:27,002 --> 01:24:28,670 LIVER INJURED IN MULTILE SPECIES 2282 01:24:28,670 --> 01:24:31,406 AND SOME OF THESE RAPID RESPONSE 2283 01:24:31,406 --> 01:24:34,343 MEETINGS HAVE BEEN INDICATE 2284 01:24:34,343 --> 01:24:37,880 INDEED THE WOUND HEALING EFFECTS 2285 01:24:37,880 --> 01:24:39,114 OF THESE ENWROIMS BUT IT'S 2286 01:24:39,114 --> 01:24:42,951 IMPORTANT TO POINT OUT THESE ARE 2287 01:24:42,951 --> 01:24:45,320 NO MEANS IN CATTLE, THESE HAVE 2288 01:24:45,320 --> 01:24:46,922 BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SO THEY'RE 2289 01:24:46,922 --> 01:24:49,892 NOT SPECIFIC TO THESE FUNCTIONS 2290 01:24:49,892 --> 01:24:50,859 AND PHENOTYPES. 2291 01:24:50,859 --> 01:24:53,195 AS YOU DO OVERREPRESENTATION 2292 01:24:53,195 --> 01:24:55,530 ANALYSIS, AND WE VISIT BOTH THE 2293 01:24:55,530 --> 01:24:57,032 MICRORNA LEVEL AND THE TARGET 2294 01:24:57,032 --> 01:24:58,100 JEEP LEVEL AND IMPORTANTLY 2295 01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:00,535 BECAUSE WE'RE LOOKING THEA 2296 01:25:00,535 --> 01:25:02,304 TARGET YEEPS IN MICRORNA, WE USE 2297 01:25:02,304 --> 01:25:05,307 THAT,A PROACH THERE RATHER THAN 2298 01:25:05,307 --> 01:25:08,477 THE STANDARD GEOMETRIC TEST. 2299 01:25:08,477 --> 01:25:10,512 AND WHILE NO SINGLE PAIN PATHWAY 2300 01:25:10,512 --> 01:25:13,048 JUMPED OUT AT THE TOP OF THOSE 2301 01:25:13,048 --> 01:25:14,249 LISTS WE DID SEE INTERESTING 2302 01:25:14,249 --> 01:25:16,018 OVERLAP IN TERMS OF YEEP SETS 2303 01:25:16,018 --> 01:25:20,322 THAT WERE ENRICHED FOR 2304 01:25:20,322 --> 01:25:21,223 MULTIPLE--MULTILE--TARGETING OF 2305 01:25:21,223 --> 01:25:22,457 MULTIPLE RNAs, PARTICULARLY 2306 01:25:22,457 --> 01:25:24,092 PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE 2307 01:25:24,092 --> 01:25:27,229 REGULATION OF GLUCOSE LEVELS BUT 2308 01:25:27,229 --> 01:25:29,298 ALSO IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION 2309 01:25:29,298 --> 01:25:32,000 AND ALSO WOUND HEALING. 2310 01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:33,635 SO THAT WAS THE FIRST STUDY IN 2311 01:25:33,635 --> 01:25:33,835 KALGT. 2312 01:25:33,835 --> 01:25:38,974 WE ALSO LOOKED AT SERUM MIKE ARE 2313 01:25:38,974 --> 01:25:40,842 RNAs IN BIGLETS ISSUES THIS 2314 01:25:40,842 --> 01:25:43,879 WAS CONDUCTED AT KANSAS STATE 2315 01:25:43,879 --> 01:25:45,614 UNIVERSITY, THIS WAS FOR 2316 01:25:45,614 --> 01:25:47,582 CASTRATION IN BOTH MALE AND 2317 01:25:47,582 --> 01:25:48,483 FEMALE PIG WILLS. 2318 01:25:48,483 --> 01:25:50,452 IN THERE TRIAL THERE WERE 4 2319 01:25:50,452 --> 01:25:53,322 GROUPS, WE HAD A CONTROL GROUP 2320 01:25:53,322 --> 01:25:57,059 WITH ETHYL CHLORIDE BY ITSELF 2321 01:25:57,059 --> 01:25:59,695 AND FIRO+ EC, NOTICE IN THIS 2322 01:25:59,695 --> 01:26:03,432 TRIAL ALL PIG WILLS UNDER WENT 2323 01:26:03,432 --> 01:26:05,434 TAIL DOCKING AND WE WERE 2324 01:26:05,434 --> 01:26:06,468 INTERPRETING THESE CHANGES IN 2325 01:26:06,468 --> 01:26:10,872 PREGZ FROM PRETO POST PROCEDURE 2326 01:26:10,872 --> 01:26:13,442 AND THE MARKER RNA WERE 2327 01:26:13,442 --> 01:26:15,277 GENERATED THROUGH KSU THROUGH 2328 01:26:15,277 --> 01:26:16,945 NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING AND 2329 01:26:16,945 --> 01:26:18,947 THESE WERE AT 2 BASE POINTS AND 2330 01:26:18,947 --> 01:26:22,150 24 HOURS FOLLOWING THE 2331 01:26:22,150 --> 01:26:22,417 PROCEDURE. 2332 01:26:22,417 --> 01:26:25,420 AND AT THE EPPED OF THE DAY WE 2333 01:26:25,420 --> 01:26:32,294 HAD BETWEEN BASE LINE AND 24 2334 01:26:32,294 --> 01:26:33,829 HOUR DATA, FOR 32 PIGLETS WERE 2335 01:26:33,829 --> 01:26:35,731 GROUP AND WE ANALYZED FEMALE 2336 01:26:35,731 --> 01:26:36,765 ANDS MALES SEPARATELY AND DID 2337 01:26:36,765 --> 01:26:38,767 THAT IN A STEP WISE APPROACH 2338 01:26:38,767 --> 01:26:40,068 STARTING WITH LOOKING FOR, OKAY, 2339 01:26:40,068 --> 01:26:42,471 THERE WAS A TIME EFFECT, A 2340 01:26:42,471 --> 01:26:44,106 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREAND POST 2341 01:26:44,106 --> 01:26:45,207 PROCEDURE CONTROL ANIMAL ANDS IF 2342 01:26:45,207 --> 01:26:46,475 THERE WAS, WAS THERE ANY 2343 01:26:46,475 --> 01:26:47,442 TREATMENT EFFECTS OR ANY REVERSE 2344 01:26:47,442 --> 01:26:50,779 OF THAT EMPLOY AND IN EACH CASE, 2345 01:26:50,779 --> 01:26:52,948 WHERE MICRORNA WAS 2346 01:26:52,948 --> 01:26:54,983 SIGNIFICANT,LY ELECTRICKEDDA HOW 2347 01:26:54,983 --> 01:26:59,521 WELL DIFFERENTIATING THESE 2348 01:26:59,521 --> 01:27:03,058 CONTROLS OR BETWEEN THE 2349 01:27:03,058 --> 01:27:04,359 FIROCOXIB, AND THE CONTROL 2350 01:27:04,359 --> 01:27:04,960 PIBLET. 2351 01:27:04,960 --> 01:27:06,995 WE DID MORE TESTING, MORE 2352 01:27:06,995 --> 01:27:08,764 FEMALES THAN MALES AND SUBSET OF 2353 01:27:08,764 --> 01:27:10,932 THOSE DEMON TRAITED AT LEAST 2354 01:27:10,932 --> 01:27:15,070 NORMALLY SOME REVERSAL IN 2355 01:27:15,070 --> 01:27:15,771 EXPRESSION WITH FIROCOXIB 2356 01:27:15,771 --> 01:27:16,038 TREATMENT. 2357 01:27:16,038 --> 01:27:18,040 A COUPLE STAND OUTS THERE, WE 2358 01:27:18,040 --> 01:27:21,309 HAD AMIRAKA 15 A AND 101 WHICH 2359 01:27:21,309 --> 01:27:22,277 DECREASE FROM PREON POST 2360 01:27:22,277 --> 01:27:24,046 PROCEDURE AND THIS WAS ONLY 2361 01:27:24,046 --> 01:27:24,980 SIGNIFICANT IN FEMALES BUT THEN 2362 01:27:24,980 --> 01:27:28,683 WE ALSO HAVE THESE NOVEL 6 AND 2363 01:27:28,683 --> 01:27:31,153 NOVEL 7 MICRORNATHAT IS INCREASE 2364 01:27:31,153 --> 01:27:32,220 SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PRETO POST 2365 01:27:32,220 --> 01:27:34,056 PROCEDURE AND THESE WERE IN MALE 2366 01:27:34,056 --> 01:27:36,892 AND FEMALE PIGGINGLIES AND FOR A 2367 01:27:36,892 --> 01:27:39,461 SUBSET OF THESE IN MIR 101 AND 2368 01:27:39,461 --> 01:27:43,231 ALSO AT 6, WE SAW A SIGNIFICANT 2369 01:27:43,231 --> 01:27:47,836 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTROL 2370 01:27:47,836 --> 01:27:48,503 ANIMALS AND FIROCOXIB, TREATMENT 2371 01:27:48,503 --> 01:27:50,072 AS WELL. 2372 01:27:50,072 --> 01:27:52,274 AND THE UNDERS UNDER THE CURVE 2373 01:27:52,274 --> 01:27:54,776 REFLECT THAT PERFECT OR NEAR 2374 01:27:54,776 --> 01:27:56,278 PERFECT SEPARATION BETWEEN 2375 01:27:56,278 --> 01:27:57,446 PREAND POST PROIED SEEDURE IN 2376 01:27:57,446 --> 01:27:59,648 THE CRETION AND ANIMAL CONTROLS 2377 01:27:59,648 --> 01:28:02,517 WHERE THE AREAS YOU SHOULD THE 2378 01:28:02,517 --> 01:28:03,718 CURVES REFLEKS THAT OVERLAPPING 2379 01:28:03,718 --> 01:28:04,186 EXPRESSION. 2380 01:28:04,186 --> 01:28:09,291 SO, THAT COULD BE EITHER LACK OF 2381 01:28:09,291 --> 01:28:10,492 SENSITIVITY OF THE BIOMARKER 2382 01:28:10,492 --> 01:28:15,997 SAID ITSELF AND THEINAL GEESIC 2383 01:28:15,997 --> 01:28:19,267 ITSELF OR THAT FIROCOXIB IS JUST 2384 01:28:19,267 --> 01:28:21,136 AS A VARIABLE AND THAT'S WITH 2385 01:28:21,136 --> 01:28:22,537 RESPECT TO BOTH THINGS. 2386 01:28:22,537 --> 01:28:26,741 INTERESTING WE HAD OVERLAP WITH 2387 01:28:26,741 --> 01:28:28,944 THE BOVINE MICRORNA SO THESE 2388 01:28:28,944 --> 01:28:30,946 SEQUENCES ARE IN SEQUENCE TO THE 2389 01:28:30,946 --> 01:28:32,414 MIR 1246, WHICH WAS 1 OF THE 2390 01:28:32,414 --> 01:28:34,583 LATE RESPONSE CHANGE THAT ALSO 2391 01:28:34,583 --> 01:28:36,118 SHOWED A REVERSE WITH MELOXICAM 2392 01:28:36,118 --> 01:28:37,752 IN THE CATTLE STUDY. 2393 01:28:37,752 --> 01:28:41,623 WE ALSO LOOKED TO SEE WHETHER 2394 01:28:41,623 --> 01:28:48,230 ANY OF THE SLOBBERING IDENTIFIED 2395 01:28:48,230 --> 01:28:50,198 IN MALE PIG WILLS REPLICATED 2396 01:28:50,198 --> 01:28:51,032 ACROSS BUT WE DEPARTMENT SAY 2397 01:28:51,032 --> 01:28:54,669 THAT THE PIG WILLS CHANGE THEIR 2398 01:28:54,669 --> 01:28:56,204 193 B65 OR 27 B, WE DIDN'T SEE 2399 01:28:56,204 --> 01:28:58,073 THAT IN THE SERUM EXOSTUDIES OF 2400 01:28:58,073 --> 01:28:58,840 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINES COMPARED TO 2401 01:28:58,840 --> 01:29:05,180 WHAT WE'VE SEEN IN THE SALIVA. 2402 01:29:05,180 --> 01:29:07,215 SO PROMISING EARLY FINDING 2403 01:29:07,215 --> 01:29:09,084 THERE, OBVIOUSLY STILL A LOT OF 2404 01:29:09,084 --> 01:29:09,784 REPLICATION AND VALIDATION WORK 2405 01:29:09,784 --> 01:29:11,153 TO DO AND WE'RE WORK ON THAT. 2406 01:29:11,153 --> 01:29:12,654 SOME OF THE KEY CHAL ERVEG ENCHS 2407 01:29:12,654 --> 01:29:14,222 WE HAVE SO FAR IN MOVING 2408 01:29:14,222 --> 01:29:16,625 FORWARD, 1 OF WHICH IS IN TERMS 2409 01:29:16,625 --> 01:29:18,927 OF REPLICATION BETWEEN STUDIES, 2410 01:29:18,927 --> 01:29:19,561 PARTICULARLY BETWEEN DIFFERENT 2411 01:29:19,561 --> 01:29:30,071 RESEARCH GROUPS SO WE'VE SEEN 2412 01:29:30,272 --> 01:29:31,006 EXAMPLES WHERE DIFFERENT 2413 01:29:31,006 --> 01:29:33,542 EXTRACTION METHODS AND QUALITY 2414 01:29:33,542 --> 01:29:36,878 CONTROLS, PREP, HOW THE RNA IS 2415 01:29:36,878 --> 01:29:38,647 EXTRACTED, LIBRARY PREP ANDS 2416 01:29:38,647 --> 01:29:39,781 SEQUENCING PLATFORMS THEY USE 2417 01:29:39,781 --> 01:29:41,216 AND POST SEQUENCING THE DECISION 2418 01:29:41,216 --> 01:29:43,518 IS MADE ABOUT THE 2419 01:29:43,518 --> 01:29:45,253 BIO-INFORMATICS PIPELINE AND 2420 01:29:45,253 --> 01:29:47,189 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OR MAKE IT 2421 01:29:47,189 --> 01:29:48,890 DIFFICULT TO COMPARE STUDIES AND 2422 01:29:48,890 --> 01:29:50,892 SEREPLICATION IN THE TOP 2423 01:29:50,892 --> 01:29:54,029 CANDIDATE MICRORNAs THAT MIGHT 2424 01:29:54,029 --> 01:29:54,329 COME OUT. 2425 01:29:54,329 --> 01:30:03,772 TRUSTEES ARE ALSO DISCUSSIONS 2426 01:30:03,772 --> 01:30:05,440 AROUND THE VALIDATION QPC R, 2427 01:30:05,440 --> 01:30:11,046 THAT IS NOW WITH THE NEXT STUDY, 2428 01:30:11,046 --> 01:30:13,915 TO VALIDATE THOSE SEQUENCING 2429 01:30:13,915 --> 01:30:14,516 FINDINGS THERE THERE ARE ALSO 2430 01:30:14,516 --> 01:30:17,819 THE BEST WAY OF DOING THAT QRTPC 2431 01:30:17,819 --> 01:30:18,587 R PARTICULARLY ABOUT WHAT 2432 01:30:18,587 --> 01:30:21,223 CONTROLS WE WILL HAVE WITHIN 2433 01:30:21,223 --> 01:30:22,757 THOSE EXPERIMENTS WHETHER WELL 2434 01:30:22,757 --> 01:30:25,927 CELEGANCES SPIKE SUGGEST REALLY 2435 01:30:25,927 --> 01:30:26,328 ENOUGH FOR THOSE. 2436 01:30:26,328 --> 01:30:27,662 THE OTHER 1 WHICH YOU MIGHT HAVE 2437 01:30:27,662 --> 01:30:30,832 PICKED UP ON IS 1 CHALLENGE IS 2438 01:30:30,832 --> 01:30:32,767 DEMON TRAITS SPECIFICITY HERE TO 2439 01:30:32,767 --> 01:30:36,071 PAIN OR DEASSOCIATED STRESS FOR 2440 01:30:36,071 --> 01:30:37,572 THE PROCEDURES AND WOUND HEALING 2441 01:30:37,572 --> 01:30:39,007 BECAUSE ALL OF THE CURRENT 2442 01:30:39,007 --> 01:30:40,642 APPROACH IN FOOD ANIMALS USE 2443 01:30:40,642 --> 01:30:43,278 THIS NATURALLY OCCURRING IN 2444 01:30:43,278 --> 01:30:44,579 MODELS OR WHICH INVOLVE TISSUE 2445 01:30:44,579 --> 01:30:47,215 DAMAGE AND OFTEN WE HAVE CARE 2446 01:30:47,215 --> 01:30:49,751 EFFICACY SO IT CAN BE DIFFICULT 2447 01:30:49,751 --> 01:30:51,987 TO DIFFERENTIATE THOSE 2 SO 2448 01:30:51,987 --> 01:30:53,388 THERE'S DISCUSSION TO BE HAD 2449 01:30:53,388 --> 01:30:54,256 ABOUT WHAT COMPLIMENTARY MODELS 2450 01:30:54,256 --> 01:30:55,957 WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO EMPLOY THAT 2451 01:30:55,957 --> 01:30:58,927 MAY BE NOT NECESSARILY VETINARLY 2452 01:30:58,927 --> 01:30:59,861 OR PRODUCTION RELEVANT BUT MY 2453 01:30:59,861 --> 01:31:02,063 HOPE IS NOT IT'S NOT TO SOME OF 2454 01:31:02,063 --> 01:31:02,998 THESE QUESTION ANDSTY TEASE THAT 2455 01:31:02,998 --> 01:31:04,666 OUT AND GIVE US MORE CONFIDENCE 2456 01:31:04,666 --> 01:31:06,835 IN THE PAIN NO PAIN HIGH GROUND 2457 01:31:06,835 --> 01:31:11,806 TRUTH TO TEST THESE BIOMARKERS. 2458 01:31:11,806 --> 01:31:14,943 HOW ARE WE DOING WITH TIME? 2459 01:31:14,943 --> 01:31:15,243 STILL GOOD. 2460 01:31:15,243 --> 01:31:15,477 PERFECT. 2461 01:31:15,477 --> 01:31:17,078 SO I WOULD LIKE TO FINISH UP 2462 01:31:17,078 --> 01:31:18,480 WITH TALKING ABOUT SOME OF THE 2463 01:31:18,480 --> 01:31:21,316 WORK WE'RE DOING DOWN IN 2464 01:31:21,316 --> 01:31:24,119 AUSTRALIA, WHICH AT THE 2465 01:31:24,119 --> 01:31:27,355 UNIVERSITY OF ADLAID WITH MARK 2466 01:31:27,355 --> 01:31:29,157 HUTCHINS SON'S TEAM, WE'VE JUST 2467 01:31:29,157 --> 01:31:32,627 TAKEN OUR 2 FLOCKS OF LAMBS 2468 01:31:32,627 --> 01:31:34,663 THROUGH LAMBS THROUGH FROM 2469 01:31:34,663 --> 01:31:36,064 MARKING TO HABITAT 12 MONTHS. 2470 01:31:36,064 --> 01:31:38,500 IN HERE WE HAVE DEFINITE 2471 01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:40,368 COMBINATIONS OF KNOWN MARKING 2472 01:31:40,368 --> 01:31:42,837 VERSUS VARIATIONS ON MICE AND 2473 01:31:42,837 --> 01:31:45,073 RING TAU DOCKING AND WITH OR 2474 01:31:45,073 --> 01:31:46,975 WITHOUT CASTRATION IN THE IN THE 2475 01:31:46,975 --> 01:31:47,442 MALES. 2476 01:31:47,442 --> 01:31:48,977 AND THE LAMBS WERE ASSISTED AT 2477 01:31:48,977 --> 01:31:50,512 BASE LINE AND VARIOUS TIME 2478 01:31:50,512 --> 01:31:52,113 POINTS OUT TO 12 MONTHS. 2479 01:31:52,113 --> 01:31:53,915 WE HAVE VIDEO FOR BEHEAEVERRIAL 2480 01:31:53,915 --> 01:32:00,322 ASSESSMENTS AND WE'VE ALSO DONE 2481 01:32:00,322 --> 01:32:02,891 MECHANICAL NOCICEPTIV TESTING. 2482 01:32:02,891 --> 01:32:05,794 IN TERMS OF VIDEO AND 2483 01:32:05,794 --> 01:32:07,162 VALIDATION, WE HAVE A STUDENT 2484 01:32:07,162 --> 01:32:08,196 WORKING TO ASSESS THE PAIP 2485 01:32:08,196 --> 01:32:09,964 BEHAVIOR AND SHE HAS INTERESTING 2486 01:32:09,964 --> 01:32:12,000 PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THAT 2487 01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:15,704 SHOWING CLEAR BEHAVIORIAL 2488 01:32:15,704 --> 01:32:18,640 RESPONSES IN RING DOCKED FEMALE 2489 01:32:18,640 --> 01:32:22,277 ANDS CAST RATED MALES BUT NO 2490 01:32:22,277 --> 01:32:25,013 SIGNIFICANT BEHAVIOR IN KNIFE 2491 01:32:25,013 --> 01:32:26,381 KNOCKED ANIMALS AND THOSE SEEM 2492 01:32:26,381 --> 01:32:28,717 TO BE GONE BY 4 HOURS POST 2493 01:32:28,717 --> 01:32:28,983 PROCEDURE. 2494 01:32:28,983 --> 01:32:30,485 IN ARK DITION TO THAT WE HAVE 2495 01:32:30,485 --> 01:32:33,621 OUR BLOOD SAMPLES TO LOOK AT, 2496 01:32:33,621 --> 01:32:35,557 PLASMA RNA, TRANSCRIPTOME AND 2497 01:32:35,557 --> 01:32:37,225 EPIGENOME LOOKING AT THE COLOR 2498 01:32:37,225 --> 01:32:39,327 OF PAIN, AND MULTISPECTRAL 2499 01:32:39,327 --> 01:32:40,362 ANALYSIS DOING THE SHAPED 2500 01:32:40,362 --> 01:32:42,097 VERSION OF THAT HUMAN 2501 01:32:42,097 --> 01:32:43,832 PHENOTYPING TEST THAT WEB 2502 01:32:43,832 --> 01:32:44,632 CONNECTED USE TO DIFFERENTIATE 2503 01:32:44,632 --> 01:32:48,703 BETWEEN PAIN PATIENTS AND 2504 01:32:48,703 --> 01:32:49,037 CONTROLS. 2505 01:32:49,037 --> 01:32:52,207 WE TOOK SAMPLES AS WELL TO 2506 01:32:52,207 --> 01:32:55,210 CONDUCT ANALYSIS ON CORTISOL, 2507 01:32:55,210 --> 01:32:56,978 AND HYDROCORTISONE, AND AT 12 2508 01:32:56,978 --> 01:32:58,480 MONTHS WE CLEBTED BRAINS AND 2509 01:32:58,480 --> 01:33:02,817 SPINAL CORDS SO THE TEAM VERY 2510 01:33:02,817 --> 01:33:03,818 BUSY AT THE MOMENT SLICING AND 2511 01:33:03,818 --> 01:33:05,320 STAINING THOSE TO LOOK THEA 2512 01:33:05,320 --> 01:33:06,621 CHAIRVELGS IN THE CELLULAR AND 2513 01:33:06,621 --> 01:33:08,823 MORPH O LONLICAL LEVELS IN THE 2514 01:33:08,823 --> 01:33:09,023 BRAIN. 2515 01:33:09,023 --> 01:33:10,925 SO ALTOGETHER WE'RE TRYING TO 2516 01:33:10,925 --> 01:33:12,460 GENERATE HERE, AN INTEGRATED 2517 01:33:12,460 --> 01:33:14,529 PICTURE OF THE ACUTE TO 2518 01:33:14,529 --> 01:33:16,231 LONG-TERM MOLECULAR TO CELLULAR 2519 01:33:16,231 --> 01:33:19,334 TO SYSTEMS TO BEHAVIORIAL 2520 01:33:19,334 --> 01:33:21,102 CONSEQUENCES OF THESE PAINFUL 2521 01:33:21,102 --> 01:33:22,237 PROCEDURES IN SHEEP. 2522 01:33:22,237 --> 01:33:23,772 SO HOPEFULLY IN 2ER YOAN 2523 01:33:23,772 --> 01:33:24,739 MONCADAS TIME WE'LL HAVE SOMEONE 2524 01:33:24,739 --> 01:33:26,141 FROM THE TEAM HERE TO PRECEPT 2525 01:33:26,141 --> 01:33:28,843 HAD SOME OF THOSE RESULS FROM 2526 01:33:28,843 --> 01:33:29,577 THAT TRIAL. 2527 01:33:29,577 --> 01:33:33,581 AND THAT'S IT FOR ME. 2528 01:33:33,581 --> 01:33:33,882 THANK YOU. 2529 01:33:33,882 --> 01:33:44,092 [ APPLAUSE ] 2530 01:33:44,859 --> 01:33:45,460 NTHANK YOU SPEAKERS. 2531 01:33:45,460 --> 01:33:47,395 WE WILL TAKE A BREAK BUT BEFORE 2532 01:33:47,395 --> 01:33:51,065 WE DO DR. JULIA BACHMAN FROM THE 2533 01:33:51,065 --> 01:33:53,234 NIH HEAL INITIATIVE, WILL GIVE A 2534 01:33:53,234 --> 01:34:03,645 PLUG FOR 2 HEAL FUNDING 2535 01:34:05,146 --> 01:34:05,914 OPPORTUNITIES. 2536 01:34:05,914 --> 01:34:07,749 NETWORK SO SORRY TO DELAY YOUR 2537 01:34:07,749 --> 01:34:09,184 KAFIN INTAKE BY JUST A MOMENT. 2538 01:34:09,184 --> 01:34:11,219 I WANT TO QUICKLY INTRODUCE 2539 01:34:11,219 --> 01:34:12,854 MYSELF AND IF RELEVANT FUNDING 2540 01:34:12,854 --> 01:34:14,055 OPPORTUNITIES WE THINK YOU MIGHT 2541 01:34:14,055 --> 01:34:15,757 BE INTERESTED IN. 2542 01:34:15,757 --> 01:34:19,527 I AM JULIA, I AM WITH THE HEAL 2543 01:34:19,527 --> 01:34:20,695 IPT GREATERRISHIAATIVE HELPING 2544 01:34:20,695 --> 01:34:21,963 END ADDITION LONG-TERM WHICH IS 2545 01:34:21,963 --> 01:34:26,601 THE TREPPED TO STEM THE OPIOID 2546 01:34:26,601 --> 01:34:27,702 EPIDEMIC BY BEDDING TREATMENT 2547 01:34:27,702 --> 01:34:28,336 MANAGEMENT AND PAIN. 2548 01:34:28,336 --> 01:34:29,537 WE HAVE 2 FUNDING OPEN 2549 01:34:29,537 --> 01:34:30,705 OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE 2550 01:34:30,705 --> 01:34:31,773 DEVELOPMENT AND RIGOROUS 2551 01:34:31,773 --> 01:34:33,074 VALIDATION OF ANIMAL MODELS AND 2552 01:34:33,074 --> 01:34:34,175 PAIN RELATED OUTCOME MEASURES, 2553 01:34:34,175 --> 01:34:37,145 SO AS A PART OF THESE FUNDING 2554 01:34:37,145 --> 01:34:38,947 OPPORTUNITIES, SOMETHING WE'RE 2555 01:34:38,947 --> 01:34:40,348 REALLY ENCOURAGING IS REALLY 2556 01:34:40,348 --> 01:34:41,850 STRESSING THE RIGOROUS 2557 01:34:41,850 --> 01:34:43,918 VALIDATION, SO THERE WERE SLIDES 2558 01:34:43,918 --> 01:34:45,987 EARLIER OUTLINING SOME GREAT 2559 01:34:45,987 --> 01:34:47,188 ELEMENTS OF METHOD LOGICAL 2560 01:34:47,188 --> 01:34:48,957 QUALITY AND RIGOR AS WELL AS 2561 01:34:48,957 --> 01:34:50,124 DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALIDITY AND 2562 01:34:50,124 --> 01:34:51,893 RELIABILITY, SO ALL OF THESE ARE 2563 01:34:51,893 --> 01:34:54,062 KEY PARAMETERS THAT WE ARE 2564 01:34:54,062 --> 01:34:54,896 HOPING INVESTIGATORS EXPLORE AS 2565 01:34:54,896 --> 01:34:56,965 PART OF THESE FUNDING TIEWPTS. 2566 01:34:56,965 --> 01:34:58,266 ANOTHER IMPORTANT THING TO 2567 01:34:58,266 --> 01:35:00,869 MENTION IS WE'RE ENCOURAGING 2568 01:35:00,869 --> 01:35:01,469 INDEPENDENT REPLICATION, ARK 2569 01:35:01,469 --> 01:35:04,038 ASSESSING PAIN AS A 2570 01:35:04,038 --> 01:35:06,140 MULTIDEDIMENSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2571 01:35:06,140 --> 01:35:07,175 AND ALSO ENCOURAGING 2572 01:35:07,175 --> 01:35:11,079 MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS AND 2573 01:35:11,079 --> 01:35:12,680 CLINICIANS BIOSTATISTICIANS, ALL 2574 01:35:12,680 --> 01:35:13,515 WORKING TOGETHER, IMPORTANT 2575 01:35:13,515 --> 01:35:14,782 PERSPECTIVES TO BRING TO THESE 2576 01:35:14,782 --> 01:35:16,618 PROJECTS AND AS DUNCAN MENTIONED 2577 01:35:16,618 --> 01:35:18,186 EARLIER, A LOT OF THAT DIFFERENT 2578 01:35:18,186 --> 01:35:19,954 EXPERTISE IS IN THIS ROOM TODAY, 2579 01:35:19,954 --> 01:35:20,622 SOPHISTICATED I WOULD ENCOURAGE 2580 01:35:20,622 --> 01:35:22,190 TO YOU TALK TO EACH OTHER, TALK 2581 01:35:22,190 --> 01:35:24,592 TO US, MY COLLEAGUES, THE DOCTOR 2582 01:35:24,592 --> 01:35:26,327 AND SHOULD BE HERE FOR AT LEAST 2583 01:35:26,327 --> 01:35:28,630 PART OR ALL OF THIS MEETING 2584 01:35:28,630 --> 01:35:29,731 TODAY AND TOMORROW, AND YOU'RE 2585 01:35:29,731 --> 01:35:30,899 WELCOME TO CONTACT US AFTER THE 2586 01:35:30,899 --> 01:35:33,101 FACT, IF YOU HAVE IDEAS AND WANT 2587 01:35:33,101 --> 01:35:35,737 TO TALK ABOUT THE PROJECT AS IT 2588 01:35:35,737 --> 01:35:37,205 RELATES TO THESE FUNDING 2589 01:35:37,205 --> 01:35:38,973 OPPORTUNITIES. 2590 01:35:38,973 --> 01:35:39,307 THANK YOU. 2591 01:35:39,307 --> 01:35:42,043 [ APPLAUSE ] 2592 01:35:42,043 --> 01:35:46,180 AND WE'LL BREAK UNTIL 10:50. 2593 01:35:46,180 --> 01:35:46,985 THANK YOU. 2594 01:35:46,985 --> 01:35:48,654 SO WE'RE READY TO START OFF 2595 01:35:48,654 --> 01:35:50,756 OUR NEXT SESSION, SESSION BEFORE 2596 01:35:50,756 --> 01:35:50,956 LUNCH. 2597 01:35:50,956 --> 01:35:53,859 SWITCHING GEARS A LITTLE BIT AND 2598 01:35:53,859 --> 01:35:55,160 FOCUSING ON ARTIFICIAL 2599 01:35:55,160 --> 01:35:56,695 INTELLIGENCE AND VETERINARY 2600 01:35:56,695 --> 01:36:00,265 MEDICINE, OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS 2601 01:36:00,265 --> 01:36:03,602 DR. P A RMINDER BASRAN, FROM 2602 01:36:03,602 --> 01:36:04,036 CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 2603 01:36:04,036 --> 01:36:08,073 HE RECEIVED HIS Ph.D. FROM THE 2604 01:36:08,073 --> 01:36:09,441 UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY AND THE 2605 01:36:09,441 --> 01:36:12,778 LAB IS NAMED THE VETERINARY 2606 01:36:12,778 --> 01:36:15,681 ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE AND 2607 01:36:15,681 --> 01:36:17,749 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES AND THERAPY OR 2608 01:36:17,749 --> 01:36:20,652 THE VADER LAB, AND HAS 3 MAIN 2609 01:36:20,652 --> 01:36:22,788 FOCUSING IN VETERINARY 2610 01:36:22,788 --> 01:36:23,655 RADIATION, TREATMENT PLAN, 2611 01:36:23,655 --> 01:36:25,691 MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND 2612 01:36:25,691 --> 01:36:27,659 ANALYSIS AND WE'RE EXCITED TO 2613 01:36:27,659 --> 01:36:29,761 HAVE DR. BASRAN TALK TO US A 2614 01:36:29,761 --> 01:36:31,263 LITTLE BIT ABOUT SOME OF HIS 2615 01:36:31,263 --> 01:36:33,265 WORK WITH AI AND VETERINARY 2616 01:36:33,265 --> 01:36:33,532 MEDICINE. 2617 01:36:33,532 --> 01:36:43,075 SO WELCOME, THANK YOU. 2618 01:36:43,075 --> 01:36:53,318 [ APPLAUSE ] 2619 01:37:13,839 --> 01:37:15,707 MTHANK YOU FOR THE INTRODUCTION 2620 01:37:15,707 --> 01:37:17,476 AND THANKS FOR THE COMMITTEE FOR 2621 01:37:17,476 --> 01:37:18,176 INVITING ME HERE. 2622 01:37:18,176 --> 01:37:22,180 MY GOAL TODAY IS TO--SO QUICK 2623 01:37:22,180 --> 01:37:23,815 SHOW OF HANDS, WHO KNOWS 2624 01:37:23,815 --> 01:37:25,617 ANYTHING ABOUT ARTIFICIAL 2625 01:37:25,617 --> 01:37:26,018 INTELIENCE. 2626 01:37:26,018 --> 01:37:26,718 A LITTLE BIT. 2627 01:37:26,718 --> 01:37:27,019 OKAY, GREAT. 2628 01:37:27,019 --> 01:37:30,055 THIS IS FOR THE REST OF YOU. 2629 01:37:30,055 --> 01:37:32,357 MOST OF THE IMAGES THAT I'M 2630 01:37:32,357 --> 01:37:33,992 GOING TO SHOW HAVE BEEN 2631 01:37:33,992 --> 01:37:35,427 GONEERATED THROUGH WHAT'S CALLED 2632 01:37:35,427 --> 01:37:37,829 STABLE DIFFUSION SO IF THEY LOOK 2633 01:37:37,829 --> 01:37:39,331 WEIRD IT'S BECAUSE THEY'RE MADE 2634 01:37:39,331 --> 01:37:40,499 BY AN AI SYSTEM. 2635 01:37:40,499 --> 01:37:42,267 HERE'S THE OUTLINE FOR TODAY AND 2636 01:37:42,267 --> 01:37:44,436 LET'S JUMP RIGHT INTO IT. 2637 01:37:44,436 --> 01:37:45,237 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, WHAT 2638 01:37:45,237 --> 01:37:47,439 ARE THEY? 2639 01:37:47,439 --> 01:37:48,674 THEY ARE ILTELEIGENCE AGENTS 2640 01:37:48,674 --> 01:37:49,808 THAT PERCEIVE THE ENVIRONMENT, 2641 01:37:49,808 --> 01:37:51,843 TAKE ACTION, YOU BET INPUT AND 2642 01:37:51,843 --> 01:37:54,579 YOU GENERATE USEFUL OUTPUT, 2643 01:37:54,579 --> 01:37:57,049 THEY'RE PERVASIVE, THEY'RE 2644 01:37:57,049 --> 01:37:58,183 EVERYWHERE, GOOGLE, 2645 01:37:58,183 --> 01:38:00,552 RECOMMENDATION, SPEECH 2646 01:38:00,552 --> 01:38:01,820 RECOGNITION, FRAUD DETECTION, SO 2647 01:38:01,820 --> 01:38:02,020 FORTH. 2648 01:38:02,020 --> 01:38:06,358 WE USED TO THINK THIS WAS A 2649 01:38:06,358 --> 01:38:08,260 CLEVER USE OF FORM OF AI AND WE 2650 01:38:08,260 --> 01:38:09,962 DON'T EVEN THINK OF THAT BEING 2651 01:38:09,962 --> 01:38:10,329 USEFUL ANYMORE. 2652 01:38:10,329 --> 01:38:11,630 WHAT IS,A I AND MACHINE LEARNING 2653 01:38:11,630 --> 01:38:13,665 I WILL TRY TO DEMYSTIFY IT A BIT 2654 01:38:13,665 --> 01:38:14,633 LEARNING, CAN YOU THINK OF 2655 01:38:14,633 --> 01:38:17,803 MACHINE LEARNING AS A SUBSET OF 2656 01:38:17,803 --> 01:38:18,370 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, SO 2657 01:38:18,370 --> 01:38:19,705 IMAGINE HAVE YOU A VERY LARGE 2658 01:38:19,705 --> 01:38:21,006 DATA SET AND YOUR GOAL IS TO 2659 01:38:21,006 --> 01:38:24,209 TROO I TO DRAW CONNECTIONS 2660 01:38:24,209 --> 01:38:26,311 BETWEEN THIS LARGE DATA SET AND 2661 01:38:26,311 --> 01:38:27,379 SOME KNOWN OUTPUTS, MAYBE FOR 2662 01:38:27,379 --> 01:38:29,881 EXAMPLE, HAVE YOU A WHOLE BUNCH 2663 01:38:29,881 --> 01:38:31,850 OF BLOOD SERUM DATA AND YOU WANT 2664 01:38:31,850 --> 01:38:35,387 TO PREDICT SOME KIND OF SCORE. 2665 01:38:35,387 --> 01:38:37,456 THAT WOULD BE A SUPERVISED 2666 01:38:37,456 --> 01:38:41,693 PROBLEM OF CONTINUOUS VARIABLES, 2667 01:38:41,693 --> 01:38:44,029 I. E. THE CONCENTRATION OF THESE 2668 01:38:44,029 --> 01:38:45,864 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS AND YOU WOULD 2669 01:38:45,864 --> 01:38:47,432 USE A REGRESSION MODEL TO 2670 01:38:47,432 --> 01:38:48,200 GENERATE AN OUTPUT. 2671 01:38:48,200 --> 01:38:49,368 THE KEY DIFFERENCE HERE IS THAT 2672 01:38:49,368 --> 01:38:52,237 THE LEVEL OF SOPHISTICATION IN 2673 01:38:52,237 --> 01:38:53,972 THESE LEVEL OF ALGORITHMS IS 2674 01:38:53,972 --> 01:38:57,175 DEEP AND RICH SUCH THAT THEY CAN 2675 01:38:57,175 --> 01:38:58,043 HANDLE TREMENDOUSLY EPPED 2676 01:38:58,043 --> 01:39:00,779 OMOUNTS OF DATA AND THERE ARE A 2677 01:39:00,779 --> 01:39:01,880 PLETHORA OF DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS 2678 01:39:01,880 --> 01:39:03,181 TO BE USED BETWEEN THE DATA AND 2679 01:39:03,181 --> 01:39:06,051 THE OUTPUT THAT YOU WANT. 2680 01:39:06,051 --> 01:39:08,020 YOU MAY ALSO HAVE DISCREET 2681 01:39:08,020 --> 01:39:08,653 VARIABLES. 2682 01:39:08,653 --> 01:39:10,022 YOU MAY HAVE A WHOLE BUNCH OF 2683 01:39:10,022 --> 01:39:11,456 MEDICAL IMAGES THAT YOU WANT TO 2684 01:39:11,456 --> 01:39:14,159 CLASSIFY OR DETERMINE IF A DOG 2685 01:39:14,159 --> 01:39:15,560 HAS SOME SORT OF HEART DISEASE 2686 01:39:15,560 --> 01:39:18,330 OR IF IT HAS METASTASIS AND SO 2687 01:39:18,330 --> 01:39:18,764 FORTH. 2688 01:39:18,764 --> 01:39:23,902 AGAIN, THIS IS A SUPERVISED 2689 01:39:23,902 --> 01:39:25,771 PROBLEM WHERE YOU CAN STRUCTURED 2690 01:39:25,771 --> 01:39:28,206 INPUT DATA AND HAVE SOME 2691 01:39:28,206 --> 01:39:29,241 STRUCTURED OUTPUT. 2692 01:39:29,241 --> 01:39:30,742 AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE SITUATIONS 2693 01:39:30,742 --> 01:39:32,077 WHERE YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 2694 01:39:32,077 --> 01:39:33,512 DATA IS TELLING YOU AND YOU WANT 2695 01:39:33,512 --> 01:39:35,047 IT TO TELL WHAT YOU'S GOING ON. 2696 01:39:35,047 --> 01:39:36,882 SO YOU CAN USE DEDUCTIVE 2697 01:39:36,882 --> 01:39:39,117 REASONING THROUGH WHAT ARE 2698 01:39:39,117 --> 01:39:40,152 CALLED UNSUPERICIZED MACHINE 2699 01:39:40,152 --> 01:39:42,454 LEARNING METHODS AND YOU CAN USE 2700 01:39:42,454 --> 01:39:46,558 VARIABLES FOR THESE PROBLEMS. 2701 01:39:46,558 --> 01:39:48,160 THE GENERAL APPROACH FOR ANY 2702 01:39:48,160 --> 01:39:50,162 KIND OF MACHINE LEARNING FOLLOWS 2703 01:39:50,162 --> 01:39:51,430 SOMETHING LIKE THIS WHERE YOU 2704 01:39:51,430 --> 01:39:53,165 TYPICALLY WOULD HAVE VERY, VERY 2705 01:39:53,165 --> 01:39:54,800 LARGE CHUNKS AND PIECES OF DATA 2706 01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:57,135 TO SAY THAT WE'RE GOING TO 2707 01:39:57,135 --> 01:39:59,004 GENERATE A SUPERVISED MACHINE 2708 01:39:59,004 --> 01:40:00,272 LEARNING ALGORITHM, WE WANT TO 2709 01:40:00,272 --> 01:40:01,339 PREDICT SOMETHING FROM THIS LARM 2710 01:40:01,339 --> 01:40:02,774 DATA SET BUT WE TAKE A GOOD 2711 01:40:02,774 --> 01:40:05,777 CHUNK OF THAT DATA AND MAYBE 70, 2712 01:40:05,777 --> 01:40:08,747 80% OF IT, AND USE THAT TO TRAIN 2713 01:40:08,747 --> 01:40:09,214 A MODEL. 2714 01:40:09,214 --> 01:40:10,982 THE REST OF THAT 20% WE PUT 2715 01:40:10,982 --> 01:40:14,953 ASIDE AND KEEP IT IN A CORNER. 2716 01:40:14,953 --> 01:40:17,956 WITH THAT 70-80% OF THAT DATA WE 2717 01:40:17,956 --> 01:40:20,725 THEN EXPLORE DIFFERENT--WE CAN 2718 01:40:20,725 --> 01:40:22,060 ATTEST DIFFERENT MACHINE 2719 01:40:22,060 --> 01:40:23,829 LEARNING ALGORITHMS TO TRY TO 2720 01:40:23,829 --> 01:40:25,197 PREDICT THIS OUTCOME THAT WE'RE 2721 01:40:25,197 --> 01:40:26,131 INTERESTED IN. 2722 01:40:26,131 --> 01:40:27,432 AND GENERALLY THIS MEANS WE HAVE 2723 01:40:27,432 --> 01:40:28,400 TO CREATE A LOSS FUNCTION. 2724 01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:30,635 WE ARE TO DEFINE A METRIC WHICH 2725 01:40:30,635 --> 01:40:32,237 TAKES THE PREDICTION AND THE 2726 01:40:32,237 --> 01:40:34,673 MEASURED OUTPUT AND MEASURE THAT 2727 01:40:34,673 --> 01:40:36,508 AND PRESUMABLY THE ALGORITHM 2728 01:40:36,508 --> 01:40:37,776 PERFORMS BETTER AS THAT LOSS 2729 01:40:37,776 --> 01:40:38,743 FUNCTION STARTS TO GO DOWN. 2730 01:40:38,743 --> 01:40:41,279 SO WE DO THIS ARK PROACH 2731 01:40:41,279 --> 01:40:43,181 THROUGHOUT--USING ALL THOSE 2732 01:40:43,181 --> 01:40:44,749 SOPHISTICATED ALGORITHMS TO 2733 01:40:44,749 --> 01:40:47,652 BUILD A MODEL THAT HAS A LOW 2734 01:40:47,652 --> 01:40:48,620 LOSS FUNCTION. 2735 01:40:48,620 --> 01:40:50,088 YOU CAN THROW DIFFERENT KINDS OF 2736 01:40:50,088 --> 01:40:54,993 DATA SETS, CAN YOU HAVE 2737 01:40:54,993 --> 01:40:56,394 MULTIINSTITUTIONAL DATA SETS AND 2738 01:40:56,394 --> 01:40:58,096 THEY WILL ALL PERFORM 2739 01:40:58,096 --> 01:41:00,499 DIFFERENTLY BASED ON THE MODEL 2740 01:41:00,499 --> 01:41:00,866 YOU COLLECTED. 2741 01:41:00,866 --> 01:41:02,234 ONCE YOU HAVE THE MODEL, YOU 2742 01:41:02,234 --> 01:41:03,602 HAVE THE TEST DATA ISSUES THING 2743 01:41:03,602 --> 01:41:04,803 YOU PUT ARK SIDE, THAT'S THE 2744 01:41:04,803 --> 01:41:06,471 DAILY BASIS THEA YOU USE TO 2745 01:41:06,471 --> 01:41:10,542 EVALUATE THE MODEL ITSELF. 2746 01:41:10,542 --> 01:41:12,978 WHAT KINDS OF FORMS OF AI ARE 2747 01:41:12,978 --> 01:41:13,211 THERE? 2748 01:41:13,211 --> 01:41:14,779 YOU CAN THINK OF THEM IN 3 WAYS, 2749 01:41:14,779 --> 01:41:18,550 I WILL GO INTO DETAIL ON HOW 2750 01:41:18,550 --> 01:41:21,086 EACH OF THESE AI METHODS WORK. 2751 01:41:21,086 --> 01:41:22,587 HAVE YOU COMPUTER VISION, YOU 2752 01:41:22,587 --> 01:41:23,989 HAVE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 2753 01:41:23,989 --> 01:41:25,757 THAT ARE CONNECTED TO THESE LONG 2754 01:41:25,757 --> 01:41:26,892 LANGUAGE MODELS YOU MAY HAVE 2755 01:41:26,892 --> 01:41:31,530 HEARD OF AND THEN SPEECH REG 2756 01:41:31,530 --> 01:41:31,763 NITION. 2757 01:41:31,763 --> 01:41:32,797 IN COMPUTER VISION, WHAT WE'RE 2758 01:41:32,797 --> 01:41:35,800 TRYING TO DO IS GENERALLY 2759 01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:36,501 SIMULATE WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE 2760 01:41:36,501 --> 01:41:37,569 A YOU HAD MAP BRAIN. 2761 01:41:37,569 --> 01:41:39,638 AND IF YOU HAVE A PICTURE OF FOR 2762 01:41:39,638 --> 01:41:41,306 EXAMPLE, A DOG, WHAT WE 2763 01:41:41,306 --> 01:41:43,475 TYPICALLY THINK HAPPENS, IS THAT 2764 01:41:43,475 --> 01:41:44,876 A SERIES OF NODE ANDS 2765 01:41:44,876 --> 01:41:47,746 CONNECTIONS TWOAN THE NODES AND 2766 01:41:47,746 --> 01:41:49,047 BRAINS WITHIE DIFFERENT PATTERNS 2767 01:41:49,047 --> 01:41:50,982 AND WEIGHTS, ALL COLLECTIVELY 2768 01:41:50,982 --> 01:41:54,119 REPRESENT WHAT WE THINK OF AS 2769 01:41:54,119 --> 01:41:55,120 BEING A DOG. 2770 01:41:55,120 --> 01:41:56,755 AND WHAT COMPUTER VISION TRIES 2771 01:41:56,755 --> 01:41:58,957 TO DO IS EMULATE THAT KIND OF 2772 01:41:58,957 --> 01:42:04,329 BEHAVIOR WITHIN A COMPUTER. 2773 01:42:04,329 --> 01:42:06,331 NOW THIS IS A FIELD OF COMPUTER 2774 01:42:06,331 --> 01:42:08,200 VISION REALLY DIDN'T TAKE OFF 2775 01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:09,701 UNTIL THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A 2776 01:42:09,701 --> 01:42:11,303 DATABASE AND SO IT'S REALLY 2777 01:42:11,303 --> 01:42:12,938 INTERESTING TO HEAR THE 2778 01:42:12,938 --> 01:42:13,872 IMPORTANCE OF STANDARDIZED DATA 2779 01:42:13,872 --> 01:42:18,877 BECAUSE IT WAS THIS IMAGE NET 2780 01:42:18,877 --> 01:42:23,348 DATABASE THAT REALLY BLEW--BLEW 2781 01:42:23,348 --> 01:42:24,716 UP THE WHOLE FIELD OF COMPUTER 2782 01:42:24,716 --> 01:42:27,118 VISION EMPLOY IT WAS A PROFESSOR 2783 01:42:27,118 --> 01:42:30,822 THAT SAID WE ARE 15 DIFFERENT 2784 01:42:30,822 --> 01:42:32,624 COMPUTERS WITH 15 DIFFERENT DATA 2785 01:42:32,624 --> 01:42:33,425 SETS COLLECTING MULTIPLE 2786 01:42:33,425 --> 01:42:34,726 OBLIGATIONS YECTS AND THE 2787 01:42:34,726 --> 01:42:41,199 PROFESSOR SAID I'M GOING TO GET 2788 01:42:41,199 --> 01:42:42,267 1.2 MILLION HIGH RESOLUTION 2789 01:42:42,267 --> 01:42:43,001 CLASSIFICATIONS AND PROVIDE THE 2790 01:42:43,001 --> 01:42:45,170 DATA SET FOR IT TO COMPARE. 2791 01:42:45,170 --> 01:42:47,806 AND IT WAS THIS IMPETUS TO 2792 01:42:47,806 --> 01:42:48,873 COMPARE DIFFERENT COMPUTER 2793 01:42:48,873 --> 01:42:49,241 APPROACHES. 2794 01:42:49,241 --> 01:42:49,874 ANOTHER REALLY IMPORTANT THING 2795 01:42:49,874 --> 01:42:51,509 THAT HAPPENED WAS THE INVENTION 2796 01:42:51,509 --> 01:42:54,045 OF WHAT'S CALLED THE 2797 01:42:54,045 --> 01:42:55,380 CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK, THERE'S A 2798 01:42:55,380 --> 01:42:59,084 GRAD STUDENT BY THE NAME OF 2799 01:42:59,084 --> 01:43:02,087 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO YOU MAY HAVE 2800 01:43:02,087 --> 01:43:03,855 HEARD OF LEAVING GOOGLE AND 2801 01:43:03,855 --> 01:43:05,557 RESIGNING AND CAUSING THE BIG 2802 01:43:05,557 --> 01:43:05,991 FUSS. 2803 01:43:05,991 --> 01:43:07,092 IT'S THIS FELLOW HERE. 2804 01:43:07,092 --> 01:43:08,994 HE DECIDED TO CREATE A NEURAL 2805 01:43:08,994 --> 01:43:10,729 NETWORK BASED ON IMAGES. 2806 01:43:10,729 --> 01:43:12,530 AND THIS IS WHAT IT FIRST LOOKS 2807 01:43:12,530 --> 01:43:17,035 LIKE, THIS IS THE FIRST COMPUE 2808 01:43:17,035 --> 01:43:18,303 TUITIONAL NEURAL NETWORK WHICH 2809 01:43:18,303 --> 01:43:21,539 SUBJECTED TO AN XREA IMAGE OF A 2810 01:43:21,539 --> 01:43:22,107 NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT. 2811 01:43:22,107 --> 01:43:23,575 THESE ARE TRUE IN DETAIL, - IT 2812 01:43:23,575 --> 01:43:24,876 IS TAKEN ME HOURS TO CREATE THIS 2813 01:43:24,876 --> 01:43:26,044 BUT THE BOTTOM LINE HERE WHAT 2814 01:43:26,044 --> 01:43:28,413 IT'S TRYING TO DO IS IT'S TAKING 2815 01:43:28,413 --> 01:43:30,548 AN IMAGE AND IT'S GOING TO 2816 01:43:30,548 --> 01:43:32,851 CLASSIFY IT, PROVIDE 2817 01:43:32,851 --> 01:43:34,085 PROBABILITIES FOR EACH OF THE 2818 01:43:34,085 --> 01:43:35,820 THOUSAND OBJECTS THAT IT CAN 2819 01:43:35,820 --> 01:43:38,256 CLASSIFY, SO IN THIS CASE, IT'S 2820 01:43:38,256 --> 01:43:39,758 TAKEN THIS IMAGE, AND IT'S 2821 01:43:39,758 --> 01:43:44,162 CLASSIFIED IT AS A SPENDLE, 2822 01:43:44,162 --> 01:43:44,362 17.7%. 2823 01:43:44,362 --> 01:43:45,797 I'M GOING TO GO INTO MORE DETAIL 2824 01:43:45,797 --> 01:43:47,565 AS TO HOW THIS ACTUALLY HAPPENS. 2825 01:43:47,565 --> 01:43:50,001 IT TAKES THIS IMAGE, AND THEN IT 2826 01:43:50,001 --> 01:43:54,639 RESAMPLES IT DOWN INTO A COMMON 2827 01:43:54,639 --> 01:43:58,910 SIZE, 22, AND THEN IT PERFOR THE 2828 01:43:58,910 --> 01:43:59,711 PURPOSES CONVOLUNTEERSULATION 2829 01:43:59,711 --> 01:43:59,944 FILTERS. 2830 01:43:59,944 --> 01:44:01,079 IT YOU THINK OF THEM AS 2831 01:44:01,079 --> 01:44:06,084 PLURIPOTENT C 2832 01:44:06,084 --> 01:44:06,618 ELLSINESS--BLIEWRINESS OR 2833 01:44:06,618 --> 01:44:08,253 IMAGES PUT ON THE IMAGE THAT 2834 01:44:08,253 --> 01:44:09,788 EXTRACT CERTAIN FEATURES OF THAT 2835 01:44:09,788 --> 01:44:10,355 IMAGE. 2836 01:44:10,355 --> 01:44:13,124 IN THIS CASE, THERE ARE 96 2837 01:44:13,124 --> 01:44:13,825 DIFFERENT FILTERS OR 96 2838 01:44:13,825 --> 01:44:15,527 DIFFERENT IMAGES THAT ARE 2839 01:44:15,527 --> 01:44:16,895 RESULTING AND IT'S ALSO SCHURCHG 2840 01:44:16,895 --> 01:44:20,365 DOWN IN SIZE TO 55 BY 55. 2841 01:44:20,365 --> 01:44:22,934 SO HERE'S THE ORIGINAL IMAGE, 2842 01:44:22,934 --> 01:44:27,339 SHRINK DOWN AND HERE ARE THE 2843 01:44:27,339 --> 01:44:28,073 CONVOLUTIONAL FILTERS. 2844 01:44:28,073 --> 01:44:29,808 AND THEN IT GOES THROUGH 2845 01:44:29,808 --> 01:44:33,945 FILTERING, IT GOES THROUGH DATA 2846 01:44:33,945 --> 01:44:35,347 NORMALIZATION AND ACTIVELY 2847 01:44:35,347 --> 01:44:36,281 SUPPRESSING OR HEIGHTENING 2848 01:44:36,281 --> 01:44:37,315 CERTAIN SIGNALS WITHIN THAT 2849 01:44:37,315 --> 01:44:47,826 IMAGE WHICH ARE KNOWN AS THESE 2850 01:44:49,127 --> 01:44:49,294 IMAGES. 2851 01:44:49,294 --> 01:44:50,695 THIS IS THE UNIT AND SO FORTH, 2852 01:44:50,695 --> 01:44:54,366 THIS SAN EXAMPLE OF 1 OF THOSE 2853 01:44:54,366 --> 01:44:56,468 IMAGES OF THOSE 27 BY 27 IMAGES. 2854 01:44:56,468 --> 01:44:58,069 IT REPEAT THIS IS PROCESS OVER 2855 01:44:58,069 --> 01:44:59,904 AND OVER AGAIN UNTIL YOU 2856 01:44:59,904 --> 01:45:02,006 EFFECTIVELY HAVE A STRING OF 2857 01:45:02,006 --> 01:45:04,542 NUMBERS AND THOSE STRINGS OF 2858 01:45:04,542 --> 01:45:06,244 NUMBERS ARE CHARACTERIZING THAT 2859 01:45:06,244 --> 01:45:07,312 ORIGINAL IMAGE FROM THOSE 2860 01:45:07,312 --> 01:45:08,446 STRINGS OF NUMBERS IT GETS FED 2861 01:45:08,446 --> 01:45:10,749 INTO A THAT YOU'RAL NETWORK, 2862 01:45:10,749 --> 01:45:13,718 THIS COMPLICATED PATTERN OF 2863 01:45:13,718 --> 01:45:14,719 CONNECTED NODES AND OF 2864 01:45:14,719 --> 01:45:16,788 INFORMATION THAT PASS BETWEEN 2865 01:45:16,788 --> 01:45:20,291 THE NODES AND IT'S THE WEIGHT 2866 01:45:20,291 --> 01:45:21,493 BETWEEN THOSE NODES THAT ARE 2867 01:45:21,493 --> 01:45:27,165 URKNIQUE TO IDENTIFY OBLIGATIONS 2868 01:45:27,165 --> 01:45:27,365 YECT. 2869 01:45:27,365 --> 01:45:29,401 AND THROUGH ALL OF THOSE FILTER 2870 01:45:29,401 --> 01:45:31,703 BEING, YOU GET THE STRING OF 2871 01:45:31,703 --> 01:45:33,471 NUMBERS, IT GOES THROUGH THE 2872 01:45:33,471 --> 01:45:35,740 NETWORK AND IT PROVIDES 2873 01:45:35,740 --> 01:45:36,841 ROBBABILITYS FOR EACH OF THOSE 2874 01:45:36,841 --> 01:45:37,475 THOUSAND OBLIGATIONS YECTS. 2875 01:45:37,475 --> 01:45:40,478 NOTICE THAT THE PAPER IS ABOUT 2876 01:45:40,478 --> 01:45:43,248 1.07% FROM THIS ORIGINAL IMAGE. 2877 01:45:43,248 --> 01:45:45,350 SO HOW MIGHT THIS BE USE INDEED 2878 01:45:45,350 --> 01:45:46,418 PAIN ASSESSMENTS IN WELL YOU CAN 2879 01:45:46,418 --> 01:45:48,319 SEE HOW YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO DO 2880 01:45:48,319 --> 01:45:48,520 THIS. 2881 01:45:48,520 --> 01:45:53,057 THIS' --THERE'S A VERY SIMPLE 2882 01:45:53,057 --> 01:45:54,926 TRICK FOR LEARNING I WILL SHOW. 2883 01:45:54,926 --> 01:45:56,361 IMAGINE YOU HAVE THE ALEX NETAND 2884 01:45:56,361 --> 01:45:58,263 YOU CAN KNOW IT CAN CLASSIFY A 2885 01:45:58,263 --> 01:45:58,830 THOUSAND OBLIGATIONS YEKS. 2886 01:45:58,830 --> 01:46:01,966 SO HERE'S A PATIENTS PICTURE OT 2887 01:46:01,966 --> 01:46:04,469 AND IT WILL PREDICT PROBABILITY 2888 01:46:04,469 --> 01:46:05,637 FOR THOSE THOSE THOUSAND 2889 01:46:05,637 --> 01:46:07,505 OBLIGATIONS YECTS SO IT SAYS 90% 2890 01:46:07,505 --> 01:46:09,040 IS THE CAT, SO IT CAN ALSO 2891 01:46:09,040 --> 01:46:10,475 REPLACE THE FINAL LAYER OF THOSE 2892 01:46:10,475 --> 01:46:12,544 THOUSAND OBLIGATIONS YECT ANDS 2893 01:46:12,544 --> 01:46:14,045 SAY, WHY DON'T INSTEAD I PUT IN 2894 01:46:14,045 --> 01:46:17,015 A CLASSIFICATION LIKE IN OUR 2895 01:46:17,015 --> 01:46:19,284 LAB, SCORING HYPER KERATOSEIS 2896 01:46:19,284 --> 01:46:19,717 AND [INDISCERNIBLE]. 2897 01:46:19,717 --> 01:46:22,220 AND WE HAVE A SCORE OF 1-4 AND 2898 01:46:22,220 --> 01:46:24,889 NOW IN STED OF USING THESE 2899 01:46:24,889 --> 01:46:26,758 ORIGINAL IMAGES WE USE TO 2900 01:46:26,758 --> 01:46:28,493 CLASSIFY OBJECTS WE SHOW IMAGES 2901 01:46:28,493 --> 01:46:38,970 OF THE SETTING OF DIFFERENT 2902 01:46:57,255 --> 01:46:57,856 CLASSIFICATIONS--BASICALLY 2 2903 01:46:57,856 --> 01:46:58,857 APPROACHES, 1 CAN EXTRACT 2904 01:46:58,857 --> 01:47:00,091 FEATURES FROM THE IMAGES 2905 01:47:00,091 --> 01:47:07,198 THEMSELVES OR ALSO USE SOME SORT 2906 01:47:07,198 --> 01:47:07,932 OF INTERMEDIATE REPRESENTATION 2907 01:47:07,932 --> 01:47:09,067 FROM FEATURES TO ARK ASSESSES IN 2908 01:47:09,067 --> 01:47:12,871 KIND OF SCORE OR PAIN SCORE. 2909 01:47:12,871 --> 01:47:14,339 WHAT'S NATURAL LANGUAGE 2910 01:47:14,339 --> 01:47:16,541 PROCESSING 2911 01:47:16,541 --> 01:47:16,841 PROCESSING? 2912 01:47:16,841 --> 01:47:19,410 IT'S A MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEM 2913 01:47:19,410 --> 01:47:22,347 CAPABLE OF SORTING AND 2914 01:47:22,347 --> 01:47:23,448 CLASSIFYING TEXT DATA. 2915 01:47:23,448 --> 01:47:24,949 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING HAS 2916 01:47:24,949 --> 01:47:27,018 BEEN USED IRPT CHANGEABLILY WITH 2917 01:47:27,018 --> 01:47:28,653 TERMS SUCH AS TEXT MINING AND 2918 01:47:28,653 --> 01:47:29,554 INFORMATION EXTRACTION CAN IT 2919 01:47:29,554 --> 01:47:31,789 CAN BE REALLY USEFUL FOR 2920 01:47:31,789 --> 01:47:34,659 STANDARDIZING THINGS LIKE 2921 01:47:34,659 --> 01:47:36,628 REPORTS AND INPUTS FROM HUMANS. 2922 01:47:36,628 --> 01:47:38,096 RESPIRATORY HOW DOES THIS THING 2923 01:47:38,096 --> 01:47:39,197 WORK IN IMAGINE YOU HAVE A 2924 01:47:39,197 --> 01:47:40,698 SENTENCE THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS. 2925 01:47:40,698 --> 01:47:42,333 SO FOR THOSE THAT MIGHT HAVE 2926 01:47:42,333 --> 01:47:43,835 DONE ULTRASOUNDS IN CATS MIGHT 2927 01:47:43,835 --> 01:47:46,704 SEE A STATEMENT THAT LOOKS LIKE 2928 01:47:46,704 --> 01:47:46,905 THIS. 2929 01:47:46,905 --> 01:47:48,773 THE FIRST STEP A NATURAL 2930 01:47:48,773 --> 01:47:49,807 LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM DID 2931 01:47:49,807 --> 01:47:52,076 IS GO THROUGH THE PROCESS OF 2932 01:47:52,076 --> 01:47:54,012 TOKENNIZATION, BREAKING UP ALL 2933 01:47:54,012 --> 01:47:55,613 THOSE LITTLE THINGS INTO 2934 01:47:55,613 --> 01:47:55,980 DIFFERENT WORDS. 2935 01:47:55,980 --> 01:47:58,316 SO HERE I SHOW EACH OF THOSE 2936 01:47:58,316 --> 01:47:59,384 WORDS WITH SPELLING MISTAKES AND 2937 01:47:59,384 --> 01:47:59,551 ALL. 2938 01:47:59,551 --> 01:48:01,653 NOW WHAT IT DID IS WHAT'S CALLED 2939 01:48:01,653 --> 01:48:02,253 THE TOP REMOVAL. 2940 01:48:02,253 --> 01:48:04,122 IT WILL THROW OUT WORDS THAT ARE 2941 01:48:04,122 --> 01:48:06,724 NOT ADDING MUCH VALUE TO THIS 2942 01:48:06,724 --> 01:48:09,160 ENTIRE SET OF THESE PIECES OF 2943 01:48:09,160 --> 01:48:13,464 WORS, THINGS LIKE OF, OF, AND SO 2944 01:48:13,464 --> 01:48:13,698 FORTH. 2945 01:48:13,698 --> 01:48:16,968 THEP IT GOES THROUGH SPEECH 2946 01:48:16,968 --> 01:48:18,836 TAGGING, SUCH AS NOUNS AND 2947 01:48:18,836 --> 01:48:20,038 VERBS, SHOWN IN DIFFERENT COLORS 2948 01:48:20,038 --> 01:48:23,841 AND THEN THERE IS A STEP CALLED 2949 01:48:23,841 --> 01:48:24,375 NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION, 2950 01:48:24,375 --> 01:48:25,643 IDENTIFYING NAMES OF PEOPLE AND 2951 01:48:25,643 --> 01:48:26,311 PLACES. 2952 01:48:26,311 --> 01:48:29,847 SO WE'RE LUMPING CERTAIN THINGS 2953 01:48:29,847 --> 01:48:32,250 LIKE ULTRASOUND EXAM, MUSKULARIS 2954 01:48:32,250 --> 01:48:33,318 AND SO FORTH OF DIFFERENT 2955 01:48:33,318 --> 01:48:34,519 SECTIONS OF THIS ORIGINAL 2956 01:48:34,519 --> 01:48:36,254 SENTENCE AND THEN THERE'S 2957 01:48:36,254 --> 01:48:40,291 SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND I WILL 2958 01:48:40,291 --> 01:48:41,459 SKIP THIS PART. 2959 01:48:41,459 --> 01:48:44,329 AND THEN THERE'S THIS PART, 2960 01:48:44,329 --> 01:48:45,697 DETERMINING THE GRAMMATICAL 2961 01:48:45,697 --> 01:48:47,498 STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE 2962 01:48:47,498 --> 01:48:48,132 CREATED OR PROVIDED. 2963 01:48:48,132 --> 01:48:52,804 AND THEN THERE'S A PROCESS 2964 01:48:52,804 --> 01:48:54,973 CALLED LAMETTIZATION AND 2965 01:48:54,973 --> 01:48:57,408 STEMMING, THAT'S REDUCING WORDS 2966 01:48:57,408 --> 01:49:00,578 TO ITS ELEMENTAL FORM, 2967 01:49:00,578 --> 01:49:02,246 EXAMINATION COULD MEAN EXAMS, 2968 01:49:02,246 --> 01:49:03,781 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE SAME 2969 01:49:03,781 --> 01:49:04,849 THING, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT AN 2970 01:49:04,849 --> 01:49:05,083 EXAM. 2971 01:49:05,083 --> 01:49:07,285 AND THEN OF COURSE, THE FINAL 2972 01:49:07,285 --> 01:49:08,586 TEXT CLASSIFICATION AND THIS 2973 01:49:08,586 --> 01:49:09,654 DEPENDS ON WHAT YOUR SPECIFIC 2974 01:49:09,654 --> 01:49:13,257 TASK IS, SO IF YOUR TASK IS TO 2975 01:49:13,257 --> 01:49:14,659 TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE EXAM 2976 01:49:14,659 --> 01:49:16,427 IS, HAVE YOU CLASSIFICATIONS OF 2977 01:49:16,427 --> 01:49:17,829 THOSE DIFFERENT WORDS BASED ON 2978 01:49:17,829 --> 01:49:21,032 THE CATEGORIES YOU CREATED SO IN 2979 01:49:21,032 --> 01:49:23,334 THIS CASE, I THEY'RE ASSOCIATED 2980 01:49:23,334 --> 01:49:24,402 WITH THE WORD EXAM AND ANOTHER 2981 01:49:24,402 --> 01:49:26,070 SET OF WORDS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED 2982 01:49:26,070 --> 01:49:28,806 WITH A FINDING AND A CONTRA 2983 01:49:28,806 --> 01:49:29,507 INDICATION OR INDDICATION IN 2984 01:49:29,507 --> 01:49:30,742 THIS CASE AND A DIAGNOSIS. 2985 01:49:30,742 --> 01:49:32,310 SO CAN YOU START TO SEE HOW ALL 2986 01:49:32,310 --> 01:49:34,579 OF THESE DIFFERENT WORDS WHEN 2987 01:49:34,579 --> 01:49:36,781 STRUNG TOGETHER CAN START TO BE 2988 01:49:36,781 --> 01:49:38,616 USED TO DEVELOP TO BE ABLE TO 2989 01:49:38,616 --> 01:49:44,822 HAVE A MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEM, 2990 01:49:44,822 --> 01:49:47,558 EXTRACT MEANING FOR WHAT IS 2991 01:49:47,558 --> 01:49:47,759 MEANT. 2992 01:49:47,759 --> 01:49:53,064 I REALLY LIKE THOSE WORDS, THESE 2993 01:49:53,064 --> 01:49:54,832 ARE LARGE LANGUAGE SO EVERYONE'S 2994 01:49:54,832 --> 01:49:56,901 FAMILIAR WITH THE CHATGPT AND 2995 01:49:56,901 --> 01:49:59,404 ALL THESE SYSTEMS THAT ARE 2996 01:49:59,404 --> 01:50:02,774 AFLOAT IN THE INTERNET, BUT 2997 01:50:02,774 --> 01:50:04,409 EFFECTIVELY WHAT THEY ARE IS 2998 01:50:04,409 --> 01:50:05,677 IMENERATING HUMAN LIKE TEXT 2999 01:50:05,677 --> 01:50:06,911 RESPONSES BASED ON WHAT THOSE 3000 01:50:06,911 --> 01:50:08,413 INPUTS ARE, SO WE ARE TAKING ALL 3001 01:50:08,413 --> 01:50:09,881 OF THOSE THINGS IN NATURAL 3002 01:50:09,881 --> 01:50:11,449 LANGUAGE PROCESSING TO DETERMINE 3003 01:50:11,449 --> 01:50:14,285 WHAT THAT SENTENCE MEANT AND 3004 01:50:14,285 --> 01:50:16,554 THEN THROUGH AN INCREDIBLE 3005 01:50:16,554 --> 01:50:19,323 COLLECTION OF TRAINED DATA, 3006 01:50:19,323 --> 01:50:23,094 IT--THIS NEURAL METE YORK CAN 3007 01:50:23,094 --> 01:50:24,262 PREDICT WHAT COMBINATIONS OF 3008 01:50:24,262 --> 01:50:27,198 WORKS MAKE A REASONABLE RESPONSE 3009 01:50:27,198 --> 01:50:29,634 TO THAT INPUT SET OF WORDS. 3010 01:50:29,634 --> 01:50:32,203 SO THERE'S NO SENTIENCE GOING 3011 01:50:32,203 --> 01:50:33,571 ON, THING'S NOT ALIVE. 3012 01:50:33,571 --> 01:50:35,473 IT'S REALLY JUST TAKING THIS 3013 01:50:35,473 --> 01:50:37,275 STRUCTURED INPUT AND GENERATING 3014 01:50:37,275 --> 01:50:39,277 AN OUTPUT WHICH WE AS HUMANS CAN 3015 01:50:39,277 --> 01:50:44,649 TRY TO THINK WE UNDERSTAND. 3016 01:50:44,649 --> 01:50:46,517 THESE THINGS CAN BE EXTREMELY 3017 01:50:46,517 --> 01:50:48,352 USEFUL FOR THINGS LIKE 3018 01:50:48,352 --> 01:50:48,920 STANDARDIZED REPORTING, SO 3019 01:50:48,920 --> 01:50:50,321 IMAGINE IF YOUR A RADIOLOGIST 3020 01:50:50,321 --> 01:50:52,623 AND YOU WORK IN A CENTER WHICH 3021 01:50:52,623 --> 01:50:54,592 HAS 3 OTHER RADIOLOGISTS, YOU 3022 01:50:54,592 --> 01:50:56,594 MAY ALL HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS OF 3023 01:50:56,594 --> 01:50:57,562 REPORTING YOUR RADIOLOGY REPORT. 3024 01:50:57,562 --> 01:51:00,665 IT WOULD BE REALLY NICE TO 3025 01:51:00,665 --> 01:51:01,532 STANDARDIZE ALL THAT 3026 01:51:01,532 --> 01:51:02,834 INFORMATION, SOME WOULD SAY AND 3027 01:51:02,834 --> 01:51:04,702 SO THESE KINDS OF SYSTEMS CAN 3028 01:51:04,702 --> 01:51:07,038 CAN DO THIS KIND OF WORK. 3029 01:51:07,038 --> 01:51:09,474 WE CAN STANDARDIZE A LOT OF THE 3030 01:51:09,474 --> 01:51:10,308 WORK, TAKE UNSTRUCTURED DAILY 3031 01:51:10,308 --> 01:51:13,444 BASIS THEA AND CREATE IT INTO A 3032 01:51:13,444 --> 01:51:14,145 TRUCTURED DATA SET. 3033 01:51:14,145 --> 01:51:14,812 ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 3034 01:51:14,812 --> 01:51:17,615 THESE CAN DO IS TO SEARCH AND 3035 01:51:17,615 --> 01:51:19,117 QUERY LARGE DATABASES AND LOOK 3036 01:51:19,117 --> 01:51:21,319 FOR TRENDS WITHIN DATABASES, 3037 01:51:21,319 --> 01:51:25,089 SUCH THAT IT WOULD BE USED FOR 3038 01:51:25,089 --> 01:51:26,724 OTHER KINDS OF RESEARCH AND WORE 3039 01:51:26,724 --> 01:51:28,025 ALSO SEEING IN HUMAN MEDICINE, 3040 01:51:28,025 --> 01:51:32,029 HOW THESE SYSTEMS CAN BE USED TO 3041 01:51:32,029 --> 01:51:36,334 DETECT CERTAIN SETS OF KEY WORS 3042 01:51:36,334 --> 01:51:39,337 WHEN PHRASED TOGETHER COULD 3043 01:51:39,337 --> 01:51:41,639 INDICATE ALARMS LIKE SEPSIS FOR 3044 01:51:41,639 --> 01:51:42,940 EXAMPLE EMPLOY WHAT'S SPEECH 3045 01:51:42,940 --> 01:51:44,776 RECOGNITION, THERE ARE 4 STEPS 3046 01:51:44,776 --> 01:51:47,145 INVOFFED, THE FESTER STEP IS 3047 01:51:47,145 --> 01:51:48,045 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS, IT'S TAKING 3048 01:51:48,045 --> 01:51:51,048 SOME KIND OF SOUND WAVE WHICH 3049 01:51:51,048 --> 01:51:51,649 DIGITIZED AND ANALYZING THAT 3050 01:51:51,649 --> 01:51:53,384 SOUND WAVE AND LOOKING FOR 3051 01:51:53,384 --> 01:51:54,452 PACIFIC FEATURES CAN WHICH MAY 3052 01:51:54,452 --> 01:51:55,219 BE ASSOCIATE WIDE A WORD. 3053 01:51:55,219 --> 01:51:56,687 SO IN THIS CASE, IT'S TAKING 3054 01:51:56,687 --> 01:51:58,022 SOME PATTERN OF SIGNATURES FALS 3055 01:51:58,022 --> 01:52:00,658 OF SOUNDS AND AND ASSOCIATING IN 3056 01:52:00,658 --> 01:52:04,862 THIS CASE WITH THE WORD DOG 3057 01:52:04,862 --> 01:52:06,164 EMPLOY THEN THERE'S OFTEN A 3058 01:52:06,164 --> 01:52:07,565 LANGUAGE MODEL THAGOREAN HAPPENS 3059 01:52:07,565 --> 01:52:11,536 AFTER THIS, SO 1 CAN--EXCUSE ME, 3060 01:52:11,536 --> 01:52:12,570 SCATTER DIFFERENT PORTIONS OR 3061 01:52:12,570 --> 01:52:14,639 DIFFERENT WORDS IN A SENTENCE 3062 01:52:14,639 --> 01:52:15,773 BUT THEY EFFECTIVELY MEAN THE 3063 01:52:15,773 --> 01:52:16,307 SAME THING. 3064 01:52:16,307 --> 01:52:18,509 SO YOU WOULD WANT TO BE ABLE TO 3065 01:52:18,509 --> 01:52:20,244 MODEL THIS BEHAVIOR, IF SOMEONE 3066 01:52:20,244 --> 01:52:21,846 SPEAKS SHIETLY DIFFERENTLY OR 3067 01:52:21,846 --> 01:52:24,816 HAS A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE BUT 3068 01:52:24,816 --> 01:52:27,118 EFFECTIVELY, THERE'S A COMMON 3069 01:52:27,118 --> 01:52:27,952 MEANING THAT'S ASSOCIATED WITH 3070 01:52:27,952 --> 01:52:31,956 THAT COLLECTION OF WORDS. 3071 01:52:31,956 --> 01:52:33,925 THEN THERE'S TRAINING AND 3072 01:52:33,925 --> 01:52:35,760 ADAPTION, LOOKING AT THE 3073 01:52:35,760 --> 01:52:41,132 ASSORTMENT SO IN THIS CASE WE 3074 01:52:41,132 --> 01:52:43,201 HAVE VAIDER, WE HAVE BUCK, MAYBE 3075 01:52:43,201 --> 01:52:45,536 BUCK IS NOT A DOG, MAYBE IT'S A 3076 01:52:45,536 --> 01:52:46,971 DEER, SO YOU WOULD WANT TO HAVE 3077 01:52:46,971 --> 01:52:49,040 SOME WAY FOR CORRECTING THIS. 3078 01:52:49,040 --> 01:52:53,711 WHERE ARE THESE THINGS USED 3079 01:52:53,711 --> 01:52:55,580 TODAY IN TERMS OF PAIN 3080 01:52:55,580 --> 01:52:55,913 ASSESSMENT. 3081 01:52:55,913 --> 01:52:57,782 THIS IS A NICE PAPER I CAME 3082 01:52:57,782 --> 01:52:59,917 ACROSS LOOKING AT DOGS THAT ARE 3083 01:52:59,917 --> 01:53:01,052 BARKING AND EXTRACTING MEANING 3084 01:53:01,052 --> 01:53:01,886 FROM THEM AND TRYING TO 3085 01:53:01,886 --> 01:53:04,388 UNDERSTAND IF THERE WAS A 3086 01:53:04,388 --> 01:53:05,957 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BARK AND 3087 01:53:05,957 --> 01:53:09,260 A PARTICULAR STATE OF THE DOG 3088 01:53:09,260 --> 01:53:10,461 EMPLOY AND I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU 3089 01:53:10,461 --> 01:53:11,629 TO TAKE A ELECTRIC AT THIS 3090 01:53:11,629 --> 01:53:14,065 BECAUSE THERE ARE ALL SORTS OF 3091 01:53:14,065 --> 01:53:15,566 EXAMPLES SHOWN HERE FOR THIS 3092 01:53:15,566 --> 01:53:17,869 KIND OF APPROACH TO DOLPHINS OR 3093 01:53:17,869 --> 01:53:19,904 ELEPHANTS AND O FORTH WHERE 3094 01:53:19,904 --> 01:53:21,138 THEY'VE TAKEN SPEECH RECOGNITION 3095 01:53:21,138 --> 01:53:24,475 TOOLS TO SEE IF THEY CAN 3096 01:53:24,475 --> 01:53:25,309 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ANIMALS ARE 3097 01:53:25,309 --> 01:53:25,543 SAYING. 3098 01:53:25,543 --> 01:53:26,944 AND THIS IS THE BASIC APPROACH, 3099 01:53:26,944 --> 01:53:29,213 SO WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU HAVE A 3100 01:53:29,213 --> 01:53:30,281 MICROPHONE, THEY TAKE THE DATA, 3101 01:53:30,281 --> 01:53:32,516 YOU GET THE ACOUSTIC SIGNAL, 3102 01:53:32,516 --> 01:53:34,485 THAL CASE, THEY STUDIED 8 DOGS 3103 01:53:34,485 --> 01:53:36,354 AND YOU COLLECT THESE BARKING 3104 01:53:36,354 --> 01:53:39,924 SOUNDS AND THEN THEY HAVE 3105 01:53:39,924 --> 01:53:43,961 ASSOCIATIONS OF WHAT TYPE OF 3106 01:53:43,961 --> 01:53:46,197 INSTANCE WE MIGHT BE--THE DOG IS 3107 01:53:46,197 --> 01:53:47,932 BARKING EMPLOY SO FOR EXAMPLE, 1 3108 01:53:47,932 --> 01:53:50,568 WOULD TAKE THE DOG TO A PARK, 3109 01:53:50,568 --> 01:53:51,969 TAKE THE LEASH, TIE THE LEASH TO 3110 01:53:51,969 --> 01:53:53,971 A POST, AND THEN WALK AWAY, AND 3111 01:53:53,971 --> 01:54:00,678 THEN RECORD THE BARKING AND THAT 3112 01:54:00,678 --> 01:54:01,946 WOULD REPRESENT ALONE, AND THAT 3113 01:54:01,946 --> 01:54:06,651 WOULD BE ALONE BARKS, PUT IT 3114 01:54:06,651 --> 01:54:08,886 INTO A DATA SET, AND SAME THING 3115 01:54:08,886 --> 01:54:09,520 WITH THESE SCORES. 3116 01:54:09,520 --> 01:54:10,288 YOU TAKE THE DATA. 3117 01:54:10,288 --> 01:54:11,989 HAVE YOU A CLASSISK, YOU HAVE A 3118 01:54:11,989 --> 01:54:14,158 METHOD, A WAY OF CONNECTING 3119 01:54:14,158 --> 01:54:16,694 THOSE AUDIO SIGNALS WITH THOSE 3120 01:54:16,694 --> 01:54:17,128 DISCREET OUTPUTS. 3121 01:54:17,128 --> 01:54:19,196 AND THEY WERE ABLE TO FIND SOME 3122 01:54:19,196 --> 01:54:21,132 PRETTY INTERESTING RESULTS. 3123 01:54:21,132 --> 01:54:22,566 SO THERE'S CONFUSION MATRIX FOR 3124 01:54:22,566 --> 01:54:25,102 THIS, YOU CAN SEE THE DIAGONAL 3125 01:54:25,102 --> 01:54:26,270 SHOWING THE TRUE PREDICTIVE 3126 01:54:26,270 --> 01:54:28,272 CLASS AND THE M., THE TRUE 3127 01:54:28,272 --> 01:54:30,241 CLASSES AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IN 3128 01:54:30,241 --> 01:54:32,543 SOME INSTANCES IT DOESN'T DO TOO 3129 01:54:32,543 --> 01:54:34,545 WELL BUT FOR SOME THINGS IT DOES 3130 01:54:34,545 --> 01:54:35,613 REPRETTY WELL. 3131 01:54:35,613 --> 01:54:37,615 SO IF FIGHT, IT SHOWS A STRONG 3132 01:54:37,615 --> 01:54:40,484 SIGNAL, IN OTHER WORDS THE AI 3133 01:54:40,484 --> 01:54:42,887 ALGORITHM IS ABLE TO DETECT THAT 3134 01:54:42,887 --> 01:54:45,523 SIGNAL, AND ASSOCIATE THAT WITH 3135 01:54:45,523 --> 01:54:54,665 THIS THING CALLED FIGHT. 3136 01:54:54,665 --> 01:54:58,235 SO WHAT OTHER CHALLENGES WE SEE 3137 01:54:58,235 --> 01:54:58,569 HERE. 3138 01:54:58,569 --> 01:55:01,906 I HAVE 4 OR 5 SLIDES HERE WHERE 3139 01:55:01,906 --> 01:55:04,442 I SEE CHALLENGES AND PAIN 3140 01:55:04,442 --> 01:55:04,742 ASSESSMENT. 3141 01:55:04,742 --> 01:55:06,777 THE FIRST 1 IS CLARITY AND 3142 01:55:06,777 --> 01:55:10,815 TRANSPARENCY OF AI FEATURES AND 3143 01:55:10,815 --> 01:55:13,851 DECISIONS ISSUES THE ABILITY TO 3144 01:55:13,851 --> 01:55:16,087 TO LEARN FROM THESE PROCESSES 3145 01:55:16,087 --> 01:55:20,391 AND SYSTEMS ARE PIVOTAL IN A 3146 01:55:20,391 --> 01:55:21,592 CLASSICAL SESSION, THIS IS 3147 01:55:21,592 --> 01:55:23,294 IMPORTANT IF VETERINARY MEDICINE 3148 01:55:23,294 --> 01:55:25,863 WHERE THERE'S A HEFTY RELIANCE 3149 01:55:25,863 --> 01:55:30,901 OR VISUAL AND SIGNAL ASSESS AMS 3150 01:55:30,901 --> 01:55:31,869 FOR ANIMALS STATES. 3151 01:55:31,869 --> 01:55:32,970 ANOTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION 3152 01:55:32,970 --> 01:55:34,705 IS LEVERAGING DATA SOURCES AND 3153 01:55:34,705 --> 01:55:36,140 WE HEARD EARLIER ABOUT USING 3154 01:55:36,140 --> 01:55:38,109 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CATASETS BUT 3155 01:55:38,109 --> 01:55:40,945 LEVERAGING THOSE MULTIPLE DATA 3156 01:55:40,945 --> 01:55:41,946 SOURCES FOR ENHANCED 3157 01:55:41,946 --> 01:55:42,246 PERFORMANCE. 3158 01:55:42,246 --> 01:55:43,647 INCORPORATING A WIDE RANGE OF 3159 01:55:43,647 --> 01:55:45,483 DATA RELATED PAIN ALONGSIDE AN 3160 01:55:45,483 --> 01:55:46,984 INTEGRATING ARK DITIONAL 3161 01:55:46,984 --> 01:55:49,086 FUNCTIONS SUCH AS DETECTING HEAD 3162 01:55:49,086 --> 01:55:50,721 POACHES, FACIAL AND OCCLUSION 3163 01:55:50,721 --> 01:55:52,923 HAS THE POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE THE 3164 01:55:52,923 --> 01:55:55,292 RESILIENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF 3165 01:55:55,292 --> 01:55:57,528 THESE OTHER DETECTION SYSTEMS. 3166 01:55:57,528 --> 01:55:58,896 OBTAINING MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES 3167 01:55:58,896 --> 01:56:01,232 IS ITSELF A PRETTY MUCH A 3168 01:56:01,232 --> 01:56:01,966 CHALLENGE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 3169 01:56:01,966 --> 01:56:03,701 WHERE IT DID NOT HAVE RESOURCES 3170 01:56:03,701 --> 01:56:05,569 AVAILABLE AS THEY DO IN HUMAN 3171 01:56:05,569 --> 01:56:06,837 HEALTHCARE ASK WHEN THEY ARE 3172 01:56:06,837 --> 01:56:08,806 AVAILABLE, THEY MAY NOT BE 3173 01:56:08,806 --> 01:56:12,676 SUITABLE FOR GENERATING RELIABLE 3174 01:56:12,676 --> 01:56:15,279 DATA NEEDED FOR MODELING. 3175 01:56:15,279 --> 01:56:23,454 ANOTHER IMPORTANT ADDRESS IS 3176 01:56:23,454 --> 01:56:26,223 ADDRESSING THESE CHALLENGES 3177 01:56:26,223 --> 01:56:26,757 THROUGH COLLABORATION. 3178 01:56:26,757 --> 01:56:30,594 WE HAVE TO WORK WITH 3179 01:56:30,594 --> 01:56:31,429 VETERINARIANS BASIC BIOLOGISTS, 3180 01:56:31,429 --> 01:56:34,532 DATA SCIENTISTS AND OTHERS TO 3181 01:56:34,532 --> 01:56:40,337 INSURE THE MODELS ARE ASHES - 3182 01:56:40,337 --> 01:56:42,106 -ADAPTABLE AND ADOPTABLE. 3183 01:56:42,106 --> 01:56:43,007 THIS IS A REALLY INTERESTING 3184 01:56:43,007 --> 01:56:44,575 PART OF THIS PROBLEM IS 3185 01:56:44,575 --> 01:56:45,976 CONSIDERING THE TIME BASED 3186 01:56:45,976 --> 01:56:48,546 ATTRIBUTES OF PAIN EPISODES AND 3187 01:56:48,546 --> 01:56:49,413 THE INFLUENCES OF PAIN 3188 01:56:49,413 --> 01:56:52,917 MEDICATION AND HOW WE CAN MODEL 3189 01:56:52,917 --> 01:56:55,052 THOSE THINGS. 3190 01:56:55,052 --> 01:56:56,887 JUST EXPLORING GENERALIZABILITY 3191 01:56:56,887 --> 01:56:58,355 ACROSS DIFFERENT COHORTS, I HAVE 3192 01:56:58,355 --> 01:57:02,159 APOLOGIZE FOR THIS WEIRD MESSAGE 3193 01:57:02,159 --> 01:57:03,094 THAT [INDISCERNIBLE] CREATED, 3194 01:57:03,094 --> 01:57:04,261 BUT THE POINT HERE IS THAT WE 3195 01:57:04,261 --> 01:57:06,430 HAVE TO REALLY HAVE A GOOD 3196 01:57:06,430 --> 01:57:08,399 HANDLE ON THE RANGE OF YOUTH 3197 01:57:08,399 --> 01:57:09,600 OFNESS OF THESE AI MODEL ANDS 3198 01:57:09,600 --> 01:57:15,673 THIS IS NOT AN EASY THING TO DO. 3199 01:57:15,673 --> 01:57:18,209 AGAIN JUST BRIEFLY WE HAVE 3200 01:57:18,209 --> 01:57:18,976 ISSUES OF STANDARDIZATION OF THE 3201 01:57:18,976 --> 01:57:20,744 DAILY BASIS THEA CAPTURE, DATA 3202 01:57:20,744 --> 01:57:23,013 SHARING, WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT 3203 01:57:23,013 --> 01:57:24,715 THAT, RESPONSIBLE USES OF AI, 3204 01:57:24,715 --> 01:57:26,283 WHEN IS IT SAFE TO USE THIS 3205 01:57:26,283 --> 01:57:27,885 TECHNOLOGY AND THEN A WHOLE 3206 01:57:27,885 --> 01:57:29,720 GAMUT OF ETHICAL ISSUES THAT I 3207 01:57:29,720 --> 01:57:31,355 DIDN'T EACH DELVE INTO. 3208 01:57:31,355 --> 01:57:32,756 THAT PRETTY MUCH SUMMARIZES THE 3209 01:57:32,756 --> 01:57:34,191 TALK THAT I HAD FOR TODAY AND I 3210 01:57:34,191 --> 01:57:40,131 LEAVE YOU WITH THIS FINAL 3211 01:57:40,131 --> 01:57:43,100 PICTURE OF STABLE DIFFUSION'S 3212 01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:44,568 RESPONSE TO ANDROID'S DREAM OF 3213 01:57:44,568 --> 01:57:47,838 SHEEP IN PAIN IN THE IN THE 3214 01:57:47,838 --> 01:57:50,007 STYLE OF PLAYED RUNNER AND IT IS 3215 01:57:50,007 --> 01:57:53,911 REALLY QUITE A WEIRD PICTURE 3216 01:57:53,911 --> 01:57:57,214 THAT MAYBES YOU THINK. 3217 01:57:57,214 --> 01:57:57,581 THANK YOU. 3218 01:57:57,581 --> 01:58:00,484 [ APPLAUSE ] 3219 01:58:00,484 --> 01:58:01,986 SHAMELESS SELF-PROMOTION, WE 3220 01:58:01,986 --> 01:58:03,854 HAVE A SYMPOSIUM ON ARTIFICIAL 3221 01:58:03,854 --> 01:58:04,555 INTELIENCE IN VETERINARY 3222 01:58:04,555 --> 01:58:05,856 MEDICINE THAT'S GOING TO BE THE 3223 01:58:05,856 --> 01:58:09,627 FIRST OF ITS KIND ON 3224 01:58:09,627 --> 01:58:11,362 APRIL 19th, THE 21st AT 3225 01:58:11,362 --> 01:58:19,537 CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN ITHACA. 3226 01:58:19,537 --> 01:58:21,071 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH 3227 01:58:21,071 --> 01:58:22,907 DR. BASRAN, THAT WAS AN 3228 01:58:22,907 --> 01:58:23,841 EXCELLENT PRESENTATION ON 3229 01:58:23,841 --> 01:58:29,847 INTRODUCING US TO AI AND ITS 3230 01:58:29,847 --> 01:58:31,949 POTENTIAL USES FOR PAIN 3231 01:58:31,949 --> 01:58:32,383 ASSESSMENT. 3232 01:58:32,383 --> 01:58:33,584 THE LAST SPEAKER WE HAVE BEFORE 3233 01:58:33,584 --> 01:58:40,257 THE PANEL BEFORE LUNCH, IS 3234 01:58:40,257 --> 01:58:42,226 DR. EDWADDERA BORTOLUZWRRKS I, 3235 01:58:42,226 --> 01:58:44,395 SHE HOLDS A VETERINARY MEDICINE 3236 01:58:44,395 --> 01:58:46,597 DEGREE FROM THE FEDERAL 3237 01:58:46,597 --> 01:58:47,998 UNIVERSITY OF [INDISCERNIBLE] 3238 01:58:47,998 --> 01:58:49,266 BRAZIL AND COMPLETED HER MASTERS 3239 01:58:49,266 --> 01:58:52,403 AND Ph.D. STUDIES AT K-ITATE. 3240 01:58:52,403 --> 01:58:53,771 HER INTERESTS ENCLUED ANIMAL 3241 01:58:53,771 --> 01:58:56,307 BEHAVIOR AND THE WELFARE OF 3242 01:58:56,307 --> 01:58:57,508 DOMESTIC SPECIES EMPHASIZING 3243 01:58:57,508 --> 01:58:59,310 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW WELFARE 3244 01:58:59,310 --> 01:59:00,444 METRICS USING ARTIFICIAL 3245 01:59:00,444 --> 01:59:01,178 INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING 3246 01:59:01,178 --> 01:59:05,449 AND HER TITLE OF HER TALK IS 3247 01:59:05,449 --> 01:59:07,084 APPLICATION OF AIML TO LARGE 3248 01:59:07,084 --> 01:59:17,628 ANIMALS FOR PAIN MEASUREMENT SO 3249 01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:24,101 WELCOME EDUARDA. 3250 01:59:24,101 --> 01:59:31,075 [APPLAUSE ] 3251 01:59:31,075 --> 01:59:32,343 >> HELLO, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 3252 01:59:32,343 --> 01:59:33,544 HAVING ME HERE TODAY. 3253 01:59:33,544 --> 01:59:35,846 I AM REALLY TBLAD I GOT TO STAY 3254 01:59:35,846 --> 01:59:38,015 HERE AFTER THE PRESENTER THAT 3255 01:59:38,015 --> 01:59:39,650 JUST PRESENTED BECAUSE HE KIND 3256 01:59:39,650 --> 01:59:40,751 OF EXPLAINED A LITTLE BIT OF THE 3257 01:59:40,751 --> 01:59:41,919 THINGS THEY WILL TALK ABOUT SO 3258 01:59:41,919 --> 01:59:44,321 THAT IS VERY HELPFUL. 3259 01:59:44,321 --> 01:59:51,128 SO FIRST THINGS FIRST, WE NEED 3260 01:59:51,128 --> 01:59:53,163 TO TALK ABOUT HOW WE MEASURE 3261 01:59:53,163 --> 01:59:54,365 PANE AND YOU SAW DIFFERENT WAYS 3262 01:59:54,365 --> 01:59:55,933 WE DO THAT THROUGHOUT THE 3263 01:59:55,933 --> 01:59:56,834 PRESENTATIONS THIS MORNING BUT 1 3264 01:59:56,834 --> 01:59:58,802 OF THE WAYS WE WERE INTERESTED 3265 01:59:58,802 --> 02:00:01,005 IN MAIN IS ABOUT ANIMAL WELFARE 3266 02:00:01,005 --> 02:00:03,440 SO 1 OF THE COMMON FRAMEWORKS WE 3267 02:00:03,440 --> 02:00:06,110 USE FOR ANIMAL WELFARE IS THE 3 3268 02:00:06,110 --> 02:00:09,480 CIRCLES FROM FRAZIER, AND I WILL 3269 02:00:09,480 --> 02:00:10,748 BE FOCUSING ONASTIVEITATES OF 3270 02:00:10,748 --> 02:00:13,317 THOSE ANIMALS SO THE 3 CIRCLES 3271 02:00:13,317 --> 02:00:15,252 WILL INCLUDE BASIC HEALTH AND 3272 02:00:15,252 --> 02:00:17,888 FUNCTION, NATURAL LIVE XG THEN 3273 02:00:17,888 --> 02:00:18,822 AFFECTIVE STATES. 3274 02:00:18,822 --> 02:00:20,491 SO THE TERM AFFECTIVE STATES 3275 02:00:20,491 --> 02:00:22,359 REFERS TO EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS 3276 02:00:22,359 --> 02:00:24,862 THAT ARE EXPERIENCED AS PLEASANT 3277 02:00:24,862 --> 02:00:25,229 AND UNPLEASANT. 3278 02:00:25,229 --> 02:00:30,834 SO IT WILL RANGE FROM A SCORE OF 3279 02:00:30,834 --> 02:00:32,102 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AND 3280 02:00:32,102 --> 02:00:34,305 INCLUDES THINGS LIKE PAIN, 3281 02:00:34,305 --> 02:00:35,072 DISTRESS AND PLEASURE. 3282 02:00:35,072 --> 02:00:38,609 AND AS YOU ALL KNOW THAT GETS A 3283 02:00:38,609 --> 02:00:40,678 LITTLE BAD RAP WHEN WE DO 3284 02:00:40,678 --> 02:00:42,012 STATISTICS BECAUSE THEY ARE 3285 02:00:42,012 --> 02:00:43,047 CONSIDERED SUBJECTIVE MEASURES 3286 02:00:43,047 --> 02:00:46,250 AND WE HAVE THIS PUSH BACK FROM 3287 02:00:46,250 --> 02:00:48,552 RESEARCHERS WHEN WE ARE GOING TO 3288 02:00:48,552 --> 02:00:49,687 GO AND PUBLISH LIKE YOU SAW IN 3289 02:00:49,687 --> 02:00:53,691 THE FIRST TALK BY DR. BROWN. 3290 02:00:53,691 --> 02:00:56,860 SO THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE WE FACE 3291 02:00:56,860 --> 02:00:58,929 WITH ANIMAL IS THERE AN 3292 02:00:58,929 --> 02:01:00,831 INABILITY TO VERBALIZE THEIR 3293 02:01:00,831 --> 02:01:01,031 PAIN. 3294 02:01:01,031 --> 02:01:05,803 WE LACK A GOLD STANDARD TO 3295 02:01:05,803 --> 02:01:06,804 IDENTIFY THEIR AFFECTIVEITATES 3296 02:01:06,804 --> 02:01:10,374 AND FOR THAT WE RELY A LOT ON 3297 02:01:10,374 --> 02:01:11,842 BEHAVIOR, BODY POSTURES AND 3298 02:01:11,842 --> 02:01:12,476 FACIAL GRIMACES. 3299 02:01:12,476 --> 02:01:15,112 SO AS YOU GUYS KNOW, THOSE 3300 02:01:15,112 --> 02:01:16,714 MEASURES CAN BE VERY SUBJECTIVE 3301 02:01:16,714 --> 02:01:20,184 AND THEY ARE EFFECTIVE BY THE 3302 02:01:20,184 --> 02:01:20,517 HUMAN EMPATHY. 3303 02:01:20,517 --> 02:01:22,052 ALSO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE 3304 02:01:22,052 --> 02:01:24,588 SPECIES, AND THE NORMAL BEHAVIOR 3305 02:01:24,588 --> 02:01:27,991 OF THOSE ANIMALS AND ALSO, THE 3306 02:01:27,991 --> 02:01:29,993 TRAINING THAT IS USED TO MAKE 3307 02:01:29,993 --> 02:01:33,364 THOSE ASSESSMENT IN USING THOSE 3308 02:01:33,364 --> 02:01:35,199 SCORES SO 1 EXAMPLE I BROUGHT TO 3309 02:01:35,199 --> 02:01:37,468 YOU WAS A STUDY DONE BY THOMPSON 3310 02:01:37,468 --> 02:01:42,740 IN 2012 WHERE THEY COMPARE HOW 3311 02:01:42,740 --> 02:01:44,441 FARMERS AND VETERINARIANS WOULD 3312 02:01:44,441 --> 02:01:47,277 ASSESS A LAMENESS IN DAIRY COWS 3313 02:01:47,277 --> 02:01:49,046 AND WHAT THEY FOUND THAT WAS A 3314 02:01:49,046 --> 02:01:50,447 HIGH VARIABILITY IN PAIN SCORES. 3315 02:01:50,447 --> 02:01:53,317 THEY SAW THAT THE FARMERS WERE 3316 02:01:53,317 --> 02:01:54,485 ACTUALLY MORE EMPATHETIC TOWARDS 3317 02:01:54,485 --> 02:01:56,353 THE ANIMALS THAT THEY SAW EVERY 3318 02:01:56,353 --> 02:01:58,322 DAY, COMPARED TO THE 3319 02:01:58,322 --> 02:02:00,023 VETERINARIAN, SO THEY TEND TO 3320 02:02:00,023 --> 02:02:02,559 SCORE A LAMENESS OR PAIN OF 3321 02:02:02,559 --> 02:02:10,401 LAMENESS A LITTLE HIGHER THAN 3322 02:02:10,401 --> 02:02:11,435 THE VETERINARIANS. 3323 02:02:11,435 --> 02:02:13,404 SO WHY TO USE ARTIFICIAL 3324 02:02:13,404 --> 02:02:14,171 INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING 3325 02:02:14,171 --> 02:02:16,073 AND THAT IS HARD BECAUSE THE 3326 02:02:16,073 --> 02:02:18,509 MAIN GOAL IS JUST TRYING TO 3327 02:02:18,509 --> 02:02:22,579 TRANSFORM MANAGE THAT IS VERY 3328 02:02:22,579 --> 02:02:24,648 SUBJECTIVE THAT ARE AROUND 3329 02:02:24,648 --> 02:02:26,583 ANIMALS CAN MAYBE TELL YES, THIS 3330 02:02:26,583 --> 02:02:27,651 ANIMAL WAS FEELING PANE BUT WE 3331 02:02:27,651 --> 02:02:29,386 NEED TO HAVE A WAY TO 3332 02:02:29,386 --> 02:02:31,021 TRAPEZIUSALATE THAT WHEN WE ARE 3333 02:02:31,021 --> 02:02:32,990 GOING TO DO OUR STATISTIC 3334 02:02:32,990 --> 02:02:34,291 ANALYSIS OR WHEN WE'RE GOING TO 3335 02:02:34,291 --> 02:02:35,359 EXPLAIN TO OTHER RESEARCHERS 3336 02:02:35,359 --> 02:02:38,929 WHAT WE ARE SEEING IN THOSE 3337 02:02:38,929 --> 02:02:39,196 ANIMALS. 3338 02:02:39,196 --> 02:02:43,534 THE OTHER BIG THING WE NEED TO 3339 02:02:43,534 --> 02:02:53,143 THINK ABOUT IN ARTIFICIAL 3340 02:02:53,143 --> 02:02:54,511 INTELIENCE AND, AND HELP TO 3341 02:02:54,511 --> 02:02:57,781 THOSE PEOPLE THAT ARE DOING THE 3342 02:02:57,781 --> 02:03:00,784 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EVERY DAY. 3343 02:03:00,784 --> 02:03:03,120 SO BY DOING, USING ARTIFICIAL 3344 02:03:03,120 --> 02:03:04,254 INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING, 3345 02:03:04,254 --> 02:03:06,623 WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO 3346 02:03:06,623 --> 02:03:09,193 INCREASE THE VALIDITY OF OUR 3347 02:03:09,193 --> 02:03:10,561 DATA BY IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF 3348 02:03:10,561 --> 02:03:13,297 THE MEASUREMENT WE ARE TAKING. 3349 02:03:13,297 --> 02:03:16,467 WE ALSO INCREASE THE RELIABILITY 3350 02:03:16,467 --> 02:03:18,101 BETWEEN DIFFERENT LAB GROUPS. 3351 02:03:18,101 --> 02:03:21,872 AS WE KNOW THE TRAINING CAN BE 3352 02:03:21,872 --> 02:03:23,607 DIFFERENT AND THOSE PAIN SCORES 3353 02:03:23,607 --> 02:03:25,209 CAN BE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 3354 02:03:25,209 --> 02:03:26,510 BETWEEN LABORATORIES, SO HAVING 3355 02:03:26,510 --> 02:03:27,811 THAT TOOL OF ARTIFICIAL 3356 02:03:27,811 --> 02:03:28,879 INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING 3357 02:03:28,879 --> 02:03:30,981 CAN ACTUALLY HELP US WITH THAT. 3358 02:03:30,981 --> 02:03:35,519 AND THEN WE CAN ALSO DECREASE 3359 02:03:35,519 --> 02:03:36,353 BIAS, ESPECIALLY BEING A 3360 02:03:36,353 --> 02:03:37,521 VETERINARIAN WORKING WITH 3361 02:03:37,521 --> 02:03:38,455 ANIMALS AS SOMETIMES YOU GET 3362 02:03:38,455 --> 02:03:40,891 ASHES TACHED TO ANIMALS AND YOU 3363 02:03:40,891 --> 02:03:41,892 MIGHT SCORE THEM DIFFERENTLY 3364 02:03:41,892 --> 02:03:47,164 BECAUSE OF THAT EMPATHETIC 3365 02:03:47,164 --> 02:03:53,871 FEELING YOU FEEL FORWARDS THEM. 3366 02:03:53,871 --> 02:03:55,506 OKAY, SO THERE'S A LOT OF 3367 02:03:55,506 --> 02:03:57,975 RESEARCH THAT HAS BEEN DONE ON 3368 02:03:57,975 --> 02:03:59,009 ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE AND THE 3369 02:03:59,009 --> 02:04:01,778 MACHINE SIDE OF THINGS 3370 02:04:01,778 --> 02:04:03,547 ESPECIALLY IN INFANTS AND PEOPLE 3371 02:04:03,547 --> 02:04:04,448 THAT CANNOT VERBALIZE THEIR PAIN 3372 02:04:04,448 --> 02:04:07,851 EMPLOY THEY ARE VERY AHEAD OF US 3373 02:04:07,851 --> 02:04:09,086 IF WE COMPARE VETERINARY 3374 02:04:09,086 --> 02:04:11,755 MEDICINE, THEY HAVE A LOT OF 3375 02:04:11,755 --> 02:04:14,291 RESEARCH BEING DONE IN THE LAST 3376 02:04:14,291 --> 02:04:14,791 COUPLE OF YEARS. 3377 02:04:14,791 --> 02:04:16,527 AND THIS IS JUST A COUPLE 3378 02:04:16,527 --> 02:04:18,362 EXAMPLES OF THINGS THAT THEY 3379 02:04:18,362 --> 02:04:22,533 HAVE USED FOR, THE SECTION OF 3380 02:04:22,533 --> 02:04:25,469 PAIN, AND ALSO, PAIN RELATED TO 3381 02:04:25,469 --> 02:04:27,437 BACK PAIN AND USING THE 3382 02:04:27,437 --> 02:04:30,040 ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE AND 3383 02:04:30,040 --> 02:04:31,308 MACHINE LEARNING TOWARDS GRIMACE 3384 02:04:31,308 --> 02:04:37,581 AND ALSO THE BEHAVIOR OF THE 3385 02:04:37,581 --> 02:04:38,215 HUMAN PATIENTS. 3386 02:04:38,215 --> 02:04:40,050 HOWEVER, WHEN WE LOOK INTO LARGE 3387 02:04:40,050 --> 02:04:41,618 ANIMALS WE ARE VERY FAR BEHIND 3388 02:04:41,618 --> 02:04:43,186 AND THE MAIN SPECIES WE HAVE 3389 02:04:43,186 --> 02:04:45,522 RESEARCH ON IS SHEEP, HORSES AND 3390 02:04:45,522 --> 02:04:45,889 PIGS. 3391 02:04:45,889 --> 02:04:47,958 AND THAT THERE'S A LOT OF 3392 02:04:47,958 --> 02:04:50,327 VARIABILITY IN THAT DATA AND HOW 3393 02:04:50,327 --> 02:04:51,728 THEY COLLECT THOSE RESULTS AND 3394 02:04:51,728 --> 02:04:54,264 HOW THEY ANALYZE THEIR DATA. 3395 02:04:54,264 --> 02:04:57,000 SOME OF THEM ARE LOOKING INTO 3396 02:04:57,000 --> 02:04:58,769 SHOULDITATES OF PAIN BY LOOKING 3397 02:04:58,769 --> 02:05:03,173 AT FACIAL GRIMACE AND THEY CAN 3398 02:05:03,173 --> 02:05:05,142 JUST USE BEHAVIOR AS NORMAL PAIN 3399 02:05:05,142 --> 02:05:07,210 THAT IS OCCURRING IN THE ANIMALS 3400 02:05:07,210 --> 02:05:10,180 AND THEY CAN ALSO INDUCE PAIN TO 3401 02:05:10,180 --> 02:05:12,482 TRAIN THEIR MODELS TO CLASSIFY 3402 02:05:12,482 --> 02:05:15,118 THOSE ANIMALS AS FEELING PAIN OR 3403 02:05:15,118 --> 02:05:15,385 NOT. 3404 02:05:15,385 --> 02:05:16,587 BUT IN ANOTHER AREA THAT HAS 3405 02:05:16,587 --> 02:05:18,455 BEEN USED A LOT INCLUDING PIGS 3406 02:05:18,455 --> 02:05:20,190 IS USING WHAT WE CALL THE 3407 02:05:20,190 --> 02:05:22,392 EMOTIONS AND THE WAY WE MEASURE 3408 02:05:22,392 --> 02:05:26,964 EMOTIONS IS THROW THE BEHAVIOR 3409 02:05:26,964 --> 02:05:27,564 OF THOSE ANIMALS. 3410 02:05:27,564 --> 02:05:30,067 SO THEY CAN BE DONE USING BODY 3411 02:05:30,067 --> 02:05:30,901 POSTURES, ALSO THE FACIAL 3412 02:05:30,901 --> 02:05:33,804 GRIMACE BUT IN THE BIG PICTURE, 3413 02:05:33,804 --> 02:05:35,672 JUST ELECTRICKING AT OUR VIDEO 3414 02:05:35,672 --> 02:05:36,273 AND THEIR BEHAVIOR. 3415 02:05:36,273 --> 02:05:38,408 SO I WANTED TO BRING SOME 3416 02:05:38,408 --> 02:05:41,244 EXAMPLES FOR YOU OF HOW WE CAN 3417 02:05:41,244 --> 02:05:43,614 USE THOSE ASSESSMENTS, AND WHAT 3418 02:05:43,614 --> 02:05:44,982 HAS BEEN DONE BEFORE SO CAN YOU 3419 02:05:44,982 --> 02:05:50,721 HAVE AN IDEA OF WHERE WE'RE 3420 02:05:50,721 --> 02:05:51,855 GOING WITH THAT. 3421 02:05:51,855 --> 02:05:52,990 SO THE FIRST RESEARCH ARTICLE 3422 02:05:52,990 --> 02:05:55,726 BROUGHT TO YOU WAS DONE IN 3423 02:05:55,726 --> 02:05:57,527 BRAZIL, SO DEAR TO MY HEART AND 3424 02:05:57,527 --> 02:06:00,664 IT WAS ENTITLED PAIN ASSESSMENT 3425 02:06:00,664 --> 02:06:03,233 IN HORSES USING AUTOMATIC FACIAL 3426 02:06:03,233 --> 02:06:04,167 RECOGNITION THROUGH DEEP 3427 02:06:04,167 --> 02:06:05,702 LEARNING AND LEARNING BASE 3428 02:06:05,702 --> 02:06:06,169 MODELING. 3429 02:06:06,169 --> 02:06:08,672 SO THIS PUBLICATION WAS DONE 3430 02:06:08,672 --> 02:06:11,608 PLUS 1 AND THE AUTHOR USED 3000 3431 02:06:11,608 --> 02:06:14,778 IMAGE TO CREATE A DATA SET FOR 3432 02:06:14,778 --> 02:06:17,881 TRAINING AND TESTING OF 3433 02:06:17,881 --> 02:06:19,483 CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK TO 3434 02:06:19,483 --> 02:06:24,521 AUTOMATICALLY ASSESS GRIMACE 3435 02:06:24,521 --> 02:06:26,590 SCALE IN HORSES THAT WERE 3436 02:06:26,590 --> 02:06:27,124 SUBMITTED TO CASTRATION. 3437 02:06:27,124 --> 02:06:30,727 SO THE WAY THAT THEY DID THAT IS 3438 02:06:30,727 --> 02:06:31,762 THEY HAD CAMERAS OVERHEAD AS CAN 3439 02:06:31,762 --> 02:06:35,532 YOU SEE AND WHEN THE ANIMAL'S 3440 02:06:35,532 --> 02:06:36,600 APPROACH THE AREA THE CAMERA 3441 02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,269 WOULD TAKE A PICTURE OF THE FIES 3442 02:06:39,269 --> 02:06:42,406 OF THE HORSE AS CAN YOU SEE IN 3443 02:06:42,406 --> 02:06:45,275 THE IMAGE, AND THEY FIND THE 3 3444 02:06:45,275 --> 02:06:46,643 DIFFERENT AREAS OF ABOUT THAT 3445 02:06:46,643 --> 02:06:48,178 THEY USE ON THE GRIMACE SCALE. 3446 02:06:48,178 --> 02:06:50,614 SO THE FIRST PART OF TRAINING 3447 02:06:50,614 --> 02:06:52,115 THIS MODEL WAS TO ACTUALLY FIND 3448 02:06:52,115 --> 02:06:54,317 THE FACE OF THE HORSE, AND THEN 3449 02:06:54,317 --> 02:06:58,388 FIND THOSE AREAS WHERE THEY HAD 3450 02:06:58,388 --> 02:06:58,655 INTEREST. 3451 02:06:58,655 --> 02:07:00,390 SO THEY LOOK FOR THE EARS, THE 3452 02:07:00,390 --> 02:07:03,093 EYES AND THE NOSE AND MOUTH OF 3453 02:07:03,093 --> 02:07:04,728 THAT ANIMAL. 3454 02:07:04,728 --> 02:07:08,865 AND THEY HAD A PRETTY GOOD 3455 02:07:08,865 --> 02:07:12,803 ACCURACY ON FINDING THE EARS, ON 3456 02:07:12,803 --> 02:07:15,539 FINDING 93%, AND FOLLOWING WITH 3457 02:07:15,539 --> 02:07:16,973 THE NOSTRILS OF 74.5 AND THEN 3458 02:07:16,973 --> 02:07:18,141 FOLLOWED BY THE EYES. 3459 02:07:18,141 --> 02:07:22,946 SO THE NEXT THING THAT THEY DID 3460 02:07:22,946 --> 02:07:24,848 WAS THEY GAVE THE SCORES TO 3461 02:07:24,848 --> 02:07:26,383 THOSE ANIMAL ANDS THEY TRAIN THE 3462 02:07:26,383 --> 02:07:29,986 MODEL TO PREDICT IN WHICH CORE 3463 02:07:29,986 --> 02:07:31,955 THE ANIMAL WAS GOING TO FALL 3464 02:07:31,955 --> 02:07:32,322 INTO. 3465 02:07:32,322 --> 02:07:36,927 AND BY DOING THAT, THEY DIVIDED 3466 02:07:36,927 --> 02:07:40,063 THE ANIMALS INTO PRESENTING 3467 02:07:40,063 --> 02:07:41,898 PAIN, PRESENTING PAIN MODERATELY 3468 02:07:41,898 --> 02:07:42,833 AND OBVIOUSLY PRESENTING PAIN. 3469 02:07:42,833 --> 02:07:45,068 SO WHEN THEY DID THAT BY USING 3470 02:07:45,068 --> 02:07:51,007 HOSE GRIMACE SCORES THEY ACHIEE 3471 02:07:51,007 --> 02:07:53,543 A 75.8% ACCURACY ON THOSE 3472 02:07:53,543 --> 02:07:55,846 ANIMALS SO THEY THOUGHT THEY 3473 02:07:55,846 --> 02:07:57,114 COULD IMPROVE ACCURACY OF HOW 3474 02:07:57,114 --> 02:08:01,318 THEY DETECT PAIN AND THEY 3475 02:08:01,318 --> 02:08:02,919 DECIDED TO COMBOYNE THOSE AND 3476 02:08:02,919 --> 02:08:04,221 MODERATE AND PRESENT THEY 3477 02:08:04,221 --> 02:08:05,789 COMBOYNE THOSE 2 TOGETHER AND 3478 02:08:05,789 --> 02:08:09,159 THEY END UP WITH A BINOMIAL TYPE 3479 02:08:09,159 --> 02:08:10,527 OF DATA WHERE THEY HAD PAIN AND 3480 02:08:10,527 --> 02:08:10,927 NO PAIN. 3481 02:08:10,927 --> 02:08:13,663 AND WHEN THEY DID THAT THEY 3482 02:08:13,663 --> 02:08:17,234 IMPROVE THEIR ACCURACYS BY 3483 02:08:17,234 --> 02:08:19,236 88.3%. 3484 02:08:19,236 --> 02:08:21,204 SO, IT WAS A LITTLE BITTER OF 3485 02:08:21,204 --> 02:08:22,606 WHAT THEY HAD BEFORE BUT THEY 3486 02:08:22,606 --> 02:08:24,141 WERE ABLE TO USE THAT GRIMACE 3487 02:08:24,141 --> 02:08:30,213 SCALE IN A MORE OBJECTIVE WAY 3488 02:08:30,213 --> 02:08:32,516 THAN WHAT WE WOULD DO WHEN WE 3489 02:08:32,516 --> 02:08:34,351 WERE JUST SCORING BY A HUMAN 3490 02:08:34,351 --> 02:08:36,319 EMPLOY THE NEXT 1 IS QUITE GOOD 3491 02:08:36,319 --> 02:08:37,220 BECAUSE THE PRESENTER BEFORE ME 3492 02:08:37,220 --> 02:08:39,890 ALREADY KIND OF SHOWED THIS 1, 3493 02:08:39,890 --> 02:08:49,166 THIS WAS DONE IN SHEEP AND IT 3494 02:08:49,166 --> 02:08:50,901 WAS ENTITLED TOWARDS AUTOMATIC 3495 02:08:50,901 --> 02:08:52,969 MONITORING OF DISEASE PROGRESS 3496 02:08:52,969 --> 02:08:56,339 IN SHEEP: A HIERARCHICAL MODEL 3497 02:08:56,339 --> 02:08:57,774 FOR SHEEP FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 3498 02:08:57,774 --> 02:08:59,509 ANALYSIS FROM VIDEO. 3499 02:08:59,509 --> 02:09:01,611 THIS IS A NEAT STUDY THEY HAD TO 3500 02:09:01,611 --> 02:09:03,513 DEVELOP, THEY HAD TO DEVELOP A 3501 02:09:03,513 --> 02:09:05,081 ROBUST SHEEP FACIAL DETECTION 3502 02:09:05,081 --> 02:09:06,850 MODEL, SO THE FIRST THING WAS 3503 02:09:06,850 --> 02:09:08,084 HAVING BIG HERDS OF SHEEP AND 3504 02:09:08,084 --> 02:09:10,520 FINDING THE FACE OF THOSE 3505 02:09:10,520 --> 02:09:12,322 ANIMALS USING BINDING BOXES. 3506 02:09:12,322 --> 02:09:14,090 SO JUST LOOKING FOR THOSE IMAGE 3507 02:09:14,090 --> 02:09:15,859 AND TRYING TO FIND WHERE THE 3508 02:09:15,859 --> 02:09:18,962 SHEEP WAS AT AND WHERE THEIR 3509 02:09:18,962 --> 02:09:19,930 HEAD WAS AT. 3510 02:09:19,930 --> 02:09:22,232 THEY DO THAT BY USING CONTINUOUS 3511 02:09:22,232 --> 02:09:23,366 DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF VIDEO 3512 02:09:23,366 --> 02:09:25,402 SO THEY HAD A LOT OF VIDEOS OF 3513 02:09:25,402 --> 02:09:27,871 THOSE ANIMALS AND THEY 3514 02:09:27,871 --> 02:09:29,873 CONTINUOUSLY FOUND THOSE FACES 3515 02:09:29,873 --> 02:09:30,774 OF THOSE ANIMALS. 3516 02:09:30,774 --> 02:09:32,709 AND THE GOOD THING THAT THEY DID 3517 02:09:32,709 --> 02:09:36,246 HERE WAS THEY ACCOUNTED FOR, HAD 3518 02:09:36,246 --> 02:09:36,880 ROTATION AND SELF-OCCLUSION 3519 02:09:36,880 --> 02:09:38,248 WHICH CAN BE VERY BIG WHEN WE 3520 02:09:38,248 --> 02:09:41,952 TALK ABOUT MACHINE LEARNING AND 3521 02:09:41,952 --> 02:09:43,186 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WHEN YOU 3522 02:09:43,186 --> 02:09:44,721 DON'T HAVE THE EYE PRESENTING 3523 02:09:44,721 --> 02:09:47,591 ITSELF ON THE IMAGE, HOW YOU 3524 02:09:47,591 --> 02:09:48,491 CLASSIFY THAT ANIMAL. 3525 02:09:48,491 --> 02:09:49,292 SO FOR THIS PROMULGATE 3526 02:09:49,292 --> 02:09:51,461 ECTOMYOSIN THEY WERE ABLE TO 3527 02:09:51,461 --> 02:09:53,463 THEY WERE ABLE TO ACCOUNT FOR 3528 02:09:53,463 --> 02:09:57,534 THAT OCCLUSION, MAYBE THERE'S 3529 02:09:57,534 --> 02:09:59,936 AN ANIMAL IN FRONT OF ANOTHER 1 3530 02:09:59,936 --> 02:10:01,905 SO THERE'S AN OVERLAP OF HEADS 3531 02:10:01,905 --> 02:10:03,206 IN THE IMAGE THEY HAD AND THEN 3532 02:10:03,206 --> 02:10:05,175 THEY ALSO USE A TEMPORAL NATURE 3533 02:10:05,175 --> 02:10:06,910 OF FACIAL XREGS SO THEY COULD 3534 02:10:06,910 --> 02:10:07,978 FOLLOW THOSE ANIMALS THROUGH 3535 02:10:07,978 --> 02:10:08,311 TIME. 3536 02:10:08,311 --> 02:10:12,115 THEY USE A PAIN SUMMATION MODEL 3537 02:10:12,115 --> 02:10:12,949 ISSUE UTILIZING REGIONS OF 3538 02:10:12,949 --> 02:10:14,784 INTEREST LIKE THEY DID IN THE 3539 02:10:14,784 --> 02:10:17,554 PREVIOUS STUDY AND I'M GOING TO 3540 02:10:17,554 --> 02:10:18,955 SHOW YOU JUST KIND OF A LITTLE 3541 02:10:18,955 --> 02:10:23,593 BIT OF HOW THEY DID THAT. 3542 02:10:23,593 --> 02:10:26,429 SO THE FIRST THING WAS TO FIND 3543 02:10:26,429 --> 02:10:27,597 THE FACE OF THE SHEEP AS CAN YOU 3544 02:10:27,597 --> 02:10:29,966 SEE BY THE PURPLE BOX SO THAT 3545 02:10:29,966 --> 02:10:33,603 WAS THE FIRST THING THAT THEY 3546 02:10:33,603 --> 02:10:34,938 DID WAS CREATE THE MODTOLL FIND 3547 02:10:34,938 --> 02:10:36,239 THOSE HEADS AND THEN THEY WERE 3548 02:10:36,239 --> 02:10:37,240 ABLE TO PUT LANDMARKS 3549 02:10:37,240 --> 02:10:39,676 SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY THE FACE OF 3550 02:10:39,676 --> 02:10:41,978 THE SHEEP SO I KNOW IT'S QUITE 3551 02:10:41,978 --> 02:10:44,147 SMALL BUT THOSE PURPLE DOTS 3552 02:10:44,147 --> 02:10:46,583 REPRESENT ALL OF THE AREAS, THE 3553 02:10:46,583 --> 02:10:48,818 LANDMARKS THAT THEY DID, TO FIND 3554 02:10:48,818 --> 02:10:51,721 THE FACE OF SHEEP AND ALSO 3555 02:10:51,721 --> 02:10:53,590 ACCOUNT FOR THAT, MAYBE 3556 02:10:53,590 --> 02:10:55,225 OCCLUSION OR TILT OF THE HEAD. 3557 02:10:55,225 --> 02:10:56,826 ONCE THEY DID THAT, THEN THEY 3558 02:10:56,826 --> 02:10:58,895 WERE ABLE TO FIND THOSE REGIONS 3559 02:10:58,895 --> 02:11:02,232 OF INTEREST SO THEY LOOKED FOR 3560 02:11:02,232 --> 02:11:04,067 THE 2 EARS, THE NOSE, BOTH EYE 3561 02:11:04,067 --> 02:11:09,039 ANDS THEN THE POSITION OF THE 3562 02:11:09,039 --> 02:11:09,239 HEAD. 3563 02:11:09,239 --> 02:11:11,474 AND THEN THEY RUN THAT THROUGH A 3564 02:11:11,474 --> 02:11:13,576 CLASSIFIER TYPE OF MODEL THAT 3565 02:11:13,576 --> 02:11:15,111 WOULD PREDICT IF THE ANIMAL WAS 3566 02:11:15,111 --> 02:11:20,350 IN PAIN OR NOT IN PAIN BASED ON 3567 02:11:20,350 --> 02:11:20,850 ALL OF THAT. 3568 02:11:20,850 --> 02:11:22,686 SO WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE RESULTS, 3569 02:11:22,686 --> 02:11:25,622 YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY USE ALL 3570 02:11:25,622 --> 02:11:28,625 THEIR APPROACHES TO LOOK FOR THE 3571 02:11:28,625 --> 02:11:30,126 PRECISION AND RECALL AND FOR 3572 02:11:30,126 --> 02:11:34,464 THOSE OF YOU THAT ARE MORE 3573 02:11:34,464 --> 02:11:35,398 ACCUSTOMED TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 3574 02:11:35,398 --> 02:11:37,400 DATA OUR PRECISION WOULD BE OUR 3575 02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:38,234 PROZZATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE AND 3576 02:11:38,234 --> 02:11:40,403 OUR RECALL WOULD BE OUR 3577 02:11:40,403 --> 02:11:42,005 SENSITIVITY. 3578 02:11:42,005 --> 02:11:43,773 AND THE F1 SCORE IS GOING TO BE 3579 02:11:43,773 --> 02:11:45,041 A COMBINATION BETWEEN THE 2 3580 02:11:45,041 --> 02:11:47,844 WHERE THEY MODEL HOW THE 3581 02:11:47,844 --> 02:11:50,714 PRECISION AND RECALL IS DONE TO 3582 02:11:50,714 --> 02:11:53,283 FIND OUT IF THE ANIMALS WERE IN 3583 02:11:53,283 --> 02:11:53,950 PANE OR NOT. 3584 02:11:53,950 --> 02:12:00,924 SO AS CAN YOU SEE, WHEN THEY 3585 02:12:00,924 --> 02:12:02,625 WHEN THEY USE EACH 1 OF THOSE, 3586 02:12:02,625 --> 02:12:03,793 THEY ACHIEVE A GREAT PRECISION 3587 02:12:03,793 --> 02:12:05,562 BUT WHEN THEY COMBINE THE 3588 02:12:05,562 --> 02:12:06,830 REGIONS OF INTEREST, THE POSE OF 3589 02:12:06,830 --> 02:12:11,801 THE HEAD AND THE GEOMETRY OF THE 3590 02:12:11,801 --> 02:12:14,804 FACIAL, THEY ACTUALLY HAD A 3591 02:12:14,804 --> 02:12:17,374 BETTER PRECISION OF 83%, RECALL 3592 02:12:17,374 --> 02:12:27,050 OF 68% AND AN ACCURACY OF 78%. 3593 02:12:27,050 --> 02:12:28,685 SO THE LAST STUDY I WANT TO 3594 02:12:28,685 --> 02:12:30,520 PRESENT TO YOU IS ACTUALLY DONE 3595 02:12:30,520 --> 02:12:32,956 DURING MY Ph.D. 3596 02:12:32,956 --> 02:12:35,325 WE USE AN EVALUATED PRECISION 3597 02:12:35,325 --> 02:12:37,227 LIVESTOCK TECHNOLOGY AND WE 3598 02:12:37,227 --> 02:12:39,729 COMPARED TO THAT PRECISION 3599 02:12:39,729 --> 02:12:40,764 TECHNOLOGY TO HUMAN SCORING OF 3600 02:12:40,764 --> 02:12:46,970 NURSERY PIGS THAT WERE 3601 02:12:46,970 --> 02:12:47,604 CHALLENGED USING LPS. 3602 02:12:47,604 --> 02:12:49,839 SO THIS WAS DONE WITH THE 3603 02:12:49,839 --> 02:12:51,674 UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AND WHAT 3604 02:12:51,674 --> 02:12:54,778 WE USE WAS A CAMERA THAT WAS ON 3605 02:12:54,778 --> 02:12:59,082 TOP OF THE PANS AND IT WAS ABLE 3606 02:12:59,082 --> 02:13:00,383 TO IDENTIFY EACH INDIVIDUAL 3607 02:13:00,383 --> 02:13:02,118 ANIMAL USING THEIR EAR TAGS. 3608 02:13:02,118 --> 02:13:06,990 SO THAT IS A CHALLENGE HAD WE 3609 02:13:06,990 --> 02:13:08,158 USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS 3610 02:13:08,158 --> 02:13:09,659 BEING ABLE TO TELL WHICH ANIMAL 3611 02:13:09,659 --> 02:13:11,895 IS WHAT WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 3612 02:13:11,895 --> 02:13:13,096 HERDS. 3613 02:13:13,096 --> 02:13:15,298 SO THIS IS WHAT THIS PROJECT WAS 3614 02:13:15,298 --> 02:13:16,900 DONE BY USING THOSE EAR TAGS. 3615 02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:19,836 AND THEN BY DOING SO, WE WERE 3616 02:13:19,836 --> 02:13:24,074 ABLE TO ANNOTATE AND TO TRAIN 3617 02:13:24,074 --> 02:13:27,844 OUR MODEL TO FIND BEHAVIORS OF 3618 02:13:27,844 --> 02:13:29,579 THOSE ANIMALS THAT WE HAD 3619 02:13:29,579 --> 02:13:32,515 INTEREST ON BASED ON SICKNESS. 3620 02:13:32,515 --> 02:13:34,084 SO THEN WE WERE ABLE TO IAT THE 3621 02:13:34,084 --> 02:13:37,554 PRESENT TIMIFY THE ANIMALS WERE 3622 02:13:37,554 --> 02:13:38,588 PRESENTING CLINICAL SICKNESS OR 3623 02:13:38,588 --> 02:13:40,757 NOT AND THEN COMPARING TO A 3624 02:13:40,757 --> 02:13:42,592 VETERINARIAN STAND NOTHING FRONT 3625 02:13:42,592 --> 02:13:45,728 OF THE PIN AND CHECKING IF THE 3626 02:13:45,728 --> 02:13:46,996 ANIMAL PRESENTED SICKNESS OR 3627 02:13:46,996 --> 02:13:47,163 NOT. 3628 02:13:47,163 --> 02:13:48,965 SO THE GOLD STAND ORDER WOULD 3629 02:13:48,965 --> 02:13:50,667 RECEIVE WELL, PS OR THEY DIDN'T 3630 02:13:50,667 --> 02:13:51,367 RECEIVE LPS. 3631 02:13:51,367 --> 02:13:54,370 AND WE USE QUITE A HIGH DOSE OF 3632 02:13:54,370 --> 02:13:59,776 LPS, SO THEY PRESENTED A LOT OF 3633 02:13:59,776 --> 02:14:02,078 THOSE BEHAVIORS OF PAIN, JUST 3634 02:14:02,078 --> 02:14:03,680 STRUGGLING LOOKING AT THE FLANK 3635 02:14:03,680 --> 02:14:06,149 AND THEN WE USE, WE COMPARE THAT 3636 02:14:06,149 --> 02:14:08,785 GOLDEN STANDARD WITH THE GOLD 3637 02:14:08,785 --> 02:14:09,486 STANDARD, SORRY WITH 6 CORES 3638 02:14:09,486 --> 02:14:11,788 THAT WERE DONE BY THE HUMAN 3639 02:14:11,788 --> 02:14:13,456 OBSERVER AND THE BEHAVIORS 3640 02:14:13,456 --> 02:14:14,824 COMING FROM OUR PRECISION 3641 02:14:14,824 --> 02:14:16,326 TECHNOLOGY THAT I WILL BE 3642 02:14:16,326 --> 02:14:23,600 REFERRING AS NO TRACK. 3643 02:14:23,600 --> 02:14:25,969 SO JUST TO SHOW YOU RESULTS ON 3644 02:14:25,969 --> 02:14:27,837 THE LPS AND ON THE Y-AXIS WE 3645 02:14:27,837 --> 02:14:29,906 HAVE THE AREA UNDER THE KUIVE 3646 02:14:29,906 --> 02:14:31,875 FOR BOTH NEW TRACK IN RED AND 3647 02:14:31,875 --> 02:14:35,078 SICKNESS SCORES DONE BY HUMANS 3648 02:14:35,078 --> 02:14:35,945 IN IMROAN. 3649 02:14:35,945 --> 02:14:39,349 AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THE NUTRACK 3650 02:14:39,349 --> 02:14:42,018 DID QUITE A BIT BETTER THAN US 3651 02:14:42,018 --> 02:14:45,288 IN IDENTIFYING WHICH PIGLETS 3652 02:14:45,288 --> 02:14:46,156 WERE PRESENTING SICKNESS AND 3653 02:14:46,156 --> 02:14:47,790 THEN WHAT HAPPENED WAS BY DAY 3, 3654 02:14:47,790 --> 02:14:51,861 BECAUSE THEY START TO RECOVER, 3655 02:14:51,861 --> 02:14:55,265 THE HUMAN HAD A REALLY HARD TIME 3656 02:14:55,265 --> 02:14:59,135 TO 3657 02:14:59,135 --> 02:15:00,069 IDENTIFY ANIMALS THAT WERE SICK 3658 02:15:00,069 --> 02:15:02,739 BEFORE BUT WHEN WE LOOK AT THE 3659 02:15:02,739 --> 02:15:04,641 NUTRACK, THEY HAD CURVE OF 0.9 3660 02:15:04,641 --> 02:15:07,110 WHICH IS FAIRLY GOOD IN 3661 02:15:07,110 --> 02:15:07,777 IDENTIFYING THOSE ANIMALS. 3662 02:15:07,777 --> 02:15:13,316 SO MOVING ON TO THINGS THAT ARE 3663 02:15:13,316 --> 02:15:15,051 JUST NOW COMING UP. 3664 02:15:15,051 --> 02:15:18,821 WE HAVE SYNTHETIC DATA BEING 3665 02:15:18,821 --> 02:15:19,622 GENERATED AND THIS IS IMPORTANT 3666 02:15:19,622 --> 02:15:21,658 BECAUSE WE NEED A LOT OF DATA TO 3667 02:15:21,658 --> 02:15:24,427 TRAIN A MODEL, WE NEED A LOT OF 3668 02:15:24,427 --> 02:15:25,261 VIDEOS, IMAGES AND IT'S 3669 02:15:25,261 --> 02:15:26,362 SOMETHING HARD TO DO. 3670 02:15:26,362 --> 02:15:28,765 SO THIS PROJECT WAS DONE IN IOWA 3671 02:15:28,765 --> 02:15:30,166 AND THEY GENERATED SEN 3672 02:15:30,166 --> 02:15:32,602 ILLEGALSENTHETIC DATA TO TRAIN 3673 02:15:32,602 --> 02:15:35,271 THEIR DEEP LEARNING MODEL AND 3674 02:15:35,271 --> 02:15:37,173 WHAT THEY HAD DONE FIRST WAS TO 3675 02:15:37,173 --> 02:15:39,442 DO THE SYNTHETIC MODEL OFF A COW 3676 02:15:39,442 --> 02:15:43,780 AS YOU SEE ON THE PICTURE ON 3677 02:15:43,780 --> 02:15:44,347 YOUR RIGHT. 3678 02:15:44,347 --> 02:15:45,949 AND THEN ON YOUR LEFT, THEY PUT 3679 02:15:45,949 --> 02:15:47,517 THE COW THAT THEY CREATED 3680 02:15:47,517 --> 02:15:51,454 SYNTHETICALLY IN A LOT OF 3681 02:15:51,454 --> 02:15:52,155 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WITH 3682 02:15:52,155 --> 02:15:57,026 DIFFERENT LIGHTING SO WE HAVE A 3683 02:15:57,026 --> 02:15:58,528 HARDS, IT WAS THOUGHT BEFORE 3684 02:15:58,528 --> 02:16:00,463 HAVING THE STANDARD DATA WHERE 3685 02:16:00,463 --> 02:16:01,664 THE PICTURE WAS TAKEN WITH THE 3686 02:16:01,664 --> 02:16:02,832 SAME LIGHTING IN THE SAME WAY 3687 02:16:02,832 --> 02:16:03,800 WITH THE SAME ANGLE. 3688 02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:06,236 SO WHAT THEY WERE TRYING TO DO 3689 02:16:06,236 --> 02:16:11,207 IS JUST TO USE ALL OF THOSE 3690 02:16:11,207 --> 02:16:12,275 DIFFERENT BACK IMROWNDS TO 3691 02:16:12,275 --> 02:16:14,377 BETTER TRAIN THE MODEL TO 3692 02:16:14,377 --> 02:16:16,312 CAPTURE THE BEHAVIORS OF THOSE 3693 02:16:16,312 --> 02:16:16,679 ANIMALS. 3694 02:16:16,679 --> 02:16:19,949 SO THIS IS 1 OF THE THINGS THAT 3695 02:16:19,949 --> 02:16:21,618 ARE BEING DONE IN THE PAST FEW 3696 02:16:21,618 --> 02:16:26,522 YEARS TO IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO 3697 02:16:26,522 --> 02:16:36,599 USE OR SHOW INTELLIGENCE. 3698 02:16:36,599 --> 02:16:37,967 THIS IS ACTUALLY A VIDEO BUT I 3699 02:16:37,967 --> 02:16:39,669 DON'T KNOW WHY IT'S NOT PLAYING. 3700 02:16:39,669 --> 02:16:41,037 SO I WILL DESCRIBE TO YOU WHAT 3701 02:16:41,037 --> 02:16:42,205 HAPPENED HERE. 3702 02:16:42,205 --> 02:16:43,840 THIS IS ANOTHER SYNTHETIC DATA 3703 02:16:43,840 --> 02:16:46,609 SO THIS COMPANY FROM CANADA 3704 02:16:46,609 --> 02:16:49,145 CALLED 1 CUP, THEY CREATED A 3705 02:16:49,145 --> 02:16:50,780 LAMENESS MODEL OF A COW, SO THIS 3706 02:16:50,780 --> 02:16:53,316 COW WILL ACTUALLY BE WALKING 3707 02:16:53,316 --> 02:16:55,818 LAME AND THEN THEY CREATED A 3708 02:16:55,818 --> 02:16:58,554 MODEL TO FIND FOCAL POINTS THAT 3709 02:16:58,554 --> 02:17:00,757 THEY WANTED, SO ALL THE LAGS, 3710 02:17:00,757 --> 02:17:03,059 ALL THE HEAD, AND THEN PUT 3711 02:17:03,059 --> 02:17:06,229 LANDMARKS AS YOU SAW ON THAT 3712 02:17:06,229 --> 02:17:08,665 SHEEP IMAGE AND THEN THEY COULD 3713 02:17:08,665 --> 02:17:11,601 MEASURE DIFFERENT ANGLES OFF 3714 02:17:11,601 --> 02:17:15,471 THAT ANIMAL WALKING AND THEY'RE 3715 02:17:15,471 --> 02:17:16,306 JUST TRAINING THEIR MODEL AND 3716 02:17:16,306 --> 02:17:18,441 THEY'RE GOING TO TRY TO USE THAT 3717 02:17:18,441 --> 02:17:20,510 IN REAL ANIMALS AND SEE IF 3718 02:17:20,510 --> 02:17:22,278 TRAINING THE MODEL WITH 3719 02:17:22,278 --> 02:17:23,446 SYNTHETIC DATA CAN ACTUALLY BE 3720 02:17:23,446 --> 02:17:26,215 APPLIED TO LIVE ANIMALS. 3721 02:17:26,215 --> 02:17:29,185 SO JUST TO GIVE YOU SOME 3722 02:17:29,185 --> 02:17:29,686 CONCLUSION, ARTIFICIAL 3723 02:17:29,686 --> 02:17:31,854 INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING 3724 02:17:31,854 --> 02:17:34,691 OFFERS THE POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE 3725 02:17:34,691 --> 02:17:38,261 OBJECTIFICATION OF MEASURES THAT 3726 02:17:38,261 --> 02:17:38,995 WERE PREVIOUSLY OBJECTIVE, 3727 02:17:38,995 --> 02:17:42,265 ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH EMOTIONS 3728 02:17:42,265 --> 02:17:44,033 AND FEELINGS WHERE WE'RE STILL 3729 02:17:44,033 --> 02:17:45,435 STRUGGLING WHEN WE GO PUBLISH 3730 02:17:45,435 --> 02:17:47,737 AND IT ALSO OFFERS US WITH THE 3 3731 02:17:47,737 --> 02:17:51,240 Rs THAT WE ARE ALSO ALWAYS 3732 02:17:51,240 --> 02:17:53,309 TALKED ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 3733 02:17:53,309 --> 02:17:54,010 ANIMAL WELFARE. 3734 02:17:54,010 --> 02:17:55,745 SO HAVING THAT REPLACEMENT AND 3735 02:17:55,745 --> 02:17:58,548 REPLACEMENT OF THE ANIMALS WITH 3736 02:17:58,548 --> 02:17:59,716 SYNTHETIC DATA TO TRAIN OUR 3737 02:17:59,716 --> 02:18:01,684 MODELS AND BETTER USE ON LIVE 3738 02:18:01,684 --> 02:18:02,752 ANIMAL ANDS THEN ALSO THE 3739 02:18:02,752 --> 02:18:05,722 REDUCTION OF THE NUMBER OF 3740 02:18:05,722 --> 02:18:07,123 IMAGES WE NEED AND THEN 3741 02:18:07,123 --> 02:18:09,559 REFINEMENT OF OUR METHODS. 3742 02:18:09,559 --> 02:18:13,262 AND WE ARE IN THE TECHNOLOGY ERA 3743 02:18:13,262 --> 02:18:15,264 SO YOU ALL USE YOUR PHONES. 3744 02:18:15,264 --> 02:18:17,166 YOU KNOW THAT THERE'S A LOT OF 3745 02:18:17,166 --> 02:18:18,334 TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED IN THAT AND 3746 02:18:18,334 --> 02:18:21,537 DON'T THINK WE CAN RUN AWAY FROM 3747 02:18:21,537 --> 02:18:22,271 ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE AND 3748 02:18:22,271 --> 02:18:23,439 MACHINE LEARNING IN ANY OF THE 3749 02:18:23,439 --> 02:18:25,942 FIELDS SO WE JUST NEED TO 3750 02:18:25,942 --> 02:18:31,247 EMBRACE THAT AND BE OPEN MIND TO 3751 02:18:31,247 --> 02:18:32,448 LEARN DIFFERENT TOOLS WE CAN USE 3752 02:18:32,448 --> 02:18:34,517 TO IMPROVE THE WAY WE COLLECT 3753 02:18:34,517 --> 02:18:34,884 DATA. 3754 02:18:34,884 --> 02:18:36,719 AND WITH THAT, I JUST WANT TO 3755 02:18:36,719 --> 02:18:40,556 SAY THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME 3756 02:18:40,556 --> 02:18:40,757 HERE. 3757 02:18:40,757 --> 02:18:51,000 [ APPLAUSE ] 3758 02:18:53,936 --> 02:18:56,005 NI WOULD LIKE TO INVITE OUR 3759 02:18:56,005 --> 02:18:58,207 PANEL SPEAKERS FROM THE MORNING 3760 02:18:58,207 --> 02:19:00,510 PANELS, SO JUST FROM A 3761 02:19:00,510 --> 02:19:01,444 HOUSEKEEPING PERSPECTIVE, WE 3762 02:19:01,444 --> 02:19:03,880 HAVE AMERICA ICs SET UP IN THE 3763 02:19:03,880 --> 02:19:05,448 CENTER AISLES AND IF YOU HAVE A 3764 02:19:05,448 --> 02:19:06,416 QUESTION, I INVITE TO YOU COME 3765 02:19:06,416 --> 02:19:08,718 UP TO THE MIC AND YOU CAN DIRECT 3766 02:19:08,718 --> 02:19:11,487 YOUR QUESTION SPECIFICALLY TO 1 3767 02:19:11,487 --> 02:19:13,556 OF OUR PANELISTS OR FOR THE 3768 02:19:13,556 --> 02:19:14,757 PANELISTS TO RESPOND AS A GROUP 3769 02:19:14,757 --> 02:19:17,026 EMPLOY SO WE'LL JUST GET SET UP 3770 02:19:17,026 --> 02:19:19,829 HERE FOR A MOMENT, GET NAMES UP 3771 02:19:19,829 --> 02:19:28,337 AND PROCEED WITH THE PANEL 3772 02:19:28,337 --> 02:19:28,704 DISCUSSION HERE. 3773 02:19:28,704 --> 02:19:29,772 SO IF HAVE YOU ANY QUESTIONS IF 3774 02:19:29,772 --> 02:19:31,007 YOU WOULD LIKE TO MAKE YOUR WAY 3775 02:19:31,007 --> 02:19:34,544 TO 1 OF THE MICROPHONES AND IF 3776 02:19:34,544 --> 02:19:35,511 THE SPEAKERS COULD REPEAT THE 3777 02:19:35,511 --> 02:19:37,447 QUESTION, THAT MIGHT BE HELPFUL 3778 02:19:37,447 --> 02:19:40,483 TOO, IN CASE SOMEBODY MISSES 3779 02:19:40,483 --> 02:19:40,683 THAT. 3780 02:19:40,683 --> 02:19:45,021 SO I HOPE UP TO THE FLOWER NOW 3781 02:19:45,021 --> 02:19:46,789 AND INVITE THE ATTENDEES PLEASE 3782 02:19:46,789 --> 02:19:57,166 TO ASK SOME QUESTIONS. 3783 02:20:00,770 --> 02:20:03,806 MSO I'M INTERESTED IN WHAT CAN 3784 02:20:03,806 --> 02:20:05,541 PRACTICALLY BE DONE THROUGH PAIN 3785 02:20:05,541 --> 02:20:07,577 INTELIENCE OR OTHER MEANS. 3786 02:20:07,577 --> 02:20:09,078 HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT CLOSED 3787 02:20:09,078 --> 02:20:11,180 LOOP SYSTEMS I CAN THINK OF 3788 02:20:11,180 --> 02:20:14,584 MAYBE GIVING ANIMALS OPIOIDS OR 3789 02:20:14,584 --> 02:20:16,686 EVEN IF YOU HAD GENE CIRCUITS OF 3790 02:20:16,686 --> 02:20:21,891 SOME SORT COMBINED WITH AI TO 3791 02:20:21,891 --> 02:20:22,358 PROVIDE RELIEF. 3792 02:20:22,358 --> 02:20:23,426 HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT 3793 02:20:23,426 --> 02:20:29,599 CONNECTING THE TOOLS IN THAT 3794 02:20:29,599 --> 02:20:29,832 WAY? 3795 02:20:29,832 --> 02:20:31,934 >> SO THE QUESTION IS HOW WE CAN 3796 02:20:31,934 --> 02:20:33,369 CONNECT WITH THE ARTIFICIAL 3797 02:20:33,369 --> 02:20:37,974 INTELLIGENCE WITH TOOLS THAT CAN 3798 02:20:37,974 --> 02:20:39,575 MAYBE PROVIDE SOME OPIOIDS OR 3799 02:20:39,575 --> 02:20:41,444 SOMETHING THAT COULD HELP WITH 3800 02:20:41,444 --> 02:20:44,247 THE PAIN? 3801 02:20:44,247 --> 02:20:46,983 I THINK THE FIRST THING THAT, AT 3802 02:20:46,983 --> 02:20:48,384 LEASTOT LARGE ANIMAL SIDE, THAT 3803 02:20:48,384 --> 02:20:49,685 WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS JUST MAYBE 3804 02:20:49,685 --> 02:20:52,421 COME UP WITH AN ALERT SYSTEM FOR 3805 02:20:52,421 --> 02:20:56,659 THE PURPOSE THAT IS TAKING CARE 3806 02:20:56,659 --> 02:21:00,162 OF THOSE ANIMALS BECAUSE AS I 3807 02:21:00,162 --> 02:21:01,998 SAID BEFORE AND FINDING WORKERS 3808 02:21:01,998 --> 02:21:12,375 FOR OUR LARGE ANIMALS. 3809 02:21:31,794 --> 02:21:32,995 AND AND WORKING WITH THESE 3810 02:21:32,995 --> 02:21:36,532 ANIMALS TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK. 3811 02:21:36,532 --> 02:21:39,268 >> I CAN SPEAK TO SOME OF THE 3812 02:21:39,268 --> 02:21:49,812 EXPERIENCES IN HUMAN MEDICINE SO 3813 02:21:54,350 --> 02:21:56,385 FOR EXAMPLE, FROM A NURSES 3814 02:21:56,385 --> 02:22:01,891 CONTROL PANEL AND THERE'S KIND 3815 02:22:01,891 --> 02:22:04,126 OF I THINK WE'RE SORT OF IN THE 3816 02:22:04,126 --> 02:22:05,761 SPACE OF HOW TO USE MACHINE 3817 02:22:05,761 --> 02:22:08,931 LEARNING IN A CLINICAL 3818 02:22:08,931 --> 02:22:10,066 ENVIRONMENT AND 1 OF THE 3819 02:22:10,066 --> 02:22:20,476 INTERESTING THINGS WE'VE 3820 02:22:42,264 --> 02:22:43,799 LEARNED--AND AGAIN, THIS 3821 02:22:43,799 --> 02:22:54,276 REQUIRES LIKE A REALLY LARGE 3822 02:22:59,849 --> 02:23:00,816 MULTIDISCIPLINARY EFFORT FOR 3823 02:23:00,816 --> 02:23:03,519 THESE NTHANKS FOR THE 3824 02:23:03,519 --> 02:23:04,153 THOUGHT-PROVOKING PRESENTATIONS, 3825 02:23:04,153 --> 02:23:04,920 I THOUGHT THE COMMON THEME WAS 3826 02:23:04,920 --> 02:23:06,455 ALL ABOUT HOW DO WE MOVE 3827 02:23:06,455 --> 02:23:07,990 FORWARD, HOW DO WE IMPROVE WHAT 3828 02:23:07,990 --> 02:23:16,732 WE'RE DOING, GET BETTER AND FIND 3829 02:23:16,732 --> 02:23:17,667 OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES SO 3830 02:23:17,667 --> 02:23:20,002 WHETHER YOU'RE TRYING TO FIGURE 3831 02:23:20,002 --> 02:23:22,738 OUT WHICH MICRORNAs RELATE TO 3832 02:23:22,738 --> 02:23:27,276 PAIN OR WHETHER YOU'RE TRYING TO 3833 02:23:27,276 --> 02:23:28,144 APPLY ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE, CAN 3834 02:23:28,144 --> 02:23:29,445 YOU COMMENT ON WHETHER OR NOT 3835 02:23:29,445 --> 02:23:31,147 YOU WORRY ABOUT THE GROUND TRUTH 3836 02:23:31,147 --> 02:23:32,882 GOING INTO IT BECAUSE YOU MAKE 3837 02:23:32,882 --> 02:23:34,083 ASSUMPTIONS BASED ON OUR CURRENT 3838 02:23:34,083 --> 02:23:35,151 ABILITY, AND YET THEA THE SAME 3839 02:23:35,151 --> 02:23:37,720 TIME YOU ARE TRYING TO IMPROVURE 3840 02:23:37,720 --> 02:23:42,024 ABILITY, BUT ARGUABLILY, IF YOU 3841 02:23:42,024 --> 02:23:44,927 IF THE AIM IS TO GET AS GO AS WE 3842 02:23:44,927 --> 02:23:47,396 CURRENTLY ARE, THEN WE'RE 3843 02:23:47,396 --> 02:23:48,664 NEVER--IF WE'RE ONLY 80% 3844 02:23:48,664 --> 02:23:49,632 ACCURATE NOW, WE'RE NEVER GOING 3845 02:23:49,632 --> 02:23:51,667 TO BE MORE THAN 80% ACCURATE SO 3846 02:23:51,667 --> 02:23:54,336 THAT'S THE FIRST PART, IF YOU 3847 02:23:54,336 --> 02:23:55,638 COULD COMMENT ON GROUND TRUTH. 3848 02:23:55,638 --> 02:23:57,940 HOW DO WE DEFINE THAT PAIN STATE 3849 02:23:57,940 --> 02:23:59,909 OR GRADES OF PAIN AS WE DEVELOP 3850 02:23:59,909 --> 02:24:09,518 NEW TECHNIQUES AND THE SECOND 3851 02:24:09,518 --> 02:24:11,153 PART REALLY DON'T MAKE ANY 3852 02:24:11,153 --> 02:24:11,454 ASSUMPTIONS. 3853 02:24:11,454 --> 02:24:14,290 THIS IS FROM A VERY NAIVE 3854 02:24:14,290 --> 02:24:15,458 PERSPECTIVE, THROW THE DATA INTO 3855 02:24:15,458 --> 02:24:17,660 THE CO AM PUTTER AND ASK IT TO 3856 02:24:17,660 --> 02:24:18,828 CREATE CLUSTERS AND PAUSE THE 3857 02:24:18,828 --> 02:24:28,571 DATA OUT AND THEN LOOK AT AND 3858 02:24:28,571 --> 02:24:33,442 KETECT THEM IN PAIN. 3859 02:24:33,442 --> 02:24:34,643 IN, YEAH, WELL, IT'S A GREAT 3860 02:24:34,643 --> 02:24:36,212 QUESTION. 3861 02:24:36,212 --> 02:24:38,481 IT'S A TOUGH 1. 3862 02:24:38,481 --> 02:24:41,083 I MEAN KNOWING THE GROUND TRUTH 3863 02:24:41,083 --> 02:24:43,519 OBVIOUSLY HELPS WHEN YOU TRY TO 3864 02:24:43,519 --> 02:24:53,929 IDENTIFY A PREDICTOR OF 3865 02:24:55,364 --> 02:24:56,565 BIOMARKER OR SOMETHING. 3866 02:24:56,565 --> 02:25:01,937 SO PREAND POST PROCEDURE. 3867 02:25:01,937 --> 02:25:03,706 YOU KNOW THOSE SCENARIOS WHERE 3868 02:25:03,706 --> 02:25:04,540 YOU--CAN YOU MAYBE NOT 3869 02:25:04,540 --> 02:25:07,977 NECESSARILY HAVE TO USE A 3870 02:25:07,977 --> 02:25:09,712 VETERINARY RELEVANT ANALGESIC OR 3871 02:25:09,712 --> 02:25:14,650 ANESTHETIC APPROACH BUT CAN YOU 3872 02:25:14,650 --> 02:25:17,086 REMOVE THAT PAIN SO THAT WILL 3873 02:25:17,086 --> 02:25:18,053 GIVE CONFIDENCE ON WHETHER IT'S 3874 02:25:18,053 --> 02:25:20,122 A PAIN OR NO PAIN STATE WOULD 3875 02:25:20,122 --> 02:25:20,389 HELP. 3876 02:25:20,389 --> 02:25:28,464 I WILL THINK ABOUT IT A BIT 3877 02:25:28,464 --> 02:25:28,798 MORE. 3878 02:25:28,798 --> 02:25:30,599 NI EMBASSY IT IS THE BIGGEST 3879 02:25:30,599 --> 02:25:34,003 CHALLENGE, IF WE THINK ABOUT 3880 02:25:34,003 --> 02:25:35,137 INDUCED MODELS OF PAIN YOU CAN 3881 02:25:35,137 --> 02:25:38,641 HAVE BEFORE AND AFTER, BUT IF 3882 02:25:38,641 --> 02:25:40,776 YOU THINK IT RECURRING, THAT'S 3883 02:25:40,776 --> 02:25:41,944 THE TREATMENT OF IT AND THAT'S 3884 02:25:41,944 --> 02:25:44,413 FINE AND THEN ONCE YOU DETERMINE 3885 02:25:44,413 --> 02:25:45,614 WHETHER THE ANIMAL IS IN PAIN OR 3886 02:25:45,614 --> 02:25:49,485 NOT AND HOW WOULD YOU REDUCE 3887 02:25:49,485 --> 02:25:51,887 THAT ARE YOU SURE YOUR TREATMENT 3888 02:25:51,887 --> 02:25:53,756 OR ANALGESIC IS PERFECT OR IS IT 3889 02:25:53,756 --> 02:25:56,358 THAT YOU CAN REDUCE PAIN AND 3890 02:25:56,358 --> 02:25:58,594 WILL YOUR EITHER SCORING SYSTEM 3891 02:25:58,594 --> 02:26:00,729 OR ARTIFICIAL MODEL BE ABLE TO 3892 02:26:00,729 --> 02:26:03,299 FOLLOW THAT TRAIN AS WELL, 3893 02:26:03,299 --> 02:26:07,536 BECAUSE THAT'S A THE BIGGEST 3894 02:26:07,536 --> 02:26:07,937 CHALLENGE. 3895 02:26:07,937 --> 02:26:08,637 >> THE SECOND PART OF THE 3896 02:26:08,637 --> 02:26:10,139 QUESTION AS WELL, I WILL COME 3897 02:26:10,139 --> 02:26:10,472 BACK TO THAT. 3898 02:26:10,472 --> 02:26:15,678 THAT IS IN SOME WAYS A VERY 3899 02:26:15,678 --> 02:26:18,914 ROUGH WAY WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL 3900 02:26:18,914 --> 02:26:20,149 GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS 3901 02:26:20,149 --> 02:26:24,587 COMPONENT OF THOSE COMPLEMENT OF 3902 02:26:24,587 --> 02:26:25,754 ANALYSIS WAS ENABLING THE DATA 3903 02:26:25,754 --> 02:26:27,056 TO SPEAK FOR ITSELF IN THE SENSE 3904 02:26:27,056 --> 02:26:28,924 OF WHAT ARE THOSE MICRORNAs 3905 02:26:28,924 --> 02:26:31,060 TELLING US THAT MAYBE THE 3906 02:26:31,060 --> 02:26:33,929 BEHAVIORS ARIC PICKING UP SO WE 3907 02:26:33,929 --> 02:26:35,764 SAW THOSE CHANGES WITH 3908 02:26:35,764 --> 02:26:36,599 MELOXICAM, THAT WASN'T PRESENT 3909 02:26:36,599 --> 02:26:38,367 IN THE OTHER MEASURES WE HAD IN 3910 02:26:38,367 --> 02:26:39,368 THIS STUDY, SO THERE'S A PLACE 3911 02:26:39,368 --> 02:26:40,536 FOR THAT IS LETTING THE DAILY 3912 02:26:40,536 --> 02:26:49,979 BASIS AT SPEAK AS WELL AND TRY 3913 02:26:49,979 --> 02:26:52,448 TO FIND. 3914 02:26:52,448 --> 02:26:53,949 WITH THAT WE DIDN'T RUN OVER AND 3915 02:26:53,949 --> 02:26:55,718 TRY TO FIND REALLY COMPLEX 3916 02:26:55,718 --> 02:26:59,121 SIGNATURES THERE, BUT YEAH, DO 3917 02:26:59,121 --> 02:27:00,055 THE UNBIASED UNSUPERVISED, AND I 3918 02:27:00,055 --> 02:27:05,928 WILL LET THE EXPERS TALK ABOUT 3919 02:27:05,928 --> 02:27:06,128 THAT. 3920 02:27:06,128 --> 02:27:08,564 >> IN RELATION TO YOU KNOW TRUTH 3921 02:27:08,564 --> 02:27:09,531 DATA I HAVE A QUICK STORY 3922 02:27:09,531 --> 02:27:10,933 TELLERS TOW TELL AND THAT IS 3923 02:27:10,933 --> 02:27:12,902 WHEN I FIRST STARTED, SORT OF 3924 02:27:12,902 --> 02:27:15,070 GETTING INTO THIS SPACE, WE 3925 02:27:15,070 --> 02:27:19,708 STARTED A PROJECT ON ULTRASOUND 3926 02:27:19,708 --> 02:27:22,278 MACHINE LEARNING TO DETECT 3927 02:27:22,278 --> 02:27:23,746 FELINE ABDOMINAL DISORDERS SO WE 3928 02:27:23,746 --> 02:27:25,648 HAD THE SMALL INTESTINE IMAGES 3929 02:27:25,648 --> 02:27:27,850 AND WE WANTED TO BUILD A MODEL 3930 02:27:27,850 --> 02:27:29,919 THAT COULD PREDICT IBD FROM 3931 02:27:29,919 --> 02:27:33,589 LYMPHOMA SO WE GOT A WHOLE BUNCH 3932 02:27:33,589 --> 02:27:35,925 OF DATA, MULTIINTUITIONAL STUDY, 3933 02:27:35,925 --> 02:27:37,526 BLOOD, SERUM DATA AND GENERATED 3934 02:27:37,526 --> 02:27:40,229 A WHOLE BUNCH OF MODELS WHICH 3935 02:27:40,229 --> 02:27:40,963 WORKED PRETTY OKAY, BUT THEN 3936 02:27:40,963 --> 02:27:43,599 WHEN I STARTED TO TALKING TO MY 3937 02:27:43,599 --> 02:27:44,800 PATHOLOGIST COLLEAGUES I 3938 02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:46,769 EXPLAINING MY MODEL, SAYING IT 3939 02:27:46,769 --> 02:27:47,403 WASN'T CORRELATED WORKING ON 3940 02:27:47,403 --> 02:27:48,671 ULTIMATELY THAT WELL AND MY 3941 02:27:48,671 --> 02:27:49,872 PATHOLOGY COLLEAGUE WAS SAYING 3942 02:27:49,872 --> 02:27:51,907 WELL WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHERE 3943 02:27:51,907 --> 02:27:53,809 TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN IERK BD 3944 02:27:53,809 --> 02:27:57,546 AND LYMPHOMA IN THE FIRST PLACE, 3945 02:27:57,546 --> 02:27:59,949 AS A SCIENTIST I'M GOING, GIVE 3946 02:27:59,949 --> 02:28:01,817 ME A LABEL, PLEASE, BUT THE 3947 02:28:01,817 --> 02:28:05,120 ISSUE REALLY IS THAT THERE'S A 3948 02:28:05,120 --> 02:28:06,755 SPECTRUM AND SO, WHAT DO WE DO 3949 02:28:06,755 --> 02:28:08,190 AS SCIENTISTS IN WE SAY, LET'S 3950 02:28:08,190 --> 02:28:09,491 SEE IF WE CAN THROW MACHINE 3951 02:28:09,491 --> 02:28:13,362 LEARNING AT THE DIGITAL 3952 02:28:13,362 --> 02:28:14,096 HISTOPATHOLOGY ANALYSIS AND 3953 02:28:14,096 --> 02:28:15,731 MAYBE WE CAN IMPROVE THE 3954 02:28:15,731 --> 02:28:16,598 RELIABILITY OF THAT PROCESS AS 3955 02:28:16,598 --> 02:28:19,001 WELL, SO I THINK THERE'S TRUTH 3956 02:28:19,001 --> 02:28:19,835 DISCOVERY THAT'S HAPPENING HERE 3957 02:28:19,835 --> 02:28:23,939 AS WE GO DOWN THIS PATH OF 3958 02:28:23,939 --> 02:28:24,340 MACHINE LEARNING. 3959 02:28:24,340 --> 02:28:26,175 THE QUESTION RELATED TO 3960 02:28:26,175 --> 02:28:28,277 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING, I THINK, 3961 02:28:28,277 --> 02:28:29,445 THERE'S A--IT CAN BE AN 3962 02:28:29,445 --> 02:28:30,279 INCREDIBLE TOOL BECAUSE WE'RE 3963 02:28:30,279 --> 02:28:32,915 LIVING IN A SPACE NOW WHERE BIG 3964 02:28:32,915 --> 02:28:34,416 DATA AND IT'S OVERWHELPING TO BE 3965 02:28:34,416 --> 02:28:35,517 ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND TRY TO 3966 02:28:35,517 --> 02:28:37,619 FIGURE OUT HOW THINGS MIGHT BE 3967 02:28:37,619 --> 02:28:38,187 CONNECTED. 3968 02:28:38,187 --> 02:28:40,122 WE LOOK AT, YOU KNOW IF YOU 3969 02:28:40,122 --> 02:28:41,824 COLLECT GENOMICS DAILY BASIS 3970 02:28:41,824 --> 02:28:47,196 THEA OR PROTEOMICS ICS DATA, THE 3971 02:28:47,196 --> 02:28:49,164 ARE TREMENDOUSLY LARGE DATA SETS 3972 02:28:49,164 --> 02:28:51,900 SO WITH THESE ALGORITHMS IS THEY 3973 02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:53,168 HELP SIMPLIFY IT A LITTLE BIT 3974 02:28:53,168 --> 02:28:55,170 FOR US HUMANS SO THAT WE CAN 3975 02:28:55,170 --> 02:28:56,805 KIND OF MAKE SENSE FROM IT. 3976 02:28:56,805 --> 02:29:00,376 THERE'S A NEW BRANCH OF SCIENCE 3977 02:29:00,376 --> 02:29:02,911 CALLED SUPERVISED MACHINE 3978 02:29:02,911 --> 02:29:04,179 LEARNING WHERE IT STADDLES THAT 3979 02:29:04,179 --> 02:29:05,714 SPACE BETWEEN SUPERVISED AND 3980 02:29:05,714 --> 02:29:06,515 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING IN THE 3981 02:29:06,515 --> 02:29:08,617 CASE WHERE IS YOU MAY HAVE 3982 02:29:08,617 --> 02:29:09,351 TREMENDOUSLY LARGE NUMBERS OF 3983 02:29:09,351 --> 02:29:11,687 DATA SETS AND YOU KNOW THERE ARE 3984 02:29:11,687 --> 02:29:13,655 CERTAIN THINGS FEATURES THAT 3985 02:29:13,655 --> 02:29:14,356 IDENTIFY DIFFERENT CLASSES, BUT 3986 02:29:14,356 --> 02:29:15,791 YOU DON'T NEED TO GO THROUGH THE 3987 02:29:15,791 --> 02:29:17,459 ENTIRE DATA SET TO BE ABLE TO 3988 02:29:17,459 --> 02:29:22,064 PARSE IT, SO IF YOU JUST TRAIN A 3989 02:29:22,064 --> 02:29:25,601 SMALL BIT OF--OR IDENTIFY A 3990 02:29:25,601 --> 02:29:27,503 SMALL SECTION OF THAT, AND 3991 02:29:27,503 --> 02:29:29,705 CLASSIFY THAT AND YOU CAN LET AN 3992 02:29:29,705 --> 02:29:30,439 ALGOGHT RICK IMPEDIMENTS GO AND 3993 02:29:30,439 --> 02:29:32,174 SORT IT OUT FOR XU THIS CAN BE 3994 02:29:32,174 --> 02:29:33,776 VERY POWERFUL IN THE SPACES OF 3995 02:29:33,776 --> 02:29:36,712 LIKE FOR EXAMPLE, DIGITAL 3996 02:29:36,712 --> 02:29:37,646 HISTOPATHOLOGY ANALYSIS AND 3997 02:29:37,646 --> 02:29:38,614 THINGS ALONG THOSE LINES. 3998 02:29:38,614 --> 02:29:39,748 SO I SEE IT, WE WILL SLEEP APNEA 3999 02:29:39,748 --> 02:29:43,085 AND OBESITYY A LOT OF IN THAT 4000 02:29:43,085 --> 02:29:46,422 SPACE IS ALL. 4001 02:29:46,422 --> 02:29:47,723 IF YOU COULD INTRUS YOURSELF AND 4002 02:29:47,723 --> 02:29:54,496 YOUR ARK --AFFILIATION TO THE 4003 02:29:54,496 --> 02:29:59,168 FOLKS THROUGH THE MIC, THAT 4004 02:29:59,168 --> 02:30:01,070 WOULD BE HELPFUL NI'M MONICA 4005 02:30:01,070 --> 02:30:03,505 FROM THE FDA AND MY QUESTION IS 4006 02:30:03,505 --> 02:30:04,773 REGARDING FOOD ANIMALS AND IT 4007 02:30:04,773 --> 02:30:06,308 SEEMS LIKE THERE'S AN INCREASING 4008 02:30:06,308 --> 02:30:08,043 GAP BETWEEN THE EVIDENCE OF 4009 02:30:08,043 --> 02:30:11,213 SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS SUCH AS 4010 02:30:11,213 --> 02:30:13,682 THE STUDY THAT 4011 02:30:13,682 --> 02:30:14,483 DR. BARRATT PRESENTED AND THE 4012 02:30:14,483 --> 02:30:16,919 ACTUAL ON THE GROUND FDA 4013 02:30:16,919 --> 02:30:18,554 APPROVAL AND THE ABILITY FOR 4014 02:30:18,554 --> 02:30:19,721 FARMERS TO USE THESE DRUGS 4015 02:30:19,721 --> 02:30:21,690 BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE FDA 4016 02:30:21,690 --> 02:30:25,461 APPROVAL FOR THE USES THAT ARE 4017 02:30:25,461 --> 02:30:26,428 EXPLORED IN THESE STUDIES AND I 4018 02:30:26,428 --> 02:30:32,768 THINK PART OF THAT IS MAYBE DUE 4019 02:30:32,768 --> 02:30:34,570 TO THEY'RE ALREADY GENERICALLY 4020 02:30:34,570 --> 02:30:37,739 AVAILABLE SO THERE'S LESS OF AN 4021 02:30:37,739 --> 02:30:38,607 ECONOMIC INCENTIVE BUT I'M 4022 02:30:38,607 --> 02:30:39,808 WONDERING IF YOU CAN SPEAK TO 4023 02:30:39,808 --> 02:30:41,376 THE PATHWAY FROM THESE STUDIES 4024 02:30:41,376 --> 02:30:43,912 TO APPROVAL AND ACTUAL USAGE ON 4025 02:30:43,912 --> 02:30:45,981 THE GROUND AND PERHAPS HOW YOU 4026 02:30:45,981 --> 02:30:48,984 SEE NEXT STEPS IN TERMS OF WHO 4027 02:30:48,984 --> 02:30:51,553 MIGHT FUND THESE STUDIES AND THE 4028 02:30:51,553 --> 02:31:02,097 PRACTICALITYS OF GETTING THERE. 4029 02:31:08,270 --> 02:31:15,110 >> >> IT'S A BIG QUESTION. 4030 02:31:15,110 --> 02:31:16,411 I'M NOT REALLY QUALIFIED TO 4031 02:31:16,411 --> 02:31:17,246 ANSWER, I DON'T THINK 4032 02:31:17,246 --> 02:31:19,281 PARTICULARLY HERE IN THE U.S. 4033 02:31:19,281 --> 02:31:21,016 HOW THAT WOULD WORK EMPLOY I 4034 02:31:21,016 --> 02:31:22,885 MEAN, I CAN ONLY SPEAK FOR THE 4035 02:31:22,885 --> 02:31:25,487 PATH THAT'S ARK HEAD FOR THE 4036 02:31:25,487 --> 02:31:26,955 BIOMARKERS I'VE SPOKEN ABOUT SO 4037 02:31:26,955 --> 02:31:28,924 THERE'S A LOT OF VALIDATION WORK 4038 02:31:28,924 --> 02:31:30,592 THAT IS THERE FOR THE OTHER 4039 02:31:30,592 --> 02:31:31,860 ASPECTS OFIOURE QUESTION, I 4040 02:31:31,860 --> 02:31:42,404 REALLY DON'T HAVE THE INSIGHT ON 4041 02:31:45,007 --> 02:31:46,508 IT. 4042 02:31:46,508 --> 02:31:47,176 >> ALL RIGHT, KATHLEEN 4043 02:31:47,176 --> 02:31:48,377 UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, I HAD 4044 02:31:48,377 --> 02:31:49,711 QUESTIONS THAT MIGHT BE RELATE 4045 02:31:49,711 --> 02:31:50,612 INDEED SOME WAY. 4046 02:31:50,612 --> 02:31:51,847 FIRST OF ALL TALKING ABOUT 4047 02:31:51,847 --> 02:31:55,083 BIOMARKERS SO I GUESS THIS GOES 4048 02:31:55,083 --> 02:31:56,618 TO DR. BARRATT, BUT WE'RE 4049 02:31:56,618 --> 02:31:57,452 TALKING ABOUT BIOMARKERS AND 4050 02:31:57,452 --> 02:32:00,355 WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT BIOMARKERS, 4051 02:32:00,355 --> 02:32:01,123 YOU'RE TALKING VERY GENERAL BUT 4052 02:32:01,123 --> 02:32:03,825 WHAT I WOULD LIKE YOU TO KIND OF 4053 02:32:03,825 --> 02:32:05,227 ADDRESS AND I'M NOT QUITE SURE 4054 02:32:05,227 --> 02:32:09,831 WHERE YOU ARE, ARE WE TALKING 4055 02:32:09,831 --> 02:32:12,601 ABOUT DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS, 4056 02:32:12,601 --> 02:32:13,468 RESPONSE BIOMARKERS, PREDICTIVE 4057 02:32:13,468 --> 02:32:14,703 BIOMARKERS AND IN THE 2 PART 4058 02:32:14,703 --> 02:32:18,807 SERIES IS CAN WE DO SOME KIND OF 4059 02:32:18,807 --> 02:32:20,542 MACHINE LEARNING TYPE METHODS TO 4060 02:32:20,542 --> 02:32:23,212 NOT ONLY TAKE OUR BIOMARKERS BUT 4061 02:32:23,212 --> 02:32:25,180 MAYBE EXPAND OUR DEFINITION OF 4062 02:32:25,180 --> 02:32:26,582 BIOMARKERS AND INCLUDE THINGS 4063 02:32:26,582 --> 02:32:30,586 LIKE THE IMRIM AS SCALE OR THE 4064 02:32:30,586 --> 02:32:32,654 GAIT ASSESSMENT TO ENHANCE OUR 4065 02:32:32,654 --> 02:32:33,488 SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY SO 4066 02:32:33,488 --> 02:32:34,923 WE MIGHT BE MORE ACCURATE. 4067 02:32:34,923 --> 02:32:36,892 DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? 4068 02:32:36,892 --> 02:32:37,159 >> YEAH. 4069 02:32:37,159 --> 02:32:40,195 >> SO THE FIRST PART OF THAT 4070 02:32:40,195 --> 02:32:41,263 QUESTION, FOR THESE CONTEXT OF 4071 02:32:41,263 --> 02:32:43,332 USE, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, WE'RE 4072 02:32:43,332 --> 02:32:46,468 TRYING TO GET CLOSE TO A 4073 02:32:46,468 --> 02:32:49,171 SURROGATE BY O MARKER, WE MAY 4074 02:32:49,171 --> 02:32:50,072 NOT GET THERE. 4075 02:32:50,072 --> 02:32:51,406 IT'S REALLY TO SUPPORT ALONGSIDE 4076 02:32:51,406 --> 02:32:52,708 OF ALL THE OTHER ASSESSMENTS 4077 02:32:52,708 --> 02:32:55,077 THAT HAVE BEEN MADE IN THESE 4078 02:32:55,077 --> 02:32:56,511 TRIALS OF NEW ANALGESICS TO TRY 4079 02:32:56,511 --> 02:33:01,416 AND BUILD THAT LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4080 02:33:01,416 --> 02:33:03,185 THAT ADDS ABJECTIVE MARKERS TO 4081 02:33:03,185 --> 02:33:05,687 THAT TO GIVE SUPPORT THAT THESE 4082 02:33:05,687 --> 02:33:07,356 ARE PRODUCING ANNAL GEESIA, 4083 02:33:07,356 --> 02:33:08,557 WE'RE NOT EASING THEM TO 4084 02:33:08,557 --> 02:33:10,726 PREDICT, WE ARE WANTING TO USE 4085 02:33:10,726 --> 02:33:13,228 THEM TO PROVIDE SUPPORTIVE 4086 02:33:13,228 --> 02:33:15,564 EVIDENCE THAT ANNAL GEESIA WAS 4087 02:33:15,564 --> 02:33:17,165 OCCURRING AND THESE--THE SECOND 4088 02:33:17,165 --> 02:33:22,137 PART, QUICKLY PROMPT ME AGAIN IN 4089 02:33:22,137 --> 02:33:24,906 NCOMBINING SOME OF THE 4090 02:33:24,906 --> 02:33:26,408 NONBIOMARKER, I LIKE THINK OF 4091 02:33:26,408 --> 02:33:27,976 THEM AS OTHER BIOMARKERS BUT 4092 02:33:27,976 --> 02:33:29,278 COMBINING THEM TOGETHER TO 4093 02:33:29,278 --> 02:33:30,879 IMPROVE OUR SENSITIVITY AND 4094 02:33:30,879 --> 02:33:33,215 SPECIFICITY AND THEN MAYBE WE 4095 02:33:33,215 --> 02:33:36,752 CAN IMPROVE OUTCOMES, NOT ONLY 4096 02:33:36,752 --> 02:33:38,220 IDENTIFICATION BUT OUTCOMES. 4097 02:33:38,220 --> 02:33:39,521 NMEASURES, I THINK IT'S WORTH 4098 02:33:39,521 --> 02:33:41,690 TRYING AS WELL THROUGH THAT 4099 02:33:41,690 --> 02:33:44,393 PROCESS, SEE IF YOU CAN ACTUALLY 4100 02:33:44,393 --> 02:33:45,961 IDENTIFY DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF 4101 02:33:45,961 --> 02:33:47,929 PAIN PERHAPS THOSE DIFFERENT 4102 02:33:47,929 --> 02:33:49,931 TOOLS ARE PULLING OUT AS WELL. 4103 02:33:49,931 --> 02:33:51,033 SAYING ABSOLUTELY I THINK THAT'S 4104 02:33:51,033 --> 02:33:53,201 WHERE WE NEED TO HEAD. 4105 02:33:53,201 --> 02:33:55,370 WITHIN THE SAMPLE SIZE HERE IT'S 4106 02:33:55,370 --> 02:33:58,206 HARD TO GET TOO COMPLEX IN 4107 02:33:58,206 --> 02:33:59,374 COMBINING MULTIPLE MARKERS 4108 02:33:59,374 --> 02:34:00,909 WHETHER THAT'S A BIOMARKER OR 4109 02:34:00,909 --> 02:34:02,177 ANY OTHER MEASURES BUT I THINK 4110 02:34:02,177 --> 02:34:04,579 THAT'S A WAY FORWARD, AND I 4111 02:34:04,579 --> 02:34:05,514 THINK THERE SPEAKER WILL BE 4112 02:34:05,514 --> 02:34:06,248 COVERING THAT AS WELL. 4113 02:34:06,248 --> 02:34:07,316 SO IT WILL BE INTERESTING TO SEE 4114 02:34:07,316 --> 02:34:12,387 WHAT THEY HAVE TO SAY. 4115 02:34:12,387 --> 02:34:14,923 >> HI, MARK WISE KANSAS STATE 4116 02:34:14,923 --> 02:34:15,824 UNIVERSITY. 4117 02:34:15,824 --> 02:34:18,160 I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE 4118 02:34:18,160 --> 02:34:18,927 MACHINE LEARNING COMPONENT. 4119 02:34:18,927 --> 02:34:21,930 SO IN YOUR STUDY, WE TALKED 4120 02:34:21,930 --> 02:34:23,765 ABOUT BOTH DEEP LEARNING METHODS 4121 02:34:23,765 --> 02:34:26,435 WHICH ARE BLACK BOX METHODS BUT 4122 02:34:26,435 --> 02:34:28,370 YOU ALSO PRESENTED SUPPORT 4123 02:34:28,370 --> 02:34:33,775 VECTOR MACHINE METHODS WHICH ARE 4124 02:34:33,775 --> 02:34:34,943 PARSABLE, WEIGHT BOX METHODS AND 4125 02:34:34,943 --> 02:34:37,546 GETTING TO THE QUESTION ABOUT 4126 02:34:37,546 --> 02:34:38,680 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING WHICH 4127 02:34:38,680 --> 02:34:42,117 AIMEAN ALLOWS US TO TRY AND 4128 02:34:42,117 --> 02:34:45,287 UNDERSTAND DIMENSIONALLY WHAT'S 4129 02:34:45,287 --> 02:34:45,554 GOING ON. 4130 02:34:45,554 --> 02:34:48,323 THE PURSUIT OF POWER IN THESE 4131 02:34:48,323 --> 02:34:50,058 METHODS MOVES US TO THE DEEP 4132 02:34:50,058 --> 02:34:54,096 LEARNING AND BLACK BOX METHODS 4133 02:34:54,096 --> 02:34:57,399 WHICH WILL OBSCURE OUR APPROACH 4134 02:34:57,399 --> 02:35:00,102 TO UNDERSTANDING THE PATHWAY TO 4135 02:35:00,102 --> 02:35:04,072 UNDERSTAND THE PAIN DIMENSIONS. 4136 02:35:04,072 --> 02:35:07,442 SO WE'RE REALLY CHALLENGED 4137 02:35:07,442 --> 02:35:10,412 BECAUSE WE PURSUE UNDERSTANDING 4138 02:35:10,412 --> 02:35:12,981 AND PERFECTION AND MOST 4139 02:35:12,981 --> 02:35:14,182 REVEALING PREDICTIVE POWER 4140 02:35:14,182 --> 02:35:18,320 THROUGH THE BLACK BOX METHOD 4141 02:35:18,320 --> 02:35:19,688 WHICH IS GET US IN THE WAY OF 4142 02:35:19,688 --> 02:35:20,822 TRYING TO UNDERSTANDS WHAT WE 4143 02:35:20,822 --> 02:35:22,023 WISH TO UNDERSTAND. 4144 02:35:22,023 --> 02:35:25,026 SO I JUST WISH THE PANEL TO 4145 02:35:25,026 --> 02:35:28,930 WEIGH IN ON IT VALUABLE TO 4146 02:35:28,930 --> 02:35:30,966 PURSUE THE PERFECTION OF BLACK 4147 02:35:30,966 --> 02:35:32,134 BOX METHODS WHEN WHITE BOX 4148 02:35:32,134 --> 02:35:33,402 METHODS MIGHT BE MORE 4149 02:35:33,402 --> 02:35:37,172 REVOWELLING OF THE BIOLOGICAL 4150 02:35:37,172 --> 02:35:38,573 UNDERPINNINGS. 4151 02:35:38,573 --> 02:35:40,776 THANK YOU. 4152 02:35:40,776 --> 02:35:43,845 NI THINK THEY USER BIT DOESN'T 4153 02:35:43,845 --> 02:35:45,580 TAKE AWAY WHAT WE ARE DOING IN 4154 02:35:45,580 --> 02:35:46,047 THE BACKGROUND. 4155 02:35:46,047 --> 02:35:48,483 I DON'T THINK WE CAN USE 1 4156 02:35:48,483 --> 02:35:49,951 TECHNOLOGY ALONE LIKE ITSELFS. 4157 02:35:49,951 --> 02:35:54,122 I THINK WE NEED TO USE ALL THOSE 4158 02:35:54,122 --> 02:35:55,991 MEASURES TOGETHER TO GET TO A 4159 02:35:55,991 --> 02:35:56,892 BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND WE'RE 4160 02:35:56,892 --> 02:35:58,860 GOING TO BE STILL SEARCHING TO 4161 02:35:58,860 --> 02:35:59,694 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. 4162 02:35:59,694 --> 02:36:07,903 I DON'T THINK THAT WILL GO AWAY 4163 02:36:07,903 --> 02:36:14,876 WITH AI, I THINK THAT WILL GO 4164 02:36:14,876 --> 02:36:16,178 AWAY, I THINK WE NEED TO DO 4165 02:36:16,178 --> 02:36:17,078 RESEARCH ON WHAT'S GOING ON AND 4166 02:36:17,078 --> 02:36:21,416 FOCUS ON THE JUST RELY JUST ON 4167 02:36:21,416 --> 02:36:21,917 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 4168 02:36:21,917 --> 02:36:23,385 I THINK THAT IS JUST NOT--NOT 4169 02:36:23,385 --> 02:36:33,862 WHAT I WANT TO GO WITH IT AT 4170 02:36:34,930 --> 02:36:35,063 LEAST. 4171 02:36:35,063 --> 02:36:37,399 >> YEAH, I LOVE THAT QUESTION 4172 02:36:37,399 --> 02:36:39,601 AND LIKE COMPUTING SCIENTISTS CO 4173 02:36:39,601 --> 02:36:42,471 THEY COME UP WITH AI, WHICH IS 4174 02:36:42,471 --> 02:36:44,339 EXPLAINABLE AI, WHERE IN THIS 4175 02:36:44,339 --> 02:36:47,075 CASE, WHAT RESEARCHERS ARE DOING 4176 02:36:47,075 --> 02:36:49,845 ARE TRYING TO BREAK APART THE 4177 02:36:49,845 --> 02:36:51,913 PLAQUE BOX, RIGHT IN I HAVE THIS 4178 02:36:51,913 --> 02:36:54,916 PICTURE I OFTEN USE, IT'S LIKE A 4179 02:36:54,916 --> 02:36:56,518 MEAT GRAINEDDER AND WE DON'T 4180 02:36:56,518 --> 02:36:58,019 KNOW WHAT'S INDEED THE MEAT 4181 02:36:58,019 --> 02:36:59,654 GRINDER UNLESS WE TAKE IT ALL 4182 02:36:59,654 --> 02:37:01,056 APART AND IT'S NOT AN EASY THING 4183 02:37:01,056 --> 02:37:01,756 TO DO. 4184 02:37:01,756 --> 02:37:04,025 THIS IS THE SAME TECHNOLOGY 4185 02:37:04,025 --> 02:37:09,197 TRANSFER WITH THESE BLACK BOX, 4186 02:37:09,197 --> 02:37:10,031 VERY CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK, IT'S 4187 02:37:10,031 --> 02:37:10,932 VERY DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND 4188 02:37:10,932 --> 02:37:12,267 WHAT'S GOING ON BUT THERE ARE 4189 02:37:12,267 --> 02:37:16,004 APPROACHES THAT PEOPLE CAN USE 4190 02:37:16,004 --> 02:37:17,172 TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT IS 4191 02:37:17,172 --> 02:37:19,441 GOING INTO THE DECISION MAKING 4192 02:37:19,441 --> 02:37:21,376 PROCESS FOR THESE VERY 4193 02:37:21,376 --> 02:37:23,612 COMPLICATED MODELS. 4194 02:37:23,612 --> 02:37:26,014 SO 1 EXAMPLE, IS, WITH COVID 4195 02:37:26,014 --> 02:37:28,850 DETECTION AND X-RAY SCANS, SO, 4196 02:37:28,850 --> 02:37:31,853 THESE, WE FOUND THAT THESE DEEP 4197 02:37:31,853 --> 02:37:33,488 LEARNING MODELS ARE OUT 4198 02:37:33,488 --> 02:37:35,223 PERFORMING THESE FEATURE MODELS 4199 02:37:35,223 --> 02:37:36,525 YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT, YOU CAN 4200 02:37:36,525 --> 02:37:37,359 EXTRACT THAT FEATURE AND I KNOW 4201 02:37:37,359 --> 02:37:40,395 WHAT IT IS AND I CAN MODEL IT AS 4202 02:37:40,395 --> 02:37:42,097 OPPOSE TO DEEP LEARNING BLACK 4203 02:37:42,097 --> 02:37:43,398 BOX, DOES A BRILLIANT JOB. 4204 02:37:43,398 --> 02:37:45,267 AND WHAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN ABLE 4205 02:37:45,267 --> 02:37:48,837 TO DO IS GENERATE HEAT MAPS 4206 02:37:48,837 --> 02:37:50,972 BASIC LYE WHERE IS THE ALGORITHM 4207 02:37:50,972 --> 02:37:52,040 PAYING ATTENTION IN THE IMAGE TO 4208 02:37:52,040 --> 02:37:55,877 COME UP WITH THAT PREDICTION. 4209 02:37:55,877 --> 02:37:57,746 AND THAT HELPS, THAT'S 2 THINGS. 4210 02:37:57,746 --> 02:37:59,781 IT HELPS US UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 4211 02:37:59,781 --> 02:38:00,849 GOING INTO THE ALGORITHM WHEN IT 4212 02:38:00,849 --> 02:38:03,118 AM CANS TO THAT DECISION MAKING 4213 02:38:03,118 --> 02:38:05,253 WHICH CAN BE VALUABLE BUT I WANT 4214 02:38:05,253 --> 02:38:06,588 TO ADD ANOTHER REALLY IMPORTANT 4215 02:38:06,588 --> 02:38:08,156 CAVEAT TO ALL OF THIS AND THAT 4216 02:38:08,156 --> 02:38:10,125 IS THAT IF YOU THROW IN THESE 4217 02:38:10,125 --> 02:38:13,895 HEAT MAPS INTO THIS IMAGE, AND A 4218 02:38:13,895 --> 02:38:15,397 RADIOLOGIST LOOKS AT THIS FOR 4219 02:38:15,397 --> 02:38:17,933 EXAMPLE, WHAT YOU'VE DONE IS YOU 4220 02:38:17,933 --> 02:38:19,401 HAVE--YOU BEING HAVE POTENTIALLY 4221 02:38:19,401 --> 02:38:21,202 BIASED THE PERSON LOOKING AT THE 4222 02:38:21,202 --> 02:38:23,538 IMAGE, AND SO NOW YOU'RE IN A 4223 02:38:23,538 --> 02:38:24,472 SITUATION WHERE, THE HEAT MAP 4224 02:38:24,472 --> 02:38:26,007 TOLD ME THIS AND I LOOK AT IT 4225 02:38:26,007 --> 02:38:27,876 AND IT SAYS, OH YEAH, THAT'S 4226 02:38:27,876 --> 02:38:28,109 RIGHT. 4227 02:38:28,109 --> 02:38:31,179 I SEE SOMETHING WEIRD HERE. 4228 02:38:31,179 --> 02:38:32,013 SO WE'VE NOW--WE'VE GOT 4229 02:38:32,013 --> 02:38:34,416 OURSELVES INTO A SITUATION WHERE 4230 02:38:34,416 --> 02:38:35,650 WE MIGHT HAVE BIASED SOMETHING. 4231 02:38:35,650 --> 02:38:38,954 SO MY TAKE ON THIS IS THAT, YOU 4232 02:38:38,954 --> 02:38:40,555 KNOW THE 1 THING THAT PROVES, 4233 02:38:40,555 --> 02:38:42,624 THAT IS EVIDENT OF SOMETHING 4234 02:38:42,624 --> 02:38:45,360 WORKS ARE THINGS LIKE RANDOMIZED 4235 02:38:45,360 --> 02:38:47,262 CLINICAL TRIALS. 4236 02:38:47,262 --> 02:38:47,596 YOU KNOW? 4237 02:38:47,596 --> 02:38:49,998 SO WE HAVE TO HAVE THAT 4238 02:38:49,998 --> 02:38:51,666 CONVERSATION ABOUT AI AND 4239 02:38:51,666 --> 02:38:52,567 RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. 4240 02:38:52,567 --> 02:38:53,435 THAT'S ANOTHER QUESTION, YOU 4241 02:38:53,435 --> 02:38:57,172 KNOW A RABBIT HOLE, BUT THIS 4242 02:38:57,172 --> 02:38:59,107 WHOLE EXPLAINABLE AI IS AN 4243 02:38:59,107 --> 02:39:03,578 EMERGING FIELD AND I'M 4244 02:39:03,578 --> 02:39:08,550 HOPEFULFUL IT WILL HELP US OUT A 4245 02:39:08,550 --> 02:39:11,419 BIT NMARCH HUTCHISON UNIVERSITY 4246 02:39:11,419 --> 02:39:12,487 OF ADELAIDE, A CONVERSATION AT 4247 02:39:12,487 --> 02:39:15,957 COFFEE GOT ME THINKING ARE WE 4248 02:39:15,957 --> 02:39:17,559 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT THE PAIN OR 4249 02:39:17,559 --> 02:39:20,028 SHOULD WE ASK THE QUESTION OF 4250 02:39:20,028 --> 02:39:21,262 THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND IS THAT 4251 02:39:21,262 --> 02:39:22,897 SOMETHING WHERE WE ASK START 4252 02:39:22,897 --> 02:39:25,667 PREDICTING BEFORE WE TART 4253 02:39:25,667 --> 02:39:28,536 TREATMENT, WHICH TREATMENTS, 4254 02:39:28,536 --> 02:39:29,471 PHARMAICOLOGICAL OR 4255 02:39:29,471 --> 02:39:30,105 NONPHARMAICOLOGICAL MIGHT BE 4256 02:39:30,105 --> 02:39:32,140 APPROPRIATE FOR THE PATIENT IN 4257 02:39:32,140 --> 02:39:42,550 FRONT OF US, COMMENTS? 4258 02:39:49,858 --> 02:39:59,100 >> SHOULD WREE RE14 FROM SO THE 4259 02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:00,969 GUESS THIS WILL HELP US A LITTLE 4260 02:40:00,969 --> 02:40:03,171 BIT TO UNDERSTAND MORE ON THE 4261 02:40:03,171 --> 02:40:06,908 UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IF WE GO 4262 02:40:06,908 --> 02:40:09,010 INTO SENSORY TESTING, IF WE GO 4263 02:40:09,010 --> 02:40:10,311 TO GAIT ANALYSIS, CAN YOU KNOW 4264 02:40:10,311 --> 02:40:12,247 THE SENSORY PROFILE OF THAT 4265 02:40:12,247 --> 02:40:15,016 PATIENTS OR IF YOU USE A PAIN 4266 02:40:15,016 --> 02:40:18,186 SCORING SYSTEM THAT CAN GIVE YOU 4267 02:40:18,186 --> 02:40:19,421 MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THAT 4268 02:40:19,421 --> 02:40:21,389 STATE ISSUES NOT ONLY FUNCTIONAL 4269 02:40:21,389 --> 02:40:23,158 BUT THE EMOTIONAL STATE BEHIND 4270 02:40:23,158 --> 02:40:23,758 IT. 4271 02:40:23,758 --> 02:40:24,926 I GUESS THAT BRINGS A LOT MORE 4272 02:40:24,926 --> 02:40:26,528 INFORMATION TO THE TABLE TO 4273 02:40:26,528 --> 02:40:29,064 CHOOSE THE PROPER THERAPEUTICS. 4274 02:40:29,064 --> 02:40:32,901 SO I STILL BELIEVE THAT IT'S--IT 4275 02:40:32,901 --> 02:40:34,903 IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE THIS BASIS 4276 02:40:34,903 --> 02:40:45,413 AND GOOD RECOGNITION OF PAIN. 4277 02:40:49,384 --> 02:40:58,660 NHELLO, I AM UPON VLADIMIR, 4278 02:40:58,660 --> 02:41:08,436 SUBJECTS THAT ARE PRESENTING OR 4279 02:41:08,436 --> 02:41:12,440 NOT IN OUR WORK, TO USE 4280 02:41:12,440 --> 02:41:13,541 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO 4281 02:41:13,541 --> 02:41:15,877 ACTUALLY MAKE A KIND OF CATALOG 4282 02:41:15,877 --> 02:41:18,847 OF THE YOURS AND DISEASES AND 4283 02:41:18,847 --> 02:41:21,683 SEE HOW MUCH INTENSITY AND 4284 02:41:21,683 --> 02:41:24,319 DURATION AND EVOLUTION OF PAIN 4285 02:41:24,319 --> 02:41:24,819 IS. 4286 02:41:24,819 --> 02:41:26,955 SO FOR INSTANCE LET'S SAY 4287 02:41:26,955 --> 02:41:30,058 DIARRHEA OR A CASTRATION OR 4288 02:41:30,058 --> 02:41:32,093 BROKEN BONE OR SOMETHING LIKE 4289 02:41:32,093 --> 02:41:32,327 THAT. 4290 02:41:32,327 --> 02:41:35,029 AND IT'S INTERESTING THAT IN THE 4291 02:41:35,029 --> 02:41:39,667 WAY THAT WE THEN HARVEST THE 4292 02:41:39,667 --> 02:41:45,774 LANGUAGE MODELS FOR THIS TASK IS 4293 02:41:45,774 --> 02:41:49,210 THROUGH ASKING TO JUSTIFY TO THE 4294 02:41:49,210 --> 02:41:52,747 LANGUAGE MODELS SAY, BASED ON 4295 02:41:52,747 --> 02:41:53,281 EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGICAL 4296 02:41:53,281 --> 02:41:55,183 BEHAVIORIAL SOURCES AND ALL OF 4297 02:41:55,183 --> 02:41:57,018 THAT, HOW WOULD YOU JUSTIFY THIS 4298 02:41:57,018 --> 02:41:58,920 LEVEL OF PAIN OR THIS 1 OR THIS 4299 02:41:58,920 --> 02:42:03,591 1, YOU KNOW IN AND THE TIME? 4300 02:42:03,591 --> 02:42:06,327 SO I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE 4301 02:42:06,327 --> 02:42:07,395 ADVANTAGE OF MAYBE YOU 4302 02:42:07,395 --> 02:42:11,299 [INDISCERNIBLE] IF YOU CAN GIVE 4303 02:42:11,299 --> 02:42:13,735 YOUR FEEDBACK ON WHAT WOULD BE 4304 02:42:13,735 --> 02:42:15,503 THE LIMITATIONS OF ON DOING 4305 02:42:15,503 --> 02:42:16,404 THAT. 4306 02:42:16,404 --> 02:42:17,672 THE RESULT WE'VE BEEN HAVING ARE 4307 02:42:17,672 --> 02:42:21,576 SURPRISING BECAUSE IT CAN MAKE A 4308 02:42:21,576 --> 02:42:22,610 HUGE LITERATURE REVIEW FOR YOU, 4309 02:42:22,610 --> 02:42:24,279 YOU KNOW AND JUSTIFY THIS 4310 02:42:24,279 --> 02:42:26,548 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PAIN AND SO 4311 02:42:26,548 --> 02:42:27,215 ON. 4312 02:42:27,215 --> 02:42:28,383 SO WE'VE BEEN VERY OPTIMISTIC 4313 02:42:28,383 --> 02:42:32,620 ABOUT THAT, OF COURSE IT DOESN'T 4314 02:42:32,620 --> 02:42:39,427 REPLACE HUMANS DOING IT BUT IT 4315 02:42:39,427 --> 02:42:39,961 HELPS A LOT. 4316 02:42:39,961 --> 02:42:43,198 SMRKS -- 4317 02:42:43,198 --> 02:42:45,967 >> SO THE QUESTION WAS THE 4318 02:42:45,967 --> 02:42:48,236 POTENTIAL VALUE OF CLASSIFYING 4319 02:42:48,236 --> 02:42:52,073 DIFFERENT PROGRESSIONS OF 4320 02:42:52,073 --> 02:42:53,141 FEATURES FROM COMPUTER VERSION 4321 02:42:53,141 --> 02:42:54,642 TO APPROACHES OF ANIMALS AND 4322 02:42:54,642 --> 02:42:55,810 THAT MIGHT BE EXPRESSING PANE 4323 02:42:55,810 --> 02:42:57,212 AND I GUESS MY GENERAL COMMENT 4324 02:42:57,212 --> 02:43:01,015 IS THAT I THINK IT'S A--IT'S A 4325 02:43:01,015 --> 02:43:02,717 REALLY CLEVER IDEA, I THINK THIS 4326 02:43:02,717 --> 02:43:06,454 WHOLE IDEA OF BEING ABLE TO, YOU 4327 02:43:06,454 --> 02:43:08,289 KNOW IT'S NOT--THINGS ARE NEVER 4328 02:43:08,289 --> 02:43:11,492 BINARY IN THIS CASE, THERE'S A 4329 02:43:11,492 --> 02:43:16,931 SMOOTH PROBABLY A VERY--THERE'S 4330 02:43:16,931 --> 02:43:17,632 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT 4331 02:43:17,632 --> 02:43:19,067 STATES, SO THE MORE DATA WE CAN 4332 02:43:19,067 --> 02:43:20,835 GET TO FILL IN THAT SPACE, THE 4333 02:43:20,835 --> 02:43:23,504 MORE WE UNDERSTAND WHAT MIGHT BE 4334 02:43:23,504 --> 02:43:25,840 HAPPENING IF THERE'S SORT OF 4335 02:43:25,840 --> 02:43:27,709 SHARP CHANGES IN THAT SPACE, AND 4336 02:43:27,709 --> 02:43:29,477 HOW IT DEPENDS ON TIME, THESE 4337 02:43:29,477 --> 02:43:31,012 ARE ALL SOMETHING I MENTIONED 4338 02:43:31,012 --> 02:43:33,281 EARLIER, YOU KNOW LIKE THE TIME 4339 02:43:33,281 --> 02:43:35,683 DEPENDENCE, I THINK ABOUT 4340 02:43:35,683 --> 02:43:36,951 IMETTING THAT RESOLUTION IS 4341 02:43:36,951 --> 02:43:40,021 SOMETHING CERTAINLY OF VALUE. 4342 02:43:40,021 --> 02:43:41,756 THIS, WE WILL FINISH OFF WITH 4343 02:43:41,756 --> 02:43:43,858 THE 2 QUESTIONS WE CURRENTLY 4344 02:43:43,858 --> 02:43:48,429 HAVE, SO GO AHEAD. 4345 02:43:48,429 --> 02:43:49,230 >> SO DORIS [INDISCERNIBLE], 4346 02:43:49,230 --> 02:43:51,332 WORKING IN PRACTICE AS A 4347 02:43:51,332 --> 02:43:52,066 VETERINARIAN, AND I WAS 4348 02:43:52,066 --> 02:43:53,835 LISTENING TO YOU AND I THINKING 4349 02:43:53,835 --> 02:43:55,436 ABOUT I CAN LOOK BACK ON TWEBT 4350 02:43:55,436 --> 02:43:57,038 YEARS IN PRACTICE WHEN I THINK 4351 02:43:57,038 --> 02:43:58,473 ABOUT THE STUDENTS NOW HO HAVE 4352 02:43:58,473 --> 02:44:03,778 TO DEAL WITH HAVING THESE NEW 4353 02:44:03,778 --> 02:44:06,214 TOOLS AND RELIGHT'RE LYING ON 4354 02:44:06,214 --> 02:44:07,715 THOSE--RELYING ON THOSE TOOLS 4355 02:44:07,715 --> 02:44:09,784 AND NOT GETTING MUCH PRACTICE, 4356 02:44:09,784 --> 02:44:11,185 SO I WAS WONDERING EVEN THOUGH 4357 02:44:11,185 --> 02:44:13,321 THEY ALREADY HAVE A HARD TIME TO 4358 02:44:13,321 --> 02:44:14,589 MAKE DECISION, IF IT'S GETTING 4359 02:44:14,589 --> 02:44:16,224 WORSE WHEN THEY ARE RELYING ON 4360 02:44:16,224 --> 02:44:18,393 THOSE TOOLS AND NOT RELYING ON 4361 02:44:18,393 --> 02:44:20,595 THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE THAT THEY 4362 02:44:20,595 --> 02:44:22,897 GET WHILE THEY'RE WORK NOTHING 4363 02:44:22,897 --> 02:44:24,766 CLINICAL PRACTICE, SO AND I WAS 4364 02:44:24,766 --> 02:44:26,034 WONDERING HOW TO IMPLEMENT THIS 4365 02:44:26,034 --> 02:44:27,669 IN THE CURRICULUM SO THAT THEY 4366 02:44:27,669 --> 02:44:30,605 ARE ABLE TO DEAL WITH THOSE 4367 02:44:30,605 --> 02:44:32,740 THINGS IS NOT JUST LIKE SHOW ME 4368 02:44:32,740 --> 02:44:34,242 THE PICTURES OR SHOW ME THE MRI 4369 02:44:34,242 --> 02:44:39,013 BEFORE THEY HAVE A LOOK AT THE 4370 02:44:39,013 --> 02:44:39,280 PATIENTS. 4371 02:44:39,280 --> 02:44:41,282 AND MAYBE 1 DAY IF EVERYTHING 4372 02:44:41,282 --> 02:44:42,717 PERFECT AND THEN WE WILL BE ABLE 4373 02:44:42,717 --> 02:44:44,452 TO DO THIS BUT IN THE MEAN 4374 02:44:44,452 --> 02:44:46,387 WHILE, I THINK LIKE THEY MAY BE 4375 02:44:46,387 --> 02:44:49,357 GET LACK OF PRACTICALIS, LIKE 4376 02:44:49,357 --> 02:44:53,928 CHANGING THEIR OWN BRAINS? 4377 02:44:53,928 --> 02:44:54,395 THANK YOU. 4378 02:44:54,395 --> 02:44:59,467 >> SO AS YOU HEARD BEFORE, I 4379 02:44:59,467 --> 02:45:00,268 GRADUATED FROM BRAZIL. 4380 02:45:00,268 --> 02:45:02,470 THE AMOUNT OF THINGS YOU GUYS 4381 02:45:02,470 --> 02:45:05,206 HAVE IN THE U.S. FOR DIAGNOSTICS 4382 02:45:05,206 --> 02:45:08,443 IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT OF WHAT 4383 02:45:08,443 --> 02:45:10,745 I EXPERIENCED IN MY VET SCHOOL, 4384 02:45:10,745 --> 02:45:12,413 WE DIDN'T HAVE A LOT OF TOOLS 4385 02:45:12,413 --> 02:45:14,015 LIKE MRIs AND IT WAS JUST VERY 4386 02:45:14,015 --> 02:45:18,720 HARD FOR US TO MOVE ANIMALS TO 4387 02:45:18,720 --> 02:45:19,887 THE CAPITOLS TO ACTUALLY USE 4388 02:45:19,887 --> 02:45:21,356 THOSE TYPE OF TOOLS. 4389 02:45:21,356 --> 02:45:23,124 I THINK WHEN WE'RE TEACHING, WE 4390 02:45:23,124 --> 02:45:25,159 NEED TO START WITH THE BASICS 4391 02:45:25,159 --> 02:45:30,231 AND IN THE CLINIC AND THAT IS 4392 02:45:30,231 --> 02:45:32,633 WHERE YOU START AND TO USE THOSE 4393 02:45:32,633 --> 02:45:34,502 TOOLS IN LIKE VETERINARY 4394 02:45:34,502 --> 02:45:36,671 DIAGNOSTICS FOR EXAMPLE, YOU 4395 02:45:36,671 --> 02:45:42,777 NEED TO HAVE A CLINICAL, 4396 02:45:42,777 --> 02:45:43,945 WAYOU'RE SUSPECTING, WHAT YOU 4397 02:45:43,945 --> 02:45:45,446 THINK THAT ANIMAL HAS AND THAT 4398 02:45:45,446 --> 02:45:47,982 COMES FROM USING THE CLINIC OF 4399 02:45:47,982 --> 02:45:51,152 THAT ANIMAL AND I THINK THIS IS 4400 02:45:51,152 --> 02:45:54,756 A PLUS OF WHAT YOU'VE DONE ON 4401 02:45:54,756 --> 02:45:58,726 LOOKING AT THE ANIMAL AND 4402 02:45:58,726 --> 02:46:00,595 DECIDING WHAT THE CLINIC WAS 4403 02:46:00,595 --> 02:46:01,162 SHOWING TO YOU. 4404 02:46:01,162 --> 02:46:07,502 SO I THINK THERE'S POTENTIAL TO 4405 02:46:07,502 --> 02:46:09,237 USE BOTH TOGETHER INSTEAD OF 4406 02:46:09,237 --> 02:46:10,938 JUST USING THE TECHNOLOGY AND I 4407 02:46:10,938 --> 02:46:21,482 THINK THE MAIN GOAL AT LEAST ON 4408 02:46:23,851 --> 02:46:27,555 MY Ph.D. WORK WHERE WE LOOK AT 4409 02:46:27,555 --> 02:46:28,956 THE HUMAN OR WHETHER THE HUMAN 4410 02:46:28,956 --> 02:46:31,526 IS PRESENT AT ALL, WE WILL TREAT 4411 02:46:31,526 --> 02:46:34,162 BASED ON THE AI, USING THAT AS A 4412 02:46:34,162 --> 02:46:38,032 TOOL TO GO LOOK AT THE ANIMAL 4413 02:46:38,032 --> 02:46:40,968 MORE CLOSELY JUST BECAUSE 4414 02:46:40,968 --> 02:46:43,371 SPECIALLY WITH OUR SPECIES, IF 4415 02:46:43,371 --> 02:46:44,906 WE'RE PRESENT THEIR BEHAVIOR CAN 4416 02:46:44,906 --> 02:46:46,741 BE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT OR WHEN 4417 02:46:46,741 --> 02:46:47,875 YOU SAWOT DR. BROWN TALK 4418 02:46:47,875 --> 02:46:49,177 EARLIER, THE ACTIVITIES AND 4419 02:46:49,177 --> 02:46:51,479 PROJECTS MALIN THE VETERINARY 4420 02:46:51,479 --> 02:46:52,513 SETTINGS WAS COMLITELY DIFFERENT 4421 02:46:52,513 --> 02:46:54,182 THAN AT HOME SO I THINK THAT 4422 02:46:54,182 --> 02:46:57,819 WILL JUST GIVE US A TOOL TO LOOK 4423 02:46:57,819 --> 02:46:59,587 OVER ALL AT THE ANIMAL BUT THAT 4424 02:46:59,587 --> 02:47:02,290 DOESN'T TAKE AWAY FROM THE PART 4425 02:47:02,290 --> 02:47:05,059 OF DOING THE ACTUAL CLINIC 4426 02:47:05,059 --> 02:47:13,000 EVALUATION OF THE ANIMAL. 4427 02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:14,335 >> AND I MAY COMPLEMENT ON THAT, 4428 02:47:14,335 --> 02:47:16,437 I ALSO AGREE THAT THIS KIND OF 4429 02:47:16,437 --> 02:47:18,539 SIMULATION AS YOU SHOWED US CAN 4430 02:47:18,539 --> 02:47:20,842 REALLY HELP AS AN EDUCATIONAL 4431 02:47:20,842 --> 02:47:21,275 TOOL. 4432 02:47:21,275 --> 02:47:23,010 LET'S SEE HOW MANY LAME COWS 4433 02:47:23,010 --> 02:47:24,745 WOULD YOU SEE BACK THERE IN VET 4434 02:47:24,745 --> 02:47:25,379 SCHOOL? 4435 02:47:25,379 --> 02:47:27,782 HOW MANY STAGES OF THAT LAMENESS 4436 02:47:27,782 --> 02:47:29,383 WOULD YOU BE ABLE TO EVALUATE IN 4437 02:47:29,383 --> 02:47:31,486 SO IF YOU HAVE THESE TOOLS TO 4438 02:47:31,486 --> 02:47:33,121 HELP TRAINING ALSO THE STUDENTS, 4439 02:47:33,121 --> 02:47:34,422 THE CLINICIAN, WHEN THEY GET TO 4440 02:47:34,422 --> 02:47:37,258 THE FIELD, THEY CAN ALSO DETECT 4441 02:47:37,258 --> 02:47:40,962 THESE CHANGES MORE RAPIDLY, I 4442 02:47:40,962 --> 02:47:41,529 WOULD SAY. 4443 02:47:41,529 --> 02:47:42,930 MI JUST HAVE THIS 1 QUICK 4444 02:47:42,930 --> 02:47:45,366 COMMENT AND THAT IS A BILLIANT 4445 02:47:45,366 --> 02:47:46,868 QUOTE AND I FORGET THE NAME OF 4446 02:47:46,868 --> 02:47:49,437 THE AUTHOR AND IT WAS A PAPER IN 4447 02:47:49,437 --> 02:47:50,738 RADIOLOGY THAT SAID, YOU KNOW 4448 02:47:50,738 --> 02:47:52,140 WITH THE ISSUES OF RADIOLOGY AND 4449 02:47:52,140 --> 02:47:54,675 DEEP LEARNING AND SO FORTH, THE 4450 02:47:54,675 --> 02:47:58,312 STATEMENT WAS, AI WILL NOT 4451 02:47:58,312 --> 02:48:01,716 REPLACE RADIOLOGISTS, IT WILL 4452 02:48:01,716 --> 02:48:02,650 REPLACE RADIOLOGISTS THAT DON'T 4453 02:48:02,650 --> 02:48:05,553 KNOW AI, SO I THINK YOU JUST 4454 02:48:05,553 --> 02:48:07,321 REPLACED RADIOLOGISTS WITH 4455 02:48:07,321 --> 02:48:08,022 VETERINARIANS AND THAT'S THE 4456 02:48:08,022 --> 02:48:17,298 SPACE WE NEED TO WORK TOWARDS. 4457 02:48:17,298 --> 02:48:19,367 >> LAST QUESTION FOR THE MORNING 4458 02:48:19,367 --> 02:48:19,600 SESSION? 4459 02:48:19,600 --> 02:48:21,969 >> I JUST WANT TO SAY THANKS FOR 4460 02:48:21,969 --> 02:48:22,937 PUTTING THIS TOGETHER, SUPER 4461 02:48:22,937 --> 02:48:27,475 FASCINATING MY QUESTION FOR THE 4462 02:48:27,475 --> 02:48:30,978 PANEL IS HOW DID AI TECHNOLOGY 4463 02:48:30,978 --> 02:48:31,812 HANDLE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES 4464 02:48:31,812 --> 02:48:33,648 BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS LET'S SAY 4465 02:48:33,648 --> 02:48:34,615 WITH RESPECT TO SENSITIVITY TO 4466 02:48:34,615 --> 02:48:35,016 PAIN. 4467 02:48:35,016 --> 02:48:36,584 SO THE PAPER IN SCIENCE JUST 4468 02:48:36,584 --> 02:48:39,854 CAME OUT RECENTLY ABOUT 4469 02:48:39,854 --> 02:48:42,056 DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY TO PAIN IN 4470 02:48:42,056 --> 02:48:43,090 DOG BREEDS, CAN YOU REDUCE THAT 4471 02:48:43,090 --> 02:48:44,292 FURTHER TO SAY WITHIN A BREED, 4472 02:48:44,292 --> 02:48:46,427 YOU GD HAVE A DOG THAT'S HYPER 4473 02:48:46,427 --> 02:48:48,329 TOLERANT OF PAIN, VERSUS 1 4474 02:48:48,329 --> 02:48:49,463 THAT'S HIGHLY SENSITIVE. 4475 02:48:49,463 --> 02:48:50,598 I'M NOT A COMPUTER SCIENTISTS SO 4476 02:48:50,598 --> 02:48:52,400 I DON'T KNOW IF THE MODELING 4477 02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:54,502 TAKES CARE OF ALL OF THAT, BUT 4478 02:48:54,502 --> 02:48:55,903 IS THAT WRITTEN INTO THE MODEL 4479 02:48:55,903 --> 02:48:57,672 AND HOW WOULD THAT AFFECT IF WE 4480 02:48:57,672 --> 02:49:00,308 WERE TO IMPLEMENT AI IN A 4481 02:49:00,308 --> 02:49:02,043 CLINICAL SETTING HOW WOULD THAT 4482 02:49:02,043 --> 02:49:03,110 IMPLEMENT TREATMENT DECISIONS 4483 02:49:03,110 --> 02:49:10,218 FOR AN INDIVIDUAL VERSUS A 4484 02:49:10,218 --> 02:49:10,685 GROUP? 4485 02:49:10,685 --> 02:49:11,252 >> REALLY GREAT QUESTION. 4486 02:49:11,252 --> 02:49:12,119 I THINK ON EVERYTHING WE DO WE 4487 02:49:12,119 --> 02:49:15,590 HAVE A LOT OF VARIABILITY. 4488 02:49:15,590 --> 02:49:19,327 EVEN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CORES, 4489 02:49:19,327 --> 02:49:20,895 OR INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY 4490 02:49:20,895 --> 02:49:24,565 BETWEEN OUR ANIMALS AND THE 4491 02:49:24,565 --> 02:49:25,967 AMOUNT, I THINK THE WAY WE TRAIN 4492 02:49:25,967 --> 02:49:27,868 THE MODEL IS HAVING THE MOST 4493 02:49:27,868 --> 02:49:30,671 AMOUNT OF DATA WE CAN TO ACCOUNT 4494 02:49:30,671 --> 02:49:31,372 FOR THAT VARIABILITY. 4495 02:49:31,372 --> 02:49:34,075 I WOULD NOT BE THE PERSON TO 4496 02:49:34,075 --> 02:49:36,677 TELL YOU EXACTLY IF THAT WILL 4497 02:49:36,677 --> 02:49:38,112 WORK WHEN YOU'RE USING CLINICAL 4498 02:49:38,112 --> 02:49:39,947 SETTINGS BUT I THINK THE GOAL OF 4499 02:49:39,947 --> 02:49:43,417 TRAINING WITH A LOT OF DATA, IT 4500 02:49:43,417 --> 02:49:44,719 IS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE 4501 02:49:44,719 --> 02:49:46,287 VARIABILITY YOU MIGHT HAVE IN 4502 02:49:46,287 --> 02:49:49,890 BETWEEN ANIMALS. 4503 02:49:49,890 --> 02:49:50,858 >> YEAH, I HUNDRED PERCENT AGREE 4504 02:49:50,858 --> 02:49:53,628 BUT I THINK THERE'S A QUESTION 4505 02:49:53,628 --> 02:49:56,030 ABOUT USE CASE ALWAYS WHEN WE 4506 02:49:56,030 --> 02:49:58,666 DEVELOP AI, LIKE WHAT'S THE REAL 4507 02:49:58,666 --> 02:49:59,367 INTENTION OF THIS? 4508 02:49:59,367 --> 02:50:03,271 I MEAN IT'S QUITE--WE SEE 4509 02:50:03,271 --> 02:50:04,972 SITUATIONS WHERE IN 4510 02:50:04,972 --> 02:50:06,040 MULTIINSTITUTIONAL AI MODELS 4511 02:50:06,040 --> 02:50:08,309 THEY GENERALLY MIGHT PERFORM 4512 02:50:08,309 --> 02:50:10,378 VERY POORLY BECAUSE, IT'S KNOT 4513 02:50:10,378 --> 02:50:11,412 TOO MUCH AVERAGING GOING ON 4514 02:50:11,412 --> 02:50:12,179 BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT 4515 02:50:12,179 --> 02:50:14,148 INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE NOT 4516 02:50:14,148 --> 02:50:14,849 REFLECTING LOCAL POPULATIONS. 4517 02:50:14,849 --> 02:50:17,885 SO WE MAY BE SEEING SIMILAR, YOU 4518 02:50:17,885 --> 02:50:19,520 MIGHT SEE SIMILAR KINDS OF 4519 02:50:19,520 --> 02:50:20,721 BEHAVIOR HERE WITH DIFFERENT 4520 02:50:20,721 --> 02:50:23,591 KINDS OF BREEDS OF DOGS WHERE 4521 02:50:23,591 --> 02:50:25,693 YOU'RE SEEING AN AMALGAMATION OF 4522 02:50:25,693 --> 02:50:27,828 EFFECTS WHEN THERE'S ACTUALLY 4523 02:50:27,828 --> 02:50:28,863 DIFFERENT EFFECTS THAT CAN YOU 4524 02:50:28,863 --> 02:50:30,164 TEASE OUT BETWEEN BREEDS. 4525 02:50:30,164 --> 02:50:31,565 SO THESE ARE REALLY GREAT 4526 02:50:31,565 --> 02:50:33,301 QUESTIONS AND WE CAN CERTAINLY 4527 02:50:33,301 --> 02:50:34,502 EXPLORE IT, YOU KNOW USING 4528 02:50:34,502 --> 02:50:36,170 MACHINE LEARNING SO WE CAN ASK 4529 02:50:36,170 --> 02:50:39,607 THESE QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS. 4530 02:50:39,607 --> 02:50:41,342 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4531 02:50:41,342 --> 02:50:43,678 >> WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR 4532 02:50:43,678 --> 02:50:46,047 PANELISTS FOR AN OUTSTANDING 4533 02:50:46,047 --> 02:50:50,451 MORNING SESSION. 4534 02:50:50,451 --> 02:50:52,553 [ APPLAUSE ] 4535 02:50:52,553 --> 02:50:53,754 WE HAVE FORESHADOWING OF 4536 02:50:53,754 --> 02:50:54,922 CONVERSATIONS TO FOLLOW O. 4537 02:50:54,922 --> 02:50:57,591 SO WE MOVE THE FIRST SESSION 4538 02:50:57,591 --> 02:50:59,060 FROM TWIN STUDIES ELF 15:00 TO 4539 02:50:59,060 --> 02:51:00,561 12:30 TO GET YOUR TIME TO GO TO 4540 02:51:00,561 --> 02:51:02,963 THE EXPLURCH LEARNS SO THE NEXT 4541 02:51:02,963 --> 02:51:05,900 LUNCH AND LEARN SESSION WITH 4542 02:51:05,900 --> 02:51:09,003 DR. WEBB WILL START AT 12:30 AND 4543 02:51:09,003 --> 02:51:09,270 NOT 12:15. 4544 02:51:09,270 --> 02:51:10,004 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 4545 02:51:10,004 --> 02:51:13,974 COMING AND LOOK FORWARD TO THE 4546 02:51:13,974 --> 02:51:14,030 AFTERNOON SESSION. 4547 02:51:14,030 --> 02:51:14,964 GOOD AFTERNOON. 4548 02:51:14,964 --> 02:51:16,900 THANK YOU EVERYONE FOR COMING 4549 02:51:16,900 --> 02:51:18,168 BACK FROM LUNCH TO APPRECIATE 4550 02:51:18,168 --> 02:51:22,472 ALL THE TALKS THAT WE HAVE IN 4551 02:51:22,472 --> 02:51:23,640 THIS AFTERNOON SESSION. 4552 02:51:23,640 --> 02:51:28,344 BEFORE I INTRODUCE THE SESSION, 4553 02:51:28,344 --> 02:51:30,613 I WANTED TO--OUR NEXT SPEAKER 4554 02:51:30,613 --> 02:51:36,986 WHO WILL BE DUNCAN LASCELLES, 4555 02:51:36,986 --> 02:51:39,222 WHO IS THE WITH THE NCITATE 4556 02:51:39,222 --> 02:51:40,290 UNIVERSITY, I WANT TO SAY A 4557 02:51:40,290 --> 02:51:41,925 LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE PAIN AND 4558 02:51:41,925 --> 02:51:42,992 ANIMAL WORKSHOP MEETING THAT'S 4559 02:51:42,992 --> 02:51:47,063 BEEN GOING ON NOW SINCE 2015 AND 4560 02:51:47,063 --> 02:51:48,364 ABOUT MICHELLE SHARKY WHO WE 4561 02:51:48,364 --> 02:51:51,334 HAVE THE INAUGURAL LECTURE HERE 4562 02:51:51,334 --> 02:51:51,901 IN HER NAME. 4563 02:51:51,901 --> 02:51:54,404 THE FIRST TIME I HAD YOU KNOW 4564 02:51:54,404 --> 02:51:57,073 HEARD ABOUT THIS IDEA OF 4565 02:51:57,073 --> 02:51:58,474 BRINGING SCIENTISTS TOGETHER TO 4566 02:51:58,474 --> 02:52:01,077 SPEAK ABOUT PAIN IN ANIMALS, IS 4567 02:52:01,077 --> 02:52:02,212 WHEN MICHELLE REACHED OUT TO ME 4568 02:52:02,212 --> 02:52:03,947 AND SAID SHE WOULD LIKE TO DO 4569 02:52:03,947 --> 02:52:07,183 COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE NIH 4570 02:52:07,183 --> 02:52:16,726 AND THE NDA TO SUPPORT RESEARCH 4571 02:52:16,726 --> 02:52:18,595 IN ANIMALS AND NO, SPECIFICALLY 4572 02:52:18,595 --> 02:52:23,866 TAPPING INTO THE EXPERTISE OF 4573 02:52:23,866 --> 02:52:24,567 VETERINARY COMMUNITYINARRIANS 4574 02:52:24,567 --> 02:52:25,768 AND IN PARTICULAR, SHE KNEW IT 4575 02:52:25,768 --> 02:52:30,573 WAS THE RIGHT PERSON TO, YOU 4576 02:52:30,573 --> 02:52:32,775 KNOW, REPRESENT THE RESEARCH 4577 02:52:32,775 --> 02:52:33,876 FIELD TO REPRESENT THE ACADEMICS 4578 02:52:33,876 --> 02:52:39,749 IN THAT AREA AND THAT WAS DUNCAN 4579 02:52:39,749 --> 02:52:42,318 LASCEWELL, LES, SO DUNCAN AND 4580 02:52:42,318 --> 02:52:43,386 MICHELLE SAID REACHED OUT AND 4581 02:52:43,386 --> 02:52:45,822 SAID TO ME WOULD NIH WANT TO 4582 02:52:45,822 --> 02:52:47,223 PARTNER IN DISCUSSING PAIN IN 4583 02:52:47,223 --> 02:52:47,991 ANIMALS AND UNDERSTANDING HOW 4584 02:52:47,991 --> 02:52:49,826 THEY CAN BE USED IN A 4585 02:52:49,826 --> 02:52:51,027 TRANSLATIONAL ASPECT IN ORDER TO 4586 02:52:51,027 --> 02:52:52,195 OVERCOME THE HURDLE,S THAT WE'VE 4587 02:52:52,195 --> 02:52:57,934 SEEN IN DEVELOPING THERAPEUTICS 4588 02:52:57,934 --> 02:52:58,835 FOR HUMANS IN PAIN. 4589 02:52:58,835 --> 02:53:00,703 THAT WE CAN ABSOLUTELY DO AND I 4590 02:53:00,703 --> 02:53:04,240 BROUGHT THAT TO SENIOR 4591 02:53:04,240 --> 02:53:07,110 LEADERSHIP AT NIH AND THEY GAVE 4592 02:53:07,110 --> 02:53:08,378 ME VETERINARIANS, YOU SURE, I 4593 02:53:08,378 --> 02:53:10,513 SAID WELL, LOOK AT IT FROM THIS 4594 02:53:10,513 --> 02:53:12,482 PERSPECTIVE, RIGHT IN WHAT 4595 02:53:12,482 --> 02:53:13,750 PERCENTAGE OF NIH'S DOLLARS GO 4596 02:53:13,750 --> 02:53:15,952 TO SUPPORTING RESEARCH IN 4597 02:53:15,952 --> 02:53:18,421 ANIMALS WITH THE OVERALL GOAL OF 4598 02:53:18,421 --> 02:53:20,323 UNDERSTANDING PATHOLOGICAL 4599 02:53:20,323 --> 02:53:22,425 CONDITIONS IN HUMANS, BUT WHAT 4600 02:53:22,425 --> 02:53:24,360 PERCENTAGE, AND THAT JUST ENDED 4601 02:53:24,360 --> 02:53:26,429 THE ARGUMENT RIGHT THERE. 4602 02:53:26,429 --> 02:53:28,064 YEP, THAT'S WHO WE SHOULD BE 4603 02:53:28,064 --> 02:53:31,534 TAPPING INTO IS THE EXPERTISE OF 4604 02:53:31,534 --> 02:53:32,035 VETERINARIANS. 4605 02:53:32,035 --> 02:53:33,569 SO THE NEXT I DID ON MY OWN AND 4606 02:53:33,569 --> 02:53:35,738 ASKING HOW MANY OF THOSE 4607 02:53:35,738 --> 02:53:38,341 VETERINARIANS ARE ASKING FOR NIH 4608 02:53:38,341 --> 02:53:39,375 TO SUPPORT THEIR RESEARCH BY 4609 02:53:39,375 --> 02:53:42,412 APPLYING AND THAT WAS A DISMALLY 4610 02:53:42,412 --> 02:53:45,648 SMALL NUMBER THAT IT WOULD SAY. 4611 02:53:45,648 --> 02:53:47,517 SO AS I INTRODUCE THIS SESSION, 4612 02:53:47,517 --> 02:53:49,352 I WANT TO MAKE A PITCH OVER HERE 4613 02:53:49,352 --> 02:53:52,622 FOR YOU TO KNOW THAT NIH IS 4614 02:53:52,622 --> 02:53:54,924 INTERESTED IN YOUR RESEARCH 4615 02:53:54,924 --> 02:53:57,360 PROPOSALS. 4616 02:53:57,360 --> 02:53:57,994 WE ARE INTERESTED IN RESEARCH 4617 02:53:57,994 --> 02:54:00,430 THAT YOU ARE DOING IN LARGE 4618 02:54:00,430 --> 02:54:05,168 ANIMALS, IN FARM ANIMALS, ET 4619 02:54:05,168 --> 02:54:05,568 CETERA. 4620 02:54:05,568 --> 02:54:07,970 THE PROCESS FOR APPLYING FOR NIH 4621 02:54:07,970 --> 02:54:10,473 GRANTS AND THE FRAMING OF THE 4622 02:54:10,473 --> 02:54:11,941 RESEARCH QUESTION MAY BE 4623 02:54:11,941 --> 02:54:13,876 SOMETHING THAT YOU COULD LEARN 4624 02:54:13,876 --> 02:54:17,480 FROM THE PROGRAM DIRECTORS THAT 4625 02:54:17,480 --> 02:54:18,448 MANAGE THOSE PORTFOLIOS IN 4626 02:54:18,448 --> 02:54:18,948 RESEARCH. 4627 02:54:18,948 --> 02:54:21,751 SO MY PITCH IS EITHER REACH OUT 4628 02:54:21,751 --> 02:54:26,723 TO MYSELF OR OTHER PROGRAM 4629 02:54:26,723 --> 02:54:28,791 DIRECTORS AND SEE IF YOUR IDEA 4630 02:54:28,791 --> 02:54:30,793 CAN FIT INTO NIH'S RESEARCH. 4631 02:54:30,793 --> 02:54:35,131 SO BACK TO THE PROGRAM AT-HAND 4632 02:54:35,131 --> 02:54:37,967 SO DR. LASCELLES WILL BE 4633 02:54:37,967 --> 02:54:39,936 PRESENTING OF THE OVERRUE OF THE 4634 02:54:39,936 --> 02:54:50,380 DOMAINS IMPACTED BY PAIN. 4635 02:54:50,813 --> 02:54:51,147 DR. LASCELLES? 4636 02:54:51,147 --> 02:55:01,457 >> [ APPLAUSE ] 4637 02:55:05,328 --> 02:55:05,962 NTHANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT 4638 02:55:05,962 --> 02:55:07,330 INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME BACK 4639 02:55:07,330 --> 02:55:09,399 THIS AFTERNOON WHERE WE WILL 4640 02:55:09,399 --> 02:55:12,235 TALK ABOUT THE DOMAINS OR 4641 02:55:12,235 --> 02:55:13,035 DIMENSIONS IMPACTED BY PAIN AND 4642 02:55:13,035 --> 02:55:14,637 THE IDEA OF THIS AFTERNOON'S 4643 02:55:14,637 --> 02:55:18,775 SESSION IS TO REALLY BROADEN 4644 02:55:18,775 --> 02:55:19,776 EVERYONE'S OUTLOOK ON THE 4645 02:55:19,776 --> 02:55:25,548 MUTTITUDE OF WAYS THAT 4646 02:55:25,548 --> 02:55:27,984 PAIN--MIEWLTITUDE OF WAYS THAT 4647 02:55:27,984 --> 02:55:29,786 MAIN AFFECTS BODIES AND WITH THE 4648 02:55:29,786 --> 02:55:31,354 IDEA IS THERE SOMETHING ELSE WE 4649 02:55:31,354 --> 02:55:32,722 CAN MEASURE AND IS THAT THING 4650 02:55:32,722 --> 02:55:38,227 WE'RE GOING TO MEASURE GOING TO 4651 02:55:38,227 --> 02:55:41,998 BE RELEVANT, AND I LEAD UP THE 4652 02:55:41,998 --> 02:55:44,467 COMPARATIVE PAIN AND RESEARCH 4653 02:55:44,467 --> 02:55:48,971 CENTER, SO WHY KISS CUSS--WHY 4654 02:55:48,971 --> 02:55:51,307 DISCUSS IT TOPIC IN WELL IN 4655 02:55:51,307 --> 02:55:52,241 HUMANS PAIN IS USUALLY MEASURE 4656 02:55:52,241 --> 02:55:54,877 AM IS BASED ON SELF-REPORT AND 4657 02:55:54,877 --> 02:55:57,113 IN ANIMALS AS YET THEY DON'T 4658 02:55:57,113 --> 02:55:58,247 SELF-REPORT SO WHAT WE NEED TO 4659 02:55:58,247 --> 02:56:00,683 DO IS WE NEED TO ESTIMATE PAIN 4660 02:56:00,683 --> 02:56:05,888 BY MEASURING THE IMPACT OF PAIN 4661 02:56:05,888 --> 02:56:07,690 ON DOMAINS, DIMENSIONS, AND SO 4662 02:56:07,690 --> 02:56:09,292 THAT'S--THAT'S WHY WE NEED TO 4663 02:56:09,292 --> 02:56:11,494 HAVE THIS DISCUSSION BECAUSE I 4664 02:56:11,494 --> 02:56:13,196 THINK OFTEN, CERTAINLY IN MY 4665 02:56:13,196 --> 02:56:18,468 WORK, IN MY WORLD, I'VE BECOME 4666 02:56:18,468 --> 02:56:19,802 NAGHTER NARROW MINDED, NARROW 4667 02:56:19,802 --> 02:56:21,304 FOCUSED, I CAN MEASURE THIS, I 4668 02:56:21,304 --> 02:56:23,272 HAVE THE TOOL FOR MEASURING THE 4669 02:56:23,272 --> 02:56:24,607 OTHER THING, THAT'S WHAT WE DO 4670 02:56:24,607 --> 02:56:25,975 AND TO ADVANCE WE NEED TO 4671 02:56:25,975 --> 02:56:29,579 BROADEN OUT THAT CONVERSATION 4672 02:56:29,579 --> 02:56:31,080 AND HENCE THIS AFTERNOON'S 4673 02:56:31,080 --> 02:56:32,748 PROGRAM, WE WILL TOUCH ON THE 4674 02:56:32,748 --> 02:56:34,951 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF PAIN. 4675 02:56:34,951 --> 02:56:36,252 WE WILL EXPLORE DOMAINS IMPACTED 4676 02:56:36,252 --> 02:56:39,021 BY ACUTE PAIN, BY CHRONIC PAIN. 4677 02:56:39,021 --> 02:56:42,225 SO JUST AS AN OVERRUE HERE, WHAT 4678 02:56:42,225 --> 02:56:43,659 IS IMPACTED? 4679 02:56:43,659 --> 02:56:44,327 WELL, VARIOUS DIAGRAMS, LIKE 4680 02:56:44,327 --> 02:56:49,966 THIS COME UP AND I GRAB THIS 4681 02:56:49,966 --> 02:56:53,903 FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] THESIS AND 4682 02:56:53,903 --> 02:56:57,306 SHE ADAPTED IT FROM MA GUYER 4683 02:56:57,306 --> 02:56:58,274 PUBLICATION IN 1992 YOU CAN SEE 4684 02:56:58,274 --> 02:57:00,910 PAIN IS AT THE TRUSTEES AND PAIN 4685 02:57:00,910 --> 02:57:02,578 AFFECTS VARIOUS THINGS CALLED 4686 02:57:02,578 --> 02:57:03,145 DOMAINS OR DIMENSIONS. 4687 02:57:03,145 --> 02:57:06,849 ONE THING I HOPE IS THAT SOMEOE 4688 02:57:06,849 --> 02:57:09,852 THIS AFTERNOON CAN SHED LIGHT ON 4689 02:57:09,852 --> 02:57:11,687 THE CORRECT TERM IS, IS IT 4690 02:57:11,687 --> 02:57:13,189 DOMAIN, DIMENSIONS OR MAYBE JUST 4691 02:57:13,189 --> 02:57:13,689 THINGS. 4692 02:57:13,689 --> 02:57:15,691 AND OF COURSE THESE DIAGRAMS 4693 02:57:15,691 --> 02:57:18,561 VARY BECAUSE HERE'S MY 4694 02:57:18,561 --> 02:57:20,229 ADAPTATION IN A PUBLICATION AND 4695 02:57:20,229 --> 02:57:21,697 THEY VARY BASED ON KIND OF 4696 02:57:21,697 --> 02:57:24,901 INTERESTS SO MY CURRENT RESEARCH 4697 02:57:24,901 --> 02:57:31,474 INTEREST IS OSTEOARTHRITIS PAIN, 4698 02:57:31,474 --> 02:57:33,175 MUSK LO SKELETAL PAIN. 4699 02:57:33,175 --> 02:57:34,277 I HAVE CHRONIC PAIN AT THE 4700 02:57:34,277 --> 02:57:35,978 TRUSTEES, I THINK IT'S FAIR TO 4701 02:57:35,978 --> 02:57:38,247 SAY THERE ISN'T A GOLD STANDARD 4702 02:57:38,247 --> 02:57:40,716 DEFINITION OF THE DOMAINS THAT 4703 02:57:40,716 --> 02:57:43,719 ARE IMPACTED BY ACUTE OR 4704 02:57:43,719 --> 02:57:44,420 PERSISTENT CHRONIC PAIN. 4705 02:57:44,420 --> 02:57:45,755 I THINK THE LABELS VARY 4706 02:57:45,755 --> 02:57:49,058 DEPENDING ON THE INTEREST OF THE 4707 02:57:49,058 --> 02:57:51,761 INDIVIDUAL AND THE DOMAINS VARY, 4708 02:57:51,761 --> 02:57:53,296 THE DOMAINS ARE DESCRIBED, VARY 4709 02:57:53,296 --> 02:57:54,597 WITH THE CONDITION AND CONTEXT 4710 02:57:54,597 --> 02:57:56,198 WITH WHICH THEY ARE BEING 4711 02:57:56,198 --> 02:57:58,301 DISCUSSED AND IN THIS FURTHER 4712 02:57:58,301 --> 02:57:59,402 VARIATION DEPENDING ON WHETHER 4713 02:57:59,402 --> 02:58:02,572 THE IMPACT THAT YOU'RE TALKING 4714 02:58:02,572 --> 02:58:04,473 ABOUT IS ON HEALTH OR WELL BEING 4715 02:58:04,473 --> 02:58:06,142 OR WHETHER THE DOMAINS ARE BEING 4716 02:58:06,142 --> 02:58:08,010 VIEWED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF 4717 02:58:08,010 --> 02:58:09,145 WHAT MEASUREMENT TOOLS ARE 4718 02:58:09,145 --> 02:58:09,412 AVAILABLE. 4719 02:58:09,412 --> 02:58:11,614 I MEAN QUITE FRANKLY IF YOU HAVE 4720 02:58:11,614 --> 02:58:12,582 CERTAIN MEASUREMENT TOOLS WHEN 4721 02:58:12,582 --> 02:58:14,183 YOU WRITE A PUBLICATION, THE 4722 02:58:14,183 --> 02:58:16,485 DOMAINS REFLEBT YOUR MEASUREMENT 4723 02:58:16,485 --> 02:58:17,920 TOOLS AND YOUR ABILITY. 4724 02:58:17,920 --> 02:58:20,990 SO I THINK THERE'S SOME 4725 02:58:20,990 --> 02:58:21,824 VARIATION THERE. 4726 02:58:21,824 --> 02:58:23,459 SO IN ANIMALS WE ESTIMATE PAIN 4727 02:58:23,459 --> 02:58:25,194 BY MEASURING THE IMPACT OF PAIN 4728 02:58:25,194 --> 02:58:26,062 ON DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS BUT WE 4729 02:58:26,062 --> 02:58:29,966 ALSO HAVE TO REMEMBER THE 4730 02:58:29,966 --> 02:58:30,933 BI-DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP. 4731 02:58:30,933 --> 02:58:33,836 THIS IS IMPORTANT, SO YOU KNOW 4732 02:58:33,836 --> 02:58:35,137 FROM MY PERSPECTIVE, I'M ALWAYS 4733 02:58:35,137 --> 02:58:37,907 INTERESTED IN HOW PAIN AFFECTS 4734 02:58:37,907 --> 02:58:41,043 SOMETHING, PAIN AFFECTS SAY, THE 4735 02:58:41,043 --> 02:58:41,844 AFFECTITATE OR COGNITIVE FUNK 4736 02:58:41,844 --> 02:58:43,946 BUT WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT 4737 02:58:43,946 --> 02:58:45,982 THOSE DOMAINS HAVE AN EFFECT ON 4738 02:58:45,982 --> 02:58:48,417 THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN, SO THERE 4739 02:58:48,417 --> 02:58:49,151 IS THIS BI-DIRECTIONAL 4740 02:58:49,151 --> 02:58:52,288 RELATIONSHIP TO BE THINKING 4741 02:58:52,288 --> 02:58:52,722 ABOUT. 4742 02:58:52,722 --> 02:58:54,890 FOR EXAMPLE, WE MEASURE AFFECT 4743 02:58:54,890 --> 02:58:57,660 AND THE PAIN OF AFFECT, BUT WE 4744 02:58:57,660 --> 02:58:59,128 ALSO NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE 4745 02:58:59,128 --> 02:59:00,963 EFFECT OF AFFECT ON PAIN IF YOU 4746 02:59:00,963 --> 02:59:01,697 FOLLOWED THAT. 4747 02:59:01,697 --> 02:59:06,002 AND HERE'S A GREAT EXAMPLE OF 4748 02:59:06,002 --> 02:59:06,235 THAT. 4749 02:59:06,235 --> 02:59:09,772 SO IN DOGS WITH A PAIN STATE 4750 02:59:09,772 --> 02:59:11,107 SHOWED GREATER NOISE SENSITIVITY 4751 02:59:11,107 --> 02:59:13,309 BUT YOU COULD FLIP THAT AROUND 4752 02:59:13,309 --> 02:59:15,411 AND SAY WELL, THE NOISE 4753 02:59:15,411 --> 02:59:25,888 SENSITIVITY IS AN EXAMPLE OF 4754 02:59:27,023 --> 02:59:28,424 ANAN XIETY STATE IS VERY 4755 02:59:28,424 --> 02:59:28,691 IMPORTANT. 4756 02:59:28,691 --> 02:59:29,425 SO ANOTHER THING TO REMEMBER 4757 02:59:29,425 --> 02:59:35,131 HERE AS WE THINK ABOUT LABEL 4758 02:59:35,131 --> 02:59:37,299 ANDS DOMAIN, WITHIN EACH DOMAIN 4759 02:59:37,299 --> 02:59:41,470 ARE VARYING AS SPECTS OR 4760 02:59:41,470 --> 02:59:42,738 COMPONENTS LIKE WITHIN THE 4761 02:59:42,738 --> 02:59:44,306 DOMAIN BUT THE RELATIVE PURPOSES 4762 02:59:44,306 --> 02:59:46,409 OF EEP OF THESE ASPECTS. 4763 02:59:46,409 --> 02:59:48,911 SO FOR EXAMPLE, GO BACK TO THE 4764 02:59:48,911 --> 02:59:52,848 DIAGRAM I TOOK FROM MARGARET 4765 02:59:52,848 --> 02:59:55,618 BRUINS THESIS AND LET'S PULL OUT 4766 02:59:55,618 --> 02:59:56,052 COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 4767 02:59:56,052 --> 02:59:58,187 THE REALITY IS THERE'S NO 1 4768 02:59:58,187 --> 02:59:59,255 MEASURE OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION 4769 02:59:59,255 --> 03:00:01,323 AND IF YOU'RE MEASURING 4770 03:00:01,323 --> 03:00:02,024 COGNITIVE FUNCTION, YOU ACTUALLY 4771 03:00:02,024 --> 03:00:05,194 NEED TO MEASURE A WHOLE VARIETY 4772 03:00:05,194 --> 03:00:06,595 OF DIFFERENT THINGS, YOU KNOW 4773 03:00:06,595 --> 03:00:09,965 HOW MEANING OF PAIN IS 4774 03:00:09,965 --> 03:00:11,801 INTERPRETED, COPING MECHANISMS, 4775 03:00:11,801 --> 03:00:12,401 ATTENTIONAL DEMAND, EXECUTIVE 4776 03:00:12,401 --> 03:00:13,803 FUNCTION AND SO THE LIST GOES 4777 03:00:13,803 --> 03:00:14,870 ON. 4778 03:00:14,870 --> 03:00:18,808 AND SO, AS WE GO THROUGH THE 4779 03:00:18,808 --> 03:00:20,009 AFTERNOON, WE THINK ABOUT THE 4780 03:00:20,009 --> 03:00:21,544 DOMAINS WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 4781 03:00:21,544 --> 03:00:22,978 THE COMPONENTS OF THOSE DOMAINS 4782 03:00:22,978 --> 03:00:24,714 BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE THINGS WE 4783 03:00:24,714 --> 03:00:26,348 ARE GOING TO BE MEASURING AND I 4784 03:00:26,348 --> 03:00:27,917 TRY TO COME UP WITH ANALOGIES 4785 03:00:27,917 --> 03:00:31,187 AND THIS NOT MAYBE THE BEST 1 4786 03:00:31,187 --> 03:00:33,522 BUT IT'S KIND OF LIKE WEATHER, 4787 03:00:33,522 --> 03:00:35,357 SO THERE'S 1 MEASURE OF WEATHER, 4788 03:00:35,357 --> 03:00:35,791 IS THERE? 4789 03:00:35,791 --> 03:00:39,729 YOU CAPTAIN --CAN'T PUT A NUMBER 4790 03:00:39,729 --> 03:00:40,096 ON WEATHER? 4791 03:00:40,096 --> 03:00:43,399 WHAT WE DO IS MEASURE THE 4792 03:00:43,399 --> 03:00:45,601 COMPONENTS, THE AMOUNT OF 4793 03:00:45,601 --> 03:00:47,870 PRECIPITATION, THE TYPE OF 4794 03:00:47,870 --> 03:00:49,038 PRECIPITATION, THE TEMPERATURE, 4795 03:00:49,038 --> 03:00:50,072 WIND, DIRECTION THE WIND IS 4796 03:00:50,072 --> 03:00:52,074 COMING FROM SO THESE ARE ALL 4797 03:00:52,074 --> 03:00:52,742 COMOPPOSITE BEHAVIORIAL 4798 03:00:52,742 --> 03:00:53,476 PHENOTYPENTS THAT WE MEASURE 4799 03:00:53,476 --> 03:00:55,077 THAT MAKE UP WEATHER. 4800 03:00:55,077 --> 03:00:57,279 I THINK THE ANALOGY I COULD TAKE 4801 03:00:57,279 --> 03:00:58,948 FURTHER BY SAYING THAT AS AN 4802 03:00:58,948 --> 03:01:01,417 INDIVIDUAL, THERE ARE COMPONENTS 4803 03:01:01,417 --> 03:01:03,486 OF WHETHER THERE ARE MORE OR 4804 03:01:03,486 --> 03:01:04,386 LESS FORTUNATE EACH INDIVIDUAL. 4805 03:01:04,386 --> 03:01:07,990 I THINK THE SAME THING IS TRUE 4806 03:01:07,990 --> 03:01:09,658 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE 4807 03:01:09,658 --> 03:01:11,060 COMPONENTS VEN THE ASSPEBTS THAT 4808 03:01:11,060 --> 03:01:12,595 FIT UNDER A DOMAIN THAT'S 4809 03:01:12,595 --> 03:01:14,897 AFFECTED BY PAIN, SO THERE MAY 4810 03:01:14,897 --> 03:01:15,998 BE CERTAIN COMPONENTS THAT HAVE 4811 03:01:15,998 --> 03:01:19,068 MORE MEANING TO AN INDIVIDUAL 4812 03:01:19,068 --> 03:01:21,237 WHEN THEY'RE PERTURBED VERSUS 4813 03:01:21,237 --> 03:01:23,105 OTHER COMPONENTS AND THAT IS A 4814 03:01:23,105 --> 03:01:25,007 CHALLENGE TO UNDERSTAND THE 4815 03:01:25,007 --> 03:01:26,008 MEANING THERE. 4816 03:01:26,008 --> 03:01:28,711 AND THEN JUST TO ADD A BIT MORE 4817 03:01:28,711 --> 03:01:30,045 COMPLEXITY OF THIS IN A POSITIVE 4818 03:01:30,045 --> 03:01:34,683 WAY, THIS IS GOOD COMPLEXITY, 4819 03:01:34,683 --> 03:01:36,218 THE COMPONENTS OF A DOMAIN THAT 4820 03:01:36,218 --> 03:01:41,157 ARE AFFECTED AND THEREFORE 4821 03:01:41,157 --> 03:01:42,825 MEASURABLE, VARY WITH THE PAIN 4822 03:01:42,825 --> 03:01:43,959 PHENOTYPE, THEREFORE FOR 4823 03:01:43,959 --> 03:01:46,929 EXAMPLE, WE COULD THINK ABOUT 4824 03:01:46,929 --> 03:01:48,397 CANINE ARTHRITIS AND THE 4825 03:01:48,397 --> 03:01:51,934 VARIABILITY OF MOVEMENT AND 4826 03:01:51,934 --> 03:01:54,804 PEOPLE OFTEN GRAVITATE TO FORCE 4827 03:01:54,804 --> 03:01:58,307 PLACED AND MEASURE GRAVITY AND 4828 03:01:58,307 --> 03:01:59,275 FORCES AND THAT'S IERK DELATWAL 4829 03:01:59,275 --> 03:02:05,881 WHEN YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT A DOG 4830 03:02:05,881 --> 03:02:08,083 WITH A SINGLE LIMB LAMENESS, IF 4831 03:02:08,083 --> 03:02:10,619 YOU HAVE A LAMENESS YOU CAN 4832 03:02:10,619 --> 03:02:12,655 ACCURATELY MEASURE THAT 4833 03:02:12,655 --> 03:02:14,223 LAMENESSITATE BY MEASURING 4834 03:02:14,223 --> 03:02:15,758 GROUND REACTION FORCES BY HOW 4835 03:02:15,758 --> 03:02:17,326 THE FLOOR IS PUSHING UP ON THE 4836 03:02:17,326 --> 03:02:20,563 LIMB BUT THEN AS YOU MOVE TO 4837 03:02:20,563 --> 03:02:22,431 ANOTHER DOG WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS, 4838 03:02:22,431 --> 03:02:25,467 SAY A DOG THAT HAS MULTIPLE 4839 03:02:25,467 --> 03:02:27,870 YOINTS AFFECTED, THE UTILITY OF 4840 03:02:27,870 --> 03:02:33,843 MEASURING GRAND REACTION FORCES, 4841 03:02:33,843 --> 03:02:35,010 DIMINISHES AND BECOMES MUCH 4842 03:02:35,010 --> 03:02:36,812 LESS, AND IN THAT CASE, THIS IS 4843 03:02:36,812 --> 03:02:39,915 TILL A DOG WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS 4844 03:02:39,915 --> 03:02:41,450 PAIN, IN THAT CASE, THEY'RE NOT 4845 03:02:41,450 --> 03:02:42,651 THAT USEFUL BECAUSE YOU KNOW YOU 4846 03:02:42,651 --> 03:02:44,119 CAN IMAGINE AITATE WHERE ALL 4847 03:02:44,119 --> 03:02:45,120 LIMBS ARE EQUALLY AFFECTED AND 4848 03:02:45,120 --> 03:02:47,423 SO THERE'S GOING TO BE NO CHANGE 4849 03:02:47,423 --> 03:02:49,058 IN GRAND REACTION FORCES SO YOU 4850 03:02:49,058 --> 03:02:52,328 MOVE TO MEASURING THINGS LIKE 4851 03:02:52,328 --> 03:02:53,896 OVERALL ACTIVITY OR SMOOTHNESS 4852 03:02:53,896 --> 03:02:55,598 OR QUALITY OF MOTION, POWER OF 4853 03:02:55,598 --> 03:02:58,167 MOVEMENT, SPEED OF MOVEMENT, SO 4854 03:02:58,167 --> 03:02:59,635 I THINK THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 4855 03:02:59,635 --> 03:03:00,002 LEVELS HERE. 4856 03:03:00,002 --> 03:03:02,538 WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT THE 4857 03:03:02,538 --> 03:03:04,540 DOMAINS THAT ARE IMPACTED, THE 4858 03:03:04,540 --> 03:03:06,242 COMPONENTS OF THOSE DOMAINS, 4859 03:03:06,242 --> 03:03:07,910 THINK ABOUT THAT BI-DIRECTIONAL 4860 03:03:07,910 --> 03:03:10,679 EFFECT THAT'S GOING ON BETWEEN 4861 03:03:10,679 --> 03:03:13,682 PAIN AND WHAT WE'RE MEASURING 4862 03:03:13,682 --> 03:03:15,951 AND ALSO THE VALUE OF THE 4863 03:03:15,951 --> 03:03:18,020 COMPONENTS IN THE INDIVIDUAL 4864 03:03:18,020 --> 03:03:20,222 DOMAINS TO THE INDIVIDUAL BUT I 4865 03:03:20,222 --> 03:03:21,624 DO THINK A COMPREHENSIVE 4866 03:03:21,624 --> 03:03:22,925 UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR DOMAINS 4867 03:03:22,925 --> 03:03:24,059 AND A WIDE COMPREHENSIVE 4868 03:03:24,059 --> 03:03:25,561 UNDERSTANDING OF THE DOMAINS AND 4869 03:03:25,561 --> 03:03:27,029 THE COMPONENTS THAT ARE IMPACTED 4870 03:03:27,029 --> 03:03:27,863 BY DIFFERENT PAIN STATES WILL 4871 03:03:27,863 --> 03:03:31,100 LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW 4872 03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:32,401 MEASUREMENT APPROACHES AND TOOLS 4873 03:03:32,401 --> 03:03:34,436 AND THAT'S WHAT WE NEED. 4874 03:03:34,436 --> 03:03:36,238 WE NEED THAT MORE COMPREHENSIVE 4875 03:03:36,238 --> 03:03:36,739 MEASUREMENT OF PAIN. 4876 03:03:36,739 --> 03:03:39,308 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE 4877 03:03:39,308 --> 03:03:40,009 BI-DIRECTIONAL NATURE AND A 4878 03:03:40,009 --> 03:03:42,344 CHALLENGE IS GOING TO BE TO 4879 03:03:42,344 --> 03:03:44,346 UNDERSTAND THE VARYING WAYS THAT 4880 03:03:44,346 --> 03:03:45,447 PAIN IMPACTS DIFFERENT 4881 03:03:45,447 --> 03:03:48,550 INDIVIDUALS EVEN WITHIN A PAIN 4882 03:03:48,550 --> 03:03:49,785 CONDITION EMPLOY THE IMPORTANCE 4883 03:03:49,785 --> 03:03:52,121 OF THIS IMPACT AND WHAT A 4884 03:03:52,121 --> 03:03:53,188 MEANINGFUL CHANGE IS AND I DO 4885 03:03:53,188 --> 03:03:54,390 THINK THAT MAYBE, I'LL JUST 4886 03:03:54,390 --> 03:03:57,192 THROW THIS OUT HERE TMIGHT SOUND 4887 03:03:57,192 --> 03:03:59,295 CRAZY BUT THE FUTURE OF CLINICAL 4888 03:03:59,295 --> 03:04:01,196 TRIALS WILL BE A COMPREHENSIVE 4889 03:04:01,196 --> 03:04:03,065 OF MEASUREMENT OF MULTIPLE 4890 03:04:03,065 --> 03:04:04,333 DOMAINS AND COMPONENTS WITH 4891 03:04:04,333 --> 03:04:06,335 SUCCESS DEFINED AS A MEANINGFUL 4892 03:04:06,335 --> 03:04:11,273 POSITIVE CHANGE IN 1 OR MORE 4893 03:04:11,273 --> 03:04:12,408 COMPONENT THAT WAS NEGATIVELY 4894 03:04:12,408 --> 03:04:13,609 IMPACTED BOO I PAIN. 4895 03:04:13,609 --> 03:04:15,144 ALMOST LIKE AN INDIVIDUALIZED 4896 03:04:15,144 --> 03:04:17,346 APPROACH TO PAIN ASSESSMENT, 4897 03:04:17,346 --> 03:04:18,647 PAIN EVALUATION JUST AS 4898 03:04:18,647 --> 03:04:19,982 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IS BEING 4899 03:04:19,982 --> 03:04:20,950 TALKED ABOUT, AND ACTUALLY, I 4900 03:04:20,950 --> 03:04:23,052 JUST FINISHED BY SAYING, WE'RE 4901 03:04:23,052 --> 03:04:25,421 NO STRANGER TO THIS, SO 4902 03:04:25,421 --> 03:04:26,689 SOMETHING CALLED CLIENT SPECIFIC 4903 03:04:26,689 --> 03:04:27,856 OUTCOME MEASURES WHICH THOSE 4904 03:04:27,856 --> 03:04:30,259 EVEN INVOLVED IN SMALL 4905 03:04:30,259 --> 03:04:32,428 ANIMAL:ICAL PANE RESEARCH WILL 4906 03:04:32,428 --> 03:04:34,630 BE VERY FAMILIAR WITH, THEY ARE 4907 03:04:34,630 --> 03:04:34,997 INDIVIDUALIZED. 4908 03:04:34,997 --> 03:04:39,368 THAT'S NOT A COOKIE CUTTER SET 4909 03:04:39,368 --> 03:04:41,270 OF QUESTIONS, THE QUESTION, THE 4910 03:04:41,270 --> 03:04:43,005 TOPICS THE ITEMS ARE DECIDED 4911 03:04:43,005 --> 03:04:46,608 UPON BY THE INDIVIDUAL OWNER, 4912 03:04:46,608 --> 03:04:51,080 OWNER PET DIAD AND THE DOMAINS, 4913 03:04:51,080 --> 03:04:52,181 THE COMPONENTS OF DOMAINS THAT 4914 03:04:52,181 --> 03:04:53,115 ARE IMPORTANT ARE SELECTED BY 4915 03:04:53,115 --> 03:04:56,885 THAT OWNER AND FOLLOWED OVER 4916 03:04:56,885 --> 03:04:57,119 TIME. 4917 03:04:57,119 --> 03:05:00,656 WITH THAT I WILL TOP AND WE'LL 4918 03:05:00,656 --> 03:05:03,025 MOVE TO THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL 4919 03:05:03,025 --> 03:05:07,896 MEASUREMENT OF PAIN. . 4920 03:05:07,896 --> 03:05:13,402 [ APPLAUSE ] 4921 03:05:13,402 --> 03:05:15,871 OUR NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE MARK 4922 03:05:15,871 --> 03:05:19,041 HUTCHINSON, HE IS FROM THE 4923 03:05:19,041 --> 03:05:22,177 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT THE 4924 03:05:22,177 --> 03:05:32,588 UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE. 4925 03:05:40,529 --> 03:05:41,663 >> COLLEAGUES, THANK YOU FOR THE 4926 03:05:41,663 --> 03:05:45,868 OPPORTUNITY TO COME UP NORTH 4927 03:05:45,868 --> 03:05:47,636 AFTER AMERICA, AFTER COVID AND 4928 03:05:47,636 --> 03:05:48,303 LONG TIME BETWEEN VISITS AND 4929 03:05:48,303 --> 03:05:49,705 TELL YOU ABOUT THE JOURNEY WE'VE 4930 03:05:49,705 --> 03:05:54,109 BEEN ON IN TRYING TO 4931 03:05:54,109 --> 03:05:55,144 CONCEPTUALIZE BY O PSYCHOSOCIAL 4932 03:05:55,144 --> 03:05:56,678 PAIN AND THANK YOU DUNCAN FOR 4933 03:05:56,678 --> 03:05:58,781 GOING DOWN THE PATH OF 4934 03:05:58,781 --> 03:05:59,948 DIMENSIONS OR DOMAINS, I THINK 4935 03:05:59,948 --> 03:06:01,984 IT WILL BE BOTH AND I WILL 4936 03:06:01,984 --> 03:06:02,951 PROBABLY UNPACK A LITTLE BIT OF 4937 03:06:02,951 --> 03:06:07,289 THAT DURING THE TALK SO AS WE DO 4938 03:06:07,289 --> 03:06:09,091 IN AUSTRALIA, WE START BY 4939 03:06:09,091 --> 03:06:11,193 ACKNOWLEDGINGLY COUNTRY, SO IN 4940 03:06:11,193 --> 03:06:12,561 AUSTRALIA THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 4941 03:06:12,561 --> 03:06:14,463 OF HAVE BEEN THEIR FOR 65,000 4942 03:06:14,463 --> 03:06:15,697 YEAR ANDS WE ACKNOWLEDGE COUNTRY 4943 03:06:15,697 --> 03:06:18,967 IN ALL OF ITS MEANS BOTH 3 4944 03:06:18,967 --> 03:06:19,802 DIMENSIONAL AND THE FOURTH 4945 03:06:19,802 --> 03:06:20,502 DIMENSION OF TIME. 4946 03:06:20,502 --> 03:06:23,772 I CONTINUE TO LEARN MORE AND 4947 03:06:23,772 --> 03:06:25,407 MORE ABOUT INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE 4948 03:06:25,407 --> 03:06:26,675 AND INDIGENOUS PRACTICES AND I 4949 03:06:26,675 --> 03:06:28,243 HAVE TO ADMIT IT WAS ONLY A 4950 03:06:28,243 --> 03:06:29,511 COUPLE OF YEARS AGO THAT I 4951 03:06:29,511 --> 03:06:32,114 REALIZED WHEN WE SAY WE ARE 4952 03:06:32,114 --> 03:06:33,449 ACKNOWLEDGING COUNTRY, IT'S NOT 4953 03:06:33,449 --> 03:06:34,683 JUST THIS PLACE, IT'S THIS PLACE 4954 03:06:34,683 --> 03:06:36,051 IN THE TIME SPACE THAT WE ARE 4955 03:06:36,051 --> 03:06:40,255 AND HOW WE ARE INDELIBLY 4956 03:06:40,255 --> 03:06:42,124 CONNECTED TO THE PAST AND SO I 4957 03:06:42,124 --> 03:06:46,128 PAY RESPECT TO MY ELDERS PAST 4958 03:06:46,128 --> 03:06:49,465 AND PRESENT AND ACKNOWLEDGE ANY 4959 03:06:49,465 --> 03:06:51,233 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE HERE TO GIVE 4960 03:06:51,233 --> 03:06:52,768 CONNECTION TO YOUR HOME 4961 03:06:52,768 --> 03:06:53,035 COUNTRIES. 4962 03:06:53,035 --> 03:06:55,871 TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF HOW BIG 4963 03:06:55,871 --> 03:07:01,510 AUSTRALIA WE ARE DEALING WITH A 4964 03:07:01,510 --> 03:07:02,344 LARGE COUNTRY. 4965 03:07:02,344 --> 03:07:03,679 I HAVE SEVERAL CONFLICTS OF 4966 03:07:03,679 --> 03:07:06,615 ABOUT, I WILL TALK ABOUT 4967 03:07:06,615 --> 03:07:08,283 NONREGISTERED USES FOR 4968 03:07:08,283 --> 03:07:09,118 PHARMACEUTICAL TOOLS AND 4969 03:07:09,118 --> 03:07:11,220 THERAPIES, I HAVE A RANGE OF 4970 03:07:11,220 --> 03:07:11,887 CLINICAL ADVISITINGRY ROLES, BUT 4971 03:07:11,887 --> 03:07:13,455 I'M NOT WILL ISING YOU ANYTHING 4972 03:07:13,455 --> 03:07:15,424 OTHER THAN SCIENCE TODAY. 4973 03:07:15,424 --> 03:07:18,694 SO I'M CONFLICTED AND 4974 03:07:18,694 --> 03:07:19,194 INTERESTING, I HOPE. 4975 03:07:19,194 --> 03:07:21,063 IN THE WAY OF BEING CONFLICTED 4976 03:07:21,063 --> 03:07:22,798 AND INTEREST, I WOULD LIKE TO 4977 03:07:22,798 --> 03:07:24,066 ACKNOWLEDGE THE FUNDING SOURCES 4978 03:07:24,066 --> 03:07:25,968 AND WHAT YOU WILL NOTICE HERE 4979 03:07:25,968 --> 03:07:27,870 FOR THE WORK I'M PRESENTING 4980 03:07:27,870 --> 03:07:38,413 TODAY, IT COVERS EVERYTHING FROM 4981 03:07:39,882 --> 03:07:42,151 BIOPHOTONNICS TO SLEEP AND 4982 03:07:42,151 --> 03:07:42,551 LIVESTOCK. 4983 03:07:42,551 --> 03:07:45,287 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT WHO 4984 03:07:45,287 --> 03:07:46,955 CAREYOUR WORK, SPECIFICALLY 4985 03:07:46,955 --> 03:07:48,257 ABOUT THOSE FOR PAIN IN ANIMALS 4986 03:07:48,257 --> 03:07:49,691 AND NOW WE CAN TART COMING 4987 03:07:49,691 --> 03:07:51,226 TOGETHER IN LARGE SETS OF TEAMS 4988 03:07:51,226 --> 03:07:53,228 TO ACTUALLY ASK THESE CRITICAL 4989 03:07:53,228 --> 03:07:53,629 QUESTIONS. 4990 03:07:53,629 --> 03:07:54,730 I ALSO WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 4991 03:07:54,730 --> 03:07:56,732 PEOPLE THAT DO THIS WORK. 4992 03:07:56,732 --> 03:08:03,205 SO AS THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER 4993 03:08:03,205 --> 03:08:04,473 FOR NANOSCALE BIOPHOTONNICS, I 4994 03:08:04,473 --> 03:08:05,440 AM RESPONSIBLE FOR SCIENTISTS 4995 03:08:05,440 --> 03:08:08,477 ALL OFFER THE COUNTRY WHO TAKE 4996 03:08:08,477 --> 03:08:10,312 BRILLIANT WORK IN QUANTUM 4997 03:08:10,312 --> 03:08:13,749 PHYSICS ISSUES RIGHT IT TO 4998 03:08:13,749 --> 03:08:16,518 APPLIED WORK AND THEN TAKE IT TO 4999 03:08:16,518 --> 03:08:18,253 THE SCHOOL, AND UNIVERSITY AND 5000 03:08:18,253 --> 03:08:20,789 DAN WHO ARE THE BRAINS BEHIND A 5001 03:08:20,789 --> 03:08:22,724 LOT OF ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 5002 03:08:22,724 --> 03:08:24,927 THAT WE ARE UNDERTAKING TO START 5003 03:08:24,927 --> 03:08:26,562 PICKING APART THESE COMPLEX CHAL 5004 03:08:26,562 --> 03:08:26,795 ENKS. 5005 03:08:26,795 --> 03:08:27,896 BUT THE MAINLIOR WHY THAT 5006 03:08:27,896 --> 03:08:29,865 STARTED ME ON THIS YOWRNY, 5007 03:08:29,865 --> 03:08:31,533 TARTED ME IN ASKING THESE 5008 03:08:31,533 --> 03:08:35,103 QUESTIONS WAS THIS 2 DIMENSIONAL 5009 03:08:35,103 --> 03:08:35,671 GRAPH. 5010 03:08:35,671 --> 03:08:37,839 SO THIS IS THE YEARS LIVED WITH 5011 03:08:37,839 --> 03:08:38,907 DISABILITY. 5012 03:08:38,907 --> 03:08:41,376 THIS IS NOT, THINGS THAT KILL 5013 03:08:41,376 --> 03:08:42,044 YOU. 5014 03:08:42,044 --> 03:08:43,245 THIS IS THE--THESE ARE THE DECS 5015 03:08:43,245 --> 03:08:46,148 THAT WE ARE BURDENED WITH AS 5016 03:08:46,148 --> 03:08:47,549 SOCIETY LIFE LONG, SO YOU'LL 5017 03:08:47,549 --> 03:08:50,252 NOTICE THERE THAT DEFINED 5018 03:08:50,252 --> 03:08:52,221 PAINITATES ARE QUITE PREVALENT, 5019 03:08:52,221 --> 03:08:53,322 BUT WHAT'S CRITICAL IS TO 5020 03:08:53,322 --> 03:08:55,657 ACTUALLY ASK THE QUESTION, WHICH 5021 03:08:55,657 --> 03:08:58,393 OF THESE DISEASES ARE LIVED IN 5022 03:08:58,393 --> 03:08:58,594 PAIN? 5023 03:08:58,594 --> 03:09:01,230 AND THAT IS MORE THAN 3-QUARTERS 5024 03:09:01,230 --> 03:09:03,265 OF THE YEARS LIVED WITH 5025 03:09:03,265 --> 03:09:05,867 DISABILITY, ARE LIVED ASSOCIATED 5026 03:09:05,867 --> 03:09:07,469 WITH OR DIRECTLY CAUSED BY THAT 5027 03:09:07,469 --> 03:09:07,769 PAIN STATE. 5028 03:09:07,769 --> 03:09:09,371 AND SOME OF THIS IS ACUTE AND 5029 03:09:09,371 --> 03:09:13,642 SOME OF IT IS CHRONIC. 5030 03:09:13,642 --> 03:09:15,277 SO WE'RE BEING MOTIVATED BY THIS 5031 03:09:15,277 --> 03:09:17,379 PAIN, WE DON'T JUST SIMPLY RUN 5032 03:09:17,379 --> 03:09:20,249 ARK ROUND LIKE A HEADLESS 5033 03:09:20,249 --> 03:09:21,783 [INDISCERNIBLE] OR A BULL IN A 5034 03:09:21,783 --> 03:09:22,317 CHINA SHOP. 5035 03:09:22,317 --> 03:09:24,186 WE TRY TO TAKE A KEY PATH 5036 03:09:24,186 --> 03:09:26,622 THROUGH THE PROGRAM ROOM, TO 5037 03:09:26,622 --> 03:09:28,924 IDENTIFY TYPES OF MEASURE XMENT 5038 03:09:28,924 --> 03:09:29,992 THAT INCLUDES ANALYTICAL 5039 03:09:29,992 --> 03:09:30,859 APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 5040 03:09:30,859 --> 03:09:32,894 HAPPENING AND THEN TO HAVE AN 5041 03:09:32,894 --> 03:09:33,962 INTERVENTION IN MIEBD THAT WILL 5042 03:09:33,962 --> 03:09:36,164 THEN LEAD TO AN IMPROVEMENT IN 5043 03:09:36,164 --> 03:09:36,465 PERFORMANCE. 5044 03:09:36,465 --> 03:09:40,569 NOW THAT MEANS THAT WE START 5045 03:09:40,569 --> 03:09:42,237 LOOKING AT NOVEL BIOPHOTONNICS 5046 03:09:42,237 --> 03:09:44,206 TECH MEEKS, WE GO INTO THE 5047 03:09:44,206 --> 03:09:44,840 FUNDAMENT AMILLIO SCIENCE, WE 5048 03:09:44,840 --> 03:09:46,908 ARE LOOKING AT THE METASUITICALS 5049 03:09:46,908 --> 03:09:48,110 APPROACH, SO NOT JUST DRUGS 5050 03:09:48,110 --> 03:09:52,914 ABOUT YOU ALSO DEVICES, FOCUSED 5051 03:09:52,914 --> 03:09:54,750 ON PHOTONS, A BURCH OF THINGS 5052 03:09:54,750 --> 03:09:57,152 THAT COME TOGETHER TO IMPROVE AN 5053 03:09:57,152 --> 03:10:00,822 OUTCOME AND THAT THAT OUTCOME IS 5054 03:10:00,822 --> 03:10:04,092 FOR HEALTHY, HAVES, ILL 5055 03:10:04,092 --> 03:10:04,626 INDIVIDUALS AND ANIMALS. 5056 03:10:04,626 --> 03:10:06,461 SO IN THE NEXT 46 MINUTES BASED 5057 03:10:06,461 --> 03:10:09,164 ON MY TIMER, I WILL COVER 3 KEY 5058 03:10:09,164 --> 03:10:10,132 TOPICS, FIRSTLY TO UNPACK FOR 5059 03:10:10,132 --> 03:10:11,867 YOU WHAT WE ARE THINKING ABOUT 5060 03:10:11,867 --> 03:10:15,704 IN TERMS OF PAIN AS A COMPLEX 5061 03:10:15,704 --> 03:10:16,505 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PUZZLE. 5062 03:10:16,505 --> 03:10:17,806 I WANT TO THEN TAKE THAT AND 5063 03:10:17,806 --> 03:10:22,044 PLACE THAT THROUGH THE LENS OF 5064 03:10:22,044 --> 03:10:23,078 PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND THE 5065 03:10:23,078 --> 03:10:27,015 OPPORTUNITIES THAT VIEWING PAIN 5066 03:10:27,015 --> 03:10:29,651 THROUGH A PSYCHOLOGICAL LENS TO 5067 03:10:29,651 --> 03:10:30,285 UNDERSTAND BIOPSYCHOSOCIALITATE 5068 03:10:30,285 --> 03:10:31,119 AND THE OPPORTUNITY THAT PROVIDS 5069 03:10:31,119 --> 03:10:32,788 WHEN WE THEN TART THINKING ABOUT 5070 03:10:32,788 --> 03:10:34,423 MAKING MEASUREMENTS AND THESE 5071 03:10:34,423 --> 03:10:35,257 ARE COMPLEX METAMEASUREMENTS 5072 03:10:35,257 --> 03:10:39,161 THAT ALLOW US TO UNPACK PAIN 5073 03:10:39,161 --> 03:10:40,295 STATES. 5074 03:10:40,295 --> 03:10:42,064 AND I'VE PROMISED BEFORE, I WILL 5075 03:10:42,064 --> 03:10:43,031 TALK ABOUT SUBMARINE ANDS THIS 5076 03:10:43,031 --> 03:10:45,967 WILL BE AN IMPORTANT THING. 5077 03:10:45,967 --> 03:10:48,637 SO WHAT WE DO MEAN WHEN WE SAY 5078 03:10:48,637 --> 03:10:50,939 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL EMPLOY IT'S A 5079 03:10:50,939 --> 03:10:52,674 WONDERFUL WORD THAT COVERS MANY, 5080 03:10:52,674 --> 03:10:54,743 MANY SCENES BUT IT CRITICAL TO 5081 03:10:54,743 --> 03:10:56,144 UNPACK WHAT WE TRULY MEAN WHEN 5082 03:10:56,144 --> 03:11:00,115 WE SAY PAIN IS BY O 5083 03:11:00,115 --> 03:11:00,449 PSYCHOSOCIAL. 5084 03:11:00,449 --> 03:11:02,551 IT MEANS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT 5085 03:11:02,551 --> 03:11:04,553 EVENTS AT THE ATOMIC SCALE. 5086 03:11:04,553 --> 03:11:05,754 THOSE ARE MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS 5087 03:11:05,754 --> 03:11:07,823 THAT ARE OCCURRING ON A NANO 5088 03:11:07,823 --> 03:11:10,792 SECOND KALE WITH MOLECULAR 5089 03:11:10,792 --> 03:11:12,961 ENTERACTIONS, THIS THEN SCALES 5090 03:11:12,961 --> 03:11:15,197 TO SYSTEMS OF NEURONAL NETWORKS 5091 03:11:15,197 --> 03:11:16,998 ACROSS SEBT METER KALE WHICH 5092 03:11:16,998 --> 03:11:19,768 THEN SCALES SOCIAL LEVEL AND 5093 03:11:19,768 --> 03:11:21,103 BIOLOGICAL LEVEL TO EVENTS THAT 5094 03:11:21,103 --> 03:11:23,271 ARE OCCURRINGA THE METERS SCALE. 5095 03:11:23,271 --> 03:11:24,806 THERE IS THOUGH PHYSICIST IN THE 5096 03:11:24,806 --> 03:11:26,141 WORLD IN THIS ROOM WHO WOULD 5097 03:11:26,141 --> 03:11:29,111 EVER SAY THAT MY TECHNOLOGY CAN 5098 03:11:29,111 --> 03:11:30,712 MEASURE FROM NANOMETERS THROUGH 5099 03:11:30,712 --> 03:11:31,847 TO METERS. 5100 03:11:31,847 --> 03:11:34,149 LET ALONE BEING ABLE TO THEN 5101 03:11:34,149 --> 03:11:36,218 MEASURE FROM THE NANO SECONDS OF 5102 03:11:36,218 --> 03:11:37,552 AN ACTION POTENTIAL THROUGH TO 5103 03:11:37,552 --> 03:11:39,721 THE YEARS OF ACCUMULATED 5104 03:11:39,721 --> 03:11:41,690 BIOLOGICAL BURDEN THAT THEN 5105 03:11:41,690 --> 03:11:43,091 CREATES THE RESILIENCE OR LACK 5106 03:11:43,091 --> 03:11:47,162 THEREOF FOR THE PRESENTATION OF 5107 03:11:47,162 --> 03:11:47,496 PAIN. 5108 03:11:47,496 --> 03:11:50,532 SO WHEN WE TART THINKING ABOUT 5109 03:11:50,532 --> 03:11:52,300 PAIN, IN BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL LENS, 5110 03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:54,936 WE'RE THINKING ABOUT PAIN IN 5111 03:11:54,936 --> 03:11:56,338 MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS, ON 2 AXIS, 5112 03:11:56,338 --> 03:11:57,773 IN THE FIRST INSTANCE, THAT OF A 5113 03:11:57,773 --> 03:12:02,844 TIME KALE --SCALE AND THAT OF A 5114 03:12:02,844 --> 03:12:04,045 LENGTH SCALE, BUT THEY'RE 5115 03:12:04,045 --> 03:12:04,713 CONNECTING THESE TOGETHER 5116 03:12:04,713 --> 03:12:06,148 BECAUSE IT'S NOT MAMGIC, IT'S 5117 03:12:06,148 --> 03:12:07,349 ACTUALLY ALL OF THESE SYSTEMS 5118 03:12:07,349 --> 03:12:09,017 COMING TOGETHER, SO THE UNIQUE 5119 03:12:09,017 --> 03:12:10,252 THING ABOUT OUR PHYSIOLOGY IS 5120 03:12:10,252 --> 03:12:12,687 THAT WE HAVE ANATOMICAL 5121 03:12:12,687 --> 03:12:14,089 COMPARTMENTS, WE'RE NOT JUST A 5122 03:12:14,089 --> 03:12:16,358 BIG BAG OF WATER, LIKE THE 5123 03:12:16,358 --> 03:12:17,993 PHYSICISTS LIKE TO MODEL US, WE 5124 03:12:17,993 --> 03:12:19,561 HAVE COMPARTMENTS ARE THESE 5125 03:12:19,561 --> 03:12:20,495 THINGS OPERATE IN ISOLATION SO 5126 03:12:20,495 --> 03:12:23,265 WE'RE ACTUALLY DEALING WITH A 5127 03:12:23,265 --> 03:12:24,633 MULTIDIMENSIONAL PARALLEL SYSTEM 5128 03:12:24,633 --> 03:12:27,335 OF OPERATION WITHIN OUR 5129 03:12:27,335 --> 03:12:28,036 PHYSIOLOGY. 5130 03:12:28,036 --> 03:12:29,438 AND THESE THINGS CHANGE WITH 5131 03:12:29,438 --> 03:12:33,208 TIME SO OUR EVENTS AT THE EARLY 5132 03:12:33,208 --> 03:12:34,409 LIFE ARE DIFFERENT TO AGED. 5133 03:12:34,409 --> 03:12:38,046 SO THIS IS MEANT IN THE SPACE OF 5134 03:12:38,046 --> 03:12:39,848 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH THERE'S 5135 03:12:39,848 --> 03:12:43,285 BEEN A HEAD LONG BALGT BETWEEN 5136 03:12:43,285 --> 03:12:45,120 THE MIND BODY THEORIES OF 5137 03:12:45,120 --> 03:12:45,821 [INDISCERNIBLE], AND THE MORE 5138 03:12:45,821 --> 03:12:48,123 BODY IS A GARDEN APPROACH OF 5139 03:12:48,123 --> 03:12:49,524 EASTERN MEDICINE AND YET WHAT WE 5140 03:12:49,524 --> 03:12:50,959 ARE NOW SEEING IS THAT THERE ARE 5141 03:12:50,959 --> 03:12:53,995 LESSONS THAT WE CAN LEARN FROM 5142 03:12:53,995 --> 03:12:55,197 BOTH TO TART ACTUALLY 5143 03:12:55,197 --> 03:12:55,897 INTEGRATING A KNOWLEDGE OF 5144 03:12:55,897 --> 03:12:57,632 SOMETHING TO MOVE FORWARD WITH, 5145 03:12:57,632 --> 03:13:00,635 OF THE BODY CAN BE CONSIDERED A 5146 03:13:00,635 --> 03:13:02,504 MACHINE SOMETIMES, AND THERE ARE 5147 03:13:02,504 --> 03:13:04,139 ELEMENTS OF THIS COMPLEX 5148 03:13:04,139 --> 03:13:05,540 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPACE OF A 5149 03:13:05,540 --> 03:13:06,741 GARDEN IMANNUALRY THAT ACTUALLY 5150 03:13:06,741 --> 03:13:07,676 HELPS US MOVE FORWARD. 5151 03:13:07,676 --> 03:13:09,511 BUT I DON'T WANT YOU TO THINK 5152 03:13:09,511 --> 03:13:11,480 THAT I'M ANYTHING SOFT ON YOU, 5153 03:13:11,480 --> 03:13:13,982 IT ALL COMES DOWN TO THE COMPLEX 5154 03:13:13,982 --> 03:13:15,417 INTERPLAY OF MOLECULE ANDS 5155 03:13:15,417 --> 03:13:16,651 CELLULAR SYSTEMS COMING 5156 03:13:16,651 --> 03:13:17,786 TOGETHER. 5157 03:13:17,786 --> 03:13:19,888 WHAT WE ABSOLUTELY DO NOT HAVE 5158 03:13:19,888 --> 03:13:22,090 YET, IS A TRUE UNDERSTANDING OF 5159 03:13:22,090 --> 03:13:25,227 WHAT THIS COMPLEX MAP ACTUALLY 5160 03:13:25,227 --> 03:13:25,460 MEANS. 5161 03:13:25,460 --> 03:13:27,128 BUT WHAT WE DO HAVE IS GOOD 5162 03:13:27,128 --> 03:13:29,130 PLACES TO START AND WE CAN START 5163 03:13:29,130 --> 03:13:30,866 USING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 5164 03:13:30,866 --> 03:13:34,402 TISSUE TO START UNPACKING WHAT 5165 03:13:34,402 --> 03:13:37,472 IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING WITHIN THE 5166 03:13:37,472 --> 03:13:38,106 NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBTRAITS THAT 5167 03:13:38,106 --> 03:13:40,175 UNDERPIN CERTAIN TYPES OF 5168 03:13:40,175 --> 03:13:42,878 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PAIN AND WE CAN 5169 03:13:42,878 --> 03:13:44,779 START USING STANDARD IMAGING OR 5170 03:13:44,779 --> 03:13:50,585 MUCH MORE ADVANCE SINGLE CELL 5171 03:13:50,585 --> 03:13:53,088 TRANSCRIPTOMICS TO TEASE APART 5172 03:13:53,088 --> 03:13:59,094 WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THIS 5173 03:13:59,094 --> 03:13:59,561 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PAIN. 5174 03:13:59,561 --> 03:14:05,200 BUT I NOW WANT TO JUMP QUICKLY 5175 03:14:05,200 --> 03:14:08,837 INTO VIEWING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL 5176 03:14:08,837 --> 03:14:12,374 THROUGH AN NEUROLOGICAL AND 5177 03:14:12,374 --> 03:14:13,408 PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL LENDS GIVES 5178 03:14:13,408 --> 03:14:15,377 US HOOKS TO USE IN THIS SPACE. 5179 03:14:15,377 --> 03:14:16,177 AND IT'S FORTUNATE TAKEN--THEY 5180 03:14:16,177 --> 03:14:17,746 WE JUST CAME THRU THE PANDEMIC, 5181 03:14:17,746 --> 03:14:19,314 I CAN ASK YOU THE QUESTION HOW 5182 03:14:19,314 --> 03:14:22,350 DO YOU ACTUALLY KNOW YOU ARE 5183 03:14:22,350 --> 03:14:22,617 SICK? 5184 03:14:22,617 --> 03:14:24,553 BECAUSE 20, 30, YEARS AGO, THAT 5185 03:14:24,553 --> 03:14:28,156 QUESTION WAS NOT AN EASY 1 TO 5186 03:14:28,156 --> 03:14:29,891 ACTUAL LYE ANSWER. 5187 03:14:29,891 --> 03:14:31,660 BECAUSE THE VIEW WAS THE BRAIN 5188 03:14:31,660 --> 03:14:33,128 OF IMMUNO PRIVILEGED AND COULD 5189 03:14:33,128 --> 03:14:34,229 NOT RECEIVE THIS INFORMATION AND 5190 03:14:34,229 --> 03:14:36,398 THE REASON WHY WE FELT TIRED 5191 03:14:36,398 --> 03:14:38,166 WHEN WE WERE SICK IS BECAUSE OUR 5192 03:14:38,166 --> 03:14:39,901 IMMUNE SYSTEMS DREAN OUR ENERGY 5193 03:14:39,901 --> 03:14:41,169 AND HOW COULD THEY? 5194 03:14:41,169 --> 03:14:42,938 COULD THEY FUNCTION WITH AN 5195 03:14:42,938 --> 03:14:44,005 ACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM, CLEARLY 5196 03:14:44,005 --> 03:14:47,075 THAT'S NOT THE CASE, WE NOW 5197 03:14:47,075 --> 03:14:48,143 UNDERSTAND THAT NEUROSCIENCE 5198 03:14:48,143 --> 03:14:49,844 ISN'T ALL JUST ABOUT FLYING 5199 03:14:49,844 --> 03:14:52,213 THROUGH SPACE IN A LOVELY 5200 03:14:52,213 --> 03:14:54,583 ELECTRICAL OR IONIC PULSES VIA 5201 03:14:54,583 --> 03:14:56,952 NEWSONS IT'S MUCH INTENTIONALLY 5202 03:14:56,952 --> 03:14:57,986 COMPLICATED WITH THAT, WE'RE 5203 03:14:57,986 --> 03:14:59,854 DEALING WITH AN IMAWN COMPETENT 5204 03:14:59,854 --> 03:15:01,022 BRAIN WITH MULTIPLE IMMUNE CELL 5205 03:15:01,022 --> 03:15:03,425 TYPES WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS 5206 03:15:03,425 --> 03:15:04,492 SYSTEM THAT ARE RESIDENT THERE 5207 03:15:04,492 --> 03:15:06,795 BUT ALSO THIS CONCEPT THAT THAT 5208 03:15:06,795 --> 03:15:08,630 ARE IMMUNE CELLS HAPLY 5209 03:15:08,630 --> 03:15:13,435 TRAFFICKING INTO A FORMAL BRAIN. 5210 03:15:13,435 --> 03:15:14,169 AND BI-DIRECTIONAL 5211 03:15:14,169 --> 03:15:16,004 COMMUNICATION. 5212 03:15:16,004 --> 03:15:19,207 THANK YOU DUNCAN, PERFECT LAW UP 5213 03:15:19,207 --> 03:15:20,742 THERE, MASS PARALLEL 5214 03:15:20,742 --> 03:15:22,143 COMMUNICATION, IMMUNE TO BRAIN, 5215 03:15:22,143 --> 03:15:23,778 BRAIN TO MIEWN, ENVIRONMENT TO 5216 03:15:23,778 --> 03:15:26,681 IMMUNE, BRAIN TO UNICATION, ALL 5217 03:15:26,681 --> 03:15:27,616 ILDELATWALLIBLELY CONNECT INTOED 5218 03:15:27,616 --> 03:15:30,819 WHAT IS OUR CURRENT STATE. 5219 03:15:30,819 --> 03:15:32,854 NOW WE KNOW ABOUT SOME OF THE 5220 03:15:32,854 --> 03:15:34,956 PATHWAYS VIA WHICH THIS IMMUNE 5221 03:15:34,956 --> 03:15:37,559 COMMUNICATION FROM IMMUNE TO 5222 03:15:37,559 --> 03:15:38,326 BRAIN IS OCCURRING. 5223 03:15:38,326 --> 03:15:41,129 CLASSIC LOAMACYY THERE ARE 4 5224 03:15:41,129 --> 03:15:42,230 TYPES BUT MANY OTHER SUBTYPES. 5225 03:15:42,230 --> 03:15:44,232 ABOUT YOU WE CAN THINK OF THIS 5226 03:15:44,232 --> 03:15:46,868 AS THE CLASSICAL HUMOR ROOT, 5227 03:15:46,868 --> 03:15:47,636 POTENTIALLY LEAKY OR STICKY 5228 03:15:47,636 --> 03:15:50,572 PARTS OF THE PRAIN, THE 5229 03:15:50,572 --> 03:15:53,675 CLASSICAL ASCENDING PROJECTIONS 5230 03:15:53,675 --> 03:15:55,844 OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION LIKE THE 5231 03:15:55,844 --> 03:15:58,980 VAGUS, WE HAVE THE CELL TO CELL 5232 03:15:58,980 --> 03:16:01,016 CONTACT AND TETHERING OF CELLS 5233 03:16:01,016 --> 03:16:02,884 AT THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER TO 5234 03:16:02,884 --> 03:16:04,019 SIGNATURES 95 DIRECTLY ACROSS 5235 03:16:04,019 --> 03:16:05,353 THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND THE 5236 03:16:05,353 --> 03:16:07,522 MOVEMENT OF CELLS INTO THE 5237 03:16:07,522 --> 03:16:11,192 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN A 5238 03:16:11,192 --> 03:16:17,832 NONNEUROINFLAMED BRAIN. 5239 03:16:17,832 --> 03:16:23,038 NOW THERE'S KEY LANGUAGE IF YEAR 5240 03:16:23,038 --> 03:16:26,007 TRULY USING THE TERM 5241 03:16:26,007 --> 03:16:26,841 INNERFLAMMATION CORRECTLY, IT'S 5242 03:16:26,841 --> 03:16:27,475 ACTUALLY AFFAIRS TEAM 5243 03:16:27,475 --> 03:16:28,877 LEADERRERRED IMMUNE SIGNALING OF 5244 03:16:28,877 --> 03:16:32,647 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, IT'S 5245 03:16:32,647 --> 03:16:35,550 SUBPYROGENIC, NOT TO THE GROSS 5246 03:16:35,550 --> 03:16:38,386 STATE OF ACTUAL EDEMA CHANGING 5247 03:16:38,386 --> 03:16:40,689 OR PATHOLOGICAL CHANGING TO THE 5248 03:16:40,689 --> 03:16:41,389 MACROSTRUCTURE. 5249 03:16:41,389 --> 03:16:42,424 NOW THIS BIOPSYCHOSOCIALITATE OF 5250 03:16:42,424 --> 03:16:45,760 PAIN AND THE WAY OUR BODY IS 5251 03:16:45,760 --> 03:16:47,429 INDELIBLY CONNECTED BETWEEN MIND 5252 03:16:47,429 --> 03:16:50,298 AND BRAIN, BODY AND BRAIN, MEANS 5253 03:16:50,298 --> 03:16:51,866 THAT THERE ARE GOOD ANDLE ANDENT 5254 03:16:51,866 --> 03:16:54,135 EVIDENCE NOW TO SUGGIEST THAT 5255 03:16:54,135 --> 03:16:55,236 OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN CHANGE THE 5256 03:16:55,236 --> 03:16:57,272 WAY THAT WE ACTUALLY THINK. 5257 03:16:57,272 --> 03:17:02,043 SO THESE ARE GREAT STUDIES FROM 5258 03:17:02,043 --> 03:17:03,411 PREPANDEMIC BUT I'M SURE YOU'VE 5259 03:17:03,411 --> 03:17:05,914 ALL EXPERIENCED ABOUT HOW 5260 03:17:05,914 --> 03:17:07,315 TERRIBLE THE VACCINATION THEY 5261 03:17:07,315 --> 03:17:09,284 GOT WAS VERSUS YOU THAT WERE 5262 03:17:09,284 --> 03:17:10,719 REWRILIENT OF COURSE, AND YOU 5263 03:17:10,719 --> 03:17:11,853 DIDN'T COMPLAIN ABOUT THE 5264 03:17:11,853 --> 03:17:12,687 VACCINE OR ANY SIDE CENTER FOR 5265 03:17:12,687 --> 03:17:14,255 EXCELLENCE ON AGINGS THEREOF, 5266 03:17:14,255 --> 03:17:16,124 CRITICAL HERE IS THE REALIZE 5267 03:17:16,124 --> 03:17:17,759 THAT YOUR IMMUNOLOGY IS 5268 03:17:17,759 --> 03:17:21,629 RESPONDING TO IN A 5269 03:17:21,629 --> 03:17:23,364 PROINFLAMMATORY FASHION TO THAT 5270 03:17:23,364 --> 03:17:24,299 VACCINATION AND COMMUNICATING TO 5271 03:17:24,299 --> 03:17:25,900 THE BRAIN IN SPECIFIC PATHWAY 5272 03:17:25,900 --> 03:17:28,670 ANDS THIS PARTICULAR STUDY IN 5273 03:17:28,670 --> 03:17:30,538 2009 FROM HARRISON LOOKED AT 5274 03:17:30,538 --> 03:17:33,308 CONFUSION AND FATIGUE SCORES 5275 03:17:33,308 --> 03:17:36,878 MEASURED RESULLING FROM A 5276 03:17:36,878 --> 03:17:39,080 VACCINATION AND AND THE FMRI 5277 03:17:39,080 --> 03:17:45,954 SCANS AND THE BRAIN REGIONS 5278 03:17:45,954 --> 03:17:47,956 WHERE THE FATIGUE AND COB FUSION 5279 03:17:47,956 --> 03:17:49,591 IN THE CHAIMPLES IN THE REGION 5280 03:17:49,591 --> 03:17:51,826 WERE PROPOSITIONAL TO THE 5281 03:17:51,826 --> 03:17:54,129 CONFUSION AND FATIGUE CAUSED BY 5282 03:17:54,129 --> 03:17:55,196 THAT VACCINATION EMPLOY BUT 5283 03:17:55,196 --> 03:17:59,834 SIMILARLY THE WAY THAT YOU ARE 5284 03:17:59,834 --> 03:18:03,905 THINKING NOW CAN CHANGE YOUR 5285 03:18:03,905 --> 03:18:09,778 IMMUNE SYSTEM, SO THE SUDDEN 5286 03:18:09,778 --> 03:18:11,179 EXPERIENCE OF SADNESS OF RECALL 5287 03:18:11,179 --> 03:18:13,915 OF THE DEATH OF A LOVED 1 ARE 5288 03:18:13,915 --> 03:18:16,718 NOT ONLY CALLED THE DISCREET 5289 03:18:16,718 --> 03:18:21,923 BRAIN REGIONS BUT THE ACTIVATION 5290 03:18:21,923 --> 03:18:23,792 OF THESE REGIONS RESULTED IN A 5291 03:18:23,792 --> 03:18:26,427 CHANGE IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 5292 03:18:26,427 --> 03:18:27,896 WITHIN THE PERIPHERY WITHIN 20 5293 03:18:27,896 --> 03:18:28,229 MINUTES. 5294 03:18:28,229 --> 03:18:30,064 SO WE'RE NOT DEALING WITH 1 5295 03:18:30,064 --> 03:18:31,800 DIRECTIONAL OR 2 DIRECTIONAL 5296 03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:32,934 COMMUNICATION, WE'RE DEALING 5297 03:18:32,934 --> 03:18:34,669 WITH AN INDELIBLE CYCLE OF 5298 03:18:34,669 --> 03:18:36,704 INFORMATION NO AROUND AND AROUND 5299 03:18:36,704 --> 03:18:40,108 THIS CYCLE EMPLOY NOW THIS MEANS 5300 03:18:40,108 --> 03:18:40,975 THAT WHERE DOES PLACEBO FALL 5301 03:18:40,975 --> 03:18:42,143 INTO THIS AND WHAT I LIKE TO 5302 03:18:42,143 --> 03:18:45,613 THINK OF IS MORE OF A 5303 03:18:45,613 --> 03:18:46,981 CONDITIONED RESPONSE. 5304 03:18:46,981 --> 03:18:49,083 YES, PLACEBO EXISTS BUT IT'S 5305 03:18:49,083 --> 03:18:50,885 PLACEBO BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T 5306 03:18:50,885 --> 03:18:52,520 HARNESSED IT YET, BUT WHAT IF WE 5307 03:18:52,520 --> 03:18:53,788 GAVE IT A NAME EMPLOY SO GREAT 5308 03:18:53,788 --> 03:18:58,493 WORK OUT OF THE LEARNED 5309 03:18:58,493 --> 03:18:59,327 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION EXPERIMENTS 5310 03:18:59,327 --> 03:19:02,397 FROM GERMANY WHERE THEY'VE BEEN 5311 03:19:02,397 --> 03:19:03,565 ACTUALLY PAIRING, STRANGE 5312 03:19:03,565 --> 03:19:05,300 TASTING SOLUTION MILK WITH AN 5313 03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:07,035 IMMUNO SUPPRESS ANT IN ORGAN 5314 03:19:07,035 --> 03:19:08,837 TRANSPLANT PATIENTS AND THEN 5315 03:19:08,837 --> 03:19:10,772 REPEATEDLY DOING THAT LIKE PAF 5316 03:19:10,772 --> 03:19:13,942 LOVE'S DOG AND JUST REMOVING THE 5317 03:19:13,942 --> 03:19:15,610 IMMUNO SUPPRESSANTS IN THIS 5318 03:19:15,610 --> 03:19:17,345 CASE, PSYCHOSPORIN AND THEY 5319 03:19:17,345 --> 03:19:19,681 ACHIEVED THE SAME LEVEL OF 5320 03:19:19,681 --> 03:19:22,750 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN THE ABSENCE 5321 03:19:22,750 --> 03:19:25,153 OF CYCLOSPORIN JUST BY USING THE 5322 03:19:25,153 --> 03:19:26,221 STRANGE TASTING MILK SOLUTION 5323 03:19:26,221 --> 03:19:28,056 EMPLOY SO WE CAN CONTROL THIS 5324 03:19:28,056 --> 03:19:30,058 IMMUNE RESPONSE BUT SO I HOPE 5325 03:19:30,058 --> 03:19:32,093 YOU'RE THINKING, IF WE THINK OUR 5326 03:19:32,093 --> 03:19:33,428 IMMUNE SYSTEM WELL, DID THAT 5327 03:19:33,428 --> 03:19:35,697 MEAN OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN 5328 03:19:35,697 --> 03:19:36,231 CHANGE OUR PHYSIOLOGY? 5329 03:19:36,231 --> 03:19:39,634 MAYBE IF WE CAN RUN THOSE LARGE 5330 03:19:39,634 --> 03:19:39,968 SCALE TRIALS. 5331 03:19:39,968 --> 03:19:43,338 OTHER EXAMPLES OF THIS MED TEAGZ 5332 03:19:43,338 --> 03:19:45,440 INDUCED CONTROL AND BREATHING 5333 03:19:45,440 --> 03:19:47,308 INDUCED CONTROL OF ANGIO TOXIN 5334 03:19:47,308 --> 03:19:48,243 RESPONSES, THE KEY OUTCOME HERE 5335 03:19:48,243 --> 03:19:51,813 IS THAT IF YOU GO THROUGH THE 5336 03:19:51,813 --> 03:19:53,281 BREATHING EXERCISE AND 5337 03:19:53,281 --> 03:19:54,415 MINDFULNESS PRACTICE, TRAINING 5338 03:19:54,415 --> 03:20:00,655 AND THEN GET AN EXPERIMENTAL 5339 03:20:00,655 --> 03:20:02,657 SEPTICEMIA USING INTRAVENOUS 5340 03:20:02,657 --> 03:20:03,324 ENDOTOXIN. 5341 03:20:03,324 --> 03:20:05,526 YOU HAVE COLVOLUNTARY CONTROL OF 5342 03:20:05,526 --> 03:20:09,097 YOUR AUTONOMIC SYSTEM AND 5343 03:20:09,097 --> 03:20:15,436 INTERLEUKIN AND RESPONSE TO THE 5344 03:20:15,436 --> 03:20:17,939 ENDOTOXIN AND BUT 1 FLY IN THE 5345 03:20:17,939 --> 03:20:18,773 OINTMENT IF THE HUMAN EXPECTED 5346 03:20:18,773 --> 03:20:22,176 TO GET A BEP FITOT OF THAT 5347 03:20:22,176 --> 03:20:24,078 TREATMENT THEY RESPONDED BETTER, 5348 03:20:24,078 --> 03:20:26,014 SUDDENLY THE ISHT ACTION BETWEEN 5349 03:20:26,014 --> 03:20:28,750 THE CLINICIAN AND PATIENT BECOME 5350 03:20:28,750 --> 03:20:30,451 SUPER IMPORTANT NOW I DON'T KNOW 5351 03:20:30,451 --> 03:20:32,620 HOW WE DO THAT IN AN ANIMAL 5352 03:20:32,620 --> 03:20:35,556 SETTING BUT APPROXIMATE WE CAN, 5353 03:20:35,556 --> 03:20:37,425 THESE ARE POWERFUL PLACEBO 5354 03:20:37,425 --> 03:20:38,359 CONDITIONED RESPONSES TO 5355 03:20:38,359 --> 03:20:43,431 HARNESS, NOT TO TRY AND 5356 03:20:43,431 --> 03:20:44,866 NECESSARILY DIMINISH, THESE 5357 03:20:44,866 --> 03:20:46,701 STRESS RESPONSES BUT THEN WE CAN 5358 03:20:46,701 --> 03:20:48,136 TRIGGER START TO GET REALLY 5359 03:20:48,136 --> 03:20:50,438 COMPLICATE INDEED TERMS OF THAT 5360 03:20:50,438 --> 03:20:53,274 MULTICOMPARTMENT COMPONENT OF 5361 03:20:53,274 --> 03:20:54,275 THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIALITATE. 5362 03:20:54,275 --> 03:20:56,511 SO WE'RE NOW SEEING THAT THERE 5363 03:20:56,511 --> 03:20:58,346 IMMUNE CELLS UNDER A 5364 03:20:58,346 --> 03:21:01,182 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CONDITION 5365 03:21:01,182 --> 03:21:02,917 THAT ARE SELECTIVELY RECRUITING 5366 03:21:02,917 --> 03:21:06,554 INTO THE DEFINED REGIONS AND THE 5367 03:21:06,554 --> 03:21:07,488 RESULTING BEHAVIORIAL CONQUENCE 5368 03:21:07,488 --> 03:21:09,958 IN THOSE ANIMALS IS DEPENDENT 5369 03:21:09,958 --> 03:21:12,560 UPON THOSE EMUNE CELLS WITHIN 5370 03:21:12,560 --> 03:21:13,461 THOSE BRAIN REGIONS. 5371 03:21:13,461 --> 03:21:16,197 SO AGAIN THIS PERIPHERAL CENTRAL 5372 03:21:16,197 --> 03:21:17,031 COMMUNICATION IS CRUCIAL, BUT 5373 03:21:17,031 --> 03:21:20,935 JUST TO CLARIFY THIS, IT IS NOT 5374 03:21:20,935 --> 03:21:22,570 NEUROINFLAMMATION, IT IS LOW 5375 03:21:22,570 --> 03:21:24,272 GRADE IMMUNE SIGNALING WITHIN 5376 03:21:24,272 --> 03:21:25,974 THESE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 5377 03:21:25,974 --> 03:21:27,909 COMPARTMENTS THAT IS THEN 5378 03:21:27,909 --> 03:21:28,543 ALTERING THE HOMEOSTATICITATE 5379 03:21:28,543 --> 03:21:30,778 THAT IS LEADING TO NEURONAL 5380 03:21:30,778 --> 03:21:31,980 CONSEQUENCES AND WE NOW 5381 03:21:31,980 --> 03:21:35,550 UNDERSTAND, THERE'S ACTUALLY A 5382 03:21:35,550 --> 03:21:36,250 MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNAL 5383 03:21:36,250 --> 03:21:38,920 DRIVEN FROM WE THINK MAYBE 5384 03:21:38,920 --> 03:21:41,656 METABOLICALLY STRESSED CELLS, TO 5385 03:21:41,656 --> 03:21:44,625 RELEASE THESE DANGEROUS 5386 03:21:44,625 --> 03:21:45,460 ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATENTS 5387 03:21:45,460 --> 03:21:47,795 THAT RECRUIT THIS BY THE INNATE 5388 03:21:47,795 --> 03:21:50,365 IMMUNE SIGNALING TO ENABLE THOSE 5389 03:21:50,365 --> 03:21:51,766 RESIDENTS IMMUNE CELLS, 5390 03:21:51,766 --> 03:21:53,468 MICROTBLIA AND ASTRO CITES AND 5391 03:21:53,468 --> 03:21:56,004 PERHAPS EVEN T-CELLS TO MODULATE 5392 03:21:56,004 --> 03:21:56,404 NEURONAL FUNCTION. 5393 03:21:56,404 --> 03:21:59,474 AND SO THIS IS LED TO, A LARGE 5394 03:21:59,474 --> 03:22:03,911 EXPLOSION OF WORK IN THE 5395 03:22:03,911 --> 03:22:06,114 MOLECULAR SIGNALS THAT UNDERPIN 5396 03:22:06,114 --> 03:22:06,814 BIOPSYCHOSOCIALITATE. 5397 03:22:06,814 --> 03:22:08,983 NOW MANY OF THESE ARE FALLING 5398 03:22:08,983 --> 03:22:15,556 INTO THE ASSOCIATED IN MOLECULAR 5399 03:22:15,556 --> 03:22:18,359 PANELS, AND SOME ARE THE 5400 03:22:18,359 --> 03:22:21,329 CLASSICAL 1S, ENDOTOXIN, LPS, 5401 03:22:21,329 --> 03:22:24,599 PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED BUT THE 5402 03:22:24,599 --> 03:22:25,600 MICROBIOMES SAY WE'RE REALLY 5403 03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:28,069 GOOD AND WE NEED THESE, SO NOW 5404 03:22:28,069 --> 03:22:30,238 WE HAVE MAPS, DAN MENTIONED THE 5405 03:22:30,238 --> 03:22:31,773 DANGER ASSOCIATE WIDE THE 5406 03:22:31,773 --> 03:22:33,207 MOLECULAR PATENTS AND THE 5407 03:22:33,207 --> 03:22:35,143 ENDOGENOUS FACTORS, THERE ARE 5408 03:22:35,143 --> 03:22:36,177 SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS LIKE 5409 03:22:36,177 --> 03:22:39,847 MORPHINE AND SOME OTHERS THAT 5410 03:22:39,847 --> 03:22:43,484 ARE DRUGS OF DEPENDENT WHICH 5411 03:22:43,484 --> 03:22:44,752 ACTIVATE SYSTEMS AND WE'RE 5412 03:22:44,752 --> 03:22:46,521 CALLING THEM, BUT THEN THERE IS 5413 03:22:46,521 --> 03:22:49,657 ALSO THIS CRUCIAL COGNITIVE AND 5414 03:22:49,657 --> 03:22:50,324 BEHAVIORIAL MOLECULAR PATENTS 5415 03:22:50,324 --> 03:22:52,393 THAT ARE DERIVED BECAUSE OF THE 5416 03:22:52,393 --> 03:22:53,327 EXPERIENCE, THE CONSCIOUS 5417 03:22:53,327 --> 03:22:55,363 EXPERIENCE OF THOSE EVENTS THAT 5418 03:22:55,363 --> 03:22:57,498 IS THEN TRIGGERING THE SIGNALING 5419 03:22:57,498 --> 03:23:00,001 VIA THE MOLECULAR SIGNALS 5420 03:23:00,001 --> 03:23:01,836 PRESENCE PALLY, THE TOLL-LIKE 5421 03:23:01,836 --> 03:23:03,371 RECEPTORS IN THE FIRST INITANCE. 5422 03:23:03,371 --> 03:23:05,606 NOW THESE ARE ALL WORKING IN 5423 03:23:05,606 --> 03:23:08,242 FEED FORWARD, FEEDBACK LOOPS AND 5424 03:23:08,242 --> 03:23:11,379 THE GOOD 1 HERE IS THE ALPHA 5425 03:23:11,379 --> 03:23:13,448 TINNIC COAL O 7 ARC THAT IS 5426 03:23:13,448 --> 03:23:15,316 RESULNOTHING CONTROL BETWEEN 5427 03:23:15,316 --> 03:23:17,051 BRAIN TO SPLENIC OUTPUT AND THE 5428 03:23:17,051 --> 03:23:18,086 CONTROL OF IMMUNE FUNCTION BUT 5429 03:23:18,086 --> 03:23:22,957 THERE ARE MANY NOW OCCURRING IN 5430 03:23:22,957 --> 03:23:24,492 THESE CONTINUE FEED FORWARD AND 5431 03:23:24,492 --> 03:23:25,226 FEEDBACK LOOPS. 5432 03:23:25,226 --> 03:23:26,527 IT'S CRUCIAL THEREFORE THAT 5433 03:23:26,527 --> 03:23:28,696 PERHAPS WHEN DUNCAN IS TALKING 5434 03:23:28,696 --> 03:23:29,897 ABOUT BI-DIRECTIONAL, A TO B, 5435 03:23:29,897 --> 03:23:34,735 THEY MIGHT LIKE TO GO FROM 5436 03:23:34,735 --> 03:23:37,972 NEW YORK TO SYDNEY TO LA RATHER 5437 03:23:37,972 --> 03:23:38,539 THAN JUST EAST-WEST. 5438 03:23:38,539 --> 03:23:41,943 SO WE NEED TO START THINKING 5439 03:23:41,943 --> 03:23:43,311 ABOUT HOW ARE THEE ACTUALLY 5440 03:23:43,311 --> 03:23:45,513 FORMING UP INTO MUCH MORE 5441 03:23:45,513 --> 03:23:46,614 COMPLEX 3 DIMENSIONAL SPACES. 5442 03:23:46,614 --> 03:23:49,217 SO WHEN WE TART THINKING ABOUT 5443 03:23:49,217 --> 03:23:52,153 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE IN PAIN, 5444 03:23:52,153 --> 03:23:54,589 WE TEDE TO BE THINKING ABOUT THE 5445 03:23:54,589 --> 03:23:57,492 FACT THAT THE WHOLE SYSTEM KNOWS 5446 03:23:57,492 --> 03:24:02,230 IT IS IN PAIN. 5447 03:24:02,230 --> 03:24:03,764 AT A MOLECULAR LEVEL, SO WHEN WE 5448 03:24:03,764 --> 03:24:05,399 START INTERNATIONAL 5449 03:24:05,399 --> 03:24:06,267 CLASSIFICATION DPRAITING THE 5450 03:24:06,267 --> 03:24:07,702 BIOSOCIALITATE OF THIS, WE'RE 5451 03:24:07,702 --> 03:24:09,137 ACKNOWLEDGING THAT ALMOST EVERY 5452 03:24:09,137 --> 03:24:13,574 SINGLE COMPONENT THAT HAS THE 5453 03:24:13,574 --> 03:24:14,509 RECEPTOR LIGAND POTENTIAL 5454 03:24:14,509 --> 03:24:16,110 INTERACTION HAS THE CAPACITY TO 5455 03:24:16,110 --> 03:24:19,380 KNOW THAT OUR PHYSIOLOGY IS 5456 03:24:19,380 --> 03:24:20,448 EXPERIENCING WHATEVER THAT PAIN 5457 03:24:20,448 --> 03:24:21,682 MEANS. 5458 03:24:21,682 --> 03:24:25,720 AND OF COURSE, THIS OCCURS IN 5459 03:24:25,720 --> 03:24:26,988 DEFINED ANATOMICAL COMPART AMS 5460 03:24:26,988 --> 03:24:29,757 AND AN EXPERIENCE OF KNOWING A 5461 03:24:29,757 --> 03:24:34,028 MOLECULAR LEVEL MAY BE VERY 5462 03:24:34,028 --> 03:24:35,029 DEPINEDYY DEPENDENTOT PART. 5463 03:24:35,029 --> 03:24:36,030 NOW THIS IS CRUCIAL WHEN WE 5464 03:24:36,030 --> 03:24:39,000 START TO THINK ABOUT THE 5465 03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:40,735 CREATION OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL 5466 03:24:40,735 --> 03:24:42,270 RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL PAIN 5467 03:24:42,270 --> 03:24:47,441 MODELS AND SO THE--DURING A VERY 5468 03:24:47,441 --> 03:24:50,978 LONG BOAT HERE, MY PAIN MODEL IS 5469 03:24:50,978 --> 03:24:56,250 HURTING PEOPLE INTENTIONAL WITH 5470 03:24:56,250 --> 03:24:58,152 BOTH EXPERIMENTAL SEPTICEMIA AND 5471 03:24:58,152 --> 03:25:00,888 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 5472 03:25:00,888 --> 03:25:01,923 WHEN I'M TALKING ABOUT DOSES 5473 03:25:01,923 --> 03:25:04,892 THAT ARE ALLOWED TO BE IN A 5474 03:25:04,892 --> 03:25:07,728 STANDARD STERILE SALINE IN 5475 03:25:07,728 --> 03:25:10,064 HOSPITALS, AND THEN INTERDERMAL 5476 03:25:10,064 --> 03:25:11,799 CAP SIGNIFIA SIN, YOU CAN SEE 5477 03:25:11,799 --> 03:25:14,669 THAT THE DOTTED LINE FOR THE CAP 5478 03:25:14,669 --> 03:25:17,405 ASSIGNEDIN ALOACH, AND THE HYPER 5479 03:25:17,405 --> 03:25:18,606 ANNAL GEEZIA AND FLARE AND WHEN 5480 03:25:18,606 --> 03:25:23,578 THESE INDIVIDUALS IN A DOUBLE 5481 03:25:23,578 --> 03:25:27,448 BLIND PLACEBO CONTROL CROSS OVER 5482 03:25:27,448 --> 03:25:31,752 TRIAL RECEIVED ENDOTOXIN WE GET 5483 03:25:31,752 --> 03:25:34,755 A SINNER GESTIC INTERACTION TO 5484 03:25:34,755 --> 03:25:35,690 CREATE FUNDAMENTAL PAIN. 5485 03:25:35,690 --> 03:25:37,925 NOW WHAT'S INTERESTING ABOUT 5486 03:25:37,925 --> 03:25:44,565 THESE STUDIES ARE THE PENTINE 5487 03:25:44,565 --> 03:25:45,733 REGIMENINOIDS GABBA AND 5488 03:25:45,733 --> 03:25:46,701 PREPENTA, THEY WORK ALONE TO 5489 03:25:46,701 --> 03:25:48,102 DEMON TRAIT THEIR WORK. 5490 03:25:48,102 --> 03:25:49,737 I WOULD ARGUE THEY'RE OPERATING 5491 03:25:49,737 --> 03:25:52,039 ON IA SING ILLEGALS 5492 03:25:52,039 --> 03:25:54,408 DIMENSIONALITY, NOT TAKING INTO 5493 03:25:54,408 --> 03:25:56,043 ACCOUNT THE NEURAL IMMUNE STATE 5494 03:25:56,043 --> 03:25:57,712 AND THERE'S NO COMPONENT OF THAT 5495 03:25:57,712 --> 03:25:59,013 COMPLEXITY OF TIME EMPLOY SO 5496 03:25:59,013 --> 03:26:00,181 WHAT THIS MEANS IS WHEN WE TART 5497 03:26:00,181 --> 03:26:01,282 THINKING ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF 5498 03:26:01,282 --> 03:26:02,583 PAIN IN HUMANS AND THE PROBLEM 5499 03:26:02,583 --> 03:26:05,019 OF PAIN IN ANIMALS. 5500 03:26:05,019 --> 03:26:08,189 IT TRULY IS A MULTIDIAL 5501 03:26:08,189 --> 03:26:09,090 CHALLENGE. 5502 03:26:09,090 --> 03:26:11,058 WE HAVE BIO, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND 5503 03:26:11,058 --> 03:26:14,295 SOCIAL ELEMENTS CONTRIBUTING TO 5504 03:26:14,295 --> 03:26:16,330 AN UNDERPINNING DEVELOPMENT OF 5505 03:26:16,330 --> 03:26:17,064 THE EXISTING UNDERPINNING OF 5506 03:26:17,064 --> 03:26:25,673 WHAT IT MEANS TO HAVE 5507 03:26:25,673 --> 03:26:26,307 SENSITIZATION FOR EXAMPLE, WE 5508 03:26:26,307 --> 03:26:28,142 NEED TO HIT THE WHOLE RANGE OF 5509 03:26:28,142 --> 03:26:33,014 DIALS TO DO THE OLD AUDIO 5510 03:26:33,014 --> 03:26:35,283 CONTROL SYSTEM TO THEN GET THE 5511 03:26:35,283 --> 03:26:36,817 PERFECT PITCH OF NO PAIN OUT. 5512 03:26:36,817 --> 03:26:40,021 WOP DIAL WILL NOT HIT IT. 5513 03:26:40,021 --> 03:26:41,422 THE PAIN IS COMPLICATED BUT I 5514 03:26:41,422 --> 03:26:42,723 WILL ARGUE THAT THAT IS A GOOD 5515 03:26:42,723 --> 03:26:45,293 THING BECAUSE IF WE HAD A SIMPLE 5516 03:26:45,293 --> 03:26:46,694 PAINITATE AND WE WERE STILL NOT 5517 03:26:46,694 --> 03:26:49,897 ABLE TO DEAL WITH THE 77% OF THE 5518 03:26:49,897 --> 03:26:51,766 BURDEN OF DISEASE, THAT IS AN 5519 03:26:51,766 --> 03:26:53,067 ABSENCE OF HOPE AND ACTUALLY I 5520 03:26:53,067 --> 03:26:55,636 THINK THE FACT THAT WE'RE 5521 03:26:55,636 --> 03:26:56,637 ACKNOWLEDGING IT'S COMPLICATED 5522 03:26:56,637 --> 03:26:57,738 IS ON A PATH FORWARD. 5523 03:26:57,738 --> 03:26:59,340 SO WHAT DID THIS PATH FORWARD 5524 03:26:59,340 --> 03:27:02,076 MEAN IF WE START THEN THINKING 5525 03:27:02,076 --> 03:27:04,145 ABOUT MEASUREMENT WINDOWS INTO 5526 03:27:04,145 --> 03:27:07,682 THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PAIN STATE. 5527 03:27:07,682 --> 03:27:12,353 SO THE STATE-OF-THE-ART, IN THE 5528 03:27:12,353 --> 03:27:13,220 ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL, 5529 03:27:13,220 --> 03:27:16,557 400-METERS DOWN THE ROAD FROM US 5530 03:27:16,557 --> 03:27:18,059 IN THE NEUROFORMACOLOGY LAB IS 5531 03:27:18,059 --> 03:27:20,995 YOU WERE ASKED ON A SCALE OF 5532 03:27:20,995 --> 03:27:23,197 1-10 HOW MUCH PAIN YOU'RE IN. 5533 03:27:23,197 --> 03:27:23,931 SAME AS BEFORE. 5534 03:27:23,931 --> 03:27:25,833 YOU THINK THAT'S FANTASTIC, WE 5535 03:27:25,833 --> 03:27:26,834 HAVE DIFFERENT GRADING THERE, 5536 03:27:26,834 --> 03:27:29,203 THERE'S A LOT OF INFORMATION. 5537 03:27:29,203 --> 03:27:34,342 NO, THIS IN AUSTRALIA LEADS TO A 5538 03:27:34,342 --> 03:27:35,743 FINEARY DECISION, IF YOU'RE LESS 5539 03:27:35,743 --> 03:27:39,146 THAN 4, YOU GET GET 5540 03:27:39,146 --> 03:27:40,181 NONSTEROIDAL, IF WE'RE GREATER 5541 03:27:40,181 --> 03:27:42,283 THAN 4, YOU MAY GET 3 DAYS OF 5542 03:27:42,283 --> 03:27:43,017 OPIOID TREATMENT. 5543 03:27:43,017 --> 03:27:44,485 THE OTHER PROBLEM WE HAVE HERE 5544 03:27:44,485 --> 03:27:48,089 IN THE NIH FUNDED OTHERS THANK 5545 03:27:48,089 --> 03:27:49,790 YOU PAIN MODELS, WE ARE DEALING 5546 03:27:49,790 --> 03:27:54,795 WITH MOST OF THE TIME, VISUAL 5547 03:27:54,795 --> 03:27:55,830 ANALOGUE SCALE 10 EQUIVALENT OF 5548 03:27:55,830 --> 03:27:57,231 MEASURES OF PAIN IN OUR ANIMALS. 5549 03:27:57,231 --> 03:28:00,101 SO IF YOU GO BACK TO THE OLD CCI 5550 03:28:00,101 --> 03:28:01,402 MODEL AND THE BENNETT, THEY HAD 5551 03:28:01,402 --> 03:28:03,337 ALL THE OTHER BITS IN BETWEEN 5552 03:28:03,337 --> 03:28:06,006 BUT IT WAS STATISTICALLY MOST 5553 03:28:06,006 --> 03:28:08,042 ROBUST, BECAUSE THEY HAD A 5554 03:28:08,042 --> 03:28:10,111 MASSIVE CEILING EFFECT BECAUSE 5555 03:28:10,111 --> 03:28:12,046 THEY COULDN'T GET ANYMORE ALOE 5556 03:28:12,046 --> 03:28:16,016 DENNIA WITH THE MEASURE AMS. 5557 03:28:16,016 --> 03:28:18,219 SO THE OTHER KEY PART IS NOW 5558 03:28:18,219 --> 03:28:20,454 WE'RE FUNDED MALE, FEMALE NIH 5559 03:28:20,454 --> 03:28:22,156 GRANS, THANK YOU BYOU WHEN WE'RE 5560 03:28:22,156 --> 03:28:23,691 DEALING WITH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, 5561 03:28:23,691 --> 03:28:27,094 WE'RE DEALING WITH AN EASTERN 5562 03:28:27,094 --> 03:28:27,862 DOMINANT TESTOSTERONE DEPLETED 5563 03:28:27,862 --> 03:28:28,829 POP EULOGY. 5564 03:28:28,829 --> 03:28:36,604 WE HAVE NO DATA ON TESTOSTERONE 5565 03:28:36,604 --> 03:28:37,238 DEPLETED NEUROBIOLOGICAL STATES. 5566 03:28:37,238 --> 03:28:38,973 WE HAVE VERY MINIMAL DATA ON HOW 5567 03:28:38,973 --> 03:28:43,077 THESE DRUGS ACTUALLY WORK IN A 5568 03:28:43,077 --> 03:28:44,845 CYCLES FEMALE. 5569 03:28:44,845 --> 03:28:46,013 SO PAIN IS COMPLICATED. 5570 03:28:46,013 --> 03:28:47,448 WHAT IF WE TRY TO TAKE IT APART 5571 03:28:47,448 --> 03:28:52,219 AND JUST LOOK AT THE 5572 03:28:52,219 --> 03:28:54,688 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENT OF NO 5573 03:28:54,688 --> 03:28:54,989 SUSCEPTION. 5574 03:28:54,989 --> 03:28:57,525 AND WO,ING WITH PHYSICISTS IS A 5575 03:28:57,525 --> 03:28:59,160 PLESESSING SOMETIMES AND THEY 5576 03:28:59,160 --> 03:29:00,594 ASK YOU REALLY PROFOUND QUESTION 5577 03:29:00,594 --> 03:29:02,196 ANDS THEY MAKE YOU TOP AND 5578 03:29:02,196 --> 03:29:02,530 THINK. 5579 03:29:02,530 --> 03:29:05,433 SO JUST ON A QUICK SURVEY, WHO 5580 03:29:05,433 --> 03:29:08,035 THINKS PAIN IS ANALOGUE, AND WHO 5581 03:29:08,035 --> 03:29:10,938 THINKS PAIN IS DIGITAL. 5582 03:29:10,938 --> 03:29:12,940 ONE, 2, 3, GO. 5583 03:29:12,940 --> 03:29:13,507 ANALOGUE? 5584 03:29:13,507 --> 03:29:14,108 DIGITAL? 5585 03:29:14,108 --> 03:29:17,111 THOSE WHO RESPONDED ABOUT 80% 5586 03:29:17,111 --> 03:29:17,778 NONRESPONSE RATE, THAT'S VOTING 5587 03:29:17,778 --> 03:29:20,014 IN THE U.S., OKAY. 5588 03:29:20,014 --> 03:29:21,882 THIS IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND. 5589 03:29:21,882 --> 03:29:23,818 WHEN WE TART THINK BEING WHAT 5590 03:29:23,818 --> 03:29:26,387 WE'RE ACTUALLY TRYING TO MEASURE 5591 03:29:26,387 --> 03:29:28,422 IN PAIN IF WE ARE TO GET TO A 5592 03:29:28,422 --> 03:29:30,524 CELLULAR MEASURE, SO LET'S JUST 5593 03:29:30,524 --> 03:29:31,826 QUICKLY UNPACK THE ANALOGUE 5594 03:29:31,826 --> 03:29:33,227 STATE, IN ANALOGUE THE 5595 03:29:33,227 --> 03:29:34,261 INFORMATION IS CONTAINED WITHIN 5596 03:29:34,261 --> 03:29:36,464 THE DOSE, ALL OF THE CELLS 5597 03:29:36,464 --> 03:29:37,665 RESPOND PROPORTIONAL TO THE 5598 03:29:37,665 --> 03:29:48,042 AMOUNT OF PAIN SIGNAL. 5599 03:29:48,976 --> 03:29:53,514 BUT IN THE DIGITAL STATE, THAT 5600 03:29:53,514 --> 03:29:56,083 WILL HAPPEN, NOW THOSEITAL 5601 03:29:56,083 --> 03:29:57,384 SIGNALS MAY BE REALLY DIFFICULT 5602 03:29:57,384 --> 03:30:01,188 TO GET TO IF THEY'RE IN 5603 03:30:01,188 --> 03:30:01,822 AN ANATOMICAL COMPARTMENT. 5604 03:30:01,822 --> 03:30:03,290 BUT THE OTHER THING TO LOOK AT 5605 03:30:03,290 --> 03:30:05,359 DOWN THERE IS IF YOU RUN THIS 5606 03:30:05,359 --> 03:30:07,127 OFF A WESTERN BLOT TISSUE O 5607 03:30:07,127 --> 03:30:08,629 EALIZA OFF THE TOP, YOU WILL GET 5608 03:30:08,629 --> 03:30:10,731 THE SAME MEASURE WHETHER IT IS 5609 03:30:10,731 --> 03:30:11,866 KIJITTAL OR ANALOGUE. 5610 03:30:11,866 --> 03:30:13,734 SO WHAT THAT SAYS IS MOST OF OUR 5611 03:30:13,734 --> 03:30:15,636 MEASURE WANTS TO DATE UNLESS 5612 03:30:15,636 --> 03:30:16,837 THEY'RE SPATIALLY ORYEBTED HAVE 5613 03:30:16,837 --> 03:30:18,372 NO WAY OF DETERMINING WHETHER 5614 03:30:18,372 --> 03:30:20,674 WE'RE DEALING WITH AN AN LOG OR 5615 03:30:20,674 --> 03:30:21,876 DIGITAL SIGNAL. 5616 03:30:21,876 --> 03:30:23,410 SO THIS THEN ALSO ASKS THE 5617 03:30:23,410 --> 03:30:24,278 QUESTION, ARE WE ACTUALLY 5618 03:30:24,278 --> 03:30:26,180 SETTING UP OUR TRIALS TO EVEN 5619 03:30:26,180 --> 03:30:28,148 ASK THIS QUESTION OF WHETHER IT 5620 03:30:28,148 --> 03:30:29,617 IS ANALOGUE OR DIGITAL IN 5621 03:30:29,617 --> 03:30:33,187 BECAUSE WHERE WE TART LOOKINGA 5622 03:30:33,187 --> 03:30:34,622 THE THAT CHALLENGE OF EXTREMES 5623 03:30:34,622 --> 03:30:38,058 OF PAIN, NO PAIN VERSUS ALL 5624 03:30:38,058 --> 03:30:39,026 PAIN, ACTUALLY WE'RE NOT ABLE TO 5625 03:30:39,026 --> 03:30:41,228 ASK THIS QUESTION OF THE DEGREES 5626 03:30:41,228 --> 03:30:41,529 IN BETWEEN. 5627 03:30:41,529 --> 03:30:42,663 SO WE'RE REALLY SETTING 5628 03:30:42,663 --> 03:30:44,698 OURSELVES UP TO ONLY ASK THE 5629 03:30:44,698 --> 03:30:45,833 QUESTION, DO HAVE YOU PAIN? 5630 03:30:45,833 --> 03:30:47,868 OR DO YOU NOT? 5631 03:30:47,868 --> 03:30:50,771 ARE YOU AT 0 OR ARE YOU A 10 IN 5632 03:30:50,771 --> 03:30:53,908 CLENICALLY IN HUMANS MOST OF 5633 03:30:53,908 --> 03:30:55,109 THOSE HUMANS PRESENT BETWEEN 3 5634 03:30:55,109 --> 03:30:55,709 AND 7. 5635 03:30:55,709 --> 03:30:57,077 IN THE ANIMAL WORLD I'M ASSUMING 5636 03:30:57,077 --> 03:30:59,713 THAT WILL ALSO BE THE CASE. 5637 03:30:59,713 --> 03:31:03,117 SO WE STARTED EXPLORING THIS, 5638 03:31:03,117 --> 03:31:05,986 PETER GRACE A GREAT GRADUATE 5639 03:31:05,986 --> 03:31:10,724 STUDENT WHO IS NOW AT M. D. 5640 03:31:10,724 --> 03:31:16,130 ANDERSON, HE CREATED THE ALOE 5641 03:31:16,130 --> 03:31:17,798 DENNIA MODEL, WHERE WE MODEL 5642 03:31:17,798 --> 03:31:21,735 CITIZEN'RE MODIFY THE NERVES. 5643 03:31:21,735 --> 03:31:25,039 SO WE ASK WHICH YEENS CHANGE 5644 03:31:25,039 --> 03:31:25,873 THEIR TRANSCRIPTION PROPORTIONAL 5645 03:31:25,873 --> 03:31:28,842 TO THE AMOUNT OF PAIN BEHAVIORS, 5646 03:31:28,842 --> 03:31:30,811 ALOE DENNIA, YEAH IT'S 1 5647 03:31:30,811 --> 03:31:32,112 DIMENSIONAL, ALL WOE HAD AT THE 5648 03:31:32,112 --> 03:31:32,980 TIME, FORGIVE ME FOR THAT. 5649 03:31:32,980 --> 03:31:36,183 BUT WE ASKED THE QUESTIONS HOW 5650 03:31:36,183 --> 03:31:38,586 MANY YEENS CHANGED THERE 5651 03:31:38,586 --> 03:31:39,720 TRANSCRIPTION PORTION COMPARED 5652 03:31:39,720 --> 03:31:40,721 TO THE AMOUNT OF PAIN. 5653 03:31:40,721 --> 03:31:42,790 AND WE FOUND THERE WERE 600 5654 03:31:42,790 --> 03:31:44,558 YEENS THAT FELL INTO THE TAIL OF 5655 03:31:44,558 --> 03:31:45,392 EXPWRIEWKS. 5656 03:31:45,392 --> 03:31:46,894 THAT 600 MOLECULAR SWITCHES THAT 5657 03:31:46,894 --> 03:31:48,295 CHANGED THEIR EXPRESSION WITHIN 5658 03:31:48,295 --> 03:31:51,265 THE PENAL CORD OF THESE ANIMALS 5659 03:31:51,265 --> 03:31:52,800 PROPORTIONAL TO THE AMOUNT THE 5660 03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:54,068 ANIMALS ARE IN EMPLOY NOW THIS 5661 03:31:54,068 --> 03:31:56,136 IS A MASSIVE NUMBER OF TARGETS 5662 03:31:56,136 --> 03:31:57,371 THAT POINTS NEEDS TO HAVE A 5663 03:31:57,371 --> 03:32:00,608 COMPLEX ANSWER TO A COMPLEX 5664 03:32:00,608 --> 03:32:00,874 SOLUTION. 5665 03:32:00,874 --> 03:32:02,443 WITHIN THE CENTER FOR THE 5666 03:32:02,443 --> 03:32:03,844 BIOTONNICS WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO 5667 03:32:03,844 --> 03:32:06,747 IMPACT THIS MORE USING ADVANCED 5668 03:32:06,747 --> 03:32:07,648 REALTIME IMAGING IN THIS 5669 03:32:07,648 --> 03:32:11,285 PARTICULAR CASE THIS WAS GREAT 5670 03:32:11,285 --> 03:32:12,353 COLLABORATIONS WITH THE HOST 5671 03:32:12,353 --> 03:32:14,321 INSTITUTE IN CHINA WHERE WE HAD 5672 03:32:14,321 --> 03:32:17,458 AN OPTICAL WINDOW INTO THE 5673 03:32:17,458 --> 03:32:19,727 DORSAL HORN OF MICE THAT HAD 5674 03:32:19,727 --> 03:32:21,562 CHRONIC INJURY OF 5675 03:32:21,562 --> 03:32:22,529 [INDISCERNIBLE] NERVE INTEGRATED 5676 03:32:22,529 --> 03:32:24,898 FASHION AND WE'RE ABLE TO 5677 03:32:24,898 --> 03:32:28,435 MEASURE THESE REACTIVITY MARKERS 5678 03:32:28,435 --> 03:32:29,837 IN GFP EXPRESSING MICROGLIA OVER 5679 03:32:29,837 --> 03:32:30,037 TIME. 5680 03:32:30,037 --> 03:32:33,941 AND WE FOUND THAT THE DENSITY, 5681 03:32:33,941 --> 03:32:36,810 FORM AND VELOCITY OF THESE CELLS 5682 03:32:36,810 --> 03:32:39,480 ALL CHANGE PROPORTIONAL TO THE 5683 03:32:39,480 --> 03:32:41,315 MECHANICAL ALOE DENNIA THAT 5684 03:32:41,315 --> 03:32:43,183 THESE MICE ARE REPORTING. 5685 03:32:43,183 --> 03:32:44,318 SO WE'RE STARTING TO SEE IT'S 5686 03:32:44,318 --> 03:32:46,720 NOT JUST THE EFFECTORS THAT ARE 5687 03:32:46,720 --> 03:32:48,555 BEING RELEASED BUT THE 5688 03:32:48,555 --> 03:32:50,491 BIOMECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF THESE 5689 03:32:50,491 --> 03:32:50,691 CELLS. 5690 03:32:50,691 --> 03:32:56,430 SO THIS ALL STARTED TO GET 5691 03:32:56,430 --> 03:32:57,731 EXCITED ABOUT, IF WE'RE DEALING 5692 03:32:57,731 --> 03:32:59,333 WITH A CONNECTED SYSTEM OF MIND 5693 03:32:59,333 --> 03:33:01,835 AND BODY, BODY AND MIND, COULDY 5694 03:33:01,835 --> 03:33:04,972 TART ASKING QUESTIONS OF THE 5695 03:33:04,972 --> 03:33:06,874 MIND AND BODY JUST FROM THE 5696 03:33:06,874 --> 03:33:08,742 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, JUST FROM 5697 03:33:08,742 --> 03:33:09,243 THE BLOOD. 5698 03:33:09,243 --> 03:33:11,078 SO DAN BRIEFLY SHOWED YOU THESE 5699 03:33:11,078 --> 03:33:12,146 DATA. 5700 03:33:12,146 --> 03:33:20,254 THIS IS AN ACCUMULATED DATA SET, 5701 03:33:20,254 --> 03:33:25,159 LOW PAIN, SCIATICA, 5702 03:33:25,159 --> 03:33:25,693 ENDOMETRIOSIS, POLYCYSTIC 5703 03:33:25,693 --> 03:33:27,494 FIBROID INDROAM, WHERE WE TAKE 5704 03:33:27,494 --> 03:33:28,629 THE INNATE STIMULATED RESPONSE 5705 03:33:28,629 --> 03:33:30,764 OF THE CELLS EXVIVO AND 5706 03:33:30,764 --> 03:33:32,599 DELINEATE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A 5707 03:33:32,599 --> 03:33:36,937 PAIN POPULATION AND A NO PAIN 5708 03:33:36,937 --> 03:33:37,237 POPULATION. 5709 03:33:37,237 --> 03:33:40,207 NOW CRUCIAL HERE THERE IS 5710 03:33:40,207 --> 03:33:42,109 DIFFERENCE THAT A SCIENTIFIC 5711 03:33:42,109 --> 03:33:45,145 TERM IN AUSTRALIA AT 5712 03:33:45,145 --> 03:33:45,879 NONSTIMMULATEDITATE. 5713 03:33:45,879 --> 03:33:48,048 WE DON'T SEE AN UNSTIMMULATED 5714 03:33:48,048 --> 03:33:49,249 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE CELL 5715 03:33:49,249 --> 03:33:49,650 POPULATIONS. 5716 03:33:49,650 --> 03:33:50,851 WE MEDE TO WORK THEM. 5717 03:33:50,851 --> 03:33:53,654 WE NEED TO EXERCISE THEM IN THE 5718 03:33:53,654 --> 03:33:54,021 DISH. 5719 03:33:54,021 --> 03:33:56,356 MOW THIS DISCOVERY MANY MOONS 5720 03:33:56,356 --> 03:33:58,092 AGO HAS STIMULATED A RANGE OF 5721 03:33:58,092 --> 03:34:01,595 EXPLORATION INTO THIS SPACE. 5722 03:34:01,595 --> 03:34:03,163 SO WE HAVE 2 QUESTIONS THAT WERE 5723 03:34:03,163 --> 03:34:05,466 BEFORE, WHAT ARE WE ACTUALLY 5724 03:34:05,466 --> 03:34:07,434 MEASURING IN THE PAIN CELL TEST. 5725 03:34:07,434 --> 03:34:11,538 DO YOU HAVE PAIN OR NOT IN THE 5726 03:34:11,538 --> 03:34:14,007 PAIN SEQUENCING AND THE PAIN 5727 03:34:14,007 --> 03:34:18,278 SPECTRAL, HOW MUCH PAIN ARE YOU 5728 03:34:18,278 --> 03:34:18,612 IN? 5729 03:34:18,612 --> 03:34:19,680 MAGNITUDE. 5730 03:34:19,680 --> 03:34:22,049 AND 1 WE'RE REALLY EXCITED FOR 5731 03:34:22,049 --> 03:34:23,617 IN THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY, IS 5732 03:34:23,617 --> 03:34:25,686 SITTING IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 5733 03:34:25,686 --> 03:34:29,690 AND LOOKING AT THE LEVELS OF 5734 03:34:29,690 --> 03:34:31,625 THIS SPEED, WHAT IS THE PAIN 5735 03:34:31,625 --> 03:34:33,227 EXPERIENCE ACROSS YOUR LIFE, ALL 5736 03:34:33,227 --> 03:34:35,129 FROM IN LECULAR MEASURES FROM 5737 03:34:35,129 --> 03:34:36,463 WITHIN THE SPINAL CORD. 5738 03:34:36,463 --> 03:34:37,297 NOW WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT 5739 03:34:37,297 --> 03:34:39,233 THIS FOR A LONG TIME AND THE 5740 03:34:39,233 --> 03:34:40,334 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GOT 5741 03:34:40,334 --> 03:34:41,468 INTERESTED AND THEY ASKED US, DO 5742 03:34:41,468 --> 03:34:44,138 YOU THINK WE COULD START ASKING 5743 03:34:44,138 --> 03:34:46,106 THINGS ABOUT COGNITIVE 5744 03:34:46,106 --> 03:34:47,641 BIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE SUBTRAITS 5745 03:34:47,641 --> 03:34:49,309 AND PERFORMANCE IN REALLY ELITE 5746 03:34:49,309 --> 03:34:50,911 ATHLETE ANDS JUST AS AN EXAMPLE 5747 03:34:50,911 --> 03:34:56,183 OF 1 STUDY WE'VE DONE IN THE 5748 03:34:56,183 --> 03:34:57,718 ADELAIDE FOOTBALLERS WE'VE BEEN 5749 03:34:57,718 --> 03:35:00,087 LOOKING AT NEAR REALTIME 5750 03:35:00,087 --> 03:35:02,723 PREDICTION OF THEIR VIGILANT 5751 03:35:02,723 --> 03:35:04,758 ATTENTION ASSAY, O 5752 03:35:04,758 --> 03:35:06,393 PSYCHOVIGILANT ATTENTION ASSAY, 5753 03:35:06,393 --> 03:35:08,729 1 SUBTRAIT OF COGNITION, AS THEY 5754 03:35:08,729 --> 03:35:09,897 ISSUE MEASURE SOMETHING WE CAN 5755 03:35:09,897 --> 03:35:11,865 DEFINE TO A BRAIN REGION AND WE 5756 03:35:11,865 --> 03:35:13,734 HAVE EXCELLENT MEASURES FROM THE 5757 03:35:13,734 --> 03:35:16,003 BLOOD PREDICTING THEIR CURRENT 5758 03:35:16,003 --> 03:35:17,137 COGNITIVEITATE AND WE'VE GOT 5759 03:35:17,137 --> 03:35:18,105 NEAR TERM PREDICTION WORK AS 5760 03:35:18,105 --> 03:35:18,305 WELL. 5761 03:35:18,305 --> 03:35:20,340 I CAN TALK TO YOU ABOUT 5762 03:35:20,340 --> 03:35:20,641 AFTERWARDS. 5763 03:35:20,641 --> 03:35:22,009 SO WE'VE DONE ALL THIS IN 5764 03:35:22,009 --> 03:35:23,777 HUMANS, WE'VE DONE IT ALL IN 5765 03:35:23,777 --> 03:35:25,245 RODENTS, WHAT ABOUT A POPULATION 5766 03:35:25,245 --> 03:35:27,915 THAT ACTUALLY WE CAN IMPACT ON, 5767 03:35:27,915 --> 03:35:30,884 WITHIN MY LIFETIME, THAT BEING 5768 03:35:30,884 --> 03:35:31,518 LIFE STOCK. 5769 03:35:31,518 --> 03:35:32,853 SO WE STARTED WORKING WITH THE 5770 03:35:32,853 --> 03:35:35,522 LIVESTOCK TEAM AT THE ROSE 5771 03:35:35,522 --> 03:35:37,558 WORTHY FARM, WITH THE DAVIES 5772 03:35:37,558 --> 03:35:38,625 LIVESTOCK RESEARCH TRUSTEES TO 5773 03:35:38,625 --> 03:35:39,960 EXPLORE WHAT CAN WE TRANSLATE 5774 03:35:39,960 --> 03:35:41,695 RAPIDLY FROM THE LESSONS WE'VE 5775 03:35:41,695 --> 03:35:43,330 LEARNED FROM RODENTS AND HUMANS 5776 03:35:43,330 --> 03:35:46,433 TO THEN RAPIDLY GO INTO SHEEP 5777 03:35:46,433 --> 03:35:47,000 AND BEEF CATTLE. 5778 03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:49,002 AND AS AN EXAMPLE OF 1 OF THE 5779 03:35:49,002 --> 03:35:51,104 DOMAINS WE RAPIDLY JUMPED INTO 5780 03:35:51,104 --> 03:35:55,142 BY JUST HANGING OUT AT THE 5781 03:35:55,142 --> 03:35:55,742 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND CATCHING 5782 03:35:55,742 --> 03:35:56,743 HEADS ON THE LINE. 5783 03:35:56,743 --> 03:36:01,081 WE LOOKED AT WEANING PROBLEM AND 5784 03:36:01,081 --> 03:36:06,820 LOOKING AT DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBIC 5785 03:36:06,820 --> 03:36:08,689 STRUCTURES JUST IN THE BRAIN IN 5786 03:36:08,689 --> 03:36:10,490 THE HYPOCAMPUS OF THESE ANIMALS 5787 03:36:10,490 --> 03:36:12,993 LOOKING AT TOTAL DENSITY AND 5788 03:36:12,993 --> 03:36:15,929 NEUROLOGICAL, AND CELLULAR 5789 03:36:15,929 --> 03:36:18,599 RESERVE, WITHIN THE DENTATEIARUS 5790 03:36:18,599 --> 03:36:19,499 OF THE HYPOCAMPUS. 5791 03:36:19,499 --> 03:36:21,568 JUST BECAUSE THESE ANIMALS WENT 5792 03:36:21,568 --> 03:36:23,237 THROUGH MATERNAL SEPARATION OR 5793 03:36:23,237 --> 03:36:24,271 AN AUGMENTED WEANING PROGRAM 5794 03:36:24,271 --> 03:36:25,939 WHICH REALLY IS SOCIALIZATION 5795 03:36:25,939 --> 03:36:30,711 AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENT. 5796 03:36:30,711 --> 03:36:31,645 DAN MENTIONED SOME OF THE SHEEP 5797 03:36:31,645 --> 03:36:34,381 STUDIES THAT WE PULLED OUT AND 1 5798 03:36:34,381 --> 03:36:36,950 THING THAT BECAME VERY APPARENT 5799 03:36:36,950 --> 03:36:38,285 WAS THE DISKONTY TECH WE SEE 5800 03:36:38,285 --> 03:36:40,287 BETWEEN OUR CORES AND THE VIDEOS 5801 03:36:40,287 --> 03:36:45,225 AND THE TEST XG THE ENHANCING 5802 03:36:45,225 --> 03:36:46,760 DERMA TELOMERE EMPLOY SO WITHIN 5803 03:36:46,760 --> 03:36:49,529 4 HOURS, OUR LAMBS WERE UP AND 5804 03:36:49,529 --> 03:36:52,299 WALKING, THEY HAD NO ANNAL 5805 03:36:52,299 --> 03:36:54,434 GEESIA WHATSOEVER, AND THESE ARE 5806 03:36:54,434 --> 03:36:56,837 THE GIRLS WITH SIMPLICITY, WITH 5807 03:36:56,837 --> 03:36:58,205 THE RING DOCTORAL STUDENT, BUT 5808 03:36:58,205 --> 03:37:00,908 IF WE LOOK THE AT TESTING WE 5809 03:37:00,908 --> 03:37:06,580 COULD SEE SENSITIZATION ON THESE 5810 03:37:06,580 --> 03:37:08,081 MEASURES LONG-TERM. 5811 03:37:08,081 --> 03:37:09,283 LEALLY UNDERPIPING THAT LOOKING 5812 03:37:09,283 --> 03:37:12,619 IS 1 ELEMENT BUT TESTING AND 5813 03:37:12,619 --> 03:37:15,923 KNOWING AT THE CELLULAR 5814 03:37:15,923 --> 03:37:16,523 MOLECULAR IS CRUCIAL. 5815 03:37:16,523 --> 03:37:18,825 SO I WANT TO COVER ON A PATH 5816 03:37:18,825 --> 03:37:20,360 FORWARD, AND THIS IS WHERE IT'S 5817 03:37:20,360 --> 03:37:20,627 COMING. 5818 03:37:20,627 --> 03:37:22,162 A PATH FORWARD WHERE WE ACTUALLY 5819 03:37:22,162 --> 03:37:23,897 HAVE THE VIEW OF WHERE WE WANT 5820 03:37:23,897 --> 03:37:27,167 TO END UP AT A PRODUCTION 5821 03:37:27,167 --> 03:37:30,270 SETTING AND FROM A RESEARCH 5822 03:37:30,270 --> 03:37:31,905 PERSPECTIVE AND A REGULATORY 5823 03:37:31,905 --> 03:37:33,373 FRAMEWORK PERSPECTIVE AND DO NOT 5824 03:37:33,373 --> 03:37:34,207 CONFLATE THOSE BECAUSE THEY'RE 5825 03:37:34,207 --> 03:37:36,176 GOING TO BE FAST FAILED MEASURES 5826 03:37:36,176 --> 03:37:37,544 WE HAVE TO IMPLEMENT IF WE'RE 5827 03:37:37,544 --> 03:37:39,212 GOING TO ACHIEVE ANYTHING IN THE 5828 03:37:39,212 --> 03:37:39,746 NEXT 10 YEARS. 5829 03:37:39,746 --> 03:37:42,649 NOW THE REASON WHY I TAKE THIS 5830 03:37:42,649 --> 03:37:44,184 APPROACH IS BECAUSE IT DOES 5831 03:37:44,184 --> 03:37:46,019 WORK, IT'S WHAT HOLLYWOOD DOES, 5832 03:37:46,019 --> 03:37:47,154 SOMEONE WRITES A SCRIPT AND THEY 5833 03:37:47,154 --> 03:37:50,857 DON'T JUST PUT IT ON THE SHELF, 5834 03:37:50,857 --> 03:37:52,326 PUBLISHING OR PERISHING, YOU 5835 03:37:52,326 --> 03:37:53,860 PUBLISH IT TO ACTUALLY CREATE 5836 03:37:53,860 --> 03:37:55,729 THE MOVIE SO WHY DON'T WE IN THE 5837 03:37:55,729 --> 03:37:57,197 PAIN COMMUNITY ACTUALLY SET UP 5838 03:37:57,197 --> 03:38:00,067 THE SYSTEM TO EXPECT IT TO 5839 03:38:00,067 --> 03:38:00,534 SUCCEED. 5840 03:38:00,534 --> 03:38:01,768 I. E. THE BRILLIANT 5841 03:38:01,768 --> 03:38:03,103 CONVERSATIONS WE ALL HAVE HERE. 5842 03:38:03,103 --> 03:38:05,305 SO THE TARGET FOR US, WE'VE DONE 5843 03:38:05,305 --> 03:38:09,876 A LOT OF WORK WITH CONSUMERS, 5844 03:38:09,876 --> 03:38:11,378 WITH END USERS, THE 5845 03:38:11,378 --> 03:38:12,512 ACCEPTABILITY OF UPTAKE IF WE'RE 5846 03:38:12,512 --> 03:38:16,984 TO EVER HAVE A DEPLOYED FARM 5847 03:38:16,984 --> 03:38:19,152 DEPLOYED TOOL, IT HAS TO BE FAST 5848 03:38:19,152 --> 03:38:20,887 READING WITHIN SECONDS, IT HAS 5849 03:38:20,887 --> 03:38:25,192 TO BE REALLY, REALLY CHEAP, 5850 03:38:25,192 --> 03:38:26,326 SUBDOLLAR, AUSTRAILIAN DOLLAR, 5851 03:38:26,326 --> 03:38:27,961 WHAT ABOUT TWO-CENTS FOR YOU 5852 03:38:27,961 --> 03:38:30,230 GUYS, THESE 3 RUGGED SENSITIVE, 5853 03:38:30,230 --> 03:38:31,965 SPECIFIC AND HAS TO GIVE 5854 03:38:31,965 --> 03:38:32,466 ACTIONABLE INFORMATION. 5855 03:38:32,466 --> 03:38:35,769 IT DOESN'T WANT TO BE A 22.3 ON 5856 03:38:35,769 --> 03:38:37,738 THE SCORE, ITS GREEN LIGHT, RED 5857 03:38:37,738 --> 03:38:39,172 LIGHT, THIS DRUG VERSUS THAT 5858 03:38:39,172 --> 03:38:40,374 DRUG, IT SAYS CALL THE VET. 5859 03:38:40,374 --> 03:38:44,478 THOSE ARE THE THINGS THAT IT 5860 03:38:44,478 --> 03:38:45,512 WANTS. 5861 03:38:45,512 --> 03:38:48,015 NOT YOU HAVE 22.3 WITH A 5862 03:38:48,015 --> 03:38:49,683 RESCISSION MARGIN, BLAH, PLAW, 5863 03:38:49,683 --> 03:38:49,916 BLAH. 5864 03:38:49,916 --> 03:38:51,118 THE REGULATORY 1S DO WANT THAT. 5865 03:38:51,118 --> 03:38:53,120 SO THERE IS A JOURNEY HERE, 5866 03:38:53,120 --> 03:38:55,288 LET'S NOT THROW THE KID OUT WITH 5867 03:38:55,288 --> 03:38:58,525 THE BATH PARTY, WE DO WANT TO 5868 03:38:58,525 --> 03:38:59,726 HAVE BRILLIANT METAMEASURE UPONS 5869 03:38:59,726 --> 03:39:01,728 THAT ARE SUPER EXPENSIVE THAT 5870 03:39:01,728 --> 03:39:05,399 HELP US ENHANCE OUR 5871 03:39:05,399 --> 03:39:05,732 UNDERSTANDING. 5872 03:39:05,732 --> 03:39:06,533 BUT THAT ENHANCEMENT OF 5873 03:39:06,533 --> 03:39:08,602 UNDERSTANDING CAN'T BE THE END 5874 03:39:08,602 --> 03:39:08,802 GOAL. 5875 03:39:08,802 --> 03:39:11,204 SO WE SHOULDN'T TRY AND MAKE OUR 5876 03:39:11,204 --> 03:39:13,073 REALLY, REALLY EXPENSIVE THINGS 5877 03:39:13,073 --> 03:39:14,608 CHEAPER BECAUSE THERE'S PROBABLY 5878 03:39:14,608 --> 03:39:18,345 A FASTER, CHEAPER WAY TO DO THAT 5879 03:39:18,345 --> 03:39:22,015 FROM THE PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS 5880 03:39:22,015 --> 03:39:22,315 PERSPECTIVE. 5881 03:39:22,315 --> 03:39:24,351 THAT'S WHY WE THEED TO MOLECULAR 5882 03:39:24,351 --> 03:39:25,952 OMICS APPROACHES AT THE CELLULAR 5883 03:39:25,952 --> 03:39:27,421 LEVEL, THAT'S WHY WE NEED THE 5884 03:39:27,421 --> 03:39:28,221 IMAGES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS 5885 03:39:28,221 --> 03:39:29,689 LIKE THAT. 5886 03:39:29,689 --> 03:39:31,858 WE NEED THE AI COMPLEX 5887 03:39:31,858 --> 03:39:32,659 BEHAVIORIAL MODELS BUT WE'VE 5888 03:39:32,659 --> 03:39:34,861 TAKEN A LOT OF TIME TO MAKE IN 5889 03:39:34,861 --> 03:39:37,931 DECISIONS AROUND FOR US, WHAT 5890 03:39:37,931 --> 03:39:39,733 MIGHT BE A SUPER FAST SUPER 5891 03:39:39,733 --> 03:39:43,303 CHEAP WAY TO GANNA A HELLUVA LOT 5892 03:39:43,303 --> 03:39:45,672 OF DATA AND THE WAY WE'VE TAKEN 5893 03:39:45,672 --> 03:39:50,710 THE PATH FORWARD TO MEASURE THE 5894 03:39:50,710 --> 03:39:52,245 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL SETTING IS TO 5895 03:39:52,245 --> 03:39:53,013 USE BIOLOGICAL COLOR. 5896 03:39:53,013 --> 03:39:54,581 NOW THE BEAUTY ABOUT COLOR WHEN 5897 03:39:54,581 --> 03:39:56,216 YOU WORK WITH PHYSICISTS THEY 5898 03:39:56,216 --> 03:39:58,251 SAY HOW MANY COLORS DO YOU WANT, 5899 03:39:58,251 --> 03:40:00,353 HOW MANY WINDOWS DO YOU WANT FOR 5900 03:40:00,353 --> 03:40:02,089 EVERY SINGLE PIXEL SO WHAT WE 5901 03:40:02,089 --> 03:40:03,590 HAVE ARE LASERS THAT SHINE LIGHT 5902 03:40:03,590 --> 03:40:05,358 ON TO UNTAINED TISSUES, SO YOU 5903 03:40:05,358 --> 03:40:06,860 KNOW IF YOU HAVE DONE THAT 5904 03:40:06,860 --> 03:40:07,794 HISTOLOGY AND YOU'RE ALWAYS 5905 03:40:07,794 --> 03:40:10,697 TRYING TO GET YOUR FLUORESCENT 5906 03:40:10,697 --> 03:40:13,800 SIGNAL ABOVE THAT OLD ANNOYING 5907 03:40:13,800 --> 03:40:15,102 AUTONEURESTIMATE THAD ENSEL, IS 5908 03:40:15,102 --> 03:40:16,103 NAIGED, WE ONLY CARE ABOUT THE 5909 03:40:16,103 --> 03:40:17,804 MOISE IN THESE IS ITS BECAUSE WE 5910 03:40:17,804 --> 03:40:20,273 CAN THEN DO IS CREATE THESE 5911 03:40:20,273 --> 03:40:21,675 IN-DIMENSIONAL DATA CUBES WHERE 5912 03:40:21,675 --> 03:40:23,210 EVERY SINGLE PIXEL HAS ITS OWN 5913 03:40:23,210 --> 03:40:24,478 SPECTRA AND WE CAN PUMP THAT 5914 03:40:24,478 --> 03:40:27,848 INTO MACHINE LEARNING AND 5915 03:40:27,848 --> 03:40:30,250 ACTUALLY BACK EXTRACT TO FIND 5916 03:40:30,250 --> 03:40:32,252 KNOWN FLORA FORS IN A SUPERVISED 5917 03:40:32,252 --> 03:40:35,522 WAY LIKE WE TALKED ABOUT THIS 5918 03:40:35,522 --> 03:40:37,491 MORNING OR WE CAN GO UNGUARDED. 5919 03:40:37,491 --> 03:40:39,960 WE CAN JUST SAY, TELL US WHETHER 5920 03:40:39,960 --> 03:40:42,629 THERE ARE THINGS SO WE MIGHT BE 5921 03:40:42,629 --> 03:40:44,264 INTERESTED, PLEASE AND DELINEATE 5922 03:40:44,264 --> 03:40:44,564 DIFFERENCES. 5923 03:40:44,564 --> 03:40:48,235 SO WHEN WE GENERATED THESE 5924 03:40:48,235 --> 03:40:53,573 IMAGES, MY CELL CULTURE, 5925 03:40:53,573 --> 03:40:55,342 COLLEAGUES NEARLY DAYS, THEY'RE 5926 03:40:55,342 --> 03:40:57,377 ALL SECELLS, WE MEASURED THEM ON 5927 03:40:57,377 --> 03:40:59,246 MASS, 10,000 CELLS IN THE BOTTOM 5928 03:40:59,246 --> 03:40:59,946 OF A DISH. 5929 03:40:59,946 --> 03:41:05,152 NO, THEY ARE NOT ALL THE SAME. 5930 03:41:05,152 --> 03:41:06,653 THEY'RE ALL SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 5931 03:41:06,653 --> 03:41:07,821 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS ISSUES 5932 03:41:07,821 --> 03:41:09,523 LIGHTLY DIFFERENT CELL STATES, 5933 03:41:09,523 --> 03:41:10,223 ALL OPERATING INDIVIDUALLY. 5934 03:41:10,223 --> 03:41:12,058 SO WE'VE TAKEN THIS APPROACH AND 5935 03:41:12,058 --> 03:41:13,760 WE'VE DONE IT BOTH IN GUIDED AND 5936 03:41:13,760 --> 03:41:16,229 UNGUIDED AND I WILL SHOW YOU THE 5937 03:41:16,229 --> 03:41:18,832 SEMIGOIDED RESULTS AND THIS IS 5938 03:41:18,832 --> 03:41:20,767 CREATING A GRADED NEUROPATHY AND 5939 03:41:20,767 --> 03:41:22,802 THE SPECTRAL IMAGING AND WHAT WE 5940 03:41:22,802 --> 03:41:26,072 EXTRACTED OUT HERE WAS, TELL US 5941 03:41:26,072 --> 03:41:28,642 WHICH PIXELS ARE CHANGING YOUR 5942 03:41:28,642 --> 03:41:31,111 COLOR, PROPORTIONAL TO THE PAIN 5943 03:41:31,111 --> 03:41:36,216 BEHAVIORS, 1 DIMENSIONAL, I KNOW 5944 03:41:36,216 --> 03:41:37,551 SORRY, [INDISCERNIBLE] TEST, 5945 03:41:37,551 --> 03:41:39,119 PROPORTIONAL TO THE PAIN THAT 5946 03:41:39,119 --> 03:41:39,853 THESE ANIMALS ARE EXPERIENCING 5947 03:41:39,853 --> 03:41:42,222 AND THIS IS THE DORSAL HORN OF 5948 03:41:42,222 --> 03:41:42,923 THE PINEAL CORD. 5949 03:41:42,923 --> 03:41:46,193 BUT A PIXEL IN ISOLATION BEARS 5950 03:41:46,193 --> 03:41:46,927 NO BIOLOGICAL RESEMBLANCE. 5951 03:41:46,927 --> 03:41:48,195 WE WANT TO LOOK FOR THINGS IN 5952 03:41:48,195 --> 03:41:50,730 UOF THE KLF-TWOERS, IN BLOBS AS 5953 03:41:50,730 --> 03:41:52,032 MY PHYSICIST FRIENDS SAY THAT 5954 03:41:52,032 --> 03:41:53,200 MIGHT BE CELLULAR STRUCTURES 5955 03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:55,468 THAT MIGHT BE MOVING TOGETHER. 5956 03:41:55,468 --> 03:41:58,038 AND SO WE ENDED UP WITH THE 5957 03:41:58,038 --> 03:42:01,575 B-PANEL THERE, THE PAIN MASKS. 5958 03:42:01,575 --> 03:42:03,310 THESE BLOBS WERE THINGS THAT 5959 03:42:03,310 --> 03:42:04,144 CHANGE THEIR COLOR, PROPORTIONAL 5960 03:42:04,144 --> 03:42:06,313 TO THE PAIN BEHAVIORS OUR 5961 03:42:06,313 --> 03:42:07,047 ANIMALS WERE EXPERIENCING. 5962 03:42:07,047 --> 03:42:10,450 AND THEN WE LAYERED ON TO THAT, 5963 03:42:10,450 --> 03:42:20,927 THE CELL STAIN TO DETERMINE 5964 03:42:21,728 --> 03:42:22,162 WHO'S THERE. 5965 03:42:22,162 --> 03:42:27,334 THE BRICKS AND MORTAR AND 5966 03:42:27,334 --> 03:42:28,468 PROPORTION TO THE PAIN DEHAD A 5967 03:42:28,468 --> 03:42:30,270 FEWS THAT WE WERE SEEING. 5968 03:42:30,270 --> 03:42:32,872 SO YES, IT'S CELLULAR, THE 5969 03:42:32,872 --> 03:42:33,807 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL STATE ALSO HAS 5970 03:42:33,807 --> 03:42:37,744 TO DO WITH THIS MOLECULAR, THE 5971 03:42:37,744 --> 03:42:38,345 EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX. 5972 03:42:38,345 --> 03:42:39,613 NOW WE CAN ALSO DO THIS IN THE 5973 03:42:39,613 --> 03:42:43,016 BLOOD AND THIS IS JUST A QUICK 5974 03:42:43,016 --> 03:42:44,484 EXAMPLE IN A MIGRAINE PROGRAM 5975 03:42:44,484 --> 03:42:47,153 WHERE WE RAN A BUNCH OF VERY, 5976 03:42:47,153 --> 03:42:49,189 VERY SICK INDIVIDUALS THROUGH 5977 03:42:49,189 --> 03:42:51,057 AND JUST USED THE SIGNATURE FROM 5978 03:42:51,057 --> 03:42:52,792 THEIR BLOOD TO DELINEATE. 5979 03:42:52,792 --> 03:43:03,303 SO WE HAVE HERE PEOPLE WHO ARE 5980 03:43:04,571 --> 03:43:05,739 MIGRAINE FREE, IS IT WE WERE 5981 03:43:05,739 --> 03:43:09,943 ABLE TO USE THE CELLS WITHIN THE 5982 03:43:09,943 --> 03:43:15,415 TO DELINEATE IN A CATAGORICAL 5983 03:43:15,415 --> 03:43:23,456 SENSE, WITH THE CHRONIC MIGRAINE 5984 03:43:23,456 --> 03:43:25,058 EMPLOY AND MEASURE TO THE 5985 03:43:25,058 --> 03:43:26,426 SEVERITY OF THEIR DISEASEITATE 5986 03:43:26,426 --> 03:43:27,794 AND 1 OF THE DIMENSIONAL 5987 03:43:27,794 --> 03:43:30,130 COMPONENTS THAT WE'RE ABLE TO 5988 03:43:30,130 --> 03:43:35,869 PULL OUT WAS YES AND AND THE 5989 03:43:35,869 --> 03:43:37,270 SIGNATURE FROM THE BLOOD, THAT 5990 03:43:37,270 --> 03:43:41,341 ACTUAL NUMBER OF MIGRAINES THAT 5991 03:43:41,341 --> 03:43:43,343 THEY SHOULD EXPERIENCE THIS IS 5992 03:43:43,343 --> 03:43:46,279 SUPER IMPORTANT FOR THIS DRUG 5993 03:43:46,279 --> 03:43:49,282 COMPANY FOR THE TRIAL, BECAUSE 5994 03:43:49,282 --> 03:43:51,151 THIS THERAPY WAS GOING TO COST 5995 03:43:51,151 --> 03:43:53,586 $27,000 A YEAR TO ADMINISTER, 5996 03:43:53,586 --> 03:43:56,156 AND IF EVERYBODY WHO CLAIMED TO 5997 03:43:56,156 --> 03:43:57,657 HAVE MIGRAINE IN AUSTRALIA TOOK 5998 03:43:57,657 --> 03:44:01,261 IT, SEE YOU LATER AUSTRALIA'S 5999 03:44:01,261 --> 03:44:03,997 ECONOMY, IT WOULD ALL GO TO 6000 03:44:03,997 --> 03:44:05,632 NOVARTIS, WE COULD ONLY PREKRIEB 6001 03:44:05,632 --> 03:44:07,367 TO INDIVIDUAL WHO IS ARE 6002 03:44:07,367 --> 03:44:08,068 CONSIDERED CHRONIC MIGRAINE. 6003 03:44:08,068 --> 03:44:10,637 SO IN THE LAST 2 MINUTES, I WANT 6004 03:44:10,637 --> 03:44:12,172 TO TALK ABOUT SUBMARINES. 6005 03:44:12,172 --> 03:44:15,375 HOW DO WE ACTUALLY GET THIS 6006 03:44:15,375 --> 03:44:17,277 ADVANCED FORD AND WHAT'S 6007 03:44:17,277 --> 03:44:18,378 SPECTACULAR ABOUT PEOPLE ALREADY 6008 03:44:18,378 --> 03:44:19,179 TOUCHING ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS 6009 03:44:19,179 --> 03:44:21,047 THAT I HAD MY MY SLIDES THAT I 6010 03:44:21,047 --> 03:44:22,349 DIDN'T NEED TO ALTER. 6011 03:44:22,349 --> 03:44:24,984 HOW DO WE ADVANCE THIS, WE NEED 6012 03:44:24,984 --> 03:44:26,319 TO EMBODY THE CONVERGENT 6013 03:44:26,319 --> 03:44:29,022 APPROACH, WE NEED TO BRING 6014 03:44:29,022 --> 03:44:31,591 BRILLIANT PEOPLE TOGETHER WHO 6015 03:44:31,591 --> 03:44:32,992 UNDERSTAND HOW TO PARTNER, WORK 6016 03:44:32,992 --> 03:44:36,529 TOGETHER AND HAVE TRAINEES THERE 6017 03:44:36,529 --> 03:44:37,630 WITH FUNDING TO UNDERPIN THIS TO 6018 03:44:37,630 --> 03:44:40,033 ALLOW US TO WORK AS COMPLEX 6019 03:44:40,033 --> 03:44:44,504 TEAMS SO WE NEED TO EMBODY THE 6020 03:44:44,504 --> 03:44:47,807 BIG BANG THEORY, THOU I'VE 6021 03:44:47,807 --> 03:44:48,641 EXPERIENCED WORKING BIG BANG 6022 03:44:48,641 --> 03:44:51,378 THEORY BECAUSE I WORKED WITH THE 6023 03:44:51,378 --> 03:44:57,484 BRILLIANT PHYSICIST WHO HAVE NO 6024 03:44:57,484 --> 03:44:58,785 QUOTIENT WHATSOEVER, SO YOU HAVE 6025 03:44:58,785 --> 03:45:02,622 TO BRING THEM ALONG SEPARATELY 6026 03:45:02,622 --> 03:45:03,723 AND ASK A QUESTION APPROPRIATELY 6027 03:45:03,723 --> 03:45:05,425 BUT WHEN YOU HAVE THE QUESTION 6028 03:45:05,425 --> 03:45:06,693 ASK, ALL TOOLS ARE ON THE TABLE 6029 03:45:06,693 --> 03:45:08,395 ON DAY 1 AND THE KNOWLEDGE THAT 6030 03:45:08,395 --> 03:45:10,196 CAN ACTUALLY ACTION THIS. 6031 03:45:10,196 --> 03:45:18,805 AND THIS BRINGS ME TO SUBMARINES 6032 03:45:18,805 --> 03:45:21,708 FROM THE U.S. TO BUY 400 BILLION 6033 03:45:21,708 --> 03:45:23,109 DOLLARS WORTH OF SUBMARINES BUT 6034 03:45:23,109 --> 03:45:26,346 IT'S NOT ALL ABOUT SUBMARINES. 6035 03:45:26,346 --> 03:45:29,816 THIS IS A TRI LATERAL 6036 03:45:29,816 --> 03:45:31,785 ARAINCHLMENT BETWEEN THE UK, 6037 03:45:31,785 --> 03:45:33,720 U.S. AND AUSTRALIA WITH PILLAR 6038 03:45:33,720 --> 03:45:35,455 2, ALL BEING ABOUT INNOVATION 6039 03:45:35,455 --> 03:45:36,222 AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING, IT'S 6040 03:45:36,222 --> 03:45:39,092 GOING TO BE WORKING ABOUT A 6041 03:45:39,092 --> 03:45:45,698 TRILLION DOLLAR, THIS IS 6042 03:45:45,698 --> 03:45:55,742 SOMETHING WE CAN ACTUALLY ALL 6043 03:45:55,742 --> 03:45:57,343 THE THINGS THEY CARE ABOUT AND 6044 03:45:57,343 --> 03:46:00,346 THEY WANT THINGS FAST SO THEY 6045 03:46:00,346 --> 03:46:02,649 WANT MULTIPURPLE OSTEOSARCOMA 6046 03:46:02,649 --> 03:46:04,250 TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR 6047 03:46:04,250 --> 03:46:04,617 WORK. 6048 03:46:04,617 --> 03:46:06,586 SO ALL WE DO HERE IS FLIP OUT 6049 03:46:06,586 --> 03:46:08,321 THE LOGOS AND WE ARE TALKING 6050 03:46:08,321 --> 03:46:09,055 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT'S DEFENSE 6051 03:46:09,055 --> 03:46:10,056 BECAUSE IT'S THE SAME TECHNOLOGY 6052 03:46:10,056 --> 03:46:11,291 TRANSFER THAT THEY WANT FOR THE 6053 03:46:11,291 --> 03:46:14,494 FIRST RESPONDERS AND THE WAR 6054 03:46:14,494 --> 03:46:14,861 FIGHTERS. 6055 03:46:14,861 --> 03:46:18,198 SO WE'RE NOW RUNNING THE PROGRAM 6056 03:46:18,198 --> 03:46:21,000 USING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PAIN 6057 03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:24,103 PRINCIPALS IN THE NO PROGRAM TO 6058 03:46:24,103 --> 03:46:27,474 CREATE A MULTIDIMENSIONAL STAND 6059 03:46:27,474 --> 03:46:31,110 UP OPERATOR, AND LOOKING AT 6060 03:46:31,110 --> 03:46:33,947 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND EXPLOSION. 6061 03:46:33,947 --> 03:46:34,814 SUBITUTE LITERALLY FIND AND 6062 03:46:34,814 --> 03:46:36,015 REPLACE THE HUMAN IN THERE AND 6063 03:46:36,015 --> 03:46:39,319 WE HAVE THE BLISS, THE BEEF AND 6064 03:46:39,319 --> 03:46:40,019 LIVESTOCK INTEGRATED SYSTEM TO 6065 03:46:40,019 --> 03:46:43,590 LOOK AT A FULLY INTEGRATED MODEL 6066 03:46:43,590 --> 03:46:50,196 OF ANIMAL WELL BEING INCLUDING 6067 03:46:50,196 --> 03:46:51,264 INFECTION, IMMUNITY, PAIN AND 6068 03:46:51,264 --> 03:46:53,233 ETHICS ALL IN THERE BECAUSE IF 6069 03:46:53,233 --> 03:46:56,903 WE GET A SECURITY THREAT WE WANT 6070 03:46:56,903 --> 03:46:59,205 RESILIENT PSYCHOLOGICALLY 6071 03:46:59,205 --> 03:46:59,606 SOUNDING ANIMALS. 6072 03:46:59,606 --> 03:47:01,407 WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO DO THIS 6073 03:47:01,407 --> 03:47:01,574 NOW? 6074 03:47:01,574 --> 03:47:03,610 WE'RE GOING TO MARS IN THE NEXT 6075 03:47:03,610 --> 03:47:03,910 DECADE. 6076 03:47:03,910 --> 03:47:06,312 NOW NIH IS REALLY WELL FUNDED, 6077 03:47:06,312 --> 03:47:07,981 BUT AS SOON AS THE POLITICIANS 6078 03:47:07,981 --> 03:47:09,749 REALIZE THAT GOING TO MARS IS 6079 03:47:09,749 --> 03:47:11,751 REALLY, REALLY COOL AND WILL GET 6080 03:47:11,751 --> 03:47:14,687 VOTES, WE NEED TO MAKE OUR 6081 03:47:14,687 --> 03:47:18,057 RESEARCH IN ANIMAL PAIN AS COOL 6082 03:47:18,057 --> 03:47:20,126 AS GOING TO MARS. 6083 03:47:20,126 --> 03:47:22,829 SO WE NEEDED TO CREATE A PLAN 6084 03:47:22,829 --> 03:47:24,364 FOR TREATING ANIMALS IN PAIN AND 6085 03:47:24,364 --> 03:47:27,033 PREDICKING ANIMALS IN PAIN AND 6086 03:47:27,033 --> 03:47:31,004 INTERVENING ANIMALS IN PAIN, 6087 03:47:31,004 --> 03:47:32,705 LITERALLY PAIR WITH NASA BECAUSE 6088 03:47:32,705 --> 03:47:35,909 I WOULD LOVE NASA BUMET JUST FOR 6089 03:47:35,909 --> 03:47:37,310 PAIN, YES, IT'S GOOD SO MY CHAL 6090 03:47:37,310 --> 03:47:38,978 TOARVELG US OUT OF THIS MEETING 6091 03:47:38,978 --> 03:47:43,182 IS I WILL BE A PAIN IN THE 6092 03:47:43,182 --> 03:47:46,085 ASS AND ASK CAN WE WRITE WHITE 6093 03:47:46,085 --> 03:47:55,428 PAPERS POSITIONING THIS WORKSHOP 6094 03:47:55,428 --> 03:47:58,364 AS THE ARE WE STILL GOING TO 6095 03:47:58,364 --> 03:48:01,034 DEAL WITH PAN OR WE HAVE A PLAN 6096 03:48:01,034 --> 03:48:04,571 TO SET OUT SO THAT WHEN WE ARE 6097 03:48:04,571 --> 03:48:07,240 ON MARS, HOW ARE WE TREATING 6098 03:48:07,240 --> 03:48:09,576 HUMANS ON MARS TREATING THEIR 6099 03:48:09,576 --> 03:48:10,643 POTENTIAL PAIN. 6100 03:48:10,643 --> 03:48:11,177 THANK YOU COLLEAGUES. 6101 03:48:11,177 --> 03:48:21,588 PLEASURE TO MEET YOU. . 6102 03:48:23,156 --> 03:48:23,556 [ APPLAUSE ] 6103 03:48:23,556 --> 03:48:25,058 NTHATCHING YOU TO DUNCAN AND 6104 03:48:25,058 --> 03:48:26,359 MARK FOR INSPIRING TALKS WE WILL 6105 03:48:26,359 --> 03:48:28,928 HAVE A BREAK UNTIL 3:20 P.M. WE 6106 03:48:28,928 --> 03:48:31,297 WILL COME BACK FOR 2 MORE 6107 03:48:31,297 --> 03:48:33,190 EXCELLENT TALKS. 6108 03:48:33,190 --> 03:48:34,891 THANK YOU FOR 6109 03:48:34,891 --> 03:48:38,862 COMING BACK FROM THE BREAK. 6110 03:48:38,862 --> 03:48:38,972 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS 6111 03:48:38,972 --> 03:48:39,825 KATHLEEN SLUKA 6112 03:48:39,825 --> 03:48:46,830 ADIG TO THIS RESEARCHER IS ALSO 6113 03:48:46,830 --> 03:48:48,799 A CLINICIAN IN PHYSICAL THERAPY 6114 03:48:48,799 --> 03:48:51,234 SO SHE BRINGS A VERY BEING AND 6115 03:48:51,234 --> 03:48:53,737 INFORMED DIMENSION TO HER 6116 03:48:53,737 --> 03:48:55,772 RESEARCH FROM HER YEARS AS A 6117 03:48:55,772 --> 03:48:56,039 CLINICIAN. 6118 03:48:56,039 --> 03:48:57,574 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6119 03:48:57,574 --> 03:49:08,118 OKAY, JUSTIN, WE WILL COME BACK 6120 03:49:27,104 --> 03:49:27,504 TO YOU. 6121 03:49:27,504 --> 03:49:29,239 >> ALL RIGHT, WE'RE GOING TO 6122 03:49:29,239 --> 03:49:30,407 SWITCH GEARS AND TALK ABOUT 6123 03:49:30,407 --> 03:49:31,575 CHRONIC PAIN NOW AND WE'RE GOING 6124 03:49:31,575 --> 03:49:33,543 TO TALK ABOUT THE CLINICAL 6125 03:49:33,543 --> 03:49:36,747 ASPECT OF CHRONIC PAIN. 6126 03:49:36,747 --> 03:49:38,849 SO I DO--I AM A PHYSICAL 6127 03:49:38,849 --> 03:49:41,184 THERAPIST, I ALSO DO CLINICAL 6128 03:49:41,184 --> 03:49:43,020 TRIALS, AND HAVE DONE ANIMAL 6129 03:49:43,020 --> 03:49:43,987 RESEARCH, STILL DO, BUT WE'RE 6130 03:49:43,987 --> 03:49:49,159 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE CLINICAL 6131 03:49:49,159 --> 03:49:50,160 ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN HUMANS 6132 03:49:50,160 --> 03:49:52,496 ITED AND I WILL TRY TO TRANSLATE 6133 03:49:52,496 --> 03:49:54,364 SOME OF THAT TO SOME ANIMALS 6134 03:49:54,364 --> 03:49:55,198 REALLY BRIEFLY EMPLOY BEFORE WE 6135 03:49:55,198 --> 03:49:56,767 GET THERE, I WANT TO START WITH 6136 03:49:56,767 --> 03:49:57,968 THE DEFINITION OF PAIP, SO THIS 6137 03:49:57,968 --> 03:50:01,405 IS THE DEFINITION OF PAIN BY THE 6138 03:50:01,405 --> 03:50:03,640 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR 6139 03:50:03,640 --> 03:50:05,509 THE STUDY OF PAIN. 6140 03:50:05,509 --> 03:50:08,078 IT WAS UPDATED JUST A COUPLE OF 6141 03:50:08,078 --> 03:50:10,147 YEARS AGO AND IT IS AN 6142 03:50:10,147 --> 03:50:13,116 UNPLEASANT SENSORY AND EMOTIONAL 6143 03:50:13,116 --> 03:50:15,552 EXPERIENCE, ASSOCIATED WITH OR 6144 03:50:15,552 --> 03:50:17,220 RESEMBLING THAT ASSOCIATED WITH 6145 03:50:17,220 --> 03:50:18,288 ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL DAMAGE. 6146 03:50:18,288 --> 03:50:21,324 SO THERE'S A LOT IN THAT 6147 03:50:21,324 --> 03:50:21,992 DEFINITION. 6148 03:50:21,992 --> 03:50:23,193 RIGHT, THERE'S EMOTIONAL 6149 03:50:23,193 --> 03:50:24,227 COMPONENT, A SENSORY COMPONENT, 6150 03:50:24,227 --> 03:50:29,733 IT HAS TO BE UNPLEASANT, AND 6151 03:50:29,733 --> 03:50:31,301 THERE'S SOME ASSOCIATION WITH 6152 03:50:31,301 --> 03:50:34,037 WHAT MIGHT BE TISSUE DAMAGE. 6153 03:50:34,037 --> 03:50:36,640 AT THE SAME TIME THIS HAPPENED, 6154 03:50:36,640 --> 03:50:38,108 THIS COMMITTEE WHICH I WAS A 6155 03:50:38,108 --> 03:50:40,677 PART OF AND IT WAS QUITE A FUN 6156 03:50:40,677 --> 03:50:43,647 EXPERIENCE, TOOK YEARS TO GET IT 6157 03:50:43,647 --> 03:50:44,781 REVAMPED AND 1 OF THE THINGS 6158 03:50:44,781 --> 03:50:47,551 THAT THEY DID IS THEY HAVE A 6159 03:50:47,551 --> 03:50:48,718 BUNCH OF ACCOMPANYING NOTES AND 6160 03:50:48,718 --> 03:50:50,720 I WILL NOT SHARE WITH YOU ALL OF 6161 03:50:50,720 --> 03:50:52,355 THEIR NOTES BUT I SUGGEST YOU GO 6162 03:50:52,355 --> 03:50:53,790 READ THEM, I WANT TO SHARE A 6163 03:50:53,790 --> 03:50:55,759 COUPLE OF THEIR NOTES BECAUSE I 6164 03:50:55,759 --> 03:50:56,927 THINK THEY'RE DIRECTLY RELEVANT 6165 03:50:56,927 --> 03:50:57,994 TO WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 6166 03:50:57,994 --> 03:50:58,328 HERE. 6167 03:50:58,328 --> 03:51:01,998 FIRST OF ALL, PAIN IS ALWAYS A 6168 03:51:01,998 --> 03:51:03,600 PERSONAL EXPERIENCE THAT IS 6169 03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:06,303 INFLUENCED TO VARYING DEGREES BY 6170 03:51:06,303 --> 03:51:07,804 BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AND 6171 03:51:07,804 --> 03:51:09,573 SOCIAL FACTORS AND THAT IS THE 6172 03:51:09,573 --> 03:51:11,875 BY O PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL AND YOU 6173 03:51:11,875 --> 03:51:14,978 HEARD DR. HUTCHISON TALK ABOUT 6174 03:51:14,978 --> 03:51:16,646 THAT JUST BRIEFLY, BEFORE AND 6175 03:51:16,646 --> 03:51:17,514 THERE'S LOTS OF DIFFERENT WAYS 6176 03:51:17,514 --> 03:51:20,350 TO THINK ABOUT THE BY O 6177 03:51:20,350 --> 03:51:22,619 PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL BUT IT'S 6178 03:51:22,619 --> 03:51:24,154 VERYIABLE BETWEEN PEOPLE AND 6179 03:51:24,154 --> 03:51:26,389 WITHIN THE SAME CONDITION AND 6180 03:51:26,389 --> 03:51:27,057 BETWEEN CONDITIONS. 6181 03:51:27,057 --> 03:51:28,758 THE SECOND PART OF THE NOTE 6182 03:51:28,758 --> 03:51:32,095 SECTION THAT WE TOOK A LOT OF 6183 03:51:32,095 --> 03:51:36,600 EFFORTS ON WAS THIS 1: VERBAL 6184 03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:38,368 DESCRIPTION IS ONLY 1 OF SEVERAL 6185 03:51:38,368 --> 03:51:41,705 BEHAVIORS TO EXPRESS PAIN. 6186 03:51:41,705 --> 03:51:43,106 THE INABILITY TO COMMUNICATE 6187 03:51:43,106 --> 03:51:44,908 DOES NOT NEUROECTODERMAL GATE 6188 03:51:44,908 --> 03:51:47,677 THE POSSIBILITY THAT A HUMAN OR 6189 03:51:47,677 --> 03:51:50,780 A NONHUMAN ANIMAL EXPERIENCES 6190 03:51:50,780 --> 03:51:50,981 PAIN. 6191 03:51:50,981 --> 03:51:53,250 AND THIS WAS VERY INTENTIONALLY 6192 03:51:53,250 --> 03:51:55,051 PUT IN THERE PARTICULARLY THE 6193 03:51:55,051 --> 03:51:56,686 NONHUMAN ANIMAL PART BECAUSE FOR 6194 03:51:56,686 --> 03:52:01,758 YEARS WEs SAID OH IF YOU 6195 03:52:01,758 --> 03:52:03,660 CAN'T--THE ONLY WAY TO ARK 6196 03:52:03,660 --> 03:52:05,028 ASSESSES PAIN IS BY ASKING 6197 03:52:05,028 --> 03:52:09,466 SOMEBODY MUCH BUT WE RECOGNIZE 6198 03:52:09,466 --> 03:52:10,534 CHILDREN PREVERBAL EXPERIENCE 6199 03:52:10,534 --> 03:52:15,372 PAIN, AND COGNITIVE INDIVIDUALS 6200 03:52:15,372 --> 03:52:17,107 WHO ARE IMPAIRED EXPERIENCE 6201 03:52:17,107 --> 03:52:21,044 PAIN, SO WHY WOULDN'T WHO'S SEEN 6202 03:52:21,044 --> 03:52:22,379 AN ANIMAL KNOW THEY ARE 6203 03:52:22,379 --> 03:52:22,779 EXPERIENCING PAIN. 6204 03:52:22,779 --> 03:52:24,681 SO AT THE COMMITTEE LEVEL WE 6205 03:52:24,681 --> 03:52:25,882 KEICIDED WE THEED TO PUT THAT UP 6206 03:52:25,882 --> 03:52:27,817 THERE AND IT'S UP TO INDIVIDUALS 6207 03:52:27,817 --> 03:52:28,985 WHO ARE TESTING ANIMALS TO COME 6208 03:52:28,985 --> 03:52:34,491 UP WITH WAYS TO MEASURE THAT 6209 03:52:34,491 --> 03:52:35,125 PAIN ADEQUATELY. 6210 03:52:35,125 --> 03:52:40,063 OH, I WEPT THE WRONG WAY, SORRY 6211 03:52:40,063 --> 03:52:41,231 ABOUT THAT, SO WE THINK ABOUT 6212 03:52:41,231 --> 03:52:42,766 DOMAINS AND WE THINK ABOUT THOSE 6213 03:52:42,766 --> 03:52:44,467 THINGS BECAUSE A LOT OF THESE 6214 03:52:44,467 --> 03:52:45,802 PREDICT OUTCOME OF REPONS TO 6215 03:52:45,802 --> 03:52:48,538 TREATMENT AND CHRONIC PAIN, AND 6216 03:52:48,538 --> 03:52:50,073 THEY'LL PREDICT THE TRANSITION 6217 03:52:50,073 --> 03:52:52,943 FROM AN ACUTE TO A CHRONIC PAIN 6218 03:52:52,943 --> 03:52:55,212 STATE AND SO, I'VE KIND OF 6219 03:52:55,212 --> 03:52:56,479 LABELED THEM HERE HERE AND TO 6220 03:52:56,479 --> 03:52:59,749 FOREAND WE WILL GO OVER THESE 6221 03:52:59,749 --> 03:53:04,421 BUT PAIN IS 1 OF THE DOMAINS 6222 03:53:04,421 --> 03:53:05,956 THAT WE ASSESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL 6223 03:53:05,956 --> 03:53:07,224 FACTOR, SOCIAL FACTORS AND 6224 03:53:07,224 --> 03:53:08,491 FUNCTION, THESE ARE THE TOP 4 I 6225 03:53:08,491 --> 03:53:18,902 THINK ABOUT WHEN I THINK ABOUT 6226 03:53:18,902 --> 03:53:19,469 DOMAINS. 6227 03:53:19,469 --> 03:53:20,604 PAIN FUNCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL 6228 03:53:20,604 --> 03:53:21,705 FACTOR, SOCIAL, THE OTHER 2 THAT 6229 03:53:21,705 --> 03:53:23,573 COME UP A LOT ARE THINGS RELATED 6230 03:53:23,573 --> 03:53:27,177 TO DISABILITY AND QUALITY OF 6231 03:53:27,177 --> 03:53:27,644 LIFE. 6232 03:53:27,644 --> 03:53:29,813 IN THE HUMAN CONDITION THAT'S A 6233 03:53:29,813 --> 03:53:35,085 BIG DEAL, GET A DRUG THROUGH AD 6234 03:53:35,085 --> 03:53:36,486 A TREATMENT THROUGH, WE NOT ONLY 6235 03:53:36,486 --> 03:53:39,389 WANT IT TO REDUCE PAIN, WE WANT 6236 03:53:39,389 --> 03:53:41,691 IT TO REDUCE DISABILITY, WE WANT 6237 03:53:41,691 --> 03:53:43,693 IT TO DO MORE THAN JUST REDUCE 6238 03:53:43,693 --> 03:53:44,027 PAIN. 6239 03:53:44,027 --> 03:53:45,328 THERE'S THIS CONCEPT OF 6240 03:53:45,328 --> 03:53:46,730 RESILIENCE THAT WE THINK, 6241 03:53:46,730 --> 03:53:51,468 INCREASING 3 THINK MORE ABOUT IN 6242 03:53:51,468 --> 03:53:51,968 THE CLINICAL WORLD. 6243 03:53:51,968 --> 03:53:53,003 SO WE'RE GOING TO GO THROUGH 6244 03:53:53,003 --> 03:53:57,173 EACH 1 OF THESE. 6245 03:53:57,173 --> 03:53:59,242 BEFORE WE DO THAT, I WANT TO 6246 03:53:59,242 --> 03:54:01,778 HIGHLIGHT THAT IN ADDITION TO 6247 03:54:01,778 --> 03:54:06,549 PAIN THERE ARE A WHOLE SLEW OF 6248 03:54:06,549 --> 03:54:08,652 OTHER SYMPTOMS THAT MAINLY 6249 03:54:08,652 --> 03:54:10,687 RESULT IN THE SAME BEHAVIORS 6250 03:54:10,687 --> 03:54:12,422 THAT YOU'RE SEEING, RIGHT IN O 6251 03:54:12,422 --> 03:54:13,690 THERE'S FATIGUE, THAT OCCURS IN 6252 03:54:13,690 --> 03:54:16,159 80 TO A HUNDRED% OF PEOPLE WITH 6253 03:54:16,159 --> 03:54:17,060 CHRONIC PAIN. 6254 03:54:17,060 --> 03:54:18,261 IT DEPENDS ON WHAT STUDY YOU 6255 03:54:18,261 --> 03:54:20,730 READ BUT IT'S HIGH. 6256 03:54:20,730 --> 03:54:22,465 AND TALK TO ANYBODY WITH CHRONIC 6257 03:54:22,465 --> 03:54:24,901 PAIN AND JUST ASK THEM, ARE YOU 6258 03:54:24,901 --> 03:54:25,168 FATIGUED? 6259 03:54:25,168 --> 03:54:27,203 THEY ALL SAY YES. 6260 03:54:27,203 --> 03:54:28,738 MULTIPLE PAIN AREAS, IT TURNS 6261 03:54:28,738 --> 03:54:30,907 OUT THAT ALMOST NOBODY HAS PAIN 6262 03:54:30,907 --> 03:54:33,076 IN A SINGLE SPOT WHEN YOU 6263 03:54:33,076 --> 03:54:34,611 INTERVIEW THEM, ONLY ABOUT 20% 6264 03:54:34,611 --> 03:54:36,313 OF PEOPLE DO, THERE'S BEEN LARGE 6265 03:54:36,313 --> 03:54:38,615 KALE STUDIES THAT HAVE ASKED 6266 03:54:38,615 --> 03:54:40,784 THIS AND THE MORE SPOTS YOU 6267 03:54:40,784 --> 03:54:43,453 HAVE, THE WORSE YOUR FUNCTION 6268 03:54:43,453 --> 03:54:45,088 IS, THE WORSE YOUR MOOD, THE 6269 03:54:45,088 --> 03:54:46,356 WORSE YOUR DISABILITY IS AND SO 6270 03:54:46,356 --> 03:54:50,527 IT MATTERS, THE NUMBER OF PAIN 6271 03:54:50,527 --> 03:54:50,727 AREAS. 6272 03:54:50,727 --> 03:54:55,865 QUITE COMMON. 6273 03:54:55,865 --> 03:54:57,033 FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS. 6274 03:54:57,033 --> 03:54:58,868 PAIN IMPACTS EVERY ASPECT OF 6275 03:54:58,868 --> 03:55:01,071 THEIR LIFE WHETHER IT'S 6276 03:55:01,071 --> 03:55:03,006 FUNCTION, COGNITIVE, OR SLEEP, 6277 03:55:03,006 --> 03:55:04,140 IT IMPACT FUNCTION. 6278 03:55:04,140 --> 03:55:06,209 ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION AS 6279 03:55:06,209 --> 03:55:07,310 CO-MORBIDITIES ARE MORE COMMON 6280 03:55:07,310 --> 03:55:09,212 IN THE GENERAL PUBLIC BUT LESS 6281 03:55:09,212 --> 03:55:17,821 COMMON THAN THINGS LIKE FATIGUE 6282 03:55:17,821 --> 03:55:20,390 AND FUNCTION. 6283 03:55:20,390 --> 03:55:21,925 COGNITIVE DEFICITS ARE MORE 6284 03:55:21,925 --> 03:55:22,859 IMPORTANT BUT REPORTED AND MORE 6285 03:55:22,859 --> 03:55:24,828 ALONG THE LINES OF PAIN AND 6286 03:55:24,828 --> 03:55:26,730 DEPRESSION, BUT ALONG THE LEANS 6287 03:55:26,730 --> 03:55:27,497 OF DISABILITY, TRUE DISABILITY 6288 03:55:27,497 --> 03:55:29,165 AS WE MEASURE IT ARE RELATIVELY 6289 03:55:29,165 --> 03:55:30,700 LOW AND WE WILL TALK ABOUT WHAT 6290 03:55:30,700 --> 03:55:36,773 THIS IS AND WHY THAT IS IN A 6291 03:55:36,773 --> 03:55:37,307 LITTLE BIT. 6292 03:55:37,307 --> 03:55:38,975 SO 50 OF ALL PAIN, I'VE HEARD 6293 03:55:38,975 --> 03:55:40,844 PEOPLE TALK AND SHOW THE VISUAL 6294 03:55:40,844 --> 03:55:43,046 ANALOGUE SCALE HERE TODAY, WE DO 6295 03:55:43,046 --> 03:55:44,681 A WHOLE LOT MORE THAN THAT WHEN 6296 03:55:44,681 --> 03:55:46,449 WE ASSESS PAIN IN AN INDIVIDUAL 6297 03:55:46,449 --> 03:55:48,385 OR IN A CLINICAL TODAY OR IN THE 6298 03:55:48,385 --> 03:55:49,219 CLINIC THEMSELVES WHEN THEY COME 6299 03:55:49,219 --> 03:55:51,888 IN TO SEE YOU, SO WE ASK WHAT IS 6300 03:55:51,888 --> 03:55:53,456 YOUR PAIN RIGHT NOW, WHAT IS 6301 03:55:53,456 --> 03:55:54,958 YOUR RESTING PAIN, BUT WE DO 6302 03:55:54,958 --> 03:55:57,026 THINGS LIKE, ASK ABOUT WHAT YOUR 6303 03:55:57,026 --> 03:55:58,461 CURRENT PAIN IS, WHAT YOUR 6304 03:55:58,461 --> 03:56:03,199 AVERAGE PAIN IT, WHAT YOUR WORSE 6305 03:56:03,199 --> 03:56:03,666 PAIN IS. 6306 03:56:03,666 --> 03:56:06,202 ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 6307 03:56:06,202 --> 03:56:08,738 CONSTRUCTS OF PAIN INTENSITY IS 6308 03:56:08,738 --> 03:56:09,205 MOVEMENT EVOKED PAIN. 6309 03:56:09,205 --> 03:56:11,207 SO IT'S THE MOVEMENT EVOKED PAIN 6310 03:56:11,207 --> 03:56:12,575 THAT OCCURS PARTICULARLY IN 6311 03:56:12,575 --> 03:56:15,011 PEOPLE WITH MUSK LO SKELETAL 6312 03:56:15,011 --> 03:56:17,480 PAIN THAT INTERFERES WITH THEIR 6313 03:56:17,480 --> 03:56:17,981 FUNCTION, RIGHT. 6314 03:56:17,981 --> 03:56:25,121 IF IT HURTS WHEN I WALK, WILL I 6315 03:56:25,121 --> 03:56:26,389 WALK? 6316 03:56:26,389 --> 03:56:27,524 EVERY TIME I WALK ON THE 6317 03:56:27,524 --> 03:56:29,692 TREADMILL TO GET EXERCISE AND 6318 03:56:29,692 --> 03:56:32,562 AFTER A MINUTE I HAVE TO DO IT 6319 03:56:32,562 --> 03:56:34,264 WITH PAIN BUT AFTER 30 MINUTES 6320 03:56:34,264 --> 03:56:35,832 THAT'S TOUGH, SO WE LOOK AT 6321 03:56:35,832 --> 03:56:37,534 THOSE CONTRUCTS SO YOU LOOK AT 6322 03:56:37,534 --> 03:56:39,469 MOVEMENT AND DURING A PRESCRIBED 6323 03:56:39,469 --> 03:56:40,370 ACTIVITY TEST, LIKE HOW MANY 6324 03:56:40,370 --> 03:56:41,771 TIMES YOU SIT UP AND DOWN, HOW 6325 03:56:41,771 --> 03:56:43,907 MUCH ASK IT HURT WHEN I GO UP A 6326 03:56:43,907 --> 03:56:45,508 FLIGHT OF TEARS, I WOULD HAVE 6327 03:56:45,508 --> 03:56:46,810 THEM CO THAT TASK ASK RATE THEIR 6328 03:56:46,810 --> 03:56:51,514 PAIN AND IT WOULD BE DISEASE 6329 03:56:51,514 --> 03:56:51,781 SPECIFIC. 6330 03:56:51,781 --> 03:56:53,349 WE LOOK AT WIDE SPREAD PAIN 6331 03:56:53,349 --> 03:56:55,318 LOCATION, WHERE IS IT? 6332 03:56:55,318 --> 03:56:57,053 THAT'S USUALLY DONE WITH A BODY 6333 03:56:57,053 --> 03:56:58,822 DIAGRAM, PATIENTS FILL IT OUT, 6334 03:56:58,822 --> 03:57:02,158 THEY CAN SEE WHERE IT IS, IN 6335 03:57:02,158 --> 03:57:04,427 AN ANIMAL YOU CAN LOOK AT 6336 03:57:04,427 --> 03:57:06,463 PRESSURE, SENSITIVITY AND 6337 03:57:06,463 --> 03:57:09,599 TENDERNESS IN MULTIPLE SITES. 6338 03:57:09,599 --> 03:57:11,301 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE KNOW 6339 03:57:11,301 --> 03:57:13,336 IS THAT PAIN IS QUITE VARIABLE 6340 03:57:13,336 --> 03:57:14,871 AND ANYBODY WHO TREATS PAIN 6341 03:57:14,871 --> 03:57:16,506 KNOWS ITS VARIABLE AND THERE'S 6342 03:57:16,506 --> 03:57:18,308 GOOD DAYS AND BAD DAYS, THIS IS 6343 03:57:18,308 --> 03:57:20,076 TRUE FOR ANIMALS, THIS IS TRUE 6344 03:57:20,076 --> 03:57:20,643 FOR THE PEOPLE. 6345 03:57:20,643 --> 03:57:24,414 RIGHT IN THIS IS NOT NOVEL TO 6346 03:57:24,414 --> 03:57:26,683 PEOPLE, SO, GETTING A SINGLE 6347 03:57:26,683 --> 03:57:28,551 WINDOW OF DAY OF TIME MAY NOT BE 6348 03:57:28,551 --> 03:57:31,754 AS ACCURATE AS TAKING A WEEK OR 6349 03:57:31,754 --> 03:57:32,555 A MONTH LONG TRAJECTORY. 6350 03:57:32,555 --> 03:57:33,456 WE ALSO KNOW THAT THE 6351 03:57:33,456 --> 03:57:34,724 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH YECTRY OF 6352 03:57:34,724 --> 03:57:35,992 RESPONSE, SO IF YOU'RE GOING TO 6353 03:57:35,992 --> 03:57:40,330 TREAT THE PAIN, AND THAT 6354 03:57:40,330 --> 03:57:41,698 TRAJECTORY OF THE RESPONSE FROM 6355 03:57:41,698 --> 03:57:43,233 THE BEGINNING OF THE TREATMENT 6356 03:57:43,233 --> 03:57:45,001 TO AFTER THE TREATMENT PREDICTS 6357 03:57:45,001 --> 03:57:45,335 YOUR OUTCOME. 6358 03:57:45,335 --> 03:57:49,205 SO IF HAVE YOU A BETTER 6359 03:57:49,205 --> 03:57:51,274 TRAJECTORY YOU MIGHT LAKELY BE 6360 03:57:51,274 --> 03:57:52,208 ABLE TO RESPOND TO TREATMENT 6361 03:57:52,208 --> 03:57:53,009 THAN IF YOU DEPARTMENT. 6362 03:57:53,009 --> 03:57:54,944 SO THAT CAN BE DONE WITH DAILY 6363 03:57:54,944 --> 03:57:57,614 LOGS, DONE WITH QUESTIONNAIRES, 6364 03:57:57,614 --> 03:58:01,351 AND ANIMALS WE WILL OFTEN TEST 6365 03:58:01,351 --> 03:58:02,986 MULTIPLE DAYS. 6366 03:58:02,986 --> 03:58:05,755 THE SAME MEASURE. 6367 03:58:05,755 --> 03:58:07,390 ANOTHER BIG CONSTRUCT IS PAIN 6368 03:58:07,390 --> 03:58:10,059 INTERFERENCE, AND THE OTHER 1 IS 6369 03:58:10,059 --> 03:58:10,927 QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING. 6370 03:58:10,927 --> 03:58:13,396 SO PAIN ISHT FER ENSEL IS HELP 6371 03:58:13,396 --> 03:58:14,163 HOW PANE INTERFERES WITH THE 6372 03:58:14,163 --> 03:58:15,431 INDIVIDUAL AND I WILL SHOW YOU A 6373 03:58:15,431 --> 03:58:16,299 QUESTIONNAIRE ON THAT AND THAT 6374 03:58:16,299 --> 03:58:17,767 WOULD BE HOW IT INTERFERES AND 6375 03:58:17,767 --> 03:58:19,536 YOU HEARD A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 6376 03:58:19,536 --> 03:58:22,105 THIS EARLIER TODAY, WITH THE K9 6377 03:58:22,105 --> 03:58:23,172 BRIEF PAIN INVENTORY BUT 6378 03:58:23,172 --> 03:58:25,174 ACTUALLY LOOKSA THE THAT IN 6379 03:58:25,174 --> 03:58:27,076 DOGS, BUT IN PEOPLE, THAT'S 6380 03:58:27,076 --> 03:58:29,279 WHERE IT CAME FROM, THE BRIEF 6381 03:58:29,279 --> 03:58:30,213 PAIN INVENTOR EXPE CONNECTICUT 6382 03:58:30,213 --> 03:58:32,048 SEPTORS OF THAT IS PAIN 6383 03:58:32,048 --> 03:58:32,382 INTERFERENCE. 6384 03:58:32,382 --> 03:58:34,417 WE LOSE A LOT OF QUAWPTITATIVE 6385 03:58:34,417 --> 03:58:36,185 SENSORY TESTING TO REALLY GET AT 6386 03:58:36,185 --> 03:58:37,754 MECHANISMS BUT IT'S NOT REALLY 6387 03:58:37,754 --> 03:58:40,056 DONE CLINICALLY, WE DO IT IN 6388 03:58:40,056 --> 03:58:42,225 CLINICAL TRIALS EMPLOY SO WE 6389 03:58:42,225 --> 03:58:43,359 LOOK AT CONDITION PAIN 6390 03:58:43,359 --> 03:58:47,597 MODULATION TO GET A CENTRAL 6391 03:58:47,597 --> 03:58:48,064 SENSITIVITY. 6392 03:58:48,064 --> 03:58:49,132 MAINLY CENTRAL INHIBITION FOR 6393 03:58:49,132 --> 03:58:52,368 THAT 1 AND TEMPORAL ENHANCED 6394 03:58:52,368 --> 03:58:54,437 SEPSATIVITY AND THEN WE LOOK AT 6395 03:58:54,437 --> 03:58:55,838 PAIN THRESHOLDS, SO AS YOU CAN 6396 03:58:55,838 --> 03:58:57,140 SEE PAIN IS REALLY COMPLEX 6397 03:58:57,140 --> 03:58:58,975 EMPLOY WE ALSO LOOK AT 6398 03:58:58,975 --> 03:59:01,578 MECHANISMS, SO A PERSON WITH 6399 03:59:01,578 --> 03:59:07,116 PAIN YOU KNOW WHEN AN ANIMAL 6400 03:59:07,116 --> 03:59:08,751 MODEL, WE INYECT THEM, WE INJURY 6401 03:59:08,751 --> 03:59:10,386 THE MUSCLE, WE KNOW WHAT KIND OF 6402 03:59:10,386 --> 03:59:13,656 PAIN THEY GOT, WE KNOW THAT 6403 03:59:13,656 --> 03:59:20,630 INJURY, BUT IN A PERSON, WE HAVE 6404 03:59:20,630 --> 03:59:22,031 THE NOCICEPTIVE, WHERE 6405 03:59:22,031 --> 03:59:23,533 NOCIPLASTIC IS DUE TO CENTRAL 6406 03:59:23,533 --> 03:59:25,568 CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NEUROUS 6407 03:59:25,568 --> 03:59:31,374 SYSTEM AND NEUROPATHIC IS DUE O 6408 03:59:31,374 --> 03:59:34,577 THE SENSORY AND IDENTIFY THOSE 6409 03:59:34,577 --> 03:59:34,944 WAYS. 6410 03:59:34,944 --> 03:59:36,579 SO THIS IS JUST A PICTURE OF THE 6411 03:59:36,579 --> 03:59:38,181 BODY DIAGRAM LIKE I WOULD HAVE, 6412 03:59:38,181 --> 03:59:40,516 YOU HAND IT OFF TO I PERSON, YOU 6413 03:59:40,516 --> 03:59:43,586 HAVE THEM FILL IT OUT. 6414 03:59:43,586 --> 03:59:45,622 THIS IS THE INTERFERENCE 6415 03:59:45,622 --> 03:59:46,789 COMPONENT OF THE BRIEF PAIN 6416 03:59:46,789 --> 03:59:48,658 INVENTORY AND CAN YOU SEE IT IS, 6417 03:59:48,658 --> 03:59:49,826 HOW MUCH DOES PAIN INTERFERE 6418 03:59:49,826 --> 03:59:51,494 WITH THE GENERAL ACTIVITY, WITH 6419 03:59:51,494 --> 03:59:55,264 YOUR MOOD, WALKING ABILITY, AND 6420 03:59:55,264 --> 04:00:00,703 THAT IS REALLY USEFUL BECAUSE IT 6421 04:00:00,703 --> 04:00:01,871 REALLY GETS AT THE IMPACT OF 6422 04:00:01,871 --> 04:00:06,042 PAIN ON THE PERSON. 6423 04:00:06,042 --> 04:00:07,443 THESE ARE KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE 6424 04:00:07,443 --> 04:00:08,511 TESTING YOU MIGHT DO. 6425 04:00:08,511 --> 04:00:10,179 YOU MIGHT ELECTRIC AT PAIN 6426 04:00:10,179 --> 04:00:10,980 THRESHOLDS, YOU MIGHT LOOK AT 6427 04:00:10,980 --> 04:00:12,849 THEM AT THE SITE AND YOU MIGHT 6428 04:00:12,849 --> 04:00:13,950 LOOK AT THEM PRETTY FAR AWAY 6429 04:00:13,950 --> 04:00:15,318 FROM THE SITE OF THE INJURY. 6430 04:00:15,318 --> 04:00:18,354 AND THOSE AT THE SITE MIGHT BE 6431 04:00:18,354 --> 04:00:20,556 INDICATIVE OF HYPER ALGEESIA AND 6432 04:00:20,556 --> 04:00:22,158 THOSE AT THE SITE. 6433 04:00:22,158 --> 04:00:24,327 THOSE AWAY MAY BE MORE 6434 04:00:24,327 --> 04:00:27,497 INDICATIVE OF CHANGES IN THE 6435 04:00:27,497 --> 04:00:29,065 SEBTERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, OR 6436 04:00:29,065 --> 04:00:29,365 SYSTEMIC. 6437 04:00:29,365 --> 04:00:30,566 BUT IT GERONTOLOGYSTSS MORE 6438 04:00:30,566 --> 04:00:33,336 COMPLICATED BECAUSE IT LOOKS AT 6439 04:00:33,336 --> 04:00:34,604 HEAT, MECHANICAL, SKIN, DEEP 6440 04:00:34,604 --> 04:00:36,239 TISSUE AND TURNS OUT SOME OF THE 6441 04:00:36,239 --> 04:00:37,240 MOST PREDICTIVE 1S HAPPEN TO BE 6442 04:00:37,240 --> 04:00:39,242 THE PRESSURES OF THE DEEP 6443 04:00:39,242 --> 04:00:40,276 TISSUE, LIKE PRESSURE PAIN 6444 04:00:40,276 --> 04:00:41,678 THRESHOLDS ON THE DEEP TISSUE. 6445 04:00:41,678 --> 04:00:43,212 THOSE ARE MORE PREDICTIVE THAN 6446 04:00:43,212 --> 04:00:47,083 SOME OF THE OTHERS, OF THE SKIN. 6447 04:00:47,083 --> 04:00:48,351 YOU CAN ALSO DO TEMPORAL 6448 04:00:48,351 --> 04:00:50,153 SUMMATION AND THIS IS REPEATED 6449 04:00:50,153 --> 04:00:53,489 SIMULATION WITH THE SAME 6450 04:00:53,489 --> 04:00:54,223 STIMULATION ONCE EVERY SECOND 6451 04:00:54,223 --> 04:00:56,059 AND YOU ASK PEOPLE TO RATE THEIR 6452 04:00:56,059 --> 04:00:57,093 PAIN DURING THAT TIME AND IT 6453 04:00:57,093 --> 04:00:58,861 GOES UP AND IT'S A MEASURE OF 6454 04:00:58,861 --> 04:01:02,765 THE EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS 6455 04:01:02,765 --> 04:01:02,999 SYSTEM. 6456 04:01:02,999 --> 04:01:04,867 AND PEOPLE WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF 6457 04:01:04,867 --> 04:01:06,636 PAIN HAVE LOWER TEMPORALS OF 6458 04:01:06,636 --> 04:01:08,771 SUMMATION THAN THOSE WITH LOWER 6459 04:01:08,771 --> 04:01:11,040 LEVELS OF PAIN. 6460 04:01:11,040 --> 04:01:14,143 AGAIN, CAN YOU DO THAT WITH WITH 6461 04:01:14,143 --> 04:01:15,311 HEAT, CHEMICAL STIMULI WITH THE 6462 04:01:15,311 --> 04:01:16,979 PEN IN THE UPPER CORNER OVER 6463 04:01:16,979 --> 04:01:18,481 HERE, WISH I COULD GET OVER 6464 04:01:18,481 --> 04:01:20,983 HERE, LIKE THIS 1 RVEG ISSUE AND 6465 04:01:20,983 --> 04:01:24,320 JUST REPEAT IT OR YOU CAN DO IT 6466 04:01:24,320 --> 04:01:26,255 WITH THE DEEP PRESSURE STIMULUS 6467 04:01:26,255 --> 04:01:27,223 WHICH WE'VE DEVELOPED A METHOD 6468 04:01:27,223 --> 04:01:29,525 TO DO THAT WITH DEEP PRESSURE 6469 04:01:29,525 --> 04:01:30,760 AND THEY'RE ALL PROBABLY TELLING 6470 04:01:30,760 --> 04:01:31,928 YOU SOMETHING DIFFERENT AND THEN 6471 04:01:31,928 --> 04:01:35,064 CAN YOU MEASURE CENTRAL 6472 04:01:35,064 --> 04:01:35,465 INHIBITION. 6473 04:01:35,465 --> 04:01:39,035 AND THAT'S A TEST CALLED 6474 04:01:39,035 --> 04:01:40,536 CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION, YOU 6475 04:01:40,536 --> 04:01:43,139 PUT A HAND IN A VERY COLD BATH 6476 04:01:43,139 --> 04:01:47,910 OR A FOOT OR A HOT BATH OR YOU 6477 04:01:47,910 --> 04:01:49,312 GIVE ASCHEMIC PRESSURE OF VERY 6478 04:01:49,312 --> 04:01:50,947 PAINFUL CONDITION AND YOU 6479 04:01:50,947 --> 04:01:51,748 MEASURE PAIN THRESHOLDS OUTSIDE 6480 04:01:51,748 --> 04:01:53,816 THAT AREA AND THOSE PAIN THRESH 6481 04:01:53,816 --> 04:01:57,019 HOLES GO UP AND IN INDIVIDUALS 6482 04:01:57,019 --> 04:01:57,954 WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEY TEND TO 6483 04:01:57,954 --> 04:02:03,159 GO DOWN BUT NOT IN EVERYBODY. 6484 04:02:03,159 --> 04:02:04,694 SO THE PROBLEM WITH QUANTITATIVE 6485 04:02:04,694 --> 04:02:06,229 TESTING IS WE DON'T HAVE NORMS. 6486 04:02:06,229 --> 04:02:07,430 WE DON'T KNOW WHAT'S ABNORMAL 6487 04:02:07,430 --> 04:02:17,974 AND WE DON'T KNOW WHAT'S NORMAL. 6488 04:02:26,082 --> 04:02:28,451 AND THEN PAIN MECHANISMS, I'M 6489 04:02:28,451 --> 04:02:30,086 SORRY MY COMPUTER DIED BEFORE I 6490 04:02:30,086 --> 04:02:31,587 FIX THAT THING ON THE SIDE LAST 6491 04:02:31,587 --> 04:02:42,131 NIGHT AND I FORGOT MY CHARGER AT 6492 04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:44,734 HOME. 6493 04:02:44,734 --> 04:02:51,007 ONE OF THE WAYS WE DO THAT IS SO 6494 04:02:51,007 --> 04:02:51,941 SIMPLE WITH NOCIKEPTIVE PAIN 6495 04:02:51,941 --> 04:02:54,377 IT'S EASY, DO THEY HAVE 6496 04:02:54,377 --> 04:02:55,444 LOCALIZATION, PAIN DUE TO 6497 04:02:55,444 --> 04:02:56,279 DAMAGE, HAVE SOMETHING THAT 6498 04:02:56,279 --> 04:03:06,789 BEING LOAMACYS LIKE PERIPHERAL 6499 04:03:09,025 --> 04:03:09,725 DAMAGE. 6500 04:03:09,725 --> 04:03:12,728 EITHER A CENTRAL LESION OR A 6501 04:03:12,728 --> 04:03:18,167 NEURAL LESION, AND NOCICEPTIVE 6502 04:03:18,167 --> 04:03:19,168 IS HAVE THAT, 1 TECHNOLOGY 6503 04:03:19,168 --> 04:03:22,438 TRANSFER THAT DAN PROPOSE SYSTEM 6504 04:03:22,438 --> 04:03:24,507 TO USE THE FIBROMYALGIA 6505 04:03:24,507 --> 04:03:27,443 CRITERIA, AND WE CAN GET A 6506 04:03:27,443 --> 04:03:28,945 SCORE, IT'S RARELY ON HOW YOU 6507 04:03:28,945 --> 04:03:30,680 SPEND ON THE SCORE, HOW MUCH 6508 04:03:30,680 --> 04:03:41,190 SENSITIVITY YOU HAVE AND THAT 6509 04:03:46,829 --> 04:03:48,931 SLEEP DISTURBANCE IS A CENTRAL 6510 04:03:48,931 --> 04:03:50,066 CONCEPT CAN COGNITIVE 6511 04:03:50,066 --> 04:03:50,666 DYSFUNCTION IS. 6512 04:03:50,666 --> 04:03:52,768 AND SO YOU PUT THOSE ALTOGETHER 6513 04:03:52,768 --> 04:03:55,605 AND YOU GET AN ALGORITHM AND AN 6514 04:03:55,605 --> 04:03:56,205 ASSESSMENT AND THAT'S PRETTY 6515 04:03:56,205 --> 04:03:58,841 MUCH HOW WE DO IT SO IT'S A BIT 6516 04:03:58,841 --> 04:04:09,252 HARDER, THERE'S NO GREAT 6517 04:04:10,353 --> 04:04:10,620 PRESSURE YET. 6518 04:04:10,620 --> 04:04:12,488 THIS IS THE CRITERIA AND SO WE 6519 04:04:12,488 --> 04:04:13,189 WILL SKIP THAT. 6520 04:04:13,189 --> 04:04:15,157 THAT'S PAIN AND THAT WAS A LOT. 6521 04:04:15,157 --> 04:04:18,628 THAT'S JUST PAIN. 6522 04:04:18,628 --> 04:04:20,296 SO FUNCTION I'M ONLY GOING TO 6523 04:04:20,296 --> 04:04:22,231 TALK BRIEFLY AND IT CAN BE 6524 04:04:22,231 --> 04:04:23,733 DIVIDED INTO MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, 6525 04:04:23,733 --> 04:04:25,301 WE WILL TALK ABOUT PHYSICAL 6526 04:04:25,301 --> 04:04:26,002 FUNCTION BECAUSE PEOPLE TALK 6527 04:04:26,002 --> 04:04:27,270 ABOUT THAT THE MOST WHEN THEY 6528 04:04:27,270 --> 04:04:29,305 TALK ABOUT FUNCTION AND THEY CAN 6529 04:04:29,305 --> 04:04:30,506 BE ASSESSED IN PEOPLE WITH A 6530 04:04:30,506 --> 04:04:33,009 SURVEY AND WE CALL THAT 6531 04:04:33,009 --> 04:04:34,043 PERCEIVED FUNCTION, HOW DO THEY 6532 04:04:34,043 --> 04:04:37,346 PERCEIVE WHAT THEY'RE DOING, YOU 6533 04:04:37,346 --> 04:04:38,748 CAN DO PERFORMANCE BASED TEST 6534 04:04:38,748 --> 04:04:41,984 AND HOW FAST--HOW FAR CAN YOU 6535 04:04:41,984 --> 04:04:43,486 WALK IN 6 MINUTES, HOW LONG DOES 6536 04:04:43,486 --> 04:04:45,121 IT TAKE YOU TO STAND UP AND DOWN 6537 04:04:45,121 --> 04:04:47,323 FROM A CHAIR 5 TIMES. 6538 04:04:47,323 --> 04:04:49,258 THOSE ARE PERFORMANCE BASED 6539 04:04:49,258 --> 04:04:49,492 TASKS. 6540 04:04:49,492 --> 04:04:52,862 YOU MIGHT DO GAIT MEASURE AMS OR 6541 04:04:52,862 --> 04:04:53,896 WEIGHT BEARING MEASUREMENTS. 6542 04:04:53,896 --> 04:04:55,398 YOU MIGHT DO ACTIVITY MONITORING 6543 04:04:55,398 --> 04:04:57,800 AND YOU KNOW YOU TALKED ABOUT 6544 04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:00,469 THIS LAST TIME AND YOU MIGHT DO 6545 04:05:00,469 --> 04:05:02,905 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS BY 6546 04:05:02,905 --> 04:05:04,573 SELF-REPORT AS OPPOSE TO ACCEL 6547 04:05:04,573 --> 04:05:04,907 ROMETRY. 6548 04:05:04,907 --> 04:05:07,610 AND ALL OF THESE ARE DIFFERENT. 6549 04:05:07,610 --> 04:05:18,154 THIS IS THE PROBLEM, SO IF I IF 6550 04:05:19,088 --> 04:05:20,723 I WERE TO TAKE PEOPLE AND THIS 6551 04:05:20,723 --> 04:05:22,291 IS A STUDY THAT A GRADUATE 6552 04:05:22,291 --> 04:05:24,527 OPPORTUNITY DID IN MY LABORATORY 6553 04:05:24,527 --> 04:05:26,829 AND WE HAD 300 INDIVIDUALS 6554 04:05:26,829 --> 04:05:27,997 BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY WE 6555 04:05:27,997 --> 04:05:30,900 ASKED THISEM TO RATE THEIR 6556 04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:38,741 FUNCTION ON SELF-REPORT DID A 6557 04:05:38,741 --> 04:05:46,983 PERFORMANCE BASED FUNCTION, AND 6558 04:05:46,983 --> 04:05:48,851 AND FROM PREOP, IT GOT BETTER, 6559 04:05:48,851 --> 04:05:50,720 SO ON THE SLIDE IS OUR CONTROLS, 6560 04:05:50,720 --> 04:05:57,827 OUR AGE AND SEX MATCHED 6561 04:05:57,827 --> 04:05:58,094 CONTROLS. 6562 04:05:58,094 --> 04:06:00,363 THEY PRETTY MUCH GOT TO AGE AND 6563 04:06:00,363 --> 04:06:02,331 PERFOR THE PURPOSANCE CONTROLS. 6564 04:06:02,331 --> 04:06:03,899 THE PAIN GOT BETTER BY 6 MONTHS 6565 04:06:03,899 --> 04:06:06,635 ABOUT YOU OUR ACTIVITY 6566 04:06:06,635 --> 04:06:09,071 MONITORING WENT TO PREOP LEVELS 6567 04:06:09,071 --> 04:06:10,706 AND IT WAS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER 6568 04:06:10,706 --> 04:06:11,440 THAN CONTROLS. 6569 04:06:11,440 --> 04:06:13,442 SO THEY'RE ALL DIFFERENT 6570 04:06:13,442 --> 04:06:16,178 CONSTRUCKS AND THEY'RE ALL 6571 04:06:16,178 --> 04:06:16,879 MEASURING SOMETHING DIFFERENT IN 6572 04:06:16,879 --> 04:06:18,748 ADDITION TO THAT WE HAVE THE 6573 04:06:18,748 --> 04:06:20,883 PHYSICAL FATIGUE WHICH AGAIN YOU 6574 04:06:20,883 --> 04:06:24,887 CAN MEASURE AS PERCEIVED 6575 04:06:24,887 --> 04:06:29,725 FATIGUE, PERFORMANCE BASED AND 6576 04:06:29,725 --> 04:06:30,526 FATIGUE. 6577 04:06:30,526 --> 04:06:33,729 AND IF YOU MEASURE PERCEIVED 6578 04:06:33,729 --> 04:06:35,831 FATIGUE, YOU MIGHT GET QUITE A 6579 04:06:35,831 --> 04:06:37,466 DIFFERENCE OF PEOPLE WITH 6580 04:06:37,466 --> 04:06:39,035 FIBROMYALGIA THAN HEALTHY 6581 04:06:39,035 --> 04:06:40,569 CONTROLS DURING A FATIGUE TEST. 6582 04:06:40,569 --> 04:06:43,205 SO WOE GAVE THEM A FATIGUE TEST, 6583 04:06:43,205 --> 04:06:46,442 THEY HAD TO DO MORE TASKS BUT 6584 04:06:46,442 --> 04:06:47,810 THEY DID EQUALLY WELL 6585 04:06:47,810 --> 04:06:48,644 PERFORMANCE BASED. 6586 04:06:48,644 --> 04:06:49,845 SO THERE'S FATIGUE AND 6587 04:06:49,845 --> 04:06:51,680 PERFORMANCE CAN YOU CAN'T--THIS 6588 04:06:51,680 --> 04:06:52,648 WAS A PHYSICAL FUNCTION TASK, WE 6589 04:06:52,648 --> 04:06:55,785 HAD THE SAME THING WITH A 6590 04:06:55,785 --> 04:06:57,386 PERCEIVED FATIGUE COGNITIVE 6591 04:06:57,386 --> 04:06:58,721 FATIGUE, SO THEY'RE ALL 6592 04:06:58,721 --> 04:06:59,789 DIFFERENT AND THEY'RE ALL 6593 04:06:59,789 --> 04:07:00,423 MEASURES SOMETHING DIFFERENT AND 6594 04:07:00,423 --> 04:07:02,024 I THINK ABOUT THIS A LOT BECAUSE 6595 04:07:02,024 --> 04:07:03,926 IN OUR ANIMALS WE'RE ALWAYS 6596 04:07:03,926 --> 04:07:04,927 DOING THE TASK. 6597 04:07:04,927 --> 04:07:09,799 AND ASSUMING THAT THAT IS WHAT 6598 04:07:09,799 --> 04:07:13,502 THE PERSON IS PERCEIVING AND IT 6599 04:07:13,502 --> 04:07:15,137 MAY NOT BE. 6600 04:07:15,137 --> 04:07:16,605 SO COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND 6601 04:07:16,605 --> 04:07:17,440 FATIGUE IS VERY SIMILAR EMPLOY 6602 04:07:17,440 --> 04:07:20,810 CAN YOU LOOK AT PERFORMANCE OR 6603 04:07:20,810 --> 04:07:21,377 TASK BASED TASKS. 6604 04:07:21,377 --> 04:07:23,045 YOU CAN LOOK AT PERCEIVED 6605 04:07:23,045 --> 04:07:25,448 FATIGUE, CAN YOU LOOK AT 6606 04:07:25,448 --> 04:07:26,515 PERFORMANCE BASED FATIGUE, DO 6607 04:07:26,515 --> 04:07:29,385 THEY ACTUALLY FATIGUE WITH THE 6608 04:07:29,385 --> 04:07:32,021 TASK, PHYSICALLY OR COGNITIVELY. 6609 04:07:32,021 --> 04:07:33,856 THERE'S A WHOLE LOT OF 6610 04:07:33,856 --> 04:07:35,624 QUESTIONNAIRES AND THE 6611 04:07:35,624 --> 04:07:36,559 QUESTIONNAIRES BETWEEN COGNITIVE 6612 04:07:36,559 --> 04:07:39,462 FATIGUE AND FUNCTION ARE VERY 6613 04:07:39,462 --> 04:07:39,695 SIMILAR. 6614 04:07:39,695 --> 04:07:41,597 SO I SUGGEST YOU LOOK AT THESE 6615 04:07:41,597 --> 04:07:43,699 IF YOU'RE TRYING TO DEVELOP AN 6616 04:07:43,699 --> 04:07:43,899 ASSAY. 6617 04:07:43,899 --> 04:07:51,073 AND THEN HERE, WE GET REALLY 6618 04:07:51,073 --> 04:07:51,841 SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE WITH 6619 04:07:51,841 --> 04:07:53,309 FATIGUE WITH THE COGNITIVE 6620 04:07:53,309 --> 04:07:54,677 MYALGIA BUT THEY DO APPROXIMATE 6621 04:07:54,677 --> 04:07:55,845 WELL ON THE COGNITIVE TASK 6622 04:07:55,845 --> 04:07:57,813 EMPLOY SO KEEP THAT IN MIND WHEN 6623 04:07:57,813 --> 04:07:59,548 WE TRANSLATE THIS BACK TO 6624 04:07:59,548 --> 04:08:00,616 ANIMALS. 6625 04:08:00,616 --> 04:08:03,052 ANOTHER THING IS SLEEP. 6626 04:08:03,052 --> 04:08:06,188 AGAIN, WE ASK PEOPLE A LOT ABOUT 6627 04:08:06,188 --> 04:08:07,556 THEIR SLEEP, WE HAVE THEM FILL 6628 04:08:07,556 --> 04:08:08,824 OUT SURVEYS BUT WE HAVE DIRECT 6629 04:08:08,824 --> 04:08:10,359 MEASURE AM ANDS WE'VE GOT DATA 6630 04:08:10,359 --> 04:08:11,694 ON THIS, TOO, I WILL NOT SHOW IT 6631 04:08:11,694 --> 04:08:13,462 TO YOU BECAUSE IT'S GOING TO BE 6632 04:08:13,462 --> 04:08:18,801 EXACTLY THE SAME, WHERE YOU GET 6633 04:08:18,801 --> 04:08:24,273 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERCEIVED 6634 04:08:24,273 --> 04:08:28,410 SLEEP IMPAIRMENTS AND ACTUAL 6635 04:08:28,410 --> 04:08:29,712 TELEMETRY BASED OR POLYSIM 6636 04:08:29,712 --> 04:08:33,048 NOGRAPHY AND OTHER CASES ASK 6637 04:08:33,048 --> 04:08:33,949 CONDITIONS PEOPLE MATCH. 6638 04:08:33,949 --> 04:08:35,584 BUT, THESE ARE REALLY IMPORTANT 6639 04:08:35,584 --> 04:08:36,519 CONSTRUCKS AND WE DON'T THINK 6640 04:08:36,519 --> 04:08:38,020 ABOUT SLEEP A LOT. 6641 04:08:38,020 --> 04:08:39,788 BUT IF YOU CAN IMAGINE, IF YOU 6642 04:08:39,788 --> 04:08:41,757 HAVE CHRONIC PAIN AND YOU CAN'T 6643 04:08:41,757 --> 04:08:44,527 SLEEP BECAUSE THE PAIN IS TOO 6644 04:08:44,527 --> 04:08:44,727 GREAT. 6645 04:08:44,727 --> 04:08:48,197 SO THE OTHER DOMAIN THEY REALLY 6646 04:08:48,197 --> 04:08:49,598 WANT TO--THERE'S ONLY A COUPLE 6647 04:08:49,598 --> 04:08:50,733 MORE DOMAINS I WANT TO TALK 6648 04:08:50,733 --> 04:08:52,201 ABOUT BUT 1 IS PSYCHOLOGICAL 6649 04:08:52,201 --> 04:08:54,403 FACTORS AND WE TALK A LOT ABOUT 6650 04:08:54,403 --> 04:08:56,372 THESE, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 6651 04:08:56,372 --> 04:08:59,808 ARE CLEAR PREDICTERS, THERE'S 6652 04:08:59,808 --> 04:09:02,244 INCREASED INDENSE RATES, AND SO 6653 04:09:02,244 --> 04:09:03,412 THEY'RE PRETTY IMPORTANT. 6654 04:09:03,412 --> 04:09:05,147 THESE ARE BEST MEASURED IN 6655 04:09:05,147 --> 04:09:06,182 HUMANS BY SELF-REPORT. 6656 04:09:06,182 --> 04:09:08,817 WE CERTAINLY DON'T DO ANY TASK 6657 04:09:08,817 --> 04:09:09,852 BASED MEASUREMENTS. 6658 04:09:09,852 --> 04:09:12,121 ANOTHER CONSTRUCT IS PAYING 6659 04:09:12,121 --> 04:09:13,455 KACCT TAFT RAIFIESING OR KIND OF 6660 04:09:13,455 --> 04:09:15,291 WORRYING ABOUT YOUR PAIN ALL THE 6661 04:09:15,291 --> 04:09:15,524 TIME. 6662 04:09:15,524 --> 04:09:17,826 ANOTHER 1 IS FEAR OF MOVEMENT, 6663 04:09:17,826 --> 04:09:20,129 SO THERE'S FEAR THAT MOVEMENT 6664 04:09:20,129 --> 04:09:21,630 WILL MAKE THE PAIN WORSE, AND 6665 04:09:21,630 --> 04:09:24,633 THE LAST 1 IS SOMETHING CALLED 6666 04:09:24,633 --> 04:09:24,967 SELF-EFFICACY. 6667 04:09:24,967 --> 04:09:26,502 AND THIS IS THAT I CAN DO MY 6668 04:09:26,502 --> 04:09:29,572 TASK DESPITE THE PAIN. 6669 04:09:29,572 --> 04:09:33,142 ALL RIGHT, SO THESE ARE PRETTY 6670 04:09:33,142 --> 04:09:38,747 HUMAN BASED COP SEPTORSS WE HAVE 6671 04:09:38,747 --> 04:09:40,950 AN ANIMAL, SOME TESTS WE DO FOR 6672 04:09:40,950 --> 04:09:41,650 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AND WE 6673 04:09:41,650 --> 04:09:45,754 WILL TALK ABOUT THEM IN A MINUTE 6674 04:09:45,754 --> 04:09:47,423 BUT I DON'T KNOW HOW THEY RELATE 6675 04:09:47,423 --> 04:09:48,457 TO DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY WHEN I 6676 04:09:48,457 --> 04:09:49,992 LOOK AT SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS 6677 04:09:49,992 --> 04:09:52,761 THAT YOU'RE ASKING, RIGHT? 6678 04:09:52,761 --> 04:09:55,664 SO JUST KEEP THAT IN MIND, THESE 6679 04:09:55,664 --> 04:09:57,766 ARE DEFINITELY HUMAN BASED, 6680 04:09:57,766 --> 04:09:58,567 QUESTIONNAIRE BASED, I CAN'T 6681 04:09:58,567 --> 04:10:01,437 COME UP WITH OBLIGATIONS YECTIVE 6682 04:10:01,437 --> 04:10:03,305 MEASURE OF THESE, IN HUMANS. 6683 04:10:03,305 --> 04:10:06,842 SAME THING WITH THE SOCIAL 6684 04:10:06,842 --> 04:10:08,510 DOMAIN. 6685 04:10:08,510 --> 04:10:09,578 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT SATISFACTION 6686 04:10:09,578 --> 04:10:16,352 WITH YOUR SOCIAL DOMAIN SOME OF 6687 04:10:16,352 --> 04:10:17,386 THESE THINGS YOU MIGHT BE ABLE 6688 04:10:17,386 --> 04:10:20,055 TO FIGURE OUT IN AN ANIMAL AND 6689 04:10:20,055 --> 04:10:29,231 SOME YOU MAY NOT BE AND THESE 6690 04:10:29,231 --> 04:10:30,532 ARE IMPORTANT CONSTRUCKS TOO, 6691 04:10:30,532 --> 04:10:33,469 STUDIED IN THE CLINICAL WORLD 6692 04:10:33,469 --> 04:10:35,904 AND PARTICULARLY IN THE ANIMAL 6693 04:10:35,904 --> 04:10:38,841 LIFTER, AND ANIMAL AND PAIN. 6694 04:10:38,841 --> 04:10:41,010 ALL RIGHT, DISABILITY AS A 6695 04:10:41,010 --> 04:10:42,011 CONCEPT, SO, I'M BRING 6696 04:10:42,011 --> 04:10:42,911 THANKSGIVING UP BECAUSE I'VE 6697 04:10:42,911 --> 04:10:44,313 HEARD MY COLLEAGUES TALK ABOUT 6698 04:10:44,313 --> 04:10:45,914 DISABILITY IN THEIR ANIMALS AND 6699 04:10:45,914 --> 04:10:47,549 I HAVE A HARTIME WITH THAT AND 6700 04:10:47,549 --> 04:10:49,518 YOU CAN TELL ME I'M WRONG BUT I 6701 04:10:49,518 --> 04:10:52,288 HAVE A HARD TIME WITH IT BECAUSE 6702 04:10:52,288 --> 04:10:54,390 DISABILITY TO ME IS A HIGHER 6703 04:10:54,390 --> 04:10:55,291 ORDER CONTRUCT. 6704 04:10:55,291 --> 04:10:59,194 IF SOMEBODY IMETS TO THE POINT 6705 04:10:59,194 --> 04:11:00,963 WHERE THEY HAVE A TRUE 6706 04:11:00,963 --> 04:11:02,164 DISABILITY ASK IT INVOLVES 6707 04:11:02,164 --> 04:11:04,466 MULTIPLE CONSTRUCT ANDS THIS IS 6708 04:11:04,466 --> 04:11:06,101 FROM THE CDC, IT'S A CONDITION 6709 04:11:06,101 --> 04:11:07,369 OF THE BODY OR MIND THAT MAKE 6710 04:11:07,369 --> 04:11:08,570 ITS MORE DIFFICULT FOR THE 6711 04:11:08,570 --> 04:11:10,673 PERSON WITH THE CONDITION TO DO 6712 04:11:10,673 --> 04:11:13,776 ACTIVITIES AND INTERACT WITH THE 6713 04:11:13,776 --> 04:11:15,377 WORLD AROUND THEM AND TO GET TO 6714 04:11:15,377 --> 04:11:19,748 THE POINT WHERE YOU HAVE SOCIAL 6715 04:11:19,748 --> 04:11:21,917 SECURITY BASED DISABILITY, IT'S 6716 04:11:21,917 --> 04:11:22,418 HIGHER BAR. 6717 04:11:22,418 --> 04:11:23,919 SO THEY HAVE TO HAVE AN 6718 04:11:23,919 --> 04:11:26,555 IMPAIRMENT AND THEY HAVE TO HAVE 6719 04:11:26,555 --> 04:11:27,623 ACTIVITY LIMITATION OF 6720 04:11:27,623 --> 04:11:30,059 SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT AND IT HAS TO 6721 04:11:30,059 --> 04:11:30,993 HAVE PARTICIPATION RESTRICTIONS, 6722 04:11:30,993 --> 04:11:32,594 LIKE THEY'RE NOT DOING THEIR 6723 04:11:32,594 --> 04:11:33,796 NORMAL DAILY ACTIVITIES. 6724 04:11:33,796 --> 04:11:35,931 AND SOMEHOW WE ARE TO PUT THAT 6725 04:11:35,931 --> 04:11:41,236 ALTASD TOGETHER, TO CAPTURE THAT 6726 04:11:41,236 --> 04:11:47,976 THERE ARE CERTAINLY ANDLINGS 6727 04:11:47,976 --> 04:11:52,181 LIKE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] OR THE 6728 04:11:52,181 --> 04:11:53,215 OSWESTRY DISABILITY INDEX, SO 6729 04:11:53,215 --> 04:11:54,750 THAT'S JUST A CONTRUCT THAT WE 6730 04:11:54,750 --> 04:11:57,019 USE, WE LIKE BECAUSE IF WOE CAN 6731 04:11:57,019 --> 04:11:58,053 IMPROVE DISABILITY, WE THINK 6732 04:11:58,053 --> 04:12:01,357 WE'RE DOING SOMETHING GOOD FOR 6733 04:12:01,357 --> 04:12:02,057 OUR PATIENTS. 6734 04:12:02,057 --> 04:12:12,501 AND THEN QUALITY OF LIFE. 6735 04:12:12,968 --> 04:12:14,870 AUTOALSO A HIGH DIMENSIONAL 6736 04:12:14,870 --> 04:12:15,738 CONSTRUCT LIKE DISABILITY IS 6737 04:12:15,738 --> 04:12:16,739 THAT IS METABOLICALLY TO CAPTURE 6738 04:12:16,739 --> 04:12:20,843 THE WELL BEING OF AN INDIVIDUAL 6739 04:12:20,843 --> 04:12:22,578 BOTH THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL 6740 04:12:22,578 --> 04:12:26,315 LEVEL EMPLOY AND THIS IS A 6741 04:12:26,315 --> 04:12:27,483 PROMISE, GLOBAL QUALITY OF LIFE 6742 04:12:27,483 --> 04:12:28,784 INKECKS THAT I CRUST PUT UP 6743 04:12:28,784 --> 04:12:32,087 HERE, MOST OF ALL OF THESE 6744 04:12:32,087 --> 04:12:33,322 CONSTRUCKS THE PROMISE WHICH WAS 6745 04:12:33,322 --> 04:12:35,824 DEVELOPED BY THE NIH OF COURSE 6746 04:12:35,824 --> 04:12:37,559 HAS SOME FORM OF THIS SO CAN YOU 6747 04:12:37,559 --> 04:12:39,628 GET A HANDLE ON WHAT THEY LOOK 6748 04:12:39,628 --> 04:12:41,663 LIKE WHEN THINKING ABOUT THAT AS 6749 04:12:41,663 --> 04:12:42,264 A MEASURE. 6750 04:12:42,264 --> 04:12:43,699 ALL RIGHT, AND THEN RESILIENCE 6751 04:12:43,699 --> 04:12:46,268 IS THE ABILITY TO ADAPT TO 6752 04:12:46,268 --> 04:12:48,971 ADVERSE SITUATIONS. 6753 04:12:48,971 --> 04:12:51,206 AND BRAZILIANS IS ACTUALLY 6754 04:12:51,206 --> 04:12:52,541 PERTECTIVE AGAINST CHRONIC PAIN 6755 04:12:52,541 --> 04:12:54,076 AND PREDIBS PEOPLE WILL NOT GET 6756 04:12:54,076 --> 04:12:55,244 BETTER OR NOT TRANSITION AND SO 6757 04:12:55,244 --> 04:12:58,580 THERE ARE A COUPLE OF RESILIENCE 6758 04:12:58,580 --> 04:13:00,015 SCALES OUT THERE, THIS IS JUST 1 6759 04:13:00,015 --> 04:13:01,550 AS AN EXAMPLE, AND THE MORE 6760 04:13:01,550 --> 04:13:02,951 RERELYING ZENS YOU HAVE, THE 6761 04:13:02,951 --> 04:13:06,755 BETTER OFF YOU DO IN RESPONSE TO 6762 04:13:06,755 --> 04:13:07,523 AN INSULT. 6763 04:13:07,523 --> 04:13:13,228 SO LASTLY, ALL PAIN IS NOT THE 6764 04:13:13,228 --> 04:13:13,529 SAME. 6765 04:13:13,529 --> 04:13:16,965 SO, OSTEOARTHRITIS PAIN IS NOT 6766 04:13:16,965 --> 04:13:18,200 FIBROMYALGIC PAIN SO WE CAN'T 6767 04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:19,101 HAVE 1 SINGLE MEASURE FOR PAIN 6768 04:13:19,101 --> 04:13:21,003 AND IT CAN BE THE SAME MEASURE 6769 04:13:21,003 --> 04:13:21,837 FOR ALL CONDITIONS. 6770 04:13:21,837 --> 04:13:25,140 FOR INSTANCE IT'S HARD FOR 6771 04:13:25,140 --> 04:13:26,241 PEOPLE WITH NEOOSTEOARTHRITIS TO 6772 04:13:26,241 --> 04:13:28,043 WALK UP STAIRS, NOT SUCH A BIG 6773 04:13:28,043 --> 04:13:29,711 PROBLEM FOR PEOPLE WITH 6774 04:13:29,711 --> 04:13:30,512 NEUROPATHIC PAIN USUALLY SO THEY 6775 04:13:30,512 --> 04:13:34,483 HAVE A LOT MORE MOVEMENT PAIN, 6776 04:13:34,483 --> 04:13:36,385 NEUROPATHIC PAIN HAS SPONTANEOUS 6777 04:13:36,385 --> 04:13:37,619 PAIN, SHOOTING PAINS DOESN'T 6778 04:13:37,619 --> 04:13:39,822 HAPPEN AS MUCH IN 6779 04:13:39,822 --> 04:13:40,656 OSTEOARTHRITIS, THEY HAVE 6780 04:13:40,656 --> 04:13:41,824 DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTS AND WITHIN 6781 04:13:41,824 --> 04:13:44,927 THE SAME INDIVIDUAL, ARE THE 6782 04:13:44,927 --> 04:13:46,862 SAME CONDITION, YOU MIGHT HAVE A 6783 04:13:46,862 --> 04:13:48,964 BIG VARIABILITY, SOME MIGHT HAVE 6784 04:13:48,964 --> 04:13:50,499 STRONGER SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS, 6785 04:13:50,499 --> 04:13:53,569 MIGHT HAVE STRONGER EFFECTS ON 6786 04:13:53,569 --> 04:13:55,471 THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN OR THE 6787 04:13:55,471 --> 04:13:56,505 PSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAIN AND OTHERS 6788 04:13:56,505 --> 04:13:58,207 MIGHT HAVE STRONGER EFFECTS IN 6789 04:13:58,207 --> 04:13:59,775 THE FUNCTIONAL DOMAIN SO WE HAVE 6790 04:13:59,775 --> 04:14:00,809 TO INDIVIDUALIZE IT AND YOU 6791 04:14:00,809 --> 04:14:03,078 HEARD ABOUT THE 6792 04:14:03,078 --> 04:14:04,246 INDIVIDUALIZATION WITH THE 6793 04:14:04,246 --> 04:14:05,514 SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL SCALES. 6794 04:14:05,514 --> 04:14:06,548 AND THOSE ARE OUT THERE. 6795 04:14:06,548 --> 04:14:09,751 WE USE THEM IN CLINICAL TRIALS 6796 04:14:09,751 --> 04:14:11,620 CALLED THE PATIENT SPECIFIC 6797 04:14:11,620 --> 04:14:12,654 FUNCTIONAL SCALE, IT'S NICE 6798 04:14:12,654 --> 04:14:13,489 BECAUSE PEOPLE PICK WHAT 6799 04:14:13,489 --> 04:14:14,323 BROTHERS THISEM AND THEN YOU CAN 6800 04:14:14,323 --> 04:14:15,858 SEE IF THAT GERONTOLOGYSTSS 6801 04:14:15,858 --> 04:14:16,091 BETTER. 6802 04:14:16,091 --> 04:14:17,392 IT'S A LITTLE HARDER TO DO 6803 04:14:17,392 --> 04:14:18,861 BECAUSE YOU BRING THE SAME 1 6804 04:14:18,861 --> 04:14:20,362 BACK EVERY TIME FOR THAT 6805 04:14:20,362 --> 04:14:23,932 INDIVIDUAL PERSON BUT IT'S 6806 04:14:23,932 --> 04:14:24,900 DOABLE. 6807 04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:26,201 OKAY, THIS IS MY LAST SLIDE. 6808 04:14:26,201 --> 04:14:30,005 SO TRANSLATION TO ANIMALS. 6809 04:14:30,005 --> 04:14:39,047 HA WE DO IN ANIMALS IS 6810 04:14:39,047 --> 04:14:41,149 SELF-REPORT MEASURE, WE DO THE 6811 04:14:41,149 --> 04:14:42,751 BEST WE CAN TO ASSESS THAT AND 6812 04:14:42,751 --> 04:14:44,186 THAT'S OKAY BUT WE NEED TO KEEP 6813 04:14:44,186 --> 04:14:46,622 IN MIND THAT STILL OUR GOLD 6814 04:14:46,622 --> 04:14:48,056 STANDARDS FOR PAIN, FATIGUE, 6815 04:14:48,056 --> 04:14:49,825 DISABILITY, QUALITY OF LIFE AND 6816 04:14:49,825 --> 04:14:50,492 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ARE ALWAYS 6817 04:14:50,492 --> 04:14:53,228 GOING TO BE SELF-REPORT. 6818 04:14:53,228 --> 04:15:03,739 SO WHEN WE GET TO OUR ANIMALS, 6819 04:15:14,883 --> 04:15:16,151 BUT THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS THE 6820 04:15:16,151 --> 04:15:17,452 SAME CONSTRUCT AND AS I SHOWED 6821 04:15:17,452 --> 04:15:19,488 YOU, THERE WILL BE DIFFERENCES 6822 04:15:19,488 --> 04:15:20,622 BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE AND THE 6823 04:15:20,622 --> 04:15:22,057 SELF-REPORT AND WHAT MATTERS TO 6824 04:15:22,057 --> 04:15:23,325 THE PATIENT, I HATE TO TELL YOU 6825 04:15:23,325 --> 04:15:24,660 IS ALL THE SELF-REPORT. 6826 04:15:24,660 --> 04:15:27,596 IF THEY THINK THEY'RE BETTER, 6827 04:15:27,596 --> 04:15:30,165 THEY'RE HAPPY AS A CLAM DESPITE 6828 04:15:30,165 --> 04:15:33,168 THEY'RE DOING THE SAME EXACT 6829 04:15:33,168 --> 04:15:34,770 ACTIVITY PRESURGERY. 6830 04:15:34,770 --> 04:15:36,004 AND THEN, ANIMAL MEASURES THAT 6831 04:15:36,004 --> 04:15:39,207 WE DO FOR ALL OF THESE THINGS, 6832 04:15:39,207 --> 04:15:41,276 ALWAYS TEND TO INVOLVE A MOTOR 6833 04:15:41,276 --> 04:15:43,845 TASK OF SOME SORT. 6834 04:15:43,845 --> 04:15:48,083 NOW JUST TO PUT IT OUT HERE IS 6835 04:15:48,083 --> 04:15:49,685 THAT MOTOR TASK INVOLVES THE 6836 04:15:49,685 --> 04:15:51,386 MOTOR SYSTEM AND THEREFORE IF I 6837 04:15:51,386 --> 04:15:53,355 HAVE A DEFICIT IN THE MOTOR 6838 04:15:53,355 --> 04:15:56,325 SYSTEM, I HAVE MUSCLE, PHYSICAL 6839 04:15:56,325 --> 04:15:56,558 FATIGUE. 6840 04:15:56,558 --> 04:15:59,161 AM I REALLY MEASURING PAIN OR AM 6841 04:15:59,161 --> 04:16:01,964 I MEASURING FATIGUE AS A 6842 04:16:01,964 --> 04:16:02,230 CONSTRUCT? 6843 04:16:02,230 --> 04:16:03,599 COMPREHEND AND I CAN TELL YOU 6844 04:16:03,599 --> 04:16:05,601 I'VE USED THE SAME MEASURES IN 6845 04:16:05,601 --> 04:16:09,504 ANIMAL MODELS OF PANE --PAIN THT 6846 04:16:09,504 --> 04:16:12,007 I USE INDEED ANIMAL MODELS OF 6847 04:16:12,007 --> 04:16:13,775 FATIGUE EMPLOY SO I HAVE TO 6848 04:16:13,775 --> 04:16:15,243 FIGURE OUT WAYS TO VALENTINED 6849 04:16:15,243 --> 04:16:16,445 DIADIC THAT SO THAT I AM 6850 04:16:16,445 --> 04:16:18,113 MEASURING WHAT I AM SUPPOSED TO 6851 04:16:18,113 --> 04:16:19,615 BE MEASURING AND IT DOES LEAD TO 6852 04:16:19,615 --> 04:16:22,718 A LOT OF DIFFICULTY WITH INTEP 6853 04:16:22,718 --> 04:16:22,985 RETATION. 6854 04:16:22,985 --> 04:16:23,986 AND LAST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER I 6855 04:16:23,986 --> 04:16:29,992 WILL THROW OUT THERE IS ASSESS 6856 04:16:29,992 --> 04:16:31,727 DISABILITY AND SOCIAL FUNCTION 6857 04:16:31,727 --> 04:16:32,928 AND SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL NURVEGZ 6858 04:16:32,928 --> 04:16:36,965 ANIMALS PROBABLY NOT DOABLE, 6859 04:16:36,965 --> 04:16:38,300 WELL, I LIED THERE WAS 1 MORE 6860 04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:40,235 AND THESE ARE THE ASSESS WANTS 6861 04:16:40,235 --> 04:16:43,872 WE DO IN ANIMALS I'M MOSTLY A 6862 04:16:43,872 --> 04:16:46,341 RODENT RESEARCHER, I DON'T DO 6863 04:16:46,341 --> 04:16:47,843 LARGE ANIMAL RESEARCH, I DON'T 6864 04:16:47,843 --> 04:16:49,144 EVEN OWN PETS BUT SO THIS IS 6865 04:16:49,144 --> 04:16:50,979 WHAT I'VE GOT FOR YOU BUT YOU 6866 04:16:50,979 --> 04:16:52,414 KNOW REMEMBER, THE GRIMACE SCALE 6867 04:16:52,414 --> 04:16:55,050 IS REALLY A GREAT MEASURE OF 6868 04:16:55,050 --> 04:17:05,527 ACUTE PAIN, IT'S SO GOOD FOR 6869 04:17:09,398 --> 04:17:10,232 CHRONIC PAIN. 6870 04:17:10,232 --> 04:17:11,633 --IN THE OUTCOME MEASURES WE USE 6871 04:17:11,633 --> 04:17:14,503 TO,A ASSESSES THE SAME 6872 04:17:14,503 --> 04:17:14,803 CONSTRUCTS. 6873 04:17:14,803 --> 04:17:16,138 AND SOA I'M TELLING SURVEYS WE 6874 04:17:16,138 --> 04:17:17,439 NEED TO BE THOUGHTFUL AND 6875 04:17:17,439 --> 04:17:20,976 CAREFUL WHEN WE PAIK 6876 04:17:20,976 --> 04:17:22,010 INTERPRETATIONS. 6877 04:17:22,010 --> 04:17:23,378 IN OUR ANIMALS, ABOUT WHETHER 6878 04:17:23,378 --> 04:17:25,914 THAT'S PAIN OR IS IT SOMETHING 6879 04:17:25,914 --> 04:17:27,616 ELSE ASK JUST AN OPEN MIND TO 6880 04:17:27,616 --> 04:17:30,052 ALL THE FACTORS THAT COULD BE 6881 04:17:30,052 --> 04:17:30,986 CONTRIBUTING TO THAT. 6882 04:17:30,986 --> 04:17:32,654 THAT I WILL SAY, THANK YOU AND 6883 04:17:32,654 --> 04:17:34,122 HOPEFULLY WE CAN GET JUSTIN BACK 6884 04:17:34,122 --> 04:17:44,299 ON EMPLOY. 6885 04:17:49,738 --> 04:17:53,008 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH DR. SLUKA 6886 04:17:53,008 --> 04:17:54,209 FOR AN INPIERING TALK EMPLOY SO 6887 04:17:54,209 --> 04:17:58,613 WE ARE GOING TO TRY TO BRING UP 6888 04:17:58,613 --> 04:18:01,316 AGAIN JUSTIN BERG, FIFTH YEAR 6889 04:18:01,316 --> 04:18:02,751 Ph.D. CANDIDATE AT COLUMBIA 6890 04:18:02,751 --> 04:18:05,420 UNIVERSITY, HE ALSO DID 6891 04:18:05,420 --> 04:18:07,122 UNDERGRADUATE TRAINING IN WU'S 6892 04:18:07,122 --> 04:18:11,693 LAB AND HE IS CURRENTLY IN THE 6893 04:18:11,693 --> 04:18:13,827 LAB OF DR. ISHMAIL DUS-SABOOR. 6894 04:18:13,827 --> 04:18:16,763 HELLO I'M JUSTIN 6895 04:18:16,763 --> 04:18:18,865 BERG, Ph.D. CANDIDATE FROM THE 6896 04:18:18,865 --> 04:18:21,267 LAB AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, I'M 6897 04:18:21,267 --> 04:18:23,503 OF COURSE NOT ISHMAIL, HE WISHES 6898 04:18:23,503 --> 04:18:25,605 HE COULD BE HERE TODAY BUT 6899 04:18:25,605 --> 04:18:26,673 INFORTUNATELY HE IS INCREDIBLY 6900 04:18:26,673 --> 04:18:27,006 SICK. 6901 04:18:27,006 --> 04:18:29,576 TODAY I WILL GIVE A TALK ON THE 6902 04:18:29,576 --> 04:18:32,846 ACUTE DIMENSION OF PAIN. 6903 04:18:32,846 --> 04:18:34,180 SPECIFICALLY ABOUT OUR LAB'S 6904 04:18:34,180 --> 04:18:38,384 WORK TO AUTOMATE BOTH THE 6905 04:18:38,384 --> 04:18:41,187 ANALYSIS AND STIMULUS FOR EVOKED 6906 04:18:41,187 --> 04:18:47,494 MECHANICAL PAIN ASSAYS. 6907 04:18:47,494 --> 04:18:48,695 NOW LET'S START WITH THE SIMPLE 6908 04:18:48,695 --> 04:18:50,630 QUESTION OF HOW DO YOU KNOW IF A 6909 04:18:50,630 --> 04:18:53,633 HUMAN OR MAY MOUSE IS IN PAIN. 6910 04:18:53,633 --> 04:18:55,502 WELL, FOR HUMANS WE HAVE A LOT 6911 04:18:55,502 --> 04:18:57,337 OF DIFFERENT TOOLS, WITH THE 6912 04:18:57,337 --> 04:19:00,507 MOST FEMALE ANDSOUS 1 BEING THE 6913 04:19:00,507 --> 04:19:02,976 SELF-REPORT ASSAY OF 0 TO 10 6914 04:19:02,976 --> 04:19:07,614 PAIN SCALE WHICH CAN BE DONE FOR 6915 04:19:07,614 --> 04:19:08,581 BOTH MAX, MEDIAL, MODERATE PAIN 6916 04:19:08,581 --> 04:19:10,183 OR WHATEVER YOU'RE LOOKING FOR 6917 04:19:10,183 --> 04:19:13,353 IN A PARTICULAR QUESTIONNAIRE. 6918 04:19:13,353 --> 04:19:15,688 IT'S INCREDIBLY USEFUL 6919 04:19:15,688 --> 04:19:16,756 ESPECIALLY SINCE A PATIENT'S 6920 04:19:16,756 --> 04:19:18,725 FEELING OF PAIN IS PROBABLY 6921 04:19:18,725 --> 04:19:20,527 WHAT'S MOST IMPORTANT TO THEM 6922 04:19:20,527 --> 04:19:22,629 BUT UNFORT HATELY THIS REALLY 6923 04:19:22,629 --> 04:19:24,664 DOESN'T--ISN'T FEASIBLE IN MICE, 6924 04:19:24,664 --> 04:19:27,300 YOU CAN'T ASK THEM WHAT THEIR 6925 04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:29,536 PAIN RATING IS SO WHAT WE 6926 04:19:29,536 --> 04:19:35,842 INSTEAD RELY UPON IS BEHAVIOR. 6927 04:19:35,842 --> 04:19:37,343 SO LET'S ZOOM IN ON A SPECIFIC 6928 04:19:37,343 --> 04:19:40,480 TYPE OF PAIN BEHAVIOR AND THAT'S 6929 04:19:40,480 --> 04:19:41,347 ACUTE MECHANICAL PAIN. 6930 04:19:41,347 --> 04:19:44,784 NOW, 1 OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED 6931 04:19:44,784 --> 04:19:47,153 ASSAYS FOR MEASURING ACUTE 6932 04:19:47,153 --> 04:19:50,557 MECHANICAL TOUCH AND PAIN IS THE 6933 04:19:50,557 --> 04:19:52,525 [INDISCERNIBLE] ASSAY, WHERE WE 6934 04:19:52,525 --> 04:19:54,928 TAKE A FILAMENT, AND APPLY IT TO 6935 04:19:54,928 --> 04:19:56,696 THE MOUSE'S PAW. 6936 04:19:56,696 --> 04:19:59,132 WE THEN MEASURE DID THE MOUSE 6937 04:19:59,132 --> 04:20:00,099 RESPOND TO THIS FILAMENT OR NOT 6938 04:20:00,099 --> 04:20:03,102 AND LOOK AT IT AND MEASURE IT IN 6939 04:20:03,102 --> 04:20:05,305 TERMS OF WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE 6940 04:20:05,305 --> 04:20:05,839 PERCENTAGE. 6941 04:20:05,839 --> 04:20:08,141 NOW, YOU CAN DO THIS IN MANY 6942 04:20:08,141 --> 04:20:10,977 DIFFERENT WAYS, WITH MANY 6943 04:20:10,977 --> 04:20:11,811 DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF THESE 6944 04:20:11,811 --> 04:20:14,647 FIBERS AND WHAT YOU WILL FIND IS 6945 04:20:14,647 --> 04:20:15,915 BOTH THAT ACROSS DIFFERENT LABS 6946 04:20:15,915 --> 04:20:20,253 YOU WILL GET MASSIVELY VARYING 6947 04:20:20,253 --> 04:20:21,921 WITHDRAWAL PERCENTAGES FOR THIS 6948 04:20:21,921 --> 04:20:25,024 EXACT SAME FIBER, AND ALSO GET 6949 04:20:25,024 --> 04:20:25,825 VERY DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS 6950 04:20:25,825 --> 04:20:27,694 OF THE THIS DATA WITH SOME 6951 04:20:27,694 --> 04:20:30,563 ARGUING THIS IS A PAIN ASSAY, 6952 04:20:30,563 --> 04:20:32,198 AND SOME ARGUING THAT SOME 6953 04:20:32,198 --> 04:20:34,801 FILAMENTS ARE TOUCH RELATED, 6954 04:20:34,801 --> 04:20:37,871 SOME ARE INTERMEDIATE, SOME ARE 6955 04:20:37,871 --> 04:20:40,240 NOXIOUS AND SOME ARGUING THAT 6956 04:20:40,240 --> 04:20:42,575 THIS ONLY MEASURES MECHANICAL 6957 04:20:42,575 --> 04:20:43,810 TOUCH OR SENSITIVITY. 6958 04:20:43,810 --> 04:20:45,445 FEIGNALLY AS HAS BEEN KNOWN OVER 6959 04:20:45,445 --> 04:20:47,247 IN DETAIL DEAD, PAIN IS VERY 6960 04:20:47,247 --> 04:20:48,181 MULTIDIMENSIONAL AND THIS 6961 04:20:48,181 --> 04:20:49,115 PARTICULAR ASSAY ONLY LOOKS AT 6962 04:20:49,115 --> 04:20:52,118 PAIN IN THAT SING WILL DIMENSION 6963 04:20:52,118 --> 04:20:52,919 OF WITHDRAWAL PERCENTAGE. 6964 04:20:52,919 --> 04:21:02,228 SO HOW CAN WE DO BETTER IN MY 6965 04:21:02,228 --> 04:21:05,932 LAB'S ANSWER COMES IN THE FORM 6966 04:21:05,932 --> 04:21:07,700 OF VIDEOGRAPHY, THEY'RE 6967 04:21:07,700 --> 04:21:12,472 RESPONDING TO THE PIN PRICKING 6968 04:21:12,472 --> 04:21:15,575 INTO THE PAW AND HOW THAT 6969 04:21:15,575 --> 04:21:16,276 STIMULATES THEM. 6970 04:21:16,276 --> 04:21:17,911 LET'S TART ABOUT 60 SPS, ABOUT 6971 04:21:17,911 --> 04:21:19,379 WHAT YOU COULD SEE WITH THE 6972 04:21:19,379 --> 04:21:23,616 NAKED EYE. . 6973 04:21:23,616 --> 04:21:25,985 YOU CAN CLEARLY SEE THAT IT'S 6974 04:21:25,985 --> 04:21:26,552 MARKED BY THE STIMULUS AND 6975 04:21:26,552 --> 04:21:28,187 BEYOND THAT YOU CAPTAIN SEE MUCH 6976 04:21:28,187 --> 04:21:28,554 MORE. 6977 04:21:28,554 --> 04:21:31,190 NOW LET'S SLOW IT DOWN. 6978 04:21:31,190 --> 04:21:33,559 AT 2000 FRAMES PER SECTION, YOU 6979 04:21:33,559 --> 04:21:34,827 CAN MEASURE THE MAX HEIGHT THE 6980 04:21:34,827 --> 04:21:36,562 MOUSE WENT TO AS WELL AS SEE 6981 04:21:36,562 --> 04:21:38,731 THAT THE MOUSE GUARDED WITH ITS 6982 04:21:38,731 --> 04:21:41,601 PAW AND SHOOK IT AROUND BOTH 6983 04:21:41,601 --> 04:21:43,002 ASPECTS THAT INDICATE BOTH THE 6984 04:21:43,002 --> 04:21:44,837 MOUSE WAS TRYING TO ALLEVIATE 6985 04:21:44,837 --> 04:21:46,973 PAIN BUT ALSO TRYING TO PROTECT 6986 04:21:46,973 --> 04:21:57,317 ITS PAW FROM FURTHER 6987 04:21:58,451 --> 04:21:58,718 STIMULATION. 6988 04:21:58,718 --> 04:22:00,420 SO WE TOOK THESE HIGH SPEED 6989 04:22:00,420 --> 04:22:01,921 VIDEOS AND WITHIN THEM WE 6990 04:22:01,921 --> 04:22:03,856 MEASURED ASPECTS OF THE PAW 6991 04:22:03,856 --> 04:22:04,824 MOVEMENT, WHETHER THE MOUSE 6992 04:22:04,824 --> 04:22:06,225 GUARDED WITH OUR PAW, WHETHER 6993 04:22:06,225 --> 04:22:08,761 THEY SHOOK THE PAW, WHETHER THEY 6994 04:22:08,761 --> 04:22:09,896 GRIMACED, AND WHETHER THEY 6995 04:22:09,896 --> 04:22:12,098 JUMPED WITH THEIR WHOLE BODY. 6996 04:22:12,098 --> 04:22:17,070 WE THEN MEASURED THESE 6997 04:22:17,070 --> 04:22:18,271 INDIVIDUAL FEATURES MANUALLY AND 6998 04:22:18,271 --> 04:22:20,073 COMBINED THEM INTO A PAIN SCALE 6999 04:22:20,073 --> 04:22:22,241 WHICH RATED THE MOUSES REACTION 7000 04:22:22,241 --> 04:22:24,077 ON A SCALE FROM MOST TOUCH LIKE 7001 04:22:24,077 --> 04:22:25,778 TO MOST PAIN LIKE. 7002 04:22:25,778 --> 04:22:29,549 THIS WAS OUR INITIAL WORK WITH 7003 04:22:29,549 --> 04:22:30,984 HIGH SPEED VIDEOGRAPHY, BUT IT 7004 04:22:30,984 --> 04:22:32,251 ISN'T WHERE WE FINISHED OUR 7005 04:22:32,251 --> 04:22:35,955 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TECHNIQUE. 7006 04:22:35,955 --> 04:22:38,091 THE NEXT STEP IN DEVELOPING IS 7007 04:22:38,091 --> 04:22:40,360 AUTOMATING THE ANALYSIS OF THESE 7008 04:22:40,360 --> 04:22:42,061 STIMULI. 7009 04:22:42,061 --> 04:22:44,230 SO WE USED SOFTWARE, FIRST 7010 04:22:44,230 --> 04:22:46,099 PROANALYSTS AND NOW SOFTWARE 7011 04:22:46,099 --> 04:22:48,401 CALLED SLEEP TO TRACK THE MOTION 7012 04:22:48,401 --> 04:22:50,636 OF THE MOUSES PAW IN RESPONSE TO 7013 04:22:50,636 --> 04:22:51,504 A STIMULI. 7014 04:22:51,504 --> 04:22:54,140 THIS GAVE US INCREDIBLY DETAILED 7015 04:22:54,140 --> 04:22:56,242 INFORMATION ABOUT HOW THE MOUSE 7016 04:22:56,242 --> 04:22:58,077 WAS RESPONDING AND ALLOWED US TO 7017 04:22:58,077 --> 04:23:00,713 DO FAR MORE IN TERMS OF ANALYSIS 7018 04:23:00,713 --> 04:23:04,784 THAN WAS EVER POSSIBLE WITH 7019 04:23:04,784 --> 04:23:05,651 MANUAL ANALYSIS. 7020 04:23:05,651 --> 04:23:07,620 LET'S START WITH JUST LOOKING AT 7021 04:23:07,620 --> 04:23:09,122 THE TRAJECTORY OF THESE 7022 04:23:09,122 --> 04:23:10,189 RESPONSES. 7023 04:23:10,189 --> 04:23:16,029 HERE YOU CAN SEE RESPONSES TO 7024 04:23:16,029 --> 04:23:17,530 CONSWAB, DYNAMIC BRUSH, LIGHT 7025 04:23:17,530 --> 04:23:20,233 PIN PRICK, HEAVY PIN PRICK, 7026 04:23:20,233 --> 04:23:24,437 ACROSS A VARIETY OF MOUSE 7027 04:23:24,437 --> 04:23:25,772 PHENOTYPES, C56 BLACK J, 1 OF 7028 04:23:25,772 --> 04:23:30,276 THE MOST COMMON TO 1S SUCH AS 7029 04:23:30,276 --> 04:23:34,080 BALB CAND AY, NOW WHAT I WOULD 7030 04:23:34,080 --> 04:23:36,783 LIKE YOU TO FOCUS ON THOSE IS 7031 04:23:36,783 --> 04:23:37,950 HOW THERE ARE SIMILARITIES 7032 04:23:37,950 --> 04:23:41,020 ACROSS ALL THESE MOUSE LINES 7033 04:23:41,020 --> 04:23:42,588 WHEN YOU LOOK AT BRUSH BEHAVIOR, 7034 04:23:42,588 --> 04:23:44,390 YOU WILL SEE CROSS ALL OF THESE 7035 04:23:44,390 --> 04:23:46,726 RESPONSES A SORT OF HILL LIKE 7036 04:23:46,726 --> 04:23:50,930 PATTERN EMERGES, A SIMPLE 7037 04:23:50,930 --> 04:23:52,765 UPDOWN, WHEREAS WHEN YOU LOOK AT 7038 04:23:52,765 --> 04:23:54,734 THE LIGHT PIN PRICK AND HEAVY 7039 04:23:54,734 --> 04:23:56,702 PIN PRICK RESPONSES YOU SEE FAR 7040 04:23:56,702 --> 04:23:58,404 GREATER VARIETY AND FAR MORE 7041 04:23:58,404 --> 04:24:01,074 INTENSE REACS EVEN IN MANY CASES 7042 04:24:01,074 --> 04:24:04,377 SHOWING A SORT OF FIGURE THE 8 7043 04:24:04,377 --> 04:24:04,610 PATTERN. 7044 04:24:04,610 --> 04:24:06,846 SO, CLEARLY FROM JUST LOOKING AT 7045 04:24:06,846 --> 04:24:08,581 THESE TRAJECTORIES WE CAN SEE 7046 04:24:08,581 --> 04:24:10,283 VARIATION BUT HOW CAN WE BETTER 7047 04:24:10,283 --> 04:24:13,319 ANALYZE THIS TRACKING DATA. 7048 04:24:13,319 --> 04:24:16,722 OUR ANSWER TO THIS IS THE PAWS 7049 04:24:16,722 --> 04:24:18,357 SOFTWARE WE DEVELOPED IN-HOUSE, 7050 04:24:18,357 --> 04:24:19,926 WHAT THIS SOFTWARE DID IS IT 7051 04:24:19,926 --> 04:24:21,527 TAKES THAT TRACKING DATA THAT WE 7052 04:24:21,527 --> 04:24:24,030 HAVE AND IT PULLS OUT SPECIFIC 7053 04:24:24,030 --> 04:24:25,798 FEATURES SUCH AS THE MAX 7054 04:24:25,798 --> 04:24:28,468 HEIGHTH, THE PAW GOES TO, THE 7055 04:24:28,468 --> 04:24:30,269 MAX VELOCITY, THE MEMBER OF 7056 04:24:30,269 --> 04:24:32,705 TIMES IT SHAKES ITS PAW, THE 7057 04:24:32,705 --> 04:24:35,007 AMOUNT OF TIME IT SPENDS 7058 04:24:35,007 --> 04:24:36,209 GUARDING AND TOTAL DISTANCE 7059 04:24:36,209 --> 04:24:36,609 TRAVELED. 7060 04:24:36,609 --> 04:24:38,611 WE'VE GONE PRACTICES THAT SINGLE 7061 04:24:38,611 --> 04:24:40,313 DIMENSION OF DID THE MOUSE 7062 04:24:40,313 --> 04:24:43,583 WITHDRAW ITS PAW OR NOT, TO A 7063 04:24:43,583 --> 04:24:45,885 MULTIDIMENSIONAL LOOK AT THE 7064 04:24:45,885 --> 04:24:47,820 SINGLE SWRAWL RESPONSE WHICH CAN 7065 04:24:47,820 --> 04:24:51,991 GIVE US FAR MORE INFORMATION 7066 04:24:51,991 --> 04:24:53,726 THIS HAS ENDED UP WITH THE WORK 7067 04:24:53,726 --> 04:24:55,828 FLOW WHERE WE TAKE A LOOK AT THE 7068 04:24:55,828 --> 04:24:58,364 MOUSE'S RESPONSE TO A TIMULOUS 7069 04:24:58,364 --> 04:25:00,600 AT HIGH SPEED, TRACK IT WITH A 7070 04:25:00,600 --> 04:25:02,935 PROGRAM SUCH AS DLC OR SLEEP, 7071 04:25:02,935 --> 04:25:04,637 RUN THIS TRACKING DATA THROUGH 7072 04:25:04,637 --> 04:25:06,305 OUR PAWS ARK MALSIS SOFTWARE, 7073 04:25:06,305 --> 04:25:08,374 AND THEN IF WE WISH, WE CAN THEN 7074 04:25:08,374 --> 04:25:11,644 BRING IT DOWN AGAIN TO A SINGLE 7075 04:25:11,644 --> 04:25:14,280 PAIN SCALE TO RATE IT ON A 7076 04:25:14,280 --> 04:25:15,781 MEASURE PRACTICES MOST PAIN LIKE 7077 04:25:15,781 --> 04:25:17,617 TO LEAST PAIN LIKE. 7078 04:25:17,617 --> 04:25:19,585 THOUGH WE HAVE FOUND RECENTLY HA 7079 04:25:19,585 --> 04:25:20,786 KEEPING THESE FEATURES AS IS AND 7080 04:25:20,786 --> 04:25:23,122 LOOKINGA THE THIS BEHAVIOR IN A 7081 04:25:23,122 --> 04:25:24,390 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SENSE MIGHT BE 7082 04:25:24,390 --> 04:25:26,492 FAR MORE USEFUL FOR MANY PAIN 7083 04:25:26,492 --> 04:25:26,926 MODELS. 7084 04:25:26,926 --> 04:25:29,128 I WOULD LIKE TO PAUSE AT THIS 7085 04:25:29,128 --> 04:25:32,298 MOMENT TO RECOGNIZE THE WORK OF 7086 04:25:32,298 --> 04:25:34,934 JESSICA JONES AND WILL FOSTER 7087 04:25:34,934 --> 04:25:39,138 WHOSE HARD WORK WAS TRIEWMENTAL 7088 04:25:39,138 --> 04:25:40,039 -INSTRUMENTAL IN THE 7089 04:25:40,039 --> 04:25:41,374 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TECHNIQUE. 7090 04:25:41,374 --> 04:25:43,743 ON ANOTHER NOTE, I WILL ALSO 7091 04:25:43,743 --> 04:25:47,346 LIKE TO RECOGNIZE THE WORK OF 7092 04:25:47,346 --> 04:25:48,981 ANDRE TUSSAINT IN OUR LAB WHO 7093 04:25:48,981 --> 04:25:51,150 APLOYED THIS TECHNIQUE ALSO TO 7094 04:25:51,150 --> 04:25:52,618 RATS FINDING THAT THE SAME 7095 04:25:52,618 --> 04:25:53,953 PRINCIPLES WERE EFFECTIVE IN 7096 04:25:53,953 --> 04:25:58,991 MEASURING PAIN IN RATS. 7097 04:25:58,991 --> 04:26:01,060 SO WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE IN 7098 04:26:01,060 --> 04:26:01,994 WELL WE HAVE SEVERAL PRONL 7099 04:26:01,994 --> 04:26:03,429 ECTOMYOSINS THAT HAVE TAKEN THIS 7100 04:26:03,429 --> 04:26:04,263 TECHNIQUE AND MOVED FORWARD IN 7101 04:26:04,263 --> 04:26:05,865 OUR LAB WITH IT. 7102 04:26:05,865 --> 04:26:07,967 ONE OF THEM IS WORK THAT'S 7103 04:26:07,967 --> 04:26:09,936 FUNDED PIE THE NIH HEAL INITTIA 7104 04:26:09,936 --> 04:26:12,371 ITIVE AND IT'S LOOKING AT 7105 04:26:12,371 --> 04:26:14,440 GENETIC VARIATION IN PAIN. 7106 04:26:14,440 --> 04:26:16,642 GENETIC VARIATION IN PAIN IS OF 7107 04:26:16,642 --> 04:26:20,479 COURSE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT TO 7108 04:26:20,479 --> 04:26:22,848 STUDY AS INCREASED SENSITIVITY 7109 04:26:22,848 --> 04:26:25,017 TO BASE LINE PAIN DUE TO GENETIC 7110 04:26:25,017 --> 04:26:29,188 FACTORS IN HUMANS, IS A LEADING 7111 04:26:29,188 --> 04:26:30,456 RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 7112 04:26:30,456 --> 04:26:34,293 OF CHRONIC PAIN AND POTENTIAL 7113 04:26:34,293 --> 04:26:35,094 FOR OPIOID MISUSE. 7114 04:26:35,094 --> 04:26:40,032 SO HOW CAN WE STUDY IT IN MICE 7115 04:26:40,032 --> 04:26:41,867 IN WELL, THE STRATEGY WE'VE USED 7116 04:26:41,867 --> 04:26:44,470 IS LOOKING AT AS YOU'VE SEEN 7117 04:26:44,470 --> 04:26:47,373 PREVIOUSLY IN THIS SLIDE SHOW, 7118 04:26:47,373 --> 04:26:48,774 MULTIPLE INBRED MOUSE LINE ANDS 7119 04:26:48,774 --> 04:26:50,943 LOOKING TO SEE, DO WE SEE ANY 7120 04:26:50,943 --> 04:26:52,912 VARIATION IN BASE LINE OR 7121 04:26:52,912 --> 04:26:53,679 ONGOING PAN BEHAVIOR. 7122 04:26:53,679 --> 04:26:54,947 IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE, WE HAVE 7123 04:26:54,947 --> 04:27:00,219 A MOUSE LINE CALLED SJL, THAT 7124 04:27:00,219 --> 04:27:03,923 SHOWS INCREASED PAIN BEHAVIOR IN 7125 04:27:03,923 --> 04:27:06,092 RESPONSE TO BOTH CONSWAB AND 7126 04:27:06,092 --> 04:27:15,635 HEAVY PIN PRICK, SO BOTH 7127 04:27:15,635 --> 04:27:17,236 HYPOALOE GENERATEDDIA, ACROSS 7128 04:27:17,236 --> 04:27:19,071 THE GRAPHS HERE, WE SEE 7129 04:27:19,071 --> 04:27:20,273 GUARDING, SHAKING AND GRIMACING 7130 04:27:20,273 --> 04:27:23,676 BUT ALSO WE SEE IT IN WHAT WE 7131 04:27:23,676 --> 04:27:25,411 ARGUE ARE MORE REFLEXIVE ASSPECS 7132 04:27:25,411 --> 04:27:28,581 SUCH AS THE MAX PAW HEIGHT ISSUE 7133 04:27:28,581 --> 04:27:31,617 THE PAW GOES TO IN RESPONSE TO 7134 04:27:31,617 --> 04:27:31,951 THESE STIMULI. 7135 04:27:31,951 --> 04:27:33,653 WE INTEND TO MOVE FORWARD WITH 7136 04:27:33,653 --> 04:27:36,455 THIS PROJECT BY LOOKING AT HOW 7137 04:27:36,455 --> 04:27:39,458 THESE MICE SIZE UP TO THE C57 7138 04:27:39,458 --> 04:27:43,029 MICE WHEN WE ELECTRIC AT HEIGHT 7139 04:27:43,029 --> 04:27:43,863 AND PAINITATESSAs WELL AS 7140 04:27:43,863 --> 04:27:45,598 LOOKING AT THE MECHANISMS THAT 7141 04:27:45,598 --> 04:27:48,501 MIGHT BE BEHIND THIS DIFFERENCE 7142 04:27:48,501 --> 04:27:54,473 IN BASE LINE PAIN AND ROOT 7143 04:27:54,473 --> 04:27:54,740 BEHAVIOR. 7144 04:27:54,740 --> 04:27:56,842 FROM HERE, I WILL LOOK AT HOW 7145 04:27:56,842 --> 04:27:58,010 OUR MODEL HAS FUNCTIONED WHEN WE 7146 04:27:58,010 --> 04:28:00,413 LOOK AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF 7147 04:28:00,413 --> 04:28:01,013 HEIGHTENED PAINITATES. 7148 04:28:01,013 --> 04:28:03,916 THIS WORK WAS CONDUCTED IN 7149 04:28:03,916 --> 04:28:06,619 PARTNERSHIP WITH THE CABRERA LAB 7150 04:28:06,619 --> 04:28:09,588 AND THE SMITH LAB. 7151 04:28:09,588 --> 04:28:11,424 SO WE'RE GOING TO BE LOOKING 7152 04:28:11,424 --> 04:28:15,795 TODAY AT 2 DIFFERENT PAIN 7153 04:28:15,795 --> 04:28:16,662 MODELS. 7154 04:28:16,662 --> 04:28:18,230 THE CORAGINAN MODEL WHICH IS 7155 04:28:18,230 --> 04:28:19,665 COMMONLY USED TO ELECTRIC AT 7156 04:28:19,665 --> 04:28:20,599 INFLAMMATION BASED PAIN IN THE 7157 04:28:20,599 --> 04:28:22,101 PAW WHERE YOU INJECT IT INTO THE 7158 04:28:22,101 --> 04:28:24,537 PAW AND THEN LOOK AT IT, ACROSS 7159 04:28:24,537 --> 04:28:26,939 THE 4 HOUR AND 24 HOUR TIME 7160 04:28:26,939 --> 04:28:32,545 POINT LOOKING AT HOW THE 7161 04:28:32,545 --> 04:28:40,720 INFLAMMATION PROMPTED BY THE 7162 04:28:40,720 --> 04:28:41,253 CARRAGEENAN MODEL. 7163 04:28:41,253 --> 04:28:42,188 THE SECOND MODEL IS WHERE WE 7164 04:28:42,188 --> 04:28:45,991 TAKE AN ENYEKS IN THE KNEE AND 7165 04:28:45,991 --> 04:28:47,760 PROMPTS SIMULATION THAT IS LIKE 7166 04:28:47,760 --> 04:28:48,694 OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE MOUSE. 7167 04:28:48,694 --> 04:28:50,896 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THIS AT BASE 7168 04:28:50,896 --> 04:28:52,998 LINE AT THE DAY 3 AND 10 TIME 7169 04:28:52,998 --> 04:28:53,332 POINTS. 7170 04:28:53,332 --> 04:28:55,134 SO HOW DOES THIS LOOK WHEN WE 7171 04:28:55,134 --> 04:28:56,902 AMRI OUR HIGH SPEED IMANNUALING 7172 04:28:56,902 --> 04:28:59,672 MODEL TO THESE MICE. 7173 04:28:59,672 --> 04:29:04,744 SO LET'S START WITH THE 7174 04:29:04,744 --> 04:29:05,611 CARRAGEENAN MODEL. 7175 04:29:05,611 --> 04:29:06,912 WHAT WE FOUND WAS INTERESTING, 7176 04:29:06,912 --> 04:29:09,548 WHEN LOOKING AT SHAKING BEHAVIOR 7177 04:29:09,548 --> 04:29:11,951 AS SEEN IN FIGURE B, WE FOUND 7178 04:29:11,951 --> 04:29:13,919 ONLY ALOE DENNIA AT THE 4 7179 04:29:13,919 --> 04:29:18,524 HOURIME POINT WITH APPARENTLY 7180 04:29:18,524 --> 04:29:20,659 THAT ALOE DENNIA HAVING SUBSIDED 7181 04:29:20,659 --> 04:29:25,131 BY THE 24 HOUR TIME POINT AND NO 7182 04:29:25,131 --> 04:29:26,665 HYPER ALGEEZIA BY SHAKING. 7183 04:29:26,665 --> 04:29:29,635 ON THE OTHER HAND WHEN YOU LOOK 7184 04:29:29,635 --> 04:29:31,937 AT GUARDING, WE FOUND ALODENNIA 7185 04:29:31,937 --> 04:29:34,340 IS NOT AN THE 24 HOUR TIME POINT 7186 04:29:34,340 --> 04:29:39,378 BUT WE FOUND INCREASED GUARDING 7187 04:29:39,378 --> 04:29:41,447 FOR FOR PIN PRICK AT THE 24 HOUR 7188 04:29:41,447 --> 04:29:41,714 TIMELINE. 7189 04:29:41,714 --> 04:29:44,250 BY LOOKING AT THIS BEHAVIOR IN A 7190 04:29:44,250 --> 04:29:48,521 MULTIDIMENSIONAL WAY, WE'RE ABLE 7191 04:29:48,521 --> 04:29:49,355 TO DETECT INCREASED PAIN STATE 7192 04:29:49,355 --> 04:29:51,757 THAT WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO 7193 04:29:51,757 --> 04:29:53,826 DETECT IF WE WERE ONLY LOOKING 7194 04:29:53,826 --> 04:29:55,561 AT IT USING TOUCH STIMULI OR IF 7195 04:29:55,561 --> 04:29:57,229 WE WERE ONLY MEASURING 1 OF 7196 04:29:57,229 --> 04:30:03,803 THESE ASPECTS OF PAIN. 7197 04:30:03,803 --> 04:30:04,870 NEXT FOR THE OSTEOARTHRITIS 7198 04:30:04,870 --> 04:30:08,307 MODEL WE FOUND NO HYPER ALGEEZIA 7199 04:30:08,307 --> 04:30:11,310 BUT WE FOUND ALODENNIA AT THE 7200 04:30:11,310 --> 04:30:15,381 DAY TIME POINT BY GUARDING. 7201 04:30:15,381 --> 04:30:16,749 ONCE AGAIN SHOWING THAT BY 7202 04:30:16,749 --> 04:30:18,617 KEEPING THESE FEATURES SEPARATED 7203 04:30:18,617 --> 04:30:20,853 AND NOT LOOKING AT IT IN A 7204 04:30:20,853 --> 04:30:22,254 MONODISCIPLINARY MENINGAL MEARP, 7205 04:30:22,254 --> 04:30:24,490 WE CAN DETECT FEATURES THAT WERE 7206 04:30:24,490 --> 04:30:25,591 NOT POSSIBLE BEFORE. 7207 04:30:25,591 --> 04:30:26,759 THIS COULDN'T BE REALLY 7208 04:30:26,759 --> 04:30:28,594 DETERMINED BY JUST LOOKING AT 7209 04:30:28,594 --> 04:30:29,862 WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE BUT INSTEAD 7210 04:30:29,862 --> 04:30:31,197 BY SLOWING THINGS DOWN AND 7211 04:30:31,197 --> 04:30:40,906 LOOKING AT THIS FEATURE OF 7212 04:30:40,906 --> 04:30:41,307 GUARDING. 7213 04:30:41,307 --> 04:30:43,709 SO LET'S ZOOM BACK OUT FOR THE 7214 04:30:43,709 --> 04:30:46,011 ORIGINAL ASSAYS THAT I SHOWED 7215 04:30:46,011 --> 04:30:48,347 YOU EARLIER BECAUSE WE TALKED 7216 04:30:48,347 --> 04:30:49,281 ABOUT IMLIMITTATIONS WITH THE 7217 04:30:49,281 --> 04:30:50,716 CURRENT WAYS OF ANALYZING THOSE 7218 04:30:50,716 --> 04:30:52,585 ARK SAYS ABOUT YOU WE DIDN'T 7219 04:30:52,585 --> 04:30:54,353 REALLY TALK ABOUT WHAT ARE SOME 7220 04:30:54,353 --> 04:30:56,088 OF THE MORE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES 7221 04:30:56,088 --> 04:30:58,991 WITH HOW WE DO THESE ASSAYS IN 7222 04:30:58,991 --> 04:31:01,060 WELL, ON A LOGISTICAL LEVEL, 7223 04:31:01,060 --> 04:31:02,928 THEY REQUIRE AN INCREDIBLY 7224 04:31:02,928 --> 04:31:08,734 SKILLED INDIVIDUAL IN ORDER TO 7225 04:31:08,734 --> 04:31:12,104 APPLY THESE VON FREY HAIRS, 7226 04:31:12,104 --> 04:31:13,639 OFTEN IT IS SEEN AS SOMEONE WHO 7227 04:31:13,639 --> 04:31:16,041 IS NOT WELL TRAINED AND ABLE TO 7228 04:31:16,041 --> 04:31:19,512 GENERATE DATA UNTIL AFTER 3-6 7229 04:31:19,512 --> 04:31:22,114 MONTHS OF TREANING AND PRACTICE. 7230 04:31:22,114 --> 04:31:23,949 AND IT IS COMMON PRACTICE NOT TO 7231 04:31:23,949 --> 04:31:25,718 COMPARE THESE 2, AS 1 WAY THEY 7232 04:31:25,718 --> 04:31:27,186 WILL APPLY THIS IS DIFFERENT 7233 04:31:27,186 --> 04:31:28,754 THAN ANOTHER WAY A RESEARCHER 7234 04:31:28,754 --> 04:31:29,221 MAY. 7235 04:31:29,221 --> 04:31:31,090 AND I WOULD GO FARTHER TO ARGUE 7236 04:31:31,090 --> 04:31:33,292 THAT DATA FOR A SINGLE 7237 04:31:33,292 --> 04:31:34,660 RESEARCHER SHOULDN'T REALLY BE 7238 04:31:34,660 --> 04:31:35,694 COMPARED BETWEEN YEARS BECAUSE 7239 04:31:35,694 --> 04:31:39,999 YOU WILL EVOLVE IN HOW YOU 7240 04:31:39,999 --> 04:31:41,700 STIMULATE THESE MICE OVERTIME AS 7241 04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:42,401 IT PASSES. 7242 04:31:42,401 --> 04:31:46,705 IT OF COURSE REQUIRES AN ABLE 7243 04:31:46,705 --> 04:31:48,874 BODIED RESEARCHER WHICH LIMITS 7244 04:31:48,874 --> 04:31:51,076 ACCESSIBILITY TO THIS RESEARCH. 7245 04:31:51,076 --> 04:31:52,811 IT'S A WORKPLACE HAZARD BUT MOST 7246 04:31:52,811 --> 04:31:54,680 IMPORTANTLY FOR SOME OF SUBJECTS 7247 04:31:54,680 --> 04:31:56,882 THAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TODAY, 7248 04:31:56,882 --> 04:31:58,450 IT HAS INCONSISTENCIES WITH HOW 7249 04:31:58,450 --> 04:31:59,985 YOU DELIVER THE STIMULUS FROM 7250 04:31:59,985 --> 04:32:02,087 TRIAL TO TRIAL, CREATING ISSUES 7251 04:32:02,087 --> 04:32:09,795 FOR ANALYZING OUR DATA, BUT 7252 04:32:09,795 --> 04:32:11,530 ALSO, INTRODUCES THE PROBLEM OF 7253 04:32:11,530 --> 04:32:11,764 STRESS. 7254 04:32:11,764 --> 04:32:13,599 THE VERY PROBLEM FOR THE 7255 04:32:13,599 --> 04:32:14,900 RESEARCHER LOOMING OVER THE 7256 04:32:14,900 --> 04:32:16,435 MICE, THE BODY ODOR, THE PICTURE 7257 04:32:16,435 --> 04:32:19,171 OF THEM THERE LOOMING OVER THE 7258 04:32:19,171 --> 04:32:20,372 MICE WILL STRESS THEM OUT 7259 04:32:20,372 --> 04:32:22,107 MASSIVELY SO WE'RE DRIEWSING 7260 04:32:22,107 --> 04:32:23,943 THIS ADDITIONAL FACTOR WHEN WE 7261 04:32:23,943 --> 04:32:25,811 PERFORM THESE ARK SAYS THAT WE 7262 04:32:25,811 --> 04:32:27,446 ARE TRYING TO MEASURE AND THAT 7263 04:32:27,446 --> 04:32:30,749 COULD BE MESSING WITH OUR DATA. 7264 04:32:30,749 --> 04:32:33,519 SO HOW CAN WE IMPROVE UPON THIS 7265 04:32:33,519 --> 04:32:35,254 IN OUR LABS ANSWER THIS 7266 04:32:35,254 --> 04:32:39,458 QUESTION, IS THE AUTOMATED 7267 04:32:39,458 --> 04:32:40,292 REPRODUCIBLE MECHANO STIMULATOR 7268 04:32:40,292 --> 04:32:42,828 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE ARM. 7269 04:32:42,828 --> 04:32:49,101 THIS DEVICE IS USED TO APPLY A 7270 04:32:49,101 --> 04:32:50,502 CONSISTENT STIMULUS TO THE 7271 04:32:50,502 --> 04:32:52,037 MOUSE, SO WE CAN CHANGE IT EVERY 7272 04:32:52,037 --> 04:32:53,806 WAY WE WISH SO EVERY SINGLE 7273 04:32:53,806 --> 04:32:56,508 MOUSE WILL RECEIVE THE EXACT 7274 04:32:56,508 --> 04:32:57,276 SAME STIMULUS, IN THIS CASE, YOU 7275 04:32:57,276 --> 04:33:00,112 SLEEP APNEA AND OBESITYY IT 7276 04:33:00,112 --> 04:33:01,981 RECEIVING A COTTON SWAB. 7277 04:33:01,981 --> 04:33:04,116 THIS DEVICE ALLOWS FOR FAR MORE 7278 04:33:04,116 --> 04:33:06,185 ACCURATE STIMULATION OF THE 7279 04:33:06,185 --> 04:33:06,719 MICE. 7280 04:33:06,719 --> 04:33:09,488 ONE FACT ISSUE WITH TRADITIONAL 7281 04:33:09,488 --> 04:33:10,656 MA CHANICAL STIMULI THAT I 7282 04:33:10,656 --> 04:33:11,624 DIDN'T MENTION EARLIER IS THAT 7283 04:33:11,624 --> 04:33:14,793 OFTEN YOU NEED TO REPEAT 7284 04:33:14,793 --> 04:33:16,629 MEASURES WITH MECHANICAL STIMULI 7285 04:33:16,629 --> 04:33:18,230 BECAUSE YOU MISS THE PAW, 7286 04:33:18,230 --> 04:33:21,333 BECAUSE YOU HIT IT IN THE WRONG 7287 04:33:21,333 --> 04:33:23,702 SPOT, YOU GLANCE OFF IT AND HIT 7288 04:33:23,702 --> 04:33:24,136 THE BELLY. 7289 04:33:24,136 --> 04:33:25,571 ALL THESE FACTORS MEAN THAT THE 7290 04:33:25,571 --> 04:33:26,739 SECOND TIME YOU STIMULATE, WON'T 7291 04:33:26,739 --> 04:33:28,240 BE THE SAME AS THE FIRST TIME 7292 04:33:28,240 --> 04:33:31,510 YOU COULD HAVE STIMULATED IT. 7293 04:33:31,510 --> 04:33:32,978 SO FAR BETTER ACCURACY WILL LEAD 7294 04:33:32,978 --> 04:33:35,114 TO FAR BETTER RESULTS. 7295 04:33:35,114 --> 04:33:37,883 IN THIS CASE, OUR DATA HAS SHOWN 7296 04:33:37,883 --> 04:33:39,985 THERE'S A 92% INKRES IN ACRAZZY 7297 04:33:39,985 --> 04:33:42,321 WHEN USING THE ARM FOR ACTUALLY 7298 04:33:42,321 --> 04:33:45,124 STIMULATING THE TARGET YOU WISH 7299 04:33:45,124 --> 04:33:48,894 TO TARGET EMPLOY BUT WHAT CAN WE 7300 04:33:48,894 --> 04:33:53,432 SAY ABOUT THE STIMULUS ITSELF. 7301 04:33:53,432 --> 04:33:55,134 THEY'VE SAID QUITE A LOT ABOUT 7302 04:33:55,134 --> 04:33:56,235 DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS BUT HOW 7303 04:33:56,235 --> 04:34:02,207 DOES THAT ACTUALLY COMPARE WITH 7304 04:34:02,207 --> 04:34:02,474 THE ARM. 7305 04:34:02,474 --> 04:34:04,109 WELL, LET'S JUST TART WITH 1 7306 04:34:04,109 --> 04:34:06,979 RESEARCHER. 7307 04:34:06,979 --> 04:34:08,947 SO WE TOOK A FORCE GAUGE AND 7308 04:34:08,947 --> 04:34:11,083 HOOKED IT UP TO THE ARM AND 7309 04:34:11,083 --> 04:34:14,620 APPLY A 1 APPLYING VAN FREY HAIR 7310 04:34:14,620 --> 04:34:15,654 TO THE FIRST CAGE. 7311 04:34:15,654 --> 04:34:19,758 WHAT WE FOUND WAS THERE WAS SOME 7312 04:34:19,758 --> 04:34:20,826 INCONSISTENCY THAT APPEARED TO 7313 04:34:20,826 --> 04:34:22,094 BE BASED ON THE PACT THAT THE 7314 04:34:22,094 --> 04:34:26,398 FIRST CAGE HAS A MINIMUM 7315 04:34:26,398 --> 04:34:27,599 RESOLUTION OF 0.05-GRAM FORCE. 7316 04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:30,302 AND THE VARIATION WE SAW WITH 7317 04:34:30,302 --> 04:34:32,237 THE ARM STIMULUS APPEARED TO BE 7318 04:34:32,237 --> 04:34:34,039 MOSTLY RELATED TO THAT REZONING 7319 04:34:34,039 --> 04:34:35,574 AND SO THIS WAS A VERY GOOD 7320 04:34:35,574 --> 04:34:38,243 RESULT, BUT NOW LET'S TRY 7321 04:34:38,243 --> 04:34:41,180 APPLYING THAT SAME GRAIM FORCE 7322 04:34:41,180 --> 04:34:42,748 BY HUMAN HANDS. 7323 04:34:42,748 --> 04:34:45,617 WHAT WE FOUND WAS MASSIVELY MORE 7324 04:34:45,617 --> 04:34:47,586 VARIATION, EVEN WHEN THE 7325 04:34:47,586 --> 04:34:49,254 RESEARCHER WAS ATTEMPTING TO 7326 04:34:49,254 --> 04:34:52,791 LINE UP THE TIME FRAME EXACTLY 7327 04:34:52,791 --> 04:34:54,827 BETWEEN STIMULI, THEY WERE 7328 04:34:54,827 --> 04:34:57,129 UNABLE TO MATCH THE ACCURACY OF 7329 04:34:57,129 --> 04:34:59,164 THE ARM AS WELL AS THE VARIATION 7330 04:34:59,164 --> 04:35:03,035 IN WHAT FORCE THEY WERE ACTUALLY 7331 04:35:03,035 --> 04:35:04,870 APPLYING OVERTIME WAS EXTREME. 7332 04:35:04,870 --> 04:35:06,505 THIS WAS CONSISTENT WHEN LOOKING 7333 04:35:06,505 --> 04:35:11,443 AT 2-GRAM AND THEN 6-GRAM 7334 04:35:11,443 --> 04:35:13,378 VON FREY HAIRS WITH THE INCREASE 7335 04:35:13,378 --> 04:35:15,748 IN VARIATION AS WE INCREASED THE 7336 04:35:15,748 --> 04:35:17,516 FORCE BEING APPLIED, LEAKILY IN 7337 04:35:17,516 --> 04:35:19,685 PART BEING BOTH DUE TO THE 7338 04:35:19,685 --> 04:35:22,755 DIFFERENCES IN THESE VON FREY 7339 04:35:22,755 --> 04:35:24,223 HAIRS BUT ALSO BECAUSE THE 7340 04:35:24,223 --> 04:35:27,092 LIMITATION OF THIS TEST BEING 7341 04:35:27,092 --> 04:35:28,327 THE 0.05-GRAM FORCE RESOLUTION 7342 04:35:28,327 --> 04:35:29,762 NOT BEING AS MUCH OF A PROBLEM 7343 04:35:29,762 --> 04:35:31,964 ONCE WE MOVED ON TO 2 BRAHMA AND 7344 04:35:31,964 --> 04:35:32,197 6-GRAM. 7345 04:35:32,197 --> 04:35:34,166 AS CAN YOU SEE, THE ARM BECAME 7346 04:35:34,166 --> 04:35:38,837 MORE ACCURATE AS WE INCREASED 7347 04:35:38,837 --> 04:35:44,109 FORCE WHILE HUMANS BECAME LESS 7348 04:35:44,109 --> 04:35:44,376 ACCURATE. 7349 04:35:44,376 --> 04:35:50,182 SO WE'VE SHOWN THAT THE ARM IS 7350 04:35:50,182 --> 04:35:51,450 FAR MORE ACCURATE, BUT IS THERE 7351 04:35:51,450 --> 04:35:53,452 ANY WAY TO MEASURE NEW THINGS BY 7352 04:35:53,452 --> 04:35:54,720 USING THE ARM. 7353 04:35:54,720 --> 04:35:55,821 BY MESSING AROUND WITH THE ARM 7354 04:35:55,821 --> 04:35:58,624 AND CONNECTING IT UP WITH OUR 7355 04:35:58,624 --> 04:36:01,226 HIGH SPEED CAMERA, WE WERE ABLE 7356 04:36:01,226 --> 04:36:03,495 TO MEASURE AND WITHDRAWAL THE 7357 04:36:03,495 --> 04:36:06,765 STIMULUS FOR BOTH COTTON SWAB 7358 04:36:06,765 --> 04:36:07,599 AND PIN PRICK BEHAVIOR. 7359 04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:09,301 WE FOUND THAT USING THIS MEASURE 7360 04:36:09,301 --> 04:36:10,736 ALONE WE WERE ABLE TO SEPARATE 7361 04:36:10,736 --> 04:36:13,071 HOW MALE AND FEMALE MICE BETWEEN 7362 04:36:13,071 --> 04:36:15,440 A COTTON SWAB RESPONSE AND A PIN 7363 04:36:15,440 --> 04:36:17,442 PRICK RESPONSE ALLOWING FOR YET 7364 04:36:17,442 --> 04:36:20,979 ANOTHER BEHAVIOR THAT WE CAN ADD 7365 04:36:20,979 --> 04:36:26,051 TO OUR MULTIKIMENTIONAL VIEW OF 7366 04:36:26,051 --> 04:36:26,752 A WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE. 7367 04:36:26,752 --> 04:36:28,587 THIS THESE MEASURES ARE BEING 7368 04:36:28,587 --> 04:36:30,489 MADE MANUELLY BUT WE INCORPORATE 7369 04:36:30,489 --> 04:36:34,860 IT INTO OUR PAWS SOFTWARE. 7370 04:36:34,860 --> 04:36:37,062 MOVES FORWARD WE WANT TO ASK A 7371 04:36:37,062 --> 04:36:40,999 SIMPLE QUESTION, SO WE'VE 7372 04:36:40,999 --> 04:36:41,767 DECREASED VARIATION IN STIMULUS 7373 04:36:41,767 --> 04:36:43,936 BUT WHAT EFFECT HAS THAT HAD ON 7374 04:36:43,936 --> 04:36:45,637 VARIATION IN MOUSE PAIN 7375 04:36:45,637 --> 04:36:45,904 BEHAVIOR. 7376 04:36:45,904 --> 04:36:48,307 WE LOOKED AT LIGHT AND HEAVY PIN 7377 04:36:48,307 --> 04:36:50,709 PRICK BEHAVIOR ACROSS MALE AND 7378 04:36:50,709 --> 04:36:52,411 FEMALE MICE. 7379 04:36:52,411 --> 04:36:53,779 AND TREATING THESE 4 DPROWPS 7380 04:36:53,779 --> 04:36:55,948 EACH AS A DATA SET. 7381 04:36:55,948 --> 04:36:57,482 WE THEN PRESSURE, CALCULATED 7382 04:36:57,482 --> 04:37:00,919 SOMETHING CALLED CO EFFICIENT OF 7383 04:37:00,919 --> 04:37:02,154 VARIATION WHICH IS THE STANDARD 7384 04:37:02,154 --> 04:37:03,689 DEVIATION OF A DATA SET 7385 04:37:03,689 --> 04:37:05,724 NORMALIZED BY THE ME. 7386 04:37:05,724 --> 04:37:07,626 WHAT THAT MEANS IS WE CAN 7387 04:37:07,626 --> 04:37:09,194 COMPARE THE VARIATION IN A 7388 04:37:09,194 --> 04:37:12,631 SINGLE DATA SET ACROSS SAY, 7389 04:37:12,631 --> 04:37:15,000 MANUAL VERSUS ARM DATA. 7390 04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,803 WHAT WOE FOUND WAS INTERESTING. 7391 04:37:17,803 --> 04:37:21,807 WE FOUND THAT CROSS MAX HEIGHT, 7392 04:37:21,807 --> 04:37:23,442 MAX WIDE VELOCITY AND DISTANCE 7393 04:37:23,442 --> 04:37:25,644 TRAVELED TREATING THEM AS A 7394 04:37:25,644 --> 04:37:26,778 GROUP, A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT 7395 04:37:26,778 --> 04:37:29,715 DECREASE IN THE VARIATION IN 7396 04:37:29,715 --> 04:37:31,383 MOUSE PAIN BEHAVIOR WHEN LOOKING 7397 04:37:31,383 --> 04:37:40,125 ACROSS THESE DATA SETS. 7398 04:37:40,125 --> 04:37:41,894 AND LOOKING MASS TRAVELED 7399 04:37:41,894 --> 04:37:43,028 DISTANCE, WE FOUND DID YOU 7400 04:37:43,028 --> 04:37:45,731 CREASE IN VARIATION, THIS WAS 7401 04:37:45,731 --> 04:37:46,265 ABOUT 26%. 7402 04:37:46,265 --> 04:37:47,666 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR RESEARCH 7403 04:37:47,666 --> 04:37:49,067 IN WELL THAT MEANS THAT EVEN IF 7404 04:37:49,067 --> 04:37:54,206 YOU ARE DOING IT IN A BLIND 7405 04:37:54,206 --> 04:37:55,574 MANNER, HAVE YOU NO CLUE WHICH 7406 04:37:55,574 --> 04:37:57,643 GROUPS OF MICE YOU'RE TESTING. 7407 04:37:57,643 --> 04:37:59,211 YOU WILL STILL INTRODUCE 7408 04:37:59,211 --> 04:38:01,346 VARIABILITY INTO YOUR DATA BY 7409 04:38:01,346 --> 04:38:02,014 HOW YOU'RE STIMULATING THESE 7410 04:38:02,014 --> 04:38:04,082 MICE THAT COULD LEAD TO YOU 7411 04:38:04,082 --> 04:38:05,017 ACCIDENTALLY SEEING A 7412 04:38:05,017 --> 04:38:05,951 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN 7413 04:38:05,951 --> 04:38:07,352 BEHAVIOR, THAT ISN'T THERE OR 7414 04:38:07,352 --> 04:38:15,928 HIDING 1 THAT IS. 7415 04:38:15,928 --> 04:38:17,796 FINALLY, WE HAVE DONE SOME 7416 04:38:17,796 --> 04:38:21,233 INCREDIBLE WORK WITH THE HELP OF 7417 04:38:21,233 --> 04:38:23,201 SUMMER MENTEES LEAH AND NOAH 7418 04:38:23,201 --> 04:38:25,270 WHERE WE HAVE ALLOWED FOR THE 7419 04:38:25,270 --> 04:38:26,672 REMOTE CONTROL OF THE ARM, WHERE 7420 04:38:26,672 --> 04:38:28,006 A RESEARCHER CAN CONTROL THE ARM 7421 04:38:28,006 --> 04:38:29,007 FROM THE DESK, FROM ANOTHER 7422 04:38:29,007 --> 04:38:33,278 FLOOR IN THE BUILDING OR EVEN 7423 04:38:33,278 --> 04:38:33,779 CALIFORNIA. 7424 04:38:33,779 --> 04:38:36,214 THOUGH AT FESTER THIS MIGHT SEEM 7425 04:38:36,214 --> 04:38:38,083 LIKE SORT OF A STRENUOUS THING, 7426 04:38:38,083 --> 04:38:39,351 IT NOW MEANS THAT YOU NO LONGER 7427 04:38:39,351 --> 04:38:41,019 HAVE TO HAVE A RESEARCHER IN THE 7428 04:38:41,019 --> 04:38:41,253 ROOM. 7429 04:38:41,253 --> 04:38:44,089 WE CAN NOW ELIMINATE THE TRESES 7430 04:38:44,089 --> 04:38:46,291 INTRODUCED BY THAT RESEARCHER, 7431 04:38:46,291 --> 04:38:48,427 AND BETTER MEASURE THE ACTUAL 7432 04:38:48,427 --> 04:38:51,096 PAIN BEHAVIOR THAT WE WISH TO 7433 04:38:51,096 --> 04:38:52,297 MEASURE INCLUDING SAY, ASPECTS 7434 04:38:52,297 --> 04:38:54,633 OF THAT PAIN BEHAVIOR INCLUDING 7435 04:38:54,633 --> 04:38:56,101 THE STRESS CAUSED BY THAT PAIN 7436 04:38:56,101 --> 04:39:03,342 BUT NOT BY THE RESEARCHER. 7437 04:39:03,342 --> 04:39:05,610 SO TO SORT OF GIVE FINAL 7438 04:39:05,610 --> 04:39:07,379 REMARKS, WE FOUND THAT BY THE 7439 04:39:07,379 --> 04:39:08,947 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DEVICE, WE 7440 04:39:08,947 --> 04:39:11,416 CAN ALLOW FOR THE FAR MORE 7441 04:39:11,416 --> 04:39:12,284 CONSIEVENT STIMULI AND THAT WE 7442 04:39:12,284 --> 04:39:14,987 CAN LOOK AT FURTHER DIMENSIONS 7443 04:39:14,987 --> 04:39:16,655 OF PAIN BEHAVIOR WHILE REDUCING 7444 04:39:16,655 --> 04:39:18,290 THE VARIABILITY IN THE PAIN 7445 04:39:18,290 --> 04:39:18,890 BEHOUSTON AND RICE FOOTBALLIAL 7446 04:39:18,890 --> 04:39:21,259 DATA WE ARE PRODUCING. 7447 04:39:21,259 --> 04:39:23,695 WE HOPE THAT THIS DEVICE CAN NOW 7448 04:39:23,695 --> 04:39:27,632 BE USED TO BETTER LOOK AT HOW 7449 04:39:27,632 --> 04:39:29,701 MOUSE PAIN BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN 7450 04:39:29,701 --> 04:39:31,203 DIFFERENT STATES WITHOUT THE 7451 04:39:31,203 --> 04:39:33,739 ISSUES THAT ARE BROUGHT ON BY 7452 04:39:33,739 --> 04:39:38,276 THE PREVIOUS METHODS OF 7453 04:39:38,276 --> 04:39:39,111 INVESTIGATING THIS BEHAVIOR. 7454 04:39:39,111 --> 04:39:42,714 I'D LIKE TO THANK AWE THE 7455 04:39:42,714 --> 04:39:46,084 MEMBERS OF THE SABCORRELATED 7456 04:39:46,084 --> 04:39:47,786 ORPAYS LAB, ESPECIALLY MEMBERS 7457 04:39:47,786 --> 04:39:49,855 OF THE ARM, PAWS AND SJL TEAMS 7458 04:39:49,855 --> 04:39:57,529 AND I DON'T KNOW, ARE WE DOING 7459 04:39:57,529 --> 04:39:57,796 QUESTIONS? 7460 04:39:57,796 --> 04:39:58,730 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH JUSTIN, 7461 04:39:58,730 --> 04:40:01,600 WE'RE GOING TO DO A PANEL NOW, 7462 04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:04,169 SO PLEASE STAY ON AND THE OTHER 7463 04:40:04,169 --> 04:40:06,138 SPEAKERS CUM UP, DUNCAN, MARK 7464 04:40:06,138 --> 04:40:16,515 AND KATHLEEN, PLEASE. 7465 04:40:31,329 --> 04:40:32,097 >> ONCE AGAIN I WOULD LAKE TO 7466 04:40:32,097 --> 04:40:39,805 THANK ALL THE SPEAKERS FOR THIS 7467 04:40:39,805 --> 04:40:41,173 PARTICULAR--NCAN YOU STOP 7468 04:40:41,173 --> 04:40:43,108 SHARING YOUR SLIDES PLEASE YOUNG 7469 04:40:43,108 --> 04:40:43,275 MAN. 7470 04:40:43,275 --> 04:40:44,376 >> I WILL START OFF WITH A 7471 04:40:44,376 --> 04:40:45,510 QUESTION OR 2 AND THEN WE WILL 7472 04:40:45,510 --> 04:40:47,612 LIKE TO TAKE QUESTIONS FROM THE 7473 04:40:47,612 --> 04:40:49,081 CROWD ALSO SO PLEASE COME TO THE 7474 04:40:49,081 --> 04:40:51,583 MICROPHONES OR LINE UP AT THE 7475 04:40:51,583 --> 04:40:52,918 MICROPHONES. 7476 04:40:52,918 --> 04:40:57,823 ALL RIGHT, SO, START OFF WITH A 7477 04:40:57,823 --> 04:40:58,824 COMBINED QUESTION AND I'M 7478 04:40:58,824 --> 04:41:02,427 LOOKING FOR BOTH KATHLEEN AND 7479 04:41:02,427 --> 04:41:03,695 DUNCAN TO ANSWER THIS 1. 7480 04:41:03,695 --> 04:41:08,533 SO IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DOMAINS 7481 04:41:08,533 --> 04:41:09,835 OF PAIN AND INTERPRETING WHETHER 7482 04:41:09,835 --> 04:41:16,208 OR NOT THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR IS 7483 04:41:16,208 --> 04:41:20,979 ANXIETY OR SOME OTHER DOMAIN IN 7484 04:41:20,979 --> 04:41:22,814 ITS REACTION, PSYCHOLOGICALLY TO 7485 04:41:22,814 --> 04:41:29,688 THE STIMULUS THAT THAT'S 7486 04:41:29,688 --> 04:41:30,622 PRESENTED HOW ARE THE OWNER OF 7487 04:41:30,622 --> 04:41:32,257 THE ANIMAL AND THE OWNER 7488 04:41:32,257 --> 04:41:35,560 ASSESSMENT TOOL, OR IN THE 7489 04:41:35,560 --> 04:41:38,463 ASSESSMENT TOOL WHERE WE'RE 7490 04:41:38,463 --> 04:41:40,132 LOOKING OBJECTIVELY IN THE VIDEO 7491 04:41:40,132 --> 04:41:41,733 NOW, JUSTIN YOU CAN CONTRIBUTE 7492 04:41:41,733 --> 04:41:42,968 TO THIS, HOW DO WE,A ASSESSES 7493 04:41:42,968 --> 04:41:46,037 WHETHER OR NOT THE ANIMALS 7494 04:41:46,037 --> 04:41:50,675 REALLY EXPERIENCING PAIN AND NOT 7495 04:41:50,675 --> 04:41:55,847 SOME OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL 7496 04:41:55,847 --> 04:41:56,181 EXPERIENCE? 7497 04:41:56,181 --> 04:41:57,482 >> SO, JUST BY LOOKING AT THEM 7498 04:41:57,482 --> 04:42:00,318 ALONE IS PROBABLY NOT THE ONLY 7499 04:42:00,318 --> 04:42:01,786 METHOD. 7500 04:42:01,786 --> 04:42:03,421 WHAT WE OFTEN DO IN SAY A LAB 7501 04:42:03,421 --> 04:42:04,890 SETTING IS YOU WOULD THEN 7502 04:42:04,890 --> 04:42:06,191 CONFIRM IT BY GIVING THEM 7503 04:42:06,191 --> 04:42:08,894 SOMETHING THAT WOULD BE 7504 04:42:08,894 --> 04:42:10,795 ANALGESIC THAT WOULD REDUCE THE 7505 04:42:10,795 --> 04:42:12,564 PAIN ACUTELY AND SEE IF THAT 7506 04:42:12,564 --> 04:42:12,998 PAIN CHANGES. 7507 04:42:12,998 --> 04:42:15,400 THAT COULD BE SOMETHING AS 7508 04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:17,569 SIMPLE AS ICE, WHICH WOULD STOP 7509 04:42:17,569 --> 04:42:21,740 THE PAIN OR IT COULD BE A DRUG 7510 04:42:21,740 --> 04:42:27,279 LIKE AN NSAID OR MORPHINE OR AN 7511 04:42:27,279 --> 04:42:29,014 OPIOID, AND THEN I SUPPOSE, IT 7512 04:42:29,014 --> 04:42:32,350 GETS HARDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER 7513 04:42:32,350 --> 04:42:33,618 OR NOT IT'S ANXIETY OR 7514 04:42:33,618 --> 04:42:35,587 DEPRESSION BECAUSE YOU KNOW THE 7515 04:42:35,587 --> 04:42:36,788 ANTIDEPRESSANTS ALSO HAVE 7516 04:42:36,788 --> 04:42:37,389 EFFECTS ON PAIN. 7517 04:42:37,389 --> 04:42:39,891 SO THAT MAKE ITS A LITTLE BIT 7518 04:42:39,891 --> 04:42:42,127 HARDER BUT MY THOUGHTS ARE, YOU 7519 04:42:42,127 --> 04:42:44,062 HAVE--IT HAS TO BE KIND OF A 7520 04:42:44,062 --> 04:42:45,697 SINGLE MEASURE ISN'T GOING TO DO 7521 04:42:45,697 --> 04:42:46,865 IT USING MULTIPLE MEASURES AND 7522 04:42:46,865 --> 04:42:49,634 THINK BEING IT FROM MULTIPLE 7523 04:42:49,634 --> 04:42:51,236 PERSPECTIVES, ALL PUT TOGETHER 7524 04:42:51,236 --> 04:42:53,705 AND THEN SEEING AND LOOKING FOR 7525 04:42:53,705 --> 04:42:54,806 RESPONSE TREATMENTS IS PROBABLY 7526 04:42:54,806 --> 04:42:56,074 WHAT'S GOING TO TAKE IT. 7527 04:42:56,074 --> 04:42:58,410 IT'S LIKE ANYTHING WE DO EVEN IN 7528 04:42:58,410 --> 04:43:01,446 A PERSON, APART FROM ASKING THE 7529 04:43:01,446 --> 04:43:02,881 PAIN, WE HAVE TO PUT IT TOGETHER 7530 04:43:02,881 --> 04:43:07,252 IN A BIGGER PICTURE. 7531 04:43:07,252 --> 04:43:08,386 NYEAH, COMLITELY AGREE, I THINK 7532 04:43:08,386 --> 04:43:10,455 THE KEY THERE IS MULTIPLE 7533 04:43:10,455 --> 04:43:11,957 MEASURES WITH AND WITHOUT, 7534 04:43:11,957 --> 04:43:14,359 BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENTS THAT 7535 04:43:14,359 --> 04:43:15,794 ARE REPORTED TO ALTER THOSE 7536 04:43:15,794 --> 04:43:17,629 STATES AND MULTIPLE MEASURES OF 7537 04:43:17,629 --> 04:43:18,930 THESE DIFFERENT STATES 7538 04:43:18,930 --> 04:43:21,833 ESSENTIALLY CREATE A THEN, 7539 04:43:21,833 --> 04:43:24,169 DIAGRAM OF CONFIDENCE OVERLAP 7540 04:43:24,169 --> 04:43:25,337 ABOUT WHAT YOU'RE ACTUALLY 7541 04:43:25,337 --> 04:43:28,373 MEASURING IN THAT PARTICULAR 7542 04:43:28,373 --> 04:43:28,640 INSTANCE. 7543 04:43:28,640 --> 04:43:30,642 NI GOET IT THAT MAKES A LOT OF 7544 04:43:30,642 --> 04:43:30,909 SENSE. 7545 04:43:30,909 --> 04:43:33,511 JUSTIN DO YOU WANT TO WEIGH IN 7546 04:43:33,511 --> 04:43:34,579 HERE IN. 7547 04:43:34,579 --> 04:43:35,347 >> SURE. 7548 04:43:35,347 --> 04:43:36,514 I COMPLETELY AGREE, WITH 1 OF 7549 04:43:36,514 --> 04:43:38,917 THE THINGS WE FOUND WITH 7550 04:43:38,917 --> 04:43:39,985 VALIDATING OUR DIFFERENT 7551 04:43:39,985 --> 04:43:42,487 TECHNIQUES FOR LOOKING AT PAIN 7552 04:43:42,487 --> 04:43:44,956 IN MICE, IS THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT 7553 04:43:44,956 --> 04:43:46,558 THESE DIFFERENT HEIGHTENED PAIN 7554 04:43:46,558 --> 04:43:51,162 STATES WE CAN SEE VERY DIFFERENT 7555 04:43:51,162 --> 04:43:52,430 CHANGES BASED ON HOW THE 7556 04:43:52,430 --> 04:43:54,399 INCREASED PAIN IS OCCURRING, AND 7557 04:43:54,399 --> 04:43:57,002 I BELIEVE IT WAS BROUGHT UP IN A 7558 04:43:57,002 --> 04:44:00,405 TALK EARLIER, THAT THERE CAN BE 7559 04:44:00,405 --> 04:44:02,941 ISSUES WITH HOW DO WE KNOW WE'RE 7560 04:44:02,941 --> 04:44:04,142 MEASURING PAIN VERSUS 7561 04:44:04,142 --> 04:44:05,677 DIFFERENCES IN MOBILITY OR 7562 04:44:05,677 --> 04:44:08,480 SOMETHING AND IN THAT WE HAVE 7563 04:44:08,480 --> 04:44:10,448 FOUND THAT LOOKING AT FEATURES 7564 04:44:10,448 --> 04:44:12,350 SUCH AS GUARDING AND SHAKING, WE 7565 04:44:12,350 --> 04:44:13,852 FIND FAR MORE CONSISTENT CHANGES 7566 04:44:13,852 --> 04:44:16,021 THAT CAN SORT OF BE LINKED TO 7567 04:44:16,021 --> 04:44:19,958 DIFFERENCES IN PAIN A LONE. 7568 04:44:19,958 --> 04:44:20,492 >> EXCELLENT. 7569 04:44:20,492 --> 04:44:20,725 THANKS. 7570 04:44:20,725 --> 04:44:31,169 WE ARE A QUESTION FROM THE 7571 04:44:33,204 --> 04:44:33,405 AUDIENCE? 7572 04:44:33,405 --> 04:44:34,539 >> MARK EPSTEIN, TOTAL 7573 04:44:34,539 --> 04:44:36,374 HOSPITALS IN THE CHARLOTTE NORTH 7574 04:44:36,374 --> 04:44:38,310 CAROLINA AREA EMPLOY I'M 7575 04:44:38,310 --> 04:44:39,377 FASCINATED BY THIS DISCUSSION 7576 04:44:39,377 --> 04:44:41,579 PARTICULARLY IN THE DOMAIN OF 7577 04:44:41,579 --> 04:44:43,982 CLINICAL DEPRESSION OR MAJOR 7578 04:44:43,982 --> 04:44:46,818 DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND THESE 7579 04:44:46,818 --> 04:44:49,254 METRICSICATIONS YOU MENINGED THE 7580 04:44:49,254 --> 04:44:50,088 SSRIs WILL TREAT BOTH 7581 04:44:50,088 --> 04:44:51,256 APPROXIMATE SHOULD BE NO 7582 04:44:51,256 --> 04:44:53,458 SURPRISE, I GUESS BUT WHEN WE 7583 04:44:53,458 --> 04:44:55,560 SEE THESE OLDER DOG ANDS CATS IN 7584 04:44:55,560 --> 04:44:57,195 MY WORLD, CLINICALLY I CAN'T 7585 04:44:57,195 --> 04:44:59,531 HELP BUT HAVE THAT SUSPICION 7586 04:44:59,531 --> 04:45:01,633 THAT THE CO-MORBIDITY EXISTS SO 7587 04:45:01,633 --> 04:45:02,901 MY DUAL QUESTION WAS DPIFORT OF 7588 04:45:02,901 --> 04:45:06,004 ALL WHAT WAS THE MODEL THAT GOT 7589 04:45:06,004 --> 04:45:09,441 THOSE DRUGS TESTED AND LABELED 7590 04:45:09,441 --> 04:45:10,342 PRECLAINICALLY FOR DEPRESSION, 7591 04:45:10,342 --> 04:45:12,544 NUMBER 1, AND NUMBER 2 AND THE 7592 04:45:12,544 --> 04:45:15,447 BY O PSYCHOSOCIAL WORLD, 7593 04:45:15,447 --> 04:45:16,381 DR. HUTCHINSON, WHAT WOULD 7594 04:45:16,381 --> 04:45:18,416 THEORETICALLY BE A MODEL WE 7595 04:45:18,416 --> 04:45:20,051 COULD ESTABLISH THAT SAME TYPE 7596 04:45:20,051 --> 04:45:21,419 OF THING CLINICALLY IN DOGS AND 7597 04:45:21,419 --> 04:45:27,959 CATS OR ANY OTHER ANIMAL FOR 7598 04:45:27,959 --> 04:45:29,060 THAT MATTER. 7599 04:45:29,060 --> 04:45:30,528 NTHERE'S A COUPLE OF MODELS THAT 7600 04:45:30,528 --> 04:45:32,564 ARE USED FOR DEPRESSION AND 7601 04:45:32,564 --> 04:45:33,064 ANXIETY. 7602 04:45:33,064 --> 04:45:36,134 ONE IS THEY HANG A MOUSE FROM 7603 04:45:36,134 --> 04:45:38,203 ITS TAIL UPSIDE DOWN 7604 04:45:38,203 --> 04:45:39,838 UNTIL--MEASURE THE TIME IT TAKES 7605 04:45:39,838 --> 04:45:42,374 FOR HIM IT JUST STOP DOING THAT, 7606 04:45:42,374 --> 04:45:44,909 KIND OF A LEARNED HELPLESSNESS 7607 04:45:44,909 --> 04:45:45,377 AT ALL. 7608 04:45:45,377 --> 04:45:46,878 >> I DON'T LOVE THAT AT ALL. 7609 04:45:46,878 --> 04:45:48,346 >> OKAY, THE OTHER IS HAVING 7610 04:45:48,346 --> 04:45:49,981 THEM SWIM UNTIL HE DOESN'T WANT 7611 04:45:49,981 --> 04:45:53,151 TO SWIM ANYMORE FOR A FORCED 7612 04:45:53,151 --> 04:45:54,986 SWIM TEST THOSE ARE THE 2 MOST 7613 04:45:54,986 --> 04:45:56,721 COMMON 1S FOR DEPRESSION, YOU 7614 04:45:56,721 --> 04:45:58,690 CAN SEE HOW THEY ARE VERY MOTOR 7615 04:45:58,690 --> 04:46:00,225 DRIVEN TASKS AND IF YOU HAD 7616 04:46:00,225 --> 04:46:02,193 FATIGUE, YOU WOULD ALSO GET A 7617 04:46:02,193 --> 04:46:04,062 RESPONSE, THE ANXIETY 1S IS THEY 7618 04:46:04,062 --> 04:46:05,697 PUT THEM ON THESE MAZES AND PART 7619 04:46:05,697 --> 04:46:08,233 OF THE MAZE HAS CLOSED ARMS SO 7620 04:46:08,233 --> 04:46:09,300 THAT THEY FEEL COMFORTABLE 7621 04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:10,235 WALKING AROUND ON THE OUTSIDE 7622 04:46:10,235 --> 04:46:15,340 AND PART OF IT IS OPEN, SO IF 7623 04:46:15,340 --> 04:46:16,274 THEY'RE ANXIOUS THEY DON'T GO 7624 04:46:16,274 --> 04:46:17,976 OUT INTO THE PLACE WHERE THERE 7625 04:46:17,976 --> 04:46:19,411 ARE NO WALLS ON THE SIDE AND 7626 04:46:19,411 --> 04:46:22,147 MIGHT FALL OFF AND GO TO THE 7627 04:46:22,147 --> 04:46:24,382 GROUND, SO THEY HAVE THESE IN 7628 04:46:24,382 --> 04:46:25,650 SWEARS, IN CIRCLES, AND SO THEY 7629 04:46:25,650 --> 04:46:27,185 JUST MEASURE HOW MUCH TIME THEY 7630 04:46:27,185 --> 04:46:28,753 SPEND IN THESE ARMS. 7631 04:46:28,753 --> 04:46:32,390 AND THOSE ARE THE ANXIETY 7632 04:46:32,390 --> 04:46:32,724 MEASURES. 7633 04:46:32,724 --> 04:46:34,058 SO THEY'RE PRETTY BASIC AND SO 7634 04:46:34,058 --> 04:46:36,561 WHEN I SAY YES THEY'VE DONE THEM 7635 04:46:36,561 --> 04:46:37,929 AND THEY'VE IMPROVED THEM AND 7636 04:46:37,929 --> 04:46:39,330 THEN THEY MOVE THEM UP THE SCALE 7637 04:46:39,330 --> 04:46:40,899 AND GET THEM INTO HUMANS THOSE 7638 04:46:40,899 --> 04:46:43,234 ARE THE MEASURES WE USE SO THERE 7639 04:46:43,234 --> 04:46:44,302 ARE APPROXIMATIONS, JUST LIKE 7640 04:46:44,302 --> 04:46:47,038 OUR PAIN MEASURES ARE, IN 7641 04:46:47,038 --> 04:46:48,973 ANIMALS, BUT YOU COULD SEE HOW 7642 04:46:48,973 --> 04:46:51,075 IF YOU HAD PAIN OR YOU HAD 7643 04:46:51,075 --> 04:46:52,610 FATIGUE OR MOTEAR DEFINITE, YOU 7644 04:46:52,610 --> 04:46:54,479 ALSO MIGHT NOT DO THOSE TASKS. 7645 04:46:54,479 --> 04:46:56,114 SO, IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 7646 04:46:56,114 --> 04:47:00,151 WHAT WAS THE SECOND PART OF YOUR 7647 04:47:00,151 --> 04:47:00,418 QUESTION. 7648 04:47:00,418 --> 04:47:02,153 >> SO WHAT WOULD BE 7649 04:47:02,153 --> 04:47:07,392 HYPOTHETICALLY A MODEL TO TEST 7650 04:47:07,392 --> 04:47:08,860 FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN 7651 04:47:08,860 --> 04:47:10,728 HIGHER ORDER ANIMALS YOU MIGHT 7652 04:47:10,728 --> 04:47:12,096 SAY, DOGS, CATS, HORSES, 7653 04:47:12,096 --> 04:47:12,997 LIVESTOCK AND SO ON EMPLOY. 7654 04:47:12,997 --> 04:47:15,366 >> I'M GOING TO LEAVE THAT TO 7655 04:47:15,366 --> 04:47:15,667 YOU EMPLOY. 7656 04:47:15,667 --> 04:47:16,167 >> SO, YEAH. 7657 04:47:16,167 --> 04:47:18,770 IT'S 2 PARTS TO THIS. 7658 04:47:18,770 --> 04:47:21,272 WHEN I'VE SAT WITH INDIGENOUS 7659 04:47:21,272 --> 04:47:22,273 KNOWLEDGE HOLDERS IN AUSTRALIA 7660 04:47:22,273 --> 04:47:24,242 AND ASKED THIS QUESTION, THEY 7661 04:47:24,242 --> 04:47:27,278 ALWAYS COME BACK AND SAY, WHY DO 7662 04:47:27,278 --> 04:47:28,713 YOU COLONIALISTS LOVE NAMES 7663 04:47:28,713 --> 04:47:30,215 THINGS WHEN IT'S ALL THE SAME 7664 04:47:30,215 --> 04:47:30,448 THING. 7665 04:47:30,448 --> 04:47:33,651 AND SO WHAT THEY TALK TO IS WE 7666 04:47:33,651 --> 04:47:36,254 HAVE 1 DIMENSION HERE, 1 7667 04:47:36,254 --> 04:47:37,188 DIMENSION HERE AND WE ALWAYS 7668 04:47:37,188 --> 04:47:39,390 WANT TO PUT IT ON THAT SINGLE I 7669 04:47:39,390 --> 04:47:40,225 MENTION, WE'RE OPERATING IN THE 7670 04:47:40,225 --> 04:47:42,794 SPACE IN THE MIDDLE SO WE CALL 7671 04:47:42,794 --> 04:47:44,529 IT DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, PAIN, 7672 04:47:44,529 --> 04:47:46,798 THEY WOULD JUST OPERATE IN THIS 7673 04:47:46,798 --> 04:47:48,299 LITTLE SPACE OUT HERE, NOW 7674 04:47:48,299 --> 04:47:50,568 THAT'S NOT THAT HELPFUL FROM A 7675 04:47:50,568 --> 04:47:51,569 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SAYING YOU 7676 04:47:51,569 --> 04:47:53,137 CAN HAVE THIS DRUG VERSUS THAT 7677 04:47:53,137 --> 04:47:56,975 DRUG, BUT I THINK IT'S HELPFUL 7678 04:47:56,975 --> 04:47:59,410 TO REALIZE THESE ARE COLONIAL 7679 04:47:59,410 --> 04:48:00,578 POST MODERNISM CONSTRUCTS THAT 7680 04:48:00,578 --> 04:48:03,147 WE HAVE CREATED AS NAMES, THAT 7681 04:48:03,147 --> 04:48:04,816 WE NEED TO UNSHACKLE OURSELVES 7682 04:48:04,816 --> 04:48:08,686 FROM WHEN WE TART TRYING TO 7683 04:48:08,686 --> 04:48:09,287 CONTEMPLATE THIS TRUE 7684 04:48:09,287 --> 04:48:10,054 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION 7685 04:48:10,054 --> 04:48:11,956 IMRAIGZ AND TRUE CONVERGENCE OF 7686 04:48:11,956 --> 04:48:12,223 KNOWLEDGE. 7687 04:48:12,223 --> 04:48:13,892 HOW DO WE THEN ARK ASSESSES THE 7688 04:48:13,892 --> 04:48:14,626 SINGLE DISCIPLINARY MENING IN 7689 04:48:14,626 --> 04:48:19,664 THE KALGT, WE'RE USING A 2 7690 04:48:19,664 --> 04:48:21,766 CHOICE LICK TEST OUT IN THE 7691 04:48:21,766 --> 04:48:25,069 FIELD WHERE WE HAVE A SWEET 7692 04:48:25,069 --> 04:48:27,539 TASTING LICK AND A LESS SWEET 7693 04:48:27,539 --> 04:48:29,841 TASTING LICK AND THE MORE TIME 7694 04:48:29,841 --> 04:48:31,943 THE RFID TAG ON THAT KALGT IS 7695 04:48:31,943 --> 04:48:34,913 WITH THE SWEET TASTING LICK, THE 7696 04:48:34,913 --> 04:48:36,648 GREATER HEDONIC PLEASURE WE KNOW 7697 04:48:36,648 --> 04:48:38,716 THE ANIMAL WILL THEN EXPERIENCE 7698 04:48:38,716 --> 04:48:44,022 AND THAT CHANGE IN 1 DIMENSION 7699 04:48:44,022 --> 04:48:48,026 HAS BEEN ASSOCIATE WIDE ANAHID 7700 04:48:48,026 --> 04:48:49,894 OWNIA AND HEDONIC LIKEITATE AND 7701 04:48:49,894 --> 04:48:51,829 DEPRESSIVE LIKEITATE ANDS THAT'S 7702 04:48:51,829 --> 04:48:53,598 AS GO AS IT GETS. 7703 04:48:53,598 --> 04:48:57,502 I THINK THE CONVERSATION AROUND 7704 04:48:57,502 --> 04:48:58,570 NOCIACCEPTION, THAN IT IS TO 7705 04:48:58,570 --> 04:49:00,238 UNDERSTAND WHAT PAIN IS BECAUSE 7706 04:49:00,238 --> 04:49:04,442 I THINK THE NOCICEPGZ WE MIGHT 7707 04:49:04,442 --> 04:49:07,812 END UP WITH MEASURES OF 7708 04:49:07,812 --> 04:49:09,314 NOCICEPTION, BUT THE LEVEL OF 7709 04:49:09,314 --> 04:49:13,084 PAIN WITH THE ALL THE PULT PEL 7710 04:49:13,084 --> 04:49:14,185 INPUT OF PAIN AND PLEASURES THAT 7711 04:49:14,185 --> 04:49:17,288 WE HAVE IN THAT SPACE BECOME 7712 04:49:17,288 --> 04:49:20,024 SUPER, SUPER COMPLICATED. 7713 04:49:20,024 --> 04:49:20,825 >> THANK YOU. 7714 04:49:20,825 --> 04:49:22,827 NI'LL JUST ADD VERY BRIEFLY, 7715 04:49:22,827 --> 04:49:27,031 MAYBE A QUICK QUESTION, ANY 7716 04:49:27,031 --> 04:49:27,832 BEHAVIORORRISTS OUT THERE, SEE 7717 04:49:27,832 --> 04:49:30,835 THAT'S WHAT WE NEED IN THE ROOM, 7718 04:49:30,835 --> 04:49:32,170 BECAUSE THE--YOU KNOW VARIOUS 7719 04:49:32,170 --> 04:49:33,571 COMPONENTS OF THE AFFECTIVEITATE 7720 04:49:33,571 --> 04:49:35,106 ARE BEING MEASURED IN, CERTAINLY 7721 04:49:35,106 --> 04:49:37,976 IN CATS AND DOGS, THEY'VE DONE A 7722 04:49:37,976 --> 04:49:39,711 LOT OF WORK IN CATTLE, OTHER 7723 04:49:39,711 --> 04:49:41,145 FOLK HAVE WORKED IN OTHER 7724 04:49:41,145 --> 04:49:43,881 SPECIES, SO, YOU KNOW THIS IS AN 7725 04:49:43,881 --> 04:49:46,184 IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS, THE 7726 04:49:46,184 --> 04:49:54,092 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ARE BEING 7727 04:49:54,092 --> 04:49:54,359 DEVELOPED. 7728 04:49:54,359 --> 04:49:55,493 EVERYONE PUTS A LABEL ON THEM 7729 04:49:55,493 --> 04:49:57,362 AND THERE MAY BE A CROSS OVER 7730 04:49:57,362 --> 04:49:59,397 WITH OTHER DOMAINS THAT 7731 04:49:59,397 --> 04:50:00,331 INFLUENCING THE RESULTS BUT IT 7732 04:50:00,331 --> 04:50:01,499 IS AN IMPORTANT AREA FOR US TO 7733 04:50:01,499 --> 04:50:03,134 TALK ABOUT AS WE TRY AND 7734 04:50:03,134 --> 04:50:04,435 UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF PAIN 7735 04:50:04,435 --> 04:50:08,539 AND THE INFLUENCE ON PAIN OF 7736 04:50:08,539 --> 04:50:13,811 AREAS OF VARIOUS OTHER FACTORS. 7737 04:50:13,811 --> 04:50:18,449 THE NEXT QUESTION ON THE LEFT? 7738 04:50:18,449 --> 04:50:19,584 NREALLY EXCITING AND INTERESTING 7739 04:50:19,584 --> 04:50:20,051 STUFF. 7740 04:50:20,051 --> 04:50:20,852 FOR SOMEONE THAT'S NOT FAMILIAR 7741 04:50:20,852 --> 04:50:22,487 WITH ALL OF THIS RESEARCH, 1 7742 04:50:22,487 --> 04:50:24,922 THINK THIS THAT I'VE SEEN 7743 04:50:24,922 --> 04:50:26,858 THROUGH MANY OF THESE 7744 04:50:26,858 --> 04:50:28,259 PRESENTATIONS ARE ILLUSTRATIONS 7745 04:50:28,259 --> 04:50:31,295 OF DIFFERENT TIME SCALES AND 7746 04:50:31,295 --> 04:50:31,929 DIFFERENT PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS 7747 04:50:31,929 --> 04:50:35,767 AND HOW YOU CAN ABOUT MEASURING 7748 04:50:35,767 --> 04:50:37,168 OR QUANTIFYING THESE MEASURES OF 7749 04:50:37,168 --> 04:50:38,836 PAIN IN SOME WAY OR FORM. 7750 04:50:38,836 --> 04:50:44,042 SO MY QUESTION IS, MORE SORT OF 7751 04:50:44,042 --> 04:50:46,077 A--IS THE GENERALIZABILITY OF 7752 04:50:46,077 --> 04:50:48,479 THOSE WAYS THAT YOU ARE ARK 7753 04:50:48,479 --> 04:50:50,214 ASSESSING PAIN, GIVEN THE FACT 7754 04:50:50,214 --> 04:50:51,416 THAT WITHIN HUMANS THERE'S 7755 04:50:51,416 --> 04:50:56,154 ACTUALLY A VERY NARROW RANGE OF 7756 04:50:56,154 --> 04:50:59,223 THINGS LIKE MASS, VOLUME AND 7757 04:50:59,223 --> 04:51:01,292 SIZE, WHEREAS WITH ANIMALS WE 7758 04:51:01,292 --> 04:51:04,095 HAVE AN INCREDIBLY TREMENDOUS 7759 04:51:04,095 --> 04:51:06,497 RANGE AND SO MY QUESTION IS, IS 7760 04:51:06,497 --> 04:51:08,900 IT WITH ALL THESE THINGS WE'RE 7761 04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:10,201 DEPRIVATIONING, HOW CAN WE BE 7762 04:51:10,201 --> 04:51:11,936 ASSURED THAT THEY'RE GOING TO BE 7763 04:51:11,936 --> 04:51:13,671 GENERALIZABLE FOR ALL THESE 7764 04:51:13,671 --> 04:51:16,741 POTENTIAL SWAYINGS THAT THEY 7765 04:51:16,741 --> 04:51:18,743 COULD BE APPLIED. 7766 04:51:18,743 --> 04:51:22,847 >> GO AHEAD MARK? 7767 04:51:22,847 --> 04:51:24,716 >> SO, THAT SO THAT CONSTANT 7768 04:51:24,716 --> 04:51:26,684 ARRIVE OF TIME OR DISTANCE THAT 7769 04:51:26,684 --> 04:51:28,653 WILL USE AS A GLORIFIED FUDGE 7770 04:51:28,653 --> 04:51:30,621 FACTOR TO TRI TO WORK THROUGH 7771 04:51:30,621 --> 04:51:33,357 THOSE KALES OF ANATOMICAL SCALES 7772 04:51:33,357 --> 04:51:34,625 OF SYSTEMS IS AN EXTRAORDINARY 7773 04:51:34,625 --> 04:51:37,395 THING WE HAVE OVERLOOKED EMPLOY 7774 04:51:37,395 --> 04:51:40,264 BECAUSE IF I LOOK AT THE DORSAL 7775 04:51:40,264 --> 04:51:45,670 HORN OF A MOUSE, I HAVE ROUGHLY 7776 04:51:45,670 --> 04:51:46,604 A 2-3-MILLIMETER DISTANCE AND 7777 04:51:46,604 --> 04:51:50,174 DIFFUSION I NEED TO ARK CHIEF TO 7778 04:51:50,174 --> 04:51:52,910 GET LATERALIZATION OF THE CHEMO 7779 04:51:52,910 --> 04:51:54,712 TACTIC FACTORS OR SENSITIZING 7780 04:51:54,712 --> 04:51:56,614 FACTORS FROM 1 SIDE TO THE 7781 04:51:56,614 --> 04:51:58,049 OTHER. 7782 04:51:58,049 --> 04:52:01,285 IN A SHEEP, I'VE GOT A 7783 04:52:01,285 --> 04:52:02,720 CENTIMETER. 7784 04:52:02,720 --> 04:52:03,521 AND I'M DIFFUSING IN 3 7785 04:52:03,521 --> 04:52:05,189 DISCIPLINARY MENINGS SO THAT IS 7786 04:52:05,189 --> 04:52:10,061 PROFOUNDLY A MUCH MORE DIFFICULT 7787 04:52:10,061 --> 04:52:13,364 MOTION TO GET ACROSS THAT SAME 7788 04:52:13,364 --> 04:52:14,065 ANATOMICAL COMPARTMENT, LET 7789 04:52:14,065 --> 04:52:18,402 ALONE WHEN WE THEN START TALKING 7790 04:52:18,402 --> 04:52:18,936 [INDISCERNIBLE] SCENARIO. 7791 04:52:18,936 --> 04:52:20,705 SO I THINK WHERE WE ARE NOW 7792 04:52:20,705 --> 04:52:22,607 HEADING WITH OUR DIGITAL 7793 04:52:22,607 --> 04:52:25,743 TWINNING COMPONENT IS TO 7794 04:52:25,743 --> 04:52:28,012 ACTUALLY EXPLORE AS CLOSE AS WE 7795 04:52:28,012 --> 04:52:30,681 CAN FROM SMALL TO LARGER MODEL, 7796 04:52:30,681 --> 04:52:34,619 AND THEN ASKING WHAT THAT 7797 04:52:34,619 --> 04:52:36,087 CONSTANT ACTUALLY IS AND WHAT IT 7798 04:52:36,087 --> 04:52:37,755 ISN'T SO WE CAN ACTUALLY TART 7799 04:52:37,755 --> 04:52:41,926 CREATING THAT TRUE DIGITAL TWIN 7800 04:52:41,926 --> 04:52:42,894 OF THEORETICAL BIT BETWEEN, 7801 04:52:42,894 --> 04:52:44,629 BECAUSE I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE 7802 04:52:44,629 --> 04:52:47,231 THOSE BITS IN BETWEEN IN THAT 7803 04:52:47,231 --> 04:52:48,833 KINETIC AND THAT WILL CRACK OPEN 7804 04:52:48,833 --> 04:52:51,402 A HUGE RANGE OF REALLY EXCITING 7805 04:52:51,402 --> 04:52:53,004 DISCOVERIES, WHERE WE CAN THEN 7806 04:52:53,004 --> 04:52:56,440 START TO LOOK AT THAT FLOW, 7807 04:52:56,440 --> 04:52:59,210 SYSTEM AND JUST CASE IN POINT, 7808 04:52:59,210 --> 04:53:02,947 THE WORK BY JOHNNY KIPNIS, ON 7809 04:53:02,947 --> 04:53:05,783 THE GLYMPHATICS FOR EXAMPLE, 7810 04:53:05,783 --> 04:53:07,451 SUDDENLY OPENS UP DRAINAGE OF 7811 04:53:07,451 --> 04:53:08,586 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, THAT 7812 04:53:08,586 --> 04:53:11,489 ARE INTERESTING AT A HUMAN LARGE 7813 04:53:11,489 --> 04:53:14,559 ANIMAL SCALE THEY ARE JUST 7814 04:53:14,559 --> 04:53:14,859 FASCINATING. 7815 04:53:14,859 --> 04:53:17,862 >> EXCELLENT QUESTION, THANK 7816 04:53:17,862 --> 04:53:18,529 YOU. 7817 04:53:18,529 --> 04:53:20,298 >> MIKE FROM NIH, I WOULD LIKE 7818 04:53:20,298 --> 04:53:22,733 TO SAY DR. HUTCHINSON, I GREATLY 7819 04:53:22,733 --> 04:53:28,573 APPRECIATE AND KATHLEEN AS WELL 7820 04:53:28,573 --> 04:53:30,341 AND DUNCAN, THE COMPLEXITY OF 7821 04:53:30,341 --> 04:53:32,243 PAIN YOU ARTICULATED BUT I'M 7822 04:53:32,243 --> 04:53:33,711 KIND OF A PERIPHERALLIST SO I 7823 04:53:33,711 --> 04:53:36,981 THINK IT CAN BE SIMPLIFIED AND 7824 04:53:36,981 --> 04:53:38,249 IT'S QUITE EVIDENT THAT IF YOU 7825 04:53:38,249 --> 04:53:40,284 SHUT OFF WHAT WE CALL THE 7826 04:53:40,284 --> 04:53:42,887 PERIPHERAL GEPERATOR, ALL OF THE 7827 04:53:42,887 --> 04:53:45,790 PAIN GOES AWAY INTAN TAINIOUSLY, 7828 04:53:45,790 --> 04:53:48,860 YES, YES, YES, YES. 7829 04:53:48,860 --> 04:53:50,895 ALL RIGHT, SO, AND THEY SAY I'M 7830 04:53:50,895 --> 04:53:53,598 PAIN FREE, I'M PAIN FREE, SO WE 7831 04:53:53,598 --> 04:53:56,434 RECEIPTLY TREATED SOMEONE WITH 7832 04:53:56,434 --> 04:53:59,637 30 YEARS OF PHANTOM LIMB PAN BY 7833 04:53:59,637 --> 04:54:04,542 ENYECTING THE L3, L4, L34 AND 5 7834 04:54:04,542 --> 04:54:06,010 LUMBAR GANGLIA AND WITH LIAISON 7835 04:54:06,010 --> 04:54:08,746 DO CAIN AND WITHIN SECONDS, THE 7836 04:54:08,746 --> 04:54:11,015 PAIN WAS GONE, SO HOW DO 7837 04:54:11,015 --> 04:54:13,651 YOU--EXCUSE ME, HOW DO YOU 7838 04:54:13,651 --> 04:54:14,051 EXPLAIN THAT? 7839 04:54:14,051 --> 04:54:16,087 AND I KNOW THAT EVERYTHING'S 7840 04:54:16,087 --> 04:54:18,823 STILL THERE, IN BRAIN, IT'S ALL 7841 04:54:18,823 --> 04:54:20,391 THERE, IT HASN'T BEEN SHUT OFF, 7842 04:54:20,391 --> 04:54:22,493 ALSO SO THERE'S NO AUTONOMOUS 7843 04:54:22,493 --> 04:54:25,263 GENERATOR FOR PAIN THAT'S 7844 04:54:25,263 --> 04:54:26,697 FLOATING AROUND, SOME ENGRAM, IN 7845 04:54:26,697 --> 04:54:28,566 YOUR CORTEX THAT SAYS, PAIN, 7846 04:54:28,566 --> 04:54:33,170 PAIN, PAIN, IT JUST SHUTS OFF. 7847 04:54:33,170 --> 04:54:34,105 >> SO I FUNDAMENTALLY DISAGREE 7848 04:54:34,105 --> 04:54:36,440 AND THE REASON IS THAT THE 7849 04:54:36,440 --> 04:54:37,508 CURRENT ISP OF DEFINITION OF 7850 04:54:37,508 --> 04:54:40,177 PAIN SAYS YOU DO NOT NEED TO 7851 04:54:40,177 --> 04:54:41,312 HAVE PRIMARY AFFERENT ACTIVATION 7852 04:54:41,312 --> 04:54:46,717 IN ORDER TO EXPERIENCE PAIN. 7853 04:54:46,717 --> 04:54:47,451 AND THE DIFFERENTIATION MAKE 7854 04:54:47,451 --> 04:54:50,087 HERE I WOULD MAKE IS PRIMARY 7855 04:54:50,087 --> 04:54:51,122 ACTIVATION IS NO SUSCEPTION 7856 04:54:51,122 --> 04:54:53,925 LEADING TO A PAINFUL EXPERIENCE. 7857 04:54:53,925 --> 04:54:56,294 THE EMOTIONAL TRIGGERS THAT THEN 7858 04:54:56,294 --> 04:54:58,863 ACTIVATE, LET'S NOT CALL AN 7859 04:54:58,863 --> 04:55:00,698 ENGRAM BUT BROADER CENTRAL 7860 04:55:00,698 --> 04:55:03,567 CENTERS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 7861 04:55:03,567 --> 04:55:05,369 THE PAIN EXPERIENCE, IS STILL 7862 04:55:05,369 --> 04:55:06,971 CLASSIFIED AS PAIN YOU SHOULD 7863 04:55:06,971 --> 04:55:07,805 THE ISP DEFINITION BECAUSE YOU 7864 04:55:07,805 --> 04:55:14,578 DON'T HAVE TO HAVE THE PRIMARY 7865 04:55:14,578 --> 04:55:14,879 ACTIVATION. 7866 04:55:14,879 --> 04:55:18,015 AND IN THAT SENSE, THIS IS AN 7867 04:55:18,015 --> 04:55:18,582 INCORRECT CONCEPTUALIZATION 7868 04:55:18,582 --> 04:55:20,685 BECAUSE IF YOU SHUT IT OFF, AND 7869 04:55:20,685 --> 04:55:24,422 THE PERSON TELLS YOU, I DON'T 7870 04:55:24,422 --> 04:55:26,257 FEEL PAIN, THEN, YOU KNOW, YOU 7871 04:55:26,257 --> 04:55:31,429 HAVE TO ACCEPT THEIR 7872 04:55:31,429 --> 04:55:31,896 EXPLANATION. 7873 04:55:31,896 --> 04:55:34,332 NSO MIKE, I AGREE WITH YOU IN 7874 04:55:34,332 --> 04:55:36,534 SOME INDIVIDUALS IF YOU GIVE 7875 04:55:36,534 --> 04:55:37,601 LIDOCAINE OR PERIPHERALS WHERE 7876 04:55:37,601 --> 04:55:39,036 YOU SHUT IT OFF RIGHT AWAY AND 7877 04:55:39,036 --> 04:55:40,171 THERE ARE A PORTION OF 7878 04:55:40,171 --> 04:55:40,905 INDIVIDUAL WHERE IS IT DOESN'T 7879 04:55:40,905 --> 04:55:44,442 AND EACH IF YOU LOOK AT THE 7880 04:55:44,442 --> 04:55:45,943 PHANTOM LIMB LITERATURE IT WILL 7881 04:55:45,943 --> 04:55:47,244 REDUCE PANE BY 50%. 7882 04:55:47,244 --> 04:55:49,113 FIFTY% OF IT STILL REMAINS AND 7883 04:55:49,113 --> 04:55:52,049 THE PHANTOM LIMB LITERATURE 7884 04:55:52,049 --> 04:55:53,184 MEANS PHANTOM LIMB PAIN IS 7885 04:55:53,184 --> 04:55:53,484 SEBTERAL. 7886 04:55:53,484 --> 04:55:55,419 IF YOU DO THE SAME TECHNOLOGY 7887 04:55:55,419 --> 04:55:56,220 TRANSFER IN ANOTHER CONDITION 7888 04:55:56,220 --> 04:55:58,589 LIKE OA AND YOU IMIF LIDOCAINE 7889 04:55:58,589 --> 04:55:59,557 IN GREAT PROPORTION THE PAIN 7890 04:55:59,557 --> 04:56:00,758 WILL GO AWAY AND SOME OF THEM IT 7891 04:56:00,758 --> 04:56:02,193 WILL NOT AND THERE WILL BE 7892 04:56:02,193 --> 04:56:03,027 LINGERING PAIN THAT DIDN'T GO 7893 04:56:03,027 --> 04:56:05,196 AWAY OR THERE WILL BE A 7894 04:56:05,196 --> 04:56:06,163 PROPORTION WHERE IT DIDN'T AND 7895 04:56:06,163 --> 04:56:08,799 THEY WILL SEE, OH THAT MEANS 7896 04:56:08,799 --> 04:56:10,134 PAIN'S ALL PERIPHERAL BUT THERE 7897 04:56:10,134 --> 04:56:15,106 ARE A UNIQUE POPULATION A FEW OF 7898 04:56:15,106 --> 04:56:16,741 THEM WHERE PAIN DOESN'T GO AWAY. 7899 04:56:16,741 --> 04:56:19,076 THE GREAT MAIORITY THERE IS A 7900 04:56:19,076 --> 04:56:19,643 PERIPHERAL GENERATOR I WOULD 7901 04:56:19,643 --> 04:56:20,511 AGREEN CELLS WITH YOU AND MOST 7902 04:56:20,511 --> 04:56:22,480 PEOPLE DO HAVE IT. 7903 04:56:22,480 --> 04:56:25,149 BUT THERE ARE A PROPORTION THAT 7904 04:56:25,149 --> 04:56:25,449 DON'T. 7905 04:56:25,449 --> 04:56:27,852 THERE'S ALSO THESE WHOLE SLEW OF 7906 04:56:27,852 --> 04:56:29,954 STUDIES WHICH I FIND FASCINATING 7907 04:56:29,954 --> 04:56:33,457 WHERE THEY INDUCE PERFECT PEOPLE 7908 04:56:33,457 --> 04:56:34,658 WITH NO PERIPHERAL ANYTHING, NO 7909 04:56:34,658 --> 04:56:36,927 PAIN AND THEY GIVE VERY 7910 04:56:36,927 --> 04:56:39,363 STRESSFUL EVENTS, THEY DO STRESS 7911 04:56:39,363 --> 04:56:41,532 MENTAL TRESES TESTS THEY MAKE 7912 04:56:41,532 --> 04:56:43,968 THEM DO MENTAL MATH FOR SOME 7913 04:56:43,968 --> 04:56:45,069 PEOPLE THAT'S STRESSFUL BUT FOR 7914 04:56:45,069 --> 04:56:46,070 SOME PEOPLE IT'S FUN AND BUT 7915 04:56:46,070 --> 04:56:48,906 THEY HAVE THEM DO THIS AND THEY 7916 04:56:48,906 --> 04:56:52,510 CAN INDUCE PAIN IN THESE PEOPLE 7917 04:56:52,510 --> 04:56:54,045 IN LUSK LO SKELETAL SYSTEM JUST 7918 04:56:54,045 --> 04:56:55,446 AS IF THEY WERE HAVING PAIN 7919 04:56:55,446 --> 04:56:56,714 OTHERWISE SO YOU KNOW YOU CAN 7920 04:56:56,714 --> 04:56:58,582 ADDRESS IT CAN THERE CAN BE SOME 7921 04:56:58,582 --> 04:57:03,020 INSTANCES IN WHICH IT IS, BUT I 7922 04:57:03,020 --> 04:57:04,688 AGREE THAT THERE--MOST OF THE 7923 04:57:04,688 --> 04:57:06,123 TIME THERE'S A PERIPHERAL 7924 04:57:06,123 --> 04:57:07,258 GENERATOR BUT THERE ARE 7925 04:57:07,258 --> 04:57:08,626 CONDITIONS WHERE THERE ISN'T AND 7926 04:57:08,626 --> 04:57:11,195 WE HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE WHAT 7927 04:57:11,195 --> 04:57:12,063 THOSE ARE AND DECIPHERING THEM. 7928 04:57:12,063 --> 04:57:13,597 WE ALSO KNOW THAT THE SAME TIME 7929 04:57:13,597 --> 04:57:16,600 WHEN YOU DO THOSE STRESS TESTS, 7930 04:57:16,600 --> 04:57:17,435 PEOPLE PUT EMGs INTO THE 7931 04:57:17,435 --> 04:57:19,403 MUSCLES AND THEY CAN GET 7932 04:57:19,403 --> 04:57:21,605 INCREASE PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY OF 7933 04:57:21,605 --> 04:57:23,074 THE MUSCLE AND INCREASED 7934 04:57:23,074 --> 04:57:24,875 TENDERNESS OF THE MUSCLE, 7935 04:57:24,875 --> 04:57:28,512 DESPITE THE FACT THAT IT WASN'T 7936 04:57:28,512 --> 04:57:28,846 THERE BEFORE. 7937 04:57:28,846 --> 04:57:31,082 SO THERE ARE WAYS YOU CAN DEDUCE 7938 04:57:31,082 --> 04:57:32,683 THEM, DO THEM THAT ARE 7939 04:57:32,683 --> 04:57:34,552 INDEPENDENT SO JUST UNKNOWING 7940 04:57:34,552 --> 04:57:37,154 THAT MEANS WE HAVE TO KEEP AN 7941 04:57:37,154 --> 04:57:38,889 OPEN MIND TO ALL POSSIBILITIES 7942 04:57:38,889 --> 04:57:40,024 N2 THINGS I'M PERFECTLY WILLING 7943 04:57:40,024 --> 04:57:42,193 TO ACCEPT THE BROADER DEFINITION 7944 04:57:42,193 --> 04:57:45,830 OF PAIN AS A SPOUSE BY ISP. 7945 04:57:45,830 --> 04:57:48,766 THE OTHER ASPECT IS THAT YES, 7946 04:57:48,766 --> 04:57:51,735 AND I'M ALSO WILLING TO EMBRACE 7947 04:57:51,735 --> 04:57:53,671 THE EXCEPTIONS THAT YOU IMAGINE, 7948 04:57:53,671 --> 04:57:56,107 BUT THERE ARE MANY--LIKE YOU 7949 04:57:56,107 --> 04:57:57,842 JUST SAID AND YOU DON'T HAVE TO 7950 04:57:57,842 --> 04:57:59,710 SAY IT, YOU SAID IT THAT THERE'S 7951 04:57:59,710 --> 04:58:02,546 MANY, MANY PAIN PROBLEMS THAT OF 7952 04:58:02,546 --> 04:58:06,283 LONG DURATION, THAT ARE 7953 04:58:06,283 --> 04:58:07,351 SUSCEPTIBLE TO PERIPHERAL INPUT, 7954 04:58:07,351 --> 04:58:09,987 AND I MIGHT ALSO ARGUE THAT THE 7955 04:58:09,987 --> 04:58:12,156 PEOPLE THAT DON'T RESPOND TO 7956 04:58:12,156 --> 04:58:14,925 LET'S SAY, AN INTERVENTION, 7957 04:58:14,925 --> 04:58:16,594 PROBABLY IT'S NOT THE PAIN 7958 04:58:16,594 --> 04:58:17,561 THAT'S THE PROBLEM, IT'S THE 7959 04:58:17,561 --> 04:58:19,663 ISHT VENTION THAT WAS A PROBLEM 7960 04:58:19,663 --> 04:58:20,498 AND IT WASN'T 100%. 7961 04:58:20,498 --> 04:58:24,201 SO IF YOU HAD A 100% EEIVETTIVE 7962 04:58:24,201 --> 04:58:25,669 INTERVENTION, PROBABLY MANY OF 7963 04:58:25,669 --> 04:58:27,138 YOUR XEPGS WOULD DISAPPEAR NWE 7964 04:58:27,138 --> 04:58:28,239 DO HAVE POST STROKE PAIN. 7965 04:58:28,239 --> 04:58:30,074 WE HAVE LESIONS IN THE BRAIN. 7966 04:58:30,074 --> 04:58:30,975 >> THAT'S 1 OF THE EXCEPTIONS 7967 04:58:30,975 --> 04:58:32,877 THAT I'M NOT GOING TO COMMENT ON 7968 04:58:32,877 --> 04:58:34,278 BECAUSE YOU KNOW, BUT EVEN THAT 7969 04:58:34,278 --> 04:58:35,246 CAN BE. 7970 04:58:35,246 --> 04:58:36,147 >> BUT THERE'S ALSO MS LESIONS 7971 04:58:36,147 --> 04:58:40,484 THAT LEAD TO PAIN NSPINAL CORD 7972 04:58:40,484 --> 04:58:43,053 PAIN NYEAH, THOSE ARE NOT 7973 04:58:43,053 --> 04:58:43,354 PERIPHERAL. 7974 04:58:43,354 --> 04:58:46,323 CLEARLY MICHAEL THOSE ARE NOT 7975 04:58:46,323 --> 04:58:47,024 PERIPHERAL GENERATORS. 7976 04:58:47,024 --> 04:58:48,359 SNZ AS LONG AS WE REALIZE THERE 7977 04:58:48,359 --> 04:58:50,427 ARE AREAS IN THE BRAIN WHERE CAN 7978 04:58:50,427 --> 04:58:52,496 YOU HAVE A LESION AND PATIENTS 7979 04:58:52,496 --> 04:58:53,531 HAVE PAIN. 7980 04:58:53,531 --> 04:58:53,864 >> RIGHT. 7981 04:58:53,864 --> 04:58:55,633 QUESTION TO DR. BERG, I GUESS, 7982 04:58:55,633 --> 04:59:02,973 WAS IT IN SO, QUITE A WHILE AGO 7983 04:59:02,973 --> 04:59:04,975 WE DID HIGH SPEED VIDEOGRAPHY IS 7984 04:59:04,975 --> 04:59:07,044 1 THING THAT STRUCK ME IS THAT 7985 04:59:07,044 --> 04:59:08,946 THE ANIMAL ORIENTS HIS HEAD IN 7986 04:59:08,946 --> 04:59:11,782 THE SAME TIME FRAME AS THE PAW 7987 04:59:11,782 --> 04:59:14,218 DRAW, SO I'M WONDERING IF YOU 7988 04:59:14,218 --> 04:59:15,819 CAN COMMENT ARE THEY DOING 7989 04:59:15,819 --> 04:59:19,423 THREAD ASSESS AM, A MEMORY 7990 04:59:19,423 --> 04:59:23,594 COMPONENT, EXACTLY WHAT OR WHY 7991 04:59:23,594 --> 04:59:25,763 DO THEY NEED TO EVOLVE THEIR 7992 04:59:25,763 --> 04:59:27,398 EYES IN THAT WHOLE NEED TO 7993 04:59:27,398 --> 04:59:28,799 WITHDRAW FROM PAIN RESPONSE? 7994 04:59:28,799 --> 04:59:31,101 >> SO THIS IS SOMETHING WE'VE 7995 04:59:31,101 --> 04:59:32,570 LOOKED AT A GREAT DEAL OVER THE 7996 04:59:32,570 --> 04:59:33,938 YORES WITH LOOKING AT BOTH THE 7997 04:59:33,938 --> 04:59:37,541 HEAD MOVEMENT AND THE WITHDRAWAL 7998 04:59:37,541 --> 04:59:40,377 RESPONSE, WE OFTEN FIEBD THAT 7999 04:59:40,377 --> 04:59:42,313 FOR SAY A PIN PRICK, YOU ARE 8000 04:59:42,313 --> 04:59:43,948 GOING TO SEE THE WITHDRAWAL 8001 04:59:43,948 --> 04:59:45,549 RESPONSE AND THEN A HEAD 8002 04:59:45,549 --> 04:59:47,384 RESPONSE WHEREAS WE SAY COTTON 8003 04:59:47,384 --> 04:59:49,920 SWAB, YOU WILL SEE OFTEN 8004 04:59:49,920 --> 04:59:50,988 THAT--HEAD RESPONSE FIRST AND 8005 04:59:50,988 --> 04:59:55,793 THEN THE MOUSE MITOCHONDRIAL 8006 04:59:55,793 --> 04:59:57,294 MOVE ITS PAW EMPLOY OUR 8007 04:59:57,294 --> 04:59:58,596 INTERPRETATION OF THIS BEHAVIOR 8008 04:59:58,596 --> 05:00:00,464 IS THAT MOUSE HAS NO CLUE WHAT'S 8009 05:00:00,464 --> 05:00:01,265 JUST HAPPENED. 8010 05:00:01,265 --> 05:00:03,534 IT FELT MANAGE ON ITS PAW AND 8011 05:00:03,534 --> 05:00:05,970 IT'S ORIENTS ITS HEAD TO TRY TO 8012 05:00:05,970 --> 05:00:08,305 FIGURE OUT HAS IT STEPPED ON 8013 05:00:08,305 --> 05:00:09,506 SOMETHING, HAS SOMETHING ABOUT 8014 05:00:09,506 --> 05:00:10,874 THE GROUND CHANGED AND SO 8015 05:00:10,874 --> 05:00:13,844 HONESTLY I DO THINK IT IS 8016 05:00:13,844 --> 05:00:15,512 INVESTIGATION. 8017 05:00:15,512 --> 05:00:17,748 AND THE FACT THAT IT WILL OCCUR 8018 05:00:17,748 --> 05:00:20,918 OFTEN FIRST BEFORE WITHDRAWAL, 8019 05:00:20,918 --> 05:00:22,086 AND TESTING STIMULUS, VERSUS 8020 05:00:22,086 --> 05:00:25,422 AFTER WITHDRAWAL AND A PAIN 8021 05:00:25,422 --> 05:00:26,590 STIMULUS WHERE THE PRIORITY IS 8022 05:00:26,590 --> 05:00:28,259 PROTECT THE PAW, GET IT OUT OF 8023 05:00:28,259 --> 05:00:29,093 THERE, PROTECT THE PAW AND 8024 05:00:29,093 --> 05:00:31,562 FIGURE OUT WHAT HAPPENED BACKS 8025 05:00:31,562 --> 05:00:34,298 UP THIS INTERPRETATION MY 8026 05:00:34,298 --> 05:00:36,300 THOUGHTS NRIGHT NOKAY, THANK 8027 05:00:36,300 --> 05:00:36,467 YOU. 8028 05:00:36,467 --> 05:00:36,900 NTHANKS EVERYBODY. 8029 05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:40,404 SO FOR THE FINAL QUESTION--IS 8030 05:00:40,404 --> 05:00:41,405 THERE ANOTHER 1? 8031 05:00:41,405 --> 05:00:41,705 >> PLEASE. 8032 05:00:41,705 --> 05:00:44,642 >> THANK YOU IT'S DORIS 8033 05:00:44,642 --> 05:00:45,209 AGAIN,IME STILL STRUGGLING A 8034 05:00:45,209 --> 05:00:50,281 LITTLE BIT WITH THE PAIN AND 8035 05:00:50,281 --> 05:00:52,983 STRESS SO TALKING ABOUT THE 8036 05:00:52,983 --> 05:00:54,051 LIMBIC SYSTEM THAT IS HAS AND 8037 05:00:54,051 --> 05:00:55,653 ALSO THINK BEING LIKE IF YOU CAN 8038 05:00:55,653 --> 05:00:57,821 AM FROM A DIFFERENT ACEROUSAL AT 8039 05:00:57,821 --> 05:01:00,324 THAT TIMEUS, THE REACTION MIGHT 8040 05:01:00,324 --> 05:01:06,196 BE FASTER, AND MIGHT EVEN MORE 8041 05:01:06,196 --> 05:01:08,265 ECK OUT, LIKE IN PRACTICE, LIKE 8042 05:01:08,265 --> 05:01:09,633 BEING A STRESSED VETERINARIAN 8043 05:01:09,633 --> 05:01:10,834 WITH A STRESSED TECHNICIAN, THEN 8044 05:01:10,834 --> 05:01:12,269 HAVE YOU A STRESSED ANIMAL AND 8045 05:01:12,269 --> 05:01:13,671 THEN IT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO 8046 05:01:13,671 --> 05:01:15,806 ARK ASSESSES PAIN, AND SO, I'M 8047 05:01:15,806 --> 05:01:17,474 COMING BACK TO QUALITY OF LIFE 8048 05:01:17,474 --> 05:01:18,709 THINKING ABOUT THE VIDEO THAT WE 8049 05:01:18,709 --> 05:01:23,080 SAW IN THE BEGENERATEDDING WITH 8050 05:01:23,080 --> 05:01:24,882 THE DOG WAS VERY IMPRESSIVE BUT 8051 05:01:24,882 --> 05:01:27,384 I WAS WONDERING WHAT HAPPENS THE 8052 05:01:27,384 --> 05:01:29,753 REST 23 HOURS AND 45 MINUTES. 8053 05:01:29,753 --> 05:01:32,690 IS THE DOG HAPPY IN KIND OF 8054 05:01:32,690 --> 05:01:35,492 DEPENDING ON THE BEHAVIOR? 8055 05:01:35,492 --> 05:01:39,163 AND KIND OF PART OF SECOND 8056 05:01:39,163 --> 05:01:39,997 QUESTION WHEN I REFER TO PEOPLE, 8057 05:01:39,997 --> 05:01:43,734 WHERE WE KNOW ABOUT THE 8058 05:01:43,734 --> 05:01:44,802 POLYVITAL THEORY WHERE THEY SAY 8059 05:01:44,802 --> 05:01:47,404 LIKE THEY GO TO THE FREEZE 8060 05:01:47,404 --> 05:01:50,040 RESPONSE WHEN LIKE LEARN TO 8061 05:01:50,040 --> 05:01:51,241 HELPLESSNESS, AND IF I LOOK AT 8062 05:01:51,241 --> 05:01:53,110 THE BEHAVIOR AND THE ANIMALS 8063 05:01:53,110 --> 05:01:57,448 DON'T EVEN ESCAPE ANYMORE FROM A 8064 05:01:57,448 --> 05:01:58,482 STRONG STIMULUS, SO WHERE'S THE 8065 05:01:58,482 --> 05:01:59,983 CUT OFF, WHERE I SAID LIKE, THIS 8066 05:01:59,983 --> 05:02:02,519 IS NOT A NORMAL PAIN REACTION 8067 05:02:02,519 --> 05:02:02,920 ANYMORE. 8068 05:02:02,920 --> 05:02:05,823 IT'S A KIND OF BEHAVIORIAL THING 8069 05:02:05,823 --> 05:02:09,827 THAT WE HAVE TO LEARN 8070 05:02:09,827 --> 05:02:10,160 HELPLESSNESS. 8071 05:02:10,160 --> 05:02:10,761 THANK YOU. 8072 05:02:10,761 --> 05:02:12,029 NKATHLEEN DO HAVE YOU THAT 8073 05:02:12,029 --> 05:02:12,329 QUESTION IN. 8074 05:02:12,329 --> 05:02:13,464 >> SO IF YOU WANT TO SUMMARIZE 8075 05:02:13,464 --> 05:02:15,099 THAT AS A QUESTION, I HEAR 8076 05:02:15,099 --> 05:02:17,634 THERE'S A LOT OF COMMENTS THERE. 8077 05:02:17,634 --> 05:02:21,071 EXACTLY WHAT'S THE QUESTION? 8078 05:02:21,071 --> 05:02:22,172 YOU WANT TO ADDRESS ANXIETY IN 8079 05:02:22,172 --> 05:02:24,375 THE CONTEXT OF PAIN, CAN YOU 8080 05:02:24,375 --> 05:02:26,310 REALLY SEPARATE THE 2 SOME. 8081 05:02:26,310 --> 05:02:27,611 >> YEAH, WHEN YOU APPROACH THE 8082 05:02:27,611 --> 05:02:30,914 PAIN, HOW DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE 8083 05:02:30,914 --> 05:02:32,683 AROUSAL STATUS OF THE ANIMAL 8084 05:02:32,683 --> 05:02:34,651 NTHE AROUSAL STATUS OF THE 8085 05:02:34,651 --> 05:02:37,020 ANIMAL NSO I THINK INDEED THE 8086 05:02:37,020 --> 05:02:39,490 STRESS CERTAINLY AFFECTS THE 8087 05:02:39,490 --> 05:02:40,290 PAIN CONDITION, RIGHT. 8088 05:02:40,290 --> 05:02:41,892 SO IN A HIGHLY STRESS ANIMAL 8089 05:02:41,892 --> 05:02:45,529 WHICH WE TRY TO AVOID, BUT IS 8090 05:02:45,529 --> 05:02:47,364 MUCH PROBABLY HARDER IN 8091 05:02:47,364 --> 05:02:48,465 VETERINARY PRACTICE THAN IT IS 8092 05:02:48,465 --> 05:02:51,835 IN OUR ANIMAL STUDIES AND I WILL 8093 05:02:51,835 --> 05:02:53,003 HIGHLY STRESSED ENVIRONMENT OUR 8094 05:02:53,003 --> 05:02:54,471 MODEL YES IT'S GOING TO AFFECT 8095 05:02:54,471 --> 05:02:54,905 YOUR PAIN. 8096 05:02:54,905 --> 05:02:56,940 HAVE YOU A VERY DIFFICULT TIME 8097 05:02:56,940 --> 05:03:00,844 SEPARATING THEM OR FIGURING THAT 8098 05:03:00,844 --> 05:03:01,011 OUT. 8099 05:03:01,011 --> 05:03:07,751 AND SO, I LOVE THE IDEA OF 8100 05:03:07,751 --> 05:03:10,554 SELF-REPORT BY USING CARE TAKERS 8101 05:03:10,554 --> 05:03:14,091 OR THE OWNERS OR WHOEVER THE 8102 05:03:14,091 --> 05:03:14,892 PEOPLE ARE, BECAUSE THEY 8103 05:03:14,892 --> 05:03:15,859 UNDERSTAND THAT. 8104 05:03:15,859 --> 05:03:17,895 IT'S THE SAME TAKE THAT 1 USES 8105 05:03:17,895 --> 05:03:20,431 FOR SOMEONE WHO'S COGNITIVELY 8106 05:03:20,431 --> 05:03:24,168 IMPAIRED, SOME CHILD BEHAVIOR IS 8107 05:03:24,168 --> 05:03:26,370 YOU ASK THE PARENTS OR 8108 05:03:26,370 --> 05:03:27,204 CAREGIVERS BECAUSE THEY HAVE A 8109 05:03:27,204 --> 05:03:29,206 BETTER IDEA OF WHAT THE BIGGER 8110 05:03:29,206 --> 05:03:30,274 PICTURE IS, THE OTHER 23 HOURS 8111 05:03:30,274 --> 05:03:32,176 OF THE DAY THAT THEY'RE NOT IN 8112 05:03:32,176 --> 05:03:32,643 YOUR OFFICE, RIGHT? 8113 05:03:32,643 --> 05:03:36,547 SO I LOVE THAT IDEA, AND HAVING 8114 05:03:36,547 --> 05:03:37,714 SOME MEASURES WRAPPED AROUND 8115 05:03:37,714 --> 05:03:38,182 THAT. 8116 05:03:38,182 --> 05:03:40,350 ONE OF THE REASONS I'VE LIKED 8117 05:03:40,350 --> 05:03:42,553 WHEN WE SAW THE CANINE BRIEF 8118 05:03:42,553 --> 05:03:44,888 PAIN INVENTORY IS THAT IT DOES 8119 05:03:44,888 --> 05:03:45,789 THAT. 8120 05:03:45,789 --> 05:03:48,392 IT ASKS ABOUT THE ANIMAL OUTSIDE 8121 05:03:48,392 --> 05:03:49,259 OF THE DAY-TO-DAY, WHERE THEY 8122 05:03:49,259 --> 05:03:50,561 ARE RIGHT THERE IN A WAY SO I 8123 05:03:50,561 --> 05:03:52,129 THINK YOU HAVE TO RELY ON SOME 8124 05:03:52,129 --> 05:03:55,199 OF THOSE OTHER MEASURES BECAUSE, 8125 05:03:55,199 --> 05:03:56,667 ACTUALLY GOING TO TO THE VET OR 8126 05:03:56,667 --> 05:03:59,102 ANYTHING TO SEE SOMEBODY IS 8127 05:03:59,102 --> 05:04:00,804 STRESSFUL FOR SOME ANIMALS AND 8128 05:04:00,804 --> 05:04:01,872 THEY DON'T LIKE IT. 8129 05:04:01,872 --> 05:04:03,774 THEY DON'T LIKE THE TRANSPORT IN 8130 05:04:03,774 --> 05:04:06,643 THE CAR, OTHERS LOVE IT, BUT YOU 8131 05:04:06,643 --> 05:04:07,945 HAVE TO SEPARATE IT AND MAYBE 8132 05:04:07,945 --> 05:04:09,680 THE WAY AROUND THAT IS TO LOOK 8133 05:04:09,680 --> 05:04:11,081 FOR THOSE OTHER SELF-REPORT 8134 05:04:11,081 --> 05:04:16,453 MEASURES CAN YOU USE. 8135 05:04:16,453 --> 05:04:19,156 >> BRIEFLY THE 1 DIMENSION WE'VE 8136 05:04:19,156 --> 05:04:22,059 HAVEN'T POKEN ABOUT IS PREDATOR 8137 05:04:22,059 --> 05:04:24,027 TO PREY SCENARIO, SO TAKEN--THEY 8138 05:04:24,027 --> 05:04:25,496 DIMENSIONALITY IN A PREDATOR 8139 05:04:25,496 --> 05:04:28,398 PRESENTS DIFFERENTLY TO THEM, IN 8140 05:04:28,398 --> 05:04:30,234 A PREY SPECIES SO I THINK THAT'S 8141 05:04:30,234 --> 05:04:33,971 A FASCINATING SPACE WHERE WE'RE 8142 05:04:33,971 --> 05:04:37,074 USING RODENTS TO EXPLAIN 8143 05:04:37,074 --> 05:04:38,041 MULTIPLE SPECIES BEHAVIORS 8144 05:04:38,041 --> 05:04:41,311 INCLUDING OURS AND YEAH, I DON'T 8145 05:04:41,311 --> 05:04:44,248 FREEZE AS MUCH AS I SHOULD BE 8146 05:04:44,248 --> 05:04:44,715 APPARENTLY. 8147 05:04:44,715 --> 05:04:46,250 SO IN YOUR MODEL WHERE YOU 8148 05:04:46,250 --> 05:04:47,284 STIMULATE THE ANIMAL WITHOUT A 8149 05:04:47,284 --> 05:04:49,953 USER IN THE ROOM AND LOOK AT THE 8150 05:04:49,953 --> 05:04:51,355 HIGH SPEED ANALYSIS AND ADD 8151 05:04:51,355 --> 05:04:53,991 SOMETHING LIKE FOX URINE IS THAT 8152 05:04:53,991 --> 05:04:55,759 SOMETHING YOUR GROUP AS LOOKED 8153 05:04:55,759 --> 05:04:56,293 AT IN. 8154 05:04:56,293 --> 05:04:58,395 >> SO WE HAVEN'T GONE AS FAR AS 8155 05:04:58,395 --> 05:05:00,797 FOX URINE YET BUT WE HAVE BEEN 8156 05:05:00,797 --> 05:05:01,965 INVESTIGATING WHAT IS THE EFFECT 8157 05:05:01,965 --> 05:05:04,401 OF EVEN THE PRESENCE OF A 8158 05:05:04,401 --> 05:05:05,669 RESEARCHER IN THE ROOM. 8159 05:05:05,669 --> 05:05:07,938 AND SOMETHING THAT'S INTERESTING 8160 05:05:07,938 --> 05:05:12,442 IS THIS AFFECT APPEARS TO BE 8161 05:05:12,442 --> 05:05:13,877 INCONSISTENT WITH--FOR SAY TOUCH 8162 05:05:13,877 --> 05:05:15,379 STIMULI IT CAN OFTEN LEAD TO THE 8163 05:05:15,379 --> 05:05:16,980 MOUSE BEING LESS REACTIVE 8164 05:05:16,980 --> 05:05:18,448 WHEREAS FOR PAIN STIMULI FOR 8165 05:05:18,448 --> 05:05:20,017 CERTAIN MICE, IT SEEMS TO CAUSE 8166 05:05:20,017 --> 05:05:23,620 THEM TO BE MORE REACTIVE, THIS 8167 05:05:23,620 --> 05:05:24,988 RESEARCH IS ONGOING SO I WON'T 8168 05:05:24,988 --> 05:05:28,492 SHARE TOO MANY SPECIFICS BUT 8169 05:05:28,492 --> 05:05:32,296 ANOTHER ASPECT THAT HAS COME UP 8170 05:05:32,296 --> 05:05:35,098 IS THAT AN ANXIETY MODEL ALONE 8171 05:05:35,098 --> 05:05:39,202 APPLIED TO A MOUSE APPEAR TOTION 8172 05:05:39,202 --> 05:05:40,737 CAUSE DIFFERENCES IN MECHANICAL 8173 05:05:40,737 --> 05:05:41,705 SENSITIVITY AND LOOKING AT THE 8174 05:05:41,705 --> 05:05:44,074 RESEARCH AS A WHOLE, LOOKING AT 8175 05:05:44,074 --> 05:05:46,810 STRESS AS A FACTOR IN PAIN, THE 8176 05:05:46,810 --> 05:05:49,780 RESEARCH HAS BEEN SOMEWHAT 8177 05:05:49,780 --> 05:05:51,214 INCONSISTENT WITH WHAT ITS FOUND 8178 05:05:51,214 --> 05:05:52,349 WITH WHETHER IT LEADS TO 8179 05:05:52,349 --> 05:05:54,585 INCREASES IN PANE BEHAVIOR OR 8180 05:05:54,585 --> 05:05:55,919 DECREASES BASED ON HOW YOU'RE 8181 05:05:55,919 --> 05:05:57,888 MEASURING THAT BEHAVIOR WHICH IS 8182 05:05:57,888 --> 05:05:59,189 SOMETHING THAT WE'VE ONLY FOUND 8183 05:05:59,189 --> 05:06:02,292 MORE SO WHEN WE LOOK AT HIGH 8184 05:06:02,292 --> 05:06:05,462 SPEED AND LOOK COMPARING THESE 8185 05:06:05,462 --> 05:06:05,896 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS. 8186 05:06:05,896 --> 05:06:06,797 EVEN LOOKING AT SOMETHING LIKE 8187 05:06:06,797 --> 05:06:09,666 SAY A DOG, I HAVE A DOG MYSELF, 8188 05:06:09,666 --> 05:06:11,568 AS WELL AS HAVE BEEN AROUND MANY 8189 05:06:11,568 --> 05:06:12,669 DOGS OVER THE YEARS INCLUDING 8190 05:06:12,669 --> 05:06:16,206 THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN IN PAIN AND 8191 05:06:16,206 --> 05:06:20,377 FOUND THAT 1 DOG WHO'S IN PAIN, 8192 05:06:20,377 --> 05:06:21,678 WILL START BITING PEOPLE WHEREAS 8193 05:06:21,678 --> 05:06:24,581 ANOTHER DOG WHO'S IN PAIN WILL 8194 05:06:24,581 --> 05:06:25,849 JUST BECOME FAR MORE WITHDRAWN. 8195 05:06:25,849 --> 05:06:28,218 AND I DON'T THINK WE SHOULD 8196 05:06:28,218 --> 05:06:31,188 EXPECT THAT EVEN WITH THE SAME 8197 05:06:31,188 --> 05:06:33,190 EXACT ASSAY, SAME EXACT 8198 05:06:33,190 --> 05:06:34,491 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION IN ALL OF 8199 05:06:34,491 --> 05:06:35,993 THAT, THAT EVERY SINGLE ANIMAL, 8200 05:06:35,993 --> 05:06:37,661 EVEN OF THE SAME SPECIES IS 8201 05:06:37,661 --> 05:06:40,497 GOING TO SHOW THE EXACT SAME 8202 05:06:40,497 --> 05:06:43,433 RESPONSE TO THE PAIN AND SAME 8203 05:06:43,433 --> 05:06:48,705 INTERACTION BETWEEN THAT AND 8204 05:06:48,705 --> 05:06:48,939 ANXIETY. 8205 05:06:48,939 --> 05:06:49,406 >> GREAT POINT. 8206 05:06:49,406 --> 05:06:50,307 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 8207 05:06:50,307 --> 05:06:51,642 GO ARK HEAD KATHLEEN NSO THE 8208 05:06:51,642 --> 05:06:53,176 RPGHT THING I WANT YOU TO THINK 8209 05:06:53,176 --> 05:06:54,011 ABOUT AND MAYBE SOMEBODY CAN 8210 05:06:54,011 --> 05:06:56,847 COME UP WITH MEASURES FOR THIS, 8211 05:06:56,847 --> 05:07:03,186 BUT IN THE CHILDREN, PEDIATRIC 8212 05:07:03,186 --> 05:07:06,657 LITERATURE, IF A PARENT HAS HIGH 8213 05:07:06,657 --> 05:07:07,424 PAIN CATASTROPHIZING, IT 8214 05:07:07,424 --> 05:07:09,960 INFLUENCES THE CHILD AND 8215 05:07:09,960 --> 05:07:10,727 PRODUCES NEGATIVE OUTCOMES. 8216 05:07:10,727 --> 05:07:21,271 SO I IMAGINE IT WILL BE EXACTLY 8217 05:07:22,806 --> 05:07:24,341 THE SAME YOU HAVE TOUGH ON THAT 8218 05:07:24,341 --> 05:07:25,342 BECAUSE YOU NEED TO THINK ABOUT 8219 05:07:25,342 --> 05:07:28,512 MAYBE THE OTHER PEOPLE IN THE 8220 05:07:28,512 --> 05:07:30,047 PICTURE MAYBE NOT JUST THE 8221 05:07:30,047 --> 05:07:30,347 ANIMAL. 8222 05:07:30,347 --> 05:07:33,316 >> MAYBE A TEASE FOR A COUPLE 8223 05:07:33,316 --> 05:07:34,685 YEARS TIME, DR. MARGARET AND HER 8224 05:07:34,685 --> 05:07:36,453 TEAM ARE WORKING ON THAT AT THIS 8225 05:07:36,453 --> 05:07:36,687 MOMENT. 8226 05:07:36,687 --> 05:07:38,855 IN FACT I HAD A PROJECT MEETING 8227 05:07:38,855 --> 05:07:39,823 ON THAT TODAY. 8228 05:07:39,823 --> 05:07:40,357 >> VERY GOOD. 8229 05:07:40,357 --> 05:07:40,724 >> EXCELLENT. 8230 05:07:40,724 --> 05:07:41,792 SO I WANT TO THANK ALL THE 8231 05:07:41,792 --> 05:07:43,593 MEMBERRINGS OF THE PANEL, ALL 8232 05:07:43,593 --> 05:07:48,131 THE MEMBERS OF THE AUDIENCE, 8233 05:07:48,131 --> 05:07:48,765 PARTICIPATION, EXCELLENT 8234 05:07:48,765 --> 05:07:50,534 QUESTIONS AND AND PLEASE ENJOY 8235 05:07:50,534 --> 05:07:53,203 THE RECEPTION AND PARTAKE IN THE 8236 05:07:53,203 --> 05:07:56,039 POSTERS WHICH WILL BE FROM 8237 05:07:56,039 --> 05:07:58,275 4:45 P.M. UNTIL 7:00 P.M. THIS 8238 05:07:58,275 --> 05:07:59,209 EVENING. 8239 05:07:59,209 --> 05:08:00,177 THANK YOU. 8240 05:08:00,177 --> 05:08:10,420 [ APPLAUSE ]