1 00:00:06,206 --> 00:00:10,777 >> GOOD AFTERNOON AND WELCOME 2 00:00:10,777 --> 00:00:11,044 EVERYONE. 3 00:00:11,044 --> 00:00:16,616 I'M ELLISEO PEREZ-STABLE THE 4 00:00:16,616 --> 00:00:17,984 DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF 5 00:00:17,984 --> 00:00:20,987 MINORITY HEALTH AND THANK YOU 6 00:00:20,987 --> 00:00:22,222 FOR JOINING US FOR THE 7 00:00:22,222 --> 00:00:23,457 DIRECTOR'S SERIES. 8 00:00:23,457 --> 00:00:26,793 WE'RE OBSERVING HISPANIC 9 00:00:26,793 --> 00:00:28,428 HERITAGE MONTH. 10 00:00:28,428 --> 00:00:34,067 THE 2024 HERITAGE MONTH THEME IS 11 00:00:34,067 --> 00:00:35,502 [SPEAKING SPANISH] 12 00:00:35,502 --> 00:00:38,772 TRANSLATES TO PIONEERS OF CHANGE 13 00:00:38,772 --> 00:00:41,374 SHAPING THE FUTURE TOGETHER. 14 00:00:41,374 --> 00:00:44,277 THIS YEAR'S NATIONAL THEME 15 00:00:44,277 --> 00:00:45,212 HIGHLIGHTS A DIVERSITY OF 16 00:00:45,212 --> 00:00:50,083 HISPANIC LATINO COMMUNITIES AND 17 00:00:50,083 --> 00:00:53,286 THE STRENGTH THAT COMES FROM 18 00:00:53,286 --> 00:00:54,354 UNIT. 19 00:00:55,822 --> 00:00:55,822 Y 20 00:00:59,092 --> 00:00:59,826 UNITY. 21 00:00:59,826 --> 00:01:04,364 I'M PLEASED TO INTRODUCE 22 00:01:04,364 --> 00:01:08,301 DR. RUDOLPH RODRIGUEZ EXPLORING 23 00:01:08,301 --> 00:01:10,771 SEGREGATION AND THE OUTCOMES ON 24 00:01:10,771 --> 00:01:12,105 THE HISPANIC LATINO POPULATION. 25 00:01:12,105 --> 00:01:14,708 DR. RODRIGUEZ HOLDS SEVERAL 26 00:01:14,708 --> 00:01:15,609 POSITIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 27 00:01:15,609 --> 00:01:17,177 WASHINGTON WHERE HE IS PROFESSOR 28 00:01:17,177 --> 00:01:19,412 OF MEDICINE, VICE CHAIR OF THE 29 00:01:19,412 --> 00:01:22,382 DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE. 30 00:01:22,382 --> 00:01:25,919 HE PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS THE 31 00:01:25,919 --> 00:01:27,287 NEPHROLOGY DIRECTOR AND THE 32 00:01:27,287 --> 00:01:29,689 DIRECTOR OF HOSPITAL AND 33 00:01:29,689 --> 00:01:40,233 SPECIALTY MEDICINE AT THE V.A. 34 00:01:44,437 --> 00:01:46,973 AND LEADS THE V.A. PROGRAMS AND 35 00:01:46,973 --> 00:01:50,443 PATIENTS HE SERVES AS THE 36 00:01:50,443 --> 00:01:52,145 NEPHROLOGY BOARD CHAIR OF 37 00:01:52,145 --> 00:01:57,384 MEDICINE THE BODY THAT GOVERNS 38 00:01:57,384 --> 00:02:00,520 THE CERTIFICATION OF THOSE WHO 39 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:01,955 RESIDENTS TO BE BOARD CERTIFIED 40 00:02:01,955 --> 00:02:04,224 IN INTERNAL MEDICINE. 41 00:02:04,224 --> 00:02:06,726 NOW, DR. RODRIGUEZ WAS 42 00:02:06,726 --> 00:02:10,831 PREVIOUSLY A FACULTY MEMBER OF 43 00:02:10,831 --> 00:02:14,467 UNIVERSITY SAN FRANCISCO AS A 44 00:02:14,467 --> 00:02:15,969 NEPHROLOGIST AT SAN FRANCISCO 45 00:02:15,969 --> 00:02:17,571 HOSPITAL AND WAS MUCH LOVED 46 00:02:17,571 --> 00:02:18,805 THERE AND ONES RECEIVE THE 47 00:02:18,805 --> 00:02:21,074 CONSULTANT OF THE YEAR AWARD. 48 00:02:21,074 --> 00:02:23,009 RECOGNIZED BY UCSF DEPARTMENT OF 49 00:02:23,009 --> 00:02:24,611 MEDICINE AS A MASTER CLINICIAN 50 00:02:24,611 --> 00:02:28,048 AND WAS WIDELY RECOGNIZED AS A 51 00:02:28,048 --> 00:02:30,784 SPECTACULAR CLINICAL TEACHER BY 52 00:02:30,784 --> 00:02:32,686 RESIDENTS, FELLOWS AND STUDENTS. 53 00:02:32,686 --> 00:02:38,792 HE'S A NATIVE SAN FRANCISCAN WHO 54 00:02:38,792 --> 00:02:40,460 COMPLETED HIS MEDICAL DEGREE AT 55 00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:42,195 UCLA AND MET HIM AS A FOURTH 56 00:02:42,195 --> 00:02:45,098 YEAR STUDENT DOING A ROTATION AT 57 00:02:45,098 --> 00:02:46,099 UCSF IN 1988. 58 00:02:46,099 --> 00:02:48,969 LATER CONNECTED WITH HIM AFTER 59 00:02:48,969 --> 00:02:52,572 HE COMPLETED A NEPHROLOGY 60 00:02:52,572 --> 00:02:54,875 FELLOWSHIP AT UCSF AND JOINED 61 00:02:54,875 --> 00:02:56,810 THE FACULTY BASED AT SAN 62 00:02:56,810 --> 00:02:57,811 FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL. 63 00:02:57,811 --> 00:02:59,713 OF NOTE, HIS MOTHER HAD BEEN A 64 00:02:59,713 --> 00:03:02,616 PATIENT IN THE PRIMARY CARE 65 00:03:02,616 --> 00:03:07,420 CLINIC AT UCSF LATER UNDER THE 66 00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:11,658 DIVISION OF INTERNAL MEDICINE I 67 00:03:11,658 --> 00:03:13,960 WAS THE DIRECTOR OF AT UCSF. 68 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:18,164 HE'S WELL PUBLISHED, OVER 70 69 00:03:18,164 --> 00:03:18,398 PAPERS. 70 00:03:18,398 --> 00:03:19,232 HIS RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE 71 00:03:19,232 --> 00:03:22,102 VIRAL INFECTIONS IN KIDNEY 72 00:03:22,102 --> 00:03:24,304 DISEASE AND THE EMPLOY OF 73 00:03:24,304 --> 00:03:25,672 GEOGRAPHY, RACE, POVERTY AND 74 00:03:25,672 --> 00:03:26,806 KIDNEY DISEASE AND INTEREST IN 75 00:03:26,806 --> 00:03:29,476 HEALTH DISPARITIES APPLIED OUT 76 00:03:29,476 --> 00:03:31,344 WITH HIS COMMITMENT TO TEACHING 77 00:03:31,344 --> 00:03:34,714 ABOUT HISPANIC LATINO 78 00:03:34,714 --> 00:03:35,715 POPULATIONS AND HAS A COURSE 79 00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:37,150 THAT COVERS THESE TOPICS AT THE 80 00:03:37,150 --> 00:03:38,285 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 81 00:03:38,285 --> 00:03:39,819 JOIN ME IN GIVING A VIRTUAL 82 00:03:39,819 --> 00:03:41,621 WELCOME TO OUR HISPANIC HERITAGE 83 00:03:41,621 --> 00:03:45,358 MONTH SPEAKER, DR. RUDY 84 00:03:45,358 --> 00:03:47,727 RODRIGUEZ WHO WILL ADDRESS 85 00:03:47,727 --> 00:03:49,296 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND 86 00:03:49,296 --> 00:03:50,397 HEALTH OUTCOMES. 87 00:03:50,397 --> 00:03:50,597 RUDY. 88 00:03:50,597 --> 00:03:52,565 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND THANK 89 00:03:52,565 --> 00:03:53,733 YOU TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON 90 00:03:53,733 --> 00:03:54,467 MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH 91 00:03:54,467 --> 00:03:56,536 DISPARITIES FOR INVITING ME. 92 00:03:56,536 --> 00:03:58,939 I MUST ADMIT WHEN I GOT THE 93 00:03:58,939 --> 00:04:03,443 E-MAIL FROM DR. PEREZ-STABLE IT 94 00:04:03,443 --> 00:04:06,780 WAS ADDRESSED TO ME BUT SAID 95 00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:08,114 BECAUSE YOU'RE AN 96 00:04:08,114 --> 00:04:08,682 INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED 97 00:04:08,682 --> 00:04:10,583 RESEARCHER AND HAVE A GREAT 98 00:04:10,583 --> 00:04:11,051 REPUTATION. 99 00:04:11,051 --> 00:04:12,919 I ASKED HIM IF HE SENT IT TO THE 100 00:04:12,919 --> 00:04:13,787 RIGHT PERSON. 101 00:04:13,787 --> 00:04:15,422 DON'T NECESSARY CONSIDER MYSELF 102 00:04:15,422 --> 00:04:17,590 THAT BUT I'M A LITTLE TOO OLD TO 103 00:04:17,590 --> 00:04:22,362 HAVE IMPOSTER SYNDROME AND I 104 00:04:22,362 --> 00:04:25,165 SAID YES THOUGH WE'RE 105 00:04:25,165 --> 00:04:27,133 CELEBRATING HISPANIC HERITAGE 106 00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:30,437 MONTH AND I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A 107 00:04:30,437 --> 00:04:34,774 TOPIC IMPORTANT TO ME, 108 00:04:34,774 --> 00:04:38,211 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION. 109 00:04:38,211 --> 00:04:43,683 TELL ME WHEN YOU CAN SEE IT. 110 00:04:43,683 --> 00:04:48,688 >> WE SEE IT, OKAY. 111 00:04:48,688 --> 00:04:49,556 >> GREAT. 112 00:04:49,556 --> 00:04:53,793 SO I'LL TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 113 00:04:53,793 --> 00:04:56,629 HISPANIC POPULATION AND 114 00:04:56,629 --> 00:04:58,565 SEGREGATION HAS AFFECTED MAINLY 115 00:04:58,565 --> 00:04:59,766 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC 116 00:04:59,766 --> 00:05:00,100 POPULATIONS. 117 00:05:00,100 --> 00:05:01,901 THIS MAP IS FROM THE UNIVERSITY 118 00:05:01,901 --> 00:05:02,369 OF VIRGINIA. 119 00:05:02,369 --> 00:05:05,705 THEY NO LONGER PUBLISH THESE 120 00:05:05,705 --> 00:05:09,809 BECAUSE IT WAS BASED ON THE 2010 121 00:05:09,809 --> 00:05:13,346 CENSUS BUT THESE MAPS HAVE WHERE 122 00:05:13,346 --> 00:05:14,781 A WHITE DOT MEANS ONE DOT 123 00:05:14,781 --> 00:05:17,283 CITIZEN AND GREEN, BLACK, ASIAN 124 00:05:17,283 --> 00:05:26,659 AND HISPANIC AROUND THE COUNTRY. 125 00:05:26,659 --> 00:05:34,601 DISCLOSURES, I GET A SMALL 126 00:05:34,601 --> 00:05:38,671 HONORARIUM AND ABIM ASKED ME TO 127 00:05:38,671 --> 00:05:41,141 SHOW THE SLIDE WHEN I GIVE A 128 00:05:41,141 --> 00:05:43,476 TALK AND THEY'RE DOING A LOT OF 129 00:05:43,476 --> 00:05:47,414 GOOD WORK IN DIVERSITY, EQUITY 130 00:05:47,414 --> 00:05:50,784 AND INCLUSION INCLUDING 131 00:05:50,784 --> 00:05:52,552 ADDRESSING INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL 132 00:05:52,552 --> 00:05:54,387 PROBLEMS, GETTING BETTER DATA ON 133 00:05:54,387 --> 00:05:57,924 RACE AND ETHNICITY YOU, LOOKING 134 00:05:57,924 --> 00:06:00,360 FOR BIAS AND OTHER INITIATIVES. 135 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:09,469 THESE ARE MY OBJECTIVES. 136 00:06:09,469 --> 00:06:11,805 UNDERSTANDING HOW TO MEASURE 137 00:06:11,805 --> 00:06:13,473 SEGREGATION ADDRESSING THE 138 00:06:13,473 --> 00:06:14,774 IMPACT OF OUTCOMES AND THE 139 00:06:14,774 --> 00:06:17,177 DISCUSSION AT THE END I'LL TAKE 140 00:06:17,177 --> 00:06:18,778 HOPEFULLY THE FULL HOUR AND 141 00:06:18,778 --> 00:06:20,513 SORRY ABOUT THE NUMBER OF SLIDES 142 00:06:20,513 --> 00:06:24,984 BUT I'VE CREATED A FEW MAPS. 143 00:06:24,984 --> 00:06:26,219 THE ROLE OF THE MEDICAL 144 00:06:26,219 --> 00:06:32,926 COMMUNITY IN DISMANTLING I THINK 145 00:06:32,926 --> 00:06:34,794 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION. 146 00:06:34,794 --> 00:06:38,164 I GREW UP IN SAN FRANCISCO AND I 147 00:06:38,164 --> 00:06:40,633 THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS 148 00:06:40,633 --> 00:06:41,801 WHY IT'S ALWAYS BEEN AN 149 00:06:41,801 --> 00:06:45,638 IMPORTANT TOPIC TO ME. 150 00:06:45,638 --> 00:06:49,275 I REMEMBER GOING TO CANDLE STICK 151 00:06:49,275 --> 00:06:53,813 PARK WHICH NO LONGER EXISTS 152 00:06:53,813 --> 00:06:56,416 WHERE AND YOU WOULD DRIVE 153 00:06:56,416 --> 00:06:58,852 THROUGH HUNTER'S POINT THE 154 00:06:58,852 --> 00:06:59,853 SEGREGATED AREA PRIMARILY 155 00:06:59,853 --> 00:07:00,753 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND ONE THING 156 00:07:00,753 --> 00:07:06,793 ABOUT LIVING IN THESE CITIES IS 157 00:07:06,793 --> 00:07:10,763 THESE AREAS EXIST BUT WE 158 00:07:10,763 --> 00:07:14,467 SOMETIMES FORGET ABOUT IT AND 159 00:07:14,467 --> 00:07:16,769 EVENTUALLY MY PARENTS MOVED FROM 160 00:07:16,769 --> 00:07:17,971 SAN FRANCISCO AND BOUGHT A HOUSE 161 00:07:17,971 --> 00:07:20,773 IN MARIN BEFORE I WENT TO HIGH 162 00:07:20,773 --> 00:07:22,442 SCHOOL. 163 00:07:22,442 --> 00:07:24,210 EVEN THERE THEY HAVE HOUSING -- 164 00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,248 THIS IS GOLDEN GATE CITY IN 165 00:07:28,248 --> 00:07:29,349 MARIN CITY. 166 00:07:29,349 --> 00:07:32,819 MARIN CITY IS ONE OF THE RICHEST 167 00:07:32,819 --> 00:07:38,791 IN THE NATION BUT HAVE GOLDEN 168 00:07:38,791 --> 00:07:40,426 GATE VILLAGE WHICH WAS PRIMARILY 169 00:07:40,426 --> 00:07:43,296 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND STILL 170 00:07:43,296 --> 00:07:43,730 EXISTS. 171 00:07:43,730 --> 00:07:45,365 THE FILLMORE IN SAN FRANCISCO I 172 00:07:45,365 --> 00:07:47,934 DON'T KNOW IF YOU'VE SEEN THE 173 00:07:47,934 --> 00:07:50,170 MOVIE ABOUT THE FILLMORE WHICH 174 00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:51,037 WAS MOSTLY AFRICAN AMERICAN AND 175 00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:58,444 NOW HAS BEEN GENTRIFIED. 176 00:07:58,444 --> 00:08:01,581 AND STANFORD WHERE EAST PALO 177 00:08:01,581 --> 00:08:03,650 ALTO WAS NEARBY AND MOSTLY WHITE 178 00:08:03,650 --> 00:08:05,919 BUT WAS PREDOMINANTLY AFRICAN 179 00:08:05,919 --> 00:08:09,455 AMERICAN AND WAS THE MURDER 180 00:08:09,455 --> 00:08:12,492 CAPITAL OF THE U.S. IN 1993 AND 181 00:08:12,492 --> 00:08:16,863 WHEN I WENT TO MEDICAL SCHOOL 182 00:08:16,863 --> 00:08:19,299 WHERE THE WATTS RIOTS OCCURRED 183 00:08:19,299 --> 00:08:21,601 AND IN THE '60s AND WITH RODNEY 184 00:08:21,601 --> 00:08:23,703 KING IN THE '90s AND MOSTLY 185 00:08:23,703 --> 00:08:24,637 AFRICAN AMERICAN AREAS. 186 00:08:24,637 --> 00:08:25,805 IT'S ALWAYS BEEN A TOPIC THAT 187 00:08:25,805 --> 00:08:29,375 HAS DISTURBED ME. 188 00:08:29,375 --> 00:08:31,844 SO SEGREGATION IS A PROCESS BY 189 00:08:31,844 --> 00:08:36,482 WHICH POPULATION GROUP IS FORCED 190 00:08:36,482 --> 00:08:38,985 INVOLUNTARILY TO CLUSTER VERSUS 191 00:08:38,985 --> 00:08:40,286 AN ENCLAVE. 192 00:08:40,286 --> 00:08:43,356 WE KNOW AREAS WHERE HISPANICS OR 193 00:08:43,356 --> 00:08:45,091 ASIANS PLAY LIVE BUT SOME ARE 194 00:08:45,091 --> 00:08:46,793 ENCLAVES WHERE IMMIGRANTS COME 195 00:08:46,793 --> 00:08:47,493 TO LIVE. 196 00:08:47,493 --> 00:08:52,098 IT MAY ACTUALLY BE A POSITIVE 197 00:08:52,098 --> 00:08:57,403 THING VERSUS SEGREGATION. 198 00:08:57,403 --> 00:08:59,505 OUT EXISTS BECAUSE OF DE JURE 199 00:08:59,505 --> 00:09:02,175 MEANING LEGAL REASONS THAT 200 00:09:02,175 --> 00:09:03,743 EXISTED OR FOR OTHER NON LEGAL 201 00:09:03,743 --> 00:09:06,879 REASONS OR POLICY I'LL GO OVER. 202 00:09:06,879 --> 00:09:11,351 I WANTED TO JUST GO OVER HOW 203 00:09:11,351 --> 00:09:18,791 WE'D AMATRIX AND THE 204 00:09:18,791 --> 00:09:21,094 DISSIMILARITY INDEX IS THE MOST 205 00:09:21,094 --> 00:09:22,829 WAY TO MEASURE SEGREGATION AND 206 00:09:22,829 --> 00:09:26,566 HIGH SEGREGATION AREA WITH THIS 207 00:09:26,566 --> 00:09:28,401 INDEX WOULD MEAN FOR EXAMPLE 208 00:09:28,401 --> 00:09:31,804 THIS PICTORIAL YOU'D HAVE 209 00:09:31,804 --> 00:09:34,774 COMPLETE SEPARATION OF MINORITY 210 00:09:34,774 --> 00:09:35,808 VERSUS MAJORITY VERSUS LOW 211 00:09:35,808 --> 00:09:36,109 SEGREGATION. 212 00:09:36,109 --> 00:09:39,345 THIS IS THE FORMULA HERE. 213 00:09:39,345 --> 00:09:42,782 A VALUE ABOVE 60 IS CONSIDERED 214 00:09:42,782 --> 00:09:44,550 HIGH LEVELS OF SEGREGATION AND 215 00:09:44,550 --> 00:09:47,687 40 TO 50 MODERATE. 216 00:09:47,687 --> 00:09:50,156 OTHER MEASURES ARE THE GINI 217 00:09:50,156 --> 00:09:52,125 INDEX WHICH IS A DISTRIBUTION OF 218 00:09:52,125 --> 00:09:53,793 INCOME AND WEALTH. 219 00:09:53,793 --> 00:09:59,365 ZERO IS PERFECT EQUALITY. 220 00:09:59,365 --> 00:10:01,534 1 MAY BE ONE PERSON HAS ALL THE 221 00:10:01,534 --> 00:10:03,803 WEALTH COMPARED TO EVERYONE 222 00:10:03,803 --> 00:10:04,203 ELSE. 223 00:10:04,203 --> 00:10:07,707 THE INDEX OF CONCENTRATION OF 224 00:10:07,707 --> 00:10:11,177 EXTREMES USED IN SMALLER AREAS. 225 00:10:11,177 --> 00:10:14,681 THE DISSIMILARITY INDEX IS NOT 226 00:10:14,681 --> 00:10:15,948 GOOD TO STUDY FOR EXAMPLE SAY 227 00:10:15,948 --> 00:10:17,517 COUPLE STATES. 228 00:10:17,517 --> 00:10:22,789 THIS WAS CREATED BY DOUGLAS 229 00:10:22,789 --> 00:10:28,061 MASSEY AFTER 2000. 230 00:10:28,061 --> 00:10:29,896 THE OTHER WAY IT'S MEASURED IS 231 00:10:29,896 --> 00:10:31,898 BY RED LINING MAPS. 232 00:10:31,898 --> 00:10:34,000 THIS IS -- I ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO 233 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,402 GO TO MAPPING AND EQUALITY 234 00:10:36,402 --> 00:10:38,338 WEBSITE AND CLICK ON THE MAPS 235 00:10:38,338 --> 00:10:39,272 BECAUSE BASICALLY THE RED LINE 236 00:10:39,272 --> 00:10:44,177 MAPS OF THE 1930s WILL SHOW UP. 237 00:10:44,177 --> 00:10:45,645 THIS IS ONE OF LOS ANGELES AND 238 00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:47,013 AGAIN THESE MAPS WERE CREATED IN 239 00:10:47,013 --> 00:10:49,248 THE '30s AND I'LL GO OVER MORE 240 00:10:49,248 --> 00:10:51,951 ABOUT THE MEANING BUT THE RED 241 00:10:51,951 --> 00:10:54,520 LINING REFERS TO THESE RED AREAS 242 00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:59,892 THAT WERE LABELLED AS AREAS THAT 243 00:10:59,892 --> 00:11:03,296 PEOPLE SHOULDN'T RECEIVE LOANS 244 00:11:03,296 --> 00:11:04,831 AND INVESTMENT AND THESE AREAS 245 00:11:04,831 --> 00:11:08,368 IN GENERAL OVER TIME BECAME 246 00:11:08,368 --> 00:11:09,369 MOSTLY AFRICAN EVEN THOUGH THEY 247 00:11:09,369 --> 00:11:12,071 MAY NOT HAVE BEEN AT THE TIME. 248 00:11:12,071 --> 00:11:15,641 THIS IS ONE OF THESE RED LINING 249 00:11:15,641 --> 00:11:16,542 MAPS IN DETROIT. 250 00:11:16,542 --> 00:11:19,078 THIS IS THE RED LINING MAP. 251 00:11:19,078 --> 00:11:23,249 THIS IS A MAP I CREATED FOR THIS 252 00:11:23,249 --> 00:11:33,760 TALK USING MAP TITUDE AND THE 253 00:11:35,595 --> 00:11:36,996 RED LINING REFERS TO THE MAPS 254 00:11:36,996 --> 00:11:38,865 AFTER THE GREAT DEPRESSION. 255 00:11:38,865 --> 00:11:44,137 MORTGAGES WERE CREATED WHERE FOR 256 00:11:44,137 --> 00:11:47,907 THOSE WHO BOUGHT HOMES AMORTIZED 257 00:11:47,907 --> 00:11:49,976 MEANING YOU COULD SLOWLY PAY OFF 258 00:11:49,976 --> 00:11:53,880 INTEREST AND THE BASE OF THE 259 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:54,781 HOUSE. 260 00:11:54,781 --> 00:11:57,150 PRIOR TO THAT YOU COULDN'T DO 261 00:11:57,150 --> 00:11:58,418 THAT BUT AFTER THE GREAT 262 00:11:58,418 --> 00:11:59,085 DEPRESSION IS WHEN THESE LOANS 263 00:11:59,085 --> 00:12:01,421 WERE AVAILABLE. 264 00:12:01,421 --> 00:12:05,892 THE MAPS WERE CREATED IN 1935 TO 265 00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:09,295 1940 BY THE HOMEOWNERS LOAN 266 00:12:09,295 --> 00:12:12,398 CORPORATION A FEDERAL AGENCY 267 00:12:12,398 --> 00:12:14,700 THAT DOESN'T EXIST ANYMORE AND 268 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:15,601 THESE ARE A SIGN THE 269 00:12:15,601 --> 00:12:17,036 NEIGHBORHOODS SHOULD BE INCLUDED 270 00:12:17,036 --> 00:12:21,340 IN HOME OWNERSHIP OR LENDING 271 00:12:21,340 --> 00:12:21,607 PROGRAMS. 272 00:12:21,607 --> 00:12:22,809 MOST WERE BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS 273 00:12:22,809 --> 00:12:24,677 BUT NOT ALL. 274 00:12:24,677 --> 00:12:26,479 INTERESTINGLY THE PUBLIC DIDN'T 275 00:12:26,479 --> 00:12:29,115 KNOW ABOUT THESE AND WERE NOT 276 00:12:29,115 --> 00:12:31,517 DISCOVERED UNTIL 1976 BY 277 00:12:31,517 --> 00:12:31,818 HISTORIANS. 278 00:12:31,818 --> 00:12:33,252 GENERALLY THE AREAS WERE 279 00:12:33,252 --> 00:12:38,791 DEPRIVED OF INVESTMENT AND 280 00:12:38,791 --> 00:12:42,862 DETORE -- DETERIORATED ONE PET 281 00:12:42,862 --> 00:12:47,033 PEEVE IS WHY RED LINING EXISTS 282 00:12:47,033 --> 00:12:48,634 AND IT'S SYNONYMOUS WITH ALL THE 283 00:12:48,634 --> 00:12:50,770 ISSUES AND POLICIES THAT 284 00:12:50,770 --> 00:12:53,072 CONTRIBUTED TO RESIDENTIAL 285 00:12:53,072 --> 00:12:55,208 SEGREGATION IN THE PAST AND 286 00:12:55,208 --> 00:12:56,008 TODAY WHICH I'LL COVER. 287 00:12:56,008 --> 00:13:00,947 SO I ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO GO TO 288 00:13:00,947 --> 00:13:02,782 THE MAPPING INEQUALITY SITE. 289 00:13:02,782 --> 00:13:07,420 IT'S EASY TO GET TO AND 290 00:13:07,420 --> 00:13:08,054 BASICA 291 00:13:08,054 --> 00:13:08,955 BASICALLY SUBMIT YOUR CITY AND 292 00:13:08,955 --> 00:13:11,224 YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE THE 293 00:13:11,224 --> 00:13:12,291 MAPS. 294 00:13:12,291 --> 00:13:14,861 THIS IS ONE OF SAN FRANCISCO 295 00:13:14,861 --> 00:13:17,463 WHERE I GREW UP. 296 00:13:17,463 --> 00:13:20,233 I WAS TELLING PEOPLE THAT I 297 00:13:20,233 --> 00:13:21,300 HADN'T REALLY LOOKED AT THE MAP 298 00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:24,570 CLOSELY BUT I NOTICED MY 299 00:13:24,570 --> 00:13:26,038 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL -- MY POINTER 300 00:13:26,038 --> 00:13:29,041 IS NOT WORKING RIGHT NOW BUT ONE 301 00:13:29,041 --> 00:13:31,677 OF THE THESE AREAS IS WHERE MY 302 00:13:31,677 --> 00:13:32,945 PARENTS ORIGINALLY BOUGHT HOMES 303 00:13:32,945 --> 00:13:34,780 AND A WENT TO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 304 00:13:34,780 --> 00:13:38,985 THE AREAS MARK IN RED IN THE SAN 305 00:13:38,985 --> 00:13:40,019 FRANCISCO AREA. 306 00:13:40,019 --> 00:13:42,955 THIS IS ONE OF THE RED LINING 307 00:13:42,955 --> 00:13:44,090 MAPS OF EL PASO. 308 00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:45,591 AND AGAIN THIS WAS CREATED IN 309 00:13:45,591 --> 00:13:48,828 THE '30'S AND THERE WERE FEW 310 00:13:48,828 --> 00:13:50,096 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN EL PASO AT 311 00:13:50,096 --> 00:13:54,734 THE TIME AS MOST THERE ON THE 312 00:13:54,734 --> 00:13:56,736 RIGHT YOU SEE EL PASO TODAY. 313 00:13:56,736 --> 00:13:58,204 ALL THE DARK AREAS ARE GREATER 314 00:13:58,204 --> 00:14:02,775 THAN 50% HISPANIC SO IT'S BEEN 315 00:14:02,775 --> 00:14:03,209 TRANSFORMED. 316 00:14:03,209 --> 00:14:06,779 THE MAP ON THE BOTTOM RIGHT IS A 317 00:14:06,779 --> 00:14:09,282 MAP OF A WHITE POPULATION. 318 00:14:09,282 --> 00:14:10,650 YOU COULD SEE A LITTLE BIT 319 00:14:10,650 --> 00:14:12,251 INCREASE NEAR THE ARMY BASE 320 00:14:12,251 --> 00:14:15,221 THERE IN THE UPPER RIGHT AND ON 321 00:14:15,221 --> 00:14:18,090 THE LEFT ARE STILL NOT 322 00:14:18,090 --> 00:14:19,592 PREDOMINANTLY WHITE BIT A HIGHER 323 00:14:19,592 --> 00:14:22,461 PERCENTAGE OF WHITE RESIDENTS. 324 00:14:22,461 --> 00:14:24,530 AGAIN, JUST TO POINT WE 325 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,766 INTERPRET THE MAPS IT'S NOT ALL 326 00:14:26,766 --> 00:14:28,401 ABOUT AFRICAN AMERICANS THOUGH 327 00:14:28,401 --> 00:14:34,206 MOST OF IT IS. 328 00:14:34,206 --> 00:14:37,443 AND THIS SHOWS YOU THE SHARE OF 329 00:14:37,443 --> 00:14:38,778 AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE RED 330 00:14:38,778 --> 00:14:39,312 LINED AREAS. 331 00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:42,615 YOU CAN SEE WHEN THEY WERE 332 00:14:42,615 --> 00:14:44,183 CREATED, AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE 333 00:14:44,183 --> 00:14:47,887 ABOUT 15% TO 20% IN THE 334 00:14:47,887 --> 00:14:48,354 NEIGHBORHOODS. 335 00:14:48,354 --> 00:14:52,358 PEAKED IN THE '70s BUT STILL 336 00:14:52,358 --> 00:14:53,893 FAIRLY HIGH TODAY. 337 00:14:53,893 --> 00:14:55,561 MORE IMPORTANTLY HOME OWNERSHIP 338 00:14:55,561 --> 00:15:01,100 AND HOUSE VALUES YOU CAN SEE 339 00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:02,501 HERE IS OBVIOUSLY THE DROP AFTER 340 00:15:02,501 --> 00:15:06,572 THE HOUSING CRASH BUT PRIOR TO 341 00:15:06,572 --> 00:15:08,040 THAT THE LARGE DIFFERENCES 342 00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:10,776 BETWEEN AREAS MARK AS BEING 343 00:15:10,776 --> 00:15:11,911 DESIRABLE WITH THE RED LINED 344 00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:16,415 AREAS. 345 00:15:16,415 --> 00:15:18,784 THIS IS -- SO ANOTHER WAY 346 00:15:18,784 --> 00:15:19,885 SEGREGATION IS BEING MEASURED 347 00:15:19,885 --> 00:15:20,386 TODAY. 348 00:15:20,386 --> 00:15:22,221 YOU CAN SEE THERE'S BEEN MORE 349 00:15:22,221 --> 00:15:25,891 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT RED LINING 350 00:15:25,891 --> 00:15:26,959 AND THEN LOOKING AT HEALTH 351 00:15:26,959 --> 00:15:30,096 OUTCOMES. 352 00:15:30,096 --> 00:15:32,365 THIS IS TODAY THE MOST RECENT 353 00:15:32,365 --> 00:15:37,436 CENSUS IN 2020. 354 00:15:37,436 --> 00:15:39,305 THIS IS DISSIMILARITY NATURAL 355 00:15:39,305 --> 00:15:41,907 GREATER THAN 40 IS MODERATE AND 356 00:15:41,907 --> 00:15:43,175 THESE ARE THE HIGHLY SEGREGATED 357 00:15:43,175 --> 00:15:44,443 CITIES OF TODAY. 358 00:15:44,443 --> 00:15:45,044 THERE'S BEEN PROGRESS BUT NOT 359 00:15:45,044 --> 00:15:47,480 MUCH. 360 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:51,617 AND JUST A REMINDER THAT EVEN 361 00:15:51,617 --> 00:15:54,787 SUBURBS CAN REMAIN MODERATELY 362 00:15:54,787 --> 00:15:57,123 SEGREGATED. 363 00:15:57,123 --> 00:16:00,292 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN 2010 IN 364 00:16:00,292 --> 00:16:01,460 SUBURBAN AREAS LIVED IN 365 00:16:01,460 --> 00:16:03,796 MODERATELY SEGREGATED AREAS. 366 00:16:03,796 --> 00:16:08,601 SEGREGATED SUBURBS. 367 00:16:08,601 --> 00:16:10,803 THIS SHOWS HOW HARD IT IS TO GET 368 00:16:10,803 --> 00:16:11,537 RID OF SEGREGATION. 369 00:16:11,537 --> 00:16:15,608 THIS IS 1980s THE DISSIMILARITY 370 00:16:15,608 --> 00:16:19,045 INDEX INCREDIBLY HIGH, 2020 371 00:16:19,045 --> 00:16:19,845 CENSUS. 372 00:16:19,845 --> 00:16:21,414 YOU CAN SEE HIGH STILL IN THE 373 00:16:21,414 --> 00:16:24,216 LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS WHERE 374 00:16:24,216 --> 00:16:26,018 THERE'S ABOUT OVER 5 MILLION 375 00:16:26,018 --> 00:16:28,721 AFRICAN AMERICANS COMPARED TO 376 00:16:28,721 --> 00:16:30,489 THE COUNTRY OF 40 MILLION. 377 00:16:30,489 --> 00:16:33,125 SO IT'S STILL THERE. 378 00:16:33,125 --> 00:16:34,694 SO WHAT'S THE HISTORY? 379 00:16:34,694 --> 00:16:41,233 FOR THOSE OF YOU IN D.C., WHERE 380 00:16:41,233 --> 00:16:43,102 SOMETIMES I'LL FOCUS THE TALKS 381 00:16:43,102 --> 00:16:43,736 AND CREATE MAPS WHERE YOU LIVE 382 00:16:43,736 --> 00:16:45,638 NOT IN BETHESDA BUT D.C. 383 00:16:45,638 --> 00:16:49,341 THIS IS A JACOB LAWRENCE 384 00:16:49,341 --> 00:16:51,777 MIGRATION SERIES AND FEATURES A 385 00:16:51,777 --> 00:16:58,384 LOT OF THE STRUGGLES THAT LED TO 386 00:16:58,384 --> 00:16:59,452 SEGREGATION. 387 00:16:59,452 --> 00:17:02,088 SO A LITTLE TIME LINE AND WHY 388 00:17:02,088 --> 00:17:03,189 WE'LL FOCUS ON AFRICAN AMERICAN 389 00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:04,690 BECAUSE OBVIOUSLY SEGREGATION IN 390 00:17:04,690 --> 00:17:08,127 AFRICAN AMERICANS IS TIED TO 391 00:17:08,127 --> 00:17:13,666 SLAVERY AND THE JIM CROW LAWS. 392 00:17:13,666 --> 00:17:23,943 AS A REMINDER, PLESSY V. 393 00:17:23,943 --> 00:17:26,512 FERGUSON FOUND SEPARATE BUT 394 00:17:26,512 --> 00:17:29,281 EQUAL WAS OKAY AND JIM CROW LAWS 395 00:17:29,281 --> 00:17:32,585 WEREN'T IN EFFECT UNTIL 1876 396 00:17:32,585 --> 00:17:33,919 UNTIL 1965. 397 00:17:33,919 --> 00:17:36,789 THE GREAT MIGRATION IS A 398 00:17:36,789 --> 00:17:38,457 MOVEMENT OF 6 MILLION AFRICAN 399 00:17:38,457 --> 00:17:39,725 AMERICAN OUT OF RURAL SOUTHERN 400 00:17:39,725 --> 00:17:43,262 U.S. TO URBAN AREAS TO 1970. 401 00:17:43,262 --> 00:17:47,166 THEN THINGS DIDN'T START TURNING 402 00:17:47,166 --> 00:17:48,400 AROUND UNTIL BROWN V. BOARD OF 403 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,970 EDUCATION AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS 404 00:17:50,970 --> 00:17:53,939 ERA INCLUDING 1968. 405 00:17:53,939 --> 00:17:57,042 IT TOOK THE ASSASSINATION OF 406 00:17:57,042 --> 00:17:57,676 MARTIN LUTHER KING TO PASS THE 407 00:17:57,676 --> 00:18:01,247 FAIR HOUSING ACT. 408 00:18:01,247 --> 00:18:04,550 THIS IS HOPEFULLY MANY OF YOU 409 00:18:04,550 --> 00:18:06,452 HAVE READ THE WARMTH OF OTHER 410 00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:09,488 SONS DESCRIBE THE GREAT 411 00:18:09,488 --> 00:18:10,122 MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS 412 00:18:10,122 --> 00:18:13,859 TO CALIFORNIA AND SOME OF THE 413 00:18:13,859 --> 00:18:15,528 OTHER LARGE URBAN AREAS. 414 00:18:15,528 --> 00:18:19,064 SO WHY DOES IT EXIST? 415 00:18:19,064 --> 00:18:21,066 AGAIN, IT'S NOT JUST THE RED 416 00:18:21,066 --> 00:18:25,237 MAPS, THE RED LINING, IT'S 417 00:18:25,237 --> 00:18:25,471 RACISM. 418 00:18:25,471 --> 00:18:29,942 SO THIS IS SEGREGATION NOT BY 419 00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:30,442 CHOICE. 420 00:18:30,442 --> 00:18:35,881 IT WASN'T UNTIL 1917 THERE WAS A 421 00:18:35,881 --> 00:18:38,651 BUCHANAN V. WARLEY MANDATING 422 00:18:38,651 --> 00:18:40,920 SEGREGATION WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL 423 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:47,927 BUT IT SKDIDN'T STOP IT AND THE 424 00:18:47,927 --> 00:18:49,228 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTOR 425 00:18:49,228 --> 00:18:52,832 WASN'T UNTIL 2020 THE REALTORS 426 00:18:52,832 --> 00:18:54,433 THE ASSOCIATION GAVE AN APOLOGY 427 00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:55,901 FOR A LOT OF THEIR ACTIONS. 428 00:18:55,901 --> 00:18:58,771 IT WAS BAKED INTO THEIR OWN 429 00:18:58,771 --> 00:19:02,775 POLICIES. 430 00:19:02,775 --> 00:19:05,945 REAL ESTATE AGENTS SHOULDN'T 431 00:19:05,945 --> 00:19:08,013 SELL TO AFRICAN AMERICANS AND 432 00:19:08,013 --> 00:19:10,783 WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS. 433 00:19:10,783 --> 00:19:19,925 COUGHANCE -- COVENANTS AND THE 434 00:19:19,925 --> 00:19:21,727 SUPREME COURT DIDN'T ADDRESS IT 435 00:19:21,727 --> 00:19:23,262 UNTIL 1948 AND HISTORY OF 436 00:19:23,262 --> 00:19:24,563 VIOLENCE I'LL TALK ABOUT. 437 00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:30,369 THIS IS A MAP OF D.C. 438 00:19:30,369 --> 00:19:31,570 INTERESTINGLY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 439 00:19:31,570 --> 00:19:36,308 THIS IS NEAR NATIONAL MALL DID 440 00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:39,044 NOT HAVE RED LINING MAPS EITHER 441 00:19:39,044 --> 00:19:39,879 LOST OR DIDN'T EXIST. 442 00:19:39,879 --> 00:19:42,681 IF YOU GO TO THE MAPPING 443 00:19:42,681 --> 00:19:44,016 SEGREGATION WEBSITE AND LOOKED 444 00:19:44,016 --> 00:19:46,518 AT RESTRICTED SUBDIVISIONS ALL 445 00:19:46,518 --> 00:19:52,258 THE AREAS MARK HERE WERE AREAS 446 00:19:52,258 --> 00:19:53,292 IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C. WHERE 447 00:19:53,292 --> 00:19:55,394 THERE WERE COVENANTS THAT SAID 448 00:19:55,394 --> 00:19:58,764 THE HOMES COULD NOT BE SOLD TO 449 00:19:58,764 --> 00:19:59,865 PEOPLE OF COLOR. 450 00:19:59,865 --> 00:20:03,502 THIS IS WHAT THESE LOOK LIKE IN 451 00:20:03,502 --> 00:20:04,570 THE SEATTLE AREA. 452 00:20:04,570 --> 00:20:06,272 FOR EXAMPLE HERE IN CAPITOL HILL 453 00:20:06,272 --> 00:20:08,474 WHICH IS A NICE AREA OF SEATTLE, 454 00:20:08,474 --> 00:20:10,676 SOME OF THIS WAS RECENTLY FOUND 455 00:20:10,676 --> 00:20:12,378 IN SOME OF THE DEEDS STILL THERE 456 00:20:12,378 --> 00:20:15,915 IN THE PAPERWORK WHERE IT SAID 457 00:20:15,915 --> 00:20:17,883 THESE HOMES COULD NOT BE SOLD OR 458 00:20:17,883 --> 00:20:20,786 GIVEN TO NEGROES OR ANY PERSONS 459 00:20:20,786 --> 00:20:22,755 OF NEGRO BLOOD. 460 00:20:22,755 --> 00:20:25,591 NOT UNTIL RECENTLY HAS THERE 461 00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:27,493 BEEN A SYSTEM TO REMOVE THE 462 00:20:27,493 --> 00:20:28,727 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS. 463 00:20:28,727 --> 00:20:32,731 THEY'RE NOT ENFORCED BUT IT'S 464 00:20:32,731 --> 00:20:33,832 STILL SENDING A MESSAGE IN A LOT 465 00:20:33,832 --> 00:20:34,767 OF THESE DEEDS AROUND THE 466 00:20:34,767 --> 00:20:38,137 COUNTRY. 467 00:20:38,137 --> 00:20:40,105 THIS IS WASHINGTON, D.C. AGAIN, 468 00:20:40,105 --> 00:20:43,475 1970 IN THE DARKER AREAS ARE 469 00:20:43,475 --> 00:20:47,379 NON-WHITE POPULATIONS. 470 00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:50,482 HERE IT IS 1970 AND THIS IS A 471 00:20:50,482 --> 00:20:53,018 MAP I CREATED IN THE DARKER 472 00:20:53,018 --> 00:20:54,353 AREAS ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN 473 00:20:54,353 --> 00:20:54,653 POPULATIONS. 474 00:20:54,653 --> 00:20:55,287 HERE'S THE WASHINGTON, D.C. MALL 475 00:20:55,287 --> 00:21:01,927 HERE IN THE MIDDLE. 476 00:21:01,927 --> 00:21:04,430 THIS IS THE SOUTH SIDE OF 477 00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:04,730 CHICAGO. 478 00:21:04,730 --> 00:21:08,801 THE GREEN BEING AFRICAN AMERICAN 479 00:21:08,801 --> 00:21:11,036 AND HERE AGAIN THE RED LINE MAP. 480 00:21:11,036 --> 00:21:12,538 CONTRACT SALES OF HOMES WERE THE 481 00:21:12,538 --> 00:21:15,975 FACT WHEN PEOPLE WERE BUYING 482 00:21:15,975 --> 00:21:17,609 HOMES AFRICAN AMERICANS MANY 483 00:21:17,609 --> 00:21:19,278 TIMES WEREN'T BUYING THEM IN THE 484 00:21:19,278 --> 00:21:19,945 TRADITIONAL SENSE. 485 00:21:19,945 --> 00:21:21,380 THEY WERE SCIENCE CONTRACTS 486 00:21:21,380 --> 00:21:23,949 WHERE THEY WERE STILL 487 00:21:23,949 --> 00:21:27,553 RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAINTENANCE 488 00:21:27,553 --> 00:21:29,421 OF THE HOME AND REPAIRS BUT 489 00:21:29,421 --> 00:21:32,057 DIDN'T OWN THE HOME AND MANY 490 00:21:32,057 --> 00:21:36,095 WOULD LOSE IT BY BEING LATE WITH 491 00:21:36,095 --> 00:21:38,364 A PAYMENT BY JUST A FEW DAYS. 492 00:21:38,364 --> 00:21:41,567 THAT EXISTED. 493 00:21:41,567 --> 00:21:46,038 EAST PALO ALTO WHERE STANFORD 494 00:21:46,038 --> 00:21:46,772 UNIVERSITY IS FACEBOOK CAMPUS 495 00:21:46,772 --> 00:21:49,475 AND IT REMAINS MOSTLY MINORITY 496 00:21:49,475 --> 00:21:51,210 AREA WHICH SEEMS BIZARRE AS I 497 00:21:51,210 --> 00:21:52,578 MENTIONED AT THE BEGINNING OF 498 00:21:52,578 --> 00:21:57,449 THE TALK BUT A GOOD EXAMPLE 499 00:21:57,449 --> 00:21:58,350 BLOCK BUSTING. 500 00:21:58,350 --> 00:22:00,819 ONE AREA MOVED INTO THIS ALL 501 00:22:00,819 --> 00:22:05,024 WHITE AREA OF PALO ALTO AND NOW 502 00:22:05,024 --> 00:22:07,760 IT'S 82% AFRICAN AMERICAN. 503 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:11,130 AND WHAT BLOCK BUSTING REFERS TO 504 00:22:11,130 --> 00:22:15,634 IS REAL ESTATES WOULD GO IN AND 505 00:22:15,634 --> 00:22:19,171 SCARE WHITE PEOPLE TO LEAVE AND 506 00:22:19,171 --> 00:22:20,372 GET AFRICAN AMERICANS TO BIKE IN 507 00:22:20,372 --> 00:22:22,674 THE AREA AND THEY WOULD SELL FOR 508 00:22:22,674 --> 00:22:24,143 LOW PRICES AND THE REAL ESTATE 509 00:22:24,143 --> 00:22:26,111 AGENT WOULD SELL THEM TO BLACK 510 00:22:26,111 --> 00:22:27,446 PEOPLE FOR MORE EXPENSIVE AND 511 00:22:27,446 --> 00:22:30,015 MANY TIMES CONTRACTS INSTEAD OF 512 00:22:30,015 --> 00:22:30,282 MORTGAGES. 513 00:22:30,282 --> 00:22:31,583 THIS IS TODAY. 514 00:22:31,583 --> 00:22:36,088 YOU CAN SEE THIS IS A MAP OF 515 00:22:36,088 --> 00:22:37,423 AFRICAN AMERICANS. 516 00:22:37,423 --> 00:22:39,058 STILL REMAINS HIGHER THAN THE 517 00:22:39,058 --> 00:22:40,559 SURROUNDING AREAS FOR AFRICAN 518 00:22:40,559 --> 00:22:40,826 AMERICANS. 519 00:22:40,826 --> 00:22:44,897 HERE ON THE RIGHT IS HISPANICS 520 00:22:44,897 --> 00:22:46,832 THAT MOVED INTO A LOT OF THESE 521 00:22:46,832 --> 00:22:50,702 AREAS IN CALIFORNIA INCLUDING 522 00:22:50,702 --> 00:22:53,839 HERE IN EAST PALO ALTO. 523 00:22:53,839 --> 00:22:55,774 AND THIS IS AN OLD DOCUMENT 524 00:22:55,774 --> 00:22:59,244 SHOWING EAST PALO ALTO IN 1977 525 00:22:59,244 --> 00:23:02,347 IN THE AMOUNT OF TAX REVENUE. 526 00:23:02,347 --> 00:23:03,382 I STILL REMEMBER THERE IN 527 00:23:03,382 --> 00:23:05,984 COLLEGE EAST PALO ALTO DID NOT 528 00:23:05,984 --> 00:23:09,521 HAVE BANKS, STORES, ANYTHING 529 00:23:09,521 --> 00:23:10,189 EXCEPT FOR LARGE AFRICAN 530 00:23:10,189 --> 00:23:14,159 AMERICAN POPULATION. 531 00:23:14,159 --> 00:23:16,862 AND OF COURSE A HISTORY OF 532 00:23:16,862 --> 00:23:17,129 VIOLENCE. 533 00:23:17,129 --> 00:23:20,365 WHEN BLACK FAMILIES TRIED TO 534 00:23:20,365 --> 00:23:22,334 MOVE INTO WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS 535 00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:26,772 THERE WOULD BE VIOLENCE. 536 00:23:26,772 --> 00:23:30,209 THIS REFERS TO ANN AND CARL 537 00:23:30,209 --> 00:23:36,014 BRADEN WHO WERE PROGRESSIVES WHO 538 00:23:36,014 --> 00:23:39,318 BOUGHT THE HOME AND TURNED IT 539 00:23:39,318 --> 00:23:42,254 OVER TO THIS FAMILY AND THE HOME 540 00:23:42,254 --> 00:23:46,425 WAS DYNAMITED AND THIS HAPPENED 541 00:23:46,425 --> 00:23:48,927 IN KENTUCKY. 542 00:23:48,927 --> 00:23:49,628 MARTIN LUTHER KING BEFORE HE 543 00:23:49,628 --> 00:23:52,064 DIED THIS IS ABOUT A YEAR AND A 544 00:23:52,064 --> 00:23:54,766 HALF, HE STARTED ADDRESSING 545 00:23:54,766 --> 00:23:59,638 SEGREGATION WHICH WOULD HAVE 546 00:23:59,638 --> 00:24:02,074 BEEN HIS HARDEST CHALLENGE AND 547 00:24:02,074 --> 00:24:05,043 WENT TO A MARCH IN CHICAGO. 548 00:24:05,043 --> 00:24:06,979 HE SAID I'VE SEEN DEMONSTRATIONS 549 00:24:06,979 --> 00:24:09,414 IN THE SOUTH BUT NEVER SEEN 550 00:24:09,414 --> 00:24:10,582 ANYTHING SO HOSTILE OR HATEFUL 551 00:24:10,582 --> 00:24:14,153 AS I'VE SEEN HERE TODAY. 552 00:24:14,153 --> 00:24:15,420 THIS IS BECAUSE OF SEGREGATION 553 00:24:15,420 --> 00:24:18,023 HE WAS TRYING TO FIGHT UP 554 00:24:18,023 --> 00:24:19,892 CHICAGO. 555 00:24:19,892 --> 00:24:25,264 SEGREGATION IN MEDICINE ALSO 556 00:24:25,264 --> 00:24:25,697 EXISTED. 557 00:24:25,697 --> 00:24:27,900 AND LIKE MY PET PEEVE OF THE RED 558 00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:29,168 LINING IT'S MORE THAN TUSKEGEE 559 00:24:29,168 --> 00:24:31,370 AND THE RESEARCH ABUSE. 560 00:24:31,370 --> 00:24:34,706 FOR EXAMPLE, WHITE FEMALE NURSES 561 00:24:34,706 --> 00:24:36,542 COULD NOT CARE FOR AFRICAN 562 00:24:36,542 --> 00:24:38,777 AMERICAN MALE MEN AND SEPARATE 563 00:24:38,777 --> 00:24:41,513 WARDS FOR BLACK AND WHITE 564 00:24:41,513 --> 00:24:45,584 PATIENTS AND SEPARATE HOSPITAL 565 00:24:45,584 --> 00:24:45,918 ENTRANCES. 566 00:24:45,918 --> 00:24:49,121 TREATMENT WAS ABLE FOR AFRICAN 567 00:24:49,121 --> 00:24:50,122 AMERICANS BUT ONLY AFTER WHITE 568 00:24:50,122 --> 00:24:54,259 PATIENTS WERE TREATED. 569 00:24:54,259 --> 00:25:00,966 AND THEN HOWARD AND MEHARRY 570 00:25:00,966 --> 00:25:03,669 STARTED MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 571 00:25:03,669 --> 00:25:05,103 LIKE SOMEONE SAID IT'S NOT 572 00:25:05,103 --> 00:25:10,442 EXACTLY A SAMPLE OF FAIR CHOICE. 573 00:25:10,442 --> 00:25:18,584 THERE WAS THE HILL-BURTON ACT. 574 00:25:18,584 --> 00:25:21,320 THREATENING TO WITHHOLD FEDERAL 575 00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:22,754 FUNDING AND STOP THE MEDICAL 576 00:25:22,754 --> 00:25:32,965 SEGREGATION. 577 00:25:37,669 --> 00:25:38,170 HERE'S PROGRESSIVES AND 578 00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:42,040 CONSERVATIVES OVER TIME. 579 00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:48,580 A REMINDER THAT WE HAVEN'T BEEN 580 00:25:48,580 --> 00:25:50,782 AROUND THAT LONG AND CHANGE 581 00:25:50,782 --> 00:25:53,385 MOVES SLOW BUT SOME ARE 582 00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:53,652 CHANGING. 583 00:25:53,652 --> 00:25:59,424 AND SO LET'S SWITCH GEARS TO THE 584 00:25:59,424 --> 00:26:00,993 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND 585 00:26:00,993 --> 00:26:04,396 SOCIAL DETERMINATES OF HEALTH. 586 00:26:04,396 --> 00:26:07,299 A COLLEAGUE HERE WITH ONE OF HIS 587 00:26:07,299 --> 00:26:07,532 PAPERS. 588 00:26:07,532 --> 00:26:08,400 AGAIN SEGREGATION IS LISTED. 589 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:12,671 ONE OF MY REASONS FOR TALKING 590 00:26:12,671 --> 00:26:21,647 TODAY IS I THINK RED -- 591 00:26:21,647 --> 00:26:23,482 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AFFECTS 592 00:26:23,482 --> 00:26:24,283 EDUCATION AND ALL THESE OFFICIAL 593 00:26:24,283 --> 00:26:26,218 DRIVERS OF HEALTH. 594 00:26:26,218 --> 00:26:28,186 I THINK IT SHOULDN'T BE LISTED 595 00:26:28,186 --> 00:26:29,021 AS A SMALL PART OF WHAT IS 596 00:26:29,021 --> 00:26:39,264 DRIVING THIS. 597 00:26:53,245 --> 00:26:55,213 EDUCATION IS HUGE. 598 00:26:55,213 --> 00:26:58,884 TODAY MORE THAN THE HALF OF 599 00:26:58,884 --> 00:27:02,788 NATION'S SCHOOLS ARE IN RACIALLY 600 00:27:02,788 --> 00:27:04,790 SEGREGATED CONCENTRATED 601 00:27:04,790 --> 00:27:05,090 DISTRICTS. 602 00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:07,959 AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS THAT 603 00:27:07,959 --> 00:27:09,394 PREDOMINANTLY SERVE STUDENTS OF 604 00:27:09,394 --> 00:27:11,797 COLOR RECEIVE ABOUT $23 BILLION 605 00:27:11,797 --> 00:27:13,732 LESS IN FUNDING THAN MOSTLY 606 00:27:13,732 --> 00:27:15,467 WHITE SCHOOLS. 607 00:27:15,467 --> 00:27:17,936 AND THIS IS SOMETHING I PULLED 608 00:27:17,936 --> 00:27:18,804 ABOUT WASHINGTON, D.C. PUBLIC 609 00:27:18,804 --> 00:27:20,072 SCHOOLS. 610 00:27:20,072 --> 00:27:22,774 THINGS LIKE THE FACT THAT BLACK 611 00:27:22,774 --> 00:27:27,946 STUDENTS ON AVERAGE 4.9 GRADES 612 00:27:27,946 --> 00:27:28,747 BEHIND WHITE STUDENTS IN THE 613 00:27:28,747 --> 00:27:30,716 WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA MORE 614 00:27:30,716 --> 00:27:32,818 LIKELY TO BE DISCIPLINED IN THE 615 00:27:32,818 --> 00:27:38,023 SEGREGATION INDEX IS INCREDIBLY 616 00:27:38,023 --> 00:27:39,124 HIGH IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 617 00:27:39,124 --> 00:27:40,892 AND THIS IS AN INTERESTING BOOK 618 00:27:40,892 --> 00:27:45,664 THAT JUST CAME OUT JONATHAN 619 00:27:45,664 --> 00:27:49,668 KOZOL SADLY WROTE ABOUT THIS IN 620 00:27:49,668 --> 00:27:50,635 1969 CALLED DEATH AT AN EARLY 621 00:27:50,635 --> 00:27:54,005 AGE AND IS NOW 88 AND WROTE THIS 622 00:27:54,005 --> 00:27:56,541 SWAN SONG AND BASICALLY HE WROTE 623 00:27:56,541 --> 00:27:59,111 THE ORIGINAL BOOK AS A TEACHER 624 00:27:59,111 --> 00:28:01,179 IN BOSTON IN THE '60s AND 625 00:28:01,179 --> 00:28:03,515 WRITING THIS NOW AS HE SAID 626 00:28:03,515 --> 00:28:05,717 PROBABLY HIS LAST BOOK BUT 627 00:28:05,717 --> 00:28:06,385 INCREDIBLY DISAPPOINTED THINGS 628 00:28:06,385 --> 00:28:10,522 HAVE NOT CHANGED FOR EDUCATION. 629 00:28:10,522 --> 00:28:14,760 AND THIS IS NOT HARD TO LOOK AT 630 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,295 THE PATHWAY. 631 00:28:17,295 --> 00:28:26,772 FOR EXAMPLE, MOST SCHOOLS HAD 632 00:28:26,772 --> 00:28:29,975 HIGH LEAD LEVELS AND SCHOOLS 633 00:28:29,975 --> 00:28:32,644 HAVE HIGH TOXIN AND THE 634 00:28:32,644 --> 00:28:37,616 INFRASTRUCTURE PACKAGE THAT 635 00:28:37,616 --> 00:28:41,953 ORIGINALLY HAD $100 BILLION AND 636 00:28:41,953 --> 00:28:44,489 WAS REMOVED BUT LARGE AMOUNTS OF 637 00:28:44,489 --> 00:28:46,758 MONEY NEEDED BY LOCAL AND STATE 638 00:28:46,758 --> 00:28:49,961 GOVERNMENTS TO REBUILD SCHOOLS. 639 00:28:49,961 --> 00:28:52,597 I WANTED TO GO OVER JUST AGAIN 640 00:28:52,597 --> 00:28:54,766 TALKING ABOUT WEALTH, THIS IS A 641 00:28:54,766 --> 00:28:58,069 FASCINATING STUDY THAT LOOKED AT 642 00:28:58,069 --> 00:28:58,770 WEALTH. 643 00:28:58,770 --> 00:29:00,305 SO BASICALLY THIS IS JUST THE 644 00:29:00,305 --> 00:29:01,773 NUMBER OF CHILDREN WE'RE TALKING 645 00:29:01,773 --> 00:29:05,076 ABOUT IS IN THE MILLIONS IN THIS 646 00:29:05,076 --> 00:29:05,343 STUDY. 647 00:29:05,343 --> 00:29:08,280 WHAT IT LOOKED AT IS KIDS BORN 648 00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,950 IN THE LATE '80s AND LOOKED AT 649 00:29:11,950 --> 00:29:13,518 THE PARENTAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME 650 00:29:13,518 --> 00:29:14,786 AND PULLED INCOME TAX RETURNS 651 00:29:14,786 --> 00:29:16,488 FOR THE PARENTS AND THEN LOOKED 652 00:29:16,488 --> 00:29:19,057 AT THE CHILDREN WHEN THEY WERE 653 00:29:19,057 --> 00:29:21,359 IN THEIR 30s. 654 00:29:21,359 --> 00:29:23,662 AS YOU CAN SEE, AT LEAST FOR 655 00:29:23,662 --> 00:29:29,634 WHITE KIDS THE MEAN PERCENTILE 656 00:29:29,634 --> 00:29:31,536 RANK WAS ABOUT 57. 657 00:29:31,536 --> 00:29:34,639 THE KIDS THEN WERE FAIRLY 658 00:29:34,639 --> 00:29:37,876 SIMILAR FOR WHITES. 659 00:29:37,876 --> 00:29:40,245 EASIER TO SEE IN THIS FIGURE 660 00:29:40,245 --> 00:29:41,580 THAT COMPARED TO WHITES WHERE 661 00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:44,483 THEY WERE KIND OF IN THE HIGH 662 00:29:44,483 --> 00:29:46,685 50s PERCENTILE FOR HOUSEHOLD 663 00:29:46,685 --> 00:29:50,722 INCOME THERE WAS ALMOST NO 664 00:29:50,722 --> 00:29:51,456 INCREASE FROM AFRICAN AMERICAN 665 00:29:51,456 --> 00:29:56,061 KIDS TO THE PARENTS TO WHEN GREW 666 00:29:56,061 --> 00:29:58,129 UP IN THE 30s AND NOTHING FOR 667 00:29:58,129 --> 00:29:59,664 AMERICAN INDIAN AND HISPANICS 668 00:29:59,664 --> 00:30:00,765 DID A LITTLE BIT BETTER BUT 669 00:30:00,765 --> 00:30:01,566 STILL A BIG GAP. 670 00:30:01,566 --> 00:30:04,135 ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT IT ALSO 671 00:30:04,135 --> 00:30:10,308 IS THIS IS FROM THE UP SHOT IN 672 00:30:10,308 --> 00:30:11,843 THE NEW YORK TIMES LOOKING AT 673 00:30:11,843 --> 00:30:14,613 THE SAME DATA. 674 00:30:14,613 --> 00:30:17,616 LOOKING AT IN THE DARK PURPLE 675 00:30:17,616 --> 00:30:19,351 ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN KIDS THAT 676 00:30:19,351 --> 00:30:20,919 GREW UP POOR COMPARED TO WHITES. 677 00:30:20,919 --> 00:30:25,724 YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCES OVER 678 00:30:25,724 --> 00:30:25,924 TIME. 679 00:30:25,924 --> 00:30:28,226 AFRICAN AMERICAN KIDS WERE MORE 680 00:30:28,226 --> 00:30:30,662 LIKELY TO REMAIN POOR, LESS 681 00:30:30,662 --> 00:30:32,330 LIKELY TO BECOME A RICH ADULT 682 00:30:32,330 --> 00:30:34,332 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE DIFFERENT 683 00:30:34,332 --> 00:30:34,766 QUINTILES. 684 00:30:34,766 --> 00:30:38,069 WHEN YOU LOOK AT KIDS THAT GREW 685 00:30:38,069 --> 00:30:42,541 UP RICH, THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE. 686 00:30:42,541 --> 00:30:44,276 AFRICAN AMERICAN KIDS ARE MORE 687 00:30:44,276 --> 00:30:48,113 LIKELY TO END UP POOR COMPARED 688 00:30:48,113 --> 00:30:52,551 TO WHITES AND WHITE MEN. 689 00:30:52,551 --> 00:30:56,254 LOOKING COMPARED TO HISPANICS 690 00:30:56,254 --> 00:30:58,757 AND BLACKS, AGAIN, HISPANIC KIDS 691 00:30:58,757 --> 00:31:01,059 TEND TO DO A LITTLE BIT BETTER 692 00:31:01,059 --> 00:31:03,194 REACHING WEALTH OR INCOME 693 00:31:03,194 --> 00:31:06,197 LEVELS, FAMILY INCOME LEVELS 694 00:31:06,197 --> 00:31:07,098 SIMILAR TO WHITES. 695 00:31:07,098 --> 00:31:09,367 AND THIS IS ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK 696 00:31:09,367 --> 00:31:11,636 AT THE WEALTH LAG. 697 00:31:11,636 --> 00:31:13,805 THIS IS MEDIUM HOUSEHOLD WEALTH 698 00:31:13,805 --> 00:31:15,507 BY RACE AND EDUCATION. 699 00:31:15,507 --> 00:31:25,984 AND EVEN BY ADVANCED DEGREE 700 00:31:27,652 --> 00:31:37,996 REMAINS FAIRLY HUGE AND 701 00:31:43,768 --> 00:31:44,536 HOUSEHOLD WEALTH IS COMPARED TO 702 00:31:44,536 --> 00:31:45,904 THE AMOUNT OF MONEY PEOPLE ARE 703 00:31:45,904 --> 00:31:49,140 MAKING IN THE SUBURBS. 704 00:31:49,140 --> 00:31:53,178 A SEPARATE TALK TO TALK ABOUT 705 00:31:53,178 --> 00:31:56,815 OUR PRISON SYSTEM AND HOW UNFAIR 706 00:31:56,815 --> 00:31:59,818 IT IS AND MASS INCARCERATION FOR 707 00:31:59,818 --> 00:32:00,218 LOW-LEVEL CRIMES. 708 00:32:00,218 --> 00:32:01,686 THIS IS SOMETHING A CONCEPT I 709 00:32:01,686 --> 00:32:04,055 DIDN'T REALIZE UNTIL I VISITED 710 00:32:04,055 --> 00:32:09,861 THE EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY 711 00:32:09,861 --> 00:32:12,497 IN PHILADELPHIA AND HAD AN 712 00:32:12,497 --> 00:32:13,898 EXHIBIT ON MILLION DOLLAR 713 00:32:13,898 --> 00:32:14,366 BLOCKS. 714 00:32:14,366 --> 00:32:16,701 A CONCEPT THAT IN MANY 715 00:32:16,701 --> 00:32:20,438 SEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS, MANY 716 00:32:20,438 --> 00:32:22,741 MEN ARE IN JAIL -- MILLIONS ARE 717 00:32:22,741 --> 00:32:25,877 BEING SPENT TO INCARCERATE 718 00:32:25,877 --> 00:32:27,479 PEOPLE SO IT'S A HUGE INVESTMENT 719 00:32:27,479 --> 00:32:34,753 OBVIOUSLY NOT GOING INTO THESE 720 00:32:34,753 --> 00:32:35,086 NEIGHBORHOODS. 721 00:32:35,086 --> 00:32:37,622 OTHER THINGS TO THINK ABOUT WITH 722 00:32:37,622 --> 00:32:39,824 SEGREGATION IS THIS IS SOUTH 723 00:32:39,824 --> 00:32:42,160 CENTRAL L.A. KIND OF THE WATTS 724 00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:45,030 AREA I TALKED ABOUT 1970s. 725 00:32:45,030 --> 00:32:46,331 MOSTLY AFRICAN AMERICAN AND YOU 726 00:32:46,331 --> 00:32:52,103 CAN SEE OVER TIME IT HAS DROPPED 727 00:32:52,103 --> 00:32:54,072 TO ALMOST NO AFRICAN AMERICANS 728 00:32:54,072 --> 00:32:55,674 IN 2017. 729 00:32:55,674 --> 00:32:57,676 AND IT'S THOUGHT A LOT OF THIS 730 00:32:57,676 --> 00:33:02,380 HAS TO DO WITH THE BIG INFLUX OF 731 00:33:02,380 --> 00:33:03,782 HISPANICS IN THESE AREAS. 732 00:33:03,782 --> 00:33:06,084 AND ALSO IT'S THOUGHT TO HAVE 733 00:33:06,084 --> 00:33:08,653 CONTRIBUTED TO THE HOMELESSNESS 734 00:33:08,653 --> 00:33:10,422 CRISIS IN L.A. 735 00:33:10,422 --> 00:33:13,124 8% OF L.A. COUNTY POPULATION IS 736 00:33:13,124 --> 00:33:14,592 BLACK. 737 00:33:14,592 --> 00:33:17,529 42% OF THE HOMELESS POPULATION 738 00:33:17,529 --> 00:33:17,796 IS BLACK. 739 00:33:17,796 --> 00:33:19,898 AND IT'S THOUGHT L.A.'S MOSTLY 740 00:33:19,898 --> 00:33:21,232 RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NATIONAL 741 00:33:21,232 --> 00:33:23,835 RISE IN HOMELESSNESS. 742 00:33:23,835 --> 00:33:30,141 YOU CAN SEE HERE THIS IS SKID 743 00:33:30,141 --> 00:33:32,744 ROW AN ACTUAL NAME IN L.A. A 744 00:33:32,744 --> 00:33:35,046 PICTURE OF IT WHERE IT'S 745 00:33:35,046 --> 00:33:38,550 BASICALLY HOMELESS ENCAMPMENT 746 00:33:38,550 --> 00:33:40,218 FOR BLOCKS AND BLOCKS IN THE 747 00:33:40,218 --> 00:33:41,953 SKID ROW AREA OF LOS ANGELES. 748 00:33:41,953 --> 00:33:43,221 THIS IS L.A. NOW. 749 00:33:43,221 --> 00:33:44,155 THIS IS WATTS. 750 00:33:44,155 --> 00:33:46,024 THIS IS A MAP I CREATED OF THE 751 00:33:46,024 --> 00:33:47,826 HISPANIC POPULATION AND YOU CAN 752 00:33:47,826 --> 00:33:51,996 SEE MANY OF THESE TRADITIONALLY 753 00:33:51,996 --> 00:33:53,832 HISTORIC AFRICAN AMERICAN 754 00:33:53,832 --> 00:33:56,067 NEIGHBORHOODS HAVE BECOME MOSTLY 755 00:33:56,067 --> 00:33:56,334 HISPANIC. 756 00:33:56,334 --> 00:33:57,335 IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE IT'S 757 00:33:57,335 --> 00:33:59,571 NOT LIKE THE NEIGHBORHOODS HAVE 758 00:33:59,571 --> 00:34:00,805 BEEN UPGRADED. 759 00:34:00,805 --> 00:34:01,539 IT'S GOING TO BE INTERESTING TO 760 00:34:01,539 --> 00:34:03,575 SEE WHAT THE HEALTH OUTCOMES ARE 761 00:34:03,575 --> 00:34:04,042 OF HISPANICS IN THESE 762 00:34:04,042 --> 00:34:09,214 NEIGHBORHOODS. 763 00:34:09,214 --> 00:34:13,084 SO LET'S TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 764 00:34:13,084 --> 00:34:16,654 THE HEALTH OUTCOME. 765 00:34:16,654 --> 00:34:19,424 SO WE KNOW WELL, THAT THERE'S A 766 00:34:19,424 --> 00:34:23,061 BIG GAP IN THE DEATH RATES FOR 767 00:34:23,061 --> 00:34:23,695 AFRICAN AMERICANS COMPARED TO 768 00:34:23,695 --> 00:34:26,765 WHITES AND OBVIOUSLY HISPANICS 769 00:34:26,765 --> 00:34:28,566 NOT EVERYONE KNOWS THIS BUT 770 00:34:28,566 --> 00:34:31,569 HISPANIC DEATH RATES IN GENERAL 771 00:34:31,569 --> 00:34:32,203 ARE LOW COMPARED TO WHITES AND 772 00:34:32,203 --> 00:34:36,374 BLACKS. 773 00:34:36,374 --> 00:34:39,410 DESPITE THE FACT HISPANIC 774 00:34:39,410 --> 00:34:44,983 POPULATIONS HAVE A HIGH NUMBER 775 00:34:44,983 --> 00:34:49,254 OF POOR SOCIO DRIVERS OF HEALTH. 776 00:34:49,254 --> 00:34:50,755 THEIR INCOME LEVELS ARE LOW. 777 00:34:50,755 --> 00:34:51,823 EDUCATION LEVELS ARE LOW. 778 00:34:51,823 --> 00:34:54,592 ACCESS TO INSURANCE IS LOW. 779 00:34:54,592 --> 00:34:57,662 BUT STILL THEIR DEATH RATES 780 00:34:57,662 --> 00:34:58,496 REMAIN LOW EXCEPT FOR HISPANICS 781 00:34:58,496 --> 00:35:05,603 WITH DIABETES. 782 00:35:05,603 --> 00:35:07,172 SO RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION I 783 00:35:07,172 --> 00:35:08,740 WENT GO OVER EIGHT OF THE DATA 784 00:35:08,740 --> 00:35:12,577 ON THIS BUT IT'S STRONGLY 785 00:35:12,577 --> 00:35:14,412 ASSOCIATED WITH THE SURVIVAL GAP 786 00:35:14,412 --> 00:35:15,914 WE SEE WITH WHITES AND BLACK AND 787 00:35:15,914 --> 00:35:20,652 NOT FULLY EXPLAINED BY SOCIO 788 00:35:20,652 --> 00:35:21,686 ECONOMIC INEQUITY. 789 00:35:21,686 --> 00:35:25,089 THERE ARE PAPERS SHOWING THERE'S 790 00:35:25,089 --> 00:35:26,024 CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE WITH 791 00:35:26,024 --> 00:35:27,492 HIGHER SEGREGATION, HIGHER 792 00:35:27,492 --> 00:35:28,960 INCIDENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR 793 00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:30,728 DISEASE, LUNG CANCER MORTALITY, 794 00:35:30,728 --> 00:35:34,766 IT'S TIED TO POLICE SHOOTINGS, 795 00:35:34,766 --> 00:35:37,302 FIREARM, HOMICIDES. 796 00:35:37,302 --> 00:35:41,906 TIED TO AIR POLLUTION, TO THE 797 00:35:41,906 --> 00:35:44,008 BURDEN OF CLIMATE CHANGE, TO 798 00:35:44,008 --> 00:35:46,678 BLOOD LEAD LEVELS AND EVEN COVID 799 00:35:46,678 --> 00:35:47,045 OUTCOMES. 800 00:35:47,045 --> 00:35:49,247 I PULLED SOME RECENT PARTICLES 801 00:35:49,247 --> 00:35:52,884 THAT CAME UP I DIDN'T HAVE TIME 802 00:35:52,884 --> 00:35:54,552 TO REALLY LOOK AT DEEPLY BUT 803 00:35:54,552 --> 00:36:02,760 LOOKED AT RED LINING AND THE 804 00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,263 INCIDENTS OF DIABETES AND RED 805 00:36:05,263 --> 00:36:06,764 LINING IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALL 806 00:36:06,764 --> 00:36:09,300 THESE FACTORS AND DIABETES 807 00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:09,601 PREVALENCE. 808 00:36:09,601 --> 00:36:14,339 SO A LITTLE BIT OF TRYING TO 809 00:36:14,339 --> 00:36:16,741 LOOK INTO CDC DATA. 810 00:36:16,741 --> 00:36:20,078 THIS IS ANOTHER ONE RECENTLY 811 00:36:20,078 --> 00:36:22,247 PUBLISHED IN THE AANNALS OF 812 00:36:22,247 --> 00:36:24,716 INTERNAL MEDICINE AND LOOKING AT 813 00:36:24,716 --> 00:36:30,021 THE AREAS AND SEEING THE MODEL 814 00:36:30,021 --> 00:36:32,924 SHOWED THERE'S A CORRELATION 815 00:36:32,924 --> 00:36:36,160 WITH PRESENT DAY NON-SUICIDE 816 00:36:36,160 --> 00:36:38,763 FIREARM FATALITIES IN SEGREGATED 817 00:36:38,763 --> 00:36:42,767 AREAS. 818 00:36:42,767 --> 00:36:46,704 AND THIS LOOKS OVER ALL THE 819 00:36:46,704 --> 00:36:47,605 WHITE-BLACK SURVIVAL. 820 00:36:47,605 --> 00:36:50,675 THE CHANGES IN BLACK-WHITE 821 00:36:50,675 --> 00:36:56,114 SURVIVAL FROM A DISSIMILARITY 822 00:36:56,114 --> 00:36:58,182 INDEX AND IF YOU LOOK UNDER MEN, 823 00:36:58,182 --> 00:37:00,184 THIS DIFFERENCE WAS ATTENUATED 824 00:37:00,184 --> 00:37:02,754 IN THOSE DIFFERENT MODELS WHEN 825 00:37:02,754 --> 00:37:04,956 YOU STARTED ADDING SOCIO 826 00:37:04,956 --> 00:37:07,558 ECONOMIC VARIABLES BUT DID NOT 827 00:37:07,558 --> 00:37:10,228 GO AWAY. 828 00:37:10,228 --> 00:37:12,196 SO, SEGREGATION IS TIED TO THIS 829 00:37:12,196 --> 00:37:14,766 WHITE-BLACK SURVIVAL GAP. 830 00:37:14,766 --> 00:37:15,767 IN WASHINGTON, D.C. IT'S 831 00:37:15,767 --> 00:37:18,803 INTERESTING, AGAIN, TRYING TO 832 00:37:18,803 --> 00:37:21,372 PULL FROM LOCAL DATA BUT THIS 833 00:37:21,372 --> 00:37:22,140 LOOKS AT MALES HERE. 834 00:37:22,140 --> 00:37:27,045 THIS LOOKS AT FEMALES ON THE 835 00:37:27,045 --> 00:37:28,279 RIGHT. 836 00:37:28,279 --> 00:37:30,148 THESE ARE WHITE MEALS. 837 00:37:30,148 --> 00:37:32,016 LIFE EXPECTANCY OF WASHINGTON, 838 00:37:32,016 --> 00:37:35,186 D.C. WHITE MALES IS VERY HIGH. 839 00:37:35,186 --> 00:37:40,325 THIS IS A U.S. FOR WHITE MALES. 840 00:37:40,325 --> 00:37:43,328 FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS THOUGH 841 00:37:43,328 --> 00:37:46,431 AROUND THE NATION IT'S ABOUT 72 842 00:37:46,431 --> 00:37:47,131 BUT IN WASHINGTON, D.C. IT'S 843 00:37:47,131 --> 00:37:47,966 MUCH LOWER. 844 00:37:47,966 --> 00:37:53,037 THE SAME FOR WOMEN IT'S KIND OF 845 00:37:53,037 --> 00:37:56,908 LOWER BUT DON'T KNOW WHY LIFE 846 00:37:56,908 --> 00:37:58,910 EXPECTANCY IS SO HIGH FOR WHITE 847 00:37:58,910 --> 00:38:02,246 MEN IN D.C. BUT FOR BLACK MEN 848 00:38:02,246 --> 00:38:04,148 IT'S LOWER THAN EVEN THE 849 00:38:04,148 --> 00:38:05,383 NATIONAL AVERAGES INCLUDING FOR 850 00:38:05,383 --> 00:38:05,616 WOMEN. 851 00:38:05,616 --> 00:38:11,155 THIS PAPER TO -- TRIED TO LOOK 852 00:38:11,155 --> 00:38:12,590 AT CONTRIBUTORS. 853 00:38:12,590 --> 00:38:14,659 ON THE LEFT ARE MALES. 854 00:38:14,659 --> 00:38:17,729 ON THE RIGHT ARE FEMALES. 855 00:38:17,729 --> 00:38:19,430 FOR MEN, PART OF THE 856 00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:21,032 CONTRIBUTION TO THE GAP IN 857 00:38:21,032 --> 00:38:26,137 SURVIVAL WAS HEART DISEASE. 858 00:38:26,137 --> 00:38:30,174 HOMICIDES FOR YOUNG MEN, CANCER, 859 00:38:30,174 --> 00:38:32,410 UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES AND FOR 860 00:38:32,410 --> 00:38:34,012 WOMEN A LOT OF IT HAD TO DO WITH 861 00:38:34,012 --> 00:38:40,218 HEART DISEASE AND NEOPLASMS. 862 00:38:40,218 --> 00:38:46,190 THE SOCIAL DETERMINATES OF 863 00:38:46,190 --> 00:38:47,725 HEALTH IN MOSTLY AFRICAN 864 00:38:47,725 --> 00:38:50,028 AMERICAN AREAS HERE IN D.C. IN 865 00:38:50,028 --> 00:38:51,462 THE EAST AND SOUTH. 866 00:38:51,462 --> 00:38:56,434 AGAIN, THIS IS LOOKING AT LIFE 867 00:38:56,434 --> 00:38:56,734 EXPECTANCY. 868 00:38:56,734 --> 00:38:58,603 HERE IN THE MOSTLY WHITE AREAS 869 00:38:58,603 --> 00:38:59,504 IT'S AGAIN VERY HIGH. 870 00:38:59,504 --> 00:39:03,341 KIND OF IN THE '80s. 871 00:39:03,341 --> 00:39:05,710 IN THE AREAS OF SEGREGATION IT'S 872 00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:07,578 MUCH LOWER. 873 00:39:07,578 --> 00:39:10,782 YOU LOOK AT PEOPLE LIVING IN 874 00:39:10,782 --> 00:39:12,183 POVERTY IT'S HIGHEST IN THE 875 00:39:12,183 --> 00:39:14,619 AFRICAN AREAS. 876 00:39:14,619 --> 00:39:16,854 IF YOU LOOK AT UNEMPLOYMENT 877 00:39:16,854 --> 00:39:18,322 RATES IT'S MOSTLY HIGH IN THE 878 00:39:18,322 --> 00:39:19,357 AFRICAN AMERICAN SEGREGATED 879 00:39:19,357 --> 00:39:19,557 AREAS. 880 00:39:19,557 --> 00:39:22,427 IF YOU LOOK AT INCOME, IT'S 881 00:39:22,427 --> 00:39:23,728 LOWEST IN THESE AREAS. 882 00:39:23,728 --> 00:39:25,897 IF YOU LOOK AT PUBLIC 883 00:39:25,897 --> 00:39:29,667 ASSISTANCE, IT'S LOWEST IN THESE 884 00:39:29,667 --> 00:39:30,168 AREAS. 885 00:39:30,168 --> 00:39:31,269 HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IS 886 00:39:31,269 --> 00:39:32,503 LOWER IN THESE AREAS. 887 00:39:32,503 --> 00:39:34,338 IF YOU LOOK AT VIOLENT DEATH 888 00:39:34,338 --> 00:39:40,044 RATES AGAIN HIGHER IN THESE 889 00:39:40,044 --> 00:39:40,545 AREAS. 890 00:39:40,545 --> 00:39:43,448 SO, IT'S VERY STRIKING WHEN YOU 891 00:39:43,448 --> 00:39:45,249 LOOK AT THE MAPS. 892 00:39:45,249 --> 00:39:47,118 LET ME SWITCH GEARS AND TALK A 893 00:39:47,118 --> 00:39:47,985 LITTLE BIT ABOUT MY FIELD WHICH 894 00:39:47,985 --> 00:39:50,755 IS LOOKING AT KIDNEY DISEASE AND 895 00:39:50,755 --> 00:39:55,393 LOOKING AT THE PREVALENCE OF END 896 00:39:55,393 --> 00:39:56,794 STAGE RENAL DISEASE. 897 00:39:56,794 --> 00:39:58,763 MANY OF YOU KNOW THE PREVALENCE 898 00:39:58,763 --> 00:40:01,999 OF END STAGE RENAL DISEASE IS 899 00:40:01,999 --> 00:40:03,835 HIGHEST AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS 900 00:40:03,835 --> 00:40:08,706 OVER 6,000 PER MILLION CASES. 901 00:40:08,706 --> 00:40:12,210 AND HERE IT IS FOR WHITES MORE 902 00:40:12,210 --> 00:40:13,177 LIKE 1,000. 903 00:40:13,177 --> 00:40:15,847 INCIDENT RATE HIGH FOR AFRICAN 904 00:40:15,847 --> 00:40:17,248 AMERICANS ABOUT 600. 905 00:40:17,248 --> 00:40:23,621 HISPANIC RATES ARE SOMEWHERE IN 906 00:40:23,621 --> 00:40:24,856 BETWEEN. 907 00:40:24,856 --> 00:40:26,324 THIS IS A PAPER THAT THEN LOOKED 908 00:40:26,324 --> 00:40:28,025 AT THE RED LINE DISTRICTS. 909 00:40:28,025 --> 00:40:30,995 I THINK THAT'S WHY IT'S 910 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:31,629 INTERESTING. 911 00:40:31,629 --> 00:40:36,501 WE LOOKED AGAIN AT THE DATA I 912 00:40:36,501 --> 00:40:37,034 SHOWED. 913 00:40:37,034 --> 00:40:40,338 JUST REMEMBER THAT TO BE ON 914 00:40:40,338 --> 00:40:41,372 DIALYSIS YOU'RE ALMOST ALWAYS 915 00:40:41,372 --> 00:40:43,307 COVERED ON MEDICARE AND HAVE 916 00:40:43,307 --> 00:40:45,176 FANTASTIC DATA OF PATIENTS ON 917 00:40:45,176 --> 00:40:48,946 DIALYSIS AND LOOKING AT DATA AT 918 00:40:48,946 --> 00:40:51,115 PATIENTS FROM 2012 TO 2019, THEY 919 00:40:51,115 --> 00:40:53,584 LOOKED AT PATIENTS WHO LIVED IN 920 00:40:53,584 --> 00:40:55,953 THE FORMER RED LINE AREAS AND 921 00:40:55,953 --> 00:40:58,322 LOOKED AT AGE-ADJUSTED 922 00:40:58,322 --> 00:40:59,524 DIFFERENCES AND END STABLE RENAL 923 00:40:59,524 --> 00:41:00,658 DISEASE RATES. 924 00:41:00,658 --> 00:41:02,193 INTERESTINGLY IT WAS 925 00:41:02,193 --> 00:41:02,493 SIGNIFICANT. 926 00:41:02,493 --> 00:41:05,363 HIGHER RATES OF INCIDENTS OF END 927 00:41:05,363 --> 00:41:06,230 STAGE RENAL DISEASE MEANING YOU 928 00:41:06,230 --> 00:41:09,233 NEED DIALYSIS OR NEED TO GET 929 00:41:09,233 --> 00:41:11,135 TRANSPLANTED FOR ALL PATIENTS. 930 00:41:11,135 --> 00:41:14,005 TRUE FOR BLACK PATIENTS. 931 00:41:14,005 --> 00:41:15,039 TRUE FOR HISPANIC PATIENTS 932 00:41:15,039 --> 00:41:16,941 LIVING IN THESE NEIGHBORHOODS. 933 00:41:16,941 --> 00:41:20,011 TRUE FOR ASIAN PARENTS LIVING IN 934 00:41:20,011 --> 00:41:22,413 THESE AREAS AND FOR WHITE 935 00:41:22,413 --> 00:41:24,749 PATIENTS LIVING IN THESE AREAS 936 00:41:24,749 --> 00:41:29,053 THAT ARE FORMERLY RED LINED. 937 00:41:29,053 --> 00:41:32,190 THIS PAPER LOOKED AT TRANSPLANT 938 00:41:32,190 --> 00:41:34,425 WHICH IS ANOTHER AREA OF 939 00:41:34,425 --> 00:41:38,629 DISPARITIES IN NEPHROLOGY. 940 00:41:38,629 --> 00:41:40,498 IT DID USE THE INDEX OF 941 00:41:40,498 --> 00:41:42,800 CONCENTRATION AT THE EXTREMES 942 00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:44,502 WHICH IS APPROPRIATE BECAUSE IT 943 00:41:44,502 --> 00:41:45,836 WAS JUST DONE IN GEORGIA, NORTH 944 00:41:45,836 --> 00:41:48,172 CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 945 00:41:48,172 --> 00:41:51,576 THEY SAW AT THE DIFFERENT STEPS 946 00:41:51,576 --> 00:41:53,277 OF TRANSPLANT REFERRAL, REFERRAL 947 00:41:53,277 --> 00:41:57,248 FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANT, 948 00:41:57,248 --> 00:42:00,184 WAIT-LISTED, THAT IN 949 00:42:00,184 --> 00:42:02,220 PREDOMINANTLY BLACK 950 00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:03,588 NEIGHBORHOODS REFERRAL FOR 951 00:42:03,588 --> 00:42:07,291 KIDNEY TRANSPLANT WAS LOWER TO 952 00:42:07,291 --> 00:42:10,695 BE WAIT-LISTED RATES WERE LOWER 953 00:42:10,695 --> 00:42:12,163 AND ALSO RECEIVING A LIVING 954 00:42:12,163 --> 00:42:14,298 DONATED KIDNEY TRANSPLANT WERE 955 00:42:14,298 --> 00:42:14,498 LOWER. 956 00:42:14,498 --> 00:42:15,866 AGAIN AN IMPORTANT WAY TO LOOK 957 00:42:15,866 --> 00:42:17,969 AT THIS AND TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 958 00:42:17,969 --> 00:42:21,739 HOW TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES. 959 00:42:21,739 --> 00:42:26,577 ANOTHER AREA OF DISPARITIES IN 960 00:42:26,577 --> 00:42:28,646 NEPHROLOGY IS HOME DIALYSIS AND 961 00:42:28,646 --> 00:42:29,080 TRANSPLANT. 962 00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:31,449 THIS IS ALL PATIENTS IN THE 963 00:42:31,449 --> 00:42:33,751 COUNTRY IN 2021 WITH END STAGE 964 00:42:33,751 --> 00:42:36,220 RENAL DISEASE AND THE GREEN ARE 965 00:42:36,220 --> 00:42:38,756 TRANSPLANT PATIENTS AND WHITES 966 00:42:38,756 --> 00:42:41,425 AND BLACKS AND HISPANICS. 967 00:42:41,425 --> 00:42:43,494 VISUALLY YOU CAN SEE WHITES HAVE 968 00:42:43,494 --> 00:42:46,797 A LARGER PERCENTAGE THAN 969 00:42:46,797 --> 00:42:47,131 TRANSPLANTED. 970 00:42:47,131 --> 00:42:57,308 LARGER PERCENTAGE ON PERITINEAL 971 00:42:57,308 --> 00:43:01,012 DIALYSIS AND LOOKING AT BLACKS 972 00:43:01,012 --> 00:43:02,747 AND HISPANICS AND NATIVE 973 00:43:02,747 --> 00:43:03,147 AMERICANS. 974 00:43:03,147 --> 00:43:10,254 THIS IS A PAPER I WROTE IN 2007. 975 00:43:10,254 --> 00:43:12,623 WE LOOKED AT ALL PATIENTS ON 976 00:43:12,623 --> 00:43:13,291 DIALYSIS. 977 00:43:13,291 --> 00:43:15,226 ONE OF THE STRONGEST FINDINGS WE 978 00:43:15,226 --> 00:43:16,527 FOUND WAS TRANSPLANT. 979 00:43:16,527 --> 00:43:18,796 THESE ARE PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS 980 00:43:18,796 --> 00:43:19,297 THAT DID NOT RECEIVE A 981 00:43:19,297 --> 00:43:24,802 TRANSPLANT. 982 00:43:24,802 --> 00:43:26,771 HERE'S THE HIGHEST RATE AND THE 983 00:43:26,771 --> 00:43:28,906 DIALYSIS PATIENTS WERE WHITE OR 984 00:43:28,906 --> 00:43:32,543 BLACK PATIENTS WHO LIVED IN 985 00:43:32,543 --> 00:43:33,511 PREDOMINANTLY BLACK 986 00:43:33,511 --> 00:43:38,549 NEIGHBORHOODS PER ZIP CODE. 987 00:43:38,549 --> 00:43:42,186 WE ALSO LOOKED AT QUALITY 988 00:43:42,186 --> 00:43:44,689 STATISTICS AND DIALYSIS AREAS 989 00:43:44,689 --> 00:43:47,992 FOUND IN PREDOMINANTLY BLACK 990 00:43:47,992 --> 00:43:49,760 NEIGHBORHOODS AN HOME-BASED 991 00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:51,962 THERAPIES WERE LESS LIKELY TO BE 992 00:43:51,962 --> 00:43:54,198 OFFERED AND SURVIVAL WORSE. 993 00:43:54,198 --> 00:43:58,135 MORE UNITS HAD STANDARD 994 00:43:58,135 --> 00:43:59,003 MORTALITY RATIOS HIGHER THAN 995 00:43:59,003 --> 00:44:02,373 EXPECTED IN SOME OF THESE AREAS. 996 00:44:02,373 --> 00:44:05,242 PAUL KIMALL REPEATED A STUDY 997 00:44:05,242 --> 00:44:08,746 SIMILAR TO WHAT WE DID BUT 998 00:44:08,746 --> 00:44:11,949 MEASURED IT BY THE DISSIMILARITY 999 00:44:11,949 --> 00:44:15,319 INDEX AND THE GINI INDEX WHICH 1000 00:44:15,319 --> 00:44:18,189 IS ABOUT INCOME. 1001 00:44:18,189 --> 00:44:19,423 THERE WASN'T A BIG DIFFERENCE 1002 00:44:19,423 --> 00:44:22,760 WITH INCOME BUT LOOKING AT 1003 00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:24,395 AFRICAN AMERICAN PATIENTS ON 1004 00:44:24,395 --> 00:44:31,068 HEMOOO -- HEMODIALYSIS AND THE 1005 00:44:31,068 --> 00:44:33,771 MORE SEGREGATED THE NEIGHBORHOOD 1006 00:44:33,771 --> 00:44:36,440 THE MORE MORTALITY. 1007 00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:38,342 I WROTE THIS PAPER ABOUT LOOKING 1008 00:44:38,342 --> 00:44:40,511 AT RACIAL DISPARITIES AND HEALTH 1009 00:44:40,511 --> 00:44:42,213 OUTCOMES WHICH IS SOMETHING I 1010 00:44:42,213 --> 00:44:43,581 CONTINUE TO BE VERY INTERESTED 1011 00:44:43,581 --> 00:44:43,881 IN. 1012 00:44:43,881 --> 00:44:47,551 THIS IS -- YOU CAN EASILY MAP 1013 00:44:47,551 --> 00:44:49,320 NEIGHBORHOODS AND LOOK AT FOR 1014 00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:51,522 EXAMPLE FIVE-STAR FACILITIES IN 1015 00:44:51,522 --> 00:44:52,957 CHICAGO IS WHAT I'M LOOKING AT 1016 00:44:52,957 --> 00:44:54,225 HERE. 1017 00:44:54,225 --> 00:45:00,131 THIS IS SOUTH SCENTRAL CHICAGO 1018 00:45:00,131 --> 00:45:02,867 AND THE WEST SIDE WHERE MORE 1019 00:45:02,867 --> 00:45:05,803 FACILITIES SEEM TO BE FOUND IN 1020 00:45:05,803 --> 00:45:09,840 THESE NON-AGGREGATED AREAS. 1021 00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:11,675 JUST WANT IT SHOW YOU SOME MAPS 1022 00:45:11,675 --> 00:45:13,043 OF HOW THIS COULD BE USED. 1023 00:45:13,043 --> 00:45:14,779 THIS IS A MAP I CREATED OF ALL 1024 00:45:14,779 --> 00:45:17,948 THE DIALYSIS UNITS ACROSS THE 1025 00:45:17,948 --> 00:45:18,182 COUNTRY. 1026 00:45:18,182 --> 00:45:22,586 YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS DATA 1027 00:45:22,586 --> 00:45:24,388 EASILY OFF THE CMS COMPARE 1028 00:45:24,388 --> 00:45:24,622 WEBSITE. 1029 00:45:24,622 --> 00:45:25,589 THIS IS WASHINGTON, D.C. AND ALL 1030 00:45:25,589 --> 00:45:28,192 THE DIALYSIS UNITS IN THE 1031 00:45:28,192 --> 00:45:30,561 WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA. 1032 00:45:30,561 --> 00:45:31,762 HERE'S THE WASHINGTON MALL. 1033 00:45:31,762 --> 00:45:34,565 YOU CAN SEE THIS IS A LARGE 1034 00:45:34,565 --> 00:45:35,199 AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY AND 1035 00:45:35,199 --> 00:45:37,435 IT MAKES SENSE YOU CAN HAVE A 1036 00:45:37,435 --> 00:45:38,869 LOT OF DIALYSIS UNITS THERE 1037 00:45:38,869 --> 00:45:44,708 BECAUSE 30% OF ALL PEOPLE ON 1038 00:45:44,708 --> 00:45:46,043 HEMODIALYSIS ARE AFRICAN 1039 00:45:46,043 --> 00:45:47,144 AMERICAN SO IT MAKES SENSE IT 1040 00:45:47,144 --> 00:45:48,579 WILL BE THERE. 1041 00:45:48,579 --> 00:45:51,081 HERE'S A WAY TO MAP THESE AND 1042 00:45:51,081 --> 00:45:54,485 LOOKING IN RED ARE FIVE-STAR 1043 00:45:54,485 --> 00:45:54,785 FACILITIES. 1044 00:45:54,785 --> 00:45:55,820 HIGHEST QUALITY AND SHOWS YOU 1045 00:45:55,820 --> 00:45:59,023 WHERE THE RED ONES CAN BE FOUND. 1046 00:45:59,023 --> 00:46:04,829 MOST OF YOU KNOW THESE 1047 00:46:04,829 --> 00:46:07,465 NEIGHBORHOODS BETTER THAN ME. 1048 00:46:07,465 --> 00:46:10,768 AND THIS IS AGAIN THE 1049 00:46:10,768 --> 00:46:12,002 WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA AND 1050 00:46:12,002 --> 00:46:14,038 WASHINGTON MALL. 1051 00:46:14,038 --> 00:46:15,406 THESE ARE DIALYSIS UNITS THAT 1052 00:46:15,406 --> 00:46:18,209 HAVE BETTER THAN EXPECTED WITH 1053 00:46:18,209 --> 00:46:20,778 BLUE ARROW POINTING UP AND RED 1054 00:46:20,778 --> 00:46:23,481 POINTING DOWN ARE DIALYSIS UNITS 1055 00:46:23,481 --> 00:46:27,184 WHERE THE SURVIVAL IS WORSE THAN 1056 00:46:27,184 --> 00:46:27,451 EXPECTED. 1057 00:46:27,451 --> 00:46:29,987 I JUST CREATED THESE OUT OF 1058 00:46:29,987 --> 00:46:31,589 INTEREST TO SHOW YOU. 1059 00:46:31,589 --> 00:46:34,124 THIS IS CALIFORNIA AND THIS IS 1060 00:46:34,124 --> 00:46:36,026 AGAIN DOWN IN THE WATTS AREA. 1061 00:46:36,026 --> 00:46:38,462 THIS IS WATTS HERE. 1062 00:46:38,462 --> 00:46:39,763 YOU CAN SEE IT'S INTERESTING 1063 00:46:39,763 --> 00:46:42,733 WHEN I LOOKED AT THIS DATA, THE 1064 00:46:42,733 --> 00:46:44,301 ARROWS POINTING DOWN ARE WORSE 1065 00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:46,770 THAN EXPECTED SURVIVAL IN THE 1066 00:46:46,770 --> 00:46:47,671 DIALYSIS PATIENTS. 1067 00:46:47,671 --> 00:46:48,272 THESE ARE BEVERLY HILLS OVER 1068 00:46:48,272 --> 00:46:53,844 HERE. 1069 00:46:53,844 --> 00:46:56,280 AND AGAIN THIS IS OUR HOME 1070 00:46:56,280 --> 00:47:02,219 DIALYSIS -- THESE ARE UNITS WITH 1071 00:47:02,219 --> 00:47:10,761 THE STARS THAT OFFER THOSE THAT 1072 00:47:10,761 --> 00:47:13,330 DON 1073 00:47:13,330 --> 00:47:13,898 DON'T. 1074 00:47:13,898 --> 00:47:16,534 AND I MAP I CREATED OF PUERTO 1075 00:47:16,534 --> 00:47:16,734 RICO. 1076 00:47:16,734 --> 00:47:18,035 THIS ISN'T PUBLISHED BUT IT'S 1077 00:47:18,035 --> 00:47:22,172 INTERESTING AND I WAS SURPRISED 1078 00:47:22,172 --> 00:47:24,675 MOST THE DIALYSIS UNITS HAVE 1079 00:47:24,675 --> 00:47:26,510 WORSE THAN EXPECTED MORTALITY 1080 00:47:26,510 --> 00:47:26,777 RATES. 1081 00:47:26,777 --> 00:47:28,445 SOME PAPERS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED 1082 00:47:28,445 --> 00:47:29,980 SO JUST ABOUT THE MORTALITY 1083 00:47:29,980 --> 00:47:33,517 RATES THAT DIALYSIS PATIENTS BUT 1084 00:47:33,517 --> 00:47:37,922 I HAVEN'T REALLY LOOKED INTO WHY 1085 00:47:37,922 --> 00:47:38,622 THIS IS. 1086 00:47:38,622 --> 00:47:41,158 37 WORSE THAN EXPECTED MORTALITY 1087 00:47:41,158 --> 00:47:48,599 DIALYSIS UNITS OUT OF 7,726. 1088 00:47:48,599 --> 00:47:50,301 485 UNITS HAVE WORSE THAN 1089 00:47:50,301 --> 00:47:52,069 EXPECTED MORTALITY. 1090 00:47:52,069 --> 00:47:54,505 37 OF THEM WERE IN PUERTO RICO 1091 00:47:54,505 --> 00:47:58,309 OR 6%. 1092 00:47:58,309 --> 00:48:00,744 SO, I WENT THROUGH THAT PRETTY 1093 00:48:00,744 --> 00:48:00,978 QUICKLY. 1094 00:48:00,978 --> 00:48:03,514 I THINK THE HARDEST PART AND 1095 00:48:03,514 --> 00:48:05,849 BIGGEST CRITICISM I ALWAYS GET 1096 00:48:05,849 --> 00:48:08,052 WHEN I GIVE THE TALK OR ANYONE 1097 00:48:08,052 --> 00:48:09,420 WRITES BOOKS ABOUT THIS IS HOW 1098 00:48:09,420 --> 00:48:11,822 ARE YOU GOING TO ADDRESS THE 1099 00:48:11,822 --> 00:48:12,256 PROBLEM? 1100 00:48:12,256 --> 00:48:13,591 I GUESS THIS IS WHY I'D LIKE 1101 00:48:13,591 --> 00:48:16,493 DISCUSSION AT THE END NOT TO 1102 00:48:16,493 --> 00:48:19,296 REALLY FOCUS -- AGAIN, I'M NOT A 1103 00:48:19,296 --> 00:48:22,933 RESEARCHER OR CONSIDER MYSELF A 1104 00:48:22,933 --> 00:48:27,671 RESEARCHER, NOT NECESSARILY 1105 00:48:27,671 --> 00:48:29,540 ABOUT THE STUDIES AND METHODS 1106 00:48:29,540 --> 00:48:32,343 BUT HOW CAN THIS BE CHANGED FROM 1107 00:48:32,343 --> 00:48:34,745 A POLICY STANDPOINT. 1108 00:48:34,745 --> 00:48:37,281 I HOPE I'VE SHOWN YOU A LITTLE 1109 00:48:37,281 --> 00:48:39,149 BIT ABOUT HOW SEGREGATION IS 1110 00:48:39,149 --> 00:48:42,252 TIED TO ALL THE ISSUES ON HERE, 1111 00:48:42,252 --> 00:48:44,121 MASS INCARCERATION, POOR 1112 00:48:44,121 --> 00:48:45,656 EDUCATION AND WEALTH. 1113 00:48:45,656 --> 00:48:48,258 HOW IS THAT GOING TO BE 1114 00:48:48,258 --> 00:48:48,525 ADDRESSED? 1115 00:48:48,525 --> 00:48:50,294 AND YOU HAVEN'T READ THE COLOR 1116 00:48:50,294 --> 00:48:55,532 OF LAW, IT'S A FANTASTIC BOOK TO 1117 00:48:55,532 --> 00:48:58,769 READ BY RICHARD ROTHSTEIN IS EYE 1118 00:48:58,769 --> 00:49:01,572 OPENING TO READ HIS BOOK AND 1119 00:49:01,572 --> 00:49:02,806 THEN GOT THE SAME CRITICISM SO 1120 00:49:02,806 --> 00:49:04,108 NOW WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO 1121 00:49:04,108 --> 00:49:07,411 ABOUT IT AND WHAT SHOULD WE DO? 1122 00:49:07,411 --> 00:49:09,780 HE TEAMED UP WITH HIS DAUGHTER 1123 00:49:09,780 --> 00:49:11,615 WHO HAPPENS TO BE AN EXPERT IN 1124 00:49:11,615 --> 00:49:13,717 HOUSING POLICY AND WROTE THE 1125 00:49:13,717 --> 00:49:14,918 BOOK CALLED JUST ACTION WHICH 1126 00:49:14,918 --> 00:49:17,087 CAME OUT LAST YEAR. 1127 00:49:17,087 --> 00:49:20,758 THE BOOK WHICH I READ IN 1128 00:49:20,758 --> 00:49:22,760 PREPARATION FOR THIS TALK THESE 1129 00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:24,261 ARE SOME OF THE CHAPTERS ABOUT 1130 00:49:24,261 --> 00:49:27,364 LAYING THE GROUND WORK. 1131 00:49:27,364 --> 00:49:29,800 EXPANDING HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES 1132 00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:30,100 EVERYWHERE. 1133 00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:32,136 ADDRESSING THE LACK OF 1134 00:49:32,136 --> 00:49:34,038 GENERATIONAL WEALTH, CREDIT 1135 00:49:34,038 --> 00:49:36,273 SCORES, EDUCATION ON HOME 1136 00:49:36,273 --> 00:49:37,875 BUYING, ADDRESSING AFFORDABLE 1137 00:49:37,875 --> 00:49:41,412 HOUSING FOR MODERATE INCOME 1138 00:49:41,412 --> 00:49:41,712 HOUSEHOLDS. 1139 00:49:41,712 --> 00:49:44,648 ONE OF THE POINTS SHE MAKES IS 1140 00:49:44,648 --> 00:49:46,283 ABOUT AFRICAN AMERICANS IS EVEN 1141 00:49:46,283 --> 00:49:47,384 MODERATE INCOME HOUSEHOLDS ARE 1142 00:49:47,384 --> 00:49:48,752 LIVING IN THESE NEIGHBORHOODS. 1143 00:49:48,752 --> 00:49:53,824 SO IT'S NOT ALL ABOUT POOR 1144 00:49:53,824 --> 00:49:54,258 AFRICAN AMERICANS. 1145 00:49:54,258 --> 00:49:55,492 THOUGH THE POOR AFRICAN 1146 00:49:55,492 --> 00:49:59,029 AMERICANS THE RATE OF POVERTY IS 1147 00:49:59,029 --> 00:50:00,164 THREE TIMES THAT OF WHITE IT'S 1148 00:50:00,164 --> 00:50:00,564 NOT HUGE. 1149 00:50:00,564 --> 00:50:02,433 THIS IS AN ISSUE FOR MODERATE 1150 00:50:02,433 --> 00:50:04,535 INCOME HOUSEHOLDS ALSO. 1151 00:50:04,535 --> 00:50:09,239 SHE SPENT SOME TIME TALKING 1152 00:50:09,239 --> 00:50:10,741 ABOUT INVESTING IN SEGREGATION 1153 00:50:10,741 --> 00:50:14,578 IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS. 1154 00:50:14,578 --> 00:50:17,314 CONSCIENTIOUS GENTRIFICATION 1155 00:50:17,314 --> 00:50:18,248 INCLUDING INCLUSIONARY ZONING 1156 00:50:18,248 --> 00:50:20,217 INCLUDING MAKING SURE WAYS 1157 00:50:20,217 --> 00:50:22,553 PEOPLE CAN STAY IN THEIR HOMES 1158 00:50:22,553 --> 00:50:25,989 AND AREN'T PRICED OUT AND RENT 1159 00:50:25,989 --> 00:50:27,725 REGULATION AND JUST CAUSE 1160 00:50:27,725 --> 00:50:28,092 EVICTIONS. 1161 00:50:28,092 --> 00:50:30,127 MEANING NOT TO EVICT PEOPLE JUST 1162 00:50:30,127 --> 00:50:31,995 BECAUSE THEY'RE LATE BY A FEW 1163 00:50:31,995 --> 00:50:38,836 DAYS FOR PAYMENT BUT HAVE A JUST 1164 00:50:38,836 --> 00:50:41,538 CAUSE FOR RENTERS AND BAN THE 1165 00:50:41,538 --> 00:50:41,839 BOX. 1166 00:50:41,839 --> 00:50:43,874 SAYING IF YOU HAVE COMMITTED A 1167 00:50:43,874 --> 00:50:46,110 CRIME IN THE PAST TO CHECK THIS 1168 00:50:46,110 --> 00:50:46,710 BOX. 1169 00:50:46,710 --> 00:50:50,748 EVEN IF YOU HAVEN'T BEEN 1170 00:50:50,748 --> 00:50:53,851 CONVICTED WHICH IS THE CURRENT 1171 00:50:53,851 --> 00:50:54,118 SITUATION. 1172 00:50:54,118 --> 00:50:54,785 SHE TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 1173 00:50:54,785 --> 00:50:56,720 PROPERTY ASSESSMENT, LINE TRUST, 1174 00:50:56,720 --> 00:50:57,087 CONTRACT SALES. 1175 00:50:57,087 --> 00:50:59,723 IT GOES ON AND ON. 1176 00:50:59,723 --> 00:51:00,657 THERE'S A LOT OF POLICY IN THIS 1177 00:51:00,657 --> 00:51:03,327 AND AGAIN THAT'S PART OF WHAT 1178 00:51:03,327 --> 00:51:05,162 I'D LIKE TO TALK ABOUT. 1179 00:51:05,162 --> 00:51:07,131 IN THE END IS WHAT'S OUR ROLE. 1180 00:51:07,131 --> 00:51:11,135 WHAT'S THE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTE 1181 00:51:11,135 --> 00:51:15,239 OF NIH AND INSTITUTE OF V.A. TO 1182 00:51:15,239 --> 00:51:16,707 SOME OF THESE THINGS. 1183 00:51:16,707 --> 00:51:18,909 IT IS FRUSTRATING BECAUSE AS 1184 00:51:18,909 --> 00:51:21,845 I'VE SHOWN SEGREGATION HAS NOT 1185 00:51:21,845 --> 00:51:23,313 CHANGED DRAMATICALLY OVER TIME. 1186 00:51:23,313 --> 00:51:25,249 AND IT'S REALLY TIED TO A LOT OF 1187 00:51:25,249 --> 00:51:28,519 OUR HEALTH OUTCOMES. 1188 00:51:28,519 --> 00:51:33,423 ONE THING ABOUT THE 1968 FEDERAL 1189 00:51:33,423 --> 00:51:35,526 FAIR HOUSING ACT IS THAT IT 1190 00:51:35,526 --> 00:51:37,161 DIDN'T HAVE TEETH TO IT. 1191 00:51:37,161 --> 00:51:40,063 PART OF THE ACT WAS SOMETHING 1192 00:51:40,063 --> 00:51:45,903 CALLED AFFIRMATIVELY FURTHERING 1193 00:51:45,903 --> 00:51:48,539 FAIR HOUSING AND IT WASN'T UNTIL 1194 00:51:48,539 --> 00:51:50,774 THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION HAD A 1195 00:51:50,774 --> 00:51:52,743 RULE IN PLACE TO BE ROLLED OUT 1196 00:51:52,743 --> 00:51:54,244 TO TRY TO KEEP COMMUNITIES AND 1197 00:51:54,244 --> 00:52:00,384 HOLD THEM TO ACCOUNT TO TRY TO 1198 00:52:00,384 --> 00:52:06,256 ADDRESS SEGREGATION. 1199 00:52:06,256 --> 00:52:06,824 UNFORTUNATELY THE LAST 1200 00:52:06,824 --> 00:52:08,659 ADMINISTRATION RESCINDED THE 1201 00:52:08,659 --> 00:52:12,262 RULE AND AS YOU REMEMBER BEN 1202 00:52:12,262 --> 00:52:16,300 CARSON WAS THE HOUSING SECRETARY 1203 00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:17,901 BACK THEN WHO THOUGHT THE RULE 1204 00:52:17,901 --> 00:52:21,171 WAS MANDATING SOCIAL ENGINEERING 1205 00:52:21,171 --> 00:52:22,773 SCHEME OR FAILED SOCIAL. 1206 00:52:22,773 --> 00:52:24,541 THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION HAS 1207 00:52:24,541 --> 00:52:27,477 BEEN WORKING ON IT BUT 1208 00:52:27,477 --> 00:52:30,214 UNFORTUNATELY IT STILL HASN'T 1209 00:52:30,214 --> 00:52:30,581 BEEN ROLLED OUT. 1210 00:52:30,581 --> 00:52:33,217 HOPEFULLY THAT'S NOT BECAUSE OF 1211 00:52:33,217 --> 00:52:34,251 POLITICS. 1212 00:52:34,251 --> 00:52:37,254 WE'RE STILL WAITING FOR THE 1213 00:52:37,254 --> 00:52:38,088 AFFIRMATIVE FURTHERING HOUSE ACT 1214 00:52:38,088 --> 00:52:40,991 RULE TO GO IN EFFECT WHICH WILL 1215 00:52:40,991 --> 00:52:43,894 PROBABLY BE IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS 1216 00:52:43,894 --> 00:52:44,194 SEGREGATION. 1217 00:52:44,194 --> 00:52:46,129 OTHER CITIES ARE COMING OUT WITH 1218 00:52:46,129 --> 00:52:48,699 THEIR OWN BLUEPRINTS HOW TO 1219 00:52:48,699 --> 00:52:52,502 ADDRESS THIS AND THE COST OF 1220 00:52:52,502 --> 00:52:53,804 SEGREGATION. 1221 00:52:53,804 --> 00:52:59,643 THE BOOK I JUST TALKED ABOUT 1222 00:52:59,643 --> 00:53:08,819 FEATURED AN ARTIST WHO HAD A 1223 00:53:08,819 --> 00:53:10,754 PROJECT WHO CALLED THE FOLDED 1224 00:53:10,754 --> 00:53:13,290 MAP PROJECT FOLDING THE MAP OF 1225 00:53:13,290 --> 00:53:17,327 CHICAGO, THE SOUTH SIDE, NORTH 1226 00:53:17,327 --> 00:53:18,795 SIDE MATCHING HOMES WHICH ARE 1227 00:53:18,795 --> 00:53:20,063 WHITE AND BLACK AND TRYING TO 1228 00:53:20,063 --> 00:53:23,100 GET THOSE PEOPLE TO TALK TO EACH 1229 00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:23,433 OTHER. 1230 00:53:23,433 --> 00:53:25,736 THAT'S WHAT SHE MEANT BY LAYING 1231 00:53:25,736 --> 00:53:27,905 THE GROUND WORK IN HER BOOK. 1232 00:53:27,905 --> 00:53:30,040 SHE ALSO PUT SIGNS IN THESE 1233 00:53:30,040 --> 00:53:33,510 HOMES IN WHICH IS WHICH WERE 1234 00:53:33,510 --> 00:53:34,211 FORMALLY CONTRACT BUYING HOMES 1235 00:53:34,211 --> 00:53:34,978 WHERE PEOPLE THOUGHT THEY WERE 1236 00:53:34,978 --> 00:53:36,914 BUYING THE HOME OUT INSTEAD WERE 1237 00:53:36,914 --> 00:53:38,615 SIGNING THE CONTRACT AND THEN 1238 00:53:38,615 --> 00:53:39,983 LOST THEIR HOMES BECAUSE OF 1239 00:53:39,983 --> 00:53:42,519 STIPULATIONS OF THE CONTRACTS. 1240 00:53:42,519 --> 00:53:43,487 UNFORTUNATELY THIS IS AGAIN I 1241 00:53:43,487 --> 00:53:44,688 THINK PART OF WHY I DON'T LIKE 1242 00:53:44,688 --> 00:53:48,258 THE TERM RED LINING BECAUSE IT'S 1243 00:53:48,258 --> 00:53:52,429 A HISTORICAL. 1244 00:53:52,429 --> 00:53:53,997 THE MAPS WERE DRAWN IN THE '30s 1245 00:53:53,997 --> 00:53:56,767 AND '50s AND SEE THE ARTICLE 1246 00:53:56,767 --> 00:53:59,469 FROM AUGUST 13 OF THIS YEAR AND 1247 00:53:59,469 --> 00:54:02,205 THE CONSUMER AGENCY HAD A 1248 00:54:02,205 --> 00:54:03,507 CRACKDOWN ON THE CONTRACT TO 1249 00:54:03,507 --> 00:54:04,508 DEED HOME SALES. 1250 00:54:04,508 --> 00:54:09,746 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED 1251 00:54:09,746 --> 00:54:13,550 AFTER THE 2008 HOUSING CRASH 1252 00:54:13,550 --> 00:54:14,151 WHERE HOMES OF MINORITY 1253 00:54:14,151 --> 00:54:18,121 POPULATIONS WERE TARGETED AGAIN 1254 00:54:18,121 --> 00:54:20,991 TO BUY HOMES THEY EVENTUALLY 1255 00:54:20,991 --> 00:54:21,291 LOST. 1256 00:54:21,291 --> 00:54:24,294 NOT BY HOMEOWNERS THAT WERE 1257 00:54:24,294 --> 00:54:28,432 SELLING THEIR HOMES BUT 1258 00:54:28,432 --> 00:54:30,133 BUSINESSES THAT WERE BUYING 1259 00:54:30,133 --> 00:54:31,802 MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF HOMES THAT 1260 00:54:31,802 --> 00:54:34,871 LAD BEEN FORECLOSED AND SELLING 1261 00:54:34,871 --> 00:54:38,475 THEM TO POOR POPULATIONS ON THE 1262 00:54:38,475 --> 00:54:38,742 CONTRACTS. 1263 00:54:38,742 --> 00:54:40,811 AGAIN THESE HOME APPRAISAL 1264 00:54:40,811 --> 00:54:43,113 PROBLEMS WHERE THERE'S BIAS ON A 1265 00:54:43,113 --> 00:54:44,247 HOME APPRAISAL DEPENDING ON 1266 00:54:44,247 --> 00:54:46,183 WHETHER THE HOME OWNER IS WHITE 1267 00:54:46,183 --> 00:54:49,619 OR BLACK IS NOT FROM -- THIS IS 1268 00:54:49,619 --> 00:54:50,487 FROM NOVEMBER OF 2022. 1269 00:54:50,487 --> 00:54:53,890 OTHER MOVEMENTS ARE THINGS LIKE 1270 00:54:53,890 --> 00:54:57,561 THE YES IN MY BACK YARD. 1271 00:54:57,561 --> 00:54:58,762 THE REASON THINGS DON'T CHANGE 1272 00:54:58,762 --> 00:55:00,330 IS PEOPLE ARE PART OF THE NO, 1273 00:55:00,330 --> 00:55:03,400 NOT IN MY BACK YARD. 1274 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,671 SO NO ONE WANTS BUILDINGS 1275 00:55:07,671 --> 00:55:08,271 MULTI-FAMILY HOMES BUILD IN 1276 00:55:08,271 --> 00:55:09,439 THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS. 1277 00:55:09,439 --> 00:55:11,641 THIS IS AN INTERESTING BOOK 1278 00:55:11,641 --> 00:55:12,876 ABOUT THE CALIFORNIA FIGHT. 1279 00:55:12,876 --> 00:55:15,178 ONE OF THE REASONS THERE'S SO 1280 00:55:15,178 --> 00:55:16,880 MUCH HOMELESSNESS IS THERE 1281 00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:17,414 AREN'T ENOUGH HOUSES IN 1282 00:55:17,414 --> 00:55:20,217 CALIFORNIA FOR EVERYONE. 1283 00:55:20,217 --> 00:55:22,753 AND IT TELLS THE STORY OF HOW 1284 00:55:22,753 --> 00:55:25,389 THE TOWN IN LAFAYETTE NEAR A 1285 00:55:25,389 --> 00:55:27,858 HIGHWAY AND NEAR PUBLIC 1286 00:55:27,858 --> 00:55:28,792 TRANSPORTATION, THE COMMUNITY, 1287 00:55:28,792 --> 00:55:30,594 WHICH WAS INCORPORATED SO THEY 1288 00:55:30,594 --> 00:55:33,930 CAN RESIST THESE CHANGES REALLY 1289 00:55:33,930 --> 00:55:35,966 FOUGHT AGAINST APARTMENT 1290 00:55:35,966 --> 00:55:38,168 BUILDINGS AND MULTI-FAMILY HOMES 1291 00:55:38,168 --> 00:55:39,736 TO BE BUILT NEAR THE FREEWAY 1292 00:55:39,736 --> 00:55:41,605 BECAUSE IT WOULD GOING TO CHANGE 1293 00:55:41,605 --> 00:55:42,773 THE CHARACTER OF THEIR 1294 00:55:42,773 --> 00:55:43,106 NEIGHBORHOOD. 1295 00:55:43,106 --> 00:55:45,108 THE YES IN MY BACK YARD MOVEMENT 1296 00:55:45,108 --> 00:55:48,612 IS TO HAVE ACTIVISTS SHOW UP AT 1297 00:55:48,612 --> 00:55:50,614 THE HEARINGS AND TALK ABOUT WHY 1298 00:55:50,614 --> 00:55:53,850 IT'S SO IMPORTANT TO BUILD NEW 1299 00:55:53,850 --> 00:55:54,551 HOMES. 1300 00:55:54,551 --> 00:55:55,819 NOT JUST TO FIGHT SEGREGATION 1301 00:55:55,819 --> 00:56:00,323 BUT TO FIGHT HOMELESSNESS AND 1302 00:56:00,323 --> 00:56:04,194 THE NEED FOR HOMES IN THIS BIG 1303 00:56:04,194 --> 00:56:06,029 CITIES. 1304 00:56:06,029 --> 00:56:08,565 SINGLE FAMILY ZONING IS 1305 00:56:08,565 --> 00:56:08,832 IMPORTANT. 1306 00:56:08,832 --> 00:56:10,100 OVER 70% OF ALL HOMES IN THE 1307 00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:12,335 U.S. ARE IN SINGLE FAMILY ZONING 1308 00:56:12,335 --> 00:56:14,104 AREAS. 1309 00:56:14,104 --> 00:56:15,472 WHICH OF COURSE MAKES IT HARD 1310 00:56:15,472 --> 00:56:18,275 FOR PEOPLE TO MOVE OUT OF POORER 1311 00:56:18,275 --> 00:56:22,746 AREAS IF YOU CAN MOVE INTO AN 1312 00:56:22,746 --> 00:56:25,482 APARTMENT OR AFFORDABLE HOUSING. 1313 00:56:25,482 --> 00:56:27,417 AND MINNEAPOLIS IS ONE WHERE 1314 00:56:27,417 --> 00:56:37,961 THEY GOT RID OF A LOT OF THEIR 1315 00:56:42,399 --> 00:56:44,501 SINGLE FAMILY ZONING AND THESE 1316 00:56:44,501 --> 00:56:46,770 ARE FOUGHT IN A LOT OF AREAS. 1317 00:56:46,770 --> 00:56:50,774 GENTRIFICATION HERE IN SEATTLE 1318 00:56:50,774 --> 00:56:57,380 IS VERY GENTRIFYGENTRIFYING. 1319 00:56:57,380 --> 00:56:58,915 AND THERE WERE STIPULATIONS 1320 00:56:58,915 --> 00:57:01,084 WHERE IF YOU COULD PROVE YOUR 1321 00:57:01,084 --> 00:57:02,152 FAMILY LIVED IN THAT DISTRICT 1322 00:57:02,152 --> 00:57:06,756 YOU COULD HAVE ACCESS TO LOWER 1323 00:57:06,756 --> 00:57:07,357 COST HOUSING. 1324 00:57:07,357 --> 00:57:11,261 THAT'S ONE OF THE WAYS IT FIGHT 1325 00:57:11,261 --> 00:57:13,363 THE GENTRIFICATION. 1326 00:57:13,363 --> 00:57:16,032 THERE'S A LOT OF RACISM TODAY 1327 00:57:16,032 --> 00:57:19,836 AND THESE ARE SOME EXAMPLES. 1328 00:57:19,836 --> 00:57:23,974 SEATTLE RIGHTS GO INTO TESTING 1329 00:57:23,974 --> 00:57:26,143 RENTAL MARKETS AND TESTERS WHICH 1330 00:57:26,143 --> 00:57:29,446 MEANS A WHITE AND BLACK TESTER 1331 00:57:29,446 --> 00:57:32,282 WITH THE SAME RESUME WILL GO 1332 00:57:32,282 --> 00:57:35,085 LOOK AT A HOUSE, THE SAME 1333 00:57:35,085 --> 00:57:36,887 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND BUT IF IT'S 1334 00:57:36,887 --> 00:57:38,455 A BLACK PERSON THEY'RE LESS 1335 00:57:38,455 --> 00:57:39,923 LIKELY TO BE OFFERED RENTAL 1336 00:57:39,923 --> 00:57:41,825 HOUSING AND AGAIN THIS IS NOT 1337 00:57:41,825 --> 00:57:44,895 THAT LONG AGO. 1338 00:57:44,895 --> 00:57:48,331 THIS IS WHY IT'S SO HARD TO 1339 00:57:48,331 --> 00:57:49,733 BREAK DOWN THE CURRENT SITUATION 1340 00:57:49,733 --> 00:57:50,767 WITH SEGREGATION AROUND THE 1341 00:57:50,767 --> 00:57:53,937 COUNTRY. 1342 00:57:53,937 --> 00:57:55,138 SCHOOLS, SOMETHING ELSE TO THINK 1343 00:57:55,138 --> 00:57:55,405 ABOUT. 1344 00:57:55,405 --> 00:57:58,508 WE'VE ALL GONE TO PTA AND HAVE A 1345 00:57:58,508 --> 00:57:58,975 FUNDRAISER. 1346 00:57:58,975 --> 00:58:01,411 PTAs AROUND THE COUNTRY. 1347 00:58:01,411 --> 00:58:04,814 SO IF YOU LIVE IN A WEALTHY 1348 00:58:04,814 --> 00:58:08,919 NEIGHBORHOOD IN NEW YORK, THESE 1349 00:58:08,919 --> 00:58:09,519 WEALTHY NEIGHBORHOODS RAISE 1350 00:58:09,519 --> 00:58:13,890 ABOUT $1.7 MILLION MORE THAN 1351 00:58:13,890 --> 00:58:14,791 LOW-POVERTY AREAS. 1352 00:58:14,791 --> 00:58:15,892 MORE THAN 1800 PER STUDENT IN 1353 00:58:15,892 --> 00:58:18,128 THE ONE SCHOOL. 1354 00:58:18,128 --> 00:58:20,197 AND THE LOW POVERTY AREA. 1355 00:58:20,197 --> 00:58:21,231 SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT WHEN 1356 00:58:21,231 --> 00:58:25,068 YOU'RE AT YOUR AUCTION, AT 1357 00:58:25,068 --> 00:58:26,770 YOUR-PTA AT YOUR SCHOOL AND 1358 00:58:26,770 --> 00:58:29,072 DONATING MONEY THAT MAYBE OTHER 1359 00:58:29,072 --> 00:58:30,674 SCHOOLS NEED IT MORE THAN SOME 1360 00:58:30,674 --> 00:58:34,778 OF THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF URBAN 1361 00:58:34,778 --> 00:58:35,879 SCHOOLS. 1362 00:58:35,879 --> 00:58:37,581 PERSONALLY, WHAT I'D LIKE OUR 1363 00:58:37,581 --> 00:58:39,916 DISCUSSION TO FOCUS ON IS HOW 1364 00:58:39,916 --> 00:58:43,086 CAN HEALTH SYSTEMS, HOW CAN THE 1365 00:58:43,086 --> 00:58:46,223 NIH ADDRESS THESE INEQUITIES 1366 00:58:46,223 --> 00:58:46,756 BESIDES DOCUMENTING IT? 1367 00:58:46,756 --> 00:58:49,392 WE ALSO ARE CELEBRATING 20 YEARS 1368 00:58:49,392 --> 00:58:51,061 SINCE THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE 1369 00:58:51,061 --> 00:58:53,863 REPORT CAME OUT ON HEALTH 1370 00:58:53,863 --> 00:58:55,799 INEQUITIES AND I REMEMBER THE 1371 00:58:55,799 --> 00:58:57,901 MESSAGE BACK IN 2003 WAS IT'S 1372 00:58:57,901 --> 00:59:00,070 TIME TO MOVE AWAY FROM 1373 00:59:00,070 --> 00:59:00,937 DOCUMENTING THESE HEALTH 1374 00:59:00,937 --> 00:59:01,972 INEQUITIES AND DO SOMETHING 1375 00:59:01,972 --> 00:59:02,906 ABOUT IT. 1376 00:59:02,906 --> 00:59:05,842 BUT AGAIN 20 YEARS LATER I THINK 1377 00:59:05,842 --> 00:59:07,444 WE'VE MADE PROGRESS BUT NOT A 1378 00:59:07,444 --> 00:59:12,382 LOT AND DIALYSIS, I COMPARED 1379 00:59:12,382 --> 00:59:14,384 IT'S IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT THE 1380 00:59:14,384 --> 00:59:18,388 TOOLS WE HAVE TO ADDRESS MORE 1381 00:59:18,388 --> 00:59:22,626 OUTCOMES IN SEGREGATED OR UNDER 1382 00:59:22,626 --> 00:59:24,094 SERVED NEIGHBORHOODS. 1383 00:59:24,094 --> 00:59:25,128 AND BLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD 1384 00:59:25,128 --> 00:59:27,397 CAME OUT WITH A PLAN HOW THEY 1385 00:59:27,397 --> 00:59:29,733 WANTED TO ADDRESS SOME OF THE 1386 00:59:29,733 --> 00:59:30,200 HEALTH INEQUITIES. 1387 00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:34,204 THE V.A.s DOING A FAIR AMOUNT. 1388 00:59:34,204 --> 00:59:37,340 THE OFFICE OF HEALTH EQUITY HAS 1389 00:59:37,340 --> 00:59:39,042 COME OUT WITH HEALTH EQUITY 1390 00:59:39,042 --> 00:59:42,112 DASHBOARDS OF PRIMARY CARE 1391 00:59:42,112 --> 00:59:42,412 PHYSICIANS. 1392 00:59:42,412 --> 00:59:43,913 AND HOPEFULLY NOW THEY'RE BEING 1393 00:59:43,913 --> 00:59:48,385 USED AND PILOTED TO ADDRESS 1394 00:59:48,385 --> 00:59:55,325 HEALTH METRICS ESPECIALLY AND 1395 00:59:55,325 --> 00:59:57,394 THE DASHBOARD LET'S YOU ZONE IN 1396 00:59:57,394 --> 00:59:59,296 ON RURAL AREAS, PREDOMINANTLY 1397 00:59:59,296 --> 00:59:59,896 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND POVERTY 1398 00:59:59,896 --> 01:00:02,766 AREAS AND WE CONTINUE IN THE 1399 01:00:02,766 --> 01:00:04,334 V.A. OR NATIONALLY TO TRY TO 1400 01:00:04,334 --> 01:00:07,537 INCREASE ACCESS TO HOME DIALYSIS 1401 01:00:07,537 --> 01:00:10,740 AND TRANSPLANTATION ESPECIALLY 1402 01:00:10,740 --> 01:00:13,209 IN THESE AGGREGATED AREAS. 1403 01:00:13,209 --> 01:00:18,381 I'LL END WITH THIS WHICH IS A 1404 01:00:18,381 --> 01:00:28,458 BIG MAN OF EDDIE GLAUDE A 1405 01:00:28,458 --> 01:00:31,261 PROFESSOR AT PRINCETON. 1406 01:00:31,261 --> 01:00:41,004 HE WAS AN MSNBC AFTER THE EL 1407 01:00:41,004 --> 01:00:51,514 PASO WAL-MART SHOOTING HE TALKED 1408 01:00:51,514 --> 01:00:56,086 ABOUT THIS IS US AND IF WE'RE 1409 01:00:56,086 --> 01:00:58,321 GOING TO GET PAST THIS WE CAN'T 1410 01:00:58,321 --> 01:01:01,057 BLAME IT ON HIM PEOPLE WE THINK 1411 01:01:01,057 --> 01:01:02,425 OF RACIST. 1412 01:01:02,425 --> 01:01:03,960 WE HAVE TO ADDRESS THIS IN ALL 1413 01:01:03,960 --> 01:01:06,396 OF US WHICH COMES TO MIND WHEN I 1414 01:01:06,396 --> 01:01:14,771 THINK ABOUT LIKE I SAID THE 1415 01:01:14,771 --> 01:01:16,806 HOUSING ZONING LAWS AND WHEN 1416 01:01:16,806 --> 01:01:18,808 IT'S IN OUR BACK YARD WE HAVE TO 1417 01:01:18,808 --> 01:01:20,577 KIND OF LOOK AT OURSELVES 1418 01:01:20,577 --> 01:01:22,946 SOMETIMES TO ADDRESS THIS IN THE 1419 01:01:22,946 --> 01:01:25,749 LONG RUN. 1420 01:01:25,749 --> 01:01:27,384 THR 1421 01:01:27,384 --> 01:01:28,785 THESE ARE SOME OF THE BOOKS I 1422 01:01:28,785 --> 01:01:30,754 READ FOR THIS TALK AND SOME OF 1423 01:01:30,754 --> 01:01:32,589 MY REFERENCES AND IT'S THE TOP 1424 01:01:32,589 --> 01:01:33,590 OF THE HOUR. 1425 01:01:33,590 --> 01:01:35,425 HOPEFULLY WE CAN HAVE A 1426 01:01:35,425 --> 01:01:36,693 DISCUSSION HOW HEALTH SYSTEMS 1427 01:01:36,693 --> 01:01:38,995 CAN ADDRESS THIS, MED SCHOOLS, 1428 01:01:38,995 --> 01:01:40,196 HOW THE INSTITUTE CAN ADDRESS 1429 01:01:40,196 --> 01:01:40,630 IT. 1430 01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:42,198 I LOOKED AT THE STRATEGIC PLAN. 1431 01:01:42,198 --> 01:01:45,335 I SAW SOME OF THIS IS ON IT TO 1432 01:01:45,335 --> 01:01:46,736 START ADDRESSING IT INCLUDING 1433 01:01:46,736 --> 01:01:52,442 YOUR COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS. 1434 01:01:52,442 --> 01:01:57,614 NIDDK HAD A WORKSHOP DESIGNING 1435 01:01:57,614 --> 01:02:00,183 INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS 1436 01:02:00,183 --> 01:02:02,385 STRUCTURAL RACISM AND I 1437 01:02:02,385 --> 01:02:03,420 PARTICIPATED AND GAVE A 10 1438 01:02:03,420 --> 01:02:05,488 MINUTE OF THIS TALK DURING THE 1439 01:02:05,488 --> 01:02:07,190 WORKSHOP AND CAME UP WITH SOME 1440 01:02:07,190 --> 01:02:09,592 AREAS AND PROMOTING STRUCTURAL 1441 01:02:09,592 --> 01:02:12,128 INTERVENTIONS LIKE HOUSING, 1442 01:02:12,128 --> 01:02:13,430 PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY 1443 01:02:13,430 --> 01:02:16,599 ENGAGEMENT ALSO TO START 1444 01:02:16,599 --> 01:02:21,704 ADDRESSING SOME OF THESE. 1445 01:02:21,704 --> 01:02:24,040 THAT IS MY TALK. 1446 01:02:24,040 --> 01:02:25,208 ENDING RIGHT AROUND 12:00 SO 1447 01:02:25,208 --> 01:02:25,875 THANK YOU FOR THAT AND HOPE TO 1448 01:02:25,875 --> 01:02:28,912 HAVE A DISCUSSION. 1449 01:02:28,912 --> 01:02:32,382 >> THANK YOU, SO MUCH, RUDY. 1450 01:02:32,382 --> 01:02:37,987 YOU CAN ASK QUESTIONS AND I 1451 01:02:37,987 --> 01:02:39,923 GUESS GINA WILL GIVE US TO ME 1452 01:02:39,923 --> 01:02:45,428 BECAUSE WE'RE ON VIDEOCAST. 1453 01:02:45,428 --> 01:02:53,203 THE AUDIENCE HERE ARE LIMITED. 1454 01:02:53,203 --> 01:02:55,905 I WANTED TO GET YOUR REFLECTIONS 1455 01:02:55,905 --> 01:02:57,740 AND THANK YOU FOR THAT TALK. 1456 01:02:57,740 --> 01:02:59,509 FIRST, ONE CAN GET THE SENSE 1457 01:02:59,509 --> 01:03:00,610 FROM LISTENING TO THESE HISTORY 1458 01:03:00,610 --> 01:03:07,884 OF ALMOST 100 YEARS OF 1459 01:03:07,884 --> 01:03:09,252 RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND ALL 1460 01:03:09,252 --> 01:03:11,754 THE SEQUENCES, LIVING IN A 1461 01:03:11,754 --> 01:03:14,757 SEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOOD IS SORT 1462 01:03:14,757 --> 01:03:19,596 OF LIKE YOUR DESTINED TO DO NOT 1463 01:03:19,596 --> 01:03:19,963 WELL. 1464 01:03:19,963 --> 01:03:22,232 YOU'RE POOR, EVEN IF YOU'RE NOT 1465 01:03:22,232 --> 01:03:23,867 POOR, YOUR HEALTH IS WORSE. 1466 01:03:23,867 --> 01:03:25,335 LIFE EXPECTANCY. 1467 01:03:25,335 --> 01:03:31,207 IS THIS LIKE A DESTINY PEOPLE 1468 01:03:31,207 --> 01:03:34,744 HAVE OR ARE THERE WAYS -- IS 1469 01:03:34,744 --> 01:03:36,446 BEING POOR ALWAYS GOING TO BE 1470 01:03:36,446 --> 01:03:38,715 NOT BEING HEALTHY? 1471 01:03:38,715 --> 01:03:40,984 >> AGAIN, IT'S A BIG DRIVER. 1472 01:03:40,984 --> 01:03:42,652 THAT'S A POINT MADE IN THE BOOK 1473 01:03:42,652 --> 01:03:45,455 THAT IT ISN'T THAT WOE PROBABLY 1474 01:03:45,455 --> 01:03:47,891 NEED TO DISMANTLE ALL THE 1475 01:03:47,891 --> 01:03:48,191 DIFFERENCE. 1476 01:03:48,191 --> 01:03:50,994 THE NEIGHBORHOODS JUST NEED A 1477 01:03:50,994 --> 01:03:53,730 HUGE AMOUNT OF INVESTMENT AND I 1478 01:03:53,730 --> 01:03:54,531 THINK THE DESCRIPTION ABOUT SOME 1479 01:03:54,531 --> 01:03:59,702 MUCH THESE SCHOOLS IN THESE 1480 01:03:59,702 --> 01:04:02,005 AREAS ARE HORRIBLE. 1481 01:04:02,005 --> 01:04:03,773 THE DESCRIPTION OF THE 1482 01:04:03,773 --> 01:04:06,175 BATHROOMS, THE DESCRIPTION OF 1483 01:04:06,175 --> 01:04:09,746 THE PAINT AND TO ADDRESS THAT 1484 01:04:09,746 --> 01:04:13,583 FOR EXAMPLE WHEN CONGRESS WAS 1485 01:04:13,583 --> 01:04:14,651 GOING TO PASS INFRASTRUCTURE 1486 01:04:14,651 --> 01:04:18,221 BILL IT WOULD HAVE TAKEN $100 1487 01:04:18,221 --> 01:04:18,421 BEEN. 1488 01:04:18,421 --> 01:04:19,589 THAT'S WHAT THEY ARE WERE GOING 1489 01:04:19,589 --> 01:04:22,625 TO INCLUDE BEFORE IT WAS 1490 01:04:22,625 --> 01:04:22,859 REMOVED. 1491 01:04:22,859 --> 01:04:24,193 THIS KIND OF INVESTMENTS ARE 1492 01:04:24,193 --> 01:04:28,398 ALWAYS FOUGHT AT THE LAST MINUTE 1493 01:04:28,398 --> 01:04:32,335 AND TURN TO YOU TO THINK HOW TO 1494 01:04:32,335 --> 01:04:33,970 CHANGE THAT. 1495 01:04:33,970 --> 01:04:36,439 IN THESE AREAS THAT ARE THAT 1496 01:04:36,439 --> 01:04:37,073 POOR WITH HORRIBLE SCHOOLS 1497 01:04:37,073 --> 01:04:38,741 BECAUSE IT'S NOT TRUE OF ALL 1498 01:04:38,741 --> 01:04:40,577 THESE AREAS. 1499 01:04:40,577 --> 01:04:44,814 SOME AREAS ARE GENTRIFYING 1500 01:04:44,814 --> 01:04:46,883 BECOMING AREAS ATTRACTING MIDDLE 1501 01:04:46,883 --> 01:04:48,418 CLASS, WHITES AND AFRICAN 1502 01:04:48,418 --> 01:04:51,321 AMERICANS TO MOVE IN AND THINGS 1503 01:04:51,321 --> 01:04:53,256 WILL CHANGE OVER TIME BUT IN 1504 01:04:53,256 --> 01:04:56,092 OTHER AREAS IN CITIES I 1505 01:04:56,092 --> 01:04:56,826 MENTIONED THERE'S A LARGE 1506 01:04:56,826 --> 01:04:57,560 INVESTMENT AND SOMETIMES IT'S 1507 01:04:57,560 --> 01:05:00,430 IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT YOUR OWN 1508 01:05:00,430 --> 01:05:02,432 CITY BECAUSE I THINK THE STORY 1509 01:05:02,432 --> 01:05:04,867 OF SEGREGATION IS VERY DIFFERENT 1510 01:05:04,867 --> 01:05:05,902 IN EACH OF THESE CITIES. 1511 01:05:05,902 --> 01:05:10,773 SO IT'S HARD TO TALK ABOUT 1512 01:05:10,773 --> 01:05:14,711 NATIONALLY. 1513 01:05:14,711 --> 01:05:17,080 I WOULD SAY IT'S TRUE IN CERTAIN 1514 01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:18,414 NEIGHBORHOODS BUT SO FAR BEHIND 1515 01:05:18,414 --> 01:05:22,752 YOU NEED A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF 1516 01:05:22,752 --> 01:05:27,757 INVESTMENT. 1517 01:05:27,757 --> 01:05:32,528 >> RIGHT, TO RENOVATE, I 1518 01:05:32,528 --> 01:05:32,962 UNDERSTAND. 1519 01:05:32,962 --> 01:05:35,198 BUT MY QUESTION OR POINT IS 1520 01:05:35,198 --> 01:05:39,769 PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN POOR AREAS 1521 01:05:39,769 --> 01:05:41,404 CAN STILL HAVE GOOD REASONABLE 1522 01:05:41,404 --> 01:05:41,638 HEALTH. 1523 01:05:41,638 --> 01:05:44,173 IT'S NOT YOUR DESTINY YOU'RE 1524 01:05:44,173 --> 01:05:46,209 ALWAYS GOING TO BE UNHEALTHY IN 1525 01:05:46,209 --> 01:05:47,410 THESE AREAS. 1526 01:05:47,410 --> 01:05:49,846 ONE OF THE APPROACHES MIGHT 1527 01:05:49,846 --> 01:05:55,084 RELATE TO WELL SOME RESOURCES IS 1528 01:05:55,084 --> 01:05:56,519 CORRECT BUT ALSO COMMUNITY 1529 01:05:56,519 --> 01:05:57,754 ENGAGEMENT AND BEING ABLE TO 1530 01:05:57,754 --> 01:06:02,825 CREATE HEALTHIER COMMUNITIES 1531 01:06:02,825 --> 01:06:08,297 WITH APPROPRIATE LEADERSHIP 1532 01:06:08,297 --> 01:06:08,765 WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. 1533 01:06:08,765 --> 01:06:10,667 >> I AGREE. 1534 01:06:10,667 --> 01:06:12,435 I DIDN'T HIGHLIGHT A LOT OF 1535 01:06:12,435 --> 01:06:21,110 THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE BUT 1536 01:06:21,110 --> 01:06:23,279 WE HEARD OF INITIATIVES OF 1537 01:06:23,279 --> 01:06:24,414 HEALTHY EATING IN SOME 1538 01:06:24,414 --> 01:06:25,281 NEIGHBORHOODS BECAUSE IT'S HARD 1539 01:06:25,281 --> 01:06:27,483 TO HAVE GOOD HEALTH WHEN YOU 1540 01:06:27,483 --> 01:06:31,954 LIVE IN THESE DESERTS. 1541 01:06:31,954 --> 01:06:35,491 THERE'S A LOT OF INTERVENTIONS. 1542 01:06:35,491 --> 01:06:40,129 I'M THINKING ABOUT IT IN A BROAD 1543 01:06:40,129 --> 01:06:41,097 PERSPECTIVE OF TURNING THIS 1544 01:06:41,097 --> 01:06:42,765 AROUND TAKE SOME HUGE INVESTMENT 1545 01:06:42,765 --> 01:06:44,600 BUT OBVIOUSLY A LOT OF GOOD WORK 1546 01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:48,171 IS BEING DONE TO ADDRESS SOME OF 1547 01:06:48,171 --> 01:06:48,805 THESE THINGS LIKE FOOD AND OTHER 1548 01:06:48,805 --> 01:06:52,408 THINGS. 1549 01:06:52,408 --> 01:06:57,547 >> AND THEN RELATED TO THAT IS 1550 01:06:57,547 --> 01:06:58,915 SO YOU'VE DONE ALL THIS 1551 01:06:58,915 --> 01:07:00,483 INCREDIBLE READING OF THESE 1552 01:07:00,483 --> 01:07:03,953 BOOKS WHICH I'M NOT GOING TO GET 1553 01:07:03,953 --> 01:07:04,420 TO. 1554 01:07:04,420 --> 01:07:07,757 WHAT THE PERSPECTIVE IS ON THE 1555 01:07:07,757 --> 01:07:11,094 PROGRESS THAT WAS MADE INITIALLY 1556 01:07:11,094 --> 01:07:15,131 AFTER THE 1960s CIVIL RIGHTS 1557 01:07:15,131 --> 01:07:17,233 MOVEMENT ON WHAT, FOR LACK OF A 1558 01:07:17,233 --> 01:07:18,935 BETTER TERM, PEOPLE CALL 1559 01:07:18,935 --> 01:07:23,406 INTEGRATION DRIVEN IN PART BY 1560 01:07:23,406 --> 01:07:26,776 BUSING NOT NOT EXCLUSIVELY BY 1561 01:07:26,776 --> 01:07:30,446 THAT WHERE THERE WAS AN EFFORT 1562 01:07:30,446 --> 01:07:32,849 AND GENTRIFY HAS A NEGATIVE 1563 01:07:32,849 --> 01:07:34,317 CONNOTATION BUT TO MAKE THE 1564 01:07:34,317 --> 01:07:35,451 NEIGHBORHOODS AND COMMUNITIES 1565 01:07:35,451 --> 01:07:35,985 MORE MIXED. 1566 01:07:35,985 --> 01:07:37,153 SO WEALTHY PEOPLE ARE NEVER 1567 01:07:37,153 --> 01:07:40,456 GOING TO LIVE WITH THE REST OF 1568 01:07:40,456 --> 01:07:45,628 US, THE REAL WEALTHY, RIGHT. 1569 01:07:45,628 --> 01:07:47,463 AND HOW DO YOU BRING A SPECTRUM 1570 01:07:47,463 --> 01:07:50,133 OF SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS AND 1571 01:07:50,133 --> 01:07:53,736 RACE AND ETHNICITY. 1572 01:07:53,736 --> 01:07:55,304 THEY DON'T HAVE TO BE COMBINED 1573 01:07:55,304 --> 01:07:57,840 IN THE SAME COMMUNITY WITHIN AN 1574 01:07:57,840 --> 01:07:58,941 URBAN SETTING? 1575 01:07:58,941 --> 01:08:02,678 IT'S SORT OF LIKE WHAT YOU MIGHT 1576 01:08:02,678 --> 01:08:04,380 SEE IN A SMALLER TOWN THAT 1577 01:08:04,380 --> 01:08:08,317 MAINTAINS MORE COHESION. 1578 01:08:08,317 --> 01:08:10,753 AND THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE THAT 1579 01:08:10,753 --> 01:08:14,457 THAT HAS TO BE HEALTHIER WHEN 1580 01:08:14,457 --> 01:08:16,092 HAVE YOU THAT PHENOMENA HAPPEN 1581 01:08:16,092 --> 01:08:17,527 AND WE STOPPED THAT. 1582 01:08:17,527 --> 01:08:21,364 THAT WAS PARALYZED AFTER 1980 OR 1583 01:08:21,364 --> 01:08:23,432 SO AND THEN THOUGH THERE'S BEEN 1584 01:08:23,432 --> 01:08:25,468 SOME EFFORT TO REKINDLE. 1585 01:08:25,468 --> 01:08:27,603 THIS IS SOME OF THE STUFF THAT 1586 01:08:27,603 --> 01:08:30,473 HOUSING ACTIVISTS, IF YOU WISH, 1587 01:08:30,473 --> 01:08:34,043 OR PEOPLE IN HUD NOW WHO WOULD 1588 01:08:34,043 --> 01:08:36,946 THINK ABOUT WHAT KIND OF 1589 01:08:36,946 --> 01:08:38,181 DEMONSTRATION PROGRESS CAN THEY 1590 01:08:38,181 --> 01:08:40,550 SHOW TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF A 1591 01:08:40,550 --> 01:08:44,587 COMMUNITY STRUCTURALLY? 1592 01:08:44,587 --> 01:08:48,524 YOU'RE PROBABLY FAMILIAR WITH 1593 01:08:48,524 --> 01:08:49,592 THE MOVE TO OPPORTUNITY 1594 01:08:49,592 --> 01:08:53,262 EXPERIMENT RELOCATED OR GAVE 1595 01:08:53,262 --> 01:08:55,431 MOSTLY WOMEN, SINGLE MOMS, 1596 01:08:55,431 --> 01:08:58,067 SINGLE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS 1597 01:08:58,067 --> 01:09:00,536 VOUCHERS TO GET SECTION 8 1598 01:09:00,536 --> 01:09:03,005 HOUSING SUBSIDIES IN 1599 01:09:03,005 --> 01:09:04,340 NEIGHBORHOODS THAT WERE SOCIALLY 1600 01:09:04,340 --> 01:09:05,241 ECONOMICALLY BETTER. 1601 01:09:05,241 --> 01:09:09,045 THIS WAS A RANDOMIZED STUDY WITH 1602 01:09:09,045 --> 01:09:12,682 SIX CITIES AND AT LEAST IN SOME 1603 01:09:12,682 --> 01:09:14,750 THE INITIAL FOLLOW-UPS THE 1604 01:09:14,750 --> 01:09:20,690 HEALTH OF THE WOMEN AND THEIR 1605 01:09:20,690 --> 01:09:22,758 CHILDREN WHO MOVED BEFORE 1606 01:09:22,758 --> 01:09:23,960 ADOLESCENCE WHICH WAS MUCH 1607 01:09:23,960 --> 01:09:24,393 BETTER. 1608 01:09:24,393 --> 01:09:25,795 OF COURSE THE STUDY WASN'T 1609 01:09:25,795 --> 01:09:27,363 DESIGN FOR HEALTH OUTCOMES. 1610 01:09:27,363 --> 01:09:30,566 IT WAS CO-FOUNDED BY SOME NIH 1611 01:09:30,566 --> 01:09:31,534 INSTITUTES TO INCLUDE HEALTH 1612 01:09:31,534 --> 01:09:34,570 OUTCOMES IN ORDER TO SEE WHAT 1613 01:09:34,570 --> 01:09:35,004 THE EFFECT WOULD BE. 1614 01:09:35,004 --> 01:09:38,741 AND I THINK THAT'S SOME OF THE 1615 01:09:38,741 --> 01:09:43,713 DIRECTION THAT I THINK WE WOULD 1616 01:09:43,713 --> 01:09:46,749 WITH RESEARCH TO EXPAND ON TO 1617 01:09:46,749 --> 01:09:51,120 LOOK AT. 1618 01:09:51,120 --> 01:09:52,321 AND PROVING. 1619 01:09:52,321 --> 01:09:53,789 >> I DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THE 1620 01:09:53,789 --> 01:09:55,524 SECTION 8 HOUSING. 1621 01:09:55,524 --> 01:09:56,292 THE BOOK DOES MENTION SOME OF 1622 01:09:56,292 --> 01:10:00,429 WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT. 1623 01:10:00,429 --> 01:10:03,332 IN SCHOOLS ALSO I THINK YOU'RE 1624 01:10:03,332 --> 01:10:06,569 RIGHT, SCHOOLS BECAME MORE 1625 01:10:06,569 --> 01:10:08,771 SEGREGATED IN THE 1950s AND THEN 1626 01:10:08,771 --> 01:10:11,507 STARTED TO DROP TO WHERE IT IS 1627 01:10:11,507 --> 01:10:12,575 NOW. 1628 01:10:12,575 --> 01:10:15,044 OBVIOUSLY, BUSING AT SOME POINT 1629 01:10:15,044 --> 01:10:20,182 STOPPED AS YOU PROBABLY RECALL. 1630 01:10:20,182 --> 01:10:25,721 THAT'S WHAT KAMALA HARRIS TALKED 1631 01:10:25,721 --> 01:10:27,657 ABOUT BUT HERE IN SEATTLE WHEN I 1632 01:10:27,657 --> 01:10:28,858 FIRST MOVED HERE THE SUPREME 1633 01:10:28,858 --> 01:10:30,459 COURT RULED THAT PEOPLE NEEDED 1634 01:10:30,459 --> 01:10:33,729 TO GO TO SCHOOLS IN THEIR 1635 01:10:33,729 --> 01:10:34,063 NEIGHBORHOODS. 1636 01:10:34,063 --> 01:10:36,565 THERE ARE PROGRAMS AND 1637 01:10:36,565 --> 01:10:39,669 INTERVENTIONS WHERE YOU CAN DO 1638 01:10:39,669 --> 01:10:39,869 THAT. 1639 01:10:39,869 --> 01:10:43,272 SOME SUBURBAN NEIGHBORHOODS HAVE 1640 01:10:43,272 --> 01:10:44,540 OPENED UP THEIR SCHOOLS TO KIDS 1641 01:10:44,540 --> 01:10:45,942 FROM OTHER NEIGHBORHOODS AND 1642 01:10:45,942 --> 01:10:48,144 THERE'S BEEN SOME LITERATURE 1643 01:10:48,144 --> 01:10:49,512 LOOKING AT THOSE KIDS WHO HAVE 1644 01:10:49,512 --> 01:10:50,680 DONE WELL. 1645 01:10:50,680 --> 01:10:52,114 LOOKING BACK THEY SAY THEY HAD 1646 01:10:52,114 --> 01:10:53,950 TO PUT UP WITH SOME RACISM AND 1647 01:10:53,950 --> 01:10:59,121 COMMENTS BUT OVER ALL BENEFITTED 1648 01:10:59,121 --> 01:10:59,889 VERY MUCH FROM ATTENDING SCHOOLS 1649 01:10:59,889 --> 01:11:01,891 OUTSIDE THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS AND 1650 01:11:01,891 --> 01:11:04,160 THERE'S NO LAW AGAINST THAT. 1651 01:11:04,160 --> 01:11:04,860 IT'S MORE WHETHER THE SCHOOLS 1652 01:11:04,860 --> 01:11:07,263 WILL OPEN UP FOR THEM. 1653 01:11:07,263 --> 01:11:08,631 THESE WOULD BE SMALL 1654 01:11:08,631 --> 01:11:09,265 INTERVENTIONS BUT THEY SEEM TO 1655 01:11:09,265 --> 01:11:13,936 WORK. 1656 01:11:13,936 --> 01:11:16,005 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM THE 1657 01:11:16,005 --> 01:11:16,272 AUDIENCE. 1658 01:11:16,272 --> 01:11:19,909 THIS IS DR. RODRIGUEZ FOR THE 1659 01:11:19,909 --> 01:11:23,412 REVIEW AND BOOK, THANKING YOU 1660 01:11:23,412 --> 01:11:25,581 FOR THE PRESENTATION AND BOOK 1661 01:11:25,581 --> 01:11:26,215 RECOMMENDATIONS. 1662 01:11:26,215 --> 01:11:27,149 I'M WONDERING ABOUT EFFECTIVE 1663 01:11:27,149 --> 01:11:30,519 STRATEGIES TO BRING IN 1664 01:11:30,519 --> 01:11:32,621 ACCOUNTABILITY NOW FROM 1665 01:11:32,621 --> 01:11:33,356 INSTITUTIONS VERSUS INDIVIDUALS 1666 01:11:33,356 --> 01:11:34,790 IN PARALLEL. 1667 01:11:34,790 --> 01:11:36,392 ARE INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE 1668 01:11:36,392 --> 01:11:37,493 FORGOTTEN AND IGNORED SOME OF 1669 01:11:37,493 --> 01:11:41,831 THESE COMMUNITIES OFTEN LACK 1670 01:11:41,831 --> 01:11:44,300 RESOURCES STOPS MANY IDEAS NOT 1671 01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:45,568 NECESSARILY LACK OF INTEREST AND 1672 01:11:45,568 --> 01:11:46,202 COMMITMENT AT LEAST BY WHAT THEY 1673 01:11:46,202 --> 01:11:54,377 SAY. 1674 01:11:54,377 --> 01:11:55,778 >> I THINK WE WERE TALKING 1675 01:11:55,778 --> 01:12:01,917 EARLIER ABOUT IT'S ONE OF MY PET 1676 01:12:01,917 --> 01:12:04,854 PEEVES. 1677 01:12:04,854 --> 01:12:07,390 AFTER OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS 1678 01:12:07,390 --> 01:12:09,492 THERE'S BEEN A FOCUS ON 1679 01:12:09,492 --> 01:12:10,993 DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION AND 1680 01:12:10,993 --> 01:12:12,461 EQUITY. 1681 01:12:12,461 --> 01:12:14,764 I AGREE THAT A LOT OF 1682 01:12:14,764 --> 01:12:19,802 INSTITUTIONS HAVE NOT PUT A BIG 1683 01:12:19,802 --> 01:12:20,636 EMPHASIS ON HEALTH EQUITY FROM 1684 01:12:20,636 --> 01:12:23,606 SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE, FROM 1685 01:12:23,606 --> 01:12:24,640 MEDICAL FACILITIES. 1686 01:12:24,640 --> 01:12:27,309 AND I THINK IT DOES TAKE ALL OF 1687 01:12:27,309 --> 01:12:29,378 US TO HOLD OUR LEADERS 1688 01:12:29,378 --> 01:12:32,281 ACCOUNTABLE TO START FOCUSSING 1689 01:12:32,281 --> 01:12:33,349 ON THESE NEIGHBORHOODS. 1690 01:12:33,349 --> 01:12:34,750 AND FINDING FUNDING TO ADDRESS 1691 01:12:34,750 --> 01:12:36,752 IT AND TO IDENTIFY NOT TO IGNORE 1692 01:12:36,752 --> 01:12:39,255 IT. 1693 01:12:39,255 --> 01:12:44,193 THAT WAS REALLY OBVIOUS DURING 1694 01:12:44,193 --> 01:12:46,362 COVID WHERE ALL OF US WERE 1695 01:12:46,362 --> 01:12:48,097 SCRAMBLING AND MANY INSTITUTIONS 1696 01:12:48,097 --> 01:12:49,331 I THINK IGNORED SOME 1697 01:12:49,331 --> 01:12:50,733 NEIGHBORHOODS. 1698 01:12:50,733 --> 01:12:52,334 PROBABLY THE KID WITH COVID. 1699 01:12:52,334 --> 01:12:55,337 OTHERS DID GOOD WORK. 1700 01:12:55,337 --> 01:12:56,305 I READ WHAT SAN FRANCISCO 1701 01:12:56,305 --> 01:12:57,206 GENERAL DID AND GOING INTO SOME 1702 01:12:57,206 --> 01:12:59,341 OF THEIR COMMUNITIES LOOKING AT 1703 01:12:59,341 --> 01:13:04,246 COVID WITH TESTING. 1704 01:13:04,246 --> 01:13:07,483 BUT NOT SURE I KNOW HOW TO KEEP 1705 01:13:07,483 --> 01:13:11,887 PEOPLE ACCOUNTABLE BESIDES SH 1706 01:13:11,887 --> 01:13:13,355 SHINING A LIGHT ON IT. 1707 01:13:13,355 --> 01:13:18,160 >> THERE ARE WAYS, I SUPPOSE, 1708 01:13:18,160 --> 01:13:20,429 THERE ARE WAYS ONE CAN ORGANIZE 1709 01:13:20,429 --> 01:13:25,267 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, IF YOU 1710 01:13:25,267 --> 01:13:25,634 WISH. 1711 01:13:25,634 --> 01:13:30,606 AND THE ONE METHOD I'M FAMILIAR 1712 01:13:30,606 --> 01:13:34,977 WITH ALTHOUGH IT'S BARELY USED 1713 01:13:34,977 --> 01:13:36,812 IS HOSPITALS, NOT THE V.A. OF 1714 01:13:36,812 --> 01:13:39,014 COURSE WHICH IS A FEDERAL SYSTEM 1715 01:13:39,014 --> 01:13:40,182 BUT MOST OF OUR UNIVERSITY 1716 01:13:40,182 --> 01:13:42,618 HOSPITALS OR ALL OF THEM REALLY 1717 01:13:42,618 --> 01:13:52,928 ARE NON FOR PROFIT. 1718 01:13:52,928 --> 01:13:54,029 THAT WAY THEY GET EXEMPT ON 1719 01:13:54,029 --> 01:13:56,265 TAXES FOR THEIR MARGINS AND PART 1720 01:13:56,265 --> 01:13:58,200 OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF BEING A 1721 01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:02,438 NON FOR PROFIT ORGANIZATION THEY 1722 01:14:02,438 --> 01:14:06,175 HAVE TO COMMIT TO SOME 1723 01:14:06,175 --> 01:14:06,976 COLLECTIVE SOCIAL WELL BEING 1724 01:14:06,976 --> 01:14:10,746 PROJECTS AND THIS IS PART OF THE 1725 01:14:10,746 --> 01:14:12,615 LEVERAGE THAT WAS USED IN SAN 1726 01:14:12,615 --> 01:14:13,883 FRANCISCO COUNTY AND 1727 01:14:13,883 --> 01:14:15,384 SUBSEQUENTLY IN LOS ANGELES 1728 01:14:15,384 --> 01:14:21,190 COUNTY TO CREATE UNIVERSAL 1729 01:14:21,190 --> 01:14:23,325 HEALTH ACCESS TO EVERYONE IN THE 1730 01:14:23,325 --> 01:14:24,627 COUNTY. 1731 01:14:24,627 --> 01:14:26,762 SO NOT INSURANCE BUT IF YOU ARE 1732 01:14:26,762 --> 01:14:30,766 A RESIDENT OF SAN FRANCISCO AND 1733 01:14:30,766 --> 01:14:32,067 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HAS THE 1734 01:14:32,067 --> 01:14:35,237 SAME THING NOW AND EACH OF THE 1735 01:14:35,237 --> 01:14:36,639 HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS COMMITTED 1736 01:14:36,639 --> 01:14:38,440 TO CONTRIBUTING SOMETHING AND 1737 01:14:38,440 --> 01:14:42,378 THIS IS PART OF THEIR NEED TO 1738 01:14:42,378 --> 01:14:43,913 CONTRIBUTE BECAUSE THEY ARE NON 1739 01:14:43,913 --> 01:14:48,617 FOR PROFIT INSTITUTIONS. 1740 01:14:48,617 --> 01:14:52,655 BLUE SHIELD/BLUE CROSS CREATED A 1741 01:14:52,655 --> 01:14:55,124 FOUNDATION TO MAKE UP FOR ALL 1742 01:14:55,124 --> 01:14:56,959 THE TAXES THEY DIDN'T PAY WHEN 1743 01:14:56,959 --> 01:14:59,061 THEY WERE NON FOR PROFIT. 1744 01:14:59,061 --> 01:15:01,564 AND THEY CREATED THIS FOUNDATION 1745 01:15:01,564 --> 01:15:04,466 THAT GAVE OUT GRANTS TO 1746 01:15:04,466 --> 01:15:05,401 COMMUNITIES AS WELL AS 1747 01:15:05,401 --> 01:15:06,101 RESEARCHERS AT LEAST IN 1748 01:15:06,101 --> 01:15:10,673 CALIFORNIA. 1749 01:15:10,673 --> 01:15:17,746 THAT'S WHAT THEY ARE DID. 1750 01:15:17,746 --> 01:15:20,416 >> I DON'T WANT TO SOUND LIKE AN 1751 01:15:20,416 --> 01:15:25,454 OLD MAN LIKE BILL MAHR BUT IT 1752 01:15:25,454 --> 01:15:27,723 WOULD BE GOOD DO SEE PEOPLE 1753 01:15:27,723 --> 01:15:30,259 PROTESTING AT UNIVERSITIES THESE 1754 01:15:30,259 --> 01:15:31,727 THINGS BUT I DON'T HEAR 1755 01:15:31,727 --> 01:15:34,230 PROTESTING GOOD SOME OF THESE 1756 01:15:34,230 --> 01:15:36,232 HEALTH EQUITIES ESPECIALLY 1757 01:15:36,232 --> 01:15:37,499 SEGREGATION WHICH IS RIGHT IN 1758 01:15:37,499 --> 01:15:41,770 FRONT OF US EVERY DAY. 1759 01:15:41,770 --> 01:15:42,638 >> ONE LAST QUESTION. 1760 01:15:42,638 --> 01:15:43,939 CAN YOU TALK ABOUT THE 1761 01:15:43,939 --> 01:15:46,575 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT LEAD 1762 01:15:46,575 --> 01:15:48,010 TO THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 1763 01:15:48,010 --> 01:15:50,746 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND POOR 1764 01:15:50,746 --> 01:15:51,714 HEALTH OUTCOMES? 1765 01:15:51,714 --> 01:15:54,650 AN EXAMPLE ARE NEIGHBORHOODS OR 1766 01:15:54,650 --> 01:15:56,552 TOWNS LOCATED CLOSER TO 1767 01:15:56,552 --> 01:15:58,988 FACTORIES THAT PRODUCE POTENTIAL 1768 01:15:58,988 --> 01:16:03,425 HARMFUL CHEMICALS OR OTHER 1769 01:16:03,425 --> 01:16:06,629 UNDESIRABLE ENVIRONMENTAL 1770 01:16:06,629 --> 01:16:09,064 IMPACTS. 1771 01:16:09,064 --> 01:16:10,199 IT DEPENDS. 1772 01:16:10,199 --> 01:16:11,967 EVERY AREA IS VERY DIFFERENT. 1773 01:16:11,967 --> 01:16:14,370 THE AREAS THAT WERE RED LINED OR 1774 01:16:14,370 --> 01:16:15,838 RED LINED FOR A REASON AND MANY 1775 01:16:15,838 --> 01:16:17,406 TIMES IT'S BECAUSE THEY WERE 1776 01:16:17,406 --> 01:16:22,945 NEAR HIGHWAYS OR HIGHWAYS IN 1777 01:16:22,945 --> 01:16:29,351 GENERAL WHERE THEY'RE IT EXISTED 1778 01:16:29,351 --> 01:16:38,894 WHEN I MENTIONED HUNTER'S POINT. 1779 01:16:38,894 --> 01:16:46,502 AND THERE'S REAL TOXIC AND 1780 01:16:46,502 --> 01:16:48,637 THERE'S A LOT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 1781 01:16:48,637 --> 01:16:50,739 EXPOSURES HAPPENING IN THESE 1782 01:16:50,739 --> 01:16:54,643 NEIGHBORHOODS DEPENDING ON WHAT 1783 01:16:54,643 --> 01:16:58,013 TOWN YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT. 1784 01:16:58,013 --> 01:16:59,248 OBVIOUSLY THESE ARE ASSOCIATED 1785 01:16:59,248 --> 01:17:02,785 WITH HEALTH OUTCOMES LIKE LEAD 1786 01:17:02,785 --> 01:17:04,853 EXPOSURE AND ASBESTOS AND MANY 1787 01:17:04,853 --> 01:17:07,890 OF THESE SCHOOLS THAT STILL 1788 01:17:07,890 --> 01:17:10,326 EXIST BUT BEING NEAR SOME OF 1789 01:17:10,326 --> 01:17:15,130 THESE REFINERIES AND OTHER 1790 01:17:15,130 --> 01:17:15,397 FACTORIES. 1791 01:17:15,397 --> 01:17:18,767 >> THE ISSUE OF THE REFINERIES 1792 01:17:18,767 --> 01:17:20,703 HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY QUITE 1793 01:17:20,703 --> 01:17:24,039 INTENSE IN PARTS OF THE 1794 01:17:24,039 --> 01:17:25,607 SOUTHWEST IN LOUISIANA, TEXAS 1795 01:17:25,607 --> 01:17:28,143 AND THE OIL INDUSTRY AND PEOPLE 1796 01:17:28,143 --> 01:17:32,214 LIVING RIGHT NEXT TO THESE 1797 01:17:32,214 --> 01:17:34,650 HIGHLY TOXIC AREAS WITH CLEAR 1798 01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:37,986 CUT CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY 1799 01:17:37,986 --> 01:17:38,754 CANCERS AND LUNG AND HEART 1800 01:17:38,754 --> 01:17:40,422 DISEASE. 1801 01:17:40,422 --> 01:17:43,459 YOU MENTIONED HUNTER'S POINT. 1802 01:17:43,459 --> 01:17:46,762 HUNTER'S POINT THE NAVAL BASE 1803 01:17:46,762 --> 01:17:48,630 WHICH WAS ALSO WHERE A SUPER 1804 01:17:48,630 --> 01:17:58,140 FUND SITE IS AND THAT WAS WAS A 1805 01:17:58,140 --> 01:18:00,542 MAIN CAUSE OF THE TOXICITIES 1806 01:18:00,542 --> 01:18:02,745 THERE AND SAN FRANCISCO BACK IN 1807 01:18:02,745 --> 01:18:06,749 THE 1950s PEOPLE WERE PLANNING 1808 01:18:06,749 --> 01:18:14,189 TO BUILD FREEWAYS THROUGH SAN 1809 01:18:14,189 --> 01:18:17,025 FRANCISCO LIKE LOS ANGELES AND 1810 01:18:17,025 --> 01:18:18,994 FORTUNATELY IT DIDN'T GET 1811 01:18:18,994 --> 01:18:20,863 IMPLEMENTED BUT BUILT ONE TO 1812 01:18:20,863 --> 01:18:22,765 CONNECT TO THE BAY BRIDGE AND 1813 01:18:22,765 --> 01:18:29,538 DIVIDED IN MANY WAYS AND 1814 01:18:29,538 --> 01:18:38,747 DESTROYED A NEIGHBORHOOD, I HEAR 1815 01:18:38,747 --> 01:18:45,521 FROM PEOPLE WHO WERE AROUND AT 1816 01:18:45,521 --> 01:18:52,027 THE TIME. 1817 01:18:52,027 --> 01:18:53,462 AND EXHAUST LEADING TO MORE 1818 01:18:53,462 --> 01:18:54,463 CONTAMINATION. 1819 01:18:54,463 --> 01:18:57,566 ONCE AGAIN, RUDY, THANK YOU FOR 1820 01:18:57,566 --> 01:18:59,635 YOUR PRESENTATION. 1821 01:18:59,635 --> 01:19:02,237 IT'S VERY CONSISTENT WITH 1822 01:19:02,237 --> 01:19:04,573 NIMHD'S FOCUS AND WE APPRECIATE 1823 01:19:04,573 --> 01:19:07,609 THE EFFORT YOU PUT INTO 1824 01:19:07,609 --> 01:19:08,844 TAILORING YOUR TALK TO THE 1825 01:19:08,844 --> 01:19:10,646 WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA. 1826 01:19:10,646 --> 01:19:12,347 I'M VERY FAMILIAR WITH MOST OF 1827 01:19:12,347 --> 01:19:15,784 THE AREAS YOU POINTED OUT. 1828 01:19:15,784 --> 01:19:18,654 PEOPLE HERE REFER TO THE AREA 1829 01:19:18,654 --> 01:19:21,356 YOU POINTED OUT AS BEING 1830 01:19:21,356 --> 01:19:21,990 PREDOMINATELY AFRICAN AMERICAN 1831 01:19:21,990 --> 01:19:23,525 THOUGH IT'S NOT THE ONLY ONE THE 1832 01:19:23,525 --> 01:19:29,298 EAST OF THE RIVER THE RIVER THAT 1833 01:19:29,298 --> 01:19:33,168 RUNS THROUGH THERE AND UNTIL 1834 01:19:33,168 --> 01:19:35,537 UNTIL RECENTLY THERE WASN'T A 1835 01:19:35,537 --> 01:19:37,606 FULL SERVICE GROCERY MARKET EAST 1836 01:19:37,606 --> 01:19:40,375 OF THE RIVER MUCH LIKE THE 1837 01:19:40,375 --> 01:19:44,112 EXPERIENCE IN BAY VIEW/HUNTER'S 1838 01:19:44,112 --> 01:19:46,348 POINT WHICH I DON'T KNOW IF 1839 01:19:46,348 --> 01:19:48,650 THERE IS A FULL GROCERY STORE IN 1840 01:19:48,650 --> 01:19:49,685 THAT NEIGHBORHOOD. 1841 01:19:49,685 --> 01:19:51,353 ANOTHER STRUCTURAL FACTOR THAT 1842 01:19:51,353 --> 01:19:52,387 CONTRIBUTES TO THIS. 1843 01:19:52,387 --> 01:19:54,490 THANK YOU, RUDY AND WE'LL BE IN 1844 01:19:54,490 --> 01:19:54,690 TOUCH. 1845 01:19:54,690 --> 01:19:58,760 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1846 01:19:58,760 --> 01:20:09,004 >> TAKE CARE.