1 00:00:05,560 --> 00:00:10,760 >>OKAY, SO WE WILL GET STARTED, 2 00:00:10,760 --> 00:00:16,600 I INTRODUCED OUR SCIENTIFIC 3 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:21,280 BOSS, SO THIS MORNING I'M 4 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:23,880 INTRODUCING OUR CLINICAL BOSS 5 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:25,840 MARILYN P A O WHO IS THE 6 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:30,360 CLINICAL DIRECTOR OF THE NIMH 7 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:36,600 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM. 8 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:37,040 SO MARILYN? 9 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:38,720 >> ALL RIGHT, GOOD MORNING, 10 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:40,160 LET'S GIVE EVERYBODY THE 11 00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:41,400 STEERING COMMITTEE AND THE STAFF 12 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:44,160 THAT ARE WORKING HERE AND ALL 13 00:00:44,160 --> 00:00:46,560 THE LVC STAFF THAT HAVE BEEN 14 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:49,320 WORKING SO HARD A BIG HAND FOR 15 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:51,440 HOW WONDERFUL THIS SYMPOSIUM HAS 16 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:54,160 BEEN, SUCH A GOOD STEERING 17 00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:56,280 COMMITTEE. 18 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,880 SO I DO HAVE PREPARED REMARKS 19 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:01,800 BUT AS KYLE YOUNG COINED THE 20 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:06,720 TERM SYNCHRONISSITY, THIS 21 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:07,800 MORNING'S IS MOURNING THE 22 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:09,480 PASSING OF ROYALTY, THE PASSING 23 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:13,880 OF OUR OWN NIH ROYALTY AND IT'S 24 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:19,560 JUST A MOMENT TO REFLECT. 25 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:22,800 SO ON BEHALF OF THE NIMH 26 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:23,480 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, I 27 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,400 WANT TO THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING 28 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:29,880 TOGETHER FOR THIS WONDER 29 00:01:29,880 --> 00:01:33,520 CONTRIBUTION TO CELEBRATING 30 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:35,280 LESLIE UNG ERLEIDER, AND AS YOU 31 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:36,760 HEARD YESTERDAY, LESLIE WAS 32 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:39,360 CLEARLY A WOMAN OF SIGNIFICANT 33 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:41,360 SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANCE AND 34 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:42,840 INFLUENCE, PRODUCING OUTSTANDING 35 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:48,600 RIGOROUS SCIENCE AND MENTORING 36 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:50,080 GENERATIONS OF SCIENTISTS AC50S 37 00:01:50,080 --> 00:01:52,400 SHE FTION BOTH, VERY, VERY 38 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:53,200 PASSIONATE ABOUT, YESTERDAY I 39 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:55,200 HEARD FROM ALL OF YOU, A STRONG 40 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:57,240 SENSE OF HOW FOR LESLIE, IT WAS 41 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,760 ALL ABOUT GOOD QUESTIONS WITH A 42 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:06,880 CAPITAL Q. 43 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:08,320 CLARITY OF COMMUNICATION, AND 44 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:10,040 CONNECTIONS ISSUES NOT ONLY THE 45 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:12,560 NEURAL CIRCUIT KIND BUT WITH 46 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:13,400 TRAINEES AND SCIENTISTS AROUND 47 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:16,480 THE WORLD BECAUSE SHE TRULY 48 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:20,080 ENJOYED THE CAMARADERIE IN 49 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:21,080 PURSUIT OF FUNDMENT AMILLIO 50 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:21,640 KNOWLEDGE. 51 00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:24,600 SHE WAS DETAIL ORIENTED AND 52 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:27,920 ENDLESSLY ENERGETIC WHEN IT CAME 53 00:02:27,920 --> 00:02:29,840 TO EXPERIMENTS, A DISCIPLINARY 54 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:31,760 MINUTIVE GIANT IN THE FIELD, SHE 55 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:33,520 COULD BE BLUNT BUT WITH CARING 56 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:36,080 AND A SENSE OF HUMOR. 57 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:37,400 ALWAYS AN ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN, 58 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,920 SHE MANAGED TO CREATE A 59 00:02:40,920 --> 00:02:42,080 INCLUSIVE, DIVERSE AND EXCHANGE 60 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:43,880 OF CULTURES FOR HONEST IDEA 61 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:45,520 BECAUSE IT WAS FASHIONABLE. 62 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:50,960 TO ME HE WAS A PETRESSABLE TIT 63 00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,120 IRREPRESSIBLE DYNAMO WHOSE 64 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:54,400 PRAJILE HEALTH OVERCAME MANY 65 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:57,800 CHALLENGES AND WAS FAMOUSLY 66 00:02:57,800 --> 00:03:00,120 STOIC AND FEARLESS. 67 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:02,280 SHE WAS PROTECTIVE OF HER 68 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:03,680 FRAINEES AND STAFF AS THEY 69 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:06,000 WORKED FOR HER AND HOW THIS HAS 70 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:08,200 BEEN PUT TOGETHER BY 71 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:09,360 [INDISCERNIBLE], JOHN, DEB, AND 72 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:12,480 THOSE WHO TOOK CARE OF HER BY 73 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:14,040 DAY-TO-DAY AND ALEX AND CHRIS 74 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:16,120 WHOSE SECTION SAYS MADE UP THE 75 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:16,400 LABORATORY. 76 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,360 I WANT TO FOCUS ON JUST A MOMENT 77 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:20,720 WITH LESLIE'S ACHIEVEMENT WITH 78 00:03:20,720 --> 00:03:22,360 REGARD TO EFFORTS ON CLINICAL 79 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:24,160 TRANSLATION RESEARCH. 80 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,520 THERE ARE VERY FEW BASIC 81 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:29,240 INVESTIGATORS WHO CAN CONTRIBUTE 82 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:30,840 SUCCESSFULLY SO DEEPLY TO 83 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:33,400 FUNDMENTAL WORK IN ANIMAL MODELS 84 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:34,480 OF ANATOMY, FUNCTION AND 85 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:36,120 BEHAVIOR AND STILL CONDUCT HUMAN 86 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:37,440 SUBJECTS RESEARCH THAT 87 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:39,120 MEANINGFULLY CONTRIBUTES TO OUR 88 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:40,240 UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN VISION, 89 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:41,680 COGNITION AND SYSTEM SYSTEM 90 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:43,720 NEUROSCIENCE, EVEN THIS MORNING, 91 00:03:43,720 --> 00:03:47,360 THE HEALTH SECTION HAD A PAPER 92 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:50,560 ON FACE BLINDNESS, 93 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:52,360 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 94 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:55,440 LESLIE'S LABS MAIN PROTOCOL, FOR 95 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:56,760 OBJECT PERCEPTION, 96 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:57,360 IDENTIFICATION, LOCALIZATION AND 97 00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:01,920 MEMORY HAS BEEN RUNNING SINCE 98 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:04,480 1993 AND AACCRUED ALMOST 3000 99 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:04,960 PARTICIPANTS. 100 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:07,240 IN ADDITION SHE ADDED TOP DOWN 101 00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:09,080 ATTENTION CONTROL OF VISUAL 102 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:11,400 PROCESSING IN 2010 AND TMS 103 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:12,840 INVESTIGATIONS OF HAD HUMAN 104 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:13,800 VISUAL SYSTEMS IN 2018. 105 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:16,080 THOSE ARE ALL RUNS AND MANY HAVE 106 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:18,280 BEEN SUN SETTED SINCE THEN. 107 00:04:18,280 --> 00:04:19,720 LESLIE AND HER LAB ARE AMONG THE 108 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:21,640 MOST ACTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE 109 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:25,320 CLINICAL PIs IN THE NIMH IRP, 110 00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:27,400 AND MOST RECENTLY LESLIE WAS 111 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:29,520 REALLY EXCITED ABOUT HOW THE 112 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:30,640 [INDISCERNIBLE] CONTRIBUTES TO 113 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:32,760 THE PROCESS OF FACIAL 114 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:33,960 EXPRESSIONS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 115 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,240 AND HUMANS AND YOU WILL BE 116 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,440 HEARING, I HOPE, ABOUT THAL 117 00:04:39,440 --> 00:04:40,000 AFTERNOON. 118 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:41,160 SO LESLIE'S CONTINUED GIFT OF 119 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:46,440 BEING THE FOCUS OF THIS 120 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:50,040 CONFERENCE ALLOWING THIS AMAZING 121 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:51,680 GATHERING OF NEUROCOGNITIVE 122 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:52,440 SCIENTISTS WILL IMPACT AND 123 00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:54,320 INSPIRE ALL OF US TO CARRY ON 124 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:57,400 WITH GOOD QUESTIONS. 125 00:04:57,400 --> 00:04:59,240 EMILY DICKENSON ONCE WROTE: 126 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:02,200 UNABLE ARE THE LOVE TO DIE FOR 127 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:04,160 LOVE IS IMMORTALITY. 128 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:05,480 THIS OUTPOURING OF LOVE AND 129 00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:06,760 ADMIRATION IS A FITTING TRIBUTE 130 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,640 FOR LESLIE WHO WAS A PROUD AND 131 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:12,840 INDEPENDENT WOMAN WE KNOW SHE 132 00:05:12,840 --> 00:05:14,400 WAS KIND, GENERATED IRBEROUS, 133 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:15,040 SUPPORTIVE, FOURTH RIGHT, 134 00:05:15,040 --> 00:05:18,880 ENGAGING AND MOST OF ALL 135 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:20,440 ENGAGED. 136 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:21,680 HER EVER EXPANDING 137 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:22,680 INTERDISCIPLINARY METHODOLOGY 138 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:24,480 AND HER PRECISIVE DEEP KEY 139 00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:25,160 QUESTIONING REPRESENT THE BEST 140 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:27,880 OF WHAT THE IRP CAN OFFER AND 141 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:29,960 HER NIH FAMILY WILL MISS HER 142 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:36,000 INDEED. 143 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:36,280 THANK YOU. 144 00:05:36,280 --> 00:05:46,000 [ APPLAUSE ] 145 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:46,200 EMPLOY. 146 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:47,880 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME? 147 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:49,840 >> YES, WE CAN HEAR YOU. 148 00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:51,000 >> I WILL BEGIN. 149 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,880 HELLO MY NAME IS ELI MIRIAM, I 150 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:57,280 AM THE OTHER SYMPOSIUM CO 151 00:05:57,280 --> 00:06:00,200 ORGANIZER AND HAD THE BAD 152 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:01,040 MISFORTUNE OF CONTRACTING COVID 153 00:06:01,040 --> 00:06:02,320 RIGHT BEFORE THE MEETING, I'M 154 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:04,160 SORRY I CAN'T BE WITH YOU IN 155 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:07,200 PERSON TODAY, I AM GRATEFUL TO 156 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:08,400 SHARE MY REMARKS OVER ZOOM. 157 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,000 SO I WOULD LIKE TO SPEND A FEW 158 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:12,240 MINUTES ON LESLIE BEFORE 159 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:13,120 INTRODUCING THE FIRST SPEAKER OF 160 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:14,040 THE DAY. 161 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:15,840 OF COURSE LESLIE IS BEST KNOWN 162 00:06:15,840 --> 00:06:17,800 FOR HER PIONEERING WORK WITH 163 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:19,200 [INDISCERNIBLE] ON THE 2 164 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:19,920 CORTICALE VISUAL SYSTEMS. 165 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,040 YESTERDAY WE HEARD A BIT FROM 166 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:22,960 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND CAROL 167 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:25,040 KD--SALLY WAABOUT SOME OF 168 00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:26,280 LESLIE'S LESSER KNOWN EARLIER 169 00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:28,280 WORK ON [INDISCERNIBLE] AS A 170 00:06:28,280 --> 00:06:29,800 GRADUATE STUDENT AT IS STANFORD 171 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:30,960 WORKING WITH KARL 172 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:31,400 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 173 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:33,160 SO TODAY, I WOULD LIKE TO GO 174 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:34,800 EVEN FURTHER BACK IN TIME TO 175 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:39,760 LESLIE'S Ph.D. WORK WITH TED 176 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:41,800 KUNZ, AT NYKS U. 177 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:42,760 I RECENTLY SPOKE TO TED AND I 178 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:44,840 WOULD LIKE TO SHARE WHAT HE HAD 179 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:46,480 TO SAY. 180 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:50,160 LESLIE JOINED TED'S LAB IN THE 181 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:52,360 LATE 1960S AND HE DESCRIBED 182 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:53,840 LESLIE AT TIMES AND WILL BE 183 00:06:53,840 --> 00:06:56,040 FAMILIAR TO ALL WHO KNEW HER, 184 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:58,280 KIND, CARING HAD A GREAT LAUGH 185 00:06:58,280 --> 00:06:59,840 AND AN INCREDIBLY CAREFUL 186 00:06:59,840 --> 00:07:01,000 SCIENTIST EVEN THEN. 187 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,840 LESLIE AND TED ALONG WITH A 188 00:07:03,840 --> 00:07:05,800 FELLOW GRADUATE STUDENT NICOLE 189 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:08,560 [INDISCERNIBLE] WORKED ON 190 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:10,960 HYPOTHALAMIC MECHANISMS ON 191 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:12,560 STIMULATION INDUCED REWARD IN 192 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:12,800 RATS. 193 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,840 TED TOLD A FUNNY NOTE, THEY SENT 194 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:19,720 2 PAPERS TO SCIENCE @ SAME TIME, 195 00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:24,200 AND FOR MONTHS AND MONTHS THEY 196 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:26,600 DEPARTMENT HEAR ANYTHING BACK. 197 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:28,160 THEY FINALLY CALLED AFTER MONTHS 198 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:31,040 AND IT TURNS OUT BOTH OF SET 199 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:32,720 WITHOUT REVISION AND WERE SET TO 200 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:34,200 APPEAR THE FOLLOWING WEEK. 201 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:37,680 THIS MUST HAVE BEEN A EXCELLENT 202 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:39,120 EXAMPLE OF LESLIE'S METICULOUS 203 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:39,560 RIGHTING. 204 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,480 AS A SIDE, TED WANTED ME TO 205 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:44,680 RELATE THAT HE SUGGESTED SHE DID 206 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:47,280 A POST DOC FROM KARL 207 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:47,760 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 208 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:49,160 TED NEW KARL WELL FROM THEIR 209 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:50,440 TIME TOGETHER AT YALE. 210 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:52,360 IN HONORING LESLIE IT WOULD BE 211 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:53,560 EASY TO FOCUS ON THE MAGNITUDE 212 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:54,960 OF HER SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS, 213 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,240 FROM HER SCIENCE PAPER AS A 214 00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:00,000 GRADUATE STUDENT, TO THE 2 215 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:01,600 CORTICALE SYSTEMS, TO PIONEERING 216 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:04,240 WORK WITH THE FMRI AND PAPERS 217 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:05,520 AND TOP JOURNALS RIGHT NOW, BUT 218 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:07,840 DOING SO WOULD NOT TELL THE FULL 219 00:08:07,840 --> 00:08:08,080 STORY. 220 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:09,480 I THINK 1 OF THE THINGS THAT 221 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:10,600 MADE LESLIE SO SPECIAL WAS 222 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:13,040 ARE--ADMINISTRATIVE IF I 223 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:15,080 CANNULATED BEAUTIFULLY BY DWIGHT 224 00:08:15,080 --> 00:08:15,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] YESTERDAY 225 00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:15,960 AFTERNOON. 226 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:17,920 LESLIE HAD AN OPENNESS ABOUT 227 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:20,120 HER, A NATURAL INTELLECTUAL 228 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:21,680 RECEPTIVENESS, SHE ALWAYS 229 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:22,960 WELCOMED AND INDEED THRIVED ON 230 00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:24,880 FRESH IDEAS AND NEW 231 00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:25,200 PERSPECTIVES. 232 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:27,240 I THINK THIS IS PART OF HOW SHE 233 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:29,200 SOMETHINGED TO TACKLE SUCH A 234 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:33,280 DIVERSITY OF QUESTIONS IN HER 235 00:08:33,280 --> 00:08:33,880 CAREER. 236 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,400 LESLIE WAS OF COURSE PERFECTLY 237 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:38,240 BLUNT AND DIDN'T HOLD BACK 238 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:39,160 CRITICISM WHEN SOMETHING DIDN'T 239 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:41,280 MAKE SENSE BUT SHE ALWAYS 240 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:41,520 LISTENED. 241 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:43,200 IT DIDN'T MATTER IF YOU WERE A 242 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:45,200 NEW POST BACK OR A SENIOR SCRRGT 243 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:46,480 OR WHAT YOUR BACKGROUND WAS. 244 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:49,240 I BELIEVE THIS TRAIT WAS 245 00:08:49,240 --> 00:08:50,520 CRITICAL FOR BUILDING THE 246 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:51,480 INCLUSIVE AND OPEN ENVIRONMENT 247 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:57,520 THAT IS SO CHARACTERISTIC OF LBC 248 00:08:57,520 --> 00:08:59,480 TODAY, LESLIE'S MENTORSHIP 249 00:08:59,480 --> 00:09:02,560 EXTENDED FAR BEYOND THE LBC, IT 250 00:09:02,560 --> 00:09:04,560 NEVER A POST DOC WITH LESLIE AND 251 00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:05,600 COLLABORATED WITH HER IN THE 252 00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:07,200 LAST COUPLE OF YEARS, SHE WAS 253 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:11,200 VERY MUCH A MENTOR TO ME FROM 254 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:12,880 THE VERY BEGINNING AS A FIRST 255 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,280 YEAR GRADUATE STUDENT IN CAROLE 256 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:16,880 [INDISCERNIBLE] LAB, LESLIE 257 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:18,960 VISITED TO GIVE A SEMINAR, AT 258 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:21,920 LUNCH WITH STUDENTS LESLIE ASKED 259 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:24,000 ABOUT EACH ABOUT THEIR PROJECTS, 260 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,480 SEVERAL OF YOU ALREADY DESCRIBED 261 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:29,560 THE TWINKLE IN LESLIE'S EYE AS 262 00:09:29,560 --> 00:09:31,080 SHE DISSECTED THE FIRST EPISODE 263 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:32,360 FROM THE BAD. 264 00:09:32,360 --> 00:09:34,800 THIS WAS MY FIRST EXPERIENCE 265 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:35,960 UNDER HER SCALPEL, I REMEMBER 266 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:37,800 HOW NERVOUS SHE WAS AS SHE 267 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:40,160 QUESTIONED ME ABOUT EVERY DETAIL 268 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,800 OF MY FMRI EXPERIMENTS IN THE 269 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:44,800 HUMAN PARIETAL CORTEX. 270 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:46,000 BUT HER COMMENTS WERE SO 271 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:46,240 HELPFUL. 272 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:47,920 OVER THE YEARS EACH TIME I SAW 273 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:49,440 LESLIE, SHE WANTED TO KNOW 274 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:52,880 EVERYTHING I WAS UP TO, FULL OF 275 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:53,240 HELPFUL ADVICE. 276 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:55,360 LESLIE HAD SO MANY ADOPTED 277 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:57,320 MENTEES AROUND THE WORLD, IN THE 278 00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:59,120 YEARS BEFORE NEUROTWITTER AND 279 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:00,520 SOCIAL MEDIA, IT FELT AS THOUGH 280 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:02,840 LESLIE WAS THE CENTER OF THE 281 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,360 WORLD'S LARGEST SOCIAL 282 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:05,880 NEUROSCIENCE NETWORK. 283 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:07,240 I WANT TO MENTION 1 MORE THING 284 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,000 BEFORE I INTRODUCE OUR FIRST 285 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:10,360 SPEAKER. 286 00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:13,320 LESLIE HAD AN AMAZING SUPERHUMAN 287 00:10:13,320 --> 00:10:15,240 ABILITY TO PERSEVERE THROUGH 288 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:15,560 DIFFICULTY. 289 00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:18,360 I REMEMBER OUR VERY LAST 290 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:19,240 CONVERSATION IN DECEMBER 2020, 291 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:22,040 THE DAY BEFORE SHE DIED, WE HAD 292 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,880 EACH JUST SUBMITTED OUR BSC 293 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:25,880 REPORTS AND LESLIE WAS 294 00:10:25,880 --> 00:10:27,320 EXPERIENCING PAIN AND I WONDERED 295 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:29,120 WHY DIDN'T SHE JUST TAKE IT 296 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:31,080 EASY, PERHAPS TAKE A WEEK OFF 297 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:33,120 BUT SHE WAS LASER FOCUSED ON 298 00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:34,640 PREPARING FOR THE DSC TALK EVEN 299 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:36,360 THOUGH THIS WAS MORE THAN A 300 00:10:36,360 --> 00:10:36,760 MONTH AWAY. 301 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:39,960 SHE CLEARLY LOVED THE SCIENCE. 302 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:43,680 SHE LOVED HER WORK AND HER GRIT 303 00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:45,160 AND INTENSITY WERE SIMPLY 304 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:45,480 AWE-INSPIRING. 305 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:46,960 I AM SO GRATEFUL I HAD THE 306 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:50,680 OPPORTUNITY TO KNOW AND ACT WITH 307 00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:52,640 HER AS I DID, THANK YOU LESLIE. 308 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:54,760 SO NOW I WANT TO INTRODUCE OUR 309 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,800 NEXT SPEAKER MICKEY GOLDBERG, 310 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,360 MICKEY JOINED BOB WAXER URTZ'S 311 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:04,360 LAB AS AN NEI LAB ASSOCIATE IN 312 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:04,840 1969. 313 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:06,800 AFTER A RESIDENCY IN NEUROLOGY 314 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:10,040 AT HARVARD, MIC RETURNED TO THE 315 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:12,520 NEI IN 1978 AS A INVESTIGATOR IN 316 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:13,440 THE LABORATORY SENSORY MOTOR 317 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:15,520 RESEARCH WHERE HE REMAINED FOR 318 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:17,400 OVER 20 YEARS BEFORE MOVING TO 319 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:18,200 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY WHERE HE'S 320 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:21,880 NOW THE DIRECTOR OF THE MA HONEY 321 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:23,200 CENTER FOR MIND AND BRAIN. 322 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:24,960 MICKEY HAS SO MANY AWARDS AND 323 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:26,120 DISTINCTIONS THAT I COULDN'T 324 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:28,000 POSSIBLY GIVE A PROPER ACADEMIC 325 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:29,520 INTRODUCTION IN THE ALLOTTED 326 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:31,120 TIME SO I'M NOT GOING TO EVEN 327 00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:31,280 TRY. 328 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:33,800 I DO WANT TO SAY, HOWEVER, THAT 329 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,040 I KNOW HOW FOND LESLIE WAS OF 330 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:37,800 MICKEY AND MICKEY I AM SO GLAD 331 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:39,840 THAT YOU'RE HERE TO PARTICIPATE 332 00:11:39,840 --> 00:11:40,680 IN THE SYMPOSIUM. 333 00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,880 THE TITLE OF MICKEY'S TALK IS 334 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:45,680 THE ROLE OF PROPRIMATESY 335 00:11:45,680 --> 00:11:47,200 ACCEPTION IN SPATIAL AND VISUAL 336 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:50,920 MEMORY. 337 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:52,320 >>SO HENRY WIDE WHAT SAID IT 338 00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,080 MUCH BETTER THAN I COULD EVER, 339 00:11:57,080 --> 00:11:59,040 HE WAS A METAPHYSICAL POET FROM 340 00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:04,520 THE 17th CENTURY. 341 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,240 SO I FIRST MET LESLIE WHEN SHE 342 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:13,680 CAME AS A POST DOC TO WORK WITH 343 00:12:13,680 --> 00:12:13,960 MORT. 344 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:15,600 BOB AND I [INDISCERNIBLE] AND A 345 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:17,600 COUPLE OTHER PEOPLE AND MORT 346 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:18,360 WOULD OCCASIONALLY GET TOGETHER 347 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:21,400 TO TALK ABOUT ISSUES IN VISUAL 348 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:24,600 SCIENCE AND LESLIE SHOWED UP AND 349 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:25,560 FROM THE MOMENT SHE STEPPED 350 00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:27,440 THROUGH THE DOOR, I WAS 351 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,320 DELIGHTED BECAUSE THERE WAS 352 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,720 ACTUALLY SOMEONE SHORTER THAN I 353 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:38,120 WAS AND IT WAS APPARENT THAT SHE 354 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:41,160 WAS ABSOLUTELY BRILLIANT. 355 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:44,360 AND HER CAREER IT UNFOLDED WAS 356 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:45,960 BREATH TAKING. 357 00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:49,200 WE ACTUALLY COLLABORATED ONCE ON 358 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,200 A PAPER. 359 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:55,840 SHE AND MORT HAD MADE STRIPE 360 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,200 LESIONS IN A MONKEY UNILATERAL 361 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:03,360 LESIONS AND WE WERE CURIOUS OR 362 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:04,680 WHETHER MONKEYS COULD MAKE 363 00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:11,520 ACTUAL SAN FRANCISCO CADS TO 364 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:13,000 MOVING AT ALL AND IT TURNS OUT 365 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:14,960 THEY COULD BUT THEY COULD NOT 366 00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:22,720 SEE THE SACADs AT ALL. 367 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:24,640 SO MOST OF MY INTERACTIONS WITH 368 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:25,880 LESLIE WERE PLEASURABLE. 369 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,000 SHE AND I FOR EXAMPLE HAD A 370 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,480 FONDNESS FOR LUNCH AND WE WOULD 371 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:31,360 SHARE IT OCCASIONALLY. 372 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:33,320 WE WERE BOTH MEMBERS OF A 373 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,240 WONDERFUL GROUP CALLED THE 374 00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:37,040 INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL 375 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:37,680 SYMPOSIUM, THE PURPOSE OF WHICH 376 00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:42,760 IS TO HAVE A MEETING AND A 377 00:13:42,760 --> 00:13:44,360 PLEASANT PLACE IN EUROPE IN THE 378 00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:45,920 LAST FULL WEEK OF JUNE BEFORE 379 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:48,720 THE PRICES GO UP AND INEVITABLY 380 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:49,960 THERE WERE WONDERFUL PLACES TO 381 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:54,960 HAVE LUNCH AND LESLIE AND I 382 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:57,440 FOREIGN REMEMBERED A LUNCH WE 383 00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:02,600 HAD AT [INDISCERNIBLE] A 3 STAR 384 00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,360 RESTAURANT IN BURGUNDY THAT MADE 385 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:07,080 THE NECESSITY OF HAVING TO COME 386 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:11,880 TO FRANCE AND GIVE A TALK WORTH 387 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:12,280 WHILE. 388 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:14,240 LIFE WAS ALWAYS WONDERFUL WITH 389 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:20,640 LESLIE AND I MISS HER. 390 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:21,920 CLASSIC PROBLEM IN VISUAL AND 391 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,760 SCIENCE IS THAT RETINA MAPS ARE 392 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,040 USED LESS FOR SPATIAL 393 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:27,640 LOCALIZATION, RICARDO TALKED 394 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:29,040 ABOUT THAT THE OTHER DAY, THE 395 00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:31,000 BRAIN HAS TO TRANSFORM THE 396 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,680 RETINAL SIGNAL TO A PATTIALLY 397 00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:37,200 ACTIVE SIGNAL AND THE OCULAR 398 00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:39,040 MOTOR VISION VEGZ OF THE PROBLEM 399 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:40,640 IS SACADs ARE MADE IN SPACE 400 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:46,800 NOT TO A POINT ON THE RETINA, SO 401 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:48,240 THE--CONSIDER--YOU'RE LOOKING AT 402 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:49,840 A FIXATION POINT MONKEY OR HUMAN 403 00:14:49,840 --> 00:14:52,480 AND 2 LIGHTS APPEAR AND 404 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:54,400 DISAPPEAR SX HEAT YOU'RE ASKED 405 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,040 TO MAKE 2 SEQUENTIAL SACADs TO 406 00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:01,640 THOSE 2 LIGHTS, NOW THE FIRST 407 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:03,760 SACCADES IS BUYS BECAUSE THE 408 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:06,280 RETINAL VECTOR AND MOTOR VECTOR 409 00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:17,000 ARE THE SAME BUT WHEN YOU'RE EYE 410 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,080 IS AT A, WHEN YOU'RE EYE IS AT 411 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:29,560 A, THE RETINAL LOCATION OF THE 412 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:30,840 SECOND TARGET IS WRONG BECAUSE 413 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:35,520 THE MONKEY NOW HAS TO MAKE A 414 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:37,920 HORIZONTAL SACCADE WHICH HAS TO 415 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:40,040 COMPENSATE FOR THAT FIRST 416 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:40,320 SACCADE. 417 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:46,200 SO THE BRAIN HAS TO DO SOME 418 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:46,440 MAGIC. 419 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:48,120 [INDISCERNIBLE] MADE A GREAT 420 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:51,160 SUGGESTION ABOUT THE NATURE OF 421 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:51,600 THAT MAGIC. 422 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:53,200 HE NOTED THAT A PATIENT WHO WOKE 423 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,840 UP 1 DAY WITH A [INDISCERNIBLE] 424 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:56,920 COULDN'T MOVE HIS EYE TOWARDS 425 00:15:56,920 --> 00:16:02,360 HIS EAR, HAD THE ILLUSION AND 426 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:03,840 HAD A RETINAL HEMORRHAGEOT OTHER 427 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:05,600 SIDE SO HE COULDN'T SEE OUT OF 428 00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:09,040 THE OTHER EYE THAT WHEN HE TRIED 429 00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:12,800 TO TO MAKE A SACCADE TOWARDS HIS 430 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:14,720 EAR, HE COULDN'T AND WHAT HE 431 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:16,760 PERCEIVED WAS THAT THE WHOLE 432 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:19,240 WORLD EXISTED TO THE RIGHT IN 433 00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:22,800 THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AND THEN 434 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:27,800 JUST DRIFTED BACK. 435 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:29,640 AND SO HELMHOLTZ SAID WOWS ARE 436 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:32,520 THE MOTOR SYSTEM FEEDS BACK TO 437 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:36,200 THE SENSORY SYSTEM TO ADJUST THE 438 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:37,560 SENSORY REPRESENTATION AND THIS 439 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,400 IS OF COURSE TRUE FOR ALL 440 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:43,600 SENSORY MODALITIES, AND TODAY WE 441 00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:45,200 CALL IT COROLLARY DISCHARGE. 442 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:51,840 THE MOTOR SIGNAL THAT CHANGES 443 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:52,720 THE SENSORY REPRESENTATION. 444 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:57,080 SO WE DECIDED TO STUDY THIS IN 445 00:16:57,080 --> 00:16:58,920 LIP, THE LATERAL INTERPARIETAL 446 00:16:58,920 --> 00:16:59,400 AREA. 447 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:01,560 SO THIS IS CAROL [INDISCERNIBLE] 448 00:17:01,560 --> 00:17:05,720 AND JOHN [INDISCERNIBLE]. 449 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:11,280 AND SO WHY? 450 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:13,200 WELL, UNG ERLEIDER DID A 451 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:14,800 WONDERFUL SET OF EXPERIMENTS 452 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,160 LOOKINGA THE CORTICALE AND 453 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:20,920 SUBCORTICALE CONNECTIONS IN THE 454 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:21,160 LIP. 455 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:22,680 AND THEY FOUND IT IS IN THE 456 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:24,040 MIDDLE OF THE OCULAR MOTOR 457 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:27,120 SYSTEM, IT GETS PROJECTIONS TOO 458 00:17:27,120 --> 00:17:30,720 AND FROM THE PARIETAL FIELDS, 459 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:35,080 AND DISPLAYS TO INTO THE EYE 460 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:36,960 MOVEMENTS AND GETS A PROJECTION 461 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,120 BACK FROM THEM THROUGH THE THAT 462 00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:40,600 WILL AMILLIOUS AS A PROJECTION, 463 00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,600 ALSO A POWERFUL CORTICALE 464 00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:46,120 PROJECTION FROM V4 MSTS, P4 IS 465 00:17:46,120 --> 00:17:47,400 INTERESTING BECAUSE IT'S PART OF 466 00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:49,000 THE VENTRAL STREAM AS WELL BUT 467 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,480 IT DOES PROJECT CRITICALLY TO 468 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:52,080 LLIP. 469 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:54,760 PROJECTS TO INFERIOR TEMPORAL 470 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:59,000 CORTEX A LITTLE BIT TO 471 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,040 PARAHIPPOCAMPUS GYRUS THAT 472 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:03,560 [INDISCERNIBLE] SHOWED ARE 473 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:05,880 IMPORTANT IN SPATIAL MEMORY. 474 00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:09,360 SO IT LOOKED LIKE THE PERFECT 475 00:18:09,360 --> 00:18:12,160 PLACE TO STUDY IT AND AS RICARDO 476 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:16,360 TOLD YOU YESTERDAY, HE TALKED 477 00:18:16,360 --> 00:18:17,360 ABOUT HELMHOLTZ'S SLIEWPGZ IN 478 00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:20,600 LIP, SO IF A MONK SELOOKING AT A 479 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:22,920 FIXATION POINT AND NOT MOVING 480 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:24,640 HIS EYES, FLASHES STIMULUS IN 481 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:26,800 THE RECEPTOR OF THE NEURON, THE 482 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:28,800 CELL FIRES AND IF HE'S LOOKING 483 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,160 ELSEWHERE, THE CELL DOESN'T 484 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,360 FIRE, WHEN THAT STIMULUS 485 00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:36,240 APPEARS, HOWEVER, IF HE MAKES A 486 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:39,280 SACCADE FROM 1 FIXATION POINT TO 487 00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:41,040 ANOTHER AND THAT SACCADE IS 488 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:42,560 GOING TO BRING THAT STIMULUS 489 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:45,240 INTO THE RECEPTOR FIELD OF THE 490 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:46,040 NEURON, LIP NEURONS FIRE EVEN 491 00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:51,960 BEFORE THE EYE MOVES. 492 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:52,520 HELMHOLTZ WAS RIGHT. 493 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:57,160 NOW THIS IS NOT A CRANEIO TOPIC 494 00:18:57,160 --> 00:18:57,560 REPRESENTATION. 495 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:59,680 IT'S A SPATIALLY ACTIVE 496 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:02,760 REPRESENTATION IN RETINA TOPIC 497 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:03,040 TURNS. 498 00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:04,600 V1 DOESN'T DO THIS, V1 IS JUST 499 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:06,080 LOCKED TO THE RETINA AND LOTS OF 500 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:14,600 OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN 501 00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:15,600 INCLUDING [INDISCERNIBLE] BEFORE 502 00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,720 [INDISCERNIBLE], WE SHOWED IT IN 503 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:21,600 THE FRONT FIELDS AND BURIED IN 504 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:23,200 THE FOLLICULOUS, AND GENERAL 505 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:33,640 PROPERTY OF DORSAL STREAM 506 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:34,120 NEURONS. 507 00:19:34,120 --> 00:19:35,040 SO THERE'S ANOTHER SOLUTION TO 508 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:35,960 THE PROBLEM. 509 00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:37,480 AND THIS IS CHARLES 510 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:38,440 [INDISCERNIBLE], HE DISCOVERED 511 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:40,080 SPINDLES IN THE OCULAR MOTOR 512 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:43,280 MUSCLES AND POSTULATED THAT THE 513 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:45,120 BRAIN SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF 514 00:19:45,120 --> 00:19:45,720 FACIAL ACCURACY BY MEASURING 515 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:47,320 WHERE THE EYES ARE IN THE ORBIT, 516 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:51,080 WHERE THE HEAD IS ON THE 517 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:55,000 SHOULDERS AND IT'S 518 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:56,360 COMPUTATIONALLY VERY EASY TO 519 00:19:56,360 --> 00:19:58,200 CALCULATE THE LOCATION OF AN 520 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,800 OBJECT IN THE WORLD, NOW IN 521 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:02,760 CRANEIO TOPIC SPACES RELATIVE TO 522 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:08,400 WHERE THE HEAD IS AND THAT'S 523 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:09,040 SHERRING TON'S FIRST STEP. 524 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,720 NOW THE EYE IN THE ORBIT 525 00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:14,600 MODULATES THE VISUAL AREA, 526 00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,080 CALLED GAIN FIELDS AND IT WAS 527 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:18,720 DISCOVERED BY RICHARD ANDERSON 528 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:20,400 IN MOUNT CASTLE IN 1983 AND THIS 529 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,400 IS AN EXAMPLE, SO IF A MONKEY IS 530 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:24,800 LOOKING UP TO THE LEFT, THE 531 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:26,760 NEURON FIRES VERY BRISKLY AND 532 00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:29,200 THE MONKEY LOOKS DOWN TO THE 533 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:30,400 RIGHT, THE NEURON HARDLY FIRES 534 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:35,280 AT ALL BUT IT DOES, AND THE 535 00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:36,760 CENTER OF THE RECEPTIVE FIELD 536 00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:38,200 NEVER CHANGES AND FROM THAT, YOU 537 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:44,960 CAN FIGURE OUT WHERE THE TARGET 538 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:46,360 IS IN SPACE. 539 00:20:46,360 --> 00:20:49,880 BUT WHAT PROVIDES THE ORBITAL 540 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:50,160 INFORMATION? 541 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:52,640 THEY THOUGHT IT WAS A DISCHARGE, 542 00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:55,840 BECAUSE WE HAD POPULAR COLORIZED 543 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:56,920 DISCHARGE BUT THAT SIGNAL AND HE 544 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:58,240 THOUGHT IT WAS RELATED TO THE 545 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:03,000 SIGNAL ON THE EYE MUSCLES BUT 546 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,760 THAT SIGNAL COMES FROM THE 547 00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:06,840 ELEVATOR AND IT WASN'T USEFUL, 548 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:09,040 AND THEN, I THOUGHT WELL MAYBE 549 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:10,880 THERE'S A REPRESENTATION OF EYE 550 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:13,200 POSITION IN THE CORTEX, THE 551 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,560 PLACE TO LOOK IS AREA 3A, SO MAT 552 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:18,720 O SENSORY CORTEX WHERE THE 553 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:20,280 SPINDLES LIVE EVEN THOUGH 554 00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:22,200 MONKEYS DON'T HAVE A LOT OF 555 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:23,520 SPINDLES, THEY HAVE SOME, THEY 556 00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:26,480 HAVE A RECEPTOR IN THEIR EYES 557 00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:27,440 CALLED PALISADE ENDINGS AND IT 558 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,160 IS NOW A BITTER DISPUTE AMONG 559 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:31,920 SOME PEOPLE AS TO WHETHER OR NOT 560 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:34,680 PALISADE ENDINGS ARE SENSORY OR 561 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:36,760 MOTOR, I WON'T GET INTO THAT, 562 00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:39,960 I'M A SPECTATOR. 563 00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:41,080 BUT THIS NEURON, THE MONKEY 564 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:43,920 LOOKS UP AND THE NEURON STARTS 565 00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:46,120 TO FIRE AFTER THE SACCADES, THE 566 00:21:46,120 --> 00:21:49,080 MONKEY LOOKS DOWN, THE NEURON IS 567 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:52,360 SILENT AFTER THE SACCADE A GIVEN 568 00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:54,000 AREA 3A IS TUNE FOR ALL 569 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:55,760 DIRECTION OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE 570 00:21:55,760 --> 00:22:02,040 CONTRA LATERAL EYE AND IF WE 571 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:03,200 ANESTHETIZE THE EYE THE SIGNAL 572 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,520 GOES AWAY AND THE CELL LIVES IN 573 00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:08,560 AREA 3A IN THE FLOOR OF THE 574 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:10,680 CANNED WHAT WITH CELLS OF THE IN 575 00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:11,800 THE TACTILE ACCEPT RESENTATION 576 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,840 OF THE BROW, IT'S S1. 577 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:16,800 OKAY, SO WHERE'S THE POSITION 578 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:21,040 SIGNAL OF THE GAIN FIELDS, IF IT 579 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:21,760 COMES FROM COROLLARY DISCHARGE, 580 00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,920 IT WILL BE RAPID EVEN PRECEDING 581 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:27,480 EYE MOVEMENTS, IF IT COMES FROM 582 00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:28,320 THE PROPRIMATESIO ACCEPTION 583 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:30,480 AREA, IT WILL BE SLOW BECAUSE 584 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:31,800 EACH EYE MOVES EVERY 60 MILLI 585 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:38,760 SECONDS ON THE AVERAGE. 586 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:40,240 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND I DID AN 587 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:41,680 EXPERIMENT TO TEST THIS. 588 00:22:41,680 --> 00:22:44,920 WE ASKED THE MONKEY TO FIXATE 589 00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:47,920 FOR 500 MILLISECONDS AND WE GIVE 590 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:49,560 HIM A VISUAL SACCADE TARGET AND 591 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:51,720 HE MAKES THE SACCADE WE CALL 592 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:52,880 THAT CONDITIONING SACCADE 593 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:55,840 BECAUSE NOW SOMETIME THROUGH 60 594 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:57,120 OR 50 MILLISECONDS LATER AND ALL 595 00:22:57,120 --> 00:22:59,520 THE TIMES IN THE MIDDLE WE WILL 596 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:01,400 FLASH THIS MEMORY TUGGER, THAT'S 597 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:02,360 BASICALLY TO KEEP HIM PAY 598 00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:03,280 HAPPENING ATTENTION TO THAT 599 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:04,760 LOCATION, AND THEN WE WILL HAVE 600 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:08,640 A MEMORY DELAY AND HE WILL MAKE 601 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:08,960 THE SACCADE. 602 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:12,960 NOW, WE CAN NOW COMPARE THE GAIN 603 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:14,480 FIELDS AFTER CONDITIONING 604 00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,880 SACCADES, SO, IF A MONKEY MAKES 605 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:22,200 A SACCADE FROM A LOW GAIN FIELD 606 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:24,760 POSITION, TO A HIGH GAIN 607 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:28,440 POSITION, OR THE MONKEY CAN MAKE 608 00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:30,960 A SACCADE FROM A HIGH GAIN FIELD 609 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:32,440 POSITION TO A LONE GAIN FIELD 610 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:34,240 POSITION, AND THEN WE CAN ASK, 611 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:37,000 WHAT IS THE TIMING OF THE GAIN 612 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:38,840 FIELDS AND FOR 61 OUT OF 89 613 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:42,960 CELLS THE GAIN FIELDS WERE 614 00:23:42,960 --> 00:23:44,720 DETERMINED BY THE PRESACCADIC 615 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:48,320 EYE POSITION FOR AT LEAST 150 616 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:50,480 MILLISECONDS AFTER THE SACCADE. 617 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:53,960 LESLIE PROBABLY WOULD HAVE HATED 618 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:54,960 THIS SLIDE. 619 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:58,040 BUT SO THE GRAY IS THE STEADY 620 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:01,080 STATE LOW GAIN, AND THE RED IS 621 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:05,360 THE RESPONSE OF THE NEURON AFTER 622 00:24:05,360 --> 00:24:08,080 WE FLASH THE TARGET 50 623 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:09,880 MILLISECONDS AFTER THE 624 00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:11,680 CONDITIONING OF THE SACCADE OVER 625 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:15,160 A HUNDRED MILLISECONDS AFTER THE 626 00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:19,400 SACCADE AT 250 MILLI SECOND 627 00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,440 AFTER THE SACCADE IT'S TRUE BUT 628 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:24,520 AFTER 50 MILLISECONDS IT LIES, 629 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,880 WE SEE LYING, LIES FOR FAKE 630 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:32,000 NEWS, FOR 150 MILLISECONDS AND 631 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,520 THEN NORMALITY AT 250 632 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:36,120 MILLISECONDS. 633 00:24:36,120 --> 00:24:38,520 SO, IF THE GAIN FIELDS ARE 634 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,000 INACCURATE, IS THE BEHAVIOR 635 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:42,280 INACCURATE BUT WE GO TO THE 636 00:24:42,280 --> 00:24:44,160 STEP, THE SACCADE TASK, WE MACK 637 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:46,560 A MONK TOW MAKE A CONDITIONING 638 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:48,240 SACCADE AND THEN WE ASK THE 639 00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:51,960 MONKEY TO FIXATE FOR 650, A 640 00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:56,480 THOUSAND MILLISECONDS, FLASH 2 641 00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:58,960 TARGETS, A BLUE 1, WHICH IS 642 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:01,080 GOING TO BE THE FIRST SACCADE 643 00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:02,880 TARGET AND A RED TARGET WHICH IS 644 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:05,520 NOT-WHICH IS NOW IN THE MONKEYS, 645 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:07,320 THE RECEPTIVE FIELD OF NEURON 646 00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:09,400 THAT WE'RE STUDYING, AND THE 647 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,040 MONKEY MAKES THE SACCADE TO THE 648 00:25:12,040 --> 00:25:14,000 BLUE, WHEN THE RED TARGET AND 649 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,000 THE FIXATION DOT DISAPPEAR, AND 650 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:18,280 THE FIRST SACCADE IS RED IN THE 651 00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:20,480 TOPIC AND THE SECOND REQUIRES 652 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:23,560 MAGIC. 653 00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:23,800 OKAY. 654 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,720 NOW, IF THE MAGIC INCLUDES GAME 655 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:30,240 FIELDS, THE BRAIN WOULD THINK 656 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:32,000 THAT THE TARGET WAS HERE BECAUSE 657 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:42,000 THE CELL GAVE THE LOW GAIN FIELD 658 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:42,440 POSITION. 659 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:48,560 NOW, SO, I SHOULD HAVE HAD THAT, 660 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:52,640 TRUST ME, THE CELLS AT THAT 661 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,960 POINT ARE WRONG WHEN WE RECOVER 662 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:57,720 IT BUT LUCKILY AREA 3A PROVIDES 663 00:25:57,720 --> 00:25:59,240 THE EYE POSITION WHICH CREATES 664 00:25:59,240 --> 00:25:59,880 THE GAIN FIELDS. 665 00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:01,680 HERE'S A CELL WITH A GAIN FIELD, 666 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:03,840 DOESN'T LIKE LOOKING UP, LIKES 667 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:08,000 LOOKING UP, DOESN'T LIKE LOOKING 668 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,160 DOWN, WE POOL, SIGNAL COMES 669 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:12,480 BACK, MORE OR LESS NOT 670 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:13,480 STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT AND WHEN 671 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,080 WE WARN IT GOES AWAY, SO WE SAID 672 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:18,800 OKAY, GAIN FIELDS COME FROM 673 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,720 OCULAR MOTOR PROPRIMATES O 674 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:22,680 ACCEPTION AND AND THAT'S TRUE 675 00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:24,320 NOT ONLY TO THE NEURON THAT WE 676 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:26,400 SHOWED BUT WE HAVE A GAIN FIELD 677 00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:28,280 OF THE HIGHEST VERSUS THE LOWEST 678 00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:32,720 VISUAL RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF 679 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:36,840 YES, COOLING, AND THE AVERAGE IS 680 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:38,960 FROM A MULTIPLICATION OF 2.5, IT 681 00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:42,880 GOES DOWN TO CLOSE TO 1. 682 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:46,000 AND IS THE DIFFERENCE IS 683 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:46,480 SIGNIFICANT. 684 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:50,040 SO, AREA 3A PROVIDES THE GAIN 685 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,840 FIELDS SO NOW WE CAN GO BACK TO 686 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:54,320 THE DOUBLE STEPS SACCADE TASK 687 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:57,240 AND ASK IS THE MORVEGY ACCURATE 688 00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:01,960 OR INACCURATE AND DELIGHTFULLY, 689 00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:04,880 THE MONKEY IS MAKING PERFECTLY 690 00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:06,720 NORMAL DOUBLE STEP SACCADES WHEN 691 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:11,360 THE GAME FIELDS ARE ABSOLUTELY 692 00:27:11,360 --> 00:27:11,800 WRONG. 693 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:15,000 AND I WAS DELIGHTED WITH THIS 694 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,080 RESULT BECAUSE THE FIELDS AREN'T 695 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:19,400 IMPORTANT IN SPATTERRIAL 696 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:19,680 ACCURACY. 697 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:21,720 WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY DO, 698 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,840 MIGHT BE A FUNNY VESTAGE LIKE 699 00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:28,280 THE MALE NIPPLE, BUT THEY'RE NOT 700 00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:30,600 DOING THE DOUBLE STEPS OF 701 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:32,760 SACCADE TASK AND THE ARROW IS A 702 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,240 FUNCTION OF THE FIRST SACCADE, 703 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:36,280 NOT OF THE SECOND. 704 00:27:36,280 --> 00:27:38,520 NOW, IT TURNS OUT THAT THE 705 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:40,640 SACCADE SYSTEM HAS ACCESS TO A 706 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:42,360 CRANEIO TOPIC REPRESENTATION OF 707 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:46,520 SPATIAL MEMORY, AND THIS IS 708 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:48,800 DELIGHTFUL PSYCHOPHYSICAL 709 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:53,520 EXPERIMENT BY FIRST 710 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:54,280 [INDISCERNIBLE] BETTER BY 711 00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:57,440 [INDISCERNIBLE], I WILL SHOW YOU 712 00:27:57,440 --> 00:27:57,840 THEIR EXPERIMENT. 713 00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:01,320 SO, THEY ASK HUMAN SUBJECTS TO 714 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,400 MAKE SACCADES AROUND A SCREEN IN 715 00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:08,800 TOTAL DARKNESS AND OCCASIONALLY 716 00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:10,440 AT THEIR [INDISCERNIBLE], A RED 717 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:12,120 DOT WOULD APPEAR, THEY WOULD GO 718 00:28:12,120 --> 00:28:13,320 OUT, THE SUBJECT HAD TO REMEMBER 719 00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:16,320 THAT, THEY ARE ASKED TO CONTINUE 720 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:17,800 MAKING SACCADES IN TOTAL 721 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:19,520 DARKNESS UNTIL A GREEN DOT 722 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:21,720 APPEARS AND THEN THEY ARE ASKED 723 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:27,160 TO MAKE A MEMORY SACCADE BACK TO 724 00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:29,040 THAT ORIGINAL DOT AND FOR THE 725 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:37,240 FIRST 3 SACCADES, FOR THE FIRST 726 00:28:37,240 --> 00:28:40,240 3 SACCADES, THE ERROR INCREASES 727 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,320 LINEARLY WHICH IS WHAT YOU WOULD 728 00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:44,520 EXPECT IF EVERY TIME THE BRAIN 729 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,080 HAS TO MAP THE RECEPTIVE FIELDS 730 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:55,600 BUT AFTER 9 AND 10 SACCADES, 731 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:57,200 THERE'S AN ASSENT WHICH MEANS 732 00:28:57,200 --> 00:28:59,400 THAT THE BRAIN HAS SWITCHED FROM 733 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,600 REMAPPING TO A CRANEIO TOPIC 734 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:07,440 REPRESENTATION, SO WE WONDERED 735 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,040 IF GAIN FIELDS WERE IMPORTANT 736 00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:10,000 FOR THAT. 737 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,000 SO WE TOOK A MONKEY THIS, IS A 1 738 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,920 MONKEY EXPERIMENT SO FAR. 739 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,240 AS SYSTEM SCIENTISTS KNOW 1 740 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:21,440 MONKEY IS ANN ECTOMYOSIN 741 00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,080 DETOMORROW NATION, 2 MONKEYS ARE 742 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:23,520 ETERNAL TRUTH. 743 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:25,720 SO I WILL TELL YOU ANN 744 00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:26,320 ECTOMYOSIN DETOMORROW NATION. 745 00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:30,280 SO WE GIVE THE MONKEY A NUMBER 746 00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:35,440 OF DIFFERENT FIXATION POINTS AND 747 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,240 HE MAKES--TO MAKE SACCADES 748 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:44,280 ACROSS IN A LINE AND WE FLASH 749 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:47,520 BASICALLY 2 TARGETS AT DIFFERENT 750 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:47,720 TIMES. 751 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:48,920 ONE IS IN THE LEFT FIELD, THE 752 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,200 OTHER IS IN THE RIGHT FIELD, NOW 753 00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:54,840 PATHWAY GIVES RIETA PATIENTS 754 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:57,760 HAVE 2 LESIONS, THEY HAVE A 755 00:29:57,760 --> 00:29:59,080 VECTOR LESION, THEIR SACCADES 756 00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:00,360 FOR SLOWER, A LITTLE BIT SLOWER 757 00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:02,480 IN THE CONTRA LATERAL LOCATION 758 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:05,360 AND BUT THEY ALSO--AND THEY 759 00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,760 NEGLECT THINGS IN THE CONTRA 760 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:10,480 LATERAL LOCATION AND IN AN ALLO 761 00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:12,640 SEBT RICK FIELD THERE'S A 762 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:14,480 CLASSIC EXPERIENCE WHERE A 763 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:15,480 PARIETAL PATIENT IS ASKED TO 764 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:17,920 DRAW A CLOCK AND HE PUTS ALL THE 765 00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:20,240 NUMBERS ON THE CONTRA 766 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:21,760 LATERAL--ON THE IPSA LATERAL 767 00:30:21,760 --> 00:30:22,920 SIDE, ALL RIGHT, SO WE WANTED TO 768 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:24,320 KNOW IS THIS A FIELD EFFECT AND 769 00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:27,120 A RIGHT FIELD EFFECT AND I BET 770 00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:28,760 VECTOR BUT WE DID THE 771 00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,560 EXPERIMENT, SO WE'RE NOW GOING 772 00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:34,560 TO COOL AREA 3A AND WE WILL ASK 773 00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:37,800 THE MONKEY TO MAKE INTERVENING 774 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:40,120 SACCADE AND HE IS REALLY GOOD 775 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:41,480 AFTER INTERVENING SACCADES AND 776 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:43,240 HE'S GOOD AFTER 5 INTERVENING 777 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:45,240 SACCADES, COOL, THIS IS LEFT 778 00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:46,520 CRANEIO TOPIC FIELD ISSUES 779 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,480 THAT'S THE CONTRA LATERAL 780 00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:50,480 DIRECTION, 2 INTERVENING 781 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:54,560 SACADsS, HE HAS A LITTLE BIT 782 00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:55,520 OF TROUBLE, EVERYBODY HAS 783 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:56,600 TRIEWBL WITH THAT, IT'S MUCH 784 00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,840 WORSE, THE RED ARE THE 1S FOR 785 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:06,840 WHICH THE MONKEY WAS WELL 786 00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:07,840 OUTSIDE THE AREA AND IN FACT 787 00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:09,400 THEY WENT TO THE CONTRA LATERAL 788 00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:12,600 FIELD SO HE HAD NO IDEA WHERE 789 00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:18,040 THE TARGET WAS AFTER 5 5 790 00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:22,000 INTERVENING SACCADES. 791 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,040 BUT FOR LEFT, SAME THING. 792 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:26,120 SO THIS IS A FIELD EFFECT, NOT A 793 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:26,480 VECTOR EFFECT. 794 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:29,840 AND IN THE RIGHT FIELD, IN THE 795 00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:31,720 RIGHT VISUAL FIELD, THE CRANEIO 796 00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:36,360 TOPIC FIELD, RATHER HE'S PRETTY 797 00:31:36,360 --> 00:31:37,720 GOOD. 798 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,480 IN BOTH DIRECTIONS OF SACCADES. 799 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:43,240 SO THERE'S ANOTHER PROBLEM, 800 00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:44,200 MEMORY GUIDE SARKD ON SACCADES 801 00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,160 MAY NOT SERVE AS A VERY GOOD 802 00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:47,640 MODEL FOR LONG-TERM SPATIAL 803 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:47,880 MEMORY. 804 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:48,800 WHEREVER YOU ARE IN THE WORLD IF 805 00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,480 YOU SET UP AN INVOLUNTARY IMAGE 806 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:52,200 OF YOUR ENVIRONMENT, CAN YOU 807 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,760 POINT TO THE DOOR WITH YOUR EYES 808 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:56,240 CLOSED RIGHT NOW, DO THE 809 00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:59,080 EXPERIMENT IF YOU WANT. 810 00:31:59,080 --> 00:31:59,760 BILATERAL PARIETAL PATIENTS 811 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:02,200 DON'T DO THIS, THERE'S A NICE 812 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:03,920 PAPER PUBLISHED MANY YEARS AGO 813 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:10,000 BY DAVE AND MARTHA 814 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:10,720 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 815 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:14,640 DISP THE GOLD STANDARD, SO MICE 816 00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:18,200 FIND TO LEARN IN A SWIMMING POOL 817 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:19,920 USUALING VISUAL CUES IN THEIR 818 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:23,000 ENVIRONMENT AND PART OF JOHN 819 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,280 O'KEEFE'S NOBEL PRIZE WAS PRICE 820 00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:26,360 WITH HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS CAN'T 821 00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:28,000 DO THIS, THEY CAN'T SOLVE--THEY 822 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:33,200 NEVER FIND THE PLATFORM. 823 00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,680 AND WE ASK DOES THAT PROCESS 824 00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:39,320 SWIMMING TOWARDS A HIDDEN 825 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:41,680 PLATFORM REQUIRE MAKING A 826 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:44,760 TRANSITION FROM A RETINAL SPAT 827 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:47,600 YALE AREA, SO I WENT UP STAIRS, 828 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,240 KNOCKED ON RANDY BRUNO, THE 829 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:50,440 WORLD'S EXPERT IN THE MOUSE 830 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:52,320 SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY 831 00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:55,200 SYSTEM, NOW IN OXFORD AND SAID, 832 00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,160 HEY, RANDY IF YOU MAKE LESIONS 833 00:32:57,160 --> 00:33:00,680 IN THE MOUSE EQUIVALENT OF AREA 834 00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:02,880 3A COULD THEY SOLVE THE MARSH 835 00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:04,880 WATER MAZE FOR THOSE OF US WHO 836 00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:08,600 ARE UNFAMILIAR WITH MOUSE 837 00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:09,400 ANATOMY. 838 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,280 THIS IS ACTUALLY SQUIRREL BUT 839 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,160 ALL RODENTS ARE ALIKE IN THE 840 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:13,360 DARK. 841 00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:15,480 THIS IS S1, THE EQUIVALENT THE 842 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:20,640 AREA 3A IS CALLED THE 843 00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:21,800 DISGRANULAR ZONE OF THE FIRST 844 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:22,800 SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY 845 00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:26,120 CORTEX AND IT LIES BETWEEN THE 846 00:33:26,120 --> 00:33:28,120 REST OF S1 INCLUDING THE BARRELL 847 00:33:28,120 --> 00:33:31,680 FIELDS AND M1 BASICALLY IN THE 848 00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:33,840 PRIMATE AS WELL. 849 00:33:33,840 --> 00:33:37,040 A PART OF THIS, SO 850 00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:40,880 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN RANDY'S LAB 851 00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:46,840 MADE S1 LESIONS IN 12 MICE. 852 00:33:46,840 --> 00:33:48,480 THIS IS THE HISTOLOGY. 853 00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:50,800 THIS IS HERE, THIS IS THE 854 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:54,240 LESION, NOTICE, THAT THE 855 00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:55,880 HIPPOCAMPUS IS INTACT, THIS IS 856 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:57,640 CRITICAL BECAUSE IF WE DINGED 857 00:33:57,640 --> 00:33:58,960 THE HIPPOCAMPUS THAT COULD HAVE 858 00:33:58,960 --> 00:34:03,440 CAUSED THE CAMPUS AND THE MARSH 859 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:05,560 WATER MAZE IS THE MONKEY SWIMS 860 00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:07,160 AROUND EMPLOY THERE ARE VARIOUS 861 00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:09,080 SYMBOLS ON THE WALL AROUND THE 862 00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:12,400 SWIMMING POOL BUT HE CAN'T SEE, 863 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:13,080 THE PLATFORM, THE FIRST THING 864 00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:16,040 THAT HE HAS TO DO, HE HAS TO 865 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,480 LEARN THE TRICK SO HE PUT A FLAG 866 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:23,960 ON THE PLATFORM ASK IT TAKES THE 867 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,560 MONKEY, THE MOUSE 2 DAYS 2 868 00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:26,920 LEARN. 869 00:34:26,920 --> 00:34:29,360 NOW WE TAKE THE FLAG AWAY, MOVE 870 00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:34,800 THE PLATFORM AND IT TAKES AND IT 871 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:42,320 TAKES THE MICE A LONG TIME TO 872 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:43,080 FIND THE PLATFORM. 873 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:48,240 THIS IS ALL BEFORE SURGERY, THE 874 00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:50,200 SHAM MICE HAD MORE TROUBLE THAN 875 00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:52,480 THE LESION MICE, THE LESION MICE 876 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:54,880 OPENED THE DOOR, DID EVERYTHING 877 00:34:54,880 --> 00:34:58,440 BUT STUCK OUT THE S1 DC, SO 878 00:34:58,440 --> 00:34:59,840 AFTER DAYS WE MAKE THE LESION 879 00:34:59,840 --> 00:35:01,720 AND THE MICE HAVE A LITTLE 880 00:35:01,720 --> 00:35:04,280 TROUBLE, BOTH SETS OF MICE HAVE 881 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:06,840 TROUBLE THE FIRST DAY AFTER THE 882 00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:07,080 LESION. 883 00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:12,240 BUT THE SHAM MICE CONTINUE TO 884 00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:18,560 LEARN AND THE LESIONED MICE 885 00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:18,880 DON'T. 886 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:20,360 SO LEARNING STOPS BUT THEY DON'T 887 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:23,880 FORGET WHAT THEY ARE ALREADY 888 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:24,280 LEARNED. 889 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:27,440 SO NOW, WE MOVE THE PLATFORM AND 890 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,360 DO IT OVER AGAIN, THE SHAM MICE 891 00:35:30,360 --> 00:35:35,800 ARE CRUMMIER ON THE FIRST DAY 892 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,080 BUT THEY LEARN. 893 00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:41,520 AND THE LESION MICE DON'T LEARN. 894 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:46,440 SO MICE, IN ORDER TO SET UP A 895 00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:49,200 IMAGE OF REMEMBERED SPACE, 896 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,240 VISUAL SPACE, REQUIRE OCULAR 897 00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:53,480 MOTOR PROPRIMATESSER ACCEPTION 898 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:56,040 TO MAKE THE TRANSITION FROM A 899 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:57,800 RETINAL SIGNAL TO A SPATIAL 900 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:02,760 SIGNAL AND I THINK BUT DO NOT 901 00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:04,760 KNOW THAT THE REASON 902 00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:06,240 THEY'RE--OH, THE OTHER THING IS 903 00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:07,560 IMMEDIATELY AFTER WE HAVE THEM 904 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:10,200 DO THE FLAG EXPERIMENT, 905 00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:11,520 THEY--CAN YOU SWIM TO A FLAG AND 906 00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:12,760 THEY HAVE NO PROWBL. 907 00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:13,600 SAME TIME AS BEFORE. 908 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:15,480 SO THE REASON, I THINK IS THAT 909 00:36:15,480 --> 00:36:17,040 THEY'RE USING REMAPPING TO FIND 910 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:17,440 THE FLAG. 911 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:22,520 THEY DON'T HAVE TO WAIT FOR 150 912 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:24,560 MILLISECONDS OR 250 MILLISECONDS 913 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,880 FOR THE RETINA SPATIAL MEMORY, 914 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:38,440 THE VISUAL SPATIAL MEMORY TO BE 915 00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:45,600 PRESERVED. 916 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:47,800 THEY HAD NO VESTIBULAR PROBLEMS 917 00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:50,520 EVER, WE USED AN AIR RIDING TEST 918 00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:53,680 WHERE WE FLIP THE MOUSE OVER 919 00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:55,160 UPSIDE DOWN AND HE FLIPS OVER 920 00:36:55,160 --> 00:36:57,720 AND AT THE TIME THERE WAS NO 921 00:36:57,720 --> 00:36:59,320 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SHAM AND 922 00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:01,800 THE LESIONS, SO NO DIFFERENT ON 923 00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:03,200 MOTOR, NO DIFFERENT ON NORMAL, 924 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:05,560 SO THERE ARE 2 MECHANISMS FOR 925 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:07,680 WHICH THEY ACCURATELY REPRESENT 926 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:09,080 SPACE DESPITE A CONSTANTLY 927 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:10,960 MOVING EYE, A FAST SOMEWHAT 928 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:12,640 INACCURATE SYSTEM WHICH ARISES 929 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:14,360 FROM A COROLLARY DISCHARGE OF 930 00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,280 THE MOTOR COMMAND AND A SLOWER 931 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:19,840 MORE ACCURATE CRANEIO TOPIC 932 00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:23,920 SYSTEM WHICH USES MOTOR 933 00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:29,080 PRECEPTION IN AREA A TO MODULATE 934 00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:30,240 THE VISUAL RESPONSE. 935 00:37:30,240 --> 00:37:33,520 I HEARD FRED PLUM GIVE A TALK 1 936 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:35,600 TIME, WHEN WE SAY I, I MEAN WE, 937 00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:39,320 AND WHEN I SEE WE, I MEAN THAT, 938 00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:41,680 AS CAROL KNOWS I, MY POST DOC, 939 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:42,560 THAT'S VERY TRUE. 940 00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:44,600 SO CAROL AND [INDISCERNIBLE] 941 00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:46,520 DISCOVERED MAPPING AND 942 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:49,240 [INDISCERNIBLE] DISCOVER THE 943 00:37:49,240 --> 00:37:51,800 OCULAR MOTOR PRECEPTIVE SIGNAL 944 00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,440 IN 3A, AND [INDISCERNIBLE] DID 945 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:57,040 THE TIMING STUDY. 946 00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] SON WHO WAS A 947 00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:02,000 NEUROLOGIST WORKING IN MY LAB 948 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:03,840 DID THE COOLING EXPERIMENTS AND 949 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:05,080 STEVE [INDISCERNIBLE] CAME DOWN 950 00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:09,000 FROM CANADA TO IMPLANT THE PROBE 951 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:10,800 AND KD--SALLY WAWONG AND THE SON 952 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:15,000 SHOWED THAT COOLING AREA 3A 953 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:15,520 AFFECTS SPATIAL MEMORY. 954 00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:18,640 I DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THAT, DID I, 955 00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:21,400 BUT ALIVIA NOW STILL IN MY LAB, 956 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,960 AND RANDY'S LAB AND 957 00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:24,800 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND ERIC 958 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,240 CANDAL'S LAB, IT WAS ERIC'S 959 00:38:28,240 --> 00:38:30,280 WATER MAZE DISCOVERED THAT 960 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:31,680 PROPRIMATES O ACCEPTION IS 961 00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:35,080 NEEDED FOR MICE TO GENERATE A 962 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:35,800 COGNITIVE MAP. 963 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:37,440 THANK YOU. 964 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:47,640 [ APPLAUSE ] 965 00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:54,160 966 00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:54,400 MARLENE? 967 00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:55,720 >> THANKS FOR A GREAT TALK AS 968 00:38:55,720 --> 00:38:57,800 USUAL, YOU SPED THROUGH AN 969 00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:59,640 ENORMOUS NUMBER OF STUDIES AND 970 00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,400 PULLED THEM TOGETHER IN ELEGANT 971 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:02,560 WAY. 972 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:07,280 I WANTED TO ASK YOU A BIT 973 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:08,080 ABOUT-- 974 00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:09,600 >> COULD YOU HAVE TERRIBLE 975 00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:11,080 HEARING AND I HEAR BETTER WOUTR 976 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:11,280 A MASK. 977 00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:13,720 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW, I JUST 978 00:39:13,720 --> 00:39:15,640 STARTED BY SAYING HOW MUCH I 979 00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:16,920 ENJOYED YOUR TALK, I WANT TO ASK 980 00:39:16,920 --> 00:39:18,240 ABOUT THE SHAM VERSUS THE 981 00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:20,360 LESIONS IN THE MICE. 982 00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:21,800 YOU SHOWED US THE BLUE AND THE 983 00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:24,760 RED LINES AND HOW MUCH LEARNINGA 984 00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:27,280 THERE WAS POST SURGERY, AND THAT 985 00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:31,040 THE LESIONED MICE WERE UNABLE TO 986 00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:31,400 LEARN. 987 00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:33,720 I'M NOT SURE THAT I WOULD HAVE 988 00:39:33,720 --> 00:39:34,920 INTERPRETED THAT FIGURE, I MEAN 989 00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,480 THERE'S NO DOUBT THEY DIDN'T 990 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:40,680 LEARN AS FAST AS THE SHAM 991 00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:42,160 ANIMALS BUT THOSE LESIONED MICE 992 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:44,240 WERE STILL LEARNING, THERE'S 1 993 00:39:44,240 --> 00:39:45,520 SORT OF UNFORTUNATE BLIP IN THE 994 00:39:45,520 --> 00:39:47,040 GRAPH BUT OTHERWISE THE LINE HAS 995 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:51,320 GOT A PRETTY NICE DOWNWARD 996 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:52,480 SLOPE, JUST SLOW. 997 00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:54,160 >> BUT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE, 998 00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:54,960 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE ON THE 999 00:39:54,960 --> 00:40:00,960 LAST DAY OF THAT EXPERIMENT WITH 1000 00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:04,200 THE LAST DAY OF RESEARCH AND 1001 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:04,400 DATA. 1002 00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:09,920 SO, YEAH, IT COULD BE THAT IF 1003 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:13,040 YOU GIVE THE WORLD ENOUGH TIME, 1004 00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:17,760 THEY COULD DO IT BUT I'M NOT--I 1005 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:18,480 HOPE THEY COULDN'T. 1006 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:20,160 WELL, THE OTHER THING OF COURSE 1007 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:22,680 IS HUMAN PATIENTS WITH THOSE 1008 00:40:22,680 --> 00:40:24,480 PARIETAL LESIONS NEVER LEARN 1009 00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:27,200 WHERE THE DOOR IS. 1010 00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:28,960 THEY'RE OUR POSITIVE CONTROLS. 1011 00:40:28,960 --> 00:40:30,560 WE HAVEN'T WORKED ON THE MONKEY 1012 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:32,760 LONG ENOUGH TO KNOW IF HE GETS 1013 00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:39,080 BETTER, I THINK HE MAY. 1014 00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:47,840 BUT THAT'S WHY. 1015 00:40:47,840 --> 00:40:48,160 THANK YOU. 1016 00:40:48,160 --> 00:40:58,360 [ APPLAUSE ] 1017 00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:13,400 >> THANKS, MICKEY. 1018 00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:16,880 ALL RIGHT OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS 1019 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:17,840 BETSY MURRAY FROM--ACTUALLY 1020 00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:21,200 SHE'S THE CHIEF OF THE 1021 00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:22,280 LABORATORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. 1022 00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:24,280 YESTERDAY THERE WERE A LOT OF 1023 00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:28,600 PICTURES OF WHAT WE CALL LN, THE 1024 00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:29,840 LABORATORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 1025 00:41:29,840 --> 00:41:32,840 FROM THE DAYS THAT LESLIE WAS IN 1026 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:34,560 THE LAB WITH BOB, WITH BARRY 1027 00:41:34,560 --> 00:41:36,640 RICHMOND AND ALL OF THEM, THERE 1028 00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:38,680 WAS BETSY, I KEPT SAYING OH 1029 00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:42,080 THERE'S BETSY, THERE'S BETSY. 1030 00:41:42,080 --> 00:41:47,400 SO SHE OBVIOUSLY OVERLAPPED A 1031 00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:49,040 LOT WITH LESLIE SHE'S GOING TO 1032 00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:59,280 TALK TO US NOW. 1033 00:42:06,440 --> 00:42:10,480 >> THANK YOU ALEX, I WOULD LIKE 1034 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:12,360 TO SAY WHAT EVERYBODY ELSE SAID 1035 00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:14,000 BEFORE, THANKS SO MUCH TO THE 1036 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:15,200 ORGANIZERS AND THE ENTIRE TEAM 1037 00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:16,960 WHO PUT THIS TOGETHER HAS REALLY 1038 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:20,160 BEEN, I'M JUST SO PLEASED TO BE 1039 00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:21,960 HERE AMONG ALL THESE COLLEAGUES 1040 00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:24,040 AND FRIENDS OF LESLIE. 1041 00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:27,760 SO THANK YOU FOR MAKING IT 1042 00:42:27,760 --> 00:42:28,160 HAPPEN. 1043 00:42:28,160 --> 00:42:30,360 SO I COULD GIVE SOME ANECDOTES 1044 00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:31,480 ABOUT LESLIE BUT I THINK THE 1045 00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:33,720 BEST THING FOR ME TO DO TODAY IS 1046 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:36,280 GIVE A SCIENCE TALK, HOWEVER, I 1047 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:40,680 HAVE 1 PICTURE TO GET STARTED. 1048 00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:42,760 THIS IS A PICTURE AS ALEX WAS 1049 00:42:42,760 --> 00:42:45,360 SAYING NOT OF THE LABORATORY OF 1050 00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,880 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY BUT FROM THE 1051 00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:48,640 80S, I BELIEVE. 1052 00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:51,320 WE HAVE BOB, LESLIE, ME, AND 1053 00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:54,280 STEVE WISE, SO AT THE TIME I'M 1054 00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:59,240 PRETTY SURE THIS WAS TAKEN AT 1055 00:42:59,240 --> 00:43:01,360 MORT MICHIGAN'S HOUSE WHERE 1056 00:43:01,360 --> 00:43:02,880 BARBARA AND MORT WERE KIND 1057 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:11,040 ENOUGH TO HOST THE OCCASIONAL 1058 00:43:11,040 --> 00:43:12,920 SORT OF EVENING WITH LABORATORY 1059 00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:13,840 PSYCHOLOGY FOLKS INCLUDING 1060 00:43:13,840 --> 00:43:16,560 TRAINEES AND JUST FRIENDS AND 1061 00:43:16,560 --> 00:43:16,800 FRIENDS. 1062 00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,920 SO THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN A TIME 1063 00:43:19,920 --> 00:43:22,960 WHEN BOB, LESLIE AND I WERE ALL 1064 00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:24,480 IN THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND STEVE 1065 00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:29,120 WAS IN THE LABORATORY OF 1066 00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:31,320 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AT EVERETT. 1067 00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:35,760 SO, WITH THAT IN MIND, I'M 1068 00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:40,280 PICKING UP WHERE MARCEL LEFT OFF 1069 00:43:40,280 --> 00:43:42,080 YESTERDAY, SO TAKING A NOTE FROM 1070 00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:43,120 MARCEL, I'M TALKING ABOUT THE 1071 00:43:43,120 --> 00:43:47,520 END OF THE PATHWAY, AND I WILL 1072 00:43:47,520 --> 00:43:49,080 TALK ABOUT PREFRONTAL AMYGDALA 1073 00:43:49,080 --> 00:43:51,520 INTERACTIONS IN SOCIAL COGNITION 1074 00:43:51,520 --> 00:43:52,560 AND DECISION MAKING. 1075 00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:53,720 HUMANS AND MONKEYS MAKE 1076 00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:54,680 DECISIONS ABOUT WHAT TO VALUE 1077 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:58,040 AND WHO TO VALUE, WHO TO TRUST, 1078 00:43:58,040 --> 00:44:00,120 WHO TO COOPERATE WITH, WHO TO 1079 00:44:00,120 --> 00:44:01,160 COMPETE WITH, WHO TO HANG OUT 1080 00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:03,080 WITH AND SO ON DISP DECISIONS 1081 00:44:03,080 --> 00:44:07,360 ABOUT WHAT TO VALUE USUALLY 1082 00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:08,480 TYPICALLY INVOLVE NUTRIENTS AND 1083 00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:14,480 INCLUDING FOODS AND FLUIDS AND 1084 00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:15,760 OTHER RESOURCES THAT ARE 1085 00:44:15,760 --> 00:44:17,080 IMPORTANT TO ANIMALS AND 1086 00:44:17,080 --> 00:44:18,160 IMPORTANTLY LEARNING ABOUT WHAT 1087 00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:20,200 TO VALUE INVOLVES LEARNING THE 1088 00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:25,080 CUES AND SIGNS THAT PREDICT 1089 00:44:25,080 --> 00:44:25,560 THOSE RESOURCES. 1090 00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:28,320 SO I'M STARTING WITH THE 1091 00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:30,400 AMYGDALA BECAUSE THAT IS BOTH 1092 00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:31,600 HISTORICALLY A FACT OF WHERE I 1093 00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:32,640 STARTED IN THIS SYSTEM BECAUSE 1094 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,520 OF OUR INTEREST IN THE AMYGDALA 1095 00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:39,920 AND THE FACT THAT M ORT AND I 1096 00:44:39,920 --> 00:44:41,880 HAD DISCOVERED FINALLY THAT IT 1097 00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:43,160 WASN'T CONTRIBUTING TO VISUAL 1098 00:44:43,160 --> 00:44:43,800 RECOGNITION. 1099 00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,200 SO I THOUGHT, OKAY, WE'VE GOT TO 1100 00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:46,480 KNOW MORE. 1101 00:44:46,480 --> 00:44:50,880 SO, WE KNOW NOW, AMYGDALA DAMAGE 1102 00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:51,720 DISCORRUPTS SOCIAL AND 1103 00:44:51,720 --> 00:44:54,520 EVALUATION, I WILL CALL IT AND 1104 00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:56,600 VALUE BASED DECISION MAKING OF 1105 00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:57,880 USING VALENTINEDUATION AS A 1106 00:44:57,880 --> 00:45:08,560 SHORT HAND FOR AND FOR REPRESENF 1107 00:45:22,040 --> 00:45:22,680 VALUE. 1108 00:45:22,680 --> 00:45:27,840 --SUBJECT OR PATIENT SM WITH 1109 00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:28,720 [INDISCERNIBLE] DISEASE. 1110 00:45:28,720 --> 00:45:30,600 WE KNOW THERE'S DECREASED GAZE 1111 00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:33,560 TO THE EYE REGION OF THE PHASE 1112 00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:34,840 IN PREVIEWING PARADIGMS, AGAIN, 1113 00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:36,600 IT'S TRUE IN BOTH HUMANS AND 1114 00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:38,960 MONKEYS AND ON THE DECISION 1115 00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:40,680 MAKING SIDE, THERE'S A SLOW 1116 00:45:40,680 --> 00:45:44,120 LEARNING OF SIMULOUS REWARD 1117 00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:45,960 ASSOCIATIONS BUT THIS ESPECIALLY 1118 00:45:45,960 --> 00:45:48,240 COMES OUT IN REINFORCEMENT 1119 00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:49,720 LEARNING KINDS OF TASKS WHERE 1120 00:45:49,720 --> 00:45:51,760 MONKEYS WITH THE LESIONS FOR 1121 00:45:51,760 --> 00:45:53,840 EXAMPLE, SHOW BOTH A SLOWED 1122 00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:57,720 LEARNING RATE IN PROBABLISTIC, 1123 00:45:57,720 --> 00:45:58,560 MAINLY PROBABLISTIC LEARNING AS 1124 00:45:58,560 --> 00:46:01,320 WELL AS A REDUCED CONSISTENCY OF 1125 00:46:01,320 --> 00:46:01,680 CHOICES. 1126 00:46:01,680 --> 00:46:05,080 SO THIS IS OUR SUBJECT INIA MA 1127 00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:06,680 KAK MONKEY AND THIS PHOTO 1128 00:46:06,680 --> 00:46:07,760 RESONATES WITH THE TOPIC OF MY 1129 00:46:07,760 --> 00:46:10,000 TALK WHICH IS HOW DO WE IDENTIFY 1130 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:16,080 AND SELECT TARGETS OR GOALS FOR 1131 00:46:16,080 --> 00:46:16,440 ACTION? 1132 00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:18,760 , I'LL JUST SAY THAT THE 1133 00:46:18,760 --> 00:46:21,640 AMYGDALA AS WE KNOW ESPECIALLY 1134 00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:23,440 THE BASAL LATERAL AMYGDALA SHOWN 1135 00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:25,080 HERE IN THE ACCESSORY BASAL 1136 00:46:25,080 --> 00:46:28,280 NUCLEI RECEIVES A LOT OF SENSZRY 1137 00:46:28,280 --> 00:46:29,720 INPUT, MOR T WAS 1 OF THE PEOPLE 1138 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:33,400 WHO WORKED ON THAT SYSTEM AS 1139 00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:34,480 WELL AS MARCEL, DAVID FREED MAN 1140 00:46:34,480 --> 00:46:43,920 AND I ALSO WORKED IN THE SYSTEM 1141 00:46:43,920 --> 00:46:45,640 THE PROJOAKSS ARE MODEL CITIZEN 1142 00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:46,920 MANY LOCATIONS BUT 1 OF THE MAIN 1143 00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,280 1 IS THE FRONTAL CORTEX, THE 1144 00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:52,320 VENTRAL LATERAL FRONTAL CORTEX 1145 00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:58,120 AND THE ENTIRE BASAL LATERAL 1146 00:46:58,120 --> 00:47:00,320 REGION PROJECTS INTO THE CENTRAL 1147 00:47:00,320 --> 00:47:01,680 NUCLEUS WHICH SOME PEOPLE OFTEN 1148 00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:03,360 DESCRIBE AS THE OUTPUT OF THE 1149 00:47:03,360 --> 00:47:05,280 AMYGDALA BUT THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS 1150 00:47:05,280 --> 00:47:08,800 OF COURSE PROJECTS TO MOST OF 1151 00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:10,600 THE SUBCORTICALE REGIONS LISTED, 1152 00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:14,160 MANY OF THOSE LISTED HERE, 1153 00:47:14,160 --> 00:47:16,600 LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, BASAL 1154 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:17,280 FOREBRAIN, PERIOCTETTAL DUCTAL 1155 00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:26,880 GRAY AND SO ON. 1156 00:47:26,880 --> 00:47:29,080 YEAH, I CAN SPEAK LOUDER, THANK 1157 00:47:29,080 --> 00:47:29,240 YOU. 1158 00:47:29,240 --> 00:47:31,840 SO MANY YEARS AGO WE STARTED 1159 00:47:31,840 --> 00:47:33,880 USING A TASK CALL THE 1160 00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:39,960 DEVALUATION TASK, WE TOOK THIS 1161 00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:42,360 CUE FROM RODENT WORK IT REQUIRES 1162 00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:43,920 MONKEYS TO LINK TO THE OBJECTS 1163 00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:45,760 AND LINK FOOD WITH VALUE AND 1164 00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:48,040 WE'VE USED THIS BEFORE JUST WERE 1165 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,560 ASKING THEM IF THEY LINK AN 1166 00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:51,960 OBJECT WITH ANY OLD PIECE OF 1167 00:47:51,960 --> 00:47:53,400 FOOD, HERE THIS IS ASKING A 1168 00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:56,240 MONKEYS A DIFFERENT QUESTION, 1169 00:47:56,240 --> 00:47:57,920 ASKING THEM TO DISCRIMINATE 1170 00:47:57,920 --> 00:47:59,640 AMONG VALUE ITEMS AND WE KNOW 1171 00:47:59,640 --> 00:48:10,120 THE MONKEYS ARE DEALING WITH 1172 00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:13,320 FOOD VALUE BECAUSE WE TRAIN THEM 1173 00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:15,280 ABOUT FOOD REWARDS, ITEMS, 1174 00:48:15,280 --> 00:48:17,200 LABELED A AND B, LINKED 1175 00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,920 PARTICULARLY FOR THE REWARDS SAY 1176 00:48:20,920 --> 00:48:23,280 PEANUTS OR M& Ms AND WE 1177 00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:24,920 MANIPULATE THE VALUE OF THOSE 1178 00:48:24,920 --> 00:48:29,640 FOODS USING A SELECTIVE 1179 00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:30,720 ASSOCIATION PARADIGM. 1180 00:48:30,720 --> 00:48:32,840 SO THIS TASK RUNS INTO PHASES, 1181 00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:35,120 THE TRAINING PHASE AND THE TRUST 1182 00:48:35,120 --> 00:48:37,000 FACE, IN THE TRAINING PHASE 1183 00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:38,200 MONKEYS LEARN ABOUT A LARGE 1184 00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:39,720 NUMBER OF OBJECTS AND ASSOCIATED 1185 00:48:39,720 --> 00:48:42,760 FOOD REWARDS SO SOME OBJECTS ARE 1186 00:48:42,760 --> 00:48:43,880 REWARDED WITH PEANUTS OTHERS 1187 00:48:43,880 --> 00:48:45,520 WITH M& Ms AND THE VEHICLE FOR 1188 00:48:45,520 --> 00:48:46,560 THIS IS DISCRIMINATION LEARNING 1189 00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:48,080 SO HERE THE MONKEYS ARE LEARNING 1190 00:48:48,080 --> 00:48:49,600 TO APPROACH THE OBJECTS AND 1191 00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:51,080 DISPLACE THEM TO OBTAIN SOME 1192 00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:53,120 FOODS OR THE OTHER FOOD, OTHER 1193 00:48:53,120 --> 00:48:58,520 ITEMS ARE REWARDED WITH NOTHING. 1194 00:48:58,520 --> 00:48:59,960 THERE'S NOTHING THERE, SO AFTER 1195 00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:00,800 MONKEYS HAVE LEARNED ABOUT 1196 00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:02,120 OBJECTS AND THESE FOOD REWARDS 1197 00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:03,640 WE BRING THEM TO A SERIES OF 1198 00:49:03,640 --> 00:49:10,280 PROBE TESTS AND IN THESE PROBE 1199 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:12,560 TESTS AND FOR THE FIRST TIME THE 1200 00:49:12,560 --> 00:49:14,280 MONKEYS ARE ASKED TO CHOOSE 1201 00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:15,600 BETWEEN 2 REWARDED OBJECTS AND 1202 00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:17,240 NOW WE SIMPLY RECORD IN NEEZ 1203 00:49:17,240 --> 00:49:19,680 BASE LINE SESSIONS, THE MONKEY'S 1204 00:49:19,680 --> 00:49:21,960 CHOICES BETWEEN A PEANUT OBJECT 1205 00:49:21,960 --> 00:49:24,760 AND A FRUIT SNACK OBJECT OR A 1206 00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,520 PEANUT OBJECT AND AN M& M OBJECT 1207 00:49:27,520 --> 00:49:28,520 FOR EXAMPLE. 1208 00:49:28,520 --> 00:49:29,840 WE RECORD THE CHOICES. 1209 00:49:29,840 --> 00:49:32,480 THERE'S NO WRONG ANSWER, BOTH 1210 00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:34,040 OBJECTS ARE REWARDED WITH ITEMS 1211 00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:35,440 THAT APPEARED IN TRAINING. 1212 00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:39,200 ON A SEPARATE DAY WE PREFEED THE 1213 00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:44,480 MONKEY 1 OF THE 2 FOODS LIKE 1214 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:46,040 PEANUTS, OR SELECTION PROCEDURE 1215 00:49:46,040 --> 00:49:46,960 INTENDED TO DEVALUE THAT FOOD 1216 00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:49,320 AND THEN WE BRING THEM TO THE 1217 00:49:49,320 --> 00:49:51,240 TEST OPERATEUS AND ALLOW THEM TO 1218 00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:54,000 CHOOSE 2 CLASSES OF OBJECTS AND 1219 00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,760 YET ANOTHER DAY, WE PREFEED THE 1220 00:49:57,760 --> 00:49:59,640 MONKEY WITH FOOD, SAY M& Ms 1221 00:49:59,640 --> 00:50:08,360 AND THE TEST APPARATUS AND WE 1222 00:50:08,360 --> 00:50:09,520 CAN--WELL NORMAL MONKEYS DO A 1223 00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:11,200 CLEVER THING, IF YOU BRING THEM 1224 00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:12,680 PEANUTS, THEY WILL SHIFT THEIR 1225 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:14,320 CHOICES AWAY FROM THE PEANUT 1226 00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:15,880 TOWARD THE REMAINING ITEM AND 1227 00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:20,440 THAT'S A SHIFT WE CAN QUANTIFY 1228 00:50:20,440 --> 00:50:26,720 AND WE SIMPLY QUANTIFY IT AWAY 1229 00:50:26,720 --> 00:50:27,480 FROM BASE LINE. 1230 00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:33,760 AND WE QUANTIFY THE DIFFERENCE 1231 00:50:33,760 --> 00:50:35,360 OF WHAT HAPPENS WITH SAN 1232 00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:36,640 FRANCISCO TIARASETY VERSUS BASE 1233 00:50:36,640 --> 00:50:37,080 LINE. 1234 00:50:37,080 --> 00:50:38,000 WE DID THIS WHEN [INDISCERNIBLE] 1235 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,240 WAS IN THE LAB, THE VALUATION 1236 00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:43,240 SCORE WAS ON THE Y-AXIS AND THIS 1237 00:50:43,240 --> 00:50:47,840 IS 20 OUT OF 30 SO MAYBE 60% 1238 00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:49,120 SHIFT IN CHOICES, THE HIGHER THE 1239 00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:50,680 BAR HERE AND THE CONTROLS, THE 1240 00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:52,320 BETTER THE JOB THEY'RE DOING 1241 00:50:52,320 --> 00:50:54,840 SHIFTING AWAY FROM THE CHOICE OF 1242 00:50:54,840 --> 00:50:57,520 OBJECTS OVER THE DEVALUED FOOD, 1243 00:50:57,520 --> 00:51:03,600 THEY'RE MAKING ADAPTIVE CHOICES. 1244 00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:05,000 OUR MONKEYS WITH THESE LESIONS 1245 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:06,800 ARE SHOWING LESS OF THIS AND 1246 00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:08,040 SIGNIFICANTLY SO. 1247 00:51:08,040 --> 00:51:09,800 SO MONKEYS WITH AMYGDALA REGIONS 1248 00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:11,200 ARE HAVING TROUBLE LINKING 1249 00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:12,320 INFORMATION WITH THE CURRENT 1250 00:51:12,320 --> 00:51:14,440 VALUE OF THE FOOD, TRUST ME 1251 00:51:14,440 --> 00:51:15,720 WE'VE DONE MANY CONTROL 1252 00:51:15,720 --> 00:51:18,480 EXPERIMENTS, WE CAN RULE OUT 1253 00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:20,360 ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF 1254 00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:23,240 THE DATA, MONKEYS HAVE GOOD 1255 00:51:23,240 --> 00:51:24,720 DISCRIMINATION ABILITIES, FOOD 1256 00:51:24,720 --> 00:51:31,320 PREFERENCES DON'T CHANGE NCH 1257 00:51:31,320 --> 00:51:34,920 SATIETY MECHANISMS ARE INTACT, 1258 00:51:34,920 --> 00:51:37,960 AND IF YOU GIVE THEM CHOIZS 1259 00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:40,880 BETWEEN SATED AND NONSATED FOOD, 1260 00:51:40,880 --> 00:51:42,480 THEY CHOOSE THE NONSATED FOOD 1261 00:51:42,480 --> 00:51:45,800 ALMOST EVERY TIME SO THIS 1262 00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:48,000 IMPAIRMENT THAT'S SHOW HERE AS I 1263 00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:50,600 SAID TO LINKING OBJECTS WITH THE 1264 00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:52,440 CURRENT VALUE OF THE FOOD, OF 1265 00:51:52,440 --> 00:51:54,520 COURSE THE AMYGDALA DOES NOT DO 1266 00:51:54,520 --> 00:51:58,960 THIS IN ISOLATION SO OVER THE 1267 00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:00,280 YEARS WE'VE MIND THIS TASK A BIT 1268 00:52:00,280 --> 00:52:02,120 AND WE FOUND THROUGH 1269 00:52:02,120 --> 00:52:04,160 DISCONNECTION EXPERIMENTS THAT 1270 00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:05,000 IS THROUGH SURGICAL 1271 00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:06,080 DISCONNECTION EXPERIMENTS IN 1272 00:52:06,080 --> 00:52:08,520 MONKEYS THAT THE AMYGDALA NEEDS 1273 00:52:08,520 --> 00:52:10,440 TO FUNCTIONALLY INTERACT WITH 1274 00:52:10,440 --> 00:52:12,040 BOTH THE ORBITAL FRONTAL CORTEX 1275 00:52:12,040 --> 00:52:19,280 AND THE MEDIAL MD THALAMUS IN 1276 00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:20,320 PERFORMING THIS FUNCTION AND 1277 00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:22,760 WHAT WE KNOW FROM THESE MONKEYS 1278 00:52:22,760 --> 00:52:24,400 IS THAT WE MAKE THESE CHOIZS 1279 00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:27,200 BASED ON THE VALUE OF THE GOAL 1280 00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:28,840 AND THE AMYGDALA AND FRONTAL 1281 00:52:28,840 --> 00:52:31,880 CORTEX NEED TO INTERACT IN THIS 1282 00:52:31,880 --> 00:52:35,080 PROCESS TO CODE AND UPDATE THE 1283 00:52:35,080 --> 00:52:39,120 VALUE OF THESE EXPECTED 1284 00:52:39,120 --> 00:52:39,600 OUTCOMES. 1285 00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:41,880 THERE'S ALSO BEEN EVALUATION 1286 00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:43,760 TEST IN HUMANS, I WILL MENTION 1287 00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:45,480 THAT QUICKLY, 1 CARRIED OUT IN 1288 00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:47,160 [INDISCERNIBLE] LAB BY JUSTIN 1289 00:52:47,160 --> 00:52:48,040 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 1290 00:52:48,040 --> 00:52:49,120 ANOTHER CARRIED OUT MORE 1291 00:52:49,120 --> 00:52:50,240 RECENTLY WITH A DIFFERENT 1292 00:52:50,240 --> 00:52:57,080 PARADIGM, I WILL GO AHEAD AND 1293 00:52:57,080 --> 00:52:58,960 MENTION THE JUSTIN 1294 00:52:58,960 --> 00:52:59,960 [INDISCERNIBLE] FINDING FOR A 1295 00:52:59,960 --> 00:53:03,080 MOMENT AND IN THAT INSTANCE THE 1296 00:53:03,080 --> 00:53:04,400 MONKEYS WERE TREATED VERY 1297 00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,120 SIMILAR TO HUMAN, THEY WERE 1298 00:53:07,120 --> 00:53:09,760 INTRODUCED TO FOODS AND THEY 1299 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:11,520 USED SATED IN A DIFFERENT WAY 1300 00:53:11,520 --> 00:53:14,280 AND THEY GAVE RATINGS OF THE 1301 00:53:14,280 --> 00:53:16,360 VALUE OF FOODS AND THIS IS 1302 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,920 DAMAGE FROM THE PREFRONTAL 1303 00:53:18,920 --> 00:53:20,520 CORTEX WHICH INCLUDES LARGE 1304 00:53:20,520 --> 00:53:22,680 SWATHS OF ORBITAL AND MEDIAL 1305 00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:24,000 CORTEX, THE PATIENTS REPORTED A 1306 00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:27,680 MARKED DECREASE IN SUBJECTIVE 1307 00:53:27,680 --> 00:53:29,120 PLEASANTNESS RATINGS FOR THE 1308 00:53:29,120 --> 00:53:30,760 FOOD, SO JUST LIKE OUR MONKEYS 1309 00:53:30,760 --> 00:53:32,760 THEY DON'T WANT THE FOOD AND 1310 00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:34,640 THEN FINALLY MAISHTS WITH DAMAGE 1311 00:53:34,640 --> 00:53:36,600 TO THIS ORBITAL AND MEDIAL 1312 00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:38,480 SECTORS OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX 1313 00:53:38,480 --> 00:53:39,960 FAILED TO REDUCE THE CHOICES 1314 00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:41,280 THAT YIELD THE FOOD ITEM THAT 1315 00:53:41,280 --> 00:53:43,760 THEY NO LONGER DEEMED VALUABLE 1316 00:53:43,760 --> 00:53:47,600 BY SELF-REPORT, SO, THIS IS THIS 1317 00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:49,040 CLASSIC SORT OF DISCONNECTION OF 1318 00:53:49,040 --> 00:53:51,160 KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION THAT I 1319 00:53:51,160 --> 00:53:53,680 THINK IS REALLY MIRRORING THE 1320 00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:59,600 SAME MECHANISMS THAT WE'RE 1321 00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:00,800 SEEING IN MONKEYS. 1322 00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:02,920 SO WE WANTED TO GET AT THIS 1323 00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:04,360 MECHANISM IS THE RISK OF 1324 00:54:04,360 --> 00:54:07,120 INFECTION FOR PETE ON THE UPPER 1325 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:09,320 RIGHT, DEVELOPED A TASK FOR 1326 00:54:09,320 --> 00:54:11,800 MONKEYS SO THERE'S A VALUE-BASED 1327 00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:14,240 DECISION MAKING TASK, SO MONKEYS 1328 00:54:14,240 --> 00:54:19,560 SEE 2 STIMULI ON THE SCREEN, 1329 00:54:19,560 --> 00:54:20,920 HE'S ACTUALLY FIXATING IN THE 1330 00:54:20,920 --> 00:54:23,680 CENTER, WHEN THE FIXATION LIGHT 1331 00:54:23,680 --> 00:54:24,600 BRIGHTENS HE'S ALLOWED TO 1332 00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,160 CHOOSE, MAKE A MANUEL CHOICE BY 1333 00:54:27,160 --> 00:54:28,920 PRESSING A BUTTON ON THE LEFT OR 1334 00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:30,600 WRITE, THE MONKEYS LEARN ABOUT A 1335 00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:36,360 SMALL NUMBER OF STIMULI THAT 1336 00:54:36,360 --> 00:54:37,200 PROVIDED WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNTS 1337 00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:39,240 OF JUICE SO I CALL A VALUE HERE 1338 00:54:39,240 --> 00:54:43,840 BUT THESE WERE ASSIGNED TO 1339 00:54:43,840 --> 00:54:44,680 PROVIDE 0-8 DROPS OF JUICE AND 1340 00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:48,280 OF COURSE THE PLAN WAS TO RECORD 1341 00:54:48,280 --> 00:54:52,720 FROM ORBITAL FRONTAL CORTEX WITH 1342 00:54:52,720 --> 00:54:57,360 BEFORE AND AFTER LESIONS OF TD 1343 00:54:57,360 --> 00:55:03,240 AMYGDALA FROM THE CORTEX AND WE 1344 00:55:03,240 --> 00:55:06,520 HAVE 2 SETS OF DATA AND SO THE 1345 00:55:06,520 --> 00:55:09,680 VALUE SIGNALS AND SO ON, THIS IS 1346 00:55:09,680 --> 00:55:12,040 A CLASSIC FINDING AND ORBITAL 1347 00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:12,960 CONTEXT NEURONS, THIS IS 1348 00:55:12,960 --> 00:55:14,160 ACTIVITY OVER THE FIRST HALF OF 1349 00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:15,680 A TRIAL, WHEN THERE'S 1 STIMUE 1350 00:55:15,680 --> 00:55:17,200 LIAISONS ON THE SCREEN THAT'S 1351 00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:19,760 SHOWN ON THE RIGHT HERE SO THIS 1352 00:55:19,760 --> 00:55:21,120 NEURAL ACTIVITY IS HAPPENING 1353 00:55:21,120 --> 00:55:23,120 ALTHOUGH MONKEY IS LOOKING AT, 1354 00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:26,720 OR AT LEAST FIXATING ON IT AND 1355 00:55:26,720 --> 00:55:28,200 THE STIMULUS WAS IN THE VISUAL 1356 00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:29,400 FIELD, 1 STIMULUS AND YOU CAN 1357 00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:31,320 SEE IT'S SORTED BY THE VALUE OF 1358 00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:32,840 THE STIMULI HERE AND IN THIS 1359 00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:34,920 PARTICULAR CASE, THE NEURONS 1360 00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:37,240 FIRE AT LEAST TO THE STIMULI 1361 00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,080 THAT PREDICT THE LOWEST FLUID 1362 00:55:40,080 --> 00:55:41,200 REWARD, THE YELLOW AND ORANGE 1363 00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:45,840 AND THE NEURONS FIRING MOST TO 1364 00:55:45,840 --> 00:55:46,880 THE HIGHER, STIMULATE AND 1365 00:55:46,880 --> 00:55:48,640 PREDICT THE HIGHER VALUE AWARD 1366 00:55:48,640 --> 00:55:49,960 AND AS I SAID MANY PEOPLE HAVE 1367 00:55:49,960 --> 00:55:54,920 FOUND THAT BEFORE AND WE WERE 1368 00:55:54,920 --> 00:55:55,920 COMFORTED TO FIND THAT AND THIS 1369 00:55:55,920 --> 00:55:57,840 IS HAPPENING IN A LOT OF 1370 00:55:57,840 --> 00:55:59,400 NEURONS, FOR EXAMPLE, NEURONS IF 1371 00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:09,920 YOU TAKE INTO--THE PERCENT OF 1372 00:56:15,880 --> 00:56:20,080 NEURONS THAT ENCODED VALUE WAS 1373 00:56:20,080 --> 00:56:21,720 REDUCED AFTER AMYGDALA LESIONS 1374 00:56:21,720 --> 00:56:24,280 SO THESE ARE STILL THE SAME 1375 00:56:24,280 --> 00:56:26,160 MONKEYS, THE SAME VISUAL STIMULI 1376 00:56:26,160 --> 00:56:27,480 THAT WE LEARN PREOPERATIVELY, 1377 00:56:27,480 --> 00:56:29,560 AND THE I THINK THE MONKEYS 1378 00:56:29,560 --> 00:56:31,760 STILL PERFORM THE TASK AT A HIGH 1379 00:56:31,760 --> 00:56:33,040 LEVEL, ALMOST A HUNDRED PERCENT 1380 00:56:33,040 --> 00:56:38,920 BECAUSE THESE WERE FAMILIAR AND 1381 00:56:38,920 --> 00:56:40,480 THAT WAS BY DESIGN IF THE 1382 00:56:40,480 --> 00:56:41,760 MONKEYS HAD BEEN STRUGGLING WITH 1383 00:56:41,760 --> 00:56:43,400 THE TASK OR IMPAIRED WITH THE 1384 00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:44,800 TASK THEY WOULD INTERPRET THEIR 1385 00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:47,000 OWN SIGNALS SO HERE THE MAIN 1386 00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:48,520 FINDING IS, ALTHOUGH BEFORE 1387 00:56:48,520 --> 00:56:50,960 SURGERY, AT ANY GIVEN TIME, 1388 00:56:50,960 --> 00:56:53,240 ACROSS A TRIAL, THERE WERE 1389 00:56:53,240 --> 00:56:55,600 HEALTHY 10-15% OF NEURONS 1390 00:56:55,600 --> 00:56:57,280 ENCODING VALUE AFTER AMYGDALA 1391 00:56:57,280 --> 00:56:59,480 LOSS OF THE AMYGDALA INPULTS, 1392 00:56:59,480 --> 00:57:01,160 THIS--THERE WAS A REDUCTION IN 1393 00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:05,920 THAT, A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION, 1394 00:57:05,920 --> 00:57:06,880 IMPORTANTLY, THESE DATA ARE 1395 00:57:06,880 --> 00:57:10,960 ALIGNED IN THE TIME OF REWARD 1396 00:57:10,960 --> 00:57:13,440 DELIVERY, SO AGAIN, THIS LOSS OF 1397 00:57:13,440 --> 00:57:16,840 AMYGDALA INPUT SYSTEM AFFECTING 1398 00:57:16,840 --> 00:57:18,360 BOTH THE ANTICIPATED REWARD 1399 00:57:18,360 --> 00:57:20,800 VALUE WHEN THE MONKEY'S JUST 1400 00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,920 LOOKING AT THE STIMULUS OUT HERE 1401 00:57:23,920 --> 00:57:25,560 AND THE RECEIVED REWARD VALUE 1402 00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:32,960 WHEN THE MONKEY RECEIVES THE 1403 00:57:32,960 --> 00:57:33,200 REWARD. 1404 00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:35,640 THE I SHOULD SAY IT WAS ALSO 1405 00:57:35,640 --> 00:57:37,480 JUST A ROBUSTNESS ON THE CODING 1406 00:57:37,480 --> 00:57:38,720 OF THE NEURONS. 1407 00:57:38,720 --> 00:57:39,680 THERE'S MORE TO DO ON THAT FRONT 1408 00:57:39,680 --> 00:57:41,400 AND I WOULD LOVE TO DO MORE 1409 00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:42,760 EXPERIMENTS TO GET A BETTER 1410 00:57:42,760 --> 00:57:45,160 HANDLE ON WHAT'S HAPPENING 1411 00:57:45,160 --> 00:57:48,640 DURING THAT ITS SO I THINK IT'S 1412 00:57:48,640 --> 00:57:49,720 A INTERESTING STORY CROSS 1413 00:57:49,720 --> 00:57:51,000 LINKINGEE A MECHANISM WE 1414 00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:52,760 INHERITED FROM OR VERTEBRATE 1415 00:57:52,760 --> 00:57:53,960 ANCESTORS BECAUSE THE ARK MIG 1416 00:57:53,960 --> 00:57:55,360 DUALA ROSE IN THE FIRST 1417 00:57:55,360 --> 00:57:57,160 VERTEBRATES AND THAT'S HELPING 1418 00:57:57,160 --> 00:57:59,440 US USE VISUAL CUES AND SIGNS TO 1419 00:57:59,440 --> 00:58:04,360 IDENTIFY AND FORAGE FOR 1420 00:58:04,360 --> 00:58:05,480 RESOURCES. 1421 00:58:05,480 --> 00:58:07,800 LIKE THIS MACAQUE, WHICH IS ALSO 1422 00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:09,320 TRUE FOR US IF YOU'RE PASSING BY 1423 00:58:09,320 --> 00:58:11,440 THE SUPER MARKET OR THE GOLDEN 1424 00:58:11,440 --> 00:58:15,480 ARCHES OR THE NICE GREEN SIREN 1425 00:58:15,480 --> 00:58:23,800 OF STARBUCKS, AND SO ON. 1426 00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:25,240 YOUR ORBITAL FRONTAL TORTEXT IS 1427 00:58:25,240 --> 00:58:26,400 TELLING YOU SOMETHING'S OUT 1428 00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:28,080 THERE, THERE'S A HANDFUL OF 1429 00:58:28,080 --> 00:58:29,680 STUDIES THAT IDENTIFY OR LOOK 1430 00:58:29,680 --> 00:58:32,480 FOR CHANGES IN CODING AND NEURAL 1431 00:58:32,480 --> 00:58:38,280 ACTIVITY THAT HAVE BEEN COMBINED 1432 00:58:38,280 --> 00:58:45,920 WITH THESE MUTATIONS, OF COURSE 1433 00:58:45,920 --> 00:58:47,000 THE GUSTATORY CORTEX OF RATS 1434 00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,000 LOSE THE ABILITY TO SIGNAL 1435 00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:51,240 PALATABILITY WHILE RETAINING THE 1436 00:58:51,240 --> 00:58:53,360 AGENT TO ENCODE BASIC SENSORY 1437 00:58:53,360 --> 00:58:55,800 FEATURES OF TASTE, THIS SHOWS 1438 00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:57,440 LESS ENCODING PREDICTOR AND 1439 00:58:57,440 --> 00:58:59,040 RESPONSE TO ODOR CUES SO THAT'S 1440 00:58:59,040 --> 00:59:02,320 SORT OF A PARALLEL TO WHAT AND 1441 00:59:02,320 --> 00:59:03,480 IN EARLIER STUDY I SHOULD SAY 1442 00:59:03,480 --> 00:59:05,600 THAT SORT OF INSPIRED US TO DO 1443 00:59:05,600 --> 00:59:08,840 THE STUDY IN LUNG CANCER BUT I 1444 00:59:08,840 --> 00:59:10,800 THINK, I THINK PRIMATES ARE 1445 00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:12,080 SPECIAL IN LIGHT OF VISUAL 1446 00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:13,280 INFORMATION THEY'RE USING AND 1447 00:59:13,280 --> 00:59:15,680 THE RICHNESS OF THAT VISUAL 1448 00:59:15,680 --> 00:59:15,960 INFORMATION. 1449 00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:18,320 THE STUDY I JUST TOLD YOU ABOUT 1450 00:59:18,320 --> 00:59:19,800 BY PETE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THEN 1451 00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:21,800 FINALLY A STUDY DONE IN 1452 00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:22,720 COLLABORATION WITH LESLIE, SO 1453 00:59:22,720 --> 00:59:24,320 I'LL JUST SPEND A MINUTE 1454 00:59:24,320 --> 00:59:28,120 MENTIONING THAT, THIS LAST 1 1455 00:59:28,120 --> 00:59:29,600 HERE, [INDISCERNIBLE] AND LESLIE 1456 00:59:29,600 --> 00:59:31,760 FOUND THAT WHEN MONKEYS WERE 1457 00:59:31,760 --> 00:59:38,240 DOING PASSIVE VIEWING OF FACES, 1458 00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:40,440 THE AMYGDALA AND INFERIOR CORTEX 1459 00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:42,640 WERE MORE ACTIVE TO FACIAL 1460 00:59:42,640 --> 00:59:44,640 EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION RELATIVE 1461 00:59:44,640 --> 00:59:46,480 FOCUSED ON NEUTRAL FACES, THESE 1462 00:59:46,480 --> 00:59:48,000 WERE ALL FACES SHOWN TO MONKEYS 1463 00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:50,360 AND WE DECIDED TO ASK WHETHER 1464 00:59:50,360 --> 00:59:51,520 THE AMYGDALA OR WHETHER IT WAS 1465 00:59:51,520 --> 00:59:54,520 CONTRIBUTING TO THAT SO IN THIS 1466 00:59:54,520 --> 00:59:55,520 STUDY, MONKEYS WITH AMYGDALA 1467 00:59:55,520 --> 00:59:57,560 LESIONS WERE PUT IN THE SCANNER, 1468 00:59:57,560 --> 00:59:59,360 GIVEN THE SAME TASK, PASSIVE 1469 00:59:59,360 --> 01:00:04,360 VIEWING PACE AND WE FOUND A 1470 01:00:04,360 --> 01:00:06,480 REDUCTION IN THE FACE PATTERNS 1471 01:00:06,480 --> 01:00:07,760 WERE THERE AND IDENTIFIABLE BUT 1472 01:00:07,760 --> 01:00:15,840 THERE WAS A REDUCTION IN THE 1473 01:00:15,840 --> 01:00:16,240 VALANCE EFFECT. 1474 01:00:16,240 --> 01:00:17,880 SO WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO SUGGEST 1475 01:00:17,880 --> 01:00:20,440 FROM THE RESULTS OF THESE 1476 01:00:20,440 --> 01:00:22,080 FINDINGS WAS CONTRIBUTING A 1477 01:00:22,080 --> 01:00:24,280 REPRESENTATION OF WHATEVER IS OF 1478 01:00:24,280 --> 01:00:25,520 SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL AND COURSE 1479 01:00:25,520 --> 01:00:26,680 IMPORTANCE ELSEWHERE IN THE 1480 01:00:26,680 --> 01:00:28,920 BRAIN UPDATED IN ACCORD WITH 1481 01:00:28,920 --> 01:00:29,640 CURRENT BIOLOGICAL WANTS AND 1482 01:00:29,640 --> 01:00:31,760 NEEDS AND THE EFFECTS OF THIS 1483 01:00:31,760 --> 01:00:33,360 INFLUENCE WOULD DEPEND ON WHAT 1484 01:00:33,360 --> 01:00:34,960 KIND OF INFORMATION EACH OF 1485 01:00:34,960 --> 01:00:38,560 THESE TARGET BRAIN AREAS IS 1486 01:00:38,560 --> 01:00:39,480 REPRESENTING AND OF COURSE LOSS 1487 01:00:39,480 --> 01:00:43,160 OF THE INPUT SORT OF REMOVES 1488 01:00:43,160 --> 01:00:44,320 THESE INFLUENCES, SO WHILE THEY 1489 01:00:44,320 --> 01:00:46,080 MAY BE ABLE TO FUNCTION JUST 1490 01:00:46,080 --> 01:00:47,640 FINE, IT JUST LACKS THE 1491 01:00:47,640 --> 01:00:49,600 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MOST 1492 01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:50,760 SIGNIFICANT STIMULI IN THEIR 1493 01:00:50,760 --> 01:00:54,840 VALUE AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT. 1494 01:00:54,840 --> 01:00:57,640 I ALSO WANT TO SAY A WORD ABOUT 1495 01:00:57,640 --> 01:00:59,960 SINGULAR CORTEX, PART OF OUR 1496 01:00:59,960 --> 01:01:01,640 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND VALUATION 1497 01:01:01,640 --> 01:01:03,880 SYSTEMS WAS TO STUDY ANTERIOR 1498 01:01:03,880 --> 01:01:06,240 SINGULAR CORTEX AND SOCIAL 1499 01:01:06,240 --> 01:01:06,680 EVALUATION. 1500 01:01:06,680 --> 01:01:08,720 THERE WERE INDICATIONS THAT THE 1501 01:01:08,720 --> 01:01:09,640 ANTERIOR SINGULAR CORTEX WAS 1502 01:01:09,640 --> 01:01:10,920 CONTRIBUTING TO SOCIAL 1503 01:01:10,920 --> 01:01:15,760 COGNITION, SOME OF THE RESULTS 1504 01:01:15,760 --> 01:01:20,440 SHOWN HERE, THAT DECREASED TIME 1505 01:01:20,440 --> 01:01:22,040 SPENT IN PROXIMITY 1506 01:01:22,040 --> 01:01:23,480 [INDISCERNIBLE] SPECIFICS WITH 1507 01:01:23,480 --> 01:01:25,480 MONKEYS WITH ANTERIOR SINGULAR 1508 01:01:25,480 --> 01:01:26,880 CORTEX REGIONS, THOSE MONKEYS 1509 01:01:26,880 --> 01:01:28,440 ALSO SHOWED LATENCY TO RETRIEVE 1510 01:01:28,440 --> 01:01:38,960 FOOD REWARD IN THE PRESENCE OF 1511 01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:42,440 SOCIAL DECISIONS AND DECREASE 1512 01:01:42,440 --> 01:01:43,640 LATENCY TO RETRIEVE FOOD REWARDS 1513 01:01:43,640 --> 01:01:46,320 IN THE PRESENCE OF SOCIAL 1514 01:01:46,320 --> 01:01:46,560 STIMULI. 1515 01:01:46,560 --> 01:01:49,160 THE ALLOCATION TASK IS WHERE A 1516 01:01:49,160 --> 01:01:51,800 MONKEY CAN CHOOSE TO GIVE JUICE 1517 01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:53,880 TO A RECIPIENT MONKEY OR WITH 1518 01:01:53,880 --> 01:01:56,880 HOLD THE JUICE AND THE CHOICES 1519 01:01:56,880 --> 01:02:00,920 ARE LITERALLY BETWEEN BOTH AND 1520 01:02:00,920 --> 01:02:03,040 NEITHER OR SELF AND OTHER, AND 1521 01:02:03,040 --> 01:02:03,320 SO ON. 1522 01:02:03,320 --> 01:02:05,560 SO YOU CAN DO ALL THOSE 1523 01:02:05,560 --> 01:02:06,720 COMBINATIONS, SO MYA IN THE LAB 1524 01:02:06,720 --> 01:02:09,600 WANTED TO ASK WHAT ARE THE 1525 01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:12,040 CAUSAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF 1526 01:02:12,040 --> 01:02:13,360 ORBBITTAL FRONTAL AND THE 1527 01:02:13,360 --> 01:02:15,080 INTERACTIONS IN THESE KINDS OF 1528 01:02:15,080 --> 01:02:17,840 OBJECT AND SOCIAL VALUATIONS. 1529 01:02:17,840 --> 01:02:20,480 SO, FOR OUR SOCIAL VALUATION, 1530 01:02:20,480 --> 01:02:24,800 TASK, OR OUR METRIC, WE USE THIS 1531 01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:26,120 SYSTEM THAT I'VE BEEN USING FOR 1532 01:02:26,120 --> 01:02:28,040 A LONG TIME, THIS IS A MONKEY, A 1533 01:02:28,040 --> 01:02:31,280 TOP DOWN VIEW OF THE MONKEY AND 1534 01:02:31,280 --> 01:02:33,680 WGTA SO THERE'S A MONKEY 1535 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:35,200 COMPARTMENT, TEST COMPARTMENT OR 1536 01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:36,040 EXPERIMENTAL COMPARTMENT, THOSE 1537 01:02:36,040 --> 01:02:38,960 ARE SEPARATED BY A SCREEN, AN 1538 01:02:38,960 --> 01:02:41,320 OPAQUE MOVEABLE SCREEN AND THE 1539 01:02:41,320 --> 01:02:42,520 MONKEY'S JOB IS TO, WHEN THE 1540 01:02:42,520 --> 01:02:44,880 SCREEN GOES UP TO REACH OUT AND 1541 01:02:44,880 --> 01:02:47,000 TAKE THIS PIECE OF FOOD HERE SO 1542 01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:48,520 THE LATENCY AT WHICH THE MONKEY 1543 01:02:48,520 --> 01:02:50,400 TAKES THE FOOD IS SOME INDICATOR 1544 01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:51,800 OF HIS INTEREST IN THE OTHER 1545 01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,600 THINGS THAT ARE OUT THERE, 1546 01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:55,800 INCLUDING STIMULI THAT COULD BE 1547 01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:58,440 PLACED INSIDE THIS BOX OR IN THE 1548 01:02:58,440 --> 01:03:00,400 EXPERIMENT I'M TELLING YOU ABOUT 1549 01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:02,120 TODAY, WE SHOWED SOCIAL VIDEOS 1550 01:03:02,120 --> 01:03:06,600 ON A MONITOR THAT WAS DIRECTLY 1551 01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:08,880 BEHIND THE FOOD. 1552 01:03:08,880 --> 01:03:11,480 SO, OUR QUANTITATIVE MEASURE IS 1553 01:03:11,480 --> 01:03:12,920 LAZY TO RETRIEVE FOOD AND AS I 1554 01:03:12,920 --> 01:03:14,720 SAID THE PREDICTION IS THAT IF 1555 01:03:14,720 --> 01:03:16,760 THERE IS SOMETHING OF BIOLOGICAL 1556 01:03:16,760 --> 01:03:21,240 INTEREST OUT THERE, THAT THE 1557 01:03:21,240 --> 01:03:21,920 LATENCY WILL INCREASED. 1558 01:03:21,920 --> 01:03:25,360 SO SOME OF OUR STIMULI, THE 1559 01:03:25,360 --> 01:03:27,000 NEWTIAL STIMULI, I AM NOT 1560 01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:29,520 SHOWING YOU THE VIDEOS, THESE 1561 01:03:29,520 --> 01:03:31,560 ARE MOVING BRAIN PATTERNS, THE 1562 01:03:31,560 --> 01:03:35,240 SOCIAL STIMULI INCLUDED A 1563 01:03:35,240 --> 01:03:37,720 SUBMISSIVE MONKEY, A STARING 1564 01:03:37,720 --> 01:03:39,080 DOMINANT MONKEY, A LIP SMACKING 1565 01:03:39,080 --> 01:03:40,840 MONKEY WHICH IS AN AFFILIATED 1566 01:03:40,840 --> 01:03:43,200 GESTURE AND A FEMALE PRESENTING 1567 01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:45,920 WHICH IS VERY ATTRACTIVE TO MAIL 1568 01:03:45,920 --> 01:03:50,560 MA CABBINGS, SO HERE ARE THE 1569 01:03:50,560 --> 01:03:53,760 RESULTS OF SOME OF THIS. 1570 01:03:53,760 --> 01:03:56,080 OT LEFT IS SHOWN AN EARLIER 1571 01:03:56,080 --> 01:03:57,400 RESULTS BY PETE RUDE BECK IN 1572 01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:00,400 WHICH THE SAME SET UP AND SAME 1573 01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:02,800 SOCIAL VIDEOS CONTROL MONKEYS 1574 01:04:02,800 --> 01:04:10,560 SHOWED A INCREASE LATENCY OF AND 1575 01:04:10,560 --> 01:04:12,640 CONTEXT OF STARING MONKEY VIDEO 1576 01:04:12,640 --> 01:04:14,080 AND MONKEYS WITH THE LESIONS 1577 01:04:14,080 --> 01:04:17,920 SHOWED MUCH LESS OF THIS, AND 1578 01:04:17,920 --> 01:04:27,960 THIS HESITATION, SO THEIR 1579 01:04:27,960 --> 01:04:33,400 INTERPRETERATION I'M SOING THE 1580 01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:39,640 CONTROL AND THEY TAKE FOOD VERY 1581 01:04:39,640 --> 01:04:48,320 QUICKLY, THE RETRIEVAL AND 1582 01:04:48,320 --> 01:04:48,640 3-5-SECONDS. 1583 01:04:48,640 --> 01:04:51,320 IT'S A NEUTRAL OBJECT OR VIDEO 1584 01:04:51,320 --> 01:04:57,240 AND WHAT - MAYA FOUND IN OUR 1585 01:04:57,240 --> 01:04:58,760 CROSS EVOLVING THE AMYGDALA AND 1586 01:04:58,760 --> 01:05:00,880 LESION IN 1 HEMISPHERE AND THE 1587 01:05:00,880 --> 01:05:02,520 LESION OF THE ANTERIOR SINGULAR 1588 01:05:02,520 --> 01:05:04,720 CORTEX IN THE FELPSIS FEAR SO 1589 01:05:04,720 --> 01:05:09,800 THESE 2 STRUCTURES CAN NO LONGER 1590 01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:10,640 FUNCTIONALLY INTERACT MAYA FOUND 1591 01:05:10,640 --> 01:05:13,280 MUCH OF THE SAME THING, THESE 1592 01:05:13,280 --> 01:05:14,920 MONKEYS ARE SHOWING THE LONG 1593 01:05:14,920 --> 01:05:19,000 LATENCY TO REACH FOOD, THE ARK 1594 01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:20,680 MIG DUALA ARE SHOWING MUCH LESS 1595 01:05:20,680 --> 01:05:23,120 OF THIS AND WHAT MYA WAS ABLE TO 1596 01:05:23,120 --> 01:05:25,200 SHOW BECAUSE SHE ACTUALLY HAD 2 1597 01:05:25,200 --> 01:05:28,720 GROUPS OF MONKEYS, WAS ACTUALLY 1598 01:05:28,720 --> 01:05:30,440 THIS DOUBLED ASSOCIATION WHERE 1599 01:05:30,440 --> 01:05:32,160 I'LL START WITH OUR MONKEYS I 1600 01:05:32,160 --> 01:05:34,760 JUST TOLD YOU, OUR MONKEYS WITH 1601 01:05:34,760 --> 01:05:36,840 THE DISCONNECTION OF THE 1602 01:05:36,840 --> 01:05:38,200 ANTERIOR SINGULAR CORTEX IN THE 1603 01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:40,800 AMYGDALA WERE PINE AND THE 1604 01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:43,240 OBJECT VALUATION DASK, THAT'S 1605 01:05:43,240 --> 01:05:44,880 THE DEVALUATION TASK I JUST 1606 01:05:44,880 --> 01:05:46,440 SHOWED YOU, SO THESE MONKEYS ARE 1607 01:05:46,440 --> 01:05:48,120 DOING FINE IN LINKING OBJECTS 1608 01:05:48,120 --> 01:05:49,760 AND PREDICTED VALUE BUT ARE 1609 01:05:49,760 --> 01:05:52,200 IMPAIRED ON THE SOCIAL VALUATION 1610 01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:53,880 TASK AND CONVERSELY MONKEYS WITH 1611 01:05:53,880 --> 01:05:56,200 CROSSED LESIONS OF THE AMYGDALA 1612 01:05:56,200 --> 01:06:00,840 IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX ARE POOR 1613 01:06:00,840 --> 01:06:02,720 OBJECT EVALUATION BUT QUITE GOOD 1614 01:06:02,720 --> 01:06:05,680 AND NORMAL AT SOCIAL VALUATION. 1615 01:06:05,680 --> 01:06:07,160 SO THIS IS, I REALIZE A SHORT 1616 01:06:07,160 --> 01:06:12,360 HAND FOR LOTS OF THINGS. 1617 01:06:12,360 --> 01:06:13,200 SOCIAL COGNITION IS INCREDIBLE 1618 01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:15,720 LIE COMPLEX AND THIS IS JUST--I 1619 01:06:15,720 --> 01:06:17,040 SUSPECTED THE ORBITAL FRONTAL 1620 01:06:17,040 --> 01:06:18,600 CORTEX IS IN FACT CONTRIBUTING 1621 01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:20,560 TO SOCIAL COGNITION, I JUST 1622 01:06:20,560 --> 01:06:24,880 DON'T KNOW HOW BUT THIS IS A 1623 01:06:24,880 --> 01:06:25,400 STEP TOWARDS THAT. 1624 01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:29,280 SO AS I SAID, WE INHERITED THE 1625 01:06:29,280 --> 01:06:30,840 AMYGDALA FROM OUR VERTEBRATE 1626 01:06:30,840 --> 01:06:33,200 ANCESTORS AND TODAY I SHOWED YOU 1627 01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:34,800 THAT THE AMYGDALA INTERACTIONS 1628 01:06:34,800 --> 01:06:36,000 WITH FRONTAL CORTEX CONTRIBUTE 1629 01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:40,200 TO AT LEAST 2 AREAS OF THE MANY 1630 01:06:40,200 --> 01:06:42,200 AREAS OF BEHAVIOR THAT AMYGDALA 1631 01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:44,400 IS INVOLVED WITH AND I WOULD 1632 01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:46,720 CATEGORIZE THOSE AS FORAGING 1633 01:06:46,720 --> 01:06:49,120 MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE FORAGING 1634 01:06:49,120 --> 01:06:53,440 AND INCLUDE CHOICES AND SOCIAL 1635 01:06:53,440 --> 01:06:54,680 SIGNALING. 1636 01:06:54,680 --> 01:06:56,320 SO ALTHOUGH THE AMYGDALA IS 1637 01:06:56,320 --> 01:06:58,280 CONSIDERED TO BE SPECIALIZED FOR 1638 01:06:58,280 --> 01:06:59,360 NEGATIVE AFFECT, I HOPE 1639 01:06:59,360 --> 01:07:00,480 EVERYBODY HERE UNDERSTANDS 1640 01:07:00,480 --> 01:07:01,280 THERE'S AMPLE EVIDENCE THAT 1641 01:07:01,280 --> 01:07:03,560 PLAYS A ROLE WITH THE POSITIVE 1642 01:07:03,560 --> 01:07:06,760 AND NEGATIVE AFFECT IN HUMAN AND 1643 01:07:06,760 --> 01:07:08,400 NONHUMAN PRIMATES. 1644 01:07:08,400 --> 01:07:09,320 AMYGDALA INTERACTIONS WITH 1645 01:07:09,320 --> 01:07:10,520 PREFRONTAL CORTEX ARE ESSENTIAL 1646 01:07:10,520 --> 01:07:12,840 FOR AT LEAST SOME ASPECTS OF 1647 01:07:12,840 --> 01:07:15,600 FORAGING AND SOCIAL SIGNALING. 1648 01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:17,880 THOSE OTHER ITEMS THAT I 1649 01:07:17,880 --> 01:07:21,000 MENTIONED THAT THE AMYGDALA 1650 01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:22,840 CONTRIBUTES TOO TOWARDS THE GAZE 1651 01:07:22,840 --> 01:07:25,600 OF EYE REGION OR FACES AND THE 1652 01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:27,840 LIKE IT WILL BE INTERESTING TO 1653 01:07:27,840 --> 01:07:29,520 UNDERSTAND WHETHER THOSE DEPEND 1654 01:07:29,520 --> 01:07:32,040 ON INTERACADEMIESS WITH CORTEX 1655 01:07:32,040 --> 01:07:39,680 OR INTERACTIONS WITH 1656 01:07:39,680 --> 01:07:40,880 SUBCORTICALE SUBJEKS AND 1657 01:07:40,880 --> 01:07:42,760 DISENTANGLE THE INTERACTIONS 1658 01:07:42,760 --> 01:07:44,760 WITH CLINICAL AND SUBCORTICALE 1659 01:07:44,760 --> 01:07:47,360 REGIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THESE 1660 01:07:47,360 --> 01:07:48,360 DIFFERENT DOMAINS. 1661 01:07:48,360 --> 01:07:50,200 SO THANKS, THANKS TO ALL MY 1662 01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:53,000 COLLABORATORS, THE POST DOCS, 1663 01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:58,040 PETE, [INDISCERNIBLE], AND BEN 1664 01:07:58,040 --> 01:08:02,440 AND ALL CONTRIBUTE HERE, 1665 01:08:02,440 --> 01:08:03,000 RICHARD, [INDISCERNIBLE] ALL 1666 01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:06,160 CONTRIBUTED TO THESE EXPERIMENTS 1667 01:08:06,160 --> 01:08:09,160 AND I'LL STOP THERE. 1668 01:08:09,160 --> 01:08:09,520 THANK YOU. 1669 01:08:09,520 --> 01:08:19,760 [ APPLAUSE ] 1670 01:08:22,160 --> 01:08:23,560 >> HELLO, HI, I HAVE A QUICK 1671 01:08:23,560 --> 01:08:23,800 QUESTION. 1672 01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:25,400 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TALK. 1673 01:08:25,400 --> 01:08:25,880 >> YES? 1674 01:08:25,880 --> 01:08:26,840 >> SO I BASICALLY WANTED TO ASK, 1675 01:08:26,840 --> 01:08:29,400 I'M SURE A LOT OF US HAVE A 1676 01:08:29,400 --> 01:08:31,800 FRIEND WHO RELIGIOUSLY ORDERS 1677 01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:33,240 CHICKEN TENDERS AND FRENCH FRIES 1678 01:08:33,240 --> 01:08:34,440 EVERYWHERE THEY GO AND NEVER 1679 01:08:34,440 --> 01:08:36,760 STOP, SO I WANTED TO KNOW LIKE 1680 01:08:36,760 --> 01:08:38,440 IF YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO SAY 1681 01:08:38,440 --> 01:08:40,920 ABOUT LIKE HOW SOME THINGS ARE 1682 01:08:40,920 --> 01:08:41,640 BASICALLY NEVER DEVALUED NO 1683 01:08:41,640 --> 01:08:44,360 MATTER HOW MANY TIMES WE GETTING 1684 01:08:44,360 --> 01:08:46,920 KIND OF LIKE THAT TRADE OFF 1685 01:08:46,920 --> 01:08:48,280 BETWEEN LIKE RELIABLE, AND 1686 01:08:48,280 --> 01:08:56,360 SOMETHING BEING NOT AS RELIABLE? 1687 01:08:56,360 --> 01:08:57,600 >> THAT'S INTERESTING. 1688 01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:00,320 I THINK IF YOUR FRIEND HAD 1689 01:09:00,320 --> 01:09:02,520 CHICKEN TENDERS AND FRENCH FRIES 1690 01:09:02,520 --> 01:09:03,600 AT 1 SITTING, AGAIN AND AGAIN 1691 01:09:03,600 --> 01:09:06,600 AND AGAIN AND AGAIN, THEY WOULD 1692 01:09:06,600 --> 01:09:08,400 ORDER SOMETHING ELSE, SO IT'S 1 1693 01:09:08,400 --> 01:09:09,720 THING TO HAVE STABLE FOOD 1694 01:09:09,720 --> 01:09:11,680 PREFERENCES WHICH ARE OF COURSE 1695 01:09:11,680 --> 01:09:12,880 INTERESTINGLY SET UP WITH 1696 01:09:12,880 --> 01:09:14,040 INTERACTIONS WITH YOUR GUT AND 1697 01:09:14,040 --> 01:09:18,960 YOUR BRAIN AND THIEP O THALAMUS, 1698 01:09:18,960 --> 01:09:19,520 ET CETERA--HYPOTHALAMUS, ET 1699 01:09:19,520 --> 01:09:21,040 CETERA AND IT'S A COMMON 1700 01:09:21,040 --> 01:09:22,200 PHENOMENON AND YOU EXPERIENCED 1701 01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:23,760 YOURSELF AND IF YOU'RE AT 1 1702 01:09:23,760 --> 01:09:25,360 SITTING AND YOU'RE EATING A LOT 1703 01:09:25,360 --> 01:09:28,560 OF 1 FOOD, YOU CANNOT EAT 1704 01:09:28,560 --> 01:09:31,400 ANYMORE AND THAT'S REALLY WHAT 1705 01:09:31,400 --> 01:09:32,640 THIS ASSOCIATION IS BUT THEN 1706 01:09:32,640 --> 01:09:34,280 YOU'RE HAPPY TO EAT DESSERT OR 1707 01:09:34,280 --> 01:09:37,800 SOMETHING ELSE OR A PIECE OF 1708 01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:38,320 FRUIT. 1709 01:09:38,320 --> 01:09:41,800 SO I'M NOT THE QUEEN OF 1710 01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:42,840 SELECTIVE SATIETY MECHANISMS BUT 1711 01:09:42,840 --> 01:09:44,600 IT HOLDS FOR ALL MAMMALS. 1712 01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:46,800 >> SO IT SEEMS AS THOUGH THERE'S 1713 01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,280 SOME SORT OF TEMPORAL SCALE 1714 01:09:49,280 --> 01:09:49,640 THAT-- 1715 01:09:49,640 --> 01:09:51,320 >> WELL, YEAH, THE SELECTIVE 1716 01:09:51,320 --> 01:09:55,320 ASSOCIATION IS A TEMPORALLY 1717 01:09:55,320 --> 01:09:56,000 EMILY IMPEDIMENTSED PHENOMENON 1718 01:09:56,000 --> 01:09:57,680 WHICH IS WHY IT'S BEEN SO USEFUL 1719 01:09:57,680 --> 01:10:00,960 TO USE IN MONKEYS, SOMETIMES IN 1720 01:10:00,960 --> 01:10:02,880 RODENTS, TO GET SELECTIVE 1721 01:10:02,880 --> 01:10:05,880 ASSOCIATION TO PRODUCE A 1722 01:10:05,880 --> 01:10:08,240 DEVALUATION THEY USE A PAIRING 1723 01:10:08,240 --> 01:10:10,440 OF FOOD INGESTION IN LITHIUM 1724 01:10:10,440 --> 01:10:11,880 CHLORIDE TO PRODUCE ILLNESS, A 1725 01:10:11,880 --> 01:10:14,000 MILD ILLNESS AND WE CAN DO THAT 1726 01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:18,280 BUT THEN THAT'S PERPINENT. 1727 01:10:18,280 --> 01:10:18,680 --PERMANENT. 1728 01:10:18,680 --> 01:10:23,320 SO THAT WILL NOT HELP US TO ABLE 1729 01:10:23,320 --> 01:10:24,360 TO MANIPULATE THE SYSTEM, SO 1730 01:10:24,360 --> 01:10:25,720 THAT IS 1 THING AND THAT IS 1731 01:10:25,720 --> 01:10:27,120 STABLE AND THAT IS WHAT YOUR 1732 01:10:27,120 --> 01:10:28,440 FRIEND IS SHOWING BUT SELECTIVE 1733 01:10:28,440 --> 01:10:29,440 ASSOCIATION WITHIN A TIME FRAME 1734 01:10:29,440 --> 01:10:34,000 OF YEAH, A COUPLE HOURS IS A 1735 01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:34,360 DIFFERENT THING. 1736 01:10:34,360 --> 01:10:35,360 >> OKAY, AWESOME, THANK YOU. 1737 01:10:35,360 --> 01:10:35,640 >> SURE. 1738 01:10:35,640 --> 01:10:41,040 THANKS FOR YOUR QUESTION. 1739 01:10:41,040 --> 01:10:42,200 >> THANKS, BETSY FOR A 1740 01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,720 FASCINATING TALK AND YOU MADE ME 1741 01:10:45,720 --> 01:10:48,240 THINK A LOT ABOUT WHAT WE HAVE 1742 01:10:48,240 --> 01:10:50,360 TO DO WITH HUMAN PRIMATES NOW 1743 01:10:50,360 --> 01:10:53,320 GIVEN THAT WE'VE JUST SPERNT 3 1744 01:10:53,320 --> 01:10:55,880 YEARS LOCKED AWAY AND I THINK 1745 01:10:55,880 --> 01:10:59,920 OUR SOCIAL VALUATION SKILLS MAY 1746 01:10:59,920 --> 01:11:01,120 HAVE BEEN AFFECTED. 1747 01:11:01,120 --> 01:11:04,280 AND I'M NOT BEING FACETIOUS 1748 01:11:04,280 --> 01:11:06,440 HERE, I'M BEING SERIOUS BECAUSE 1749 01:11:06,440 --> 01:11:07,760 THIS HAS SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS 1750 01:11:07,760 --> 01:11:10,800 FOR ALL OF US WHO DO SOCIAL 1751 01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:12,080 NEUROSCIENCE AND I'M WONDERING 1752 01:11:12,080 --> 01:11:15,800 TO WHAT EXTENT THERE WILL BE A 1753 01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:17,800 BLIP OR A DISCONTINUITY IN SOME 1754 01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:19,640 OF THE DATA WE DLECT IN HUMAN 1755 01:11:19,640 --> 01:11:22,720 SUBJECTS AND WHETHER THEY MIGHT 1756 01:11:22,720 --> 01:11:24,480 BE GENUINE DIFFERENCES AS A 1757 01:11:24,480 --> 01:11:25,520 RESULT OF ISOLATION AND THAT 1758 01:11:25,520 --> 01:11:28,680 WE'VE BEEN PART OF A LARGE 1759 01:11:28,680 --> 01:11:30,560 GLOBAL EXPERIMENT THAT THE 1760 01:11:30,560 --> 01:11:31,120 PANDEMIC HAS PRODUCED. 1761 01:11:31,120 --> 01:11:34,040 I JUST WANTED TO HEAR YOUR 1762 01:11:34,040 --> 01:11:35,720 THOUGHTS ON THAT. 1763 01:11:35,720 --> 01:11:37,560 >> WELL AS A DEDICATED MA 1764 01:11:37,560 --> 01:11:38,840 CABBING RESEARCHER I'M NOT SURE 1765 01:11:38,840 --> 01:11:40,720 I'M IN A POSITION--I'M NOT 1766 01:11:40,720 --> 01:11:45,440 QUALIFIED TO ANSWER THAT. 1767 01:11:45,440 --> 01:11:46,680 I THINK THERE'S NO QUESTION WHAT 1768 01:11:46,680 --> 01:11:47,960 YOU'RE SAYING, THERE'S A HUGE 1769 01:11:47,960 --> 01:11:49,960 UPTICK NOW IN STUDIES OF THAT 1770 01:11:49,960 --> 01:11:51,240 KIND TO INVESTIGATE THE 1771 01:11:51,240 --> 01:11:53,120 INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL ISOLATION 1772 01:11:53,120 --> 01:11:57,480 BUT I THINK IN TERMS OF THE MA 1773 01:11:57,480 --> 01:11:59,280 CABBING WORLD IT'S DEVILISHLY 1774 01:11:59,280 --> 01:12:00,560 HARD, YOU KNOW OUR INFORMATION 1775 01:12:00,560 --> 01:12:02,680 IS ONLY AS GOOD AS OUR ASSAYS, 1776 01:12:02,680 --> 01:12:05,320 AS OUR TESTS SO WE'RE STILL 1777 01:12:05,320 --> 01:12:08,480 TRYING TO DEVISE USEFUL AND 1778 01:12:08,480 --> 01:12:09,320 MEANINGFUL TESTS AND 1779 01:12:09,320 --> 01:12:11,200 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS 1780 01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:12,880 IF YOU WILL, BUT BECAUSE OUR 1781 01:12:12,880 --> 01:12:14,440 MONKEYS CAN'T TALK TO US, WE'RE 1782 01:12:14,440 --> 01:12:17,520 LIMITED IN THAT DOMAIN. 1783 01:12:17,520 --> 01:12:19,520 BUT I WILL BE GLAD--WE SHOULD 1784 01:12:19,520 --> 01:12:25,760 TALK LATER ABOUT ANY IDEAS YOU 1785 01:12:25,760 --> 01:12:26,760 MIGHT HAVE. 1786 01:12:26,760 --> 01:12:28,280 >> I JUST WANT TO MENTION THAT 1787 01:12:28,280 --> 01:12:31,360 THOSE OF US IN THE ROOM AND 1788 01:12:31,360 --> 01:12:32,360 ONLINE TO MAYBE REVISIT SOME OF 1789 01:12:32,360 --> 01:12:34,240 YOUR WORK IN THE PAST AND RELOOK 1790 01:12:34,240 --> 01:12:44,480 AT IT AGAIN AND BEHAVIOR 1791 01:12:44,480 --> 01:12:46,360 AFTERLET PANDEMIC. 1792 01:12:46,360 --> 01:12:47,160 >> BETSY, AMAZING WONDERFUL 1793 01:12:47,160 --> 01:12:50,520 TALK, WHEN YOU DESCRIBE FORAGING 1794 01:12:50,520 --> 01:12:51,920 IT'S FASCINATING BECAUSE 1795 01:12:51,920 --> 01:12:53,200 FORAGING IS VERY MULTIFACETED 1796 01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:55,800 RIGHT, SO THERE ARE MANY, MANY 1797 01:12:55,800 --> 01:12:57,240 COMPONENTS IN DECISION MAKING, 1798 01:12:57,240 --> 01:12:59,280 VALUATION AND WHAT NOT, SO I WAS 1799 01:12:59,280 --> 01:13:04,080 JUST WONDERING ON YOUR TAKE 1800 01:13:04,080 --> 01:13:05,640 WHETHER YOU--HOW BROADLY WOULD 1801 01:13:05,640 --> 01:13:06,920 YOU EXTEND THAT? 1802 01:13:06,920 --> 01:13:09,400 WOULD YOU EXTEND THAT ALSO TO 1803 01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:12,160 FORAGING INTENTIONAL MECHANISMS, 1804 01:13:12,160 --> 01:13:15,120 SELECTING CERTAIN INFORMATION 1805 01:13:15,120 --> 01:13:16,120 WHICH INTERACTS WITH THE 1806 01:13:16,120 --> 01:13:17,520 VALUATION SO IS THAT SOMETHING 1807 01:13:17,520 --> 01:13:21,080 THAT YOU CONCEPTUALIZE OR NOT 1808 01:13:21,080 --> 01:13:22,600 YET IN YOUR FRAMEWORK OR HOW 1809 01:13:22,600 --> 01:13:24,120 WOULD YOU DO THAT? 1810 01:13:24,120 --> 01:13:25,400 >> TWO THINGS I WOULD SAY, 1 IS 1811 01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,040 THE TASK AS I PRESENTED IT IS 1812 01:13:28,040 --> 01:13:29,200 PRETTY COMPLEX AND I GLOSSED 1813 01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:31,080 OVER IT AND I'VE BEEN TALKING 1814 01:13:31,080 --> 01:13:34,800 ABOUT VALUE UPDATES AND IN FACT 1815 01:13:34,800 --> 01:13:35,840 THIS THE VALUATION TASK THERE 1816 01:13:35,840 --> 01:13:38,000 ARE 2 MAIN STEPS, 1 IS THE 1817 01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:40,640 SELECTIVE ASSOCIATION AND WHAT'S 1818 01:13:40,640 --> 01:13:41,440 HAPPENING THERE. 1819 01:13:41,440 --> 01:13:42,760 A CHANGE IN THE REPRESENTATION 1820 01:13:42,760 --> 01:13:46,280 OF FOOD VALUE AND THE OTHER IS 1821 01:13:46,280 --> 01:13:48,520 THE CHOICE PART SO IN STUDIES IN 1822 01:13:48,520 --> 01:13:50,960 WHICH WE ENACTIVATED PORTIONS OF 1823 01:13:50,960 --> 01:13:51,520 ORBITAL FRONTAL CORDEXTRAN 1824 01:13:51,520 --> 01:13:56,080 SULFATE, WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO 1825 01:13:56,080 --> 01:13:57,400 DISASSOCIATE THOSE. 1826 01:13:57,400 --> 01:13:58,560 OF COURSE WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL 1827 01:13:58,560 --> 01:14:00,200 ACTIVATION, YOU CAN SEPARATE THE 1828 01:14:00,200 --> 01:14:02,120 PHASES OF THE TASK AND WE FOUND 1829 01:14:02,120 --> 01:14:03,960 THAT THE AMYGDALA NEEDS TO 1830 01:14:03,960 --> 01:14:05,440 INTERACT WITH THE KAWDAL CORTEX 1831 01:14:05,440 --> 01:14:11,040 TO DO THE VALUE UPDATING PART 1832 01:14:11,040 --> 01:14:14,880 BUT YOU NEED YOUR FRONTAL CORTEX 1833 01:14:14,880 --> 01:14:18,320 AREA 11 TO CHOOSE CORRECTLY EVEN 1834 01:14:18,320 --> 01:14:20,680 AFTER THE VALUE, SO AGAIN, IT'S 1835 01:14:20,680 --> 01:14:22,520 LIKE A DISCONNECTION OF 1836 01:14:22,520 --> 01:14:23,800 KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION KIND OF 1837 01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:29,320 THING, SO THAT'S 1 PART OF IT. 1838 01:14:29,320 --> 01:14:32,000 I DID HAVE ANOTHER PART TO THE 1839 01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:33,720 ANSWER, SORRY, SAY IT AGAIN, YOU 1840 01:14:33,720 --> 01:14:36,320 WERE ASKING ABOUT HOW--ATTENTION 1841 01:14:36,320 --> 01:14:39,040 OH YES, THANK YOU. 1842 01:14:39,040 --> 01:14:40,240 SO YES. 1843 01:14:40,240 --> 01:14:40,640 >> TERRIFIC. 1844 01:14:40,640 --> 01:14:41,760 >> SO THERE ARE THESE SEVERAL 1845 01:14:41,760 --> 01:14:43,120 DATA SETS SOME OF WHICH ARE 1846 01:14:43,120 --> 01:14:44,880 COLLECTED FROM OUR OWN LAB, 1847 01:14:44,880 --> 01:14:48,480 WHICH SHOW THAT YOU NEED YOUR 1848 01:14:48,480 --> 01:14:50,160 AMYGDALA TO DO INTENTIONAL KACCT 1849 01:14:50,160 --> 01:14:53,320 TININE PATHWAY UPPER BY FACES. 1850 01:14:53,320 --> 01:14:55,720 PETER CASKIN WAS OR IS HERE 1851 01:14:55,720 --> 01:14:58,160 YESTERDAY, SHE'S SHOWN THAT YOU 1852 01:14:58,160 --> 01:15:01,000 NEED YOUR AMYGDALA, I SHOULD 1853 01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:03,640 TURN IT AROUND, AMYGDALA DAMAGE 1854 01:15:03,640 --> 01:15:06,080 RESULTS IN LOSS OF ATTENTIONAL 1855 01:15:06,080 --> 01:15:11,760 CAPTURE BY PREDATOR IMAGES, 1856 01:15:11,760 --> 01:15:14,680 SOCIAL IMAGES, BUT NOT REWARDED 1857 01:15:14,680 --> 01:15:18,080 IMAGES, INTERESTINGLY, SO 1858 01:15:18,080 --> 01:15:19,360 THERE'S--AND OF COURSE JUST 1859 01:15:19,360 --> 01:15:20,280 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO MAY TALK 1860 01:15:20,280 --> 01:15:22,880 ABOUT THIS OR NOT HAS SHOWN TO 1861 01:15:22,880 --> 01:15:24,640 DO SORT OF PREFERENTIAL VIEWING 1862 01:15:24,640 --> 01:15:28,320 OF PHASES, SO ALL THOSE THINGS 1863 01:15:28,320 --> 01:15:30,560 REALLY SMACK OF ATTENTION. 1864 01:15:30,560 --> 01:15:30,920 >> RIGHT. 1865 01:15:30,920 --> 01:15:32,360 >> AND THAT'S WHAT I WAS 1866 01:15:32,360 --> 01:15:34,200 ALLUDING TO IN MY TALK, I DON'T 1867 01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:37,640 KNOW THOSE WILL BE AMYGDALA 1868 01:15:37,640 --> 01:15:39,080 FRONTAL AND MECHANISMS RELATED 1869 01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:45,840 TO THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS, 1870 01:15:45,840 --> 01:15:47,960 PROJECTING TO REGIONS PERHAPS 1871 01:15:47,960 --> 01:15:50,240 INDIRECTLY TO THE SEVERE 1872 01:15:50,240 --> 01:15:52,040 FOLLICULAS TO DIRECT GAZE AND I 1873 01:15:52,040 --> 01:15:55,040 WOULD REALLY LIKE TO KNOW THAT. 1874 01:15:55,040 --> 01:15:56,520 >> OR THE AMYGDALA EXTENDS 1875 01:15:56,520 --> 01:15:58,800 ACROSS THE VISUAL CORTEX OVER TO 1876 01:15:58,800 --> 01:15:58,960 V1. 1877 01:15:58,960 --> 01:16:00,600 >> SAB LIEWTLY. 1878 01:16:00,600 --> 01:16:01,800 AND IT'S--ABSOLUTELY IT'S ALSO 1879 01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:03,720 IMPERATIVE TO KNOW WHAT THE 1880 01:16:03,720 --> 01:16:05,680 AMYGDALA IS TALKING TO THE 1881 01:16:05,680 --> 01:16:06,800 INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX, WHAT'S 1882 01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:10,320 HAPPENING THERE. ABSOLUTELY. 1883 01:16:10,320 --> 01:16:11,440 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1884 01:16:11,440 --> 01:16:13,520 >> THANK YOU. 1885 01:16:13,520 --> 01:16:14,600 >> BETSY BEAUTIFUL TALK. 1886 01:16:14,600 --> 01:16:24,040 SO YOU SHOWED US THE SYSTEM 1887 01:16:24,040 --> 01:16:27,880 DESIGN, FOR THINGS THAT MEAL 1888 01:16:27,880 --> 01:16:29,040 GUILT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE 1889 01:16:29,040 --> 01:16:32,800 DESIRE FOR SOMETHING THAT WILL 1890 01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:35,960 HAVE LATER AND UNPLEASANT 1891 01:16:35,960 --> 01:16:36,640 CONSEQUENCE? 1892 01:16:36,640 --> 01:16:37,840 >> GUILT, I DON'T KNOW AND I 1893 01:16:37,840 --> 01:16:41,680 ADMIT I WOULD LOVE TO KNOW MORE 1894 01:16:41,680 --> 01:16:43,360 ABOUT AND UNDERSTAND RELATING 1895 01:16:43,360 --> 01:16:46,680 THINGS TO NEGATIVE AFFECT OR 1896 01:16:46,680 --> 01:16:48,080 VERSIVE OUTCOMES, I HAVEN'T GONE 1897 01:16:48,080 --> 01:16:49,600 THERE IN OUR MONKEYS BECAUSE AS 1898 01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:51,480 YOU KNOW WE HAVE TO--YOU KNOW WE 1899 01:16:51,480 --> 01:16:53,240 LIVE WITH OUR MONKEYS AND WORK 1900 01:16:53,240 --> 01:16:54,320 WITH OUR MONKEYS FOR YEARS AND 1901 01:16:54,320 --> 01:16:55,760 WE NEED TO MAINTAIN THE 1902 01:16:55,760 --> 01:16:58,680 COPERATION OF OUR MONKEYS AND 1903 01:16:58,680 --> 01:17:00,720 ALTHOUGH WE CAN DO MILDLY 1904 01:17:00,720 --> 01:17:03,600 AVERSIVE THINGS AND I HAVE FOR 1905 01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:07,680 EXAMPLE, SHOWING MONKEYS, 1906 01:17:07,680 --> 01:17:09,480 SNAKES, FAKE SNAKES, THOSE 1907 01:17:09,480 --> 01:17:12,640 AVERSIVE SORT OF--YOU KNOW THEY 1908 01:17:12,640 --> 01:17:14,440 DO HAVE AVERSIVE OR DEFENSIVE 1909 01:17:14,440 --> 01:17:15,520 RESPONSES IN RESPONSE TO THINGS 1910 01:17:15,520 --> 01:17:17,880 LIKE THAT BUT THAT'S VERY SHORT 1911 01:17:17,880 --> 01:17:19,200 LIVED AND VERY MILD. 1912 01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:21,600 SO I CAN ANSWER YOUR QUESTION, I 1913 01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:23,840 THINK THE GUILT PART AGAIN IS 1914 01:17:23,840 --> 01:17:27,280 GETTING TOWARDS SOMETHING THAT 1915 01:17:27,280 --> 01:17:29,240 SOCIAL EMOTIONS ALMOST THAT 1916 01:17:29,240 --> 01:17:32,840 COULD BE, THAT ARE STUDIED IN 1917 01:17:32,840 --> 01:17:35,720 HUMANS, BUT WE NEED TO KNOW MORE 1918 01:17:35,720 --> 01:17:37,080 ABOUT THE AVERSIVE SIDE. 1919 01:17:37,080 --> 01:17:38,320 >> THAT'S 1 THING THAT GETS LOST 1920 01:17:38,320 --> 01:17:41,480 IN SOME OF THESE PATIENTS WITH 1921 01:17:41,480 --> 01:17:42,840 FRONTAL LOBE LESIONS AND IT 1922 01:17:42,840 --> 01:17:45,800 WOULD BE INTERESTING TO STUDY 1923 01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:46,880 THAT IN SUCH PATIENCE AND THERE 1924 01:17:46,880 --> 01:17:57,320 ARE QUITE A NUMBER NOW,-- 1925 01:18:15,320 --> 01:18:18,280 >> SO THE I HAVE A QUESTION 1926 01:18:18,280 --> 01:18:20,800 ABOUT BINGE EATING AND THE 1927 01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,360 ANIMAL LOST ITS VALUE CUE AND IT 1928 01:18:23,360 --> 01:18:24,680 COULD BE INHIBITING OR IMPAIR 1929 01:18:24,680 --> 01:18:26,000 HAPPENING GRABBING THE FOOD AT 1930 01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:28,440 THE EXPENSE MUCH LOOKING AT THE 1931 01:18:28,440 --> 01:18:29,240 VIDEO SO THOUGHTS ABOUT WHETHER 1932 01:18:29,240 --> 01:18:31,160 IT'S A LOSS OF SOMETHING 1933 01:18:31,160 --> 01:18:36,880 VALUABLE OR INHIBITING THE MOTOR 1934 01:18:36,880 --> 01:18:37,080 PART. 1935 01:18:37,080 --> 01:18:37,480 >> THANK YOU. 1936 01:18:37,480 --> 01:18:38,960 THAT IS A VALID QUESTION FOR 1937 01:18:38,960 --> 01:18:39,240 SURE. 1938 01:18:39,240 --> 01:18:43,640 YOU KNOW OUR ARGUMENT IS THAT 1939 01:18:43,640 --> 01:18:46,160 THE MONKEYS BECAUSE WE STUDY 1940 01:18:46,160 --> 01:18:47,360 DEVALUATION, WE KNOW WHAT IT 1941 01:18:47,360 --> 01:18:48,920 LOOKS LIKE WHEN YOU PREFEED AND 1942 01:18:48,920 --> 01:18:50,640 FEED A MONKEY AS MUCH 1 FOOD AS 1943 01:18:50,640 --> 01:18:52,480 IT WILL TAKE AT 1 SITTING AND WE 1944 01:18:52,480 --> 01:18:55,440 KNOW WHAT THAT LOOKS LIKE, I 1945 01:18:55,440 --> 01:18:57,720 THINK IN THESE TESTS IN THE 1946 01:18:57,720 --> 01:18:59,920 VIDEOS BEHIND WHERE THE MONKEY 1947 01:18:59,920 --> 01:19:01,560 IS FREELY TAKING FOOD AND THESE 1948 01:19:01,560 --> 01:19:02,840 ARE HUNGRY MONKEYS, I THINK 1949 01:19:02,840 --> 01:19:04,800 THERE'S NO REASON TO THINK THAT 1950 01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:12,040 FOOD VALUE HAS CHANGED SO ON THE 1951 01:19:12,040 --> 01:19:14,200 FOOD SIDE FOOD VALUE HASN'T 1952 01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:14,480 CHANGED. 1953 01:19:14,480 --> 01:19:15,680 I DON'T KNOW ABOUT LOSS OF 1954 01:19:15,680 --> 01:19:17,080 CONTROL AND I UNDERSTAND THE 1955 01:19:17,080 --> 01:19:19,000 LITERATURE THERE, I WOULD SAY 1956 01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:20,760 THERE'S ANOTHER IDEA ABOUT 1957 01:19:20,760 --> 01:19:22,160 ANTERIOR SINGULAR CORTEX THAT I 1958 01:19:22,160 --> 01:19:23,560 WILL INVOKE AND WE CERTAINLY 1959 01:19:23,560 --> 01:19:25,240 SAID THIS IN OUR PAPER WHICH WE 1960 01:19:25,240 --> 01:19:26,400 SAID THAT I THINK IT'S POSSIBLE 1961 01:19:26,400 --> 01:19:28,240 THAT IT'S NOT A LOSS OF SOCIAL 1962 01:19:28,240 --> 01:19:33,320 VALUATION SO MUCH AS A LOSS OF 1963 01:19:33,320 --> 01:19:36,920 PRIORITIZATION OF THE SIGNALS, 1964 01:19:36,920 --> 01:19:39,040 THAT ARE GUIDING ACTION AND 1965 01:19:39,040 --> 01:19:41,120 ACTION SELECTION. 1966 01:19:41,120 --> 01:19:43,440 SO, META-ANALYSIS IF YOU LOOK AT 1967 01:19:43,440 --> 01:19:45,880 THE FMRI META-ANALYSIS OF THE 1968 01:19:45,880 --> 01:19:46,600 INTERSINGULAR CORTEX, THERE ARE 1969 01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:48,720 3 THINGS THAT COME OUT IN THE 1970 01:19:48,720 --> 01:19:53,280 TOP 3, REWARD, SOCIAL, AND 1971 01:19:53,280 --> 01:19:57,080 MEMORY EPISODIC MEMORY, AND 1972 01:19:57,080 --> 01:20:00,120 THOSE SIGNALS ARE ALL--IT'S NOT 1973 01:20:00,120 --> 01:20:01,040 LIKE--THOSE ARE ALL INTERMINGLED 1974 01:20:01,040 --> 01:20:06,200 IN THE ROSTER PARTS OF ANTERIOR 1975 01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:07,400 SINGULAR CORTEX, SO, IT COULD BE 1976 01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,840 A WAY, LIKE I SAID, A PLACE 1977 01:20:10,840 --> 01:20:12,160 WHERE THERE'S SOME INTEGRATION 1978 01:20:12,160 --> 01:20:19,560 OF THESE VARIOUS THINGS AND IT'S 1979 01:20:19,560 --> 01:20:22,080 PRIORITIZATION RATHER THAN 1980 01:20:22,080 --> 01:20:23,480 SOCIAL VALUIZATION, I WOULD 1981 01:20:23,480 --> 01:20:23,680 SAY,. 1982 01:20:23,680 --> 01:20:26,120 >> THERE'S A LOSS OF CONTROL, 1983 01:20:26,120 --> 01:20:27,640 DESIRE IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION 1984 01:20:27,640 --> 01:20:28,520 VERSUS LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCE. 1985 01:20:28,520 --> 01:20:29,800 >> ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU FOR 1986 01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:30,600 GENERATING SO MUCH DISCUSSION 1987 01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:32,520 BETSY THAT WAS GREAT. 1988 01:20:32,520 --> 01:20:33,920 I'M AFRAID WE'RE RUNNING A BIT 1989 01:20:33,920 --> 01:20:35,320 OVER TIME SO WE WILL TAKE A 1990 01:20:35,320 --> 01:20:36,600 REALLY SHORT BREAK, WELL'S 1991 01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,840 COFFEE AND TEA ON THE FES 1992 01:20:39,840 --> 01:20:40,600 TERRACE AGAIN. 1993 01:20:40,600 --> 01:20:42,000 PLEASE TRY TO BE BACK HERE, SO 1994 01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:44,080 WE WILL PUSH THE SCHEDULEOT 10 1995 01:20:44,080 --> 01:20:47,960 MINUTES SO BE BACK HERE AT BY 1996 01:20:47,960 --> 01:20:50,800 10:40 SO WE CAN GET STARTED 1997 01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:51,320 AGAIN. 1998 01:20:51,320 --> 01:20:58,960 >> I'D LIKE TO GET 1999 01:20:58,960 --> 01:21:01,080 STARTED AGAIN, PLEASE. 2000 01:21:01,080 --> 01:21:02,800 ALL RIGHT, SO, FIRST SPEAKER NOW 2001 01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:05,960 WILL BE TOM ALBRIGHT. 2002 01:21:05,960 --> 01:21:07,760 YOU KNOW EVERYBODY THAT WE 2003 01:21:07,760 --> 01:21:12,440 INVITED IS OBVIOUSLY VERY CLOSE 2004 01:21:12,440 --> 01:21:12,960 WITH LESLIE. 2005 01:21:12,960 --> 01:21:15,680 TOM OF COURSE IS 1 OF THOSE 2006 01:21:15,680 --> 01:21:17,920 PEOPLE BUT I ALWAYS THINK OF TOM 2007 01:21:17,920 --> 01:21:21,680 AS ALWAYS A FRIEND OF THE LBC 2008 01:21:21,680 --> 01:21:24,520 WITH THE LABORATORY OF BRAIN 2009 01:21:24,520 --> 01:21:24,920 COGNITION. 2010 01:21:24,920 --> 01:21:26,560 SEVERAL TIME SEVERAL PEOPLE HAVE 2011 01:21:26,560 --> 01:21:27,920 MENTIONED THE BSC, WHICH IS THE 2012 01:21:27,920 --> 01:21:31,360 BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS, 2013 01:21:31,360 --> 01:21:33,480 E LIE MENTIONED IT THIS MORNING, 2014 01:21:33,480 --> 01:21:37,560 PETER MENTIONED IT YESTERDAY AND 2015 01:21:37,560 --> 01:21:39,760 IT'S A HUGE TO-DO HERE AND I 2016 01:21:39,760 --> 01:21:40,800 THINK PETER WAS TALKING ABOUT 2017 01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:42,280 HOW LESLIE WOULD MAKE EVERYBODY 2018 01:21:42,280 --> 01:21:43,320 PRACTICE AND PRACTICE AND 2019 01:21:43,320 --> 01:21:47,280 PRACTICE AND PRACTICE AND GIVE 2020 01:21:47,280 --> 01:21:47,560 FEEDBACK. 2021 01:21:47,560 --> 01:21:51,200 SHE, I DON'T MIND TELLING YOU, 2022 01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:52,520 WOULD GET EXTREMELY ANXIOUS 2023 01:21:52,520 --> 01:21:53,480 ABOUT THIS EVENT BECAUSE IT'S, 2024 01:21:53,480 --> 01:21:57,080 YOU KNOW THE BIGGEST THING THAT 2025 01:21:57,080 --> 01:21:59,120 HAPPENS IN INTRAMURAL RESEARCH, 2026 01:21:59,120 --> 01:22:02,840 THAT DICTATES WHETHER WE 2027 01:22:02,840 --> 01:22:07,080 CONTINUE ALONG OR NOT AND AFTER 2028 01:22:07,080 --> 01:22:09,000 WE GET ALL OUR PAPERWORK IN 2029 01:22:09,000 --> 01:22:10,080 BEFORE THE MEETING THEY WOULD 2030 01:22:10,080 --> 01:22:12,280 LET US KNOW WHO WILL BE COMING 2031 01:22:12,280 --> 01:22:14,400 TO REVIEW YOU AND THIS WAS THE 1 2032 01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:17,720 THING THAT KIND OF EASED 2033 01:22:17,720 --> 01:22:20,840 LESLIE'S ANXIETY, TOM IS COMING. 2034 01:22:20,840 --> 01:22:22,440 TOM ALBRIGHT'S FLYING IN FROM 2035 01:22:22,440 --> 01:22:23,400 SAN DIEGO AND SHE KNEW THERE 2036 01:22:23,400 --> 01:22:25,480 WOULD BE AT LEAST 1 FAMILIAR 2037 01:22:25,480 --> 01:22:27,720 FACE AND SUPPORTER AND SOMEBODY 2038 01:22:27,720 --> 01:22:32,040 WHO ACTUALLY UNDERSTOOD HER 2039 01:22:32,040 --> 01:22:32,280 SCIENCE. 2040 01:22:32,280 --> 01:22:37,400 SO WE ALWAYS THANKED TOM BECAUSE 2041 01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:39,640 HE WAS SURCH A HELP TO THE LAB 2042 01:22:39,640 --> 01:22:41,040 MANY TIMES, ACTUALLY, SO TOM AS 2043 01:22:41,040 --> 01:22:43,560 WE ALL KNOW IS AT THE SULK 2044 01:22:43,560 --> 01:22:44,640 INSTITUTE AND HE'S THE DIRECTOR 2045 01:22:44,640 --> 01:22:46,840 OF THE CENTER FOR THE 2046 01:22:46,840 --> 01:22:57,400 NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISION, SO TOM, 2047 01:23:01,480 --> 01:23:01,680 PLEASE. 2048 01:23:01,680 --> 01:23:03,040 >> THANK YOU ALEX AND I WANT TO 2049 01:23:03,040 --> 01:23:04,440 THANK THE ORGANIZERS OF THIS 2050 01:23:04,440 --> 01:23:06,360 EVENT AND PUTTING TOGETHER A 2051 01:23:06,360 --> 01:23:07,760 WONDERFUL TRIBUTE TO LESLIE AND 2052 01:23:07,760 --> 01:23:09,520 I'M IT'S GREAT TO SEE YOU ALL 2053 01:23:09,520 --> 01:23:11,160 HERE, I'M HONORED TO BE PART OF 2054 01:23:11,160 --> 01:23:12,840 IT, I SHOULD SAY AT THE OUTSET 2055 01:23:12,840 --> 01:23:15,280 THAT I NEVER WORKED WITH LESLIE, 2056 01:23:15,280 --> 01:23:16,360 NEVER COLLABORATORRED WITH HER 2057 01:23:16,360 --> 01:23:19,720 ON ANYTHING OF SUBSTANCE BUT I 2058 01:23:19,720 --> 01:23:22,400 KNEW HER FOR OVER 40 YEARS AS A 2059 01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:24,040 FRIEND, AS A COLLEAGUE, SHE WAS 2060 01:23:24,040 --> 01:23:27,680 A MENTOR TO ME AND SOMEBODY WHO 2061 01:23:27,680 --> 01:23:29,320 ADVISED ME AND WAS AN ADVOCATE 2062 01:23:29,320 --> 01:23:31,000 FOR ME IN MY OWN CAREER. 2063 01:23:31,000 --> 01:23:35,880 AND MY CONNECTION TO LESLIE 2064 01:23:35,880 --> 01:23:38,280 BEGINS HERE. 2065 01:23:38,280 --> 01:23:40,680 I WAS IN 1979 I ENROLLED IN A 2066 01:23:40,680 --> 01:23:42,320 GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PSYCHOLOGY 2067 01:23:42,320 --> 01:23:45,440 AND NEUROSCIENCE AT PRINCETON IN 2068 01:23:45,440 --> 01:23:47,600 THE LABORATORY OF CHARLIE GROSS, 2069 01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:49,800 THAT'S CHARLIE AT THE TOP THERE 2070 01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:52,480 AND AT THE TIME THE LABORATORY 2071 01:23:52,480 --> 01:23:55,120 OF POPULATED BY THESE SHARP 2072 01:23:55,120 --> 01:23:55,800 LOOKING CHARACTER, ON THE 2073 01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:56,840 BOTTOM. 2074 01:23:56,840 --> 01:23:58,960 THAT WAS BOB, BOB FINISHED HIS 2075 01:23:58,960 --> 01:23:59,560 THESIS AND STAY OFFICE OF 2076 01:23:59,560 --> 01:24:01,080 DIVERSITY FOR ANOTHER YEAR OR 2077 01:24:01,080 --> 01:24:04,560 SO, RICARDO WAS A VISITING 2078 01:24:04,560 --> 01:24:05,720 SCIENTIST FROM BRAZIL, AND 2079 01:24:05,720 --> 01:24:07,480 CHARLIE WAS A POST DOC IN 2080 01:24:07,480 --> 01:24:08,680 CHARLIE'S LAB AND REMAINED FOR 2081 01:24:08,680 --> 01:24:10,160 ANOTHER YEAR OR SO AND THEN WENT 2082 01:24:10,160 --> 01:24:12,520 OFF TO WELCOMER WITH MICKEY 2083 01:24:12,520 --> 01:24:13,760 GOLDBERG ON THE FRONTAL EYE 2084 01:24:13,760 --> 01:24:17,920 FIELDS AND I HAD JUST GOTTEN OFF 2085 01:24:17,920 --> 01:24:21,000 THE BUS, AND AROUND THIS TIME 2086 01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:22,320 FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS, WHICH 2087 01:24:22,320 --> 01:24:25,120 I WILL TRY TO EXPLAIN IN A 2088 01:24:25,120 --> 01:24:27,200 SECOND, LESLIE STARTED TO SHOW 2089 01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:29,920 UP IN THE LAB AND I THINK 1 OF 2090 01:24:29,920 --> 01:24:31,200 THE EXPLANATIONS, PROBABLY THE 2091 01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:34,680 MOST IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR 2092 01:24:34,680 --> 01:24:37,600 THIS IS THAT CHARLIE HIMSELF HAD 2093 01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:38,520 A BACKGROUND IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2094 01:24:38,520 --> 01:24:39,880 AND SO HE EMBRACED LESLIE 2095 01:24:39,880 --> 01:24:43,880 BECAUSE SHE HAD WORKED WITH 1 OF 2096 01:24:43,880 --> 01:24:45,640 CHARLIE'S HEROES KARL 2097 01:24:45,640 --> 01:24:46,440 [INDISCERNIBLE] SEVERAL YEARS 2098 01:24:46,440 --> 01:24:48,400 BEFORE AND SHE HAD ALSO BEEN 2099 01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:51,360 RECENTLY HIRED BY MORT MICHIGAN 2100 01:24:51,360 --> 01:24:54,160 HERE AT THE NIH AND SO WAS AN 2101 01:24:54,160 --> 01:24:56,840 EASY THING FOR CHARL TOW EMBRACE 2102 01:24:56,840 --> 01:24:57,760 LESLIE IN THE LABORATORY. 2103 01:24:57,760 --> 01:25:00,680 I THINK IT WAS MENTIONED 2104 01:25:00,680 --> 01:25:02,200 YESTERDAY LESLIE'S LOVE FOR 2105 01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:03,360 GOSSIP AND THAT WAS ANOTHER 2106 01:25:03,360 --> 01:25:05,640 THING THAT CHARLIE HAD AFFINITY 2107 01:25:05,640 --> 01:25:08,480 FOR BECAUSE I KNOW KNEW FEW 2108 01:25:08,480 --> 01:25:10,440 PEOPLE WHO LOVED GOSSIP AS MUCH 2109 01:25:10,440 --> 01:25:12,280 AS CHARLIE GROSS SO THEY BONDED 2110 01:25:12,280 --> 01:25:13,280 TOGETHER AND LESLIE DURING THIS 2111 01:25:13,280 --> 01:25:14,520 PERIOD OF TIME, EFFECTIVELY, 2112 01:25:14,520 --> 01:25:16,040 THIS WAS A PERIOD IN THE EARLY 2113 01:25:16,040 --> 01:25:18,040 DAYS OF TRYING TO FIGURE OUT THE 2114 01:25:18,040 --> 01:25:21,760 ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE 2115 01:25:21,760 --> 01:25:23,640 EXTRA TRIATAL CORTEX IN 2116 01:25:23,640 --> 01:25:24,920 NONMUSEUM HUMAN PRIMATES AND 2117 01:25:24,920 --> 01:25:30,240 LESLIE BECAME PART OF TEAM 2118 01:25:30,240 --> 01:25:31,400 CHARLIE THROUGHOUT THAT. 2119 01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:32,600 NOW LESLIE, BOB EVENTUALLY WENT 2120 01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:36,480 ON TO THE NIH, AND I HAD WORKED 2121 01:25:36,480 --> 01:25:41,320 A LOT WITH BOB WHILE I WAS AT 2122 01:25:41,320 --> 01:25:43,000 PRINCETON, THESE ARE A 2123 01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:44,120 PROBLEM--DURING THE PERIOD OF 2124 01:25:44,120 --> 01:25:46,240 TIME IN WHICH WE OVERLAP SO HE 2125 01:25:46,240 --> 01:25:50,120 WAS HIRED BY MORT AND MOVED TO 2126 01:25:50,120 --> 01:25:54,800 THE NIH AND WE HAD ONGOING 2127 01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:55,960 COLLABORATIONS AND I HAD A 2128 01:25:55,960 --> 01:25:57,480 PERSONAL CONNECTION TO THE DC 2129 01:25:57,480 --> 01:25:59,720 AREA, I WAS BORN AND RAISED 2130 01:25:59,720 --> 01:26:00,680 ABOUT 5-MILES FROM HERE SO I 2131 01:26:00,680 --> 01:26:03,120 CAME DOWN TO WASHINGTON A LOT 2132 01:26:03,120 --> 01:26:08,440 AND VISITED BOB AND LESLIE IN 2133 01:26:08,440 --> 01:26:09,440 BUILDING 9. 2134 01:26:09,440 --> 01:26:10,840 AGAIN, EARLY 1980S, THIS WAS A 2135 01:26:10,840 --> 01:26:12,240 TIME IN WHICH THERE WAS NO FENCE 2136 01:26:12,240 --> 01:26:13,440 AND YOU COULD DRIVE ON THE 2137 01:26:13,440 --> 01:26:15,520 CAMPUS AND PARK RIGHT DOWN THE 2138 01:26:15,520 --> 01:26:16,240 STREET FROM BUILDING 9 AND WALK 2139 01:26:16,240 --> 01:26:18,080 IN THE DOOR AND I WOULD SPEND 2140 01:26:18,080 --> 01:26:21,600 THE DAY TALKING WITH BOB ABOUT 2141 01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:22,480 VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS AND SHOP 2142 01:26:22,480 --> 01:26:25,280 TALK ABOUT HOW TO TRAIN MONKEYS 2143 01:26:25,280 --> 01:26:27,320 BETTER AND I WOULD SPEND TIME 2144 01:26:27,320 --> 01:26:29,920 WITH LESLIE AND I GOT TO KNOW 2145 01:26:29,920 --> 01:26:31,920 HER DURING THAT TIME. 2146 01:26:31,920 --> 01:26:34,280 I APOLOGIZE FOR THE PICTURE OF 2147 01:26:34,280 --> 01:26:35,720 LESLIE, IT WAS THE ONLY 1 I HAD, 2148 01:26:35,720 --> 01:26:37,600 I THINK IT WAS TAKEN AT MY 2149 01:26:37,600 --> 01:26:39,440 WEDDING WHICH WAS NOW 4 YEARS 2150 01:26:39,440 --> 01:26:44,680 AGO, MY FIRST WEDDING. 2151 01:26:44,680 --> 01:26:46,880 AND SO, I SPEND TIME WITH LESLIE 2152 01:26:46,880 --> 01:26:47,320 DURING THIS PERIOD. 2153 01:26:47,320 --> 01:26:48,600 NOW WHAT I WANT TO TELL YOU 2154 01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:51,360 ABOUT TODAY IS THE INFLUENCE OF 2155 01:26:51,360 --> 01:26:53,880 LESLIE'S WORK ON MY OWN CAREER 2156 01:26:53,880 --> 01:26:58,520 BUT IN THE SPIRIT OF ANECDOTES 2157 01:26:58,520 --> 01:27:00,760 ABOUT LESLIE'S PERSONALITY 2158 01:27:00,760 --> 01:27:01,920 CHARACTERISTICS I THOUGHT I 2159 01:27:01,920 --> 01:27:03,800 WOULD TELL YOU 1 BRIEF ANECDOTE 2160 01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:05,320 WHICH OVERLAPS WITH WHAT MICKEY 2161 01:27:05,320 --> 01:27:07,360 TOLD YOU EARLIER AND THAT WAS A 2162 01:27:07,360 --> 01:27:08,080 STORY INVOLVING THIS. 2163 01:27:08,080 --> 01:27:12,400 THIS WAS A MEETING OF THE, 2164 01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:16,000 MICKEY MENTIONED THE 2165 01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:16,800 INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL 2166 01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:18,360 SYMPOSIUM, THE INS WHICH IS 70 2167 01:27:18,360 --> 01:27:21,320 YEARS OLD AND MEETS IN EXOTIC 2168 01:27:21,320 --> 01:27:22,400 PLACES IN EUROPE EVERY JUNE AND 2169 01:27:22,400 --> 01:27:24,000 IT WAS A MEETING I WAS INVITED 2170 01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:25,880 TO, AND I HAD JUST FINISHED MY 2171 01:27:25,880 --> 01:27:27,760 Ph.D. AND I WAS INVITED TO 2172 01:27:27,760 --> 01:27:30,120 THIS BY MICKEY AND CHARLIE AND 2173 01:27:30,120 --> 01:27:34,160 IT WAS IN BONE IN THE BURGUNDY 2174 01:27:34,160 --> 01:27:36,120 WINE REGION OF CENTRAL FRANCE 2175 01:27:36,120 --> 01:27:38,920 AND THAT'S A BUNCH OF US HAVING 2176 01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:40,480 LUNCH THERE, THAT'S LESLIE ON 2177 01:27:40,480 --> 01:27:42,560 THE LEFT, GUS, ME, BARRY, BOB 2178 01:27:42,560 --> 01:27:50,240 AND THAT'S THE BACK OF OLIVER'S 2179 01:27:50,240 --> 01:27:50,480 HEAD. 2180 01:27:50,480 --> 01:27:52,520 AND THE ANECDOTE IS THE 2181 01:27:52,520 --> 01:27:54,240 FOLLOWING: SO CHARLIE BUTTER A 2182 01:27:54,240 --> 01:27:55,040 NURSE PSYCHOLOGIST AT THE 2183 01:27:55,040 --> 01:27:56,040 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN WAS A 2184 01:27:56,040 --> 01:27:58,560 GOOD FRIEND OF CHARLIE GROSS AND 2185 01:27:58,560 --> 01:27:59,720 ATTENDED THESE MEETINGS 2186 01:27:59,720 --> 01:28:01,680 REGULARLY AND CHARLIE BUTTER WAS 2187 01:28:01,680 --> 01:28:06,840 A SERIOUS FOODIE AND HAD BOOKED 2188 01:28:06,840 --> 01:28:08,200 A MICHELIN STARRED RESTAURANT, 2189 01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:10,320 I'M NOT SURE IF IT WAS THE SAME 2190 01:28:10,320 --> 01:28:11,760 1 THAT MICKEY WAS TALKING ABOUT, 2191 01:28:11,760 --> 01:28:13,840 OUT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 2192 01:28:13,840 --> 01:28:14,760 COUNTRYSIDE, SAME 1? 2193 01:28:14,760 --> 01:28:15,000 YEAH. 2194 01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:16,520 BASICALLY A BARN IN A FIELD SOME 2195 01:28:16,520 --> 01:28:18,200 PLACE AND WE PILED INTO A BUNCH 2196 01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:22,560 OF CARS AND I WAS IN A CAR I 2197 01:28:22,560 --> 01:28:24,960 BELIEVE WITH CHARLIE, CANNED 2198 01:28:24,960 --> 01:28:26,200 WHAT, JOHN ALMAN WAS DRIVING AND 2199 01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:27,840 I THINK LESLIE WAS IN THE SAME 2200 01:28:27,840 --> 01:28:30,640 CAR AND THIS IS ANN ECTOMYOSIN 2201 01:28:30,640 --> 01:28:31,720 DETOMORROW NATION TO THE POINT 2202 01:28:31,720 --> 01:28:33,040 ABOUT LESLIE BEING BLUNT AND 2203 01:28:33,040 --> 01:28:35,680 LIKING TO BE IN CONTROL BECAUSE 2204 01:28:35,680 --> 01:28:38,040 ON THE WAY TO THE RESTAURANT 2205 01:28:38,040 --> 01:28:39,760 WHICH WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO GET 2206 01:28:39,760 --> 01:28:41,440 TO REALLY AND WE DIDN'T HAVE ANY 2207 01:28:41,440 --> 01:28:43,640 CELL PHONES OR INTERNET, AND WE 2208 01:28:43,640 --> 01:28:46,440 HAD A CRUMMY MAP, NO COMPASS, 2209 01:28:46,440 --> 01:28:48,640 AND THE ROADS ARE WINDY THROUGH 2210 01:28:48,640 --> 01:28:50,600 THE BURG ENDY COUNTRY SIDE AND 2211 01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:52,720 THEN IT GOT DARK AND THERE ARE 2212 01:28:52,720 --> 01:28:56,400 COWS IN THE ROAD AND ALL SORTS 2213 01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:57,000 OF FUNNY THINGS. 2214 01:28:57,000 --> 01:28:59,440 AND SO IT'S GETTING INCREASINGLY 2215 01:28:59,440 --> 01:29:00,720 TENSE INSIDE THE CAR BECAUSE THE 2216 01:29:00,720 --> 01:29:02,080 RESTAURANT IS GOING TO CLOSE AND 2217 01:29:02,080 --> 01:29:03,440 THE OTHER PEOPLE WE ASSUME THE 2218 01:29:03,440 --> 01:29:05,200 OTHER PEOPLE IN OUR PARTY WERE 2219 01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:06,920 ALREADY THERE, WONDERING WHERE 2220 01:29:06,920 --> 01:29:09,440 WE WERE AND CHARLIE AND I WERE 2221 01:29:09,440 --> 01:29:11,080 BOY SCOUTS SO WE WERE TRYING TO 2222 01:29:11,080 --> 01:29:12,800 CONTROL THINGS OF COURSE WE 2223 01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:15,000 DIDN'T HAVE ANY IDEA WHERE WE 2224 01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:15,960 ARE AND [INDISCERNIBLE] HAD A 2225 01:29:15,960 --> 01:29:17,840 LOT OF THINGS TO SAY ABOUT THIS 2226 01:29:17,840 --> 01:29:20,520 AS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE, JOHN WAS 2227 01:29:20,520 --> 01:29:22,680 QUIETLY DRIVING THE CAR AND 2228 01:29:22,680 --> 01:29:24,080 LESLIE, I THINK JUST TOOK 2229 01:29:24,080 --> 01:29:24,920 CONTROL OF THE WHOLE SITUATION 2230 01:29:24,920 --> 01:29:26,120 AND SAID THIS IS WHAT WE'RE 2231 01:29:26,120 --> 01:29:27,400 GOING TO DO, WE'RE GOING TO GO 2232 01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:29,720 THIS WAY AND THAT WAY AND 2233 01:29:29,720 --> 01:29:31,560 EVENTUALLY WE GOT THERE AND ALL 2234 01:29:31,560 --> 01:29:31,920 WAS GOOD. 2235 01:29:31,920 --> 01:29:33,800 WE GOT THERE ABOUT 5 MINUTES 2236 01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,120 BEFORE THE RESTAURANT CLOSED AND 2237 01:29:35,120 --> 01:29:38,720 THEY EMBRACED US AND IT WAS ALL 2238 01:29:38,720 --> 01:29:42,960 GOOD BUT ASTERISKS AN EXAMPLE OF 2239 01:29:42,960 --> 01:29:46,360 LESLIE'S PREFERENCE TO SORT OF 2240 01:29:46,360 --> 01:29:47,880 COMMANDEER THE SITUATION TO MAKE 2241 01:29:47,880 --> 01:29:48,280 GOOD FOR EVERYONE. 2242 01:29:48,280 --> 01:29:49,960 NOW WHAT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT IS 2243 01:29:49,960 --> 01:29:51,800 HER INFLUENCE ON MY CAREER, IT 2244 01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:52,440 GERONTOLOGYSTSINS WITH THIS, 2245 01:29:52,440 --> 01:29:53,720 THIS IS A PERIOD OF TIME IN 2246 01:29:53,720 --> 01:29:55,160 WHICH I WAS SPENDING A LOT OF 2247 01:29:55,160 --> 01:29:57,240 TIME WITH BOB AND LESLIE, AND 2248 01:29:57,240 --> 01:29:59,360 THIS CAME OUT, AND I--BECAUSE I 2249 01:29:59,360 --> 01:30:00,480 HEARD LESLIE TALK ABOUT IT, I 2250 01:30:00,480 --> 01:30:02,160 WAS FAMILIAR WITH THE CONCEPT, 2251 01:30:02,160 --> 01:30:06,160 EVEN BEFORE THAT TIME, AND I 2252 01:30:06,160 --> 01:30:07,440 WON'T GO INTO DETAIL ABOUT IT 2253 01:30:07,440 --> 01:30:10,560 OTHER THAN THE EFFECT IT HAD ON 2254 01:30:10,560 --> 01:30:11,920 ME, BOB SPOKE A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 2255 01:30:11,920 --> 01:30:14,680 THIS YESTERDAY AS HAVE OTHER 2256 01:30:14,680 --> 01:30:19,920 PEOPLE, THE THEORY, THE CONCEPT, 2257 01:30:19,920 --> 01:30:22,800 THIS IS A--SO THAT WAS A CHAPTER 2258 01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,920 PUBLISHED IN THIS OBSCURE BOOK 2259 01:30:25,920 --> 01:30:26,520 EDITED BY DAVID ENGLAND 2260 01:30:26,520 --> 01:30:27,880 JOURNALLE BUT IT WAS A 2261 01:30:27,880 --> 01:30:29,400 TRANSFORMATIVE PIECE OF WORK, IT 2262 01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:30,800 WAS LATER PUBLISHED IN SHORTER 2263 01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:32,560 MORE ACCESS EBL FORM WAS 2264 01:30:32,560 --> 01:30:35,520 PUBLISHED IN A TENS ARTICLE THE 2265 01:30:35,520 --> 01:30:37,400 FOLLOWING YEAR WAS WITH MORTON 2266 01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:37,640 AND CATHY. 2267 01:30:37,640 --> 01:30:41,240 AND I WON'T READ THIS, THE POINT 2268 01:30:41,240 --> 01:30:45,040 IS THAT THESE THINGS GET 2269 01:30:45,040 --> 01:30:46,000 SEPARATED, THESE STREAMS GET 2270 01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:47,480 SEPARATED IN THE VISUAL CORTEX 2271 01:30:47,480 --> 01:30:48,880 AND ULTIMATELY THE BIG QUESTION 2272 01:30:48,880 --> 01:30:50,280 IS WHEN DO THEY COME BACK TO 2273 01:30:50,280 --> 01:30:53,560 TOGETHER AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE SO 2274 01:30:53,560 --> 01:30:56,480 THIS IS AN IDEA, A QUESTION THAT 2275 01:30:56,480 --> 01:30:57,920 MOTIVATED AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF 2276 01:30:57,920 --> 01:30:59,440 RESEARCH OVER THE FOLLOWING 2277 01:30:59,440 --> 01:31:03,200 DECADES AND IT INSPIRED ME, AND 2278 01:31:03,200 --> 01:31:04,480 VERY SPECIFIC WAYS THAT WERE 2279 01:31:04,480 --> 01:31:05,560 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE SORT 2280 01:31:05,560 --> 01:31:06,440 OF GENERAL THINKING ABOUT THIS 2281 01:31:06,440 --> 01:31:08,480 AND I WENT ON TO DO A WHOLE 2282 01:31:08,480 --> 01:31:10,760 BUNCH OF EXPERIMENTS ALONG THESE 2283 01:31:10,760 --> 01:31:14,120 LINES AND TO--AND I SHOULD SAY 2284 01:31:14,120 --> 01:31:15,880 AT THIS TIME IN CHARLIE'S LAB I 2285 01:31:15,880 --> 01:31:18,360 WAS DOING EXPERIMENTS THAT 2286 01:31:18,360 --> 01:31:19,160 INVOLVED RECARDING ACTIVITY FROM 2287 01:31:19,160 --> 01:31:20,480 SEMESTERS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX, 2288 01:31:20,480 --> 01:31:23,160 BOB AND I WERE WORKING ON 2289 01:31:23,160 --> 01:31:24,880 EXPERIMENTS INLET INFERIOR 2290 01:31:24,880 --> 01:31:27,240 TEMPORAL CORTEX IN THE AREA M. 2291 01:31:27,240 --> 01:31:28,960 T. AND IT WAS THE STANDARD THING 2292 01:31:28,960 --> 01:31:30,320 OF THAT ERA WHERE WE'RE 2293 01:31:30,320 --> 01:31:32,760 CHARACTERIZING THESE IN A 2294 01:31:32,760 --> 01:31:35,320 QUANTITATIVE WAY, THESE RESPONSE 2295 01:31:35,320 --> 01:31:37,000 PROPERTIES OF CORTICALE NEURONS 2296 01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:39,000 AND THAT WASN'T MOTIVATED BY ANY 2297 01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:39,880 PARTICULAR HYPOTHESIS ON HOW 2298 01:31:39,880 --> 01:31:40,880 SERIES POINTS ACCEPTION WORKED 2299 01:31:40,880 --> 01:31:42,280 BUT IT WAS FUNDAMENTALLY 2300 01:31:42,280 --> 01:31:44,400 IMPORTANT AND I CHES EITHER 2301 01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:45,800 ENROLLED IN A PSYCHOLOGY BAPTIST 2302 01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:47,360 AT PRINCETON AND I WAS REALLY 2303 01:31:47,360 --> 01:31:49,000 INTERESTED IN PERCEPTION, AND SO 2304 01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:50,720 THIS IDEA GOT ME THINKING A 2305 01:31:50,720 --> 01:31:55,080 LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT HOW 2306 01:31:55,080 --> 01:31:56,280 PERCEPTION WORKS AND THEN 2307 01:31:56,280 --> 01:31:57,120 TRIGGERED A WHOLE SERIES OF 2308 01:31:57,120 --> 01:31:58,400 EXPERIMENTS THAT I DID AND TO 2309 01:31:58,400 --> 01:31:59,880 EXPLAIN THAT I HAD IT GO BACK TO 2310 01:31:59,880 --> 01:32:00,920 THE BEGINNING AND SHOW YOU THIS, 2311 01:32:00,920 --> 01:32:02,720 THIS IS A CONCEPT THAT SHOULD BE 2312 01:32:02,720 --> 01:32:04,040 FAMILIAR TO ALL OF YOU. 2313 01:32:04,040 --> 01:32:05,880 THIS IS THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF 2314 01:32:05,880 --> 01:32:09,280 VISIONS, ACTUALLY 2 PROBLEMS. 2315 01:32:09,280 --> 01:32:10,880 THERE'S AN OPTICLE PROBLEM WHICH 2316 01:32:10,880 --> 01:32:13,000 IS TRIVIAL AND THEN THERE'S A 2317 01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:15,600 BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM WHICH IS 2318 01:32:15,600 --> 01:32:17,040 REALLY COMPLICATED AND THAT'S 2319 01:32:17,040 --> 01:32:21,880 WHAT WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON, ALL 2320 01:32:21,880 --> 01:32:24,440 OF US AND THE PROBLEM IS 2321 01:32:24,440 --> 01:32:26,360 BASICALLY HOW DO I INFER THE 2322 01:32:26,360 --> 01:32:27,200 ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE TO THE 2323 01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:28,360 PATTERN OF LIGHT ON THE BACK OF 2324 01:32:28,360 --> 01:32:33,160 THE EYE AND THIS IS A CLASSIC 2325 01:32:33,160 --> 01:32:34,120 INVERSE PROBLEM, A PROBLEM 2326 01:32:34,120 --> 01:32:35,840 WITHOUT A SOLUTION, THERE'S 2327 01:32:35,840 --> 01:32:37,360 SIMPLY NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION IN 2328 01:32:37,360 --> 01:32:39,360 THE RETINAL IMAGE TO COME TO A 2329 01:32:39,360 --> 01:32:40,760 UNIQUE CONCLUSION ABOUT THAT OR 2330 01:32:40,760 --> 01:32:42,920 TO PUT IT DIFFERENTLY, THERE'S 2331 01:32:42,920 --> 01:32:44,160 AN INFINITE NUMBER OF WORLDS 2332 01:32:44,160 --> 01:32:45,760 THAT COULD GIVE RISE TO ANY 2333 01:32:45,760 --> 01:32:46,600 PARTICULAR RETINAL IMAGE AND YET 2334 01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:48,320 I LOOK,A ROUND THE WORLD AND I 2335 01:32:48,320 --> 01:32:51,160 DON'T SUFFER FROM ANY AMBIGUITY. 2336 01:32:51,160 --> 01:32:52,400 I KNOW WHAT'S OUT THERE OR AT 2337 01:32:52,400 --> 01:32:53,240 LEAST I THINK I DO. 2338 01:32:53,240 --> 01:32:54,840 SO HOW DO WE DO THAT? 2339 01:32:54,840 --> 01:32:56,440 AND THE ANSWER IS CONTEXT, 2340 01:32:56,440 --> 01:32:58,600 CONTEXT IN THE THING THAT 2341 01:32:58,600 --> 01:32:59,640 ENABLESITOUS NARROW DOWN THE 2342 01:32:59,640 --> 01:33:01,960 POSSIBILITIES AND SEE SOMETHING 2343 01:33:01,960 --> 01:33:03,160 UNIQUE GIIVE A PARTICULAR 2344 01:33:03,160 --> 01:33:05,120 RETINAL IMAGE AND ANOTHER WAY TO 2345 01:33:05,120 --> 01:33:08,080 THINK ABOUT THAT IS THIS. 2346 01:33:08,080 --> 01:33:11,440 THIS IS WHAT I WOULD ARGUE IS 1 2347 01:33:11,440 --> 01:33:12,920 OF THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTATIONAL 2348 01:33:12,920 --> 01:33:15,360 PROCESSES THAT HAS TO HAPPEN IN 2349 01:33:15,360 --> 01:33:17,760 THE VISUAL CORTEX, WE HAVE LIGHT 2350 01:33:17,760 --> 01:33:20,200 ON THE INPUT AT EARLY STAGE OF 2351 01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:23,200 VISUAL PROCESSING, WE HAVE THIS 2352 01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:24,600 IMAGE BASED REPRESENTATION THAT 2353 01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:26,960 IS AS WE DETRECT CONTRAST AMONG 2354 01:33:26,960 --> 01:33:28,200 THESE DEMENTIONS THAT ARE 2355 01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:29,560 ILLUSTRATED HERE, THERE ARE 2356 01:33:29,560 --> 01:33:31,320 LIGHT AND THE RETINAL IMAGE ASK 2357 01:33:31,320 --> 01:33:32,760 WE HAVE THESE IMAGE BASED 2358 01:33:32,760 --> 01:33:34,120 REPRESENTATIONS AND YOU CAN FIND 2359 01:33:34,120 --> 01:33:36,040 THEM AT EARLY VISUAL PROCESSING 2360 01:33:36,040 --> 01:33:38,760 AND ULTIMATELY WHAT WE NEED IS A 2361 01:33:38,760 --> 01:33:39,360 SEAM BASED REPRESENTATION, WE 2362 01:33:39,360 --> 01:33:40,680 NEED TO KNOW WHAT'S OUT THERE IN 2363 01:33:40,680 --> 01:33:42,520 THE WORLD IN ORDER IT FOR US TO 2364 01:33:42,520 --> 01:33:44,520 INTERACT WITH IT BEHAVIORIALLY 2365 01:33:44,520 --> 01:33:46,040 AND AGAIN, THE ONLY WAY TO GET 2366 01:33:46,040 --> 01:33:48,200 THERE IS TO TAKE CONTEXT INTO 2367 01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:48,440 ACCOUNT. 2368 01:33:48,440 --> 01:33:51,920 NOW THIS IS NOT A NEW IDEA AT 2369 01:33:51,920 --> 01:33:53,200 ALL, IT GOES BACK AT LEAST TO 2370 01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:55,560 THIS GUY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 2371 01:33:55,560 --> 01:33:58,200 19th CENTURY, THIS IS EARNEST 2372 01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:00,040 MOCK, MOCK WAS FAMOUS FOR MANY 2373 01:34:00,040 --> 01:34:01,320 THINGS THAT HAD NOTHING TO DO 2374 01:34:01,320 --> 01:34:03,800 WITH THE VISUAL SYSTEM BUT HE 2375 01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:05,960 WROTE A WONDERFUL LITTLE 2376 01:34:05,960 --> 01:34:07,880 MONOGRAPH ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE 2377 01:34:07,880 --> 01:34:09,720 SENSATIONS AND IN THAT 2378 01:34:09,720 --> 01:34:11,160 MONOGRAPH, HE DESCRIBES, THIS IS 2379 01:34:11,160 --> 01:34:13,000 A VERY LOW TECH VISUAL DEMO, I'M 2380 01:34:13,000 --> 01:34:14,720 NOT GOING TO DEMO IT FOR YOU, I 2381 01:34:14,720 --> 01:34:16,320 WON'T READ THE TEXT, I WILL 2382 01:34:16,320 --> 01:34:17,800 SIMPLY EXPLAIN IT TO YOU AND YOU 2383 01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:19,120 CAN TAKE A BUSINESS CARD, CAN 2384 01:34:19,120 --> 01:34:21,440 YOU DO THIS AT HOME, YOU CAN DO 2385 01:34:21,440 --> 01:34:22,960 THIS ANYWHERE ON A TRAIN, ON A 2386 01:34:22,960 --> 01:34:24,760 PLANE, IN A BOAT AND YOU FOLD A 2387 01:34:24,760 --> 01:34:26,200 BUSINESS CARD IN HALF SO IT'S 2388 01:34:26,200 --> 01:34:28,680 LIKE A TENT AND THEN HAVE YOU A 2389 01:34:28,680 --> 01:34:30,400 DIRECTED LIGHT SOURCE SHINING ON 2390 01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:31,720 1 SIDE OF THE TENT AND WHEN YOU 2391 01:34:31,720 --> 01:34:34,400 LOOK AT THIS WITH BOTH EYES 2392 01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:35,840 OPEN, YOU SEE THAT 1 SIDE IS 2393 01:34:35,840 --> 01:34:37,080 BRIGHTER THAN THE OTHER AS YOU 2394 01:34:37,080 --> 01:34:39,760 WOULD EXPECT BECAUSE THE LIGHT 2395 01:34:39,760 --> 01:34:41,280 IS SHINING ON IT AND YOU 2396 01:34:41,280 --> 01:34:43,520 INTERPRET IT THAT WAY 2397 01:34:43,520 --> 01:34:44,960 PERCEPTUALLY, YOU ATTRIBUTE THE 2398 01:34:44,960 --> 01:34:46,280 BRIGHTNESS ON 1 SIDE OF THE 2399 01:34:46,280 --> 01:34:47,240 FOLDED CARD TO BE BECAUSE THERE 2400 01:34:47,240 --> 01:34:49,920 WAS A SOURCE OF ILLUMINATION 2401 01:34:49,920 --> 01:34:50,360 SHINING ON IT. 2402 01:34:50,360 --> 01:34:54,320 NOW IF YOU CLOSE 1 EYE, YOU LOSE 2403 01:34:54,320 --> 01:34:56,640 BIN OCULAR DISPARITY CUES AND 2404 01:34:56,640 --> 01:35:01,640 YOU CAN BY STABLE, WHICH APPEARS 2405 01:35:01,640 --> 01:35:03,520 AS IMNEAGZ AND ON THOSE 2406 01:35:03,520 --> 01:35:04,600 CONDITIONS 1 SIDE IS BRIGHTER 2407 01:35:04,600 --> 01:35:05,760 THAN THE OTHER BECAUSE IN 2408 01:35:05,760 --> 01:35:06,920 REALITY THE LIGHT IS SHINING ON 2409 01:35:06,920 --> 01:35:08,600 IT AND YOU DON'T SEE THE LIGHT 2410 01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:10,400 SHINING ON IT ANY LONGER AND YOU 2411 01:35:10,400 --> 01:35:11,440 ATTRIBUTE THAT BRIGHTNESS TO 2412 01:35:11,440 --> 01:35:12,680 SOMETHING DIFFERENT. 2413 01:35:12,680 --> 01:35:15,560 YOU ATTRIBUTE THAT BRIGHTNESS ON 2414 01:35:15,560 --> 01:35:18,680 1 SIDE TO A CHANGE IN THE 2415 01:35:18,680 --> 01:35:19,920 SURFACE REFLECT ANTS OF THE 2416 01:35:19,920 --> 01:35:22,120 OTHER 2 SIDES OF THE CARD. 2417 01:35:22,120 --> 01:35:26,760 SO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE 2418 01:35:26,760 --> 01:35:28,480 ENVIRONMENTAL PAUSE OF THAT 2419 01:35:28,480 --> 01:35:30,920 RETINAL STIMULUS IS HEAVILY 2420 01:35:30,920 --> 01:35:32,280 DEPENDENT ON YOUR INTERPRETATION 2421 01:35:32,280 --> 01:35:34,480 OF THE OBJECT WHICH IN TURN IN 2422 01:35:34,480 --> 01:35:38,200 THIS CASE IS BI OCULAR DISPARITY 2423 01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:39,760 CUES SO THERE ARE LOTS OF EMPLOY 2424 01:35:39,760 --> 01:35:41,280 ANDS OF THIS THING, YOU 2425 01:35:41,280 --> 01:35:43,840 ENCOUNTER THEM ALL THE TIME FROM 2426 01:35:43,840 --> 01:35:45,680 DAY-TO-DAY, THESE ARE 3 SIMPLE 2427 01:35:45,680 --> 01:35:46,440 EXAMPLES. 2428 01:35:46,440 --> 01:35:47,400 IT'S A HORIZONTAL GRAY BAR 2429 01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:49,200 THAT'S COMMON TO EACH OF THESE 3 2430 01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:50,480 FIGURES, THE 1 ON THE LEFT WOULD 2431 01:35:50,480 --> 01:35:53,320 SAY THAT LOOKS LIKE 2 2432 01:35:53,320 --> 01:35:53,920 TRANSPARENT FIGURES OVERLAPPING 2433 01:35:53,920 --> 01:35:56,440 1 ANOTHER AND THE GRAY BARS, THE 2434 01:35:56,440 --> 01:35:57,680 INTERSECTION, THE 1 IN THE 2435 01:35:57,680 --> 01:36:01,560 MIDDLE MOST PEOPLE SAY IT LOOKS 2436 01:36:01,560 --> 01:36:04,360 LIKE A PLANEAR SURFACE SO THEY 2437 01:36:04,360 --> 01:36:05,480 PAINT A GREAT STRIPE ACROSS IT 2438 01:36:05,480 --> 01:36:07,400 AND THE 1 ON THE RIGHT THE GRAY 2439 01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:09,720 BAR APPEARS TO BE A CONS QUEBS 2440 01:36:09,720 --> 01:36:11,160 AND RELATIVE OF THE LIGHT SOURCE 2441 01:36:11,160 --> 01:36:13,360 RELATIVE TO THE SURFACE OF IT 2442 01:36:13,360 --> 01:36:15,360 AND IT LOOKS LIKE A STEP, SO THE 2443 01:36:15,360 --> 01:36:16,840 POINT IS THAT YOU'RE 2444 01:36:16,840 --> 01:36:17,800 INTERPRETATION OF THE 2445 01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:20,240 ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE OF THOSE 2446 01:36:20,240 --> 01:36:21,080 STIMULI VARIES DRAMATICALLY 2447 01:36:21,080 --> 01:36:24,920 ACROSS THESE 3 CASES AND WHY IS 2448 01:36:24,920 --> 01:36:25,280 THAT? 2449 01:36:25,280 --> 01:36:26,920 WELL, IT'S THE CONTEXT, THE 2450 01:36:26,920 --> 01:36:30,240 CONTEXT DIFFERS IN THESE 3 CASES 2451 01:36:30,240 --> 01:36:33,200 AND SO, THIS IS A--AGAIN THIS IS 2452 01:36:33,200 --> 01:36:35,560 UBIQUITOUS IN HUMAN EXPERIENCE 2453 01:36:35,560 --> 01:36:36,800 AND IT'S A COMBINATORIAL 2454 01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:37,040 PROBLEM. 2455 01:36:37,040 --> 01:36:38,760 YOU CAN THINK ABOUT IT FORMALLY 2456 01:36:38,760 --> 01:36:41,000 THIS WAY AND JUST FOR SAKE OF 2457 01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:42,760 ARGUMENT, LET'S SUPPOSE WE HAVE 2458 01:36:42,760 --> 01:36:45,200 2 DIMENSIONS WITH WHAT WHOLE 2459 01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:47,560 SPACE, GENERICALLY, RIGHT NOW 2460 01:36:47,560 --> 01:36:49,000 AND 3 DIMENSIONS OF SOME 2461 01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:52,400 VARIATION THAT ALCOHOL FORM, 2462 01:36:52,400 --> 01:36:53,360 THERE ARE 6 POSSIBLE PERMIA 2463 01:36:53,360 --> 01:36:54,880 TAIPGZS OF THOSE VARIABLES 2464 01:36:54,880 --> 01:36:55,680 KHIHIGH ILLUSTRATED HERE AND YOU 2465 01:36:55,680 --> 01:36:57,880 CAN BUILD A SYSTEM, THIS CAPABLE 2466 01:36:57,880 --> 01:37:01,520 OF DETECTING ALL OF THOSE 2467 01:37:01,520 --> 01:37:02,320 COMBINATIONS, YOU COULD HARD 2468 01:37:02,320 --> 01:37:03,760 WIRE THIS, THIS WAS EFFECTIVELY, 2469 01:37:03,760 --> 01:37:09,080 THERE WAS A REFERENCE IN DWIGHT 2470 01:37:09,080 --> 01:37:10,160 TRAVIS' TALK YESTERDAY TO 2471 01:37:10,160 --> 01:37:10,960 [INDISCERNIBLE] THEORY ABOUT 2472 01:37:10,960 --> 01:37:14,080 THIS AND I THINK THIS IS WHAT 2473 01:37:14,080 --> 01:37:15,600 ALAN [INDISCERNIBLE] WAS 2474 01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:17,240 PROPOSING A FEW YEARS AGO, THE 2475 01:37:17,240 --> 01:37:18,920 LABELS LINES IF YOU WILL FOR 2476 01:37:18,920 --> 01:37:19,800 THESE COMBINATIONS AND FEATURES 2477 01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:21,560 IN THE WORLD BUT THAT'S NOT A 2478 01:37:21,560 --> 01:37:22,400 VERYENTIOUS FICIENT WAY TO BUILD 2479 01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:22,680 THE SYSTEM. 2480 01:37:22,680 --> 01:37:25,400 WHAT YOU WANT IS A SYSTEM IN 2481 01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:27,200 WHICH YOU HAVE THE A-VARIABLES, 2482 01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:29,880 WE WILL CALL THAT THE MIEMARY 2483 01:37:29,880 --> 01:37:32,560 VARIABLES, THAT'S SPACE AND FORM 2484 01:37:32,560 --> 01:37:35,440 IS THE CONTEXTURAL VARIABLE AND 2485 01:37:35,440 --> 01:37:38,520 THESE INTERACT DYNAMICALLY TO 2486 01:37:38,520 --> 01:37:39,960 CREATE OUTCOMES THAT SERVE A 2487 01:37:39,960 --> 01:37:42,560 PARTICULAR NEED. 2488 01:37:42,560 --> 01:37:45,720 SO YOU CAN HAVE A VALUE OF SPACE 2489 01:37:45,720 --> 01:37:48,160 A2 UNDER SOME CONDITIONS IN THE 2490 01:37:48,160 --> 01:37:53,560 PRESENCE OF B2 YIELDS A 2491 01:37:53,560 --> 01:37:54,000 PARTICULAR PERCEPT. 2492 01:37:54,000 --> 01:37:55,880 BUT IN ORDER TO DO THAT YOU HAVE 2493 01:37:55,880 --> 01:37:58,880 TO HAVE PARALLEL PROCESSING 2494 01:37:58,880 --> 01:38:00,240 STREAMS SO CAN YOU DYNAMICALLY 2495 01:38:00,240 --> 01:38:02,400 SHT ACT AND THAT'S EFFECTIVELY 2496 01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:04,560 WHAT THIS IS WITHOUT GOING INTO 2497 01:38:04,560 --> 01:38:05,480 DETAILTHE UNDERLYING WIRING AND 2498 01:38:05,480 --> 01:38:07,160 THIS IS A SYSTEM IN WHICH YOU 2499 01:38:07,160 --> 01:38:10,000 HAVE THESE PARALLEL CHANNELS AND 2500 01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:11,520 THERE ARE INTERACTIONS ALL ALONG 2501 01:38:11,520 --> 01:38:13,600 THE STREAM THAT ENABLE YOU TO 2502 01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:14,560 RECONSTRUCT THE ENVIRONMENTAL 2503 01:38:14,560 --> 01:38:17,760 CAUSE OF THE RETINAL STIMULUS. 2504 01:38:17,760 --> 01:38:19,520 SO THIS IS A MORE ELABORATED 2505 01:38:19,520 --> 01:38:20,640 VERSION OF THAT THAT WE 2506 01:38:20,640 --> 01:38:22,840 PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO, 2507 01:38:22,840 --> 01:38:24,240 SO, AGAIN THESE ARE THE 2508 01:38:24,240 --> 01:38:25,960 PROPERTIES OF THE RETINAL IMAGE, 2509 01:38:25,960 --> 01:38:27,240 THE TYPES OF CONTRAST, PRESENCE 2510 01:38:27,240 --> 01:38:28,720 OF LIGHT AND THE RETINAL IMAGE 2511 01:38:28,720 --> 01:38:31,080 AND AT THE EARLY STAGES OF 2512 01:38:31,080 --> 01:38:32,440 VISUAL PROCESSING. 2513 01:38:32,440 --> 01:38:35,480 --HOW DOES THIS WORK? 2514 01:38:35,480 --> 01:38:36,280 >> SORRY, THAT'S THE WRONG 2515 01:38:36,280 --> 01:38:36,600 THING. 2516 01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:46,960 HOW DO I GO BACKWARDS? 2517 01:38:53,520 --> 01:38:54,920 ALL RIGHT, SO AT THE EARLY 2518 01:38:54,920 --> 01:38:56,560 STAGES OF VISUAL PROCESSING, WE 2519 01:38:56,560 --> 01:38:58,280 HAVE MECHANISMS THAT DETECT 2520 01:38:58,280 --> 01:38:59,680 CONTRAST ALONG THESE VARIOUS 2521 01:38:59,680 --> 01:39:01,080 DIMENSIONS, WE KNOW THIS IS 2522 01:39:01,080 --> 01:39:04,160 TRUE, LOTS OF EXPERIMENTS 2523 01:39:04,160 --> 01:39:05,560 DEMONSTRATING THAT AND THE TOP 2524 01:39:05,560 --> 01:39:07,200 PATHWAY ON HERE IS WHAT I WILL 2525 01:39:07,200 --> 01:39:08,240 CALL THE MOTION PATHWAY, THAT 2526 01:39:08,240 --> 01:39:11,040 WOULD BE IN THE DORSAL STREAM 2527 01:39:11,040 --> 01:39:14,120 AND ANY 1 OF THESE FORMS OF 2528 01:39:14,120 --> 01:39:16,520 CONTRAST CAN BE USED TO GENERATE 2529 01:39:16,520 --> 01:39:17,520 A PERCEPTIVE MOTION ISSUES LOTS 2530 01:39:17,520 --> 01:39:20,760 OF EXPERIMENTS THAT WE'VE DONE 2531 01:39:20,760 --> 01:39:23,200 OF THAT SORT AND WHAT YOU GET, 2532 01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:25,800 THE EARLY STAGE OF MOTION 2533 01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:27,440 PROCESSING ARE REPRESENTATIONS 2534 01:39:27,440 --> 01:39:28,280 OF RETINAL IMAGE MOTION COMING 2535 01:39:28,280 --> 01:39:30,640 FROM ANY 1 OF THOSE CUES BUT AS 2536 01:39:30,640 --> 01:39:32,160 I SAID ULTIMATELY WE WANT TO 2537 01:39:32,160 --> 01:39:33,440 HAVE A REPRESENTATION OF 2538 01:39:33,440 --> 01:39:34,840 ENVIRONMENTAL MOTION, THE THING 2539 01:39:34,840 --> 01:39:36,360 THAT'S ACTUALLY CAUSING THAT 2540 01:39:36,360 --> 01:39:37,200 RETINAL IMAGE AND THE ONLY WAY 2541 01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:40,440 TO GET THERE IS TO TAKE INTO 2542 01:39:40,440 --> 01:39:43,680 ACCOUNT CONTEXT, THAT CONTEXT 2543 01:39:43,680 --> 01:39:44,760 COMES FROM THE FORM PATHWAY 2544 01:39:44,760 --> 01:39:46,600 WHICH AGAIN IS FEEDING OFF THE 2545 01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:48,040 SAME SORT OF CONTRAST CUES BUT 2546 01:39:48,040 --> 01:39:49,160 USING THEM IN A DIFFERENT WAY 2547 01:39:49,160 --> 01:39:50,960 AND ULTIMATELY HAVE YOU A 2548 01:39:50,960 --> 01:39:53,160 REPRESENTATION OF MOTION OF THE 2549 01:39:53,160 --> 01:39:55,240 ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES AND THEN 2550 01:39:55,240 --> 01:39:56,960 FEIGNALLY, THE HIGHEST STAGE OF 2551 01:39:56,960 --> 01:39:58,080 PROCESSING WE POPULATION THE 2552 01:39:58,080 --> 01:40:00,720 SURFACE OF THAT MOVING OBJECT 2553 01:40:00,720 --> 01:40:03,200 WITH THINGS LIKE TEXTURE AND 2554 01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:04,400 SURFACE REFLECT ANTS AND COLOR. 2555 01:40:04,400 --> 01:40:07,040 SO THIS IS A GENERAL IDEA. 2556 01:40:07,040 --> 01:40:11,640 AND SO WITH THIS, IS OUR SORT OF 2557 01:40:11,640 --> 01:40:12,040 MOTIVATING FORCE. 2558 01:40:12,040 --> 01:40:15,280 WE SET OUT TO DO A WHOLE BURN OF 2559 01:40:15,280 --> 01:40:17,680 EXPERIMENTS AFTER I MOVED TO THE 2560 01:40:17,680 --> 01:40:19,640 SULK INSTITUTE IN THE LATE 1980S 2561 01:40:19,640 --> 01:40:20,960 AND WE DID THIS EXPERIMENT WHICH 2562 01:40:20,960 --> 01:40:22,600 I TELL YOU, I WILL SHOW YOU THIS 2563 01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:24,680 BECAUSE IT'S A PRETTY STRIKING 2564 01:40:24,680 --> 01:40:26,600 IF THE MOVIE WORKS IT'S A PRETTY 2565 01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:28,320 STRIKING DEMO BUT IT'S A 2566 01:40:28,320 --> 01:40:30,840 DRAMATIC DEMONSTRATION OF THE 2567 01:40:30,840 --> 01:40:32,960 EFFECT OF WHAT YOU WOULD PUT IN 2568 01:40:32,960 --> 01:40:36,000 THE FORM PATHWAY ON PERCEIVED 2569 01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:38,600 MOTION, NOW AND THIS WAS A 2570 01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:39,520 COLLABORATION OF [INDISCERNIBLE] 2571 01:40:39,520 --> 01:40:42,840 WHO'S IN THE PSYCHOLOGY 2572 01:40:42,840 --> 01:40:44,040 DEPARTMENT FROM UCSD WHICH IS 2573 01:40:44,040 --> 01:40:45,960 RIGHT ACROSS THE STREET FROM THE 2574 01:40:45,960 --> 01:40:46,440 SULK INSTITUTE. 2575 01:40:46,440 --> 01:40:47,960 I DON'T KNOW HOW TO MAKE PLAY 2576 01:40:47,960 --> 01:40:49,080 HERE, THIS IS A MOVIE. 2577 01:40:49,080 --> 01:40:51,560 SO BEFORE I PLAY THE MOVIE. 2578 01:40:51,560 --> 01:40:52,760 OH, COOL, DON'T PLAY IT YET, 2579 01:40:52,760 --> 01:40:54,360 BEFORE I PLAY THE MOVIE, IT'S 2580 01:40:54,360 --> 01:40:55,400 IMPORTANT THAT YOU FIXATE THAT 2581 01:40:55,400 --> 01:40:56,720 SPOT IN THE CENTER BECAUSE 2582 01:40:56,720 --> 01:40:58,520 MOVEMENTS OF THE EYES WILL 2583 01:40:58,520 --> 01:41:01,120 ACTUALLY AFFECT YOUR PERCEIVED 2584 01:41:01,120 --> 01:41:01,360 MOTION. 2585 01:41:01,360 --> 01:41:03,000 AND THE SECOND THING IS, THE 2586 01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:04,680 WHOLE THING WILL MOVE UPWARDS 2587 01:41:04,680 --> 01:41:07,440 AND IT WILL MOVE CONTINUOUSLY 2588 01:41:07,440 --> 01:41:09,320 UPREGARDS AND I WILL CHANGE THE 2589 01:41:09,320 --> 01:41:11,280 INTENSITY OF THE DIAMOND SHAPED 2590 01:41:11,280 --> 01:41:12,920 REGIONS, THE 1S THAT ARE SORT OF 2591 01:41:12,920 --> 01:41:14,440 BRIGHT WHITE RIGHT NOW, THEY 2592 01:41:14,440 --> 01:41:16,560 WILL CHANGE, THEY WILL GRADUALLY 2593 01:41:16,560 --> 01:41:17,840 GET DIMMER AND DIMMER UNTIL THEY 2594 01:41:17,840 --> 01:41:19,120 GET VERY DARK AND THEN I WILL 2595 01:41:19,120 --> 01:41:20,280 COURT AND JURY COME BACK AND 2596 01:41:20,280 --> 01:41:21,880 REPLAY OVER AND OVER AGAIN AND I 2597 01:41:21,880 --> 01:41:22,880 WANT YOU TO--I WILL EXPLAIN IT 2598 01:41:22,880 --> 01:41:26,640 TO YOU IN A MOMENT BUT JUST 2599 01:41:26,640 --> 01:41:27,480 EXPERIENCE THE PERCEPT OF 2600 01:41:27,480 --> 01:41:28,240 MOTION. 2601 01:41:28,240 --> 01:41:29,920 CAN WE MAKE IT GO NOW? 2602 01:41:29,920 --> 01:41:33,960 WHOEVER DID THAT A MOMENT AGO? 2603 01:41:33,960 --> 01:41:35,840 DID SOMEBODY MAKE IT? 2604 01:41:35,840 --> 01:41:37,800 OH, COOL, OKAY, SO I APOLOGIZE, 2605 01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:42,800 THIS WAS MADE IN THE LAST 2606 01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,720 CENTURY AND IT'S SORT OF LOW 2607 01:41:45,720 --> 01:41:47,560 TECHNOLOGY, IT'S SORT OF A 2608 01:41:47,560 --> 01:41:49,040 CLUNKY VIDEO. 2609 01:41:49,040 --> 01:41:51,360 NOW IT'S DARK, RIGHT, MOVES 2610 01:41:51,360 --> 01:41:53,000 UPWARDS AND SOMEBODY IN THERE IT 2611 01:41:53,000 --> 01:41:56,240 SLIDES, YOU SEE THE SLIDING, AND 2612 01:41:56,240 --> 01:41:58,080 SO THIS IS, I THINK THIS IS 2613 01:41:58,080 --> 01:41:58,880 PROFOUNDLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE 2614 01:41:58,880 --> 01:42:00,920 ONLY THING THAT'S CHANGE NOTHING 2615 01:42:00,920 --> 01:42:02,520 THE STIMULUS IS THE BRIGHTNESS 2616 01:42:02,520 --> 01:42:04,720 OF THAT LITTLE DIAMONDED SHAPED 2617 01:42:04,720 --> 01:42:05,760 INTERSECTION THERE THE REST OF 2618 01:42:05,760 --> 01:42:07,280 IT IS JUST MOTION UPWARDS BUT 2619 01:42:07,280 --> 01:42:10,120 YOU SEE IT IN 2 DISTINCT WAYS 2620 01:42:10,120 --> 01:42:14,200 AND NOW, I GUESS I CAN DO THIS. 2621 01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:16,280 SO THE EXPLANATION FOR THIS IS 2622 01:42:16,280 --> 01:42:16,760 ACTUALLY QUITE SIMPLE. 2623 01:42:16,760 --> 01:42:20,280 THIS IS WHAT WE CALL A PLAYED 2624 01:42:20,280 --> 01:42:21,640 PATTERN, SPECIAL TYPE OF PLAID 2625 01:42:21,640 --> 01:42:25,040 PATTERN AND WE CAN CONFIGURE IT 2626 01:42:25,040 --> 01:42:27,280 SUCH THAT THEY ARE IN PANEL C 2627 01:42:27,280 --> 01:42:30,720 AND E, IT'S CONFIGURED, THE 2628 01:42:30,720 --> 01:42:31,600 RULES OF PERCEPTUAL TRANSPARENT 2629 01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:33,320 HAVE BEEN WORKED OUT LONG AGO. 2630 01:42:33,320 --> 01:42:35,640 IT HAS TO DO WITH THE BRIGHTNESS 2631 01:42:35,640 --> 01:42:38,120 RATIOS BETWEEN REGIONS,A, B, C, 2632 01:42:38,120 --> 01:42:38,320 AND D. 2633 01:42:38,320 --> 01:42:40,080 AND THE LITTLE UNIT OF THE 2634 01:42:40,080 --> 01:42:42,720 PATTERN THERE AND THE C AND DOT 2635 01:42:42,720 --> 01:42:45,880 BOTTOM HERE ARE ILLUSTRATE THE 2636 01:42:45,880 --> 01:42:47,280 KAITION IN WHICH THAT 2637 01:42:47,280 --> 01:42:49,120 INTERSECTION LIEWMINENCE IS NOT 2638 01:42:49,120 --> 01:42:49,800 CONSISTENT WITH TRANSPARENCY AND 2639 01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:50,640 YOU SLEEP APNEA AND OBESITYY 2640 01:42:50,640 --> 01:42:52,200 THIS THING MOVING UPWARDS, THE 2641 01:42:52,200 --> 01:42:54,720 CASE IN THE MIDDLE AND ALL WE'VE 2642 01:42:54,720 --> 01:42:56,960 DONE IS VARY THE LUMINOUS OF 2643 01:42:56,960 --> 01:42:59,480 THAT REGION A, THE CASE IN THE 2644 01:42:59,480 --> 01:43:02,960 BOTTOM MIDDLE THERE, PANEL D IS 2645 01:43:02,960 --> 01:43:04,440 1 IN WHICH THEY'RE TRANSPARENT 2646 01:43:04,440 --> 01:43:05,440 IN SLIDING ACROSS FROM 1 2647 01:43:05,440 --> 01:43:07,920 ANOTHER, THEY DID A WHOLE SERIES 2648 01:43:07,920 --> 01:43:09,320 EXPERIMENTS ON THIS, I WON'T 2649 01:43:09,320 --> 01:43:11,400 BELABOR THIS IS THE POINT THAT 2650 01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:13,760 PEOPLE SEE THIS WHAT'S VARYINGOT 2651 01:43:13,760 --> 01:43:16,560 X-AXIS THERE IS THE LUMINOUS OF 2652 01:43:16,560 --> 01:43:18,080 THE INTERSECTIONS AND Y-AXIS IS 2653 01:43:18,080 --> 01:43:19,720 THE REPORTS OF WHAT WE CALL 2654 01:43:19,720 --> 01:43:22,760 COMPONENT MOTION, THAT IS THE 2655 01:43:22,760 --> 01:43:24,440 SLIDING MOTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 2656 01:43:24,440 --> 01:43:26,800 COMPONENTS AND IT'S A PRETTY 2657 01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:29,480 PRONOUNCED EFFECT AND VERY 2658 01:43:29,480 --> 01:43:31,000 CONSISTENT ACROSS SUBJECTS. 2659 01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:32,680 SO THAT'S A DEMONSTRATION 2660 01:43:32,680 --> 01:43:34,040 IMPORTANTLY OF THE INFLUENCE OF 2661 01:43:34,040 --> 01:43:37,680 FORM ON MOTION PERCEPTION AND WE 2662 01:43:37,680 --> 01:43:39,080 WERE ALSO CURIOUS ABOUT THE 2663 01:43:39,080 --> 01:43:40,080 NEURAL SUBSTRATES TO THIS AND I 2664 01:43:40,080 --> 01:43:41,920 HAD DONE A WHOLE LOT BY THIS 2665 01:43:41,920 --> 01:43:44,040 POINT, A WHOLE LOT OF RECORDING 2666 01:43:44,040 --> 01:43:46,760 FROM THE AREA M. T. WHICH HAS 2667 01:43:46,760 --> 01:43:49,120 MOTION SENSITIVE CELLS THAT 2668 01:43:49,120 --> 01:43:51,200 BEHAVE LIKE THIS, DIRECTION 2669 01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:52,760 CURVE PLOTTING ON THE POLAR 2670 01:43:52,760 --> 01:43:54,200 ACCESS AND THIS LIKES IT UP AND 2671 01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:56,880 TO THE RIGHT, THIS IS THE 2672 01:43:56,880 --> 01:43:58,600 HISTOGRAMS AROUND THE PERIMETER 2673 01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:02,880 OF THE POLAR PLOT SO THE RADIAL 2674 01:44:02,880 --> 01:44:05,320 ACCESS =S THE SPIKE RATE AND THE 2675 01:44:05,320 --> 01:44:07,280 DIRECTION OF MOTION, SO THIS IS 2676 01:44:07,280 --> 01:44:08,680 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VAST 2677 01:44:08,680 --> 01:44:10,440 MAJORITY OF CELLS AND M. T. AND 2678 01:44:10,440 --> 01:44:13,200 WE ASK WHAT THESE DO IF WE 2679 01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:14,520 PRESENT THESE PLATPATTERNS THAT 2680 01:44:14,520 --> 01:44:15,400 ARE EITHER TRANSPARENT OR NOT 2681 01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:18,400 AND THE GRAPHOT LEFT IS ANOTHER 2682 01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:20,920 DIRECTION TO A CURVE FROM M. T. 2683 01:44:20,920 --> 01:44:23,400 THIS 1 PLOT INDEED CAR TEEGZ 2684 01:44:23,400 --> 01:44:26,200 COORDINATES AND THIS CELL LIKES 2685 01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:27,280 MOTION ROUGHLY 90-DEGREES THERE 2686 01:44:27,280 --> 01:44:29,600 AND THERE'S A BIT OF RESPONSE IN 2687 01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:30,400 THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AND SO 2688 01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:34,000 WHAT WE DID WAS WE TOOK THAT AS 2689 01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:35,840 THE 90-DEGREES MEASUREMENT 2690 01:44:35,840 --> 01:44:37,480 THERE, ACTUALLY IT'S ABOUT 2691 01:44:37,480 --> 01:44:39,480 135-DEGREES, WE TOOK THAT AS THE 2692 01:44:39,480 --> 01:44:42,280 PREFERRED DIRECTION OF THE CELL 2693 01:44:42,280 --> 01:44:43,360 AND THEN PRESENTED THESE 2694 01:44:43,360 --> 01:44:44,880 PATTERNS SO THAT THEY'RE ALL 2695 01:44:44,880 --> 01:44:45,760 COHERENT MOVING ON THE 2696 01:44:45,760 --> 01:44:46,920 DIRECTION AND THAT'S SHOWNOT 2697 01:44:46,920 --> 01:44:48,720 RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE SLIDE, 2698 01:44:48,720 --> 01:44:50,800 THAT SPIKE RATE IS A FUNCTION OF 2699 01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:53,320 THE PATTERN DIRECTION, SO IF THE 2700 01:44:53,320 --> 01:44:55,040 PATTERN DIRECTION--SORRY, IF THE 2701 01:44:55,040 --> 01:44:55,640 PATENTSERN WAS NONTRANSPARENT 2702 01:44:55,640 --> 01:44:57,600 WHICH YOU CAN SEE FROM THE 2703 01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:00,440 SYMBOLS THERE, IF IT'S 2704 01:45:00,440 --> 01:45:02,640 NONTRANSPARENT THEN THIS THING 2705 01:45:02,640 --> 01:45:04,320 ELICITS A STRONG RESPONSE IN THE 2706 01:45:04,320 --> 01:45:05,400 CELL'S PREFERRED DIRECTION, 2707 01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:06,360 HOWEVER IF IT'S TRANSPARENT THEN 2708 01:45:06,360 --> 01:45:09,840 YOU GET A RESPONSE TO THE 2709 01:45:09,840 --> 01:45:11,360 INDIVIDUAL MOVING COMPONENTS, IN 2710 01:45:11,360 --> 01:45:14,000 OTHER WORDS THESE CELLS DM M. T. 2711 01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:15,760 ARE RESPOND NOTHING A WAY THAT 2712 01:45:15,760 --> 01:45:17,760 MIRRORS PRECEPTION UNDER THESE 2713 01:45:17,760 --> 01:45:18,480 CONDITIONS THAT THEY'RE 2714 01:45:18,480 --> 01:45:20,200 MODULATED BY FORM IN A WAY 2715 01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:22,680 THAT'S CONSISTENT WITH WHAT WE 2716 01:45:22,680 --> 01:45:24,480 SEE PERCEPTUALLY. 2717 01:45:24,480 --> 01:45:27,280 SO, WITH THAT AS A STARTING 2718 01:45:27,280 --> 01:45:29,440 POINT WE WENT ON TO HAVE A WHOLE 2719 01:45:29,440 --> 01:45:31,920 BUNCH OF EXPERIMENTS TO GET AT 2720 01:45:31,920 --> 01:45:34,320 THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS 2721 01:45:34,320 --> 01:45:36,440 ASSOCIATED WITH AND THE 2722 01:45:36,440 --> 01:45:37,240 GENERALITY OF THIS, AND WILL 2723 01:45:37,240 --> 01:45:38,960 TELL YOU ABOUT THIS 1 QUICKLY. 2724 01:45:38,960 --> 01:45:40,360 THESE ARE 2 VERY SIMPLE WORDS, 2725 01:45:40,360 --> 01:45:42,240 BUT THE WORLD AT TOP HAS A 2726 01:45:42,240 --> 01:45:45,600 SINGLE OBJECT IN IT, IT'S A 2727 01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:46,760 DIAGNOLLALLY ORIENTED BAR THAT'S 2728 01:45:46,760 --> 01:45:49,640 MIGHT HAVING STRAIGHT DOWN AND 2729 01:45:49,640 --> 01:45:50,360 THAT'S THE RETINAL IMAGE 2730 01:45:50,360 --> 01:45:51,880 GENERATED BY THAT BAR, SHOWNOT 2731 01:45:51,880 --> 01:45:52,960 LEFT THERE, IT'S EXACTLY WHAT 2732 01:45:52,960 --> 01:45:54,400 YOU WOULD PREDICT IT TO BE, NOW 2733 01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:56,520 THE WORLD AT THE BOTTOM IS 2734 01:45:56,520 --> 01:45:57,120 SLIGHTLY MORE COMPLICATED. 2735 01:45:57,120 --> 01:46:04,440 IT HAS A LONGER ANGLED BAR THAT 2736 01:46:04,440 --> 01:46:07,160 IS MOVING TO THE RIGHT WITH THIS 2737 01:46:07,160 --> 01:46:08,920 ORIENTATION BUT IN THIS CASE, 2738 01:46:08,920 --> 01:46:09,960 THEY ARE PANELS DOWN TO THE 2739 01:46:09,960 --> 01:46:11,200 GROUND SO YOU DON'T SEE THE ENDS 2740 01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:13,400 OF THE BAR, SO YOU SEE THESE 2741 01:46:13,400 --> 01:46:15,160 OCCLUDED POINTS AND THE RETINAL 2742 01:46:15,160 --> 01:46:16,960 IMAGE GENERATED BY THAT WORLD IS 2743 01:46:16,960 --> 01:46:18,440 DIFFICULT BY THE WORLD ATOP WITH 2744 01:46:18,440 --> 01:46:22,480 THE EXCEPTION OF THE FACT THAT 2745 01:46:22,480 --> 01:46:24,600 IT HAS THESE 2 FOREGROUND 2746 01:46:24,600 --> 01:46:25,720 INCLUDING PANELS, THE MOTION IS 2747 01:46:25,720 --> 01:46:27,680 THE SAME IN THOSE 2 CASES AND 2748 01:46:27,680 --> 01:46:29,160 YET YOU WOULD SEE IF YOU CAN 2749 01:46:29,160 --> 01:46:30,840 DEMONSTRATE IT HERE, YOU WOULD 2750 01:46:30,840 --> 01:46:31,680 SEE THIS HERETICALLY, YOU WOULD 2751 01:46:31,680 --> 01:46:33,320 SEE THE 1 AT THE BOTTOM MOVING 2752 01:46:33,320 --> 01:46:34,640 DOWN AND RIGHT, YOU SEE THE 1 2753 01:46:34,640 --> 01:46:35,360 MOVING TOP AND DOWN. 2754 01:46:35,360 --> 01:46:36,760 SO HOW IS THAT? 2755 01:46:36,760 --> 01:46:39,120 WELL THE ANSWER OF COURSE AND 2756 01:46:39,120 --> 01:46:40,600 CONTEXT, CONTEXT HERE IS YOU 2757 01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:41,920 HAVE THESE OCCLUDING PANELS. 2758 01:46:41,920 --> 01:46:43,560 WE THEN SET OUT, BECAUSE IT'S 2759 01:46:43,560 --> 01:46:45,400 SORT OF HARD TO DO EXPERIMENTS 2760 01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:47,640 WITH THAT KIND OF 2761 01:46:47,640 --> 01:46:50,040 CONFIGURURATION, WE DESIGNED A 2762 01:46:50,040 --> 01:46:51,200 STIMULUS FOR HISTORICAL REASONS 2763 01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:54,760 WHICH I REGRET TODAY IS CALLED 2764 01:46:54,760 --> 01:46:56,440 THE BARBARA DIAMOND, AND I'LL 2765 01:46:56,440 --> 01:46:58,480 BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THIS TO YOU, 2766 01:46:58,480 --> 01:46:59,680 UNFORTUNATELY I CAN'T SHOW YOU 2767 01:46:59,680 --> 01:47:02,680 THE VIDEO BECAUSE I DIDN'T BRING 2768 01:47:02,680 --> 01:47:04,880 THE RED/GREEN GLASSES AND IT 2769 01:47:04,880 --> 01:47:05,920 REQUIRINGS STEREO BUT YOU WILL 2770 01:47:05,920 --> 01:47:07,000 GET THE POINT ANYWAY. 2771 01:47:07,000 --> 01:47:09,240 SO THERE IS A PATTERN OF STRIPES 2772 01:47:09,240 --> 01:47:10,800 IN THE DIAMOND REGION, WE ARE 2773 01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:11,800 TALKING ABOUT THE PANEL ON THE 2774 01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:12,200 LEFT NOW. 2775 01:47:12,200 --> 01:47:13,760 WE WILL SEE IF I CAN USE THIS 2776 01:47:13,760 --> 01:47:15,640 PANEL ON THE LEFT HERE AND THEN 2777 01:47:15,640 --> 01:47:17,280 THERE ARE 4 SURROUNDING PANELS 2778 01:47:17,280 --> 01:47:19,160 AND THEN WE MANIPULATED THE 2779 01:47:19,160 --> 01:47:21,840 DEPTH PLANE OF THOSE PANELS WITH 2780 01:47:21,840 --> 01:47:22,560 2 CONFIGURURATIONS SHOWN HERE 2781 01:47:22,560 --> 01:47:24,280 AND IMPORTANTLY THE STRIPES IN 2782 01:47:24,280 --> 01:47:32,960 THE CENTER, CAN ONLY 2783 01:47:32,960 --> 01:47:33,920 MOVE--WHOOPS--THE STRIPES IN THE 2784 01:47:33,920 --> 01:47:35,280 CENTER CAN ONLY MOVE TO THE 2785 01:47:35,280 --> 01:47:37,280 RIGHT OR THE LEFT PURPLEN 2786 01:47:37,280 --> 01:47:38,920 DICKULAR TO THEIR ORIENTATION. 2787 01:47:38,920 --> 01:47:40,200 BUT WE CREATED 2 2788 01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:42,640 CONFIGURURATIONS OF THIS IN 2789 01:47:42,640 --> 01:47:43,880 WHICH WE MANIPULATED THE 2790 01:47:43,880 --> 01:47:45,760 DISPARITY CUES SO THERE ARE 2, 2791 01:47:45,760 --> 01:47:48,360 TALKING ABOUT THE UPPER RIGHT 1 2792 01:47:48,360 --> 01:47:58,920 AND I WAS WAS AFRAID I PUSHED E 2793 01:48:03,320 --> 01:48:03,680 WRONG BUTTON. 2794 01:48:03,680 --> 01:48:05,600 NOW WHEN YOU CREATE A STIMULUS 2795 01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:06,840 LIKE THIS, OUR PREDICTION WAS 2796 01:48:06,840 --> 01:48:09,400 THERE ARE 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF 2797 01:48:09,400 --> 01:48:10,040 LINE GENERATED HERE. 2798 01:48:10,040 --> 01:48:11,560 THERE ARE LINE TERMINATORS THAT 2799 01:48:11,560 --> 01:48:13,960 ARE ADJAC TONIGHT FAR PANELS AND 2800 01:48:13,960 --> 01:48:15,760 THESE ARE INTERPRETED AS REAL 2801 01:48:15,760 --> 01:48:22,000 LINE TERMINATORS, WE CALL THEM 2802 01:48:22,000 --> 01:48:22,800 INTRINSIC TERMINATORS BECAUSE 2803 01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:24,760 THE REGION IS DROPPING OFF INTO 2804 01:48:24,760 --> 01:48:25,680 SPACE BEYOND THAT AND THAT'S 2805 01:48:25,680 --> 01:48:27,840 TRUE ON BOTH SIDES OF THAT, SO 2806 01:48:27,840 --> 01:48:29,880 ALONG THIS PANEL AS WELL, NOW 2807 01:48:29,880 --> 01:48:32,000 ALONG THE NEAR PANELS, AGAIN 2808 01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:35,360 THESE NEAR PEANLS ARE IN A PLANE 2809 01:48:35,360 --> 01:48:39,200 IN FRONT OF THE STRIPES SO THOSE 2810 01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:40,720 LINE TERMINATORS ARE INTERPRETED 2811 01:48:40,720 --> 01:48:43,000 AS AN ACCIDENT OF OCCLUSION. 2812 01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:44,320 WE HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE 2813 01:48:44,320 --> 01:48:49,760 THAT THAT'S A REAL END OF THOSE 2814 01:48:49,760 --> 01:48:51,560 LINES AND WE HYPOTHESIZED THEY 2815 01:48:51,560 --> 01:48:52,960 WOULD BE TREATED DIFFERENTLY 2816 01:48:52,960 --> 01:48:54,720 BECAUSE OF THE 3 DIMENSIONAL 2817 01:48:54,720 --> 01:48:56,160 INTERPRETATION OF THE OBJECT AND 2818 01:48:56,160 --> 01:48:57,560 SO WE DID A BUNCH OF EXPERIMENTS 2819 01:48:57,560 --> 01:48:58,920 TO TEST THAT IDEA, AND THE 1 AT 2820 01:48:58,920 --> 01:49:06,880 BOTTOM IS JUST THE OPPOSITE 2821 01:49:06,880 --> 01:49:08,840 CONFIGURATION, GREEN IS NOT 2822 01:49:08,840 --> 01:49:10,480 SIGNIFICANT TO THIS, IT'S JUST 2823 01:49:10,480 --> 01:49:11,880 TO INDICATE THAT WE PREDICT THE 2824 01:49:11,880 --> 01:49:13,640 MOTION TO THE RIGHT, WE PREDICT 2825 01:49:13,640 --> 01:49:16,000 IT TO BE ALONG THE DIAGONAL, 2826 01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:18,480 THAT IS IT'S IN THE DIRECTION OF 2827 01:49:18,480 --> 01:49:20,880 THE INTRINSIC TERMINATORS, THE 2828 01:49:20,880 --> 01:49:22,840 EXTRINSIC TERMINATOR MOTION IS 2829 01:49:22,840 --> 01:49:25,560 DISCARDED, IT'S MEANING LESS AS 2830 01:49:25,560 --> 01:49:26,320 FAR AS PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION 2831 01:49:26,320 --> 01:49:27,680 OF THE WORLD IS CONCERNED. 2832 01:49:27,680 --> 01:49:28,800 THAT'S THE PREDICTION, WE DID 2833 01:49:28,800 --> 01:49:30,960 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THIS, USING 2834 01:49:30,960 --> 01:49:32,800 THIS AS A STIMULUS I CAN'T SHOW 2835 01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:34,040 YOU, I CAN PLAY IT BUT YOU 2836 01:49:34,040 --> 01:49:34,920 WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO SEE IT 2837 01:49:34,920 --> 01:49:36,640 BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE THE 3D 2838 01:49:36,640 --> 01:49:38,720 GLASSES BUT IT'S A PRETTY 2839 01:49:38,720 --> 01:49:41,840 STRIKING EFFECT, IF YOU CAN FREE 2840 01:49:41,840 --> 01:49:43,080 FUSE AND YOU CAN FUSE THOSE 2841 01:49:43,080 --> 01:49:45,640 THINGS, I WILL LEAVE IT UP FOR A 2842 01:49:45,640 --> 01:49:49,320 SECOND FOR ANYBODY WHO CAN 2843 01:49:49,320 --> 01:49:51,880 PREFUSE, CAN YOU SEE THIS WITH 2844 01:49:51,880 --> 01:49:54,240 THE 2 BACK PANELS AND THE 2 2845 01:49:54,240 --> 01:49:54,640 FOREGROND PANELS. 2846 01:49:54,640 --> 01:49:58,000 AND WE DID EXPERIMENTS AND I 2847 01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:01,160 LEFT OUT THE SLIDE WITH THE 2848 01:50:01,160 --> 01:50:02,880 PSYCHOPHYSICAL DATA BUT NORMAL 2849 01:50:02,880 --> 01:50:04,080 HUMAN SUBJECTS SEE IT EXACTLY 2850 01:50:04,080 --> 01:50:06,560 THE WAY WE PREDICTED, THAT IS WE 2851 01:50:06,560 --> 01:50:08,560 SEE IT MOVING ALONG THE DIAGONAL 2852 01:50:08,560 --> 01:50:12,120 AND THIS IS WHAT WE EXPECTED 2853 01:50:12,120 --> 01:50:12,960 NEUROWNALLY, AND WEB CONNECTED 2854 01:50:12,960 --> 01:50:17,120 PUT THIS IN THE AREA OF M. T. SO 2855 01:50:17,120 --> 01:50:18,680 ON THE LEFT IS THE PREDICTION, 2856 01:50:18,680 --> 01:50:21,520 THIS IS THE HIP THE--THISICAL 2857 01:50:21,520 --> 01:50:23,440 DIRECTION, TESTED USING 2858 01:50:23,440 --> 01:50:24,600 UNAMBIGUOUSLY MOVING, AND THIS 2859 01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:26,920 IS MOVING OBVIOUSLY IN EACH OF 8 2860 01:50:26,920 --> 01:50:30,680 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS SO YOU SEE 2861 01:50:30,680 --> 01:50:32,440 IT THEIR'S A TUNING SORT AND 2862 01:50:32,440 --> 01:50:34,200 LIKES DOWN TO THE RIGHT AND WE 2863 01:50:34,200 --> 01:50:35,720 CALL THAT THE FAVORED DIRECTION 2864 01:50:35,720 --> 01:50:37,040 OF MOTION, THE 90-DEGREES AWAY 2865 01:50:37,040 --> 01:50:39,320 FROM THAT, WE CALL THIS THE 2866 01:50:39,320 --> 01:50:40,160 UNFAVORED DIRECTION BECAUSE IT'S 2867 01:50:40,160 --> 01:50:42,480 SMALLER AND THEN WE PLACE THESE 2868 01:50:42,480 --> 01:50:44,560 2 STIMULI SUCH THAT 1 2869 01:50:44,560 --> 01:50:45,720 CORRESPONDS TO THE FAVORED 2870 01:50:45,720 --> 01:50:47,480 DIRECTION AND THE OTHER 2871 01:50:47,480 --> 01:50:49,320 CORRESPONDS TO PERCEIVED MOTION 2872 01:50:49,320 --> 01:50:50,480 IN THE UNFAVORED DIRECTION AND 2873 01:50:50,480 --> 01:50:53,880 THE PREDICTION WAS THAT THE--WE 2874 01:50:53,880 --> 01:50:55,720 GET A LARGE RESPONSE WHEN THIS 2875 01:50:55,720 --> 01:50:57,600 THING IS PERCEIVED TO MOVE IN 2876 01:50:57,600 --> 01:50:58,520 THE FAVORED DIRECTION OF THE 2877 01:50:58,520 --> 01:51:00,760 CELL AND THE SMALL RESPONSE WHEN 2878 01:51:00,760 --> 01:51:02,200 THINGS PERCEIVE TO MOVE IN THE 2879 01:51:02,200 --> 01:51:03,760 UNFAVORED DIRECTION AND I--YEAH, 2880 01:51:03,760 --> 01:51:05,320 I'M SORRY I LEFT OUT THE DAT 2881 01:51:05,320 --> 01:51:07,520 FIGURE BUT WE DID THIS IN M. T. 2882 01:51:07,520 --> 01:51:09,200 AND IT'S A PRETTY STRIKING 2883 01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:09,400 EFFECT. 2884 01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:12,200 THE DATA FIGURE UNFORTUNATELY IS 2885 01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:13,400 A REALLY COMPLICATED MESSY 2886 01:51:13,400 --> 01:51:14,960 FIGURE SO I FIGURED I WOULD TELL 2887 01:51:14,960 --> 01:51:16,440 YOU THE RESULT WHICH IS THAT THE 2888 01:51:16,440 --> 01:51:19,240 CELLS DO WHAT'S PREDICTED RIGHT 2889 01:51:19,240 --> 01:51:19,560 HERE. 2890 01:51:19,560 --> 01:51:20,680 THAT IS THAT THEY'RE RESPONDING 2891 01:51:20,680 --> 01:51:22,680 IN A WAY THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM 2892 01:51:22,680 --> 01:51:23,480 THE PHYSICAL MOTION OF THIS 2893 01:51:23,480 --> 01:51:25,280 THING ON THE RETINA BUT 2894 01:51:25,280 --> 01:51:27,360 CORRESPONDS TO THE PERCEIVED 2895 01:51:27,360 --> 01:51:30,560 MOTION OF THE STIMULUS, SO THAT 2896 01:51:30,560 --> 01:51:32,120 WE'VE ACHIEVED--EXCUSE ME--WE 2897 01:51:32,120 --> 01:51:33,240 ACHIEVE THAD TRANSFORMATION FROM 2898 01:51:33,240 --> 01:51:34,200 A REPRESENTATION OF THE RETINAL 2899 01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:38,640 LOCATION NAT IMAGE MOTION TO A 2900 01:51:38,640 --> 01:51:39,920 REPRESENTATION VISUAL SEEN 2901 01:51:39,920 --> 01:51:42,000 MOTION USING THE STIMULUS. 2902 01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:43,200 THIS OUR INTERPRATATION AGAIN 2903 01:51:43,200 --> 01:51:45,840 AND YOU WILL NOTICE THAT IT HAS 2904 01:51:45,840 --> 01:51:47,000 2 PROCESSING STREAMS, AND THE 2905 01:51:47,000 --> 01:51:50,400 TOP IS THE PROCESSING STREAM FOR 2906 01:51:50,400 --> 01:51:51,760 MOTION, THIS IS THE WORLD WE'RE 2907 01:51:51,760 --> 01:51:54,160 TALKING ABOUT, THIS IS THE 2908 01:51:54,160 --> 01:51:55,440 PROCESSING STREAM FOR MOTION AT 2909 01:51:55,440 --> 01:51:58,640 THE EARLIEST LEVEL OF AREA B1 WE 2910 01:51:58,640 --> 01:52:00,280 HAVE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE 2911 01:52:00,280 --> 01:52:02,120 ELEMENTS ON THIS, THE 2912 01:52:02,120 --> 01:52:03,320 REPRESENTATION OF THE RETINAL 2913 01:52:03,320 --> 01:52:04,640 IMAGE MOTION THAT IS, ON THE 2914 01:52:04,640 --> 01:52:09,400 BOTTOM, IN THE FORM PATHWAY, WE 2915 01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:11,160 HAVE SOME NECKANISM THAT 2916 01:52:11,160 --> 01:52:15,760 EXTRACTS THE MEANING OF THESE 2917 01:52:15,760 --> 01:52:18,840 CRITICAL FEATURES, THAT IS THE 2918 01:52:18,840 --> 01:52:20,640 INTRINSIC FEATURES, VERSUS THE 2919 01:52:20,640 --> 01:52:23,640 EXTRINSIC FEATURES AND 2920 01:52:23,640 --> 01:52:24,600 ULTIMATELY THAT INFORMATION TO 2921 01:52:24,600 --> 01:52:27,200 SOME FEEDBACK AND THAT IS THE 2922 01:52:27,200 --> 01:52:29,080 BASIS UPON WHICH WE INTEGRATE 2923 01:52:29,080 --> 01:52:33,360 THESE THINGS, SUCH THAT ULTIMATE 2924 01:52:33,360 --> 01:52:35,320 LIE, WE PERCEIVE A FORMER 2925 01:52:35,320 --> 01:52:36,200 REPRESENTATION OF THE THING 2926 01:52:36,200 --> 01:52:37,720 MOVING IN THE VISUAL SCENE AND 2927 01:52:37,720 --> 01:52:40,760 RATHER THAN THE THINGS MOVING ON 2928 01:52:40,760 --> 01:52:42,440 THE RETINAL IMAGE, RIGHT. 2929 01:52:42,440 --> 01:52:43,360 YOU PROBABLY CAN'T EVEN SEE THAT 2930 01:52:43,360 --> 01:52:44,960 ON THE TOP THERE, I GOT OBSESSED 2931 01:52:44,960 --> 01:52:47,080 WITH THIS AND I DID A WHOLE 2932 01:52:47,080 --> 01:52:48,000 BUNCH OF EXPERIMENTS LOOKING AT 2933 01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:50,360 DIFFERENT EEIVETS OF THIS THING, 2934 01:52:50,360 --> 01:52:51,520 CONTEXTURAL CUES ON MOTION 2935 01:52:51,520 --> 01:52:53,520 PROCESSING AND WE DID A WHOLE 2936 01:52:53,520 --> 01:52:55,840 SERIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR 2937 01:52:55,840 --> 01:52:57,040 ON MOTION PROCESSING, AGAIN, 2938 01:52:57,040 --> 01:53:00,560 COLOR COMING FROM THE FORM 2939 01:53:00,560 --> 01:53:02,120 PATHWAY AND AFFECTING MOTION AND 2940 01:53:02,120 --> 01:53:03,640 THESE ARE JUST EXAMPLES, SO THE 2941 01:53:03,640 --> 01:53:05,360 1 ON TOP WAS A PRETTY STRIKING 2942 01:53:05,360 --> 01:53:08,280 EFFECT WHERE WE USE THESE, 2943 01:53:08,280 --> 01:53:09,040 UNFORTUNATELY I DIDN'T INCLUDE A 2944 01:53:09,040 --> 01:53:11,440 FIGURE BUT WE USE THESE CLASSIC 2945 01:53:11,440 --> 01:53:12,400 RANDOM DOT PATTERNS WHERE YOU 2946 01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:14,600 CAN BURY THE SIGNAL, THE 2947 01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:16,400 PROPORTION OF DOTS MOVING 2948 01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:17,360 COHERENTLY IN 1 DIRECTION WHICH 2949 01:53:17,360 --> 01:53:18,960 MANY PEOPLE HAVE USED TO 2950 01:53:18,960 --> 01:53:20,920 CHARACTERIZE MOTION PROCESSING 2951 01:53:20,920 --> 01:53:22,480 CIRCUITS AND THE CORTEX, AND WE 2952 01:53:22,480 --> 01:53:23,680 MADE A SIMPLE MANIPULATION OF 2953 01:53:23,680 --> 01:53:25,600 THAT, WE JUST MADE THE SIGNAL 2954 01:53:25,600 --> 01:53:28,480 DOTS A DIFFERENT COLOR FROM THE 2955 01:53:28,480 --> 01:53:29,000 NOISE DOTS. 2956 01:53:29,000 --> 01:53:30,520 IT WAS AN OBVIOUS PREDICTION, IT 2957 01:53:30,520 --> 01:53:32,880 SHOULD BE A LOT EASIER, YOUR 2958 01:53:32,880 --> 01:53:34,480 THRESHOLDS FOR DETECTION OF THE 2959 01:53:34,480 --> 01:53:36,240 COHERENT MOTION SHOULD BE A LOT 2960 01:53:36,240 --> 01:53:40,080 LOWER IF THOSE DOTS ARE 2961 01:53:40,080 --> 01:53:40,920 DISTINGUISHED BY COLOR AND 2962 01:53:40,920 --> 01:53:43,120 INDEED, THEY WERE AND WE WENT ON 2963 01:53:43,120 --> 01:53:44,640 TO FIND THE SIM THING WAS TRUE 2964 01:53:44,640 --> 01:53:46,840 IN AREA M. T. WITH MOTION 2965 01:53:46,840 --> 01:53:49,360 SENSITIVE NEURONS. 2966 01:53:49,360 --> 01:53:52,360 SO, AT SOME POINT WE STARTED TO 2967 01:53:52,360 --> 01:53:54,240 MOVE OUT OF THAT LITTLE BOX AND 2968 01:53:54,240 --> 01:53:54,800 START THINKING MORE BROADLY 2969 01:53:54,800 --> 01:53:56,400 ABOUT THIS AND ABOUT THE 2970 01:53:56,400 --> 01:53:57,760 INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT AND THAT'S 2971 01:53:57,760 --> 01:54:02,440 WHAT THIS IS MEANT TO INDICATE. 2972 01:54:02,440 --> 01:54:04,960 THIS IS SIMPLY A SORT OF 2973 01:54:04,960 --> 01:54:05,880 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF SPACE 2974 01:54:05,880 --> 01:54:07,680 TIME AND AN EVENT IN SPACE TIME. 2975 01:54:07,680 --> 01:54:09,960 SO SOMETHING IS HAPPENING, THESE 2976 01:54:09,960 --> 01:54:12,880 ARE 2 AXIS IN SPACE AT TIME, AND 2977 01:54:12,880 --> 01:54:15,280 SOMETHING IS HAPPENING AT SPACE 2978 01:54:15,280 --> 01:54:16,960 TIME, THERE'S AN EVENT, DOESN'T 2979 01:54:16,960 --> 01:54:18,080 MATTER WHAT THE EVENT IS. 2980 01:54:18,080 --> 01:54:20,640 WE CAN PULL OUT A SLICE OF TIME, 2981 01:54:20,640 --> 01:54:22,400 SHOWN OVER HERE AND WE CAN LOOK 2982 01:54:22,400 --> 01:54:23,120 AT THAT EVENT. 2983 01:54:23,120 --> 01:54:24,400 AND EVERYTHING I'VE BEEN TALKING 2984 01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:27,000 ABOUT THUS FAR IS WHAT I WOULD 2985 01:54:27,000 --> 01:54:28,080 CALL SPATIAL CONTEXT, JUST THE 2986 01:54:28,080 --> 01:54:29,400 OTHER STUFF THAT HAPPENS TO BE 2987 01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:32,520 IN THE VISUAL SCENE AT THE SAME 2988 01:54:32,520 --> 01:54:34,640 TIME THAT'S INFLUENCING OUR 2989 01:54:34,640 --> 01:54:35,920 INTERPRETATION OF THAT 2990 01:54:35,920 --> 01:54:36,960 PARTICULAR FEATURE IN SPACE TIME 2991 01:54:36,960 --> 01:54:39,760 AND AS I SHOWED YOU, SEVERAL 2992 01:54:39,760 --> 01:54:41,200 DEMONSTRATIONS, THESE ARE PRETTY 2993 01:54:41,200 --> 01:54:42,240 PRONOUNCED EFFECTS BUT WE CAN 2994 01:54:42,240 --> 01:54:52,680 ALSO LOOK AT WHAT WE CALL 2995 01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:55,360 TEMPORAL CONTEXT WHICH IS JUST 2996 01:54:55,360 --> 01:54:56,960 AN EVENT FOR MEMORY, BUT WE CAN 2997 01:54:56,960 --> 01:54:59,480 SEE WHAT PREE SEEDS DIFFERENT 2998 01:54:59,480 --> 01:55:01,880 LOCATIONINGS IN SPACE PRECEDES 2999 01:55:01,880 --> 01:55:02,640 DIFFERENT PARTICULAR TARGET 3000 01:55:02,640 --> 01:55:02,840 EVENT. 3001 01:55:02,840 --> 01:55:04,360 SO WE DID A BUNCH OF EXPERIMENTS 3002 01:55:04,360 --> 01:55:06,880 TO LOOK AT THIS AND I CAN 3003 01:55:06,880 --> 01:55:07,760 DEMONSTRATE, I THINK THE NEXT 3004 01:55:07,760 --> 01:55:11,240 SLIDE IS A SIMPLE DEMO, SHI 3005 01:55:11,240 --> 01:55:13,760 KNOW, SORRY, THE NEXT SLIDE IS 3006 01:55:13,760 --> 01:55:15,840 THIS, THIS IS A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT 3007 01:55:15,840 --> 01:55:18,840 HOW THESE KINDS OF TEMPORAL 3008 01:55:18,840 --> 01:55:20,680 CONTEXT CUES HAVE MANIFEST 3009 01:55:20,680 --> 01:55:22,680 THEMSELVES, SO THIS, IS A VERY 3010 01:55:22,680 --> 01:55:25,160 SIMPLE VISUAL CORTEX, HAS 1 3011 01:55:25,160 --> 01:55:26,000 NEURON THAT REPRESENTS THINGS 3012 01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:28,560 THAT WE ACTUALLY PERCEIVE AND 3013 01:55:28,560 --> 01:55:30,760 THERE HAVE BEEN MANY, MANY 3014 01:55:30,760 --> 01:55:32,160 DEMONSTRATIONS THAT THERE ARE 3015 01:55:32,160 --> 01:55:34,240 SUCH CELLS IN THE CORTEX OVER 3016 01:55:34,240 --> 01:55:36,560 THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WE KNOW 3017 01:55:36,560 --> 01:55:37,800 THAT ULTIMATELY THOSE CELLS GET 3018 01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:39,640 INPUT FROM THE RETINA AND IT'S 3019 01:55:39,640 --> 01:55:41,160 THE PATHWAY THAT'S MOST HEAVILY 3020 01:55:41,160 --> 01:55:42,680 STUDIED BUT WE ALSO KNOW THAT 3021 01:55:42,680 --> 01:55:44,240 THEY GET INPUT ULTIMATELY COMING 3022 01:55:44,240 --> 01:55:46,240 BACK DOWN FROM THE MEMORY STORE, 3023 01:55:46,240 --> 01:55:46,920 FROM REPRESENTATIONS FROM THINGS 3024 01:55:46,920 --> 01:55:48,080 WE'VE SEEN BEFORE AND WE KNOW TO 3025 01:55:48,080 --> 01:55:55,280 BE TRUE ABOUT THE WORLD AND SO, 3026 01:55:55,280 --> 01:55:56,920 OUR PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCE AS A 3027 01:55:56,920 --> 01:55:59,120 CONSTRUCT, IS A COLLABORATION 3028 01:55:59,120 --> 01:56:00,600 BASED ON TOAZ 2 INPUTS AND SO 3029 01:56:00,600 --> 01:56:03,760 THAT'S TRUE MOST OF THE TIME AND 3030 01:56:03,760 --> 01:56:05,240 FOLLOWS YOUR PERCEPTUAL STATA 3031 01:56:05,240 --> 01:56:07,880 ANY POINT IN TIME FALLS ON A 3032 01:56:07,880 --> 01:56:10,640 CONTINUUM ON PEER STIMULUS AT 1 3033 01:56:10,640 --> 01:56:12,600 END AND PURE IMAGERY AT 1 END 3034 01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:14,240 AND MOST PEOPLE ARE NOT AWARE OF 3035 01:56:14,240 --> 01:56:15,840 THIS BUT AT SOME PLACE IN THE 3036 01:56:15,840 --> 01:56:17,040 MIDDLE YOU ARE NOT PERCEIVING 3037 01:56:17,040 --> 01:56:18,040 THIS STUFF ON THE RETINA AND I 3038 01:56:18,040 --> 01:56:19,320 WILL SHOW YOU A DEMONSTRATION OF 3039 01:56:19,320 --> 01:56:22,000 THIS AND I WILL SHOW, THE NEXT 3040 01:56:22,000 --> 01:56:24,000 SLIDE ISA AN ABSTRACT FIGURE AND 3041 01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:25,320 I'VE SHOWN THIS TO THOUSANDS OF 3042 01:56:25,320 --> 01:56:26,480 PEOPLE AND YOU MAY HAVE SEEN IT 3043 01:56:26,480 --> 01:56:28,480 BEFORE IF YOU KNOW WHAT IT IS, 3044 01:56:28,480 --> 01:56:30,240 JUST RAISE YOUR HAND, DON'T CALL 3045 01:56:30,240 --> 01:56:33,160 IT OUT BECAUSE YOU WILL GIVE IT 3046 01:56:33,160 --> 01:56:34,760 AWAY TO ANYBODY ELSE. 3047 01:56:34,760 --> 01:56:36,000 ANYBODY THINK YOU KNOW WHAT IT 3048 01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:36,440 IS? 3049 01:56:36,440 --> 01:56:43,680 I GET LOTS OF SORT OF COOKIE 3050 01:56:43,680 --> 01:56:44,240 RESPONSES TO THIS. 3051 01:56:44,240 --> 01:56:46,520 OKAY, SO I WILL SHOW YOU 1 OTHER 3052 01:56:46,520 --> 01:56:47,720 PIECE OF INFORMATION, THAT 3053 01:56:47,720 --> 01:56:49,000 REEITHER [INDISCERNIBLE] OR 3054 01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:50,960 JESUS DEPENDING ON YOUR PRIORS, 3055 01:56:50,960 --> 01:56:53,960 NOW I WILL GO BACK TO THE 3056 01:56:53,960 --> 01:56:55,160 ORIGINAL, AND THOSE WHO DIDN'T 3057 01:56:55,160 --> 01:56:56,320 SEE ANYTHING BEFORE, YOU SEE 3058 01:56:56,320 --> 01:56:56,800 SOMETHING NOW? 3059 01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,240 SO I DIDN'T ASK YOUR PERMISSION 3060 01:56:59,240 --> 01:57:02,920 BUT CHANGED YOUR BRAINS AND I 3061 01:57:02,920 --> 01:57:13,440 THINK THIS IS PROBABLY PERINENT. 3062 01:57:29,360 --> 01:57:30,600 IN WIDE RECEIVER I SHOW YOU THAT 3063 01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:32,800 I SHOULD SAY THAT STIMULUS IS 3064 01:57:32,800 --> 01:57:33,080 OBVIOUS. 3065 01:57:33,080 --> 01:57:34,240 YOU DON'T WANT TO BE DOWN HERE, 3066 01:57:34,240 --> 01:57:37,120 YOU DON'T WANT TO RELYOT 3067 01:57:37,120 --> 01:57:38,440 STIMULUS BECAUSE YOU YOU WILL BE 3068 01:57:38,440 --> 01:57:39,520 CONFUSED YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT TO 3069 01:57:39,520 --> 01:57:41,160 DO WITH THE WORLD IN FRONT OF 3070 01:57:41,160 --> 01:57:42,280 YOU ON THOSE CONDITIONS, YOU 3071 01:57:42,280 --> 01:57:43,760 ALSO DON'T WANT TO BE STUCK OVER 3072 01:57:43,760 --> 01:57:48,240 HERE IN THE PURE IMAGERY WHERE 3073 01:57:48,240 --> 01:57:49,400 EVERYTHING'S COMING BA BEING 3074 01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:57,360 FROM MEMORY AND THEN YOU'RE JUST 3075 01:57:57,360 --> 01:57:57,680 HALLUCINATING. 3076 01:57:57,680 --> 01:57:58,840 SOPHISTICATED SO THIS IS WHAT 3077 01:57:58,840 --> 01:57:59,640 YOU STRIVE FOR. 3078 01:57:59,640 --> 01:58:03,520 JAMES CALLED THIS THE VICTORIOUS 3079 01:58:03,520 --> 01:58:08,880 SIMULATION OF THE NEW THAT IS 3080 01:58:08,880 --> 01:58:10,280 YOU IDENTIFY SOMETHING 3081 01:58:10,280 --> 01:58:11,200 CONFOUNDING LIKE THAT STIMULUS 3082 01:58:11,200 --> 01:58:12,720 THERE AND YOU TRY VERY HARD TO 3083 01:58:12,720 --> 01:58:13,920 RELATE IT TO SOMETHING YOU'VE 3084 01:58:13,920 --> 01:58:15,680 SEEN BEFORE AND EVENTUALLY YOU 3085 01:58:15,680 --> 01:58:20,040 DO AND THAT'S THE VICTORIOUS 3086 01:58:20,040 --> 01:58:20,360 ASSIMILATION. 3087 01:58:20,360 --> 01:58:22,320 SO WE DID AN EXPERIMENT AND THE 3088 01:58:22,320 --> 01:58:25,800 EXPERIMENT WAS DONE BY ANNIA 3089 01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:26,800 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WAS A POST 3090 01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:30,240 DOC IN MY LAB AT THE TIME AND IT 3091 01:58:30,240 --> 01:58:33,440 INVOLVED TRAINING MONKEYS ON A 3092 01:58:33,440 --> 01:58:35,400 NONIDENTICAL MATCH TO SAMPLE 3093 01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:36,000 TASK. 3094 01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:37,480 WHICH MONKEYS CAN DO, WE TRAIN 3095 01:58:37,480 --> 01:58:38,840 THEM TO ASSOCIATE MOTION STIMULI 3096 01:58:38,840 --> 01:58:40,920 AND I SHOULD SAY THESE STIMULI 3097 01:58:40,920 --> 01:58:43,280 ARE IN A FIXED WINDOWOT SCREEN 3098 01:58:43,280 --> 01:58:45,840 OF A VIDEO MONITOR, THEY KEEP 3099 01:58:45,840 --> 01:58:46,400 CONTINUOUSLY MOVE NOTHING 1 3100 01:58:46,400 --> 01:58:47,280 DIRECTION OR THE OTHER AND THEN 3101 01:58:47,280 --> 01:58:50,000 WE HAD THE ANIMALS LEARN THE 3102 01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:51,200 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THAT AND THE 3103 01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:53,040 SHAPE THAT'S NOT MOVING AT ALL 3104 01:58:53,040 --> 01:58:56,560 AND WE CHOSE ARROWS, IT COULD BE 3105 01:58:56,560 --> 01:58:58,920 ANYTHING, COLORS, LETTERS OF THE 3106 01:58:58,920 --> 01:59:00,000 ALPHABET, WE THOSE ARROWS 3107 01:59:00,000 --> 01:59:01,360 BECAUSE THAT WAS EASY TO KEEP 3108 01:59:01,360 --> 01:59:04,480 TRACK OF SO THE MONKEYS LOSE 3109 01:59:04,480 --> 01:59:05,440 THIS GRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION THAT 3110 01:59:05,440 --> 01:59:07,360 MOST LEARN BY THE TIME THEY'RE 3111 01:59:07,360 --> 01:59:09,520 5, WHICH IS THAT ARROWS 3112 01:59:09,520 --> 01:59:10,360 CORRESPOND TO A PARTICULAR 3113 01:59:10,360 --> 01:59:10,880 DIRECTION. 3114 01:59:10,880 --> 01:59:11,880 AND THEY LEARNED THIS AND AFTER 3115 01:59:11,880 --> 01:59:13,680 THEY LEARN THIS WE WENT AND 3116 01:59:13,680 --> 01:59:15,440 RECORDED FROM CELLS IN AREA M. 3117 01:59:15,440 --> 01:59:17,320 T. AND THIS IS A SLIGHTLY 3118 01:59:17,320 --> 01:59:18,280 COMPLICATED SLIDE BUT I WILL 3119 01:59:18,280 --> 01:59:20,480 WALK YOU THROUGH TH SIMPLE 3120 01:59:20,480 --> 01:59:20,680 PARTS. 3121 01:59:20,680 --> 01:59:23,520 BUT ON THE TOP HERE, TOP ROW, IS 3122 01:59:23,520 --> 01:59:25,720 DATA FROM, THE MOTION STIMULI, 3123 01:59:25,720 --> 01:59:27,960 SO WE SHOWED 4 DIFFERENT MOTION 3124 01:59:27,960 --> 01:59:29,280 STIMULI THAT WERE ASSOCIATED 3125 01:59:29,280 --> 01:59:30,120 WITH 4 DIFFERENT ARROWS AND YOU 3126 01:59:30,120 --> 01:59:40,640 CAN SEE THE CELL, THESE 3127 01:59:40,640 --> 01:59:41,360 ARE--SORRY--THESE ARE RAFTERS ON 3128 01:59:41,360 --> 01:59:43,760 THE TOP HERE AND THESE ARE 3129 01:59:43,760 --> 01:59:44,560 CUMULATIVE HISTOGRAMS ON THE 3130 01:59:44,560 --> 01:59:48,680 BOTTOM SO YOU CAN SEE THE 3131 01:59:48,680 --> 01:59:49,240 MOTION. 3132 01:59:49,240 --> 01:59:50,760 THIS A SPARSELY SAMPLED 3133 01:59:50,760 --> 01:59:51,520 DIRECTION TUNING CURVE ON THE 3134 01:59:51,520 --> 01:59:52,560 RIGHT HERE FOR MOTION AND YOU 3135 01:59:52,560 --> 01:59:54,200 CAN SEE THE CELL, WE JUST TOOK 3136 01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:57,520 THE VECTOR AVERAGE OF THAT AND 3137 01:59:57,520 --> 01:59:59,360 THE CELL LIKE MOTION DOWN TO THE 3138 01:59:59,360 --> 02:00:01,600 LEFT AND THEN WE--THIS IS WHAT 3139 02:00:01,600 --> 02:00:03,800 KNOCKED OUR SOCKS OFF, WE SHOWED 3140 02:00:03,800 --> 02:00:05,520 THE SHAPE STIMULI AND WE SHOWED 3141 02:00:05,520 --> 02:00:06,800 THE ARROWS POINTING IN 4 3142 02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:07,800 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND NOBODY 3143 02:00:07,800 --> 02:00:09,080 HAD EVER FOUND THESE CELLS 3144 02:00:09,080 --> 02:00:10,880 RESPOND TO STUFF LIKE THIS, IN 3145 02:00:10,880 --> 02:00:13,400 FACT, WE TESTED OUR ANIMALS 3146 02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:14,720 BEFORE TRAINING, AND DIDN'T GET 3147 02:00:14,720 --> 02:00:18,400 ANYTHING TO THESE KINDS OF 3148 02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:19,280 STIMULI, THEY'RE NOT MOVING AND 3149 02:00:19,280 --> 02:00:20,840 THEN AFTER THIS, WE WILL FIND 3150 02:00:20,840 --> 02:00:22,480 THAT THESE CELLS ARE NOT ONLY 3151 02:00:22,480 --> 02:00:24,040 RESPONSIVE TO THE STIMULI BUT 3152 02:00:24,040 --> 02:00:26,560 SELECTIVE FOR THE DIRECTION OF 3153 02:00:26,560 --> 02:00:27,400 WHICH THE ARROW IS POINTING SO 3154 02:00:27,400 --> 02:00:29,400 YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S A 3155 02:00:29,400 --> 02:00:33,880 PRETTY ROBUST RESPONSE TO THE 3156 02:00:33,880 --> 02:00:35,200 DOWNWARD ARROW AND THE OTHER 2, 3157 02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:37,080 THESE ARE THE AVERAGE RESPONSES 3158 02:00:37,080 --> 02:00:38,840 TO THOSE 4 ON THIS TUNING CURVE 3159 02:00:38,840 --> 02:00:39,200 OVER HERE. 3160 02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:41,120 AND IF YOU TAKE THE VECTOR, AND 3161 02:00:41,120 --> 02:00:42,280 THE AVERAGE RESPONSES ARE 3162 02:00:42,280 --> 02:00:44,240 SMALLER ON AVERAGE, THEN YOU GET 3163 02:00:44,240 --> 02:00:47,480 TO THE MOTION, BUT THE VECTOR 3164 02:00:47,480 --> 02:00:49,040 AVERAGE IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO 3165 02:00:49,040 --> 02:00:58,160 THAT, AND WHEN YOU GET FOR THE 3166 02:00:58,160 --> 02:00:58,960 DIRECTION TUNING CURVE. 3167 02:00:58,960 --> 02:01:00,600 AND THE ONLY WAY THIS CAN HAPPEN 3168 02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:02,840 IS AN INFORMED PATHWAY 3169 02:01:02,840 --> 02:01:03,680 REPRESENTING SHAPES THAT'S FEED 3170 02:01:03,680 --> 02:01:09,920 BEING BACK BECAUSE THIS IS 3171 02:01:09,920 --> 02:01:10,680 TEMPORAL CONTEXTURAL INTERACTION 3172 02:01:10,680 --> 02:01:11,720 FEEDING BACK ON THE PATHWAY. 3173 02:01:11,720 --> 02:01:13,920 IN OTHER WORDS WE HAVE A 3174 02:01:13,920 --> 02:01:15,000 DEMONSTRATION THAT IS ACTUALLY 3175 02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:17,040 AFFECTING THAT IN WAYS YOU WOULD 3176 02:01:17,040 --> 02:01:18,720 ENTIRELY EXPECT THAT IT WOULD. 3177 02:01:18,720 --> 02:01:29,280 OUR INTERPRETATION BY THE WAY OF 3178 02:01:29,520 --> 02:01:31,560 THIS IS THAT THEY'RE IN THE 3179 02:01:31,560 --> 02:01:32,640 MIND'S EYE, VISUAL LEARNING IS 3180 02:01:32,640 --> 02:01:35,160 HARD TO STUDY BUT BECAUSE THIS 3181 02:01:35,160 --> 02:01:36,480 IS AN OVERLY TRAINED 3182 02:01:36,480 --> 02:01:37,880 ASSOCIATION, THE MONKEY IS--IF 3183 02:01:37,880 --> 02:01:42,000 WE TRAINED OW THIS EXTENSIVELY 3184 02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:44,520 TRAIN ASSOCIATION THEN YOU WILL 3185 02:01:44,520 --> 02:01:46,400 WHEN I SHOW YOU 1 STIMULUS, WHEN 3186 02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:47,840 I SHOW YOU YOUR GRAND MRPGHT'S 3187 02:01:47,840 --> 02:01:49,160 CHAIR, YOU WILL THINK ABOUT YOUR 3188 02:01:49,160 --> 02:01:50,720 GRANDMOTHER IN THE SAME WAY THE 3189 02:01:50,720 --> 02:01:52,400 MONKEY SEES THE DOWNWARD ARROW, 3190 02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,040 HE WILL THINK IN HIS MIND'S EYE 3191 02:01:55,040 --> 02:01:57,720 ABOUT THE DOWNWARD MOTION WE 3192 02:01:57,720 --> 02:01:58,800 PREDICT AND THAT'S THE REASON 3193 02:01:58,800 --> 02:02:00,760 WHY M. T. NEURONS ARE THE 3194 02:02:00,760 --> 02:02:02,040 SUBSTRATE FOR MOTION PERCEPTION 3195 02:02:02,040 --> 02:02:10,480 ARE ACTIVATED UNDER THESE 3196 02:02:10,480 --> 02:02:10,920 CONDITIONS. 3197 02:02:10,920 --> 02:02:12,040 SO AGAIN I WAS TRYING TO THINK 3198 02:02:12,040 --> 02:02:13,640 MORE BROADLY ABOUT THIS AND I 3199 02:02:13,640 --> 02:02:16,680 STILL RUN THE LAB AND WE DO 3200 02:02:16,680 --> 02:02:18,320 STHEEZ EXPERIMENTS BUT I SLIPPED 3201 02:02:18,320 --> 02:02:22,880 OFF THE INTRID AND APPLIED LOGIC 3202 02:02:22,880 --> 02:02:24,280 TO OTHER PROBLEMS THIS IS A LOCK 3203 02:02:24,280 --> 02:02:26,280 HISTORY TO THAT BUT I ENDED UP 3204 02:02:26,280 --> 02:02:27,600 DOING A WHOLE BUNCH OF WORK ON 3205 02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:31,360 THE ROLE OF CONTEXT AND THIS MAY 3206 02:02:31,360 --> 02:02:32,520 SEEM LIKE A NONSEC WITTER BUT 3207 02:02:32,520 --> 02:02:34,080 IT'S THE SAME SORT OF PRINCIPLES 3208 02:02:34,080 --> 02:02:36,640 THAT WE LEARN FROM BOTH THE 3209 02:02:36,640 --> 02:02:38,760 PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND THE 3210 02:02:38,760 --> 02:02:39,680 NEUROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES BEING 3211 02:02:39,680 --> 02:02:40,800 APPLIED TO REAL PROBLEMS IN THE 3212 02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:42,320 REAL WORLD SO THIS IS 1 OF THE 3213 02:02:42,320 --> 02:02:44,240 THINGS I'M MOST PROUD OF IN MY 3214 02:02:44,240 --> 02:02:45,600 CAREER, I CHAIRED A COMMITTEE 3215 02:02:45,600 --> 02:02:47,000 FOR THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 3216 02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:49,200 SCIENCES IN WHICH WE LOOKEDDA 3217 02:02:49,200 --> 02:02:51,600 THE PROBLEM OF EYEWITNESS 3218 02:02:51,600 --> 02:02:52,360 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTEXTURAL 3219 02:02:52,360 --> 02:02:54,240 BIAS IS A HUGE PROBLEM IN 3220 02:02:54,240 --> 02:02:54,880 EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION AND 3221 02:02:54,880 --> 02:03:00,960 MANY PEOPLE GET WRONGLY 3222 02:03:00,960 --> 02:03:02,480 IDENTIFIED AND WRONGLY WHICH 1 3223 02:03:02,480 --> 02:03:04,560 OF JUST CAME OUT AND THIS PAPER 3224 02:03:04,560 --> 02:03:06,080 CAME OUT IN PNAS AND YOU WILL 3225 02:03:06,080 --> 02:03:08,760 NOTE THAT I EVEN GOT INTO AGAIN 3226 02:03:08,760 --> 02:03:17,600 I SLIPPED OFF THE GRID HERE AND 3227 02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:20,600 GOT INTO EXTRA TERRESTRIALS, 3228 02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:23,800 WHICH IS ENORMOUS LITERATURE ON 3229 02:03:23,800 --> 02:03:24,600 CITING EXTRA TERRESTRIALS, IT'S 3230 02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:35,080 FUN TO WRITE, THE BOOK'S NOT 3231 02:03:36,440 --> 02:03:37,040 QUITE OUT YET. 3232 02:03:37,040 --> 02:03:39,920 AT WHICH POINT HAD A PROFOUND 3233 02:03:39,920 --> 02:03:47,520 IMPACT AND EVERYTHING I'VE DONE 3234 02:03:47,520 --> 02:03:53,600 SINCE THAT TIME AND AND THIS HAS 3235 02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:56,840 TO DO WITH PERSONAL IV THERAPY 3236 02:03:56,840 --> 02:03:58,960 DISTRICTS AND LESLIE'S BLUNTNESS 3237 02:03:58,960 --> 02:04:01,680 AND CRITICISM, I HAVE ON A FRIEW 3238 02:04:01,680 --> 02:04:04,440 OCCASIONS BEEN IN SYMPOSIA WITH 3239 02:04:04,440 --> 02:04:05,560 LESLIE WHO WERE BOTH SPEAKERS 3240 02:04:05,560 --> 02:04:09,080 AND 1 OF THEM WAS AT THE SULK 3241 02:04:09,080 --> 02:04:12,000 SYSTEM, AND IT WAS A SYMPOSIUM 3242 02:04:12,000 --> 02:04:13,760 OVER PROCESSING AND SPEAKERS 3243 02:04:13,760 --> 02:04:15,240 OVER SEVERAL DAYS AND WE WERE 3244 02:04:15,240 --> 02:04:16,440 THE HIGH END SENSORY PROCESSING 3245 02:04:16,440 --> 02:04:19,000 AND ALL THESE PEOPLE WORKING ON 3246 02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:25,760 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ALL THE WAY 3247 02:04:25,760 --> 02:04:31,600 UP TO THE CORTEX AND I GAVE MY 3248 02:04:31,600 --> 02:04:34,360 TALK AND THEN WE WENT TO LUNCH 3249 02:04:34,360 --> 02:04:36,000 SO LESLIE SAYS, IN MY TALK I 3250 02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:38,640 MAKE REFERENCE TO EXPERIMENTS 3251 02:04:38,640 --> 02:04:39,680 THAT WE'VE DONE BUT I'M NOT 3252 02:04:39,680 --> 02:04:42,600 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THEM. 3253 02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:43,600 JUST OFFHAND COMMENT AND IT 3254 02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:46,400 COMES OUT SORT OF INSTINCTIVELY 3255 02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:48,280 AND THERE'S NO GOOD PURPOSE TO 3256 02:04:48,280 --> 02:04:50,320 IT BUT LESLIE SAYS, THAT WAS A 3257 02:04:50,320 --> 02:04:50,920 GREAT TALK, TOM. 3258 02:04:50,920 --> 02:04:52,720 DON'T EVER TELL YOUR AUDIENCE 3259 02:04:52,720 --> 02:04:53,520 ABOUT EXPERIMENTS YOU ARE NOT 3260 02:04:53,520 --> 02:04:56,160 GOING TO TALK ABOUT. 3261 02:04:56,160 --> 02:04:58,760 AND SO I--IT WAS IMPORTANT 3262 02:04:58,760 --> 02:04:59,920 LESSON AND I THINK I SOMETIMES 3263 02:04:59,920 --> 02:05:04,800 FAIL BUT I TRY TO KEEP THAT IN 3264 02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:05,800 MIND. 3265 02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:07,880 AND THERE WAS 1 OTHER THAT ALEX 3266 02:05:07,880 --> 02:05:09,640 MENTIONED EARLIER, I HAVE OVER 3267 02:05:09,640 --> 02:05:11,840 THE PAST 20 SOMETHING YEARS, ON 3268 02:05:11,840 --> 02:05:14,440 5 OCCASIONS I WAS INVITED TO 3269 02:05:14,440 --> 02:05:16,640 REVIEW LESLIE'S LAB HERE AT THE 3270 02:05:16,640 --> 02:05:19,400 NIH AND AS RESULT OF THIS I 3271 02:05:19,400 --> 02:05:23,480 BECAME A LESLIE UNG ERLEIDER 3272 02:05:23,480 --> 02:05:25,480 SPECIALIST AND I'M SERIOUS 3273 02:05:25,480 --> 02:05:27,400 BECAUSE AND THIS HAS BEEN SAID 3274 02:05:27,400 --> 02:05:28,960 BY MANY PEOPLE THAT LESLIE WOULD 3275 02:05:28,960 --> 02:05:32,000 PUT SO MUCH CARE INTO THESE 3276 02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:33,760 PRESENTATIONS BOTH WRITTEN 3277 02:05:33,760 --> 02:05:36,800 PRESENTATIONS AND THE ORAL 3278 02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:37,760 PRESENTATIONS FROM HER AND 3279 02:05:37,760 --> 02:05:39,200 VARIOUS LAB MEMBERS AND IT WAS 3280 02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,080 REALLY STRIKING, THIS IS REALLY 3281 02:05:42,080 --> 02:05:43,560 COMPLICATED WORK INVOLVING A 3282 02:05:43,560 --> 02:05:45,040 WHOLE BUNCH OF DIFFERENT 3283 02:05:45,040 --> 02:05:46,040 DISCIPLINES COMBINED TOGETHER IN 3284 02:05:46,040 --> 02:05:48,160 NOVEL WAYS AND IT WAS JUST--IT 3285 02:05:48,160 --> 02:05:49,200 WAS A GREAT GIG. 3286 02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:53,160 JUST A PIECE OF CAKE TO 3287 02:05:53,160 --> 02:05:55,840 UNDERSTAND THIS AND I REALLY 3288 02:05:55,840 --> 02:05:56,160 ENJOYED IT. 3289 02:05:56,160 --> 02:05:58,680 AND I THIS IS A QUOTE FROM 1 OF 3290 02:05:58,680 --> 02:06:02,120 MY MANY REVIEWS OF HER 3291 02:06:02,120 --> 02:06:03,840 LABORATORY. 3292 02:06:03,840 --> 02:06:04,400 COLLECTIVELY THESE PROJECTS 3293 02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:06,160 STAND AMONG OF THE MOST FAR 3294 02:06:06,160 --> 02:06:07,320 REACHING SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH IN 3295 02:06:07,320 --> 02:06:09,680 THE FIELD OF COGNITIVE 3296 02:06:09,680 --> 02:06:10,800 NEUROSCIENCE, THAT'S A SNIPIT 3297 02:06:10,800 --> 02:06:12,120 BUT THE POINT IS THERE'S A HUGE 3298 02:06:12,120 --> 02:06:13,440 BODY OF WORK THAT BACKS UP THAT 3299 02:06:13,440 --> 02:06:15,560 CLAIM AND SO I WAS AS ALEX SAID 3300 02:06:15,560 --> 02:06:20,080 I WAS THERE TO BE HER ADVOCATE. 3301 02:06:20,080 --> 02:06:20,920 ANOTHER REALLY STRIKING THING 3302 02:06:20,920 --> 02:06:24,280 WHICH MANY OF YOU KNOW ABOUT AND 3303 02:06:24,280 --> 02:06:26,880 HAVE SPOKEN ABOUT OVER THE LAST 3304 02:06:26,880 --> 02:06:30,960 2 DAYS IS LESLIE'S COMMITMENT TO 3305 02:06:30,960 --> 02:06:32,400 LEADERSHIP, AND THIS WAS SO 3306 02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:35,280 EVIDENT IN ALL THESE REVIEWS IN 3307 02:06:35,280 --> 02:06:37,520 HER LAB, HER ABILITY TO LEAD A 3308 02:06:37,520 --> 02:06:39,600 TEAM, A COMPLEX TEAM WITH 3309 02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:40,960 MULTIFACETED WITH LOTS OF PEOPLE 3310 02:06:40,960 --> 02:06:43,200 AND THE COMMITMENT SHE GAVE TO 3311 02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:44,600 THE TRAINING, PART OF THIS 3312 02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:46,000 REVIEW WAS WE MET WITH ALL THE 3313 02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:46,360 PEOPLE. 3314 02:06:46,360 --> 02:06:48,880 I MET PROBABLY WITH MANY OF YOU 3315 02:06:48,880 --> 02:06:50,880 IN THIS GROUP WHO WORKED WITH 3316 02:06:50,880 --> 02:06:52,480 LESLIE OVER THE PAST 3317 02:06:52,480 --> 02:06:54,680 20-SOMETHING YEARS AND IT WAS 3318 02:06:54,680 --> 02:06:56,880 REALLY STRIKING AND SO, LAST 3319 02:06:56,880 --> 02:06:58,240 THING I WANT TO SAY IS THAT 3320 02:06:58,240 --> 02:06:59,840 THERE'S A LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE 3321 02:06:59,840 --> 02:07:02,040 FIELD OF NEUROSCIENCE SO IT'S A 3322 02:07:02,040 --> 02:07:04,840 PRETTY BIG BOOMING ACADEMIC 3323 02:07:04,840 --> 02:07:06,560 DISCIPLINE, A JUGGERNAUT OF 3324 02:07:06,560 --> 02:07:07,480 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BUT THERE 3325 02:07:07,480 --> 02:07:09,840 ARE NOT MANY PEOPLE LIKE LESLIE 3326 02:07:09,840 --> 02:07:12,160 AND WE'RE ALL FORTUNATE TO HAVE 3327 02:07:12,160 --> 02:07:14,200 HAD THE CHANCE TO KNOW HER AND 3328 02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:14,880 LEARN FROM HER. 3329 02:07:14,880 --> 02:07:25,120 [ APPLAUSE ] 3330 02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:35,800 THANK YOU. 3331 02:07:35,800 --> 02:07:36,920 >> I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN HEAR 3332 02:07:36,920 --> 02:07:40,480 ME WITH THE MASK, I LOVE THAT 3333 02:07:40,480 --> 02:07:42,800 STUFF ON VISUAL ILLUSIONS THAT 3334 02:07:42,800 --> 02:07:44,560 YOU WERE SORT OF TALKING ABOUT 3335 02:07:44,560 --> 02:07:46,560 INCLUDING LIKE THE CONTEXT 3336 02:07:46,560 --> 02:07:48,920 DEPENDENCY, WHEN I WAS ABOUT 3337 02:07:48,920 --> 02:07:54,600 THIS TALL, BEFORE I VISITED YOUR 3338 02:07:54,600 --> 02:08:00,320 LAB BRIEFLY, I HAVE DONE 3339 02:08:00,320 --> 02:08:01,760 EXPERIMENTS WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] 3340 02:08:01,760 --> 02:08:05,760 AND [INDISCERNIBLE] CAMPBELL AT 3341 02:08:05,760 --> 02:08:07,560 CAME BRIDGE [INDISCERNIBLE] 3342 02:08:07,560 --> 02:08:09,720 MONITOROCULAR RIVALRY, DIFFERENT 3343 02:08:09,720 --> 02:08:11,680 FROM THE BINOCULAR RIVALRY THAT 3344 02:08:11,680 --> 02:08:12,520 PEOPLE HAVE STUDIED INCLUDING 3345 02:08:12,520 --> 02:08:15,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] HERE AND 3346 02:08:15,320 --> 02:08:15,760 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 3347 02:08:15,760 --> 02:08:17,600 BUT MONITOROCULAR RIVALRY, YOU 3348 02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:19,040 DON'T CHANGE ANYTHING IN THE 3349 02:08:19,040 --> 02:08:23,120 STIMULUS, IT'S SORT OF A LOW 3350 02:08:23,120 --> 02:08:26,800 CONTRAST GRADING THAT IS SORT 3351 02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:28,040 OF--CONSISTS OF 2 DIFFERENT 3352 02:08:28,040 --> 02:08:30,720 COLORS, AND WHEN YOU STAIR AT 3353 02:08:30,720 --> 02:08:32,640 IT, LONG ENOUGH, IT STARTS TO 3354 02:08:32,640 --> 02:08:34,560 RIVAL BETWEEN THOSE 2 COLORS. 3355 02:08:34,560 --> 02:08:36,520 WE CAN ALSO CHANGE THE 3356 02:08:36,520 --> 02:08:40,520 ORIENTATION OF IT, WITH THE 3357 02:08:40,520 --> 02:08:41,960 ORIENTATIONS, AND YOU WERE 3358 02:08:41,960 --> 02:08:46,840 WORKING ON THIS FOR A WHILE AND 3359 02:08:46,840 --> 02:08:47,840 GOT IT PUBLISHED AND I DON'T 3360 02:08:47,840 --> 02:08:49,800 THINK AS FAR AS I KNOW, I DON'T 3361 02:08:49,800 --> 02:08:54,040 THINK ANYBODY HAS LOOKED AT THE 3362 02:08:54,040 --> 02:08:56,000 NEUROPACES OF THAT IN MONKEYS OR 3363 02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:56,640 ANYTHING LIKE THAT. 3364 02:08:56,640 --> 02:08:58,040 ARE YOU AWARE OF? 3365 02:08:58,040 --> 02:09:00,200 >> I'M FAMILIAR WITH THE 3366 02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:01,640 PHENOMENON AND IT'S QUITE 3367 02:09:01,640 --> 02:09:02,800 INTERESTING, I TAKE IT TO BE 3368 02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:05,120 SOME SORT OF DIFFERENTIAL 3369 02:09:05,120 --> 02:09:07,560 ADAPTATION OF THE LOW LEVEL OF 3370 02:09:07,560 --> 02:09:10,400 RECEPTORS FOR THAT STIMULI,. 3371 02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:12,480 >> SO THAT'S WHAT YOU SAID IN 3372 02:09:12,480 --> 02:09:15,400 THE PAPER. 3373 02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:16,560 >> YEAH, BUT I'M NOT FAMILIAR 3374 02:09:16,560 --> 02:09:18,200 WITH ANYBODY WHO WORKED ON THAT 3375 02:09:18,200 --> 02:09:18,960 SINCE THAT TIME. 3376 02:09:18,960 --> 02:09:21,080 >> YEAH, THIS IS THE SAME AS 3377 02:09:21,080 --> 02:09:22,880 THIS CONTEXTURAL STUFF THAT YOU 3378 02:09:22,880 --> 02:09:23,600 WERE TALKING ABOUT? 3379 02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:25,160 >> SO, THE ROLE OF CONTEXT AND 3380 02:09:25,160 --> 02:09:27,680 MOST OF THESE DEMONSTRATIONS 3381 02:09:27,680 --> 02:09:32,000 THAT I SHOWED YOU IS SOMETHING 3382 02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:36,200 THAT'S CONVERTING THESE LOW 3383 02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:37,480 LEVEL IMAGE BASED REPRESENT 3384 02:09:37,480 --> 02:09:38,640 ANTICIPATIONS TO A 3385 02:09:38,640 --> 02:09:39,440 REPRESENTATION OF THE THING 3386 02:09:39,440 --> 02:09:40,960 THAT'S IN THE WORLD THAT CAUSED 3387 02:09:40,960 --> 02:09:42,240 THAT RETINAL IMAGE AND AS I SAID 3388 02:09:42,240 --> 02:09:44,640 AT THE BEGINNING THATY THIS IS A 3389 02:09:44,640 --> 02:09:45,240 FUNDAMENT AMILLIO COMPUTATION 3390 02:09:45,240 --> 02:09:47,080 THAT HAS TO HAPPEN AT SOME 3391 02:09:47,080 --> 02:09:49,280 FAIRLY EARLY STAGE IN THE VISUAL 3392 02:09:49,280 --> 02:09:49,920 CORTEX. 3393 02:09:49,920 --> 02:09:50,240 >> YEAH. 3394 02:09:50,240 --> 02:09:51,120 >> THAT'S WHAT WE'RE REALLY 3395 02:09:51,120 --> 02:09:54,840 ABOUT HERE. 3396 02:09:54,840 --> 02:09:56,320 HOW TO OVERCOME THE ADVERSE 3397 02:09:56,320 --> 02:09:56,840 PROBLEM. 3398 02:09:56,840 --> 02:10:03,640 >> I AM GIVING A LECTURE TO THE 3399 02:10:03,640 --> 02:10:04,320 COGNITIVE SCIENCE UNDERGRADS, 3400 02:10:04,320 --> 02:10:05,400 LATER TODAY AND I WOULD LOVE TO 3401 02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:07,240 HAVE YOUR SLIDES FOR THAT 3402 02:10:07,240 --> 02:10:07,480 PURPOSE. 3403 02:10:07,480 --> 02:10:08,440 >> OF COURSE. 3404 02:10:08,440 --> 02:10:08,840 >> THANK YOU. 3405 02:10:08,840 --> 02:10:09,840 >> I HAVE A QUICK QUESTION WHICH 3406 02:10:09,840 --> 02:10:11,800 IS THE ROLE OF CONTEXT WAS 3407 02:10:11,800 --> 02:10:15,520 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED IN YOUR 3408 02:10:15,520 --> 02:10:17,280 TALK AND JUST WONDERING IF YOU 3409 02:10:17,280 --> 02:10:20,360 COULD EXPAND ON WHAT YOU THINK 3410 02:10:20,360 --> 02:10:21,560 CONTEXT IS COMPUTATIONALLY AND 3411 02:10:21,560 --> 02:10:24,280 SO IN WHAT SENSE IS IT ABOUT 3412 02:10:24,280 --> 02:10:27,640 CERTAIN KINDS OF TJUNCTIONS THAT 3413 02:10:27,640 --> 02:10:30,320 CREATE SOME DEPTH OF 3414 02:10:30,320 --> 02:10:33,160 REPRESENTATION AND THERE'S SOME 3415 02:10:33,160 --> 02:10:36,840 KIND OF DEPTH RELATED QUALITY 3416 02:10:36,840 --> 02:10:37,480 CONTRIBUTION, SO COMPUTATIONALLY 3417 02:10:37,480 --> 02:10:39,440 WHAT'S GOING ON THERE SO WE CAN 3418 02:10:39,440 --> 02:10:39,920 CALL IT CONTEXT. 3419 02:10:39,920 --> 02:10:41,000 >> IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 3420 02:10:41,000 --> 02:10:42,640 THERE HAVE BEEN SIMPLE MODELS OF 3421 02:10:42,640 --> 02:10:44,720 THIS THAT PEOPLE PUT FORTH, I 3422 02:10:44,720 --> 02:10:46,240 DIDN'T MENTION IT BUT THERE'S A 3423 02:10:46,240 --> 02:10:48,480 LATER PAPER WHERE WE USE 3424 02:10:48,480 --> 02:10:49,760 INHIBITION STABILIZED NETWORK TO 3425 02:10:49,760 --> 02:10:51,480 TRY TO PREDICT THESE CONTEXTURAL 3426 02:10:51,480 --> 02:10:57,720 EFFECTS BUT REALLY WHAT YOU WANT 3427 02:10:57,720 --> 02:11:01,080 TO DO AND UNTANGLE EXTRINSIC 3428 02:11:01,080 --> 02:11:01,480 VERSUS INTRINSIC. 3429 02:11:01,480 --> 02:11:04,080 THERE ARE LOTS OF IMAGE FEATURES 3430 02:11:04,080 --> 02:11:05,840 THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 3431 02:11:05,840 --> 02:11:07,640 PARTICULAR OBJECTS, THOSE ARE 3432 02:11:07,640 --> 02:11:08,440 THE INTRINSIC FEATURES, AND 3433 02:11:08,440 --> 02:11:10,400 THERE ARE LOTS OF THEM THAT ARE 3434 02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:15,040 ACCIDENTS OF THE WAY THE RETINAL 3435 02:11:15,040 --> 02:11:15,400 IMAGES FORMED. 3436 02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:16,720 AND I DON'T HAVE A MECHANISM FOR 3437 02:11:16,720 --> 02:11:21,160 THAT, I THINK IT'S A FAIRLY 3438 02:11:21,160 --> 02:11:21,960 TRAIT FORWARD COMPUTATIONAL 3439 02:11:21,960 --> 02:11:22,880 PROBLEM BECAUSE THERE ARE LOTS 3440 02:11:22,880 --> 02:11:24,560 OF THINGS IN THE IMAGE THAT GIVE 3441 02:11:24,560 --> 02:11:26,880 YOU THAT INFORMATION AND I 3442 02:11:26,880 --> 02:11:29,840 CONFESS, I WAS PRETTY--I DREW A 3443 02:11:29,840 --> 02:11:31,720 CIRCLE AND SAID THAT'S WHERE 3444 02:11:31,720 --> 02:11:32,760 CONTEXT INTERVENES AND THAT'S 3445 02:11:32,760 --> 02:11:34,160 NOT REALLY A MECHANISM BUT THE 3446 02:11:34,160 --> 02:11:35,480 TRUTH IS WE DON'T REALLY KNOW 3447 02:11:35,480 --> 02:11:36,240 MUCH MORE THAN THAT. 3448 02:11:36,240 --> 02:11:37,960 WE KNOW WHAT THE RELEVANT 3449 02:11:37,960 --> 02:11:39,000 FACTORS ARE. 3450 02:11:39,000 --> 02:11:40,240 >> YEAH, IT WAS FASCINATING IT 3451 02:11:40,240 --> 02:11:44,360 BROUGHT ME BACK TO MY 20 + 3452 02:11:44,360 --> 02:11:45,560 YEARS--30 + YEARS AGO MY Ph.D. 3453 02:11:45,560 --> 02:11:48,960 WHERE I WORK WITH THAT AND WITH 3454 02:11:48,960 --> 02:11:50,960 SPHEEF GROSS BERG'S SCHOOL IN 3455 02:11:50,960 --> 02:11:52,920 WHICH WE ACTUALLY BROUGHT 3456 02:11:52,920 --> 02:11:54,760 DEVELOPED MODELS TO ACTUALLY 3457 02:11:54,760 --> 02:11:56,160 EXPLAIN THOSE PHENOMENON BASED 3458 02:11:56,160 --> 02:11:56,480 COMPUTATION. 3459 02:11:56,480 --> 02:12:00,440 >> I THINK STEVE HAS EXPLAINED 3460 02:12:00,440 --> 02:12:01,760 EVERYTHING EMPLOY. 3461 02:12:01,760 --> 02:12:02,080 >> WELL-- 3462 02:12:02,080 --> 02:12:02,440 >> [LAUGHTER] 3463 02:12:02,440 --> 02:12:07,400 >> WELL WE CAN TALK ABOUT THAT 3464 02:12:07,400 --> 02:12:08,080 LATER. 3465 02:12:08,080 --> 02:12:10,160 >> [INDISCERNIBLE] GAVE ME 3466 02:12:10,160 --> 02:12:10,960 PERMISSION TO MAKE A BRIEF 3467 02:12:10,960 --> 02:12:13,040 COMMENT, IT'S ABOUT THE BOARD OF 3468 02:12:13,040 --> 02:12:14,200 SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS BECAUSE 3469 02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:15,880 SOME YEARS AGO WHEN LESLIE WAS 3470 02:12:15,880 --> 02:12:17,800 PREPARING FOR A REVIEW AND VERY 3471 02:12:17,800 --> 02:12:19,000 ANXIOUS SHE TOLD ME THAT 1 OF 3472 02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:21,600 THE YOUNG PEOPLE IN HER LAB WAS 3473 02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:23,000 CONCERNED THEY SAID, BUT YOU'RE 3474 02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:24,360 SO ACCOMPLISHED WHY WOULD YOU 3475 02:12:24,360 --> 02:12:26,160 STILL BE NERVOUS ABOUT THESE 3476 02:12:26,160 --> 02:12:26,600 THINGS? 3477 02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:28,360 AND SHE SAID, OH THE REASON I'M 3478 02:12:28,360 --> 02:12:30,360 SO ACCOMPLISHED IS BECAUSE I 3479 02:12:30,360 --> 02:12:33,720 REALLY GET NERVOUS ABOUT THESE 3480 02:12:33,720 --> 02:12:33,960 THINGS. 3481 02:12:33,960 --> 02:12:34,280 [LAUGHTER] 3482 02:12:34,280 --> 02:12:36,040 >> AND IT WAS OBVIOUS THAT SHE 3483 02:12:36,040 --> 02:12:45,040 WAS QUAKING WHEN WE WERE THERE. 3484 02:12:45,040 --> 02:12:46,680 BUT, IT WAS ALSO STORY THOSE OF 3485 02:12:46,680 --> 02:12:48,320 US COMING IN FROM THE OUTSIDE, 3486 02:12:48,320 --> 02:12:50,640 AS I SAID IN MY QUOTE THERE THIS 3487 02:12:50,640 --> 02:12:52,720 IS 1 OF THE BEST COGNITIVE 3488 02:12:52,720 --> 02:12:56,240 NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAMS IN THE 3489 02:12:56,240 --> 02:13:06,360 WORLD. 3490 02:13:07,280 --> 02:13:08,080 ANYWAY, THANK YOU. 3491 02:13:08,080 --> 02:13:08,360 [ APPLAUSE ] 3492 02:13:08,360 --> 02:13:09,720 >> BOB, I'M GLAD YOU REINFORCED 3493 02:13:09,720 --> 02:13:11,720 THAT BECAUSE A LOT OF US KIND OF 3494 02:13:11,720 --> 02:13:14,600 LIVED WITH IT AND JUST AMAZING 3495 02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:16,760 HOW ANXIOUS SHE COULD GET AND 3496 02:13:16,760 --> 02:13:20,760 UNTIL SHE KNEW TOM WAS COMING. 3497 02:13:20,760 --> 02:13:24,320 SO I THINK THIS IS THE LAST TALK 3498 02:13:24,320 --> 02:13:27,560 BEFORE LUNCH, IT'S JIM HAXBY, 3499 02:13:27,560 --> 02:13:31,040 WHO'S THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER 3500 02:13:31,040 --> 02:13:33,040 FOR COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AT 3501 02:13:33,040 --> 02:13:33,400 DARTMOUTH. 3502 02:13:33,400 --> 02:13:35,720 I WAS NOT PLANNING--THIS SESSION 3503 02:13:35,720 --> 02:13:39,280 SHOULD HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED BY 3504 02:13:39,280 --> 02:13:41,920 ELI MERIAM WHO WE SAW EARLIER 3505 02:13:41,920 --> 02:13:48,000 AND INTRODUCING MICKEY, BUT I 3506 02:13:48,000 --> 02:13:51,160 WAS CALLED INTO TAKE ELI A PLACE 3507 02:13:51,160 --> 02:13:54,240 WHO IS INFECTED AND COULDN'T BE 3508 02:13:54,240 --> 02:13:54,800 HERE. 3509 02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:59,480 ACTUALLY I WAS ORDERED BY 3510 02:13:59,480 --> 02:14:00,480 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO IS IN CHARGE 3511 02:14:00,480 --> 02:14:01,800 OF THIS WHOLE BUSINESS SO I'M 3512 02:14:01,800 --> 02:14:04,080 DOING MY JOB BUT SINCE I WASN'T 3513 02:14:04,080 --> 02:14:05,440 PLAN TO INTRODUCE JIM, WHICH IS 3514 02:14:05,440 --> 02:14:07,040 REALLY KIND OF A HOOT FOR ME AND 3515 02:14:07,040 --> 02:14:10,640 I THINK FOR HIM AS WELL, SO WE 3516 02:14:10,640 --> 02:14:12,320 MET EARLIER SO WE MET EARLIER 3517 02:14:12,320 --> 02:14:14,280 THIS MORNING BECAUSE I WANTED TO 3518 02:14:14,280 --> 02:14:15,920 KNOW IF JIM WAS GOING IT GO OVER 3519 02:14:15,920 --> 02:14:17,360 THE HISTORY OF THE LAB, AND HE 3520 02:14:17,360 --> 02:14:20,800 SAID HE WOULD, WHICH I WAS 3521 02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:21,520 RELIEVED BY, BECAUSE THAT MEANT 3522 02:14:21,520 --> 02:14:25,080 I DIDN'T HAVE TO DO IT SO WE 3523 02:14:25,080 --> 02:14:26,520 QUICKLY DISCUSSED IT AND AS 3524 02:14:26,520 --> 02:14:31,200 OFTEN HAPPENS WHEN YOU DEAL WITH 3525 02:14:31,200 --> 02:14:34,680 LONG-TERM REMOTE MEMORIES, THERE 3526 02:14:34,680 --> 02:14:37,840 WAS DISAGREEMENTS I OF COURSE 3527 02:14:37,840 --> 02:14:39,720 WAS CORRECT JIM NOT SO MUCH BUT 3528 02:14:39,720 --> 02:14:43,280 I THINK WE STRAIGHTENED OUT ALL 3529 02:14:43,280 --> 02:14:46,800 THE DIFFERENCES, SO, JIM, 3530 02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:47,040 PLEASE? 3531 02:14:47,040 --> 02:14:49,680 AND IF THERE ARE ANY 3532 02:14:49,680 --> 02:14:55,560 DIFFERENCES, I PLAN TO JUMP IN 3533 02:14:55,560 --> 02:15:06,080 AND CORRECT THE RECORD BUT ... 3534 02:15:13,720 --> 02:15:16,720 >> THANK YOU OUR MEMORY IS HOW 3535 02:15:16,720 --> 02:15:18,120 THE LABRATIVE BRAIN COGNITION 3536 02:15:18,120 --> 02:15:21,400 GOT STARTED SO WE CAN SAY WHAT 3537 02:15:21,400 --> 02:15:26,880 WE WANT TO IS IT BECOMES 3538 02:15:26,880 --> 02:15:27,240 HISTORY, RIGHT? 3539 02:15:27,240 --> 02:15:36,960 SO I WAS IN THE LBC FROM 3540 02:15:36,960 --> 02:15:38,960 1992-2002 AND IT'S THE FIRST 3541 02:15:38,960 --> 02:15:40,720 NUMBER WE'RE DISAGREEING ABOUT, 3542 02:15:40,720 --> 02:15:46,200 I MOVE FROM NIMH IN 1992 AND WE 3543 02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:49,480 MOVED INTO A LABORATORY CALLED 3544 02:15:49,480 --> 02:15:50,320 THE LABORATORY OF 3545 02:15:50,320 --> 02:15:54,240 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND ALEX MOVED 3546 02:15:54,240 --> 02:15:56,120 THAT SAME YEAR ASK WE CAN'T 3547 02:15:56,120 --> 02:15:57,600 REMEMBER WHEN EXACTLY IT WENT 3548 02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:02,960 FROM THE LPP TO THE LBC AND WHEN 3549 02:16:02,960 --> 02:16:04,560 EXACTLY LESLIE TRANSFERRED FROM 3550 02:16:04,560 --> 02:16:05,760 THE LAB OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY TO 3551 02:16:05,760 --> 02:16:09,600 BECOME THE CHIEF OF THE LBC, SO 3552 02:16:09,600 --> 02:16:16,040 SOMEWHERE IN THERE SO 1992-1994 3553 02:16:16,040 --> 02:16:17,920 SO SUSAN HAS RESEARCHED THIS, 3554 02:16:17,920 --> 02:16:19,080 COURTNEY WHO WAS THE FIRST POST 3555 02:16:19,080 --> 02:16:21,280 DOC AND SHE CONFIRMS THAT 1994 3556 02:16:21,280 --> 02:16:26,480 WAS THE OFFICIAL LBC 3557 02:16:26,480 --> 02:16:27,080 INAUGURATION DATE. 3558 02:16:27,080 --> 02:16:29,520 SO MY HISTORY AT NIH GOES BEFORE 3559 02:16:29,520 --> 02:16:29,760 THAT. 3560 02:16:29,760 --> 02:16:34,200 I CAME TO NIH 10 YEARS EARLIER 3561 02:16:34,200 --> 02:16:37,160 AND WORKED IN STANLEY RAPPA 3562 02:16:37,160 --> 02:16:38,160 PORTS LABORATORY OF 3563 02:16:38,160 --> 02:16:39,560 NEUROSCIENCES ON THE NATIONAL 3564 02:16:39,560 --> 02:16:41,200 INSTITUTE ON NEURAL AGING AND 3565 02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:44,040 THE SAME YEAR I,A RIEFED SHERYL 3566 02:16:44,040 --> 02:16:45,680 HAD BEEN THERE FOR A HALF YEAR, 3567 02:16:45,680 --> 02:16:49,960 OR A YEAR BEFORE I GOT THERE AND 3568 02:16:49,960 --> 02:16:52,360 BARRY HOROWITZ CAME A COUPLE 3569 02:16:52,360 --> 02:16:53,560 MONTHS AFTER THE SUMMER OF THAT 3570 02:16:53,560 --> 02:16:56,080 YEAR AND WE BECAME CLOSE FRIENDS 3571 02:16:56,080 --> 02:16:57,160 AND COLLABORATORS, WORKING 3572 02:16:57,160 --> 02:16:59,800 CLOSELY TOGETHER ON THE STUDIES 3573 02:16:59,800 --> 02:17:01,880 IN THAT LAB WHICH HAD TO DO WITH 3574 02:17:01,880 --> 02:17:05,800 LOOKING AT HEALTHY AGING AND 3575 02:17:05,800 --> 02:17:06,960 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES LIKE 3576 02:17:06,960 --> 02:17:10,760 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND VACULAR 3577 02:17:10,760 --> 02:17:13,680 DEMENTIA AND WE USED TOM AGRAPHY 3578 02:17:13,680 --> 02:17:15,160 BRAIN IMAGING BUT BACK THEN ALL 3579 02:17:15,160 --> 02:17:18,760 WE COULD REALLY DO WAS STUDY 3580 02:17:18,760 --> 02:17:19,760 RESTING STATE GLUCOSE 3581 02:17:19,760 --> 02:17:30,240 METABOLISM, 1 SHOT USING 18 3582 02:17:31,400 --> 02:17:31,920 FLUORINE LABELED DEOXYGLUCOSE. 3583 02:17:31,920 --> 02:17:33,480 WHILE WE'RE DOING THIS WORK, A 3584 02:17:33,480 --> 02:17:37,480 PAPER CAME UP WITH O15 LABELED 3585 02:17:37,480 --> 02:17:40,880 WATER TO STUDY BLOOD FLOW. 3586 02:17:40,880 --> 02:17:44,320 AND AND THAT TECHNIQUE WAS 3587 02:17:44,320 --> 02:17:45,160 POSSIBLE FOR BRAIN ACTIVITY 3588 02:17:45,160 --> 02:17:47,120 INTEGRATING OVER A PERIOD OF 3589 02:17:47,120 --> 02:17:49,280 ABOUT A MINUTE, A LITTLE LESS 3590 02:17:49,280 --> 02:17:52,720 THAN A MINUTE WITH MULTIPLE 3591 02:17:52,720 --> 02:17:53,360 RUNS, 6-12 RUNS. 3592 02:17:53,360 --> 02:17:56,120 SO YOU COULD ACTUALLY HAVE TASK 3593 02:17:56,120 --> 02:17:58,040 VACTIVATION AND IT'S THE EARLY 3594 02:17:58,040 --> 02:18:04,000 TASK ACTIVATION STUDIES WERE 3595 02:18:04,000 --> 02:18:05,720 COMING OUT OF MARK 3596 02:18:05,720 --> 02:18:07,080 [INDISCERNIBLE] LAB OF 3597 02:18:07,080 --> 02:18:10,520 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY AND FROM 3598 02:18:10,520 --> 02:18:12,440 THE [INDISCERNIBLE] HOSPITAL FOR 3599 02:18:12,440 --> 02:18:12,840 KD--SALLY'S GROUP. 3600 02:18:12,840 --> 02:18:15,600 SO WE WANTED TO USE THIS METHOD 3601 02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:18,040 AND WE HAD FOUND IN OUR STUDIES 3602 02:18:18,040 --> 02:18:19,240 OF ALZHEIMEREE DISEASE THAT 3603 02:18:19,240 --> 02:18:23,080 REDUCTIONS OF RESTING STATE 3604 02:18:23,080 --> 02:18:26,080 METABOLISM WERE MOST PROMINENT 3605 02:18:26,080 --> 02:18:31,320 IN THE ASSOCIATION COTTERISS OF 3606 02:18:31,320 --> 02:18:32,840 THE PARIETAL TEMPORAL LOBES AND 3607 02:18:32,840 --> 02:18:34,960 THEY WERE PREDICTIVE WHAT WOULD 3608 02:18:34,960 --> 02:18:36,680 APPEAR LATER IN THE 3609 02:18:36,680 --> 02:18:37,480 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE SO WE 3610 02:18:37,480 --> 02:18:42,720 WANTED TO TAKE A HARDER LOOK AT 3611 02:18:42,720 --> 02:18:45,040 HOW THESE COTTER ICES WERE 3612 02:18:45,040 --> 02:18:46,400 BEHAVING WHEN THEY WERE NOT AT 3613 02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:47,840 REST SO WE THOUGHT HOW WOULD WE 3614 02:18:47,840 --> 02:18:52,280 DO THIS, HOW DO WE ACTIVATE THE 3615 02:18:52,280 --> 02:18:55,040 PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL COTTERISS, 3616 02:18:55,040 --> 02:18:56,200 AND THE ANSWER IS OBVIOUS TO 3617 02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:57,400 EVERYBODY IN THIS ROOM. 3618 02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,480 WE KNEW LESLIE WELL AT THAT 3619 02:19:00,480 --> 02:19:03,320 TIME, SO SHERYL AND PERRY AND I 3620 02:19:03,320 --> 02:19:05,680 GOT IN TOUCH WITH LESLIE WHO WAS 3621 02:19:05,680 --> 02:19:07,320 IN BUILDING 9, WE WERE IN 3622 02:19:07,320 --> 02:19:08,600 BUILDING 10 NEXT DOOR AND ASKED 3623 02:19:08,600 --> 02:19:10,160 IF SHE WAS INTERESTED IN 3624 02:19:10,160 --> 02:19:12,560 LABERATION TO DO FUNCTIONAL 3625 02:19:12,560 --> 02:19:15,440 BRAIN IMAGING STUDY TO MAP OUT 3626 02:19:15,440 --> 02:19:19,160 WHERE THE VISUAL SYSTEMS IN THE 3627 02:19:19,160 --> 02:19:20,480 HUMAN BRAIN WHICH HADN'T BEEN 3628 02:19:20,480 --> 02:19:21,480 DONE BEFORE. 3629 02:19:21,480 --> 02:19:22,920 SO SHE ASKED MARK 3630 02:19:22,920 --> 02:19:23,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] TO GET INVOLVED 3631 02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:28,800 SO THIS WAS THE COLLABORATIVE 3632 02:19:28,800 --> 02:19:39,280 TEAM, 3 OF US LESLIE AND AND 3633 02:19:44,960 --> 02:19:47,680 SAYS THAT FACES ARE PURELY 3634 02:19:47,680 --> 02:19:50,280 VENTRAL PATHWAYS OF OBJECT 3635 02:19:50,280 --> 02:19:55,960 CATEGORY, SO WE DEVISE A TASK 3636 02:19:55,960 --> 02:20:06,480 THAT COMBINED FACE PERCEPTION 3637 02:20:09,760 --> 02:20:20,120 AND FACE PERCEPTION VISUAL 3638 02:20:21,640 --> 02:20:21,880 PROCESSING. 3639 02:20:21,880 --> 02:20:25,760 AND THEN A SERIES OF OTHER 3640 02:20:25,760 --> 02:20:29,000 PAPERS BY LESLIE AND SHERYL AND 3641 02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:30,640 BARRY AND RANDY MCINTOSH AND YOU 3642 02:20:30,640 --> 02:20:34,240 CAN SEE IT MAPS OUT PATH WAI AND 3643 02:20:34,240 --> 02:20:35,360 CORTEX FOR THE FAITHS MATCHING 3644 02:20:35,360 --> 02:20:38,680 TASK AND THE PATHWAY GOING INTO 3645 02:20:38,680 --> 02:20:41,640 POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX FOR 3646 02:20:41,640 --> 02:20:42,600 THE LOITATION MATCHING TASK AND 3647 02:20:42,600 --> 02:20:45,560 THEN THERE ARE FRONTAL AREAS AND 3648 02:20:45,560 --> 02:20:46,800 GREEN SPATIAL AREA DORSAL 3649 02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:47,840 POSITIONALLY AND LARGER VEPTERAL 3650 02:20:47,840 --> 02:20:50,800 RED AREA FOR THE FACE MATCHING 3651 02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:51,040 TASK. 3652 02:20:51,040 --> 02:20:52,760 SO, WE WERE VERY EXCITED ABOUT 3653 02:20:52,760 --> 02:20:55,080 THIS IN FACT I'M SUPER EXCITED 3654 02:20:55,080 --> 02:20:56,920 ABOUT IT, HAVE A LOT OF FUN AND 3655 02:20:56,920 --> 02:21:01,160 I DON'T WANT TO STUDY HEALTHY 3656 02:21:01,160 --> 02:21:02,200 AGING AND NEURODEGENERATIVE 3657 02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:03,760 DISEASES ANYMORE, I WANT TO 3658 02:21:03,760 --> 02:21:05,680 STUDY THE HEALTHY BRAIN AND THE 3659 02:21:05,680 --> 02:21:06,680 COGNITIVE ORGANIZATION OF A 3660 02:21:06,680 --> 02:21:09,600 HEALTHY BRAIN SO I TALKED TO 3661 02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:11,600 LESLIE, ABOUT THIS, AND MORT AND 3662 02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:13,600 I SAID IS THERE ANY WAY I COULD 3663 02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:17,200 MOVE FROM NIA TO NIMH, AND WE 3664 02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:21,640 COULD SET UP A FUNCTIONAL BRAIN 3665 02:21:21,640 --> 02:21:24,040 IMAGING PROGRAM FOR COGNITIVE 3666 02:21:24,040 --> 02:21:25,280 NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH AND THEY 3667 02:21:25,280 --> 02:21:27,600 WERE INSTRUMENTAL IN MAKING THIS 3668 02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:31,320 HAPPEN SO THIS WAS A CRITICAL 3669 02:21:31,320 --> 02:21:32,480 PIVOTAL MOMENT IN MY CAREER WHEN 3670 02:21:32,480 --> 02:21:35,320 I WAS ABLE TO MOVE TO NIMH AND 3671 02:21:35,320 --> 02:21:39,000 CHANGE THE FOCUS OF MY RESEARCH. 3672 02:21:39,000 --> 02:21:41,120 I REINVENTED MYSELF, I WAS A 3673 02:21:41,120 --> 02:21:43,360 NEURAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND I BECAME 3674 02:21:43,360 --> 02:21:47,560 A COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENTIST WITH 3675 02:21:47,560 --> 02:21:48,200 THIS MOVE. 3676 02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,040 SO WITH EFTHIMIOSLY MURKY OF 3677 02:21:51,040 --> 02:21:53,840 WHAT HAPPENED BETWEEN 1992 AND 3678 02:21:53,840 --> 02:21:58,920 1994 AND I THINK THAT WE 3679 02:21:58,920 --> 02:21:59,920 PROBABLY WERE NOT DOING THE 3680 02:21:59,920 --> 02:22:01,880 RIGHT THING IN EVERY WAY SO WE 3681 02:22:01,880 --> 02:22:03,320 REPRESSED SOME OF THOSE MEMORIES 3682 02:22:03,320 --> 02:22:06,320 BUT THE RESULT IS BY 1994 IN THE 3683 02:22:06,320 --> 02:22:08,240 LABORATORY OF BRAIN COGNITION 3684 02:22:08,240 --> 02:22:10,440 EXISTED AND LESLIE MOVED IN FROM 3685 02:22:10,440 --> 02:22:11,720 THE LABORATORY OF NEURAL 3686 02:22:11,720 --> 02:22:12,760 PSYCHOLOGY AND BECAME CHIEF OF 3687 02:22:12,760 --> 02:22:14,440 THE LAB AND ALEX AND I WERE BOTH 3688 02:22:14,440 --> 02:22:16,200 SECTION CHIEFS AND THAT WAS THE 3689 02:22:16,200 --> 02:22:17,760 BEGINNING OF REALLY WHAT I WOULD 3690 02:22:17,760 --> 02:22:22,400 CALL A GOLDEN PERIOD IN MY 3691 02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:23,640 SCIENTIFIC CAREER. 3692 02:22:23,640 --> 02:22:25,360 AND FIRST POST DOCKERS IN THE 3693 02:22:25,360 --> 02:22:27,560 LAB WERE CLARK AND SUSAN 3694 02:22:27,560 --> 02:22:28,920 COURTNEY AND YOU HEARD FROM 3695 02:22:28,920 --> 02:22:31,080 SUSAN COURTNEY AND WE HAD A 3696 02:22:31,080 --> 02:22:33,520 SERIES OF POST DOC PEOPLE IN MY 3697 02:22:33,520 --> 02:22:35,120 SECTION AND DOESN'T BROTHER TO 3698 02:22:35,120 --> 02:22:37,040 TRY TO BRING PICTURINGS OF POST 3699 02:22:37,040 --> 02:22:39,800 DOCS FROM ALL THESE SECTIONS, 3700 02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:42,760 AND SO YOU'VE HEARD FROM 3701 02:22:42,760 --> 02:22:43,480 COURTNEY YESTERDAY, TEREVERRIC 3702 02:22:43,480 --> 02:22:45,320 TALK AND THEN REALLY MY TALK 3703 02:22:45,320 --> 02:22:48,160 TODAY, IS GOING TO LARGELY BE 3704 02:22:48,160 --> 02:22:50,600 THE WORK THAT THEY'VE BEEN 3705 02:22:50,600 --> 02:23:01,040 CONDUCTED FOR THE LAST 20 YEARS. 3706 02:23:01,040 --> 02:23:04,960 SO THAT IS MY FIRST GREAT DEBT 3707 02:23:04,960 --> 02:23:10,120 TO LESLIE IS PROFESSIONAL, THAT 3708 02:23:10,120 --> 02:23:11,680 SHE REALLY FACILITATED THE 3709 02:23:11,680 --> 02:23:13,120 CHANGE IN MY CAREER PATH WHICH 3710 02:23:13,120 --> 02:23:14,800 WAS JUST ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL FOR 3711 02:23:14,800 --> 02:23:18,200 ME AND I'M FOREVER GRATEFUL TO 3712 02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:19,800 LIVE WITH THAT. 3713 02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:21,760 THE SECOND DEBT HAS TO DO MORE 3714 02:23:21,760 --> 02:23:28,680 WITH THE CONTENT OF THE SCIENCE 3715 02:23:28,680 --> 02:23:30,200 THE WAY SHE THOUGHT ABOUT THE 3716 02:23:30,200 --> 02:23:32,040 ORGANIZATION OF THE CORTEX AS 3717 02:23:32,040 --> 02:23:35,200 CORTICALE AREAS THAT ARE 3718 02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:36,080 CONNECTED HIERARCHICALLY AND 3719 02:23:36,080 --> 02:23:39,120 BRANCH INTO DIFFERENT PATHWAYS 3720 02:23:39,120 --> 02:23:41,200 AND AS BOB [INDISCERNIBLE] MADE 3721 02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:43,920 CLEAR YESTERDAY, THIS WAS NOT AN 3722 02:23:43,920 --> 02:23:46,720 OBVIOUS SOLUTION AT THE TIME. 3723 02:23:46,720 --> 02:23:47,880 THIS WAS--SHE INVENTED THIS AWAY 3724 02:23:47,880 --> 02:23:50,360 OF THINKING ABOUT CORTICALE 3725 02:23:50,360 --> 02:23:52,600 ORGANIZATION, OUT OF NOTHING, 3726 02:23:52,600 --> 02:23:54,120 OKAY, WITHOUT NOTHING, BUT IT 3727 02:23:54,120 --> 02:23:56,280 WAS REALLY AN ACTIVE GREAT 3728 02:23:56,280 --> 02:24:03,240 SCIENTIFIC CREATION TO COME UP 3729 02:24:03,240 --> 02:24:04,040 WITH THIS. 3730 02:24:04,040 --> 02:24:06,480 OUR STUDY OF INITIAL STUDY 3731 02:24:06,480 --> 02:24:09,000 CONFIRMED THE BASIC OUTLINES OF 3732 02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:11,880 THIS SYSTEM BUT THERE WAS A 3733 02:24:11,880 --> 02:24:14,640 PROBLEM, THAT WAS BECAUSE OF 3734 02:24:14,640 --> 02:24:17,320 MORT'S ADVICE TO USE FACES AS 3735 02:24:17,320 --> 02:24:19,120 THE OBJECT VISION TEST SO I WAS 3736 02:24:19,120 --> 02:24:20,720 PRESENTING THIS WORK AT MEETINGS 3737 02:24:20,720 --> 02:24:23,080 AND SAYING THE SPATIAL VISUAL 3738 02:24:23,080 --> 02:24:25,720 TEST AND THE OBJECT VISION TEST 3739 02:24:25,720 --> 02:24:27,440 AND AT SOME MEETING, I FORGET 3740 02:24:27,440 --> 02:24:28,880 WHICH 1 IT WAS, THIS YOUNG GUY 3741 02:24:28,880 --> 02:24:31,080 GOT UP AND ASKED A REALLY 3742 02:24:31,080 --> 02:24:33,000 IMPORTANT QUESTION, THIS IS SEAN 3743 02:24:33,000 --> 02:24:35,000 MARET, MANY OF YOU KNOW SEAN, 3744 02:24:35,000 --> 02:24:37,280 HE'S HERE NOW AND EASE ACTUALLY 3745 02:24:37,280 --> 02:24:38,240 MOVING TO DARTMOUTH, BUT AT THIS 3746 02:24:38,240 --> 02:24:43,680 TIME HE WAS AT THE MONTREAL AND 3747 02:24:43,680 --> 02:24:44,520 NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE WORKING 3748 02:24:44,520 --> 02:24:46,880 FOR [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HE ASKED 3749 02:24:46,880 --> 02:24:47,880 THE VERY OBVIOUS QUESTION, WHY 3750 02:24:47,880 --> 02:24:50,200 DID YOU USE A FACE PERCEPTION 3751 02:24:50,200 --> 02:24:50,520 TASK? 3752 02:24:50,520 --> 02:24:51,880 AREN'T FACES A SPECIAL CATEGORY? 3753 02:24:51,880 --> 02:24:54,200 IN WHAT WAY CAN YOU USE THAT AS 3754 02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:56,280 REPRESENTATIVE OF OBJECT VISION? 3755 02:24:56,280 --> 02:24:59,840 AND THAT STUNG BECAUSE IT WAS 3756 02:24:59,840 --> 02:25:08,000 ABSOLUTELY RIGHT OF COURSE. 3757 02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:13,800 SO SO THE QUESTION WAS THE FACE 3758 02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:18,680 PERCEPTION AND GENERALLY TRUE OF 3759 02:25:18,680 --> 02:25:19,080 OBJECT PERCEPTION. 3760 02:25:19,080 --> 02:25:25,200 NOW I WANTED TO POINT OUT ON 3761 02:25:25,200 --> 02:25:27,520 THIS FIGURE HERE THAT IT HAS 3762 02:25:27,520 --> 02:25:29,320 SOME FEATURES IN IT THAT ARE 3763 02:25:29,320 --> 02:25:31,040 LARGELY OVERLOOKED, THE TEMPORAL 3764 02:25:31,040 --> 02:25:33,960 AND PARIETAL AND WHAT AND WHERE 3765 02:25:33,960 --> 02:25:35,560 PATHWAYS, WHERE AND WHERE 3766 02:25:35,560 --> 02:25:37,320 PATHWAYS, BUT THERE ARE THESE 3767 02:25:37,320 --> 02:25:38,320 FRONTAL AREAS, OKAY? 3768 02:25:38,320 --> 02:25:40,160 WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH 3769 02:25:40,160 --> 02:25:42,080 LESLIE'S MAP OF THE PATHWAYS 3770 02:25:42,080 --> 02:25:48,440 ROUGH ATOM JECTING TO FRONTAL 3771 02:25:48,440 --> 02:25:51,200 CORTEX, AND IF YOU LOOK IN THE 3772 02:25:51,200 --> 02:25:52,960 CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPACES, 3773 02:25:52,960 --> 02:25:57,320 IT LIES EXACTLY IN THE FIELD OF 3774 02:25:57,320 --> 02:25:58,240 CORTEX. 3775 02:25:58,240 --> 02:26:01,120 SO, WE WENT AHEAD TO ASK IS THIS 3776 02:26:01,120 --> 02:26:04,680 ACTIVITY SPECIFIC TO FACES, AS 3777 02:26:04,680 --> 02:26:06,560 COMPARED TO THE REPRESENTATION 3778 02:26:06,560 --> 02:26:11,560 OF OTHER OBJECTS, AND WE WERE 3779 02:26:11,560 --> 02:26:12,560 PROCEEDED, IN PUBLISHING THIS BY 3780 02:26:12,560 --> 02:26:16,000 A SERIES OF PAPERS, THAT SHOWED 3781 02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:17,600 PRECISELY THAT, THAT THERE IS AN 3782 02:26:17,600 --> 02:26:20,440 AREA IN VENTRAL TEMPORAL CORTEX 3783 02:26:20,440 --> 02:26:23,280 AND INFUSED CORTEX THAT RESPONDS 3784 02:26:23,280 --> 02:26:25,880 SELECTIVELY TO FACES, THE FIRST 3785 02:26:25,880 --> 02:26:28,280 PAPER WAS BY [INDISCERNIBLE] 3786 02:26:28,280 --> 02:26:29,800 SHOWING THIS AND THEN GREG 3787 02:26:29,800 --> 02:26:31,680 MCCARTHY AND NANCY 3788 02:26:31,680 --> 02:26:34,520 [INDISCERNIBLE] PUBLISHED PAPERS 3789 02:26:34,520 --> 02:26:37,960 IN THE SUBSEQUENT YEARS, NANCY 3790 02:26:37,960 --> 02:26:39,160 KANWISHER HAD THE FORESIGHT OF 3791 02:26:39,160 --> 02:26:41,120 GIVING IT A NAME AND NAMING 3792 02:26:41,120 --> 02:26:42,400 THING SYSTEM REALLY IMPORTANT IN 3793 02:26:42,400 --> 02:26:43,680 SCIENCE BECAUSE ONCE YOU GIVE IT 3794 02:26:43,680 --> 02:26:45,200 A NAME EVERYBODY REMEMBERS THE 3795 02:26:45,200 --> 02:26:55,000 NAME AND YOUR NAME WITH THE 3796 02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:55,240 NAME. 3797 02:26:55,240 --> 02:26:55,920 SO [INDISCERNIBLE] FACE AREA AND 3798 02:26:55,920 --> 02:26:58,680 THESE ARE 2 STUDIES THIS 1'S BY 3799 02:26:58,680 --> 02:27:00,960 ALMEDA SHY WHERE SHE CONFESSED 3800 02:27:00,960 --> 02:27:04,520 AT THE NEURAL RESPONSE TO FACES, 3801 02:27:04,520 --> 02:27:06,760 TO THE RESPONSE TO CHAIRS OR 3802 02:27:06,760 --> 02:27:08,400 HOUSES, AND THIS IS A STUDY 3803 02:27:08,400 --> 02:27:10,600 WHERE WE CONTRASTED DOING FACES 3804 02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:12,160 TO VIEWING HOUSES AND THERE ARE 3805 02:27:12,160 --> 02:27:13,880 A COUPLE OF FEATURES I WANT TO 3806 02:27:13,880 --> 02:27:17,200 POINT OUT HERE THEY THINK ARE 3807 02:27:17,200 --> 02:27:17,800 IMPORTANT. 3808 02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:19,560 FIRST YOU'LL NO NOTICE THAT 3809 02:27:19,560 --> 02:27:21,400 OTHER OBJECTS LIKE HOUSES AND 3810 02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:23,120 CHAIRING DON'T ACTIVATE THE SAME 3811 02:27:23,120 --> 02:27:26,120 AREA OR SAME POPPOGRAPHY AND YOU 3812 02:27:26,120 --> 02:27:28,280 MAY THINK THE HOUSE AREA IS THE 3813 02:27:28,280 --> 02:27:30,920 PLACE AREA AND THE BLUE AREA IS 3814 02:27:30,920 --> 02:27:31,440 THE OBJECT AREA. 3815 02:27:31,440 --> 02:27:33,920 BUT IF YOU HAVE DIFFERENT 3816 02:27:33,920 --> 02:27:36,800 CATEGORIES OF OBJECTS, THEY LOOK 3817 02:27:36,800 --> 02:27:38,080 DISTINCT PATTERNS OF RESPONSE. 3818 02:27:38,080 --> 02:27:42,280 SO THEY EACH HAVE A SPECIFIC 3819 02:27:42,280 --> 02:27:44,520 TOPOGRAPHY AS COMPARED TO SHOES, 3820 02:27:44,520 --> 02:27:48,040 AS COMPARED TO SCISSORS, ET 3821 02:27:48,040 --> 02:27:48,360 CETERA. 3822 02:27:48,360 --> 02:27:52,880 SO IT REALLY IS AN OVERRICISM 3823 02:27:52,880 --> 02:27:53,560 LIAISONIFICATION, OOPS WHAT 3824 02:27:53,560 --> 02:27:54,760 HAPPENED THERE, TO SAY THIS BLUE 3825 02:27:54,760 --> 02:27:58,320 AREA IS THE OBJECT AREA. 3826 02:27:58,320 --> 02:28:00,840 THE SECOND, IS, THAT IT'S NOT 3827 02:28:00,840 --> 02:28:02,480 JUST INFUSING THE OBJECT FOR THE 3828 02:28:02,480 --> 02:28:04,960 FFA BUT THERE'S ALSO AN 3829 02:28:04,960 --> 02:28:06,560 OCCIPITAL AREA, THE OFFA, AND 3830 02:28:06,560 --> 02:28:13,120 THERE'S THIS AREA OF THE 3831 02:28:13,120 --> 02:28:14,920 TEMPORAL SULCUS AREA, NOW AGAIN 3832 02:28:14,920 --> 02:28:17,480 WE ARE PRECEDED IN POINTING OUT 3833 02:28:17,480 --> 02:28:19,720 THE PHASE PERCEPTION BY INA, WHO 3834 02:28:19,720 --> 02:28:24,600 PUBLISHED A PAPER IN 1998, ON 3835 02:28:24,600 --> 02:28:27,560 THE ROLE OF THE PURE TEMPORAL 3836 02:28:27,560 --> 02:28:29,440 SULCUS AND THE PERCEPTION OF 3837 02:28:29,440 --> 02:28:30,920 FACIAL MOVEMENT AND THEN THERE 3838 02:28:30,920 --> 02:28:33,800 WAS A VERY INFLUENTIAL REVIEW 3839 02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:40,520 PAPER IN [INDISCERNIBLE] BY 3840 02:28:40,520 --> 02:28:41,360 COLLEAGUES ON MOVEMENT 3841 02:28:41,360 --> 02:28:45,200 PERCEPTION AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION 3842 02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:45,680 MORE GENERALLY. 3843 02:28:45,680 --> 02:28:50,320 SO IT WASN'T THAT THERE WAS JUST 3844 02:28:50,320 --> 02:28:52,760 A MODULE AND THERE WERE 3 AREAS 3845 02:28:52,760 --> 02:28:54,320 THAT WERE INVOLVED NOW THERE'S A 3846 02:28:54,320 --> 02:28:57,040 THING THAT'S RULED ABOUT THESE 3847 02:28:57,040 --> 02:28:58,920 FIGURES, OKAY, IS THAT WE DON'T 3848 02:28:58,920 --> 02:29:01,560 SEE THESE FRONTAL AREAS IN THE 3849 02:29:01,560 --> 02:29:07,760 STUDY WHAT HAPPENED TO THE 3850 02:29:07,760 --> 02:29:10,280 FRONTAL AREAS WE WERE LIMITED TO 3851 02:29:10,280 --> 02:29:12,400 HOW MUCH WE COULD STUDY SO WE 3852 02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:15,480 ORIENTED OUR STUDIES TO BE 3853 02:29:15,480 --> 02:29:17,720 CORROANTA SLICES AND WE STOPPED 3854 02:29:17,720 --> 02:29:18,960 HALFWAY UP THE BRAIN, SO 3855 02:29:18,960 --> 02:29:20,360 EVERYTHING IN THE FRONTAL LOBE 3856 02:29:20,360 --> 02:29:25,240 WAS NOT LOOKED AT AND WE MISSED 3857 02:29:25,240 --> 02:29:26,960 SOME REALLY IMPORTANT STUFF 3858 02:29:26,960 --> 02:29:28,280 INLET FRONTAL CORTEX BECAUSE OF 3859 02:29:28,280 --> 02:29:30,800 THAT SOLUTION, WE DIDN'T THINK 3860 02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:32,880 THE FRONTAL CORTEX WAS 3861 02:29:32,880 --> 02:29:33,960 IMPORTANT, RIGHT IN VISUAL 3862 02:29:33,960 --> 02:29:40,480 PERCEPTION AND THAT WAS A BIAS. 3863 02:29:40,480 --> 02:29:42,800 SO THAT WAS TRUE IN THE 3864 02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:45,160 [INDISCERNIBLE] STUDY AND TRUE 3865 02:29:45,160 --> 02:29:47,920 IN THIS STUDY, THAT ALL THIS 3866 02:29:47,920 --> 02:29:49,760 CORTEX IN THE FRONTAL LOBE WAS 3867 02:29:49,760 --> 02:29:50,720 SIMPLY NOT STUDIED AND IT WAS 3868 02:29:50,720 --> 02:29:53,720 ALSO TRUE OF AN INFLUENTIAL 3869 02:29:53,720 --> 02:29:55,600 PAPER BY ELIZABETH HOFFMAN BY ME 3870 02:29:55,600 --> 02:29:57,520 WITH THE SERIES POINTS ACCEPTION 3871 02:29:57,520 --> 02:29:58,760 VERSUS IDEBTSITY, ALL THOSE 3872 02:29:58,760 --> 02:30:07,360 PAPERS DIDN'T HAVE FRONTAL 3873 02:30:07,360 --> 02:30:08,200 CORTEX IN IT. 3874 02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:10,920 SO WE AG GREGATED ALL THE 3875 02:30:10,920 --> 02:30:11,720 INFORMATION AND CAME UP WITH 3876 02:30:11,720 --> 02:30:13,280 OTHER STUDIES AND CAME UP WITH 3877 02:30:13,280 --> 02:30:14,760 THIS MODEL THAT WE PUBLISH 3878 02:30:14,760 --> 02:30:16,680 INDEED 2000 ABOUT THE 3879 02:30:16,680 --> 02:30:18,280 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISTRIBUTED 3880 02:30:18,280 --> 02:30:19,880 NEURAL SYSTEM FOR PHASE 3881 02:30:19,880 --> 02:30:21,280 PERCEPTION IN THE HUMAN BRAIN. 3882 02:30:21,280 --> 02:30:25,800 AND WE DIVIDE IT INTO A CORE 3883 02:30:25,800 --> 02:30:29,840 SYSTEM PER PERCEPTUAL 3884 02:30:29,840 --> 02:30:30,880 PROCESSING, ARLENE TALKED ABOUT 3885 02:30:30,880 --> 02:30:33,160 THIS YESTERDAY, AND FURTHER 3886 02:30:33,160 --> 02:30:35,400 ANALYSIS WE THOUGHT WERE 3887 02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:37,040 NONVIGIL AREAS WERE PROCESSING 3888 02:30:37,040 --> 02:30:39,400 INFORMATION FOR LIKE SPATIAL 3889 02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:42,560 ATTENTION, LIP READING, ET 3890 02:30:42,560 --> 02:30:43,040 CETERA. 3891 02:30:43,040 --> 02:30:49,200 AND WE PROPOSED THAT THESE 3 3892 02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:56,400 AREAS IN THE VISUAL CORTISES, 3893 02:30:56,400 --> 02:30:58,800 PLAYED A ROLE IN THESE AND IT 3894 02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:01,640 WAS LIKE THE DIRECTION OF GAZE 3895 02:31:01,640 --> 02:31:03,280 OR, MOTIONAL DESCREKS AND THIS 3896 02:31:03,280 --> 02:31:05,280 PLAYED A STRONGER ROLE IN THE 3897 02:31:05,280 --> 02:31:06,760 REPRESENTATION OF A VARIANT 3898 02:31:06,760 --> 02:31:08,560 ASPECT OF FACES, THINGS THAT 3899 02:31:08,560 --> 02:31:10,560 DON'T CHANGE WITH EXPRESSION OR 3900 02:31:10,560 --> 02:31:13,080 DIRECTION OF HEAD OR EYE GAZE OR 3901 02:31:13,080 --> 02:31:15,640 HEAD ANGLE THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR 3902 02:31:15,640 --> 02:31:17,320 PERCEPTION OF IDENTITY 3903 02:31:17,320 --> 02:31:27,880 INDEPENDENT OF THOSE CHANGEABLE 3904 02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:30,720 FEATURES. 3905 02:31:30,720 --> 02:31:33,480 SO IN PARALLEL WITH THOSE 3906 02:31:33,480 --> 02:31:34,880 STUDIES WORKING MEMORY FOR 3907 02:31:34,880 --> 02:31:38,960 FACIALS, THIS IS THE MAIN--THIS 3908 02:31:38,960 --> 02:31:42,840 IS SUSAN COURTNEY IN HER SHORT 3909 02:31:42,840 --> 02:31:44,800 HAIRED PHASE AND SHE HAD SHORT 3910 02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:45,760 HAIR AND LONG HAIR PHASES AND 3911 02:31:45,760 --> 02:31:51,440 THIS IS THE MAIN RESULT, WE HAD 3912 02:31:51,440 --> 02:31:53,520 AXIAL SLICES FOR THE FRONT BRAIN 3913 02:31:53,520 --> 02:31:56,480 AND WE WERE WORKING ON MEMORY 3914 02:31:56,480 --> 02:31:58,480 AND WE WERE CPS IT WOULD BE 3915 02:31:58,480 --> 02:31:59,320 RELATED TO SUSTAINED ACTIVITY 3916 02:31:59,320 --> 02:32:00,520 AFTER THE PHASES ARE BEING HELD 3917 02:32:00,520 --> 02:32:02,440 AND WORKING IN THE MEMORY STORE 3918 02:32:02,440 --> 02:32:04,400 AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT WE 3919 02:32:04,400 --> 02:32:04,760 FOUND. 3920 02:32:04,760 --> 02:32:07,880 WE SHOWED WE COULD DECOMPOSE THE 3921 02:32:07,880 --> 02:32:10,960 RESPONSE TO THIS TASK INTO THE 3922 02:32:10,960 --> 02:32:13,920 RESPONSE TO THE PERCEPTUAL 3923 02:32:13,920 --> 02:32:17,080 STIMULUS AND INTO THE ACTIVITY 3924 02:32:17,080 --> 02:32:17,680 PERIOD. 3925 02:32:17,680 --> 02:32:23,000 AND, BOTH PHASE STIMULI AND 3926 02:32:23,000 --> 02:32:24,360 CONTROL STEMUE LIE AND SHOWED 3927 02:32:24,360 --> 02:32:27,600 THERE WAS A NONSPECIFIC RESPONSE 3928 02:32:27,600 --> 02:32:31,320 TO VISUAL STIMULI IN NONVISUAL 3929 02:32:31,320 --> 02:32:34,280 CORTEX AND IN THE GYRUS AND THE 3930 02:32:34,280 --> 02:32:36,920 PHASE AREA, THERE WAS A STRONGER 3931 02:32:36,920 --> 02:32:41,920 RESPONSE TO FACES THAN TO THE 3932 02:32:41,920 --> 02:32:43,080 CONTROL STIMULI AND ALONG THIS 3933 02:32:43,080 --> 02:32:44,680 PATHWAY THERE WAS STRONGER 3934 02:32:44,680 --> 02:32:45,360 ACTIVITY DURING THE DELAY 3935 02:32:45,360 --> 02:32:48,160 PERIOD, THOSE ARE THE RED BARS 3936 02:32:48,160 --> 02:32:49,680 AND THAT'S OUR ATTENTION WAS 3937 02:32:49,680 --> 02:32:51,400 FOCUSED ON, THE INCREASE OF 3938 02:32:51,400 --> 02:32:54,240 ACTIVITY DURING THE MEMORY 3939 02:32:54,240 --> 02:32:55,960 PERIOD, AND WHAT WE REALLY 3940 02:32:55,960 --> 02:32:58,240 DIDN'T PAY ATTENTION TO WAS THAT 3941 02:32:58,240 --> 02:33:00,640 THE RESPONSE TO THE FACES WAS 3942 02:33:00,640 --> 02:33:03,400 EQUAL ALL THE WAY ALONG 3943 02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:04,840 INCLUDING IN THESE VERY FRONTAL 3944 02:33:04,840 --> 02:33:07,880 AREAS, SO THE FRONTAL AREAS 3945 02:33:07,880 --> 02:33:09,640 DON'T ONLY HOLD ACTIVITY FOR 3946 02:33:09,640 --> 02:33:10,840 MEMORY DELAY BUT THEY'RE 3947 02:33:10,840 --> 02:33:16,800 ENCODING THE INFORMATION DURING 3948 02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:17,240 THE PERCEPTUAL FACE. 3949 02:33:17,240 --> 02:33:20,840 CAN AND THEN IN A SECOND SET OF 3950 02:33:20,840 --> 02:33:22,240 PARALLEL STUDIES, IT WAS 3951 02:33:22,240 --> 02:33:30,440 INSIGATED 3952 02:33:30,440 --> 02:33:36,160 INSTIGATED BY THE NIMH AND ELEN 3953 02:33:36,160 --> 02:33:37,560 LEIBENLUFT GOT IN TOUCH WITH US 3954 02:33:37,560 --> 02:33:41,800 AND SHE WAS THE LAST 1 TO GIVE A 3955 02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:42,520 TESTIMONIAL YESTERDAY, I THINK 3956 02:33:42,520 --> 02:33:44,720 IF I REMEMBER RIGHT, AND SHE 3957 02:33:44,720 --> 02:33:46,320 SAID IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO 3958 02:33:46,320 --> 02:33:48,320 SEE WHAT THE RESPONSE IS TO 3959 02:33:48,320 --> 02:33:52,440 FAMILIAR FACES AS COMPARED TO 3960 02:33:52,440 --> 02:33:55,480 STRANGER'S FACES. 3961 02:33:55,480 --> 02:34:01,240 SO, SO THIS HAS BEEN THE FOCUS 3962 02:34:01,240 --> 02:34:03,280 OF IDA'S GOAL EVER SINCE, IS THE 3963 02:34:03,280 --> 02:34:04,000 PERSONAL REPRESENTATION OF 3964 02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:04,960 FAMILIAR FACES AND WE DID 3 3965 02:34:04,960 --> 02:34:06,560 STUDIES AND I THINK THE STUDY 3966 02:34:06,560 --> 02:34:08,320 THAT ELEN WANTED TO DO THE MOST 3967 02:34:08,320 --> 02:34:10,240 IS THE 1 WE DIDN'T FINISH. 3968 02:34:10,240 --> 02:34:11,680 SHE'S INTERESTED IN AFFECTIVE 3969 02:34:11,680 --> 02:34:13,600 DISORDERS AND SHE WANTED TO LOOK 3970 02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:16,160 AT THE RESPONSE OF PEOPLE 3971 02:34:16,160 --> 02:34:20,520 LOOKING AT PICTURES OF PEOPLE 3972 02:34:20,520 --> 02:34:21,400 THEY RECENTLY LOST. 3973 02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:23,160 I WASN'T GOING TO DO THAT BUT WE 3974 02:34:23,160 --> 02:34:25,440 DID THESE 2 STUDIES WHERE WE HAD 3975 02:34:25,440 --> 02:34:27,560 PEOPLE LOOKING AT PICTURES OF 3976 02:34:27,560 --> 02:34:29,480 FRIENDS AND RELATIVES AS 3977 02:34:29,480 --> 02:34:33,240 COMPARED TO CELEBRITIES SO 3978 02:34:33,240 --> 02:34:35,720 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF 3979 02:34:35,720 --> 02:34:36,360 FAMILIESIARITY, OR PATIENTS IN 3980 02:34:36,360 --> 02:34:40,480 THE CLINICS OF MOTHERS LOOK AT 3981 02:34:40,480 --> 02:34:42,080 THE CHILDREN OR FRIENDS OF CHILD 3982 02:34:42,080 --> 02:34:44,360 SO THEY WERE FAMILIAR WITH WITH 3983 02:34:44,360 --> 02:34:45,280 A SPECIAL EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT 3984 02:34:45,280 --> 02:34:46,360 AND IN BOTH OF THESE CASE WHAT 3985 02:34:46,360 --> 02:34:50,560 IS WE FOUND WAS INCREASED 3986 02:34:50,560 --> 02:34:52,720 ACTIVITY AND ANTERIOR MEDIA 3987 02:34:52,720 --> 02:34:57,960 PREFROBTAL CORTEX AND IN THE 3988 02:34:57,960 --> 02:34:58,600 TEMPORAL PARIETAL JUNCTION. 3989 02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:00,080 NOW WHEN I LOOK AT THESE RESULTS 3990 02:35:00,080 --> 02:35:02,360 AND THE CORTEX, THERE'S NO 3991 02:35:02,360 --> 02:35:04,440 DIFFERENCE IN THE PHASE AREAS 3992 02:35:04,440 --> 02:35:06,800 BECAUSE TD TPJ WAS REALLY BEHIND 3993 02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,840 THE STS REGION, AND I SAID WELL, 3994 02:35:09,840 --> 02:35:11,040 YOU KNOW THIS EXPERIMENT WAS A 3995 02:35:11,040 --> 02:35:16,880 FAILURE BECAUSE I HAD THIS BIAS 3996 02:35:16,880 --> 02:35:18,520 AGAINST FRONTAL CORTEX AND IDA 3997 02:35:18,520 --> 02:35:20,160 SAID NO, NO LOOK AT THIS STUFF 3998 02:35:20,160 --> 02:35:20,800 IN THE FRONT. 3999 02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:22,160 THIS IS REALLY INTERESTING, WE 4000 02:35:22,160 --> 02:35:23,720 WERE AT PRINCETON AT THE TIME. 4001 02:35:23,720 --> 02:35:25,160 AND WE WERE ANALYZING THESE 4002 02:35:25,160 --> 02:35:26,360 RESULTS AND WE WERE TALKING WITH 4003 02:35:26,360 --> 02:35:29,080 PEOPLE WHO WERE LOOKING AT 4004 02:35:29,080 --> 02:35:32,240 THINGS LIKE MORAL DECISION 4005 02:35:32,240 --> 02:35:33,960 MAKING, AND THEORY OF MIND. 4006 02:35:33,960 --> 02:35:34,960 THESE AREAS ARE INTERESTING WHEN 4007 02:35:34,960 --> 02:35:36,920 YOU LOOK AT SOMEONE YOU KNOW, 4008 02:35:36,920 --> 02:35:39,120 YOU DON'T JUST SEE THEIR FACE, 4009 02:35:39,120 --> 02:35:43,720 YOU SEE THE PERSON AND YOU 4010 02:35:43,720 --> 02:35:45,120 REPRESENT WHO THAT PERSON IS, 4011 02:35:45,120 --> 02:35:46,760 AND WHO ARE THERE FRIENDS AND 4012 02:35:46,760 --> 02:35:48,200 WHAT KIND OF ATTITUDES THEY 4013 02:35:48,200 --> 02:35:49,240 HAVE, WHAT ARE THEY THINK BEING 4014 02:35:49,240 --> 02:35:51,440 RIGHT NOW AND HOW DO I INTERACT 4015 02:35:51,440 --> 02:35:52,360 WITH THIS PERSON. 4016 02:35:52,360 --> 02:35:53,680 AS I STRANGER YOU DON'T HAVE ANY 4017 02:35:53,680 --> 02:35:55,000 INFORMATION AND WE THINK THAT 4018 02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:56,520 THIS ACTIVATION OF THE THEORY OF 4019 02:35:56,520 --> 02:35:59,240 MIND OR SOCIAL COGNITION SYSTEM 4020 02:35:59,240 --> 02:36:06,560 IS RELATED TO THAT SPECIAL TYPE 4021 02:36:06,560 --> 02:36:08,760 OF INFORMATION THAT WE ONLY HAVE 4022 02:36:08,760 --> 02:36:10,200 SOARKTED WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE 4023 02:36:10,200 --> 02:36:10,440 FAMILIAR. 4024 02:36:10,440 --> 02:36:11,800 SO WE SHOWED THAT THERE ARE 4025 02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:14,920 AREAS OF LATERAL FRONTAL CORTEX 4026 02:36:14,920 --> 02:36:16,280 AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX 4027 02:36:16,280 --> 02:36:21,240 THAT ARE ASSOCIATE WIDE FACE 4028 02:36:21,240 --> 02:36:21,520 PERCEPTION. 4029 02:36:21,520 --> 02:36:25,680 AND--OH NO, WHAT HAPPENED TO MY 4030 02:36:25,680 --> 02:36:30,920 SLIDE? 4031 02:36:30,920 --> 02:36:35,920 OH WELL, SO IT'S BEEN SHOWN THAT 4032 02:36:35,920 --> 02:36:37,680 LOCALIZERS, THAT STANDS FOR 4033 02:36:37,680 --> 02:36:39,520 PEOPLE LOOKING AT PICTURES OF 4034 02:36:39,520 --> 02:36:41,560 FACES VERSUS ORBJECTS AND 4035 02:36:41,560 --> 02:36:43,280 DETERMINES THE TOPOGRAPHY OF A 4036 02:36:43,280 --> 02:36:44,800 STRONGER RESPONSE TO FACES THAN 4037 02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:49,000 TO OTHER OBJECTS AND YOU SEE 4038 02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,080 THAT ACTIVITY IN THE SPECIALIZED 4039 02:36:51,080 --> 02:36:52,400 AREAS IS VENTRAL TEMPORAL CORTEX 4040 02:36:52,400 --> 02:36:55,520 BUT YOU ALSO SEE, I'M SORRY YOU 4041 02:36:55,520 --> 02:36:57,400 ARE REAMLY MISSING THIS, 4042 02:36:57,400 --> 02:36:58,360 THE--REALLY MISSING THIS IS THE 4043 02:36:58,360 --> 02:37:01,640 AREAS IN THE TEMPORAL SULCUS AND 4044 02:37:01,640 --> 02:37:02,880 AREAS IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX THAT 4045 02:37:02,880 --> 02:37:12,720 ARE SHOWING FACE SELECTIVITY AND 4046 02:37:12,720 --> 02:37:14,200 THESE ARE QUITE DIFFERENT FOR 4047 02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:16,000 DIFFERENT PEOPLE BUT THERE'S 4048 02:37:16,000 --> 02:37:18,520 WAYS FOR LINING THEM UP, SO TO 4049 02:37:18,520 --> 02:37:21,360 PUT THE SPECIFIC TOPOGRAPHY OF 4050 02:37:21,360 --> 02:37:23,600 SELECTIVITY IS RIDIO SYNCRATTIC 4051 02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:24,840 FOR THIS INDIVIDUAL ALTHOUGH 4052 02:37:24,840 --> 02:37:26,440 THERE ARE COURSE SIMILARITIES 4053 02:37:26,440 --> 02:37:27,240 ACROSS BRAINS. 4054 02:37:27,240 --> 02:37:31,280 YOU CAN LINE UP THE FINE GRAINED 4055 02:37:31,280 --> 02:37:33,080 TOPOGRAPHYS USING A TECHNIQUE 4056 02:37:33,080 --> 02:37:35,920 THAT WE DEVELOPED CALLED HYPER 4057 02:37:35,920 --> 02:37:38,280 ALIGNMENT AND I WILL SPARE YOU 4058 02:37:38,280 --> 02:37:39,760 THE GORY DETAILS, I LOVE TALKING 4059 02:37:39,760 --> 02:37:42,520 ABOUT THIS, IF YOU'RE INTERESTED 4060 02:37:42,520 --> 02:37:44,160 BUT I'M JUST GOING TO SAY THAT 4061 02:37:44,160 --> 02:37:46,280 BASICALLY WHAT IT DOES IS IT 4062 02:37:46,280 --> 02:37:49,200 TAKES PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY THAT 4063 02:37:49,200 --> 02:37:53,200 ARE MEASURED IN EACH SUBJECT'S 4064 02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:54,600 BRAIN, VECTORIZES THOSE PATTERNS 4065 02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:56,640 AND THEN ANALYZES THOSE VECTORS 4066 02:37:56,640 --> 02:37:59,960 AS POINTS IN A HIGH DIMENSIONAL 4067 02:37:59,960 --> 02:38:01,000 REPRESENTATIONAL SPACE OR 4068 02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:05,320 INFORMATION SPACE AND SO, FOR 2 4069 02:38:05,320 --> 02:38:07,960 DIFFERENT SUBJECTS, BECAUSE 4070 02:38:07,960 --> 02:38:11,400 THEIR VOXYL'S ARE IN POOR 4071 02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:13,320 ALIGNMENT, THESE LOCATIONS OF 4072 02:38:13,320 --> 02:38:15,920 THESE VECTORS ARE QUITE 4073 02:38:15,920 --> 02:38:19,560 DIFFERENT BUT HYPER ALIGNMENT 4074 02:38:19,560 --> 02:38:20,680 FINDS THE TRANSFORMATION IMAGE 4075 02:38:20,680 --> 02:38:22,640 HIGHLIGHTED HERE BY R1 AND R2 4076 02:38:22,640 --> 02:38:24,920 THAT ROTATES THESE VECTORS AND 4077 02:38:24,920 --> 02:38:27,600 THESE VECTORS INTO A COMMON 4078 02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:30,520 SPACE WHERE WE ARE NOW THE 4079 02:38:30,520 --> 02:38:32,480 RESPONSE VECTORS TO THE SAME 4080 02:38:32,480 --> 02:38:33,760 STIMULI ARE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER 4081 02:38:33,760 --> 02:38:44,440 IN THIS HIGH DIMENSIONAL COMMON 4082 02:38:44,440 --> 02:38:46,120 INFORMATIONAL SPACE. 4083 02:38:46,120 --> 02:38:47,240 AND DENSELY SAMPLE THE 4084 02:38:47,240 --> 02:38:49,120 INFORMATION SPACE BY HAVING 4085 02:38:49,120 --> 02:38:51,800 PEOPLE WATCH A NATURALISTIC 4086 02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:54,320 MOVIE, SO FIRST WE HAD PEOPLE 4087 02:38:54,320 --> 02:38:57,400 WATCH RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK, 4088 02:38:57,400 --> 02:39:00,720 WE MOVED INTO GRAD BOO BUDDHA 4089 02:39:00,720 --> 02:39:01,400 PEST HOTEL, DOESN'T REALLY 4090 02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:02,400 MATTER WHAT MOVIE YOU HAVE BUT 4091 02:39:02,400 --> 02:39:06,320 IT HAS TO BE A RICH MOVIE WITH 4092 02:39:06,320 --> 02:39:16,200 DYNAMIC STIMULI TO EVOAKS 4093 02:39:16,200 --> 02:39:18,400 PATTERNS, REALLY POPULATE AND 4094 02:39:18,400 --> 02:39:19,920 MOST DEVELOPED POSSIBLE 4095 02:39:19,920 --> 02:39:28,440 TRANSFORMATION MATRIX, THIS A 4096 02:39:28,440 --> 02:39:28,960 HIGH DIMENSIONAL PROBLEM. 4097 02:39:28,960 --> 02:39:31,560 WHEN YOU DO THAT YOU WOULD 4098 02:39:31,560 --> 02:39:33,560 PROJECT OTHER PEOPLE ACTIVITY 4099 02:39:33,560 --> 02:39:36,920 MEASURED RESPONSES DURING THE 4100 02:39:36,920 --> 02:39:39,640 LOCALIZER ATTEMPT INTO A 4101 02:39:39,640 --> 02:39:41,880 SUBJECT'S BRAIN ANATOMY SO SO ON 4102 02:39:41,880 --> 02:39:43,640 THE RIGHT THE ACTIVITY AND THE 4103 02:39:43,640 --> 02:39:46,880 VENTRAL CORTEX FOR THE 4104 02:39:46,880 --> 02:39:48,280 FUNCTIONAL FACE SELECTED 4105 02:39:48,280 --> 02:39:49,000 TOPOGRAPHYS AND VENTRAL CORTEX 4106 02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:50,640 IN THE SUBJECT AND YOU CAN SEE 4107 02:39:50,640 --> 02:39:51,840 HOW DIFFERENT THEY ARE, THE 4108 02:39:51,840 --> 02:39:55,600 LOCATION OF THE PATCHES ARE IN 4109 02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:58,800 DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, SO HERE'S 4110 02:39:58,800 --> 02:40:02,360 THE OCCIPITAL PHASE AREA, 4111 02:40:02,360 --> 02:40:03,920 POSTIERIOR AND ANTERIOR FFA AND 4112 02:40:03,920 --> 02:40:05,520 THIS SUBJECT IS A STREAK OF FACE 4113 02:40:05,520 --> 02:40:07,760 SELECTIVE ACTIVITY, THIS IS 4114 02:40:07,760 --> 02:40:11,200 TYPICAL OF THE REAL INDIVIDUAL 4115 02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:12,240 VARIABILITY IN THESE TOPOGRAPHYS 4116 02:40:12,240 --> 02:40:16,040 AND WE TAKE OTHER PEOPLE'S 4117 02:40:16,040 --> 02:40:18,680 LOCALIZER DATA AND THEY'RE USING 4118 02:40:18,680 --> 02:40:20,160 TOPOGRAPHYS, BUT TRANSFORM IT 4119 02:40:20,160 --> 02:40:22,280 USING HYPER ALIGNMENT INTO THE 4120 02:40:22,280 --> 02:40:24,920 ANATOMY OF SUBJECT 3, SUBJECT 13 4121 02:40:24,920 --> 02:40:26,920 AND SUBJECT 20 AND THEN 4122 02:40:26,920 --> 02:40:28,600 CALCULATE FACE SELECTIVITY IN 4123 02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:30,680 THAT SUBJECT SPACE BASED ON 4124 02:40:30,680 --> 02:40:32,760 OTHER SUBJECT LOCALIZER DATA, 4125 02:40:32,760 --> 02:40:35,240 THE TOPOGRAPHY IS ESSENTIALLY 4126 02:40:35,240 --> 02:40:36,880 NEARLY IDENTICAL TO THE 4127 02:40:36,880 --> 02:40:47,360 TOPOGRAPHY MEASURED WITH THE 4128 02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:48,240 SUBJECTS OWN LOCALIZER. 4129 02:40:48,240 --> 02:40:50,120 DISOWN LOW THESE ARE THE 4130 02:40:50,120 --> 02:40:52,080 CORRELATIONS TO THE TOPOGRAPHY 4131 02:40:52,080 --> 02:40:53,920 FROM SUBJEBS OWN LOCALIZER DATA 4132 02:40:53,920 --> 02:40:55,440 AND THE TOPOGRAPHY ESTIMATED 4133 02:40:55,440 --> 02:40:57,840 FROM OTHER SUBJECTS LOCALIZER, 4134 02:40:57,840 --> 02:40:58,480 SEARCH LIGHT BY SEARCH LIGHT 4135 02:40:58,480 --> 02:40:59,760 THROUGH THE BRAIN AND YOU CAN 4136 02:40:59,760 --> 02:41:04,200 SEE THE CORRELATIONS ARE VERY 4137 02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:07,560 HIGH UP AROUND .8 TO .9 IN 4138 02:41:07,560 --> 02:41:08,800 VENTRAL TEMPORAL AND SES AND 4139 02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:10,360 THEY'RE ALSO VERY HIGH TO 4140 02:41:10,360 --> 02:41:12,520 ANTERIOR TEMPORAL AND IN FREE 4141 02:41:12,520 --> 02:41:13,960 RADICALS FRONTAL AND PREMOTOR 4142 02:41:13,960 --> 02:41:17,480 CORTEX WHICH SHOWS THAT THEREY A 4143 02:41:17,480 --> 02:41:20,000 DISTINCTIVE TOPOGRAPHY FOR FACE 4144 02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:21,680 SELECTIVITY THAT'S NEARLY 4145 02:41:21,680 --> 02:41:23,200 UBIQUITOUS IN THE BRAIN SO IT'S 4146 02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:29,120 A VERY EXTENSIVE SYSTEM. 4147 02:41:29,120 --> 02:41:33,560 SO A TALE THIS, GUY RIGHT HERE 4148 02:41:33,560 --> 02:41:35,680 IS THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HE 4149 02:41:35,680 --> 02:41:38,960 WORKED WITH AS A GRADUATE 4150 02:41:38,960 --> 02:41:40,960 STUDENT WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 4151 02:41:40,960 --> 02:41:45,800 HE RAN A STUDY AND IDENTIFIED 4152 02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:47,040 SEARCH LIGHTS IN THESE DIFFERENT 4153 02:41:47,040 --> 02:41:49,920 PHASE AREAS AND THEN HE DID 4154 02:41:49,920 --> 02:41:50,400 SOMETHING INTERESTING. 4155 02:41:50,400 --> 02:41:54,240 WAS THAT HE USED THESE LOCATIONS 4156 02:41:54,240 --> 02:41:57,960 TO LOOK AT THE ACTIVITY DURING 4157 02:41:57,960 --> 02:42:01,160 NATURALISTIC MOVIE VIEWING AND 4158 02:42:01,160 --> 02:42:02,680 CALCULATED THE REPRESENTATIONAL 4159 02:42:02,680 --> 02:42:07,920 GEOMETRY IN EACH SEARCH LIGHT 4160 02:42:07,920 --> 02:42:08,720 REPRESENTATIONAL GEOMETRY 4161 02:42:08,720 --> 02:42:09,600 REPRESENTATION ANALYSIS SO HOW 4162 02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:11,800 SIMILAR IS THE RESPONSE TO 1 4163 02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:13,360 TIME POINT AS COMPARED TO OTHER 4164 02:42:13,360 --> 02:42:15,960 TIME POINTS AND THEY DO ALL 4165 02:42:15,960 --> 02:42:17,000 TIMEWISE CORRELATIONS AND THEN 4166 02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:19,800 CAN YOU SAY HOW SIMILAR IS THE 4167 02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:22,000 REPRESENTATION OF GEOMETRY FOR 4168 02:42:22,000 --> 02:42:23,800 THE MOVIE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF 4169 02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:25,640 THE PHASE PROCESSING PATHWAY? 4170 02:42:25,640 --> 02:42:29,040 SO THIS IS REALLY A SECOND ORDER 4171 02:42:29,040 --> 02:42:30,040 REPRESENTATION WILL SIMILARITY 4172 02:42:30,040 --> 02:42:32,360 ANALYSIS AND IT CAN ALSO BE 4173 02:42:32,360 --> 02:42:35,320 THOUGHT OF AS MULTIVARIANT 4174 02:42:35,320 --> 02:42:36,600 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THESE 4175 02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:38,120 PHASES OF CORTICALE FIELDS AND 4176 02:42:38,120 --> 02:42:40,760 YOU CAN PLOT OUT THE STRENGTH OF 4177 02:42:40,760 --> 02:42:42,400 CONNECTION BETWEEN THESE FACES 4178 02:42:42,400 --> 02:42:44,880 OF CORTICALE FIELDS USING 4179 02:42:44,880 --> 02:42:45,440 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING AND 4180 02:42:45,440 --> 02:42:47,760 WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THAT IT LAYS 4181 02:42:47,760 --> 02:42:50,000 OUT THE ORGANIZATION OF THE 4182 02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:51,200 PHASE PROCESSING PATHWAYS 4183 02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:53,040 BEAUTIFULLY, STARTING WITH EARLY 4184 02:42:53,040 --> 02:42:53,880 VISUAL CORTEX IN BLUE BACK HERE 4185 02:42:53,880 --> 02:42:58,320 AND THIS IS THE VENTRAL CORE 4186 02:42:58,320 --> 02:43:00,520 SYSTEM FROM OCCIPITAL FORMS AND 4187 02:43:00,520 --> 02:43:03,440 EFFUSAL FORM AND ANTERIOR 4188 02:43:03,440 --> 02:43:06,680 EFFUSAL FORM, THE DORSAL PART OF 4189 02:43:06,680 --> 02:43:09,280 THE FACE PROCESSING SYSTEM HERE 4190 02:43:09,280 --> 02:43:11,720 IN PURPLE AND THEN THIS INFERIOR 4191 02:43:11,720 --> 02:43:13,600 FRONTAL AREA HERE WHICH IS 4192 02:43:13,600 --> 02:43:16,440 REALLY KIND OF AT THE END OF 4193 02:43:16,440 --> 02:43:19,160 BOTH VENTRAL PATHWAY AND THE 4194 02:43:19,160 --> 02:43:19,680 DORSAL PATHWAY. 4195 02:43:19,680 --> 02:43:27,800 AND THEN THESE THEORY OF MIND 4196 02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:28,960 AREAS UP HERE. 4197 02:43:28,960 --> 02:43:30,280 SO THEY PROPOSED AN UPDATED 4198 02:43:30,280 --> 02:43:32,720 MODEL OF THE DISTRIBUTED HUMAN 4199 02:43:32,720 --> 02:43:33,760 SYSTEM FOR FACIAL PROCESSING 4200 02:43:33,760 --> 02:43:41,320 WHICH IS NOW DIVIDED INTO 3 4201 02:43:41,320 --> 02:43:42,640 SUBSYSTEMS, THE DORSAL CORE 4202 02:43:42,640 --> 02:43:45,600 SYSTEM AND THE FTF, THE VENTRAL 4203 02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:47,920 FUSE SYSTEM AND THE GYRUS AND 4204 02:43:47,920 --> 02:43:50,960 THEN THE ANTERIOR CORE SYSTEM IS 4205 02:43:50,960 --> 02:43:52,760 THE ANTERIOR GYRUS WITH THE 4206 02:43:52,760 --> 02:44:00,680 DORSAL PARTS OF THE VENTRAL AND 4207 02:44:00,680 --> 02:44:10,960 AND EARLY CORSYSTEM, AND THIS 4208 02:44:10,960 --> 02:44:12,880 DORSAL SYSTEM CORRESPONDS VERY 4209 02:44:12,880 --> 02:44:13,720 CLOSELY TO THE THIRD VISUAL 4210 02:44:13,720 --> 02:44:19,040 PATHWAY THAT WAS DESCRIBED BY 4211 02:44:19,040 --> 02:44:23,160 DAVID [INDISCERNIBLE] AND LESLIE 4212 02:44:23,160 --> 02:44:29,720 UNG ERLEIDER RECENTLY IN 2001. 4213 02:44:29,720 --> 02:44:31,600 SO WHAT OTHER EVIDENCE DO WE 4214 02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:33,880 HAVE THIS FRONTAL AREA MIGHT BE 4215 02:44:33,880 --> 02:44:34,840 SOMEHOW GETTING INFORMATION FROM 4216 02:44:34,840 --> 02:44:37,400 BOTH THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL 4217 02:44:37,400 --> 02:44:38,600 PATHWAYS, AND I THINK THIS IS 4218 02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:40,240 RELATED TO THE KIND OF QUESTIONS 4219 02:44:40,240 --> 02:44:45,280 THAT BOB WAS ASKING YESTERDAY. 4220 02:44:45,280 --> 02:44:49,400 AND SO IN THIS STUDY, BY 4221 02:44:49,400 --> 02:44:52,120 [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH IDA, THEY 4222 02:44:52,120 --> 02:44:55,080 LOOKED AT DECODING THE IDENTITY 4223 02:44:55,080 --> 02:44:57,200 OF FACES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF 4224 02:44:57,200 --> 02:44:59,960 THE FACE PROCESSING PATHWAY AND 4225 02:44:59,960 --> 02:45:01,560 THEY COULD DECODE THE IDENTITY 4226 02:45:01,560 --> 02:45:03,960 OF THE FACE OR THE HEAD VIEW OF 4227 02:45:03,960 --> 02:45:05,360 THE FACE AND WHAT THEY SHOWED 4228 02:45:05,360 --> 02:45:08,520 WAS THAT IN THE OFA THE DECODING 4229 02:45:08,520 --> 02:45:10,480 WAS VERY STRONG FOR THE HEAD 4230 02:45:10,480 --> 02:45:12,480 VIEW BUT NIH FOR THE IDENTITY 4231 02:45:12,480 --> 02:45:14,840 AND IN THE FFA IT WAS EQUALLY 4232 02:45:14,840 --> 02:45:16,640 STRONG FOR THE IDENTITY AND THEN 4233 02:45:16,640 --> 02:45:18,520 IN THE ANTERIOR TEMPORAL PHASE 4234 02:45:18,520 --> 02:45:20,080 AREA, IT WAS STRONG FOR IDENTITY 4235 02:45:20,080 --> 02:45:21,680 AND DROPPED OFF FOR 0 FOR HEAD 4236 02:45:21,680 --> 02:45:24,400 VIEW SORE THERE WAS WAS REALLY A 4237 02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:25,360 CHANGE IN THE INFORMATION 4238 02:45:25,360 --> 02:45:26,880 PROCESS FROM THE POSTERIOR PART 4239 02:45:26,880 --> 02:45:27,800 OF THE PATHWAY TO THE ANTERIOR 4240 02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:29,640 PART OF THE PATHWAY. 4241 02:45:29,640 --> 02:45:30,960 AND THEY FOUND A FRONTAL AREA, 4242 02:45:30,960 --> 02:45:35,560 SO THIS IS THE FRONTAL AREA AND 4243 02:45:35,560 --> 02:45:36,280 THERE'S A REPRESENTATION 4244 02:45:36,280 --> 02:45:37,800 GEOMETRY FOR THE FACE STIMULI 4245 02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:39,880 WAS VERY DIFFERENT FOR THE VERY 4246 02:45:39,880 --> 02:45:42,880 EARLY CORTEX AND THE LATE VISUAL 4247 02:45:42,880 --> 02:45:44,840 CORTEX, AND FRONTAL CORTEX. 4248 02:45:44,840 --> 02:45:47,240 AND THIS IS A LOOK JUST TO SHOW 4249 02:45:47,240 --> 02:45:50,600 YOU HOW CONVINCING THESE RESULTS 4250 02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:51,080 ARE. 4251 02:45:51,080 --> 02:45:52,440 THEY'RE COLOR CODED SO IN THE 4252 02:45:52,440 --> 02:45:54,600 VISUAL CORTEX, CAN YOU SEE THAT 4253 02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:55,720 IMAGES OF DIFFERENT IDENTITIES 4254 02:45:55,720 --> 02:45:57,760 WITH THE SAME HEAD VIEW, ARE 4255 02:45:57,760 --> 02:45:58,760 CLUSTERED TOGETHER, SO THERE 4256 02:45:58,760 --> 02:46:00,440 WERE PATTERNS OF RESPONSE IN 4257 02:46:00,440 --> 02:46:02,640 EARLIER VISUAL CORTEX THAT ARE 4258 02:46:02,640 --> 02:46:06,160 SIMILAR FOR THOSE DIFFERENT 4259 02:46:06,160 --> 02:46:06,520 PHASE IMAGES. 4260 02:46:06,520 --> 02:46:08,040 AND NOT ONLY THAT BUT THIS IS 4261 02:46:08,040 --> 02:46:09,640 FULL PROFILE TO THE RIGHT TO BE 4262 02:46:09,640 --> 02:46:11,440 QUARTER PROFILE TO THE RIGHT, 4263 02:46:11,440 --> 02:46:13,000 FULL VIEW, SO SIMILAR HEAD VIEWS 4264 02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:16,200 ARE CLOSER TO EACH OTHER THAN 4265 02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:18,440 MORE DISSIMILAR HEAD VIEWS WITH 4266 02:46:18,440 --> 02:46:20,120 A BEAUTIFUL CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT 4267 02:46:20,120 --> 02:46:21,560 IN THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING 4268 02:46:21,560 --> 02:46:22,000 PLAT. 4269 02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:25,040 AND BY CONTRAST IN THE INFERIOR 4270 02:46:25,040 --> 02:46:27,240 FRONTAL FACE AREA, THE 4271 02:46:27,240 --> 02:46:29,160 CLUSTERING IS BY IDENTITY SO NOW 4272 02:46:29,160 --> 02:46:31,400 THE COUPLE OF FACES OF IDENTITY 4273 02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:33,680 SO THERE'S THE BLUE GIRL HERE, 4274 02:46:33,680 --> 02:46:38,480 THE RED WOMAN HERE, AND THE 4275 02:46:38,480 --> 02:46:48,280 GREEN GUY HERE, SO--OH NO. 4276 02:46:48,280 --> 02:46:52,520 SO IN ANOTHER STUDY BY 4277 02:46:52,520 --> 02:46:55,840 [INDISCERNIBLE] THEY LOOKED AT 4278 02:46:55,840 --> 02:46:57,920 DECODING THE IDENTITY OF 4279 02:46:57,920 --> 02:47:00,080 PERSONALLY FAMILIAR FACES AND 4280 02:47:00,080 --> 02:47:01,880 THEY APPLIED HYPER ALIGNMENT 4281 02:47:01,880 --> 02:47:03,680 BEFORE THE DECODING AND THEY 4282 02:47:03,680 --> 02:47:05,440 FOUND AGAIN THE INFERIOR FRONTAL 4283 02:47:05,440 --> 02:47:07,680 FACE AREA COULD BE DECODED. 4284 02:47:07,680 --> 02:47:10,280 THAT MEANS THAT IN 1 SUBJECT, 4285 02:47:10,280 --> 02:47:12,160 YOU CAN TELL WHICH PHASE THEY'RE 4286 02:47:12,160 --> 02:47:14,160 LOOKING AT USING A DECODER BASE 4287 02:47:14,160 --> 02:47:15,440 AND OTHER SUBJECTS RESPONSES AND 4288 02:47:15,440 --> 02:47:17,720 OTHER SUBJECTS IN THE NEURAL 4289 02:47:17,720 --> 02:47:18,600 CODE CAN DECODE THE IDENTITY OF 4290 02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:19,920 THE PHASE IN THIS AREA. 4291 02:47:19,920 --> 02:47:22,960 YOU CAN ALSO BE DONE IN VIDEO 4292 02:47:22,960 --> 02:47:25,040 PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THIS IS NOT 4293 02:47:25,040 --> 02:47:26,520 CONSIDERED VISUAL AREA. 4294 02:47:26,520 --> 02:47:29,080 SO WE ASSUME THIS HAS TO DO WITH 4295 02:47:29,080 --> 02:47:30,320 PERSONALLY, ABOUT PERSONALLY 4296 02:47:30,320 --> 02:47:32,440 FAMILIAR OTHERS THAT HAS A 4297 02:47:32,440 --> 02:47:37,560 SHARED NEURAL CODE ACROSS PEOPLE 4298 02:47:37,560 --> 02:47:38,440 IN THE CORTEX. 4299 02:47:38,440 --> 02:47:39,800 SO I'VE ALREADY GONE OVER THAT 4300 02:47:39,800 --> 02:47:43,280 IS SO THIS OUR UPDATED MODEL OF 4301 02:47:43,280 --> 02:47:46,920 THE SYSTEM FOR FACE PROCESSING 4302 02:47:46,920 --> 02:47:48,520 AND WE STARTED OFF LOOKING AT 4303 02:47:48,520 --> 02:47:51,520 THE WHAT AND WHERE PATHWAYS FOR 4304 02:47:51,520 --> 02:47:53,360 SPATIAL VISION AND OBJECT 4305 02:47:53,360 --> 02:47:54,080 VISION. 4306 02:47:54,080 --> 02:47:55,280 WE GOT DISTRACTED INTO LOOKING 4307 02:47:55,280 --> 02:47:57,800 AT FACE PROCESSING WHICH WAS 1 4308 02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:04,200 OF THE BEST DISTRACTIONS EVER, 4309 02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:06,840 AND THE STRUCTURE OF OUR FACE 4310 02:48:06,840 --> 02:48:09,400 MODEL, IS REALLY BASED ON THE 4311 02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,880 STRUCTURE OF HOW LESLIE THOUGHT 4312 02:48:12,880 --> 02:48:14,120 ABOUT CORTICALE SYSTEMS, 4313 02:48:14,120 --> 02:48:15,840 CONNECTED AREAS IN A 4314 02:48:15,840 --> 02:48:18,560 HIERARCHICAL PATHWAY WITH 4315 02:48:18,560 --> 02:48:20,920 BRANCHES AND SO THIS, I CAN'T 4316 02:48:20,920 --> 02:48:24,640 OVERSTATE OW IMPORTANT THIS KIND 4317 02:48:24,640 --> 02:48:27,040 OF CONCEPTURAL FRAMEWORK IS AT 4318 02:48:27,040 --> 02:48:30,080 PERCEPTIVE MASK THAT LETS US 4319 02:48:30,080 --> 02:48:31,200 UNDERSTAND WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT 4320 02:48:31,200 --> 02:48:33,240 WHEN WE LOOK AT NEW DATA THAT'S 4321 02:48:33,240 --> 02:48:34,720 SO CONFUSING SO THAT'S MY SECOND 4322 02:48:34,720 --> 02:48:37,040 GREAT DEBT TO LESLIE IS THAT SHE 4323 02:48:37,040 --> 02:48:37,960 REALLY LAID THESE FOUNDATIONS 4324 02:48:37,960 --> 02:48:41,320 THAT HAD BEEN THE BASES FOR MUCH 4325 02:48:41,320 --> 02:48:44,320 MORE IN HER CAREER. 4326 02:48:44,320 --> 02:48:46,800 SO, IN 2002, I DECIDED TO 4327 02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:50,760 REINVENT MYSELF AGAIN AND I 4328 02:48:50,760 --> 02:48:52,880 BECAME A COMPUTATIONAL COGNITIVE 4329 02:48:52,880 --> 02:48:54,960 NEUROSCIENTIST AND THAT'S WHEN 4330 02:48:54,960 --> 02:48:59,920 WE INTRODUCED PATTERN ANALYSIS 4331 02:48:59,920 --> 02:49:01,640 AND THEN I REINVENTED MYSELF 4332 02:49:01,640 --> 02:49:03,400 AGAIN AND I STARTED DEVELOPING 4333 02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:04,960 HYPE OR ALIGNMENT AND IT'S BEEN 4334 02:49:04,960 --> 02:49:06,640 10 YEARS SINCE OUR FIRST PAPER 4335 02:49:06,640 --> 02:49:07,440 ON HYPER ALIGNMENT AND I'M 4336 02:49:07,440 --> 02:49:12,720 TRYING TO THINK OF HOW I WILL 4337 02:49:12,720 --> 02:49:13,880 REINVENT MYSELF AGAIN. 4338 02:49:13,880 --> 02:49:16,320 BUT THROUGH ALL THIS LESLIE'S 4339 02:49:16,320 --> 02:49:18,240 BEEN A GREAT INSPIRATION AND - 4340 02:49:18,240 --> 02:49:19,720 WAS WONDERFUL WORKING WITH HER 4341 02:49:19,720 --> 02:49:22,440 FOR THAT GOLDEN PERIOD OF 10 4342 02:49:22,440 --> 02:49:23,120 YEARS FROM 1992-2002. 4343 02:49:23,120 --> 02:49:28,200 SO THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 4344 02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:30,160 [ APPLAUSE ] 4345 02:49:30,160 --> 02:49:32,040 SO WE ARE RUNNING QUITE 4346 02:49:32,040 --> 02:49:36,240 BEHIND AND WE STILL HAVE A 4347 02:49:36,240 --> 02:49:37,520 WONDERFUL VIDEO WITH TRIBUTES 4348 02:49:37,520 --> 02:49:38,720 FROM AROWBTD WORLD TO GO THROUGH 4349 02:49:38,720 --> 02:49:40,360 SO IF YOU COULD ALL JUST BEAR 4350 02:49:40,360 --> 02:49:41,760 WITH ME, WE WILL PLAY THE VIDEO 4351 02:49:41,760 --> 02:49:44,240 AND THEN WE WILL BREAK FOR 4352 02:49:44,240 --> 02:49:48,080 LUNCH. 4353 02:49:48,080 --> 02:49:49,280 >> HELLO, FOR THOSE WHO DON'T 4354 02:49:49,280 --> 02:49:51,920 KNOW ME I'M ANDREW ROSSI AND I 4355 02:49:51,920 --> 02:49:53,520 WAS A POST DOCTORAL FELLOW WITH 4356 02:49:53,520 --> 02:49:56,560 LESLIE AND BOB IN THE LATE 1990S 4357 02:49:56,560 --> 02:50:00,160 AND EARLY 2000S IN THE NIMH 4358 02:50:00,160 --> 02:50:00,600 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM. 4359 02:50:00,600 --> 02:50:02,120 I DON'T THINK I COULD HAVE 4360 02:50:02,120 --> 02:50:03,760 CHOSEN A BETTER PLACE FOR MY 4361 02:50:03,760 --> 02:50:05,520 TRAINING OR BETTER MENTORS, IT 4362 02:50:05,520 --> 02:50:07,200 WAS A SPECIAL TIME AND I WAS SO 4363 02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:10,280 FORTUNATE TO BE PART OF SUCH A 4364 02:50:10,280 --> 02:50:11,160 WONDERFUL COMMUNITY OF 4365 02:50:11,160 --> 02:50:12,240 SCIENTISTS IN THE LABORATORY OF 4366 02:50:12,240 --> 02:50:14,560 BRAIN AND COGNITION AND IN THE 4367 02:50:14,560 --> 02:50:15,440 LABORATORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. 4368 02:50:15,440 --> 02:50:17,400 IT WAS TRULY A FAMILY AND LESLIE 4369 02:50:17,400 --> 02:50:18,880 MADE EVERYONE FEEL WELCOME AND 4370 02:50:18,880 --> 02:50:19,680 VALUED. 4371 02:50:19,680 --> 02:50:23,520 I HAVE SO MANY FOND MEMORIES. 4372 02:50:23,520 --> 02:50:26,120 I WILL LIKE TO SHARE AN EARLY 4373 02:50:26,120 --> 02:50:27,440 IMPRESSION OF LESLIE, 1 THAT WAS 4374 02:50:27,440 --> 02:50:29,200 INSTRUCTED AND IN MANY WAYS 4375 02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:30,400 CHANGED THE COURSE OF MY CAREER. 4376 02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:40,040 ONE OF THE REASONS REASONS I HT 4377 02:50:40,040 --> 02:50:42,520 OUT A POSITION THERE, WAS 4378 02:50:42,520 --> 02:50:45,200 BECAUSE I HAD ATTENDED A LECTURE 4379 02:50:45,200 --> 02:50:46,480 ON LESLIE'S FUNCTION OF 4380 02:50:46,480 --> 02:50:47,880 SPECIALIZED DORSAL AND VENTRAL 4381 02:50:47,880 --> 02:50:49,960 PROCESSING PATHWAYS IN THE 4382 02:50:49,960 --> 02:50:50,280 VISUAL SYSTEM. 4383 02:50:50,280 --> 02:50:53,320 THIS WAS IN THE EARLY 1990S AND 4384 02:50:53,320 --> 02:50:54,280 HER PRESENTATION REALLY BROUGHT 4385 02:50:54,280 --> 02:50:57,080 HOME TO ME, FOR THE FIRST TIME 4386 02:50:57,080 --> 02:50:59,080 THE POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN IMAGING 4387 02:50:59,080 --> 02:51:00,600 TO EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 4388 02:51:00,600 --> 02:51:01,920 SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE IN WAYS 4389 02:51:01,920 --> 02:51:03,960 THAT WERE NOT POSSIBLE IN ANIMAL 4390 02:51:03,960 --> 02:51:04,840 MODELS AT THE TIME. 4391 02:51:04,840 --> 02:51:07,520 THIS I WAS TO LEARN WAS A REAL 4392 02:51:07,520 --> 02:51:09,200 HALLMARK OF THE RESEARCH COMING 4393 02:51:09,200 --> 02:51:12,000 OUT OF THE LABORATORY OF BRAIN 4394 02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:13,240 AND COGNITION. 4395 02:51:13,240 --> 02:51:14,800 HER PRESENTATION THAT DAY WAS 4396 02:51:14,800 --> 02:51:17,320 ALSO MEMORABLE BECAUSE IT WAS A 4397 02:51:17,320 --> 02:51:20,280 MASTER CLASS AND HOW TO 4398 02:51:20,280 --> 02:51:20,720 COMMUNICATE SCIENCE. 4399 02:51:20,720 --> 02:51:23,680 I WOULD LIKE TO SAY A FEW THINGS 4400 02:51:23,680 --> 02:51:25,280 ABOUT LESLIE AND PRESENTATIONS. 4401 02:51:25,280 --> 02:51:26,880 I THINK EVERYONE GETS A LITTLE 4402 02:51:26,880 --> 02:51:29,240 NERVOUS WHEN SPEAKING IN PUBLIC, 4403 02:51:29,240 --> 02:51:31,000 HECK I'M A BIT NERVOUS RIGHT NOW 4404 02:51:31,000 --> 02:51:32,600 MAKE THANKSGIVING VIDEO AND I AM 4405 02:51:32,600 --> 02:51:35,040 BY MYSELF IN MY KITCHEN. 4406 02:51:35,040 --> 02:51:37,600 I THINK THE REAL REASON WHY WE 4407 02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:39,360 BECOME NERVOUS BEFORE 4408 02:51:39,360 --> 02:51:41,360 PRESENTATION SYSTEM MOSTLY 4409 02:51:41,360 --> 02:51:42,240 BECAUSE WE CARE. 4410 02:51:42,240 --> 02:51:43,560 WE CARE ABOUT PRESENTING THE 4411 02:51:43,560 --> 02:51:46,200 RESEARCH CLEARLY AND ACCURATELY, 4412 02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:47,360 WE CARE BECAUSE WE'RE PASSIONATE 4413 02:51:47,360 --> 02:51:48,640 ABOUT THE SCIENCE AND WE REALLY 4414 02:51:48,640 --> 02:51:50,720 WANT TO GET IT RIGHT. 4415 02:51:50,720 --> 02:51:53,640 WE CARE BECAUSE THE RESEARCH 4416 02:51:53,640 --> 02:51:54,360 WE'RE PRESENTING REPRESENTS BOTH 4417 02:51:54,360 --> 02:51:59,160 OUR EFFORTS AND THOSE OF MANY, 4418 02:51:59,160 --> 02:51:59,480 MANY OTHERS. 4419 02:51:59,480 --> 02:52:01,960 IT PRETALK ANXIETY IS A GOOD 4420 02:52:01,960 --> 02:52:04,080 METRIC FOR CARING, LESLIE REALLY 4421 02:52:04,080 --> 02:52:04,520 CARED. 4422 02:52:04,520 --> 02:52:06,920 THOSE OF US WHO KNEW LESLIE AND 4423 02:52:06,920 --> 02:52:08,000 EXPERIENCED HER PRETALK ANXIETY 4424 02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:10,960 KNOW THAT SHE COULD TAKE IT TO A 4425 02:52:10,960 --> 02:52:12,240 WHOLE OTHER LEVEL. 4426 02:52:12,240 --> 02:52:15,120 AT HER LAST BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC 4427 02:52:15,120 --> 02:52:16,400 COUNSELORS REVIEW, I SAW HER 4428 02:52:16,400 --> 02:52:19,400 SITTING BY HERSELF IN THE PORTER 4429 02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:22,600 BUILDING ATRIUM BEFORE THE LBC 4430 02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:23,840 PRESENTATIONS, I TALKED OVER TO 4431 02:52:23,840 --> 02:52:25,720 HER TO WISH HER LUCK AND SHE SAW 4432 02:52:25,720 --> 02:52:29,280 ME COMING AND SHE WAVED ME OFF 4433 02:52:29,280 --> 02:52:30,480 EMPHATICALLY. 4434 02:52:30,480 --> 02:52:34,360 AFTER THE PRESENTATIONS, WHICH 4435 02:52:34,360 --> 02:52:35,440 WERE OUTSTANDING SHE CAME OVER 4436 02:52:35,440 --> 02:52:38,320 TO ME AND APOLOGIZED FOR HER 4437 02:52:38,320 --> 02:52:39,040 EARLIER ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 4438 02:52:39,040 --> 02:52:42,960 SAYING SHE WAS A NERVOUS WRECK. 4439 02:52:42,960 --> 02:52:45,160 I CONGRATULATED HER ON THE 4440 02:52:45,160 --> 02:52:46,120 PRESENTATION WAS WHICH REALLY 4441 02:52:46,120 --> 02:52:47,640 WELL RECEIVED BY THE BOARD OF 4442 02:52:47,640 --> 02:52:48,160 SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS AND 4443 02:52:48,160 --> 02:52:49,440 EVERYBODY IN THE ROOM AND THEN I 4444 02:52:49,440 --> 02:52:51,560 SAID, YOU KNOW YOU SHOULDN'T 4445 02:52:51,560 --> 02:52:53,920 REALLY BE NERVOUS, LESLIE, SHE 4446 02:52:53,920 --> 02:52:56,680 HAD A LOT OF EXCITING SCIENCE TO 4447 02:52:56,680 --> 02:52:58,840 PRESENT AND SHE WAS 1 OF THE 4448 02:52:58,840 --> 02:52:59,680 MOST ACCOMPLISHED SCIENTISTS IN 4449 02:52:59,680 --> 02:53:03,000 THAT ROOM KLF-TWO IS SAYING A 4450 02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:05,480 LOT, LESLIE TURNED TO ME AT THAT 4451 02:53:05,480 --> 02:53:06,520 MOMENT SAID ANDREW EVERY TIME I 4452 02:53:06,520 --> 02:53:08,760 GIVE 1 OF THESE PRESENTATIONS, 4453 02:53:08,760 --> 02:53:11,760 IT'S LIKE I'M DEFENDING MY 4454 02:53:11,760 --> 02:53:12,680 DISSERTATION AGAIN. 4455 02:53:12,680 --> 02:53:14,960 LESLIE REALLY CARED AND THIS SET 4456 02:53:14,960 --> 02:53:16,920 A GREAT EXAMPLE FOR HER 4457 02:53:16,920 --> 02:53:17,280 TRAINEES. 4458 02:53:17,280 --> 02:53:18,960 SHE WORKED REALLY HARD ON HER 4459 02:53:18,960 --> 02:53:22,560 PRESENTATIONS AND DEMAND THAD WE 4460 02:53:22,560 --> 02:53:24,000 DID AS WELL. 4461 02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:26,520 SHE PREPARED, WHEN SHE PREPARED 4462 02:53:26,520 --> 02:53:27,880 HER PRESENTATION, EVERY SLIDE, 4463 02:53:27,880 --> 02:53:29,880 EVERY FIGURE, EVERY WORD WAS 4464 02:53:29,880 --> 02:53:31,640 CAREFULLY CHOSEN TO COMMUNICATE 4465 02:53:31,640 --> 02:53:32,840 THE SCIENCE EFFECTIVELY, IF 4466 02:53:32,840 --> 02:53:34,280 THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF A FIGURE 4467 02:53:34,280 --> 02:53:36,760 THAT WAS NOT PART OF PRETERM 4468 02:53:36,760 --> 02:53:37,960 BIRTH SENTATION'S NARRATIVE IT 4469 02:53:37,960 --> 02:53:40,080 WAS NEVER INCLUDED IN THE FINAL 4470 02:53:40,080 --> 02:53:40,320 SLIDE SET. 4471 02:53:40,320 --> 02:53:41,920 IT DOESN'T SEEM TO MATTER IF 4472 02:53:41,920 --> 02:53:43,520 THERE WERE 20 PEOPLE IN THE ROOM 4473 02:53:43,520 --> 02:53:48,240 OR 2000, SHE CARED ABOUT HER 4474 02:53:48,240 --> 02:53:51,080 AUDIENCE AND IMPORTANTLY, SHE 4475 02:53:51,080 --> 02:53:53,160 CAREFULLY UNDERSTOOD WHAT HE WAS 4476 02:53:53,160 --> 02:53:55,000 PRESENTING, SHE HAD SO MANY 4477 02:53:55,000 --> 02:53:57,800 QUALITIES, SHE WAS A GREAT MIND, 4478 02:53:57,800 --> 02:53:59,280 GREAT COMMUNICATOR, GREAT WORK 4479 02:53:59,280 --> 02:54:01,040 ETHIC AND VERY SUPPORTIVE AND 4480 02:54:01,040 --> 02:54:02,120 THOUGHTFUL MENTOR AND THIS 4481 02:54:02,120 --> 02:54:05,800 CONTINUED TO BE SO LONG AFTER 4482 02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:06,680 SHE LEFT THE LAB. 4483 02:54:06,680 --> 02:54:08,600 MAYBE 1 OF THE MOST REMARKABLE 4484 02:54:08,600 --> 02:54:09,880 THINGS ABOUT LESLIE WAS THAT 4485 02:54:09,880 --> 02:54:11,160 SUCH A TINY PERSON COULD HAVE 4486 02:54:11,160 --> 02:54:16,160 SUCH A BIG HEART. 4487 02:54:16,160 --> 02:54:18,320 LESLIE'S IMPACT ON NEUROSCIENCE 4488 02:54:18,320 --> 02:54:20,040 AND IMPACT ON OUR LIVES HAS BEEN 4489 02:54:20,040 --> 02:54:20,880 PROFOUND AND IT'S ONLY FITTING 4490 02:54:20,880 --> 02:54:22,160 THATY WOO ARE SET BRAIT 4491 02:54:22,160 --> 02:54:25,280 THAGOREAN IN THIS SYMPOSIUM, HER 4492 02:54:25,280 --> 02:54:29,040 LAGY LIVING ON WITH HER 4493 02:54:29,040 --> 02:54:31,680 ILLUSTRIUS CAREER AND WE'RE ALL 4494 02:54:31,680 --> 02:54:32,560 RICHER FOR IT. 4495 02:54:32,560 --> 02:54:33,320 >> HELLO I'M [INDISCERNIBLE] 4496 02:54:33,320 --> 02:54:36,760 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY. 4497 02:54:36,760 --> 02:54:40,480 RECENTLY, I FOUND A MANUSCRIPT 4498 02:54:40,480 --> 02:54:42,160 THAT LESLIE ADDED OVER 16 YEARS 4499 02:54:42,160 --> 02:54:46,360 AGO AND RECOVERED A FORGOTTEN 4500 02:54:46,360 --> 02:54:47,920 MEMORYITY TRAITING LESLIE'S 4501 02:54:47,920 --> 02:54:50,480 MENTORSHIP GENEROSITY AND 4502 02:54:50,480 --> 02:54:52,680 LASTING IMPACT LONG AFTER OUR 4503 02:54:52,680 --> 02:54:54,480 TRAINING IN HER LABORATORY. 4504 02:54:54,480 --> 02:54:57,200 MY MANUSCRIPT REPORTED A STUDY 4505 02:54:57,200 --> 02:54:59,600 WITH SOME GERMAN COLLEAGUES 4506 02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:01,480 BINDING PERCEPTUAL FEATURES IN 4507 02:55:01,480 --> 02:55:05,000 THE HUMAN BRAIN USING MEG AND 4508 02:55:05,000 --> 02:55:06,440 EEG WHICH STARTED WHILE I WAS 4509 02:55:06,440 --> 02:55:07,720 STILL HAD IN HER LAB. 4510 02:55:07,720 --> 02:55:10,760 AS CAN YOU SEE LESLIEADEITED 4511 02:55:10,760 --> 02:55:11,440 MANUSCRIPT BETWEEN WITH 4512 02:55:11,440 --> 02:55:16,360 CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR IN 2005, 4513 02:55:16,360 --> 02:55:17,800 WHAT'S MOST TOUCHING TO ME IS 4514 02:55:17,800 --> 02:55:20,440 THAT AFTER GIVING DETAILED 4515 02:55:20,440 --> 02:55:22,480 FEEDBACKS AND COMMENTS, LESLIE 4516 02:55:22,480 --> 02:55:24,000 CROSSED OUT HER OWN NAME FROM 4517 02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:25,120 THE AUTHORY LIST, SHE EXPLAINED 4518 02:55:25,120 --> 02:55:28,840 TO ME THAT IT WOULD BE SHOWING 4519 02:55:28,840 --> 02:55:29,960 MY INDEPENDENCE WITHOUT HER 4520 02:55:29,960 --> 02:55:30,320 NAME. 4521 02:55:30,320 --> 02:55:35,040 I WAS A COUPLE YEARS INTO 4522 02:55:35,040 --> 02:55:35,560 ASSISTANT PROFESSORSHIP. 4523 02:55:35,560 --> 02:55:39,000 I WISH I COULD GO BACK TO NIMH 4524 02:55:39,000 --> 02:55:41,920 IN PERSON TO HONOR LESLIE, 4525 02:55:41,920 --> 02:55:45,120 INSTEAD, I WILL TAKE THIS 4526 02:55:45,120 --> 02:55:47,760 MANUSCRIPT EDITED BY HER TO MY 4527 02:55:47,760 --> 02:55:50,240 CLASS TODAY, THE CLINICAL AND 4528 02:55:50,240 --> 02:55:53,640 SPRNSALATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR 4529 02:55:53,640 --> 02:55:54,080 ON BIOSTATISTICS. 4530 02:55:54,080 --> 02:55:58,400 HERE ARE SOME OF HER COMMENTS, 4531 02:55:58,400 --> 02:56:01,280 THEY MAY SOUND FAMILIAR TO HER 4532 02:56:01,280 --> 02:56:04,560 FORMER TRAINEES. 4533 02:56:04,560 --> 02:56:04,840 CONFUSING. 4534 02:56:04,840 --> 02:56:05,760 NOT CLEAR. 4535 02:56:05,760 --> 02:56:08,040 WHAT DO YOU MEAN? 4536 02:56:08,040 --> 02:56:12,600 DO YOU MEAN L. O. OR M. T.? 4537 02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:15,320 AND HER ADVICE, TOO MUCH 4538 02:56:15,320 --> 02:56:18,120 STATISTICS NOT ENOUGH ENGLISH TO 4539 02:56:18,120 --> 02:56:22,880 EXPLAIN WHAT THEY MEAN. 4540 02:56:22,880 --> 02:56:23,760 WHAT'S THE STORY? 4541 02:56:23,760 --> 02:56:27,120 HER ADVICE AND COMMENTS WILL BE 4542 02:56:27,120 --> 02:56:31,720 VERY PERTINENT NOT ONLY TO 4543 02:56:31,720 --> 02:56:33,880 Ph.D.s, RESEARCHERS BUT ALSO 4544 02:56:33,880 --> 02:56:36,560 PHYSICIAN SCIENTISTS IN MY 4545 02:56:36,560 --> 02:56:36,760 CLASS. 4546 02:56:36,760 --> 02:56:40,120 I KNOW FOR SURE THAT SOME OF HER 4547 02:56:40,120 --> 02:56:42,360 FORMER COLLEAGUES, STUDENTS AND 4548 02:56:42,360 --> 02:56:45,840 THEIR STUDENTS WILL BE WATCHING 4549 02:56:45,840 --> 02:56:47,240 THE BEAUTIFUL TRIBUTES TO LESLIE 4550 02:56:47,240 --> 02:56:52,080 AND HER SCIENTIFIC LEGACY FROM 4551 02:56:52,080 --> 02:56:52,960 OTHER CONTINENTS. 4552 02:56:52,960 --> 02:56:55,440 I FEEL VERY LUCKY TO HAVE LESLIE 4553 02:56:55,440 --> 02:56:57,880 AS A MENTOR AND PROUD TO BE A 4554 02:56:57,880 --> 02:57:00,840 MEMBER OF HER EXTENDED ACADEMIC 4555 02:57:00,840 --> 02:57:01,560 FAMILY. 4556 02:57:01,560 --> 02:57:04,880 THANK YOU LESLIE. 4557 02:57:04,880 --> 02:57:05,240 DID EMPLOY. 4558 02:57:05,240 --> 02:57:06,960 >> I STILL REMEMBER THE FIRST 1 4559 02:57:06,960 --> 02:57:09,640 TO 1 MEETING I HAD WITH LESLIE. 4560 02:57:09,640 --> 02:57:11,720 IT WAS IN 2010 AND IT WAS 4561 02:57:11,720 --> 02:57:12,920 IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE FIRST TIME 4562 02:57:12,920 --> 02:57:16,120 I PRESENTED IN THE LBC LAB GROUP 4563 02:57:16,120 --> 02:57:18,720 AND THAT MEETING WAS ABSOLUTELY 4564 02:57:18,720 --> 02:57:19,720 CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL THE 4565 02:57:19,720 --> 02:57:21,800 MEETINGS THAT WE HAD SEBS 4566 02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:22,600 QUENTLY. 4567 02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:23,640 THERE WAS A POINT BY POINT 4568 02:57:23,640 --> 02:57:25,440 DISCUSSION OF THE SCIENCE THAT 4569 02:57:25,440 --> 02:57:27,240 HAD BEEN PRESENTED, THE CLAIMS 4570 02:57:27,240 --> 02:57:28,600 THAT HAD BEEN MADE, WHY DID YOU 4571 02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:30,080 THINK THE WAY YOU DID? 4572 02:57:30,080 --> 02:57:32,200 HOW DID DO YOU JUSTIFY IT? 4573 02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:33,840 HOW DOES THIS TIE IN WITH A 4574 02:57:33,840 --> 02:57:35,280 RESULT FROM A DIFFERENT METHOD? 4575 02:57:35,280 --> 02:57:38,840 HOW DO YOU INTERPRET THE AMBIG 4576 02:57:38,840 --> 02:57:39,400 USITYS YOU IMMEDIATELY 4577 02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:41,120 ACKNOWLEDGE IN YOUR WORK AND SHE 4578 02:57:41,120 --> 02:57:43,320 WOULD FIND OTHER AMBIGUITYS YOU 4579 02:57:43,320 --> 02:57:45,280 HADN'T THOUGHT OF AND SHE WOULD 4580 02:57:45,280 --> 02:57:46,880 PUSH OW DISCUSSING THOSE ASPECTS 4581 02:57:46,880 --> 02:57:47,960 OF THE SCIENCE BYOU THAT WAS 4582 02:57:47,960 --> 02:57:49,680 NEVER JUST THE WHOLE MEETING, IT 4583 02:57:49,680 --> 02:57:51,120 WASN'T THAT FIRST TIME, IT 4584 02:57:51,120 --> 02:57:53,600 WASN'T IN EVERY SUBSEQUENT 4585 02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:55,120 MEETING BECAUSE THE REAL 4586 02:57:55,120 --> 02:57:56,440 PLEASURE OF BEING IN LESLIE'S 4587 02:57:56,440 --> 02:57:58,040 LAB WAS THE PART OF THE MEETING 4588 02:57:58,040 --> 02:58:02,840 WHERE YOU JUST SPOKE TO HER LIKE 4589 02:58:02,840 --> 02:58:04,240 A FELLOW SCIENTIST AND YOU SPOKE 4590 02:58:04,240 --> 02:58:05,520 ABOUT THE NEWS OF THE DAY, WHAT 4591 02:58:05,520 --> 02:58:09,520 WAS GOING ON IN YOUR LIFE, HOW 4592 02:58:09,520 --> 02:58:12,680 YOUR FAMILY WERE, LESLIE WAS 4593 02:58:12,680 --> 02:58:13,560 VERY CARING, SHE WAS INTERESTED 4594 02:58:13,560 --> 02:58:15,120 IN THE PEOPLE IN HER LAB, SHE 4595 02:58:15,120 --> 02:58:16,560 WAS INTERESTED IN THE PEOPLE,A 4596 02:58:16,560 --> 02:58:19,360 ROUND HER LAB AND THAT WAS FROM 4597 02:58:19,360 --> 02:58:20,400 THE RESEARCH ASSISTANTS IN THE 4598 02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:23,080 LAB, THE POST DOCS SUPPORT 4599 02:58:23,080 --> 02:58:26,280 STAFF, SENIOR COLLEAGUES, AND 4600 02:58:26,280 --> 02:58:27,800 CLEEPGS ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND 4601 02:58:27,800 --> 02:58:29,720 THAT'S THE THING I MISS MOST 4602 02:58:29,720 --> 02:58:34,640 JUST SITTING IN LESLIE'S OFFICE. 4603 02:58:34,640 --> 02:58:36,400 LESLIE'S OFFICE WITHOUT AN 4604 02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:37,920 EXTERNAL OFFICE BUT IT DOESN'T 4605 02:58:37,920 --> 02:58:39,560 NEED AN WINDOW BECAUSE YOU WERE 4606 02:58:39,560 --> 02:58:40,720 SITTING IN THERE TALKING WITH 4607 02:58:40,720 --> 02:58:43,040 LESLIE AND YOU WOULD TALK ABOUT 4608 02:58:43,040 --> 02:58:44,720 WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE WORLD 4609 02:58:44,720 --> 02:58:46,080 AND YOUR LIFE AND 4610 02:58:46,080 --> 02:58:46,560 SCIENTIFICALLY. 4611 02:58:46,560 --> 02:58:51,560 AND THAT COMBINATION OF 4612 02:58:51,560 --> 02:58:53,240 SCIENTIFIC PRECISION, AND JUST A 4613 02:58:53,240 --> 02:58:54,560 CARING WARM PERSON WHO WAS 4614 02:58:54,560 --> 02:58:56,080 INTERESTED IN PEOPLE AND ALL THE 4615 02:58:56,080 --> 02:58:59,480 PEOPLE AROUND HER, THAT WAS THE 4616 02:58:59,480 --> 02:59:03,920 MOST INTOXICATING AND POWERFUL 4617 02:59:03,920 --> 02:59:05,840 AND JUST WONDERFUL THING ABOUT 4618 02:59:05,840 --> 02:59:07,720 BEING IN LESLIE'S LAB AND THAT'S 4619 02:59:07,720 --> 02:59:11,280 THE THING I MISSED THE MOST, 4620 02:59:11,280 --> 02:59:12,920 TALKING TO LESLIE, MY LAST ZOOM 4621 02:59:12,920 --> 02:59:14,600 CONVERSATION WITH LESLIE WAS, I 4622 02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:19,320 WOULD SAY 2-3 WEEKS, BEFORE SHE 4623 02:59:19,320 --> 02:59:21,240 DIED IN 2020 AND WAS THE SAME AS 4624 02:59:21,240 --> 02:59:23,040 THE FIRST CONVERSATION THAT WE 4625 02:59:23,040 --> 02:59:23,400 HAD. 4626 02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:24,920 WE HAD SPOKE ABOUT SCIENCE AND 4627 02:59:24,920 --> 02:59:26,040 THEN WE SPOKE ABOUT WHAT WAS 4628 02:59:26,040 --> 02:59:28,760 GOING ON IN THE WORLD AND I 4629 02:59:28,760 --> 02:59:30,600 REALLY WISH SHE WERE STILL HERE 4630 02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:35,360 NOW BECAUSE I REALLY MISS THOSE 4631 02:59:35,360 --> 02:59:36,160 CONVERSATIONS AND THE 1 THING I 4632 02:59:36,160 --> 02:59:38,040 THINK I CAN TAKE AWAY FROM THIS 4633 02:59:38,040 --> 02:59:39,680 IS JUST HOW INCREDIBLY LUCKY I 4634 02:59:39,680 --> 02:59:41,840 WAS, I GOT TO BE IN LESLIE'S LAB 4635 02:59:41,840 --> 02:59:44,880 FOR 4 YEARS AND I GOT TO SPEAK 4636 02:59:44,880 --> 02:59:46,880 TO HER FOR 5 YEARS AFTER THAT 4637 02:59:46,880 --> 02:59:51,080 AND FOR THAT, I WILL ALWAYS BE 4638 02:59:51,080 --> 03:00:01,560 GRATEFUL AND YEAH, I JUST MISS 4639 03:00:12,880 --> 03:00:13,240 HER. 4640 03:00:13,240 --> 03:00:14,440 >> HELLO, EVERYONE, KAREN 4641 03:00:14,440 --> 03:00:15,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] HERE, FRIENDS 4642 03:00:15,320 --> 03:00:16,480 AND COLLEAGUES, THANK YOU FOR 4643 03:00:16,480 --> 03:00:19,120 JOINING IN THIS WONDERFUL 4644 03:00:19,120 --> 03:00:20,880 REMEMBRANCE IN HONOR OF LESLIE, 4645 03:00:20,880 --> 03:00:23,040 I WANT TO CONVEY A SPECIAL 4646 03:00:23,040 --> 03:00:24,600 THANKS TO THE ORGANIZERS OF THIS 4647 03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:26,360 EVENT FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO SAY 4648 03:00:26,360 --> 03:00:29,560 A FEW WORDS ABOUT HER. 4649 03:00:29,560 --> 03:00:31,560 LESLIE WAS A DEAR FRIEND TO ME 4650 03:00:31,560 --> 03:00:33,480 PERSONALLY, AND SHE WAS AN 4651 03:00:33,480 --> 03:00:35,560 IMPORTANT FRIEND AND A STRONG 4652 03:00:35,560 --> 03:00:37,760 ADVOCATE FOR OUR FIELD, AND FOR 4653 03:00:37,760 --> 03:00:41,000 THOSE IN OUR FIELD. 4654 03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:45,320 SOME OF THE DESCRIPTORS THAT 4655 03:00:45,320 --> 03:00:49,880 COME TO MIND, ARE BRILLIANT OF 4656 03:00:49,880 --> 03:00:54,720 COURSE AND BEING BLUNT AND TO 4657 03:00:54,720 --> 03:00:56,160 THE POINT AND WHAT YOU BELIEVED 4658 03:00:56,160 --> 03:01:00,720 TO BE THE VERY BEST, AND MOST 4659 03:01:00,720 --> 03:01:02,120 IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS, 4660 03:01:02,120 --> 03:01:12,640 IN GENEROUS WITH HER TIME AND IN 4661 03:01:21,440 --> 03:01:23,080 SHARING HER THOUGHTS. 4662 03:01:23,080 --> 03:01:25,800 --TO HEAR HER INFECTIOUS LAUGH 4663 03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:32,120 AND BASK IN HER EXTRAORDINARILY 4664 03:01:32,120 --> 03:01:32,760 CLEAR PERSECTIONAL ANALYSISSIVES 4665 03:01:32,760 --> 03:01:33,840 OF THE DAUNTING COMPLEXITIES OF 4666 03:01:33,840 --> 03:01:35,720 THE SCIENCE WE DO WAS AN 4667 03:01:35,720 --> 03:01:39,000 IMPORTANT PART OF MANY OF MY 4668 03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:40,520 WORK I DAYS. 4669 03:01:40,520 --> 03:01:41,240 THINKING FARTHER BACK WHEN I 4670 03:01:41,240 --> 03:01:43,400 FIRST CAME TO THE NIH, THERE 4671 03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:53,840 WERE VERY, VERY FEW WOMEN 4672 03:02:07,440 --> 03:02:09,280 SCIENTISTS HERE. 4673 03:02:09,280 --> 03:02:11,320 --SHE WAS AN ENDURING 4674 03:02:11,320 --> 03:02:13,200 INSPIRATION WHOSE LASTING 4675 03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:14,480 CONTRIBUTIONS LIVE ON. 4676 03:02:14,480 --> 03:02:15,680 THANK YOU LESLIE, IT'S A 4677 03:02:15,680 --> 03:02:17,520 PRIVILEGE TO HAVE KNOWN YOU AND 4678 03:02:17,520 --> 03:02:19,480 TO KEEP YOU IN MY THOUGHTS. 4679 03:02:19,480 --> 03:02:20,920 >> I'M 1 OF THE FEW Ph.D. 4680 03:02:20,920 --> 03:02:22,680 STUDENTS WHO HAD THE PLEASURE OF 4681 03:02:22,680 --> 03:02:33,200 WORKING DIRECTLY WITH LESLIE. 4682 03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:35,480 --ON THE SURFACE SHE CAME AT ALL 4683 03:02:35,480 --> 03:02:38,600 IDEAS WITH A HEALTHY DOSE OF 4684 03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:39,840 SKEPTICISM AND I REALIZED EARLY 4685 03:02:39,840 --> 03:02:42,520 ON THAT THIS IS HER WAY OF PUSH 4686 03:02:42,520 --> 03:02:47,360 BEING ME TO STEP INTO MY OWN 4687 03:02:47,360 --> 03:02:48,560 CONFIDENCE AND RESOLVE AND 4688 03:02:48,560 --> 03:02:49,880 DEFEND THE WHYS ALONG EVERY STEP 4689 03:02:49,880 --> 03:02:53,440 OF THE PROCESS, AS A WOMAN IN 4690 03:02:53,440 --> 03:02:54,320 SCIENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE, THIS 4691 03:02:54,320 --> 03:02:56,160 WAS HUGE FOR ME, HER FAVORITE 4692 03:02:56,160 --> 03:02:58,440 QUESTION TO ASK WAS WHAT IT DOES 4693 03:02:58,440 --> 03:02:59,080 IT ALL MEAN. 4694 03:02:59,080 --> 03:03:02,640 SHE CARED ABOUT THE FINDINGS BUT 4695 03:03:02,640 --> 03:03:03,240 SHE CARED MOST ABOUT THE FIELD 4696 03:03:03,240 --> 03:03:04,640 AND THE BIGGER PICTURE. 4697 03:03:04,640 --> 03:03:06,040 IT'S A QUESTION THAT FRAMES MUCH 4698 03:03:06,040 --> 03:03:10,360 OF WHAT I DO NOW AND REALLY 4699 03:03:10,360 --> 03:03:11,640 HELPED ME REALIZE THAT SCIENCE 4700 03:03:11,640 --> 03:03:13,840 WAS JUST AS MUCH ABOUT THE 4701 03:03:13,840 --> 03:03:16,120 FOREST AS IT WAS THE TREES. 4702 03:03:16,120 --> 03:03:18,200 I FOUND THAT WHILE SHE HAD 4703 03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:20,840 STRONG OPINIONS ABOUT CERTAIN 4704 03:03:20,840 --> 03:03:23,560 IDEAS, SHE WAS ALSO INCREDIBLY 4705 03:03:23,560 --> 03:03:25,800 OPEN TO LETTING SCIENCE DO THE 4706 03:03:25,800 --> 03:03:27,800 TALKING, SHE WAS OPEN MINDED AND 4707 03:03:27,800 --> 03:03:29,400 RESPECTED AND ENCOURAGED IDEAS, 4708 03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:33,760 THAT WERE DIFFERENT THAN HER 4709 03:03:33,760 --> 03:03:34,480 OWN. 4710 03:03:34,480 --> 03:03:37,960 AND WHILE MY HEART SUNK EVERY 4711 03:03:37,960 --> 03:03:39,920 TIME I SUNK WITH AN E-MAIL FROM 4712 03:03:39,920 --> 03:03:41,880 HER WITH JUST THE SUBJECT LINE 4713 03:03:41,880 --> 03:03:44,000 THAT SAID COME SEE ME, THE FIRST 4714 03:03:44,000 --> 03:03:44,920 QUESTION SHE WOULD ALWAYS ASK 4715 03:03:44,920 --> 03:03:46,680 WHEN I STEPPED INTO MY OFFICE 4716 03:03:46,680 --> 03:03:48,120 WAS HOW ARE YOU DOING? 4717 03:03:48,120 --> 03:03:50,960 SHE SAW THE PERSON BEHIND THE 4718 03:03:50,960 --> 03:03:54,920 SCIENCE, BALANCING RIGOR WITH 4719 03:03:54,920 --> 03:03:56,640 COMPASSION AND YOU COULD TRUST 4720 03:03:56,640 --> 03:03:59,080 THAT SHE WAS AUTHENTIC IN EVERY 4721 03:03:59,080 --> 03:03:59,600 INTERACTION. 4722 03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:03,280 FOR ME ENDING UP IN LESLIE'S LAB 4723 03:04:03,280 --> 03:04:04,240 HAPPENED SOMEWHAT 4724 03:04:04,240 --> 03:04:05,640 SERENDIPITOUSLY BUT I'M FOREVER 4725 03:04:05,640 --> 03:04:07,280 GRATEFUL THAT SHE IS 4726 03:04:07,280 --> 03:04:12,200 [INDISCERNIBLE] TOOK A CHANCE TO 4727 03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:12,400 ME. 4728 03:04:12,400 --> 03:04:14,240 >> SOME THOUGHTS ON THE PASSING 4729 03:04:14,240 --> 03:04:18,520 OF MY FRIEND LESLIE UNG 4730 03:04:18,520 --> 03:04:21,160 ERLEIDER, LESLIE AND I MET IN 4731 03:04:21,160 --> 03:04:25,840 1976 SHORTLY AFTER I ARRIVED AT 4732 03:04:25,840 --> 03:04:27,280 THE NIH IN THE MIDDLE OF THAT 4733 03:04:27,280 --> 03:04:30,800 YEAR, SHE HAD BEEN HERE ABOUT 8 4734 03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:32,200 OR 9 MONTHS AT THAT TIME AND 4735 03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:40,000 THAT MADE HER AN EXPERT ON ALL 4736 03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:40,640 THINGS NIH. 4737 03:04:40,640 --> 03:04:42,880 OVER THE YEARS AS WELL AS BEING 4738 03:04:42,880 --> 03:04:44,640 PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES BECAME 4739 03:04:44,640 --> 03:04:45,800 VERY CLOSE FRIENDS, DURING THE 4740 03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,360 WHOLE TIME I KNEW HER, WE WOULD 4741 03:04:48,360 --> 03:04:50,880 MEET ON OCCASION, NO 1 I THINK 4742 03:04:50,880 --> 03:04:54,400 KNEW WE DID THIS, BUT IT 4743 03:04:54,400 --> 03:04:56,720 OCCURRED ALL THE WAY UP TO THE 4744 03:04:56,720 --> 03:04:59,960 TIME OF HER DEATH THAT EVERY FEW 4745 03:04:59,960 --> 03:05:01,760 MONTHS WE WOULD GET TOGETHER 4746 03:05:01,760 --> 03:05:05,800 SOMETIMES IN MY OFFICE IN 4747 03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:09,360 BUILDING 49 THAT WAS BEFORE HER 4748 03:05:09,360 --> 03:05:11,160 MOBILITY WAS LIMITED AND 4749 03:05:11,160 --> 03:05:14,560 OTHERWISE IN HER OFFICE IN 4750 03:05:14,560 --> 03:05:14,840 BUILDING 10. 4751 03:05:14,840 --> 03:05:16,640 AND WE WOULD SIT AND COMPARE 4752 03:05:16,640 --> 03:05:18,640 NOTES IT WAS OFTEN ABOUT OUR 4753 03:05:18,640 --> 03:05:22,280 FAMILIES AND OUR KIDS NOT VERY 4754 03:05:22,280 --> 03:05:25,800 MUCH ABOUT THE DETAILS OF OUR 4755 03:05:25,800 --> 03:05:28,800 SCIENCE BUT WE WERE ALSO VERY 4756 03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:29,880 CLOSE COLLEAGUES ABOUT THE 4757 03:05:29,880 --> 03:05:30,360 SCIENCE. 4758 03:05:30,360 --> 03:05:34,920 WE WORKED ON SIMILAR PROBLEMS, 4759 03:05:34,920 --> 03:05:37,000 AND IT WAS A REAL PLEASURE TO 4760 03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,760 DISCUSS WITH HER, THE IDEAS THAT 4761 03:05:40,760 --> 03:05:49,320 WERE FLOATING AROUND ON HOW THE 4762 03:05:49,320 --> 03:05:49,800 VISUAL SYSTEM WORKED. 4763 03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:51,680 AND AS I SAID, A CLOSE FRIEND WE 4764 03:05:51,680 --> 03:05:54,280 WOULD GO TO THE OPERA IN THE 80S 4765 03:05:54,280 --> 03:05:57,400 AND EARLY 90S TOGETHER, SOMEHOW 4766 03:05:57,400 --> 03:05:59,920 STARTING AROUND 2000 THAT 4767 03:05:59,920 --> 03:06:01,400 SLIPPED BY THE WAY SIDE AND WE 4768 03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:06,640 WOULD GO OUT TO DINNER ON 4769 03:06:06,640 --> 03:06:11,600 OCCASION, MY WIFE ANN, LESLIE 4770 03:06:11,600 --> 03:06:12,200 AND ME. 4771 03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:16,240 I MISS HER TERRIBLY AND I'M 4772 03:06:16,240 --> 03:06:19,240 GOING TO END ON THE 1 POINT, 4773 03:06:19,240 --> 03:06:22,200 IT'S BOTH PROFESSIONAL AND 4774 03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:23,240 PERSONAL, WHICH IS YOU KNOW I 4775 03:06:23,240 --> 03:06:25,560 HAD 1 MORE THING I REALLY NEEDED 4776 03:06:25,560 --> 03:06:27,320 TO DISCUSS WITH HER AND I BET A 4777 03:06:27,320 --> 03:06:29,720 LOT OF YOU OUT THERE IN THE 4778 03:06:29,720 --> 03:06:33,600 AUDIENCE HAVE THAT SAME FEELING. 4779 03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:35,120 THERE'S 1 MORE IDEA THAT YOU 4780 03:06:35,120 --> 03:06:36,960 REALLY NEED HER HELP ON. 4781 03:06:36,960 --> 03:06:41,160 SHE WAS VERY GOOD AT GETTING 4782 03:06:41,160 --> 03:06:43,040 FOCUSED AND CLARIFYING WHAT THE 4783 03:06:43,040 --> 03:06:44,880 REAL ISSUES IN VARIOUS PROBLEMS 4784 03:06:44,880 --> 03:06:47,800 WERE AND IN FACT, 1 OF MY POST 4785 03:06:47,800 --> 03:06:49,520 DOCS [INDISCERNIBLE] AND I HAD 4786 03:06:49,520 --> 03:06:52,640 AN APPOINTMENT TO MEET WITH HER 4787 03:06:52,640 --> 03:06:56,640 LATER IN THE WEEK WHEN SHE DIED. 4788 03:06:56,640 --> 03:07:03,640 AND I JUST MISS HER TERRIBLY. 4789 03:07:03,640 --> 03:07:07,880 >> I FIRST MET LESLIE IN 1988 4790 03:07:07,880 --> 03:07:09,720 WHEN I INVITED HER AND 4791 03:07:09,720 --> 03:07:12,560 [INDISCERNIBLE] TO COME TO THE 4792 03:07:12,560 --> 03:07:13,320 LAB [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT 4793 03:07:13,320 --> 03:07:14,840 ENCOUNTER WAS FOLLOWED BY AN 4794 03:07:14,840 --> 03:07:17,040 INVITATION TO NIH IN EARLY 1989 4795 03:07:17,040 --> 03:07:19,400 WHERE I GAVE A TALK MYSELF ON MY 4796 03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:21,440 WORK IN CROSS MODAL PLASTICITY 4797 03:07:21,440 --> 03:07:23,480 AND MY IDEAS ON PROCESSING 4798 03:07:23,480 --> 03:07:26,640 STREAMS IN THE AUDITORY CORTEX. 4799 03:07:26,640 --> 03:07:27,400 CANNED WHAT HAD BECOME 4800 03:07:27,400 --> 03:07:28,560 INTERESTED IN THE TOPIC AND 4801 03:07:28,560 --> 03:07:30,440 ASKED IF I WOULD BE INTERESTED 4802 03:07:30,440 --> 03:07:32,920 IN JOINING THE LAB AS A VISITING 4803 03:07:32,920 --> 03:07:33,720 SCIENTIST AND SENIOR 4804 03:07:33,720 --> 03:07:34,440 INVESTIGATOR. 4805 03:07:34,440 --> 03:07:36,080 DURING MY INITIAL VISIT, I 4806 03:07:36,080 --> 03:07:39,600 STAYED IN BOB AND LESLIE'S HOUSE 4807 03:07:39,600 --> 03:07:41,680 AND I LESLIE ASKED ME IF I HAD A 4808 03:07:41,680 --> 03:07:43,360 NICKNAME OR AS SHE PUT IT WHAT 4809 03:07:43,360 --> 03:07:45,360 MY MOTHER CALLED ME ALTHOUGH SHE 4810 03:07:45,360 --> 03:07:46,560 LIKED THE NICKNAME, SHE CALLED 4811 03:07:46,560 --> 03:07:49,360 ME JOE FOR THE REST OF HER LIFE. 4812 03:07:49,360 --> 03:07:53,800 THE OFFICIAL JOB OFFER WAS 4813 03:07:53,800 --> 03:07:54,640 EXTEND INDEED MAY OF THAT YEAR 4814 03:07:54,640 --> 03:07:58,000 AND I MOVED WITH MY FAMILY IN 4815 03:07:58,000 --> 03:07:59,200 THE FALL OF 1989 WHERE I WAS 4816 03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:03,160 ABLE TO BUILD MY OWN MONKEY LAB 4817 03:08:03,160 --> 03:08:05,240 AND MY TIME THERE WAS A VERY 4818 03:08:05,240 --> 03:08:06,760 PRODUCTIVE 1 AND I DEVELOPED 4819 03:08:06,760 --> 03:08:09,960 STREAMS IN THE AUDITORY MODELS 4820 03:08:09,960 --> 03:08:13,360 BY OTHER GROUPS INCLUDING SOME 4821 03:08:13,360 --> 03:08:15,400 THAT ADAPTED IT TO LANGUAGE 4822 03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:16,000 PROCESSING IN HUMANS. 4823 03:08:16,000 --> 03:08:19,200 AFTER 6 YEARS AT NIHMH, I 4824 03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:20,160 RECEIVED MULTIPLE JOB OFFERS 4825 03:08:20,160 --> 03:08:22,000 FROM,A ROUND THE UNITED STATES 4826 03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:24,200 AND DECIDED TO ACCEPT THE OFFER 4827 03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:25,480 AS FULL PROFESSOR FROM 4828 03:08:25,480 --> 03:08:26,200 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY JUST DOWN 4829 03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:28,440 THE ROAD FROM NIH ISSUES, 4830 03:08:28,440 --> 03:08:29,760 BECAUSE MORT AND LESLIE ARGUED 4831 03:08:29,760 --> 03:08:33,880 THIS WOULD MAKE IT EASIER TO 4832 03:08:33,880 --> 03:08:34,320 COLLABORATE. 4833 03:08:34,320 --> 03:08:36,040 LESLIE REMAINED A LIFE LONG 4834 03:08:36,040 --> 03:08:37,480 FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE AND CAME TO 4835 03:08:37,480 --> 03:08:39,680 VISIT ME MULTIPLE TIMES AND I'M 4836 03:08:39,680 --> 03:08:50,160 GRATEFUL FOR THAT FRIENDSHIP. 4837 03:09:08,400 --> 03:09:11,080 >> I'M MIKE BEAUCHAMP AND AM 4838 03:09:11,080 --> 03:09:12,440 GRATEFUL TO SHARE MEMORIES OF 4839 03:09:12,440 --> 03:09:13,400 LESLIE. 4840 03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:15,400 HERE A PICTURE THAT I TOOK IN 4841 03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:17,640 BETHESDA, SHE IS SMILING SWEETLY 4842 03:09:17,640 --> 03:09:19,640 WITH HER HANDS CROSSED THIS IS 4843 03:09:19,640 --> 03:09:22,040 ATYPICAL THIS PICTURE IS MORE 4844 03:09:22,040 --> 03:09:23,480 CHARACTERISTIC SHE'S SETTING 4845 03:09:23,480 --> 03:09:26,120 ALEX MARTIN STRAIGHT ON SOME 4846 03:09:26,120 --> 03:09:26,560 IMPORTANT POINT. 4847 03:09:26,560 --> 03:09:28,440 MY FAVORITE LESLIE MANNERISM IS 4848 03:09:28,440 --> 03:09:30,200 A EYES WIDE OPEN WITH A DOUBLE 4849 03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:32,800 TAKE WITH A SLIGHT RECOIL, I 4850 03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:34,200 FIRST ENCOUNTERED IT IN 1993 4851 03:09:34,200 --> 03:09:36,320 WHEN I FIRST APPROACHED ATA 4852 03:09:36,320 --> 03:09:37,720 CONAND ASKED IF I COULD WORK 4853 03:09:37,720 --> 03:09:39,040 INNER LAB WHICH WAS A BRAPPED 4854 03:09:39,040 --> 03:09:40,600 MIEW LEADER IN THE FIELD OF 4855 03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:44,680 FMRI, SHE SAID NO, THAT WOULD BE 4856 03:09:44,680 --> 03:09:46,360 A TERRIBLE IDEA SHE WENT ON TO 4857 03:09:46,360 --> 03:09:48,680 SAY IT WASN'T PERSONAL BUT NIH 4858 03:09:48,680 --> 03:09:50,640 IS LIKE SOMALIA RIGHT NOW 4859 03:09:50,640 --> 03:09:52,840 MEANING THERE WERE HUGE BATTLES 4860 03:09:52,840 --> 03:09:54,520 FOR THE TIME ON THE SCANNERS. 4861 03:09:54,520 --> 03:09:56,800 SO I TOOK HER ADVICE TO WORK 4862 03:09:56,800 --> 03:09:59,560 WITH TED AT MEDICAL COLLEGE OF 4863 03:09:59,560 --> 03:10:00,840 WISCONSIN SHE GAVE ME MORE 4864 03:10:00,840 --> 03:10:03,360 ADVICE WHEN HE VISITED MCW LATER 4865 03:10:03,360 --> 03:10:06,200 AS A MEMBER OF A ADVISORY 4866 03:10:06,200 --> 03:10:08,840 COMPLITEE, MY ROOM ARE MATE AND 4867 03:10:08,840 --> 03:10:12,280 I WERE TASKED WITH SHOWING HER 4868 03:10:12,280 --> 03:10:13,600 AROUND. 4869 03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:15,200 ON MEETING ZIAD, AND SHE SAID 4870 03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:16,880 YOU NEED A HAIR CUT, SHE SAID 4871 03:10:16,880 --> 03:10:17,720 YOU'RE A FOURTH YEAR GRAD 4872 03:10:17,720 --> 03:10:19,280 STUDENT AND YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT 4873 03:10:19,280 --> 03:10:20,680 YOU ARE GOING TO DO NEXT, I 4874 03:10:20,680 --> 03:10:23,680 JOINED AS A POST DOC AND STAYING 4875 03:10:23,680 --> 03:10:24,920 FOR THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED TIME OF 4876 03:10:24,920 --> 03:10:26,520 8 YEARS AND I WOULD HAVE STAYED 4877 03:10:26,520 --> 03:10:28,240 LONGER IF I COULD HAVE, 1 OF THE 4878 03:10:28,240 --> 03:10:30,480 GIFT SYSTEM THAT SHE WOULD TRAIN 4879 03:10:30,480 --> 03:10:31,920 THE WHOLE ENORMOUS FORCE OF HER 4880 03:10:31,920 --> 03:10:33,920 INTELLECT ON YOU AND GIVE HER 4881 03:10:33,920 --> 03:10:35,160 HER FULL ATTENTION MAKING YOU 4882 03:10:35,160 --> 03:10:37,120 FEEL THAT YOU REALLY MATTERED. 4883 03:10:37,120 --> 03:10:38,960 AND ALTHOUGH SHE TOOK SCIENCE 4884 03:10:38,960 --> 03:10:40,000 SERIOUSLY, LESLIE ALSO HAD A 4885 03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:42,880 GREAT SENSE OF FUN, HER LAUGH 4886 03:10:42,880 --> 03:10:44,560 WAS IRRESISTIBLE AND SHE ENJOYED 4887 03:10:44,560 --> 03:10:46,720 A GLASS OF WHITE WINE AS MUCH AS 4888 03:10:46,720 --> 03:10:46,960 ANYONE. 4889 03:10:46,960 --> 03:10:48,840 ONCE AT A BIRTHDAY PARTY SHE 4890 03:10:48,840 --> 03:10:51,880 GAVE TIPS ON HOW TO WIN AT PIN 4891 03:10:51,880 --> 03:10:53,000 THE TAILOT DONKEY WHICH INVOLVED 4892 03:10:53,000 --> 03:10:54,960 PULLING THE BLIND FOLD DOWN EVER 4893 03:10:54,960 --> 03:10:56,760 SO SLIGHTLY TO GIVE YOURSELF AN 4894 03:10:56,760 --> 03:10:57,080 ADVANTAGE. 4895 03:10:57,080 --> 03:10:58,600 THERE WAS ALSO THE TIME WHEN SHE 4896 03:10:58,600 --> 03:10:59,560 WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO 4897 03:10:59,560 --> 03:11:01,400 FIGHT OFF A MUGGER SO SHE 4898 03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:03,840 SUMMONED ME OIEVER AND WITHOUT 4899 03:11:03,840 --> 03:11:05,480 MUCH WARNING GAVE ME A SOLID 4900 03:11:05,480 --> 03:11:07,200 PUNCH IN THE STOMACH, 4901 03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:09,640 FORTUNATELY THERE WEREN'T ANY 4902 03:11:09,640 --> 03:11:12,440 SERIOUS INJURIES, MISS YOU 4903 03:11:12,440 --> 03:11:13,240 LESLIE. 4904 03:11:13,240 --> 03:11:16,000 >> HEY, SHAKEN MERIT STAFF 4905 03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:18,200 SCIENTIST AT [INDISCERNIBLE] 4906 03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:19,840 FACILITY FOR OVER 20 YEARS AND 4907 03:11:19,840 --> 03:11:23,040 RECENTLY BE HEADING NORTHEAST 4908 03:11:23,040 --> 03:11:24,080 BUT STILL FORTUNATELY FOR ME ON 4909 03:11:24,080 --> 03:11:25,640 THE PAY ROLL AT NIH. 4910 03:11:25,640 --> 03:11:29,280 I JUST WANTED TO SAY VERY 4911 03:11:29,280 --> 03:11:31,360 QUICKLY, YOU ALL ARE CELEBRATING 4912 03:11:31,360 --> 03:11:32,760 LESLIE'S WORK SPECIAL SHE IS 4913 03:11:32,760 --> 03:11:34,280 SOMEONE WHO HAS ENORMOUS 4914 03:11:34,280 --> 03:11:37,720 INFLUENCE ON MY OWN CAREER BOTH 4915 03:11:37,720 --> 03:11:39,520 GETTING ME WHEN I FIRST MET HER 4916 03:11:39,520 --> 03:11:41,160 IN THE 19 ACHES AND THE HUMAN 4917 03:11:41,160 --> 03:11:44,600 BRAIN IN SAN ANTONE YOAP TEXAS 4918 03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:48,400 FOLLOWED BY BEING RECRUITED 4919 03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:51,080 PETER DECIDED HE WANTED TO HIRE 4920 03:11:51,080 --> 03:11:53,840 ME LESLIE WAS VERY HELPFUL IN 4921 03:11:53,840 --> 03:11:55,160 CONVINCING ME TO MAKE WHAT WAS A 4922 03:11:55,160 --> 03:11:56,640 VERY BIG MOVE BUT THE BIGGEST 4923 03:11:56,640 --> 03:11:59,440 IMPACT THAT SHE HAD FOR ME WAS 4924 03:11:59,440 --> 03:12:01,840 LIKE SO MANY WORKING ON A 4925 03:12:01,840 --> 03:12:04,120 SCIENTIFIC PROJECT TOGETHER IN 4926 03:12:04,120 --> 03:12:07,800 PERCEPTUAL DECISION MAKING BACK 4927 03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:10,480 IN 2004, 2003 WITH 4928 03:12:10,480 --> 03:12:11,200 [INDISCERNIBLE] WE STARTED OFF 4929 03:12:11,200 --> 03:12:14,960 TRYING TO DO A DIRECT MAPPING OF 4930 03:12:14,960 --> 03:12:17,360 SOME SHOUT, AND RANDOM 4931 03:12:17,360 --> 03:12:19,080 [INDISCERNIBLE] BUT THAT WORK 4932 03:12:19,080 --> 03:12:22,600 HAD SORT OF BECOME A LITTLE TOO 4933 03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:23,880 DETAILED ABOUT SOME TECHNICAL 4934 03:12:23,880 --> 03:12:28,200 ISSUES HAVING TO DO WITH 4935 03:12:28,200 --> 03:12:29,280 RESOLUTION AND COHERENCE OF THE 4936 03:12:29,280 --> 03:12:33,640 SIGNAL AND WE HAD MOVED TO A NEW 4937 03:12:33,640 --> 03:12:34,920 PARADIGM USING PHASES AND HOUSES 4938 03:12:34,920 --> 03:12:37,800 THAT BECAME A SERIES OF PAPERS, 4939 03:12:37,800 --> 03:12:41,720 AND THE STORY THAT I REMEMBER 4940 03:12:41,720 --> 03:12:45,480 MOST VIVIDLY, WAS WORKING WITH 4941 03:12:45,480 --> 03:12:46,760 HER, [INDISCERNIBLE] AND PETER, 4942 03:12:46,760 --> 03:12:49,560 AND LESLIE WOULD HAVE THESE 4943 03:12:49,560 --> 03:12:52,000 WEEKLY MEETINGS WORKING ON THIS 4944 03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:53,320 MANUSCRIPT IN THIS SPRING SO I 4945 03:12:53,320 --> 03:12:57,160 THOUGHT WE HAD JUST REALLY, 4946 03:12:57,160 --> 03:13:00,000 HAVING HER ASK THOSE OVER AND 4947 03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:02,840 OVER AGAIN, CAN WE MAKE THIS 4948 03:13:02,840 --> 03:13:03,280 CLEAR? 4949 03:13:03,280 --> 03:13:04,720 CAN WE SIMPLIFY IT IS WHAT HAVE 4950 03:13:04,720 --> 03:13:05,680 YOU WRITTEN HERE, WHAT YOU THINK 4951 03:13:05,680 --> 03:13:07,200 YOU ARE SEEING AND SHE WOULD 4952 03:13:07,200 --> 03:13:09,680 WRITE IT IN THESE VERY STRONG 4953 03:13:09,680 --> 03:13:11,120 RED LETTERS ON THE MANUSCRIPTS 4954 03:13:11,120 --> 03:13:14,120 WE WOULD BRING TO HER AND AFTER 4955 03:13:14,120 --> 03:13:16,240 WEEKS AND WEEKS OF THIS, WE 4956 03:13:16,240 --> 03:13:17,640 SUBMIT TD THE MANUSCRIPT, THING 4957 03:13:17,640 --> 03:13:20,200 HIS GONE WELL, WE HAD POSITIVE 4958 03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:21,160 FEEDBACK AND I GUESS WE'RE 4959 03:13:21,160 --> 03:13:23,520 GETTING CLOSE TO THE REVISION 4960 03:13:23,520 --> 03:13:32,920 DEADLINE AND WE WERE IN THIS AND 4961 03:13:32,920 --> 03:13:34,080 I STILL REMEMBER WE MUST HAVE 4962 03:13:34,080 --> 03:13:36,000 BEEN IN A HOTEL LOBBY OR BAR, 4963 03:13:36,000 --> 03:13:38,320 AND WE WERE AT THE END OF OUR 4964 03:13:38,320 --> 03:13:40,320 ROPES IN TERMS OF ENERGY AND 4965 03:13:40,320 --> 03:13:42,200 LESLIE WAS STILL ASKING 4966 03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:44,160 WHAT--WHAT SEEMED TO BE THE SAME 4967 03:13:44,160 --> 03:13:45,440 QUESTION OVER AND OVER INSISTING 4968 03:13:45,440 --> 03:13:46,880 WE COULD BRING THIS PAPER TO THE 4969 03:13:46,880 --> 03:13:51,200 NEXT LEVEL AND MAKE IT--MAKE THE 4970 03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:51,960 IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF 4971 03:13:51,960 --> 03:13:54,040 IT AND WE WERE NOT GOING TO BE 4972 03:13:54,040 --> 03:13:59,800 ALLOWED TO GET TO SLEEP BEFORE 4973 03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:00,160 THAT HAPPENED. 4974 03:14:00,160 --> 03:14:01,400 AND SHE BROUGHT US TO THAT POINT 4975 03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:03,560 AND WE SUBMITTED IT WAS IT. 4976 03:14:03,560 --> 03:14:06,320 IT WAS 1 OF THE HIGHLIGHTS OF MY 4977 03:14:06,320 --> 03:14:12,080 RANDOM WALK THROUGH SCIENCE AND 4978 03:14:12,080 --> 03:14:13,320 THE CLARITY AND INTER RETIRED 4979 03:14:13,320 --> 03:14:15,280 EXPE DRIVE SO I WISH I WAS THERE 4980 03:14:15,280 --> 03:14:18,240 TO CELEBRATE HADDER WITH YOU ALL 4981 03:14:18,240 --> 03:14:24,560 BUT THAT'S MY LITTLE STORY. 4982 03:14:24,560 --> 03:14:27,360 OKAY, THANKS. 4983 03:14:27,360 --> 03:14:28,960 >> I WAS VERY INTIMIDATED BUT 4984 03:14:28,960 --> 03:14:30,400 SHE MADE ME FEEL COMFORTABLE AND 4985 03:14:30,400 --> 03:14:33,000 HIRED ME TO JOIN HER LAB AND IT 4986 03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:33,800 WAS TRULY WONDERFUL EXPERIENCE 4987 03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:36,200 TO WORK WITH HER AND I LEARNED 4988 03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:37,600 SO MUCH FROM HER. 4989 03:14:37,600 --> 03:14:40,800 THE DOOR WAS ALWAYS OPEN AND SHE 4990 03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:42,960 WAS VERY SUPPORTIVE BOTH 4991 03:14:42,960 --> 03:14:43,800 PROFESSIONALLY AND PERSONALLY. 4992 03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:45,880 I THINK THE BEST MEMORY I HAVE 4993 03:14:45,880 --> 03:14:49,840 OF A TIME WE SPENT WORKING ON 4994 03:14:49,840 --> 03:14:51,280 PAPERS, AND ESPECIALLY ON THE 4995 03:14:51,280 --> 03:14:52,360 FEEDBACK SHE PRACTICES VIEDED ON 4996 03:14:52,360 --> 03:14:54,480 PAPER COPIES AND I REALIZE I 4997 03:14:54,480 --> 03:14:56,760 STILL DO THAT NOWADAYS AS 1 OF 4998 03:14:56,760 --> 03:14:57,480 HER LEGACY. 4999 03:14:57,480 --> 03:15:00,960 WHAT ALSO COMES TO MY MIND WHEN 5000 03:15:00,960 --> 03:15:05,240 I THINK OF HER OF THE WORDS 5001 03:15:05,240 --> 03:15:07,000 DEMANDING AND RIGOROUS, WHILE 5002 03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:08,120 SOMETIMES CHALERGING, THIS WAS 5003 03:15:08,120 --> 03:15:10,880 KEY TO HELP ME GROW AND GIVE ME 5004 03:15:10,880 --> 03:15:11,360 CONFIDENCE. 5005 03:15:11,360 --> 03:15:13,400 I ALSO LEARNED FROM HER, THE 5006 03:15:13,400 --> 03:15:15,120 TERM SERENDIPITY AS A WAY TO 5007 03:15:15,120 --> 03:15:17,000 ALWAYS STAY OPEN TO WHAT THE 5008 03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:19,880 DATA ARE TELLING US. 5009 03:15:19,880 --> 03:15:21,920 FINALLY AT THE PERSONAL LEVEL, I 5010 03:15:21,920 --> 03:15:24,120 WILL ALWAYS REMEMBER HER SUPPORT 5011 03:15:24,120 --> 03:15:26,320 DURING MY PREGNANCIES WHEN I WAS 5012 03:15:26,320 --> 03:15:26,640 IN HER LAB. 5013 03:15:26,640 --> 03:15:29,960 SHE GAVE ME STRENGTH AND 5014 03:15:29,960 --> 03:15:31,160 CONFIDENCE IN THOSE SPECIAL 5015 03:15:31,160 --> 03:15:32,920 MOMENTS OF LIFE TO FIND THE 5016 03:15:32,920 --> 03:15:34,960 RIGHT BALANCE AS A WOMAN IN 5017 03:15:34,960 --> 03:15:35,560 SCIENCE. 5018 03:15:35,560 --> 03:15:36,840 SHE ALWAYS LISTENED, AND TOOK 5019 03:15:36,840 --> 03:15:40,080 TIME TO ALSO SHARE HER OWN 5020 03:15:40,080 --> 03:15:40,600 EXPERIENCE WITH ME. 5021 03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:42,600 SHE AS A SPECIAL PLACE IN MY 5022 03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:48,640 MEMORY AND I WILL ALWAYS MISS 5023 03:15:48,640 --> 03:15:48,880 HER. 5024 03:15:48,880 --> 03:15:52,080 >> HI, EVERYONE THIS IS 5025 03:15:52,080 --> 03:15:52,880 [INDISCERNIBLE] FROM MIGUEL 5026 03:15:52,880 --> 03:15:55,080 UNIVERSITY IN MONITOR REAL, AM 5027 03:15:55,080 --> 03:15:56,440 REALLY SORRY I COULD NOT BE 5028 03:15:56,440 --> 03:15:58,800 PRESENT WITH YOU DURING THIS 5029 03:15:58,800 --> 03:16:03,720 EVENT IN HONOR OF OUR COLLEAGUE 5030 03:16:03,720 --> 03:16:04,080 LESLIE. 5031 03:16:04,080 --> 03:16:06,000 I HAVE BOOKED A TRIP TO EUROPE 5032 03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:08,680 AND IT WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT 5033 03:16:08,680 --> 03:16:13,640 TO CANCEL AND SO I DECIDED TO DO 5034 03:16:13,640 --> 03:16:14,480 THIS VIDEO INSTEAD, FIRST OF ALL 5035 03:16:14,480 --> 03:16:16,400 I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THAT LESLIE 5036 03:16:16,400 --> 03:16:18,440 PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN MY 5037 03:16:18,440 --> 03:16:21,480 CAREER, NOT ONLY AS A MENTOR BUT 5038 03:16:21,480 --> 03:16:23,440 ALSO AS A FRIEND. 5039 03:16:23,440 --> 03:16:25,280 I MET AND WELCOMER WITH LESLIE 5040 03:16:25,280 --> 03:16:30,080 WHEN I DID MY SEBATICLE YEAR IN 5041 03:16:30,080 --> 03:16:31,920 1995 AND 96 BECAUSE AT THAT TIME 5042 03:16:31,920 --> 03:16:33,520 I WAS INTERESTED IN MODEL 5043 03:16:33,520 --> 03:16:38,480 LEARNING AND SHE HAD ALREADY 5044 03:16:38,480 --> 03:16:39,840 DONE SOME WORK AT A TIME WHEN 5045 03:16:39,840 --> 03:16:44,400 SHE ACCEPTED TO SUPPORT THIS 5046 03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:44,720 WORK. 5047 03:16:44,720 --> 03:16:46,840 SO IT WAS PROBABLY 1 OF THE BEST 5048 03:16:46,840 --> 03:16:49,960 EXPERIENCES IN MY LIFE WORKING 5049 03:16:49,960 --> 03:16:52,920 WITH HER AT NIH, I REMEMBER 5050 03:16:52,920 --> 03:16:56,360 DOING ALL THIS OVER 3 SESSIONS 5051 03:16:56,360 --> 03:16:58,320 OF SCANS WITH SUBJECTS ON THE 5052 03:16:58,320 --> 03:17:00,480 SUNDAY MORNING, SUNDAY AFTERNOON 5053 03:17:00,480 --> 03:17:08,120 AND THEN AUSTHE MONDAY NIGHT AT 5054 03:17:08,120 --> 03:17:12,120 THE 1.9 PIECE CANNON AT THE 5055 03:17:12,120 --> 03:17:14,800 TIME, WE HAD A FEW HICK UPS, 5056 03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:16,680 THESE WERE THE FIRST DAYS OF 5057 03:17:16,680 --> 03:17:19,480 FMRI AND SO WE HAD ACUTE 5058 03:17:19,480 --> 03:17:20,400 PROBLEMS BUT NEVERTHELESS, I 5059 03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:25,400 THINK IT WAS A REAL SUCCESS AND 5060 03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:31,040 THERE WAS SOMETHING THAT HELPED 5061 03:17:31,040 --> 03:17:32,520 ME A LOT IN MY CAREER. 5062 03:17:32,520 --> 03:17:35,760 IT WAS VERY PRODUCTIVE IN FOR A 5063 03:17:35,760 --> 03:17:37,320 PERIOD OF 3 MONTHS THAT I SPENT 5064 03:17:37,320 --> 03:17:40,720 THERE AND QUITE A FEW TRIPS 5065 03:17:40,720 --> 03:17:43,600 AFTERWARDS TO NIH TO CONTINUE 5066 03:17:43,600 --> 03:17:44,440 ANALYSIS BECAUSE THEN THE 5067 03:17:44,440 --> 03:17:46,960 ACTIVITY WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE 5068 03:17:46,960 --> 03:17:48,520 WAS 9 PAPERS TOGETHER, OUT OF 5069 03:17:48,520 --> 03:17:50,280 THE WORK THAT WE DID AND ALSO 5070 03:17:50,280 --> 03:17:56,440 OTHER WORK THAT I HAD INVITED TO 5071 03:17:56,440 --> 03:17:57,560 BE PART OF 1 THING I WILL 5072 03:17:57,560 --> 03:18:01,840 REMEMBER THAT I DO REMEMBER VERY 5073 03:18:01,840 --> 03:18:05,240 WELL IS THE ABILITY, THE 5074 03:18:05,240 --> 03:18:07,200 DISCUSSION AND THE DISCUSSION I 5075 03:18:07,200 --> 03:18:09,560 HAD BUT ALSO SEVERAL DINNERS 5076 03:18:09,560 --> 03:18:12,120 THAT WE HAD TO GET IN BETHESDA, 5077 03:18:12,120 --> 03:18:13,360 IT WAS ALWAYS A PLEASURE SEEING 5078 03:18:13,360 --> 03:18:17,360 HER AND TALK ABOUT THE DIFFERENT 5079 03:18:17,360 --> 03:18:19,480 THINGS IN LIFE. 5080 03:18:19,480 --> 03:18:21,680 I MUST SAY THAT SHE ALSO HELPED 5081 03:18:21,680 --> 03:18:25,160 ME A LOT ALONG THE WAY DO DURING 5082 03:18:25,160 --> 03:18:29,600 MY CAREER AND PHASES OF 5083 03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:30,840 PROPROMOTIONS AT [INDISCERNIBLE] 5084 03:18:30,840 --> 03:18:32,880 UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY OF 5085 03:18:32,880 --> 03:18:42,280 MONTREAL AND AGAIN AT MIG 5086 03:18:42,280 --> 03:18:42,880 DUALALE. 5087 03:18:42,880 --> 03:18:44,840 I REALLY, REALLY MISS HER AND 5088 03:18:44,840 --> 03:18:45,920 WILL BE MISSED BY EVERYONE. 5089 03:18:45,920 --> 03:18:47,440 SO HAVE A GREAT SYMPOSIUM AND 5090 03:18:47,440 --> 03:18:50,800 WISH YOU ALL THE BEST. 5091 03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:53,760 >> HI, MY NAME IS VINCE CLARK. 5092 03:18:53,760 --> 03:18:57,360 I WAS AN EARLY POST DOC IN LBC 5093 03:18:57,360 --> 03:18:59,840 WHEN RESLY TOOK OVER AS LAB 5094 03:18:59,840 --> 03:19:01,160 VECTOR OUR FIRST MEETING ON MY 5095 03:19:01,160 --> 03:19:02,880 FIRST DAY THERE SHE WALKED UP TO 5096 03:19:02,880 --> 03:19:04,000 ME BEFORE SHE SAID ANYTHING ELSE 5097 03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:05,480 SHE TOLD ME TO CUT MY HAIR. 5098 03:19:05,480 --> 03:19:10,960 I HAD A PONY TAIL AND IT WAS 5099 03:19:10,960 --> 03:19:12,680 GOOD ADVICE AND SHE GAVE ME A 5100 03:19:12,680 --> 03:19:19,480 LOT OF GOOD ADVICE OVER MY TIME 5101 03:19:19,480 --> 03:19:19,720 HERE. 5102 03:19:19,720 --> 03:19:21,440 I WAS ALSO INTERESTED IN HER 5103 03:19:21,440 --> 03:19:22,080 INSIGHTS AND APPRECIATED HER 5104 03:19:22,080 --> 03:19:23,840 MANY ABILITIES AND I WILL MISS 5105 03:19:23,840 --> 03:19:25,120 HER ENERGY PASSION FOR KNOWLEDGE 5106 03:19:25,120 --> 03:19:26,560 AND GREAT SCIENCE, HER CONSTANT 5107 03:19:26,560 --> 03:19:30,160 WORK AND THE FACT THAT SHE DID 5108 03:19:30,160 --> 03:19:31,560 THIS FOR MANY YEARS WHEN SHE WAS 5109 03:19:31,560 --> 03:19:32,960 HAVING HEALTH ISSUES THAT WOULD 5110 03:19:32,960 --> 03:19:35,520 HAVE STOPPED MANY PEOPLE, IT 5111 03:19:35,520 --> 03:19:37,200 DIDN'T STOP LESLIE. 5112 03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:38,160 THE CALIBER OF SCIENTIST HER 5113 03:19:38,160 --> 03:19:39,680 SPEAKING HER AT THIS MEETING,A 5114 03:19:39,680 --> 03:19:41,640 TESTS NOT ONLY TO HER GREAT 5115 03:19:41,640 --> 03:19:43,640 INFLUENCE AS A SCIENTIST BUT THE 5116 03:19:43,640 --> 03:19:45,800 RESPECT AND LOVE THAT WE ALL 5117 03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:47,360 HAVE FOR HER AS A PERSON. 5118 03:19:47,360 --> 03:19:50,680 WE WILL MISS HER GREATLY. 5119 03:19:50,680 --> 03:19:52,400 THANK YOU. 5120 03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:53,120 >> SUMMARIZE LESLIE'S IMPACT ON 5121 03:19:53,120 --> 03:19:56,000 ME IN 3 WEB CONNECTED QUESTIONS 5122 03:19:56,000 --> 03:19:58,240 SHE OFTEN ASKED ME WHEN I WENT 5123 03:19:58,240 --> 03:20:02,440 FOR A MEETING, WHAT QUESTION, A 5124 03:20:02,440 --> 03:20:03,800 WHERE QUESTION AND A HOW 5125 03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:04,160 QUESTION. 5126 03:20:04,160 --> 03:20:05,360 FIRST QUESTION AND I'M PRETTY 5127 03:20:05,360 --> 03:20:07,560 SURE MANY OF YOU HAVE HEARD THIS 5128 03:20:07,560 --> 03:20:12,320 FROM HER, WHAT IS YOUR 5129 03:20:12,320 --> 03:20:13,080 HYPOTHESIS? 5130 03:20:13,080 --> 03:20:13,960 SCIENTISTS LAND ON THIS SPECTRUM 5131 03:20:13,960 --> 03:20:16,680 I THINK IN THE WAY THEY PRACTICE 5132 03:20:16,680 --> 03:20:17,360 SCIENCE. 5133 03:20:17,360 --> 03:20:19,480 SOME ARE VERY DATA DRIVEN, AND 5134 03:20:19,480 --> 03:20:23,680 SOME ARE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE, 5135 03:20:23,680 --> 03:20:24,280 VERY, VERY HYPOTHESIS THERE 5136 03:20:24,280 --> 03:20:25,920 DRIVEN AND LESLIE WAS ON THE FAR 5137 03:20:25,920 --> 03:20:28,520 END OF THE HYPOTHESIS DRIVEN 5138 03:20:28,520 --> 03:20:28,720 SIDE. 5139 03:20:28,720 --> 03:20:31,080 I CAME FROM A DATA DRIVEN 5140 03:20:31,080 --> 03:20:32,800 BACKGROUND, IT'S NOT THAT I 5141 03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:34,280 DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT HYPOTHESIS 5142 03:20:34,280 --> 03:20:36,400 TESTING BUT THE FACT THAT THEY 5143 03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:38,760 ASKED THIS QUESTION, KIND OF 5144 03:20:38,760 --> 03:20:41,160 FORCED ME TO MAKE THIS 5145 03:20:41,160 --> 03:20:43,600 HYPOTHESIS EXPLICIT TO HAVE MAIN 5146 03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:44,720 HYPOTHESIS, HAVE ALTERNATIVE 5147 03:20:44,720 --> 03:20:46,040 HYPOTHESIS AND TO THINK ABOUT 5148 03:20:46,040 --> 03:20:47,040 YOUR EXPERIMENT AND YOUR 5149 03:20:47,040 --> 03:20:49,440 PREDICTIONS IN LIGHT OF THOSE 5150 03:20:49,440 --> 03:20:53,000 HYPOTHESIS, AND DOING THIS, 5151 03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:54,960 MAKING THEM EXPLICIT ACTUALLY 5152 03:20:54,960 --> 03:20:57,080 HELPED THE DESIGN, MADE THE 5153 03:20:57,080 --> 03:20:58,320 EXPERIMENT BETTER, MADE MY 5154 03:20:58,320 --> 03:20:59,520 DIRECTION IMPROVE THE DIRECTION 5155 03:20:59,520 --> 03:21:01,520 OF THE EXPERIMENT AND I THINK 5156 03:21:01,520 --> 03:21:03,320 THAT'S BASICALLY 1 OF THE MAIN 5157 03:21:03,320 --> 03:21:05,800 THINGS I LEARNED FROM LESLIE AND 5158 03:21:05,800 --> 03:21:07,440 SHE ACTUALLY KIND OF POUNDED 5159 03:21:07,440 --> 03:21:08,560 THIS IN MEETING AND MADE 5160 03:21:08,560 --> 03:21:10,880 EVERYONE THINK ABOUT IT. 5161 03:21:10,880 --> 03:21:15,240 THE SECOND QUESTION WAS, WHERE 5162 03:21:15,240 --> 03:21:15,920 IS THIS GOING? 5163 03:21:15,920 --> 03:21:18,760 SO BY WHERE OBVIOUSLY SHE MEANS 5164 03:21:18,760 --> 03:21:20,240 POSITION IN SPACE, SHE MEANT THE 5165 03:21:20,240 --> 03:21:22,640 WAY YOUR RESEARCH AND YOUR HOLE 5166 03:21:22,640 --> 03:21:27,960 RESEARCH PROGRAM IS SITUATED IN 5167 03:21:27,960 --> 03:21:34,440 THE GENERAL SCIENTIFIC LANDSCAPE 5168 03:21:34,440 --> 03:21:36,080 SHE MADE YOU THINK ABOUT HOW 5169 03:21:36,080 --> 03:21:37,960 THIS CONNECTS TO ANATOMY, 5170 03:21:37,960 --> 03:21:39,320 PHYSIOLOGY, THE NEXT FINDING, 5171 03:21:39,320 --> 03:21:40,680 HOW IS IT PUSHING THE 5172 03:21:40,680 --> 03:21:43,040 BOUNDARIES, HOW IS IT MOVING THE 5173 03:21:43,040 --> 03:21:43,960 FIELD FORWARD, SHE MADE YOU 5174 03:21:43,960 --> 03:21:44,960 THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS AND I 5175 03:21:44,960 --> 03:21:48,840 THINK THIS IS PARTLY BECAUSE OF 5176 03:21:48,840 --> 03:21:50,360 HER BREDTH IN THE FIELD, SHE HAD 5177 03:21:50,360 --> 03:21:52,040 A WIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE FIELD 5178 03:21:52,040 --> 03:21:56,040 BECAUSE SHE HAD HER FOOT IN 5179 03:21:56,040 --> 03:21:58,440 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AND HUMAN 5180 03:21:58,440 --> 03:22:00,880 FMRI AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY SO SHE 5181 03:22:00,880 --> 03:22:02,160 KIND OF THOUGHT ABOUT EVERY 5182 03:22:02,160 --> 03:22:04,080 EXPERIMENT AS A PIECE OF THE 5183 03:22:04,080 --> 03:22:05,440 PUZZLE AND DIFFERENT PIECES OF 5184 03:22:05,440 --> 03:22:07,720 THE PUZZLE HAD TO FIT TOGETHER 5185 03:22:07,720 --> 03:22:09,120 AND SHE MADE YOU THINK ABOUT 5186 03:22:09,120 --> 03:22:10,120 YOUR PUZZLE PIECE AND HOW IT 5187 03:22:10,120 --> 03:22:11,520 FITS WITH THE REST OF THE 5188 03:22:11,520 --> 03:22:11,920 PUZZLE. 5189 03:22:11,920 --> 03:22:14,680 AND I THINK THAT WAS REALLY 5190 03:22:14,680 --> 03:22:16,280 IMPORTANT FOR ME, ESPECIALLY NOW 5191 03:22:16,280 --> 03:22:22,760 THAT I'M LIKE TRANSITIONING TO A 5192 03:22:22,760 --> 03:22:24,720 MORE INDEPENDENT POSITION. 5193 03:22:24,720 --> 03:22:27,400 THE LAST QUESTION, WHICH SHE 5194 03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:28,440 INVARIABLY ASKED IN EVERY 5195 03:22:28,440 --> 03:22:30,600 MEETING IS HOW ARE YOU DOING, 5196 03:22:30,600 --> 03:22:32,800 HOW IS SO AND SO DOING BASICALLY 5197 03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:34,480 SHE ASKED ME AND MAINLY ABOUT 5198 03:22:34,480 --> 03:22:35,880 THE POST BACKS I WORKED WITH BUT 5199 03:22:35,880 --> 03:22:37,280 SOMETIMES ABOUT OTHER 5200 03:22:37,280 --> 03:22:39,000 COLLABORATORS, ABOUT PEOPLE THAT 5201 03:22:39,000 --> 03:22:40,600 SHE KNEW YOU KNEW ABOUT. 5202 03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:42,320 SHE KIND OF KEPT TABS ON PEOPLE 5203 03:22:42,320 --> 03:22:45,440 AND THE REASON WAS THAT SHE 5204 03:22:45,440 --> 03:22:47,920 REALLY, REALLY CARED ABOUT HER 5205 03:22:47,920 --> 03:22:50,040 MENTEES, HER COLLABORATORS AND 5206 03:22:50,040 --> 03:22:51,320 ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 5207 03:22:51,320 --> 03:22:57,400 AT LARGE, AND SHE WAS OFTEN 5208 03:22:57,400 --> 03:22:59,160 ASKED TO RECOMMEND PEOPLE FOR 5209 03:22:59,160 --> 03:23:01,360 AWARDS AND SHE WAS ABOUT 5210 03:23:01,360 --> 03:23:02,760 THINKING ABOUT THE GENDER 5211 03:23:02,760 --> 03:23:03,840 BALANCE AND PROMOTING PEOPLE 5212 03:23:03,840 --> 03:23:07,280 THAT NEED PROMOTION, AND I 5213 03:23:07,280 --> 03:23:10,680 THINK, SHE KIND OF BY EXAMPLE 5214 03:23:10,680 --> 03:23:14,080 TAUGHT ME THAT YOU CAN BE A 5215 03:23:14,080 --> 03:23:15,360 SCIENTIST AS IMPACTFUL AS LESLIE 5216 03:23:15,360 --> 03:23:17,520 AND STILL CARE ABOUT THE PEOPLE 5217 03:23:17,520 --> 03:23:19,760 AROUND YOU AND STILL CARE ABOUT 5218 03:23:19,760 --> 03:23:22,640 THE COMMUNITY AROUND YOU AND 5219 03:23:22,640 --> 03:23:24,680 SPENT TIME HELPING PEOPLE AND 5220 03:23:24,680 --> 03:23:25,120 PROMOTING PEOPLE. 5221 03:23:25,120 --> 03:23:33,360 I MISS HER A LOT AND AND I WILL 5222 03:23:33,360 --> 03:23:34,640 CARRY EVERYTHING SHE HAS TOUT ME 5223 03:23:34,640 --> 03:23:36,760 WITH MY SHORT TIME WITH HER 5224 03:23:36,760 --> 03:23:37,240 THROUGHOUT MY CAREER. 5225 03:23:37,240 --> 03:23:39,120 >> MY LIFE I HAD THE CHANCE TO 5226 03:23:39,120 --> 03:23:42,480 MEET 1 GIANT, HER NAME WAS 5227 03:23:42,480 --> 03:23:43,440 LESLIE UNG ERLEIDER, I CANNOT 5228 03:23:43,440 --> 03:23:45,320 SAY SHE WAS A MODEL TO ME 5229 03:23:45,320 --> 03:23:46,800 BECAUSE SHE WAS SO FAR ABOVE 5230 03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,680 ANYTHING I COULD DREAM OF ARK 5231 03:23:49,680 --> 03:23:50,240 COMPLISHING. 5232 03:23:50,240 --> 03:23:53,240 YET, SHE WAS AND STILL IS, A 5233 03:23:53,240 --> 03:23:57,080 SOURCE OF INSPIRATION TO ME, SHE 5234 03:23:57,080 --> 03:23:58,960 WAS FAMOUS FOR BUILDING UP 1 OF 5235 03:23:58,960 --> 03:24:00,680 THE MOST IMPORTANT AREAS IN 5236 03:24:00,680 --> 03:24:03,000 NEUROSCIENCE YET SHE WAS NOT 5237 03:24:03,000 --> 03:24:04,280 ATTACHED TO THEORIES EACH AT 5238 03:24:04,280 --> 03:24:06,800 OWN, SHE WAS ATTACHED TO DATA, 5239 03:24:06,800 --> 03:24:07,480 [INDISCERNIBLE] DATA AND HOW 5240 03:24:07,480 --> 03:24:09,640 THEY FIT WITH THE 5241 03:24:09,640 --> 03:24:13,640 [INDISCERNIBLE] ABOUT THE BRAIN 5242 03:24:13,640 --> 03:24:13,880 AND MIND. 5243 03:24:13,880 --> 03:24:15,680 SHE WAS KNOWN FOR A GREAT 5244 03:24:15,680 --> 03:24:18,360 SCRIEWKS TO THE TWEPMENT OF 5245 03:24:18,360 --> 03:24:20,680 NEUROIMAGING, YET SHE WILL NEVER 5246 03:24:20,680 --> 03:24:23,440 GET DISTRACTED BY TOOLS OR 5247 03:24:23,440 --> 03:24:24,240 SOPHISTICATED ANINAL SIS, SHE 5248 03:24:24,240 --> 03:24:27,440 WILL BE ABLE TO GO IN A SECOND, 5249 03:24:27,440 --> 03:24:29,280 BEYOND THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 5250 03:24:29,280 --> 03:24:31,880 DEMONSTRATION TO PINPOINT THE 5251 03:24:31,880 --> 03:24:35,400 REMARKABLE CONTRIBUTION TO OUR 5252 03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:36,640 UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIRN AND 5253 03:24:36,640 --> 03:24:36,840 MIND. 5254 03:24:36,840 --> 03:24:39,840 SHE WAS 1 OF THE TRUE SCIENTISTS 5255 03:24:39,840 --> 03:24:42,840 FOR WHICH SCIENCE IS NEVER A 5256 03:24:42,840 --> 03:24:44,480 QUESTION OF EGO, IT IS JUST 5257 03:24:44,480 --> 03:24:45,960 DOING SCIENCE, THE BEST SCIENCE 5258 03:24:45,960 --> 03:24:47,680 POSSIBLE SPECIAL SHE GAVE ALL 5259 03:24:47,680 --> 03:24:51,920 OUR STRENGTHS TO THIS QUEST. 5260 03:24:51,920 --> 03:24:54,360 YET, LESLIE WAS NOT A 5261 03:24:54,360 --> 03:24:55,720 DISEMBODIED MIND, SHE WAS WARM 5262 03:24:55,720 --> 03:24:56,280 AND HUMAN. 5263 03:24:56,280 --> 03:25:02,800 IT IS NOT SURPRISING SHE BECAME 5264 03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:03,840 PASSIONATED ABOUT EMOTION. 5265 03:25:03,840 --> 03:25:04,760 SOMETIMES I STILL DON'T REALIZE 5266 03:25:04,760 --> 03:25:07,400 THE CHANCE I HAD TO WORK WITH 5267 03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:08,160 THIS GIANT. 5268 03:25:08,160 --> 03:25:11,080 YET MORE OFTEN, I STILL DON'T 5269 03:25:11,080 --> 03:25:13,760 REALIZE THAT HER, LESLIE IS A 5270 03:25:13,760 --> 03:25:15,440 WOMAN WITH A SPARKLE WITH HER 5271 03:25:15,440 --> 03:25:17,880 EYES, A WOMAN SO CLEARLY 5272 03:25:17,880 --> 03:25:18,960 EXPRESSING HERSELF, THE WOMAN 5273 03:25:18,960 --> 03:25:20,640 WITH A 1 LINE DIRECT E-MAILS 5274 03:25:20,640 --> 03:25:22,960 WHICH COULD MAKE ME HAPPY FOR A 5275 03:25:22,960 --> 03:25:25,480 WEEK, THE WOMAN WAS ALWAYS 5276 03:25:25,480 --> 03:25:28,960 AVAILABLE FOR MENTEES AND THE 5277 03:25:28,960 --> 03:25:32,720 WOMAN WHO COULD STOP EVERYTHING 5278 03:25:32,720 --> 03:25:35,320 FOR A [INDISCERNIBLE] IS GONE. 5279 03:25:35,320 --> 03:25:39,800 I SPENT MY TIME BEING 5280 03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:40,560 [INDISCERNIBLE] INTIMIDATED BY 5281 03:25:40,560 --> 03:25:42,040 EVERYONE IN THE SCIENCE WORLD 5282 03:25:42,040 --> 03:25:48,440 YET SHE NEVER MADE ME FEEL 5283 03:25:48,440 --> 03:25:49,200 INTIMIDATED, THAT'S HOW 5284 03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:56,640 WONDERFUL SHE WAS. 5285 03:25:56,640 --> 03:26:00,320 >>THE LONG AWAITED LUNCH 5286 03:26:00,320 --> 03:26:01,720 IS HERE. 5287 03:26:01,720 --> 03:26:03,360 IT'S--FEEL FREE TO FIND PLACES 5288 03:26:03,360 --> 03:26:03,800 TO EAT. 5289 03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:06,560 WE WILL BE BACK HERE A FEW 5290 03:26:06,560 --> 03:26:07,960 MINUTES BEFORE 1:45 SO WE CAN 5291 03:26:07,960 --> 03:26:14,360 GET THE AFTERNOON OFF TO A GOOD 5292 03:26:14,360 --> 03:26:15,400 >>LESLIE'S FAMILY IS ORGANIZING 5293 03:26:15,400 --> 03:26:17,840 A MEMORIAL AT THE GARDEN OF 5294 03:26:17,840 --> 03:26:19,560 REMEMBRANCE TOMORROW MORNING AT 5295 03:26:19,560 --> 03:26:19,760 10:30. 5296 03:26:19,760 --> 03:26:23,400 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN 5297 03:26:23,400 --> 03:26:25,080 ATTENDING, PLEASE JUST CATCH ME 5298 03:26:25,080 --> 03:26:28,080 ANYTIME TODAY AND LET ME KNOW. 5299 03:26:28,080 --> 03:26:30,120 AND THEN THERE'S ALSO A LUNCHEON 5300 03:26:30,120 --> 03:26:31,480 FOLLOWING, IF YOU WANT TO ATTEND 5301 03:26:31,480 --> 03:26:35,520 THAT LET ME KNOW AS WELL. 5302 03:26:35,520 --> 03:26:40,120 5303 03:26:40,120 --> 03:26:42,120 THERE IS A RECEPTION RIGHT AFTER 5304 03:26:42,120 --> 03:26:44,760 WE FINISH THIS AFTERNOON'S 5305 03:26:44,760 --> 03:26:46,480 SESSION, IN THE FAES TERRACE, 5306 03:26:46,480 --> 03:26:49,800 JOIN US THERE FOR SOME HORS 5307 03:26:49,800 --> 03:26:51,320 D'OEUVRES AND A SLIDE SHOW WITH 5308 03:26:51,320 --> 03:26:52,640 PICTURES THAT PEOPLE HAVE 5309 03:26:52,640 --> 03:26:55,040 CONTRIBUTED FROM AROUND THE 5310 03:26:55,040 --> 03:26:56,640 WORLD FOR THIS, SO IT'S -- IT 5311 03:26:56,640 --> 03:27:01,160 WOULD BE FUN TO SEE YOU LOOK AT 5312 03:27:01,160 --> 03:27:05,240 THAT, A WHO'S WHO SLIDE SHOW, 5313 03:27:05,240 --> 03:27:06,680 SOME PICTURES HAVE NO CAPTIONS, 5314 03:27:06,680 --> 03:27:08,280 IF YOU CAN TELL US WHO IS WHO, 5315 03:27:08,280 --> 03:27:09,080 THAT WOULD BE GREAT. 5316 03:27:09,080 --> 03:27:13,320 THERE'S A LOT OF HISTORY IN THE 5317 03:27:13,320 --> 03:27:15,640 PICTURES, SO PLEASE JOIN US FOR 5318 03:27:15,640 --> 03:27:16,080 THAT. 5319 03:27:16,080 --> 03:27:18,160 SO IT'S BEEN REALLY LOVELY 5320 03:27:18,160 --> 03:27:22,160 HEARING FROM EVERYONE ABOUT 5321 03:27:22,160 --> 03:27:25,080 THEIR SCIENCE, AND THEIR MARKS 5322 03:27:25,080 --> 03:27:27,360 AND REMEMBRANCES OF LESLIE. 5323 03:27:27,360 --> 03:27:29,000 IT'S WEIRD GOING LAST BECAUSE 5324 03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:30,320 PRETTY MUCH EVERYBODY HAS BEEN 5325 03:27:30,320 --> 03:27:33,160 SAID AT THIS POINT. 5326 03:27:33,160 --> 03:27:38,400 I FEEL LIKE I WORKED WITH LESLIE 5327 03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:43,640 FOR 18 YEARS, I WAS A STAFF 5328 03:27:43,640 --> 03:27:51,440 SCIENTIST WITH LESLIE FROM 2002 5329 03:27:51,440 --> 03:27:52,080 TO 2020. 5330 03:27:52,080 --> 03:27:53,280 I'M THRILLED TO HAVE THIS 5331 03:27:53,280 --> 03:27:54,600 OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE A FEW 5332 03:27:54,600 --> 03:28:05,120 MEMORIES OF MY TIME WITH HER. 5333 03:29:24,080 --> 03:29:25,920 >> I'M JUST SAY HOW I CAME TO 5334 03:29:25,920 --> 03:29:29,000 THE NIH WHILE HE'S FIXING THAT. 5335 03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:31,840 I SPENT A COUPLE YEARS IN KAREN 5336 03:29:31,840 --> 03:29:34,720 BERMAN'S LAB WHERE I LEARNED 5337 03:29:34,720 --> 03:29:36,360 NEUROIMAGING, NEW TO 5338 03:29:36,360 --> 03:29:39,800 NEUROSCIENCE, IN KAREN'S LAB WE 5339 03:29:39,800 --> 03:29:46,640 WERE DOING SCHIZOPHRENIA, I KNOW 5340 03:29:46,640 --> 03:29:49,840 NOTHING ABOUT THE BRAIN, LET ME 5341 03:29:49,840 --> 03:29:50,920 LEARN BASIC FUNCTION FIRST. 5342 03:29:50,920 --> 03:29:53,240 I TALKED TO JIM HAXBY, I CAME TO 5343 03:29:53,240 --> 03:29:56,280 YOU AND ASKED IF I COULD JOIN 5344 03:29:56,280 --> 03:29:57,280 THE LAB. 5345 03:29:57,280 --> 03:29:58,560 DO SOME NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN 5346 03:29:58,560 --> 03:29:59,680 FUNCTION STUDIES. 5347 03:29:59,680 --> 03:30:01,320 YOU WERE LIKE, YEAH, SURE. 5348 03:30:01,320 --> 03:30:06,480 SO, I SHOW UP ON MY FIRST DAY, 5349 03:30:06,480 --> 03:30:07,760 MARCH, 2002. 5350 03:30:07,760 --> 03:30:10,040 I WALKED INTO JIM'S OFFICE, I 5351 03:30:10,040 --> 03:30:11,560 SAID, SO, JIM, I'M HERE, 5352 03:30:11,560 --> 03:30:13,560 STARTING IN THE LAB TODAY. 5353 03:30:13,560 --> 03:30:15,960 WHAT PROJECT SHALL WE TALK 5354 03:30:15,960 --> 03:30:16,760 ABOUT. 5355 03:30:16,760 --> 03:30:18,720 HE SAYS, OH, ACTUALLY, I'M 5356 03:30:18,720 --> 03:30:19,080 LEAVING. 5357 03:30:19,080 --> 03:30:20,800 I'M GOING TO PRINCETON. 5358 03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:22,640 SO WHY DON'T YOU TALK TO ALEX 5359 03:30:22,640 --> 03:30:25,160 AND LESLIE AND FIGURE SOMETHING 5360 03:30:25,160 --> 03:30:25,320 OUT. 5361 03:30:25,320 --> 03:30:25,920 I DID. 5362 03:30:25,920 --> 03:30:28,360 THEY WERE HAPPY TO HAVE ME. 5363 03:30:28,360 --> 03:30:29,840 THAT'S HOW I STARTED WITH 5364 03:30:29,840 --> 03:30:32,080 LESLIE. 5365 03:30:32,080 --> 03:30:34,720 5366 03:30:34,720 --> 03:30:37,600 I'M GOING TO RUN OUT OF STORIES. 5367 03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:47,800 [LAUGHTER] 5368 03:32:16,680 --> 03:32:21,240 IN THE 18 YEARS WITH LESLIE I 5369 03:32:21,240 --> 03:32:26,920 WENT FROM BEING INTIMIDATED BY 5370 03:32:26,920 --> 03:32:28,360 HER BRILLIANCE, TERRIFIED TO 5371 03:32:28,360 --> 03:32:29,920 PASS HER IN THE HALLWAY. 5372 03:32:29,920 --> 03:32:32,400 I BECAME COMFORTABLE IN HER 5373 03:32:32,400 --> 03:32:35,760 PRESENCE AND COULD WALK IN HER 5374 03:32:35,760 --> 03:32:36,760 OFFICE ANYTIME FOR ANYTHING. 5375 03:32:36,760 --> 03:32:38,720 I REMEMBER A TIME VERY EARLY ON, 5376 03:32:38,720 --> 03:32:48,840 I HAD JUST STARTED IN THE LAB. 5377 03:32:48,840 --> 03:32:52,560 LUIZ AND I HAD BEEN WORKING 5378 03:32:52,560 --> 03:32:52,960 TOGETHER. 5379 03:32:52,960 --> 03:32:54,520 LESLIE SENT AN E-MAIL. 5380 03:32:54,520 --> 03:32:58,560 I DID NOTHING ABOUT IT, I ASSUME 5381 03:32:58,560 --> 03:33:00,120 LUIZ WOULD RESPOND. 5382 03:33:00,120 --> 03:33:02,800 I THINK LUIZ DIDN'T. 5383 03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:05,240 A WEEK LATER LESLIE WALKED, SHE 5384 03:33:05,240 --> 03:33:09,040 STORMED INTO MY OFFICE, SHE CAME 5385 03:33:09,040 --> 03:33:10,600 IN, SHE WALKED UP TO ME, LOOKED 5386 03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:12,640 ME IN THE EYE, POINTED HER 5387 03:33:12,640 --> 03:33:14,520 FINGER STRAIGHT AT ME AND SAID, 5388 03:33:14,520 --> 03:33:14,880 YOU! 5389 03:33:14,880 --> 03:33:18,320 YOU NEED TO COME SEE ME! 5390 03:33:18,320 --> 03:33:23,160 I WAS TERRIFIED, OF COURSE. 5391 03:33:23,160 --> 03:33:24,800 I FINALLY MUSTERED UP THE 5392 03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,000 COURAGE TO ACTUALLY GO SEE HER 5393 03:33:27,000 --> 03:33:28,560 THE NEXT DAY. 5394 03:33:28,560 --> 03:33:29,680 FULLY EXPECTING SHE WAS GOING TO 5395 03:33:29,680 --> 03:33:31,080 BE MAD AT ME. 5396 03:33:31,080 --> 03:33:32,520 SHE WAS QUITE THE OPPOSITE. 5397 03:33:32,520 --> 03:33:35,400 I WENT INTO HER OFFICE. 5398 03:33:35,400 --> 03:33:37,120 SO, HOW IS THE DAY LOOKING? 5399 03:33:37,120 --> 03:33:38,440 SHE WANTED TO TALK ABOUT THE 5400 03:33:38,440 --> 03:33:39,080 RESULTS. 5401 03:33:39,080 --> 03:33:41,480 TO SEE HOW THE STUDY WAS GOING. 5402 03:33:41,480 --> 03:33:45,520 SO WE HAD A GREAT CONVERSATION. 5403 03:33:45,520 --> 03:33:49,280 IT BECAME SO EASY TO TALK TO HER 5404 03:33:49,280 --> 03:33:49,880 AFTER THAT. 5405 03:33:49,880 --> 03:33:53,320 SO, IN THE 18 YEARS I SPENT WITH 5406 03:33:53,320 --> 03:33:56,160 HER, I REALLY -- 18 IS JUST 5407 03:33:56,160 --> 03:33:57,920 ONE-THIRD OF HER LONG CAREER, 5408 03:33:57,920 --> 03:34:00,320 BUT IN THOSE 18 YEARS I GOT TO 5409 03:34:00,320 --> 03:34:05,120 SEE REALLY UP CLOSE HOW SHE DID 5410 03:34:05,120 --> 03:34:07,800 SCIENCE, AND IT WAS JUST -- THE 5411 03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:09,840 SCIENCE WAS ABOUT A LOT OF 5412 03:34:09,840 --> 03:34:10,200 THINGS. 5413 03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,800 SHE HAD LARGE PROGRAM. 5414 03:34:12,800 --> 03:34:15,320 AND I SAW HER THROUGH FIVE BSC 5415 03:34:15,320 --> 03:34:19,080 REVIEWS, MANY PEOPLE HAVE 5416 03:34:19,080 --> 03:34:20,360 MENTIONED THE BSC REVIEWS AS A 5417 03:34:20,360 --> 03:34:21,520 DAUNTING ENDEAVOR. 5418 03:34:21,520 --> 03:34:23,200 I GOT TO SEE REALLY UP CLOSE AND 5419 03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:24,720 PERSONAL HOW SHE THOUGHT ABOUT 5420 03:34:24,720 --> 03:34:28,560 HER RESEARCH AND HOW SHE 5421 03:34:28,560 --> 03:34:30,320 MOTIVATED HER STUDIES. 5422 03:34:30,320 --> 03:34:32,360 SO I REALLY SAW HER, BASICALLY 5423 03:34:32,360 --> 03:34:36,880 WAS ABLE TO WITNESS THE 5424 03:34:36,880 --> 03:34:38,400 GROUNDBREAKING SCIENCE, WHICH 5425 03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:40,240 INCLUDED AS SHOWN HERE, THIS IS 5426 03:34:40,240 --> 03:34:42,680 JUST A NETWORK DIAGRAM OF THE 5427 03:34:42,680 --> 03:34:45,320 KEY WORDS FROM HER PAPERS DURING 5428 03:34:45,320 --> 03:34:50,120 THAT TIME BETWEEN 2002 AND 2020. 5429 03:34:50,120 --> 03:34:53,400 AND IT INVOLVED STUDIES ON THE 5430 03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:55,040 MECHANISM OF VISUAL ATTENTION, 5431 03:34:55,040 --> 03:34:57,240 OBJECT VISION, MORE AND MORE, 5432 03:34:57,240 --> 03:35:01,040 MORE RECENTLY, FACE PROCESSING 5433 03:35:01,040 --> 03:35:01,600 AND FACIAL EXPRESSION 5434 03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:03,680 PROCESSING. 5435 03:35:03,680 --> 03:35:09,720 5436 03:35:09,720 --> 03:35:12,200 SO THIS IS THE MOMENT WHEN I 5437 03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:15,600 KIND OF LEARNED HOW LESLIE DID 5438 03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:15,840 SCIENCE. 5439 03:35:15,840 --> 03:35:19,200 YOU COULD SEE SHE HAD THIS LASER 5440 03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:20,840 FOCUS ON THE MINUTE DETAILS OF 5441 03:35:20,840 --> 03:35:22,400 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, AND IN THE 5442 03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:23,560 NEXT MOMENT SHE HAD THIS 5443 03:35:23,560 --> 03:35:27,000 BIRDSEYE VIEW OF THE BIGGER 5444 03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:30,720 PICTURE. 5445 03:35:30,720 --> 03:35:31,680 EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN. 5446 03:35:31,680 --> 03:35:34,040 IT WAS AMAZING TO BE PART OF 5447 03:35:34,040 --> 03:35:34,280 THAT. 5448 03:35:34,280 --> 03:35:36,680 WHAT AMAZED ME WAS HOW 5449 03:35:36,680 --> 03:35:38,640 EFFORTLESSLY SHE GROUNDED 5450 03:35:38,640 --> 03:35:43,160 QUESTIONS IN NEUROANATOMY, SHE 5451 03:35:43,160 --> 03:35:45,440 SKILLFULLY PUT FINDINGS IN 5452 03:35:45,440 --> 03:35:46,440 PERSPECTIVE WITH EXISTING 5453 03:35:46,440 --> 03:35:49,000 LITERATURE AND BRAVELY TOOK 5454 03:35:49,000 --> 03:35:51,000 CHANCES WITH NEW METHODS. 5455 03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,000 I STARTED A STUDY AFTER LUIZ AND 5456 03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:55,840 I FINISHED THE fMRI STUDY, SHE 5457 03:35:55,840 --> 03:36:00,040 WAS ON BOARD, YEAH, LET'S TRY 5458 03:36:00,040 --> 03:36:00,680 IT. 5459 03:36:00,680 --> 03:36:02,240 OF COURSE HOW CLEARLY SHE 5460 03:36:02,240 --> 03:36:03,080 COMMUNICATED HER SCIENCE. 5461 03:36:03,080 --> 03:36:05,960 THROUGH ALL OF THIS, I OF COURSE 5462 03:36:05,960 --> 03:36:07,520 LEARNED SO, SO, SO MUCH. 5463 03:36:07,520 --> 03:36:09,920 BUT NOT ONLY DID I GET TO SEE 5464 03:36:09,920 --> 03:36:11,400 THE SCIENCE IN ACTION, I GOT TO 5465 03:36:11,400 --> 03:36:13,080 SEE UP CLOSE WHO SHE DID IT WITH 5466 03:36:13,080 --> 03:36:14,800 AND HOW SHE DID IT. 5467 03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:16,760 ALONG WITH WITNESSING ALL THE 5468 03:36:16,760 --> 03:36:18,880 GROUNDBREAKING SCIENCE, I GOT A 5469 03:36:18,880 --> 03:36:20,400 CHANCE TO WATCH HER BREAK GROUND 5470 03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:26,440 FOR A LOT OF THE JUNIOR 5471 03:36:26,440 --> 03:36:27,040 SCIENTISTS. 5472 03:36:27,040 --> 03:36:28,560 AND SHE WOULD CALL ME TO HER 5473 03:36:28,560 --> 03:36:30,720 OFFICE WHEN SHE WAS MEETING WITH 5474 03:36:30,720 --> 03:36:32,040 HER MENTEES FOR THE OFF CHANCE I 5475 03:36:32,040 --> 03:36:34,560 MIGHT BE ABLE TO OFFER SOME 5476 03:36:34,560 --> 03:36:36,520 ADVICE, ON DESIGN OR ANALYSIS, 5477 03:36:36,520 --> 03:36:37,880 AND THIS GAVE ME THAT UNIQUE 5478 03:36:37,880 --> 03:36:40,480 PRIVILEGE TO BE IN THE ROOM 5479 03:36:40,480 --> 03:36:42,600 DURING INTENSE DISCUSSIONS WITH 5480 03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:43,880 HER MENTEES ABOUT DATA. 5481 03:36:43,880 --> 03:36:45,920 AND THERE WERE ALWAYS THE 5482 03:36:45,920 --> 03:36:47,160 GRILLING QUESTIONS OF WHY. 5483 03:36:47,160 --> 03:36:50,440 OH, BUT WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? 5484 03:36:50,440 --> 03:36:52,440 AND REALLY EXASPERATED, THAT 5485 03:36:52,440 --> 03:36:54,200 DOESN'T EVEN MAKE SENSE! 5486 03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:55,600 BUT THERE WAS ALSO A LOT OF 5487 03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:57,680 PATIENCE AND A LOT OF EXCITEMENT 5488 03:36:57,680 --> 03:37:00,080 ABOUT WHAT THE DATA WERE TELLING 5489 03:37:00,080 --> 03:37:00,240 US. 5490 03:37:00,240 --> 03:37:03,920 AND THERE WAS A LOT OF LAUGHTER. 5491 03:37:03,920 --> 03:37:05,240 AND THE MEETINGS ALMOST 5492 03:37:05,240 --> 03:37:07,200 INVARIABLY, NO MATTER HOW THEY 5493 03:37:07,200 --> 03:37:08,840 STARTED, THEY ALMOST ALWAYS 5494 03:37:08,840 --> 03:37:10,160 ENDED UP WITH QUESTIONS ABOUT 5495 03:37:10,160 --> 03:37:11,920 HOW WERE OTHER THINGS IN OUR 5496 03:37:11,920 --> 03:37:12,120 LIVES? 5497 03:37:12,120 --> 03:37:14,760 WHAT ELSE WAS GOING ON? 5498 03:37:14,760 --> 03:37:16,400 SO SHE WAS REALLY TOUGH, AS MANY 5499 03:37:16,400 --> 03:37:17,280 HAVE SAID BEFORE. 5500 03:37:17,280 --> 03:37:20,120 SHE WAS TOUGH ON OUR IDEAS. 5501 03:37:20,120 --> 03:37:23,760 I THINK THIS PUSHED US TO REALLY 5502 03:37:23,760 --> 03:37:25,160 MOTIVATE OUR STUDIES BETTER. 5503 03:37:25,160 --> 03:37:27,880 SHE WAS TOUGH ON OUR DESIGN, 5504 03:37:27,880 --> 03:37:30,400 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, THAT LED US 5505 03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:32,600 TO DEVISE BETTER CONTROLS FOR 5506 03:37:32,600 --> 03:37:32,880 EXPERIMENTS. 5507 03:37:32,880 --> 03:37:35,640 SHE WAS ALSO TOUGH ON HOW WE 5508 03:37:35,640 --> 03:37:37,200 INTERPRETED THE DATA, WHICH LED 5509 03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,680 US TO PUT OUR FINDINGS IN 5510 03:37:40,680 --> 03:37:42,360 PERSPECTIVE WITH WHAT WAS OUT 5511 03:37:42,360 --> 03:37:44,000 THERE, THIS MADE US READ MORE. 5512 03:37:44,000 --> 03:37:46,120 AND OF COURSE SHE WAS SO, SO 5513 03:37:46,120 --> 03:37:47,120 TOUGH ON OUR WRITING. 5514 03:37:47,120 --> 03:37:49,840 WHICH LED US OF COURSE TO 5515 03:37:49,840 --> 03:37:51,480 EXPRESS OURSELVES MORE CLEARLY. 5516 03:37:51,480 --> 03:37:52,840 YES, SHE WAS TOUGH. 5517 03:37:52,840 --> 03:37:55,760 BUT HER TOUGHNESS ONLY LED US TO 5518 03:37:55,760 --> 03:37:57,760 WORK HARDER, DIG DEEPER, FOCUS 5519 03:37:57,760 --> 03:38:01,200 MORE SHARPLY AND OF COURSE THINK 5520 03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:01,600 BROADER. 5521 03:38:01,600 --> 03:38:06,760 BUT THE THING I MOST ADMIRED 5522 03:38:06,760 --> 03:38:09,040 ABOUT LESLIE WAS WHAT YOU SEE IS 5523 03:38:09,040 --> 03:38:10,120 WHAT YOU GET. 5524 03:38:10,120 --> 03:38:12,680 THERE WAS NO SECOND GUESSING. 5525 03:38:12,680 --> 03:38:16,920 SHE LAID IT ALL OUT THERE. 5526 03:38:16,920 --> 03:38:19,640 SHE WAS DIRECT, CLEAR, NEVER 5527 03:38:19,640 --> 03:38:22,080 SUGARCOATED EVERYTHING. 5528 03:38:22,080 --> 03:38:25,560 THIS WAS TRUE WITH COMMENTS ON 5529 03:38:25,560 --> 03:38:28,880 MANUSCRIPT OR YOUR TALK, IN MY 5530 03:38:28,880 --> 03:38:31,560 CASE CRITIQUING YOUR DRIVING 5531 03:38:31,560 --> 03:38:32,200 SKILLS. 5532 03:38:32,200 --> 03:38:32,480 [LAUGHTER] 5533 03:38:32,480 --> 03:38:35,120 TO THIS DAY, WHEN I'M REVERSING 5534 03:38:35,120 --> 03:38:37,520 OUT OF A DRIVEWAY, I USED TO 5535 03:38:37,520 --> 03:38:38,840 DRIVE LESLIE SOMETIMES AND HER 5536 03:38:38,840 --> 03:38:40,680 DRIVEWAY WAS LONG AND NARROW, 5537 03:38:40,680 --> 03:38:43,000 EVERY TIME I PULLED OUT OF THE 5538 03:38:43,000 --> 03:38:45,200 DRIVEWAY SHE WOULD SAY, HUH, SO 5539 03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:47,680 DIFFICULT FOR YOU, ISN'T IT? 5540 03:38:47,680 --> 03:38:48,280 [LAUGHTER] 5541 03:38:48,280 --> 03:38:49,360 I THINK OF HER PRETTY MUCH EVERY 5542 03:38:49,360 --> 03:38:51,240 DAY AS I PULL OUT OF MY 5543 03:38:51,240 --> 03:38:52,000 DRIVEWAY. 5544 03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:54,920 IN HER OWN WAY THOUGH HER ASTUTE 5545 03:38:54,920 --> 03:38:57,480 MENTORSHIP HELPED BREAK GROUND 5546 03:38:57,480 --> 03:38:59,400 FOR MANY SCIENTISTS AROUND THE 5547 03:38:59,400 --> 03:38:59,600 WORLD. 5548 03:38:59,600 --> 03:39:01,120 I FORGOT TO SHOW THIS BEAUTIFUL 5549 03:39:01,120 --> 03:39:02,280 PICTURE OF HER OFFICE. 5550 03:39:02,280 --> 03:39:05,240 I'M SURE YOU ALL HAVE BEEN IN 5551 03:39:05,240 --> 03:39:08,880 THIS ROOM MANY TIMES, SOME OF 5552 03:39:08,880 --> 03:39:09,360 YOU HAVE. 5553 03:39:09,360 --> 03:39:12,400 THAT'S WHERE WE WOULD DO THE 5554 03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:17,080 HUDDLES, WITH THE WHY QUESTIONS. 5555 03:39:17,080 --> 03:39:20,600 SO HERE'S WHAT I'M TALKING 5556 03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:21,880 ABOUT, MOSTLY THIS PROLIFERATION 5557 03:39:21,880 --> 03:39:24,520 OF THE NEXT GEN OF SCIENTISTS 5558 03:39:24,520 --> 03:39:26,400 SHE SUPPORTED, ALL AROUND THE 5559 03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:27,040 WORLD NOW. 5560 03:39:27,040 --> 03:39:29,560 AND I THINK MY ASSOCIATION WITH 5561 03:39:29,560 --> 03:39:32,400 LESLIE HELPED ME BUILD THESE 5562 03:39:32,400 --> 03:39:34,520 DEEP FRIENDSHIPS AND REALLY 5563 03:39:34,520 --> 03:39:35,360 FRUITFUL COLLABORATIONS WITH 5564 03:39:35,360 --> 03:39:37,200 MANY OF YOU IN THIS ROOM. 5565 03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:39,640 FOR THAT I'M REALLY GRATEFUL FOR 5566 03:39:39,640 --> 03:39:44,320 THAT LESLIE BROUGHT ME IN ON 5567 03:39:44,320 --> 03:39:47,320 THAT. 5568 03:39:47,320 --> 03:39:50,840 YEAH, I WILL JUST LEAVE SAYING 5569 03:39:50,840 --> 03:39:52,280 LESLIE IS NO LONGER WITH US BUT 5570 03:39:52,280 --> 03:39:55,360 SHE LIVES IN OUR HEADS. 5571 03:39:55,360 --> 03:39:58,400 MOST PEOPLE SAY IN OUR HEARTS, 5572 03:39:58,400 --> 03:40:00,160 SHE'S THERE TOO BUT SHE'S IN MY 5573 03:40:00,160 --> 03:40:01,800 HEAD TO CHIDE AND GUIDE ME. 5574 03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:05,520 I'M SURE YOU FEEL THE SAME WAY. 5575 03:40:05,520 --> 03:40:11,440 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING. 5576 03:40:11,440 --> 03:40:19,760 [APPLAUSE] 5577 03:40:19,760 --> 03:40:24,400 5578 03:40:24,400 --> 03:40:27,840 >> MARILYN SAID GREAT SLIDE. 5579 03:40:27,840 --> 03:40:30,480 >> OH, THANK YOU. 5580 03:40:30,480 --> 03:40:31,680 5581 03:40:31,680 --> 03:40:32,880 >> ALL RIGHT. 5582 03:40:32,880 --> 03:40:35,400 LET'S KICK OFF THIS AFTERNOON 5583 03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:38,320 WITH NEXT SPEAKER, TANIA 5584 03:40:38,320 --> 03:40:40,760 PASTERNAK, CURRENTLY SCIENTIFIC 5585 03:40:40,760 --> 03:40:43,600 REVIEW OFFICER AT NINDS, AND 5586 03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:44,120 PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF 5587 03:40:44,120 --> 03:40:47,800 NEUROSCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY 5588 03:40:47,800 --> 03:40:48,520 OF ROCHESTER. 5589 03:40:48,520 --> 03:40:50,520 TANII WAS A GOOD FRIEND OF 5590 03:40:50,520 --> 03:40:52,400 LESLIE, THEY ALSO WROTE A REVIEW 5591 03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:59,800 PAPER TOGETHER I BELIEVE ON 5592 03:40:59,800 --> 03:41:01,040 VENTRAL AND DORSAL CORTICAL 5593 03:41:01,040 --> 03:41:01,880 PROCESSING SPEEDS. 5594 03:41:01,880 --> 03:41:03,760 WE'RE EXCITED TO LISTEN TO THE 5595 03:41:03,760 --> 03:41:04,720 TALK ABOUT THE SCIENCE YOU'VE 5596 03:41:04,720 --> 03:41:05,200 DONE. 5597 03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:08,040 THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE. 5598 03:41:08,040 --> 03:41:14,040 5599 03:41:14,040 --> 03:41:24,080 5600 03:41:32,560 --> 03:41:41,680 5601 03:41:41,680 --> 03:41:43,840 >> I'M PROBABLY AS FREAKED OUT 5602 03:41:43,840 --> 03:41:47,960 AS LESLIE WAS BEFORE BSC RIGHT 5603 03:41:47,960 --> 03:41:48,240 NOW. 5604 03:41:48,240 --> 03:41:50,560 I WAS PROBABLY THE LAST PERSON 5605 03:41:50,560 --> 03:41:53,600 ON THE BSC WHO REVIEWED HER WHEN 5606 03:41:53,600 --> 03:41:54,720 SHE WAS PRESENTING. 5607 03:41:54,720 --> 03:41:56,640 I DID NOT GUESS THAT SHE WAS 5608 03:41:56,640 --> 03:41:59,760 THAT NERVOUS. 5609 03:41:59,760 --> 03:42:05,720 IT WAS AS ALWAYS THIS REMARKABLE 5610 03:42:05,720 --> 03:42:06,240 REPRESENTATION, COOL AS 5611 03:42:06,240 --> 03:42:08,480 CUCUMBER. 5612 03:42:08,480 --> 03:42:14,440 5613 03:42:14,440 --> 03:42:16,520 5614 03:42:16,520 --> 03:42:17,720 HOLD ON, LET ME JUST DO 5615 03:42:17,720 --> 03:42:25,800 SOMETHING. 5616 03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:35,840 5617 03:42:56,560 --> 03:42:58,440 I MIGHT JUST SAY A FEW WORDS 5618 03:42:58,440 --> 03:43:09,000 BEFORE I GO AHEAD AND -- I'LL GO 5619 03:43:10,000 --> 03:43:12,680 AHEAD AND TELL YOU THE SCIENCE I 5620 03:43:12,680 --> 03:43:14,720 WAS DOING UNTIL RECENTLY, LIKELY 5621 03:43:14,720 --> 03:43:18,040 THE LAST SCIENTIFIC TALK I'M 5622 03:43:18,040 --> 03:43:18,280 GIVING. 5623 03:43:18,280 --> 03:43:22,320 I'M NOT NERVOUS, I'M HAPPY TO 5624 03:43:22,320 --> 03:43:23,360 SHARE WITH YOU ANYTHING. 5625 03:43:23,360 --> 03:43:25,360 I WISH LESLIE WAS HERE, I WOULD 5626 03:43:25,360 --> 03:43:28,080 LOVE TO HAVE HER FEEDBACK ON THE 5627 03:43:28,080 --> 03:43:32,680 LAST FEW THINGS THAT I'VE BEEN 5628 03:43:32,680 --> 03:43:33,320 DOING. 5629 03:43:33,320 --> 03:43:37,400 SHE'S BEEN MY SOUNDING BOARD 5630 03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:41,240 EVER SINCE I BECAME FRIENDS WITH 5631 03:43:41,240 --> 03:43:42,400 HER, WAS IT 1995? 5632 03:43:42,400 --> 03:43:44,320 I DIDN'T HAVE A MONKEY 5633 03:43:44,320 --> 03:43:45,360 PHYSIOLOGY LAB, I STARTED 5634 03:43:45,360 --> 03:43:46,680 WORKING WITH MONKEYS, BEFORE 5635 03:43:46,680 --> 03:43:50,480 THAT I WAS DOING WORK WITH 5636 03:43:50,480 --> 03:43:50,720 FELINES. 5637 03:43:50,720 --> 03:43:52,480 I DECIDED I REALLY WANTED TO 5638 03:43:52,480 --> 03:43:56,280 LEARN TO DO PHYSIOLOGY SO I 5639 03:43:56,280 --> 03:44:02,960 DECIDED TO SPEND A SABBATICAL. 5640 03:44:02,960 --> 03:44:06,480 IT'S NOT WORKING? 5641 03:44:06,480 --> 03:44:08,880 IT'S WORKING! 5642 03:44:08,880 --> 03:44:14,880 5643 03:44:14,880 --> 03:44:20,680 5644 03:44:20,680 --> 03:44:29,200 IT'S FINE, I THINK. 5645 03:44:29,200 --> 03:44:39,240 5646 03:44:39,680 --> 03:44:43,400 IN 95 I DECIDED I'M GOING TO 5647 03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:47,760 START DOING PHYSIOLOGY, AND WAS 5648 03:44:47,760 --> 03:44:50,160 RECORDING FROM MONKEYS, I WAS 5649 03:44:50,160 --> 03:44:52,440 DOING, CAME TO WORK IN BOB'S 5650 03:44:52,440 --> 03:44:53,680 LAB, BUILDING 49. 5651 03:44:53,680 --> 03:44:56,920 I BECAME FRIENDS WITH LESLIE. 5652 03:44:56,920 --> 03:45:00,760 I'VE LEARNED A LOT FROM BOB, 5653 03:45:00,760 --> 03:45:03,720 REALLY LEARNED A LOT FROM BOB, A 5654 03:45:03,720 --> 03:45:05,760 LOT OF ANATOMY WHICH I NEEDED TO 5655 03:45:05,760 --> 03:45:08,760 LEARN, SPENDING TIME TOGETHER. 5656 03:45:08,760 --> 03:45:10,200 IT WAS REALLY AN IMPORTANT -- 5657 03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:12,200 VERY IMPORTANT PART OF MY CAREER 5658 03:45:12,200 --> 03:45:14,680 ACTUALLY BECAUSE AFTER I WENT 5659 03:45:14,680 --> 03:45:18,200 BACK TO ROCHESTER WHERE I WAS 5660 03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:20,920 FOR MANY YEARS, I TOTALLY 5661 03:45:20,920 --> 03:45:23,560 CHANGED MY LAB AND I STARTED 5662 03:45:23,560 --> 03:45:25,280 DOING DIFFERENT WORK, SOME I 5663 03:45:25,280 --> 03:45:28,880 WILL PRESENT TO YOU TODAY, 5664 03:45:28,880 --> 03:45:30,280 HOPEFULLY BRIEFLY. 5665 03:45:30,280 --> 03:45:33,880 LESLIE WAS ALWAYS IN MY LIFE, 5666 03:45:33,880 --> 03:45:35,240 AND WE TALKED A LOT. 5667 03:45:35,240 --> 03:45:35,920 I CALLED HER. 5668 03:45:35,920 --> 03:45:37,480 I DIDN'T LIKE THE E-MAIL THING, 5669 03:45:37,480 --> 03:45:39,280 I WOULD USUALLY CALL HER, READY 5670 03:45:39,280 --> 03:45:40,600 TO TALK. 5671 03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:41,320 WE'LL TALK. 5672 03:45:41,320 --> 03:45:43,440 SHE'S BEEN THERE FOR ME. 5673 03:45:43,440 --> 03:45:45,320 WE TALKED ABOUT KIDS, ALL THE 5674 03:45:45,320 --> 03:45:47,280 ISSUES WE'VE GONE THROUGH, WE 5675 03:45:47,280 --> 03:45:48,160 TALKED ABOUT LIFE. 5676 03:45:48,160 --> 03:45:50,560 I TALKED TO HER BEFORE DECIDING 5677 03:45:50,560 --> 03:45:56,680 TO MOVE HERE BEFORE CLOSING MY 5678 03:45:56,680 --> 03:45:58,640 LAB. 5679 03:45:58,640 --> 03:46:01,160 ONE OF THE ATTRACTIONS FOR ME 5680 03:46:01,160 --> 03:46:02,320 BESIDES HAVING MY GRANDDAUGHTERS 5681 03:46:02,320 --> 03:46:04,280 HERE IS HAVING HER. 5682 03:46:04,280 --> 03:46:07,160 IT DIDN'T WORK OUT. 5683 03:46:07,160 --> 03:46:08,600 5684 03:46:08,600 --> 03:46:11,240 THAT PART OF ME -- OKAY, I'M 5685 03:46:11,240 --> 03:46:13,800 GOING TO GIVE YOU A FEET FOR 5686 03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:16,040 WHAT SOME OF THE WORK I'VE DONE 5687 03:46:16,040 --> 03:46:18,560 IN THE PAST SOME NUMBER OF YEARS 5688 03:46:18,560 --> 03:46:20,200 OR YEARS OF PAPERS THAT WERE 5689 03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:22,840 PUBLISHED, THE WORK HAS BEEN 5690 03:46:22,840 --> 03:46:27,560 DONE AT UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, 5691 03:46:27,560 --> 03:46:29,520 NOW AT NINDS DEALING WITH BRAIN 5692 03:46:29,520 --> 03:46:30,440 INITIATIVE APPLICATIONS. 5693 03:46:30,440 --> 03:46:33,120 IT'S EXCITING TO STAY IN THE 5694 03:46:33,120 --> 03:46:33,880 FIELD. 5695 03:46:33,880 --> 03:46:34,240 OKAY. 5696 03:46:34,240 --> 03:46:44,640 SO, I'M GOING TO START BY TRYING 5697 03:46:44,640 --> 03:46:48,920 TO EXPLAIN -- IS THIS WORKING? 5698 03:46:48,920 --> 03:46:49,440 YES. 5699 03:46:49,440 --> 03:46:50,560 BY GIVING YOU A FEEL FOR 5700 03:46:50,560 --> 03:46:58,360 SOMETHING THAT MOST OF YOU KNOW 5701 03:46:58,360 --> 03:46:59,760 PRETTY INTUITIVE, MEMORY-GUIDED 5702 03:46:59,760 --> 03:47:00,640 DECISIONS ABOUT SENSORY 5703 03:47:00,640 --> 03:47:00,960 ENVIRONMENT. 5704 03:47:00,960 --> 03:47:03,280 THIS IS WHAT THE GUY IS DOING, 5705 03:47:03,280 --> 03:47:05,040 CROSSING THE STREET, THE STREETS 5706 03:47:05,040 --> 03:47:08,680 OF HANOI WHERE TRAFFIC WAS 5707 03:47:08,680 --> 03:47:09,000 ABSURD. 5708 03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:11,880 BASICALLY WHAT HE HAS TO DO IS 5709 03:47:11,880 --> 03:47:13,160 TO IDENTIFY CURRENT STIMULI, 5710 03:47:13,160 --> 03:47:15,920 DIRECTION, SPEED OF CARS, 5711 03:47:15,920 --> 03:47:17,000 MOTORCYCLES, SO FORTH, MAINTAIN 5712 03:47:17,000 --> 03:47:18,200 PRESENTATION OF THE SIGNALS THAT 5713 03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:21,160 ARE NOT LONGER, NO LONGER 5714 03:47:21,160 --> 03:47:22,240 PRESENT, AND COMPARE CURRENT 5715 03:47:22,240 --> 03:47:25,160 STIMULI TO THOSE HE HAS SEEN 5716 03:47:25,160 --> 03:47:25,760 BEFORE. 5717 03:47:25,760 --> 03:47:28,280 WORKING MEMORY IS ONE OF THE 5718 03:47:28,280 --> 03:47:33,160 COMPONENTS OF WHAT HE HAS TO DO 5719 03:47:33,160 --> 03:47:36,240 SO GIVING THE DEFINITION. 5720 03:47:36,240 --> 03:47:37,040 RETENTION MANIPULATION OF 5721 03:47:37,040 --> 03:47:38,680 INFORMATION NEEDED TO GUIDE 5722 03:47:38,680 --> 03:47:43,280 ONGOING BEHAVIOR. 5723 03:47:43,280 --> 03:47:44,480 WHAT NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLIE 5724 03:47:44,480 --> 03:47:45,880 SUCH BEHAVIOR. 5725 03:47:45,880 --> 03:47:50,400 A BIG QUESTION. 5726 03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:55,200 OF COURSE -- WE'RE USING 5727 03:47:55,200 --> 03:47:55,760 MONKEYS. 5728 03:47:55,760 --> 03:47:57,040 AND THE ENVIRONMENT AT LEAST 5729 03:47:57,040 --> 03:47:59,000 UNTIL QUITE RECENTLY HAS BEEN 5730 03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:03,320 QUITE REDUCED, WE WERE ABLE TO 5731 03:48:03,320 --> 03:48:08,160 USE TO STUDY MONKEY -- TO STUDY 5732 03:48:08,160 --> 03:48:09,440 PRIMATES, AND IT WAS -- THAT 5733 03:48:09,440 --> 03:48:12,800 GIVES A FEEL FOR WHAT ACTUALLY 5734 03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:14,360 HAS BEEN -- HOW MANY OF US HAVE 5735 03:48:14,360 --> 03:48:16,320 BEEN DOING THIS WORK FOR A VERY 5736 03:48:16,320 --> 03:48:17,440 LONG TIME. 5737 03:48:17,440 --> 03:48:19,240 I'M JUST DISCOVERING NOW A LOT 5738 03:48:19,240 --> 03:48:22,360 OF VERY EXCITING BRAIN 5739 03:48:22,360 --> 03:48:23,440 INITIATIVE APPLICATIONS, WE'RE 5740 03:48:23,440 --> 03:48:25,640 ACTUALLY A LOT MORE -- THE 5741 03:48:25,640 --> 03:48:29,760 BEHAVIOR IS IN A MORE 5742 03:48:29,760 --> 03:48:35,120 NATURALISTIC ENVIRONMENT 5743 03:48:35,120 --> 03:48:36,480 BECOMING POSSIBLE, QUITE 5744 03:48:36,480 --> 03:48:38,520 EXCITING. 5745 03:48:38,520 --> 03:48:41,120 THE MONKEY WOULD MAINTAIN ITS 5746 03:48:41,120 --> 03:48:43,000 GAZE, SO I'M JUST GIVING YOU A 5747 03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:46,160 FEEL FOR THE TASK WE'VE BEEN 5748 03:48:46,160 --> 03:48:46,800 USING. 5749 03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:48,560 IT'S MEMORY FOR DIRECTION OF 5750 03:48:48,560 --> 03:48:51,840 MOTION COMPARISON TASK. 5751 03:48:51,840 --> 03:49:00,800 THE MONKEY IS COMPARING TWO 5752 03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:06,720 STIMULI, IT FIXATES, STIMULI 5753 03:49:06,720 --> 03:49:07,120 APPEAR TWICE. 5754 03:49:07,120 --> 03:49:08,040 THERE'S AN S1, S2. 5755 03:49:08,040 --> 03:49:12,520 I USED TO CALL IT, MANY OF US, 5756 03:49:12,520 --> 03:49:13,040 SAMPLE TEST. 5757 03:49:13,040 --> 03:49:14,960 I'M REFERRING IN MY WORK, 5758 03:49:14,960 --> 03:49:18,640 REFERRING TO THE STIMULI AS S1 5759 03:49:18,640 --> 03:49:20,640 AND S2. 5760 03:49:20,640 --> 03:49:24,120 THERE'S A POST-S2 PERIOD AND THE 5761 03:49:24,120 --> 03:49:26,200 MONKEY WOULD HAVE TO REPORT TWO 5762 03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:28,080 STIMULI, THE CURRENT ONE AND 5763 03:49:28,080 --> 03:49:37,400 PREVIOUS ONE MOVED IN DIFFERENT 5764 03:49:37,400 --> 03:49:38,480 DIRECTIONS WITH A BUTTON PUSH. 5765 03:49:38,480 --> 03:49:42,800 THE OTHER SET OF TRIALS, TWO 5766 03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:45,120 STIMULI WOULD MOVE IN THE SAME 5767 03:49:45,120 --> 03:49:47,320 DIRECTION AND HERE THE ANIMAL 5768 03:49:47,320 --> 03:49:53,120 WILL HAVE TO REPORT IT BY 5769 03:49:53,120 --> 03:49:55,360 LOOKING -- MAKING TO THE RIGHT 5770 03:49:55,360 --> 03:49:58,640 OR PRESSING THE BUTTON. 5771 03:49:58,640 --> 03:49:59,360 IT'S A MULTI-COMPONENT TASK, A 5772 03:49:59,360 --> 03:50:01,680 LOT OF THINGS HAPPENING IN IT. 5773 03:50:01,680 --> 03:50:04,440 AGAIN, MOST OF YOU, MANY OF YOU 5774 03:50:04,440 --> 03:50:05,760 AT NIMH, ARE FAMILIAR WITH THIS 5775 03:50:05,760 --> 03:50:06,520 KIND OF TASK. 5776 03:50:06,520 --> 03:50:09,000 I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU THROUGH IT 5777 03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:13,120 BECAUSE IT GUIDED THE WAY I'VE 5778 03:50:13,120 --> 03:50:14,160 BEEN ANALYZING THE DATA. 5779 03:50:14,160 --> 03:50:16,480 SO HERE IS A SET OF COMPONENTS 5780 03:50:16,480 --> 03:50:17,440 OF THE TRIAL. 5781 03:50:17,440 --> 03:50:21,120 I'M JUST GOING TO SHOW YOU, 5782 03:50:21,120 --> 03:50:22,520 AGAIN, SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 5783 03:50:22,520 --> 03:50:24,480 FORMAT. 5784 03:50:24,480 --> 03:50:27,320 HERE IS ONE TRIAL, SECOND 5785 03:50:27,320 --> 03:50:28,360 STIMULUS MOVING DIFFERENT 5786 03:50:28,360 --> 03:50:36,920 DIRECTIONS, OR MOVING THE SAME 5787 03:50:36,920 --> 03:50:37,960 DIRECTION. 5788 03:50:37,960 --> 03:50:39,840 THE TIMING IS HIGHLY 5789 03:50:39,840 --> 03:50:40,760 PREDICTABLE, NOTHING IS 5790 03:50:40,760 --> 03:50:44,560 RANDOMIZED BECAUSE I'M A CONTROL 5791 03:50:44,560 --> 03:50:46,880 FREAK, I LIKE TO KNOW WHAT THE 5792 03:50:46,880 --> 03:50:49,600 ANIMAL WILL ANTICIPATE. 5793 03:50:49,600 --> 03:50:51,600 THE FIRST -- CAN YOU SEE THIS? 5794 03:50:51,600 --> 03:50:52,240 YEAH, GOOD. 5795 03:50:52,240 --> 03:50:55,840 THE FIRST THING WHICH COMES ON, 5796 03:50:55,840 --> 03:50:56,840 ANIMAL PREPARES FOR IT. 5797 03:50:56,840 --> 03:50:59,480 THERE'S SOME PERIOD OF TIME, 5798 03:50:59,480 --> 03:51:04,080 IDENTIFY THE DIRECTION OF 5799 03:51:04,080 --> 03:51:04,920 MOTION, REMEMBER, RETAIN 5800 03:51:04,920 --> 03:51:07,320 INFORMATION, PREPARE FOR SECOND 5801 03:51:07,320 --> 03:51:08,800 STIMULUS, IDENTIFY THE 5802 03:51:08,800 --> 03:51:12,280 DIRECTION, COMPARE AND DECIDE. 5803 03:51:12,280 --> 03:51:14,160 AND SO THERE'S A VERY LARGE 5804 03:51:14,160 --> 03:51:15,440 NUMBER OF COMPONENTS ACTUALLY 5805 03:51:15,440 --> 03:51:18,080 THAT WE HAVE TO MAKE SENSE OUT 5806 03:51:18,080 --> 03:51:19,720 OF WHEN WE RECORD FROM NEURONS 5807 03:51:19,720 --> 03:51:21,160 DURING THIS KIND OF TASK. 5808 03:51:21,160 --> 03:51:23,560 YOU CAN SEE I KEEP REMINDING 5809 03:51:23,560 --> 03:51:25,400 YOU, I HAVE THIS CUTE MONKEY 5810 03:51:25,400 --> 03:51:28,840 HERE WHO ACTUALLY HAS A BIG 5811 03:51:28,840 --> 03:51:30,800 QUESTION, ARE THE TWO STIMULI 5812 03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:32,320 THE SAME OR DIFFERENT? 5813 03:51:32,320 --> 03:51:32,520 OKAY. 5814 03:51:32,520 --> 03:51:36,480 AND THERE'S A REWARD WHEN IT'S 5815 03:51:36,480 --> 03:51:37,120 CORRECT. 5816 03:51:37,120 --> 03:51:39,520 OF COURSE, I'M SHOWING IT. 5817 03:51:39,520 --> 03:51:44,120 IT'S ALMOST LEGIT ON MY PART 5818 03:51:44,120 --> 03:51:45,760 BECAUSE FIRST OF ALL I WANTED TO 5819 03:51:45,760 --> 03:51:48,120 TELL YOU I DO HAVE A PAPER WITH 5820 03:51:48,120 --> 03:51:49,760 LESLIE, IT WAS FANTASTIC WHEN 5821 03:51:49,760 --> 03:51:51,960 SHE APPROACHED ME, ASKED ME IF I 5822 03:51:51,960 --> 03:51:55,120 WANTED TO JOIN HER IN WRITING A 5823 03:51:55,120 --> 03:51:57,000 REVIEW FOR VISUAL KNEW SCIENCE, 5824 03:51:57,000 --> 03:52:01,600 WE HAD AN UPDATE FOR THE BOOK 5825 03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,200 THAT WAS PUT TOGETHER, I WAS 5826 03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:04,440 THRILLED. 5827 03:52:04,440 --> 03:52:11,320 SHE TOOK CARE OF THE VENTRAL 5828 03:52:11,320 --> 03:52:12,640 STREAM, I TOOK CARE OF THE 5829 03:52:12,640 --> 03:52:13,520 DORSAL STREAM. 5830 03:52:13,520 --> 03:52:18,000 IT MAKES ME PART OF THE FAMILY. 5831 03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:22,360 WHEN YOU TRIED TO FIGURE OUT HOW 5832 03:52:22,360 --> 03:52:27,080 THE BRAIN SOLVES THE RATHER 5833 03:52:27,080 --> 03:52:28,800 COMPLEX PROBLEM, SO NATURALLY, 5834 03:52:28,800 --> 03:52:31,880 I'M JUST GOING TO POINT TO TWO 5835 03:52:31,880 --> 03:52:32,120 REGIONS. 5836 03:52:32,120 --> 03:52:34,920 BUT IN FACT, I'M A VISION 5837 03:52:34,920 --> 03:52:39,120 SCIENTIST, AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT 5838 03:52:39,120 --> 03:52:40,880 THIS BRAIN, WHEN I WAS DOING ALL 5839 03:52:40,880 --> 03:52:42,840 OF THE VISION WORK I WAS DOING, 5840 03:52:42,840 --> 03:52:52,120 I REALLY DIDN'T CARE ABOUT THIS 5841 03:52:52,120 --> 03:52:54,160 PART. 5842 03:52:54,160 --> 03:52:54,960 WE THOUGHT ABOUT MOTION 5843 03:52:54,960 --> 03:52:55,960 PERCEPTION, COLOR VISION, BUT 5844 03:52:55,960 --> 03:52:56,920 EVERYTHING ENDED HERE. 5845 03:52:56,920 --> 03:53:00,320 I KNEW ABOUT THE TWO STREAMS BUT 5846 03:53:00,320 --> 03:53:02,160 SOMEHOW THIS PART WAS INVASIVE. 5847 03:53:02,160 --> 03:53:03,600 IT DIDN'T MAKE ANY SENSE TO ME 5848 03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:06,840 AT THE TIME. 5849 03:53:06,840 --> 03:53:07,640 I IGNORED IT. 5850 03:53:07,640 --> 03:53:09,400 WELL, BUT THINGS HAVE CHANGED 5851 03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:10,520 SINCE THEN. 5852 03:53:10,520 --> 03:53:13,880 ACTUALLY THE CENTER FOR 5853 03:53:13,880 --> 03:53:14,880 NEUROSCIENCE WHERE I WAS 5854 03:53:14,880 --> 03:53:17,080 RECOGNIZED THERE IS THE REST OF 5855 03:53:17,080 --> 03:53:18,600 THE BRAIN, VISUAL SYSTEM LIVES 5856 03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:20,360 IN THE BRAIN, IT REALLY 5857 03:53:20,360 --> 03:53:21,120 WASN'T -- DIDN'T SEEM TO BE 5858 03:53:21,120 --> 03:53:23,520 EARLY ON WHEN I FIRST STARTED 5859 03:53:23,520 --> 03:53:25,080 WORKING THERE. 5860 03:53:25,080 --> 03:53:27,800 ANYWAY, SO I'M TOTALLY REDUCING 5861 03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:32,320 THIS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX SYSTEM 5862 03:53:32,320 --> 03:53:33,720 TO JUST TWO COMPONENTS. 5863 03:53:33,720 --> 03:53:41,040 WHAT I DO WANT TO UNDERSTAND? 5864 03:53:41,040 --> 03:53:42,160 WORKING MEMORY, ATTENTION, 5865 03:53:42,160 --> 03:53:44,520 DECISION MEMORY, ALL PART OF THE 5866 03:53:44,520 --> 03:53:45,040 TASK. 5867 03:53:45,040 --> 03:53:49,000 AND OF COURSE SINCE WE'RE 5868 03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:50,320 DEALING SPECIFICALLY WITH 5869 03:53:50,320 --> 03:53:52,080 MOTION, THANK GOD WE HAD A 5870 03:53:52,080 --> 03:53:54,480 REALLY NICE TALK EARLIER TODAY 5871 03:53:54,480 --> 03:53:56,520 ABOUT MT, WE HEARD QUITE A BIT 5872 03:53:56,520 --> 03:53:57,880 FROM TOM. 5873 03:53:57,880 --> 03:54:01,840 THAT WAS REALLY A NICE SETUP FOR 5874 03:54:01,840 --> 03:54:02,360 ME ACTUALLY. 5875 03:54:02,360 --> 03:54:05,880 ANYWAY, THIS IS TWO AREAS I 5876 03:54:05,880 --> 03:54:09,720 STARTED THINKING ABOUT. 5877 03:54:09,720 --> 03:54:16,720 AND SO WHAT ABOUT PREFRONTAL 5878 03:54:16,720 --> 03:54:17,360 CORTEX? 5879 03:54:17,360 --> 03:54:19,000 MANY COMPONENTS ARE COGNITIVE, 5880 03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:22,400 SEEM TO MAKE SENSE, WHAT IS 5881 03:54:22,400 --> 03:54:23,280 PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WHAT IS IT 5882 03:54:23,280 --> 03:54:26,320 GOING TO DO WITH THIS TASK? 5883 03:54:26,320 --> 03:54:27,680 MY EXPECTATION WAS NOTHING. 5884 03:54:27,680 --> 03:54:30,920 I THOUGHT MT TAKES CARE OF 5885 03:54:30,920 --> 03:54:31,160 MOTION. 5886 03:54:31,160 --> 03:54:33,160 PHT DOESN'T NEED TO DO ANYTHING. 5887 03:54:33,160 --> 03:54:35,160 IT WILL EVENTUALLY DO SOMETHING 5888 03:54:35,160 --> 03:54:37,880 CLEVER WITH IT. 5889 03:54:37,880 --> 03:54:41,800 THIS IS WHAT -- THAT WAS MY 5890 03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:43,120 STARTING POINT. 5891 03:54:43,120 --> 03:54:45,400 TAKEHOME MESSAGE HERE, THE 5892 03:54:45,400 --> 03:54:46,280 LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX 5893 03:54:46,280 --> 03:54:50,040 CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT VISUAL 5894 03:54:50,040 --> 03:54:52,720 MOTION BUT UTILIZATION TASK 5895 03:54:52,720 --> 03:54:55,600 REQUIRES INTERACTION WITH MOTION 5896 03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:57,240 PROCESSING NEURONS IN AREA MT 5897 03:54:57,240 --> 03:54:59,320 WHICH PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION 5898 03:54:59,320 --> 03:54:59,720 PRESUMABLY. 5899 03:54:59,720 --> 03:55:02,080 ALL RIGHT. 5900 03:55:02,080 --> 03:55:05,480 I'M NOW GOING TO SHOW WHAT YOU 5901 03:55:05,480 --> 03:55:08,400 MT DOES DURING THIS TASK, REALLY 5902 03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:08,880 QUICKLY. 5903 03:55:08,880 --> 03:55:17,960 SO, THIS IS OUR TASK, ALL THE 5904 03:55:17,960 --> 03:55:21,640 COMPONENTS, S1, S2, DELAY, 5905 03:55:21,640 --> 03:55:22,520 POST-S2. 5906 03:55:22,520 --> 03:55:24,840 THIS WAS MT NEURON, GREAT 5907 03:55:24,840 --> 03:55:26,120 LOOKING MINE MANY OTHER MT 5908 03:55:26,120 --> 03:55:26,680 NEURONS. 5909 03:55:26,680 --> 03:55:29,400 YOU CAN SEE THIS PARTICULAR 5910 03:55:29,400 --> 03:55:32,920 NEURON LIKES LEFT WARD MOTION IN 5911 03:55:32,920 --> 03:55:34,440 THIS PARTICULAR CASE, DOESN'T 5912 03:55:34,440 --> 03:55:36,320 LIKE RIGHTWARD MOTION. 5913 03:55:36,320 --> 03:55:38,720 SO IT'S QUITE DIRECTION 5914 03:55:38,720 --> 03:55:39,080 SELECTIVE. 5915 03:55:39,080 --> 03:55:40,600 ANOTHER COOL THING ABOUT THIS, 5916 03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,560 CAN YOU SEE THIS? 5917 03:55:43,560 --> 03:55:45,600 THIS IS ANTICIPATORY BECAUSE THE 5918 03:55:45,600 --> 03:55:49,920 DELAY IS VERY, VERY HIGHLY 5919 03:55:49,920 --> 03:55:52,960 PREDICTABLE, AND SO THIS IS MT, 5920 03:55:52,960 --> 03:55:57,320 SUPPOSED TO BE DUMB, NOT KNOWING 5921 03:55:57,320 --> 03:55:59,000 ANYTHING, BUT IT HAS SIGNALS 5922 03:55:59,000 --> 03:56:00,240 THAT TELL US ABOUT PREPARATION 5923 03:56:00,240 --> 03:56:01,520 FOR THE NEXT PART OF THE TRIAL. 5924 03:56:01,520 --> 03:56:03,680 YOU CAN SEE ALSO IT GOES UP 5925 03:56:03,680 --> 03:56:05,240 AGAIN EVEN BEFORE THE REWARD. 5926 03:56:05,240 --> 03:56:11,480 THE REWARD HAS NOT HAPPENED YET. 5927 03:56:11,480 --> 03:56:13,160 I'M SUMMARIZE HERE, ANTICIPATORY 5928 03:56:13,160 --> 03:56:18,800 ACTIVITY PRIOR TO EVENTS. 5929 03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:19,400 STIMULUS-SPECIFIC TRANSIENT 5930 03:56:19,400 --> 03:56:26,560 SIGNALS, WHICH I'M NOT GOING TO 5931 03:56:26,560 --> 03:56:28,640 COVER IT. 5932 03:56:28,640 --> 03:56:30,960 AND RESPONSES DURING COMPARISON 5933 03:56:30,960 --> 03:56:32,040 S1, COMPARING CURRENT TO 5934 03:56:32,040 --> 03:56:33,640 PREVIOUS, AN INTERESTING ONE, 5935 03:56:33,640 --> 03:56:38,040 HARDLY ANYBODY STUDIES IT. 5936 03:56:38,040 --> 03:56:39,880 I'M SORRY THAT -- I'M HOPING 5937 03:56:39,880 --> 03:56:41,960 SOMEBODY WILL PICK UP ON IT AND 5938 03:56:41,960 --> 03:56:43,720 WILL WORK ON IT SOON BECAUSE I 5939 03:56:43,720 --> 03:56:51,560 WON'T BE DOING IT. 5940 03:56:51,560 --> 03:56:51,880 OKAY. 5941 03:56:51,880 --> 03:56:53,600 SO THIS IS MT. 5942 03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:58,480 NOW WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT PFC. 5943 03:56:58,480 --> 03:57:01,880 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THAT DURING 5944 03:57:01,880 --> 03:57:03,720 THIS ONE, THERE IS ONE 5945 03:57:03,720 --> 03:57:06,040 DIRECTION, MORE PREFERRED THAN 5946 03:57:06,040 --> 03:57:08,080 THE OPPOSITE ONE. 5947 03:57:08,080 --> 03:57:10,840 ANTICIPATORY SIGNAL IS WHAT I 5948 03:57:10,840 --> 03:57:12,480 CALL IT, GOOD EVIDENCE, ANOTHER 5949 03:57:12,480 --> 03:57:16,840 PAPER WE KNOW IT'S ANTICIPATORY, 5950 03:57:16,840 --> 03:57:17,160 MODULATION. 5951 03:57:17,160 --> 03:57:19,520 AND YOU CAN SEE DURING S2 WE 5952 03:57:19,520 --> 03:57:22,800 HAVE THE SAME DIRECTIONAL 5953 03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:24,520 SELECTIVITY, SAME RESPONSE. 5954 03:57:24,520 --> 03:57:25,320 I'M SUMMARIZING SAME THING I 5955 03:57:25,320 --> 03:57:28,000 SAID ABOUT THE OTHER ONE. 5956 03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:32,400 NOW WE HAVE MT HAS DIRECTION 5957 03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:34,920 SELECT RESPONSE. 5958 03:57:34,920 --> 03:57:37,760 IT SHOWS SEVERAL FEATURES THAT 5959 03:57:37,760 --> 03:57:40,280 REFLECT THE TASK DEMANDS, RIGHT? 5960 03:57:40,280 --> 03:57:43,760 AND IT SHOWS -- I'M SAYING THE 5961 03:57:43,760 --> 03:57:48,040 SAME THING ABOUT PREFRONTAL 5962 03:57:48,040 --> 03:57:49,360 CORTEX. 5963 03:57:49,360 --> 03:57:50,720 AND RESPONSE IS COMPARISON S2, 5964 03:57:50,720 --> 03:57:53,400 AT THE TIME OF THE DECISION. 5965 03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:53,760 OKAY. 5966 03:57:53,760 --> 03:57:59,440 SO NOW I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU A 5967 03:57:59,440 --> 03:58:08,280 CLOSE-UP, WHAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX 5968 03:58:08,280 --> 03:58:11,680 DOES WHEN VISUAL. 5969 03:58:11,680 --> 03:58:16,560 YOU SAW THIS FROM TOM WAS 5970 03:58:16,560 --> 03:58:19,320 SHOWING IT EARLIER TODAY. 5971 03:58:19,320 --> 03:58:21,200 AN EXAMPLE MT NEURON, THIS 5972 03:58:21,200 --> 03:58:22,080 PARTICULAR NEURON LIKES MOTION 5973 03:58:22,080 --> 03:58:26,920 DOWN TO THE LEFT AND DOESN'T 5974 03:58:26,920 --> 03:58:27,560 LIKE -- NON-PREFERRED DIRECTION 5975 03:58:27,560 --> 03:58:29,760 IS UP TO THE RIGHT. 5976 03:58:29,760 --> 03:58:33,200 THAT SHOWS THE TUNING FUNCTION, 5977 03:58:33,200 --> 03:58:35,120 PRETTY STANDARD FOR MT. 5978 03:58:35,120 --> 03:58:36,640 FIRING RATES ARE VERY HIGH. 5979 03:58:36,640 --> 03:58:38,520 YOU CAN SEE IT HERE BUT WON'T 5980 03:58:38,520 --> 03:58:39,720 SEE IT THERE. 5981 03:58:39,720 --> 03:58:43,520 NOW I'M GOING TO SHOW, I'M GOING 5982 03:58:43,520 --> 03:58:46,040 TO RECORD FROM PREFRONTAL DURING 5983 03:58:46,040 --> 03:58:47,720 THE SAME TASK. 5984 03:58:47,720 --> 03:58:49,680 THIS IS COOL, RIGHT? 5985 03:58:49,680 --> 03:58:51,200 THIS BEAUTIFUL RESPONSE IS A 5986 03:58:51,200 --> 03:58:52,640 NICE EXAMPLE, NOT THE ONLY ONE, 5987 03:58:52,640 --> 03:58:58,120 NOT THE ONE I FOUND THAT LOOKS 5988 03:58:58,120 --> 03:58:59,760 BEST. 5989 03:58:59,760 --> 03:59:00,840 IT'S PRETTY TYPICAL. 5990 03:59:00,840 --> 03:59:08,200 40 SPIKES PER SECOND BUT A 5991 03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:09,040 BEAUTIFULLY TUNED FUNCTION FOR 5992 03:59:09,040 --> 03:59:09,760 DIRECTION. 5993 03:59:09,760 --> 03:59:11,320 THIS IS THE POPULATION, IT'S NOT 5994 03:59:11,320 --> 03:59:12,880 JUST ONE NEURON. 5995 03:59:12,880 --> 03:59:13,480 YOU HAVE DIRECTION SELECTIVITY 5996 03:59:13,480 --> 03:59:19,080 OF THE KIND THAT YOU WOULD 5997 03:59:19,080 --> 03:59:20,240 EXPECT FROM SENSORY CORTEX, LOOK 5998 03:59:20,240 --> 03:59:24,480 AT THIS FUNCTION AND YOU WILL 5999 03:59:24,480 --> 03:59:27,440 SEE THAT PREFRONTAL NEURONS ARE 6000 03:59:27,440 --> 03:59:28,640 LESS SELECTIVE BUT NOT THAT 6001 03:59:28,640 --> 03:59:31,120 MUCH, RIGHT? 6002 03:59:31,120 --> 03:59:33,880 JUST TO GIVE YOU ANOTHER 6003 03:59:33,880 --> 03:59:35,320 COMPARISON, TIMING IS IMPORTANT, 6004 03:59:35,320 --> 03:59:38,360 YOU CAN SEE MT LATENCY AT 40 6005 03:59:38,360 --> 03:59:40,680 MILLISECONDS, VERY QUICK. 6006 03:59:40,680 --> 03:59:46,440 THIS SHOWS YOU, AGAIN, 6007 03:59:46,440 --> 03:59:48,240 POPULATION PREFERRED DIRECTION 6008 03:59:48,240 --> 03:59:49,200 ANTI-PREFERRED DIRECTION. 6009 03:59:49,200 --> 03:59:51,720 SOMETHING NEEDS TO BE DIFFERENT 6010 03:59:51,720 --> 03:59:54,960 BUT IT'S QUITE RESPECTABLE 6011 03:59:54,960 --> 03:59:55,440 SELECTIVITY. 6012 03:59:55,440 --> 04:00:00,360 AT LEAST IN THE WAY WE DID THE 6013 04:00:00,360 --> 04:00:02,360 WORK, WE FOUND SMALLER 6014 04:00:02,360 --> 04:00:05,080 PROPORTION, MT OVER 90% OF 6015 04:00:05,080 --> 04:00:07,600 NEURONS DURING THIS TASK, IN 6016 04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:10,120 PREFRONTAL CORTEX LESS COMMON, 6017 04:00:10,120 --> 04:00:10,760 MAYBE 30%. 6018 04:00:10,760 --> 04:00:12,120 AGAIN, DEPENDS ON HOW YOU 6019 04:00:12,120 --> 04:00:15,160 ACTUALLY DO THE EXPERIMENT. 6020 04:00:15,160 --> 04:00:17,000 WE ACTUALLY DID SPEND LESS -- 6021 04:00:17,000 --> 04:00:20,720 SOME NUMBER OF YEARS, WE WERE 6022 04:00:20,720 --> 04:00:21,440 USING MULTI-ELECTRODE SYSTEMS, 6023 04:00:21,440 --> 04:00:22,640 WE COULD COLLECT MORE THAN JUST 6024 04:00:22,640 --> 04:00:24,640 ONE NEURON AT THE TIME. 6025 04:00:24,640 --> 04:00:25,840 STILL, IT'S NOT WHAT WE'LL BE 6026 04:00:25,840 --> 04:00:26,520 ABLE TO DO. 6027 04:00:26,520 --> 04:00:30,160 THE FIELD IS GOING TO BE ABLE TO 6028 04:00:30,160 --> 04:00:32,880 DO YOU NOW, HOPEFULLY. 6029 04:00:32,880 --> 04:00:35,520 NOW WE HAVE THIS PRESENTATION OF 6030 04:00:35,520 --> 04:00:37,280 MOTION DIRECTION, VERY SIMILAR 6031 04:00:37,280 --> 04:00:39,240 IN BOTH AREAS. 6032 04:00:39,240 --> 04:00:40,000 IS IT SURPRISING? 6033 04:00:40,000 --> 04:00:40,960 NOT SO MUCH. 6034 04:00:40,960 --> 04:00:43,800 IN SOME WAYS YOU HAVE THIS 6035 04:00:43,800 --> 04:00:45,120 RECIPROCAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN 6036 04:00:45,120 --> 04:00:47,760 THE TWO. 6037 04:00:47,760 --> 04:00:49,960 I'M SIMPLIFYING IT BECAUSE THIS 6038 04:00:49,960 --> 04:00:51,920 REGION GIVES INPUT FROM LOTS OF 6039 04:00:51,920 --> 04:00:53,240 OTHER SENSORY AREAS. 6040 04:00:53,240 --> 04:00:56,080 I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED IF YOU 6041 04:00:56,080 --> 04:01:02,320 WERE RUNNING ORIENTATION 6042 04:01:02,320 --> 04:01:03,440 DISCRIMINATION TASK AND THESE 6043 04:01:03,440 --> 04:01:06,720 WOULD LOOK VERY MUCH LIKE 6044 04:01:06,720 --> 04:01:07,160 BEFORE. 6045 04:01:07,160 --> 04:01:07,360 OKAY. 6046 04:01:07,360 --> 04:01:08,520 I DON'T THINK IT'S ANYTHING 6047 04:01:08,520 --> 04:01:09,880 UNIQUE ABOUT THIS. 6048 04:01:09,880 --> 04:01:12,600 RIGHT NOW I'M FOCUSING ON MT IN 6049 04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:14,840 THIS PARTICULAR CASE, THAT PART 6050 04:01:14,840 --> 04:01:17,120 OF CONNECTIVITY. 6051 04:01:17,120 --> 04:01:17,560 OKAY. 6052 04:01:17,560 --> 04:01:18,960 SO THE NEXT QUESTION YOU WOULD 6053 04:01:18,960 --> 04:01:21,800 HAVE ASKED IF I DIDN'T TELL YOU 6054 04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:24,480 ABOUT THIS, WELL, IS IT TASK 6055 04:01:24,480 --> 04:01:25,200 RELATED? 6056 04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:26,840 IS IT RELEVANT? 6057 04:01:26,840 --> 04:01:28,400 WHY WOULD PREFRONTAL CORTEX CARE 6058 04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:29,280 THAT MUCH, RIGHT? 6059 04:01:29,280 --> 04:01:34,960 IT DOESN'T,IF IT'S NOT 6060 04:01:34,960 --> 04:01:35,720 IMPORTANT. 6061 04:01:35,720 --> 04:01:38,040 IF YOU RUN THIS TASK, YOU DO 6062 04:01:38,040 --> 04:01:40,680 EXACTLY THE SAME THING, EXCEPT 6063 04:01:40,680 --> 04:01:43,360 THE MONKEY FIXATES, NOW 6064 04:01:43,360 --> 04:01:44,400 DIFFERENT CUE, AND NOW HE 6065 04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:45,920 DOESN'T HAVE TO DO ANYTHING. 6066 04:01:45,920 --> 04:01:48,120 ALL HE HAS TO DO IS SIT THERE 6067 04:01:48,120 --> 04:01:50,920 AND GET A REWARD AT THE END OF 6068 04:01:50,920 --> 04:01:52,000 THE TRIAL. 6069 04:01:52,000 --> 04:01:53,440 SO, CHANGE THE RULES, NO IDEA 6070 04:01:53,440 --> 04:01:57,720 WHAT THE MONKEY IS THINKING, NOT 6071 04:01:57,720 --> 04:01:58,600 WELL CONTROLLED ATTENTIONAL 6072 04:01:58,600 --> 04:01:59,600 COMPONENTS OF THE TASK AT ALL, 6073 04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:01,560 NO IDEA WHAT THE MONKEY IS 6074 04:02:01,560 --> 04:02:02,240 DOING. 6075 04:02:02,240 --> 04:02:03,640 BUT CHANGE THE RULE, RIGHT? 6076 04:02:03,640 --> 04:02:07,480 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS TO 6077 04:02:07,480 --> 04:02:10,160 DIRECTION SELECTIVITY IN THIS 6078 04:02:10,160 --> 04:02:12,120 PREFRONTAL NEURONS, THAT WAS 6079 04:02:12,120 --> 04:02:13,240 SHOCKING TO ME. 6080 04:02:13,240 --> 04:02:15,440 THE PAPER CAME OUT IN 2009. 6081 04:02:15,440 --> 04:02:19,600 IT'S BEEN AROUND FOR A WHILE. 6082 04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:24,520 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF NEURON 6083 04:02:24,520 --> 04:02:27,600 DIRECTION SELECTIVE, AND 6084 04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:28,840 PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE DIRECTION 6085 04:02:28,840 --> 04:02:32,520 TASK, THE SAME NEURON DURING THE 6086 04:02:32,520 --> 04:02:33,840 PASSIVE FIXATION TASK. 6087 04:02:33,840 --> 04:02:39,440 WHAT YOU FIND IS THAT THIS 6088 04:02:39,440 --> 04:02:42,960 SUPPRESSIVE RESPONSE TO THE 6089 04:02:42,960 --> 04:02:43,520 ANTI-PREFERRED DIRECTION, 6090 04:02:43,520 --> 04:02:44,920 TYPICALLY YOU SEE DIRECTION 6091 04:02:44,920 --> 04:02:48,120 SELECTIVITY, IS GONE. 6092 04:02:48,120 --> 04:02:49,880 IT'S COMPLETELY -- INHIBITION IS 6093 04:02:49,880 --> 04:02:50,200 GONE. 6094 04:02:50,200 --> 04:02:52,600 NOW WE HAVE -- WE DON'T HAVE 6095 04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:53,720 DIRECTION SELECTIVITY ANYMORE IN 6096 04:02:53,720 --> 04:02:54,920 THIS PARTICULAR NEURON. 6097 04:02:54,920 --> 04:02:57,200 IF ANYBODY IS INTERESTED, IT'S 6098 04:02:57,200 --> 04:03:01,800 IN THIS NEURON PAPER, IT'S 6099 04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:04,360 EXCRUCIATING DETAIL, WE ANALYZED 6100 04:03:04,360 --> 04:03:06,640 TO FIGURE OUT WHAT MAKES THEM 6101 04:03:06,640 --> 04:03:07,680 LESS DIRECTION SELECTIVE. 6102 04:03:07,680 --> 04:03:16,160 WE'RE DEALING WITH LOSS OF 6103 04:03:16,160 --> 04:03:16,480 SELECTIVITY. 6104 04:03:16,480 --> 04:03:19,200 VERY LOW LEVEL, IF YOU LOSE 6105 04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:20,880 DIRECTION SELECTIVELY BUT IT'S 6106 04:03:20,880 --> 04:03:25,000 IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX. 6107 04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:26,880 THAT'S A BIG FINDING, I BELIEVE, 6108 04:03:26,880 --> 04:03:27,560 IT'S NOT SURPRISING BECAUSE 6109 04:03:27,560 --> 04:03:29,640 THAT'S WHAT YOU WOULD EXPECT TO 6110 04:03:29,640 --> 04:03:30,120 HAPPEN. 6111 04:03:30,120 --> 04:03:33,480 THIS IS JUST A SUMMARY OF THE 6112 04:03:33,480 --> 04:03:35,320 DATA TO SHOW YOU THAT 6113 04:03:35,320 --> 04:03:39,160 SELECTIVITY, THIS IS JUST A WAY 6114 04:03:39,160 --> 04:03:41,320 OF EXPRESSING SELECTIVITY, JUST 6115 04:03:41,320 --> 04:03:42,640 SHOWS PASSIVE FIXATION, 6116 04:03:42,640 --> 04:03:47,040 SELECTIVITY IS REALLY -- WEAKENS 6117 04:03:47,040 --> 04:03:48,040 DRAMATICALLY. 6118 04:03:48,040 --> 04:03:52,360 CLEARLY SIGNALS ARE TASK 6119 04:03:52,360 --> 04:03:53,800 RELATED. 6120 04:03:53,800 --> 04:03:54,440 OKAY. 6121 04:03:54,440 --> 04:03:59,960 THAT'S A MOTION DIRECTION, ONLY 6122 04:03:59,960 --> 04:04:01,120 WHEN IT'S NEEDED APPARENTLY. 6123 04:04:01,120 --> 04:04:04,040 BY THE WAY, I'VE DONE THE SAME 6124 04:04:04,040 --> 04:04:07,120 WORK WITH SPEED DISCRIMINATION. 6125 04:04:07,120 --> 04:04:09,600 SPEED IS PRESENTED AS ROBUSTLY 6126 04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:15,400 AS DIRECTION, AND AS SIMILARLY 6127 04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:18,840 AS IN MT, SO THERE'S QUITE A 6128 04:04:18,840 --> 04:04:20,000 GENERAL PHENOMENA, I THINK. 6129 04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:23,640 NOW I WANT TO SPEND A LITTLE BIT 6130 04:04:23,640 --> 04:04:27,120 OF TIME TALKING ABOUT 6131 04:04:27,120 --> 04:04:28,760 REPRESENTATION OF MOTION IN 6132 04:04:28,760 --> 04:04:29,960 PREFRONTAL CORTEX ACROSS THE 6133 04:04:29,960 --> 04:04:31,080 VISUAL FIELD WHERE LESLIE CAME 6134 04:04:31,080 --> 04:04:32,720 IN BECAUSE I NEEDED TO CALL HER 6135 04:04:32,720 --> 04:04:36,120 TO MAKE SURE I GOT IT RIGHT. 6136 04:04:36,120 --> 04:04:41,480 SHE WAS -- YEAH, SHE TOLD ME IT 6137 04:04:41,480 --> 04:04:44,120 WAS RIGHT. 6138 04:04:44,120 --> 04:04:48,040 NOW I HAVE IT COLOR CODED. 6139 04:04:48,040 --> 04:04:49,800 I'M HIGHLIGHTING HERE, MT IS 6140 04:04:49,800 --> 04:04:52,960 LOOKING TO THE LEFT, TO THE 6141 04:04:52,960 --> 04:04:55,360 CONTRALATERAL FIELD, CODED IN 6142 04:04:55,360 --> 04:04:55,560 BLUE. 6143 04:04:55,560 --> 04:05:00,200 AND THIS MT, LEFT MT, IS LOOKING 6144 04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:01,840 TO THE OTHER FIELD, RIGHT? 6145 04:05:01,840 --> 04:05:04,560 WHAT YOU FIND IS THAT NOT 6146 04:05:04,560 --> 04:05:10,360 SURPRISINGLY YOU KNOW MT CAN 6147 04:05:10,360 --> 04:05:12,360 ONLY LARGELY SEE IN THE FIELDS. 6148 04:05:12,360 --> 04:05:14,400 WHEN YOU RECORD FROM PREFRONTAL 6149 04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:17,160 CORTEX, I'LL SHOW YOU DATA, BOTH 6150 04:05:17,160 --> 04:05:21,440 RED AND BLUE BECAUSE YOU HAVE 6151 04:05:21,440 --> 04:05:24,360 RESPONSES TO BOTH IPSILATERAL 6152 04:05:24,360 --> 04:05:24,920 AND CONTRALATERAL. 6153 04:05:24,920 --> 04:05:26,520 THOSE WHO RECORDED WOULD SAY, 6154 04:05:26,520 --> 04:05:28,000 YEAH, WE KNOW THAT. 6155 04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:30,240 WELL, IT'S NOT SURPRISING THAT 6156 04:05:30,240 --> 04:05:32,480 YOU HAVE BOTH, PROBABLY. 6157 04:05:32,480 --> 04:05:39,600 FIRST OF ALL, THIS PREFRONTAL 6158 04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:40,560 CORTEX GETS MT IPSILATERAL, THIS 6159 04:05:40,560 --> 04:05:46,480 ONE TO THE OTHER SIDE. 6160 04:05:46,480 --> 04:05:47,480 THEN THERE'S CONNECTIVITY 6161 04:05:47,480 --> 04:05:51,200 BETWEEN THE HEMISPHERE. 6162 04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:53,920 PRESUMABLY SIGNALS ARE BEING 6163 04:05:53,920 --> 04:05:57,000 EXCHANGED, THAT'S HOW THE LEFT 6164 04:05:57,000 --> 04:05:57,600 PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS ACTUALLY 6165 04:05:57,600 --> 04:05:58,840 ABLE TO SEE BOTH. 6166 04:05:58,840 --> 04:06:04,280 I'LL SHOW YOU IN A MINUTE HOW 6167 04:06:04,280 --> 04:06:06,240 INCREDIBLY RELIABLY REPRESENTED 6168 04:06:06,240 --> 04:06:07,280 BOTH HEMIFIELDS ARE, AND HOW 6169 04:06:07,280 --> 04:06:08,520 BALANCED IT IS. 6170 04:06:08,520 --> 04:06:11,680 HERE IS AN IMPORTANT PART. 6171 04:06:11,680 --> 04:06:14,480 EVERYTHING IS BILATERAL, RIGHT? 6172 04:06:14,480 --> 04:06:16,880 BUT WHAT'S NOT BILATERAL IS 6173 04:06:16,880 --> 04:06:17,280 THIS. 6174 04:06:17,280 --> 04:06:22,800 THE CONNECTIVITY GOING BACK INTO 6175 04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:23,480 MT IS ACTUALLY 6176 04:06:23,480 --> 04:06:24,200 INTRAHEMISPHERIC -- FIVE 6177 04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:24,520 MINUTES? 6178 04:06:24,520 --> 04:06:26,960 IT'S NOT GOING TO HAPPEN. 6179 04:06:26,960 --> 04:06:31,560 I THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO GO 6180 04:06:31,560 --> 04:06:31,880 FASTER. 6181 04:06:31,880 --> 04:06:33,200 I'LL GO FAST. 6182 04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:33,720 NO, I CAN'T. 6183 04:06:33,720 --> 04:06:39,920 I HAVE A ROLE MODEL. 6184 04:06:39,920 --> 04:06:40,600 LESLIE SPOKE VERY SLOWLY. 6185 04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:42,800 WHICH IS A GOOD THING. 6186 04:06:42,800 --> 04:06:44,240 I'M SPEAKING MUCH FASTER, IF I 6187 04:06:44,240 --> 04:06:47,760 GO FASTER IT'S NOT GOING TO 6188 04:06:47,760 --> 04:06:48,080 WORK. 6189 04:06:48,080 --> 04:06:50,160 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT POINT. 6190 04:06:50,160 --> 04:06:52,440 I'M JUST SAYING BILATERAL NATURE 6191 04:06:52,440 --> 04:06:56,640 THE OF THE BOTTOM-UP SIGNALS, 6192 04:06:56,640 --> 04:06:58,120 THAT'S THE FIRST THING. 6193 04:06:58,120 --> 04:07:01,960 SIGNALS MAKING THEIR WAY TO EACH 6194 04:07:01,960 --> 04:07:04,040 PREFRONTAL CORTEX, BUT TOP-DOWN 6195 04:07:04,040 --> 04:07:06,440 CONFINED TO MT WITHIN THE SAME 6196 04:07:06,440 --> 04:07:06,760 HEMISPHERE. 6197 04:07:06,760 --> 04:07:07,840 WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONAL 6198 04:07:07,840 --> 04:07:09,480 CONSEQUENCES OF THIS 6199 04:07:09,480 --> 04:07:09,960 ORGANIZATION? 6200 04:07:09,960 --> 04:07:13,880 I'M GOING TO GO GIVE YOU A FEW, 6201 04:07:13,880 --> 04:07:17,160 FIRST OF ALL, WHAT HAPPENS TO 6202 04:07:17,160 --> 04:07:22,400 RECORDINGS FROM A NEURON IN 6203 04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:23,160 RESPONSE TO CONTRALATERAL 6204 04:07:23,160 --> 04:07:30,400 STIMULUS, AND THIS IS 6205 04:07:30,400 --> 04:07:31,960 IPSILATERAL, YOU CAN SEE IT'S 6206 04:07:31,960 --> 04:07:38,760 COMING FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE. 6207 04:07:38,760 --> 04:07:41,880 BOTH ARE QUITE RELIABLY 6208 04:07:41,880 --> 04:07:43,480 SELECTIVE FOR MOTION, AT THE 6209 04:07:43,480 --> 04:07:45,000 SAME TIME THE PREFERRED 6210 04:07:45,000 --> 04:07:46,080 DIRECTIONS ARE REALLY ALIGNED 6211 04:07:46,080 --> 04:07:48,720 WHICH IS COOL. 6212 04:07:48,720 --> 04:07:50,280 THEY ARE COMING FROM OPPOSITE 6213 04:07:50,280 --> 04:07:52,320 SIDES BUT THEY ARE ALIGNED. 6214 04:07:52,320 --> 04:07:54,760 THAT'S SOMETHING, AGAIN, IN THAT 6215 04:07:54,760 --> 04:07:56,600 PAPER WE PUBLISHED IN 2016, 6216 04:07:56,600 --> 04:07:58,760 QUITE WELL DOCUMENTED. 6217 04:07:58,760 --> 04:07:59,160 OKAY. 6218 04:07:59,160 --> 04:08:03,040 SO WHAT I DIDN'T TELL YOU THAT 6219 04:08:03,040 --> 04:08:06,320 YOU COULD SEE THE RESPONSES ARE 6220 04:08:06,320 --> 04:08:06,560 WEAKER. 6221 04:08:06,560 --> 04:08:09,120 SOMEWHAT THAN THE CONTRALATERAL. 6222 04:08:09,120 --> 04:08:10,720 WHAT'S COOL, IT'S IN THE PAPER, 6223 04:08:10,720 --> 04:08:13,560 I DECIDED NOT TO SHOW IT SO I 6224 04:08:13,560 --> 04:08:17,080 CAN GO FASTER, BUT IN FACT THESE 6225 04:08:17,080 --> 04:08:19,600 SIGNALS ARE ENHANCED DURING THE 6226 04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:21,120 SECOND STIMULUS, DURING THE 6227 04:08:21,120 --> 04:08:22,880 SECOND -- WHEN THE ANIMAL 6228 04:08:22,880 --> 04:08:27,200 PERFORMED THE COMPARISON, THIS 6229 04:08:27,200 --> 04:08:28,760 WEAKER RESPONSE IS ENHANCED. 6230 04:08:28,760 --> 04:08:30,760 WHICH I THINK IS PRETTY 6231 04:08:30,760 --> 04:08:31,040 INTERESTING. 6232 04:08:31,040 --> 04:08:33,920 IN ANY CASE YOU HAVE A VERY 6233 04:08:33,920 --> 04:08:36,040 RELIABLE REPRESENTATION OF 6234 04:08:36,040 --> 04:08:38,200 MOTION ON BOTH SIDES. 6235 04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:40,200 THAT SHOWS IF YOU FORGET ABOUT 6236 04:08:40,200 --> 04:08:43,360 DIFFERENCE IN FIRING RATES, 6237 04:08:43,360 --> 04:08:49,800 BETWEEN THE TWO, FUNCTIONS ARE 6238 04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,200 SIMILAR. 6239 04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:56,040 WE HAVE CLEARLY THE PREFRONTAL 6240 04:08:56,040 --> 04:09:00,360 NEURONS HAVE ACCESS TO MOTION 6241 04:09:00,360 --> 04:09:01,920 SIGNALS IN BOTH HEMISPHERE. 6242 04:09:01,920 --> 04:09:03,360 SO, THAT'S THE FIRST PART I WAS 6243 04:09:03,360 --> 04:09:09,480 GOING TO MENTION TO YOU. 6244 04:09:09,480 --> 04:09:14,000 THE SECOND PART IS HOW I THINK 6245 04:09:14,000 --> 04:09:14,640 IMPORTANTLY THIS STUDY 6246 04:09:14,640 --> 04:09:15,720 COMPARISON -- WHAT HAPPENS IN 6247 04:09:15,720 --> 04:09:17,000 THE SECOND STIMULUS DURING THE 6248 04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:17,320 COMPARISON. 6249 04:09:17,320 --> 04:09:18,800 THIS IS WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU 6250 04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:19,000 HERE. 6251 04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,400 WHAT YOU FIND WHEN YOU RECORD IN 6252 04:09:22,400 --> 04:09:24,160 PREFRONTAL CORTEX DURING THE 6253 04:09:24,160 --> 04:09:28,200 SECOND STIMULUS, YOU FIND THAT 6254 04:09:28,200 --> 04:09:32,280 SOME NEURONS RESPOND -- SHOW 6255 04:09:32,280 --> 04:09:33,920 STRONGER RESPONSE TO THE TRIALS 6256 04:09:33,920 --> 04:09:36,240 WHEN TWO DIRECTIONS ARE 6257 04:09:36,240 --> 04:09:38,640 DIFFERENT, AND SOME ARE WEAKER, 6258 04:09:38,640 --> 04:09:38,840 RIGHT? 6259 04:09:38,840 --> 04:09:44,360 ANOTHER POPULATION OF NEURONS IS 6260 04:09:44,360 --> 04:09:47,920 THE OPPOSITE. 6261 04:09:47,920 --> 04:09:50,240 LIKES THE SAME TRIALS, MORE THAN 6262 04:09:50,240 --> 04:09:51,240 DIFFERENT. 6263 04:09:51,240 --> 04:09:53,840 TWO TYPES OF COMPARISONS IN 6264 04:09:53,840 --> 04:09:54,840 PREFRONTAL CORTEX. 6265 04:09:54,840 --> 04:09:57,560 ONCE YOU QUANTIFY IT MORE, WHAT 6266 04:09:57,560 --> 04:10:01,080 WE DID HERE, IT'S IN THIS PAPER, 6267 04:10:01,080 --> 04:10:06,720 SERIES OF PAPERS IN 2012 AND 6268 04:10:06,720 --> 04:10:08,280 2013, ALSO DIRECTION AND SPEED, 6269 04:10:08,280 --> 04:10:10,360 BOTH OF THEM, THE DIFFERENCE IS 6270 04:10:10,360 --> 04:10:12,560 LARGE, YOU HAVE STRONG SIGNALS 6271 04:10:12,560 --> 04:10:14,080 OF THE TWO KINDS. 6272 04:10:14,080 --> 04:10:17,120 TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS 6273 04:10:17,120 --> 04:10:19,120 THAT ACTUALLY -- TWO POPULATIONS 6274 04:10:19,120 --> 04:10:21,520 THAT CARRY BOTH SIGNALS. 6275 04:10:21,520 --> 04:10:28,960 IT'S PRETTY. 6276 04:10:28,960 --> 04:10:30,000 THIS COMPARISON EFFECT DEPENDS 6277 04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:31,320 ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 6278 04:10:31,320 --> 04:10:32,480 FIRST AND SECOND STIMULUS. 6279 04:10:32,480 --> 04:10:37,360 WHEN THE DIVERSITY -- 6280 04:10:37,360 --> 04:10:39,560 DIFFERENCE IS 90 DEGREES YOU 6281 04:10:39,560 --> 04:10:41,680 HAVE STRONG SIGNAL, IT REDUCES, 6282 04:10:41,680 --> 04:10:42,880 GETS SMALLER AS THE DIFFERENCE 6283 04:10:42,880 --> 04:10:48,040 BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND 6284 04:10:48,040 --> 04:10:50,880 STIMULUS DECREASES. 6285 04:10:50,880 --> 04:10:52,080 THIS MODULATION SUGGESTS WE'RE 6286 04:10:52,080 --> 04:10:55,480 DEALING WITH A REAL SENSORY 6287 04:10:55,480 --> 04:10:56,200 COMPARISON. 6288 04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:57,880 AND WHAT I SHOULD MENTION, I 6289 04:10:57,880 --> 04:11:03,160 TOOK IT OUT TO SPEED IT UP. 6290 04:11:03,160 --> 04:11:05,440 THE VERY ANALOGOUS SIGNAL IN MT 6291 04:11:05,440 --> 04:11:06,400 AS WELL. 6292 04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:09,720 AND THAT'S PUBLISHED TOO. 6293 04:11:09,720 --> 04:11:11,120 IF ANYONE'S INTERESTED. 6294 04:11:11,120 --> 04:11:13,880 BUT THE COMPELLING PART IS THAT 6295 04:11:13,880 --> 04:11:15,800 WHEN THE DIFFERENCE IS REALLY 6296 04:11:15,800 --> 04:11:16,840 LARGE SIGNALS ARE STRONG. 6297 04:11:16,840 --> 04:11:19,160 WHEN DIFFERENCE IS SMALL THEY 6298 04:11:19,160 --> 04:11:21,360 GET WEAKER, THAT TELLS YOU WE'RE 6299 04:11:21,360 --> 04:11:25,720 DEALING WITH SENSORY COMPARISON. 6300 04:11:25,720 --> 04:11:26,480 OKAY. 6301 04:11:26,480 --> 04:11:30,440 TASK EFFECT, THIS SIGNAL, THIS 6302 04:11:30,440 --> 04:11:36,320 COMPARISON SIGNAL, JUST 6303 04:11:36,320 --> 04:11:40,360 COLLAPSES. 6304 04:11:40,360 --> 04:11:43,160 WE LOSE DIRECTION SELECTIVITY, 6305 04:11:43,160 --> 04:11:44,120 SIGNAL BASICALLY DISAPPEARS. 6306 04:11:44,120 --> 04:11:46,120 IN A WAY EXCITING TO HAVE 6307 04:11:46,120 --> 04:11:49,600 SENSORY SIGNALS THAT GO NOWHERE 6308 04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:51,200 UNLESS THERE'S A REASON FOR THE 6309 04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,720 ANIMAL TO BE ATTENDING TO IT. 6310 04:11:54,720 --> 04:11:57,120 SO, JUST TO SHOW YOU ALSO THAT 6311 04:11:57,120 --> 04:12:01,960 WHEN YOU LOOK FOR COMPARISON 6312 04:12:01,960 --> 04:12:03,640 SIGNALS IN CONTRA AND 6313 04:12:03,640 --> 04:12:07,000 IPSILATERAL, THEY ARE THE SAME, 6314 04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:07,800 RESPECTABLE SIGNALS. 6315 04:12:07,800 --> 04:12:09,920 NOW DEALING WITH SECOND PART OF 6316 04:12:09,920 --> 04:12:11,880 THE TRIAL, A COMPARISON, AS 6317 04:12:11,880 --> 04:12:16,360 OPPOSED TO JUST SENSORY 6318 04:12:16,360 --> 04:12:16,920 REPRESENTATION. 6319 04:12:16,920 --> 04:12:19,520 SO, I THINK I'M TRYING TO 6320 04:12:19,520 --> 04:12:22,080 CONVINCE YOU THAT PREFRONTAL 6321 04:12:22,080 --> 04:12:30,280 NEURONS SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF 6322 04:12:30,280 --> 04:12:31,960 CONTRIBUTING TO STIMULI. 6323 04:12:31,960 --> 04:12:34,320 I'M SUMMARIZING HERE WHAT I 6324 04:12:34,320 --> 04:12:39,200 ALREADY TOLD YOU, VISUAL MOTION, 6325 04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:40,240 PREFRONTAL CORTEX, COMPARISON 6326 04:12:40,240 --> 04:12:40,680 SIGNALS. 6327 04:12:40,680 --> 04:12:44,920 GIVEN THAT IT SEEMS IT SHOULD BE 6328 04:12:44,920 --> 04:12:53,120 FINE IF YOU REMOVE OR IF YOU 6329 04:12:53,120 --> 04:12:54,560 MAKE UNILATERAL LESION, YOU 6330 04:12:54,560 --> 04:12:56,640 SHOULDN'T HAVE -- OKAY, YOU 6331 04:12:56,640 --> 04:13:00,480 SHOULDN'T REALLY HAVE A HUGE 6332 04:13:00,480 --> 04:13:00,800 DEFICIT. 6333 04:13:00,800 --> 04:13:03,000 I'M SURE MOST OF PREFRONTAL 6334 04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:04,720 PEOPLE YOU TALK TO, ASK THEM, 6335 04:13:04,720 --> 04:13:06,520 WHAT DO YOU THINK, AM I GOING TO 6336 04:13:06,520 --> 04:13:12,400 HAVE A DEFICIT IF I MAKE A 6337 04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:13,480 UNILATERAL LESION, NO. 6338 04:13:13,480 --> 04:13:16,440 IT SEES THE WHOLE HEMIFIELD. 6339 04:13:16,440 --> 04:13:18,000 I'M GOING TO SHOW IT MAKES A 6340 04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:19,720 HUGE DIFFERENCE AND I'LL TELL 6341 04:13:19,720 --> 04:13:20,720 YOU WHY. 6342 04:13:20,720 --> 04:13:24,960 I'M JUST SHOWING YOU THAT WE 6343 04:13:24,960 --> 04:13:29,160 MADE A LESION, I'M GOING TO SHOW 6344 04:13:29,160 --> 04:13:31,760 YOU LATER WE DID MY LAST 6345 04:13:31,760 --> 04:13:33,840 EXPERIMENT, REVERSIBLE, OKAY, SO 6346 04:13:33,840 --> 04:13:37,600 HOW DO YOU MEASURE PERFORMANCE? 6347 04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:39,000 PARTICULARLY FROM PSYCHOPHYSICS, 6348 04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:39,840 YOU DO PSYCHOPHYSICAL 6349 04:13:39,840 --> 04:13:40,480 EXPERIMENTS. 6350 04:13:40,480 --> 04:13:43,040 IN THIS CASE THIS IS OUR TASK, 6351 04:13:43,040 --> 04:13:44,600 STIMULUS COMES ON. 6352 04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:45,080 DELAY. 6353 04:13:45,080 --> 04:13:46,000 SECOND STIMULUS COMES ON. 6354 04:13:46,000 --> 04:13:52,240 WHAT YOU CAN DO, YOU CAN MAKE 6355 04:13:52,240 --> 04:13:53,600 THRESHOLDS FOR DIRECTION RANGE, 6356 04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:59,040 CALL IT COHERENCE IF YOU WANT, 6357 04:13:59,040 --> 04:13:59,760 MANIPULATE COHERENCE, 6358 04:13:59,760 --> 04:14:01,760 THRESHOLDS, AND THEN YOU HAVE A 6359 04:14:01,760 --> 04:14:04,520 MUCH MORE SENSITIVE MEASURE THAN 6360 04:14:04,520 --> 04:14:06,240 JUST MEASURING PERFORMANCE FOR 6361 04:14:06,240 --> 04:14:09,080 THE STIMULI THAT DIFFER BY A 6362 04:14:09,080 --> 04:14:09,840 LARGE AMOUNT. 6363 04:14:09,840 --> 04:14:12,360 WHAT WE WANTED TO KNOW SINCE 6364 04:14:12,360 --> 04:14:13,240 WE'RE INTERESTED IN MEMORY, 6365 04:14:13,240 --> 04:14:14,880 WANTED TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENS AT 6366 04:14:14,880 --> 04:14:17,840 SHORT AND LONG DELAYS DURING 6367 04:14:17,840 --> 04:14:20,360 THIS TASK, WITH UNILATERAL 6368 04:14:20,360 --> 04:14:20,600 LESION. 6369 04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:23,640 I'M GOING TO SHOW THE 6370 04:14:23,640 --> 04:14:23,960 THRESHOLDS. 6371 04:14:23,960 --> 04:14:26,680 THEY GET WORSE AS DELAY IS 6372 04:14:26,680 --> 04:14:28,800 LONGER, NOT SURPRISING. 6373 04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:30,920 AND BASICALLY LEFT AND RIGHT 6374 04:14:30,920 --> 04:14:33,280 HEMIFIELDS ARE THE SAME. 6375 04:14:33,280 --> 04:14:36,880 THERE'S NO DIFFERENCE, IT'S NOT 6376 04:14:36,880 --> 04:14:38,400 SURPRISING WE JUST NEEDED TO GET 6377 04:14:38,400 --> 04:14:39,080 THIS INFORMATION. 6378 04:14:39,080 --> 04:14:45,520 NOW I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU WHAT 6379 04:14:45,520 --> 04:14:47,640 HAPPENS WITH PREFRONTAL AND MT 6380 04:14:47,640 --> 04:14:50,880 LESION, VERY SHORT DELAY. 6381 04:14:50,880 --> 04:14:52,520 YOU CAN SEE UNILATERAL 6382 04:14:52,520 --> 04:14:56,520 PREFRONTAL LESION WE HAVE A 6383 04:14:56,520 --> 04:14:59,320 SENSITIVE TASK, I BELIEVE. 6384 04:14:59,320 --> 04:15:00,320 SHOWED NO EFFECT. 6385 04:15:00,320 --> 04:15:06,440 THIS IS THE THRESHOLD. 6386 04:15:06,440 --> 04:15:08,760 MT HAS EFFECT, REASONABLE, 6387 04:15:08,760 --> 04:15:10,160 BECAUSE MT, WE'VE SHOWN IT 6388 04:15:10,160 --> 04:15:11,600 BEFORE IN OTHER WORK, OTHER 6389 04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:13,800 PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO MAKE SENSE 6390 04:15:13,800 --> 04:15:16,080 YOU'LL HAVE MOTION DEFICITS, FOR 6391 04:15:16,080 --> 04:15:25,240 A VERY SHORT DELAY. 6392 04:15:25,240 --> 04:15:27,640 BUT LESIONS IN REMOVING FRONTAL 6393 04:15:27,640 --> 04:15:30,320 NEURONS DIDN'T SEEM TO BE 6394 04:15:30,320 --> 04:15:31,320 ESSENTIAL, THAT'S A ROBUST 6395 04:15:31,320 --> 04:15:33,520 FINDING THAT MAKES SENSE. 6396 04:15:33,520 --> 04:15:34,920 IT DOESN'T MEAN THESE NEURONS 6397 04:15:34,920 --> 04:15:38,480 ARE NOT IMPORTANT FOR THIS TASK, 6398 04:15:38,480 --> 04:15:41,400 IT JUST MEANS THE TASK WASN'T 6399 04:15:41,400 --> 04:15:42,760 SENSITIVE ENOUGH BECAUSE 6400 04:15:42,760 --> 04:15:44,280 DEFICITS WILL BE SUBTLE. 6401 04:15:44,280 --> 04:15:44,560 OKAY. 6402 04:15:44,560 --> 04:15:46,680 SO NOW I'M GOING TO SHOW WHAT 6403 04:15:46,680 --> 04:15:48,560 HAPPENED ACTUALLY FROM THE 6404 04:15:48,560 --> 04:15:51,400 CORTEX WHEN YOU MEASURE THE 6405 04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:53,600 FUNCTION OF DELAY. 6406 04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:55,880 THE EFFECT IS HUGE, AND 6407 04:15:55,880 --> 04:15:58,640 INCREASES AS THE DELAY GETS 6408 04:15:58,640 --> 04:16:00,200 LONGER. 6409 04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:03,880 SO THAT'S SURPRISING, RIGHT? 6410 04:16:03,880 --> 04:16:09,120 IT'S PREFRONTAL CORTEX, 6411 04:16:09,120 --> 04:16:11,960 INFORMATION IS BEING PRESERVED, 6412 04:16:11,960 --> 04:16:13,720 BUT THIS IS MT LESION, EXACTLY 6413 04:16:13,720 --> 04:16:16,360 THE SAME THING. 6414 04:16:16,360 --> 04:16:21,760 THE EFFECTS ARE VERY SIMILAR. 6415 04:16:21,760 --> 04:16:30,400 YOU COULD SEE 15 YEARS IN 6416 04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,440 BETWEEN THE TWO STUDIES. 6417 04:16:33,440 --> 04:16:37,040 THE BIG STORY HERE IT'S A 6418 04:16:37,040 --> 04:16:40,760 CONTRALATERAL DEFICIT, WITH MT 6419 04:16:40,760 --> 04:16:44,920 NOT SURPRISING, REPRESENTS 6420 04:16:44,920 --> 04:16:49,040 CONTRALATERAL VISION FIELD. 6421 04:16:49,040 --> 04:16:51,240 I BELIEVE THE CONTRALATERAL 6422 04:16:51,240 --> 04:16:55,200 NATURE HIGHLIGHTS IMPORTANCE OF 6423 04:16:55,200 --> 04:16:57,360 THE INTRAHEMISPHERIC INTERACTION 6424 04:16:57,360 --> 04:16:58,600 BETWEEN PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND 6425 04:16:58,600 --> 04:16:59,880 MOTION PROCESSING AREA MT, YOU 6426 04:16:59,880 --> 04:17:01,320 CAN SEE THE SIGNALS ARE STAYING 6427 04:17:01,320 --> 04:17:02,080 ON THE SAME SIDE. 6428 04:17:02,080 --> 04:17:05,240 MY GUESS IS THAT WHAT YOU REALLY 6429 04:17:05,240 --> 04:17:09,880 NEED IS A CONTINUOUS INTERACTION 6430 04:17:09,880 --> 04:17:11,080 BETWEEN PREFRONTAL AND MT DURING 6431 04:17:11,080 --> 04:17:14,760 THIS TASK. 6432 04:17:14,760 --> 04:17:18,720 WE DO HAVE SOME EARLY 6433 04:17:18,720 --> 04:17:19,280 PHYSIOLOGY, ABLE TO RECORD 6434 04:17:19,280 --> 04:17:20,680 SIMULTANEOUSLY, BUT I DON'T DO 6435 04:17:20,680 --> 04:17:22,320 IT ANYMORE WHICH IS SAD. 6436 04:17:22,320 --> 04:17:25,960 THIS IS JUST TO SHOW YOU IT 6437 04:17:25,960 --> 04:17:32,400 WORKED THE SAME WAY, THIS IS A 6438 04:17:32,400 --> 04:17:35,200 LONG DELAY, DEFICIT IN 6439 04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:38,440 THRESHOLDS, NOTHING ON 6440 04:17:38,440 --> 04:17:40,920 IPSILATERAL. 6441 04:17:40,920 --> 04:17:44,520 I'M ALMOST DONE. 6442 04:17:44,520 --> 04:17:45,760 TO SUMMARIZE PREFRONTAL NEURONS 6443 04:17:45,760 --> 04:17:47,080 REPRESENT DIRECTION AND SPEED 6444 04:17:47,080 --> 04:17:50,120 WHICH I DIDN'T SHOW YOU. 6445 04:17:50,120 --> 04:17:51,520 LESLIE SAID DON'T SHOW IT DID 6446 04:17:51,520 --> 04:17:52,640 YOU DON'T SAY IT. 6447 04:17:52,640 --> 04:18:03,120 I'M SENDING YOU TO READ THE 6448 04:18:08,440 --> 04:18:09,640 PAPERS. 6449 04:18:09,640 --> 04:18:10,680 SIGNALS RECORDED IN PREFRONTAL 6450 04:18:10,680 --> 04:18:13,440 CORTEX DEPEND ON DEMANDS OF 6451 04:18:13,440 --> 04:18:13,800 BEHAVIORAL TASK. 6452 04:18:13,800 --> 04:18:18,680 WHAT I THINK IS COOL IS THAT 6453 04:18:18,680 --> 04:18:20,040 THESE NEURONS INCORPORATE 6454 04:18:20,040 --> 04:18:21,880 SENSORY SIGNALS COMING FROM 6455 04:18:21,880 --> 04:18:23,280 OPPOSITE HEMIFIELDS, THEY ARE 6456 04:18:23,280 --> 04:18:25,040 ALIGNED WHICH I DON'T KNOW HOW 6457 04:18:25,040 --> 04:18:26,240 IT HAPPENS. 6458 04:18:26,240 --> 04:18:32,280 WE NEED TO KNOW SOMETHING MORE 6459 04:18:32,280 --> 04:18:42,800 ABOUT DEVELOPMENT, RESULTING IN 6460 04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:45,600 BALANCED REPRESENTATION. 6461 04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:49,800 HERE IS THE MESSAGE. 6462 04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:51,000 PREFRONTAL NEURONS CONTAIN 6463 04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:52,440 REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ABOUT 6464 04:18:52,440 --> 04:18:56,160 VISUAL MOTION BUT UTILIZATION 6465 04:18:56,160 --> 04:19:00,960 AND BEHAVIORAL TASK REQUIRES 6466 04:19:00,960 --> 04:19:02,280 INTRAHEMISPHERIC INTERACTION 6467 04:19:02,280 --> 04:19:03,040 WITH MOTION PROCESSING NEURONS 6468 04:19:03,040 --> 04:19:04,240 IN AREA MT. 6469 04:19:04,240 --> 04:19:06,200 I HOPE SOMEBODY WILL FIND OUT 6470 04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:11,160 WHEN WE START RECORDING LARGE 6471 04:19:11,160 --> 04:19:14,520 ENOUGH NUMBERS OF NEURONS AND 6472 04:19:14,520 --> 04:19:16,960 WHERE WE COULD ACTUALLY ANALYZE 6473 04:19:16,960 --> 04:19:18,080 DATA ON A TRIAL-BY-TRIAL BASIS 6474 04:19:18,080 --> 04:19:21,520 TO GET A SENSE OF HOW THIS 6475 04:19:21,520 --> 04:19:23,000 INTERACTION -- HOW DYNAMIC THIS 6476 04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:24,200 INTERACTION IS. 6477 04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:25,320 AND THAT'S THAT. 6478 04:19:25,320 --> 04:19:25,960 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6479 04:19:25,960 --> 04:19:28,560 [APPLAUSE] 6480 04:19:28,560 --> 04:19:34,560 6481 04:19:34,560 --> 04:19:36,880 6482 04:19:36,880 --> 04:19:38,840 >> WE'RE A LITTLE BIT BEHIND 6483 04:19:38,840 --> 04:19:39,400 SCHEDULE. 6484 04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:44,000 IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS FOR TANIA 6485 04:19:44,000 --> 04:19:46,880 SEE HER DURING THE RECEPTION OR 6486 04:19:46,880 --> 04:19:47,080 BREAK. 6487 04:19:47,080 --> 04:19:49,800 THANK YOU, TANIA. 6488 04:19:49,800 --> 04:19:55,800 6489 04:19:55,800 --> 04:20:05,840 6490 04:20:13,840 --> 04:20:14,960 NEXT IS LUIZ PESSOAA, POSTDOC 6491 04:20:14,960 --> 04:20:17,080 WITH LESLIE IN THE EARLY 6492 04:20:17,080 --> 04:20:19,240 2000s, CURRENTLY DIRECTOR OF 6493 04:20:19,240 --> 04:20:20,160 MARYLAND NEUROIMAGING CENTER, 6494 04:20:20,160 --> 04:20:22,200 PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT THE 6495 04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:23,720 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. 6496 04:20:23,720 --> 04:20:25,360 WHEN HE'S NOT DOING GREAT 6497 04:20:25,360 --> 04:20:27,000 NEUROSCIENCE, HE'S WRITING A 6498 04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:27,880 BOOK OR TWEETING. 6499 04:20:27,880 --> 04:20:30,200 I'M GLAD HE WAS ABLE TO JOIN US 6500 04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:30,720 TODAY. 6501 04:20:30,720 --> 04:20:35,800 THANKS FOR BEING HERE. 6502 04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:38,480 TAKE IT AWAY. 6503 04:20:38,480 --> 04:20:42,480 6504 04:20:42,480 --> 04:20:44,440 >> I SHOULD THANK THE ORGANIZING 6505 04:20:44,440 --> 04:20:46,840 COMMITTEE BECAUSE I MEAN IT, 6506 04:20:46,840 --> 04:20:49,760 THIS IS AN ENORMOUS HONOR FOR ME 6507 04:20:49,760 --> 04:20:50,880 TO BE HERE TODAY. 6508 04:20:50,880 --> 04:20:53,520 SO, THE TITLE OF MY TALK IS 6509 04:20:53,520 --> 04:20:55,920 COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL BRAIN FROM 6510 04:20:55,920 --> 04:20:56,920 INTERACTIONS TO INTEGRATION. 6511 04:20:56,920 --> 04:21:00,640 I ALSO REALLY WANT TO TELL YOU A 6512 04:21:00,640 --> 04:21:01,680 DIFFERENT STORY, A STORY OF A 6513 04:21:01,680 --> 04:21:03,920 PERSON WHO HAD A BACKGROUND IN 6514 04:21:03,920 --> 04:21:06,440 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MATH AND 6515 04:21:06,440 --> 04:21:07,080 Ph.D. IN COMPUTATIONAL 6516 04:21:07,080 --> 04:21:11,800 NEUROSCIENCE, NOW I CALL MYSELF 6517 04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:13,080 AN EMOTION RESEARCHER. 6518 04:21:13,080 --> 04:21:16,320 HOW DID THAT HAPPEN? 6519 04:21:16,320 --> 04:21:17,760 IN FACT, NOT ONLY THAT, WHY DO I 6520 04:21:17,760 --> 04:21:21,480 LIVE IN THE U.S.? 6521 04:21:21,480 --> 04:21:23,000 EVEN AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. 6522 04:21:23,000 --> 04:21:27,360 IT REALLY IS ALL DUE TO MY BEING 6523 04:21:27,360 --> 04:21:29,760 ADOPTED BY LESLIE INTO THIS 6524 04:21:29,760 --> 04:21:32,480 REALLY EXTENDED AND WONDERFUL 6525 04:21:32,480 --> 04:21:37,680 LBC COMMUNITY, LBC FAMILY, IN 6526 04:21:37,680 --> 04:21:37,880 FACT. 6527 04:21:37,880 --> 04:21:39,080 HOW DID THAT HAPPEN? 6528 04:21:39,080 --> 04:21:41,560 I WAS IN BRAZIL AT THE TIME. 6529 04:21:41,560 --> 04:21:45,920 AND ONE DAY ONE OF MY EARLY 6530 04:21:45,920 --> 04:21:48,800 MENTORS, RICARDO, WE HAD A 6531 04:21:48,800 --> 04:21:51,000 CONVERSATION IN THE BIOPHYSICS 6532 04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:53,160 DEPARTMENT, I TOLD HIM THAT I 6533 04:21:53,160 --> 04:21:54,960 WAS THINKING THAT I WAS GOING TO 6534 04:21:54,960 --> 04:21:57,240 TAKE A LEAVE FROM MY FACULTY 6535 04:21:57,240 --> 04:21:58,920 POSITION IN BRAZIL BECAUSE I 6536 04:21:58,920 --> 04:22:03,160 WASN'T TOO HAPPY THERE. 6537 04:22:03,160 --> 04:22:06,440 SO, WITHOUT EVEN PLANNING 6538 04:22:06,440 --> 04:22:08,160 ANYTHING OR ASKING EXPLICITLY, 6539 04:22:08,160 --> 04:22:09,800 RICARDO WROTE AN E-MAIL TO LESS 6540 04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:10,120 A. 6541 04:22:10,120 --> 04:22:11,320 LESLIE, THERE'S A PERSON HERE I 6542 04:22:11,320 --> 04:22:13,760 KNOW WHO WANTS TO SPEND TIME IN 6543 04:22:13,760 --> 04:22:14,640 THE U.S. 6544 04:22:14,640 --> 04:22:16,040 I THINK HE'S HAVING TROUBLE 6545 04:22:16,040 --> 04:22:17,480 ADAPTING BACK TO LIFE IN BRAZIL 6546 04:22:17,480 --> 04:22:21,400 AFTER HIS Ph.D. AT BOSTON 6547 04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:21,760 UNIVERSITY. 6548 04:22:21,760 --> 04:22:28,520 IN OTHER WORDS, I WAS DEPRESSED 6549 04:22:28,520 --> 04:22:28,840 BACK THERE. 6550 04:22:28,840 --> 04:22:31,360 LESLIE, I THINK IT WAS A 6551 04:22:31,360 --> 04:22:31,600 ONE-LINER. 6552 04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:34,440 I MIGHT HAVE SOME FUNDS, WHEN IS 6553 04:22:34,440 --> 04:22:35,520 HE COMING? 6554 04:22:35,520 --> 04:22:39,040 WHEN RICARDO TELLS ME THAT THE 6555 04:22:39,040 --> 04:22:41,080 NEXT DAY, HE JUST FORWARDED THE 6556 04:22:41,080 --> 04:22:44,040 E-MAIL TO ME, I WAS LIKE, WHAT? 6557 04:22:44,040 --> 04:22:45,840 HOW DID THAT HAPPEN? 6558 04:22:45,840 --> 04:22:47,920 AND SO BOTTOM LINE, I JOINED THE 6559 04:22:47,920 --> 04:22:51,240 LBC IN THE FALL OF 1999, AND 6560 04:22:51,240 --> 04:22:52,120 LITERALLY WON THE LOTTERY. 6561 04:22:52,120 --> 04:22:54,360 I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY OF YOU 6562 04:22:54,360 --> 04:22:55,800 HAVE WON THE LOTTERY, BUT I DID 6563 04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:57,560 THAT DAY. 6564 04:22:57,560 --> 04:23:01,200 I JOINED THE LBC LATE SUMMER OF 6565 04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:02,920 1999, ARRIVED, I DON'T KNOW THE 6566 04:23:02,920 --> 04:23:05,400 PAST HISTORY OF THE SPACE, 6567 04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:06,960 BUILDING 10, BUILDING 49, 6568 04:23:06,960 --> 04:23:08,480 SEPARATION BETWEEN MONKEY WORK 6569 04:23:08,480 --> 04:23:10,880 AND HUMAN WORK, I'M COMPLETELY 6570 04:23:10,880 --> 04:23:12,680 CLUELESS OBVIOUSLY. 6571 04:23:12,680 --> 04:23:13,840 I'M TALKING TO LESLIE. 6572 04:23:13,840 --> 04:23:15,920 LESLIE SAYS I DON'T REALLY HAVE 6573 04:23:15,920 --> 04:23:19,120 SPACE IN MY LAB SO DO YOU MIND 6574 04:23:19,120 --> 04:23:24,640 STAYING IN BOB'S SPACE? 6575 04:23:24,640 --> 04:23:25,920 THAT MEANT BUILDING 49. 6576 04:23:25,920 --> 04:23:27,520 I DIDN'T GET TO ASK BOB IF THAT 6577 04:23:27,520 --> 04:23:30,200 WOULD BE OKAY, WHAT NOT. 6578 04:23:30,200 --> 04:23:32,680 OKAY, THAT SOUNDS FINE. 6579 04:23:32,680 --> 04:23:35,000 SABINE PROBABLY LEFT, BUT WHAT 6580 04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:37,200 HAPPENED IS I GOT TO, AGAIN 6581 04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:40,240 LUCKED OUT, I GOT TO SHARE AN 6582 04:23:40,240 --> 04:23:42,120 OFFICE WITH SABINE, FOR THE 6583 04:23:42,120 --> 04:23:43,760 YEARS BEFORE SHE LEFT TO 6584 04:23:43,760 --> 04:23:44,080 PRINCETON. 6585 04:23:44,080 --> 04:23:52,920 ALSO WITH A TON OF PEOPLE, JOHN, 6586 04:23:52,920 --> 04:23:54,920 BETH, PASCAL, SO MANY PEOPLE I'M 6587 04:23:54,920 --> 04:24:01,280 BLANKING NOW, IT WAS AMAZING. 6588 04:24:01,280 --> 04:24:06,200 HOW DID I GET TO BE AN EMOTION 6589 04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:07,160 RESEARCHER? 6590 04:24:07,160 --> 04:24:09,040 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE. 6591 04:24:09,040 --> 04:24:12,400 AROUND 2000 OR SO MARGO MCKENNA 6592 04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:15,400 JOINED LESLIE'S LAB AS AN HHMI 6593 04:24:15,400 --> 04:24:15,920 FELLOW. 6594 04:24:15,920 --> 04:24:17,320 DO THEY STILL EXIST? 6595 04:24:17,320 --> 04:24:20,280 SHE CAME, GOT A FELLOWSHIP FOR A 6596 04:24:20,280 --> 04:24:22,280 YEAR AND IT'S AMAZING, THE 6597 04:24:22,280 --> 04:24:25,040 PERSON CHOOSES WHAT LAB THEY ARE 6598 04:24:25,040 --> 04:24:26,920 GOING TO DO RESEARCH IN, AND FOR 6599 04:24:26,920 --> 04:24:29,440 A PERIOD OF A YEAR. 6600 04:24:29,440 --> 04:24:33,000 MARGO JOINS THE LAB. 6601 04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:35,400 OBVIOUSLY LESLIE IS ENORMOUSLY 6602 04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:36,040 BUSY. 6603 04:24:36,040 --> 04:24:37,920 I'M TALKING TO LESLIE, DO YOU 6604 04:24:37,920 --> 04:24:39,240 HAVE ANY SUGGESTIONS, WHAT SHE 6605 04:24:39,240 --> 04:24:40,960 COULD WORK ON, COULD YOU HELP 6606 04:24:40,960 --> 04:24:42,840 MENTOR HER? 6607 04:24:42,840 --> 04:24:45,480 SHE WAS OVERWHELMED, PERHAPS ONE 6608 04:24:45,480 --> 04:24:47,440 OF THE REVIEW CYCLES, WHAT NOT. 6609 04:24:47,440 --> 04:24:52,160 I SAID, OKAY, HOW ABOUT WE WORK 6610 04:24:52,160 --> 04:24:53,240 ON EMOTION ATTENTION? 6611 04:24:53,240 --> 04:24:57,840 WHY DID WE DO THAT? 6612 04:24:57,840 --> 04:24:59,640 THE REASON IS AT THE TIME IT WAS 6613 04:24:59,640 --> 04:25:01,320 VERY PREVALENT IN THE 6614 04:25:01,320 --> 04:25:04,320 LITERATURE, THERE WAS THIS IDEA 6615 04:25:04,320 --> 04:25:06,160 EVERYWHERE, EVERYONE WAS EXCITED 6616 04:25:06,160 --> 04:25:07,280 ABOUT IT. 6617 04:25:07,280 --> 04:25:11,760 PERHAPS, AT LEAST IN NO SMALL 6618 04:25:11,760 --> 04:25:15,840 PART BECAUSE A BOOK TALKED ABOUT 6619 04:25:15,840 --> 04:25:22,960 THE SUBCORTICAL PATHWAY, SLOW 6620 04:25:22,960 --> 04:25:26,320 CORTICAL PROSING, THE AUTOMATIC 6621 04:25:26,320 --> 04:25:30,480 PATHWAY, SUBCORTICAL PATHWAY WAS 6622 04:25:30,480 --> 04:25:31,880 VERY FAST AND AUTOMATIC, 6623 04:25:31,880 --> 04:25:33,240 INDEPENDENT OF ATTENTION, AND 6624 04:25:33,240 --> 04:25:34,920 PEOPLE WERE MAKING A CAREER 6625 04:25:34,920 --> 04:25:36,320 PUBLISHING IN "NATURE" AND 6626 04:25:36,320 --> 04:25:39,560 "SCIENCE" ALL THE TIME, CLAIMING 6627 04:25:39,560 --> 04:25:43,760 THAT NOT ONLY ATTENTION, IT WAS 6628 04:25:43,760 --> 04:25:45,040 EVEN UNDER YOUR CONSCIOUSNESS 6629 04:25:45,040 --> 04:25:47,040 LEFT, PROCESSING STIMULI AT 6630 04:25:47,040 --> 04:25:49,080 UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL, HAVING 6631 04:25:49,080 --> 04:25:50,000 EFFECTS IN YOUR AMYGDALA EVEN 6632 04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:51,680 THOUGH YOU WERE NOT CONSCIOUS OF 6633 04:25:51,680 --> 04:25:52,560 THE STIMULI. 6634 04:25:52,560 --> 04:25:54,800 THIS WAS PART OF A LARGE 6635 04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:56,240 FRAMEWORK THAT WAS SHAPING 6636 04:25:56,240 --> 04:25:57,680 RESEARCH, A LOT OF CLINICAL 6637 04:25:57,680 --> 04:26:00,400 RESEARCH HAD TO DO WITH THE IDEA 6638 04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:02,360 PARALLEL PROCESSING STREAMS OR 6639 04:26:02,360 --> 04:26:05,160 DUAL PROCESSING MODELS IN WHICH 6640 04:26:05,160 --> 04:26:07,920 COGNITION IS ONE OF THE STREAMS, 6641 04:26:07,920 --> 04:26:11,440 AND FLOWS IN A WAY THAT IS 6642 04:26:11,440 --> 04:26:14,320 LARGELY INDEPENDENT FROM ANOTHER 6643 04:26:14,320 --> 04:26:15,600 STREAM, EMOTION STREAM. 6644 04:26:15,600 --> 04:26:19,680 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, THIS IDEA 6645 04:26:19,680 --> 04:26:20,920 OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSING, I 6646 04:26:20,920 --> 04:26:23,200 SHOULD STEP BACK ACTUALLY. 6647 04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:26,000 IN SUPPORTING THIS NOTION OF THE 6648 04:26:26,000 --> 04:26:26,960 SEPARATION OF THESE STREAMS, A 6649 04:26:26,960 --> 04:26:28,840 LOT OF PEOPLE WERE SAYING THIS 6650 04:26:28,840 --> 04:26:29,960 PATHWAY WAS AUTOMATIC BECAUSE 6651 04:26:29,960 --> 04:26:32,600 THERE WAS ACTUALLY A SPECIALIZED 6652 04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:34,000 SUBCORTICAL PATHWAY THAT WOULD 6653 04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:40,880 PROVIDE A SUBSTRATE FOR THIS, 6654 04:26:40,880 --> 04:26:44,400 AUDITORY DOMAIN, WE WERE VISION 6655 04:26:44,400 --> 04:26:49,000 SCIENTISTS, LIGHT WOULD COME IN 6656 04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:56,000 THE RETINA, SUPERIOR COLLICULUS, 6657 04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:56,880 PULVINAW, AMYGDALA. 6658 04:26:56,880 --> 04:26:59,520 LESLIE WAS LIKE, THAT'S NOT 6659 04:26:59,520 --> 04:26:59,760 RIGHT. 6660 04:26:59,760 --> 04:27:01,840 I'VE NEVER SEEN THAT IN ANY OF 6661 04:27:01,840 --> 04:27:02,840 MY STUDIES. 6662 04:27:02,840 --> 04:27:04,600 THAT DOESN'T EXIST! 6663 04:27:04,600 --> 04:27:07,520 BECAUSE SHE KNEW SHE WAS SAYING 6664 04:27:07,520 --> 04:27:16,200 THAT THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS 6665 04:27:16,200 --> 04:27:17,320 PROJECTS THE PULVINAR, THEY 6666 04:27:17,320 --> 04:27:19,360 DON'T TALK TO EACH OTHER. 6667 04:27:19,360 --> 04:27:22,360 THAT WAS NOT THE ONLY THING. 6668 04:27:22,360 --> 04:27:24,000 AGAIN, LESLIE WAS COMBINING 6669 04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:26,080 THESE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE. 6670 04:27:26,080 --> 04:27:33,840 WE KNEW, I KNEW, I HAD BEEN IN 6671 04:27:33,840 --> 04:27:34,600 BOSTON MID-'90s, KEVIN 6672 04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:36,920 EREAGAN, THE LIMITS OF VISUAL 6673 04:27:36,920 --> 04:27:47,480 PROCESSING IN ITEMS OF CAPACITY 6674 04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:53,120 LIMITS, VISION REQUIRED VISION. 6675 04:27:53,120 --> 04:27:55,760 WE OFTEN MISS LARGE PARTS OF THE 6676 04:27:55,760 --> 04:27:58,560 SCENE, PRESUMABLY BECAUSE OF OUR 6677 04:27:58,560 --> 04:28:00,680 LIMITED PROCESSING CAPACITY. 6678 04:28:00,680 --> 04:28:06,520 SO, THIS NATURALLY LED OBVIOUSLY 6679 04:28:06,520 --> 04:28:09,040 IN LESLIE'S HANDS, FORMULATE 6680 04:28:09,040 --> 04:28:11,840 HYPOTHESIS, ADVANTAGE OF 6681 04:28:11,840 --> 04:28:13,040 EMOTION-LADEN STIMULI THAT WOULD 6682 04:28:13,040 --> 04:28:14,360 DEPEND ON ATTENTION. 6683 04:28:14,360 --> 04:28:16,880 TO TEST THAT, WE DID AN INITIAL 6684 04:28:16,880 --> 04:28:20,080 STUDY IN WHICH WE DID A SIMPLE 6685 04:28:20,080 --> 04:28:21,760 STUDY, BLOCK DESIGN, LATER ALL 6686 04:28:21,760 --> 04:28:23,520 SORTS OF VARIANTS, BUT 6687 04:28:23,520 --> 04:28:27,000 ESSENTIALLY IN THE BEGINNING A 6688 04:28:27,000 --> 04:28:28,560 SIMPLE TASK, A BLOCK OF TRIALS 6689 04:28:28,560 --> 04:28:30,600 IN WHICH THE PERSON HAD JUST TO 6690 04:28:30,600 --> 04:28:31,480 SEE THESE FACES, INDICATE 6691 04:28:31,480 --> 04:28:34,120 WHETHER THEY WERE MALE OR FEMALE 6692 04:28:34,120 --> 04:28:35,520 LOOKING FACES, PRESENTED VERY 6693 04:28:35,520 --> 04:28:38,040 BRIEFLY TO MINIMIZE EYE MOVEMENT 6694 04:28:38,040 --> 04:28:40,680 AND WHAT NOT. 6695 04:28:40,680 --> 04:28:42,320 ALTERNATING BLOCKS OF TRIALS WE 6696 04:28:42,320 --> 04:28:44,440 MANIPULATED THE FOCUS OF 6697 04:28:44,440 --> 04:28:47,040 ATTENTION, PARTICIPANTS HAD BEEN 6698 04:28:47,040 --> 04:28:48,280 TAUGHT TO MAINTAIN FOCUS OF 6699 04:28:48,280 --> 04:28:49,880 ATTENTION IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 6700 04:28:49,880 --> 04:28:52,160 FACE, IN THE PERSON'S NOSE, ONLY 6701 04:28:52,160 --> 04:28:54,360 SHIFT THEIR ATTENTION TO THE 6702 04:28:54,360 --> 04:28:55,720 PERIPHERY TO DETERMINE WHETHER 6703 04:28:55,720 --> 04:28:57,280 THESE PERIPHERAL BARS WERE THE 6704 04:28:57,280 --> 04:29:00,160 SAME ORIENTATION OR NOT. 6705 04:29:00,160 --> 04:29:03,440 SO ONE WAS OBVIOUSLY THE FACES 6706 04:29:03,440 --> 04:29:04,960 WERE TASK RELEVANT AND CENTRAL, 6707 04:29:04,960 --> 04:29:10,000 THE OTHER ONE FACES WERE CENTRAL 6708 04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:11,440 BUT TASK IRRELEVANT. 6709 04:29:11,440 --> 04:29:17,480 WE SAW THAT ACTUALLY ATTENTION 6710 04:29:17,480 --> 04:29:18,120 WAS REQUIRED. 6711 04:29:18,120 --> 04:29:20,880 WE SAW FOR A FEARFUL FACE THERE 6712 04:29:20,880 --> 04:29:24,280 WAS A VIGOROUS RESPONSE CLEARLY 6713 04:29:24,280 --> 04:29:27,040 STRONGER THAN FOR A NEUTRAL 6714 04:29:27,040 --> 04:29:29,200 FACE. 6715 04:29:29,200 --> 04:29:30,200 INTERMEDIATE FOR HAPPY FACES, 6716 04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:31,240 ALL WHEN ATTENDED. 6717 04:29:31,240 --> 04:29:34,480 WHEN FACES WERE NOT ATTENDED 6718 04:29:34,480 --> 04:29:38,520 THESE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES 6719 04:29:38,520 --> 04:29:40,800 COMPLETELY WERE ELIMINATED. 6720 04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:42,160 SUGGESTING THAT EFFECT OF 6721 04:29:42,160 --> 04:29:44,880 VALENCE WAS DEPENDENT ON 6722 04:29:44,880 --> 04:29:45,240 ATTENTION. 6723 04:29:45,240 --> 04:29:47,800 WELL, THIS SHOWED TO US THAT 6724 04:29:47,800 --> 04:29:48,680 WHATEVER ADVANTAGES SEVERAL 6725 04:29:48,680 --> 04:29:51,440 STUDIES HAD SHOWN FOR EFFECTIVE 6726 04:29:51,440 --> 04:29:57,040 PROCESSING IS PROCESSING 6727 04:29:57,040 --> 04:29:58,080 PRIORITIZED, NOT INDEPENDENT OF 6728 04:29:58,080 --> 04:29:59,280 HOST OF FACTORS SUCH AS 6729 04:29:59,280 --> 04:30:03,120 ATTENTION, IN A SERIES OF 6730 04:30:03,120 --> 04:30:05,000 STUDIES WE DID, AWARENESS, TASK 6731 04:30:05,000 --> 04:30:09,800 CONTEXT, SO ON AND SO FORTH, 6732 04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:11,000 SHOWING THAT EFFECTIVE 6733 04:30:11,000 --> 04:30:12,640 PROCESSING IS NOT AUTOMATIC IN 6734 04:30:12,640 --> 04:30:14,280 THE STRONG SENSE BEING ADVOCATED 6735 04:30:14,280 --> 04:30:17,800 IN LITERATURE, LA DUE AND 6736 04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:25,280 OTHERS, SO THIS WAS WORK WE DID 6737 04:30:25,280 --> 04:30:26,240 WITH SHRUTI AND ALOMETE. 6738 04:30:26,240 --> 04:30:29,520 THIS WAS MY TIME HERE AT NIH. 6739 04:30:29,520 --> 04:30:32,040 I WAS ON THE OLDER SIDE BECAUSE 6740 04:30:32,040 --> 04:30:33,680 I HAD BEEN FACULTY IN BRAZIL 6741 04:30:33,680 --> 04:30:36,640 AFTER MY Ph.D., SO I WAS 6742 04:30:36,640 --> 04:30:39,680 TRYING TO GET A FACULTY JOB, NOT 6743 04:30:39,680 --> 04:30:42,760 BE TOO OLD BY THE TIME I GOT A 6744 04:30:42,760 --> 04:30:48,520 FACULTY JOB, SO I LEFT HERE IN 6745 04:30:48,520 --> 04:30:52,040 2003. 6746 04:30:52,040 --> 04:30:55,040 AND SO IT WAS A VERY PRODUCTIVE 6747 04:30:55,040 --> 04:30:56,240 PERIOD, RELATIVELY SHORT. 6748 04:30:56,240 --> 04:30:59,480 WHEN I LEFT HERE WHAT I DID AT 6749 04:30:59,480 --> 04:31:06,520 FIRST, A FEW THINGS, DIFFERENT 6750 04:31:06,520 --> 04:31:06,760 THINGS. 6751 04:31:06,760 --> 04:31:09,120 ONE WILL RECOGNIZE, ALL OF YOU, 6752 04:31:09,120 --> 04:31:10,760 WILL RECOGNIZE A COMPETITIVE 6753 04:31:10,760 --> 04:31:12,720 FRAMEWORK HERE, SOMETHING LIKE 6754 04:31:12,720 --> 04:31:14,520 BIAS COMPETITION, MANY OTHER 6755 04:31:14,520 --> 04:31:16,120 KINDS OF COMPETITION FRAMEWORKS 6756 04:31:16,120 --> 04:31:19,600 THAT I TOOK THIS IDEA AND ADDED 6757 04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:23,000 SOME BRILLIANT TWISTS TO IT 6758 04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:25,200 WHICH WAS, OKAY, THIS IS WELL 6759 04:31:25,200 --> 04:31:27,200 ESTABLISHED, WHY DON'T WE SAY 6760 04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:30,840 THAT THERE'S A LITTLE INFLUENCE 6761 04:31:30,840 --> 04:31:32,160 FROM EFFECTIVE PROCESSING, GIANT 6762 04:31:32,160 --> 04:31:34,600 LEAP HERE, TO ADD A LITTLE BIT 6763 04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:36,240 OF -- THE OTHER GIANT LEAP WAS 6764 04:31:36,240 --> 04:31:40,600 TO SAY THAT MAYBE THERE WAS A 6765 04:31:40,600 --> 04:31:41,760 MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT. 6766 04:31:41,760 --> 04:31:43,120 OBVIOUSLY, CLEARLY ALONG THE 6767 04:31:43,120 --> 04:31:46,720 LINES I HAD INITIATED HERE, 6768 04:31:46,720 --> 04:31:48,680 ADDING THE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM 6769 04:31:48,680 --> 04:31:50,200 THESE EFFECTIVE TYPES OF 6770 04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:51,000 INFORMATION MOTIVATIONALLY 6771 04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:52,840 RELEVANT INFORMATION ON THE MORE 6772 04:31:52,840 --> 04:31:56,880 REPETITIVE END, EXCUSE ME, MORE 6773 04:31:56,880 --> 04:32:00,720 ON THE AVERSIVE END, AFFECTIVE 6774 04:32:00,720 --> 04:32:03,040 SIGNIFICANCE, OR REWARD, JUST TO 6775 04:32:03,040 --> 04:32:06,440 HAVE A LABEL TO PRESENT THIS. 6776 04:32:06,440 --> 04:32:08,600 SO, LET ME GIVE ONE EXAMPLE OF 6777 04:32:08,600 --> 04:32:11,240 ONE EXPERIMENT WE DID THAT I DID 6778 04:32:11,240 --> 04:32:12,640 THEN SINCE LEAVING THAT GETS TO 6779 04:32:12,640 --> 04:32:15,400 THIS IDEA OF HOW EFFECTIVE 6780 04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:16,920 VISION INTERACTS WITH ATTENTION. 6781 04:32:16,920 --> 04:32:19,000 ONE OF THE EXPERIMENTS IN THIS 6782 04:32:19,000 --> 04:32:23,960 EXPERIMENT WHAT WE USED WAS THIS 6783 04:32:23,960 --> 04:32:24,880 WELL-ESTABLISHED PARADIGM, THE 6784 04:32:24,880 --> 04:32:27,440 BLINK, IF YOU HAVEN'T SEEN IT 6785 04:32:27,440 --> 04:32:29,320 BEFORE, IT'S SIMPLE. 6786 04:32:29,320 --> 04:32:32,680 IT'S ESSENTIALLY A CLIP AROUND 6787 04:32:32,680 --> 04:32:34,120 TWO SECONDS, HER 100 6788 04:32:34,120 --> 04:32:35,840 MILLISECONDS ONE FRAME IS SHOWN 6789 04:32:35,840 --> 04:32:37,200 WITH TWO CRITICAL TARGETS ALONG 6790 04:32:37,200 --> 04:32:42,440 THE STREAM OF TWO SECONDS, FIRST 6791 04:32:42,440 --> 04:32:45,720 TARGET CALLED T1, FIRST T1 6792 04:32:45,720 --> 04:32:47,920 TARGET, SECOND CRITICAL TARGET, 6793 04:32:47,920 --> 04:32:49,960 THE FIRST IS VERY EASY TO 6794 04:32:49,960 --> 04:32:51,560 DETECT, PEOPLE DETECT IT AT 6795 04:32:51,560 --> 04:32:53,800 ALMOST 100% OF THE TIME. 6796 04:32:53,800 --> 04:32:57,320 THE CRITICAL TARGET IS T2, VERY 6797 04:32:57,320 --> 04:33:00,920 CLOSE TO T1 IN TEMPORAL 6798 04:33:00,920 --> 04:33:01,240 PROXIMITY. 6799 04:33:01,240 --> 04:33:02,680 PEOPLE MISS, AS IF THEY ARE 6800 04:33:02,680 --> 04:33:04,200 PHYSICALLY BLINKING BUT IT'S NOT 6801 04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,360 A PHYSICAL BLINK, IT'S AN 6802 04:33:07,360 --> 04:33:08,920 ATTENTIONAL BLINK THAT 6803 04:33:08,920 --> 04:33:10,760 ESSENTIALLY THEY ARE UNAWARE OF 6804 04:33:10,760 --> 04:33:12,520 THE STIMULUS. 6805 04:33:12,520 --> 04:33:14,680 THE LOGIC IS, OKAY, T2 ARE 6806 04:33:14,680 --> 04:33:18,960 MISSED, BUT ALL THESE PEOPLE 6807 04:33:18,960 --> 04:33:21,280 SAYING AFFECTIVE PROCESSING IS 6808 04:33:21,280 --> 04:33:21,560 PRIORITIZED. 6809 04:33:21,560 --> 04:33:24,200 WHY DON'T WE MAKE A T2 THAT'S 6810 04:33:24,200 --> 04:33:24,880 SIGNIFICANT. 6811 04:33:24,880 --> 04:33:32,200 WE CHOOSE TWO CATEGORIES OF 6812 04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:33,320 STIMULI, HOUSES AND SKYSCRAPERS, 6813 04:33:33,320 --> 04:33:37,920 BUILDINGS, MAKE ONE OF THE 6814 04:33:37,920 --> 04:33:38,960 CATEGORIES EFFECTIVELY 6815 04:33:38,960 --> 04:33:39,240 SIGNIFICANT. 6816 04:33:39,240 --> 04:33:43,160 IT'S BETTER HERE. 6817 04:33:43,160 --> 04:33:48,440 WE HAVE A CS+ PAIRED WITH A MILD 6818 04:33:48,440 --> 04:33:52,280 SHOCK, TITRATED SO THE 6819 04:33:52,280 --> 04:33:55,200 INDIVIDUAL CAN TOLERATE, SO WE 6820 04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:59,440 HAVE A CS+ AND CS -CATEGORY, ONE 6821 04:33:59,440 --> 04:34:02,320 IS HOUSES, A PERSON HAS TO 6822 04:34:02,320 --> 04:34:04,480 INDICATE, YES, I SAW T2, A 6823 04:34:04,480 --> 04:34:05,880 HOUSE. 6824 04:34:05,880 --> 04:34:11,480 YES, I SAW T2, T2 IS A BUILDING. 6825 04:34:11,480 --> 04:34:20,600 SO OBVIOUSLY COUNTER-BALANCE. 6826 04:34:20,600 --> 04:34:27,120 WE FOUND BEHAVIORALLY WE FOUND 6827 04:34:27,120 --> 04:34:30,400 FOR CS , TYPICAL STIMULUS, YOU 6828 04:34:30,400 --> 04:34:33,800 HAVE AN ATTENTIONAL BLINK, 6829 04:34:33,800 --> 04:34:37,160 PEOPLE DETECT AROUND 62% OF THE 6830 04:34:37,160 --> 04:34:40,920 TIME, A CHALLENGING TASK. 6831 04:34:40,920 --> 04:34:43,120 THE QUESTION IS, DOES THE 6832 04:34:43,120 --> 04:34:44,200 EFFECTIVE SIGNIFICANCE RECOVER, 6833 04:34:44,200 --> 04:34:47,800 ALLOW YOU TO ACTUALLY MINIMIZE 6834 04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:49,560 OR PERHAPS ELIMINATE IF IT'S 6835 04:34:49,560 --> 04:34:50,360 AUTOMATIC, RIGHT? 6836 04:34:50,360 --> 04:34:52,640 BUT IN OUR HANDS WE ANTICIPATED 6837 04:34:52,640 --> 04:34:54,160 IT WOULD IMPROVE PERFORMANCE. 6838 04:34:54,160 --> 04:34:58,880 WE DO GET AN IMPROVEMENT OR 10, 6839 04:34:58,880 --> 04:35:09,440 12% IN THE -- OH WELL. 6840 04:35:09,440 --> 04:35:12,760 SO, WE DO GET AN INCREASE OF 6841 04:35:12,760 --> 04:35:17,880 AROUND 12% WITH CS+ SHOWING 6842 04:35:17,880 --> 04:35:19,200 EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EFFECT OF 6843 04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:19,520 MANIPULATION. 6844 04:35:19,520 --> 04:35:23,040 WE DID A LOT OF ANALYSIS, TRIED 6845 04:35:23,040 --> 04:35:25,120 TO UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL 6846 04:35:25,120 --> 04:35:28,080 MECHANISMS, WE'RE NOT 6847 04:35:28,080 --> 04:35:29,840 MANIPULATING THIS, WE'RE NOT 6848 04:35:29,840 --> 04:35:35,560 SILENCING AREAS OR ACTIVATING 6849 04:35:35,560 --> 04:35:36,600 AREAS, NOT LESIONING AREAS. 6850 04:35:36,600 --> 04:35:42,160 WE TRY TO ADDRESS THIS BY 6851 04:35:42,160 --> 04:35:43,320 LOOKING AT TRIAL-BY-TRIAL 6852 04:35:43,320 --> 04:35:51,720 FLUCTUATION IN AMYGDALA, GIVEN 6853 04:35:51,720 --> 04:35:53,640 ITS IMPORTANCE FOR CS+ 6854 04:35:53,640 --> 04:35:55,720 CONDITIONING, WE FOUND THAT 6855 04:35:55,720 --> 04:35:57,320 FLUCTUATIONS ON A TRIAL-BY-TRIAL 6856 04:35:57,320 --> 04:36:03,960 BASE FRIDAYS AMYGDALA WERE 6857 04:36:03,960 --> 04:36:06,600 PREDICTIVE OF ABILITY TO DETECT 6858 04:36:06,600 --> 04:36:09,120 T2 STIMULUS, HIGHER THE fMRI 6859 04:36:09,120 --> 04:36:10,960 SIGNAL, THE HIGHER LIKELIHOOD OF 6860 04:36:10,960 --> 04:36:12,120 DETECTION. 6861 04:36:12,120 --> 04:36:14,920 SO WHAT WE DID, CAPITALIZING 6862 04:36:14,920 --> 04:36:21,240 THAT THE STIMULI WERE DEFINED TO 6863 04:36:21,240 --> 04:36:23,880 ENGAGE THE CORTEX, RESPONSIVE TO 6864 04:36:23,880 --> 04:36:30,840 THESE KINDS OF SCENES, WE COULD 6865 04:36:30,840 --> 04:36:35,040 ALSO PROBE RESPONSES IN VISUAL 6866 04:36:35,040 --> 04:36:36,680 CORTEX. 6867 04:36:36,680 --> 04:36:39,280 RESPONSES COMPARED TO STIMULI 6868 04:36:39,280 --> 04:36:43,800 MEDIATED THE RELATIONSHIP 6869 04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:45,520 BETWEEN AMYGDALA AND BEHAVIOR ON 6870 04:36:45,520 --> 04:36:53,400 A TRIAL-BY-TRIAL BASIS IF WE 6871 04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:56,400 CONSIDER AMPLITUDE. 6872 04:36:56,400 --> 04:37:02,000 ESSENTIALLY CAN CONVINCE 6873 04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:04,960 YOURSELF THIS RELATIONSHIP OF 6874 04:37:04,960 --> 04:37:09,880 POTENTIAL CIRCUIT INVOLVING AMIG 6875 04:37:09,880 --> 04:37:11,920 DA LAY, STRENGTHING SIGNALS WITH 6876 04:37:11,920 --> 04:37:16,360 POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE YOUR 6877 04:37:16,360 --> 04:37:18,400 ABILITY TO DETECT T2. 6878 04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:25,160 A FEW YEARS LATER, PUTTING THIS 6879 04:37:25,160 --> 04:37:30,400 LITERATURE TOGETHER, WE DECIDED 6880 04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:32,520 TO PUT A PIECE GOING AGAINST 6881 04:37:32,520 --> 04:37:34,720 THIS IDEA OF THE SUBCORTICAL LOW 6882 04:37:34,720 --> 04:37:37,680 ROAD THAT WAS PREVALENT IN THE 6883 04:37:37,680 --> 04:37:46,120 LITERATURE INCLUDING CLINICAL 6884 04:37:46,120 --> 04:37:47,680 LITERATURE, EVEN GRANTING A LOW 6885 04:37:47,680 --> 04:37:49,840 ROAD, WE STILL CANNOT RULE OUT, 6886 04:37:49,840 --> 04:37:54,120 WHICH IS FINE, THAT IT EXISTS, 6887 04:37:54,120 --> 04:37:55,640 NOT COMPLETELY COMMITTED TO 6888 04:37:55,640 --> 04:37:57,600 ABSOLUTE NON-EXISTENCE, THE FACT 6889 04:37:57,600 --> 04:38:00,760 IS THAT TO UNDERSTAND EFFECTIVE 6890 04:38:00,760 --> 04:38:02,320 PROCESSING WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 6891 04:38:02,320 --> 04:38:05,800 MANY ROADS, MANY WAYS BY WHICH 6892 04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:08,000 EFFECTIVE INFORMATION CAN AFFECT 6893 04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:09,760 BEHAVIOR, BRAIN PROCESSING AND 6894 04:38:09,760 --> 04:38:10,080 BEHAVIOR. 6895 04:38:10,080 --> 04:38:13,040 ESSENTIALLY WHAT WE'RE DOING IN 6896 04:38:13,040 --> 04:38:14,720 A NUTSHELL IS SUGGESTING THAT 6897 04:38:14,720 --> 04:38:18,000 INSTEAD OF CONSIDERING THIS KIND 6898 04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:19,200 OF HIERARCHICAL MODEL GUIDING 6899 04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:20,920 THE FIELD FROM THE RETINA ALL 6900 04:38:20,920 --> 04:38:25,440 THE WAY TO THE AMYGDALA, BEING A 6901 04:38:25,440 --> 04:38:26,960 POTENTIAL CORTICAL PATHWAY, 6902 04:38:26,960 --> 04:38:28,960 ANOTHER ONE, SUBCORTICAL PATHWAY 6903 04:38:28,960 --> 04:38:31,200 THAT WOULD BYPASS IT UNDER 6904 04:38:31,200 --> 04:38:32,440 CERTAIN CONDITIONS, EXPLAINING 6905 04:38:32,440 --> 04:38:34,760 THE ADVANTAGE OF EFFECTIVE 6906 04:38:34,760 --> 04:38:35,960 STIMULI, WHAT WE'RE PROPOSING IN 6907 04:38:35,960 --> 04:38:39,120 OUR MODEL WAS IN FACT A 6908 04:38:39,120 --> 04:38:40,560 DIFFERENT SCHEME, ONE IN WHICH 6909 04:38:40,560 --> 04:38:46,240 WEALTH OF CONNECTIVITY THAT IS 6910 04:38:46,240 --> 04:38:51,080 KNOWN TO EXIST, BYPASS CONNECTS 6911 04:38:51,080 --> 04:38:52,840 ALONG THE VENTRAL PROCESSING 6912 04:38:52,840 --> 04:38:55,840 VISUAL STREAM BUT IN ADDITION 6913 04:38:55,840 --> 04:38:58,600 SITUATING THE PULVINAR AT LEAST, 6914 04:38:58,600 --> 04:39:02,440 NOT AS A LET'S SAY RELAY OR DUMB 6915 04:39:02,440 --> 04:39:05,280 PLAYER IN THIS RELATIONSHIP BUT 6916 04:39:05,280 --> 04:39:09,560 A KEY NODE INTERACTING NOT ONLY 6917 04:39:09,560 --> 04:39:12,720 WITH AMYGDALA IN CRITICAL WAYS 6918 04:39:12,720 --> 04:39:15,920 BUT ONE OF THESE -- I THINK 6919 04:39:15,920 --> 04:39:19,080 CAROL SAID IT, PEOPLE WHO STUDY 6920 04:39:19,080 --> 04:39:22,280 THE PULVINAR GO INSANE BECAUSE 6921 04:39:22,280 --> 04:39:24,040 THE PULVINAR IS COMPLETELY 6922 04:39:24,040 --> 04:39:26,200 INCREDIBLE, LITERALLY IS 6923 04:39:26,200 --> 04:39:32,040 COMMUNICATING WITH THE ENTIRE 6924 04:39:32,040 --> 04:39:32,480 CORTEX. 6925 04:39:32,480 --> 04:39:34,640 ALSO LINKED TO SO CALLED 6926 04:39:34,640 --> 04:39:36,760 ASSOCIATIONAL OR BRAIN REGIONS 6927 04:39:36,760 --> 04:39:37,760 INCLUDING TERRITORIES ALONG 6928 04:39:37,760 --> 04:39:40,560 PARIETAL, FRONTAL, SO ON. 6929 04:39:40,560 --> 04:39:42,640 WE SUGGESTED A DIFFERENT ROLE 6930 04:39:42,640 --> 04:39:45,240 FOR THE PULVINAR, ONE IN WHICH 6931 04:39:45,240 --> 04:39:51,600 ITS OWN RELATIONSHIP IN THAT 6932 04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:53,880 PARADIGM OF DETECTING T2 6933 04:39:53,880 --> 04:39:56,640 STIMULUS IN BLINK COULD BE 6934 04:39:56,640 --> 04:39:58,000 QUANTIFIED ON A TRIAL-BY-TRIAL 6935 04:39:58,000 --> 04:40:00,360 BASIS, THE HIGHER THE ACTION IN 6936 04:40:00,360 --> 04:40:02,640 THE PULVINAR, HIGHER PROBABILITY 6937 04:40:02,640 --> 04:40:04,120 OF DETECTING STIMULUS WAS 6938 04:40:04,120 --> 04:40:05,560 SOMETHING ABOUT A RELAY PATHWAY, 6939 04:40:05,560 --> 04:40:11,200 SOMETHING THAT HAD TO BE WITH 6940 04:40:11,200 --> 04:40:15,880 MORE INTEGRATIVE RELATIONSHIP. 6941 04:40:15,880 --> 04:40:16,360 OKAY. 6942 04:40:16,360 --> 04:40:18,760 SO, LET ME JUST BRIEFLY HERE 6943 04:40:18,760 --> 04:40:20,920 DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT OF -- SOME 6944 04:40:20,920 --> 04:40:25,960 OTHER WORK IN THE LAB WHICH WAS 6945 04:40:25,960 --> 04:40:28,040 WE HAD INVESTIGATED THIS SIDE, 6946 04:40:28,040 --> 04:40:31,560 THIS SIDE STARTED IN THE LAB, 6947 04:40:31,560 --> 04:40:33,920 LESLIE WAS ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT 6948 04:40:33,920 --> 04:40:34,480 STUDYING THIS. 6949 04:40:34,480 --> 04:40:38,120 IN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS, 6950 04:40:38,120 --> 04:40:40,400 LOOKED AT THE MOTIVATIONAL SIDE 6951 04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:43,280 OF THE EFFECT. 6952 04:40:43,280 --> 04:40:44,920 ESSENTIALLY, I HAD A 6953 04:40:44,920 --> 04:40:46,960 CONVERSATION A FEW WEEKS BEFORE 6954 04:40:46,960 --> 04:40:49,600 LEAVING FOR MY FIRST POSITION AT 6955 04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:50,920 BROWN UNIVERSITY, AND PRESENTING 6956 04:40:50,920 --> 04:40:53,320 SOMETHING LIKE THIS TO HIM 6957 04:40:53,320 --> 04:40:55,240 SAYING WE ARE FINDING THIS IN 6958 04:40:55,240 --> 04:40:56,160 AFFECTIVE DOMAIN, DO YOU THINK 6959 04:40:56,160 --> 04:40:58,600 THIS MIGHT BE IN THE REWARD 6960 04:40:58,600 --> 04:40:59,120 DOMAIN? 6961 04:40:59,120 --> 04:41:00,640 AND HE THOUGHT, YEAH, THAT MAKES 6962 04:41:00,640 --> 04:41:02,280 SENSE, GIVE IT A TRY. 6963 04:41:02,280 --> 04:41:04,640 WE DID THAT OVER A LARGE SERIES 6964 04:41:04,640 --> 04:41:06,200 OF EXPERIMENTS, I WANT TO SHOW 6965 04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:07,760 YOU ONE OF THEM. 6966 04:41:07,760 --> 04:41:10,840 AND HYPOTHESIS HERE THAT WE HAD, 6967 04:41:10,840 --> 04:41:12,280 MOTIVATION ESSENTIALLY PROVIDING 6968 04:41:12,280 --> 04:41:14,320 REWARD TO INDIVIDUALS, IN THIS 6969 04:41:14,320 --> 04:41:17,760 CASE NOT PRIMARY REWARDS BUT 6970 04:41:17,760 --> 04:41:20,240 CASH REWARDS, WOULD ENHANCE 6971 04:41:20,240 --> 04:41:21,360 EXECUTIVE FUNCTION. 6972 04:41:21,360 --> 04:41:22,200 INCREASING LIKELIHOOD OF REWARD 6973 04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:24,960 ON A TRIAL BY TRIAL BASIS. 6974 04:41:24,960 --> 04:41:31,440 SO TO TEST THAT, WE HYPOTHESIZED 6975 04:41:31,440 --> 04:41:33,040 THAT REWARD WOULD ENHANCE 6976 04:41:33,040 --> 04:41:36,080 COGNITIVE CONTROL, WHATEVER THAT 6977 04:41:36,080 --> 04:41:37,120 MEANS -- FIVE MINUTES LEFT? 6978 04:41:37,120 --> 04:41:40,680 I ALSO CAN'T DO IT. 6979 04:41:40,680 --> 04:41:42,800 [LAUGHTER] 6980 04:41:42,800 --> 04:41:46,120 ARE YOU SURE YOU RESTARTED THE 6981 04:41:46,120 --> 04:41:46,640 TIMER? 6982 04:41:46,640 --> 04:41:51,880 YOU RESTARTED IT? 6983 04:41:51,880 --> 04:41:53,360 OKAY. 6984 04:41:53,360 --> 04:41:55,040 REDUCE THE RESPONSE CONFLICT. 6985 04:41:55,040 --> 04:41:58,440 WE WANTED TO FIND A SPECIFIC WAY 6986 04:41:58,440 --> 04:42:00,560 IN WHICH REWARD WOULD BE SLOWING 6987 04:42:00,560 --> 04:42:04,480 DOWN PERFORMANCE BECAUSE PEOPLE 6988 04:42:04,480 --> 04:42:06,160 HAVE SHIFTED RESPONSE CRITERION 6989 04:42:06,160 --> 04:42:08,000 OR SPEEDING UP, SPECIFIC WAY IN 6990 04:42:08,000 --> 04:42:12,400 WHICH THIS WOULD HAVE AN EFFECT, 6991 04:42:12,400 --> 04:42:15,720 AND WE WERE WORK ON A 6992 04:42:15,720 --> 04:42:18,320 STROOP-LIKE TASK, SO WHAT WE 6993 04:42:18,320 --> 04:42:20,320 FOUND WAS THAT TYPE OF 6994 04:42:20,320 --> 04:42:24,880 INTERFERENCE THAT WE ALWAYS FIND 6995 04:42:24,880 --> 04:42:27,920 IN A STROOP-LIKE TASK WAS 6996 04:42:27,920 --> 04:42:29,440 LARGELY DECREASED IN A SITUATION 6997 04:42:29,440 --> 04:42:32,000 IN WHICH YOU COULD EARN THE 6998 04:42:32,000 --> 04:42:32,200 REWARDS. 6999 04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:33,400 THE IMPORTANT THING WAS WHAT ARE 7000 04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:35,480 THE KIND OF SUBSTRATES THAT 7001 04:42:35,480 --> 04:42:37,120 COULD BE MEDIATING THESE 7002 04:42:37,120 --> 04:42:42,640 EFFECTS, AND FOR THAT WE LOOKED 7003 04:42:42,640 --> 04:42:44,160 AT SOME TRIAL-BY-TRIAL 7004 04:42:44,160 --> 04:42:48,960 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN REGIONS 7005 04:42:48,960 --> 04:42:59,520 IMPORTANT FOR ATTENTION, AS WELL 7006 04:43:01,120 --> 04:43:02,080 AS REGIONS IN STRIATUM. 7007 04:43:02,080 --> 04:43:05,000 WE WERE INTERESTED IN GOING 7008 04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:05,600 BEYOND THIS PAIRWISE 7009 04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:08,320 RELATIONSHIP, WE DID A NETWORK 7010 04:43:08,320 --> 04:43:10,040 ANALYSIS, LOOKED AT BRAIN 7011 04:43:10,040 --> 04:43:13,440 REGIONS AS NODES OF THIS NETWORK 7012 04:43:13,440 --> 04:43:17,200 AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS 7013 04:43:17,200 --> 04:43:18,920 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEM, 7014 04:43:18,920 --> 04:43:19,680 TRIAL-BY-TRIAL FUNCTION 7015 04:43:19,680 --> 04:43:21,360 CONNECTIVITY AND FOUND THERE WAS 7016 04:43:21,360 --> 04:43:23,320 A CERTAIN ORGANIZATION OF THIS 7017 04:43:23,320 --> 04:43:25,520 NETWORK WITH REGIONS MOSTLY 7018 04:43:25,520 --> 04:43:26,680 LINKED TO MORE COGNITIVE CONTROL 7019 04:43:26,680 --> 04:43:30,360 HERE AND REGIONS THAT WERE MORE 7020 04:43:30,360 --> 04:43:31,480 LINKED TO REWARD-RELATED 7021 04:43:31,480 --> 04:43:32,960 PROCESSING HERE. 7022 04:43:32,960 --> 04:43:37,720 EVEN IN THE NO-REWARD CONDITION. 7023 04:43:37,720 --> 04:43:40,640 THERE'S NOTHING RIGHT ABOUT THIS 7024 04:43:40,640 --> 04:43:42,400 COMPOSITION, JUST A CLUSTERING, 7025 04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:43,400 CLUSTERING DOESN'T HAVE ANYTHING 7026 04:43:43,400 --> 04:43:44,840 MAGIC THAT IS CORRECT OR THAT'S 7027 04:43:44,840 --> 04:43:47,000 THE WAY THE BRAIN WORKS. 7028 04:43:47,000 --> 04:43:48,280 BUT IT'S ESSENTIALLY AN 7029 04:43:48,280 --> 04:43:50,400 ORGANIZATION WE SEE WHEN THE 7030 04:43:50,400 --> 04:43:53,080 PERSON SEES THE CUE THEY ARE 7031 04:43:53,080 --> 04:43:56,160 GOING TO EARN ZERO IN THE 7032 04:43:56,160 --> 04:43:56,520 CONTROL TRIAL. 7033 04:43:56,520 --> 04:43:58,800 OUR QUESTION WAS NOT ABOUT THE 7034 04:43:58,800 --> 04:44:00,760 EXACT STRUCTURE OF THIS 7035 04:44:00,760 --> 04:44:02,080 ORGANIZATION BUT WHAT HAPPENS 7036 04:44:02,080 --> 04:44:05,040 WHEN A PERSON HAS THE ABILITY, 7037 04:44:05,040 --> 04:44:07,560 POTENTIAL TO WIN A REWARD? 7038 04:44:07,560 --> 04:44:10,400 WHAT WE SAW WAS A LARGE INCREASE 7039 04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:11,240 IN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 7040 04:44:11,240 --> 04:44:13,360 ACROSS THESE NODES OF THE TWO 7041 04:44:13,360 --> 04:44:15,200 CLUSTERS UNDER THE POSSIBILITY 7042 04:44:15,200 --> 04:44:17,520 OF REWARDS, SO WE FIND REALLY 7043 04:44:17,520 --> 04:44:21,680 THIS LARGE SCALE CHANGES IN 7044 04:44:21,680 --> 04:44:23,480 NETWORK ORGANIZATION THAT CAN BE 7045 04:44:23,480 --> 04:44:25,440 BE QUANTIFIED, DISCUSSED DURING 7046 04:44:25,440 --> 04:44:29,480 THE BREAK LATER, DURING OUR 7047 04:44:29,480 --> 04:44:32,320 DISCUSSION LATER, SYSTEM BECOMES 7048 04:44:32,320 --> 04:44:34,280 LESS MODULAR WITH INTEGRATION 7049 04:44:34,280 --> 04:44:38,560 BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 7050 04:44:38,560 --> 04:44:38,920 NETWORKS. 7051 04:44:38,920 --> 04:44:41,040 NEXT THREE MINUTES, I WANT TO 7052 04:44:41,040 --> 04:44:46,080 TELL YOU MORE ABOUT THE 7053 04:44:46,080 --> 04:44:48,280 INCREDIBLE INFLUENCE LESLIE'S 7054 04:44:48,280 --> 04:44:55,240 LESSONS IN TEACHINGS HAD IN MY 7055 04:44:55,240 --> 04:45:00,080 CAREER N A -- CAREER. 7056 04:45:00,080 --> 04:45:04,120 IN A PAPER I WROTE A FEW YEARS 7057 04:45:04,120 --> 04:45:05,760 AGO, THERE'S THIS EMOTIONAL 7058 04:45:05,760 --> 04:45:07,320 BRAIN, VIEWED AS LOCALIZED 7059 04:45:07,320 --> 04:45:09,280 MODULES THAT TALK TO EACH OTHER, 7060 04:45:09,280 --> 04:45:11,480 CAN WE FIND OTHER PICTURE IN 7061 04:45:11,480 --> 04:45:15,160 WHICH THERE'S A LARGE SCALE OF 7062 04:45:15,160 --> 04:45:18,160 INTERACTION ACROSS THE ENTIRE 7063 04:45:18,160 --> 04:45:23,440 NEURAL AXIS, IN A SENSE 7064 04:45:23,440 --> 04:45:24,160 INCLUDING CORTEX, SUBCORTEX, 7065 04:45:24,160 --> 04:45:27,840 BRAINSTEM, ALSO PART OF THIS 7066 04:45:27,840 --> 04:45:29,120 LARGE CIRCUIT, CEREBELLUM. 7067 04:45:29,120 --> 04:45:32,440 AND ANOTHER PART IS REALLY 7068 04:45:32,440 --> 04:45:35,440 LESLIE'S LOVE OF ANATOMY, ALWAYS 7069 04:45:35,440 --> 04:45:36,440 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY, SOMETHING 7070 04:45:36,440 --> 04:45:40,800 I'VE ALWAYS -- I HAVE IN THE 7071 04:45:40,800 --> 04:45:44,080 PAST TEN YEARS STARTED TO STUDY 7072 04:45:44,080 --> 04:45:47,000 SERIOUSLY, WHAT I'VE TRIED TO DO 7073 04:45:47,000 --> 04:45:50,840 IS LOOK AT THE NEUROANATOMY OF 7074 04:45:50,840 --> 04:45:56,560 MAMMALS BUT ACROSS ALL 7075 04:45:56,560 --> 04:45:57,280 VERTEBRATES. 7076 04:45:57,280 --> 04:46:00,120 SO, COLLABORATION WITH 7077 04:46:00,120 --> 04:46:00,840 COLLEAGUES IN SPAIN, LORETTA 7078 04:46:00,840 --> 04:46:08,360 MEDINA, WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT 7079 04:46:08,360 --> 04:46:09,040 THE ORGANIZATION, LARGE SCALE 7080 04:46:09,040 --> 04:46:18,200 PLAN, NEURAL AC -- ARCHITECTURE 7081 04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,520 IN THE BRAIN TO UNDERSTAND THIS 7082 04:46:21,520 --> 04:46:23,920 LARGE PLAN, THIS LARGE GRAND 7083 04:46:23,920 --> 04:46:26,760 SCHEME IN WHICH VERTEBRATES SEEM 7084 04:46:26,760 --> 04:46:28,280 TO HAVE LARGE COMMUNICATION 7085 04:46:28,280 --> 04:46:31,680 SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW INFORMATION 7086 04:46:31,680 --> 04:46:39,680 TO REALLY BUILD CIRCUITS THAT 7087 04:46:39,680 --> 04:46:40,760 SPAN THE NEUROAXIS. 7088 04:46:40,760 --> 04:46:43,400 WE'VE BEEN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 7089 04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:45,880 IMPLICATIONS, IN MAMMALS, THE 7090 04:46:45,880 --> 04:46:49,520 CLASSICAL CORTICAL BASAL 7091 04:46:49,520 --> 04:46:51,960 GANGLION LOOPS ARE A CENTRAL 7092 04:46:51,960 --> 04:46:55,760 COMPONENT, FUNNELS INTO THE 7093 04:46:55,760 --> 04:46:56,760 STRIATUM, GOES BACK, ONE OF THE 7094 04:46:56,760 --> 04:47:07,040 THINGS WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT 7095 04:47:07,040 --> 04:47:08,600 ACROSS THE VERTEBRATES, 7096 04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:16,680 TERRESTRIAL, THIS EXTENDED 7097 04:47:16,680 --> 04:47:21,160 AMYGDALA WAS NOTED FOR MAMMALS, 7098 04:47:21,160 --> 04:47:25,160 THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA, 7099 04:47:25,160 --> 04:47:26,960 FUNCTIONS IN A QUAY THAT IS VERY 7100 04:47:26,960 --> 04:47:28,600 MUCH THE ORGANIZATION THAT WE 7101 04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:30,920 HAVE FOR THE STANDARD LOOPS, 7102 04:47:30,920 --> 04:47:33,560 THAT FUNNEL INTO A LEVEL THAT IS 7103 04:47:33,560 --> 04:47:38,120 COMPARABLE TO THE STRIATUM WHICH 7104 04:47:38,120 --> 04:47:39,240 IS THIS CENTRAL AMYGDALA, 7105 04:47:39,240 --> 04:47:44,280 STRIATAL IN NATURE AND 7106 04:47:44,280 --> 04:47:47,560 STRUCTURE, AND FUNNELS BACK, SO 7107 04:47:47,560 --> 04:47:50,080 THIS HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS 7108 04:47:50,080 --> 04:47:52,000 INTO HOW EFFECTIVE INFORMATION 7109 04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:54,520 IS ACTUALLY EMBEDDED IN THE 7110 04:47:54,520 --> 04:48:05,080 ENTIRE ARCHITECTURE AS OPPOSED 7111 04:48:05,440 --> 04:48:07,480 TO HYPOTHALAMUS OR AMYGDALA, 7112 04:48:07,480 --> 04:48:10,640 PERHAPS PARTS OF THE INSULA. 7113 04:48:10,640 --> 04:48:11,280 MODELS ENTERTAINING AND 7114 04:48:11,280 --> 04:48:14,560 PROMOTING INSTEAD OF HAVING THAT 7115 04:48:14,560 --> 04:48:17,520 DUAL PATHWAY ARE MODELS IN WHICH 7116 04:48:17,520 --> 04:48:20,720 COGNITION ARE HEAVILY INTEGRATED 7117 04:48:20,720 --> 04:48:21,880 WITH EMOTION AND MOTIVATION. 7118 04:48:21,880 --> 04:48:28,720 I'M GOING TO END HERE AND HAVE 7119 04:48:28,720 --> 04:48:30,360 ENORMOUS THANK YOU THAT I HAVE 7120 04:48:30,360 --> 04:48:35,160 TO GIVE TO LESLIE AND ALL THE 7121 04:48:35,160 --> 04:48:39,640 LBC FAMILY FOR REALLY 7122 04:48:39,640 --> 04:48:43,040 TRANSFORMING MY LIFE COMPLETELY 7123 04:48:43,040 --> 04:48:43,680 AND, YEAH, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 7124 04:48:43,680 --> 04:48:52,400 [APPLAUSE] 7125 04:48:52,400 --> 04:48:55,760 >>WE'LL HAVE DAVID VAN ESSEN, 7126 04:48:55,760 --> 04:48:57,120 ALUMNI ENDOWED PROFESSOR OF 7127 04:48:57,120 --> 04:48:58,120 NEUROSCIENCE AT WASHINGTON 7128 04:48:58,120 --> 04:48:59,400 UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS, HE'S 7129 04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:02,280 GOING TO JOIN US BY ZOOM THIS 7130 04:49:02,280 --> 04:49:03,680 AFTERNOON, HE COULD NOT TRAVEL 7131 04:49:03,680 --> 04:49:03,880 HERE. 7132 04:49:03,880 --> 04:49:07,080 I THINK HE'S ALL CUED UP AND 7133 04:49:07,080 --> 04:49:07,640 READY. 7134 04:49:07,640 --> 04:49:10,320 SO OVER TO YOU, DAVID. 7135 04:49:10,320 --> 04:49:16,680 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME OKAY? 7136 04:49:16,680 --> 04:49:18,560 >> YES. 7137 04:49:18,560 --> 04:49:19,560 >> I'M SORRY AND DISAPPOINTED 7138 04:49:19,560 --> 04:49:21,960 COVID STRUCK AND GROUNDED ME IN 7139 04:49:21,960 --> 04:49:22,920 ST. LOUIS, BUT DELIGHTED I COULD 7140 04:49:22,920 --> 04:49:24,560 SPEAK TO YOU THIS AFTERNOON, 7141 04:49:24,560 --> 04:49:26,920 GREATLY ENJOYED ALL OF THE 7142 04:49:26,920 --> 04:49:30,520 PRECEDING PRESENTATIONS AND 7143 04:49:30,520 --> 04:49:31,720 COMMENTARIES. 7144 04:49:31,720 --> 04:49:38,240 I REALLY COMMEND SHRUTI AND 7145 04:49:38,240 --> 04:49:39,800 ORGANIZERS BRINGING THIS 7146 04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:40,040 TOGETHER. 7147 04:49:40,040 --> 04:49:42,520 I STARTED THINKING HOW I WOULD 7148 04:49:42,520 --> 04:49:43,760 START MY PRESENTATION, I 7149 04:49:43,760 --> 04:49:46,680 REALIZED THERE WERE A NUMBER OF 7150 04:49:46,680 --> 04:49:49,880 STRIKING PARALLELS LESLIE AND I 7151 04:49:49,880 --> 04:49:54,560 SHARED STUDYING PRIMATE CORE 7152 04:49:54,560 --> 04:49:58,520 EFFECTS OVER FIVE DECADES, 7153 04:49:58,520 --> 04:50:01,040 PH.D.s A YEAR APART, HERS LED 7154 04:50:01,040 --> 04:50:01,960 TO A PUBLICATION IN SCIENCE, 7155 04:50:01,960 --> 04:50:05,520 MINE DID NOT. 7156 04:50:05,520 --> 04:50:07,520 LESLIE DID FAMOUS POSTDOCTORAL 7157 04:50:07,520 --> 04:50:16,840 TRAINING WITH MORT MISHKIN, WE 7158 04:50:16,840 --> 04:50:19,440 SET UP OUR LABORATORY OPERATIONS 7159 04:50:19,440 --> 04:50:23,280 IN THE LATE '70s, AND STUDIED 7160 04:50:23,280 --> 04:50:28,120 VISUAL CORTEX IN MACAQUE USING 7161 04:50:28,120 --> 04:50:28,960 ANATOMICAL PHYSIOLOGIC METHODS, 7162 04:50:28,960 --> 04:50:34,560 PUBLISHED OUR FIRST PAPER ON 7163 04:50:34,560 --> 04:50:35,680 CORTICAL VISUAL AREAS CHOOSING 7164 04:50:35,680 --> 04:50:37,080 MT AS OUR AREAS, THAT YOU HEARD 7165 04:50:37,080 --> 04:50:40,400 A LOT ABOUT. 7166 04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:50,920 I INTRODUCED MAPS, WE USED IT IN 7167 04:50:52,600 --> 04:50:55,040 MY LAB, PARTICULARLY VISUAL 7168 04:50:55,040 --> 04:51:04,360 AREAS, YOU HEARD ALREADY LESLIE 7169 04:51:04,360 --> 04:51:07,080 AND RICARDO AND OTHERS USED THE 7170 04:51:07,080 --> 04:51:08,760 FLAT MAPPING TECHNIQUE, MEMBERS 7171 04:51:08,760 --> 04:51:12,520 OF THE FREQUENT FLYER CLUB, FOR 7172 04:51:12,520 --> 04:51:13,640 WIDELY USING THEM. 7173 04:51:13,640 --> 04:51:17,480 WE'LL TALK MORE ABOUT THEM 7174 04:51:17,480 --> 04:51:17,800 LATER. 7175 04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:20,280 BOTH LABS PUT INTENSIVE EFFORTS 7176 04:51:20,280 --> 04:51:22,040 INTO GENERATING WIRING DIAGRAMS 7177 04:51:22,040 --> 04:51:23,360 TO BETTER UNDERSTAND CORTICAL 7178 04:51:23,360 --> 04:51:26,880 ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION, OUR 7179 04:51:26,880 --> 04:51:30,160 LABORATORY EMPHASIZED THE 7180 04:51:30,160 --> 04:51:32,240 DISTRIBUTED HIERARCHICALLY 7181 04:51:32,240 --> 04:51:36,840 PROCESSING THAT JOHN MANSEL AND 7182 04:51:36,840 --> 04:51:39,560 I POSTULATED, LESLIE AND 7183 04:51:39,560 --> 04:51:40,760 COLLEAGUES EMPHASIZED PROCESSING 7184 04:51:40,760 --> 04:51:44,840 STREAMS, WHAT AND WHERE STREAMS 7185 04:51:44,840 --> 04:51:46,800 THAT LESLIE AND MORT MADE FAMOUS 7186 04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:48,360 AND HAVE BEEN SO INFLUENTIAL. 7187 04:51:48,360 --> 04:51:52,480 IN THE '90s LESLIE AND MY LAB 7188 04:51:52,480 --> 04:51:53,800 MAINTAINED INVOLVEMENT IN 7189 04:51:53,800 --> 04:51:56,280 MACAQUE RESEARCH BUT SPREAD 7190 04:51:56,280 --> 04:51:57,960 EFFORTS TO INCLUDE EXTENSIVE 7191 04:51:57,960 --> 04:52:01,240 STUDIES ON USING HUMAN 7192 04:52:01,240 --> 04:52:02,720 NEUROIMAGING. 7193 04:52:02,720 --> 04:52:03,920 AS YOU HEARD, LESLIE'S 7194 04:52:03,920 --> 04:52:05,440 DISCOVERED RELATING TO HUMAN 7195 04:52:05,440 --> 04:52:08,360 COGNITION, MY LAB ON BRAIN 7196 04:52:08,360 --> 04:52:10,680 MAPPING METHODS AND EVOLVED INTO 7197 04:52:10,680 --> 04:52:13,320 MAJOR EFFORT IN HUMAN CONNECTOME 7198 04:52:13,320 --> 04:52:13,880 PROJECT. 7199 04:52:13,880 --> 04:52:18,600 LESLIE AND I SHARED LEADERSHIP 7200 04:52:18,600 --> 04:52:20,400 EFFORTS, BOTH FOUNDING COUNCIL 7201 04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:23,920 MEMBERS FOR ORGANIZATION FOR 7202 04:52:23,920 --> 04:52:26,000 HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, I BECAME 7203 04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,640 THE FIRST CHAIR, LESLIE 7204 04:52:28,640 --> 04:52:30,240 SUCCEEDED TO YEARS LATER. 7205 04:52:30,240 --> 04:52:31,360 WE WERE A DECADE LATER MEMBERS 7206 04:52:31,360 --> 04:52:34,880 OF THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE 7207 04:52:34,880 --> 04:52:38,600 COUNCIL, ENJOYED THAT SHARED 7208 04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:39,160 OPPORTUNITY. 7209 04:52:39,160 --> 04:52:42,560 THE LAST POINT IS THAT I WAS ON 7210 04:52:42,560 --> 04:52:44,160 THE NIMH BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC 7211 04:52:44,160 --> 04:52:45,880 COUNSELORS THAT YOU HEARD ABOUT 7212 04:52:45,880 --> 04:52:49,160 FROM TOM ALBRIGHT AND MANY 7213 04:52:49,160 --> 04:52:52,640 OTHERS, AND IN 2020 LATE IN THAT 7214 04:52:52,640 --> 04:52:54,960 YEAR WE WERE LOOKING FORWARD TO 7215 04:52:54,960 --> 04:52:55,800 ANOTHER OUTSTANDING PRESENTATION 7216 04:52:55,800 --> 04:52:57,800 FROM LESLIE SHOWING WHAT HER 7217 04:52:57,800 --> 04:52:59,120 GROUP HAD ACCOMPLISHED AND HAD 7218 04:52:59,120 --> 04:53:04,360 ASPIRATIONS FOR IN THE FUTURE 7219 04:53:04,360 --> 04:53:07,000 AND SADLY THAT ENDED IN HER 7220 04:53:07,000 --> 04:53:14,600 PREMATURE DEATH AND THE END OF 7221 04:53:14,600 --> 04:53:16,320 THAT REMARKABLE ERA. 7222 04:53:16,320 --> 04:53:20,680 AS PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT JOYS AND 7223 04:53:20,680 --> 04:53:22,640 INTERESTING TRAINING EXPERIENCES 7224 04:53:22,640 --> 04:53:24,280 WRITING PAPERS WITH LESLIE, I 7225 04:53:24,280 --> 04:53:33,600 STARTED THINKING ABOUT THE ERDO 7226 04:53:33,600 --> 04:53:34,240 NUMBER, THE SO-CALLED 7227 04:53:34,240 --> 04:53:35,440 COLLABORATIVE DISTANCE AND 7228 04:53:35,440 --> 04:53:36,880 ANOTHER PERSON BASED ON SHARED 7229 04:53:36,880 --> 04:53:37,200 AUTHORSHIP. 7230 04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:40,880 MANY PEOPLE IN THE ROOM AND 7231 04:53:40,880 --> 04:53:44,000 PARTICULARLY AMONG SPEAKERS HAVE 7232 04:53:44,000 --> 04:53:48,600 AN UNGERLEIDER NUMBER, 7233 04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:50,120 CORRESPONDING NUMBER OF UNITY, 7234 04:53:50,120 --> 04:53:52,120 HAVE SHARED AUTHORSHIP WITH ONE 7235 04:53:52,120 --> 04:53:53,200 OTHER INDIVIDUAL. 7236 04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:54,840 I STARTED THINKING HAD I EVER 7237 04:53:54,840 --> 04:53:58,120 WRITTEN A PAPER WITH LESLIE? 7238 04:53:58,120 --> 04:53:59,560 I DON'T REMEMBER THE EXPERIENCE 7239 04:53:59,560 --> 04:54:01,480 OF HER SCRIBBLING ON MY 7240 04:54:01,480 --> 04:54:03,240 MANUSCRIPT BUT FOUND PubMed 7241 04:54:03,240 --> 04:54:04,680 AFFIRMS I HAVE AN UNGERLEIDER 7242 04:54:04,680 --> 04:54:06,520 NUMBER OF 1, BECAUSE IN 2020 7243 04:54:06,520 --> 04:54:08,840 THERE WAS A PUBLICATION IN 7244 04:54:08,840 --> 04:54:10,800 "NEURON" FROM A MEETING REPORT 7245 04:54:10,800 --> 04:54:13,120 BASICALLY AND YOU CAN SEE THAT 7246 04:54:13,120 --> 04:54:15,640 LESLIE AND I ARE BOTH OFFICIAL 7247 04:54:15,640 --> 04:54:17,040 CO-AUTHORS, WE DIDN'T ACTUALLY 7248 04:54:17,040 --> 04:54:19,440 WORK TOGETHER ON A DRAFT, YOU 7249 04:54:19,440 --> 04:54:20,760 CAN SEE LESLIE IS CLOSER TO 7250 04:54:20,760 --> 04:54:22,840 BEING THE SENIOR AUTHOR THAN I 7251 04:54:22,840 --> 04:54:24,480 AM TO BEING FIRST AUTHOR, BUT 7252 04:54:24,480 --> 04:54:28,560 THAT'S THE CLOSEST I CAN COME TO 7253 04:54:28,560 --> 04:54:29,920 THE INTERESTING STORIES WE'VE 7254 04:54:29,920 --> 04:54:31,280 HEARD FROM MANY OTHERS. 7255 04:54:31,280 --> 04:54:32,400 IN THINKING ABOUT WHAT 7256 04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:34,640 SPECIFICALLY TO TALK ABOUT ON 7257 04:54:34,640 --> 04:54:36,960 SCIENTIFIC FRONT, I CHOSE TO 7258 04:54:36,960 --> 04:54:38,640 FOLLOW THE THEME THAT SEVERAL 7259 04:54:38,640 --> 04:54:40,360 HAVE MENTIONED OF LESLIE PUSHING 7260 04:54:40,360 --> 04:54:42,640 TO LOOK AT BIG QUESTIONS, 7261 04:54:42,640 --> 04:54:43,520 IMPORTANT ISSUES. 7262 04:54:43,520 --> 04:54:45,280 AND TWO QUESTIONS I WANT TO 7263 04:54:45,280 --> 04:54:48,320 ADDRESS ARE CORTICAL FOLDING AND 7264 04:54:48,320 --> 04:54:49,240 CORTICAL PARCELLATION, LATTER 7265 04:54:49,240 --> 04:54:51,640 BEING THE ONE LESLIE AS YOU 7266 04:54:51,640 --> 04:54:53,280 HEARD WORKED INTENSIVELY ON 7267 04:54:53,280 --> 04:54:53,520 HERSELF. 7268 04:54:53,520 --> 04:54:55,120 I'M GOING TO BREAK THIS INTO A 7269 04:54:55,120 --> 04:54:57,200 VERY SHORT UPDATE ON WHERE WE 7270 04:54:57,200 --> 04:55:00,600 CURRENTLY STAND ON TRYING TO GET 7271 04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:01,400 CONSENSUS PARCELLATION FOR 7272 04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:03,360 MACAQUE, STILL A LONG WAYS OFF, 7273 04:55:03,360 --> 04:55:05,960 AND I'LL TURN TO HUMAN CORE 7274 04:55:05,960 --> 04:55:08,160 TENSION AND TALK ABOUT THE 7275 04:55:08,160 --> 04:55:08,680 INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY, 7276 04:55:08,680 --> 04:55:10,880 PARTICULARLY IN CORTICAL FOLDING 7277 04:55:10,880 --> 04:55:12,080 PATTERNS, AND USE THAT TO LEAD 7278 04:55:12,080 --> 04:55:13,720 INTO THE QUESTION OF WHAT IS IT 7279 04:55:13,720 --> 04:55:15,240 THAT MAKES THE CORTEX FOLD, 7280 04:55:15,240 --> 04:55:17,080 SOMETHING I'VE BEEN INTERESTED 7281 04:55:17,080 --> 04:55:19,920 IN FOR MANY YEARS, AND I'LL GIVE 7282 04:55:19,920 --> 04:55:23,080 AN UPDATED MODEL ON HOW I THINK 7283 04:55:23,080 --> 04:55:24,920 THAT PROCESS COMES ABOUT. 7284 04:55:24,920 --> 04:55:28,280 I'LL SHIFT OVER TO THE HUMAN 7285 04:55:28,280 --> 04:55:30,120 CONNECTOME PROJECT MULTI-MODEEL 7286 04:55:30,120 --> 04:55:31,360 PARCELLATION AND TELL YOU WHAT 7287 04:55:31,360 --> 04:55:33,120 IT HAS ACHIEVED AND WHAT I THINK 7288 04:55:33,120 --> 04:55:35,280 IT'S USEFUL FOR AND RETURN VERY 7289 04:55:35,280 --> 04:55:37,680 BRIEFLY TO THE ISSUE OF WHERE DO 7290 04:55:37,680 --> 04:55:41,200 WE GO GETTING IMPROVED MACAQUE 7291 04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:41,720 PARCELLATIONS. 7292 04:55:41,720 --> 04:55:44,040 STARTING AT THE TOP OF THE LIST, 7293 04:55:44,040 --> 04:55:50,640 HERE YOU SEE THE FLATMAP FROM 7294 04:55:50,640 --> 04:55:56,640 OUR LAB, HERE IS RICARDO'S MOST 7295 04:55:56,640 --> 04:56:00,680 RECENT FROM THE UNGERLEIDER 7296 04:56:00,680 --> 04:56:00,920 ORBIT. 7297 04:56:00,920 --> 04:56:03,640 BOTH MAPS HAVE DIFFERENT NAMING 7298 04:56:03,640 --> 04:56:04,600 SCHEMES, EVEN DIFFERENT 7299 04:56:04,600 --> 04:56:05,560 ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES BUT IT'S 7300 04:56:05,560 --> 04:56:07,880 HARD TO COMPARE THEM JUST 7301 04:56:07,880 --> 04:56:09,360 LOOKING AT FLATMAPS SIDE BY 7302 04:56:09,360 --> 04:56:11,400 SIDE, DIFFERENT IN SHAPE AND WE 7303 04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:13,040 DON'T HAVE ACCURATE ALIGNMENT 7304 04:56:13,040 --> 04:56:14,600 BETWEEN THEM. 7305 04:56:14,600 --> 04:56:17,320 MAJOR STEP FORWARD IN GETTING 7306 04:56:17,320 --> 04:56:19,440 BETTER GROUNDING ON THIS 7307 04:56:19,440 --> 04:56:24,760 INVOLVES USE OF MRI-BASED 7308 04:56:24,760 --> 04:56:27,080 SURFACE-BASED ATLASES LIKE THIS, 7309 04:56:27,080 --> 04:56:29,040 USED TO GET EARLY PARCELLATION 7310 04:56:29,040 --> 04:56:33,080 ON AN ATLAS AND EARLY VERSION OF 7311 04:56:33,080 --> 04:56:34,480 THE UNGERLEIDER AND DESIMONE 7312 04:56:34,480 --> 04:56:36,400 PARCELLATION AND MANY OTHER 7313 04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:36,920 PARCELLATIONS IN THIS 7314 04:56:36,920 --> 04:56:41,560 COLLECTION, PLUS THERE'S A A 7315 04:56:41,560 --> 04:56:45,480 LOT OF DATA OUT THERE ABOUT 7316 04:56:45,480 --> 04:56:48,640 SURFACE-BASED ANALYSES AND THE 7317 04:56:48,640 --> 04:56:49,000 LIKE. 7318 04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:50,400 UNFORTUNATELY, THE REALITY IS 7319 04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:52,280 THAT THERE ARE MANY 7320 04:56:52,280 --> 04:56:54,240 INCONSISTENCIES ACROSS THESE 7321 04:56:54,240 --> 04:56:55,720 VARIOUS PARCELLATIONS THEMES, NO 7322 04:56:55,720 --> 04:56:59,600 ONE CAN AGREE ON THE PRECISE 7323 04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:02,880 EXTENT, THERE'S NOT A CONSENSUS 7324 04:57:02,880 --> 04:57:04,640 NOTION OF HOW PRE-MOTOR CORTEX 7325 04:57:04,640 --> 04:57:13,360 OR MANY OTHER REGIONS SHOULD BE 7326 04:57:13,360 --> 04:57:13,960 PARCELLATED. 7327 04:57:13,960 --> 04:57:15,760 LET'S SHIFT TO HUMAN CORTEX, 20 7328 04:57:15,760 --> 04:57:18,640 TIMES AS LARGE AS MACAQUE 7329 04:57:18,640 --> 04:57:20,320 CORTEX, OBVIOUSLY FAR MORE 7330 04:57:20,320 --> 04:57:20,960 CONVOLUTED. 7331 04:57:20,960 --> 04:57:22,480 IT'S MUCH MORE VARIABLE IN THIS 7332 04:57:22,480 --> 04:57:24,880 FOLDING PATTERN AS YOU CAN SEE 7333 04:57:24,880 --> 04:57:26,760 IN LATERAL VIEWS OF FOUR 7334 04:57:26,760 --> 04:57:29,480 HEMISPHERE OR IN THESE INFLATED 7335 04:57:29,480 --> 04:57:33,080 MAPS, WHERE YOU CAN SEE EVERYONE 7336 04:57:33,080 --> 04:57:36,800 HAS A REASONABLY SIMILAR CENTRAL 7337 04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:39,440 SULCUS BUT HIGHER COGNITIVE 7338 04:57:39,440 --> 04:57:41,080 REGIONS THE FOLDING PATTERN IS 7339 04:57:41,080 --> 04:57:41,840 WILDLY DIFFERENT FROM ONE 7340 04:57:41,840 --> 04:57:43,840 INDIVIDUAL TO THE NEXT, EVEN IN 7341 04:57:43,840 --> 04:57:45,760 IDENTICAL TWINS AS THESE TWO 7342 04:57:45,760 --> 04:57:46,760 PAIRS SHOW HERE. 7343 04:57:46,760 --> 04:57:49,080 SO THAT'S TELLING US RIGHT OFF 7344 04:57:49,080 --> 04:57:52,240 THE BAT IT'S UNLIKELY THAT THE 7345 04:57:52,240 --> 04:57:54,000 PRESCRIPTION FOR GENERATING 7346 04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:56,280 PRECISE FOLDING PATTERN COMES 7347 04:57:56,280 --> 04:57:58,360 DIRECTLY FROM SPECIFIC SET OF 7348 04:57:58,360 --> 04:57:59,680 GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS, SOMETHING 7349 04:57:59,680 --> 04:58:01,840 ELSE IS GOING ON. 7350 04:58:01,840 --> 04:58:05,600 ANOTHER IMPORTANT ISSUE IS THAT 7351 04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:07,560 CORTICAL AREAS VARY IN SIZE FROM 7352 04:58:07,560 --> 04:58:12,920 ONE INDIVIDUAL TO ANOTHER, HERE 7353 04:58:12,920 --> 04:58:17,080 IS ONE PERSON'S IN RED, ANOTHER 7354 04:58:17,080 --> 04:58:19,120 SMALLER, VARY IN SIZE AND WHERE 7355 04:58:19,120 --> 04:58:20,240 THE CORTICAL FOLDS OCCUR. 7356 04:58:20,240 --> 04:58:21,080 THAT BRINGS US TO THE QUESTION 7357 04:58:21,080 --> 04:58:23,560 WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES THE CORTEX 7358 04:58:23,560 --> 04:58:23,960 FOLD. 7359 04:58:23,960 --> 04:58:28,800 WE KNOW WHEN IT FOLDS, IN HUMANS 7360 04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:30,880 DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER, A 7361 04:58:30,880 --> 04:58:31,960 NEONATE CORTEX IS ALMOST AS 7362 04:58:31,960 --> 04:58:34,160 FOLDED AS IT WILL BE IN ADULT 7363 04:58:34,160 --> 04:58:36,440 EVEN THOUGH ONE-THIRD THE TOTAL 7364 04:58:36,440 --> 04:58:37,720 SIZE. 7365 04:58:37,720 --> 04:58:43,240 MY INTEREST IN THIS BEGAN 7366 04:58:43,240 --> 04:58:44,200 SERENDIPITOUSLY WHEN TOM KOOGAN 7367 04:58:44,200 --> 04:58:48,760 AND I NOTICED THE PROJECTIONS 7368 04:58:48,760 --> 04:58:54,280 ARE ESTABLISHED AROUND THE TIME 7369 04:58:54,280 --> 04:58:57,440 THE GYRUS FORMS BETWEEN V1 AND 7370 04:58:57,440 --> 04:59:00,960 V2, THE LIGHT BULB MOMENT FOR ME 7371 04:59:00,960 --> 04:59:01,800 ELICITING THE HYPOTHESIS 7372 04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:03,800 MECHANICAL TENSION ALONG 7373 04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:05,120 MILLIONS OF AXONS TRAVERSING 7374 04:59:05,120 --> 04:59:07,840 PATH FROM V1 TO V2 MIGHT 7375 04:59:07,840 --> 04:59:09,400 GENERATE ENOUGH PHYSICAL FORCE 7376 04:59:09,400 --> 04:59:12,880 TO CAUSE A GYRAL FOLD IN 7377 04:59:12,880 --> 04:59:16,280 BETWEEN, WHEREAS SULCUS WOULD BE 7378 04:59:16,280 --> 04:59:19,000 THE OUTCOME OF LOSING BATTLE 7379 04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:21,880 SUPPORTED BY FEWER NUMBERS OF 7380 04:59:21,880 --> 04:59:22,200 AXONS. 7381 04:59:22,200 --> 04:59:23,000 THIS HYPOTHESIS AND NATURAL 7382 04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:25,920 EXTENSIONS OF IT CAN ACCOUNT FOR 7383 04:59:25,920 --> 04:59:27,320 BOTH CONSISTENCY AND VARIABILITY 7384 04:59:27,320 --> 04:59:29,320 ACROSS SPECIES AND ACROSS 7385 04:59:29,320 --> 04:59:29,600 INDIVIDUALS. 7386 04:59:29,600 --> 04:59:31,600 IT CAN ALSO ACCOUNT FOR WHY THE 7387 04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:33,880 CORTEX IS A THIN SHEET IF WE 7388 04:59:33,880 --> 04:59:36,840 TAKE IN -- ADD IN HYPOTHESIS 7389 04:59:36,840 --> 04:59:40,240 THAT MECHANICAL TENSION ALONG 7390 04:59:40,240 --> 04:59:41,800 THE APICAL DENDRITES WOULD KEEP 7391 04:59:41,800 --> 04:59:43,280 UPPER AND LOWER LAYERS HUGGING 7392 04:59:43,280 --> 04:59:46,360 CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER AND INDUCE 7393 04:59:46,360 --> 04:59:48,760 EXPANSION OF THE SURFACE AREA OF 7394 04:59:48,760 --> 04:59:51,720 THE CORTICAL SHEATH. 7395 04:59:51,720 --> 04:59:53,800 THIS IS AN ATTRACTIVE 7396 04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:55,320 HYPOTHESIS, NOT THE WHOLE STORY. 7397 04:59:55,320 --> 04:59:58,080 WHAT WE NEED TO APPRECIATE IS 7398 04:59:58,080 --> 05:00:00,920 THAT LIKE ALL DEVELOPMENTAL 7399 05:00:00,920 --> 05:00:02,200 MECHANISMS OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA, 7400 05:00:02,200 --> 05:00:03,960 MANY ARE LIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE 7401 05:00:03,960 --> 05:00:06,880 AND WE NEED AN INTEGRATED MODEL, 7402 05:00:06,880 --> 05:00:10,080 AND TO THAT END I'M GOING TO RUN 7403 05:00:10,080 --> 05:00:14,280 THROUGH THREE CLASSES OF MODEL, 7404 05:00:14,280 --> 05:00:17,080 EACH HAVING MULTIPLE MECHANISMS. 7405 05:00:17,080 --> 05:00:18,880 RADIAL DISPERSION MODEL THAT 7406 05:00:18,880 --> 05:00:20,720 BURRELL AND COLLEAGUES 7407 05:00:20,720 --> 05:00:23,240 ARTICULATED, STARTS WITH 7408 05:00:23,240 --> 05:00:24,960 ATTRACTIVE NOTION THAT 7409 05:00:24,960 --> 05:00:27,040 DIFFERENTIAL NEURONAL FILTRATION 7410 05:00:27,040 --> 05:00:28,360 NEAR VENTRICULAR ZONE GENERATES 7411 05:00:28,360 --> 05:00:34,960 MOUNDS, HILLS, VALLEYS THAT LIE 7412 05:00:34,960 --> 05:00:37,240 UNDER PROSPECTIVE GYRI AND 7413 05:00:37,240 --> 05:00:40,520 SULCI, TO A FAIR DEGREE IN THE 7414 05:00:40,520 --> 05:00:42,800 FERRET CAN'T ACCOUNT FOR 7415 05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:45,240 INTRICACIES OF CORTICAL FOLDING 7416 05:00:45,240 --> 05:00:48,200 IN THE HUMAN CORTEX AND OTHER 7417 05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:49,680 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. 7418 05:00:49,680 --> 05:00:51,000 NONETHELESS THE HYPOTHESIS IS 7419 05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:55,280 THAT THIS IS SUPPLEMENTED BY 7420 05:00:55,280 --> 05:00:56,160 DIFFERENTIAL RADIAL GLIAL 7421 05:00:56,160 --> 05:00:58,240 PROLIFERATION CREATING A 7422 05:00:58,240 --> 05:00:59,680 SCAFFOLD THAT GUIDE NEURONAL 7423 05:00:59,680 --> 05:01:01,080 GYRATION AND THE THIRD AND I 7424 05:01:01,080 --> 05:01:05,360 THINK THE WEAKEST LINK IN THIS 7425 05:01:05,360 --> 05:01:09,600 HYPOTHETICAL CHAIN IS IDEA 7426 05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:10,720 RADIAL INTERPOLATION MODES PUSH 7427 05:01:10,720 --> 05:01:12,640 CELLS TO THE SIDE. 7428 05:01:12,640 --> 05:01:14,120 PUTTING THAT HYPOTHESIS TO THE 7429 05:01:14,120 --> 05:01:18,600 SIDE FOR THE MOMENT, TURN TO 7430 05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:20,240 ANOTHER CLASSIC MODEL, 7431 05:01:20,240 --> 05:01:25,640 INTRIGUING MODEL CALLED GEL 7432 05:01:25,640 --> 05:01:29,480 BRAIN BILAYER, FORM OF 7433 05:01:29,480 --> 05:01:30,040 MULTI-LAYERED DIFFERENTIAL 7434 05:01:30,040 --> 05:01:32,880 EXPANSION, AND IT STARTS WITH 7435 05:01:32,880 --> 05:01:34,720 THE HYPOTHESIS THAT BRAIN GETS 7436 05:01:34,720 --> 05:01:37,000 ITS EARLY SHAPE THAT YOU SEE IN 7437 05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:39,200 THE FAR RIGHT HERE BY 7438 05:01:39,200 --> 05:01:42,360 UNSPECIFIED MEANS, THE MODEL 7439 05:01:42,360 --> 05:01:43,920 SAYS THAT DIFFERENTIAL 7440 05:01:43,920 --> 05:01:44,680 TANGENTIAL EXPANSION WITH 7441 05:01:44,680 --> 05:01:46,840 CORTICAL SHEET EXPANDING MORE 7442 05:01:46,840 --> 05:01:49,600 RAPIDLY THAN THE UNDERLYING 7443 05:01:49,600 --> 05:01:52,440 WHITE MATTER AND SUBCORTICAL 7444 05:01:52,440 --> 05:01:54,640 NUCLEI DRIVES FOLDING AND THEY 7445 05:01:54,640 --> 05:01:55,720 DEMONSTRATE ATTRACTIVENESS OF 7446 05:01:55,720 --> 05:02:02,080 THE IDEA BY TAKE LITERALLY A 7447 05:02:02,080 --> 05:02:03,160 PHYSICAL GEL-BRAIN, ELASTIMER 7448 05:02:03,160 --> 05:02:07,200 AND ADDING A THIN LAYER OF 7449 05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:11,520 ELASTIMER THAT EXPANDS IN 7450 05:02:11,520 --> 05:02:14,920 SOLVENT, EXPANSION TAKES PLACE, 7451 05:02:14,920 --> 05:02:17,160 OBJECT CRUMBLES AND FOLDS AS 7452 05:02:17,160 --> 05:02:18,880 DOES A COMPUTER SIMULATION. 7453 05:02:18,880 --> 05:02:21,480 THEY USE THIS TO EMPHASIZE THE 7454 05:02:21,480 --> 05:02:25,760 IDEA MECHANICAL STRESS FIELDS IN 7455 05:02:25,760 --> 05:02:30,200 THIS MODEL MAY BIAS AXIS OF 7456 05:02:30,200 --> 05:02:32,440 FOLDING, NON-SPECIFIC BUCKLING 7457 05:02:32,440 --> 05:02:33,600 OCCURS IN MANY REGIONS. 7458 05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:39,080 IT IS ATTRACTIVE BUT I ALSO NOTE 7459 05:02:39,080 --> 05:02:42,320 THE MODEL HAS IMPLICIT 7460 05:02:42,320 --> 05:02:43,240 ASSUMPTIONS THAT INVOKE 7461 05:02:43,240 --> 05:02:44,080 MECHANICAL ATTENTION. 7462 05:02:44,080 --> 05:02:48,440 LET ME JUMP TO THE MODEL I 7463 05:02:48,440 --> 05:02:52,560 PREFER, THE COMPOSITE MODEL THAT 7464 05:02:52,560 --> 05:02:54,040 BORROWS WITH COMPONENTS OF ITS 7465 05:02:54,040 --> 05:02:54,560 OWN. 7466 05:02:54,560 --> 05:03:02,280 FIRST IS THE IDEA THAT RADIAL 7467 05:03:02,280 --> 05:03:03,840 TENSION PROMOTES TANGENTIAL 7468 05:03:03,840 --> 05:03:05,360 CORTICAL EXPANSION, SECOND IS 7469 05:03:05,360 --> 05:03:10,600 THIS ONE SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS 7470 05:03:10,600 --> 05:03:12,240 MODEL, DIFFERENTIAL TANGENTIAL 7471 05:03:12,240 --> 05:03:15,200 EXPANSION PROMOTES FOLDING BY 7472 05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:18,960 PATHWAY-SPECIFIC TENSION THAT 7473 05:03:18,960 --> 05:03:23,000 PROMOTES GYRAL FOLDS AND 7474 05:03:23,000 --> 05:03:24,960 TETHERING TENSION WITH MORE 7475 05:03:24,960 --> 05:03:26,200 DISTANT STRUCTURES, EQUIVALENT 7476 05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:27,760 OF BUCKLING. 7477 05:03:27,760 --> 05:03:32,320 TWO MORE MINOR BUT NOTED FOR THE 7478 05:03:32,320 --> 05:03:33,280 RECORD CONTRIBUTIONS OF 7479 05:03:33,280 --> 05:03:36,480 TANGENTIAL TENSION ARISING FROM 7480 05:03:36,480 --> 05:03:38,560 OUTERMOST LAYERS, CORTICAL LAYER 7481 05:03:38,560 --> 05:03:41,840 ONE, FROM THE MENINGEAL LAYERS 7482 05:03:41,840 --> 05:03:46,520 THAT MAY ADD TO THE EQUATION. 7483 05:03:46,520 --> 05:03:49,920 LAST MAJOR CATEGORY IS GEOMETRY 7484 05:03:49,920 --> 05:03:56,720 BIAS FOLD LOCATION, INCLUDES 7485 05:03:56,720 --> 05:03:59,000 DIFFERENTIAL PROLIFERATION OF 7486 05:03:59,000 --> 05:04:04,280 THE BORRELL MODEL, LIKE THE 7487 05:04:04,280 --> 05:04:06,040 LATERAL VENTRICLE AND 7488 05:04:06,040 --> 05:04:07,480 DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION OF 7489 05:04:07,480 --> 05:04:08,680 REGIONS SUCH AS FORMATION OF 7490 05:04:08,680 --> 05:04:10,760 INSULA AS WELL AS MECHANICAL 7491 05:04:10,760 --> 05:04:16,840 STRESS FIELDS, THE IDEA BORROWED 7492 05:04:16,840 --> 05:04:19,640 FROM THE TALENE MODEL. 7493 05:04:19,640 --> 05:04:21,160 THE CONTRIBUTIONS SHOULD REDUCE 7494 05:04:21,160 --> 05:04:22,480 WRITING LENGTH AND INTERSTITIAL 7495 05:04:22,480 --> 05:04:23,920 SPACE AND LEAD TO COMPACT WIRING 7496 05:04:23,920 --> 05:04:29,040 OF THE BRAIN AS A WHOLE, A VERY 7497 05:04:29,040 --> 05:04:30,040 ATTRACTIVE OUTCOME UNDER 7498 05:04:30,040 --> 05:04:30,800 EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE TO PERFORM 7499 05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:31,680 FAST AND WELL. 7500 05:04:31,680 --> 05:04:33,400 HOW DO WE EVALUATE THESE KINDS 7501 05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:34,320 OF MODELS? 7502 05:04:34,320 --> 05:04:37,720 JUST BRIEFLY WE HAVE TO EVALUATE 7503 05:04:37,720 --> 05:04:38,360 AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE, 7504 05:04:38,360 --> 05:04:41,080 THERE'S A LOT OF IT OUT THERE, 7505 05:04:41,080 --> 05:04:42,200 I'VE CHOSEN 18 MAJOR 7506 05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:45,200 OBSERVATIONS THAT I THINK ANY 7507 05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:47,040 GOOD MODEL SHOULD BE ABLE TO 7508 05:04:47,040 --> 05:04:49,520 SUPPORT, AND NOTE THAT THE 7509 05:04:49,520 --> 05:04:51,400 RADIAL DIVERGENCE MODEL, THE 7510 05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:56,000 FIRST ONE, ACCOUNTS FOR SIX OF 7511 05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:57,320 THESE 18 NOTED OBSERVATIONS, 7512 05:04:57,320 --> 05:04:59,840 CONFLICTS WITH TWO FOR THE THIRD 7513 05:04:59,840 --> 05:05:07,160 MODEL MECHANISM OF THEIR MODEL. 7514 05:05:07,160 --> 05:05:08,280 DIFFERENTIAL TANGENTIAL 7515 05:05:08,280 --> 05:05:09,240 GEL-BRAIN ACCOUNTS FOR FOUR, 7516 05:05:09,240 --> 05:05:12,520 NEUTRAL WITH THE OTHERS, THE 7517 05:05:12,520 --> 05:05:15,400 MODEL I ADVOCATE WITH MANY 7518 05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:16,120 COMPONENTS INTRODUCES COMPONENTS 7519 05:05:16,120 --> 05:05:19,640 TO EXPLAIN ALL THESE VARIOUS 7520 05:05:19,640 --> 05:05:20,560 DIVERSE OBSERVATIONS. 7521 05:05:20,560 --> 05:05:22,040 THIS ISN'T THE END OF THE STORY 7522 05:05:22,040 --> 05:05:26,760 BUT I WOULD NOTE THERE ARE MANY 7523 05:05:26,760 --> 05:05:27,800 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL TESTS TO 7524 05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:34,200 DECIPHER AND COLLAR -- CLARIFY 7525 05:05:34,200 --> 05:05:36,080 WHICH ARE IMPORTANT. 7526 05:05:36,080 --> 05:05:39,480 MULTI-MODAL PARCELLATION, THIS 7527 05:05:39,480 --> 05:05:42,160 IS PIONEERED BY A TALENTED 7528 05:05:42,160 --> 05:05:46,000 MD/PHD STUDENT IN MY LAB WITH 7529 05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:56,520 WHOM I COLLABORATE, AND WE HELP 7530 05:05:56,800 --> 05:05:59,240 LEAD AND FORMULATE HCH-STYLE, 7531 05:05:59,240 --> 05:06:04,360 REMOVING NOISE, AND SEMI 7532 05:06:04,360 --> 05:06:06,640 AUTOMATED GRADIENT BASED 7533 05:06:06,640 --> 05:06:09,760 APPROACH, IDENTIFYING 180 7534 05:06:09,760 --> 05:06:11,720 CORTICAL AREAS, REPRODUCIBLE 7535 05:06:11,720 --> 05:06:13,720 EVEN IN UNUSUAL CASES, PROVIDES 7536 05:06:13,720 --> 05:06:18,880 VALUE FOR WHAT WE CALL 7537 05:06:18,880 --> 05:06:19,680 PARCELLATED ANALYSES. 7538 05:06:19,680 --> 05:06:24,000 IF YOU TAKE A STRUCTURAL MRI T1 7539 05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:26,080 WEIGHTED IMAGE, CORTICAL RIBBON 7540 05:06:26,080 --> 05:06:27,520 VARIES IN BRIGHTNESS, AND T2 7541 05:06:27,520 --> 05:06:29,120 WEIGHTED IMAGE FROM THE SAME 7542 05:06:29,120 --> 05:06:31,960 SUBJECT AT THE SAME LEVEL HAS A 7543 05:06:31,960 --> 05:06:32,720 COMPLEMENTARY FLUCTUATION IN 7544 05:06:32,720 --> 05:06:36,240 INTENSITY, IF WE TAKE THE T1 TO 7545 05:06:36,240 --> 05:06:37,680 T2 RATIO, COLORIZE, MAP TO 7546 05:06:37,680 --> 05:06:47,040 SURFACE, WE GET A PATTERN THAT 7547 05:06:47,040 --> 05:06:51,040 AGREES WELL WITH THE 7548 05:06:51,040 --> 05:06:52,640 HISTOLOGICALLY IDENTIFIED MYELIN 7549 05:06:52,640 --> 05:06:53,480 STAINS. 7550 05:06:53,480 --> 05:06:55,680 DO THIS FOR 210 SUBJECTS, ALIGN 7551 05:06:55,680 --> 05:07:01,680 ACCURATELY, WE GET A BEAUTIFUL 7552 05:07:01,680 --> 05:07:08,200 MYELIN MAP, PROVIDING INDICATORS 7553 05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:11,280 WHERE MYELIN CONTENT IS, THE 7554 05:07:11,280 --> 05:07:13,360 STREAKS ARE CANDIDATE AERIAL 7555 05:07:13,360 --> 05:07:14,640 BOUNDARIES. 7556 05:07:14,640 --> 05:07:16,360 SOME OF THESE FAINTER RIDGES ARE 7557 05:07:16,360 --> 05:07:18,760 ALSO TURNING OUT TO BE 7558 05:07:18,760 --> 05:07:24,960 SIGNIFICANT SUPPORTERS OF AERIAL 7559 05:07:24,960 --> 05:07:27,040 BOUNDARIES. 7560 05:07:27,040 --> 05:07:31,000 SO, MYELIN ALONE ISN'T ENOUGH. 7561 05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:37,240 WE MAKE A BETTER ESTIMATE OF 7562 05:07:37,240 --> 05:07:39,400 INTRINSIC ANATOMICAL THICKNESS, 7563 05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:40,640 GET GRADIENTS INFORMATIVE IN 7564 05:07:40,640 --> 05:07:42,800 MANY REGIONS OF CANDIDATE AERIAL 7565 05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:43,560 BOUNDARIES. 7566 05:07:43,560 --> 05:07:45,560 ANOTHER MODALITY IS TASK fMRI, 7567 05:07:45,560 --> 05:07:49,720 HERE IS ONE OF SEVEN TASKS, 46 7568 05:07:49,720 --> 05:07:50,920 TASK CONTRASTS, IN THIS CASE 7569 05:07:50,920 --> 05:07:52,560 LESSENING TO STORIES COMPARED TO 7570 05:07:52,560 --> 05:07:58,000 A BASELINE AND YOU CAN SEE MANY 7571 05:07:58,000 --> 05:07:59,440 DIFFERENT ACTIVATION FOCI 7572 05:07:59,440 --> 05:08:00,840 INCLUDING ONE IN JUST IN FRONT 7573 05:08:00,840 --> 05:08:08,880 OF MOTOR CORTEX THAT I'LL TALK 7574 05:08:08,880 --> 05:08:12,040 MORE ABOUT, GRADIENTS ARE 7575 05:08:12,040 --> 05:08:13,320 ROBUST, SIMILARLY FOR MANY 7576 05:08:13,320 --> 05:08:13,720 OTHERS. 7577 05:08:13,720 --> 05:08:16,080 THE MOST INFORMATIVE OF ALL THE 7578 05:08:16,080 --> 05:08:17,360 MODALITIES WE USED WAS 7579 05:08:17,360 --> 05:08:23,840 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY FROM 7580 05:08:23,840 --> 05:08:27,440 RESTING STATE SCANS, WE SEE 7581 05:08:27,440 --> 05:08:28,280 CORRELATING FLUCTUATIONS 7582 05:08:28,280 --> 05:08:29,840 REFERRED TO AS FUNCTIONAL 7583 05:08:29,840 --> 05:08:30,200 CONNECTIVITY. 7584 05:08:30,200 --> 05:08:32,720 IF WE TAKE A NEARBY SEED 7585 05:08:32,720 --> 05:08:34,600 LOCATION, SEE A DIFFERENT 7586 05:08:34,600 --> 05:08:39,840 PATTERN, GOING ONE STEP FARTHER 7587 05:08:39,840 --> 05:08:41,880 MEDIAL, REPLICATES A PATTERN 7588 05:08:41,880 --> 05:08:46,720 SIMILAR TO ORIGINAL, TAKE THE 7589 05:08:46,720 --> 05:08:50,120 GRADIENT FOR SEED LOCATIONS GET 7590 05:08:50,120 --> 05:08:58,880 A MAP OF FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 7591 05:08:58,880 --> 05:08:59,160 GRADIENTS. 7592 05:08:59,160 --> 05:09:02,240 EXEMPLAR AREA 55B, NOTE THE 7593 05:09:02,240 --> 05:09:05,080 MYELIN GRADIENT RUNS AROUND THIS 7594 05:09:05,080 --> 05:09:08,800 WHITE BOUNDARY AS DOES THE TASK 7595 05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:12,760 fMRI GRADIENT FROM THE VERSUS 7596 05:09:12,760 --> 05:09:14,480 BASELINE CONTRAST, FUNCTIONAL 7597 05:09:14,480 --> 05:09:16,280 CONNECTIVITY FROM SEED 7598 05:09:16,280 --> 05:09:17,440 LOCATIONS, ONE LOCATION 7599 05:09:17,440 --> 05:09:21,400 HIGHLIGHT THE CENTRAL REGION AND 7600 05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:25,320 SEEDS IN OTHER REGIONS AVOIDED 7601 05:09:25,320 --> 05:09:27,080 OVERALL GRADIENT AGREES WITH THE 7602 05:09:27,080 --> 05:09:28,400 OTHER MODALITIES THAT WE'VE 7603 05:09:28,400 --> 05:09:36,920 SEEN, AND WE CALL THIS AREA 7604 05:09:36,920 --> 05:09:38,360 55B, IDENTIFIED A HALF CENTURY 7605 05:09:38,360 --> 05:09:38,680 AGO. 7606 05:09:38,680 --> 05:09:41,000 MATT AND I AND COLLEAGUES 7607 05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:42,520 APPLIED THIS APPROACH TO 7608 05:09:42,520 --> 05:09:44,320 IDENTIFY AERIAL BOUNDARIES AND 7609 05:09:44,320 --> 05:09:49,640 CORTICAL AREAS IN ALL THE 7610 05:09:49,640 --> 05:09:51,720 NEOCORTEX, YOU SEE A SUMMARY MAP 7611 05:09:51,720 --> 05:09:54,440 OF THESE AREAS AND WE'VE GIVEN 7612 05:09:54,440 --> 05:09:59,040 THEM LABELS, 83 OF THEM ARE 7613 05:09:59,040 --> 05:10:01,160 REPLICATING PREVIOUSLY REPORTED 7614 05:10:01,160 --> 05:10:05,720 AREAS IN LITERATURE, 97 NEWLY 7615 05:10:05,720 --> 05:10:06,800 IDENTIFIED, SOME BY SPLITTING 7616 05:10:06,800 --> 05:10:10,000 INTO TWO OR THREE SUBREGIONS, 7617 05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:15,120 VARYING IN SIZE AND SHAPE, ALL 7618 05:10:15,120 --> 05:10:18,120 180 AREAS REPLICATED ON THE 7619 05:10:18,120 --> 05:10:21,360 RIGHT, ASYMMETRIES BUT THEY ARE 7620 05:10:21,360 --> 05:10:24,280 SURPRISINGLY MODEST, MAINLY 7621 05:10:24,280 --> 05:10:27,120 INVOLVING LANGUAGE RELATED 7622 05:10:27,120 --> 05:10:27,760 AREAS. 7623 05:10:27,760 --> 05:10:32,840 WE GOT AN ALGORITHM TO IDENTIFY 7624 05:10:32,840 --> 05:10:37,560 INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS, THIS 7625 05:10:37,560 --> 05:10:41,720 ALGORITHM TAKES EACH SURFACE 7626 05:10:41,720 --> 05:10:43,440 VERTEX, IDENTIFIED AND COMPARES 7627 05:10:43,440 --> 05:10:46,760 INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT TO GROUP 7628 05:10:46,760 --> 05:10:47,880 AVERAGE FEATURE VECTOR TO SAY IS 7629 05:10:47,880 --> 05:10:52,200 IT MORE LIKELY TO BE 55B OR 7630 05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:54,280 NEIGHBORING AREA WITH A WINNER 7631 05:10:54,280 --> 05:10:55,480 TAKES ALL DECISION. 7632 05:10:55,480 --> 05:10:57,280 THIS WORKS EXTREMELY WELL IN THE 7633 05:10:57,280 --> 05:10:58,800 SAME INDIVIDUAL WHO COMES BACK A 7634 05:10:58,800 --> 05:11:01,840 MONTH LATER FOR INDEPENDENT SET 7635 05:11:01,840 --> 05:11:03,520 OF MULTI-MODAL SCANS, YIELDS 7636 05:11:03,520 --> 05:11:06,200 ESSENTIALLY THE SAME ANSWER FOR 7637 05:11:06,200 --> 05:11:08,200 THIS PARTICULAR AREA. 7638 05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:10,600 THIS WORKS EVEN FOR OUTLIER 7639 05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:14,320 PATTERNS SUCH AS INDIVIDUAL WHO 7640 05:11:14,320 --> 05:11:15,840 HAS A SPLIT AREA 55B WITH 7641 05:11:15,840 --> 05:11:17,800 DIFFERENT AREA RUNNING IN 7642 05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:21,640 BETWEEN, OR WITH SHIFTED AREA 7643 05:11:21,640 --> 05:11:23,120 55B CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED IN 7644 05:11:23,120 --> 05:11:25,080 THE RETEST MODE. 7645 05:11:25,080 --> 05:11:27,360 WE DO THIS ACROSS ALL 210 AREAS 7646 05:11:27,360 --> 05:11:31,720 NOT JUST OUR POSTER CHILD 55B WE 7647 05:11:31,720 --> 05:11:33,280 CAN WITH HIGH CONFIDENCE 7648 05:11:33,280 --> 05:11:35,560 IDENTIFY NEARLY ALL AREAS, 7649 05:11:35,560 --> 05:11:37,760 NEARLY ALL SUBJECTS FOR THE 7650 05:11:37,760 --> 05:11:38,880 ORIGINAL PARCELLATION GROUP AND 7651 05:11:38,880 --> 05:11:42,240 FOR SEPARATE SET OF VALIDATION 7652 05:11:42,240 --> 05:11:44,440 GROUP INDIVIDUALS COMPLETELY 7653 05:11:44,440 --> 05:11:47,160 INDEPENDENT WE GET ALMOST 97% 7654 05:11:47,160 --> 05:11:48,480 DETECTION RATE. 7655 05:11:48,480 --> 05:11:51,400 NOT ALL AREAS ARE COMPLETELY 7656 05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:52,440 PRECISELY ALIGNED, EVEN THOUGH 7657 05:11:52,440 --> 05:11:55,240 WE'VE DONE AERIAL FEATURE BASED 7658 05:11:55,240 --> 05:11:56,360 ALIGNMENT BUT GET PROBABILISTIC 7659 05:11:56,360 --> 05:11:58,680 MAPS OF HOW TIGHTLY ALIGNED SOME 7660 05:11:58,680 --> 05:12:02,960 AREAS ARE V1 AND M1 AND HOW MUCH 7661 05:12:02,960 --> 05:12:06,520 LOCAL FLUCTUATIONS THERE ARE FOR 7662 05:12:06,520 --> 05:12:07,920 OTHER AREAS, AGAIN, REPEATABLE 7663 05:12:07,920 --> 05:12:11,080 ACROSS THE PARCELLATION AND 7664 05:12:11,080 --> 05:12:12,160 VALIDATION INDEPENDENT GROUPS. 7665 05:12:12,160 --> 05:12:14,240 WHAT IS THIS GOOD FOR? 7666 05:12:14,240 --> 05:12:16,240 YOU CAN TAKE ANY NEUROIMAGING 7667 05:12:16,240 --> 05:12:18,520 DATA INCLUDING MANY WE'VE SEEN 7668 05:12:18,520 --> 05:12:25,040 BEFORE YESTERDAY AND TODAY AND 7669 05:12:25,040 --> 05:12:27,280 DO A PARCELLATED ANALYSIS, GET A 7670 05:12:27,280 --> 05:12:33,640 CLEANER AND HIGHER SIGNAL TO 7671 05:12:33,640 --> 05:12:36,800 NOISE EVALUATION OF A MYELIN 7672 05:12:36,800 --> 05:12:38,320 MAP, FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 7673 05:12:38,320 --> 05:12:39,920 MAPS, VARIOUS SORTS, AND MANY 7674 05:12:39,920 --> 05:12:41,840 OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION. 7675 05:12:41,840 --> 05:12:44,200 I WOULD CHALLENGE THE 7676 05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:50,480 NEUROIMAGERS TO ASK WHETHER YOUR 7677 05:12:50,480 --> 05:12:58,040 OWN RESEARCH MIGHT BENEFIT FROM 7678 05:12:58,040 --> 05:13:00,880 HCH-STYLE, AND USING DATA 7679 05:13:00,880 --> 05:13:03,160 PRE-PROCESSING FOR THE CEREBRAL 7680 05:13:03,160 --> 05:13:07,760 CORTEX MOST IMPORTANTLY INVOLVES 7681 05:13:07,760 --> 05:13:09,280 SURFACE-BASED ANALYSES, NOT JUST 7682 05:13:09,280 --> 05:13:15,240 GETTING FREE SURFER RUNNING BUT 7683 05:13:15,240 --> 05:13:18,440 WE ADVOCATE BOTH TO GET BETTER 7684 05:13:18,440 --> 05:13:20,960 MYELIN MAP AND REGISTRATION. 7685 05:13:20,960 --> 05:13:23,800 ONCE YOU ANALYZE DATA TO 7686 05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:27,800 REGISTER YOUR DATA TO THE 7687 05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:29,600 SURFACE BASED ATLAS, APPLY 7688 05:13:29,600 --> 05:13:31,080 PARCELLATED ANALYSIS I JUST 7689 05:13:31,080 --> 05:13:33,440 SHOWED YOU, TO GET BETTER 7690 05:13:33,440 --> 05:13:36,040 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND 7691 05:13:36,040 --> 05:13:36,600 INCREASED NEUROBIOLOGICAL 7692 05:13:36,600 --> 05:13:37,440 INTERPRETABILITY RESULTS. 7693 05:13:37,440 --> 05:13:39,760 AND THEN IF YOU SHARE THESE DATA 7694 05:13:39,760 --> 05:13:42,280 USING WHAT WE CALL SCENE FILES 7695 05:13:42,280 --> 05:13:44,360 AND CONNECTOME WORKBENCH, MAKE 7696 05:13:44,360 --> 05:13:45,240 THEM PUBLICLY AVAILABLE YOU'LL 7697 05:13:45,240 --> 05:13:46,640 BE PROVIDING A SERVICE TO 7698 05:13:46,640 --> 05:13:49,520 YOURSELF AND TO THE COMMUNITY. 7699 05:13:49,520 --> 05:13:52,440 SO, VERY BRIEFLY WHERE DO WE GO 7700 05:13:52,440 --> 05:13:53,920 NOW THAT WE'VE SEEN WHAT CAN BE 7701 05:13:53,920 --> 05:13:57,160 DONE USING A LOT OF HIGH QUALITY 7702 05:13:57,160 --> 05:13:59,160 DATA IN HUMANS, WE GO BACK TO 7703 05:13:59,160 --> 05:14:01,120 MUCH SMALLER MACAQUE, EVEN 7704 05:14:01,120 --> 05:14:03,040 TINIER MARMOSET, WHAT WOULD IT 7705 05:14:03,040 --> 05:14:05,400 TAKE TO GENERATE MACAQUE 7706 05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,240 PARCELLATION AS CLOSE TO WHAT WE 7707 05:14:08,240 --> 05:14:10,760 THINK OR CONTEND THE HCP 7708 05:14:10,760 --> 05:14:12,480 PARCELLATION IS TO GROUND TRUTH 7709 05:14:12,480 --> 05:14:15,880 IN MACAQUE, COULDN'T WE JUST DO 7710 05:14:15,880 --> 05:14:17,320 THE SAME THING OVER WITH THE 7711 05:14:17,320 --> 05:14:17,960 SAME PARADIGM? 7712 05:14:17,960 --> 05:14:19,320 NOT EASILY IS THE SHORT ANSWER. 7713 05:14:19,320 --> 05:14:23,280 BRAINS ARE SO MUCH SMALLER AND 7714 05:14:23,280 --> 05:14:25,760 SPATIAL GRADIENTS FROM USING 7715 05:14:25,760 --> 05:14:28,960 MRI-BASED ANALYSES ARE FEWER AND 7716 05:14:28,960 --> 05:14:31,680 FAINTER, AND ALSO HARD TO SCAN 7717 05:14:31,680 --> 05:14:33,000 HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF 7718 05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:38,240 INDIVIDUAL MONKEYS, THAT'S NOT 7719 05:14:38,240 --> 05:14:39,880 IMPOSSIBLE. 7720 05:14:39,880 --> 05:14:41,440 COLLABORATION THAT WE HAVE 7721 05:14:41,440 --> 05:14:44,360 BETWEEN MATT AND MY GROUP AND 7722 05:14:44,360 --> 05:14:47,440 THE ONE IN JAPAN, HENRY KENNEDY 7723 05:14:47,440 --> 05:14:49,920 IN LEONE, A PROJECT AIMS TO GET 7724 05:14:49,920 --> 05:14:54,120 BETTER DATA QUALITY USING BETTER 7725 05:14:54,120 --> 05:14:55,200 HEAD COILS, IMPROVED 7726 05:14:55,200 --> 05:14:59,480 PRE-PROCESSING, AND TO COMBINE 7727 05:14:59,480 --> 05:15:01,560 THAT WITH MULTI-MODAL HISTOLOGY 7728 05:15:01,560 --> 05:15:04,960 AND INTEGRATED HISTOLOGY AND MRI 7729 05:15:04,960 --> 05:15:05,920 VISUALIZATION USING CONNECTOME 7730 05:15:05,920 --> 05:15:08,360 WORKBENCH, A QUICK FLAVOR HERE 7731 05:15:08,360 --> 05:15:12,400 ARE ONE LEVEL OF IMPROVEMENT IN 7732 05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:15,600 MIL OF MYELIN MAPS, ON THE RIGHT 7733 05:15:15,600 --> 05:15:17,320 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN 7734 05:15:17,320 --> 05:15:18,440 MACAQUE, NOT NEARLY AS SPATIALLY 7735 05:15:18,440 --> 05:15:19,400 CRISP AND INFORMATIVE AS IT IS 7736 05:15:19,400 --> 05:15:22,120 IN THE HUMAN BUT WE HOPE TO GET 7737 05:15:22,120 --> 05:15:24,000 SOME IMPROVEMENTS, AND HERE IS 7738 05:15:24,000 --> 05:15:29,160 EXAMPLE OR TWO OF THE 7739 05:15:29,160 --> 05:15:29,920 HISTOLOGY-BASED IDENTIFICATION 7740 05:15:29,920 --> 05:15:32,440 OF CORTICAL AREAS WE'RE GOING TO 7741 05:15:32,440 --> 05:15:35,320 BE DOING BY ALIGNING HISTOLOGY 7742 05:15:35,320 --> 05:15:39,160 SECs TO MRI SCANS, COMPARING 7743 05:15:39,160 --> 05:15:45,800 SPATIAL GRADIENTS AND HOPE TO 7744 05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:49,240 MAKE MAJOR PROGRESS PARCELLATING 7745 05:15:49,240 --> 05:15:52,840 THE MACAQUE AND MARMOSET CORTEX. 7746 05:15:52,840 --> 05:15:58,440 7747 05:15:58,440 --> 05:15:59,840 7748 05:15:59,840 --> 05:16:06,280 [APPLAUSE] 7749 05:16:06,280 --> 05:16:08,160 >> I DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS 7750 05:16:08,160 --> 05:16:10,000 PLANNED BUT I THINK HE WAS CLOSE 7751 05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:11,400 TO THE END, IF YOU HAVE ANY 7752 05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:13,280 QUESTIONS FOR HIM I'M SURE HE 7753 05:16:13,280 --> 05:16:16,200 WILL BE HAPPY TO GET THOSE BY 7754 05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:16,720 E-MAIL. 7755 05:16:16,720 --> 05:16:19,440 PLEASE REACH OUT TO HIM. 7756 05:16:19,440 --> 05:16:22,880 WE'RE AT THE LAST TALK FOR THIS 7757 05:16:22,880 --> 05:16:25,200 FANTASTIC TWO-DAY CELEBRATION. 7758 05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:27,640 AND I'M THRILLED TO INTRODUCE MY 7759 05:16:27,640 --> 05:16:29,880 DEAR FRIEND AND COLLABORATOR 7760 05:16:29,880 --> 05:16:33,880 JESS TAUBERT, WHO IS AN ARC 7761 05:16:33,880 --> 05:16:34,880 FUTURE FELLOW, RIGHT NOW 7762 05:16:34,880 --> 05:16:36,520 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, A 7763 05:16:36,520 --> 05:16:39,800 POSTDOC WITH LESLIE, WORKING ON 7764 05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:41,640 THE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE SIDE OF 7765 05:16:41,640 --> 05:16:42,560 THINGS, RECENTLY MOVED TO 7766 05:16:42,560 --> 05:16:45,320 AUSTRALIA TO START HER OWN LAB. 7767 05:16:45,320 --> 05:16:49,320 SHE WAS THE LAST POSTDOC, LESLIE 7768 05:16:49,320 --> 05:16:51,760 KNEW OF YOU GOING TO AUSTRALIA, 7769 05:16:51,760 --> 05:16:53,920 AND I KNOW LESLIE WAS VERY, VERY 7770 05:16:53,920 --> 05:16:54,280 PROUD. 7771 05:16:54,280 --> 05:16:55,240 TODAY SHE'S GOING TO TELL US 7772 05:16:55,240 --> 05:16:58,200 ABOUT A SERIES OF STUDIES THAT 7773 05:16:58,200 --> 05:17:00,880 SHE DID HERE AND ALSO STUFF 7774 05:17:00,880 --> 05:17:02,240 SHE'S THINKING OF NOW. 7775 05:17:02,240 --> 05:17:03,760 SO WELCOME, JESS. 7776 05:17:03,760 --> 05:17:04,160 TAKE IT AWAY. 7777 05:17:04,160 --> 05:17:06,520 [APPLAUSE] 7778 05:17:06,520 --> 05:17:12,560 7779 05:17:12,560 --> 05:17:14,680 >> THANK YOU. 7780 05:17:14,680 --> 05:17:15,160 HELLO, EVERYONE. 7781 05:17:15,160 --> 05:17:17,520 FIRST, I HAVE TO START BY 7782 05:17:17,520 --> 05:17:19,400 THANKING THE ORGANIZERS AND NIMH 7783 05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:21,120 FOR PUTTING TOGETHER WHAT HAS 7784 05:17:21,120 --> 05:17:24,520 BEEN A FANTASTIC COUPLE DAYS. 7785 05:17:24,520 --> 05:17:26,040 IT'S BEEN INSPIRING. 7786 05:17:26,040 --> 05:17:29,240 I'M SO HONORED I CAN BE HERE. 7787 05:17:29,240 --> 05:17:31,680 THAT I WAS GIVEN THE INVITATION. 7788 05:17:31,680 --> 05:17:34,160 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 7789 05:17:34,160 --> 05:17:36,040 SHRUTI GAVE CONTEXT, I WAS A 7790 05:17:36,040 --> 05:17:37,560 RESEARCH FELLOW WITH LESLIE FOR 7791 05:17:37,560 --> 05:17:39,960 FIVE YEARS, I WAS STILL HERE 7792 05:17:39,960 --> 05:17:40,960 WHEN SHE PASSED. 7793 05:17:40,960 --> 05:17:42,240 TODAY I'VE CHOSEN TO TALK ABOUT 7794 05:17:42,240 --> 05:17:44,720 SOME DATA THAT I WAS STILL 7795 05:17:44,720 --> 05:17:46,640 COLLECTING AT THAT TIME. 7796 05:17:46,640 --> 05:17:48,720 THE REASON THESE DATA ARE 7797 05:17:48,720 --> 05:17:50,000 SPECIAL TO ME IS BECAUSE IT WAS 7798 05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:52,640 THE TOPIC OF OUR VERY LAST 7799 05:17:52,640 --> 05:17:53,160 CONVERSATION. 7800 05:17:53,160 --> 05:17:54,080 THAT TOOK PLACE ABOUT TWO OR 7801 05:17:54,080 --> 05:17:56,240 THREE DAYS BEFORE SHE PASSED 7802 05:17:56,240 --> 05:17:56,800 AWAY. 7803 05:17:56,800 --> 05:17:58,640 AS HAS BEEN MENTIONED BY A FEW 7804 05:17:58,640 --> 05:18:00,560 PEOPLE SHE WASN'T FEELING 7805 05:18:00,560 --> 05:18:02,160 PARTICULARLY WELL THAT WEEK. 7806 05:18:02,160 --> 05:18:04,680 SHE HAD BEEN EXPERIENCING SOME 7807 05:18:04,680 --> 05:18:06,680 PAIN, AND SHE WAS ALREADY 7808 05:18:06,680 --> 05:18:08,200 ANXIOUS ABOUT THE BSC, ALREADY 7809 05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:09,280 MENTIONED QUITE A FEW TIMES. 7810 05:18:09,280 --> 05:18:10,440 SHE TOLD ME THIS AT THE 7811 05:18:10,440 --> 05:18:12,800 BEGINNING OF THE MEETING. 7812 05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:14,760 I SAID, LESLIE, GO HAVE A REST. 7813 05:18:14,760 --> 05:18:15,760 THERE'S ABSOLUTELY NO REASON TO 7814 05:18:15,760 --> 05:18:17,400 TALK ABOUT THESE DATA RIGHT NOW. 7815 05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,160 WE CAN TALK ABOUT THESE DATA ANY 7816 05:18:20,160 --> 05:18:21,120 OLD TIME. 7817 05:18:21,120 --> 05:18:23,120 SHE WAS NEVER ONE TO TAKE THAT 7818 05:18:23,120 --> 05:18:23,360 ADVICE. 7819 05:18:23,360 --> 05:18:26,040 WE TALKED ABOUT THESE DATA, WHAT 7820 05:18:26,040 --> 05:18:28,360 WAS PILOT DATA THEN, FOR AT 7821 05:18:28,360 --> 05:18:30,120 LEAST TWO HOURS, OR SOMETHING IN 7822 05:18:30,120 --> 05:18:30,760 THAT MAGNITUDE. 7823 05:18:30,760 --> 05:18:33,520 I THOUGHT IT WAS APPROPRIATE TO 7824 05:18:33,520 --> 05:18:34,840 SHARE THESE DATA WITH YOU TODAY, 7825 05:18:34,840 --> 05:18:37,400 YOU CAN SEE WHAT SHE WAS SO 7826 05:18:37,400 --> 05:18:39,200 EAGER TO HEAR ABOUT. 7827 05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:41,200 SO ELEPHANTS, LIKE MANY OTHER 7828 05:18:41,200 --> 05:18:43,880 MAMMALS, ARE BORN READY TO MOVE. 7829 05:18:43,880 --> 05:18:45,920 SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON IT. 7830 05:18:45,920 --> 05:18:48,600 PRIMATES ON THE OTHER HAND ARE 7831 05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:51,040 BORN SQUISHY, WE LACK THE 7832 05:18:51,040 --> 05:18:57,160 CAPACITY FOR INDEPENDENT 7833 05:18:57,160 --> 05:18:57,480 MOVEMENT. 7834 05:18:57,480 --> 05:19:02,520 PRIMATES ARE BORN WITHOUT TOOLS 7835 05:19:02,520 --> 05:19:05,000 FOR SURVIVAL, BORN READY TO 7836 05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:06,880 COMPLAIN, USING CALLS AND FACIAL 7837 05:19:06,880 --> 05:19:08,760 EXPRESSIONS TO SIGNAL NEEDS TO 7838 05:19:08,760 --> 05:19:11,240 NEARBY ADULTS HOPEFULLY WILLING 7839 05:19:11,240 --> 05:19:13,680 TO HELP US. 7840 05:19:13,680 --> 05:19:17,080 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE PART OF A 7841 05:19:17,080 --> 05:19:20,240 SIMPLE SIGNAL COMMUNICATION 7842 05:19:20,240 --> 05:19:22,880 LOOK, EXPERIENCING PHYSIOLOGICAL 7843 05:19:22,880 --> 05:19:23,880 STATE LIKE HUNGER, CONTRACTS 7844 05:19:23,880 --> 05:19:26,920 MUSCLES IN THE FACE, CAUSING 7845 05:19:26,920 --> 05:19:28,360 CHANGE IN FACIAL APPEARANCE, 7846 05:19:28,360 --> 05:19:30,080 EXPRESSION IS THEN RECOGNIZED BY 7847 05:19:30,080 --> 05:19:31,520 A RECEIVER WHO CHANGES THEIR 7848 05:19:31,520 --> 05:19:33,200 BEHAVIOR IN SOME WAY AND 7849 05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:36,120 HOPEFULLY ALTERS THE STATE OF 7850 05:19:36,120 --> 05:19:37,400 THE SIGNALER. 7851 05:19:37,400 --> 05:19:39,840 AS ADULTS THERE ARE MEANT TO BE 7852 05:19:39,840 --> 05:19:41,240 SEVEN DISCRETE EMOTIONAL STATES 7853 05:19:41,240 --> 05:19:44,280 WE CAN SIGNAL TO PEOPLE AROUND 7854 05:19:44,280 --> 05:19:44,640 US. 7855 05:19:44,640 --> 05:19:46,160 THESE ARE THOUGHT TO BE 7856 05:19:46,160 --> 05:19:48,880 UNIVERSAL, HARD WIRED, BECAUSE 7857 05:19:48,880 --> 05:19:49,520 THEY REPRESENT IMMERSIONAL 7858 05:19:49,520 --> 05:19:51,760 STATES SHARED BY ALL PEOPLE AND 7859 05:19:51,760 --> 05:19:52,640 OTHER PRIMATES. 7860 05:19:52,640 --> 05:19:54,160 IT FOLLOWS THAT EXPRESSION 7861 05:19:54,160 --> 05:19:55,120 RECOGNITION ON THE RECEIVING END 7862 05:19:55,120 --> 05:19:59,640 OF THE LOOP WILL BE GOVERNED BY 7863 05:19:59,640 --> 05:20:02,480 SPECIALIZED NEURAL MECHANISMS 7864 05:20:02,480 --> 05:20:04,680 TUNED TO APPEARANCE. 7865 05:20:04,680 --> 05:20:07,200 THIS MODEL WAS INTRODUCED 7866 05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:09,280 YESTERDAY, IN THE LATE 1980s 7867 05:20:09,280 --> 05:20:11,360 EARLY SPECULATION THAT THE 7868 05:20:11,360 --> 05:20:12,560 MECHANISM SUPPORTING EXPRESSION 7869 05:20:12,560 --> 05:20:15,440 RECOGNITION WAS SEPARATE, FROM 7870 05:20:15,440 --> 05:20:16,720 THOSE SUPPORTING IDENTITY 7871 05:20:16,720 --> 05:20:17,480 RECOGNITION. 7872 05:20:17,480 --> 05:20:19,320 THIS SEPARATION FELT LOGICAL AND 7873 05:20:19,320 --> 05:20:20,520 NECESSARY BECAUSE UNLIKE 7874 05:20:20,520 --> 05:20:22,280 EXPRESSION RECOGNITION OUR 7875 05:20:22,280 --> 05:20:24,120 CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE INDIVIDUAL 7876 05:20:24,120 --> 05:20:27,240 PEOPLE IS KNOWN TO BE CALIBRATED 7877 05:20:27,240 --> 05:20:28,920 WITH VISUAL INPUT AND 7878 05:20:28,920 --> 05:20:29,360 EXPERIENCE. 7879 05:20:29,360 --> 05:20:31,920 FOR EXAMPLE, EVEN WHEN YOU'RE 7880 05:20:31,920 --> 05:20:36,120 AUSTRALIAN YOU'RE NOT BORN READY 7881 05:20:36,120 --> 05:20:38,080 OR READY TO RECOGNIZE STEVE 7882 05:20:38,080 --> 05:20:38,440 IRWIN. 7883 05:20:38,440 --> 05:20:40,160 WHEN YOU SEE HIS FACE, WATCH HIS 7884 05:20:40,160 --> 05:20:41,680 SHOWS, YOU BUILD A 7885 05:20:41,680 --> 05:20:43,200 REPRESENTATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC 7886 05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:44,000 INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN HIS 7887 05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:46,400 FACE AND CAN USE THAT 7888 05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:47,920 INFORMATION TO PAIR WITH HIS 7889 05:20:47,920 --> 05:20:49,240 NAME, WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT ALL 7890 05:20:49,240 --> 05:20:51,880 OF THIS REQUIRES VISUAL INPUT 7891 05:20:51,880 --> 05:20:52,480 AND EXPERIENCE. 7892 05:20:52,480 --> 05:20:54,920 ON THE OTHER HAND, YOU REQUIRE 7893 05:20:54,920 --> 05:20:56,480 NO PRIOR EXPERIENCE SPECIFICALLY 7894 05:20:56,480 --> 05:20:58,320 WITH STEVE'S FACE TO RECOGNIZE 7895 05:20:58,320 --> 05:21:00,520 THIS EXPRESSION HERE AS HAPPY. 7896 05:21:00,520 --> 05:21:02,520 EVEN IF HAPPINESS DOESN'T MAKE 7897 05:21:02,520 --> 05:21:10,360 SENSE WHEN YOU'RE CUDDLING A 7898 05:21:10,360 --> 05:21:14,240 CROCODILE, REINFORCED WHEN 7899 05:21:14,240 --> 05:21:15,600 NEUROIMAGING CAME OF AGE. 7900 05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:16,600 SINCE THEN FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 7901 05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:20,120 HAVE BEEN THOUGHT TO BE BUSINESS 7902 05:21:20,120 --> 05:21:22,360 OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS 7903 05:21:22,360 --> 05:21:28,240 IN GREEN ON THE MODEL. 7904 05:21:28,240 --> 05:21:31,960 REESE RHESUS MACAQUES ARE 7905 05:21:31,960 --> 05:21:33,600 THOUGHT TO HAVE THE SAME. 7906 05:21:33,600 --> 05:21:40,560 THIS ARC ARCHITECTURE HAS BEEN 7907 05:21:40,560 --> 05:21:42,120 POPULAR, NEVER CHALLENGED IN A 7908 05:21:42,120 --> 05:21:44,960 SERIOUS WAY IN FIELDS OF 7909 05:21:44,960 --> 05:21:48,280 PSYCHOLOGY OR NEUROSCIENCE. 7910 05:21:48,280 --> 05:21:49,440 WE LIKE THIS MODEL. 7911 05:21:49,440 --> 05:21:52,960 WHAP IF I GO -- BUT WHAT IF I GO 7912 05:21:52,960 --> 05:21:57,440 BACK TO THIS LOOP AND TOLD YOU 7913 05:21:57,440 --> 05:21:59,960 DIFFERENT CULTURES USE DIFFERENT 7914 05:21:59,960 --> 05:22:01,600 WORDS TO DESCRIBE STATES WE 7915 05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:06,320 DESCRIBE WITH SEVEN WORDS IN 7916 05:22:06,320 --> 05:22:06,920 ENGLISH. 7917 05:22:06,920 --> 05:22:07,840 THERE'S NO EVIDENCE SPECIFIC 7918 05:22:07,840 --> 05:22:10,480 STATES ARE LINKED TO SPECIFIC 7919 05:22:10,480 --> 05:22:12,880 MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR FACIAL 7920 05:22:12,880 --> 05:22:13,160 EXPRESSIONS. 7921 05:22:13,160 --> 05:22:15,720 WHAT IF I TOLD YOU IN REAL LIFE 7922 05:22:15,720 --> 05:22:16,480 NATURALISTIC FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 7923 05:22:16,480 --> 05:22:19,320 DON'T LOOK LIKE THE POSED FACIAL 7924 05:22:19,320 --> 05:22:22,280 EXPRESSIONS WE CAN GENERATE 7925 05:22:22,280 --> 05:22:23,800 UNDER STERILE LABORATORY 7926 05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:24,480 CONDITIONS, DIFFICULT TO 7927 05:22:24,480 --> 05:22:27,120 RECOGNIZE AS POSITIVE OR 7928 05:22:27,120 --> 05:22:28,280 NEGATIVE WITHOUT ADDITIONAL 7929 05:22:28,280 --> 05:22:28,600 INFORMATION. 7930 05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:30,360 WE NOW UNDERSTAND FACIAL 7931 05:22:30,360 --> 05:22:32,120 EXPRESSIONS ARE MUCH MORE 7932 05:22:32,120 --> 05:22:34,800 COMPLICATED AND NUANCED AS 7933 05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:35,520 SIGNALS THAN PREVIOUSLY 7934 05:22:35,520 --> 05:22:36,280 IMAGINED. 7935 05:22:36,280 --> 05:22:38,800 SO WHAT DOES THIS REAL WORLD 7936 05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:42,120 COMPLEXITY MEAN FOR OUR MODEL OF 7937 05:22:42,120 --> 05:22:44,040 EXPRESSION RECOGNITION? 7938 05:22:44,040 --> 05:22:45,040 DOES THIS BELOVED FUNCTIONAL 7939 05:22:45,040 --> 05:22:47,360 ARCHITECTURE STAND OUT UNDER 7940 05:22:47,360 --> 05:22:47,840 NATURALISTIC CONDITIONS? 7941 05:22:47,840 --> 05:22:50,640 ALTHOUGH THERE ARE LOTS OF WAYS 7942 05:22:50,640 --> 05:22:52,480 WE CAN ASK THIS QUESTION AND GET 7943 05:22:52,480 --> 05:22:54,240 AT THE ANSWER, TODAY I'M GOING 7944 05:22:54,240 --> 05:22:56,200 TO TAKE A DIRECT APPROACH AND 7945 05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:58,720 ASK A VERY SIMPLE QUESTION. 7946 05:22:58,720 --> 05:23:00,680 DO NATURALISTIC FACIAL 7947 05:23:00,680 --> 05:23:03,240 EXPRESSIONS ACTIVATE STS FACE 7948 05:23:03,240 --> 05:23:05,240 PATCHES IN MACAQUE BRAIN? 7949 05:23:05,240 --> 05:23:07,600 FRAMING HERE IS STRAIGHTFORWARD. 7950 05:23:07,600 --> 05:23:09,680 WE WANT TO VERIFY PHOTOGRAPHS OF 7951 05:23:09,680 --> 05:23:10,680 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MACAQUES 7952 05:23:10,680 --> 05:23:14,280 IN THE WILD GOING ABOUT THEIR 7953 05:23:14,280 --> 05:23:15,840 BUSINESS INTERACTING, ACTIVATE 7954 05:23:15,840 --> 05:23:19,360 THE GREEN FACE PATCHES KNOWN AS 7955 05:23:19,360 --> 05:23:21,360 AREA MF AND AF. 7956 05:23:21,360 --> 05:23:27,920 THESE ARE POSITIONED IN THE 7957 05:23:27,920 --> 05:23:29,600 FUNDUS OF THE SULCUS. 7958 05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:33,520 WE REASONED THESE PATCHES SHOULD 7959 05:23:33,520 --> 05:23:39,080 BE MORE ACTIVATED BY EMOTIONAL 7960 05:23:39,080 --> 05:23:39,520 EXPRESSIONS. 7961 05:23:39,520 --> 05:23:41,280 I HAVE A LARGE COLLECTION OF 7962 05:23:41,280 --> 05:23:42,920 PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE WILD OF 7963 05:23:42,920 --> 05:23:44,480 MACAQUES, BUT THE CHALLENGE AND 7964 05:23:44,480 --> 05:23:45,560 IMPORTANT QUESTION HERE WAS HOW 7965 05:23:45,560 --> 05:23:48,640 DO WE SELECT THE IMAGES TO 7966 05:23:48,640 --> 05:23:49,520 REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT 7967 05:23:49,520 --> 05:23:52,560 CONDITIONS HERE IN THIS 7968 05:23:52,560 --> 05:23:53,160 EXPERIMENT. 7969 05:23:53,160 --> 05:23:57,960 THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO USE 7970 05:23:57,960 --> 05:24:00,800 SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF 7971 05:24:00,800 --> 05:24:04,080 FEATURES. 7972 05:24:04,080 --> 05:24:06,240 FOR EXAMPLE THE COMBINATION OF 7973 05:24:06,240 --> 05:24:12,880 12, 16, 25 AND 26 IS CBT, WE 7974 05:24:12,880 --> 05:24:22,320 HAVE A HABIT OF CALLING THIS THE 7975 05:24:22,320 --> 05:24:23,920 GRIMACE, ELICITING A STRONGER 7976 05:24:23,920 --> 05:24:27,440 RESPONSE THAN NEUTRAL FACES. 7977 05:24:27,440 --> 05:24:31,280 SEEMED TO US USING THIS TO 7978 05:24:31,280 --> 05:24:31,840 SELECTS PHOTOGRAPHS WITH AND 7979 05:24:31,840 --> 05:24:33,680 WITHOUT WOULD BE A STRONG TEST 7980 05:24:33,680 --> 05:24:37,880 WHETHER THE CURRENT MODEL OF 7981 05:24:37,880 --> 05:24:39,760 FACE PROCESS HOLDS UP. 7982 05:24:39,760 --> 05:24:42,800 HERE ARE EXAMPLES OF THE FACES 7983 05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:44,720 SELECTED TO REPRESENT, WHEN 7984 05:24:44,720 --> 05:24:46,480 YOU'RE NOT A CERTIFIED CODER 7985 05:24:46,480 --> 05:24:49,080 IT'S EASY TO SEE HOW FACES IN 7986 05:24:49,080 --> 05:24:52,520 RED FEAR GRIN DIFFER FROM THOSE 7987 05:24:52,520 --> 05:24:54,040 IN BLUE FEAR GRIN ABSENT 7988 05:24:54,040 --> 05:24:54,560 CONDITION. 7989 05:24:54,560 --> 05:24:55,360 HOWEVER, TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 7990 05:24:55,360 --> 05:24:56,920 ARGUMENT THAT FEAR GRINS ARE NOT 7991 05:24:56,920 --> 05:24:58,880 ALWAYS USED TO SIGNAL FEAR PER 7992 05:24:58,880 --> 05:25:02,040 SE, WE WANTED TO CREATE A 7993 05:25:02,040 --> 05:25:03,880 PARALLEL STIMULUS SET SELECTING 7994 05:25:03,880 --> 05:25:09,240 STIM BY BASED ON CONTEXT. 7995 05:25:09,240 --> 05:25:12,200 MY POSTBAC FOUND VIDEOS OF 7996 05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:13,080 MACAQUE BEING SCARED, 7997 05:25:13,080 --> 05:25:14,400 INTIMIDATED, STARTLED BY 7998 05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:15,400 SOMETHING IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT, 7999 05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:17,360 AND TOOK A SINGLE FRAME FROM 8000 05:25:17,360 --> 05:25:19,680 THESE TO REPRESENT THAT 8001 05:25:19,680 --> 05:25:20,040 RESPONSE. 8002 05:25:20,040 --> 05:25:22,280 NEUTRAL WERE SELECTED FROM 8003 05:25:22,280 --> 05:25:23,960 VIDEOS WHEN MACAQUES WERE CALMLY 8004 05:25:23,960 --> 05:25:25,120 GOING ABOUT THEIR BUSINESS. 8005 05:25:25,120 --> 05:25:27,520 BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE 8006 05:25:27,520 --> 05:25:28,840 SELECTION PROCESS THESE IMAGES 8007 05:25:28,840 --> 05:25:31,040 WERE MUCH MORE DEGRADED BY 8008 05:25:31,040 --> 05:25:33,960 CIRCUMSTANTIAL FACTORS LIKE BAD 8009 05:25:33,960 --> 05:25:35,960 LIGHTING, HEAD TURNS, MOTION 8010 05:25:35,960 --> 05:25:38,680 BLUR, THESE SOURCES OF 8011 05:25:38,680 --> 05:25:40,640 CIRCUMSTANTIAL NOISE WE AVOID IN 8012 05:25:40,640 --> 05:25:42,200 STUDIES OF FACE PERCEPTION, WE 8013 05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:44,240 DON'T LIKE THEM, WE TAKE THE 8014 05:25:44,240 --> 05:25:45,480 STIMULI OUT. 8015 05:25:45,480 --> 05:25:47,560 I WAS PESSIMISTIC ABOUT THE 8016 05:25:47,560 --> 05:25:50,320 OUTCOME OF CONTRAST BECAUSE I 8017 05:25:50,320 --> 05:25:52,040 BELIEVED THERE WAS TOO MUCH 8018 05:25:52,040 --> 05:25:56,080 NOISE AMONG THESE IMAGES TO FIND 8019 05:25:56,080 --> 05:25:56,440 ANYTHING. 8020 05:25:56,440 --> 05:25:58,880 WE ALSO INCLUDED HUMAN FACES IN 8021 05:25:58,880 --> 05:26:01,600 THE STUDY, PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN OF 8022 05:26:01,600 --> 05:26:05,000 ACTORS BROUGHT INTO A LAB, ASKED 8023 05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:09,040 TO PULL FEARFUL OR NEUTRAL 8024 05:26:09,040 --> 05:26:11,360 FACES, STIMULI VALIDATED BY 8025 05:26:11,360 --> 05:26:12,760 HUMAN BEHAVIOR, THE GOAL 8026 05:26:12,760 --> 05:26:16,920 STANDARD FOR STIMULUS SELECTION 8027 05:26:16,920 --> 05:26:20,200 IN THE FIELD PROVIDING IMPORTANT 8028 05:26:20,200 --> 05:26:21,400 CONTRAST, ADDRESSING CONCERN 8029 05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:22,840 COMPARING FEARFUL TO NEUTRAL 8030 05:26:22,840 --> 05:26:24,440 FACES WHAT WE'RE DOING IS 8031 05:26:24,440 --> 05:26:25,800 COMPARING VISUAL STIMULI THAT 8032 05:26:25,800 --> 05:26:28,720 DIFFER IN TERMS OF LOW LEVEL 8033 05:26:28,720 --> 05:26:29,120 VISUAL ATTRIBUTES. 8034 05:26:29,120 --> 05:26:30,680 FOR EXAMPLE, FEARFUL FACES HAVE 8035 05:26:30,680 --> 05:26:32,560 LOCAL REGIONS OF HIGH CONTRAST 8036 05:26:32,560 --> 05:26:33,880 ABSENT IN NEUTRAL FACES BECAUSE 8037 05:26:33,880 --> 05:26:37,800 OF THE OPEN MOUTH OR WIDER EYES 8038 05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:40,000 OR TEETH SHOWING. 8039 05:26:40,000 --> 05:26:44,800 IF THESE DIFFERENCES IN LOW 8040 05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:45,800 LEVEL ATTRIBUTES DRIVE VALENT 8041 05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:48,960 EFFECTS IN THE BRAIN HUMAN FACES 8042 05:26:48,960 --> 05:26:53,560 SHOULD BE JUST AS SPECIFIC. 8043 05:26:53,560 --> 05:26:56,280 WE SCANNED THREE COULDN'TS, 4.7 8044 05:26:56,280 --> 05:26:59,400 TESLA SCANNER, fMRI TECHNIQUE, 8045 05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:00,800 AWAKE, FIXATING WHILE WE 8046 05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:02,440 PRESENTED BLOCKS OF FACES THAT 8047 05:27:02,440 --> 05:27:09,440 DIFFERED IN VEILENS AND STIMULUS 8048 05:27:09,440 --> 05:27:10,480 SELECTION METHOD, PLOTTING 8049 05:27:10,480 --> 05:27:11,920 AVERAGE EFFECTS IF RESPONSE IS 8050 05:27:11,920 --> 05:27:14,240 ABOVE ZERO INDICATING THE 8051 05:27:14,240 --> 05:27:17,440 FEARFUL FACE DROVE GREATER 8052 05:27:17,440 --> 05:27:22,440 RESPONSE THAN NEUTRAL. 8053 05:27:22,440 --> 05:27:32,960 RESPONSE BELOW ZERO, NEUTRAL 8054 05:27:34,880 --> 05:27:38,000 DROVE GREATER RESPONSE. 8055 05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:41,720 HERE I'M PLOTTING FOR THE VISUAL 8056 05:27:41,720 --> 05:27:42,520 CORTEX, ANATOMICALLY DEFINED. 8057 05:27:42,520 --> 05:27:45,440 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT THE 8058 05:27:45,440 --> 05:27:46,960 STIMULI SELECTED BASED ON 8059 05:27:46,960 --> 05:27:51,240 CONTEXT DROVE THE LARGEST 8060 05:27:51,240 --> 05:27:54,240 VALENCE EFFECTS, THREE RED LINES 8061 05:27:54,240 --> 05:27:56,040 REPRESENT INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT 8062 05:27:56,040 --> 05:27:56,720 DATA. 8063 05:27:56,720 --> 05:28:01,440 HERE WE WERE VISUALIZING USED 8064 05:28:01,440 --> 05:28:04,480 FIXED EFFECT, THE SAME PATTERN, 8065 05:28:04,480 --> 05:28:12,720 DOING A BETTER JOB OF EVOKING 8066 05:28:12,720 --> 05:28:15,880 VALENCE EFFECTS. 8067 05:28:15,880 --> 05:28:17,440 KEY QUESTION WHETHER VALENCE 8068 05:28:17,440 --> 05:28:24,840 EFFECT ARE SEATED IN THE FACE 8069 05:28:24,840 --> 05:28:25,240 PATCHES. 8070 05:28:25,240 --> 05:28:28,440 THE SAME CONTRAST IS PLOTTED 8071 05:28:28,440 --> 05:28:32,080 SEPARATELY FOR EACH SELECTION 8072 05:28:32,080 --> 05:28:33,840 CONDITIONS. 8073 05:28:33,840 --> 05:28:36,840 IF WE ZOOM IN, WE SEE ACTIVITY 8074 05:28:36,840 --> 05:28:39,520 IS NOT CLUSTERING IN THE FUNDUS 8075 05:28:39,520 --> 05:28:41,240 AS PREDICTED BUT YELLOW HOT 8076 05:28:41,240 --> 05:28:47,840 SPOTS ARE POSITIONED IN THE 8077 05:28:47,840 --> 05:28:48,480 LATERAL CONVEXITY. 8078 05:28:48,480 --> 05:28:51,880 WE ARE NOT THE FIRST TO FIND 8079 05:28:51,880 --> 05:28:52,200 THIS. 8080 05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:58,680 IN FACT, ALL STORIES THAT 8081 05:28:58,680 --> 05:29:06,120 COMPARED fMRI REPORTED POCKETS 8082 05:29:06,120 --> 05:29:16,560 OF DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY. 8083 05:29:17,360 --> 05:29:19,840 ALL OF THESE RESULTS ARE 8084 05:29:19,840 --> 05:29:21,720 REPLICATING AND REINFORCING 8085 05:29:21,720 --> 05:29:22,440 PREVIOUS FINDINGS. 8086 05:29:22,440 --> 05:29:26,720 NOW IF WE GO BACK AND DRAW A 8087 05:29:26,720 --> 05:29:29,000 GREEN OUTLINE TO DELINEATE FACE 8088 05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:30,320 SELECTIVE PATCHES, YELLOW 8089 05:29:30,320 --> 05:29:32,720 REGIONS ACTIVATED MORE BY 8090 05:29:32,720 --> 05:29:34,400 NATURALISTIC FEARFUL FACES FALL 8091 05:29:34,400 --> 05:29:36,560 OUTSIDE OF THE CONVENTIONAL FACE 8092 05:29:36,560 --> 05:29:38,520 PATCH NETWORK. 8093 05:29:38,520 --> 05:29:41,680 SO IN SUM THESE RESULTS 8094 05:29:41,680 --> 05:29:43,040 DEMONSTRATE USING NATURALISTIC 8095 05:29:43,040 --> 05:29:44,240 EXPRESSION CAN FIND VALENCE 8096 05:29:44,240 --> 05:29:46,520 EFFECTS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX BUT 8097 05:29:46,520 --> 05:29:49,280 DON'T EMERGE WHEN WE EXPECT THEM 8098 05:29:49,280 --> 05:29:49,600 TO. 8099 05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:51,320 THAT SAID IN MY VIEW ONE OF THE 8100 05:29:51,320 --> 05:29:52,760 MOST INTERESTING FINDINGS IN 8101 05:29:52,760 --> 05:29:55,720 THESE RESULTS IS HOW INEFFECTIVE 8102 05:29:55,720 --> 05:29:57,920 THE FEATURE BASED STIMULI WERE. 8103 05:29:57,920 --> 05:30:00,320 WHY WOULD YOU PREDICT STIMULI 8104 05:30:00,320 --> 05:30:04,160 HERE THAT ARE THAT HAVE GOT THIS 8105 05:30:04,160 --> 05:30:06,160 CONTEXTUAL NOISE WOULD ELICIT 8106 05:30:06,160 --> 05:30:07,160 STRONGER VALENCE EFFECTS THAN 8107 05:30:07,160 --> 05:30:09,200 THESE WITH A CLEAR DIFFERENCE IN 8108 05:30:09,200 --> 05:30:10,320 FACIAL EXPRESSION. 8109 05:30:10,320 --> 05:30:12,600 AND TO FIND THE ANSWER WE NEED 8110 05:30:12,600 --> 05:30:15,120 TO TURN TO MACAQUE BEHAVIOR. 8111 05:30:15,120 --> 05:30:17,520 I'M GOING TO SHOW PILOT DATA 8112 05:30:17,520 --> 05:30:18,560 COLLECTED FROM FOUR MACAQUES 8113 05:30:18,560 --> 05:30:26,080 TRAINED TO PERFORM A CONDITION 8114 05:30:26,080 --> 05:30:27,360 TO ALTERNATIVE. 8115 05:30:27,360 --> 05:30:30,640 MOST PLEASANT DEFINED AS NEUTRAL 8116 05:30:30,640 --> 05:30:33,800 OR LIP SMACKS, THESE SUBJECTS 8117 05:30:33,800 --> 05:30:37,640 HAD A BIAS TO NEUTRAL FACES AND 8118 05:30:37,640 --> 05:30:39,160 LIP SMACKS, AVOIDING THREATENING 8119 05:30:39,160 --> 05:30:39,360 FACES. 8120 05:30:39,360 --> 05:30:45,000 WE WERE TRYING TO LEAN IN AND 8121 05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:47,080 REINFORCE SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOR. 8122 05:30:47,080 --> 05:30:48,600 AFTER TRAINING WE PROBED WITH 8123 05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:50,640 TRIALS DEPICTING PAIRS OF FACES 8124 05:30:50,640 --> 05:30:52,000 THEY HADN'T SEEN BEFORE. 8125 05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:53,520 THESE TRIALS WERE NOT 8126 05:30:53,520 --> 05:30:54,960 DIFFERENTIALLY REINFORCED, WE 8127 05:30:54,960 --> 05:30:56,480 WERE LOOKING FOR INDICATION OF 8128 05:30:56,480 --> 05:31:01,680 WHICH FACE WAS PERCEIVED AS MOST 8129 05:31:01,680 --> 05:31:01,920 PLEASANT. 8130 05:31:01,920 --> 05:31:03,760 THE RESULTS AVERAGING INDICATE 8131 05:31:03,760 --> 05:31:07,480 UNLIKE LIP SMACKS IN RED OR OPEN 8132 05:31:07,480 --> 05:31:08,800 MOUTH THREATS IN PURPLE, FEAR 8133 05:31:08,800 --> 05:31:10,440 GRINS VARIED IN HOUR FREQUENTLY 8134 05:31:10,440 --> 05:31:12,400 THEY WERE SELECTED AS MOST 8135 05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:14,040 PLEASANT FACE. 8136 05:31:14,040 --> 05:31:20,000 THIS INDICATES THAT NOT ALL FEAR 8137 05:31:20,000 --> 05:31:21,520 GRINS ARE EQUAL, INSTEAD MEANING 8138 05:31:21,520 --> 05:31:22,400 MAY VARY. 8139 05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:23,680 TO BETTER ILLUSTRATE THIS POINT 8140 05:31:23,680 --> 05:31:25,640 WITH FACIAL SIGNALS WE CAN 8141 05:31:25,640 --> 05:31:27,000 UNDERSTAND AS HUMANS, THINK 8142 05:31:27,000 --> 05:31:27,880 ABOUT THIS. 8143 05:31:27,880 --> 05:31:30,280 IN TERMS OF ACTION UNITS AND 8144 05:31:30,280 --> 05:31:32,360 EXACT FACIAL FEATURE THESE TWO 8145 05:31:32,360 --> 05:31:34,720 EXPRESSIONS ARE ACTUALLY 8146 05:31:34,720 --> 05:31:37,160 SIMILAR, BOTH ARE HAPPY FACES. 8147 05:31:37,160 --> 05:31:39,120 YET THEIR MEANING AND VALENCE IS 8148 05:31:39,120 --> 05:31:39,760 DIFFERENT. 8149 05:31:39,760 --> 05:31:43,960 FACE ON THE TOP IS POSITIVE, 8150 05:31:43,960 --> 05:31:44,840 SIGNALING AFFILIATION, INCREASED 8151 05:31:44,840 --> 05:31:46,240 APPROACHABILITY, THE FACE ON THE 8152 05:31:46,240 --> 05:31:47,920 BOTTOM IS RATHER NEGATIVE IN 8153 05:31:47,920 --> 05:31:49,640 TERMS OF VALENCE, TRIGGERING 8154 05:31:49,640 --> 05:31:52,200 UNCANNY VALLEY, MAKING US FEEL 8155 05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:55,360 UNEASY, AND SIGNAL SOME KIND OF 8156 05:31:55,360 --> 05:31:56,160 THREAT. 8157 05:31:56,160 --> 05:31:58,520 GOING BACK TO THE fMRI DATA, 8158 05:31:58,520 --> 05:32:01,360 FEAR GRINS DID NOT DRIVE A 8159 05:32:01,360 --> 05:32:02,160 STRONG VALENCE EFFECT, THIS 8160 05:32:02,160 --> 05:32:06,640 MIGHT BE BECAUSE WE WERE 8161 05:32:06,640 --> 05:32:08,160 AVERAGING THAT DIFFERED IN HOW 8162 05:32:08,160 --> 05:32:09,280 PLEASANT THEY WERE. 8163 05:32:09,280 --> 05:32:12,120 THE PICTURE PAINTED HERE IS IT 8164 05:32:12,120 --> 05:32:17,360 SEEMS POSSIBLE THE VENTRAL 8165 05:32:17,360 --> 05:32:18,160 VISUAL CORTEX IS ENCODING 8166 05:32:18,160 --> 05:32:19,040 EMOTIONAL MEANING RATHER THAN 8167 05:32:19,040 --> 05:32:23,000 SPECIFIC VISUAL PROPERTIES OF 8168 05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:23,200 FACES. 8169 05:32:23,200 --> 05:32:24,960 FACES WE SELECTED IN THE CONTEXT 8170 05:32:24,960 --> 05:32:26,360 BASED CONDITION MAY HAVE BEEN 8171 05:32:26,360 --> 05:32:27,440 MORE CONSISTENT IN THEIR 8172 05:32:27,440 --> 05:32:29,760 MESSAGING AND THAT'S WHY THEY 8173 05:32:29,760 --> 05:32:30,840 DROVE STRONGER VALENCE EFFECTS 8174 05:32:30,840 --> 05:32:33,040 IN THE BRAIN BUT IN TRUTH THE 8175 05:32:33,040 --> 05:32:34,560 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO 8176 05:32:34,560 --> 05:32:36,520 GROUPS OF FACES IS IN THE EYE OF 8177 05:32:36,520 --> 05:32:37,520 THE BEHOLDER. 8178 05:32:37,520 --> 05:32:39,160 I'VE BEEN TRYING TO CONVINCE YOU 8179 05:32:39,160 --> 05:32:41,440 THE TWO GROUPS DIFFER IN TERMS 8180 05:32:41,440 --> 05:32:42,440 OF EMOTIONAL CONTEXT BUT THEY 8181 05:32:42,440 --> 05:32:45,600 COULD DIFFER IN ANY NUMBER OF 8182 05:32:45,600 --> 05:32:46,280 THINGS. 8183 05:32:46,280 --> 05:32:49,560 AND LOTS OF RESULTS IN COGNITIVE 8184 05:32:49,560 --> 05:32:51,200 NEUROSCIENCE ARE CONSTRAINED BY 8185 05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:52,240 STIMULUS SECTION AND RESEARCH 8186 05:32:52,240 --> 05:32:53,960 BIASES, PROBLEMS TEND TO BE 8187 05:32:53,960 --> 05:32:56,680 AMPLIFIED WHEN WORKING WITH 8188 05:32:56,680 --> 05:32:58,360 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES BECAUSE I 8189 05:32:58,360 --> 05:32:59,760 THINK BETSY POINTED OUT WE'RE 8190 05:32:59,760 --> 05:33:01,720 NOT RHESUS MACAQUES AND IT'S 8191 05:33:01,720 --> 05:33:03,960 DIFFICULT TO KNOW WHAT THEY SEE 8192 05:33:03,960 --> 05:33:05,920 IN PARTICULAR STIMULI IN THE 8193 05:33:05,920 --> 05:33:07,440 SOCIAL DOMAIN, HARD TO SELECT 8194 05:33:07,440 --> 05:33:11,400 STIMULI TO REPRESENT THESE MORE 8195 05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:12,520 COMPLEX DOMAINS. 8196 05:33:12,520 --> 05:33:15,400 TO GET A BETTER HANDLING WE ARE 8197 05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:16,920 NOW PORTING THIS FROM THE MONKEY 8198 05:33:16,920 --> 05:33:19,960 TO THE HUMAN WHERE WE CAN 8199 05:33:19,960 --> 05:33:20,960 COLLECT DETAILED RESPONSES 8200 05:33:20,960 --> 05:33:22,720 BEFORE TRYING TO MEASURE AND 8201 05:33:22,720 --> 05:33:25,440 UNDERSTAND PATTERNS OF NEURAL 8202 05:33:25,440 --> 05:33:25,720 ACTIVITY. 8203 05:33:25,720 --> 05:33:27,880 TO THAT END TWO STUDENTS IN MY 8204 05:33:27,880 --> 05:33:31,760 LAB COLLECTED A THOUSAND 8205 05:33:31,760 --> 05:33:35,080 NATURALLIC EXPRESSIONS, THE WILD 8206 05:33:35,080 --> 05:33:36,640 FACES DATABASES, WFD. 8207 05:33:36,640 --> 05:33:39,040 IT'S NOT JUST FINDING A SET OF 8208 05:33:39,040 --> 05:33:40,760 FACES AND ASSUMING WE'RE 8209 05:33:40,760 --> 05:33:41,480 CAPTURING NATURALISTIC 8210 05:33:41,480 --> 05:33:42,440 EXPRESSIONS THAT EVERYBODY CAN 8211 05:33:42,440 --> 05:33:46,160 RECOGNIZE WE'RE TAKING A DATA 8212 05:33:46,160 --> 05:33:47,360 DRIVEN APPROACH. 8213 05:33:47,360 --> 05:33:49,520 WE'VE RUN AN ONLINE EXPERIMENT 8214 05:33:49,520 --> 05:33:51,520 WHERE WE ASKED 200 PARTICIPANTS 8215 05:33:51,520 --> 05:33:53,480 TO CATEGORIZE IN TERMS OF 8216 05:33:53,480 --> 05:33:56,320 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION, GIVEN NINE 8217 05:33:56,320 --> 05:33:58,960 OPTIONS, HAPPY, SAD, ANGRY, 8218 05:33:58,960 --> 05:34:00,480 FEAR, SURPRISE, DISGUST, 8219 05:34:00,480 --> 05:34:01,680 NEUTRAL, UNKNOWN, OTHER. 8220 05:34:01,680 --> 05:34:04,440 WE ASKED THEM TO INDICATE HOW 8221 05:34:04,440 --> 05:34:05,600 INTENSE AND HOW AUTHENTIC OR 8222 05:34:05,600 --> 05:34:09,440 GENUINE EACH EXPRESSION WAS 8223 05:34:09,440 --> 05:34:11,520 USING SLIDING BAR. 8224 05:34:11,520 --> 05:34:16,360 WE ALSO ASKED TO RATE A THOUSAND 8225 05:34:16,360 --> 05:34:18,320 FACES FROM EXISTING DATABASES, A 8226 05:34:18,320 --> 05:34:20,320 THOUSAND FACES SELECTED FROM THE 8227 05:34:20,320 --> 05:34:24,280 10K U.S. ADULT FACES DATABASE, 8228 05:34:24,280 --> 05:34:26,080 IMAGES SCRAPED FROM THE INTERNET 8229 05:34:26,080 --> 05:34:27,840 WITH SINGLE SEARCH TERM, HAVEN'T 8230 05:34:27,840 --> 05:34:31,120 HAD ANY FURTHER SELECTION BIASES 8231 05:34:31,120 --> 05:34:32,160 INVOLVED. 8232 05:34:32,160 --> 05:34:33,520 USING RESPONSES OF THE 8233 05:34:33,520 --> 05:34:35,400 CATEGORIZATION TASK WE'VE 8234 05:34:35,400 --> 05:34:36,800 COMPUTED EACH IMAGE'S MODE 8235 05:34:36,800 --> 05:34:38,440 EXPRESSION, AND WHEN WE LOOK AT 8236 05:34:38,440 --> 05:34:40,720 DISTRIBUTION OF MODES ACROSS 8237 05:34:40,720 --> 05:34:42,040 THREE DATABASES THE WILD FACES 8238 05:34:42,040 --> 05:34:45,320 AND FACES FROM EXISTING 8239 05:34:45,320 --> 05:34:46,880 DATABASES HAVE BETTER SPREAD, 8240 05:34:46,880 --> 05:34:48,480 THE UNBIASED SCRAPE ON THE FAR 8241 05:34:48,480 --> 05:34:51,240 RIGHT EVERYBODY WAS RATING THOSE 8242 05:34:51,240 --> 05:34:54,880 FACES AS HAPPY OR NEUTRAL. 8243 05:34:54,880 --> 05:34:56,800 HERE I'M SHOWING THREE EXAMPLES 8244 05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:00,280 OF FACES RATED AS HAPPY, BY ALL 8245 05:35:00,280 --> 05:35:01,960 PARTICIPANTS, IT'S EASY TO SEE 8246 05:35:01,960 --> 05:35:03,720 WHY THAT'S THE CASE. 8247 05:35:03,720 --> 05:35:05,560 THE FACT IS THERE WASN'T THIS 8248 05:35:05,560 --> 05:35:07,600 MUCH AGREEMENT ACROSS 8249 05:35:07,600 --> 05:35:10,040 PARTICIPANTS FOR ALL IMAGES. 8250 05:35:10,040 --> 05:35:13,120 TO QUANTIFY FOR EVERY IMAGE 8251 05:35:13,120 --> 05:35:15,040 COMPUTED SCORE TO REFLECT 8252 05:35:15,040 --> 05:35:15,640 CONSISTENCY. 8253 05:35:15,640 --> 05:35:18,360 IF AN IMAGE WAS HAPPY BY ALL 8254 05:35:18,360 --> 05:35:20,880 PARTICIPANTS, SCORE IS 1. 8255 05:35:20,880 --> 05:35:22,280 IF IMAGE WAS MOSTLY CATEGORIZED 8256 05:35:22,280 --> 05:35:25,160 AS HAPPY BY SOME SUBJECTS, ALSO 8257 05:35:25,160 --> 05:35:26,880 AS SURPRISED, THAT IMAGE IS 8258 05:35:26,880 --> 05:35:27,320 SCORED 2. 8259 05:35:27,320 --> 05:35:29,080 SO ON AND SO FORTH. 8260 05:35:29,080 --> 05:35:35,120 HIGH SCORES INDICATE LESS 8261 05:35:35,120 --> 05:35:37,080 CONSISTENCY. 8262 05:35:37,080 --> 05:35:38,360 LOOKING AT DISTRIBUTION, 8263 05:35:38,360 --> 05:35:39,360 PARTICIPANTS WERE LESS 8264 05:35:39,360 --> 05:35:41,400 CONSISTENT WHEN RATING THE 8265 05:35:41,400 --> 05:35:42,240 WILDTYPE FACES. 8266 05:35:42,240 --> 05:35:44,200 I WANT TO DEMONSTRATE WHAT THIS 8267 05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:46,360 MEANS FOR US HERE. 8268 05:35:46,360 --> 05:35:48,240 WE HAVE THREE WILD FACES, ALL 8269 05:35:48,240 --> 05:35:54,680 RATED AS HAPPY BY MAJORITY OF 8270 05:35:54,680 --> 05:35:55,600 PARTICIPANTS. 8271 05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:56,480 THEY DIFFER IN CONSISTENCY, ALL 8272 05:35:56,480 --> 05:35:59,720 ON THE LEFT WERE HAPPY, MIDDLE 8273 05:35:59,720 --> 05:36:02,720 HAPPY BY 84% OF PARTICIPANTS, 8274 05:36:02,720 --> 05:36:05,440 OTHERS RATED IT AS SURPRISED, 8275 05:36:05,440 --> 05:36:06,000 NEUTRAL, OTHER. 8276 05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:09,560 FINALLY THE FACE ON THE RIGHT 8277 05:36:09,560 --> 05:36:15,760 WAS HAPPY BY 3 2%, 6 OTHERS USED 8278 05:36:15,760 --> 05:36:18,000 TO CATEGORIZE THIS FACE. 8279 05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:21,280 IN THE PAST, WE ONLY CONSIDERED 8280 05:36:21,280 --> 05:36:23,840 THE MODE RESPONSE AS BEING 8281 05:36:23,840 --> 05:36:27,880 IMPORTANT, ALL OTHER RESPONSES 8282 05:36:27,880 --> 05:36:31,240 CONSIDERED MISTAKES OR ERRORS 8283 05:36:31,240 --> 05:36:34,120 BUT WHAT THESE SCORES AND OTHER 8284 05:36:34,120 --> 05:36:38,480 SORT OF PROFILES ARE SHOWING OR 8285 05:36:38,480 --> 05:36:39,120 CONTEXTUALIZING IS REAL. 8286 05:36:39,120 --> 05:36:40,440 I THINK THIS IS SOMETHING WE 8287 05:36:40,440 --> 05:36:43,400 HAVE FAILED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT 8288 05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:44,280 IN THE PAST. 8289 05:36:44,280 --> 05:36:47,320 I HAVE SOME EXAMPLES OF ANGRY 8290 05:36:47,320 --> 05:36:48,200 FACES THAT DIFFER IN 8291 05:36:48,200 --> 05:36:49,840 CONSISTENCY, I ENJOY THE FACT 8292 05:36:49,840 --> 05:36:52,600 THIS SCALE GOES FROM ROAD RAGE 8293 05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:53,800 THROUGH TO DISAPPOINTED PARENT. 8294 05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:55,800 ONE THING YOU MIGHT NOTICE IS 8295 05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:57,720 MIDDLE FACE ISN'T HUMAN. 8296 05:36:57,720 --> 05:36:59,800 WE DID INCLUDE ANIMAL AND 8297 05:36:59,800 --> 05:37:02,080 ILLUSORY FACES BECAUSE WE WANTED 8298 05:37:02,080 --> 05:37:07,480 TO INCLUDE AS MUCH VARIETY AS 8299 05:37:07,480 --> 05:37:08,360 POSSIBLE. 8300 05:37:08,360 --> 05:37:09,320 INTERESTING SUBCATEGORY WERE 8301 05:37:09,320 --> 05:37:09,680 "OTHER." 8302 05:37:09,680 --> 05:37:11,160 PARTICIPANTS WERE GIVEN THE 8303 05:37:11,160 --> 05:37:13,480 OPTION TO SAY UNKNOWN, BY 8304 05:37:13,480 --> 05:37:15,120 COLLECTING "OTHER" THEY INDICATE 8305 05:37:15,120 --> 05:37:17,040 THEY COULD RECOGNIZE EMOTION, 8306 05:37:17,040 --> 05:37:18,600 JUST WASN'T ONE OF THE OPTIONS. 8307 05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:22,120 A LOT OF THESE LOOK LIKE THEY 8308 05:37:22,120 --> 05:37:24,000 ARE CONFUSED, MAYBE THAT'S 8309 05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:26,000 BECAUSE CONFUSION IS AN EMOTION 8310 05:37:26,000 --> 05:37:27,400 I RELATE TO. 8311 05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:30,440 MAYBE YOU SEE SOMETHING 8312 05:37:30,440 --> 05:37:30,840 DIFFERENT. 8313 05:37:30,840 --> 05:37:32,080 IMPORTANTLY FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 8314 05:37:32,080 --> 05:37:34,840 IN WILD FACES DATABASE RATED 8315 05:37:34,840 --> 05:37:36,680 SIGNIFICANTLY LESS INTENSE BUT 8316 05:37:36,680 --> 05:37:38,680 MORE AUTHENTIC THAN OTHER 8317 05:37:38,680 --> 05:37:39,000 DATABASES. 8318 05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,880 WE FOUND POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP 8319 05:37:42,880 --> 05:37:43,920 BETWEEN INTENSITY AND 8320 05:37:43,920 --> 05:37:44,280 AUTHENTICITY. 8321 05:37:44,280 --> 05:37:46,440 A LOT OF THESE RESULTS ARE 8322 05:37:46,440 --> 05:37:49,400 INDICATING THE WILD FACES ARE 8323 05:37:49,400 --> 05:37:50,360 TAPPING INTO BEHAVIOR 8324 05:37:50,360 --> 05:37:53,360 DIFFERENTLY THAN FACES IN MORE 8325 05:37:53,360 --> 05:37:54,200 CONVENTIONAL STIMULUS DATABASES. 8326 05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:56,600 NEXT STEPS WILL BE TO LOOK AT 8327 05:37:56,600 --> 05:37:59,440 PERCEIVED SIMILARITY AS WELL AS 8328 05:37:59,440 --> 05:38:00,680 VISUAL PROPERTIES, WE CAN MARRY 8329 05:38:00,680 --> 05:38:04,160 VALENCE ON A CONTINUOUS SCALE, 8330 05:38:04,160 --> 05:38:06,240 AROUSAL IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT 8331 05:38:06,240 --> 05:38:09,320 BUT ONCE WE'VE CHARACTERIZED THE 8332 05:38:09,320 --> 05:38:10,960 CONTENT ON MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 8333 05:38:10,960 --> 05:38:12,720 WE CAN INVESTIGATE HOW THE 8334 05:38:12,720 --> 05:38:14,920 LAYERS OF INFORMATION ARE ENCODE 8335 05:38:14,920 --> 05:38:18,160 AND RECOGNIZED BY BIOLOGICAL AND 8336 05:38:18,160 --> 05:38:19,160 ARTIFICIAL VISUAL SYSTEMS. 8337 05:38:19,160 --> 05:38:20,640 GOING BACK TO MY MAIN QUESTION 8338 05:38:20,640 --> 05:38:22,000 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TALK 8339 05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:24,120 WHAT DOES THIS REAL WORLD 8340 05:38:24,120 --> 05:38:27,160 COMPLEXITY AND FACIAL 8341 05:38:27,160 --> 05:38:29,240 EXPRESSIONS MEAN IN THE 8342 05:38:29,240 --> 05:38:30,120 RECEIVER'S BRAIN? 8343 05:38:30,120 --> 05:38:35,480 I'VE SHOWN EVIDENCE THE MACAQUE 8344 05:38:35,480 --> 05:38:37,000 VISUAL SYSTEM IS SENSITIVE, BUT 8345 05:38:37,000 --> 05:38:38,880 THIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE 8346 05:38:38,880 --> 05:38:41,000 FUNCTION OF THE CONVENTIONAL 8347 05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:42,600 FACE PATCH NETWORK. 8348 05:38:42,600 --> 05:38:43,280 THIS SENSITIVITY DOES NOT APPEAR 8349 05:38:43,280 --> 05:38:46,560 TO BE IN RESPONSE TO SIMPLE 8350 05:38:46,560 --> 05:38:48,200 VISUAL PROPERTIES LIKE LOCALIZED 8351 05:38:48,200 --> 05:38:50,600 REGIONS OF HIGH CONTRAST OR 8352 05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:52,000 STEREOTYPICAL FEATURES LIKE FEAR 8353 05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:52,440 GRINS. 8354 05:38:52,440 --> 05:38:54,120 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT POINT 8355 05:38:54,120 --> 05:38:55,120 BECAUSE IT SUGGESTS NEURAL 8356 05:38:55,120 --> 05:38:57,960 SENSITIVITY MIGHT BE DRIVEN BY 8357 05:38:57,960 --> 05:38:59,480 SOMETHING EMERGENT, CLOSER TO 8358 05:38:59,480 --> 05:39:01,120 SOCIOEMOTIONAL MEANING THAN PURE 8359 05:39:01,120 --> 05:39:03,040 VISUAL CONTENT AND SPEAKS TO THE 8360 05:39:03,040 --> 05:39:08,040 POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF USING MORE 8361 05:39:08,040 --> 05:39:09,680 ECOLOGICALLY VALID STIMULI. 8362 05:39:09,680 --> 05:39:12,080 IT IS HARD TO AVOID SELECTION 8363 05:39:12,080 --> 05:39:13,880 BIASES WHILE WORKING WITH 8364 05:39:13,880 --> 05:39:14,880 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, FOR THAT 8365 05:39:14,880 --> 05:39:16,160 REASON WE'RE SETTING UP 8366 05:39:16,160 --> 05:39:18,880 EXPERIMENTS TO TEST HUMAN 8367 05:39:18,880 --> 05:39:20,320 PARTICIPANTS SO WE CAN 8368 05:39:20,320 --> 05:39:21,400 CHARACTERIZE RECOGNIZABLE 8369 05:39:21,400 --> 05:39:22,600 INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN 8370 05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:23,920 NATURALISTIC FACE STIMULI. 8371 05:39:23,920 --> 05:39:27,640 THIS APPROACH PAVES THE WAY TO 8372 05:39:27,640 --> 05:39:28,840 UNDERSTAND HOW SOCIAL 8373 05:39:28,840 --> 05:39:30,840 INTELLIGENCE EMERGES AND CHANGES 8374 05:39:30,840 --> 05:39:32,720 IN THE HUMAN LIFESPAN. 8375 05:39:32,720 --> 05:39:35,080 PUTTING THIS TALK TOGETHER MADE 8376 05:39:35,080 --> 05:39:38,440 ME THINK ABOUT LESLIE AND HER 8377 05:39:38,440 --> 05:39:42,240 BELIEF IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND 8378 05:39:42,240 --> 05:39:44,080 NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORT HUMAN 8379 05:39:44,080 --> 05:39:45,840 COGNITION RESEARCH NEEDS TO 8380 05:39:45,840 --> 05:39:47,480 ITERATE BETWEEN HUMAN AND 8381 05:39:47,480 --> 05:39:48,680 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. 8382 05:39:48,680 --> 05:39:50,960 IT IS A DIFFICULT CHOICE TO 8383 05:39:50,960 --> 05:39:53,360 DECIDE TO RUN A GENUINE 8384 05:39:53,360 --> 05:39:54,360 CROSS-SPECIES LAB BECAUSE THERE 8385 05:39:54,360 --> 05:39:58,520 ARE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGIC 8386 05:39:58,520 --> 05:39:59,320 DIVISIONS BETWEEN RESEARCHERS 8387 05:39:59,320 --> 05:40:01,040 THAT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO 8388 05:40:01,040 --> 05:40:01,480 RECONCILE. 8389 05:40:01,480 --> 05:40:03,360 IF YOU CHOOSE TO WALK IN BOTH 8390 05:40:03,360 --> 05:40:04,880 WORLDS YOU RISK DOING RESEARCH 8391 05:40:04,880 --> 05:40:09,360 THAT CAN BE IGNORED BY BOTH 8392 05:40:09,360 --> 05:40:09,880 SIDES. 8393 05:40:09,880 --> 05:40:11,560 LESLIE SHOWED US THROUGH EXAMPLE 8394 05:40:11,560 --> 05:40:14,040 NO MATTER WHO YOU ARE, WHERE YOU 8395 05:40:14,040 --> 05:40:16,600 COME FROM, AND KNOW MATTER HOW 8396 05:40:16,600 --> 05:40:20,280 TALL YOU ARE, THROUGH EXPERTISE, 8397 05:40:20,280 --> 05:40:24,680 SKILL, AND MOXIE YOU CAN USE THE 8398 05:40:24,680 --> 05:40:25,720 POWERS CROSS-SPECIES APPROACH TO 8399 05:40:25,720 --> 05:40:32,520 CHALLENGE STATUS QUO AND RESHAPE 8400 05:40:32,520 --> 05:40:33,800 NORTHERLY FOUNDATIONS OF 8401 05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:34,080 COGNITION. 8402 05:40:34,080 --> 05:40:34,360 THANK YOU. 8403 05:40:34,360 --> 05:40:36,760 [APPLAUSE] 8404 05:40:36,760 --> 05:40:42,800 8405 05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:52,120 8406 05:40:52,120 --> 05:40:53,720 >> TIME FOR ONE QUESTION. 8407 05:40:53,720 --> 05:40:54,480 >> LOVELY TALK. 8408 05:40:54,480 --> 05:40:56,680 I'M CURIOUS WITH THESE NEW 8409 05:40:56,680 --> 05:40:58,640 DATABASES HAVE WE BEEN 8410 05:40:58,640 --> 05:41:00,080 COLLECTING DATA ON PERCEIVED 8411 05:41:00,080 --> 05:41:02,480 GENDER AND RACE, IF THAT 8412 05:41:02,480 --> 05:41:03,240 SOMETIMES EXPLAINS VARIABILITY 8413 05:41:03,240 --> 05:41:05,320 OR EXCUSE IN WHAT PEOPLE ARE 8414 05:41:05,320 --> 05:41:06,760 RESPONDING TO EMOTIONALLY? 8415 05:41:06,760 --> 05:41:08,080 >> NOT YET BUT ABSOLUTELY. 8416 05:41:08,080 --> 05:41:09,480 COMPARING THE STABLE AND 8417 05:41:09,480 --> 05:41:11,240 TRANSIENT INFORMATION EVEN IN 8418 05:41:11,240 --> 05:41:13,560 STATIC IMAGES IS REALLY 8419 05:41:13,560 --> 05:41:15,520 IMPORTANT AND WILL PROVIDE 8420 05:41:15,520 --> 05:41:16,480 REALLY INTERESTING CLUES WHAT'S 8421 05:41:16,480 --> 05:41:17,360 GOING ON. 8422 05:41:17,360 --> 05:41:18,360 OUR STRATEGY INITIALLY WILL BE 8423 05:41:18,360 --> 05:41:20,560 JUST TO LOOK FOR PERCEIVED 8424 05:41:20,560 --> 05:41:22,280 SIMILARITY AND TRY AND SORT OF 8425 05:41:22,280 --> 05:41:24,600 HAVE A FEEL FOR THE DATA WHEN 8426 05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,560 WE'RE NOT PROBING PEOPLE FOR 8427 05:41:27,560 --> 05:41:28,160 PARTICULAR CATEGORIZATION AND 8428 05:41:28,160 --> 05:41:29,960 SEE IF WE CAN GET AT THAT 8429 05:41:29,960 --> 05:41:31,800 NATURALLY WITHOUT HAVING TO ASK 8430 05:41:31,800 --> 05:41:33,240 ABOUT SOMETHING LIKE GENDER BUT 8431 05:41:33,240 --> 05:41:33,960 YES, YOU'RE RIGHT. 8432 05:41:33,960 --> 05:41:37,480 GOOD POINT. 8433 05:41:37,480 --> 05:41:39,480 >> THIS IS NOT A QUESTION FOR 8434 05:41:39,480 --> 05:41:40,240 YOU. 8435 05:41:40,240 --> 05:41:43,760 >> OKAY. 8436 05:41:43,760 --> 05:41:47,440 >> I'M RESPONSIBLE FOR 8437 05:41:47,440 --> 05:41:47,720 CONVEYING. 8438 05:41:47,720 --> 05:41:51,400 THIS IS FROM ONE OF LESLIE'S 8439 05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:54,320 FIRST POSTDOCS, AND THEY WROTE 8440 05:41:54,320 --> 05:41:57,200 THIS NOTE THAT I THINK IT'S NICE 8441 05:41:57,200 --> 05:41:57,640 TO READ. 8442 05:41:57,640 --> 05:41:59,600 AS ONE OF THE LESLIE'S POSTDOCS, 8443 05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:02,880 I WANT TO SAY A FEW WORDS ABOUT 8444 05:42:02,880 --> 05:42:03,200 HER. 8445 05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:05,600 WHEN I ARRIVED AT BETHESDA 8446 05:42:05,600 --> 05:42:07,040 COMING FROM FRANCE WITH MY WIFE 8447 05:42:07,040 --> 05:42:09,760 LESLIE PICKED US UP FROM THE 8448 05:42:09,760 --> 05:42:11,520 AIRPORT, OFFERED US AN AFTERNOON 8449 05:42:11,520 --> 05:42:15,560 SNACK AT HER HOME, TOOK US TO 8450 05:42:15,560 --> 05:42:17,000 OUR APARTMENT, YES, INDEED HAD 8451 05:42:17,000 --> 05:42:18,680 ALREADY BOOKED AN APARTMENT FOR 8452 05:42:18,680 --> 05:42:22,360 US WHICH SHE HAD FURNISHED FROM 8453 05:42:22,360 --> 05:42:24,200 NIH RECYCLED FURNITURE, IT WAS A 8454 05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:26,200 UNIQUE WAY FOR WELCOMING US, 8455 05:42:26,200 --> 05:42:28,040 THAT WAS LESLIE AS I WAS GOING 8456 05:42:28,040 --> 05:42:33,560 TO KNOW HER AND WORKED WITH HER 8457 05:42:33,560 --> 05:42:34,280 THREE EXCELLENT YEARS, EXCELLENT 8458 05:42:34,280 --> 05:42:36,960 MENTOR, I LEARNED A LOT AND I 8459 05:42:36,960 --> 05:42:41,320 MISS HER. 8460 05:42:41,320 --> 05:42:46,280 I THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE A NICE 8461 05:42:46,280 --> 05:42:46,760 END. 8462 05:42:46,760 --> 05:42:47,360 >> BEAUTIFUL. 8463 05:42:47,360 --> 05:42:48,000 [APPLAUSE] 8464 05:42:48,000 --> 05:42:48,760 >> JUST QUICK, SEEMS LIKE 8465 05:42:48,760 --> 05:42:51,720 THERE'S ALMOST LIKE A LATENT 8466 05:42:51,720 --> 05:42:54,720 DIMENSION IN THE CATEGORIZATION 8467 05:42:54,720 --> 05:42:55,880 OF FACES FOR THE INCONSISTENT 8468 05:42:55,880 --> 05:43:00,040 ONES, IF YOU LOOKED AT OVERLAP 8469 05:43:00,040 --> 05:43:02,800 BETWEEN EMOTIONS, THERE'S A 8470 05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:04,640 SPACE WITH SOME EMOTIONS MORE 8471 05:43:04,640 --> 05:43:06,400 CLOSELY TOGETHER, IF YOU'RE 8472 05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:08,400 FINDING ANYTHING LIKE THIS. 8473 05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:10,280 >> I MEAN, I LOOKED AT SORT OF 8474 05:43:10,280 --> 05:43:12,120 WHAT KINDS OF EXPRESSIONS WERE 8475 05:43:12,120 --> 05:43:15,440 IN THE MORE CONTEXT BASED 8476 05:43:15,440 --> 05:43:17,720 CONDITION, THERE'S A LOT OF LIP 8477 05:43:17,720 --> 05:43:19,600 SMACKS AND FEAR GRINS, SOME 8478 05:43:19,600 --> 05:43:20,800 THINGS CONSISTENT WITH WHAT WERE 8479 05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:22,480 IN THE OTHER CONDITION AND 8480 05:43:22,480 --> 05:43:24,080 OTHERS THAT WERE NOT. 8481 05:43:24,080 --> 05:43:25,160 IT SEEMED MORE VARIABLE THAN 8482 05:43:25,160 --> 05:43:27,520 WHAT WE WERE LOOKING AT, IN 8483 05:43:27,520 --> 05:43:29,440 TERMS OF RAW FEATURES. 8484 05:43:29,440 --> 05:43:32,880 IN TERMS OF SOCIAL CATEGORIES OR 8485 05:43:32,880 --> 05:43:34,680 VIEWPOINT TURNS OR, YOU KNOW, 8486 05:43:34,680 --> 05:43:35,760 EXACTLY OCCLUSIONS, THAT MIGHT 8487 05:43:35,760 --> 05:43:38,760 BE IMPORTANT FOR THESE VISUAL 8488 05:43:38,760 --> 05:43:40,400 AREAS, IT'S HARD TO SAY WHETHER 8489 05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:42,240 THEY WERE EQUAL ACROSS BOTH 8490 05:43:42,240 --> 05:43:44,640 CONDITIONS THAT WE'RE COMPARING 8491 05:43:44,640 --> 05:43:45,240 IN CONTRASTS, THAT'S SOMETHING 8492 05:43:45,240 --> 05:43:50,320 WE NEED TO SPEND MORE TIME 8493 05:43:50,320 --> 05:43:50,680 PARSING. 8494 05:43:50,680 --> 05:43:51,840 EXCELLENT POINT. 8495 05:43:51,840 --> 05:43:55,560 >> CAROL SAYS LOVELY TALK. 8496 05:43:55,560 --> 05:43:58,200 >> THANK YOU. 8497 05:43:58,200 --> 05:44:02,400 8498 05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:03,400 >> THANK YOU, JESS, FOR WRAPPING 8499 05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:04,000 US UP. 8500 05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:06,560 WE HAVE ONE LAST THING TO DO. 8501 05:44:06,560 --> 05:44:07,920 CLOSING REMARKS BY CHRIS BAKER 8502 05:44:07,920 --> 05:44:09,640 ON ZOOM. 8503 05:44:09,640 --> 05:44:14,080 OVER TO YOU, CHRIS. 8504 05:44:14,080 --> 05:44:16,280 8505 05:44:16,280 --> 05:44:17,040 >> OKAY. 8506 05:44:17,040 --> 05:44:19,560 WE'VE HAD TWO FANTASTIC DAYS, 8507 05:44:19,560 --> 05:44:21,320 I'M SURE YOU ARE DIEING TO GET 8508 05:44:21,320 --> 05:44:23,840 TO THE RECEPTION AND MORE FOOD. 8509 05:44:23,840 --> 05:44:27,480 I'LL KEEP THE REMARKS BRIEF. 8510 05:44:27,480 --> 05:44:30,200 HANDS DOWN, IT'S CLEAR THIS IS A 8511 05:44:30,200 --> 05:44:30,680 WONDERFUL EVENT. 8512 05:44:30,680 --> 05:44:32,840 I LOOK AT THE SPEAKERS, SO 8513 05:44:32,840 --> 05:44:34,360 WONDERFUL, TO BRING THIS GROUP 8514 05:44:34,360 --> 05:44:35,880 OF PEOPLE TOGETHER, PLUS ALL THE 8515 05:44:35,880 --> 05:44:37,560 PEOPLE IN THE AUDITORIUM, ALL 8516 05:44:37,560 --> 05:44:39,480 THE PEOPLE WHO WATCHED ONLINE. 8517 05:44:39,480 --> 05:44:42,040 ON TOP OF THAT, WE HAD ALL THESE 8518 05:44:42,040 --> 05:44:44,200 WONDERFUL VIDEOS PEOPLE SENT IN, 8519 05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:45,960 ALL THE SCIENTIFIC CONTENT 8520 05:44:45,960 --> 05:44:46,880 PEOPLE PRESENTED. 8521 05:44:46,880 --> 05:44:49,360 I THANK EVERYBODY ABLE TO COME, 8522 05:44:49,360 --> 05:44:51,400 ABLE TO WATCH ONLINE FOR MAKING 8523 05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:52,520 THIS A FANTASTIC EVENT. 8524 05:44:52,520 --> 05:44:55,080 OVER THE PAST TWO DAYS, WE'VE 8525 05:44:55,080 --> 05:44:57,960 HEARD ABOUT ALL PHASES OF 8526 05:44:57,960 --> 05:45:03,720 LESLIE'S CAREER FROM Ph.D. 8527 05:45:03,720 --> 05:45:06,680 WITH TED, POSTDOCTORAL WORK, 8528 05:45:06,680 --> 05:45:08,320 EARLY DAYS, THIS SYMPOSIUM MADE 8529 05:45:08,320 --> 05:45:11,160 CLEAR TO ME LESLIE WAS A PIONEER 8530 05:45:11,160 --> 05:45:12,520 WHOSE INFLUENCE HAS BEEN 8531 05:45:12,520 --> 05:45:14,880 ENORMOUS IN THE FIELD. 8532 05:45:14,880 --> 05:45:16,200 WE LOST A GIANT, ONE WHOSE 8533 05:45:16,200 --> 05:45:21,120 IMPACT WILL BE FELT FOR MANY 8534 05:45:21,120 --> 05:45:21,680 YEARS. 8535 05:45:21,680 --> 05:45:22,880 THIS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN 8536 05:45:22,880 --> 05:45:24,480 POSSIBLE WITHOUT INVOLVEMENT OF 8537 05:45:24,480 --> 05:45:24,960 MANY PEOPLE. 8538 05:45:24,960 --> 05:45:27,680 I WANT TO GO THROUGH AND THANK 8539 05:45:27,680 --> 05:45:30,880 SOME PEOPLE INVOLVED IN PUTTING 8540 05:45:30,880 --> 05:45:32,400 THIS TOGETHER. 8541 05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,360 THIS INCLUDES LOTS OF GROUPS, 8542 05:45:35,360 --> 05:45:37,760 NIMH, OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC 8543 05:45:37,760 --> 05:45:38,960 DIRECTOR, PEOPLE HEAVILY 8544 05:45:38,960 --> 05:45:41,920 INVOLVED PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR 8545 05:45:41,920 --> 05:45:43,560 THIS SYMPOSIUM, SUSAN AND 8546 05:45:43,560 --> 05:45:46,080 MARILYN, PEOPLE IN THE OFFICE OF 8547 05:45:46,080 --> 05:45:48,400 DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIP 8548 05:45:48,400 --> 05:45:53,640 TRAINING, IN PARTICULAR THANK 8549 05:45:53,640 --> 05:45:55,400 JEN CLARK FOR HELP WITH COFFEE 8550 05:45:55,400 --> 05:45:59,880 BREAKS, OFFICE OF CLINICAL 8551 05:45:59,880 --> 05:46:01,720 DIRECTOR WITH ACCESS TO HELP OUT 8552 05:46:01,720 --> 05:46:07,560 WITH COFFEE BREAKS. 8553 05:46:07,560 --> 05:46:10,960 NIH MANAGEMENT FOR AUDIO/VISUAL 8554 05:46:10,960 --> 05:46:17,840 AND MULTIPLE SPEAKERS AND ZOOM, 8555 05:46:17,840 --> 05:46:19,600 THEY MADE EVERYTHING SEAMLESS. 8556 05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:23,080 TRAVEL FOR THE SPEAKERS, AND NIH 8557 05:46:23,080 --> 05:46:25,440 SECURITY FOR FACILITATING 8558 05:46:25,440 --> 05:46:28,880 GETTING SPEAKERS ON CAMPUS. 8559 05:46:28,880 --> 05:46:30,840 MULTIPLE CURRENT MEMBERS FOR 8560 05:46:30,840 --> 05:46:34,480 TIME IN HELPING OUT, YOU 8561 05:46:34,480 --> 05:46:35,680 INTERACTED WITH THEM. 8562 05:46:35,680 --> 05:46:37,320 IN PARTICULAR JOHN WHO HELPED 8563 05:46:37,320 --> 05:46:40,720 MAKE SURE THE SNACKS IN COFFEE 8564 05:46:40,720 --> 05:46:43,040 BREAKS, MIRIAM WHO MONITORED 8565 05:46:43,040 --> 05:46:44,520 QUESTIONS, ROHINI WHO PUT 8566 05:46:44,520 --> 05:46:46,400 TOGETHER THE SLIDE SLOW FOR THE 8567 05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:53,160 RECEPTION THAT YOU'LL SEE. 8568 05:46:53,160 --> 05:46:55,360 FAES PROVIDING REFRESHMENTS. 8569 05:46:55,360 --> 05:46:58,200 FINALLY THANK YOU FOR THE 8570 05:46:58,200 --> 05:46:59,760 PICTURES, AND TAKING PICTURES 8571 05:46:59,760 --> 05:47:01,720 DURING THE SYMPOSIUM, THE ONE I 8572 05:47:01,720 --> 05:47:03,160 HIGHLIGHTED EARLIER ON THE 8573 05:47:03,160 --> 05:47:03,480 SCREEN. 8574 05:47:03,480 --> 05:47:05,760 WE HOPE TO POST MANY OF THESE 8575 05:47:05,760 --> 05:47:06,640 PICTURES LATER. 8576 05:47:06,640 --> 05:47:08,520 THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE WHO ALSO 8577 05:47:08,520 --> 05:47:11,240 SENT US PICTURES AHEAD OF TIME 8578 05:47:11,240 --> 05:47:16,120 OF LESLIE, PLAYING AT THE 8579 05:47:16,120 --> 05:47:16,480 RECEPTION. 8580 05:47:16,480 --> 05:47:19,760 FINALLY, ONE PERSON WHO DESERVES 8581 05:47:19,760 --> 05:47:21,760 THANKS, THEY AREN'T MENTIONED ON 8582 05:47:21,760 --> 05:47:24,400 THE SLIDE BECAUSE THEY MADE THIS 8583 05:47:24,400 --> 05:47:24,800 SLIDE. 8584 05:47:24,800 --> 05:47:26,800 THEY MADE THIS SLIDE BECAUSE 8585 05:47:26,800 --> 05:47:28,440 THEY SWEATED OVER EVERY DETAIL 8586 05:47:28,440 --> 05:47:30,720 OF THE SYMPOSIUM ALL OF THE WAY 8587 05:47:30,720 --> 05:47:31,080 THROUGH. 8588 05:47:31,080 --> 05:47:33,320 WITHOUT THEM NONE OF THIS WOULD 8589 05:47:33,320 --> 05:47:35,040 HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE. 8590 05:47:35,040 --> 05:47:38,400 THAT PERSON IS OF COURSE SHRUDI, 8591 05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,440 FIVE MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZING 8592 05:47:41,440 --> 05:47:48,440 THE ECONOMY, MYSELF, PETER, ELY, 8593 05:47:48,440 --> 05:47:49,760 ALEX, SHRUDI BUT HER EFFORTS 8594 05:47:49,760 --> 05:47:50,840 DWARFED US. 8595 05:47:50,840 --> 05:47:53,360 I HOPE SHE WILL STAND UP WHILE I 8596 05:47:53,360 --> 05:47:55,680 SAY A FEW THINGS ABOUT HER. 8597 05:47:55,680 --> 05:47:59,760 YOU HEARD FROM HER EARLIER. 8598 05:47:59,760 --> 05:48:01,800 SHE JOINED THE LBC 2002, MUCH 8599 05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:07,600 LONGER OF THAT I'VE BEEN HERE, 8600 05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:08,480 WORKED CLOSELY WITH LESLIE, 8601 05:48:08,480 --> 05:48:09,880 INVOLVED IN MOST OF THE PROJECTS 8602 05:48:09,880 --> 05:48:12,400 GOING ON IN THE LAB DURING THAT 8603 05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:15,480 TIME, AND LESLIE HAD COMPLETE 8604 05:48:15,480 --> 05:48:16,480 TRUST IN HER. 8605 05:48:16,480 --> 05:48:18,320 HER UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE AND 8606 05:48:18,320 --> 05:48:20,320 BUREAUCRACY AT NIH MADE HER THE 8607 05:48:20,320 --> 05:48:23,040 FIRST PERSON THAT PEOPLE TURNED 8608 05:48:23,040 --> 05:48:26,320 TO FOR ASSISTANCE, NO DOUBT SHE 8609 05:48:26,320 --> 05:48:28,080 HELPED LESLIE'S SECTION RUN 8610 05:48:28,080 --> 05:48:30,400 SMOOTHLY, BUT ALSO THE ENTIRE 8611 05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:30,680 LBC. 8612 05:48:30,680 --> 05:48:33,520 I KNOW SHE WAS VERY SPECIAL TO 8613 05:48:33,520 --> 05:48:35,440 LESLIE AND IN THE TIME I'VE BEEN 8614 05:48:35,440 --> 05:48:38,280 WORKING WITH SHRUDI IT'S EASY TO 8615 05:48:38,280 --> 05:48:39,360 SEE WHY. 8616 05:48:39,360 --> 05:48:42,320 SHRUDI, YOU'VE MADE THIS A 8617 05:48:42,320 --> 05:48:43,000 WONDERFULLY FITTING TRIBUTE TO 8618 05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:45,400 LESS IF I. 8619 05:48:45,400 --> 05:48:52,680 A ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR 8620 05:48:52,680 --> 05:48:59,320 EVERYONE, BUT ESPECIALLY SHRUDI. 8621 05:48:59,320 --> 05:49:00,880 WITH THAT, I WILL RELEASE YOU TO 8622 05:49:00,880 --> 00:00:00,000 GO TO THE RECEPTION.