I'M ALEX MARTIN.
AND FIRST WANT TO WELCOME
EVERYBODY TO THIS CELEBRATION OF
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER'S CAREER.
I'M DOING THAT ON BEHALF OF OUR
ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE.
I ALSO WANT TO CONGRATULATE
EVERYBODY THAT'S HERE IN THE
AUDIENCE FOR NOT GETTING COVID
THIS WEEK UNLIKE TWO OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZING
COMMITTEE BUT WE'RE OKAY SO.
SO BEFORE WE OFFICIALLY GET
STARTED A FEW HOUSEKEEPING
THINGS TO TAKE CARE OF.
THE AGENDA HAS CHANGED A BIT.
IT WILL ALWAYS BE UPDATED IF YOU
USE THE QR CODE THING IS TO TAKE
YOU TO THE MOST RECENT AGENDA.
THERE ARE A FEW CHANGES I CAN
LET YOU KNOW NOW.
SO WE'LL HAVE A SPEAKER TALKING
TOMORROW INSTEAD OF TOMORROW AND
TANNIA PASTERNAK WILL TALK
TOMORROW INSTEAD OF TODAY AND
WE'LL HAVE A COUPLE ADDITIONS
THAT WERE NOT IN THE EARLIER
AGENDA AND WE'LL HAVE A TALK
THIS AFTERNOON FROM GW AND MICKY
DOLBERG WILL TALK TOMORROW
MORNING.
SO, A COUPLE OF OTHER ISSUES,
THE TALKS WILL BE 25 MINUTES.
THEY'LL BE A FEW MINUTES FOR
QUESTIONS, IF ANYBODY HAS THEM
IF YOU'RE IN THE AUDIENCE YOU
CAN GO TO THE MICS.
THOSE ONLINE, THERE'S SOME
BUTTON WHERE YOU CAN TYPE OUT
YOUR QUESTION AND WE'LL GET IT
HERE IN THE ROOM.
AND IF WE DON'T HAVE TIME I'M
SURE THE SPEAKERS WILL ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS AT A LATER TIME.
SO, TO GET US GOING OFFICIALLY,
LET ME INTRODUCE OUR BOSS, SUSAN
AMARA WHO IS THE SCIENTIFIC
DIRECTOR OF THE INTRAMURAL
RESEARCH PROGRAM HERE AT THE
NIMH.
SUSAN.
>> I JUST WANTED TO WELCOME
EVERYONE.
IN 2020 WHEN LESLIE PASSED WE
KNEW THAT AT SOME POINT WE WERE
GOING TO WANT TO HAVE A
CELEBRATION AND HOPEFULLY IN
PERSON AND I REALLY APPRECIATE
ALL OF YOU WHO HAVE COME FROM
AFAR TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS
BECAUSE I THINK IT'S JUST
WONDERFUL TO SEE HER COLLEAGUES,
COLLABORATORS AN FRIENDS IN THE
AUDIENCE THOUGH I CAN'T
RECOGNIZE ALL OF YOU, MICKY,
IT'S HARD TO TELL WITH THE MASK,
BUT I REALLY THINK THIS IS A
GREAT HONOR FOR LESLIE.
I'LL SAY A FEW COMMENTS JUST
THAT FROM MY PERSPECTIVE IN
TERMS OF ANY INTERACTIONS WITH
LESLIE, AS YOU ALL KNOW, SHE WAS
A REMARKABLE SCIENTIST AND
AMONGST ALL THE THINGS I THINK
OF WHEN I LOOK BACK ON HER, ONE
OF THE THINGS WAS MENTORING AND
I'LL MENTION THAT.
SOME IN THE AUDIENCE HAVE
BENEFIT FROM THAT BUT IT WAS ONE
OF THE THINGS I REALLY ADMIRED
AND NOTED ABOUT LESLIE.
AND IN FACT, I EXPERIENCED IT
MYSELF.
I'VE OFTEN LOOKED AT THE WAY SHE
ORGANIZED HER LAB, THE WAY SHE
SPOKE WITH EVERYONE, HER REGULAR
INTERACTIONS WERE QUITE
REMARKABLE AND I THINK THEY WERE
AMAZING.
I ALSO OWE ONE OTHER THING TO
LESLIE.
WHEN SHE WAS THE FIRST PERSON
WHO CALLED ME INITIALLY TO SEE
WHETHER I'D BE INTERESTED IN
TAKING THE JOB AND WHAT I
REMEMBER FROM THAT CONVERSATION
WAS HOW SHE WENT THROUGH ALL THE
JUNIOR INVESTIGATORS AND
DESCRIBED WHAT THEY WERE DOING
AND WHY THEY WERE SO FANTASTIC.
AND SO I'LL ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT
ABOUT LESLIE AS WELL.
I THINK IT WAS PERSUASIVE
BECAUSE I DID END UP COMING.
WITH THAT I HOPE THAT THIS WILL
BE A FUN CELEBRATION OF ALL THE
WONDERFUL THINGS THAT WE CAN
RECALL AND REMEMBER ABOUT HER
AND ALSO A SENSE OF THE SCIENCE
THAT REALLY DROVE HER AND IT
REALLY DROVE HER RIGHT UP UNTIL
THE VERY END.
SHE WAS SO ACTIVE.
SO I THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING
AND LOOK FORWARD TO A GREAT
SYMPOSIUM.
>> OKAY.
SO I GET TO SAY A FEW WORDS
BEFORE WE START THE FORMAL
TALKS.
SO HE WE PUT THIS TOGETHER
REALLY AS A CONTRIBUTE TO WHAT I
CONSIDER THE PROFOUND
CONTRIBUTION LESLIE MADE TO THE
NEUROSCIENCES AND ALSO TO HER
MANY MANY TRAINEES AND
COLLEAGUES BOTH HERE AT THE NIH
AND ELSEWHERE.
I REALLY THINK YOU WOULD BE HARD
PRESSED TO NAME ANYBODY WHO'S
CONTRIBUTED AS MUCH AS LESLIE
HAD TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN FUNCTION AND
ANAT
ANATOMY.
FULL STOP.
HER CONTRIBUTIONS WERE
RECOGNIZED.
SHE WAS A MEMBER OF ALMOST EVERY
CLUB, SOCIETY OR ACADEMY THAT'S
WORTH BEING A MEMBER OF
INCLUDING THE NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES, THE NATIONAL
ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES.
SHE ALSO RECEIVED A BOATLOAD OF
AWARDS AND PRIZES INCLUDING THE
GOLDEN BRAIN FROM AND THE GLASS
BRAIN FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF
HUMAN BRAIN MAP.
ALL WELL DESERVED.
PERSONALLY, I MET LESLIE BEFORE
THAT TOOK PLACE OVER 40 YEARS
AGO.
I WAS DOING MY POST-DOC AT THE
NIH.
WE WERE CALLED STAFF FELLOWS
BACK THEN.
LESLIE WAS AT NIMH ALSO AS A
STAFF FELLOW.
I HAD A PATIENT WHO WAS
COGNITIVELY INTACT AND WHAT WE
FOUND IS WHEN SPATIAL
INFORMATION -- HE HAD A DEFICIT
FOR PROCESSING SPATIAL
INFORMATION WHEN PRESENTED IN
HIS VISUAL FIELD INDIRECTLY TO
HIS LEFT HEMISPHERE.
I REASONED WELL THAT'S PROBABLY
BECAUSE ALL THE SPECIALIZED
STUFF IN THE RIGHT PARIETAL
CORTEX COULD NOT INTERACT WITH
THE LEFT HEMISPHERE WHICH WAS
CLEARLY IN THE VERY GOOD WHEN
ISOLATED FROM THE RIGHT WHEN
DOING THESE KINDS OF SPATIAL
TASKS.
BUT HE HAD NO DIFFICULTY WITH
OBJECTS AND WORDS PRESENTED IN
EITHER VISUAL FIELD.
HERE THE ARGUMENT WAS, WELL, THE
TEMPORAL LOBES COULD COMMUNICATE
IN A GENESIS OF THE CORPUS
CALLOSUM.
SO OBJECT BUT NOT SPACE.
I GOT THE NERVE TO CALL MY
ALL-TIME HERO IN THE
NEUROSCIENCES, MORT HERE ON
CAMPUS AND MORT INVITED ME OVER
TO PRESENT THE CASE TO THE
LABORATORY NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND
AFTERWARDS WE WENT BACK TO HIS
OFFICE TO DISCUSS THE CASE
FURTHER.
AT SOME POINT HE PRESS THE B
BUTTON ON THE INTERCOM, FOR YOU
YOUNGER FOLKS YOU MAY WANT TO
LOOK THAT UP AND PRESSES THE
BUTTON AND TELLS HIS SECRETARY
HAVE LESLIE COME JOIN US AND TO
BRING THE CHAPTER.
AND IN WALKS THIS TINY WOMAN
HOLDING THIS TYPED MANUSCRIPT,
YET TO BE PUBLISHED, TO CORTICAL
VISUAL SYSTEMS.
AND FOR ME, I THINK THAT WAS
REALLY THE BEGINNING BECAUSE THE
WORD DESCRIBED IN THAT CHAPTER
SUBSEQUENTLY EMBELLISHED BY
LESLIE AND MANY OTHERS, IT WAS
CLEAR THAT NOW WHEN WE TALKED
ABOUT COGNITION WE WERE GOING TO
BE TALKING ABOUT SYSTEMS.
ABOUT NETWORKS.
HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED WITH
RECURRENT FEED FORWARD AND
FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS RATHER THAN
JUST SPECIALIZED PROCESSORS AS I
DESCRIBED THE PATIENT.
10 YEARS LATER WHEN IMAGING CAME
ALONG WE ALL KNEW OUR JOB.
WE'D FIND THE NETWORKS, WE'RE
GOING TO DEFINE THEIR SPECIAL
EXTENT AND THE AREAS INVOLVED
AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO DO THE
EXPERIMENT TO FIGURE OUT WHAT
EACH OF THOSE AREAS WAS
CONTRIBUTING TO THE COGNITION WE
WERE STUDYING.
TO ME, THAT'S A MAJOR, MAJOR
PART OF LESLIE'S LESLIE'S LEGACY
WHICH CONTINUES TO THIS DAY.
IN THE NEXT DAYS WE'LL HEAR
ABOUT LESLIE' HES WORK ON THE
SCIENCE OF OTHERS.
RATHER THAN CONTINUING ALONG
THAT ROAD I THOUGHT IN THE LAST
COUPLE MINUTES I'D TELL YOU
THINGS ABOUT LESLIE YOU MAY NOT
KNOW.
I HAVE FOUR POINTS.
FIRST POINT IS LESLIE LOVED TO
WATCH TENNIS.
I MEAN LIKE ALL THE TIME.
THOSE WHO KNEW LESLIE, SHE WAS
NOT EXACTLY THE MOST ATHLETIC
PERSON -- I'M NOT SURE SHE EVEN
HELD A TENNIS RACQUET AND KNEW
SHE KNEW NOTHING ABOUT BASEBALL,
BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL OR HOCKEY
BUT TENNIS WAS HER THING.
I RECENTLY FOUND OUT SHE WAS
QUITE UPSET WHEN NIH SET UP A
FIREWALL THAT PREVENTED HER FROM
WATCHING THE MATCHES FROM HER
OFFICE COMPUTER.
SO WHY THE FASCINATION WITH
TENNIS?
I HAVE NO IDEA.
POINT TWO, LESLIE LOVED TO
GOSSIP.
WE TALKED ABOUT EVERYBODY ABOUT
SCIENCE, POLITICS, CURRENT
EVENTS, BUT INVARIABLY, ONE OF
US WOULD SAY, HEY, GUESS WHAT I
HEARD.
AND OFF WE'D GO.
THE MORE SALACIOUS THE BETTER.
THIRD POINT, NOBODY, I MEAN
NOBODY WORKED HARDER ON THEIR
TALKS AND SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATIONS THAN LESLIE.
THOSE WHO HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF
HEARING HER TALK, THEY WERE
ALWAYS A BEAUTIFUL THING.
CRYSTAL CLEAR, CONCISE, NOT A
FALSE WORD, FALSE START FOR
LESLIE, DOES THIS DID IN THE
COME EASY.
WE USED TO GO OFF TO MEETINGS
BEFORE POWER POINT AND LAPTOPS
WE'D HAVE THE PLASTIC SHEET AND
YOU'D PUT YOUR SLIDES IN ORDER
AND PUT THE DOT IN THE CORNER SO
YOU KNEW HOW TO LOAD THEM IN THE
CAROUSEL.
LESLIE BROUGHT THE CAROUSEL
ALREADY FULLY LOADED AND SHE
BROUGHT ALONG THE PROJECTOR TO
SET IT UP IN HER HOTEL ROOM AND
PRACTICE HER TALK.
I MEAN, WHO DID THAT?
LESLIE DID THAT.
THE LAST POINT I WANT TO MAKE IS
SHE WAS FIERCELY, FIERCELY
PROTECTIVE AND SUPPORTIVE OF
WOMEN IN SCIENCE.
I CAN JUST ASSUME AT LEAST PART
OF THAT CAME FROM HER OWN
EXPERIENCES DOING NEURO ANATOMY
IN THE LATE '70s AND EARLY '80s
IN WHAT I KNEW WAS A MAN'S
WORLD.
I DON'T KNOW.
I CAN TELL YOU THAT STORY I JUST
TOLD YOU ABOUT LESLIE HANDING
OVER THE TRACTOR, AFTER SHE DID,
SHE LEFT.
MORT DIDN'T ASK HER TO STAY.
AS FAR AS I KNOW LESLIE WAS IN
THE MIDDLE OF AN EXPERIMENT AND
SO ON BUT WHEN I THINK BACK ON
IT, I THINK IT'S SYMBOLIC OF A
DIFFERENT TIME AND DIFFERENT
PLACE.
AFTER ALL THE MEN WERE
TALKING -- OR IN THAT CASE, THE
MAN AND BOY WERE TALKING.
I WAS SITTING IN AN AUDIENCE AND
AS LESLIE TOOK THE STAGE I
OVERHEARD A WOMAN IN FRONT OF ME
TURN TO HER COLLEAGUE AND SAY,
WOW, I THOUGHT LESLIE
UNGERLEIDER WAS A MAN.
OF COURSE YOU DID.
HOW COULD A WOMAN ACCOMPLISH
THAT MUCH AND BECOME SO WELL
KNOWN?
PEOPLE CAN TALK ABOUT THIS ISSUE
MUCH BETTER THAN I CAN SO I'M
JUST GOING STOP RIGHT THERE.
SO THOSE OF YOU EVEN WITH A
PASSING KNOWLEDGE OF LESLIE'S
CAREER, KNOW THAT HER NAME IS
TIED TO TWO OTHERS.
YOUNGER LEADER IN MISH AND WHEN
BOB WAS ON CAMPUS HE WAS CHIEF
OF LABORATORY AND LATER THE
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR OF THE
INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AT NIMH AND
NOW FOR THE PAST 18 YEARS, SEEMS
IMPOSSIBLE, FOR THE PAST 18
YEARS, BOB'S BEEN THE DIRECTOR
OF THE McGOVERN INSTITUTE FOR
BRAIN RESEARCH AT M.I.T.
BOB, PLEASE.
>> THANK YOU, ALEX.
SO I'M CERTAINLY UNIQUE AMONG
THE SPEAKERS AS I WAS NOT ONLY
LESLIE'S COLLEAGUE AND
COLLABORATOR FOR MANY YEARS BUT
WE WERE ALSO MARRIED.
I'M GOING TALK TODAY ABOUT
LESLIE'S CAREER AND PARTICULARLY
ON THE DEVELOP NEXT TWO CORTICAL
VISUAL SYSTEMS AND HOW IT GOT
STARTED PARTLY BECAUSE I WAS
AROUND DURING A LOT OF THAT
TIME.
THERE WAS AN INTERVIEW WITH
LESLIE AND I'LL SHOW A SEGMENT
FROM THE INTERVIEW TO GET US
STARTED AND WHAT I DON'T KNOW IS
HOW -- I'M NOT 100% SURE -- HOW
DO I CHANGE THE SLIDES?
DO I TOUCH THE SCREEN?
>> I WAS AT THE SOCIETY OF
NEUROSCIENCE, I THINK IT WAS THE
THIRD ANNUAL MEETING AND I WAS
PRESENTING DATA RESULTS I
OBTAINED IN A LAB AND THEN AFTER
THE SESSION AT THE END OF THE
SESSION A GENTLEMAN APPROACHED
ME, INTRODUCED HIMSELF AS MORT
MICHIGAN AND SAID, YOU KNOW,
WE'RE GETTING VERY DIFFERENT
RESULTS FROM YOURS.
WHY DON'T YOU JOIN MY LAB AND
WE'LL SORT THIS OUT TOGETHER.
I THOUGHT, OH, WOW, THAT WOULD
BE GREAT.
SO I APPLIED FOR AN NIH, NRSA
FELLOWSHIP, WHICH I GOT AND
AWARDED AND THE NEXT YEAR I
MOVED TO HIS LAB AND I'VE BEEN
AT THE NIH EVERY SINCE.
IT'S JUST BEEN REALLY RESEARCH
HEAVEN.
I'VE JUST TAKEN MY SCIENCE IN
MULTIPLE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
STARTING OUT DOING BEHAVIORAL
WORK IN MONKEYS WITH LESIONS,
GOING ON TO DO ANATOMY, TRACING
CONNECTS IN THE BRAIN RECORDING
ACTIVITY AND THEN GO INTO A
FIELD OF NEUROIMAGING.
BEING AT NIH ONE CAN ACTUALLY DO
THAT.
ONE DOESN'T HAVE TO JUSTIFY
REINVENTING ONE SELF OVER AND
OVER AGAIN.
>> SO I WANT TO TALK A LITTLE
BIT ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THOSE -- I GUESS WHAT HAPPENED
AND THE MEETING WITH MORT AND
LESLIE'S REINVENTION OVER THE
YEARS.
WHEN SOME OF US I'M A LITTLE
UNCLEAR, DO I USE THIS OR THAT?
THIS IS AN OLD WIRING DIAGRAM I
STILL USE TODAY IN MY CLASSES,
PEOPLE ARE JUST NOT AWARE OF
WHERE THE FIELD WAS THAT THE
TIME IN THE LATE 1970s.
AND HOW CONFUSING THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN WAS
AND WHAT WAS THE ACTUAL
CONTRIBUTION FROM LESLIE'S AND
MORT'S IDEA IS NOT WELL
UNDERSTOOD SO I'M GOING TALK
ABOUT IT A LITTLE BIT.
FOR ONE, AS SOME OF YOU KNOW,
THERE CERTAINLY WAS AN IDEA
ABOUT THERE BEING TWO VISUAL
SYSTEMS.
A WHAT AND WHERE SYSTEMS AND
THIS CAME FROM WORKING RODENTS.
FROM A STUDY BY JERRY SCHNEIDER
PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE FROM THE
GOLDEN HAMSTER AND HE SHOWED
THAT LESIONS OF THE PRIMARY
VISUAL CORTEX IMPAIRED THE
ANIMAL'S PATTERN VISION AND
OTHERS AREAS ORIENT THE HEADS
AND EYES TO OBJECTIVES.
THE ORIENTATION WAS -- THE WHERE
WAS ORIENTATION AND THE WHAT WAS
PATTERN DISCRIMINATION.
AND ONE OF THE CONFUSING THINGS
ABOUT THIS IDEA WAS THAT THERE'D
ALREADY BEEN WORK WHEN PEOPLE
HAD DONE LESIONS OF THE AND THIS
IS FROM THE WORK FROM JONES AND
PAL SHOWED THE SOMATIC AUDIO AND
VISUAL SYSTEMS AND THE POSTERIOR
PARIETAL CORTEX WAS THE NATURAL
PROGRESSION OF PROCESSING AND
TACTILE INFORMATION.
THE PARIETAL INFORMATION THAT
WAS CONFUSING AND THEN THERE'S
BEEN LOTS OF PAPERS REPORTING ON
IMPAIRMENTS OF SOME ORIENTATION,
SPECIAL PROCESSING, ATTENTION,
SPECIAL ANEUROIS AN AND THERE
WERE MONKEY STUDIES ON WHAT
WOULD HAPPEN AFTER DAMAGE TO THE
PARIETAL CORTEX BUT WHAT WAS THE
PARIETAL CORTEX?
IT WASN'T UNDERSTOOD AT ALL WHAT
THAT WOULD EVEN MEAN.
AND I JUST INCLUDED THIS FIGURE
FROM A PAPER ON PARIETAL LESIONS
IN MONKEYS.
THERE'S A CHARACTERISTIC.
IT INCLUDED ALL WHATEVER WE KNOW
AS DORSAL EXTRASTRIATAL VISUAL
CORTEX.
PEOPLE WERE TRYING TO FIGURE
SOMETHING OUT.
SO THAT WAS ANOTHER SOURCE OF
CONFUSION WHAT WAS THE PARIETAL
CORTEX AND WHAT COULD POSSIBLY
BE ITS FUNCTIONS?
NOW, I ASKED IF ANYONE EVER
HEARD OF CARL PREGMAN AND HE WAS
A GIANT IN THE FIELD AT THE TIME
AND LESLIE WAS DOING HER
POST-DOC WITH CARL AND THE
EXPERIMENT THAT SHE WAS PRESENT
AT THE NSF MEETING WAS THIS ONE
WHEN THEY WERE TESTING THE IDEA
THE INTERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX GOT
THE INPUT FROM V1 THROUGH WHAT
WAS SOMETIMES CALLED PRESTRIATAL
CORTEX, THE VISUAL CORTEX
BETWEEN THE TWO.
THERE WAS A PATHWAY TO THE
TEMPORAL CORTEX THAT WAS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FUNCTIONS OF
I.T. AND THE RESULTS WERE
NEGATIVE.
THE ANIMALS WERE -- THEY WERE
INITIALLY IMPAIRED ON VISUAL
DISCRIMINATION BUT QUICKLY
RECOVERED AND SO CARL'S
CONCLUSION WAS CERTAINLY THAT
THIS DID NOT SUPPORT THE IDEA
THAT MORT HAD BEEN ADVOCATING
FOR A PATHWAY FROM V1 TO
TEMPORAL CORTEX.
AND THE V1 PRE STRIATE CORTEX
WAS PART OF THREE INDIVIDUAL
SYSTEMS AND THE PATHWAY TO THEM
WAS CONFUSING.
IN FACT, IF YOU READ THE
DISCUSSION SECTION OF LESLIE AND
CARL'S PAPER, WHICH WASN'T
PUBLISHED UNTIL LESLIE HAD
ALREADY JOINED MORT'S LAB.
YOU CAN SEE THE THE TWISTING
AND TURNING BECAUSE LESLIE KNEW
THERE WERE SPARED PARTS OF
PRESTRIATE CORTEX AND CARL WAS
REALLY HOLDING TIGHTLY TO THE
VIEW THESE WERE THREE
INDEPENDENT VISUAL SYSTEMS WITH
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND SO THE
DISCUSSION'S KIND OF A MESS.
WHAT WAS SHE DOING WITH MORT?
WELL, I THINK PROBABLY ONE OF
THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS LESLIE
DID WHEN SHE CAME TO WORK WITH
MORT WAS TO LEARN NEUROANATOMY
AND SHE LEARNED IT FROM TED
JONES.
SHE WENT TO TED JONES' LAB AND
TED TAUGHT HER SILVER STRANDING
AND AUDIOGRAPHY AND EXTREMELY
GENEROUS IN DOING THIS AND
LESLIE THEN RETURNED TO THE NIH
WHERE SHE DOES HER FIRST
ANATOMICAL STUDIES WITHOUT TED.
ONE OF THE PAPERS WAS THE PAPER
ON THE STRIATAL PROTECTIONS OUT
OF LESLIE'S FIRST ANATOMY PAPER.
ONE OF THE KEY THINGS THEY DID
IN THAT PAPER AND THAT LESLIE
FELT STRONGLY ABOUT FOR MANY
YEARS WAS THEY MAPPED THE
COMPLETE PROJECTION FIELD OF V1.
NOT JUST THE ACCESSIBLE LATERAL
PARTS BUT EVEN THE INACCESSIBLE
PARTS BURIED IN THE FISSURE AND
AS THEY EXTENDED ACROSS THE
FLOOR WHERE THE PERIPHERAL
REPRESENTATION WAS LOCATED.
I WAS CLEARLY BEING SPARED IN
TRYING TOO UNDERSTAND THE
PATHWAY.
SHE ALSO -- THEY FOUND A DIRECT
PROJECTION FROM V1 TO THE MOST
POSTERIOR PART OF THE CULCUS AND
AND IT DOES GET PROJECTIONS FROM
PERIPHERAL STRIATAL CORTEX BUT
THAT AGAIN SHOWED ANATOMY WAS
GOING TO BE CRITICAL TO
UNDERSTANDING HOW THE WHOLE
SYSTEM WORKED.
WITHOUT ANATOMY YOU WERE LOST.
THEY PUBLISHED THE CHAPTER
WITHOUT THE ANATOMY HAVING BEEN
ESTABLISHED.
THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNINGS OF
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE
ANATOMY WAS BUT THEY WERE ABLE
TO PUT TO REST SOME OF THE
WILDER IDEAS ABOUT HOW THE
SYSTEM WAS ORGANIZED.
AND LAID THE GROUND WORK FOR THE
IDEA THE VISUAL PATHWAY TO THE
PARIETAL CORTEX ORIGINATED IN
V1.
THAT WAS AT THAT TIME A RADICAL
IDEA.
NOW, THE OTHER CRITICAL
EXPERIMENT THAT WAS THE BASIS
FOR THAT IDEA NOT ONLY WAS THE
ANATOMY SHOWING THAT THERE
EXISTED A PATHWAY FROM V1 UP AT
LEAST THE PARIETAL CORTEX BUT
YOU COULD DISCONNECT THE
PARIETAL CORTEX FROM V1 THE SAME
WAY THAT -- IT WAS A COMPLICATED
DISCONNECTION BUT YOU CAN
DISCONNECT IT IN A WAY THAT HAD
BEEN DONE FOR THE INFERIOR
CORTEX ESTABLISHING V1 AND IT
WAS A CLASSIC CROSS-LESION
EXPERIMENT WHERE THE I.T. PART
WAS DONE BY MORT AND PARIETAL
PART BY LESLIE AND THEY TOOK OUT
THE CORTEX FROM ONE HEMISPHERE
THAT THEN ALLOWED THE CORTEX IN
THE OTHER HEMISPHERE TO
COMMUNICATE WITH THE PARIETAL
CORTEX AND THEN CUT THE CALOSSUM
OUT WAS AN ASSOCIATION OF
FUNCTION, ANATOMICALLY AND
BEHAVIORALLY.
AND THAT WAS THE IDEA THEY WERE
PROMOTING.
THERE WAS ANOTHER PATHWAY.
IT WAS NOT OBJECT ORIENTATION OR
THE WAY THE COLLICULUS WAS BUT
IT WAS LIKE I.T. WAS DEPENDENT
ON THE STRIATAL CORTEX.
THAT LED TO THEIR CHAPTER.
IT WAS BEHAVIOR, LESIONS, BEG
BEGINNINGS OF THE CAUSALITY AND
THEY SITE THE PHYSIOLOGY.
SOME OF THE PHYSIOLOGY FROM I.T.
CORTEX SHOWING THE DEPENDENCE ON
VISUAL PATHWAYS AND CROSS-KAL --
CROSS-CALLOSUM WAYS AND STARTED
LESLIE IN HER CAREER.
IT RAISED A LOT OF QUESTION S
LESLIE STARTED A MULTI-YEAR LONG
QUEST TO POSE THE ANATOMICAL
CONNECTS OF NOT JUST THE
ACCESSIBLE PARTS OF THE CORTEX
BUT THE INACCESSIBLE PARTS AND
IT WAS IMPORTANT TO COMBINE
PHYSIOLOGY WITH THE ANATOMICAL
EXPERIMENTS BECAUSE YOU HAD TO
FIND YOUR WAY THROUGH THE DEPTHS
OF THE AREAS TO DO HEROIC
ANATOMICAL STUDIES.
I REMEMBER ONE OF THE ANATOMICAL
STUDIES DONE AT THE NIH WE
DIDN'T PUBLISH FOR 25 YEARS.
IT WASN'T A CENTRAL STUDY BUT
WORTHWHILE PUBLICATION.
PEOPLE SAY HOW COULD YOU BE IN A
FIELD WHERE YOU CAN SIT ON THE
RESULT FOR 25 YEARS THE ANSWER
IS BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE WAS DOING
IT.
NO ONE ELSE WAS DOING THIS
STUFF.
A LOT OF TIME WAS SPENT MAPPING
THE ANATOMY OF THE CORTEX AND AS
ALEX MENTIONED LESLIE WAS A
PSYCHOLOGIST AT HEART AND WANTED
TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF
THE SYSTEMS BEING MAPPED OUT AND
THAT LED TO NEUROIMAGING IN
HUMANS AND MONKEYS AND I DON'T
NEED TO TELL YOU ABOUT ALL THAT
BUT IT WAS A TREMENDOUS BODY OF
WORK PUTTING EVERYTHING TOGETHER
AND THIS LED TO THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE SYSTEMS
THAT WE HAVE TODAY.
SO THAT'S WHAT A WANTED TO SAY
ABOUT THE TWO CORTICAL VISUAL
SYSTEMS.
DO I HAVE A LITTLE MORE TIME?
I HAVE FIVE MINUTES?
I HAVE FIVE MINUTES.
I WAS GOING TO SHOW AN
ANATOMICAL STUDY THAT BEARS ON
THE IDEAS.
ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT WAS
BEING RAISED AT THE TIME THE TWO
CORTICAL VISUAL SYSTEMS WAS
PRESENTED WAS THE QUESTION OF
WHERE DO THE TWO SYSTEMS GET
TOGETHER AND CERTAINLY THE
PREFRONTAL CORTEX THERE'S
EVIDENCE THAT COULD BE A SITE
AND THE STUDY BEARS ON THAT
WHERE WE DID AND THEY DID THE
CORTICAL CONNECTOME USING
STIMULATION BASED MRI AT OVER
100 SITES AT THE ANIMAL'S
MAPPING AND REFINE CONNECTIVITY
ON A MILLIMETER BY MILLIMETER
SCALE.
THIS IS SHOWING THE PROJECTION
FIELD.
THIS IS THE LATERAL PRE-FRONTAL
CORTEX.
YOU SEE THE PROJECTION FIELD.
MOST THE CORTEX, MOST EXCEPT FOR
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SENSORY AREAS AND MOTOR AREAS.
IT'S ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE.
THERE WAS THE TEMPORAL DOMAIN
AND PARIETAL AND DORSAL DOMAIN
AND MEDIAL DOMAIN THAT SEEMED TO
BE INDEPENDENT PROJECTION FIELDS
FROM THEIR OWN ORGANIZATION AND
ON THE BLUE ARE THE SITES IN THE
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND BEING
ILLUMINATED IN ORDER AND YOU SEE
THE PROGRESSION OF ACTIVATION
SITES IN THE SULCUS GOING FROM
POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR IN
STIMULATION AND IN THE
PROJECTION SITES.
THIS IS TRUE IN THIS IS ANOTHER
PATTERN WHERE IF YOU GO DOWN THE
ARCUS SULCUS AND YOU SEE THIS IN
THE INTERPARIETAL SULCUS AND YOU
MARCH ALONG THE SITES IN THE
CORTEX AND LIKEWISE IN THE
DORSAL MEDIAL CORTEX.
IT'S A LITTLE MORE COMPLICATED
THERE BUT AGAIN THERE'S SOME
SORT OF ORDERLY MAPPING BETWEEN
THE TWO SYSTEMS.
WHAT RAY DID WAS REDUCE THE
DIMENSIONALITY OF THE PROBLEM.
HE DID A PRINCIPLE COMPONENT
ANALYSIS ON THE CONNECTION
MATRIX AND CAME UP WITH THE TWO
THE FIRST PRINCIPLE COMPONENT
WAS JUST THE DOMAINS AND THE
NEXT WERE THE ORGANIZATION
WITHIN EACH DOUGH NANE.
AND YOU SEE THE SULCUS WHERE YOU
HAD DIMENSION 1 FROM MEDIAL TO
LATERAL ACROSS THE SULCUS AND
GOING ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR
ACROSS THE SULCUS AND LIKELY DID
THIS FOR ALL THE DIFFERENT
PROCESSING DOMAINS.
YOU COULD SEE ESSENTIALLY THE
MAPPING OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
TO ALL THE MAJOR PROCESSING
DOMAINS AND PARTICULARLY FOR THE
PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL CORTEX
THEY'RE ALMOST COMPLETELY
OVERLAPPING.
THEY'RE DEFINITELY, IT'S AN
ORDERLY MAPPING BETWEEN THE
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE IDEA
YOU HAVE YOU HAVE GRIDS YOU
IMAGINE A GRID IN PREFRONTAL
CORTEX AND THEY'RE OVERLAPPING
AND ORDERLY AND PUTS THE
PREFRONTAL CORTEX TO COORDINATE
ACTIVITY AT THE APPROPRIATE
LEVEL OF EACH OF THE
HIERARCHIES.
IF IT'S PART OF THE THE
HIERARCHY IN THE TEMPORAL DOMAIN
AND WHEN WE GO TO OTHERS WE
DON'T KNOW WHAT THE HIERARCHIES
MEAN BUT POINTING OUT WHAT COULD
BE EXPERIMENTS FUTURE OF TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THESE
REPRESENTATIONS MEAN IN THE
SYSTEMS.
SO I WANT TO END WITH GOING
BACK, I HAD THIS PICTURE -- I
DON'T KNOW WHERE IT CAME FROM.
IT'S QUITE REMARKABLE THAT SHOWS
LESLIE AT A DINNER WITH BOTH
CARL PREGRAM THERE ON THE LEFT
AND MORT MICHIGAN OVER ON THE
RIGHT.
CHARLIE GROSS IS THERE IN THE
MIDDLE.
THOSE TWO PEOPLE, CARL AND MORT,
REALLY INSTRUMENTAL IN GETTING
LESLIE GOING IN HER CAREER AND
I'M JUST HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO
GIVE YOU THE STORY TODAY.
>> THIS IS
[OFF MIC]
SHE SHOWED THE MAP AND THEN TOOK
[OFF MIC]
A CLASSIC EARTH-SHAKING
[OFF-MIC]
WHEN WE TALK ABOUT IT.
>> POINT WELL TAKEN.
IT WAS MORE OF A STORY.
DO YOU WANT TO REPEAT IT?
>> THERE WAS A WOMAN WHO WAS A
PHYSIOLOGIST AT HOWARD IN THE
'40s AND WHO PUBLISHED TWO
IGNORED PAPERS AND SHOWING FROM
THE TECTUM TO THE RETINA USUAL
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE
RETINA AND KIF YOU DO THIS TO TE
CAT THE CAT WOULD MAKE AN EYE
MOVEMENT TO THAT PART OF THE
RETINAL PROJECTION.
TOTALLY IGNORED PAPERS.
TOTALLY IGNORED WOMAN.
I THINK AND MAYBE IT'S A
TESTAMENT TO HOW FAR WOMEN HAVE
COME SINCE THEN.
>> I WAS JUSTIN INST IN -- JUS
INSTRUCTED WE'RE GOING TO SWITCH
TO ZOOM FOR THE NEXT SPEAKER.
TO MOL JUMP ON MICKY'S COMMENT,
THERE WAS A WOMAN NAMED FRITA
NEUCOM WHO WROTE A PAPER WITH A
NEUROSURGEON, RICHIE RUSSELL.
BASED ON THE ENTRANCE WOUNDS IN
THE SKULL OF HOLES IN THE SKULL
IN THE PARIETAL CORTEX LOOKING
AT THE NEURO-PSYCH I THINK IT
WAS A MAZE TASK TO SUGGEST THERE
WAS A DISASSOCIATION IN VISUAL
PROCESSING.
I'M PRETTY SURE LESLIE AND MORT
MENTIONED THAT WORK IN THE TWO
CORTICAL VISUAL SYSTEMS.
CHRIS, IT'S ALL YOURS.
>> THANKS, ALEX.
I'M ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS WHO
DEEMED TO GET COVID THIS
PARTICULAR WEEK AND SORRY I
CAN'T BE THERE IN PERSON BUT
HAPPY TO ZOOM IN FROM MY COVID
QUARANTINE IN MY BASEMENT.
I'M CHRIS BAKER ONE OF THE P.I.
THAT WAS CHIEF FOR 25 YEARS.
I'M GOING IT TAKE A FEW MOMENT
TO SAY WORDS ABOUT LESLIE.
SO FIRST OF ALL I THINK BACK TO
WHEN I WAS A GRADUATE STUDENT IN
SCOTLAND IN THE 1990s COLLECTING
DATA FROM NON-HUMAN PRIMATES AND
THEY RESPONDED TO FACIAL
GESTURES AND BODIES AND I READ A
LOT OF ANATOMY PAPERS STUDYING
VISUAL CONNECTIVITIES.
THEY WERE IN MY THINK AND I
REALIZE THE PRESENCE OF LESLIE.
AND SHE WAS SOLVED IN SO MANY
STUDIES AS BOB TOLD US ABOUT.
LONG BEFORE I EVER MET HER IT'S
CLEAR SHE PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE
IN MY SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND
THINKING.
THESE ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITIES
ARE AS RELEVANT AS WHEN THEY
WERE PUBLISHED.
AND ARGUABLY WE DON'T HAVE AS
MUCH HUMAN GRAPHED CONNECTIVITY.
LESLIE'S PASSION FOR THE WORK
WAS OBVIOUS YOU HAD TO ASK THE
QUESTIONS TO SEE HER FACE LIGHT
UP.
JUMPING AHEAD 17 YEARS, I WAS
OFFERED A TENURE TRACT AND IT
WAS A DREAM PLACE TO GO.
LESLIE RAN THE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE
AND HUMAN RESEARCH LAB.
ONE OF THE FEW PLACES WHERE THE
APPROACHES WERE INTEGRATED.
ON MY FIRST DAY AFTER I SETTLED
INTO MY NEW OFFICE I WENT TO SEE
LESLIE UNANNOUNCE AND KNOCKED ON
HER DOOR AND SHE PEERED FROM HER
DESK.
I SAID I JUST WANT TO LET YOU
KNOW I'M NOW PHYSICALLY HERE.
WHY, DO WE HAVE TO DISCUSS, SHE
SNAPPED BACK.
I WAS TAKEN ABACK AND I THOUGHT,
WELL, I GUESS I'M ON MY OWN.
I DIDN'T UNDERSTAND LESLIE.
SHE GAVE EVERYBODY SPACE TO BE
THEMSELVES, POST-BACS, POST-DOCS
AND P.I.s AND SHE WAS ONE OF THE
MOST SUPPORTIVE PEOPLE I'VE EVER
KNOWN.
I CAME TO REALIZE IF I EVER HAD
A PROBLEM LESLIE WOULD HELP ME
SOLVE IT NO QUESTIONS ASKED AND
ALWAYS A SOURCE OF WISDOM AND
INSIGHT AND AS A NEW TENURE
TRACK INVESTIGATOR THIS WAS
IMPORTANT AND COULDN'T HAVE DONE
ANYTHING I'VE DONE WITHOUT HER
SUPPORT.
ONCE I KNEW HERBERT IT WAS EASY
TO ENTER IN HER OFFICE AND GET
HOOKED INTO A CONVERSATION FROM
SCIENCE TO GOSSIP OR FAMILY
ISSUES OR WITH MUCH LAUGHTER AND
A TWINKLE IN HER EYE.
FINALLY, IF I JUMP AHEAD ANOTHER
16 YEARS, I THINK OF LESLIE
TODAY AND EVEN MORE KEENLY AWARE
OF HOW AMAZINGLY INFLUENTIAL SHE
WAS.
THE LBC HAS BEEN A FANTASTIC
PLACE TO WORK UNDER THE WATCHFUL
EYE OF LESLIE.
WHEN WE FIRST SENT OUT
INVITATIONS TO SPEAK AT THIS
SYMPOSIUM WE HAD REPLIES AND SHE
LED BY EXAMPLE AND WAS RIGOROUS,
TOUGH, INSIGHTFUL.
I WAS ALWAYS IMPRESSED HOW
CAREFULLY CONSTRUCTED HER TALKS
WERE AND ALWAYS PUT HUGE EFFORT
IN AND EXPECT OTHERS TO DO THE
SAME.
AND AT THE END OF A TALK SHE
SAID YOU KNOW WHAT'S WRONG WITH
IT RIGHT?
I TOOK IT AS HIGH PRAISE BECAUSE
SHE FELT I'D TAKEN ON HER
WISDOM.
HE WAS A GIANT IN COGNITIVE
SCIENCE AND HER IMPACT WILL BE
FELT FOR YEARS TO COME.
WITH THAT INTRODUCE OUR NEXT
SPEAKER.
IT GIVES ME PLEASURE TO
INTRODUCE MARLENE BEHRMANN.
SHE WAS AT CARNEGIE MELLON AND
NOW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
PITTSBURGH.
HER WORK TOUCHED ON MANY AREAS
OF NEUROSCIENCE USING DIFFERENT
APPROACHES INCLUDING
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND IMAGING AND
COMPUTATIONAL WORK.
HER WORK OVERLAPPED LESLIE'S IN
TWO MAIN AREAS.
THEY LOOKED AT SPACE RECOGNITION
AND SECOND WERE INTERESTED IN
ELUCIDATING THE DORSAL VISUAL
PATHWAY AND HOW IT IMPACT THE
VISUAL PATHWAY.
GIVEN THE SHARED INTERESTS, IT'S
NO SURPRISE MARLENE AND LESLIE
COLLABORATED FOR MANY YEARS.
NOW, I'D LIKE TO TURN IT OVER TO
MARLENE WHO WILL TALK ABOUT THE
TALE OF TWO LABS A DICKENSIAN
SAGA.
>> THREW
>> THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME.
I CREATED THIS IMAGE FROM A
PHOTOGRAPH AND I DID IT
INTENTIONALLY.
IT REFLECT HER BRILLIANT
CONTRIBUTION AS WE ALREADY HEARD
IN SO MANY DOMAINS, ANATOMY,
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, EMOTION
PERCEPTION AND FACE PERCEPTION
AND THE TEMPORAL LOBE AND
AMYGDALA.
I'M PRIVILEGED TO HAVE HAD A
CHANCE TO COLLABORATE WITH HER.
THE DICKENSIAN SAGA I'LL TELL
YOU ABOUT TODAY IS OF TWO LABS.
WE BEGIN THE COLLABORATION OF
THE TWO LABS IN 2008.
SO IT'S GONE ON FOR A LONG TIME.
AT THE TIME LESLIE AND HER
POST-DOC ALONG WITH ME AND A
POST-DOC IN MY LAB SAT DOWN TO
TALK ABOUT FACE PERCEPTION.
AS WITH ALL SAGA'S THERE'S A
PROLOGE TO SET THE CONTEXT.
IN THE LATE 1990s AND SPILLING
OVER TO THE EARLY TIME THERE WAS
MANY STUDIES INCLUDING THIS
SEMINOLE PAPER THAT SHOWED A
PARTICULAR REGION IN THE
OCCIPITAL CORTEX IN THE GYRUS
SELECTED BY FACES COMPARED TO
OTHER VISUAL CATEGORIES.
HENCE CALLED THE FUSIFORM FACE
AREA.
SHORTLY THERAPY, HOWEVER, MANY
STUDIES CAME OUT INCLUDING THIS
ONE WHO SHOWED THAT IN ADDITION
TO ACTIVATION OF THE FUSIFORM
GUY RUSS.
-- GYRUS, IN ADDITION TO
ACTIVATION OF THE FUSIFORM GYRUS
THERE IS ONE IN THE SULCUS
CALLED THE CORE REGIONS.
MOREOVER, THERE'S A HOST OF
ANTERIOR NOW CALLED THE EXTENDED
REGIONS ACTIVATED BY PHASES
INCLUDING THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND
AMYGDALA AND ORBITAL FRONTAL
REGIONS.
THE FACE PATTERNS A DISTRIBUTED
CIRCUIT AS ORIGINALLY
IDENTIFIED, HAS NOW COME TO BE
THE RECEIVED WISDOM IN THE FIELD
AND WE SEE THE REPLICATION AND
EX TENSIATION AND THERE'S RECENT
WORK WHICH SHOWS THE FACE
PATCHES IN MACAQUE AND HUMAN AND
MARMO
MARMOSETS.
I NEED TO TELL YOU WHAT I WAS
THINK AT THE TIME.
WE WERE INTERESTED IN TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND WHAT THE RELATIVE
CONTRIBUTION WAS OF EACH OF THE
FACE PATCHES TO FACE
RECOGNITION.
WHICH WERE NECESSARY AND
SUFFICIENT AND THEY HAD THIS
IMPAIRMENT FOLLOWING AN
OCCIPITAL LESION AND WE RULED IT
OUT AS THE LESIONS ARE QUITE
LARGE, AS YOU CAN SEE, LIKELY
AFFECTING MULTIPLE PATCHES OF
THE FACE NETWORK.
FORTUITOUSLY WE STARTED STUDYING
INDIVIDUALS WITH LIFE LONG
PROSOPAGNOSIA, I'LL USE THE
ABBREVIATION, CP, PERFORMED
POORLY RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS
AND WERE IMPAIRED AT RECOGNIZING
FAMILY MEMBERS AND EVEN
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THEMSELVES.
THIS PERSON SAYS WHEN HE GOES TO
PICK UP HIS DAUGHTER IF SHE HAS
A DIFFERENT SHIRT THEY CANNOT
RECOGNIZE THEM AND JANE GOODALL
SUFFERED FROM CONGENITAL PRO
PROSE
PROSEPAGNOSIA AND WE SET OUT WE
SET TO STUDY THIS AND WE HOPED
TO SEE AN ELIMINATION OF ANY
ACTIVATION.
WE RECRUITED 10 CONTROL
SUBJECTS.
AND YOU SEE THIS ON THE READ FOR
THE FUSIFORM GYRUS AND YOU SEE
WE HAD FOUR SUBJECTS AT THE TIME
AND PROTHERE WERE ONLY FOUR CPs
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS AND THE
ESTIMATES AND RELIABILITY IS NOT
AS STRONG AS ONE MIGHT HAVE
LIKED.
BUT DRAMATICALLY, WHILE THE
INDIVIDUALS WERE IN THE MAGNET,
THEY WERE PERFORMING A TASK ON
FACES, BOLDINGS, OBJECTS AND
PATTERNS AND AT THE STATEMENT
TIME WE WERE SEEING NORMAL FUSI
FORM FACE AREA ACTIVATION WE
WERE SEEING AN IMPAIRMENT IN
FACE DISCRIMINATION IN THE
CONGENITAL PROSOPAGNOSIA
PATIENTS.
THE SITE AND SIZE WAS NORMAL.
AND WE CON -- COMPUTED THE PEAK
ACTIVATION FOR BOTH GROUPS AND
THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES
WHATSOEVER.
IT OCCURRED TO US THAT THOUGH WE
WERE SEEING THE ACTIVATION IT
MIGHT BE THE INFORMATION BEING
REPRESENTED IN THE AREA WAS
DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE CPs AND
CONTROLS.
SO WE USED THE AVAILABLE
PARADIGM AT THE TIME ADAPTATION
AND ESTABLISHED THAT WE SAW
NORMAL REPETITION SUPPRESSION,
NORMAL NEURAL SUPPRESSION IN THE
CPs AND CONTROLS IN RESPONSE TO
OBJECTS AND FACES IN THE
OCCIPITAL CON COMPLEX AND STS.
SO WE SHOWED NOW THAT THE
POSTERIOR CORE REGIONS AND THE
PROBLEM MAY ARISE IN THE
DISCONNECTION FROM THE CORE TO
THE EXTENDED REGIONS TO THE
ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE AND
FRONTAL REGIONS AND POTENTIALLY
THE AMYGDALA AS WELL.
WITH A GRADUATE STUDENT AT THE
TIME AND I THINK IS IN THE AUD
TODAY, AND INSPIRED BY THE WORK
OF THIS WE USED IMAGING TO LOOK
AT THE WHITE MATTER THAT EXTEND
TO THE RENALONS INCLUDING THE
TEMPORAL LOBE AND THE FASCICULUS
IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX.
AND UNDER THE IMAGES IS THE
GENDER AND AGE OF THE CONTROL
PATIENTS AN HERE ARE THE
CORRESPONDING IMAGES FROM THE CP
GROUP.
THERE'S A COMPROMISE IN THE
TRACK OF THE INDIVIDUALS AND WE
SAW A REDUCTION IN THE TRACTS AN
MOREOVER, THERE WAS A
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE EXTENT
OF THE REDUCTION AND THE
SEVERITY OF THE FACE
RECOGNITION.
SO WE HAD MANY QUESTIONS.
WE DEMONSTRATED A NORMAL CORE.
WE SEEM TO SHOW SOME
DISCONNECTION BETWEEN THE CORE
AND THE MORE ANTERIOR REGIONS
SHOWN'S THE BROKEN LINES.
IT WAS UNCLEAR TO US, WAS THIS
BECAUSE OF FEED FORWARD
INTERRUPTIONS, FEEDBACK?
WE COULDN'T QUITE ESTABLISH THE
NATURE OF THE CAUSAL CONNECTIONS
IN THE CIRCUIT.
AND IT WAS AT THIS JUNCTURE THAT
THE TWO LABS STARTED OUR
DISCUSSIONS IN ERNEST.
SO AS DICKENS OPENS A TALE OF
TWO CITIES, HE DOES SO IN THE
FOLLOWING WAY, IT WAS THE BEST
OF TIMES, IT WAS THE WORSE OF
TIMES.
IT WAS THE AGE OF WISDOM, IT WAS
THE AGE OF FOOLISHNESS.
I THINK FOOLISHNESS IN
RETROSPECT REALLY MIGHT DEPICT
WELL THE NATURE OF OUR
DISCUSSIONS.
AND SOMEWHAT IRRATIONALLY WE SET
TWO GOALS.
TO STUDY THE FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY OF FACE RECOGNITION
AMONG HUMANS AND MONKEYS WITH
THE SAME APPROACH AND SECONDLY
AND PERHAPS MORE BOLDLY, WE WISH
TO DO THIS IN A MANNER TO HAVE
CAUSAL INFERENCES AND THE DATA
FROM THE PROSE -- PROSO PRAG
NOTIC PATIENTS AND WE FIRST
SHOWED WE COULD EASILY REPLICATE
THE FINDINGS IN THE LITERATURE
SHOWING THE PATCHES ON THE
LATERAL SURFACE AND INTERIOR
SURFACE.
THEN WE EXAMINED MORE CLOSELY
THE PROFILE OF ACTIVATION.
HERE'S THE AGE MATCH CONTROLS
SHOWING THE POSTERIER REGIONS
AND IS THE HEMISPHERES AS THE
LATERALITY INDEX AND THERE WAS
NORMAL ACTIVATION IN THE CORE
REGIONS IN THE PROSO PAG --
PATIENTS.
WE KNOW THE BEHAVIOR IS ABNORMAL
AND CAN'T IDENTIFY THE SOURCE OF
THE ABNORMALITY.
AND WE SHOWED NO ACTIVATION IN
THE CORTEX COMPARED TO THE
MATCHED CONTROL.
OUR HYPOTHESIS OF A
DISCONNECTION BETWEEN THE CORE
AND EXTENDED REGIONS WAS NOT
BEARING FRUIT.
MOREOVER, WE SHOWED THE DEFICIT
WAS NOT IN CONNECTING OR PROG --
PROPAGATING SIGNALS BECAUSE THE
ACTIVATION IN THE AMYGDALA IN
THE CP INDIVIDUALS WAS ENTIRELY
NORMAL.
WE QUANTIFIED THE RESULTS WITH
THE CONTROLS ON THE LEFT AND CPs
ON THE RIGHT.
SHE'S ARE PAIR WISE CORRELATION
OF ALL THE REGIONS WE EXAMINED.
THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER IN
THE RED SQUARE IS THE CORE
REGION.
THERE ARE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE CP AND CONTROLS IN THE CORE
AS I HAVE ALREADY DISCUSSED.
THERE WAS NO CORRELATION BETWEEN
THE CORE REGIONS AND AMYGDALA
AND THE CPs AN CONTROLS WERE
NON-DIFFERENTIAL.
AND THERE WAS A WEAKER
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CORE
REGIONS IN THE RIGHT ANTERIOR
LOBE WITH THE PROSE JO PRAG NOS
AND THE CP INDIVIDUALS CLOSER TO
.2 OR LOWER.
AND WE USED RESTING STATE AND
THE PATTERN OF CONNECTIVITY WE
OBSERVED WAS SIMILAR TO THE
EVOKED CASES BUT SOMEWHAT
REDUCED CONDITIONS BUT WE TOO
SAW THE WEAKER CORRELATION WITH
THE ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOPE IN
THE CP.
AND WE WERE UNABLE TO MANIPULATE
THE NODES OR THE TRACTS IN ANY
WAY.
I THINK THIS IS MORE OBSERVATION
JAP THAN A CAUSAL STUDY.
SO THE TRUE CAUSAL STUDY WAS
TAKEN ON BY LESLIE WITH HER
POST-DOC WHO SHOULDER THE BURDEN
OF THE PROJECT AND WE UNDERTOOK
A JOINT REVERSAL INACTIVATION
AND FMRI STUDIES IN THE MONKEYS.
LET ME EXPLAIN WHAT WE DID.
WE HAD TWO MONKEYS.
THEY FIRST SAW THE LOCALIZED
EXPERIMENT
>> THE MONKEY COMPLETE THE SAME
LOCALIZER.
WE DID THIS OVER AND OVER AGAIN
WITH SINGLE PATCHES BEING
INACTIVATED OR TWO MIDDLE FACE
PATCHES OR TWO ANTERIOR FACE
PATCHES SIMULTANEOUSLY OVER AND
OVER AGAIN.
IN 2010 SHE RECEIVE THE WILLIAM
JAMES FELLOW AWARD AND THIS IS
THE OPENING SLIDE.
I HAVE A COPY OF ALL HER SLIDES
DATED 5-25-2010.
IN HER TALK SHE SHOWED THE PILOT
DATA FOR THE JOINT INACTIVATION
AND IMAGING STUDY.
HERE WE SEE A POSTERIOR FACE
PATCH AND SHOWING NICE
ACTIVATION.
POST-INJECTION, NOT ONLY DO WE
SEE INACTIVATION IN THE
POSTERIOR FACE PATCH WHICH IS
WHERE THE INJECTION WAS PUT, BUT
WE ALSO SEE CONSEQUENCES OF THE
INJECTION, IN OTHER WORDS, IT
ELIMINATED IT IN THE FACE PATCH
AS WELL.
SO WITH THIS PROOF OF CONCEPT ON
HAND WE PROCEEDED FULL ON WITH
THE STUDY.
FIRST I'M GOING TO SHOW THE
AFFECT OF INACTIVATING THE
MIDDLE FACE ON IPSILATERAL.
THIS IS A SCHEMATIC OF THE
MIDDLE FACE PATCH WHICH IS GOING
TO BE THE REGION OF INTEREST IN
WHICH WE ARE GOING TO BE
DERIVING THE BETA COEFFICIENTS
FROM THE fMRI AND YOU SEE THE MF
MIDDLE FUNDUS.
THE OTHER THING IS WE HAD OTHER
EXPERIMENTS I CAN TELL YOU ABOUT
IF YOU WISH.
IN THE AREA FOLLOWING AN
INJECTION INTO THE AREA MF WE
SEE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BETA
COEFFICIENT WHEN FACES WERE
SHOWN RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL
CONDITION.
THE SAME RESULT HELD TRUE IN
AREA ML WHERE AGAIN WE SEE
SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE
BETA COEFFICIENTS FOLLOWING
INACTIVATION OF THESE VARIOUS
REGIONS RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL.
AND THE NOTATION I WILL USE HERE
ARE THE RED ARROWS ON THE
SCHEMATIC TO SHOW THAT
INACTIVATING EITHER MF OR ML
GIVES RISE TO RISE OF THE
COEFFICIENTS AND NOW WE CAN MOVE
FORWARD TO THE ANTERIOR PATCHES.
WHEN WE LOOK AT AREA AF EVEN
WITH REDUCTION WE SEE REDUCTION
IN THE BETA COEFFICIENTS AND
THAT IS MARKED AS THE RED ARROWS
SINCE WE SEE SUPPRESSION IN AF
AFTER INACTIVATION OF EITHER ML
OR MF.
AND LASTLY, IN AREA AL, WE ALSO
SEE SUPPRESSION EXCEPT ONE
CONDITION WHERE MF SEEMS TO BE
AN INACTIVATION HAS NO AFFECT ON
AL MARK AS A SINGLE CONNECTION
BETWEEN MF AND -- SORRY, BETWEEN
ML AND AL.
WE DID THE SAME EXPERIMENT AT
THE SAME TIME WITH -- WHERE THE
MONKEYS VIEWED OBJECTS AND THE
COEFFICIENT MUCH LOWER FOR
OBJECTS IN FACE PATCHES.
NEVERTHELESS, WE CAN STILL SEE
SUPPRESSION AS YOU SEE IN AREA
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL
CONDITION AND WE SEE SIMILAR
KINDS OF RESULTS WEAKER AND
SOMEWHAT MORE VARIABLE.
NOW, NOTICE HERE THAT THIS IS
THE REDUCTION IN THE IPSILATERAL
FACE AND WE CAN LOOK AT THE
CONSEQUENCES OF INACTING THE
MIDDLE AND LOOK AT THE
CONSEQUENCE ON THE CONTRALATERAL
SIDE.
INTERESTINGLY, THERE'S NO EFFECT
WHAT SO EVER AND NO DIFFERENCE
FOR FACE OR OBJECTS.
IT GIVES RISE TO A REDUCTION IN
FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATION IN ALL THE
FACE PATCHES WHEN THE
INACTIVATION IS IN THE MIDDLE
REGIONS.
IF WE LOOK AT THE EFFECT OR THE
RESULT OF INACTIVATING THE
ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES.
I'LL SHOW THE RESULTS IN AL
FIRST FOLLOWING INACTIVATION OF
AF AND AL AND IN RESPONSE TO
FACES WE SEE REDUCED SUPPRESSED
BETA COEFFICIENTS AND BOTH IN AF
AND IN AL REDUCED CONDITIONS.
NOW WE WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS THE
EFFECT OF INACTIVATING THE
ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES ON THE
MIDDLE FACE PATCHES.
ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS.
WE SEE INACTIVATION HAVING A
CONSEQUENCE ON THE BETA
COEFFICIENTS IN AREA MF
FOLLOWING ANTERIOR FACE PATCH
INACTIVATION WHICH I WILL SHOW
YOU AS THIS KIND OF FEEDBACK
CONNECTION AND THE SAME IS TRUE
IN AREA ML AND SO YOU SEE THOSE
FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS AS WELL
FROM ANTERIOR TO MOST POSTERIOR
REGIONS AND HERE WE SEE THEM
WEAKER AND MORE VARIABLE.
SO THIS IS ONLY IN THE
IPSILATERAL FACE PATCHES.
AS I SHOWED BEFORE THERE IS NO
EFFECT ON THE CONTRALATERAL FACE
PATCHES ON THE OPPOSITE
HEMISPHERE AND WE SHOW IT LIKE
THIS.
THE LAST THING WE LOOKED WAS
INACTIVATION FROM THE ANTERIOR
FACE PATCHES TO AMYGDALA.
THIS IS JUST IN THE IPSILATERAL
HEMISPHERE THE SELECT OF AL AND
THE IMAGING IN RESPONSE TO FACES
AND OBJECTS.
IN BOTH CASES YOU SEE
SUPPRESSION OF THE BETA
COEFFICIENT AFTER THE INJECTIONS
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS BOTH
FOR FACES AND OBJECTS.
THE ONE THING I HADN'T TOLD YOU
WHICH I APOLOGIZE, I SHOULD
HAVE, IS THAT THESE LITTLE
RECTANGLES UP HERE INDICATE THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF FOR EXAMPLE THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF AF/AL ACTIVATION
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL AND
PRECEDING.
PERHAPS YOU HAD INFERRED THIS
ALREADY WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN A
GOOD THING TO HAVE DONE.
AND SURPRISINGLY, INACTIVATING
AF AND AL HAS CONSEQUENCE FOR
THE IPSILATERAL AMYGDALA BUT NOT
CONTRALATERAL AMYGDALA.
BY SHOWING THE OVER ALL FINDING
IN THE DISTRIBUTED FACE NETWORK,
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FINDINGS.
FIRSTLY, INACTING MF, ML,
SUPPRESSION AFFECTS THE OTHER
AND TRUE FOR AF/AL AS WELL AND
INACTING ONE OF THE MIDDLE FACE
PATCHES HAS DIRECT CONSEQUENCES
ON THE ANTERIOR PATCHES.
THERE'S EVIDENCE OF FEEDBACK.
INACTIVATION OF AF OR AL OR
TOGETHER HAS SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS
ON THE MIDDLE FACE PATCHES ML
AND MF AND THERE'S STRONGER
CONNECTIST BETWEEN THE TWO FACE
PATCHES IN THE SAME AXIS.
THESE TWO ALONG THE FUNDUS HAVE
CROSS ACTIVATION BETWEEN THE
FUNDUS AND LATERAL AND FUNDAL
ACTIVITY IS STRONG AND LATERAL
ACTIVITY IS STRONG BUT BETWEEN
THE TWO IT'S VARIABLE NOT ALWAYS
OBSERVABLE.
AND ONCE WE SET OUT THE FOOLISH
AGENDA AND NOW 14 YEARS LATER
I'M HERE TO TELL YOU THE STORY,
WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW THERE WERE
MULTIPLE FACE PATCHES IN HUMANS
AND MONKEYS.
THAT A DISCONNECTION BETWEEN
MORE POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR
REGIONS RESULTS IN AN IMPAIRMENT
LIKE IN THE PROSO PRAG NOSICS
WHERE WE HAD DATA TO LOOK AT THE
EXTEND OF THEIR DEFICIT.
AND LOOKED AT THE FUNDAL AND
LATERAL AND IPSITO
CONTRAHEMISPHERE AND CAUSAL
MANIPULATION AFFECTS FACES AND
OBJECTS.
AND WE WERE ABLE TO MAP OUT THE
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN FUNDUS AND
LATERAL REGIONS.
SO THIS TALE OF TWO LABS SPANNED
14 YEARS THE PAPER ON THE JOINT
INACTIVATION AND IMAGING IS
HOPEFULLY GOING TO BE OUT IN
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS VERY SOON.
IT'S BEEN REVISED AND UNDER
CONSIDERATION.
I WOULD LIKE TO CONCLUDE WITH
DICKENS' CONCLUSION WITH A TALE
OF TWO CITIES, HE NOTED IT WAS
THE BEST OF TIMES, IT WAS THE
WORSE OF TIMES.
WE WERE ALL GOING DIRECT TO
HEAVEN.
WE WERE ALL GOING DIRECTLY THE
OTHER WAY.
AND AT VARIOUS POINTS OVER THESE
14 YEARS, EACH OF THESE PROBABLY
APPLIED TO US.
SO I WOULD LIKE TO NOT ONLY
THANK LESLIE AND NING FOR THIS
HERCULEAN EFFORT AND THOSE WHO
PUSHED FORWARD THE CONGENITAL
PROSOPRAGNOSIC STUDIES AND AND
THIS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
POSSIBLE WITHOUT NIH AND
FUNDING.
WHAT I WANTAGNOSIC STUDIES AND
THIS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
POSSIBLE WITHOUT NIH AND
FUNDING.
WHAT I WANT TO LEAVE YOU WITH IS
NOTWITHSTANDING DICKENS FLIPPING
BETWEEN THE POLAR OPPOSITES
BEING AT EVERY POINT ALONG THIS
WAY THIS WAS THE BEST OF TIMES
FOR ME.
I LEARNED SO MUCH FROM LESLIE
AND I MISS HER.
AND I CONTINUE TO BE INSPIRED BY
HER WORK AND BY HER LEGACY.
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
>> DO YOU WANT TO TAKE A SHOT AT
SOMETHING.
I'M HAVING DEALING WITH
SOMETHING IN MY OWN MIND WHICH
IS THE ROLE OF THESE SUB
NETWORKS WITHIN WHAT WE USED TO
THINK WERE THE FUNCTIONAL
BOUNDARIES, THE ARCHITECTONICS
AND HOW THAT PLAYS IN YOUR
THINKING NOW BECAUSE FOR NOW 60
YEARS WE ACKNOWLEDGED THAT
FUNCTION GOES WITH ARCHITEC
ARCHITECTONICS A LOT AS A
LOGICAL MAPPING.
WITH THE NEW STUDIES LIKE YOURS
AND LESLIES, WE'RE FACED WITH
SUB NETWORKS TO DEAL WITH.
AND WHAT WE THINK WE SEE WHEN WE
DO A TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS USING
ARCHITECTONIC BOUNDARIES
INSTEAD?
>> OKAY.
THIS IS A VERY PROFOUND
QUESTION.
IT HAS TO DO WITH HOW TO ALIGN
MORE RECENT FINDINGS WITH
PREVIOUS WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT
NETWORKS.
NOW, I UNDERSTAND THAT THE
QUESTION IS NOT ABOUT WE GET NEW
FINDINGS BECAUSE WE HAVE NEWER
METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES AND
ARE THINGS WE WEREN'T ABLE TO DO
BEFORE.
IT'S HOW TO RECONCILE DIFFERENCE
IN ARCHITECTONICS AND FUNCTION.
I'M NOT SO SURE THE RESULTS THAT
WE HAVE PRESENT A MASSIVE
CHALLENGE TO THIS WAY OF
THINKING.
WE CAN SEE A STRUCTURAL
DISCONNECTION IN THE
PROSOPAGNOSIC AND A FUNCTIONAL
DISORDER IS CORRELATED WITH THE
EXTENT OF THE CHANGE IN THE
ARCHITECTONIC.
THE IDEA IT'S SUB NETWORKS IS AN
INTERESTING IDEA AND PERHAPS
DRAWS OUT THE RECEIVED WISDOM
THAT REGIONS THAT NEED TO
COOPERATE NEED TO BE CLOSE TO
EACH OTHER AND YET ALSO NEED TO
BE IN THE MORE GENERAL NETWORK.
SO A GOOD SOLUTION TO THAT WOULD
BE TO HAVE THESE SUB POPULATIONS
THAT CAN COMPUTE MORE LOCALLY
BUT ALSO HAVE LONGER PROJECTIONS
WHICH OBVIOUSLY IS MORE
METABOLICALLY CONSUMING.
THIS SEEMS TO ME A GOOD SOLUTION
FOR HOW THE BRAIN WORKS.
I'LL DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO A
PAPER WE PUBLISHED IN PANS
EARLIER THIS YEAR WHICH SHOWS IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE NEURAL
NETWORKS HOW THE SUB NETWORKS
CAN EMERGE TOPOGRAPHICALLY UNDER
CONSTRAINTS AND EMERGE WITHOUT
HEAVY ARCHITECTONICS OR
PRESPECIFICATION OF THE
STRUCTURE AND YET THE TOPOGRAPHY
COMES TO OBEY THE STRUCTURE WE
ALREADY KNOW.
>> THANK YOU FOR INTEGRATING
YOUR WORK WITH LESLIE IN A
WONDERFUL WAY.
I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DATA AT
THE END WHEN YOU LOOK AT
INACTIVATIONS OF FACE PATCHES.
WAS THAT WORK ALL IN THE CONTEXT
OF RESTING STATE CONNECTIVITY
GOING UP AND DOWN BUT NOT IN THE
CONTEXT OF MONKEYS ACTUALLY
VIEWING FACES OR OBJECTS OR
ANYTHING.
>> THEY PERFORMED THE SAME
LOCALIZED EXPERIMENTS THEY
VIEWED OBJECTS, FACES, SCENES
AND BOLDINGS.
THE REDUCTION IN THE BETA
COEFFICIENTS IS UNDER PASSIVELY
VIEWING BUT IT'S NOT A
BEHAVIORAL STUDY IN THE MONKEY.
THIS IS ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH
THERE'S COMPLIMENTARTY AND THE
MONKEYS GAVE US THE DETAILED
CAUSAL CIRCUITRY.
>> PASSIVE VIEWING.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
I'LL BE TALKING TO YOU LATER BUT
IT'S AN INTEREST I'M STILL
WORKING ON WHICH IS HOW THE FACE
PATCHES AND OTHER IMPORTANT
EVENTS IN ANIMALS LIVES GET
TRANSLATED TO ACTION AND PART OF
THAT STORY IS THROUGH THE
AMYGDALA.
>> I LOOK FOR WARD TO IT.
THANK YOU.
WELCOME BACK, EVERYONE.
BEFORE WE GET STARTED WITH THE
NEXT SETS OF TALKS.
I HAVE A COUPLE HOUSEKEEPING, IF
WE HAVE ANYONE WATCHING ON
VIDEOCAST AND WE HAVE 330 AT THE
MOMENT, IF ANYONE ON VIDEOCAST
HAS A QUESTION, PLEASE CLICK ON
THE LIVE FEEDBACK BOX AND TYPE
IN YOUR QUESTION.
WE HAVE MIRIAM HERE IN THE
AUDIENCE WHO IS READING THOSE AS
THEY COME IN AND WILL ASK IN THE
ROOM WHEN THAT HAPPENS.
PEOPLE IN THE ROOM, IF YOU HAVE
A QUESTION, IF YOU COULD MAKE
YOUR WAY TO THE AISLE MICS THAT
WOULD BE GREAT.
IT'S BETTER FOR THE VIDEOCAST
BUT WE CAN TRY TO MAKE THEM TO
YOU.
WE HAVE TWO OFFICIAL
PHOTOGRAPHERS TAKING PICTURES
BUT WE ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO
TAKE PICTURES IF YOU CAN AND
WE'LL AT THE END OF THE
SYMPOSIUM SEND OUT A REPOSITORY
NOTE WHERE YOU CAN SUBMIT YOUR
PHOTOS.
IT'S MY GREAT PLEASURE TO
INTRODUCE THE NEXT SPEAKER, AINA
PUCE FROM INDIANA UNIVERSITY.
SHE'S THE ELEANOR COX RIGGS
PROFESSOR AT INDIANA.
SHE IMMORALIZED LESLIE AFTER SHE
WAS AWARDED THE GLASS BRAIN
AWARD FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING IN 2020.
IN THAT INTERVIEW, AINA REALLY
DREW LESLIE OUT AND IT FELT LIKE
A FIRESIDE CHAT WITH FRIENDS.
IF YOU HAVEN'T WATCHED IT, I
RECOMMEND IT.
AND AINA AND LESLIE STARTED
ASSOCIATING BACK IN THE '90s.
THEY'VE CROSSED PATHS MULTIPLE
TIMES PROFESSIONALLY AND
PERSONALLY AND WHICH AINA WILL
TALK ABOUT TODAY.
SO WELCOMING, AINA.
I'M INTERESTED IN HEARING OF
YOUR PERPETUAL CROSSING OF
PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL
PATHWAYS.
>> THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS
AND I DEDICATE THIS TO LESLIE'S
MEMORY MAKING IT PART PERSONAL
IN MY TALK.
I STARTED AS A GRADUATE STUDENT
IN THE EARLY 1980s.
I READ "THE" PAPER SHE WROTE
WITH MORT MICHIGAN.
I WAS STUDYING IN AUSTRALIA AND
WENT TO A LAB AT YALE AND YOU
CAN SEE THEM DEPICTED ON THE SET
OF IMAGES THERE.
IT'S PART OF THE FACE PROCESSING
STIMULUS SET.
I WAS FORTUNATE TO HEAR LESLIE
SPEAK AND IT WAS A BRILLIANT
PRESENTATION AND A NEUROBIOLOGY
PRESENTATION AT HARVARD AND IT
WAS MARVELOUS AND PUSHED ME TO
START THINKING ABOUT WHAT'S GOES
IN IN THAT VENTRAL PART OF THE
PATHWAY.
WE TALKED ABOUT PATIENTS AND DID
24 EXPERIMENTS.
I'M SHOWING SOME OF THE STIMULUS
EXEMPLARS AND WE ALL LOOKED A
LOT YOUNGER.
WE WERE IN THE DARK BECAUSE
IMAGING STUDIES HADN'T BEEN DONE
BECAUSE THE DATA TOOK FIVE YEARS
TO COLLECT AND A YEAR TO
ANALYZE.
THERE'S ANOTHER FAMILIAR FACE
AND A PIONEER IN FACE PROCESSING
AND WE LOST HIM SUDDENLY 2012
WAS AN AWFUL YEAR FOR ME.
I HAD BREAST CANCER IN 2012 AND
HAD TO TAKE SIX MONTHS OFF.
IT WAS NOT GOOD AND WHILE I WAS
RECOVERING, SRLOM DIED TUDLY AND
THEN TROMO AND I SAID GREG,
YOU'RE THE LAST AUTHOR ON THE
LIST.
I THINK THE MISFORTUNATE STOPPED
AT MY NAME.
I WANT TO TURN BRIEFLY TO THE
ORGANIZATION FOR HUMAN BRAIN
MAPPING BECAUSE LESLIE WAS AN
INTEGRAL PART IN ITS FOUNDING IN
THE 1990s AND THE FIRST MEETING
WAS IN 1995 IN PARIS AND I
REMEMBER THAT WELL.
C
I CHOSE 1999 BECAUSE I WANT IT
TELL YOU A STORY AND KARL
FRISTON WAS THE CHAIR AND LESLIE
WAS THE CHAIR PRIOR TO CARL THE
YEAR BEFORE AND I ROTATED ON TO
COUNCIL FOR THE FIRST TIME I HAD
A LOT OF INTERACTIONS AND THINGS
HAPPEN IN A 20-YEAR CYCLE AND 20
YEARS LATER I WAS THE CHAIR OF
COUNCIL AND IT WAS MY DISTINCT
PLEASURE TO AWARD LESLIE THE
GLASS BRAIN AWARD.
OF COURSE, WE WERE ALL IN COVID
LOCKDOWN AND WE CRAFT THE
INTERVIEW AND I WON'T SHOW ANY
OF IT BECAUSE BOB ALREADY DID
SUCH A NICE JOB HIGHLIGHTING IT.
BUT LESLIE REALLY GAVE OF
HERSELF.
THAT WAS REALLY AN AMAZING
OCCASION.
WE DID A DRY RUN.
OF COURSE, IT WAS LESLIE.
THEN SHOW WAS RELAXED ENOUGH TO
KNOW I WOULDN'T DO SOMETHING
CRAZY.
WHY WOULD SHE THINK THAT?
SHE DID THE SECOND INTERVIEW AND
I'M INDEBTED TO AN E-MAIL
EXCHANGE AND LESLIE COMMENTED
ABOUT HER IMPRESSION ABOUT THE
INTERVIEW AND SHE WAS HAPPY.
SHE WAS HAPPY WITH IT BECAUSE
SHE GOT TO SLEEP WELL THAT NIGHT
AFTER THE INTERVIEW.
IF THERE WAS ANYTHING THAT
MATTERED TO ME WAS WAS LESLIE
SATISFIED.
I DIDN'T CARE WHAT ANYONE ELSE
THOUGHT.
I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A
CONFERENCE ORGANIZED IN SAN
ANTONIO.
THE RIVER WALK IS ALSO A NICE
STONE PATH.
YOU WALK BY THE SIDE OF THE
RIVER.
THERE ARE NO BARRIERS.
WE ARE WALKING ALONG AND
LESLIE'S IN FRONT OF US AND KARL
FRISTON AND I ARE FOLLOWING
DUTIFULLY AND LESLIE STUMBLED
AND FOR THAT SECOND TIME STOOD
STILL.
I THOUGHT WILL SHE FALL AND I
HAVE TO FISH HER OUT OR FALL ON
THE ROCKY PATH AND BREAK A BONE
AND WHO WOULD TAKE HER TO THE
EMERGENCY ROOM?
I WAS WORRYING NEEDLESSLY
BECAUSE GREAT SCIENTISTS STUMBLE
BUT THEY DON'T FALL.
I HAVE TO GIVE MY THANKS TO KARL
WHO WENT ALONG WITH THE ESCAPADE
AND SENT ME A PICTURE OF HIMMING
FEARFUL.
I HAVE TO SAY THAT'S THE FIRST
TIME EVER I'VE SEEN KARL LOOK
FEARFUL.
I HAVE TO SAY, HE LIT UP A
CIGARETTE AFTER THAT ADMITTEDLY.
SERIOUSLY THOUGH, KARL IS IN
SPIRIT TODAY BECAUSE WHEN I TOLD
HIM WHAT I WAS GOING DO MAKE HIM
AND I LOOK SILLY AND LESLIE LOOK
GOOD AND THE FACT WE WERE DOING
THE SYMPOSIUM IN HER HONOR, HE
SAID IT WAS A LOVELY IDEA AND
WAS VERY HAPPY WE'RE DOING IT.
NOW TO SCIENCE AND I WANT TO
COMPARE WHAT WE GOOD COMPARED
NOW IN THE 21st CENTURY.
IT WAS THE TIME OF fMRI AND HOW
WE THOUGHT ABOUT CERTAIN AREAS
OFF THE BRAIN WORKED.
I DON'T
-- OF BRAIN WORKED AND I THINK
BOTH STATEMENTS I MADE ARE TRUE
AND LET ME TURN TO THE CONCEPT
OF MODULARITY.
IN THE 1990s WE WERE STRUGGLING
AND LEARNING HOW TO DO THINGS
AND DIDN'T HAVE ALL THE METHODS.
JERRY FODOR WROTE AN INTERESTING
BOOK AND INTERESTING SET OF
IDEAS PHILOSOPHICALLY.
I READ IT THREE TIMES NOW A
DECADE A PART EACH TIME AND I
STILL COULDN'T THEN AND I STILL
CAN'T NOW SEE HOW IT WOULD APPLY
TO NEUROSCIENCE AND THE BRAIN AS
WE KNEW IT.
REMEMBER, I STARTED IN
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY SO IT WAS
DIFFICULT FOR ME TO SEE THAT.
THAT SAID, WE WERE DOING
NEUROIMAGING AND WERE DOING ALSO
FUSI FORM WORK AND THERE WERE
EXPERTISE EFFECT STUDIES OUT
THERE AND WE TRIED TO REPLICATE
THEM AND THIS WAS LOOKING AT THE
EXPECTS AND THE EXPERTISE
EFFECTS IF YOU CALL HUMAN
FACES -- IF YOU PUT THEM IN THAT
CATEGORY ARE LARGER FOR THE
FACES AND THE EXPERTISE EFFECTS
DO THE NON-FACE CATEGORY WERE
ACTUALLY LARGER IN THE ADJACENT
CORTICAL REGIONS AND THAT HAD
BEEN KIND OF FORGOTTEN.
SO THAT DEBATE RAGED ON AND
CONTINUED.
I ENDED UP FOCUSSING ON THE STS.
WE KNEW BACK IN THE MID '90s
THERE WAS SOMETHING GOING ON IN
THE STS.
I WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IT WAS.
WE DID A CONTROL STUDY OF FACIAL
MOTION AND SHOWED STS IS ABOUT
FACIAL MOTION AND NOT THE KIND
OF MOTION RESPONSE THAT YOU ARE
SEEN IN MTV5.
IT RESPONDED TO FACES AS WELL
BUT THE STS WAS REALLY
RESPONSIVE TO FACIAL MOTION.
I WANTED TO FOLLOW THAT UP AND
THAT'S WHAT I'VE BEEN DOING OVER
THE LAST FEW YEARS.
LET'S TALK ABOUT MODULE COMPLEX.
IT'S ENOUGH TO MAKE YOUR HAIR
TURN GREEN.
IS THE ERA OF MULTI-MODAL
INVESTIGATION.
LESLIE PIONEERED THAT.
I WAS ALWAYS INSPIRED BY THAT
AND ALWAYS DID INTRACRANIAL AND
EXCEL.
EEG AND COLLABORATED WITH PEOPLE
WHO DID MEG STUDIES AND I WAS
DOING MRI STUFF AS WELL.
I NEVER FORGOT THAT MESSAGE FROM
HER.
IT WAS NECESSARY BECAUSE OUR
IDEA OF MODULARITY NOW HAS
CHANGED TO THE IDEA OF
COMMUNITIES WHERE BRAIN REGIONS
CLUMP TOGETHER AND INTERACT AND
THEY ARE MORE LOOSELY CONNECTED
WITH OTHER BRAIN REGIONS.
THERE'S PARALLEL PATHWAYS BUT WE
NEED TO CONSIDER STRUCTURAL
CONNECTIVITY AND OF COURSE YOU
CAN DO THIS FOR STRUCTURE
CONNECTIVITY BUT WE ALSO NEED TO
THINK ABOUT FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY.
THAT'S THE THING THAT IS REALLY
DRIVING WHAT WE'RE ON ABOUT.
IMAGINE LOOKING AT THE BRAIN
REGION AND THIS BRAIN REGION AND
THE INTERACTIONS.
THERE'S NO DIRECT PATH BETWEEN
THE TWO BUT THERE'S AN INDIRECT
ONE THROUGH THIS STRUCTURE.
THAT'S WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT.
THERE'S EXTRA LINKAGES THAT FORM
ACTIVATION PATTERNS AND FORM
RHYTHMS IN AREAS FURTHER DOWN
THE TRACK WE NEED TO BE THINKING
ABOUT LAYERED BRAIN NETWORK AND
FREQUENCY COUPLING OF BRAIN
RHY
RHYTHMS.
WE KNOW WE HAVE DIFFERENT
CANONICAL EEG BANDS.
THE LOWER FREQUENCIES ARE
DYNAMICALLY COUPLED TO GAMMA AND
THESE COUPLINGS COME AND GO AND
DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT THE
ORGANISM IS IN.
IT DEPENDS WHETHER THERE'S A
TASK OR RESTING STATE ACTIVITY.
THESE COUPLINGS CAN COME AND GO
WITHIN AND ACROSS BRAIN AREAS.
IT'S COMPLEX.
AND WE ALL THINK ABOUT WHITE
MATTER PATHWAYS BUT THERE'S
INTERSTATES.
THERE'S STATE ROADS AND COUNTY
ROADS AND DIRT TRACKS AND THESE
ALL ARE BECAUSE OF WHAT META
FIBERS DIFFERENT IN THEIR LENGTH
AND WIDTH CREATE DISPERSION OF
TIMING FOR THE SUMMED
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS.
SO NEUROPHYSIOLOGY IS IMPORTANT
AND WE CAN'T NEGLECT IT ANY MORE
BECAUSE WE WON'T SOLVE THAT
PROBLEM.
WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THIS AND WE
THINK WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE A
WICKED PROBLEM.
WE THINK UNDERSTANDING BRAIN
FUNCTION AND HEALTH AND DISEASE
IS A WICKED PROBLEM TO MATCH THE
OTHER ONES IN SOCIETY WHERE
THESE ARE COMPLEX PROBLEMS THAT
DON'T HAVE A UNIQUE SOLUTION AND
THEY'RE CONTINUALLY EVOLVING.
AND IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE
THIS IS COMING OUT IN MARCH NEXT
YEAR.
SO LET ME JUST RETURN TO
PARALLEL PATHWAYS AGAIN BRIEFLY.
AND OF COURSE, WE ALL KNOW MANY
OF US IN THE ROOM KNOW SOME OF
US ARE STILL LEARNING ABOUT
VICKY BRUCE AND ANDY YOUNG,
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY BASED MODEL.
IT'S A BEAUTIFUL MODEL,
PRENEUROIMAGING AS WE KNOW IT
AND THEY CRAFTED THIS BEAUTIFUL
PARALLEL PATHWAY MODEL FOR FACE
PROCESSING AND IDENTITY AND
SOCIAL COGNITION AND FACE
EXPRESSION ON THE BASIS OF
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL LESION
STUDIES.
AMAZING WORK.
AS WE STARTED TO DO NEUROIMAGING
STUDIES, WE WERE ALL TALKING
ABOUT OF A LOT AND THAT'S WHERE
I WOULD TALK A LITTLE WITH
LESLIE ABOUT THESE KIND OF
THINGS BECAUSE SHE'D COME TO MY
POSTER AT SFN AT HUMAN BRAIN
MAPPING AND SO DID JIM HAXBY AND
HE WAS ABLE TO PROPOSE A WE WORK
OF THIS PATHWAY IDEA WITH THE
CORE SYSTEM AND EXTENDED SYSTEM
AS MARLENE ALREADY MENTIONED.
THAT WAS IN 2000 IT WAS UPDATED
LATER AND LATER WAS MAPPING OUT
THE SULCUS AND WHAT IT WAS DOING
AND HOW DID IT EXCHANGE
INFORMATION WITH THE FUSIFORM
BECAUSE THERE ARE NO KNOWN
DIRECT ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN THE TWO.
OF COURSE THERE'S ALSO THE
EXTENDED SYSTEM THAT USED FACIAL
INFORMATION FOR VERY IMPORTANT
FUNCTIONS.
SO THE MAIN QUESTIONS THAT
CONCERN ME AND THAT I WOULD
CONSULT WITH LESLIE A LOT ABOUT
WAS WE ALREADY KNEW THERE WAS
FACIAL MOTION AND MOTION
RESPONSES AND SOCIAL ATTENTION
RESPONSES IN THE STS AND THE
BASIC ASSUMPTION WITH OUR
THINKING WAS THAT THE STS MAY BE
AN INTEGRATION POINT BETWEEN THE
DORSAL AND CENTRAL PATHWAYS.
THAT KIND OF DROVE THE KIND OF
EXPERIMENTS I DID AS I WENT
ALONG EVEN AFTER I LEFT THE LAB.
AND THE THING THAT NAGGED ME TOO
FOR YEARS WAS HOW DOES
INFORMATION TRAVEL BETWEEN THE
TWO REGIONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO
COMMUNICATE.
SO WITH THAT IN MIND, WITH THAT
IN MIND I DON'T BACK INTO THE
INTRA -- DROVE BACK INTO THE
INTRACRANIAL LITERATURE WITH A
COLLABORATOR IN FRANCE AND A
PORTUGUESE POST-DOC WHO WAS
WONDERFUL AND A LOCKED MYSELF
AWAY IN PARIS -- SOMEONE'S GOT
TO DO THE HARD WORK, AND
DISSECTED A DATA SET I'LL TELL
YOU ABOUT IN A MOMENT AT THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD IT'S NOW
THE PARIS BRAIN INSTITUTE.
AND THIS PAPER CAME OUT JUST
RECENTLY.
AND WE HAD A GRADUATE STUDENT IN
NATALIE'S LAB AND DESIGNED A
TASK TO DISENTANGLE WITH STATIC
VERSUS DYNAMIC STIMULATION IN
EPILEPSY PATIENTS AND IT WAS A
COMPLEX TAX.
I WON'T EXPLAIN THE PARADIGM, I
CAN EXPLAIN IT LATER BUT WE HAD
A DATA SET OF 18 PATIENTS.
I'M STILL LEARNING HOW TO USE
THIS MOUSE -- 18 PATIENTS WHICH
WE WHITTLED DOWN TO 11 BECAUSE
WE GOT RID OF PEOPLE WITH
EPILEPTIC ABNORMALITIES AND HAD
REGIONS OF INTEREST WE
SEGREGATED AND NEUROLOGICAL
RESPONSES TO BUT THE ONE THING I
WANT TO SHOW YOU IS HOW THE STS
RESPONDED TO DIRECT OR REVERTED
GAZE.
THAT'S WHAT WE HAD IN THE TASK.
YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES AS SHOWN BETWEEN THE
TWO TYPES OF FIELD POTENTIAL
HERE.
THESE ARE DATA AND SINGLE
PATIENTS IN ISOLATED ELECTRODES.
SO HERE WAS THE -- WE KNEW THE
STS RESPONDED TO FACIAL MOTION
AND HERE WAS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE.
HOW DO YOU LINK THAT AND WE DID
THIS WITH A GRADUATE STUDENT AND
A LAB WHO WAS A DIFFUSION TENSOR
IMAGING EXPERT AND HAD WRITTEN
AN ALGORITHM TO TRACT TRACE.
AND THE WHITE MATTER TRACTS IN
THE POSTERIOR BRAIN TO MAP OUT
ONE END POINT FOR A WHITE MATTER
TRACT AND THE OTHER END POINT.
YOU CAN DO THIS ACROSS SUBJECTS
BECAUSE IT WAS A COMMON VOXAL
SPACE AND THE PATIENT AND WE DID
AN OVERLAX ANALYSIS LOOKING AT
THE ACTIVE ELECTRODE SITES AND
THEIR LATENCIES AND LOOKED AT
AND OUR FINAL WORKING MODEL IS
WHAT I'VE GOT HERE IN THIS
CARTOON HERE.
AND THE IOC START THE IT OFF AND
BY THE INTERIOR LONGITUDINAL
FOSICULUS AND HERE WE HAVE A
CHAPERONE, IF YOU WILL AND THERE
ARE POTENTIAL OTHER
RELATIONSHIPS OUR DATA SET
DIDN'T HAVE THE DATA SET TO
RESOLVE.
AND THAT'S OUR MOLT BUT AS WE WE
REVISING OUR PAPER IN ITS SECOND
PAPER THIS ONE CAME OUT AND IT
WAS A SPECTACULAR PAPER.
AND THERE WAS A BEAUTIFUL STET
OF SET OF STUDIES.
AND THIS PAPER CAME OUT AND
LESLIE HAD ALREADY PASSED THAT
THE POINT.
BEAUTIFUL PART OF THE PAPER WAS
IT DIDN'T CONTRADICT OUR WORK
BUT SHOWED HOW MUCH WORK WE HAVE
TO DO AND WE HAVE OUR THIRD
PATHWAY AND WE DON'T EVEN KNOW
HOW THESE TWO INTERACT.
OBVIOUSLY I WAS WRONG.
IT'S PART OF IT'S OWN PATHWAY
AND IT MAKES SENSE BECAUSE MY
WORK WITH COLLABORATORS IN JAPAN
ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO SHOWED THIS
MOTION AN I COULD NEVER
UNDERSTAND WHY AND AFTER ALL
THESE YEARS IT MAKES SENSE.
SO THERE'S A LOT OF WORK TO DO,
FOLKS.
AND SHOW YOU UNPUBLISHED DATA
AND I FEEL BETTER NOW BECAUSE I
HAD MY HEART IN MY MOUTH ABOUT
THE SLIDE AND IT WAS DATA I
PRESENTED IN 1999 OF ALL THINGS
WE COLLECTED IN THE LAB AND OF
COURSE HAD A PROFILE ON THE
VENTRAL SURFACE AND HERE'S A
DYNAMIC FACE PROFILE.
THIS MATCHED THE fMRI STUDIES WE
HAD DONE AND OTHERS HAD DONE AND
HERE'S THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL
SIGNATURE, 400 MILLISECONDS
AFTER THE STIMULUS BUT THERE'S
MORE.
THERE WAS A PROBE IN THE INSULA
AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT NEEDS
TO BE EXPLORED.
IT'S NOT PART OF THE EXTENDED
FACE SYSTEM BUT IT SHOULD BE.
I'M PUTTING THIS UP THERE SO
YOU'LL GO OUT AND DO INSULA
STUDIES AND MAYBE I CAN GET THIS
THING PUBLISHED FINALLY.
OF COURSE, 20 YEARS A PART COVER
VERSIONS.
THESE AREN'T RECORD COVERS BUT I
TREAT THEM THAT WAY AND THESE
ARE DESIGNS I DID FOR ART
DESIGNS I DID FOR JOURNAL COVERS
AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT'S
IMPORTANT TO ME BECAUSE I CAN
COMBINE THIS IN SCIENCE AS WELL.
AND FINALLY A PERSONAL THING.
LESLIE WAS WAS ALWAYS LOOKING
OUT FOR PEOPLE IN HER LAB AND
OUTSIDE HER LAB TOO AND DID THAT
ARE FOR ME TOO AND WROTE ME A
BEAUTIFUL LETTER FOR MY GREEN
CARD AND THANK YOU TO THOSE IN
THE AUDIENCE WHO DID THE SAME
THING AND FOR THOSE WHO DON'T
KNOW, UNCLE SAM CALLS GREEN CARD
APPLICANTS OR SUCCESSFUL GREEN
CARD APPLICANTS ALIENS OF
REASONABLE ABILITY.
I THINK THAT'S KIND OF CUTE.
THERE'S INTERESTING PARALLEL
PATHWAYS THAT SOMETIMES CROSS
OVER PERIODS OF DECADES.
I'M READING A BOOK ON
EXISTENTIAL PHYSICS AND I WANT
TO LEAVE YOU WITH A THOUGHT.
IMAGINE IF THE MOMENT IN TIME
THAT LESLIE WAS BORN IN OUR
TIME, A SUPER NOVA EXPLODED IN
THE UNIVERSE AND WE COULD SEE IT
FROM EARTH AND YOU'D THINK,
OKAY, THAT'S A CONTEMPORANEOUS
EVENT BUT WHEN YOU STOP TO THINK
ABOUT IT, IT'S ACTUALLY NOT.
BECAUSE FOR THAT SUPER NOVA TO
REACH US ON EARTH, THAT EVENT
HAPPENED MANY MANY MANY MILLIONS
OF LIGHT YEARS AGO SO I WANT TO
LEAVE YOU WITH THAT THOUGHT
BECAUSE LESLIE'S NOT GONE.
SHE'S FLOATING IN THE UNIVERSE.
HER LIGHT RAYS ARE IN THE
UNIVERSE AND WILL BE SO FOR A
LONG, LONG, LONG, LONG TIME.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME.
[APPLAUSE]
>> IT IS NOW MY GREAT PLEASURE
TO INTRODUCE OUR NEXT SPEAKER,
CAROL COLBY WHO IS A PROFESSOR
OF NEUROSCIENCE AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH.
CAROL AND LESLIE OVERLAPPED AT
STANFORD IN THE EARLY 1970s AND
REMAINED LIFE LONG FRIENDS.
I WOULD HEAR FROM CAROL OFTEN
AND KNOW THEY HAD A LONG AND
STRONG FRIENDSHIP AND DELIGHTED
SHE COULD BE HERE TO TALK AT THE
SYMPOSIUM.
THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.
OVER TO YOU.
>> THERE WE ARE BACK AT
STANFORD.
WELL, THANK YOU TO THE
ORGANIZERS FOR BRINGING US
TOGETHER.
THIS IS SO IMPORTANT.
IT'S BEEN QUITE A WHILE SINCE
LESLIE DIED AND WE MISS HER AND
WE MISSED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE
TOGETHER AT THE TIME.
THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS AND
THANK YOU FOR THE WONDERFUL
TALKS THIS MORNING.
THEY WERE INSPIRING.
TO AINA'S POINT, SHOWED HOW
BROAD HER INFLUENCE WAS.
IT'S BEEN WONDERFULLY
INTERESTING.
YOU SHOULD BE SO PLEASED TO KNOW
IT'S ALMOST LUNCH TIME AND I
HAVE NO DATA AND I'LL TALK ABOUT
EL
LESLIE AND WILL TRY NOT TO HIT
THESE MICROPHONES WHICH I
NOTICED IS A PROBLEM.
THE OUTSTANDING THING I REMEMBER
ABOUT LESLIE IS SHE NEVER MET A
STRANGER.
SHE NEVER MET A STRANGER.
SHE BECAME FRIENDS WITH
EVERYBODY SHE MET.
SHE WAS GENUINELY INTERESTED IN
OTHER PEOPLE.
IT'S SUCH A RARE PHENOMENON.
SHE HAD IT IN SPADES.
SHE CREATED FAMILY WHEREVER SHE
WAS.
IT HAS RIPPLED OUT IN ALL
DIRECTIONS.
IF YOU LOOK AT NEUROTREE YOU'LL
BE AMAZED HOW MANY CONNECTS.
THAT'S NOT THE HALF OF IT.
THE SPEAKERS TODAY ARE MEMBERS
OF THAT FAMILY, STUDENTS IN HER
LAB OR CO-WORKERS OR PEOPLE DOWN
THE HALL.
SHE CONNECTED WITH PEOPLE.
IT WAS A PRIVILEGE TO KNOW HER.
AS MENTIONED, I MET HER, THIS IS
THE BEST THING TO HAPPEN TO ME
IN CALIFORNIA, WHICH IS SAYING A
LOT, WAS BEING CONNECTED TO
LESLIE.
I WAS GRATEFUL TO HEAR FROM BOB
THAT KARL WAS A GIANT IN THE
FIELD AND NOBODY EXCEPT BOB KNEW
THAT.
HE WAS AND HIS BOOK, LANGUAGES
OF THE BRAIN, WAS SEMINOLE AND
INSPIRING WHICH IS WHY PEOPLE
WANTED TO WORK WITH HIM.
AND I WAS INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE
BECAUSE I ARRIVED TO DO MY
GRADUATE WORK JUST AS LESLIE WAS
PACKING UP TO GO.
AND SHE'S BEEN SO IMPORTANT TO
ME.
I MET LESLIE IN 1975 AND I KNOW
I COULDN'T POSSIBLY TO BE OLD
ENOUGH FOR THAT TO BE TRUE BUT I
MET HER THEN.
YEARS LATER SHE AND I HAD ENOUGH
AFFECTION FOR CARL PREBRUM.
HE WAS A CHALLENGING INDIVIDUAL
AND INCREDIBLY INTERESTING.
NONETHELESS, WE WERE PLEASED TO
HAVE KNOWN HIM AND HAVE WORKED
WITH HIM AND LESLIE AND I HAVE
ONE AND ONLY ONE PUBLICATION AND
THAT'S SHOWN HERE.
THIS IS ONE OUR ONE PUBLICATION.
WE EDITED A VOLUME BASED ON A
FEST THRIFT WE ORGANIZED FOR
KARL PREBRUM'S BIRTHDAY AND WE
CALLED IT LOCALIZATION AND HE
SAID NO, YOU HAVE TO CALL IT
LOCATIONIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION
AS WE'VE BEEN HEARING.
CARL PRIBRAM WAS INTERESTING AND
FOR WHAT HE DESERVES CREDIT IS
HIS INTRODUCTION OF STERILE
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.
I CAN'T TELL YOU HOW IMPORTANT
THIS WAS.
HE WAS A NEUROSURGEON.
ONE WAS HIS INSISTENCE ON
STERILITY AND SOMETIMES HE THREW
KNIVES AT PEOPLE.
LESLIE WORKED ON A NUMBER OF
THINGS I CAN'T REMEMBER THAT FAR
BUT IT MAY HAVE BEEN POLVONAR.
SHE HAD A BIG PAPER.
MEETING LESLIE WAS THE BEST PART
OF BEING AT STANFORD AND NOW
LET'S GO BACK AND LOOK SOME MORE
AT STANFORD.
I MET LESLIE AND I WAS STARTING
MY GRADUATE WORK AND I BECAME
HER KID SISTER.
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS.
YOU GET TO BE PART OF THE FAMILY
AND I WAS HER KID SISTER.
THERE'S ADVANTAGES TO EACH SIDE
BUT BEING THE KID SISTER MEANT
THAT LESLIE COULD ALWAYS BOSS ME
AROUND AND DID HER ENTIRE LIFE.
WE WENT TO A MEETING AND SHE
NEEDED A RIDE SO OF COURSE, I
HAD TO RENT THE CAR AND DRIVE US
THERE.
BUT THEN WHENEVER I NEEDED
ANYTHING SHE HAD TO HELP ME.
SOME MENTIONED HER LOVE OF
GOSSIP.
WE HAD A STANDING WEDNESDAY
GOSSIP DATE FOR ALL THE TIME
THAT I WAS IN PITTSBURGH.
AND LESLIE TOOK CARE OF ME AND
OF MANY PEOPLE.
SHE HAD MANY OTHER SIBLINGS AND
SHE WAS KIND AND SHE WAS
GENEROUS.
SHE DID NOT GET ANGRY ABOUT
THINGS.
THIS IS A REMARKABLE QUALITY
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE PEOPLE
YOU KNOW AND THE SITUATIONS --
PEOPLE CAN GET ATTACHED TO THEIR
SCIENCE AND THINK THEY'RE RIGHT
AND EVERYBODY ELSE IS WRONG AND
I'M GOING TO SHOW THEM.
SHE DIDN'T GET ANGRY ABOUT
THINGS.
INSTEAD, SHE LAUGHED.
SHE HAD THE GREATEST LAUGH.
IT MADE YOUR DAY AND AS YOU KNOW
ONE OF HER BIG IDEAS FROM LESLIE
AND MORT'S WORK WAS THERE TWO
STREAMS IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM THE
WHAT AND WHERE SYSTEM.
NOW, SOME WILL REMEMBER THERE
WAS A PERIOD WHEN SOMEONE CAME
ALONG AND SAID, LESLIE'S ALL
WRONG.
IT WASN'T WHAT AND WHERE, IT'S
WHAT AND HOW.
AND OKAY, IT'S NOT REALLY WRONG
BUT COME ON.
LESLIE JUST LAUGHED AND ROLLED
HER EYES AND SAID, OH, THAT'S
HIM.
IT WAS SAID WITH AFFECTION.
LIKE HE WAS THE ANNOYING KID
BROTHER WHO WOULDN'T QUIT
PESTERING YOU.
THAT IS HOW SHE RESPONDED TO
THAT KIND OF AGITATION WAS BY
LAUGHING AND CALMING THINGS DOWN
AND MOST OF ALL MAKING PEOPLE
FEEL THEY WERE ALWAYS INCLUDED
IN THE FAMILY NO MATTER WHAT.
ANOTHER ONE OF HER KID SISTERS
WAS CAROL CHRISTENSEN WHO IS NOT
HERE TODAY AND THEY WORKED ON
THE EFFECT OF POLVONAR LESIONS
AND THE AFFECT ON VISUAL AND
IT'S SAID PEOPLE WHO WORK ON
POLVONAR GO MAD.
SOME SURVIVE AND SOME SURVIVED
AND THRIVE AND OTHERS CONTINUE
TO WORK ON PULVONAR AND CAROL
SENT ME MY BEST GRADUATE
STUDENTS, ELI MIRIAM HOME WITH
HIS COVID, ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS
AND BECKY BEHRMANN TO MY DELIGHT
IS HERE TODAY.
THE FAMILY COMES FULL CIRCLE.
I CAN TELL YOU HOW GRATEFUL I AM
TO HAVE BEEN PART OF LESLIE'S
FAMILY AND THAT'S ALL.
>> OKAY, ON THE SCHEDULE I THINK
IT SAYS ATTENDEES' REMARKS.
WHAT WE ASKED FOR IS ANYBODY WHO
WANTED TO CONTRIBUTE A SHORT
VIDEO -- ACTUALLY, THERE'S A LOT
OF PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO
THIS MEETING AND BECAUSE SO MANY
PEOPLE WANTED TO SAY SOMETHING
ABOUT LESLIE WE ASKED FOR THESE
VERY SHORT VIDEOS AND WE GOT A
LOT OF RESPONSES SO WE'RE GOING
TO PLAY SOME NOW AND SOME
TOMORROW.
THE FIRST ONE -- ARE WE READY?
THE FIRST ONE IS A BIT SPEC
SPECIAL -- WHEN WE STARTED TO
PLAN THE SYMPOSIUM WE THOUGHT OF
LARRY SQUIRE AND HE'S NOT
TRAVELLING THESE DAYS AND THEY
HAD A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP.
LUCKILY WE WERE ABLE TO CONVINCE
HIM TO PRODUCE A SHORT VIDEO.
WE'LL START WITH LARRY AND THEN
YOU'LL SEE A WHOLE SERIES.
PEOPLE'S NAMES WILL COME UP SO
YOU KNOW WHO'S TALKING AND LET'S
DO IT.
>> I'M VERY SORRY I'M NOT ABLE
TO BE THERE IN PERSON WITH YOU
TO HONOR AND REMEMBER LESLIE.
BUT I AM GLAD TO CONTRIBUTE A
SMALL PIECE.
SIZE IS GENERATIONAL AND
INITIALLY IF ONLY BY
ACQUAINTANCE.
IN 1970, SHE WAS A GRADUATE
STUDENT AT NYU AND I WAS A
POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW AT ALBERT
EINSTEIN.
SHORTLY AFTER THAT SHE BEGAN HER
LONG CAREER AT NIMH AND BECAME A
PROMINENT FIGURE.
MANY THOUGHT THE GROUP WORKING
WITH NON-HUMAN PRIMATES WAS THE
BEST THERE WAS IN NEURO
PSYCHOL
PSYCHOLOGY.
SHE LOOKED AT NEURO ANATOMY.
SHE WAS CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC AND
LUCID AND HER PUBLICATIONS AN
WRITING WERE EXEMPLARY AND SHE
WAS ONE OF MY SPEAKERS IN MIAMI.
SHE GAVE A TERRIFIC TALK.
WHEN LESLIE FIRST ENCOUNTERED
HEALTH PROBLEMS I CALLED HER AND
BEGAN A STRONGER FRIENDSHIP AND
WE TALKED EVERY TWO WEEKS FOR SO
YEARS, LAUGHING, TELLING
STORIES, GOSSIPING, SHE WAS
STRONG.
UNFATHOMABLE.
AND IN 2020 SHE HAD NEW TEST
RESULTS THAT NEEDED FOLLOW-UP
AND TOLD ME SHE WASN'T SURE SHE
CAN TAKE ON ANY MORE.
SHE WAS WELL AHEAD OF SCHEDULE
IN REPAIRING HER FOUR-YEAR
REVIEW AND EXPECTING TO CARRY ON
FOR MORE YEARS.
SHE WAS A GENEROUS MENTOR AND
ROLE MODEL TO COUNTLESS FEMALE
SCIENTISTS.
I MISS HER A LOT, MY FRIEND,
COLLEAGUE AND COMPANION.
>> I STILL REMEMBER THE FIRST
TIME I MET LESLIE.
I WAS A RECRUITED AS A POST-DOC
IN HER LAB AND I WAS SEEING
LESLIE FOR THE FIRST TIME.
BEFORE THE MEETING I WAS WORRIED
AND NERVOUS.
I WAS WORRIED ABOUT MY POOR
ENGLISH AND SHE SPOKE TO ME
TRYING TO MAKE ME UNDERSTAND
HER.
SHE WAS VERY PATIENT.
SHE SMILED AT ME AND ENCOURAGED
ME TO SPEAK OUT AND HELPED MANY
SCHOLARS.
I REMEMBER VERY CLEARLY SHE WAS
THE FIRST PERSON TO WISH ME A
HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY.
LESLIE HAS LEFT US FOR ALMOST
TWO YEARS BUT I NEVER FEEL SHE
REALLY LEFT US.
SHE'S STILL WITH US.
I MISS HER VERY MUCH.
I WILL ALWAYS REMEMBER HER.
>> IN 1991 I CAME TO THE UNITED
STATES IN ORDER TO BECOME A
POST-DOC AT NIH.
I ENDED UP STAYING FOR QUITE A
LONG TIME UNTIL '98.
THIS WAS A WONDERFUL TIME I
ENJOYED TREMENDOUSLY AND OF
COURSE IN THE SPIRIT I ALSO
LEARNED MANY THINGS FROM MANY
PEOPLE INCLUDING FROM LESLIE.
I LEARNED TO WRITE, HOW TO
DESIGN EFFECTIVE SLIDES.
I LEARNED THE IMPORTANCE OF
PREPARATION TO DELIVER
PRESENTATIONS AND I LEARNED HOW
IMPORTANT IT HAVE A GOOD GRASP
OF LITERATURE TO PINPOINT THE
WRITE QUESTIONS TO FOLLOW-UP ON
IN EXPERIMENTS AND PERHAPS MORE
FUNDAMENTALLY I LEARNED BY
VIRTUE OF HAVING BECOME
INTEGRATED IN THE WONDERFUL
GROUP OF STAFF MEMBERS AND OTHER
POST-DOCS THAT LESLIE HAS
SURROUNDED SUR HEAVILY WITH OVER
THE YEARS I LEARNED FROM THAT
HOW IMPORTANT IT LOVE EACH OTHER
AND APPRECIATE EACH OTHER TO
CREATE GOOD SCIENCE.
IT'S SOMETHING I'VE CARRIED WITH
ME BECAUSE WE'VE ENJOYED EACH
OTHER'S COMPANY SO MUCH WE ALSO
COULD DO GOOD WORK AND
COLLABORATE WITH EACH OTHER IN
CREATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE MANNERS.
WHAT MAKES LESLIE SUCH A GREAT
SCIENTIST IS PUTTING OUT JUST
NOT THEORIES AND PAPERS THAT
WILL BE RELEVANT FOR YEARS TO
COME BUT ALSO HOW MANY PEOPLE
SHE GAVE EXACTLY THE RIGHT
LUGGAGE TO THEIR WAY IN THEIR
POST-NIH SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
AND IN THEIR CAREER DEVELOPMENT
AND IN THE COURT OF THEIR LIFE
IN GENERAL.
I'M DEFINITELY ONE OF THOSE WHO
LESLIE PUT ON THE WAY WITH
USEFUL I'M IN MY LUGGAGE AND I'M
GRATEFUL FOR THAT AND GRATEFUL
TO A GREAT SCIENTIST WHO HAS
COMPLETED SO MUCH NEUROSCIENCE
AND ALSO TOUCHED SO MANY LIVES
INCLUDING MINE.
THANK YOU.
>> I STARTED AT U.C. DAVIS IN
THE EARLY 1990s.
AT THE SCIENTIST NEURO
SCIENTISTS WERE LOOKING AT
PROPERTIES OF NEURONS, WHAT THEY
RESPOND TO AND THE ANATOMICAL
CONNECTS BETWEEN AREAS IN ORDER
TO MAKE INCREASINGLY MORE
DETAILED MAPS OF FUNCTIONAL
BRAIN REGIONS.
THIS IS A LOT OF COMPLEXITY TO
ABSORB WHEN EACH MONTH THERE
WERE SEEMINGLY MORE CONNECTIONS.
A SEMINAR LOOKED AT THE
FUNCTI
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
REGIONS BUT IT WAS PACKAGED
DIFFERENT.
THE DISTILLATION OF WHAT AND
WHERE PATHWAYS WAS SOMETHING
EVEN A FIRST-YEAR GRADUATE
STUDENT COULD UNDERSTAND AND
EMPLOY TO UNDERSTAND THE
INFORMATION INTO A MENTAL MAP OF
THE BRAIN.
I FIRST MET LESLIE IN PERSON
DURING MY SECOND YEAR IN
GRADUATE SCHOOL AND I WAS OFF TO
MY FIRST POSTER PRESENTATION AT
THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE.
THE POSTER EXAMINES ATTENTION
VERSUS OBJECT FEATURES.
JUST AFTER THE CROWDS VENTURE
THE HALL A SHORT WOMAN WAUKTD
WALKED UP TO ME AND SAID WHAT'S
THE ANSWER AND I WAS ABOUT TO
LAUNCH INTO THE ANSWER BUT THE
WOMAN SAID, JUST TELL ME WHAT
YOU FOUND.
I CUT TO THE FINAL PANEL WITH
THE SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS AND
SAID, HUH, AND MOVED ON AND THIS
PERSON SAID WHOA, THAT WAS
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER.
FAST FORWARD FIVE YEARS AND I
WAS A POST-DOC WITH LESLIE.
AND THE COMMENTATOR WAS AN
EXPERIENCE OF TOUGH LOVE AND
PREPARING THE PAPER WAS HARDER.
IT'S NOT JUST THAT SHE WANTED
THE PRESENTATION TO BE VIGOROUS
BUT THERE WAS A GENERAL RUBRIC
BUT ALSO AN AFTER TO CRAFTING
COMMUNICATION.
IF YOU COULD, START WITH A VIVID
GRAPHIC THAT ILLUSTRATED THE
PROBLEM AT HAND.
FOR INSTANCE, THAT FAMOUS
CROWDED BEACH SCENE THAT
ACCOMPANIED MANY OF HER TALKS.
SECOND, IF YOU WERE WRITING A
PAPER, IT HAD BETTER BE CLEAR BY
THE END OF THE INTRODUCTION THE
QUESTION YOU SET OUT TO ANSWER
AND WHY IT MATTERED.
AT LEAST ONCE BUT PROBABLY MORE
TIMES THE RED COMMENTS IN THE
MARGINS OF THE DRAFT SAID, SO
WHAT.
THIRD, BY THE TIME YOU SHOWED
IMAGES OF YOUR DATA, IT SHOULD
TALK FOR THEMSELVES.
THE TITLE SHOULD BE IMPACTFUL
AND DISTINCT.
KEY DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE
TIMES AND GRAPHS SO OBVIOUS
SOMEONE SHOULD ABLE TO
INSTANTANEOUSLY UNDERSTAND THE
FINDING AND WHAT WAS GAINED BY
THE EXPERIMENT AND WHAT THE NEXT
QUESTION SHOULD BE.
LESLIE COULD BE BRUTAL IN HER
FRANKNESS BUT WASN'T CRITICIZING
OUR ABILITIES IT WAS HOW TO TELL
CLEARER STORIES WITH OUR DATA
AND THIS WAS SUCH AN IMPORTANT
SKILL THAT HAS SERVED ME WELL
THOUGH I AM NOT ENGAGED IN
HANDS-ON RESEARCH ANYMORE.
BEING ABLE TO EXPLAIN IS KEY TO
WHETHER THE KNOWLEDGE IS
TRANSLATED TO POLICIES THAT
AFFECT PUBLIC HEALTH.
>> THE REST IS SILENCE.
THOSE ARE THE LAST WORDS OF
HAMLET OR SHAKESPEARE PUTS IN
HAMLET'S MOUTH BEFORE HE DIES
AND SUMMARIZES SHAKESPEARE'S
PHILOSOPHY OF DEATH.
I CONFESS IT TOUCHED ME DEEPLY
WHEN I READ IT FIRST.
AND SOME LIVES AT LEAST CHANGE
THE WORLD AND LEAVE THE EFFECT
IN THE WORLD AND THOSE AFFECTS
WE CONTINUE TO ECHO IN THE WORLD
EVEN LONG AFTER THE DEATH OF THE
PEOPLE WHO CREATED THOSE NOISES.
IN THE CASE OF LIFE AND DEATH OF
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER, I THINK WE
ARE FACING THE CLEAR EXAMPLE OF
THAT.
LESLIE WAS A TOWERING FIGURE IN
THE HISTORY OF SYSTEMS
NEUROSCIENCE AND COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE.
SHE HAS WORKED THE LANDSCAPE THE
NAIVE UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE
BRAIN AND HAS MADE STILL USE AND
WILL USE IN ORDER TO CONTINUE
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THIS
BRAIN WORKS.
LESLIE HAS TRAINED MANY PEOPLE
AND TOUCHED MANY PEOPLE.
HER EFFECTS WILL CONTINUE IN THE
WORLD.
IN THAT SENSE SHE HAS MANAGED TO
OUTLIVE HERE OWN LIFE, IF YOU
WILL.
LESLIE, AT LEAST FOR YOU, THE
REST IS NOT SILENCE.
>> YOUR ENDORSEMENT MEANT A LOT
TO A YOUNG POST-DOC AT ME AT THE
TIME WHO FELT LIKE AN IMPOSTER
GETTING EXTERNAL VALIDATION AND
TO KEEP YOU UPDATED, ELI AND I
DID TRY SCIENCE BUT GOT A
REJECTION UNFORTUNATELY.
THE GOOD NEWS IS THAT WE FINALLY
MANAGED TO PUBLISHING IT ON
COMMUNICATIONS RECENTLY.
IT WAS CERTAINLY NOT EASY WITH
TWO ROUNDS OF APPEAL THAT
RESULTED AN A 35-PAGE REVIEW
FILE, IF YOU'RE CURIOUS.
ANYWAY, I HOPE YOU WOULD HAVE
BEEN HAPPY WITH THE OUTCOME.
I CAN ALMOST SEE THE TWINGE AP
IN YOUR EYES AGAIN WITH MY
MIND'S EYE.
I ALSO REMEMBER TOWARDS THE END
OF MANY OF OUR MEETINGS YOU
WANTED TO KNOW HOW MY POST-BAC
IS DOING.
NOW I'M VERY HAPPY TO LET YOU
KNOW THAT JASON WENT TO NEW YORK
MEDICAL COLLEGE AND THE NEW
POST-BAC IS DOING EXTREMELY
WELL.
LESLIE, I KNOW THIS IS VERY
BRIEF BUT I WILL KEEP YOU UPDATE
FROM TIME TO TIME.
>> DEAR FRIENDS, MANY THANKS FOR
GIVING ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO
CONTRIBUTE TO THIS SYMPOSIUM IN
LESLIE'S HONOR.
I'M CHIMING IN FROM HALL --
HAMBURG.
I HAVE EXPERIENCED LESLIE AS A
VERY GENEROUS PERSON WITH A GOOD
SENSE OF HUMOR.
AND WE HAD MANY LAUGHS WHEN WE
WORKED ON OUR PROJECTS AND I
WANTED TO SHARE OTHER MOMENTS I
FOUND -- FOND MEMORIES AND WHEN
SHE WAS DONE WORKING ON A
MANUSCRIPT AND SHE'D CALL US IN
THE OFFICE AND SHE WOULD SIT US
DOWN AND WE WOULD GO OVER EACH
ITEM ON THE MANUSCRIPT AND THE
COMMENTS READ LIKE, THIS IS
OPAQUE.
THIS DOESN'T MAKE SENSE,
EXPLANATION MARK.
AND SHE WOULD INSIST AS
TORTUROUS AS IT WAS TO GO
THROUGH EACH AND EVERY ONE OF
THOSE COMMENTS UNTIL SHE WAS
HAPPY.
ANOTHER LESSON WAS IF LESLIE
SAID THIS SENTENCE SHOULD BE
THIS WAY AND YOU WANT TO LEAVE
WITH THAT AND TRY TO PASS IT BY
HER ANOTHER TIME SHE'D COME BACK
TO THE SAME REMARK UNTIL IT HAD
THE SHAPE SHE SUGGESTED.
NEVER IGNORE LESLIE'S COMMENTS
AND MY FINAL MEMORY IS WORKING
WITH HER ON A REVISION FOR ONE
OF OUR FIRST MANUSCRIPTS
ACTUALLY WHEN WE WERE IN
BUDAPEST AND MANY OF YOU HAVE
BEEN TO MEETINGS OF OMPM AND NOW
WE'RE TALKING THE OHPM MEETING
MIDDLE OF JUNE IN 2004 IN
BUDAPEST AND THERE'S MANY THINGS
TO DO OTHER THAN WORKING ON A
MANUSCRIPT AND LESLIE ASKED US
TO COME TO HER HOTEL ROOM AND
WORK ON THE REVISIONS WITH HER
AND SO SHAWN AND I WENT THERE
AND WE BASICALLY SPENT THE
ENTIRE EVENING REVISING THE
MANUSCRIPT UNTIL LESLIE WAS
HAPPY.
IT REACHED 8:00 P.M. AND 9:00
P.M. AND WE HAD OTHER PLANS TO
GO OUT IN BUDAPEST SO WE WORKED
ON THIS THING I THINK UNTIL LATE
AT NIGHT AND UNTIL IT WAS GOOD
AND OF COURSE EVENTUALLY IT WAS
ACCEPTED.
SO THAT ALSO WAS A GOOD DECISION
TO MAKE.
THANKS AGAIN FOR LETTING ME BE
PART OF THE SYMPOSIUM TO HONOR
LESLIE AND SHE WILL ALWAYS HAVE
A PLACE IN MY HEART.
>> MY NAME IS VALINDINOS AND AN
ASSIST PROFESSOR AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY AND I WAS
A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW WITH D
DRDR
DR. UNGERLEIDER.
IT'S ALWAYS IN TTIMIDATING TO WK
WITH SOMEONE AS WELL KNOWN AS
DR. UNGERLEIDER.
WE EVEN REFERRED TO HER AS
LOYALTY BUT SHE NEVER MADE ME
FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE OR IMPOSED
HERSELF AS SUPERIOR THOUGH SHE
WAS.
SHE ASSUMED THE ROLE OF
COLLABORATOR AND PREFERRED TO
WORK WITH ME ON RESEARCH
PROJECTS AND ON PUBLICATIONS AND
I THINK THIS COLLABORATIVE
ASPECT OF HER MENTORSHIP WAS A
KEY COMPONENT OF HER BEING A
REALLY SUCCESSFUL MENTOR.
I TRY TO STRIVE HER STYLE OF
MENTORSHIP WITH MY MENTEES.
THANK YOU, FOR EVERYTHING,
DR. UNGERLEIDER AND FOR YOUR
TIME.
>> I MISS YOU SO MUCH.
THE E-MAILS STOPPED DECEMBER 7
AND YOU HAD BEEN IN TERRIBLE
PAIN FOR TWO DAYS.
WE ALL MISS YOU AND IT INCLUDES
EVERYTHING YOU'VE DONE BUT WE
DIDN'T REALIZE THIS TIME WAS
DIFFICULT.
IT WAS A WONDERFUL JOURNEY
WORKING WITH YOU.
I HAD LEARNED A LOT.
WITHOUT YOUR HELP AND
ENCOURAGEMENT I COULD NOT GET
THE PROJECT DONE.
THOUGH YOU LEFT EARTH, WE ARE
STILL LEARNING FROM YOU.
FROM YOUR PAPERS AND I'M SO
PROUD TO PASS ON THIS KNOWLEDGE
TO MY STUDENTS.
NOW THE TREE OF LESLIE HAS GROWN
SO WELL.
IT WAS ALL BECAUSE OF YOU.
HI, LESLIE, HOW ARE YOU?
>> HI, EVERYONE.
I'M CHAIR OF BIO PHYSIOLOGY AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.
I'M SORRY I COULDN'T BE THERE TO
CELEBRATE LESLIE AND CELEBRATE
HER IMPACT ON THE FIELD IN TERMS
OF HER SCIENCE AND OUTSTANDING
MENTORSHIP.
AS WE ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS TINY
BUT MIGHTY.
I THINK ONE OF HER SUPER POWERS
WAS BEING ABLE TO SPEAK HER MIND
CLEARLY AND WITH AUTHORITY AND
EVEN WHEN SHE WAS EXPRESSING
SOMETHING CONTROVERSIAL PEOPLE
DIDN'T GET UPSET BECAUSE WE KNEW
IN MOST CASES SHE WAS CORRECT.
SEEING A WOMAN IN SCIENCE GARNER
SO MUCH RESPECT WHILE STILL
BEING AUTHENTICALLY HERSELF HAD
AN INFLUENCE ON ME AND WAS CLOR
ON THE RESPONSIBILITY WE HAD FOR
NURTURING THE NEXT GENERATION.
LESLIE FACED OBSTACLES AND
DIDN'T WANT OTHERS TO HAVE TO
HAVE THE CHALLENGES.
SHE WAS A TREMENDOUS ADVOCATE
AND SPONSOR FOR MANY YOUNG WOMEN
IN NEUROSCIENCE.
AS YOU ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS A
DEEP THINKER, A RIGOROUS
SCIENTIST AND HAD HIGH STANDARDS
BUT WAS ALSO INCREDIBLY
SUPPORTIVE AND ENCOURAGING.
I HAVE CLEAR MEMBERS OF HER
SENDING ME OUT OF HER OFFICE
WITH A "YOU CAN DO IT" AND I
STILL TRY TO HEAR HER VOICE.
SHE WAS ONE OF A KIND AND
GREATLY MISSED.
>> WHEN I STARTED AT THE NIMH IN
THE '90'S, THERE WERE FEW WOMEN
SCIENTISTS AND VERY VERY FEW
SENIOR WOMEN SCIENTISTS.
AND LESLIE WAS ONE OF THOSE.
SO OF COURSE I WAS DRAWN TO GET
TO KNOW HER AND PLUS WE HAD
SHARED SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS.
SHE BECAME A MENTOR TO ME.
SHE WAS JUST INCREDIBLE IN TERMS
OF -- WELL, FIRST HOW GENEROUS
SHE WAS WITH HER TIME AND HOW
INCREDIBLY CRITICAL SHE HAD A
MIND TO HONE IN ON THE MAJOR
POINTS AND GET YOU THINKING IN
IMPORTANT AND FUNDAMENTAL WAYS.
I WAS GRATEFUL FOR THAT AND THE
MENTORING RELATIONSHIP TURNED
INTO A FRIENDSHIP AND WE WOULD
HAVE LUNCH TOGETHER AND SHARE
BOTH SCIENTIFIC AND PERSONAL
JOYS AND WOES AND IT WAS A
PLEASURE AND I MISS HER AND GLAD
HIS SYMPOSIUM'S IN HER HONOR.
IT'S EXTREMELY WELL DESERVED AND
WE MISS YOU, LESLIE.
THE NEXT -- THE AFTERNOON, WE
HAVE A WONDERFUL SET OF
SPEAKERS.
IT WAS SUCH A WONDERFUL MORNING.
I LEARNED SO MUCH AND IT WAS SO
INSPIRING.
AND I ACTUALLY JUST WANT TO SAY
A FEW WORDS.
FIRST OF ALL, LOOKING AT THIS
MORNING THERE WERE SO MANY --
ALREADY, IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR
PATTERNS AND THEMES, THERE'S
MANY OVERLAPPING PATTERNS AND
THEMES OF WAYS OF SAYING CERTAIN
THINGS ABOUT LESLIE.
BUT I HAVE A COUPLE INTERESTING
QUICK STORIES.
ONE I ALWAYS LIKE TO TELL IS
WHEN I WAS BEING RECRUITED HERE,
SO BEFORE I CAME, THEY HAD
FUNCTIONAL MRI CERTAINLY, THE
NMR CENTER, BUT LESLIE ACTUALLY
WANTED SOMEBODY -- LESLIE KNEW
THAT fMRI WAS GOING TO BE
BIGGER AND MORE PEOPLE WOULD
NEED IT SO SHE WANTED SOMEONE TO
BE IN HER GROUP, ALSO TO HELP
OUT AND ALSO TO ORGANIZE THE
FUNCTIONAL MRI CENTER, THAT WAS
1999.
SO, LESLIE ACTUALLY DURING A --
IT WAS ACTUALLY DURING A SITE
VISIT, LESLIE WAS A MEMBER OF A
SITE-VISITING TEAM AT THE
MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN
WHETHER I WAS.
SHE TOOK ME ASIDE AND SET WE GOT
THIS REALLY, REALLY GOOD
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU.
I LISTENED TO HER.
I CAME.
AND DURING THE RECRUITMENT
PROCESS, IT WAS INTERESTING
BECAUSE I WAS REALLY BLOWN AWAY
WITH OF COURSE HOW WONDERFUL THE
RESOURCES WERE AND I REMEMBER I
WAS FEELING PRETTY GOOD BECAUSE
IT SEEMS I WAS ONE OF THE LAST
CANDIDATES AND FEELING GOOD.
NOW IN THE NEGOTIATIONS,
SOMETIMES YOU FEEL LIKE YOU HAVE
SOME ABILITY TO SORT OF
NEGOTIATE OR ELSE GO BACK AND
FORTH, DEPENDING ON WHO FEELS
LIKE THE OTHER PERSON WANTS THEM
MORE, WHATEVER.
BUT I REALLY WANTED TO GO.
BUT I WAS STARTING TO FEEL A
LITTLE BIT COMFORTABLE.
I REMEMBER WE WERE OUT TO DINNER
WITH ALEX MARTIN, JIM HACKSBY,
LESLIE AND MYSELF, THE ONE NIGHT
WE WERE TALKING.
AND DURING THE RECRUITMENT, WE
WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT WHAT
THEY HAVE, THINKING THIS IS
GREAT.
SHE PAUSED AND SAID, YOU KNOW,
I'M NOT -- I REALLY DON'T
KNOW -- I'M NOT REALLY SURE IF
YOU CAN HANDLE THIS JOB.
[LAUGHTER]
AND IT WAS -- THE MORE I THINK
ABOUT THAT QUOTE, THAT WAS ONE
OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS I
THINK LESLIE EVER SAID TO ME,
BECAUSE NOT ONLY WAS SHE, YOU
KNOW, AS WE -- AS THE POINT WAS
MADE MANY TIMES IS SHE BLUNT,
BUT BLUNT IN A WAY THAT RIGHT
AWAY I FELT LIKE I REALLY
CONNECTED WITH HER IN THE SENSE
THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT'S KIND OF
WHAT I WOULD -- I WAS ONLY 32,
AND I WOULD PROBABLY WONDER IF,
YOU KNOW, IF I WERE RECRUITING
SOMEBODY IF THEY COULD HANDLE
IT.
I MIGHT KEEP THAT IN MY
HEAD BUT IT'S GOOD TO BE
FORTHRIGHT.
FROM THAT MOMENT ON, I MADE SURE
THE REST OF THE EVENING I
CONVINCED THEM HOW MUCH I COULD
HANDLE THIS JOB AND I
COMPLETELY -- THERE WAS NO DOUBT
IN MY MIND I REALLY, REALLY,
REALLY WANTED THE JOB AFTER
THAT, AFTER SHE SAID THAT, WHICH
CHANGED THE WHOLE CONVERSATION.
SO, ONE OTHER THING THAT'S
RELATED TO HOW LESLIE -- HOW
ENGAGING SHE IS AS FAR AS THAT'S
CONCERNED, ONCE I GOT HERE,
RIGHT AWAY I STARTED
COLLABORATING WITH HER, WITH
POSTDOCS IN MY GROUP, THE THEME
THAT CAME UP AS WELL, PEOPLE SAY
THIS ABOUT PROFESSORS, SHE WAS
COMPLETELY ENGAGED WITH
EVERYBODY.
IF YOU WALKED IN THE ROOM YOU
WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON.
AND SHE WAS COMPLETELY IN THE
MOMENT WITH YOU WORKING ON WHAT
YOUR PROBLEMS WERE.
SHE HAD AN AMAZING INSIGHT INTO
PARADIGM DESIGN.
OF COURSE HER KNOWLEDGE OF
ANATOMY WAS COMPLETE.
ENCYCLOPEDIC.
ALSO SHE GOT THE POINT.
SOMETIMES YOU WOULD BRING UP AN
INTERESTING IDEA, SHE WOULD
IMMEDIATELY GRASP IT AND BE
THERE HELPING YOU ALONG.
SHE SUFFERED THE DETAILS AS
WELL, AS CAME UP AS WELL.
SHE REALLY HAD A TREMENDOUS
ENERGY TO, AS WAS MENTIONED, IF
YOU'RE GOING OVER PAPERS, SHE
MADE SURE THAT THINGS WERE
CLEAR.
AND I THINK PART OF THIS CAME
FROM THE FACT THAT I THINK SHE
HAD SUCH A FEELING FOR PEOPLE
LIKE HOW THEY WOULD UNDERSTAND
WHAT YOU'RE SAYING, AND THE
EFFORT OF TRYING TO MAKE THIS
CLEAR, TO COMMUNICATE, TO
CONNECT, AND SHE REALLY TOOK
THAT TO HEART MORE THAN ANYONE I
KNOW, THAT SCIENCE, YOU CAN MAKE
GREAT SCIENCE, BUT YOU REALLY
HAVE TO WORK ON -- IT'S ALL
ABOUT COMMUNICATING.
OTHERWISE IT'S USELESS.
AND I THINK THAT THAT RUBBED OFF
ON ME A LOT.
AND THE MORE I THINK ABOUT IT,
THE MORE I FEEL THAT WAS ONE THE
BEST THINGS I FEEL THAT RUBBED
OFF, TRYING TO BE ENGAGE AND
TRYING TO ACTUALLY REALLY CARE
ABOUT BEING CLEAR.
SHE ALWAYS DID THE CRITICISM,
SHE NEVER MADE YOU FEEL BAD.
I MEAN, SHE WAS INCREDIBLY
BLUNT, BUT YOU NEVER FELT LIKE
IT WAS PERSONAL, NEVER FELT IT
WAS SOMETHING -- IT WAS ALWAYS,
YOU KNOW, VERY MUCH FOCUSED ON
WHAT WAS NECESSARY TO BE CLEAR.
AND, YEAH, DEFINITELY PREPARING
TALKS.
AND RELATED TO THIS IS THAT I
THINK THE TIMES WHERE OUR LAB
CAME TOGETHER THE MOST AS A
FAMILY WAS EVERY FOUR YEARS WE
GO THROUGH WHAT'S CALLED A BOARD
OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS REVIEW,
AND THAT'S THE ONE TIME THAT THE
FOUR P.I.s COME TOGETHER AND
REALLY SORT OF LIKE, YOU KNOW,
HUDDLE AND FIGURE OUT WHAT WE'RE
GOING TO TALK ABOUT, WHO IS
GOING TO TALK WHEN AND CRITIQUE
EACH OTHER'S TALKS.
THAT'S MAYBE RARE BUT LESLIE WAS
AMAZING ABOUT THAT.
YOU WOULD SHOW YOUR TALK.
SHE WOULD BE LIKE THAT'S NOT
CLEAR, THAT'S NOT CLEAR, THAT'S
NOT CLEAR.
YOU REALLY HAD TO IMPROVE.
AND YOU LOVED IT.
YOU LOVED DOING THAT.
IT WAS HARD BUT IT WAS JUST THIS
WONDERFUL -- THERE'S THE
SCIENCE, THERE'S THE
COMMUNICATION OF IT, BUT THERE'S
A SENSE OF COMING TOGETHER AS A
VERY HUMAN ACTIVITY OF BECOMING
BETTER AT COMMUNICATING WHAT
YOU'RE DOING AND CONVEYING THAT
MESSAGE.
SO THAT FELT REALLY AS FUN AS A
BSC PREPARATION COULD BE.
FINALLY ALONG THOSE LINES,
THAT'S PART OF THE REASON WHY --
I MEAN, IT WAS SO DIFFICULT WHEN
LESLIE PASSED AWAY IS BECAUSE OF
THE FACT THAT WAS RIGHT IN THE
MIDST OF OUR PREPARATION FOR OUR
BSC, AND SO THERE WERE E-MAILS
GOING BACK AND FORTH, SHE WAS
LOOKING AND CRITIQUING OUR
STUFF, AND, YEAH, IT WAS VERY
POIGNANT WHEN I SAW ONE OF THE
TALKS TALKING ABOUT HER LAST
E-MAIL.
GOING OVER MY LAST E-MAILS,
BASICALLY HER REMINDING ME OF
SOMETHING, AND THAT WAS IT.
YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN IT'S GOING
TO HAPPEN, BUT, YEAH, SHE WAS
INCREDIBLY ENGAGED, INCREDIBLY
IN THE MOMENT, ALL OF MY TIME
WORKING WITH HER.
AND HER INFLUENCE AS IDA
MENTIONED, HER INFLUENCE IS
MULTI-FACETED, AND I BELIEVE
THAT IT'S REALLY, I FEEL, IN HOW
WELL SHE CONNECTED WITH PEOPLE,
HOW MUCH SHE CARED FOR NURTURING
ALL OF THE PEOPLE IN HER GROUP.
ALSO THE EXAMPLE YOU SAW WITH
HER REALLY SUFFERING THE DETAILS
OF BEING CLEAR AND COMMUNICATING
AND THINKING CLEARLY.
AND REALIZING IT'S REALLY A
HUMAN ACTIVITY THAT WE ALL DO
HERE.
WE DO SCIENCE, BUT WE'RE JUST
HUMANS AND WE'RE JUST TALKING TO
EACH OTHER.
AND SO -- AND THAT I THINK WILL
SPREAD A LOT.
THAT'S WHERE HER INFLUENCE I
THINK IS LARGEST OVER TIME,
ALONG WITH THE SCIENCE THAT
SHE'S DONE.
BUT HAVING ALL THOSE PEOPLE THAT
ENCOUNTERED HER THEN GOING ON,
SHARING SOME ASPECT OF THAT I
THINK WILL BE HIGHLY
INFLUENTIAL.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
SO I'M THE CHAIR OF THE
AFTERNOON SESSION.
THE FIRST SPEAKER WILL BE SUSAN
COURTNEY, FROM JOHNS HOPKINS
UNIVERSITY.
AND HER TALK IS ON THE
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMICAL
CONNECTIVITY AND DYNAMICS OF
COGNITIVE CONTROL.
>> THANK YOU, PETER, AND
ORGANIZERS.
WE'VE ALREADY SEEN A LOT OF
RECURRING THEMES AND WE WILL
CONTINUE TO SEE THOSE RECURRING
THEMES.
I'M HONORED TO BE PART OF THIS
CELEBRATION OF LESLIE'S LIFE,
HER RESEARCH, AND HER
MENTORSHIP.
LESLIE TAUGHT ME MANY, MANY
THINGS.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS
HOW TO GIVE A TALK, AND SHE TOLD
ME, QUOTE, "YOUR RESEARCH IS
USELESS UNTIL YOU COMMUNICATE IT
TO OTHERS."
SHE ALSO TOLD ME, SHOWED ME,
THAT IT IS NORMAL TO BE NERVOUS
ABOUT GIVING A TALK.
EVEN THOUGH SHE NEVER SHOWED IT
ON STAGE.
SHE WAS ALWAYS INTERESTED TO
HEAR ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE'S WORK,
SO I'M GOING TO TELL YOU A
LITTLE BIT ABOUT SOME OF THE
RESEARCH I DID WITH HER, MANY
YEARS AGO, AND HOW HER RESEARCH
AND HER MENTORING CONTINUES TO
GUIDE MY RESEARCH.
LESLIE ALSO INGRAINED IN ME THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF DOUBLE
DISASSOCIATIONS IN INTERPRETING
RESEARCH RESULTS.
AND THE IMPORTANCE OF LINKING
ANATOMY, FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR.
MY FIRST SET OF NEUROIMAGING
EXPERIMENTS WAS AN EXTENSION OF
HER FAMOUS EXPERIMENTS ON THE
WHAT AND WHERE PATHWAYS IN
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES.
IN ONE OF THESE FIRST WHAT
VERSUS WHERE EXPERIMENTS WITH
LESLIE AND JIM HACKSBY,
PARTICIPANTS PERFORMED DELAYED
RECOGNITION TASKS IN WHICH THEY
HELD IN WORKING MEMORY EITHER
THE LOCATIONS OR THE IDENTITIES
OF THREE FACES WHILE WE
COLLECTED INFORMATION ABOUT
CHANGES IN NEURAL ACTIVITY
USING fMRI.
THE LOCATION TASK PRIMARILY
ACTIVATED PARIETAL CORE NEXT,
AND SUPERIOR FRONTAL SALCAS,
FACE IDENTITY TASK SHOWED
GREATER ACTIVATION IN INFERIOR
FRONT CORTEX AND VENTRAL
OCCIPITAL AND TEMPORAL CORTICES.
AFTER I LEFT NIH AND STARTED MY
OWN LAB, WE DID A SERIES OF
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES WITH
ESSENTIALLY THE SAME WHAT VERSUS
WHERE COMPARISON AND DELAY
RECOGNITION TASKS, USING fMRI
BUT WITH OTHER STIMULI, SUCH AS
HOUSES, FRACTALS, COLORS, AND
SOUNDS, VOICES, SHOWING THE SAME
RESULTS ESSENTIALLY
DEMONSTRATING WHERE VERSUS WHERE
DISASSOCIATION BOTH IN VISUAL
PATHWAYS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX.
OF COURSE, LESLIE HAD ALREADY
PREDICTED THOSE FINDINGS FROM
NEUROANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS.
LESLIE REMINDED US THAT FUNCTION
IS NOT -- DOES NOT DEPEND ON
INDIVIDUAL BRAIN AREAS BUT ON
CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS AND THE
ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS THAT
DEFINE AND ORGANIZE THE SYSTEMS.
SO, WE ALSO STARTED LOOKING AT
ANTI-CONNECTIVITY IN HUMANS.
WE USED THE SAME FACES AND
LOCATIONS WORKING MEMORY TASKS
BUT THIS TIME OUR PARTICIPANT
POPULATION WERE INDIVIDUALS WITH
M.S. AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS,
AGES 25-55, SO NOT PARTICULARLY
OLD, HEALTHY, MIDDLE-AGE
INDIVIDUALS.
THE INDIVIDUALS WITH M.S. ON
AVERAGE PERFORMED SLIGHTLY WORSE
ON THIS TASK.
BUT NOT SIGNIFICANTLY SO.
AND THERE WAS A LOT OF
VARIABILITY ACROSS PARTICIPANTS.
SO, WE TESTED WHETHER WE COULD
RELATE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
PERFORMANCE TO INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER
INTEGRITY.
WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT IF WE COULD
IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC TRACK
CRUCIAL FOR THE TASK AND
QUANTIFY AMOUNT OF DAMAGE IN THE
TRACT IN EACH INDIVIDUAL, THAT
THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE WOULD BE
CORRELATED WITH PERFORMANCE ON
THE TASK.
SO, MAYBE IF THERE WERE ONLY A
COUPLE SMALL POT HOLES ON THE
ROAD YOU CAN AVOID THEM AND
SPEED ON PAST, BUT IF THE HOLE
IS BIG OR THERE WERE LOTS OF
HOLES, THEN GETTING FROM POINT A
TO POINT B WILL BE MORE
IMPAIRED.
WE COLLECTED BOTH fMRI DATA
AND DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGES.
WE USED THE fMRI REGIONS
SHOWING DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION
FOR LOCATION AND FACE WORKING
MEMORY AS ROIs TO IDENTIFY
WHITE MATTER TRACTS CONNECTING
THOSE REGIONS.
ON THE RIGHT ARE THE DTI RESULTS
OF AN INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT.
WE CONSISTENTLY FOUND THREE
TRACTS.
WE THEN QUANTIFIED THE
MICROSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF
EACH TRACT WITHIN EACH
PARTICIPANT AND TESTED FOR
CORRELATIONS WITH PERFORMANCE.
TODAY I'LL FOCUS ON THIS VENTRAL
TRACT IN BLUE.
IN THE GRAPH, THE SOLID BLACK
LINE HERE IS THE FRACTIONAL
ANISOPATRY FROM ANTERIOR --
POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR, ALONG
THIS TRACT, IN THE HEALTHY
CONTROL SUBJECTS.
AT THE TWO ENDS, FA IS LOW, AS
THE TRACT SPREADS OUT, BUT IN
THE MIDDLE AS AXONS GROUP
TOGETHER FA IS NORMALLY QUITE
HIGH.
WE CALL THIS THE FA PROFILE OF
THE TRACT.
WE FIT EACH PERSON'S FA PROFILE
TO THIS AVERAGE HEALTHY PROFILE,
AND THE RESIDUAL INDICATES HOW
DIFFERENT THAT PERSON'S FA
PROFILE IS FROM THIS AVERAGE
HEALTHY PROFILE.
IN BLUE -- OOPS.
IN BLUE IS AN INDIVIDUAL WITH A
LOW RESIDUAL.
THIS INDIVIDUAL HAS M.S., BUT
VERY LITTLE LOSS OF INTEGRITY.
IN RED HERE IS AN INDIVIDUAL
WITH M.S. WHO HAS A HIGH
RESIDUAL, AND THEREFORE
INDICATES A LOSS OF INTEGRITY.
IN AN ORDERED REGRESSION MODEL,
VARIABILITY IN INTEGRITY OF THIS
TRACT, THIS VENTRAL TRACT SHOWN
ON THE X-AXIS WAS SPECIFICALLY
CORRELATED WITH ACCURACY ON THE
IDENTITY WORKING MEMORY TASK, IN
THE INDIVIDUALS WITH M.S.
WHAT SURPRISED US SOMEWHAT WAS
THAT WE FOUND THE SAME RESULT IN
THE CONTROL PARTICIPANTS, THE
RANGE OF RESIDUALS IS SMALLER,
BUT THE RANGE OF DIFFERENCES ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK IS
SIMILAR.
AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY IN THIS
PARTICULAR TRACT RUNNING BETWEEN
THE ACTIVATED REGIONS IN fMRI
FOR THAT TASK, THAT RELATIONSHIP
IS THE SAME IN THE TWO GROUPS.
SO, THIS SUGGESTED TO US THAT
M.S.-RELATED OR OTHER
SUBSTANTIAL LESIONS WERE NOT
NECESSARY FOR DIFFERENCES IN
MICROSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF
WHITE MATTER TRACT, WERE NOT
NECESSARY TO DISRUPT
PERFORMANCE, EVEN SMALL
DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER
TRACT INTEGRITY, STRUCTURAL
CONNECTIVITY, MAYBE THAT IS
AFFECTING FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY, RESULTING IN
SLOWED COMMUNICATION AND
IMPAIRED COGNITION.
BUT WHY WOULD SMALL DIFFERENCES
IN WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURE
AFFECT FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
SO MUCH THAT IT WOULD AFFECT
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE?
PERHAPS THE FUNCTION OF THE
COGNITIVE NETWORK DEPENDS NOT
JUST ON GETTING FROM A TO B NOR
EVEN GETTING THERE QUICKLY; THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DYNAMIC
SYSTEM ALSO REQUIRES PRECISE
COORDINATION OF TIMING.
IF TIMING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS IS
MESSED UP, TRAFFIC WILL BE
SNARLED.
AND IF EVERYONE IS TALKING AT
ONCE, THEN COMMUNICATION IS
IMPAIRED.
SO COGNITION REQUIRES NOT JUST
STRONG CONNECTIVITY BUT ALSO THE
ABILITY TO RAPIDLY CHANGE
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS
NEEDED.
WE DECIDED TO EXAMINE THIS ISSUE
IN ANOTHER PARTICIPANT
POPULATION, OLDER ADULTS.
EVEN IN OLDER ADULTS WHO DID NOT
HAVE ANY DIAGNOSIS OF COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT OR DISEASE, THERE'S A
GREAT DEAL OF VARIABILITY IN
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE, WHITE
MATTER INTEGRITY, AND FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY.
WE WANTED TO TEST FOR
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THESE FACTORS
AND IN PARTICULAR WHETHER THE
CRITICAL FACTOR WAS IMPAIRMENT
IN PRECISE TASK-RELATED CHANGES
IN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.
TO MEASURE THESE DYNAMICS WE
NEEDED A METHOD THAT HAD BETTER
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION THAN THE
HEMODYNAMICS OF fMRI.
SO, WE TURNED TO FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY MEASURED WITH EG
OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN THE
BRAIN IN MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES,
TODAY IN THE LEVEL OF 7 TO 13
HERTZ, ALPHA, AND HIGHER
FREQUENCIES GREATER THAN 30
HERTZ KNOWN AS GAMMA.
CONNECTIVITY IS MEASURED BY
PHASE LOCKING VALUE, WHICH WE
REFER TO AS PLV.
HOW CONSISTED PHASES OF
ACTIVITY.
IF TWO AREAS ARE CONSISTENT WITH
THE THE SAME FREQUENCY THEY
WILL HAVE HIGH PLV.
IF EITHER OR BOTH FLUCTUATES
OVER TRIALS OR FANCY OF ONE IS
HIGHER OR LOWER THAN ANOTHER,
THEN PLV WILL BE LOWER.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES SHOW PHASE
LOCKING IS IMPORTANT FOR
EFFECTIVE TRANSMISSION OF
INFORMATION FROM ONE POPULATION
OF CELLS TO ANOTHER.
STIMULI OR SHIFTS IN ATTENTION
CAN CAUSE A CHANGE IN
OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN ONE AREA
OR BOTH, RESULTING IN TEMPORARY
CHANGE IN FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY.
AND IF OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY
WITHIN EITHER AREA AND/OR ITS
COORDINATION BETWEEN AREAS IS
NOISIER IT WILL CHANGE LONGER TO
CHANGE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN
AREAS.
LET'S CONSIDER AN EXAMPLE OF
DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.
HERE WE HAVE THREE BRAIN AREAS.
EACH OF WHICH HAS OSCILLATORY
ACTIVITY.
INITIALLY THE ACTIVITIES IN
AREAS 1 AND 2 HAVE HIGH POWER
AND HIGH PLV CONNECTIVITY.
ACTIVITY IN AREA 3 HAS LOW
POWER, SO PLV OF 1 WITH 3 IS
LESS.
THEN WE HAVE A TASK CHANGE,
MAYBE A CUE THAT ACTIVITIES
ATTENTION TO BE SHIFTED ONE
HEMIFIELD TO ANOTHER.
PERHAPS DISINGAUGEMENT HAPPENS
FASTER, A CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY.
NOW CONSIDER WHAT THIS WOULD
LOOK LIKE IF THE NEURAL
POPULATIONS OF 2 AND 3 WERE
ANATOMICALLY LOCATED TOGETHER IN
A SINGLE BRAIN AREA.
AGAIN, WE HAVE A TASK CHANGE.
THAT CHANGE IS ACTIVITY AND
CONNECTIVITY, DECREASING
CONNECTIVITY OF AREA 1 WITH
POPULATION 2 AND INCREASING
CONNECTIVITY WITH POPULATION 3.
NOW WE HAVE A SINGLE MEASURABLE
PLV.
WHICH LOOKS SOMETHING LIKE THIS.
THIS IS THE CONNECTIVITY OF AREA
1 WITH COMBINATION OF
POPULATIONS 2 AND 3.
IT HAS A SINGLE TIME TO ONSET,
WHICH INDICATES THIS DIP AFTER
THE PLV OF 1 WITH 2 HAS
DECREASED BUT BEFORE THE
CONNECTIVITY OF 1 WITH 3 HAS
FULLY STRENGTHENED.
IF THE OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN
ANY OF THESE POPULATIONS IS SLOW
OR WEAK, THEN THE DYNAMICS OF
THE PLV TIME COURSE WILL BE
SLOWED.
AND THE TIME TO ONSET OF A
CHANGE IN PLV WILL BE LONGER.
THIS IS ONE OF LESLIE'S
INTELLECTUAL GRANDCHILDREN.
HE WAS A POSTDOC IN MY LAB AND
THE ONE WHO DID ALL THE DATA
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR THIS
STUDY.
HE IS HERE IN OUR SHIELDED EEG
ROOM TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY
AND DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY, WE COLLECTED EEG
USING 128 ELECTRODES AND
DIGITIZED MODEL OF THE POSITIONS
OF THE ELECTRODES.
WE ALSO OBTAINED AN ANATOMICAL
T1-WEIGHTED MRI SCAN TO HELP
RESOURCE LOCATION MODELING.
ALL OF THE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS
WAS DONE IN SOURCE SPACE, IN THE
SAME MRI SESSION WE OBTAINED A
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED SCAN, SO THAT
WE COULD DO TRACT TRACING AND
TRACT-BASED MICROSTRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY ANALYSIS, SO WE COULD
THEN LOOK AT THE POTENTIAL
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURAL
AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
MEASURES.
THIS IS THE DYNAMIC CONTROL TASK
THAT WE USED IN BOTH YOUNG AND
OLDER HEALTHY ADULTS.
THE HARDER THE TASK IS A SIMPLE
ARITHMETIC TASK.
A CUE INDICATES WHETHER TO APPLY
ADDITION OR MULTIPLICATION TO
NUMBERS THEY WILL SEE LATER IN
THE TRIAL.
THEIR TASK IS TO RESPOND TRUE OR
FALSE TO INDICATE WHETHER THE
THIRD NUMBER -- OH, WRONG
BUTTON.
THE THIRD NUMBER IS THE CORRECT
ANSWER TO THE OPERATION,
CURRENTLY RELEVANT OPERATION
APPLIED TO THE TOP TWO NUMBERS.
SO IN THIS CASE, THE CUE
INDICATES ADDITION, 6 PLUS 9 IS
15, SO THE ANSWER WOULD BE TRUE.
ON THE SECOND TRIAL, THE CUE
INDICATES MULTIPLICATION, 6
TIMES 9 IS NOT 14, SO THE ANSWER
WOULD BE FALSE.
THE DYNAMIC CONTROL ASPECT OF
THE TASK COMES DURING THE DELAY
BETWEEN THE CUE AND THE NUMBERS.
SO A HOLD CUE INDICATES YOU
SHOULD MAINTAIN THE SAME
OPERATION AS WAS CUED AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE TRIAL, AND THE
FLIP CUE INDICATES YOU SHOULD
SWITCH TO THE OTHER OPERATION.
IN THE FIRST TRIAL, YOU GET THE
ADDITION CUE, THEN A HOLD CUE,
SO YOU CONTINUE TO PREPARE TO
APPLY ADDITION TO THE UPCOMING
NUMBERS.
IN THE SECOND TRIAL, YOU GET THE
MULTIPLICATION CUE, BUT THEN YOU
GET THE FLIP CUE, SO YOU SHOULD
SWITCH TO ADDITION.
IN THIS CASE 6 PLUS 9 IS NOT 14,
SO AGAIN THE ANSWER IS FALSE.
FOR THIS TRIAL IT DIDN'T REALLY
MATTER THAT YOU REMEMBERED THE
MULTIPLICATION CUE OR
SUCCESSFULLY SWITCHED TO
ADDITION; THE ANSWER IS FALSE
REGARDLESS OF THE OPERATION.
WE CALL THESE TYPES OF TRIALS
FALSE UNRELATED.
HOWEVER, LOOK AT THIS LAST
EXAMPLE TRIAL.
THIS TRIAL ALSO STARTS WITH THE
MULTIPLICATION CUE AND THEN A
FLIP CUE.
BUT NOW THE PRESENTED POTENTIAL
ANSWER IS 54.
THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN THE CORRECT
ANSWER IF YOU WERE DOING
MULTIPLICATION, BUT IT IS THE
INCORRECT ANSWER IF YOU
SUCCESSFULLY SWITCHED TO
ADDITION.
THE PRESENTATION OF THIS CORRECT
PROPOSED ANSWER TO THE INCORRECT
OPERATION RESULTS IN RECALL OF
IRRELEVANT INTERFERING
INFORMATION.
WE REFER TO -- AND THIS
INTERFERING INFORMATION NEEDS TO
BE INHIBITED.
SO WE REFER TO THESE TRIALS AS
FALSE RELATED.
THE REACTION TIME DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE FALSE RELATED TRIALS
AND THE FALSE UNRELATED TRIALS
IS REFERRED TO AS THE
INTERFERENCE EFFECT.
THE MORE EFFICIENT YOU ARE AT
INHIBITING CURRENTLY IRRELEVANT
INFORMATION, THE SMALLER YOUR
INTERFERENCE EFFECT WILL BE.
HERE ARE THE BEHAVIORAL RESULTS
FOR THE YOUNG ADULTS IN GREEN,
OLDER ADULTS IN BLUE.
REACTION TIME IS ON THE LEFT.
AND ERROR RATE ON THE RIGHT.
THE FALSE RELATED TRIALS ARE
SHOWN WITH SOLID BARS.
THEN THE FALSE UNRELATED AND
TRUE TRIALS.
ON AVERAGE, RESPONSES ARE SLOWER
AND LESS ACCURATE FOR FALSE
RELATED TRIALS.
BUT LET'S LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT
WHAT HAPPENS FOR THE FLIP TRIALS
VERSUS THE HOLD TRIALS.
YOUNG ADULTS ARE FASTER TO
INHIBIT IRRELEVANT INFORMATION
FOLLOWING A FLIP THAN A HOLD
CUE.
THERE'S A SIGNIFICANT
INTERACTION BETWEEN FLIP VERSUS
HOLD AND THE INTERFERENCE
EFFECT.
THEY ARE SLOWER FOR FALSE
RELATED THAN UNRELATED FOLLOWING
A HOLD CUE, BUT SLIGHTLY FASTER
FOLLOWING A FLIP CUE.
WE CALL THIS FACILITATION OF
INHIBITION.
OLDER ADULTS, HOWEVER, DO NOT
SHOW THIS EFFECT.
ON AVERAGE, OLDER ADULTS HAVE
GREATER INTERFERENCE IN FLIP
TRIALS THAN DO YOUNG ADULTS, AND
NO UPDATE BY INTERFERENCE
INTERACTION.
THAT IS, THEY DID NOT SHOW A
FACILITATION OF INHIBITION
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES.
PERHAPS OLDER ADULTS ARE SLOWER
TO RECONFIGURE TASKS-RELATED
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.
WE WERE THEN PARTICULARLY
INTERESTED TO EXAMINE THE
DYNAMICS OF FUNCTIONAL
CONNECTIVITY DURING THAT TIME
PERIOD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE
HOLD AND FLIP CUES, BEFORE THE
INTERFERING INFORMATION WAS
PRESENTED.
THE KEY WAS WHETHER NEURAL
ACTIVITY, PARTICULARLY DYNAMIC
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, DURING
THIS TIME PERIOD IS DIFFERENT
FOLLOWING A FLIP THAN A HOLD
CUE, AND WHETHER IT MIGHT BE
RELATED TO PERFORMANCE AND
SPECIFICALLY FACILITATION OF
INHIBITION.
THE BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE
MEASURE IS THE FLIP INTERFERENCE
EFFECT.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALSE
RELATED AND FALSE UNRELATED
REACTION TIMES SPECIFICALLY
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES.
CHANGES IN CONNECTIVITY ARE
DIFFERENT FOR FLIP VERSUS HOLD
CUES.
THE RESULTS SHOWN HERE ARE FOR
YOUNG ADULTS.
THE BLACK BOXES SHOW THE TIME
POINTS WHERE USING SLIDING TIME
WINDOWS, PLV TIME COURSES WERE
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES VERSUS HOLD
CUES.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TIME
COURSES IS DETECTABLE ALMOST
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CUE, AND
IS COMPLETE AFTER ABOUT 700
MILLISECONDS, REGARDING BOTH THE
LOW ALPHA FREQUENCY BAND AND THE
HIGH FREQUENCY GAMMA BAND.
IN OLDER ADULTS, THAT CHANGE IN
CONNECTIVITY IS SLOWER ON
AVERAGE.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PLV
TIME COURSES FOLLOWING THE FLIP
VERSUS HOLD CUES FOR BOTH ALPHA
AND GAMMA ISN'T DETECTABLE IN
OLDER ADULTS UNTIL MORE THAN ONE
SECOND AFTER THE ONSET OF THE
CUE.
STRONGER FASTER CHANGE IN
CONNECTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH
FASTER INHIBITION OF IRRELEVANT
INFORMATION.
IN OLDER ADULTS, THE
TASK-RELATED CHANGES IN
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY STRENGTH
ON THE LEFT AND TIME TO CHANGE
PLV SHOWN ON THE RIGHT ARE BOTH
CORRELATED WITH THE INTERFERENCE
EFFECT IN REACTION TIME ACROSS
INDIVIDUALS.
WE QUANTIFIED WHITE MATTER
INTEGRITY THE SAME WAY WE DID IN
THE EARLIER STUDY BY
CHARACTERIZING FA AS FUNCTION OF
POSITION ALONG SPECIFIC TRACTS,
CONNECTING ACTIVATED REGIONS OF
INTEREST, IN THIS CASE INFERIOR
FRONTAL AND OUCH SIM --
OCCIPITAL E EG GREEN SHOWS
AVERAGE PROFILE OF YOUNG ADULTS.
THE YELLOW LINE SHOWS AN OLDER
INDIVIDUAL WITH AN FA PROFILE
THAT'S VERY SIMILAR TO THE YOUNG
ADULTS.
WHILE THE GRAY LINE SHOWS AN
OLDER INDIVIDUAL WITH A HIGHLY
ALTERED FA PROFILE.
ANALYSIS SHOWED A CORRELATION
BETWEEN WHITE MATTER
MICROSTRUCTURE AND COGNITIVE
CONTROL PERFORMANCE, BUT THAT
CORRELATION IS MEDIATED BY THE
EFFECT THAT STRUCTURAL
CONNECTIVITY HAS ON DYNAMIC
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.
SO, SMALL VARIATIONS IN THE
INTEGRITY OF ANATOMICAL
CONNECTIONS AFFECTS DYNAMIC
TASK-RELATED CHANGES IN
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, WHICH
THEN AFFECTS COGNITIVE CONTROL
PERFORMANCE.
ANATOMY, FUNCTION, BEHAVIOR.
JUST AS LESLIE WOULD HAVE
PREDICTED.
AS YOU ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS
ACTIVELY MENTORING AND PUSHING
THE BOUNDARIES OF OUR
UNDERSTANDING AND COGNITIVE
NEUROSCIENCE EVEN IN THE LAST
FEW DAYS OF HER TIME HERE.
SHE'S ARE FIGURES FROM JUST A
COUPLE OF HER MORE RECENT
PAPERS, SHE CONTINUED TO PURSUE
RESEARCH THROUGH MULTIPLE
METHODOLOGIES IN BOTH HUMANS AND
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, EMPHASIZING
FUNCTIONALLY DISSOCIABLE SYSTEMS
AND THE IMPORTANCE OF
CONNECTIVITY.
SHE NEVER ASSUMED SHE HAD IT
FIGURED OUT.
SHE NEVER RESTED ON HER LAURELS.
SHE CONTINUED TO QUESTION
ASSUMPTIONS AND PUSH FOR BETTER
UNDERSTANDING.
FOR THE ROLE MODEL SHE GAVE ALL
OF US, FOR HER MENTORING AND HER
INSPIRATION, I WANT TO CONCLUDE
BY SAYING THANK YOU, ESPECIALLY
TO LESLIE, BUT ALSO TO JIM
HACKSBY, TO ALL OF THE
INTELLECTUAL GRANDCHILDREN,
ESPECIALLY THE ONES SHOWN HERE
WHO DID THE RESEARCH I TOLD YOU
ABOUT TODAY.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>> THANK YOU.
OKAY.
WE'LL CONTINUE ON.
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS RICARDO
GATTAS FROM FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
OF RIO DE JANEIRO IN BRAZIL, OF
COURSE, VISUAL MAPS AND VISUAL
PERCEPTION.
THANK YOU.
>> AS A GOOD BRAZILIAN, I HAVE
TO DO ON PAPER.
SO ...
I ACTUALLY PREPARED THE TALK
WITH SOUND AND EVERYTHING, BUT
AFTER THINKING A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT THAT, I DECIDED TO GIVE
YOU A TEST OF ENGLISH DURING MY
PRESENTATION.
WE'RE HERE TODAY TO PAY TRIBUTE
TO A CREATIVE SCIENTIST AND
GREAT FRIEND, LESLIE
UNGERLEIDER, THAT LEFT US
PREMATURELY.
SHE MADE FUNDAMENTAL
CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERSTANDING OF
CORTICAL ORGANIZATION, VISUAL
PERCEPTION AND MEMORY,
PROCESSING IN PRIMATES.
HER ENTHUSIASM, SCIENTIFIC
EXPERTISE AND RIGOROUS
APPLICATION OF ANATOMICAL AND
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES HAVE
GREATLY INFLUENCED OUR FIELD OF
RESEARCH.
TO BEGIN, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK
THE ORGANIZERS OF THE SYMPOSIUM,
NEURAL FOUNDATION OF VISION
COGNITION FOR THE INVITATION TO
PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING.
I'M VERY HONORED TO BE HERE.
IN THIS TALK, I'LL REVIEW DATA
ON THE ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL
VISUAL AREAS FROM THE WORK IN
COLLABORATION WITH LESLIE, AND
IN ADDITION WILL PROPOSE A MODEL
OF VISUAL PERCEPTION WITH
SEVERAL NEURAL REPRESENTATIONS.
LET ME START WITH THIS FIGURE
PROPOSED ON CONTROVERSIES ABOUT
VISUAL AREAS LOCATED AT THE
ANTERIOR BORDER IN PRIMATES THAT
APPEARED IN VISUAL NEUROSCIENCE
IN 2015.
IT SHOWS 52 CORTICAL AREAS IN
THE MACAQUE BRAIN.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE CORE
NEXT.
FLATTENED ON B, AND HAVE THE
CORTICAL AREAS IN DIFFERENT
COLORS IN C.
FOR MANY YEARS, I WORKED WITH
THE TECHNIQUES TO DESCRIBE THE
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AREAS,
ITS BOUNDARIES, AND ITS
FUNCTIONS.
IN THIS WORK, WE USED VISUAL
TOPOGRAPHY ARCHITECTURE TO
IDENTIFY SEVERAL CORTICAL AREAS.
WE USED THE CONCEPT OF VISUAL
TOPOGRAPHY TO SEGREGATE THESE
AREAS.
THIS CONCEPT IS NOT EVEN CLOSELY
NEW.
IT'S NOT NEW.
IT IS PRESENTED IN THE EARLY
WORK OF THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHER
RENE DESCARTES SHOWING EARLY
DEPICTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
WHICH EMBODIES ALL THE ESSENTIAL
CONCEPT OF REPRESENTATIONAL
SYSTEM.
THIS INPUT CAN BE ORDERLY MAPPED
INSIDE OUR BRAIN.
LAYING OUT A FRAMEWORK FOR
INTERNAL REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEM
OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD.
FOR DESCARTES THE PROJECTION
TARGET WAS NOT THE CORTICAL
VISUAL AREAS BUT INSTEAD THE
PINIAIL GLAND.
WE STUDIED THE OLD MACAQUE, AND
IN THE NEW WORLD MONKEY.
IN THESE PRIMATES DESCRIBES
ORGANIZATION AND LIMITS OF V1,
V2, V3, V 4, MT, V4T, PO, POD.
COLLABORATORS HAVE SHOWN VISUAL
TOPOGRAPHY, THESE FIGURES APPEAR
IN THE ARTICLE OF VISION
NEUROSCIENCE 2015, SHOWS
TOPOGRAPHY OF ALL THESE AREAS.
WE FOUND DIFFERENT TOP OH
GRAPHICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THESE
AREAS.
DIFFERENT AREAS HAVE DIFFERENT
ORGANIZATION, PROBABLY RELATED
TO THEIR FUNCTION.
IN THIS SLIDE WE SHOW AREAS
ORGANIZED ALONG THE DOMAIN IN
BLUE, ORGANIZED ALONG THE ISO
POLAR DOMAIN IN PINK, RELATED TO
VISUAL MOTOR PROCESSING IN
GREEN, AREAS WITHOUT TOPOGRAPHIC
ORGANIZATION IN GRAY.
WE PROPOSED THAT THE BLUE AREAS
ARE RELATED TO VISUAL FIELD
PROCESSING.
THE PINK AREAS ARE RELATED TO
FLOW FIELD PROCESSING.
GREEN AREAS RELATED TO VISUAL
MOTOR PROCESSING.
AND THE GRAY AREAS RELATE TO
OBJECT RECOGNITION.
DIRECT PROJECTION FROM V1 COMES
TO THE DIFFERENT STREAMS OF
VISION INFORMATION PROCESSING AS
LESLIE HAD SHOWN.
HERE, WE SHOW DISTINCT
PROJECTIONS.
IN 1988, COLBY AND COLLABORATORS
SHOWED DIRECT PROJECTION FROM V1
TO PO THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT IN
THE 1982 PAPER OF LESLIE, IF YOU
LOOK AT FIGURE 16 ON THAT PAPER,
THERE ARE PROJECTIONS FROM THE
PERIPHERAL OF V1 TO PO THAT AT
THAT TIME NEITHER CAROL OR
MYSELF KNEW ABOUT.
LESLIE THOUGHT THAT PROJECTIONS
WERE FROM V1 TO V2.
SO THE BOUNDARY OF V2 IN THAT
PAPER IS -- INCLUDES PART OF PO.
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE STREAMS OF
INFORMATION PROCESSING IN MEN.
THE SCHEME ILLUSTRATE THE MAJOR
STREAMS OF VISUAL INFORMATION
STARTING AT THE RETINA AND
PROPAGATING THROUGH THE
THALAMUS, EARLY AND INTERMEDIATE
VISUAL AREAS.
PARALLEL PROCESSING IS STARTED
AT THE RETINA AND THALAMUS WITH
THE WELL ESTABLISHED POWERFUL
CELLULAR PATHWAYS.
THESE TWO INPUTS WERE FED INTO
V1 INTERMINGLED TO A
CONSIDERABLE EXTENT AND
PROCESSING THROUGH THE CIRCUITS
WITHIN WELL DEFINED COMPARTMENT
AND MODELS.
THIS GIVES RISE TO A DIFFERENT
TYPE OF INFORMATION WHICH IS FED
TO FOLLOW STREAMS OF VISUAL
PROCESSING.
DATA SUGGESTS THE EXISTENCE OF
AT LEAST FOUR DISTINCT PATHWAYS,
ALL PARTLY ORIGINATING IN V1,
THE VENTRAL, LATERAL, DORSE OH
LATERAL, AND DORSOMEDIAL STREAM
OF PROCESSING.
FOR SOME REASON IT DOESN'T GO
FORWARD.
ALL RIGHT.
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE CONNECTION
OF STREAMS OF VISUAL INFORMATION
PROCESSING IN MEN.
WE RECOGNIZE FOUR ADDITIONAL --
WE RECOGNIZE FOUR STREAMS OF
VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING,
THERE IS ONE ADDITIONAL LATERAL
STREAM IN MEN THAT DEALS WITH
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION.
THUS IN HUMANS, THESE FOUR
STREAMS, THEY ALL ORIGINATED IN
V1 FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF V1.
VENTRAL STREAM MAINLY THE
CENTRAL PART GOING UP TO 20
DEGREES, THE LATERAL STREAM
WHICH IS THE LANGUAGE
COMPREHENSION STREAM FROM THE
CENTER 5 DEGREES, THE
DORSOLATERAL, TODAY THE MOVEMENT
AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION STREAM,
THE TARGET AREA MT COMES FROM
THE BINOCULAR REPRESENTATION OF
V1 AND THE DORSOMEDIAL STREAM TO
AREA PO COMES FROM PERIPHERY OF.
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE CONNECTION
OF THE STREAMS WITH TWO
REPRESENTATIVE VACCINATIONS, ONE
IN UPPER VISUAL FIELD IN RED,
ANOTHER ONE IN THE LOWER VISUAL
FIELD IN GREEN.
FOR SOME REASON, THE
PROJECTIONS, THEY --
THE PROJECTIONS, THEY INTERACT
THROUGH A DYNAMIC NETWORK.
PLEASE HELP ME.
OOPS.
OKAY.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
OKAY.
WHEN WE START STUDYING THE
VISUAL TOPOGRAPHY IN THE CORTEX,
WE THOUGHT PERCEPTION WAS
RELATED TO VISUAL MAPS.
BUT AFTER READING DUHAMEL, COLBY
AND GOLDBERG'S MANY WE STARTED
THINKING THAT PERHAPS THE VISUAL
MAPS ARE NOT RELATED TO VISUAL
PERCEPTION.
AND WE NOW HAVE A VERY CLEAR
IDEA THAT IN THE BRAIN WE HAVE
RETINOTOPIC MAPS THAT ARE TWO
DIMENSIONAL AND THERE ARE
DESCRIBED IN THE SPHERICAL
COORDINATES.
BUT AS YOU GET TO V1, THESE
RETINOTOPIC BECOMES VISUOTOPIC
MAP WITH COMPLETION AND FILLING
IN TAKING PLACE IN THE EXTRA
STRIDE AREAS.
VISUOTOPIC IS BINOCULAR, THREE
DIMENSIONAL, AND IS A
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PHYSICAL
SCENE.
THE PAPER FROM DUHAMEL, COLBY,
AND GOLDBERG SHOWED US THAT
THERE IS A CRANIOCENTRIC
CYCLEOPEAN REPRESENTATION IN THE
BRAIN, EASILY SEEN IF YOU STAY
WITH YOUR HEAD FIXED AND LOOK
AROUND, THE PERCEPTION IS
STABLE.
S THAT CRANIOCENTRIC
REPRESENTATION OF THE
PERCEPTION, AND IF YOU LOOK
AROUND YOU ACTUALLY ARE ABLE TO
ASSEMBLE IN THIS NETWORK
ENVIRONMENT REPRESENTATION OF
THE SCENE.
I THINK THE BATTERY WENT LOW.
I'M PRESSING THE SAME BUTTON.
THAT'S FINE, THAT'S FINE.
HERE WE HAVE A MODEL -- OKAY.
THANK YOU.
OKAY.
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A RETINOTOPIC MAP IN A,
WHERE YOU SEE THE VASCULAR AND
BLIND TOPIC, VISUOTOPIC IN 2,
CRANIOCENTRIC IN 3 AND 4
DEPENDING ON THE POSITION OF
YOUR HEAD.
SOMEHOW IT'S NOT GOING WELL WITH
THE BRAZILIAN POWERPOINT.
OKAY.
HERE WE HAVE THE RETINOTOPIC
MAP, VISUOTOPIC, CRANIOTOPIC IN
3 AND 4, AMBIENT MAP IN 5, WHEN
YOU MOVE YOUR HEAD.
THIS SLIDE IS MEANT TO SHOW YOU
THAT A VISUOTOPIC MAP IS VERY
DIFFERENT FROM THE CRANIOTOPIC
MAP, IN A YOU SEE A WATER FALL
WITH THREE+ SIGNS, RED ONE,
GREEN ONE, BLUE ONE.
AND IF YOU ORIENT YOUR EYES FOR
THE RED, THE BLUE, OR THE GREEN,
THE VISUOTOPIC MAP CHANGES AS
B,C, AND D, BUT YOUR
CRANIOCENTRIC PERCEPTION STAYS
THE SAME.
HERE I HAVE A PHOTO MONTAGE ON A
VIRTUAL VISIT TO RIO DE JANEIRO,
BRAZIL, SHOWING EFFECT OF
EXTRINSIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN
PERCEPTION.
IF YOU USE YOUR FEEDBACK
PROJECTIONS, DIFFERENT
PROJECTION, YOU CAN MOVE YOUR
EYES AND YOUR PERCEPTIONS STAY
STABLE.
BUT IF YOU DODGE YOUR EYES WITH
YOUR ONE FINGER, ONE EYE WITH
ONE FINGER, THE IMAGE IS THE ONE
THAT YOU HAVE IN B.
THIS SLIDE SHOWS A CANVAS OF A
BRAZILIAN ARTIST WHICH GIVES YOU
A VERY COLORFUL AND HIGH
RESOLUTION IMAGE OF THE HUG OF
ROMERO BRITTO.
THIS INFORMATION IS BUILT UP ON
YOUR PERCEPTUAL NETWORK WITH
SMALL EYE MOVEMENTS.
AND AS YOU PROGRESS FROM ONE TO
TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX AND
SEVEN, THE RECONSTRUCTION ON
YOUR PERCEPT GETS COLOR,
RESOLUTION, AND LIGHT.
THIS IS ANOTHER SLIDE SHOWING
THE PROPAGATION OF INFORMATION
IN V 4, WHICH HAS A MAP OF ABOUT
40 DEGREES ECCENTRICITY.
BUT THAT INFORMATION IS
GRADUALLY FILLS THE WHOLE VIEW
OF THE BEACH IN BRAZIL AS YOU
MOVE YOUR EYES.
SO THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR IS
ACTUALLY PRESENT IN THIS
NETWORK.
IN THIS SLIDE, WE USE ILLUSION
TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROPERTY OF
THE NEURAL REPRESENTATION BUILT
AT THE LEVEL OF THE NEURO CORTEX
IS DYNAMIC.
THESE AMBIGUOUS FIGURES
ILLUSTRATE WINNER TAKES ALL
PROPERTY OF THE NETWORK.
AT THE LEFT, YOU WILL SEE EITHER
A CUP IN GREEN OR TWO FACES IN
BLACK.
IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU'RE
PAYING ATTENTION.
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE
GREEN, YOU SEE THE CUP.
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE
BLACK, YOU SEE THE TWO PERSONS
FACING EACH OTHER.
IN THE RIGHT, WITH THE PANEL, WE
SEE EITHER A YOUNG LADY LOOKING
TO THE WALL, OR AN OLD LADY
LOOKING TO THE LEFT.
IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU ARE
PAYING ATTENTION TO.
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE BLUE
ARROW, AND IF YOU CONSIDER THAT
AS A CHEEK OF THE YOUNG LADY YOU
SEE THE YOUNG LADY.
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION AND THINK
THAT IS THE NOSE OF THE OLD
LADY, YOU SEE AN OLD LADY.
SO, THAT'S THE PROPERTY OF
THE --
IN THIS SLIDE WE SHOW THE WATER
FALL FROM 1961 BY THE DUTCH
ARTIST TO ILLUSTRATE THAT THE
NEURAL REPRESENTATION IS
ABSTRACT, RECONSTRUCTED AT THE
LEVEL OF THE NEOCORTEX, AND IT'S
NOT NECESSARILY PLAUSIBLE.
IN THIS LITHOGRAPHY THE
WATERFALL AND IN THE -- AND GOES
UP AGAINST GRAVITY.
FINALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO
ACKNOWLEDGE THE TEAM OF THE
LABORATORY NEURAL PSYCHOLOGY,
NIMH, IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH WE SEE
THE WHOLE TEAM IN FRONT OF
BUILDING 9 IN SEPTEMBER 1991.
LESLIE APPEARS IN THE FIRST ROW,
MORT AND BOB IN THE LAST ROW.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE SABINE
KASTNER, SHE'S AT PRINCETON, AT
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY FOR A
NUMBER OF YEARS NOW.
PRINCETON NEUROSCIENCE
INSTITUTE, DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY.
SABINE?
>> THANK YOU, PETER.
THANKS TO ALEX AND TRUDY AND THE
ENTIRE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE TO
PUT TOGETHER THIS REALLY
BEAUTIFUL SYMPOSIUM.
I WAS VERY FORTUNATE TO SPEND
FOUR YEARS IN LESLIE'S LAB AS A
POSTDOC.
TODAY I WOULD LIKE TO REFLECT ON
A FEW OF THE MANY LESSONS I
LEARNED FROM LESLIE THAT
PREPARED ME IN UNIQUE WAYS FOR A
CAREER IN NEUROSCIENCE.
MANY TRAINEES SHARED OUR
COMMUNITY IN AN OBITUARY TWO
YEARS AGO.
A TALE IN FOUR LESSONS.
LESSON ONE, THE VISIONARY,
EMBRACE AS MANY DISCIPLINES AS
POSSIBLE.
I ARRIVED LATE IN 1996 AND MET
LESLIE A COUPLE WEEKS LATER, IN
HER OFFICE IN BUILDING 49.
SHE WAS RUNNING BASICALLY TWO OR
EVEN THREE LABS AT THE TIME,
NEUROAT NEUROANATOMY.
MY BACKGROUND WAS MONKEYS
PHYSIOLOGY, I DECIDED TO LEARN
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES TO
STUDY THE HUMAN BRAIN.
I HAD CHOSEN TO BE IN BUILDING
49 AMONG THE PHYSIOLOGISTS.
LESLIE'S BUILDING 49 OFFICE WAS
A CLOSET.
WITHOUT WINDOWS.
TWO DESKS, LARGE PILES OF
PAPERS, TINY PERSON IN THE
MIDDLE, LESLIE.
AND THERE WAS A SMALL CHAIR IN
THE CORNER THAT YOU WOULD
SQUEEZE INTO TO MEET HER.
WE CHATTED ABOUT THE DESIGN IN
THE FIRST MEETING OF FUNCTIONAL
BRAIN IMAGE STUDIES, I EXPRESSED
MY CONCERN, IT SEEMED HARD TO
INTERPRET, AT LEAST TO ME.
WE BRAINSTORMED WHAT KIND OF
GROUND TRUTHS WE WERE LOOKING
FOR DECIDED RESULTS FROM MONKEY
PHYSIOLOGY WOULD GUIDE OUR
INVESTIGATIONS AND
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HUMAN
ATTENTION SYSTEM.
THE FIRST CHALLENGE WAS TO
DELINEATE THE HUMAN VISUAL
CORTEX.
LESLIE AND I SPENT NUMEROUS
SATURDAY MORNINGS IN THE LIBRARY
OF BUILDING 49 SURROUNDED BY
PAPER COPIES OF ACTIVATION LABS.
WE STUDIED HOW VISUAL STIMULI
PRESENTED ALONG THE HORIZONTAL
OR VERTICAL MERIDIANS ACTIVATED
THE HUMAN BRAIN AND HOW THAT
COMPARED TO KNOWN NEUROANATOMY
OF MONKEY VISUAL SYSTEM THAT
LESLIE KNEW LIKE ALMOST NO ONE
ELSE ON THE PLANET.
HERE YOU SEE A SLIDE FROM THE
WORKS SHE DID WITH RICARDO.
THIS IS THE -- OH, SORRY.
IS IT STILL THERE?
YES, OKAY.
THIS IS THE VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL MERIDIANS, BOUNDARY
SHOWS YOU THE AREA SHARED FORMED
BY A VERTICAL MERIDIAN AND THIS
GOES TO THE NEXT AREA BOUNDARY
HERE WHICH IS AN HORIZONTAL
MERIDIAN AND BACK TO VERTICAL
AND SO ON.
THERE'S A CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN
AND THIS IS BASICALLY WHAT WE
WERE AFTER.
NOW, OUR PROBLEM WAS THAT WE DID
NOT REALLY HAVE THESE NICE
METHODS ACTUALLY I THINK WE DID
15 YEARS LATER, SOMETHING, IN
THE HUMAN BRAIN THAT SEEMED TO
COME RELATIVELY CLOSE TO THIS.
BUT AT THE TIME WE DID NOT HAVE
FLAT MAPS, DID NOT HAVE REALLY
SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL METHODS
TO DO A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS
MONKEY ANATOMY HERE, LIKE THIS,
WHICH, AGAIN, IS VERY SIMILAR
REALLY IN THE HUMAN BRAIN.
SO WHAT WE ENDED UP DOING WHICH
MUST HAVE BEEN PATHETIC,
PARTICULARLY FOR LESLIE, WE
THREW EVERYTHING IN 2D, CORONAL
SLICES, WHAT WE ENDED UP IN OUR
FIRST PUBLICATION LOOKED
SOMETHING LIKE THIS.
NOW, WHAT I FIND AMAZING ABOUT
THESE INITIAL INTERACTIONS WE
HAD WAS THAT LESLIE NEVER SHIED
AWAY FROM HELPING BUILD UP
STUDIES FROM THE GROUND AND HER
TIME COMMITMENT TO PIONEERING
WHAT WAS AT THE TIME OUR
BEGINNING UNDERSTANDING OF THE
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WAS JUST
ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.
SO THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE
LABORATORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
AND COGNITION WAS
INTERDISCIPLINARY WHICH WAS
VISIONARY AT THE TIME GIVEN THAT
IT IS NOW SECOND NATURE FOR ANY
YOUNG NEUROSCIENTIST TO BE
TRAINED AND BENEFIT FROM
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH.
LESLIE'S PERSPECTIVE AS A
SCIENTIST, AS YOU ALL KNOW,
INTEGRATED MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES,
AND THE RICH KNOWLEDGE THAT
COMES WITH EACH.
COMBINING THE SKILLS AND
KNOWLEDGE OF A NEUROANATOMIST,
IMAGING, PSYCHOLOGIST, SHE
TAUGHT US, HER TRAINEES, MASTERY
OF ONE OR TWO RESEARCH METHODS
IS INDISPENSABLE, AND STRONG
KNOWLEDGE OF MULTIPLE AREAS IS A
REQUIREMENT FOR GOOD SCIENCE.
A KEY TO ASKING PROFOUND
QUESTIONS.
NOW, IN MY OWN CAREER I'VE GONE
BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN HUMAN AN
MONKEY BRAIN, STUDIED PATIENTS
WITH BRAIN LESIONS, COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT IN KIDS, MULTITUDE
OF TECHNIQUES INCLUDING
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING, BUT
ALSO INTRACRANIAL PHYSIOLOGY IN
HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATE,
EMBRACED MANY TOPICS BEYOND
VISUAL ATTENTION FROM
INTERACTION OF THALAMUS AND
CORTEX TO HUMAN TOOL USE.
THIS MAY SEEM LIKE A FEARLESS
AGENDA.
WHAT I LEARNED FROM LESLIE WAS
TO FOCUS ON VALUE, BENEFITS, AN
OPPORTUNITIES OF A
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND
NOT SO MUCH ON THE CHALLENGES
THAT COMES WITH IT.
LESSON 2, A UNIQUE THINKER.
ASK BIG QUESTIONS, ASK THEM
RIGHT.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS
LESLIE TAUGHT HER TRAINEES WAS
HOW TO GO ABOUT THINKING OUT OUR
RESEARCH.
HER WAY OF THINKING ABOUT
NEUROSCIENCE WAS UNIQUELY
LOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE EACH
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT WAS A PUZZLE
PIECE THAT HAD TO FIT INTO
BROADER FRAMEWORK ABOUT WHAT WAS
KNOWN.
BREADTH AND DEPTH OF EXPERTISE
WAS NECESSARY BUT NOT
SUFFICIENT.
LESLIE HAD A UNIQUE ABILITY TO
DRAW KNOWLEDGE FROM DATA.
SHE SAW CONNECTED PATTERNS AND
SYSTEMS RATHER THAN DISJOINTED
LESSER FACTS.
WHEN FACED WITH CONFLICTING
RESULTS SHE WASN'T DISAPPOINTED,
TAUGHT US TO CONSIDER HOW A
CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT FIT
TOGETHER WITH OTHER RESULTS AND
THEORIES ALL THE WAY FROM
SENSATION TO PERCEPTION, AND
THEN TO ATTENTION, MEMORY,
BEHAVIOR.
SHE POINTED OUT THE TRAP OF
BECOMING TOO INVESTED IN A
PARTICULAR THEORY, OR WORSE, A
RIVALRY, WITH ADVOCATES OF
OPPOSING THEORIES.
MADE CLEAR DATA WERE MORE
IMPORTANT THAN THE
INTERPRETATION.
LESLIE WAS INTRIGUED BY LAYING
ALL THE PUZZLE PIECES UNTIL THEY
FIT.
BUT SHE WAS EVEN MORE DECISIVE
IN STARTING FROM SCRATCH, EVERY
NEW PUZZLE PIECE SHOWED UP THAT
DID NOT FIT TO THE FRUSTRATION
OF TRAINEES WHO THOUGHT THEY
SOLVED IT.
LESLIE WAS FAMOUS, YOU HEARD
ABOUT THAT ALREADY, FOR
INTERJECTING AT LAB MEETINGS OR
ONE-ON-ONE MEETINGS, WITH "BUT
WHAT DID IT MEAN," OR "SO WHAT,"
WHEN YOU THOUGHT THE RESULT HAD
BEEN FOUND.
SHE FORCED US NOT TO BE
SATISFIED BUT THINK ABOUT EVERY
ASPECT OF OUR PROJECT, DEEPLY
AND CRITICALLY.
LESLIE'S "SO WHAT" " WERE AIMING
AT MEANFUL ANSWERS.
THIS WAY OF THINKING ABOUT
DISPARATE PIECES FITTING
TOGETHER IMPLIED LESLIE HAD A
DEEP INTEREST IN OTHER PEOPLE'S
RESEARCH.
SHE LISTENED INTENTLY TO OTHERS'
RESULTS, IDEAS, TO BE STORED IN
HER MIND AS ADDITIONAL PIECES TO
THE PUZZLE EVEN IF IT WASN'T
IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS, WHERE EACH
PIECE MIGHT FIT.
I REMEMBER TRAVELING WITH LESLIE
TO A CONFERENCE IN GREECE.
PETER AND I JUST HAD COLLECTED
PILOT DATA ON WHAT WOULD BECOME
A LAND MARK STUDY FOR THE HUMAN
ATTENTION FIELD, CITED ALMOST
2,000 TIMES.
WE SHOWED IN THE STUDY VISUAL
CORTEX INCLUDING PRIMARY VISUAL
CORTEX COULD BE DRIVEN SOLELY BY
ATTENTION-RELATED FEEDBACK
SIGNALS, YOU SEE THEM HERE IN
YELLOW DURING THIS AD HOC, THIS
SIGNAL, fMRI SIGNAL, DRIVEN BY
A TOP-DOWN FEEDBACK SIGNAL, NOT
BY VISUAL INPUT.
THAT WAS SENSATIONAL FOR THE
TIME.
NOW BACK TO THE GREECE TRIP THAT
WE DID.
SO, LESLIE AND I ARRIVED AFTER A
RED EYE FLIGHT IN ATHENS, AND
ENTERED A BUS THAT WOULD BRING
US TO THE CONFERENCE LOCATION.
I WAS PRETTY TIRED.
A BIT NAUSEOUS FROM THE BUMPY
BUS RIDE ON GREEK HIGHWAYS.
AND LOOKING FORWARD TO TAKING A
NAP.
BUT LESLIE INSISTED WE SHOULD
DISCUSS THE PILOT DATA.
IT HAD BEEN WHAT I WOULD CALL A
PRETTY DIRTY PILOT STUDY, LESLIE
WAS ABSOLUTELY NOT HAPPY WITH
THE STUDY DESIGN.
WE SPENT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT
OF TIME ON THIS TRIP
BRAINSTORMING ON HOW TO IMPROVE
IT.
ONCE WE GOT BACK TO BETHESDA,
THE REST OF THE STUDY WAS A
PIECE OF CAKE.
LESLIE WAS NEVER TOO TIRED TO
DISCUSS WHAT SHE LOVED MOST,
SCIENCE.
BUT YOU HAD TO DO YOUR SCIENCE
RIGHT.
LESSON 3, A GENEROUS MENTOR,
LASTING IMPRINT ON SO MANY.
SHE WAS AN AMAZING MENTOR,
WANTED TO MAKE SURE MENTEES WERE
PREPARED TO FACE DEMANDS OF
THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT CAREERS IN
ALL ASPECTS.
IF YOU WERE NOT READY TO WRITE A
PAPER YET, LESLIE WOULD SIT DOWN
AND GO THROUGH DRAFTS, SENTENCE
BY SENTENCE, YOU'VE HEARD THAT
REPEATEDLY TODAY, IT'S REALLY
TRUE.
MANY TRAINEES LIKE MYSELF WERE
NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS AND CAME
WITH MODERATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
LESLIE WAS KEENLY AWARE OF THE
VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF CLEAR
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION AND
TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF EFFORTS
WERE SPENT ON TEACHING THESE
SKILLS.
HER PAPERS WERE WRITTEN IN A
CRYSTAL CLEAR MANNER AND
FOLLOWED RIGOROUS LOGIC.
DIFFERENT PARAGRAPHS PRESENTING
CAREFULLY BUILT ARGUMENTS WOULD
LEAD TO GROUNDED CONCLUSIONS OR
HYPOTHESES WITH AN ALMOST
MATHEMATICAL RIGOR.
INTIMIDATING AT FIRST, SHE HELD
US ALL AGAINST HER HIGH
STANDARDS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING
REGARDLESS OF WHERE WE CAME FROM
WITH LANGUAGE ABILITIES.
SHE WANTED TO BUILD US UP TO
THESE STANDARDS.
SITTING SIDE BY SIDE TO WORK ON
A PAPER MIGHT LOOK LIKELY.
SHE WOULD READ THROUGH TEXT,
FROWN A BIT, TURN WITH A
QUESTION.
OKAY, NOW, HOW ABOUT YOU JUST
TELL ME WHAT IT IS YOU WANT TO
SAY.
BUT THEN EVEN VERY CLEAR ANSWERS
WERE OFTEN FOLLOWED BY, AND DO
YOU THINK THIS IS WHAT YOU HAVE
WRITTEN DOWN HERE?
[LAUGHTER]
LESLIE WOULD TEACH US HOW TO
BREAK DOWN THOUGHTS INTO LOGICAL
PROGRESSION OF STATEMENTS THAT
BUILT ONTO EACH OTHER AND LED TO
INESCAPABLE CONCLUSION OR
SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR THAT
PARAGRAPH AS WELL AS OPENING FOR
THE NEXT ONE.
LESLIE'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE
LITERATURE WAS STRIKING AND SHE
SHARED IT TO INFORM OUR
REASONING.
WHAT IS SO REMARKABLE, SHE WAS
SIMULTANEOUSLY INSISTENT ON US
REACHING HER QUALITY STANDARDS
AS WELL AS ENCOURAGING AND
PATIENT WHILE SENDING US BACK TO
WORK ON THE NEXT ITERATION.
AND THERE WERE MANY.
I CANNOT THINK OF A BETTER
TUTORIAL IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING
THAN THESE ONE-ON-ONE SESSIONS
WITH LESLIE AND I NEEDED MANY OF
THEM TO BECOME A PROFICIENT
WRITER.
ANOTHER FAMOUS EXAMPLE WERE THE
PRACTICE TALKS, IN PREPARATION
FOR CONFERENCE MEETINGS.
LESLIE'S TALKS WERE ALWAYS AS
CLEAR AS HER WRITING.
EVERYONE WHO HAS ATTENDED ONE OF
HER LECTURES, ADMIRED PERFECT
SLIDES, PROGRESSION, VERBAL
DELIVERY WITH CONTENT ON THE
SLIDE.
SHE STARTED OUT SHY AND
UNCOMFORTABLE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
IN HER EARLY CAREER.
LESLIE'S STRATEGY TO OVERCOME
STAGE FRIGHT WAS TO PREPARE HER
TALKS METICULOUSLY AND SHE DID
THAT WITH EVERY SINGLE TALK I
CAN THINK OF.
FOR HER TRAINEES, LESLIE'S
COACHING ON PUBLIC SPEAKING WAS
PRICELESS.
LESLIE TAUGHT US THREE
PRINCIPLES.
DECIDE ON A CLEAR STORY LINE AND
SET OF LOGICALLY CONGRUENT
STATEMENTSES.
USE SPARSE, NO MORE THAN
NECESSARY, GRAPHS AND
ILLUSTRATIONS OVER WORDS.
THEN OF COURSE PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE.
IF YOU COULD GET BY WITH THROUGH
PRACTICE ROUNDS ATTENDED BY THE
ENTIRE LAB UNTIL YOUR TALK WAS
WELL PRESENTED AND ALL ISSUES
WITH SLIDES WERE FIXED, YOU WERE
LUCKY.
AND LESLIE MAY CALL YOU LATE AT
NIGHT TO MAKE SURE YOU WERE
READY FOR TOMORROW'S EVENT.
THIS WAS IN FACT MORE THAN A
TEASE.
IT WAS A GOOD-NATURED THREAT AND
ACTUALLY HAPPENED TO ME.
IN MY FINAL POSTDOC YEAR I
DECIDED THAT TWO PRACTICE TALKS
WERE MORE THAN ENOUGH IN
PREPARATION FOR MY SOCIETY OF
NEUROSCIENCE PREPARATION, AFTER
ALL, I HAD LANDED A FACULTY
POSITION AT PRINCETON.
SO, I DIDN'T SHOW UP FOR MY
THIRD AND FOURTH PRACTICE TALK.
SURE ENOUGH, LESLIE CALLED ME AT
MIDNIGHT AND INQUIRED ABOUT MY
READINESS AND OUTFIT TOO.
BY THE WAY, THE TALK WENT WELL.
LESLIE AND I HAD A GLASS OF TALK
AT THE END OF THE DAY TO
CELEBRATE.
BUT LESLIE'S MENTORSHIP REACHED
FAR BEYOND HER OWN TRAINEES.
SHE LEFT AN IMPRINT,
PARTICULARLY ON YOUNG SCIENTISTS
AND VISITING INSTITUTIONS TO
DELIVER SEMINARS.
AFTER SHE VISITED PRINCETON IN
2009, STUDENTS TALKED FOR WEEKS
ABOUT THE ADVICE AND
ENCOURAGEMENT LESLIE PROVIDED
DURING THEIR LUNCH MEETING AND
CONVERSATIONS.
MY COLLEAGUE AT PRINCETON TIM
BUSHMAN, A POSTBAC AT NIMH,
SOUGHT OUT HER ADVICE WHERE TO
ATTEND GRADUATE SCHOOL IN
NEUROSCIENCE AND THEY TALKED FOR
MORE THAN AN HOUR, EVEN THOUGH
LESLIE DIDN'T KNOW TIM AT THE
TIME.
EXAMPLES ABOUT LESLIE'S
DEDICATION TO MENTORSHIP COULD
GO ON AND ON.
IT WAS JUST SO IMPORTANT TO HER.
LESLIE'S MENTORSHIP STILL GUIDES
HOW I APPROACH WRITING PAPERS OR
PUT TOGETHER MY TALKS, AND HOW I
TEACH THESE ESSENTIAL SKILLS TO
MY TRAINEES.
LESSON 4, FEMALE ROLE MODEL, YOU
CAN DO IT.
LESLIE WAS AN IMMENSELY
IMPORTANT ROLE MODEL FOR FEMALE
SCIENTISTS.
BELONGING TO A GENERATION
DOMINATED BY MALE
NEUROSCIENTISTS SHE
CHARACTERIZED UPBRINGING IN
SCIENCE IN ONE OF OUR
CONVERSATIONS AS THAT OF ANING
-- UGLY DUCKLING.
IN A TYPICAL SITUATION AT AN
EARLY SAN ANTONIO MEETING,
LESLIE IS THE ONLY WOMAN WITH A
LARGE GROUP OF MALE COLLEAGUES.
I DON'T KNOW IF DAVID WILL BE
HERE BUT THIS IS DAVID, BY THE
WAY, I THINK.
I POINTED THEM OUT HERE.
YOU SEE CARL AND PETER, SOME
FAMILIAR FACES HERE.
NOW, LESLIE UNDERSTOOD LIKE NO
OTHER THE VULNERABILITIES OF
FEMALE SCIENTISTS, SUCH AS
BALANCING DEMANDS OF A
SCIENTIFIC CAREER WITH HAVING A
FAMILY AND RAISING KIDS.
LESLIE KNEW ALL TOO WELL ABOUT
CHALLENGES FACING HER FEMALE
MENTEES IN THE SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY AND SHE DID EVERYTHING
SHE COULD TO PREPARE THEM FOR
THE NEXT STAGES OF THEIR
CAREERS.
SHE TAUGHT FEEL TRAINEES HOW TO
NEGOTIATE A FACULTY POSITION,
APPROPRIATE SALARY.
SHE ENCOURAGED US TO STAND UP
FOR OURSELVES.
HER SUPPORT WAS UNWAVERING, IF A
TALK DID NOT GO WELL, CHEERING
AND SUPPORT AHEAD OF A MAJOR
CHALLENGE.
I FONDLY REMEMBER BEING CALLED
THE NIGHT BEFORE GOING TO
PRINCETON TO INTERVIEW, AND TO
DELIVER MY TALK AND SHE FELT MY
UNEASINESS AND SAID, I KNOW YOU
CAN DO IT, KIDDO.
THE UNWAVERING TRUST SHE
EXPRESSED IN SO MANY WAYS AND
CONFIDENCE AND I'VE FOUND MYSELF
OFTEN SINCE THEN TELLING ME, YOU
CAN DO IT, WHEN FACING
CHALLENGES INCLUDING TODAY'S
TALK.
JOINING LESLIE'S LAB WAS JOINING
A SECOND FAMILY.
THIS FEELS VERY MUCH LIKE A
FAMILY REUNION.
LESLIE LOVED GETTING TO KNOW HER
COLLABORATORS BEYOND OUR
PROFESSIONAL SETTING.
SHE OFTEN JOINED THE REGULAR
WEEKEND PARTIES THAT PEOPLE
THREW AT THE TIME AND WE COULD
COUNT ON HER ADVICE IF WE
STRUGGLED IN OUR PERSONAL LIVES.
LESLIE DID NOT LIKE TO SEE
PEOPLE LEAVING HER LAB.
YOU SEE, THIS IS WHAT SHE WROTE
ON A T-SHIRT I RECEIVED AS A
GOING AWAY PRESENT AND HERE YOU
SEE ACTUALLY A PICTURE FROM THE
PARTY.
BUT ONCE WE DID LEAVE HER LBC WE
WERE SURE OF LESLIE'S UNWAVERING
SUPPORT AND ADVICE DEVELOPING
OUR CAREERS.
THE EXPERIENCE OF HAVING LESLIE
AS MENTOR AND ROLE MODEL WAS
TRANSFORMATIVE FOR MY CAREER
AROUND PERSONAL GROWTH.
LESLIE WAS ALSO A BELOVED
FRIEND.
WHEN OUR SON WAS DIAGNOSED WITH
ATYPICAL NEURODEVELOPMENT,
MICHAEL AND I WERE DEVASTATED
SHE WAS THE FIRST TO CALL,
LISTEN, OFFER ADVICE AND
SUPPORT.
LESLIE HAD MANY TRAGEDIES IN HER
OWN LIFE BUT HER SPIRIT, WARMTH,
ENERGY AND STRENGTH WERE
UNBREAKABLE.
LESLIE WILL ALWAYS REMAIN A
WONDERFUL INSPIRATION IN MY
MEMORIES.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>> THANK YOU, SABINE.
ALL RIGHT.
THE LAST TALK OF THE SESSION
WILL ARE MARSEL MESULAM.
HE'S AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY,
AND HIS TALK WILL BE ON AT THE
POLE OF THE WHAT PATHWAY.
ONE MORE TALK AFTER HIS.
[LAUGHTER]
>> I THOUGHT I WAS GOING TO HAVE
A WHOLE HOUR.
[LAUGHTER]
THANK YOU, PETER.
I REALLY WISH THIS HAD BEEN A
DIFFERENT OCCASION, WOULDN'T IT
HAVE BEEN NICE IF LESLIE WAS
HERE TO LISTEN TO ALL OF THESE
TALKS, WHICH SHE WOULD HAVE
ENJOYED SO MUCH.
BUT THAT'S NOT THE WAY THAT
THINGS WORK, AND I THINK I WANT
TO CONGRATULATE THE ORGANIZERS
FOR THIS REALLY MAGNIFICENT
PROGRAM AND FOR ALLOWING ME TO
BE PART OF IT.
LET ME START WITH AN ANECDOTE.
EITHER 1998 OR 1988, OHBM IN
DUSSELDORF, THE LOCAL ORGANIZER
IS RIGGER ZITEZ, LESLIE IS CHAIR
OF OHBM, I'M CHAIR OF THE
COMMITTEE.
WE MET AND WENT THROUGH
DISCUSSION OF BALANCING
ACQUISITION WITH ANALYSIS,
COGNITIVE ASIA, AMERICAS,
EUROPE, AND AT THE END WE CAME
UP WITH WHAT WE THOUGHT WAS, YOU
KNOW, A GOOD PROGRAM.
AT THAT POINT THERE WAS NO NEED
TO CONSULT WITH ANYONE ELSE,
COULD HAVE STARTED TO CALL AND
MAKE INVITATIONS BUT I HAPPENED
TO RUN INTO LESLIE.
I HAD THE PROGRAM SCRIBBLED ON A
YELLOW PAD.
I SHOWED HER THE PROGRAM.
YOU KNOW, I DIDN'T EXPECT
ADULATION BUT MAYBE A "WELL
DONE," THAT SORT OF THING.
YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT HER SENSE OF
HUMOR AND HOW NURTURING SHE WAS.
BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT I GOT.
[LAUGHTER]
SHE GAVE ME A LONG HARD LOOK AND
THEN SHE JUST SAID, "NOT ENOUGH
WOMEN."
LOTS OF THINGS I COULD HAVE
DONE.
BUT WHAT I DID IS RUN
FRANTICALLY THROUGH THE
CORRIDORS, RECONVENE THE PROGRAM
COMMITTEE, I THINK PETER WAS IN
THAT COMMITTEE.
AND WE SAT DOWN.
I THINK FOR THE ONLY TIME IN THE
HISTORY OF OHBM THERE WERE TWO
PROGRAMS, AND ACTUALLY THE
REVISED PROGRAM WAS PRECISELY
THE ONE THAT SABINE SHOWED WITH
THE PICTURE OF, AND I CAN ASSURE
YOU FROM THEN ON THERE WERE A
LOT MORE WOMEN IN THE
LEADERSHIP.
I JUST SAY THIS AS HAS BEEN SAID
SEVERAL TIMES DURING TODAY, OF
HER FIERCE RESOLVE TO CHAMPION
THE CAUSE OF WOMEN IN
NEUROSCIENCE.
SO, ON THE OCCASION OF THIS
MEMORIAL, I WILL ALSO TALK ABOUT
HER WHERE AND WHAT PATHWAY, HER
REALLY LEGENDARY CONTRIBUTION TO
THIS FIELD.
I'M GOING TO FOCUS ENTIRELY ON A
LITTLE PART OF THE WHAT PATHWAY
THAT IS STUCK IN THE SOUTH END
TOWARDS THE POLE OF THIS SYSTEM.
NOW, IT TURNS OUT THAT THE
TEMPORAL POLE REGION HAS GIVEN A
LOT OF HEADACHE TO BEHAVIORAL
NEUROLOGY.
THIS IS A MAP OF CORTICAL
FUNCTION THAT WAS PUBLISHED BY
CARL CLEIST IN 1934.
YOU CAN SEE EVERY PART OF THE
CEREBRAL CORTEX IS GIVEN HEAVY
PORTFOLIO OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
WITH ONE EXCEPTION.
[LAUGHTER]
THE TEMPORAL POLE IS LEFT BLANK
WITH NO FUNCTIONS WHATSOEVER.
THERE WERE SEVERAL REASONS.
FIRST, KLEIST DREW THIS MAP ON
FOCAL SHRAPNEL LESIONS SUFFERED
BY SOLDIERS IN WORLD WAR I.
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, THE SHRAPNEL
HITTING THIS PART OF THE BRAIN
WOULD BE FATAL.
AND THERE WOULD BE LITTLE FOR
KLEIST TO EXAMINE.
THEN CLASSIC BEHAVIORAL
NEUROLOGY WAS BUILT ONE STROKE
AT A TIME.
IT TURNS OUT THIS PART OF THE
BRAIN IS RATHER RESISTANT TO
FOCAL STROKES BECAUSE OF THE
TRIPLE BLOOD SUPPLY FROM THE
ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL
ARTERY AND ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL.
AND THEN WHEN BEHAVIORAL
NEUROLOGY WAS WEANED FROM
STROKES AND STARTED TO DO
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, THERE WERE
SOME PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
ARTIFACTS, CONTRIBUTING TO MAKE
THE REGION SOMEWHAT OPAQUE TO
BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS.
THIS SILENCE BROKE DOWN IN THE
1980s, WHEN NEUROLOGISTS
STARTED TO BECOME MORE AND MORE
AWARE OF FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR
RECEPTION WITH TDP
PROTEINOPATHY, A NORMALLY ACAN
YOU GOER PROTEIN THAT PLACE AN
IMPORTANT ROLE, THERE'S A WHOLE
GROUP OF FRONTOTEMPORAL
DEGENERATION ASSOCIATED WITH
TRUNCATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION.
IF THE ABNORMAL CLUMP TAKES THE
FORM OF THICK TWISTED NEURITE OR
THE TYPE YOU SEE AT THE END OF
THIS ARROW, THIS IS KNOWN AS
FTLD-TDP TYPE C, THAT HAS A
FATAL ATTRACTION TO THE
FRONTOTEMPORAL REGION.
THIS IS A POSTMORTEM SPECIMEN
SHOWING WHAT THE NORMAL TEMPORAL
POLAR SHOULD LOOK LIKE, YOU SEE
THE ANTERIOR PARTS, FAT AND
GLISTENING.
ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS POSTMORTEM
SPECIMEN OF A PATIENT WHO DIED
15 YEARS AFTER SYMPTOM ONSET AND
POSTMORTEM SHOWED FTLD-TDP TYPE
C, THERE'S NO QUESTION THE PEAK
ATROPHY IS IN THE TEMPORAL POLAR
AREA WITH THE GYRI THIN, SOLCI
GAPING.
THIS IS 15 YEARS AFTER THE ONSET
OF SYMPTOMS, AND DEGENERATIVE
DISEASE WHICH IS PRETTY FOCAL.
THE ATROPHY THAT IS CAUSED BY
TDP-C IS QUITE ASYMMETRIC.
THREE OF MY PATIENTS SHOWN TO
HAVE TDP-C.
YOU CAN EASILY SEE THAT THE
TEMPORO POLAR REGION ON THE LEFT
SIDE LOOKS NORMAL, ON THE RIGHT,
ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN IS
DISTINCTLY ABNORMAL, ESSENTIALLY
IN SOME OF THESE CASES
ESPECIALLY THE ONE ON THE RIGHT
AND THE ONE IN THE BOTTOM
THERE'S HARDLY ANY CORTEX LEFT.
THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF THIS
ATROPHY IS KNOWN AS SEMANTIC
PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA, A
DIAGNOSIS MADE WHEN THERE'S
INSIDIOUS ONSET AND GRADUAL
PROGRESSION OF A SEVERE OBJECT
NAMING AND WORD COMPREHENSION
PROBLEM, IN THE ABSENCE OF
DIFFICULTIES WITH GRAMMAR,
FLUENCY, REPETITION, BEHAVIOR,
MEMORY, AND SO ON.
LET ME PUT THIS IN CLINICAL
PERSPECTIVE.
THIS SCAN, THE MAP
YELLOW AND RED SHOWS
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
ATROPHY COMPARED TO CONTROL
GROUP, FOUR YEARS AFTER ONSET IN
A PART WITH TDP-C AT AUTOPSY.
YOU CAN SEE THIS ATROPHY JUST IN
THE TEMPOROPOLAR AREAS, WITH THE
RIGHT SIDE HAVING NEW
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
ATROPHY.
AT THAT TIME, WHEN THIS SCAN WAS
OBTAINED, HER GAMMA SCORE WAS
100%, REPETITION WAS ESSENTIALLY
NORMAL, NON-VERBAL OBJECT
KNOWLEDGE WAS ESSENTIALLY
NORMAL.
OBJECT NAMING WAS 10% OF NORMAL.
SO SEVERELY IMPAIRED AS WAS WORD
COMPREHENSION.
I WILL LET YOU LISTEN TO A CLIP
WHERE WE ASKED HER TO DEFINE THE
MEANING OF THESE FOUR WORDS.
ZEBRA, HIPPOPOTAMUS, PUMPKIN,
SCISSORS.
LET'S SEE IF WE CAN LISTEN TO
THAT.
>> ZEBRA.
I DO REMEMBER IN THE PAST WHAT
ZEBRA WAS BUT I DON'T REMEMBER
IT NOW.
HIPPOPOTAMUS.
>> PERFECT.
>> I'M NOT SURE IF THAT'S AN
ANIMAL OR SOMETHING ELSE.
>> OKAY, THAT'S FINE.
>> PUMPKIN.
>> UH-HUH.
>> THAT IS A ... IT IS AN
ANIMAL.
SCISSORS IS ... WHEN I WORK,
IT'S SOMETHING I USE TO PUT A
COUPLE OF PICTURES TOGETHER.
>> UH-HUH.
>> SO, WE WANTED TO EXPLORE
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF THIS KIND
OF WORD COMPREHENSION IMPAIRMENT
AND DESIGNED AN EXPERIMENT THAT
HAD TWO FORMATS, VERBAL AND
NON-VERBAL FORMAT.
IN THE VERBAL FORMAT, THE
PATIENT WITH THIS KIND OF
ANTERIOR ATROPHY WOULD SEE AN
OBJECT, A PROBE ON COMPUTER
SCREEN, SINGLE WORD, IT COULD BE
A MATCH, IN OTHER WORDS THE NAME
OF THE OBJECT, OR SEMANTICALLY
RELATED MISMATCH, OR
SEMANTICALLY UNRELATED MISMATCH.
THE RULE WAS TO PRESS ONE BUTTON
IF THERE WAS A MATCH.
AND NON-VERBAL FORMAT BOTH WERE
PICTURES.
MATCHING PROBE WOULD BE ANOTHER
VIEW OF THE SAME OBJECT OR IF
THERE COULD BE A RELATED
MISMATCH, OR UNRELATED MISMATCH,
RULES FOR RESPONDING WERE THE
SAME.
AND THEN WE LOOKED AT THE N 400
POTENTIAL AS PHYSIOLOGICAL
METRIC OF SENSITIVITY TO THE
SEMANTIC DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
PRIME AND PROBE.
AND THE BLUE LINE THAT YOU SEE
HERE IS A POTENTIAL EVOKED
MATCH, GREEN LINE, POTENTIAL
EVOKED BY UNRELATED AND THEN
POTENTIALLY RELATED.
DISTANCE BETWEEN MATCH AND
UNRELATED MISMATCH INDICATES
SENSITIVITY TO INTERCATEGORY
DIFFERENCES, AND DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE MATCH AND THE
RELATED MISMATCH IS SENSITIVITY
TO INTRACATEGORY DISTANCES.
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE IN THE
CONTROL, BOTH DISTANCES WERE
SIGNIFICANT IN BOTH VERBAL AND
NON-VERBAL FORMAT.
IN THE PATIENTS WITH SEMANTIC
PPA AND LEFT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL
LOBE ATROPHY EVOKED POTENTIALS
WERE NORMAL IN THE CONDITION
INDICATING NON-VERBAL OBJECT
RECOGNITION WAS PRESERVED.
BUT IN THE VERBAL CONDITION
THINGS WERE DIFFERENT.
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MATCH AND
UNRELATED MISMATCH WAS STILL
SIGNIFICANT BUT DISTANCE BETWEEN
MATCH AND RELATED MISMATCH WAS
NO LONGER SIGNIFICANT.
TO US, THAT MEANT THAT THERE HAD
BEEN DISTORTION IN THE MENTAL
MAPPING OF WORD MEANING, AND
THAT THE MEANING OF WORDS
DENOTING EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT
CATEGORIES WERE PRESERVED, SUCH
WORDS COULD BE RECOGNIZED AS
BEING DIFFERENT, WHEREAS MEANING
OF WORDS DENOTING EXEMPLARS OF
THE SAME CATEGORY BECAME
CONFUSED WITH EACH OTHER.
SO THAT WAS THE INITIAL REASON
OF OBJECT NAMING IMPAIRMENT AS
WELL AS SEMANTIC, LATER AS THE
ATROPHY PROGRESSED EVEN THE
BOUNDARIES BETWEEN WORDS
DENOTING DIFFERENT DESEMANTIC
CATEGORIES WITH BLURRED, LEADING
TO IMPAIRMENT OF THE TYPE YOU
JUST HEARD.
NOW, TDC-P DOES NOT HAVE BY AS
FOR THE LEFT, SOMETIMES ALSO
HITS THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE
BRAIN.
NOW, THIS IS FROM ONE OF MY
PATIENTS WHO STARTED TO BE
SYMPTOMATIC AT THE AGE OF 54.
AND AT THAT TIME, SHE HAD
DIFFICULTY RECOGNIZING PEOPLE BY
LOOKING AT THEIR FACES.
AND SHE WAS WORKING AS A
RECEPTIONIST, SO THAT WAS NOT A
GOOD THING.
SHE ACTUALLY LOST HER JOB.
AT THAT TIME, THE SCAN, I THINK
YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE THAT THE
RIGHT TEMPOROPOLAR AREA IS
ATROPHIED COMPARED TO THE LEFT.
THEN I GOT TO SEE HER FIVE YEARS
LATER, THE RITE TEMPOROPOLAR
ATROPHY WAS MORE SEVERE,
BEGINNING ATROPHY IN THE LEFT
SIDE OF THE BRAIN AT THIS TIME.
I TESTED HER, GIVING HER THESE
KINDS OF OBJECTS.
AND AT THAT TIME SHE WAS UNABLE
TO NAME ANY OF THESE OBJECTS.
AND ALSO WHEN I GAVE HER THE
NAME OF THE OBJECT, SHE COULD
NOT POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING
PICTURE.
SO, SO FAR SHE'S BEHAVING
SIMILARLY TO PATIENTS WITH
SEMANTIC PPA BUT THEN THERE WERE
HUGE DIFFERENCES.
SHE COULD NOT DESCRIBE THE
NATURE OF THE OBJECT THAT SHE
COULDN'T NAME.
THAT'S DIFFERENT BECAUSE IN
PATIENTS WITH LEFT ANTERIOR
TEMPOROPOLAR ATROPHY THE PATIENT
CAN DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF THE
OBJECT BECAUSE NON-VERBAL OBJECT
RECOGNITION IS PRESERVED.
SECONDLY, THIS PATIENT COULD
DEFINE THE MEANING OF THE WORD
THAT DENOTED THE OBJECT SHE
COULDN'T NAME.
SO THE PROBLEM HERE IN HER
NAMING DIFFICULTY WAS NOT AN
IMPAIRMENT IN WORD COMPREHENSION
BUT IN THE INABILITY OF THE
VISUAL PERCEP TO EVOKE SENSATION
TO RECOGNIZE AND NAME THE
OBJECT, KNOWN AS VISUAL
ASSOCIATIVE OBJECT AGNOSIA.
AS THIS PROGRESSES, IT'S
MODALITY SPECIFIC FOR VISUAL BUT
AS ATROPHY PROGRESSES THEN IT
BECOMES MULTI-MODAL.
THE RIGHT LOBE HAS OTHER TRICKS
UP ITS SLEEVE, SOME
CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE ATROPHY OF
THE RIGHT, ESPECIALLY IF IT
SPREADS TO AMYGDALA GIVES RISE
TO SEVERE SOCIAL CONDUCT
IMPAIRMENTS, PROBABLY RELATED TO
THE THIRD PATHWAY THAT LESLIE
WAS WORKING ON.
SO, AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE'S A
HETEROGENEOUS SYMPTOMOLOGY WITH
THE TEMPOROPOLAR REGION.
DESPITE ANSWERS WE CURRENTLY
HAVE NO ABSOLUTELY NO WAY TO
DETERMINE SYNAPTIC ARRANGEMENT
OF THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX.
SO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS SUCH AS
THOSE THAT LESLIE CONDUCTED ARE
STILL VERY RELEVANT.
SO, THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT THAT I
DID QUITE A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO.
AND THIS IS BASED ON THE
RETROGRADE TRANSPORT OF TRACER
KNOWN AS HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE.
THE BLACK AREA IS INJECTION SITE
IN THE TEMPOROPOLAR REGION, A
MACAQUE MONKEY.
DOTS INDICATE THE LOCATION OF
CELLS THAT SENT MONO SYNAPTIC
PROJECTIONS INTO THIS
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA.
INITIALLY WHEN YOU LOOK AT IT,
IT LOOKS CHAOTIC, SEEMS TO BE
ALL OVER THE PLACE BUT ACTUALLY
THESE CONNECTIONS CAN BE
CLASSIFIED INTO VERY SPECIFIC
TYPES.
FIRST THERE WERE DIRECT LIMBIC
PROJECTIONS FROM THE
HYPOTHALAMUS, FROM THE ONCUS,
AND ESPECIALLY THE AMYGDALA.
THEN THERE WERE OLFACTORY INPUTS
FROM PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
AND ALSO VISCERAL AND GUSTATORY
IMPORT FROM INSULA.
DOWNSTREAM AUDITORY INPUTS FROM
ANTERIOR PARTS OF THE SUPERIOR
TEMPORAL GYRUS, DOWNSTREAM
INPUTS FROM ANTERIOR PARTS OF
THE INFERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS, AND
THEN HETEROMODAL IMPACTS FROM
BANKS OF SUPERIOR TEMPORAL
SALCUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX.
IF THIS IS USED FOR GUIDANCE,
DTI AND RESTING STATE CONNECT
STUDIES IN HUMANS SUCH AS THOSE
HERE IN IN ALEX MARTIN'S LAB CAN
BE INTERPRETED TO SHOW SIMILAR
AND PROBABLY MORE COMPLEX
ARRANGEMENT OCCURS IN THE
TEMPOROPOLAR REGION OF THE HUMAN
BRAIN AS WELL.
THE LATERAL PART OF THE HUMAN
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA HAS SIX LAYER
ISOCORTICAL HOMOTYPICAL CORTEX,
ASSOCIATION CORTEX AT ITS BEST.
THE DORSAL PART CAN BE
CONSIDERED DOWNSTREAM NODE OF
AUDITORY PROCESSING PATHWAYS
WHICH BRING INFORMATION FROM THE
AUDITORY WORD FORM AREA, VENTRAL
PART CAN BE CONSIDERED
DOWNSTREAM NODE OF VISUAL
ASSOCIATION AREAS, BRINGING
INPUT FROM FACE, OBJECT, VISUAL
WORD FORM AREAS.
IN BETWEEN THERE'S HETEROMODAL
CORTEX WHICH ALLOWS MULTI-MODAL
CONCEPTS THAT ALLOW US TO
UNDERSTAND WORDS, RECOGNIZE
OBJECTS, IDENTIFY PERSONS, AND
SO ON.
NOW, THE MEDIAL PART OF
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA INCLUDING THE
PLANUM POLARE IS DISGRANULAR
CORTEX PROVIDING GATEWAY THAT
ALLOWS WORDS, OBJECT, FACES, TO
EVOKE EMOTIONAL AND SIMILAR
ASSOCIATIONS.
SO, SUPERIMPOSED ON THIS WE HAVE
CORTICAL SYMMETRY, SO THAT THE
WORD COMPREHENSION IS UNDER
STRICT CONTROL OF THE LEFT
HEMISPHERE WHEREAS FACE AND
OBJECT RECOGNITION ARE MORE
BILATERALLY ORGANIZED BUT WITH
THE RIGHT-SIDED BIAS.
SO, I SHOULD CONCLUDE BY SAYING
THAT IF KARL KLEIST BOTHERED TO
READ LESLIE'S PAPERS HE WOULD
HAVE CONCLUDED THERE IS ANYTHING
BUT SILENCE IN THE TEMPOROPOLAR
AREA, AND IT REALLY SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED AS THE DOWNSTREAM
COMBINATION OF AN EXTENDED WHAT
PATHWAY OF LESLIE UNGERLEIN.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>> A DELIGHTFUL PRESENTATION.
I HAVE A QUESTION, YOU MENTIONED
INACCESSIBILITY OF THE POLE AND
DIFFICULTY TO IMAGE IT AND
RECORD FROM.
WHAT ABOUT DOING PERHAPS
STIMULATION WITH TMS OR
SOMETHING ALONG THOSE LINES TO
TRY AND ELICIT AT LEAST SOME
REVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS?
>> THANK YOU.
IT ALSO IS HIDDEN.
THERE'S A TEMPORAL MUSCLE, AS
YOU KNOW, AND THEN THERE'S THE
WING OF THE SPHENEOID BONE,
STIMULATING IT IS TOUGH BUT
DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION HAS
BEEN APPLIED TO SOME PATIENTS
WITH SEMANTIC PPI AND THEY HAVE
SHOWN A LITTLE IMPROVEMENT BUT
IT WASN'T THE FOCAL STIMULATION.
WITH ELECTRODES, THE WORK OF
BASAL AND YOUR WORK, THERE'S
INFORMATION BUT I MUST SAY THE
POLAR AREA IS A LITTLE BIT --
REMINDS ME OF MY TRIP TO
ANTARCTICA.
[LAUGHTER]
>> THANK YOU FOR THE VERY
INTERESTING TALK, MARSEL.
MY QUESTION IS SMALL.
ALSO QUITE ESOTERIC, MOSTLY FOR
MY OWN EDUCATION, SO BEAR WITH
ME.
WHEN I THINK ABOUT THE
NEUROPATHOLOGY THAT'S ASSOCIATED
WITH TDP-C, I'M ALWAYS SURPRISED
THAT YOU SEE AN ASYMMETRIC
EMERGENCE AND I DON'T UNDERSTAND
HOW THIS IS POSSIBLE.
I UNDERSTAND THE LONGER THE
DISEASE GOES ON, THE MORE YOU
GET BILATERAL IMPLICATIONS, BUT
IS THERE SOME WAY I CAN
UNDERSTAND THE INITIAL
ASYMMETRY?
>> YOU KNOW, YOU'RE ASKING THE
CORE QUESTION.
IT TURNS OUT IT'S NOT JUST
TDP-C, BECAUSE THERE'S A WHOLE
LIST OF DISEASES, MAYBE LESS SO
WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE,
SOMETIMES YES, BUT VERY OFTEN
WITH PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR
PALSY, CORTICAL BASAL
DEGENERATION, PICKS DISEASE.
ONE MODEL WE PUT FORWARD SOME
YEARS AGO FOR THE LEFT, PATIENTS
WHO GET HIT ON THE LEFT SIDE
WITH VARIOUS DISEASES HAVE LIAR
INCIDENCE OF DYSLEXIA IN FIRST
DEGREE RELATIVES.
SO THE QUESTION THAT WE HAVE WAS
WHETHER THERE WAS SOME
VULNERABILITY OF THE CIRCUIT ON
THE LEFT SIDE, IT THEN BECOMES
LOCUS OF LEAST RESISTANCE WHEN
YOU GET HIT BY DISEASE THAT
COULD GO ANYWHERE, BUT THEN IT
FINDS THE WEAK SPOT TO HIT
FIRST.
>> THANK YOU.
>> OKAY.
THE LAST SPEAKER OF THE DAY,
THIS AMAZING DAY, IS DWIGHT
KRAVITZ, GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY.
AND HE WILL BE SPEAKING ON THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
NEUROANATOMY AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION.
>> HI.
FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE
INVITATION.
I WOULD LIKE TO SAY IT IS AN
HONOR TO SPEAK AMONGST THE LIST
OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPOKEN HERE
TODAY.
I'LL ALSO SAY THANKS BECAUSE IT
IS UNUSUAL, GETTING INCREASINGLY
UNUSUAL FOR ME TO BE THE YOUNG
PERSON IN THE LIST OF SPEAKERS,
THAT'S BEEN KIND OF NICE.
[LAUGHTER]
WHAT I'M GOING TO DO TODAY IS
TAKE YOU ON A BIT OF A WHIRL
WIND THROUGH RESEARCH I DID WITH
LESLIE AND THAT AROSE FROM THAT
WORK.
WHAT I HOPE TO SHOW YOU AS I GO
THROUGH A SERIES OF BOTH
EXPERIMENTS AND THEN A COUPLE
INTERSPERSED ANECDOTES IS HOW
IMPORTANT SHE WAS TO ME, TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD, WHY I
REALLY THINK SHE WILL CONTINUE
TO BE FUNDAMENTAL TO THIS FIELD
FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.
THIS IS A PLOT YOU'VE SEEN
SEVERAL TIMES ALREADY, CLASSIC
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
WHAT/WHERE PATHWAY, THE
BEAUTIFUL DISASSOCIATION BETWEEN
BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS, DEPENDENT
UPON SPATIAL FACTORS VERSUS
PATTERN.
THAT DOUBLE DISASSOCIATION IS
SORT OF THE THING THAT GAVE RISE
TO NOT JUST A THOUSAND STUDIES,
PREPARES MANY THOUSANDS OF
STUDIES.
YOU'RE LOOKING AT A ROUGH
SUMMARY FROM IT.
ONE IS NOTION OF HIERARCHICAL
PROCESSING STREAM, THE IDEA WE
BUILD COMPLEX REPRESENTATIONS
FROM SIMPLE ONES.
IN THE CASE OF VENTRAL VISUAL
PATHWAY THAT'S DESCRIBED AS A
SERIES OF PROCESSING STAGES,
WORKING THEIR WAY DOWN THE
TEMPORAL LOBE, YOU GET INCREASED
LATENCY IN ONSET OF FIRST
SPIKING GOING THROUGH THE AREAS,
INCREASE THE RECEPTIVE FIELD
SIZE, CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN
COMPLEXITY OF SELECTIVITY, FROM
SIMPLE ORIENTATION TO BASIC
SHAPE, COMPLEX FIGURES, SO ON.
WE GO FURTHER THAN THAT.
WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS WHEN WE
START TO INSTANTIATE THIS IDEA
AND NOTION OF A SERIES OF
PROCESSING STAGES INTO
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS WE GET AN
EXPLOSION OF WORK, PARTICULARLY
RECENTLY.
WHERE WE NOW SEE HERE THIS IS A
SCHEMATIC OF AGE MAX MODEL FROM
WHEN THEY PUBLISHED, NOW INTO
THE DNNs WITH MILLIONS OF
UNITS DEMONSTRATING REMARKABLE
LEVEL OF CAPABILITY.
THERE'S HOWEVER A PROBLEM.
THAT PROBLEM IS EXPRESSED IN A
PLEATING WITH MORT, I ASKED WHAT
WAS SURPRISED BUSH
ADMINISTRATION CURRENT -- ABOUT
THE CURRENT LIT A YOU ARE TOO,
YOU COULD LOCATE STEREOTYPICAL,
OCCURRING IN THE SAME LOCATION
ACROSS PEOPLE, WAS SOMEWHAT
BEWILDERING AND LEADS TO A
DIRECT CHALLENGE, TO THE IDEA OF
THE HIERARCHICAL PROCESS STREAM,
THE LOCATION IS RATHER DIFFICULT
TO EXPLAIN.
THAT LED TO A SERIES OF
ALTERNATE PROPOSALS, I PICKED
ONE OUT HERE, PUBLISHED IN THE
SAME YEAR THE REVIEW PAPER WITH
LESLIE WAS.
AND HERE EDWARD AND ALLEN
PROPOSE MAYBE WE DIDN'T NEED TO
GO TO THESE IDEAS OF OVERALL
FRAMEWORKS, BUT INSTEAD WHAT THE
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WAS A SERIES
OF PURPOSE-BUILT MODULES THAT
WERE INTERCONNECTED ON THE BASIS
OF CATEGORY, DIFFERENCE IN
COLOR, BUT RELATIVELY
DISORGANIZED IN OTHER WAYS.
THIS WAS NOT A GREAT ANSWER FOR
A NUMBER OF REASONS.
ONE I'LL PICK HERE IS
ARBITRARINESS.
IF WE START TO DESCRIBE THE
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WE'RE IN A
QUESTIONS FOR NEW AREAS.
THE OTHER PROBLEM IS THAT NOW
THERE IS NO WAY OF MAKING A
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PRIMATE
LITERATURE IF IT'S DESCRIBED IN
HIERARCHY.
WE HAVE THIS SORT OF PROBLEM AT
THE SURFACE, DISAGREEMENT
BETWEEN A BUNCH OF fMRI DATA
AND PHYSIOLOGY, NEUROANATOMY
SEEMS THAT SEEMS TO BE TELLING A
DIFFERENT STORY.
THE SOLUTION IS FOUND HERE, IN
THE VISUAL WORD FORM AREA JUST
MENTIONED BEFORE.
AND THE REASON THIS IS A
SOLUTION IS BECAUSE THIS IS SO
DEEPLY MYSTERIOUS IT BREAKS ALL
THE EXISTING IDEAS.
THIS CANNOT BE THE RESULT OF
EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE, LITERACY
IS TO BE GENEROUS, A HUNDRED
YEARS OLD IN THE AMERICAN
POPULATION.
IN GENERAL, IT IS STILL FOUND IN
CONSISTENT LOCATIONS AS CROSS
PEOPLE, ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS
AS WELL.
WHAT ARE WE DEALING WITH?
IT WAS INTO THIS GAP THAT MY
COLLABORATION WITH LESLIE BEGAN.
I'LL TAKE A DIVERSION.
I JOINED CHRIS BAKER'S LAB HERE
AS THE INAUGURAL POSTDOC A FEW
DAYS AFTER HE BEGAN THE LAB.
AND AS WAS MENTIONED, LESLIE WAS
ALLOWING CHRIS TO FIND HIS OWN
WAY.
I DID NOT INTERACT MUCH WITH
LESLIE BEYOND HER VERY DIRECT
AND BLUNT CRITIQUES WHEN I DID A
PRESENTATION UP UNTIL THIS
POINT.
IN THE YEARS PREVIOUS TO THE
BEGINNING OF THE COLLABORATION,
CHRIS, MORT, SALIM AND I HAD
DONE A REDESCRIPTION OF THE
DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY, RELATIVE
TO THE NEW NEUROANATOMY.
AND WHAT WE SET OUT TO DO WAS
COMPANION PIECE ON THE VENTRAL
VISUAL PATHWAY.
MORT INVITED LESLIE IN.
WE BEGAN.
WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THE RESULT
OF OVER A YEAR'S WORTH OF
MEETINGS.
I WILL SAY THAT I HAD ALREADY
HAD A YEAR'S WORTH OF MEETINGS
WITH MORT, I WAS READY FOR
EXTREMELY DETAILED COMMENTS ON
WRITING.
I WAS READY FOR EXTREMELY
DETAILED COMMENTS DOWN TO THE
LEVEL OF THE PROPER CONSTRUCTION
OF "AS WELL AS" IN A SENTENCE.
WHAT I WAS NOT READY FOR THOUGH
WAS HOW QUICKLY LESLIE AND SALIM
STARTED TO GO.
AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
NEUROANATOMY WAS ASTOUNDING.
I LEARNED MORE IN THOSE MEETINGS
THAN I'VE EVERY LEARNED PER UNIT
TIME IN ANY OTHER EXPERIENCE.
YOU SEE THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
OF 30 OR 40 ODD YEARS OF
ANATOMICAL TRACER WORK, LOOKING
AT THE SKELETON OF THE ACTUAL
CONNECTIVITY OF THE VENTRAL
VISUAL PATHWAY.
YOU MIGHT NOTE AS WE MOVE TO
THIS MORE COMPLEX
CHARACTERIZATION IS IT'S NOT
JUST A INCORPORATE IS -- SINGLE
STREAM.
YOU'VE GOT COMPLEX CONNECTIVITY,
A NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS THAT
SKIP INTERMEDIATE AREAS, AND
AMIDST THAT COMPLEXITY I'M GOING
TO ARGUE AN EXPLANATION.
TO THROW IN THE OUTPUTS FROM
THIS, MAYBE A SHOUT OUT TO
TEMPORAL POLE, YEAH, IT'S
IMPORTANT, GOOD IF WE UNDERSTOOD
IT BETTER, BECAUSE OF DENSE
INTERCONNECTION WITH SYSTEMS
RESPONSIBLE FOR REWARD AND
MEMORY.
AND SO LESLIE'S CHARACTERIZATION
OF THE PATHWAY ORIGINALLY IS
ESSENTIALLY AS A CIRCUIT THAT
BRIDGES EARLY VISION AND THEN
HIGH LEVEL MEMORY SYSTEMS.
THAT CHARACTERIZATION IS NOT
INCORRECT.
IT HOLDS UP NOW DECADES AND
DECADES AND DECADES LATER AS WE
ADD A LOT MORE DETAIL TO OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THAT ANATOMY.
AMIDST THIS COMPLEXITY I'LL
ARGUE AGAIN THERE IS A SOLUTION
FOR THE VWFA MYSTERY, THE
EVOLUTIONARY PEER PRESSURE IS
DEFINING ESSENTIALLY WHERE
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE TO
DIFFERENT CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN,
THAT'S GOING TO COMBINE WITH
ONGOING EXPERIENCE IN ORDER TO
CREATE PATTERNS OF SELECTIVITY
FOR EVEN RECENT CATEGORIES,
ENDING UP WITH STEREOTYPICAL.
IT COULD BE NICE IF WE TESTED.
I'LL TAKE YOU THROUGH STUDIES.
LESLIE PROVIDED COMMENTARY OR
WAS INSPIRED BY THE WORK, I
PICKED THEM BECAUSE THEY ARE
ELEGANT AND SHE WOULD HAVE LIKED
THEM.
THIS ONE SHE GAVE DIRECT
COMMENTS ON.
CONCOMITANTLY WITH THE WRITING
OF THE PAPER, TRYING TO FIGURE
OUT WHAT SCENE REPRESENTATION
WAS.
THE NICE THING IS THAT THEY ARE
COMPLEX.
IF YOU'RE STUDYING SCENE
REPRESENTATION YOU CAN BE
STUDYING ANYTHING YOU LIKE.
YOU CAN LOOK AT A SCENE LIKE
THIS.
YOU MIGHT SAY, OKAY, LET'S SAY A
REGION IS RESPONSIVE TO SCENE,
WHAT IS IT REPRESENTING?
COULD BE THE OBJECTS, THEIR
CONFIGURATION, REPRESENTING THE
CATEGORY, THIS IS CLEARLY A
HOTEL BECAUSE NO ONE LIVES LIKE,
THAT REPRESENTING THE GEOMETRY
OF THE SPACE, ABILITY TO MOVE
THROUGH IT, THE OTHER WONDERFUL
THING IS THAT EVEN AMIDST THAT
COMPLEXITY THEY ARE EXTREMELY
DIFFERENT AND THE VISUAL SYSTEM
IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING THEM WITH
EFFICIENCY.
WE SET OUT TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND
THE LIKELY SEEN REPRESENTATION
WITHIN A SINGLE SEEN SELECTIVE
AREA, A WELL DESCRIBED AREA.
YOU'LL NOTE HERE AS A SHOUT OUT,
AS I MOVE THE TALK OVER THIS
HAPPENED, THESE BECOME 1s,
WHICH WOULD HAVE DRIVEN LESLIE
CRAZY, A REASON YOU LOAD THE
CAROUSEL FIRST.
WE BEGIN BY LOOKING AT THE
MACAQUE, AREA TFO AND TF-TH,
RECEIVING DIRECT INPUT IN THIS
DIAGRAM FROM VIN TALL --
VENTRAL PORTION OF V 4.
YOU SEE DATA THAT GOES WITH THAT
IN THE HUMAN FROM A STUDY BY
MALICK SHOWING SENSITIVITY OF
THE MEDIAL PORTION OF TEMPORAL
LOBE TO PERIPHERAL PORTIONS OF
SPACE.
AS WE THEN LOOK AT THE
DESCENDING CONNECTIVITY INTO THE
SAME AREA, THIS IS A FIGURE FROM
OUR PREVIOUS REVIEW OF THE
DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY.
I'LL TAKE A MOMENT TO SAY MORT
WAS NOT SO FORGIVING ABOUT HOW
AND WAS VERRY THE PROJECTIONS IN
RED ARE THE HOW PATHWAY, THIS IS
A PATHWAY THAT SUPPORT WORKING
MEMORY AND THIS DESCENDING
PATHWAY PREVIOUSLY WELL
DESCRIBED IN RODENT, HERE IN THE
MACAQUE, IS GOING TO SUPPORT
SPATIAL NAVIGATION, IN
PARTICULAR ORIENTATION OF THE
SELF-TO ALLOCENTRIC
REPRESENTATIONS IN THE
HIPPOCAMPUS.
DESCENDING FROM THE PARIETAL
INTO TFO, SHOWING EQUIVALENT
PATHWAY THERE.
I THINK WE CAN MAKE ASSUMPTION
EVEN THOUGH PPA COULD BE
INTERESTED IN ANY NUMBER OF
THINGS IT'S LIKELY WHAT IT'S
REALLY GOING TO BE REPRESENTING
IS GOING TO THE THE SPATIAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCENES.
WE WANT TO DESIGN A STUDY THAT
CAN SHOW US THAT IN A
DATA-DRIVEN WAY, WITHOUT
NECESSARILY BUILDING THE
HYPOTHESIS INTO OUR DESIGN, SO
WE'RE GOING TO PROBE AS MANY
INDIVIDUAL STIMULI AS SIMPLY ASK
WHETHER OR NOT THE SIMILARITY OF
THE RESPONSE IN PPA GROUPS THESE
SCENES ACCORDING TO SPATIAL
CHARACTERISTICS.
THE QUICK ANSWER IS YES, I DON'T
TELL STORIES UNLESS I'M RIGHT IN
THE END.
YOU CAN SEE MDS CONFIGURATION ON
THE BASIS OF MULTIVARIATE
STIMULI AND RESPONSE.
WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IN THE
EXACT SAME CONFIGURATION BUT
PLOTTED SYMBOLICALLY IS THERE'S
NOT MUCH OF A DISTINCTION
BETWEEN SCENES MAN MADE OR
NATURAL, A BIT OF DISTINCTION
BUT NOT ONE FOR SCENES WITH
GREATER OR LESS DEPTH BUT
THERE'S A STRONG DISTINCTION
WITH OPEN OR CLOSED BOUNDARY.
IF THAT IS GOING TO BE THE
CONTRIBUTION OF THIS AREA TO
ONGOING SCENE REPRESENTATION, WE
WOULD EXPECT TO SEE THAT AREA'S
REPRESENTATION REFLECTED THEN IN
THE BEHAVIOR.
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS
MEASURE THAT IN A SEPARATE GROUP
OF PEOPLE, ARRANGE A SET OF
MATCHES, WHERE WE PRESENT TWO
SCENES AND ASK THE SUBJECTS TO
PICK THE ONE THAT'S MORE OPEN.
AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO USE THE
SAME MATH TO RANK CHESS EXPERTS,
SO 1600 IS A SCENE THAT ALWAYS
WINS.
WE'RE GOING TO CORRELATE WITH
THE DEGREE OF OPEN AND
CLOSEDNESS FROM fMRI DATA
WHICH IS HOW FAR TO THE LEFT OR
RIGHT YOU ARE IN THAT
CONFIGURATION.
THE ANSWER IS THEY ARE VERY WELL
CORRELATED.
WE LOOK AT EARLY VISUAL CORTEX,
CORRELATION IS ABSENT.
THE ARGUMENT I'M MAKING TO YOU
THEN IS THAT THE REPRESENTATIONS
THAT WE OBSERVE IN PARTICULAR
AREAS ARE DEFINED BY
CONNECTIVITY AND ULTIMATELY
SHAPED BY ONGOING EXPERIENCE.
I'M GOING TO SHOW ANOTHER MORE
RECENT BIT OF WORK THAT
DEMONSTRATES HOW QUICKLY AND
PROFOUNDLY AND PREDICTIVELY
SHAPING HAPPENS.
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO HERE IS
MAKE THE ARGUMENT THAT EVERY
INDIVIDUAL EVENT IS GOING TO
CREATE A SMALL BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
AND SOME CHANGE IN PHYSIOLOGY.
WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE IS A BIZARRE
AND UNIQUE DATASET THAT WAS
COLLECTED VIA SMARTPHONE APP
WHERE PEOPLE TAKE ON THE ROLE OF
AIRPORT SECURITY SCREENER AND
SEARCH BAGS FOR DANGEROUS
OBJECTS.
15 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE DONE THIS
TO THE TUNE OF 4 BILLION TRIALS
OF VISUAL SEARCH.
BECAUSE OF THE WAY THAT THIS
GAME IS DESIGNED, EVERY SINGLE
EVENT IS RANDOMLY GENERATED.
THERE'S NOTHING TO LEARN.
THE ONLY THING BEHAVIOR IS
SHAPED BY IS THEIR IDIOSYNCRATIC
EXPERIENCE.
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IN
COLLABORATION, YOU'LL SEE THE
PEOPLE POP UP WHO DID ALL THE
WORK, THIS IS MICHELE KRAMER,
NOW WORKS FOR T.S.A. ACTUALLY.
[LAUGHTER]
IF YOUR FLIGHT IS DELAYED OR
YOU ARRIVE SAFELY, BOTH BLAME
AND THANK HER.
PATRICK COX IS A CURRENT POSTDOC
IN THE LAB.
WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO LOOK AT
WHAT BEHAVIOR, WHAT CHANGES AS A
RESULT OF EXPERIENCE.
THIS IS A COMPLEX PLOT THAT WILL
GET SIMPLER.
ON THE X-AXIS IS TRIAL NUMBER.
Y-AXIS IS GOING TO BE ACCURACY
AT DETECTING A DANGEROUS ITEM.
DECIDING AN ITEM IS DANGEROUS OR
NOT.
DIFFERENT COLORS ARE GOING TO
REPRESENTATIVE THE NUMBER OF
PREVIOUS DANGEROUS ITEMS THAT
YOU HAVE SEEN.
SO ZERO MEANS FOR EXAMPLE HERE
ON TRIAL 1 YOU CLEARLY HAVE SEEN
ZERO, THE ONLY DATA POINT THERE.
ON TRIAL 2 YOU COULD ALSO HAVE
SEEN ZERO.
AS WE WORK OUR WAY UP YOU CAN
SEE PEOPLE'S OVERALL ACCURACY AT
FINDING OR DETECTING THESE
PROHIBITED ITEMS INCREASES.
AND IT DOES SO IN TWO WAYS.
CREATING A COMPLEX MANIFOLD.
THE FIRST IS THE MORE PROHIBITED
ITEMS YOU'VE SEEN THE BETTER THE
PERFORMANCE.
SECOND IS MORE TRIALS, THE
BETTER YOUR PERFORMANCE IS.
I SAID I WAS GOING TO MAKE THIS
SIMPLER.
HERE IS THE BINOMIAL Z SCORE TO
LOOK AT THAT AT THAT
RELATIONSHIP, WE'LL TAKE EXACTLY
THE SAME DATA POINTS.
NOW WE'RE GOING TO PLOT THEM AS
A FUNCTION OF THAT AND THERE WE
HAVE IT.
YOU CAN SEE HERE EVERY
INDIVIDUAL TRIAL IS CAUSING A
SMALL CHANGE IN THE EFFICIENCY
OF BEHAVIOR SUCH THAT FUTURE
BEHAVIOR ON SIMILAR TRIALS
BECOMES MORE EFFICIENT.
HERE WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT IS A
SIMPLE TASK.
WE CAN LOOK AT ANOTHER PART OF
THE GAME WHERE THEY ARE DOING
THE VISUAL SEARCH.
THIS IS MORE COMPLICATED.
THERE'S MORE THINGS ON THE
SCREEN.
WE OBSERVE THE SAME EXACT
RELATIONSHIP.
THE MORE TIMES YOU'VE SEEN
PROHIBITED ITEMS, THE FASTER AND
MORE ACCURATE YOU ARE AT
DETECTING THEM.
BUT STILL, THAT IS ABOUT THE
ACTUAL RESPONSE THAT YOU'RE
GIVING WHEN YOU SEE A PROHIBITED
ITEM, YOU HAVE TO TAP.
NOW BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF
THE TASK, LOOK AT A FEATURE THAT
HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH ACTUAL
RESPONSE, SO HERE WE CAN LOOK AT
OCCURRENCE OF A DISTRACTER, THAT
CAN OCCUR IN A BAG WITH A TARGET
OR ONE THAT DOESN'T, IT CAN
ALSO -- IT'S NEVER ACTUALLY
DIRECTLY RESPONDED TO.
AND THERE AGAIN IS OUR TERRIBLE
NUMBERING OF 1s.
NOW WE CAN SEE EXPOSURE TO A
PARTICULAR DISTRACTER, ON THE
X-AXIS, AND AGAIN HIT RATE
INCREASES, YOUR HIT TIME
DECREASES, THE MORE EVIDENCE YOU
HAVE FOR THAT DISTRACTER IN YOUR
EXPERIENCE EVEN THOUGH IT HAD
NOTHING TO DO WITH BEHAVIOR YOU
ACTUALLY DID.
YOUR SIMPLY BECOMING MORE
EFFICIENT WITH EVERY EXPOSURE.
SO, WHAT ARE WE LEFT WITH AT THE
END OF THAT?
WE END UP WITH AN UNDERSTANDING
OF THE BRAIN THAT I BELIEVE IS A
GOOD DEAL MORE COMPLEX AND GOOD
DEAL MORE IN ALIGNMENT WITH THE
WAY LESLIE THOUGHT ABOUT THINGS.
WHAT YOU ACTUALLY HAVE IS A
PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE THAT IS
IN ESSENCE WITH A CERTAIN SET OF
GLOBAL CONSTRAINTS, A FITTING
ALL OF IT INTO YOUR HEAD, GIFTED
TO YOU BY EVOLUTION OF THE TIME
SCALE OF THE ORGANISM, WITH A
BUNCH OF INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES
WHICH WILL SHAPE STRUCTURE OF
THIS AT A FINER LEVEL OF DETAIL.
THAT MEANS THE EXACT SOLUTIONS
THAT WE COME TO BOTH IN OUR
LIVES AND MORE UNFORTUNATELY OUR
SUBJECTS COME TO IN OUR
EXPERIMENT IS GOING TO BE
SPECIFIC TO THE EXACT SEQUENCE
OF EVENTS THIS EXPERIENCE.
THAT MEANS WHEN WE THINK ABOUT
WHETHER OR NOT A DNN, FOR
EXAMPLE, MATCHES UP WITH THE
HUMAN BRAIN, THE SOLUTIONS THAT
THOSE MODELS COME TO ARE JUST AS
DEPENDENT ON THEIR STRUCTURE.
THERE IS A HARD LIMIT TO HOW
MUCH YOU'RE ABLE TO EXPLAIN
UNTIL WE CAN UNDERSTAND ANATOMY
WELL ENOUGH TO KNOW FUNDAMENTAL
IMPORTANT CONSTRAINTS TO PUT
INTO THE MODELS.
WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE OUR
WHIRLWIND TOUR.
I'LL MAKE THE ARGUMENT THIS
PROBLEM IS GOING TO EXTEND
BEYOND THE LEVEL OF RECOGNITION.
WE'RE GOING TO GET NOW INTO
HIGHER LEVEL QUOTE/UNQUOTE
COGNITIVE THINGS.
WE HAVE WORKING MEMORY.
THIS IS A REALLY ELEGANT STUDY
BY LEE, A POSTDOC IN CHRIS
BAKER'S LAB, BENEFITED FROM
LESLIE'S COMMENTARY, ABSOLUTELY.
THIS IS A TAKE ON FRANK TONG'S
DESIGN, TWO OBJECTS, YOU'RE CUED
TO REMEMBER ONE IN A DELAY.
THE TWIST IS AFTERWARDS ONE OF
TWO TASKS WILL OCCUR.
EITHER YOU HAVE TO MAINTAIN
VISUAL INFORMATION BECAUSE
YOU'RE DOING A VISUAL MATCH OR A
CATEGORY MATCH WHICH MEANS
YOU'RE FREE TO MAINTAIN NOTHING
MORE THAN THE VERBAL LABEL.
WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THAT AFTER
WE LOCALIZE OBJECT SELECTIVE AND
PRE-FRONT CORTEX DEPENDING ON
THE TASK WE CAN DECODE THE
INFORMATION BEING HELD IN
WORKING MEMORY DURING THE DELAY
IN DIFFERENT AREAS.
WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO HOLD IN
MIND VISUAL DETAIL YOU USE
VISUAL CORTEX.
WHEN TRYING TO HOLD IN MIND HIGH
LEVEL VERBAL LABELS YOU USE
PRE-FRONT CORTEX?
THE CONNECTIVITY DEFINED THE
SELECTIVITY, WHERE THE
REPRESENTATIONS CAPABLE OF
PROVIDING THAT INFORMATION.
YOU THEREFORE CALL ON IT.
SO HERE WE SEE NOW THIS
CONSTRAINT OF NEUROANATOMY
EXTENDING INTO THESE MORE
CLASSIC COGNITIVE TASKS.
HERE IS A BIT OF BEHAVIOR THAT'S
GOING ALONG WITH THAT.
WE WANT TO SHOW IF WE ARE
RECRUITING THESE AREAS IT
EXTENDS BEYOND ACTIVATION OR
DECODING IN fMRI, THERE SHOULD
BE A BEHAVIORAL CONFIDENCE.
IF YOU HOLD IT IN MIND AND TRY
TO DO A PERCEPTUAL TASK WE
SHOULD OBSERVE DISTORTION, AND
IT DOES.
FORGIVE ME FOR A QUICK TOUR
THROUGH THE DESIGN, WE'RE GOING
TO PRESENT SUBJECTS, THEY WILL
BE INSTRUCTED TO DESCRIBE COLOR
OR ORIENTATION AND DO A
DISCRIMINATION TASK, SAYING
WHETHER THEY ARE THE SAME OR
DIFFERENT, ON THE BASIS OF
EITHER COLOR OR ORIENTATION.
WE CHOOSE DISCRIMINATION TASK
BECAUSE THAT'S THE GOLD STANDARD
GETTING AT PERCEPTUAL EFFECT.
THEY ARE GOING TO DO A
CONTINUOUS REPORT, APPROPRIATE
TO WHICH EVER THEY WERE HOLDING
IN MIND.
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO MANIPULATE?
FIRST IS MANIPULATE THE GAP
BETWEEN THE TWO DISCRIMINATION
STIMULI SO WE CAN RECOVER A
PSYCHOMETRIC CURVE.
WE'RE GOING TO DERIVE FROM THAT
A THRESHOLD, AND NOW WE'RE GOING
TO SEE HOW THE THRESHOLD VARIES
AS A FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING.
FIRST THING WE'RE GOING TO DO IS
RUN FOUR GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS.
THEY ARE GOING TO BE MATCHED
PARTICIPANTS HOLDING IN MIND AND
DISCRIMINATING THE SAME FEATURE,
OR NON-MATCHED.
THEN WE'RE GOING TO MANIPULATE
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
THING THEY ARE HOLDING IN MIND
AND DISCRIMINATION STIMULI.
LET'S IMAGINE THESE ARE THE TWO
DISCRIMINATION STIMULI HERE.
HERE IS THE THING YOU'RE HOLDING
IN MIND, EVOKES ACTIVITY,
REPLICATION OF TUNING CURVE.
THE CONSEQUENCE OF THAT HAVING
THAT ACTIVITY PRESENT IS
REPRESENTATIONS DRIFT TOWARDS IT
USING THE SAME UNDERLYING
POPULATION OF CELLS, AT LEAST
OVERLAPPING.
IF THAT OCCURS THE DISTANCE IS
GOING TO BE GREATER THAN THE
PERCEIVED DISTANCE IN THE MIDDLE
CONDITION AND THEREFORE YOU
SHOULD HAVE A WORSE THRESHOLD
BECAUSE THOSE TWO THINGS APPEAR
TO BE CLOSER TOGETHER.
WHAT HAPPENS IF WE REMEMBER
SOMETHING OFF TO EITHER SIDE?
IN THIS CASE AGAIN WE GET A
DRIFT IN DIRECTION BUT BECAUSE
OF AMOUNT OF DRIFT, GET MORE,
IN ONE MOVES FURTHER WE GET THE
EXACT OPPOSITE EFFECT.
WE HAVE A STRAIGHTFORWARD
PREDICTION THAT IN THE MIDDLE
CONDITION WE SHOULD OBSERVE
WORSE THRESHOLDS THAN IN THE
SIDE CONDITION, THERE'S MIDDLE,
THERE'S SIDE, THERE'S THE
PSYCHOMETRIC CURVES, THE DERIVED
THRESHOLDS, AS WAS PREDICTED.
HERE IS EFFECT IN THE
NON-MATCHED, EFFECT IS ABSENT,
WHAT WE WOULD PREDICT, THEY ARE
NOT ACTIVELY USING THE SAME
POPULATION OF CELLS.
WE HAVE A NICE CROSSOVER
INTERACTION.
WHEN WE HAVE A MATCH,
INTERFERENCE, DON'T HAVE A
MATCH, THAT INTERFERENCE IS
DIMINISHED REGARDLESS OF THE
FEATURE WE'RE LOOKING AT.
OKAY.
AN SO NOW THE ARGUMENT I'VE MADE
SO FAR UNDERNEATH A BUNCH OF
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONS
OF THE CORTEX IS ACTUALLY THE
SKELETON OF THE GROSS AND
NEUROANATOMY.
THAT CONSTRAINS WHERE
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE.
EXPERIENCE THEN CONSTRAINS WHAT
REPRESENTATIONS FORM.
NOW WE'RE GOING TO COMPLETE THE
NIGHTMARE A LITTLE BIT BY
DELVING INTO DISTRIBUTED
PROCESSING.
SO HERE AS WE MOVE AWAY FROM
SIMPLER IDEAS ABOUT MODULES
PERFORMING PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS,
WE MOVE MORE TO THE IDEA OF
DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS, INTEGRATED
TOGETHER, WHAT WE'RE GOING TO
OBSERVE ARE CONSEQUENCES OF
PROCESSES THAT EXTEND BETWEEN
CIRCUITS.
AND SO HERE AN EXCUSE TO PUT UP
MARLENE'S PICTURE.
AND A QUICK STORY.
WHEN I FIRST STARTED DEALING
WITH LESLIE I KNOW A LOT OF YOU
HAVE HEAD SO STRANGE TO SEE THE
TINY WOMAN IN THE CHAIR WHO KNEW
SO MUCH MORE AND WAS FRIENDLY.
I HAD THAT EXPERIENCE IN
GRADUATE SCHOOL AND WAS WELL
PREPARED.
I'M SHOWING A STUDY I DID WHILE
IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, SORRY, THIS
IS MY STYLE, THERE'S A BUNCH OF
PREDICTIONS, IT'S GOING TO BE
FUN.
YOU HAVE A SINGLE OBJECT.
LET'S IMAGINE THAT WHEN WE CUE A
LOCATION IN SPACE WE'RE CUEING
THAT LOCATION.
IN THE DISTANCE IS GOING TO
DETERMINE HOW QUICKLY YOU'RE
ABLE TO DETECT OR DEAL WITH
INFORMATION.
IF THAT'S TRUE WHEN I CUE THIS
OBJECT, THESE TWO TARGETS, YOU
SHOULD BE EQUALLY QUICK TO
DETECT BECAUSE THEY ARE
EQUIDISTANT.
NOW LESS CONSIDER THE
POSSIBILITY ALREADY OBSERVED
THERE IS OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION,
MEANING THAT THE OBJECT ITSELF
IS GOING TO GARNER ATTENTION
EVEN THOUGH WE'RE ONLY CUEING A
SMALL PART.
ASSUME THAT EXTENDS INTO THE
SPATIAL GRADIENT, DRAWS THE
CENTER OF MASS DOWNWARD, AND NOW
THIS TARGET IS GOING TO BE
CLOSER THAN THAT ONE.
WE'RE GOING TO TAKE THIS GAME
FURTHER.
NOW WHAT WE HAVE IS A SECOND
OBJECT, IDENTICAL TO THE FIRST,
NOW IMAGINE WHEN I'M CUEING THIS
IN SPACE, ALSO THE CONCEPT OF
THE RECTANGLE, OTHER RECTANGLES
WILL BENEFIT.
IF THAT SPREADS INTO THE SPATIAL
GRADIENT, WE SHOULD SEE A SHIFT.
FINALLY IF WE HAVE A
NON-IDENTICAL OBJECT THAT SPREAD
SHOULD HAPPEN FAR LESS,
THEREFORE YOU'LL GET LESS OF A
SPREAD TO IT AND LESS OF A SHIFT
OF THE CENTER OF MASS
MAINTAINING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THOSE TWO TARGETS.
FINAL PREDICTION IN THE
IDENTICAL DISPLAY OBSERVE A
SMALL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
TARGETS AND IN THE NON-IDENTICAL
DISPLAY A LARGER ONE, A GREATER
COST IN SHIFTING BETWEEN OBJECTS
WHEN THE SECOND OBJECT IS NOT
MATCHING.
GOING FROM HERE TO HERE WILL BE
WORSE THAN HERE TO HERE.
LUCKILY AS I TOLD YOU, STORIES
ALWAYS WORK.
ALL OF THAT IS TRUE.
I COULD STEP THROUGH THE PLOT
BUT IT IS.
THAT WORKS FOR SHAPE, HERE FOR
COLOR.
YOU MIGHT SAY THESE ARE
INTEGRATED, IT WORKS FOR HIGH
LEVEL CATEGORY AS WELL.
YOU GET THE SAME UNDERLYING
PREDICTION HERE, I WAS PROUD OF
THIS BECAUSE IT TOOK ME A DAY TO
FIND THE LOWER CASE H AND 4,
180-DEGREE ROTATIONS.
THE SAME PIXELS ARE ON THE
SCREEN IN BOTH DISPLAYS.
AND SO IN SUMMARY THE ARGUMENT
I'M MAKING, I SUPPOSE, IS THAT
THE SYSTEM WE'RE LOOKING AT IS A
GREAT DEAL MORE COMPLEX THAN
MAYBE THE SIMPLEST
INTERPRETATIONS THAT WE STARTED
WITH.
THE QUESTIONS FOR ONE-TO-ONE
MAPPING BETWEEN COGNITIVE
THEORIES AND AREAS OF THE BRAIN
SIMPLY ISN'T GOING TO HOLD UP.
WHAT WE HAVE IS A VERY
COMPLICATED INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.
DETAIL HERE OF THE MACAQUE
NEUROANATURAL ANATOMY IS ALMOST
CERTAINLY A SUBSET.
NONETHELESS IT'S THIS THAT
ALLOWS US TO PREDICT KINDS OF
REPRESENTATIONS THAT WE END UP
DEALING WITH.
WE CAN SEE ALSO THAT THE THING
THAT WE'RE TRYING TO HIT IS
NON-STATIONARY.
I'VE NOT SHOWN BECAUSE PLOTS ARE
SCARY, IT'S NOT PUBLISHED YET.
IF YOU LOOK AT PERFORMANCE,
BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE IN
DIFFERENT -- IN THIS SAME TASK
WITH DIFFERENT PREVIOUS
EXPERIENCE YOU GET MASSIVE
DIFFERENCES IN HOW EFFICIENT
PEOPLE ARE AT DEALING WITH
THINGS.
WE HAVE A NON-STATIONARITY BUILT
IN, THERE MUST BE PHYSICAL
CONSEQUENCE.
THIS IS OVER SECONDS, EQUIVALENT
OVER GAPS OF DAYS, IT LOOKS VERY
MUCH THE SAME.
ON TOP OF THAT, EVEN OUR
THEORETICALLY DISTINCT COG --
COGNITIVE PROCESS ARE CAUSING
INTERACTIONS, STRAINING SIMILAR
THINGS LIKE PERCEPTION, ALSO
AFFECTED BY THEM.
WHAT ARE WE TO DO?
I'LL MAKE MY WAY BACK TO LESLIE
AND WHAT'S REALLY AMAZING ABOUT
ADVICE SHE GAVE ME WAS TO FOCUS
ON ELEGANCE, AS OTHER PEOPLE
HAVE SAID, BE A
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENTIST, TO
NOT BE AFRAID OF WHAT EVER THE
THING IS YOU NEED TO DO TO GET
AT THE QUESTION AND BE READY TO
BE WRONG.
I THINK ALL OF US ARE GOING TO
HAVE TO TAKE THOSE LESSONS TO
HEART.
I LOVE THAT IN THE END EVEN AS
OUR TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED AN
ENORMOUS AGREE FROM WHEN LESLIE
BEGAN, WIDE FIELD ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, INTRACRANIAL
RECORDING, DNNs THEMSELVES,
LESLIE REMAINS SOMEONE TO ASPIRE
TO.
I ALWAYS WILL.
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>> FROM YOUR VERY EARLY DAYS AS
A GRADUATE STUDENT YOU WERE A
BIG THINKER, IT'S CLEARLY TRUE
THAT YOU STILL REMAIN ONE.
THE SECOND THING IS I HOPE
YOU'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO POINT
ME TO THE T.S.A. SCREENERS WHO
CAN GUARANTEE MY SAFETY ON THE
PLANE.
[LAUGHTER]
AND NOW THE QUESTION.
>> SURE.
>> MY QUESTION IS, ALMOST ALL OF
THE DIAGRAMS YOU SHOW, MOSTLY
DEPICT FEED FORWARD PROJECTION
FROM ONE REGION TO ANOTHER.
THIS IS TRUE ON THE LATERAL
SURFACE, TRUE ON THE INFERIOR
SURFACE, TRUE IN THE DNNs YOU
CHOSE TO SHOW, I'M WONDERING IF
YOU CAN TELL US WHAT YOU THINK
ABOUT FEEDBACK.
>> IT'S A GOOD QUESTION.
IT'S ONE OF THE MORE MISLEADING
THINGS ABOUT THIS PLOT.
YOU'VE SEEN THIS SEVERAL TIMES
TODAY.
YEAH, I WOULD SAY THE FOLLOWING.
THERE WE GO.
THE FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS ARE
INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT.
ALL THESE CONNECTIONS ARE
BIDIRECTIONAL AS YOU THINK ABOUT
MUTUAL CONSTRAINT THAT MUST BE
HAPPENING THEY ARE GOING TO BE
FUNDAMENTAL.
NEUROANATOMICALLY THEY ARE
INCREDIBLY DENSE.
THE MORE TIME YOU THINK ABOUT
FEED FORWARD VERSUS FEEDBACK,
AFTER YOU EXIT PRIMARY CORTICES
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO TEASE
THESE THINGS APART.
NEUROANATOMICALLY, SEARCH AT
THEORETICAL OR EXPERIMENTAL
LEVEL.
ALL OF OUR TASKS PARTICULARLY
THE ONES IN HUMAN ARE TASK
INSTRUCTIONS AND I HAVE OTHER
DATA WHICH SHOWS VERY SMALL
VARIATIONS IN INSTRUCTIONS YOU
GIVE PEOPLE CHANGES THE NATURE
OF PERFORMANCE ON SIMPLE TASKS.
WE HAVE TO GRAPPLE WITH IT.
THAT MEANS ANOTHER POTENTIAL
SORT OF FAILING OF THE DNNs,
THEY DON'T HAVE THIS ASPECT AND
PROBABLY WHY THEY ARE FRAGILE,
GOOD AT ONE THING, BAD AT MANY
THINGS.
COMPUTATIONAL WORK IS DAUNTING.
>> WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM BOB
TURNER.
>> OKAY.
>> GREAT TALK.
>> THANK YOU.
>> EXPERIENCE-DRIVEN CORTICAL
MYELINATION AND SKILL LEARNING
AND CORTICAL SPECIALIZATION,
QUESTION MARK.
>> HOW SPECIFIC?
IT'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION
BECAUSE I DON'T KNOW WHAT PART
HE WANTS ME TO GET AT.
I WOULD SAY THAT WE NEED MORE
DATA ABOUT PLASTICITY IN
GENERAL, NEED TO UNDERSTAND
NEUROANATOMY MORE MUCH
SPECIFICALLY, NEED TO UNDERSTAND
THE CHANGES WHICH ARE BEING
AFFECTED WITHIN THE PHYSIOLOGY
AS A RESULT OF THESE
EXPERIENCES.
I DON'T KNOW THAT I CAN SPEAK TO
EXACTLY MYELINATION VERSUS
SYNAPTIC CHANGES VERSUS WHATEVER
IT MIGHT BE THAT'S MAKING THE
SYSTEM MORE EFFICIENT.
ONE OF THE SIMPLEST
EXPLANATIONS, YOU IS SYNAPSES
THAT ARE PRIMED.
I THINK THE THING WE HAVE TO DO,
THIS WOULD HAVE AMUSED LESLIE,
TO REALIZE THERE'S GOING TO BE
NO WELL-FOUNDED SYSTEMATIC
MEASUREMENT THAT WE CAN AVOID
DOING OR WE SHOULD IGNORE.
IN THE END EVERY METHOD WE USE
IS GOING TO GET AT A PARTICULAR
SLICE OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL
EXTENT OF BEHAVIOR IN A
PARTICULAR WAY.
WE WANT ALL OF IT.
WE NEED EVERYBODY.
AND SO I'LL TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY
TO SAY ONE OTHER THING, WHICH IS
LESLIE WAS AN INCREDIBLE
ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN IN THE FIELD,
DIVERSITY IN THE FIELD, AS AN
AFRICAN AMERICAN SCIENTIST I
FELT THAT.
THE FURTHER I'VE GONE IN MY
CAREER THE MORE APPARENT TO ME
THAT ISN'T JUST A SOCIAL NEED.
THAT'S A NEED FOR US AS A FIELD
BECAUSE WE ARE RIGHT NOW, ALL OF
US, INCOMPLETE AT BEST.
WE NEED AS MANY VIEWPOINTS, AS
MANY EXCELLENT PEOPLE AS WE CAN
HAVE.
WE CANNOT DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY OR
DISMISS IDEAS FROM ANYONE.
AND THAT'S THE WAY SCIENCE
GROWS, THAT WAS ALL I THINK THE
OTHER PART OF LESLIE I LOVED,
SHE WAS ALWAYS LOOKING AT THE
FUTURE OF THE FIELD.
SHE KNEW SHE WASN'T GOING TO GET
TO THE ANSWER, IT WOULD BE A
GENERATIONAL SCIENCE.
LARRY SQUIRES SAID THAT AND HE'S
RIGHT AND LESLIE RECOGNIZED
THAT, EVERYONE SHOULD.
THANK YOU.
>> I DIDN'T WANT TO TAKE AWAY
THAT MOMENT.
>> I ENJOYED YOUR TALK.
THE GAME YOU TALKED ABOUT WITH
THE T.S.A. STUFF WAS ONE OF THE
FIRST THINGS CHRIS TALKED ABOUT
WHEN I STARTED WORKING HERE.
IT WAS COOL, THE ABSURD
MAGNITUDE YOU GATHERED FROM
PEOPLE WILLINGLY.
WONDERING IF YOU HAD FUTURE
PLANS FOR GATHERING DATA IN A
WAY LIKE THAT BECAUSE IT SEEMS
SO POWERFUL.
>> YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.
IT'S A VERY GOOD QUESTION.
TO MY MIND ONE OF THE MOST
EXCITING DEVELOPMENTS THAT CAME
OUT OF A BIZARRE WHIRLWIND OF
COVID WAS THAT WE SORT OF GOT
OVER A LOT OF OUR HESITATIONS
ABOUT ONLINE DATA COLLECTION.
AND I WILL SAY IN MY OWN LAB
I'VE SEEN THE POWER OF THAT, TO
BE ABLE TO LOOK AT A LEVEL OF
FIDELITY AT PARTICULAR EVENTS.
TO GIVE A CONCRETE EXAMPLE WE
HAVE A LOT OF DEBATES THAT BOIL
DOWN TO AVERAGING, COMES DOWN
TO, OKAY, I HAVE A FREQUENCY
EFFECT OR I HAVE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THESE TWO CONDITIONS, IS
THIS FUNDAMENTAL OR A RESULT OF
AVERAGING TO MAKE THE INFERENCE?
I HAVE RUN NOW IN TWO DAYS, 1200
PEOPLE FOR TOTAL COST OF $300,
LOOKING AT 1200 PEOPLE'S TRIAL
ONE ON RESPONSE INHIBITION TASK.
YOU DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT
THAT BECAUSE YOU'RE ON TRIAL
ONE.
AND WHEN YOU HAVE THAT AMOUNT OF
DATA, THE OTHER LIKE HINT I WILL
GIVE IS YOU CAN START TO THINK
OF THE DATA IN THE SAME WAY
WE'VE STARTED TO TREAT
PHYSIOLOGY WHICH IS A
MULTI-VARIATE PROBLEM INSTEAD OF
SOMETHING TO BE COLLAPSED.
YOU HAVE 600 PEOPLE, A
POPULATION, AND YOU CAN SEE THIS
POPULATION OF PEOPLE CHANGE.
YOU CAN SEE THE PEOPLE FAST GET
SLOW, PEOPLE WHO WERE SLOW GET
FAST, IN THE DYNAMICS YOU CAN
THEN DO THINGS LIKE PLOT THAT IN
A SPACE AND WATCH THEM PROCESS.
WE SPENT TIME TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND RECOGNITION, BUT TO A
DEGREE WHAT I TOLD YOU TODAY IS
THE EXACT NATURE OF THE RESULTS
YOU GET IS DEPENDENT ON TASK YOU
USED, SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THE
ACTUAL SUBJECT SAW.
HOW DO YOU FIGURE OUT WHAT OF
THE THING YOU'RE LOOKING AT IS
RECOGNITION AND WHAT IS THE
TASK?
AND THE ANSWER THAT WE'VE COME
TO IN BEHAVIOR, YOU RUN 1500
PEOPLE IN THREE DAYS AND RUN
THEM WITH THE EXACT SAME STIMULI
IN TWO TASKS.
WHAT YOU SEE IS SOMETHING QUITE
REMARKABLE.
WHICH IS THE NUMBER ONE SOURCE
OF SHARED VARIANTS IS THE
INDIVIDUAL.
INDIVIDUALS PREDICT THEMSELVES
TO ENORMOUS AGREE.
NUMBER TWO, THE SEQUENCE OF
THINGS THEY HAVE SEEN ACROSS
BOTH TASKS ACTUALLY AFFECTS
STRONGLY THE BEHAVIOR YOU GET.
THIRD IS STIMULUS.
YOU CAN SEE FOR EXAMPLE IN THIS
TASK IN PARTICULAR THEY WERE
SHOWN PICTURES OF SCENES,
THERE'S EMBEDDED TARGET, HOW FAR
AWAY IS THAT AND THE SECOND TASK
THEY GET TWO SCENES AND HAVE TO
SAY WHICH WAS FURTHER AWAY.
IF YOU TAKE NOT JUST AVERAGE
DISTANCE REPORTED IN VERBAL
REPORT BUT VARIABILITY, FOR THE
TWO SCENES, MODEL SIGNAL
DETECTION, IT PREDICTS WITH R
SQUARED THE DISCRIMINATION
PERFORMANCE IN SEPARATE GROUP OF
PEOPLE AND WE CAN FIGURE OUT
LATENT VARIABLE.
THE ONLY THING LEFT THAT'S
SHARED IS STIMULUS, WE CAN
FIGURE OUT CUES DRIVING IT, MAKE
INFORMED GUESSES WHAT STIMULI WE
SHOULD BE PRESENTING IN OUR
PHYSIOLOGY TO UNTANGLE WHAT THE
RECOGNITION IS BECAUSE WE'LL
NEVER BE ABLE TO DO PHYSIOLOGY
AT THAT SCALE.
SO TO MY MIND, I THINK
BEHAVIORAL DATA AND GETTING A
TON OF IT IN INTELLIGENT WAYS
LIKE AIRPORT SCANNER DATA IS
GREAT, WE'LL GET MORE DATASETS
OF THAT NATURE AND MORE
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTATION AND I
THINK WE'LL MAKE HUGE STRIDES
AND IT WILL FEEDBACK INTO THE
PHYSIOLOGY AS WELL.
>> SO AWESOME.
THANK YOU.
>> SURE.
[APPLAUSE]
>> THANKS, QUITE.
THAT WAS INTENSE.
THAT WAS GREAT.
THAT CONCLUDES OUR FIRST DAY.
AND I'D LIKE TO ASK THE SPEAKERS
THEN TO STICK AROUND, JUST SO WE
HAVE A PICTURE OF ALL THE
SPEAKERS, AND, YEAH, WITH THAT,
SEE YOU TOMORROW.
9:00 A.M.