1
00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:09,400
I'M ALEX MARTIN.

2
00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:12,320
AND FIRST WANT TO WELCOME 

3
00:00:12,320 --> 00:00:15,320
EVERYBODY TO THIS CELEBRATION OF

4
00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:16,200
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER'S CAREER.

5
00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:21,920
I'M DOING THAT ON BEHALF OF OUR 

6
00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:23,200
ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE.

7
00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:25,840
I ALSO WANT TO CONGRATULATE 

8
00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:28,120
EVERYBODY THAT'S HERE IN THE 

9
00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,080
AUDIENCE FOR NOT GETTING COVID 

10
00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:32,280
THIS WEEK UNLIKE TWO OF THE 

11
00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:35,040
MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZING 

12
00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:36,720
COMMITTEE BUT WE'RE OKAY SO.

13
00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:39,720
SO BEFORE WE OFFICIALLY GET 

14
00:00:39,720 --> 00:00:42,520
STARTED A FEW HOUSEKEEPING 

15
00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:45,080
THINGS TO TAKE CARE OF.

16
00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:46,680
THE AGENDA HAS CHANGED A BIT.

17
00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:51,040
IT WILL ALWAYS BE UPDATED IF YOU

18
00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:56,000
USE THE QR CODE THING IS TO TAKE

19
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:57,560
YOU TO THE MOST RECENT AGENDA.

20
00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:03,000
THERE ARE A FEW CHANGES I CAN 

21
00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:04,960
LET YOU KNOW NOW.

22
00:01:04,960 --> 00:01:07,520
SO WE'LL HAVE A SPEAKER TALKING 

23
00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:12,280
TOMORROW INSTEAD OF TOMORROW AND

24
00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:14,960
TANNIA PASTERNAK WILL TALK 

25
00:01:14,960 --> 00:01:16,080
TOMORROW INSTEAD OF TODAY AND 

26
00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:18,440
WE'LL HAVE A COUPLE ADDITIONS 

27
00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:19,400
THAT WERE NOT IN THE EARLIER 

28
00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:20,800
AGENDA AND WE'LL HAVE A TALK 

29
00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:25,480
THIS AFTERNOON FROM GW AND MICKY

30
00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:27,920
DOLBERG WILL TALK TOMORROW 

31
00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:29,000
MORNING.

32
00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:32,280
SO, A COUPLE OF OTHER ISSUES, 

33
00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:33,720
THE TALKS WILL BE 25 MINUTES.

34
00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:37,920
THEY'LL BE A FEW MINUTES FOR 

35
00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:42,080
QUESTIONS, IF ANYBODY HAS THEM 

36
00:01:42,080 --> 00:01:43,760
IF YOU'RE IN THE AUDIENCE YOU 

37
00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:45,280
CAN GO TO THE MICS.

38
00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:46,840
THOSE ONLINE, THERE'S SOME 

39
00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:49,480
BUTTON WHERE YOU CAN TYPE OUT 

40
00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:50,120
YOUR QUESTION AND WE'LL GET IT 

41
00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:54,600
HERE IN THE ROOM.

42
00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:56,280
AND IF WE DON'T HAVE TIME I'M 

43
00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:57,320
SURE THE SPEAKERS WILL ANSWER 

44
00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:00,080
THE QUESTIONS AT A LATER TIME.

45
00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:02,120
SO, TO GET US GOING OFFICIALLY, 

46
00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:06,560
LET ME INTRODUCE OUR BOSS, SUSAN

47
00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,720
AMARA WHO IS THE SCIENTIFIC 

48
00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:12,120
DIRECTOR OF THE INTRAMURAL 

49
00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:14,360
RESEARCH PROGRAM HERE AT THE 

50
00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:16,280
NIMH.

51
00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:22,200
SUSAN.

52
00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:26,640
>> I JUST WANTED TO
WELCOME 

53
00:02:26,640 --> 00:02:26,920
EVERYONE.

54
00:02:26,920 --> 00:02:28,880
IN 2020 WHEN LESLIE PASSED WE 

55
00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:31,480
KNEW THAT AT SOME POINT WE WERE 

56
00:02:31,480 --> 00:02:35,640
GOING TO WANT TO HAVE A 

57
00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:37,520
CELEBRATION AND HOPEFULLY IN 

58
00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:39,880
PERSON AND I REALLY APPRECIATE 

59
00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:43,520
ALL OF YOU WHO HAVE COME FROM 

60
00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:49,120
AFAR TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS 

61
00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:50,880
BECAUSE I THINK IT'S JUST 

62
00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:52,280
WONDERFUL TO SEE HER COLLEAGUES,

63
00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:54,120
COLLABORATORS AN FRIENDS IN THE 

64
00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:55,000
AUDIENCE THOUGH I CAN'T 

65
00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:56,760
RECOGNIZE ALL OF YOU, MICKY, 

66
00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:00,360
IT'S HARD TO TELL WITH THE MASK,

67
00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:04,240
BUT I REALLY THINK THIS IS A 

68
00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:07,800
GREAT HONOR FOR LESLIE.

69
00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:13,520
I'LL SAY A FEW COMMENTS JUST 

70
00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,200
THAT FROM MY PERSPECTIVE IN 

71
00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:18,600
TERMS OF ANY INTERACTIONS WITH 

72
00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:20,320
LESLIE, AS YOU ALL KNOW, SHE WAS

73
00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:23,240
A REMARKABLE SCIENTIST AND 

74
00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:24,360
AMONGST ALL THE THINGS I THINK 

75
00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:32,600
OF WHEN I LOOK BACK ON HER, ONE 

76
00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:36,520
OF THE THINGS WAS MENTORING AND 

77
00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:37,480
I'LL MENTION THAT.

78
00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:39,840
SOME IN THE AUDIENCE HAVE 

79
00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:42,000
BENEFIT FROM THAT BUT IT WAS ONE

80
00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:43,560
OF THE THINGS I REALLY ADMIRED 

81
00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:47,200
AND NOTED ABOUT LESLIE.

82
00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,480
AND IN FACT, I EXPERIENCED IT 

83
00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:51,120
MYSELF.

84
00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:55,520
I'VE OFTEN LOOKED AT THE WAY SHE

85
00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:57,960
ORGANIZED HER LAB, THE WAY SHE 

86
00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:00,360
SPOKE WITH EVERYONE, HER REGULAR

87
00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:04,400
INTERACTIONS WERE QUITE 

88
00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,280
REMARKABLE AND I THINK THEY WERE

89
00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:07,520
AMAZING.

90
00:04:07,520 --> 00:04:10,680
I ALSO OWE ONE OTHER THING TO 

91
00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:10,920
LESLIE.

92
00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:13,520
WHEN SHE WAS THE FIRST PERSON 

93
00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:15,840
WHO CALLED ME INITIALLY TO SEE 

94
00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,520
WHETHER I'D BE INTERESTED IN 

95
00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,080
TAKING THE JOB AND WHAT I 

96
00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:22,320
REMEMBER FROM THAT CONVERSATION 

97
00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:25,520
WAS HOW SHE WENT THROUGH ALL THE

98
00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:26,960
JUNIOR INVESTIGATORS AND 

99
00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:27,920
DESCRIBED WHAT THEY WERE DOING 

100
00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:35,600
AND WHY THEY WERE SO FANTASTIC.

101
00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:36,400
AND SO I'LL ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT

102
00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:38,400
ABOUT LESLIE AS WELL.

103
00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:40,240
I THINK IT WAS PERSUASIVE 

104
00:04:40,240 --> 00:04:43,520
BECAUSE I DID END UP COMING.

105
00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:48,200
WITH THAT I HOPE THAT THIS WILL 

106
00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,040
BE A FUN CELEBRATION OF ALL THE 

107
00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,880
WONDERFUL THINGS THAT WE CAN 

108
00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:55,520
RECALL AND REMEMBER ABOUT HER 

109
00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:58,960
AND ALSO A SENSE OF THE SCIENCE 

110
00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:01,960
THAT REALLY DROVE HER AND IT 

111
00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:03,360
REALLY DROVE HER RIGHT UP UNTIL 

112
00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:04,280
THE VERY END.

113
00:05:04,280 --> 00:05:09,200
SHE WAS SO ACTIVE.

114
00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:10,880
SO I THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING 

115
00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:12,240
AND LOOK FORWARD TO A GREAT 

116
00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:21,320
SYMPOSIUM.

117
00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:21,920
>> OKAY.

118
00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:23,680
SO I GET TO SAY A FEW WORDS 

119
00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:29,040
BEFORE WE START THE FORMAL 

120
00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:29,240
TALKS.

121
00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,360
SO HE WE PUT THIS TOGETHER 

122
00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,320
REALLY AS A CONTRIBUTE TO WHAT I

123
00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:38,360
CONSIDER THE PROFOUND 

124
00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,960
CONTRIBUTION LESLIE MADE TO THE 

125
00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:42,840
NEUROSCIENCES AND ALSO TO HER 

126
00:05:42,840 --> 00:05:45,600
MANY MANY TRAINEES AND 

127
00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:48,440
COLLEAGUES BOTH HERE AT THE NIH 

128
00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:50,120
AND ELSEWHERE.

129
00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:55,400
I REALLY THINK YOU WOULD BE HARD

130
00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:57,440
PRESSED TO NAME ANYBODY WHO'S 

131
00:05:57,440 --> 00:05:58,360
CONTRIBUTED AS MUCH AS LESLIE 

132
00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:04,280
HAD TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 

133
00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:14,800
HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN FUNCTION AND

134
00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:15,680
ANAT

135
00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:16,240
ANATOMY.

136
00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:21,960
FULL STOP.

137
00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:23,040
HER CONTRIBUTIONS WERE 

138
00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:23,320
RECOGNIZED.

139
00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:26,920
SHE WAS A MEMBER OF ALMOST EVERY

140
00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:29,480
CLUB, SOCIETY OR ACADEMY THAT'S 

141
00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:31,040
WORTH BEING A MEMBER OF 

142
00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:32,160
INCLUDING THE NATIONAL ACADEMY 

143
00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:34,280
OF SCIENCES, THE NATIONAL 

144
00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:37,000
ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND THE 

145
00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:41,200
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND 

146
00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:41,880
SCIENCES.

147
00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:47,960
SHE ALSO RECEIVED A BOATLOAD OF 

148
00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:52,160
AWARDS AND PRIZES INCLUDING THE 

149
00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:54,560
GOLDEN BRAIN FROM AND THE GLASS 

150
00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:58,200
BRAIN FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF 

151
00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:00,240
HUMAN BRAIN MAP.

152
00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:04,960
ALL WELL DESERVED.

153
00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,040
PERSONALLY, I MET LESLIE BEFORE 

154
00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:09,640
THAT TOOK PLACE OVER 40 YEARS 

155
00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:09,800
AGO.

156
00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:12,120
I WAS DOING MY POST-DOC AT THE 

157
00:07:12,120 --> 00:07:12,320
NIH.

158
00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:13,520
WE WERE CALLED STAFF FELLOWS 

159
00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:23,920
BACK THEN.

160
00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:28,320
LESLIE WAS AT NIMH ALSO AS A 

161
00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:38,560
STAFF FELLOW.

162
00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:44,840
I HAD A PATIENT WHO WAS 

163
00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:46,920
COGNITIVELY INTACT AND WHAT WE 

164
00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:47,920
FOUND IS WHEN SPATIAL 

165
00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:51,360
INFORMATION -- HE HAD A DEFICIT 

166
00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:51,840
FOR PROCESSING SPATIAL 

167
00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:55,520
INFORMATION WHEN PRESENTED IN 

168
00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:57,840
HIS VISUAL FIELD INDIRECTLY TO 

169
00:07:57,840 --> 00:07:59,600
HIS LEFT HEMISPHERE.

170
00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:01,600
I REASONED WELL THAT'S PROBABLY 

171
00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:06,040
BECAUSE ALL THE SPECIALIZED 

172
00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:08,200
STUFF IN THE RIGHT PARIETAL 

173
00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:10,680
CORTEX COULD NOT INTERACT WITH 

174
00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:12,240
THE LEFT HEMISPHERE WHICH WAS 

175
00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:14,280
CLEARLY IN THE VERY GOOD WHEN 

176
00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:16,280
ISOLATED FROM THE RIGHT WHEN 

177
00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:17,880
DOING THESE KINDS OF SPATIAL 

178
00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:18,400
TASKS.

179
00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:20,520
BUT HE HAD NO DIFFICULTY WITH 

180
00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,120
OBJECTS AND WORDS PRESENTED IN 

181
00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:23,640
EITHER VISUAL FIELD.

182
00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:27,480
HERE THE ARGUMENT WAS, WELL, THE

183
00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:32,720
TEMPORAL LOBES COULD COMMUNICATE

184
00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:43,200
IN A GENESIS OF THE CORPUS 

185
00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:48,160
CALLOSUM.

186
00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:49,160
SO OBJECT BUT NOT SPACE.

187
00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:51,280
I GOT THE NERVE TO CALL MY 

188
00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:55,560
ALL-TIME HERO IN THE 

189
00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:57,000
NEUROSCIENCES, MORT HERE ON 

190
00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:58,600
CAMPUS AND MORT INVITED ME OVER 

191
00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:02,240
TO PRESENT THE CASE TO THE 

192
00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:04,280
LABORATORY NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND 

193
00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:08,280
AFTERWARDS WE WENT BACK TO HIS 

194
00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:08,840
OFFICE TO DISCUSS THE CASE 

195
00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:14,240
FURTHER.

196
00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:18,880
AT SOME POINT HE PRESS THE B

197
00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:21,840
BUTTON ON THE INTERCOM, FOR YOU 

198
00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:23,160
YOUNGER FOLKS YOU MAY WANT TO 

199
00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:25,320
LOOK THAT UP AND PRESSES THE 

200
00:09:25,320 --> 00:09:26,720
BUTTON AND TELLS HIS SECRETARY 

201
00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:28,280
HAVE LESLIE COME JOIN US AND TO 

202
00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:32,280
BRING THE CHAPTER.

203
00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:35,600
AND IN WALKS THIS TINY WOMAN 

204
00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:38,680
HOLDING THIS TYPED MANUSCRIPT, 

205
00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:43,040
YET TO BE PUBLISHED, TO CORTICAL

206
00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:43,560
VISUAL SYSTEMS.

207
00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:47,640
AND FOR ME, I THINK THAT WAS 

208
00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:49,520
REALLY THE BEGINNING BECAUSE THE

209
00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:53,640
WORD DESCRIBED IN THAT CHAPTER 

210
00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:56,720
SUBSEQUENTLY EMBELLISHED BY 

211
00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:58,720
LESLIE AND MANY OTHERS, IT WAS 

212
00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:01,240
CLEAR THAT NOW WHEN WE TALKED 

213
00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:03,960
ABOUT COGNITION WE WERE GOING TO

214
00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:07,360
BE TALKING ABOUT SYSTEMS.

215
00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:11,480
ABOUT NETWORKS.

216
00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:12,200
HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED WITH 

217
00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:13,560
RECURRENT FEED FORWARD AND 

218
00:10:13,560 --> 00:10:22,840
FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS RATHER THAN

219
00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:26,600
JUST SPECIALIZED PROCESSORS AS I

220
00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:28,040
DESCRIBED THE PATIENT.

221
00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:29,560
10 YEARS LATER WHEN IMAGING CAME

222
00:10:29,560 --> 00:10:31,920
ALONG WE ALL KNEW OUR JOB.

223
00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:34,840
WE'D FIND THE NETWORKS, WE'RE 

224
00:10:34,840 --> 00:10:38,120
GOING TO DEFINE THEIR SPECIAL 

225
00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:38,960
EXTENT AND THE AREAS INVOLVED 

226
00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:40,280
AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO DO THE 

227
00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:42,800
EXPERIMENT TO FIGURE OUT WHAT 

228
00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,000
EACH OF THOSE AREAS WAS 

229
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:46,360
CONTRIBUTING TO THE COGNITION WE

230
00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:47,480
WERE STUDYING.

231
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:54,800
TO ME, THAT'S A MAJOR, MAJOR 

232
00:10:54,800 --> 00:11:00,920
PART OF LESLIE'S LESLIE'S LEGACY

233
00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:04,000
WHICH CONTINUES TO THIS DAY.

234
00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:04,920
IN THE NEXT DAYS WE'LL HEAR 

235
00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:06,560
ABOUT LESLIE' HES WORK ON THE 

236
00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:13,560
SCIENCE OF OTHERS.

237
00:11:13,560 --> 00:11:14,160
RATHER THAN CONTINUING ALONG 

238
00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:19,400
THAT ROAD I THOUGHT IN THE LAST 

239
00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:20,320
COUPLE MINUTES I'D TELL YOU 

240
00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:21,800
THINGS ABOUT LESLIE YOU MAY NOT 

241
00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:23,240
KNOW.

242
00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:24,120
I HAVE FOUR POINTS.

243
00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:26,480
FIRST POINT IS LESLIE LOVED TO 

244
00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:28,960
WATCH TENNIS.

245
00:11:28,960 --> 00:11:32,880
I MEAN LIKE ALL THE TIME.

246
00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:35,040
THOSE WHO KNEW LESLIE, SHE WAS 

247
00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:38,760
NOT EXACTLY THE MOST ATHLETIC 

248
00:11:38,760 --> 00:11:41,920
PERSON -- I'M NOT SURE SHE EVEN 

249
00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:45,560
HELD A TENNIS RACQUET AND KNEW 

250
00:11:45,560 --> 00:11:47,920
SHE KNEW NOTHING ABOUT BASEBALL,

251
00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:49,000
BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL OR HOCKEY 

252
00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:50,440
BUT TENNIS WAS HER THING.

253
00:11:50,440 --> 00:11:52,560
I RECENTLY FOUND OUT SHE WAS 

254
00:11:52,560 --> 00:11:56,160
QUITE UPSET WHEN NIH SET UP A 

255
00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:58,440
FIREWALL THAT PREVENTED HER FROM

256
00:11:58,440 --> 00:11:59,440
WATCHING THE MATCHES FROM HER 

257
00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:07,480
OFFICE COMPUTER.

258
00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:10,920
SO WHY THE FASCINATION WITH 

259
00:12:10,920 --> 00:12:11,160
TENNIS?

260
00:12:11,160 --> 00:12:13,320
I HAVE NO IDEA.

261
00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:17,240
POINT TWO, LESLIE LOVED TO 

262
00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:17,960
GOSSIP.

263
00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:19,760
WE TALKED ABOUT EVERYBODY ABOUT 

264
00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:21,840
SCIENCE, POLITICS, CURRENT 

265
00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:24,800
EVENTS, BUT INVARIABLY, ONE OF 

266
00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,240
US WOULD SAY, HEY, GUESS WHAT I 

267
00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:28,440
HEARD.

268
00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:34,640
AND OFF WE'D GO.

269
00:12:34,640 --> 00:12:35,960
THE MORE SALACIOUS THE BETTER.

270
00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:41,640
THIRD POINT, NOBODY, I MEAN 

271
00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:43,960
NOBODY WORKED HARDER ON THEIR 

272
00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:45,200
TALKS AND SCIENTIFIC 

273
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:46,520
PUBLICATIONS THAN LESLIE.

274
00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:48,280
THOSE WHO HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF 

275
00:12:48,280 --> 00:12:52,360
HEARING HER TALK, THEY WERE 

276
00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:55,240
ALWAYS A BEAUTIFUL THING.

277
00:12:55,240 --> 00:13:01,560
CRYSTAL CLEAR, CONCISE, NOT A 

278
00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:07,720
FALSE WORD, FALSE START FOR 

279
00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:10,000
LESLIE, DOES THIS DID IN THE 

280
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:10,280
COME EASY.

281
00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:12,480
WE USED TO GO OFF TO MEETINGS 

282
00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:15,560
BEFORE POWER POINT AND LAPTOPS 

283
00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:17,760
WE'D HAVE THE PLASTIC SHEET AND 

284
00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,280
YOU'D PUT YOUR SLIDES IN ORDER 

285
00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:20,440
AND PUT THE DOT IN THE CORNER SO

286
00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:24,240
YOU KNEW HOW TO LOAD THEM IN THE

287
00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:25,480
CAROUSEL.

288
00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:28,240
LESLIE BROUGHT THE CAROUSEL 

289
00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:32,800
ALREADY FULLY LOADED AND SHE 

290
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:34,840
BROUGHT ALONG THE PROJECTOR TO 

291
00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:37,040
SET IT UP IN HER HOTEL ROOM AND 

292
00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:40,400
PRACTICE HER TALK.

293
00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:43,520
I MEAN, WHO DID THAT?

294
00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:46,280
LESLIE DID THAT.

295
00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:48,760
THE LAST POINT I WANT TO MAKE IS

296
00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:50,800
SHE WAS FIERCELY, FIERCELY 

297
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:52,320
PROTECTIVE AND SUPPORTIVE OF 

298
00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:56,600
WOMEN IN SCIENCE.

299
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,320
I CAN JUST ASSUME AT LEAST PART 

300
00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:03,320
OF THAT CAME FROM HER OWN 

301
00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:06,880
EXPERIENCES DOING NEURO ANATOMY 

302
00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:10,320
IN THE LATE '70s AND EARLY '80s 

303
00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:12,240
IN WHAT I KNEW WAS A MAN'S 

304
00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:12,720
WORLD.

305
00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:14,640
I DON'T KNOW.

306
00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,280
I CAN TELL YOU THAT STORY I JUST

307
00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:22,200
TOLD YOU ABOUT LESLIE HANDING 

308
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,520
OVER THE TRACTOR, AFTER SHE DID,

309
00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:25,920
SHE LEFT.

310
00:14:25,920 --> 00:14:29,200
MORT DIDN'T ASK HER TO STAY.

311
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,320
AS FAR AS I KNOW LESLIE WAS IN 

312
00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:32,320
THE MIDDLE OF AN EXPERIMENT AND 

313
00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,080
SO ON BUT WHEN I THINK BACK ON 

314
00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:37,600
IT, I THINK IT'S SYMBOLIC OF A 

315
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:38,200
DIFFERENT TIME AND DIFFERENT 

316
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,200
PLACE.

317
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:41,800
AFTER ALL THE MEN WERE 

318
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:43,200
TALKING -- OR IN THAT CASE, THE 

319
00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:53,640
MAN AND BOY WERE TALKING.

320
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:01,280
I WAS SITTING IN AN AUDIENCE AND

321
00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,800
AS LESLIE TOOK THE STAGE I 

322
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:05,360
OVERHEARD A WOMAN IN FRONT OF ME

323
00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:08,160
TURN TO HER COLLEAGUE AND SAY, 

324
00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:12,240
WOW, I THOUGHT LESLIE 

325
00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:12,840
UNGERLEIDER WAS A MAN.

326
00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:15,840
OF COURSE YOU DID.

327
00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:17,920
HOW COULD A WOMAN ACCOMPLISH 

328
00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:18,720
THAT MUCH AND BECOME SO WELL 

329
00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:23,160
KNOWN?

330
00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,560
PEOPLE CAN TALK ABOUT THIS ISSUE

331
00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:32,680
MUCH BETTER THAN I CAN SO I'M 

332
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:41,760
JUST GOING STOP RIGHT THERE.

333
00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:44,240
SO THOSE OF YOU EVEN WITH A 

334
00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:47,480
PASSING KNOWLEDGE OF LESLIE'S 

335
00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,640
CAREER, KNOW THAT HER NAME IS 

336
00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:55,000
TIED TO TWO OTHERS.

337
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,520
YOUNGER LEADER IN MISH AND WHEN 

338
00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:02,680
BOB WAS ON CAMPUS HE WAS CHIEF 

339
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:06,640
OF LABORATORY AND LATER THE 

340
00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:07,800
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR OF THE 

341
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:10,600
INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AT NIMH AND 

342
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,560
NOW FOR THE PAST 18 YEARS, SEEMS

343
00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:15,080
IMPOSSIBLE, FOR THE PAST 18 

344
00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:20,120
YEARS, BOB'S BEEN THE DIRECTOR 

345
00:16:20,120 --> 00:16:21,840
OF THE McGOVERN INSTITUTE FOR 

346
00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:22,640
BRAIN RESEARCH AT M.I.T.

347
00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:32,880
BOB, PLEASE.

348
00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:43,880
>> THANK YOU, ALEX.

349
00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:45,840
SO I'M CERTAINLY UNIQUE AMONG 

350
00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:49,560
THE SPEAKERS AS I WAS NOT ONLY 

351
00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:50,360
LESLIE'S COLLEAGUE AND 

352
00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:53,400
COLLABORATOR FOR MANY YEARS BUT 

353
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:55,360
WE WERE ALSO MARRIED.

354
00:16:55,360 --> 00:17:01,200
I'M GOING TALK TODAY ABOUT 

355
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,400
LESLIE'S CAREER AND PARTICULARLY

356
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:06,080
ON THE DEVELOP NEXT TWO CORTICAL

357
00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:07,920
VISUAL SYSTEMS AND HOW IT GOT 

358
00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:12,280
STARTED PARTLY BECAUSE I WAS 

359
00:17:12,280 --> 00:17:12,840
AROUND DURING A LOT OF THAT 

360
00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:22,960
TIME.

361
00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:28,200
THERE WAS AN INTERVIEW WITH 

362
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:29,240
LESLIE AND I'LL SHOW A SEGMENT 

363
00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:31,440
FROM THE INTERVIEW TO GET US 

364
00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:34,680
STARTED AND WHAT I DON'T KNOW IS

365
00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:39,400
HOW -- I'M NOT 100% SURE -- HOW 

366
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,560
DO I CHANGE THE SLIDES?

367
00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:53,960
DO I TOUCH THE SCREEN?

368
00:17:57,240 --> 00:17:58,960
>> I WAS AT THE SOCIETY OF

369
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:01,160
NEUROSCIENCE, I THINK IT WAS THE

370
00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:06,640
THIRD ANNUAL MEETING AND I WAS 

371
00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:11,720
PRESENTING DATA RESULTS I 

372
00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:14,560
OBTAINED IN A LAB AND THEN AFTER

373
00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:17,720
THE SESSION AT THE END OF THE 

374
00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:20,080
SESSION A GENTLEMAN APPROACHED 

375
00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:24,200
ME, INTRODUCED HIMSELF AS MORT 

376
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,360
MICHIGAN AND SAID, YOU KNOW, 

377
00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:30,960
WE'RE GETTING VERY DIFFERENT 

378
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:32,480
RESULTS FROM YOURS.

379
00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:39,600
WHY DON'T YOU JOIN MY LAB AND 

380
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:45,480
WE'LL SORT THIS OUT TOGETHER.

381
00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:47,880
I THOUGHT, OH, WOW, THAT WOULD 

382
00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:49,280
BE GREAT.

383
00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:56,880
SO I APPLIED FOR AN NIH, NRSA 

384
00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,200
FELLOWSHIP, WHICH I GOT AND 

385
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:01,440
AWARDED AND THE NEXT YEAR I 

386
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,000
MOVED TO HIS LAB AND I'VE BEEN 

387
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,520
AT THE NIH EVERY SINCE.

388
00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:09,440
IT'S JUST BEEN REALLY RESEARCH 

389
00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:11,640
HEAVEN.

390
00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:15,400
I'VE JUST TAKEN MY SCIENCE IN 

391
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,160
MULTIPLE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS 

392
00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,200
STARTING OUT DOING BEHAVIORAL 

393
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,960
WORK IN MONKEYS WITH LESIONS, 

394
00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:28,920
GOING ON TO DO ANATOMY, TRACING 

395
00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:35,440
CONNECTS IN THE BRAIN RECORDING 

396
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:39,560
ACTIVITY AND THEN GO INTO A 

397
00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:42,000
FIELD OF NEUROIMAGING.

398
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:46,040
BEING AT NIH ONE CAN ACTUALLY DO

399
00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:46,400
THAT.

400
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,840
ONE DOESN'T HAVE TO JUSTIFY 

401
00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:51,440
REINVENTING ONE SELF OVER AND 

402
00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:57,120
OVER AGAIN.

403
00:19:57,120 --> 00:19:58,520
>> SO I WANT TO TALK A
LITTLE 

404
00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:02,320
BIT ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF 

405
00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:09,960
THOSE -- I GUESS WHAT HAPPENED 

406
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,600
AND THE MEETING WITH MORT AND 

407
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:16,240
LESLIE'S REINVENTION OVER THE 

408
00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:17,200
YEARS.

409
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:19,040
WHEN SOME OF US I'M A LITTLE 

410
00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:29,560
UNCLEAR, DO I USE THIS OR THAT?

411
00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:39,400
THIS IS AN OLD WIRING DIAGRAM I 

412
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:43,320
STILL USE TODAY IN MY CLASSES, 

413
00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:45,800
PEOPLE ARE JUST NOT AWARE OF 

414
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:48,360
WHERE THE FIELD WAS THAT THE 

415
00:20:48,360 --> 00:20:53,760
TIME IN THE LATE 1970s.

416
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:56,240
AND HOW CONFUSING THE 

417
00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:00,280
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN WAS 

418
00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:01,920
AND WHAT WAS THE ACTUAL 

419
00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:03,400
CONTRIBUTION FROM LESLIE'S AND 

420
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:05,760
MORT'S IDEA IS NOT WELL 

421
00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:06,360
UNDERSTOOD SO I'M GOING TALK 

422
00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:11,360
ABOUT IT A LITTLE BIT.

423
00:21:11,360 --> 00:21:13,280
FOR ONE, AS SOME OF YOU KNOW, 

424
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:15,640
THERE CERTAINLY WAS AN IDEA 

425
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:17,720
ABOUT THERE BEING TWO VISUAL 

426
00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:18,200
SYSTEMS.

427
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:19,880
A WHAT AND WHERE SYSTEMS AND 

428
00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:22,960
THIS CAME FROM WORKING RODENTS.

429
00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:25,640
FROM A STUDY BY JERRY SCHNEIDER 

430
00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:28,240
PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE FROM THE 

431
00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:31,240
GOLDEN HAMSTER AND HE SHOWED 

432
00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,720
THAT LESIONS OF THE PRIMARY 

433
00:21:33,720 --> 00:21:40,240
VISUAL CORTEX IMPAIRED THE 

434
00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:42,520
ANIMAL'S PATTERN VISION AND 

435
00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:43,560
OTHERS AREAS ORIENT THE HEADS 

436
00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:47,320
AND EYES TO OBJECTIVES.

437
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,320
THE ORIENTATION WAS -- THE WHERE

438
00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,400
WAS ORIENTATION AND THE WHAT WAS

439
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:55,560
PATTERN DISCRIMINATION.

440
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:58,360
AND ONE OF THE CONFUSING THINGS 

441
00:21:58,360 --> 00:22:02,960
ABOUT THIS IDEA WAS THAT THERE'D

442
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:07,800
ALREADY BEEN WORK WHEN PEOPLE 

443
00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:18,360
HAD DONE LESIONS OF THE AND THIS

444
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:28,240
IS FROM THE WORK FROM JONES AND 

445
00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:36,240
PAL SHOWED THE SOMATIC AUDIO AND

446
00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:39,160
VISUAL SYSTEMS AND THE POSTERIOR

447
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:41,640
PARIETAL CORTEX WAS THE NATURAL 

448
00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:43,680
PROGRESSION OF PROCESSING AND 

449
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:54,000
TACTILE INFORMATION.

450
00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:56,240
THE PARIETAL INFORMATION THAT 

451
00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:57,800
WAS CONFUSING AND THEN THERE'S 

452
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:03,000
BEEN LOTS OF PAPERS REPORTING ON

453
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,760
IMPAIRMENTS OF SOME ORIENTATION,

454
00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:12,280
SPECIAL PROCESSING, ATTENTION, 

455
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:16,240
SPECIAL ANEUROIS AN AND THERE 

456
00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:18,120
WERE MONKEY STUDIES ON WHAT 

457
00:23:18,120 --> 00:23:21,560
WOULD HAPPEN AFTER DAMAGE TO THE

458
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,240
PARIETAL CORTEX BUT WHAT WAS THE

459
00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:24,760
PARIETAL CORTEX?

460
00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:27,520
IT WASN'T UNDERSTOOD AT ALL WHAT

461
00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:28,760
THAT WOULD EVEN MEAN.

462
00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:35,160
AND I JUST INCLUDED THIS FIGURE 

463
00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:37,080
FROM A PAPER ON PARIETAL LESIONS

464
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:38,040
IN MONKEYS.

465
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:40,240
THERE'S A CHARACTERISTIC.

466
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:47,000
IT INCLUDED ALL WHATEVER WE KNOW

467
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:53,440
AS DORSAL EXTRASTRIATAL VISUAL 

468
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:53,680
CORTEX.

469
00:23:53,680 --> 00:23:54,600
PEOPLE WERE TRYING TO FIGURE 

470
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:55,520
SOMETHING OUT.

471
00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:59,800
SO THAT WAS ANOTHER SOURCE OF 

472
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:01,560
CONFUSION WHAT WAS THE PARIETAL 

473
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:04,280
CORTEX AND WHAT COULD POSSIBLY 

474
00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:14,600
BE ITS FUNCTIONS?

475
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:18,000
NOW, I ASKED IF ANYONE EVER 

476
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,880
HEARD OF CARL PREGMAN AND HE WAS

477
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,560
A GIANT IN THE FIELD AT THE TIME

478
00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,760
AND LESLIE WAS DOING HER 

479
00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:30,280
POST-DOC WITH CARL AND THE 

480
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:31,560
EXPERIMENT THAT SHE WAS PRESENT 

481
00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:34,160
AT THE NSF MEETING WAS THIS ONE 

482
00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:37,440
WHEN THEY WERE TESTING THE IDEA 

483
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:39,840
THE INTERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX GOT

484
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:45,880
THE INPUT FROM V1 THROUGH WHAT 

485
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:49,200
WAS SOMETIMES CALLED PRESTRIATAL

486
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:50,080
CORTEX, THE VISUAL CORTEX 

487
00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:51,160
BETWEEN THE TWO.

488
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,200
THERE WAS A PATHWAY TO THE 

489
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:54,520
TEMPORAL CORTEX THAT WAS 

490
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:58,480
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FUNCTIONS OF

491
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,280
I.T. AND THE RESULTS WERE 

492
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:01,520
NEGATIVE.

493
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:03,920
THE ANIMALS WERE -- THEY WERE 

494
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:05,560
INITIALLY IMPAIRED ON VISUAL 

495
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:10,520
DISCRIMINATION BUT QUICKLY 

496
00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,400
RECOVERED AND SO CARL'S 

497
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:14,200
CONCLUSION WAS CERTAINLY THAT 

498
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,280
THIS DID NOT SUPPORT THE IDEA 

499
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:17,800
THAT MORT HAD BEEN ADVOCATING 

500
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:24,280
FOR A PATHWAY FROM V1 TO 

501
00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:29,360
TEMPORAL CORTEX.

502
00:25:29,360 --> 00:25:32,920
AND THE V1 PRE STRIATE CORTEX 

503
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:33,720
WAS PART OF THREE INDIVIDUAL 

504
00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:36,240
SYSTEMS AND THE PATHWAY TO THEM 

505
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:36,680
WAS CONFUSING.

506
00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:38,760
IN FACT, IF YOU READ THE 

507
00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:40,240
DISCUSSION SECTION OF LESLIE AND

508
00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:42,160
CARL'S PAPER, WHICH WASN'T 

509
00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:43,560
PUBLISHED UNTIL LESLIE HAD 

510
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:48,240
ALREADY JOINED MORT'S LAB.

511
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:56,480
YOU CAN SEE THE  THE TWISTING 

512
00:25:56,480 --> 00:26:00,280
AND TURNING BECAUSE LESLIE KNEW 

513
00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,440
THERE WERE SPARED PARTS OF 

514
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,120
PRESTRIATE CORTEX AND CARL WAS 

515
00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:07,400
REALLY HOLDING TIGHTLY TO THE 

516
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:09,040
VIEW THESE WERE THREE 

517
00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:12,240
INDEPENDENT VISUAL SYSTEMS WITH 

518
00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:16,240
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND SO THE 

519
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:21,200
DISCUSSION'S KIND OF A MESS.

520
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,000
WHAT WAS SHE DOING WITH MORT?

521
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,200
WELL, I THINK PROBABLY ONE OF 

522
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:28,400
THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS LESLIE

523
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,480
DID WHEN SHE CAME TO WORK WITH 

524
00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:33,840
MORT WAS TO LEARN NEUROANATOMY 

525
00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:36,240
AND SHE LEARNED IT FROM TED 

526
00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:36,440
JONES.

527
00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:41,560
SHE WENT TO TED JONES' LAB AND 

528
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:48,200
TED TAUGHT HER SILVER STRANDING 

529
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:50,960
AND AUDIOGRAPHY AND EXTREMELY 

530
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:52,240
GENEROUS IN DOING THIS AND 

531
00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:56,200
LESLIE THEN RETURNED TO THE NIH 

532
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:58,400
WHERE SHE DOES HER FIRST 

533
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:00,520
ANATOMICAL STUDIES WITHOUT TED.

534
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:06,520
ONE OF THE PAPERS WAS THE PAPER 

535
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:07,840
ON THE STRIATAL PROTECTIONS OUT 

536
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:10,920
OF LESLIE'S FIRST ANATOMY PAPER.

537
00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,160
ONE OF THE KEY THINGS THEY DID 

538
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:14,760
IN THAT PAPER AND THAT LESLIE 

539
00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:16,840
FELT STRONGLY ABOUT FOR MANY 

540
00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:18,880
YEARS WAS THEY MAPPED THE 

541
00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:23,320
COMPLETE PROJECTION FIELD OF V1.

542
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,560
NOT JUST THE ACCESSIBLE LATERAL 

543
00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:28,840
PARTS BUT EVEN THE INACCESSIBLE 

544
00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:39,480
PARTS BURIED IN THE FISSURE AND 

545
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:42,080
AS THEY EXTENDED ACROSS THE 

546
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:43,880
FLOOR WHERE THE PERIPHERAL 

547
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:48,240
REPRESENTATION WAS LOCATED.

548
00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:57,280
I WAS CLEARLY BEING SPARED IN 

549
00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:03,560
TRYING TOO UNDERSTAND THE 

550
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:03,960
PATHWAY.

551
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:12,160
SHE ALSO -- THEY FOUND A DIRECT 

552
00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:18,920
PROJECTION FROM V1 TO THE MOST 

553
00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,880
POSTERIOR PART OF THE CULCUS AND

554
00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:26,360
AND IT DOES GET PROJECTIONS FROM

555
00:28:26,360 --> 00:28:31,560
PERIPHERAL STRIATAL CORTEX BUT 

556
00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:35,040
THAT AGAIN SHOWED ANATOMY WAS 

557
00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:36,280
GOING TO BE CRITICAL TO 

558
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:37,560
UNDERSTANDING HOW THE WHOLE 

559
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,800
SYSTEM WORKED.

560
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:41,520
WITHOUT ANATOMY YOU WERE LOST.

561
00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:43,520
THEY PUBLISHED THE CHAPTER 

562
00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:45,000
WITHOUT THE ANATOMY HAVING BEEN 

563
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:45,440
ESTABLISHED.

564
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,080
THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNINGS OF 

565
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:51,200
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE 

566
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:55,560
ANATOMY WAS BUT THEY WERE ABLE 

567
00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:57,840
TO PUT TO REST SOME OF THE 

568
00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:00,240
WILDER IDEAS ABOUT HOW THE 

569
00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,880
SYSTEM WAS ORGANIZED.

570
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:07,560
AND LAID THE GROUND WORK FOR THE

571
00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:09,840
IDEA THE VISUAL PATHWAY TO THE 

572
00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,640
PARIETAL CORTEX ORIGINATED IN 

573
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:13,360
V1.

574
00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:16,400
THAT WAS AT THAT TIME A RADICAL 

575
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:26,040
IDEA.

576
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:29,320
NOW, THE OTHER CRITICAL 

577
00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:34,440
EXPERIMENT THAT WAS THE BASIS 

578
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:38,040
FOR THAT IDEA NOT ONLY WAS THE 

579
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:39,480
ANATOMY SHOWING THAT THERE 

580
00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:44,960
EXISTED A PATHWAY FROM V1 UP AT 

581
00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:47,640
LEAST THE PARIETAL CORTEX BUT 

582
00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:49,600
YOU COULD DISCONNECT THE 

583
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:53,560
PARIETAL CORTEX FROM V1 THE SAME

584
00:29:53,560 --> 00:29:56,920
WAY THAT -- IT WAS A COMPLICATED

585
00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:58,160
DISCONNECTION BUT YOU CAN 

586
00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,640
DISCONNECT IT IN A WAY THAT HAD 

587
00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:05,160
BEEN DONE FOR THE INFERIOR 

588
00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:12,040
CORTEX ESTABLISHING V1 AND IT 

589
00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,000
WAS A CLASSIC CROSS-LESION 

590
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:15,440
EXPERIMENT WHERE THE I.T. PART 

591
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:19,560
WAS DONE BY MORT AND PARIETAL 

592
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:22,680
PART BY LESLIE AND THEY TOOK OUT

593
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:24,880
THE CORTEX FROM ONE HEMISPHERE 

594
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,080
THAT THEN ALLOWED THE CORTEX IN 

595
00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:28,280
THE OTHER HEMISPHERE TO 

596
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:31,520
COMMUNICATE WITH THE PARIETAL 

597
00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:42,040
CORTEX AND THEN CUT THE CALOSSUM

598
00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:00,280
OUT WAS AN ASSOCIATION OF 

599
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:01,560
FUNCTION, ANATOMICALLY AND 

600
00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:11,800
BEHAVIORALLY.

601
00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:16,160
AND THAT WAS THE IDEA THEY WERE 

602
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:16,440
PROMOTING.

603
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:18,400
THERE WAS ANOTHER PATHWAY.

604
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:26,680
IT WAS NOT OBJECT ORIENTATION OR

605
00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:33,320
THE WAY THE COLLICULUS WAS BUT 

606
00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:37,560
IT WAS LIKE I.T. WAS DEPENDENT 

607
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:47,960
ON THE STRIATAL CORTEX.

608
00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:55,880
THAT LED TO THEIR CHAPTER.

609
00:31:55,880 --> 00:32:00,040
IT WAS BEHAVIOR, LESIONS, BEG

610
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:07,400
BEGINNINGS OF THE CAUSALITY AND 

611
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:09,640
THEY SITE THE PHYSIOLOGY.

612
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:11,920
SOME OF THE PHYSIOLOGY FROM I.T.

613
00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:16,240
CORTEX SHOWING THE DEPENDENCE ON

614
00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:26,800
VISUAL PATHWAYS AND CROSS-KAL --

615
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:30,320
CROSS-CALLOSUM WAYS AND STARTED 

616
00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:35,520
LESLIE IN HER CAREER.

617
00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:46,040
IT RAISED A LOT OF QUESTION S 

618
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,760
LESLIE STARTED A MULTI-YEAR LONG

619
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:53,920
QUEST TO POSE THE ANATOMICAL 

620
00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:55,280
CONNECTS OF NOT JUST THE 

621
00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:58,400
ACCESSIBLE PARTS OF THE CORTEX 

622
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,040
BUT THE INACCESSIBLE PARTS AND 

623
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:04,440
IT WAS IMPORTANT TO COMBINE 

624
00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:06,280
PHYSIOLOGY WITH THE ANATOMICAL 

625
00:33:06,280 --> 00:33:07,560
EXPERIMENTS BECAUSE YOU HAD TO 

626
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:09,440
FIND YOUR WAY THROUGH THE DEPTHS

627
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:12,280
OF THE AREAS TO DO HEROIC 

628
00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:18,680
ANATOMICAL STUDIES.

629
00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:24,920
I REMEMBER ONE OF THE ANATOMICAL

630
00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:27,520
STUDIES DONE AT THE NIH WE 

631
00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:30,360
DIDN'T PUBLISH FOR 25 YEARS.

632
00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:33,720
IT WASN'T A CENTRAL STUDY BUT 

633
00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:34,560
WORTHWHILE PUBLICATION.

634
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:36,400
PEOPLE SAY HOW COULD YOU BE IN A

635
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:40,240
FIELD WHERE YOU CAN SIT ON THE 

636
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:41,520
RESULT FOR 25 YEARS THE ANSWER 

637
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:43,680
IS BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE WAS DOING

638
00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:44,240
IT.

639
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:48,240
NO ONE ELSE WAS DOING THIS 

640
00:33:48,240 --> 00:33:56,120
STUFF.

641
00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:58,680
A LOT OF TIME WAS SPENT MAPPING 

642
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:04,160
THE ANATOMY OF THE CORTEX AND AS

643
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:05,960
ALEX MENTIONED LESLIE WAS A 

644
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:08,240
PSYCHOLOGIST AT HEART AND WANTED

645
00:34:08,240 --> 00:34:09,400
TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF 

646
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:10,880
THE SYSTEMS BEING MAPPED OUT AND

647
00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:13,560
THAT LED TO NEUROIMAGING IN 

648
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:16,640
HUMANS AND MONKEYS AND I DON'T 

649
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:21,720
NEED TO TELL YOU ABOUT ALL THAT 

650
00:34:21,720 --> 00:34:24,720
BUT IT WAS A TREMENDOUS BODY OF 

651
00:34:24,720 --> 00:34:25,360
WORK PUTTING EVERYTHING TOGETHER

652
00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:26,520
AND THIS LED TO THE 

653
00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:28,240
UNDERSTANDING OF THE SYSTEMS 

654
00:34:28,240 --> 00:34:30,960
THAT WE HAVE TODAY.

655
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:32,840
SO THAT'S WHAT A WANTED TO SAY 

656
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:38,880
ABOUT THE TWO CORTICAL VISUAL 

657
00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:39,520
SYSTEMS.

658
00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:41,640
DO I HAVE A LITTLE MORE TIME?

659
00:34:41,640 --> 00:34:46,600
I HAVE FIVE MINUTES?

660
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:55,280
I HAVE FIVE MINUTES.

661
00:34:55,280 --> 00:34:57,200
I WAS GOING TO SHOW AN 

662
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,080
ANATOMICAL STUDY THAT BEARS ON 

663
00:34:59,080 --> 00:34:59,520
THE IDEAS.

664
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:01,600
ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT WAS 

665
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:04,240
BEING RAISED AT THE TIME THE TWO

666
00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:07,560
CORTICAL VISUAL SYSTEMS WAS 

667
00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:08,560
PRESENTED WAS THE QUESTION OF 

668
00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:11,200
WHERE DO THE TWO SYSTEMS GET 

669
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:16,120
TOGETHER AND CERTAINLY THE 

670
00:35:16,120 --> 00:35:17,040
PREFRONTAL CORTEX THERE'S 

671
00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:18,520
EVIDENCE THAT COULD BE A SITE 

672
00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:23,880
AND THE STUDY BEARS ON THAT 

673
00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:29,400
WHERE WE DID AND THEY DID THE 

674
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:33,040
CORTICAL CONNECTOME USING 

675
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:34,840
STIMULATION BASED MRI AT OVER 

676
00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,520
100 SITES AT THE ANIMAL'S 

677
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:39,160
MAPPING AND REFINE CONNECTIVITY 

678
00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:41,560
ON A MILLIMETER BY MILLIMETER 

679
00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:42,720
SCALE.

680
00:35:42,720 --> 00:35:44,520
THIS IS SHOWING THE PROJECTION 

681
00:35:44,520 --> 00:35:45,680
FIELD.

682
00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:48,640
THIS IS THE LATERAL PRE-FRONTAL 

683
00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:49,320
CORTEX.

684
00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:50,600
YOU SEE THE PROJECTION FIELD.

685
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:53,760
MOST THE CORTEX, MOST EXCEPT FOR

686
00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:55,560
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY 

687
00:35:55,560 --> 00:36:01,120
SENSORY AREAS AND MOTOR AREAS.

688
00:36:01,120 --> 00:36:05,760
IT'S ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE.

689
00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:09,320
THERE WAS THE TEMPORAL DOMAIN 

690
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,120
AND PARIETAL AND DORSAL DOMAIN 

691
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:17,200
AND MEDIAL DOMAIN THAT SEEMED TO

692
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:22,400
BE INDEPENDENT PROJECTION FIELDS

693
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:29,400
FROM THEIR OWN ORGANIZATION AND 

694
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:32,800
ON THE BLUE ARE THE SITES IN THE

695
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:36,880
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND BEING 

696
00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:38,920
ILLUMINATED IN ORDER AND YOU SEE

697
00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:43,080
THE PROGRESSION OF ACTIVATION 

698
00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:48,240
SITES IN THE SULCUS GOING FROM 

699
00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:51,920
POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR IN 

700
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:55,560
STIMULATION AND IN THE 

701
00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:57,600
PROJECTION SITES.

702
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,040
THIS IS TRUE IN THIS IS ANOTHER 

703
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:10,600
PATTERN WHERE IF YOU GO DOWN THE

704
00:37:16,240 --> 00:37:24,240
ARCUS SULCUS AND YOU SEE THIS IN

705
00:37:24,240 --> 00:37:28,800
THE INTERPARIETAL SULCUS AND YOU

706
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:31,080
MARCH ALONG THE SITES IN THE 

707
00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:32,240
CORTEX AND LIKEWISE IN THE 

708
00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:33,920
DORSAL MEDIAL CORTEX.

709
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:35,480
IT'S A LITTLE MORE COMPLICATED 

710
00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:39,200
THERE BUT AGAIN THERE'S SOME 

711
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,440
SORT OF ORDERLY MAPPING BETWEEN 

712
00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:42,560
THE TWO SYSTEMS.

713
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,960
WHAT RAY DID WAS REDUCE THE 

714
00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,120
DIMENSIONALITY OF THE PROBLEM.

715
00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:49,920
HE DID A PRINCIPLE COMPONENT 

716
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:51,160
ANALYSIS ON THE CONNECTION 

717
00:37:51,160 --> 00:37:56,520
MATRIX AND CAME UP WITH THE TWO 

718
00:37:56,520 --> 00:37:58,680
THE FIRST PRINCIPLE COMPONENT 

719
00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:00,640
WAS JUST THE DOMAINS AND THE 

720
00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:01,400
NEXT WERE THE ORGANIZATION 

721
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:07,560
WITHIN EACH DOUGH NANE.

722
00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:10,560
AND YOU SEE THE SULCUS WHERE YOU

723
00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:12,840
HAD DIMENSION 1 FROM MEDIAL TO 

724
00:38:12,840 --> 00:38:15,800
LATERAL ACROSS THE SULCUS AND 

725
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,560
GOING ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR 

726
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:22,440
ACROSS THE SULCUS AND LIKELY DID

727
00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:24,240
THIS FOR ALL THE DIFFERENT 

728
00:38:24,240 --> 00:38:25,800
PROCESSING DOMAINS.

729
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,960
YOU COULD SEE ESSENTIALLY THE 

730
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:30,640
MAPPING OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

731
00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:32,400
TO ALL THE MAJOR PROCESSING 

732
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,240
DOMAINS AND PARTICULARLY FOR THE

733
00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:37,920
PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL CORTEX 

734
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:40,560
THEY'RE ALMOST COMPLETELY 

735
00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:41,040
OVERLAPPING.

736
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:47,880
THEY'RE DEFINITELY, IT'S AN 

737
00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:49,560
ORDERLY MAPPING BETWEEN THE 

738
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:53,360
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE IDEA 

739
00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:55,880
YOU HAVE YOU HAVE GRIDS YOU 

740
00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:59,000
IMAGINE A GRID IN PREFRONTAL 

741
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:04,200
CORTEX AND THEY'RE OVERLAPPING 

742
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:07,560
AND ORDERLY AND PUTS THE 

743
00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:10,560
PREFRONTAL CORTEX TO COORDINATE 

744
00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:13,560
ACTIVITY AT THE APPROPRIATE 

745
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:15,240
LEVEL OF EACH OF THE 

746
00:39:15,240 --> 00:39:15,640
HIERARCHIES.

747
00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:17,560
IF IT'S PART OF THE THE 

748
00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:20,040
HIERARCHY IN THE TEMPORAL DOMAIN

749
00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:21,680
AND WHEN WE GO TO OTHERS WE 

750
00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:24,120
DON'T KNOW WHAT THE HIERARCHIES 

751
00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:25,840
MEAN BUT POINTING OUT WHAT COULD

752
00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:27,880
BE EXPERIMENTS FUTURE OF TRYING 

753
00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:28,840
TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THESE 

754
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:31,560
REPRESENTATIONS MEAN IN THE 

755
00:39:31,560 --> 00:39:35,720
SYSTEMS.

756
00:39:35,720 --> 00:39:38,600
SO I WANT TO END WITH GOING 

757
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:40,600
BACK, I HAD THIS PICTURE -- I 

758
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:42,400
DON'T KNOW WHERE IT CAME FROM.

759
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:45,440
IT'S QUITE REMARKABLE THAT SHOWS

760
00:39:45,440 --> 00:39:49,040
LESLIE AT A DINNER WITH BOTH 

761
00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:53,440
CARL PREGRAM THERE ON THE LEFT 

762
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:56,880
AND MORT MICHIGAN OVER ON THE 

763
00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:58,320
RIGHT.

764
00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:00,520
CHARLIE GROSS IS THERE IN THE 

765
00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:03,960
MIDDLE.

766
00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:06,720
THOSE TWO PEOPLE, CARL AND MORT,

767
00:40:06,720 --> 00:40:09,200
REALLY INSTRUMENTAL IN GETTING 

768
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:11,280
LESLIE GOING IN HER CAREER AND 

769
00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:12,920
I'M JUST HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO 

770
00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:23,360
GIVE YOU THE STORY TODAY.

771
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:01,560
>> THIS IS 

772
00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:11,760
[OFF MIC]

773
00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:26,800
SHE SHOWED THE MAP AND THEN TOOK

774
00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:37,560
[OFF MIC]

775
00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:47,360
A CLASSIC EARTH-SHAKING 

776
00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:47,720
[OFF-MIC]

777
00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:55,560
WHEN WE TALK ABOUT IT.

778
00:41:55,560 --> 00:42:05,880
>> POINT WELL TAKEN.

779
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:12,240
IT WAS MORE OF A STORY.

780
00:42:12,240 --> 00:42:19,120
DO YOU WANT TO REPEAT IT?

781
00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:25,520
>> THERE WAS A WOMAN WHO
WAS A 

782
00:42:25,520 --> 00:42:30,760
PHYSIOLOGIST AT HOWARD IN THE 

783
00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:36,240
'40s AND WHO PUBLISHED TWO 

784
00:42:36,240 --> 00:42:37,920
IGNORED PAPERS AND SHOWING FROM 

785
00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:42,480
THE TECTUM TO THE RETINA USUAL 

786
00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:48,240
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE 

787
00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:58,960
RETINA AND KIF YOU DO THIS TO TE

788
00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,920
CAT THE CAT WOULD MAKE AN EYE 

789
00:43:07,920 --> 00:43:09,480
MOVEMENT TO THAT PART OF THE 

790
00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:10,800
RETINAL PROJECTION.

791
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,560
TOTALLY IGNORED PAPERS.

792
00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:18,720
TOTALLY IGNORED WOMAN.

793
00:43:18,720 --> 00:43:21,120
I THINK AND MAYBE IT'S A 

794
00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:21,920
TESTAMENT TO HOW FAR WOMEN HAVE 

795
00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:32,200
COME SINCE THEN.

796
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:07,560
>> I WAS JUSTIN INST IN 
-- JUS 

797
00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:09,000
INSTRUCTED WE'RE GOING TO SWITCH

798
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:16,200
TO ZOOM FOR THE NEXT SPEAKER.

799
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:22,560
TO MOL JUMP ON MICKY'S COMMENT, 

800
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:29,160
THERE WAS A WOMAN NAMED FRITA 

801
00:44:29,160 --> 00:44:32,240
NEUCOM WHO WROTE A PAPER WITH A 

802
00:44:32,240 --> 00:44:35,760
NEUROSURGEON, RICHIE RUSSELL.

803
00:44:35,760 --> 00:44:40,080
BASED ON THE ENTRANCE WOUNDS IN 

804
00:44:40,080 --> 00:44:46,400
THE SKULL OF HOLES IN THE SKULL 

805
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:49,080
IN THE PARIETAL CORTEX LOOKING 

806
00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:52,240
AT THE NEURO-PSYCH I THINK IT 

807
00:44:52,240 --> 00:44:55,960
WAS A MAZE TASK TO SUGGEST THERE

808
00:44:55,960 --> 00:45:01,120
WAS A DISASSOCIATION IN VISUAL 

809
00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:01,560
PROCESSING.

810
00:45:01,560 --> 00:45:04,360
I'M PRETTY SURE LESLIE AND MORT 

811
00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:06,320
MENTIONED THAT WORK IN THE TWO 

812
00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:07,560
CORTICAL VISUAL SYSTEMS.

813
00:45:07,560 --> 00:45:13,200
CHRIS, IT'S ALL YOURS.

814
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:14,920
>> THANKS, ALEX.

815
00:45:14,920 --> 00:45:18,680
I'M ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS WHO 

816
00:45:18,680 --> 00:45:19,560
DEEMED TO GET COVID THIS 

817
00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:21,840
PARTICULAR WEEK AND SORRY I 

818
00:45:21,840 --> 00:45:24,080
CAN'T BE THERE IN PERSON BUT 

819
00:45:24,080 --> 00:45:28,880
HAPPY TO ZOOM IN FROM MY COVID 

820
00:45:28,880 --> 00:45:31,520
QUARANTINE IN MY BASEMENT.

821
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:35,160
I'M CHRIS BAKER ONE OF THE P.I. 

822
00:45:35,160 --> 00:45:37,120
THAT WAS CHIEF FOR 25 YEARS.

823
00:45:37,120 --> 00:45:38,720
I'M GOING IT TAKE A FEW MOMENT 

824
00:45:38,720 --> 00:45:42,840
TO SAY WORDS ABOUT LESLIE.

825
00:45:42,840 --> 00:45:44,240
SO FIRST OF ALL I THINK BACK TO 

826
00:45:44,240 --> 00:45:48,200
WHEN I WAS A GRADUATE STUDENT IN

827
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:52,240
SCOTLAND IN THE 1990s COLLECTING

828
00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:59,680
DATA FROM NON-HUMAN PRIMATES AND

829
00:45:59,680 --> 00:46:01,040
THEY RESPONDED TO FACIAL 

830
00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:03,760
GESTURES AND BODIES AND I READ A

831
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:07,480
LOT OF ANATOMY PAPERS STUDYING 

832
00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:10,240
VISUAL CONNECTIVITIES.

833
00:46:10,240 --> 00:46:12,120
THEY WERE IN MY THINK AND I 

834
00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:15,320
REALIZE THE PRESENCE OF LESLIE.

835
00:46:15,320 --> 00:46:17,760
AND SHE WAS SOLVED IN SO MANY 

836
00:46:17,760 --> 00:46:19,400
STUDIES AS BOB TOLD US ABOUT.

837
00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:21,080
LONG BEFORE I EVER MET HER IT'S 

838
00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:22,800
CLEAR SHE PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE

839
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:25,480
IN MY SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND

840
00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:25,760
THINKING.

841
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:31,560
THESE ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITIES 

842
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:36,200
ARE AS RELEVANT AS WHEN THEY 

843
00:46:36,200 --> 00:46:39,880
WERE PUBLISHED.

844
00:46:39,880 --> 00:46:43,080
AND ARGUABLY WE DON'T HAVE AS 

845
00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:46,560
MUCH HUMAN GRAPHED CONNECTIVITY.

846
00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:47,600
LESLIE'S PASSION FOR THE WORK 

847
00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:49,560
WAS OBVIOUS YOU HAD TO ASK THE 

848
00:46:49,560 --> 00:46:54,760
QUESTIONS TO SEE HER FACE LIGHT 

849
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:56,080
UP.

850
00:46:56,080 --> 00:47:00,040
JUMPING AHEAD 17 YEARS, I WAS 

851
00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:03,680
OFFERED A TENURE TRACT AND IT 

852
00:47:03,680 --> 00:47:05,440
WAS A DREAM PLACE TO GO.

853
00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:08,240
LESLIE RAN THE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE

854
00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:09,720
AND HUMAN RESEARCH LAB.

855
00:47:09,720 --> 00:47:10,960
ONE OF THE FEW PLACES WHERE THE 

856
00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:12,920
APPROACHES WERE INTEGRATED.

857
00:47:12,920 --> 00:47:16,240
ON MY FIRST DAY AFTER I SETTLED 

858
00:47:16,240 --> 00:47:18,160
INTO MY NEW OFFICE I WENT TO SEE

859
00:47:18,160 --> 00:47:20,280
LESLIE UNANNOUNCE AND KNOCKED ON

860
00:47:20,280 --> 00:47:22,520
HER DOOR AND SHE PEERED FROM HER

861
00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:22,720
DESK.

862
00:47:22,720 --> 00:47:25,560
I SAID I JUST WANT TO LET YOU 

863
00:47:25,560 --> 00:47:28,920
KNOW I'M NOW PHYSICALLY HERE.

864
00:47:28,920 --> 00:47:31,640
WHY, DO WE HAVE TO DISCUSS, SHE 

865
00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:33,320
SNAPPED BACK.

866
00:47:33,320 --> 00:47:35,800
I WAS TAKEN ABACK AND I THOUGHT,

867
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:37,600
WELL, I GUESS I'M ON MY OWN.

868
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:39,240
I DIDN'T UNDERSTAND LESLIE.

869
00:47:39,240 --> 00:47:43,600
SHE GAVE EVERYBODY SPACE TO BE 

870
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:47,160
THEMSELVES, POST-BACS, POST-DOCS

871
00:47:47,160 --> 00:47:52,160
AND P.I.s AND SHE WAS ONE OF THE

872
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:53,880
MOST SUPPORTIVE PEOPLE I'VE EVER

873
00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:54,360
KNOWN.

874
00:47:54,360 --> 00:47:56,760
I CAME TO REALIZE IF I EVER HAD 

875
00:47:56,760 --> 00:47:59,080
A PROBLEM LESLIE WOULD HELP ME 

876
00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:01,640
SOLVE IT NO QUESTIONS ASKED AND 

877
00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:03,400
ALWAYS A SOURCE OF WISDOM AND 

878
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:07,600
INSIGHT AND AS A NEW TENURE 

879
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:08,240
TRACK INVESTIGATOR THIS WAS 

880
00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:10,040
IMPORTANT AND COULDN'T HAVE DONE

881
00:48:10,040 --> 00:48:11,280
ANYTHING I'VE DONE WITHOUT HER 

882
00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:11,520
SUPPORT.

883
00:48:11,520 --> 00:48:14,360
ONCE I KNEW HERBERT IT WAS EASY 

884
00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:17,880
TO ENTER IN HER OFFICE AND GET 

885
00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:18,880
HOOKED INTO A CONVERSATION FROM 

886
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:22,240
SCIENCE TO GOSSIP OR FAMILY 

887
00:48:22,240 --> 00:48:24,160
ISSUES OR WITH MUCH LAUGHTER AND

888
00:48:24,160 --> 00:48:28,640
A TWINKLE IN HER EYE.

889
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:29,640
FINALLY, IF I JUMP AHEAD ANOTHER

890
00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:31,440
16 YEARS, I THINK OF LESLIE 

891
00:48:31,440 --> 00:48:34,600
TODAY AND EVEN MORE KEENLY AWARE

892
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:37,120
OF HOW AMAZINGLY INFLUENTIAL SHE

893
00:48:37,120 --> 00:48:37,400
WAS.

894
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,880
THE LBC HAS BEEN A FANTASTIC 

895
00:48:39,880 --> 00:48:41,640
PLACE TO WORK UNDER THE WATCHFUL

896
00:48:41,640 --> 00:48:43,360
EYE OF LESLIE.

897
00:48:43,360 --> 00:48:45,520
WHEN WE FIRST SENT OUT 

898
00:48:45,520 --> 00:48:55,600
INVITATIONS TO SPEAK AT THIS 

899
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:58,080
SYMPOSIUM WE HAD REPLIES AND SHE

900
00:48:58,080 --> 00:49:00,280
LED BY EXAMPLE AND WAS RIGOROUS,

901
00:49:00,280 --> 00:49:02,160
TOUGH, INSIGHTFUL.

902
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:04,920
I WAS ALWAYS IMPRESSED HOW 

903
00:49:04,920 --> 00:49:06,880
CAREFULLY CONSTRUCTED HER TALKS 

904
00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:10,240
WERE AND ALWAYS PUT HUGE EFFORT 

905
00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:12,560
IN AND EXPECT OTHERS TO DO THE 

906
00:49:12,560 --> 00:49:13,040
SAME.

907
00:49:13,040 --> 00:49:14,960
AND AT THE END OF A TALK SHE 

908
00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:17,880
SAID YOU KNOW WHAT'S WRONG WITH 

909
00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:18,760
IT RIGHT?

910
00:49:18,760 --> 00:49:25,520
I TOOK IT AS HIGH PRAISE BECAUSE

911
00:49:25,520 --> 00:49:28,120
SHE FELT I'D TAKEN ON HER 

912
00:49:28,120 --> 00:49:29,920
WISDOM.

913
00:49:29,920 --> 00:49:31,400
HE WAS A GIANT IN COGNITIVE 

914
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:33,040
SCIENCE AND HER IMPACT WILL BE 

915
00:49:33,040 --> 00:49:35,960
FELT FOR YEARS TO COME.

916
00:49:35,960 --> 00:49:37,640
WITH THAT INTRODUCE OUR NEXT 

917
00:49:37,640 --> 00:49:38,120
SPEAKER.

918
00:49:38,120 --> 00:49:42,600
IT GIVES ME PLEASURE TO 

919
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:44,840
INTRODUCE MARLENE BEHRMANN.

920
00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:47,240
SHE WAS AT CARNEGIE MELLON AND 

921
00:49:47,240 --> 00:49:49,600
NOW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 

922
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:49,880
PITTSBURGH.

923
00:49:49,880 --> 00:49:52,280
HER WORK TOUCHED ON MANY AREAS 

924
00:49:52,280 --> 00:49:54,880
OF NEUROSCIENCE USING DIFFERENT 

925
00:49:54,880 --> 00:49:55,880
APPROACHES INCLUDING 

926
00:49:55,880 --> 00:49:58,440
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND IMAGING AND 

927
00:49:58,440 --> 00:49:58,960
COMPUTATIONAL WORK.

928
00:49:58,960 --> 00:50:01,240
HER WORK OVERLAPPED LESLIE'S IN 

929
00:50:01,240 --> 00:50:04,280
TWO MAIN AREAS.

930
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:08,560
THEY LOOKED AT SPACE RECOGNITION

931
00:50:08,560 --> 00:50:11,920
AND SECOND WERE INTERESTED IN 

932
00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:13,240
ELUCIDATING THE DORSAL VISUAL 

933
00:50:13,240 --> 00:50:15,280
PATHWAY AND HOW IT IMPACT THE 

934
00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:16,440
VISUAL PATHWAY.

935
00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:18,840
GIVEN THE SHARED INTERESTS, IT'S

936
00:50:18,840 --> 00:50:20,840
NO SURPRISE MARLENE AND LESLIE 

937
00:50:20,840 --> 00:50:22,120
COLLABORATED FOR MANY YEARS.

938
00:50:22,120 --> 00:50:23,640
NOW, I'D LIKE TO TURN IT OVER TO

939
00:50:23,640 --> 00:50:26,680
MARLENE WHO WILL TALK ABOUT THE 

940
00:50:26,680 --> 00:50:28,280
TALE OF TWO LABS A DICKENSIAN 

941
00:50:28,280 --> 00:50:38,400
SAGA.

942
00:50:55,640 --> 00:50:58,680
>> THREW 

943
00:50:58,680 --> 00:51:01,520
>> THANK YOU FOR INVITING
ME.

944
00:51:01,520 --> 00:51:03,320
I CREATED THIS IMAGE FROM A 

945
00:51:03,320 --> 00:51:07,600
PHOTOGRAPH AND I DID IT 

946
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:07,920
INTENTIONALLY.

947
00:51:07,920 --> 00:51:09,360
IT REFLECT HER BRILLIANT 

948
00:51:09,360 --> 00:51:10,920
CONTRIBUTION AS WE ALREADY HEARD

949
00:51:10,920 --> 00:51:15,320
IN SO MANY DOMAINS, ANATOMY, 

950
00:51:15,320 --> 00:51:17,360
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, EMOTION 

951
00:51:17,360 --> 00:51:20,000
PERCEPTION AND FACE PERCEPTION 

952
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:22,400
AND THE TEMPORAL LOBE AND 

953
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:23,200
AMYGDALA.

954
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:24,320
I'M PRIVILEGED TO HAVE HAD A 

955
00:51:24,320 --> 00:51:28,520
CHANCE TO COLLABORATE WITH HER.

956
00:51:28,520 --> 00:51:31,280
THE DICKENSIAN SAGA I'LL TELL 

957
00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:34,320
YOU ABOUT TODAY IS OF TWO LABS.

958
00:51:34,320 --> 00:51:35,880
WE BEGIN THE COLLABORATION OF 

959
00:51:35,880 --> 00:51:40,000
THE TWO LABS IN 2008.

960
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:42,800
SO IT'S GONE ON FOR A LONG TIME.

961
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:46,120
AT THE TIME LESLIE AND HER 

962
00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:49,040
POST-DOC ALONG WITH ME AND A 

963
00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:50,880
POST-DOC IN MY LAB SAT DOWN TO 

964
00:51:50,880 --> 00:51:57,400
TALK ABOUT FACE PERCEPTION.

965
00:51:57,400 --> 00:51:59,080
AS WITH ALL SAGA'S THERE'S A 

966
00:51:59,080 --> 00:52:04,240
PROLOGE TO SET THE CONTEXT.

967
00:52:04,240 --> 00:52:07,600
IN THE LATE 1990s AND SPILLING 

968
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:09,640
OVER TO THE EARLY TIME THERE WAS

969
00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:15,880
MANY STUDIES INCLUDING THIS 

970
00:52:15,880 --> 00:52:16,920
SEMINOLE PAPER THAT SHOWED A 

971
00:52:16,920 --> 00:52:20,320
PARTICULAR REGION IN THE 

972
00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:22,440
OCCIPITAL CORTEX IN THE GYRUS 

973
00:52:22,440 --> 00:52:24,000
SELECTED BY FACES COMPARED TO 

974
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:26,680
OTHER VISUAL CATEGORIES.

975
00:52:26,680 --> 00:52:31,120
HENCE CALLED THE FUSIFORM FACE 

976
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:31,320
AREA.

977
00:52:31,320 --> 00:52:33,480
SHORTLY THERAPY, HOWEVER, MANY 

978
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:36,240
STUDIES CAME OUT INCLUDING THIS 

979
00:52:36,240 --> 00:52:39,880
ONE WHO SHOWED THAT IN ADDITION 

980
00:52:39,880 --> 00:52:48,280
TO ACTIVATION OF THE FUSIFORM 

981
00:52:48,280 --> 00:52:49,040
GUY RUSS.

982
00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:51,160
-- GYRUS, IN ADDITION TO 

983
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:58,760
ACTIVATION OF THE FUSIFORM GYRUS

984
00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:03,200
THERE IS ONE IN THE SULCUS 

985
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:06,720
CALLED THE CORE REGIONS.

986
00:53:06,720 --> 00:53:08,320
MOREOVER, THERE'S A HOST OF 

987
00:53:08,320 --> 00:53:11,440
ANTERIOR NOW CALLED THE EXTENDED

988
00:53:11,440 --> 00:53:15,000
REGIONS ACTIVATED BY PHASES 

989
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:17,640
INCLUDING THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND 

990
00:53:17,640 --> 00:53:22,160
AMYGDALA AND ORBITAL FRONTAL 

991
00:53:22,160 --> 00:53:22,520
REGIONS.

992
00:53:22,520 --> 00:53:25,040
THE FACE PATTERNS A DISTRIBUTED 

993
00:53:25,040 --> 00:53:27,120
CIRCUIT AS ORIGINALLY 

994
00:53:27,120 --> 00:53:28,280
IDENTIFIED, HAS NOW COME TO BE 

995
00:53:28,280 --> 00:53:31,600
THE RECEIVED WISDOM IN THE FIELD

996
00:53:31,600 --> 00:53:40,320
AND WE SEE THE REPLICATION AND 

997
00:53:40,320 --> 00:53:43,640
EX TENSIATION AND THERE'S RECENT

998
00:53:43,640 --> 00:53:46,040
WORK WHICH SHOWS THE FACE 

999
00:53:46,040 --> 00:53:50,880
PATCHES IN MACAQUE AND HUMAN AND

1000
00:53:50,880 --> 00:53:53,240
MARMO

1001
00:53:53,240 --> 00:53:53,520
MARMOSETS.

1002
00:53:53,520 --> 00:53:55,640
I NEED TO TELL YOU WHAT I WAS 

1003
00:53:55,640 --> 00:53:58,160
THINK AT THE TIME.

1004
00:53:58,160 --> 00:53:59,960
WE WERE INTERESTED IN TRYING TO 

1005
00:53:59,960 --> 00:54:00,840
UNDERSTAND WHAT THE RELATIVE 

1006
00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:04,240
CONTRIBUTION WAS OF EACH OF THE 

1007
00:54:04,240 --> 00:54:04,720
FACE PATCHES TO FACE 

1008
00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:14,920
RECOGNITION.

1009
00:54:16,880 --> 00:54:23,560
WHICH WERE NECESSARY AND 

1010
00:54:23,560 --> 00:54:28,280
SUFFICIENT AND THEY HAD THIS 

1011
00:54:28,280 --> 00:54:29,560
IMPAIRMENT FOLLOWING AN 

1012
00:54:29,560 --> 00:54:30,680
OCCIPITAL LESION AND WE RULED IT

1013
00:54:30,680 --> 00:54:32,160
OUT AS THE LESIONS ARE QUITE 

1014
00:54:32,160 --> 00:54:36,280
LARGE, AS YOU CAN SEE, LIKELY 

1015
00:54:36,280 --> 00:54:37,640
AFFECTING MULTIPLE PATCHES OF 

1016
00:54:37,640 --> 00:54:43,000
THE FACE NETWORK.

1017
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:49,840
FORTUITOUSLY WE STARTED STUDYING

1018
00:54:49,840 --> 00:54:56,280
INDIVIDUALS WITH LIFE LONG 

1019
00:54:56,280 --> 00:55:00,280
PROSOPAGNOSIA, I'LL USE THE 

1020
00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:02,120
ABBREVIATION, CP, PERFORMED 

1021
00:55:02,120 --> 00:55:06,320
POORLY RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS 

1022
00:55:06,320 --> 00:55:08,280
AND WERE IMPAIRED AT RECOGNIZING

1023
00:55:08,280 --> 00:55:12,280
FAMILY MEMBERS AND EVEN 

1024
00:55:12,280 --> 00:55:22,720
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THEMSELVES.

1025
00:55:28,320 --> 00:55:34,960
THIS PERSON SAYS WHEN HE GOES TO

1026
00:55:34,960 --> 00:55:38,120
PICK UP HIS DAUGHTER IF SHE HAS 

1027
00:55:38,120 --> 00:55:45,720
A DIFFERENT SHIRT THEY CANNOT 

1028
00:55:45,720 --> 00:55:48,600
RECOGNIZE THEM AND JANE GOODALL 

1029
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:57,280
SUFFERED FROM CONGENITAL PRO

1030
00:55:57,280 --> 00:55:59,880
PROSE

1031
00:55:59,880 --> 00:56:10,440
PROSEPAGNOSIA AND WE SET OUT WE 

1032
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:21,600
SET TO STUDY THIS AND WE HOPED 

1033
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:25,440
TO SEE AN ELIMINATION OF ANY 

1034
00:56:25,440 --> 00:56:25,720
ACTIVATION.

1035
00:56:25,720 --> 00:56:26,320
WE RECRUITED 10 CONTROL 

1036
00:56:26,320 --> 00:56:34,880
SUBJECTS.

1037
00:56:34,880 --> 00:56:38,760
AND YOU SEE THIS ON THE READ FOR

1038
00:56:38,760 --> 00:56:42,720
THE FUSIFORM GYRUS AND YOU SEE 

1039
00:56:42,720 --> 00:56:46,600
WE HAD FOUR SUBJECTS AT THE TIME

1040
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:57,360
AND PROTHERE WERE ONLY FOUR CPs 

1041
00:57:05,480 --> 00:57:07,040
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS AND THE

1042
00:57:07,040 --> 00:57:08,280
ESTIMATES AND RELIABILITY IS NOT

1043
00:57:08,280 --> 00:57:12,280
AS STRONG AS ONE MIGHT HAVE 

1044
00:57:12,280 --> 00:57:12,920
LIKED.

1045
00:57:12,920 --> 00:57:15,040
BUT DRAMATICALLY, WHILE THE 

1046
00:57:15,040 --> 00:57:17,480
INDIVIDUALS WERE IN THE MAGNET, 

1047
00:57:17,480 --> 00:57:20,320
THEY WERE PERFORMING A TASK ON 

1048
00:57:20,320 --> 00:57:21,960
FACES, BOLDINGS, OBJECTS AND 

1049
00:57:21,960 --> 00:57:23,960
PATTERNS AND AT THE STATEMENT 

1050
00:57:23,960 --> 00:57:26,640
TIME WE WERE SEEING NORMAL FUSI 

1051
00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:28,640
FORM FACE AREA ACTIVATION WE 

1052
00:57:28,640 --> 00:57:35,240
WERE SEEING AN IMPAIRMENT IN 

1053
00:57:35,240 --> 00:57:37,040
FACE DISCRIMINATION IN THE 

1054
00:57:37,040 --> 00:57:41,520
CONGENITAL PROSOPAGNOSIA 

1055
00:57:41,520 --> 00:57:42,000
PATIENTS.

1056
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:52,520
THE SITE AND SIZE WAS NORMAL.

1057
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:03,600
AND WE CON  -- COMPUTED THE PEAK

1058
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:04,920
ACTIVATION FOR BOTH GROUPS AND 

1059
00:58:04,920 --> 00:58:07,640
THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES 

1060
00:58:07,640 --> 00:58:10,160
WHATSOEVER.

1061
00:58:10,160 --> 00:58:12,160
IT OCCURRED TO US THAT THOUGH WE

1062
00:58:12,160 --> 00:58:13,480
WERE SEEING THE ACTIVATION IT 

1063
00:58:13,480 --> 00:58:14,680
MIGHT BE THE INFORMATION BEING 

1064
00:58:14,680 --> 00:58:16,240
REPRESENTED IN THE AREA WAS 

1065
00:58:16,240 --> 00:58:18,680
DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE CPs AND 

1066
00:58:18,680 --> 00:58:18,920
CONTROLS.

1067
00:58:18,920 --> 00:58:20,720
SO WE USED THE AVAILABLE 

1068
00:58:20,720 --> 00:58:23,160
PARADIGM AT THE TIME ADAPTATION 

1069
00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:26,400
AND ESTABLISHED THAT WE SAW 

1070
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:27,680
NORMAL REPETITION SUPPRESSION, 

1071
00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:29,400
NORMAL NEURAL SUPPRESSION IN THE

1072
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:33,800
CPs AND CONTROLS IN RESPONSE TO 

1073
00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:35,600
OBJECTS AND FACES IN THE 

1074
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:40,080
OCCIPITAL CON COMPLEX AND STS.

1075
00:58:40,080 --> 00:58:42,560
SO WE SHOWED NOW THAT THE 

1076
00:58:42,560 --> 00:58:47,680
POSTERIOR CORE REGIONS AND THE 

1077
00:58:47,680 --> 00:58:50,280
PROBLEM MAY ARISE IN THE 

1078
00:58:50,280 --> 00:58:52,280
DISCONNECTION FROM THE CORE TO 

1079
00:58:52,280 --> 00:58:58,000
THE EXTENDED REGIONS TO THE 

1080
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:00,000
ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE AND 

1081
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:01,800
FRONTAL REGIONS AND POTENTIALLY 

1082
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:03,880
THE AMYGDALA AS WELL.

1083
00:59:03,880 --> 00:59:05,200
WITH A GRADUATE STUDENT AT THE 

1084
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:07,440
TIME AND I THINK IS IN THE AUD 

1085
00:59:07,440 --> 00:59:13,440
TODAY, AND INSPIRED BY THE WORK 

1086
00:59:13,440 --> 00:59:18,800
OF THIS WE USED IMAGING TO LOOK 

1087
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:24,280
AT THE WHITE MATTER THAT EXTEND 

1088
00:59:24,280 --> 00:59:26,960
TO THE RENALONS INCLUDING THE 

1089
00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:31,640
TEMPORAL LOBE AND THE FASCICULUS

1090
00:59:31,640 --> 00:59:42,080
IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX.

1091
00:59:47,880 --> 00:59:50,720
AND UNDER THE IMAGES IS THE 

1092
00:59:50,720 --> 00:59:52,760
GENDER AND AGE OF THE CONTROL 

1093
00:59:52,760 --> 00:59:54,400
PATIENTS AN HERE ARE THE 

1094
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:55,640
CORRESPONDING IMAGES FROM THE CP

1095
00:59:55,640 --> 01:00:05,760
GROUP.

1096
01:00:07,040 --> 01:00:08,800
THERE'S A COMPROMISE IN THE 

1097
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:10,680
TRACK OF THE INDIVIDUALS AND WE 

1098
01:00:10,680 --> 01:00:13,600
SAW A REDUCTION IN THE TRACTS AN

1099
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:15,360
MOREOVER, THERE WAS A 

1100
01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:18,160
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE EXTENT 

1101
01:00:18,160 --> 01:00:19,160
OF THE REDUCTION AND THE 

1102
01:00:19,160 --> 01:00:19,640
SEVERITY OF THE FACE 

1103
01:00:19,640 --> 01:00:25,440
RECOGNITION.

1104
01:00:25,440 --> 01:00:26,680
SO WE HAD MANY QUESTIONS.

1105
01:00:26,680 --> 01:00:30,000
WE DEMONSTRATED A NORMAL CORE.

1106
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:31,280
WE SEEM TO SHOW SOME 

1107
01:00:31,280 --> 01:00:33,040
DISCONNECTION BETWEEN THE CORE 

1108
01:00:33,040 --> 01:00:36,120
AND THE MORE ANTERIOR REGIONS 

1109
01:00:36,120 --> 01:00:37,640
SHOWN'S THE BROKEN LINES.

1110
01:00:37,640 --> 01:00:42,240
IT WAS UNCLEAR TO US, WAS THIS 

1111
01:00:42,240 --> 01:00:44,240
BECAUSE OF FEED FORWARD 

1112
01:00:44,240 --> 01:00:45,680
INTERRUPTIONS, FEEDBACK?

1113
01:00:45,680 --> 01:00:48,240
WE COULDN'T QUITE ESTABLISH THE 

1114
01:00:48,240 --> 01:00:50,800
NATURE OF THE CAUSAL CONNECTIONS

1115
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:51,600
IN THE CIRCUIT.

1116
01:00:51,600 --> 01:00:54,360
AND IT WAS AT THIS JUNCTURE THAT

1117
01:00:54,360 --> 01:00:55,640
THE TWO LABS STARTED OUR 

1118
01:00:55,640 --> 01:01:03,840
DISCUSSIONS IN ERNEST.

1119
01:01:03,840 --> 01:01:05,480
SO AS DICKENS OPENS A TALE OF 

1120
01:01:05,480 --> 01:01:07,400
TWO CITIES, HE DOES SO IN THE 

1121
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:08,720
FOLLOWING WAY, IT WAS THE BEST 

1122
01:01:08,720 --> 01:01:10,600
OF TIMES, IT WAS THE WORSE OF 

1123
01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:10,920
TIMES.

1124
01:01:10,920 --> 01:01:14,720
IT WAS THE AGE OF WISDOM, IT WAS

1125
01:01:14,720 --> 01:01:16,680
THE AGE OF FOOLISHNESS.

1126
01:01:16,680 --> 01:01:19,560
I THINK FOOLISHNESS IN 

1127
01:01:19,560 --> 01:01:20,760
RETROSPECT REALLY MIGHT DEPICT 

1128
01:01:20,760 --> 01:01:25,360
WELL THE NATURE OF OUR 

1129
01:01:25,360 --> 01:01:25,640
DISCUSSIONS.

1130
01:01:25,640 --> 01:01:29,560
AND SOMEWHAT IRRATIONALLY WE SET

1131
01:01:29,560 --> 01:01:30,880
TWO GOALS.

1132
01:01:30,880 --> 01:01:34,320
TO STUDY THE FUNCTIONAL 

1133
01:01:34,320 --> 01:01:35,720
CONNECTIVITY OF FACE RECOGNITION

1134
01:01:35,720 --> 01:01:38,400
AMONG HUMANS AND MONKEYS WITH 

1135
01:01:38,400 --> 01:01:40,280
THE SAME APPROACH AND SECONDLY 

1136
01:01:40,280 --> 01:01:45,080
AND PERHAPS MORE BOLDLY, WE WISH

1137
01:01:45,080 --> 01:01:49,440
TO DO THIS IN A MANNER TO HAVE 

1138
01:01:49,440 --> 01:01:52,200
CAUSAL INFERENCES AND THE DATA 

1139
01:01:52,200 --> 01:02:02,680
FROM THE PROSE -- PROSO PRAG 

1140
01:02:15,960 --> 01:02:17,960
NOTIC PATIENTS AND WE FIRST 

1141
01:02:17,960 --> 01:02:22,200
SHOWED WE COULD EASILY REPLICATE

1142
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:25,440
THE FINDINGS IN THE LITERATURE 

1143
01:02:25,440 --> 01:02:27,720
SHOWING THE PATCHES ON THE 

1144
01:02:27,720 --> 01:02:30,480
LATERAL SURFACE AND INTERIOR 

1145
01:02:30,480 --> 01:02:31,240
SURFACE.

1146
01:02:31,240 --> 01:02:32,960
THEN WE EXAMINED MORE CLOSELY 

1147
01:02:32,960 --> 01:02:38,520
THE PROFILE OF ACTIVATION.

1148
01:02:38,520 --> 01:02:43,040
HERE'S THE AGE MATCH CONTROLS 

1149
01:02:43,040 --> 01:02:53,560
SHOWING THE POSTERIER REGIONS 

1150
01:02:55,760 --> 01:03:03,040
AND IS THE HEMISPHERES AS THE 

1151
01:03:03,040 --> 01:03:05,000
LATERALITY INDEX AND THERE WAS 

1152
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:08,200
NORMAL ACTIVATION IN THE CORE 

1153
01:03:08,200 --> 01:03:17,560
REGIONS IN THE PROSO PAG  -- 

1154
01:03:17,560 --> 01:03:17,840
PATIENTS.

1155
01:03:17,840 --> 01:03:22,120
WE KNOW THE BEHAVIOR IS ABNORMAL

1156
01:03:22,120 --> 01:03:24,240
AND CAN'T IDENTIFY THE SOURCE OF

1157
01:03:24,240 --> 01:03:33,040
THE ABNORMALITY.

1158
01:03:33,040 --> 01:03:36,280
AND WE SHOWED NO ACTIVATION IN 

1159
01:03:36,280 --> 01:03:37,520
THE CORTEX COMPARED TO THE 

1160
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:37,960
MATCHED CONTROL.

1161
01:03:37,960 --> 01:03:40,240
OUR HYPOTHESIS OF A 

1162
01:03:40,240 --> 01:03:41,440
DISCONNECTION BETWEEN THE CORE 

1163
01:03:41,440 --> 01:03:43,720
AND EXTENDED REGIONS WAS NOT 

1164
01:03:43,720 --> 01:03:45,320
BEARING FRUIT.

1165
01:03:45,320 --> 01:03:46,800
MOREOVER, WE SHOWED THE DEFICIT 

1166
01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:54,200
WAS NOT IN CONNECTING OR PROG --

1167
01:03:54,200 --> 01:03:55,640
PROPAGATING SIGNALS BECAUSE THE 

1168
01:03:55,640 --> 01:03:58,480
ACTIVATION IN THE AMYGDALA IN 

1169
01:03:58,480 --> 01:04:01,560
THE CP INDIVIDUALS WAS ENTIRELY 

1170
01:04:01,560 --> 01:04:02,120
NORMAL.

1171
01:04:02,120 --> 01:04:03,640
WE QUANTIFIED THE RESULTS WITH 

1172
01:04:03,640 --> 01:04:05,600
THE CONTROLS ON THE LEFT AND CPs

1173
01:04:05,600 --> 01:04:06,840
ON THE RIGHT.

1174
01:04:06,840 --> 01:04:08,200
SHE'S ARE PAIR WISE CORRELATION 

1175
01:04:08,200 --> 01:04:10,360
OF ALL THE REGIONS WE EXAMINED.

1176
01:04:10,360 --> 01:04:12,600
THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER IN 

1177
01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:14,720
THE RED SQUARE IS THE CORE 

1178
01:04:14,720 --> 01:04:14,960
REGION.

1179
01:04:14,960 --> 01:04:16,240
THERE ARE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

1180
01:04:16,240 --> 01:04:19,720
THE CP AND CONTROLS IN THE CORE 

1181
01:04:19,720 --> 01:04:25,560
AS I HAVE ALREADY DISCUSSED.

1182
01:04:25,560 --> 01:04:26,800
THERE WAS NO CORRELATION BETWEEN

1183
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:30,560
THE CORE REGIONS AND AMYGDALA 

1184
01:04:30,560 --> 01:04:36,000
AND THE CPs AN CONTROLS WERE 

1185
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:36,400
NON-DIFFERENTIAL.

1186
01:04:36,400 --> 01:04:37,800
AND THERE WAS A WEAKER 

1187
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:40,720
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CORE 

1188
01:04:40,720 --> 01:04:48,240
REGIONS IN THE RIGHT ANTERIOR 

1189
01:04:48,240 --> 01:04:55,040
LOBE WITH THE PROSE JO PRAG NOS 

1190
01:04:55,040 --> 01:05:00,280
AND THE CP INDIVIDUALS CLOSER TO

1191
01:05:00,280 --> 01:05:03,520
.2 OR LOWER.

1192
01:05:03,520 --> 01:05:05,320
AND WE USED RESTING STATE AND 

1193
01:05:05,320 --> 01:05:08,120
THE PATTERN OF CONNECTIVITY WE 

1194
01:05:08,120 --> 01:05:10,520
OBSERVED WAS SIMILAR TO THE 

1195
01:05:10,520 --> 01:05:12,240
EVOKED CASES BUT SOMEWHAT 

1196
01:05:12,240 --> 01:05:14,800
REDUCED CONDITIONS BUT WE TOO 

1197
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:17,160
SAW THE WEAKER CORRELATION WITH 

1198
01:05:17,160 --> 01:05:18,480
THE ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOPE IN 

1199
01:05:18,480 --> 01:05:28,640
THE CP.

1200
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:39,160
AND WE WERE UNABLE TO MANIPULATE

1201
01:05:39,160 --> 01:05:41,760
THE NODES OR THE TRACTS IN ANY 

1202
01:05:41,760 --> 01:05:41,960
WAY.

1203
01:05:41,960 --> 01:05:43,680
I THINK THIS IS MORE OBSERVATION

1204
01:05:43,680 --> 01:05:46,600
JAP THAN A CAUSAL STUDY.

1205
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:49,280
SO THE TRUE CAUSAL STUDY WAS 

1206
01:05:49,280 --> 01:05:52,680
TAKEN ON BY LESLIE WITH HER 

1207
01:05:52,680 --> 01:05:54,800
POST-DOC WHO SHOULDER THE BURDEN

1208
01:05:54,800 --> 01:05:58,240
OF THE PROJECT AND WE UNDERTOOK 

1209
01:05:58,240 --> 01:06:01,120
A JOINT REVERSAL INACTIVATION 

1210
01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:03,480
AND FMRI STUDIES IN THE MONKEYS.

1211
01:06:03,480 --> 01:06:04,960
LET ME EXPLAIN WHAT WE DID.

1212
01:06:04,960 --> 01:06:06,480
WE HAD TWO MONKEYS.

1213
01:06:06,480 --> 01:06:12,240
THEY FIRST SAW THE LOCALIZED 

1214
01:06:12,240 --> 01:06:22,400
EXPERIMENT

1215
01:07:11,960 --> 01:07:14,000
>> THE MONKEY COMPLETE THE
SAME 

1216
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:14,320
LOCALIZER.

1217
01:07:14,320 --> 01:07:15,840
WE DID THIS OVER AND OVER AGAIN 

1218
01:07:15,840 --> 01:07:20,840
WITH SINGLE PATCHES BEING 

1219
01:07:20,840 --> 01:07:22,720
INACTIVATED OR TWO MIDDLE FACE 

1220
01:07:22,720 --> 01:07:28,280
PATCHES OR TWO ANTERIOR FACE 

1221
01:07:28,280 --> 01:07:29,360
PATCHES SIMULTANEOUSLY OVER AND 

1222
01:07:29,360 --> 01:07:31,280
OVER AGAIN.

1223
01:07:31,280 --> 01:07:35,160
IN 2010 SHE RECEIVE THE WILLIAM 

1224
01:07:35,160 --> 01:07:36,840
JAMES FELLOW AWARD AND THIS IS 

1225
01:07:36,840 --> 01:07:37,640
THE OPENING SLIDE.

1226
01:07:37,640 --> 01:07:41,440
I HAVE A COPY OF ALL HER SLIDES 

1227
01:07:41,440 --> 01:07:51,320
DATED 5-25-2010.

1228
01:07:51,320 --> 01:07:54,520
IN HER TALK SHE SHOWED THE PILOT

1229
01:07:54,520 --> 01:07:56,240
DATA FOR THE JOINT INACTIVATION 

1230
01:07:56,240 --> 01:08:01,720
AND IMAGING STUDY.

1231
01:08:01,720 --> 01:08:06,240
HERE WE SEE A POSTERIOR FACE 

1232
01:08:06,240 --> 01:08:10,000
PATCH AND SHOWING NICE 

1233
01:08:10,000 --> 01:08:10,320
ACTIVATION.

1234
01:08:10,320 --> 01:08:12,280
POST-INJECTION, NOT ONLY DO WE 

1235
01:08:12,280 --> 01:08:14,280
SEE INACTIVATION IN THE 

1236
01:08:14,280 --> 01:08:16,440
POSTERIOR FACE PATCH WHICH IS 

1237
01:08:16,440 --> 01:08:19,440
WHERE THE INJECTION WAS PUT, BUT

1238
01:08:19,440 --> 01:08:25,720
WE ALSO SEE CONSEQUENCES OF THE 

1239
01:08:25,720 --> 01:08:28,640
INJECTION, IN OTHER WORDS, IT 

1240
01:08:28,640 --> 01:08:31,840
ELIMINATED IT IN THE FACE PATCH 

1241
01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:32,080
AS WELL.

1242
01:08:32,080 --> 01:08:34,040
SO WITH THIS PROOF OF CONCEPT ON

1243
01:08:34,040 --> 01:08:35,880
HAND WE PROCEEDED FULL ON WITH 

1244
01:08:35,880 --> 01:08:37,280
THE STUDY.

1245
01:08:37,280 --> 01:08:40,880
FIRST I'M GOING TO SHOW THE 

1246
01:08:40,880 --> 01:08:44,240
AFFECT OF INACTIVATING THE 

1247
01:08:44,240 --> 01:08:54,720
MIDDLE FACE ON IPSILATERAL.

1248
01:08:56,880 --> 01:08:59,240
THIS IS A SCHEMATIC OF THE 

1249
01:08:59,240 --> 01:09:00,240
MIDDLE FACE PATCH WHICH IS GOING

1250
01:09:00,240 --> 01:09:02,600
TO BE THE REGION OF INTEREST IN 

1251
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:05,200
WHICH WE ARE GOING TO BE 

1252
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:11,520
DERIVING THE BETA COEFFICIENTS 

1253
01:09:11,520 --> 01:09:22,080
FROM THE fMRI AND YOU SEE THE MF

1254
01:09:23,120 --> 01:09:23,840
MIDDLE FUNDUS.

1255
01:09:23,840 --> 01:09:34,360
THE OTHER THING IS WE HAD OTHER 

1256
01:09:43,400 --> 01:09:44,240
EXPERIMENTS I CAN TELL YOU ABOUT

1257
01:09:44,240 --> 01:09:46,440
IF YOU WISH.

1258
01:09:46,440 --> 01:09:50,280
IN THE AREA FOLLOWING AN 

1259
01:09:50,280 --> 01:09:52,600
INJECTION INTO THE AREA MF WE 

1260
01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:56,280
SEE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BETA 

1261
01:09:56,280 --> 01:09:57,880
COEFFICIENT WHEN FACES WERE 

1262
01:09:57,880 --> 01:09:59,480
SHOWN RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL 

1263
01:09:59,480 --> 01:10:00,160
CONDITION.

1264
01:10:00,160 --> 01:10:02,200
THE SAME RESULT HELD TRUE IN 

1265
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:04,920
AREA ML WHERE AGAIN WE SEE 

1266
01:10:04,920 --> 01:10:07,560
SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE 

1267
01:10:07,560 --> 01:10:10,920
BETA COEFFICIENTS FOLLOWING 

1268
01:10:10,920 --> 01:10:12,160
INACTIVATION OF THESE VARIOUS 

1269
01:10:12,160 --> 01:10:14,600
REGIONS RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL.

1270
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:17,440
AND THE NOTATION I WILL USE HERE

1271
01:10:17,440 --> 01:10:20,680
ARE THE RED ARROWS ON THE 

1272
01:10:20,680 --> 01:10:23,440
SCHEMATIC TO SHOW THAT 

1273
01:10:23,440 --> 01:10:29,320
INACTIVATING EITHER MF OR ML 

1274
01:10:29,320 --> 01:10:31,280
GIVES RISE TO RISE OF THE 

1275
01:10:31,280 --> 01:10:33,960
COEFFICIENTS AND NOW WE CAN MOVE

1276
01:10:33,960 --> 01:10:36,880
FORWARD TO THE ANTERIOR PATCHES.

1277
01:10:36,880 --> 01:10:39,800
WHEN WE LOOK AT AREA AF EVEN 

1278
01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:41,360
WITH REDUCTION WE SEE REDUCTION 

1279
01:10:41,360 --> 01:10:43,600
IN THE BETA COEFFICIENTS AND 

1280
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:48,120
THAT IS MARKED AS THE RED ARROWS

1281
01:10:48,120 --> 01:10:49,800
SINCE WE SEE SUPPRESSION IN AF 

1282
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:52,880
AFTER INACTIVATION OF EITHER ML 

1283
01:10:52,880 --> 01:10:53,640
OR MF.

1284
01:10:53,640 --> 01:10:59,120
AND LASTLY, IN AREA AL, WE ALSO 

1285
01:10:59,120 --> 01:11:01,200
SEE SUPPRESSION EXCEPT ONE 

1286
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:05,040
CONDITION WHERE MF SEEMS TO BE 

1287
01:11:05,040 --> 01:11:07,800
AN INACTIVATION HAS NO AFFECT ON

1288
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:11,400
AL MARK AS A SINGLE CONNECTION 

1289
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,440
BETWEEN MF AND -- SORRY, BETWEEN

1290
01:11:14,440 --> 01:11:15,600
ML AND AL.

1291
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:17,800
WE DID THE SAME EXPERIMENT AT 

1292
01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:23,480
THE SAME TIME WITH  -- WHERE THE

1293
01:11:23,480 --> 01:11:27,040
MONKEYS VIEWED OBJECTS AND THE 

1294
01:11:27,040 --> 01:11:28,920
COEFFICIENT MUCH LOWER FOR 

1295
01:11:28,920 --> 01:11:32,480
OBJECTS IN FACE PATCHES.

1296
01:11:32,480 --> 01:11:33,800
NEVERTHELESS, WE CAN STILL SEE 

1297
01:11:33,800 --> 01:11:35,560
SUPPRESSION AS YOU SEE IN AREA 

1298
01:11:35,560 --> 01:11:36,280
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL 

1299
01:11:36,280 --> 01:11:38,280
CONDITION AND WE SEE SIMILAR 

1300
01:11:38,280 --> 01:11:39,720
KINDS OF RESULTS WEAKER AND 

1301
01:11:39,720 --> 01:11:46,160
SOMEWHAT MORE VARIABLE.

1302
01:11:46,160 --> 01:11:48,280
NOW, NOTICE HERE THAT THIS IS 

1303
01:11:48,280 --> 01:11:52,480
THE REDUCTION IN THE IPSILATERAL

1304
01:11:52,480 --> 01:11:55,680
FACE AND WE CAN LOOK AT THE 

1305
01:11:55,680 --> 01:11:58,160
CONSEQUENCES OF INACTING THE 

1306
01:11:58,160 --> 01:11:59,760
MIDDLE AND LOOK AT THE 

1307
01:11:59,760 --> 01:12:00,400
CONSEQUENCE ON THE CONTRALATERAL

1308
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:06,640
SIDE.

1309
01:12:06,640 --> 01:12:11,240
INTERESTINGLY, THERE'S NO EFFECT

1310
01:12:11,240 --> 01:12:13,840
WHAT SO EVER AND NO DIFFERENCE 

1311
01:12:13,840 --> 01:12:22,280
FOR FACE OR OBJECTS.

1312
01:12:22,280 --> 01:12:24,240
IT GIVES RISE TO A REDUCTION IN 

1313
01:12:24,240 --> 01:12:26,160
FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATION IN ALL THE

1314
01:12:26,160 --> 01:12:28,600
FACE PATCHES WHEN THE 

1315
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:31,000
INACTIVATION IS IN THE MIDDLE 

1316
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:31,360
REGIONS.

1317
01:12:31,360 --> 01:12:33,800
IF WE LOOK AT THE EFFECT OR THE 

1318
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:36,240
RESULT OF INACTIVATING THE 

1319
01:12:36,240 --> 01:12:37,600
ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES.

1320
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:43,800
I'LL SHOW THE RESULTS IN AL 

1321
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:47,440
FIRST FOLLOWING INACTIVATION OF 

1322
01:12:47,440 --> 01:12:52,240
AF AND AL AND IN RESPONSE TO 

1323
01:12:52,240 --> 01:12:53,560
FACES WE SEE REDUCED SUPPRESSED 

1324
01:12:53,560 --> 01:12:56,240
BETA COEFFICIENTS AND BOTH IN AF

1325
01:12:56,240 --> 01:12:57,720
AND IN AL REDUCED CONDITIONS.

1326
01:12:57,720 --> 01:13:00,000
NOW WE WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS THE 

1327
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:02,880
EFFECT OF INACTIVATING THE 

1328
01:13:02,880 --> 01:13:04,800
ANTERIOR FACE PATCHES ON THE 

1329
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:05,400
MIDDLE FACE PATCHES.

1330
01:13:05,400 --> 01:13:11,840
ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS.

1331
01:13:11,840 --> 01:13:13,400
WE SEE INACTIVATION HAVING A 

1332
01:13:13,400 --> 01:13:16,240
CONSEQUENCE ON THE BETA 

1333
01:13:16,240 --> 01:13:17,800
COEFFICIENTS IN AREA MF 

1334
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:20,200
FOLLOWING ANTERIOR FACE PATCH 

1335
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:22,840
INACTIVATION WHICH I WILL SHOW 

1336
01:13:22,840 --> 01:13:25,880
YOU AS THIS KIND OF FEEDBACK 

1337
01:13:25,880 --> 01:13:27,680
CONNECTION AND THE SAME IS TRUE 

1338
01:13:27,680 --> 01:13:31,640
IN AREA ML AND SO YOU SEE THOSE 

1339
01:13:31,640 --> 01:13:32,240
FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS AS WELL 

1340
01:13:32,240 --> 01:13:39,920
FROM ANTERIOR TO MOST POSTERIOR 

1341
01:13:39,920 --> 01:13:40,840
REGIONS AND HERE WE SEE THEM 

1342
01:13:40,840 --> 01:13:44,240
WEAKER AND MORE VARIABLE.

1343
01:13:44,240 --> 01:13:47,000
SO THIS IS ONLY IN THE 

1344
01:13:47,000 --> 01:13:48,600
IPSILATERAL FACE PATCHES.

1345
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:50,640
AS I SHOWED BEFORE THERE IS NO 

1346
01:13:50,640 --> 01:13:54,840
EFFECT ON THE CONTRALATERAL FACE

1347
01:13:54,840 --> 01:13:57,320
PATCHES ON THE OPPOSITE 

1348
01:13:57,320 --> 01:13:58,360
HEMISPHERE AND WE SHOW IT LIKE 

1349
01:13:58,360 --> 01:13:59,240
THIS.

1350
01:13:59,240 --> 01:14:01,560
THE LAST THING WE LOOKED WAS 

1351
01:14:01,560 --> 01:14:02,880
INACTIVATION FROM THE ANTERIOR 

1352
01:14:02,880 --> 01:14:05,480
FACE PATCHES TO AMYGDALA.

1353
01:14:05,480 --> 01:14:11,600
THIS IS JUST IN THE IPSILATERAL 

1354
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:14,360
HEMISPHERE THE SELECT OF AL AND 

1355
01:14:14,360 --> 01:14:18,240
THE IMAGING IN RESPONSE TO FACES

1356
01:14:18,240 --> 01:14:18,840
AND OBJECTS.

1357
01:14:18,840 --> 01:14:20,480
IN BOTH CASES YOU SEE 

1358
01:14:20,480 --> 01:14:21,760
SUPPRESSION OF THE BETA 

1359
01:14:21,760 --> 01:14:23,560
COEFFICIENT AFTER THE INJECTIONS

1360
01:14:23,560 --> 01:14:24,920
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROLS BOTH 

1361
01:14:24,920 --> 01:14:26,320
FOR FACES AND OBJECTS.

1362
01:14:26,320 --> 01:14:27,320
THE ONE THING I HADN'T TOLD YOU 

1363
01:14:27,320 --> 01:14:31,240
WHICH I APOLOGIZE, I SHOULD 

1364
01:14:31,240 --> 01:14:33,160
HAVE, IS THAT THESE LITTLE 

1365
01:14:33,160 --> 01:14:36,240
RECTANGLES UP HERE INDICATE THE 

1366
01:14:36,240 --> 01:14:40,960
SIGNIFICANCE OF FOR EXAMPLE THE 

1367
01:14:40,960 --> 01:14:44,520
SIGNIFICANCE OF AF/AL ACTIVATION

1368
01:14:44,520 --> 01:14:46,040
RELATIVE TO THE CONTROL AND 

1369
01:14:46,040 --> 01:14:46,320
PRECEDING.

1370
01:14:46,320 --> 01:14:48,040
PERHAPS YOU HAD INFERRED THIS 

1371
01:14:48,040 --> 01:14:49,160
ALREADY WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN A 

1372
01:14:49,160 --> 01:14:54,760
GOOD THING TO HAVE DONE.

1373
01:14:54,760 --> 01:14:59,160
AND SURPRISINGLY, INACTIVATING 

1374
01:14:59,160 --> 01:15:01,840
AF AND AL HAS CONSEQUENCE FOR 

1375
01:15:01,840 --> 01:15:07,840
THE IPSILATERAL AMYGDALA BUT NOT

1376
01:15:07,840 --> 01:15:18,040
CONTRALATERAL AMYGDALA.

1377
01:15:18,040 --> 01:15:20,240
BY SHOWING THE OVER ALL FINDING 

1378
01:15:20,240 --> 01:15:21,280
IN THE DISTRIBUTED FACE NETWORK,

1379
01:15:21,280 --> 01:15:31,840
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FINDINGS.

1380
01:15:33,760 --> 01:15:40,240
FIRSTLY, INACTING MF, ML, 

1381
01:15:40,240 --> 01:15:42,920
SUPPRESSION AFFECTS THE OTHER 

1382
01:15:42,920 --> 01:15:47,480
AND TRUE FOR AF/AL AS WELL AND 

1383
01:15:47,480 --> 01:15:49,640
INACTING ONE OF THE MIDDLE FACE 

1384
01:15:49,640 --> 01:15:52,240
PATCHES HAS DIRECT CONSEQUENCES 

1385
01:15:52,240 --> 01:15:54,720
ON THE ANTERIOR PATCHES.

1386
01:15:54,720 --> 01:15:56,600
THERE'S EVIDENCE OF FEEDBACK.

1387
01:15:56,600 --> 01:16:01,840
INACTIVATION OF AF OR AL OR 

1388
01:16:01,840 --> 01:16:05,840
TOGETHER HAS SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS

1389
01:16:05,840 --> 01:16:10,320
ON THE MIDDLE FACE PATCHES ML 

1390
01:16:10,320 --> 01:16:14,240
AND MF AND THERE'S STRONGER 

1391
01:16:14,240 --> 01:16:16,160
CONNECTIST BETWEEN THE TWO FACE 

1392
01:16:16,160 --> 01:16:18,600
PATCHES IN THE SAME AXIS.

1393
01:16:18,600 --> 01:16:28,760
THESE TWO ALONG THE FUNDUS HAVE 

1394
01:16:28,760 --> 01:16:32,240
CROSS ACTIVATION BETWEEN THE 

1395
01:16:32,240 --> 01:16:36,280
FUNDUS AND LATERAL AND FUNDAL 

1396
01:16:36,280 --> 01:16:38,800
ACTIVITY IS STRONG AND LATERAL 

1397
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:42,360
ACTIVITY IS STRONG BUT BETWEEN 

1398
01:16:42,360 --> 01:16:43,720
THE TWO IT'S VARIABLE NOT ALWAYS

1399
01:16:43,720 --> 01:16:52,920
OBSERVABLE.

1400
01:16:52,920 --> 01:16:55,320
AND ONCE WE SET OUT THE FOOLISH 

1401
01:16:55,320 --> 01:16:56,240
AGENDA AND NOW 14 YEARS LATER 

1402
01:16:56,240 --> 01:16:58,720
I'M HERE TO TELL YOU THE STORY, 

1403
01:16:58,720 --> 01:17:01,600
WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW THERE WERE 

1404
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:03,560
MULTIPLE FACE PATCHES IN HUMANS 

1405
01:17:03,560 --> 01:17:05,680
AND MONKEYS.

1406
01:17:05,680 --> 01:17:08,280
THAT A DISCONNECTION BETWEEN 

1407
01:17:08,280 --> 01:17:11,880
MORE POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR 

1408
01:17:11,880 --> 01:17:14,320
REGIONS RESULTS IN AN IMPAIRMENT

1409
01:17:14,320 --> 01:17:19,160
LIKE IN THE PROSO PRAG NOSICS 

1410
01:17:19,160 --> 01:17:20,920
WHERE WE HAD DATA TO LOOK AT THE

1411
01:17:20,920 --> 01:17:29,760
EXTEND OF THEIR DEFICIT.

1412
01:17:29,760 --> 01:17:32,240
AND LOOKED AT THE FUNDAL AND 

1413
01:17:32,240 --> 01:17:35,760
LATERAL AND IPSITO 

1414
01:17:35,760 --> 01:17:36,960
CONTRAHEMISPHERE AND CAUSAL 

1415
01:17:36,960 --> 01:17:37,840
MANIPULATION AFFECTS FACES AND 

1416
01:17:37,840 --> 01:17:48,000
OBJECTS.

1417
01:18:05,120 --> 01:18:08,240
AND WE WERE ABLE TO MAP OUT THE 

1418
01:18:08,240 --> 01:18:09,000
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN FUNDUS AND 

1419
01:18:09,000 --> 01:18:16,720
LATERAL REGIONS.

1420
01:18:16,720 --> 01:18:19,880
SO THIS TALE OF TWO LABS SPANNED

1421
01:18:19,880 --> 01:18:23,600
14 YEARS THE PAPER ON THE JOINT 

1422
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:27,880
INACTIVATION AND IMAGING IS 

1423
01:18:27,880 --> 01:18:29,720
HOPEFULLY GOING TO BE OUT IN 

1424
01:18:29,720 --> 01:18:30,760
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS VERY SOON.

1425
01:18:30,760 --> 01:18:32,360
IT'S BEEN REVISED AND UNDER 

1426
01:18:32,360 --> 01:18:39,480
CONSIDERATION.

1427
01:18:39,480 --> 01:18:42,640
I WOULD LIKE TO CONCLUDE WITH 

1428
01:18:42,640 --> 01:18:43,640
DICKENS' CONCLUSION WITH A TALE 

1429
01:18:43,640 --> 01:18:45,680
OF TWO CITIES, HE NOTED IT WAS 

1430
01:18:45,680 --> 01:18:47,440
THE BEST OF TIMES, IT WAS THE 

1431
01:18:47,440 --> 01:18:49,000
WORSE OF TIMES.

1432
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:51,080
WE WERE ALL GOING DIRECT TO 

1433
01:18:51,080 --> 01:18:51,280
HEAVEN.

1434
01:18:51,280 --> 01:18:53,840
WE WERE ALL GOING DIRECTLY THE 

1435
01:18:53,840 --> 01:18:54,320
OTHER WAY.

1436
01:18:54,320 --> 01:18:56,320
AND AT VARIOUS POINTS OVER THESE

1437
01:18:56,320 --> 01:19:01,040
14 YEARS, EACH OF THESE PROBABLY

1438
01:19:01,040 --> 01:19:02,000
APPLIED TO US.

1439
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:07,840
SO I WOULD LIKE TO NOT ONLY 

1440
01:19:07,840 --> 01:19:15,040
THANK LESLIE AND NING FOR THIS 

1441
01:19:15,040 --> 01:19:17,120
HERCULEAN EFFORT AND THOSE WHO 

1442
01:19:17,120 --> 01:19:25,880
PUSHED FORWARD THE CONGENITAL 

1443
01:19:25,880 --> 01:19:36,400
PROSOPRAGNOSIC STUDIES AND AND 

1444
01:19:39,760 --> 01:19:41,560
THIS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN 

1445
01:19:41,560 --> 01:19:43,520
POSSIBLE WITHOUT NIH AND 

1446
01:19:43,520 --> 01:19:43,800
FUNDING.

1447
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:47,040
WHAT I WANTAGNOSIC STUDIES AND  

1448
01:19:47,040 --> 01:19:48,240
THIS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN 

1449
01:19:48,240 --> 01:19:48,760
POSSIBLE WITHOUT NIH AND 

1450
01:19:48,760 --> 01:19:49,000
FUNDING.

1451
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:51,520
WHAT I WANT TO LEAVE YOU WITH IS

1452
01:19:51,520 --> 01:19:52,200
NOTWITHSTANDING DICKENS FLIPPING

1453
01:19:52,200 --> 01:19:55,880
BETWEEN THE POLAR OPPOSITES 

1454
01:19:55,880 --> 01:19:58,280
BEING AT EVERY POINT ALONG THIS 

1455
01:19:58,280 --> 01:19:59,600
WAY THIS WAS THE BEST OF TIMES 

1456
01:19:59,600 --> 01:19:59,960
FOR ME.

1457
01:19:59,960 --> 01:20:04,120
I LEARNED SO MUCH FROM LESLIE 

1458
01:20:04,120 --> 01:20:05,840
AND I MISS HER.

1459
01:20:05,840 --> 01:20:07,160
AND I CONTINUE TO BE INSPIRED BY

1460
01:20:07,160 --> 01:20:12,240
HER WORK AND BY HER LEGACY.

1461
01:20:12,240 --> 01:20:22,560
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

1462
01:20:47,120 --> 01:20:49,800
>> DO YOU WANT TO TAKE A
SHOT AT

1463
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:50,080
SOMETHING.

1464
01:20:50,080 --> 01:20:50,840
I'M HAVING DEALING WITH 

1465
01:20:50,840 --> 01:20:52,920
SOMETHING IN MY OWN MIND WHICH 

1466
01:20:52,920 --> 01:20:54,840
IS THE ROLE OF THESE SUB 

1467
01:20:54,840 --> 01:20:56,520
NETWORKS WITHIN WHAT WE USED TO 

1468
01:20:56,520 --> 01:20:59,840
THINK WERE THE FUNCTIONAL 

1469
01:20:59,840 --> 01:21:02,400
BOUNDARIES, THE ARCHITECTONICS 

1470
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:07,320
AND HOW THAT PLAYS IN YOUR 

1471
01:21:07,320 --> 01:21:09,560
THINKING NOW BECAUSE FOR NOW 60 

1472
01:21:09,560 --> 01:21:13,560
YEARS WE ACKNOWLEDGED THAT 

1473
01:21:13,560 --> 01:21:17,560
FUNCTION GOES WITH ARCHITEC

1474
01:21:17,560 --> 01:21:19,080
ARCHITECTONICS A LOT AS A 

1475
01:21:19,080 --> 01:21:19,840
LOGICAL MAPPING.

1476
01:21:19,840 --> 01:21:24,240
WITH THE NEW STUDIES LIKE YOURS 

1477
01:21:24,240 --> 01:21:25,880
AND LESLIES, WE'RE FACED WITH 

1478
01:21:25,880 --> 01:21:31,840
SUB NETWORKS TO DEAL WITH.

1479
01:21:31,840 --> 01:21:36,640
AND WHAT WE THINK WE SEE WHEN WE

1480
01:21:36,640 --> 01:21:42,920
DO A TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS USING 

1481
01:21:42,920 --> 01:21:43,880
ARCHITECTONIC BOUNDARIES 

1482
01:21:43,880 --> 01:21:47,800
INSTEAD?

1483
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:48,240
>> OKAY.

1484
01:21:48,240 --> 01:21:48,960
THIS IS A VERY PROFOUND 

1485
01:21:48,960 --> 01:21:55,800
QUESTION.

1486
01:21:55,800 --> 01:21:57,920
IT HAS TO DO WITH HOW TO ALIGN 

1487
01:21:57,920 --> 01:21:59,240
MORE RECENT FINDINGS WITH 

1488
01:21:59,240 --> 01:22:02,800
PREVIOUS WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT 

1489
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:03,040
NETWORKS.

1490
01:22:03,040 --> 01:22:06,160
NOW, I UNDERSTAND THAT THE 

1491
01:22:06,160 --> 01:22:10,320
QUESTION IS NOT ABOUT WE GET NEW

1492
01:22:10,320 --> 01:22:12,880
FINDINGS BECAUSE WE HAVE NEWER 

1493
01:22:12,880 --> 01:22:15,600
METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES AND

1494
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:21,280
ARE THINGS WE WEREN'T ABLE TO DO

1495
01:22:21,280 --> 01:22:22,040
BEFORE.

1496
01:22:22,040 --> 01:22:24,160
IT'S HOW TO RECONCILE DIFFERENCE

1497
01:22:24,160 --> 01:22:26,080
IN ARCHITECTONICS AND FUNCTION.

1498
01:22:26,080 --> 01:22:28,720
I'M NOT SO SURE THE RESULTS THAT

1499
01:22:28,720 --> 01:22:30,520
WE HAVE PRESENT A MASSIVE 

1500
01:22:30,520 --> 01:22:33,560
CHALLENGE TO THIS WAY OF 

1501
01:22:33,560 --> 01:22:34,000
THINKING.

1502
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:39,080
WE CAN SEE A STRUCTURAL 

1503
01:22:39,080 --> 01:22:39,560
DISCONNECTION IN THE 

1504
01:22:39,560 --> 01:22:43,880
PROSOPAGNOSIC AND A FUNCTIONAL 

1505
01:22:43,880 --> 01:22:45,200
DISORDER IS CORRELATED WITH THE 

1506
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:48,000
EXTENT OF THE CHANGE IN THE 

1507
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:48,320
ARCHITECTONIC.

1508
01:22:48,320 --> 01:22:51,440
THE IDEA IT'S SUB NETWORKS IS AN

1509
01:22:51,440 --> 01:22:55,880
INTERESTING IDEA AND PERHAPS 

1510
01:22:55,880 --> 01:23:00,240
DRAWS OUT THE RECEIVED WISDOM 

1511
01:23:00,240 --> 01:23:02,680
THAT REGIONS THAT NEED TO 

1512
01:23:02,680 --> 01:23:04,600
COOPERATE NEED TO BE CLOSE TO 

1513
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:05,960
EACH OTHER AND YET ALSO NEED TO 

1514
01:23:05,960 --> 01:23:07,160
BE IN THE MORE GENERAL NETWORK.

1515
01:23:07,160 --> 01:23:09,960
SO A GOOD SOLUTION TO THAT WOULD

1516
01:23:09,960 --> 01:23:12,040
BE TO HAVE THESE SUB POPULATIONS

1517
01:23:12,040 --> 01:23:13,760
THAT CAN COMPUTE MORE LOCALLY 

1518
01:23:13,760 --> 01:23:15,920
BUT ALSO HAVE LONGER PROJECTIONS

1519
01:23:15,920 --> 01:23:19,880
WHICH OBVIOUSLY IS MORE 

1520
01:23:19,880 --> 01:23:23,360
METABOLICALLY CONSUMING.

1521
01:23:23,360 --> 01:23:24,960
THIS SEEMS TO ME A GOOD SOLUTION

1522
01:23:24,960 --> 01:23:25,880
FOR HOW THE BRAIN WORKS.

1523
01:23:25,880 --> 01:23:27,040
I'LL DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO A 

1524
01:23:27,040 --> 01:23:30,760
PAPER WE PUBLISHED IN PANS 

1525
01:23:30,760 --> 01:23:35,760
EARLIER THIS YEAR WHICH SHOWS IN

1526
01:23:35,760 --> 01:23:37,800
THE CONTEXT OF THE NEURAL 

1527
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:40,240
NETWORKS HOW THE SUB NETWORKS 

1528
01:23:40,240 --> 01:23:48,920
CAN EMERGE TOPOGRAPHICALLY UNDER

1529
01:23:48,920 --> 01:23:52,240
CONSTRAINTS AND EMERGE WITHOUT 

1530
01:23:52,240 --> 01:23:54,760
HEAVY ARCHITECTONICS OR 

1531
01:23:54,760 --> 01:23:55,880
PRESPECIFICATION OF THE 

1532
01:23:55,880 --> 01:23:58,240
STRUCTURE AND YET THE TOPOGRAPHY

1533
01:23:58,240 --> 01:24:00,240
COMES TO OBEY THE STRUCTURE WE 

1534
01:24:00,240 --> 01:24:10,480
ALREADY KNOW.

1535
01:24:15,560 --> 01:24:17,520
>> THANK YOU FOR
INTEGRATING 

1536
01:24:17,520 --> 01:24:23,080
YOUR WORK WITH LESLIE  IN A 

1537
01:24:23,080 --> 01:24:23,560
WONDERFUL WAY.

1538
01:24:23,560 --> 01:24:24,800
I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DATA AT

1539
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:28,000
THE END WHEN YOU LOOK AT 

1540
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:29,240
INACTIVATIONS OF FACE PATCHES.

1541
01:24:29,240 --> 01:24:33,840
WAS THAT WORK ALL IN THE CONTEXT

1542
01:24:33,840 --> 01:24:37,880
OF RESTING STATE CONNECTIVITY 

1543
01:24:37,880 --> 01:24:40,640
GOING UP AND DOWN BUT NOT IN THE

1544
01:24:40,640 --> 01:24:43,880
CONTEXT OF MONKEYS ACTUALLY 

1545
01:24:43,880 --> 01:24:49,440
VIEWING FACES OR OBJECTS OR 

1546
01:24:49,440 --> 01:24:59,600
ANYTHING.

1547
01:25:00,960 --> 01:25:06,000
>> THEY PERFORMED THE SAME

1548
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:07,120
LOCALIZED EXPERIMENTS THEY 

1549
01:25:07,120 --> 01:25:11,320
VIEWED OBJECTS, FACES, SCENES 

1550
01:25:11,320 --> 01:25:13,880
AND BOLDINGS.

1551
01:25:13,880 --> 01:25:19,480
THE REDUCTION IN THE BETA 

1552
01:25:19,480 --> 01:25:20,640
COEFFICIENTS IS UNDER PASSIVELY 

1553
01:25:20,640 --> 01:25:21,720
VIEWING BUT IT'S NOT A 

1554
01:25:21,720 --> 01:25:22,880
BEHAVIORAL STUDY IN THE MONKEY.

1555
01:25:22,880 --> 01:25:31,400
THIS IS ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH 

1556
01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:33,560
THERE'S COMPLIMENTARTY AND THE 

1557
01:25:33,560 --> 01:25:36,240
MONKEYS GAVE US THE DETAILED 

1558
01:25:36,240 --> 01:25:37,600
CAUSAL CIRCUITRY.

1559
01:25:37,600 --> 01:25:38,760
>> PASSIVE VIEWING.

1560
01:25:38,760 --> 01:25:39,720
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1561
01:25:39,720 --> 01:25:41,160
I'LL BE TALKING TO YOU LATER BUT

1562
01:25:41,160 --> 01:25:44,240
IT'S AN INTEREST I'M STILL 

1563
01:25:44,240 --> 01:25:48,200
WORKING ON WHICH IS HOW THE FACE

1564
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:50,400
PATCHES AND OTHER IMPORTANT 

1565
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:56,240
EVENTS IN ANIMALS LIVES GET 

1566
01:25:56,240 --> 01:25:57,600
TRANSLATED TO ACTION AND PART OF

1567
01:25:57,600 --> 01:26:00,160
THAT STORY IS THROUGH THE 

1568
01:26:00,160 --> 01:26:00,480
AMYGDALA.

1569
01:26:00,480 --> 01:26:10,920
>> I LOOK FOR WARD TO IT.

1570
01:26:16,320 --> 01:26:26,400
THANK YOU.

1571
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:30,200
WELCOME BACK, EVERYONE.

1572
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:33,520
BEFORE WE GET STARTED WITH THE 

1573
01:26:33,520 --> 01:26:35,840
NEXT SETS OF TALKS.

1574
01:26:35,840 --> 01:26:38,960
I HAVE A COUPLE HOUSEKEEPING, IF

1575
01:26:38,960 --> 01:26:40,360
WE HAVE ANYONE WATCHING ON 

1576
01:26:40,360 --> 01:26:42,760
VIDEOCAST AND WE HAVE 330 AT THE

1577
01:26:42,760 --> 01:26:44,600
MOMENT, IF ANYONE ON VIDEOCAST 

1578
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:46,160
HAS A QUESTION, PLEASE CLICK ON 

1579
01:26:46,160 --> 01:26:48,760
THE LIVE FEEDBACK BOX AND TYPE 

1580
01:26:48,760 --> 01:26:49,640
IN YOUR QUESTION.

1581
01:26:49,640 --> 01:26:53,280
WE HAVE MIRIAM HERE IN THE 

1582
01:26:53,280 --> 01:26:54,880
AUDIENCE WHO IS READING THOSE AS

1583
01:26:54,880 --> 01:26:59,240
THEY COME IN AND WILL ASK IN THE

1584
01:26:59,240 --> 01:27:01,320
ROOM WHEN THAT HAPPENS.

1585
01:27:01,320 --> 01:27:02,320
PEOPLE IN THE ROOM, IF YOU HAVE 

1586
01:27:02,320 --> 01:27:06,720
A QUESTION, IF YOU COULD MAKE 

1587
01:27:06,720 --> 01:27:13,760
YOUR WAY TO THE AISLE MICS THAT 

1588
01:27:13,760 --> 01:27:14,160
WOULD BE GREAT.

1589
01:27:14,160 --> 01:27:17,080
IT'S BETTER FOR THE VIDEOCAST 

1590
01:27:17,080 --> 01:27:20,920
BUT WE CAN TRY TO MAKE THEM TO 

1591
01:27:20,920 --> 01:27:23,000
YOU.

1592
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:24,720
WE HAVE TWO OFFICIAL 

1593
01:27:24,720 --> 01:27:25,840
PHOTOGRAPHERS TAKING PICTURES 

1594
01:27:25,840 --> 01:27:28,840
BUT WE ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO 

1595
01:27:28,840 --> 01:27:29,680
TAKE PICTURES IF YOU CAN AND 

1596
01:27:29,680 --> 01:27:32,840
WE'LL AT THE END OF THE 

1597
01:27:32,840 --> 01:27:34,640
SYMPOSIUM SEND OUT A REPOSITORY 

1598
01:27:34,640 --> 01:27:37,040
NOTE WHERE YOU CAN SUBMIT YOUR 

1599
01:27:37,040 --> 01:27:47,160
PHOTOS.

1600
01:27:48,720 --> 01:27:49,960
IT'S MY GREAT PLEASURE TO 

1601
01:27:49,960 --> 01:27:52,400
INTRODUCE THE NEXT SPEAKER, AINA

1602
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:54,760
PUCE FROM INDIANA UNIVERSITY.

1603
01:27:54,760 --> 01:28:01,680
SHE'S THE ELEANOR COX RIGGS 

1604
01:28:01,680 --> 01:28:04,320
PROFESSOR AT INDIANA.

1605
01:28:04,320 --> 01:28:06,720
SHE IMMORALIZED LESLIE AFTER SHE

1606
01:28:06,720 --> 01:28:08,920
WAS AWARDED THE GLASS BRAIN 

1607
01:28:08,920 --> 01:28:10,560
AWARD FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF 

1608
01:28:10,560 --> 01:28:14,040
HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING IN 2020.

1609
01:28:14,040 --> 01:28:19,800
IN THAT INTERVIEW, AINA REALLY 

1610
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:21,920
DREW LESLIE OUT AND IT FELT LIKE

1611
01:28:21,920 --> 01:28:25,280
A FIRESIDE CHAT WITH FRIENDS.

1612
01:28:25,280 --> 01:28:27,040
IF YOU HAVEN'T WATCHED IT, I 

1613
01:28:27,040 --> 01:28:27,400
RECOMMEND IT.

1614
01:28:27,400 --> 01:28:30,640
AND AINA AND LESLIE STARTED 

1615
01:28:30,640 --> 01:28:33,040
ASSOCIATING BACK IN THE '90s.

1616
01:28:33,040 --> 01:28:34,680
THEY'VE CROSSED PATHS MULTIPLE 

1617
01:28:34,680 --> 01:28:36,920
TIMES PROFESSIONALLY AND 

1618
01:28:36,920 --> 01:28:38,120
PERSONALLY AND WHICH AINA WILL 

1619
01:28:38,120 --> 01:28:40,760
TALK ABOUT TODAY.

1620
01:28:40,760 --> 01:28:42,720
SO WELCOMING, AINA.

1621
01:28:42,720 --> 01:28:44,360
I'M INTERESTED IN HEARING OF 

1622
01:28:44,360 --> 01:28:50,120
YOUR PERPETUAL CROSSING OF 

1623
01:28:50,120 --> 01:28:53,200
PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL 

1624
01:28:53,200 --> 01:29:03,400
PATHWAYS.

1625
01:29:08,840 --> 01:29:12,200
>> THANK YOU TO THE
ORGANIZERS 

1626
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:16,680
AND I DEDICATE THIS TO LESLIE'S 

1627
01:29:16,680 --> 01:29:22,400
MEMORY MAKING IT PART PERSONAL 

1628
01:29:22,400 --> 01:29:23,760
IN MY TALK.

1629
01:29:23,760 --> 01:29:27,200
I STARTED AS A GRADUATE STUDENT 

1630
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:30,400
IN THE EARLY 1980s.

1631
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:33,520
I READ "THE" PAPER SHE WROTE 

1632
01:29:33,520 --> 01:29:43,880
WITH MORT MICHIGAN.

1633
01:29:55,520 --> 01:29:58,200
I WAS STUDYING IN AUSTRALIA AND 

1634
01:29:58,200 --> 01:29:59,760
WENT TO A LAB AT YALE AND YOU 

1635
01:29:59,760 --> 01:30:03,640
CAN SEE THEM DEPICTED ON THE SET

1636
01:30:03,640 --> 01:30:04,800
OF IMAGES THERE.

1637
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:06,320
IT'S PART OF THE FACE PROCESSING

1638
01:30:06,320 --> 01:30:16,560
STIMULUS SET.

1639
01:30:19,640 --> 01:30:20,960
I WAS FORTUNATE TO HEAR LESLIE 

1640
01:30:20,960 --> 01:30:27,840
SPEAK AND IT WAS A BRILLIANT 

1641
01:30:27,840 --> 01:30:31,560
PRESENTATION AND A NEUROBIOLOGY 

1642
01:30:31,560 --> 01:30:33,160
PRESENTATION AT HARVARD AND IT 

1643
01:30:33,160 --> 01:30:36,760
WAS MARVELOUS AND PUSHED ME TO 

1644
01:30:36,760 --> 01:30:39,000
START THINKING ABOUT WHAT'S GOES

1645
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:41,280
IN IN THAT VENTRAL PART OF THE 

1646
01:30:41,280 --> 01:30:51,440
PATHWAY.

1647
01:30:55,720 --> 01:31:00,200
WE TALKED ABOUT PATIENTS AND DID

1648
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:01,040
24 EXPERIMENTS.

1649
01:31:01,040 --> 01:31:04,040
I'M SHOWING SOME OF THE STIMULUS

1650
01:31:04,040 --> 01:31:09,040
EXEMPLARS AND WE ALL LOOKED A 

1651
01:31:09,040 --> 01:31:14,960
LOT YOUNGER.

1652
01:31:14,960 --> 01:31:17,040
WE WERE IN THE DARK BECAUSE 

1653
01:31:17,040 --> 01:31:21,600
IMAGING STUDIES HADN'T BEEN DONE

1654
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:24,120
BECAUSE THE DATA TOOK FIVE YEARS

1655
01:31:24,120 --> 01:31:27,160
TO COLLECT AND A YEAR TO 

1656
01:31:27,160 --> 01:31:27,720
ANALYZE.

1657
01:31:27,720 --> 01:31:30,280
THERE'S ANOTHER FAMILIAR FACE 

1658
01:31:30,280 --> 01:31:32,320
AND A PIONEER IN FACE PROCESSING

1659
01:31:32,320 --> 01:31:39,320
AND WE LOST HIM SUDDENLY 2012 

1660
01:31:39,320 --> 01:31:41,960
WAS AN AWFUL YEAR FOR ME.

1661
01:31:41,960 --> 01:31:44,080
I HAD BREAST CANCER IN 2012 AND 

1662
01:31:44,080 --> 01:31:45,880
HAD TO TAKE SIX MONTHS OFF.

1663
01:31:45,880 --> 01:31:51,000
IT WAS NOT GOOD AND WHILE I WAS 

1664
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:58,320
RECOVERING, SRLOM DIED TUDLY AND

1665
01:31:58,320 --> 01:32:02,960
THEN TROMO AND I SAID GREG, 

1666
01:32:02,960 --> 01:32:06,320
YOU'RE THE LAST AUTHOR ON THE 

1667
01:32:06,320 --> 01:32:06,600
LIST.

1668
01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:07,440
I THINK THE MISFORTUNATE STOPPED

1669
01:32:07,440 --> 01:32:09,040
AT MY NAME.

1670
01:32:09,040 --> 01:32:11,760
I WANT TO TURN BRIEFLY TO THE 

1671
01:32:11,760 --> 01:32:12,760
ORGANIZATION FOR HUMAN BRAIN 

1672
01:32:12,760 --> 01:32:15,640
MAPPING BECAUSE LESLIE WAS AN 

1673
01:32:15,640 --> 01:32:18,200
INTEGRAL PART IN ITS FOUNDING IN

1674
01:32:18,200 --> 01:32:20,120
THE 1990s AND THE FIRST MEETING 

1675
01:32:20,120 --> 01:32:21,200
WAS IN 1995 IN PARIS AND I 

1676
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:31,680
REMEMBER THAT WELL.

1677
01:32:31,680 --> 01:32:35,400
C

1678
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:40,480
I CHOSE 1999 BECAUSE I WANT IT 

1679
01:32:40,480 --> 01:32:43,280
TELL YOU A STORY AND KARL 

1680
01:32:43,280 --> 01:32:44,480
FRISTON WAS THE CHAIR AND LESLIE

1681
01:32:44,480 --> 01:32:46,640
WAS THE CHAIR PRIOR TO CARL THE 

1682
01:32:46,640 --> 01:32:48,760
YEAR BEFORE AND I ROTATED ON TO 

1683
01:32:48,760 --> 01:32:59,320
COUNCIL FOR THE FIRST TIME I HAD

1684
01:33:02,760 --> 01:33:04,160
A LOT OF INTERACTIONS AND THINGS

1685
01:33:04,160 --> 01:33:07,200
HAPPEN IN A 20-YEAR CYCLE AND 20

1686
01:33:07,200 --> 01:33:09,080
YEARS LATER I WAS THE CHAIR OF 

1687
01:33:09,080 --> 01:33:10,880
COUNCIL AND IT WAS MY DISTINCT 

1688
01:33:10,880 --> 01:33:12,760
PLEASURE TO AWARD LESLIE THE 

1689
01:33:12,760 --> 01:33:18,560
GLASS BRAIN AWARD.

1690
01:33:18,560 --> 01:33:20,360
OF COURSE, WE WERE ALL IN COVID 

1691
01:33:20,360 --> 01:33:22,280
LOCKDOWN AND WE CRAFT THE 

1692
01:33:22,280 --> 01:33:24,600
INTERVIEW AND I WON'T SHOW ANY 

1693
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:26,920
OF IT BECAUSE BOB ALREADY DID 

1694
01:33:26,920 --> 01:33:31,320
SUCH A NICE JOB HIGHLIGHTING IT.

1695
01:33:31,320 --> 01:33:32,960
BUT LESLIE REALLY GAVE OF 

1696
01:33:32,960 --> 01:33:33,200
HERSELF.

1697
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:38,120
THAT WAS REALLY AN AMAZING 

1698
01:33:38,120 --> 01:33:38,960
OCCASION.

1699
01:33:38,960 --> 01:33:40,000
WE DID A DRY RUN.

1700
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:44,360
OF COURSE, IT WAS LESLIE.

1701
01:33:44,360 --> 01:33:46,640
THEN SHOW WAS RELAXED ENOUGH TO 

1702
01:33:46,640 --> 01:33:48,840
KNOW I WOULDN'T DO SOMETHING 

1703
01:33:48,840 --> 01:33:49,080
CRAZY.

1704
01:33:49,080 --> 01:33:57,880
WHY WOULD SHE THINK THAT?

1705
01:33:57,880 --> 01:34:04,560
SHE DID THE SECOND INTERVIEW AND

1706
01:34:04,560 --> 01:34:07,760
I'M INDEBTED TO AN E-MAIL 

1707
01:34:07,760 --> 01:34:12,800
EXCHANGE AND LESLIE COMMENTED 

1708
01:34:12,800 --> 01:34:15,200
ABOUT HER IMPRESSION ABOUT THE 

1709
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:16,560
INTERVIEW AND SHE WAS HAPPY.

1710
01:34:16,560 --> 01:34:19,160
SHE WAS HAPPY WITH IT BECAUSE 

1711
01:34:19,160 --> 01:34:21,120
SHE GOT TO SLEEP WELL THAT NIGHT

1712
01:34:21,120 --> 01:34:29,480
AFTER THE INTERVIEW.

1713
01:34:29,480 --> 01:34:31,160
IF THERE WAS ANYTHING THAT 

1714
01:34:31,160 --> 01:34:33,480
MATTERED TO ME WAS WAS LESLIE 

1715
01:34:33,480 --> 01:34:33,840
SATISFIED.

1716
01:34:33,840 --> 01:34:36,760
I DIDN'T CARE WHAT ANYONE ELSE 

1717
01:34:36,760 --> 01:34:46,880
THOUGHT.

1718
01:34:51,880 --> 01:34:56,040
I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A 

1719
01:34:56,040 --> 01:35:00,680
CONFERENCE ORGANIZED IN SAN 

1720
01:35:00,680 --> 01:35:01,720
ANTONIO.

1721
01:35:01,720 --> 01:35:03,360
THE RIVER WALK IS ALSO A NICE 

1722
01:35:03,360 --> 01:35:04,720
STONE PATH.

1723
01:35:04,720 --> 01:35:05,760
YOU WALK BY THE SIDE OF THE 

1724
01:35:05,760 --> 01:35:06,800
RIVER.

1725
01:35:06,800 --> 01:35:08,520
THERE ARE NO BARRIERS.

1726
01:35:08,520 --> 01:35:10,640
WE ARE WALKING ALONG AND 

1727
01:35:10,640 --> 01:35:13,280
LESLIE'S IN FRONT OF US AND KARL

1728
01:35:13,280 --> 01:35:22,920
FRISTON AND I ARE FOLLOWING 

1729
01:35:22,920 --> 01:35:25,040
DUTIFULLY AND LESLIE STUMBLED 

1730
01:35:25,040 --> 01:35:29,040
AND FOR THAT SECOND TIME STOOD 

1731
01:35:29,040 --> 01:35:39,160
STILL.

1732
01:35:40,240 --> 01:35:41,440
I THOUGHT WILL SHE FALL AND I 

1733
01:35:41,440 --> 01:35:43,640
HAVE TO FISH HER OUT OR FALL ON 

1734
01:35:43,640 --> 01:35:46,880
THE ROCKY PATH AND BREAK A BONE 

1735
01:35:46,880 --> 01:35:50,400
AND WHO WOULD TAKE HER TO THE 

1736
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:53,080
EMERGENCY ROOM?

1737
01:35:53,080 --> 01:35:59,680
I WAS WORRYING NEEDLESSLY 

1738
01:35:59,680 --> 01:36:02,120
BECAUSE GREAT SCIENTISTS STUMBLE

1739
01:36:02,120 --> 01:36:03,680
BUT THEY DON'T FALL.

1740
01:36:03,680 --> 01:36:06,640
I HAVE TO GIVE MY THANKS TO KARL

1741
01:36:06,640 --> 01:36:08,800
WHO WENT ALONG WITH THE ESCAPADE

1742
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:11,200
AND SENT ME A PICTURE OF HIMMING

1743
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:12,000
FEARFUL.

1744
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:14,040
I HAVE TO SAY THAT'S THE FIRST 

1745
01:36:14,040 --> 01:36:16,200
TIME EVER I'VE SEEN KARL LOOK 

1746
01:36:16,200 --> 01:36:16,760
FEARFUL.

1747
01:36:16,760 --> 01:36:19,760
I HAVE TO SAY, HE LIT UP A 

1748
01:36:19,760 --> 01:36:23,040
CIGARETTE AFTER THAT ADMITTEDLY.

1749
01:36:23,040 --> 01:36:26,960
SERIOUSLY THOUGH, KARL IS IN 

1750
01:36:26,960 --> 01:36:27,880
SPIRIT TODAY BECAUSE WHEN I TOLD

1751
01:36:27,880 --> 01:36:29,880
HIM WHAT I WAS GOING DO MAKE HIM

1752
01:36:29,880 --> 01:36:31,440
AND I LOOK SILLY AND LESLIE LOOK

1753
01:36:31,440 --> 01:36:33,080
GOOD AND THE FACT WE WERE DOING 

1754
01:36:33,080 --> 01:36:35,440
THE SYMPOSIUM IN HER HONOR, HE 

1755
01:36:35,440 --> 01:36:38,000
SAID IT WAS A LOVELY IDEA AND 

1756
01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:48,520
WAS VERY HAPPY WE'RE DOING IT.

1757
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:55,640
NOW TO SCIENCE AND I WANT TO 

1758
01:36:55,640 --> 01:37:00,760
COMPARE WHAT WE GOOD COMPARED 

1759
01:37:00,760 --> 01:37:11,160
NOW IN THE 21st CENTURY.

1760
01:37:18,800 --> 01:37:21,800
IT WAS THE TIME OF fMRI AND HOW 

1761
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:22,800
WE THOUGHT ABOUT CERTAIN AREAS 

1762
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:23,560
OFF THE BRAIN WORKED.

1763
01:37:23,560 --> 01:37:23,720
I DON'T 

1764
01:37:26,760 --> 01:37:32,440
 -- OF BRAIN WORKED AND I THINK 

1765
01:37:32,440 --> 01:37:36,280
BOTH STATEMENTS I MADE ARE TRUE 

1766
01:37:36,280 --> 01:37:38,840
AND LET ME TURN TO THE CONCEPT 

1767
01:37:38,840 --> 01:37:41,720
OF MODULARITY.

1768
01:37:41,720 --> 01:37:46,560
IN THE 1990s WE WERE STRUGGLING 

1769
01:37:46,560 --> 01:37:47,800
AND LEARNING HOW TO DO THINGS 

1770
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:54,400
AND DIDN'T HAVE ALL THE METHODS.

1771
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,720
JERRY FODOR WROTE AN INTERESTING

1772
01:37:57,720 --> 01:38:00,760
BOOK AND INTERESTING SET OF 

1773
01:38:00,760 --> 01:38:02,240
IDEAS PHILOSOPHICALLY.

1774
01:38:02,240 --> 01:38:04,200
I READ IT THREE TIMES NOW A 

1775
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,880
DECADE A PART EACH TIME AND I 

1776
01:38:07,880 --> 01:38:10,200
STILL COULDN'T THEN AND I STILL 

1777
01:38:10,200 --> 01:38:12,080
CAN'T NOW SEE HOW IT WOULD APPLY

1778
01:38:12,080 --> 01:38:13,320
TO NEUROSCIENCE AND THE BRAIN AS

1779
01:38:13,320 --> 01:38:15,120
WE KNEW IT.

1780
01:38:15,120 --> 01:38:17,040
REMEMBER, I STARTED IN 

1781
01:38:17,040 --> 01:38:18,120
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY SO IT WAS 

1782
01:38:18,120 --> 01:38:24,800
DIFFICULT FOR ME TO SEE THAT.

1783
01:38:24,800 --> 01:38:31,040
THAT SAID, WE WERE DOING 

1784
01:38:31,040 --> 01:38:34,120
NEUROIMAGING AND WERE DOING ALSO

1785
01:38:34,120 --> 01:38:35,480
FUSI FORM WORK AND THERE WERE 

1786
01:38:35,480 --> 01:38:37,640
EXPERTISE EFFECT STUDIES OUT 

1787
01:38:37,640 --> 01:38:39,280
THERE AND WE TRIED TO REPLICATE 

1788
01:38:39,280 --> 01:38:49,800
THEM AND THIS WAS LOOKING AT THE

1789
01:38:50,520 --> 01:38:52,080
EXPECTS AND THE EXPERTISE 

1790
01:38:52,080 --> 01:38:56,120
EFFECTS IF YOU CALL HUMAN 

1791
01:38:56,120 --> 01:39:00,160
FACES -- IF YOU PUT THEM IN THAT

1792
01:39:00,160 --> 01:39:03,560
CATEGORY ARE LARGER FOR THE 

1793
01:39:03,560 --> 01:39:05,040
FACES AND THE EXPERTISE EFFECTS 

1794
01:39:05,040 --> 01:39:09,040
DO THE NON-FACE CATEGORY WERE 

1795
01:39:09,040 --> 01:39:11,480
ACTUALLY LARGER IN THE ADJACENT 

1796
01:39:11,480 --> 01:39:12,480
CORTICAL REGIONS AND THAT HAD 

1797
01:39:12,480 --> 01:39:14,520
BEEN KIND OF FORGOTTEN.

1798
01:39:14,520 --> 01:39:15,920
SO THAT DEBATE RAGED ON AND 

1799
01:39:15,920 --> 01:39:26,120
CONTINUED.

1800
01:39:28,360 --> 01:39:33,040
I ENDED UP FOCUSSING ON THE STS.

1801
01:39:33,040 --> 01:39:35,200
WE KNEW BACK IN THE MID '90s 

1802
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:37,640
THERE WAS SOMETHING GOING ON IN 

1803
01:39:37,640 --> 01:39:38,680
THE STS.

1804
01:39:38,680 --> 01:39:43,760
I WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IT WAS.

1805
01:39:43,760 --> 01:39:48,080
WE DID A CONTROL STUDY OF FACIAL

1806
01:39:48,080 --> 01:39:49,800
MOTION AND SHOWED STS IS ABOUT 

1807
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:51,600
FACIAL MOTION AND NOT THE KIND 

1808
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:54,720
OF MOTION RESPONSE THAT YOU ARE 

1809
01:39:54,720 --> 01:39:57,040
SEEN IN MTV5.

1810
01:39:57,040 --> 01:39:59,360
IT RESPONDED TO FACES AS WELL 

1811
01:39:59,360 --> 01:40:01,000
BUT THE STS WAS REALLY 

1812
01:40:01,000 --> 01:40:02,680
RESPONSIVE TO FACIAL MOTION.

1813
01:40:02,680 --> 01:40:04,800
I WANTED TO FOLLOW THAT UP AND 

1814
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:06,880
THAT'S WHAT I'VE BEEN DOING OVER

1815
01:40:06,880 --> 01:40:17,240
THE LAST FEW YEARS.

1816
01:40:18,280 --> 01:40:28,720
LET'S TALK ABOUT MODULE COMPLEX.

1817
01:40:31,840 --> 01:40:36,760
IT'S ENOUGH TO MAKE YOUR HAIR 

1818
01:40:36,760 --> 01:40:46,480
TURN GREEN.

1819
01:40:46,480 --> 01:40:48,760
IS THE ERA OF MULTI-MODAL 

1820
01:40:48,760 --> 01:40:49,120
INVESTIGATION.

1821
01:40:49,120 --> 01:40:50,640
LESLIE PIONEERED THAT.

1822
01:40:50,640 --> 01:40:52,560
I WAS ALWAYS INSPIRED BY THAT 

1823
01:40:52,560 --> 01:40:57,040
AND ALWAYS DID INTRACRANIAL AND 

1824
01:40:57,040 --> 01:40:57,240
EXCEL.

1825
01:40:57,240 --> 01:40:58,920
EEG AND COLLABORATED WITH PEOPLE

1826
01:40:58,920 --> 01:41:01,000
WHO DID MEG STUDIES AND I WAS 

1827
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:03,040
DOING MRI STUFF AS WELL.

1828
01:41:03,040 --> 01:41:05,360
I NEVER FORGOT THAT MESSAGE FROM

1829
01:41:05,360 --> 01:41:08,560
HER.

1830
01:41:08,560 --> 01:41:11,440
IT WAS NECESSARY BECAUSE OUR 

1831
01:41:11,440 --> 01:41:13,920
IDEA OF MODULARITY NOW HAS 

1832
01:41:13,920 --> 01:41:16,640
CHANGED TO THE IDEA OF 

1833
01:41:16,640 --> 01:41:21,040
COMMUNITIES WHERE BRAIN REGIONS 

1834
01:41:21,040 --> 01:41:23,800
CLUMP TOGETHER AND INTERACT AND 

1835
01:41:23,800 --> 01:41:26,880
THEY ARE MORE LOOSELY CONNECTED 

1836
01:41:26,880 --> 01:41:28,680
WITH OTHER BRAIN REGIONS.

1837
01:41:28,680 --> 01:41:31,360
THERE'S PARALLEL PATHWAYS BUT WE

1838
01:41:31,360 --> 01:41:36,760
NEED TO CONSIDER STRUCTURAL 

1839
01:41:36,760 --> 01:41:41,040
CONNECTIVITY AND OF COURSE YOU 

1840
01:41:41,040 --> 01:41:44,080
CAN DO THIS FOR STRUCTURE 

1841
01:41:44,080 --> 01:41:45,920
CONNECTIVITY BUT WE ALSO NEED TO

1842
01:41:45,920 --> 01:41:47,520
THINK ABOUT FUNCTIONAL 

1843
01:41:47,520 --> 01:41:47,840
CONNECTIVITY.

1844
01:41:47,840 --> 01:41:54,760
THAT'S THE THING THAT IS REALLY 

1845
01:41:54,760 --> 01:41:58,800
DRIVING WHAT WE'RE ON ABOUT.

1846
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:00,080
IMAGINE LOOKING AT THE BRAIN 

1847
01:42:00,080 --> 01:42:01,040
REGION AND THIS BRAIN REGION AND

1848
01:42:01,040 --> 01:42:02,560
THE INTERACTIONS.

1849
01:42:02,560 --> 01:42:04,080
THERE'S NO DIRECT PATH BETWEEN 

1850
01:42:04,080 --> 01:42:09,080
THE TWO BUT THERE'S AN INDIRECT 

1851
01:42:09,080 --> 01:42:11,080
ONE THROUGH THIS STRUCTURE.

1852
01:42:11,080 --> 01:42:14,960
THAT'S WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT.

1853
01:42:14,960 --> 01:42:18,040
THERE'S EXTRA LINKAGES THAT FORM

1854
01:42:18,040 --> 01:42:19,440
ACTIVATION PATTERNS AND FORM 

1855
01:42:19,440 --> 01:42:24,480
RHYTHMS IN AREAS FURTHER DOWN 

1856
01:42:24,480 --> 01:42:33,080
THE TRACK WE NEED TO BE THINKING

1857
01:42:33,080 --> 01:42:36,760
ABOUT LAYERED BRAIN NETWORK AND 

1858
01:42:36,760 --> 01:42:39,280
FREQUENCY COUPLING OF BRAIN 

1859
01:42:39,280 --> 01:42:39,920
RHY

1860
01:42:39,920 --> 01:42:40,120
RHYTHMS.

1861
01:42:40,120 --> 01:42:44,160
WE KNOW WE HAVE DIFFERENT 

1862
01:42:44,160 --> 01:42:47,160
CANONICAL EEG BANDS.

1863
01:42:47,160 --> 01:42:50,040
THE LOWER FREQUENCIES ARE 

1864
01:42:50,040 --> 01:42:57,000
DYNAMICALLY COUPLED TO GAMMA AND

1865
01:42:57,000 --> 01:43:00,600
THESE COUPLINGS COME AND GO AND 

1866
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:01,960
DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT THE 

1867
01:43:01,960 --> 01:43:02,960
ORGANISM IS IN.

1868
01:43:02,960 --> 01:43:04,520
IT DEPENDS WHETHER THERE'S A 

1869
01:43:04,520 --> 01:43:08,520
TASK OR RESTING STATE ACTIVITY.

1870
01:43:08,520 --> 01:43:12,800
THESE COUPLINGS CAN COME AND GO 

1871
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:19,280
WITHIN AND ACROSS BRAIN AREAS.

1872
01:43:19,280 --> 01:43:21,000
IT'S COMPLEX.

1873
01:43:21,000 --> 01:43:23,360
AND WE ALL THINK ABOUT WHITE 

1874
01:43:23,360 --> 01:43:26,600
MATTER PATHWAYS BUT THERE'S 

1875
01:43:26,600 --> 01:43:26,920
INTERSTATES.

1876
01:43:26,920 --> 01:43:29,640
THERE'S STATE ROADS AND COUNTY 

1877
01:43:29,640 --> 01:43:34,000
ROADS AND DIRT TRACKS AND THESE 

1878
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:37,720
ALL ARE BECAUSE OF WHAT META 

1879
01:43:37,720 --> 01:43:39,960
FIBERS DIFFERENT IN THEIR LENGTH

1880
01:43:39,960 --> 01:43:43,520
AND WIDTH CREATE DISPERSION OF 

1881
01:43:43,520 --> 01:43:48,760
TIMING FOR THE SUMMED 

1882
01:43:48,760 --> 01:43:49,320
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS.

1883
01:43:49,320 --> 01:43:51,480
SO NEUROPHYSIOLOGY IS IMPORTANT 

1884
01:43:51,480 --> 01:43:53,480
AND WE CAN'T NEGLECT IT ANY MORE

1885
01:43:53,480 --> 01:43:58,560
BECAUSE WE WON'T SOLVE THAT 

1886
01:43:58,560 --> 01:43:59,000
PROBLEM.

1887
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:00,400
WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THIS AND WE 

1888
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:02,320
THINK WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE A 

1889
01:44:02,320 --> 01:44:03,440
WICKED PROBLEM.

1890
01:44:03,440 --> 01:44:05,040
WE THINK UNDERSTANDING BRAIN 

1891
01:44:05,040 --> 01:44:07,280
FUNCTION AND HEALTH AND DISEASE 

1892
01:44:07,280 --> 01:44:09,040
IS A WICKED PROBLEM TO MATCH THE

1893
01:44:09,040 --> 01:44:12,480
OTHER ONES IN SOCIETY WHERE 

1894
01:44:12,480 --> 01:44:13,880
THESE ARE COMPLEX PROBLEMS THAT 

1895
01:44:13,880 --> 01:44:17,040
DON'T HAVE A UNIQUE SOLUTION AND

1896
01:44:17,040 --> 01:44:20,720
THEY'RE CONTINUALLY EVOLVING.

1897
01:44:20,720 --> 01:44:21,720
AND IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE 

1898
01:44:21,720 --> 01:44:25,000
THIS IS COMING OUT IN MARCH NEXT

1899
01:44:25,000 --> 01:44:25,200
YEAR.

1900
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:27,200
SO LET ME JUST RETURN TO 

1901
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:29,520
PARALLEL PATHWAYS AGAIN BRIEFLY.

1902
01:44:29,520 --> 01:44:32,400
AND OF COURSE, WE ALL KNOW MANY 

1903
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:34,800
OF US IN THE ROOM KNOW SOME OF 

1904
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:36,760
US ARE STILL LEARNING ABOUT 

1905
01:44:36,760 --> 01:44:42,040
VICKY BRUCE AND ANDY YOUNG, 

1906
01:44:42,040 --> 01:44:43,520
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY BASED MODEL.

1907
01:44:43,520 --> 01:44:45,280
IT'S A BEAUTIFUL MODEL, 

1908
01:44:45,280 --> 01:44:47,720
PRENEUROIMAGING AS WE KNOW IT 

1909
01:44:47,720 --> 01:44:50,320
AND THEY CRAFTED THIS BEAUTIFUL 

1910
01:44:50,320 --> 01:44:53,040
PARALLEL PATHWAY MODEL FOR FACE 

1911
01:44:53,040 --> 01:44:54,760
PROCESSING AND IDENTITY AND 

1912
01:44:54,760 --> 01:44:57,880
SOCIAL COGNITION AND FACE 

1913
01:44:57,880 --> 01:44:59,760
EXPRESSION ON THE BASIS OF 

1914
01:44:59,760 --> 01:45:00,560
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL LESION 

1915
01:45:00,560 --> 01:45:00,800
STUDIES.

1916
01:45:00,800 --> 01:45:01,880
AMAZING WORK.

1917
01:45:01,880 --> 01:45:04,720
AS WE STARTED TO DO NEUROIMAGING

1918
01:45:04,720 --> 01:45:06,200
STUDIES, WE WERE ALL TALKING 

1919
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:09,280
ABOUT OF A LOT AND THAT'S WHERE 

1920
01:45:09,280 --> 01:45:10,640
I WOULD TALK A LITTLE WITH 

1921
01:45:10,640 --> 01:45:12,240
LESLIE ABOUT THESE KIND OF 

1922
01:45:12,240 --> 01:45:14,840
THINGS BECAUSE SHE'D COME TO MY 

1923
01:45:14,840 --> 01:45:18,760
POSTER AT SFN AT HUMAN BRAIN 

1924
01:45:18,760 --> 01:45:23,080
MAPPING AND SO DID JIM HAXBY AND

1925
01:45:23,080 --> 01:45:31,120
HE WAS ABLE TO PROPOSE A WE WORK

1926
01:45:31,120 --> 01:45:32,800
OF THIS PATHWAY IDEA WITH THE 

1927
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:34,960
CORE SYSTEM AND EXTENDED SYSTEM 

1928
01:45:34,960 --> 01:45:36,760
AS MARLENE ALREADY MENTIONED.

1929
01:45:36,760 --> 01:45:47,320
THAT WAS IN 2000 IT WAS UPDATED 

1930
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:51,560
LATER AND LATER WAS MAPPING OUT 

1931
01:45:51,560 --> 01:45:53,480
THE SULCUS AND WHAT IT WAS DOING

1932
01:45:53,480 --> 01:45:55,200
AND HOW DID IT EXCHANGE 

1933
01:45:55,200 --> 01:45:58,120
INFORMATION WITH THE FUSIFORM 

1934
01:45:58,120 --> 01:45:59,800
BECAUSE THERE ARE NO KNOWN 

1935
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:00,760
DIRECT ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS 

1936
01:46:00,760 --> 01:46:07,200
BETWEEN THE TWO.

1937
01:46:07,200 --> 01:46:08,960
OF COURSE THERE'S ALSO THE 

1938
01:46:08,960 --> 01:46:09,880
EXTENDED SYSTEM THAT USED FACIAL

1939
01:46:09,880 --> 01:46:13,040
INFORMATION FOR VERY IMPORTANT 

1940
01:46:13,040 --> 01:46:16,200
FUNCTIONS.

1941
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:18,760
SO THE MAIN QUESTIONS THAT 

1942
01:46:18,760 --> 01:46:20,840
CONCERN ME AND THAT I WOULD 

1943
01:46:20,840 --> 01:46:24,760
CONSULT WITH LESLIE A LOT ABOUT 

1944
01:46:24,760 --> 01:46:27,280
WAS WE ALREADY KNEW THERE WAS 

1945
01:46:27,280 --> 01:46:29,560
FACIAL MOTION AND MOTION 

1946
01:46:29,560 --> 01:46:31,360
RESPONSES AND SOCIAL ATTENTION 

1947
01:46:31,360 --> 01:46:37,360
RESPONSES IN THE STS AND THE 

1948
01:46:37,360 --> 01:46:40,440
BASIC ASSUMPTION WITH OUR 

1949
01:46:40,440 --> 01:46:43,840
THINKING WAS THAT THE STS MAY BE

1950
01:46:43,840 --> 01:46:44,640
AN INTEGRATION POINT BETWEEN THE

1951
01:46:44,640 --> 01:46:46,800
DORSAL AND CENTRAL PATHWAYS.

1952
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:48,760
THAT KIND OF DROVE THE KIND OF 

1953
01:46:48,760 --> 01:46:50,840
EXPERIMENTS I DID AS I WENT 

1954
01:46:50,840 --> 01:46:52,440
ALONG EVEN AFTER I LEFT THE LAB.

1955
01:46:52,440 --> 01:46:55,880
AND THE THING THAT NAGGED ME TOO

1956
01:46:55,880 --> 01:46:56,880
FOR YEARS WAS HOW DOES 

1957
01:46:56,880 --> 01:46:59,720
INFORMATION TRAVEL BETWEEN THE 

1958
01:46:59,720 --> 01:47:04,080
TWO REGIONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO

1959
01:47:04,080 --> 01:47:05,040
COMMUNICATE.

1960
01:47:05,040 --> 01:47:11,360
SO WITH THAT IN MIND, WITH THAT 

1961
01:47:11,360 --> 01:47:15,200
IN MIND I DON'T BACK INTO THE 

1962
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:19,720
INTRA -- DROVE BACK INTO THE 

1963
01:47:19,720 --> 01:47:24,760
INTRACRANIAL LITERATURE WITH A 

1964
01:47:24,760 --> 01:47:29,040
COLLABORATOR IN FRANCE AND A 

1965
01:47:29,040 --> 01:47:30,920
PORTUGUESE POST-DOC WHO WAS 

1966
01:47:30,920 --> 01:47:32,880
WONDERFUL AND A LOCKED MYSELF 

1967
01:47:32,880 --> 01:47:33,960
AWAY IN PARIS -- SOMEONE'S GOT 

1968
01:47:33,960 --> 01:47:38,120
TO DO THE HARD WORK, AND 

1969
01:47:38,120 --> 01:47:39,360
DISSECTED A DATA SET I'LL TELL 

1970
01:47:39,360 --> 01:47:43,280
YOU ABOUT IN A MOMENT AT THE 

1971
01:47:43,280 --> 01:47:45,040
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD IT'S NOW 

1972
01:47:45,040 --> 01:47:48,760
THE PARIS BRAIN INSTITUTE.

1973
01:47:48,760 --> 01:47:53,040
AND THIS PAPER CAME OUT JUST 

1974
01:47:53,040 --> 01:47:57,600
RECENTLY.

1975
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:02,480
AND WE HAD A GRADUATE STUDENT IN

1976
01:48:02,480 --> 01:48:05,040
NATALIE'S LAB AND DESIGNED A 

1977
01:48:05,040 --> 01:48:12,520
TASK TO DISENTANGLE WITH STATIC 

1978
01:48:12,520 --> 01:48:15,720
VERSUS DYNAMIC STIMULATION IN 

1979
01:48:15,720 --> 01:48:17,520
EPILEPSY PATIENTS AND IT WAS A 

1980
01:48:17,520 --> 01:48:18,000
COMPLEX TAX.

1981
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:21,040
I WON'T EXPLAIN THE PARADIGM, I 

1982
01:48:21,040 --> 01:48:22,960
CAN EXPLAIN IT LATER BUT WE HAD 

1983
01:48:22,960 --> 01:48:24,560
A DATA SET OF 18 PATIENTS.

1984
01:48:24,560 --> 01:48:27,120
I'M STILL LEARNING HOW TO USE 

1985
01:48:27,120 --> 01:48:29,040
THIS MOUSE -- 18 PATIENTS WHICH 

1986
01:48:29,040 --> 01:48:30,800
WE WHITTLED DOWN TO 11 BECAUSE 

1987
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:36,760
WE GOT RID OF PEOPLE WITH 

1988
01:48:36,760 --> 01:48:40,840
EPILEPTIC ABNORMALITIES AND HAD 

1989
01:48:40,840 --> 01:48:42,240
REGIONS OF INTEREST WE 

1990
01:48:42,240 --> 01:48:43,360
SEGREGATED AND NEUROLOGICAL 

1991
01:48:43,360 --> 01:48:44,680
RESPONSES TO BUT THE ONE THING I

1992
01:48:44,680 --> 01:48:51,320
WANT TO SHOW YOU IS HOW THE STS 

1993
01:48:51,320 --> 01:48:53,400
RESPONDED TO DIRECT OR REVERTED 

1994
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:53,600
GAZE.

1995
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:55,600
THAT'S WHAT WE HAD IN THE TASK.

1996
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:58,880
YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE 

1997
01:48:58,880 --> 01:49:00,960
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT 

1998
01:49:00,960 --> 01:49:02,560
DIFFERENCES AS SHOWN BETWEEN THE

1999
01:49:02,560 --> 01:49:05,200
TWO TYPES OF FIELD POTENTIAL 

2000
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:05,640
HERE.

2001
01:49:05,640 --> 01:49:07,680
THESE ARE DATA AND SINGLE 

2002
01:49:07,680 --> 01:49:12,720
PATIENTS IN ISOLATED ELECTRODES.

2003
01:49:12,720 --> 01:49:17,040
SO HERE WAS THE -- WE KNEW THE 

2004
01:49:17,040 --> 01:49:19,320
STS RESPONDED TO FACIAL MOTION 

2005
01:49:19,320 --> 01:49:21,040
AND HERE WAS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL 

2006
01:49:21,040 --> 01:49:31,160
EVIDENCE.

2007
01:49:31,160 --> 01:49:34,360
HOW DO YOU LINK THAT AND WE DID 

2008
01:49:34,360 --> 01:49:36,480
THIS WITH A GRADUATE STUDENT AND

2009
01:49:36,480 --> 01:49:40,720
A LAB WHO WAS A DIFFUSION TENSOR

2010
01:49:40,720 --> 01:49:42,800
IMAGING EXPERT AND HAD WRITTEN 

2011
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:48,040
AN ALGORITHM TO TRACT TRACE.

2012
01:49:48,040 --> 01:49:52,440
AND THE WHITE MATTER TRACTS IN 

2013
01:49:52,440 --> 01:49:55,800
THE POSTERIOR BRAIN TO MAP OUT 

2014
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:57,920
ONE END POINT FOR A WHITE MATTER

2015
01:49:57,920 --> 01:50:00,200
TRACT AND THE OTHER END POINT.

2016
01:50:00,200 --> 01:50:02,560
YOU CAN DO THIS ACROSS SUBJECTS 

2017
01:50:02,560 --> 01:50:13,080
BECAUSE IT WAS A COMMON VOXAL 

2018
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:21,440
SPACE AND THE PATIENT AND WE DID

2019
01:50:21,440 --> 01:50:29,040
AN OVERLAX ANALYSIS LOOKING AT 

2020
01:50:29,040 --> 01:50:33,040
THE ACTIVE ELECTRODE SITES AND 

2021
01:50:33,040 --> 01:50:42,760
THEIR LATENCIES AND LOOKED AT 

2022
01:50:42,760 --> 01:50:44,320
AND OUR FINAL WORKING MODEL IS 

2023
01:50:44,320 --> 01:50:48,760
WHAT I'VE GOT HERE IN THIS 

2024
01:50:48,760 --> 01:50:59,000
CARTOON HERE.

2025
01:51:00,720 --> 01:51:04,720
AND THE IOC START THE IT OFF AND

2026
01:51:04,720 --> 01:51:15,240
BY THE INTERIOR LONGITUDINAL 

2027
01:51:20,360 --> 01:51:23,600
FOSICULUS AND HERE WE HAVE A 

2028
01:51:23,600 --> 01:51:24,800
CHAPERONE, IF YOU WILL AND THERE

2029
01:51:24,800 --> 01:51:26,440
ARE POTENTIAL OTHER 

2030
01:51:26,440 --> 01:51:28,080
RELATIONSHIPS OUR DATA SET 

2031
01:51:28,080 --> 01:51:29,040
DIDN'T HAVE THE DATA SET TO 

2032
01:51:29,040 --> 01:51:39,160
RESOLVE.

2033
01:51:42,200 --> 01:51:47,160
AND THAT'S OUR MOLT BUT AS WE WE

2034
01:51:47,160 --> 01:51:53,240
REVISING OUR PAPER IN ITS SECOND

2035
01:51:53,240 --> 01:51:55,320
PAPER THIS ONE CAME OUT AND IT 

2036
01:51:55,320 --> 01:52:05,720
WAS A SPECTACULAR PAPER.

2037
01:52:11,800 --> 01:52:14,520
AND THERE WAS A BEAUTIFUL STET 

2038
01:52:14,520 --> 01:52:17,040
OF SET OF STUDIES.

2039
01:52:17,040 --> 01:52:20,520
AND THIS PAPER CAME OUT AND 

2040
01:52:20,520 --> 01:52:21,160
LESLIE HAD ALREADY PASSED THAT 

2041
01:52:21,160 --> 01:52:30,640
THE POINT.

2042
01:52:30,640 --> 01:52:32,240
BEAUTIFUL PART OF THE PAPER WAS 

2043
01:52:32,240 --> 01:52:34,480
IT DIDN'T CONTRADICT OUR WORK 

2044
01:52:34,480 --> 01:52:36,240
BUT SHOWED HOW MUCH WORK WE HAVE

2045
01:52:36,240 --> 01:52:38,240
TO DO AND WE HAVE OUR THIRD 

2046
01:52:38,240 --> 01:52:39,400
PATHWAY AND WE DON'T EVEN KNOW 

2047
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:45,960
HOW THESE TWO INTERACT.

2048
01:52:45,960 --> 01:52:47,720
OBVIOUSLY I WAS WRONG.

2049
01:52:47,720 --> 01:52:49,320
IT'S PART OF IT'S OWN PATHWAY 

2050
01:52:49,320 --> 01:52:51,360
AND IT MAKES SENSE BECAUSE MY 

2051
01:52:51,360 --> 01:52:57,000
WORK WITH COLLABORATORS IN JAPAN

2052
01:52:57,000 --> 01:53:03,120
ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO SHOWED THIS 

2053
01:53:03,120 --> 01:53:04,480
MOTION AN I COULD NEVER 

2054
01:53:04,480 --> 01:53:05,920
UNDERSTAND WHY AND AFTER ALL 

2055
01:53:05,920 --> 01:53:06,760
THESE YEARS IT MAKES SENSE.

2056
01:53:06,760 --> 01:53:09,280
SO THERE'S A LOT OF WORK TO DO, 

2057
01:53:09,280 --> 01:53:19,360
FOLKS.

2058
01:53:22,280 --> 01:53:28,000
AND SHOW YOU UNPUBLISHED DATA 

2059
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:29,720
AND I FEEL BETTER NOW BECAUSE I 

2060
01:53:29,720 --> 01:53:31,680
HAD MY HEART IN MY MOUTH ABOUT 

2061
01:53:31,680 --> 01:53:33,320
THE SLIDE AND IT WAS DATA I 

2062
01:53:33,320 --> 01:53:36,760
PRESENTED IN 1999 OF ALL THINGS 

2063
01:53:36,760 --> 01:53:43,200
WE COLLECTED IN THE LAB AND OF 

2064
01:53:43,200 --> 01:53:53,040
COURSE HAD A PROFILE ON THE 

2065
01:53:53,040 --> 01:53:57,880
VENTRAL SURFACE AND HERE'S A 

2066
01:53:57,880 --> 01:54:00,040
DYNAMIC FACE PROFILE.

2067
01:54:00,040 --> 01:54:01,720
THIS MATCHED THE fMRI STUDIES WE

2068
01:54:01,720 --> 01:54:03,800
HAD DONE AND OTHERS HAD DONE AND

2069
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:07,560
HERE'S THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL 

2070
01:54:07,560 --> 01:54:09,440
SIGNATURE, 400 MILLISECONDS 

2071
01:54:09,440 --> 01:54:11,280
AFTER THE STIMULUS BUT THERE'S 

2072
01:54:11,280 --> 01:54:11,480
MORE.

2073
01:54:11,480 --> 01:54:13,360
THERE WAS A PROBE IN THE INSULA 

2074
01:54:13,360 --> 01:54:15,120
AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT NEEDS

2075
01:54:15,120 --> 01:54:15,880
TO BE EXPLORED.

2076
01:54:15,880 --> 01:54:18,240
IT'S NOT PART OF THE EXTENDED 

2077
01:54:18,240 --> 01:54:20,720
FACE SYSTEM BUT IT SHOULD BE.

2078
01:54:20,720 --> 01:54:23,200
I'M PUTTING THIS UP THERE SO 

2079
01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:26,280
YOU'LL GO OUT AND DO INSULA 

2080
01:54:26,280 --> 01:54:28,280
STUDIES AND MAYBE I CAN GET THIS

2081
01:54:28,280 --> 01:54:30,200
THING PUBLISHED FINALLY.

2082
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:32,960
OF COURSE, 20 YEARS A PART COVER

2083
01:54:32,960 --> 01:54:33,280
VERSIONS.

2084
01:54:33,280 --> 01:54:35,040
THESE AREN'T RECORD COVERS BUT I

2085
01:54:35,040 --> 01:54:37,000
TREAT THEM THAT WAY AND THESE 

2086
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:40,560
ARE DESIGNS I DID FOR ART 

2087
01:54:40,560 --> 01:54:42,720
DESIGNS I DID FOR JOURNAL COVERS

2088
01:54:42,720 --> 01:54:45,040
AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT'S 

2089
01:54:45,040 --> 01:54:48,480
IMPORTANT TO ME BECAUSE I CAN 

2090
01:54:48,480 --> 01:54:53,040
COMBINE THIS IN SCIENCE AS WELL.

2091
01:54:53,040 --> 01:54:55,720
AND FINALLY A PERSONAL THING.

2092
01:54:55,720 --> 01:54:58,120
LESLIE WAS WAS ALWAYS LOOKING 

2093
01:54:58,120 --> 01:55:00,200
OUT FOR PEOPLE IN HER LAB AND 

2094
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:02,960
OUTSIDE HER LAB TOO AND DID THAT

2095
01:55:02,960 --> 01:55:05,640
ARE FOR ME TOO AND WROTE ME A 

2096
01:55:05,640 --> 01:55:06,800
BEAUTIFUL LETTER FOR MY GREEN 

2097
01:55:06,800 --> 01:55:08,240
CARD AND THANK YOU TO THOSE IN 

2098
01:55:08,240 --> 01:55:09,400
THE AUDIENCE WHO DID THE SAME 

2099
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:12,760
THING AND FOR THOSE WHO DON'T 

2100
01:55:12,760 --> 01:55:19,560
KNOW, UNCLE SAM CALLS GREEN CARD

2101
01:55:19,560 --> 01:55:23,320
APPLICANTS OR SUCCESSFUL GREEN 

2102
01:55:23,320 --> 01:55:24,720
CARD APPLICANTS ALIENS OF 

2103
01:55:24,720 --> 01:55:26,080
REASONABLE ABILITY.

2104
01:55:26,080 --> 01:55:29,040
I THINK THAT'S KIND OF CUTE.

2105
01:55:29,040 --> 01:55:32,560
THERE'S INTERESTING PARALLEL 

2106
01:55:32,560 --> 01:55:33,880
PATHWAYS THAT SOMETIMES CROSS 

2107
01:55:33,880 --> 01:55:37,960
OVER PERIODS OF DECADES.

2108
01:55:37,960 --> 01:55:42,000
I'M READING A BOOK ON  

2109
01:55:42,000 --> 01:55:43,600
EXISTENTIAL PHYSICS AND I WANT 

2110
01:55:43,600 --> 01:55:45,160
TO LEAVE YOU WITH A THOUGHT.

2111
01:55:45,160 --> 01:55:46,720
IMAGINE IF THE MOMENT IN TIME 

2112
01:55:46,720 --> 01:55:49,040
THAT LESLIE WAS BORN IN OUR 

2113
01:55:49,040 --> 01:55:52,560
TIME, A SUPER NOVA EXPLODED IN 

2114
01:55:52,560 --> 01:55:56,800
THE UNIVERSE AND WE COULD SEE IT

2115
01:55:56,800 --> 01:55:59,440
FROM EARTH AND YOU'D THINK, 

2116
01:55:59,440 --> 01:56:01,520
OKAY, THAT'S A CONTEMPORANEOUS 

2117
01:56:01,520 --> 01:56:02,920
EVENT BUT WHEN YOU STOP TO THINK

2118
01:56:02,920 --> 01:56:08,400
ABOUT IT, IT'S ACTUALLY NOT.

2119
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:10,680
BECAUSE FOR THAT SUPER NOVA TO 

2120
01:56:10,680 --> 01:56:14,560
REACH US ON EARTH, THAT EVENT 

2121
01:56:14,560 --> 01:56:18,640
HAPPENED MANY MANY MANY MILLIONS

2122
01:56:18,640 --> 01:56:21,040
OF LIGHT YEARS AGO SO I WANT TO 

2123
01:56:21,040 --> 01:56:23,240
LEAVE YOU WITH THAT THOUGHT 

2124
01:56:23,240 --> 01:56:24,840
BECAUSE LESLIE'S NOT GONE.

2125
01:56:24,840 --> 01:56:26,880
SHE'S FLOATING IN THE UNIVERSE.

2126
01:56:26,880 --> 01:56:28,680
HER LIGHT RAYS ARE IN THE 

2127
01:56:28,680 --> 01:56:31,200
UNIVERSE AND WILL BE SO FOR A 

2128
01:56:31,200 --> 01:56:33,120
LONG, LONG, LONG, LONG TIME.

2129
01:56:33,120 --> 01:56:36,760
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME.

2130
01:56:36,760 --> 01:56:46,960
[APPLAUSE]

2131
01:57:16,160 --> 01:57:18,080
>> IT IS NOW MY GREAT
PLEASURE 

2132
01:57:18,080 --> 01:57:21,040
TO INTRODUCE OUR NEXT SPEAKER, 

2133
01:57:21,040 --> 01:57:24,160
CAROL COLBY WHO IS A PROFESSOR 

2134
01:57:24,160 --> 01:57:24,840
OF NEUROSCIENCE AT THE 

2135
01:57:24,840 --> 01:57:26,840
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH.

2136
01:57:26,840 --> 01:57:32,480
CAROL AND LESLIE OVERLAPPED AT 

2137
01:57:32,480 --> 01:57:36,800
STANFORD IN THE EARLY 1970s AND 

2138
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:38,520
REMAINED LIFE LONG FRIENDS.

2139
01:57:38,520 --> 01:57:40,000
I WOULD HEAR FROM CAROL OFTEN 

2140
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:41,920
AND KNOW THEY HAD A LONG AND 

2141
01:57:41,920 --> 01:57:44,720
STRONG FRIENDSHIP AND DELIGHTED 

2142
01:57:44,720 --> 01:57:47,160
SHE COULD BE HERE TO TALK AT THE

2143
01:57:47,160 --> 01:57:47,400
SYMPOSIUM.

2144
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:48,880
THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.

2145
01:57:48,880 --> 01:57:59,080
OVER TO YOU.

2146
01:58:11,560 --> 01:58:12,760
>> THERE WE ARE BACK AT 

2147
01:58:12,760 --> 01:58:13,560
STANFORD.

2148
01:58:13,560 --> 01:58:15,320
WELL, THANK YOU TO THE 

2149
01:58:15,320 --> 01:58:16,720
ORGANIZERS FOR BRINGING US 

2150
01:58:16,720 --> 01:58:17,000
TOGETHER.

2151
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,880
THIS IS SO IMPORTANT.

2152
01:58:19,880 --> 01:58:21,680
IT'S BEEN QUITE A WHILE SINCE 

2153
01:58:21,680 --> 01:58:26,400
LESLIE DIED AND WE MISS HER AND 

2154
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:29,080
WE MISSED THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE 

2155
01:58:29,080 --> 01:58:35,160
TOGETHER AT THE TIME.

2156
01:58:35,160 --> 01:58:36,760
THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS AND 

2157
01:58:36,760 --> 01:58:37,640
THANK YOU FOR THE WONDERFUL 

2158
01:58:37,640 --> 01:58:40,680
TALKS THIS MORNING.

2159
01:58:40,680 --> 01:58:42,440
THEY WERE INSPIRING.

2160
01:58:42,440 --> 01:58:48,800
TO AINA'S POINT, SHOWED HOW 

2161
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:57,040
BROAD HER INFLUENCE WAS.

2162
01:58:57,040 --> 01:59:01,000
IT'S BEEN WONDERFULLY 

2163
01:59:01,000 --> 01:59:01,800
INTERESTING.

2164
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:03,800
YOU SHOULD BE SO PLEASED TO KNOW

2165
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:05,000
IT'S ALMOST LUNCH TIME AND I 

2166
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:12,160
HAVE NO DATA AND I'LL TALK ABOUT

2167
01:59:12,160 --> 01:59:12,520
EL

2168
01:59:12,520 --> 01:59:15,480
LESLIE AND WILL TRY NOT TO HIT 

2169
01:59:15,480 --> 01:59:16,720
THESE MICROPHONES WHICH I 

2170
01:59:16,720 --> 01:59:18,160
NOTICED IS A PROBLEM.

2171
01:59:18,160 --> 01:59:20,720
THE OUTSTANDING THING I REMEMBER

2172
01:59:20,720 --> 01:59:26,560
ABOUT LESLIE IS SHE NEVER MET A 

2173
01:59:26,560 --> 01:59:26,840
STRANGER.

2174
01:59:26,840 --> 01:59:28,880
SHE NEVER MET A STRANGER.

2175
01:59:28,880 --> 01:59:30,280
SHE BECAME FRIENDS WITH 

2176
01:59:30,280 --> 01:59:31,560
EVERYBODY SHE MET.

2177
01:59:31,560 --> 01:59:32,600
SHE WAS GENUINELY INTERESTED IN 

2178
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:37,000
OTHER PEOPLE.

2179
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:43,120
IT'S SUCH A RARE PHENOMENON.

2180
01:59:43,120 --> 01:59:45,840
SHE HAD IT IN SPADES.

2181
01:59:45,840 --> 01:59:49,000
SHE CREATED FAMILY WHEREVER SHE 

2182
01:59:49,000 --> 01:59:50,400
WAS.

2183
01:59:50,400 --> 01:59:53,400
IT HAS RIPPLED OUT IN ALL 

2184
01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:53,720
DIRECTIONS.

2185
01:59:53,720 --> 01:59:57,040
IF YOU LOOK AT NEUROTREE YOU'LL 

2186
01:59:57,040 --> 02:00:02,920
BE AMAZED HOW MANY CONNECTS.

2187
02:00:02,920 --> 02:00:06,800
THAT'S NOT THE HALF OF IT.

2188
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:08,840
THE SPEAKERS TODAY ARE MEMBERS 

2189
02:00:08,840 --> 02:00:11,360
OF THAT FAMILY, STUDENTS IN HER 

2190
02:00:11,360 --> 02:00:13,400
LAB OR CO-WORKERS OR PEOPLE DOWN

2191
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:14,640
THE HALL.

2192
02:00:14,640 --> 02:00:16,720
SHE CONNECTED WITH PEOPLE.

2193
02:00:16,720 --> 02:00:24,840
IT WAS A PRIVILEGE TO KNOW HER.

2194
02:00:24,840 --> 02:00:28,840
AS MENTIONED, I MET HER, THIS IS

2195
02:00:28,840 --> 02:00:30,760
THE BEST THING TO HAPPEN TO ME 

2196
02:00:30,760 --> 02:00:33,040
IN CALIFORNIA, WHICH IS SAYING A

2197
02:00:33,040 --> 02:00:35,440
LOT, WAS BEING CONNECTED TO 

2198
02:00:35,440 --> 02:00:35,680
LESLIE.

2199
02:00:35,680 --> 02:00:41,000
I WAS GRATEFUL TO HEAR FROM BOB 

2200
02:00:41,000 --> 02:00:43,200
THAT KARL WAS A GIANT IN THE 

2201
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:44,520
FIELD AND NOBODY EXCEPT BOB KNEW

2202
02:00:44,520 --> 02:00:44,880
THAT.

2203
02:00:44,880 --> 02:00:48,760
HE WAS AND HIS BOOK, LANGUAGES 

2204
02:00:48,760 --> 02:00:51,480
OF THE BRAIN, WAS SEMINOLE AND 

2205
02:00:51,480 --> 02:00:52,240
INSPIRING WHICH IS WHY PEOPLE 

2206
02:00:52,240 --> 02:00:55,960
WANTED TO WORK WITH HIM.

2207
02:00:55,960 --> 02:01:00,440
AND I WAS INCREDIBLY FORTUNATE 

2208
02:01:00,440 --> 02:01:03,760
BECAUSE I ARRIVED TO DO MY 

2209
02:01:03,760 --> 02:01:05,040
GRADUATE WORK JUST AS LESLIE WAS

2210
02:01:05,040 --> 02:01:15,360
PACKING UP TO GO.

2211
02:01:16,040 --> 02:01:17,000
AND SHE'S BEEN SO IMPORTANT TO 

2212
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:25,040
ME.

2213
02:01:25,040 --> 02:01:29,440
I MET LESLIE IN 1975 AND I KNOW 

2214
02:01:29,440 --> 02:01:31,400
I COULDN'T POSSIBLY TO BE OLD 

2215
02:01:31,400 --> 02:01:33,040
ENOUGH FOR THAT TO BE TRUE BUT I

2216
02:01:33,040 --> 02:01:37,840
MET HER THEN.

2217
02:01:37,840 --> 02:01:42,760
YEARS LATER SHE AND I HAD ENOUGH

2218
02:01:42,760 --> 02:01:45,040
AFFECTION FOR CARL PREBRUM.

2219
02:01:45,040 --> 02:01:51,000
HE WAS A CHALLENGING INDIVIDUAL 

2220
02:01:51,000 --> 02:01:56,560
AND INCREDIBLY INTERESTING.

2221
02:01:56,560 --> 02:01:57,320
NONETHELESS, WE WERE PLEASED TO 

2222
02:01:57,320 --> 02:01:58,320
HAVE KNOWN HIM AND HAVE WORKED 

2223
02:01:58,320 --> 02:02:00,560
WITH HIM AND LESLIE AND I HAVE 

2224
02:02:00,560 --> 02:02:06,040
ONE AND ONLY ONE PUBLICATION AND

2225
02:02:06,040 --> 02:02:14,480
THAT'S SHOWN HERE.

2226
02:02:14,480 --> 02:02:15,680
THIS IS ONE OUR ONE PUBLICATION.

2227
02:02:15,680 --> 02:02:24,760
WE EDITED A VOLUME BASED ON A 

2228
02:02:24,760 --> 02:02:29,320
FEST THRIFT WE ORGANIZED FOR 

2229
02:02:29,320 --> 02:02:36,760
KARL PREBRUM'S BIRTHDAY AND WE 

2230
02:02:36,760 --> 02:02:40,440
CALLED IT LOCALIZATION AND HE 

2231
02:02:40,440 --> 02:02:43,560
SAID NO, YOU HAVE TO CALL IT 

2232
02:02:43,560 --> 02:02:47,840
LOCATIONIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION

2233
02:02:47,840 --> 02:02:58,200
AS WE'VE BEEN HEARING.

2234
02:03:01,720 --> 02:03:03,680
CARL PRIBRAM WAS INTERESTING AND

2235
02:03:03,680 --> 02:03:06,800
FOR WHAT HE DESERVES CREDIT IS 

2236
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:08,440
HIS INTRODUCTION OF STERILE 

2237
02:03:08,440 --> 02:03:08,880
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.

2238
02:03:08,880 --> 02:03:10,760
I CAN'T TELL YOU HOW IMPORTANT 

2239
02:03:10,760 --> 02:03:11,280
THIS WAS.

2240
02:03:11,280 --> 02:03:20,560
HE WAS A NEUROSURGEON.

2241
02:03:20,560 --> 02:03:31,000
ONE WAS HIS INSISTENCE ON 

2242
02:03:32,560 --> 02:03:33,560
STERILITY AND SOMETIMES HE THREW

2243
02:03:33,560 --> 02:03:34,680
KNIVES AT PEOPLE.

2244
02:03:34,680 --> 02:03:37,240
LESLIE WORKED ON A NUMBER OF 

2245
02:03:37,240 --> 02:03:38,960
THINGS I CAN'T REMEMBER THAT FAR

2246
02:03:38,960 --> 02:03:45,600
BUT IT MAY HAVE BEEN POLVONAR.

2247
02:03:45,600 --> 02:03:47,720
SHE HAD A BIG PAPER.

2248
02:03:47,720 --> 02:03:50,360
MEETING LESLIE WAS THE BEST PART

2249
02:03:50,360 --> 02:03:52,200
OF BEING AT STANFORD AND NOW 

2250
02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:54,960
LET'S GO BACK AND LOOK SOME MORE

2251
02:03:54,960 --> 02:04:05,200
AT STANFORD.

2252
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,360
I MET LESLIE AND I WAS STARTING 

2253
02:04:22,360 --> 02:04:24,640
MY GRADUATE WORK AND I BECAME 

2254
02:04:24,640 --> 02:04:25,600
HER KID SISTER.

2255
02:04:25,600 --> 02:04:26,080
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS.

2256
02:04:26,080 --> 02:04:29,080
YOU GET TO BE PART OF THE FAMILY

2257
02:04:29,080 --> 02:04:36,800
AND I WAS HER KID SISTER.

2258
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:40,240
THERE'S ADVANTAGES TO EACH SIDE 

2259
02:04:40,240 --> 02:04:42,840
BUT BEING THE KID SISTER MEANT 

2260
02:04:42,840 --> 02:04:44,840
THAT LESLIE COULD ALWAYS BOSS ME

2261
02:04:44,840 --> 02:04:47,160
AROUND AND DID HER ENTIRE LIFE.

2262
02:04:47,160 --> 02:04:49,880
WE WENT TO A MEETING AND SHE 

2263
02:04:49,880 --> 02:04:51,560
NEEDED A RIDE SO OF COURSE, I 

2264
02:04:51,560 --> 02:04:54,520
HAD TO RENT THE CAR AND DRIVE US

2265
02:04:54,520 --> 02:04:54,800
THERE.

2266
02:04:54,800 --> 02:04:57,320
BUT THEN WHENEVER I NEEDED 

2267
02:04:57,320 --> 02:05:03,960
ANYTHING SHE HAD TO HELP ME.

2268
02:05:03,960 --> 02:05:05,680
SOME MENTIONED HER LOVE OF 

2269
02:05:05,680 --> 02:05:06,800
GOSSIP.

2270
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:09,040
WE HAD A STANDING WEDNESDAY 

2271
02:05:09,040 --> 02:05:12,840
GOSSIP DATE FOR ALL THE TIME 

2272
02:05:12,840 --> 02:05:20,040
THAT I WAS IN PITTSBURGH.

2273
02:05:20,040 --> 02:05:22,160
AND LESLIE TOOK CARE OF ME AND 

2274
02:05:22,160 --> 02:05:24,000
OF MANY PEOPLE.

2275
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:32,320
SHE HAD MANY OTHER SIBLINGS AND 

2276
02:05:32,320 --> 02:05:33,040
SHE WAS KIND AND SHE WAS 

2277
02:05:33,040 --> 02:05:39,600
GENEROUS.

2278
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:41,000
SHE DID NOT GET ANGRY ABOUT 

2279
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:41,200
THINGS.

2280
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:43,720
THIS IS A REMARKABLE QUALITY 

2281
02:05:43,720 --> 02:05:45,040
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE PEOPLE 

2282
02:05:45,040 --> 02:05:47,960
YOU KNOW AND THE SITUATIONS -- 

2283
02:05:47,960 --> 02:05:49,480
PEOPLE CAN GET ATTACHED TO THEIR

2284
02:05:49,480 --> 02:05:50,560
SCIENCE AND THINK THEY'RE RIGHT 

2285
02:05:50,560 --> 02:05:52,960
AND EVERYBODY ELSE IS WRONG AND 

2286
02:05:52,960 --> 02:05:54,280
I'M GOING TO SHOW THEM.

2287
02:05:54,280 --> 02:05:56,560
SHE DIDN'T GET ANGRY ABOUT 

2288
02:05:56,560 --> 02:05:57,560
THINGS.

2289
02:05:57,560 --> 02:05:59,640
INSTEAD, SHE LAUGHED.

2290
02:05:59,640 --> 02:06:09,040
SHE HAD THE GREATEST LAUGH.

2291
02:06:09,040 --> 02:06:12,800
IT MADE YOUR DAY AND AS YOU KNOW

2292
02:06:12,800 --> 02:06:17,000
ONE OF HER BIG IDEAS FROM LESLIE

2293
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:19,840
AND MORT'S WORK WAS THERE TWO 

2294
02:06:19,840 --> 02:06:21,040
STREAMS IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM THE

2295
02:06:21,040 --> 02:06:23,080
WHAT AND WHERE SYSTEM.

2296
02:06:23,080 --> 02:06:25,840
NOW, SOME WILL REMEMBER THERE 

2297
02:06:25,840 --> 02:06:27,480
WAS A PERIOD WHEN SOMEONE CAME 

2298
02:06:27,480 --> 02:06:31,480
ALONG AND SAID, LESLIE'S ALL 

2299
02:06:31,480 --> 02:06:31,680
WRONG.

2300
02:06:31,680 --> 02:06:33,520
IT WASN'T WHAT AND WHERE, IT'S 

2301
02:06:33,520 --> 02:06:34,600
WHAT AND HOW.

2302
02:06:34,600 --> 02:06:41,080
AND OKAY, IT'S NOT REALLY WRONG 

2303
02:06:41,080 --> 02:06:42,440
BUT COME ON.

2304
02:06:42,440 --> 02:06:44,360
LESLIE JUST LAUGHED AND ROLLED 

2305
02:06:44,360 --> 02:06:45,040
HER EYES AND SAID, OH, THAT'S 

2306
02:06:45,040 --> 02:06:52,200
HIM.

2307
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:53,720
IT WAS SAID WITH AFFECTION.

2308
02:06:53,720 --> 02:06:57,600
LIKE HE WAS THE ANNOYING KID 

2309
02:06:57,600 --> 02:06:59,160
BROTHER WHO WOULDN'T QUIT 

2310
02:06:59,160 --> 02:06:59,920
PESTERING YOU.

2311
02:06:59,920 --> 02:07:04,600
THAT IS HOW SHE RESPONDED TO 

2312
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:09,080
THAT KIND OF AGITATION WAS BY 

2313
02:07:09,080 --> 02:07:11,520
LAUGHING AND CALMING THINGS DOWN

2314
02:07:11,520 --> 02:07:14,960
AND MOST OF ALL MAKING PEOPLE 

2315
02:07:14,960 --> 02:07:16,960
FEEL THEY WERE ALWAYS INCLUDED 

2316
02:07:16,960 --> 02:07:26,040
IN THE FAMILY NO MATTER WHAT.

2317
02:07:26,040 --> 02:07:31,600
ANOTHER ONE OF HER KID SISTERS 

2318
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:35,080
WAS CAROL CHRISTENSEN WHO IS NOT

2319
02:07:35,080 --> 02:07:36,840
HERE TODAY AND THEY WORKED ON 

2320
02:07:36,840 --> 02:07:43,280
THE EFFECT OF POLVONAR LESIONS 

2321
02:07:43,280 --> 02:07:45,080
AND THE AFFECT ON VISUAL AND 

2322
02:07:45,080 --> 02:07:49,720
IT'S SAID PEOPLE WHO WORK ON 

2323
02:07:49,720 --> 02:07:54,800
POLVONAR GO MAD.

2324
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:58,840
SOME SURVIVE AND SOME SURVIVED 

2325
02:07:58,840 --> 02:08:03,920
AND THRIVE AND OTHERS CONTINUE 

2326
02:08:03,920 --> 02:08:14,560
TO WORK ON PULVONAR AND CAROL 

2327
02:08:22,760 --> 02:08:25,760
SENT ME MY BEST GRADUATE 

2328
02:08:25,760 --> 02:08:27,400
STUDENTS, ELI MIRIAM HOME WITH 

2329
02:08:27,400 --> 02:08:31,800
HIS COVID, ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS

2330
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:34,040
AND BECKY BEHRMANN TO MY DELIGHT

2331
02:08:34,040 --> 02:08:36,240
IS HERE TODAY.

2332
02:08:36,240 --> 02:08:45,800
THE FAMILY COMES FULL CIRCLE.

2333
02:08:45,800 --> 02:08:48,360
I CAN TELL YOU HOW GRATEFUL I AM

2334
02:08:48,360 --> 02:08:53,080
TO HAVE BEEN PART OF LESLIE'S 

2335
02:08:53,080 --> 02:09:03,440
FAMILY AND THAT'S ALL.

2336
02:09:18,080 --> 02:09:20,920
>> OKAY, ON THE SCHEDULE I
THINK

2337
02:09:20,920 --> 02:09:25,880
IT SAYS ATTENDEES' REMARKS.

2338
02:09:25,880 --> 02:09:29,200
WHAT WE ASKED FOR IS ANYBODY WHO

2339
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:33,040
WANTED TO CONTRIBUTE A SHORT 

2340
02:09:33,040 --> 02:09:34,320
VIDEO -- ACTUALLY, THERE'S A LOT

2341
02:09:34,320 --> 02:09:39,720
OF PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO 

2342
02:09:39,720 --> 02:09:42,640
THIS MEETING AND BECAUSE SO MANY

2343
02:09:42,640 --> 02:09:44,360
PEOPLE WANTED TO SAY SOMETHING 

2344
02:09:44,360 --> 02:09:49,480
ABOUT LESLIE WE ASKED FOR THESE 

2345
02:09:49,480 --> 02:09:52,680
VERY SHORT VIDEOS AND WE GOT A 

2346
02:09:52,680 --> 02:09:53,760
LOT OF RESPONSES SO WE'RE GOING 

2347
02:09:53,760 --> 02:09:57,120
TO PLAY SOME NOW AND SOME 

2348
02:09:57,120 --> 02:09:58,160
TOMORROW.

2349
02:09:58,160 --> 02:10:08,680
THE FIRST ONE -- ARE WE READY?

2350
02:10:09,120 --> 02:10:12,840
THE FIRST ONE IS A BIT SPEC

2351
02:10:12,840 --> 02:10:17,040
SPECIAL -- WHEN WE STARTED TO 

2352
02:10:17,040 --> 02:10:25,320
PLAN THE SYMPOSIUM WE THOUGHT OF

2353
02:10:25,320 --> 02:10:26,560
LARRY SQUIRE AND HE'S NOT 

2354
02:10:26,560 --> 02:10:27,680
TRAVELLING THESE DAYS AND THEY 

2355
02:10:27,680 --> 02:10:29,120
HAD A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP.

2356
02:10:29,120 --> 02:10:33,040
LUCKILY WE WERE ABLE TO CONVINCE

2357
02:10:33,040 --> 02:10:34,800
HIM TO PRODUCE A SHORT VIDEO.

2358
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:36,800
WE'LL START WITH LARRY AND THEN 

2359
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:38,960
YOU'LL SEE A WHOLE SERIES.

2360
02:10:38,960 --> 02:10:40,080
PEOPLE'S NAMES WILL COME UP SO 

2361
02:10:40,080 --> 02:10:41,080
YOU KNOW WHO'S TALKING AND LET'S

2362
02:10:41,080 --> 02:10:51,240
DO IT.

2363
02:10:51,240 --> 02:10:52,960
>> I'M VERY SORRY I'M NOT
ABLE 

2364
02:10:52,960 --> 02:10:54,400
TO BE THERE IN PERSON WITH YOU 

2365
02:10:54,400 --> 02:11:00,840
TO HONOR AND REMEMBER LESLIE.

2366
02:11:00,840 --> 02:11:02,920
BUT I AM GLAD TO CONTRIBUTE A 

2367
02:11:02,920 --> 02:11:03,600
SMALL PIECE.

2368
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:06,800
SIZE IS GENERATIONAL AND 

2369
02:11:06,800 --> 02:11:08,880
INITIALLY IF ONLY BY 

2370
02:11:08,880 --> 02:11:09,200
ACQUAINTANCE.

2371
02:11:09,200 --> 02:11:10,760
IN 1970, SHE WAS A GRADUATE 

2372
02:11:10,760 --> 02:11:14,000
STUDENT AT NYU AND I WAS A 

2373
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:16,800
POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW AT ALBERT 

2374
02:11:16,800 --> 02:11:17,080
EINSTEIN.

2375
02:11:17,080 --> 02:11:20,080
SHORTLY AFTER THAT SHE BEGAN HER

2376
02:11:20,080 --> 02:11:24,560
LONG CAREER AT NIMH AND BECAME A

2377
02:11:24,560 --> 02:11:25,040
PROMINENT FIGURE.

2378
02:11:25,040 --> 02:11:26,600
MANY THOUGHT THE GROUP WORKING 

2379
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:29,680
WITH NON-HUMAN PRIMATES WAS THE 

2380
02:11:29,680 --> 02:11:32,440
BEST THERE WAS IN NEURO 

2381
02:11:32,440 --> 02:11:35,360
PSYCHOL

2382
02:11:35,360 --> 02:11:35,920
PSYCHOLOGY.

2383
02:11:35,920 --> 02:11:41,600
SHE LOOKED AT NEURO ANATOMY.

2384
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:48,680
SHE WAS CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC AND 

2385
02:11:48,680 --> 02:11:51,520
LUCID AND HER PUBLICATIONS AN 

2386
02:11:51,520 --> 02:12:00,840
WRITING WERE EXEMPLARY AND SHE 

2387
02:12:00,840 --> 02:12:09,080
WAS ONE OF MY SPEAKERS IN MIAMI.

2388
02:12:09,080 --> 02:12:11,920
SHE GAVE A TERRIFIC TALK.

2389
02:12:11,920 --> 02:12:17,520
WHEN LESLIE FIRST ENCOUNTERED 

2390
02:12:17,520 --> 02:12:23,520
HEALTH PROBLEMS I CALLED HER AND

2391
02:12:23,520 --> 02:12:25,160
BEGAN A STRONGER FRIENDSHIP AND 

2392
02:12:25,160 --> 02:12:29,240
WE TALKED EVERY TWO WEEKS FOR SO

2393
02:12:29,240 --> 02:12:31,080
YEARS, LAUGHING, TELLING 

2394
02:12:31,080 --> 02:12:34,680
STORIES, GOSSIPING, SHE WAS 

2395
02:12:34,680 --> 02:12:35,080
STRONG.

2396
02:12:35,080 --> 02:12:35,440
UNFATHOMABLE.

2397
02:12:35,440 --> 02:12:37,080
AND IN 2020 SHE HAD NEW TEST 

2398
02:12:37,080 --> 02:12:41,080
RESULTS THAT NEEDED FOLLOW-UP 

2399
02:12:41,080 --> 02:12:43,120
AND TOLD ME SHE WASN'T SURE SHE 

2400
02:12:43,120 --> 02:12:45,080
CAN TAKE ON ANY MORE.

2401
02:12:45,080 --> 02:12:46,600
SHE WAS WELL AHEAD OF SCHEDULE 

2402
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:47,920
IN REPAIRING HER FOUR-YEAR 

2403
02:12:47,920 --> 02:12:48,960
REVIEW AND EXPECTING TO CARRY ON

2404
02:12:48,960 --> 02:12:54,440
FOR MORE YEARS.

2405
02:12:54,440 --> 02:12:57,880
SHE WAS A GENEROUS MENTOR AND 

2406
02:12:57,880 --> 02:12:59,920
ROLE MODEL TO COUNTLESS FEMALE 

2407
02:12:59,920 --> 02:13:00,240
SCIENTISTS.

2408
02:13:00,240 --> 02:13:04,840
I MISS HER A LOT, MY FRIEND, 

2409
02:13:04,840 --> 02:13:05,960
COLLEAGUE AND COMPANION.

2410
02:13:05,960 --> 02:13:07,640
>> I STILL REMEMBER THE
FIRST 

2411
02:13:07,640 --> 02:13:11,520
TIME I MET LESLIE.

2412
02:13:11,520 --> 02:13:15,760
I WAS A RECRUITED AS A POST-DOC 

2413
02:13:15,760 --> 02:13:17,800
IN HER LAB AND I WAS SEEING 

2414
02:13:17,800 --> 02:13:19,560
LESLIE FOR THE FIRST TIME.

2415
02:13:19,560 --> 02:13:21,920
BEFORE THE MEETING I WAS WORRIED

2416
02:13:21,920 --> 02:13:22,560
AND NERVOUS.

2417
02:13:22,560 --> 02:13:28,240
I WAS WORRIED ABOUT MY POOR 

2418
02:13:28,240 --> 02:13:38,720
ENGLISH AND SHE SPOKE TO ME 

2419
02:13:39,440 --> 02:13:44,600
TRYING TO MAKE ME UNDERSTAND 

2420
02:13:44,600 --> 02:13:47,000
HER.

2421
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:48,120
SHE WAS VERY PATIENT.

2422
02:13:48,120 --> 02:13:53,720
SHE SMILED AT ME AND ENCOURAGED 

2423
02:13:53,720 --> 02:14:04,240
ME TO SPEAK OUT AND HELPED MANY 

2424
02:14:14,680 --> 02:14:14,880
SCHOLARS.

2425
02:14:14,880 --> 02:14:16,600
I REMEMBER VERY CLEARLY SHE WAS 

2426
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:20,360
THE FIRST PERSON TO WISH ME A 

2427
02:14:20,360 --> 02:14:22,200
HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY.

2428
02:14:22,200 --> 02:14:24,520
LESLIE HAS LEFT US FOR ALMOST 

2429
02:14:24,520 --> 02:14:28,080
TWO YEARS BUT I NEVER FEEL SHE 

2430
02:14:28,080 --> 02:14:29,360
REALLY LEFT US.

2431
02:14:29,360 --> 02:14:30,800
SHE'S STILL WITH US.

2432
02:14:30,800 --> 02:14:34,000
I MISS HER VERY MUCH.

2433
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:41,040
I WILL ALWAYS REMEMBER HER.

2434
02:14:41,040 --> 02:14:48,200
>> IN 1991 I CAME TO THE
UNITED 

2435
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:53,080
STATES IN ORDER TO BECOME A 

2436
02:14:53,080 --> 02:14:58,040
POST-DOC AT NIH.

2437
02:14:58,040 --> 02:15:00,160
I ENDED UP STAYING FOR QUITE A 

2438
02:15:00,160 --> 02:15:03,360
LONG TIME UNTIL '98.

2439
02:15:03,360 --> 02:15:05,080
THIS WAS A WONDERFUL TIME I 

2440
02:15:05,080 --> 02:15:07,600
ENJOYED TREMENDOUSLY AND OF 

2441
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:09,040
COURSE IN THE SPIRIT I ALSO 

2442
02:15:09,040 --> 02:15:10,040
LEARNED MANY THINGS FROM MANY 

2443
02:15:10,040 --> 02:15:15,840
PEOPLE INCLUDING FROM LESLIE.

2444
02:15:15,840 --> 02:15:17,640
I LEARNED TO WRITE, HOW TO 

2445
02:15:17,640 --> 02:15:18,840
DESIGN EFFECTIVE SLIDES.

2446
02:15:18,840 --> 02:15:24,840
I LEARNED THE IMPORTANCE OF 

2447
02:15:24,840 --> 02:15:32,960
PREPARATION TO DELIVER 

2448
02:15:32,960 --> 02:15:34,720
PRESENTATIONS AND I LEARNED HOW 

2449
02:15:34,720 --> 02:15:36,840
IMPORTANT IT HAVE A GOOD GRASP 

2450
02:15:36,840 --> 02:15:38,600
OF LITERATURE TO PINPOINT THE 

2451
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:42,800
WRITE QUESTIONS TO FOLLOW-UP ON 

2452
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:45,440
IN EXPERIMENTS AND PERHAPS MORE 

2453
02:15:45,440 --> 02:15:47,040
FUNDAMENTALLY I LEARNED BY 

2454
02:15:47,040 --> 02:15:49,080
VIRTUE OF HAVING BECOME 

2455
02:15:49,080 --> 02:15:51,480
INTEGRATED IN THE WONDERFUL 

2456
02:15:51,480 --> 02:15:56,040
GROUP OF STAFF MEMBERS AND OTHER

2457
02:15:56,040 --> 02:15:58,400
POST-DOCS THAT LESLIE HAS 

2458
02:15:58,400 --> 02:16:00,720
SURROUNDED SUR HEAVILY WITH OVER

2459
02:16:00,720 --> 02:16:11,200
THE YEARS I LEARNED FROM THAT 

2460
02:16:13,480 --> 02:16:14,600
HOW IMPORTANT IT LOVE EACH OTHER

2461
02:16:14,600 --> 02:16:17,400
AND APPRECIATE EACH OTHER TO 

2462
02:16:17,400 --> 02:16:24,440
CREATE GOOD SCIENCE.

2463
02:16:24,440 --> 02:16:30,840
IT'S SOMETHING I'VE CARRIED WITH

2464
02:16:30,840 --> 02:16:33,640
ME BECAUSE WE'VE ENJOYED EACH 

2465
02:16:33,640 --> 02:16:35,640
OTHER'S COMPANY SO MUCH WE ALSO 

2466
02:16:35,640 --> 02:16:37,760
COULD DO GOOD WORK AND 

2467
02:16:37,760 --> 02:16:39,080
COLLABORATE WITH EACH OTHER IN 

2468
02:16:39,080 --> 02:16:47,440
CREATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE MANNERS.

2469
02:16:47,440 --> 02:16:52,520
WHAT MAKES LESLIE SUCH A GREAT 

2470
02:16:52,520 --> 02:16:54,840
SCIENTIST IS PUTTING OUT JUST 

2471
02:16:54,840 --> 02:16:56,840
NOT THEORIES AND PAPERS THAT 

2472
02:16:56,840 --> 02:16:59,440
WILL BE RELEVANT FOR YEARS TO 

2473
02:16:59,440 --> 02:17:00,480
COME BUT ALSO HOW MANY PEOPLE 

2474
02:17:00,480 --> 02:17:03,720
SHE GAVE EXACTLY THE RIGHT 

2475
02:17:03,720 --> 02:17:08,040
LUGGAGE TO THEIR WAY IN THEIR 

2476
02:17:08,040 --> 02:17:09,720
POST-NIH SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT 

2477
02:17:09,720 --> 02:17:14,560
AND IN THEIR CAREER DEVELOPMENT 

2478
02:17:14,560 --> 02:17:16,280
AND IN THE COURT OF THEIR LIFE 

2479
02:17:16,280 --> 02:17:16,640
IN GENERAL.

2480
02:17:16,640 --> 02:17:21,040
I'M DEFINITELY ONE OF THOSE WHO 

2481
02:17:21,040 --> 02:17:29,040
LESLIE PUT ON THE WAY WITH 

2482
02:17:29,040 --> 02:17:35,480
USEFUL I'M IN MY LUGGAGE AND I'M

2483
02:17:35,480 --> 02:17:36,840
GRATEFUL FOR THAT AND GRATEFUL 

2484
02:17:36,840 --> 02:17:43,800
TO A GREAT SCIENTIST WHO HAS 

2485
02:17:43,800 --> 02:17:45,040
COMPLETED SO MUCH NEUROSCIENCE 

2486
02:17:45,040 --> 02:17:48,840
AND ALSO TOUCHED SO MANY LIVES 

2487
02:17:48,840 --> 02:17:59,120
INCLUDING MINE.

2488
02:17:59,520 --> 02:18:00,240
THANK YOU.

2489
02:18:00,240 --> 02:18:02,160
>> I STARTED AT U.C. DAVIS
IN 

2490
02:18:02,160 --> 02:18:05,040
THE EARLY 1990s.

2491
02:18:05,040 --> 02:18:07,760
AT THE SCIENTIST NEURO 

2492
02:18:07,760 --> 02:18:08,880
SCIENTISTS WERE LOOKING AT 

2493
02:18:08,880 --> 02:18:10,960
PROPERTIES OF NEURONS, WHAT THEY

2494
02:18:10,960 --> 02:18:12,880
RESPOND TO AND THE ANATOMICAL 

2495
02:18:12,880 --> 02:18:14,760
CONNECTS BETWEEN AREAS IN ORDER 

2496
02:18:14,760 --> 02:18:17,040
TO MAKE INCREASINGLY MORE 

2497
02:18:17,040 --> 02:18:18,800
DETAILED MAPS OF FUNCTIONAL 

2498
02:18:18,800 --> 02:18:19,960
BRAIN REGIONS.

2499
02:18:19,960 --> 02:18:23,720
THIS IS A LOT OF COMPLEXITY TO 

2500
02:18:23,720 --> 02:18:25,040
ABSORB WHEN EACH MONTH THERE 

2501
02:18:25,040 --> 02:18:29,040
WERE SEEMINGLY MORE CONNECTIONS.

2502
02:18:29,040 --> 02:18:33,040
A SEMINAR LOOKED AT THE 

2503
02:18:33,040 --> 02:18:36,560
FUNCTI

2504
02:18:36,560 --> 02:18:37,240
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 

2505
02:18:37,240 --> 02:18:40,880
REGIONS BUT IT WAS PACKAGED 

2506
02:18:40,880 --> 02:18:41,120
DIFFERENT.

2507
02:18:41,120 --> 02:18:43,760
THE DISTILLATION OF WHAT AND 

2508
02:18:43,760 --> 02:18:44,440
WHERE PATHWAYS WAS SOMETHING 

2509
02:18:44,440 --> 02:18:46,520
EVEN A FIRST-YEAR GRADUATE 

2510
02:18:46,520 --> 02:18:48,080
STUDENT COULD UNDERSTAND AND 

2511
02:18:48,080 --> 02:18:48,840
EMPLOY TO UNDERSTAND THE 

2512
02:18:48,840 --> 02:18:51,280
INFORMATION INTO A MENTAL MAP OF

2513
02:18:51,280 --> 02:18:51,960
THE BRAIN.

2514
02:18:51,960 --> 02:18:54,240
I FIRST MET LESLIE IN PERSON 

2515
02:18:54,240 --> 02:18:55,520
DURING MY SECOND YEAR IN 

2516
02:18:55,520 --> 02:18:59,240
GRADUATE SCHOOL AND I WAS OFF TO

2517
02:18:59,240 --> 02:19:00,920
MY FIRST POSTER PRESENTATION AT 

2518
02:19:00,920 --> 02:19:03,120
THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE.

2519
02:19:03,120 --> 02:19:06,600
THE POSTER EXAMINES ATTENTION 

2520
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:09,040
VERSUS OBJECT FEATURES.

2521
02:19:09,040 --> 02:19:11,960
JUST AFTER THE CROWDS VENTURE 

2522
02:19:11,960 --> 02:19:15,960
THE HALL A SHORT WOMAN WAUKTD 

2523
02:19:15,960 --> 02:19:17,360
WALKED UP TO ME AND SAID WHAT'S 

2524
02:19:17,360 --> 02:19:18,800
THE ANSWER AND I WAS ABOUT TO 

2525
02:19:18,800 --> 02:19:20,000
LAUNCH INTO THE ANSWER BUT THE 

2526
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:22,200
WOMAN SAID, JUST TELL ME WHAT 

2527
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:23,760
YOU FOUND.

2528
02:19:23,760 --> 02:19:26,920
I CUT TO THE FINAL PANEL WITH 

2529
02:19:26,920 --> 02:19:30,600
THE SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS AND 

2530
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:34,000
SAID, HUH, AND MOVED ON AND THIS

2531
02:19:34,000 --> 02:19:40,040
PERSON SAID WHOA, THAT WAS 

2532
02:19:40,040 --> 02:19:40,480
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER.

2533
02:19:40,480 --> 02:19:42,200
FAST FORWARD FIVE YEARS AND I 

2534
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:45,880
WAS A POST-DOC WITH LESLIE.

2535
02:19:45,880 --> 02:19:49,040
AND THE COMMENTATOR WAS AN 

2536
02:19:49,040 --> 02:19:50,000
EXPERIENCE OF TOUGH LOVE AND 

2537
02:19:50,000 --> 02:19:53,040
PREPARING THE PAPER WAS HARDER.

2538
02:19:53,040 --> 02:19:57,040
IT'S NOT JUST THAT SHE WANTED 

2539
02:19:57,040 --> 02:19:58,560
THE PRESENTATION TO BE VIGOROUS 

2540
02:19:58,560 --> 02:20:00,600
BUT THERE WAS A GENERAL RUBRIC 

2541
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:02,280
BUT ALSO AN AFTER TO CRAFTING 

2542
02:20:02,280 --> 02:20:02,600
COMMUNICATION.

2543
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:04,280
IF YOU COULD, START WITH A VIVID

2544
02:20:04,280 --> 02:20:05,800
GRAPHIC THAT ILLUSTRATED THE 

2545
02:20:05,800 --> 02:20:07,200
PROBLEM AT HAND.

2546
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:08,560
FOR INSTANCE, THAT FAMOUS 

2547
02:20:08,560 --> 02:20:11,200
CROWDED BEACH SCENE THAT 

2548
02:20:11,200 --> 02:20:12,560
ACCOMPANIED MANY OF HER TALKS.

2549
02:20:12,560 --> 02:20:15,360
SECOND, IF YOU WERE WRITING A 

2550
02:20:15,360 --> 02:20:16,960
PAPER, IT HAD BETTER BE CLEAR BY

2551
02:20:16,960 --> 02:20:18,360
THE END OF THE INTRODUCTION THE 

2552
02:20:18,360 --> 02:20:19,240
QUESTION YOU SET OUT TO ANSWER 

2553
02:20:19,240 --> 02:20:20,880
AND WHY IT MATTERED.

2554
02:20:20,880 --> 02:20:22,960
AT LEAST ONCE BUT PROBABLY MORE 

2555
02:20:22,960 --> 02:20:24,480
TIMES THE RED COMMENTS IN THE 

2556
02:20:24,480 --> 02:20:28,280
MARGINS OF THE DRAFT SAID, SO 

2557
02:20:28,280 --> 02:20:28,720
WHAT.

2558
02:20:28,720 --> 02:20:30,800
THIRD, BY THE TIME YOU SHOWED 

2559
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:32,120
IMAGES OF YOUR DATA, IT SHOULD 

2560
02:20:32,120 --> 02:20:34,440
TALK FOR THEMSELVES.

2561
02:20:34,440 --> 02:20:36,640
THE TITLE SHOULD BE IMPACTFUL 

2562
02:20:36,640 --> 02:20:37,360
AND DISTINCT.

2563
02:20:37,360 --> 02:20:40,200
KEY DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE 

2564
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:43,400
TIMES AND GRAPHS SO OBVIOUS 

2565
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:48,560
SOMEONE SHOULD ABLE TO 

2566
02:20:48,560 --> 02:20:49,840
INSTANTANEOUSLY UNDERSTAND THE 

2567
02:20:49,840 --> 02:20:50,840
FINDING AND WHAT WAS GAINED BY 

2568
02:20:50,840 --> 02:20:53,040
THE EXPERIMENT AND WHAT THE NEXT

2569
02:20:53,040 --> 02:20:54,680
QUESTION SHOULD BE.

2570
02:20:54,680 --> 02:20:57,880
LESLIE COULD BE BRUTAL IN HER 

2571
02:20:57,880 --> 02:20:59,560
FRANKNESS BUT WASN'T CRITICIZING

2572
02:20:59,560 --> 02:21:01,520
OUR ABILITIES IT WAS HOW TO TELL

2573
02:21:01,520 --> 02:21:02,560
CLEARER STORIES WITH OUR DATA 

2574
02:21:02,560 --> 02:21:03,720
AND THIS WAS SUCH AN IMPORTANT 

2575
02:21:03,720 --> 02:21:05,880
SKILL THAT HAS SERVED ME WELL 

2576
02:21:05,880 --> 02:21:08,080
THOUGH I AM NOT ENGAGED IN 

2577
02:21:08,080 --> 02:21:12,160
HANDS-ON RESEARCH ANYMORE.

2578
02:21:12,160 --> 02:21:14,600
BEING ABLE TO EXPLAIN IS KEY TO 

2579
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:15,840
WHETHER THE KNOWLEDGE IS 

2580
02:21:15,840 --> 02:21:16,800
TRANSLATED TO POLICIES THAT 

2581
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:27,040
AFFECT PUBLIC HEALTH.

2582
02:21:27,040 --> 02:21:29,000
>> THE REST IS SILENCE.

2583
02:21:29,000 --> 02:21:32,160
THOSE ARE THE LAST WORDS OF 

2584
02:21:32,160 --> 02:21:35,400
HAMLET OR SHAKESPEARE PUTS IN 

2585
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:39,520
HAMLET'S MOUTH BEFORE HE DIES 

2586
02:21:39,520 --> 02:21:40,560
AND SUMMARIZES SHAKESPEARE'S 

2587
02:21:40,560 --> 02:21:41,760
PHILOSOPHY OF DEATH.

2588
02:21:41,760 --> 02:21:42,960
I CONFESS IT TOUCHED ME DEEPLY 

2589
02:21:42,960 --> 02:21:53,320
WHEN I READ IT FIRST.

2590
02:22:10,360 --> 02:22:11,960
AND SOME LIVES AT LEAST CHANGE 

2591
02:22:11,960 --> 02:22:13,400
THE WORLD AND LEAVE THE EFFECT 

2592
02:22:13,400 --> 02:22:15,800
IN THE WORLD AND THOSE AFFECTS 

2593
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:18,840
WE CONTINUE TO ECHO IN THE WORLD

2594
02:22:18,840 --> 02:22:21,200
EVEN LONG AFTER THE DEATH OF THE

2595
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:28,040
PEOPLE WHO CREATED THOSE NOISES.

2596
02:22:28,040 --> 02:22:31,320
IN THE CASE OF LIFE AND DEATH OF

2597
02:22:31,320 --> 02:22:33,000
LESLIE UNGERLEIDER, I THINK WE 

2598
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:36,520
ARE FACING THE CLEAR EXAMPLE OF 

2599
02:22:36,520 --> 02:22:36,840
THAT.

2600
02:22:36,840 --> 02:22:39,880
LESLIE WAS A TOWERING FIGURE IN 

2601
02:22:39,880 --> 02:22:41,440
THE HISTORY OF SYSTEMS 

2602
02:22:41,440 --> 02:22:44,280
NEUROSCIENCE AND COGNITIVE 

2603
02:22:44,280 --> 02:22:44,600
NEUROSCIENCE.

2604
02:22:44,600 --> 02:22:51,400
SHE HAS WORKED THE LANDSCAPE THE

2605
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:56,120
NAIVE UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE 

2606
02:22:56,120 --> 02:22:59,000
BRAIN AND HAS MADE STILL USE AND

2607
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:00,840
WILL USE IN ORDER TO CONTINUE 

2608
02:23:00,840 --> 02:23:10,760
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THIS 

2609
02:23:10,760 --> 02:23:11,640
BRAIN WORKS.

2610
02:23:11,640 --> 02:23:12,840
LESLIE HAS TRAINED MANY PEOPLE 

2611
02:23:12,840 --> 02:23:19,800
AND TOUCHED MANY PEOPLE.

2612
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:21,400
HER EFFECTS WILL CONTINUE IN THE

2613
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:28,120
WORLD.

2614
02:23:28,120 --> 02:23:30,840
IN THAT SENSE SHE HAS MANAGED TO

2615
02:23:30,840 --> 02:23:34,560
OUTLIVE HERE OWN LIFE, IF YOU 

2616
02:23:34,560 --> 02:23:34,840
WILL.

2617
02:23:34,840 --> 02:23:36,720
LESLIE, AT LEAST FOR YOU, THE 

2618
02:23:36,720 --> 02:23:47,080
REST IS NOT SILENCE.

2619
02:24:05,120 --> 02:24:09,720
>> YOUR ENDORSEMENT MEANT
A LOT 

2620
02:24:09,720 --> 02:24:12,040
TO A YOUNG POST-DOC AT ME AT THE

2621
02:24:12,040 --> 02:24:17,040
TIME WHO FELT LIKE AN IMPOSTER 

2622
02:24:17,040 --> 02:24:18,840
GETTING EXTERNAL VALIDATION AND 

2623
02:24:18,840 --> 02:24:23,720
TO KEEP YOU UPDATED, ELI AND I 

2624
02:24:23,720 --> 02:24:25,080
DID TRY SCIENCE BUT GOT A 

2625
02:24:25,080 --> 02:24:25,720
REJECTION UNFORTUNATELY.

2626
02:24:25,720 --> 02:24:29,040
THE GOOD NEWS IS THAT WE FINALLY

2627
02:24:29,040 --> 02:24:33,040
MANAGED TO PUBLISHING IT ON 

2628
02:24:33,040 --> 02:24:35,160
COMMUNICATIONS RECENTLY.

2629
02:24:35,160 --> 02:24:36,680
IT WAS CERTAINLY NOT EASY WITH 

2630
02:24:36,680 --> 02:24:41,640
TWO ROUNDS OF APPEAL THAT 

2631
02:24:41,640 --> 02:24:44,320
RESULTED AN A 35-PAGE REVIEW 

2632
02:24:44,320 --> 02:24:45,440
FILE, IF YOU'RE CURIOUS.

2633
02:24:45,440 --> 02:24:46,680
ANYWAY, I HOPE YOU WOULD HAVE 

2634
02:24:46,680 --> 02:24:50,080
BEEN HAPPY WITH THE OUTCOME.

2635
02:24:50,080 --> 02:24:51,440
I CAN ALMOST SEE THE TWINGE AP 

2636
02:24:51,440 --> 02:24:54,840
IN YOUR EYES AGAIN WITH MY 

2637
02:24:54,840 --> 02:24:55,640
MIND'S EYE.

2638
02:24:55,640 --> 02:24:57,720
I ALSO REMEMBER TOWARDS THE END 

2639
02:24:57,720 --> 02:24:59,720
OF MANY OF OUR MEETINGS YOU 

2640
02:24:59,720 --> 02:25:03,280
WANTED TO KNOW HOW MY POST-BAC 

2641
02:25:03,280 --> 02:25:03,600
IS DOING.

2642
02:25:03,600 --> 02:25:06,000
NOW I'M VERY HAPPY TO LET YOU 

2643
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:10,640
KNOW THAT JASON WENT TO NEW YORK

2644
02:25:10,640 --> 02:25:12,840
MEDICAL COLLEGE AND THE NEW 

2645
02:25:12,840 --> 02:25:15,520
POST-BAC IS DOING EXTREMELY 

2646
02:25:15,520 --> 02:25:16,120
WELL.

2647
02:25:16,120 --> 02:25:18,440
LESLIE, I KNOW THIS IS VERY 

2648
02:25:18,440 --> 02:25:20,000
BRIEF BUT I WILL KEEP YOU UPDATE

2649
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:21,840
FROM TIME TO TIME.

2650
02:25:21,840 --> 02:25:23,720
>> DEAR FRIENDS, MANY
THANKS FOR

2651
02:25:23,720 --> 02:25:26,480
GIVING ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO 

2652
02:25:26,480 --> 02:25:29,040
CONTRIBUTE TO THIS SYMPOSIUM IN 

2653
02:25:29,040 --> 02:25:34,680
LESLIE'S HONOR.

2654
02:25:34,680 --> 02:25:45,160
I'M CHIMING IN FROM HALL -- 

2655
02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:46,160
HAMBURG.

2656
02:25:46,160 --> 02:25:50,640
I HAVE EXPERIENCED LESLIE AS A 

2657
02:25:50,640 --> 02:25:54,400
VERY GENEROUS PERSON WITH A GOOD

2658
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:58,600
SENSE OF HUMOR.

2659
02:25:58,600 --> 02:25:59,880
AND WE HAD MANY LAUGHS WHEN WE 

2660
02:25:59,880 --> 02:26:01,640
WORKED ON OUR PROJECTS AND I 

2661
02:26:01,640 --> 02:26:09,040
WANTED TO SHARE OTHER MOMENTS I 

2662
02:26:09,040 --> 02:26:19,600
FOUND  -- FOND MEMORIES AND WHEN

2663
02:26:20,160 --> 02:26:26,560
SHE WAS DONE WORKING ON A 

2664
02:26:26,560 --> 02:26:28,600
MANUSCRIPT AND SHE'D CALL US IN 

2665
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:30,840
THE OFFICE AND SHE WOULD SIT US 

2666
02:26:30,840 --> 02:26:38,080
DOWN AND WE WOULD GO OVER EACH 

2667
02:26:38,080 --> 02:26:40,360
ITEM ON THE MANUSCRIPT AND THE 

2668
02:26:40,360 --> 02:26:42,840
COMMENTS READ LIKE, THIS IS 

2669
02:26:42,840 --> 02:26:43,080
OPAQUE.

2670
02:26:43,080 --> 02:26:45,360
THIS DOESN'T MAKE SENSE, 

2671
02:26:45,360 --> 02:26:46,640
EXPLANATION MARK.

2672
02:26:46,640 --> 02:26:48,280
AND SHE WOULD INSIST AS 

2673
02:26:48,280 --> 02:26:49,440
TORTUROUS AS IT WAS TO GO 

2674
02:26:49,440 --> 02:26:51,560
THROUGH EACH AND EVERY ONE OF 

2675
02:26:51,560 --> 02:26:54,840
THOSE COMMENTS UNTIL SHE WAS 

2676
02:26:54,840 --> 02:26:55,840
HAPPY.

2677
02:26:55,840 --> 02:26:57,480
ANOTHER LESSON WAS IF LESLIE 

2678
02:26:57,480 --> 02:27:00,080
SAID THIS SENTENCE SHOULD BE 

2679
02:27:00,080 --> 02:27:01,360
THIS WAY AND YOU WANT TO LEAVE 

2680
02:27:01,360 --> 02:27:04,480
WITH THAT AND TRY TO PASS IT BY 

2681
02:27:04,480 --> 02:27:07,760
HER ANOTHER TIME SHE'D COME BACK

2682
02:27:07,760 --> 02:27:10,200
TO THE SAME REMARK UNTIL IT HAD 

2683
02:27:10,200 --> 02:27:12,240
THE SHAPE SHE SUGGESTED.

2684
02:27:12,240 --> 02:27:13,800
NEVER IGNORE LESLIE'S COMMENTS 

2685
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:15,120
AND MY FINAL MEMORY IS WORKING 

2686
02:27:15,120 --> 02:27:17,360
WITH HER ON A REVISION FOR ONE 

2687
02:27:17,360 --> 02:27:20,000
OF OUR FIRST MANUSCRIPTS 

2688
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:22,560
ACTUALLY WHEN WE WERE IN 

2689
02:27:22,560 --> 02:27:24,800
BUDAPEST AND MANY OF YOU HAVE 

2690
02:27:24,800 --> 02:27:27,880
BEEN TO MEETINGS OF OMPM AND NOW

2691
02:27:27,880 --> 02:27:33,920
WE'RE TALKING THE OHPM MEETING 

2692
02:27:33,920 --> 02:27:37,360
MIDDLE OF JUNE IN 2004 IN 

2693
02:27:37,360 --> 02:27:38,480
BUDAPEST AND THERE'S MANY THINGS

2694
02:27:38,480 --> 02:27:40,640
TO DO OTHER THAN WORKING ON A 

2695
02:27:40,640 --> 02:27:41,960
MANUSCRIPT AND LESLIE ASKED US 

2696
02:27:41,960 --> 02:27:43,520
TO COME TO HER HOTEL ROOM AND 

2697
02:27:43,520 --> 02:27:47,360
WORK ON THE REVISIONS WITH HER 

2698
02:27:47,360 --> 02:27:49,120
AND SO SHAWN AND I WENT THERE 

2699
02:27:49,120 --> 02:27:51,440
AND WE BASICALLY SPENT THE 

2700
02:27:51,440 --> 02:27:53,080
ENTIRE EVENING REVISING THE 

2701
02:27:53,080 --> 02:27:58,200
MANUSCRIPT UNTIL LESLIE WAS 

2702
02:27:58,200 --> 02:27:59,760
HAPPY.

2703
02:27:59,760 --> 02:28:01,400
IT REACHED 8:00 P.M. AND 9:00 

2704
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:03,880
P.M. AND WE HAD OTHER PLANS TO 

2705
02:28:03,880 --> 02:28:06,120
GO OUT IN BUDAPEST SO WE WORKED 

2706
02:28:06,120 --> 02:28:07,920
ON THIS THING I THINK UNTIL LATE

2707
02:28:07,920 --> 02:28:10,080
AT NIGHT AND UNTIL IT WAS GOOD 

2708
02:28:10,080 --> 02:28:13,920
AND OF COURSE EVENTUALLY IT WAS 

2709
02:28:13,920 --> 02:28:14,240
ACCEPTED.

2710
02:28:14,240 --> 02:28:16,920
SO THAT ALSO WAS A GOOD DECISION

2711
02:28:16,920 --> 02:28:17,960
TO MAKE.

2712
02:28:17,960 --> 02:28:19,080
THANKS AGAIN FOR LETTING ME BE 

2713
02:28:19,080 --> 02:28:22,200
PART OF THE SYMPOSIUM TO HONOR 

2714
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:23,760
LESLIE AND SHE WILL ALWAYS HAVE 

2715
02:28:23,760 --> 02:28:27,480
A PLACE IN MY HEART.

2716
02:28:27,480 --> 02:28:33,760
>> MY NAME IS VALINDINOS
AND AN 

2717
02:28:33,760 --> 02:28:35,920
ASSIST PROFESSOR AT THE 

2718
02:28:35,920 --> 02:28:41,040
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY AND I WAS

2719
02:28:41,040 --> 02:28:45,040
A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW WITH D

2720
02:28:45,040 --> 02:28:48,880
DRDR

2721
02:28:48,880 --> 02:28:52,160
DR. UNGERLEIDER.

2722
02:28:52,160 --> 02:28:56,200
IT'S ALWAYS IN TTIMIDATING TO WK

2723
02:28:56,200 --> 02:29:00,840
WITH SOMEONE AS WELL KNOWN AS 

2724
02:29:00,840 --> 02:29:02,040
DR. UNGERLEIDER.

2725
02:29:02,040 --> 02:29:05,040
WE EVEN REFERRED TO HER AS 

2726
02:29:05,040 --> 02:29:09,040
LOYALTY BUT SHE NEVER MADE ME 

2727
02:29:09,040 --> 02:29:12,320
FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE OR IMPOSED 

2728
02:29:12,320 --> 02:29:15,000
HERSELF AS SUPERIOR THOUGH SHE 

2729
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:15,160
WAS.

2730
02:29:15,160 --> 02:29:17,800
SHE ASSUMED THE ROLE OF 

2731
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:18,720
COLLABORATOR AND PREFERRED TO 

2732
02:29:18,720 --> 02:29:20,400
WORK WITH ME ON RESEARCH 

2733
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,640
PROJECTS AND ON PUBLICATIONS AND

2734
02:29:23,640 --> 02:29:24,880
I THINK THIS COLLABORATIVE 

2735
02:29:24,880 --> 02:29:28,560
ASPECT OF HER MENTORSHIP WAS A 

2736
02:29:28,560 --> 02:29:30,840
KEY COMPONENT OF HER BEING A 

2737
02:29:30,840 --> 02:29:38,640
REALLY SUCCESSFUL MENTOR.

2738
02:29:38,640 --> 02:29:41,960
I TRY TO STRIVE HER STYLE OF 

2739
02:29:41,960 --> 02:29:45,040
MENTORSHIP WITH MY MENTEES.

2740
02:29:45,040 --> 02:29:46,800
THANK YOU, FOR EVERYTHING, 

2741
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:52,880
DR. UNGERLEIDER AND FOR YOUR 

2742
02:29:52,880 --> 02:29:53,080
TIME.

2743
02:29:53,080 --> 02:30:00,880
>> I MISS YOU SO MUCH.

2744
02:30:00,880 --> 02:30:04,080
THE E-MAILS STOPPED DECEMBER 7 

2745
02:30:04,080 --> 02:30:05,080
AND YOU HAD BEEN IN TERRIBLE 

2746
02:30:05,080 --> 02:30:10,240
PAIN FOR TWO DAYS.

2747
02:30:10,240 --> 02:30:18,840
WE ALL MISS YOU AND IT INCLUDES 

2748
02:30:18,840 --> 02:30:22,960
EVERYTHING YOU'VE DONE BUT WE 

2749
02:30:22,960 --> 02:30:24,480
DIDN'T REALIZE THIS TIME WAS 

2750
02:30:24,480 --> 02:30:24,720
DIFFICULT.

2751
02:30:24,720 --> 02:30:28,800
IT WAS A WONDERFUL JOURNEY 

2752
02:30:28,800 --> 02:30:30,120
WORKING WITH YOU.

2753
02:30:30,120 --> 02:30:33,520
I HAD LEARNED A LOT.

2754
02:30:33,520 --> 02:30:34,960
WITHOUT YOUR HELP AND 

2755
02:30:34,960 --> 02:30:36,640
ENCOURAGEMENT I COULD NOT GET 

2756
02:30:36,640 --> 02:30:38,720
THE PROJECT DONE.

2757
02:30:38,720 --> 02:30:41,040
THOUGH YOU LEFT EARTH, WE ARE 

2758
02:30:41,040 --> 02:30:45,000
STILL LEARNING FROM YOU.

2759
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:48,720
FROM YOUR PAPERS AND I'M SO 

2760
02:30:48,720 --> 02:30:54,080
PROUD TO PASS ON THIS KNOWLEDGE 

2761
02:30:54,080 --> 02:30:56,440
TO MY STUDENTS.

2762
02:30:56,440 --> 02:30:58,560
NOW THE TREE OF LESLIE HAS GROWN

2763
02:30:58,560 --> 02:30:58,960
SO WELL.

2764
02:30:58,960 --> 02:31:04,400
IT WAS ALL BECAUSE OF YOU.

2765
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:08,400
HI, LESLIE, HOW ARE YOU?

2766
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:12,440
>> HI, EVERYONE.

2767
02:31:12,440 --> 02:31:15,440
I'M CHAIR OF BIO PHYSIOLOGY AT 

2768
02:31:15,440 --> 02:31:16,400
THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.

2769
02:31:16,400 --> 02:31:18,640
I'M SORRY I COULDN'T BE THERE TO

2770
02:31:18,640 --> 02:31:19,840
CELEBRATE LESLIE AND CELEBRATE 

2771
02:31:19,840 --> 02:31:21,440
HER IMPACT ON THE FIELD IN TERMS

2772
02:31:21,440 --> 02:31:23,680
OF HER SCIENCE AND OUTSTANDING 

2773
02:31:23,680 --> 02:31:24,000
MENTORSHIP.

2774
02:31:24,000 --> 02:31:27,920
AS WE ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS TINY 

2775
02:31:27,920 --> 02:31:28,840
BUT MIGHTY.

2776
02:31:28,840 --> 02:31:32,880
I THINK ONE OF HER SUPER POWERS 

2777
02:31:32,880 --> 02:31:35,400
WAS BEING ABLE TO SPEAK HER MIND

2778
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:37,080
CLEARLY AND WITH AUTHORITY AND 

2779
02:31:37,080 --> 02:31:39,960
EVEN WHEN SHE WAS EXPRESSING 

2780
02:31:39,960 --> 02:31:40,800
SOMETHING CONTROVERSIAL PEOPLE 

2781
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:43,360
DIDN'T GET UPSET BECAUSE WE KNEW

2782
02:31:43,360 --> 02:31:44,960
IN MOST CASES SHE WAS CORRECT.

2783
02:31:44,960 --> 02:31:47,560
SEEING A WOMAN IN SCIENCE GARNER

2784
02:31:47,560 --> 02:31:48,640
SO MUCH RESPECT WHILE STILL 

2785
02:31:48,640 --> 02:31:55,440
BEING AUTHENTICALLY HERSELF HAD 

2786
02:31:55,440 --> 02:31:57,840
AN INFLUENCE ON ME AND WAS CLOR 

2787
02:31:57,840 --> 02:32:00,640
ON THE RESPONSIBILITY WE HAD FOR

2788
02:32:00,640 --> 02:32:01,920
NURTURING THE NEXT GENERATION.

2789
02:32:01,920 --> 02:32:03,680
LESLIE FACED OBSTACLES AND 

2790
02:32:03,680 --> 02:32:04,680
DIDN'T WANT OTHERS TO HAVE TO 

2791
02:32:04,680 --> 02:32:06,360
HAVE THE CHALLENGES.

2792
02:32:06,360 --> 02:32:08,480
SHE WAS A TREMENDOUS ADVOCATE 

2793
02:32:08,480 --> 02:32:09,920
AND SPONSOR FOR MANY YOUNG WOMEN

2794
02:32:09,920 --> 02:32:10,320
IN NEUROSCIENCE.

2795
02:32:10,320 --> 02:32:12,880
AS YOU ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS A 

2796
02:32:12,880 --> 02:32:16,400
DEEP THINKER, A RIGOROUS 

2797
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:18,600
SCIENTIST AND HAD HIGH STANDARDS

2798
02:32:18,600 --> 02:32:21,040
BUT WAS ALSO INCREDIBLY 

2799
02:32:21,040 --> 02:32:21,600
SUPPORTIVE AND ENCOURAGING.

2800
02:32:21,600 --> 02:32:23,680
I HAVE CLEAR MEMBERS OF HER 

2801
02:32:23,680 --> 02:32:27,440
SENDING ME OUT OF HER OFFICE 

2802
02:32:27,440 --> 02:32:30,520
WITH A "YOU CAN DO IT" AND I 

2803
02:32:30,520 --> 02:32:31,920
STILL TRY TO HEAR HER VOICE.

2804
02:32:31,920 --> 02:32:36,840
SHE WAS ONE OF A KIND AND 

2805
02:32:36,840 --> 02:32:37,440
GREATLY MISSED.

2806
02:32:37,440 --> 02:32:41,040
>> WHEN I STARTED AT THE
NIMH IN

2807
02:32:41,040 --> 02:32:45,000
THE '90'S, THERE WERE FEW WOMEN 

2808
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:46,520
SCIENTISTS AND VERY VERY FEW 

2809
02:32:46,520 --> 02:32:47,600
SENIOR WOMEN SCIENTISTS.

2810
02:32:47,600 --> 02:32:51,560
AND LESLIE WAS ONE OF THOSE.

2811
02:32:51,560 --> 02:32:55,400
SO OF COURSE I WAS DRAWN TO GET 

2812
02:32:55,400 --> 02:32:57,720
TO KNOW HER AND PLUS WE HAD 

2813
02:32:57,720 --> 02:32:58,520
SHARED SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS.

2814
02:32:58,520 --> 02:33:03,040
SHE BECAME A MENTOR TO ME.

2815
02:33:03,040 --> 02:33:06,840
SHE WAS JUST INCREDIBLE IN TERMS

2816
02:33:06,840 --> 02:33:09,040
OF -- WELL, FIRST HOW GENEROUS 

2817
02:33:09,040 --> 02:33:16,200
SHE WAS WITH HER TIME AND HOW 

2818
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:20,960
INCREDIBLY CRITICAL SHE HAD A 

2819
02:33:20,960 --> 02:33:22,320
MIND TO HONE IN ON THE MAJOR 

2820
02:33:22,320 --> 02:33:24,880
POINTS AND GET YOU THINKING IN 

2821
02:33:24,880 --> 02:33:31,400
IMPORTANT AND FUNDAMENTAL WAYS.

2822
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:33,800
I WAS GRATEFUL FOR THAT AND THE 

2823
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:34,640
MENTORING RELATIONSHIP TURNED 

2824
02:33:34,640 --> 02:33:39,800
INTO A FRIENDSHIP AND WE WOULD 

2825
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:42,720
HAVE LUNCH TOGETHER AND SHARE 

2826
02:33:42,720 --> 02:33:47,000
BOTH SCIENTIFIC AND PERSONAL 

2827
02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:57,480
JOYS AND WOES AND IT WAS A 

2828
02:33:58,160 --> 02:34:03,040
PLEASURE AND I MISS HER AND GLAD

2829
02:34:03,040 --> 02:34:05,040
HIS SYMPOSIUM'S IN HER HONOR.

2830
02:34:05,040 --> 02:34:06,200
IT'S EXTREMELY WELL DESERVED AND

2831
02:34:06,200 --> 02:34:16,520
WE MISS YOU, LESLIE.

2832
02:34:26,160 --> 02:34:27,840
THE NEXT -- THE AFTERNOON, WE

2833
02:34:27,840 --> 02:34:29,600
HAVE A WONDERFUL SET OF

2834
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:30,000
SPEAKERS.

2835
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:31,400
IT WAS SUCH A WONDERFUL MORNING.

2836
02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:34,920
I LEARNED SO MUCH AND IT WAS SO

2837
02:34:34,920 --> 02:34:35,240
INSPIRING.

2838
02:34:35,240 --> 02:34:38,840
AND I ACTUALLY JUST WANT TO SAY

2839
02:34:38,840 --> 02:34:39,880
A FEW WORDS.

2840
02:34:39,880 --> 02:34:42,280
FIRST OF ALL, LOOKING AT THIS

2841
02:34:42,280 --> 02:34:43,680
MORNING THERE WERE SO MANY --

2842
02:34:43,680 --> 02:34:47,400
ALREADY, IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR

2843
02:34:47,400 --> 02:34:50,160
PATTERNS AND THEMES, THERE'S

2844
02:34:50,160 --> 02:34:51,240
MANY OVERLAPPING PATTERNS AND

2845
02:34:51,240 --> 02:34:53,960
THEMES OF WAYS OF SAYING CERTAIN

2846
02:34:53,960 --> 02:34:54,960
THINGS ABOUT LESLIE.

2847
02:34:54,960 --> 02:34:57,240
BUT I HAVE A COUPLE INTERESTING

2848
02:34:57,240 --> 02:34:58,120
QUICK STORIES.

2849
02:34:58,120 --> 02:35:00,760
ONE I ALWAYS LIKE TO TELL IS

2850
02:35:00,760 --> 02:35:03,400
WHEN I WAS BEING RECRUITED HERE,

2851
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:07,760
SO BEFORE I CAME, THEY HAD

2852
02:35:07,760 --> 02:35:09,520
FUNCTIONAL MRI CERTAINLY, THE

2853
02:35:09,520 --> 02:35:12,440
NMR CENTER, BUT LESLIE ACTUALLY

2854
02:35:12,440 --> 02:35:14,440
WANTED SOMEBODY -- LESLIE KNEW

2855
02:35:14,440 --> 02:35:15,760
THAT fMRI WAS GOING TO BE

2856
02:35:15,760 --> 02:35:17,000
BIGGER AND MORE PEOPLE WOULD

2857
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:19,360
NEED IT SO SHE WANTED SOMEONE TO

2858
02:35:19,360 --> 02:35:21,880
BE IN HER GROUP, ALSO TO HELP

2859
02:35:21,880 --> 02:35:24,240
OUT AND ALSO TO ORGANIZE THE

2860
02:35:24,240 --> 02:35:30,080
FUNCTIONAL MRI CENTER, THAT WAS

2861
02:35:30,080 --> 02:35:30,960
1999.

2862
02:35:30,960 --> 02:35:32,360
SO, LESLIE ACTUALLY DURING A --

2863
02:35:32,360 --> 02:35:34,640
IT WAS ACTUALLY DURING A SITE

2864
02:35:34,640 --> 02:35:37,320
VISIT, LESLIE WAS A MEMBER OF A

2865
02:35:37,320 --> 02:35:38,600
SITE-VISITING TEAM AT THE

2866
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:39,200
MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN

2867
02:35:39,200 --> 02:35:40,440
WHETHER I WAS.

2868
02:35:40,440 --> 02:35:43,200
SHE TOOK ME ASIDE AND SET WE GOT

2869
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:43,960
THIS REALLY, REALLY GOOD

2870
02:35:43,960 --> 02:35:45,640
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU.

2871
02:35:45,640 --> 02:35:47,040
I LISTENED TO HER.

2872
02:35:47,040 --> 02:35:48,480
I CAME.

2873
02:35:48,480 --> 02:35:50,000
AND DURING THE RECRUITMENT

2874
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:51,200
PROCESS, IT WAS INTERESTING

2875
02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:53,080
BECAUSE I WAS REALLY BLOWN AWAY

2876
02:35:53,080 --> 02:35:57,960
WITH OF COURSE HOW WONDERFUL THE

2877
02:35:57,960 --> 02:35:59,800
RESOURCES WERE AND I REMEMBER I

2878
02:35:59,800 --> 02:36:01,040
WAS FEELING PRETTY GOOD BECAUSE

2879
02:36:01,040 --> 02:36:05,000
IT SEEMS I WAS ONE OF THE LAST

2880
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:07,520
CANDIDATES AND FEELING GOOD.

2881
02:36:07,520 --> 02:36:08,600
NOW IN THE NEGOTIATIONS,

2882
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:11,280
SOMETIMES YOU FEEL LIKE YOU HAVE

2883
02:36:11,280 --> 02:36:13,520
SOME ABILITY TO SORT OF

2884
02:36:13,520 --> 02:36:15,720
NEGOTIATE OR ELSE GO BACK AND

2885
02:36:15,720 --> 02:36:17,040
FORTH, DEPENDING ON WHO FEELS

2886
02:36:17,040 --> 02:36:18,640
LIKE THE OTHER PERSON WANTS THEM

2887
02:36:18,640 --> 02:36:19,640
MORE, WHATEVER.

2888
02:36:19,640 --> 02:36:22,320
BUT I REALLY WANTED TO GO.

2889
02:36:22,320 --> 02:36:24,200
BUT I WAS STARTING TO FEEL A

2890
02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:25,000
LITTLE BIT COMFORTABLE.

2891
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:29,520
I REMEMBER WE WERE OUT TO DINNER

2892
02:36:29,520 --> 02:36:31,200
WITH ALEX MARTIN, JIM HACKSBY,

2893
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:33,000
LESLIE AND MYSELF, THE ONE NIGHT

2894
02:36:33,000 --> 02:36:35,320
WE WERE TALKING.

2895
02:36:35,320 --> 02:36:36,760
AND DURING THE RECRUITMENT, WE

2896
02:36:36,760 --> 02:36:38,360
WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT WHAT

2897
02:36:38,360 --> 02:36:41,120
THEY HAVE, THINKING THIS IS

2898
02:36:41,120 --> 02:36:41,640
GREAT.

2899
02:36:41,640 --> 02:36:42,760
SHE PAUSED AND SAID, YOU KNOW,

2900
02:36:42,760 --> 02:36:45,080
I'M NOT -- I REALLY DON'T

2901
02:36:45,080 --> 02:36:46,040
KNOW -- I'M NOT REALLY SURE IF

2902
02:36:46,040 --> 02:36:50,000
YOU CAN HANDLE THIS JOB.

2903
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:50,360
[LAUGHTER]

2904
02:36:50,360 --> 02:36:51,960
AND IT WAS -- THE MORE I THINK

2905
02:36:51,960 --> 02:36:52,960
ABOUT THAT QUOTE, THAT WAS ONE

2906
02:36:52,960 --> 02:36:54,600
OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS I

2907
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:58,520
THINK LESLIE EVER SAID TO ME,

2908
02:36:58,520 --> 02:37:00,400
BECAUSE NOT ONLY WAS SHE, YOU

2909
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:02,560
KNOW, AS WE -- AS THE POINT WAS

2910
02:37:02,560 --> 02:37:04,040
MADE MANY TIMES IS SHE BLUNT,

2911
02:37:04,040 --> 02:37:06,640
BUT BLUNT IN A WAY THAT RIGHT

2912
02:37:06,640 --> 02:37:08,520
AWAY I FELT LIKE I REALLY

2913
02:37:08,520 --> 02:37:10,040
CONNECTED WITH HER IN THE SENSE

2914
02:37:10,040 --> 02:37:11,560
THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT'S KIND OF

2915
02:37:11,560 --> 02:37:14,960
WHAT I WOULD -- I WAS ONLY 32,

2916
02:37:14,960 --> 02:37:16,480
AND I WOULD PROBABLY WONDER IF,

2917
02:37:16,480 --> 02:37:18,600
YOU KNOW, IF I WERE RECRUITING

2918
02:37:18,600 --> 02:37:20,120
SOMEBODY IF THEY COULD HANDLE

2919
02:37:20,120 --> 02:37:20,600
IT.

2920
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:31,040
I MIGHT KEEP THAT IN MY 

2921
02:37:34,520 --> 02:37:39,600
 HEAD BUT IT'S GOOD TO BE 

2922
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:40,160
FORTHRIGHT.

2923
02:37:40,160 --> 02:37:41,320
FROM THAT MOMENT ON, I MADE SURE

2924
02:37:41,320 --> 02:37:43,680
THE REST OF THE EVENING I

2925
02:37:43,680 --> 02:37:45,080
CONVINCED THEM HOW MUCH I COULD

2926
02:37:45,080 --> 02:37:47,280
HANDLE THIS JOB AND I

2927
02:37:47,280 --> 02:37:48,400
COMPLETELY -- THERE WAS NO DOUBT

2928
02:37:48,400 --> 02:37:50,600
IN MY MIND I REALLY, REALLY,

2929
02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:52,000
REALLY WANTED THE JOB AFTER

2930
02:37:52,000 --> 02:37:56,760
THAT, AFTER SHE SAID THAT, WHICH

2931
02:37:56,760 --> 02:37:59,240
CHANGED THE WHOLE CONVERSATION.

2932
02:37:59,240 --> 02:38:01,560
SO, ONE OTHER THING THAT'S

2933
02:38:01,560 --> 02:38:03,040
RELATED TO HOW LESLIE -- HOW

2934
02:38:03,040 --> 02:38:04,680
ENGAGING SHE IS AS FAR AS THAT'S

2935
02:38:04,680 --> 02:38:06,560
CONCERNED, ONCE I GOT HERE,

2936
02:38:06,560 --> 02:38:09,520
RIGHT AWAY I STARTED

2937
02:38:09,520 --> 02:38:10,880
COLLABORATING WITH HER, WITH

2938
02:38:10,880 --> 02:38:12,280
POSTDOCS IN MY GROUP, THE THEME

2939
02:38:12,280 --> 02:38:17,120
THAT CAME UP AS WELL, PEOPLE SAY

2940
02:38:17,120 --> 02:38:19,120
THIS ABOUT PROFESSORS, SHE WAS

2941
02:38:19,120 --> 02:38:19,840
COMPLETELY ENGAGED WITH

2942
02:38:19,840 --> 02:38:20,120
EVERYBODY.

2943
02:38:20,120 --> 02:38:20,960
IF YOU WALKED IN THE ROOM YOU

2944
02:38:20,960 --> 02:38:23,960
WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON.

2945
02:38:23,960 --> 02:38:26,080
AND SHE WAS COMPLETELY IN THE

2946
02:38:26,080 --> 02:38:28,640
MOMENT WITH YOU WORKING ON WHAT

2947
02:38:28,640 --> 02:38:30,240
YOUR PROBLEMS WERE.

2948
02:38:30,240 --> 02:38:32,000
SHE HAD AN AMAZING INSIGHT INTO

2949
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:32,680
PARADIGM DESIGN.

2950
02:38:32,680 --> 02:38:36,960
OF COURSE HER KNOWLEDGE OF

2951
02:38:36,960 --> 02:38:39,680
ANATOMY WAS COMPLETE.

2952
02:38:39,680 --> 02:38:40,680
ENCYCLOPEDIC.

2953
02:38:40,680 --> 02:38:42,520
ALSO SHE GOT THE POINT.

2954
02:38:42,520 --> 02:38:43,960
SOMETIMES YOU WOULD BRING UP AN

2955
02:38:43,960 --> 02:38:46,040
INTERESTING IDEA, SHE WOULD

2956
02:38:46,040 --> 02:38:47,960
IMMEDIATELY GRASP IT AND BE

2957
02:38:47,960 --> 02:38:49,120
THERE HELPING YOU ALONG.

2958
02:38:49,120 --> 02:38:50,320
SHE SUFFERED THE DETAILS AS

2959
02:38:50,320 --> 02:38:53,040
WELL, AS CAME UP AS WELL.

2960
02:38:53,040 --> 02:38:55,920
SHE REALLY HAD A TREMENDOUS

2961
02:38:55,920 --> 02:38:57,840
ENERGY TO, AS WAS MENTIONED, IF

2962
02:38:57,840 --> 02:38:59,040
YOU'RE GOING OVER PAPERS, SHE

2963
02:38:59,040 --> 02:39:00,720
MADE SURE THAT THINGS WERE

2964
02:39:00,720 --> 02:39:00,920
CLEAR.

2965
02:39:00,920 --> 02:39:03,240
AND I THINK PART OF THIS CAME

2966
02:39:03,240 --> 02:39:05,640
FROM THE FACT THAT I THINK SHE

2967
02:39:05,640 --> 02:39:07,720
HAD SUCH A FEELING FOR PEOPLE

2968
02:39:07,720 --> 02:39:10,120
LIKE HOW THEY WOULD UNDERSTAND

2969
02:39:10,120 --> 02:39:12,320
WHAT YOU'RE SAYING, AND THE

2970
02:39:12,320 --> 02:39:14,400
EFFORT OF TRYING TO MAKE THIS

2971
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:16,280
CLEAR, TO COMMUNICATE, TO

2972
02:39:16,280 --> 02:39:18,120
CONNECT, AND SHE REALLY TOOK

2973
02:39:18,120 --> 02:39:21,760
THAT TO HEART MORE THAN ANYONE I

2974
02:39:21,760 --> 02:39:24,000
KNOW, THAT SCIENCE, YOU CAN MAKE

2975
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:25,360
GREAT SCIENCE, BUT YOU REALLY

2976
02:39:25,360 --> 02:39:27,320
HAVE TO WORK ON -- IT'S ALL

2977
02:39:27,320 --> 02:39:28,840
ABOUT COMMUNICATING.

2978
02:39:28,840 --> 02:39:30,400
OTHERWISE IT'S USELESS.

2979
02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:32,160
AND I THINK THAT THAT RUBBED OFF

2980
02:39:32,160 --> 02:39:34,000
ON ME A LOT.

2981
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:35,520
AND THE MORE I THINK ABOUT IT,

2982
02:39:35,520 --> 02:39:37,720
THE MORE I FEEL THAT WAS ONE THE

2983
02:39:37,720 --> 02:39:39,840
BEST THINGS I FEEL THAT RUBBED

2984
02:39:39,840 --> 02:39:42,440
OFF, TRYING TO BE ENGAGE AND

2985
02:39:42,440 --> 02:39:43,440
TRYING TO ACTUALLY REALLY CARE

2986
02:39:43,440 --> 02:39:44,480
ABOUT BEING CLEAR.

2987
02:39:44,480 --> 02:39:46,200
SHE ALWAYS DID THE CRITICISM,

2988
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:47,920
SHE NEVER MADE YOU FEEL BAD.

2989
02:39:47,920 --> 02:39:51,840
I MEAN, SHE WAS INCREDIBLY 

2990
02:39:51,840 --> 02:39:53,560
BLUNT, BUT YOU NEVER FELT LIKE

2991
02:39:53,560 --> 02:39:55,280
IT WAS PERSONAL, NEVER FELT IT

2992
02:39:55,280 --> 02:39:57,960
WAS SOMETHING -- IT WAS ALWAYS,

2993
02:39:57,960 --> 02:40:00,160
YOU KNOW, VERY MUCH FOCUSED ON

2994
02:40:00,160 --> 02:40:05,000
WHAT WAS NECESSARY TO BE CLEAR.

2995
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:07,480
AND, YEAH, DEFINITELY PREPARING

2996
02:40:07,480 --> 02:40:07,760
TALKS.

2997
02:40:07,760 --> 02:40:09,880
AND RELATED TO THIS IS THAT I

2998
02:40:09,880 --> 02:40:12,040
THINK THE TIMES WHERE OUR LAB

2999
02:40:12,040 --> 02:40:15,080
CAME TOGETHER THE MOST AS A

3000
02:40:15,080 --> 02:40:16,800
FAMILY WAS EVERY FOUR YEARS WE

3001
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:21,160
GO THROUGH WHAT'S CALLED A BOARD

3002
02:40:21,160 --> 02:40:22,600
OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS REVIEW,

3003
02:40:22,600 --> 02:40:24,320
AND THAT'S THE ONE TIME THAT THE

3004
02:40:24,320 --> 02:40:26,200
FOUR P.I.s COME TOGETHER AND

3005
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:27,560
REALLY SORT OF LIKE, YOU KNOW,

3006
02:40:27,560 --> 02:40:29,840
HUDDLE AND FIGURE OUT WHAT WE'RE

3007
02:40:29,840 --> 02:40:32,680
GOING TO TALK ABOUT, WHO IS

3008
02:40:32,680 --> 02:40:35,720
GOING TO TALK WHEN AND CRITIQUE

3009
02:40:35,720 --> 02:40:37,160
EACH OTHER'S TALKS.

3010
02:40:37,160 --> 02:40:38,920
THAT'S MAYBE RARE BUT LESLIE WAS

3011
02:40:38,920 --> 02:40:39,880
AMAZING ABOUT THAT.

3012
02:40:39,880 --> 02:40:41,320
YOU WOULD SHOW YOUR TALK.

3013
02:40:41,320 --> 02:40:42,840
SHE WOULD BE LIKE THAT'S NOT

3014
02:40:42,840 --> 02:40:44,040
CLEAR, THAT'S NOT CLEAR, THAT'S

3015
02:40:44,040 --> 02:40:44,720
NOT CLEAR.

3016
02:40:44,720 --> 02:40:46,440
YOU REALLY HAD TO IMPROVE.

3017
02:40:46,440 --> 02:40:48,480
AND YOU LOVED IT.

3018
02:40:48,480 --> 02:40:49,760
YOU LOVED DOING THAT.

3019
02:40:49,760 --> 02:40:54,920
IT WAS HARD BUT IT WAS JUST THIS

3020
02:40:54,920 --> 02:40:55,800
WONDERFUL -- THERE'S THE

3021
02:40:55,800 --> 02:40:56,560
SCIENCE, THERE'S THE

3022
02:40:56,560 --> 02:40:57,920
COMMUNICATION OF IT, BUT THERE'S

3023
02:40:57,920 --> 02:41:00,960
A SENSE OF COMING TOGETHER AS A

3024
02:41:00,960 --> 02:41:03,160
VERY HUMAN ACTIVITY OF BECOMING

3025
02:41:03,160 --> 02:41:04,960
BETTER AT COMMUNICATING WHAT

3026
02:41:04,960 --> 02:41:10,800
YOU'RE DOING AND CONVEYING THAT 

3027
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:11,160
MESSAGE.

3028
02:41:11,160 --> 02:41:16,280
SO THAT FELT REALLY AS FUN AS A

3029
02:41:16,280 --> 02:41:18,840
BSC PREPARATION COULD BE.

3030
02:41:18,840 --> 02:41:19,960
FINALLY ALONG THOSE LINES,

3031
02:41:19,960 --> 02:41:23,040
THAT'S PART OF THE REASON WHY --

3032
02:41:23,040 --> 02:41:25,240
I MEAN, IT WAS SO DIFFICULT WHEN

3033
02:41:25,240 --> 02:41:27,800
LESLIE PASSED AWAY IS BECAUSE OF

3034
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:29,520
THE FACT THAT WAS RIGHT IN THE

3035
02:41:29,520 --> 02:41:32,360
MIDST OF OUR PREPARATION FOR OUR

3036
02:41:32,360 --> 02:41:34,520
BSC, AND SO THERE WERE E-MAILS

3037
02:41:34,520 --> 02:41:36,080
GOING BACK AND FORTH, SHE WAS

3038
02:41:36,080 --> 02:41:38,360
LOOKING AND CRITIQUING OUR

3039
02:41:38,360 --> 02:41:40,360
STUFF, AND, YEAH, IT WAS VERY

3040
02:41:40,360 --> 02:41:41,880
POIGNANT WHEN I SAW ONE OF THE

3041
02:41:41,880 --> 02:41:43,400
TALKS TALKING ABOUT HER LAST

3042
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:43,880
E-MAIL.

3043
02:41:43,880 --> 02:41:46,360
GOING OVER MY LAST E-MAILS,

3044
02:41:46,360 --> 02:41:47,560
BASICALLY HER REMINDING ME OF

3045
02:41:47,560 --> 02:41:50,280
SOMETHING, AND THAT WAS IT.

3046
02:41:50,280 --> 02:41:52,160
YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN IT'S GOING

3047
02:41:52,160 --> 02:41:55,080
TO HAPPEN, BUT, YEAH, SHE WAS

3048
02:41:55,080 --> 02:41:57,360
INCREDIBLY ENGAGED, INCREDIBLY

3049
02:41:57,360 --> 02:41:59,480
IN THE MOMENT, ALL OF MY TIME

3050
02:41:59,480 --> 02:42:01,320
WORKING WITH HER.

3051
02:42:01,320 --> 02:42:05,080
AND HER INFLUENCE AS IDA

3052
02:42:05,080 --> 02:42:07,240
MENTIONED, HER INFLUENCE IS

3053
02:42:07,240 --> 02:42:10,200
MULTI-FACETED, AND I BELIEVE

3054
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:12,840
THAT IT'S REALLY, I FEEL, IN HOW

3055
02:42:12,840 --> 02:42:15,000
WELL SHE CONNECTED WITH PEOPLE,

3056
02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:20,160
HOW MUCH SHE CARED FOR NURTURING

3057
02:42:20,160 --> 02:42:24,000
ALL OF THE PEOPLE IN HER GROUP.

3058
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:25,640
ALSO THE EXAMPLE YOU SAW WITH

3059
02:42:25,640 --> 02:42:28,800
HER REALLY SUFFERING THE DETAILS

3060
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:33,280
OF BEING CLEAR AND COMMUNICATING

3061
02:42:33,280 --> 02:42:34,400
AND THINKING CLEARLY.

3062
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:35,520
AND REALIZING IT'S REALLY A

3063
02:42:35,520 --> 02:42:37,760
HUMAN ACTIVITY THAT WE ALL DO

3064
02:42:37,760 --> 02:42:38,000
HERE.

3065
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:39,840
WE DO SCIENCE, BUT WE'RE JUST

3066
02:42:39,840 --> 02:42:42,120
HUMANS AND WE'RE JUST TALKING TO

3067
02:42:42,120 --> 02:42:42,800
EACH OTHER.

3068
02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:44,360
AND SO -- AND THAT I THINK WILL

3069
02:42:44,360 --> 02:42:45,960
SPREAD A LOT.

3070
02:42:45,960 --> 02:42:47,600
THAT'S WHERE HER INFLUENCE I

3071
02:42:47,600 --> 02:42:49,680
THINK IS LARGEST OVER TIME,

3072
02:42:49,680 --> 02:42:50,920
ALONG WITH THE SCIENCE THAT

3073
02:42:50,920 --> 02:42:51,680
SHE'S DONE.

3074
02:42:51,680 --> 02:42:54,280
BUT HAVING ALL THOSE PEOPLE THAT

3075
02:42:54,280 --> 02:42:57,120
ENCOUNTERED HER THEN GOING ON,

3076
02:42:57,120 --> 02:42:58,560
SHARING SOME ASPECT OF THAT I

3077
02:42:58,560 --> 02:43:01,720
THINK WILL BE HIGHLY

3078
02:43:01,720 --> 02:43:03,320
INFLUENTIAL. 

3079
02:43:03,320 --> 02:43:03,600
THANK YOU.

3080
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:11,320
[APPLAUSE] 

3081
02:43:11,320 --> 02:43:12,560
SO I'M THE CHAIR OF THE

3082
02:43:12,560 --> 02:43:13,480
AFTERNOON SESSION.

3083
02:43:13,480 --> 02:43:17,360
THE FIRST SPEAKER WILL BE SUSAN

3084
02:43:17,360 --> 02:43:18,880
COURTNEY, FROM JOHNS HOPKINS

3085
02:43:18,880 --> 02:43:19,360
UNIVERSITY.

3086
02:43:19,360 --> 02:43:22,960
AND HER TALK IS ON THE 

3087
02:43:22,960 --> 02:43:24,360
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMICAL

3088
02:43:24,360 --> 02:43:26,000
CONNECTIVITY AND DYNAMICS OF

3089
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:28,440
COGNITIVE CONTROL.

3090
02:43:28,440 --> 02:43:38,480
 

3091
02:43:48,080 --> 02:43:50,120
>> THANK YOU, PETER, AND

3092
02:43:50,120 --> 02:43:50,400
ORGANIZERS.

3093
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:53,160
WE'VE ALREADY SEEN A LOT OF

3094
02:43:53,160 --> 02:43:56,120
RECURRING THEMES AND WE WILL

3095
02:43:56,120 --> 02:43:58,440
CONTINUE TO SEE THOSE RECURRING

3096
02:43:58,440 --> 02:43:58,680
THEMES.

3097
02:43:58,680 --> 02:44:02,600
I'M HONORED TO BE PART OF THIS

3098
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:04,120
CELEBRATION OF LESLIE'S LIFE,

3099
02:44:04,120 --> 02:44:08,080
HER RESEARCH, AND HER

3100
02:44:08,080 --> 02:44:08,640
MENTORSHIP.

3101
02:44:08,640 --> 02:44:10,680
LESLIE TAUGHT ME MANY, MANY

3102
02:44:10,680 --> 02:44:10,920
THINGS.

3103
02:44:10,920 --> 02:44:12,680
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS

3104
02:44:12,680 --> 02:44:16,400
HOW TO GIVE A TALK, AND SHE TOLD

3105
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:18,720
ME, QUOTE, "YOUR RESEARCH IS

3106
02:44:18,720 --> 02:44:21,880
USELESS UNTIL YOU COMMUNICATE IT

3107
02:44:21,880 --> 02:44:23,440
TO OTHERS."

3108
02:44:23,440 --> 02:44:26,160
SHE ALSO TOLD ME, SHOWED ME,

3109
02:44:26,160 --> 02:44:28,960
THAT IT IS NORMAL TO BE NERVOUS

3110
02:44:28,960 --> 02:44:30,200
ABOUT GIVING A TALK.

3111
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:34,160
EVEN THOUGH SHE NEVER SHOWED IT

3112
02:44:34,160 --> 02:44:35,560
ON STAGE.

3113
02:44:35,560 --> 02:44:38,200
SHE WAS ALWAYS INTERESTED TO

3114
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:39,400
HEAR ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE'S WORK,

3115
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:42,200
SO I'M GOING TO TELL YOU A

3116
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:44,440
LITTLE BIT ABOUT SOME OF THE

3117
02:44:44,440 --> 02:44:47,280
RESEARCH I DID WITH HER, MANY

3118
02:44:47,280 --> 02:44:50,560
YEARS AGO, AND HOW HER RESEARCH

3119
02:44:50,560 --> 02:44:55,760
AND HER MENTORING CONTINUES TO

3120
02:44:55,760 --> 02:44:58,200
GUIDE MY RESEARCH.

3121
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:01,960
LESLIE ALSO INGRAINED IN ME THE

3122
02:45:01,960 --> 02:45:03,920
SIGNIFICANCE OF DOUBLE

3123
02:45:03,920 --> 02:45:05,000
DISASSOCIATIONS IN INTERPRETING

3124
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:06,160
RESEARCH RESULTS.

3125
02:45:06,160 --> 02:45:10,400
AND THE IMPORTANCE OF LINKING

3126
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:12,440
ANATOMY, FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR.

3127
02:45:12,440 --> 02:45:15,160
MY FIRST SET OF NEUROIMAGING

3128
02:45:15,160 --> 02:45:17,680
EXPERIMENTS WAS AN EXTENSION OF

3129
02:45:17,680 --> 02:45:19,760
HER FAMOUS EXPERIMENTS ON THE

3130
02:45:19,760 --> 02:45:25,360
WHAT AND WHERE PATHWAYS IN

3131
02:45:25,360 --> 02:45:27,960
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES.

3132
02:45:27,960 --> 02:45:29,480
 

3133
02:45:29,480 --> 02:45:31,920
IN ONE OF THESE FIRST WHAT

3134
02:45:31,920 --> 02:45:34,200
VERSUS WHERE EXPERIMENTS WITH

3135
02:45:34,200 --> 02:45:37,400
LESLIE AND JIM HACKSBY,

3136
02:45:37,400 --> 02:45:38,360
PARTICIPANTS PERFORMED DELAYED

3137
02:45:38,360 --> 02:45:40,000
RECOGNITION TASKS IN WHICH THEY

3138
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:42,720
HELD IN WORKING MEMORY EITHER

3139
02:45:42,720 --> 02:45:45,040
THE LOCATIONS OR THE IDENTITIES

3140
02:45:45,040 --> 02:45:48,000
OF THREE FACES WHILE WE

3141
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:50,520
COLLECTED INFORMATION ABOUT

3142
02:45:50,520 --> 02:45:54,040
CHANGES IN NEURAL ACTIVITY

3143
02:45:54,040 --> 02:45:57,920
USING fMRI.

3144
02:45:57,920 --> 02:45:59,600
THE LOCATION TASK PRIMARILY

3145
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:04,200
ACTIVATED PARIETAL CORE NEXT, 

3146
02:46:04,200 --> 02:46:06,120
AND SUPERIOR FRONTAL SALCAS,

3147
02:46:06,120 --> 02:46:08,240
FACE IDENTITY TASK SHOWED

3148
02:46:08,240 --> 02:46:11,000
GREATER ACTIVATION IN INFERIOR

3149
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:14,600
FRONT CORTEX AND VENTRAL

3150
02:46:14,600 --> 02:46:16,040
OCCIPITAL AND TEMPORAL CORTICES.

3151
02:46:16,040 --> 02:46:18,320
AFTER I LEFT NIH AND STARTED MY

3152
02:46:18,320 --> 02:46:21,960
OWN LAB, WE DID A SERIES OF

3153
02:46:21,960 --> 02:46:22,920
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES WITH

3154
02:46:22,920 --> 02:46:24,480
ESSENTIALLY THE SAME WHAT VERSUS

3155
02:46:24,480 --> 02:46:28,400
WHERE COMPARISON AND DELAY

3156
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:30,360
RECOGNITION TASKS, USING fMRI

3157
02:46:30,360 --> 02:46:35,080
BUT WITH OTHER STIMULI, SUCH AS

3158
02:46:35,080 --> 02:46:41,200
HOUSES, FRACTALS, COLORS, AND

3159
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:43,560
SOUNDS, VOICES, SHOWING THE SAME

3160
02:46:43,560 --> 02:46:44,680
RESULTS ESSENTIALLY

3161
02:46:44,680 --> 02:46:47,400
DEMONSTRATING WHERE VERSUS WHERE

3162
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:51,520
DISASSOCIATION BOTH IN VISUAL

3163
02:46:51,520 --> 02:46:53,800
PATHWAYS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX.

3164
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:55,840
OF COURSE, LESLIE HAD ALREADY

3165
02:46:55,840 --> 02:47:00,560
PREDICTED THOSE FINDINGS FROM

3166
02:47:00,560 --> 02:47:01,120
NEUROANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS.

3167
02:47:01,120 --> 02:47:03,760
LESLIE REMINDED US THAT FUNCTION

3168
02:47:03,760 --> 02:47:07,920
IS NOT -- DOES NOT DEPEND ON

3169
02:47:07,920 --> 02:47:10,880
INDIVIDUAL BRAIN AREAS BUT ON

3170
02:47:10,880 --> 02:47:14,560
CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS AND THE

3171
02:47:14,560 --> 02:47:15,760
ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS THAT

3172
02:47:15,760 --> 02:47:18,320
DEFINE AND ORGANIZE THE SYSTEMS.

3173
02:47:18,320 --> 02:47:26,040
SO, WE ALSO STARTED LOOKING AT

3174
02:47:26,040 --> 02:47:27,920
ANTI-CONNECTIVITY IN HUMANS.

3175
02:47:27,920 --> 02:47:31,040
WE USED THE SAME FACES AND

3176
02:47:31,040 --> 02:47:32,000
LOCATIONS WORKING MEMORY TASKS

3177
02:47:32,000 --> 02:47:36,600
BUT THIS TIME OUR PARTICIPANT

3178
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:39,000
POPULATION WERE INDIVIDUALS WITH

3179
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:40,960
M.S. AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS,

3180
02:47:40,960 --> 02:47:46,280
AGES 25-55, SO NOT PARTICULARLY 

3181
02:47:46,280 --> 02:47:48,320
OLD, HEALTHY, MIDDLE-AGE

3182
02:47:48,320 --> 02:47:49,480
INDIVIDUALS.

3183
02:47:49,480 --> 02:47:51,000
THE INDIVIDUALS WITH M.S. ON

3184
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:53,320
AVERAGE PERFORMED SLIGHTLY WORSE

3185
02:47:53,320 --> 02:47:55,120
ON THIS TASK.

3186
02:47:55,120 --> 02:47:56,640
BUT NOT SIGNIFICANTLY SO.

3187
02:47:56,640 --> 02:47:59,560
AND THERE WAS A LOT OF

3188
02:47:59,560 --> 02:48:01,280
VARIABILITY ACROSS PARTICIPANTS.

3189
02:48:01,280 --> 02:48:06,360
SO, WE TESTED WHETHER WE COULD

3190
02:48:06,360 --> 02:48:09,320
RELATE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN

3191
02:48:09,320 --> 02:48:10,520
PERFORMANCE TO INDIVIDUAL

3192
02:48:10,520 --> 02:48:17,520
DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER

3193
02:48:17,520 --> 02:48:18,040
INTEGRITY.

3194
02:48:18,040 --> 02:48:22,840
WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT IF WE COULD

3195
02:48:22,840 --> 02:48:24,880
IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC TRACK

3196
02:48:24,880 --> 02:48:26,840
CRUCIAL FOR THE TASK AND

3197
02:48:26,840 --> 02:48:29,120
QUANTIFY AMOUNT OF DAMAGE IN THE

3198
02:48:29,120 --> 02:48:31,040
TRACT IN EACH INDIVIDUAL, THAT

3199
02:48:31,040 --> 02:48:34,320
THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE WOULD BE

3200
02:48:34,320 --> 02:48:38,080
CORRELATED WITH PERFORMANCE ON

3201
02:48:38,080 --> 02:48:38,960
THE TASK.

3202
02:48:38,960 --> 02:48:42,280
SO, MAYBE IF THERE WERE ONLY A

3203
02:48:42,280 --> 02:48:43,920
COUPLE SMALL POT HOLES ON THE

3204
02:48:43,920 --> 02:48:45,320
ROAD YOU CAN AVOID THEM AND

3205
02:48:45,320 --> 02:48:47,840
SPEED ON PAST, BUT IF THE HOLE

3206
02:48:47,840 --> 02:48:51,000
IS BIG OR THERE WERE LOTS OF

3207
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:53,000
HOLES, THEN GETTING FROM POINT A

3208
02:48:53,000 --> 02:49:00,400
TO POINT B WILL BE MORE

3209
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:01,320
IMPAIRED.

3210
02:49:01,320 --> 02:49:04,400
WE COLLECTED BOTH fMRI DATA

3211
02:49:04,400 --> 02:49:06,240
AND DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGES.

3212
02:49:06,240 --> 02:49:09,600
WE USED THE fMRI REGIONS

3213
02:49:09,600 --> 02:49:12,440
SHOWING DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION

3214
02:49:12,440 --> 02:49:15,720
FOR LOCATION AND FACE WORKING

3215
02:49:15,720 --> 02:49:18,560
MEMORY AS ROIs TO IDENTIFY

3216
02:49:18,560 --> 02:49:19,320
WHITE MATTER TRACTS CONNECTING

3217
02:49:19,320 --> 02:49:20,560
THOSE REGIONS.

3218
02:49:20,560 --> 02:49:24,920
ON THE RIGHT ARE THE DTI RESULTS

3219
02:49:24,920 --> 02:49:27,760
OF AN INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT.

3220
02:49:27,760 --> 02:49:28,840
WE CONSISTENTLY FOUND THREE

3221
02:49:28,840 --> 02:49:29,840
TRACTS.

3222
02:49:29,840 --> 02:49:32,360
WE THEN QUANTIFIED THE

3223
02:49:32,360 --> 02:49:33,440
MICROSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF

3224
02:49:33,440 --> 02:49:35,520
EACH TRACT WITHIN EACH

3225
02:49:35,520 --> 02:49:45,000
PARTICIPANT AND TESTED FOR 

3226
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:46,960
CORRELATIONS WITH PERFORMANCE.

3227
02:49:46,960 --> 02:49:53,200
TODAY I'LL FOCUS ON THIS VENTRAL

3228
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:55,280
TRACT IN BLUE.

3229
02:49:55,280 --> 02:49:59,640
IN THE GRAPH, THE SOLID BLACK

3230
02:49:59,640 --> 02:50:05,680
LINE HERE IS THE FRACTIONAL

3231
02:50:05,680 --> 02:50:08,560
ANISOPATRY FROM ANTERIOR --

3232
02:50:08,560 --> 02:50:11,600
POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR, ALONG

3233
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:15,880
THIS TRACT, IN THE HEALTHY

3234
02:50:15,880 --> 02:50:18,360
CONTROL SUBJECTS.

3235
02:50:18,360 --> 02:50:26,760
AT THE TWO ENDS, FA IS LOW, AS

3236
02:50:26,760 --> 02:50:30,400
THE TRACT SPREADS OUT, BUT IN 

3237
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,240
THE MIDDLE AS AXONS GROUP

3238
02:50:33,240 --> 02:50:35,040
TOGETHER FA IS NORMALLY QUITE

3239
02:50:35,040 --> 02:50:35,320
HIGH.

3240
02:50:35,320 --> 02:50:39,280
WE CALL THIS THE FA PROFILE OF

3241
02:50:39,280 --> 02:50:40,720
THE TRACT.

3242
02:50:40,720 --> 02:50:46,920
WE FIT EACH PERSON'S FA PROFILE

3243
02:50:46,920 --> 02:50:49,880
TO THIS AVERAGE HEALTHY PROFILE,

3244
02:50:49,880 --> 02:50:53,080
AND THE RESIDUAL INDICATES HOW

3245
02:50:53,080 --> 02:50:55,040
DIFFERENT THAT PERSON'S FA

3246
02:50:55,040 --> 02:51:00,880
PROFILE IS FROM THIS AVERAGE

3247
02:51:00,880 --> 02:51:06,960
HEALTHY PROFILE. 

3248
02:51:06,960 --> 02:51:08,000
IN BLUE -- OOPS.

3249
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:13,600
IN BLUE IS AN INDIVIDUAL WITH A

3250
02:51:13,600 --> 02:51:14,560
LOW RESIDUAL.

3251
02:51:14,560 --> 02:51:19,840
THIS INDIVIDUAL HAS M.S., BUT 

3252
02:51:19,840 --> 02:51:22,520
VERY LITTLE LOSS OF INTEGRITY.

3253
02:51:22,520 --> 02:51:24,280
IN RED HERE IS AN INDIVIDUAL

3254
02:51:24,280 --> 02:51:26,840
WITH M.S. WHO HAS A HIGH

3255
02:51:26,840 --> 02:51:27,680
RESIDUAL, AND THEREFORE

3256
02:51:27,680 --> 02:51:35,480
INDICATES A LOSS OF INTEGRITY.

3257
02:51:35,480 --> 02:51:38,440
IN AN ORDERED REGRESSION MODEL,

3258
02:51:38,440 --> 02:51:41,760
VARIABILITY IN INTEGRITY OF THIS

3259
02:51:41,760 --> 02:51:43,720
TRACT, THIS VENTRAL TRACT SHOWN

3260
02:51:43,720 --> 02:51:47,120
ON THE X-AXIS WAS SPECIFICALLY

3261
02:51:47,120 --> 02:51:49,520
CORRELATED WITH ACCURACY ON THE

3262
02:51:49,520 --> 02:51:52,680
IDENTITY WORKING MEMORY TASK, IN

3263
02:51:52,680 --> 02:51:55,880
THE INDIVIDUALS WITH M.S.

3264
02:51:55,880 --> 02:51:57,360
WHAT SURPRISED US SOMEWHAT WAS

3265
02:51:57,360 --> 02:52:01,240
THAT WE FOUND THE SAME RESULT IN

3266
02:52:01,240 --> 02:52:02,760
THE CONTROL PARTICIPANTS, THE

3267
02:52:02,760 --> 02:52:05,920
RANGE OF RESIDUALS IS SMALLER,

3268
02:52:05,920 --> 02:52:09,200
BUT THE RANGE OF DIFFERENCES ON

3269
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:13,960
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK IS

3270
02:52:13,960 --> 02:52:14,360
SIMILAR.

3271
02:52:14,360 --> 02:52:16,000
AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

3272
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,000
WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY IN THIS

3273
02:52:19,000 --> 02:52:22,680
PARTICULAR TRACT RUNNING BETWEEN

3274
02:52:22,680 --> 02:52:24,600
THE ACTIVATED REGIONS IN fMRI

3275
02:52:24,600 --> 02:52:26,280
FOR THAT TASK, THAT RELATIONSHIP

3276
02:52:26,280 --> 02:52:31,200
IS THE SAME IN THE TWO GROUPS.

3277
02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:36,920
SO, THIS SUGGESTED TO US THAT

3278
02:52:36,920 --> 02:52:38,520
M.S.-RELATED OR OTHER

3279
02:52:38,520 --> 02:52:42,480
SUBSTANTIAL LESIONS WERE NOT

3280
02:52:42,480 --> 02:52:45,120
NECESSARY FOR DIFFERENCES IN

3281
02:52:45,120 --> 02:52:47,640
MICROSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF

3282
02:52:47,640 --> 02:52:50,600
WHITE MATTER TRACT, WERE NOT

3283
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:52,680
NECESSARY TO DISRUPT

3284
02:52:52,680 --> 02:52:54,560
PERFORMANCE, EVEN SMALL

3285
02:52:54,560 --> 02:52:57,840
DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER

3286
02:52:57,840 --> 02:52:59,480
TRACT INTEGRITY, STRUCTURAL

3287
02:52:59,480 --> 02:53:03,200
CONNECTIVITY, MAYBE THAT IS

3288
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:04,080
AFFECTING FUNCTIONAL

3289
02:53:04,080 --> 02:53:05,080
CONNECTIVITY, RESULTING IN

3290
02:53:05,080 --> 02:53:09,720
SLOWED COMMUNICATION AND

3291
02:53:09,720 --> 02:53:13,280
IMPAIRED COGNITION.

3292
02:53:13,280 --> 02:53:16,760
BUT WHY WOULD SMALL DIFFERENCES

3293
02:53:16,760 --> 02:53:19,640
IN WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURE

3294
02:53:19,640 --> 02:53:20,280
AFFECT FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

3295
02:53:20,280 --> 02:53:24,640
SO MUCH THAT IT WOULD AFFECT

3296
02:53:24,640 --> 02:53:25,760
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE?

3297
02:53:25,760 --> 02:53:28,920
PERHAPS THE FUNCTION OF THE

3298
02:53:28,920 --> 02:53:30,120
COGNITIVE NETWORK DEPENDS NOT

3299
02:53:30,120 --> 02:53:35,800
JUST ON GETTING FROM A TO B NOR 

3300
02:53:35,800 --> 02:53:37,760
EVEN GETTING THERE QUICKLY; THE

3301
02:53:37,760 --> 02:53:40,720
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DYNAMIC

3302
02:53:40,720 --> 02:53:43,760
SYSTEM ALSO REQUIRES PRECISE

3303
02:53:43,760 --> 02:53:44,560
COORDINATION OF TIMING.

3304
02:53:44,560 --> 02:53:46,040
IF TIMING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS IS

3305
02:53:46,040 --> 02:53:47,720
MESSED UP, TRAFFIC WILL BE

3306
02:53:47,720 --> 02:53:48,080
SNARLED.

3307
02:53:48,080 --> 02:53:52,400
AND IF EVERYONE IS TALKING AT

3308
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:56,160
ONCE, THEN COMMUNICATION IS

3309
02:53:56,160 --> 02:53:56,920
IMPAIRED.

3310
02:53:56,920 --> 02:53:59,320
SO COGNITION REQUIRES NOT JUST

3311
02:53:59,320 --> 02:54:03,000
STRONG CONNECTIVITY BUT ALSO THE

3312
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:09,440
ABILITY TO RAPIDLY CHANGE 

3313
02:54:09,440 --> 02:54:11,680
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS

3314
02:54:11,680 --> 02:54:12,120
NEEDED.

3315
02:54:12,120 --> 02:54:14,720
WE DECIDED TO EXAMINE THIS ISSUE

3316
02:54:14,720 --> 02:54:16,840
IN ANOTHER PARTICIPANT

3317
02:54:16,840 --> 02:54:18,120
POPULATION, OLDER ADULTS.

3318
02:54:18,120 --> 02:54:20,520
EVEN IN OLDER ADULTS WHO DID NOT

3319
02:54:20,520 --> 02:54:24,160
HAVE ANY DIAGNOSIS OF COGNITIVE

3320
02:54:24,160 --> 02:54:26,880
IMPAIRMENT OR DISEASE, THERE'S A

3321
02:54:26,880 --> 02:54:29,000
GREAT DEAL OF VARIABILITY IN

3322
02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:30,480
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE, WHITE

3323
02:54:30,480 --> 02:54:33,000
MATTER INTEGRITY, AND FUNCTIONAL

3324
02:54:33,000 --> 02:54:33,560
CONNECTIVITY.

3325
02:54:33,560 --> 02:54:36,520
WE WANTED TO TEST FOR

3326
02:54:36,520 --> 02:54:38,120
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THESE FACTORS

3327
02:54:38,120 --> 02:54:41,240
AND IN PARTICULAR WHETHER THE

3328
02:54:41,240 --> 02:54:43,720
CRITICAL FACTOR WAS IMPAIRMENT

3329
02:54:43,720 --> 02:54:49,440
IN PRECISE TASK-RELATED CHANGES

3330
02:54:49,440 --> 02:54:51,080
IN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.

3331
02:54:51,080 --> 02:54:52,960
TO MEASURE THESE DYNAMICS WE

3332
02:54:52,960 --> 02:54:56,160
NEEDED A METHOD THAT HAD BETTER

3333
02:54:56,160 --> 02:54:58,120
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION THAN THE

3334
02:54:58,120 --> 02:54:59,560
HEMODYNAMICS OF fMRI.

3335
02:54:59,560 --> 02:55:03,960
SO, WE TURNED TO FUNCTIONAL

3336
02:55:03,960 --> 02:55:10,520
CONNECTIVITY MEASURED WITH EG

3337
02:55:10,520 --> 02:55:12,240
OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN THE

3338
02:55:12,240 --> 02:55:17,480
BRAIN IN MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES,

3339
02:55:17,480 --> 02:55:20,440
TODAY IN THE LEVEL OF 7 TO 13

3340
02:55:20,440 --> 02:55:22,800
HERTZ, ALPHA, AND HIGHER

3341
02:55:22,800 --> 02:55:26,000
FREQUENCIES GREATER THAN 30 

3342
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:28,200
HERTZ KNOWN AS GAMMA.

3343
02:55:28,200 --> 02:55:30,400
CONNECTIVITY IS MEASURED BY

3344
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:37,000
PHASE LOCKING VALUE, WHICH WE 

3345
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:42,880
REFER TO AS PLV. 

3346
02:55:42,880 --> 02:55:45,720
HOW CONSISTED PHASES OF

3347
02:55:45,720 --> 02:55:46,280
ACTIVITY.

3348
02:55:46,280 --> 02:55:49,000
IF TWO AREAS ARE CONSISTENT WITH

3349
02:55:49,000 --> 02:55:50,560
THE  THE SAME FREQUENCY THEY

3350
02:55:50,560 --> 02:55:52,480
WILL HAVE HIGH PLV.

3351
02:55:52,480 --> 02:55:55,000
IF EITHER OR BOTH FLUCTUATES

3352
02:55:55,000 --> 02:55:56,960
OVER TRIALS OR FANCY OF ONE IS

3353
02:55:56,960 --> 02:56:01,800
HIGHER OR LOWER THAN ANOTHER,

3354
02:56:01,800 --> 02:56:08,240
THEN PLV WILL BE LOWER.

3355
02:56:08,240 --> 02:56:09,600
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN

3356
02:56:09,600 --> 02:56:10,560
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES SHOW PHASE

3357
02:56:10,560 --> 02:56:13,480
LOCKING IS IMPORTANT FOR

3358
02:56:13,480 --> 02:56:16,040
EFFECTIVE TRANSMISSION OF

3359
02:56:16,040 --> 02:56:16,720
INFORMATION FROM ONE POPULATION

3360
02:56:16,720 --> 02:56:18,280
OF CELLS TO ANOTHER.

3361
02:56:18,280 --> 02:56:19,920
STIMULI OR SHIFTS IN ATTENTION

3362
02:56:19,920 --> 02:56:22,360
CAN CAUSE A CHANGE IN

3363
02:56:22,360 --> 02:56:24,120
OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN ONE AREA

3364
02:56:24,120 --> 02:56:27,240
OR BOTH, RESULTING IN TEMPORARY

3365
02:56:27,240 --> 02:56:30,920
CHANGE IN FUNCTIONAL

3366
02:56:30,920 --> 02:56:31,440
CONNECTIVITY.

3367
02:56:31,440 --> 02:56:34,000
AND IF OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY

3368
02:56:34,000 --> 02:56:37,560
WITHIN EITHER AREA AND/OR ITS

3369
02:56:37,560 --> 02:56:40,960
COORDINATION BETWEEN AREAS IS

3370
02:56:40,960 --> 02:56:46,800
NOISIER IT WILL CHANGE LONGER TO

3371
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:47,640
CHANGE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN

3372
02:56:47,640 --> 02:56:48,760
AREAS.

3373
02:56:48,760 --> 02:56:51,280
LET'S CONSIDER AN EXAMPLE OF

3374
02:56:51,280 --> 02:56:52,360
DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.

3375
02:56:52,360 --> 02:56:56,120
HERE WE HAVE THREE BRAIN AREAS.

3376
02:56:56,120 --> 02:56:59,680
EACH OF WHICH HAS OSCILLATORY

3377
02:56:59,680 --> 02:57:00,640
ACTIVITY.

3378
02:57:00,640 --> 02:57:01,840
INITIALLY THE ACTIVITIES IN

3379
02:57:01,840 --> 02:57:06,120
AREAS 1 AND 2 HAVE HIGH POWER

3380
02:57:06,120 --> 02:57:10,760
AND HIGH PLV CONNECTIVITY.

3381
02:57:10,760 --> 02:57:14,920
ACTIVITY IN AREA 3 HAS LOW

3382
02:57:14,920 --> 02:57:19,120
POWER, SO PLV OF 1 WITH 3 IS

3383
02:57:19,120 --> 02:57:19,520
LESS.

3384
02:57:19,520 --> 02:57:21,160
THEN WE HAVE A TASK CHANGE,

3385
02:57:21,160 --> 02:57:24,560
MAYBE A CUE THAT ACTIVITIES

3386
02:57:24,560 --> 02:57:33,840
ATTENTION TO BE SHIFTED  ONE

3387
02:57:33,840 --> 02:57:38,560
HEMIFIELD TO ANOTHER.

3388
02:57:38,560 --> 02:57:45,360
PERHAPS DISINGAUGEMENT HAPPENS

3389
02:57:45,360 --> 02:57:48,880
FASTER, A CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL

3390
02:57:48,880 --> 02:57:49,200
CONNECTIVITY.

3391
02:57:49,200 --> 02:57:51,600
NOW CONSIDER WHAT THIS WOULD

3392
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:57,680
LOOK LIKE IF THE NEURAL 

3393
02:57:57,680 --> 02:57:59,240
POPULATIONS OF 2 AND 3 WERE

3394
02:57:59,240 --> 02:58:00,240
ANATOMICALLY LOCATED TOGETHER IN

3395
02:58:00,240 --> 02:58:01,440
A SINGLE BRAIN AREA.

3396
02:58:01,440 --> 02:58:05,920
AGAIN, WE HAVE A TASK CHANGE.

3397
02:58:05,920 --> 02:58:08,960
THAT CHANGE IS ACTIVITY AND

3398
02:58:08,960 --> 02:58:09,880
CONNECTIVITY, DECREASING

3399
02:58:09,880 --> 02:58:12,480
CONNECTIVITY OF AREA 1 WITH

3400
02:58:12,480 --> 02:58:16,520
POPULATION 2 AND INCREASING

3401
02:58:16,520 --> 02:58:17,760
CONNECTIVITY WITH POPULATION 3.

3402
02:58:17,760 --> 02:58:23,200
NOW WE HAVE A SINGLE MEASURABLE

3403
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:23,600
PLV.

3404
02:58:23,600 --> 02:58:31,080
WHICH LOOKS SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

3405
02:58:31,080 --> 02:58:34,120
THIS IS THE CONNECTIVITY OF AREA

3406
02:58:34,120 --> 02:58:36,000
1 WITH COMBINATION OF

3407
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:37,760
POPULATIONS 2 AND 3.

3408
02:58:37,760 --> 02:58:42,360
IT HAS A SINGLE TIME TO ONSET,

3409
02:58:42,360 --> 02:58:44,440
WHICH INDICATES THIS DIP AFTER

3410
02:58:44,440 --> 02:58:47,400
THE PLV OF 1 WITH 2 HAS

3411
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:49,360
DECREASED BUT BEFORE THE

3412
02:58:49,360 --> 02:58:54,800
CONNECTIVITY OF 1 WITH 3 HAS

3413
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:55,600
FULLY STRENGTHENED.

3414
02:58:55,600 --> 02:58:57,920
IF THE OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN

3415
02:58:57,920 --> 02:59:00,400
ANY OF THESE POPULATIONS IS SLOW

3416
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:02,720
OR WEAK, THEN THE DYNAMICS OF

3417
02:59:02,720 --> 02:59:04,840
THE PLV TIME COURSE WILL BE

3418
02:59:04,840 --> 02:59:05,160
SLOWED.

3419
02:59:05,160 --> 02:59:07,320
AND THE TIME TO ONSET OF A

3420
02:59:07,320 --> 02:59:17,160
CHANGE IN PLV WILL BE LONGER.

3421
02:59:17,160 --> 02:59:19,600
THIS IS ONE OF LESLIE'S

3422
02:59:19,600 --> 02:59:20,520
INTELLECTUAL GRANDCHILDREN.

3423
02:59:20,520 --> 02:59:22,640
HE WAS A POSTDOC IN MY LAB AND

3424
02:59:22,640 --> 02:59:24,960
THE ONE WHO DID ALL THE DATA

3425
02:59:24,960 --> 02:59:26,920
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR THIS

3426
02:59:26,920 --> 02:59:27,360
STUDY.

3427
02:59:27,360 --> 02:59:31,040
HE IS HERE IN OUR SHIELDED EEG

3428
02:59:31,040 --> 02:59:33,680
ROOM TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP

3429
02:59:33,680 --> 02:59:36,840
BETWEEN STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY

3430
02:59:36,840 --> 02:59:38,200
AND DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL

3431
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:41,120
CONNECTIVITY, WE COLLECTED EEG

3432
02:59:41,120 --> 02:59:42,680
USING 128 ELECTRODES AND

3433
02:59:42,680 --> 02:59:45,720
DIGITIZED MODEL OF THE POSITIONS

3434
02:59:45,720 --> 02:59:46,760
OF THE ELECTRODES.

3435
02:59:46,760 --> 02:59:50,200
WE ALSO OBTAINED AN ANATOMICAL

3436
02:59:50,200 --> 02:59:52,880
T1-WEIGHTED MRI SCAN TO HELP

3437
02:59:52,880 --> 02:59:54,480
RESOURCE LOCATION MODELING.

3438
02:59:54,480 --> 02:59:57,560
ALL OF THE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS

3439
02:59:57,560 --> 03:00:00,280
WAS DONE IN SOURCE SPACE, IN THE

3440
03:00:00,280 --> 03:00:05,240
SAME MRI SESSION WE OBTAINED A

3441
03:00:05,240 --> 03:00:07,000
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED SCAN, SO THAT

3442
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,880
WE COULD DO TRACT TRACING AND

3443
03:00:10,880 --> 03:00:11,560
TRACT-BASED MICROSTRUCTURAL

3444
03:00:11,560 --> 03:00:13,080
INTEGRITY ANALYSIS, SO WE COULD

3445
03:00:13,080 --> 03:00:16,360
THEN LOOK AT THE POTENTIAL

3446
03:00:16,360 --> 03:00:22,000
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURAL

3447
03:00:22,000 --> 03:00:23,080
AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

3448
03:00:23,080 --> 03:00:23,520
MEASURES.

3449
03:00:23,520 --> 03:00:25,800
THIS IS THE DYNAMIC CONTROL TASK

3450
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:28,640
THAT WE USED IN BOTH YOUNG AND

3451
03:00:28,640 --> 03:00:30,200
OLDER HEALTHY ADULTS.

3452
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:37,960
THE HARDER THE TASK IS A SIMPLE 

3453
03:00:37,960 --> 03:00:39,800
ARITHMETIC TASK.

3454
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:41,880
A CUE INDICATES WHETHER TO APPLY

3455
03:00:41,880 --> 03:00:42,640
ADDITION OR MULTIPLICATION TO

3456
03:00:42,640 --> 03:00:46,040
NUMBERS THEY WILL SEE LATER IN

3457
03:00:46,040 --> 03:00:47,360
THE TRIAL.

3458
03:00:47,360 --> 03:00:49,760
THEIR TASK IS TO RESPOND TRUE OR

3459
03:00:49,760 --> 03:00:55,760
FALSE TO INDICATE WHETHER THE

3460
03:00:55,760 --> 03:01:00,600
THIRD NUMBER -- OH, WRONG 

3461
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:01,080
BUTTON.

3462
03:01:01,080 --> 03:01:05,560
THE THIRD NUMBER IS THE CORRECT

3463
03:01:05,560 --> 03:01:08,240
ANSWER TO THE OPERATION,

3464
03:01:08,240 --> 03:01:08,840
CURRENTLY RELEVANT OPERATION

3465
03:01:08,840 --> 03:01:11,120
APPLIED TO THE TOP TWO NUMBERS.

3466
03:01:11,120 --> 03:01:14,800
SO IN THIS CASE, THE CUE

3467
03:01:14,800 --> 03:01:16,880
INDICATES ADDITION, 6 PLUS 9 IS

3468
03:01:16,880 --> 03:01:20,480
15, SO THE ANSWER WOULD BE TRUE.

3469
03:01:20,480 --> 03:01:24,840
ON THE SECOND TRIAL, THE CUE

3470
03:01:24,840 --> 03:01:25,960
INDICATES MULTIPLICATION, 6

3471
03:01:25,960 --> 03:01:28,840
TIMES 9 IS NOT 14, SO THE ANSWER

3472
03:01:28,840 --> 03:01:30,360
WOULD BE FALSE.

3473
03:01:30,360 --> 03:01:32,120
THE DYNAMIC CONTROL ASPECT OF

3474
03:01:32,120 --> 03:01:34,320
THE TASK COMES DURING THE DELAY

3475
03:01:34,320 --> 03:01:39,840
BETWEEN THE CUE AND THE NUMBERS.

3476
03:01:39,840 --> 03:01:42,320
SO A HOLD CUE INDICATES YOU

3477
03:01:42,320 --> 03:01:43,480
SHOULD MAINTAIN THE SAME

3478
03:01:43,480 --> 03:01:45,040
OPERATION AS WAS CUED AT THE

3479
03:01:45,040 --> 03:01:47,120
BEGINNING OF THE TRIAL, AND THE

3480
03:01:47,120 --> 03:01:50,640
FLIP CUE INDICATES YOU SHOULD

3481
03:01:50,640 --> 03:01:53,160
SWITCH TO THE OTHER OPERATION.

3482
03:01:53,160 --> 03:01:55,440
IN THE FIRST TRIAL, YOU GET THE

3483
03:01:55,440 --> 03:01:58,160
ADDITION CUE, THEN A HOLD CUE,

3484
03:01:58,160 --> 03:02:01,120
SO YOU CONTINUE TO PREPARE TO

3485
03:02:01,120 --> 03:02:06,920
APPLY ADDITION TO THE UPCOMING

3486
03:02:06,920 --> 03:02:07,800
NUMBERS.

3487
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:11,120
IN THE SECOND TRIAL, YOU GET THE

3488
03:02:11,120 --> 03:02:13,520
MULTIPLICATION CUE, BUT THEN YOU

3489
03:02:13,520 --> 03:02:16,840
GET THE FLIP CUE, SO YOU SHOULD

3490
03:02:16,840 --> 03:02:18,600
SWITCH TO ADDITION.

3491
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:22,040
IN THIS CASE 6 PLUS 9 IS NOT 14,

3492
03:02:22,040 --> 03:02:24,800
SO AGAIN THE ANSWER IS FALSE.

3493
03:02:24,800 --> 03:02:26,760
FOR THIS TRIAL IT DIDN'T REALLY

3494
03:02:26,760 --> 03:02:31,000
MATTER THAT YOU REMEMBERED THE

3495
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:33,080
MULTIPLICATION CUE OR

3496
03:02:33,080 --> 03:02:33,760
SUCCESSFULLY SWITCHED TO

3497
03:02:33,760 --> 03:02:37,320
ADDITION; THE ANSWER IS FALSE

3498
03:02:37,320 --> 03:02:38,680
REGARDLESS OF THE OPERATION.

3499
03:02:38,680 --> 03:02:43,520
WE CALL THESE TYPES OF TRIALS

3500
03:02:43,520 --> 03:02:44,240
FALSE UNRELATED.

3501
03:02:44,240 --> 03:02:46,560
HOWEVER, LOOK AT THIS LAST

3502
03:02:46,560 --> 03:02:47,760
EXAMPLE TRIAL.

3503
03:02:47,760 --> 03:02:49,520
THIS TRIAL ALSO STARTS WITH THE

3504
03:02:49,520 --> 03:02:51,720
MULTIPLICATION CUE AND THEN A

3505
03:02:51,720 --> 03:02:53,440
FLIP CUE.

3506
03:02:53,440 --> 03:02:56,200
BUT NOW THE PRESENTED POTENTIAL

3507
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:56,640
ANSWER IS 54.

3508
03:02:56,640 --> 03:02:58,360
THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN THE CORRECT

3509
03:02:58,360 --> 03:03:00,440
ANSWER IF YOU WERE DOING

3510
03:03:00,440 --> 03:03:02,480
MULTIPLICATION, BUT IT IS THE

3511
03:03:02,480 --> 03:03:05,880
INCORRECT ANSWER IF YOU

3512
03:03:05,880 --> 03:03:07,360
SUCCESSFULLY SWITCHED TO

3513
03:03:07,360 --> 03:03:07,880
ADDITION.

3514
03:03:07,880 --> 03:03:11,840
THE PRESENTATION OF THIS CORRECT

3515
03:03:11,840 --> 03:03:16,560
PROPOSED ANSWER TO THE INCORRECT

3516
03:03:16,560 --> 03:03:21,560
OPERATION RESULTS IN RECALL OF

3517
03:03:21,560 --> 03:03:25,000
IRRELEVANT INTERFERING 

3518
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:25,280
INFORMATION.

3519
03:03:25,280 --> 03:03:27,280
WE REFER TO -- AND THIS

3520
03:03:27,280 --> 03:03:29,680
INTERFERING INFORMATION NEEDS TO

3521
03:03:29,680 --> 03:03:30,440
BE INHIBITED.

3522
03:03:30,440 --> 03:03:37,280
SO WE REFER TO THESE TRIALS AS

3523
03:03:37,280 --> 03:03:38,680
FALSE RELATED.

3524
03:03:38,680 --> 03:03:40,880
THE REACTION TIME DIFFERENCE

3525
03:03:40,880 --> 03:03:43,360
BETWEEN THE FALSE RELATED TRIALS

3526
03:03:43,360 --> 03:03:45,000
AND THE FALSE UNRELATED TRIALS

3527
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:48,320
IS REFERRED TO AS THE

3528
03:03:48,320 --> 03:03:49,440
INTERFERENCE EFFECT.

3529
03:03:49,440 --> 03:03:53,000
THE MORE EFFICIENT YOU ARE AT

3530
03:03:53,000 --> 03:03:54,200
INHIBITING CURRENTLY IRRELEVANT

3531
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,440
INFORMATION, THE SMALLER YOUR 

3532
03:03:57,440 --> 03:03:59,800
INTERFERENCE EFFECT WILL BE.

3533
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:01,320
HERE ARE THE BEHAVIORAL RESULTS

3534
03:04:01,320 --> 03:04:04,640
FOR THE YOUNG ADULTS IN GREEN,

3535
03:04:04,640 --> 03:04:06,040
OLDER ADULTS IN BLUE.

3536
03:04:06,040 --> 03:04:08,240
REACTION TIME IS ON THE LEFT.

3537
03:04:08,240 --> 03:04:10,680
AND ERROR RATE ON THE RIGHT.

3538
03:04:10,680 --> 03:04:13,200
THE FALSE RELATED TRIALS ARE

3539
03:04:13,200 --> 03:04:15,760
SHOWN WITH SOLID BARS.

3540
03:04:15,760 --> 03:04:18,920
THEN THE FALSE UNRELATED AND

3541
03:04:18,920 --> 03:04:19,280
TRUE TRIALS.

3542
03:04:19,280 --> 03:04:22,040
ON AVERAGE, RESPONSES ARE SLOWER

3543
03:04:22,040 --> 03:04:26,280
AND LESS ACCURATE FOR FALSE

3544
03:04:26,280 --> 03:04:26,960
RELATED TRIALS.

3545
03:04:26,960 --> 03:04:29,800
BUT LET'S LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT

3546
03:04:29,800 --> 03:04:33,000
WHAT HAPPENS FOR THE FLIP TRIALS

3547
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:35,600
VERSUS THE HOLD TRIALS.

3548
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,840
YOUNG ADULTS ARE FASTER TO

3549
03:04:38,840 --> 03:04:40,040
INHIBIT IRRELEVANT INFORMATION

3550
03:04:40,040 --> 03:04:43,480
FOLLOWING A FLIP THAN A HOLD

3551
03:04:43,480 --> 03:04:44,360
CUE.

3552
03:04:44,360 --> 03:04:45,880
THERE'S A SIGNIFICANT

3553
03:04:45,880 --> 03:04:47,720
INTERACTION BETWEEN FLIP VERSUS

3554
03:04:47,720 --> 03:04:49,880
HOLD AND THE INTERFERENCE

3555
03:04:49,880 --> 03:04:50,480
EFFECT.

3556
03:04:50,480 --> 03:04:52,800
THEY ARE SLOWER FOR FALSE

3557
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:54,520
RELATED THAN UNRELATED FOLLOWING

3558
03:04:54,520 --> 03:04:57,880
A HOLD CUE, BUT SLIGHTLY FASTER

3559
03:04:57,880 --> 03:05:00,560
FOLLOWING A FLIP CUE.

3560
03:05:00,560 --> 03:05:05,960
WE CALL THIS FACILITATION OF

3561
03:05:05,960 --> 03:05:06,240
INHIBITION.

3562
03:05:06,240 --> 03:05:08,240
OLDER ADULTS, HOWEVER, DO NOT

3563
03:05:08,240 --> 03:05:09,880
SHOW THIS EFFECT.

3564
03:05:09,880 --> 03:05:14,040
ON AVERAGE, OLDER ADULTS HAVE

3565
03:05:14,040 --> 03:05:15,040
GREATER INTERFERENCE IN FLIP

3566
03:05:15,040 --> 03:05:17,680
TRIALS THAN DO YOUNG ADULTS, AND

3567
03:05:17,680 --> 03:05:21,080
NO UPDATE BY INTERFERENCE

3568
03:05:21,080 --> 03:05:21,560
INTERACTION.

3569
03:05:21,560 --> 03:05:25,880
THAT IS, THEY DID NOT SHOW A

3570
03:05:25,880 --> 03:05:27,280
FACILITATION OF INHIBITION

3571
03:05:27,280 --> 03:05:29,240
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES.

3572
03:05:29,240 --> 03:05:32,320
PERHAPS OLDER ADULTS ARE SLOWER

3573
03:05:32,320 --> 03:05:35,640
TO RECONFIGURE TASKS-RELATED

3574
03:05:35,640 --> 03:05:38,120
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.

3575
03:05:38,120 --> 03:05:39,120
WE WERE THEN PARTICULARLY

3576
03:05:39,120 --> 03:05:42,480
INTERESTED TO EXAMINE THE

3577
03:05:42,480 --> 03:05:44,240
DYNAMICS OF FUNCTIONAL

3578
03:05:44,240 --> 03:05:46,320
CONNECTIVITY DURING THAT TIME

3579
03:05:46,320 --> 03:05:47,840
PERIOD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE

3580
03:05:47,840 --> 03:05:55,840
HOLD AND FLIP CUES, BEFORE THE 

3581
03:05:55,840 --> 03:05:58,120
INTERFERING INFORMATION WAS

3582
03:05:58,120 --> 03:05:58,480
PRESENTED.

3583
03:05:58,480 --> 03:06:01,600
THE KEY WAS WHETHER NEURAL

3584
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:03,440
ACTIVITY, PARTICULARLY DYNAMIC

3585
03:06:03,440 --> 03:06:05,160
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, DURING

3586
03:06:05,160 --> 03:06:06,360
THIS TIME PERIOD IS DIFFERENT

3587
03:06:06,360 --> 03:06:08,240
FOLLOWING A FLIP THAN A HOLD

3588
03:06:08,240 --> 03:06:12,400
CUE, AND WHETHER IT MIGHT BE

3589
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:15,400
RELATED TO PERFORMANCE AND

3590
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:18,480
SPECIFICALLY FACILITATION OF

3591
03:06:18,480 --> 03:06:18,800
INHIBITION.

3592
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:19,480
THE BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE

3593
03:06:19,480 --> 03:06:22,240
MEASURE IS THE FLIP INTERFERENCE

3594
03:06:22,240 --> 03:06:22,480
EFFECT.

3595
03:06:22,480 --> 03:06:25,080
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALSE

3596
03:06:25,080 --> 03:06:29,400
RELATED AND FALSE UNRELATED

3597
03:06:29,400 --> 03:06:35,680
REACTION TIMES SPECIFICALLY 

3598
03:06:35,680 --> 03:06:37,760
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES.

3599
03:06:37,760 --> 03:06:39,520
CHANGES IN CONNECTIVITY ARE

3600
03:06:39,520 --> 03:06:41,840
DIFFERENT FOR FLIP VERSUS HOLD

3601
03:06:41,840 --> 03:06:42,240
CUES.

3602
03:06:42,240 --> 03:06:44,360
THE RESULTS SHOWN HERE ARE FOR

3603
03:06:44,360 --> 03:06:45,640
YOUNG ADULTS.

3604
03:06:45,640 --> 03:06:48,080
THE BLACK BOXES SHOW THE TIME

3605
03:06:48,080 --> 03:06:52,120
POINTS WHERE USING SLIDING TIME

3606
03:06:52,120 --> 03:06:54,640
WINDOWS, PLV TIME COURSES WERE

3607
03:06:54,640 --> 03:06:55,840
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT

3608
03:06:55,840 --> 03:06:59,040
FOLLOWING FLIP CUES VERSUS HOLD

3609
03:06:59,040 --> 03:06:59,240
CUES.

3610
03:06:59,240 --> 03:07:01,880
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TIME

3611
03:07:01,880 --> 03:07:03,720
COURSES IS DETECTABLE ALMOST

3612
03:07:03,720 --> 03:07:06,600
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CUE, AND

3613
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:09,080
IS COMPLETE AFTER ABOUT 700

3614
03:07:09,080 --> 03:07:11,040
MILLISECONDS, REGARDING BOTH THE

3615
03:07:11,040 --> 03:07:15,360
LOW ALPHA FREQUENCY BAND AND THE

3616
03:07:15,360 --> 03:07:17,480
HIGH FREQUENCY GAMMA BAND.

3617
03:07:17,480 --> 03:07:20,000
IN OLDER ADULTS, THAT CHANGE IN

3618
03:07:20,000 --> 03:07:22,400
CONNECTIVITY IS SLOWER ON

3619
03:07:22,400 --> 03:07:22,840
AVERAGE.

3620
03:07:22,840 --> 03:07:25,680
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PLV

3621
03:07:25,680 --> 03:07:28,640
TIME COURSES FOLLOWING THE FLIP

3622
03:07:28,640 --> 03:07:32,840
VERSUS HOLD CUES FOR BOTH ALPHA

3623
03:07:32,840 --> 03:07:36,200
AND GAMMA ISN'T DETECTABLE IN

3624
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:38,200
OLDER ADULTS UNTIL MORE THAN ONE

3625
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:43,480
SECOND AFTER THE ONSET OF THE

3626
03:07:43,480 --> 03:07:43,800
CUE.

3627
03:07:43,800 --> 03:07:49,720
STRONGER FASTER CHANGE IN

3628
03:07:49,720 --> 03:07:52,000
CONNECTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH

3629
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:55,120
FASTER INHIBITION OF IRRELEVANT

3630
03:07:55,120 --> 03:07:55,600
INFORMATION.

3631
03:07:55,600 --> 03:07:57,600
IN OLDER ADULTS, THE

3632
03:07:57,600 --> 03:07:59,520
TASK-RELATED CHANGES IN

3633
03:07:59,520 --> 03:08:01,440
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY STRENGTH

3634
03:08:01,440 --> 03:08:04,600
ON THE LEFT AND TIME TO CHANGE

3635
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:07,640
PLV SHOWN ON THE RIGHT ARE BOTH

3636
03:08:07,640 --> 03:08:09,880
CORRELATED WITH THE INTERFERENCE

3637
03:08:09,880 --> 03:08:17,600
EFFECT IN REACTION TIME ACROSS

3638
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:19,560
INDIVIDUALS.

3639
03:08:19,560 --> 03:08:21,240
WE QUANTIFIED WHITE MATTER

3640
03:08:21,240 --> 03:08:23,800
INTEGRITY THE SAME WAY WE DID IN

3641
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:25,360
THE EARLIER STUDY BY

3642
03:08:25,360 --> 03:08:28,320
CHARACTERIZING FA AS FUNCTION OF

3643
03:08:28,320 --> 03:08:31,400
POSITION ALONG SPECIFIC TRACTS,

3644
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:32,920
CONNECTING ACTIVATED REGIONS OF

3645
03:08:32,920 --> 03:08:36,880
INTEREST, IN THIS CASE INFERIOR

3646
03:08:36,880 --> 03:08:47,280
FRONTAL AND OUCH SIM  --

3647
03:08:48,360 --> 03:08:50,640
OCCIPITAL E EG GREEN SHOWS

3648
03:08:50,640 --> 03:08:54,680
AVERAGE PROFILE OF YOUNG ADULTS.

3649
03:08:54,680 --> 03:08:57,240
THE YELLOW LINE SHOWS AN OLDER

3650
03:08:57,240 --> 03:08:59,720
INDIVIDUAL WITH AN FA PROFILE

3651
03:08:59,720 --> 03:09:03,880
THAT'S VERY SIMILAR TO THE YOUNG

3652
03:09:03,880 --> 03:09:04,360
ADULTS.

3653
03:09:04,360 --> 03:09:06,000
WHILE THE GRAY LINE SHOWS AN

3654
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:15,560
OLDER INDIVIDUAL WITH A HIGHLY 

3655
03:09:15,560 --> 03:09:21,400
ALTERED FA PROFILE.

3656
03:09:21,400 --> 03:09:24,280
ANALYSIS SHOWED A CORRELATION

3657
03:09:24,280 --> 03:09:26,000
BETWEEN WHITE MATTER

3658
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:27,760
MICROSTRUCTURE AND COGNITIVE

3659
03:09:27,760 --> 03:09:29,800
CONTROL PERFORMANCE, BUT THAT

3660
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:32,680
CORRELATION IS MEDIATED BY THE

3661
03:09:32,680 --> 03:09:36,840
EFFECT THAT STRUCTURAL

3662
03:09:36,840 --> 03:09:40,560
CONNECTIVITY HAS ON DYNAMIC

3663
03:09:40,560 --> 03:09:42,240
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.

3664
03:09:42,240 --> 03:09:46,560
SO, SMALL VARIATIONS IN THE

3665
03:09:46,560 --> 03:09:48,440
INTEGRITY OF ANATOMICAL

3666
03:09:48,440 --> 03:09:49,520
CONNECTIONS AFFECTS DYNAMIC

3667
03:09:49,520 --> 03:09:51,840
TASK-RELATED CHANGES IN

3668
03:09:51,840 --> 03:09:53,800
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, WHICH

3669
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:58,360
THEN AFFECTS COGNITIVE CONTROL

3670
03:09:58,360 --> 03:09:58,760
PERFORMANCE.

3671
03:09:58,760 --> 03:09:59,760
ANATOMY, FUNCTION, BEHAVIOR.

3672
03:09:59,760 --> 03:10:02,080
JUST AS LESLIE WOULD HAVE

3673
03:10:02,080 --> 03:10:07,040
PREDICTED.

3674
03:10:07,040 --> 03:10:07,720
 

3675
03:10:07,720 --> 03:10:10,600
AS YOU ALL KNOW, LESLIE WAS

3676
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:12,680
ACTIVELY MENTORING AND PUSHING

3677
03:10:12,680 --> 03:10:16,280
THE BOUNDARIES OF OUR

3678
03:10:16,280 --> 03:10:16,880
UNDERSTANDING AND COGNITIVE

3679
03:10:16,880 --> 03:10:17,920
NEUROSCIENCE EVEN IN THE LAST

3680
03:10:17,920 --> 03:10:20,560
FEW DAYS OF HER TIME HERE.

3681
03:10:20,560 --> 03:10:22,640
SHE'S ARE FIGURES FROM JUST A

3682
03:10:22,640 --> 03:10:25,720
COUPLE OF HER MORE RECENT

3683
03:10:25,720 --> 03:10:28,680
PAPERS, SHE CONTINUED TO PURSUE

3684
03:10:28,680 --> 03:10:29,960
RESEARCH THROUGH MULTIPLE

3685
03:10:29,960 --> 03:10:34,560
METHODOLOGIES IN BOTH HUMANS AND

3686
03:10:34,560 --> 03:10:36,120
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, EMPHASIZING

3687
03:10:36,120 --> 03:10:37,640
FUNCTIONALLY DISSOCIABLE SYSTEMS

3688
03:10:37,640 --> 03:10:41,360
AND THE IMPORTANCE OF

3689
03:10:41,360 --> 03:10:41,680
CONNECTIVITY.

3690
03:10:41,680 --> 03:10:44,080
SHE NEVER ASSUMED SHE HAD IT

3691
03:10:44,080 --> 03:10:44,840
FIGURED OUT.

3692
03:10:44,840 --> 03:10:51,040
SHE NEVER RESTED ON HER LAURELS.

3693
03:10:51,040 --> 03:10:52,640
SHE CONTINUED TO QUESTION

3694
03:10:52,640 --> 03:10:54,920
ASSUMPTIONS AND PUSH FOR BETTER

3695
03:10:54,920 --> 03:10:56,240
UNDERSTANDING.

3696
03:10:56,240 --> 03:10:57,880
FOR THE ROLE MODEL SHE GAVE ALL

3697
03:10:57,880 --> 03:11:03,360
OF US, FOR HER MENTORING AND HER

3698
03:11:03,360 --> 03:11:06,440
INSPIRATION, I WANT TO CONCLUDE

3699
03:11:06,440 --> 03:11:08,480
BY SAYING THANK YOU, ESPECIALLY

3700
03:11:08,480 --> 03:11:11,560
TO LESLIE, BUT ALSO TO JIM

3701
03:11:11,560 --> 03:11:14,600
HACKSBY, TO ALL OF THE

3702
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:15,480
INTELLECTUAL GRANDCHILDREN,

3703
03:11:15,480 --> 03:11:17,040
ESPECIALLY THE ONES SHOWN HERE

3704
03:11:17,040 --> 03:11:18,720
WHO DID THE RESEARCH I TOLD YOU

3705
03:11:18,720 --> 03:11:28,920
ABOUT TODAY.

3706
03:11:30,760 --> 03:11:31,120
THANK YOU.

3707
03:11:31,120 --> 03:11:33,560
[APPLAUSE]

3708
03:11:33,560 --> 03:11:38,080
 

3709
03:11:38,080 --> 03:11:48,120
 

3710
03:11:49,840 --> 03:11:50,840
 

3711
03:11:50,840 --> 03:11:53,240
>> THANK YOU.

3712
03:11:53,240 --> 03:11:53,640
OKAY.

3713
03:11:53,640 --> 03:11:55,720
WE'LL CONTINUE ON.

3714
03:11:55,720 --> 03:12:01,320
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS RICARDO

3715
03:12:01,320 --> 03:12:04,120
GATTAS FROM FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

3716
03:12:04,120 --> 03:12:07,760
OF RIO DE JANEIRO IN BRAZIL, OF

3717
03:12:07,760 --> 03:12:10,760
COURSE, VISUAL MAPS AND VISUAL

3718
03:12:10,760 --> 03:12:11,760
PERCEPTION.

3719
03:12:11,760 --> 03:12:16,440
THANK YOU.

3720
03:12:16,440 --> 03:12:26,480
 

3721
03:12:27,240 --> 03:12:28,640
>> AS A GOOD BRAZILIAN, I
HAVE

3722
03:12:28,640 --> 03:12:29,720
TO DO ON PAPER.

3723
03:12:29,720 --> 03:12:33,400
SO ...

3724
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,920
I ACTUALLY PREPARED THE TALK

3725
03:12:36,920 --> 03:12:38,120
WITH SOUND AND EVERYTHING, BUT

3726
03:12:38,120 --> 03:12:44,560
AFTER THINKING A LITTLE BIT 

3727
03:12:44,560 --> 03:12:47,280
ABOUT THAT, I DECIDED TO GIVE

3728
03:12:47,280 --> 03:12:56,040
YOU A TEST OF ENGLISH DURING MY

3729
03:12:56,040 --> 03:12:56,640
PRESENTATION.

3730
03:12:56,640 --> 03:13:01,640
WE'RE HERE TODAY TO PAY TRIBUTE

3731
03:13:01,640 --> 03:13:07,080
TO A CREATIVE SCIENTIST AND

3732
03:13:07,080 --> 03:13:07,880
GREAT FRIEND, LESLIE

3733
03:13:07,880 --> 03:13:12,520
UNGERLEIDER, THAT LEFT US

3734
03:13:12,520 --> 03:13:12,800
PREMATURELY.

3735
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:13,520
SHE MADE FUNDAMENTAL

3736
03:13:13,520 --> 03:13:16,600
CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERSTANDING OF

3737
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:19,000
CORTICAL ORGANIZATION, VISUAL

3738
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:21,520
PERCEPTION AND MEMORY,

3739
03:13:21,520 --> 03:13:25,040
PROCESSING IN PRIMATES.

3740
03:13:25,040 --> 03:13:26,240
HER ENTHUSIASM, SCIENTIFIC

3741
03:13:26,240 --> 03:13:27,640
EXPERTISE AND RIGOROUS

3742
03:13:27,640 --> 03:13:30,920
APPLICATION OF ANATOMICAL AND

3743
03:13:30,920 --> 03:13:32,560
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES HAVE

3744
03:13:32,560 --> 03:13:36,240
GREATLY INFLUENCED OUR FIELD OF

3745
03:13:36,240 --> 03:13:36,760
RESEARCH.

3746
03:13:36,760 --> 03:13:39,480
TO BEGIN, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK

3747
03:13:39,480 --> 03:13:43,520
THE ORGANIZERS OF THE SYMPOSIUM,

3748
03:13:43,520 --> 03:13:45,520
NEURAL FOUNDATION OF VISION

3749
03:13:45,520 --> 03:13:49,120
COGNITION FOR THE INVITATION TO

3750
03:13:49,120 --> 03:13:50,680
PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING.

3751
03:13:50,680 --> 03:13:57,040
I'M VERY HONORED TO BE HERE.

3752
03:13:57,040 --> 03:14:00,320
IN THIS TALK, I'LL REVIEW DATA

3753
03:14:00,320 --> 03:14:03,000
ON THE ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL

3754
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:07,440
VISUAL AREAS FROM THE WORK IN

3755
03:14:07,440 --> 03:14:09,640
COLLABORATION WITH LESLIE, AND

3756
03:14:09,640 --> 03:14:13,040
IN ADDITION WILL PROPOSE A MODEL

3757
03:14:13,040 --> 03:14:17,600
OF VISUAL PERCEPTION WITH

3758
03:14:17,600 --> 03:14:20,240
SEVERAL NEURAL REPRESENTATIONS.

3759
03:14:20,240 --> 03:14:23,280
LET ME START WITH THIS FIGURE

3760
03:14:23,280 --> 03:14:25,800
PROPOSED ON CONTROVERSIES ABOUT

3761
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:28,880
VISUAL AREAS LOCATED AT THE

3762
03:14:28,880 --> 03:14:31,960
ANTERIOR BORDER IN PRIMATES THAT

3763
03:14:31,960 --> 03:14:36,320
APPEARED IN VISUAL NEUROSCIENCE

3764
03:14:36,320 --> 03:14:38,160
IN 2015.

3765
03:14:38,160 --> 03:14:41,560
IT SHOWS 52 CORTICAL AREAS IN

3766
03:14:41,560 --> 03:14:42,880
THE MACAQUE BRAIN.

3767
03:14:42,880 --> 03:14:53,440
THE  REPRESENTATION OF THE CORE

3768
03:14:55,080 --> 03:14:55,200
NEXT.

3769
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:59,640
FLATTENED ON B, AND HAVE THE

3770
03:14:59,640 --> 03:15:01,960
CORTICAL AREAS IN DIFFERENT 

3771
03:15:01,960 --> 03:15:04,600
COLORS IN C.

3772
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:09,280
FOR MANY YEARS, I WORKED WITH

3773
03:15:09,280 --> 03:15:11,920
THE TECHNIQUES TO DESCRIBE THE

3774
03:15:11,920 --> 03:15:14,320
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AREAS,

3775
03:15:14,320 --> 03:15:17,840
ITS BOUNDARIES, AND ITS

3776
03:15:17,840 --> 03:15:19,280
FUNCTIONS.

3777
03:15:19,280 --> 03:15:27,560
IN THIS WORK, WE USED VISUAL

3778
03:15:27,560 --> 03:15:28,520
TOPOGRAPHY ARCHITECTURE TO

3779
03:15:28,520 --> 03:15:30,320
IDENTIFY SEVERAL CORTICAL AREAS.

3780
03:15:30,320 --> 03:15:32,840
WE USED THE CONCEPT OF VISUAL

3781
03:15:32,840 --> 03:15:38,320
TOPOGRAPHY TO SEGREGATE THESE

3782
03:15:38,320 --> 03:15:39,400
AREAS.

3783
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:43,800
THIS CONCEPT IS NOT EVEN CLOSELY

3784
03:15:43,800 --> 03:15:45,920
NEW.

3785
03:15:45,920 --> 03:15:47,240
IT'S NOT NEW.

3786
03:15:47,240 --> 03:15:49,040
IT IS PRESENTED IN THE EARLY

3787
03:15:49,040 --> 03:15:59,560
WORK OF THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHER

3788
03:16:00,120 --> 03:16:01,200
RENE DESCARTES SHOWING EARLY

3789
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:03,400
DEPICTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM

3790
03:16:03,400 --> 03:16:10,000
WHICH EMBODIES ALL THE ESSENTIAL

3791
03:16:10,000 --> 03:16:12,160
CONCEPT OF REPRESENTATIONAL

3792
03:16:12,160 --> 03:16:12,400
SYSTEM.

3793
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:15,680
THIS INPUT CAN BE ORDERLY MAPPED

3794
03:16:15,680 --> 03:16:17,760
INSIDE OUR BRAIN.

3795
03:16:17,760 --> 03:16:20,840
LAYING OUT A FRAMEWORK FOR

3796
03:16:20,840 --> 03:16:24,920
INTERNAL REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEM

3797
03:16:24,920 --> 03:16:28,680
OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD.

3798
03:16:28,680 --> 03:16:31,000
FOR DESCARTES THE PROJECTION

3799
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:33,960
TARGET WAS NOT THE CORTICAL

3800
03:16:33,960 --> 03:16:43,720
VISUAL AREAS BUT INSTEAD THE

3801
03:16:43,720 --> 03:16:45,000
PINIAIL GLAND.

3802
03:16:45,000 --> 03:16:50,200
WE STUDIED THE OLD MACAQUE, AND 

3803
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:53,120
IN THE NEW WORLD MONKEY.

3804
03:16:53,120 --> 03:16:54,560
IN THESE PRIMATES DESCRIBES

3805
03:16:54,560 --> 03:17:00,560
ORGANIZATION AND LIMITS OF V1,

3806
03:17:00,560 --> 03:17:11,080
V2, V3, V 4, MT, V4T, PO, POD.

3807
03:17:14,760 --> 03:17:20,520
COLLABORATORS HAVE SHOWN VISUAL 

3808
03:17:20,520 --> 03:17:21,480
TOPOGRAPHY, THESE FIGURES APPEAR

3809
03:17:21,480 --> 03:17:29,160
IN THE ARTICLE OF VISION

3810
03:17:29,160 --> 03:17:29,880
NEUROSCIENCE 2015, SHOWS

3811
03:17:29,880 --> 03:17:32,280
TOPOGRAPHY OF ALL THESE AREAS.

3812
03:17:32,280 --> 03:17:35,040
WE FOUND DIFFERENT TOP OH

3813
03:17:35,040 --> 03:17:39,680
GRAPHICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THESE

3814
03:17:39,680 --> 03:17:40,120
AREAS.

3815
03:17:40,120 --> 03:17:43,360
DIFFERENT AREAS HAVE DIFFERENT

3816
03:17:43,360 --> 03:17:44,000
ORGANIZATION, PROBABLY RELATED

3817
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:45,680
TO THEIR FUNCTION.

3818
03:17:45,680 --> 03:17:51,600
IN THIS SLIDE WE SHOW AREAS

3819
03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:55,040
ORGANIZED ALONG THE DOMAIN IN

3820
03:17:55,040 --> 03:17:59,680
BLUE, ORGANIZED ALONG THE ISO

3821
03:17:59,680 --> 03:18:01,320
POLAR DOMAIN IN PINK, RELATED TO

3822
03:18:01,320 --> 03:18:03,960
VISUAL MOTOR PROCESSING IN

3823
03:18:03,960 --> 03:18:05,840
GREEN, AREAS WITHOUT TOPOGRAPHIC

3824
03:18:05,840 --> 03:18:07,760
ORGANIZATION IN GRAY.

3825
03:18:07,760 --> 03:18:11,840
WE PROPOSED THAT THE BLUE AREAS

3826
03:18:11,840 --> 03:18:14,560
ARE RELATED TO VISUAL FIELD

3827
03:18:14,560 --> 03:18:15,280
PROCESSING.

3828
03:18:15,280 --> 03:18:18,120
THE PINK AREAS ARE RELATED TO

3829
03:18:18,120 --> 03:18:20,280
FLOW FIELD PROCESSING.

3830
03:18:20,280 --> 03:18:21,680
GREEN AREAS RELATED TO VISUAL

3831
03:18:21,680 --> 03:18:23,680
MOTOR PROCESSING.

3832
03:18:23,680 --> 03:18:32,320
AND THE GRAY AREAS RELATE TO

3833
03:18:32,320 --> 03:18:37,800
OBJECT RECOGNITION.

3834
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,760
DIRECT PROJECTION FROM V1 COMES

3835
03:18:40,760 --> 03:18:43,080
TO THE DIFFERENT STREAMS OF

3836
03:18:43,080 --> 03:18:46,760
VISION INFORMATION PROCESSING AS

3837
03:18:46,760 --> 03:18:51,160
LESLIE HAD SHOWN.

3838
03:18:51,160 --> 03:19:00,680
HERE, WE SHOW DISTINCT

3839
03:19:00,680 --> 03:19:02,760
PROJECTIONS.

3840
03:19:02,760 --> 03:19:06,440
IN 1988, COLBY AND COLLABORATORS

3841
03:19:06,440 --> 03:19:09,200
SHOWED DIRECT PROJECTION FROM V1

3842
03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:12,680
TO PO THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT IN

3843
03:19:12,680 --> 03:19:14,920
THE 1982 PAPER OF LESLIE, IF YOU

3844
03:19:14,920 --> 03:19:18,720
LOOK AT FIGURE 16 ON THAT PAPER,

3845
03:19:18,720 --> 03:19:22,880
THERE ARE PROJECTIONS FROM THE

3846
03:19:22,880 --> 03:19:27,440
PERIPHERAL OF V1 TO PO THAT AT

3847
03:19:27,440 --> 03:19:32,040
THAT TIME NEITHER CAROL OR

3848
03:19:32,040 --> 03:19:34,720
MYSELF KNEW ABOUT.

3849
03:19:34,720 --> 03:19:36,200
LESLIE THOUGHT THAT PROJECTIONS

3850
03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:38,200
WERE FROM V1 TO V2.

3851
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:42,560
SO THE BOUNDARY OF V2 IN THAT

3852
03:19:42,560 --> 03:19:50,120
PAPER IS -- INCLUDES PART OF PO.

3853
03:19:50,120 --> 03:19:53,680
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE STREAMS OF

3854
03:19:53,680 --> 03:19:56,360
INFORMATION PROCESSING IN MEN.

3855
03:19:56,360 --> 03:19:58,560
THE SCHEME ILLUSTRATE THE MAJOR

3856
03:19:58,560 --> 03:20:00,640
STREAMS OF VISUAL INFORMATION

3857
03:20:00,640 --> 03:20:03,400
STARTING AT THE RETINA AND

3858
03:20:03,400 --> 03:20:04,400
PROPAGATING THROUGH THE

3859
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:10,840
THALAMUS, EARLY AND INTERMEDIATE

3860
03:20:10,840 --> 03:20:13,240
VISUAL AREAS.

3861
03:20:13,240 --> 03:20:15,080
PARALLEL PROCESSING IS STARTED

3862
03:20:15,080 --> 03:20:20,120
AT THE RETINA AND THALAMUS WITH 

3863
03:20:20,120 --> 03:20:21,760
THE WELL ESTABLISHED POWERFUL

3864
03:20:21,760 --> 03:20:23,760
CELLULAR PATHWAYS.

3865
03:20:23,760 --> 03:20:29,400
THESE TWO INPUTS WERE FED INTO

3866
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:32,800
V1 INTERMINGLED TO A 

3867
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:35,520
CONSIDERABLE EXTENT AND 

3868
03:20:35,520 --> 03:20:37,520
PROCESSING THROUGH THE CIRCUITS

3869
03:20:37,520 --> 03:20:40,600
WITHIN WELL DEFINED COMPARTMENT 

3870
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:43,320
AND MODELS. 

3871
03:20:43,320 --> 03:20:47,880
THIS GIVES RISE TO A DIFFERENT

3872
03:20:47,880 --> 03:20:50,880
TYPE OF INFORMATION WHICH IS FED

3873
03:20:50,880 --> 03:20:54,240
TO FOLLOW STREAMS OF VISUAL

3874
03:20:54,240 --> 03:20:55,880
PROCESSING.

3875
03:20:55,880 --> 03:20:58,080
DATA SUGGESTS THE EXISTENCE OF

3876
03:20:58,080 --> 03:21:04,640
AT LEAST FOUR DISTINCT PATHWAYS,

3877
03:21:04,640 --> 03:21:08,680
ALL PARTLY ORIGINATING IN V1,

3878
03:21:08,680 --> 03:21:14,240
THE VENTRAL, LATERAL, DORSE OH

3879
03:21:14,240 --> 03:21:24,560
LATERAL, AND DORSOMEDIAL STREAM

3880
03:21:24,560 --> 03:21:25,440
OF PROCESSING.

3881
03:21:25,440 --> 03:21:35,920
FOR SOME REASON IT DOESN'T GO

3882
03:21:40,440 --> 03:21:41,080
FORWARD.

3883
03:21:41,080 --> 03:21:42,440
ALL RIGHT.

3884
03:21:42,440 --> 03:21:44,000
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE CONNECTION

3885
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:46,400
OF STREAMS OF VISUAL INFORMATION

3886
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:50,040
PROCESSING IN MEN. 

3887
03:21:50,040 --> 03:21:52,040
WE RECOGNIZE FOUR ADDITIONAL --

3888
03:21:52,040 --> 03:21:55,640
WE RECOGNIZE FOUR STREAMS OF

3889
03:21:55,640 --> 03:21:58,440
VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING,

3890
03:21:58,440 --> 03:22:00,600
THERE IS ONE ADDITIONAL LATERAL

3891
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:05,320
STREAM IN MEN THAT DEALS WITH

3892
03:22:05,320 --> 03:22:09,920
LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION.

3893
03:22:09,920 --> 03:22:14,960
THUS IN HUMANS, THESE FOUR

3894
03:22:14,960 --> 03:22:20,040
STREAMS, THEY ALL ORIGINATED IN

3895
03:22:20,040 --> 03:22:25,120
V1 FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF V1.

3896
03:22:25,120 --> 03:22:29,160
VENTRAL STREAM MAINLY THE

3897
03:22:29,160 --> 03:22:31,000
CENTRAL PART GOING UP TO 20

3898
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:32,640
DEGREES, THE LATERAL STREAM

3899
03:22:32,640 --> 03:22:35,600
WHICH IS THE LANGUAGE

3900
03:22:35,600 --> 03:22:37,680
COMPREHENSION STREAM FROM THE

3901
03:22:37,680 --> 03:22:43,720
CENTER 5 DEGREES, THE

3902
03:22:43,720 --> 03:22:46,200
DORSOLATERAL, TODAY THE MOVEMENT

3903
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:49,720
AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION STREAM,

3904
03:22:49,720 --> 03:22:55,280
THE TARGET AREA MT COMES FROM 

3905
03:22:55,280 --> 03:23:00,280
THE BINOCULAR REPRESENTATION OF 

3906
03:23:00,280 --> 03:23:04,280
V1 AND THE DORSOMEDIAL STREAM TO

3907
03:23:04,280 --> 03:23:13,840
AREA PO COMES FROM PERIPHERY OF.

3908
03:23:13,840 --> 03:23:24,600
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE CONNECTION

3909
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,000
OF THE STREAMS WITH TWO

3910
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:27,640
REPRESENTATIVE VACCINATIONS, ONE

3911
03:23:27,640 --> 03:23:30,320
IN UPPER VISUAL FIELD IN RED,

3912
03:23:30,320 --> 03:23:38,280
ANOTHER ONE IN THE LOWER VISUAL 

3913
03:23:38,280 --> 03:23:43,040
FIELD IN GREEN.

3914
03:23:43,040 --> 03:23:53,360
FOR SOME REASON, THE

3915
03:23:54,440 --> 03:24:04,720
PROJECTIONS, THEY --

3916
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:10,720
THE PROJECTIONS, THEY INTERACT 

3917
03:24:10,720 --> 03:24:19,920
THROUGH A DYNAMIC NETWORK.

3918
03:24:19,920 --> 03:24:30,160
PLEASE HELP ME. 

3919
03:24:32,880 --> 03:24:33,720
OOPS.

3920
03:24:33,720 --> 03:24:33,920
OKAY.

3921
03:24:33,920 --> 03:24:38,640
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

3922
03:24:38,640 --> 03:24:39,720
OKAY.

3923
03:24:39,720 --> 03:24:44,680
WHEN WE START STUDYING THE

3924
03:24:44,680 --> 03:24:49,320
VISUAL TOPOGRAPHY IN THE CORTEX,

3925
03:24:49,320 --> 03:24:51,560
WE THOUGHT PERCEPTION WAS

3926
03:24:51,560 --> 03:24:56,560
RELATED TO VISUAL MAPS.

3927
03:24:56,560 --> 03:25:01,320
BUT AFTER READING DUHAMEL, COLBY

3928
03:25:01,320 --> 03:25:03,960
AND GOLDBERG'S MANY WE STARTED

3929
03:25:03,960 --> 03:25:07,000
THINKING THAT PERHAPS THE VISUAL

3930
03:25:07,000 --> 03:25:12,680
MAPS ARE NOT RELATED TO VISUAL

3931
03:25:12,680 --> 03:25:13,560
PERCEPTION.

3932
03:25:13,560 --> 03:25:16,600
AND WE NOW HAVE A VERY CLEAR

3933
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:22,480
IDEA THAT IN THE BRAIN WE HAVE

3934
03:25:22,480 --> 03:25:25,920
RETINOTOPIC MAPS THAT ARE TWO

3935
03:25:25,920 --> 03:25:27,560
DIMENSIONAL AND THERE ARE

3936
03:25:27,560 --> 03:25:31,400
DESCRIBED IN THE SPHERICAL

3937
03:25:31,400 --> 03:25:31,760
COORDINATES.

3938
03:25:31,760 --> 03:25:42,200
BUT AS YOU GET TO V1, THESE

3939
03:25:44,480 --> 03:25:45,040
RETINOTOPIC BECOMES VISUOTOPIC

3940
03:25:45,040 --> 03:25:46,640
MAP WITH COMPLETION AND FILLING

3941
03:25:46,640 --> 03:25:53,120
IN TAKING PLACE IN THE EXTRA

3942
03:25:53,120 --> 03:25:55,200
STRIDE AREAS.

3943
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:59,520
VISUOTOPIC IS BINOCULAR, THREE

3944
03:25:59,520 --> 03:26:04,760
DIMENSIONAL, AND IS A

3945
03:26:04,760 --> 03:26:11,000
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PHYSICAL

3946
03:26:11,000 --> 03:26:12,520
SCENE.

3947
03:26:12,520 --> 03:26:21,360
THE PAPER FROM DUHAMEL, COLBY,

3948
03:26:21,360 --> 03:26:27,080
AND GOLDBERG SHOWED US THAT 

3949
03:26:27,080 --> 03:26:31,560
THERE IS A CRANIOCENTRIC

3950
03:26:31,560 --> 03:26:34,280
CYCLEOPEAN REPRESENTATION IN THE

3951
03:26:34,280 --> 03:26:36,600
BRAIN, EASILY SEEN IF YOU STAY

3952
03:26:36,600 --> 03:26:39,320
WITH YOUR HEAD FIXED AND LOOK

3953
03:26:39,320 --> 03:26:46,760
AROUND, THE PERCEPTION IS

3954
03:26:46,760 --> 03:26:47,000
STABLE.

3955
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:53,000
S THAT CRANIOCENTRIC

3956
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:53,640
REPRESENTATION OF THE

3957
03:26:53,640 --> 03:26:55,000
PERCEPTION, AND IF YOU LOOK

3958
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,600
AROUND YOU ACTUALLY ARE ABLE TO

3959
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:01,560
ASSEMBLE IN THIS NETWORK

3960
03:27:01,560 --> 03:27:09,720
ENVIRONMENT REPRESENTATION OF

3961
03:27:09,720 --> 03:27:12,760
THE SCENE. 

3962
03:27:12,760 --> 03:27:23,240
I THINK THE BATTERY WENT LOW. 

3963
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:28,040
I'M PRESSING THE SAME BUTTON.

3964
03:27:28,040 --> 03:27:29,200
THAT'S FINE, THAT'S FINE.

3965
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:38,520
HERE WE HAVE A MODEL -- OKAY. 

3966
03:27:38,520 --> 03:27:41,760
THANK YOU.

3967
03:27:41,760 --> 03:27:42,440
OKAY.

3968
03:27:42,440 --> 03:27:46,200
THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE

3969
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:53,160
BETWEEN A RETINOTOPIC MAP IN A, 

3970
03:27:53,160 --> 03:28:02,360
WHERE YOU SEE THE VASCULAR AND

3971
03:28:02,360 --> 03:28:06,280
BLIND TOPIC, VISUOTOPIC IN 2,

3972
03:28:06,280 --> 03:28:07,240
CRANIOCENTRIC IN 3 AND 4

3973
03:28:07,240 --> 03:28:17,720
DEPENDING ON THE POSITION OF

3974
03:28:20,840 --> 03:28:24,360
YOUR HEAD.

3975
03:28:24,360 --> 03:28:29,760
SOMEHOW IT'S NOT GOING WELL WITH

3976
03:28:29,760 --> 03:28:32,560
THE BRAZILIAN POWERPOINT.

3977
03:28:32,560 --> 03:28:33,320
OKAY.

3978
03:28:33,320 --> 03:28:39,120
HERE WE HAVE THE RETINOTOPIC

3979
03:28:39,120 --> 03:28:39,960
MAP, VISUOTOPIC, CRANIOTOPIC IN

3980
03:28:39,960 --> 03:28:46,400
3 AND 4,  AMBIENT MAP IN 5, WHEN

3981
03:28:46,400 --> 03:28:49,200
YOU MOVE YOUR HEAD.

3982
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:55,880
 

3983
03:28:55,880 --> 03:28:59,160
THIS SLIDE IS MEANT TO SHOW YOU

3984
03:28:59,160 --> 03:29:03,120
THAT A VISUOTOPIC MAP IS VERY

3985
03:29:03,120 --> 03:29:06,520
DIFFERENT FROM THE CRANIOTOPIC

3986
03:29:06,520 --> 03:29:12,240
MAP, IN A YOU SEE A WATER FALL

3987
03:29:12,240 --> 03:29:15,080
WITH THREE+ SIGNS, RED ONE,

3988
03:29:15,080 --> 03:29:18,480
GREEN ONE, BLUE ONE.

3989
03:29:18,480 --> 03:29:22,640
AND IF YOU ORIENT YOUR EYES FOR

3990
03:29:22,640 --> 03:29:28,760
THE RED, THE BLUE, OR THE GREEN,

3991
03:29:28,760 --> 03:29:32,160
THE VISUOTOPIC MAP CHANGES AS

3992
03:29:32,160 --> 03:29:38,480
B,C, AND D, BUT YOUR

3993
03:29:38,480 --> 03:29:43,240
CRANIOCENTRIC PERCEPTION STAYS

3994
03:29:43,240 --> 03:29:44,080
THE SAME.

3995
03:29:44,080 --> 03:29:50,360
HERE I HAVE A PHOTO MONTAGE ON A

3996
03:29:50,360 --> 03:29:53,840
VIRTUAL VISIT TO RIO DE JANEIRO,

3997
03:29:53,840 --> 03:29:55,960
BRAZIL, SHOWING EFFECT OF

3998
03:29:55,960 --> 03:29:59,200
EXTRINSIC EYE MOVEMENTS IN

3999
03:29:59,200 --> 03:29:59,640
PERCEPTION.

4000
03:29:59,640 --> 03:30:05,240
IF YOU USE YOUR FEEDBACK

4001
03:30:05,240 --> 03:30:05,800
PROJECTIONS, DIFFERENT

4002
03:30:05,800 --> 03:30:08,840
PROJECTION, YOU CAN MOVE YOUR

4003
03:30:08,840 --> 03:30:11,480
EYES AND YOUR PERCEPTIONS STAY

4004
03:30:11,480 --> 03:30:11,840
STABLE.

4005
03:30:11,840 --> 03:30:15,040
BUT IF YOU DODGE YOUR EYES WITH

4006
03:30:15,040 --> 03:30:17,840
YOUR ONE FINGER, ONE EYE WITH

4007
03:30:17,840 --> 03:30:19,240
ONE FINGER, THE IMAGE IS THE ONE

4008
03:30:19,240 --> 03:30:28,960
THAT YOU HAVE IN B.

4009
03:30:28,960 --> 03:30:35,000
 

4010
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:37,880
THIS SLIDE SHOWS A CANVAS OF A

4011
03:30:37,880 --> 03:30:45,720
BRAZILIAN ARTIST WHICH GIVES YOU

4012
03:30:45,720 --> 03:30:49,800
A VERY COLORFUL AND HIGH

4013
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:59,080
RESOLUTION IMAGE OF THE HUG OF

4014
03:30:59,080 --> 03:31:00,600
ROMERO BRITTO.

4015
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:06,720
THIS INFORMATION IS BUILT UP ON

4016
03:31:06,720 --> 03:31:08,680
YOUR PERCEPTUAL NETWORK WITH

4017
03:31:08,680 --> 03:31:09,680
SMALL EYE MOVEMENTS.

4018
03:31:09,680 --> 03:31:13,160
AND AS YOU PROGRESS FROM ONE TO

4019
03:31:13,160 --> 03:31:19,640
TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX AND 

4020
03:31:19,640 --> 03:31:24,000
SEVEN, THE RECONSTRUCTION ON

4021
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:32,680
YOUR PERCEPT GETS COLOR,

4022
03:31:32,680 --> 03:31:34,640
RESOLUTION, AND LIGHT.

4023
03:31:34,640 --> 03:31:38,360
THIS IS ANOTHER SLIDE SHOWING

4024
03:31:38,360 --> 03:31:40,200
THE PROPAGATION OF INFORMATION

4025
03:31:40,200 --> 03:31:47,320
IN V 4, WHICH HAS A MAP OF ABOUT

4026
03:31:47,320 --> 03:31:50,040
40 DEGREES ECCENTRICITY.

4027
03:31:50,040 --> 03:31:54,880
BUT THAT INFORMATION IS

4028
03:31:54,880 --> 03:31:58,280
GRADUALLY FILLS THE WHOLE VIEW

4029
03:31:58,280 --> 03:31:59,920
OF THE BEACH IN BRAZIL AS YOU

4030
03:31:59,920 --> 03:32:01,720
MOVE YOUR EYES.

4031
03:32:01,720 --> 03:32:07,480
SO THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR IS

4032
03:32:07,480 --> 03:32:11,960
ACTUALLY PRESENT IN THIS

4033
03:32:11,960 --> 03:32:13,960
NETWORK.

4034
03:32:13,960 --> 03:32:17,880
IN THIS SLIDE, WE USE ILLUSION

4035
03:32:17,880 --> 03:32:23,600
TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROPERTY OF

4036
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:24,320
THE NEURAL REPRESENTATION BUILT

4037
03:32:24,320 --> 03:32:28,160
AT THE LEVEL OF THE NEURO CORTEX

4038
03:32:28,160 --> 03:32:30,000
IS DYNAMIC.

4039
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:31,360
THESE AMBIGUOUS FIGURES

4040
03:32:31,360 --> 03:32:34,000
ILLUSTRATE WINNER TAKES ALL

4041
03:32:34,000 --> 03:32:38,040
PROPERTY OF THE NETWORK.

4042
03:32:38,040 --> 03:32:41,520
AT THE LEFT, YOU WILL SEE EITHER

4043
03:32:41,520 --> 03:32:46,080
A CUP IN GREEN OR TWO FACES IN

4044
03:32:46,080 --> 03:32:46,360
BLACK.

4045
03:32:46,360 --> 03:32:47,720
IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU'RE

4046
03:32:47,720 --> 03:32:48,480
PAYING ATTENTION.

4047
03:32:48,480 --> 03:32:50,120
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE

4048
03:32:50,120 --> 03:32:52,000
GREEN, YOU SEE THE CUP.

4049
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:54,720
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE

4050
03:32:54,720 --> 03:32:57,200
BLACK, YOU SEE THE TWO PERSONS

4051
03:32:57,200 --> 03:33:01,040
FACING EACH OTHER. 

4052
03:33:01,040 --> 03:33:04,560
IN THE RIGHT, WITH THE PANEL, WE

4053
03:33:04,560 --> 03:33:06,560
SEE EITHER A YOUNG LADY LOOKING

4054
03:33:06,560 --> 03:33:09,440
TO THE WALL, OR AN OLD LADY

4055
03:33:09,440 --> 03:33:11,760
LOOKING TO THE LEFT.

4056
03:33:11,760 --> 03:33:14,840
IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU ARE

4057
03:33:14,840 --> 03:33:17,920
PAYING ATTENTION TO. 

4058
03:33:17,920 --> 03:33:21,400
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THE BLUE

4059
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:25,440
ARROW, AND IF YOU CONSIDER THAT

4060
03:33:25,440 --> 03:33:27,640
AS A CHEEK OF THE YOUNG LADY YOU

4061
03:33:27,640 --> 03:33:30,160
SEE THE YOUNG LADY.

4062
03:33:30,160 --> 03:33:32,040
IF YOU PAY ATTENTION AND THINK

4063
03:33:32,040 --> 03:33:34,080
THAT IS THE NOSE OF THE OLD

4064
03:33:34,080 --> 03:33:37,480
LADY, YOU SEE AN OLD LADY.

4065
03:33:37,480 --> 03:33:45,120
SO, THAT'S THE PROPERTY OF

4066
03:33:45,120 --> 03:33:50,840
THE --

4067
03:33:50,840 --> 03:33:56,800
IN THIS SLIDE WE SHOW THE WATER

4068
03:33:56,800 --> 03:34:04,360
FALL FROM 1961 BY THE DUTCH

4069
03:34:04,360 --> 03:34:11,480
ARTIST TO ILLUSTRATE THAT THE

4070
03:34:11,480 --> 03:34:12,640
NEURAL REPRESENTATION IS

4071
03:34:12,640 --> 03:34:15,280
ABSTRACT, RECONSTRUCTED AT THE

4072
03:34:15,280 --> 03:34:22,040
LEVEL OF THE NEOCORTEX, AND IT'S

4073
03:34:22,040 --> 03:34:25,960
NOT NECESSARILY PLAUSIBLE.

4074
03:34:25,960 --> 03:34:31,760
IN THIS LITHOGRAPHY THE

4075
03:34:31,760 --> 03:34:38,440
WATERFALL AND IN THE -- AND GOES

4076
03:34:38,440 --> 03:34:41,920
UP AGAINST GRAVITY. 

4077
03:34:41,920 --> 03:34:43,640
FINALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO

4078
03:34:43,640 --> 03:34:49,240
ACKNOWLEDGE THE TEAM OF THE

4079
03:34:49,240 --> 03:34:51,880
LABORATORY NEURAL PSYCHOLOGY,

4080
03:34:51,880 --> 03:34:55,120
NIMH, IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH WE SEE

4081
03:34:55,120 --> 03:34:58,920
THE WHOLE TEAM IN FRONT OF

4082
03:34:58,920 --> 03:35:01,160
BUILDING 9 IN SEPTEMBER 1991.

4083
03:35:01,160 --> 03:35:03,680
LESLIE APPEARS IN THE FIRST ROW,

4084
03:35:03,680 --> 03:35:06,640
MORT AND BOB IN THE LAST ROW.

4085
03:35:06,640 --> 03:35:16,720
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

4086
03:35:16,720 --> 03:35:20,200
NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE SABINE

4087
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:21,920
KASTNER, SHE'S AT PRINCETON, AT

4088
03:35:21,920 --> 03:35:23,640
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY FOR A

4089
03:35:23,640 --> 03:35:26,200
NUMBER OF YEARS NOW.

4090
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:26,800
PRINCETON NEUROSCIENCE

4091
03:35:26,800 --> 03:35:28,080
INSTITUTE, DEPARTMENT OF

4092
03:35:28,080 --> 03:35:28,360
PSYCHOLOGY.

4093
03:35:28,360 --> 03:35:30,600
SABINE?

4094
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:37,200
 

4095
03:35:37,200 --> 03:35:38,600
>> THANK YOU, PETER.

4096
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:43,320
THANKS TO ALEX AND TRUDY AND THE

4097
03:35:43,320 --> 03:35:44,840
ENTIRE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE TO

4098
03:35:44,840 --> 03:35:47,520
PUT TOGETHER THIS REALLY

4099
03:35:47,520 --> 03:35:49,760
BEAUTIFUL SYMPOSIUM.

4100
03:35:49,760 --> 03:35:52,320
I WAS VERY FORTUNATE TO SPEND

4101
03:35:52,320 --> 03:35:54,040
FOUR YEARS IN LESLIE'S LAB AS A

4102
03:35:54,040 --> 03:35:54,320
POSTDOC.

4103
03:35:54,320 --> 03:35:56,720
TODAY I WOULD LIKE TO REFLECT ON

4104
03:35:56,720 --> 03:36:02,160
A FEW OF THE MANY LESSONS I

4105
03:36:02,160 --> 03:36:03,480
LEARNED FROM LESLIE THAT

4106
03:36:03,480 --> 03:36:09,920
PREPARED ME IN UNIQUE WAYS FOR A

4107
03:36:09,920 --> 03:36:13,280
CAREER IN NEUROSCIENCE.

4108
03:36:13,280 --> 03:36:18,800
MANY TRAINEES SHARED OUR

4109
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:21,880
COMMUNITY IN AN  OBITUARY TWO

4110
03:36:21,880 --> 03:36:22,400
YEARS AGO.

4111
03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:24,920
A TALE IN FOUR LESSONS.

4112
03:36:24,920 --> 03:36:26,240
LESSON ONE, THE VISIONARY,

4113
03:36:26,240 --> 03:36:29,320
EMBRACE AS MANY DISCIPLINES AS

4114
03:36:29,320 --> 03:36:30,720
POSSIBLE.

4115
03:36:30,720 --> 03:36:32,560
I ARRIVED LATE IN 1996 AND MET

4116
03:36:32,560 --> 03:36:36,880
LESLIE A COUPLE WEEKS LATER, IN

4117
03:36:36,880 --> 03:36:38,600
HER OFFICE IN BUILDING 49.

4118
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:40,600
SHE WAS RUNNING BASICALLY TWO OR

4119
03:36:40,600 --> 03:36:45,400
EVEN THREE LABS AT THE TIME,

4120
03:36:45,400 --> 03:36:57,000
NEUROAT   NEUROANATOMY.

4121
03:36:57,000 --> 03:36:59,560
MY BACKGROUND WAS MONKEYS

4122
03:36:59,560 --> 03:37:01,120
PHYSIOLOGY, I DECIDED TO LEARN

4123
03:37:01,120 --> 03:37:02,440
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES TO

4124
03:37:02,440 --> 03:37:03,560
STUDY THE HUMAN BRAIN.

4125
03:37:03,560 --> 03:37:07,320
I HAD CHOSEN TO BE IN BUILDING

4126
03:37:07,320 --> 03:37:14,040
49 AMONG THE PHYSIOLOGISTS. 

4127
03:37:14,040 --> 03:37:17,840
LESLIE'S BUILDING 49 OFFICE WAS

4128
03:37:17,840 --> 03:37:19,200
A CLOSET.

4129
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:20,800
WITHOUT WINDOWS.

4130
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:23,240
TWO DESKS, LARGE PILES OF

4131
03:37:23,240 --> 03:37:25,960
PAPERS, TINY PERSON IN THE

4132
03:37:25,960 --> 03:37:27,960
MIDDLE, LESLIE.

4133
03:37:27,960 --> 03:37:29,920
AND THERE WAS A SMALL CHAIR IN

4134
03:37:29,920 --> 03:37:33,200
THE CORNER THAT YOU WOULD

4135
03:37:33,200 --> 03:37:35,200
SQUEEZE INTO TO MEET HER.

4136
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:36,800
WE CHATTED ABOUT THE DESIGN IN

4137
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:41,760
THE FIRST MEETING OF FUNCTIONAL

4138
03:37:41,760 --> 03:37:44,280
BRAIN IMAGE STUDIES, I EXPRESSED

4139
03:37:44,280 --> 03:37:45,360
MY CONCERN, IT SEEMED HARD TO

4140
03:37:45,360 --> 03:37:48,080
INTERPRET, AT LEAST TO ME.

4141
03:37:48,080 --> 03:37:49,520
WE BRAINSTORMED WHAT KIND OF

4142
03:37:49,520 --> 03:37:52,440
GROUND TRUTHS WE WERE LOOKING

4143
03:37:52,440 --> 03:37:54,000
FOR DECIDED RESULTS FROM MONKEY

4144
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:55,680
PHYSIOLOGY WOULD GUIDE OUR

4145
03:37:55,680 --> 03:37:56,280
INVESTIGATIONS AND

4146
03:37:56,280 --> 03:37:58,400
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HUMAN

4147
03:37:58,400 --> 03:37:59,840
ATTENTION SYSTEM.

4148
03:37:59,840 --> 03:38:01,880
THE FIRST CHALLENGE WAS TO

4149
03:38:01,880 --> 03:38:04,720
DELINEATE THE HUMAN VISUAL

4150
03:38:04,720 --> 03:38:05,080
CORTEX.

4151
03:38:05,080 --> 03:38:07,280
LESLIE AND I SPENT NUMEROUS

4152
03:38:07,280 --> 03:38:09,920
SATURDAY MORNINGS IN THE LIBRARY

4153
03:38:09,920 --> 03:38:11,880
OF BUILDING 49 SURROUNDED BY

4154
03:38:11,880 --> 03:38:14,120
PAPER COPIES OF ACTIVATION LABS.

4155
03:38:14,120 --> 03:38:16,360
WE STUDIED HOW VISUAL STIMULI

4156
03:38:16,360 --> 03:38:20,280
PRESENTED ALONG THE HORIZONTAL

4157
03:38:20,280 --> 03:38:21,080
OR VERTICAL MERIDIANS ACTIVATED

4158
03:38:21,080 --> 03:38:23,160
THE HUMAN BRAIN AND HOW THAT

4159
03:38:23,160 --> 03:38:24,440
COMPARED TO KNOWN NEUROANATOMY

4160
03:38:24,440 --> 03:38:26,200
OF MONKEY VISUAL SYSTEM THAT

4161
03:38:26,200 --> 03:38:28,320
LESLIE KNEW LIKE ALMOST NO ONE

4162
03:38:28,320 --> 03:38:29,600
ELSE ON THE PLANET.

4163
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:33,520
HERE YOU SEE A SLIDE FROM THE

4164
03:38:33,520 --> 03:38:36,280
WORKS SHE DID WITH RICARDO.

4165
03:38:36,280 --> 03:38:37,960
THIS IS THE -- OH, SORRY.

4166
03:38:37,960 --> 03:38:43,920
IS IT STILL THERE?

4167
03:38:43,920 --> 03:38:45,240
YES, OKAY.

4168
03:38:45,240 --> 03:38:53,200
THIS IS THE VERTICAL AND

4169
03:38:53,200 --> 03:38:54,120
HORIZONTAL MERIDIANS, BOUNDARY

4170
03:38:54,120 --> 03:38:56,840
SHOWS YOU THE AREA SHARED FORMED

4171
03:38:56,840 --> 03:38:59,960
BY A VERTICAL MERIDIAN AND THIS

4172
03:38:59,960 --> 03:39:02,520
GOES TO THE NEXT AREA BOUNDARY

4173
03:39:02,520 --> 03:39:05,600
HERE WHICH IS AN HORIZONTAL

4174
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:06,680
MERIDIAN AND BACK TO VERTICAL

4175
03:39:06,680 --> 03:39:08,320
AND SO ON.

4176
03:39:08,320 --> 03:39:09,520
THERE'S A CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN

4177
03:39:09,520 --> 03:39:11,800
AND THIS IS BASICALLY WHAT WE

4178
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:12,680
WERE AFTER.

4179
03:39:12,680 --> 03:39:14,560
NOW, OUR PROBLEM WAS THAT WE DID

4180
03:39:14,560 --> 03:39:17,160
NOT REALLY HAVE THESE NICE

4181
03:39:17,160 --> 03:39:19,200
METHODS ACTUALLY I THINK WE DID

4182
03:39:19,200 --> 03:39:20,160
15 YEARS LATER, SOMETHING, IN

4183
03:39:20,160 --> 03:39:22,360
THE HUMAN BRAIN THAT SEEMED TO

4184
03:39:22,360 --> 03:39:24,200
COME RELATIVELY CLOSE TO THIS.

4185
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:26,360
BUT AT THE TIME WE DID NOT HAVE

4186
03:39:26,360 --> 03:39:30,440
FLAT MAPS, DID NOT HAVE REALLY

4187
03:39:30,440 --> 03:39:32,400
SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL METHODS

4188
03:39:32,400 --> 03:39:36,680
TO DO A RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS

4189
03:39:36,680 --> 03:39:38,880
MONKEY ANATOMY HERE, LIKE THIS,

4190
03:39:38,880 --> 03:39:40,200
WHICH, AGAIN, IS VERY SIMILAR

4191
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:43,160
REALLY IN THE HUMAN BRAIN.

4192
03:39:43,160 --> 03:39:45,680
SO WHAT WE ENDED UP DOING WHICH

4193
03:39:45,680 --> 03:39:48,920
MUST HAVE BEEN PATHETIC,

4194
03:39:48,920 --> 03:39:51,600
PARTICULARLY FOR LESLIE, WE

4195
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:53,480
THREW EVERYTHING IN 2D, CORONAL

4196
03:39:53,480 --> 03:39:56,640
SLICES, WHAT WE ENDED UP IN OUR

4197
03:39:56,640 --> 03:39:58,960
FIRST PUBLICATION LOOKED

4198
03:39:58,960 --> 03:40:00,720
SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

4199
03:40:00,720 --> 03:40:05,320
NOW, WHAT I FIND AMAZING ABOUT

4200
03:40:05,320 --> 03:40:06,400
THESE INITIAL INTERACTIONS WE

4201
03:40:06,400 --> 03:40:08,480
HAD WAS THAT LESLIE NEVER SHIED

4202
03:40:08,480 --> 03:40:09,840
AWAY FROM HELPING BUILD UP

4203
03:40:09,840 --> 03:40:12,640
STUDIES FROM THE GROUND AND HER

4204
03:40:12,640 --> 03:40:13,640
TIME COMMITMENT TO PIONEERING

4205
03:40:13,640 --> 03:40:15,720
WHAT WAS AT THE TIME OUR

4206
03:40:15,720 --> 03:40:17,480
BEGINNING UNDERSTANDING OF THE

4207
03:40:17,480 --> 03:40:22,160
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WAS JUST

4208
03:40:22,160 --> 03:40:25,800
ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.

4209
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:28,760
SO THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE

4210
03:40:28,760 --> 03:40:31,000
LABORATORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

4211
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:32,760
AND COGNITION WAS

4212
03:40:32,760 --> 03:40:33,360
INTERDISCIPLINARY WHICH WAS

4213
03:40:33,360 --> 03:40:34,840
VISIONARY AT THE TIME GIVEN THAT

4214
03:40:34,840 --> 03:40:37,480
IT IS NOW SECOND NATURE FOR ANY

4215
03:40:37,480 --> 03:40:39,400
YOUNG NEUROSCIENTIST TO BE

4216
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:42,640
TRAINED AND BENEFIT FROM

4217
03:40:42,640 --> 03:40:44,240
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH.

4218
03:40:44,240 --> 03:40:45,440
LESLIE'S PERSPECTIVE AS A

4219
03:40:45,440 --> 03:40:48,200
SCIENTIST, AS YOU ALL KNOW,

4220
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:49,120
INTEGRATED MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES,

4221
03:40:49,120 --> 03:40:51,040
AND THE RICH KNOWLEDGE THAT

4222
03:40:51,040 --> 03:40:52,800
COMES WITH EACH.

4223
03:40:52,800 --> 03:40:54,520
COMBINING THE SKILLS AND

4224
03:40:54,520 --> 03:41:00,120
KNOWLEDGE OF A NEUROANATOMIST,

4225
03:41:00,120 --> 03:41:03,080
IMAGING, PSYCHOLOGIST, SHE

4226
03:41:03,080 --> 03:41:04,840
TAUGHT US, HER TRAINEES, MASTERY

4227
03:41:04,840 --> 03:41:11,720
OF ONE OR TWO RESEARCH METHODS

4228
03:41:11,720 --> 03:41:12,920
IS INDISPENSABLE, AND STRONG

4229
03:41:12,920 --> 03:41:14,960
KNOWLEDGE OF MULTIPLE AREAS IS A

4230
03:41:14,960 --> 03:41:16,440
REQUIREMENT FOR GOOD SCIENCE.

4231
03:41:16,440 --> 03:41:19,160
A KEY TO ASKING PROFOUND

4232
03:41:19,160 --> 03:41:19,440
QUESTIONS.

4233
03:41:19,440 --> 03:41:23,520
NOW, IN MY OWN CAREER I'VE GONE

4234
03:41:23,520 --> 03:41:24,920
BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN HUMAN AN

4235
03:41:24,920 --> 03:41:27,480
MONKEY BRAIN, STUDIED PATIENTS

4236
03:41:27,480 --> 03:41:29,320
WITH BRAIN LESIONS, COGNITIVE

4237
03:41:29,320 --> 03:41:31,080
DEVELOPMENT IN KIDS, MULTITUDE

4238
03:41:31,080 --> 03:41:33,280
OF TECHNIQUES INCLUDING

4239
03:41:33,280 --> 03:41:35,880
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING, BUT

4240
03:41:35,880 --> 03:41:37,120
ALSO INTRACRANIAL PHYSIOLOGY IN

4241
03:41:37,120 --> 03:41:39,840
HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATE,

4242
03:41:39,840 --> 03:41:41,360
EMBRACED MANY TOPICS BEYOND

4243
03:41:41,360 --> 03:41:42,920
VISUAL ATTENTION FROM

4244
03:41:42,920 --> 03:41:43,800
INTERACTION OF THALAMUS AND

4245
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:46,600
CORTEX TO HUMAN TOOL USE.

4246
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:49,040
THIS MAY SEEM LIKE A FEARLESS

4247
03:41:49,040 --> 03:41:51,120
AGENDA.

4248
03:41:51,120 --> 03:41:54,840
WHAT I LEARNED FROM LESLIE WAS

4249
03:41:54,840 --> 03:41:57,480
TO FOCUS ON VALUE, BENEFITS, AN

4250
03:41:57,480 --> 03:41:59,000
OPPORTUNITIES OF A

4251
03:41:59,000 --> 03:41:59,640
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND

4252
03:41:59,640 --> 03:42:03,640
NOT SO MUCH ON THE CHALLENGES 

4253
03:42:03,640 --> 03:42:06,960
THAT COMES WITH IT.

4254
03:42:06,960 --> 03:42:10,160
LESSON 2, A UNIQUE THINKER.

4255
03:42:10,160 --> 03:42:12,320
ASK BIG QUESTIONS, ASK THEM

4256
03:42:12,320 --> 03:42:12,640
RIGHT.

4257
03:42:12,640 --> 03:42:15,040
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS

4258
03:42:15,040 --> 03:42:16,400
LESLIE TAUGHT HER TRAINEES WAS

4259
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:19,560
HOW TO GO ABOUT THINKING OUT OUR

4260
03:42:19,560 --> 03:42:20,640
RESEARCH.

4261
03:42:20,640 --> 03:42:23,400
HER WAY OF THINKING ABOUT

4262
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:24,480
NEUROSCIENCE WAS UNIQUELY

4263
03:42:24,480 --> 03:42:28,160
LOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE EACH

4264
03:42:28,160 --> 03:42:29,920
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT WAS A PUZZLE

4265
03:42:29,920 --> 03:42:33,680
PIECE THAT HAD TO FIT INTO

4266
03:42:33,680 --> 03:42:38,280
BROADER FRAMEWORK ABOUT WHAT WAS

4267
03:42:38,280 --> 03:42:39,720
KNOWN.

4268
03:42:39,720 --> 03:42:43,440
BREADTH AND DEPTH OF EXPERTISE

4269
03:42:43,440 --> 03:42:45,080
WAS NECESSARY BUT NOT

4270
03:42:45,080 --> 03:42:45,840
SUFFICIENT.

4271
03:42:45,840 --> 03:42:48,680
LESLIE HAD A UNIQUE ABILITY TO

4272
03:42:48,680 --> 03:42:50,480
DRAW KNOWLEDGE FROM DATA.

4273
03:42:50,480 --> 03:42:53,960
SHE SAW CONNECTED PATTERNS AND

4274
03:42:53,960 --> 03:42:56,160
SYSTEMS RATHER THAN DISJOINTED

4275
03:42:56,160 --> 03:42:58,000
LESSER FACTS.

4276
03:42:58,000 --> 03:43:02,080
WHEN FACED WITH CONFLICTING

4277
03:43:02,080 --> 03:43:03,360
RESULTS SHE WASN'T DISAPPOINTED,

4278
03:43:03,360 --> 03:43:05,320
TAUGHT US TO CONSIDER HOW A

4279
03:43:05,320 --> 03:43:06,520
CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT FIT

4280
03:43:06,520 --> 03:43:07,880
TOGETHER WITH OTHER RESULTS AND

4281
03:43:07,880 --> 03:43:10,920
THEORIES ALL THE WAY FROM

4282
03:43:10,920 --> 03:43:13,560
SENSATION TO PERCEPTION, AND

4283
03:43:13,560 --> 03:43:14,960
THEN TO ATTENTION, MEMORY,

4284
03:43:14,960 --> 03:43:15,280
BEHAVIOR.

4285
03:43:15,280 --> 03:43:18,040
SHE POINTED OUT THE TRAP OF

4286
03:43:18,040 --> 03:43:20,000
BECOMING TOO INVESTED IN A

4287
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:23,080
PARTICULAR THEORY, OR WORSE, A

4288
03:43:23,080 --> 03:43:24,600
RIVALRY, WITH ADVOCATES OF

4289
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:25,480
OPPOSING THEORIES.

4290
03:43:25,480 --> 03:43:28,760
MADE CLEAR DATA WERE MORE

4291
03:43:28,760 --> 03:43:30,320
IMPORTANT THAN THE

4292
03:43:30,320 --> 03:43:30,680
INTERPRETATION.

4293
03:43:30,680 --> 03:43:32,240
LESLIE WAS INTRIGUED BY LAYING

4294
03:43:32,240 --> 03:43:34,600
ALL THE PUZZLE PIECES UNTIL THEY

4295
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:34,920
FIT.

4296
03:43:34,920 --> 03:43:38,080
BUT SHE WAS EVEN MORE DECISIVE

4297
03:43:38,080 --> 03:43:40,120
IN STARTING FROM SCRATCH, EVERY

4298
03:43:40,120 --> 03:43:43,720
NEW PUZZLE  PIECE SHOWED UP THAT

4299
03:43:43,720 --> 03:43:45,720
DID NOT FIT TO THE FRUSTRATION

4300
03:43:45,720 --> 03:43:47,520
OF TRAINEES WHO THOUGHT THEY

4301
03:43:47,520 --> 03:43:48,480
SOLVED IT.

4302
03:43:48,480 --> 03:43:50,240
LESLIE WAS FAMOUS, YOU HEARD

4303
03:43:50,240 --> 03:43:51,440
ABOUT THAT ALREADY, FOR

4304
03:43:51,440 --> 03:43:55,400
INTERJECTING AT LAB MEETINGS OR

4305
03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:56,200
ONE-ON-ONE MEETINGS, WITH "BUT

4306
03:43:56,200 --> 03:44:06,680
WHAT DID IT MEAN," OR "SO WHAT,"

4307
03:44:06,680 --> 03:44:08,880
WHEN YOU THOUGHT THE RESULT HAD

4308
03:44:08,880 --> 03:44:11,280
BEEN FOUND.

4309
03:44:11,280 --> 03:44:12,680
SHE FORCED US NOT TO BE

4310
03:44:12,680 --> 03:44:14,880
SATISFIED BUT THINK ABOUT EVERY

4311
03:44:14,880 --> 03:44:18,360
ASPECT OF OUR PROJECT, DEEPLY

4312
03:44:18,360 --> 03:44:20,440
AND CRITICALLY.

4313
03:44:20,440 --> 03:44:28,800
LESLIE'S "SO WHAT" " WERE AIMING

4314
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:30,840
AT MEANFUL ANSWERS.

4315
03:44:30,840 --> 03:44:36,320
THIS WAY OF THINKING ABOUT 

4316
03:44:36,320 --> 03:44:37,520
DISPARATE PIECES FITTING

4317
03:44:37,520 --> 03:44:38,840
TOGETHER IMPLIED LESLIE HAD A

4318
03:44:38,840 --> 03:44:41,920
DEEP INTEREST IN OTHER PEOPLE'S

4319
03:44:41,920 --> 03:44:42,200
RESEARCH.

4320
03:44:42,200 --> 03:44:44,520
SHE LISTENED INTENTLY TO OTHERS'

4321
03:44:44,520 --> 03:44:46,880
RESULTS, IDEAS, TO BE STORED IN

4322
03:44:46,880 --> 03:44:49,120
HER MIND AS ADDITIONAL PIECES TO

4323
03:44:49,120 --> 03:44:51,640
THE PUZZLE EVEN IF IT WASN'T

4324
03:44:51,640 --> 03:44:54,240
IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS, WHERE EACH

4325
03:44:54,240 --> 03:44:55,320
PIECE MIGHT FIT.

4326
03:44:55,320 --> 03:44:57,560
I REMEMBER TRAVELING WITH LESLIE

4327
03:44:57,560 --> 03:44:59,600
TO A CONFERENCE IN GREECE.

4328
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:02,160
PETER AND I JUST HAD COLLECTED

4329
03:45:02,160 --> 03:45:03,880
PILOT DATA ON WHAT WOULD BECOME

4330
03:45:03,880 --> 03:45:08,360
A LAND MARK STUDY FOR THE HUMAN

4331
03:45:08,360 --> 03:45:12,000
ATTENTION FIELD, CITED ALMOST

4332
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:13,000
2,000 TIMES.

4333
03:45:13,000 --> 03:45:16,120
WE SHOWED IN THE STUDY VISUAL

4334
03:45:16,120 --> 03:45:17,320
CORTEX INCLUDING PRIMARY VISUAL

4335
03:45:17,320 --> 03:45:21,400
CORTEX COULD BE DRIVEN SOLELY BY

4336
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:22,960
ATTENTION-RELATED FEEDBACK

4337
03:45:22,960 --> 03:45:26,120
SIGNALS, YOU SEE THEM HERE IN

4338
03:45:26,120 --> 03:45:29,840
YELLOW DURING THIS AD HOC, THIS

4339
03:45:29,840 --> 03:45:31,800
SIGNAL, fMRI SIGNAL, DRIVEN BY

4340
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:33,960
A TOP-DOWN FEEDBACK SIGNAL, NOT

4341
03:45:33,960 --> 03:45:35,880
BY VISUAL INPUT.

4342
03:45:35,880 --> 03:45:36,760
THAT WAS SENSATIONAL FOR THE

4343
03:45:36,760 --> 03:45:37,200
TIME.

4344
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:39,680
NOW BACK TO THE GREECE TRIP THAT

4345
03:45:39,680 --> 03:45:39,920
WE DID.

4346
03:45:39,920 --> 03:45:41,760
SO, LESLIE AND I ARRIVED AFTER A

4347
03:45:41,760 --> 03:45:44,080
RED EYE FLIGHT IN ATHENS, AND

4348
03:45:44,080 --> 03:45:45,480
ENTERED A BUS THAT WOULD BRING

4349
03:45:45,480 --> 03:45:47,640
US TO THE CONFERENCE LOCATION.

4350
03:45:47,640 --> 03:45:48,800
I WAS PRETTY TIRED.

4351
03:45:48,800 --> 03:45:50,720
A BIT NAUSEOUS FROM THE BUMPY

4352
03:45:50,720 --> 03:45:52,960
BUS RIDE ON GREEK HIGHWAYS.

4353
03:45:52,960 --> 03:45:56,120
AND LOOKING FORWARD TO TAKING A

4354
03:45:56,120 --> 03:45:56,920
NAP.

4355
03:45:56,920 --> 03:45:58,120
BUT LESLIE INSISTED WE SHOULD

4356
03:45:58,120 --> 03:45:59,520
DISCUSS THE PILOT DATA.

4357
03:45:59,520 --> 03:46:03,160
IT HAD BEEN WHAT I WOULD CALL A

4358
03:46:03,160 --> 03:46:04,200
PRETTY DIRTY PILOT STUDY, LESLIE

4359
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:06,320
WAS ABSOLUTELY NOT HAPPY WITH

4360
03:46:06,320 --> 03:46:07,800
THE STUDY DESIGN.

4361
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:09,880
WE SPENT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT

4362
03:46:09,880 --> 03:46:11,200
OF TIME ON THIS TRIP

4363
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:13,280
BRAINSTORMING ON HOW TO IMPROVE

4364
03:46:13,280 --> 03:46:13,440
IT.

4365
03:46:13,440 --> 03:46:14,920
ONCE WE GOT BACK TO BETHESDA,

4366
03:46:14,920 --> 03:46:17,440
THE REST OF THE STUDY WAS A

4367
03:46:17,440 --> 03:46:18,760
PIECE OF CAKE.

4368
03:46:18,760 --> 03:46:20,520
LESLIE WAS NEVER TOO TIRED TO

4369
03:46:20,520 --> 03:46:23,240
DISCUSS WHAT SHE LOVED MOST,

4370
03:46:23,240 --> 03:46:23,480
SCIENCE.

4371
03:46:23,480 --> 03:46:31,480
BUT YOU HAD TO DO YOUR SCIENCE

4372
03:46:31,480 --> 03:46:32,680
RIGHT.

4373
03:46:32,680 --> 03:46:34,800
LESSON 3, A GENEROUS MENTOR,

4374
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:35,960
LASTING IMPRINT ON SO MANY.

4375
03:46:35,960 --> 03:46:38,720
SHE WAS AN AMAZING MENTOR,

4376
03:46:38,720 --> 03:46:40,880
WANTED TO MAKE SURE MENTEES WERE

4377
03:46:40,880 --> 03:46:42,960
PREPARED TO FACE DEMANDS OF

4378
03:46:42,960 --> 03:46:45,400
THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT CAREERS IN

4379
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:46,000
ALL ASPECTS.

4380
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:48,080
IF YOU WERE NOT READY TO WRITE A

4381
03:46:48,080 --> 03:46:50,840
PAPER YET, LESLIE WOULD SIT DOWN

4382
03:46:50,840 --> 03:46:53,040
AND GO THROUGH DRAFTS, SENTENCE

4383
03:46:53,040 --> 03:46:54,840
BY SENTENCE, YOU'VE HEARD THAT

4384
03:46:54,840 --> 03:46:56,520
REPEATEDLY TODAY, IT'S REALLY

4385
03:46:56,520 --> 03:46:56,720
TRUE.

4386
03:46:56,720 --> 03:46:59,680
MANY TRAINEES LIKE MYSELF WERE

4387
03:46:59,680 --> 03:47:01,200
NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS AND CAME

4388
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:03,120
WITH MODERATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE

4389
03:47:03,120 --> 03:47:04,080
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

4390
03:47:04,080 --> 03:47:05,720
LESLIE WAS KEENLY AWARE OF THE

4391
03:47:05,720 --> 03:47:09,760
VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF CLEAR

4392
03:47:09,760 --> 03:47:10,600
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION AND

4393
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:12,360
TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF EFFORTS

4394
03:47:12,360 --> 03:47:13,600
WERE SPENT ON TEACHING THESE

4395
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:13,840
SKILLS.

4396
03:47:13,840 --> 03:47:18,840
HER PAPERS WERE WRITTEN IN A 

4397
03:47:18,840 --> 03:47:21,800
CRYSTAL CLEAR MANNER AND

4398
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:24,560
FOLLOWED RIGOROUS LOGIC.

4399
03:47:24,560 --> 03:47:25,520
DIFFERENT PARAGRAPHS PRESENTING

4400
03:47:25,520 --> 03:47:28,240
CAREFULLY BUILT ARGUMENTS WOULD

4401
03:47:28,240 --> 03:47:31,000
LEAD TO GROUNDED CONCLUSIONS OR

4402
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,200
HYPOTHESES WITH AN ALMOST

4403
03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:33,880
MATHEMATICAL RIGOR.

4404
03:47:33,880 --> 03:47:36,120
INTIMIDATING AT FIRST, SHE HELD

4405
03:47:36,120 --> 03:47:38,960
US ALL AGAINST HER HIGH

4406
03:47:38,960 --> 03:47:40,080
STANDARDS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING

4407
03:47:40,080 --> 03:47:42,080
REGARDLESS OF WHERE WE CAME FROM

4408
03:47:42,080 --> 03:47:43,000
WITH LANGUAGE ABILITIES.

4409
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:45,880
SHE WANTED TO BUILD US UP TO

4410
03:47:45,880 --> 03:47:46,560
THESE STANDARDS.

4411
03:47:46,560 --> 03:47:49,160
SITTING SIDE BY SIDE TO WORK ON

4412
03:47:49,160 --> 03:47:53,760
A PAPER MIGHT LOOK LIKELY.

4413
03:47:53,760 --> 03:47:55,160
SHE WOULD READ THROUGH TEXT,

4414
03:47:55,160 --> 03:47:57,880
FROWN A BIT, TURN WITH A

4415
03:47:57,880 --> 03:47:58,320
QUESTION.

4416
03:47:58,320 --> 03:47:59,440
OKAY, NOW, HOW ABOUT YOU JUST

4417
03:47:59,440 --> 03:48:03,280
TELL ME WHAT IT IS YOU WANT TO

4418
03:48:03,280 --> 03:48:03,600
SAY.

4419
03:48:03,600 --> 03:48:06,680
BUT THEN EVEN VERY CLEAR ANSWERS

4420
03:48:06,680 --> 03:48:07,880
WERE OFTEN FOLLOWED BY, AND DO

4421
03:48:07,880 --> 03:48:11,640
YOU THINK THIS IS WHAT YOU HAVE

4422
03:48:11,640 --> 03:48:12,240
WRITTEN DOWN HERE?

4423
03:48:12,240 --> 03:48:12,720
[LAUGHTER]

4424
03:48:12,720 --> 03:48:15,400
LESLIE WOULD TEACH US HOW TO

4425
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:17,400
BREAK DOWN THOUGHTS INTO LOGICAL

4426
03:48:17,400 --> 03:48:19,040
PROGRESSION OF STATEMENTS THAT

4427
03:48:19,040 --> 03:48:22,200
BUILT ONTO EACH OTHER AND LED TO

4428
03:48:22,200 --> 03:48:22,960
INESCAPABLE CONCLUSION OR

4429
03:48:22,960 --> 03:48:24,280
SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR THAT

4430
03:48:24,280 --> 03:48:26,400
PARAGRAPH AS WELL AS OPENING FOR

4431
03:48:26,400 --> 03:48:27,600
THE NEXT ONE.

4432
03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:28,960
LESLIE'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE

4433
03:48:28,960 --> 03:48:30,720
LITERATURE WAS STRIKING AND SHE

4434
03:48:30,720 --> 03:48:34,240
SHARED IT TO INFORM OUR

4435
03:48:34,240 --> 03:48:34,640
REASONING.

4436
03:48:34,640 --> 03:48:40,480
WHAT IS SO REMARKABLE, SHE WAS

4437
03:48:40,480 --> 03:48:41,680
SIMULTANEOUSLY INSISTENT ON US

4438
03:48:41,680 --> 03:48:44,880
REACHING HER QUALITY STANDARDS

4439
03:48:44,880 --> 03:48:46,720
AS WELL AS ENCOURAGING AND

4440
03:48:46,720 --> 03:48:48,040
PATIENT WHILE SENDING US BACK TO

4441
03:48:48,040 --> 03:48:50,600
WORK ON THE NEXT ITERATION.

4442
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:52,320
AND THERE WERE MANY.

4443
03:48:52,320 --> 03:48:54,520
I CANNOT THINK OF A BETTER

4444
03:48:54,520 --> 03:48:55,920
TUTORIAL IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING

4445
03:48:55,920 --> 03:48:57,880
THAN THESE ONE-ON-ONE SESSIONS

4446
03:48:57,880 --> 03:49:00,280
WITH LESLIE AND I NEEDED MANY OF

4447
03:49:00,280 --> 03:49:04,120
THEM TO BECOME A PROFICIENT

4448
03:49:04,120 --> 03:49:04,880
WRITER.

4449
03:49:04,880 --> 03:49:07,640
ANOTHER FAMOUS EXAMPLE WERE THE

4450
03:49:07,640 --> 03:49:09,640
PRACTICE TALKS, IN PREPARATION

4451
03:49:09,640 --> 03:49:11,120
FOR CONFERENCE MEETINGS.

4452
03:49:11,120 --> 03:49:12,480
LESLIE'S TALKS WERE ALWAYS AS

4453
03:49:12,480 --> 03:49:14,360
CLEAR AS HER WRITING.

4454
03:49:14,360 --> 03:49:19,560
EVERYONE WHO HAS ATTENDED ONE OF

4455
03:49:19,560 --> 03:49:23,480
HER LECTURES, ADMIRED PERFECT

4456
03:49:23,480 --> 03:49:26,000
SLIDES, PROGRESSION, VERBAL

4457
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:27,360
DELIVERY WITH CONTENT ON THE

4458
03:49:27,360 --> 03:49:27,640
SLIDE.

4459
03:49:27,640 --> 03:49:29,440
SHE STARTED OUT SHY AND

4460
03:49:29,440 --> 03:49:30,760
UNCOMFORTABLE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

4461
03:49:30,760 --> 03:49:33,400
IN HER EARLY CAREER.

4462
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:34,200
LESLIE'S STRATEGY TO OVERCOME

4463
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:37,280
STAGE FRIGHT WAS TO PREPARE HER

4464
03:49:37,280 --> 03:49:39,120
TALKS METICULOUSLY AND SHE DID

4465
03:49:39,120 --> 03:49:41,640
THAT WITH EVERY SINGLE TALK I

4466
03:49:41,640 --> 03:49:43,440
CAN THINK OF.

4467
03:49:43,440 --> 03:49:44,880
FOR HER TRAINEES, LESLIE'S

4468
03:49:44,880 --> 03:49:47,440
COACHING ON PUBLIC SPEAKING WAS

4469
03:49:47,440 --> 03:49:47,800
PRICELESS.

4470
03:49:47,800 --> 03:49:49,960
LESLIE TAUGHT US THREE

4471
03:49:49,960 --> 03:49:50,400
PRINCIPLES.

4472
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:53,000
DECIDE ON A CLEAR STORY LINE AND

4473
03:49:53,000 --> 03:50:03,440
SET OF LOGICALLY CONGRUENT

4474
03:50:04,040 --> 03:50:04,520
STATEMENTSES.

4475
03:50:04,520 --> 03:50:06,480
USE SPARSE, NO MORE THAN

4476
03:50:06,480 --> 03:50:07,400
NECESSARY, GRAPHS AND

4477
03:50:07,400 --> 03:50:08,600
ILLUSTRATIONS OVER WORDS.

4478
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:10,960
THEN OF COURSE PRACTICE,

4479
03:50:10,960 --> 03:50:11,520
PRACTICE, PRACTICE.

4480
03:50:11,520 --> 03:50:13,720
IF YOU COULD GET BY WITH THROUGH

4481
03:50:13,720 --> 03:50:15,320
PRACTICE ROUNDS ATTENDED BY THE

4482
03:50:15,320 --> 03:50:17,560
ENTIRE LAB UNTIL YOUR TALK WAS

4483
03:50:17,560 --> 03:50:19,200
WELL PRESENTED AND ALL ISSUES

4484
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:21,680
WITH SLIDES WERE FIXED, YOU WERE

4485
03:50:21,680 --> 03:50:22,040
LUCKY.

4486
03:50:22,040 --> 03:50:23,920
AND LESLIE MAY CALL YOU LATE AT

4487
03:50:23,920 --> 03:50:26,240
NIGHT TO MAKE SURE YOU WERE

4488
03:50:26,240 --> 03:50:27,320
READY FOR TOMORROW'S EVENT.

4489
03:50:27,320 --> 03:50:29,240
THIS WAS IN FACT MORE THAN A

4490
03:50:29,240 --> 03:50:30,040
TEASE.

4491
03:50:30,040 --> 03:50:32,040
IT WAS A GOOD-NATURED THREAT AND

4492
03:50:32,040 --> 03:50:33,880
ACTUALLY HAPPENED TO ME.

4493
03:50:33,880 --> 03:50:36,280
IN MY FINAL POSTDOC YEAR I

4494
03:50:36,280 --> 03:50:38,200
DECIDED THAT TWO PRACTICE TALKS

4495
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:40,520
WERE MORE THAN ENOUGH IN

4496
03:50:40,520 --> 03:50:43,480
PREPARATION FOR MY SOCIETY OF

4497
03:50:43,480 --> 03:50:44,480
NEUROSCIENCE PREPARATION, AFTER

4498
03:50:44,480 --> 03:50:46,720
ALL, I HAD LANDED A FACULTY

4499
03:50:46,720 --> 03:50:47,840
POSITION AT PRINCETON.

4500
03:50:47,840 --> 03:50:49,720
SO, I DIDN'T SHOW UP FOR MY

4501
03:50:49,720 --> 03:50:52,480
THIRD AND FOURTH PRACTICE TALK.

4502
03:50:52,480 --> 03:51:00,680
SURE ENOUGH, LESLIE CALLED ME AT

4503
03:51:00,680 --> 03:51:03,760
MIDNIGHT AND INQUIRED ABOUT MY

4504
03:51:03,760 --> 03:51:04,800
READINESS AND OUTFIT TOO.

4505
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:06,760
BY THE WAY, THE TALK WENT WELL.

4506
03:51:06,760 --> 03:51:08,360
LESLIE AND I HAD A GLASS OF TALK

4507
03:51:08,360 --> 03:51:11,400
AT THE END OF THE DAY TO

4508
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:11,840
CELEBRATE.

4509
03:51:11,840 --> 03:51:12,680
BUT LESLIE'S MENTORSHIP REACHED

4510
03:51:12,680 --> 03:51:15,560
FAR BEYOND HER OWN TRAINEES.

4511
03:51:15,560 --> 03:51:17,200
SHE LEFT AN IMPRINT,

4512
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:19,680
PARTICULARLY ON YOUNG SCIENTISTS

4513
03:51:19,680 --> 03:51:21,320
AND VISITING INSTITUTIONS TO

4514
03:51:21,320 --> 03:51:23,200
DELIVER SEMINARS.

4515
03:51:23,200 --> 03:51:26,160
AFTER SHE VISITED PRINCETON IN

4516
03:51:26,160 --> 03:51:27,760
2009, STUDENTS TALKED FOR WEEKS

4517
03:51:27,760 --> 03:51:29,760
ABOUT THE ADVICE AND

4518
03:51:29,760 --> 03:51:30,720
ENCOURAGEMENT LESLIE PROVIDED

4519
03:51:30,720 --> 03:51:34,040
DURING THEIR LUNCH MEETING AND

4520
03:51:34,040 --> 03:51:34,360
CONVERSATIONS.

4521
03:51:34,360 --> 03:51:36,240
MY COLLEAGUE AT PRINCETON TIM

4522
03:51:36,240 --> 03:51:39,080
BUSHMAN, A POSTBAC AT NIMH,

4523
03:51:39,080 --> 03:51:40,840
SOUGHT OUT HER ADVICE WHERE TO

4524
03:51:40,840 --> 03:51:42,160
ATTEND GRADUATE SCHOOL IN

4525
03:51:42,160 --> 03:51:43,000
NEUROSCIENCE AND THEY TALKED FOR

4526
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:44,680
MORE THAN AN HOUR, EVEN THOUGH

4527
03:51:44,680 --> 03:51:47,280
LESLIE DIDN'T KNOW TIM AT THE

4528
03:51:47,280 --> 03:51:47,640
TIME.

4529
03:51:47,640 --> 03:51:48,920
EXAMPLES ABOUT LESLIE'S

4530
03:51:48,920 --> 03:51:50,480
DEDICATION TO MENTORSHIP COULD

4531
03:51:50,480 --> 03:51:51,440
GO ON AND ON.

4532
03:51:51,440 --> 03:51:55,640
IT WAS JUST SO IMPORTANT TO HER.

4533
03:51:55,640 --> 03:51:56,840
LESLIE'S MENTORSHIP STILL GUIDES

4534
03:51:56,840 --> 03:51:59,040
HOW I APPROACH WRITING PAPERS OR

4535
03:51:59,040 --> 03:52:01,080
PUT TOGETHER MY TALKS, AND HOW I

4536
03:52:01,080 --> 03:52:07,120
TEACH THESE ESSENTIAL SKILLS TO 

4537
03:52:07,120 --> 03:52:07,840
MY TRAINEES.

4538
03:52:07,840 --> 03:52:10,320
LESSON 4, FEMALE ROLE MODEL, YOU

4539
03:52:10,320 --> 03:52:13,760
CAN DO IT. 

4540
03:52:13,760 --> 03:52:15,040
LESLIE WAS AN IMMENSELY

4541
03:52:15,040 --> 03:52:17,200
IMPORTANT ROLE MODEL FOR FEMALE

4542
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:17,880
SCIENTISTS.

4543
03:52:17,880 --> 03:52:19,920
BELONGING TO A GENERATION

4544
03:52:19,920 --> 03:52:21,440
DOMINATED BY MALE

4545
03:52:21,440 --> 03:52:22,120
NEUROSCIENTISTS SHE

4546
03:52:22,120 --> 03:52:22,680
CHARACTERIZED UPBRINGING IN

4547
03:52:22,680 --> 03:52:24,520
SCIENCE IN ONE OF OUR

4548
03:52:24,520 --> 03:52:30,200
CONVERSATIONS AS THAT OF ANING 

4549
03:52:30,200 --> 03:52:31,520
-- UGLY DUCKLING.

4550
03:52:31,520 --> 03:52:34,080
IN A TYPICAL SITUATION AT AN

4551
03:52:34,080 --> 03:52:37,120
EARLY SAN ANTONIO MEETING, 

4552
03:52:37,120 --> 03:52:38,760
LESLIE IS THE ONLY WOMAN WITH A

4553
03:52:38,760 --> 03:52:40,160
LARGE GROUP OF MALE COLLEAGUES.

4554
03:52:40,160 --> 03:52:42,240
I DON'T KNOW IF DAVID WILL BE

4555
03:52:42,240 --> 03:52:45,120
HERE BUT THIS IS DAVID, BY THE

4556
03:52:45,120 --> 03:52:47,360
WAY, I THINK.

4557
03:52:47,360 --> 03:52:55,000
I POINTED THEM OUT HERE. 

4558
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:56,680
YOU SEE CARL AND PETER, SOME

4559
03:52:56,680 --> 03:52:59,000
FAMILIAR FACES HERE.

4560
03:52:59,000 --> 03:53:02,600
NOW, LESLIE UNDERSTOOD LIKE NO

4561
03:53:02,600 --> 03:53:04,560
OTHER THE VULNERABILITIES OF

4562
03:53:04,560 --> 03:53:06,240
FEMALE SCIENTISTS, SUCH AS

4563
03:53:06,240 --> 03:53:07,200
BALANCING DEMANDS OF A

4564
03:53:07,200 --> 03:53:09,880
SCIENTIFIC CAREER WITH HAVING A

4565
03:53:09,880 --> 03:53:11,280
FAMILY AND RAISING KIDS.

4566
03:53:11,280 --> 03:53:13,120
LESLIE KNEW ALL TOO WELL ABOUT

4567
03:53:13,120 --> 03:53:16,080
CHALLENGES FACING HER FEMALE

4568
03:53:16,080 --> 03:53:16,960
MENTEES IN THE SCIENTIFIC

4569
03:53:16,960 --> 03:53:18,160
COMMUNITY AND SHE DID EVERYTHING

4570
03:53:18,160 --> 03:53:19,760
SHE COULD TO PREPARE THEM FOR

4571
03:53:19,760 --> 03:53:21,960
THE NEXT STAGES OF THEIR

4572
03:53:21,960 --> 03:53:22,560
CAREERS.

4573
03:53:22,560 --> 03:53:25,640
SHE TAUGHT FEEL TRAINEES HOW TO

4574
03:53:25,640 --> 03:53:27,120
NEGOTIATE A FACULTY POSITION,

4575
03:53:27,120 --> 03:53:28,160
APPROPRIATE SALARY.

4576
03:53:28,160 --> 03:53:30,040
SHE ENCOURAGED US TO STAND UP

4577
03:53:30,040 --> 03:53:33,680
FOR OURSELVES. 

4578
03:53:33,680 --> 03:53:36,280
HER SUPPORT WAS UNWAVERING, IF A

4579
03:53:36,280 --> 03:53:38,560
TALK DID NOT GO WELL, CHEERING

4580
03:53:38,560 --> 03:53:41,040
AND SUPPORT AHEAD OF A MAJOR

4581
03:53:41,040 --> 03:53:41,520
CHALLENGE.

4582
03:53:41,520 --> 03:53:42,360
I FONDLY REMEMBER BEING CALLED

4583
03:53:42,360 --> 03:53:44,520
THE NIGHT BEFORE GOING TO

4584
03:53:44,520 --> 03:53:47,720
PRINCETON TO INTERVIEW, AND TO

4585
03:53:47,720 --> 03:53:53,280
DELIVER MY TALK AND SHE FELT MY

4586
03:53:53,280 --> 03:53:55,600
UNEASINESS AND SAID, I KNOW YOU

4587
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:57,440
CAN DO IT, KIDDO.

4588
03:53:57,440 --> 03:53:59,280
THE UNWAVERING TRUST SHE

4589
03:53:59,280 --> 03:54:01,600
EXPRESSED IN SO MANY WAYS AND

4590
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:04,000
CONFIDENCE AND I'VE FOUND MYSELF

4591
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:05,520
OFTEN SINCE THEN TELLING ME, YOU

4592
03:54:05,520 --> 03:54:11,080
CAN DO IT, WHEN FACING 

4593
03:54:11,080 --> 03:54:11,680
CHALLENGES INCLUDING TODAY'S

4594
03:54:11,680 --> 03:54:15,280
TALK.

4595
03:54:15,280 --> 03:54:18,080
JOINING LESLIE'S LAB WAS JOINING

4596
03:54:18,080 --> 03:54:18,840
A SECOND FAMILY.

4597
03:54:18,840 --> 03:54:22,000
THIS FEELS VERY MUCH LIKE A

4598
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:22,880
FAMILY REUNION.

4599
03:54:22,880 --> 03:54:25,600
LESLIE LOVED GETTING TO KNOW HER

4600
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:27,040
COLLABORATORS BEYOND OUR

4601
03:54:27,040 --> 03:54:27,920
PROFESSIONAL SETTING.

4602
03:54:27,920 --> 03:54:29,440
SHE OFTEN JOINED THE REGULAR

4603
03:54:29,440 --> 03:54:30,760
WEEKEND PARTIES THAT PEOPLE

4604
03:54:30,760 --> 03:54:32,600
THREW AT THE TIME AND WE COULD

4605
03:54:32,600 --> 03:54:34,240
COUNT ON HER ADVICE IF WE

4606
03:54:34,240 --> 03:54:36,880
STRUGGLED IN OUR PERSONAL LIVES.

4607
03:54:36,880 --> 03:54:39,240
LESLIE DID NOT LIKE TO SEE

4608
03:54:39,240 --> 03:54:40,480
PEOPLE LEAVING HER LAB.

4609
03:54:40,480 --> 03:54:42,560
YOU SEE, THIS IS WHAT SHE WROTE

4610
03:54:42,560 --> 03:54:45,280
ON A T-SHIRT I RECEIVED AS A

4611
03:54:45,280 --> 03:54:47,080
GOING AWAY PRESENT AND HERE YOU

4612
03:54:47,080 --> 03:54:48,680
SEE ACTUALLY A PICTURE FROM THE

4613
03:54:48,680 --> 03:54:51,320
PARTY.

4614
03:54:51,320 --> 03:54:54,400
BUT ONCE WE DID LEAVE HER LBC WE

4615
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:58,800
WERE SURE OF LESLIE'S UNWAVERING

4616
03:54:58,800 --> 03:54:59,560
SUPPORT AND ADVICE DEVELOPING

4617
03:54:59,560 --> 03:55:00,920
OUR CAREERS.

4618
03:55:00,920 --> 03:55:02,400
THE EXPERIENCE OF HAVING LESLIE

4619
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:05,160
AS MENTOR AND ROLE MODEL WAS

4620
03:55:05,160 --> 03:55:08,000
TRANSFORMATIVE FOR MY CAREER

4621
03:55:08,000 --> 03:55:09,360
AROUND PERSONAL GROWTH.

4622
03:55:09,360 --> 03:55:11,280
LESLIE WAS ALSO A BELOVED

4623
03:55:11,280 --> 03:55:11,640
FRIEND.

4624
03:55:11,640 --> 03:55:17,200
WHEN OUR SON WAS DIAGNOSED WITH

4625
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:17,960
ATYPICAL NEURODEVELOPMENT,

4626
03:55:17,960 --> 03:55:18,840
MICHAEL AND I WERE DEVASTATED

4627
03:55:18,840 --> 03:55:20,840
SHE WAS THE FIRST TO CALL,

4628
03:55:20,840 --> 03:55:23,320
LISTEN, OFFER ADVICE AND

4629
03:55:23,320 --> 03:55:23,760
SUPPORT.

4630
03:55:23,760 --> 03:55:27,520
LESLIE HAD MANY TRAGEDIES IN HER

4631
03:55:27,520 --> 03:55:29,480
OWN LIFE BUT HER SPIRIT, WARMTH,

4632
03:55:29,480 --> 03:55:32,400
ENERGY AND STRENGTH WERE

4633
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:32,760
UNBREAKABLE.

4634
03:55:32,760 --> 03:55:35,160
LESLIE WILL ALWAYS REMAIN A

4635
03:55:35,160 --> 03:55:35,920
WONDERFUL INSPIRATION IN MY

4636
03:55:35,920 --> 03:55:36,200
MEMORIES.

4637
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:37,600
THANK YOU.

4638
03:55:37,600 --> 03:55:40,200
[APPLAUSE]

4639
03:55:40,200 --> 03:55:45,960
 

4640
03:55:45,960 --> 03:55:56,000
 

4641
03:55:56,840 --> 03:55:59,440
>> THANK YOU, SABINE.

4642
03:55:59,440 --> 03:56:01,320
 

4643
03:56:01,320 --> 03:56:01,960
ALL RIGHT.

4644
03:56:01,960 --> 03:56:10,240
THE LAST TALK OF THE SESSION

4645
03:56:10,240 --> 03:56:12,480
WILL ARE MARSEL MESULAM.

4646
03:56:12,480 --> 03:56:13,600
HE'S AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY,

4647
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:24,080
AND HIS TALK WILL BE ON AT THE

4648
03:56:27,320 --> 03:56:31,120
POLE OF THE WHAT PATHWAY.

4649
03:56:31,120 --> 03:56:32,920
ONE MORE TALK AFTER HIS.

4650
03:56:32,920 --> 03:56:35,120
[LAUGHTER]

4651
03:56:35,120 --> 03:56:35,720
 

4652
03:56:35,720 --> 03:56:38,040
>> I THOUGHT I WAS GOING
TO HAVE

4653
03:56:38,040 --> 03:56:42,240
A WHOLE HOUR.

4654
03:56:42,240 --> 03:56:42,600
[LAUGHTER]

4655
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:43,800
THANK YOU, PETER.

4656
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:46,880
I REALLY WISH THIS HAD BEEN A

4657
03:56:46,880 --> 03:56:50,600
DIFFERENT OCCASION, WOULDN'T IT

4658
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:52,200
HAVE BEEN NICE IF LESLIE WAS

4659
03:56:52,200 --> 03:56:54,080
HERE TO LISTEN TO ALL OF THESE

4660
03:56:54,080 --> 03:56:56,080
TALKS, WHICH SHE WOULD HAVE

4661
03:56:56,080 --> 03:56:56,920
ENJOYED SO MUCH.

4662
03:56:56,920 --> 03:56:59,960
BUT THAT'S NOT THE WAY THAT

4663
03:56:59,960 --> 03:57:03,360
THINGS WORK, AND I THINK I WANT

4664
03:57:03,360 --> 03:57:06,240
TO CONGRATULATE THE ORGANIZERS

4665
03:57:06,240 --> 03:57:13,760
FOR THIS REALLY  MAGNIFICENT

4666
03:57:13,760 --> 03:57:14,920
PROGRAM AND FOR ALLOWING ME TO

4667
03:57:14,920 --> 03:57:16,400
BE PART OF IT.

4668
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:23,440
LET ME START WITH AN ANECDOTE.

4669
03:57:23,440 --> 03:57:28,120
EITHER 1998 OR 1988, OHBM IN

4670
03:57:28,120 --> 03:57:32,600
DUSSELDORF, THE LOCAL ORGANIZER

4671
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:36,520
IS RIGGER ZITEZ, LESLIE IS CHAIR

4672
03:57:36,520 --> 03:57:40,400
OF OHBM, I'M CHAIR OF THE

4673
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:41,000
COMMITTEE.

4674
03:57:41,000 --> 03:57:43,000
WE MET AND WENT THROUGH

4675
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:46,800
DISCUSSION OF BALANCING

4676
03:57:46,800 --> 03:57:48,840
ACQUISITION WITH ANALYSIS,

4677
03:57:48,840 --> 03:57:49,440
COGNITIVE ASIA, AMERICAS,

4678
03:57:49,440 --> 03:57:50,880
EUROPE, AND AT THE END WE CAME

4679
03:57:50,880 --> 03:57:53,760
UP WITH WHAT WE THOUGHT WAS, YOU

4680
03:57:53,760 --> 03:57:55,920
KNOW, A GOOD PROGRAM.

4681
03:57:55,920 --> 03:57:59,440
AT THAT POINT THERE WAS NO NEED

4682
03:57:59,440 --> 03:58:02,160
TO CONSULT WITH ANYONE ELSE,

4683
03:58:02,160 --> 03:58:04,120
COULD HAVE STARTED TO CALL AND

4684
03:58:04,120 --> 03:58:05,360
MAKE INVITATIONS BUT I HAPPENED

4685
03:58:05,360 --> 03:58:07,200
TO RUN INTO LESLIE.

4686
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:08,800
I HAD THE PROGRAM SCRIBBLED ON A

4687
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:09,560
YELLOW PAD.

4688
03:58:09,560 --> 03:58:13,000
I SHOWED HER THE PROGRAM.

4689
03:58:13,000 --> 03:58:15,280
YOU KNOW, I DIDN'T EXPECT

4690
03:58:15,280 --> 03:58:16,720
ADULATION BUT MAYBE A "WELL

4691
03:58:16,720 --> 03:58:19,640
DONE," THAT SORT OF THING.

4692
03:58:19,640 --> 03:58:21,200
YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT HER SENSE OF

4693
03:58:21,200 --> 03:58:22,800
HUMOR AND HOW NURTURING SHE WAS.

4694
03:58:22,800 --> 03:58:26,840
BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT I GOT.

4695
03:58:26,840 --> 03:58:27,480
[LAUGHTER]

4696
03:58:27,480 --> 03:58:30,920
SHE GAVE ME A LONG HARD LOOK AND

4697
03:58:30,920 --> 03:58:35,080
THEN SHE JUST SAID, "NOT ENOUGH

4698
03:58:35,080 --> 03:58:35,600
WOMEN."

4699
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:37,160
LOTS OF THINGS I COULD HAVE

4700
03:58:37,160 --> 03:58:38,280
DONE.

4701
03:58:38,280 --> 03:58:40,880
BUT WHAT I DID IS RUN

4702
03:58:40,880 --> 03:58:43,520
FRANTICALLY THROUGH THE

4703
03:58:43,520 --> 03:58:45,040
CORRIDORS, RECONVENE THE PROGRAM

4704
03:58:45,040 --> 03:58:48,120
COMMITTEE, I THINK PETER WAS IN

4705
03:58:48,120 --> 03:58:48,960
THAT COMMITTEE.

4706
03:58:48,960 --> 03:58:50,360
AND WE SAT DOWN.

4707
03:58:50,360 --> 03:58:53,760
I THINK FOR THE ONLY TIME IN THE

4708
03:58:53,760 --> 03:58:56,400
HISTORY OF OHBM THERE WERE TWO

4709
03:58:56,400 --> 03:58:58,440
PROGRAMS, AND ACTUALLY THE

4710
03:58:58,440 --> 03:58:59,640
REVISED PROGRAM WAS PRECISELY

4711
03:58:59,640 --> 03:59:03,040
THE ONE THAT SABINE SHOWED WITH

4712
03:59:03,040 --> 03:59:05,040
THE PICTURE OF, AND I CAN ASSURE

4713
03:59:05,040 --> 03:59:06,400
YOU FROM THEN ON THERE WERE A

4714
03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:09,200
LOT MORE WOMEN IN THE

4715
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:09,720
LEADERSHIP.

4716
03:59:09,720 --> 03:59:14,120
I JUST SAY THIS AS HAS BEEN SAID

4717
03:59:14,120 --> 03:59:18,600
SEVERAL TIMES DURING TODAY, OF

4718
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:21,520
HER FIERCE RESOLVE TO CHAMPION

4719
03:59:21,520 --> 03:59:24,520
THE CAUSE OF WOMEN IN

4720
03:59:24,520 --> 03:59:25,160
NEUROSCIENCE.

4721
03:59:25,160 --> 03:59:31,680
SO, ON THE OCCASION OF THIS

4722
03:59:31,680 --> 03:59:33,680
MEMORIAL, I WILL ALSO TALK ABOUT

4723
03:59:33,680 --> 03:59:38,040
HER WHERE AND WHAT PATHWAY, HER

4724
03:59:38,040 --> 03:59:43,240
REALLY LEGENDARY CONTRIBUTION TO

4725
03:59:43,240 --> 03:59:44,080
THIS FIELD.

4726
03:59:44,080 --> 03:59:45,480
I'M GOING TO FOCUS ENTIRELY ON A

4727
03:59:45,480 --> 03:59:49,360
LITTLE PART OF THE WHAT PATHWAY

4728
03:59:49,360 --> 03:59:53,600
THAT IS STUCK IN THE SOUTH END

4729
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:55,800
TOWARDS THE POLE OF THIS SYSTEM.

4730
03:59:55,800 --> 03:59:58,320
NOW, IT TURNS OUT THAT THE

4731
03:59:58,320 --> 03:59:59,840
TEMPORAL POLE REGION HAS GIVEN A

4732
03:59:59,840 --> 04:00:02,880
LOT OF HEADACHE TO BEHAVIORAL

4733
04:00:02,880 --> 04:00:03,160
NEUROLOGY.

4734
04:00:03,160 --> 04:00:05,520
THIS IS A MAP OF CORTICAL

4735
04:00:05,520 --> 04:00:08,520
FUNCTION THAT WAS PUBLISHED BY

4736
04:00:08,520 --> 04:00:10,680
CARL CLEIST IN 1934.

4737
04:00:10,680 --> 04:00:16,600
YOU CAN SEE EVERY PART OF THE 

4738
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:18,120
CEREBRAL CORTEX IS GIVEN HEAVY

4739
04:00:18,120 --> 04:00:21,960
PORTFOLIO OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

4740
04:00:21,960 --> 04:00:22,720
WITH ONE EXCEPTION.

4741
04:00:22,720 --> 04:00:24,800
[LAUGHTER]

4742
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:27,800
THE TEMPORAL POLE IS LEFT BLANK

4743
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:30,480
WITH NO FUNCTIONS WHATSOEVER.

4744
04:00:30,480 --> 04:00:34,360
THERE WERE SEVERAL REASONS.

4745
04:00:34,360 --> 04:00:38,800
FIRST, KLEIST DREW THIS MAP ON

4746
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:40,600
FOCAL SHRAPNEL LESIONS SUFFERED

4747
04:00:40,600 --> 04:00:41,640
BY SOLDIERS IN WORLD WAR I.

4748
04:00:41,640 --> 04:00:44,040
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, THE SHRAPNEL

4749
04:00:44,040 --> 04:00:45,560
HITTING THIS PART OF THE BRAIN

4750
04:00:45,560 --> 04:00:46,920
WOULD BE FATAL.

4751
04:00:46,920 --> 04:00:50,520
AND THERE WOULD BE LITTLE FOR

4752
04:00:50,520 --> 04:00:52,840
KLEIST TO EXAMINE.

4753
04:00:52,840 --> 04:00:54,360
THEN CLASSIC BEHAVIORAL

4754
04:00:54,360 --> 04:00:55,480
NEUROLOGY WAS BUILT ONE STROKE

4755
04:00:55,480 --> 04:00:56,240
AT A TIME.

4756
04:00:56,240 --> 04:00:58,840
IT TURNS OUT THIS PART OF THE

4757
04:00:58,840 --> 04:01:00,720
BRAIN IS RATHER RESISTANT TO

4758
04:01:00,720 --> 04:01:02,680
FOCAL STROKES BECAUSE OF THE

4759
04:01:02,680 --> 04:01:05,080
TRIPLE BLOOD SUPPLY FROM THE

4760
04:01:05,080 --> 04:01:07,600
ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL

4761
04:01:07,600 --> 04:01:09,160
ARTERY AND ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL.

4762
04:01:09,160 --> 04:01:11,000
AND THEN WHEN BEHAVIORAL

4763
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:12,000
NEUROLOGY WAS WEANED FROM

4764
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:14,800
STROKES AND STARTED TO DO

4765
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:16,800
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, THERE WERE

4766
04:01:16,800 --> 04:01:23,600
SOME PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF

4767
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:24,200
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

4768
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:26,280
ARTIFACTS, CONTRIBUTING TO MAKE

4769
04:01:26,280 --> 04:01:30,720
THE REGION SOMEWHAT OPAQUE TO

4770
04:01:30,720 --> 04:01:32,920
BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY

4771
04:01:32,920 --> 04:01:33,320
INVESTIGATIONS.

4772
04:01:33,320 --> 04:01:36,520
THIS SILENCE BROKE DOWN IN THE

4773
04:01:36,520 --> 04:01:37,280
1980s, WHEN NEUROLOGISTS

4774
04:01:37,280 --> 04:01:43,840
STARTED TO BECOME MORE AND MORE

4775
04:01:43,840 --> 04:01:47,560
AWARE OF FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR

4776
04:01:47,560 --> 04:01:53,040
RECEPTION WITH TDP

4777
04:01:53,040 --> 04:01:58,200
PROTEINOPATHY, A NORMALLY ACAN

4778
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:00,080
YOU GOER PROTEIN THAT PLACE AN

4779
04:02:00,080 --> 04:02:05,880
IMPORTANT ROLE, THERE'S A WHOLE

4780
04:02:05,880 --> 04:02:07,240
GROUP OF FRONTOTEMPORAL

4781
04:02:07,240 --> 04:02:13,760
DEGENERATION ASSOCIATED WITH

4782
04:02:13,760 --> 04:02:15,400
TRUNCATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION.

4783
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,920
IF THE ABNORMAL CLUMP TAKES THE

4784
04:02:18,920 --> 04:02:20,880
FORM OF THICK TWISTED NEURITE OR

4785
04:02:20,880 --> 04:02:22,640
THE TYPE YOU SEE AT THE END OF

4786
04:02:22,640 --> 04:02:30,200
THIS ARROW, THIS IS KNOWN AS 

4787
04:02:30,200 --> 04:02:33,680
FTLD-TDP TYPE C, THAT HAS A

4788
04:02:33,680 --> 04:02:37,120
FATAL ATTRACTION TO THE

4789
04:02:37,120 --> 04:02:39,600
FRONTOTEMPORAL REGION.

4790
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,440
THIS IS A POSTMORTEM SPECIMEN

4791
04:02:42,440 --> 04:02:46,160
SHOWING WHAT THE NORMAL TEMPORAL

4792
04:02:46,160 --> 04:02:51,880
POLAR SHOULD LOOK LIKE, YOU SEE 

4793
04:02:51,880 --> 04:02:54,240
THE ANTERIOR PARTS, FAT AND

4794
04:02:54,240 --> 04:02:55,040
GLISTENING.

4795
04:02:55,040 --> 04:02:57,920
ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS POSTMORTEM

4796
04:02:57,920 --> 04:03:00,480
SPECIMEN OF A PATIENT WHO DIED

4797
04:03:00,480 --> 04:03:11,040
15 YEARS AFTER SYMPTOM ONSET AND

4798
04:03:11,720 --> 04:03:13,000
POSTMORTEM SHOWED FTLD-TDP TYPE

4799
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:17,440
C, THERE'S NO QUESTION THE PEAK

4800
04:03:17,440 --> 04:03:22,840
ATROPHY IS IN THE TEMPORAL POLAR

4801
04:03:22,840 --> 04:03:28,400
AREA WITH THE GYRI THIN, SOLCI

4802
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:28,840
GAPING.

4803
04:03:28,840 --> 04:03:32,680
THIS IS 15 YEARS AFTER THE ONSET

4804
04:03:32,680 --> 04:03:35,680
OF SYMPTOMS, AND DEGENERATIVE

4805
04:03:35,680 --> 04:03:39,840
DISEASE WHICH IS PRETTY FOCAL.

4806
04:03:39,840 --> 04:03:45,120
THE ATROPHY THAT IS CAUSED BY

4807
04:03:45,120 --> 04:03:49,760
TDP-C IS QUITE ASYMMETRIC.

4808
04:03:49,760 --> 04:03:58,040
THREE OF MY PATIENTS SHOWN TO

4809
04:03:58,040 --> 04:03:59,040
HAVE TDP-C.

4810
04:03:59,040 --> 04:04:04,360
YOU CAN EASILY SEE THAT THE

4811
04:04:04,360 --> 04:04:06,600
TEMPORO POLAR REGION ON THE LEFT

4812
04:04:06,600 --> 04:04:08,240
SIDE LOOKS NORMAL, ON THE RIGHT,

4813
04:04:08,240 --> 04:04:13,720
ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN IS

4814
04:04:13,720 --> 04:04:14,360
DISTINCTLY ABNORMAL, ESSENTIALLY

4815
04:04:14,360 --> 04:04:17,520
IN SOME OF THESE CASES

4816
04:04:17,520 --> 04:04:18,920
ESPECIALLY THE ONE ON THE RIGHT

4817
04:04:18,920 --> 04:04:22,960
AND THE ONE IN THE BOTTOM

4818
04:04:22,960 --> 04:04:27,920
THERE'S HARDLY ANY CORTEX LEFT. 

4819
04:04:27,920 --> 04:04:30,000
THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF THIS

4820
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:34,280
ATROPHY IS KNOWN AS SEMANTIC

4821
04:04:34,280 --> 04:04:35,800
PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA, A

4822
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:37,680
DIAGNOSIS MADE WHEN THERE'S

4823
04:04:37,680 --> 04:04:39,840
INSIDIOUS ONSET AND GRADUAL

4824
04:04:39,840 --> 04:04:42,360
PROGRESSION OF A SEVERE OBJECT

4825
04:04:42,360 --> 04:04:44,320
NAMING AND WORD COMPREHENSION

4826
04:04:44,320 --> 04:04:47,520
PROBLEM, IN THE ABSENCE OF

4827
04:04:47,520 --> 04:04:50,320
DIFFICULTIES WITH GRAMMAR,

4828
04:04:50,320 --> 04:04:51,160
FLUENCY, REPETITION, BEHAVIOR,

4829
04:04:51,160 --> 04:04:53,520
MEMORY, AND SO ON.

4830
04:04:53,520 --> 04:04:58,000
LET ME PUT THIS IN CLINICAL

4831
04:04:58,000 --> 04:04:59,040
PERSPECTIVE.

4832
04:04:59,040 --> 04:05:05,000
THIS SCAN, THE MAP

4833
04:05:05,000 --> 04:05:07,840
YELLOW AND RED SHOWS

4834
04:05:07,840 --> 04:05:09,400
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT

4835
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,800
ATROPHY COMPARED TO CONTROL

4836
04:05:12,800 --> 04:05:16,200
GROUP, FOUR YEARS AFTER ONSET IN

4837
04:05:16,200 --> 04:05:20,680
A PART WITH TDP-C AT AUTOPSY.

4838
04:05:20,680 --> 04:05:31,200
YOU CAN SEE THIS ATROPHY JUST IN

4839
04:05:32,120 --> 04:05:33,880
THE TEMPOROPOLAR AREAS, WITH THE

4840
04:05:33,880 --> 04:05:35,640
RIGHT SIDE HAVING NEW

4841
04:05:35,640 --> 04:05:36,840
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT

4842
04:05:36,840 --> 04:05:37,280
ATROPHY.

4843
04:05:37,280 --> 04:05:41,400
AT THAT TIME, WHEN THIS SCAN WAS

4844
04:05:41,400 --> 04:05:44,120
OBTAINED, HER GAMMA SCORE WAS

4845
04:05:44,120 --> 04:05:46,960
100%, REPETITION WAS ESSENTIALLY

4846
04:05:46,960 --> 04:05:48,080
NORMAL, NON-VERBAL OBJECT

4847
04:05:48,080 --> 04:05:49,560
KNOWLEDGE WAS ESSENTIALLY

4848
04:05:49,560 --> 04:05:49,800
NORMAL.

4849
04:05:49,800 --> 04:05:53,080
OBJECT NAMING WAS 10% OF NORMAL.

4850
04:05:53,080 --> 04:05:56,280
SO SEVERELY IMPAIRED AS WAS WORD

4851
04:05:56,280 --> 04:05:56,960
COMPREHENSION.

4852
04:05:56,960 --> 04:06:02,160
I WILL LET YOU LISTEN TO A CLIP

4853
04:06:02,160 --> 04:06:04,360
WHERE WE ASKED HER TO DEFINE THE

4854
04:06:04,360 --> 04:06:08,320
MEANING OF THESE FOUR WORDS.

4855
04:06:08,320 --> 04:06:12,080
ZEBRA, HIPPOPOTAMUS, PUMPKIN,

4856
04:06:12,080 --> 04:06:12,400
SCISSORS.

4857
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:17,040
LET'S SEE IF WE CAN LISTEN TO 

4858
04:06:17,040 --> 04:06:17,640
THAT.

4859
04:06:17,640 --> 04:06:17,920
>> ZEBRA.

4860
04:06:17,920 --> 04:06:19,560
I DO REMEMBER IN THE PAST WHAT

4861
04:06:19,560 --> 04:06:27,040
ZEBRA WAS BUT I DON'T REMEMBER

4862
04:06:27,040 --> 04:06:28,960
IT NOW.

4863
04:06:28,960 --> 04:06:29,280
HIPPOPOTAMUS.

4864
04:06:29,280 --> 04:06:29,640
>> PERFECT.

4865
04:06:29,640 --> 04:06:32,680
>> I'M NOT SURE IF THAT'S
AN

4866
04:06:32,680 --> 04:06:35,880
ANIMAL OR SOMETHING ELSE.

4867
04:06:35,880 --> 04:06:40,800
>> OKAY, THAT'S FINE.

4868
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:41,760
>> PUMPKIN.

4869
04:06:41,760 --> 04:06:42,080
>> UH-HUH.

4870
04:06:42,080 --> 04:06:47,280
>> THAT IS A ... IT IS AN 

4871
04:06:47,280 --> 04:06:47,520
ANIMAL.

4872
04:06:47,520 --> 04:06:54,960
SCISSORS IS ... WHEN I WORK,

4873
04:06:54,960 --> 04:06:59,400
IT'S SOMETHING I USE TO PUT A

4874
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:00,720
COUPLE OF PICTURES TOGETHER.

4875
04:07:00,720 --> 04:07:03,840
>> UH-HUH.

4876
04:07:03,840 --> 04:07:07,240
 

4877
04:07:07,240 --> 04:07:08,960
>> SO, WE WANTED TO
EXPLORE

4878
04:07:08,960 --> 04:07:11,440
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF THIS KIND

4879
04:07:11,440 --> 04:07:13,800
OF WORD COMPREHENSION IMPAIRMENT

4880
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:16,800
AND DESIGNED AN EXPERIMENT THAT

4881
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,440
HAD TWO FORMATS, VERBAL AND

4882
04:07:19,440 --> 04:07:21,920
NON-VERBAL FORMAT.

4883
04:07:21,920 --> 04:07:24,240
IN THE VERBAL FORMAT, THE

4884
04:07:24,240 --> 04:07:32,640
PATIENT WITH THIS KIND OF

4885
04:07:32,640 --> 04:07:36,560
ANTERIOR ATROPHY WOULD SEE AN

4886
04:07:36,560 --> 04:07:38,080
OBJECT, A PROBE ON COMPUTER

4887
04:07:38,080 --> 04:07:39,360
SCREEN, SINGLE WORD, IT COULD BE

4888
04:07:39,360 --> 04:07:42,920
A MATCH, IN OTHER WORDS THE NAME

4889
04:07:42,920 --> 04:07:47,320
OF THE OBJECT, OR SEMANTICALLY

4890
04:07:47,320 --> 04:07:50,600
RELATED MISMATCH, OR

4891
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:51,600
SEMANTICALLY UNRELATED MISMATCH.

4892
04:07:51,600 --> 04:07:53,360
THE RULE WAS TO PRESS ONE BUTTON

4893
04:07:53,360 --> 04:08:00,040
IF THERE WAS A MATCH.

4894
04:08:00,040 --> 04:08:02,760
AND NON-VERBAL FORMAT BOTH WERE

4895
04:08:02,760 --> 04:08:03,440
PICTURES.

4896
04:08:03,440 --> 04:08:04,480
MATCHING PROBE WOULD BE ANOTHER

4897
04:08:04,480 --> 04:08:06,160
VIEW OF THE SAME OBJECT OR IF

4898
04:08:06,160 --> 04:08:10,040
THERE COULD BE A RELATED

4899
04:08:10,040 --> 04:08:11,440
MISMATCH, OR UNRELATED MISMATCH,

4900
04:08:11,440 --> 04:08:12,920
RULES FOR RESPONDING WERE THE

4901
04:08:12,920 --> 04:08:13,280
SAME.

4902
04:08:13,280 --> 04:08:18,320
AND THEN WE LOOKED AT THE N 400

4903
04:08:18,320 --> 04:08:20,600
POTENTIAL AS PHYSIOLOGICAL

4904
04:08:20,600 --> 04:08:22,440
METRIC OF SENSITIVITY TO THE

4905
04:08:22,440 --> 04:08:24,000
SEMANTIC DISTANCE BETWEEN THE

4906
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:25,320
PRIME AND PROBE.

4907
04:08:25,320 --> 04:08:27,600
AND THE BLUE LINE THAT YOU SEE

4908
04:08:27,600 --> 04:08:31,080
HERE IS A POTENTIAL EVOKED

4909
04:08:31,080 --> 04:08:36,480
MATCH, GREEN LINE, POTENTIAL

4910
04:08:36,480 --> 04:08:39,480
EVOKED BY UNRELATED AND THEN

4911
04:08:39,480 --> 04:08:40,160
POTENTIALLY RELATED.

4912
04:08:40,160 --> 04:08:43,080
DISTANCE BETWEEN MATCH AND

4913
04:08:43,080 --> 04:08:45,200
UNRELATED MISMATCH INDICATES

4914
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:46,200
SENSITIVITY TO INTERCATEGORY

4915
04:08:46,200 --> 04:08:47,080
DIFFERENCES, AND DISTANCE

4916
04:08:47,080 --> 04:08:50,680
BETWEEN THE MATCH AND THE

4917
04:08:50,680 --> 04:08:53,640
RELATED MISMATCH IS SENSITIVITY

4918
04:08:53,640 --> 04:08:54,840
TO INTRACATEGORY DISTANCES.

4919
04:08:54,840 --> 04:08:59,080
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE IN THE

4920
04:08:59,080 --> 04:09:00,760
CONTROL, BOTH DISTANCES WERE

4921
04:09:00,760 --> 04:09:03,080
SIGNIFICANT IN BOTH VERBAL AND

4922
04:09:03,080 --> 04:09:04,120
NON-VERBAL FORMAT.

4923
04:09:04,120 --> 04:09:06,440
IN THE PATIENTS WITH SEMANTIC

4924
04:09:06,440 --> 04:09:12,320
PPA AND LEFT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL

4925
04:09:12,320 --> 04:09:13,720
LOBE ATROPHY EVOKED POTENTIALS

4926
04:09:13,720 --> 04:09:16,800
WERE NORMAL IN THE CONDITION

4927
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:17,800
INDICATING NON-VERBAL OBJECT

4928
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:19,320
RECOGNITION WAS PRESERVED.

4929
04:09:19,320 --> 04:09:21,400
BUT IN THE VERBAL CONDITION

4930
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:24,480
THINGS WERE DIFFERENT.

4931
04:09:24,480 --> 04:09:28,080
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MATCH AND

4932
04:09:28,080 --> 04:09:29,720
UNRELATED MISMATCH WAS STILL

4933
04:09:29,720 --> 04:09:31,360
SIGNIFICANT BUT DISTANCE BETWEEN

4934
04:09:31,360 --> 04:09:32,960
MATCH AND RELATED MISMATCH WAS

4935
04:09:32,960 --> 04:09:34,760
NO LONGER SIGNIFICANT.

4936
04:09:34,760 --> 04:09:38,040
TO US, THAT MEANT THAT THERE HAD

4937
04:09:38,040 --> 04:09:40,240
BEEN DISTORTION IN THE MENTAL

4938
04:09:40,240 --> 04:09:42,640
MAPPING OF WORD MEANING, AND

4939
04:09:42,640 --> 04:09:45,280
THAT THE MEANING OF WORDS

4940
04:09:45,280 --> 04:09:49,960
DENOTING EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT

4941
04:09:49,960 --> 04:09:51,480
CATEGORIES WERE PRESERVED, SUCH

4942
04:09:51,480 --> 04:09:54,320
WORDS COULD BE RECOGNIZED AS

4943
04:09:54,320 --> 04:09:57,600
BEING DIFFERENT, WHEREAS MEANING

4944
04:09:57,600 --> 04:09:59,240
OF WORDS DENOTING EXEMPLARS OF

4945
04:09:59,240 --> 04:10:00,560
THE SAME CATEGORY BECAME

4946
04:10:00,560 --> 04:10:02,400
CONFUSED WITH EACH OTHER.

4947
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:05,600
SO THAT WAS THE INITIAL REASON

4948
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:09,120
OF OBJECT NAMING IMPAIRMENT AS

4949
04:10:09,120 --> 04:10:11,760
WELL AS SEMANTIC, LATER AS THE

4950
04:10:11,760 --> 04:10:16,040
ATROPHY PROGRESSED EVEN THE

4951
04:10:16,040 --> 04:10:17,680
BOUNDARIES BETWEEN WORDS

4952
04:10:17,680 --> 04:10:22,800
DENOTING DIFFERENT DESEMANTIC

4953
04:10:22,800 --> 04:10:23,640
CATEGORIES WITH BLURRED, LEADING

4954
04:10:23,640 --> 04:10:29,360
TO IMPAIRMENT OF THE TYPE YOU 

4955
04:10:29,360 --> 04:10:31,760
JUST HEARD.

4956
04:10:31,760 --> 04:10:33,520
NOW, TDC-P DOES NOT HAVE BY AS

4957
04:10:33,520 --> 04:10:36,160
FOR THE LEFT, SOMETIMES ALSO

4958
04:10:36,160 --> 04:10:40,040
HITS THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE

4959
04:10:40,040 --> 04:10:40,520
BRAIN.

4960
04:10:40,520 --> 04:10:43,480
NOW, THIS IS FROM ONE OF MY

4961
04:10:43,480 --> 04:10:44,800
PATIENTS WHO STARTED TO BE

4962
04:10:44,800 --> 04:10:49,480
SYMPTOMATIC AT THE AGE OF 54.

4963
04:10:49,480 --> 04:10:52,560
AND AT THAT TIME, SHE HAD

4964
04:10:52,560 --> 04:10:54,240
DIFFICULTY RECOGNIZING PEOPLE BY

4965
04:10:54,240 --> 04:10:56,800
LOOKING AT THEIR FACES.

4966
04:10:56,800 --> 04:10:59,680
AND SHE WAS WORKING AS A

4967
04:10:59,680 --> 04:11:00,960
RECEPTIONIST, SO THAT WAS NOT A

4968
04:11:00,960 --> 04:11:02,120
GOOD THING.

4969
04:11:02,120 --> 04:11:05,240
SHE ACTUALLY LOST HER JOB.

4970
04:11:05,240 --> 04:11:07,520
AT THAT TIME, THE SCAN, I THINK

4971
04:11:07,520 --> 04:11:13,000
YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE THAT THE

4972
04:11:13,000 --> 04:11:14,360
RIGHT TEMPOROPOLAR AREA IS

4973
04:11:14,360 --> 04:11:17,000
ATROPHIED COMPARED TO THE LEFT.

4974
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:24,840
THEN I GOT TO SEE HER FIVE YEARS

4975
04:11:24,840 --> 04:11:29,200
LATER, THE RITE TEMPOROPOLAR

4976
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:30,080
ATROPHY WAS MORE SEVERE,

4977
04:11:30,080 --> 04:11:31,280
BEGINNING ATROPHY IN THE LEFT

4978
04:11:31,280 --> 04:11:33,240
SIDE OF THE BRAIN AT THIS TIME.

4979
04:11:33,240 --> 04:11:35,880
I TESTED HER, GIVING HER THESE

4980
04:11:35,880 --> 04:11:38,360
KINDS OF OBJECTS.

4981
04:11:38,360 --> 04:11:40,920
AND AT THAT TIME SHE WAS UNABLE

4982
04:11:40,920 --> 04:11:44,520
TO NAME ANY OF THESE OBJECTS.

4983
04:11:44,520 --> 04:11:47,160
AND ALSO WHEN I GAVE HER THE

4984
04:11:47,160 --> 04:11:48,880
NAME OF THE OBJECT, SHE COULD

4985
04:11:48,880 --> 04:11:51,520
NOT POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING

4986
04:11:51,520 --> 04:11:52,040
PICTURE.

4987
04:11:52,040 --> 04:11:54,160
SO, SO FAR SHE'S BEHAVING

4988
04:11:54,160 --> 04:11:56,240
SIMILARLY TO PATIENTS WITH

4989
04:11:56,240 --> 04:11:59,720
SEMANTIC PPA BUT THEN THERE WERE

4990
04:11:59,720 --> 04:12:00,920
HUGE DIFFERENCES.

4991
04:12:00,920 --> 04:12:02,680
SHE COULD NOT DESCRIBE THE

4992
04:12:02,680 --> 04:12:04,960
NATURE OF THE OBJECT THAT SHE

4993
04:12:04,960 --> 04:12:05,680
COULDN'T NAME.

4994
04:12:05,680 --> 04:12:08,720
THAT'S DIFFERENT BECAUSE IN

4995
04:12:08,720 --> 04:12:10,480
PATIENTS WITH LEFT ANTERIOR

4996
04:12:10,480 --> 04:12:11,360
TEMPOROPOLAR ATROPHY THE PATIENT

4997
04:12:11,360 --> 04:12:13,560
CAN DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF THE

4998
04:12:13,560 --> 04:12:15,840
OBJECT BECAUSE NON-VERBAL OBJECT

4999
04:12:15,840 --> 04:12:17,920
RECOGNITION IS PRESERVED.

5000
04:12:17,920 --> 04:12:19,000
SECONDLY, THIS PATIENT COULD

5001
04:12:19,000 --> 04:12:20,960
DEFINE THE MEANING OF THE WORD

5002
04:12:20,960 --> 04:12:22,080
THAT DENOTED THE OBJECT SHE

5003
04:12:22,080 --> 04:12:24,080
COULDN'T NAME.

5004
04:12:24,080 --> 04:12:27,440
SO THE PROBLEM HERE IN HER

5005
04:12:27,440 --> 04:12:29,280
NAMING DIFFICULTY WAS NOT AN

5006
04:12:29,280 --> 04:12:30,720
IMPAIRMENT IN WORD COMPREHENSION

5007
04:12:30,720 --> 04:12:35,080
BUT IN THE INABILITY OF THE

5008
04:12:35,080 --> 04:12:41,000
VISUAL PERCEP TO EVOKE SENSATION

5009
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:43,760
TO RECOGNIZE AND NAME THE

5010
04:12:43,760 --> 04:12:48,360
OBJECT, KNOWN AS VISUAL

5011
04:12:48,360 --> 04:12:51,840
ASSOCIATIVE OBJECT AGNOSIA. 

5012
04:12:51,840 --> 04:12:54,000
AS THIS PROGRESSES, IT'S

5013
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:56,000
MODALITY SPECIFIC FOR VISUAL BUT

5014
04:12:56,000 --> 04:13:03,480
AS ATROPHY PROGRESSES THEN IT

5015
04:13:03,480 --> 04:13:05,640
BECOMES MULTI-MODAL.

5016
04:13:05,640 --> 04:13:09,000
THE RIGHT LOBE HAS OTHER TRICKS

5017
04:13:09,000 --> 04:13:10,120
UP ITS SLEEVE, SOME

5018
04:13:10,120 --> 04:13:12,000
CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE ATROPHY OF

5019
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:14,160
THE RIGHT, ESPECIALLY IF IT

5020
04:13:14,160 --> 04:13:16,040
SPREADS TO AMYGDALA GIVES RISE

5021
04:13:16,040 --> 04:13:18,680
TO SEVERE SOCIAL CONDUCT

5022
04:13:18,680 --> 04:13:20,960
IMPAIRMENTS, PROBABLY RELATED TO

5023
04:13:20,960 --> 04:13:23,800
THE THIRD PATHWAY THAT LESLIE

5024
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:25,320
WAS WORKING ON.

5025
04:13:25,320 --> 04:13:35,840
SO, AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE'S A

5026
04:13:38,080 --> 04:13:40,120
HETEROGENEOUS SYMPTOMOLOGY WITH

5027
04:13:40,120 --> 04:13:41,840
THE TEMPOROPOLAR REGION.

5028
04:13:41,840 --> 04:13:43,280
DESPITE ANSWERS WE CURRENTLY

5029
04:13:43,280 --> 04:13:47,360
HAVE NO ABSOLUTELY NO WAY TO

5030
04:13:47,360 --> 04:13:48,640
DETERMINE SYNAPTIC ARRANGEMENT

5031
04:13:48,640 --> 04:13:50,600
OF THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX.

5032
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:52,960
SO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS SUCH AS

5033
04:13:52,960 --> 04:13:57,480
THOSE THAT LESLIE CONDUCTED ARE

5034
04:13:57,480 --> 04:14:00,600
STILL VERY RELEVANT.

5035
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:03,200
SO, THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT THAT I

5036
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:07,400
DID QUITE A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO.

5037
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:10,360
AND THIS IS BASED ON THE

5038
04:14:10,360 --> 04:14:15,240
RETROGRADE TRANSPORT OF TRACER

5039
04:14:15,240 --> 04:14:16,680
KNOWN AS HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE.

5040
04:14:16,680 --> 04:14:21,080
THE BLACK AREA IS INJECTION SITE

5041
04:14:21,080 --> 04:14:22,720
IN THE TEMPOROPOLAR REGION, A

5042
04:14:22,720 --> 04:14:24,760
MACAQUE MONKEY.

5043
04:14:24,760 --> 04:14:26,760
DOTS INDICATE THE LOCATION OF

5044
04:14:26,760 --> 04:14:30,600
CELLS THAT SENT MONO SYNAPTIC

5045
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:31,800
PROJECTIONS INTO THIS

5046
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:32,280
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA.

5047
04:14:32,280 --> 04:14:35,200
INITIALLY WHEN YOU LOOK AT IT,

5048
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:36,400
IT LOOKS CHAOTIC, SEEMS TO BE

5049
04:14:36,400 --> 04:14:40,320
ALL OVER THE PLACE BUT ACTUALLY

5050
04:14:40,320 --> 04:14:42,480
THESE CONNECTIONS CAN BE

5051
04:14:42,480 --> 04:14:44,360
CLASSIFIED INTO VERY SPECIFIC

5052
04:14:44,360 --> 04:14:44,680
TYPES.

5053
04:14:44,680 --> 04:14:48,160
FIRST THERE WERE DIRECT LIMBIC

5054
04:14:48,160 --> 04:14:51,720
PROJECTIONS FROM THE

5055
04:14:51,720 --> 04:14:54,200
HYPOTHALAMUS, FROM THE ONCUS,

5056
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:56,640
AND ESPECIALLY THE AMYGDALA.

5057
04:14:56,640 --> 04:14:59,760
THEN THERE WERE OLFACTORY INPUTS

5058
04:14:59,760 --> 04:15:04,200
FROM PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX

5059
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:07,480
AND ALSO VISCERAL AND GUSTATORY

5060
04:15:07,480 --> 04:15:09,680
IMPORT FROM INSULA.

5061
04:15:09,680 --> 04:15:10,600
DOWNSTREAM AUDITORY INPUTS FROM

5062
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:14,840
ANTERIOR PARTS OF THE SUPERIOR

5063
04:15:14,840 --> 04:15:16,160
TEMPORAL GYRUS, DOWNSTREAM

5064
04:15:16,160 --> 04:15:19,640
INPUTS FROM ANTERIOR PARTS OF

5065
04:15:19,640 --> 04:15:22,600
THE INFERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS, AND

5066
04:15:22,600 --> 04:15:26,320
THEN HETEROMODAL IMPACTS FROM

5067
04:15:26,320 --> 04:15:30,400
BANKS OF SUPERIOR TEMPORAL

5068
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:31,480
SALCUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX.

5069
04:15:31,480 --> 04:15:35,040
IF THIS IS USED FOR GUIDANCE,

5070
04:15:35,040 --> 04:15:36,920
DTI AND RESTING STATE CONNECT

5071
04:15:36,920 --> 04:15:42,480
STUDIES IN HUMANS SUCH AS THOSE

5072
04:15:42,480 --> 04:15:45,600
HERE IN IN ALEX MARTIN'S LAB CAN

5073
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:48,440
BE INTERPRETED TO SHOW SIMILAR

5074
04:15:48,440 --> 04:15:51,400
AND PROBABLY MORE COMPLEX

5075
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:52,280
ARRANGEMENT OCCURS IN THE

5076
04:15:52,280 --> 04:15:54,240
TEMPOROPOLAR REGION OF THE HUMAN

5077
04:15:54,240 --> 04:15:56,720
BRAIN AS WELL.

5078
04:15:56,720 --> 04:16:01,120
THE LATERAL PART OF THE HUMAN

5079
04:16:01,120 --> 04:16:05,760
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA HAS SIX LAYER

5080
04:16:05,760 --> 04:16:07,160
ISOCORTICAL HOMOTYPICAL CORTEX,

5081
04:16:07,160 --> 04:16:09,560
ASSOCIATION CORTEX AT ITS BEST.

5082
04:16:09,560 --> 04:16:12,960
THE DORSAL PART CAN BE

5083
04:16:12,960 --> 04:16:15,800
CONSIDERED DOWNSTREAM NODE OF

5084
04:16:15,800 --> 04:16:16,680
AUDITORY PROCESSING PATHWAYS

5085
04:16:16,680 --> 04:16:20,040
WHICH BRING INFORMATION FROM THE

5086
04:16:20,040 --> 04:16:21,480
AUDITORY WORD FORM AREA, VENTRAL

5087
04:16:21,480 --> 04:16:24,120
PART CAN BE CONSIDERED

5088
04:16:24,120 --> 04:16:26,080
DOWNSTREAM NODE OF VISUAL

5089
04:16:26,080 --> 04:16:28,960
ASSOCIATION AREAS, BRINGING

5090
04:16:28,960 --> 04:16:30,120
INPUT FROM FACE, OBJECT, VISUAL

5091
04:16:30,120 --> 04:16:32,920
WORD FORM AREAS.

5092
04:16:32,920 --> 04:16:40,000
IN BETWEEN THERE'S HETEROMODAL

5093
04:16:40,000 --> 04:16:40,960
CORTEX WHICH ALLOWS MULTI-MODAL

5094
04:16:40,960 --> 04:16:43,560
CONCEPTS THAT ALLOW US TO

5095
04:16:43,560 --> 04:16:44,960
UNDERSTAND WORDS, RECOGNIZE

5096
04:16:44,960 --> 04:16:46,120
OBJECTS, IDENTIFY PERSONS, AND

5097
04:16:46,120 --> 04:16:48,000
SO ON.

5098
04:16:48,000 --> 04:16:50,240
NOW, THE MEDIAL PART OF

5099
04:16:50,240 --> 04:16:56,280
TEMPOROPOLAR AREA INCLUDING THE 

5100
04:16:56,280 --> 04:17:02,960
PLANUM POLARE IS DISGRANULAR

5101
04:17:02,960 --> 04:17:09,440
CORTEX PROVIDING GATEWAY THAT

5102
04:17:09,440 --> 04:17:13,760
ALLOWS WORDS, OBJECT, FACES, TO

5103
04:17:13,760 --> 04:17:17,560
EVOKE EMOTIONAL AND SIMILAR

5104
04:17:17,560 --> 04:17:17,960
ASSOCIATIONS.

5105
04:17:17,960 --> 04:17:21,880
SO, SUPERIMPOSED ON THIS WE HAVE

5106
04:17:21,880 --> 04:17:25,200
CORTICAL SYMMETRY, SO THAT THE

5107
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:26,280
WORD COMPREHENSION IS UNDER

5108
04:17:26,280 --> 04:17:29,040
STRICT CONTROL OF THE LEFT

5109
04:17:29,040 --> 04:17:31,960
HEMISPHERE WHEREAS FACE AND

5110
04:17:31,960 --> 04:17:34,120
OBJECT RECOGNITION ARE MORE

5111
04:17:34,120 --> 04:17:36,560
BILATERALLY ORGANIZED BUT WITH

5112
04:17:36,560 --> 04:17:38,960
THE RIGHT-SIDED BIAS.

5113
04:17:38,960 --> 04:17:45,640
SO, I SHOULD CONCLUDE BY SAYING

5114
04:17:45,640 --> 04:17:47,600
THAT IF KARL KLEIST BOTHERED TO

5115
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:49,200
READ LESLIE'S PAPERS HE WOULD

5116
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:51,400
HAVE CONCLUDED THERE IS ANYTHING

5117
04:17:51,400 --> 04:17:54,520
BUT SILENCE IN THE TEMPOROPOLAR

5118
04:17:54,520 --> 04:17:57,480
AREA, AND IT REALLY SHOULD BE

5119
04:17:57,480 --> 04:18:00,760
CONSIDERED AS THE DOWNSTREAM

5120
04:18:00,760 --> 04:18:05,000
COMBINATION OF AN EXTENDED WHAT

5121
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:11,320
PATHWAY OF LESLIE UNGERLEIN. 

5122
04:18:11,320 --> 04:18:11,840
THANK YOU.

5123
04:18:11,840 --> 04:18:14,520
[APPLAUSE]

5124
04:18:14,520 --> 04:18:20,560
 

5125
04:18:20,560 --> 04:18:30,600
 

5126
04:18:32,000 --> 04:18:33,320
 

5127
04:18:33,320 --> 04:18:33,960
>> A DELIGHTFUL
PRESENTATION.

5128
04:18:33,960 --> 04:18:38,360
I HAVE A QUESTION, YOU MENTIONED

5129
04:18:38,360 --> 04:18:41,240
INACCESSIBILITY OF THE POLE AND

5130
04:18:41,240 --> 04:18:43,400
DIFFICULTY TO IMAGE IT AND

5131
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:45,280
RECORD FROM.

5132
04:18:45,280 --> 04:18:48,880
WHAT ABOUT DOING PERHAPS

5133
04:18:48,880 --> 04:18:49,640
STIMULATION WITH TMS OR

5134
04:18:49,640 --> 04:18:51,960
SOMETHING ALONG THOSE LINES TO

5135
04:18:51,960 --> 04:18:58,960
TRY AND ELICIT AT LEAST SOME

5136
04:18:58,960 --> 04:19:03,320
REVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS?

5137
04:19:03,320 --> 04:19:05,720
>> THANK YOU.

5138
04:19:05,720 --> 04:19:07,960
IT ALSO IS HIDDEN.

5139
04:19:07,960 --> 04:19:09,400
THERE'S A TEMPORAL MUSCLE, AS

5140
04:19:09,400 --> 04:19:14,960
YOU KNOW, AND THEN THERE'S THE 

5141
04:19:14,960 --> 04:19:17,200
WING OF THE SPHENEOID BONE,

5142
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:19,640
STIMULATING IT IS TOUGH BUT

5143
04:19:19,640 --> 04:19:20,680
DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION HAS

5144
04:19:20,680 --> 04:19:23,400
BEEN APPLIED TO SOME PATIENTS

5145
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:27,000
WITH SEMANTIC PPI AND THEY HAVE

5146
04:19:27,000 --> 04:19:28,920
SHOWN A LITTLE IMPROVEMENT BUT

5147
04:19:28,920 --> 04:19:35,320
IT WASN'T THE FOCAL STIMULATION.

5148
04:19:35,320 --> 04:19:42,000
WITH  ELECTRODES, THE WORK OF

5149
04:19:42,000 --> 04:19:44,080
BASAL AND YOUR WORK, THERE'S

5150
04:19:44,080 --> 04:19:46,640
INFORMATION BUT I MUST SAY THE

5151
04:19:46,640 --> 04:19:49,000
POLAR AREA IS A LITTLE BIT --

5152
04:19:49,000 --> 04:19:57,800
REMINDS ME OF MY TRIP TO

5153
04:19:57,800 --> 04:19:58,280
ANTARCTICA.

5154
04:19:58,280 --> 04:20:00,920
[LAUGHTER]

5155
04:20:00,920 --> 04:20:04,880
 

5156
04:20:04,880 --> 04:20:07,280
>> THANK YOU FOR THE VERY

5157
04:20:07,280 --> 04:20:08,400
INTERESTING TALK, MARSEL.

5158
04:20:08,400 --> 04:20:12,000
MY QUESTION IS SMALL.

5159
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:13,160
ALSO QUITE ESOTERIC, MOSTLY FOR

5160
04:20:13,160 --> 04:20:15,080
MY OWN EDUCATION, SO BEAR WITH

5161
04:20:15,080 --> 04:20:16,360
ME.

5162
04:20:16,360 --> 04:20:19,320
WHEN I THINK ABOUT THE

5163
04:20:19,320 --> 04:20:21,840
NEUROPATHOLOGY THAT'S ASSOCIATED

5164
04:20:21,840 --> 04:20:24,680
WITH TDP-C, I'M ALWAYS SURPRISED

5165
04:20:24,680 --> 04:20:28,960
THAT YOU SEE AN ASYMMETRIC

5166
04:20:28,960 --> 04:20:29,920
EMERGENCE AND I DON'T UNDERSTAND

5167
04:20:29,920 --> 04:20:30,840
HOW THIS IS POSSIBLE.

5168
04:20:30,840 --> 04:20:32,160
I UNDERSTAND THE LONGER THE

5169
04:20:32,160 --> 04:20:35,760
DISEASE GOES ON, THE MORE YOU

5170
04:20:35,760 --> 04:20:36,640
GET BILATERAL IMPLICATIONS, BUT

5171
04:20:36,640 --> 04:20:45,040
IS THERE SOME WAY I CAN 

5172
04:20:45,040 --> 04:20:45,960
UNDERSTAND THE INITIAL

5173
04:20:45,960 --> 04:20:46,640
ASYMMETRY?

5174
04:20:46,640 --> 04:20:50,200
>> YOU KNOW, YOU'RE ASKING
THE

5175
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:50,560
CORE QUESTION.

5176
04:20:50,560 --> 04:20:54,560
IT TURNS OUT IT'S NOT JUST

5177
04:20:54,560 --> 04:20:59,080
TDP-C, BECAUSE THERE'S A WHOLE

5178
04:20:59,080 --> 04:21:00,600
LIST OF DISEASES, MAYBE LESS SO

5179
04:21:00,600 --> 04:21:02,040
WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE,

5180
04:21:02,040 --> 04:21:07,600
SOMETIMES YES, BUT VERY OFTEN

5181
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:10,120
WITH PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR

5182
04:21:10,120 --> 04:21:14,600
PALSY, CORTICAL BASAL

5183
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:16,440
DEGENERATION, PICKS DISEASE.

5184
04:21:16,440 --> 04:21:20,640
ONE MODEL WE PUT FORWARD SOME 

5185
04:21:20,640 --> 04:21:23,920
YEARS AGO FOR THE LEFT, PATIENTS

5186
04:21:23,920 --> 04:21:25,880
WHO GET HIT ON THE LEFT SIDE

5187
04:21:25,880 --> 04:21:28,280
WITH VARIOUS DISEASES HAVE LIAR

5188
04:21:28,280 --> 04:21:29,880
INCIDENCE OF DYSLEXIA IN FIRST

5189
04:21:29,880 --> 04:21:30,360
DEGREE RELATIVES.

5190
04:21:30,360 --> 04:21:33,640
SO THE QUESTION THAT WE HAVE WAS

5191
04:21:33,640 --> 04:21:36,360
WHETHER THERE WAS SOME

5192
04:21:36,360 --> 04:21:37,960
VULNERABILITY OF THE CIRCUIT ON

5193
04:21:37,960 --> 04:21:40,560
THE LEFT SIDE, IT THEN BECOMES

5194
04:21:40,560 --> 04:21:42,040
LOCUS OF LEAST RESISTANCE WHEN

5195
04:21:42,040 --> 04:21:44,080
YOU GET HIT BY DISEASE THAT

5196
04:21:44,080 --> 04:21:46,120
COULD GO ANYWHERE, BUT THEN IT

5197
04:21:46,120 --> 04:21:48,200
FINDS THE WEAK SPOT TO HIT

5198
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:50,400
FIRST.

5199
04:21:50,400 --> 04:21:53,000
>> THANK YOU.

5200
04:21:53,000 --> 04:21:59,080
 

5201
04:21:59,080 --> 04:22:06,040
 

5202
04:22:06,040 --> 04:22:06,320
>> OKAY.

5203
04:22:06,320 --> 04:22:10,080
THE LAST SPEAKER OF THE DAY,

5204
04:22:10,080 --> 04:22:12,320
THIS AMAZING DAY, IS DWIGHT

5205
04:22:12,320 --> 04:22:13,160
KRAVITZ, GEORGE WASHINGTON

5206
04:22:13,160 --> 04:22:14,480
UNIVERSITY.

5207
04:22:14,480 --> 04:22:17,320
AND HE WILL BE SPEAKING ON THE

5208
04:22:17,320 --> 04:22:17,960
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

5209
04:22:17,960 --> 04:22:18,640
NEUROANATOMY AND FUNCTIONAL

5210
04:22:18,640 --> 04:22:20,840
ORGANIZATION.

5211
04:22:20,840 --> 04:22:24,200
 

5212
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:24,440
>> HI.

5213
04:22:24,440 --> 04:22:26,720
FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE

5214
04:22:26,720 --> 04:22:27,680
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE

5215
04:22:27,680 --> 04:22:28,000
INVITATION.

5216
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:30,440
I WOULD LIKE TO SAY IT IS AN

5217
04:22:30,440 --> 04:22:31,880
HONOR TO SPEAK AMONGST THE LIST

5218
04:22:31,880 --> 04:22:35,120
OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPOKEN HERE

5219
04:22:35,120 --> 04:22:36,040
TODAY.

5220
04:22:36,040 --> 04:22:38,320
I'LL ALSO SAY THANKS BECAUSE IT

5221
04:22:38,320 --> 04:22:39,720
IS UNUSUAL, GETTING INCREASINGLY

5222
04:22:39,720 --> 04:22:40,520
UNUSUAL FOR ME TO BE THE YOUNG

5223
04:22:40,520 --> 04:22:42,560
PERSON IN THE LIST OF SPEAKERS,

5224
04:22:42,560 --> 04:22:45,640
THAT'S BEEN KIND OF NICE.

5225
04:22:45,640 --> 04:22:46,160
[LAUGHTER]

5226
04:22:46,160 --> 04:22:47,320
WHAT I'M GOING TO DO TODAY IS

5227
04:22:47,320 --> 04:22:52,360
TAKE YOU ON A BIT OF A WHIRL

5228
04:22:52,360 --> 04:22:54,320
WIND THROUGH RESEARCH I DID WITH

5229
04:22:54,320 --> 04:22:56,320
LESLIE AND THAT AROSE FROM THAT

5230
04:22:56,320 --> 04:22:56,600
WORK.

5231
04:22:56,600 --> 04:22:58,240
WHAT I HOPE TO SHOW YOU AS I GO

5232
04:22:58,240 --> 04:22:59,560
THROUGH A SERIES OF BOTH

5233
04:22:59,560 --> 04:23:02,280
EXPERIMENTS AND THEN A COUPLE

5234
04:23:02,280 --> 04:23:03,280
INTERSPERSED ANECDOTES IS HOW

5235
04:23:03,280 --> 04:23:05,480
IMPORTANT SHE WAS TO ME, TO THE

5236
04:23:05,480 --> 04:23:07,000
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD, WHY I

5237
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:08,520
REALLY THINK SHE WILL CONTINUE

5238
04:23:08,520 --> 04:23:10,880
TO BE FUNDAMENTAL TO THIS FIELD

5239
04:23:10,880 --> 04:23:12,320
FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.

5240
04:23:12,320 --> 04:23:15,000
THIS IS A PLOT YOU'VE SEEN

5241
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:16,640
SEVERAL TIMES ALREADY, CLASSIC

5242
04:23:16,640 --> 04:23:18,960
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

5243
04:23:18,960 --> 04:23:22,240
WHAT/WHERE PATHWAY, THE

5244
04:23:22,240 --> 04:23:26,480
BEAUTIFUL DISASSOCIATION BETWEEN

5245
04:23:26,480 --> 04:23:27,680
BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS, DEPENDENT

5246
04:23:27,680 --> 04:23:31,240
UPON SPATIAL FACTORS VERSUS

5247
04:23:31,240 --> 04:23:31,600
PATTERN.

5248
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:32,280
THAT DOUBLE DISASSOCIATION IS

5249
04:23:32,280 --> 04:23:34,600
SORT OF THE THING THAT GAVE RISE

5250
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:39,000
TO NOT JUST A THOUSAND STUDIES, 

5251
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:40,960
PREPARES MANY THOUSANDS OF

5252
04:23:40,960 --> 04:23:41,760
STUDIES.

5253
04:23:41,760 --> 04:23:45,800
YOU'RE LOOKING  AT A ROUGH

5254
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:46,640
SUMMARY FROM IT.

5255
04:23:46,640 --> 04:23:50,320
ONE IS NOTION OF HIERARCHICAL

5256
04:23:50,320 --> 04:23:52,200
PROCESSING STREAM, THE IDEA WE

5257
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:53,440
BUILD COMPLEX REPRESENTATIONS

5258
04:23:53,440 --> 04:23:54,440
FROM SIMPLE ONES.

5259
04:23:54,440 --> 04:23:56,360
IN THE CASE OF VENTRAL VISUAL

5260
04:23:56,360 --> 04:23:58,000
PATHWAY THAT'S DESCRIBED AS A

5261
04:23:58,000 --> 04:23:59,880
SERIES OF PROCESSING STAGES,

5262
04:23:59,880 --> 04:24:02,920
WORKING THEIR WAY DOWN THE

5263
04:24:02,920 --> 04:24:05,280
TEMPORAL LOBE, YOU GET INCREASED

5264
04:24:05,280 --> 04:24:06,680
LATENCY IN ONSET OF FIRST

5265
04:24:06,680 --> 04:24:08,760
SPIKING GOING THROUGH THE AREAS,

5266
04:24:08,760 --> 04:24:11,680
INCREASE THE RECEPTIVE FIELD

5267
04:24:11,680 --> 04:24:15,400
SIZE, CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN

5268
04:24:15,400 --> 04:24:18,240
COMPLEXITY OF SELECTIVITY, FROM

5269
04:24:18,240 --> 04:24:19,760
SIMPLE ORIENTATION TO BASIC

5270
04:24:19,760 --> 04:24:21,520
SHAPE, COMPLEX FIGURES, SO ON.

5271
04:24:21,520 --> 04:24:22,840
WE GO FURTHER THAN THAT.

5272
04:24:22,840 --> 04:24:25,360
WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS WHEN WE

5273
04:24:25,360 --> 04:24:26,520
START TO INSTANTIATE THIS IDEA

5274
04:24:26,520 --> 04:24:28,960
AND NOTION OF A SERIES OF

5275
04:24:28,960 --> 04:24:30,040
PROCESSING STAGES INTO

5276
04:24:30,040 --> 04:24:31,800
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS WE GET AN

5277
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:33,200
EXPLOSION OF WORK, PARTICULARLY

5278
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:33,680
RECENTLY.

5279
04:24:33,680 --> 04:24:36,720
WHERE WE NOW SEE HERE THIS IS A

5280
04:24:36,720 --> 04:24:38,840
SCHEMATIC OF AGE MAX MODEL FROM

5281
04:24:38,840 --> 04:24:40,840
WHEN THEY PUBLISHED, NOW INTO

5282
04:24:40,840 --> 04:24:43,200
THE DNNs WITH MILLIONS OF

5283
04:24:43,200 --> 04:24:46,600
UNITS DEMONSTRATING REMARKABLE

5284
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:47,560
LEVEL OF CAPABILITY.

5285
04:24:47,560 --> 04:24:48,880
THERE'S HOWEVER A PROBLEM.

5286
04:24:48,880 --> 04:24:52,320
THAT PROBLEM IS EXPRESSED IN A

5287
04:24:52,320 --> 04:24:53,920
PLEATING WITH MORT, I ASKED WHAT

5288
04:24:53,920 --> 04:24:55,760
WAS SURPRISED BUSH

5289
04:24:55,760 --> 04:25:01,360
ADMINISTRATION CURRENT -- ABOUT

5290
04:25:01,360 --> 04:25:05,880
THE CURRENT LIT A YOU ARE TOO,

5291
04:25:05,880 --> 04:25:06,760
YOU COULD LOCATE STEREOTYPICAL,

5292
04:25:06,760 --> 04:25:10,200
OCCURRING IN THE SAME LOCATION

5293
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:11,640
ACROSS PEOPLE, WAS SOMEWHAT

5294
04:25:11,640 --> 04:25:13,480
BEWILDERING AND LEADS TO A

5295
04:25:13,480 --> 04:25:18,880
DIRECT CHALLENGE, TO THE IDEA OF

5296
04:25:18,880 --> 04:25:20,800
THE HIERARCHICAL PROCESS STREAM,

5297
04:25:20,800 --> 04:25:22,240
THE LOCATION IS RATHER DIFFICULT

5298
04:25:22,240 --> 04:25:22,880
TO EXPLAIN.

5299
04:25:22,880 --> 04:25:30,120
THAT LED TO A SERIES OF

5300
04:25:30,120 --> 04:25:32,200
ALTERNATE PROPOSALS, I PICKED

5301
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:33,520
ONE OUT HERE, PUBLISHED IN THE

5302
04:25:33,520 --> 04:25:35,680
SAME YEAR THE REVIEW PAPER WITH

5303
04:25:35,680 --> 04:25:37,800
LESLIE WAS.

5304
04:25:37,800 --> 04:25:39,000
AND HERE EDWARD AND ALLEN

5305
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:40,520
PROPOSE MAYBE WE DIDN'T NEED TO

5306
04:25:40,520 --> 04:25:43,680
GO TO THESE IDEAS OF OVERALL

5307
04:25:43,680 --> 04:25:46,080
FRAMEWORKS, BUT INSTEAD WHAT THE

5308
04:25:46,080 --> 04:25:49,040
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WAS A SERIES

5309
04:25:49,040 --> 04:25:50,880
OF PURPOSE-BUILT MODULES THAT

5310
04:25:50,880 --> 04:25:52,760
WERE INTERCONNECTED ON THE BASIS

5311
04:25:52,760 --> 04:25:55,160
OF CATEGORY, DIFFERENCE IN

5312
04:25:55,160 --> 04:25:56,440
COLOR, BUT RELATIVELY

5313
04:25:56,440 --> 04:25:58,320
DISORGANIZED IN OTHER WAYS.

5314
04:25:58,320 --> 04:26:00,280
THIS WAS NOT A GREAT ANSWER FOR

5315
04:26:00,280 --> 04:26:01,400
A NUMBER OF REASONS.

5316
04:26:01,400 --> 04:26:03,560
ONE I'LL PICK HERE IS

5317
04:26:03,560 --> 04:26:03,920
ARBITRARINESS.

5318
04:26:03,920 --> 04:26:07,320
IF WE START TO DESCRIBE THE

5319
04:26:07,320 --> 04:26:09,360
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM WE'RE IN A

5320
04:26:09,360 --> 04:26:12,200
QUESTIONS FOR NEW AREAS.

5321
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:13,680
THE OTHER PROBLEM IS THAT NOW

5322
04:26:13,680 --> 04:26:16,920
THERE IS NO WAY OF MAKING A

5323
04:26:16,920 --> 04:26:19,360
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PRIMATE

5324
04:26:19,360 --> 04:26:21,440
LITERATURE IF IT'S DESCRIBED IN

5325
04:26:21,440 --> 04:26:22,200
HIERARCHY.

5326
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:24,600
WE HAVE THIS SORT OF PROBLEM AT

5327
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:25,880
THE SURFACE, DISAGREEMENT

5328
04:26:25,880 --> 04:26:30,160
BETWEEN A BUNCH OF fMRI DATA

5329
04:26:30,160 --> 04:26:33,320
AND PHYSIOLOGY, NEUROANATOMY

5330
04:26:33,320 --> 04:26:35,000
SEEMS THAT SEEMS TO BE TELLING A

5331
04:26:35,000 --> 04:26:35,840
DIFFERENT STORY.

5332
04:26:35,840 --> 04:26:37,640
THE SOLUTION IS FOUND HERE, IN

5333
04:26:37,640 --> 04:26:39,920
THE VISUAL WORD FORM AREA JUST

5334
04:26:39,920 --> 04:26:40,760
MENTIONED BEFORE.

5335
04:26:40,760 --> 04:26:41,800
AND THE REASON THIS IS A

5336
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:43,960
SOLUTION IS BECAUSE THIS IS SO

5337
04:26:43,960 --> 04:26:45,840
DEEPLY MYSTERIOUS IT BREAKS ALL

5338
04:26:45,840 --> 04:26:46,920
THE EXISTING IDEAS.

5339
04:26:46,920 --> 04:26:49,200
THIS CANNOT BE THE RESULT OF

5340
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:50,440
EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE, LITERACY

5341
04:26:50,440 --> 04:26:51,520
IS TO BE GENEROUS, A HUNDRED

5342
04:26:51,520 --> 04:26:53,840
YEARS OLD IN THE AMERICAN

5343
04:26:53,840 --> 04:26:54,360
POPULATION.

5344
04:26:54,360 --> 04:26:57,560
IN GENERAL, IT IS STILL FOUND IN

5345
04:26:57,560 --> 04:27:00,960
CONSISTENT LOCATIONS AS CROSS

5346
04:27:00,960 --> 04:27:01,760
PEOPLE, ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS

5347
04:27:01,760 --> 04:27:02,360
AS WELL.

5348
04:27:02,360 --> 04:27:04,320
WHAT ARE WE DEALING WITH?

5349
04:27:04,320 --> 04:27:07,440
IT WAS INTO THIS GAP THAT MY

5350
04:27:07,440 --> 04:27:09,400
COLLABORATION WITH LESLIE BEGAN.

5351
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:12,120
I'LL TAKE A DIVERSION.

5352
04:27:12,120 --> 04:27:14,960
I JOINED CHRIS BAKER'S LAB HERE

5353
04:27:14,960 --> 04:27:16,080
AS THE INAUGURAL POSTDOC A FEW

5354
04:27:16,080 --> 04:27:20,120
DAYS AFTER HE BEGAN THE LAB. 

5355
04:27:20,120 --> 04:27:21,560
AND AS WAS MENTIONED, LESLIE WAS

5356
04:27:21,560 --> 04:27:23,400
ALLOWING CHRIS TO FIND HIS OWN

5357
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:23,960
WAY.

5358
04:27:23,960 --> 04:27:26,480
I DID NOT INTERACT MUCH WITH

5359
04:27:26,480 --> 04:27:28,040
LESLIE BEYOND HER VERY DIRECT

5360
04:27:28,040 --> 04:27:30,520
AND BLUNT CRITIQUES WHEN I DID A

5361
04:27:30,520 --> 04:27:32,400
PRESENTATION UP UNTIL THIS

5362
04:27:32,400 --> 04:27:33,080
POINT.

5363
04:27:33,080 --> 04:27:36,360
IN THE YEARS PREVIOUS TO THE 

5364
04:27:36,360 --> 04:27:40,920
BEGINNING OF THE COLLABORATION,

5365
04:27:40,920 --> 04:27:43,320
CHRIS, MORT, SALIM AND I HAD

5366
04:27:43,320 --> 04:27:46,400
DONE A REDESCRIPTION OF THE

5367
04:27:46,400 --> 04:27:50,160
DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY, RELATIVE 

5368
04:27:50,160 --> 04:27:52,320
TO THE NEW NEUROANATOMY.

5369
04:27:52,320 --> 04:27:55,400
AND WHAT WE SET OUT TO DO WAS

5370
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:56,880
COMPANION PIECE ON THE VENTRAL

5371
04:27:56,880 --> 04:27:58,040
VISUAL PATHWAY.

5372
04:27:58,040 --> 04:27:59,640
MORT INVITED LESLIE IN.

5373
04:27:59,640 --> 04:28:00,120
WE BEGAN.

5374
04:28:00,120 --> 04:28:01,920
WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THE RESULT

5375
04:28:01,920 --> 04:28:03,880
OF OVER A YEAR'S WORTH OF

5376
04:28:03,880 --> 04:28:04,200
MEETINGS.

5377
04:28:04,200 --> 04:28:05,680
I WILL SAY THAT I HAD ALREADY

5378
04:28:05,680 --> 04:28:07,400
HAD A YEAR'S WORTH OF MEETINGS

5379
04:28:07,400 --> 04:28:09,280
WITH MORT, I WAS READY FOR

5380
04:28:09,280 --> 04:28:10,560
EXTREMELY DETAILED COMMENTS ON

5381
04:28:10,560 --> 04:28:10,920
WRITING.

5382
04:28:10,920 --> 04:28:13,120
I WAS READY FOR EXTREMELY

5383
04:28:13,120 --> 04:28:14,080
DETAILED COMMENTS DOWN TO THE

5384
04:28:14,080 --> 04:28:16,560
LEVEL OF THE PROPER CONSTRUCTION

5385
04:28:16,560 --> 04:28:18,640
OF "AS WELL AS" IN A SENTENCE.

5386
04:28:18,640 --> 04:28:23,800
WHAT I WAS NOT READY FOR THOUGH

5387
04:28:23,800 --> 04:28:26,200
WAS HOW QUICKLY LESLIE AND SALIM

5388
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:27,160
STARTED TO GO.

5389
04:28:27,160 --> 04:28:29,920
AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE

5390
04:28:29,920 --> 04:28:31,360
NEUROANATOMY WAS ASTOUNDING.

5391
04:28:31,360 --> 04:28:34,640
I LEARNED MORE IN THOSE MEETINGS

5392
04:28:34,640 --> 04:28:35,960
THAN I'VE EVERY LEARNED PER UNIT

5393
04:28:35,960 --> 04:28:38,160
TIME IN ANY OTHER EXPERIENCE.

5394
04:28:38,160 --> 04:28:40,400
YOU SEE THEIR CHARACTERIZATION

5395
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:43,040
OF 30 OR 40 ODD YEARS OF

5396
04:28:43,040 --> 04:28:44,680
ANATOMICAL TRACER WORK, LOOKING

5397
04:28:44,680 --> 04:28:46,440
AT THE SKELETON OF THE ACTUAL

5398
04:28:46,440 --> 04:28:47,960
CONNECTIVITY OF THE VENTRAL

5399
04:28:47,960 --> 04:28:48,600
VISUAL PATHWAY.

5400
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:51,720
YOU MIGHT NOTE AS WE MOVE TO

5401
04:28:51,720 --> 04:28:52,440
THIS MORE COMPLEX

5402
04:28:52,440 --> 04:28:53,160
CHARACTERIZATION IS IT'S NOT

5403
04:28:53,160 --> 04:28:58,800
JUST A INCORPORATE  IS -- SINGLE

5404
04:28:58,800 --> 04:28:59,840
STREAM.

5405
04:28:59,840 --> 04:29:01,640
YOU'VE GOT COMPLEX CONNECTIVITY,

5406
04:29:01,640 --> 04:29:04,400
A NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS THAT

5407
04:29:04,400 --> 04:29:05,720
SKIP INTERMEDIATE AREAS, AND

5408
04:29:05,720 --> 04:29:09,680
AMIDST THAT COMPLEXITY I'M GOING

5409
04:29:09,680 --> 04:29:12,080
TO ARGUE AN EXPLANATION.

5410
04:29:12,080 --> 04:29:14,040
TO THROW IN THE OUTPUTS FROM

5411
04:29:14,040 --> 04:29:17,400
THIS, MAYBE A SHOUT OUT TO

5412
04:29:17,400 --> 04:29:18,400
TEMPORAL POLE, YEAH, IT'S

5413
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:20,920
IMPORTANT, GOOD IF WE UNDERSTOOD

5414
04:29:20,920 --> 04:29:23,120
IT BETTER, BECAUSE OF DENSE

5415
04:29:23,120 --> 04:29:23,760
INTERCONNECTION WITH SYSTEMS

5416
04:29:23,760 --> 04:29:25,960
RESPONSIBLE FOR REWARD AND

5417
04:29:25,960 --> 04:29:27,080
MEMORY.

5418
04:29:27,080 --> 04:29:28,680
AND SO LESLIE'S CHARACTERIZATION

5419
04:29:28,680 --> 04:29:29,960
OF THE PATHWAY ORIGINALLY IS

5420
04:29:29,960 --> 04:29:31,640
ESSENTIALLY AS A CIRCUIT THAT

5421
04:29:31,640 --> 04:29:33,320
BRIDGES EARLY VISION AND THEN

5422
04:29:33,320 --> 04:29:35,600
HIGH LEVEL MEMORY SYSTEMS.

5423
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:37,200
THAT CHARACTERIZATION IS NOT

5424
04:29:37,200 --> 04:29:37,480
INCORRECT.

5425
04:29:37,480 --> 04:29:40,480
IT HOLDS UP NOW DECADES AND

5426
04:29:40,480 --> 04:29:42,240
DECADES AND DECADES LATER AS WE

5427
04:29:42,240 --> 04:29:45,080
ADD A LOT MORE DETAIL TO OUR

5428
04:29:45,080 --> 04:29:47,480
UNDERSTANDING OF THAT ANATOMY.

5429
04:29:47,480 --> 04:29:48,200
AMIDST THIS COMPLEXITY I'LL

5430
04:29:48,200 --> 04:29:51,880
ARGUE AGAIN THERE IS A SOLUTION

5431
04:29:51,880 --> 04:29:53,520
FOR THE VWFA MYSTERY, THE

5432
04:29:53,520 --> 04:29:57,880
EVOLUTIONARY PEER  PRESSURE IS

5433
04:29:57,880 --> 04:29:58,760
DEFINING ESSENTIALLY WHERE

5434
04:29:58,760 --> 04:30:00,840
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE TO

5435
04:30:00,840 --> 04:30:02,200
DIFFERENT CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN,

5436
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:03,680
THAT'S GOING TO COMBINE WITH

5437
04:30:03,680 --> 04:30:07,960
ONGOING EXPERIENCE IN ORDER TO 

5438
04:30:07,960 --> 04:30:09,680
CREATE PATTERNS OF SELECTIVITY

5439
04:30:09,680 --> 04:30:11,440
FOR EVEN RECENT CATEGORIES,

5440
04:30:11,440 --> 04:30:20,880
ENDING UP WITH STEREOTYPICAL.

5441
04:30:20,880 --> 04:30:23,040
IT COULD BE NICE IF WE TESTED.

5442
04:30:23,040 --> 04:30:27,760
I'LL TAKE YOU THROUGH STUDIES.

5443
04:30:27,760 --> 04:30:30,040
LESLIE PROVIDED COMMENTARY OR

5444
04:30:30,040 --> 04:30:31,920
WAS INSPIRED BY THE WORK, I

5445
04:30:31,920 --> 04:30:33,280
PICKED THEM BECAUSE THEY ARE

5446
04:30:33,280 --> 04:30:35,400
ELEGANT AND SHE WOULD HAVE LIKED

5447
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:35,720
THEM.

5448
04:30:35,720 --> 04:30:39,440
THIS ONE SHE GAVE DIRECT

5449
04:30:39,440 --> 04:30:40,120
COMMENTS ON.

5450
04:30:40,120 --> 04:30:41,080
CONCOMITANTLY WITH THE WRITING

5451
04:30:41,080 --> 04:30:43,600
OF THE PAPER, TRYING TO FIGURE

5452
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:45,120
OUT WHAT SCENE REPRESENTATION

5453
04:30:45,120 --> 04:30:45,440
WAS.

5454
04:30:45,440 --> 04:30:48,720
THE NICE THING IS THAT THEY ARE

5455
04:30:48,720 --> 04:30:49,000
COMPLEX.

5456
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:50,280
IF YOU'RE STUDYING SCENE

5457
04:30:50,280 --> 04:30:51,880
REPRESENTATION YOU CAN BE

5458
04:30:51,880 --> 04:30:53,480
STUDYING ANYTHING YOU LIKE.

5459
04:30:53,480 --> 04:30:55,280
YOU CAN LOOK AT A SCENE LIKE

5460
04:30:55,280 --> 04:30:55,880
THIS.

5461
04:30:55,880 --> 04:30:58,840
YOU MIGHT SAY, OKAY, LET'S SAY A

5462
04:30:58,840 --> 04:30:59,960
REGION IS RESPONSIVE TO SCENE,

5463
04:30:59,960 --> 04:31:01,680
WHAT IS IT REPRESENTING?

5464
04:31:01,680 --> 04:31:06,480
COULD BE THE OBJECTS, THEIR

5465
04:31:06,480 --> 04:31:07,160
CONFIGURATION, REPRESENTING THE

5466
04:31:07,160 --> 04:31:08,320
CATEGORY, THIS IS CLEARLY A

5467
04:31:08,320 --> 04:31:10,560
HOTEL BECAUSE NO ONE LIVES LIKE,

5468
04:31:10,560 --> 04:31:11,520
THAT REPRESENTING THE GEOMETRY

5469
04:31:11,520 --> 04:31:13,480
OF THE SPACE, ABILITY TO MOVE

5470
04:31:13,480 --> 04:31:15,200
THROUGH IT, THE OTHER WONDERFUL

5471
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:19,720
THING IS THAT EVEN AMIDST THAT 

5472
04:31:19,720 --> 04:31:21,040
COMPLEXITY THEY ARE EXTREMELY

5473
04:31:21,040 --> 04:31:23,520
DIFFERENT AND THE VISUAL SYSTEM

5474
04:31:23,520 --> 04:31:25,720
IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING THEM WITH

5475
04:31:25,720 --> 04:31:26,080
EFFICIENCY.

5476
04:31:26,080 --> 04:31:28,680
WE SET OUT TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND

5477
04:31:28,680 --> 04:31:30,880
THE LIKELY SEEN REPRESENTATION

5478
04:31:30,880 --> 04:31:34,480
WITHIN A SINGLE SEEN SELECTIVE

5479
04:31:34,480 --> 04:31:37,480
AREA, A WELL DESCRIBED AREA.

5480
04:31:37,480 --> 04:31:39,160
YOU'LL NOTE HERE AS A SHOUT OUT,

5481
04:31:39,160 --> 04:31:41,720
AS I MOVE THE TALK OVER THIS

5482
04:31:41,720 --> 04:31:43,880
HAPPENED, THESE BECOME 1s,

5483
04:31:43,880 --> 04:31:45,400
WHICH WOULD HAVE DRIVEN LESLIE

5484
04:31:45,400 --> 04:31:50,120
CRAZY, A REASON YOU LOAD THE

5485
04:31:50,120 --> 04:31:51,240
CAROUSEL FIRST.

5486
04:31:51,240 --> 04:31:56,880
WE BEGIN BY LOOKING AT THE

5487
04:31:56,880 --> 04:32:00,920
MACAQUE, AREA TFO AND TF-TH, 

5488
04:32:00,920 --> 04:32:02,880
RECEIVING DIRECT INPUT IN THIS

5489
04:32:02,880 --> 04:32:09,520
DIAGRAM FROM VIN TALL  --

5490
04:32:09,520 --> 04:32:11,000
VENTRAL PORTION OF V 4.

5491
04:32:11,000 --> 04:32:12,240
YOU SEE DATA THAT GOES WITH THAT

5492
04:32:12,240 --> 04:32:15,160
IN THE HUMAN FROM A STUDY BY

5493
04:32:15,160 --> 04:32:16,560
MALICK SHOWING SENSITIVITY OF

5494
04:32:16,560 --> 04:32:18,920
THE MEDIAL PORTION OF TEMPORAL

5495
04:32:18,920 --> 04:32:20,320
LOBE TO PERIPHERAL PORTIONS OF

5496
04:32:20,320 --> 04:32:20,880
SPACE.

5497
04:32:20,880 --> 04:32:22,440
AS WE THEN LOOK AT THE

5498
04:32:22,440 --> 04:32:23,400
DESCENDING CONNECTIVITY INTO THE

5499
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:25,200
SAME AREA, THIS IS A FIGURE FROM

5500
04:32:25,200 --> 04:32:28,280
OUR PREVIOUS REVIEW OF THE

5501
04:32:28,280 --> 04:32:29,480
DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY.

5502
04:32:29,480 --> 04:32:31,720
I'LL TAKE A MOMENT TO SAY MORT

5503
04:32:31,720 --> 04:32:35,760
WAS NOT SO FORGIVING ABOUT HOW

5504
04:32:35,760 --> 04:32:40,680
AND WAS VERRY THE PROJECTIONS IN

5505
04:32:40,680 --> 04:32:42,640
RED ARE THE HOW PATHWAY, THIS IS

5506
04:32:42,640 --> 04:32:44,400
A PATHWAY THAT SUPPORT WORKING

5507
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,160
MEMORY AND THIS DESCENDING

5508
04:32:47,160 --> 04:32:48,680
PATHWAY PREVIOUSLY WELL

5509
04:32:48,680 --> 04:32:50,560
DESCRIBED IN RODENT, HERE IN THE

5510
04:32:50,560 --> 04:32:53,520
MACAQUE, IS GOING TO SUPPORT

5511
04:32:53,520 --> 04:32:54,360
SPATIAL NAVIGATION, IN

5512
04:32:54,360 --> 04:32:58,520
PARTICULAR ORIENTATION OF THE

5513
04:32:58,520 --> 04:33:01,560
SELF-TO ALLOCENTRIC

5514
04:33:01,560 --> 04:33:02,920
REPRESENTATIONS IN THE

5515
04:33:02,920 --> 04:33:04,040
HIPPOCAMPUS.

5516
04:33:04,040 --> 04:33:12,680
DESCENDING FROM THE PARIETAL

5517
04:33:12,680 --> 04:33:14,600
INTO TFO, SHOWING EQUIVALENT

5518
04:33:14,600 --> 04:33:15,720
PATHWAY THERE.

5519
04:33:15,720 --> 04:33:18,000
I THINK WE CAN MAKE ASSUMPTION

5520
04:33:18,000 --> 04:33:19,000
EVEN THOUGH PPA COULD BE

5521
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:20,080
INTERESTED IN ANY NUMBER OF

5522
04:33:20,080 --> 04:33:21,320
THINGS IT'S LIKELY WHAT IT'S

5523
04:33:21,320 --> 04:33:23,360
REALLY GOING TO BE REPRESENTING

5524
04:33:23,360 --> 04:33:27,000
IS GOING TO THE THE SPATIAL

5525
04:33:27,000 --> 04:33:27,920
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCENES.

5526
04:33:27,920 --> 04:33:29,760
WE WANT TO DESIGN A STUDY THAT

5527
04:33:29,760 --> 04:33:32,600
CAN SHOW US THAT IN A

5528
04:33:32,600 --> 04:33:33,600
DATA-DRIVEN WAY, WITHOUT

5529
04:33:33,600 --> 04:33:34,640
NECESSARILY BUILDING THE

5530
04:33:34,640 --> 04:33:36,240
HYPOTHESIS INTO OUR DESIGN, SO

5531
04:33:36,240 --> 04:33:39,600
WE'RE GOING TO PROBE AS MANY

5532
04:33:39,600 --> 04:33:40,480
INDIVIDUAL STIMULI AS SIMPLY ASK

5533
04:33:40,480 --> 04:33:42,760
WHETHER OR NOT THE SIMILARITY OF

5534
04:33:42,760 --> 04:33:45,400
THE RESPONSE IN PPA GROUPS THESE

5535
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:47,440
SCENES ACCORDING TO SPATIAL

5536
04:33:47,440 --> 04:33:48,120
CHARACTERISTICS.

5537
04:33:48,120 --> 04:33:50,120
THE QUICK ANSWER IS YES, I DON'T

5538
04:33:50,120 --> 04:33:52,800
TELL STORIES UNLESS I'M RIGHT IN

5539
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:55,000
THE END.

5540
04:33:55,000 --> 04:33:57,160
YOU CAN SEE MDS CONFIGURATION ON

5541
04:33:57,160 --> 04:33:58,560
THE BASIS OF MULTIVARIATE

5542
04:33:58,560 --> 04:34:00,160
STIMULI AND RESPONSE.

5543
04:34:00,160 --> 04:34:02,120
WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IN THE

5544
04:34:02,120 --> 04:34:04,200
EXACT SAME CONFIGURATION BUT

5545
04:34:04,200 --> 04:34:04,840
PLOTTED SYMBOLICALLY IS THERE'S

5546
04:34:04,840 --> 04:34:07,160
NOT MUCH OF A DISTINCTION

5547
04:34:07,160 --> 04:34:09,320
BETWEEN SCENES MAN MADE OR

5548
04:34:09,320 --> 04:34:10,880
NATURAL, A BIT OF DISTINCTION

5549
04:34:10,880 --> 04:34:12,720
BUT NOT ONE FOR SCENES WITH

5550
04:34:12,720 --> 04:34:14,480
GREATER OR LESS DEPTH BUT

5551
04:34:14,480 --> 04:34:16,320
THERE'S A STRONG DISTINCTION

5552
04:34:16,320 --> 04:34:18,920
WITH OPEN OR CLOSED BOUNDARY.

5553
04:34:18,920 --> 04:34:21,040
IF THAT IS GOING TO BE THE

5554
04:34:21,040 --> 04:34:23,240
CONTRIBUTION OF THIS AREA TO

5555
04:34:23,240 --> 04:34:24,200
ONGOING SCENE REPRESENTATION, WE

5556
04:34:24,200 --> 04:34:27,400
WOULD EXPECT TO SEE THAT AREA'S

5557
04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:29,160
REPRESENTATION REFLECTED THEN IN

5558
04:34:29,160 --> 04:34:29,960
THE BEHAVIOR.

5559
04:34:29,960 --> 04:34:31,160
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS

5560
04:34:31,160 --> 04:34:32,680
MEASURE THAT IN A SEPARATE GROUP

5561
04:34:32,680 --> 04:34:36,200
OF PEOPLE, ARRANGE A SET OF

5562
04:34:36,200 --> 04:34:37,280
MATCHES, WHERE WE PRESENT TWO

5563
04:34:37,280 --> 04:34:38,600
SCENES AND ASK THE SUBJECTS TO

5564
04:34:38,600 --> 04:34:41,080
PICK THE ONE THAT'S MORE OPEN.

5565
04:34:41,080 --> 04:34:43,640
AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO USE THE

5566
04:34:43,640 --> 04:34:46,240
SAME MATH TO RANK CHESS EXPERTS,

5567
04:34:46,240 --> 04:34:48,320
SO 1600 IS A SCENE THAT ALWAYS

5568
04:34:48,320 --> 04:34:48,560
WINS.

5569
04:34:48,560 --> 04:34:49,960
WE'RE GOING TO CORRELATE WITH

5570
04:34:49,960 --> 04:34:52,480
THE DEGREE OF OPEN AND

5571
04:34:52,480 --> 04:34:53,480
CLOSEDNESS FROM fMRI DATA

5572
04:34:53,480 --> 04:34:54,920
WHICH IS HOW FAR TO THE LEFT OR

5573
04:34:54,920 --> 04:34:57,200
RIGHT YOU ARE IN THAT

5574
04:34:57,200 --> 04:34:58,400
CONFIGURATION.

5575
04:34:58,400 --> 04:35:00,920
THE ANSWER IS THEY ARE VERY WELL

5576
04:35:00,920 --> 04:35:01,360
CORRELATED.

5577
04:35:01,360 --> 04:35:04,280
WE LOOK AT EARLY VISUAL CORTEX,

5578
04:35:04,280 --> 04:35:05,520
CORRELATION IS ABSENT.

5579
04:35:05,520 --> 04:35:07,240
THE ARGUMENT I'M MAKING TO YOU

5580
04:35:07,240 --> 04:35:09,400
THEN IS THAT THE REPRESENTATIONS

5581
04:35:09,400 --> 04:35:10,400
THAT WE OBSERVE IN PARTICULAR

5582
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:12,200
AREAS ARE DEFINED BY

5583
04:35:12,200 --> 04:35:13,240
CONNECTIVITY AND ULTIMATELY

5584
04:35:13,240 --> 04:35:15,360
SHAPED BY ONGOING EXPERIENCE.

5585
04:35:15,360 --> 04:35:17,240
I'M GOING TO SHOW ANOTHER MORE

5586
04:35:17,240 --> 04:35:18,880
RECENT BIT OF WORK THAT

5587
04:35:18,880 --> 04:35:21,480
DEMONSTRATES HOW QUICKLY AND

5588
04:35:21,480 --> 04:35:22,480
PROFOUNDLY AND PREDICTIVELY

5589
04:35:22,480 --> 04:35:23,360
SHAPING HAPPENS.

5590
04:35:23,360 --> 04:35:25,800
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO HERE IS

5591
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:27,320
MAKE THE ARGUMENT THAT EVERY

5592
04:35:27,320 --> 04:35:30,320
INDIVIDUAL EVENT IS GOING TO

5593
04:35:30,320 --> 04:35:32,160
CREATE A SMALL BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

5594
04:35:32,160 --> 04:35:33,560
AND SOME CHANGE IN PHYSIOLOGY.

5595
04:35:33,560 --> 04:35:36,320
WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE IS A BIZARRE

5596
04:35:36,320 --> 04:35:39,000
AND UNIQUE DATASET THAT WAS

5597
04:35:39,000 --> 04:35:40,600
COLLECTED VIA SMARTPHONE APP

5598
04:35:40,600 --> 04:35:42,880
WHERE PEOPLE TAKE ON THE ROLE OF

5599
04:35:42,880 --> 04:35:44,600
AIRPORT SECURITY SCREENER AND

5600
04:35:44,600 --> 04:35:46,680
SEARCH BAGS FOR DANGEROUS

5601
04:35:46,680 --> 04:35:47,040
OBJECTS.

5602
04:35:47,040 --> 04:35:49,560
15 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE DONE THIS

5603
04:35:49,560 --> 04:35:51,360
TO THE TUNE OF 4 BILLION TRIALS

5604
04:35:51,360 --> 04:35:52,720
OF VISUAL SEARCH.

5605
04:35:52,720 --> 04:35:54,680
BECAUSE OF THE WAY THAT THIS

5606
04:35:54,680 --> 04:36:00,080
GAME IS DESIGNED, EVERY SINGLE 

5607
04:36:00,080 --> 04:36:01,400
EVENT IS RANDOMLY GENERATED.

5608
04:36:01,400 --> 04:36:02,680
THERE'S NOTHING TO LEARN.

5609
04:36:02,680 --> 04:36:05,840
THE ONLY THING BEHAVIOR IS

5610
04:36:05,840 --> 04:36:07,920
SHAPED BY IS THEIR IDIOSYNCRATIC

5611
04:36:07,920 --> 04:36:08,200
EXPERIENCE.

5612
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:10,520
WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IN

5613
04:36:10,520 --> 04:36:11,160
COLLABORATION, YOU'LL SEE THE

5614
04:36:11,160 --> 04:36:13,200
PEOPLE POP UP WHO DID ALL THE

5615
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:16,560
WORK, THIS IS MICHELE KRAMER,

5616
04:36:16,560 --> 04:36:18,640
NOW WORKS FOR T.S.A. ACTUALLY.

5617
04:36:18,640 --> 04:36:19,040
[LAUGHTER]

5618
04:36:19,040 --> 04:36:23,440
IF YOUR FLIGHT IS  DELAYED OR

5619
04:36:23,440 --> 04:36:25,640
YOU ARRIVE SAFELY, BOTH BLAME

5620
04:36:25,640 --> 04:36:26,480
AND THANK HER.

5621
04:36:26,480 --> 04:36:28,280
PATRICK COX IS A CURRENT POSTDOC

5622
04:36:28,280 --> 04:36:29,560
IN THE LAB.

5623
04:36:29,560 --> 04:36:32,960
WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO LOOK AT

5624
04:36:32,960 --> 04:36:33,840
WHAT BEHAVIOR, WHAT CHANGES AS A

5625
04:36:33,840 --> 04:36:34,840
RESULT OF EXPERIENCE.

5626
04:36:34,840 --> 04:36:37,520
THIS IS A COMPLEX PLOT THAT WILL

5627
04:36:37,520 --> 04:36:38,760
GET SIMPLER.

5628
04:36:38,760 --> 04:36:40,520
ON THE X-AXIS IS TRIAL NUMBER.

5629
04:36:40,520 --> 04:36:43,680
Y-AXIS IS GOING TO BE ACCURACY

5630
04:36:43,680 --> 04:36:46,320
AT DETECTING A DANGEROUS ITEM.

5631
04:36:46,320 --> 04:36:48,480
DECIDING AN ITEM IS DANGEROUS OR

5632
04:36:48,480 --> 04:36:48,960
NOT.

5633
04:36:48,960 --> 04:36:50,560
DIFFERENT COLORS ARE GOING TO

5634
04:36:50,560 --> 04:36:51,840
REPRESENTATIVE THE NUMBER OF

5635
04:36:51,840 --> 04:36:53,200
PREVIOUS DANGEROUS ITEMS THAT

5636
04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:54,840
YOU HAVE SEEN.

5637
04:36:54,840 --> 04:36:57,160
SO ZERO MEANS FOR EXAMPLE HERE

5638
04:36:57,160 --> 04:36:59,840
ON TRIAL 1 YOU CLEARLY HAVE SEEN

5639
04:36:59,840 --> 04:37:02,560
ZERO, THE ONLY DATA POINT THERE.

5640
04:37:02,560 --> 04:37:04,280
ON TRIAL 2 YOU COULD ALSO HAVE

5641
04:37:04,280 --> 04:37:05,080
SEEN ZERO.

5642
04:37:05,080 --> 04:37:07,720
AS WE WORK OUR WAY UP YOU CAN

5643
04:37:07,720 --> 04:37:09,560
SEE PEOPLE'S OVERALL ACCURACY AT

5644
04:37:09,560 --> 04:37:11,400
FINDING OR DETECTING THESE

5645
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:12,560
PROHIBITED ITEMS INCREASES.

5646
04:37:12,560 --> 04:37:16,960
AND IT DOES SO IN TWO WAYS.

5647
04:37:16,960 --> 04:37:18,760
CREATING A COMPLEX MANIFOLD.

5648
04:37:18,760 --> 04:37:21,720
THE FIRST IS THE MORE PROHIBITED

5649
04:37:21,720 --> 04:37:24,120
ITEMS YOU'VE SEEN THE BETTER THE

5650
04:37:24,120 --> 04:37:24,440
PERFORMANCE.

5651
04:37:24,440 --> 04:37:27,800
SECOND IS MORE TRIALS, THE

5652
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:28,720
BETTER YOUR PERFORMANCE IS.

5653
04:37:28,720 --> 04:37:32,240
I SAID I WAS GOING TO MAKE THIS

5654
04:37:32,240 --> 04:37:33,680
SIMPLER.

5655
04:37:33,680 --> 04:37:35,600
HERE IS THE BINOMIAL Z SCORE TO

5656
04:37:35,600 --> 04:37:37,360
LOOK AT THAT AT THAT

5657
04:37:37,360 --> 04:37:38,080
RELATIONSHIP, WE'LL TAKE EXACTLY

5658
04:37:38,080 --> 04:37:39,920
THE SAME DATA POINTS.

5659
04:37:39,920 --> 04:37:41,200
NOW WE'RE GOING TO PLOT THEM AS

5660
04:37:41,200 --> 04:37:42,720
A FUNCTION OF THAT AND THERE WE

5661
04:37:42,720 --> 04:37:43,600
HAVE IT.

5662
04:37:43,600 --> 04:37:45,280
YOU CAN SEE HERE EVERY

5663
04:37:45,280 --> 04:37:46,480
INDIVIDUAL TRIAL IS CAUSING A

5664
04:37:46,480 --> 04:37:48,240
SMALL CHANGE IN THE EFFICIENCY

5665
04:37:48,240 --> 04:37:50,960
OF BEHAVIOR SUCH THAT FUTURE

5666
04:37:50,960 --> 04:37:52,240
BEHAVIOR ON SIMILAR TRIALS

5667
04:37:52,240 --> 04:37:53,040
BECOMES MORE EFFICIENT.

5668
04:37:53,040 --> 04:37:55,720
HERE WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT IS A

5669
04:37:55,720 --> 04:37:56,400
SIMPLE TASK.

5670
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:57,920
WE CAN LOOK AT ANOTHER PART OF

5671
04:37:57,920 --> 04:38:00,880
THE GAME WHERE THEY ARE DOING

5672
04:38:00,880 --> 04:38:02,200
THE VISUAL SEARCH.

5673
04:38:02,200 --> 04:38:03,560
THIS IS MORE COMPLICATED.

5674
04:38:03,560 --> 04:38:05,120
THERE'S MORE THINGS ON THE

5675
04:38:05,120 --> 04:38:05,640
SCREEN.

5676
04:38:05,640 --> 04:38:07,480
WE OBSERVE THE SAME EXACT

5677
04:38:07,480 --> 04:38:07,800
RELATIONSHIP.

5678
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:09,280
THE MORE TIMES YOU'VE SEEN

5679
04:38:09,280 --> 04:38:10,600
PROHIBITED ITEMS, THE FASTER AND

5680
04:38:10,600 --> 04:38:12,320
MORE ACCURATE YOU ARE AT

5681
04:38:12,320 --> 04:38:12,920
DETECTING THEM.

5682
04:38:12,920 --> 04:38:14,440
BUT STILL, THAT IS ABOUT THE

5683
04:38:14,440 --> 04:38:15,640
ACTUAL RESPONSE THAT YOU'RE

5684
04:38:15,640 --> 04:38:17,520
GIVING WHEN YOU SEE A PROHIBITED

5685
04:38:17,520 --> 04:38:19,000
ITEM, YOU HAVE TO TAP.

5686
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:21,200
NOW BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF

5687
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:23,040
THE TASK, LOOK AT A FEATURE THAT

5688
04:38:23,040 --> 04:38:24,360
HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH ACTUAL

5689
04:38:24,360 --> 04:38:27,560
RESPONSE, SO HERE WE CAN LOOK AT

5690
04:38:27,560 --> 04:38:29,000
OCCURRENCE OF A DISTRACTER, THAT

5691
04:38:29,000 --> 04:38:31,160
CAN OCCUR IN A BAG WITH A TARGET

5692
04:38:31,160 --> 04:38:34,320
OR ONE THAT DOESN'T, IT CAN

5693
04:38:34,320 --> 04:38:36,720
ALSO -- IT'S NEVER ACTUALLY

5694
04:38:36,720 --> 04:38:37,480
DIRECTLY RESPONDED TO.

5695
04:38:37,480 --> 04:38:41,440
AND THERE AGAIN IS OUR TERRIBLE

5696
04:38:41,440 --> 04:38:42,440
NUMBERING OF 1s.

5697
04:38:42,440 --> 04:38:44,920
NOW WE CAN SEE EXPOSURE TO A

5698
04:38:44,920 --> 04:38:47,120
PARTICULAR DISTRACTER, ON THE

5699
04:38:47,120 --> 04:38:49,120
X-AXIS, AND AGAIN HIT RATE

5700
04:38:49,120 --> 04:38:50,320
INCREASES, YOUR HIT TIME

5701
04:38:50,320 --> 04:38:51,760
DECREASES, THE MORE EVIDENCE YOU

5702
04:38:51,760 --> 04:38:53,080
HAVE FOR THAT DISTRACTER IN YOUR

5703
04:38:53,080 --> 04:38:54,680
EXPERIENCE EVEN THOUGH IT HAD

5704
04:38:54,680 --> 04:38:56,560
NOTHING TO DO WITH BEHAVIOR YOU

5705
04:38:56,560 --> 04:38:58,760
ACTUALLY DID.

5706
04:38:58,760 --> 04:39:00,640
YOUR SIMPLY BECOMING MORE

5707
04:39:00,640 --> 04:39:02,120
EFFICIENT WITH EVERY EXPOSURE.

5708
04:39:02,120 --> 04:39:03,880
SO, WHAT ARE WE LEFT WITH AT THE

5709
04:39:03,880 --> 04:39:05,040
END OF THAT?

5710
04:39:05,040 --> 04:39:06,440
WE END UP WITH AN UNDERSTANDING

5711
04:39:06,440 --> 04:39:08,360
OF THE BRAIN THAT I BELIEVE IS A

5712
04:39:08,360 --> 04:39:09,800
GOOD DEAL MORE COMPLEX AND GOOD

5713
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:11,440
DEAL MORE IN ALIGNMENT WITH THE

5714
04:39:11,440 --> 04:39:13,080
WAY LESLIE THOUGHT ABOUT THINGS.

5715
04:39:13,080 --> 04:39:16,480
WHAT YOU ACTUALLY HAVE IS A

5716
04:39:16,480 --> 04:39:18,560
PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE THAT IS

5717
04:39:18,560 --> 04:39:20,840
IN ESSENCE WITH A CERTAIN SET OF

5718
04:39:20,840 --> 04:39:21,600
GLOBAL CONSTRAINTS, A FITTING

5719
04:39:21,600 --> 04:39:24,280
ALL OF IT INTO YOUR HEAD, GIFTED

5720
04:39:24,280 --> 04:39:26,000
TO YOU BY EVOLUTION OF THE TIME

5721
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:27,560
SCALE OF THE ORGANISM, WITH A

5722
04:39:27,560 --> 04:39:29,280
BUNCH OF INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES

5723
04:39:29,280 --> 04:39:30,560
WHICH WILL SHAPE STRUCTURE OF

5724
04:39:30,560 --> 04:39:33,440
THIS AT A FINER LEVEL OF DETAIL.

5725
04:39:33,440 --> 04:39:35,480
THAT MEANS THE EXACT SOLUTIONS

5726
04:39:35,480 --> 04:39:38,480
THAT WE COME TO BOTH IN OUR

5727
04:39:38,480 --> 04:39:39,880
LIVES AND MORE UNFORTUNATELY OUR

5728
04:39:39,880 --> 04:39:41,160
SUBJECTS COME TO IN OUR

5729
04:39:41,160 --> 04:39:42,280
EXPERIMENT IS GOING TO BE

5730
04:39:42,280 --> 04:39:44,720
SPECIFIC TO THE EXACT SEQUENCE

5731
04:39:44,720 --> 04:39:46,160
OF EVENTS THIS EXPERIENCE.

5732
04:39:46,160 --> 04:39:48,320
THAT MEANS WHEN WE THINK ABOUT

5733
04:39:48,320 --> 04:39:50,240
WHETHER OR NOT A DNN, FOR

5734
04:39:50,240 --> 04:39:52,320
EXAMPLE, MATCHES UP WITH THE

5735
04:39:52,320 --> 04:39:53,760
HUMAN BRAIN, THE SOLUTIONS THAT

5736
04:39:53,760 --> 04:39:55,800
THOSE MODELS COME TO ARE JUST AS

5737
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:57,720
DEPENDENT ON THEIR STRUCTURE.

5738
04:39:57,720 --> 04:39:59,160
THERE IS A HARD LIMIT TO HOW

5739
04:39:59,160 --> 04:40:00,920
MUCH YOU'RE ABLE TO EXPLAIN

5740
04:40:00,920 --> 04:40:03,560
UNTIL WE CAN UNDERSTAND ANATOMY

5741
04:40:03,560 --> 04:40:05,000
WELL ENOUGH TO KNOW FUNDAMENTAL

5742
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:06,600
IMPORTANT CONSTRAINTS TO PUT

5743
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:07,680
INTO THE MODELS.

5744
04:40:07,680 --> 04:40:09,720
WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE OUR

5745
04:40:09,720 --> 04:40:11,080
WHIRLWIND TOUR.

5746
04:40:11,080 --> 04:40:12,280
I'LL MAKE THE ARGUMENT THIS

5747
04:40:12,280 --> 04:40:14,400
PROBLEM IS GOING TO EXTEND

5748
04:40:14,400 --> 04:40:16,000
BEYOND THE LEVEL OF RECOGNITION.

5749
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:18,640
WE'RE GOING TO GET NOW INTO

5750
04:40:18,640 --> 04:40:19,720
HIGHER LEVEL QUOTE/UNQUOTE

5751
04:40:19,720 --> 04:40:20,880
COGNITIVE THINGS.

5752
04:40:20,880 --> 04:40:21,680
WE HAVE WORKING MEMORY.

5753
04:40:21,680 --> 04:40:24,960
THIS IS A REALLY ELEGANT STUDY

5754
04:40:24,960 --> 04:40:27,600
BY LEE, A POSTDOC IN CHRIS

5755
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:30,440
BAKER'S LAB, BENEFITED FROM

5756
04:40:30,440 --> 04:40:31,200
LESLIE'S COMMENTARY, ABSOLUTELY.

5757
04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:36,080
THIS IS A TAKE ON FRANK TONG'S

5758
04:40:36,080 --> 04:40:37,360
DESIGN, TWO OBJECTS, YOU'RE CUED

5759
04:40:37,360 --> 04:40:39,000
TO REMEMBER ONE IN A DELAY.

5760
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:40,800
THE TWIST IS AFTERWARDS ONE OF

5761
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:42,280
TWO TASKS WILL OCCUR.

5762
04:40:42,280 --> 04:40:43,800
EITHER YOU HAVE TO MAINTAIN

5763
04:40:43,800 --> 04:40:44,560
VISUAL INFORMATION BECAUSE

5764
04:40:44,560 --> 04:40:47,000
YOU'RE DOING A VISUAL MATCH OR A

5765
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:48,040
CATEGORY MATCH WHICH MEANS

5766
04:40:48,040 --> 04:40:49,920
YOU'RE FREE TO MAINTAIN NOTHING

5767
04:40:49,920 --> 04:40:52,120
MORE THAN THE VERBAL LABEL.

5768
04:40:52,120 --> 04:40:55,480
WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THAT AFTER

5769
04:40:55,480 --> 04:40:58,680
WE LOCALIZE OBJECT SELECTIVE AND

5770
04:40:58,680 --> 04:40:59,320
PRE-FRONT CORTEX DEPENDING ON

5771
04:40:59,320 --> 04:41:00,760
THE TASK WE CAN DECODE THE

5772
04:41:00,760 --> 04:41:02,080
INFORMATION BEING HELD IN

5773
04:41:02,080 --> 04:41:03,400
WORKING MEMORY DURING THE DELAY

5774
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:04,120
IN DIFFERENT AREAS.

5775
04:41:04,120 --> 04:41:05,920
WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO HOLD IN

5776
04:41:05,920 --> 04:41:07,560
MIND VISUAL DETAIL YOU USE

5777
04:41:07,560 --> 04:41:08,400
VISUAL CORTEX.

5778
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,800
WHEN TRYING TO HOLD IN MIND HIGH

5779
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:13,560
LEVEL VERBAL LABELS YOU USE

5780
04:41:13,560 --> 04:41:17,720
PRE-FRONT  CORTEX?

5781
04:41:17,720 --> 04:41:20,040
THE CONNECTIVITY DEFINED THE

5782
04:41:20,040 --> 04:41:20,640
SELECTIVITY, WHERE THE

5783
04:41:20,640 --> 04:41:21,320
REPRESENTATIONS CAPABLE OF

5784
04:41:21,320 --> 04:41:22,240
PROVIDING THAT INFORMATION.

5785
04:41:22,240 --> 04:41:23,720
YOU THEREFORE CALL ON IT.

5786
04:41:23,720 --> 04:41:26,280
SO HERE WE SEE NOW THIS

5787
04:41:26,280 --> 04:41:28,000
CONSTRAINT OF NEUROANATOMY

5788
04:41:28,000 --> 04:41:30,200
EXTENDING INTO THESE MORE

5789
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:30,840
CLASSIC COGNITIVE TASKS.

5790
04:41:30,840 --> 04:41:32,960
HERE IS A BIT OF BEHAVIOR THAT'S

5791
04:41:32,960 --> 04:41:35,240
GOING ALONG WITH THAT.

5792
04:41:35,240 --> 04:41:38,080
WE WANT TO SHOW IF WE ARE

5793
04:41:38,080 --> 04:41:39,280
RECRUITING THESE AREAS IT

5794
04:41:39,280 --> 04:41:41,160
EXTENDS BEYOND ACTIVATION OR

5795
04:41:41,160 --> 04:41:42,240
DECODING IN fMRI, THERE SHOULD

5796
04:41:42,240 --> 04:41:46,400
BE A BEHAVIORAL CONFIDENCE.

5797
04:41:46,400 --> 04:41:50,440
IF YOU HOLD IT IN MIND AND TRY

5798
04:41:50,440 --> 04:41:53,200
TO DO A PERCEPTUAL TASK WE

5799
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:55,120
SHOULD OBSERVE DISTORTION, AND

5800
04:41:55,120 --> 04:41:56,040
IT DOES.

5801
04:41:56,040 --> 04:41:58,040
FORGIVE ME FOR A QUICK TOUR

5802
04:41:58,040 --> 04:42:03,120
THROUGH THE DESIGN, WE'RE GOING 

5803
04:42:03,120 --> 04:42:06,200
TO PRESENT SUBJECTS, THEY WILL

5804
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:08,360
BE INSTRUCTED TO DESCRIBE COLOR

5805
04:42:08,360 --> 04:42:10,000
OR ORIENTATION AND DO A

5806
04:42:10,000 --> 04:42:10,560
DISCRIMINATION TASK, SAYING

5807
04:42:10,560 --> 04:42:12,320
WHETHER THEY ARE THE SAME OR

5808
04:42:12,320 --> 04:42:15,040
DIFFERENT, ON THE BASIS OF

5809
04:42:15,040 --> 04:42:16,720
EITHER COLOR OR ORIENTATION.

5810
04:42:16,720 --> 04:42:18,200
WE CHOOSE DISCRIMINATION TASK

5811
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:20,200
BECAUSE THAT'S THE GOLD STANDARD

5812
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:21,320
GETTING AT PERCEPTUAL EFFECT.

5813
04:42:21,320 --> 04:42:25,360
THEY ARE GOING TO DO A

5814
04:42:25,360 --> 04:42:25,960
CONTINUOUS REPORT, APPROPRIATE

5815
04:42:25,960 --> 04:42:27,120
TO WHICH EVER THEY WERE HOLDING

5816
04:42:27,120 --> 04:42:27,520
IN MIND.

5817
04:42:27,520 --> 04:42:31,440
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO MANIPULATE?

5818
04:42:31,440 --> 04:42:33,560
FIRST IS MANIPULATE THE GAP

5819
04:42:33,560 --> 04:42:35,240
BETWEEN THE TWO DISCRIMINATION

5820
04:42:35,240 --> 04:42:37,480
STIMULI SO WE CAN RECOVER A

5821
04:42:37,480 --> 04:42:38,760
PSYCHOMETRIC CURVE.

5822
04:42:38,760 --> 04:42:40,560
WE'RE GOING TO DERIVE FROM THAT

5823
04:42:40,560 --> 04:42:41,760
A THRESHOLD, AND NOW WE'RE GOING

5824
04:42:41,760 --> 04:42:43,320
TO SEE HOW THE THRESHOLD VARIES

5825
04:42:43,320 --> 04:42:45,280
AS A FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING.

5826
04:42:45,280 --> 04:42:47,120
FIRST THING WE'RE GOING TO DO IS

5827
04:42:47,120 --> 04:42:50,320
RUN FOUR GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS.

5828
04:42:50,320 --> 04:42:52,320
THEY ARE GOING TO BE MATCHED

5829
04:42:52,320 --> 04:42:54,480
PARTICIPANTS HOLDING IN MIND AND

5830
04:42:54,480 --> 04:42:56,800
DISCRIMINATING THE SAME FEATURE,

5831
04:42:56,800 --> 04:42:57,640
OR NON-MATCHED.

5832
04:42:57,640 --> 04:42:59,200
THEN WE'RE GOING TO MANIPULATE

5833
04:42:59,200 --> 04:42:59,960
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

5834
04:42:59,960 --> 04:43:02,240
THING THEY ARE HOLDING IN MIND

5835
04:43:02,240 --> 04:43:02,960
AND DISCRIMINATION STIMULI.

5836
04:43:02,960 --> 04:43:05,400
LET'S IMAGINE THESE ARE THE TWO

5837
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:06,160
DISCRIMINATION STIMULI HERE.

5838
04:43:06,160 --> 04:43:13,280
HERE IS THE THING YOU'RE HOLDING

5839
04:43:13,280 --> 04:43:14,880
IN MIND, EVOKES ACTIVITY,

5840
04:43:14,880 --> 04:43:15,920
REPLICATION OF TUNING CURVE.

5841
04:43:15,920 --> 04:43:18,520
THE CONSEQUENCE OF THAT HAVING

5842
04:43:18,520 --> 04:43:20,400
THAT ACTIVITY PRESENT IS

5843
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:21,280
REPRESENTATIONS DRIFT TOWARDS IT

5844
04:43:21,280 --> 04:43:23,280
USING THE SAME UNDERLYING

5845
04:43:23,280 --> 04:43:25,240
POPULATION OF CELLS, AT LEAST

5846
04:43:25,240 --> 04:43:25,640
OVERLAPPING.

5847
04:43:25,640 --> 04:43:26,560
IF THAT OCCURS THE DISTANCE IS

5848
04:43:26,560 --> 04:43:28,280
GOING TO BE GREATER THAN THE

5849
04:43:28,280 --> 04:43:29,720
PERCEIVED DISTANCE IN THE MIDDLE

5850
04:43:29,720 --> 04:43:30,960
CONDITION AND THEREFORE YOU

5851
04:43:30,960 --> 04:43:32,800
SHOULD HAVE A WORSE THRESHOLD

5852
04:43:32,800 --> 04:43:34,040
BECAUSE THOSE TWO THINGS APPEAR

5853
04:43:34,040 --> 04:43:35,080
TO BE CLOSER TOGETHER.

5854
04:43:35,080 --> 04:43:36,840
WHAT HAPPENS IF WE REMEMBER

5855
04:43:36,840 --> 04:43:38,680
SOMETHING OFF TO EITHER SIDE?

5856
04:43:38,680 --> 04:43:40,240
IN THIS CASE AGAIN WE GET A

5857
04:43:40,240 --> 04:43:45,160
DRIFT IN DIRECTION BUT BECAUSE 

5858
04:43:45,160 --> 04:43:50,760
OF AMOUNT OF DRIFT,  GET MORE,

5859
04:43:50,760 --> 04:43:52,760
IN ONE MOVES FURTHER WE GET THE

5860
04:43:52,760 --> 04:43:54,080
EXACT OPPOSITE EFFECT.

5861
04:43:54,080 --> 04:43:55,760
WE HAVE A STRAIGHTFORWARD

5862
04:43:55,760 --> 04:43:57,560
PREDICTION THAT IN THE MIDDLE

5863
04:43:57,560 --> 04:43:58,880
CONDITION WE SHOULD OBSERVE

5864
04:43:58,880 --> 04:44:00,960
WORSE THRESHOLDS THAN IN THE

5865
04:44:00,960 --> 04:44:02,400
SIDE CONDITION, THERE'S MIDDLE,

5866
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:04,520
THERE'S SIDE, THERE'S THE

5867
04:44:04,520 --> 04:44:06,360
PSYCHOMETRIC CURVES, THE DERIVED

5868
04:44:06,360 --> 04:44:07,640
THRESHOLDS, AS WAS PREDICTED.

5869
04:44:07,640 --> 04:44:13,640
HERE IS EFFECT IN THE

5870
04:44:13,640 --> 04:44:14,840
NON-MATCHED, EFFECT IS ABSENT,

5871
04:44:14,840 --> 04:44:17,520
WHAT WE WOULD PREDICT, THEY ARE

5872
04:44:17,520 --> 04:44:18,480
NOT ACTIVELY USING THE SAME

5873
04:44:18,480 --> 04:44:19,520
POPULATION OF CELLS.

5874
04:44:19,520 --> 04:44:21,320
WE HAVE A NICE CROSSOVER

5875
04:44:21,320 --> 04:44:21,600
INTERACTION.

5876
04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:23,400
WHEN WE HAVE A MATCH,

5877
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:24,960
INTERFERENCE, DON'T HAVE A

5878
04:44:24,960 --> 04:44:26,120
MATCH, THAT INTERFERENCE IS

5879
04:44:26,120 --> 04:44:28,000
DIMINISHED REGARDLESS OF THE

5880
04:44:28,000 --> 04:44:30,960
FEATURE WE'RE LOOKING AT.

5881
04:44:30,960 --> 04:44:31,560
OKAY.

5882
04:44:31,560 --> 04:44:34,440
AN SO NOW THE ARGUMENT I'VE MADE

5883
04:44:34,440 --> 04:44:37,480
SO FAR UNDERNEATH A BUNCH OF

5884
04:44:37,480 --> 04:44:38,760
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONS

5885
04:44:38,760 --> 04:44:40,720
OF THE CORTEX IS ACTUALLY THE

5886
04:44:40,720 --> 04:44:44,320
SKELETON OF THE GROSS AND

5887
04:44:44,320 --> 04:44:44,920
NEUROANATOMY.

5888
04:44:44,920 --> 04:44:46,280
THAT CONSTRAINS WHERE

5889
04:44:46,280 --> 04:44:48,160
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE.

5890
04:44:48,160 --> 04:44:50,440
EXPERIENCE THEN CONSTRAINS WHAT

5891
04:44:50,440 --> 04:44:52,040
REPRESENTATIONS FORM.

5892
04:44:52,040 --> 04:44:53,880
NOW WE'RE GOING TO COMPLETE THE

5893
04:44:53,880 --> 04:44:56,320
NIGHTMARE A LITTLE BIT BY

5894
04:44:56,320 --> 04:44:57,240
DELVING INTO DISTRIBUTED

5895
04:44:57,240 --> 04:44:57,720
PROCESSING.

5896
04:44:57,720 --> 04:45:01,280
SO HERE AS WE MOVE AWAY FROM

5897
04:45:01,280 --> 04:45:03,040
SIMPLER IDEAS ABOUT MODULES

5898
04:45:03,040 --> 04:45:03,880
PERFORMING PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS,

5899
04:45:03,880 --> 04:45:07,000
WE MOVE MORE TO THE IDEA OF

5900
04:45:07,000 --> 04:45:07,800
DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS, INTEGRATED

5901
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:09,280
TOGETHER, WHAT WE'RE GOING TO

5902
04:45:09,280 --> 04:45:11,680
OBSERVE ARE CONSEQUENCES OF

5903
04:45:11,680 --> 04:45:13,800
PROCESSES THAT EXTEND BETWEEN

5904
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:14,040
CIRCUITS.

5905
04:45:14,040 --> 04:45:16,720
AND SO HERE AN EXCUSE TO PUT UP

5906
04:45:16,720 --> 04:45:17,840
MARLENE'S PICTURE.

5907
04:45:17,840 --> 04:45:19,120
AND A QUICK STORY.

5908
04:45:19,120 --> 04:45:20,800
WHEN I FIRST STARTED DEALING

5909
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:22,080
WITH LESLIE I KNOW A LOT OF YOU

5910
04:45:22,080 --> 04:45:26,280
HAVE HEAD  SO STRANGE TO SEE THE

5911
04:45:26,280 --> 04:45:29,320
TINY WOMAN IN THE CHAIR WHO KNEW

5912
04:45:29,320 --> 04:45:31,880
SO MUCH MORE AND WAS FRIENDLY.

5913
04:45:31,880 --> 04:45:33,320
I HAD THAT EXPERIENCE IN

5914
04:45:33,320 --> 04:45:35,080
GRADUATE SCHOOL AND WAS WELL

5915
04:45:35,080 --> 04:45:35,360
PREPARED.

5916
04:45:35,360 --> 04:45:39,440
I'M SHOWING A STUDY I DID WHILE

5917
04:45:39,440 --> 04:45:40,640
IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, SORRY, THIS

5918
04:45:40,640 --> 04:45:42,640
IS MY STYLE, THERE'S A BUNCH OF

5919
04:45:42,640 --> 04:45:44,680
PREDICTIONS, IT'S GOING TO BE

5920
04:45:44,680 --> 04:45:45,000
FUN.

5921
04:45:45,000 --> 04:45:46,880
YOU HAVE A SINGLE OBJECT.

5922
04:45:46,880 --> 04:45:51,040
LET'S IMAGINE THAT WHEN WE CUE A

5923
04:45:51,040 --> 04:45:52,400
LOCATION IN SPACE WE'RE CUEING

5924
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:53,240
THAT LOCATION.

5925
04:45:53,240 --> 04:45:54,880
IN THE DISTANCE IS GOING TO

5926
04:45:54,880 --> 04:45:56,280
DETERMINE HOW QUICKLY YOU'RE

5927
04:45:56,280 --> 04:45:58,280
ABLE TO DETECT OR DEAL WITH

5928
04:45:58,280 --> 04:45:58,800
INFORMATION.

5929
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:01,240
IF THAT'S TRUE WHEN I CUE THIS

5930
04:46:01,240 --> 04:46:02,720
OBJECT, THESE TWO TARGETS, YOU

5931
04:46:02,720 --> 04:46:05,160
SHOULD BE EQUALLY QUICK TO

5932
04:46:05,160 --> 04:46:07,440
DETECT BECAUSE THEY ARE

5933
04:46:07,440 --> 04:46:08,400
EQUIDISTANT.

5934
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:09,800
NOW LESS CONSIDER THE

5935
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:12,600
POSSIBILITY ALREADY OBSERVED

5936
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:14,120
THERE IS OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION,

5937
04:46:14,120 --> 04:46:15,760
MEANING THAT THE OBJECT ITSELF

5938
04:46:15,760 --> 04:46:17,680
IS GOING TO GARNER ATTENTION

5939
04:46:17,680 --> 04:46:24,280
EVEN THOUGH WE'RE ONLY CUEING A

5940
04:46:24,280 --> 04:46:24,920
SMALL PART.

5941
04:46:24,920 --> 04:46:27,600
ASSUME THAT EXTENDS INTO THE

5942
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:28,880
SPATIAL GRADIENT, DRAWS THE

5943
04:46:28,880 --> 04:46:30,440
CENTER OF MASS DOWNWARD, AND NOW

5944
04:46:30,440 --> 04:46:32,560
THIS TARGET IS GOING TO BE

5945
04:46:32,560 --> 04:46:33,720
CLOSER THAN THAT ONE.

5946
04:46:33,720 --> 04:46:36,000
WE'RE GOING TO TAKE THIS GAME

5947
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:36,240
FURTHER.

5948
04:46:36,240 --> 04:46:39,160
NOW WHAT WE HAVE IS A SECOND

5949
04:46:39,160 --> 04:46:40,920
OBJECT, IDENTICAL TO THE FIRST,

5950
04:46:40,920 --> 04:46:45,280
NOW IMAGINE WHEN I'M CUEING THIS

5951
04:46:45,280 --> 04:46:50,200
IN SPACE, ALSO THE CONCEPT OF

5952
04:46:50,200 --> 04:46:52,080
THE RECTANGLE, OTHER RECTANGLES

5953
04:46:52,080 --> 04:46:56,880
WILL BENEFIT.

5954
04:46:56,880 --> 04:47:03,680
IF THAT SPREADS INTO THE SPATIAL

5955
04:47:03,680 --> 04:47:05,640
GRADIENT, WE SHOULD SEE A SHIFT.

5956
04:47:05,640 --> 04:47:07,840
FINALLY IF WE HAVE A

5957
04:47:07,840 --> 04:47:09,040
NON-IDENTICAL OBJECT THAT SPREAD

5958
04:47:09,040 --> 04:47:10,120
SHOULD HAPPEN FAR LESS,

5959
04:47:10,120 --> 04:47:11,200
THEREFORE YOU'LL GET LESS OF A

5960
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:12,880
SPREAD TO IT AND LESS OF A SHIFT

5961
04:47:12,880 --> 04:47:14,840
OF THE CENTER OF MASS

5962
04:47:14,840 --> 04:47:17,120
MAINTAINING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

5963
04:47:17,120 --> 04:47:19,400
THOSE TWO TARGETS.

5964
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:21,400
FINAL PREDICTION IN THE

5965
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:22,480
IDENTICAL DISPLAY OBSERVE A

5966
04:47:22,480 --> 04:47:23,800
SMALL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

5967
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,000
TARGETS AND IN THE NON-IDENTICAL

5968
04:47:26,000 --> 04:47:28,200
DISPLAY A LARGER ONE, A GREATER

5969
04:47:28,200 --> 04:47:30,360
COST IN SHIFTING BETWEEN OBJECTS

5970
04:47:30,360 --> 04:47:31,880
WHEN THE SECOND OBJECT IS NOT

5971
04:47:31,880 --> 04:47:32,280
MATCHING.

5972
04:47:32,280 --> 04:47:33,640
GOING FROM HERE TO HERE WILL BE

5973
04:47:33,640 --> 04:47:35,840
WORSE THAN HERE TO HERE.

5974
04:47:35,840 --> 04:47:37,800
LUCKILY AS I TOLD YOU, STORIES

5975
04:47:37,800 --> 04:47:38,680
ALWAYS WORK.

5976
04:47:38,680 --> 04:47:40,080
ALL OF THAT IS TRUE.

5977
04:47:40,080 --> 04:47:40,920
I COULD STEP THROUGH THE PLOT

5978
04:47:40,920 --> 04:47:43,040
BUT IT IS.

5979
04:47:43,040 --> 04:47:46,120
THAT WORKS FOR SHAPE, HERE FOR

5980
04:47:46,120 --> 04:47:46,440
COLOR.

5981
04:47:46,440 --> 04:47:48,320
YOU MIGHT SAY THESE ARE

5982
04:47:48,320 --> 04:47:50,760
INTEGRATED, IT WORKS FOR HIGH

5983
04:47:50,760 --> 04:47:52,240
LEVEL CATEGORY AS WELL.

5984
04:47:52,240 --> 04:47:54,080
YOU GET THE SAME UNDERLYING

5985
04:47:54,080 --> 04:47:55,800
PREDICTION HERE, I WAS PROUD OF

5986
04:47:55,800 --> 04:47:58,600
THIS BECAUSE IT TOOK ME A DAY TO

5987
04:47:58,600 --> 04:48:03,280
FIND THE LOWER CASE H AND 4,

5988
04:48:03,280 --> 04:48:03,760
180-DEGREE ROTATIONS.

5989
04:48:03,760 --> 04:48:06,680
THE SAME PIXELS ARE ON THE

5990
04:48:06,680 --> 04:48:08,080
SCREEN IN BOTH DISPLAYS.

5991
04:48:08,080 --> 04:48:10,480
AND SO IN SUMMARY THE ARGUMENT

5992
04:48:10,480 --> 04:48:12,560
I'M MAKING, I SUPPOSE, IS THAT

5993
04:48:12,560 --> 04:48:14,400
THE SYSTEM WE'RE LOOKING AT IS A

5994
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:16,800
GREAT DEAL MORE COMPLEX THAN

5995
04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:18,440
MAYBE THE SIMPLEST

5996
04:48:18,440 --> 04:48:21,080
INTERPRETATIONS THAT WE STARTED

5997
04:48:21,080 --> 04:48:21,600
WITH.

5998
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:23,720
THE QUESTIONS FOR ONE-TO-ONE

5999
04:48:23,720 --> 04:48:24,960
MAPPING BETWEEN COGNITIVE

6000
04:48:24,960 --> 04:48:26,560
THEORIES AND AREAS OF THE BRAIN

6001
04:48:26,560 --> 04:48:28,000
SIMPLY ISN'T GOING TO HOLD UP.

6002
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,040
WHAT WE HAVE IS A VERY

6003
04:48:31,040 --> 04:48:32,400
COMPLICATED INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.

6004
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:34,160
DETAIL HERE OF THE MACAQUE

6005
04:48:34,160 --> 04:48:40,680
NEUROANATURAL ANATOMY IS ALMOST

6006
04:48:40,680 --> 04:48:42,560
CERTAINLY A SUBSET.

6007
04:48:42,560 --> 04:48:44,200
NONETHELESS IT'S THIS THAT

6008
04:48:44,200 --> 04:48:46,400
ALLOWS US TO PREDICT KINDS OF

6009
04:48:46,400 --> 04:48:47,600
REPRESENTATIONS THAT WE END UP

6010
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:48,240
DEALING WITH.

6011
04:48:48,240 --> 04:48:49,760
WE CAN SEE ALSO THAT THE THING

6012
04:48:49,760 --> 04:48:52,760
THAT WE'RE TRYING TO HIT IS

6013
04:48:52,760 --> 04:48:53,120
NON-STATIONARY.

6014
04:48:53,120 --> 04:48:55,600
I'VE NOT SHOWN BECAUSE PLOTS ARE

6015
04:48:55,600 --> 04:48:56,920
SCARY, IT'S NOT PUBLISHED YET.

6016
04:48:56,920 --> 04:49:00,000
IF YOU LOOK AT PERFORMANCE,

6017
04:49:00,000 --> 04:49:01,400
BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE IN

6018
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:02,720
DIFFERENT -- IN THIS SAME TASK

6019
04:49:02,720 --> 04:49:03,920
WITH DIFFERENT PREVIOUS

6020
04:49:03,920 --> 04:49:06,440
EXPERIENCE YOU GET MASSIVE

6021
04:49:06,440 --> 04:49:07,520
DIFFERENCES IN HOW EFFICIENT

6022
04:49:07,520 --> 04:49:09,480
PEOPLE ARE AT DEALING WITH

6023
04:49:09,480 --> 04:49:11,200
THINGS.

6024
04:49:11,200 --> 04:49:14,560
WE HAVE A NON-STATIONARITY BUILT

6025
04:49:14,560 --> 04:49:16,320
IN, THERE MUST BE PHYSICAL

6026
04:49:16,320 --> 04:49:17,040
CONSEQUENCE.

6027
04:49:17,040 --> 04:49:18,920
THIS IS OVER SECONDS, EQUIVALENT

6028
04:49:18,920 --> 04:49:20,880
OVER GAPS OF DAYS, IT LOOKS VERY

6029
04:49:20,880 --> 04:49:22,200
MUCH THE SAME.

6030
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:25,320
ON TOP OF THAT, EVEN OUR

6031
04:49:25,320 --> 04:49:32,880
THEORETICALLY DISTINCT COG  --

6032
04:49:32,880 --> 04:49:36,080
COGNITIVE PROCESS ARE CAUSING

6033
04:49:36,080 --> 04:49:37,160
INTERACTIONS, STRAINING SIMILAR

6034
04:49:37,160 --> 04:49:39,680
THINGS LIKE PERCEPTION, ALSO

6035
04:49:39,680 --> 04:49:41,000
AFFECTED BY THEM.

6036
04:49:41,000 --> 04:49:43,040
WHAT ARE WE TO DO?

6037
04:49:43,040 --> 04:49:45,480
I'LL MAKE MY WAY BACK TO LESLIE

6038
04:49:45,480 --> 04:49:47,680
AND WHAT'S REALLY AMAZING ABOUT

6039
04:49:47,680 --> 04:49:49,960
ADVICE SHE GAVE ME WAS TO FOCUS

6040
04:49:49,960 --> 04:49:51,280
ON ELEGANCE, AS OTHER PEOPLE

6041
04:49:51,280 --> 04:49:53,480
HAVE SAID, BE A

6042
04:49:53,480 --> 04:49:54,240
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENTIST, TO

6043
04:49:54,240 --> 04:49:56,880
NOT BE AFRAID OF WHAT EVER THE

6044
04:49:56,880 --> 04:49:58,280
THING IS YOU NEED TO DO TO GET

6045
04:49:58,280 --> 04:49:59,760
AT THE QUESTION AND BE READY TO

6046
04:49:59,760 --> 04:50:00,720
BE WRONG.

6047
04:50:00,720 --> 04:50:02,360
I THINK ALL OF US ARE GOING TO

6048
04:50:02,360 --> 04:50:03,960
HAVE TO TAKE THOSE LESSONS TO

6049
04:50:03,960 --> 04:50:04,160
HEART.

6050
04:50:04,160 --> 04:50:08,360
I LOVE THAT IN THE END EVEN AS 

6051
04:50:08,360 --> 04:50:11,440
OUR TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED AN

6052
04:50:11,440 --> 04:50:14,080
ENORMOUS AGREE FROM WHEN LESLIE

6053
04:50:14,080 --> 04:50:18,880
BEGAN, WIDE FIELD ELECTRON 

6054
04:50:18,880 --> 04:50:22,840
MICROSCOPY, INTRACRANIAL

6055
04:50:22,840 --> 04:50:23,920
RECORDING, DNNs THEMSELVES,

6056
04:50:23,920 --> 04:50:26,080
LESLIE REMAINS SOMEONE TO ASPIRE

6057
04:50:26,080 --> 04:50:26,320
TO.

6058
04:50:26,320 --> 04:50:27,760
I ALWAYS WILL.

6059
04:50:27,760 --> 04:50:28,200
THANK YOU.

6060
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:30,560
[APPLAUSE]

6061
04:50:30,560 --> 04:50:36,600
 

6062
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:46,640
 

6063
04:50:53,240 --> 04:50:54,720
>> FROM YOUR VERY EARLY
DAYS AS

6064
04:50:54,720 --> 04:50:57,400
A GRADUATE STUDENT YOU WERE A

6065
04:50:57,400 --> 04:50:59,160
BIG THINKER, IT'S CLEARLY TRUE

6066
04:50:59,160 --> 04:51:01,000
THAT YOU STILL REMAIN ONE.

6067
04:51:01,000 --> 04:51:02,120
THE SECOND THING IS I HOPE

6068
04:51:02,120 --> 04:51:04,280
YOU'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO POINT

6069
04:51:04,280 --> 04:51:06,960
ME TO THE T.S.A. SCREENERS WHO

6070
04:51:06,960 --> 04:51:09,640
CAN GUARANTEE MY SAFETY ON THE

6071
04:51:09,640 --> 04:51:10,200
PLANE.

6072
04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:11,320
[LAUGHTER]

6073
04:51:11,320 --> 04:51:14,600
AND NOW THE QUESTION.

6074
04:51:14,600 --> 04:51:14,840
>> SURE.

6075
04:51:14,840 --> 04:51:18,720
>> MY QUESTION IS, ALMOST
ALL OF

6076
04:51:18,720 --> 04:51:22,440
THE DIAGRAMS YOU SHOW, MOSTLY

6077
04:51:22,440 --> 04:51:23,440
DEPICT FEED FORWARD PROJECTION

6078
04:51:23,440 --> 04:51:24,680
FROM ONE REGION TO ANOTHER.

6079
04:51:24,680 --> 04:51:26,720
THIS IS TRUE ON THE LATERAL

6080
04:51:26,720 --> 04:51:30,280
SURFACE, TRUE ON THE INFERIOR

6081
04:51:30,280 --> 04:51:33,080
SURFACE, TRUE IN THE DNNs YOU

6082
04:51:33,080 --> 04:51:34,520
CHOSE TO SHOW, I'M WONDERING IF

6083
04:51:34,520 --> 04:51:38,120
YOU CAN TELL US WHAT YOU THINK

6084
04:51:38,120 --> 04:51:38,720
ABOUT FEEDBACK.

6085
04:51:38,720 --> 04:51:39,520
>> IT'S A GOOD QUESTION.

6086
04:51:39,520 --> 04:51:44,040
IT'S ONE OF THE MORE MISLEADING 

6087
04:51:44,040 --> 04:51:54,440
THINGS ABOUT THIS PLOT.

6088
04:51:57,880 --> 04:51:59,680
YOU'VE SEEN THIS SEVERAL TIMES

6089
04:51:59,680 --> 04:52:00,000
TODAY.

6090
04:52:00,000 --> 04:52:01,880
YEAH, I WOULD SAY THE FOLLOWING.

6091
04:52:01,880 --> 04:52:05,920
THERE WE GO.

6092
04:52:05,920 --> 04:52:08,520
THE FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS ARE

6093
04:52:08,520 --> 04:52:09,000
INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT.

6094
04:52:09,000 --> 04:52:12,800
ALL THESE CONNECTIONS ARE

6095
04:52:12,800 --> 04:52:14,320
BIDIRECTIONAL AS YOU THINK ABOUT

6096
04:52:14,320 --> 04:52:15,320
MUTUAL CONSTRAINT THAT MUST BE

6097
04:52:15,320 --> 04:52:18,400
HAPPENING THEY ARE GOING TO BE

6098
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:20,440
FUNDAMENTAL.

6099
04:52:20,440 --> 04:52:21,120
NEUROANATOMICALLY THEY ARE

6100
04:52:21,120 --> 04:52:21,920
INCREDIBLY DENSE.

6101
04:52:21,920 --> 04:52:24,200
THE MORE TIME YOU THINK ABOUT

6102
04:52:24,200 --> 04:52:25,600
FEED FORWARD VERSUS FEEDBACK,

6103
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:27,680
AFTER YOU EXIT PRIMARY CORTICES

6104
04:52:27,680 --> 04:52:30,840
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO TEASE

6105
04:52:30,840 --> 04:52:33,480
THESE THINGS APART.

6106
04:52:33,480 --> 04:52:34,760
NEUROANATOMICALLY, SEARCH AT

6107
04:52:34,760 --> 04:52:35,800
THEORETICAL OR EXPERIMENTAL

6108
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:36,120
LEVEL.

6109
04:52:36,120 --> 04:52:37,880
ALL OF OUR TASKS PARTICULARLY

6110
04:52:37,880 --> 04:52:40,080
THE ONES IN HUMAN ARE TASK

6111
04:52:40,080 --> 04:52:41,520
INSTRUCTIONS AND I HAVE OTHER

6112
04:52:41,520 --> 04:52:43,120
DATA WHICH SHOWS VERY SMALL

6113
04:52:43,120 --> 04:52:44,760
VARIATIONS IN INSTRUCTIONS YOU

6114
04:52:44,760 --> 04:52:48,280
GIVE PEOPLE CHANGES THE NATURE

6115
04:52:48,280 --> 04:52:49,800
OF PERFORMANCE ON SIMPLE TASKS.

6116
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,640
WE HAVE TO GRAPPLE WITH IT.

6117
04:52:52,640 --> 04:52:54,600
THAT MEANS ANOTHER POTENTIAL

6118
04:52:54,600 --> 04:53:00,640
SORT OF FAILING OF THE DNNs,

6119
04:53:00,640 --> 04:53:02,160
THEY DON'T HAVE THIS ASPECT AND

6120
04:53:02,160 --> 04:53:06,120
PROBABLY WHY THEY ARE FRAGILE,

6121
04:53:06,120 --> 04:53:10,840
GOOD AT ONE THING, BAD AT MANY

6122
04:53:10,840 --> 04:53:11,160
THINGS.

6123
04:53:11,160 --> 04:53:14,200
COMPUTATIONAL WORK IS DAUNTING.

6124
04:53:14,200 --> 04:53:16,240
 

6125
04:53:16,240 --> 04:53:18,600
>> WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM
BOB

6126
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:19,720
TURNER.

6127
04:53:19,720 --> 04:53:19,960
>> OKAY.

6128
04:53:19,960 --> 04:53:23,080
>> GREAT TALK.

6129
04:53:23,080 --> 04:53:24,760
>> THANK YOU.

6130
04:53:24,760 --> 04:53:25,440
>> EXPERIENCE-DRIVEN
CORTICAL

6131
04:53:25,440 --> 04:53:28,640
MYELINATION AND SKILL LEARNING

6132
04:53:28,640 --> 04:53:30,320
AND CORTICAL SPECIALIZATION,

6133
04:53:30,320 --> 04:53:36,080
QUESTION MARK.

6134
04:53:36,080 --> 04:53:37,080
>> HOW SPECIFIC?

6135
04:53:37,080 --> 04:53:38,000
IT'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION

6136
04:53:38,000 --> 04:53:39,160
BECAUSE I DON'T KNOW WHAT PART

6137
04:53:39,160 --> 04:53:41,680
HE WANTS ME TO GET AT.

6138
04:53:41,680 --> 04:53:45,960
I WOULD SAY THAT WE NEED MORE

6139
04:53:45,960 --> 04:53:47,280
DATA ABOUT PLASTICITY IN

6140
04:53:47,280 --> 04:53:49,320
GENERAL, NEED TO UNDERSTAND

6141
04:53:49,320 --> 04:53:50,120
NEUROANATOMY MORE MUCH

6142
04:53:50,120 --> 04:53:52,080
SPECIFICALLY, NEED TO UNDERSTAND

6143
04:53:52,080 --> 04:53:54,040
THE CHANGES WHICH ARE BEING

6144
04:53:54,040 --> 04:53:55,360
AFFECTED WITHIN THE PHYSIOLOGY

6145
04:53:55,360 --> 04:53:57,120
AS A RESULT OF THESE

6146
04:53:57,120 --> 04:53:57,400
EXPERIENCES.

6147
04:53:57,400 --> 04:54:00,280
I DON'T KNOW THAT I CAN SPEAK TO

6148
04:54:00,280 --> 04:54:01,920
EXACTLY MYELINATION VERSUS

6149
04:54:01,920 --> 04:54:03,000
SYNAPTIC CHANGES VERSUS WHATEVER

6150
04:54:03,000 --> 04:54:05,080
IT MIGHT BE THAT'S MAKING THE

6151
04:54:05,080 --> 04:54:06,840
SYSTEM MORE EFFICIENT.

6152
04:54:06,840 --> 04:54:13,200
ONE OF THE SIMPLEST

6153
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:17,680
EXPLANATIONS, YOU IS SYNAPSES

6154
04:54:17,680 --> 04:54:18,280
THAT ARE PRIMED.

6155
04:54:18,280 --> 04:54:20,960
I THINK THE THING WE HAVE TO DO,

6156
04:54:20,960 --> 04:54:22,640
THIS WOULD HAVE AMUSED LESLIE,

6157
04:54:22,640 --> 04:54:26,440
TO REALIZE THERE'S GOING TO BE

6158
04:54:26,440 --> 04:54:27,560
NO WELL-FOUNDED SYSTEMATIC

6159
04:54:27,560 --> 04:54:28,840
MEASUREMENT THAT WE CAN AVOID

6160
04:54:28,840 --> 04:54:30,720
DOING OR WE SHOULD IGNORE.

6161
04:54:30,720 --> 04:54:32,360
IN THE END EVERY METHOD WE USE

6162
04:54:32,360 --> 04:54:35,560
IS GOING TO GET AT A PARTICULAR

6163
04:54:35,560 --> 04:54:36,800
SLICE OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL

6164
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:38,040
EXTENT OF BEHAVIOR IN A

6165
04:54:38,040 --> 04:54:38,600
PARTICULAR WAY.

6166
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,520
WE WANT ALL OF IT.

6167
04:54:41,520 --> 04:54:42,080
WE NEED EVERYBODY.

6168
04:54:42,080 --> 04:54:43,280
AND SO I'LL TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY

6169
04:54:43,280 --> 04:54:47,560
TO SAY ONE OTHER THING, WHICH IS

6170
04:54:47,560 --> 04:54:48,320
LESLIE WAS AN INCREDIBLE

6171
04:54:48,320 --> 04:54:49,520
ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN IN THE FIELD,

6172
04:54:49,520 --> 04:54:51,080
DIVERSITY IN THE FIELD, AS AN

6173
04:54:51,080 --> 04:54:53,160
AFRICAN AMERICAN SCIENTIST I

6174
04:54:53,160 --> 04:54:53,920
FELT THAT.

6175
04:54:53,920 --> 04:54:55,240
THE FURTHER I'VE GONE IN MY

6176
04:54:55,240 --> 04:54:57,320
CAREER THE MORE APPARENT TO ME

6177
04:54:57,320 --> 04:54:58,720
THAT ISN'T JUST A SOCIAL NEED.

6178
04:54:58,720 --> 04:55:00,920
THAT'S A NEED FOR US AS A FIELD

6179
04:55:00,920 --> 04:55:04,360
BECAUSE WE ARE RIGHT NOW, ALL OF

6180
04:55:04,360 --> 04:55:06,160
US, INCOMPLETE AT BEST.

6181
04:55:06,160 --> 04:55:08,360
WE NEED AS MANY VIEWPOINTS, AS

6182
04:55:08,360 --> 04:55:11,200
MANY EXCELLENT PEOPLE AS WE CAN

6183
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:11,600
HAVE.

6184
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:13,240
WE CANNOT DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY OR

6185
04:55:13,240 --> 04:55:14,240
DISMISS IDEAS FROM ANYONE.

6186
04:55:14,240 --> 04:55:16,440
AND THAT'S THE WAY SCIENCE

6187
04:55:16,440 --> 04:55:17,880
GROWS, THAT WAS ALL I THINK THE

6188
04:55:17,880 --> 04:55:19,520
OTHER PART OF LESLIE I LOVED,

6189
04:55:19,520 --> 04:55:20,880
SHE WAS ALWAYS LOOKING AT THE

6190
04:55:20,880 --> 04:55:22,480
FUTURE OF THE FIELD.

6191
04:55:22,480 --> 04:55:24,120
SHE KNEW SHE WASN'T GOING TO GET

6192
04:55:24,120 --> 04:55:26,880
TO THE ANSWER, IT WOULD BE A

6193
04:55:26,880 --> 04:55:27,840
GENERATIONAL SCIENCE.

6194
04:55:27,840 --> 04:55:30,240
LARRY SQUIRES SAID THAT AND HE'S

6195
04:55:30,240 --> 04:55:31,560
RIGHT AND LESLIE RECOGNIZED

6196
04:55:31,560 --> 04:55:36,360
THAT, EVERYONE SHOULD.

6197
04:55:36,360 --> 04:55:40,920
 

6198
04:55:40,920 --> 04:55:49,120
 

6199
04:55:49,120 --> 04:55:50,000
THANK YOU.

6200
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:52,320
>> I DIDN'T WANT TO TAKE
AWAY

6201
04:55:52,320 --> 04:55:57,160
THAT MOMENT.

6202
04:55:57,160 --> 04:55:58,880
>> I ENJOYED YOUR TALK.

6203
04:55:58,880 --> 04:56:00,160
THE GAME YOU TALKED ABOUT WITH

6204
04:56:00,160 --> 04:56:02,240
THE T.S.A. STUFF WAS ONE OF THE

6205
04:56:02,240 --> 04:56:03,760
FIRST THINGS CHRIS TALKED ABOUT

6206
04:56:03,760 --> 04:56:06,320
WHEN I STARTED WORKING HERE.

6207
04:56:06,320 --> 04:56:09,360
IT WAS COOL, THE ABSURD

6208
04:56:09,360 --> 04:56:10,680
MAGNITUDE YOU GATHERED FROM

6209
04:56:10,680 --> 04:56:11,320
PEOPLE WILLINGLY.

6210
04:56:11,320 --> 04:56:12,760
WONDERING IF YOU HAD FUTURE

6211
04:56:12,760 --> 04:56:14,600
PLANS FOR GATHERING DATA IN A

6212
04:56:14,600 --> 04:56:17,440
WAY LIKE THAT BECAUSE IT SEEMS

6213
04:56:17,440 --> 04:56:18,320
SO POWERFUL.

6214
04:56:18,320 --> 04:56:19,200
>> YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.

6215
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:20,840
IT'S A VERY GOOD QUESTION.

6216
04:56:20,840 --> 04:56:23,680
TO MY MIND ONE OF THE MOST

6217
04:56:23,680 --> 04:56:25,560
EXCITING DEVELOPMENTS THAT CAME

6218
04:56:25,560 --> 04:56:27,520
OUT OF A BIZARRE WHIRLWIND OF

6219
04:56:27,520 --> 04:56:29,400
COVID WAS THAT WE SORT OF GOT

6220
04:56:29,400 --> 04:56:32,040
OVER A LOT OF OUR HESITATIONS

6221
04:56:32,040 --> 04:56:33,640
ABOUT ONLINE DATA COLLECTION.

6222
04:56:33,640 --> 04:56:36,800
AND I WILL SAY IN MY OWN LAB

6223
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:39,120
I'VE SEEN THE POWER OF THAT, TO

6224
04:56:39,120 --> 04:56:43,640
BE ABLE TO LOOK AT A LEVEL OF

6225
04:56:43,640 --> 04:56:45,200
FIDELITY AT PARTICULAR EVENTS.

6226
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:46,720
TO GIVE A CONCRETE EXAMPLE WE

6227
04:56:46,720 --> 04:56:49,960
HAVE A LOT OF DEBATES THAT BOIL

6228
04:56:49,960 --> 04:56:51,360
DOWN TO AVERAGING, COMES DOWN

6229
04:56:51,360 --> 04:56:53,160
TO, OKAY, I HAVE A FREQUENCY

6230
04:56:53,160 --> 04:56:55,240
EFFECT OR I HAVE DIFFERENCE

6231
04:56:55,240 --> 04:56:57,240
BETWEEN THESE TWO CONDITIONS, IS

6232
04:56:57,240 --> 04:57:02,120
THIS FUNDAMENTAL OR A RESULT OF

6233
04:57:02,120 --> 04:57:05,520
AVERAGING TO MAKE THE INFERENCE?

6234
04:57:05,520 --> 04:57:09,560
I HAVE RUN NOW IN TWO DAYS, 1200

6235
04:57:09,560 --> 04:57:13,800
PEOPLE FOR TOTAL COST OF $300,

6236
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:16,000
LOOKING AT 1200 PEOPLE'S TRIAL

6237
04:57:16,000 --> 04:57:17,400
ONE ON RESPONSE INHIBITION TASK.

6238
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:18,640
YOU DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT

6239
04:57:18,640 --> 04:57:20,080
THAT BECAUSE YOU'RE ON TRIAL

6240
04:57:20,080 --> 04:57:20,320
ONE.

6241
04:57:20,320 --> 04:57:22,480
AND WHEN YOU HAVE THAT AMOUNT OF

6242
04:57:22,480 --> 04:57:25,400
DATA, THE OTHER LIKE HINT I WILL

6243
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:26,640
GIVE IS YOU CAN START TO THINK

6244
04:57:26,640 --> 04:57:28,840
OF THE DATA IN THE SAME WAY

6245
04:57:28,840 --> 04:57:30,040
WE'VE STARTED TO TREAT

6246
04:57:30,040 --> 04:57:34,200
PHYSIOLOGY WHICH IS A

6247
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:35,640
MULTI-VARIATE PROBLEM INSTEAD OF

6248
04:57:35,640 --> 04:57:37,800
SOMETHING TO BE COLLAPSED.

6249
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:42,120
YOU HAVE 600 PEOPLE, A

6250
04:57:42,120 --> 04:57:44,200
POPULATION, AND YOU CAN SEE THIS

6251
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:45,800
POPULATION OF PEOPLE CHANGE.

6252
04:57:45,800 --> 04:57:47,760
YOU CAN SEE THE PEOPLE FAST GET

6253
04:57:47,760 --> 04:57:50,520
SLOW, PEOPLE WHO WERE SLOW GET

6254
04:57:50,520 --> 04:57:52,040
FAST, IN THE DYNAMICS YOU CAN

6255
04:57:52,040 --> 04:57:54,800
THEN DO THINGS LIKE PLOT THAT IN

6256
04:57:54,800 --> 04:58:00,840
A SPACE AND WATCH THEM PROCESS.

6257
04:58:00,840 --> 04:58:02,880
WE SPENT TIME TRYING TO

6258
04:58:02,880 --> 04:58:03,960
UNDERSTAND RECOGNITION, BUT TO A

6259
04:58:03,960 --> 04:58:05,560
DEGREE WHAT I TOLD YOU TODAY IS

6260
04:58:05,560 --> 04:58:07,080
THE EXACT NATURE OF THE RESULTS

6261
04:58:07,080 --> 04:58:09,560
YOU GET IS DEPENDENT ON TASK YOU

6262
04:58:09,560 --> 04:58:11,280
USED, SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THE

6263
04:58:11,280 --> 04:58:12,840
ACTUAL SUBJECT SAW.

6264
04:58:12,840 --> 04:58:14,600
HOW DO YOU FIGURE OUT WHAT OF

6265
04:58:14,600 --> 04:58:16,320
THE THING YOU'RE LOOKING AT IS

6266
04:58:16,320 --> 04:58:19,200
RECOGNITION AND WHAT IS THE

6267
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:19,560
TASK?

6268
04:58:19,560 --> 04:58:22,240
AND THE ANSWER THAT WE'VE COME

6269
04:58:22,240 --> 04:58:24,120
TO IN BEHAVIOR, YOU RUN 1500

6270
04:58:24,120 --> 04:58:25,960
PEOPLE IN THREE DAYS AND RUN

6271
04:58:25,960 --> 04:58:27,760
THEM WITH THE EXACT SAME STIMULI

6272
04:58:27,760 --> 04:58:28,960
IN TWO TASKS.

6273
04:58:28,960 --> 04:58:31,240
WHAT YOU SEE IS SOMETHING QUITE

6274
04:58:31,240 --> 04:58:31,600
REMARKABLE.

6275
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:33,320
WHICH IS THE NUMBER ONE SOURCE

6276
04:58:33,320 --> 04:58:35,440
OF SHARED VARIANTS IS THE

6277
04:58:35,440 --> 04:58:35,840
INDIVIDUAL.

6278
04:58:35,840 --> 04:58:37,920
INDIVIDUALS PREDICT THEMSELVES

6279
04:58:37,920 --> 04:58:39,040
TO ENORMOUS AGREE.

6280
04:58:39,040 --> 04:58:40,320
NUMBER TWO, THE SEQUENCE OF

6281
04:58:40,320 --> 04:58:42,640
THINGS THEY HAVE SEEN ACROSS

6282
04:58:42,640 --> 04:58:44,040
BOTH TASKS ACTUALLY AFFECTS

6283
04:58:44,040 --> 04:58:45,480
STRONGLY THE BEHAVIOR YOU GET.

6284
04:58:45,480 --> 04:58:46,960
THIRD IS STIMULUS.

6285
04:58:46,960 --> 04:58:48,880
YOU CAN SEE FOR EXAMPLE IN THIS

6286
04:58:48,880 --> 04:58:49,960
TASK IN PARTICULAR THEY WERE

6287
04:58:49,960 --> 04:58:52,160
SHOWN PICTURES OF SCENES,

6288
04:58:52,160 --> 04:58:53,280
THERE'S EMBEDDED TARGET, HOW FAR

6289
04:58:53,280 --> 04:58:56,560
AWAY IS THAT AND THE SECOND TASK

6290
04:58:56,560 --> 04:58:58,200
THEY GET TWO SCENES AND HAVE TO

6291
04:58:58,200 --> 04:59:00,480
SAY WHICH WAS FURTHER AWAY.

6292
04:59:00,480 --> 04:59:03,640
IF YOU TAKE NOT JUST AVERAGE

6293
04:59:03,640 --> 04:59:05,000
DISTANCE REPORTED IN VERBAL

6294
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:07,920
REPORT BUT VARIABILITY, FOR THE

6295
04:59:07,920 --> 04:59:10,440
TWO SCENES, MODEL SIGNAL

6296
04:59:10,440 --> 04:59:14,280
DETECTION, IT PREDICTS WITH R

6297
04:59:14,280 --> 04:59:15,680
SQUARED THE DISCRIMINATION

6298
04:59:15,680 --> 04:59:17,080
PERFORMANCE IN SEPARATE GROUP OF

6299
04:59:17,080 --> 04:59:19,920
PEOPLE AND WE CAN FIGURE OUT

6300
04:59:19,920 --> 04:59:22,560
LATENT VARIABLE. 

6301
04:59:22,560 --> 04:59:24,320
THE ONLY THING LEFT THAT'S

6302
04:59:24,320 --> 04:59:25,720
SHARED IS STIMULUS, WE CAN

6303
04:59:25,720 --> 04:59:28,000
FIGURE OUT CUES DRIVING IT, MAKE

6304
04:59:28,000 --> 04:59:29,040
INFORMED GUESSES WHAT STIMULI WE

6305
04:59:29,040 --> 04:59:30,920
SHOULD BE PRESENTING IN OUR

6306
04:59:30,920 --> 04:59:31,960
PHYSIOLOGY TO UNTANGLE WHAT THE

6307
04:59:31,960 --> 04:59:32,840
RECOGNITION IS BECAUSE WE'LL

6308
04:59:32,840 --> 04:59:35,400
NEVER BE ABLE TO DO PHYSIOLOGY

6309
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:37,000
AT THAT SCALE.

6310
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:38,320
SO TO MY MIND, I THINK

6311
04:59:38,320 --> 04:59:40,000
BEHAVIORAL DATA AND GETTING A

6312
04:59:40,000 --> 04:59:43,080
TON OF IT IN INTELLIGENT WAYS

6313
04:59:43,080 --> 04:59:45,560
LIKE AIRPORT SCANNER DATA IS

6314
04:59:45,560 --> 04:59:47,440
GREAT, WE'LL GET MORE DATASETS

6315
04:59:47,440 --> 04:59:49,920
OF THAT NATURE AND MORE

6316
04:59:49,920 --> 04:59:51,120
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTATION AND I

6317
04:59:51,120 --> 04:59:52,680
THINK WE'LL MAKE HUGE STRIDES

6318
04:59:52,680 --> 04:59:54,440
AND IT WILL FEEDBACK INTO THE

6319
04:59:54,440 --> 04:59:55,400
PHYSIOLOGY AS WELL.

6320
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:56,800
>> SO AWESOME.

6321
04:59:56,800 --> 04:59:57,200
THANK YOU.

6322
04:59:57,200 --> 04:59:57,560
>> SURE.

6323
04:59:57,560 --> 05:00:00,040
[APPLAUSE]

6324
05:00:00,040 --> 05:00:06,040
 

6325
05:00:06,040 --> 05:00:08,200
 

6326
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:08,920
>> THANKS, QUITE.

6327
05:00:08,920 --> 05:00:09,760
THAT WAS INTENSE.

6328
05:00:09,760 --> 05:00:12,600
THAT WAS GREAT.

6329
05:00:12,600 --> 05:00:14,800
THAT CONCLUDES OUR FIRST DAY.

6330
05:00:14,800 --> 05:00:17,840
AND I'D LIKE TO ASK THE SPEAKERS

6331
05:00:17,840 --> 05:00:21,240
THEN TO STICK AROUND, JUST SO WE

6332
05:00:21,240 --> 05:00:25,000
HAVE A PICTURE OF ALL THE

6333
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:27,800
SPEAKERS, AND, YEAH, WITH THAT,

6334
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:30,040
SEE YOU TOMORROW.

6335
05:00:30,040 --> 00:00:00,000
9:00 A.M.