1 00:00:18,585 --> 00:00:21,121 >> YOU CAN FIND A COPY OF THE 2 00:00:21,187 --> 00:00:26,459 PROGRAM AND I PROMISE TO KICK 3 00:00:26,526 --> 00:00:28,461 OFF A WONDERFUL DAY AND ALSO TO 4 00:00:28,528 --> 00:00:29,162 HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY FOR 5 00:00:29,229 --> 00:00:34,300 EVERYBODY IN THE PROGRAM TO COME 6 00:00:34,367 --> 00:00:35,802 TOGETHER AND HEAR A LITTLE BIT 7 00:00:35,869 --> 00:00:37,904 ABOUT SOME OF THE AMAZING WORK 8 00:00:37,971 --> 00:00:40,774 THAT'S GONE ON LED BY ELLEN OVER 9 00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:45,245 THE LAST 25 YEARS AND HEAR ABOUT 10 00:00:45,311 --> 00:00:46,980 SOME OF THE ONGOING WORK THAT 11 00:00:47,046 --> 00:00:50,383 FOLLOWS THE INSPIRATIONS SHE 12 00:00:50,450 --> 00:00:53,553 BEGAN HERE AT THE INTERMURAL 13 00:00:53,620 --> 00:00:53,953 RESEARCH PROGRAM. 14 00:00:54,020 --> 00:00:56,189 I'LL BE YOUR HOST FOR THE DAY. 15 00:00:56,256 --> 00:01:01,661 YOU'LL HEAR MORE OF MY WORK WITH 16 00:01:01,728 --> 00:01:03,997 ELLEN HES AN JUST A FEW MINUTES 17 00:01:04,063 --> 00:01:06,199 AND LIKE TO START OFF BY 18 00:01:06,266 --> 00:01:15,775 INTRODUCING DR. SUSA' 19 00:01:15,842 --> 00:01:16,409 INTRODUCING DR. SUSAN AMARA.S' 20 00:01:16,476 --> 00:01:17,010 INTRODUCING DR. SUSAN AMARA. 21 00:01:17,076 --> 00:01:19,479 INTRODUCING DR. SUSAN AMARA. 22 00:01:19,546 --> 00:01:22,182 SUSAN IS THE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC 23 00:01:22,248 --> 00:01:24,651 DIRECTOR AND CHIEF OF THE 24 00:01:24,717 --> 00:01:29,789 LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR AND 25 00:01:29,856 --> 00:01:30,890 CELLULAR BIOLOGY AND ALL OF US 26 00:01:30,957 --> 00:01:33,259 FEEL A GREAT INDEBTEDNESS TO 27 00:01:33,326 --> 00:01:33,460 SUSAN. 28 00:01:33,526 --> 00:01:36,329 WHEN SHE CAME, THINGS WERE IN A 29 00:01:36,396 --> 00:01:41,334 BIT OF DISARRAY AS THERE HAD 30 00:01:41,401 --> 00:01:43,436 BEEN A LOT OF CHANGES AT THE 31 00:01:43,503 --> 00:01:44,404 INTERMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM AND 32 00:01:44,471 --> 00:01:47,707 SUSAN WAS ABLE TO PULL US ALL 33 00:01:47,774 --> 00:01:48,808 TOGETHER AND LEAD TO A LOT OF OF 34 00:01:48,875 --> 00:01:50,310 THE GREAT THINGS YOU'RE GOING TO 35 00:01:50,376 --> 00:01:51,311 HEAR ABOUT IN THE REMAINDER OF 36 00:01:51,377 --> 00:02:01,521 THE DAY. 37 00:02:02,322 --> 00:02:04,724 I'M TRYING TO THINK IF I CAN 38 00:02:04,791 --> 00:02:08,761 TELL MY FAVORITE FUNNY STORIES 39 00:02:08,828 --> 00:02:18,238 ABOUT ELLEN. 40 00:02:18,304 --> 00:02:21,841 SUSAN, ARE YOU READY? 41 00:02:21,908 --> 00:02:27,247 GOT IT. 42 00:02:27,313 --> 00:02:29,382 I'M TRYING TO THINK IF I HAVE 43 00:02:29,449 --> 00:02:31,451 ONE SHORT -- I WILL SAY THERE'S 44 00:02:31,518 --> 00:02:32,752 BEEN MANY OCCASIONS AND AGAIN, 45 00:02:32,819 --> 00:02:34,654 I'LL TALK ABOUT A FEW OF THESE 46 00:02:34,721 --> 00:02:37,957 WHERE ELLEN HAS SAVED ME AND A 47 00:02:38,024 --> 00:02:41,961 REMEMBER WHEN I FIRST STARTED TO 48 00:02:42,028 --> 00:02:44,063 MOVE INTO ADMINISTRATION AND I 49 00:02:44,130 --> 00:02:47,734 KIND OF THOUGHT THE RULES OF 50 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,435 NAVIGATING WERE FAIR AND 51 00:02:49,502 --> 00:02:53,139 EVERYBODY TREATED EACH OTHER IN 52 00:02:53,206 --> 00:02:59,779 WONDERFUL COLLEGIAL WAYS AND 53 00:02:59,846 --> 00:03:00,446 SHOCKED FIND OUT THAT'S NOT HOW 54 00:03:00,513 --> 00:03:01,848 ADMINISTRATION REALLY WORKS. 55 00:03:01,915 --> 00:03:04,017 I REMEMBER STANDING WITH ELLEN, 56 00:03:04,083 --> 00:03:09,489 THIS IS PROBABLY IN 2002 OUTSIDE 57 00:03:09,556 --> 00:03:14,394 OF BUILDING 1 IN A POURING RAIN 58 00:03:14,460 --> 00:03:16,195 STORM AND ELLEN EXPLAINED TO ME 59 00:03:16,262 --> 00:03:18,364 THIS IS NOT REALLY HOW THINGS 60 00:03:18,431 --> 00:03:18,598 WORKED. 61 00:03:18,665 --> 00:03:20,533 IT WAS A TOUGH PLACE IN GENERAL 62 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:22,001 AROUND THE WORLD AND YOU NEEDED 63 00:03:22,068 --> 00:03:31,811 TO TOUGHEN UP AND DEAL WITH IT I 64 00:03:31,878 --> 00:03:33,046 REMEMBER THAT LIKE IT WAS 65 00:03:33,112 --> 00:03:34,180 YESTERDAY AND I REMEMBER MANY 66 00:03:34,247 --> 00:03:35,415 OTHER STORIES LIKE THAT. 67 00:03:35,481 --> 00:03:40,753 I INTRODUCED YOU WHEN YOU WERE 68 00:03:40,820 --> 00:03:47,093 OUT -- 69 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,762 >> SO, IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE 70 00:03:49,829 --> 00:03:51,798 AND IT'S WONDERFUL TO SEE SO 71 00:03:51,864 --> 00:03:55,868 MANY PEOPLE IN THE AUDIENCE AND 72 00:03:55,935 --> 00:03:58,304 I'M SURE IT'S GREAT TO BE ABLE 73 00:03:58,371 --> 00:03:59,973 TO CELEBRATE ELLEN'S CAREER 74 00:04:00,039 --> 00:04:02,575 WHICH IS AN AMAZING ONE. 75 00:04:02,642 --> 00:04:07,146 SHE'S BEEN REALLY AN 76 00:04:07,213 --> 00:04:09,616 EXTRAORDINARY CONTRIBUTOR TO THE 77 00:04:09,682 --> 00:04:11,484 AREA OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND 78 00:04:11,551 --> 00:04:14,287 STUDY OF IRRITABILITY IN 79 00:04:14,354 --> 00:04:16,689 CHILDREN AND MADE MAJOR 80 00:04:16,756 --> 00:04:17,123 CONTRIBUTIONS. 81 00:04:17,190 --> 00:04:19,125 IT'S MY PLEASURE. 82 00:04:19,192 --> 00:04:25,131 I FIRST MET ELLEN WHEN I WAS 83 00:04:25,198 --> 00:04:26,332 INTERVIEWING FOR THE POSITION 84 00:04:26,399 --> 00:04:28,067 AND YOU WERE ON ONE OF THE 85 00:04:28,134 --> 00:04:29,235 PANELS AND ASKING GOOD QUESTIONS 86 00:04:29,302 --> 00:04:30,169 IN A WONDERFUL WAY. 87 00:04:30,236 --> 00:04:31,337 I APPRECIATED THAT. 88 00:04:31,404 --> 00:04:35,174 I'VE ALWAYS HAD A POSITIVE 89 00:04:35,241 --> 00:04:39,245 OPINION AND REALLY HAVE VALUED A 90 00:04:39,312 --> 00:04:40,313 LOT OF YOUR IDEAS AND YOUR 91 00:04:40,380 --> 00:04:40,980 JUDGMENT DURING THE COURSE OF MY 92 00:04:41,047 --> 00:04:45,451 TIME HERE. 93 00:04:45,518 --> 00:04:48,755 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO ALSO 94 00:04:48,821 --> 00:04:52,258 ACKNOWLEDGE THAT TO MAKE A 95 00:04:52,325 --> 00:04:53,559 CELEBRATION LIKE THIS IT REALLY 96 00:04:53,626 --> 00:04:54,861 DOES TAKE A SMALL VILLAGE AND 97 00:04:54,927 --> 00:04:56,462 WANTED TO BE SURE TO THANK ALL 98 00:04:56,529 --> 00:05:06,372 THE PEOPLE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN 99 00:05:06,439 --> 00:05:08,741 IN GENERATING THE PROGRAM AND 100 00:05:08,808 --> 00:05:10,343 MAKING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ALL THE 101 00:05:10,410 --> 00:05:10,576 THINGS. 102 00:05:10,643 --> 00:05:14,847 SO REALLY, DANNY AND MARYLAND, 103 00:05:14,914 --> 00:05:16,582 THEY'VE DONE AN AMAZING AMOUNT 104 00:05:16,649 --> 00:05:18,518 OF WORK INITIALLY FORMULATING 105 00:05:18,584 --> 00:05:21,454 THIS PLAN AND EXECUTING IT AND 106 00:05:21,521 --> 00:05:26,826 THERE'S ALSO CHARLENE EDWARDS 107 00:05:26,893 --> 00:05:37,403 AND KALEY AND CELEBRATION OF 108 00:05:38,071 --> 00:05:39,806 ELLEN'S CAREER AND LIFE. 109 00:05:39,872 --> 00:05:41,708 JENNY HERON AND CAROLYN MILLER 110 00:05:41,774 --> 00:05:44,777 AND LISA COLLINS AND WE'RE ALSO 111 00:05:44,844 --> 00:05:48,681 GRATEFUL TO OTHERS OUTSIDE OF 112 00:05:48,748 --> 00:05:55,822 NIMHD, KRISTIN DEMOPOULOS AND 113 00:05:55,888 --> 00:05:56,989 LIEUTENANT DUKE FROM THE NIH 114 00:05:57,056 --> 00:05:57,223 POLICE. 115 00:05:57,290 --> 00:05:59,926 NOT SURE WHAT HIS INVOLVEMENT 116 00:05:59,992 --> 00:06:00,393 WAS -- 117 00:06:00,460 --> 00:06:02,829 >> HE LET EVERYBODY IN. 118 00:06:02,895 --> 00:06:05,098 >> GREAT. 119 00:06:05,164 --> 00:06:09,268 AND EVENTS MANAGEMENT AND JOHN 120 00:06:09,335 --> 00:06:10,436 MELVIN AND CHRISTINE WHO SET UP 121 00:06:10,503 --> 00:06:20,880 THE REGISTRATION SITE. 122 00:06:21,748 --> 00:06:23,850 I THINK WE HAVE A GREAT DAY 123 00:06:23,916 --> 00:06:25,885 AHEAD OF US AND CELEBRATING 124 00:06:25,952 --> 00:06:26,586 ELLEN'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE 125 00:06:26,652 --> 00:06:27,186 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH. 126 00:06:27,253 --> 00:06:37,430 THANK YOU. 127 00:06:40,199 --> 00:06:41,601 ALSO, A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 128 00:06:41,667 --> 00:06:43,169 THE PROGRAM WHEN IT'S MY TURN TO 129 00:06:43,236 --> 00:06:47,673 SPEAK AND THE NEXT SPEAKER WILL 130 00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:51,110 BE MARILYN PAO THE NIH CLINICAL 131 00:06:51,177 --> 00:06:53,246 DIRECTOR OF THE INTRAMURAL 132 00:06:53,312 --> 00:06:56,182 RESEARCH PROGRAM AND MARYLAND 133 00:06:56,249 --> 00:06:59,952 HAS DONE MORE THAN ANYBODY NOT A 134 00:07:00,019 --> 00:07:03,356 CLINICALLY ACTIVE INVESTIGATOR 135 00:07:03,422 --> 00:07:05,858 COULD EVER REALIZE TO SUPPORT 136 00:07:05,925 --> 00:07:07,660 CLINICAL RESEARCH AT THE NIMHD 137 00:07:07,727 --> 00:07:10,396 IN GENERAL AND IN PARTICULAR TO 138 00:07:10,463 --> 00:07:11,330 SUPPORT RESEARCH IN CHILDREN. 139 00:07:11,397 --> 00:07:12,031 SUCH RESEARCH IS REALLY 140 00:07:12,098 --> 00:07:14,000 IMPORTANT BECAUSE I THINK WE ALL 141 00:07:14,066 --> 00:07:16,235 KNOW MENTAL DISORDERS BEGIN IN 142 00:07:16,302 --> 00:07:17,170 CHILDHOOD ON THE ONE HAND. 143 00:07:17,236 --> 00:07:21,507 ON THE OTHER HAND, LAUNCHING 144 00:07:21,574 --> 00:07:22,542 RESEARCH THAT STUDIES CHILDREN 145 00:07:22,608 --> 00:07:25,912 AFFECTED BY MENTAL ILLNESSES IS 146 00:07:25,978 --> 00:07:27,013 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT AND WE HAVE 147 00:07:27,079 --> 00:07:30,516 AN AMAZING CHAMPION IN MARYLAND. 148 00:07:30,583 --> 00:07:31,884 SO IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE THAT 149 00:07:31,951 --> 00:07:34,253 I CAN INTRODUCE MARYLAND TO SAY 150 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:36,756 A FEW WORDS ABOUT ELLEN'S 151 00:07:36,823 --> 00:07:46,966 CAREER. 152 00:07:48,100 --> 00:07:50,002 THESE ARE FUN EVENT TO DO IN 153 00:07:50,069 --> 00:07:50,503 THIS JOB. 154 00:07:50,570 --> 00:07:52,071 I HAVE LESS FUN ACTIVITIES BUT I 155 00:07:52,138 --> 00:07:54,040 WANT TO MENTION A FEW 156 00:07:54,106 --> 00:07:56,242 HOUSEKEEPING ITEMS FIRST. 157 00:07:56,309 --> 00:07:57,443 AFTER THE SYMPOSIUM THERE WILL 158 00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:01,214 BE A RECEPTION SPONSORED BY FAES 159 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:04,650 ON THE FAES TERRACE TO JOIN US 160 00:08:04,717 --> 00:08:06,919 FOR REFRESHMENTS AT THE END OF 161 00:08:06,986 --> 00:08:07,353 DAY. 162 00:08:07,420 --> 00:08:10,056 ALSO, LUNCH WILL BE ON YOUR OWN. 163 00:08:10,122 --> 00:08:12,458 THE RESTROOMS ARE RIGHT OUTSIDE 164 00:08:12,525 --> 00:08:14,293 THE AUDITORIUM. 165 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:15,294 PLEASE SILENCE YOUR CELL PHONES 166 00:08:15,361 --> 00:08:16,729 WHILE IN HERE AND THERE'S A 167 00:08:16,796 --> 00:08:18,564 CHARGING STATION AT THE BACK OF 168 00:08:18,631 --> 00:08:21,467 THE ROOM FOR PHONES AND 169 00:08:21,534 --> 00:08:25,771 COMPUTERS AND THOUGH I HAVE TO 170 00:08:25,838 --> 00:08:31,143 SAY THE WI-FI'S A LITTLE WONKY 171 00:08:31,210 --> 00:08:35,615 IN HERE AND PLEASE SIGN THE 172 00:08:35,681 --> 00:08:36,749 PHOTOGRAPH IN THE BACK AND IF 173 00:08:36,816 --> 00:08:38,351 YOU DIDN'T HAVE A CHANCE TO 174 00:08:38,417 --> 00:08:39,852 RIGHT ELLEN SOMETHING YOU CAN 175 00:08:39,919 --> 00:08:40,987 CONTRIBUTE THOSE TO KATIE OR 176 00:08:41,053 --> 00:08:42,088 MYSELF AND WE'LL GET THEM TO THE 177 00:08:42,154 --> 00:08:45,491 SCRAP BOOK. 178 00:08:45,558 --> 00:08:46,525 WE'LL PRESENT THAT AT THE END OF 179 00:08:46,592 --> 00:08:47,293 THE DAY. 180 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,296 I DO WANT TO NOTE THAT ELLEN'S 181 00:08:50,363 --> 00:08:52,365 FAMILY IS HERE SO BOB 182 00:08:52,431 --> 00:08:55,601 LIEBENLUFT, HER HUSBAND, AND HER 183 00:08:55,668 --> 00:09:00,606 SON, JACOB, AS WELL AS JACOB'S 184 00:09:00,673 --> 00:09:08,748 FIANCEE, KATIE WELLMAN AND ROBIN 185 00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:15,087 LIEBENLUFT AND JASON GLICK CAME 186 00:09:15,154 --> 00:09:22,795 AND SUE LIEBENLOFT IS HER SISTER 187 00:09:22,862 --> 00:09:24,363 WAS UNABLE TO ATTEND BUT DID 188 00:09:24,430 --> 00:09:26,465 WANT TO BE HERE AND HOPEFULLY 189 00:09:26,532 --> 00:09:27,033 SHE'S WATCHING ON THE VIDEO 190 00:09:27,099 --> 00:09:31,604 LINK. 191 00:09:31,671 --> 00:09:33,739 THOSE ARE THE HOUSEKEEPING I 192 00:09:33,806 --> 00:09:34,840 WANTED TO BE SURE. 193 00:09:34,907 --> 00:09:35,808 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO TALK ABOUT 194 00:09:35,875 --> 00:09:37,543 ELLEN FOR A MINUTE. 195 00:09:37,610 --> 00:09:40,546 YOU'LL NO DOUBT BE HEARING TODAY 196 00:09:40,613 --> 00:09:41,647 ABOUT THE MANY SCIENTIFIC 197 00:09:41,714 --> 00:09:42,448 CONTRIBUTIONS ELLEN HAS MADE TO 198 00:09:42,515 --> 00:09:46,052 THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY OVER THE 199 00:09:46,118 --> 00:09:48,454 PASTED AS PARTICULARLY IN CHILD 200 00:09:48,521 --> 00:09:49,622 AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY. 201 00:09:49,689 --> 00:09:52,825 WE'RE RIGOROUSLY THINKING ABOUT 202 00:09:52,892 --> 00:09:54,427 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND CLINICAL 203 00:09:54,493 --> 00:09:55,661 TRIALS FOR TREATMENTS ARE 204 00:09:55,728 --> 00:09:56,529 ESPECIALLY NEEDED. 205 00:09:56,595 --> 00:09:58,397 I'M NOT GOING TO GO OVER THE 206 00:09:58,464 --> 00:10:00,433 MILLIONS OF AWARDS SHE'S WON AND 207 00:10:00,499 --> 00:10:03,202 A NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 208 00:10:03,269 --> 00:10:03,436 MEMBER. 209 00:10:03,502 --> 00:10:06,939 YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR TODAY SOME 210 00:10:07,006 --> 00:10:10,242 OF HER MANY MENTEES WHO HAVE 211 00:10:10,309 --> 00:10:11,110 GONE ON TO HAVE SUCCESSFUL 212 00:10:11,177 --> 00:10:11,911 CAREERS OF THEIR OWN. 213 00:10:11,978 --> 00:10:14,880 I WANTED TO TAKE A MINUTE TO 214 00:10:14,947 --> 00:10:17,116 HIGHLIGHT HOW ELLEN HAS SERVED 215 00:10:17,183 --> 00:10:18,784 AS A ROLE MODEL FOR WOMEN IN 216 00:10:18,851 --> 00:10:19,785 RESEARCH AND SCIENCE OVER THE 217 00:10:19,852 --> 00:10:20,753 YEARS. 218 00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:21,954 ELLEN'S INTERESTING AND 219 00:10:22,021 --> 00:10:23,656 INSTRUCTING JOURNEY IS 220 00:10:23,723 --> 00:10:24,757 PARTICULARLY HOPEFUL, I THINK 221 00:10:24,824 --> 00:10:26,759 FOR TRAINEES AND OTHER STAFF 222 00:10:26,826 --> 00:10:28,661 CLINICIANS IN THE AUDIENCE. 223 00:10:28,728 --> 00:10:30,363 SO SHE CLEARLY DEMONSTRATED 224 00:10:30,429 --> 00:10:32,398 EARLY EVIDENCE OF HER LEADERSHIP 225 00:10:32,465 --> 00:10:34,033 AFTER HER EDUCATION AT YALE AND 226 00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:38,237 STANFORD AND HER ADULT 227 00:10:38,304 --> 00:10:39,472 PSYCHIATRY TRAINING AT 228 00:10:39,538 --> 00:10:41,273 GEORGETOWN WHERE SHE'S STILL AN 229 00:10:41,340 --> 00:10:44,043 ASSOCIATE CLINICAL PROFESSOR. 230 00:10:44,110 --> 00:10:46,245 AS MANY CHIEF RESIDENTS DO FOR A 231 00:10:46,312 --> 00:10:49,148 SIGN OF LEADERSHIP, SHE STAYED 232 00:10:49,215 --> 00:10:52,251 ON AS FACULTY SERVING AS MEDICAL 233 00:10:52,318 --> 00:10:54,787 DIRECTOR OF THE MEDICAL HEALTH 234 00:10:54,854 --> 00:10:56,255 IN-PATIENT UNIT FOR GEORGETOWN 235 00:10:56,322 --> 00:10:57,456 FOR SIX YEAR AND DIRECTOR OF 236 00:10:57,523 --> 00:10:59,358 HOSPITAL SERVICES THE LAST COME 237 00:10:59,425 --> 00:10:59,759 YEARS THERE. 238 00:10:59,825 --> 00:11:03,529 I JUST NOTE THAT HER FIRST 239 00:11:03,596 --> 00:11:04,730 PEER-REVIEWED PAPER WAS QUOTE, 240 00:11:04,797 --> 00:11:06,632 STAFF RESPONSE TO THE PREGNANT 241 00:11:06,699 --> 00:11:09,902 SIF A THERAPIST ON AN IN-PATIENT 242 00:11:09,969 --> 00:11:10,102 UNIT. 243 00:11:10,169 --> 00:11:12,038 I DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS HER 244 00:11:12,104 --> 00:11:13,706 PREGNANCY OR OTHER STAFF MEMBERS 245 00:11:13,773 --> 00:11:16,742 BUT IT'S A SIGN MAYBE WE CAN 246 00:11:16,809 --> 00:11:21,447 INTEGRATE OUR LIVES WITH OUR 247 00:11:21,514 --> 00:11:22,014 WORK. 248 00:11:22,081 --> 00:11:24,483 SHE HAD MORE THAN A DOZEN PAPERS 249 00:11:24,550 --> 00:11:27,119 BEFORE SHE LEFT ACADEMIA WHICH 250 00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:32,758 IS NO SMALL FEAT AS A MEDICAL 251 00:11:32,825 --> 00:11:35,127 DIRECTOR OF AN IN-PATIENT UNIT 252 00:11:35,194 --> 00:11:37,797 AND CAME TO THE NIH AT 60% TIME 253 00:11:37,863 --> 00:11:40,066 FOR FIVE YEARS SERVING AS THE 254 00:11:40,132 --> 00:11:50,576 CHIEF OF THE UNIT ON RAPID 255 00:28:30,241 --> 00:28:47,725 S 256 00:28:47,725 --> 00:28:50,962 AS OPPOSED TO EXPERIENCE WITH 257 00:28:51,029 --> 00:28:56,134 THE ADVERSIVE STIMULUS THAT 258 00:28:56,201 --> 00:28:57,068 RELAT 259 00:28:57,135 --> 00:29:02,273 RELATES TO A RECENT PAPER OF 25 260 00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:04,709 ANXIOUS CHILDREN AND CHILDREN 261 00:29:04,776 --> 00:29:05,643 WITH CLINICAL ANXIETY DISORDER 262 00:29:05,710 --> 00:29:09,280 ALL MEDICATION FREE. 263 00:29:09,347 --> 00:29:13,751 THIS IS A SKIN CONDUCTANTS WITH 264 00:29:13,818 --> 00:29:14,953 NON-PAINFUL STIMULUS AND WHEN 265 00:29:15,019 --> 00:29:17,088 THEY'RE ANTICIPATING A HIGHLY 266 00:29:17,155 --> 00:29:18,056 PAINFUL STIMULUS. 267 00:29:18,123 --> 00:29:19,724 AGAIN, YOU SEE THE INDIVIDUAL 268 00:29:19,791 --> 00:29:20,024 DIFFERENCE. 269 00:29:20,091 --> 00:29:21,860 THERE'S A GREATER DIFFERENCE 270 00:29:21,926 --> 00:29:24,729 HERE IN THE PATIENTS THAN IN THE 271 00:29:24,796 --> 00:29:35,140 HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. 272 00:29:36,474 --> 00:29:38,009 WHEN YOU MAP THESE TO THE BRAIN 273 00:29:38,076 --> 00:29:43,481 AND LOOK AT THE LEVEL OF PAIN 274 00:29:43,548 --> 00:29:44,315 CHILDREN EXPERIENCE WHAT YOU 275 00:29:44,382 --> 00:29:46,818 FIND THERE'S NO RELATIONSHIPS 276 00:29:46,885 --> 00:29:47,952 WITH ANXIETY, WITH THE LEVEL OF 277 00:29:48,019 --> 00:29:52,657 PAIN BUT THE LEVEL OF PAIN 278 00:29:52,724 --> 00:29:53,558 EXPERIENCE CORRELATES STRONGLY 279 00:29:53,625 --> 00:29:56,094 WITH THE STRUCTURE AND THE 280 00:29:56,161 --> 00:29:59,898 FUNCTION OF THE POSTERIOR INSULA 281 00:29:59,964 --> 00:30:03,902 WHEN IS WHERE WE SHOW 282 00:30:03,968 --> 00:30:05,236 NOCICEPTION IS REPRESENTED IN 283 00:30:05,303 --> 00:30:06,671 HUMANS. 284 00:30:06,738 --> 00:30:08,173 IN CONTRAST, WE SEE DIFFERENT 285 00:30:08,239 --> 00:30:11,809 AREAS INCLUDING THE DORSAL 286 00:30:11,876 --> 00:30:13,778 LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND 287 00:30:13,845 --> 00:30:16,948 THE OTHER BRAIN REGIONS WE SEE. 288 00:30:17,015 --> 00:30:23,121 WE ALSO USED THIS PARADIGM TO 289 00:30:23,188 --> 00:30:26,090 DEFINE A NETWORK OF BRAIN 290 00:30:26,157 --> 00:30:30,528 REGIONS AND YOU SEE THEM LISTED 291 00:30:30,595 --> 00:30:34,199 HERE WHERE THE SKIN CONDUCTANT 292 00:30:34,265 --> 00:30:37,068 RESPONSES TO THE ANTICIPATORY 293 00:30:37,135 --> 00:30:38,870 RESPONSE CORRELATED WITH 294 00:30:38,937 --> 00:30:39,871 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE 295 00:30:39,938 --> 00:30:40,138 NETWORKS. 296 00:30:40,205 --> 00:30:42,373 I'M GOING COME BACK TO THIS AT 297 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,509 THE END OF THE TALK TO TALK 298 00:30:44,576 --> 00:30:47,312 ABOUT HOW WE USE RESTING 299 00:30:47,378 --> 00:30:48,613 CONNECTIVITY AMONG THESE REGIONS 300 00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:56,321 DEFINED IN THIS ONE STUDY. 301 00:30:56,387 --> 00:30:57,822 SO THE OTHER THING AND THIS IS 302 00:30:57,889 --> 00:31:00,925 THE LAST THING I'M GOING TO TALK 303 00:31:00,992 --> 00:31:02,227 ABOUT IN THIS SECTION, THE OTHER 304 00:31:02,293 --> 00:31:04,662 THING THAT WE'VE LEARNED FROM 305 00:31:04,729 --> 00:31:07,532 DOING A WHOLE RANGE OF THESE 306 00:31:07,599 --> 00:31:11,603 PARADIGMS, YOU SEE THEM 307 00:31:11,669 --> 00:31:12,203 ILLUSTRATED HERE. 308 00:31:12,270 --> 00:31:16,441 HERE'S THE SCREAM PARADIGM AND 309 00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:18,810 THE HEAT PAIN PARADIGM. 310 00:31:18,876 --> 00:31:21,179 THERE'S A WHOLE BUNCH OF OTHER 311 00:31:21,246 --> 00:31:22,780 PARADIGMS ILLUSTRATED HERE AND 312 00:31:22,847 --> 00:31:24,482 THE OTHER THING WE LEARNED IS 313 00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:27,218 EACH ONE OF THESE PARADIGMS HAS 314 00:31:27,285 --> 00:31:31,923 CERTAIN STRENGTHS AND CERTAIN 315 00:31:31,990 --> 00:31:33,558 WEAKNESSES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED 316 00:31:33,625 --> 00:31:35,893 WITH THE PARADIGM AND THIS IS 317 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:40,732 WORK THAT'S ACTUALLY LED BY 318 00:31:40,798 --> 00:31:49,540 KATERINA KIRKANSKI AND YOU'LL 319 00:31:49,607 --> 00:31:51,276 HEAR FROM HER AND THIS IS THE 320 00:31:51,342 --> 00:31:55,480 WORK YOU CAN ONLY DO IN THE 321 00:31:55,546 --> 00:31:56,147 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM 322 00:31:56,214 --> 00:31:57,482 WHERE CHILDREN COME IN MANY 323 00:31:57,548 --> 00:32:00,585 TIMES AND HEALTHY CHILDREN AND 324 00:32:00,652 --> 00:32:02,553 CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS 325 00:32:02,620 --> 00:32:03,354 AND UNDER GO DIFFERENT 326 00:32:03,421 --> 00:32:05,356 APPROACHES AND WHAT WE'RE 327 00:32:05,423 --> 00:32:07,725 STARTING TO LEARN IS THAT IF WE 328 00:32:07,792 --> 00:32:08,993 MODEL A LATENT FACTOR AND HERE 329 00:32:09,060 --> 00:32:12,497 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT RECOVERY, 330 00:32:12,563 --> 00:32:14,299 RIGHT, BECAUSE I TALKED ABOUT IT 331 00:32:14,365 --> 00:32:18,736 AS ANTICIPATION AND RECOVERY AS 332 00:32:18,803 --> 00:32:21,072 THE TWO MAIN PERIODS WHERE WE 333 00:32:21,139 --> 00:32:24,409 SEE RELATIONS WITH CLINICAL 334 00:32:24,475 --> 00:32:26,244 ANXIETY AND THIS PAPER IS 335 00:32:26,311 --> 00:32:26,978 AVAILABLE ONLINE. 336 00:32:27,045 --> 00:32:30,181 IT HASN'T APPEARED IN THE 337 00:32:30,248 --> 00:32:31,949 JOURNAL YET BUT IT'S VERY HOT 338 00:32:32,016 --> 00:32:35,153 OFF THE PRESS WORK AND WE FIND 339 00:32:35,219 --> 00:32:38,556 THAT THIS FACTOR LOADINGS ON THE 340 00:32:38,623 --> 00:32:40,625 LATENT VARIABLE WE CAN SEE HERE, 341 00:32:40,692 --> 00:32:43,861 WE FIND THIS ARE ROBUSTLY 342 00:32:43,928 --> 00:32:45,196 CORRELATES WITH CLINICAL RATINGS 343 00:32:45,263 --> 00:32:46,464 OF ANXIETY. 344 00:32:46,531 --> 00:32:50,268 THIS IS A CHILD'S CLINICAL 345 00:32:50,335 --> 00:32:52,337 RATINGS WITHIN THE MONTH WHEN 346 00:32:52,403 --> 00:32:53,538 SOME OF THESE TASKS WERE DONE 347 00:32:53,604 --> 00:32:56,074 AND YOU CAN SEE THIS IS AS GOOD 348 00:32:56,140 --> 00:32:58,743 AS WE DO IN TERMS OF 349 00:32:58,810 --> 00:33:00,278 RELATIONSHIP WITH CLINICAL 350 00:33:00,345 --> 00:33:01,446 ANXIETY AND IT ALSO CORRELATES 351 00:33:01,512 --> 00:33:03,715 WITH THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY 352 00:33:03,781 --> 00:33:05,950 CHILDREN RATE WHEN WE GIVE THEM 353 00:33:06,017 --> 00:33:09,887 A CELL PHONE TO RATE THEIR 354 00:33:09,954 --> 00:33:13,224 ANXIETY OVER SEVEN DAYS 355 00:33:13,291 --> 00:33:15,360 CONTINUOUSLY AND THERE'S A 356 00:33:15,426 --> 00:33:18,730 SUGGESTION THAT IT MORE STRONGLY 357 00:33:18,796 --> 00:33:21,766 CORRELATES WITH SKIN CONDUCTANTS 358 00:33:21,833 --> 00:33:23,234 THE FACTOR SCORE COMPARED WITH 359 00:33:23,301 --> 00:33:24,702 RATINGS OF ANXIETY DURING ANY 360 00:33:24,769 --> 00:33:27,905 ONE OF THESE MEASURES. 361 00:33:27,972 --> 00:33:30,475 SO I GUESS THERE'S TWO MAIN 362 00:33:30,541 --> 00:33:31,843 TAKEAWAYS FROM THE FIRST POINT. 363 00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:36,381 NUMBER ONE, THE WORK IS VERY 364 00:33:36,447 --> 00:33:38,416 DIFFICULT TO DO AND IT'S A 365 00:33:38,483 --> 00:33:41,452 UNIQUE ASPECT OF WHAT WE CAN DO 366 00:33:41,519 --> 00:33:42,320 AT THE NIMHD. 367 00:33:42,387 --> 00:33:44,589 BUT NUMBER TWO, IT REALLY STARTS 368 00:33:44,655 --> 00:33:47,992 IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT WHAT 369 00:33:48,059 --> 00:33:49,627 ARE THE CLINICALLY RELEVANT 370 00:33:49,694 --> 00:33:50,928 PHENOMENA WE WANT TO STUDY IN 371 00:33:50,995 --> 00:33:54,432 CHILDREN AND HOW CAN WE BRING A 372 00:33:54,499 --> 00:33:55,933 RIGOROUS APPROACH TO THAT STUDY. 373 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:57,468 THAT'S THE FIRST SNIPPET. 374 00:33:57,535 --> 00:33:59,737 THE SECOND IS TO TALK ABOUT 375 00:33:59,804 --> 00:34:01,539 BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION. 376 00:34:01,606 --> 00:34:06,711 SO BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION IS A 377 00:34:06,778 --> 00:34:08,012 TEMPERAMENT CHILDREN MANIFEST IN 378 00:34:08,079 --> 00:34:10,982 THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE AND 379 00:34:11,048 --> 00:34:12,016 VERY MUCH LIKE THE THREAT 380 00:34:12,083 --> 00:34:15,887 PARADIGMS ABOUT WHICH I WAS JUST 381 00:34:15,953 --> 00:34:20,158 SPEAKING, WE MEASURE BEHAVIORAL 382 00:34:20,224 --> 00:34:20,825 INHIBITION BY EXPOSING YOUNG 383 00:34:20,892 --> 00:34:21,993 CHILDREN TO SITUATIONS LIKE 384 00:34:22,059 --> 00:34:22,393 THESE. 385 00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:26,998 WE BRING THEM IN THE LABORATORY 386 00:34:27,064 --> 00:34:30,968 AND THEY'RE EXPOSED TO MILDLY 387 00:34:31,035 --> 00:34:33,137 THREATENING STIMULI SUCH AS 388 00:34:33,204 --> 00:34:36,674 INTERACTING WITH FRIENDS THEY 389 00:34:36,741 --> 00:34:39,043 HAVEN'T MET BEFORE OR 390 00:34:39,110 --> 00:34:40,745 ENCOUNTERING A NOVEL TOY LIKE 391 00:34:40,812 --> 00:34:42,713 THIS ROBOT AND THE WORK HAS BEEN 392 00:34:42,780 --> 00:34:44,649 LED BY NATHAN FOX AT THE 393 00:34:44,715 --> 00:34:46,684 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AND 394 00:34:46,751 --> 00:34:52,623 NATHAN, LIKE ME AND LIKE ELLEN, 395 00:34:52,690 --> 00:35:03,301 RECOGNIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF 396 00:35:03,367 --> 00:35:08,706 EVOKING THE PHENOMENON OF THE 397 00:35:08,773 --> 00:35:10,641 BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION AND IT 398 00:35:10,708 --> 00:35:12,643 AFFECT THE SPEECH AND DEGREE TO 399 00:35:12,710 --> 00:35:14,745 WHICH MOVE IN SITUATIONS LIKE 400 00:35:14,812 --> 00:35:15,746 THIS ONE. 401 00:35:15,813 --> 00:35:17,882 CHILDREN WITH BEHAVIORAL 402 00:35:17,949 --> 00:35:18,950 INHIBITION DO NOT SPEAK IN 403 00:35:19,016 --> 00:35:20,518 SITUATIONS LIKE THIS AND TEND TO 404 00:35:20,585 --> 00:35:21,419 REFRAIN FROM MOVING. 405 00:35:21,486 --> 00:35:23,754 SO WE'VE DONE A NUMBER OF 406 00:35:23,821 --> 00:35:25,957 STUDIES WITH NATHAN OVER THE 407 00:35:26,023 --> 00:35:27,291 LAST 25 YEARS. 408 00:35:27,358 --> 00:35:30,561 I'VE BEEN WORKING WITH NATHAN 409 00:35:30,628 --> 00:35:32,463 ABOUT AS LONG AS I'VE BEEN 410 00:35:32,530 --> 00:35:34,832 WORKING WITH ELLEN AND THERE ARE 411 00:35:34,899 --> 00:35:36,300 A FEW IMPORTANT THINGS THAT I 412 00:35:36,367 --> 00:35:38,269 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT ABOUT THE WORK 413 00:35:38,336 --> 00:35:38,936 WITH NATHAN. 414 00:35:39,003 --> 00:35:42,373 THIS IS THE FIRST ONE. 415 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:44,742 THIS IS 107 CHILDREN THAT WE 416 00:35:44,809 --> 00:35:46,944 FIRST ASSESSED BEHAVIORAL 417 00:35:47,011 --> 00:35:48,746 INHIBITION WHEN THEY WERE 14 418 00:35:48,813 --> 00:35:59,056 MONTHS OF AGE. 419 00:35:59,590 --> 00:36:01,759 AND THEN 26 AND THE DIRECT 420 00:36:01,826 --> 00:36:03,895 MEASURE OF BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION 421 00:36:03,961 --> 00:36:06,898 AND THE NOW ADULT WHO HAD BEEN A 422 00:36:06,964 --> 00:36:09,233 CHILD THE RATINGS OF THEIR 423 00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:13,538 PERSONALITY AND IT'S 424 00:36:13,604 --> 00:36:24,115 PARTICULARLY MEASURES OF THE 425 00:36:24,515 --> 00:36:26,017 LEVEL OF BEHAVIORAL IB HIBITION 426 00:36:26,083 --> 00:36:30,621 AS IT'S RATED IN THE CHILD 427 00:36:30,688 --> 00:36:32,757 BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY AT AGE 428 00:36:32,823 --> 00:36:36,494 26. 429 00:36:36,561 --> 00:36:37,929 MOREOVER, WE HAVE LOTS OF DATA 430 00:36:37,995 --> 00:36:40,998 FROM THE INDIVIDUAL CHILD AT AGE 431 00:36:41,065 --> 00:36:48,139 7, 9, 11, 12 AND 15. 432 00:36:48,205 --> 00:36:52,777 MEASURES OF THINGS LIKE SOCIAL 433 00:36:52,843 --> 00:36:57,081 ANXIETY AND THIS IS INDEPENDENT 434 00:36:57,148 --> 00:37:01,819 OF AND BIVARIATE PREDICTS ADULT 435 00:37:01,886 --> 00:37:03,087 PERSONALITY BETTER THAN EVEN THE 436 00:37:03,154 --> 00:37:04,922 CHILD'S OWN RATING OF THEIR 437 00:37:04,989 --> 00:37:08,025 ANXIETY WHEN THEY'RE A CHILD OR 438 00:37:08,092 --> 00:37:08,326 ADOLESCENT. 439 00:37:08,392 --> 00:37:12,496 AGAIN, THE KEY MESSAGE HERE IS 440 00:37:12,563 --> 00:37:14,298 BY DIRECTLY MEASURES EVOKE 441 00:37:14,365 --> 00:37:15,766 BEHAVIOR IN THE LABORATORY WE 442 00:37:15,833 --> 00:37:20,538 GAINED SOMETHING UNIQUE. 443 00:37:20,605 --> 00:37:23,708 NOW, NOT ALL THE CHILDREN WHO 444 00:37:23,774 --> 00:37:26,210 START WITH BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION 445 00:37:26,277 --> 00:37:28,346 GO ON TO DEVELOP 446 00:37:28,412 --> 00:37:29,080 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 447 00:37:29,146 --> 00:37:31,148 ABOUT HALF DO. 448 00:37:31,215 --> 00:37:32,750 SOME DEVELOP PROBLEMS WITH 449 00:37:32,817 --> 00:37:33,250 SOCIAL ANXIETY. 450 00:37:33,317 --> 00:37:36,754 WE TYPICALLY SEE THIS IN 451 00:37:36,821 --> 00:37:38,889 ADOLESCENCE AND AS THE CHILDREN 452 00:37:38,956 --> 00:37:41,459 APPROACH ADULTHOOD THEY DEVELOP 453 00:37:41,525 --> 00:37:43,260 A RANGE OF OTHER PROBLEMS 454 00:37:43,327 --> 00:37:45,596 INCLUDING SOCIAL ANXIETY BUT 455 00:37:45,663 --> 00:37:49,266 ALSO OTHER ANXIETY PROBLEMS AND 456 00:37:49,333 --> 00:37:49,900 MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. 457 00:37:49,967 --> 00:37:53,971 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 458 00:37:54,038 --> 00:37:56,607 HAVE FOUND IS BY MEASURING 459 00:37:56,674 --> 00:38:00,645 ASPECTS OF BRAIN FUNCTION IN 460 00:38:00,711 --> 00:38:06,083 THIS PERIOD WE CAN GAIN INSIGHTS 461 00:38:06,150 --> 00:38:09,754 ON WHICH CHILDREN ARE PROFIT 462 00:38:09,820 --> 00:38:13,824 LIKELY TO DEVELOP SOCIAL ANXIETY 463 00:38:13,891 --> 00:38:17,428 OR MAJOR DEPRESSION AND IS THIS 464 00:38:17,495 --> 00:38:22,266 IS ONE OF THE MOST RECENT 465 00:38:22,333 --> 00:38:27,605 FINDINGS AND LOOKS AT BETWEEN 466 00:38:27,672 --> 00:38:30,908 THE AGES OF 15 AND 26, CHANGES 467 00:38:30,975 --> 00:38:38,649 IN DEPRESSION AND ANG DIE. 468 00:38:38,716 --> 00:38:42,286 -- ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION 469 00:38:42,353 --> 00:38:45,256 MEASURES IN THIS AND ANXIETY AND 470 00:38:45,322 --> 00:38:47,558 WHILE IT RELATE TO DEPRESSION 471 00:38:47,625 --> 00:38:48,759 AND ANXIETY WE FIND DIFFERENT 472 00:38:48,826 --> 00:38:51,429 MEASURES OF BIOLOGY ACQUIRED IN 473 00:38:51,495 --> 00:38:58,002 ADOLESCENCE AND THIS MEASURE WAS 474 00:38:58,069 --> 00:39:00,604 ACQUIRED BETWEEN 15 AND 18 475 00:39:00,671 --> 00:39:02,006 PREDICTS IN A MORE SPECIFIC 476 00:39:02,073 --> 00:39:04,742 MANNER WHAT PROBLEM A CHILD IS 477 00:39:04,809 --> 00:39:10,181 GOING TO HAVE. 478 00:39:10,247 --> 00:39:12,750 THIS FOR REWARD RESPONSIVENESS 479 00:39:12,817 --> 00:39:23,360 AND LEVEL OF ACTIVATION IN THE 480 00:39:24,562 --> 00:39:30,568 STRIATUM AND AMONG THE CHILDREN 481 00:39:30,634 --> 00:39:33,671 WHO ARE LOW IN STRIATAL 482 00:39:33,738 --> 00:39:36,741 ACTIVATION TO THE REWARD THE 483 00:39:36,807 --> 00:39:38,576 ORANGE GROUP HAVE LOW ACTIVATION 484 00:39:38,642 --> 00:39:40,177 BETWEEN 15 AND 18. 485 00:39:40,244 --> 00:39:42,012 THESE CHILDREN HAVE HIGH 486 00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:44,048 ACTIVATION BETWEEN 15 AND 18 SO 487 00:39:44,115 --> 00:39:49,386 THEY HAVE MORE NORMAL 488 00:39:49,453 --> 00:39:49,687 ACTIVATION. 489 00:39:49,754 --> 00:39:51,689 IT'S ONLY IN THE CHILDREN WHO 490 00:39:51,756 --> 00:39:59,263 HAVE BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION 14 TO 491 00:39:59,330 --> 00:40:03,300 24 MONTHS OLD AS WELL AS THE 492 00:40:03,367 --> 00:40:07,004 LEVELS OF ACTIVATION IN THE 493 00:40:07,071 --> 00:40:09,173 STRIATUM AT RISK FOR MAJOR 494 00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:11,475 DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. 495 00:40:11,542 --> 00:40:22,086 WE HAVE OTHER MEASURES THAT S 496 00:40:28,325 --> 00:40:28,392 SHOW. 497 00:40:28,459 --> 00:40:31,428 I'M GOING TO END BY TALKING 498 00:40:31,495 --> 00:40:38,736 ABOUT THE LAST AREA AND I'M H 499 00:40:38,803 --> 00:40:39,703 HOPEFUL THEY'LL TALK ABOUT THE 500 00:40:39,770 --> 00:40:41,138 ONGOING WORK IN THE AREA. 501 00:40:41,205 --> 00:40:43,774 ANOTHER THING THAT HAS BEEN 502 00:40:43,841 --> 00:40:47,444 INSPIRING TO ME IN WATCHING 503 00:40:47,511 --> 00:40:55,986 ELLEN AS SHE HAS APPROACHED THIS 504 00:40:56,053 --> 00:41:01,859 CHANGE IN HER WORK SHE HAS 505 00:41:01,926 --> 00:41:02,526 REMAINED INCREDIBLY INTERESTED 506 00:41:02,593 --> 00:41:04,595 IN CUTTING EDGE APPROACHES. 507 00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:10,167 THE WORK I'LL PRESENT RIGHT NOW 508 00:41:10,234 --> 00:41:15,105 FOLLOWS WORK THAT THEY DID 509 00:41:15,172 --> 00:41:16,207 TOGETHER FOCUSSING IN ON 510 00:41:16,273 --> 00:41:16,707 FRUSTRATION. 511 00:41:16,774 --> 00:41:22,813 THIS LOOKS AT RELATIVELY LONG 512 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:27,151 CHANGES IN THE BRAIN'S 513 00:41:27,218 --> 00:41:27,885 CONNECTIVITY PROFILE. 514 00:41:27,952 --> 00:41:38,495 THESE ARE UNPUBLISHED DATA ELLEN 515 00:41:39,797 --> 00:41:45,569 HAS DONE WORK LOOKING AT CHANGES 516 00:41:45,636 --> 00:41:48,005 ACROSS THE BRAIN IN THE CONTEXT 517 00:41:48,072 --> 00:41:50,441 OF FRUSTRATION AND ELLEN USES A 518 00:41:50,507 --> 00:41:51,475 SIMILAR DESIGN SUCH AS THE ONE 519 00:41:51,542 --> 00:41:58,749 YOU SEE ILLUSTRATED HERE WHERE 520 00:41:58,816 --> 00:42:03,287 YOU ACQUIRE DATA AND EXPOSURE TO 521 00:42:03,354 --> 00:42:05,522 FRUSTRATION AND ACQUIRE RESTING 522 00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:06,156 STATE DATA. 523 00:42:06,223 --> 00:42:08,125 HERE I'LL TALK ABOUT HAVING 524 00:42:08,192 --> 00:42:13,397 CHILDREN SIT IN THE MRI SCANNER 525 00:42:13,464 --> 00:42:18,569 WE'RE GOING TO ASSESS RESTING 526 00:42:18,636 --> 00:42:26,143 STATE FMRI AND WATCH THE MOVIE 527 00:42:26,210 --> 00:42:28,746 YOU CAN SEE ILLUSTRATED IN THE 528 00:42:28,812 --> 00:42:30,381 UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER AND THIS 529 00:42:30,447 --> 00:42:33,651 IS ABOUT A SIX-MINUTE MOVIE THAT 530 00:42:33,717 --> 00:42:39,256 TELLS A STORY OF THIS AT -- 531 00:42:39,323 --> 00:42:43,560 ADOLESCENT GIRL, FRANCIS WHO 532 00:42:43,627 --> 00:42:45,462 SNEAKS FROM CAMP AND ROWS HER 533 00:42:45,529 --> 00:42:47,064 BOAT TO THE MIDDLE OF THE LAKE 534 00:42:47,131 --> 00:42:49,900 AND IT DOESN'T TURN OUT SO WELL. 535 00:42:49,967 --> 00:42:52,036 IT'S ONE OF THE MORE INTERESTING 536 00:42:52,102 --> 00:42:53,704 SCARY MOVIES THAT WORKS WELL IN 537 00:42:53,771 --> 00:42:58,642 THE SCANNER. 538 00:42:58,709 --> 00:43:02,813 THIS IS DATA ON 64 CHILDREN. 539 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:06,583 30 CHILDREN WHO HAVE ADOLESCENTS 540 00:43:06,650 --> 00:43:08,385 AT 14 YEARS OLD. 541 00:43:08,452 --> 00:43:11,855 30 OF THEM ARE ALL 542 00:43:11,922 --> 00:43:12,690 MEDICATION-FREE. 543 00:43:12,756 --> 00:43:14,525 30 HAVE AN ANXIETY DISORDER AND 544 00:43:14,591 --> 00:43:16,860 34 ARE HEALTHY. 545 00:43:16,927 --> 00:43:19,596 THIS SHOWS YOU ON THE -- THIS 546 00:43:19,663 --> 00:43:21,131 SHOWS YOU ON THE CHILDREN'S 547 00:43:21,198 --> 00:43:26,537 RATED LEVEL OF ANXIETY AND YOU 548 00:43:26,603 --> 00:43:34,478 CAN SEE IS SOMEWHAT NERVOUS OUT 549 00:43:34,545 --> 00:43:37,381 THE ANXIOUS KIDS ARE FAR MORE 550 00:43:37,448 --> 00:43:39,049 NERVOUS AND YOU SEE THE INCREASE 551 00:43:39,116 --> 00:43:40,751 IN THE ANXIETY LEVEL. 552 00:43:40,818 --> 00:43:44,355 HERE YOU SEE THE SKIN 553 00:43:44,421 --> 00:43:45,422 CONDUCTANTS IN THE SCANNER AND 554 00:43:45,489 --> 00:43:47,725 AS YOU WOULD EXPECT ONLY THE 555 00:43:47,791 --> 00:43:56,734 ANXIOUS ADOLESCENCE HAVE THE 556 00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:03,207 SKIN CONDUCTANTS AND HAVE THE 557 00:44:03,273 --> 00:44:06,777 APPROACH TO ANALYSIS THAT ELLEN 558 00:44:06,844 --> 00:44:08,212 HAS BEEN SPENDING TIME THINKING 559 00:44:08,278 --> 00:44:08,746 ABOUT. 560 00:44:08,812 --> 00:44:12,750 WE DO A SIMILAR ANALYSIS USING 561 00:44:12,816 --> 00:44:14,952 THE NETWORK I DESCRIBED IN OUR 562 00:44:15,019 --> 00:44:17,388 WORK ON HEAT PAIN. 563 00:44:17,454 --> 00:44:20,457 SO WE DEFINED THESE REGIONS OF 564 00:44:20,524 --> 00:44:22,993 INTEREST BASED ON THE STUDY AND 565 00:44:23,060 --> 00:44:25,596 HEAT PAIN RELATED TO SKIN 566 00:44:25,662 --> 00:44:26,630 CONDUCTANT RESPONSES TO HEAT 567 00:44:26,697 --> 00:44:30,000 PAIN ILLUSTRATED HERE AND THEN 568 00:44:30,067 --> 00:44:33,704 WE LOOK AT NETWORK 569 00:44:33,771 --> 00:44:34,872 RECONFIGURATION FROM THE RESTING 570 00:44:34,938 --> 00:44:38,242 STATE DATA BEFORE THE MOVIE TO 571 00:44:38,308 --> 00:44:39,176 THE RESTING STATE DATA DURING 572 00:44:39,243 --> 00:44:39,810 THE MOVIE. 573 00:44:39,877 --> 00:44:43,213 AND I'M NOT GOING TO GO OVER THE 574 00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:52,856 DETAILS HERE EXCEPT TO SAY THAT 575 00:44:52,923 --> 00:44:55,059 WHAT WE FIND IN THE LEVEL OF 576 00:44:55,125 --> 00:45:00,397 SKIN CONDUCTANTS AND LEVEL OF 577 00:45:00,464 --> 00:45:03,100 NETWORKS WE FIND THE PATTERNS 578 00:45:03,167 --> 00:45:05,436 DIFFERENT IN ADOLESCENTS WITH 579 00:45:05,502 --> 00:45:07,771 ANXIETY DISORDERS COMPARED TO 580 00:45:07,838 --> 00:45:08,405 HEALTHY ADOLESCENTS. 581 00:45:08,472 --> 00:45:15,112 THE WORK WE HAVE PLANNED GOING 582 00:45:15,179 --> 00:45:19,316 FORWARD EXTENDS THE RESEARCH 583 00:45:19,383 --> 00:45:20,818 WE'RE CONTINUING TO USE THE 584 00:45:20,884 --> 00:45:31,428 FRANCIS MOVIE AND MOTIVATED BY 585 00:45:32,863 --> 00:45:35,699 WORK KATHERINA KIRKANSKI HAS 586 00:45:35,766 --> 00:45:38,569 DONE AND WE'LL SHOW CHILDREN A 587 00:45:38,635 --> 00:45:42,005 FRIGHTENING AND SAD MOVIE AND 588 00:45:42,072 --> 00:45:50,447 WANT TO ATTEMPT TO DISASSOCIATE 589 00:45:50,514 --> 00:45:53,984 CONFIGURATIONS THREAT RESPONSE 590 00:45:54,051 --> 00:46:00,858 AND IR ITABILITY -- 591 00:46:00,924 --> 00:46:01,825 IRRITABILITY WE'LL TALK ABOUT. 592 00:46:01,892 --> 00:46:03,193 IN CLOSING I WANT TO SAY A 593 00:46:03,260 --> 00:46:04,728 COUPLE THINGS THE FIRST THING I 594 00:46:04,795 --> 00:46:07,097 WANT TO SAY IS JUST HOW 595 00:46:07,164 --> 00:46:09,600 PRIVILEGED I FEEL TO WORK AT THE 596 00:46:09,666 --> 00:46:13,036 NIH AND TO BE SUPPORTED TO DO 597 00:46:13,103 --> 00:46:23,647 THE WORK THAT I'VE DONE SO FAR. 598 00:46:30,721 --> 00:46:32,656 TO TALK ABOUT THE PEOPLE HERE 599 00:46:32,723 --> 00:46:36,560 FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD AND IT 600 00:46:36,627 --> 00:46:37,294 COULDN'T HAVE BEEN DONE WITHOUT 601 00:46:37,361 --> 00:46:44,768 THE FORCE SO MANY AT THE NIH IN 602 00:46:44,835 --> 00:46:46,904 PARTICULAR MARYLAND AND SUSAN 603 00:46:46,970 --> 00:46:47,437 HAVE GIVEN US. 604 00:46:47,504 --> 00:46:49,173 AND ELLEN AND I THROUGH THE 605 00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:50,574 YEARS NOT ONLY TALK ABOUT 606 00:46:50,641 --> 00:47:01,185 SCIENCE, BUT WE TALK ABOUT LIFE 607 00:47:05,989 --> 00:47:08,258 WE WERE TALKING ABOUT WHAT A 608 00:47:08,325 --> 00:47:12,796 GREAT STAGE OF LIFE THE '60s AND 609 00:47:12,863 --> 00:47:13,497 '70s. 610 00:47:13,564 --> 00:47:16,466 IT'S A GREAT STAGE OF LIFE 611 00:47:16,533 --> 00:47:17,801 BECAUSE I FEEL INCREDIBLY 612 00:47:17,868 --> 00:47:20,437 FORTUNATE FOR SO MANY THINGS AND 613 00:47:20,504 --> 00:47:21,471 PARTICULARLY FORTUNATE THAT I'M 614 00:47:21,538 --> 00:47:26,677 HEALTHY AND SANE ENOUGH TO STAND 615 00:47:26,743 --> 00:47:33,483 HERE REFLECT ON WHAT A WONDERFUL 616 00:47:33,550 --> 00:47:35,052 25 YEARS IT'S BEEN AND WOULD NOT 617 00:47:35,118 --> 00:47:40,657 HAVE HAPPENED WITHOUT THE 618 00:47:40,724 --> 00:47:46,396 STRENGTH, DRIVE AND LEADERSHIP 619 00:47:46,463 --> 00:47:48,465 AND I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR THE 620 00:47:48,532 --> 00:47:49,766 OPPORTUNITY TO BE HERE AND THE 621 00:47:49,833 --> 00:47:51,134 OPPORTUNITY TO TALK AND THANK 622 00:47:51,201 --> 00:47:57,241 YOU, ELLEN. 623 00:47:57,307 --> 00:47:58,909 I'M GOING TO TAKE FIVE MINUTES 624 00:47:58,976 --> 00:48:02,379 IF ANYBODY HAS ANY QUESTIONS? 625 00:48:02,446 --> 00:48:02,646 QUESTIONS? 626 00:48:02,713 --> 00:48:12,789 NO? 627 00:48:22,232 --> 00:48:22,532 [INAUDIBLE] 628 00:48:22,599 --> 00:48:23,900 >> EXCELLENT QUESTION. 629 00:48:23,967 --> 00:48:25,902 THE QUESTION WAS ABOUT POTENTIAL 630 00:48:25,969 --> 00:48:30,207 DIFFERENCES IN SKIN CONDUCTANT 631 00:48:30,274 --> 00:48:30,874 RESPONSE RELATED TO SKIN COLOR 632 00:48:30,941 --> 00:48:41,318 AND THE ANSWER IS YES. 633 00:48:46,189 --> 00:48:48,725 THE DARKER THE SKIN THE LOWER 634 00:48:48,792 --> 00:48:50,060 THE SKIN CONDUCTANT RESPONSE 635 00:48:50,127 --> 00:48:51,161 SEEMS TO BE. 636 00:48:51,228 --> 00:48:55,799 THAT'S ANOTHER WONDERFUL POINT 637 00:48:55,866 --> 00:49:06,343 TO MAKE WE CONSIDER SOME OF 638 00:49:10,013 --> 00:49:15,018 THESE HIGHLY IMPORTANT BUT 639 00:49:15,085 --> 00:49:18,588 INCREDIBLY SENSITIVE ISSUES LUKE 640 00:49:18,655 --> 00:49:19,856 PEOPLE'S ETHNIC BACKGROUND AND 641 00:49:19,923 --> 00:49:22,292 DIVERSE EXPERIENCE IN THE 642 00:49:22,359 --> 00:49:22,559 RESEARCH. 643 00:49:22,626 --> 00:49:28,165 IT TAKES TREMENDOUS CARE AND 644 00:49:28,231 --> 00:49:29,533 THOUGHTFULNESS AND SUPPORT. 645 00:49:29,599 --> 00:49:34,471 SO WE DO NOT TYPICALLY RELY 646 00:49:34,538 --> 00:49:36,640 PRIMARILY ON SKIN CONDUCTANTS IN 647 00:49:36,707 --> 00:49:37,174 OUR STUDIES. 648 00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:38,542 BOTH FOR THE REASONS YOU'RE 649 00:49:38,608 --> 00:49:40,811 DESCRIBING AND FOR OTHER REASONS 650 00:49:40,877 --> 00:49:43,113 THAT CREATE PROBLEMS WITH SKIN 651 00:49:43,180 --> 00:49:43,480 CONDUCTANTS. 652 00:49:43,547 --> 00:49:46,950 THE OTHER THING I WILL SAY IS 653 00:49:47,017 --> 00:49:52,723 THAT THE DIFFERENCES RELATE TO 654 00:49:52,789 --> 00:49:56,093 SKIN COLOR RELATE MORE TO 655 00:49:56,159 --> 00:49:58,929 OVERALL LEVELS OF RESPONDING NOT 656 00:49:58,995 --> 00:50:00,630 STIMULUS RESPONDING. 657 00:50:00,697 --> 00:50:02,265 WHEN YOU CAN CALIBRATE A 658 00:50:02,332 --> 00:50:03,734 STIMULUS AND LOOK AT CHANGES 659 00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:05,602 WHICH YOU CAN DO WITH CHANGES 660 00:50:05,669 --> 00:50:06,737 LIKE THE HEAT PAIN RESPONSE YOU 661 00:50:06,803 --> 00:50:09,005 CAN GET AROUND SOME OF THOSE 662 00:50:09,072 --> 00:50:19,216 ISSUES. 663 00:50:22,119 --> 00:50:23,787 A LOT OF US HAVE OTHER SKILLS 664 00:50:23,854 --> 00:50:25,322 THAT WE SHARE AND THE OTHER 665 00:50:25,389 --> 00:50:27,791 SKILL I HAVE IS THE ABILITY TO 666 00:50:27,858 --> 00:50:28,992 PUT MY FOOT IN MY MOUTH. 667 00:50:29,059 --> 00:50:35,632 I WANTED TO AVOID THAT ONE. 668 00:50:35,699 --> 00:50:37,634 ANY OTHER QUESTIONS BEFORE I 669 00:50:37,701 --> 00:50:40,070 INTRODUCE OUR NEXT SPEAKER? 670 00:50:40,137 --> 00:50:41,538 SO, I'M GOING INTRODUCE OUR NEXT 671 00:50:41,605 --> 00:50:46,943 SPEAKER NOW AND SAY A COUPLE 672 00:50:47,010 --> 00:50:54,050 THINGS ABOUT MELISSA BROTMAN AND 673 00:50:54,117 --> 00:50:55,952 LEADS THE NEUROSCIENCE AND NOVEL 674 00:50:56,019 --> 00:50:59,356 THERAPEUTICS UNIT IN THE 675 00:50:59,423 --> 00:51:00,457 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT BRANCH AND 676 00:51:00,524 --> 00:51:06,296 MELISSA HAS MANY QUALITIES THAT 677 00:51:06,363 --> 00:51:14,237 SET HER APART THAT MAKE HER A 678 00:51:14,304 --> 00:51:15,439 WONDERFUL PERSON TO TALK ABOUT 679 00:51:15,505 --> 00:51:18,575 THE WORK SHE'S DOING. 680 00:51:18,642 --> 00:51:23,780 SHE'S BEEN IN THE BRANCH 20 681 00:51:23,847 --> 00:51:34,391 YEARS SHE IS VERY COMMITTED TO 682 00:51:36,660 --> 00:51:38,628 DOING WORK RELEVANT TO CHILDREN 683 00:51:38,695 --> 00:51:48,839 AND MAKES CLINICAL IMPACT. 684 00:51:48,905 --> 00:51:52,342 I TALKED ABOUT THE WAYS ELLEN 685 00:51:52,409 --> 00:51:53,910 AND I ARE SIMILAR AND MELISSA 686 00:51:53,977 --> 00:51:56,046 ANDRY SIMILAR IN A WAY AT THE 687 00:51:56,112 --> 00:51:58,248 PEAK OF THE THREE OF US, MELISSA 688 00:51:58,315 --> 00:52:04,721 IS ONE OF THE TOUGHEST PEOPLE I 689 00:52:04,788 --> 00:52:06,523 KNOW. 690 00:52:06,590 --> 00:52:08,325 I CHALLENGE YOU TO GIVE MELISSA 691 00:52:08,391 --> 00:52:10,260 A HARD TIME ABOUT ANYTHING AND 692 00:52:10,327 --> 00:52:12,729 NOT SEE HER EMERGE AS A 693 00:52:12,796 --> 00:52:13,363 STRONGER, BETTER PERSON. 694 00:52:13,430 --> 00:52:16,733 AGAIN, THIS IS ANOTHER QUALITY 695 00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:19,536 THAT ELLEN HAS IN SPADES. 696 00:52:19,603 --> 00:52:21,238 I HAVE A LITTLE BIT BUT IT'S 697 00:52:21,304 --> 00:52:22,839 WONDERFUL TO INTRODUCE MELISSA 698 00:52:22,906 --> 00:52:26,676 AS A PERSON WHO REALLY 699 00:52:26,743 --> 00:52:27,077 EXEMPLIFIES THAT. 700 00:52:27,143 --> 00:52:32,749 MEL SEIS. 701 00:52:32,816 --> 00:52:43,026 -- MELISSA. 702 00:52:51,768 --> 00:52:52,602 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR GIVING 703 00:52:52,669 --> 00:52:54,404 THE THE OPPORTUNITY TO CELEBRATE 704 00:52:54,471 --> 00:52:54,905 ELLEN TODAY. 705 00:52:54,971 --> 00:52:57,240 THE TITLE OF MY TALK IS WHAT 706 00:52:57,307 --> 00:53:03,547 MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION. 707 00:53:03,613 --> 00:53:07,150 ALL THE WORK WAS SUPPORT ED BY 708 00:53:07,217 --> 00:53:09,286 THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM OF NIMHD. 709 00:53:09,352 --> 00:53:11,955 A BRIEF ROAD MAP OF WHAT WE'LL 710 00:53:12,022 --> 00:53:15,091 BE TALKING ABOUT TODAY. 711 00:53:15,158 --> 00:53:16,293 FIRST, I WANT TO TALK ABOUT WHAT 712 00:53:16,359 --> 00:53:17,961 MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION 713 00:53:18,028 --> 00:53:20,730 AND HOW THE RESEARCH PROGRAM HAS 714 00:53:20,797 --> 00:53:24,200 EXEMPLIFIED THAT. 715 00:53:24,267 --> 00:53:26,269 THEN I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE 716 00:53:26,336 --> 00:53:27,237 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGER AND 717 00:53:27,304 --> 00:53:30,173 FEAR AND HOW THINKING ABOUT 718 00:53:30,240 --> 00:53:32,375 ANGER AND FEAR AS BEING TWO 719 00:53:32,442 --> 00:53:34,544 SIDES OF THE SAME COIN HAS SOME 720 00:53:34,611 --> 00:53:36,746 POTENTIAL TREATMENT 721 00:53:36,813 --> 00:53:39,783 IMPLICATIONS. 722 00:53:39,849 --> 00:53:42,619 I'LL TALK ABOUT EXPOSURE THERAPY 723 00:53:42,686 --> 00:53:44,421 FOR IRRITABILITY AND FUTURE 724 00:53:44,487 --> 00:53:46,890 DIRECTION OF THIS WORK AND END 725 00:53:46,957 --> 00:53:50,860 MY TALK WITH MY TOP FIVE 726 00:53:50,927 --> 00:53:56,566 FAVORITE EL ENNENISMS. 727 00:53:56,633 --> 00:54:02,372 FIRST, IT ADDRESSES SOMETHING 728 00:54:02,439 --> 00:54:05,475 NEW AND AN IMPORTANT QUESTION 729 00:54:05,542 --> 00:54:07,243 THAT HAS YET TO BE 730 00:54:07,310 --> 00:54:08,311 SYSTEMATICALLY EXAMINED. 731 00:54:08,378 --> 00:54:15,018 TIS -- IT MUST SOMETHING 732 00:54:15,085 --> 00:54:16,219 CLINICALLY RELEVANT. 733 00:54:16,286 --> 00:54:17,921 THE ANSWER SHOULD INFLUENCE THE 734 00:54:17,988 --> 00:54:20,957 WORLD AND INFLUENCE PATIENTS AND 735 00:54:21,024 --> 00:54:24,728 THE WAY WE DO THINGS AND HAVE A 736 00:54:24,794 --> 00:54:27,931 PROFOUND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT. 737 00:54:27,998 --> 00:54:29,733 FINALLY, THE QUESTION HAS TO BE 738 00:54:29,799 --> 00:54:30,066 CLEAR. 739 00:54:30,133 --> 00:54:36,740 IT HAS TO BE CLEAR, FOCUSSED AND 740 00:54:36,806 --> 00:54:37,407 FEASIBLE. 741 00:54:37,474 --> 00:54:40,644 CONCEPTUALIZED INTO A QUESTION 742 00:54:40,710 --> 00:54:44,080 AND THERE ARE ACCESSIBLE METHODS 743 00:54:44,147 --> 00:54:46,016 USED TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION. 744 00:54:46,082 --> 00:54:47,617 FORMULATING GOOD RESEARCH 745 00:54:47,684 --> 00:54:48,752 QUESTIONS IS QUITE A DIFFICULT 746 00:54:48,818 --> 00:54:57,060 TASK. 747 00:54:57,127 --> 00:54:57,694 FORMULATING GREAT RESEARCH 748 00:54:57,761 --> 00:55:00,597 QUESTIONS DOES ALL THOSE THINGS 749 00:55:00,664 --> 00:55:03,033 AND LEADS TO NEW SCIENTIFIC 750 00:55:03,099 --> 00:55:03,333 DIRECTIONS. 751 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,203 THAT IS THE ANSWER TO THE 752 00:55:07,270 --> 00:55:09,272 PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION IS NOT 753 00:55:09,339 --> 00:55:11,474 AN END POINT IN AND OF ITSELF. 754 00:55:11,541 --> 00:55:12,809 SO I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU BACK TO 755 00:55:12,876 --> 00:55:15,979 THE 190s. 756 00:55:16,046 --> 00:55:18,148 -- 1990s. 757 00:55:18,214 --> 00:55:20,016 AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY THIS 758 00:55:20,083 --> 00:55:22,285 WAS THE COVER OF TIME MAGAZINE. 759 00:55:22,352 --> 00:55:23,286 YOUNG AND BIPOLAR. 760 00:55:23,353 --> 00:55:27,357 WHY ARE SO MANY KIDS BEING 761 00:55:27,424 --> 00:55:28,725 DIAGNOSED WITH THE DIAGNOSIS 762 00:55:28,792 --> 00:55:30,560 ONCE KNOWN AS BIPOLAR DISORDER 763 00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:32,262 AND IT WAS TRUE. 764 00:55:32,328 --> 00:55:35,732 IN THE 1990s, THE RATES OF THE 765 00:55:35,799 --> 00:55:39,235 DIAGNOSIS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER IN 766 00:55:39,302 --> 00:55:40,804 YOUTH SKYROCKETED. 767 00:55:40,870 --> 00:55:47,243 THIS IS BECAUSE CHILDREN 768 00:55:47,310 --> 00:55:53,283 PRESENTING WITH SYSTEMS OF 769 00:55:53,349 --> 00:55:55,552 HYPERAROUSAL WITHOUT DISTINCT 770 00:55:55,618 --> 00:56:06,129 MANIA WERE DIAGNOSED WITH B 771 00:56:07,097 --> 00:56:11,668 BIPOLAR DISORDER AND ELLEN ASKED 772 00:56:11,735 --> 00:56:13,369 THE PROFOUND AND ELEGANT 773 00:56:13,436 --> 00:56:16,372 QUESTION, DO YOUTH HAVE A 774 00:56:16,439 --> 00:56:17,140 DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL 775 00:56:17,207 --> 00:56:21,444 PRESENTATION THAN ADULTS WITH 776 00:56:21,511 --> 00:56:22,679 BIPOLAR DISORDER? 777 00:56:22,746 --> 00:56:25,615 THAT IS, LIKE A TAD POLE THAT 778 00:56:25,682 --> 00:56:28,084 EVOLVES INTO A FROG, SHE ASKED 779 00:56:28,151 --> 00:56:30,153 IF THERE'S DEVELOPMENT 780 00:56:30,220 --> 00:56:31,588 DISCONTINUITY IN THE 781 00:56:31,654 --> 00:56:33,990 PRESENTATION OF BIPOLAR 782 00:56:34,057 --> 00:56:34,691 DISORDER. 783 00:56:34,758 --> 00:56:35,925 SHE THEN WENT ON TO OVER THE 784 00:56:35,992 --> 00:56:39,262 NEXT DECADE TO CONCLUSIVELY 785 00:56:39,329 --> 00:56:42,632 ANSWER THAT. 786 00:56:42,699 --> 00:56:44,768 CRITICALLY, THAT ORIGINAL 787 00:56:44,834 --> 00:56:47,036 QUESTION FOCUSSED IRRITABILITY 788 00:56:47,103 --> 00:56:53,309 HAS LED TO A NEW DSM DIAGNOSIS 789 00:56:53,376 --> 00:56:58,448 AND EXAMINING THE NOVELOLOGY AND 790 00:56:58,515 --> 00:56:59,516 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF 791 00:56:59,582 --> 00:57:00,416 IRRITABILITY IN YOUTH. 792 00:57:00,483 --> 00:57:03,486 IF YOU LOOK AT THE KEY WORD, 793 00:57:03,553 --> 00:57:09,259 IRRITABILITY IN PUB MED IT'S 794 00:57:09,325 --> 00:57:11,127 INCREASED EXPONENTIALLY OVER THE 795 00:57:11,194 --> 00:57:12,929 LAST 30 YEARS FROM WHEN ELLEN 796 00:57:12,996 --> 00:57:14,063 JOINED THE FIELD. 797 00:57:14,130 --> 00:57:16,699 A GOOD QUESTION IS NOVEL, 798 00:57:16,766 --> 00:57:18,768 SIGNIFICANT AND CLEAR AND A 799 00:57:18,835 --> 00:57:19,769 GREAT RESEARCH QUESTION LEADS TO 800 00:57:19,836 --> 00:57:23,406 NEW DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH. 801 00:57:23,473 --> 00:57:24,674 ONE DIRECTION THAT ELLEN 802 00:57:24,741 --> 00:57:27,043 FOSTERED IN ME WAS THINKING 803 00:57:27,110 --> 00:57:31,247 DEEPLY ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP 804 00:57:31,314 --> 00:57:33,249 BETWEEN ANGER AND FEAR AND THIS 805 00:57:33,316 --> 00:57:35,552 GREW OUT OF A SERIES OF 806 00:57:35,618 --> 00:57:37,921 CONVERSATION KATERINA, ELLEN AND 807 00:57:37,987 --> 00:57:40,957 I HAD A DECADE AGO. 808 00:57:41,024 --> 00:57:42,592 WE W 809 00:57:42,659 --> 00:57:48,798 WE WERE TRYING TO DEVELOP A 810 00:57:48,865 --> 00:57:51,267 PATHOPHY 811 00:57:51,334 --> 00:57:56,739 PATHOPHYSIOL -- 812 00:57:56,806 --> 00:57:57,273 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL. 813 00:57:57,340 --> 00:58:00,743 YOU CAN SEE THE PRIMARY PREMISE 814 00:58:00,810 --> 00:58:02,912 OF DYSREGULATED EMOTION, 815 00:58:02,979 --> 00:58:06,516 ATTENTION INTERACTIONS AND 816 00:58:06,583 --> 00:58:08,484 SENSITIVITY TO THREAT AND THE 817 00:58:08,551 --> 00:58:10,854 PROMINENT ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA. 818 00:58:10,920 --> 00:58:15,258 AND HERE IS THE FINAL PRODUCT 819 00:58:15,325 --> 00:58:15,859 PUBLISHED IN THE AMERICAN 820 00:58:15,925 --> 00:58:18,895 JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN 2017. 821 00:58:18,962 --> 00:58:20,730 WITHOUT GETTING INTO TOO MANY OF 822 00:58:20,797 --> 00:58:23,132 THE DETAILS, AGAIN, I WANT TO 823 00:58:23,199 --> 00:58:32,408 HIGHLIGHT THIS BIT FOCUSSED ON 824 00:58:32,475 --> 00:58:36,746 ABERRANT THREAT IN YOUTH AND THE 825 00:58:36,813 --> 00:58:42,151 BRAIN REGIONS IN REWARD 826 00:58:42,218 --> 00:58:45,488 PROCESSING AND ABERRANT LET IT 827 00:58:45,555 --> 00:58:47,490 AND THIS STUCK WITH ME THE 828 00:58:47,557 --> 00:58:48,658 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REWARD AND 829 00:58:48,725 --> 00:58:52,195 THREAT AND HOW IMPAIRED REWARD 830 00:58:52,262 --> 00:58:53,329 PROCESSING, WHICH CAN MANIFEST 831 00:58:53,396 --> 00:58:56,299 AS ANGER AND IMPAIRED THREAT 832 00:58:56,366 --> 00:58:58,001 PROCESSING WHICH CAN MANIFEST AS 833 00:58:58,067 --> 00:58:58,201 FEAR. 834 00:58:58,268 --> 00:59:01,170 AND IT MADE ME WONDER, WHAT IF 835 00:59:01,237 --> 00:59:05,575 WE THOUGHT OF ANGER AND FEAR AS 836 00:59:05,642 --> 00:59:12,148 TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN. 837 00:59:12,215 --> 00:59:13,549 SO FROM A NEUROSCIENTIFIC 838 00:59:13,616 --> 00:59:15,285 PERSPECTIVE ANGER, LIKE FEAR IS 839 00:59:15,351 --> 00:59:17,654 A NORMATIVE RESPONSE BUT IT CAN 840 00:59:17,720 --> 00:59:21,758 BE MALADAPTIVE WHEN IT'S NOT 841 00:59:21,824 --> 00:59:24,527 FLEXIBLY DEPLOYED OR 842 00:59:24,594 --> 00:59:27,263 INAPPROPRIATE TO CONTEXT. 843 00:59:27,330 --> 00:59:30,533 BOTH ANGER AND FEAR ARE 844 00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:32,735 ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ANGER 845 00:59:32,802 --> 00:59:36,639 AROUSAL AND MEDIATED BY THE 846 00:59:36,706 --> 00:59:38,808 OVERLAPPING CIRCUITRY OR WHAT WE 847 00:59:38,875 --> 00:59:39,575 HAVE KNOWN AS FIGHT OR FLIGHT 848 00:59:39,642 --> 00:59:46,816 RESPONSE. 849 00:59:46,883 --> 00:59:48,751 ANGER AND FEAR ARE STIMULUS 850 00:59:48,818 --> 00:59:52,722 EVOKED EVENTS WITH A SPECIFIC 851 00:59:52,789 --> 00:59:55,258 TIME COURSE AND THERE ARE MANY 852 00:59:55,325 --> 00:59:59,562 CLINICAL S THAT LINK ANGER AND 853 00:59:59,629 --> 01:00:00,964 FEAR. 854 01:00:01,030 --> 01:00:02,932 WE KNOW THAT YOUTH WITH 855 01:00:02,999 --> 01:00:05,635 IRRITABILITY HAVE LOTS OF 856 01:00:05,702 --> 01:00:08,137 ANXIETY AND YOUTH WITH ANXIETY 857 01:00:08,204 --> 01:00:09,539 TEND TO PRESENT WITH 858 01:00:09,605 --> 01:00:11,074 IRRITABILITY PARTICULARLY WHEN 859 01:00:11,140 --> 01:00:12,608 THEY'RE ANXIOUS AND FROM MY 860 01:00:12,675 --> 01:00:14,844 TRAINING AS A CLINICAL 861 01:00:14,911 --> 01:00:16,379 PSYCHOLOGIST I WAS KEENLY AWARE 862 01:00:16,446 --> 01:00:18,982 OF THE EFFICACY OF EXPOSURE 863 01:00:19,048 --> 01:00:21,351 THERAPY FOR ANXIETY MEDIATED BY 864 01:00:21,417 --> 01:00:25,188 THE SAME OVERLAPPING BRAIN 865 01:00:25,254 --> 01:00:25,989 REGIONS. 866 01:00:26,055 --> 01:00:28,725 SO, WE KNOW THAT WHEN WE ENGAGE 867 01:00:28,791 --> 01:00:30,526 IN COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY 868 01:00:30,593 --> 01:00:34,263 IT NORMALIZES MANY OF THE BRAIN 869 01:00:34,330 --> 01:00:37,033 REGIONS THAT WERE IMPLICATED IN 870 01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:41,971 OUR PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL. 871 01:00:42,038 --> 01:00:43,973 I WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT TO TALK 872 01:00:44,040 --> 01:00:45,074 ABOUT EXPOSURE THERAPY. 873 01:00:45,141 --> 01:00:47,610 IT'S A BEHAVIORAL THERAPY 874 01:00:47,677 --> 01:00:48,644 TECHNIQUE SPECIFICALLY DESIGN 875 01:00:48,711 --> 01:00:51,948 FOR THE TREATMENT OF FEAR AND 876 01:00:52,015 --> 01:00:56,486 ANXIETY DISORDERS BASED ON 877 01:00:56,552 --> 01:00:58,788 NEUROSCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF 878 01:00:58,855 --> 01:00:59,322 EXTENSION. 879 01:00:59,389 --> 01:01:00,957 WE KNOW THE CIRCUIT INVOLVED IN 880 01:01:01,024 --> 01:01:03,226 REWARD AND THREAT PROCESSING AND 881 01:01:03,292 --> 01:01:04,861 SPECIFICALLY EXPOSURE THERAPY WE 882 01:01:04,927 --> 01:01:08,931 HAVE PATIENTS REPEATEDLY FACE AN 883 01:01:08,998 --> 01:01:11,734 OBJECT OR SITUATION THAT THEY 884 01:01:11,801 --> 01:01:13,202 PERCEIVE AS THREATENING. 885 01:01:13,269 --> 01:01:15,038 SO FOR EXAMPLE, AN INDIVIDUAL 886 01:01:15,104 --> 01:01:17,206 SAY A SPIDER PHOBIA WE MIGHT 887 01:01:17,273 --> 01:01:19,575 HAVE THEM FIRST LOOK AT A 888 01:01:19,642 --> 01:01:20,910 CARTOON RENDERING OF A SPIDER 889 01:01:20,977 --> 01:01:23,646 AND THEN WORK OUR WAY UP TO AN 890 01:01:23,713 --> 01:01:25,048 ACTUAL REALISTIC SPIDER. 891 01:01:25,114 --> 01:01:28,718 HAVE THEM WATCH A VIDEO OF A 892 01:01:28,785 --> 01:01:31,921 SPIDER AND THE TOP OF THE 893 01:01:31,988 --> 01:01:37,226 EXPOSURE HIERARCHY HANDLE A KNOB 894 01:01:37,293 --> 01:01:39,362 NON-DANGEROUS SPIDER IN VIVO, IN 895 01:01:39,429 --> 01:01:40,263 SESSION. 896 01:01:40,329 --> 01:01:43,699 WE'RE REPEATEDLY EXPOSING THEM 897 01:01:43,766 --> 01:01:45,902 TO THE THREATENING STIMULI BUT 898 01:01:45,968 --> 01:01:51,340 TEACHING THEM TO CHANGE THE 899 01:01:51,407 --> 01:01:52,742 MALADAPTIVE AVOID RESPONSES. 900 01:01:52,809 --> 01:01:55,178 AND GIVEN THE SIMILARITIES AND 901 01:01:55,244 --> 01:01:58,948 THE OVERLAPPING BRAIN REGION 902 01:01:59,015 --> 01:02:01,384 MEDIATING ANGER AND FEAR MADE ME 903 01:02:01,451 --> 01:02:02,685 WONDER IF EXPOSURE THERAPY MIGHT 904 01:02:02,752 --> 01:02:04,720 BE EFFECTIVE FOR THE TREATMENT 905 01:02:04,787 --> 01:02:06,722 OF IRRITABILITY. 906 01:02:06,789 --> 01:02:08,991 SO, INSTEAD OF CREATING A 907 01:02:09,058 --> 01:02:10,860 HIERARCHY OF FEAR INDUCING 908 01:02:10,927 --> 01:02:13,196 STIMULI LIKE WE DO WITH ANXIETY, 909 01:02:13,262 --> 01:02:16,599 WE WOULD CREATE A HIERARCHY OF 910 01:02:16,666 --> 01:02:17,867 ANGER-INDUCING STIMULI FOR YOUTH 911 01:02:17,934 --> 01:02:20,236 WITH IRRITABILITY. 912 01:02:20,303 --> 01:02:28,711 INSTEAD OF INHIBITING THE 913 01:02:28,778 --> 01:02:30,680 MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES WE 914 01:02:30,746 --> 01:02:33,382 APPROACH WHAT MAY BE 915 01:02:33,449 --> 01:02:35,618 OPERATIONALIZED AS SAY A TEMPER 916 01:02:35,685 --> 01:02:36,018 OUTBURST. 917 01:02:36,085 --> 01:02:39,355 WITH ELLEN'S GREAT SUPPORT THIS 918 01:02:39,422 --> 01:02:40,756 IS EXACTLY WHAT WE DID. 919 01:02:40,823 --> 01:02:43,526 WE OPERATIONALIZED AND CREATED 920 01:02:43,593 --> 01:02:45,528 AN EXPOSURE-BASED PSYCHO THERAPY 921 01:02:45,595 --> 01:02:49,765 FOR YOUTH WITH IRRITABILITY 922 01:02:49,832 --> 01:02:51,601 WHEREBY WE GRADUALLY EXPOSED THE 923 01:02:51,667 --> 01:02:54,003 INDIVIDUAL TO ANGER-INDUCING 924 01:02:54,070 --> 01:02:55,138 CUE. 925 01:02:55,204 --> 01:02:57,707 A CHILD I WORKED WITH EARLY ON 926 01:02:57,773 --> 01:03:00,743 WHO GOT ANGRY WHEN ASKED TO 927 01:03:00,810 --> 01:03:03,212 BRUSH HER TEETH WE EXPOSED HER 928 01:03:03,279 --> 01:03:05,548 TO A TOOTH BRUSH AND PUTTING IT 929 01:03:05,615 --> 01:03:08,718 ON HER TOOTH BRUSH AND BRUSHING 930 01:03:08,784 --> 01:03:09,819 HER TEETH. 931 01:03:09,886 --> 01:03:11,087 ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL GOT ANGRY 932 01:03:11,154 --> 01:03:15,191 WHEN HE WAS ASKED TO DO 933 01:03:15,258 --> 01:03:16,259 HOUSEHOLD CHORES AND SIT IN 934 01:03:16,325 --> 01:03:19,862 SESSION AND LOOK AT THE PILE OF 935 01:03:19,929 --> 01:03:20,730 LAUNDRY HIS PARENTS BROUGHT IN 936 01:03:20,796 --> 01:03:25,768 AND PRACTICE OVER AND OVER BEEN 937 01:03:25,835 --> 01:03:28,738 SORTING THE LAUNDRY AND TESTED 938 01:03:28,804 --> 01:03:30,840 THE EFFICACY IN A PAPER LAST 939 01:03:30,907 --> 01:03:31,207 MONTH. 940 01:03:31,274 --> 01:03:32,208 FOCUSSING ON THE CHILDREN 941 01:03:32,275 --> 01:03:35,144 PRESENTING WITH SEVERE AND 942 01:03:35,211 --> 01:03:38,247 IMPAIRING IRRITABILITY ELLEN 943 01:03:38,314 --> 01:03:39,382 OPERATIONALIZED USING THE DSM 944 01:03:39,448 --> 01:03:44,520 CRITERIA SHE CONTRIBUTED TO, WE 945 01:03:44,587 --> 01:03:45,254 RANDOMIZED CHILDREN TO 946 01:03:45,321 --> 01:03:46,722 EXPOSURE-BASED THERAPY. 947 01:03:46,789 --> 01:03:49,258 AND IN FACT IF YOU FOCUS ON THE 948 01:03:49,325 --> 01:03:52,361 MIDDLE PANEL, WE SAW THAT THE 949 01:03:52,428 --> 01:03:53,663 IRRITABILITY SIGNIFICANTLY 950 01:03:53,729 --> 01:03:56,732 DECREASED OVER THE COURSE OF 951 01:03:56,799 --> 01:03:58,534 TREATMENT. 952 01:03:58,601 --> 01:04:01,604 IF YOU LOOK AT THE FAR LEFT 953 01:04:01,671 --> 01:04:03,206 PANEL THE TREATMENT GAINS WERE 954 01:04:03,272 --> 01:04:03,773 MAINTAINED UP TO SIX MONTHS 955 01:04:03,839 --> 01:04:13,082 LATER. 956 01:04:13,149 --> 01:04:16,552 AT LEAST 65% WERE RECOVERED OR 957 01:04:16,619 --> 01:04:18,754 IMPROVED AND PARENTS AND 958 01:04:18,821 --> 01:04:20,656 CHILDREN REPORTED TANGIBLE 959 01:04:20,723 --> 01:04:25,661 CHANGES IN THEIR LIFE. 960 01:04:25,728 --> 01:04:33,402 ONE PARENT SAID THAT THEY CAN 961 01:04:33,469 --> 01:04:35,404 GO BACK TO WORK AND NOW TOLERATE 962 01:04:35,471 --> 01:04:39,308 MY ANGER LIKE A JEDI. 963 01:04:39,375 --> 01:04:43,613 WHAT ARE TAKE-HOME MESSAGES AND 964 01:04:43,679 --> 01:04:44,580 INTERIM CONCLUSIONS? 965 01:04:44,647 --> 01:04:49,752 WE CAN THINK OF ANXIETY AND 966 01:04:49,819 --> 01:04:53,356 IRRITABILITY AS STIMULUS TO HIGH 967 01:04:53,422 --> 01:04:54,957 AROUSAL STATES AND LOOK AT 968 01:04:55,024 --> 01:04:56,659 IRRITABILITY AND ALL THE 969 01:04:56,726 --> 01:04:59,395 CHILDREN TOLERATED THE EXPOSURE. 970 01:04:59,462 --> 01:05:00,863 NONE OF THE CHILDREN DROPPED OUT 971 01:05:00,930 --> 01:05:07,303 AND IT DEMONSTRATED PRELIMINARY 972 01:05:07,370 --> 01:05:08,337 EFFICACY. 973 01:05:08,404 --> 01:05:12,141 HOWEVER, WAS NO ACTIVE 974 01:05:12,208 --> 01:05:13,576 COMPARISON CONDITION INDICATING 975 01:05:13,643 --> 01:05:18,848 IT COULD BE DUE TO EXPECTANCY 976 01:05:18,914 --> 01:05:22,118 EFFECTS AND THE MECHANISMS 977 01:05:22,184 --> 01:05:24,186 MEDIATING THE IMPROVEMENT REMAIN 978 01:05:24,253 --> 01:05:25,087 UNKNOWN. 979 01:05:25,154 --> 01:05:27,390 ELLEN'S ORIGINAL QUESTION ASKING 980 01:05:27,456 --> 01:05:29,659 ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENTAL 981 01:05:29,725 --> 01:05:31,260 PRESENTATION OF BIPOLAR DISORDER 982 01:05:31,327 --> 01:05:35,364 IN YOUTH HAS NOW INSPIRED 983 01:05:35,431 --> 01:05:38,801 ANOTHER DECADE OF RESEARCH AND 984 01:05:38,868 --> 01:05:41,904 EXAMINING MECHANISMS OF EXPOSURE 985 01:05:41,971 --> 01:05:43,439 THERAPY FOR YOUTH WITH 986 01:05:43,506 --> 01:05:44,206 IRRITABILITY. 987 01:05:44,273 --> 01:05:45,975 WHAT WE'RE DOING NOW IS 988 01:05:46,042 --> 01:05:48,044 EXAMINING FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC 989 01:05:48,110 --> 01:05:51,147 RESONANCE IMAGING BEFORE AND 990 01:05:51,213 --> 01:05:53,316 AFTER EXPOSURE-BASED PSYCHO 991 01:05:53,382 --> 01:05:56,018 THERAPY FOR YOUTH WITH 992 01:05:56,085 --> 01:05:57,420 IRRITABILITY AND EXAMINING 993 01:05:57,486 --> 01:05:59,322 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT IS 994 01:05:59,388 --> 01:06:02,224 HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING 995 01:06:02,291 --> 01:06:03,392 THE ACTUAL EXPOSURE THERAPY 996 01:06:03,459 --> 01:06:07,963 SESSIONS. 997 01:06:08,030 --> 01:06:14,503 WE'RE MEASURING IRRITABLE MOVE 998 01:06:14,570 --> 01:06:17,573 AND OTHER BEHAVIORS USING MOBILE 999 01:06:17,640 --> 01:06:23,446 APPS WHEN THEIR AT HOME IN THEIR 1000 01:06:23,512 --> 01:06:25,681 EVERYDAY LIFE. 1001 01:06:25,748 --> 01:06:27,850 WE COMPARED PARENT MANAGEMENT 1002 01:06:27,917 --> 01:06:32,955 TRAINING WITH EXPOSURE THERAPY 1003 01:06:33,022 --> 01:06:43,332 WITH TWO MENTEES. 1004 01:06:45,434 --> 01:06:46,902 SHE TAUGHT ME HOW TO FORM GOOD 1005 01:06:46,969 --> 01:06:51,107 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND I WAS THE 1006 01:06:51,173 --> 01:06:51,974 BENEFICIARY OF HER GREAT 1007 01:06:52,041 --> 01:06:52,375 RESEARCH. 1008 01:06:52,441 --> 01:06:55,177 I WANT TO END WITH MY TOP FIVE 1009 01:06:55,244 --> 01:06:57,413 EL ENNEN -- 1010 01:07:01,183 --> 01:07:03,452 ELLEN 1011 01:07:03,519 --> 01:07:06,222 ELLENISMS, WORDS OF WISDOM SHE 1012 01:07:06,288 --> 01:07:08,724 SHARED OVER THE YEARS. 1013 01:07:08,791 --> 01:07:11,327 FIVE, THE PERFECT IS THE ENEMY 1014 01:07:11,394 --> 01:07:12,027 OF THE GOOD. 1015 01:07:12,094 --> 01:07:15,364 IN RESEARCH YOU CAN GET STUCK 1016 01:07:15,431 --> 01:07:17,800 AND LETTING GO CAN FACILITATE 1017 01:07:17,867 --> 01:07:19,268 MOVEMENT FORWARD. 1018 01:07:19,335 --> 01:07:24,240 NUMBER 4, SEPARATE THE WHEAT 1019 01:07:24,306 --> 01:07:32,148 FROM THE CHAF. 1020 01:07:32,214 --> 01:07:34,283 ELLEN CONTINUES TO DEMONSTRATE A 1021 01:07:34,350 --> 01:07:36,552 PROFOUND WAY OF DIFFERENTIATING 1022 01:07:36,619 --> 01:07:42,291 THE SUBSTANCE FROM THE NOISE. 1023 01:07:42,358 --> 01:07:45,728 TAKE THE LONG VIEW. 1024 01:07:45,795 --> 01:07:48,297 RESEARCH HAS MANY IN STEPS AND 1025 01:07:48,364 --> 01:07:51,967 MANY PEOPLE AND PERSONALITIES TO 1026 01:07:52,034 --> 01:07:54,236 IN THE INTERACT WITH. 1027 01:07:54,303 --> 01:07:59,208 WHEN IN DOUBT OF YOUR NEXT, STEP 1028 01:07:59,275 --> 01:08:01,076 BACK AND TAKE IT ALL IN AND TAKE 1029 01:08:01,143 --> 01:08:04,180 THE LONG VIEW. 1030 01:08:04,246 --> 01:08:08,150 NUMBER 2, THE MIDDLE IS 1031 01:08:08,217 --> 01:08:10,519 CONCEPTUALLY THE HARDEST PART. 1032 01:08:10,586 --> 01:08:15,124 THE F VALUE THE STAT AND DATA 1033 01:08:15,191 --> 01:08:16,125 CAN BE EASY. 1034 01:08:16,192 --> 01:08:18,794 THE OVER ALL GOAL CAN BE CLEAR 1035 01:08:18,861 --> 01:08:24,567 BUT LINKING THOSE TWO IS THE 1036 01:08:24,633 --> 01:08:25,000 HARDEST. 1037 01:08:25,067 --> 01:08:27,470 NUMBER ONE, CLEAR RIGHTING IS 1038 01:08:27,536 --> 01:08:29,738 CLEAR THINKING. 1039 01:08:29,805 --> 01:08:33,909 ELLEN WOULD ALWAYS HIGHLIGHT THE 1040 01:08:33,976 --> 01:08:36,011 CHALLENGES OF BREVITY. 1041 01:08:36,078 --> 01:08:39,148 TO DISTILL A MESSAGE TO ITS 1042 01:08:39,215 --> 01:08:39,348 CORE. 1043 01:08:39,415 --> 01:08:41,817 IS THE REMINDED ME THAT BEING 1044 01:08:41,884 --> 01:08:42,985 ACCURATE, CLEAR AND CONCISE CAN 1045 01:08:43,052 --> 01:08:46,155 BE HARD BUT THE ABILITY TO DO SO 1046 01:08:46,222 --> 01:08:46,856 CAPTURES THE ESSENCE OF WHAT'S 1047 01:08:46,922 --> 01:08:55,464 IMPORTANT. 1048 01:08:55,531 --> 01:08:59,235 AS I'VE WORKED WITH ELLEN 20 1049 01:08:59,301 --> 01:09:06,175 YEARS I WANT TO SHARE MY OWN 1050 01:09:06,242 --> 01:09:08,244 MENIAL IMAGE OF ELLEN. 1051 01:09:08,310 --> 01:09:14,416 I SAW HER AS A CONDUCTOR 1052 01:09:14,483 --> 01:09:15,684 COMPOSING MUSIC AND A COMPOSER 1053 01:09:15,751 --> 01:09:18,354 IS DYNAMIC AND PASSIONATE. 1054 01:09:18,420 --> 01:09:20,322 THEY COMPOSE AND CONDUCT AND 1055 01:09:20,389 --> 01:09:21,457 IT'S AT THE CORE OF THEIR LIVES 1056 01:09:21,524 --> 01:09:27,463 AND WHAT THEY LOVE TO DO A 1057 01:09:27,530 --> 01:09:28,831 CONDUCTOR IS COURAGEOUS AND 1058 01:09:28,898 --> 01:09:30,533 WILLING TO TAKE CALCULATED 1059 01:09:30,599 --> 01:09:30,733 RISKS. 1060 01:09:30,799 --> 01:09:38,807 A CONDUCTOR IS FOCUSSED THEY 1061 01:09:38,874 --> 01:09:44,747 KEEP THEIR EYE ON THE END AND 1062 01:09:44,813 --> 01:09:46,982 THEY EVOLVE WITH FRESH IDEAS 1063 01:09:47,049 --> 01:09:47,550 COMES EVOLUTION. 1064 01:09:47,616 --> 01:09:49,618 THEY'RE RESILIENT AND 1065 01:09:49,685 --> 01:09:49,952 PERSISTENT. 1066 01:09:50,019 --> 01:09:51,287 THEY LEARN FROM THEIR MISTAKES 1067 01:09:51,353 --> 01:09:55,624 AND CELEBRATE THEIR 1068 01:09:55,691 --> 01:09:55,958 ACHIEVEMENTS. 1069 01:09:56,025 --> 01:09:59,295 FINALLY, THEY INSPIRE NEW 1070 01:09:59,361 --> 01:09:59,862 COMPOSERS, CONDUCTORS AND 1071 01:09:59,929 --> 01:10:01,163 PERFORMERS AND MOST IMPORTANTLY 1072 01:10:01,230 --> 01:10:11,740 THE NEXT GENERATION OF MUSIC. 1073 01:10:12,675 --> 01:10:15,477 WITH THAT I WANT TO TAKE A 1074 01:10:15,544 --> 01:10:17,580 MOMENT TO THANK ELLEN FOR ALL 1075 01:10:17,646 --> 01:10:19,214 SHE'S DONE FOR ME PERSONALLY AND 1076 01:10:19,281 --> 01:10:21,817 IN MY CAREER AND THANK THE 1077 01:10:21,884 --> 01:10:26,855 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AND THE 1078 01:10:26,922 --> 01:10:29,758 EMOTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCH 1079 01:10:29,825 --> 01:10:30,826 AND MANY MANY OTHERS INCLUDING 1080 01:10:30,893 --> 01:10:32,394 THE CLINICIANS, RESEARCH 1081 01:10:32,461 --> 01:10:36,632 ASSISTANTS AND LASTLY THE 1082 01:10:36,699 --> 01:10:38,200 PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES FOR 1083 01:10:38,267 --> 01:10:39,101 ENGAGING AND SUPPORTING IN OUR 1084 01:10:39,168 --> 01:10:44,773 RESEARCH AND I LEFT A COUPLE 1085 01:10:44,840 --> 01:10:45,240 MOMENTS FOR QUESTION. 1086 01:10:45,307 --> 01:10:55,651 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1087 01:11:15,337 --> 01:11:15,604 [INAUDIBLE] 1088 01:11:15,671 --> 01:11:18,040 >> PATHOLOGICAL DEMAND 1089 01:11:18,107 --> 01:11:18,307 AVOIDANCE? 1090 01:11:18,374 --> 01:11:20,242 SAY MORE ABOUT THAT. 1091 01:11:20,309 --> 01:11:30,119 >> RIGOROUS LEVEL OF SCRUTINY OF 1092 01:11:30,185 --> 01:11:32,254 OFFICIAL DIAGNOSIS AND SEEING 1093 01:11:32,321 --> 01:11:35,290 THIS IN CHILDREN OFTEN 1094 01:11:35,357 --> 01:11:38,827 MISINTERPRETED AS AN 1095 01:11:38,894 --> 01:11:39,762 UNWILLINGNESS TO COOPERATE. 1096 01:11:39,828 --> 01:11:44,733 >> I'LL TRANSLATE AND IT'S A 1097 01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:48,070 VERY BIG THINK IN THE U.K. 1098 01:11:48,137 --> 01:11:50,205 THERE'S ARGUMENTS IT SHOULD BE 1099 01:11:50,272 --> 01:11:52,274 ENTERED IN THE NOSOLOGY. 1100 01:11:52,341 --> 01:11:53,976 IT'S BASICALLY KIDS -- YOU SEE 1101 01:11:54,043 --> 01:11:56,679 IT A LOT IN YOUR PATIENTS, WHO 1102 01:11:56,745 --> 01:11:58,947 TOTALLY LOSE IT WHEN YOU ASK 1103 01:11:59,014 --> 01:12:00,749 THEM TO DO SOMETHING AND PLACE 1104 01:12:00,816 --> 01:12:02,284 DEMANDS ON THEM AND ASK THEM TO 1105 01:12:02,351 --> 01:12:04,386 STOP USING A VIDEO GAME OR ASK 1106 01:12:04,453 --> 01:12:10,659 THEM TO SIT DOWN AT THE DINNER 1107 01:12:10,726 --> 01:12:16,532 TABLE AND THIS TERM IS USED IN 1108 01:12:16,598 --> 01:12:16,765 THE U.K. 1109 01:12:16,832 --> 01:12:19,134 ADULTS WHO EXPERIENCE IT AS 1110 01:12:19,201 --> 01:12:21,003 CHILDREN SAY THEY COULD NOT 1111 01:12:21,070 --> 01:12:21,970 CONTROL IT. 1112 01:12:22,037 --> 01:12:24,139 THEIR BRAIN WOULD NOT LET THEM 1113 01:12:24,206 --> 01:12:27,776 COMPLY WITH THE DIRECT REQUESTS. 1114 01:12:27,843 --> 01:12:29,611 >> I'M HEARING ABOUT THIS FOR 1115 01:12:29,678 --> 01:12:30,879 THE FIRST TIME AND HAVE 1116 01:12:30,946 --> 01:12:31,847 THOUGHTS. 1117 01:12:31,914 --> 01:12:41,790 I GUESS WHAT I WOULD SAY IS THAT 1118 01:12:41,857 --> 01:12:42,858 SEEMS CATEGORICAL. 1119 01:12:42,925 --> 01:12:46,695 YOU CAN OR CANNOT DO IT. 1120 01:12:46,762 --> 01:12:53,669 S A CLINICAL PATHOLOGIST THERE'S 1121 01:12:53,736 --> 01:12:59,641 POTENTIAL FOR INCREMENTAL 1122 01:12:59,708 --> 01:13:01,276 MOVEMENT FORWARD AND PARENTS 1123 01:13:01,343 --> 01:13:02,711 WOULD SAY TO KIDS I'M TREATING 1124 01:13:02,778 --> 01:13:07,816 DEMONSTRATE THIS AND I HAVE SEEN 1125 01:13:07,883 --> 01:13:11,353 MAUL GAINS AND MOVEMENT FORWARD. 1126 01:13:11,420 --> 01:13:21,964 I WOULD HESITATE TO SAY IT'S ONE 1127 01:13:22,931 --> 01:13:28,003 THING THAT COULD BE 1128 01:13:28,070 --> 01:13:32,975 CONCEPTUALIZED AND WE CAN MAKE 1129 01:13:33,041 --> 01:13:34,943 STRIDES FORWARD IN THE CONTEXT 1130 01:13:35,010 --> 01:13:35,477 OF SOMETHING THAT CAN BE 1131 01:13:35,544 --> 01:13:45,721 DIFFICULT. 1132 01:13:56,265 --> 01:13:58,967 >> JUST A FEW MORE THINGS BEFORE 1133 01:13:59,034 --> 01:14:02,437 WE HAVE THE LAST TALK. 1134 01:14:02,504 --> 01:14:04,940 SO WE'LL STOP AS SOON AS 1135 01:14:05,007 --> 01:14:08,710 DR. KIRKANSKI IS DONE TAKING 1136 01:14:08,777 --> 01:14:11,346 QUESTIONS HOWEVER LONG THAT 1137 01:14:11,413 --> 01:14:15,517 TAKES AND START AT 1:15 WITH A 1138 01:14:15,584 --> 01:14:17,853 RECORDED TALK THAT WILL START 1139 01:14:17,920 --> 01:14:19,855 EXACTLY AT 1:15. 1140 01:14:19,922 --> 01:14:24,159 SO OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS 1141 01:14:24,226 --> 01:14:32,401 DR. KATHERINA KIRKANSKI IN 1142 01:14:32,467 --> 01:14:33,969 EMOTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCH 1143 01:14:34,036 --> 01:14:38,674 AND INTERMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM 1144 01:14:38,740 --> 01:14:41,143 AND KATHERINA'S ANOTHER PERSON 1145 01:14:41,210 --> 01:14:44,646 WITH HER BEING HERE JUST WITH 1146 01:14:44,713 --> 01:14:46,915 HER PRESENCE AND THE THINGS 1147 01:14:46,982 --> 01:14:48,116 SHE'LL DESCRIBE MAKES A 1148 01:14:48,183 --> 01:14:49,484 WONDERFUL STATEMENT ABOUT 1149 01:14:49,551 --> 01:14:50,786 ASPECTS OF THE INTRAMURAL 1150 01:14:50,853 --> 01:14:51,220 PROGRAM. 1151 01:14:51,286 --> 01:14:58,360 SO LIKE MELISSA AND LIKE MYSELF, 1152 01:14:58,427 --> 01:15:00,495 KATHERINA'S QUALITIES EXEMPLIFY 1153 01:15:00,562 --> 01:15:02,497 THE MANY VALUES ELLEN HAS 1154 01:15:02,564 --> 01:15:03,866 EMPHASIZED THROUGHOUT HER 1155 01:15:03,932 --> 01:15:04,099 CAREER. 1156 01:15:04,166 --> 01:15:09,872 THE FOCUS ON PATIENTS, THE 1157 01:15:09,938 --> 01:15:15,143 LOGICAL CRITICAL THINKING AND 1158 01:15:15,210 --> 01:15:19,815 THE ABILITY TO WRITE. 1159 01:15:19,882 --> 01:15:22,217 KATHERINA IS AN AMAZINGLY 1160 01:15:22,284 --> 01:15:23,485 SKILLED WRITER AND WE'RE LUCKY 1161 01:15:23,552 --> 01:15:26,321 BECAUSE WE'RE GIVEN THE FREEDOM 1162 01:15:26,388 --> 01:15:27,556 TO BUILD GROUPS HAVE BOTH 1163 01:15:27,623 --> 01:15:29,925 SIMILAR QUALITIES LIKE THE ONES 1164 01:15:29,992 --> 01:15:33,595 I WAS JUST DESCRIBING BUT ALSO 1165 01:15:33,662 --> 01:15:39,568 BRINGS IN PEOPLE WITH UNIQUE 1166 01:15:39,635 --> 01:15:44,373 SKILLS SO THROUGHOUT THE GROUP 1167 01:15:44,439 --> 01:15:45,607 SHE HAS QUALITIES SHE SHARES 1168 01:15:45,674 --> 01:15:48,443 WITH ME AND ELLEN AND MELISSA 1169 01:15:48,510 --> 01:15:50,612 WITH UNUSUALLY STRONG 1170 01:15:50,679 --> 01:15:51,079 QUANTITATIVE SKILLS. 1171 01:15:51,146 --> 01:15:54,182 AND HER TALK IS GOING TO 1172 01:15:54,249 --> 01:15:56,652 ILLUSTRATE THAT AND I THINK IT'S 1173 01:15:56,718 --> 01:16:02,858 THROUGH SUPPORT AT PLACES LIKE 1174 01:16:02,925 --> 01:16:05,761 THE INTERMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM 1175 01:16:05,827 --> 01:16:08,096 WE BENEFIT FROM THE SKILLS SHE 1176 01:16:08,163 --> 01:16:08,764 HAS. 1177 01:16:08,830 --> 01:16:19,141 SO, KATHERINA. 1178 01:16:19,207 --> 01:16:21,143 >> THREW 1179 01:16:22,844 --> 01:16:28,750 >> THANK YOU FOR THE KIND 1180 01:16:28,817 --> 01:16:39,061 INTRODUCTION. 1181 01:16:43,365 --> 01:16:46,101 >> ALL RIGHT, SO LIKE OTHERS 1182 01:16:46,168 --> 01:16:48,737 I'LL START WITH AN OUTLINE TO 1183 01:16:48,804 --> 01:16:54,977 FRAME THE TALK AND REALLY FIRST 1184 01:16:55,043 --> 01:16:56,378 DEFINING THE PROBLEM SPACE. 1185 01:16:56,445 --> 01:16:58,814 ISSUE OFF CONUNDRUM OF 1186 01:16:58,880 --> 01:17:03,318 COMORBIDITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 1187 01:17:03,385 --> 01:17:06,888 AND TALK LATENT METHODS THAT 1188 01:17:06,955 --> 01:17:08,690 TACKLE THIS ISSUE AND HAVE THE 1189 01:17:08,757 --> 01:17:10,993 ABILITY TO PARS MECHANISMS IN 1190 01:17:11,059 --> 01:17:12,227 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND TALK ABOUT 1191 01:17:12,294 --> 01:17:14,029 TWO REPRESENTATIVE STUDIES IN 1192 01:17:14,096 --> 01:17:15,330 THE AREA THOUGH YOU'LL HEAR FROM 1193 01:17:15,397 --> 01:17:15,697 OTHERS. 1194 01:17:15,764 --> 01:17:18,533 THERE'S MANY MORE AND END WITH A 1195 01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:20,535 BIT OF A TWIST WITH SOME OF OUR 1196 01:17:20,602 --> 01:17:22,004 ONGOING AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 1197 01:17:22,070 --> 01:17:24,473 AND LIKE OTHER TALKS I'M GOING 1198 01:17:24,539 --> 01:17:26,575 TO LEAVE IN THROUGHOUT ELLEN'S 1199 01:17:26,641 --> 01:17:28,310 PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON ME AND ON 1200 01:17:28,377 --> 01:17:32,748 THE WORK THAT WE'VE DONE AND WE 1201 01:17:32,814 --> 01:17:39,554 CONTINUE TO DO. 1202 01:17:39,621 --> 01:17:45,527 SO, A HALLMARK IS THINKING ABOUT 1203 01:17:45,594 --> 01:17:47,696 THE CLINICAL AND PATIENTS 1204 01:17:47,763 --> 01:17:49,598 TYPICALLY PRESENT WITH MULTIPLE 1205 01:17:49,664 --> 01:17:52,034 TYPES OF CO-OCCURRING 1206 01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:52,734 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND 1207 01:17:52,801 --> 01:17:55,170 SYMPTOMS. 1208 01:17:55,237 --> 01:17:59,274 IT'S RARE YOU SEE ONE FORM OF 1209 01:17:59,341 --> 01:18:00,742 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ON ITS EN AND 1210 01:18:00,809 --> 01:18:02,110 HEAR ME TALK ABOUT SYMPTOM 1211 01:18:02,177 --> 01:18:05,447 DIMENSIONS OR DIMENSIONS OF 1212 01:18:05,514 --> 01:18:05,814 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1213 01:18:05,881 --> 01:18:10,085 UNTIL RECENTLY UNTIL THE PAST 10 1214 01:18:10,152 --> 01:18:11,820 OR 15 YEARS RESEARCH IN 1215 01:18:11,887 --> 01:18:13,688 PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 1216 01:18:13,755 --> 01:18:20,095 FOCUSSED ON SINGLE-TARGET 1217 01:18:20,162 --> 01:18:20,362 DIAGNOSES. 1218 01:18:20,429 --> 01:18:27,569 COMPARING INDIVIDUALS WITH ONE 1219 01:18:27,636 --> 01:18:33,842 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND THEY 1220 01:18:33,909 --> 01:18:35,243 DON'T TRACK WELL WITH UNDERGOING 1221 01:18:35,310 --> 01:18:37,079 BIOLOGY OR BEHAVIOR. 1222 01:18:37,145 --> 01:18:39,381 AND WITH THE RECOGNITION OF 1223 01:18:39,448 --> 01:18:40,348 COMORBIDITY AND THE CHALLENGES 1224 01:18:40,415 --> 01:18:43,418 IT BRINGS ON THE ONE HAND. 1225 01:18:43,485 --> 01:18:45,554 WITH PRECISION MEDICINE 1226 01:18:45,620 --> 01:18:47,556 APPROACHES TO OUR UNDERSTANDING 1227 01:18:47,622 --> 01:18:49,224 OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THE QUESTION 1228 01:18:49,291 --> 01:18:52,494 COMES HOW DO WE PARS MECHANISMS 1229 01:18:52,561 --> 01:18:53,662 OF WHAT ARE DISTINCT BUT 1230 01:18:53,728 --> 01:18:57,199 CORRELATED DIMENSIONS? 1231 01:18:57,265 --> 01:19:01,503 AND WHEN I CAME TO THE NIMHD IN 1232 01:19:01,570 --> 01:19:04,172 2015 TO WORK WITH ELLEN I WAS 1233 01:19:04,239 --> 01:19:06,641 FORTUNATE TO ENTER AT A TIME THE 1234 01:19:06,708 --> 01:19:09,044 RESEARCH WAS TAKING OFF. 1235 01:19:09,111 --> 01:19:11,980 I HAD, HAD ALREADY A 1236 01:19:12,047 --> 01:19:13,081 LONG-STANDING INTEREST IN WHY 1237 01:19:13,148 --> 01:19:16,184 MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS TEND 1238 01:19:16,251 --> 01:19:18,687 TO OCCUR BOTH IN YOUTH AND 1239 01:19:18,753 --> 01:19:19,254 ADULTS. 1240 01:19:19,321 --> 01:19:21,089 I HAD THE GREAT FORTUNE. 1241 01:19:21,156 --> 01:19:23,492 ELLEN WAS INVITED TO CONTRIBUTE 1242 01:19:23,558 --> 01:19:25,127 TO A SPECIAL ISSUE OF THE 1243 01:19:25,193 --> 01:19:28,063 JOURNAL OF EFFECTIVE DISORDERS 1244 01:19:28,130 --> 01:19:29,264 FOCUSSED ON THE NIMHD INITIATIVE 1245 01:19:29,331 --> 01:19:32,100 YOU MAY KNOW TACKLES 1246 01:19:32,167 --> 01:19:32,734 COMORBIDITIES AMONG OTHER 1247 01:19:32,801 --> 01:19:35,003 PROBLEMS BY ATTEMPTING TO 1248 01:19:35,070 --> 01:19:36,872 REDEFINE CONSTRUCTS FOR CLINICAL 1249 01:19:36,938 --> 01:19:37,139 RESEARCH. 1250 01:19:37,205 --> 01:19:39,574 I HAD THE GOOD FORTUNE TO START 1251 01:19:39,641 --> 01:19:42,644 TO WORK ON THE PROBLEM STRAIGHT 1252 01:19:42,711 --> 01:19:45,914 AWAY WITH ELLEN'S CLEAR MIND AS 1253 01:19:45,981 --> 01:19:47,082 PART OF THAT. 1254 01:19:47,149 --> 01:19:50,385 AND WHAT WE DECIDED TO DO WAS 1255 01:19:50,452 --> 01:19:52,487 USE SYMPTOM-DATA FROM ACROSS THE 1256 01:19:52,554 --> 01:19:53,855 ENTIRE MOTION AND DEVELOPMENT 1257 01:19:53,922 --> 01:19:54,422 BRANCH. 1258 01:19:54,489 --> 01:19:56,024 THESE ARE CHILDREN IN 1259 01:19:56,091 --> 01:19:59,127 ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY 1260 01:19:59,194 --> 01:20:00,762 DISORDERS, DISRUPTED MOOD 1261 01:20:00,829 --> 01:20:02,264 DYSREGULATION AND ADHD WHATEVER 1262 01:20:02,330 --> 01:20:04,366 WAS COMING IN THE BRANCH WE 1263 01:20:04,432 --> 01:20:05,333 THREW THE QUESTIONNAIRE DATA 1264 01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:08,336 INTO WHAT WE CALL A LATENT 1265 01:20:08,403 --> 01:20:10,739 PROFILE ANALYSIS TO LOOK AT HOW 1266 01:20:10,805 --> 01:20:14,476 SYMPTOMS IN OUR SAMPLE TENDED TO 1267 01:20:14,543 --> 01:20:16,011 CO-OCCUR WITH ONE ANOTHER AND 1268 01:20:16,077 --> 01:20:18,580 LOOK FROM A DATA-DRIVEN 1269 01:20:18,647 --> 01:20:20,348 PERSPECTIVE HOW MUCH ARE 1270 01:20:20,415 --> 01:20:22,050 SYMPTOMS SHOWING THE 1271 01:20:22,117 --> 01:20:23,418 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL QUALITY. 1272 01:20:23,485 --> 01:20:25,320 I WON'T GO INTO LOTS OF DETAIL 1273 01:20:25,387 --> 01:20:27,989 ABOUT THIS BUT THIS IS FROM A 1274 01:20:28,056 --> 01:20:28,924 LATENT PROFILE ANALYSIS. 1275 01:20:28,990 --> 01:20:33,628 THIS IS A LARGE SAMPLE OF YOUTH 1276 01:20:33,695 --> 01:20:34,963 OF DATA IN THE BRANCH. 1277 01:20:35,030 --> 01:20:37,332 WHAT YOU SEE ON THE X AXIS ARE 1278 01:20:37,399 --> 01:20:39,467 DIFFERENT SYMPTOM QUESTIONNAIRE. 1279 01:20:39,534 --> 01:20:41,937 WE HAVE IRRITABILITY MEASURES OR 1280 01:20:42,003 --> 01:20:44,773 THE LEFT SIDE, SCARED ANXIETY 1281 01:20:44,839 --> 01:20:45,840 MEASURES IN THE MIDDLE AND 1282 01:20:45,907 --> 01:20:48,343 DEPRESSION AS REPORTED BY THE 1283 01:20:48,410 --> 01:20:53,415 CHILD AND ADHD AS REPORTED BY 1284 01:20:53,481 --> 01:20:54,883 THE PARENT AND SINCE HAVE BEEFED 1285 01:20:54,950 --> 01:20:56,418 UP OUR ASSESSMENT AS A RESULT OF 1286 01:20:56,484 --> 01:20:57,519 SOME OF THE WORK. 1287 01:20:57,586 --> 01:21:00,222 AND WHAT YOU SEE AND THE Y AXIS 1288 01:21:00,288 --> 01:21:02,023 ARE STANDARDIZED SCORES FOR 1289 01:21:02,090 --> 01:21:04,759 DIFFERENT CLASSES OR PATTERNS 1290 01:21:04,826 --> 01:21:05,994 THAT EMERGED IN THE DATA-DRIVEN 1291 01:21:06,061 --> 01:21:06,928 APPROACH TO LOOKING AT THE 1292 01:21:06,995 --> 01:21:09,164 SYMPTOM DATA. 1293 01:21:09,231 --> 01:21:11,666 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE I'LL TRY TO 1294 01:21:11,733 --> 01:21:14,402 SPELL IT OUT A LITTLE BIT IS 1295 01:21:14,469 --> 01:21:17,205 ESSENTIALLY THE DATA ARE 1296 01:21:17,272 --> 01:21:19,541 INHERENTLY MULTI-DIMENSIONAL AND 1297 01:21:19,608 --> 01:21:22,077 FEW IF EVER OCCUR IN ISOLATION. 1298 01:21:22,143 --> 01:21:24,746 FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLASS DOWN HERE 1299 01:21:24,813 --> 01:21:27,082 WITH THE DASHED LINE YOU CAN SEE 1300 01:21:27,148 --> 01:21:29,050 THEY'VE GOT ANXIETY AND 1301 01:21:29,117 --> 01:21:29,618 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. 1302 01:21:29,684 --> 01:21:30,986 AGAIN, THIS IS WHAT THE DATA ARE 1303 01:21:31,052 --> 01:21:31,987 TELLING US. 1304 01:21:32,053 --> 01:21:33,488 WE HAVE ANOTHER CLASS THAT'S NOT 1305 01:21:33,555 --> 01:21:35,991 GOING TO BE A SURPRISE TO 1306 01:21:36,057 --> 01:21:37,659 CLINICIANS IN THE ROOM, HIGH 1307 01:21:37,726 --> 01:21:41,129 PARENT REPORTED IRRITABILITY AND 1308 01:21:41,196 --> 01:21:45,333 ADHD AND TWO OTHER CLASS SHOW 1309 01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:48,303 MORE MULTIDIMENSIONAL PATTERNS 1310 01:21:48,370 --> 01:21:50,872 SHOWING DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS. 1311 01:21:50,939 --> 01:21:52,741 YOU CAN APPRECIATE IF 1312 01:21:52,807 --> 01:21:54,776 TRADITIONAL RESEARCH LOOKED AT 1313 01:21:54,843 --> 01:21:56,544 SINGLE DIAGNOSIS OR SINGLE 1314 01:21:56,611 --> 01:22:02,884 DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN 1315 01:22:02,951 --> 01:22:05,487 ISOLATION WE'RE MISSING THE BIG 1316 01:22:05,553 --> 01:22:07,122 PICTURE AND THE MECHANISMS. 1317 01:22:07,188 --> 01:22:14,763 IT'S MORE THAN JUST A NUISANCE. 1318 01:22:14,829 --> 01:22:16,998 SYSTEM CO-OCCURRENCE RAISE 1319 01:22:17,065 --> 01:22:17,399 QUESTIONS. 1320 01:22:17,465 --> 01:22:20,068 IF SYMPTOMS TEND TO GO ALONG 1321 01:22:20,135 --> 01:22:21,503 TOGETHER AND SUGGEST THERE'S 1322 01:22:21,569 --> 01:22:24,539 PROBABLY COMMON PATHWAYS TO SOME 1323 01:22:24,606 --> 01:22:26,975 OR COMMON CORRELATES WE CAN TRY 1324 01:22:27,042 --> 01:22:27,742 TO LEVERAGE WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 1325 01:22:27,809 --> 01:22:37,986 TREATMENT. 1326 01:22:39,354 --> 01:22:46,261 AND OTHERS WILL TALK ABOUT WITH 1327 01:22:46,328 --> 01:22:50,031 JULIA LINKE AND I'LL GIVE A 1328 01:22:50,098 --> 01:22:52,500 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF METHODS TO 1329 01:22:52,567 --> 01:22:57,205 ATTACKAL -- TACKLE THIS AND THE 1330 01:22:57,272 --> 01:23:00,542 SYMPTOM SCORES WE OBTAIN ON 1331 01:23:00,608 --> 01:23:02,744 QUESTIONNAIRES TO ESTIMATE 1332 01:23:02,811 --> 01:23:04,746 PURPORTED THEORETICALLY 1333 01:23:04,813 --> 01:23:05,780 UNDERLYING CONSTRUCTS. 1334 01:23:05,847 --> 01:23:08,183 THE DATA OR THE CONSTRUCTS 1335 01:23:08,249 --> 01:23:10,618 THEMSELVES THE THINGS WE 1336 01:23:10,685 --> 01:23:12,087 CONSTRUCT THROUGH OUR 1337 01:23:12,153 --> 01:23:13,588 THEORETICAL AND STATISTICAL 1338 01:23:13,655 --> 01:23:13,822 MODELS. 1339 01:23:13,888 --> 01:23:16,458 ONE TYPE OF MODEL WE'VE BEEN 1340 01:23:16,524 --> 01:23:19,060 WORKING WITH THE PAST SEVERAL 1341 01:23:19,127 --> 01:23:22,564 YEARS OTHER HAVE AS WELL IS THE 1342 01:23:22,630 --> 01:23:24,966 BIFACTOR MODEL AND WELL SUITED 1343 01:23:25,033 --> 01:23:27,235 TO CORRELATED SYMPTOM DATA AND 1344 01:23:27,302 --> 01:23:30,004 SYMPTOMS THAT GO ALONG WITH ONE 1345 01:23:30,071 --> 01:23:32,540 ANOTHER FOR A COUPLE REASONS. 1346 01:23:32,607 --> 01:23:34,876 I'LL ILLUSTRATE THIS. 1347 01:23:34,943 --> 01:23:41,149 IT TAKES OBSERVED DATA AND SAYS 1348 01:23:41,216 --> 01:23:44,152 THERE'S TWO GENERAL SOURCES. 1349 01:23:44,219 --> 01:23:50,191 ONE IS A GENERAL FACTOR. 1350 01:23:50,258 --> 01:23:52,727 AND SCORING HIGHER VERSUS LOWER 1351 01:23:52,794 --> 01:23:54,396 AMONG THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1352 01:23:54,462 --> 01:23:56,731 THINGS WE ASSESS LIKE SYMPTOMS 1353 01:23:56,798 --> 01:23:59,801 AND THAT SEPARATES IT FROM 1354 01:23:59,868 --> 01:24:00,635 SYMPTOM-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY 1355 01:24:00,702 --> 01:24:02,470 THAT WOULD BE LIKE WHETHER YOU 1356 01:24:02,537 --> 01:24:04,839 SCORE HIGHER OR LOWER ON VERY 1357 01:24:04,906 --> 01:24:06,141 SPECIFIC TYPES OF SYMPTOMS. 1358 01:24:06,207 --> 01:24:06,674 I'LL ILLUSTRATE THIS IN A 1359 01:24:06,741 --> 01:24:14,516 MOMENT. 1360 01:24:14,582 --> 01:24:22,657 IN STUDY 1, WE USED A FACTOR 1361 01:24:22,724 --> 01:24:28,563 TO DISASSOCIATE AND IN STUDY 2 1362 01:24:28,630 --> 01:24:32,066 WE FIND INHIBITORY CONTROL 1363 01:24:32,133 --> 01:24:33,368 LINKED TO THE RESTING STATE OF 1364 01:24:33,435 --> 01:24:35,136 THE BRAIN IS A COMMON MECHANISM 1365 01:24:35,203 --> 01:24:42,343 ACROSS DIMENSIONS IN YOUTH 1366 01:24:42,410 --> 01:24:43,244 PSYCHOPATH 1367 01:24:43,311 --> 01:24:43,611 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1368 01:24:43,678 --> 01:24:49,784 THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY. 1369 01:24:49,851 --> 01:24:51,553 IRRITABILITY AND ANXIETY 1370 01:24:51,619 --> 01:24:52,187 SYMPTOMS FREQUENTLY GO TOGETHER 1371 01:24:52,253 --> 01:25:02,430 IN YOUTH. 1372 01:25:04,766 --> 01:25:08,436 THROUGH THE PRECISION AND 1373 01:25:08,503 --> 01:25:10,438 THINKING WE CRYSTALLIZED THIS TO 1374 01:25:10,505 --> 01:25:11,906 THINK IN HOW WE'RE THINKING 1375 01:25:11,973 --> 01:25:13,541 ABOUT THE SHARED VERSUS UNIQUE 1376 01:25:13,608 --> 01:25:13,808 FEATURES. 1377 01:25:13,875 --> 01:25:17,278 WHAT I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT HERE IS 1378 01:25:17,345 --> 01:25:19,514 IN THE VERY SCHEMATIC APPROACH, 1379 01:25:19,581 --> 01:25:21,583 ONE WAY OF THINKING ABOUT WHAT'S 1380 01:25:21,649 --> 01:25:23,852 IN COMMON BETWEEN IRRITABILITY 1381 01:25:23,918 --> 01:25:26,354 AND ANXIETY IS THIS OVER ALL 1382 01:25:26,421 --> 01:25:30,492 TENDENCY TOWARDS NEGATIVE AFFECT 1383 01:25:30,558 --> 01:25:32,927 RESPONSES TO STIMULI IN THE 1384 01:25:32,994 --> 01:25:33,628 ENVIRONMENT WHICH INCLUDE 1385 01:25:33,695 --> 01:25:34,996 THREATS OF COURSE. 1386 01:25:35,063 --> 01:25:36,865 THIS IS THE WORKING CONCEPTUAL 1387 01:25:36,931 --> 01:25:40,735 MODEL WE'LL APPLY IN A 1388 01:25:40,802 --> 01:25:41,402 QUANTITATIVE WAY WITH THE 1389 01:25:41,469 --> 01:25:42,604 BIFACTOR APPROACH. 1390 01:25:42,670 --> 01:25:44,272 THIS WAS FIT TO THE DATA. 1391 01:25:44,339 --> 01:25:45,840 NOW, THERE COULD BE A WHOLE TALK 1392 01:25:45,907 --> 01:25:48,309 IN AND OF ITSELF ON THE SLIDE 1393 01:25:48,376 --> 01:25:50,178 AND I'M NOT GOING TO DO THAT BUT 1394 01:25:50,245 --> 01:25:51,946 WHAT I'LL TRY TO DO IS GIVE AN 1395 01:25:52,013 --> 01:25:54,782 OVERVIEW OF WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING 1396 01:25:54,849 --> 01:25:54,949 AT. 1397 01:25:55,016 --> 01:25:59,120 SO IN THE MIDDLE HERE THE BOXES 1398 01:25:59,187 --> 01:26:00,755 ARE RED ARE PARENT AND YOUTH 1399 01:26:00,822 --> 01:26:07,328 RESPONSES ON THE REFLECTIVITY 1400 01:26:07,395 --> 01:26:08,763 INDEX THE MEASURE OF 1401 01:26:08,830 --> 01:26:10,965 IRRITABILITY IN KIDS AND BLUE IS 1402 01:26:11,032 --> 01:26:12,901 THE SCARED CHILD AND PARENT 1403 01:26:12,967 --> 01:26:13,167 RESPONSES. 1404 01:26:13,234 --> 01:26:16,638 SCARED OUR MOST COMMON MEASURES 1405 01:26:16,704 --> 01:26:19,741 OF CHILD ANXIETY. 1406 01:26:19,807 --> 01:26:21,876 ON THE RIGHT AS THIS CONVENTION 1407 01:26:21,943 --> 01:26:25,246 WE SHOWCASE AND ILLUSTRATE 1408 01:26:25,313 --> 01:26:28,149 CONSTRUCTS BY VIRTUE OF BEING IN 1409 01:26:28,216 --> 01:26:28,516 CIRCLES. 1410 01:26:28,583 --> 01:26:35,356 THIS IS OUR THEORETICALLY 1411 01:26:35,423 --> 01:26:37,592 CONSTRUCT CONNECTIVITY AND WHY 1412 01:26:37,659 --> 01:26:40,628 SOME FOLKS WOULD BE HIGHER 1413 01:26:40,695 --> 01:26:41,829 VERSUS LOWER ACROSS THE 1414 01:26:41,896 --> 01:26:42,096 SYMPTOMS. 1415 01:26:42,163 --> 01:26:45,099 YOU CAN SEE FROM THE 1416 01:26:45,166 --> 01:26:46,568 STANDARDIZED FACTOR LOADINGS 1417 01:26:46,634 --> 01:26:47,869 THEY'RE LOADED TO A GENERAL 1418 01:26:47,936 --> 01:26:48,236 FACTOR. 1419 01:26:48,303 --> 01:26:49,737 THERE WAS EVIDENCE FOR ALL 1420 01:26:49,804 --> 01:26:51,606 SYMPTOMS, IRRITABILITY AND 1421 01:26:51,673 --> 01:26:55,510 ANXIETY GOING TOGETHER. 1422 01:26:55,577 --> 01:26:56,678 NOW, THAT'S SEPARATABLE FROM 1423 01:26:56,744 --> 01:26:58,680 WHAT I CALL THE SPECIFIC 1424 01:26:58,746 --> 01:26:58,913 FACTORS. 1425 01:26:58,980 --> 01:27:03,217 ON THE BOTTOM LEFT YOU SEE AN 1426 01:27:03,284 --> 01:27:03,885 ANXIETY-SPECIFIC FACTOR WHICH 1427 01:27:03,952 --> 01:27:07,822 WAS DIFFERENT FROM THE NEGATIVE 1428 01:27:07,889 --> 01:27:14,495 AFFECTIVITY FACTOR AND THERE'S 1429 01:27:14,562 --> 01:27:16,731 ANXIETY-SPECIFIC VARIANTS NOT 1430 01:27:16,798 --> 01:27:22,837 CAPTURED WE COULD ESTIMATE AS 1431 01:27:22,904 --> 01:27:23,037 WELL. 1432 01:27:23,104 --> 01:27:24,672 THERE'S TWO IRRITABILITY 1433 01:27:24,739 --> 01:27:26,074 FACTORS. 1434 01:27:26,140 --> 01:27:30,044 WE TRIED TO FIT ONE AND AS ELLEN 1435 01:27:30,111 --> 01:27:33,615 KNOWS FROM HER RECENT WORK WE 1436 01:27:33,681 --> 01:27:39,988 CAN DO IT IN THE DATA SET AND WE 1437 01:27:40,054 --> 01:27:43,124 FIT SEPARATE PARENT AND 1438 01:27:43,191 --> 01:27:44,292 YOUTH-REPORTED IRRITABILITY. 1439 01:27:44,359 --> 01:27:46,394 I KNOW WE'RE HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT 1440 01:27:46,461 --> 01:27:48,730 THAT MORE IF THERE'S ANY 1441 01:27:48,796 --> 01:27:51,599 QUESTIONS. 1442 01:27:51,666 --> 01:27:58,306 AND WE EXTRACT THE SCORES AND 1443 01:27:58,373 --> 01:27:59,807 RELATE THEM TO THE BRAIN DATA 1444 01:27:59,874 --> 01:28:02,276 LIKE WE WOULD TYPICAL CLINICAL 1445 01:28:02,343 --> 01:28:05,413 DATA BUT THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS 1446 01:28:05,480 --> 01:28:07,849 TAKING THE LATENT SCORES WE 1447 01:28:07,915 --> 01:28:09,117 CONDUCTED STATISTICALLY AND USED 1448 01:28:09,183 --> 01:28:11,419 A WHOLE BRAIN APPROACH WE CAN 1449 01:28:11,486 --> 01:28:12,553 TALK ABOUT AS WELL. 1450 01:28:12,620 --> 01:28:16,524 NOW, WHAT ARE WE RELATING THESE 1451 01:28:16,591 --> 01:28:20,228 CONSTRUCTS TOO? 1452 01:28:20,294 --> 01:28:24,032 THREAT ORIENTING HAS BEEN A BIG 1453 01:28:24,098 --> 01:28:24,832 THRUST OF THE WORK. 1454 01:28:24,899 --> 01:28:27,335 THREAT ORIENTING IS A SPACE 1455 01:28:27,402 --> 01:28:29,303 WHERE IRRITABILITY SHOW 1456 01:28:29,370 --> 01:28:30,471 COMMONALITIES AND DIFFERENCES. 1457 01:28:30,538 --> 01:28:33,641 WE KNOW FROM THE BEHAVIORAL 1458 01:28:33,708 --> 01:28:36,744 RESEARCH IN GROUP YOUTH WITH 1459 01:28:36,811 --> 01:28:43,518 IRRITABILITY AND ANXIETY TEND TO 1460 01:28:43,584 --> 01:28:44,285 TEND THEIR ATTENTION LIKE FACES 1461 01:28:44,352 --> 01:28:46,354 AND YOU'LL SEE MORE OF THIS 1462 01:28:46,421 --> 01:28:47,955 APPROACH RESPONSE LIKE VERBAL 1463 01:28:48,022 --> 01:28:49,624 AND PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE 1464 01:28:49,691 --> 01:28:52,260 FACE OF THREAT WHEREAS ANXIETY 1465 01:28:52,326 --> 01:28:55,296 THERE'S MORE AVOIDANT RESPONSE. 1466 01:28:55,363 --> 01:28:57,899 THIS IS SHOW CAVING THE FMRI 1467 01:28:57,965 --> 01:29:02,704 TEST WE RELATED THE BIFACTOR 1468 01:29:02,770 --> 01:29:03,237 MODEL TO. 1469 01:29:03,304 --> 01:29:05,673 THIS IS WHAT MANY ARE FAMILIAR 1470 01:29:05,740 --> 01:29:08,009 WITH AND I WON'T GET TOO MUCH IN 1471 01:29:08,076 --> 01:29:09,610 THE DETAILS BUT TALK ABOUT HOW 1472 01:29:09,677 --> 01:29:11,479 IT ASSESSES THREAT. 1473 01:29:11,546 --> 01:29:13,448 A PARTICIPANT'S JOB IS TO 1474 01:29:13,514 --> 01:29:15,116 INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF THE 1475 01:29:15,183 --> 01:29:16,718 PROBES LEFT OR RIGHT. 1476 01:29:16,784 --> 01:29:22,590 OF COURSE THERE'S INCIDENTAL 1477 01:29:22,657 --> 01:29:26,360 MATERIAL PRESENTED ON THE SCREEN 1478 01:29:26,427 --> 01:29:29,997 ONE IS THE THREAT INCONGRUENT 1479 01:29:30,064 --> 01:29:31,299 CONDITION AND ONE IS AN ANGRY 1480 01:29:31,365 --> 01:29:35,470 FACE AND THEN A NEUTRAL FACE AND 1481 01:29:35,536 --> 01:29:40,108 IN THE THREAT INCONGRUENT TRIALS 1482 01:29:40,174 --> 01:29:42,944 YOU NEED TO SHIFT YOUR ATTENTION 1483 01:29:43,010 --> 01:29:44,545 TO COMPLETE THE TRIAL AS 1484 01:29:44,612 --> 01:29:45,513 EFFICIENTLY AS POSSIBLE AND 1485 01:29:45,580 --> 01:29:48,015 THINK OF IT AS THREAT 1486 01:29:48,082 --> 01:29:49,851 INCONGRUENT CONDITION AND 1487 01:29:49,917 --> 01:29:51,652 CONTRASTED WHERE THE PROBE IS 1488 01:29:51,719 --> 01:29:54,155 FOLLOWING A THREAT FACE. 1489 01:29:54,222 --> 01:29:57,592 THE FMRI ANALYSIS WE USE A TASK 1490 01:29:57,658 --> 01:30:01,829 CONTRAST OF WHAT ARE THE NEURAL 1491 01:30:01,896 --> 01:30:02,563 SUBSTRATES SHIFTING ATTENTION 1492 01:30:02,630 --> 01:30:04,031 AWAY FROM A THREAT VERSUS WHEN 1493 01:30:04,098 --> 01:30:04,966 THE ATTENTION WOULD HAVE BEEN ON 1494 01:30:05,032 --> 01:30:06,834 THE THREAT AND THAT WOULD HAVE 1495 01:30:06,901 --> 01:30:08,736 BEEN ABLE TO BE DONE MORE 1496 01:30:08,803 --> 01:30:09,036 EFFICIENTLY. 1497 01:30:09,103 --> 01:30:09,937 THIS IS THE TASK CONTRAST THAT 1498 01:30:10,004 --> 01:30:16,144 I'M SHOWCASING. 1499 01:30:16,210 --> 01:30:18,579 THERE'S TWO SETS OF FINDINGS 1500 01:30:18,646 --> 01:30:19,347 I'LL HIGHLIGHT. 1501 01:30:19,413 --> 01:30:21,082 WHEN IT COMES TO BOLD ACTIVITY 1502 01:30:21,149 --> 01:30:23,151 ON THE TASK, ALL THE ACTION WAS 1503 01:30:23,217 --> 01:30:24,986 IN THE SPACE OF IRRITABILITY. 1504 01:30:25,052 --> 01:30:28,422 IT WAS THE PARENT-REPORTED 1505 01:30:28,489 --> 01:30:30,491 IRRITABILITY FACTOR THAT 1506 01:30:30,558 --> 01:30:30,758 RELATED. 1507 01:30:30,825 --> 01:30:32,693 THIS IS A HIGHLIGHTING OF THE 1508 01:30:32,760 --> 01:30:34,996 REGIONS AND RELATED TO INCREASED 1509 01:30:35,062 --> 01:30:36,731 ACTIVITY ACROSS WIDESPREAD AREAS 1510 01:30:36,798 --> 01:30:40,134 OF THE BRAIN AND REGIONS KNOWN 1511 01:30:40,201 --> 01:30:46,674 TO MEDIATE ATTENTION OR MOTOR IN 1512 01:30:46,741 --> 01:30:50,711 THE FACE OF THE ABERRANT STIMULI 1513 01:30:50,778 --> 01:30:54,582 AND YOU CAN SEE HIGHER PARENT 1514 01:30:54,649 --> 01:30:55,683 REPORTED IRRITABILITY WHEN YOU 1515 01:30:55,750 --> 01:30:56,751 HAVE TO SHIFT YOUR ATTENTION 1516 01:30:56,818 --> 01:30:58,119 AWAY FROM A THREAT. 1517 01:30:58,186 --> 01:31:00,621 WE SEE HERE IN THE SCATTER NOT 1518 01:31:00,688 --> 01:31:11,232 THE RIGHT INSULA REGION AND THE 1519 01:31:11,566 --> 01:31:14,836 PARIETAL LOBULE AND THEY CAME 1520 01:31:14,902 --> 01:31:16,737 OUT AS WIDESPREAD AREAS OF THE 1521 01:31:16,804 --> 01:31:19,473 BRAIN AND THE INCREASED ACTIVITY 1522 01:31:19,540 --> 01:31:22,143 ACROSS DIFFERENT REGIONS 1523 01:31:22,210 --> 01:31:23,578 REFLECTS THE HEIGHTENED AROUSAL 1524 01:31:23,644 --> 01:31:27,114 THAT CAN BE RELATED TO 1525 01:31:27,181 --> 01:31:28,316 IRRITABILITY AND MIGHT MEDIATE 1526 01:31:28,382 --> 01:31:30,351 THE MALADAPTIVE APPROACH 1527 01:31:30,418 --> 01:31:35,489 BEHAVIOR IN THE FACE OF A DIRECT 1528 01:31:35,556 --> 01:31:35,723 THREAT. 1529 01:31:35,790 --> 01:31:37,225 INTERESTINGLY, ANXIETY WAS NOT 1530 01:31:37,291 --> 01:31:39,627 ASSOCIATED WITH ANY BRAIN 1531 01:31:39,694 --> 01:31:41,295 ACTIVITY IN THE TASK WHICH RUNS 1532 01:31:41,362 --> 01:31:45,600 COUNTER TO PAST WORK IN THE AREA 1533 01:31:45,666 --> 01:31:49,637 THAT DIDN'T USE THE BIFACTOR 1534 01:31:49,704 --> 01:31:57,378 APPROACH BUT LOOKED AT AMYGDALA 1535 01:31:57,445 --> 01:31:59,947 TASK AND WE LOOKED AT THE 1536 01:32:00,014 --> 01:32:01,616 AMYGDALA AND OTHER REGIONS OF 1537 01:32:01,682 --> 01:32:03,651 THE BRAIN AND HIGHER SCORES ON 1538 01:32:03,718 --> 01:32:06,621 THE ANXIETY FACTOR WERE 1539 01:32:06,687 --> 01:32:08,856 ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED 1540 01:32:08,923 --> 01:32:11,592 CONNECTIVITY WITH CORTICOLIMBIC 1541 01:32:11,659 --> 01:32:13,294 HUBS IN THE BRAIN. 1542 01:32:13,361 --> 01:32:14,862 HERE I'M HIGHLIGHTING THE 1543 01:32:14,929 --> 01:32:25,406 BILATERAL CINGULATE AND THE 1544 01:32:28,476 --> 01:32:28,809 BILATERAL THALAMUS. 1545 01:32:28,876 --> 01:32:31,412 IT MAY BE AND A SUBTLE PATTERN 1546 01:32:31,479 --> 01:32:33,681 OF THE ABERRATIONS ASSOCIATED 1547 01:32:33,748 --> 01:32:38,519 WITH ANXIETY TO THE MORE 1548 01:32:38,586 --> 01:32:41,756 WIDESPREAD CORRELATES OF 1549 01:32:41,822 --> 01:32:44,325 IRRITABILITY AND RELATED TO 1550 01:32:44,392 --> 01:32:46,227 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY DATA. 1551 01:32:46,294 --> 01:32:51,933 IN ESSENCE WHEN WE USE A 1552 01:32:51,999 --> 01:32:53,167 BIFACTOR MODEL THERE'S 1553 01:32:53,234 --> 01:33:00,741 A DISASSOCIATION OF BEHAVIOR 1554 01:33:00,808 --> 01:33:10,751 ACROSS IRRITABILITY AND ANXIETY. 1555 01:33:10,818 --> 01:33:11,552 AND THERE'S SYMPTOM SCORES IN 1556 01:33:11,619 --> 01:33:14,622 THE MODEL AND RELATED TO THE 1557 01:33:14,689 --> 01:33:15,056 BRAIN. 1558 01:33:15,122 --> 01:33:18,859 YOU DON'T SEE THESE ASSOCIATIONS 1559 01:33:18,926 --> 01:33:21,862 OR THE DOUBLED ASSOCIATE. 1560 01:33:21,929 --> 01:33:24,899 IT'S STRUCTURING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 1561 01:33:24,966 --> 01:33:27,435 THAT BRINGS OUT THE 1562 01:33:27,501 --> 01:33:27,768 DISTINCTIONS. 1563 01:33:27,835 --> 01:33:29,437 AND NOW I'M GOING TO TELL YOU 1564 01:33:29,503 --> 01:33:30,871 ABOUT A DIFFERENT STUDY WITH A 1565 01:33:30,938 --> 01:33:34,208 DIFFERENT CONCLUSION FOR STUDY 1566 01:33:34,275 --> 01:33:34,709 2. 1567 01:33:34,775 --> 01:33:36,110 THIS IS MORE HOT OFF THE PRESS 1568 01:33:36,177 --> 01:33:38,546 THAN THE ONE DANNY SHOWED WHERE 1569 01:33:38,612 --> 01:33:40,748 IT'S JUST ACCEPTED MAYBE LAST 1570 01:33:40,815 --> 01:33:42,817 WEEK AND HERE WE'RE LOOKING AT 1571 01:33:42,883 --> 01:33:46,921 INHIBITORY CONTROL AS A 1572 01:33:46,988 --> 01:33:48,723 CONSTRUCT OPPOSED TO THREAT 1573 01:33:48,789 --> 01:33:50,725 ORIENTING AND LOOK AT THE 1574 01:33:50,791 --> 01:33:53,561 GENERAL MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 1575 01:33:53,627 --> 01:34:00,267 AND HUGE SHOUT OUT TO A FORMER 1576 01:34:00,334 --> 01:34:02,536 POSTDOC NOW A PROFESSOR AT 1577 01:34:02,603 --> 01:34:06,407 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY WHO LED THE 1578 01:34:06,474 --> 01:34:14,615 WORK AND JULIA LINKE WHO 1579 01:34:14,682 --> 01:34:18,686 CONTRIBUTED A TON TO THE WORK. 1580 01:34:18,753 --> 01:34:20,254 INHIBITORY CONTROL IS THE 1581 01:34:20,321 --> 01:34:21,288 ABILITY TO STOP THE RESPONSE AND 1582 01:34:21,355 --> 01:34:23,290 STOP DOING WHAT YOU'RE DOING IN 1583 01:34:23,357 --> 01:34:27,495 THE MOMENT TO SHIFT OR ENGAGE 1584 01:34:27,561 --> 01:34:29,363 IN GOAL-ORIENTED BEHAVIOR. 1585 01:34:29,430 --> 01:34:34,802 WE KNOW FROM DECADES OF CHILD 1586 01:34:34,869 --> 01:34:36,303 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RESEARCH ADHD IN 1587 01:34:36,370 --> 01:34:38,172 KIDS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED 1588 01:34:38,239 --> 01:34:39,373 BEHAVIORALLY WITH DEFICITS AND 1589 01:34:39,440 --> 01:34:42,643 THE ABILITY TO DO THIS WHICH 1590 01:34:42,710 --> 01:34:44,779 ISN'T SURPRISING GIVEN THE 1591 01:34:44,845 --> 01:34:45,746 CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1592 01:34:45,813 --> 01:34:47,281 WE ALSO KNOW THERE'S SOME 1593 01:34:47,348 --> 01:34:49,183 SIGNALS FOR BOTH IRRITABILITY 1594 01:34:49,250 --> 01:34:51,886 AND ANXIETY IN RELATION TO 1595 01:34:51,952 --> 01:34:55,056 DIFFERENT FACETS OF INHIBITORY 1596 01:34:55,122 --> 01:34:55,756 CONTROL. 1597 01:34:55,823 --> 01:34:56,724 THE LITERATURE IS FAIRLY MIXED 1598 01:34:56,791 --> 01:34:58,793 AND HASN'T BEEN A STUDY OF 1599 01:34:58,859 --> 01:35:00,294 PUTTING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1600 01:35:00,361 --> 01:35:01,195 SYMPTOMS TOGETHER TO UNDERSTAND 1601 01:35:01,262 --> 01:35:04,698 WHETHER THIS MIGHT BE A COMMON 1602 01:35:04,765 --> 01:35:08,269 MECHANISM OR AGAIN MORE SPECIFIC 1603 01:35:08,335 --> 01:35:15,543 TO SAY ADHD OR EXTERNALIZING 1604 01:35:15,609 --> 01:35:16,243 BEL 1605 01:35:16,310 --> 01:35:16,510 BEHAVIOR. 1606 01:35:16,577 --> 01:35:17,711 WE WERE FORTUNATE IN THIS STUDY 1607 01:35:17,778 --> 01:35:20,147 TO DO WHAT IS HARD TO DO IN 1608 01:35:20,214 --> 01:35:20,915 OTHER SETTINGS. 1609 01:35:20,981 --> 01:35:23,851 PARTICIPANTS IN THIS STUDY AND 1610 01:35:23,918 --> 01:35:26,053 THIS WAS 246 PARTICIPANTS, NOT A 1611 01:35:26,120 --> 01:35:29,457 SMALL SAMPLE WHO DID UP TO FOUR 1612 01:35:29,523 --> 01:35:32,193 INHIBITORY CONTROL TASKS. 1613 01:35:32,259 --> 01:35:36,730 SOME PAINFULLY TEDIOUS LIKE EYE 1614 01:35:36,797 --> 01:35:44,105 TRACKING AND FLANKER TEST AND 1615 01:35:44,171 --> 01:35:49,176 OTHERS AND WE EXTRACT 1616 01:35:49,243 --> 01:35:59,487 PARTICIPA 1617 01:36:04,258 --> 01:36:07,728 PARTICIPANTS WE THINK POOLING 1618 01:36:07,795 --> 01:36:18,172 THE SHARED VARIANT CAN HELP IN 1619 01:36:18,239 --> 01:36:19,507 THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1620 01:36:19,573 --> 01:36:24,745 AND I SHOW THE DIAGRAMS BECAUSE 1621 01:36:24,812 --> 01:36:30,384 YOU'LL SEE THEM IN A BIGGER WAY. 1622 01:36:30,451 --> 01:36:32,720 THIS IS AN AREA WE'RE INVESTING 1623 01:36:32,786 --> 01:36:34,555 A LOT IN AND DOING THIS MORE 1624 01:36:34,622 --> 01:36:37,024 ROBUSTLY GOING FORWARD. 1625 01:36:37,091 --> 01:36:38,592 THESE ARE BEAUTIFUL DATA AND I 1626 01:36:38,659 --> 01:36:41,862 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT HERE THE 1627 01:36:41,929 --> 01:36:43,731 NETWORK -- THESE ARE NOTES USED 1628 01:36:43,797 --> 01:36:46,767 WITH THE DATA DRIVEN APPROACH A 1629 01:36:46,834 --> 01:36:48,469 GRAPH THEORY APPROACH TO 1630 01:36:48,536 --> 01:36:49,470 IDENTIFY DIFFERENT MODULES OR 1631 01:36:49,537 --> 01:36:51,172 SUB NETWORKS IN THE BRAIN. 1632 01:36:51,238 --> 01:36:55,209 IT'S THE RED NETWORK THAT 1633 01:36:55,276 --> 01:37:02,149 COMPRISES THE PARIETAL CONTROL 1634 01:37:02,216 --> 01:37:03,717 NETWORK IS THE NETWORK 1635 01:37:03,784 --> 01:37:06,520 IMPLICATED IN INHIBITORY 1636 01:37:06,587 --> 01:37:06,754 CONTROL. 1637 01:37:06,820 --> 01:37:08,822 ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE TOP 20% 1638 01:37:08,889 --> 01:37:11,692 OF CONNECTIONS WITHIN AND ACROSS 1639 01:37:11,759 --> 01:37:14,528 THE NETWORKS. 1640 01:37:14,595 --> 01:37:16,230 IT'S JUST MEANT AS A WAY TO 1641 01:37:16,297 --> 01:37:19,266 UNDERSTAND THE PATTERNS OF 1642 01:37:19,333 --> 01:37:21,735 CONNECTIVITY BEING MODELLED 1643 01:37:21,802 --> 01:37:21,936 HERE. 1644 01:37:22,002 --> 01:37:24,505 AND SO WHAT I'LL TALK ABOUT IS 1645 01:37:24,572 --> 01:37:27,074 HOW WE USE THIS RESTING STATE 1646 01:37:27,141 --> 01:37:29,777 DATA TO RELATE TO INHIBITORY 1647 01:37:29,843 --> 01:37:31,512 CONTROL AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1648 01:37:31,579 --> 01:37:33,614 WHAT WE EXTRACTED AS ONE MEASURE 1649 01:37:33,681 --> 01:37:38,619 AMONG MANY IN THE STUDY IS THE 1650 01:37:38,686 --> 01:37:39,954 GLOBAL EFFICIENCY OF THIS 1651 01:37:40,020 --> 01:37:42,523 FRONTAL PARIETAL CONTROL NETWORK 1652 01:37:42,590 --> 01:37:45,559 AND GLOBAL EFFICIENCY INDEXES 1653 01:37:45,626 --> 01:37:47,428 THE CAPACITY FOR PARALLEL 1654 01:37:47,494 --> 01:37:49,663 INFORMATION PROCESSING SORT OF 1655 01:37:49,730 --> 01:37:50,631 THE EFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION 1656 01:37:50,698 --> 01:37:52,900 PROCESSING WITHIN THE NETWORK. 1657 01:37:52,967 --> 01:37:55,269 WE HYPOTHESIZE INHIBITORY 1658 01:37:55,336 --> 01:37:57,004 CONTROL BEHAVIOR WOULD BE 1659 01:37:57,071 --> 01:37:57,571 ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED 1660 01:37:57,638 --> 01:37:59,740 EFFICIENCY OF THE NETWORK AND 1661 01:37:59,807 --> 01:38:03,711 THAT IN TURN WOULD RELATE TO 1662 01:38:03,777 --> 01:38:06,213 DECREASED VULNERABILITY WITH 1663 01:38:06,280 --> 01:38:06,580 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1664 01:38:06,647 --> 01:38:07,648 THIS IS A BIGGER MODEL I TALKED 1665 01:38:07,715 --> 01:38:08,282 ABOUT AND I'LL WALK YOU THROUGH 1666 01:38:08,349 --> 01:38:13,387 IT. 1667 01:38:13,454 --> 01:38:15,055 IN STUDY 1, THE MODEL FIT THE 1668 01:38:15,122 --> 01:38:15,789 DATA WELL. 1669 01:38:15,856 --> 01:38:18,859 WHAT WE SEE ON THE RIGHT IS ONCE 1670 01:38:18,926 --> 01:38:22,296 AGAIN A BIFACTOR APPROACH 1671 01:38:22,363 --> 01:38:25,833 MODELLING ADHD AND ANXIETY AND 1672 01:38:25,899 --> 01:38:29,003 IRRITABILITY AND WE ONLY USED 1673 01:38:29,069 --> 01:38:30,471 PARENT-REPORT DATA FOR THE 1674 01:38:30,537 --> 01:38:30,671 MODEL. 1675 01:38:30,738 --> 01:38:32,339 IT'S NOT A PERFECT EXTENSION OF 1676 01:38:32,406 --> 01:38:36,844 WHAT I SHOWED BEFORE AND THERE'S 1677 01:38:36,910 --> 01:38:38,379 REASONS I CAN TALK ABOUT AND THE 1678 01:38:38,445 --> 01:38:39,947 MODEL WE'RE ABLE TO FIT THE DATA 1679 01:38:40,014 --> 01:38:42,349 WELL AND THE OTHER THING THAT 1680 01:38:42,416 --> 01:38:43,884 WAS A SHOCK TO ME AS FAR AS 1681 01:38:43,951 --> 01:38:46,920 BEHAVIORS IS THE INHIBITORY 1682 01:38:46,987 --> 01:38:49,256 CONTROL ACTION FIT WELL. 1683 01:38:49,323 --> 01:38:50,891 BEHAVIOR ON ALL FOUR TASKS 1684 01:38:50,958 --> 01:38:54,328 LOADED SIGNIFICANTLY TO A COMMON 1685 01:38:54,395 --> 01:38:55,296 LATENT VARIABLE. 1686 01:38:55,362 --> 01:38:58,599 AND WE SEE HIGHLIGHTED IN 1687 01:38:58,666 --> 01:39:00,734 YELLOW, IT'S THE GENERAL FACTOR 1688 01:39:00,801 --> 01:39:11,312 AGAIN THE COMORBIDITY OR THE 1689 01:39:16,417 --> 01:39:19,720 CO-OCCURRENCE OF INHIBITORY 1690 01:39:19,787 --> 01:39:23,324 CONTROL SEEMS TO BE MORE HIGHLY 1691 01:39:23,390 --> 01:39:23,657 RELATED. 1692 01:39:23,724 --> 01:39:27,328 WITH BRAIN DATA WHAT'S MORE 1693 01:39:27,394 --> 01:39:29,630 SHOCKING IS IT RELATED TO THE 1694 01:39:29,697 --> 01:39:31,398 RESTING STATE OF THE BRAIN IN 1695 01:39:31,465 --> 01:39:36,737 THE REGIONS WE HYPOTHESIZED. 1696 01:39:36,804 --> 01:39:40,741 INCREASED EFFICIENCY HAS TO DO 1697 01:39:40,808 --> 01:39:42,376 WITH CONTROL SCORES AND DID 1698 01:39:42,443 --> 01:39:44,345 ANALYSES IN RESPONSE TO REVIEWS 1699 01:39:44,411 --> 01:39:46,747 AND SHOWED ALL THE OTHER COLORED 1700 01:39:46,814 --> 01:39:47,815 NETWORKS AS WELL AS THE WHOLE 1701 01:39:47,881 --> 01:39:49,350 BRAIN, NONE OF THAT IS RELATED 1702 01:39:49,416 --> 01:39:53,120 TO INHIBITORY CONTROL. 1703 01:39:53,187 --> 01:39:56,724 IT'S SPECIFIC TO THIS ONE 1704 01:39:56,790 --> 01:39:58,225 FRONTAL PARIETAL NETWORK 1705 01:39:58,292 --> 01:39:59,460 HOWEVER, THE BRAIN DOES NOT 1706 01:39:59,526 --> 01:40:02,062 RELATE TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THOUGH 1707 01:40:02,129 --> 01:40:06,200 IT RELATES TO INHIBITORY 1708 01:40:06,266 --> 01:40:06,433 CONTROL. 1709 01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:07,234 THAT'S AN AREA WE'RE INVESTING 1710 01:40:07,301 --> 01:40:09,737 IN TO TRY TO DO BETTER ABOUT OUR 1711 01:40:09,803 --> 01:40:11,071 MEASUREMENT AND SEE IF WE CAN 1712 01:40:11,138 --> 01:40:13,073 FIND MORE EVIDENCE FOR THE 1713 01:40:13,140 --> 01:40:15,109 BRAIN'S DIRECT RELATIONSHIPS 1714 01:40:15,175 --> 01:40:18,779 WITH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1715 01:40:18,846 --> 01:40:23,584 THE TAKEAWAYS HERE, BOTH 1716 01:40:23,650 --> 01:40:25,018 VARIABLES FIT WELL. 1717 01:40:25,085 --> 01:40:26,353 INHIBITORY CONTROL WAS RELATED 1718 01:40:26,420 --> 01:40:28,722 TO THE COMMON OR SHARED FACTOR 1719 01:40:28,789 --> 01:40:31,792 OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY NOT ANY ONE 1720 01:40:31,859 --> 01:40:34,094 TYPE OF SYMPTOM AND EVIDENCE IT 1721 01:40:34,161 --> 01:40:38,766 RELATES TO BRAIN FUNCTION IN THE 1722 01:40:38,832 --> 01:40:39,466 TRANS-DIAGNOSTIC YOUTH. 1723 01:40:39,533 --> 01:40:41,068 I START THE BEGINNING TALKING 1724 01:40:41,135 --> 01:40:44,638 ABOUT THE CHALLENGES OR 1725 01:40:44,705 --> 01:40:46,373 CONUNDRUM SYSTEM CO-OCCURRENCE 1726 01:40:46,440 --> 01:40:47,975 CREATES FOR CLINICAL SCIENCE AND 1727 01:40:48,041 --> 01:40:48,942 CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE BUT 1728 01:40:49,009 --> 01:40:51,311 HOPEFULLY WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT 1729 01:40:51,378 --> 01:40:52,546 ABOUT HOW THESE THEORETICALLY 1730 01:40:52,613 --> 01:40:54,214 INFORMED AND DATA-DRIVEN 1731 01:40:54,281 --> 01:40:57,718 APPROACHES CAN REALLY FIT THE 1732 01:40:57,785 --> 01:40:59,019 SYMPTOM STRUCTURE COMING AND 1733 01:40:59,086 --> 01:41:01,522 PRESENTING TO US INSTEAD OF 1734 01:41:01,588 --> 01:41:04,057 GOING IN WITH SINGLE DIAGNOSIS 1735 01:41:04,124 --> 01:41:05,292 OR STRAIGHT UP SYMPTOM SCORES. 1736 01:41:05,359 --> 01:41:11,298 THERE'S THING WE CAN DO TO MOELT 1737 01:41:11,365 --> 01:41:11,698 MOD 1738 01:41:11,765 --> 01:41:13,867 -- MODEL OF THE STRUCTURE WE 1739 01:41:13,934 --> 01:41:15,469 AND IN UNDERSTAND BETTER THE 1740 01:41:15,536 --> 01:41:16,503 SPECIFIC VERSUS COMMON 1741 01:41:16,570 --> 01:41:17,704 MECHANISMS MIGHT ONE DAY HELP US 1742 01:41:17,771 --> 01:41:20,507 BE ABLE TO TARGET THE TYPES OF 1743 01:41:20,574 --> 01:41:21,708 PRESENTATIONS THAT THE VARIETY 1744 01:41:21,775 --> 01:41:23,577 OF PRESENTATIONS THAT WE SEE 1745 01:41:23,644 --> 01:41:24,545 CLINICALLY IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND 1746 01:41:24,611 --> 01:41:26,613 THESE MECHANISMS IN A MORE 1747 01:41:26,680 --> 01:41:28,482 PRECISE WAY. 1748 01:41:28,549 --> 01:41:34,788 JUST TO RECAP, IRRITABILITY AND 1749 01:41:34,855 --> 01:41:36,557 ANXIETY HAD SPECIFIC BRAIN 1750 01:41:36,623 --> 01:41:37,558 CORRELATES THOUGH THEY UNDER LIE 1751 01:41:37,624 --> 01:41:41,595 THE SAME BEHAVIORS SEEING THE 1752 01:41:41,662 --> 01:41:43,997 SAME NEUROBASIS WERE DRIVING THE 1753 01:41:44,064 --> 01:41:46,066 SYSTEMS AND INHIBITORY CONTROL 1754 01:41:46,133 --> 01:41:48,735 LINKED TO THE RESTING STATE OF 1755 01:41:48,802 --> 01:41:54,341 THE BRAIN PRESENTED COMORBIDITY 1756 01:41:54,408 --> 01:41:56,510 OR CO-OCCURRENCE. 1757 01:41:56,577 --> 01:41:57,711 AND LAST FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 1758 01:41:57,778 --> 01:42:00,581 ONE OF THE HALLMARKS IS KNOWING 1759 01:42:00,647 --> 01:42:01,849 THE SOFT UNDER BELLY OF THE 1760 01:42:01,915 --> 01:42:05,886 RESEARCH BETTER THAN ANYONE 1761 01:42:05,953 --> 01:42:06,086 ELSE. 1762 01:42:06,153 --> 01:42:07,421 YOU MIGHT KNOW ABOUT SOME AND 1763 01:42:07,488 --> 01:42:09,523 TALK ABOUT THEM FOR HOURS IT 1764 01:42:09,590 --> 01:42:12,192 SEEMS AND HONESTLY IT'S ONE OF 1765 01:42:12,259 --> 01:42:14,094 THE MOST FUN THINGS TO DO 1766 01:42:14,161 --> 01:42:17,865 BECAUSE IT OPENS UP INTERESTING 1767 01:42:17,931 --> 01:42:18,532 OTHER DISCUSSIONS. 1768 01:42:18,599 --> 01:42:20,067 AND I FEEL LIKE I'VE PRESENTED 1769 01:42:20,133 --> 01:42:24,338 MYSELF AS SUCH A FAN OF THE 1770 01:42:24,404 --> 01:42:26,173 BIFACTOR MODEL WHICH I AM BUT I 1771 01:42:26,240 --> 01:42:27,774 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THERE'S 1772 01:42:27,841 --> 01:42:29,643 LIMITATIONS AND ANOTHER ONE IN 1773 01:42:29,710 --> 01:42:30,644 THE LITERATURE THERE'S ISSUES 1774 01:42:30,711 --> 01:42:35,649 ABOUT MODEL OVER FITTING. 1775 01:42:35,716 --> 01:42:39,786 THERE'S A LOT OF COMPELLING 1776 01:42:39,853 --> 01:42:44,758 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THINKING 1777 01:42:44,825 --> 01:42:50,163 ABOUT A SYMPTOM DIMENSION AND 1778 01:42:50,230 --> 01:42:51,698 CONSTRAINTS ON THE THINKING AND 1779 01:42:51,765 --> 01:42:52,733 WE'RE IN THE CONVERSATION OF 1780 01:42:52,799 --> 01:42:54,501 TRYING TO PUSH IT FORWARD AND I 1781 01:42:54,568 --> 01:42:55,802 VALUE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DO THAT 1782 01:42:55,869 --> 01:43:04,745 IN AN OPEN AND NON-JUDGEMENTAL 1783 01:43:04,811 --> 01:43:06,580 WAY AND ONE THING I'VE THOUGHT 1784 01:43:06,647 --> 01:43:08,715 ABOUT I'VE HAD THE OPPORTUNITY 1785 01:43:08,782 --> 01:43:12,119 TO CO-LEAD WITH KEN TOBIN AND 1786 01:43:12,185 --> 01:43:15,122 DANNY A GROUP WITH ADOLESCENT 1787 01:43:15,188 --> 01:43:19,326 DEPRESSION AND ONE STRIKING 1788 01:43:19,393 --> 01:43:20,894 FEATURE THERE THAT'S NO SURPRISE 1789 01:43:20,961 --> 01:43:23,196 IS THAT THE VAST MAJORITY, 99% 1790 01:43:23,263 --> 01:43:26,833 OF OUR CASES HAVE ANXIETY 1791 01:43:26,900 --> 01:43:28,735 DISORDERS AMONG OTHER 1792 01:43:28,802 --> 01:43:29,069 COMORBIDITIES. 1793 01:43:29,136 --> 01:43:30,771 SO THINKING ABOUT CLINICALLY HOW 1794 01:43:30,837 --> 01:43:32,739 TO THINK ABOUT THAT AND HOW TO 1795 01:43:32,806 --> 01:43:36,643 DEAL WITH THAT. 1796 01:43:36,710 --> 01:43:38,545 IN THINKING ABOUT THE 1797 01:43:38,612 --> 01:43:39,646 PERSPECTIVES, THE TWIST OR THE 1798 01:43:39,713 --> 01:43:42,983 WAY I'M TURNING THE QUESTION ON 1799 01:43:43,050 --> 01:43:44,418 ITS HEAD A LITTLE BIT IS RATHER 1800 01:43:44,484 --> 01:43:48,388 THAN THINKING OF IT AS A LATENT 1801 01:43:48,455 --> 01:43:50,557 CONSTRUCT LIKE THIS, WHAT IF WE 1802 01:43:50,624 --> 01:43:54,027 WERE TO THINK ABOUT IT LIKE A 1803 01:43:54,094 --> 01:43:57,698 BALL OF YARN AND AS LIVING 1804 01:43:57,764 --> 01:44:00,233 BREATHING, INTERCHANGING DYNAMIC 1805 01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:04,204 PROPERTIES AND WHEN WE THINK 1806 01:44:04,271 --> 01:44:07,274 ABOUT SYMPTOM CO-OCCURRENCE IT'S 1807 01:44:07,341 --> 01:44:08,241 INTERESTING TO THINK ABOUT 1808 01:44:08,308 --> 01:44:10,577 DIFFERENT STRANDS AND BALLS OF 1809 01:44:10,644 --> 01:44:13,246 YARN CAN BECOME INTERTWINED AND 1810 01:44:13,313 --> 01:44:15,449 ENTANGLED AND THAT'S MORE LIKE 1811 01:44:15,515 --> 01:44:16,717 WHAT WE THINK ABOUT CLINICALLY 1812 01:44:16,783 --> 01:44:18,518 WHEN WE SEE PATIENTS WE THINK 1813 01:44:18,585 --> 01:44:21,321 HOW DO THE SYSTEMS INTERACT 1814 01:44:21,388 --> 01:44:22,389 WITHIN INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE AND/OR 1815 01:44:22,456 --> 01:44:24,725 WORK IS HOW DO WE IN TANGLE SOME 1816 01:44:24,791 --> 01:44:34,935 OF THAT. 1817 01:44:35,268 --> 01:44:36,403 WE LOOK MORE AT SYMPTOM 1818 01:44:36,470 --> 01:44:39,306 INTERACTIONS AND HOW ANXIETY AND 1819 01:44:39,373 --> 01:44:40,741 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS INTERACT 1820 01:44:40,807 --> 01:44:46,480 WITH ONE ANOTHER AND AT THE 1821 01:44:46,546 --> 01:44:48,115 LEVEL OF SPECIFICITY WITH THE 1822 01:44:48,181 --> 01:44:50,017 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT AND 1823 01:44:50,083 --> 01:44:52,919 ADDITIONAL LAYER SPECIFICITY AND 1824 01:44:52,986 --> 01:44:54,554 DYNAMIC FACTOR ANALYSIS AND 1825 01:44:54,621 --> 01:44:56,723 TEMPORAL METHODS TO GET AT THE 1826 01:44:56,790 --> 01:44:57,557 NEW IDEAS. 1827 01:44:57,624 --> 01:44:59,660 SO ONE OF THE SPECIFIC 1828 01:44:59,726 --> 01:45:01,061 DIRECTIONS WE HAVE IS THINKING 1829 01:45:01,128 --> 01:45:02,896 ABOUT THE ANXIETY SYMPTOMS IN 1830 01:45:02,963 --> 01:45:05,232 OUR PATIENTS AS DRIVERS AS THE 1831 01:45:05,298 --> 01:45:07,801 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. 1832 01:45:07,868 --> 01:45:10,437 THESE THINGS INFLUENCE ONE 1833 01:45:10,504 --> 01:45:12,739 ANOTHER ONE OVER TIME. 1834 01:45:12,806 --> 01:45:15,709 LIKE MELISSA'S GROUP WE'RE DOING 1835 01:45:15,776 --> 01:45:19,046 INTENSIVE E.M.A. TO GET AT THIS 1836 01:45:19,112 --> 01:45:22,449 AND A NEW TASK IN COLLABORATION 1837 01:45:22,516 --> 01:45:25,218 THAT GETS AAVOIDANCE CONFLICT 1838 01:45:25,285 --> 01:45:27,254 AND HOW WE DEAL WITH THREAT AND 1839 01:45:27,320 --> 01:45:30,424 REWARD IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND 1840 01:45:30,490 --> 01:45:33,760 THEN WE HAVE TWO FABULOUS 1841 01:45:33,827 --> 01:45:34,594 CLINICIANS DOING 1842 01:45:34,661 --> 01:45:35,929 TRANS-DIAGNOSTIC ACROSS 1843 01:45:35,996 --> 01:45:38,265 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY C.B.T. 1844 01:45:38,331 --> 01:45:44,738 AND KEN AND I HAVE THE 1845 01:45:44,805 --> 01:45:47,674 OPPORTUNITY TO SUPERVISE THESE 1846 01:45:47,741 --> 01:45:49,109 AND TARGETING THE DEPRESSIVE 1847 01:45:49,176 --> 01:45:49,910 SYMPTOMS. 1848 01:45:49,976 --> 01:45:51,445 THAT'S WHERE WE'RE GOING BUT I 1849 01:45:51,511 --> 01:45:54,681 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT ONCE AGAIN, 1850 01:45:54,748 --> 01:45:56,316 ELLEN TOOK A HUGE LEAP OF FAITH 1851 01:45:56,383 --> 01:45:58,185 AND A TOOK A HUGE LEAP OF FAITH 1852 01:45:58,251 --> 01:45:58,585 COMING HERE. 1853 01:45:58,652 --> 01:46:00,721 OUR CONVERSATION IN OUR 1854 01:46:00,787 --> 01:46:02,222 INTERVIEW IS ONE OF THE MORE 1855 01:46:02,289 --> 01:46:04,491 SALIENT EXPERIENCES OF MY LIFE. 1856 01:46:04,558 --> 01:46:07,094 YOU KNOW HOW INTENSE IT WAS FOR 1857 01:46:07,160 --> 01:46:08,895 ME WE TALKED ABOUT A LOT. 1858 01:46:08,962 --> 01:46:11,865 PUSHING ME TO TAKE THAT NEXT 1859 01:46:11,932 --> 01:46:12,065 STEP. 1860 01:46:12,132 --> 01:46:14,034 I'D NEVER DONE NEUROIMAGING 1861 01:46:14,101 --> 01:46:16,203 BEFORE COMING HERE AND YOU 1862 01:46:16,269 --> 01:46:16,970 EXPRESSED THAT CONFIDENCE EVEN 1863 01:46:17,037 --> 01:46:19,005 WHEN I DIDN'T TO BE ABLE TO TAKE 1864 01:46:19,072 --> 01:46:21,575 THE NEXT STEP SO KNOWLEDGE OF 1865 01:46:21,641 --> 01:46:22,809 THIS IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT YOUR 1866 01:46:22,876 --> 01:46:24,211 INFLUENCE, YOUR SUPPORT, YOUR 1867 01:46:24,277 --> 01:46:26,580 THINKING, YOUR PARTNERSHIP AND 1868 01:46:26,646 --> 01:46:28,348 I'M SO EXCITED WE GET TO KEEP 1869 01:46:28,415 --> 01:46:28,715 DOING THIS. 1870 01:46:28,782 --> 01:46:39,092 THANKS VERY MUCH. 1871 01:46:39,493 --> 01:46:47,134 QUESTIONS? 1872 01:46:50,570 --> 01:46:51,838 >> THANK YOU FOR THE TALK, 1873 01:46:51,905 --> 01:46:54,107 DR. KIRKANSKI. 1874 01:46:54,174 --> 01:47:01,615 I WAS WONDERING ABOUT INHIBITORY 1875 01:47:01,681 --> 01:47:03,650 CONTROL AND THE GLOBAL 1876 01:47:03,717 --> 01:47:04,317 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FACTOR IF YOU 1877 01:47:04,384 --> 01:47:07,254 CAN GO BACK TO THAT SLIDE, 1878 01:47:07,320 --> 01:47:07,821 PLEASE. 1879 01:47:07,888 --> 01:47:09,022 >> SURE. 1880 01:47:09,089 --> 01:47:10,791 >> BY THE WAY I'M CHARLES. 1881 01:47:10,857 --> 01:47:17,697 SORRY TO BE SO FORMAL BUT I WAS 1882 01:47:17,764 --> 01:47:18,732 ENCOURAGED BY DANNY. 1883 01:47:18,799 --> 01:47:22,502 I WAS CURIOUS, SO WHEN I THINK 1884 01:47:22,569 --> 01:47:25,505 ABOUT THE CAUSATION BETWEEN 1885 01:47:25,572 --> 01:47:30,544 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR AND A THINK 1886 01:47:30,610 --> 01:47:32,012 LIKE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY I WOULD 1887 01:47:32,078 --> 01:47:37,651 USUALLY THINK THE BRAIN WOULD BE 1888 01:47:37,717 --> 01:47:39,286 WHAT'S DRIVING INHIBITORY 1889 01:47:39,352 --> 01:47:44,758 CONTROL WHICH IS THEN DRIVING A 1890 01:47:44,825 --> 01:47:45,826 BROADER SYMPTOM. 1891 01:47:45,892 --> 01:47:46,860 HAVE YOU TRIED FLIPPING THE 1892 01:47:46,927 --> 01:47:48,829 ORDER OF THE MEDIATION ANALYSIS 1893 01:47:48,895 --> 01:47:51,431 OR HOW INHIBITORY CONTROL MAY 1894 01:47:51,498 --> 01:47:54,334 ACT AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE 1895 01:47:54,401 --> 01:47:56,703 GLOBAL EFFICIENCY AND THE 1896 01:47:56,770 --> 01:47:57,204 GENERAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY? 1897 01:47:57,270 --> 01:48:00,307 >> 100% CORRECT. 1898 01:48:00,373 --> 01:48:09,149 FROM THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE, 1899 01:48:09,216 --> 01:48:10,784 FROM STARTING AT THE PLACE OF 1900 01:48:10,851 --> 01:48:14,487 KNOWING ALL PARTICIPANTS HAVE 1901 01:48:14,554 --> 01:48:15,856 INHIBITORY CONTROL DATA AND 1902 01:48:15,922 --> 01:48:17,290 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY WE WERE ALMOST 1903 01:48:17,357 --> 01:48:19,059 FORCED FROM A SAMPLE AND DESIGN 1904 01:48:19,125 --> 01:48:21,194 PERSPECTIVE TO DO IT THIS WAY 1905 01:48:21,261 --> 01:48:22,996 AND THIS IS THE THEORETICAL 1906 01:48:23,063 --> 01:48:23,263 APPROACH. 1907 01:48:23,330 --> 01:48:24,264 IT WOULDN'T HAVE MATTERED 1908 01:48:24,331 --> 01:48:27,334 BECAUSE THE PREDICTOR IN THE 1909 01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:28,902 CASE EVEN IF WERE THE BRAIN 1910 01:48:28,969 --> 01:48:33,840 WOULD NOT HAVE RELATED TO 1911 01:48:33,907 --> 01:48:35,008 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY BUT IN TERMS OF 1912 01:48:35,075 --> 01:48:37,143 THE FUTURE WORK WE WANT TO THINK 1913 01:48:37,210 --> 01:48:38,578 ABOUT IT THAT WAY. 1914 01:48:38,645 --> 01:48:49,122 IN THE CASE WE HAD TO DO IT 1915 01:48:58,164 --> 01:48:58,531 POST 1916 01:48:58,598 --> 01:48:58,798 POST-HOC. 1917 01:48:58,865 --> 01:49:02,903 >> DOES ANYONE ELSE HAVE 1918 01:49:02,969 --> 01:49:03,169 QUESTIONS? 1919 01:49:03,236 --> 01:49:05,071 >> IT WAS DONE AT A DIFFERENT 1920 01:49:05,138 --> 01:49:08,308 TIME FROM THE BEHAVIOR AND 1921 01:49:08,375 --> 01:49:10,410 PSYCHO PSYCH 1922 01:49:10,477 --> 01:49:11,177 JOE 1923 01:49:11,244 --> 01:49:11,578 PSYCHO PATHOLOGY. 1924 01:49:11,645 --> 01:49:15,382 IT'S NOT WHAT WE WOULD WANT 1925 01:49:15,448 --> 01:49:17,317 GOING FORWARD. 1926 01:49:17,384 --> 01:49:20,787 >> IF YOU DID REGRESSION BETWEEN 1927 01:49:20,854 --> 01:49:22,589 THE GLOBAL EFFICIENCY AND 1928 01:49:22,656 --> 01:49:27,761 GENERAL FACTOR TURNS OUT TO BE 1929 01:49:27,827 --> 01:49:29,496 SIMPLE THAT'S INTERESTING THE 1930 01:49:29,562 --> 01:49:33,433 GLOBAL EFFICIENCY IS PICKING UP 1931 01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:34,668 EVERYTHING THAT'S NOTED BETWEEN 1932 01:49:34,734 --> 01:49:36,636 INHIBITORY CONTROL AND GENERAL. 1933 01:49:36,703 --> 01:49:37,938 >> GOOD POINT. 1934 01:49:38,004 --> 01:49:39,172 WE SHOULD LIKE TALK MORE ABOUT 1935 01:49:39,239 --> 01:49:41,942 THAT FOR SURE BUT YOU'RE TOTALLY 1936 01:49:42,008 --> 01:49:42,409 RIGHT. 1937 01:49:42,475 --> 01:49:44,077 THERE'S OTHER WAYS -- OTHER 1938 01:49:44,144 --> 01:49:47,280 IMPLICATIONS THAT HAS. 1939 01:49:47,347 --> 01:49:48,715 WE HAVEN'T THOUGHT AS MUCH 1940 01:49:48,782 --> 01:49:48,915 ABOUT. 1941 01:49:48,982 --> 01:49:51,851 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1942 01:49:51,918 --> 01:50:02,462 >> RELATED TO THAT, THE DATA IS 1943 01:50:05,298 --> 01:50:07,567 PROBABLY STRONGER THAN THE 1944 01:50:07,634 --> 01:50:10,203 COGNITIVE DATA THAT YOU USUALLY 1945 01:50:10,270 --> 01:50:12,706 GET BUT IN THE DATA AND LARGE 1946 01:50:12,772 --> 01:50:15,408 DATA SETS LIKE ABCD. 1947 01:50:15,475 --> 01:50:17,911 THE COGNITIVE DATA TENDS TO 1948 01:50:17,978 --> 01:50:19,112 RELATE MORE STRONGLY TO THINGS 1949 01:50:19,179 --> 01:50:22,515 LIKE RESTING STATE. 1950 01:50:22,582 --> 01:50:25,352 >> RIGHT, VERSUS 1951 01:50:25,418 --> 01:50:25,719 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1952 01:50:25,785 --> 01:50:29,289 IT'S NOT AN ANOMALY IN THE 1953 01:50:29,356 --> 01:50:29,589 LITERATURE. 1954 01:50:29,656 --> 01:50:30,223 YOU'RE RIGHT. 1955 01:50:30,290 --> 01:50:32,625 >> I ALWAYS THOUGHT THAT RELATED 1956 01:50:32,692 --> 01:50:37,697 TO THE MESSY NATURE OF 1957 01:50:37,764 --> 01:50:38,098 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. 1958 01:50:38,164 --> 01:50:41,434 >> THEN, WHY WOULD IT BE IT'S 1959 01:50:41,501 --> 01:50:44,738 RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOR. 1960 01:50:44,804 --> 01:50:52,712 >> THERE ARE MORE PATHS TO THE 1961 01:50:52,779 --> 01:50:54,247 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MEASURES WAS MY 1962 01:50:54,314 --> 01:50:54,481 THOUGHT. 1963 01:50:54,547 --> 01:50:58,551 >> THAT MAKES SENSE. 1964 01:50:58,618 --> 01:51:01,154 OKAY. 1965 01:51:01,221 --> 01:51:03,323 SO, EVERYONE'S GOOD TO GO TO 1966 01:51:03,390 --> 01:51:03,656 LUNCH. 1967 01:51:03,723 --> 01:51:05,225 SEE YOU BACK AT 1:15. 1968 01:51:05,291 --> 01:51:09,162 SO, IN MANY WAYS THE TALKS FOR 1969 01:51:09,229 --> 01:51:11,965 THIS AFTERNOON WILL BE A NATURAL 1970 01:51:12,032 --> 01:51:14,200 PROGRESSION FROM SOME OF THE 1971 01:51:14,267 --> 01:51:17,170 TALKS THAT WE HEARD THIS 1972 01:51:17,237 --> 01:51:17,437 MORNING. 1973 01:51:17,504 --> 01:51:18,938 THIS MORNING THE TALKS ALL 1974 01:51:19,005 --> 01:51:22,742 INVOLVE PEOPLE WHO ARE ACTIVELY 1975 01:51:22,809 --> 01:51:27,814 INVOLVED IN WORK THAT'S ONGOING 1976 01:51:27,881 --> 01:51:29,416 AT THE INTERMURAL PROGRAM HERE 1977 01:51:29,482 --> 01:51:32,118 IN BETHESDA AND THIS AFTERNOON 1978 01:51:32,185 --> 01:51:34,587 WE'LL HEAR A SERIES OF TALKS 1979 01:51:34,654 --> 01:51:37,057 FROM A GROUP OF SPEAKERS WHO 1980 01:51:37,123 --> 01:51:38,858 HAVE VERY STRONG CONNECTIONS TO 1981 01:51:38,925 --> 01:51:42,729 THE IRB BUT ARE INVOLVED IN WORK 1982 01:51:42,796 --> 01:51:45,665 THAT IS PROCEEDING OFFSITE. 1983 01:51:45,732 --> 01:51:47,434 THE FIRST TALK IS GOING TO BE 1984 01:51:47,500 --> 01:51:51,371 FROM JULIA LINKE. 1985 01:51:51,438 --> 01:51:52,572 THIS TALK AS WELL AS ONE OF THE 1986 01:51:52,639 --> 01:51:55,575 OTHER TALKS IS GOING TO BE 1987 01:51:55,642 --> 01:51:55,842 RECORDED. 1988 01:51:55,909 --> 01:52:02,682 SO IT'S GONNA RUN AS SOON AS I 1989 01:52:02,749 --> 01:52:03,616 FINISH INTRODUCING JULIA AND 1990 01:52:03,683 --> 01:52:05,518 WON'T BE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1991 01:52:05,585 --> 01:52:10,557 FOR THAT TALK AS WELL AS THE 1992 01:52:10,623 --> 01:52:14,727 TALK FOR DR. STRINGARIS. 1993 01:52:14,794 --> 01:52:17,163 DR. LINKE IS A PROFESSOR FOR 1994 01:52:17,230 --> 01:52:22,635 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY. 1995 01:52:22,702 --> 01:52:29,676 THIS IS A NEW POSITION JULIA 1996 01:52:29,742 --> 01:52:34,481 RECENTLY START ED AND WE'RE ALL 1997 01:52:34,547 --> 01:52:37,450 THRILLED FOR WORK IN WORK AT THE 1998 01:52:37,517 --> 01:52:39,319 IRP AND BRIEFLY IN TEXAS AT THE 1999 01:52:39,385 --> 01:52:40,653 UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON. 2000 01:52:40,720 --> 01:52:44,724 LIKE MANY OF THE SPEAKERS FROM 2001 01:52:44,791 --> 01:52:52,866 THIS MORNING, JULIA SHARES A LOT 2002 01:52:52,932 --> 01:52:53,466 WITH THE GROUP. 2003 01:52:53,533 --> 01:52:55,635 HER PASSION, COMMITMENT AND 2004 01:52:55,702 --> 01:52:59,472 DIRECTNESS ARE ALL QUALITIES ALL 2005 01:52:59,539 --> 01:53:03,977 THE SPEAKERS THIS MORNING SHARE 2006 01:53:04,043 --> 01:53:07,046 THERE'S A COUPLE OF FEATURES OF 2007 01:53:07,113 --> 01:53:08,515 JULIA'S BACKGROUND IN HER WORK 2008 01:53:08,581 --> 01:53:14,187 BOTH AT THE NIMHD AND ALSO WORK 2009 01:53:14,254 --> 01:53:19,592 SHE'S PLANNING TO DO AND THE 2010 01:53:19,659 --> 01:53:21,895 GROUCH AT NIMHD BENEFIT FROM 2011 01:53:21,961 --> 01:53:22,428 THAT. 2012 01:53:22,495 --> 01:53:25,632 ONE IS JULIA IS PARTICULARLY 2013 01:53:25,698 --> 01:53:28,134 ADAPT AT DEALING WITH COMPLEX 2014 01:53:28,201 --> 01:53:28,334 DATA. 2015 01:53:28,401 --> 01:53:31,271 HEARD FROM ME AND FROM KATHERINA 2016 01:53:31,337 --> 01:53:36,776 ABOUT HER WORK USING GRAPH 2017 01:53:36,843 --> 01:53:37,343 THEORY. 2018 01:53:37,410 --> 01:53:40,847 SHE'S ALSO PARTICULARLY 2019 01:53:40,914 --> 01:53:42,382 PERSUASIVE IN THAT I THINK IT 2020 01:53:42,448 --> 01:53:44,884 SPEAKS TO HER ABILITY TO 2021 01:53:44,951 --> 01:53:46,553 CONVINCE US THAT THE WAY SHE'S 2022 01:53:46,619 --> 01:53:47,854 APPROACHING THINGS IS THE ARE 2023 01:53:47,921 --> 01:53:50,356 RIGHT WAY THAT A LOT OF US ARE 2024 01:53:50,423 --> 01:53:52,592 USING THE METHODS THAT SHE 2025 01:53:52,659 --> 01:53:53,459 BROUGHT HERE. 2026 01:53:53,526 --> 01:53:57,830 AND THEN I THINK OF A PAPER I 2027 01:53:57,897 --> 01:53:59,599 DID WITH JULIA AND ANDERSON 2028 01:53:59,666 --> 01:54:04,003 WINKLER THAT REMAINS ONE OF MY 2029 01:54:04,070 --> 01:54:09,209 FAVORITE PAPERS I'VE BEEN 2030 01:54:09,275 --> 01:54:11,978 INVOLVE WITH USING CANONICAL 2031 01:54:12,045 --> 01:54:13,012 ANALYSIS SHOWING HER ABILITY TO 2032 01:54:13,079 --> 01:54:15,982 PUSH THE FIELD IN A FORCEFUL WAY 2033 01:54:16,049 --> 01:54:17,584 MUCH IN THE WAY ELLEN HAS BEEN 2034 01:54:17,650 --> 01:54:18,585 ABLE TO DO. 2035 01:54:18,651 --> 01:54:24,357 I'M EXCITE TOED TO HEAR HER TAL 2036 01:54:24,424 --> 01:54:25,158 WHICH WILL END WITHOUT 2037 01:54:25,225 --> 01:54:25,425 QUESTIONS. 2038 01:54:25,491 --> 01:54:35,835 I THINK WE'RE READY. 2039 01:54:50,483 --> 01:54:52,452 >> I'VE BEEN A MENTEE OF ELLEN'S 2040 01:54:52,518 --> 01:54:55,755 SINCE 2017 WHEN I JOINED HER LAB 2041 01:54:55,822 --> 01:54:58,625 AS A POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW. 2042 01:54:58,691 --> 01:55:02,795 BEFORE I WILL SPEAK ABOUT THE 2043 01:55:02,862 --> 01:55:05,098 SCIENCE AND THE WORK I WILL 2044 01:55:05,164 --> 01:55:09,302 WOULD LIKE TO TAKE A FEW MOMENTS 2045 01:55:09,369 --> 01:55:11,838 TO TALK ABOUT MY EXPERIENCE 2046 01:55:11,904 --> 01:55:13,172 BEING A PART OF ELLEN'S RESEARCH 2047 01:55:13,239 --> 01:55:15,308 GROUP. 2048 01:55:15,375 --> 01:55:18,978 SO WHEN I INTERVIEWED FOR THE 2049 01:55:19,045 --> 01:55:20,513 POSITION, PEOPLE WERE LIKE SO 2050 01:55:20,580 --> 01:55:22,749 THAT YOU KNOW MENTORING IS A 2051 01:55:22,815 --> 01:55:24,784 REAL THING IN THIS LAB. 2052 01:55:24,851 --> 01:55:27,820 AT THIS MOMENT IN TIME I DID NOT 2053 01:55:27,887 --> 01:55:31,791 REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY WERE 2054 01:55:31,858 --> 01:55:34,394 TRYING TO TELL ME BECAUSE ALL I 2055 01:55:34,460 --> 01:55:38,831 HAD EXPERIENCED SO FAR ARE WHAT 2056 01:55:38,898 --> 01:55:42,435 I WOULD CALL QUEEN BEE KIND OF 2057 01:55:42,502 --> 01:55:43,503 LABS. 2058 01:55:43,569 --> 01:55:50,443 MEANING WHERE THAT THERE WERE 2059 01:55:50,510 --> 01:55:56,049 HIERARCHY AND MANY STRUGGLE BY 2060 01:55:56,115 --> 01:56:01,154 THEMSELVES TO BUILD THEIR CAREER 2061 01:56:01,220 --> 01:56:11,764 AND WORK FOR THE P.I. AND ELLEN 2062 01:56:13,499 --> 01:56:19,405 USED TO MEET WEEKLY WITH THE 2063 01:56:19,472 --> 01:56:23,276 POSTDOCS AND BEFORE THE TRAINING 2064 01:56:23,343 --> 01:56:25,144 DAY SHE WOULD ALWAYS TAKE TIME 2065 01:56:25,211 --> 01:56:27,580 TO CAREFULLY REVIEW POSTERS WITH 2066 01:56:27,647 --> 01:56:29,916 THEM AND ALWAYS EMPHASIZED 2067 01:56:29,982 --> 01:56:35,388 MENTORING IS NOT A ONE-WAY 2068 01:56:35,455 --> 01:56:40,760 STREET AND THAT SHE WOULD LEARN 2069 01:56:40,827 --> 01:56:44,997 A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT FROM US AND 2070 01:56:45,064 --> 01:56:47,700 IT GOT ME TO TRY MY BEST. 2071 01:56:47,767 --> 01:56:50,269 THIS ATTITUDE AT MENTORING 2072 01:56:50,336 --> 01:56:52,271 INSPIRED SOMETHING I WOULD CALL 2073 01:56:52,338 --> 01:56:56,042 IN LAB CROSS-MENTORING MEANING 2074 01:56:56,109 --> 01:56:59,479 THAT POSTDOCS WOULD NOT JUST 2075 01:56:59,545 --> 01:57:04,917 OVERSEE OR GIVE THEIR SCRIPTS TO 2076 01:57:04,984 --> 01:57:09,155 POSTDOCS YOU COULD MENTOR THEM 2077 01:57:09,222 --> 01:57:10,356 AND RESEARCHERS WOULD NOT JUST 2078 01:57:10,423 --> 01:57:12,358 DO STUFF FOR THE SENIOR PEOPLE 2079 01:57:12,425 --> 01:57:14,594 THEY WOULD LEARN FROM THEM AND 2080 01:57:14,660 --> 01:57:16,829 TO ME THIS WAY OF THINKING ABOUT 2081 01:57:16,896 --> 01:57:21,567 OUR DAY TO DAY INTERACTIONS OF 2082 01:57:21,634 --> 01:57:23,469 LOOKING THE THEM THROUGH THE 2083 01:57:23,536 --> 01:57:29,609 LENS OF MENTORING, REALLY MADE A 2084 01:57:29,675 --> 01:57:31,878 DIFFERENCE TO THE CULTURE OF THE 2085 01:57:31,944 --> 01:57:34,414 LAB AND I LIKED BEING A PART OF 2086 01:57:34,480 --> 01:57:38,584 ELLEN'S LAB. 2087 01:57:38,651 --> 01:57:42,188 I LOVED BEING PART OF ELLEN'S 2088 01:57:42,255 --> 01:57:42,755 LAB. 2089 01:57:42,822 --> 01:57:45,158 I HAVE SO MANY FOND MEMORIES. 2090 01:57:45,224 --> 01:57:47,794 ONE OF THEM BEING A CHORUS OF 20 2091 01:57:47,860 --> 01:57:50,997 OR MORE PEOPLE LOUDLY AND 2092 01:57:51,063 --> 01:57:53,166 SURPRISINGLY WELL SING HAPPY 2093 01:57:53,232 --> 01:57:55,168 BIRTHDAY TO EVERYONE AT THE LAB 2094 01:57:55,234 --> 01:57:56,903 MEETINGS OR HOW WE WOULD GATHER 2095 01:57:56,969 --> 01:57:59,939 AT ELLEN'S HOUSE TO CELEBRATE 2096 01:58:00,006 --> 01:58:02,375 THE GRADUATES AND NOT JUST TALK 2097 01:58:02,442 --> 01:58:04,844 ABOUT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AND 2098 01:58:04,911 --> 01:58:06,979 CELEBRATE THEM FOR THEIR 2099 01:58:07,046 --> 01:58:12,218 UNIQUENESS AND SUPER POWERS. 2100 01:58:12,285 --> 01:58:14,387 AND ALSO THE SUPPORT WE WOULD 2101 01:58:14,454 --> 01:58:17,590 GATHER TO PRACTICE OF JOB TALKS 2102 01:58:17,657 --> 01:58:18,591 OR CHALK TALKS. 2103 01:58:18,658 --> 01:58:20,693 I THINK YOU GET WHAT I'M TRYING 2104 01:58:20,760 --> 01:58:22,528 TO SAY. 2105 01:58:22,595 --> 01:58:24,464 MENTORING IS A GREAT THING, A 2106 01:58:24,530 --> 01:58:27,967 GREAT MIND SET BUT HOW CAN WE 2107 01:58:28,034 --> 01:58:33,739 ACCOUNT REALLY GOOD MENTORS. 2108 01:58:33,806 --> 01:58:38,811 WE CAN GOOGLE AND I WOULD ARGUE 2109 01:58:38,878 --> 01:58:40,880 THAT ELLEN HAS DONE ALL THESE 2110 01:58:40,947 --> 01:58:45,151 THINGS AS A MENTOR BUT A FEW 2111 01:58:45,218 --> 01:58:48,454 THINGS REALLY STOOD OUT TO ME. 2112 01:58:48,521 --> 01:58:50,523 ONE OF THEM -- AND I GUESS 2113 01:58:50,590 --> 01:58:52,291 EVERYONE WHO'S EVER WORKED WITH 2114 01:58:52,358 --> 01:58:57,029 ELLEN PROBABLY AGREES ON THIS, 2115 01:58:57,096 --> 01:58:58,564 SHE ASKS SHARP AND GOOD 2116 01:58:58,631 --> 01:59:02,735 QUESTIONS SHE HAS A WAY OF 2117 01:59:02,802 --> 01:59:04,437 IDENTIFYING ONE THING IN YOUR 2118 01:59:04,504 --> 01:59:05,505 SIGNS YOU THOUGHT THROUGH THAT 2119 01:59:05,571 --> 01:59:08,841 ARE NOT SO CLEAR AND HELPS 2120 01:59:08,908 --> 01:59:09,809 IMPROVE YOUR SCIENCE. 2121 01:59:09,876 --> 01:59:12,612 SHE'S PASSIONATE ABOUT HELPING 2122 01:59:12,678 --> 01:59:17,149 OTHERS AND I THINK ONE WAY THAT 2123 01:59:17,216 --> 01:59:18,918 REALLY SHOWS IS THE SPEED WITH 2124 01:59:18,985 --> 01:59:24,290 WHICH SHE RESPONDS TO REQUESTS 2125 01:59:24,357 --> 01:59:27,527 AND RECOMMENDATION LETTER OR FOR 2126 01:59:27,593 --> 01:59:34,233 A MANUSCRIPT SHE USUALLY GETS TO 2127 01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:36,369 WITHIN 24 HOURS WHICH BLOWS MY 2128 01:59:36,435 --> 01:59:36,569 MIND. 2129 01:59:36,636 --> 01:59:39,105 I ALSO REALLY APPRECIATED HOW 2130 01:59:39,171 --> 01:59:43,075 OPEN SHE WOULD SPEAK ABOUT HER 2131 01:59:43,142 --> 01:59:47,380 EXPERIENCE AS A WOMAN IN 2132 01:59:47,446 --> 01:59:47,613 SCIENCE. 2133 01:59:47,680 --> 01:59:52,685 IT HELPED AND OTHER WOMEN 2134 01:59:52,752 --> 01:59:53,553 RESEARCHERS STRUGGLING WITH SOME 2135 01:59:53,619 --> 02:00:00,493 ASPECT OF THE ACADEMIC SYSTEM. 2136 02:00:00,560 --> 02:00:04,063 SHE ALSO CARED ABOUT ME. 2137 02:00:04,130 --> 02:00:06,966 ABOUT ALL HER MENTEES ON A 2138 02:00:07,033 --> 02:00:12,638 PERSONAL LEVEL AND RESEARCH HAS 2139 02:00:12,705 --> 02:00:23,382 BEEN INVEST ED AND THIS ENABLED 2140 02:00:34,427 --> 02:00:44,904 SOME OF THE GREAT SCIENCE THAT 2141 02:00:45,271 --> 02:00:48,975 HER ACHIEVEMENTS AND PREBLY 2142 02:00:49,041 --> 02:00:49,275 BASKETBALL 2143 02:00:52,345 --> 02:00:56,148 AND HER ROLE IN THE EMERGENCE IN 2144 02:00:56,215 --> 02:00:58,684 THE FIELD OF IRRITABILITY WHICH 2145 02:00:58,751 --> 02:01:01,454 IS A COMMON AND IMPAIRING 2146 02:01:01,520 --> 02:01:02,989 PROBLEM IN YOUTH THAT'S UNDER 2147 02:01:03,055 --> 02:01:06,759 STUDIED AND HER GROUP DEFINED AS 2148 02:01:06,826 --> 02:01:09,929 AN INCREASED PRONENESS TO ANGER 2149 02:01:09,996 --> 02:01:15,001 RELATIVE TO ONE'S PEERS. 2150 02:01:15,067 --> 02:01:16,969 A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF 2151 02:01:17,036 --> 02:01:18,337 IRRITABILITY RESEARCH HAS 2152 02:01:18,404 --> 02:01:23,476 EMERGED FROM ELLEN'S LAB OR HAS 2153 02:01:23,542 --> 02:01:25,277 BEEN WITH CLOSE COLLABORATORS OF 2154 02:01:25,344 --> 02:01:35,721 ELLEN FOR A LONG TIME. 2155 02:01:36,122 --> 02:01:38,224 ONE OF THE QUESTIONS IS HOW TO 2156 02:01:38,290 --> 02:01:42,294 UNDERSTAND IRRITABILITY IN YOUR 2157 02:01:42,361 --> 02:01:45,498 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER FORMS OF 2158 02:01:45,564 --> 02:01:48,000 YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IT OFTEN 2159 02:01:48,067 --> 02:01:53,039 CO-OCCURS WITH INATTENTION, 2160 02:01:53,105 --> 02:01:54,874 HYPERACTIVITY, ANXIETY AND SINCE 2161 02:01:54,940 --> 02:01:57,543 THIS IS ALL HAPPENING TOGETHER, 2162 02:01:57,610 --> 02:02:00,246 HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY MECHANISMS 2163 02:02:00,312 --> 02:02:05,117 THAT ARE UNIQUE, FOR EXAMPLE, TO 2164 02:02:05,184 --> 02:02:07,853 IRRITABILITY OR TRULY SHARED 2165 02:02:07,920 --> 02:02:11,490 BETWEEN IRRITABILITY OF OTHER 2166 02:02:11,557 --> 02:02:12,324 PHENOTYPES. 2167 02:02:12,391 --> 02:02:17,797 AND GIVEN ALL THESE REPORTS 2168 02:02:17,863 --> 02:02:20,533 ABOUT NON-REPLICABLE FINDINGS 2169 02:02:20,599 --> 02:02:22,301 AND WE NEED HUNDREDS OF 2170 02:02:22,368 --> 02:02:24,503 THOUSANDS OF PARTICIPANTS TO 2171 02:02:24,570 --> 02:02:27,440 FIND BIOMARKERS, I THINK 2172 02:02:27,506 --> 02:02:28,641 PHENOTYPING IS STILL CRUCIAL AND 2173 02:02:28,708 --> 02:02:34,947 SOMETHING WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 2174 02:02:35,014 --> 02:02:45,991 MORE DEEP DEEPLY TO USE OUR RESS 2175 02:02:55,234 --> 02:02:58,571 WELL AND TOOK MANY MY GROUP IN 2176 02:02:58,637 --> 02:03:00,272 GERMANY AND MORE IN THE SCIENCE 2177 02:03:00,339 --> 02:03:03,776 DEPARTMENT NOW BEFORE I HAD 2178 02:03:03,843 --> 02:03:08,581 JOINED ELLEN'S LAB IT SEEMED 2179 02:03:08,647 --> 02:03:14,954 NATURAL TO ME TO COMBINE THE 2180 02:03:15,020 --> 02:03:17,123 MORE SOPHISTICATED PHENOTYPING 2181 02:03:17,189 --> 02:03:17,389 APPROACH. 2182 02:03:17,456 --> 02:03:22,461 I HAVE BEEN BECOME ACQUAINTED 2183 02:03:22,528 --> 02:03:24,697 WITH IN MY TIME IN ELLEN'S LAB. 2184 02:03:24,764 --> 02:03:26,332 IN THE NEXT 20 MINUTES OR SO I'D 2185 02:03:26,398 --> 02:03:29,034 LIKE TO TOUCH ON TOPICS I THINK 2186 02:03:29,101 --> 02:03:37,409 ARE RELEVANT IN THIS AREA. 2187 02:03:37,476 --> 02:03:40,880 FIRST I'M I'LL TALK ABOUT THE 2188 02:03:40,946 --> 02:03:46,519 SPECIFICITY IN THE COMMON USE 2189 02:03:46,585 --> 02:03:55,761 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND THEN LOOK 2190 02:03:55,828 --> 02:03:56,629 THROUGH THE LENS OF NEUROSCIENCE 2191 02:03:56,695 --> 02:03:59,465 AND LASTLY WOULD LIKE TO ADDRESS 2192 02:03:59,532 --> 02:04:09,208 THE QUESTION WHETHER A TYPICAL 2193 02:04:09,275 --> 02:04:13,078 STRUCTURE SHOULD BE YOU'D USED 2194 02:04:13,145 --> 02:04:17,149 AS A STRUCTURE AND ANXIETY AND 2195 02:04:17,216 --> 02:04:18,684 DEPRESSION FREQUENTLY CO-OCCUR. 2196 02:04:18,751 --> 02:04:24,123 INTERESTINGLY ALL THE PHENOTYPES 2197 02:04:24,190 --> 02:04:26,559 GO TO A TYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURE 2198 02:04:26,625 --> 02:04:33,132 AND IF WE LOOK AT ADMITTEDLY 2199 02:04:33,199 --> 02:04:36,435 SOMEWHAT CRUDE STUDIES WHAT WE 2200 02:04:36,502 --> 02:04:42,374 SEE IS LACK OF SPECIFICITY. 2201 02:04:42,441 --> 02:04:43,976 BASICALLY ALL ARE ASSOCIATED 2202 02:04:44,043 --> 02:04:45,177 WITH THE PHENOTYPES. 2203 02:04:45,244 --> 02:04:47,046 WHICH MAKES YOU WONDER WHAT DOES 2204 02:04:47,112 --> 02:04:51,650 IT MEAN? 2205 02:04:51,717 --> 02:05:01,627 IT WOULD MEAN THERE'S NOT 2206 02:05:01,694 --> 02:05:03,062 SIGNALS AND I WOULD LIKE TO 2207 02:05:03,128 --> 02:05:10,102 THINK MORE OF IT AS A HINT THAT 2208 02:05:10,169 --> 02:05:10,736 ATYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURE MAY 2209 02:05:10,803 --> 02:05:14,807 PRESENT A SHARED MECHANISM OF 2210 02:05:14,874 --> 02:05:17,376 ANXIETY, IRRITABILITY AND 2211 02:05:17,443 --> 02:05:18,911 INATTENTION AND HYPERACTIVITY. 2212 02:05:18,978 --> 02:05:21,680 THAT'S A QUESTION I HAVE BEEN 2213 02:05:21,747 --> 02:05:26,085 WORKING ON WITH ANOTHER FORMER 2214 02:05:26,151 --> 02:05:29,154 POSTDOC AND WE HAD TWO 2215 02:05:29,221 --> 02:05:30,356 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES. 2216 02:05:30,422 --> 02:05:35,227 A LARGE WORK OF PHENOTYPIC 2217 02:05:35,294 --> 02:05:37,930 INFORMATION AND A SMALLER ONE ON 2218 02:05:37,997 --> 02:05:41,133 DIFFUSION IMAGING. 2219 02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:43,335 HOW CAN WE MODEL THESE UNIQUE 2220 02:05:43,402 --> 02:05:53,746 AND SHARED ASPECTS. 2221 02:05:58,217 --> 02:06:01,153 A GROUP HAS SPOKEN OR WILL SPEAK 2222 02:06:01,220 --> 02:06:06,458 SHORTLY AFTER ME SO SHE 2223 02:06:06,525 --> 02:06:12,031 INTRODUCED US TO THE FACTOR 2224 02:06:12,097 --> 02:06:14,400 ANALYSES TO DRAW OUT SHARED AND 2225 02:06:14,466 --> 02:06:19,538 UNIQUE ASPECTS OF PHENOTYPES. 2226 02:06:19,605 --> 02:06:29,148 THE USE OF THIS MODEL AND THIS 2227 02:06:29,214 --> 02:06:38,824 SET AND A QUESTION IS THE 2228 02:06:38,891 --> 02:06:41,727 INTERPRETATION OF THE LATENT 2229 02:06:41,794 --> 02:06:45,698 FACTORS. 2230 02:06:45,764 --> 02:06:50,736 ARE QUE CORRECT IN AND THERE IS 2231 02:06:50,803 --> 02:06:54,974 LITERATURE OR TYPE OF LITERATURE 2232 02:06:55,040 --> 02:06:57,176 WHERE RESEARCHERS TAKE BROAD 2233 02:06:57,242 --> 02:07:03,382 MEASURES OF PATHOLOGY COVERING 2234 02:07:03,449 --> 02:07:03,983 PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS TO OTHER 2235 02:07:04,049 --> 02:07:09,154 SYMPTOMS AND THROW IT IN AND 2236 02:07:09,221 --> 02:07:13,726 INTERPRET THE SHARED FACTOR AS 2237 02:07:13,792 --> 02:07:15,294 GENERAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY FACTOR 2238 02:07:15,361 --> 02:07:23,569 OR RELATED TO SEVERITY AND SOME 2239 02:07:23,635 --> 02:07:24,570 TAKE SPECIFIC PHENOTYPES AND 2240 02:07:24,636 --> 02:07:29,208 TEND TO COME UP WITH A MORE 2241 02:07:29,274 --> 02:07:31,744 CLEARLY DELINEATED 2242 02:07:31,810 --> 02:07:32,711 INTERPRETATION OF THE SHARED 2243 02:07:32,778 --> 02:07:32,945 FACTOR. 2244 02:07:33,012 --> 02:07:36,515 HERE WE WERE ASSUMING THE SHARED 2245 02:07:36,582 --> 02:07:37,783 FACTOR MIGHT PRESENT SOMETHING 2246 02:07:37,850 --> 02:07:43,355 LIKE HEIGHTENED INCLUSIVITY OR 2247 02:07:43,422 --> 02:07:44,757 INHIBITORY CONTROL. 2248 02:07:44,823 --> 02:07:47,493 TO TEST THIS WE CORRELATED THE 2249 02:07:47,559 --> 02:07:53,499 LATENT FACTORS THAT ARE 2250 02:07:53,565 --> 02:07:59,471 REPRESENTED BY THESE RINGS WITH 2251 02:07:59,538 --> 02:08:03,308 INDEPENDENT MEASURES OF 2252 02:08:03,375 --> 02:08:04,176 IMPULSIVITY. 2253 02:08:04,243 --> 02:08:07,413 INDEED THE IRRITABILITY FACTOR 2254 02:08:07,479 --> 02:08:09,148 LOADED MOST HIGHLY ON MEASURES 2255 02:08:09,214 --> 02:08:10,949 OF IRRITABILITY. 2256 02:08:11,016 --> 02:08:17,156 THE INATTENTION FACTOR ON 2257 02:08:17,222 --> 02:08:19,958 MEASURE OF INATTENTION AND 2258 02:08:20,025 --> 02:08:20,926 HYPERACTIVITY FACTOR AND THEY 2259 02:08:20,993 --> 02:08:25,898 WERE SOMEWHAT ASSOCIATED WITH AN 2260 02:08:25,964 --> 02:08:32,838 INDEPENDENT MEASURE OF 2261 02:08:32,905 --> 02:08:36,141 IMPLICITIVITY AND IT'S SOMETHING 2262 02:08:36,208 --> 02:08:41,680 SHARED WE THINK IT'S THE MEASURE 2263 02:08:41,747 --> 02:08:42,448 OF COURSE. 2264 02:08:42,514 --> 02:08:47,486 WE ALSO SHARED THE SHARE FACTOR 2265 02:08:47,553 --> 02:08:51,723 LOADED EQUALLY HIGH ON THE 2266 02:08:51,790 --> 02:08:57,196 MEASURE OF CO-COGNITION 2267 02:08:57,262 --> 02:08:59,131 SUGGESTING COGNITIVE AND 2268 02:08:59,198 --> 02:09:02,234 EMOTIONAL IMPULSIVITY. 2269 02:09:02,301 --> 02:09:06,371 THIS ALIGNED WITH OTHER WORK LED 2270 02:09:06,438 --> 02:09:09,942 BY A FORMER MENTEE OF ELLEN WHO 2271 02:09:10,008 --> 02:09:13,145 JUST GOT A PAPER ACCEPTED IN 2272 02:09:13,212 --> 02:09:16,448 SCIENCE WHERE SHE ALSO SHOWED 2273 02:09:16,515 --> 02:09:21,153 THAT THE GENERAL FACTOR THAT 2274 02:09:21,220 --> 02:09:23,789 EMERGES OF THE MODEL PUTTING IN 2275 02:09:23,856 --> 02:09:28,260 ANXIETY, IRRITABILITY AND ADHD 2276 02:09:28,327 --> 02:09:29,561 SYMPTOMS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A 2277 02:09:29,628 --> 02:09:32,531 LACK OF INHIBITORY CONTROL. 2278 02:09:32,598 --> 02:09:35,634 NOW, I STARTED OFF INTERESTED IN 2279 02:09:35,701 --> 02:09:41,140 THE MATTERS SO WHY DON'T WE JUST 2280 02:09:41,206 --> 02:09:43,475 TAKE A LOOK AT THAT. 2281 02:09:43,542 --> 02:09:47,880 SO BECAUSE THE FINDINGS WERE SO 2282 02:09:47,946 --> 02:09:51,283 UNSPECIFIC, IN THE FIRST STEP WE 2283 02:09:51,350 --> 02:09:54,520 CALCULATED GLOBAL FRACTION FOR 2284 02:09:54,586 --> 02:09:58,323 THE BRAIN AND IT'S A METRIC THAT 2285 02:09:58,390 --> 02:10:00,759 TELLS YOU HOW COHERENT THE 2286 02:10:00,826 --> 02:10:06,398 FIBERS ARE AND IF WE LOOK AT 2287 02:10:06,465 --> 02:10:11,470 THIS ACROSS THE BRAIN, WE SEE' 2288 02:10:11,537 --> 02:10:13,639 NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION AND 2289 02:10:13,705 --> 02:10:18,010 CONTROLLING FOR THIS GLOBAL 2290 02:10:18,076 --> 02:10:28,587 EFFECT WE ALSO FOUND FROM THE 2291 02:10:29,288 --> 02:10:34,126 MOTO CORTEX HAS BEEN LINKED TO 2292 02:10:34,193 --> 02:10:36,495 THE INHIBITORY CONTROL TASKS. 2293 02:10:36,562 --> 02:10:39,431 THE HYPERACTIVITY SPECIFIC 2294 02:10:39,498 --> 02:10:46,004 FACTOR ALSO WAS ASSOCIATED 2295 02:10:46,071 --> 02:10:47,339 NEGATIVELY WITH GLOBAL F.A. BUT 2296 02:10:47,406 --> 02:10:53,779 THERE WERE NO REGIONAL FINDINGS. 2297 02:10:53,845 --> 02:10:57,749 ONE THING ABOUT THE ABILITY OF 2298 02:10:57,816 --> 02:11:01,286 ADHD, WHEN WE GO FROM EARLY 2299 02:11:01,353 --> 02:11:02,654 CHILDHOOD THROUGH ADOLESCENCE 2300 02:11:02,721 --> 02:11:05,023 THESE SYMPTOMS TEND TO IMPROVE 2301 02:11:05,090 --> 02:11:08,193 AND GET BETTER. 2302 02:11:08,260 --> 02:11:12,197 WE WERE WONDERING HOW THESE 2303 02:11:12,264 --> 02:11:13,999 FACTORS RELATE. 2304 02:11:14,066 --> 02:11:22,007 TOGETHER THE FIRST PREDICTED THE 2305 02:11:22,074 --> 02:11:29,915 F.A. FROM H AND POSITIVE 2306 02:11:29,982 --> 02:11:40,525 RESIDUALS AS MATURATION AND WE 2307 02:11:43,061 --> 02:11:45,631 NO EFFECT WITH REGARD TO THE 2308 02:11:45,697 --> 02:11:47,566 SHARED FACTOR BUT EVIDENCE THAT 2309 02:11:47,633 --> 02:11:49,968 THE HYPERACTIVITY SPECIFIC 2310 02:11:50,035 --> 02:11:53,138 FACTOR WAS LINKED TO A DELAYED 2311 02:11:53,205 --> 02:11:53,772 MATURATION OF THE BRAIN'S WHITE 2312 02:11:53,839 --> 02:11:58,343 MATTER. 2313 02:11:58,410 --> 02:12:02,614 SOW THIS WORK HAS RECENTLY BEEN 2314 02:12:02,681 --> 02:12:05,150 ACCEPTED BUT OF COURSE YOU WANT 2315 02:12:05,217 --> 02:12:06,451 ROBUST FINDINGS. 2316 02:12:06,518 --> 02:12:09,121 WE ALREADY DID THE NEXT STEP AND 2317 02:12:09,187 --> 02:12:13,959 GOT A SECOND SAMPLE BECAUSE 2318 02:12:14,026 --> 02:12:14,993 UNFORTUNATELY SOMETIMES IT TAKES 2319 02:12:15,060 --> 02:12:23,502 A LONG TIME SO WE HAVE A SECOND 2320 02:12:23,568 --> 02:12:33,545 SAMPLE ADDING IN ANXIETY AND 2321 02:12:33,612 --> 02:12:35,013 INTERESTINGLY WE COULD REPLICATE 2322 02:12:35,080 --> 02:12:37,516 A LOT OF THE FINDINGS. 2323 02:12:37,582 --> 02:12:39,418 WE CAN SHOW IT'S PROBABLY THE 2324 02:12:39,484 --> 02:12:44,723 MOST FRUITFUL TO THINK OF THE 2325 02:12:44,790 --> 02:12:45,824 SHARED FACTOR AS NOTHING RELATED 2326 02:12:45,891 --> 02:12:48,126 TO A LACK OF INHIBITORY CONTROL 2327 02:12:48,193 --> 02:12:53,498 AND THE SHARED FACTOR IS 2328 02:12:53,565 --> 02:12:56,902 ASSOCIATED NEGATIVELY WITH 2329 02:12:56,968 --> 02:12:58,770 ATROPHY IN THE BRAIN AND 2330 02:12:58,837 --> 02:13:01,139 SPECIFIC REGIONS AND AGAIN WE 2331 02:13:01,206 --> 02:13:03,909 FOUND THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACK 2332 02:13:03,975 --> 02:13:14,486 AND ALSO THE INFERIOR FRONTO 2333 02:13:15,721 --> 02:13:19,691 OCCIPITAL AND WE LOOKED AT 2334 02:13:19,758 --> 02:13:22,994 FACTOR FINDING AND COULD SHOW 2335 02:13:23,061 --> 02:13:27,432 THIS HYPERACTIVITY SPECIFIC 2336 02:13:27,499 --> 02:13:30,001 FACTOR RELATED TO DELAYED NACH 2337 02:13:30,068 --> 02:13:33,772 RATION OF THE BRAIN WHITE 2338 02:13:33,839 --> 02:13:35,507 MATTER. 2339 02:13:35,574 --> 02:13:39,478 SO,OVERALL TO HAMMER IT IN, IT 2340 02:13:39,544 --> 02:13:41,513 SEEMS CONTROL DEFICITS ARE 2341 02:13:41,580 --> 02:13:44,516 SHARED ACROSS DIFFERENT FORMS OF 2342 02:13:44,583 --> 02:13:49,855 COMMON USE PATHOLOGY THAT THIS 2343 02:13:49,921 --> 02:13:52,891 DEFICIT RELATES TO THE BRAIN'S 2344 02:13:52,958 --> 02:13:55,060 WHITE MATTER GLOBALLY BUT ALSO 2345 02:13:55,127 --> 02:13:59,498 REGIONALLY AND IN THE CORTICO 2346 02:13:59,564 --> 02:14:04,603 SPINAL TRACT AND HAVE EVIDENCE 2347 02:14:04,669 --> 02:14:05,470 SUPPORTING HYPERACTIVITY MAY BE 2348 02:14:05,537 --> 02:14:07,572 SPECIFICALLY LINKED TO A DELAY 2349 02:14:07,639 --> 02:14:15,380 IN WHITE MATTER MATURATION. 2350 02:14:15,447 --> 02:14:17,315 THESE ARE SIGNIFICANT FINDING. 2351 02:14:17,382 --> 02:14:20,519 NOW, WE SHOULD NOT INTERPRET BY 2352 02:14:20,585 --> 02:14:22,521 THE HYPOTHESIS AND SHOULD NOT 2353 02:14:22,587 --> 02:14:24,956 FIND ANY EVIDENCE THAT WOULD 2354 02:14:25,023 --> 02:14:28,126 LINK A TYPICAL WHITE MATTER 2355 02:14:28,193 --> 02:14:30,328 MICROSTRUCTURE TO ATTENTION, 2356 02:14:30,395 --> 02:14:34,266 IRRITABILITY OR ANXIETY. 2357 02:14:34,332 --> 02:14:36,134 BUT, WE ALSO JUST LOOKED AT THE 2358 02:14:36,201 --> 02:14:41,239 BRAIN'S WHITE MATTER AND ONE'S 2359 02:14:41,306 --> 02:14:42,140 VERY SPECIFIC WAY. 2360 02:14:42,207 --> 02:14:47,012 SO, AS PROMISED EARLIER, I KNOW 2361 02:14:47,078 --> 02:14:49,848 INVITE YOU TO LOOK AT THE 2362 02:14:49,915 --> 02:14:51,750 BRAIN'S WHITE MATTER IN A 2363 02:14:51,817 --> 02:14:56,388 SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT WAY THROUGH 2364 02:14:56,455 --> 02:14:57,222 THE SYMPTOMS NEUROSCIENCE 2365 02:14:57,289 --> 02:14:59,491 APPROACH AND THEORETICAL 2366 02:14:59,558 --> 02:15:02,027 APPROACH AND IN THIS FRAMEWORK 2367 02:15:02,093 --> 02:15:06,631 WE LIKE TO THINK OF THE BRAIN AS 2368 02:15:06,698 --> 02:15:10,702 A BIG NETWORK CONSTITUTED OF 2369 02:15:10,769 --> 02:15:12,938 SMALLER NETWORKS WHICH IN THE 2370 02:15:13,004 --> 02:15:16,308 CONTEXT YOU WOULD CALL MODULES 2371 02:15:16,374 --> 02:15:18,510 AND THEY'RE MADE UP OF SPECIFIC 2372 02:15:18,577 --> 02:15:20,212 BRAIN REGIONS NOT REFERRED TO AS 2373 02:15:20,278 --> 02:15:26,318 NODES THAT ARE CONNECTED THROUGH 2374 02:15:26,384 --> 02:15:28,820 EDGES AND TO ME THE NICE THING 2375 02:15:28,887 --> 02:15:33,124 IF WE APPLY THE APPROACH TO 2376 02:15:33,191 --> 02:15:35,260 D.T.I. THERE IS A BIOLOGICAL 2377 02:15:35,327 --> 02:15:36,661 COUNTERPART TO THE EDGES BECAUSE 2378 02:15:36,728 --> 02:15:41,132 IT'S THE FIBER TRACTS WE'RE 2379 02:15:41,199 --> 02:15:50,208 MEASURING. 2380 02:15:50,275 --> 02:15:53,144 WE CAN DERIVE DIFFERENT METHODS 2381 02:15:53,211 --> 02:15:55,647 TO PROPERTIES OF THE BRAIN 2382 02:15:55,714 --> 02:16:04,523 NETWORK TOPOLOGY AND CAN GET 2383 02:16:04,589 --> 02:16:09,394 MODULARITY AND LOOK AT HOW 2384 02:16:09,461 --> 02:16:11,496 DELINEATED AND NETWORKS WITH THE 2385 02:16:11,563 --> 02:16:16,635 BRIN OR NOT AND ABOUT EFFICIENCY 2386 02:16:16,701 --> 02:16:18,970 AND HOW MUCH INFORMATION CAN BE 2387 02:16:19,037 --> 02:16:22,908 PROCESSED IN PARALLEL. 2388 02:16:22,974 --> 02:16:26,211 NOW, WE USE THE METRICS IN OUR 2389 02:16:26,278 --> 02:16:31,216 ANALYSIS AND DID NOT FIND 2390 02:16:31,283 --> 02:16:41,826 ANYTHING SO CENTRALITY BASICALLY 2391 02:16:56,007 --> 02:17:00,879 TELLS US THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 2392 02:17:00,946 --> 02:17:02,814 THE MODE MAKING THE MIDDLE NODE 2393 02:17:02,881 --> 02:17:09,754 CENTRAL AND SAME FOR THE EDGE IF 2394 02:17:09,821 --> 02:17:10,956 THE NODES WANT TO COMMUNICATE 2395 02:17:11,022 --> 02:17:13,992 THEY ARE WANT TO GO THROUGH THE 2396 02:17:14,059 --> 02:17:14,626 EDGE. 2397 02:17:14,693 --> 02:17:19,631 THE IDEA IS THAT HIGH CENTRALITY 2398 02:17:19,698 --> 02:17:21,666 ALLOWS FOR FLEXIBLE INFORMATION 2399 02:17:21,733 --> 02:17:27,872 OR PROCESSING WHEREAS LIKE LOWER 2400 02:17:27,939 --> 02:17:29,140 CENTRALITY MEANS MAYBE IT MAY BE 2401 02:17:29,207 --> 02:17:32,944 MORE RIGID. 2402 02:17:33,011 --> 02:17:39,551 NOW, CORRECTING FOR THE FACT WE 2403 02:17:39,618 --> 02:17:40,652 HAD SEVERAL MEASURES 2404 02:17:40,719 --> 02:17:41,720 INVESTIGATING AND THERE WERE 2405 02:17:41,786 --> 02:17:44,522 SEVERAL EDGES AND REGIONS OR 2406 02:17:44,589 --> 02:17:48,793 NODES, WE HAD TWO FINDINGS HERE. 2407 02:17:48,860 --> 02:17:53,131 WE SAW THE LATENT ANXIETY 2408 02:17:53,198 --> 02:17:56,167 SPECIFIC FACTOR WAS RELATED TO 2409 02:17:56,234 --> 02:18:00,005 REDUCED CENTRALITY AND 7% OF THE 2410 02:18:00,071 --> 02:18:01,873 200 NODES. 2411 02:18:01,940 --> 02:18:08,680 THE USE AS YOU CAN SEE THE RED 2412 02:18:08,747 --> 02:18:09,948 DOTS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS AND IT'S 2413 02:18:10,015 --> 02:18:13,451 NOT CONFINED TO ONE SPECIFIC 2414 02:18:13,518 --> 02:18:13,885 REGION. 2415 02:18:13,952 --> 02:18:17,122 AND WE HAD A SECOND FINDINGS 2416 02:18:17,188 --> 02:18:20,191 WITH REGARD TO INATTENTION AND 2417 02:18:20,258 --> 02:18:22,293 HERE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION 2418 02:18:22,360 --> 02:18:29,134 SO 9% OF THE NODES WE LOOKED AT 2419 02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:31,469 WERE ACTUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH 2420 02:18:31,536 --> 02:18:33,571 HIGHER -- THERE'S HIGHEST 2421 02:18:33,638 --> 02:18:35,507 CENTRALITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2422 02:18:35,573 --> 02:18:37,042 INATTENTION SPECIFIC FACTOR. 2423 02:18:37,108 --> 02:18:42,047 TO ME, INTUITIVELY IT MAKES 2424 02:18:42,113 --> 02:18:42,747 SENSE THAT IF A LOT OF 2425 02:18:42,814 --> 02:18:46,951 INFORMATION PASSES OR IS ALLOWED 2426 02:18:47,018 --> 02:18:49,754 TO PASS THROUGH CERTAIN NODES 2427 02:18:49,821 --> 02:18:51,990 THAT YOU MIGHT GET LIKE YOU 2428 02:18:52,057 --> 02:18:57,128 KNOW, EASILY DISTRACTED AND 2429 02:18:57,195 --> 02:18:57,429 INATTENTIVE. 2430 02:18:57,495 --> 02:19:04,769 SO, YEAH. 2431 02:19:04,836 --> 02:19:10,475 TO SUMMARIZE INATTENTION TO NODE 2432 02:19:10,542 --> 02:19:13,344 AND ANXIETY GOES TO A CENTRAL 2433 02:19:13,411 --> 02:19:14,913 NETWORK CONFIGURATION WITH FEWER 2434 02:19:14,979 --> 02:19:18,750 CENTRAL NODES. 2435 02:19:18,817 --> 02:19:22,120 AND WITH THAT, I'D LIKE TO 2436 02:19:22,187 --> 02:19:24,956 TRANSITION TO THE LAST AREA THAT 2437 02:19:25,023 --> 02:19:26,224 MAY BE OF INTEREST TO YOU AND 2438 02:19:26,291 --> 02:19:28,560 THAT'S THE QUESTION SHOULD WE 2439 02:19:28,626 --> 02:19:30,528 THINK ABOUT MICROSTRUCTURE AS A 2440 02:19:30,595 --> 02:19:35,900 TREATMENT TARGET. 2441 02:19:35,967 --> 02:19:39,571 SO I THINK IT'S FAIR THAT THE 2442 02:19:39,637 --> 02:19:40,805 LITERATURE WITH REGARD TO 2443 02:19:40,872 --> 02:19:44,576 COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND 2444 02:19:44,642 --> 02:19:48,079 MICROSTRUCTURE IS STILL NASCENT. 2445 02:19:48,146 --> 02:19:54,252 IT'S KIND OF OBJECTIVE. 2446 02:19:54,319 --> 02:19:56,421 SO, THERE'S BIG HETEROGENEITY 2447 02:19:56,488 --> 02:19:57,922 WITH REGARD TO THE DISORDERS AND 2448 02:19:57,989 --> 02:20:00,291 TREATMENT PROTOCOL. 2449 02:20:00,358 --> 02:20:02,227 NATURALLY, GIVING THE 2450 02:20:02,293 --> 02:20:04,429 HETEROGENEITY OF FINDINGS ARE 2451 02:20:04,496 --> 02:20:05,497 DIVERGING HOWEVER, I THINK IT'S 2452 02:20:05,563 --> 02:20:08,633 FAIR ON A VERY HIGH LEVEL TO 2453 02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:15,473 SUMMARIZE THIS IN A WAY TO SAY 2454 02:20:15,540 --> 02:20:19,077 THE COHERENCE SEEMS TO INCREASE 2455 02:20:19,144 --> 02:20:21,112 AND DIFFERENT TRACTS ACROSS THE 2456 02:20:21,179 --> 02:20:25,016 BRAIN DURING THE COURSE OF CBT 2457 02:20:25,083 --> 02:20:28,987 AND CBT MAY CHANGE THE 2458 02:20:29,053 --> 02:20:29,554 NEUTRALITY OF CERTAIN BRAIN 2459 02:20:29,621 --> 02:20:39,697 FUNCTIONS. 2460 02:20:39,764 --> 02:20:45,136 THE STUDY IS SMALL AND WE HAVE 2461 02:20:45,203 --> 02:20:49,140 19 HEALTHY CONTROLS BOTH GROUPS 2462 02:20:49,207 --> 02:20:54,546 UNDERWENT IMAGING TWICE WITHIN 2463 02:20:54,612 --> 02:21:04,789 12 WEEKS. 2464 02:21:09,027 --> 02:21:12,997 AND THERE WAS EXPOSURE AND 2465 02:21:13,064 --> 02:21:13,498 COGNITIVE COMPONENTS. 2466 02:21:13,565 --> 02:21:17,135 AND DANNY PINE'S LAB IS WHERE 2467 02:21:17,202 --> 02:21:18,102 THE WORK HAS BEEN DONE SO WANT 2468 02:21:18,169 --> 02:21:22,407 TO ACKNOWLEDGE THIS. 2469 02:21:22,473 --> 02:21:29,147 SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THE DATA WE 2470 02:21:29,214 --> 02:21:31,983 SAW SIGNIFICANT BASICALLY TIME 2471 02:21:32,050 --> 02:21:35,220 BY DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT BY 2472 02:21:35,286 --> 02:21:41,125 DIAGNOSIS INTERACTION IN THE 2473 02:21:41,192 --> 02:21:48,032 INFERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT AND 2474 02:21:48,099 --> 02:21:52,337 ANTERIOR THALAMIC TRACT AND THE 2475 02:21:52,403 --> 02:21:56,641 THALAMIC RADIATION. 2476 02:21:56,708 --> 02:21:58,710 NOW, INTERACTION CAN SOMETIMES 2477 02:21:58,776 --> 02:22:01,079 COME ABOUT IN A LITTLE BIT FUNNY 2478 02:22:01,145 --> 02:22:06,551 WAY THAT'S HARD TO INTERPRET. 2479 02:22:06,618 --> 02:22:13,124 SO IF IF WE LOOK AS EXPECT THE 2480 02:22:13,191 --> 02:22:23,735 ANXIOUS USE HAS LORE -- LOWER 2481 02:22:24,869 --> 02:22:30,108 SCORES AFTER THE TREATMENT AND 2482 02:22:30,174 --> 02:22:33,111 WE SEE SLIGHTLY HIGHER MEASURES 2483 02:22:33,177 --> 02:22:34,746 BUT IT'S NOT STATISTICALLY 2484 02:22:34,812 --> 02:22:39,884 SIGNIFICANT AND WE SEE CHANGES 2485 02:22:39,951 --> 02:22:44,689 AND IN TRACTS TO THE INHIBITORY 2486 02:22:44,756 --> 02:22:47,158 CONTROL DEFICIT BUT WHAT ABOUT 2487 02:22:47,225 --> 02:22:55,767 THE ANXIETY SPECIFIC MARKERS ? 2488 02:22:55,833 --> 02:22:59,070 WE TALKED ABOUT IT WAS 2489 02:22:59,137 --> 02:23:04,375 ASSOCIATED WITH THE NODES AND WE 2490 02:23:04,442 --> 02:23:08,046 SAW SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION IN 2491 02:23:08,112 --> 02:23:12,450 THE VENTRAL PRE-FRONTAL REGIONS 2492 02:23:12,517 --> 02:23:17,021 WHERE WE SAW NORMALIZATION OF 2493 02:23:17,088 --> 02:23:18,222 THE CENTRALITY. 2494 02:23:18,289 --> 02:23:21,125 SO OVER ALL I THINK IT'S 2495 02:23:21,192 --> 02:23:23,161 EVIDENCE THAT WE SHOULD THINK OF 2496 02:23:23,227 --> 02:23:25,897 THE MICROSTRUCTURE AS A 2497 02:23:25,964 --> 02:23:27,198 TREATMENT TARGET. 2498 02:23:27,265 --> 02:23:30,735 SOMETHING THAT IS ALREADY 2499 02:23:30,802 --> 02:23:32,837 PARTIALLY TARGETED BY COGNITIVE 2500 02:23:32,904 --> 02:23:34,772 BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND WE ALSO 2501 02:23:34,839 --> 02:23:42,714 SAW THERE WERE DEFICITS OR 2502 02:23:42,780 --> 02:23:44,048 ABERRANCIES NOT TARGETED BY CBT 2503 02:23:44,115 --> 02:23:48,052 SO FAR. 2504 02:23:48,119 --> 02:23:48,586 . 2505 02:23:48,653 --> 02:23:52,390 AND IT'S PROMISING AND THERE'S 2506 02:23:52,457 --> 02:23:58,930 ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT AND, YEAH. 2507 02:23:58,997 --> 02:24:00,565 I GUESS TO SUMMARIZE IF YOU 2508 02:24:00,631 --> 02:24:05,636 THINK ABOUT THE ACCUMULATING 2509 02:24:05,703 --> 02:24:09,674 EVIDENCE OF CERTAIN BEHAVIORS IN 2510 02:24:09,741 --> 02:24:14,045 WHICH WE BASE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE 2511 02:24:14,112 --> 02:24:17,482 I THINK THERE IS ABANDONED 2512 02:24:17,548 --> 02:24:17,849 EVIDENCE. 2513 02:24:17,915 --> 02:24:19,450 IT APPEARS THE FIELD SHOULD 2514 02:24:19,517 --> 02:24:25,189 REALLY FOCUS ON ALTERNATIVE 2515 02:24:25,256 --> 02:24:26,724 PHENOTYPING APPROACHES AND 2516 02:24:26,791 --> 02:24:31,429 ALTERNATIVE FIELDS OF 2517 02:24:31,496 --> 02:24:35,500 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OR COMPUTATIONAL 2518 02:24:35,566 --> 02:24:40,438 MODELLING APPROACHES OF LATENT 2519 02:24:40,505 --> 02:24:41,105 DIMENSIONAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF 2520 02:24:41,172 --> 02:24:45,143 BEHAVIOR HAVE BEEN POSED AS A 2521 02:24:45,209 --> 02:24:47,779 WAY FORWARD. 2522 02:24:47,845 --> 02:24:50,214 I THINK THERE'S STILL LACK OF 2523 02:24:50,281 --> 02:24:50,915 STUDIES APPLYING THE 2524 02:24:50,982 --> 02:24:52,717 SOPHISTICATED PHENOTYPING 2525 02:24:52,784 --> 02:24:53,584 APPROACHES PARTICULARLY IN 2526 02:24:53,651 --> 02:24:54,819 COMBINATION WITH STATE OF THE 2527 02:24:54,886 --> 02:25:00,758 ART IMAGING ANALYSES. 2528 02:25:00,825 --> 02:25:03,661 BUT I DO THINK THAT WE'RE 2529 02:25:03,728 --> 02:25:04,562 INCLUDING THESE APPROACHES COULD 2530 02:25:04,629 --> 02:25:07,331 REPRESENT A MUCH NEEDED PUSH 2531 02:25:07,398 --> 02:25:09,634 FORWARD IN OUR ENDEAVOR TO FIND 2532 02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:11,903 CAUSES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 2533 02:25:11,969 --> 02:25:13,337 AND ULTIMATELY ADVANCE OUR 2534 02:25:13,404 --> 02:25:16,941 TREATMENT OPTIONS. 2535 02:25:17,008 --> 02:25:18,876 WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO 2536 02:25:18,943 --> 02:25:20,278 CONCLUDE MY TALK. 2537 02:25:20,344 --> 02:25:23,948 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR 2538 02:25:24,015 --> 02:25:26,551 YOUR ATTENTION AND OF COURSE I 2539 02:25:26,617 --> 02:25:29,153 THANK YOU FOR BEING A WONDERFUL 2540 02:25:29,220 --> 02:25:30,855 MENTOR AND INSPIRING GROUP OF 2541 02:25:30,922 --> 02:25:39,564 SCIENTISTS. 2542 02:25:39,630 --> 02:25:44,702 >> ALL RIGHT, WITH THAT I'D LIKE 2543 02:25:44,769 --> 02:25:45,770 TO TRANSITION STRAIGHT TO THE 2544 02:25:45,837 --> 02:25:46,070 NEXT TALK. 2545 02:25:46,137 --> 02:25:49,373 WE'RE LUCKY TO HAVE THE NEXT 2546 02:25:49,440 --> 02:25:54,312 TALK PRESENTED BY GIOVANNI SALUM 2547 02:25:54,378 --> 02:25:58,116 THE CO-PROGRAM DIRECTOR OF THE 2548 02:25:58,182 --> 02:26:02,453 STAVROS NIARKOS FOUNDATION FOR 2549 02:26:02,520 --> 02:26:05,156 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL 2550 02:26:05,223 --> 02:26:07,258 HEALTH IN NEW YORK. 2551 02:26:07,325 --> 02:26:10,761 HE IS ONE OF THE CLOSEST 2552 02:26:10,828 --> 02:26:14,098 HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE MOTION 2553 02:26:14,165 --> 02:26:17,068 AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCH. 2554 02:26:17,135 --> 02:26:18,402 I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY YEARS 2555 02:26:18,469 --> 02:26:21,539 WE'VE WORKED WITH YOU AT LEAST 2556 02:26:21,606 --> 02:26:22,306 10. 2557 02:26:22,373 --> 02:26:24,742 13 YEARS GIOVANNI HAS WORKED 2558 02:26:24,809 --> 02:26:26,677 WITH US WHICH HAS BEEN AN 2559 02:26:26,744 --> 02:26:27,445 ABSOLUTE PLEASURE. 2560 02:26:27,512 --> 02:26:28,813 I WANT TO LEAVE HIM THE FULL 2561 02:26:28,880 --> 02:26:30,982 AMOUNT OF TIME AND SAY TWO OTHER 2562 02:26:31,048 --> 02:26:31,215 THINGS. 2563 02:26:31,282 --> 02:26:32,750 WE'RE GOING TO END IMMEDIATELY 2564 02:26:32,817 --> 02:26:36,921 AFTER HIS TALK AND TAKE A HALF 2565 02:26:36,988 --> 02:26:42,126 AN HOUR BREAK AND WE'LL START 2566 02:26:42,193 --> 02:26:44,629 BACK -- OH, 15 MINUTES. 2567 02:26:44,695 --> 02:26:47,598 WE'LL START BACK AT 2:30 AND THE 2568 02:26:47,665 --> 02:26:53,137 TWO QUALITIES I WANTED TO 2569 02:26:53,204 --> 02:26:56,140 HIGHLIGHT ABOUT GIGI -- 2570 02:26:56,207 --> 02:26:58,509 GIOVANNI HAS AND HE STANDS OUT 2571 02:26:58,576 --> 02:27:00,278 ONE IS HIS BREADTH OF KNOWLEDGE 2572 02:27:00,344 --> 02:27:03,347 IS ABSOLUTELY STAGGERING. 2573 02:27:03,414 --> 02:27:04,715 GIOVANNI KNOWS EVERYTHING ABOUT 2574 02:27:04,782 --> 02:27:06,784 EVERYTHING THAT HAS TO DO WITH 2575 02:27:06,851 --> 02:27:11,689 PEDIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH AND THE 2576 02:27:11,756 --> 02:27:15,226 SECOND ONE IS HE'S ONE OF THE 2577 02:27:15,293 --> 02:27:16,227 KINDEST PEOPLE I'VE EVER MET AND 2578 02:27:16,294 --> 02:27:26,837 IT'S AN HONOR TO HAVE YOU SPEAK. 2579 02:27:31,709 --> 02:27:33,611 >> SO THANK YOU FOR THE 2580 02:27:33,678 --> 02:27:33,945 INTRODUCTION. 2581 02:27:34,011 --> 02:27:39,150 I'M HONORED TO BE HERE TODAY. 2582 02:27:39,217 --> 02:27:46,224 I AM I FEEL LIKE NIH HAS BEEN 2583 02:27:46,290 --> 02:27:51,729 GREAT TO ME AND CHANGE MID 2584 02:27:51,796 --> 02:27:54,699 CAREER TRAJECTORY AND GETTING TO 2585 02:27:54,765 --> 02:27:57,902 KNOW SO MANY HERE AND NIH HAS 2586 02:27:57,969 --> 02:28:00,605 BEEN A SECOND HOME IN A WAY AND 2587 02:28:00,671 --> 02:28:02,573 THAT'S NOT SOMETHING I SAY 2588 02:28:02,640 --> 02:28:02,974 LIGHTLY. 2589 02:28:03,040 --> 02:28:05,710 I'M FROM BRAZIL SO I FEEL HOME 2590 02:28:05,776 --> 02:28:10,815 SICKNESS IN NEW YORK AT THIS 2591 02:28:10,881 --> 02:28:11,449 POINT. 2592 02:28:11,515 --> 02:28:22,059 AS MY OTHER COLLEAGUES I'LL TALK 2593 02:28:24,895 --> 02:28:25,830 ABOUT THE RESEARCH I'VE BEEN 2594 02:28:25,896 --> 02:28:26,664 DOING. 2595 02:28:26,731 --> 02:28:32,270 I CAME TO NIH IN 2009-2010 AND I 2596 02:28:32,336 --> 02:28:36,674 CAME TO WORK WITH DANNY AT THAT 2597 02:28:36,741 --> 02:28:38,576 TIME AND GOT TO KNOW ELLEN IN 2598 02:28:38,643 --> 02:28:40,645 THE PROCESS OF WORKING WITH 2599 02:28:40,711 --> 02:28:44,915 DANNY AND HAVE BEEN VISITING 2600 02:28:44,982 --> 02:28:45,082 NIH. 2601 02:28:45,149 --> 02:28:47,018 THESE ARE PICTURES. 2602 02:28:47,084 --> 02:28:48,386 I WAS DRESSING DIFFERENTLY AND 2603 02:28:48,452 --> 02:28:54,992 WAS YOUNG AT THAT TIME. 2604 02:28:55,059 --> 02:29:02,266 AND I CAME HERE TO GET HELP TO 2605 02:29:02,333 --> 02:29:05,069 UNDERSTAND THE STUDY, THE BRAZIL 2606 02:29:05,136 --> 02:29:06,637 COHORT STUDY. 2607 02:29:06,704 --> 02:29:08,806 WHEN I CAME HERE, I WAS 2608 02:29:08,873 --> 02:29:11,108 COORDINATING THAT STUDY BUS 2609 02:29:11,175 --> 02:29:16,547 DOING MY Ph.D. AT THE SAME TIME 2610 02:29:16,614 --> 02:29:22,953 AND IN THIS STUDY WE WENT TO 57 2611 02:29:23,020 --> 02:29:24,789 SCHOOLS AND INTERVIEWED A 2612 02:29:24,855 --> 02:29:26,190 THOUSAND PEOPLE. 2613 02:29:26,257 --> 02:29:28,025 THAT'S ONE OF THE FEW STUDIES AT 2614 02:29:28,092 --> 02:29:37,535 THAT TIME A LONG TIME AGO AND 2615 02:29:37,601 --> 02:29:45,710 SELECTED PARTICIPANTS AND LOOKED 2616 02:29:45,776 --> 02:29:53,951 AT MENTAL CONDITIONS AND WHEN I 2617 02:29:54,018 --> 02:29:56,587 CAME HERE WE WERE IN WAVE 1 AND 2618 02:29:56,654 --> 02:29:59,190 NOW IN WAVE 4 IF WE COUNT 2619 02:29:59,256 --> 02:30:01,158 COVID-19 IT'S WAVE 5. 2620 02:30:01,225 --> 02:30:06,831 IN THIS STUDY WE DID PHENOTYPING 2621 02:30:06,897 --> 02:30:10,067 ON -- WE HAD PSYCHOLOGISTS AND 2622 02:30:10,134 --> 02:30:12,470 TWO SPEECH THERAPIST VISITS AND 2623 02:30:12,536 --> 02:30:17,141 COLLECTED SALIVA AND IMAGING AND 2624 02:30:17,208 --> 02:30:19,377 OTHER QUESTIONNAIRE DATA. 2625 02:30:19,443 --> 02:30:22,146 WE REPEATED THE WHOLE PROTOCOL 2626 02:30:22,213 --> 02:30:23,881 AND THEN REPEAT THE PROTOCOL. 2627 02:30:23,948 --> 02:30:26,851 WE'VE BEEN KEEPING RETENTION OF 2628 02:30:26,917 --> 02:30:37,428 AROUND 75% TO 80% AND THIS IS 2629 02:30:45,202 --> 02:30:46,470 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR 2630 02:30:46,537 --> 02:30:48,272 MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES THOUGH 2631 02:30:48,339 --> 02:30:50,374 THEY'RE COMMON IN EUROPE AND IN 2632 02:30:50,441 --> 02:30:53,144 THE U.S. THERE'S FEW IN LOW AND 2633 02:30:53,210 --> 02:30:58,516 MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES AND 2634 02:30:58,582 --> 02:30:59,183 SOMETIMES THEY'RE DIFFERENT. 2635 02:30:59,250 --> 02:31:03,354 IT'S AND THE MAJORITY OF 2636 02:31:03,421 --> 02:31:04,588 CHILDREN LIVE IN LOW-INCOME 2637 02:31:04,655 --> 02:31:06,056 COUNTRIES SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO 2638 02:31:06,123 --> 02:31:08,325 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON AND 2639 02:31:08,392 --> 02:31:08,959 LOOK AT THE EXPOSURES AND LOOK 2640 02:31:09,026 --> 02:31:10,194 AT THE GAP. 2641 02:31:10,261 --> 02:31:15,366 AT THAT TIME WE WERE FOCUSSING 2642 02:31:15,433 --> 02:31:16,167 ON BIASES. 2643 02:31:16,233 --> 02:31:26,777 THAT WAS OR FIRST WORK TOGETHER. 2644 02:31:28,312 --> 02:31:30,881 I WAS DRESSING UP SOMETIMES IN 2645 02:31:30,948 --> 02:31:35,586 AN UNPROFESSIONAL WAY AND I 2646 02:31:35,653 --> 02:31:36,420 REMEMBER THE FIRST TIME THE 2647 02:31:36,487 --> 02:31:38,756 PAPER CAME OUT AND THERE WAS 2648 02:31:38,823 --> 02:31:41,892 NOTHING I HAD WRITTEN. 2649 02:31:41,959 --> 02:31:47,498 EVERYTHING WAS READ IN THE WORD 2650 02:31:47,565 --> 02:31:49,934 DOCUMENT AND THAT WAS THE FIRST 2651 02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:54,839 TIME AND SPEAKS TO WHAT WE HAVE 2652 02:31:54,905 --> 02:31:55,973 BEEN DOING AND SHOWING IN THE 2653 02:31:56,040 --> 02:31:59,109 LINK BETWEEN ANXIETY AND 2654 02:31:59,176 --> 02:32:00,377 INABILITY AND REPRESENTED IN THE 2655 02:32:00,444 --> 02:32:04,281 WORK AT THAT TIME WE SHOWED WE 2656 02:32:04,348 --> 02:32:07,952 REPLICATED THE FINDING THAT 2657 02:32:08,018 --> 02:32:14,325 CHILDREN WITH INTERNALIZING 2658 02:32:14,391 --> 02:32:15,893 DISORDERS CAN BE CAPTURED IN THE 2659 02:32:15,960 --> 02:32:20,998 ENVIRONMENT AND HAPPENS WITH THE 2660 02:32:21,065 --> 02:32:23,467 IRRITABILITY EVEN ADJUSTING FOR 2661 02:32:23,534 --> 02:32:23,701 ANXIETY. 2662 02:32:23,767 --> 02:32:31,008 SINCE THEN, WE HAVE BEEN 2663 02:32:31,075 --> 02:32:32,610 COLLABORATING WITH OTHER STUDIES 2664 02:32:32,676 --> 02:32:37,781 AND BESIDES GETTING ALL THE 2665 02:32:37,848 --> 02:32:38,582 KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING 2666 02:32:38,649 --> 02:32:40,084 EXPERIENCE WITH WRITING AND 2667 02:32:40,150 --> 02:32:41,018 GETTING TO KNOW AND BEING 2668 02:32:41,085 --> 02:32:43,821 ACCOUNTABLE FOR WHAT YOU WRITE, 2669 02:32:43,888 --> 02:32:45,890 WE HAVE BEEN SHAPING THE WORK WE 2670 02:32:45,956 --> 02:32:46,991 HAVE BEEN DOING. 2671 02:32:47,057 --> 02:32:51,228 THIS IS ONE OF THE VISITS ELLEN 2672 02:32:51,295 --> 02:32:51,395 DID. 2673 02:32:51,462 --> 02:32:53,163 I DON'T REMEMBER THE YEAR BUT IT 2674 02:32:53,230 --> 02:32:55,499 WAS BOB, MICHAEL AND ELLEN. 2675 02:32:55,566 --> 02:32:58,269 I REMEMBER MICHAEL SLEEPING IN 2676 02:32:58,335 --> 02:33:04,041 THE BACK OF THE CAR IN A SMALL 2677 02:33:04,108 --> 02:33:10,281 CITY IN BRAZIL AND FOR US TO 2678 02:33:10,347 --> 02:33:12,416 START A COLLABORATION AND TALK 2679 02:33:12,483 --> 02:33:13,717 ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC SIDE THE 2680 02:33:13,784 --> 02:33:19,023 THREE MAIN ASPECTS. 2681 02:33:19,089 --> 02:33:25,162 THIS IS TRYING TO UNDERSTAND A 2682 02:33:25,229 --> 02:33:28,966 DIMENSIONAL ASPECT AND WHAT 2683 02:33:29,033 --> 02:33:30,000 REQUIRES ATTENTION AND SYMPTOMS 2684 02:33:30,067 --> 02:33:31,802 REQUIRED THAT WOULD BE 2685 02:33:31,869 --> 02:33:33,037 IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY HEALTH SECTOR 2686 02:33:33,103 --> 02:33:33,971 TO HANDLE. 2687 02:33:34,038 --> 02:33:38,008 HOW IS BEST WAY TO FOCUS 2688 02:33:38,075 --> 02:33:40,878 ATTENTION THAT WOULD REQUIRE THE 2689 02:33:40,945 --> 02:33:43,414 MOST TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 2690 02:33:43,480 --> 02:33:44,348 THAT IS MORE DIFFICULT 2691 02:33:44,415 --> 02:33:48,485 PROJECTIONS IN LIFE. 2692 02:33:48,552 --> 02:33:50,721 I'LL TALK ABOUT THE IRRITABILITY 2693 02:33:50,788 --> 02:33:52,022 IN CHILDREN AND THRESHOLDS IN 2694 02:33:52,089 --> 02:33:55,292 ADULTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2695 02:33:55,359 --> 02:33:58,629 WORK AND THE THRESHOLDS FOR 2696 02:33:58,696 --> 02:33:59,863 CLINICAL ATTENTION IN HOW WE CAN 2697 02:33:59,930 --> 02:34:05,402 TRY TO UNDERSTAND THAT FROM A 2698 02:34:05,469 --> 02:34:06,937 PERSPECTIVE OF EXECUTIVE 2699 02:34:07,004 --> 02:34:07,438 FUNCTION FOR EXAMPLE. 2700 02:34:07,504 --> 02:34:11,976 THIS START AND I THINK THE PAPER 2701 02:34:12,042 --> 02:34:20,050 WAS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 2702 02:34:20,117 --> 02:34:25,155 SESSION AND IT'S IMPORTANT FOR 2703 02:34:25,222 --> 02:34:27,891 CHILD PSYCHIATRY WHICH IS WHEN 2704 02:34:27,958 --> 02:34:29,760 YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT'S GOING ON 2705 02:34:29,827 --> 02:34:31,395 WE JUST DON'T CALL IT SOMETHING 2706 02:34:31,462 --> 02:34:31,595 ELSE. 2707 02:34:31,662 --> 02:34:33,163 YOU CALL IT SOMETHING YOU DON'T 2708 02:34:33,230 --> 02:34:35,065 KNOW AND LET'S STUDY THAT. 2709 02:34:35,132 --> 02:34:37,001 THAT WAS NOT AN EASY DECISION 2710 02:34:37,067 --> 02:34:38,936 FOR DANNY AND ELLEN AND AN 2711 02:34:39,003 --> 02:34:40,571 IMPORTANT DECISION FOR THE FIELD 2712 02:34:40,638 --> 02:34:42,506 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WAS GOING ON. 2713 02:34:42,573 --> 02:34:45,909 THIS HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT IN 2714 02:34:45,976 --> 02:34:46,977 MANY CHILDREN IN THE WORLD. 2715 02:34:47,044 --> 02:34:52,116 SO I REALLY PARTICULARLY APPLAUD 2716 02:34:52,182 --> 02:34:54,018 AND THERE'S TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 2717 02:34:54,084 --> 02:34:56,020 WHAT'S GOING ON AND NOT JUMPING 2718 02:34:56,086 --> 02:34:57,154 INTO OTHER THINGS YOU DON'T KNOW 2719 02:34:57,221 --> 02:35:02,092 WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT. 2720 02:35:02,159 --> 02:35:06,263 SO WE DEPARTED FROM THIS 2721 02:35:06,330 --> 02:35:08,932 SEMINOLE WORK THAT WOUND UP 2722 02:35:08,999 --> 02:35:12,469 BEING REPRESENTED IN THE DSM5 2723 02:35:12,536 --> 02:35:13,937 AND UNDERSTAND HOW THE 2724 02:35:14,004 --> 02:35:15,039 NEUROLOGICAL STUDIES CAN HELP US 2725 02:35:15,105 --> 02:35:17,274 UNDERSTAND THE THRESHOLDS IN A 2726 02:35:17,341 --> 02:35:20,044 DATA-DRIVEN WAY THAT COMPLIMENTS 2727 02:35:20,110 --> 02:35:22,279 THE CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS. 2728 02:35:22,346 --> 02:35:24,982 THIS IS WORK FROM A Ph.D. 2729 02:35:25,049 --> 02:35:28,886 STUDENT AND SO BESIDES THE 2730 02:35:28,952 --> 02:35:32,823 GENEROSITY OF ELLEN AND MELISSA 2731 02:35:32,890 --> 02:35:34,792 TO HELP ME IN MY CAREER THEY 2732 02:35:34,858 --> 02:35:38,362 EXTEND THE BENEFIT TO MY 2733 02:35:38,429 --> 02:35:39,830 STUDENTS AND CAME TO US AND WAS 2734 02:35:39,897 --> 02:35:43,534 MENTORED HERE AND SO THAT WAS 2735 02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:46,036 EVEN -- AND NOW BEING A FATHER 2736 02:35:46,103 --> 02:35:48,839 OF A 3-YEAR-OLD YOU UNDERSTAND 2737 02:35:48,906 --> 02:35:50,207 HOW NICE IT IS WHEN SOMEONE IS 2738 02:35:50,274 --> 02:35:51,742 TAKING CARE OF YOUR CHILD AND 2739 02:35:51,809 --> 02:35:53,477 HOW POWERFUL THIS IS. 2740 02:35:53,544 --> 02:35:54,878 I DO FEEL THAT IN THE 2741 02:35:54,945 --> 02:35:56,046 RELATIONSHIP THAT I HAVE WITH 2742 02:35:56,113 --> 02:35:59,216 THE GROUP HERE. 2743 02:35:59,283 --> 02:36:02,920 TOGETHER WE DEFINED A METHOD TO 2744 02:36:02,986 --> 02:36:04,221 TRY TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE DEFINE 2745 02:36:04,288 --> 02:36:07,624 THE THRESHOLDS. 2746 02:36:07,691 --> 02:36:09,660 GIVEN THE DIMENSION IS 2747 02:36:09,727 --> 02:36:10,327 DISTRIBUTED HOW TO DISTINGUISH 2748 02:36:10,394 --> 02:36:13,363 THE ONES THAT REQUIRE MOST 2749 02:36:13,430 --> 02:36:14,531 ATTENTION TO THE ONES THAT WOULD 2750 02:36:14,598 --> 02:36:21,004 NOT BE THAT EFFECTIVE BECAUSE 2751 02:36:21,071 --> 02:36:28,345 IRRITABILITY EVERY CHILDS HAS 2752 02:36:28,412 --> 02:36:34,084 TANTRUMS AND WHEN IT'S AN 2753 02:36:34,151 --> 02:36:44,695 INDICATOR OR NORMATIVE BEHAVIOR. 2754 02:36:49,933 --> 02:36:51,168 UNDERSTANDING FROM THE PHENOTYPE 2755 02:36:51,235 --> 02:36:53,804 IN THE LATENT TRAIT WHAT LEVEL 2756 02:36:53,871 --> 02:36:58,976 OF EACH RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2757 02:36:59,042 --> 02:37:06,316 INFORMS A PROBLEM. 2758 02:37:06,383 --> 02:37:08,418 THERE ARE THINGS EVEN THE 2759 02:37:08,485 --> 02:37:09,586 PRESENCE IS INFORMED SOMETHING 2760 02:37:09,653 --> 02:37:09,987 GOING ON. 2761 02:37:10,053 --> 02:37:15,859 WE DEPARTED FROM THIS STRATEGY. 2762 02:37:15,926 --> 02:37:22,432 YOU CAN SEE THE PRESENCE OF 2763 02:37:22,499 --> 02:37:24,968 SELF-HARM DOESN'T REQUIRE 2764 02:37:25,035 --> 02:37:26,570 INTENSITY TO FIRST THINK THIS 2765 02:37:26,637 --> 02:37:27,371 MAY BE A PROBLEM. 2766 02:37:27,437 --> 02:37:32,509 WHERE ARE SOME THINGS SUCH AS 2767 02:37:32,576 --> 02:37:35,045 OUTBURSTS INCENTIVIZE ONE OR TWO 2768 02:37:35,112 --> 02:37:37,948 OUTBURSTS ARE SOMETHING TYPICAL 2769 02:37:38,015 --> 02:37:42,986 BUT OUTBURSTS EVERY DAY MAY BE 2770 02:37:43,053 --> 02:37:43,587 INDICATING SOMETHING REQUIRES 2771 02:37:43,654 --> 02:37:53,964 MIN CAL ATTENTION. 2772 02:38:03,040 --> 02:38:04,107 THERE IS HOW MANY SYMPTOMS YOU 2773 02:38:04,174 --> 02:38:06,777 NEED TO HAVE TO START THINKING 2774 02:38:06,844 --> 02:38:09,713 IT'S ONLY ONE SYMPTOM MIGHT BE 2775 02:38:09,780 --> 02:38:14,051 AGAIN SOMETHING THAT YOU SEE 2776 02:38:14,117 --> 02:38:15,485 MORE FREQUENTLY AND NEED A 2777 02:38:15,552 --> 02:38:16,753 COMBINATION OF THE SYMPTOMS TO 2778 02:38:16,820 --> 02:38:17,921 UNDERSTAND THIS IS A CHILD 2779 02:38:17,988 --> 02:38:18,455 NEEDING A LOT OF HELP. 2780 02:38:18,522 --> 02:38:23,727 THAT WAS THE SECOND PART OF THE 2781 02:38:23,794 --> 02:38:25,395 PIPELINE WAS THE DATA DRIVEN 2782 02:38:25,462 --> 02:38:27,898 ANALYSIS IN THE ANALYSIS AND 2783 02:38:27,965 --> 02:38:30,467 COMBINING THAT WITH A METHOD 2784 02:38:30,534 --> 02:38:31,535 CALLED RECEIVING OPERATING 2785 02:38:31,602 --> 02:38:34,872 CURVES TO TRANSLATE TO A MORE 2786 02:38:34,938 --> 02:38:35,806 CLINICAL LANGUAGE CLINICIANS ARE 2787 02:38:35,873 --> 02:38:38,075 USED TO SUCH AS THE DSM5 HOW 2788 02:38:38,141 --> 02:38:39,376 MANY SYMPTOMS YOU NEED TO HAVE 2789 02:38:39,443 --> 02:38:44,081 TO BE PART OF A CLUSTER THAT'S 2790 02:38:44,147 --> 02:38:54,491 HIGHLY SYMPTOMATIC. 2791 02:38:55,993 --> 02:38:58,528 AND THERE'S TWO PRESENTATIONS 2792 02:38:58,595 --> 02:39:02,165 AND A MORE PHASIC LIKE MOOD AND 2793 02:39:02,232 --> 02:39:04,735 OUTBURST AND HOW DO WE PUT THOSE 2794 02:39:04,801 --> 02:39:05,736 THINGS TOGETHER. 2795 02:39:05,802 --> 02:39:09,172 YOU NEED THE AND RULE AND 2796 02:39:09,239 --> 02:39:10,941 REQUIRE ONE OF THOSE MEASURES TO 2797 02:39:11,008 --> 02:39:12,676 BE PRESENT HERE IN THE STUDY WE 2798 02:39:12,743 --> 02:39:14,211 EXPLORED HOW WE CAN PUT THOSE 2799 02:39:14,278 --> 02:39:17,180 TOGETHER AND THE IMPACT OF THAT 2800 02:39:17,247 --> 02:39:19,716 AND PREVALENCE IN THE COMMUNITY 2801 02:39:19,783 --> 02:39:24,288 THAT'S ALSO IMPORTANT PARAMETER 2802 02:39:24,354 --> 02:39:25,489 FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE 2803 02:39:25,555 --> 02:39:26,423 HOW MUCH OF THE POPULATION WILL 2804 02:39:26,490 --> 02:39:30,661 BE AFFECTED BY CONDITION. 2805 02:39:30,727 --> 02:39:32,496 AS I MENTIONED AND THERE WAS THE 2806 02:39:32,562 --> 02:39:35,065 SECOND AND THIS IS PART OF THE 2807 02:39:35,132 --> 02:39:37,134 RESEARCH GROUP I DID IN BRAZIL 2808 02:39:37,200 --> 02:39:41,138 AND THAT VISIT WAS PARTICULARLY 2809 02:39:41,204 --> 02:39:43,907 IMPORTANT BECAUSE THAT WAS ONE 2810 02:39:43,974 --> 02:39:49,012 OF THE FIRST TIME ELLEN SPOKE TO 2811 02:39:49,079 --> 02:39:59,323 THE WOMEN IN THE GROUP AND 2812 02:39:59,389 --> 02:40:01,758 EVERYONE GOT FEEDBACK IN SAYING 2813 02:40:01,825 --> 02:40:03,260 THIS WAS SO IMPORTANT AND I 2814 02:40:03,327 --> 02:40:04,294 COULD NOT SPEAK MUCH. 2815 02:40:04,361 --> 02:40:05,162 IT WAS REALLY AN IMPORTANT 2816 02:40:05,228 --> 02:40:15,005 MOMENT. 2817 02:40:15,072 --> 02:40:18,675 WE EXTEND THE WORK ON THIS FOR 2818 02:40:18,742 --> 02:40:21,144 ADULTS AND THE MAIN REASON FOR 2819 02:40:21,211 --> 02:40:25,148 THAT IS BECAUSE THEIR WORK AARON 2820 02:40:25,215 --> 02:40:28,652 AND MANNISH HAVE BEEN DOING, WE 2821 02:40:28,719 --> 02:40:30,687 KNOW THE IMPORTANCE OF 2822 02:40:30,754 --> 02:40:32,189 IRRITABILITY IN CHILDHOOD IN 2823 02:40:32,255 --> 02:40:36,059 PREDICTING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION 2824 02:40:36,126 --> 02:40:38,662 INTO ADULTHOOD AND STILL WE KNOW 2825 02:40:38,729 --> 02:40:42,199 LITTLE ABOUT HOW IRRITABILITY IN 2826 02:40:42,265 --> 02:40:44,334 CHILDHOOD PREDICTS IRRITABILITY 2827 02:40:44,401 --> 02:40:46,003 IN ADULTHOOD. 2828 02:40:46,069 --> 02:40:49,806 IN PART THE ANGER AND 2829 02:40:49,873 --> 02:40:52,042 IRRITABILITY HAVE BEEN 2830 02:40:52,109 --> 02:40:54,878 DISSEMINATED IN THE DSM TO SO 2831 02:40:54,945 --> 02:40:57,581 MANY CATEGORIES AND THERE'S A 2832 02:40:57,647 --> 02:40:58,715 DISCONNECTION BETWEEN THE 2833 02:40:58,782 --> 02:40:59,816 CATEGORIES FOR CHILDREN AND 2834 02:40:59,883 --> 02:41:01,184 ADULTS AND START THINKING THE 2835 02:41:01,251 --> 02:41:05,389 IMPORTANCE OF HOW WE CAN PUT THE 2836 02:41:05,455 --> 02:41:09,026 WORK TOGETHER AND HOW THIS COULD 2837 02:41:09,092 --> 02:41:13,063 INFORM PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN A MORE 2838 02:41:13,130 --> 02:41:14,331 DEVELOPMENTALLY SENSITIVE WAY. 2839 02:41:14,398 --> 02:41:20,470 WE STARTED USING THE SAME 2840 02:41:20,537 --> 02:41:27,344 METHODS AND WE STARTED THINKING 2841 02:41:27,411 --> 02:41:34,017 ABOUT THE COHORT HOW THAT WOULD 2842 02:41:34,084 --> 02:41:41,324 BE IN IN LATE ADOLESCENCE AND DO 2843 02:41:41,391 --> 02:41:44,628 THEY MEASURE AND THERE'S 2844 02:41:44,694 --> 02:41:49,132 INFORMATION INFORMING THE FACTS 2845 02:41:49,199 --> 02:41:53,470 SO HOW CAN WE DO THAT. 2846 02:41:53,537 --> 02:42:03,947 I'M SURE THIS IS SCARY. 2847 02:42:11,154 --> 02:42:16,359 WE CAN ALSO TEST IF AND TRYING 2848 02:42:16,426 --> 02:42:17,694 TO UNDERSTAND IF THE INDICATORS 2849 02:42:17,761 --> 02:42:18,895 ARE MEASURING THE SAME THING IN 2850 02:42:18,962 --> 02:42:20,130 DIFFERENT STEPS OF DEVELOPMENT. 2851 02:42:20,197 --> 02:42:25,502 ONE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY IS 2852 02:42:25,569 --> 02:42:36,079 THEY'RE NOT AND IF WE LOOK AT 2853 02:42:41,284 --> 02:42:47,424 LONG DURATION OF IRRITABLE MOOD 2854 02:42:47,491 --> 02:42:54,698 AND IT'S NOT THAT COMMON TO SEE 2855 02:42:54,764 --> 02:43:00,971 THE MOOD LAST LONG. 2856 02:43:01,037 --> 02:43:04,007 IF WE GO TO ADOLESCENCE AND 2857 02:43:04,074 --> 02:43:06,743 YOUNG ADULT WE REQUIRE THAT 2858 02:43:06,810 --> 02:43:08,945 CONSISTENT WITH THE IDEA OF THE 2859 02:43:09,012 --> 02:43:18,722 EXAMPLE. 2860 02:43:18,788 --> 02:43:21,057 FOR US TO LOOK AT THE MEASURE IT 2861 02:43:21,124 --> 02:43:23,226 REQUIRES EIGHT OF THINK IN HOW 2862 02:43:23,293 --> 02:43:25,162 THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER AND 2863 02:43:25,228 --> 02:43:29,933 HOW THE PHENOMENA MANIFEST HAVE 2864 02:43:30,000 --> 02:43:37,174 DIFFERENT AGE PERIODS. 2865 02:43:37,240 --> 02:43:38,942 WE HAVE OTHER WAYS AND 2866 02:43:39,009 --> 02:43:42,078 PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING AND 2867 02:43:42,145 --> 02:43:44,381 THE EFFECT OF COMORBIDITY NOT 2868 02:43:44,447 --> 02:43:45,015 REALLY IRRITABILITY AND ONE 2869 02:43:45,081 --> 02:43:53,590 THING WE DID WAS WE USED 2870 02:43:53,657 --> 02:43:56,026 MATCHING CRITERIA AGAINST THOSE 2871 02:43:56,092 --> 02:43:58,962 THAT WOULD NOT MATCH DO 2872 02:43:59,029 --> 02:44:00,130 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND HAVE THE 2873 02:44:00,197 --> 02:44:01,965 SAME TYPES OF DISORDERS. 2874 02:44:02,032 --> 02:44:04,968 SO IF WE HAVE ADHD THE CONTROL 2875 02:44:05,035 --> 02:44:06,903 HAS ADHD. 2876 02:44:06,970 --> 02:44:11,408 IF THE CASE HAS ADHD AND PHOBIA 2877 02:44:11,474 --> 02:44:14,311 IT'S MATCHING ON THE COMORBIDITY 2878 02:44:14,377 --> 02:44:15,779 PROFILES AND MAKE SURE IT'S NOT 2879 02:44:15,845 --> 02:44:20,584 ABOUT COMORBIDITY AND YOU CAN 2880 02:44:20,650 --> 02:44:22,786 SEE HERE EVEN MATCHING FOR 2881 02:44:22,852 --> 02:44:23,687 EVERYTHING POSSIBLE USING 2882 02:44:23,753 --> 02:44:25,055 COMPLETELY MATCHED INDIVIDUALS 2883 02:44:25,121 --> 02:44:28,592 YOU STILL SEE A HUGE EFFECT OF 2884 02:44:28,658 --> 02:44:31,127 IRRITABILITY IN ADULTS AND SEE 2885 02:44:31,194 --> 02:44:32,429 THOSE ADULTS ARE INTERESTING 2886 02:44:32,495 --> 02:44:34,631 TROUBLE IN THEIR LIVES AND 2887 02:44:34,698 --> 02:44:36,299 SYMPTOMS AND IMPAIRMENT IN THEIR 2888 02:44:36,366 --> 02:44:39,035 LIVES ABOVE AND BEYOND THEIR 2889 02:44:39,102 --> 02:44:41,404 COMORBIDITIES. 2890 02:44:41,471 --> 02:44:46,409 THE OTHER THING ALSO THE GROUP 2891 02:44:46,476 --> 02:44:50,280 HAS BEEN SHOWING IS USING 2892 02:44:50,347 --> 02:44:52,983 ASSESSMENT IF WE PROBE MULTIPLE 2893 02:44:53,049 --> 02:44:55,118 TIMES A DAY THE IRRITABILITY 2894 02:44:55,185 --> 02:44:57,053 SYMPTOMS YOU'D SEE A LOT OF 2895 02:44:57,120 --> 02:44:59,756 IRRITABILITY NOT ONLY CAPTURED 2896 02:44:59,823 --> 02:45:01,491 BY QUESTIONNAIRES AND SOMETIMES 2897 02:45:01,558 --> 02:45:02,659 JUST QUESTIONNAIRE AFFECTS WITH 2898 02:45:02,726 --> 02:45:11,334 ANOTHER SOURCE OF VARIANCE. 2899 02:45:11,401 --> 02:45:14,304 THE LAST PART IS TRYING TO 2900 02:45:14,371 --> 02:45:17,140 UNDERSTAND TEST-BASED 2901 02:45:17,207 --> 02:45:17,641 ASSESSMENTED USING THE 2902 02:45:17,707 --> 02:45:19,109 CLASSIFICATION. 2903 02:45:19,175 --> 02:45:20,477 -- ASSESSMENT USING THE 2904 02:45:20,543 --> 02:45:24,180 CLASSIFICATION. 2905 02:45:24,247 --> 02:45:31,421 AND THIS IS A PLOT AND IF WE PUT 2906 02:45:31,488 --> 02:45:34,257 TOGETHER THE FUNCTION TASKS AND 2907 02:45:34,324 --> 02:45:35,225 CORRELATE THAT WITH THE 2908 02:45:35,292 --> 02:45:36,226 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MEASURES THEY 2909 02:45:36,293 --> 02:45:37,127 CLUSTER DIFFERENTLY. 2910 02:45:37,193 --> 02:45:38,662 THEY'RE NOT CLUSTERING TOGETHER. 2911 02:45:38,728 --> 02:45:41,398 SO THIS REALLY TELLS US THIS IS 2912 02:45:41,464 --> 02:45:42,332 CAPTURING INFORMATION 2913 02:45:42,399 --> 02:45:42,632 DIFFERENTLY. 2914 02:45:42,699 --> 02:45:44,234 IT'S NOT THE SAME SOURCE OF 2915 02:45:44,301 --> 02:45:45,835 VARIANTS AND THERE'S A LOT OF 2916 02:45:45,902 --> 02:45:47,270 INFORMATION WE CAN EXPLORE ALSO 2917 02:45:47,337 --> 02:45:48,838 FROM THE CLINICAL STANDPOINT. 2918 02:45:48,905 --> 02:45:52,842 SO WE HAVE BEEN USING THE SAME 2919 02:45:52,909 --> 02:45:57,013 APPROACH OF USING THE DERIVED 2920 02:45:57,080 --> 02:45:58,682 THRESHOLDS AT THE LEVEL OF THE 2921 02:45:58,748 --> 02:46:01,151 TASK ADJUSTING FOR SEX AND AGE 2922 02:46:01,217 --> 02:46:03,153 AND DEFINING DIFFERENT 2923 02:46:03,219 --> 02:46:05,121 PERFORMANCES AND UNDERSTAND HOW 2924 02:46:05,188 --> 02:46:06,856 TO GENERATE GROUPS USING DATA 2925 02:46:06,923 --> 02:46:10,360 DRIVEN METHODS THAT ARE IMPAIRED 2926 02:46:10,427 --> 02:46:12,996 IN SHOWING THAT THOSE 2927 02:46:13,063 --> 02:46:14,664 PARTICIPANTS THAT FULFILLED THIS 2928 02:46:14,731 --> 02:46:15,699 PATTERN HAVE A LOT OF IMPAIRMENT 2929 02:46:15,765 --> 02:46:17,901 IN THEIR LIVES. 2930 02:46:17,967 --> 02:46:21,805 THIS IS GOING TO THE VALIDITY 2931 02:46:21,871 --> 02:46:24,174 AND THEY HAVE FRIENDSHIP 2932 02:46:24,240 --> 02:46:25,709 IMPAIRMENT AND SCHOOL IMPAIRMENT 2933 02:46:25,775 --> 02:46:27,844 AND NOT ONLY IN THE 2934 02:46:27,911 --> 02:46:31,681 QUESTIONNAIRE DATA BUT REAL-LIFE 2935 02:46:31,748 --> 02:46:33,883 DATA AND WHAT'S THE LEVEL OF 2936 02:46:33,950 --> 02:46:37,153 LITERACY AS AN EXAMPLE. 2937 02:46:37,220 --> 02:46:45,528 WE SHOWED THOSE GROUPS ALSO HAVE 2938 02:46:45,595 --> 02:46:48,932 DECREASED BRAIN THICKNESS IN 2939 02:46:48,998 --> 02:46:51,968 CORRECTING IN TIME POINTS AND AN 2940 02:46:52,035 --> 02:46:56,406 ASSOCIATION IN STRUCTURES. 2941 02:46:56,473 --> 02:46:58,641 I'M GOING TO GO TO THE FINISH OF 2942 02:46:58,708 --> 02:47:00,777 THAT AND BEYOND THE IMPACT ELLEN 2943 02:47:00,844 --> 02:47:04,114 HAS HAD IN MY LIFE OVER ALL AND 2944 02:47:04,180 --> 02:47:07,083 OVER ALL THE NIH TEAM AND FAMILY 2945 02:47:07,150 --> 02:47:09,085 AND IT WAS A TRANSITION POINT TO 2946 02:47:09,152 --> 02:47:12,389 MY CAREER EVERY TIME I NEED HELP 2947 02:47:12,455 --> 02:47:15,258 I CALL ELLEN AND DANNY TO HELP 2948 02:47:15,325 --> 02:47:20,430 AND I HAD BEEN THROUGH DIFFERENT 2949 02:47:20,497 --> 02:47:20,663 THINGS. 2950 02:47:20,730 --> 02:47:21,965 AND IN ALL OF THOSE CRITICAL 2951 02:47:22,031 --> 02:47:25,635 MOMENTS I CAN REALLY COUNT WITH 2952 02:47:25,702 --> 02:47:29,773 SOMEONE THAT CAN GUIDE ME IN MY 2953 02:47:29,839 --> 02:47:30,039 THINKING. 2954 02:47:30,106 --> 02:47:31,274 ONE OF THE DIFFERENT THINGS I 2955 02:47:31,341 --> 02:47:32,742 HAVE DONE WITH MY CAREER AT SOME 2956 02:47:32,809 --> 02:47:35,645 POINT I WANTED TO COME AGAIN 2957 02:47:35,712 --> 02:47:38,648 FROM A LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME 2958 02:47:38,715 --> 02:47:40,350 COUNTRY AND DO WORK WITH THE 2959 02:47:40,417 --> 02:47:44,554 SYSTEM AND TRY TO DELIVER 2960 02:47:44,621 --> 02:47:46,055 SERVICES TO CHILDREN MORE AND 2961 02:47:46,122 --> 02:47:49,626 HOW CAN I HELP FROM AN ACADEMIC 2962 02:47:49,692 --> 02:47:53,329 STANDPOINT AND TO BE HONEST WITH 2963 02:47:53,396 --> 02:47:55,331 YOU, I WAS DIRECTOR OF THE 2964 02:47:55,398 --> 02:47:56,566 HEALTH FACILITY FOR TWO YEARS 2965 02:47:56,633 --> 02:47:59,335 WHEN I WAS STILL PART OF FACULTY 2966 02:47:59,402 --> 02:48:00,837 OF THE UNIVERSITY AND AT THE 2967 02:48:00,904 --> 02:48:03,273 BEGINNING I THOUGHT, OH, I'M 2968 02:48:03,339 --> 02:48:04,908 GOING TO HELP SO MUCH BECAUSE 2969 02:48:04,974 --> 02:48:05,608 THERE'S SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 2970 02:48:05,675 --> 02:48:06,643 AND IT'S GOING TO BE SO 2971 02:48:06,709 --> 02:48:09,145 IMPORTANT AND TO BE HONEST I 2972 02:48:09,212 --> 02:48:13,149 LEARNED SO MUCH AND A LOT OF THE 2973 02:48:13,216 --> 02:48:16,519 THINGS THAT I NEEDED TO BE FOR 2974 02:48:16,586 --> 02:48:17,854 THE SYSTEM TO BE EFFECTIVE 2975 02:48:17,921 --> 02:48:19,622 REQUIRED LEARNING ON MY END AND 2976 02:48:19,689 --> 02:48:20,523 UNDERSTANDING OF THE PEOPLE THAT 2977 02:48:20,590 --> 02:48:22,392 HAD BEEN THERE FOR 30 YEARS HAD 2978 02:48:22,459 --> 02:48:24,360 A LOT OF THE ANSWERS BUT ONE 2979 02:48:24,427 --> 02:48:26,429 THING THAT REALLY MADE A 2980 02:48:26,496 --> 02:48:28,331 DIFFERENCE IS THE SCIENTIFIC 2981 02:48:28,398 --> 02:48:28,598 THINKING. 2982 02:48:28,665 --> 02:48:30,733 IS THERE A WAY TO APPROACH A 2983 02:48:30,800 --> 02:48:33,670 PROBLEM AND A WAY TO PUT THINGS 2984 02:48:33,736 --> 02:48:35,939 TOGETHER AND THAT'S SOMETHING 2985 02:48:36,005 --> 02:48:37,140 MENTORSHIP IS A KEY THING IS HOW 2986 02:48:37,207 --> 02:48:39,876 YOU APPROACH AN IDEA AND HOW AU 2987 02:48:39,943 --> 02:48:43,146 APPROACH AND HOW YOU THINK ABOUT 2988 02:48:43,213 --> 02:48:44,113 THINGS NOT ONLY SCIENTIFIC 2989 02:48:44,180 --> 02:48:45,415 PROBLEMS BUT ABOUT PROBLEMS IN A 2990 02:48:45,482 --> 02:48:49,519 MORE GENERAL SENSE IN LIFE. 2991 02:48:49,586 --> 02:48:52,555 I HAD BEEN A BENEFICIARY OF 2992 02:48:52,622 --> 02:48:54,424 ELLEN'S MENTORSHIP AND I'M 2993 02:48:54,491 --> 02:48:55,692 GRATEFUL FOR THAT. 2994 02:48:55,758 --> 02:48:56,526 THESE ARE SOME OF THE THINGS 2995 02:48:56,593 --> 02:48:58,061 WE'VE DONE IN THE CITY. 2996 02:48:58,127 --> 02:49:00,597 I'M PROUD OF THE WORK WE'VE DONE 2997 02:49:00,663 --> 02:49:03,666 THERE AND CREATED A HUMOROUS NEW 2998 02:49:03,733 --> 02:49:06,569 SERVICE AND IMPLEMENTING 2999 02:49:06,636 --> 02:49:08,371 ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD AND 3000 02:49:08,438 --> 02:49:09,038 QUALITATIVE CARE ASSESSMENT THAT 3001 02:49:09,105 --> 02:49:13,142 WAS DIFFERENT AND THAT ALLOWED 3002 02:49:13,209 --> 02:49:14,143 ME TO TRANSITION TO NEW YORK 3003 02:49:14,210 --> 02:49:16,179 CITY AND I HAVE BEEN LIVING IN 3004 02:49:16,246 --> 02:49:21,150 NEW YORK CITY THE PAST YEAR AND 3005 02:49:21,217 --> 02:49:30,793 A HALF AND I COORDINATE TWO BIG 3006 02:49:30,860 --> 02:49:31,427 PROGRAMS AND THERE'S DIFFICULT 3007 02:49:31,494 --> 02:49:32,428 PERSONAL TIMES THROUGH MY LIFE 3008 02:49:32,495 --> 02:49:35,765 AND SHE WAS ALWAYS THERE TO GIVE 3009 02:49:35,832 --> 02:49:36,499 SUPPORT. 3010 02:49:36,566 --> 02:49:42,805 I'D LIKE TO FINISH THANKING YOU, 3011 02:49:42,872 --> 02:49:44,574 ELLEN. 3012 02:49:44,641 --> 02:49:45,909 YOU HAVE BEEN IMPORTANT IN MY 3013 02:49:45,975 --> 02:49:49,145 CAREER AND HAVE BEEN A MENTOR 3014 02:49:49,212 --> 02:49:59,722 AND FRIEND MULTIPLE TIMES AND 3015 02:50:03,693 --> 02:50:10,066 COMING HERE TO NIH AS YOU AN 3016 02:50:10,133 --> 02:50:13,269 IMPORTANT POINT IN MY CAREER 3017 02:50:13,336 --> 02:50:14,504 TRAJECTORY. 3018 02:50:14,571 --> 02:50:15,572 I'M GRATEFUL TO BE HERE 3019 02:50:15,638 --> 02:50:18,441 REPRESENTING SO MANY MENTEES AND 3020 02:50:18,508 --> 02:50:20,410 THE IMPACT THE INSTITUTE HAS IN 3021 02:50:20,476 --> 02:50:22,812 OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. 3022 02:50:22,879 --> 02:50:24,914 SO I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO TAKE THE 3023 02:50:24,981 --> 02:50:28,451 OPPORTUNITY TO THANK OUR 3024 02:50:28,518 --> 02:50:30,687 COLLABORATORS AND I SEE 3025 02:50:30,753 --> 02:50:39,429 KATHERINA AND MELISSA AND 3026 02:50:39,495 --> 02:50:40,597 MONIQUE AND SO MANY OTHERS FROM 3027 02:50:40,663 --> 02:50:46,736 ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 3028 02:50:46,803 --> 02:50:48,504 ALL THE RESEARCH TEAM THAT DID 3029 02:50:48,571 --> 02:50:49,138 MOST THE HEAVY LIFTING SO THANK 3030 02:50:49,205 --> 02:50:59,315 YOU FOR THE ATTENTION. 3031 02:50:59,382 --> 02:51:01,217 DANNY IS ASKING FOR PEOPLE TO BE 3032 02:51:01,284 --> 02:51:11,527 BACK AT 2:30. 3033 03:06:10,726 --> 03:06:12,294 I'M GOING TO CALL US TO ORDER 3034 03:06:12,361 --> 03:06:13,495 AND START IN ABOUT A MINUTE IN 3035 03:06:13,562 --> 03:06:24,072 EVERYONE CAN FIND THEIR SEATS. 3036 03:06:34,016 --> 03:06:39,187 SO THE NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. WAN 3037 03:06:39,254 --> 03:06:41,423 LING TSENG AN ASSISTANT 3038 03:06:41,490 --> 03:06:43,559 PROFESSOR AT THE YALE SCHOOL OF 3039 03:06:43,625 --> 03:06:47,262 MEDICINE AND CHAIR OF THE CULL 3040 03:06:47,329 --> 03:06:51,567 CULTURAL CONSORTIUM ON 3041 03:06:51,633 --> 03:06:52,234 IRRITABILITY. 3042 03:06:52,301 --> 03:06:56,538 IT'S WONDERFUL TO HAVE WAN LING 3043 03:06:56,605 --> 03:07:02,077 TO COME BACK AND WE HAVE SO MANY 3044 03:07:02,144 --> 03:07:07,249 FAVORITE CHILDS AND DEFINITELY A 3045 03:07:07,316 --> 03:07:09,051 RETURNING FAVORITE CHILDREN. 3046 03:07:09,117 --> 03:07:10,252 HIS BACKGROUND IS SIMILAR TO A 3047 03:07:10,319 --> 03:07:14,523 LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE GROUPS. 3048 03:07:14,590 --> 03:07:17,125 ONE THING UNIQUE ABOUT WAN LING 3049 03:07:17,192 --> 03:07:21,129 IS THE CAME TO THE GROUP AS A 3050 03:07:21,196 --> 03:07:25,801 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND 3051 03:07:25,867 --> 03:07:27,436 ONE THING ABOUT ELLEN IS THEY 3052 03:07:27,502 --> 03:07:28,971 COME FROM ALL DIFFERENT 3053 03:07:29,037 --> 03:07:31,406 BACKGROUNDS AND FIELDS AND 3054 03:07:31,473 --> 03:07:34,142 THERE'S A NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO 3055 03:07:34,209 --> 03:07:36,144 AS YOU HEARD JULIA TALK ABOUT 3056 03:07:36,211 --> 03:07:42,250 HAVE TAUGHT US HERE WITH OUR 3057 03:07:42,317 --> 03:07:44,419 FOCUS ON CLINICAL QUESTIONS AS 3058 03:07:44,486 --> 03:07:48,056 MUCH AS WE TAUGHT THEM AND I SEE 3059 03:07:48,123 --> 03:07:49,891 ASHLEY SMITH DEVELOPMENT 3060 03:07:49,958 --> 03:07:54,930 PSYCHOLOGIST AND SOCIAL 3061 03:07:54,997 --> 03:08:00,836 PSYCHOLOGIST, AND WAN LING IS A 3062 03:08:00,902 --> 03:08:02,070 WONDERFUL REPRESENTATIVE OF SO 3063 03:08:02,137 --> 03:08:07,209 MANY GREAT THINGS THEY BROUGHT 3064 03:08:07,275 --> 03:08:17,552 TO TEACH US ALL. 3065 03:08:23,291 --> 03:08:25,260 >> IT'S MY PLEASURE TO TALK 3066 03:08:25,327 --> 03:08:30,866 ABOUT MY CURRENT WORK LOOKING AT 3067 03:08:30,932 --> 03:08:37,639 MY AND LOOK AT IRRITABILITY FROM 3068 03:08:37,706 --> 03:08:38,807 MULTIPLE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS. 3069 03:08:38,874 --> 03:08:43,812 AS I GO THROUGH MY TALK, I THINK 3070 03:08:43,879 --> 03:08:45,280 HOPEFULLY IT WILL BECOME OBVIOUS 3071 03:08:45,347 --> 03:08:50,185 TO YOU HOW MUCH ELLEN'S WORK AND 3072 03:08:50,252 --> 03:08:52,020 MY TIME AT THE NIMHD WITH ELLEN 3073 03:08:52,087 --> 03:08:52,988 HAS INFLUENCED MY THINKING AND 3074 03:08:53,055 --> 03:09:03,365 RESEARCH PROGRAM. 3075 03:09:04,166 --> 03:09:07,703 I WANT TO TAKE YOU THROUGH MY 3076 03:09:07,769 --> 03:09:08,770 RESEARCH JOURNEY ON IRRITAB 3077 03:09:08,837 --> 03:09:09,104 IRRITABILITY. 3078 03:09:09,171 --> 03:09:10,172 MY PASSION FOR WORKING WITH 3079 03:09:10,238 --> 03:09:14,710 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WAS 3080 03:09:14,776 --> 03:09:16,578 STARTED WHEN I WAS A CAMP 3081 03:09:16,645 --> 03:09:21,149 COUNSELOR EVERY SUMMER IN 3082 03:09:21,216 --> 03:09:25,520 COLLEGE IN TAIWAN UNIVERSITY AND 3083 03:09:25,587 --> 03:09:27,522 I REMEMBER IT WAS SPECIFICALLY 3084 03:09:27,589 --> 03:09:32,127 DESIGN FOR KIDS WHO ARE 3085 03:09:32,194 --> 03:09:34,096 UNAFFECTED AND SIBLING AND WHO 3086 03:09:34,162 --> 03:09:39,835 HAVE SIBLING WHO HAVE EITHER 3087 03:09:39,901 --> 03:09:42,471 MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS OR AND 3088 03:09:42,537 --> 03:09:45,173 OFTEN TIMES THE UNAFFECTED 3089 03:09:45,240 --> 03:09:47,008 SIBLINGS ARE NEGLECTED AND NOT 3090 03:09:47,075 --> 03:09:49,177 PAYING MUCH ATTENTION BECAUSE OF 3091 03:09:49,244 --> 03:09:50,712 THE SICK CHILD IN THE FAMILY. 3092 03:09:50,779 --> 03:09:57,619 WE WANTED TO HAVE A SUMMARY CAMP 3093 03:09:57,686 --> 03:09:59,855 DEVOTED TO THE SIBLING TO MAKE 3094 03:09:59,921 --> 03:10:01,823 THEM FEEL SPECIAL AND CARED FOR 3095 03:10:01,890 --> 03:10:03,925 AND THOUGH THEY WERE UNAFFECTED 3096 03:10:03,992 --> 03:10:06,228 MANY OF THEM STRUGGLE WITH 3097 03:10:06,294 --> 03:10:09,431 EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL 3098 03:10:09,498 --> 03:10:15,737 PROBLEMS. 3099 03:10:15,804 --> 03:10:17,439 MANY FELT THEY WERE NOT GETTING 3100 03:10:17,506 --> 03:10:18,540 SUPPORT AND LOVE IN THE FAMILY. 3101 03:10:18,607 --> 03:10:21,109 IT WAS DURING A TIME WHERE I 3102 03:10:21,176 --> 03:10:21,843 WANTED A CAREER WHERE I WORK 3103 03:10:21,910 --> 03:10:27,382 WITH KIDS AND FAMILIES. 3104 03:10:27,449 --> 03:10:33,021 SO AFTER COLLEGE, AND I WAS 3105 03:10:33,088 --> 03:10:34,589 HIRED IN THE ASSISTANT POSITION 3106 03:10:34,656 --> 03:10:37,159 AND WANTED MORE RESEARCH 3107 03:10:37,225 --> 03:10:40,028 EXPERIENCE ESPECIALLY IN 3108 03:10:40,095 --> 03:10:41,963 DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND 3109 03:10:42,030 --> 03:10:45,167 BEFORE I GET MY DEGREE IN 3110 03:10:45,233 --> 03:10:49,171 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 3111 03:10:49,237 --> 03:10:52,774 AND I WAS INVOLVED IN MANY 3112 03:10:52,841 --> 03:10:54,109 CLINICAL TRIALS AS WELL AS 3113 03:10:54,176 --> 03:10:56,645 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND 3114 03:10:56,711 --> 03:11:00,048 WORKING WITH KIDS WITH NIMHD AND 3115 03:11:00,115 --> 03:11:01,983 OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER. 3116 03:11:02,050 --> 03:11:05,487 THIS IS HOW MY INTEREST IN THIS 3117 03:11:05,554 --> 03:11:08,356 AREA IN ADHD AND ODD STARTED. 3118 03:11:08,423 --> 03:11:14,296 THEN I WENT ON TO COMPLETE MY 3119 03:11:14,362 --> 03:11:16,331 Ph.D. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 3120 03:11:16,398 --> 03:11:17,098 MINNESOTA AT THE INSTITUTE OF 3121 03:11:17,165 --> 03:11:21,169 CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND AT THE 3122 03:11:21,236 --> 03:11:31,646 TIME I WAS FOCUSSING ON 3123 03:12:02,677 --> 03:12:03,044 [TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES] 3124 03:12:03,111 --> 03:12:05,780 AND I FOCUSSED ON THE EXTERNAL 3125 03:12:05,847 --> 03:12:09,284 SIDE OF THINGS AND THE MORE 3126 03:12:09,351 --> 03:12:13,154 OUTWARD, MORE OBSERVABLE 3127 03:12:13,221 --> 03:12:14,990 BEHAVIORS SUCH AS HYPERACTIVITY 3128 03:12:15,056 --> 03:12:22,464 AND IMPULSIVITY AND AGGRESSION. 3129 03:12:22,530 --> 03:12:29,170 LITTLE DID I KNOW UNTIL CAME TO 3130 03:12:29,237 --> 03:12:32,240 WORK HERE THOSE BEHAVIORS HAVE 3131 03:12:32,307 --> 03:12:35,477 AN UNDERLYING MOOD COMPONENT. 3132 03:12:35,543 --> 03:12:41,149 THAT'S ONE OF THE MANY MOMENT I 3133 03:12:41,216 --> 03:12:51,626 HAD IN MOOD REGULATION. 3134 03:12:58,466 --> 03:13:04,139 I DIDN'T DURING MY Ph.D. AND 3135 03:13:04,205 --> 03:13:14,749 PRIOR UNDERGRAD EXPERIENCE AND 3136 03:13:17,285 --> 03:13:21,156 NOT LOOKING AT THE BRAIN IS A 3137 03:13:21,222 --> 03:13:25,160 MISSING PIECE OF THE PUZZLE AND 3138 03:13:25,226 --> 03:13:27,362 CAME TO NIMHD AND ELLEN TOOK A 3139 03:13:27,429 --> 03:13:30,198 CHANCE ON ME GIVEN I HAD NO 3140 03:13:30,265 --> 03:13:36,805 PRIOR FMRI EXPERIENCE OR 3141 03:13:36,871 --> 03:13:38,873 NEUROIMAGING EXPERIENCE AND I 3142 03:13:38,940 --> 03:13:42,844 ALSO DOUBTING WHY WOULD ELLEN BE 3143 03:13:42,911 --> 03:13:47,716 INTERESTED IN ME IN ADHD AND 3144 03:13:47,782 --> 03:13:49,484 AGGRESSION WHICH IS NOTHING 3145 03:13:49,551 --> 03:13:51,586 ABOUT MOOD IRRITABILITY AND 3146 03:13:51,653 --> 03:13:52,487 AGGRESSION AND TOLD ME YOU'RE 3147 03:13:52,554 --> 03:13:54,122 THE TYPE OF PERSON WE'RE LOOKING 3148 03:13:54,189 --> 03:13:56,491 FOR BECAUSE OF YOUR BACKGROUND 3149 03:13:56,558 --> 03:13:59,294 IN ADHD AND AGGRESSION AND 3150 03:13:59,361 --> 03:13:59,861 QUANTITATIVE SKILL. 3151 03:13:59,928 --> 03:14:05,100 I HAVE NO DOUBT YOU CAN PICK 3152 03:14:05,166 --> 03:14:07,502 NEUROIMAGING AND FMRI IN NO TIME 3153 03:14:07,569 --> 03:14:09,637 SO I'M GRATEFUL ELLEN TOOK A 3154 03:14:09,704 --> 03:14:13,775 CHANCE ON ME AND I STILL 3155 03:14:13,842 --> 03:14:17,579 REMEMBER THE DAY SHE CALLED ME 3156 03:14:17,645 --> 03:14:20,682 TO OFFER ME THE JOB AND WAS SO 3157 03:14:20,749 --> 03:14:22,350 EXCITED TO HEAR FROM HER AND WAS 3158 03:14:22,417 --> 03:14:24,686 LIKE WE WOULD LIKE TO OFFER YOU 3159 03:14:24,753 --> 03:14:26,021 A POSTDOC POSITION TO COME WORK 3160 03:14:26,087 --> 03:14:27,155 WITH US AND I WAS LIKE, YES, 3161 03:14:27,222 --> 03:14:29,924 YES, I'LL BE THERE. 3162 03:14:29,991 --> 03:14:32,193 I'M GOING TO TAKE THE JOB OFFER 3163 03:14:32,260 --> 03:14:33,428 RIGHT AWAY AND SHE STOPPED ME 3164 03:14:33,495 --> 03:14:35,363 AND SLOWED ME DOWN AND WAS LIKE, 3165 03:14:35,430 --> 03:14:37,032 NO, TAKE YOUR TIME. 3166 03:14:37,098 --> 03:14:39,000 DON'T GET BACK TO ME IN THIS 3167 03:14:39,067 --> 03:14:39,234 MOMENT. 3168 03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:42,170 TAKE A FEW DAYS TO THINK OF IT 3169 03:14:42,237 --> 03:14:44,139 AND TALK TO YOUR FAMILY AND YOUR 3170 03:14:44,205 --> 03:14:44,739 SIGNIFICANT OTHERS ABOUT IT 3171 03:14:44,806 --> 03:14:52,714 BEFORE YOU MAKE A DECISION. 3172 03:14:52,781 --> 03:14:54,916 I REMEMBER IT'S ONE OF THE MANY 3173 03:14:54,983 --> 03:14:56,451 TEACHING MOMENTS I HAD WITH HER 3174 03:14:56,518 --> 03:14:59,354 AND WOULD GIVE ME ADVICE OR 3175 03:14:59,421 --> 03:15:00,655 GUIDANCE IN TERMS OF HOW TO 3176 03:15:00,722 --> 03:15:05,794 NAVIGATE VARIOUS SITUATIONS. 3177 03:15:05,860 --> 03:15:09,097 SO DURING MY TIME AS A POSTDOC 3178 03:15:09,164 --> 03:15:11,800 HERE AT NIMHD IS WHEN I GAINED 3179 03:15:11,866 --> 03:15:18,406 EXPERIENCE IN FMRI RESEARCH AND 3180 03:15:18,473 --> 03:15:23,778 KIDS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS AND 3181 03:15:23,845 --> 03:15:29,150 FOCUSSING ON SEVER IRRITABILITY 3182 03:15:29,217 --> 03:15:34,889 AND SINCE 2019 I'VE BEEN A 3183 03:15:34,956 --> 03:15:37,158 FACULTY MEMBER AT YALE STUDYING 3184 03:15:37,225 --> 03:15:41,362 IRRITABILITY. 3185 03:15:41,429 --> 03:15:47,602 MY LAB IS EFFECTIVE YOUTH LAB. 3186 03:15:47,669 --> 03:15:50,905 AND THANKS TO MELISSA WHO HELPED 3187 03:15:50,972 --> 03:15:53,541 ME BRAIN STORM THE LAB NAME -- I 3188 03:15:53,608 --> 03:15:55,710 OFTEN GET COMPLIMENTS ON THE LAB 3189 03:15:55,777 --> 03:15:55,910 NAME. 3190 03:15:55,977 --> 03:15:59,781 I'M THE P.I. OF THE LAB OF THE 3191 03:15:59,848 --> 03:16:05,086 YAY LAB AND I WILL JUST 3192 03:16:05,153 --> 03:16:06,421 HIGHLIGHT THREE LINES OF MY 3193 03:16:06,488 --> 03:16:07,622 RESEARCH PROGRAM BUT FOR TODAY, 3194 03:16:07,689 --> 03:16:10,692 I'M ONLY GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 3195 03:16:10,758 --> 03:16:14,462 SECOND AND THIRD LINE. 3196 03:16:14,529 --> 03:16:18,233 SO GIVEN MY BACKGROUND IN 3197 03:16:18,299 --> 03:16:23,304 DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGIY AND LOO 3198 03:16:23,371 --> 03:16:26,141 AT THE DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES 3199 03:16:26,207 --> 03:16:28,176 AS WELL AS CHANGES IN SYMPTOMS 3200 03:16:28,243 --> 03:16:29,611 ESPECIALLY IRRITABILITY I'M 3201 03:16:29,677 --> 03:16:32,113 GOING TO FOCUS ON MY RESEARCH ON 3202 03:16:32,180 --> 03:16:36,484 BRAIN MECHANISMS OF IRRITABILITY 3203 03:16:36,551 --> 03:16:38,486 AND A LOT OF THIS STEMS FROM MY 3204 03:16:38,553 --> 03:16:42,190 WORK THAT I CONDUCTED WHEN I WAS 3205 03:16:42,257 --> 03:16:46,928 IN ELLEN'S LAB AND THAT 3206 03:16:46,995 --> 03:16:47,795 CONTINUED TO INFLUENCE MY 3207 03:16:47,862 --> 03:16:55,170 THINKING IN TERMS OF PROBING THE 3208 03:16:55,236 --> 03:16:56,871 MECHANISMS OF BRAIN IRRITABILITY 3209 03:16:56,938 --> 03:16:58,206 IN MY WORK. 3210 03:16:58,273 --> 03:16:59,941 THE THIRD LINE OF RESEARCH I'M 3211 03:17:00,008 --> 03:17:03,478 GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY THAT 3212 03:17:03,545 --> 03:17:05,146 I'M GOING HIGHLIGHT TODAY IS THE 3213 03:17:05,213 --> 03:17:08,249 RESEARCH LOOKING INTO THE 3214 03:17:08,316 --> 03:17:11,186 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT VIA SOCIAL 3215 03:17:11,252 --> 03:17:12,887 ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS 3216 03:17:12,954 --> 03:17:17,959 CULTURAL-SOCIO FACTOR AND FAMILY 3217 03:17:18,026 --> 03:17:19,294 FACTORS AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3218 03:17:19,360 --> 03:17:22,063 LOOKING AT POLLUTANTS AND 3219 03:17:22,130 --> 03:17:23,865 CHEMICALS AS WELL AS CRIME AND 3220 03:17:23,932 --> 03:17:25,300 HOW THEY IMPACT IRRITABILITY AND 3221 03:17:25,366 --> 03:17:30,071 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. 3222 03:17:30,138 --> 03:17:32,707 SO ULTIMATELY THE GOAL OF MY 3223 03:17:32,774 --> 03:17:35,443 RESEARCH PROGRAM IS TO BE ABLE 3224 03:17:35,510 --> 03:17:37,679 TO LEVERAGE INFORMATION FROM 3225 03:17:37,745 --> 03:17:39,514 MULTIPLE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS 3226 03:17:39,581 --> 03:17:41,716 INCLUDING THE BRAIN AND PHYSICAL 3227 03:17:41,783 --> 03:17:43,084 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL AND 3228 03:17:43,151 --> 03:17:44,886 CULTURAL FACTORS TO BE ABLE TO 3229 03:17:44,953 --> 03:17:48,690 IDENTIFY THE MECHANISMS AND 3230 03:17:48,756 --> 03:17:50,024 PREDICTORS OF CHILDHOOD 3231 03:17:50,091 --> 03:17:51,426 IRRITABILITY AND SO WE CAN 3232 03:17:51,492 --> 03:17:53,761 BETTER DESIGN EVIDENCE-BASED 3233 03:17:53,828 --> 03:17:59,234 PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION TO 3234 03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:09,844 ALLEVIATE AND WE'LL TALK ABOUT 3235 03:18:11,112 --> 03:18:12,347 THE BRAIN MECHANISM OF 3236 03:18:12,413 --> 03:18:16,784 IRRITABILITY. 3237 03:18:16,851 --> 03:18:21,589 IN THIS LINE OF WORK WHERE HE 3238 03:18:21,656 --> 03:18:23,424 USE A LOT OF PARADIGMS DESIGN TO 3239 03:18:23,491 --> 03:18:28,663 FRUSTRATE KIDS TO OBSERVE THEIR 3240 03:18:28,730 --> 03:18:39,173 BEHAVIOR AND SEE HOW THE 3241 03:18:41,342 --> 03:18:44,912 PHYSIO 3242 03:18:44,979 --> 03:18:45,213 PHYSIOLOGY. 3243 03:18:45,280 --> 03:18:47,949 FRUSTRATION IS A NORMATIVE 3244 03:18:48,016 --> 03:18:49,317 EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL 3245 03:18:49,384 --> 03:18:53,154 RESPONSE TO BLOCKED GOAL 3246 03:18:53,221 --> 03:19:03,431 ATTAINMENT. 3247 03:19:16,878 --> 03:19:20,548 THIS IS COLLECTED ABOUT MY FOLKS 3248 03:19:20,615 --> 03:19:22,417 HERE AND FRUSTRATION SAY SEB 3249 03:19:22,483 --> 03:19:28,122 TRAL NETWORK OF IRRITABILITY AND 3250 03:19:28,189 --> 03:19:29,824 FEELING CROUCHY AND HAVING MOOD 3251 03:19:29,891 --> 03:19:40,368 CHANGES AND FEELING WORRIED. 3252 03:19:43,771 --> 03:19:45,406 GOING BACK TO FRUSTRATION BEING 3253 03:19:45,473 --> 03:19:47,875 THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO BLOCK 3254 03:19:47,942 --> 03:19:48,409 GOAL ATTAINMENT. 3255 03:19:48,476 --> 03:19:50,211 THE PHENOMENON OF NOT GETTING 3256 03:19:50,278 --> 03:19:51,846 THE THINGS THAT YOU WANT OR NOT 3257 03:19:51,913 --> 03:19:57,752 GETTING THE THINGS YOU'RE EXPECT 3258 03:19:57,819 --> 03:20:08,363 ING THIS CONSTRUCT IN THE DOMAIN 3259 03:20:11,532 --> 03:20:13,134 THAT INSPIRED OUR WORK STEMS 3260 03:20:13,201 --> 03:20:16,104 FROM THIS ANIMAL WORK ACROSS 3261 03:20:16,170 --> 03:20:17,338 SPECIES CONSTRUCT WHERE IT WAS 3262 03:20:17,405 --> 03:20:23,077 FIRST DEMONSTRATED IN RODENTS 3263 03:20:23,144 --> 03:20:33,688 WHERE YOU CAN CHANGE THE REWARD 3264 03:20:40,061 --> 03:20:45,533 SCHEJ AND TOWARDS THE AND THE 3265 03:20:45,600 --> 03:20:47,435 EXPECTED REWARD IS OMITTED IS 3266 03:20:47,502 --> 03:20:52,140 WHEN YOU SEE THE RODENTS AND 3267 03:20:52,206 --> 03:20:53,641 ANIMALS START GETTING FRAETED 3268 03:20:53,708 --> 03:20:56,944 MEANING THAT THEY SHOW MORE 3269 03:20:57,011 --> 03:20:59,147 INCREASED MOTOR ACTIVITIES AS 3270 03:20:59,213 --> 03:21:00,047 WELL AS INCREASED AGGRESSION 3271 03:21:00,114 --> 03:21:04,252 WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE TEMPER 3272 03:21:04,318 --> 03:21:09,390 OUTBURSTS WE SEE IN IRRITABLE 3273 03:21:09,457 --> 03:21:09,590 KIDS. 3274 03:21:09,657 --> 03:21:12,093 WE CAN FRUSTRATE KIDS OR 3275 03:21:12,160 --> 03:21:14,796 INDIVIDUALS IN THE LABORATORY 3276 03:21:14,862 --> 03:21:16,164 SETTING IN THE CLINIC AS WELL AS 3277 03:21:16,230 --> 03:21:21,836 IN THE SCANNER TO INDUCE 3278 03:21:21,903 --> 03:21:30,111 FRUSTRATION WE'VE DONE THIS IN 3279 03:21:30,178 --> 03:21:33,147 THE PAST USING MANY PARADIGMS IN 3280 03:21:33,214 --> 03:21:34,649 ELLEN'S LAB AND TALK ABOUT 3281 03:21:34,715 --> 03:21:36,117 STUDIES WITH SUCH PARADIGMS IN 3282 03:21:36,184 --> 03:21:39,020 HUMAN ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN AND 3283 03:21:39,086 --> 03:21:40,521 ADOLESCENTS AND SEE HOW WE 3284 03:21:40,588 --> 03:21:41,556 FRUSTRATE THEM AND MEASURE THEIR 3285 03:21:41,622 --> 03:21:45,626 BRAIN ACTIVITIES AND HOW WE 3286 03:21:45,693 --> 03:21:50,698 RELATE TO THEIR SYMPTOMS IN REAL 3287 03:21:50,765 --> 03:21:55,470 LIFE. 3288 03:21:55,536 --> 03:21:57,872 YOU CAN ALSO INDUCE FRUSTRATION 3289 03:21:57,939 --> 03:22:00,107 IN SUCH A WAY YOU MEASURE 3290 03:22:00,174 --> 03:22:03,444 RESTING STATE OR TAKE OTHER 3291 03:22:03,511 --> 03:22:04,045 PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES BEFORE 3292 03:22:04,111 --> 03:22:05,413 THE FRUSTRATION INDUCTION AND 3293 03:22:05,480 --> 03:22:07,014 MEASURE IT DURING THE 3294 03:22:07,081 --> 03:22:11,185 FRUSTRATION INDUCTION AND THEN 3295 03:22:11,252 --> 03:22:12,487 AFTER THE FRUSTRATION INDUCTION 3296 03:22:12,553 --> 03:22:19,360 INTO LOOK AT THE RECOVERY PERIOD 3297 03:22:19,427 --> 03:22:25,366 AND SEE HOW PATH YO -- 3298 03:22:25,433 --> 03:22:29,136 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CHANGES WITH 3299 03:22:29,203 --> 03:22:34,575 FRUSTRATION. 3300 03:22:34,642 --> 03:22:41,182 AND THE PROJECT INITIATED WITH 3301 03:22:41,249 --> 03:22:43,351 ELLEN AND WAN LING IN THE 3302 03:22:43,417 --> 03:22:45,586 AUDIENCE AND TRYING TO DO 3303 03:22:45,653 --> 03:22:47,221 CROSS-SPECIES WORK IN HUMANS AS 3304 03:22:47,288 --> 03:22:50,391 WELL AS IN MICE TO BE ABLE TO 3305 03:22:50,458 --> 03:22:55,029 PROBE ON THE UNDERLYING NEURAL 3306 03:22:55,096 --> 03:22:57,899 CIRCUIT OF FRUSTRATION AND THEN 3307 03:22:57,965 --> 03:22:59,867 HOME ONCE WE IDENTIFY THE COMMON 3308 03:22:59,934 --> 03:23:01,836 NEURAL CIRCUIT WE CAN USE THE 3309 03:23:01,903 --> 03:23:02,737 ANIMAL WORK BECAUSE THERE'S SO 3310 03:23:02,803 --> 03:23:05,239 MUCH MORE YOU CAN DO IN A MORE 3311 03:23:05,306 --> 03:23:15,550 INVASIVE WAY. 3312 03:23:16,250 --> 03:23:19,987 AND WE HOPE TO BE ABLE TO 3313 03:23:20,054 --> 03:23:22,023 MANIPULATE THE NEURAL CIRCUITS 3314 03:23:22,089 --> 03:23:25,326 IN ANIMAL AND USE THE KNOWLEDGE 3315 03:23:25,393 --> 03:23:27,028 TO FIND TRANSLATIONAL 3316 03:23:27,094 --> 03:23:29,397 INTERVENTION WORK WHERE WE USE 3317 03:23:29,463 --> 03:23:32,867 TMS TO SORT OF CHANGE THE 3318 03:23:32,934 --> 03:23:35,803 CIRCUITS IN HUMANS AND HOPE THAT 3319 03:23:35,870 --> 03:23:38,005 IT WILL LEAD TO DOWN STREAM 3320 03:23:38,072 --> 03:23:39,106 BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. 3321 03:23:39,173 --> 03:23:44,879 AND THIS IS ONE OF THE GREAT 3322 03:23:44,946 --> 03:23:47,982 EXAMPLES WHERE ELLEN IS 3323 03:23:48,049 --> 03:23:53,387 TREMENDOUS AND AMAZING MENTOR 3324 03:23:53,454 --> 03:23:55,556 BUT ALSO PROVIDES GREAT 3325 03:23:55,623 --> 03:23:57,725 SPONSORSHIP WHERE SHE CONNECTS 3326 03:23:57,792 --> 03:23:59,994 MENTEES TO MANY DIFFERENT 3327 03:24:00,061 --> 03:24:04,098 OPPORTUNITIES AND INTRODUCE 3328 03:24:04,165 --> 03:24:07,602 MENTEES TO COLLABORATORS AND 3329 03:24:07,668 --> 03:24:10,605 OTHER INVESTIGATORS TO EXPAND 3330 03:24:10,671 --> 03:24:13,240 THE MENTEES REPERTOIRE OR 3331 03:24:13,307 --> 03:24:19,180 EXPERTISE. 3332 03:24:19,246 --> 03:24:21,549 SO, IN THE NEXT FEW SLIDES I'LL 3333 03:24:21,616 --> 03:24:25,119 TALK ABOUT TWO STUDIES WE 3334 03:24:25,186 --> 03:24:27,021 CONDUCTED USING AT THE 3335 03:24:27,088 --> 03:24:28,623 MECHANISMS OF IRRITABILITY. 3336 03:24:28,689 --> 03:24:31,359 THIS WORK IS PUBLISHED IN 3337 03:24:31,425 --> 03:24:33,661 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 3338 03:24:33,728 --> 03:24:39,033 BACK IN 2019 AND THIS IS THE 3339 03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:40,301 MAIN PROJECT THAT I WAS LEADING 3340 03:24:40,368 --> 03:24:43,170 DURING MY TIME AT A POSTDOC IN 3341 03:24:43,237 --> 03:24:48,275 ELLEN'S LAB AND WHERE WE HAVE 3342 03:24:48,342 --> 03:24:53,914 195 KIDS IMAGING FMRI DATA AND 3343 03:24:53,981 --> 03:24:58,419 THESE ARE KIDS THAT THIS IS A 3344 03:24:58,486 --> 03:25:01,155 TRANSDIAGNOSTIC SAMPLE MEANING 3345 03:25:01,222 --> 03:25:03,824 SOME OF THE KIDS HAVE DIAGNOSIS 3346 03:25:03,891 --> 03:25:06,193 BUT OTHER KIDS DO NOT AND ALL 3347 03:25:06,260 --> 03:25:09,797 THE KIDS WHO HAVE DIAGNOSIS THEY 3348 03:25:09,864 --> 03:25:12,133 COULD HAVE AD Ph.D. OR DMDD, 3349 03:25:12,199 --> 03:25:17,138 ANXIETY DISORDER, ETCETERA. 3350 03:25:17,204 --> 03:25:21,142 WE'RE LOOKING AT IRRITABILITY 3351 03:25:21,208 --> 03:25:23,177 ACROSS REGARDLESS OF DIAGNOSIS. 3352 03:25:23,244 --> 03:25:27,782 ALL THE KIDS WHO WENT THROUGH 3353 03:25:27,848 --> 03:25:30,751 FMRI SCAN WHERE THEY HAVE TO 3354 03:25:30,818 --> 03:25:33,387 COMPLETE THE TASK AN 3355 03:25:33,454 --> 03:25:35,890 ATTENTION-SHIFTING TASK DESIGN 3356 03:25:35,956 --> 03:25:36,957 TO FRUSTRATE THEM BY GIVING THEM 3357 03:25:37,024 --> 03:25:39,326 DIRECT FEEDBACK. 3358 03:25:39,393 --> 03:25:41,228 WE FOUND AND FIRST CONDITIONED 3359 03:25:41,295 --> 03:25:45,132 THEM TO EXPECT FEEDBACK AND 3360 03:25:45,199 --> 03:25:50,404 GRADUALLY INTRODUCING FEEDBACK. 3361 03:25:50,471 --> 03:25:56,610 WE FOUND IF FOCUS ON THE SCATTER 3362 03:25:56,677 --> 03:25:58,913 PLOT ON THE LEFT AND THE HIGHER 3363 03:25:58,979 --> 03:26:01,148 IRRITABILITY THE GREATER THEIR 3364 03:26:01,215 --> 03:26:03,918 ACTIVATIONS IN THE FRONTAL 3365 03:26:03,984 --> 03:26:05,720 REGIONS THEY SHOW ESPECIALLY 3366 03:26:05,786 --> 03:26:08,355 FOLLOWING FRUSTRATION AND WE SEE 3367 03:26:08,422 --> 03:26:18,432 THIS IN SINGULAR GYRUS AND THE 3368 03:26:18,499 --> 03:26:21,135 PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND STRIATUM 3369 03:26:21,202 --> 03:26:25,339 NOT SHOWN HERE. 3370 03:26:25,406 --> 03:26:30,010 THIS INCREASE FRONTAL STRIATAL 3371 03:26:30,077 --> 03:26:31,378 ACTIVATION CHARACTERIZED IN 3372 03:26:31,445 --> 03:26:36,450 THESE KIDS CAN WITH HIGH LEVELS 3373 03:26:36,517 --> 03:26:38,152 OF IRRITABILITY THE STRIATAL 3374 03:26:38,219 --> 03:26:39,620 ACTIVATION IS PARTICULARLY 3375 03:26:39,687 --> 03:26:45,159 PROFOUND IB KIDS WITH HIGH 3376 03:26:45,226 --> 03:26:50,865 LEVELS OF IRRITABILITY AS WELL 3377 03:26:50,931 --> 03:26:57,404 AS YOUNG KIDS 8 TO 18. 3378 03:26:57,471 --> 03:26:59,640 PRE-ADOLESCENT IS WHEN WE SEE 3379 03:26:59,707 --> 03:27:00,441 THIS ACTIVATION BEING MOST 3380 03:27:00,508 --> 03:27:10,718 PRONOUNCED. 3381 03:27:21,729 --> 03:27:25,166 AND WANTED TO SEE WHETHER WE CAN 3382 03:27:25,232 --> 03:27:26,801 LOOK AT FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOME 3383 03:27:26,867 --> 03:27:29,136 FROM THE WHOLE BRAIN AND SEE 3384 03:27:29,203 --> 03:27:32,439 WHETHER FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOME 3385 03:27:32,506 --> 03:27:33,340 CARRIES IMPORTANT NEURAL SIGNALS 3386 03:27:33,407 --> 03:27:39,780 THAT ALLOW US TO IDENTIFY WHICH 3387 03:27:39,847 --> 03:27:41,148 KID IS IRRITABLE AND NOT 3388 03:27:41,215 --> 03:27:51,392 IRRITABLE. 3389 03:27:57,064 --> 03:27:59,433 THIS IS PART OF THE FUNDING 3390 03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:01,535 DURING MY TIME HERE AND 3391 03:28:01,602 --> 03:28:09,143 CURRENTLY ANALYZING THE DATA I 3392 03:28:09,210 --> 03:28:19,386 COLLEC 3393 03:28:24,258 --> 03:28:24,725 COLLECTED DATA TO LOOK ACROSS 3394 03:28:24,792 --> 03:28:31,665 DIAGNOSTIC BOUNDARIES. 3395 03:28:31,732 --> 03:28:33,868 THIS IS ALSO DATA COLLECTED 3396 03:28:33,934 --> 03:28:36,770 DURING MY TIME WITH ELLEN BUT WE 3397 03:28:36,837 --> 03:28:38,339 DIDN'T START THE DATA ANALYSIS 3398 03:28:38,405 --> 03:28:42,009 LOOKING AT THE FUNCTIONAL 3399 03:28:42,076 --> 03:28:43,811 CONNECTIVITY UNTIL I MOVED TO 3400 03:28:43,878 --> 03:28:49,083 AND WITH THE HELP AND 3401 03:28:49,149 --> 03:28:53,153 COLLABORATIONS WITH SOME PEOPLE 3402 03:28:53,220 --> 03:28:54,521 IN THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL 3403 03:28:54,588 --> 03:28:56,624 ENGINEERING AT YALE WE WERE ABLE 3404 03:28:56,690 --> 03:28:57,958 TO DO PREDICTIVE MACHINE 3405 03:28:58,025 --> 03:29:02,129 LEARNING WORK. 3406 03:29:02,196 --> 03:29:05,299 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT THE 3407 03:29:05,366 --> 03:29:07,268 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AND 3408 03:29:07,334 --> 03:29:09,069 FORMATION DEPENDING ON WHICH 3409 03:29:09,136 --> 03:29:12,740 BRAIN STATE YOU GATHER THE DATA 3410 03:29:12,806 --> 03:29:14,708 OF FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY THE 3411 03:29:14,775 --> 03:29:15,976 BRAIN STATE MATTERS. 3412 03:29:16,043 --> 03:29:20,581 WE FOUND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOME 3413 03:29:20,648 --> 03:29:22,216 ONLY WHEN PARTICIPANTS ARE 3414 03:29:22,283 --> 03:29:24,652 FEELING FRUSTRATED BUT NOT WHEN 3415 03:29:24,718 --> 03:29:25,586 THEY'RE NOT. 3416 03:29:25,653 --> 03:29:27,788 IT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION THAT 3417 03:29:27,855 --> 03:29:30,524 ALLOWS US TO PREDICT 3418 03:29:30,591 --> 03:29:32,826 IRRITABILITY ESPECIALLY IN THIS 3419 03:29:32,893 --> 03:29:36,697 CASE IT'S THE CHILD REPORTED 3420 03:29:36,764 --> 03:29:47,007 IRRITABILITY. 3421 03:29:50,044 --> 03:29:54,581 IF YOU FEED IT INTO THE 3422 03:29:54,648 --> 03:29:56,517 ALGORITHM YOU CAN ASK THE 3423 03:29:56,583 --> 03:29:58,619 MACHINE TO COME UP THE SCORE AND 3424 03:29:58,686 --> 03:30:01,121 PLOT IT AGAINST THEIR 3425 03:30:01,188 --> 03:30:02,089 SELF-REPORTED IRRITABILITY LEVEL 3426 03:30:02,156 --> 03:30:09,129 AND WE WERE ABLE TO OBTAIN A 3427 03:30:09,196 --> 03:30:19,740 SIGNIFICANT PREDICTION I'M NOT 3428 03:30:22,309 --> 03:30:25,312 SURE WHETHER YOU CAN SEE BUT IF 3429 03:30:25,379 --> 03:30:27,181 WE TRY TO GET MORE INTERPRETABLE 3430 03:30:27,247 --> 03:30:29,683 VISUAL OF THE PREDICTED NETWORK 3431 03:30:29,750 --> 03:30:32,953 WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE, THIS IS 3432 03:30:33,020 --> 03:30:36,190 THE DIFFERENT BRAIN REGION AND 3433 03:30:36,256 --> 03:30:37,491 DIFFERENT NODES IN THE 3434 03:30:37,558 --> 03:30:39,960 PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THERE ARE 3435 03:30:40,027 --> 03:30:42,162 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PRE FRONTAL 3436 03:30:42,229 --> 03:30:46,367 CORTEX TO TEMPORAL AND 3437 03:30:46,433 --> 03:30:48,469 SUBCORTICAL REGIONS AND PARIETAL 3438 03:30:48,535 --> 03:30:52,773 REGIONS TO THE OTHER SIDE OF 3439 03:30:52,840 --> 03:30:56,810 PARIETAL REGIONS AND CONNECTING 3440 03:30:56,877 --> 03:30:58,278 TO SUBCORTICAL REGIONS AND 3441 03:30:58,345 --> 03:30:59,880 ANOTHER WAY OF PLOTTING WHERE 3442 03:30:59,947 --> 03:31:07,021 THE PREDICTIVE NETWORKS ARE. 3443 03:31:07,087 --> 03:31:09,089 THE MOST PREDICTIVE ONES ARE 3444 03:31:09,156 --> 03:31:13,794 WITHIN THE MOTOR NETWORK AS WELL 3445 03:31:13,861 --> 03:31:18,632 AS SUBCORTICAL NETWORK AND 3446 03:31:18,699 --> 03:31:21,935 BETWEEN MOTOR AND SALIENCE AND 3447 03:31:22,002 --> 03:31:23,604 SUBCORTICAL NETWORK. 3448 03:31:23,670 --> 03:31:25,873 TO BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE, WHAT WE 3449 03:31:25,939 --> 03:31:29,143 FOUND THE NEURAL NETWORKS 3450 03:31:29,209 --> 03:31:32,179 SUPPORTING MOTOR FUNCTION ACTION 3451 03:31:32,246 --> 03:31:33,213 PREPARATION ATTENTION CONTROL 3452 03:31:33,280 --> 03:31:35,416 AND INTEGRATION OF EMOTIONAL AND 3453 03:31:35,482 --> 03:31:36,683 COGNITIVE FORMATION SEEM TO BE 3454 03:31:36,750 --> 03:31:41,155 THE MOST PREDICTIVE OF 3455 03:31:41,221 --> 03:31:43,624 IRRITABILITY. 3456 03:31:43,690 --> 03:31:46,960 I WANTED TO SAY AFTER 3457 03:31:47,027 --> 03:31:48,462 CONTROLLING FOR AGE, SEX AND 3458 03:31:48,529 --> 03:31:50,998 MOTION AND MEDICATIONS AND 3459 03:31:51,065 --> 03:31:52,332 CO-OCCURRING SYMPTOMS SUCH AS 3460 03:31:52,399 --> 03:31:54,902 ADHD AND ANXIETY SYMPTOMS SO THE 3461 03:31:54,968 --> 03:31:57,237 FINDINGS HERE ARE NOT DRIVEN BY 3462 03:31:57,304 --> 03:32:02,376 THOSE CONFOUNDING S -- 3463 03:32:02,443 --> 03:32:03,310 CONFOUNDING S. 3464 03:32:03,377 --> 03:32:05,913 AND IN MY CURRENT WORK I'M 3465 03:32:05,979 --> 03:32:08,048 TAKING THIS ONE STEP FURTHER 3466 03:32:08,115 --> 03:32:13,053 INSTEAD OF PREDICTING JUST ONE 3467 03:32:13,120 --> 03:32:15,189 TIME POINT IRRITABILITY OF 3468 03:32:15,255 --> 03:32:19,159 SYMPTOMS AT A SINGLE SNAPSHOT 3469 03:32:19,226 --> 03:32:20,861 COLLECTING DATA AND TRYING TO 3470 03:32:20,928 --> 03:32:22,563 MAP OUT THE TRAJECTORY OF 3471 03:32:22,629 --> 03:32:24,398 IRRITABILITY AND HOPING TO 3472 03:32:24,465 --> 03:32:27,334 LEVERAGE THE BRAIN DATA AT 3473 03:32:27,401 --> 03:32:28,869 BASELINE TO IDENTIFY SIGNATURES 3474 03:32:28,936 --> 03:32:30,370 THAT ALLOW US TO PREDICT WHICH 3475 03:32:30,437 --> 03:32:33,941 PARTICIPANT IS GOING TO GO ON TO 3476 03:32:34,007 --> 03:32:36,777 HAVE THIS CHRONIC AND LATE 3477 03:32:36,844 --> 03:32:37,911 IRRITABILITY TRAJECTORY BECAUSE 3478 03:32:37,978 --> 03:32:40,881 THOSE ARE GOING TO BE THE KIDS 3479 03:32:40,948 --> 03:32:43,150 MOST AT RISK FOR LATER ANXIETY, 3480 03:32:43,217 --> 03:32:47,855 DEPRESSION AND SUICIDALITY. 3481 03:32:47,921 --> 03:32:55,729 OKAY. 3482 03:32:55,796 --> 03:33:00,067 I'LL JUMP INTO LOOKING AT THE 3483 03:33:00,134 --> 03:33:01,735 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF 3484 03:33:01,802 --> 03:33:05,139 IRRITABILITY AND ONE OF THE 3485 03:33:05,205 --> 03:33:06,206 ENVIRONMENTAL AFFECTS WE'RE 3486 03:33:06,273 --> 03:33:09,143 INTERESTED IN IS THE SOCIO 3487 03:33:09,209 --> 03:33:09,877 CULTURAL FACTOR. 3488 03:33:09,943 --> 03:33:11,378 THIS WAS INITIATED BY A 3489 03:33:11,445 --> 03:33:17,151 CONVERSATION THAT ELLEN AND I 3490 03:33:17,217 --> 03:33:19,319 HAD AND I WANTED TO LOOK AT 3491 03:33:19,386 --> 03:33:22,389 AREAS OF RESEARCH UNDER STUDIED 3492 03:33:22,456 --> 03:33:24,691 AND HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED 3493 03:33:24,758 --> 03:33:26,593 BEFORE WHICH IS THE CULTURAL 3494 03:33:26,660 --> 03:33:27,761 VARIATIONS IN IRRITABILITY. 3495 03:33:27,828 --> 03:33:29,429 IN TERMS OF HOW THEY ARE 3496 03:33:29,496 --> 03:33:31,832 PRESENTED AND REPORTED AND HOW 3497 03:33:31,899 --> 03:33:36,136 THEY MANIFEST, HOW DO KIDS AND 3498 03:33:36,203 --> 03:33:37,938 PARENTS EXPERIENCE IRRITABILITY. 3499 03:33:38,005 --> 03:33:39,806 ARE THE NORMS DIFFERENT ACROSS 3500 03:33:39,873 --> 03:33:41,308 DIFFERENT CULTURE AND BY CULTURE 3501 03:33:41,375 --> 03:33:45,145 I ALSO MEAN IT WOULD BE WITHIN 3502 03:33:45,212 --> 03:33:50,017 THE U.S. AND LOOKING AT ACROSS 3503 03:33:50,083 --> 03:33:51,652 CULTURES AND RACE AND ETHNICITY. 3504 03:33:51,718 --> 03:33:56,757 WE START THE CONVERSATION IN 3505 03:33:56,823 --> 03:33:59,560 TERMS OF HOW THERE NEEDS TO BE A 3506 03:33:59,626 --> 03:34:03,597 NEED TO LOOK AT CULTURAL 3507 03:34:03,664 --> 03:34:03,864 VARIATION. 3508 03:34:03,931 --> 03:34:07,901 THAT'S WHEN WE ESTABLISHED THE 3509 03:34:07,968 --> 03:34:09,269 CROSS-CULTURAL CONSORTIUM ON 3510 03:34:09,336 --> 03:34:10,637 IRRITABILITY AND ELLEN AND A 3511 03:34:10,704 --> 03:34:17,711 CO-CHAIRED AND LAUNCHED IN MAY 3512 03:34:17,778 --> 03:34:24,585 OF 2020 AND HAVE 140 RESEARCHERS 3513 03:34:24,651 --> 03:34:26,353 FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE AND 3514 03:34:26,420 --> 03:34:29,122 COUNTRIES AND WHERE MEMBERS ARE 3515 03:34:29,189 --> 03:34:33,060 FROM. 3516 03:34:33,126 --> 03:34:37,731 WE STILL LACK REPRESENTATIONS IN 3517 03:34:37,798 --> 03:34:40,234 CONTINENTS AND COUNTRIES AND IF 3518 03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:42,202 YOU KNOW ANYBODY INTERESTED IN 3519 03:34:42,269 --> 03:34:43,437 IRRITABILITY HAVE THEM REACH OUT 3520 03:34:43,503 --> 03:34:44,271 TO US. 3521 03:34:44,338 --> 03:34:47,140 THIS IS MEANT TO BE A RESEARCH 3522 03:34:47,207 --> 03:34:48,809 NETWORK TO PROVIDE A 3523 03:34:48,875 --> 03:34:51,979 COLLABORATIVE STRUCTURE SO THAT 3524 03:34:52,045 --> 03:34:54,848 WE CAN SHARE DATA, PULL ACROSS 3525 03:34:54,915 --> 03:34:56,650 MULTIPLE DATA SET THAT HAS BEEN 3526 03:34:56,717 --> 03:34:59,586 COLLECTED AND TO BE ABLE TO LOOK 3527 03:34:59,653 --> 03:35:03,123 AT THE CULTURAL SIMILARITY AND 3528 03:35:03,190 --> 03:35:05,392 DIFFERENCES IN HOW IRRITABILITY 3529 03:35:05,459 --> 03:35:09,096 IS CONCEPTUALIZED AND REPORT AND 3530 03:35:09,162 --> 03:35:12,933 WITH NORMS AND CLINICAL 3531 03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:15,736 THRESHOLDS AND WHETHER PARENTS 3532 03:35:15,802 --> 03:35:19,373 RESPONSES AND RESPONSE TO TEMPER 3533 03:35:19,439 --> 03:35:22,042 TANTRUMS VARY IN HOW THEY'RE 3534 03:35:22,109 --> 03:35:27,581 DEALT WITH BY CULTURE AND WE'RE 3535 03:35:27,648 --> 03:35:32,319 INTERESTED IN SEEING HOW 3536 03:35:32,386 --> 03:35:33,153 SUICIDALITY WHETHER THE 3537 03:35:33,220 --> 03:35:35,689 CORRELATES ARE SIMILAR OR 3538 03:35:35,756 --> 03:35:36,490 DIFFERENT ACROSS CULTURE. 3539 03:35:36,556 --> 03:35:39,293 THIS IS JUST TO GIVE YOU SORT OF 3540 03:35:39,359 --> 03:35:41,428 AN OVERVIEW OF SOME OF THE 3541 03:35:41,495 --> 03:35:45,365 WORKING GROUPS WE CURRENTLY HAVE 3542 03:35:45,432 --> 03:35:47,868 SO BESIDES STANDING STEERING 3543 03:35:47,934 --> 03:35:53,106 COMMITTEE WHICH HAS ABOUT 15 3544 03:35:53,173 --> 03:36:01,882 MEMBERS AND MEET MONTHLY AND WE 3545 03:36:01,948 --> 03:36:12,492 TRY TO FACILITATE MEASURES AND 3546 03:36:24,037 --> 03:36:26,106 LOOK AT FRAMEWORK OF PSYCHE 3547 03:36:26,173 --> 03:36:30,177 PATHOLOGIES AND DSM AND OTHERS 3548 03:36:30,243 --> 03:36:33,513 AND WE HAVE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 3549 03:36:33,580 --> 03:36:36,950 SUPPORTING GROUP WHERE WE LOOK 3550 03:36:37,017 --> 03:36:42,155 AT COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY 3551 03:36:42,222 --> 03:36:43,790 RESEARCH TO INVOLVE AFFECTED 3552 03:36:43,857 --> 03:36:54,401 KIDS AND FAMILIES IN THE DESIGN 3553 03:36:55,001 --> 03:36:56,169 AND FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN 3554 03:36:56,236 --> 03:36:59,106 LEARNING MORE YOU CAN USE THIS 3555 03:36:59,172 --> 03:37:02,275 URL TO GO TO OUR WEBSITE. 3556 03:37:02,342 --> 03:37:03,777 IN THE INTEREST OF TIME, I'M 3557 03:37:03,844 --> 03:37:06,213 GOING TO SKIP SOME OF MY CURRENT 3558 03:37:06,279 --> 03:37:10,050 WORK ON TRYING TO LOOK AT OTHER 3559 03:37:10,117 --> 03:37:10,984 ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL 3560 03:37:11,051 --> 03:37:12,986 INFLUENCE ON IRRITABILITY SO 3561 03:37:13,053 --> 03:37:16,022 THIS IS PERINATAL FACTORS AND 3562 03:37:16,089 --> 03:37:18,992 WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN USING 3563 03:37:19,059 --> 03:37:21,128 GEOSPATIAL MODELLING AND 3564 03:37:21,194 --> 03:37:24,965 PERSONALIZED EXPOSURE 3565 03:37:25,031 --> 03:37:26,633 ASSESSMENTS COLLECTING AIR 3566 03:37:26,700 --> 03:37:28,402 SAMPLES, DRINKING WATER AND DUST 3567 03:37:28,468 --> 03:37:30,504 AND BLOOD SAMPLES TO LOOK AT 3568 03:37:30,570 --> 03:37:32,372 EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS AND HOW 3569 03:37:32,439 --> 03:37:37,677 THAT IMPACTED IRRITABILITY. 3570 03:37:37,744 --> 03:37:41,548 I WANT TO END MY TALK BY 3571 03:37:41,615 --> 03:37:47,254 BRINGING THIS SLIDE BACK SO THAT 3572 03:37:47,320 --> 03:37:51,291 MY SORT OF SIMILAR SENTIMENT 3573 03:37:51,358 --> 03:37:54,327 GIOVANNI HAS SAID. 3574 03:37:54,394 --> 03:37:55,762 ELLEN REALLY CHANGE MID CAREER 3575 03:37:55,829 --> 03:38:00,066 TRAJECTORY AND A LOT OF MY 3576 03:38:00,133 --> 03:38:01,034 CURRENT WORK AND PLANNING FOR 3577 03:38:01,101 --> 03:38:04,438 FUTURE WORK IS IMPACTED BY THE 3578 03:38:04,504 --> 03:38:10,877 WORK THAT I EMBARKED ON AS A 3579 03:38:10,944 --> 03:38:17,951 POSTDOC WITH EL JLEN AND THE 3580 03:38:18,018 --> 03:38:19,586 CONTINUED CONVERSATIONS AND 3581 03:38:19,653 --> 03:38:21,121 THOSE HAVE BEEN SOME OF MY 3582 03:38:21,188 --> 03:38:22,122 FAVORITE MOMENTS WHEN I THINK OF 3583 03:38:22,189 --> 03:38:25,058 OUR TIME TOGETHER IS TO BE ABLE 3584 03:38:25,125 --> 03:38:31,064 TO TALK AND YOU HAVE BEEN A 3585 03:38:31,131 --> 03:38:33,300 WONDERFUL MENTOR AND I'VE HAD SO 3586 03:38:33,366 --> 03:38:36,203 MANY GREAT FEMALE ROLE MODELS 3587 03:38:36,269 --> 03:38:38,805 AND I'M INCREDIBLY LUCKY TO HAVE 3588 03:38:38,872 --> 03:38:41,241 SO MANY GREAT FEMALE ROLE MODELS 3589 03:38:41,308 --> 03:38:43,009 BUT YOU'RE TRULY THE ONE THAT'S 3590 03:38:43,076 --> 03:38:44,878 HAD A GREAT IMPACT ON MY LIFE 3591 03:38:44,945 --> 03:38:46,947 NOT JUST IN THE CAREER BUT 3592 03:38:47,013 --> 03:38:48,048 PERSONAL LIFE. 3593 03:38:48,114 --> 03:38:53,119 YOU HAVE SEEN MY UPS AND DOWNS 3594 03:38:53,186 --> 03:38:56,122 AND I'VE HAD A LOT OF PERSONAL 3595 03:38:56,189 --> 03:38:57,023 LIFE STRUGGLES THAT SOMETIMES 3596 03:38:57,090 --> 03:39:03,797 MAKE ME DOUBT IF I STILL HAVE A 3597 03:39:03,864 --> 03:39:05,899 STAY IN ACADEMIA AND CAREER AND 3598 03:39:05,966 --> 03:39:07,367 YOU ARE ALWAYS THE ONE TO 3599 03:39:07,434 --> 03:39:13,073 SUPPORT ME AND KEEP PUSHING ME 3600 03:39:13,139 --> 03:39:16,810 FORWARD I CAN'T SAY THANK YOU 3601 03:39:16,877 --> 03:39:18,078 ENOUGH FOR THE KINDNESS AND 3602 03:39:18,144 --> 03:39:19,079 SUPPORT YOU HAVE SHOWN ME. 3603 03:39:19,145 --> 03:39:29,322 THANK YOU. 3604 03:39:35,962 --> 03:39:37,130 >> WE'RE GOING TO HAVE ONE MORE 3605 03:39:37,197 --> 03:39:41,134 TALK AND IT'S A PLEASURE TO 3606 03:39:41,201 --> 03:39:51,511 INTRODUCE OUR ARGYRIS STRINGARIS 3607 03:39:51,578 --> 03:39:52,712 WILL BE A TAPE TALKED. 3608 03:39:52,779 --> 03:39:54,214 PROFESSOR OF CHILD AND 3609 03:39:54,281 --> 03:39:56,650 ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY AT 3610 03:39:56,716 --> 03:40:01,354 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON ALSO 3611 03:40:01,421 --> 03:40:05,725 THE PROVOST FOR THE WELL BEING 3612 03:40:05,792 --> 03:40:09,129 CHALLENGE AND I'LL BRIEF THING. 3613 03:40:09,195 --> 03:40:13,099 WE COULDN'T HAVE PLANNED THIS 3614 03:40:13,166 --> 03:40:21,541 BETTER. 3615 03:40:21,608 --> 03:40:27,347 HE'S ONE OF THE MOST 3616 03:40:27,414 --> 03:40:31,518 ENTHUSIASTIC SCIENCE -- 3617 03:40:31,585 --> 03:40:32,552 SCIENTISTS AND HE'S BECOME 3618 03:40:32,619 --> 03:40:41,127 INCREASINGLY EXCITED ABOUT AN 3619 03:40:41,194 --> 03:40:45,131 IDEA AND AS IF IT WOULD BE OKAY 3620 03:40:45,198 --> 03:40:48,635 TOE TALK ABOUT THIS IDEA THAT 3621 03:40:48,702 --> 03:40:51,371 HE'S EXCITED ABOUT THOUGH IT HAS 3622 03:40:51,438 --> 03:40:53,306 NOTHING TO DO WITH WHAT'S IN THE 3623 03:40:53,373 --> 03:40:54,174 PROGRAM. 3624 03:40:54,240 --> 03:40:58,645 AND CAPTURED THE ENTHUSIASM AND 3625 03:40:58,712 --> 03:41:01,147 PASSION THAT THE WORK ARGYRIS 3626 03:41:01,214 --> 03:41:02,515 BRINGS AND SHARED NOT ONLY WITH 3627 03:41:02,582 --> 03:41:05,318 ME AND ALL THE SPEAKERS BUT 3628 03:41:05,385 --> 03:41:07,921 PARTICULARLY WITH ELLEN I 3629 03:41:07,988 --> 03:41:11,825 THOUGHT IT WAS A BEAUTIFUL 3630 03:41:11,891 --> 03:41:13,026 TESTAMENT TO THE PASSION ELLEN 3631 03:41:13,093 --> 03:41:16,930 HAS BROUGHT TO OUR COLLABORATIVE 3632 03:41:16,997 --> 03:41:18,164 WORK AND THE WORK SHE'S DONE. 3633 03:41:18,231 --> 03:41:19,499 WITH THAT I'LL ASK PEOPLE TO 3634 03:41:19,566 --> 03:41:28,141 START THE PRESENTATION. 3635 03:41:28,208 --> 03:41:31,244 IT'S A GREAT HONOR FOR ME TO BE 3636 03:41:31,311 --> 03:41:35,882 PRESENTING TO YOU HERE. 3637 03:41:35,949 --> 03:41:43,490 PED TO TALK ABOUT ELLEN'S 3638 03:41:43,556 --> 03:41:44,724 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR FIELD. 3639 03:41:44,791 --> 03:41:49,596 THE TIME OF MY TALK IS 3640 03:41:49,663 --> 03:41:52,098 FUNDAMENTAL FLAWS IN DEPRESSIVE 3641 03:41:52,165 --> 03:41:53,967 TREATMENT AND IT'S AN HONOR TO 3642 03:41:54,034 --> 03:42:01,141 TALK ABOUT DR. ELLEN LIEBENLUFT. 3643 03:42:01,207 --> 03:42:02,876 I'M ARGYRIS STRINGARIS 3644 03:42:02,942 --> 03:42:04,010 UNIVERSITY OF PSYCHIATRY AT THE 3645 03:42:04,077 --> 03:42:06,046 COLLEGE OF LONDON AND UNIVERSITY 3646 03:42:06,112 --> 03:42:08,014 OF ATHENS. 3647 03:42:08,081 --> 03:42:10,316 MY TALK IS GOING TO GO THROUGH 3648 03:42:10,383 --> 03:42:14,287 THE IMPORTANCE OF ADOLESCENT 3649 03:42:14,354 --> 03:42:19,025 DEPRESSION I'M GOING TO TALK 3650 03:42:19,092 --> 03:42:25,999 ABOUT ITS TREATMENT. 3651 03:42:26,066 --> 03:42:28,034 I'LL TALK ABOUT CONTROL 3652 03:42:28,101 --> 03:42:29,135 CONDITIONS AND TALK ABOUT 3653 03:42:29,202 --> 03:42:31,237 ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION AND TALK 3654 03:42:31,304 --> 03:42:33,907 ABOUT DUBIOUS CONTROL GROUPS OF 3655 03:42:33,973 --> 03:42:37,143 PSYCHO THERAPY AND UNDERSTANDING 3656 03:42:37,210 --> 03:42:37,711 HUMAN EXPECTATIONS IN THE 3657 03:42:37,777 --> 03:42:39,112 PSYCHIATRIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 3658 03:42:39,179 --> 03:42:45,151 TREATMENTS. 3659 03:42:45,218 --> 03:42:48,588 I WANT TO THANK ELLEN, WHO HAS 3660 03:42:48,655 --> 03:42:53,727 BEEN MY MENTOR IN THE PAST. 3661 03:42:53,793 --> 03:42:55,795 AND THIS IS A PHOTOGRAPH FROM 3662 03:42:55,862 --> 03:43:01,267 MANY YEARS AGO AS YOU MAY MAKE 3663 03:43:01,334 --> 03:43:04,604 OUT THESE ARE VERY HAPPY TIMES. 3664 03:43:04,671 --> 03:43:07,741 I'VE LEARNED A LOT FROM ELLEN. 3665 03:43:07,807 --> 03:43:10,510 AS YOU ALL KNOW ELLEN GAVE 3666 03:43:10,577 --> 03:43:14,814 MEANING TO THE CONCEPT OF 3667 03:43:14,881 --> 03:43:16,449 IRRITABILITY AND NOR GENERALLY 3668 03:43:16,516 --> 03:43:21,921 NEGATIVE AND AGGRESSIVE MOOD 3669 03:43:21,988 --> 03:43:23,223 WHICH HAS PUBLIC HEALTH 3670 03:43:23,289 --> 03:43:28,294 IMPLICATIONS AND NEGLECTED. 3671 03:43:28,361 --> 03:43:33,633 SHE FUSED COMMON SENSE I WOULD 3672 03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:40,540 SAY TO AN EXTRAORDINARY DEBATE 3673 03:43:40,607 --> 03:43:46,579 OF PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR AND 3674 03:43:46,646 --> 03:43:48,314 EXCESSIVE -- DANGEROUS PHARMACO 3675 03:43:48,381 --> 03:43:53,620 THERAPY THAT CAME FROM POWERFUL 3676 03:43:53,686 --> 03:44:02,829 PLACES AT THE TIME AND HAD THE 3677 03:44:02,896 --> 03:44:03,897 COURAGE TO STAND UP FOR WHAT 3678 03:44:03,963 --> 03:44:09,369 MATTERS TO PATIENTS AND THE 3679 03:44:09,435 --> 03:44:14,307 PUBLIC. 3680 03:44:14,374 --> 03:44:21,581 SHE WROTE WITH AN STRING OF 3681 03:44:21,648 --> 03:44:29,122 PEOPLE AND ANOTHER MENTOR OF 3682 03:44:29,189 --> 03:44:37,130 MINE WORKED CLOSELY TOGETHER AND 3683 03:44:37,197 --> 03:44:42,135 DR. KENNETH TOBIN WHAT HAS DONE 3684 03:44:42,202 --> 03:44:49,342 A LOT OF WORK WITH ELLEN'S TEAM 3685 03:44:49,409 --> 03:44:52,779 AND KATHERINA'S TEAM AND OTHERS 3686 03:44:52,846 --> 03:44:55,381 WHO HAVE WORKED WITH DANNY AND 3687 03:44:55,448 --> 03:45:04,324 MYSELF. 3688 03:45:04,390 --> 03:45:11,798 THE MANUSCRIPT IS INCISIVE AND 3689 03:45:11,865 --> 03:45:18,638 ORGANIZED THOUGHT AND KEEN SENSE 3690 03:45:18,705 --> 03:45:20,640 OF HISTORY AND FALLIBILITY WHICH 3691 03:45:20,707 --> 03:45:25,144 IS QUITE RARE IN A SCIENTIST 3692 03:45:25,211 --> 03:45:32,886 ACTUALLY. 3693 03:45:32,952 --> 03:45:36,656 I'M SORRY I CAN'T BE THERE AND 3694 03:45:36,723 --> 03:45:42,295 THE REASON HAS TO DO -- WELL, 3695 03:45:42,362 --> 03:45:52,906 THERE'S SEVERAL REASONS BUT THE 3696 03:46:00,079 --> 03:46:04,350 REASON IS I WAS WORKING FROM A 3697 03:46:04,417 --> 03:46:06,419 HOUSE IN D.C. BECAUSE MY WIFE 3698 03:46:06,486 --> 03:46:08,421 HAS PROBLEMS WITH HER PAPERWORK 3699 03:46:08,488 --> 03:46:12,258 AND I GOT TO THE METRO STATION 3700 03:46:12,325 --> 03:46:15,361 AND REALIZED I DIDN'T HAVE MY 3701 03:46:15,428 --> 03:46:16,496 WALLET THE DAY OF MY FIRST 3702 03:46:16,562 --> 03:46:17,297 MEETING AND ARRIVED IN QUITE A 3703 03:46:17,363 --> 03:46:27,473 STATE. 3704 03:46:36,582 --> 03:46:40,853 I DO HOPE THAT YOU AND ELLEN 3705 03:46:40,920 --> 03:46:43,289 WILL SEE ELLEN AND ELLEN'S KIND 3706 03:46:43,356 --> 03:46:52,031 OF INFLUENCE IN THIS TALK. 3707 03:46:52,098 --> 03:46:55,935 ONE LESSON IN DEPRESSION IS 3708 03:46:56,002 --> 03:46:56,836 IMPORTANT. 3709 03:46:56,903 --> 03:46:59,539 THIS IS A CHART FROM THE WORLD 3710 03:46:59,605 --> 03:47:00,573 HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND YEARS 3711 03:47:00,640 --> 03:47:02,942 LIVED IN DISABILITY IN 3712 03:47:03,009 --> 03:47:03,242 ADOLESCENTS. 3713 03:47:03,309 --> 03:47:07,280 ON THE LEFT SIDE ON THE Y AXIS 3714 03:47:07,347 --> 03:47:09,916 THE BREAK DOWN BY AGE AND 3715 03:47:09,983 --> 03:47:10,149 GENDER. 3716 03:47:10,216 --> 03:47:17,156 YOU CAN SEE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 3717 03:47:17,223 --> 03:47:23,396 TOP THE METRIC BY THE W.H.O. 3718 03:47:23,463 --> 03:47:28,901 IF YOU EXTEND THE LIST YOU'D SEE 3719 03:47:28,968 --> 03:47:33,973 IRON DEFICIENCY AND ANEMIA AND 3720 03:47:34,040 --> 03:47:38,311 DIARRHEA AND DEPRESSION TOPS IT 3721 03:47:38,378 --> 03:47:48,154 FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS. 3722 03:47:48,221 --> 03:47:53,059 ALSO FOR ADOLESCENT BOYS IT'S 3723 03:47:53,126 --> 03:47:53,326 DIFFERENT. 3724 03:47:53,393 --> 03:47:55,795 IT'S QUITE AN EXTRAORDINARY 3725 03:47:55,862 --> 03:47:56,763 PROBLEM AT THE MOMENT AND IT IS 3726 03:47:56,829 --> 03:47:59,032 AROUND THE WORLD ACCORDING TO 3727 03:47:59,098 --> 03:48:00,600 THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 3728 03:48:00,666 --> 03:48:01,601 WE DON'T QUITE KNOW WHAT 3729 03:48:01,667 --> 03:48:02,301 DEPRESSION IS. 3730 03:48:02,368 --> 03:48:05,505 WE HAVE SOME IDEAS BUT IT IS 3731 03:48:05,571 --> 03:48:06,272 CERTAINLY SOMETHING QUITE 3732 03:48:06,339 --> 03:48:08,474 IMPORTANT. 3733 03:48:08,541 --> 03:48:13,146 IF WE HAD MORE TIME SLIDES 3734 03:48:13,212 --> 03:48:15,882 DEMONSTRATE IT'S QUITE LIKELY 3735 03:48:15,948 --> 03:48:19,018 THAT IT'S PREVALENCE HAS BEEN 3736 03:48:19,085 --> 03:48:22,021 INCREASING OVER THE LAST DECADE 3737 03:48:22,088 --> 03:48:24,924 OR SO CERTAINLY IN MANY PARTS OF 3738 03:48:24,991 --> 03:48:26,325 THE WESTERN WORLD. 3739 03:48:26,392 --> 03:48:27,693 WE DON'T QUITE KNOW WHY THAT IS 3740 03:48:27,760 --> 03:48:31,531 AND WE DON'T HAVE GREAT 3741 03:48:31,597 --> 03:48:34,400 TREATMENTS FOR IT. 3742 03:48:34,467 --> 03:48:39,505 SO, BEING A CLINICIAN YOU'LL 3743 03:48:39,572 --> 03:48:42,942 KNOW OR THE RAW GUIDELINE FOR 3744 03:48:43,009 --> 03:48:45,144 DEPRESSION AND THE BEST KNOWN 3745 03:48:45,211 --> 03:48:47,814 ONES ARE THE ONES BY THE 3746 03:48:47,880 --> 03:48:48,881 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL 3747 03:48:48,948 --> 03:48:51,250 EXCELLENCE IN THE U.K. 3748 03:48:51,317 --> 03:49:01,761 IT'S INTERNATIONALLY VERY 3749 03:49:05,031 --> 03:49:05,698 INFLUENTIAL AND ACROSS ALL AREAS 3750 03:49:05,765 --> 03:49:16,109 OF MEDICINE, REALLY. 3751 03:49:16,509 --> 03:49:18,111 AND THERE'S VERY SMART PEOPLE 3752 03:49:18,177 --> 03:49:20,847 THAT INVEST A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT 3753 03:49:20,913 --> 03:49:22,748 OF RESOURCES BOTH TIME RELATED 3754 03:49:22,815 --> 03:49:26,552 AND MONEY ACTUALLY TO TRY TO 3755 03:49:26,619 --> 03:49:29,155 RESOLVE ISSUES OF DECISION 3756 03:49:29,222 --> 03:49:32,558 MAKING FOR CLINICIANS. 3757 03:49:32,625 --> 03:49:34,260 SO THEY'VE COME UP WITH 3758 03:49:34,327 --> 03:49:36,229 GUIDELINES FOR DEPRESSION IF YOU 3759 03:49:36,295 --> 03:49:41,167 HAVE MILD DEPRESSION YOU SHOULD 3760 03:49:41,234 --> 03:49:43,436 DO ONE OF TWO THINGS THERE'S TWO 3761 03:49:43,503 --> 03:49:53,179 THINGS FOR ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION 3762 03:49:53,246 --> 03:49:54,046 ONE IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL 3763 03:49:54,113 --> 03:50:04,257 THERAPY. 3764 03:50:06,392 --> 03:50:12,165 AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONAL 3765 03:50:12,231 --> 03:50:15,334 THERAPY AND THE COMMITTEE CAME 3766 03:50:15,401 --> 03:50:19,972 TO THE IDEA UPON REVIEWING THE 3767 03:50:20,039 --> 03:50:21,507 EVIDENCE BASED AND META-ANALYSES 3768 03:50:21,574 --> 03:50:24,010 AND SAYING THE SAME THING ABOUT 3769 03:50:24,076 --> 03:50:29,182 MODERATE TO SEVERE DEPRESSION 3770 03:50:29,248 --> 03:50:39,759 AND MAYBE YOU CAN ADD THERAPY 3771 03:50:40,626 --> 03:50:46,199 AND IF YOU'RE DEPRESSION IS 3772 03:50:46,265 --> 03:50:49,202 UNRESPONSIVE YOU CAN DO 3773 03:50:49,268 --> 03:50:52,939 PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY MAYBE 3774 03:50:53,005 --> 03:50:53,506 WITHOUT MEDICATION. 3775 03:50:53,573 --> 03:50:57,176 YOU CAN SEE IT'S GIVEN TO 3776 03:50:57,243 --> 03:50:59,412 PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR 3777 03:50:59,478 --> 03:51:03,015 ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION AND 3778 03:51:03,082 --> 03:51:05,718 THERE'S A COMPARISON THAT IS 3779 03:51:05,785 --> 03:51:09,155 JUST THERE AND SEEMS VERY 3780 03:51:09,222 --> 03:51:12,225 IMPORTANT AND SAYS PSYCHOLOGICAL 3781 03:51:12,291 --> 03:51:13,759 THERAPY OUGHT TO BE PREPARED IN 3782 03:51:13,826 --> 03:51:17,396 MOST INSTANCES AND MEDICATION 3783 03:51:17,463 --> 03:51:18,598 COULD PERHAPS BE PART. 3784 03:51:18,664 --> 03:51:20,666 IT'S NOT EXACTLY THE SAME IN THE 3785 03:51:20,733 --> 03:51:25,171 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILDHOOD 3786 03:51:25,238 --> 03:51:28,541 AND ADOLESCENT SOCIETY FOR CHILD 3787 03:51:28,608 --> 03:51:33,813 ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIES BUT THEY 3788 03:51:33,879 --> 03:51:44,423 DO SAY THAT THERAPY AND OTHERS 3789 03:51:48,394 --> 03:51:51,397 HAVE TREATMENT OPTIONS I CAN USE 3790 03:51:51,464 --> 03:51:55,234 ONE OR THE OTHER OR BOTH. 3791 03:51:55,301 --> 03:52:00,539 THAT'S WHAT THE GUIDELINES SAY 3792 03:52:00,606 --> 03:52:03,542 AND THEY'RE INFLUENTIAL AND FIND 3793 03:52:03,609 --> 03:52:06,312 THE SAME GUIDELINES IN AUSTRALIA 3794 03:52:06,379 --> 03:52:08,080 AND NEW ZEALAND AND THEY'RE 3795 03:52:08,147 --> 03:52:10,516 FOLLOWED AND NATIONAL GUIDELINE 3796 03:52:10,583 --> 03:52:12,318 CREATED FOR EXAMPLE, IN GERMANY, 3797 03:52:12,385 --> 03:52:14,654 PEOPLE FOLLOW THESE IDEAS A LOT 3798 03:52:14,720 --> 03:52:16,055 AND THEY ARE CULTURALLY 3799 03:52:16,122 --> 03:52:20,960 DEVELOPING THEIR OWN GUIDELINES 3800 03:52:21,027 --> 03:52:23,596 BUT THAT'S THE BASIC 3801 03:52:23,663 --> 03:52:24,163 INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS FOR 3802 03:52:24,230 --> 03:52:31,103 PSYCHO THERAPY. 3803 03:52:31,170 --> 03:52:32,772 AND THERE'S COGNITIVE AND 3804 03:52:32,838 --> 03:52:35,808 BEHAVIORAL PSYCHO THERAPY AND 3805 03:52:35,875 --> 03:52:36,175 MEDICATION. 3806 03:52:36,242 --> 03:52:38,077 ONLY ONE HEAD-TO-HEAD TRIAL 3807 03:52:38,144 --> 03:52:40,212 EXISTS IN ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION. 3808 03:52:40,279 --> 03:52:42,948 THAT'S THE TREATMENT FOR 3809 03:52:43,015 --> 03:52:44,717 ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION STUDY 3810 03:52:44,784 --> 03:52:47,520 WHERE ACTUALLY PSYCHO THERAPY 3811 03:52:47,586 --> 03:52:48,387 DID NOT DIFFERENTIATE. 3812 03:52:48,454 --> 03:52:54,960 IN FACT THE COMPARISONS RELY ON 3813 03:52:55,027 --> 03:52:57,363 THE COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF 3814 03:52:57,430 --> 03:52:58,831 RANDOMIZED TRIALS OF EACH 3815 03:52:58,898 --> 03:53:00,933 MODALITY. 3816 03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:02,601 MODALITY IS OTHER MEDICATION OR 3817 03:53:02,668 --> 03:53:06,305 PSYCHO THERAPY AGAINST EACH 3818 03:53:06,372 --> 03:53:06,505 OTHER. 3819 03:53:06,572 --> 03:53:07,473 IN OTHER WORDS, THE COMPARISONS 3820 03:53:07,540 --> 03:53:10,443 OF COMPARISONS. 3821 03:53:10,509 --> 03:53:11,210 AND TYPICALLY COMPARED TO 3822 03:53:11,277 --> 03:53:13,412 PLACEBO AND PSYCHO THERAPY IS 3823 03:53:13,479 --> 03:53:15,514 COMPARED TO TALK ABOUT WHAT THE 3824 03:53:15,581 --> 03:53:16,549 CONTROL CONDITIONS ARE AND THOSE 3825 03:53:16,615 --> 03:53:17,183 COMPARISONS ARE COMPARED TO EACH 3826 03:53:17,249 --> 03:53:23,322 OTHER. 3827 03:53:23,389 --> 03:53:25,958 IF YOU'RE PATIENT OR CAREER YOU 3828 03:53:26,025 --> 03:53:29,161 ASK WHICH TREATMENT SHOULD I OR 3829 03:53:29,228 --> 03:53:33,466 MY CHILD BE GIVE AND TAKE AND AS 3830 03:53:33,532 --> 03:53:34,266 A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL HEALTH 3831 03:53:34,333 --> 03:53:38,137 CARE PROFESSIONAL IF YOU'RE A 3832 03:53:38,204 --> 03:53:39,572 DOCTOR YOU'D BE TELLING THEM YOU 3833 03:53:39,638 --> 03:53:43,676 CAN TAKE TREATMENT A OR B, WE'LL 3834 03:53:43,743 --> 03:53:47,079 TAKE A FIRST AND THEN TAKE MAYBE 3835 03:53:47,146 --> 03:53:49,048 TREATMENT B MEDICATION 3836 03:53:49,115 --> 03:53:49,348 AFTERWARDS. 3837 03:53:49,415 --> 03:53:55,855 AND AS A PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIAL 3838 03:53:55,921 --> 03:54:01,360 THERE'S A BIG INFLUENCE IN THE 3839 03:54:01,427 --> 03:54:03,062 PROFESSION. 3840 03:54:03,129 --> 03:54:09,135 NOW, NOW DEPRESSIVE STUDIES OR 3841 03:54:09,201 --> 03:54:15,508 CONTROL THERE'S THE PLACEBO. 3842 03:54:15,574 --> 03:54:19,345 WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MEDICATION 3843 03:54:19,412 --> 03:54:25,384 THE EFFECT OF PSYCHO THERAPIES. 3844 03:54:25,451 --> 03:54:26,452 THE NUL CONDITIONS THESE ARE 3845 03:54:26,519 --> 03:54:31,991 EQUAL AND WHAT IS BEING TESTED. 3846 03:54:32,057 --> 03:54:34,460 AND NOTE MEDICATION THAT COME 3847 03:54:34,527 --> 03:54:35,995 FROM PSYCHO THERAPY. 3848 03:54:36,061 --> 03:54:40,232 AS I SAID, THIS THOUGH REALIZE 3849 03:54:40,299 --> 03:54:45,137 ON WHAT IS TECHNICALLY CALLED 3850 03:54:45,204 --> 03:54:50,609 THE ASSUMPTION THAT ALL ELSE IS 3851 03:54:50,676 --> 03:54:50,810 EQUAL. 3852 03:54:50,876 --> 03:54:54,046 EVERYTHING ELSE IS EQUAL. 3853 03:54:54,113 --> 03:54:57,616 SO IT RELIES ON THE QUALITY OF 3854 03:54:57,683 --> 03:54:57,883 CONTROLS. 3855 03:54:57,950 --> 03:55:00,719 BECAUSE IF I WIPE THIS OUT THE 3856 03:55:00,786 --> 03:55:06,792 EFFECT OF MEDICATION IS 3857 03:55:06,859 --> 03:55:08,928 ESSENTIALLY THE ACTIVE ARM, THE 3858 03:55:08,994 --> 03:55:10,796 DRUG, MINUS THE EFFECT THE 3859 03:55:10,863 --> 03:55:15,568 PLACEBO, THE MEDICATION CONTROL 3860 03:55:15,634 --> 03:55:15,734 HAS. 3861 03:55:15,801 --> 03:55:19,004 HERE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICALLY 3862 03:55:19,071 --> 03:55:19,905 ACTIVE TREATMENT COGNITIVE 3863 03:55:19,972 --> 03:55:21,307 THERAPY MINUS THE CONTROL ARM OF 3864 03:55:21,373 --> 03:55:25,177 A PARTICULAR STUDY OR SET OF 3865 03:55:25,244 --> 03:55:30,749 STUDIES. 3866 03:55:30,816 --> 03:55:35,187 AND FOR THIS TO BE COMPARED, 3867 03:55:35,254 --> 03:55:37,423 THIS QUALITY OR NEAR QUALITY 3868 03:55:37,490 --> 03:55:39,325 MUST FAULT THE EFFECTIVE 3869 03:55:39,391 --> 03:55:40,526 MEDICATION CONTROLS MUST BE 3870 03:55:40,593 --> 03:55:43,929 SIMILAR TO THAT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL 3871 03:55:43,996 --> 03:55:45,965 CONTROLS. 3872 03:55:46,031 --> 03:55:48,467 OTHERWISE IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT 3873 03:55:48,534 --> 03:55:51,036 TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROBLEM THINK 3874 03:55:51,103 --> 03:55:52,238 ABOUT SOMETHING LIKE 3875 03:55:52,304 --> 03:55:52,571 APPENDICITIS. 3876 03:55:52,638 --> 03:55:54,540 I'M NOT TRYING TO MAKE AN 3877 03:55:54,607 --> 03:55:55,674 ARGUMENT ABOUT THAT NOW WE JUST 3878 03:55:55,741 --> 03:55:56,709 NEED TO ABSTRACT. 3879 03:55:56,775 --> 03:56:01,213 I JUST WANT TO MAKE MORE 3880 03:56:01,280 --> 03:56:03,282 CONCRETE THE PROBLEM AND 3881 03:56:03,349 --> 03:56:06,318 ILLUSTRATION AND NOT TALK 3882 03:56:06,385 --> 03:56:08,420 CONCRETELY ABOUT APPENDICITIS 3883 03:56:08,487 --> 03:56:12,191 AND TWO TREATMENTS, ANTIBIOTICS 3884 03:56:12,258 --> 03:56:13,959 TO SURGERY WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN 3885 03:56:14,026 --> 03:56:16,462 COMPARED HEAD-TO-HEAD AND LET 3886 03:56:16,529 --> 03:56:17,730 THE ANTIBIOTIC IMPROVEMENT RATE 3887 03:56:17,796 --> 03:56:19,932 BE 40% ON THE ANTIBIOTICS AND 3888 03:56:19,999 --> 03:56:23,502 ONLY 2% ON THE CONTROL CONDITION 3889 03:56:23,569 --> 03:56:25,871 WHICH WOULD BE THE PLACEBO PILL 3890 03:56:25,938 --> 03:56:30,009 AND IT'S FOR ILLUSTRATION 3891 03:56:30,075 --> 03:56:32,778 PURPOSES AND THE IMPROVEMENT 3892 03:56:32,845 --> 03:56:38,584 RATE BE 50% OF THE SURGERY AND 3893 03:56:38,651 --> 03:56:43,956 SOME SHAM SURGERY WHERE YOU GET 3894 03:56:44,023 --> 03:56:49,161 TO THE SCAR. 3895 03:56:49,228 --> 03:56:55,968 SO IT'S CLOSE TO 40% AND WOULD 3896 03:56:56,035 --> 03:56:57,870 BE LUDICROUS TO CONCLUDE 3897 03:56:57,937 --> 03:57:00,205 THEREFORE YOU WOULD BE TELLING 3898 03:57:00,272 --> 03:57:02,508 YOUR PATIENT YOU COULD CHOOSE 3899 03:57:02,575 --> 03:57:02,808 EITHER. 3900 03:57:02,875 --> 03:57:04,843 IT'S OKAY TO GIVE ANTIBIOTICS OR 3901 03:57:04,910 --> 03:57:08,914 GO FOR ONE WHEN ONE IS SO MUCH 3902 03:57:08,981 --> 03:57:09,715 STRONGER THAN THE OTHER. 3903 03:57:09,782 --> 03:57:12,751 THIS IS NOT ADVICE ON WHAT TO 3904 03:57:12,818 --> 03:57:16,655 DO, APPENDICITIS IT'S 3905 03:57:16,722 --> 03:57:17,323 ADMINISTRATION IN THE FICTIONAL 3906 03:57:17,389 --> 03:57:19,391 SET OF STUDIES BUT SEE THE 3907 03:57:19,458 --> 03:57:22,561 PROBLEM THAT IS CLEAR IN ONE 3908 03:57:22,628 --> 03:57:25,197 CASE THE DIFFERENCE IN CONTROLS 3909 03:57:25,264 --> 03:57:27,366 CREATES A VERY ARTIFICIAL AND 3910 03:57:27,433 --> 03:57:33,606 IMPOSSIBLE SORT OF SITUATION. 3911 03:57:33,672 --> 03:57:35,140 SO, WHAT DO YOU TELL YOUR 3912 03:57:35,207 --> 03:57:37,009 PATIENTS THESE ARE EQUALLY GOOD 3913 03:57:37,076 --> 03:57:37,309 TREATMENTS? 3914 03:57:37,376 --> 03:57:39,278 I DON'T THINK ANYONE SENSIBLE 3915 03:57:39,345 --> 03:57:41,146 WOULD SAY THAT GIVEN THESE 3916 03:57:41,213 --> 03:57:43,983 NUMBERS. 3917 03:57:44,049 --> 03:57:45,484 SO IF THERE'S VARIABILITY IN THE 3918 03:57:45,551 --> 03:57:47,019 CONTROL ARMS AND THEY'RE 3919 03:57:47,086 --> 03:57:49,989 DIFFERENT, THE QUESTION IS, IS 3920 03:57:50,055 --> 03:57:50,956 IT RANDOM? 3921 03:57:51,023 --> 03:57:53,158 DOES IT TELL US SOMETHING HOW 3922 03:57:53,225 --> 03:57:54,593 TREATMENTS WORK, FOR EXAMPLE, 3923 03:57:54,660 --> 03:57:56,629 WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL 3924 03:57:56,695 --> 03:57:57,796 MECHANISMS OF PLACEBO. 3925 03:57:57,863 --> 03:58:00,232 WHY WOULD PEOPLE FIND OTHER 3926 03:58:00,299 --> 03:58:01,133 CONTROL GROUPS UNFAVORABLE AND 3927 03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:03,969 WHAT IS A CONTROL GROUP? 3928 03:58:04,036 --> 03:58:07,272 WHAT IS AN APPROPRIATE COUNTER 3929 03:58:07,339 --> 03:58:08,207 FACTOR FOR TREATMENT. 3930 03:58:08,273 --> 03:58:10,476 THIS GOES TO TREATMENT THAT GOES 3931 03:58:10,542 --> 03:58:11,710 WELL BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE 3932 03:58:11,777 --> 03:58:13,245 CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH NEED 3933 03:58:13,312 --> 03:58:23,555 AND TOUCH UPON QUESTIONS OF HOW 3934 03:58:23,622 --> 03:58:24,556 HUMANS DEAL WITH EXPECTATIONS 3935 03:58:24,623 --> 03:58:27,059 AND A MORE GENERAL QUESTION FOR 3936 03:58:27,126 --> 03:58:29,194 ME AND OF THE MORE BASIC SCIENCE 3937 03:58:29,261 --> 03:58:34,667 SIDE OF THINGS I DO. 3938 03:58:34,733 --> 03:58:39,571 SO WE EXTRACTED THE BASELINE AND 3939 03:58:39,638 --> 03:58:44,777 STANDARD DEVIATIONS WHERE 3940 03:58:44,843 --> 03:58:55,354 AVAILABLE AND AT THE MEAN OF 3941 03:58:57,623 --> 03:59:00,693 TIME POINT 1 AT FOLLOW-UP AND 3942 03:59:00,759 --> 03:59:03,128 POINT 2 AT BASELINE AND DIVIDE 3943 03:59:03,195 --> 03:59:06,398 THAT BY THE SIMPLE POOLED 3944 03:59:06,465 --> 03:59:07,566 STANDARD DEVIATION AND WHAT WE 3945 03:59:07,633 --> 03:59:13,138 CALL THE STANDARDIZED MEAN 3946 03:59:13,205 --> 03:59:21,480 DIFFERENCE OR THE CHANGE SCORE. 3947 03:59:21,547 --> 03:59:24,917 WE LOOKED AT TEST CORRELATION 3948 03:59:24,983 --> 03:59:29,154 AND DON'T WANT TO BOTHER YOU 3949 03:59:29,221 --> 03:59:32,958 WITH THE TECHNICAL STUFF BUT 3950 03:59:33,025 --> 03:59:36,261 LOOK AT THE ABSENCE OF THE 3951 03:59:36,328 --> 03:59:37,863 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN 3952 03:59:37,930 --> 03:59:41,166 TIME POINT 1 AND 2 WHICH IS 3953 03:59:41,233 --> 03:59:50,943 SIMULATED SEVERAL DATA SETS AND 3954 03:59:51,009 --> 03:59:59,384 AND LOOKED AT AGGRESSION AND THE 3955 03:59:59,451 --> 04:00:09,862 TYPICAL MODEL AND THIS 3956 04:00:15,234 --> 04:00:17,002 REPRESENTS HETEROGENEITY AND HAS 3957 04:00:17,069 --> 04:00:23,242 A STANDARD OF DEVIATION THE 3958 04:00:23,308 --> 04:00:30,149 SO-CALLED AND STUDIES DO NOT 3959 04:00:30,215 --> 04:00:32,251 JUST VARY BECAUSE OF SAMPLING 3960 04:00:32,317 --> 04:00:34,319 BUT BECAUSE THEY COME FROM A 3961 04:00:34,386 --> 04:00:37,156 DISTRIBUTION AND CAN VARY ON THE 3962 04:00:37,222 --> 04:00:41,927 DISTRIBUTION. 3963 04:00:41,994 --> 04:00:46,365 AND ESTIMATE A MODEL WHERE WE 3964 04:00:46,431 --> 04:00:49,034 HAVE MEDICATION CONTROLS AND 3965 04:00:49,101 --> 04:00:50,936 PSYCHOLOGICALLY ACTIVE 3966 04:00:51,003 --> 04:00:51,904 CONDITIONS AND CONTROL AND 3967 04:00:51,970 --> 04:00:56,141 MEDICATION CONTROLS AND PLACEBO 3968 04:00:56,208 --> 04:00:57,810 AND THE COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL 3969 04:00:57,876 --> 04:01:03,348 THERAPY AND VARIOUS CONTROLS 3970 04:01:03,415 --> 04:01:09,421 WHICH COULD BE AS USUAL AND LOOK 3971 04:01:09,488 --> 04:01:12,191 AT THE STANDARDIZED MEAN 3972 04:01:12,257 --> 04:01:13,725 DIFFERENCE CHANGE FOR EACH 3973 04:01:13,792 --> 04:01:13,926 LEVEL. 3974 04:01:13,992 --> 04:01:23,535 WITH 81 STUDIES IN TOTAL. 3975 04:01:23,602 --> 04:01:28,640 PLACEBO WAS A CONTROL CONDITION 3976 04:01:28,707 --> 04:01:30,709 AND ATTENTION CONTROL SUCH AS 3977 04:01:30,776 --> 04:01:33,145 PSYCHO THERAPY. 3978 04:01:33,212 --> 04:01:37,149 THIS IS THE FIRST RESULT I WANT 3979 04:01:37,216 --> 04:01:44,323 TO SHOW YOU. 3980 04:01:44,389 --> 04:01:46,358 YOU SEE THE STANDARDIZED MEAN 3981 04:01:46,425 --> 04:01:52,698 DIFFERENCE FOR MEDICATION 3982 04:01:52,764 --> 04:01:54,466 CONTROL AND THE ESTIMATES THE 3983 04:01:54,533 --> 04:01:55,000 MORE EFFECTIVE IT IS. 3984 04:01:55,067 --> 04:02:02,541 THE MEDICATION CONTROL IS WITHIN 3985 04:02:02,608 --> 04:02:04,877 GROUP TRIAL AND ESTIMATE IS 3986 04:02:04,943 --> 04:02:06,178 PRETTY EFFECTIVE. 3987 04:02:06,245 --> 04:02:08,614 AS IS MEDICATION ACTIVE BY THE 3988 04:02:08,680 --> 04:02:09,248 DRUGS AND HALF DIFFERENTIATE 3989 04:02:09,314 --> 04:02:19,191 FROM EACH OTHER. 3990 04:02:19,258 --> 04:02:20,859 IF YOU COMPARE THIS IT'S NOT 3991 04:02:20,926 --> 04:02:25,764 BAD, WELL ABOVE ONE BUT NOT AS 3992 04:02:25,831 --> 04:02:28,233 EFFECTIVE AS MEDICATION CONTROL. 3993 04:02:28,300 --> 04:02:32,871 THE MOST FASCINATING DIFFERENCE 3994 04:02:32,938 --> 04:02:34,706 IS BETWEEN THIS AND PSYCHO 3995 04:02:34,773 --> 04:02:35,941 THERAPY CONTROL AND MEDICATION 3996 04:02:36,008 --> 04:02:44,116 CONTROL WHICH IS VAST, YOU CAN 3997 04:02:44,182 --> 04:02:51,523 SEE THE INTERVALS ARE NOWHERE 3998 04:02:51,590 --> 04:02:53,158 NEAR OVERLAPPING LIKE APPLES AND 3999 04:02:53,225 --> 04:02:58,931 ORANGES. 4000 04:02:58,997 --> 04:03:01,166 AND THE QUALITY CONTROLS 4001 04:03:01,233 --> 04:03:06,004 ASSUMPTION DOES NOT HELP. 4002 04:03:06,071 --> 04:03:09,541 THE COMPARISONS OF SUBTRACTING 4003 04:03:09,608 --> 04:03:10,976 THIS FROM THAT AND COMPARING 4004 04:03:11,043 --> 04:03:13,078 WHICH IS TYPICALLY DONE IN 4005 04:03:13,145 --> 04:03:16,214 GUIDELINES DOESN'T HOLD AND 4006 04:03:16,281 --> 04:03:21,954 DOESN'T HOLD EVEN IF YOU JUST 4007 04:03:22,020 --> 04:03:28,060 ESTIMATE STUDIES WITH TREATMENTS 4008 04:03:28,126 --> 04:03:38,637 WE HAVE THE ONES THAT ARE FDA 4009 04:03:43,375 --> 04:03:50,115 APPROVED AND YOU HAVE A SIMILAR 4010 04:03:50,182 --> 04:03:57,055 EFFECT. 4011 04:03:57,122 --> 04:04:00,225 THIS IS QUITE PROBLEMATIC 4012 04:04:00,292 --> 04:04:03,996 BETWEEN PSYCHO THERAPY AND 4013 04:04:04,062 --> 04:04:09,534 MEDICATION CONTROLS AND NOT AS 4014 04:04:09,601 --> 04:04:13,138 ACTIVE AS MEDICATION AND IN THE 4015 04:04:13,205 --> 04:04:14,139 CONTEXT OF THE TRIALS AND 4016 04:04:14,206 --> 04:04:14,873 PERHAPS MORE ACTIVE THAN PSYCHO 4017 04:04:14,940 --> 04:04:20,112 THERAPY. 4018 04:04:20,178 --> 04:04:21,680 AND THE CONCEPTS OF THE TRIAL 4019 04:04:21,747 --> 04:04:23,315 AND NOT SUGGESTING ONE SHOULD GO 4020 04:04:23,382 --> 04:04:27,686 OUT AND SAY OR TAKE PLACEBO. 4021 04:04:27,753 --> 04:04:32,991 MY MAIN POINT IS THE DIFFERENCE 4022 04:04:33,058 --> 04:04:35,494 BETWEEN THIS AND THIS AND THE 4023 04:04:35,560 --> 04:04:38,263 INCOMPARABILITY OF THE TWO 4024 04:04:38,330 --> 04:04:38,563 DIFFERENCES. 4025 04:04:38,630 --> 04:04:43,635 IF YOU ASSESS COEFFICIENT OF THE 4026 04:04:43,702 --> 04:04:47,973 DIFFERENCE AS YOU MIGHT EXPECT 4027 04:04:48,040 --> 04:04:52,144 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 4028 04:04:52,210 --> 04:04:53,912 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CONTROL AND THE 4029 04:04:53,979 --> 04:05:04,489 P VALUE IS EXTREMELY LOW NOW 4030 04:05:06,792 --> 04:05:16,168 NOW, AND POORLY MATCHED TYPES OF 4031 04:05:16,234 --> 04:05:25,143 GROUPS AND THINGS LIKE AND 4032 04:05:25,210 --> 04:05:26,878 INFORMATION WAS MISSING WITH 4033 04:05:26,945 --> 04:05:28,880 VARIABLES FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU 4034 04:05:28,947 --> 04:05:30,749 HAVE ENOUGH ATTENTION CONTROL 4035 04:05:30,816 --> 04:05:31,750 SUCH AS THERAPY HOW MANY HOURS 4036 04:05:31,817 --> 04:05:33,752 AND SESSIONS ARE SPENT AND IT'S 4037 04:05:33,819 --> 04:05:40,192 HARD TO EVALUATE THAT. 4038 04:05:40,258 --> 04:05:42,327 WHAT IS A GOOD CONTROL? 4039 04:05:42,394 --> 04:05:44,463 IT SHOULD SERVE AS COUNTER 4040 04:05:44,529 --> 04:05:44,696 FACTUAL. 4041 04:05:44,763 --> 04:05:46,298 WHAT WOULD AN INDIVIDUAL LIKE 4042 04:05:46,364 --> 04:05:48,733 LIKE IF THEY DID NOT RECEIVE 4043 04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:49,067 TREATMENT? 4044 04:05:49,134 --> 04:05:51,403 THERE SHOULD BE A TRUE VALUE OF 4045 04:05:51,470 --> 04:05:53,105 WHAT AN INDIVIDUAL WOULD LOOK 4046 04:05:53,171 --> 04:05:54,773 LIKE HAD THEY NOT RECEIVED THE 4047 04:05:54,840 --> 04:05:55,040 TREATMENT. 4048 04:05:55,107 --> 04:05:56,808 THAT'S REALLY WHAT THE CONTROL 4049 04:05:56,875 --> 04:05:57,943 GROUP IS ABOUT. 4050 04:05:58,009 --> 04:06:02,180 WE'RE TRYING TO APPROXIMATE AT 4051 04:06:02,247 --> 04:06:08,887 LEAST IN MY OPINION THE VALUE OF 4052 04:06:08,954 --> 04:06:19,498 THE CONTROL AND A GOOD CONTROL 4053 04:06:21,266 --> 04:06:31,743 AND IT'S A FREQUENT CONTROL AND 4054 04:06:32,944 --> 04:06:33,979 IT SOMETIMES DOES NOT AMOUNT TO 4055 04:06:34,045 --> 04:06:37,048 MUCH AT ALL PARTICULARLY NOW 4056 04:06:37,115 --> 04:06:40,619 GIVEN THE OVERCROWDING SUB 4057 04:06:40,685 --> 04:06:41,253 SKRIEPGS AND THE MENTAL HEALTH 4058 04:06:41,319 --> 04:06:41,520 SERVICES. 4059 04:06:45,190 --> 04:06:45,690 SUBSCRIPTION AND MENTAL HEALTH 4060 04:06:45,757 --> 04:06:55,934 SERVICES. 4061 04:07:01,273 --> 04:07:11,750 AND BASICALLY NOW THE FINDINGS 4062 04:07:13,818 --> 04:07:15,787 I'VE SHOWN, THERE'S A SPACE THAT 4063 04:07:15,854 --> 04:07:17,856 SHOWS WHEN WE RESTRICT TO THE 4064 04:07:17,923 --> 04:07:21,293 FEW STUDIES THAT HAVE THE SAME 4065 04:07:21,359 --> 04:07:24,729 INSTRUMENTS THAT'S THE RESULT OF 4066 04:07:24,796 --> 04:07:29,301 THE SAME COULD THERE BE MORE 4067 04:07:29,367 --> 04:07:33,605 REGRESSION TO THE MEAN OF THE 4068 04:07:33,672 --> 04:07:37,876 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY GROUP AND THE 4069 04:07:37,943 --> 04:07:39,511 DIFFERENCE IS ALSO SO LARGE IT'S 4070 04:07:39,578 --> 04:07:43,348 QUITE HARD TO IMAGINE AT SOME 4071 04:07:43,415 --> 04:07:47,185 DIFFERENCE IN ASCERTAINMENT AND 4072 04:07:47,252 --> 04:07:48,386 SOME VALUES WOULD MAKE A 4073 04:07:48,453 --> 04:07:50,622 DIFFERENCE FOR THE MEAN IS WHAT 4074 04:07:50,689 --> 04:07:56,194 I MEAN BY FLUKE VALUES AND WHEN 4075 04:07:56,261 --> 04:07:59,197 WE KIND OF MATCH STUDIES WITH 4076 04:07:59,264 --> 04:08:04,236 THE SAME BASELINE SEVERITY WE 4077 04:08:04,302 --> 04:08:14,980 GET LARGE DIFFERENCES AND TAKE 4078 04:08:17,282 --> 04:08:25,390 THE BASELINE VALUES INTO ACCOUNT 4079 04:08:25,457 --> 04:08:29,127 AND THE GUIDELINES I THINK NEED 4080 04:08:29,194 --> 04:08:32,130 TO CHANGE. 4081 04:08:32,197 --> 04:08:39,537 THIS IS WHERE I'M HOPING TO HAVE 4082 04:08:39,604 --> 04:08:43,208 SOME -- I WOULD LIKE PEOPLE TO 4083 04:08:43,275 --> 04:08:44,175 VERY VISIT WHAT THEY RECOMMEND 4084 04:08:44,242 --> 04:08:46,611 ON THE BASIS OF WHAT YOU'VE SEEN 4085 04:08:46,678 --> 04:08:49,114 TODAY IT SEEMS VERY PROBLEMATIC 4086 04:08:49,180 --> 04:08:50,081 TO BE COMPARING MEDICATION WITH 4087 04:08:50,148 --> 04:09:00,525 PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY. 4088 04:09:05,497 --> 04:09:06,598 AND ASK WHAT WORKS WITH 4089 04:09:06,665 --> 04:09:09,601 DEPRESSION AND IT'S A SOBERING 4090 04:09:09,668 --> 04:09:09,834 FINDING. 4091 04:09:09,901 --> 04:09:14,172 WE CAN POSE MORE RIGOROUS 4092 04:09:14,239 --> 04:09:17,108 CONTROLS ON PSYCHO THERAPY AND 4093 04:09:17,175 --> 04:09:19,277 NOT SAYING PLACEBO IS THE BEST 4094 04:09:19,344 --> 04:09:19,944 THING. 4095 04:09:20,011 --> 04:09:29,487 FAR FROM IT BUT IT'S CLEARLY HAS 4096 04:09:29,554 --> 04:09:30,322 SEVERAL ADVANTAGES TO WHAT WE'VE 4097 04:09:30,388 --> 04:09:31,990 SEEN IN CONTROL GROUPS AND NEED 4098 04:09:32,057 --> 04:09:33,725 TO LOOK AT THE UNDER PINNING OF 4099 04:09:33,792 --> 04:09:34,159 CONTROL CONDITIONS. 4100 04:09:34,225 --> 04:09:35,960 THIS IS SOMETHING WE DO WITH MY 4101 04:09:36,027 --> 04:09:38,830 GROUP LOOKING AT EXPECTANCY OF 4102 04:09:38,897 --> 04:09:42,834 THINGS AND COST AND HOW PEOPLE 4103 04:09:42,901 --> 04:09:44,202 CREATE COUNTER FACTUALS OF 4104 04:09:44,269 --> 04:09:45,904 THEY'VE BEEN DOING AND WE SHOULD 4105 04:09:45,970 --> 04:09:48,173 LOOK AT THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 4106 04:09:48,239 --> 04:09:50,208 OF THE CONTROL GROUP AND WHAT IT 4107 04:09:50,275 --> 04:09:55,680 MEANS FOR THEM PEOPLE WHO ENGAGE 4108 04:09:55,747 --> 04:10:00,352 WITH THE TREATMENT AND WHAT IT 4109 04:10:00,418 --> 04:10:05,990 TELLS THE PUBLIC IS HAPPENING. 4110 04:10:06,057 --> 04:10:09,127 I THINK WE'VE DRAWN INSPIRATION 4111 04:10:09,194 --> 04:10:13,131 FROM ELLEN'S WORK FOR BIPOLAR 4112 04:10:13,198 --> 04:10:17,135 DISORDER AND THE WORK DONE ON 4113 04:10:17,202 --> 04:10:17,902 IRRITABILITY SUBSEQUENTLY. 4114 04:10:17,969 --> 04:10:27,712 AND TAKE COURAGE FROM IT. 4115 04:10:27,779 --> 04:10:30,415 SO IT'S A GREAT LEGACY. 4116 04:10:30,482 --> 04:10:37,555 I WANT TO THANK HER FOR THIS. 4117 04:10:37,622 --> 04:10:38,723 I'M SORRY I COULDN'T BE THERE TO 4118 04:10:38,790 --> 04:10:41,126 ENJOY THIS WITH YOU, ELLEN, BUT 4119 04:10:41,192 --> 04:10:43,261 I AM WISHING YOU ALL THE VERY 4120 04:10:43,328 --> 04:10:43,728 BEST. 4121 04:10:43,795 --> 04:10:44,262 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 4122 04:10:44,329 --> 04:10:44,562 EVERYTHING. 4123 04:10:44,629 --> 04:10:55,173 THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR PATIENCE. 4124 04:10:57,041 --> 04:10:57,275 >> ALL RIGHT. 4125 04:10:57,342 --> 04:10:58,910 SO WE HAVE SAVED THE BEST FOR 4126 04:10:58,977 --> 04:10:59,110 LAST. 4127 04:10:59,177 --> 04:11:00,912 IT'S A WONDERFUL TREAT TO 4128 04:11:00,979 --> 04:11:03,214 WELCOME UP ELLEN AND I WANT TO 4129 04:11:03,281 --> 04:11:07,485 THANK REALLY ALL THE SPEAKERS 4130 04:11:07,552 --> 04:11:18,096 AND MARYLAND AND KATIE AND I'M 4131 04:11:20,165 --> 04:11:23,268 GRATEFUL AND EXCITED TO HEAR 4132 04:11:23,334 --> 04:11:29,140 WHAT ELLEN IN HER ROLE OF 4133 04:11:29,207 --> 04:11:30,942 CONTINUING TEACHER TO US. 4134 04:11:31,009 --> 04:11:41,319 ELLEN, COME ON UP. 4135 04:11:56,267 --> 04:11:56,501 ALL RIGHT. 4136 04:11:56,568 --> 04:11:57,969 I HOPE EVERYBODY CAN SEE ME. 4137 04:11:58,036 --> 04:12:02,941 IT'S ALWAYS A CHALLENGE. 4138 04:12:03,007 --> 04:12:07,045 PEOPLE SEE ME I'M GETTING THE 4139 04:12:07,111 --> 04:12:07,679 THUMBS UP. 4140 04:12:07,745 --> 04:12:09,481 IF YOU CAN'T SEE ME, JUST MOVE 4141 04:12:09,547 --> 04:12:09,848 AROUND. 4142 04:12:09,914 --> 04:12:17,522 I'M OVERWHELMED WITH GRATITUDE 4143 04:12:17,589 --> 04:12:18,890 THE FACT THIS EVENT IS HAPPENING 4144 04:12:18,957 --> 04:12:20,124 AND ALL THE WORK THAT WENT INTO 4145 04:12:20,191 --> 04:12:20,325 IT. 4146 04:12:20,391 --> 04:12:24,329 ALL THE AMAZING THINGS THAT 4147 04:12:24,395 --> 04:12:24,829 PEOPLE HAVE SAID. 4148 04:12:24,896 --> 04:12:26,865 I'D LIKE TO THINK OF THIS EVENT 4149 04:12:26,931 --> 04:12:32,804 AS A CELEBRATION OF THE WORK AND 4150 04:12:32,871 --> 04:12:35,039 SO PARTICULARLY APPRECIATING ALL 4151 04:12:35,106 --> 04:12:37,308 THE TALKS THAT WE'VE HEARD AND 4152 04:12:37,375 --> 04:12:43,014 ALL THE HARD WORK THAT OUR 4153 04:12:43,081 --> 04:12:47,519 SPEAKERS HAVE BROUGHT TO THE 4154 04:12:47,585 --> 04:12:48,953 WORK AND HOW MUCH THOUGHT AND 4155 04:12:49,020 --> 04:12:54,392 DEPTH AND HARD WORK AND SKILL IT 4156 04:12:54,459 --> 04:12:56,928 ALL TAKES I'M GOING TO HAVE A 4157 04:12:56,995 --> 04:12:58,096 LOT MORE TO SAY ABOUT GRATITUDE 4158 04:12:58,162 --> 04:13:00,832 AT THE ENDS OF MY TALK. 4159 04:13:00,899 --> 04:13:04,402 SO I THINK NOW I'LL SORT OF GET 4160 04:13:04,469 --> 04:13:04,936 INTO IT. 4161 04:13:05,003 --> 04:13:13,144 I WANTED TO USE MY TIME TO 4162 04:13:13,211 --> 04:13:14,279 REV 4163 04:13:14,345 --> 04:13:16,748 REV 4164 04:13:16,814 --> 04:13:18,116 REVIEW MY CAREER FROM A 4165 04:13:18,182 --> 04:13:18,750 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE AND THE 4166 04:13:18,816 --> 04:13:24,188 BEST WAY IS WITH A SERIES OF 4167 04:13:24,255 --> 04:13:29,093 QUESTI 4168 04:13:29,160 --> 04:13:30,795 QUESTIONS YOU'RE ASKING MY 4169 04:13:30,862 --> 04:13:32,230 TITLE, I'M SO GLAD YOU ASKED AND 4170 04:13:32,297 --> 04:13:37,135 HOW I WENT FROM IMPOSTER TO 4171 04:13:37,201 --> 04:13:37,669 EMPOWERED. 4172 04:13:37,735 --> 04:13:38,770 HERE'S THE FOR US QUESTIONS. 4173 04:13:38,836 --> 04:13:40,772 FIRST, WHAT WERE THE BIGGEST 4174 04:13:40,838 --> 04:13:42,040 BARRIERS TO YOUR SUCCESS. 4175 04:13:42,106 --> 04:13:43,942 WHAT WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT 4176 04:13:44,008 --> 04:13:49,714 PIECE OF ADVICE THAT YOU IGNORED 4177 04:13:49,781 --> 04:13:53,151 WHAT WERE THE LUCKIEST THINGS 4178 04:13:53,217 --> 04:13:53,785 THAT HAPPENED TO YOU. 4179 04:13:53,851 --> 04:13:55,520 WHAT WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT 4180 04:13:55,587 --> 04:13:59,090 THINGS YOU DID TO SUCCEED AND 4181 04:13:59,157 --> 04:14:00,725 JUXTA POSING THESE TO EACH OTHER 4182 04:14:00,792 --> 04:14:02,093 MAKES THE POINT SOME OF WHAT 4183 04:14:02,160 --> 04:14:03,561 HAPPENS TO YOU IS OUTSIDE OF 4184 04:14:03,628 --> 04:14:05,330 YOUR CONTROL AND SOME OF WHAT 4185 04:14:05,396 --> 04:14:07,198 HAPPENS TO YOU YOU CAN HAVE 4186 04:14:07,265 --> 04:14:08,399 CONTROL AND THE CREDIT QUESTION 4187 04:14:08,466 --> 04:14:09,133 IS WHAT ARE YOU MOST GRATEFUL 4188 04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:12,704 FOR. 4189 04:14:12,770 --> 04:14:15,873 SO BIGGEST BARRIERS TO MY 4190 04:14:15,940 --> 04:14:17,575 SUCCESS, IMPOSTER SYNDROME IS A 4191 04:14:17,642 --> 04:14:18,610 TERM I DO NOT LIKE. 4192 04:14:18,676 --> 04:14:21,079 I DON'T THINK IT'S A SYNDROME. 4193 04:14:21,145 --> 04:14:22,146 THERE'S VERY LITTLE LITERATURE 4194 04:14:22,213 --> 04:14:24,382 ON IT BUT I THINK IT'S A TERM 4195 04:14:24,449 --> 04:14:27,719 THAT CAPTURES A VERY DISTINCT 4196 04:14:27,785 --> 04:14:29,153 AND COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE 4197 04:14:29,220 --> 04:14:32,790 WHICH IS BEING IN A SITUATION 4198 04:14:32,857 --> 04:14:34,792 WHERE YOU FEEL YOU HAVE TO 4199 04:14:34,859 --> 04:14:38,529 PERFORM AND FEELING LIKE YOU'RE 4200 04:14:38,596 --> 04:14:39,230 NOTE TA 4201 04:14:39,297 --> 04:14:40,531 NOT TALENTED ENOUGH, WELL 4202 04:14:40,598 --> 04:14:41,699 TRAINED ENOUGH, WHATEVER. 4203 04:14:41,766 --> 04:14:43,434 I HAVE HAD THIS THROUGHOUT MY 4204 04:14:43,501 --> 04:14:43,635 LIFE. 4205 04:14:43,701 --> 04:14:46,471 IT'S DIMINISHED OVER TIME BUT 4206 04:14:46,537 --> 04:14:48,973 I'VE DEFINITELY HAD IT AND IN 4207 04:14:49,040 --> 04:14:50,475 WAYS THAT I'LL EXPLAIN 4208 04:14:50,541 --> 04:14:52,744 INTERACTED WITH GENDER AND 4209 04:14:52,810 --> 04:14:58,016 EQUITY WHICH IS PROMINENT WHEN I 4210 04:14:58,082 --> 04:15:03,988 WAS COMING UP AND THIS IS ME AT 4211 04:15:04,055 --> 04:15:06,791 ALMOST AGE 6. 4212 04:15:06,858 --> 04:15:11,095 THIS IS MY SISTER, SUE, WHO 4213 04:15:11,162 --> 04:15:12,897 UNFORTUNATELY COULDN'T BE HERE 4214 04:15:12,964 --> 04:15:15,900 TODAY BECAUSE HER HUSBAND HAS 4215 04:15:15,967 --> 04:15:22,006 COVID BUT IS TWO AND A HALF 4216 04:15:22,073 --> 04:15:23,408 YEAR OLDER AND MY PARENTS WERE 4217 04:15:23,474 --> 04:15:24,375 FIRST GENERATION IN THE COUNTRY 4218 04:15:24,442 --> 04:15:26,244 AND TO GO TO COLLEGE. 4219 04:15:26,310 --> 04:15:30,415 MY FATHER WAS A PHARMACIST AND 4220 04:15:30,481 --> 04:15:32,350 MOTHER WAS A REGISTERED NURSE. 4221 04:15:32,417 --> 04:15:33,785 I DID START LIFE WITH CERTAIN 4222 04:15:33,851 --> 04:15:34,218 ADVANTAGES. 4223 04:15:34,285 --> 04:15:39,157 I WAS BORN INTO A WHITE 4224 04:15:39,223 --> 04:15:39,991 MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILY WITH HIGHLY 4225 04:15:40,058 --> 04:15:40,525 EDUCATED PARENTS. 4226 04:15:40,591 --> 04:15:43,194 WHEN I TALK ABOUT GENDER 4227 04:15:43,261 --> 04:15:45,029 INEQUITY IT'S OF COURSE ON THIS 4228 04:15:45,096 --> 04:15:50,334 BASELINE THAT I DID HAVE SOME 4229 04:15:50,401 --> 04:15:55,306 ADVANTAGE GOING INTO THINGS. 4230 04:15:55,373 --> 04:15:59,477 IN 1970 WHEN WE WERE PUTTING IN 4231 04:15:59,544 --> 04:16:00,511 APPLICATIONS TO COLLEGE AND 4232 04:16:00,578 --> 04:16:03,314 HEARD MY BEST FRIEND'S FATHER 4233 04:16:03,381 --> 04:16:06,517 WHY PUT SO MUCH MONEY IN COLLEGE 4234 04:16:06,584 --> 04:16:08,519 SHE'LL ONLY BE WASHING DIAPERS 4235 04:16:08,586 --> 04:16:08,953 ANYWAY. 4236 04:16:09,020 --> 04:16:11,789 IF HE COULD BE HERE TODAY, I 4237 04:16:11,856 --> 04:16:12,156 MEAN, REALLY. 4238 04:16:12,223 --> 04:16:14,492 IN 1970 I WAS ACCEPTED TO YALE 4239 04:16:14,559 --> 04:16:16,260 MUCH TO MY SURPRISE AND OF 4240 04:16:16,327 --> 04:16:18,863 COURSE THAT'S WHEN PRIVILEGE 4241 04:16:18,930 --> 04:16:20,798 ENTERED MY LIFE VERY BIG TIME. 4242 04:16:20,865 --> 04:16:22,533 I GOT A FABULOUS EDUCATION AT 4243 04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:24,402 YALE AND MADE LIFE LONG FRIENDS. 4244 04:16:24,469 --> 04:16:25,903 BUT FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE IT 4245 04:16:25,970 --> 04:16:36,314 WAS A STRANGE PLACE. 4246 04:16:37,281 --> 04:16:40,084 YALE WAS FOUNDED IN 1701 AND THE 4247 04:16:40,151 --> 04:16:41,652 FIRST CO-EDUCATIONAL CLASS WAS 4248 04:16:41,719 --> 04:16:43,321 IN 1969 WHICH MEANS I WAS IN THE 4249 04:16:43,387 --> 04:16:46,624 SECOND CLASS OF WOMEN TO GO TO 4250 04:16:46,691 --> 04:16:49,127 YALE. 4251 04:16:49,193 --> 04:16:54,799 MY ENT TERRING CLASS HAD 230 4252 04:16:54,866 --> 04:16:57,034 WOMEN AND THERE WERE ALMOST 800 4253 04:16:57,101 --> 04:16:58,503 MEN AND ONLY TWO TENURED WOMEN 4254 04:16:58,569 --> 04:17:04,041 AND IF YOU'RE A WOMAN OF COLOR 4255 04:17:04,108 --> 04:17:08,412 YOU CAN IMAGINE AND 65% OF WOMEN 4256 04:17:08,479 --> 04:17:13,151 HAD A CLASS AND I REMEMBER 4257 04:17:13,217 --> 04:17:15,286 HAVING TWO, IN WHICH THEY WERE 4258 04:17:15,353 --> 04:17:16,287 THE ONLY WOMEN. 4259 04:17:16,354 --> 04:17:19,056 WHEN I WAS AT YALE I DECIDED I 4260 04:17:19,123 --> 04:17:19,991 WANTED TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN. 4261 04:17:20,057 --> 04:17:22,326 I WANTED TO BE A PEDIATRICIAN OR 4262 04:17:22,393 --> 04:17:24,428 A PSYCHIATRIST. 4263 04:17:24,495 --> 04:17:27,665 I WAS A PSYCHOLOGY MAJOR AND I 4264 04:17:27,732 --> 04:17:29,700 WAS VERY HAPPY WITH THAT 4265 04:17:29,767 --> 04:17:30,101 AMBITION. 4266 04:17:30,168 --> 04:17:32,370 I FELT VERY GOOD AND POSITIVE 4267 04:17:32,436 --> 04:17:33,404 ABOUT MY FUTURE. 4268 04:17:33,471 --> 04:17:39,677 THE WHOLE IDEA OF BECOMING A 4269 04:17:39,744 --> 04:17:41,212 RESEARCHER AND I THINK IT HAD 4270 04:17:41,279 --> 04:17:44,615 SOME EXTENT TO DO WITH MY 4271 04:17:44,682 --> 04:17:46,717 IMPOSTER SYNDROME WHICH WAS BIG 4272 04:17:46,784 --> 04:17:49,086 TIME AT YALE INTERRUPTING WITH 4273 04:17:49,153 --> 04:17:50,321 THE GENDER INEQUITY AROUND ME. 4274 04:17:50,388 --> 04:17:55,960 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO NETWORK. 4275 04:17:56,027 --> 04:18:01,632 I COULDN'T SEE MYSELF NETWORKING 4276 04:18:01,699 --> 04:18:03,067 AND I WAS HAPPY AND WASN'T 4277 04:18:03,134 --> 04:18:04,569 THINKING ABOUT THAT BUT WHEN I 4278 04:18:04,635 --> 04:18:06,304 THINK BACK I THINK THAT'S PART 4279 04:18:06,370 --> 04:18:07,638 OF THE SITUATION. 4280 04:18:07,705 --> 04:18:11,042 I DID GO AHEAD AND APPLY TO 4281 04:18:11,108 --> 04:18:11,676 MEDICAL SCHOOL. 4282 04:18:11,742 --> 04:18:13,611 ADMISSION OFFICERS AT MULTIPLE 4283 04:18:13,678 --> 04:18:14,912 SCHOOLS SAID YOU'RE GOING TO 4284 04:18:14,979 --> 04:18:15,947 WANT TO GET MARRIED AND HAVE 4285 04:18:16,013 --> 04:18:16,214 CHILDREN. 4286 04:18:16,280 --> 04:18:18,049 WHAT WILL YOU DO WITH YOUR 4287 04:18:18,115 --> 04:18:22,053 MEDICAL DEGREE THEN? 4288 04:18:22,119 --> 04:18:25,656 AT THAT TIME IT WAS COMMONLY 4289 04:18:25,723 --> 04:18:28,025 SAID WOMEN SHOULDN'T GO TO 4290 04:18:28,092 --> 04:18:30,628 MEDICAL SCHOOL BECAUSE WE'D BE 4291 04:18:30,695 --> 04:18:33,264 TAKING UP SLOTS A MAN COULD 4292 04:18:33,331 --> 04:18:34,832 OTHERWISE HAVE AND THEY WOULD 4293 04:18:34,899 --> 04:18:35,733 PRACTICE MEDICINE THROUGHOUT 4294 04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:37,134 THEIR LIFE TIME AND WE WOULD 4295 04:18:37,201 --> 04:18:47,378 DROP OUT. 4296 04:18:48,613 --> 04:18:53,217 I WANT TO GO TO 1992 TO TALK 4297 04:18:53,284 --> 04:18:57,154 ABOUT HOW THINGS HAD EVOLVED 4298 04:18:57,221 --> 04:19:00,258 SHORTLY AFTER I CAME TO THE 4299 04:19:00,324 --> 04:19:03,060 NIMHD AND SOMEWHAT EMBLEMATIC OF 4300 04:19:03,127 --> 04:19:05,129 WHAT WAS GOING ON AT DIFFERENT 4301 04:19:05,196 --> 04:19:06,030 DESTINATIONS. 4302 04:19:06,097 --> 04:19:09,233 THIS WAS A REPORT FROM AN 4303 04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:13,371 INTRAMURAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS 4304 04:19:13,437 --> 04:19:18,676 LOOKING AT GENDER INEQUITIES IN 4305 04:19:18,743 --> 04:19:20,244 ALL THE VARIABLES AND LED TO THE 4306 04:19:20,311 --> 04:19:22,580 WOMEN SCIENTIST ADVISORS WHICH 4307 04:19:22,647 --> 04:19:30,288 STILL EXIST TODAY AND MONITOR 4308 04:19:30,354 --> 04:19:31,956 FOR EQUITY ON ALL PARAMETERS. 4309 04:19:32,023 --> 04:19:33,858 AT THE NIMHD WE SHOULD GIVE A 4310 04:19:33,925 --> 04:19:39,063 HUGE SHOUT OUT TO SUSAN AND 4311 04:19:39,130 --> 04:19:40,431 MARYLAND AND JAN AND CHRISTINE 4312 04:19:40,498 --> 04:19:45,002 FOR ALL THEY DO AND HAVE DONE IN 4313 04:19:45,069 --> 04:19:45,770 TERMS OF DIVERSITY. 4314 04:19:45,836 --> 04:19:49,140 THANK YOU. 4315 04:19:49,206 --> 04:19:52,176 YES. 4316 04:19:52,243 --> 04:19:53,611 WHAT THEY'VE DONE FOR DIVERSITY 4317 04:19:53,678 --> 04:19:55,446 AND EQUITY AND CONTINUE TO DO 4318 04:19:55,513 --> 04:19:58,549 ACROSS A NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 4319 04:19:58,616 --> 04:19:59,317 HERE AT THE NIMHD. 4320 04:19:59,383 --> 04:20:05,256 SO LESSONS LEARNED, MONDAY'S 4321 04:20:05,323 --> 04:20:08,426 MARTIN LUTHER KING DAY AND 4322 04:20:08,492 --> 04:20:10,561 THINGS CAN AND HAVE CHANGED. 4323 04:20:10,628 --> 04:20:18,502 MORE FOR WOMEN IN TERMS OF RACE 4324 04:20:18,569 --> 04:20:20,237 HOPEFULLY WE ALL WORK TOWARDS 4325 04:20:20,304 --> 04:20:21,739 THINGS CHANGING MORE. 4326 04:20:21,806 --> 04:20:26,410 I'VE BEEN BELIEVED WITH A 4327 04:20:26,477 --> 04:20:28,379 FABULOUS SUPPORT SYSTEM THROUGH 4328 04:20:28,446 --> 04:20:30,448 MY LIFE AND IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF 4329 04:20:30,514 --> 04:20:32,416 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM MADE A HUGE 4330 04:20:32,483 --> 04:20:37,355 DIFFERENCE DURING MY CAREER. 4331 04:20:37,421 --> 04:20:42,193 WOMEN SCIENTISTS SCIENTISTS I H 4332 04:20:42,259 --> 04:20:47,198 IMPORTANT MENTORS AND MY OTHER 4333 04:20:47,264 --> 04:20:57,775 FEMALE COLLEAGUES HERE AND I 4334 04:21:03,814 --> 04:21:05,116 LOVE WATCHING HOW WOMEN LAWYERS 4335 04:21:05,182 --> 04:21:07,051 ASSERT THEMSELVES AND I LEARNED 4336 04:21:07,118 --> 04:21:11,422 A LOT FROM THAT. 4337 04:21:11,489 --> 04:21:21,999 A LOT OF ALLIES YOU -- MANY 4338 04:21:23,634 --> 04:21:24,769 WHEN WHO SUPPORTED ME AND MY 4339 04:21:24,835 --> 04:21:28,672 HUSBAND WE JUST CELEBRATED OUR 4340 04:21:28,739 --> 04:21:30,241 40th WEDDING ANNIVERSARY. 4341 04:21:30,307 --> 04:21:33,277 WE GOT MARRIED WHEN WE WERE 12 4342 04:21:33,344 --> 04:21:36,047 HE SAYS WHICH ISN'T EXACTLY TRUE 4343 04:21:36,113 --> 04:21:38,182 BUT I OVER THE YEARS HAVE COME 4344 04:21:38,249 --> 04:21:43,921 TO REALIZE THAT IF YOU'RE IN A 4345 04:21:43,988 --> 04:21:44,889 PARTNERED RELATIONSHIP AND ARE 4346 04:21:44,955 --> 04:21:46,390 VERY INVESTED IN A CAREER 4347 04:21:46,457 --> 04:21:51,662 OUTSIDE THE HOME THAT IT'S SUPER 4348 04:21:51,729 --> 04:21:55,900 IMPORTANT THAT YOUR PARTNER VIEW 4349 04:21:55,966 --> 04:21:57,568 YOUR TALENT AND AMBITION AND 4350 04:21:57,635 --> 04:21:59,236 DESIRE TO DO WHATEVER YOU WANT 4351 04:21:59,303 --> 04:22:01,839 TO DO OUTSIDE THE HOME AS 4352 04:22:01,906 --> 04:22:03,774 SOMETHING THEY AFFIRMATIVELY 4353 04:22:03,841 --> 04:22:04,508 LOVE ABOUT YOU. 4354 04:22:04,575 --> 04:22:06,811 NOT AS AN ADD-ON. 4355 04:22:06,877 --> 04:22:12,349 I'VE ALWAYS HAD THAT WITH BOB 4356 04:22:12,416 --> 04:22:14,952 AND IT'S MADE A TREMENDOUS 4357 04:22:15,019 --> 04:22:17,121 AMOUNT OF DIFFERENCE ALL THE 4358 04:22:17,188 --> 04:22:18,322 TIME AND I LOVE YOU. 4359 04:22:18,389 --> 04:22:20,691 THAT'S FOR BOB. 4360 04:22:20,758 --> 04:22:21,792 THANK YOU. 4361 04:22:21,859 --> 04:22:22,827 YOU DESERVE IT. 4362 04:22:22,893 --> 04:22:27,798 I'LL TALK ABOUT DEVELOPING MY 4363 04:22:27,865 --> 04:22:29,600 PERSONAL AND SCIENTIFIC VISION 4364 04:22:29,667 --> 04:22:31,102 WHEN YOU SEE INEQUITY YOU WANT 4365 04:22:31,168 --> 04:22:36,173 TO ADDRESS ITS BUT THERE'S TIMES 4366 04:22:36,240 --> 04:22:41,011 WHEN IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 4367 04:22:41,078 --> 04:22:43,080 THINK ABOUT THE PERSON LOOKING 4368 04:22:43,147 --> 04:22:45,349 FOR THE NORTH STAR IN THE MIDST 4369 04:22:45,416 --> 04:22:47,084 OF THE MILKY WAY AND TO DO THAT 4370 04:22:47,151 --> 04:22:51,522 YOU HAVE TO FOCUS AND BLOCK OUT 4371 04:22:51,589 --> 04:22:53,824 THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL NOISE. 4372 04:22:53,891 --> 04:22:56,427 THAT'S A THEME I'M GOING TO COME 4373 04:22:56,494 --> 04:22:59,163 BACK TO. 4374 04:22:59,230 --> 04:23:01,432 WHAT WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT 4375 04:23:01,499 --> 04:23:03,400 PIECE OF CAREER ADVICE YOU 4376 04:23:03,467 --> 04:23:03,767 IGNORED. 4377 04:23:03,834 --> 04:23:06,470 YOU CAN'T GET A PART-TIME JOB 4378 04:23:06,537 --> 04:23:07,338 DOING RESEARCH. 4379 04:23:07,404 --> 04:23:15,079 I WENT TO MEDICAL SCHOOL AND 4380 04:23:15,146 --> 04:23:17,014 GOT HIRED IN GEORGETOWN AND 4381 04:23:17,081 --> 04:23:23,754 DEVELOPED MY EXPERIENCE AS A 4382 04:23:23,821 --> 04:23:24,989 COMPLINGS AND T 4383 04:23:25,055 --> 04:23:25,823 CLINICIAN AND TEACHER AND BOB 4384 04:23:25,890 --> 04:23:32,963 AND I WERE DEVELOPING OUR OWN 4385 04:23:33,030 --> 04:23:35,299 PERSONAL VISION AND MY SON WAS 4386 04:23:35,366 --> 04:23:44,675 BORN IN 1984 LOOKING BEMUSE D 4387 04:23:44,742 --> 04:23:47,578 THIS IS MICHAEL LOOKING LIKE A 4388 04:23:47,645 --> 04:23:54,051 HAPPY AND CONTENT PACKAGE AND 4389 04:23:54,118 --> 04:23:59,957 THEY LOOK DIFFERENT NOW MICHAEL 4390 04:24:00,024 --> 04:24:05,129 AND HIS HUSBAND AND MY 4391 04:24:05,196 --> 04:24:08,432 DAUGHTER-IN-LAW SO SAY HIGH TO 4392 04:24:08,499 --> 04:24:08,632 THEM. 4393 04:24:08,699 --> 04:24:12,203 MY BIG SUPPORT SYSTEM. 4394 04:24:12,269 --> 04:24:15,339 AFTER MICHAEL WAS BORN I STARTED 4395 04:24:15,406 --> 04:24:17,007 THINKING THROUGH THINGS AND 4396 04:24:17,074 --> 04:24:18,742 REALIZED I WAS BEGINNING TO 4397 04:24:18,809 --> 04:24:20,911 PLATEAU IN MY CAREER DEVELOPMENT 4398 04:24:20,978 --> 04:24:24,548 IN GEORGETOWN AND RUNNING AN 4399 04:24:24,615 --> 04:24:30,888 IN-PATIENT UNIT IS 24/7 AND WAS 4400 04:24:30,955 --> 04:24:32,790 DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE WITH TWO 4401 04:24:32,856 --> 04:24:34,058 YOUNG CHILDREN AT HOME AND 4402 04:24:34,124 --> 04:24:35,092 IMPORTANTLY AND PEOPLE HAVE 4403 04:24:35,159 --> 04:24:41,131 TALKED ABOUT THIS, SOMETHING WAS 4404 04:24:41,198 --> 04:24:43,067 MISSING FROM MY LIFE AND HAD TO 4405 04:24:43,133 --> 04:24:44,201 DO WITH WRITING. 4406 04:24:44,268 --> 04:24:47,605 THIS IS A BOOK BY VIRGINIA WOLF 4407 04:24:47,671 --> 04:24:49,373 A FEMINIST CLASSIC PUBLISHED IN 4408 04:24:49,440 --> 04:24:53,410 1929 ABOUT THE STRUGGLES THAT 4409 04:24:53,477 --> 04:24:54,979 WOMEN WHEN HE WANT TO BE 4410 04:24:55,045 --> 04:24:56,547 PROFESSIONAL WRITERS, THE 4411 04:24:56,614 --> 04:24:57,915 BARRIERS THEY FACE. 4412 04:24:57,982 --> 04:24:59,950 I NEVER WANTED TO BE A 4413 04:25:00,017 --> 04:25:02,219 PROFESSIONAL WRITER AND WASN'T 4414 04:25:02,286 --> 04:25:08,125 INTO WRITING FICTION AND IT WAS 4415 04:25:08,192 --> 04:25:19,136 ALL EXPOSATIOR EXPOSATOREE -- O 4416 04:25:21,305 --> 04:25:24,708 AND THIS WAS GIVEN TO ME BY A 4417 04:25:24,775 --> 04:25:27,778 TEACHER AND I DON'T WRITE MUCH 4418 04:25:27,845 --> 04:25:30,781 AT GEORGETOWN AND I WANTED TO 4419 04:25:30,848 --> 04:25:32,316 HAVE A JOB WHERE WRITING WAS 4420 04:25:32,383 --> 04:25:38,822 MORE A PART OF IT AND I SHOULD 4421 04:25:38,889 --> 04:25:45,162 SEE IF I LIKE DOING RESEARCH SE 4422 04:25:45,229 --> 04:25:47,598 GIVEN MY SITUATION AT HOME I 4423 04:25:47,665 --> 04:25:50,501 LOOKED FOR PART-TIME, MIND YOU, 4424 04:25:50,567 --> 04:25:53,804 40 HOURS A WEEK NOT 60 HOURS A 4425 04:25:53,871 --> 04:25:57,241 WEEK AND LOOKED FOR A PART-TIME 4426 04:25:57,308 --> 04:25:58,676 JOB DOING RESEARCH AND PEOPLE 4427 04:25:58,742 --> 04:26:00,177 SAID YOU CAN'T DO THAT SO I 4428 04:26:00,244 --> 04:26:01,178 IGNORED IT AND GOT A JOB HERE IN 4429 04:26:01,245 --> 04:26:11,789 1898 -- 1989 DOING RESEARCH ON 4430 04:26:12,256 --> 04:26:13,624 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND MOOD 4431 04:26:13,691 --> 04:26:15,092 DISORDERS AND I STARTED DOING 4432 04:26:15,159 --> 04:26:18,329 WORK WITH ADULTS WITH BIPOLAR 4433 04:26:18,395 --> 04:26:22,599 DISORDER AND IMMEDIATELY LOVED 4434 04:26:22,666 --> 04:26:24,168 DOING RESEARCH AND I COULD SPEND 4435 04:26:24,234 --> 04:26:26,570 THE REST OF MY TIME TALKING 4436 04:26:26,637 --> 04:26:28,072 ABOUT RESEARCH AND SHOWS WHO 4437 04:26:28,138 --> 04:26:32,409 THEY'RE SHE PASSION I'M SURE YOU 4438 04:26:32,476 --> 04:26:33,544 KNOW WHAT THOSE THINGS ARE. 4439 04:26:33,610 --> 04:26:40,384 WHEN I THOUGHT ABOUT IT OVER 4440 04:26:40,451 --> 04:26:43,587 TIME THIS WRITTEN ON PAPERWORK A 4441 04:26:43,654 --> 04:26:52,096 POSTDOC GAVE TO ME AS A PRESENT. 4442 04:26:52,162 --> 04:26:54,898 GOOD WRITING IS CLEAR THINKING 4443 04:26:54,965 --> 04:26:56,500 MADE VISIBLE AND CLEAR SCIENCE 4444 04:26:56,567 --> 04:26:58,869 IS CLEAR THINKING MADE VISIBLE 4445 04:26:58,936 --> 04:27:04,141 BECAUSE YOU VISUALIZE AND TEST 4446 04:27:04,208 --> 04:27:05,876 AND ETCETERA. 4447 04:27:05,943 --> 04:27:10,647 THIS IS THE SOUTH RIM OF THE 4448 04:27:10,714 --> 04:27:10,981 GRAND CANYON. 4449 04:27:11,048 --> 04:27:13,150 THIS IS THE SOUTH RIM AND THE 4450 04:27:13,217 --> 04:27:14,351 REST. 4451 04:27:14,418 --> 04:27:17,187 WHY AM I SHOWING YOU THE GRAND 4452 04:27:17,254 --> 04:27:19,156 CAN 4453 04:27:19,223 --> 04:27:19,390 CANYON? 4454 04:27:19,456 --> 04:27:21,158 IT'S MY FAVORITE PLACE ON EARTH 4455 04:27:21,225 --> 04:27:26,063 AND THERE'S A METAPHOR LURKING 4456 04:27:26,130 --> 04:27:26,263 HERE. 4457 04:27:26,330 --> 04:27:27,398 THERE'S A TRAIL THAT GOES ALL 4458 04:27:27,464 --> 04:27:29,833 THE WAY FROM THE TOP OF THE 4459 04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:30,601 SOUTH RIM OF THE GRAND CANNON 4460 04:27:30,667 --> 04:27:35,906 DOWN TO THE RIVER. 4461 04:27:35,973 --> 04:27:38,175 WHEN YOU LOOK HERE AND HERE WE 4462 04:27:38,242 --> 04:27:41,178 ONLY SEE A SMALL PART BUT 4463 04:27:41,245 --> 04:27:45,949 THERE'S PLACES WHERE YOU CAN SEE 4464 04:27:46,016 --> 04:27:47,785 THE TRAIL AND HAVE TO FOCUS AND 4465 04:27:47,851 --> 04:27:49,720 CONCENTRATE AND WHEN YOU FINALLY 4466 04:27:49,787 --> 04:28:00,464 SEE IT THERE'S AN AA 4467 04:28:07,704 --> 04:28:10,274 THAT'S AN AHA MOMENT AND THERE'S 4468 04:28:10,340 --> 04:28:14,011 A NOWHERE ON THE SOUTH RIM OR 4469 04:28:14,077 --> 04:28:16,914 WHERE WHERE YOU CAN SEE THE 4470 04:28:16,980 --> 04:28:18,549 ENTIRE ANGEL TRAIL THAT GOES TO 4471 04:28:18,615 --> 04:28:20,117 THE BOTTOM. 4472 04:28:20,184 --> 04:28:22,786 IT'S HIDDEN BY SIDE CANYONS AND 4473 04:28:22,853 --> 04:28:24,354 DEEP INNER GEORGE SO YOU SEE IT 4474 04:28:24,421 --> 04:28:26,056 HERE BUT YOU CAN'T SEE THE WHOLE 4475 04:28:26,123 --> 04:28:26,256 THING. 4476 04:28:26,323 --> 04:28:26,824 YOU CAN NEVER SEE THE WHOLE 4477 04:28:26,890 --> 04:28:33,163 THING. 4478 04:28:33,230 --> 04:28:43,740 AND NOTICE HOW MUCH IT WINDS. 4479 04:28:45,008 --> 04:28:47,811 AS DOES OUR LIFE AND LISTEN UP 4480 04:28:47,878 --> 04:28:49,146 AND PAY ATTENTION AND DON'T 4481 04:28:49,213 --> 04:28:50,414 BELIEVE EVERYTHING YOU'RE TOLD 4482 04:28:50,481 --> 04:28:52,583 AND IN LIFE AS IN SCIENCE, JUST 4483 04:28:52,649 --> 04:28:53,750 BECAUSE OTHER PEOPLE HAVEN'T 4484 04:28:53,817 --> 04:28:56,520 DONE IT, DOESN'T MEAN IT CAN'T 4485 04:28:56,587 --> 04:28:57,754 BE DONE. 4486 04:28:57,821 --> 04:29:00,090 WHAT ARE THE LUCKIEST THINGS 4487 04:29:00,157 --> 04:29:03,126 THAT HAPPENED TO YOU? 4488 04:29:03,193 --> 04:29:06,763 IN 2000 IT WAS SAID TO ME YOUR 4489 04:29:06,830 --> 04:29:07,898 SHIP HAS COME IN. 4490 04:29:07,965 --> 04:29:10,734 HE WAS A TRAINING DIRECTOR IN 4491 04:29:10,801 --> 04:29:13,170 THE IRP BEFORE JAN AND 4492 04:29:13,237 --> 04:29:23,780 UNFORTUNATELY PASSED LAST YEAR. 4493 04:29:33,824 --> 04:29:39,630 THIS STARTED IN 1989 THROUGH 4494 04:29:39,696 --> 04:29:41,532 2023 AND THERE'S NOT A 4495 04:29:41,598 --> 04:29:44,535 TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF PRODUC 4496 04:29:44,601 --> 04:29:46,036 PRODUCTIVITY AND NOT EVERY TIME 4497 04:29:46,103 --> 04:29:49,172 IN LIFE ARE YOU SUPER 4498 04:29:49,239 --> 04:29:51,408 PRODUCTIVE. 4499 04:29:51,475 --> 04:29:58,549 THERE'S AN INFLECTION POINT 4500 04:29:58,615 --> 04:30:00,551 AROUND 2000. 4501 04:30:00,617 --> 04:30:02,085 I DIDN'T GROW 10 I.Q. POINTS BUT 4502 04:30:02,152 --> 04:30:05,155 SOMETHING WAS HAPPENING. 4503 04:30:05,222 --> 04:30:07,224 DENNIS CAME TO THE INTRAMURAL 4504 04:30:07,291 --> 04:30:08,525 PROGRAM AND BROUGHT POSITIVE 4505 04:30:08,592 --> 04:30:10,694 CHANGES TO THE CLINICAL RESEARCH 4506 04:30:10,761 --> 04:30:11,762 PROGRAM AND ALSO BROUGHT WITH 4507 04:30:11,828 --> 04:30:15,198 HIM TALENTED PEOPLE. 4508 04:30:15,265 --> 04:30:20,771 POST IMPORTA-- MOST IMPORTANTLY 4509 04:30:20,837 --> 04:30:22,940 DANNY AND FROM THE FIRST TIME WE 4510 04:30:23,006 --> 04:30:26,476 TALKED IT WAS CLEAR WE HAD THE 4511 04:30:26,543 --> 04:30:27,477 MAKINGS OF AN INCREDIBLE 4512 04:30:27,544 --> 04:30:35,452 COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIP. 4513 04:30:35,519 --> 04:30:37,921 IN TERMS OF SIMILAR INTERESTS 4514 04:30:37,988 --> 04:30:39,189 AND ANALYZING PROBLEMS AND 4515 04:30:39,256 --> 04:30:43,860 COMPLIMENTARY STYLES. 4516 04:30:43,927 --> 04:30:46,163 I COULD GO ON BUT ACTUALLY THE 4517 04:30:46,229 --> 04:30:48,699 DATA SHOW IT AND ONE THING THAT 4518 04:30:48,765 --> 04:30:53,170 HAPPENED TO ME WAS YOUR COMING 4519 04:30:53,236 --> 04:30:58,275 TO THE NIH. 4520 04:30:58,342 --> 04:31:01,878 NOW, THE BIPOLAR DISORDER 4521 04:31:01,945 --> 04:31:02,346 CONTROVERSY. 4522 04:31:02,412 --> 04:31:12,389 IT PRESENTS IN EPISODES OF MANIA 4523 04:31:12,456 --> 04:31:15,626 AND DEPRESSION IN ADULTS AND CAN 4524 04:31:15,692 --> 04:31:18,762 BE EUPHORIA OR IRRITABILITY AND 4525 04:31:18,829 --> 04:31:20,530 SAME CHANGE YOU HAVE CHANGES IN 4526 04:31:20,597 --> 04:31:23,033 MOOD YOU HAVE CHANGE IN APPETITE 4527 04:31:23,100 --> 04:31:25,202 AND SLEEP AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL 4528 04:31:25,268 --> 04:31:30,807 AND COGNITIVE CHANGES. 4529 04:31:30,874 --> 04:31:33,577 WHAT HAPPENED IN AND IN THE LATE 4530 04:31:33,644 --> 04:31:37,681 1990s INTO THE 00s, THOUGHT 4531 04:31:37,748 --> 04:31:41,151 LEADERS AND CHILD PSYCHIATRY 4532 04:31:41,218 --> 04:31:44,554 SUGGESTED BIPOLAR DISORDER IN 4533 04:31:44,621 --> 04:31:45,522 CHILDREN PRESENTS AS CHRONIC 4534 04:31:45,589 --> 04:31:50,627 SEVERE IRRITABILITY AND ADHD AND 4535 04:31:50,694 --> 04:31:51,128 HAS IMPORTANT TREATMENT 4536 04:31:51,194 --> 04:31:54,831 IMPLICATIONS AND IN TERMS OF 4537 04:31:54,898 --> 04:31:59,503 EPIDEMIOLOGY BECAUSE IT'S 4538 04:31:59,569 --> 04:32:02,539 UNCOMMON IN CHILDREN WHEREAS 4539 04:32:02,606 --> 04:32:07,277 THIS SEVERE IRRITABILITY AND 4540 04:32:07,344 --> 04:32:13,150 ADHD WERE COMMON AND THE RATES 4541 04:32:13,216 --> 04:32:23,694 OF CHILDREN RECEIVING THIS 4542 04:32:26,630 --> 04:32:28,832 DIAGNOSIS WAS BEING PRESCRIBED 4543 04:32:28,899 --> 04:32:32,536 AND IT WAS ON NEWS AND TIME AND 4544 04:32:32,602 --> 04:32:39,943 NEW YORKER. 4545 04:32:40,010 --> 04:32:44,848 I WAS IN A PARTICULAR POSITION 4546 04:32:44,915 --> 04:32:46,083 WHERE I COULD LOOK AT THIS. 4547 04:32:46,149 --> 04:32:48,251 THE LAB I WAS IN CLOSED AND I 4548 04:32:48,318 --> 04:32:54,257 WAS PUT INTO A LAB WITH A 4549 04:32:54,324 --> 04:32:55,692 DEVELOPMENT PEDIATRICIAN. 4550 04:32:55,759 --> 04:32:57,394 I HAD BEEN STUDYING BIPOLAR 4551 04:32:57,461 --> 04:33:04,301 DISORDER IN ADULTS AND BECAME 4552 04:33:04,367 --> 04:33:08,572 AWARE OF THE FACT THERE WAS A 4553 04:33:08,638 --> 04:33:10,640 CONTROVERSY IN PEDIATRIC 4554 04:33:10,707 --> 04:33:13,276 DISORDER AND STARTED DOING 4555 04:33:13,343 --> 04:33:13,477 STUDY. 4556 04:33:13,543 --> 04:33:15,812 I WAS INVITED TO A SMALL MEETING 4557 04:33:15,879 --> 04:33:17,147 OF RESEARCHERS WHO WERE FOCUSSED 4558 04:33:17,214 --> 04:33:18,281 ON THIS. 4559 04:33:18,348 --> 04:33:22,753 IT WAS A MEETING BEING HELD AT 4560 04:33:22,819 --> 04:33:25,155 NIMHD HEADQUARTERS AND I WAS 4561 04:33:25,222 --> 04:33:27,858 VERY INTIMIDATE AND DIDN'T SAY 4562 04:33:27,924 --> 04:33:29,993 ANYTHING AND THEY WERE FIGHTING 4563 04:33:30,060 --> 04:33:32,763 AND ARGUING WITH EACH OTHER. 4564 04:33:32,829 --> 04:33:35,098 IT WAS DRAMATIC BUT NOBODY WAS 4565 04:33:35,165 --> 04:33:36,166 STUDYING THE QUESTION AND I WENT 4566 04:33:36,233 --> 04:33:38,135 TO WORK THE NEXT DAY AND SAID I 4567 04:33:38,201 --> 04:33:42,038 THINK WE SHOULD STUDY THIS 4568 04:33:42,105 --> 04:33:45,842 QUESTION AND LAID OUT A SKELETON 4569 04:33:45,909 --> 04:33:49,112 OF A RESEARCH PLAN AND DANNY 4570 04:33:49,179 --> 04:33:51,148 SAID THAT'S A GREAT IDEA, LET'S 4571 04:33:51,214 --> 04:33:52,182 DO IT. 4572 04:33:52,249 --> 04:33:54,818 NO ONE DOES IT ALONE. 4573 04:33:54,885 --> 04:34:00,056 COLLEAGUES AND MENTEES EXPLAIN 4574 04:34:00,123 --> 04:34:02,325 MUCH AND EPISODES OF REALIZATION 4575 04:34:02,392 --> 04:34:04,227 AND TALKING ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC 4576 04:34:04,294 --> 04:34:06,863 QUESTION THAT CAN COME 4577 04:34:06,930 --> 04:34:08,431 INFREQUENTLY AND UNEXPECTEDLY 4578 04:34:08,498 --> 04:34:10,734 AND LISTEN UP AND PAY ATTENTION 4579 04:34:10,801 --> 04:34:12,536 WHEN THEY COME. 4580 04:34:12,602 --> 04:34:16,273 WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT THINGS 4581 04:34:16,339 --> 04:34:18,108 YOU DID TO SUCCEED. 4582 04:34:18,175 --> 04:34:20,577 CHOOSE YOUR QUESTIONS WELL, 4583 04:34:20,644 --> 04:34:22,012 BEING SELF-CRITICAL, LEARN TO 4584 04:34:22,078 --> 04:34:23,713 DEAL WITH SETBACKS AND DON'T 4585 04:34:23,780 --> 04:34:24,648 FORGET THE MOST IMPORTANT THING 4586 04:34:24,714 --> 04:34:26,583 WHICH I'M NOT GOING TO TELL YOU 4587 04:34:26,650 --> 04:34:29,386 NELL END BECAUSE THEN YOU WOULD 4588 04:34:29,452 --> 04:34:29,586 LEAVE. 4589 04:34:29,653 --> 04:34:33,156 SO CHOOSE YOUR QUESTIONS WELL. 4590 04:34:33,223 --> 04:34:35,025 YOUR CAREER IS LIKELY TO FOCUS 4591 04:34:35,091 --> 04:34:36,893 ON A FEW BIG QUESTIONS AND TELL 4592 04:34:36,960 --> 04:34:47,437 YOU THE TWO THAT WERE MINE. 4593 04:34:49,039 --> 04:34:49,873 THE QUESTION SHOULD BE BIG 4594 04:34:49,940 --> 04:34:55,111 ENOUGH YOU CARE ABOUT THE ANSWER 4595 04:34:55,178 --> 04:34:58,248 BUT SMALL ENOUGH IT'S TRACTABLE 4596 04:34:58,315 --> 04:34:59,916 AND IN CLINICAL RESEARCH IT'S 4597 04:34:59,983 --> 04:35:02,052 DIFFICULT TO DO AND SOMETHING 4598 04:35:02,118 --> 04:35:06,122 YOU HAVE TO SPEND TIME WITH. 4599 04:35:06,189 --> 04:35:08,592 YOU WANT LINEARITY IN SCIENCE 4600 04:35:08,658 --> 04:35:10,026 AND BURSTS OF CREATIVITY. 4601 04:35:10,093 --> 04:35:14,698 HERE'S THE FIRST IMPORTANT 4602 04:35:14,764 --> 04:35:17,167 QUESTION OF MY CAREER DOES 4603 04:35:17,234 --> 04:35:20,971 BIPOLAR DISORDER PRESENT IN 4604 04:35:21,037 --> 04:35:31,014 CHILDREN AS CHRONIC IRRITABILITY 4605 04:35:31,081 --> 04:35:32,182 AND ADHD. 4606 04:35:32,249 --> 04:35:33,884 I COULD SEE IN THE QUESTION AND 4607 04:35:33,950 --> 04:35:37,621 HAD AN IDEA WHAT I THOUGHT WHICH 4608 04:35:37,687 --> 04:35:40,290 WAY IT WENT WAS I COULD SEE 4609 04:35:40,357 --> 04:35:41,458 FUTURE RESEARCH AND REASONABLE 4610 04:35:41,524 --> 04:35:44,594 RESEARCH PLANS AND THAT WAS 4611 04:35:44,661 --> 04:35:49,466 COMFORTING. 4612 04:35:49,532 --> 04:35:51,501 WORK ACTIVELY TO BIAS A DESIGN 4613 04:35:51,568 --> 04:35:57,040 AND ALL THE DECISIONS YOU MAKE 4614 04:35:57,107 --> 04:35:59,676 ALONG THE WAY AGAINST WHAT YOU 4615 04:35:59,743 --> 04:36:00,644 THINK IS THE ANSWER. 4616 04:36:00,710 --> 04:36:06,082 PEOPLE HAVE MENTIONED KEN. 4617 04:36:06,149 --> 04:36:12,722 HE WAS THE CHIEF CLINICIAN DOING 4618 04:36:12,789 --> 04:36:15,759 THIS WORK AND I'M NOT A CHILD 4619 04:36:15,825 --> 04:36:17,093 PSYCHIATRIST AND THEY TAUGHT ME 4620 04:36:17,160 --> 04:36:18,862 A LOT AND BACKED ME UP AND 4621 04:36:18,929 --> 04:36:19,896 HELPED MAKE IT ALL HAPPEN. 4622 04:36:19,963 --> 04:36:30,407 ALL THE WORK I DID REALLY. 4623 04:36:30,740 --> 04:36:32,375 WE WERE TALKING ABOUT OUR BIAS 4624 04:36:32,442 --> 04:36:36,413 AND MAKE SURE IT DIDN'T 4625 04:36:36,479 --> 04:36:37,914 CONTAMINATE OUR DATA. 4626 04:36:37,981 --> 04:36:40,016 KNOW THE SOFT UNDER BELLY OF 4627 04:36:40,083 --> 04:36:42,552 YOUR OWN WORK BETTER THAN ANYONE 4628 04:36:42,619 --> 04:36:42,752 ELSE. 4629 04:36:42,819 --> 04:36:49,092 NEVER LOSE SIGHT OF THE FLAWS 4630 04:36:49,159 --> 04:36:50,927 IB -- IN YOUR WORK AND THIS NOT 4631 04:36:50,994 --> 04:36:53,663 ABOUT BEATING YOURSELF UP. 4632 04:36:53,730 --> 04:36:55,031 THIS IS ABOUT PUTTING THE 4633 04:36:55,098 --> 04:36:57,367 EMOTION ASIDE AND GOING ONE THE 4634 04:36:57,434 --> 04:36:57,734 LOGIC. 4635 04:36:57,801 --> 04:37:02,505 A NUMBER OF PEOPLE HAVE TALKED 4636 04:37:02,572 --> 04:37:04,741 ABOUT THAT TODAY AND IF YOU CAN 4637 04:37:04,808 --> 04:37:07,410 GET TO THAT POINT THIS IS 4638 04:37:07,477 --> 04:37:09,412 ASPIRATIONAL TOO AND IF YOU CAN 4639 04:37:09,479 --> 04:37:11,448 GET TO THE POINT WHERE YOU'RE 4640 04:37:11,514 --> 04:37:12,749 COMFORTABLE DOING IT WITH 4641 04:37:12,816 --> 04:37:15,986 SOMEONE ELSE, THEN IT'S REALLY, 4642 04:37:16,052 --> 04:37:17,487 REALLY IMPORTANT FOR YOUR 4643 04:37:17,554 --> 04:37:20,223 SCIENCE. 4644 04:37:20,290 --> 04:37:23,259 THE ANSWER WAS NO WHICH LEFT THE 4645 04:37:23,326 --> 04:37:25,762 WHOLE AREA OF IRRITABILITY. 4646 04:37:25,829 --> 04:37:29,399 IT'S VERY COMMON IN CHILDREN 4647 04:37:29,466 --> 04:37:31,368 PRESENTING FOR CARE AND UNDER 4648 04:37:31,434 --> 04:37:31,601 STUDIED. 4649 04:37:31,668 --> 04:37:33,536 HERE'S ALL THE QUESTIONS. 4650 04:37:33,603 --> 04:37:35,238 THAT'S THE SECOND BIG QUESTION 4651 04:37:35,305 --> 04:37:36,973 IN MY CAREER A COMBINATION OF 4652 04:37:37,040 --> 04:37:38,408 OTHER QUESTIONS AND OF COURSE WE 4653 04:37:38,475 --> 04:37:40,777 DIDN'T DO ALL THE WORK BY 4654 04:37:40,844 --> 04:37:42,212 OURSELVES BECAUSE WE'RE NOT -- 4655 04:37:42,278 --> 04:37:43,279 WE DON'T HAVE THE EXPERTISE IN 4656 04:37:43,346 --> 04:37:44,447 ALL THE AREAS. 4657 04:37:44,514 --> 04:37:45,648 THERE'S A LOT DONE IN 4658 04:37:45,715 --> 04:37:49,152 COLLABORATION AND PEOPLE WORKING 4659 04:37:49,219 --> 04:37:50,453 ON OTHER THINGS. 4660 04:37:50,520 --> 04:37:53,790 HOW DO YOU MEASURE IT AND THE 4661 04:37:53,857 --> 04:37:55,091 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TALKED ABOUT 4662 04:37:55,158 --> 04:37:55,625 THE BOUNDARIES OF WHAT'S 4663 04:37:55,692 --> 04:37:57,794 NORMATIVE. 4664 04:37:57,861 --> 04:38:04,067 PEOPLE TALK ABOUT COMORBIDITIES. 4665 04:38:04,134 --> 04:38:05,602 GENETICS AND TREATMENT. 4666 04:38:05,668 --> 04:38:07,670 THE ONE NEAREST AND DEAREST TO 4667 04:38:07,737 --> 04:38:10,006 MY HEART IS MECHANISMS AND 4668 04:38:10,073 --> 04:38:12,742 ANIMAL MODELS AND RECENT WORK 4669 04:38:12,809 --> 04:38:17,147 AND THAT HELPS YOU GET BRAIN 4670 04:38:17,213 --> 04:38:19,682 MECHANISMS AS WAN LING SAID AND 4671 04:38:19,749 --> 04:38:20,150 CULTURAL INFLUENCES. 4672 04:38:20,216 --> 04:38:22,218 LEARN TO DEAL WITH SETBACKS. 4673 04:38:22,285 --> 04:38:23,620 MOST STUDIES HAVE NEGATIVE 4674 04:38:23,686 --> 04:38:25,155 RESULTS BUT ALSO TEACH YOU 4675 04:38:25,221 --> 04:38:33,897 SOMETHING. 4676 04:38:33,963 --> 04:38:36,066 YOU GET MORE PAPER REJECTIONS 4677 04:38:36,132 --> 04:38:42,472 THAN PAPERS PUBLISHED AND CAN 4678 04:38:42,539 --> 04:38:43,740 MAKE YOU FEEL LIKE SCREAMING. 4679 04:38:43,807 --> 04:38:48,011 IT'S ASPIRATIONAL AND EASY FOR 4680 04:38:48,078 --> 04:38:48,978 ME TO SAY. 4681 04:38:49,045 --> 04:38:50,647 VALUE THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS. 4682 04:38:50,713 --> 04:38:51,448 WHEN SETBACKS OCCUR DO DEEP 4683 04:38:51,514 --> 04:39:00,256 THINKING. 4684 04:39:00,323 --> 04:39:02,926 IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE KIND TO 4685 04:39:02,992 --> 04:39:04,027 YOURSELF WITH A SETBACK AND 4686 04:39:04,094 --> 04:39:07,464 FIGURE OUT WHAT TO DO NEXT. 4687 04:39:07,530 --> 04:39:12,068 PERSISTENCE IS KRUCRUCIAL. 4688 04:39:12,135 --> 04:39:20,510 THE WORK IS SLOW AND HAVE TO 4689 04:39:20,577 --> 04:39:21,611 PERSIST AND CELEBRATE YOUR 4690 04:39:21,678 --> 04:39:25,148 SUCCESSES AND OTHERWISE ENGAGE 4691 04:39:25,215 --> 04:39:25,482 IN SELF-CARE. 4692 04:39:25,548 --> 04:39:26,082 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS 4693 04:39:26,149 --> 04:39:34,591 DON'T FORGET TO THINK. 4694 04:39:34,657 --> 04:39:36,259 IN THE MIDST OF EVERYTHING THAT 4695 04:39:36,326 --> 04:39:38,027 HAPPENS ON A DAY TO DAY BASIS 4696 04:39:38,094 --> 04:39:39,529 IT'S DIFFICULT TO THINK ABOUT 4697 04:39:39,596 --> 04:39:40,864 THE HIGHER ORDER KINDS OF 4698 04:39:40,930 --> 04:39:41,097 THINGS. 4699 04:39:41,164 --> 04:39:42,332 WHERE YOU'RE GOING WITH YOUR 4700 04:39:42,398 --> 04:39:42,599 LIFE. 4701 04:39:42,665 --> 04:39:45,135 WHERE YOU'RE GOING WITH YOUR 4702 04:39:45,201 --> 04:39:47,971 CAREER AND A LITERALLY WOULD 4703 04:39:48,037 --> 04:39:49,973 SCHEDULE TIME ON MY CALENDAR TO 4704 04:39:50,039 --> 04:39:51,975 THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS AND IT 4705 04:39:52,041 --> 04:39:54,811 ISN'T RUMINATING BECAUSE I WOULD 4706 04:39:54,878 --> 04:39:57,413 AT THE END I WOULD REQUIRE I 4707 04:39:57,480 --> 04:39:58,815 HAVE AN ACTION ITEM. 4708 04:39:58,882 --> 04:40:01,151 MY THINKING LEAD TO SOME ACTION 4709 04:40:01,217 --> 04:40:04,487 ITEM OR ITEMS. 4710 04:40:04,554 --> 04:40:07,223 SO LIMITATIONS OF YOUR WORK WERE 4711 04:40:07,290 --> 04:40:08,258 CONSTANTLY TO ADDRESS THEM. 4712 04:40:08,324 --> 04:40:11,728 LEARN TO COPE WITH SETBACKS, BE 4713 04:40:11,794 --> 04:40:13,163 PERSISTENT AND DON'T FORGET TO 4714 04:40:13,229 --> 04:40:14,030 THINK. 4715 04:40:14,097 --> 04:40:16,833 WHAT ARE YOU MOST GRATEFUL FOR? 4716 04:40:16,900 --> 04:40:18,935 THE OPPORTUNITY TO TRY TO MAKE A 4717 04:40:19,002 --> 04:40:20,403 DIFFERENCE IN THE LIFE OF 4718 04:40:20,470 --> 04:40:22,105 CHILDREN AND FAMILIES WHO 4719 04:40:22,172 --> 04:40:23,473 STRUGGLE WITH MENTAL HEALTH 4720 04:40:23,540 --> 04:40:23,940 ISSUES. 4721 04:40:24,007 --> 04:40:25,041 IT'S A BLESSING. 4722 04:40:25,108 --> 04:40:26,876 IT'S REALLY A BLESSING TO HAVE 4723 04:40:26,943 --> 04:40:37,487 BEEN ABLE TO HAVE THIS CAREER TO 4724 04:40:37,720 --> 04:40:41,157 SPEND HOURS AND DAYS AND THE 4725 04:40:41,224 --> 04:40:44,360 PRIVILEGE OF HAVING A CAREER AT 4726 04:40:44,427 --> 04:40:45,528 THE INTERMURAL NIMHD AND THANKS 4727 04:40:45,595 --> 04:40:49,299 TO SUSAN AND MARYLAND WHO HAVE 4728 04:40:49,365 --> 04:40:51,868 ALSO VERY KINDLY HIRED ME BACK 4729 04:40:51,935 --> 04:40:53,770 NOW THAT I'VE RETIRED FROM MY 4730 04:40:53,836 --> 04:40:56,639 P.I. POSITION THEY'VE HIRED ME 4731 04:40:56,706 --> 04:40:59,676 BACK TO WORK PART-TIME 4732 04:40:59,742 --> 04:41:01,144 COLLABORATING ON SOME PROJECTS 4733 04:41:01,211 --> 04:41:04,214 AND MENTORING AND DOING PROJECTS 4734 04:41:04,280 --> 04:41:05,048 IN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM. 4735 04:41:05,114 --> 04:41:06,549 I'M GRATEFUL FOR THAT BECAUSE 4736 04:41:06,616 --> 04:41:07,917 I'M NOT QUITE READY TO GIVE IT 4737 04:41:07,984 --> 04:41:15,024 ALL UP YET. 4738 04:41:15,091 --> 04:41:16,426 AND GRATEFUL FOR RESEARCH 4739 04:41:16,492 --> 04:41:18,161 PARTICIPANTS, MENTEES, 4740 04:41:18,228 --> 04:41:20,630 COLLEAGUES, SUPPORT STAFF. 4741 04:41:20,697 --> 04:41:22,498 YOU MET A BUNCH TODAY AND HEARD 4742 04:41:22,565 --> 04:41:24,567 FROM THEM AND THERE'S A LOT 4743 04:41:24,634 --> 04:41:25,301 OTHERS. 4744 04:41:25,368 --> 04:41:26,636 THANKS TO KATHERINA MAKING THE 4745 04:41:26,703 --> 04:41:36,813 SLIDE. 4746 04:41:42,919 --> 04:41:44,988 IT'S A TEAM EFFORT AND MY FAMILY 4747 04:41:45,054 --> 04:41:47,991 WHO MAKES EVERYTHING POSSIBLE. 4748 04:41:48,057 --> 04:41:50,426 AND FOR TODAY, THANKS FOR THE 4749 04:41:50,493 --> 04:41:50,627 EVENT. 4750 04:41:50,693 --> 04:41:53,630 I WON'T HAVE EVERYBODY RELEVANT 4751 04:41:53,696 --> 04:41:56,599 HERE BECAUSE DANNY AND MARYLAND 4752 04:41:56,666 --> 04:42:00,370 AND KATIE KEPT ME AWAY FROM THE 4753 04:42:00,436 --> 04:42:01,704 REAL WORK BUT THANKS TO THE 4754 04:42:01,771 --> 04:42:05,141 SPEAKERS AND TO DANNY, MARYLAND 4755 04:42:05,208 --> 04:42:06,809 AND KATIE. 4756 04:42:06,876 --> 04:42:09,445 SHE WAS THE REAL ENGINE AND GLUE 4757 04:42:09,512 --> 04:42:12,282 OF THIS AND SUSAN THANK YOU SO 4758 04:42:12,348 --> 04:42:15,285 MUCH FOR EVERYTHING, CHARLENE, 4759 04:42:15,351 --> 04:42:17,220 JAN, KATHLEEN, THE STAFF AND 4760 04:42:17,287 --> 04:42:27,764 THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING. 4761 04:42:44,247 --> 04:42:50,586 >> THIS IS FOR YOUR RETIREMENT 4762 04:42:50,653 --> 04:42:55,124 AND THIS IS YOUR BOOK. 4763 04:42:55,191 --> 04:42:58,628 IT'S NICE TO THUMB THROUGH LATER 4764 04:42:58,695 --> 04:43:00,763 ON AND THERE'S LOVELY E-MAILS 4765 04:43:00,830 --> 04:43:06,402 FROM FOLKS AND THANK YOU AND 4766 04:43:06,469 --> 04:43:13,242 CONGRATULATIONS ON YO YOUR 4767 04:43:13,309 RETIREMENT.