MY NAME IS ALISON GAMMIE, DIRECTOR OF TRAINING WORK FORCE DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF SEQUENTIAL MEDICAL SCIENCES AND IT IS MY HONOR AND PRIVILEGE TO WELCOME YOU TO THE SECOND DAY OF THE ANNUAL MOSAIC SCHOLARS MEETING. WE HAVE ANOTHER REALLY EXCITING DAY AHEAD. YESTERDAY FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO WERE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE YOU KNOW THAT WE HAVE A TOP LEVELS OF NIH LEADERSHIP PARTICIPATING IN THE CONVERSATION, MOSAIC SCHOLARS SHARED THEIR EXCITING SCIENCE, SCIENTIFIC JOURNEYS AND COMMITMENT TO DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION. PARTICIPANTS WERE ALSO INTRODUCED TO TOPICS AND OPPORTUNITIES ACROSS NIH. AND TODAY WE HAVE ANOTHER ACTION PACKED AGENDA FOR YOU. WE WILL KICK OFF THE DAY WITH A TALK FROM DR. MARIE BERNARD, CHIEF OFFICER OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY. WE WILL ALSO HEAR FROM THE REMAINING SCHOLARS ABOUT THEIR SCIENCE, THEIR SCIENTIFIC JOURNEYS AND DEI EFFORTS. AT THE END OF THE DAY WE WILL HEAR ABOUT SOME OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE OPEN WHILE CONDUCTING RESEARCH WITHIN THE NIH. FOR ME THIS MEETING REPRESENTS A TRUE BRIGHT SPOT IN OTHERWISE CHALLENGING TIMES. WHILE IT'S BEEN A LONG TIME IN PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE INTRODUCED TO YOU, THE FIRST COHORT OF MOSAIC SCHOLARS HAS BEEN TRULY EXCITING AND INSPIRATIONAL SO NOT HARD TO PROJECT FORWARD AND SEE YOU THIS FIRST COHORT OF SCHOLARS HELD UP SIGNIFICANT SCIENTIFIC LEADERS TOGETHER YOU SHARE A PASSION FOR SCIENCE THAT'S ABSOLUTELY CLEAR TO ALL OF US WHO WERE PARTS PAILING YESTERDAY AND TODAY. AND YOU CARE DEEPLY AROUND ISSUES AROUND DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION. SO YOU WILL BE RECOGNIZED NOT JUST FOR YOUR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE BUT ALSO CREATING SAFER MORE INCLUSIVE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTS. I'M NOT ALONE IN THANKING YOU FOR YOUR PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS AND YOUR WILLINGNESS TO PERSEVERE IN SPITE OF CHALLENGES YOU FACED SO FAR. I WOULD LIKE TO ECHO MY COLLEAGUES THANKING THE PEOPLE ACROSS NIH AND WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR THE MOSAIC PROGRAM. I WANT TO OFFER A SPECIAL THANKS TO DR. JOHN LORSCH, DIRECTOR OF NIGMS FOR HIS LEADERSHIP AND UNWAVERING SUPPORT FOR MOSAIC AND PARTICULARLY THANKS TO KENNY GIBBS WHO HAS AN UNSTOPPABLE COMBINATION OF VISUAL PASSION AND WHAT CAN ONLY BE DESCRIBED TRULY EXCEPTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION SKILLS SO MANY THANKS THERE. SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU I WOULD LIKE TO KICK OFF OUR ACTION PACKED DAY. I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE OUR FIRST SPEAKER DR. MARIE BERNARD, CHIEF OFFICER OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY HERE AT NIH. BEFORE COMING INTO THIS IMPORTANT POSITION, SHE HELD LEADERSHIP POSITION IN DEPUTY DIRECTOR NATIONAL INSTITUTES ON AGING. SHE'S A PARTICIPANT ON DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION ACTIVITY WITNESS NIH AND NATIONALLY AND THROUGHOUT DISTINGUISHED CAREER SHE LECTURE AND PUBLISHED WIDELY IN HER SPECIFIC AREA ON NUTRITION AN FUNCTION IN OLDER POPULATIONS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES. DR. BERNARD WE WILL LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING YOUR TALK AND DISCUSSION THAT FOLLOWS AND I WOULD NOW LIKE TO TURN IT OVER TO DR. BERNARD. THANK YOU, DR. GAMMIE. I TRUST EVERYONE CAN SEE MY FIRST SLIDE. >> YES, ABSOLUTELY. >> VERY GOOD. I'M REALLY HONORED TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TALK WITH YOU. YOU ARE OUR LEADERS. AND REALLY HAPPY THAT WE ARE ABLE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT TO YOU. WHAT I WILL BE DOING THE NEXT 20 MINUTES OR SO IS PREACHING TO THE CHOIR, TALK ABOUT WHY DIVERSITY MATTER, I WILL TALK ABOUT THE OFFICE I'M NOW LEADING THE CHIEF OFFICER FOR SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY OFFICE AND ONE ACTIVITY THAT WE HAVE FORTHCOMING AND THEN I WILL TALK TO YOU IN MY ROLE AS ALSO THE CO-CHAIR OF THE NIH WIDE UNITE INITIATIVE TO END STRUCTURAL RACISM I. WHY DOES DIVERSITY MATTER? BECAUSE WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO GO ABOUT THE REALLY COMPLEX PROBLEMS IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD IT IS LIKE TRYING TO DESCRIBE AN ELEPHANT WITHOUT SIGHT. YOU NEED TO GET A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS OF LOOKING AT IT AND DESCRIBING IT, A LOT OF DIFFERENT THOUGHTS ABOUT HOW TO APPROACH IT. WE KNOW FROM BUSINESS AND OTHER SETTINGS THAT DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES LEAD TO MORE POSITIVE INDIVIDUAL TEAM AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ACROSS LOTS OF DIFFERENT CONTEXTS FOR INSTANCE WHEN IT COMES TO DECISIONS IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL, A MORE RACIALLY DIVERSE MOCK JURY TRIAL, USES MORE FACT BASED INFORMATION FOR DECISION MAKING THAN RACIALLY HOMOGENOUS GROUP. WHEN IT COMES TO TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF GROUP THAT HAS ALREADY DIVERSE SOCIAL CONTEXT IT IS BETTER AT DOING THAT SORT OF THING THAN HOMOGENOUS GROUP. ONE OF THE STUDIES IS MY FAVORITE IS THE ONE THAT LOOKS AT IMPACT OF ETHNICALLY DIVERSE MARKET TRADERS VERSUS HOMOGENOUS AND FOUND RETURN ON INVESTMENT WITH ETHNICALLY DIVERSE GROUP WAS GREATER THAN THE RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR THE HOME GENEIOUS GROUP, SOMETIMES THE GROUP THINK TAKE ONCE IN THE WRONG DIRECTION. WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE YOU HAVE THE ONE STUDY BY FREEMAN AND WONG LOOKING AT 2.5 MILLION JOURNALS TO LOOK AT IMPACT FACTORS AND CITATIONS, AND DEVELOPED THE INDEX LOOKING AT NAMES OF AUTHOR, CLASSIFYING THEM BYETH IN THISLY BASED UPON LAST NAME, NOT PERFECT TOOL BUT IT IS A TOOL AND FOUND THAT THE MORE HOMOGENOUS THEY SEEMED TO BE THE LOWER THE IMPACT FACT, ONLY OUT TO TEN AUTHORED STUDIES. TEN AUTHORED PUBLICATION PROBABLY IS A DIFFERENT TYPE OF SCIENCE BUT MR. ETHNICITY OR DIVERSITY BASED UPON GEOGRAPHY, LOCATION OF THE AUTHORS, DIVERSITY BASED UPON NUMBER OF REFERENCES TO MAKE ARGUMENT WITHIN THE PAPER THE GREATER THE DIVERSITY THE GREATER THE IMPACT FACTOR AND THE MORE FREQUENTLY THE ARTICLE CITED. ANOTHER EXAMPLE I LOVE FROM HAYNES AND COLLEAGUES JUST LAST YEAR, WAS LOOKING AT ISSUES WITH REGARDS TO BIRD SAW, BIRD SONG IS MALE DOMINATED SCIENTIFIC FIELD AND IT WAS THOUGHT THERE IS A CERTAIN PATTERN BASICALLY LOOKING AT MALE BIRDS AS MORE WOMEN JOINED THE FIELD, IT WAS DETERMINED THEY WERE GENDER BASED DIFFERENCES IN BIRD SONG AND IT WAS A REALLY OVERT EXAMPLE OF WHY HAVING DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES MAKE A DIFFERENCE. WE ALSO KNOW THERE IS A LOT OF TALENT OUT THERE, THAT WE ARE POTENTIALLY NOT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF. FOR INSTANCE THE DATA FROM ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGE, THAT LOOKS AT DIVERSITY BASED UPON GENDER AND RACEETH IN HISTY, THIS IS UNDER-REPRESENTED WOMEN WELL REPRESENTED WOMEN, UNDER-REPRESENTED MEN, WELL REPRESENTED MEN, AT INSTRUCTOR LEVEL, AS YOU GO THROUGH THE ACADEMIC RIGHTS YOU GET O THE POINT OF PROFESSOR AND DEPARTMENT YOU ARE MUCH LESS DIVERSITY THAN EXPECT GIVEN NUMBERS INSTRUCTOR LEVEL. ISSUES WITH REGARDS TO RACE ETHNICITY, WHEN YOU LOOK FOR INSTANCE AT RO1 AWARDEES AT NIH VERSUS THE REPRESENTATION OF PEOPLE IN THE STEM WORK FORCE VERSUS U.S. POPULATION M YOU FIND WHITES ARE WELL REPRESENTED, ASIANS MAYBE BE OVERREPRESENTED RELATIVE TO PREVALENCE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, BUT HISPANIC LA KNOWS BLACKS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE UNDERREPRESENT AND THE NUMBER OF RACIALETH IN I CAN GROUPS UNDER-REPRESENTED AND HARD TO SHOW ON THIS GRAPH. ALL THIS LEADS TO THE COMMITMENT HERE AT NIH DIVERSITY DOES MARY, IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE IN CREATIVITY, INNOVATION, IT BROADENS THE SCOPE OF INQUIRY, JUST NO QUESTION THAT PEOPLE COME FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS OFTEN ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT ISSUES WITH REGARDS TO HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HAVE DIFFERENCE TAKES HOW TO ADDRESS THOSE. NOT THAT THAT'S EXCLUSIVELY ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT HEALTH DISPARITIES BUT ENRICHED WITH PEOPLE FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED BACKGROUNDS. JUST BASED UPON THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE COUNTRY, IF WE DON'T TAKE ADVANTAGE RACE DIVERSITY OF POPULATION WE WILL LOSE OUT AND LOSE GLOBAL RESEARCH COMMITMENTS AND THUS THERE IS A COMMITMENT. IN FACT THIS OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY THIS POSITION OF CHIEF OFFICER, SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY WAS BUILT WITH THAT IN MIND AND IN RESPONSE TO A 2011 STUDY I WILL GET TO LATER. I WAS PRIVILEGED TO BE SELECTED TO SERVE IN THE ROLE LAST MAY, I WAS ACTING CHIEF OFFICER OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY IN OCTOBER. THIS IS OUR MISSION. TO BE THOUGHT LEADER IN SCIENCE AND SCIENCE WORK FORCE DIVERSITY USING DATA TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FULL RANGE OF TALENT, THERE IS A LOT OF TALENT AMONG YOUNGER SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION YOU ARE NOT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF AND FOSTER CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION AS THE DATA SUGGESTS IS THE CASE. OUR VISION IS TO CATALYZE AND LEVERAGE CULTURES OF INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE AND NIH AND NIH FUNDED INSTITUTIONINGS TO BENEFIT FROM A FULL RANGE OF TALENT. WE DO THIS BY BUILDING THE EVIDENCE, DISSEMINATING THE EVIDENCE AND ACTING ON THE EVIDENCE. EXAMPLE? WE HAVE COMING UP OCTOBER 25TH THE SECOND WHAT WE ARE CALLING SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY SEMINARS. BUT OCTOBER 25 WHICH IS A MONDAY FROM 2 TO 3 P.M. WE WILL HAVE REPRESENT I'VETIVE NATIONAL -- REPRESENTATIVE THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING MEDICINE TO PROVIDE DEBRIEF ON WORKSHOP LAST JUNE ON ANTI-RACISM AND STEM. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN MANY SIGNING UP GO TO DIVERSITY.NIH.GOV, LOOK FOR SEMINAR SERIES AND SIGN UP, WE NOW HAVE THIS OPEN TO NIH STAFF AS WELL AS NON-NIH STAFF. TRANSITIONING TO MY OTHER PATH AS CO-CHAIR OF UNITE HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE HEARD US TALK ABOUT THE NIH UNITE INITIATIVE TO END STRUCTURAL RACISM DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO EVENTS OF 2020 WE SAW DISPROPORTIONATE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG UNDER-REPRESENTED RACIAL ETHNIC GROUPS, WE SAW THE VIDEOTAPE MURDER OF GEORGE FLOYD IT LED TO SERIES OF INTENSE INSTITUTE AND CENTER DIRECTOR MEETINGS, WE HAD SOME OUTSIDE SELF-ASSEMBLED GROUPS TO COME TALK WITH US, INTERNAL GROUPS TO COME TALK WITH US AND CANDID DISCUSSIONS THAT INFORM NEXT STEPS. WE ARRIVED AT A SHARED COMMITMENT, THIS IS THE TIME TO ADDRESS RACISM, WE ARE AT A TIPPING POINT. AND THUS WE STARTED WORKING LAST OCTOBER 2020 ON THIS INITIATIVE AND OFFICIALLY UNVEILED IT TO THE PUBLIC IN FEBRUARY OF 2021. WE AGREE THAT WE NEEDED TO ENSURE THAT THE BIOMEDICAL -- RESEARCH AND ADMINISTRATIVE THAT SUPPORTS IT IS AND WE NEED TO DELL LYNNNATE ELEMENTS THAT PERPETUATE STRUCTURAL RACISM IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WITHIN NIH AND EXTERNAL TO NIH THAT NEED TO LACK -- LEAD TO LACK OF PERSONAL INCLUSIVENESS AND DIVERSITY W. FEEL ALL IDEAS NEED TO BE GIVEN EQUAL FAIR REVIEW REGARDLESS OF THE DOMINANT PARADIGM, PUTS FORTH IDEA AND AS I SAID, COVID-19 IS MADE IT PAINFULLY CLEAR WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK YET TO DO AND WE NEED TO NOT ONLY FIND OUT ABOUT CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES BUT BENEED EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS. UNITE IS FIVE INTERACTING WORK STREAMS TO UNDERSTAND STAKEHOLDER EXPERIENCE, DEVELOP NEW RESEARCH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH EQUITY TO IMPROVE THE INTERNAL NIH CULTURES SO WE CAN ROLE MODEL EXTERNAL WORLD TO BE TRANSPARENT COMMUNICATE AND ACCOUNTABLE FOR ACTIONS AND LOOK AT THE EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM. WE UNVEILED THIS FEBRUARY 26 OF 2021, AT THAT TIME WE SAID IT IS A MARATHON, PERHAPS ULTRA MAY RECALL ON THIS BUT THAT WE WOULD HAVE PUT OUT TO REPORT OUTS TO THE ADVISE SRI COMMITTEE TO DIRECTOR EVERY JUNE AND DECEMBER AS OUR MILE MARKER SO JUNE 11 REPORTED OUT SAID THAT WE PUBLICLY COMMIT TO IDENTIFYING CORRECTING ANY NIH POLICIES OR PRACTICE THAT MAY HAVE HELPED PERPETUATE STRUCTURAL RACISM AND DR. COLLINS MADE THE STATEMENT ON FEBRUARY 26 FRIDAY FEBRUARY 26, WHICHST POSTED IT ON END STRUCTURAL RACISM WEBSITE ON THAT MONDAY, MARCH 1. BY GOING TO THE URL OR GOOGLE NIH UNITE. DR. COLLINS SAID TO THOSE INDIVIDUALS IN THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ENTERPRISE WITH DISADVANTAGES DUE TO STRUCTURAL RACISM I AM TRULY SORRY. NIH IS COMMITTED TO INSTITUTING NEW WAYS TO SUPPORT DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION AND IDENTIFYING DISMANTLING POLICIES AND PRACTICES AT OUR OWN AGENCY THAT MAY HAUNT OUR WORK FORCE AN SCIENCE. TO THAT END HE SAID WE WOULD CONTINUE TO AGGRESSIVELY IMPLEMENT APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE GENDER GAP MANY THE PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS. WHAT IS THAT GAP? IT IS THE DISCREPANCY THAT WAS POINTED OUT BY DONNA GUNTER AND COLLEAGUES IN 2011 IN SCIENCE IN SUCCESS RECEIPT OF OUR RO1 EQUIVALENT GRANTS BY RACE ETHNICITY. IT APPEARED INITIALLY ACROSS MULTIPLE GROUPS THERE WAS AN ISSUE, AFTER CONTROLLING ENGLISH FIRST LANGUAGE, WHERE ONE TRAINED AND WORKING AND OTHER FACTORS THERE WAS A PERSISTENT DISCREPANCY IN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND BLACKS AND THUS THE CAUSE OF THEPS -- POSITION WAS DEVELOPED AS WELL AS OTHER PROGRAMS NIGMS IS LEADING AND DR. HALLNA VALENTINE FIRST LOOKED AT THAT TIME DATA IN 2013, SHE ARRIVED IN 2014, REPORTED OUT TO ADVISORY COMMITTEE IN 2018 AND THESE ARE DATA FROM 2020. UNDER MY LEADERSHIP AND IT IS PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING SLOPE. SO IN 2013 IN TERMS OF APPLICANTS, SMALL NUMBERS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS NOT REGISTERING ALASKA NATIVES PACIFIC ISLANDERS SMALL NUMBERS OF HISPANICS LATINOS ALL THOSE NUMBERS ARE BETTER IN 2020 AND SUCCESS RATES WERE BETTER BETWEEN 2013 AND 2020 ALTHOUGH THERE'S STILL PERSIS STENT GAP BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND BLACKS AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES AND THE NUMBERS VERY SMALL SO THERE IS STILL A LOT OF WORK TO DO AND THAT IS WHAT THIS INITIATIVE IS ABOUT, WHAT SCHOLARRINGS PROGRAM IS ABOUT, WE ARE ALL BENT FORWARD TRYING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE HERE. YOU SAID WE LAUNCH A MULTI-PHASE TIER INTEGRATED COMMON FUND INITIATIVE ON TRANSFORMATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH. THE TWO FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS RELEASED JUST A MONTH LATER LIGHTNING SPEED FOR NIH, 13 AWARDS WERE ANNOUNCED, JUST DAYS AGO AND THERE WILL BE AN ADDITIONAL COMPETITION FOR THE AWARD THAT GOES TO MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS. THEN WE SAID WE WOULD ENSURE ROBUST NIH WIDE COMMITMENT TO DEVELOP NATIONAL INSTITUTE MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES, RFA FOCUSED ON STRUCTURAL RACISM AN DISCRIMINATION AND IMPACT ON HEALTH RELEASED A MONTH BEFORE UNVEILING OF UNITE OF 25 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS COMMITTED TO IT APPLICATIONS WERE DUE AUGUST 24, I UNDERSTAND THERE WAS ROBUST RESPONSE TO THAT. AS BONUS NIH WIDE BRAIN INITIATIVE DEVELOPING A FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT FOR THE FIRST TIME IS CALLING FOR CONSIDERATION OF PLANS TO ENHANCE DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AS PART OF THE SUPPORTING CRITERIA. SO WE ARE ALL VERY INTERESTED IN THIS. THERE'S SEVERAL OTHER FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS THAT ARE COMING OUT OR HAVE COME OUT THAT USE THE SAME LANGUAGE. THE QUESTION IS, IS IT GOING TO BE IMPACTFUL IN HELPING TO DIVERSIFY THE SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE. AS A RESULT. WE ALSO SAID WE WOULD DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE PROCESS TO SYSTEMATICALLY GATHER AND MAKE PUBLIC DEMOGRAPHICS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL WORK FORCE. TRANSPARENCY OR SUN SHINE IS GREATEST DISINFECTANT SO TO BE TRANSPARENT, OFFICE OF EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH NOW DATA BOOK ADVISE INFORMATION ABOUT PUNNEDDED INVESTIGATORS RACE ETHNICITY AND DISABILITY STATUS. THIS IS ADDED TO THE PREVIOUSLY AVAILABLE DATA BY GENDER AND CAREER STAGE. AND WE HAVE POSTED OUR OWN INTERNAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA BY RACE ETHNICITY AND BY JOB CLASSIFICATION. WE SAID WE WOULD IMPLEMENT POLICIES TO PROMOTE ANTI-RACISM AND REMOVE BARRIERS TO PROFESSIONAL GROWTH FOR OUR OWN STAFF TO THAT END WE DEVELOPED SOMETHING CALLED THE ANTI-RACISM STEERING COMMITTEE WITH MORE THAN 515 VOLUNTEERS SO ENERGY AND ENTHUSIASM HERE AT NIH. WE SAID WE WOULD DEVELOP A PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION FOR OUR INSTITUTE AND CENTERS DIRECTORS TO BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR EQUITY DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION EFFORTS, WORKING WITHIN THEIR INSTITUTE AND CENTERS ACROSS NIH, USING A DIVERSITY EQUITY INCLUSION OFFICE OR SOME OTHER MEANS WORKING WITH MY OFFICE AND OFFICE OF EQUITY DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION AND THAT SOMETHING THAT IS BEING PUT IN PLACE NOW. NOW INTO THE FISCAL YEAR IS PART OF THAT. WE ALSO SAID WE WERE GOING TO EXPAND THE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM TO SENIOR INVESTIGATORS BY TENURE AND ENHANCE RECRUITMENT OF RESEARCH FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS AS CANDIDNESS OPEN INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAMMING INVESTIGATOR POSITIONS. WHAT IS THE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM? THE LOVELY PROGRAM BUILT UPON EXISTING PROGRAMS CALLED THE STAT AND LASKER INVESTIGATOR PROGRAMS THAT BRING PEOPLE IN AS COHORT. THE PEOPLE WHO COME IN TO THOSE PROGRAMS IS GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO APPLY TO BE A DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR. THE INTENT TO DEVELOP SELF-REINFORCING COMMUNITY OF PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS DEVOTED TO DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION. THE DATA SHOW ITS IMPACT ALREADY. THIS IS THE PERCENTAGE OF UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITY SCIENTISTS IN THE TENURE TRACK PROGRAM WITHIN NIH, THAT PERCENTAGE GOING DOWN AGGRESSIVELY BETWEEN 1995 AND 2010. IN 2010 THE LASKER PROGRAMS WERE BROUGHT INTO PLACE AND IN 2018 THE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM AD YOU CAN SEE ACCELERATION OF THAT GROWTH IN TERMS OF PERCENTAGE OF UNDER-REPRESENTED SCHOLARS. HERE ARE COHORT REPRESENTED HERE. IT DOESN'T MEAN YOU HAVE TO BE FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUP TO PARTICIPATE BUT OFTEN TIME PEEPS L INTERESTED IN AND DEVOTED TO THIS ARE AND THIS IS THE RESULT WE HAVE SEEN. WHAT DID WE SAY WE WOULD DO GOING FORWARD? THIS IS WHAT WAS PRESENTED TO ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO DIRECTOR ON JUNE 11. WE SAID THAT TO FACILITATE MORE RESEARCH HELP MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH EQUITY VERY ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT BIDEN'S PROPOSAL TO INCREASE FUNDING TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES NURSING INSTITUTE, HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE AND FOGARTY INTERNATIONAL CENTER. BECAUSE THE DATA LIKE THESE DR. MIC LAUER AND TEAM OFFICE OF RESEARCH WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE, THEY BLOGGED ABOUT THIS IN AUGUST 2020 WHERE THEY LOOK AT SUCCESS RATES FOR RO1 GRANTS BY INSTITUTE AND CENTER, THIS MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH FACE TIERS HEART LUNG AND BLOOD, NURSING RESEARCH FOGARTY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE, ALL THESE HAVE REALLY LOW AWARD RATES AND YET WHAT THEY FOUND IS TEN PERCENT OF 148 TOPICS ACCOUNTED FOR 50% OF APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED BY AFRICAN AMERICAN AND BLACK SCIENTISTS, THAT THESE TOPICS TENDED TO GO TO THE INSTITUTIONS THAT HAD MORE SUCCESS RATES. THEIR REVIEW OUTCOMES ARE SIMILAR BUT JUST THE WAY THINGS ARE STRUCTURED HERE MIGHT LEAD TO THOSE INSTITUTES AND CENTERS. SO MUCH OF THEIR FUNDING RATE WAS DUE TO WHERE THEY WERE ASSIGNED AND WE ARE VERY EXCITED SHOULD PRESIDENT BIDEN'S PROPOSAL GO THROUGH THOSE INSTITUTES AND CENTERS WILL HAVE MORE MONEY AND HELP US TO GET CLOSER TO CLOSING THAT FUNDING GAP. WE ALSO SAID WE ARE ENCOURAGING INSTITUTES AND CENTERS TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN PROPOSALS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES MINORITY AND HEALTH EQUITY. THAT WE WERE GOING TO BUILD UPON MODELS OF INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE AND HERE IS A GREAT EXAMPLE OF THAT, THIS IS SOMETHING CALLED THE FIRST INITIATIVE FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION THAT'S GIVEN OUTSIDE ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD EQUIVALENT $20 MILLION OVER NEXT NINE YEARS TO DEVELOP CULTURES OF INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE WHERE THESE INSTITUTIONS HIRE FACULTY AND COHORT THAT THEY WORK IN INTEGRATED FASHION ACROSS THIS INSTITUTION TO ADDRESS BIAS, EQUITY MENTORING AND WORK LIFE ISSUES. COORDINATING CENTER THAT'S GOING TO BE EVALUATING THINGS. THE GOAL IS AT THE END OF THE PERIOD OF TIME THEY HAVE 100 PLUS GOING THROUGH THIS SORT OF THING. THE FIRST GROUP OF FUNDED INSTITUTIONS WAS ANNOUNCED JUST A COUPLE OF WEEKS AGO. AND YOU SEE A MIXTURE OF HIGH RESOURCE INSTITUTIONS, LOW RESOURCE INSTITUTIONS, YOU SEE A COLLABORATION HERE. COUPLE OF OTHER ROUNDS OF COMPETITION TO GET THIS TO BE A FULLY FUNDED INITIATIVE. AND MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE IS GOING TO TAKING AND EVALUATING THIS. SO THAT'S TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS TO SPUR INSTITUTIONAL CULTURE CHANGE. WE ALSO SAID THAT WE WOULD INCREASE UNDER-REPRESENTED CAREER OPPORTUNITIES STARTING WITH GETTING INSTITUTES AND CENTERS TO JOIN THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES IN THEIR CEPA AWARDS, SCIENCE EDUCATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD THAT TARGETS STEM EDUCATION FOR KINDERGARTEN THROUGH 12TH GRADE RECOGNIZING THAT SCIENCE IDENTITY IS DEVELOPED VERY EARLY IN LIFE. WE WILL BE LOOKING AT HOW OUR STAFF INTERACT WITH APPLICANTS TO MAKE SURE IT IS NOT BIASED AS YOU ALL WELL KNOW THOSE INTERACTIONS REALLY IMPORTANT TO WHATEVER YOU PURSUE FUNDING OPPORTUNITY. WE WILL DEVELOP MORE PROGRAMS TO MAKE OUTREACH TO HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AN UNIVERSITIES, TRIBAL COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS. WE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A CLEARER SENSE OF THE THINGS THAT WE VISION YOU MIGHT TAKE A LOOK AT THIS SUMMARY THAT CAME OUT IN CELL JUNE 10 THIS YEAR. I WILL ALSO SAY LARRY TABAK DEPUTY DIRECTOR AND DEPUTY DIRECT TO OF MANAGEMENT AND I ALONG WITH HOPKINS LEE SRI WHO LEADS THE ACADEMIC EQUITY AND DIVERSITY INCLUSION OFFICE WILL HAVE A COMMENTARY IN IN NATURE MEDICINE TO TAKE YOU FURTHER THAN THE POINT WHICH WE WILL INVOKE THE CELL COMMENTARY YOU MIGHT KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR THAT AS WELL. THIS IS THE GROUP OF 80 PLUS VOLUNTEERS PUTTING THEIR HEART AND SOUL INTO THIS INITIATIVE FOR MORE THAN A YEAR. VERY FEW PEOPLE ARE PAID TO DO THIS FULL TIME,ESTER PROGRAM SUPPORT PERSON, VICTORIA ROBINGER PROGRAM MANAGER, THE REST IS ALL VOLUNTEER TIME AND WE ARE GRATE LFUL FOR IT AND PARTICULARLY GRATEFUL FOR DR. LORSCH WHO CO-LEADS THE ECOMMITTEE. FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO SEE YOURSELVES HERE THAT OUR VIEW IS IN KEEPING WITH WHAT THE REVEREND DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING WROTE IN THE LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL THAT INJUSTICE ANYWHERE IS A THREAT TO JUSTICE EVERYWHERE. AS WE STEP BACK AND LOOK SYSTEMATICALLY TO MAKE SURE EVERYTHING WE ARE BEING -- THAT WE ARE DOING IS FAIR AND EQUITABLE, I THINK EVERYONE WILL BENEFIT FROM IT. SO I WILL JUST CLOSE WITH OUR FAVORITE GREAT MINDS THINK DIFFERENTLY, AND I WOULD BE HAPPY TO ADDRESS ANY QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH DR. BERNARD FOR THAT INCREDIBLY COMPREHENSIVE AND INTERESTING TALK. I WILL WOMEN COME PEOPLE TO TURN ON VIDEO AND ASK QUESTIONS OF DR. BERNARD OUR YOU CAN RAIDS HANDS, I SEE ELIZABETH. WOULD YOU LIKE TO ASK THE FIRST QUESTION OF DR. BERNARD. PERFECT. THANK YOU. >> THAT WAS A GREAT TALK, DR. BERNARD, THANK YOU SO MUCH. ONE THING I WAS EXCITED TO HEAR ABOUT IS THE SEPA AWARD MECHANISM BECAUSE FROM A FAMILY EDUCATOR, YOU WILL HEAR MY TALK MAYBE LATER TODAY. I DIDN'T KNOW UNTIL A LITTLE TOO LATE THAT I HAD TO DO SCIENCE BECAUSE CAME FROM A COMMUNITY THAT WAS SOCIOECONOMICICALLY UNDERPRIVILEGED SO SO MANY, THAT GOES HANDS IN HAND IN OUR COUNTRY THAT URMs TEND TO NOT HAVE THE SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES THAT MORE REPRESENTED GROUPS HAVE. SO REALLY EXCITED ANT THE SEPA AWARD PROGRAM AND WOULD LIKE TO HEAR MORE ABOUT IT. >> THAT CALLS INTO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES AND DR. LORSCH PROVIDED THE LINK WITH MORE INFORMATION WITH REGARDS TO THAT. I CAN SAY I THINK IT IS A GREAT CONCEPT AND I HOPE THAT EVERYONE OF OUR INSTITUTES AND CENTERS JOINS WITH NIGMS IN ENLARGING THE PROGRAM AND MAKING GREATER OUTREACH BECAUSE I AGREE WITH -- IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO DO THAT. >> WE WOULD BE HAPPY TO PUT YOU IN TOUCH WITH PROGRAM OFFICIALS INVOLVED IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO HEAR MORE SPECIFICALLY. >> GREAT. NEXT UP. DR. (INDISCERNIBLE) >> I WAS WONDERING DISCUSSION OR THOUGHTS HOW TO DEAL WITH THE CONCEPT THAT AS WE GO ON IN OUR CAREER, Z WE MOSAIC SCHOLARS AS AN EXAMPLE PEOPLE WILL ASSUME WE GOT WHERE WE GOT TO BECAUSE SOMEONE THOUGHT LET'S CHOOSE THIS WOMAN SO WE CAN SAY -- NOT LIKE WE SHOULD CARE BUT WONDERING WHAT THOUGHTS YOU HAD REGARDS THAT. >> YOU CAN SEE A LOT OF GRAY HAIR, I HAVE BEEN AROUND A WHILE AND IT WAS EVEN MORE AN ISSUE AS I WAS COMING ALONG, SHE IS A WOMAN AND A WOMAN OF COLOR. PEOPLE LEARN OTHERWISE BY SEEING WHAT YOU DO. THE PRODUCTIVITY, THE WAY YOU CARRY AND PRESENT YOURSELF AND AS YOU GO UP THE RANKS BECOMES MUCH LESS AN ISSUE. BUT YEAH, THERE'S BEEN AN UNFORTUNATELY PROBABLY WILL CONTINUE TO BE THAT ISSUE UNTIL WE REALLY DO GET TO THAT EQUITABLE EQUILIBRIUM WE WOULD LIKE TO BE AT. I'M VERY ENCOURAGED BY WHAT I SEE. IN P TERMS OF THE NUMBERS GOING UP I SHOWED YOU THE NUMBERS FOR RO1 RECIPIENTS, I'M SO EDIFIED TO SEE YOU HERE. THERE MAY BE THAT WHEN PEOPLE FIRST ENCOUNTER YOU BUT YOU GET BEYOND IT QUICKLY BECAUSE YOU ARE PREPARED. AND YOU ARE BRINGING FORTH IMPORTANT THINGS AND PEOPLE WILL LISTEN. BECAUSE YOU HAVE AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO CONVEY. >> THANK YOU. >> KENNY. >> MAYBE ANOTHER LESSON THAT MIGHT BE HELPFUL YOU HAVE HAD NUMEROUS POSITIONS OF LEADERSHIP, DEPUTY DIRECTOR. SO MAYBE LESSONS FOR THE SCHOLARS TO THINK ABOUT THEMSELVES MANY ARE HERE, THEY HAVE DEMONSTRATED LEADERSHIP HOW TO CONTINUE LEADERSHIP NAVIGATE EFFECTIVELY IN SPACES PARTICULAR HIGH PROFILE AND DIFFERENT CURRENTS THAT ARE -- THAT YOU ARE PUSHING THROUGH, ANY LESSON YOU MIGHT SHARE FROM YOUR YEARS IN LEADERSHIP HAVE BEEN TERRIFIC TO HEAR. >> THANK YOU FOR ASKING THAT QUESTION, DR. GIBBS. I WOULD SAY THAT ONE OF THE BIG THINGS THAT I HAVE LEARNED WAS A LESSON MEMO HER TAUGHT ME BACK IN FIRST GRADE WHEN I CAME HOME CRYING. THE KIDS WON'T PLAY WITH ME. I HAD THIS -- AS FAR AS THEY WERE CONCERNED, JUST TO GET DOWN. AS I HAVE MOVED THROUGH THE VARIOUS RANKS, A LOT OF THINGS GOING ON THAT WERE JUST DISTRACTIONS BUT BEING CLEAR WHAT YOUR GOAL AND MISSION IS AND HOW YOU GET THERE IS REALLY IMPORTANT. YOU HAVE THE HAVE PERSONAL NETWORK OF SUPPORT AND PROFESSIONAL NETWORK OF SUPPORT AND YOU NEED TO HAVE YOUR MENTORS AND YOUR SPONSORS MENTOR CAN SHOW YOU PATHWAY FORWARD, SPONSOR NEEDS TO BE WILLING TO STEP FORWARD AND PUT YOUR NAME OR ADVOCATE FOR YOU TO BE INVOLVED IN THIS THAT OR ANOTHER THING. T I HAVE BEEN VERY FORTUNATE ALONG THE WAY, THAT THERE HAVE BEEN THOSE PEOPLE AT EVERY STEP OF THE WAY FOR ME. SOMETIMES I HAD TO BE VERY ACTIVE IN MAKING THAT HAPPEN. AND I -- ONE STAGE OF MY CAREER JUST MADE OUTREACH TO THIS ESTABLISHED RESEARCHER AT ANOTHER INSTITUTION SAYING I REALLY WANT TO LEARN HOW TO DO THIS SORT OF THING AND HAY DON'T HAVE IT IN MY -- AND HE WAS VERY GENEROUS AND BROUGHT ME INTO HIS RANKS AND I GOT LOTS OF OPPORTUNITIES THAT WAY. MADE OUTREACH TO ANOTHER AND NEVER GOT A RESPONSE BACK. BUT BUILDING NETWORKS PERSONALLY TO TAKE THROUGH ALL THAT PROFESSIONALLY TO MAKE THINGS MOVE FORWARD, BEING REALLY CLEAR ABOUT THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. WHICH MAY EVOLVE OVER THE COURSE OF TIME, DEPENDING WHO ASKED ME TEN YEARS AGO WHAT I WOULD BE DOING IN THIS JOB, NOT EPION THE RADAR BEING ABLE TO BE FLEXIBLE AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OPPORTUNITIES AS THEY ARISE AND OTHER THINGS I WOULD SAY. >> THANKS SO MUCH FOR THAT. JUST LOOK AROUND THE ZOOM ROOM, THIS IS PART OF YOUR NETWORK. AND SUPPORT SYSTEM TOO. JOHN, DR. JOHN JIMAH. NEXT QUESTION. >> HI, DR. BERNARD. POST DOC IN THE INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, I'M HAPPY TO HEAR THAT DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR PROGRAM START RECRUITING MOST DIFFICULT BECAUSE PERSON HAS -- WHO TO SEE, DONE L OF DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS, AT DIFFERENT LEVELS INSTEAD OF JUST NOT BEING AVAILABLE. MY QUESTION IS ABOUT I GUESS THIS FELLOWSHIP, I KNOW -- LATER BUT ONE THOUGHT JUST ABOUT THE VIBRANCY OR (INAUDIBLE) EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, IT IS A GREAT PROGRAM BUT THERE'S RESTRICTIONS IN TERMS OF INVESTIGATOR MOVE IN EXTRAMURAL AND SOMETIMES LIFE HAPPENS AND PEOPLE HAVE TO MOVE. SO WONDERING IF THERE ARE PLANS TO MAKE THAT TRANSITION EASIER. I THINK (INDISCERNIBLE) WITH RESEARCH PROGRAM BUT FOR MY UNDERSTANDING IS IT DOESN'T EXIST YET AND THAT MIGHT BE RESTRICTIVE FOR SOME PEOPLE. I'M ASKING THAT QUESTION ALONG LINES OF TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHY INVESTIGATOR POOL IN THE NIH ISN'T AS -- AS I -- NOT AS DIVERSE AIT SHOULD BE. OTHER THINGS LIKE THAT. >> HUE FOR THE QUESTION AND I AM GOING TO HAVE TO DEFER IN TERMS OF THE TECHNICALITIES OF SWITCHING FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, TO MY COLLEAGUE OWENS IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY OF INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AS A WHOLE WE DO RECOGNIZE THAT WE NEED -- THERE'S WORK TO BE DONE THERE AND THAT'S THE REASON YOU DO HAVE THINGS LIKE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE STATIN AND LASTER PROGRAMS. WITH THE INITIATION OF THIS NIH UNITE INITIATIVE, I KEEP SAYING IT WAS A TURNING POINT, IT WAS A TIPPING POINT. THE INSTITUTE AND CENTER DIRECTORS UNIFORMLY SAID THIS IS NOT WHO WE ARE, THIS IS NOT WHERE OUR COUNTRY SHOULD BE AND THERE IS A REAL COMMIT HADN'T I MET WITH EVERY ONE OF THOSE STUDENT CENTER DIRECTORS AN EVERY ONE OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS AND THERE IS A COMMITMENT FOR US TO DO BETTER. IT WILL TAKE A WHILE. BUT YOU HAVE TO HAVE A COMMITMENT FIRST AND PEOPLE ARE MOVING IN THAT DIRECTION. SO YES, WE ARE NOT AS DIVERSE AS WITH E NEED TO BE OR SHOULD BE BUT WE ARE ON OUR WAY AND I SAW THERE WAS NOTE FROM DR. HISHIMOTO, I SEE OWENS IS HERE, I DON'T KNOW IF THEY WANT THE ADD TO THAT. >> WE WILL HAVE A SESSION LATER AND YOU CAN ASK A QUESTION AND DR. OWENS CAN SPEAK TO IT AND THANK YOU FOR SHOWING UP FOR THE WHOLE MEETING AND WE APPRECIATE THAT AND LOOK FORWARD TO A LIVELY DISCUSSION ABOUT THAT LATER. WE HAVE TWO MORE QUESTIONS, WE ARE RUNNING A LITTLE OVER TIME BUT I DON'T WANT TO CURTAIL THIS IMPORTANT DISCUSSION AND I HOPE YOU HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF TIME, DR. BERNARD OR SHOULD WE JUST MOVE THE QUESTIONS OFFLINE? OKAY SO TWO MORE QUESTIONS. JOSEFINA. >>LY ASK QUICKLY. MY QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE PANDEMIC AND HOW IT HAS AFFECTED DIFFERENTIALLY VARIOUS GROUPS IN MANY WAYS NOT JUST MORALITY BUT WAYS I THINK WILL BE APPARENT OVER MANY YEARS AND WHETHER THERE IS A THOUGHT ON HOW GOING TO BE AFFECTING ALL THIS DIVERSITY EFFORTS IN THE NEXT THREE, FOUR, FIVE YEARS IN TERMS OF PEOPLE WHO WERE SLOW OR GETTING PRELIMINARY DATA, ALL THESE THINGS THAT ARE MORE IN THE -- BEHIND THE SCENES BUT MIGHT HAVE A LARGE EFFECT IN WHETHER WE ARE GOING TO -- THINKING ABOUT ACCOUNTING FOR THAT. I HOPE THE QUESTION CLEAR. >> THE QUESTION IS VERY CLEAR. SOMETHING WE ARE VERY CONCERNED ABOUT, MY OFFICE LED SURVEYS LAST FALL, SURVEYS NOT ONLY OF NIH BUT ACROSS THE SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE TO GET A SENSE WHERE THINGS STAND. WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE DATA RELATIVE TO WOMEN, RELATIVE TO PEOPLE FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED RACIAL ETHNIC GROUPS SIGNALS IS LONG AGO AS YEAR AGO IS A LOT TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT AND WE NEED TO KEEP OUR EYES ON IT. WE MEANS WE ARE GOING TO REDOUBLE EFFORTS LIKE WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THE NIH UNITE INITIATIVE. LIKE WHAT I'M RESPONSIBLE FOR LEADING AND IMPLEMENTING IN THE CAUSE WOOD OFFICE. SO COGNIZANT, WE WILL CONTINUE TO WORK ON THOSE THINGS, CONTINUE TO MONITOR THOSE THINGS. AND VERY MUCH WELCOME FEEDBACK AS THOSE THINGS ARE EVOLVING. >> GREAT. THANKS. ONE LAST QUESTION FROM ANDREW AND I CAN SEE DR. VALENCIA, MAYBE YOU CAN PUT YOUR QUESTION IN THE CHAT, JUST DON'T WANT TO RUN OVER TIME. ANDREW. FOR THE FINAL QUESTION. >> THANK YOU FOR THAT GREAT PRESENTATION. I WANT TO KNOW IF I'M FROM HAWAII, AND I'M LOOK AT THINGS FROM THE CONTEXT OF BEING HAWAIIAN. WONDERING P THE NIH HAS ANY -- PUT ANY THOUGHT INTO DO DIFFERENT GROUPS EXPERIENCE THE SAME CHALLENGES OR DIFFERENT CHALLENGES TO GETTING TO WHERE WE ARE AT AND HOW THE NIH MIGHT BE ADDRESSING THAT. >> THANK YOU FOR THAT QUESTION. I THINK THAT WE HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT THAT A LOT AS WELL. THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT THERE ARE SOME UNIVERSAL EXPERIENCES FOR MULTIPLE GROUPS THAT ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE -- CONSIDERED UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS NOT WELL REPRESENTED AT THE TABLE. YES, THEY ARE UNIQUE EXPERIENCES AND DIFFERENCES FOR GROUPS AND WE NEED TO BE SENSITIVE TO THAT AS WE ARE DEVELOPING PROGRAMS MAKING OUTREACH ET CETERA. NATIVE HAWAIIAN PACIFIC ISLANDERS CAN'T EVEN SEE THEM ON THE BAR, THE DATA THAT I WAS PRESENTING, GOT TO WORK A LOT HARDER THAN THAT. >> ALL RIGHT. THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. BERNARD. WE APPRECIATE YOU TAKING THE TIME AND I'M SURE FOR THOSE WHO DIDN'T GET A CHANCE TO ASK THE QUESTIONS, PLEASE REACH OUT TO DR. BERNARD, SURE SHE AND HER TEAM WOULD BE WILLING TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS SPECIFICALLY. WITH THAT WE ARE GOING TO MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PART OF OUR MEETING TODAY. THAT'S THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC SESSION FOR THE DAY. WE HAVE WITH US DR. RICHARD HODES, WHO IS DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES ON AGING AND HE'S AGREED TO MODERATE DISCUSSION. HE LEADS FEDERAL EFFORTS SUPPORTING CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL CLINICAL BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF AGING. WE ARE GRATEFUL YOU HAVE TAKEN THE TIME AND BEFORE STARTING OUT THE PANEL WE KNOW YOU HAVE A FEW INTRODUCTORY REMARKS FOR THE GROUP. >> THANK YOU, ALISON, I HAVE TO GO OFF SCRIPT A LITTLE TO SAY WHAT A PRIVILEGE TO FOLLOW MARIE BERNARD ON THE PROGRAM, I HAVE BEEN LISTENING TO A LOT OF THE MEETING AND MARIE'S INFORMATIVE AND INSPIRATIONAL TALK COMING SOMEONE YOU REMEMBER RECENTLY DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR NIA SO I HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF WORKING WITH COLLEAGUE AND FRIEND AND THE ANECDOTE HOW FORTUNATE TO FIND HER, IT WAS A VISIT NIA ATTEMPT TO REACH OUT TO PARSE THE COUNTRY WHERE WE HAD LESS CONDUCT THAN OTHERS, LED ME TO A VISIT TO OKLAHOMA CITY, WHERE I FOUND MARIE BERNARD ALREADY WELL ESTABLISHED CAREER BUT THAT GOOD FORTUNE LED HER TO COMING TO NIH AND ALL SHE CONTRIBUTE AND NOW CONTRIBUTING TO HER POSITION SO WONDERFUL TO BE ON THE PROGRAM WE ARE H. HE WANT TO EMPHASIZE THE COMMITMENT OF NIA AND SPECIFIC PROGRAMPROGRAMS RELEVANT TO THE MEETING TODAY. SO ALREADY A NUMBER OF INITIATIVES THAT WE PARTICIPATE IN THAT ARE NIH WIDE. STRESS FOR ALL LEVELS OF TRAINING, CAREER DEVELOPMENT, EMPHASIZING DIVERSITY AS WELL AS CAREER RESOURCES WITH Ph.D. STUDENTS. KEY MECHANISMS AS WELL AS ALLUDED TO THE INNOVATIVE BRAIN INITIATIVE F 99 PROGRAM FOR POST DOCS OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IN MOSAIC AND EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATORS RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTS PROMOTE DIVERSITY AND CATS EARLY INVESTIGATOR RO1 WHICH HAVE UNIQUE ATTRIBUTE OF NOT ONLY NOT REQUIRING BUT NOT PERMITTING PRELIMINARY DATA AS WAY TO ALLOW EARLY ENTRE INTO CAREERS TO FOR INVESTIGATORS. SOME OF THE PROGRAMS TOWARDS DIVERSITY CAREER ARE NIH SPECIFIC PROGRAMS Ph.D. STUDENTS R 36 INCREASE DIVERSITY AT THAT LEVEL OF TRAINING FOR EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATORS THE POPULAR AND POWERFUL SCHOLARS PROGRAM WHICH BRING EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATORS FORMALLY TO PHYSICAL MEETINGS THAT THE NIH CAMPUS AND MORE RECENTLY REMOTELY BUT FOR VERY EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION TO NIH NIA STAFF AND PROMINENT PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY AS WELL AS MOCK PEER REVIEWS TO GIVE PEOPLE A SENSE OF WHAT THE CAREER TRAJECTORY WAS LIKE AND TO FORM A COHORT COLLEAGUES THAT ARE PERSISTED OVER THE YEARS. GEM STAR A PROGRAM FROM MEDICAL TRANSITION TO AGING RESEARCH FROM VARIETY OF MEDICAL SOCIAL SPECIALTIES WHO ARE GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO TRANSITION INTO RESEARCH CAREER. THE B 7 K 76 ENHANCED CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO BRING PEOPLE WHO ARE OUTSTANDING IN THEIR WORK STAGE OF CAREER TRANSITIONING AND THIS PROGRAM IS LED TO INCREASE I WOULD SAY IN DIVERSITY AS WELL AS EQUALITY OF MANY INVESTIGATORS. FINALLY AROUND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, DIVERSITY IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR AD AND ADRD F 31 AND 32 AND THE K99 PROGRAM AND SPECIAL PROGRAM OF SMALL RESEARCH GRANTS FOR NEXT GENERATION PINNACLE RESEARCHERS ALSO HOPE WILL INCREASE THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE OF DIVERSITY COMING INTO THE PROGRAM. WITH THAT INTRODUCTION TO WHAT WE ARE DOING AT NIA IS PART OFFER NIH IS MY PLEASURE TO NOW INTRODUCE THE OPENING THE PROGRAM AND PRESENTATION FIRST COMING FROM CRISTAL HILL ON DIETARY PROTEIN RESTRICTION, REMODELING AD POSE TISSUE, DEFENDING METABOLIC DEFINE LOOK FORWARD TO WITH YOU SHARING PRESENTATIONS IN THE SESSIONS. THANKS VERY MUCH. >> HELLO, THANK YOU DR. HODES AND BERNARD FOR THAT INTRODUCTION OF THAT VALUABLE INFORMATION. SURE WE APPRECIATE THE GOODNESS INFORMATION CAREER DEVELOPMENT. I'M CRISTAL HILL, POST DOC BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER, LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY IN BATON ROUGE. MY K99 R 00 FUNDED BY THE NIA ANDLY TALK ABOUT MY PROJECT DIETARY AND RESTRICTION MODELS. AD POSE TISSUE TO GET AGE RELATED METABOLIC DECLINE. WE THINK OF THE AGING PROGRESS YOU THINK CLINICAL BIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF HEALTH DECLEAN BUT AGING IS A GRADUAL CONTINUOUS PROCESS THAT STARTS TO HAPPEN EARLY AGE. SO IF YOU LOOK AT THAT FIRST GRAPH HERE WHERE YOU SEE THE AGES, WE START TO SEE THERE ARE RAPID INCREASE OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AROUND AGE 45 TO 54 SO LATE MID AGE BUT AGING RELATED DISEASE CAN OCCUR EARLY OR MID 20s AND CAN BE CONSTANT INCREASE IN OCCURRENCES SUCH AS DIABETES, KIDNEY FAILURE, KIDNEY DISEASE AS WELL AS CANCER AN HEART DISEASE. RELATED TO THAT OBESITY IS ALSO A RISK FACTOR THAT FURTHER LEADS TO CO-MORBIDITIES OF AGE RELATED DISEASE. SO WE CAN GROUP THEM TOGETHER THAT AGING AND OBESITY ARE PREDOMINANT RISK FACTORS FOR METABOLIC (INAUDIBLE). DISEASES. SO IN FIELD OF BIOGERONTOLOGY WE ARE MOST INTERESTED IN HOW THE BIOLOGY AFFECTS AGING AND WE LIKE TO EXAMINE WHY THERE IS LOSS OF MOLECULAR INTEGRITY. SO EVEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS DIET AND LIFESTYLE CAN INFLUENCE OR IMPACT THESE BASIC BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO THERE ARE VALUES THAT DEFEND AGAINST AGE RELATED DISEASES SO I KIND OF GIVE YOU A LITTLE HISTORY HERE. SO FOR ABOUT ALMOST A CENTURY, CALORIE RESTRICTION HAVE BEEN SHOWN THE GOLD STANDARD FOR THE GOAL 2 PARADIGM TO COMBAT AGE RELATED DISEASEFUL THIS WORK WAS PIONEERED BY CLYDE AND FURTHER TO UNDERSTAND HOW CALORIE RESTRICTION IMPROVE LIFE SPAN AND METABOLIC HEALTH BY WALTER AND LASARO LATER ON IN THE YEARS. YOU CAN SEE -- ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE OTHER PARADIGMS THAT FALL INTO DIETARY RESTRICTION SUCH AS FASTING, KETO GENIC DIET AND LOW PROTEIN DIET SO FASTING DIETS ARE CONSTRICTING YOURSELF WITH RESTRICTING FOOD INTAKE TO A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME, KETO GENIC DIET INCREASE IN FAT INTAKE AND LOW PROTEIN DIET REDUCE PROTEIN INTAKE. WHAT IS GREAT ABOUT THESE DIET IS THE SAME OUTCOME THE GOAL HERE TO IMPROVE HEALTH THUS HEALTH SPAN AND INCREASE LIFE SPAN. SO THEY HAVE INTRACELLULAR EFFECT AS ON -- NUTRIENT SIGNALING, SENSING MECHANISMS, IMPROVE IMMUNE FUNCTION AS WELL AS IMPROVE AUTOPHAGY AND SKIN CELL FUNCTION. THE OUTCOME IS TO IMPROVE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. SO WE HAVE A IMPROVE METABOLIC HEALTH REDUCE OBESITY, AS WELL AS NEUROPROTECTIVE. SO DIETARY PROTEIN RESTRICTION AND HOW TO IMPROVE HEALTH, TOTAL PROTEIN INTAKE OR CERTAIN SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS IMPROVE HEALTH SPANS IN ORGANISMS AND SOME SHOWN TO EXTEND LIFE SPAN. SO 2014 PROTEIN RESTRICTION WAS CONFIRMED TO INDUCE REQUIRE METABOLIC HORMONE FIBROBLAST TO IMPROVE METABOLIC HEALTH SO EARLY WORK OF MY POST DOC I WAS ABLE TO CONFIRM SIGNALLENING THE BRAIN IS REQUIRED FOR PROTEIN RESTRICTIONS AND IMPROVE METABOLIC HEALTH SO THOSE OUTCOMES WE SAW REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT GAIN THOUGH FOOD INTAKE INCREASES WITH DIETARY RESTRICTION WE SEE INCREASE WITH IMPROVEMENT IN GLUCOSE HOMOOWE STASIS AND WHERE WE SUBJECT THESE ANIMALS TO A HIGH FAT DIET PROTEIN RESTRICTED WE SEE SAME IMPROVEMENT IN METABOLIC HEALTH. PLAY AS ROLE IN ENERGY EXPENDITURE AGING AND OBESITY SEEMS TO IMPAIR. SO YOU HAVE A IMPAIRMENT OF SUBSTRATE STORAGE RELEASE, OFFERS METABOLIC FUNCTION AS WELL AS INCREASE LOCAL INFLAMMATION. SO OUR STUDIES HAVE SHOWN TO REGULATE THERMAL REGULATION. WE HAVE NEW DAYTIME THAT SHOWS INDEPENDENT OF FGF 21 REGULATION, ADIP NECK TIN WHICH IS A INSULIN SENSITIZING HORMONE AND ASSOCIATED TO IMPROVE LIFE SPAN, IS INCREASE DURING PROTEIN RESTRICTION. THAT FOCUSES OUR HYPOTHESES THAT DIETARY PROTEIN RESTRICTION INDUCES METABOLIC CHANGES IN AD POSE TISSUE THAT IMPROVEMENT HEALTH SO WE LOOK TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE TWO SYNERGIZE AND IMPROVE METABOLIC HEALTH. I WILL GENERATE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOUSE MOLTEDS TO TEST THERMAL REGULATION IN INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN ANIMALS WHEN TO PROTEIN RESTRICTION, USE AD POSE TISSUE TO CULTIVATE PRIMARY ADIPOCYTES WHAT IS THE PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE FROM DIETARY RESTRICTION IN MICE IN GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND UTILIZE RNA SEQUENCING. OUTSIDE MY LAB TIME I'M INVOLVED IN PROGRAMS THAT FOSTER DIVERSITY TICK AND INCLUSION, APPARENTLY I AM A MENTOR FOR THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, LOCAL HERE SOUTHERN, I AM A VIRTUAL MENTOR FOR THE BROWN STEM PROGRAM SMALL HBCU IN ALABAMA, TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA AND WITH THAT PARTICULAR PROGRAM I'M ABLE TO PROVIDE A LECTURE SERIESES TO THE STUDENTS FOR ME, I INTRODUCED THEM TO AGING, UNDERSTAND THE HBCU GRANT MYSELF WHILE AT TUSKEGEE I DIDN'T HEAR ABOUT AGING SO I ALWAYS TRY THE GET THAT BACK TO THE HBCU. LASTLY, I AM CHAIR FOR THE AMERICAN AGING ASSOCIATION TRAINEES CHAPTER DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION THROUGHOUT OUTREACH COMMITTEE. HAPPY TO SHARE THAT WE JUST DEVELOPED OUR -- OR IN STAGE OF DEVELOPING A SCHOLARS PROGRAM FOR URM INDIVIDUALS. AS MY ACKNOWLEDGMENT SLIDE MY ADVISORY TEAM, I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU AND ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR TIME. AND MENTORSHIP AND GUIDANCE THROUGHOUT APPLICATION PROCESS AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND FOREVER THANK YOU TO MY GRADUATE (INDISCERNIBLE) FOR GUIDING AND MENTORING ME TO SHIFT MY FOCUS IN NUTRITION TO HOW NUTRITION INTERACTS WITH AGING. HAPPY TO TAKE YOUR QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE SESSION. >> THANK YOU, DR. HILL. MY NAME IS ELIZABETH BROWN, POST DOC AT TEXAS A.M. AND FUNDED BY NUA. I DECIDED TO TALK WITH Y'ALL ABOUT MY RESEARCH PROGRAM INVESTIGATING SENSITIVITY AND ASSOCIATION WITH AGING AND ALZHEIMER EASE DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AFFECTS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL TRAITS MOST NOTABLE WHICH IS A DISRUPTION IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION. WHAT A LOT OF PEOPLE DON'T KNOW IS LOSS OF CHEMO SENSATION SUCH AS SMELL AND TASTE PRECEDE THESE COGNITIVE DEFICITS SO WHAT WE STILL DON'T KNOW IS HOW IT OCCURS AND WHY LOSS OF FUNCTION TENDS TO HAPPEN PRIOR TO THE DECLINE IN IMMUNE FUNCTION LIKE COGNITIVE DECLINE. TO ADDRESS THIS GAP IN UNDERSTANDING, I USE DROSOPHILA AS A MODEL SYSTEM BECAUSE ADVANCES MADE IN CHARACTERIZING THE CIRCUITRY OF THE SYSTEM. SPECIFIC TO MY TALK NEURONS LABEL BY GR 64F RECEPTOR GREEN ARE RESPONSIVE TO BOTH SUGARS AN FATTY ACIDS. DROSOPHILA IS AN EMERGING MODEL FOR STUDY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SO MY FIRST QUESTION IS HOW DOES AMYLOID BETA EXPRESSION AFFECT TASTE RESPONSE. AND TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION I HAVE TRANSGENICLY EXPRESSED ALLS MIRE'S DISEASE VARIANT TURNED -- AND I HAVE EXPRESSED SPECIFICALLY IN THE GR 64 SWEET TASTE AND PATTY ACID TASTE BUDS. PREFERENCE USING -- RESPONSE ASSAY, WHICH IS SHOWN ON THE BOTTOM RIGHT. WHICH I APPLY SUGAR OR FATTY ACID DIRECTLY TO THE -- WHETHER MOUTH PARTS OF THE FLY AND MEASURE PERCENTAGE OF TIME. WHAT I FOUND IS THAT COMPARED TO CONTROL FLIES, FLY EXPRESSING THE ARCTIC TRANSGENE IN PINK SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THEIR TASTE RESPONSE TO SUCROSE AT INTERMEDIATE CONCENTRATIONS WHICH SAYS -- IN CONTRAST I FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN TASTE RESPONSE TO FATTY ACIDS WHICH SUGGESTS THE ARCTIC EXPRESSION ON SENSITIVITY IS MODALITY SPECIFIC. INTERESTINGLY, THE SIGNALING PATHWAY, THAT REGULATE TASTE RESPONSE TO SUGAR IS DIFFERENT THAN THE PATHWAY THAT REGULAR RATES TASTE RESPONSE TO FATTY ACID. SUGAR ACTIVATE IT IS CYCLIC PATHWAY THROUGH THE GS ALFA SUBUNITS WHILE FATTY ACIDS TO THE GQ ALFA SUB UNIT, SUGGESTING THE MODALITY EFFECTS OF EXPRESSION MAYBE MODULATED BY SPECIFICITY OF SIGNALING PATHWAY. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE EFFECT OF ARCTIC EXPRESSION OF TASTE SENSITIVITY. ONE OF THE APPROACH SHOWN ON THE TOP LEFT IS WHETHER EXPRESSION CHANGES STRUCTURE OR CONNECTIVITY OF THESE SWEETTASE NEURONS. ANOTHER QUESTION ON THE BOTTOM LEFT IS HOW EXPRESSION AFFECTS PHYSIOLOGY OF THESE TASTE BUDS AND JUAN WAY IS BY -- ONE WAY IS PERFORMING FUNCTIONAL IMAGING. ONE PARTICULARLY INTERESTING QUESTION IS WHETHER ARCTIC EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN CYCLIC AMP SIGNALING. ARCTIC EXPRESSION CAUSES A NUMBER OF FUNCTIONAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES SO ON THE TOP RIGHT RNA SEQUENCING OF THESE TASTE NEURONS MAY REVEAL ADDITIONAL FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASE IN SENSITIVITY. WE CAN ALSO TAKE SIMILAR APPROACH TO MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MINIMUMRY IMPAIRMENT BOTTOM RIGHT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR ABILITY TO TRANSGENICLY EXPRESS SPECIFIC NEURAL POPULATIONS BUT INSTEAD OF IN JUST TASTE NEURONS WE CAN EXPRESS IN THE MUSHROOM BODY WHICH IS THE LEARNING AND MEMORY CENTER OF THE FLY. SIMILARLY CHARACTER FUNCTIONAL GENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ARCTIC EXPRESSION IN THESE NEURAL POPULATIONS. THIS UNDERSTANDING HOW THE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AFFECTS PROCESSING AND AIDS IN DIAGNOSING EARLY ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS DURING THE REST OF MY POST DOC AND AS I TAKE MY NEXT STEP INTO FACULTY POSITION AND REMAIN COMMITTED TO ENHANCING DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, I'M FIRST PERSON IN MY FAMILY TO ATTEND COLLEGE TO I UNDERSTAND THE NEED FOR MENTORING NETWORKS AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT. I WAS FORTUNATE TO BE PART OF NIH PROGRAM AT FAU AND ALSO EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE MENTORING STUDENTS AND OTHER TRAINEES MOST WHICH ARE STUDENTS THAT ARE ALSO FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED BACKGROUNDS IN PROJECTS CULMINATED IN CO-AUTHOR AND FIRST AUTHOR PUBLICATIONS, AS PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR I WOULD USE THE PROPOSED PROJECTS, AS A MEANS TO TEACH SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND CONTINUE ADVOCATING RECOMMENDATION IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. TO FINISH I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY MENTOR AND COLLABORATORS FOR ALL THEIR HELP ON THESE PROJECTS. THIS WHO, IS GREAT AND WOULDN'T HAVE HAPPENED WITHOUT THEIR GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT. ALSO LIKE THE THANK MY FUNDING SOURCES AND THE AAMC. I HAVE PART OF THIS PROGRAM FOR JUST A LITTLE WHILE AND I TRULY HAVE -- THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU, DR. BROWN. MY NAME IS ANDREW KEKUPA'A KNUTSON POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW. JOURNAL MEDICINE AND RALPH SCHWARZ'S LAB. WE STUDIED FACTORS AN MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN IN IF MAMMALIAN HEART, I'M PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN WHAT HAPPENS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE THE CHROMATIN LEVEL DURING HYPOXIC RESPONSE. SYSTEMIC HEART DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MOLECULAR CHANGES INCLUDING MODELING FIE VOICE AND SCAR FOEMATION AND LOCALIZED REGIONS OF HYPOXIA. THE HYPOXIC RESPONSE IS MAINLY REGULATED THROUGH FIT ACCESS HYPOXIA INDUCED -- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS GET DEGRADED UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS LOW OXYGEN CONDITIONS, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE STABILIZED AND TARGET GENES IMPORTANT FOR ANGIOGENESIS, GLYCOLYSIS AND SOME CELLS PLURIPOTENT SHY, ALL THE DATA SUPPORTING IT BUT THE SWART LAB CREATED A TRANSGENIC MOUSE THAT HARBORS OXYGEN STABLE HIV-1 PROTEIN. SUBSEQUENTLY FOUND THAT A CHROMATIN FACTOR INHIBIT IT IS ACTIVITY OF THIS H,F TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. WHAT IS ROCK 7? A CHROMATIN FACTOR WITH Ph.D. PWP DOMAINS ABLE THE RECOGNIZE ACETYLATED HISTONE TAILS BUT IT DOESN'T HAVE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND RECRUITS CHROMATIN TO SPECIFIC LOCI THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. SO ONE OF MY QUESTIONS FOR MY POST DOC WAS WELL HOW DOES ROCK 7 REGULATE OXYGEN IN THE HEART AND ONE IDEA IS THAT BASED ON PREVIOUS RESEARCH OF THIS CHROMATIN FACTOR WE THOUGHT MAYBE IT WAS RECRUITED TO ENHANCE ELEMENTS TO AFFECT THE HYPOXIC RESPONSE. SO ONE OF MY PROJECTS WAS TO ASK WHAT HAPPENS IF WE REMOVE RAC 7 FROM THE HEART? I CREATED A CONDITIONAL KNOCK OUT MOUSE, THAT REMOVES RAC 7 FROM CARD YES MYOCYTES, USING RA RAC 7 PHLOX ALLELE? MICE ARE BORN AT RATIOS MENDELIAN RATIOS BUT FOUND WHEN I STARTED TO DIE BETWEEN ONE AND SIX MONTHS AND MICE WOULD OFTEN DEVELOP AN ENLARGED EFFORT COMPARED TO PATROL AND THIS PROGRESSED OVER TIME AND IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN CARDIAC FUNCTION. IF I ISOLATED CARDIO MYOCYTESES FROM THESE CONTROLS AND KNOCK OUT ANIMALS, FROM THESE EXPRESS NORMAL MARKERS BUT ALSO ECTOPICALLY EXPRESS PROTEINS AN RNAs NORMALLY FOUND IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LIKE FNI 2 SKELETAL TROPONIN AND ALSO TOE ANYONE FOUND AT SKELETAL LEVEL. CAN SEE IN PROTEIN LEVEL TO TROPONIN DEGRATE INTO THE CARDIO MYOCYTES AND AFFECTS CARDIO MYOCYTE CONTRACT UNTILTY. WHAT WE THINK IS OUR MODEL NOW IS RAC 7 RECRUITING THE NUCLEOSOME MODELING AT DEACETYLASE COMPLEX TO THERE BY INHIBIT SKELETAL MUSCLE GENE MS. THE HEART. WE THINK THIS BECAUSE WE ARE MOVING CERTAIN FACTORS FROM -- LIKE THE -- IN THE NERD COMPLEX ALSO PLEADS LEEDS TO SIMILAR PHENOTYPE OF DISTINCT PHENOTYPE TO THIS ECTOPIC SKELETAL MUSCLE EXPRESSION. BUT IT DOESN'T ADDRESS HOW RAC 7 IS REGULATING RESPONSE. I HAVE PUT THESE CARDIO MYOCYTES UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS AND RESPONSE. SO MY K-9 9 R 00 PHASE I WANT TO EXTEND INTO IDENTIFYING SEX AND AGE RELATED MECHANISMS, OF CARDIO MYOCYTE STRESS RESPONSE. I TOLD YOU RAC 7 IS HONE TO INTERACT WITH THE NERD COMPLEX BUT ALSO IN OTHER CELL TYPES PARTICULARLY CANCER CELL TYPES, SHOWN TO INTERACT AND ENHANCE EZH 2 AS WELL AS SEX LINKED DEMETHYLASE CALLED KDN 5D, 5C IS ON X CHROMOSOME, KDMD IS ON THE Y CHROMOSOME SO PART OF MY K99 IS TO ASK IN CARDIO MYOSITES DOES IT INTERACT WITH DEMETHYLASE AND IS THERE A SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN IN CARD YES MYOCYTES AND I HOPE -- CARDIO MYOCYTES AND THEN I HOPE TO BRANCH OUT TO THE NUCLEAR LAMINA FIELD TO ASK DOES LOW OXYGEN EFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF 3-D DIMENSIONAL ARCHITECTURE WITHIN THE NUCLEUS. IN THE LAST MINUTE I WANT TO -- I LOVE WHERE I COME FROM, I LOVE MY HOME AND PEOPLE AND MY CULTURE. AND I'M ALWAYS LOOKING FOR WAYS TO GIVE BACK TO PEOPLE WHO GIVE ME A LOOT SO DIVERSITY AND OUTREACH IS ROOTED IN THE SAYING THAT HANDS TURN DOWNWARD AND HAWAII USE THIS AS IF YOU PUT YOUR HANDS TO THE GROUND AND WORK LAND YOU CAN EAT. BUT ANOTHER INTERPRETATION IS THAT YOU LEARN BEST BY DOING. THAT IS MOST APPARENT IN SCIENCE. WHAT I'M -- I AM BEST IN THE LACK DOING THINGS. SO I HOPE TO TAKE INTO EMERGENCE THE BEGINNINGS OF SERIES OF WORKSHOPS THAT TEACHES GENETIC CONCEPTS LIKE INHERITANCE AND DOMINANT RHESUSSIVE TRAITS AND INTEGRATED THAT WITH A LITTLE HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE AND CONCEPTS. WITH THAT THANKS TO MY LAB ESPECIALLY RALPH AS WELL AS ALL THE RESOURCES HERE AND PEOPLE HERE AND MY FUNDING SOURCES. THANK YOU. >> GOOD AFTERNOON. THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. MUTTSON FOKNUTSONFOR THAT INCREDIBLE TALK. I'M A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW IN BOSTON. THE BACKGROUND IMAGE IN THIS SLIDE IS AN IMAGE OF THE SKIN. THE LARGEST ORGAN MANY THE LIVING WORLD. INCREDIBLY HETERO GENIUS AND COMPLEX WHY I USE AS A MODEL SYSTEM TO UNDERSTAND HOW COMPLEX TISSUE STRUCTURES CAN ORCHESTRATE HEALING. MENTION SLIDE PLEASE. SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I REALIZED IS THE LACK OF TOOLS AVAILABLE TO STUDY PROCESS OF REGENERATION. SO THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS I HAVE SPENT EFFORT AND TIME BUILDING NEW MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES THAT INVOLVE SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ORGANOID CULTURES OF THE SKIN AS WELL AS IN VIVO MODELS TO PERFORM SYSTEMS LEVEL ENGINEERING IN STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION. ONE OF THE QUESTIONS I HAD WHEN I LAUNCHED INTO STUDY CAN WE HARNESS THE PROCESS OF HEALING OUTSIDE OF THE LIVING SYSTEM CAREFULLY STUDY DITHAT PROCESS BUT ALSO BE ABLE TO PERFORM HIGH THROUGH PUT STUDIES AT A SCALE OTHERWISE INFEASIBLE IN ANIMAL HOSTS SO I DEVELOPED THIS PLASTICITY ASSAY, A STRATEGY USED TO PROGRAM CELLS IN CULTURE. THE WAY THIS WORKS IS SKIN BIOPSIES OBTAIN FROM A DEPICTION OR INDIVIDUAL, AND CELLS EXTRACTED IN CELLS EXTRACTED FROM THE BIOPSY, IN CULTIVATED IN 3-D ENVIRONMENT SO THESE CELLS ARE MAINTAINED SUSPENSION. OVER TIME THESE CELLS SELF-AGGREGATE TO EPIDERMAL SPHERES YOU CAN SEE IN THE GREEN. YOU CAN TRANSFER THESE SPEARS FROM THE 3-D ENVIRONMENT BACK TO 2D. BY MANIPULATING CELLS IN THIS MICROENVIRONMENT IT WILL RECREATE OR RECAPITULATE A LOT OF PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN. WHEN WE TRANSPER FROM 3-D TO 2B BACK TO 3-D ENVIRONMENT SKIN CONFIRMATIONS ARISE WITH TOP LAYERS APPEARING QUANTIFIED AND THE BOTTOM LAYERS APPEARING BASAL IN APPEARANCE. WE CAN ALSO USE FLUORESCENCE TRACKING THAT PROPAGATE TO FOLLOW PROGENIES IN CULTURE. YOU CAN SEE HERE SINGLE CELL IS ABLE TO GENERATE A FULL COLONY OF SKIN CELLS THAT STAINS POSITIVE FOR EPIDERMAL STEM CELL MARKERS. SO NOW THAT WE CAN MODEL HEALENING A DISH WE WANT TO CAREFULLY STUDY THE COLONY ORCHESTRATION OF THIS PROCESS. WHAT YOU SEE HERE IN PURPLE IS A SINGLE SKINOID ATTACHED TO A PLASTIC DISH AND YOU CAN SEE PROPAGATION OF CELLS IN A PERIMETER OF THE SKINOIDS AND COLONIES THROUGHOUT THE DISH. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. ONCE WE HAVE PHENOTYPIC PHYSIOLOGY OF CULTURE AND PROCESS OF HEALING WE WANTED TO ASK WHOA TRANSCRIPTOMICLY WHAT ARE THE GENE PROGRAMS THAT MITIGATE THIS PROCESS -- MEDIATE THIS PRO? SO WE LOOK AT AUTOLOGOUS TISSUE, CELLS FROM THE SAME INDIVIDUAL, EXCEPT CELLS TRAINED IN 2D ENVIRONMENT AND OTHERS THROUGH THE 3-D TO 2D SWITCH. WE FOUND STRIKING CHANGES WHEN THIS IS TAKING PLACE AT THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC LEVEL. ONE THINGS WE OBSERVED WAS CLASSICAL GENES INVOLVED IN SKIN MAINTENANCE SUCH AS KERATIN 14 P 63 EGF RECEPTOR BUT STRIKINGLY WE SAW ENRICHMENT OF QUANTIFIED ANIMAL PROTEINS GENES EXCLUSIVELY PRESENT IN MATURE SKIN. GENE ONTOLOGY ANALYSIS SHOW THE GENE PROGRAMS MIMICKED WHAT WE SUSPECTED WAS HAPPENING THE WHOLE TIME SO YOU HAVE FORMATION OF THE SKIN AS STANDARD PROGRAM TAKING PLACE, BUT ECHO DETERMINE COMMITMENT WE CULTIVATE CELLS IN SUSPENSION THEY ARE DEDIFFERENTIATED TO BASAL STATE THEN TRANSFERRED BACK TO DISH IT ACTIVATES PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY CAPACITY. FROM THE WE CAN SPATIAL TEMPORALLY MODEL WOUND HEALING OUTSIDE THE HOST. WE HAVE BEEN TESTING HUMAN CONDITIONS, MODEL PSORIASIS, ALSO LOOK AT THINGS MECHANICAL STRESS WOUND HEALING AND REGENERATION SO THE HIGH THROUGH PUT PLATFORMS ENABLE STUDIES THAT PREVIOUSLY WERE NOT ABLE TO PERFORM IN ANIMAL MODEL. LASTLY I THINK I WILL END BY THANKING TREMENDOUS SUPPORT RECEIVED OVER THE YEARS, INCREDIBLE MENTORSHIP 2021 IS 10TH YEAR NIGMS SUPPORT RECEIVED INTO THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE THROUGH THE NIH PROGRAM NIGMS PREP PROGRAM UNDERGRAD AND TODAY OF COURSE AS A MOSAIC FELLOW I AM ABLE TO HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO MENTOR STUDENTS OF MY OWN AND TRAINEES HERE ON THE SLIDE ARE TRAINEES THAT CAME TO ME, I HAVE TRAINED THROUGH PROGRAMS LIKE PREP AND MOST RECENTLY THE NCI UMBRELLA PROGRAM. AND CURRENTLY HERE AT HARVARD I'M ALSO PART OF LAUNCHING THE FIRST BLACK ASSOCIATION HERE ON CAMPUS AND HAPPY TO REPORT HERE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT WE WERE SUCCESSFUL ALONG WITH OTHERS AT INCORPORATING DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION EFFORTS AS PARTS OF THE TENURE PROCESS AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. THANK YOU. >> >> THANK YOU FOR THAT AMAZE TALK. MY NAME IS ELIAS PICAZO, R 00 FUNDED BY NIGMS AND I WILL TALK ABOUT BETA GLYCOSYLATION REACTIONS BUT BEFORE I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE MYSELF AND SAY THANK YOU. NEXT SLIDE. SO I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN CALIFORNIA, I WEPT TO UC SANTA BARBARA UNDERGRAD, GRAD SCHOOL Ph.D. AT CHEMISTRY AND POO NOW POST DOC AT HARVARD WORKING WITH PROFESSOR ERIC JACOBSON. I'M EXCITED TO SHARE THAT I HAVE ACCEPTED ASSISTANCE PROFESSORSHIP AT USC AND EXCITED TO CONTINUE WORKING ON SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS WE WILL TALK ABOUT IN A SECOND. BUT THANK YOU BECAUSE THE NIH HAS PLAYED A LARGE ROLE IN MY DEVELOPMENT AS A SCIENTIST F 31 AS GRAD STUDENT UCLA AND NOW MOSAIC K99 R 00, THANK YOU NIH AND Y'ALL FOR TAKING THE TIME TODAY. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO AS I SAID IN THE INTRODUCTION I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT GLYCOSYLATION REACTION AND FIRST INTRODUCE GLYCOSYLATION. I THINK THE PREVIOUS TALKS ALSO DID A REALLY AWESOME JOB SHOWING IMPORTANCE OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN BIOMEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH BUT IN ADDITION DAY TO DAY LIFE FOODS DIET AND HEALTH MEDICATIONS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS OFTEN HAVE THESE UNITS SACCHARIDE UNITS, IT IS AN ANTIBIOTIC AND YOU CAN YOU CAN SEE THE SUGAR UNITS ON BOTTOM PORTION OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. ONE THINGS THAT WE HAVEN'T TALKED ABOUT, HOW THESE UNITS ARE MADE. HIGHLY OXYGENATED AND CONGESTED. NOT JUST STRUCTURE BUT MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS VAIL TO BELIEVE THE COMPOUNDS MAKES THE SYNTHESIS CHALLENGING SO THE SN 1 AND 2 REACTION PATHWAYS ARE AVAILABLE IN ONE PATHWAY YOU HAVE ACTIVATING STEP WHERE YOU FORM AN OXY CAR BOON YUM AND BETA GLYCOSIDES DEPENDING ON REACTION CONDITIONS AND MAKING THE UNITS SELECTIVELY IS A CHALLENGE. ONE WAY TO CIRCUMVENT IS USING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE. IN RED YOU HAVE THE C 2 FUNCTIONALITY DIRECT NUCLEOPHILIC HIGHLIGHTED IN THAT ROW SN 2 PAT PATHWAYS ARE STEREO SPECIFIC AND INVERTED SO YOU END UP WITH BETA GLYCOSIDE AND VICE VERSA, HAVING A CLEAN STARTING MATERIAL IS VERY IMPORTANT WHAT MY GROUP HAS BEEN DOING IS DEVELOPING A GENERAL SET OF REACTION CONDITIONS, A GENERAL PLATFORM FOR GLYCOSYLATION. SO STARTING FROM DONORS WHETHER CHLORIDE OR PHOSPHATE IN PRESENCE OF ACCEPTOR AND ONE OF THESE CATALYSTS REACTIVATE ACCEPTOR AND DONOR TO ONS GO STEREO SPECIFIC GLYCOSYLATION TO ARRIVE AT BETA DESIRED PRODUCTS. SINCE DEVELOPING THE PHOSPHATE REACTION WHICH BINDS VERY STRONGLY WITH HBD ORGANIZE KNOW CATALYST, ORGANIZE KNOW CATALYSIS WAS AWARDED THE NOBEL PRIZE, THIS IS A SUBSET OF THAT FIELD, WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DEVELOP A NUMBER OF IMPRESSIVE REACTIONS SYNTHESIS OF 1, 2, SI LINKAGES AND SITE SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS WHICH ARE CHALLENGING BECAUSE OF STERICS OR OTHER STRATEGIES USED TO SYNTHESIZE COMPOUNDS. THE BOTTOM RIGHT SITE SELECTED CHEMISTRY DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THREE ALCOHOLS IS HIGH SELECTIVITY. ONE SLIDE ONE CLASS IS MISSING AND THIS IS THE 2DOXI GLYCOSIDE WHERE IS YOU DON'T HAVE FUNCTIONALITY AT CARBON 2, YOU CAN'T USE ASSISTANCE AND THIS IS BECOMING A GENERAL PLATFORM AND I THINK BEING ABLE TO UNDERGO TRANSFORMATION WITH 2DOXI GLYCOSIDES WOULD BE POWERFUL. IN THE NEXT TWO SLIDES I'M GOING TO HIGHLIGHT WHAT WING DOING. WE ARE ABLE TO ACTIVATE STARTING MATERIAL WITH PHOSPHATE AND PRESENCE OF ACCEPTOR AND CATALYST ARRIVE AT DESIRED PRODUCT FOR THE SECOND ENTRY, WITH A ONE TO FIVE ALFA BETA RATIO, WHICH IS BETA SELECTIVE, NOT HIGHLY SELECTIVE BUT IT IS BETA SELECTIVE. THE PROBLEM IS THAT WE KNOW THAT PHOSPHATE INHIBITS THE CATALYST BECAUSE IT BINDS THE CATALYST OR CATALYST BINDS PHOSPHATE SO WONDERING CAN WE RUN THIS REACTION, TO QUESTION THE PHOSPHATE AND ALLOW TO UNDERGO TRANSFORMATION OR PROMOTE TRANSFORMATION WITH HIGHER SELECTIVITY. IF U YOU DON'T HAVE PHOSPHATE YOU DON'T ACTIVATE THE GLYCAN. SO WEAPON TAKING A NUMBER APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES. AND THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS. WE HAVE USED SYNTHESIZE NUMBER OF PHOSPHATES, CHLORIDES AND ALL THESE BROUGHT THEIR HONE PROBLEMS WHETHER NOT STABLE OR IF THEY WERE ONLY REACTIVE TO PRIMARY ACCEPTORS OR WHEN THEY WEREN'T THE CASE ON THE TOP RIGHT WHEN THEY WERE REACTIVE WITH SECONDARY RECEPTORS THEY WERE ALFA SELECTIVE SO NOT THE DESIRED COMPOUND. RECENTLY WE STARTED EXPLORING THE DISARMED PHOSPHATE SO YOU HAVE ELECTRON DRAWING GROUPS ON THE BACK OF GLYCOSYL DONOR AND PROVIDES ENOUGH STABLE TO BE ISOLATED. THIS IS ARE WHERE THE PROJECT IS NOW. WE ARE BETA SELECTED, SEEING CATALYST EFFECTS AND ABLE PURIFY AND ISOLATE DONORS WITH A VERY CHALLENGING SECONDARY ACCEPTORS WHERE AT VERY EXCITING POINT WE WANT TO STUDY A NUMBER OF CATALYSTS TO SEE HOW THE STRUCTURE OF CATALYST AFFECTS THE TRANSFORMATION OF COURSE EXPLORE THE SCOPE OF DIFFERENT ACCEPTORS TO FORM DISACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES. SO THIS IS MY LAST SLIDE. I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU GIN TO THE NIH -- AGAIN TO THE NIH YOU FOR LISTENING AND IN TERMS OF OUTREACH, SO I GREW UP IN MEXICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY, I CONTINUE TO RETURN TO MY COMMUNITY AND SHARE HOW AWESOME TO BE A SCIENTIST HOW FUN AND EXPOSE THE STUDENTS TO CAREER PATHS THAT I WASN'T EXPOSED TO THAT I WASN'T AWARE OF IN HOPES OF DIVERSIFYING SCIENCE. WITH THAT I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE SESSION. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> THANK YOU, DR. PICAZO FOR THAT EXCELLENT TALK. MARCO, POST-DOCTORAL AT UC BERKELEY, AND MOSAIC SCHOLAR THROUGH THE NIGMS. SO WE ARE INTERESTED IN IS IN CREATING SMALL MOLECULES PROBES TO HELP US STUDY REACTIVE OX GENERAL SPECIES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. THIS IS MY TRAJECTORY, ABRIDGED TRAJECTORY TO THE MOSAIC PROGRAM. I STARTED OUT MOSTLY AS A CHILD, PLAYING SOCCER AND AS AN UNDERGRADUATE IN COLLEGE PLAYING COLLEGIATE LEVEL SOCCER AS WELL SO MALLLY I WANTED TO BECOME A SOCCER COACH, I STILL DO KIND OF. BUT THAT CHANGED SO TEXAS A AND M, CORPUS CHRISTI, A PRIMARILY HISPANIC SERVING INSTITUTION, I CROSSED PATHS WITH A ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PROFESSOR, HE MENTORED ME INTO HIS LACK AND I GOT INVOLVED TO IN LOUIS STOKES ALLIANCE FOR MINORITY PARTICIPATION. THAT LET ME TO UCLA WHERE I WAS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE BRIDGE TO DOCTOR PROGRAM AS WELL AS THE PRFP IN CALIFORNIA ALLIANCE AND I WAS A JOINT Ph.D. STUDENTS WITH HEATHER MAYNARD AND GOT MY Ph.D. IN ORGANIZE I CHEMISTRY, NOW AT BERKELEY AS PRESIDENT FELLOW AND NOW MOSAIC SCHOLAR SO THIS IS MY FIRST MY INTRODUCTION TO THE NIH. I APPRECIATE IT. THANK YOU. SO OUR GROUP IS INTERESTED IN THIS DICHOTOMY PRESENTED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT HAVE HISTORICALLY VIEWED AS DETRIMENTAL TO OUR HEALTH BUT NOW KNOW WHEN THEY ARE PRODUCED IN A CONTROLLED MANNER AND REGULATED APPROPRIATELY, THEY SERVE IMPORTANT ROLES IN CELLULAR SIGNALING SO WE LIKE TO DRAW ANALOGY IN THE LAB TO FIRE BECAUSE FIRE IS EXTREMELY DESTRUCTIVE FORCE THAT IF YOU CONTROL WELL IT SERVES IN VITAL FUNCTION, HEATING COOKING, CONTROLLED BURNS, THINGS LIKE THIS. SO ROF ARE FROM OXYGEN, MITOCHONDRIA IS A BIG PRODUCER OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THROUGH RESPIRATION PROCESS. THESE ARE SHORT LIVED THEY CAN INTERCONVERT AND WHEN THEY ARE MISREGULATED, THEY CAN CAUSE OXIDATIVE DAMAGE WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO MANY PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS CANCER NEURODEGENERATION AND VARIOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS SO WE ARE INTERESTED IN STUDYING THE BENEFICIAL PURPOSES OF ROS AS WELL, THERE EXISTS MANY, MANY DEDICATED ENZYMES SUCH AS NADPH OXIDASE WHICH PRODUCE ROS IN LOCALIZED ENVIRONMENTS OUR GROUP ADDRESSED THE CHALLENGE OF HOW WE SELECTIVELY MONITOR JUST ONE ROS IN A POOL OF R OBJECTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS? NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO THROUGH THE YEARS OUR GROUP DEVELOPED A VARIETY OF SMALL MOLECULE PROBES WHICH MAKE USE OF FUND MEMBER TALL REACTIVITY. SO ON THE TOP YOU CAN SEE ONE OF OUR TRADITIONAL GUYS WHICH BECOMES MPH, USES AN ARROW BEEP ANDESTER. WHICH SELECTIVELY REACTS WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TO BECOME UNCAGED AND PRODUCE A FLUORESCE SEASON READ OUT. HOWEVER, THE PROBLEM WITH TRADITIONAL DYES IS THEY ARE NOT TRAPPED INTRACELLULARLY, THEY DIFFUSE AROUND THE CELL AND OUT SO THAT LIMITS OUR SPATIAL RESOLUTION AS WELL AS LIMIT THE LIFETIME THAT WE CAN IMAGE. SO I HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DEVELOP SMALL MOLECULE DYES SO BOTTOM LEFT YOU CAN SEE STRATEGY WE CALL A TANDEM BASED SENSE AND LABELING STRATEGY WHICH BECOMES UNCAGED THROUGH SELECTIVE REACTION. AFTER ELIMINATION IT GENERATES A HIGHLY REACTIVE ORTHO QUINONE ME THIONEINE INTERMEDIATE WHICH SURROUNDS INTRACELLULAR NUCLEOFILES AND BECOME TRAPPED SO THIS CAN GET US A LOT OF INFORMATION A LOT OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION, IN TERMS OF LOCALIZED HYDROGEN PROBING SITE IMAGES AND FLUXES SO WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO USE THIS STRATEGY TO VISUALIZE TRANSCELLULAR COMMUNICATION FROM TWO CELL TYPES SO THE BOTTOM CITATION YOU CAN READ MORE ABOUT THIS, WE WERE ABLE TO VISUALIZE TRANSCELLULAR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SIGNALLENING THE MICROBIAL NEURON CO-CULTURE MODEL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO WHAT I HOPE TO DO IN MY INDEPENDENT CAREER IS BRIDGE THIS IDEA OF ACTIVITY BASED SENSING WITH MY PRIOR TRAINING, Ph.D. TRAINING AND POLYMER CHEMISTRY TO DEVELOP MATERIALS INTRACELLULAR SO THE IDEA WOULD BE TO INSTEAD OF HAVE A SMALL MOLECULE DYE THAT ASPS TO PROTEIN, A SMALL MOLECULE POLYMER INITIATOR THAT ATTACHES TO PROTEIN INTRACELLULARLY AND WE CAN POLYMERIZE THE GENERATE A FLUORESCENCE SIGNAL A AMPLIFIED BY SIZE OF POLYMER WE GENERATE. SO REALLY THE THEME OF MY OUTREACH ACTIVITIES THROUGH THE YEARS HAS BEEN QUITE SIMPLE, LEFT WHILE YOU CLIMB. SO MOST HAVE BENEFITED FROM MENTORS THAT REALLY LOOKED AFTER US AND SO I HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN MANY TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS, TO INCREASE DIVERSITY IN THE SCIENCE SUCH AS THE ORGANIZATION FOR CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE AT UCLA AND NOW PART OF THE SCIENTIFIC LATINO MENTORSHIP INITIATIVE WHERE I CAN MEET ONE ON ONE WITH STUDENTS LOOKING TO APPLY FOR PROGRAMS SO LOOK FORWARD THE CARRYING INITIATIVES INTO MY INDEPENDENT CAREER. THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU FOR A GREAT TALK. MY NAME IS JUNIOR GONZALES, Ph.D. FROM CITY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK. CURRENTLY POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW. AND BEFORE I START MY TALK I WANTED TO REMEMBER FOUR THINGS. TWO HUMAN ADDICTIONS ONE SUBSTANCE. SO MY RESEARCH IS GOING TO ADDRESS TWO MEDICAL SECTIONS. ONE METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER AND THE OTHER CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED (INAUDIBLE). PROSTATE CANCER IS THE MOST COMMON CANCER IN MALES IN 2021, 33,000 MALES ARE GOING TO DIE FROM PROSTATE CANCER AND 200,000 WILL BE DIAGNOSED. METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER HAS 5% FIVE YEARS RATE OF SURVIVAL. IT'S PRETTY BAD. YOU BEING TREAT WITH CANCER AND NOW YOU HAVE TO L GO AGAIN AND THAT'S GOING TO BE ONE OF MY RESEARCH AREAS. THE OTHER ONE IS CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. THE IDEA HERE IS THAT WHEN PEOPLE RECEIVE CHEMOTHERAPY, WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT THERE IS A SECONDARY AFFECT OF PAIN MANY THEIR SHOULDERS, IN THEIR FEET, IN THEIR -- EVERYWHERE. THEN YOU HAVE RECEIVED CHEMOTHERAPY, YOU HAVE DEVASTATING DISEASE AND THEN CONTINUE. MY HOPE IS TO ADDRESS THESE TWO MEDICAL AFFLICTIONS. NEXT PLEASE. SO HOW AM I GOING TO DO THAT? DID YOU KNOW THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE THAT ARE IMMUNE TO PAIN? IN PAKISTAN THERE IS -- THERE ARE COUPLE OF FAMILIES THAT THEIR MEMBERS ARE IMMUNE TO PAIN. SO THE TWO MEDICAL AFFLICTIONS THAT I'M GOING TO STUDY INVOLVE SODIUM CHANNEL NAV 1.7. I WANT TO TELL YOU THREE THINGS ABOUT THIS CHANNEL. THIS CHANNEL EXPRESS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. SECOND THE CHANNEL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOSS AND GAIN OF PAIN SENSATION IN HUMANS AND OF COURSE BECAUSE THIS ATTRIBUTES THE CHANNEL IS NOW NEW TARGET FOR (INAUDIBLE). NOW TALK ABOUT THE THIRD THING. THE FOURTH THING WHICH IS SUBSTANCE. I'M VERY EXCITED TO WORK, VERY EXCITED TO WORK IN THIS PROJECT BECAUSE MYSELF WORKING IN A SUBSTANCE THAT COMES FROM WHERE I'M FROM. THE IDEA OF RATIONALE DESPITE ABLE TO PARALYZE THE SPRAY, THEN VENOM MUST HAVE A SUBSTANCE THAT HAVE ACCESS TO THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BETWEEN THOSE SUBSTANCES THERE MUST BE ONE THAT HAS ACCESS TO NERVES. MY RESEARCH HOPES TO BORROW THE MOLECULAR AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND OF COURSE THE EVOLUTIONARY PROPERTIES OF THESE SPIDERS. SEW I'M JUST A CAVEAT ABOUT THIS IS THAT SPIDERS EXISTED 100,000 YEARS BEFORE THAN DINOSAURS SO THESE ARE VERY OLD. VERY OLD MOLECULES. NOW THE QUESTION IS HOW AM I GOING TO INCORPORATE EVERYTHING? THAT YOU JUST HEARD IN MY RESEARCH. FOR THE FIRST PROJECT THE IDEA IS THAT WHEN PROSTATE CANCER, WHEN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS ARE GOING TO START GROWING AND EXPANDING, THERE WILL BE A CHANGE ON THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL THAT EXPRESSES HIGHER SODIUM CHANNEL. I WANT TO CAPTURE THAT MOMENT WHERE THAT IS HAPPENING SO THAT I CAN HAVE ACCESS TO THE MOMENT WHERE TUMOR IS GOING TO START GROWING. RATIONALE IN THIS PROJECT. WHAT I'M GOING TO DO IS BASICALLY ISOLATE THE PEPTIDE AND WILL MAKE IT FLUORESCENT OR RADIO ACTIVELY AND THEN I'M GOING TO MOUSE MODEL AND PUT PROSTATE CANCER TUMORS INJECTION AND SEE HOW LONG THE FLUORESCENT PEPTIDE AQUME RATES IN THE TUMOR SO THAT I CAN PROVE THAT I CAN HAVE ACCESS TO PROSTATE CANCER TUMORS AND BASED ON THAT THE NEXT STEP WOULD BE TO ACTUALLY HAVE A XENOGRAPH IN ANIMAL WHERE I GROW TUMOR IN PROSTATE AND CASTRATE THE ANIMAL AND THEN BASICALLY SHOW THAT I CAN HAVE ACCESS TO SODIUM CHANNEL NAV 1.7 DOING FLUORESCE SEASON IMAGING. SO HOW AM I GOING TO ADDRESS THE OTHER HUMAN AFFLICTION NEUROPATHY. AS YOU HAVE HEARD, 80% OF PEOPLE THAT UNDERGO CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLAIN TO THEIR DOCTORS THAT THEY CANNOT WORK, THEIR EMOTIONS ARE TWISTED, THEY HAVE A LOT OF PAINS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THEIR BODIES. IF YOU SEE THE GRAPH IN THE MIDDLE SO YOU SEE EXPRESSION OF NAV 1.7 THE TOP ONE IS NAV 1.7 IN HUMAN WHO DIED NORMALLY. CHEMOTHERAPY. THE BOTTOM ONE IT IS A SLIDE OF A PERSON WHO DIED FROM -- WHO DIED BUT HAD CHEMOTHERAPY. SO THEN THERE IS A CLEARLY A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THOSE -- THESE TWO SAMPLES WHERE SHOWS THOSE PEOPLE WHO UNDERGO HEMOTHERAPY EXPRESS HIGHER NAV 1.7. MY RESEARCH WANTS TO IMAGE THE PATIENTS AND BECAUSE THERE IS DIFFERENCE IN EXPRESSION IN NAV 1.7 WE CAN DIFFERENTIATE AND TELL WITH CERTAINTY THAT THESE PEOPLE ARE ACTUALLY HAVING PAIN. BASICALLY THE IDEA WOULD BE THE SAME, TAKE SPIDER PEPTIDE WITH ACCESS O THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MAKE FLUORESCENT AND THEN IN THIS CASE I WILL USE A MOUSE BUT THEN EXPOSE THE NERVES INSTEAD OF DOING TUMORS. AND THE IDEA FOR THIS RESEARCH IS THAT IN THE FUTURE WHEN YOU GO TO HOSPITAL, IF YOU SAY OH, I HAVE PAIN, WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO TELL WHICH PERSON HAS PAIN OR NOT. NEXT PLEASE I'M BASICALLY, MY IDEA HERE IS THAT MY RESEARCH WILL BE -- WILL TAKE PEPTIDE MAKE IT FLUORESCENT AND WE WILL SEE IF THE PEPTIDE AQUME RATES OR NOT. -- ACCUMULATES OR NOT. BASICALLY MY OUTREACH WOULD BE TO TEACH THE IMPROVE OR SOUTH AMERICA THEY HAVE PHYSIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT COULD BE USED AND COULD HELP UP PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD. THANK YOU. >> MY NAME IS CHARISSE WINSTON. I WILL TALK ABOUT BLOOD BASED EXSOMES AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THIS IS UNDER MY MENTOR AT UC SAN DIEGO. THE CDC IN 2019 ESTIMATES APPROXIMATELY 6 MILLION AMERICANS OF ALL AGE ARE LIVING WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. BY YEAR 2050 THAT NUMBER IS EXPECTED TO DOUBLE CLOSE TO 14 MILLION. NEEDLESS TO SAY HE IS DATA SUGGEST THAT THE 80 PREVALENT IN AMERICA IS A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN. DESPITE THE CONCERN CURRENT PROCEDURES ARE INVASIVE, TIME CONSUMING AND EXPENSIVE. THE CONSEQUENT NEED TO IDENTIFY ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AT EARLY AND MORE TREATABLE TIME POINTS HAS FUELED RESEARCH INTO BLOOD BASED BIOMARKERS. AND THAT IS ESSENTIALLY WORK THAT I HAVE BEEN FOCUS ON FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EXSOMES. EXSOMES ARE SMALL NANOSIZE MICROVESICALS THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE SECRETED FROM A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES INCLUDING NEURONS AS WELL AS GLIAL CELLS. THE FUNCTION OF THESE MICROVESICALS IS NOT REAL UNDERSTOOD HOWEVER WE DO KNOW THEY ARE ABLE TO CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND THE CARGO THAT THESE EXOSOMES CONTAIN ARE THOUGHT TO HOLD GREAT PROMISE AS NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. WE HAVE SUCCESSFULLY ICE LAYED SUB POPULATIONS OF NEURON OLE AND GLIAL DERIVED EXOSOMES AND WE HYPOTHESIZE THE EXOSOME CARGO INCLUDES 80 RELATED PROTEINS AMYLOID BETA AS WELL AS TAU CAN DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT CLINICAL PATIENT COHORT WHICH SPAN THE DISEASE CONTINUUM FROM COGNITIVELY NORMAL CONTROLS TO MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT PATIENTS, AS WELL AS ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATIENTS. HERE ON THE SCREEN THESE DATA WERE GENERATED FROM EXOSOME CARGO THAT WERE EXTRACTED FROM A NEURONALLY DERIVED EXOSOMES OR NDEs AND THEY WERE EXTRACTED FROM DEMENTED PATIENTS. WE WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY A SUB COHORT OF MILD COGNITIVELY IMPAIRED PATIENTS, WE HAD TWO SPECIFIC GROUPS, NCI STABLE GROUP AND THEN WE ALSO WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY A SUB COHORT OF NCI PATIENTS WHO CONVERTED TO AD PHENOTYPE WITHIN 36 MONTHS INITIAL DIAGNOSIS. THE NDE LEVELS OF AMYLOID BETA 42 AS WELL AS TWO EPITOPES OF PHOSPHOTAU CAN DIFFERENTIATE THESE PATIENT GROUPS FROM CONTROL. CD 81 IS YEAR, USED EXOSOME BY OUR OWN BIOMARKER. IN ADDITION TO OUR WORK HERE WE HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN IDENTIFY IDENTIFYING NOVEL AD BIOMARKERS SO UNBIASED PROTEOMICS OR NEURONALLY DERIVED HE CANSOMES TO IDENTIFY UNIQUE AS WELL AS SHARED PROTEINS ACROSS FOUR PATIENT GROUPS. LASTLY WE HAVE ALSO BEEN INTERESTED IN PATHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF EXOSOME CARGO, HERE WE INJECT DERIVED EXSOMES FROM DERIVED PATIENTS INTO BRAINS OF WILD TYPE MICE AS WELL AS NEUROPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OCCURRING MANY THE BRAINS OF MICE IN HOPES OF UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET PROTEINS MEDIATED BY EXOSOMES. SO WHAT ARE OUR NEXT STEPS? CURRENTLY MY WORK IS FOCUS ON EXAMINING IMPACT OF RACE ETHNICITY ON DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC ABILITY OF EXOSOMES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. AFRICAN AMERICANS HAVE HIGHEST PREVALENCE HOWEVER THEY ARE POORLY REPRESENTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND IN THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT SPECIFICALLY TARGET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN PERTAINING TO DISEASE PROGRESSION ARE NOT WELL STUDIED. SO MY GOAL WITH HELP OF MOSAIC GRANT IS REPEAT EARLIER WORK AND CHARACTERIZE EXOSOME CARGO AS DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS SPECIFICALLY FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATIENTS WITHIN PRIMARY CARE SETTINGS. THROUGH THIS WORK WE HOPE TO INCREASE TRANSLATIONAL CAPACITY OF RACE SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS AND AS WELL TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ETHNO RACIAL DISPARITIES THAT DO EXIST WITHIN ALZHEIMERY DISEASE. WE HOPE TO ERASE THE DISPARITIES THAT DO EXIST. WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO CONCLUDE MY PRESENTATION FOR TODAY. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY COLLABORATORS ANDED THE FUNDING AGENCIES, ESPECIALLY THE NIA ASCB AND MOSAIC GRANT FOR THIS WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO ESPECIALLY THANK ROBERT RISSMAN AND DR. SID O'BRYANT AND DR. VIVIAN HOOK FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE ON THIS PROJECT. THANK YOU SO MUCH. >> THAT WAS REALLY TERRIFIC. THANKS SO MUCH. I'M NOT SURE IF DR. HODES IS STILL ON THE LINE? YES, WONDERFUL. SO YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE PUSHED BACK TIME A LITTLE BIT BUT WE DON'T WANT TO CURTAIL THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE TALK WHICH IS DISCUSSION SO WE HOPE TO SHIFT THE BREAK A LITTLE BIT AND DR. HODES I WILL TURN IT TO YOU TO MEDIATE THE DISCUSSION. >> ABSOLUTELY. ALISON WE WILL DO THIS BY CHAT OR PEOPLE RAISING HANDS? WHAT'S -- >> ABSOLUTELY. PEOPLE ARE WELCOME TO PUT THINGS IN THE CHAT. I THINK THERE IS ALREADY ONE QUESTION THAT CAME UP THERE. JUNIOR GONZALES ASKED THE QUESTION AND LAURA RAISED HER HAND AS WELL. >> GREAT. >> YES. MY QUESTION WAS FOR DR. WAOPPI. I WAS WONDERING IF ABLE TO GROW NERVES BECAUSE I THINK GROWING NERVES IS KIND OF DIFFICULT. I WAS LOOKING INTO SPECIFIC SODIUM CHANNELS AND THINKING ABOUT LIKE GROWING IN NERVES AND THAT'S WHY I'M ASKING. >> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. EXCELLENT. WE HAVE NOT TRIED TO GROW NERVES IN THE LAB USING THIS CURRENT SYSTEM. THE MOST WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO TEST IS FORMATION OF THING LIKE HAIR FOLLICLES WHICH ARE STILL EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE. AND THE TALK I GAVE EARLIER THE BASE OF THE TECHNOLOGY ACTUALLY KERATINCYTES WHICH ARE A CATEGORY OF CELLS SO QUITE LIMIT MISDEMEANOR TYPE OF STRUCTURE THAT CAN FORM. SO NERVES IS NOW ONE OF THEM BUT MY LAB ACTUALLY, IS GOING TO ATTEMPT TO RECREATE A VARIETY OF STRUCTURE, INCLUDING BLOOD VESSELS, POTENTIALLY NERVE TISSUE. >> THANK YOU. >> ADD MANY OF YOU ARE PROBABLY WARE OF SOME OF THE AMAZING ADVANCES USING IPS TYPE TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF CELLS ALLOWED IN INDUCTION OF NEURONAL GLIAL MULTIPLE CELL TYPES AND EVEN MORE COMPLEX THAN THAT, THERE ARE MERGER INTO ORGANOIDS. SO EARLY STAGE MANY OF YOU BEGINNING CAREERS, THE SKY IS THE LIMIT, IMAGINE WHAT YOU LIKE IN THE LIKELIHOOD IS THAT TECHNOLOGY WILL EVOLVE TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE. >> LAURA, HAND UP? >> I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE LAST TALK. I WAS WONDERING IF EXOSOMES IF IT IS KNOWN THEY SIMULATE INFLAMMATION AND ARE THE ONES FROM THE PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S MORE IMMUNOSTIMULATORY? >> DR. WINSTON WASN'T ABLE TO JOIN MEETING SO SHE PRE-RECORDED THE TALK SO HOPEFULLY YOU CAN CONNECT OFFLINE. BUT IT IS A GREAT QUESTION AND IT GAVE ME A LOT OF THINGS TO THINK ABOUT AS WELL, THANK YOU FOR THAT. >> ELIZABETH MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE NEXT IN LIENS. GO FOR IT. >> ANOTHER QUESTION FOR DR. WAOPPI. MANY MY LAB, I DON'T DO MUCH OF IT BUT IT IS LIKE A PROSTATE ORGANOID LAB, THE DEBATE FROM 2D TO 3-D AND LINEAGE PLASTICITY SO YOUR TALK WAS REALLY INTERESTING BUT ALSO I'M SURE YOU ARE WELL AWARE, IT CAN BE CONTROVERSIAL TO SOME PEOPLE. RIGHT? SO I GUESS MY QUESTION IS, SO WHEN YOU GO FROM THE 2D TO 3-D AND 2D BACK AGAIN AND SEE ALL THESE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND PLASTICITY, HOW DOES THAT SIGNATURE COMPARE TO SAY BIOPSIED HUMAN EPITHELIAL CELLS? IS IT CLOSER? TO THE ACTUAL SOURCE? >> YES, ABSOLUTELY. IT IS -- WE FOUND THE OVERLAP -- WE DID A GENE OVERLAP STUDY WE LOOKED AT BIOPSY OF TISSUE THAT WAS NOT HUMAN TISSUE THAT WAS NOT SUBJECT TO THIS TYPE OF PLASTICITY STRESS. COMPARED TO CELLS THAT WERE. WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS TREMENDOUS OVERLAP, 80 TO 90% OF GENES MATCHED: ONE THING WE WANTED TO DO IS TO GO BEYOND JUST THE NORMAL SKID STATE IF YOU WILL BUT TRY TO SEE IF WE CAN STRESS THESE CELLS TO ACHIEVE OTHER PHENOTYPIC REPRESENTATION LIKE WOUNDING OR DEDIFFERENTIATION SO WHEN WE PICK UP THESE TYPE OF GENE PROGRAMS, COMMITMENT WE SAW THAT WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE SOME LEVELS, SOME DEGREE OF LESS DIFFERENTIATION IN THAT 3-D CONTEXT. SO YES, THAT'S TREMENDOUS OVERLAP. >> THANK YOU. GREAT. >> GREAT QUESTION, GREAT ANSWER. ANY OTHER QUESTIONS THAT WE HAVE TIME FOR? >> I HAVE A QUESTION IF IT IS OKAY. I WAS -- FOR DR. KNUTSON, GREAT TALK AND YOUR WORK ON RAC 7 IN THE HEART IS COOL. I WAS WONDERING I THINK IT IS GREAT IDEA TO GO AFTER LIKE WHAT INTERACTING WITH RAC 7 AND YOU HAVE AWESOME TARGETS BUT WONDERING IF YOU ARE DOING ANY PROFILING OF THE PROTEOME ASSOCIATED WITH RAC 7 IN DIFFERENT CONTEXT. >> SO IN DIFFERENT CONTEXT YOU MEAN LIKE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES? OR IN -- >> YEAH OR JUST LIKE IN YOUR CARDIO MYOCYTES. WHATEVER. >> SO LIKE PART OF MY PROPOSAL WAS TO DO MASS SPEC IP I CAN MASS SPEC WITH THE RAC 7 OR VERSION OF RAC 7. I WILL SAY THAT EVERYTHING THAT WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT RAC 7 IS STUDIED IN CANCER CELLS. AND IN THE CONTEXT OF PROMOTING METASTASIS. HAVING ANOTHER FUNCTION OR MAYBE IT IS NOT EVEN A STATE FUNCTION IN CARDIO MYCYTES WHICH ARE NOT REPLICATIVE. SO IT IS KIND OF THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT AVENUES IT CAN TAKE WITH THIS. THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. >> THANK YOU. >> WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE? >> THANK YOU. MY QUESTION IS FOR DR. -- I WAS WONDERING RESTRICTIONS IN VARIOUS FORMS YOU STUDY IS THOUGHT TO GO DIRECTLY BECAUSE OF THE AFFECT OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS OR THROUGH THE GUT MICROBIOME SO AFFECTING THEIR METABOLISM AND THEREFORE AFTERWARDS? >> GREAT QUESTION. SO I'M GLAD YOU ASKED THAT. ONE PROFESSOR ACTUALLY TOOK SOME OF OUR SAMPLES, AND ANALYZED GUT MICROBIOME FROM ATOMS PROTEIN RESTRICTED. IT DOES HAVE EFFECT ON BENEFICIAL MICROBIOME. THAT IS NOT MY CONCENTRATION BUT I DO KNOW IT DOES HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT. >> IT LOOKS LIKE THAT'S THE HANDS THAT ARE UP FOR NOW. AND WE HOPE THAT THE CONVERSATIONS WILL CONTINUE AND THAT YOU WILL REACH OUT TO EACH OTHER AND CONTINUE THESE IMPORTANT CONVERSATIONS AND YOUR RESEARCH. I WANT TO THANK EVERYONE WHO PRESENTED TODAY SO FAR AND DR. HODES FOR TAKING THE TIME AWAY FROM YOUR BUSY SCHEDULE TO MODERATE THIS EXCITING SESSION. WE ARE DO A QUICKER BREAK MAYBE THAN ANTICIPATED BEFORE RATHER THAN 15 MINUTES LET'S GO FOR TEN MINUTE BREAK. WE WILL PUT IT UP ON THE SCREEN. SO PEOPLE KNOW WHEN TO COME BACK. IF YOU -- MAYBE IF YOU TURN YOUR CAMERA ON WHEN YOU COME BACK WE KNOW WE HAVE A CRITICAL MASS. THANKS AGAIN TO EVERYONE FOR AN EXCITING SESSION. WE'LL SEE YOU IN A FEW MINUTES. WE WILL BE MOVING IN TO THE NEXT ROUND OF SPEAKERS. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH LEADER DR. DEBRA TUCCI, NATIONAL COMMUNICATION DEAFNESS DISORDER. SHE LEADS THE INSTITUTE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAMS AND HEARING BALANCE TASTE VOICE SMELL SPEECH AND LANGUAGE. WE ARE GRATEFUL TO DR. TUCCI FOR TAKING THE TIME FROM HER SCHEDULE TO MODERATE THE NEXT SESSION AND AS BEFORE, SHY WILL HAVE OPENING REMARKS BEFORE LAURENING TO THE SPECIFIC TALKS. DR. TUCCI. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. THANK YOU TO ALL OUR COLLEAGUES AT NIGMS FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS WOUND LFUL PROGRAM. I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE INSTITUTE PARTICULARLY EFFORTS TO INCREASE DIVERSITY OF OUR WORK FORCE AND OUR SCIENCE. SO THE NIDCD MISSION IS TO IMPROVE LIVES OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WITH HEARING LOSS AND COMMUNICATION DISORDERS AND THIS SPANS THE FUNCTION OF HAIRING BALANCE TASTE SMELL VOICE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE. WE ARE CURRENTLY INITIATING A NEW FIVE YEAR STRATEGIC PLANNING EFFORT AND WE ARE GUIDED BY THE VISION WHICH IS ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF COMMUNICATION TO IMPROVE LIVES. FOR THE NIDCD PARTICIPATE IN MANY TRANS-NIH EFFORTS, THAT FOCUS ON NIH GOALS TO INCREASE DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION AND ACCESSIBILITY, THESE INCLUDE THE SIGNATURE EFFORT CALLED UNITE THAT YOU HEARD ABOUT AS WELL AS MANY OTHER INITIATIVES. IN IN ADDITION TO THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS STRUCTURAL RACISM WITHIN NIH SUPPORTED AND GREATER SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, THE NIDCD HAS THEIR OWN WORKING GROUPS WHICH ARE NUMEROUS BUT INCLUDE WORKING GROUP ADVISORY COUNCIL AND INTERNAL NIDCD COMMITTEE ACTIVELY DEVELOPING AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TOO COVER ALL ASPECT OF OUR PROGRAMS BOTH INTERNAL TO THE NIDCD TRANS-NIH AND IN OUR EXTRAMURAL COMMUNITY. NEXT SLIDE. WE AIM TO INCREASE THE CLINICAL USE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF NIDCD SUPPORTED CLINICAL TRIALS BY CREATING REVIEWMENT STRATEGIES FOR INVOLVING UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITY PARTICIPANTS. WE HAVE PRE-AND POST DOCTORAL TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES TO SUPPORT WORK IN MORE DIVERSE SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE SO HERE ARE THE PRE-AND POST DOC PROGRAMS RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTS TO PROMOTE DIVERSITY IN HEALTH RELATED RESEARCH. I'M PARTICULARLY PLEASED IN THE CUPFUL OF MONTHS ISSUED TWO PROGRAMS UNDER THE R 25 MECHANISM THAT ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT OF COHORT PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE RESEARCH MENTORING AND TRAINING TO FURTHER ENHANCE THE DIVERSITY OF OUR WORK FORCE. THESE PROGRAMS CAN BE UTILIZED TO SUPPORT COHORT OF SCIENTISTS AT ANY CAREER STAGE. THAT IS ALL FOR MY BRIEF REMARKS. LOOK FORWARD TO THE MAIN EVENT HERE WHICH IS HEARING ALL THESE TALKS. I FIRST WANTED TO INTRODUCE DR. JOAS FINA DELL MARMOL FROM ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, THE WORK TODAY ELUCIDATING THE O NEAR SPECIFICITY OF RECEPTORS IS FUNDED BY THE NIDCD. PLEASE PROCEED. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, WONDERFUL. I AM JOSEFINA DEL MARMOL FROM ARGENTINA AND NOW POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW AT ROCKEFELLAR UNIVERSITY AND HAPPY DISCUSSING PRINCIPLES OF OLFACTION. SENSORY TRANSLATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS THAT INTERFACES ANIMALS WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND THE MOLECULAR LEVEL DONE BY ION CHANNELS AND RECEPTORS IN SENSORY CELLS AND OVER THE PAST 30 PLUS YEARS SCIENTISTS HAVE UNCOVERED THE IDENTITY OF MOST OF THESE RECEPTORS. HOWEVER, TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE WORK REQUIRES DETAILED AWE TOMMIC RESOLUTION STRUCTURAL INFORMATION WHICH IS PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN FROM -- NEXT SLIDE. SO THROUGH MUCH EFFORT IN THE PAST DECADES WE HAVE BEEN STRUCTURAL INFORMATION ON IN PROTEINS, HOWEVER NOSH WAS ABLE TELLUSES DATE OLFACTORECEPTOR FROM ANIMAL SPECIES. HOW THEY DISCRIMINATE AND TRANSDUCE MILLIONS OF MOLECULES, THAT CONFORM IS ALMOST ENTIRELY UNKNOWN. SO THIS IS NATURALLY A HUGE CAP IN WHAT ULTIMATELY MOTIVATE INVESTIGATED MY WORK SO -- MOTIVATED MY WORK SO FAR. SO I FOCUS ON INSECTS BECAUSE THEY RELY ON THE SENSE OF SMELL WAY THEY HAVE USE TO FIND FOOD. AND THIS IS TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES FOR US. ANIMALS LIKE MOSQUITOES AND -- USE SENSE OF SMELL TO IDENTIFY THE SIGNATURE ODORS HUMANS WE EMIT SO THAT THEY CAN FIND US AND FEED ON OUR BLOOD. DEADLY DISEASE THAT KILL ALMOST A MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR AND VARIOUS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPING WORLD. A LOT OF LEVELS SPECIES OF FRY FLIES ACQUIRE PREFERENCE FOR FRESH FRUIT BECAUSE OF THIS ADAPTATION THEY MANAGE THROUGH ENTIRE CROPS CAUSING MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF LOSS ANNUALLY. SO MANY MY K99 I BEGAN STUDYING A SIMPLE ANIMAL WHICH IS A HARMLESS ANIMAL BUT I IDENTIFY HAVE A VERY STABLE SET OF OLFACTORY RESTORES WHICH ALLOW ME TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS THAT WERE UNTIL NOW UNFEASIBLE. THEN AT THE END I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT MY FUTURE PLANS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO HAVING IDENTIFIED THIS VERY STABLE RECEPTOR ALSO LEVERAGING RECENT ADVANCE IN MICROSCOPY I WAS ABLE TO DETERMINE ATOMIC RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF OLFACTORY VEEP TORR WHICH PROVIDED THE FIRST STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DETECTION IN ANY SPECIES. FURTHERMORE THE RECEPTOR FOUND IT IS SENSITIVE TO MANY DIVERSE -- BUT ALSO SENSITIVE TO HEAT WHICH IS A CANONICAL YOU PROBABLY KNOW AND FOCUS OF VERY INTENSE STUDIES BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW HOW IT ACTS WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IT BINDS. AND SO I WAS ABLE TO SOLVE THE STRUCTURE OF THIS RECEPTOR COMPLEX WHICH SHEET LIGHT HOW VARIOUS DIFFERENT CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CAN BE DETECTED, WITH VERY SILENT REARRANGEMENTS OF THE HYDROPHOBIC SIDE CHAINS ON THE BINDING POCKET BUT ALSO SHOWS FOR THE FIRST TIME BINDING OF -- TO INSECT OLFACTORECEPTOR WHICH ADDS IMPORTANT PIECE TO THE PUZZLE HOW INSECTS OPERATES. NOW LOOKING AHEAD HAPPY TO SHOW THE HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL NEXT SUMMER AND IN MY GROUP I WILL TURN THE FOCUS STUFF THE OF FACTION IN INSECTSING A YOU WILL CAN CHURL PESTS AND VECTORS OF DISEASE AND I WILL COMBINE STRUCTURAL STUDIES USING CRYO,M FUNCTIONAL STUDIES USING IMAGING AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES USING WILD TYPE AND TRANSGENIC ANIMALS TO IDENTIFY WHICH OLFACTORY RECEPTORS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DETECTING THIS RELEVANT OLFACTORY QUEUES WHICH NATURALLY STUDIES WILL SHED LIGHT ON HOW COMPLEX ARE ENCODED BY OLFACTORY RECEPTORS LIKE SMELL OF HUMANS BUT WE ALSO BE CONDUCTING STRUCTURE BRACE PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENS TO PESTICIDES ORRILL REPELLANTS MODULATORS TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR OF INSECTS WITH IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND ESPECIALLY MANY THE DEVELOPING WORLD. TAKE THE LARGER TOLL. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO MY FOCUS MOSTLY ON MENTORING VOLUNTEERING AND COMMITTEE WORK MOVING A LITTLE MORE INTO REPRESENTING SUBCOMMITTEE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETIES AND I'M THRILLED TO DO THIS NOW AND HAVING THIS AMAZING COHORT OF SCHOLARS WHOM WE HAVE INCREDIBLE INSIGHTFUL DISCUSSION HOW TO JOIN FORCES TO REACH THE GOALS. AND WITH THAT NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. I THINK I HAVE ACKNOWLEDGMENT SLIDE. I WANT TO THANK YOU AND THE MOSAIC TEAM OUR COHORT WHICH IS AWESOME. AND HAPPY TO TAKE QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE SESSION. >> THANK YOU, DR. DEL MARMOL. SO SINCE IT IS FRIDAY AND IT IS CLOSE TO THE END OF THE MEETING, WE HAVE HAD A LOT OF SCIENCE, I DECIDED THAT MAYBE WE NEEDED TO LIGHTEN THINGS UP A BIT AND HAVE A PICTURE OF A DOG AND A SUPER HERO. SO MY NAME IS ELIZABETH WASMUTH, I'M MOSAIC SCHOLAR FUNDED BY THE NIGMS THROUGH ASBNB AND I WOULD FIRST REALLY LOVE TO THANK THE NIH DR. GIBBS AND THIS WONDERFUL TALK WE WITH DR. BERNARD AND PEOPLE BEHIND THE SCENES FOR IMPLEMENTING THIS PROGRAM. I WILL SHARE A LITTLE SHIP PET ABOUT MY BACKGROUND FIRST TO IDENTIFY THIS GAP THAT IS SERING IN AND BURNING IN OUR BLOOD SINCE I DISCOVERED SCIENCE BASICALLY RIGHT AT THE END OF MY UNDERGRADUATE CAREER. IF WE WERE TO LOOK AT MY CAREER TRAJECTORY SCIENCE AS SORT OF LIKE A LITTLE CYCLE AND BEING WITH UNDERGRADUATE, MY ENTIRE LIFE I HAVE PRE-VET. I LOVED ANIMALS AND I HAVE ALWAYS ASKED A LOT OF QUESTIONS, MAYBE TO MY DETRIMENT TOO MANY QUESTIONS. BUT IT WAS A LAST SEMESTER SUMMER BEFORE LAST SEMESTER OF MY COLLEGE WHERE FRIEND OF MINE WHO HE WAS ANOTHER URM GREW UP IN HIGH SCHOOL SCHOOL DISTRICT THAT WAS REALLY POOR, DIDN'T HAVE EXPOSURE TO SCIENCE. I REMEMBER BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FINAL EXAM QUESTION IS WHAT IS A POKEMAN. SO THE SCIENTIFIC TRAINING AND EXPOSURE WAS REALLY LIMITED. SO THIS FRIEND OF MINE HAD GONE TO A URM PROGRAM SPECIFICALLY FOR PHARMACOLOGY AND UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AND HE WAS LIKE HEY, ELIZABETH I THINK YOU SHOULD TRY TO DO THIS NEXT SUMMER, STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY. I SAID I DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT IS. HE HE SAID THE PEOPLE ARE COOL AND THEY LISTEN TO GOOD MUSIC. SO SERENDIPITOUSLY THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF MY EVENTS AND I LOVED SCIENCE FROM THAT POINT ON. SO I DID A 180 AND THEN BOLSTERED MY SCIENTIFIC TRAINING, THROUGH A LOT OF DIFFERENT POST UNDERGRADUATE MECHANISMS AND THEN ENDED UP AT THE SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FOR MY GRADUATE TRAINING WORK UNDER CHRISTOPHER DELIMA TO DISECT A FUNDAMENTAL MOLECULAR LEVEL HOW DO THESE MOLECULAR MACHINES WORK? I GOT INTEREST MISDEMEANOR THE PROCESS OF MAKING AND BREAKING RNAs, FROM THAT UNDERGRADUATE EXPERIENCE IN COLORADO, AND SO MY Ph.D. I USED BIOCHEMISTRY AND EXTRA CRISTALOGRAPHY AND KINETICS TO UNCOVER HOW THE ESSENTIAL GIANT COMPLEX OF RIBONUCLEASE CALLED THE RNA EXOSOME, WILL IS A PICTURE UNDER THE BLUE ARROW. THEN AT THAT POINT, I FELT I CLIMBED THE MOUNTAIN, AFRAID TO VENTURE OUTSIDE A MOLECULE WHEN I STARTED MY GRAD SCHOOL. BUT I FELT A LITTLE MORE ABLE AT THE END OF MY Ph.D. AND THEN AAPPROACHED DR. CHARLES SARS WHO IS A WORLD EXPERT IN TARGETED THERAPIES, HE DEVELOPED THE CHEMOTHERAPY GLEEVAC SECOND GENERATION DRUG DEAT THAT TIME ANYBODY AND THEN HE PROVED TO PROSTATE CANCER AND DEVELOPED THE CHEMOTHERAPY THALIDOMIDES ANDROGEN RECEPTOR. WE GOT TO TALKING AND HE SAID THERE'S CHALLENGES IN THE TARGET OF MY DRUG AND I THINK THAT WE WOULD MAKE A GREAT TEAM SO LET'S GET TOGETHER. AND I DID THAT IN 2016. IN COLLABORATION WITH DR.S -- AT THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY ACROSS THE STREET AND TODAY I WILL SHARE IT WITH YOU SOME OF THOSE RESULTS AND FINDINGS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. AR IS MAST ERE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT DEFINES BEING A PROSTATE -- WE ALL KNOW ABOUT AR ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, THE PROTEIN THAT BINDS THE HORMONE TESTOSTERONE, RESPONSIBLE FOR NORMALLY THINGS WE HAVE POSITIVE ASSOCIATION WITH. SO MALE PHENOTYPE, PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND LEADERSHIP. AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULATURE AND ALL THAT SO IT BINDS TESTOSTERONE TRANSLOW CASE TO NUCLEUS, BINDS DNA, TURNS ON EXPRESSION SIGNATURES OF TARGET GENES. HOWEVER IN METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER DR. GONZALES INTRODUCE MISDEMEANOR THE PREVIOUS SESSION, AR BECOMES REALLY HYPERACTIVATED AND CAN SEE THE WHOLE IS EMBODIMENT OF WHEN AR IS DOPED UP ONROIDS. SO WHAT HAPPENS IN METASTATIC PROSTATE RESISTANT CANCER IS PEOPLE NORMALLY TAKE DR. SARS DRUG AND ANTI-ANDROGEN BUT PATIENTS INEVITABLY DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO THAT DRUG HALF WHOM JUST DEVELOPED RESISTANCE THROUGH BOOSTING AR SIGNALING ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. SO THE PROBLEM IS WE ARE LACKING REALLY GOOD DRUGS FOR AR AND THAT IS WHY DR. SARS AND I DECIDED WE WOULD TEAM UP AND USE MY APPROACH BEING ABLE TO THINK MECHANISTICALLY ON SINGLE MOLECULE LEVEL AND USE MY BACK GROUND FROM MY Ph.D. AND I WOULD LEARN CANCER BIOLOGY AND TRY TO SOLVE THIS AGE OLD QUESTION. USING INTEGRATIVE APPROACH FROM BIOCHEMISTRY TO STRUCTURAL METHODS INCLUDING SINGLE PARTICLE CRYOEM X RACE CRISTALOGRAPHY AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS INCLUDING ORGANOID TECHNOLOGY WE HAVE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE VERY RECENTLY DETERMINED THREE DIFFERENT CONFIRMATIONS OF THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR IN ACTION. AND BASICALLY AR GOES WHEN LESS ACTIVE TO THIS VERY OPEN CONFIRMATION WHICH WE WOULD HAVE NEVER PREDICTED FROM RELATED PROTEIN ESTROGEN RECEPTOR AND WHEN IT GETS HYPERACTIVATED BECAUSE OF THESE ONCO PROTEIN CO-FACTORS IT CAN SORT OF SQUEEZE UP AND WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THESE NEW ALLOSTERIC SURFACES WHICH COULD POTENTIAL BE COMBINED WITH THE DRUG FOR A MORE DURABLE RESPONSE IN PROSTATE CANCER SO THE FOCUS OF MY LAB MOVING FORWARD IS SO MANY WAYS THAT AR CAN BE ACTIVATED, THAT WHY THE SHAPE SHIFTER HAS ALLUDED US FOR DECADES SINCE THE 1970s. WE FINALLY HAVE IN VITRO SYSTEM I WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP DURING POST DOC TO ASK AND ANSWER SO MANY QUESTIONS HOW DOES AR GET TURNED ON AND OFF. AND SO I KNOW I'M OVER TIME. BUT I WOULD LIKE TO GO THANK MY MENTOR DR. SAWYERS AND THIS LARGE TEAM IT TOOK MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM TO PUT THIS PROJECT TOGETHER. I WILL MENTION SLIGHTLY SOME OF MY INITIATIVES WITH DIVERSITY AND REALLY HAS BEEN FOCUSED ON THE PRE-COLLEGE COHORT DEMOGRAPHIC AND I STILL HAVE CONNECTIONS WITH MY HIGH SCHOOL AND TRYING TO DEVELOP FEED SOME OF THESE GROUPS INTO SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS LOCALLY HERE. WITH THAT I WILL TAKE -- PASS TO THE NEXT SPEAKER. THANK YOU. >> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. AMAZING TALKS FROM THE EARLIER SESSIONS. I'M JOHN JIMAH, POST DOCTORAL FELLOW IN THE LABORATORY OF VIRGINIA HEN SHAW AT THE NIDDK. I'M INTERESTED IN MODELING PROCESSES IN CELLS INCLUDING FUSION CONFIRMATIONENTS THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR CELL PROCESS LIKE ENDOCYTOSIS, AND CELLULAR EVENTS. SO (INAUDIBLE) MEMBRANE REMODELING UNEXPECTEDLY IN GRADUATE SCHOOL WHEN I FIRST MOLECULAR VACCINE CANDIDATE. ORIGINALLY FROM GHANA WHERE I GREW UP AND I KNEW FIRSTHAND THE PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN OF MALARIA SO INTERESTED IN STUDYING THAT MALARIA VACCINES IN SCHOOL, THIS CANDIDATE I BECAME THE STRUCTURE AND FOUND OUT THAT IT FORMS WHOLESALE MEMBRANES TO ALLOW PARASITES TO TRAVERSE THROUGH CELLS LIFE CYCLE POINT ONE. THEN I MOVE TO MY POST DOC -- I STARTED TO DELVE MORE INTO PROCESSES BY STUDYING THE MECHANISM OF LABORATORY OF DR. VIRGINIA HIND SHAW USING CRYOEM METHODS FOR STUDYING PROCESSES. WE FOUND ROLE OF DINE MINUTE IN ACTIN FILAMENTS IN POINT 3 TO FORM CELL PROFUSIONS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. DURING ENDOCYTOSIS IN THE TOP PANEL DINE MINUTE FORMS A HELICAL POLYMER AROUND A ENDOCYTIC VESICALES AND CONSTRICTS IN A NUCLEOTIDE DEPENDENT MANNER BECAUSE THEY ARE GTPASE. QUESTIONS REMAIN HOW THIS CONSTRICTION OCCURS AT THE FINAL STAGE JUST BEFORE MEMBRANE FISSION AND WHAT IS THE ORGANIZATION OF IN CELLS HENCE PRECURSORS FROM IN VITRO STUDIES. SO PRE-CURSOR WORKING A LOT ON THE LEFT PANEL STRUCTURE OF DINAMIN BOUNDS TO GNPCP BINDING. THE POINT IS LOOKING AT THE INNER CIRCLE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN OPPOSING LIPID BILAYERS 7.4 NANOMETERS SO THAT IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DINEMIN HYDROLYZES GDP STRUCTURE ON THE RIGHT, THE DISTANCE BETWEEN BILAYER NOW IS -- NANOMETER THAT IS THE POINT SPONTANEOUS MEMBRANE FISSION OCCUR SO WHEN YOU DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE ORGANIZATION BEFORE MEMBRANE FISSION. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. IN COLLABORATION WITH DR. -- AND JUSTICE, ONE OF MY CO-MENTORS FOR THE K99 WE INVESTIGATED ASSEMBLIES IN CELLS USING ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY SO THE LEFT IMAGE SHOWS IMAGE OF DYNAMIN HELIX IN CELLS BY TRANSFECTION DYNAMIN INTO CELLS AND DURING CRYOEM AND ZOOM IN IMAGE YOU CAN SEE THE HELIX IN PINK, VESICLE IN GRAY, -- IN YELLOW, AND FILAMENTS IN GREEN. SO THIS IS ACTUAL DYNAMIN ASSEMBLY IN CELL AND YOU CAN -- LOOKS LIKE FUNCTIONS IN THE CELL IN THE FUTURE ENDOCYTIC COMPLEXES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO ANOTHER UNEXPECTED DISCOVERY WAS ROLE OF DYNAMIN IN CELL CELL FUSION IN COLLABORATION WITH ELIZABETH CHEN'S GROUP AT UC SOUTH WESTERN CELL CELL FUSION IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT. SO DURING CELL CELL FUSION ONE CELL UNDERGOES ACTIN FILAMENT REARRANGEMENTS TO FORM CELL PROTRUSIONS THAT ALLOW IT TO FUSE WITH OTHER CELL. ON THE RIGHT IMAGE WHEN DROSOPHILA DYNAMIN DURING KNOCK DOWN, THE CELLS ARE SMALLER SO INTERACTION IN CELL CELL FUSION, ANOTHER MEMBRANE PROCESS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO WE USE CRYOEM BY INCUBATING ACTIN FILMMENTS, WE REALIZE THESE FELLMENTS WERE BUNDLED BY DYNAMIN. ON THE BOTTOM LEFT IS DYNAMIN HELIX SIMILAR O THE HELIX DURING MEMBRANE FISSION BUT IN THIS CASE WE SEE ACTIN FILAMENTS ON PERIPHERY ABOUT 16 FILMS THIS IS A MECHANISM WHICH THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IS STRENGTHENED TO ALLOW CELL PROFUSIONS AND CELL PROCESSES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO THIS CELL AS FOUNDATION FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCH CAREER, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN JANUARY 2022 AND TWO PROJECTS THE FIRST WILL BE FUNDED BY ROO PHASE OF MY AWARD AND I WILL LOOK AT THE MECHANISM OF DYNAMIN REGULATION BINDING PARTNERS THAT FUNCTION ENDOCYTOSIS. AND DYNAMIN MEMBRANE DEFICIENT ACTIVITY BUT THE MECHANISM ISEN KNOWN. IN MY SECOND PROJECT I WILL BE LOOKING AT THE STRUCTURAL CELL BIOLOGY OF PARASITES THAT INCLUDES PLASMA PARASITES, MEMBRANE MODELING PROCESS, INVOLVED IN ENDOCYTOSIS IN PAIR SITE IT FOLLOWED BY GENESIS IN THE PAIR SITE. THE IDEA IS THAT THIS MEMBRANE CONSERVE WHICH HUMAN CELLS UNDERSTAND THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF MOLECULAR PROCESSES AND ALSO BECAUSE THESE PAIR SITE PROTEINS, -- PARE SITE PROTEINS, FOR THIS TERRIBLE DISEASE. SO I HAVE BEEN ENGAGE IN DIVERSITY EFFORTS THROUGHOUT MY CAREER. TO PROMOTE SIGNS AMONG THE GENERAL POPULATION AS AN INTRAMURAL TRAINEE IN THE NIDDK PROGRAM WE RECENTLY SET UP TRAINEE TO RECOGNIZE DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE SERIES WHERE WE INVITE SIGNIST THES SEW SCIENTISTS TO TALK ABOUT WORK AND MEET WITH TRAINEES TO TELL THEM CAREER PATHS IN SCIENCE, THE WHOLE IDEA IS TO PROVIDE MENTORSHIP TO PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN SCIENCE CAREERS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY POST-DOC WHO HAS BEEN SUPPORTED ME, MY LAB MENTORS PAST AN PRESENT, COLLABORATOR, THE -- ASV PROGRAM AND FUNDING FROM MOSAIC AND THE INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM. THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH. >> THANK YOU, DR. JIMAH, GREAT TALK. I'M DR. ALFA HERRERA, MOSAIC FUNDED BY NI CAN BEAID. I WILL TALK SMALL HOST GTP ACES AND MARTX TOXIN EFFECTERS. BACKGROUND ON MY JOURNEY THROUGH SCIENCE, I WAS RAISED BY MEXICAN IMMIGRANT PARENTS IN ILLINOIS AND WENT TO UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS WHERE I MAY JURORRED IN MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY. I JOINED RACHEL WHITTAKER'S LAB AND WORKED AS A TECH. I WENT TO GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF OHIO AND MY WORK THERE ON STAPH AUREUS TOXINS ESTABLISHED MY INTEREST IN BACTERIAL TOXICOLOGY SO MY POST-DOC IN CARLOS'S LAB AT NORTHWESTERN. I LOOK FORWARD TO THE NEXT STEP WITH THE HELP OF THE PROGRAM STARTING MY OWN LAB AS INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATOR. NEXT SLIDE. MY FUTURE IN CURRENTS WORK IS FOCUS ON STUDYING A GRAHAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM IN WARM WATERS THAT CAUSES LIFE THREATENING GASTROINTESTINAL WOUND INFECTION THROUGH CONTAMINATED SEAFOOD OR EXPOSURE OF WOUND IN BODIES OF WATER. 90% OF PEOPLE ARE HOSPITALIZED AND THEY RESULT IN DEATH IN UP TO 50% OF CASES. AS DETAIL MISDEMEANOR THE PICK OPINIONTURES A 74-YEAR-OLD WOMAN ADMITTED TO ICU AFTER BEING STUNG BY A SHRIMP, SHE IMMEDIATELY UNDERWENT -- WAS TREATED ANTIBIOTICS, HOWEVER THE WOUND DOLLED INTO NECROTIZING FABITIS AND SHE HAD TO HAVE THE LEG AMPUTATED. THE SIGNIFICANT VIRULENCE FACTOR IS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL AUTO PROCESSES TOXIN OR MARTX TOXIN SECRETED BY BACTERIA THE LONG POLYPEPTIDE COMPOSED OF END TERMINAL AND C MATERIAL TERMINAL REPEATS WHICH THERE IS A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT EFFECTOR DOMAINS. AND THE HOST MEMBRANE WHICH TRANSLOCATE AND DELIVER THE EFFECTORS INTO THE SITE SOL. INSIDE PROSE YES, SIR DOMAIN ON THE MART TOXIN RELEASES THEM AT THE INDIVIDUAL TOXINS. UNDERSTANDING THESE EFFECTERS WILL BE KEY IN DEVELOPING THERAPEUTICS TO TREAT THE INFECTIONS. THE NEXT CATS PILARY TALKS IS THE MOST COMMON EFFECTOR IN MART TOXINS, IT'S PRESENT IN CLINICAL STRAINS AND DUPLICATED IN SOME STRAINS. SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTES TO LETHALITY. SO THESE DATA INDICATE -- IMPORTANT FOR PATHOGENESIS. STILL THE MAIN QUESTION I WANT TO ADDRESS IS HOW IS MCF CAUSING TOXICITY, HOW IS IT WORKING INSIDE THE CELL AND WHAT IS IT TARGETING? SO UNLIKE OTHER MARTX EFFECTOR DOMAINS IT IS NOT RELEASED AS AN INDIVIDUAL TOXIN BY TYPICAL PROCESSING AND REMAINS TETHERED TO EFFECTOR IN FRONT OF IT RESULTING IN EFFECTOR MODULE, IT IS SIMULATED BY ADP GLYCOSYLATION FACTORS AND RELEASES ITSELF AS AN INDIVIDUAL EFFECTOR. OUR SUR MEMBERS OF THE SUPER FAMILY OF SMALL GTPASE RELATED BY GAPS IN TRANSITION BETWEEN MEMBRANE AND CYTOSOLIC STATES. UPON -- MCF SIMULATED TO AUTO PROCESS IN END TERMINUS THIS LEADS TO MCF POST TRANSLATIONALLY MODIFIED. THIS PROCESS PRODUCES ACTIVE MCF. IT CAUSES CELL ROUNDING AND ACTIVATES APOPTOSIS. IT CAUSES EXCESSIVE VESICULATION OF THE GOLGI AND DISINTEGRATE IT IS MITOCHONDRIA. WHILE OUR STIMULATE AUTO PROCESSING THEY ARE NOT DIRECT TARGETS OF MCF. WHO IS THE TARGET? MASS SPEC ANALYSIS AND DIRECT INTERACTING PARTNERS REVEALED POTENTIAL TARGET. SO RAB ARE ALSO SMALL HOST GTP ACE NUCLEOTIDE BOUND STATE ACTIVATION MODULATES BY GAPS THAT CONTROL MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING CELL SIGNALING POLARITY AND DIVISION. I EXPRESS GFP P MCF IT DEGRADED THE DIFFERENT RATS SO THOSE LIKE RAB A ARE UNAFFECTED BY MCS. THOSE LIKE RAB C ARE NO LONGER DETECTABLE WHEN CO-TRANSFECTED WITH MCF. WITH RAB C A CLEAVAGE PRODUCT APPEARS. AND OTHER RABS SUCH AS D HAVE A LARGER CLEAVAGE PRODUCT IN ADDITION TO SMALL ONE. SO WHILE I KNOW THAT MCS IS CAUSING CLEAVAGE OF RANS I DON'T KNOW IF IT IS DIRECTLY DEPLETING OR CAUSING DI GRADATION. FURTHERMORE I WOULD LIKE TO DETERMINE WHAT IS THE SPECIFICITY MCF HAS FOR TARGETING THE PARTICULAR RAB IT EFFECTS. NEXT SLIDE. SO IN MY FUTURE LAB I WOULD LIKE TO EXPAND THE PROJECT. AS YOU CAN SEE HERE JUST AS AN OVERVIEW RAB ARE INVOLVED IN MANY IMPORTANT PROCESSES THROUGHOUT THE CELL. SO HOW DOES MCF DISRUPT THEIR LOCALIZATION FUNCTION? DOES THIS AFFECT DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAY THAT DEPEND ON RAB REGULATION? AND HOSES DOES THIS LEAD TO DELETERIOUS AFFECTS ON MCF CAUSES? ADDITIONALLY THE STRUCTURE SHOWS TWO DIFFERENT DOMAINS. I WOULD LIKE TO EXAMINE HOW THE DIFFERENT DOMAINS RELATE TO ABILITY TO LOCALIZE ACTIVATOR AND ITS TARGET. I'M ALSO INTERESTED IN EXAMINING THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MCF HOMOLOGUES FOUND IN OTHER EFFECTORS IN ADDITION TO OTHER BACTERIAL TOXINS SO IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO ELUCIDATE WHETHER THIS IS A COMMON STRATEGY BY TOXINS DURING INFECTION TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CO-EVOLUTION OF HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS. NEXT SLIDE. LASTLY I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE MOSAIC PROGRAM FOR PROMOTING DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION IN SCIENCE. I WAS LUCKY ENOUGH TO HAVE REALLY STRONG FEMALE MENTORS AS ROLE MODELS EVERY STEP OF THE WAY AND HOPE TO PAY FORWARD AND YULES ALL THE EXPERIENCE TO MENTOR WOMEN AND UNDER-REPRESENTED IN SCIENCE. I WOULD LIKE TO TO PROVIDE THEM WITH UNDERSTAND THE AND ADVOCATE FOR THEM AS I TRANSITION TO FACULTY POSITION AND BEI DON'T UNDERSTAND. I DON'T BEYOND. THANK YOU. >> GREAT TALK, DR. HERRERA. MY NAME IS CHELSEA SPRIGGS, I'M A MOSAIC SCHOLAR FUNDED BY NIGMS AND POST DOC IN DR. SIDES LAB AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. I AM A PRODUCT OF DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOL WHICH ARE UNDERRESOURCE ESPECIALLY IN STEM. THANKFULLY ONE OF MY TEACHERS FOUND MY POTENTIAL AND HELP MED SIGN UP FOR FREE SUMMER RESEARCH PROGRAMS WHICH SPARKED MY INTEREST IN SCIENCE. THIS SITES PARTICIPATED IN PROGRAMS UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH I NEVER MET A SCIENTIST THAT LOOKED LIKE ME AND NEVER CONSIDERED BECOMING A SCIENTIST AS A VALUABLE CAREER ACTION. AFTER GRADUATING COLLEGE I ENTERED AN M.D. Ph.D. PROGRAM BECAUSE I THOUGHT MEDICINE WAS EXPECTED OF ME. THAT WAS NOT A GOOD FIT AND THANKFULLY MY RESEARCH MENTOR HELPED TO APPLY GRADUATE PROGRAMS INSTEAD. MENTORS HAVE BEEN A COMMON THEME IN MY JOURNEY TO MOSAIC AND HUGE REASON I PUT SO MUCH ENERGY BACK INTO MENTORING THE NEXT GENERATION THROUGH OUTREACH ACTIVITIES. I LIKE THE CONTRAST FOR ONE OF THE FIRST TIME US LOOKED INTO MICRO SCOPE TO NOW WHERE USING K99 TO LEARN HIGH RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES. Z IN GENERAL I'M INTERESTED IN STUDYING INTERPLAY BETWEEN VIRUS AND HOST DURING INFECTION. BECAUSE THIS ALLOWS US TO LEARN NOT ONLY MORE ABOUT PATHOGENS BUT THE BIOLOGY OF THE CELLS THEY INFECT. MY RESEARCH CENTERS ON ANSWERING FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS HOW DO VIRUSES PROCESSES TO COMPLETE THEIR LIFE CYCLES AND I FOCUS MY ENERGY ON UNDERSTANDING INFECTION BY ONCOGENIC OR CANCER CAUSING VIRUSES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. MY CURRENT PLANNED RESEARCH FOR K99 PHASE OF AWARDS IS DETERMINE THE NUCLEAR MECHANISM OF SC 40 WHICH HISTORICALLY IS A GREAT TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING EVERYTHING FROM ENDOCYTOSIS TO MEMBRANE BIOLOGY AND HOPEFULLY NOW NUCLEAR IMPORT. DURING ENTRY THE VIRUS HAS TO BE DISASSEMBLED IN ORDER TO ENTER THE NARROW CORE COMPLEX AND RECENTLY DISCOVERED A NOVEL ROLE FOR THE 52 CARGO ADAPTER IN THIS PROCESS. MY CURRENT PROJECT IS FOCUSING ON THE ROLE OF HOST PROTEIN SUCH AS NUCLEAR ARRIVAL AND IMPORT. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED MEMBRANE PROTEINS REQUIRE FORD THIS PROCESS AND WE KNOCK DOWN WE SEE LESS RECRUITMENT OF THE VIRUS TO NUCLEAR ENVELOPE. MY FUTURE RESEARCH WILL BUILD ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES THAT I GAIN DURING MENTORED PHASE TO INVESTIGATE ANOTHER POLYOMA VIRUS CALLED MIRACLE CELL PIE OWE MA VIRUS, SHOWN TO CAUSE CANCER IN HUMANS AND APPEARS TO HAVE ENTRY PATHWAY DISTINCT FROM THAT OF OTHER POLYOMA VIRUSES LIKE SB 40. DESPITE CAUSING A PARTICULARLY AGGRESSIVE FORM OF SKIN CANCER IT IS NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR HOW INFECTION LEADS TO TRANSFORMATION OR WHAT THE INITIAL TYPE OF CELL TYPE OF INFECTION IS. IITIT IS NOT MERKLE CELLS. MY LAB WILL OPEN NEXT SUMMER UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND WILL FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING THE CELL BIOLOGY OF TWO TYPES OF BIOINFECTIONS. THAT OF ONCOGENIC VIRUSES WHICH CAUSE CANCER SUCH AS MERKEL CELL AND ONCOLYTIC VIRUSES WHICH INFECT AND KILL CANCER CELLS LEAVING HEALTHY CELLS UNTOUCHED. THE GOAL OF MY LAB WILL BE TO ELUCIDATE THE HOST INTERACTION TO ACQUIRE SUCCESSFUL INFECTION AND EXPLOIT THE KNOWLEDGE TO COMBAT CANCER, WE WILL DO THIS BY PREVENTING THE TRANSITION FROM HEALTHY CELL TO CANCER CELL DURING ONCOGENIC VIRUS INFECTION OR ENHANCING ONCOLYTIC VIRAL INFECTION OF CANCER CELLS IN THEIR SUBSEQUENT CELL DEATH. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO MY LAST FEW SECONDS I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT A NON-PROFIT THAT I HELPED CREATE CALLED THE BLACK MICROBIOLOGIST ASSOCIATION. AS I PREVIOUSLY MENTION I HAD NEVER MET A BLACK PROFESSOR OR EVEN ANOTHER BLACK POST-DOC UNTIL ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO. AND THE MISSION OF BMA IS CREATE A COMMUNITY BLACK MICROBIOLOGISTS NETWORK ACROSS CAREER STAGES AND SECTORS WHILE ALSO SUPPORTING THE COLLECTIVE WORK OF EQUITY AND ACADEMIA INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT AND BEYOND. WE PROMOTE DIVERSITY IN STEM THROUGH WORK IN ADVOCACY, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, SCIENCE COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH. WE JUST FINISHED OUR SECOND ANNUAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE CALLED BLACK IN MICROBIOLOGY AND YOU CAN WATCH THE EVENT ON OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL. IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT US YOU CAN VISIT OUR WEBSITE OR CHECK US OUT ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND PLEASE SPREAD THE WORD TO BLACK SCIENTISTS THAT YOU KNOW SO THEY CAN JOIN OUR GROWING COMMUNITY OF OVER 150 BLACK MICROBIOLOGISTS. THANK YOU. >> HELLO EVERYONE, MY NAME IS LAURA NEWMAN, I'M A MOSAIC SCHOLAR FUNDED THROUGH NIGMS, I WANT TO THANK DR. SPRIGGS FOR GIVING REALLY INTERESTING TALK IN SETTING UP THE STAGE NICE FOR MY WORK. BEFORE I GET INTO MY OWN RESEARCH I WANT TO JUST BRIEFLY THANK THE NIH, ASCB AS WELL POST-DOCTORAL MENTOR AND SALK INSTITUTE FOR BEING SUPPORTIVE OF MY CAREER. IN THESE NEXT FEW MINIS WILL GIVE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF MY RESEARCH PROGRAM WHICH IS STUDYING THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL ER CONTACTS SITES IN REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DRIVEN INFLAMMATION. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO IF YOU REMEMBER ANYTHING ABOUT MITOCHONDRIA FROM CELL TEXTBOOKS THE MITOCHONDRIA IS A POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL. REMEMBER ANYTHING ELSE FROM MY TALK TODAY WHAT I HOPE YOU REMEMBER IS THAT MITOCHONDRIA ARE ACTUALLY WAY MORE INTERESTING THAN THAT AND DO WAY MORE THAN JUST THAT. AND ONE THING THAT'S REALLY FASCINATING ABOUT MITOCHONDRIA IS THAT ACCORDING TO THE THEORY, MITOCHONDRIA ORIGINATEED FROM BACTERIA, BECAUSE OF THIS THEY HAVE THEIR OWN DNA. SO BECAUSE MITOCHONDRIA ARE ESSENTIALLY ANCIENT BACTERIA THEY ARE CAPABLE OF ENGAGING WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND BECAUSE THEY POSSESS THEIR OWN DNA AND THIS DNA RESEMBLES BACTERIAL DNA THIS BACTERIAL DNA IS ABLE TO TRIGGER INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IF IT GETS OUTSIDE OF MITOCHONDRIA. THIS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DRIVEN INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL HUMAN DISEASE. AND WHAT IS REALLY INTERESTING TO ME IS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE HAS BEEN OBSERVED DURING THE COURSE OF INFECTION BY SEVERAL DIFFERENT VIRUSES. THIS IS FASCINATING TO ME BECAUSE IT SUGGESTS THAT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE FROM MITOCHONDRIA COULD BE A COMMON THEME THAT OCCURS DURING VIRAL INFECTION AND SUGGESTS THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MIGHT BE PLAYING A ROLE IN THE WARFARE BETWEEN VIRUS AND CELLS TRYING TO INVADE. SO THE GOAL OF MY POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH WAS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE THE UPSTREAM EVENTS THAT CAUSE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO BE RELEASED FROM MITOCHONDRIA. WHEN I STARTED MY STUDIES THERE HAVE A BEAUTIFUL PAPER PUBLISHED SHOWING MITOCHONDRIAL ER CONTACT SITES MONITOR MITOCHONDRIAL DNA REPLICATION AND ALSO ENSURE THAT ITS SEGREGATED EVENLY INTO DAUGHTER MITOCHONDRIA. WHAT I FOUND DURING THAT STUDY IS WHEN THIS PATHWAY IS UNABLE TO PROCEED TO COMPLETION, THIS STILL RATES MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE SO IF THERE IS PROBLEMS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DNA REPLICATION IT DOES NOT SEGREGATE AND IT IS INSTEAD EJECTED FROM THE MITOCHONDRIA WHERE IT IS THEN ACTIVATES IN THE IMMUNE SIGNALING AND ULTIMATELY DEGRADED. THIS IS ALL HAPPENING AT CONTACT SITES BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA AND ER SO THIS IS REALLY FASCINATING TO ME BECAUSE THERE'S GROWING EVIDENCE THAT MITOCHONDRIAL ER CONTACT SITES ARE REALLY IMPORTANT SIGNALING HUBS FOR INNATE IMMUNE SIGNALING AS WELL AS ANTIVIRAL DEFENSES. SO WHAT I HYPOTHESIZE FROM MY RESEARCH AS WELL AS OTHERS IS MITOCHONDRIAL ER CONTACT SITES COORDINATE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA REPLICATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE FROM MITOCHONDRIA WITH INNATE IMMUNE SIGNALING AND I HYPOTHESIZE THIS COORDINATION IS REALLY IMPORTANT SO CELL IS ABLE TO FIGHT OFF VIRAL INFECTION. TO GET AT THIS HYPOTHESIS THERE'S SEVERAL QUESTIONS TO ADDRESS WITH RESEARCH OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS. FIRST WHAT I WORK ON NOW IS TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM WHICH MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS ABLE TO ESCAPE THE MITOCHONDRIA AND GAIN ACCESS TO THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. ONCE I HAVE A FULL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHWAY I WANT TO MOVE IT INTO VIRAL INFECTION TO REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT IS GOING ON. SO MY HYPOTHESIS IS THAT MITE -- VIRAL INFECTION WILL ALTER MICROBIAL ER CONTACT TO DISRUPT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA REPLICATION AND PER MY MODEL WOULD THEN CAUSE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE. I HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS ACTING AS ALARM BELL AND STIMULATE INNATE IMMUNE SIGNALING AND HELP FIGHT THE VIRUS. SO TO GET AT THIS I'M GOING TO TACKLE TWO -- USE FEW DIFFERENT VIRUSES, SO USE DNA VIRUSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO ATTACK MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, AND I ALSO WILL USE RNA VIRUSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO DISRUPT THE ER IN MITOCHONDRIAL ER CONTACT SITES SO THIS WILL GET ME AT BOTH ENDS OF THE EQUATION AND THEN I WILL BE LOOKING AT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE AND WHETHER BENEFICIAL TO CELL OR VIRUS. THEN THE LAST THING THAT I HOPE TO LOOK AT IS A START MY OWN LAB, I'M INTERESTED IN OTHER FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIAL CONTACT SITES IN REGULATING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS WITH INNATE IMMUNE SIGNALING. I HAVE A LITTLE BIT ALREADY ON MY MORPHOLOGY AND SOMETHING TO BUILD UPON AS I BUILD -- FINALLY I WANT TO MENTION MENTORSHIP AND ADVOCACY HAS BEEN A REALLY IMPORTANT PART OF MY K99 TRAINING AND MY GOAL FOR MY R 00 PHASE IS BEGIN ESTABLISH A MENTALLY HEALTHY DIVERSE WELCOMING ENVIRONMENT WITHIN MY OWN LAB AS MY OWN INSTITUTION. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION, I WILL BE HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS AT THE BREAK. >> HI, EVERYONE, THANK YOU, DR. NEWMAN, I WANTED TO ALSO SAY THIS IS A GREAT HONOR TO BE HERE TODAY. MY NAME IS AGNES KARASIK AND I'M A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW AT THE NIDDK AND ALSO MOSAIC SCHOLAR FUNDED BY THE NIGMS. TODAY I'M GOING TO SHARE MY OTHER ANTIVIRAL VECTOR -- NEXT SLIDE. DURING VIRAL INFECTIONS INCLUDING INFECTIONS WITH SARS COV-2, ACTIVATED. WHEN IT IS ACTIVITY IT IS CLEAVED SPECTOR OF VIRAL HOST RNAS AND THIS LEADS TO VIRAL INFECTION FROM THE CELL AND FROM OUR BODY. WE KNOW ABOUT UP TO 90% TOTAL HOST MESSENGER RNAS ARE CLEAVED BY RNA -- AND DURING MY POST-DOCTORAL YEARS I FOCUSED ON A QUESTION THAT HOW ARE THE REMAINING 10% HOST MESSENGER RNA TRANSLATED AND HOW THIS TRANSLATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. I USE TECHNICAL RIBOSOME FOR FILING WHICH IS A HIGH LIEU PUT SEQUENCING METHOD TO RIBOSOME ON THE HOST MESSENGER RNA. MAJOR FINDING IS WHEN RNA IS ACTIVE IT NOT ONLY THE RIBOSOMES ARE NOT ONLY TRANSLATE THE CANONICAL REGIONS OF HOST MESSENGER RNAs BUT THEY ALSO TRANSLATE SO CALLED ALTERNATIVE READING FRAMES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN REGION OF HOST MESSENGER RNA AND REFER TO THIS AS A NONCANONICAL TRANSLATION. THIS WAS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON CLEAVAGE DEAL. NOT SURE WHAT IS EXACT FUNCTION OF THIS TRANSLATION OR PEPTIDE ITSELF BUT THIS IS DIRECTION DURING MY NEXT FEW YEARS. BUDGET THAT PERHAPS THIS IS THIS CONTRIBUTE TO INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CLEARANCE OF THE VIRAL INFECTION. ALSO POST-DOCTORAL HE DOESN'T REALIZE RNA PLAY AS VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN VIRAL INFECTION AND OTHER DISEASE, AL THOUGH IT IS UNDERSTUDY AND THERE ARE OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS. IN THE FUTURE AS INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER I WOULD LIKE TO STUDY FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. NEXT SLIDE. ONE OF THE QUESTIONS I'M INTERESTED IN THAT HOW RNAs CLEAVAGE ACTIVITY IS MODULATED IN THE CELL. THIS IS INTERESTING FUNDAMENTAL THAT SEVERAL TRANSLATIONAL FACTORS ARE KNOWN TO ASSOCIATE WITH ACTIVE RNA AND WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THIS ASSOCIATION AND WE DON'T KNOW HOW -- WHAT ARE THE MOLECULAR DETAILS. I HOPE TO UNCOVER THIS USING BIOCHEMICAL METHODS AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY. ALSO HYPOTHESIZE IN THE FIELD THAT RNA CLEAVAGE MODULATED IN THE CELL, BY RIBOSOMES AND MY HYPOTHESIS IS THESE TRANSLATION FACTORS MIGHT BE ABLE TO PULL ACTIVE RNA OUT TO TRANSLATING RIBOSOME AND HOW IT CLEAVES HOST MESSENGER RNA AND I'M HOPING TO INVESTIGATE THE QUESTION BY USING HIGH THROUGH PUT SEQUENCING METHODS AND DEVELOPING SOME ASSAYS. NEXT. ANOTHER INTERESTING THING ABOUT RNA CELL GETS ACTIVATED, THERE ARE MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE CELL AT THE SAME TIME SO IT CAN ACTIVE RNA OUT TURNS ON INTERFERON PRODUCTION AND INTERFERON GENE TRANSCRIPTION ALSO LOCAL TRANSLATIONAL RNA AND AUTOPHAGY CAN HAPPEN, THAT CAN CHANGE TOO. APOPTOSIS. MY INTEREST IS HOW ARE ALL THESE PROCESSES ARE ORCHESTRATED IN THE CELL WHEN RNA IS ACTIVE AND MY HYPOTHESIS IS THE LEVEL OF RNA OUT THAT IT'S IMPORTANT FACTOR THAT WILL DETERMINE WHAT CHANGES WILL APPEAR IN THE CELL. THIS WASN'T WELL STUDIED DUE TO TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS BUT I HOPE TO OVERCOME THIS TECHNICAL LIMITATION BY USING SENSOR THAT CAN -- THAT CAN STAND HOW MUCH ACTIVE RNA ARE RESPONDING IN THE CELL. NEXT SLIDE. BESIDES MY RESEARCH I'M ACTIVELY PARTICIPATING IN EFFORTS, COIN THESE PROBLEMS IN THREE FRONTS INCLUDING MENTORING, I WAS FOR EXAMPLE A MENTOR IN NIH HIGH STEP 2.0 PROGRAM, ALSO ORGANIZED FUTURE EVENTS THAT ARE HIGHLIGHTING UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES, THAT IS A STRONG ADVOCATE FOR CHANGES THAT BENEFITS WOMEN AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES AT MY INSTITUTE, FELLOWS AT THE NIDDK THAT SURVEYS FELLOWS PROBLEMS AND TALKS TO THE LEADERSHIP AND UPPER MANAGEMENT TO SOLVE THESE ISSUES AND I'M ALSO THE WOMAN SCIENTIST AT AT THE NIH. NEXT SLIDE. AND WITH THIS I WILL CONCLUDES SESSION AND SAY THANK YOU TO MY MENTOR AT THE NIDDK, PEOPLE WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT AND ALSO MINORITIES. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> HELLO EVERYONE, MY NAME IS DR. HUGO TEJEDA. I'M CURRENTLY A POST DOC AT THE LAB ROCKEFELLAR UNIVERSITY IN NEW YORK. TODAY I WILL PRESENT MY WORK DISSECTING THE MECHANISTIC ROLES OF ADAPTOR PROTEINS IN UNIT EXPRESSION. AS A CANCER IN PRIMITIVE BIOLOGY BY TRAINING I'M FASCINATED BY THE CENTRAL QUESTION OF WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BUT ALSO RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENETIC AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND HOW THIS REGULATION OF THIS PROCESSES WILL BE MULTIITALY LEAD TO HUMAN DISEASE SUCH AS CANCER. I HAVE TURNED MY ATTENTION TO STUDY PREVENTING HOW IT IS REGULATED THE MOST BASIC LEVEL. CHROMATIN IS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FORM OF GENOMES AND IT IS IN ESSENCE COMPOSED OF FOUR HISTONE PROTEINS AN DNA WRAPPED INTO NUCLEOSOMES. THE STRUCTURE IS VERY DYNAMIC IN NATURE AND IT CAN FACILITATE OR RESTRICT ACCESS OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY TO SPECIFIC GENES. IT SERVES AS A MEAN OF REGENERATION. OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES WE HAVE LEARNED THAT CHROMATIN STATES ARE REGULAR RATESD BY A VARIETY OF HISSTONE MODIFYING AND DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES. CHROMATIN REMODELERS SCAFFOLD PROTEINS. HOWEVER AN IMPORTANT INDICATION OF STUDY IS THAT THEY HAVE MOSTLY FOCUS ON THE CATALYTIC DOE MANE OF THIS COMPLEXES, WHERE THEY HAVEN'T COVERED A GREAT DEGREE OF DIVERSITY REDUNDANCY AND MORE RECENTLY CATALYTIC INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS FOR THESE ENZYMES. IN ORDER TO GET A MORE HOLISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR FUNCTION BUT ALSO PROVEN MECHANISM UTILIZED BY THESE MULTI-PROTEIN COMPLEXES, I FOCUS ON STUDY OF CHROMATIN ADAPTORS OR SCAFFOLD PROTEINS. WHAT DO THEY DO NECESSARY ARE THE FACTORS ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR REMODELING CHROMATIN TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. THESE PROTEINS ARE OFTEN APPLIED IN NATURE AND -- PLY OWE TROPIC IN NATUREND CAN HAVE FUNCTION IN NORMAL AND NC STATES. FOR EXAMPLE THE SAME FACTOR CAN ASSEMBLE DIFFERENT COMPLEXES WITHIN THE SAME CELL, AND THEN REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION IN OPPOSITE WAYS. SO TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE IMPORTANT CHROMATIN REGULATORS FUNCTION AND OPERATE, WE NEED TO START BY ANSWERING KEY QUESTIONS. FIRST, WHERE AND HOW ARE THESE FACTORS IN DISTRIBUTED AND TARGETED? HOW CAN THEY RECRUIT A PARTICULAR SET OF EFFECTORS FOR VARY VERY SPECIFIC FUNCTION? AND HOW CAN THEY REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. MY POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH HERE IN THE LAB HAS BEEN FOCUSED ON ADAPTER PROTEIN KNOWN AS NUCLEAR FACTOR THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CHROMATIN TO THEN RECRUITS WITH PROTEINS THAT INCLUDE FOR EXAMPLE, HISTONE METHYL TRANSFERASE AND SUBSET OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. TO STUDY CHROMATIN ADAPTER ACTIVITIES I HAVE EMPLOYED A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH THAT INCLUDES BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRIPT OMICS AND EPIGENOMICS TOOLS COUPLED WITH MOUSE MODEL OF LEUKEMIA WITH THE GOAL TO IDENTIFY MANY REGULATORY PATHWAYS, NOVEL BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC INTERACTIONS AND OTHER GENETIC DEPENDENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS CHROMATIN ADAPTER. FINALLY, TRANSITIONING TO INDEPENDENT IN EARLY 2022 WHERE I WILL BECOME ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN CANCER RESEARCH, I WOULD LIKE TO SHARE WITH YOU THE OVERARCHING GOAL OF MY RESEARCH PROGRAM. WHICH IS TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CHROMATIN MEDIATED GENE REGULATION BOTH IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE. REALLY PHOTO ESTABLISH A FRAMEWORK THAT ALLOWS US TO DEVELOP THERAPIES FOR DISEASES DRIVEN BY CHROMATIN DISREGULATION, TO DEVELOP A MORE GENERALIZABLE APPROACH SYSTEMATICALLY STUDY FACTORS WITH CHROMATIN ADAPTOR SCAFFOLDING ACTIVITIES. WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO FINISH BY THANKING MANY PEOPLE AND FUNDING SOURCES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED DIRECTLY TO MY POST-DOCTORAL WORK IN CAREER DEVELOPMENT. FIRST I WANT TO THANK -- THE BEST AND MOST SUPPORTED MENTOR I COULD ASK FOR. I WANT TO THANK ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE LAB FOR HELPING ME ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. MY COLLABORATORS OUTSIDE THE LAB AND I WANT TO ESPECIALLY THANK THE NIH NIGMS ACD AND STUDY PROGRAM FOR FUNDING K99 R 00 AWARD AND MORE IMPORTANTLY FOR ORGANIZING MANY ACTIVITIES THAT ARE CURRENTLY SUPPORTING AND WILL CONTINUE TO SUPPORT MY CAREER IN SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. >> ALL RIGHT. THANK YOU, ALL. THOSE ARE WONDERFUL TALKS AND I PARTICULARLY ENJOY HEARING THE INFORMATION THAT YOU PRESENTED ABOUT YOUR CAREER PATHS AND WHAT YOU ARE DOING TO MENTOR AND BRING THE NEXT GENERATION, IT IS TRULY INSPIRATIONAL. VERY ENJOYABLE. SO NOW WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES FOR QUESTIONS, I DON'T SEE ANYTHING IN THE CHAT, SO IF YOU DO HAVE A QUESTION AND I SEE DR DR. POPPY HAS A QUESTION. >> MY QUESTION IS FOR DR. NEWMAN, DR. NEWMAN YOU HAVE SHOWN US SOME REALLY COOL DATA ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA BEING ABLE TO ELICIT THE NEW PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN HOST WHICH IS MIND BLOWING SO I HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT DOES THAT ALSO DEMONSTRATE ITSELF IN A COMMENSAL CONTEXT? SO THE NORMAL HUMAN BODY HAS MICROBIOTA ALL OVER IT, NOT NECESSARILY PATHOGENIC DO YOU SEE RESPONSES WHEN THESE BACTERIA WHEN THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS RELEASED NUMBER ONE, NUMBER TWO SOMEWHERE WHAT IS YOUR MODEL SYSTEM TO ASSESS INFLAMMATION, EWE USE IN VIVO CELL CULTURE HOW DO YOU TEST THAT? >> THANK YOU FOR THOSE QUESTIONS. FOR STARTERS IN TERMS OF MICROBIOTA, I HAVE NO IDEA THAT WOULD BE FASCINATING, TO LOOK INTO THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT CAME UP AS WALKING MY OWN MIND WATCHING SOMEBODY ELSE GIVE A TALK THROUGH MICROBIOTA. THERE WAS A PAPER THAT CAME OUT RECENTLY SUGGESTING THAT ONE INFECTION MIGHT TRIGGER MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE SO THERE MIGHT BE SOMETHING THERE BUT THIS IS SO NEW WE NEED TO DO MORE ON IT. AND AS FAR AS MODEL SYSTEMS FOR ASSESSING INFLAMMATION, I PERSONALLY USE CELL CULTURE, I USE A LOT OF HIGH END MICROSCOPY IN WORK SO I USE CELL CULTURE TO DO THAT. PEOPLE IN THE LAB ALSO IN VIVO WITH MOUSE MODELS. >> THANK YOU, COOL WORK. >> DR. KARASIK. >> MY QUESTION IS ALSO TO DR. NEWMAN, GREAT TALK TODAY. I HAVE A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS. I WAS WONDERING IF MAYBE LOOK AT IN THIS CONTEXT SIZE MITOCHONDRIA AND ER CAN YOU SEE IS IT CO-LOCALIZED WITH ANY OF THE INNATE RESPONSE FACTORS LIKE GAS OR DOUBLE STRANDED RNA SENSORS? AND MY SECOND QUESTION IS SORT OF THE RELATED, IT WAS ALSO SHOWN WHEN MITOCHONDRIA IS DAMAGED THAT THE ACTUAL DOUBLE STRAND RNA FROM THE MITOCHONDRIA CAN ALSO ACTIVATE DOUBLE STRAND RNA PATHWAYS AND DO YOU SEE THAT ON THIS CONTACT SIZE? >> THOSE ARE TWO REALLY GREAT QUESTIONS. THE FIRST ONE IF I REMEMBER CORRECTLY, IT IS ABOUT -- SO THE RNA ONE I WILL SAY I DON'T KNOW. BECAUSE I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT YET, I HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON THE DNA. FOR THE OTHER ONE, WITH THE -- SO WITH ANOTHER INNATE IMMUNE PROTEIN, I HAVE LOOKED AT C GAS I SEE BY IMAGING I SEE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE CO-LOCALIZED WITH C GAS. I USE THAT AS A READ OUT FOR INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION THROUGHOUT MY RESEARCH. IN TERMS OF MASS AND OTHER THINGS IN THE RNA DNA RESPONSE, I HAVEN'T DONE IMAGING OF THOSE YET BUTS THAT SOMETHING I'M INTENTLY INTERESTED IN DOING AS PART OF THE R 00 PHASE. IT MIGHT WORK. GREAT QUESTION. >> DR. NEWMAN YOU GET TO ASK A QUESTION. >> MY QUESTION WAS FOR DR. HERRERA. GIVEN THIS BACTERIA SEEMS TO GO AFTER THE GTP ACES INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEM S WONDERING IF THAT MIGHT BE AT LEAST PARTIALLY BENEFICIAL FOR THE BACTERIA TO PREVENTS CLEARANCE AND HELP BACTERIA LIVE LONGER THAN THE -- IN THE HOST? >> I THINK THAT IT MIGHT BE BUT THESE BACTERIA, INFECTIONS PROGRESS REALLY RAPIDLY SO YOU CAN PUT THESE BACTERIA ON TISSUE CULTURE CELLS AND WITHIN TWO HOURS THE CELLS ARE DEAD. SO SEEMS MORE MECHANISM TO PROMOTE CYTOTOXICITY BUT IT HAS OTHER EFFECT EVERS AND OTHERS IN THE LARGER TOXIN DECREASE INFLAMMATION AND DECREASE OTHER CELLS SIGNALING MARKERS. SO I THINK IT IS A PUSH AND PULL CREATING CYTOTOXIC ENVIRONMENT AND DIMINISHING THOSE EFFECTS IN ORDER FOR THE BACTERIA TO SURVIVE. >> THANK YOU. >> DR. LORS C,H. >> THANK YOU, THANK YOU TO THE FANTASTIC TALKS. I HAVE TEN QUESTIONS BUT SINCE WE ARE RUNNING OVER TIME I WILL JUST ASK ONE HERE THEN PUT THE REST IN THE CHAT. THIS IS TO ELIZABETH. IN THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR YOU STILL HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS, DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMS, IS THERE ANY HYPOTHESIS YOU HAVE AS TO WHY THEY HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS? ARE THEY BINDING DIFFERENT THINGS DIFFERENT WAYS? >> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. WE HAVE A SENSE NOW FULL LENGTH ANDROGEN RECEPTOR IN AUTOINHIBITTED STATE FROM BIOCHEMICAL WORK THAT I HAVE DONE IN CONSTITUTESSED SYSTEM CELL BASED ASSAYS AROUND FOR DECADES. SO I PURPOSEFULLY CONSTRUCTED SORT OF LIKE A HYPERACTIVATED CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER FORM AND WE WERE SURPRISED TO SEE THESE THREE DIFFERENT STATES OF CONTINUUM OF THEM. ONE OF THE STATES WHICH I DIDN'T MENTION CONTAINED AN ONCO PROTEIN CALLED ERG, WHICH IS AMPLIFIED OR ACTUALLY TRANSLOCATED IN HALF OF MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER AND IS A COOPERATIVE DRIVER FOR AR IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES. SO THIS SORT OF LIKE CONFIRMATIONAL PLASTICITY OUR MODEL IS THAT AR IS EXTREMELY TREATABLE AND REGULATED AND SO NORMALLY WHEN YOU ARE IN NORMAL PROSTATE STATE NOT HYPERPLASTIC IT WILL EXIST AND BIND TO CERTAIN SEQUENCES AND NOT BE COMPLETELY ENTRENCHED AND HYPERACTIVATED. WHEN SOME CO-FACTORS ARE OVER[EXPLETIVE] PRESSED IN PROSTATE CANCER THERE CAN BE A PEER PRESSURE BAD INFLUENCE EFFECT THAT HAPPENS. THAT'S WHAT WE THINK. >> THANK YOU, ARE THERE ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? THERE IS LOTS. DR. JIMAH. >> I HAVE A QUESTION FOR -- I WAS WONDERING IF THESE RECEPTORS HAVE OTHER FUNCTIONS APART FROM SENSE OF SMELL. >> IF THEY HAVE OTHER FUNCTIONS? >> FROM JUST SMELL. >> YES SO IT IS INTERESTING BECAUSE A LOT OF FACTORS I FOUND OUTSIDE THE ANTENNA WHICH HAVE SENSORY ORGANS IN SIN EFFECTS, AND THEY ARE DEFINITELY THOUGHT TO BE ANOTHER TRANSACTION PROCESS. THIS IS ANCIENT FAMILY OF PROTEINS THAT GOES ALL THE WAY BACK TO VERY EARLY BRANCHES. SO IT IS DEFINITELY SOMETHING TO EXPLORE. WE DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT PROTEINS BUT I THINK THAT THERE IS INDICATION STRONG INDICATION THEY HAVE MANY ROLES ESPECIALLY IN THE GUT AND OTHER PROCESSES. >> DR. (INAUDIBLE) YOU HAVE THE LAST QUESTION. YOU ARE MUTED. >> MINE IS ALSO DR. NEWMAN, WHAT IS KNOWN AS MECHANISTIC LEVEL ABOUT HOW CONTACTS BETWEEN ER MITOCHONDRIA CONTROL MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE? >> I WANT TO SEE THE MITOCHONDRIAL SINCE WITH E KNOW ABOUT THAT, THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RELEASE IS SOMETHING I'M ACTIVELY WORKING ON NOW. HOPEFULLY I WILL BE ABLE TO UPDATE Y'ALL IN NOT TOO MUCH LONGER TIME. AS FAR AS MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION GOES THE ER WRAP AROUND MITOCHONDRIA GETTING READY TO DIVIDE. THERE WILL BE CONSTRICTION OF ACTIN AROUND AND IT WILL CONSTRICT THAT MITOCHONDRIA AND THEN THIS WILL ALLOW A LARGE VEHICLE ASSEMBLE AROUND MYCLEAN DRYIA, THIS WILL CONSTRICT AND FORM DECISION EVENT THAT CAUSES IT TO DIVIDE. >> THANK YOU. VERY GOOD THANK YOU ALL FOR A GREAT SESSION. AND SOME WONDERFUL QUESTIONS. WE WILL TURN IT BACK TO YOU, DR. GAMMIE. >> THANKS SO MUCH. YOU HAVE TO RUN AND I REALLY APPRECIATE TAKING THE TIME TO BE PART OF THIS MEETING. SO SORRY WE DIDN'T HAVE MORE TIME TO HAVE QUESTIONS BUT PLEASE CHECK THE CHAT. I HI THE CONVERSATION IS CONTINUING IN THE CHAT AND YOU CAN REACH OUT TO EACH OTHER TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE GET YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED. SO NEXT UP WE HAVE THE FINAL PART OF THE MEETING THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO INTRODUCE THE SCHOLARS TO OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE AS YOU DO RESEARCH, IF YOU DO RESEARCH WITHIN THE NIH. IT IS MY PLEASURE TO TURN THE MEETING OVER TO DR. CARL HASHIMOTO WHO WILL MODERATE THE NEXT SESSION, SENIOR ADVISOR FOR FACULTY DEVELOPMENT OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY AND INTRAMURAL RESEARCH. DR. HASHIMOTO. >> OKAY. >> THANKS, DR. GAMY. IT IS A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. WE HAVE BEEN ENJOYING IMPRESSIVE TALKS THE MOSAIC SCHOLARS. TO BE MODERATING THIS SESSION ON INTRAMURAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR EARLY CAREER SCIENTISTS. AS WAS SAID YESTERDAY NIH IS KNOWN AS A FUNDING AGENCY BUT LESS WIDELY KNOWN IS THAT NIH HAS ITS OWN IN HOUSE RESEARCH PROGRAM CALLED INTRAMURAL RESEARCH GRA PROGRAM OR RFP. THEY HAVE A FACULTY OF 1100 PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS OR PIs, OF WHICH ABOUT LITTLE OVER 200 ARE TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATORS EQUIVALENT OF ASSISTANT PROFESSORS AND ACADEMIA. NIH PI LEAD RESEARCH GROUPS CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN A WIDE RANGE OF TOPICS FROM BASIC TO CLINICAL MOLECULAR TO BEHAVIORAL POPULATION STUDIES, ENCOMPASSING THE GAMUT OF TOPICS STUDIED BY MOSAIC SCHOLARS. SO IF YOU ARE A MOSAIC SCHOLAR, OR FOR THAT MATTER ANY POST-DOC WHO IS CONTEMPLATING THE NEXT CAREER STAGE TO PI POSITION, SHOULD CONSIDER APPLYING TO THE NIH. IT IS MY PLEASURE TO HAVE TWO COLLEAGUES FROM OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH, THE CENTRAL OFFICE THAT OVERSEE IT IS INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, DR. ROLAND OWENS AND CHARLES DEAROLF WHO WILL TALK ABOUT MAJOR PATHWAYS TO A PI POSITION, IN NIH IRP INCLUDING THE STADTMAN AND LASKER PROGRAMS. AFTER THE PRESENTATION WE WILL HAVE A PANEL OF THREE CURRENT TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATORS FIRST HUGO TEJEDA, NADINE SAMARA AND FAUSTINE WILLIAMS WHO WILL TALK ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCE AS NIH TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATOR AND THEN AFTERWARDS TAKE QUESTIONS. WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU, I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE DR. OWENS, WHO IS THE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH WORK FORCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH. TAKE IT AWAY. >> HI, TODAY WE WILL TALK TO YOU ABOUT THE STADTMAN INVESTIGATOR SEARCH. THE MISSION OF THE SEARCH IS TO PROVIDE OUR SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS WITH A DIVERSE GROUP OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED CANDIDATES WHO THEY MAY WANT TO HIRE INTO TENURE TRACK POSITIONS IN THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, IT IS AN ANNUAL SEARCH OPEN TO DOCTORAL LEVEL BIOMEDICAL BEHAVIORAL RESEARCHERS INTERESTED IN INTRAMURAL TENURE TRACK POSITIONS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO WHAT IS THE NIH TENURE TRACK? IT IS UP TO SEVEN YEARS OR NINE YEARS FOR CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY INVESTIGATORS OF INDEPENDENT RESOURCES TO ESTABLISH RECORD AS INDEPENDENT SCIENTIST WITH BEING EVALUATED FOR TENURE, ROUGHLY EQUIVALENT TO PROFESSORSHIP AT A RESEARCH UNIVERSITY NO TEACHING OR GRANT WRITING REQUIREMENTS. YOU GET STANDARDS GOVERNMENT BENEFITS AND MAYBE ELIGIBLE FOR STUDENT LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAMS. WE HIRED APPROXIMATELY 20 TO 30 TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATORS A YEAR ACROSS THE NIH. IN ADDITION THE THE MAIN CAMPUS IN ME BEST THESE DA, MARE MAY RECOLLECT WE HAVE INTRAMURAL FACILITIES IN ROCKVILLE DEBATERSBURG FREDERICK AND RESEARCH PARK TRIANGLE NORTH CAROLINA, PHOENIX ARIZONA, FRAMING HAM, MASSACHUSETTS AND DETROIT, MICHIGAN. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. TYPICAL STADTMAN TIME LINE AS FOLLOWS WE HAVE ACCEPT APPLICATIONS DURING AUGUST AUGUST AND ACCEPT, DURING OCTOBER OUR COMMITTEES IDENTIFY THE TOP 25 PERCENT SEMIFINALISTS HE WILL ELIGIBLE FOR INTERVIEWS AND FROM NOVEMBER THROUGH APRIL WE HAVE THE INTERVIEWS BY VARIOUS INSTITUTES AND CENTERS. SEMIFINALISTS ARE ELIGIBLE TO BE APPOINTED TO TENURE TRACK POSITIONS FOR UP TO TWO YEARS. EACH APPLICANT RECEIVES AT LEAST ONE STATUS UPDATE BY FEBRUARY. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. MATERIALS THAT WE REQUIRE THIS YEAR WERE CV, WHICH INCLUDED MENTORING AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVED IN UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS, A THREE PAGE PROPOSAL TITLE RESEARCH GOALS WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY A FIVE YEAR PLAN. TWO PAGE STATEMENT TITLED LONG TERM RESEARCH VISION AND IMPACT WHICH IS A 20 YEAR VISION STATEMENT WHICH ALSO INCLUDES FORMAL STATEMENT ON MENTORING PHILOSOPHY AND YOUR COMMITMENT TO DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION. AND CONTACT INFORMATION FOR TWO SORRY THREE LETTER WRITERS. APPLICANTS ARE ALSO ASKED TO SELECT TWO AREAS WHICH REPRESENT THE MANY -- COMMITTEES EVALUATING APPLICATIONS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. THESE ARE THE THE COMMITTEE SUBJECT AREAS WE HAD LAST YEAR, WELL THIS YEAR AND NUMBERS NEXT TO EACH CATEGORY ARE NUMBERS OF APPLICANTS WHO PICKED THAT CATEGORY. AND EACH APPLICANT IS ALLOWED TO PICK UP TO TWO CATEGORIES WHICH TO BE EVALUATED. YOU SEE THESE ARE BROAD CATEGORIES LIKE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY, ET CETERA. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. NEARLY ALL INSTITUTES THAT HAVE INTRAMURAL PROGRAMS HIRED AT LEAST ONE INVESTIGATOR SINCE WE STARTED THIS PROGRAM IN 2009. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CANDIDATES COMPETE EFFECTIVELY LITTLE OVER HALF OF THE STADTMAN HIRES OUTSIDE OF NIH. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO WE TYPICALLY GET BETWEEN 400 AND 800 APPLICANTS A YEAR. -- THE SEMIFINALISTS ARE ABOUT 200 EACH YEAR, WE USUALLY INTERVIEW SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 50 AND 90 PEOPLE AND HAVE BETWEEN 8 AND 15 HIRES TYPICALLY. NEXT SLIDE. SO WHAT FACTORS DO WE CONSIDER? PUBLICATION RECORD, THE QUALITY AND INNOVATION SHOWN IN YOUR PREVIOUS WORK AND RESEARCH PLAN Z ABILITY TO DESCRIBE WORK IN WRITING AND ORALLY. IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH, THE COMPLIMENT EXISTING EXPERTISE. LEADERSHIP AND MENTORING ACTIVITIES AS OUTREACH ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING GROUPS THAT ARE UNDER-REPRESENTED IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. FOR CLINICIANS WE LOOK AT BOARD CERTIFICATION. AND PREVIOUS COMPETITIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT SUCH AS FELLOWSHIPS AWARDS, AND SPECIAL RECOGNITION. NEXT SLIDE. THERE IS A MYTH OUT THERE THAT WE ONLY HIRE PEOPLE WITH CELL SCIENCE NATURE OR NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE PAPERS THAT IS NOT TRUE. BUT WE DO EXPECT TO BE PUBLISHING IN JOURNALS WHERE ANYBODY IN YOUR FIELD SAY YES, HA IS A PLACE WHERE HIGH QUALITY WORK IS PUBLISHED. WE ALSO LIKE TO SEE PUBLICATIONS IN AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTS. FOR EXAMPLE AS GRADUATE STUDENT AS POST DOC. NEXT SLIDE. SO WHAT SHOULD BE IN YOUR RESEARCH PLAN VISION STATEMENT? BACKGROUND PROBLEM YOU WISH TO STUDY, EXPLANATION OF WHY IT IS AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM EVEN IF OBVIOUS. DETAILS WHAT APPROACHES OR METHODS YOU USE TO MOVE YOUR FIELD FORWARD IN THE SHORT TERM. WHAT ARE THE KEY EXPERIMENTS THAT HAVE TO BE DONE FIRST AND WHY. ADVANTAGES TO YOUR APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM. WHY DID YOU PICK AN ANIMAL MODEL VERSUS TISSUE CULTURE MODEL. AND TOOLS AND SKILLS THAT GIVE YOU AN ADVANTAGE IN TACKLING THIS PROBLEM. NEXT SLIDE. WE ALSO WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS YOUR VISION OF YOUR -- FUTURE OF YOUR RESEARCH AND POTENTIAL IMPACT. IS THERE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH. AND/OR OUR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGY. CAN YOU CONNECT THE DOTS BETWEEN YOUR RESEARCH AND THE TREATMENT OF YOUR DISEASE 20 YEARS FROM NOW? CAN YOU ANTICIPATE THE NEXT STEPS IF YOU ACHIEVE YOUR RESEARCH YOUR MEDIA RE-- IMMEDIATE RESEARCH GOALS. HYPOTHESES THRIVE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS WILL YOUR EXPERIMENTS HELP TO FORM OR ELIMINATE MODELS OF HOW A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS DISEASE OR BEHAVIOR OCCURS? EXPERIMENTS IDENTIFY INTERVENTION. FOCUS IS ALSO IMPORTANT. MULTIPLE PROJECTS APPEAR TO BE TIED TOGETHER IN A LOGICAL FASHION. NUMBER OF PROJECTS SHOULD BE APPROPRIATE FOR GROUP SIZE THREE TO FOUR PERSONS, YOUR GOAL IS TO BECOME A WORLD LEADER IN AT LEAST ONE SPECIFIC AREA AND HARD TO DO THAT SPREAD THINLY. IF YOUR AREA IS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, BE SURE TO APPLY THIS TO AN IMPORTANT BIOMEDICAL PROBLEM. SO ASSUME YOU ARE INVITED FOR INTERVIEW, USUALLY HAVE TO GIVE A FORMAL TALK AND THEN WE HAVE WHAT IS CALLED THE CHOCK TALK WHERE YOU HAVE TO GIVE A PRESENTATION ON YOUR FUTURE PLANS WITH MINIMAL ELECTRONIC AIDS WE ARE DOING A LOT OF ZOOM INTERVIEWS BE YOU MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DO A POWER POINT. SO YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE YOUR FUTURE PLANS WITH NO ELECTRONIC AID OR MINIMAL AIDS, IT SHOULD BE CLEAR WHAT YOU WANT TO DO FIRST AND WHY. ANSWER TOUGH QUESTIONS ABOUT PROBLEMS AS I RIGHT IN RESEARCH AND HOW TO OVERCOME THOSE PROBLEMS AND BE PREPRAYERED TO ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS WHICH TRIP UP PEOPLE LOT. WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH AND HOW WOULD YOU GO ABOUT RECRUITING STAFF AND FELLOWS IN SUCH WAY THAT YOU WOULD ATTRACT DIVERSE GROUP OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED APPLICANTS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. ONE ADDITIONAL CLARIFICATION ONLY NIH OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES CAN MAKE AN OFFICIAL OFFER OF EMPLOYMENT. DON'T MAKE IRREVERSIBLE MOVE SUCH AS SELLING A HOUSE, DESIGNING JOB, SIGNING A LEASE UNTIL YOU RECEIVE THE OFFICIAL LETTER FROM HR. COUPLE OF WEB SITES, WE ADVERTISE ALL OUR PI POSITIONS AT CAREER SITE AT IRP WEBSITE WE ALSO ARE TRAINING OFFICE AS A WEBSITE WHERE THEY HAVE JOBS FROM ALL OVER WORLD. AND IF YOU ARE NOT QUITE READY FOR A PI POSITION YET, WE ADVERTISE OUR POST-DOCTORAL POSITIONS AT WEBSITE INDICATED HERE. WE HAVE ALSO MADE A YOUTUBE VIDEO WHICH IS A LONGER VERSION OF THIS TALK WHICH IS AVAILABLE AT THE WEBSITE INDICATED. I WILL STOP THERE. >> THANKS, ROW LANDS. NEXT UP IS MY COLLEAGUE DR. CHARLES DEAROLF IN OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH, DIRECTOR OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT AND I DON'T HAVE SEES THE LASKER CLINICAL RESEARCH SCHOLARS PROGRAM. SO TALK ABOUT OPPORTUNITIES FOR CLINICAL SCHOLARS. TAKE IT AWAY. >> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY. MY NAME IS CHUCK DEAROLF OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH. I'M GOING TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE NIH LASKER CLINICAL RESEARCH SCHOLARS PROGRAM, THIS IS A PATHWAY FOR INDIVIDUALS TO HAVE A TENURE TRACK LEVEL POSITION AT THE NIH THOUGH IT IS ACTUALLY A VERY UNIQUE PROGRAM, A COMBINATION OF INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL SUPPORT AS WELL AS PARTNERING WITH THE LASKER FOUNDATION IN NEW YORK. THE GOAL OF THE PROGRAM IS THAT THE NIH WANTS TO ENCOURAGE RESEARCHERS WITH A CLINICAL BACKGROUNDS TO PURSUE A CAREER IN RESEARCH. WE RECOGNIZE CLINICIAN VERSUS A LOT OF CAREER OPTIONS. BY CLINICIAN MEAN PHYSICIAN DENTISTS AND NURSE RESEARCHERS. SO WHO ARE WE LOOKING FOR? THESE ARE ESSENTIALLY -- HAY START ENTRY LEVEL TENURE TRACK POSITIONS SO THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO WOULD BE COMPETITIVE TO DO INDEPENDENT RESEARCH AT A TENURE TRACK LEVEL AS IF YOU WERE APPLYING FOR AN FIRST LEVEL FIRST YEAR TENURE TRACK LEVEL POSITION AT A MEDICAL CENTER. THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL HAVE A RANGE OF BACKGROUNDS AND EXPERIENCE MAJORITY HAVE DONE A CLINICAL FELLOWSHIP SOME OF THEM HAVE STARTED AT HAHN INDEPENDENT NON-TENURE TRACK POSITION SUCH AS LECTURER OR OTHER POSITION AT A MEDICAL CENTER OR WHAT WE CALL ASSISTANT CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS. HERE AT THE NIH. SEVERAL SCHOLARS HAVE STARTED AS A ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT A MEDICAL CENTER IN THEIR FIRST YEAR OR TWO BEFORE THEY APPLIED AND CAME. YOU CAN BE AT OUTSIDE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OR NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM WHEN APPLYING. THE REQUIREMENTS ARE THAT YOU HAVE A LICENSE TO PRACTICE CLINICALLY IN THE UNITED STATES AND YOU ARE NOT TENURED. THE LATTER IS BROAD, WE RECOGNIZE CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS OFTEN HAVE -- THERE IS NOT JUST ONE PATHWAY NECESSARILY LINEAR PATHWAY TO BECOMING A CLINICAL INVESTIGATOR. SO WE ARE LEAVING MORE FLEXIBILITY THERE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. HERE IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM. INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE ACCEPTED DURING THE PROGRAM COME TO THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM AND ARE THERE FOR FIVE YEARS, THIS CAN BE EXTENDED UP TO TWO MORE YEARS IN THIS FIRST PHASE. AT THAT POINT THERE IS A BRANCH POINT. ONE OF TWO THINGS HAPPEN. EITHER YOU LIKE US AND WE LIKE YOU AND YOU WANT TO STAY ON. WHICH CASE YOU CONTINUE ALONG IN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM WORKING TOWARD TENURE AND I SHOULD SAY EVERYTHING IN THE FIRST PHASE COUNTS FORWARD YOUR TENURE IN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM OR ALTERNATIVELY YOU MIGHT WANT TO LEAVE FOR AN OUTSIDE POSITION AND YOU CAN DO SO THREE YEARS OF EXTRAMURAL FUNDING AT A VERY SUBSTANTIAL RATE OF $500,000 A YEAR ACROSS THE INDIRECTS GO TO OUTSIDE INSTITUTION. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. THAT IS IT, I SHOULD COMMENT PART OF THE RATIONALE FOR THAT IS THAT INDIVIDUALS PARTICULARLY CLINICIANS BUT MOST PEOPLE IN RESEARCH LIKE HAVING OPTIONS. AND WILL IS A PERCEPTION IT IS A MISPERCEPTION BUT A PERCEPTION NONETHELESS IF YOU COME TO THE NIH YOU MIGHT NOT HAVE AS MANY OPTIONS ABOUT LEAVING TO AN EXTRAMURAL POSITION BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A TRACK RECORD WRITING GRANTS AND DON'T HAVE GRANT MONEY IN HAND WHICH MANY CASES IS IMPORTANT CURRENCY IN EXTRAMURAL WORLD. IN THIS CASE THAT IS NOT TRUE, YOU HAVE SUCCESSFULLY COMPETED IN NIH PEER REVIEW PROCESS. AND HAVE GRANTS MONEY. REALITY IS IT IS A MISPERCEPTION INDIVIDUALS COME AND GO FROM THE INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM AT HIGHER LEVELS AS MUCH AS ANYWHERE ELSE. MERE ARE THE BENEFITS TO SCHOLARS. PROTECTED TIME DURING INTRAMURAL PHASE CONDUCT YOUR RESEARCH, THE RESEARCH AND SALARY ARE FULLY FUNDED BY THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAMS SO THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO SPEND TIME WRITING GRANT APPLICATIONS YOU DON'T HAVE WHAT PEOPLE PERCEIVE BURDENSOME OBLIGATION SEE PATIENTS AND BRINGING IN MONEY FOR THE HOSPITAL WHICH YOU WORK. SOME CASES FOR PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH ASSISTANT PROFESSORS AT OUTSIDE MEDICAL CENTER YOU MAY BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN AN AN AFAILIATION WITH THE INSTITUTION THAT HAS TO BE APPROVED BY OUR ETHICS OFFICE. AGAIN FOR THE INTRAMURAL -- EXTRAMURAL COMPONENT YOU HAVE THREE YEARS OF SUPPORT AT THE RESEARCH INSTITUTION. YOU HAVE DOCUMENTED SUCCESS SO AGAIN YOU HAVE OPTIONS AS WELL AS FAIRLY SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF FUNDS TO CONTINUE SETTING UP YOUR WORK ELSEWHERE. IN ADDITION LASKER FOUNDATION PROVIDES BENEFITS AT LEAST UNDER NORMAL NON-PANDEMIC TIMES THE FOUNDATION INVITES THE SCHOLARS TO ANNUAL AWARDS, NEW YORK CITY, AND HAS SPECIAL BREAKFAST WHICH SCHOLARS GET TO MEET AWARDEES. THE LASKER FOUNDATION OFFERS SEVERAL LESSONS IN LEADERSHIP DINNERS AND TALKS DURING THE COURSE OF THE YEAR. AND HIGHLIGHTED IN THE LASKER REPORTS AN ON THEIR WEBSITE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO THIS GIVES YOU A LITTLE MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE OBLIGATION PROCESS. I RECOMMEND ANYONE INTERESTED IN APPLYING TO THE POSITIONS FIRST CONTACT THE NIH IN ADVANCE TO MAKE SURE THERE WOULD BE PROGRAMMATIC INTEREST IN YOUR RESEARCH AREA. WE LIKE TO SAY THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM CAN DO ANYTHING VERY WELL BUT CAN'T DO EVERYTHING VERY WELL. AND SO IT IS GOOD TO MAKE SURE AT LEAST THERE WOULD BE PROGRAMMATIC INTEREST IN YOUR PARTICULAR RESEARCH AREA. INDIVIDUALS CAN CONTACT ME AND I CAN PUT YOU IN TOUCH WITH THE APPROPRIATE INTRAMURAL SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR OR YOU CAN CONTACT THEM DIRECTLY, FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENT WILL HAVE CONTACT AT EACH OF THE DIFFERENT INSTITUTES AS WELL AS WHAT RESEARCH AREAS THEY ARE LOOKING FOR YOU CAN CONTACT THEM DIRECTLY. APPLICANTS SUBMIT A FULL APPLICATION THROUGH GRANTS.GOV, VERY MUCH LIKE AN RO1 TYPE APPLICATION. YOU PROVIDE CANDIDATE INFORMATION LETTERS OF REFERENCE RESEARCH PROPOSAL, THEN THE APPLICATIONS ALL GO TO A PEER REVIEW THAT'S REVIEWED AT THE NIH CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC REVIEW, IT IS A SPECIAL EMPHASIS PANEL THAT REVIEWS SPECIFICALLY THE LASKER SCHOLAR APPLICATIONS. IT IS REVIEW BY OUTSIDE CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS. THE TOP RATED CANDIDATES WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION. AT THAT POINT IT BECOME AS JOB SEMINAR, AGAIN UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES CANDIDATES ARE INVITED TO THE COME TO CAMPUS, GIVE SEMINAR CHOCK TALK MEET VARIOUS INVESTIGATORS HERE. AT LEAST DURING PANDEMIC TIMES MUCH OF THAT IS BEING DONE ONLINE NOT QUITE AS OPTIMAL BUT AT LEAST GIVES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO GET TO KNOW THE PEOPLE AND FOR THEM TO HEAR YOU TALK. AND GET TO KNOW YOU. HERE IS THE EXPECTED TIME LINE FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENT T HASN'T BEEN PUBLISHED THIS COMING YEAR BUT I EXPECTED TO BE SOMEWHAT ALONG THIS TIME FRAME WHERE THE FULL APPLICATION WOULD BE DUE IN JUNE. NEXT SUMMER. OR NEXT YEAR. THE INITIAL REVIEW AT CSR WOULD BE AROUND SEPTEMBER OR OCTOBER. AFTER THAT THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS AND INTRAMURAL PROGRAM WOULD START DECIDING ON WHO THEY WERE INTERESTED AND PRETTY MUCH NOVEMBER OR LATER WOULD INVITE CANDIDATES TO GIVE TALKS. THE FINAL DECISIONS EXPECTED AS EARLY AS JANUARY 2023. THE START DATE IS FLEXIBLE. WE DON'T HAVE POSITIONS THAT HAVE TO BE FILLED BY CERTAIN TIME, IT MORE LOOKING FOR PEOPLE WHO WOULD BE GOOD FITS AND BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE INTRAMURAL ENVIRONMENT AND WORKING WITH YOU TO PROVIDE -- COME UP WITH A DATE THAT WORKS FOR EVERYBODY. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. HERE IS A PICTURE OF OUR SCHOLARS, LOOKING FORWARD TO THE DAY YOU CAN GET EVERYBODY TOGETHER AND HAVE A PICTURE WITH EVERYONE IN PERSON BUT FOR NOW WE PHOTO SHOPPED A LOT OF HEAD SHOTS TOGETHER. BUT WE ARE HAPPY THERE IS A BALANCE OF WOMEN AND MEN IN ADDITION WE HAVE CURRENTLY SEVEN UNDERREPRESENTMIDE NORTY INVESTIGATORS. THIS IS JUST TO GIVE YOU A VIEW OF THE SCHOLARS BY INSTITUTE. THERE ARE 11 DIFFERENT INSTITUTES THAT HAVE SELECTED SCHOLARS OF THE CANCER INSTITUTE WHICH OF COURSE IS THE LARGEST INSTITUTE AT NIH HAS THE MOST SCHOLARS. AS YOU CAN SEE A NUMBER OF OTHERS DO AS WELL, THE NURSING INSTITUTE DENTAL INSTITUTE AND A NUMBER OF OTHERS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. THAT IS WHAT I WANTED TO SAY. YOU CAN GO TO THE WEBSITE, I BELIEVE THE SLIDES WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO YOU BUT IF YOU DON'T HAVE IT HANDY YOU CAN GOOGLE NIH LASKER SCHOLAR GET TO OUR WEBSITE, FEEL FREE TO CONTACT ME WITH ANY QUESTIONS. THAT IS IT, HAPPY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS NOW OR LATER DEPENDING HOW YOU WANT TO DO IT. >> WE WILL TAKE QUESTIONS AT THE END. THANK YOU SO MUCH. SO NOW I'M ALREADY PLEASED TO BE ABLE TO INTRODUCE OUR PANEL OF THREE STADTMAN TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATORS. DR. HUGO TEJEDA, MENTAL HEALTH INSTITUTE, DR. NADINE SAMARA FROM THE DENTAL AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. DR. FAUSTINE WILLIAMS FROM MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES INSTITUTE. I MENTION THERE ARE ALL MEMBERS OF THE NIH DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM OR DSP. A WORD ABOUT THE DSP WHICH DR. COLLINS MENTIONED YESTERDAY AND DR. BERNARD MENTIONED EARLIER TODAY. THE DSP IS A COHORT MODEL FOR RECRUITING AND SUPPORTING A DIVERSITY OF INVESTIGATORS AT THE NIH. EVERY YEAR THE DSP RECRUITS UP TO TEN TO 15 -- COHORT OF 10 TO 15 SCHOLAR AND SUPPORTS THEM WITH FUNDING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MENTORING BIASING, SEEN YOUR INVESTIGATORS. AND NETWORKING OPPORTUNITIES WITH NIH LEADERSHIP. TO BE ELIGIBLE CANDIDATES MUST FIRST APPLY FOR PI POSITION FOR EXAMPLE LIEU THE STADTMAN PROGRAM. THEY ARE NOMINATED FOR THE DSP BY THE INSTITUTE OR CENTER THAT IS INTERESTED IN HIRING THEM. TWO MAIN CRITERIA, MAJOR CRITERIA FOR SELECTION INTO DSP ARE ONE, EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AND TWO VERY STRONG COMMITMENT TO PROMOTING DIVERSITY AS EVIDENT IN A TRACK RECORD RELEVANT ACTIVITIES. AS YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE MANY PARALLELS BETWEEN DSP AND THE MOSAIC PROGRAM. ANYWAY, I WANT TO TURN THIS OVER TO OUR THREE PANELISTS. AND UNLESS THEY HAVE OTHER IDEAS I THOUGHT MAYBE WHAT WE CAN DO IS GO BY IN THE ORDER THEY LISTED MANY THE PROGRAM. IF THAT IS OKAY. HUGO, DO YOU WANT TO GO FIRST TO TALK ABOUT EXPERIENCE AS STADTMAN AND DSP SCHOLAR TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATOR AT THE NIH. >> SURE THING, THANK YOU, CARL AND EVERYBODY FOR JOINING US. MY NAME IS HUGO TEJEDA, PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR AT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH, I HAVE BEEN HERE FOR APPROXIMATELY THREE YEARS. JUST TO GIVE EVERYBODY BACKGROUND, WAS A GRADUATE STUDENT, AT THE NIH AND AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, I DID MY POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE. I HAVE BEEN IN THE SYSTEM OR A WHILE AND GOVERNMENT IS HOOKED ITS HOOKED ME BY THE HORNS FOR QUITE SOME TIME BIG CHUNK OF MY LIFE. BUT TO BE QUITE FRANK AND HONEST I TRULY FEEL LIKE I DON'T HAVE A JOB HERE THIS IS MY HOBBY, I SUFFERED THE GOVERNMENT TO PAY ME TO DO A SAL -- SALARY TO THE WHAT I WOULD HAVE DONE FOR FREE SO I FEEL PRIVILEGE AND BLESSED TO BE HERE BECAUSE BEING AN INVESTIGATOR AT THE NIH MEANS FOCUSING ON THE EFFORTS AND RESOURCES AT MAKING MYSELF AND THE PEOPLE IN -- THAT I WORK WITH IN THE LAB, AND MY COLLEAGUES BETTER SCIENTISTS. EVERYBODY CAN APPRECIATE HERE THAT SCIENCE IS INVOLVE AN EVOLVING ENTERPRISE AND THE SCIENCE WE WERE DOING TEN YEARS AGO FIVE YEARS AGO OR EVEN LEE YEARS AGO IS NOT THE SCIENCE I WOULD BE DOING FIVE TO TEN YEARS FROM NOW. BEING ABLE TO PUT FOCUS EFFORTS INTO SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE AND MENTORSHIP, ALLOWS YOU TO GROW VERY DEEPLY WITH THAT SCIENCE, ALLOWS YOU TO REMAIN ATTACHED TO I'M A PERSON THAT IS IN THE LAB AND THEY ARE DOING EXPERIMENTS WITH POST DOCS AND GRAD STUDENTS, I JUST FINISHED RECORDING A CELL BEFORE I CAME HERE TO DO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND THAT'S THE STUFF THAT I ABSOLUTELY LOVE I DON'T GET DETACHED FROM THE SCIENCE. THE SCIENCE I'M PASSIONATE ABOUT AND CAN MAINTAIN THAT PASSION. IT ALLOWS US TO PURSUE HIGH RISK HIGH REWARD PROJECT, I'M A BASIC SCIENTIST, I WORK WITH ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. BUT BEING AT THE NIH HAS PROVIDES YOU ACCESS LOTS OF OPPORTUNITIES TO GROW, WE HAVE SAMPLES IN OUR FREEZERS FROM POST MORTEM TISSUE FROM PATIENTS THAT SUFFER FROM NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. I THINK THERE ARE VERY FEW PLACES IN THE WORLD WHERE YOU CAN WALK ON OVER TO A COLLEAGUE AND SAY HEY CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME SAMPLES I LIKE TO TAKE MY ANIMAL WORK INTO HUMAN WORK. AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE PUSH THAT IS EXPECTED OF US HERE AT THE NIH I'M ALSO AN ASSISTANT INVESTIGATOR IN A CLINICAL PROPERTY COLT THAT IS CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT, THAT REALLY DRIVES ON THE BASIC SCIENCE THAT WE HAVE BEEN DOING I FIND IT HARD FOR ME TO DO IF I HAD TO BE OVERWHELMED WITH WRITING GRANTS AND TEACHING CLASSES TO UNDERGRADUATES OR GRADUATE STUDENTS. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT WE DON'T HAVE TO ENGAGE IN GRANT WRITING OR IN TEACHING THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU DON'T HAVE THOSE OPPORTUNITIES HERE SO AS MYSELF AS AN EXAMPLE, I HAVE SUBMITTED AND OBTAINED GRANTS FROM PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS TO KEEP MYSELF TIPTOP SHAPE AND KEEP THOSE IDEAS SHARP. THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU ARE MISSING OUT ON ASPECT, THE BALTIMORE WASHINGTON AREA HAS A LOT OF INSTITUTIONS AND MANY NIH FACULTY ALSO HAVE ADJUNCT FACULTY POSITIONS AND NEARBY UNIVERSITIES AND INSTITUTIONS. THEY ABLE GET THAT EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING AND DRAW STUDENTS FROM OUTSIDE INSTITUTIONS. THE OTHER THING I LOVE ABOUT THE NIH IS AS IT'S BEEN ALLUDED TO BEFORE WITHIN THE NIH YOU CAN LOOK ANYWHERE AND SOMEBODY IS TOUCHING SOME ASPECT OF SOME SCIENCE. SO IT ALLOWS YOU TO BRANCH OUTSIDE YOUR COMFORT ZONE. IN OUR CASE WE DO A LOT OF LEK ROW PHYSIOLOGY AND LOOKING AT CIRCUITRY, WE DON'T DO MY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BUT WE HAVE COME ACROSS FINDING THAT LED US TO INTERACT WITH PEOPLE SO THAT WE CAN LET THAT ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF mRNA WITH PARTICULAR CELL TYPES IS SOMETHING I WOULD NEVER THOUGHT OF TO VENTURE OUT ON MY OWN. AND IF I WAS OVERWHELMED WITH BURDENSOME RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GRANT WRITING, ENGAGE COLLABORATIONS. SO I FEEL LIKE THE OPPORTUNITIES THE NIH PROVIDES ITS INVESTIGATORS REALLY PUSHES YOU AND FORCES YOU TO BECOME A BETTER SCIENTIST, FORCES YOU TO BECOME A BETTER MENTOR AND OVERALL I FEEL LIKE IT REALLY PUTS YOU IN A POSITION OF PRIVILEGE TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE HUMAN CONDITION. THIS PLACE IS EXTREMELY SUPPORTED. I FEEL LIKE IF HERE YOU ARE ALMOST NOT GUARANTEED TENURE, YOU ARE GOING TO GET TENURE IF YOU TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS THAT ARE IN PLACE AT THE NIH. THEY HAVE SET UP SO MANY SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURE IN PLACE SO THAT IF YOU ARE STRUGGLING WITH YOUR RESEARCH OR MENTORING PEOPLE OR HIRING OR PERSONNEL, THEY ARE GOING TO HELP YOU WITH THESE THINGS. SO IT REALLY IS A VILLAGE MENTALITY HERE. SO I'M BEING RAISED BY PEOPLE AND MENTORS SO I JUST FEEL LIKE I'M NOT LACKING ANYTHING AND WHEN I WAS ON THE JOB MARKET, I HAD NOT SAYING THIS IN A PRE-- I HAD OVER A DOZEN OFFERS INSTITUTIONS OUTSIDE THE NIH BUT THE MOMENT THAT OFFER CAME FROM THE NIH I IMMEDIATELY DROPPED EVERY SINGLE ONE OF THEM. HAY JUST LEFT MY MIND. AND I KNEW THIS WAS THE PLACE FOR ME. TO THIS DAY I DON'T REGRET A SINGLE THING. I'M HERE, GETTING PAID. AND I WOULD HAVE DONE THIS JOB FOR FREE ANYWAYS. >> THANKS. LET'S MOVE ON TO NADINE. I THINK YOU ARE NEXT OBJECT PROGRAM. >> THANK YOU, CARL. HI, EVERYONE, I'M NADINE SAMARA, STADTMAN INVESTIGATOR AT THE DENTAL INSTITUTE NIDCR. MY BACKGROUND IS STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY SO I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT HOW I GOT TO THE DENTAL INSTITUTE AND HOW I FIT IN AT THE DENTAL INSTITUTE. WHICH IS A PLACE I NEVER THOUGHT I WOULD EVER BE BUT IT ALL MAKES SENSE NOW. THERE IS A REASON FOR EVERYTHING MY UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE WHICH I GOT RECEIVED AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT IN CHEMISTRY. AND I WAS GOING TO MENTION THAT JOB. BUT MY UNDERGRADUATE WAS IN CHEMISTRY AND I LIKE HAD VERY LITTLE INTEREST IN BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, I WAS JUST REALLY INTERESTED IN MOLECULES AND ELECTRONS, EVERYTHING ON MOLECULAR LEVEL WHEN I WAS DONE WITH UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE I WASN'T SURE WHAT I WAS GOING TO DO SO I ENDED UP GOING TO RUTGERS TO PURSUE A Ph.D. IN CHEMISTRY MAINLY ORGANIC AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY BECAUSE SOMEONE WASOR WAS COLLABORATING WITH SENIOR ADVISOR. TIFFSN'T A -- I GUESS THERE WAS NOT A LOT OF MENTORING OR GUIDANCE BUT I WASN'T SURE WHERE I WAS HEADING BUT I THOUGHT IT WAS AT LEAST SOMETHING TO START. AFTER A YEAR THIS WAS NOT A GOOD FIT FOR ME. BUT WHAT MADE ME REALIZE THAT I WANTED TO DO IS A SIGNAL SEMINAR THAT I ATTENDED AT RUTGERS. AND IT WAS A STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY SEMINAR. AND AT TIME STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY WAS -- WE HAVEN'T REACHED CRYOEM SITUATION WE ARE IN NOW. SO SHE WAS AN X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHER AND IT WAS LIKE LIFE CHANGING LITERALLY. SO THIS IS WHAT I WANT TO DO. I IFENLY FIGURED IT OUT. SO I WENT AROUND AND LOOK FORD A LAB TO TAKE ME FOR ROTATION AND NOBODY WANTED TO TAKE ME FOR ROTATION. SO I JUST LEFT RUTGERS I APPLIED TO 40 LABS TO BECOME A RESEARCH ASSISTANT TO BECOME A PROTEIN BIOCHEMIST SO SOMEONE HIRED ME AT PRINCETON JUST DOWN IF THE STREET, I ONLY GOT ONE OFFER OUT OF 40. SO TO MAKES A LONG STORY SHORT JOHN LORSCH LET ME COME TO HOPKINS. THANK YOU, DR. LORSCH. AT THE TIME HE WAS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, I WAS A YOUNG GRADUATE STUDENT ENDED UP GETTING Ph.D. IN PROTEIN BIOLOGY JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. BEFORE SIMILAR TO HUGO I BECAME A TOTAL NIH LED SO I STARTED MY POST DOC AT NIH IN 2011 AND NEVER LEFT. SO I STARTED AS POST-DOC AT NIDDK IN DR. YANG'S LAB AS AN NIGMS FELLOW. AFTER FORCE YEAR I SWITCHED AND BAY BECAME A STAFF SCIENTIST SO I LOVED THE NIH FOR ALL THE REASONS HUGO MENTIONED BUT ALSO AT THE TIME LIKE I THINK WHEN WHAT I REALLY WANT TO SAY IS THAT THIS IS A PLACE TO DO THE VERY WONDERFUL SCIENCE, FANTASTIC SCIENCE, BUT IF YOU ARE PARENT LIKE ME AND I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THIS, I THINK THAT IS ONE OF THE -- I DON'T WANT TO SAY THIS IN A WAY THAT MAKES IT SOUND LIKE ANYTHING IS EASY BUT IT IS A REALLY EASY WAY TO DO GOOD SCIENCE AND HAVE IT REFLECT, THAT'S WHAT MY EXPERIENCE HAS BEEN. I HAVE BEEN ABLE TO HAVE TWO CHILDREN IN THIS PROCESS AND I'M STILL HERE WITH THE PANDEMIC AND WITH THE SUPPORT OF NIH. SO I THINK THAT THIS IS SOMETHING I WANT TO STRESS TO EVERYBODY, THIS AMAZING CHILD CARE, AMAZING SUPPORT FROM DIFFERENT TRAINING OFFICES, FROM EVERYTHING FROM THE FELLOWS TRAINING OFFICE UP TO NOVEL PI TRAINING -- NOW THE PI TRAINING OFFICE THAT CARL AND COLLEAGUES OVERSEES. SO BUT -- AND THEN THE OTHER REASON THAT I SWITCHED TO STAFF SCIENTIST POSITION, IS BECAUSE I WAS TRYING TO BALANCE WORK LIFE AND FAMILY I WASN'T READY TO APPLY TO A INDEPENDENT POSITION BUT WHAT WAS REALLY NICE ABOUT MY PARTICULAR JOB AS A STAFF SCIENTIST WAS THAT IT WAS DR. LARRY TABAK'S LAB, INDEPENDENT POSITION SO BASICALLY I RAN THE LAB AND I THINK THAT WHAT I DISCOVERED IN THIS PROCESS WAS THAT I WANTED TO RUN MY OWN LAB. SO I TOLD HIM THAT I DON'T WANT TO WORK -- I'M CUTTING OF THE HE WAS SUPPORTIVE AND HE REALLY PUSHED ME AND HE ENCOURAGED ME, SUPPORTED MY STADTMAN APPLICATION. IN JULY OF 2019 I STARTED MY OWN GROUP, BUT UNFORTUNATELY BEFORE THE PANDEMIC BUT I LOVE BEING HERE, I THINK IT IS A GREAT PLACE TO DO REALLY GREAT SCIENCE, I LOVE MY COLLEAGUES NOT ONLY AT THE DENTAL INSTITUTE BUT JUST TENURE TRACK COHORT IS FULL OF WONDERFUL KIND PEOPLE, WE ARE TO CUSSED ON PROMOTING INCLUSION AND DIVERSITY AND BEING KIND AND CIVILITY AND THE NIH IS PUSHING FOR CIVILITY AND THERE IS A LOT OF WORK ON TRYING TO PREVENT HARASSMENT AND BULLYING AND I THINK THAT MAKES IT -- THAT ALSO ADDS TO IT BEING -- TO ITS BEING A GREAT PLACE TO WORK. I'M NOT SURE HOW LONG I HAVE BEEN GOING BUT SOMEONE WANTS TO MAKE ME STOP MAKE ME STOP GO AHEAD I DON'T MIND. >> YOU ARE FINE NADINE. >> SO THERE WAS ONE MORE THING I WANTED TO SAY. THIS IS VERY SPECIFIC TO MY EXPERIENCE, NOT A VERY NIH -- I THINK IT WAS UNTIL HUGO SAID WHAT HE SAID BUT ALL MY LIFE FROM GRADUATE SCHOOL THROUGH POST-DOC I HAVE BEEN IN LABS WHERE I HAVE BEEN SURROUNDED BY OTHER LANCE THAT DO ALMOST THE SAME THING. STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND WHAT I DISCOVERED AT THE DENTAL INSTITUTE WAS THAT I WAS THE ONLY STRUCTURAL BIOLOGIST SURROUNDD BY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS THAN IMMUNOLOGIST IT WAS OVERWHELMING AND I HAD NO IDEA WHAT ANYONE WAS TALKING ABOUT AT SEMINARS AND IT WAS SO MUCH BUT WHAT I DISCOVERED IS BEING AROUND COLLEAGUES REALLY CHANGED HOW I THOUGHT ABOUT SCIENCE. SO ON A PERSONAL LEVEL, I HAVE GROWN SO MUCH BEING HERE BECAUSE NOW I THINK ABOUT MY SCIENCE I AND MECHANISM AND STRUCTURE BUT NOW I THINK ABOUT THE WAY THE LAB IS -- WE HAVE MICROBIOLOGY, GENETICS, WE HAVE CONFOCAL, WE HAVE SO MUCH MORE, IT IS MUCH MORE ABOUT THE LARGER BIOLOGICAL QUESTION. THAT WAS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT OF MY PERSONAL GROWTH AT NIH AS A PI AS WELL. I'M GLAD I'M HERE FOR THAT REASON AND GIVING BACK TO MY COLLEAGUES IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT MECHANISM AND STRUCTURE AND HOW THINGS WORK ON A -- HOW ELECTRONS MOVE. I THINK HUGO COVERED A LOT OF STUFF AS WELL BUT I WAS GOING TO SAY SO I'M GOING TO LET FAUSTINE GIVE HER TALK. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, FAUSTINE, YOU ARE UP NEXT. >> THANK YOU. THANK YOU, HUGO AND THANK YOU FOR THAT AWESOME OVERVIEW. IT IS GREAT TO MEET EVERYONE. MY EXPERIENCE IS SIMILAR TO -- I WANT TO TELL ALL OF YOU -- IF ANY OF YOU HERE WHO IS NOT A TRADITION -- I (INDISCERNIBLE) IN A LINEAR WAY, I WASN'T A TRANSITIONAL STUDENTS SO DON'T LOSE HOPE, THE PASSION THAT YOU HAVE KEEP FIRING THAT PASSION. KEEP THAT MISSION UP, KEEP YOUR EYE ON THAT. MY GOAL IN LIFE, WHEN I -- BIAMCI MY DAD IS -- AFTER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, AFTER HIGH SCHOOL I DIDN'T GO TO COLLEGE IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE DUE TO SOME FAMILY I HAVE TO BE HOME TO TAKE CARE OF MY YOUNGER SIBLING, THERE IS NO PART OF IT GOING TO MEDICAL SCHOOL IN GHANA THERE IS INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS SO I HAD TO DO AND I ENDED UP WITH SO MANY DEGREES BECAUSE SO MANY SITES SO I FOUND MYSELF TRANSDISCIPLINARY PHASE AND WHY DO I SAY THAT? I HAVE BACHELOR DEGREE IN MEDICAL SCIENCE AND THAT DEGREE IS COMPETITIVE SCIENCE. INFORMATION SCIENCE. AND MINOR IN PSYCHOLOGY BEFORE I GOT MY MASTERS IN HEALTH INFORMATICS, PUBLIC HEALTH AND I ALMOST GOT A Ph.D. IN INFORMATICS BUT I DECIDED THAT I DIDN'T NEED IT. SO I GOT MY Ph.D. IN APPLIED SCIENCE WITH A SPECIFICATION IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE AND I WENT TO WASU O DO MY POST DOC FOR TWO YEARS. AFTER THAT I BECAME STAFF SCIENTIST AT (INDISCERNIBLE) CLOSE TO ANOTHER THREE YEARS THEN I WENT TO EASTERN ASSISTANT AND PROFESSOR FOR ANOTHER THREE YEARS AND THERE WAS A PROGRAM HERE AT THE NIH AND I CAME TO MY RESEARCH FOCUS ON HEALTH DISPARITY LOOKING AT RACIAL DISPARITIES AND WHO IS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, I THINK ON THAT SPECIFICATION AND SIZE RACIAL DISPARITIES BLACK AND WHITE BUT WHEN I WENT TO EASTERN UNIVERSITY IN (INDISCERNIBLE) THERE IS THIS DISPARITY BUT THE DISPARITY IT WASN'T ABLE, IT WAS WHITE POPULATION DISPARITIES WITHIN THE WHITE GROUP. SO SO DISPARITIES WITHIN WHITE POPULATION. I CAME TO THE FUTURE RESEARCH LEADERS CONFERENCE AND PRESENTED MY RESEARCH AND I WAS ENCOURAGED TO APPLY, NIH IS -- WHAT BASIC SCIENCE AND THIS IS NOT THE ENVIRONMENT FOR ME BECAUSE I'M A Ph.D. AND I WAS WORK ON A GRANT AT THAT TIME, THE LADY WHO BECAME MY FRIEND IS STILL MY FRIEND, IF YOU APPLY TO THIS PROGRAM, YOU KNOW THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE WORRYING ABOUT GRANT ANY MORE, YOU ARE FREE TO DO THE RESEARCH THAT -- APPLY TO THIS STADTMAN PROGRAM AND LONG STORY SHORT, I GOT -- ONE THING I ALWAYS WANTED TO DO WAS I WAS AT -- I WAS DOING BREAST CANCER RESEARCH DISPARITY IN CANCER CONTROL AND PREVENTION, WAS I AM FROM GHANA SO NEAR AN DEAR TO MY HEART, ACCORDING TO THE LITERATURE WE KNOW WHEN BEFORE I ARRIVED IN ANY WESTERN COUNTRY -- EXPERTISE BUT THE LONGER THE STAY IN THE WEST AND HOST COUNTRY THE (INAUDIBLE) WE DON'T KNOW WHY, IS IT STRESS, ENVIRONMENTAL, THERE ARE SO MANY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT BUT I COULDN'T JUST SWITCH BECAUSE WHENIO YOU APPLY YOU ARE OUTSIDE THE NIH EXTRAMURAL, YOU WANTS TO APPLY FOR A GRANT, MY COMPUTATION IS IN BREAST CANCER, I COULDN'T JUST SWITCH FROM BREAST CANCER STRAIGHT FORWARD TO -- MOST OF MY PUBLICATION WAS ON BREAST CANCER DISPARITY BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE. SO I COULDN'T JUST LEAP FROG TO IMMIGRANT HEALTH. SO WHEN I CAME HERE, THAT IS THE BEAUTY OF THE NIH. THIS IS THE ENVIRONMENT TO DO FOR NOBLE RESEARCH. SO IN THIS ENVIRONMENT AT THE -- I WAS OFFERED THE OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS RESEARCH. SO CURRENTLY I'M LOOKING AT FOR THE OPPORTUNITY, WHAT ARE THE (INDISCERNIBLE) THAT IS -- IMPACTING IMMIGRANT HEALTH NOT LOOKING AT CANCER I'M LOOKING AT DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IMMIGRANTS. I'M WORKING WITH PEOPLE, HUGO AND I WILL BE ABLE TO FORMULATE ANY COLLABORATION, I'M WORKING WITH PEOPLE IN THE GENOMIC INSTITUTE BECAUSE THERE IS -- LOOKING AT PATIENT FROM DOMINICAN PUERTO RICO AND -- BECAUSE THE DAV MOST OF THE HISPANIC -- FROM THOSE AREAS LOOKING AT INDIVIDUALS, WE KNOW THAT (INDISCERNIBLE) ASSOCIATED WITH THAT, THERE IS DEPRESSION, ANXIETY. SO I'M TRYING TO UNDERSTAND LOOK AT JUST HOW DO IMMIGRANTS MANAGE STRESS AND THE ANXIETY. BECAUSE THE SKILL THAT WE USE TO MEASURE STRESS AND ANXIETY I USE MYSELF AS AN EXAMPLE. WHEN I GO TO THE DOCTORS OFFICE AND THEY ASK ME THOSE QUESTION, FIRST THING -- HOW MANY TIMES HAVE YOU BEEN DEPRESSED, I ALWAYS ANSWER THAT QUESTION, ZERO. NO. BUT REALITIES NO, THAT IS NOT -- BECAUSE THE SKILLS ARE NOT REALLY DESIGNED TO CAPTURE THE FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF DEPRESSION ANXIETY WHEN IT COME TO (INAUDIBLE) BECAUSE IN OUR CULTURE WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT DEPRESSION ANXIETY, IT IS A TABOO. SO WE NEED TO UNPACK THIS CONCEPT IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND IT TO -- CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION TO SET -- TO LET IMMIGRANT KNOW THAT IT IS OKAY, TO BE DEPRESSED. RIGHT? SO THOSE ARE THE KIND OF THINGS I'M TRYING SO I'M WORKING WITH PEOPLE FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUND MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS SOCIOLOGISTS GENETICISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND SOME OF THESE CONCEPTS WITHIN IMMIGRANT POPULATION. AND THE REASON FOR THIS STUDY IS CRITICAL, IS BECAUSE THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE U.S. IS CHANGING BY 2045 THE CURRENT MAJORITY IN THIS COUNTRY WILL BECOME MINORITY SO FOR THE CURRENT YOUTH MINORITY, TO BECOME THE FUTURE LEADERS OF THE TOMORROW WE NEED TO BE -- INVEST IN HEALTHCARE AND ESPECIALLY THE MENTAL WELL BEING. SO WHY IS THE NIH -- HUGO SAID A LOT. THIS IS THE ENVIRONMENT, TO DO RISKY NOBLE RESEARCH. WE ARE PROVIDED THAT RESOURCE AND BEFORE I CAME TO THE NIA I WAS -- THE VOLUME OF RESEARCH, THERE'S SO MANY RESOURCES AT THE LAB TO US. AND THEY BROUGHT US HERE TO INVEST IN THAT, TO BE SUCCESSFUL. THERE IS NO OTHER ENVIRONMENT IN THE PLANET THAT INVESTS IN YOUR CAREER AND THE SUCCESSFUL NATURE OF SCIENCE OTHER THAN THIS ENVIRONMENT. SO I CAN SAY A LOT, SO I'M JUST GOING TO -- OPEN IT UP FOR QUESTIONS. IF YOU HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY I REALLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE STADTMAN APPLICATION OUT THERE, IF YOU THINK YOU ARE NOW READY YOU CAN START WITH A FULL -- THE POST DOC AND ALSO THE INDEPENDENT PROGRAM THAT WAS MENTION. >> THANK YOU FAUSTINE AS WELL AS NADINE AND HUGO. WE HAVE TIME FOR SOME QUESTIONS. FOR PANELISTS AS WELL AS FOR MY OUR OWN COLLEAGUES SO MOSAIC SCHOLARS AN ATTENDEES WOULD LIKE TO ASK ANY OF THEM A QUESTION, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO DO SO. >> THERE'S BEEN SOME APPRECIATION IN THE CHAT ABOUT THAT SCHOLAR SHARING THEIR PERSONAL JOURNEYS AND EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCES. ANY QUESTIONS? DR. WAOPPI, DO YOU WANT TO ASK YOUR QUESTION? UNMUTE. >> THANK YOU. CAN YOU HEAR ME? >> YES. >> SO THANK YOU SO MUCH TO THE PANELISTS FOR MAKING THE TIME TO TELL US ABOUT YOUR STORIES VERY INSPIRATIONAL AND INFORMATIVE AND ENCOURAGING ESPECIALLY DR. WILLIAMS STORY. MY QUESTION WAS, AS SOME OF US ARE CURRENTLY THINKING ABOUT TRANSITIONING FROM POST DOC TO FACULTY, WHAT ARE THE TRUE I GUESS DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF -- YOU TOUCH SOME OF THEM BUT WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE YOU WOULD SAY TWO OAR THREE KEY THINGS THAT ARE DIFFERENT BETWEEN A TENURE TRACK CAREER AT THE NIH COMPARED TO A STANDARD ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT? WHAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL KEY DIFFERENCES BESIDES SUPPORT SYSTEM YOU DESCRIBED EARLIER? >> I'M COMING FROM ACADEMIA. ONE WE DID IN ACADEMIA ENVIRONMENT, THE GRANT ASKING. AT -- I HAVE TO COME OUT WITH 70% OF MY SALARY. SO THERE IS A GRANT, RIGHT? I HAVE TO TEACH. THERE IS A TEACHING, I HAD TO -- I WAS LUCKY, I HAVE TO, IS TWO (INDISCERNIBLE) ONE CLASS AND -- I WAS ON 12 MONTH APPOINTMENT. SO THERE IS A GRANT YOU HAVE TO BRING YOUR SALARY AND THEN RESEARCH TEACHING, THERE IS -- SO THESE ARE THE THREE MAIN THINGS. THIS, I DON'T HAVE TO DO -- OKAY, I PROVIDE MENTALLY, RIGHT, BUT UNLIKE THE ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT THAT IS EACH SEMESTER I HAVE TO KIND OF WHAT DO YOU CALL IT, WHAT DO DO WE CALL THOSE THINGS, (INDISCERNIBLE) ASSESSMENT -- ARM OF THAT. INVEST ALL MY ENERGY INTO MY RESEARCH AND MENTORING MY POST DOC MY FOLLOW TO BECOME BETTER SCIENTIST. AND TO BE SERIOUS IF YOU ARE -- UNDERGRADUATE CLASSES. TEACHING GRADUATE IS FAR (INDISCERNIBLE) IT IS NOT FUN. TEACHING AND BRINGING 70% OF YOUR SAL I WHERE YOU START YOU SALARY, WHE N THE MONEY START RUNNING OUT AND NOT RECEIVING THE -- BRING THOSE -- SALARY, IS NOT EASY. SO THOSE ARE THE THREE MAIN THINGS I WOULD POINT TO. >> SO HUGO AND NADINE, I KNOW YOU HAVEN'T BEEN ACTING AS FACULTY BUT DO YOU HAVE ANY INSIGHTS? BASED ON WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT OUR FRIENDS? >> YEAH. I DO KNOW THAT MY FRIENDS COME FROM ACADEMIA, THEIR BIGGEST STRUGGLE HAS BEEN WITH GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY. I DON'T KNOW IF I CAN SAY THIS ON THIS PANEL. >> SURE. >> WORK FOR THE GOVERNMENT, DOES GOVERNMENT RULES, GOVERNMENT RESTRICTIONS, THE TRAVEL STUFF, LIKE NOW, NIH HAS A RESTRICTION ON IN PERSON TRAVEL. AND IF YOU WANT TO TRAVEL FOR CONFERENCES YOU HAVE TO GET APPROVAL. IT IS USUALLY NOT AN ISSUE YOU JUST HAVE TO KNOW THE RULES. AND IF YOU KNOW THE RULES YOU YOU CAN BE FINE. BUT I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE COME IN NOT REALLY -- I DON'T KNOW ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCE, FAUSTINE BUT I KNOW FRIENDS WHO HAVE BEEN LIKE OH MY GOODNESS. >> I THINK INITIALLY I WAS FRUSTRATED BY THE RULES BECAUSE I DID THESE EXAMPLE DURING THE -- AND ONE TIME I WAS PULLING UP IN MY -- BROKE AND I COULDN'T GET ONE. I CALL MY -- AND I CANNOT GO TO THE -- SHE SAID -- THEY COULDN'T GET ME ONE. OH MY GOD. THAT IS INSANE. I HAVE TO FILL A PART FOR THIS. WILL IS NOT ANY -- FOR ME TO COME. (INDISCERNIBLE) SO THERE ARE PROTOCOLS. SO IT DOESN'T BOTHER ME ANY MORE. THOSE KIND OF THING DOESN'T BOTHER ME. >> YOU GET USED TO IT AFTER BEING HERE 10 YEARS WHATEVER, IT DOESN'T BOTHER ME, IT IS LIKE AN INITIAL THING YOU HAVE TO GET USED TO. >> I THINK SOMETHING THAT ALSO HELPS DISTINGUISH NIH FROM TYPICAL ACADEMIC SETTING IS WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE NIH AS AN INSTITUTION, MAYBE IT IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF A REALLY LARGE UNIVERSITY BUT WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT WHAT THE INSTITUTION ENTAILS, THIS INSTITUTION ENTAILS JUST WHAT WOULD BE TWO OR THREE DEPARTMENTS AT A UNIVERSITY. SO WHAT THIS COMES WITH IS SOMETHING WE NEED -- NADINE TOUCHED ON IS A LOT OF DIVERSITY IN RESEARCH TOPICS AND EXPERTISE WITHIN INSTITUTES AND ACROSS INSTITUTES. I USE MY OWN INSTITUTE AS AN EXAMPLE. AT NIHMH WE HAVE CLINICIANS THAT STUDY THE NEURAL BASIS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. BUT WE ALSO HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE THAT JUST STUDY SENSORY PROCESSING AND PERCEPTION. IRRESPECTIVE OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS. WE HAVE PEOPLE THAT JUST STUDY BASIC SCIENCE AND STUDY HOW INDIVIDUAL NEURONS PROCESS INFORMATION. YOU GET A WIDE BREADTH OF EXPOSURE TO MANY WAYS OF THINKING. I FEEL LIKE IF YOU WERE IN A BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, THAT SCOPE WOULD BE SEVERELY NOT AS BROAD. MUST HAVE MORE LIMITED. SO AGAIN, I REALLY WANT TO EMPHASIZE YOU WANT TO THINK ABOUT THE NIH AS A MASSIVE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT. IT IS HUMONGOUS AND THIS I DON'T THINK YOU CAN COMPARE VERY FEW INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD CAN EVEN COME CLOSE TO APPROACHING WHAT THE NIH HAS TO OFFER IN THAT ASPECT. >> YES. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THESE REALLY HEART FELT EXPERIENCES ABOUT WHAT IT IS LIKE TO DO RESEARCH IN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM. I WANT TO GIVE JON LORSCH A CHANCE FOR FINAL WORDS. HE'S BEEN HERE FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE END AND HE HAS TO JUMP OFF SO JON, IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A FEW WORDS FOR THE GROUP. >> THANKS, ALISON. I WANT TO THANK ALL OF THE FELLOWS, THIS IS JUST BEEN A TREMENDOUS, TREMENDOUS TWO AFTERNOONS. THE SCIENCE THAT Y'ALL ARE DOING IS INCREDIBLE, THE LEVEL OF PRESENTATIONS AND CLARITY WAS INCREDIBLE AND THE LEVEL OF DISCUSSION WAS REALLY ASTOUNDING. I THINK I SPIKE FOR ALL MY NIH COLLEAGUES WHEN I SAY WE ARE REALLY PROUD OF YOU. AND WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO FOLLOWING YOUR CAREERS, CLOSELY AND TO HELPING YOU LAUNCH THOSE CAREERS. I FEEL A NEED IN FAIRNESS THOUGH I HAVE TO GIVE THE OTHER SIDE, THE NIH IRP IS WONDERFUL, IT CAN BE THE PERFECT PLACE FOR YOU. BUT THERE ARE LOTS OF FANTASTIC INSTITUTIONS ACROSS THE COUNTRY WHERE YOU CAN THRIVE AND WE ALREADY HEARD SOME FELLOWS HAVE POSITIONS ALREADY AT INSTITUTIONS. WHETHER OR NOT TEACHING IS SOMETHING YOU WANT INTO CORP RATE STRONGLY TO YOUR CAREER, IS A PERSONAL DECISION, I WENT INTO MY FACULTY CAREER THINKING THAT I WAS GOING TO FOCUS TON RESEARCH AND MINIMIZE TEACHING. AND THAT TURNED OUT TO BE COMPLETELY WRONG. I DISCOVERED THAT I LOVE TEACHING AND IT WAS A CENTRAL PART OF MY CAREER. IN FACT, THE MAIN REASON I AM HERE IN THIS POSITION IS BECAUSE I TOOK ON SO MUCH TEACHING AND FROM THERE VARIOUS LEADERSHIP POSITIONS AN THINGS OF THAT NATURE SO I PERSONALLY FEEL TEACHING INFORMS RESEARCH AS MUCH AS RESEARCH INFORMS TEACHING SO I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU NOT TO WRITE IT OFF. BECAUSE I THINK IT WILL ACTUALLY ENRICH YOUR CAREERS BUT IT IS A DECISION EACH PERSON MAKES ON THEIR OWN. AND LOOK AT ALL THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO YOU. AND THEY ARE GOING TO BE A LOT. I GUARANTEE YOU, FROM WHAT I JUST SAW, THERE'S A LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL OF YOU. AND I REALLY HOPE THERE WERE LOTS OF CHAIRS AND DEPARTMENTS AND PROVOSTS AND DEANS WATCHING THIS BECAUSE IF I WERE ONE OF THOSE PEOPLE, I WOULD HAVE BEEN WATCHING THIS WITH APT ATTENTION THE LAST TWO AFTERNOONS AND LOOKING AT ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I WAS PLANNING TO RECRUIT OVER THE NEXT COUPLE OF YEARS. MOPE THEY ARE SMART ENOUGH FOR THAT BUT JUST INCREDIBLE STUFF. WE ARE SUPER PROUD OF YOU AND WE WILL WATCH CAREERS CLOSELY AND CHEER LEADING. SO THANKS TO ALL OF YOU. GREAT STUFF. >> THANKS SO MUCH, APPRECIATE THE FINAL WORDS. I KNOW YOU HAVE TO RUN BUT I WANT TO -- I WILL ECHO JON'S SENTIMENTS, IT WAS REALLY A PHENOMENAL MEETING AND ABSOLUTELY AWE INSPIRING AND SUCH A JOY TO BE PART OF THIS MEETING. THIS IS THE FIRST OF MANY TO COME. WE WELCOME YOUR FEEDBACK WAYS TO IMPROVE WE NEED TO BUILD TIME FOR DISCUSSION. I WANT TO THANK ALL THE SPEAKERS, ALL THE PARTICIPANTS, FOR THE HUGE AMOUNT OF WORK WE KNOW GOES INTO PREPARING A TALK THAT HAS SUCH A CONDENSED TIME FRAME, A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF WORK. THANKS TO YOU ALL, THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO MADE THIS HAPPEN BLIND THE SCENES THE UNSUNG HEROES AND WE HOPE THAT YOU ALL HAVE A WONDERFUL WEEKEND AND KNOW WE ARE HERE FOR YOU AND ANYTHING THAT YOU NEED PLEASE REACH OUT TO US. ALL RIGHT EVERYONE, WE MIGHT STAY ON FOR A MINUTE IF PEOPLE WANT TO CONTINUE TO CHAT BUT APPRECIATE THE MANY OF YOU HAVE TO GO ON AND THANKS AGAIN. TAKE CARE, EVERYONE.