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00:00:06,836 --> 00:00:08,304
FOR REJOINING US AGAIN

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00:00:08,304 --> 00:00:09,939
TODAY FOR WHAT HAS STARTED OUT

3
00:00:09,939 --> 00:00:13,109
TO BE A SCIENTIFICALLY EXCELLENT

4
00:00:13,109 --> 00:00:15,011
WORKSHOP, I HOPE.

5
00:00:15,011 --> 00:00:16,346
I HAVE FELT THAT WAY, THE

6
00:00:16,346 --> 00:00:17,280
PRESENTATIONS HAVE BEEN

7
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FANTASTIC, SO I JUST WANT TO

8
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THANK ALL OF OUR SPEAKERS

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00:00:21,985 --> 00:00:23,319
YESTERDAY WHO GAVE SUCH

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FANTASTIC TALKS.

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00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:25,922
I KNOW I LEARNED A LOT.

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YOU KNOW, SCIENTIFICALLY.

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I ALSO LEARNED A LOT ABOUT HOTEL

14
00:00:29,993 --> 00:00:31,928
LOGISTICS.

15
00:00:31,928 --> 00:00:33,029
SO APPRECIATE EVERYBODY BEARING

16
00:00:33,029 --> 00:00:35,799
WITH US AS WE WORKED THROUGH

17
00:00:35,799 --> 00:00:37,067
SOME TECHNICAL SNAGS, AND I

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APPRECIATE EVERYBODY'S PATIENCE

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THERE.

20
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A FEW QUICK UPDATES AND LESSONS

21
00:00:41,871 --> 00:00:42,806
LEARNED FROM YESTERDAY TO THAT

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END.

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SO FOR LUNCHES TODAY, ALISON AND

24
00:00:47,143 --> 00:00:48,711
MARK AT THE FRONT DESK WILL HAVE

25
00:00:48,711 --> 00:00:52,282
A MENU, SO PLEASE BEFORE

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11:00 THIS MORNING, GRAB A MENU,

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SELECT YOUR CHOICE AND GIVE IT

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00:00:55,919 --> 00:00:57,654
BACK TO ALISON.

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THEY WILL HAVE ALL OF THE FOOD

30
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PREPARED AND READY TO GO FOR

31
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LUNCH SO YOU'LL JUST NEED TO GO

32
00:01:02,092 --> 00:01:03,993
AND PAY FOR YOUR FOOD AND TAKE

33
00:01:03,993 --> 00:01:04,761
YOUR PREPARED BOX.

34
00:01:04,761 --> 00:01:06,429
SO THAT IS HOW WE'RE GOING TO

35
00:01:06,429 --> 00:01:07,297
HANDLE LUNCH TODAY.

36
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HOPEFULLY THAT PROCESS WILL RUN

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A LITTLE BIT SMOOTHER THAN IT

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DID YESTERDAY BECAUSE I KNOW

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EVERYBODY IS SICK OF PIZZA.

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SO AGAIN, THANK YOU FOR BEING

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HERE.

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00:01:18,408 --> 00:01:21,377
I'M GOING TO PASS IT OFF TO OUR

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EXCELLENT PLENARY PANEL, AND

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KAREN PARKER WHO WILL BE MOD

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MODERATING THAT PANEL.

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SO THANK YOU, EVERYBODY.

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>> GREAT.

48
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THANK YOU SO MUCH, JENNA MY NAME

49
00:01:37,293 --> 00:01:42,599
IS KAREN PARKER, PRONOUNS

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SHE/HER, IN THE OFFICE OF THE

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DIRECTOR AT NIH.

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I'VE BEEN SO PLEASED TO BE A

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PART OF THE PLANNING COMMITTEE

54
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FOR THIS WORKSHOP.

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AND I WOULD JUST LIKE TO THANK

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ALL OF THE SPONSORS AND REALLY

57
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WANT TO GIVE A GREAT SHOUT OUT

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TO JENNA, WHO KEPT US GOING

59
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THROUGHOUT THIS WHOLE PROCESS

60
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AND REALLY, I THINK, IS THE

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00:02:01,484 --> 00:02:03,086
PERSON WHO WAS MOST HELPFUL IN

62
00:02:03,086 --> 00:02:06,723
GETTING THE AMAZING SPEAKERS WHO

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HAVE BEEN PRESENTING YESTERDAY

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AND TODAY.

65
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SO I AM SO PLEASED TO BE HERE

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TODAY TO MODERATE THIS PLENARY

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00:02:13,897 --> 00:02:14,264
SESSION.

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WE WILL HAVE THREE

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PRESENTATIONS, AND I WILL JUST

70
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QUICKLY INTRODUCE THEM AND THEN

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WE'RE GOING TO GET RIGHT INTO

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PRESENTATIONS, AND I REALLY LOOK

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FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS BOTH

74
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IN THE ROOM AND ONLINE.

75
00:02:25,542 --> 00:02:30,780
SO WE WILL START TODAY WITH

76
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DR. AMANI NURU-JETER, WHO IS

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FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF

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CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY.

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THEN DR. DAVID CHAE FROM TULANE

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00:02:38,955 --> 00:02:39,756
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND

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TROPICAL MEDICINE WILL PRESENT,

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00:02:41,224 --> 00:02:43,793
AND THEN WE WILL WRAP UP THIS

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00:02:43,793 --> 00:02:45,195
PLENARY SESSION WITH DR. LISA

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00:02:45,195 --> 00:02:46,162
DIAMOND, WHO IS FROM THE

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UNIVERSITY OF UTAH.

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AND SO PLEASE JOIN ME IN

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WELCOMING DR. NURU-JETER.

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>> GOOD MORNING.

89
00:03:04,247 --> 00:03:05,982
SO I'M GOING TO ZOOM OUT A BIT

90
00:03:05,982 --> 00:03:07,317
FROM WHERE WE ENDED OUR DAY

91
00:03:07,317 --> 00:03:08,685
YESTERDAY AND TALK MORE

92
00:03:08,685 --> 00:03:10,620
HISTORICALLY AND CONCEPTUALLY

93
00:03:10,620 --> 00:03:12,589
ABOUT RACE AND THE PROCESS OF

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00:03:12,589 --> 00:03:13,456
RACIALIZATION AND

95
00:03:13,456 --> 00:03:15,425
MARGINALIZATION IN THE U.S.

96
00:03:15,425 --> 00:03:16,926
USING THE EXAMPLE OF AFRICAN

97
00:03:16,926 --> 00:03:20,263
AMERICANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS.

98
00:03:20,263 --> 00:03:21,631
IN SO DOING, I HOPE TO

99
00:03:21,631 --> 00:03:22,332
DEMONSTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF

100
00:03:22,332 --> 00:03:24,601
USING A HISTORICAL LENS TO

101
00:03:24,601 --> 00:03:27,704
CONCEPTUALIZE THE SOCIAL,

102
00:03:27,704 --> 00:03:29,772
PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

103
00:03:29,772 --> 00:03:30,607
UNDERLYING THE RACISM

104
00:03:30,607 --> 00:03:32,041
RELATIONSHIP IN ORDER TO ADVANCE

105
00:03:32,041 --> 00:03:33,776
OUR THINKING AND UNDERSTANDING

106
00:03:33,776 --> 00:03:36,045
RELATED TO CONCEPTUALIZING AND

107
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MEASURING RACISM AND

108
00:03:36,879 --> 00:03:38,047
UNDERSTANDING VARIOUS PATHWAYS

109
00:03:38,047 --> 00:03:39,482
TO HEALTH AND HOW THOSE PATHWAYS

110
00:03:39,482 --> 00:03:44,787
MAY VARY ACROSS GROUPS.

111
00:03:44,787 --> 00:03:45,922
SO I'D LIKE TO START BY TALKING

112
00:03:45,922 --> 00:03:46,356
ABOUT RACE.

113
00:03:46,356 --> 00:03:47,924
SO THESE ARE DEFINITIONS OF RACE

114
00:03:47,924 --> 00:03:49,692
FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINES WITHIN

115
00:03:49,692 --> 00:03:51,160
THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES, AND AS

116
00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:53,630
YOU CAN SEE, ALL OF THESE

117
00:03:53,630 --> 00:03:54,964
DEFINITIONS EXCEPT THE LAST

118
00:03:54,964 --> 00:03:57,200
DEFINE RACE BASED ON IDEAS OF

119
00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:00,837
GENETIC SIMILARITY.

120
00:04:00,837 --> 00:04:02,505
NOTABLY, PIs OF STUDIES

121
00:04:02,505 --> 00:04:05,441
LOOKING AT GENETIC ADMIXTURE

122
00:04:05,441 --> 00:04:07,176
HAVE STATED THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL

123
00:04:07,176 --> 00:04:11,014
SUBSTRUCTURE AND ADMIXTURE AMONG

124
00:04:11,014 --> 00:04:12,015
POPULATIONS SUCH AS AFRICAN

125
00:04:12,015 --> 00:04:14,117
AMERICANS AND THAT GENETIC

126
00:04:14,117 --> 00:04:14,951
SIMILARITY IS CORRELATED WITH A

127
00:04:14,951 --> 00:04:17,120
RANGE OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND/OR

128
00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,922
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT

129
00:04:19,922 --> 00:04:21,891
INFLUENCE DISEASE OCCURRENCE YET

130
00:04:21,891 --> 00:04:23,593
REMAIN UNMEASURED OR NOT

131
00:04:23,593 --> 00:04:25,762
ADEQUATELY ACCOUNTED FOR IN OUR

132
00:04:25,762 --> 00:04:27,397
ANALYSES, AND THAT THESE

133
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NON-GENETIC FACTORS MAY ACCOUNT

134
00:04:29,198 --> 00:04:31,367
FOR ALL OR PART OF THE

135
00:04:31,367 --> 00:04:33,169
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A PHENOTYPE

136
00:04:33,169 --> 00:04:36,906
AND ANCESTRY.

137
00:04:36,906 --> 00:04:38,308
NOW LOOKING AT DEFINITIONS FROM

138
00:04:38,308 --> 00:04:40,143
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, THESE

139
00:04:40,143 --> 00:04:41,611
DEFINITIONS AS YOU CAN SEE

140
00:04:41,611 --> 00:04:42,845
REFUTE CLAIMS ABOUT THE

141
00:04:42,845 --> 00:04:45,248
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF RACE, AND

142
00:04:45,248 --> 00:04:46,649
INSTEAD DESCRIBE THE SOCIAL,

143
00:04:46,649 --> 00:04:48,084
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL

144
00:04:48,084 --> 00:04:49,152
FOUNDATIONS OF RACIAL

145
00:04:49,152 --> 00:04:50,286
CATEGORIZATION.

146
00:04:50,286 --> 00:04:52,322
SO THERE'S A CLEAR AND VERY

147
00:04:52,322 --> 00:04:53,790
STARK DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

148
00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:54,857
BIOMEDICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

149
00:04:54,857 --> 00:04:59,896
IN TERMS OF HOW RACE IS DEFINED.

150
00:04:59,896 --> 00:05:01,931
FINALLY LOOKING AT EPIDEMIOLOGY.

151
00:05:01,931 --> 00:05:03,733
THE SECOND EDITION OF THE

152
00:05:03,733 --> 00:05:04,967
DICTIONARY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

153
00:05:04,967 --> 00:05:07,337
DEFINED RACE AS PERSONS WHO ARE

154
00:05:07,337 --> 00:05:08,571
RELATIVELY HOMOGENEOUS WITH

155
00:05:08,571 --> 00:05:09,739
RESPECT TO BIOLOGICAL

156
00:05:09,739 --> 00:05:12,842
INHERITANCE.

157
00:05:12,842 --> 00:05:14,811
THE ENTRY FOR RACE IN THE 6TH

158
00:05:14,811 --> 00:05:16,779
AND MOST RECENT DICTIONARY OF

159
00:05:16,779 --> 00:05:18,014
EPIDEMIOLOGY STATES THAT

160
00:05:18,014 --> 00:05:18,948
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF

161
00:05:18,948 --> 00:05:20,717
HUMAN RACES IS DIFFICULT, AND

162
00:05:20,717 --> 00:05:23,252
SOMETIMES MEANINGLESS, BECAUSE

163
00:05:23,252 --> 00:05:24,787
OF SIGNIFICANT GENETIC OVERLAPS

164
00:05:24,787 --> 00:05:27,390
AMONG POPULATION GROUPS.

165
00:05:27,390 --> 00:05:28,825
HOWEVER, IT STATES, RACE MAY BE

166
00:05:28,825 --> 00:05:30,860
A USEFUL CONCEPT IN PUBLIC

167
00:05:30,860 --> 00:05:32,862
HEALTH BECAUSE SOME EXPOSURES

168
00:05:32,862 --> 00:05:34,397
AND DISEASES ARE STRONGLY

169
00:05:34,397 --> 00:05:36,532
CORRELATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AND

170
00:05:36,532 --> 00:05:39,202
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF RACE.

171
00:05:39,202 --> 00:05:42,405
SO STILL ADVANCING A DEFINITION

172
00:05:42,405 --> 00:05:44,006
REALLY FOCUSED ON A BIOLOGICAL

173
00:05:44,006 --> 00:05:45,875
BASIS OF RACE.

174
00:05:45,875 --> 00:05:47,176
NOTABLY, THE DICTIONARY ALSO

175
00:05:47,176 --> 00:05:48,978
STATES THAT SOCIOECONOMIC,

176
00:05:48,978 --> 00:05:49,912
CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL

177
00:05:49,912 --> 00:05:51,247
DIFFERENCES ARE MORE IMPORTANT

178
00:05:51,247 --> 00:05:53,082
THAN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN

179
00:05:53,082 --> 00:05:55,485
INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS.

180
00:05:55,485 --> 00:05:57,253
HOWEVER, BY SAYING THIS, THEY'RE

181
00:05:57,253 --> 00:05:59,355
IGNORING THE WAYS IN WHICH SES

182
00:05:59,355 --> 00:06:01,691
AND BEHAVIORS ARE DETERMINED BY

183
00:06:01,691 --> 00:06:02,592
RACISM, WHICH WE'LL TALK ABOUT A

184
00:06:02,592 --> 00:06:05,428
BIT LATER.

185
00:06:05,428 --> 00:06:08,865
SO WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT RACE IN

186
00:06:08,865 --> 00:06:11,267
THE U.S.?

187
00:06:11,267 --> 00:06:13,870
SO THE PURPOSE OF THE INITIAL

188
00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:15,872
CENSUS WAS TO ESTABLISH

189
00:06:15,872 --> 00:06:16,606
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS AND

190
00:06:16,606 --> 00:06:17,840
FOR TAXATION PURPOSES SO THE

191
00:06:17,840 --> 00:06:22,712
MORE PEOPLE YOU HAD -- THE

192
00:06:22,712 --> 00:06:23,713
SOUTHERN STATES HAD MORE POWER

193
00:06:23,713 --> 00:06:25,982
THAN THE NORTHERN STATES,

194
00:06:25,982 --> 00:06:30,753
BECAUSE OF THE 35TH COMPROMISE

195
00:06:30,753 --> 00:06:32,455
WHICH COUNTED THREE FIFTHS AS

196
00:06:32,455 --> 00:06:33,856
PART OF THE OFFICIAL POPULATION

197
00:06:33,856 --> 00:06:35,158
ACCOUNT ALTHOUGH SLAVES ARE NOT

198
00:06:35,158 --> 00:06:37,693
ALLOWED TO VOTE AND INDIGENOUS

199
00:06:37,693 --> 00:06:38,995
PEOPLE WERE NOT TAXED OR

200
00:06:38,995 --> 00:06:40,797
ACCOUNTED AT ALL.

201
00:06:40,797 --> 00:06:43,933
IN 1820, A COLOR COLUMN WAS

202
00:06:43,933 --> 00:06:44,400
ADDED.

203
00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:50,807
AND IN THIS COLUMN, ONLY BLACK

204
00:06:50,807 --> 00:06:54,677
AND MULATTO PEOPLE WERE LISTED

205
00:06:54,677 --> 00:06:56,579
INITIALLY THUS THEY WERE IN

206
00:06:56,579 --> 00:06:57,847
EFFECT RACIALIZED AND THIS BEGAN

207
00:06:57,847 --> 00:06:59,182
THE OFFICIAL FEDERAL PROCESS OF

208
00:06:59,182 --> 00:06:59,816
RACIALIZATION IN THE UNITED

209
00:06:59,816 --> 00:07:00,917
STATES.

210
00:07:00,917 --> 00:07:02,452
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE ADDED IN

211
00:07:02,452 --> 00:07:03,519
1860 AND CHINESE PEOPLE WERE

212
00:07:03,519 --> 00:07:05,354
ADDED IN 1870 BASED ON SOCIAL

213
00:07:05,354 --> 00:07:06,389
AND ECONOMIC INTEREST RELATED TO

214
00:07:06,389 --> 00:07:08,624
THE CONTROL OF RESOURCES IE LAND

215
00:07:08,624 --> 00:07:10,059
AND THE CONTROLLING -- AND

216
00:07:10,059 --> 00:07:11,194
CONTROLLING IMMIGRATION IN ORDER

217
00:07:11,194 --> 00:07:12,795
TO PRIORITIZE A GROWING LABOR

218
00:07:12,795 --> 00:07:15,231
ECONOMY.

219
00:07:15,231 --> 00:07:17,099
DURING THE LATE 19TH CENTURY AND

220
00:07:17,099 --> 00:07:18,835
THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY,

221
00:07:18,835 --> 00:07:20,403
DIFFERENT SCHEMES WERE USED TO

222
00:07:20,403 --> 00:07:22,638
CATEGORIZE SO-CALLED RACIAL

223
00:07:22,638 --> 00:07:23,573
GROUPS, MOSTLY AGAIN FOR THE

224
00:07:23,573 --> 00:07:25,508
PURPOSE OF TAXATION AND

225
00:07:25,508 --> 00:07:27,777
REPRESENTATION, BUT ALSO FOR

226
00:07:27,777 --> 00:07:28,578
GRANTING CIVIL RIGHTS SUCH AS

227
00:07:28,578 --> 00:07:30,213
THE RIGHT TO PURCHASE LAND, THE

228
00:07:30,213 --> 00:07:31,948
RIGHT TO PURCHASE HOUSING, AND

229
00:07:31,948 --> 00:07:33,783
THE RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT AND

230
00:07:33,783 --> 00:07:35,585
WAGES, ALL OF WHICH WERE

231
00:07:35,585 --> 00:07:37,987
RESTRICTED PRIMARILY TO WHITES.

232
00:07:37,987 --> 00:07:39,622
THIS PROCESS OF RACIALIZATION

233
00:07:39,622 --> 00:07:45,328
INCLUDED VARIOUS RACIAL PURITY

234
00:07:45,328 --> 00:07:46,496
SCHEMES MOTIVATED BY SOCIAL,

235
00:07:46,496 --> 00:07:47,263
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL

236
00:07:47,263 --> 00:07:48,197
INTERESTS.

237
00:07:48,197 --> 00:07:50,666
FOR EXAMPLE, PERCENT BLACK AND

238
00:07:50,666 --> 00:07:52,001
THE ONE DROP RULE WERE EARLY

239
00:07:52,001 --> 00:07:53,836
METHODS FOR OPERATIONALIZING A

240
00:07:53,836 --> 00:07:55,571
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

241
00:07:55,571 --> 00:07:56,739
AND SUBJUGATE IN PARTICULAR

242
00:07:56,739 --> 00:07:59,075
THOSE WITH AFRICAN ANCESTRY.

243
00:07:59,075 --> 00:08:01,677
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR AND VARIOUS

244
00:08:01,677 --> 00:08:02,845
LAWS PASSED DURING

245
00:08:02,845 --> 00:08:03,679
RECONSTRUCTION INTENDED TO

246
00:08:03,679 --> 00:08:05,081
IMPROVE CONDITIONS FOR THE

247
00:08:05,081 --> 00:08:07,116
FORMALLY ENSLAVED, MOST SOUTHERN

248
00:08:07,116 --> 00:08:10,653
STATES ADOPTED WHAT WERE CALLED

249
00:08:10,653 --> 00:08:14,657
BLACK COVES.

250
00:08:14,657 --> 00:08:15,758
 CODES, BASED ON FORMER

251
00:08:15,758 --> 00:08:17,793
SLAVE LAWS, AND WERE DESIGNED TO

252
00:08:17,793 --> 00:08:20,563
LIMIT THE NEW-FOUND FREEDOM OF

253
00:08:20,563 --> 00:08:21,697
EMANCIPATED BLACKS BY

254
00:08:21,697 --> 00:08:23,566
RESTRICTING THEIR MOVEMENT, AND

255
00:08:23,566 --> 00:08:24,667
FORCING THEM INTO A LABOR

256
00:08:24,667 --> 00:08:25,935
ECONOMY BASED ON LOW WAGES AND

257
00:08:25,935 --> 00:08:28,070
DEBT.

258
00:08:28,070 --> 00:08:29,405
ADDITIONALLY, THESE LAWS ALLOWED

259
00:08:29,405 --> 00:08:31,941
BLACKS TO BE ARRESTED FOR MINOR

260
00:08:31,941 --> 00:08:34,610
INFRACTIONS, DEVELOPING A SYSTEM

261
00:08:34,610 --> 00:08:36,479
OF PENAL LABOR EFFECTIVELY

262
00:08:36,479 --> 00:08:38,214
RESULTING IN REENSLAVEMENT.

263
00:08:38,214 --> 00:08:39,949
THUS DESPITE ALL OF THESE NEW

264
00:08:39,949 --> 00:08:40,917
AMENDMENTS AND LAWS, SOUTHERN

265
00:08:40,917 --> 00:08:42,919
STATES CONTINUED TO OPERATE

266
00:08:42,919 --> 00:08:44,020
UNDER DE FACTO RACIAL

267
00:08:44,020 --> 00:08:46,756
DISCRIMINATION AND SEGREGATION.

268
00:08:46,756 --> 00:08:48,524
AFTER THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION,

269
00:08:48,524 --> 00:08:50,326
SOUTHERN STATES ENACTED MORE

270
00:08:50,326 --> 00:08:52,128
DISCRIMINATORY LAWS WHICH WE

271
00:08:52,128 --> 00:08:54,697
KNOW AS JIM CROW LAWS.

272
00:08:54,697 --> 00:08:55,831
CONSEQUENTLY, EFFORTS TO ENFORCE

273
00:08:55,831 --> 00:08:58,334
WHITE SUPREMACY BY LEGISLATION

274
00:08:58,334 --> 00:09:00,102
INCREASED AND DISCRIMINATION AND

275
00:09:00,102 --> 00:09:01,737
SEGREGATION WERE LEGAL AND

276
00:09:01,737 --> 00:09:02,939
ENFORCEABLE UNTIL THE CIVIL

277
00:09:02,939 --> 00:09:04,807
RIGHTS ACT OF 1964.

278
00:09:04,807 --> 00:09:06,442
THAT WAS JUST NINE YEARS BEFORE

279
00:09:06,442 --> 00:09:08,344
I WAS BORN, SO WE'RE TALKING

280
00:09:08,344 --> 00:09:10,746
ABOUT A VERY RECENT HISTORY.

281
00:09:10,746 --> 00:09:13,182
IN FACT, I GREW UP LISTENING TO

282
00:09:13,182 --> 00:09:14,317
STORIES FROM MY MOTHER WHO GREW

283
00:09:14,317 --> 00:09:16,452
UP IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH SUCH AS

284
00:09:16,452 --> 00:09:18,721
HAVING TO DRINK OUT OF A

285
00:09:18,721 --> 00:09:20,456
COLORED-ONLY WATER FOUNTAIN.

286
00:09:20,456 --> 00:09:21,691
LEGALLY, UNDER JIM CROW,

287
00:09:21,691 --> 00:09:22,792
SERVICES AND FACILITIES WERE

288
00:09:22,792 --> 00:09:24,827
SUPPOSED TO BE SEPARATE BUT

289
00:09:24,827 --> 00:09:27,597
EQUAL.

290
00:09:27,597 --> 00:09:28,431
HOWEVER, IN PRACTICE SERVICES

291
00:09:28,431 --> 00:09:30,633
AND FACILITIES FOR BLACKS WERE

292
00:09:30,633 --> 00:09:31,467
CONSISTENTLY INFERIOR OR AT

293
00:09:31,467 --> 00:09:32,835
TIMES DIDN'T EXIST AT ALL.

294
00:09:32,835 --> 00:09:38,274
AND ALTHOUGH JIM CROW WAS ALONE

295
00:09:38,274 --> 00:09:39,475
IN THE SOUTH IT WAS RAMPANT IN

296
00:09:39,475 --> 00:09:41,377
THE NORTH, INCLUDING THINGS LIKE

297
00:09:41,377 --> 00:09:42,678
HOUSING PATTERNS ENFORCED BY

298
00:09:42,678 --> 00:09:44,146
PRIVATE COVENANTS AND BANK

299
00:09:44,146 --> 00:09:46,382
LENDING PRACTICES AS WELL AS JOB

300
00:09:46,382 --> 00:09:49,552
DISCRIMINATION.

301
00:09:49,552 --> 00:09:50,453
NATIVE AMERICANS WERE NOT

302
00:09:50,453 --> 00:09:51,654
GRANTED THE FULL RIGHTS AND

303
00:09:51,654 --> 00:09:53,289
PROTECTIONS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP

304
00:09:53,289 --> 00:09:54,757
UNTIL LONG AFTER

305
00:09:54,757 --> 00:09:55,591
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND WOMEN WITH

306
00:09:55,591 --> 00:09:58,260
MANY HAVING TO WAIT UNTIL THE

307
00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:00,096
NATIONALITY ACT OF 1940, WHICH

308
00:10:00,096 --> 00:10:01,731
WAS LONG AFTER THE PASSAGE OF

309
00:10:01,731 --> 00:10:04,133
THE 14TH AMENDMENT.

310
00:10:04,133 --> 00:10:05,534
AND BECAUSE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

311
00:10:05,534 --> 00:10:06,769
WERE OFFICIALLY CONSIDERED

312
00:10:06,769 --> 00:10:09,105
MEMBERS OF OTHER NATIONS, IE,

313
00:10:09,105 --> 00:10:10,439
SOVEREIGN NATIONS, THEY WERE

314
00:10:10,439 --> 00:10:12,742
DENIED U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND

315
00:10:12,742 --> 00:10:14,610
SUBJECT TO FORCED REMOVAL.

316
00:10:14,610 --> 00:10:17,046
THESE TREATIES WE ALL KNOW WERE

317
00:10:17,046 --> 00:10:20,149
LARGELY VIOLATED BY WHITE SET

318
00:10:20,149 --> 00:10:20,349
LERS.

319
00:10:20,349 --> 00:10:22,018
AS A RESULT, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

320
00:10:22,018 --> 00:10:23,319
WERE CONFINED TO RESERVATIONS

321
00:10:23,319 --> 00:10:25,321
WHICH WERE SUBPAR IN THEIR

322
00:10:25,321 --> 00:10:26,989
CONDITIONS, MAKING TRADITIONAL

323
00:10:26,989 --> 00:10:28,157
PRACTICES AROUND FARMING AND

324
00:10:28,157 --> 00:10:31,293
RAISING LIFESTOCK DIFFICULT.

325
00:10:31,293 --> 00:10:32,695
AS A RESULT, TRIBES BECAME

326
00:10:32,695 --> 00:10:34,430
DEPENDENT ON THE BUREAU OF

327
00:10:34,430 --> 00:10:35,531
INDIAN AFFAIRS, RESULTING IN

328
00:10:35,531 --> 00:10:38,067
CONTINUED NEGLECT.

329
00:10:38,067 --> 00:10:39,402
SO WHY THE HISTORY LESSON?

330
00:10:39,402 --> 00:10:40,970
A LOT OF THIS IS STUFF THAT SOME

331
00:10:40,970 --> 00:10:42,672
OF US KNOW BUT AREN'T ALWAYS TOP

332
00:10:42,672 --> 00:10:43,773
OF MIND OR PRESENT IN OUR MINDS

333
00:10:43,773 --> 00:10:45,241
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT ACTUALLY

334
00:10:45,241 --> 00:10:47,176
WHAT RACE IS.

335
00:10:47,176 --> 00:10:48,244
SO WHY THE HISTORY?

336
00:10:48,244 --> 00:10:49,912
BECAUSE THIS IS ACTUALLY WHAT

337
00:10:49,912 --> 00:10:51,113
RACE IS.

338
00:10:51,113 --> 00:10:53,115
NOT GENETICS, AS STILL COMMONLY

339
00:10:53,115 --> 00:10:54,583
REGARDED IN THE BIOMEDICAL

340
00:10:54,583 --> 00:10:56,118
SCIENCES AND EVEN IN MUCH OF

341
00:10:56,118 --> 00:10:57,053
EPIDEMIOLOGY.

342
00:10:57,053 --> 00:10:59,121
AND THIS HISTORY SHEDS LATE ON

343
00:10:59,121 --> 00:11:00,790
THE LIKELY PATHWAYS THROUGH

344
00:11:00,790 --> 00:11:07,630
WHICH RACISM GETS INTO THE BODY.

345
00:11:07,630 --> 00:11:13,469
SO THIS SLIDE SHOWS OUR CURRENT

346
00:11:13,469 --> 00:11:14,737
RACIAL CATEGORIZATION IN THE

347
00:11:14,737 --> 00:11:17,840
U.S. ESTABLISHED IN 19 1977 BY E

348
00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:19,442
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET.

349
00:11:19,442 --> 00:11:24,613
HERE I PROVIDE A FEW EXCERPTS

350
00:11:24,613 --> 00:11:25,581
FROM THE FEDERAL REGISTER,

351
00:11:25,581 --> 00:11:27,083
INDICATING THE INTENTIONS OF OUR

352
00:11:27,083 --> 00:11:29,051
CURRENT RACIAL CATEGORIES.

353
00:11:29,051 --> 00:11:31,053
SO AS YOU CAN SEE, CURRENT

354
00:11:31,053 --> 00:11:32,354
RACIAL CATEGORIZATION IS A

355
00:11:32,354 --> 00:11:34,623
DIRECT RESULT OF SOCIAL,

356
00:11:34,623 --> 00:11:35,958
POLITICAL ACTIONS AND EFFORTS TO

357
00:11:35,958 --> 00:11:36,959
MONITOR COMPLIANCE WITH CIVIL

358
00:11:36,959 --> 00:11:38,694
RIGHTS LAWS.

359
00:11:38,694 --> 00:11:41,197
THE DIRECTIVE STATES THAT RACIAL

360
00:11:41,197 --> 00:11:43,299
CATEGORIES REPRESENT A

361
00:11:43,299 --> 00:11:43,899
SOCIAL-POLITICAL CONSTRUCT AND

362
00:11:43,899 --> 00:11:46,001
ARE NOT SCIENTIFICALLY BASED.

363
00:11:46,001 --> 00:11:47,970
THEY WERE INTENDED FOR BROAD

364
00:11:47,970 --> 00:11:51,207
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE TO PRODUCE

365
00:11:51,207 --> 00:11:52,908
COMPATIBLE NON-DUPLICATIVE

366
00:11:52,908 --> 00:11:54,877
EXCHANGEABLE DATA, USEFUL FOR

367
00:11:54,877 --> 00:11:55,778
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM

368
00:11:55,778 --> 00:11:58,247
ADMINISTRATION.

369
00:11:58,247 --> 00:12:00,082
SO THEN WHEN WE THINK ABOUT

370
00:12:00,082 --> 00:12:01,450
HEALTH TRENDS BY RACE, IT'S NOT

371
00:12:01,450 --> 00:12:02,618
SURPRISING WHAT WE SEE.

372
00:12:02,618 --> 00:12:03,986
HERE WE'RE LOOKING AT LIFE

373
00:12:03,986 --> 00:12:06,021
EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY RACE FROM

374
00:12:06,021 --> 00:12:07,556
1900 TO 2015.

375
00:12:07,556 --> 00:12:08,958
AND WE SEE IMPROVEMENT FOR ALL

376
00:12:08,958 --> 00:12:10,159
GROUPS.

377
00:12:10,159 --> 00:12:12,228
HOWEVER, WE ALSO SEE A STARK GAP

378
00:12:12,228 --> 00:12:13,729
BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES

379
00:12:13,729 --> 00:12:15,197
ALTHOUGH THAT GAP APPEARS TO BE

380
00:12:15,197 --> 00:12:17,867
NARROWING OVER TIME.

381
00:12:17,867 --> 00:12:19,602
NOW ZOOMING IN TO A SHORTER

382
00:12:19,602 --> 00:12:21,470
PERIOD OF TIME FROM 2000 TO

383
00:12:21,470 --> 00:12:23,472
2019, WE SEE BETTER THE

384
00:12:23,472 --> 00:12:25,541
CONSTANCY OF RACIAL DISPARITIES

385
00:12:25,541 --> 00:12:26,275
AND LIFE EXPECTANCY.

386
00:12:26,275 --> 00:12:27,576
IT'S NOT THE CONTINUOUS

387
00:12:27,576 --> 00:12:28,811
NARROWING THAT WE SAW IN THE

388
00:12:28,811 --> 00:12:30,246
PREVIOUS SLIDE.

389
00:12:30,246 --> 00:12:31,514
INSTEAD, THERE HAVE BEEN LENGTHY

390
00:12:31,514 --> 00:12:32,948
PERIODS OF STAGNATION IN THE

391
00:12:32,948 --> 00:12:36,085
RACIAL GAP.

392
00:12:36,085 --> 00:12:37,553
THIS SLIDE SHOWS VARIOUS HEALTH

393
00:12:37,553 --> 00:12:38,954
OUTCOMES.

394
00:12:38,954 --> 00:12:40,055
SELF-REPORTED HEALTH STATUS,

395
00:12:40,055 --> 00:12:41,590
HEALTH BEHAVIORS, CHRONIC

396
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:42,892
CONDITIONS, BIRTH OUTCOMES AND

397
00:12:42,892 --> 00:12:45,027
MOREMENT AND HERE WE SEE ACROSS

398
00:12:45,027 --> 00:12:47,730
THESE VARIOUS OUTCOMES, BLACKS

399
00:12:47,730 --> 00:12:50,332
AND NATIVE AMERICANS DO WORSE.

400
00:12:50,332 --> 00:12:51,634
NOW I KNOW THIS IS SMALL, BUT IT

401
00:12:51,634 --> 00:12:53,269
JUST SHOWS A VARIETY OF HEALTH

402
00:12:53,269 --> 00:12:54,403
OUTCOMES PRIMARILY CHRONIC

403
00:12:54,403 --> 00:12:56,105
CONDITIONS.

404
00:12:56,105 --> 00:12:59,108
AGAIN, IF YOU LOOK ACROSS THESE

405
00:12:59,108 --> 00:13:00,309
OUTCOMES, YOU CAN SEE THAT

406
00:13:00,309 --> 00:13:01,544
BLACKS REPRESENTED BY THE ORANGE

407
00:13:01,544 --> 00:13:03,245
LINE AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

408
00:13:03,245 --> 00:13:04,947
REPRESENTED BY THE PURPLE LINE

409
00:13:04,947 --> 00:13:06,315
DO WORSE ACROSS MANY OF THESE

410
00:13:06,315 --> 00:13:08,751
OUTCOMES.

411
00:13:08,751 --> 00:13:10,152
AND MORE RECENTLY DURING

412
00:13:10,152 --> 00:13:11,887
COVID-19, WE SAW THE GREATEST

413
00:13:11,887 --> 00:13:13,656
LOSS IN LIFE EXPECTANCY AMONG

414
00:13:13,656 --> 00:13:16,826
BLACKS AND NATIVE AMERICANS.

415
00:13:16,826 --> 00:13:18,627
SO WHEN I WAS IN GRAD SCHOOL, I

416
00:13:18,627 --> 00:13:21,430
WAS REALLY INTERESTED IN THE

417
00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:22,565
QUESTION OF HOW DOES RACE GET

418
00:13:22,565 --> 00:13:23,499
INTO THE BODY?

419
00:13:23,499 --> 00:13:25,267
SO I WAS REALLY INTERESTED IN

420
00:13:25,267 --> 00:13:26,569
UNDERSTANDING WHY IS IT THAT

421
00:13:26,569 --> 00:13:27,903
BLACKS LIVE SICKER AND DIE

422
00:13:27,903 --> 00:13:28,838
SOONER THAN OTHERS?

423
00:13:28,838 --> 00:13:30,739
AND THIS WAS A PERIOD OF TIME

424
00:13:30,739 --> 00:13:33,342
WHERE RACE WAS OFTEN USED AS A

425
00:13:33,342 --> 00:13:35,678
CATCH-ALL PROXY VARIABLE AS ANY

426
00:13:35,678 --> 00:13:37,513
NUMBER OF FACTORS THAT WERE

427
00:13:37,513 --> 00:13:40,015
HYPOTHESIZED TO EXPLAIN RACIAL

428
00:13:40,015 --> 00:13:41,417
DISPARITIES IN HEALTH.

429
00:13:41,417 --> 00:13:42,351
HOWEVER, THIS QUESTION GIVEN

430
00:13:42,351 --> 00:13:45,387
WHAT WE KNOW NOW HAS EVOLVED TO

431
00:13:45,387 --> 00:13:47,456
NOT JUST HOW RACE BUT HOW DOES

432
00:13:47,456 --> 00:13:48,824
RACISM GET INTO THE BODY.

433
00:13:48,824 --> 00:13:50,426
SO THIS SLIDE SHOWS A COMMON

434
00:13:50,426 --> 00:13:51,594
FRAMEWORK THAT WAS USED IN THE

435
00:13:51,594 --> 00:13:53,295
90s AND EARLY 2000s TO HELP

436
00:13:53,295 --> 00:13:54,897
GUIDE INVESTIGATORS INTERESTED

437
00:13:54,897 --> 00:13:57,566
IN RACISM AS A STRESSOR AND IN

438
00:13:57,566 --> 00:13:58,667
UNDERSTANDING THE

439
00:13:58,667 --> 00:13:59,501
PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS

440
00:13:59,501 --> 00:14:00,469
THROUGH WHICH RACISM GETS INTO

441
00:14:00,469 --> 00:14:04,940
THE BODY.

442
00:14:04,940 --> 00:14:06,775
THIS IS ONE OF NANCY KRUEGER'S

443
00:14:06,775 --> 00:14:09,011
EARLY PAPERS LOOKING AT RACIAL

444
00:14:09,011 --> 00:14:09,645
DISCRIMINATION AND BLOOD

445
00:14:09,645 --> 00:14:11,847
PRESSURE IN BLACK AND WHITE

446
00:14:11,847 --> 00:14:12,181
ADULTS.

447
00:14:12,181 --> 00:14:12,882
MANY OF YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH

448
00:14:12,882 --> 00:14:13,182
THIS.

449
00:14:13,182 --> 00:14:14,149
THIS IS ONE OF THE FIRST PAPERS

450
00:14:14,149 --> 00:14:17,219
TO SHOW WHAT IS NOW A MORE

451
00:14:17,219 --> 00:14:18,187
COMMON COUNTERINTUITIVE FINDING,

452
00:14:18,187 --> 00:14:20,990
THAT THOSE REPORTING NO RACIAL

453
00:14:20,990 --> 00:14:21,790
DISCRIMINATION HAD HIGHER BLOOD

454
00:14:21,790 --> 00:14:23,259
PRESSURE THAN THOSE REPORTING

455
00:14:23,259 --> 00:14:24,026
HIGHER LEVELS OF RACIAL

456
00:14:24,026 --> 00:14:24,894
DISCRIMINATION.

457
00:14:24,894 --> 00:14:27,296
BASED ON CLARKE'S MODEL AND

458
00:14:27,296 --> 00:14:28,497
OTHER WORK, CONCEPTUALIZING

459
00:14:28,497 --> 00:14:30,466
RACISM AS A STRESSOR, KRUEGER

460
00:14:30,466 --> 00:14:31,800
SHOWED DATA AND HYPOTHESIZED

461
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:33,402
THAT COPING STYLE MODERATED THE

462
00:14:33,402 --> 00:14:34,370
ASSOCIATION.

463
00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:35,938
AND INDEED, THEY FOUND THAT

464
00:14:35,938 --> 00:14:38,474
THOSE REPORTING HIGH RACIAL

465
00:14:38,474 --> 00:14:39,642
DISCRIMINATION BUT WHO ENGAGED

466
00:14:39,642 --> 00:14:41,577
IN MORE ACTIVE COPING HAD LOWER

467
00:14:41,577 --> 00:14:43,879
BLOOD PRESSURE THAN THOSE

468
00:14:43,879 --> 00:14:44,747
REPORTING NO DISCRIMINATION BUT

469
00:14:44,747 --> 00:14:46,515
WHO ENGAGE IN A MORE PASSIVE

470
00:14:46,515 --> 00:14:49,585
COPING STYLE.

471
00:14:49,585 --> 00:14:50,753
MUCH OF THE WORK AT THIS TIME

472
00:14:50,753 --> 00:14:52,554
WAS FOCUSED ON INTERPERSONAL

473
00:14:52,554 --> 00:14:55,024
DISCRIMINATION OR WHAT KAMARA

474
00:14:55,024 --> 00:14:56,292
JONES CALLED PERSONALLY MEDIATED

475
00:14:56,292 --> 00:14:59,094
RACISM, ESSENTIALLY RACIAL

476
00:14:59,094 --> 00:14:59,728
DISCRIMINATION OCCURRING BETWEEN

477
00:14:59,728 --> 00:15:01,163
INDIVIDUAL ACTORS OR AT THE

478
00:15:01,163 --> 00:15:02,731
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, AND PEOPLE

479
00:15:02,731 --> 00:15:04,133
INTERESTED IN THE EMBODIMENT OF

480
00:15:04,133 --> 00:15:05,567
RACISM OR, AGAIN, HOW RACISM

481
00:15:05,567 --> 00:15:08,804
GETS INTO THE BODY.

482
00:15:08,804 --> 00:15:11,340
SO THIS SLIDE SHOWS KRUEGER'S

483
00:15:11,340 --> 00:15:13,008
EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION

484
00:15:13,008 --> 00:15:13,309
SCALE.

485
00:15:13,309 --> 00:15:15,077
ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED

486
00:15:15,077 --> 00:15:19,114
MEASURES OF PERSONALLY MEDIATED

487
00:15:19,114 --> 00:15:20,950
RACISM IN PARTICULAR, IN THE

488
00:15:20,950 --> 00:15:22,084
PUBLIC HEALTH LITERATURE.

489
00:15:22,084 --> 00:15:24,787
AND AS YOU CAN SEE, THE MEASURE

490
00:15:24,787 --> 00:15:26,021
ASKS BOTH ABOUT HOW ONE

491
00:15:26,021 --> 00:15:27,790
TYPICALLY COPES WITH UNFAIR

492
00:15:27,790 --> 00:15:29,425
TREATMENT AND ABOUT EXPERIENCES

493
00:15:29,425 --> 00:15:31,260
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION.

494
00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:33,996
IN THIS WAY, KRUEGER'S WORK WENT

495
00:15:33,996 --> 00:15:35,998
BEYOND JUST CAPTURING THE

496
00:15:35,998 --> 00:15:37,766
STIMULUS, IE, RACIAL DISCRIM NAI

497
00:15:37,766 --> 00:15:39,401
AND CAPTURED ANOTHER ESSENTIAL

498
00:15:39,401 --> 00:15:40,636
COMPONENT OF THE STRESS RESPONSE

499
00:15:40,636 --> 00:15:41,103
PROCESS.

500
00:15:41,103 --> 00:15:43,172
AND AS YOU CAN SEE, THE MEASURE

501
00:15:43,172 --> 00:15:44,807
ASKS PRIMARILY ABOUT RACIAL

502
00:15:44,807 --> 00:15:46,675
DISCRIMINATION OCCURRING WITHIN

503
00:15:46,675 --> 00:15:48,344
SPECIFIC INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS

504
00:15:48,344 --> 00:15:49,878
OR DOMAINS SUCH AS THE

505
00:15:49,878 --> 00:15:51,547
WORKPLACE, HOUSING, HEALTHCARE,

506
00:15:51,547 --> 00:15:54,783
AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE.

507
00:15:54,783 --> 00:15:56,385
THIS SLIDE SHOWS ANOTHER

508
00:15:56,385 --> 00:15:58,287
COMMONLY USED MEASURE OF RACIAL

509
00:15:58,287 --> 00:15:59,922
DISCRIMINATION IN THE PUBLIC

510
00:15:59,922 --> 00:16:01,223
HEALTH LITERATURE, WILLIAMS

511
00:16:01,223 --> 00:16:03,092
EVERY DAY DISCRIMINATION SCALE

512
00:16:03,092 --> 00:16:03,792
WHICH SOMEONE MENTIONED

513
00:16:03,792 --> 00:16:04,293
YESTERDAY.

514
00:16:04,293 --> 00:16:05,928
THE EDS IS VIEWED AS A MEASURE

515
00:16:05,928 --> 00:16:07,029
OF CHRONIC EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES

516
00:16:07,029 --> 00:16:09,765
OR WHAT SOME HAVE CALLED MICRO

517
00:16:09,765 --> 00:16:11,734
AGGRESSIONS OR IN THE CASE OF

518
00:16:11,734 --> 00:16:14,403
RACISM, RACIAL MY GROW

519
00:16:14,403 --> 00:16:14,837
AGGRESSIONS.

520
00:16:14,837 --> 00:16:16,205
AGAIN, MUCH OF THIS EARLY WORK

521
00:16:16,205 --> 00:16:20,409
BEING FOCUS  FOCUSED ON PERSONAY

522
00:16:20,409 --> 00:16:20,843
MEDIATED RACISM.

523
00:16:20,843 --> 00:16:23,379
A LITTLE OVER 20 YEARS AGO,

524
00:16:23,379 --> 00:16:25,614
KAMAR JONES' SEMINAL PEOPLE

525
00:16:25,614 --> 00:16:26,949
PUSHED THE FIELD TO CONSIDER

526
00:16:26,949 --> 00:16:28,784
RACISM OCCURRING AT MULTIPLE

527
00:16:28,784 --> 00:16:29,485
LEVELS.

528
00:16:29,485 --> 00:16:31,453
SHE ARTICULATED THREE LEVELS OF

529
00:16:31,453 --> 00:16:32,554
RACISM:  INTERNALIZED,

530
00:16:32,554 --> 00:16:33,722
PERSONALLY MEDIATED AND

531
00:16:33,722 --> 00:16:34,056
INSTITUTIONAL.

532
00:16:34,056 --> 00:16:36,225
AND IN THIS PAPER, DR. JONES

533
00:16:36,225 --> 00:16:37,626
ARGUED FOR ADDRESSING THE ROOT

534
00:16:37,626 --> 00:16:40,062
CAUSE, WHICH SHE ARGUED WAS

535
00:16:40,062 --> 00:16:41,797
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, SUGGESTING

536
00:16:41,797 --> 00:16:43,766
THAT ADDRESSING INSTITUTIONAL

537
00:16:43,766 --> 00:16:45,134
RACISM WHICH AS YOU CAN SEE HERE

538
00:16:45,134 --> 00:16:47,069
ALSO INCLUDES ASPECTS OF

539
00:16:47,069 --> 00:16:48,771
STRUCTURAL RACISM, WOULD

540
00:16:48,771 --> 00:16:51,073
NATURALLY ADDRESS OTHER FORMS OF

541
00:16:51,073 --> 00:16:53,375
RACISM.

542
00:16:53,375 --> 00:16:55,144
AS YOU CAN SEE, SHE ARGUES FOR

543
00:16:55,144 --> 00:16:57,379
THIS KIND OF MUTUAL CONSTITUTION

544
00:16:57,379 --> 00:16:58,747
BETWEEN STRUCTURAL BARRIERS,

545
00:16:58,747 --> 00:17:00,582
SOCIETAL NORMS AND PERSONALLY

546
00:17:00,582 --> 00:17:01,050
MEDIATED RACISM.

547
00:17:01,050 --> 00:17:02,918
SO THIS IDEA OF ONE FORM OF

548
00:17:02,918 --> 00:17:03,986
RACISM UPHOLDING AND REINFORCING

549
00:17:03,986 --> 00:17:07,723
THE OTHER.

550
00:17:07,723 --> 00:17:09,091
SINCE COVID-19, THE MURDER OF

551
00:17:09,091 --> 00:17:10,459
GEORGE FLOYD AND SO MANY OTHERS

552
00:17:10,459 --> 00:17:11,193
INCREASING ATTENTION HAS BEEN

553
00:17:11,193 --> 00:17:12,594
PAID TO STRUCTURAL RACISM.

554
00:17:12,594 --> 00:17:13,829
PRIOR TO THIS TIME, THE MAJORITY

555
00:17:13,829 --> 00:17:15,497
OF WORK THAT WENT ABOVE THE

556
00:17:15,497 --> 00:17:17,666
LEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL FOCUSED

557
00:17:17,666 --> 00:17:19,334
ON INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEMIC

558
00:17:19,334 --> 00:17:20,235
RACISM.

559
00:17:20,235 --> 00:17:22,871
THAT IS, RACISM OCCURRING AT THE

560
00:17:22,871 --> 00:17:24,239
SYSTEMIC LEVEL BUT WITHIN A

561
00:17:24,239 --> 00:17:26,108
GIVEN SYSTEM.

562
00:17:26,108 --> 00:17:27,643
PROMINENT EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE

563
00:17:27,643 --> 00:17:28,844
EDUCATION SYSTEM AND THE

564
00:17:28,844 --> 00:17:31,046
CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM.

565
00:17:31,046 --> 00:17:31,780
HOWEVER, RECENT CALLS HAVE

566
00:17:31,780 --> 00:17:34,650
ARGUED FOR DEFINING,

567
00:17:34,650 --> 00:17:35,951
CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING

568
00:17:35,951 --> 00:17:36,385
STRUCTURAL RACISM.

569
00:17:36,385 --> 00:17:38,220
A COMMON DEFINITION IS THE ONE

570
00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:39,888
SHOWN HERE FROM BAILEY ET AL.,

571
00:17:39,888 --> 00:17:41,190
WHO DESCRIBES STRUCTURAL RACISM

572
00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:43,092
IMPORTANTLY AS INVOLVING

573
00:17:43,092 --> 00:17:44,493
INTERCONNECTED INSTITUTIONS

574
00:17:44,493 --> 00:17:46,795
WHOSE LINKAGES ARE HISTORICALLY

575
00:17:46,795 --> 00:17:48,664
ROOTED AND REINFORCED.

576
00:17:48,664 --> 00:17:50,265
IT REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF

577
00:17:50,265 --> 00:17:53,969
WAYS IN WHICH SOCIETIES FOSTER

578
00:17:53,969 --> 00:17:56,205
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION THROUGH

579
00:17:56,205 --> 00:17:58,874
MUTUALLY REINFORCING INEQUITABLE

580
00:17:58,874 --> 00:18:01,677
SYSTEMS THAT IN TURN REINFORCE

581
00:18:01,677 --> 00:18:02,678
DISCRIMINATORY BELIEFS, VALUES

582
00:18:02,678 --> 00:18:04,213
AND DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES.

583
00:18:04,213 --> 00:18:06,782
A LESS COMMONLY DISCUSSED FORM

584
00:18:06,782 --> 00:18:11,220
OF RACISM IS CULTURAL RACISM,

585
00:18:11,220 --> 00:18:14,256
WHICH CAN BE UNDER AS THE VALUES

586
00:18:14,256 --> 00:18:15,991
AND BELIEF SYSTEMS OF WHITE

587
00:18:15,991 --> 00:18:16,758
SUPERIORITY THAT OPERATE AT THE

588
00:18:16,758 --> 00:18:17,926
LEVEL OF OUR SHARED

589
00:18:17,926 --> 00:18:19,128
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ARE EXPRESSED

590
00:18:19,128 --> 00:18:20,729
IN THE LANGUAGE, SYMBOLS AND

591
00:18:20,729 --> 00:18:21,663
MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF

592
00:18:21,663 --> 00:18:22,598
DOMINANT SOCIETY.

593
00:18:22,598 --> 00:18:24,333
IN THIS PAPER LED BY ONE OF MY

594
00:18:24,333 --> 00:18:26,301
FORMER DOCTORAL STUDENTS, WE

595
00:18:26,301 --> 00:18:28,137
DELINEATE THE MUTUAL

596
00:18:28,137 --> 00:18:29,705
CONSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL AND

597
00:18:29,705 --> 00:18:32,207
CULTURAL RACISM WHICH UPHOLD

598
00:18:32,207 --> 00:18:33,408
EACH OTHER AND CREATE CONDITIONS

599
00:18:33,408 --> 00:18:34,910
FOR OTHER FORMS OF RACISM TO

600
00:18:34,910 --> 00:18:36,879
FLOURISH, SUCH AS INTERNALIZED

601
00:18:36,879 --> 00:18:41,049
AND PERSONALLY MEDIATED RACISM.

602
00:18:41,049 --> 00:18:43,752
IT ALSO DESCRIBES HOW THIS

603
00:18:43,752 --> 00:18:44,820
RESULTS IN A DIFFERENTIAL

604
00:18:44,820 --> 00:18:46,688
DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES,

605
00:18:46,688 --> 00:18:49,925
CALLED FLEXIBLE RESOURCES, IN

606
00:18:49,925 --> 00:18:51,827
THEIR FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE CONCEPT

607
00:18:51,827 --> 00:18:52,094
FRAMEWORK.

608
00:18:52,094 --> 00:18:53,395
STRUCTURAL RACISM ALSO OPERATE

609
00:18:53,395 --> 00:18:55,464
THROUGH PLACE-BASED RESOURCE

610
00:18:55,464 --> 00:18:57,499
DEPRIVATION OR PLACE-BASED

611
00:18:57,499 --> 00:18:59,968
HAZARDS THAT CREATE WHAT

612
00:18:59,968 --> 00:19:01,503
SOCIOLOGIST TRISHA ROSE CALLS

613
00:19:01,503 --> 00:19:02,571
THE DISACCUMULATION OF RESOURCES

614
00:19:02,571 --> 00:19:04,106
AND THE HYPERACCUMULATION OF

615
00:19:04,106 --> 00:19:05,407
RISK.

616
00:19:05,407 --> 00:19:07,042
AND WE SEE THAT THESE MORE

617
00:19:07,042 --> 00:19:08,610
UPSTREAM AND ROOT OR FUNDAMENTAL

618
00:19:08,610 --> 00:19:11,580
FORMS OF RACISM CAN RESULT IN

619
00:19:11,580 --> 00:19:13,182
COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, BEHAVIORAL

620
00:19:13,182 --> 00:19:15,484
AND BIOLOGIC INTERMEDIARIES THAT

621
00:19:15,484 --> 00:19:17,252
DETERMINE HEALTH INEQUITIES, AND

622
00:19:17,252 --> 00:19:19,655
THEN THIS OCCURS ACROSS THE LIFE

623
00:19:19,655 --> 00:19:20,222
COURSE AND MANIFESTS IN

624
00:19:20,222 --> 00:19:22,424
DIFFERENT WAYS ACROSS MANY

625
00:19:22,424 --> 00:19:23,192
DIFFERENT INTERSECTIONAL

626
00:19:23,192 --> 00:19:24,293
IDENTITIES.

627
00:19:24,293 --> 00:19:27,095
SO WITH THAT, I'LL JUST END WITH

628
00:19:27,095 --> 00:19:30,599
A FEW RECOMMENDATIONS.

629
00:19:30,599 --> 00:19:31,233
 FOR MOVING

630
00:19:31,233 --> 00:19:31,767
FORWARD IN THIS FIELD.

631
00:19:31,767 --> 00:19:34,236
ONE IS TO CONCEPTUALIZE THE

632
00:19:34,236 --> 00:19:35,270
PROBLEM WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF

633
00:19:35,270 --> 00:19:37,306
RACISM AS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL

634
00:19:37,306 --> 00:19:37,573
CONSTRUCT.

635
00:19:37,573 --> 00:19:39,374
SECOND IS IDENTIFYING MEASURES

636
00:19:39,374 --> 00:19:40,209
THAT ARE APPROPRIATE FOR THE

637
00:19:40,209 --> 00:19:42,744
TYPE OF RACISM BEING MEASURED.

638
00:19:42,744 --> 00:19:44,780
THAT WE SHOULD BE CONSIDERING

639
00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:45,781
HETEROGENEOUS TREATMENT EFFECTS,

640
00:19:45,781 --> 00:19:47,249
SO THINKING ABOUT THE WAYS IN

641
00:19:47,249 --> 00:19:50,185
WHICH THE ASSOCIATION VARIES

642
00:19:50,185 --> 00:19:52,487
ACROSS VARIOUS SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC

643
00:19:52,487 --> 00:19:53,522
FACTORS, GEOGRAPHY, ET CETERA,

644
00:19:53,522 --> 00:19:54,957
AND CONSIDERING THE MEASUREMENT

645
00:19:54,957 --> 00:19:56,825
OF BOTH STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL

646
00:19:56,825 --> 00:19:57,960
RACISM AND THAT IMPORTANTLY, IF

647
00:19:57,960 --> 00:19:59,361
WE ARE MEASURING STRUCTURAL

648
00:19:59,361 --> 00:20:03,031
RACISM, WE MUST BE INCLUDING HOW

649
00:20:03,031 --> 00:20:05,400
RACISM OPERATE ACROSS SYSTEMS.

650
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:06,134
WITH THAT, I'LL END.

651
00:20:06,134 --> 00:20:08,971
THANK YOU.

652
00:20:08,971 --> 00:20:19,147
[APPLAUSE]

653
00:20:25,454 --> 00:20:28,890
>> GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE.

654
00:20:28,890 --> 00:20:30,158
SO I ACTUALLY JUST WANT TO START

655
00:20:30,158 --> 00:20:31,627
OFF WITH A QUICK DISCLAIMER.

656
00:20:31,627 --> 00:20:34,796
MY BACKGROUND IS NOT IN DIABETES

657
00:20:34,796 --> 00:20:36,064
AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY

658
00:20:36,064 --> 00:20:36,798
DISEASES.

659
00:20:36,798 --> 00:20:40,235
I'M A SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIST.

660
00:20:40,235 --> 00:20:42,137
SO IT'S THE SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC

661
00:20:42,137 --> 00:20:44,573
LENS THAT I USE WHEN I LOOK AT

662
00:20:44,573 --> 00:20:46,541
HOW BROAD SOCIAL FORCES SHAPE

663
00:20:46,541 --> 00:20:49,211
WHAT WE CALL THE UNEVEN

664
00:20:49,211 --> 00:20:50,512
POPULATION-LEVEL DISTRIBUTION OF

665
00:20:50,512 --> 00:20:52,481
DISEASE.

666
00:20:52,481 --> 00:20:53,548
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS HEALTH

667
00:20:53,548 --> 00:20:53,915
INEQUITY.

668
00:20:53,915 --> 00:20:55,250
I KNOW THAT'S A VERY WORDY

669
00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:56,818
PHRASE, RIGHT?

670
00:20:56,818 --> 00:21:01,957
POPULATION-11 DISTRIBUTION OF-LF

671
00:21:01,957 --> 00:21:02,758
DISEASE.

672
00:21:02,758 --> 00:21:03,725
BUT WE KNOW THAT HEALTH IS NOT

673
00:21:03,725 --> 00:21:05,027
DISTRIBUTED EVENLY IN A

674
00:21:05,027 --> 00:21:06,428
POPULATION, THIS IS NOT BREAKING

675
00:21:06,428 --> 00:21:07,429
NEWS, IT'S NOT A NEW

676
00:21:07,429 --> 00:21:08,030
OBSERVATION.

677
00:21:08,030 --> 00:21:10,866
THIS IS A QUOTE BY RUDOLPH

678
00:21:10,866 --> 00:21:11,833
VIRCHOW, COMMONLY CONSIDERED TO

679
00:21:11,833 --> 00:21:12,768
BE ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE

680
00:21:12,768 --> 00:21:13,869
FIELD OF SOCIAL MEDICINE.

681
00:21:13,869 --> 00:21:15,370
HE SAYS THAT MEDICAL STATISTICS

682
00:21:15,370 --> 00:21:16,972
WILL BE OUR STANDARD OF

683
00:21:16,972 --> 00:21:17,406
MEASUREMENT.

684
00:21:17,406 --> 00:21:19,107
WE WILL WEIGH LIFE FOR LIFE AND

685
00:21:19,107 --> 00:21:21,076
SEE WHERE THE DEAD LIE THICKER,

686
00:21:21,076 --> 00:21:23,278
AMONG THE WORKERS OR AMONG THE

687
00:21:23,278 --> 00:21:24,813
PRIVILEGED.

688
00:21:24,813 --> 00:21:26,682
AND SO ONE THING THAT I

689
00:21:26,682 --> 00:21:29,551
APPRECIATE ABOUT THIS QUOTE IS

690
00:21:29,551 --> 00:21:30,919
THIS REFERENCE TO THE SOCIAL

691
00:21:30,919 --> 00:21:32,387
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, RIGHT?

692
00:21:32,387 --> 00:21:34,690
ISSUES OF CLASS.

693
00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,693
THE PRIVILEGED AND THE WORKER.

694
00:21:37,693 --> 00:21:39,027
THERE'S ANOTHER SENTIMENT IN

695
00:21:39,027 --> 00:21:41,797
THIS QUOTE THAT I LIKE, AND THAT

696
00:21:41,797 --> 00:21:44,166
IS THE SENTIMENT OF EQUALITY,

697
00:21:44,166 --> 00:21:45,934
THAT WE WILL WEIGH LIFE FOR

698
00:21:45,934 --> 00:21:46,134
LIFE.

699
00:21:46,134 --> 00:21:47,636
AT THE TIME MAYBE THIS WAS KIND

700
00:21:47,636 --> 00:21:49,004
OF LIKE REVOLUTIONARY THINKING

701
00:21:49,004 --> 00:21:50,939
TO SAY THAT THE WORKER'S LIFE

702
00:21:50,939 --> 00:21:52,374
SHOULD BE WEIGHED THE SAME AS

703
00:21:52,374 --> 00:21:54,343
THE PRIVILEGED PERSON'S LIFE,

704
00:21:54,343 --> 00:21:56,611
RIGHT, BUT THIS IS STILL VERY

705
00:21:56,611 --> 00:21:57,412
RELEVANT TODAY.

706
00:21:57,412 --> 00:21:59,348
TODAY IT WOULD BE AKIN TO SAYING

707
00:21:59,348 --> 00:22:00,315
SOMETHING LIKE BLACK LIVES

708
00:22:00,315 --> 00:22:01,983
MATTER.

709
00:22:01,983 --> 00:22:04,853
SO WHERE DO THE DEAD LIE

710
00:22:04,853 --> 00:22:05,420
THICKER?

711
00:22:05,420 --> 00:22:06,388
THIS IS A MAP SHOWING THE

712
00:22:06,388 --> 00:22:07,556
DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE EXPECTANCY

713
00:22:07,556 --> 00:22:09,024
IN THE U.S.

714
00:22:09,024 --> 00:22:12,294
WE SEE THAT STATE IN THE DEEP

715
00:22:12,294 --> 00:22:14,996
SOUTH ARE NOT VERY HEALTHY AT

716
00:22:14,996 --> 00:22:15,697
ALL.

717
00:22:15,697 --> 00:22:16,431
I'M CURRENTLY LIVING IN

718
00:22:16,431 --> 00:22:17,532
LOUISIANA.

719
00:22:17,532 --> 00:22:19,801
BEFORE THAT, I WAS LIVING IN

720
00:22:19,801 --> 00:22:20,736
AUBURN, ALABAMA.

721
00:22:20,736 --> 00:22:25,173
AND 'BA ALABAMA LAGS BEHIND OVEL

722
00:22:25,173 --> 00:22:27,075
U.S. LIFE EXPECTANCY BY SEVERAL

723
00:22:27,075 --> 00:22:29,311
YEARS.

724
00:22:29,311 --> 00:22:31,213
WITHIN THE STATE OF ALABAMA, WE

725
00:22:31,213 --> 00:22:32,147
ALSO SEE LARGE DIFFERENCES IN

726
00:22:32,147 --> 00:22:32,981
HEALTH.

727
00:22:32,981 --> 00:22:36,118
AUBURN UNIVERSITY IS LOCATED IN

728
00:22:36,118 --> 00:22:36,852
LEE COUNTY.

729
00:22:36,852 --> 00:22:38,520
YOU CAN GUESS WHOM THE COUNTY IS

730
00:22:38,520 --> 00:22:41,056
NAMED AFTER.

731
00:22:41,056 --> 00:22:42,491
I'LL GIVE YOU A HINT, IT'S NOT A

732
00:22:42,491 --> 00:22:45,994
KOREAN GUY.

733
00:22:45,994 --> 00:22:51,466
BUT LIFE EXPECTANCY, YOU KNOW

734
00:22:51,466 --> 00:22:51,900
EXCEEDS THAT.

735
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:52,968
WOULDN'T IT BE SOMETHING,

736
00:22:52,968 --> 00:22:56,271
THOUGH, IF IT WERE?

737
00:22:56,271 --> 00:22:58,907
LIFE EXPECTANCY IN LEE COUNTY

738
00:22:58,907 --> 00:23:00,409
EXCEEDS THAT OF THE STATE BY

739
00:23:00,409 --> 00:23:02,110
ABOUT 3 1/2 YEARS BUT NOTABLY

740
00:23:02,110 --> 00:23:03,512
IT'S STILL LESS THAN THE OVERALL

741
00:23:03,512 --> 00:23:04,346
U.S. AVERAGE.

742
00:23:04,346 --> 00:23:08,617
HOWEVER, LOOK AT MACON COUNTY,

743
00:23:08,617 --> 00:23:09,918
RIGHT NEXT DOOR TO LEE COUNTY,

744
00:23:09,918 --> 00:23:11,586
AND IT HAS AN AVERAGE LIFE

745
00:23:11,586 --> 00:23:12,921
EXPECTANCY THAT'S MORE THAN FIVE

746
00:23:12,921 --> 00:23:13,855
YEARS SHORTER.

747
00:23:13,855 --> 00:23:15,023
AGAIN, THESE ARE NEIGHBORING

748
00:23:15,023 --> 00:23:15,991
COUNTIES.

749
00:23:15,991 --> 00:23:17,692
SOME OF YOU MAY NOT HAVE HEARD

750
00:23:17,692 --> 00:23:19,327
OF MACON COUNTY, ALABAMA, BUT

751
00:23:19,327 --> 00:23:22,097
I'M SURE ALL OF YOU HAVE HEARD

752
00:23:22,097 --> 00:23:24,800
OF TUSKEGEE, WHICH IS THE MOST

753
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:25,333
INFAMOUS PUBLIC HEALTH

754
00:23:25,333 --> 00:23:26,334
EXPERIMENT IN U.S. HISTORY.

755
00:23:26,334 --> 00:23:30,205
TUS KTUSKEGEE IS THE COUNTY SEAF

756
00:23:30,205 --> 00:23:30,572
MACON.

757
00:23:30,572 --> 00:23:32,607
SO ACTUALLY HERE I WANT TO PAUSE

758
00:23:32,607 --> 00:23:33,942
AND THANK DR. NURU-JETER FOR

759
00:23:33,942 --> 00:23:35,844
GIVING US AN OVERVIEW OF THE

760
00:23:35,844 --> 00:23:38,013
HISTORY OF RACE AND RACISM, AND

761
00:23:38,013 --> 00:23:40,115
THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING

762
00:23:40,115 --> 00:23:43,285
HISTORY IF WE ARE TO UNDERSTAND

763
00:23:43,285 --> 00:23:45,353
CONTEMPORARY RACIAL INEQUITIES

764
00:23:45,353 --> 00:23:46,321
IN HEALTH.

765
00:23:46,321 --> 00:23:48,857
SO MACON COUNTY IS A HIGHLY

766
00:23:48,857 --> 00:23:52,194
RURAL COUNTY THAT IS OVER 80%

767
00:23:52,194 --> 00:23:52,561
BLACK.

768
00:23:52,561 --> 00:23:55,730
LEE COUNTY, IN CONTRAST, IS MORE

769
00:23:55,730 --> 00:23:59,367
THAN 70% WHITE, AND RURAL BLACK

770
00:23:59,367 --> 00:24:00,769
COUNTIES LIKE MACON COUNTY

771
00:24:00,769 --> 00:24:02,304
SUFFER FROM WORSE HEALTH OUT

772
00:24:02,304 --> 00:24:05,474
KOMS.

773
00:24:05,474 --> 00:24:06,374
OUTCOMES.

774
00:24:06,374 --> 00:24:08,777
THE HEALTH INEQUITIES IN MACON

775
00:24:08,777 --> 00:24:10,078
COUNTY ARE REALLY INEXCUSABLE.

776
00:24:10,078 --> 00:24:11,646
THIS IS AN ARTICLE IN "U.S.A.

777
00:24:11,646 --> 00:24:12,481
TODAY" THAT HIGHLIGHTED SOME OF

778
00:24:12,481 --> 00:24:14,015
THE WORK THAT WE DID WHEN

779
00:24:14,015 --> 00:24:15,083
LOOKING AT SOME OF THE

780
00:24:15,083 --> 00:24:16,551
STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES THAT THE

781
00:24:16,551 --> 00:24:17,919
RESIDENTS OF MACON COUNTY

782
00:24:17,919 --> 00:24:18,487
CONTINUE TO FACE.

783
00:24:18,487 --> 00:24:20,989
THIS IS 50 YEARS AFTER THE

784
00:24:20,989 --> 00:24:24,726
TERMINATION OF THE TUSKEGEE

785
00:24:24,726 --> 00:24:25,494
SYPHILIS STUDY.

786
00:24:25,494 --> 00:24:26,928
SO THIS ISN'T JUST A PUBLIC

787
00:24:26,928 --> 00:24:28,363
HEALTH ISSUE BUT IT'S ALSO A

788
00:24:28,363 --> 00:24:29,431
SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE.

789
00:24:29,431 --> 00:24:31,299
I THINK THIS ALSO HIGHLIGHTS

790
00:24:31,299 --> 00:24:34,903
VERY IMPORTANT ISSUES OF AGENCY

791
00:24:34,903 --> 00:24:38,006
AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND WHO IS

792
00:24:38,006 --> 00:24:38,406
RESPONSIBLE.

793
00:24:38,406 --> 00:24:40,008
I THINK THESE ARE ALSO TOPICS WE

794
00:24:40,008 --> 00:24:41,176
NEED TO THINK ABOUT WHEN WE'RE

795
00:24:41,176 --> 00:24:42,210
TALKING ABOUT RACIAL INEQUITIES

796
00:24:42,210 --> 00:24:43,211
IN HEALTH.

797
00:24:43,211 --> 00:24:44,746
SO IN THIS ARTICLE, IN ADDITION

798
00:24:44,746 --> 00:24:46,815
TO TALKING ABOUT SOME OF THE

799
00:24:46,815 --> 00:24:48,383
CONTINUING STRUCTURAL BARRIERS

800
00:24:48,383 --> 00:24:50,118
TO HEALTH IN MACON COUNTY, YOU

801
00:24:50,118 --> 00:24:52,020
ALSO ACTUALLY TALK ABOUT SOURCES

802
00:24:52,020 --> 00:24:53,855
OF STRENGTH AND RESILIENCE IN

803
00:24:53,855 --> 00:24:56,825
THE COMMUNITY.

804
00:24:56,825 --> 00:24:58,326
I THINK THIS COUNTERS THE

805
00:24:58,326 --> 00:24:59,828
DOMINANT PUBLIC HEALTH NARRATIVE

806
00:24:59,828 --> 00:25:00,996
AROUND VULNERABILITY AND

807
00:25:00,996 --> 00:25:02,030
RESILIENCE, AND THIS IS A PIECE

808
00:25:02,030 --> 00:25:05,834
THAT WE PUBLISHED IN AJPH.

809
00:25:05,834 --> 00:25:09,137
AND RATHER THAN SUGGESTING --

810
00:25:09,137 --> 00:25:10,372
RATHER THAN LABELING COMMUNITY

811
00:25:10,372 --> 00:25:17,379
AS VULNERABLE, WE SUGGEST WE

812
00:25:17,379 --> 00:25:19,214
SPECIFY WHAT COUNTIES WE'RE

813
00:25:19,214 --> 00:25:19,848
VULNERABLE TO.

814
00:25:19,848 --> 00:25:20,849
SO FOR EXAMPLE, IS THIS

815
00:25:20,849 --> 00:25:22,884
COMMUNITY VULNERABLE TO

816
00:25:22,884 --> 00:25:24,386
COERCION, IS THIS COMMUNITY

817
00:25:24,386 --> 00:25:26,988
VULNERABLE TO HOMOPHOBIA, OR TO

818
00:25:26,988 --> 00:25:28,790
RACISM.

819
00:25:28,790 --> 00:25:31,426
AND INSTEAD, RATHER THAN

820
00:25:31,426 --> 00:25:33,728
APPEALING TO PEOPLE TO BE,

821
00:25:33,728 --> 00:25:35,163
QUOTE-UNQUOTE, RESILIENT, WE

822
00:25:35,163 --> 00:25:36,932
SHOULD BE TALKING INSTEAD ABOUT

823
00:25:36,932 --> 00:25:39,568
HOW TO BUILD RESILIENT

824
00:25:39,568 --> 00:25:44,706
STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS.

825
00:25:44,706 --> 00:25:45,674
BUILDING RESILIENT STRUCTURES

826
00:25:45,674 --> 00:25:47,742
AND SYSTEMS INCLUDES BUILDING

827
00:25:47,742 --> 00:25:48,710
RESILIENT NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SO

828
00:25:48,710 --> 00:25:51,613
LIKE WHAT MAKES AN AREA HEALTHY,

829
00:25:51,613 --> 00:25:53,548
WHAT MAKES A NEIGHBORHOOD OR AN

830
00:25:53,548 --> 00:25:55,083
AREA UNHEALTHY.

831
00:25:55,083 --> 00:25:55,951
AND ONE PARTICULAR

832
00:25:55,951 --> 00:25:57,285
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SOCIAL

833
00:25:57,285 --> 00:25:59,487
ENVIRONMENT THAT I LOOK AT IS

834
00:25:59,487 --> 00:26:01,823
RACISM, SO HOW RACIST A

835
00:26:01,823 --> 00:26:03,224
PARTICULAR AREA ALSO IMPACTS OUR

836
00:26:03,224 --> 00:26:04,926
HEALTH, BUT HOW CAN WE QUANTIFY

837
00:26:04,926 --> 00:26:06,261
THIS?

838
00:26:06,261 --> 00:26:08,997
SO ONE APPROACH TO THAT, LOOK AT

839
00:26:08,997 --> 00:26:11,132
THE GOOGLE SEARCH FOR THE "N"

840
00:26:11,132 --> 00:26:12,167
WORD, SO BASICALLY IT'S A

841
00:26:12,167 --> 00:26:14,469
PORTION OF GOOGLE SEARCHES

842
00:26:14,469 --> 00:26:15,570
CONTAINING THE "N" WORD IN A

843
00:26:15,570 --> 00:26:16,605
PARTICULAR GEOGRAPHIC AREA.

844
00:26:16,605 --> 00:26:18,473
HERE IS THE DESIGNATED MARKET

845
00:26:18,473 --> 00:26:19,040
AREA LEVEL.

846
00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:24,512
SO WE USE THIS AS A PROXY FOR

847
00:26:24,512 --> 00:26:25,614
MEASURING RACISM AT THE AREA

848
00:26:25,614 --> 00:26:26,047
LEVEL.

849
00:26:26,047 --> 00:26:27,148
THIS IS A MAP SHOWING

850
00:26:27,148 --> 00:26:28,483
DISTRIBUTION OF THAT, WE SEE IT

851
00:26:28,483 --> 00:26:31,086
NOT DISTRIBUTED EVENLY IN THE

852
00:26:31,086 --> 00:26:31,786
POPULATION.

853
00:26:31,786 --> 00:26:33,288
WEST VIRGINIA WAS THE STATE WITH

854
00:26:33,288 --> 00:26:34,889
THE HIGHEST SEARCH CONCENTRATION

855
00:26:34,889 --> 00:26:37,959
FOR THE "N" WORD.

856
00:26:37,959 --> 00:26:39,594
AND IN MULTIVARIABLE REGRESSION

857
00:26:39,594 --> 00:26:41,496
MODELS, WE FOUND EACH STANDARD

858
00:26:41,496 --> 00:26:43,765
DEAF YAITION INCREASE IN THIS

859
00:26:43,765 --> 00:26:50,505
GOOGLE QE QUERY IS ASSOCIATED WH

860
00:26:50,505 --> 00:26:54,376
AN 8.2% GREATER BLACK MORTALITY

861
00:26:54,376 --> 00:26:56,344
RATE, EQUIVALENT TO AN EXCESS OF

862
00:26:56,344 --> 00:26:57,212
30,000 BLACK DEATHS ANNUALLY.

863
00:26:57,212 --> 00:26:59,614
YOU CAN SEE THIS RELATIONSHIP

864
00:26:59,614 --> 00:27:01,316
PERSISTED AFTER CONTROLLING FOR

865
00:27:01,316 --> 00:27:02,684
A NUMBER OF OTHER AREA LEVEL

866
00:27:02,684 --> 00:27:03,151
FACTORS.

867
00:27:03,151 --> 00:27:04,753
WE ALSO LOOKED AT BIRTH OUTCOMES

868
00:27:04,753 --> 00:27:06,621
WHICH HAD BEEN SHOWN TO BE

869
00:27:06,621 --> 00:27:07,822
SENSITIVE TO STRESS, AND WE

870
00:27:07,822 --> 00:27:08,590
FOUND SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS

871
00:27:08,590 --> 00:27:10,659
WITH BOTH PRETERM BIRTH AND LOW

872
00:27:10,659 --> 00:27:11,660
BIRTH WEIGHT AMONG BLACK

873
00:27:11,660 --> 00:27:15,063
MOTHERS.

874
00:27:15,063 --> 00:27:16,498
SO RACIAL INEQUITIES IN HEALTH

875
00:27:16,498 --> 00:27:22,070
ARE DRIVEN BY RACISM, NOT RACE.

876
00:27:22,070 --> 00:27:23,772
RACE IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, IT'S

877
00:27:23,772 --> 00:27:25,573
BIOLOGICALLY MEANINGLESS AND

878
00:27:25,573 --> 00:27:27,108
ONLY GIVEN MEANING BECAUSE OF

879
00:27:27,108 --> 00:27:28,610
RACISM, AND THIS IS ONE

880
00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:34,082
DEFINITION OF RACE THAT MICHAEL

881
00:27:34,082 --> 00:27:38,019
OMI -- WHICH I APPRECIATE A LOT.

882
00:27:38,019 --> 00:27:41,189
SO WHEN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

883
00:27:41,189 --> 00:27:42,090
RACIAL -- YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND

884
00:27:42,090 --> 00:27:43,158
HOW RACISM GETS UNDER THE SKIN.

885
00:27:43,158 --> 00:27:44,459
THIS INCLUDES THINGS LIKE

886
00:27:44,459 --> 00:27:45,960
EXPERIENCES IN RACIAL

887
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:47,128
DISCRIMINATION.

888
00:27:47,128 --> 00:27:48,697
SO RACIAL DISCRIMINATION CAN

889
00:27:48,697 --> 00:27:49,964
IMPACT A MYRIAD OF HEALTH

890
00:27:49,964 --> 00:27:51,900
OUTCOMES BY ENGAGING BIOLOGICAL

891
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:53,234
SYSTEMS INVOLVING THE STRESS

892
00:27:53,234 --> 00:27:54,636
RESPONSE AND THE EXPERIENCE OF

893
00:27:54,636 --> 00:27:56,604
DISCRIMINATION AND OTHER

894
00:27:56,604 --> 00:27:59,140
STRESSORS TIED TO RACISM ACROSS

895
00:27:59,140 --> 00:28:00,308
THE LIFE COURSE CONTRIBUTES TO

896
00:28:00,308 --> 00:28:02,644
WEATHERING OR ACCELERATED

897
00:28:02,644 --> 00:28:03,445
DECLINES IN HEALTH.

898
00:28:03,445 --> 00:28:05,613
ONE PARTICULAR BIOMARKER THAT I

899
00:28:05,613 --> 00:28:07,482
CONSIDERED IN MY WORK IS

900
00:28:07,482 --> 00:28:08,016
TELOMERE LENGTH.

901
00:28:08,016 --> 00:28:09,784
IT'S CONSIDERED TO BE AN

902
00:28:09,784 --> 00:28:11,953
INDICATOR OF BIOLOGIC OR CELL

903
00:28:11,953 --> 00:28:13,054
AGING AND A CUMULATIVE MARK OF

904
00:28:13,054 --> 00:28:14,556
WEAR AND TEAR ACROSS THE LIFE

905
00:28:14,556 --> 00:28:15,557
COURSE.

906
00:28:15,557 --> 00:28:17,425
IN OUR FIRST STUDY, THIS WAS A

907
00:28:17,425 --> 00:28:20,528
SMALL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF

908
00:28:20,528 --> 00:28:23,631
95 BLACK MEN, WE DID THIS ABOUT

909
00:28:23,631 --> 00:28:24,432
10 YEARS AGO, WE FOUND THAT

910
00:28:24,432 --> 00:28:26,201
BLACK MEN WHO REPORTED HIGH

911
00:28:26,201 --> 00:28:27,569
LEVELS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

912
00:28:27,569 --> 00:28:32,540
AND WHO DISPLAYED AN IMPLICIT

913
00:28:32,540 --> 00:28:34,042
ANTI-BLACK BIAS OR BIAS AGAINST

914
00:28:34,042 --> 00:28:35,343
THEIR OWN RACIAL GROUP SHOWED

915
00:28:35,343 --> 00:28:38,847
SIGNS OF ACCELERATED AGING.

916
00:28:38,847 --> 00:28:40,281
THIS RESEARCH WAS THE CATALYST

917
00:28:40,281 --> 00:28:44,085
FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH ON THE

918
00:28:44,085 --> 00:28:47,822
TELOMERE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM AS A

919
00:28:47,822 --> 00:28:50,425
PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH RACISM --

920
00:28:50,425 --> 00:28:51,559
THESE ARE FINDINGS FROM A MORE

921
00:28:51,559 --> 00:28:56,698
RECENT STUDY THAT WE PUBLISHED

922
00:28:56,698 --> 00:28:58,767
FINDING REPORTS OF RACIAL

923
00:28:58,767 --> 00:28:59,501
DISCRIMINATION WERE ASSOCIATED

924
00:28:59,501 --> 00:29:05,907
WITH A FASTER RATE OF SHORTENING

925
00:29:05,907 --> 00:29:10,545
OVER A 10 YEAR PERIOD OF TIME.

926
00:29:10,545 --> 00:29:12,113
THAT LEAD TO ACCELERATED AGING

927
00:29:12,113 --> 00:29:14,449
VIA WEAR AND TEAR OF THE

928
00:29:14,449 --> 00:29:15,617
TELOMERE AGING SYSTEM.

929
00:29:15,617 --> 00:29:17,819
ONE PARTICULAR DISEASE I STUDY

930
00:29:17,819 --> 00:29:26,060
IS SYSTEMIC LUP LUPUS, ACTIVATEY

931
00:29:26,060 --> 00:29:31,733
SOCIAL STRESSORS, CHARACTERIZE

932
00:29:31,733 --> 00:29:33,434
BID MAJOR INEQUITIES IN

933
00:29:33,434 --> 00:29:34,636
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE AS WELL

934
00:29:34,636 --> 00:29:36,871
AS IN PROGRESSION AND SEVERITY

935
00:29:36,871 --> 00:29:38,039
ALONG RACIAL AND GENDER LINES

936
00:29:38,039 --> 00:29:38,940
WITH BLACK WOMEN IN PARTICULAR

937
00:29:38,940 --> 00:29:41,676
BEING THE MOST AFFECTED.

938
00:29:41,676 --> 00:29:43,044
MOREOVER, HERE AGAIN I WANT TO

939
00:29:43,044 --> 00:29:44,112
POINT OUT THAT THERE'S NO

940
00:29:44,112 --> 00:29:46,080
COMPELLING BIOLOGICAL REASON WHY

941
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,683
BLACK WOMEN WITH LUPUS SHOULD

942
00:29:48,683 --> 00:29:49,684
EXPERIENCE WORSE DISEASE

943
00:29:49,684 --> 00:29:51,286
OUTCOMES COMPARED TO THEIR WHITE

944
00:29:51,286 --> 00:29:51,886
COUNTERPARTS.

945
00:29:51,886 --> 00:29:53,521
SO IN THIS SENSE, EVEN THOUGH

946
00:29:53,521 --> 00:29:57,625
LUPUS IS UNIQUE IN SEVERAL WAYS,

947
00:29:57,625 --> 00:29:59,093
EPIDEMIOLOGY IS REALLY NOT THAT

948
00:29:59,093 --> 00:30:01,763
SURPRISING.

949
00:30:01,763 --> 00:30:02,997
BLACK AMERICANS WITH THE SAME

950
00:30:02,997 --> 00:30:04,999
DISEASES AS WHITES, WHETHER IT

951
00:30:04,999 --> 00:30:08,970
HEART DISEASE OR DIABETES,

952
00:30:08,970 --> 00:30:13,374
CANCER, HIV, COVID, BLACK

953
00:30:13,374 --> 00:30:15,243
AMERICANS WITH THE SAME DISEASES

954
00:30:15,243 --> 00:30:17,111
AS WHITES EXPERIENCE WORSE

955
00:30:17,111 --> 00:30:18,379
OUTCOMES, AND THESE HEALTH

956
00:30:18,379 --> 00:30:21,182
INEQUITIES ARE SOCIALLY NOT

957
00:30:21,182 --> 00:30:22,450
BIOLOGICALLY ROOTED.

958
00:30:22,450 --> 00:30:27,155
SO IN 2015, MY COLLEAGUE AND I

959
00:30:27,155 --> 00:30:29,390
INITIATED THE BLACK WOMEN'S

960
00:30:29,390 --> 00:30:30,825
EXPERIENCES LIVING WITH LUPUS

961
00:30:30,825 --> 00:30:31,025
STUDY.

962
00:30:31,025 --> 00:30:32,994
THE BEWELL STUDY IS PROBABLY THE

963
00:30:32,994 --> 00:30:34,696
LARGEST STUDY TO FOCUS ON THE

964
00:30:34,696 --> 00:30:36,798
SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LUPUS.

965
00:30:36,798 --> 00:30:41,035
WE RECRUITED A TOTAL OF 438

966
00:30:41,035 --> 00:30:43,037
BLACK WOMEN, AND THIS IS A

967
00:30:43,037 --> 00:30:44,539
SAMPLE SIZE LIKE UNHEARD OF IN

968
00:30:44,539 --> 00:30:46,207
MUCH OF LUPUS RESEARCH OUTSIDE

969
00:30:46,207 --> 00:30:49,677
OF PHARMACEUTICAL STUDIES.

970
00:30:49,677 --> 00:30:51,446
WE FOUND THAT RACIAL

971
00:30:51,446 --> 00:30:52,747
DISCRIMINATION CAN UNDERMINE

972
00:30:52,747 --> 00:30:53,114
HEALTH.

973
00:30:53,114 --> 00:30:55,817
IN THIS PARTICULAR STUDY, WE

974
00:30:55,817 --> 00:30:56,451
FOUND IT SIGNIFICANTLY

975
00:30:56,451 --> 00:30:57,619
ASSOCIATED WITH ORGAN DAMAGE AS

976
00:30:57,619 --> 00:30:58,786
WELL AS DISEASE ACTIVITY.

977
00:30:58,786 --> 00:31:03,658
WE'VE ALSO LOOKED AT LESS

978
00:31:03,658 --> 00:31:06,194
STUDIED FACETS OF RACISM, THIS

979
00:31:06,194 --> 00:31:07,629
INCLUDES VICARIOUS RACISM.

980
00:31:07,629 --> 00:31:08,863
VICARIOUS RACISM INVOLVES

981
00:31:08,863 --> 00:31:10,298
HEARING ABOUT OR SEEING ACTS OF

982
00:31:10,298 --> 00:31:11,332
RACISM COMMITTED AGAINST OTHER

983
00:31:11,332 --> 00:31:14,903
MEMBERS OF ONE'S RACIAL GROUP.

984
00:31:14,903 --> 00:31:17,705
AND VICARIOUS RACISM IS A UNIQUE

985
00:31:17,705 --> 00:31:19,007
EXPERIENCE OF THREAT IN THAT

986
00:31:19,007 --> 00:31:20,308
IT'S NOT NECESSARILY TIED TO THE

987
00:31:20,308 --> 00:31:21,409
INDIVIDUAL BUT RATHER THE RACIAL

988
00:31:21,409 --> 00:31:22,877
GROUP TO WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL

989
00:31:22,877 --> 00:31:25,013
BELONGS.

990
00:31:25,013 --> 00:31:27,348
WE ALSO LOOKED AT ANTICIPATORY

991
00:31:27,348 --> 00:31:27,682
RACISM THREAT.

992
00:31:27,682 --> 00:31:30,518
THIS IS A CONCEPT THAT MY

993
00:31:30,518 --> 00:31:31,853
COLLEAGUE DR. NURU-JETER HAS

994
00:31:31,853 --> 00:31:33,955
ELABORATED ON AND DONE A LOT OF

995
00:31:33,955 --> 00:31:35,223
WORK CONCEPTUALIZING AND

996
00:31:35,223 --> 00:31:36,991
MEASURING IT.

997
00:31:36,991 --> 00:31:38,092
ANTICIPATORY RACISM INVOLVES

998
00:31:38,092 --> 00:31:40,261
EFFORTS TO BRACE ONE'S SELF OR

999
00:31:40,261 --> 00:31:42,397
PREPARE ONE'S SELF FOR BEING THE

1000
00:31:42,397 --> 00:31:43,197
TARGET OF RACISM.

1001
00:31:43,197 --> 00:31:44,499
AND IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND

1002
00:31:44,499 --> 00:31:47,101
THAT BOTH VICARIOUS RACISM AND

1003
00:31:47,101 --> 00:31:48,636
ANTICIPATORY RACISM STRESS MAY

1004
00:31:48,636 --> 00:31:50,605
RESULT IN HEIGHTENED DISEASE

1005
00:31:50,605 --> 00:31:51,105
ACTIVITY.

1006
00:31:51,105 --> 00:31:53,207
SO THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT

1007
00:31:53,207 --> 00:31:55,076
RACISM COMMITTED AGAINST ONE'S

1008
00:31:55,076 --> 00:31:57,278
RACIAL GROUP CAN HAVE SPILLOVER

1009
00:31:57,278 --> 00:31:58,313
EFFECTS EVEN TO THOSE WHO ARE

1010
00:31:58,313 --> 00:32:01,883
NOT THE IMMEDIATE TARGETS.

1011
00:32:01,883 --> 00:32:04,185
EXPERIENCES OF RACISM CAN ALSO

1012
00:32:04,185 --> 00:32:07,021
BE HEIGHTENED VIGILANCE AND JUST

1013
00:32:07,021 --> 00:32:08,056
THE ANTICIPATION THAT ONE WILL

1014
00:32:08,056 --> 00:32:10,191
BE THE TARGET OF RACISM CAN HAVE

1015
00:32:10,191 --> 00:32:10,992
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES.

1016
00:32:10,992 --> 00:32:12,093
THIS IS REGARDLESS OF WHETHER OR

1017
00:32:12,093 --> 00:32:16,097
NOT ONE IS ACTUALLY VICTIMIZED.

1018
00:32:16,097 --> 00:32:18,199
WE'VE ALSO LOOKED AT C REACTIVE

1019
00:32:18,199 --> 00:32:18,566
PROTEIN.

1020
00:32:18,566 --> 00:32:20,134
AGAIN THIS IS USING THE BEWELL

1021
00:32:20,134 --> 00:32:20,468
DATA.

1022
00:32:20,468 --> 00:32:22,337
THAT IS FROM A RECENT PAPER

1023
00:32:22,337 --> 00:32:24,505
WRITTEN BY MY FORMER DOC STUDENT

1024
00:32:24,505 --> 00:32:26,074
LOOKING AT INCIDENT REPORTS OF

1025
00:32:26,074 --> 00:32:28,843
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION OVER A

1026
00:32:28,843 --> 00:32:29,243
TWO-YEAR PERIOD.

1027
00:32:29,243 --> 00:32:30,645
SO WHAT HE FOUND WAS THAT NEW

1028
00:32:30,645 --> 00:32:32,513
REPORTS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

1029
00:32:32,513 --> 00:32:33,982
WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASES

1030
00:32:33,982 --> 00:32:36,784
IN CRP ACROSS THIS TWO-YEAR TIME

1031
00:32:36,784 --> 00:32:42,156
PERIOD.

1032
00:32:42,156 --> 00:32:44,525
ISO WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?

1033
00:32:44,525 --> 00:32:45,593
WE KNOW THAT RACISM, IN ADDITION

1034
00:32:45,593 --> 00:32:47,428
TO BEING A SOCIAL AND MORAL

1035
00:32:47,428 --> 00:32:49,697
CRISIS, IS ALSO A FUNDAMENTAL

1036
00:32:49,697 --> 00:32:51,933
CAUSE OF RACIAL INEQUITIES IN

1037
00:32:51,933 --> 00:32:52,166
HEALTH.

1038
00:32:52,166 --> 00:32:54,635
WE KNOW THAT RACISM SHAPES OTHER

1039
00:32:54,635 --> 00:32:56,270
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH,

1040
00:32:56,270 --> 00:32:57,972
AND WE KNOW THAT RACISM ALSO

1041
00:32:57,972 --> 00:32:59,007
GENERATES BIOLOGICAL

1042
00:32:59,007 --> 00:33:03,544
VULNERABILITY.

1043
00:33:03,544 --> 00:33:05,213
THERE'S' LOT MORE THAT WE DON'T

1044
00:33:05,213 --> 00:33:09,517
KNOW, MANY UNANSWERED QUESTIONS.

1045
00:33:09,517 --> 00:33:10,785
THERE ARE MAJOR GAPS IN

1046
00:33:10,785 --> 00:33:13,955
KNOWLEDGE ON HOW WE CAN

1047
00:33:13,955 --> 00:33:14,622
INTERVENE THE SOCIAL

1048
00:33:14,622 --> 00:33:16,124
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HOW

1049
00:33:16,124 --> 00:33:18,126
WE CAN CREATE RESILIENT SOCIAL

1050
00:33:18,126 --> 00:33:21,262
CONTEXTS.

1051
00:33:21,262 --> 00:33:23,731
SO IN CONCLUSION, I THINK WE'VE

1052
00:33:23,731 --> 00:33:26,434
DONE -- YOU KNOW, WE'VE DONE

1053
00:33:26,434 --> 00:33:29,437
GOOD WORK ON DOCUMENTING AND

1054
00:33:29,437 --> 00:33:32,006
EXPLAINING, DESCRIBING THE

1055
00:33:32,006 --> 00:33:32,640
PROBLEM.

1056
00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:34,475
I THINK AS THE FIELD OF PUBLIC

1057
00:33:34,475 --> 00:33:37,912
HEALTH DOES A GOOD JOB AT SAYING

1058
00:33:37,912 --> 00:33:39,414
WHAT'S WRONG, BUT NOW I THINK IS

1059
00:33:39,414 --> 00:33:42,884
A GOOD TIME TO MOVE TO ACTION,

1060
00:33:42,884 --> 00:33:44,685
AND I THINK THAT'S THE NEXT

1061
00:33:44,685 --> 00:33:45,720
GENERATION OF RESEARCH THAT WE

1062
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:47,789
NEED TO HEAD TOWARD.

1063
00:33:47,789 --> 00:33:50,224
SO WE SHOULD BE THINKING ABOUT

1064
00:33:50,224 --> 00:33:52,593
DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING

1065
00:33:52,593 --> 00:33:53,694
ANTI-RACIST POLICIES AND

1066
00:33:53,694 --> 00:33:55,930
PRACTICES AND INTERVENTIONS NOT

1067
00:33:55,930 --> 00:33:59,667
ONLY BECAUSE IT'S GOOD PUBLIC

1068
00:33:59,667 --> 00:34:00,768
HEALTH BUT ALSO BECAUSE GOING

1069
00:34:00,768 --> 00:34:03,371
BACK TO TUSKEGEE, IT'S THE MORAL

1070
00:34:03,371 --> 00:34:04,305
IMPERATIVE, THE RIGHT THING TO

1071
00:34:04,305 --> 00:34:04,605
DO.

1072
00:34:04,605 --> 00:34:05,339
THANKS.

1073
00:34:05,339 --> 00:34:15,516
[APPLAUSE]

1074
00:34:17,919 --> 00:34:19,987
>> IT FEELS SO
INEFFECTUAL, YOU

1075
00:34:19,987 --> 00:34:21,956
CAN'T CONTROL ANY -- FOR

1076
00:34:21,956 --> 00:34:30,898
SOMEBODY ELSE.

1077
00:34:30,898 --> 00:34:32,533
ENABLE -- ENABLE THE MACROS.

1078
00:34:32,533 --> 00:34:34,969
GREAT.

1079
00:34:34,969 --> 00:34:37,772
AS SORT OF A PERFECT TRANSITION,

1080
00:34:37,772 --> 00:34:39,107
DAVID, A LOT OF WHAT I WANT TO

1081
00:34:39,107 --> 00:34:41,209
TALK ABOUT IS VIGILANCE.

1082
00:34:41,209 --> 00:34:42,543
AND I'M NOT GOING TO SHOW YOU

1083
00:34:42,543 --> 00:34:43,044
ANY DATA.

1084
00:34:43,044 --> 00:34:44,512
I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT

1085
00:34:44,512 --> 00:34:44,946
IDEAS.

1086
00:34:44,946 --> 00:34:48,749
AND I'M NOT SOMEONE WHO WORKS IN

1087
00:34:48,749 --> 00:34:50,485
KIDNEY DISEASE OR DIABETES, I'M

1088
00:34:50,485 --> 00:34:51,285
A DEVELOPMENTAL HEALTH

1089
00:34:51,285 --> 00:34:51,819
PSYCHOLOGIST.

1090
00:34:51,819 --> 00:34:53,454
A LOT OF WHAT I'M GOING TO BE

1091
00:34:53,454 --> 00:34:55,123
TALKING ABOUT IS BASED ON THIS

1092
00:34:55,123 --> 00:34:57,492
PAPER WHICH FOCUSES ON LGBTQ

1093
00:34:57,492 --> 00:34:59,794
POPULATIONS OR SEXUALLY DIVERSE

1094
00:34:59,794 --> 00:35:02,029
AND GENDER DIVERSE POPULATIONS,

1095
00:35:02,029 --> 00:35:04,031
YOU GO IN MY SORT OF EMPHASIS ON

1096
00:35:04,031 --> 00:35:05,533
SOCIAL SAFETY, I REALLY THINK

1097
00:35:05,533 --> 00:35:07,435
THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IS TRULY

1098
00:35:07,435 --> 00:35:08,136
INTERSECTIONAL AND THAT SOME OF

1099
00:35:08,136 --> 00:35:09,337
THE MECHANISMS I'M TALKING ABOUT

1100
00:35:09,337 --> 00:35:12,240
ARE REALLY NOT SPECIFIC TO QUEER

1101
00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:14,275
PEOPLE OR TRANS PEOPLE, THEY'RE

1102
00:35:14,275 --> 00:35:15,443
REALLY ABOUT SOCIAL

1103
00:35:15,443 --> 00:35:16,511
MARGINALIZATION AND I ALSO TAKE

1104
00:35:16,511 --> 00:35:18,112
SORT OF AN EVOLUTIONARY

1105
00:35:18,112 --> 00:35:21,749
PERSPECTIVE IN TERMS OF HOW OUR

1106
00:35:21,749 --> 00:35:22,850
HUMAN BRAIN IS PREPARED FOR

1107
00:35:22,850 --> 00:35:23,618
THESE THINGS.

1108
00:35:23,618 --> 00:35:26,287
WE'VE TALKED ALREADY ABOUT THE

1109
00:35:26,287 --> 00:35:28,156
SORT OF STRESS-BASED MODELS OF

1110
00:35:28,156 --> 00:35:29,490
THE EFFECTS OF MARGINALIZATION

1111
00:35:29,490 --> 00:35:33,928
AND DISCRIMINATION, WHETHER IT'S

1112
00:35:33,928 --> 00:35:34,896
INTERPERSONAL DISCRIMINATION,

1113
00:35:34,896 --> 00:35:38,032
WHETHER IT'S STRUCTURAL, AND IN

1114
00:35:38,032 --> 00:35:40,234
THE FIELD OF SORT OF HEALTH

1115
00:35:40,234 --> 00:35:41,769
DISPARITIES WITH QUEER AND TRANS

1116
00:35:41,769 --> 00:35:44,238
AND LGBTQ POPULATIONS, THAT BODY

1117
00:35:44,238 --> 00:35:45,706
OF RESEARCH IS REALLY KIND OF

1118
00:35:45,706 --> 00:35:47,975
THOUGHT ABOUT AS MINORITY STRESS

1119
00:35:47,975 --> 00:35:51,546
THRTHEORY, WHICH IS MEYER'S SORF

1120
00:35:51,546 --> 00:35:53,114
LANDMARK WORK IN THE EARLY

1121
00:35:53,114 --> 00:35:54,148
2,000s THAT WAS SORT OF TAKING

1122
00:35:54,148 --> 00:35:56,150
THE SAME APPROACH TO LGBTQ

1123
00:35:56,150 --> 00:35:59,554
POPULATIONS THAT THE EVERYDAY

1124
00:35:59,554 --> 00:36:00,087
DISCRIMINATION SCALE TOOK.

1125
00:36:00,087 --> 00:36:03,691
IN OTHER WORDS, YOU SORT OF ASK

1126
00:36:03,691 --> 00:36:05,526
INDIVIDUALS ABOUT THEIR EXPOSURE

1127
00:36:05,526 --> 00:36:08,496
TO STIGMA-RELATED STRESSORS.

1128
00:36:08,496 --> 00:36:09,730
THINGS LIKE BEING TREATED

1129
00:36:09,730 --> 00:36:11,866
DIFFERENTLY, BEING VICTIMIZED,

1130
00:36:11,866 --> 00:36:12,800
HARASSMENT, THREATS, ALL THESE

1131
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:13,467
SORTS OF THINGS.

1132
00:36:13,467 --> 00:36:16,137
AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE

1133
00:36:16,137 --> 00:36:17,205
MEASUREMENT OF THESE SORTS OF

1134
00:36:17,205 --> 00:36:17,972
EXPERIENCES BOTH WITH REGARD TO

1135
00:36:17,972 --> 00:36:20,174
RACE AND WITH REGARD TO GENDER

1136
00:36:20,174 --> 00:36:21,442
AND SEXUAL IDENTITY, THERE'S A

1137
00:36:21,442 --> 00:36:23,511
LOT OF VARIATION IN THE ITEMS

1138
00:36:23,511 --> 00:36:24,845
THAT ARE USED, IN THE TIME

1139
00:36:24,845 --> 00:36:26,547
SCALES THAT ARE LOOKED AT, IS IT

1140
00:36:26,547 --> 00:36:27,815
LIFETIME, IS IT THE PAST MONTH,

1141
00:36:27,815 --> 00:36:29,650
IS IT THE PAST YEAR, ET CETERA,

1142
00:36:29,650 --> 00:36:31,786
ET CETERA, ET CETERA.

1143
00:36:31,786 --> 00:36:33,087
THE OVERALL MODEL, THOUGH, SORT

1144
00:36:33,087 --> 00:36:35,790
OF SUGGESTS THAT IT A PILEUP

1145
00:36:35,790 --> 00:36:37,892
EFFECT, THAT ALLOSTATIC LOAD IS

1146
00:36:37,892 --> 00:36:39,794
THIS CONCEPT OF MULTISYSTEM SORT

1147
00:36:39,794 --> 00:36:43,030
OF WEAR AND TEAR ON STRESS

1148
00:36:43,030 --> 00:36:44,799
RESPONSE SYSTEMS.

1149
00:36:44,799 --> 00:36:46,400
THIS IS SORT OF ONE WAY TO SORT

1150
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:47,668
OF THINK ABOUT HOW THAT MODEL

1151
00:36:47,668 --> 00:36:49,503
WORKS, IS THAT WE'RE ALL JUST

1152
00:36:49,503 --> 00:36:50,972
MOVING THROUGH OUR LIVES AND

1153
00:36:50,972 --> 00:36:53,674
THEN A STRESSOR HITS US AND WE

1154
00:36:53,674 --> 00:36:55,576
REACT TO IT, WE ADAPT TO IT IN

1155
00:36:55,576 --> 00:36:57,144
THE MOMENT AND THEN WE RETURN

1156
00:36:57,144 --> 00:37:00,915
BACK DOWN TO BASELINE AND THAT

1157
00:37:00,915 --> 00:37:02,883
ADAPTATION PUSHES US OFF OF

1158
00:37:02,883 --> 00:37:04,385
HOMEOSTASIS AND IT TAKES A TOLL.

1159
00:37:04,385 --> 00:37:07,255
SO FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE, WHAT'S

1160
00:37:07,255 --> 00:37:09,590
DIFFERENT ABOUT THE LIFE OF A

1161
00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:10,358
MARGINALIZED INDIVIDUAL IS THAT

1162
00:37:10,358 --> 00:37:14,829
THEY'VE GOT MORE OF THESE EVENTS

1163
00:37:14,829 --> 00:37:15,930
AND, THEREFORE, THEY HAVE TO

1164
00:37:15,930 --> 00:37:17,698
ADAPT MORE FREQUENTLY AND IT

1165
00:37:17,698 --> 00:37:20,034
TAKES MORE BIOLOGICAL AND

1166
00:37:20,034 --> 00:37:21,335
COGNITIVE EFFORT, AND WE SORT OF

1167
00:37:21,335 --> 00:37:22,837
MEASURE THAT BY KIND OF ASKING

1168
00:37:22,837 --> 00:37:24,605
THEM ABOUT THEIR STRESS

1169
00:37:24,605 --> 00:37:26,407
EXPOSURE, KIND OF COUNTING UP

1170
00:37:26,407 --> 00:37:28,576
HOW MANY, OF WHAT TYPE AND HOW

1171
00:37:28,576 --> 00:37:32,380
BIG THEY WERE, AND THAT'S AN

1172
00:37:32,380 --> 00:37:34,148
INDEX OF HOW MUCH THEY WERE

1173
00:37:34,148 --> 00:37:36,884
PULLED OFF OF THEIR BASELINE.

1174
00:37:36,884 --> 00:37:39,220
NOW THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS

1175
00:37:39,220 --> 00:37:40,955
THAT WE KIND OF GOTTEN RIGHT

1176
00:37:40,955 --> 00:37:42,390
ABOUT THIS MODEL OVER THE YEARS.

1177
00:37:42,390 --> 00:37:43,758
WE HAVE DONE A FANTASTIC JOB,

1178
00:37:43,758 --> 00:37:45,726
YOU KNOW, OVER THE PAST 20, 30

1179
00:37:45,726 --> 00:37:47,795
YEARS IN MODELING THE

1180
00:37:47,795 --> 00:37:48,996
PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF THE STRESS

1181
00:37:48,996 --> 00:37:51,599
RESPONSE AT AN AUTONOMIC LEVEL,

1182
00:37:51,599 --> 00:37:55,436
NEUROENDOCRINE LEVEL, NEUROI

1183
00:37:55,436 --> 00:37:56,003
NEUROIMMUNE LEVEL.

1184
00:37:56,003 --> 00:37:57,271
WE ALSO HAVE GOTTEN REALLY GOOD

1185
00:37:57,271 --> 00:37:58,773
AT ASKING ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES

1186
00:37:58,773 --> 00:38:01,242
OF STRESS EXPOSURE FROM

1187
00:38:01,242 --> 00:38:03,144
DIFFERENT REASONS, LIKE THE

1188
00:38:03,144 --> 00:38:03,744
EVERYDAY DISCRIMINATION SCALE

1189
00:38:03,744 --> 00:38:05,413
ASKS YOU, WHY DO YOU THINK THESE

1190
00:38:05,413 --> 00:38:07,081
FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION

1191
00:38:07,081 --> 00:38:07,348
OCCURRED?

1192
00:38:07,348 --> 00:38:09,116
AND CERTAINLY WITHIN THE LGBTQ

1193
00:38:09,116 --> 00:38:10,051
POPULATION, THERE'S BEEN A LOT

1194
00:38:10,051 --> 00:38:11,485
OF WORK AT DIFFERENTIATING

1195
00:38:11,485 --> 00:38:13,421
BETWEEN THE TYPES OF STRESSORS

1196
00:38:13,421 --> 00:38:14,822
THAT FACE GENDER DIVERSE

1197
00:38:14,822 --> 00:38:16,357
INDIVIDUALS AND THOSE THAT FACE

1198
00:38:16,357 --> 00:38:19,260
QUEER PEOPLE.

1199
00:38:19,260 --> 00:38:21,429
NONETHELESS, THERE HAVE BEEN

1200
00:38:21,429 --> 00:38:22,930
SOME PRETTY BIG INCONSISTENCIES

1201
00:38:22,930 --> 00:38:24,598
IN THIS LITERATURE, SPECIFICALLY

1202
00:38:24,598 --> 00:38:27,001
THAT ALTHOUGH AT A GROUP LEVEL,

1203
00:38:27,001 --> 00:38:28,936
INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE STRESS

1204
00:38:28,936 --> 00:38:31,205
EXPOSURE HAVE MORE HEALTH

1205
00:38:31,205 --> 00:38:32,807
DISPARITIES, AT AN INDIVIDUAL

1206
00:38:32,807 --> 00:38:34,709
LEVEL, WHEN YOU LOOK AT

1207
00:38:34,709 --> 00:38:36,877
INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURES TO MINORITY

1208
00:38:36,877 --> 00:38:39,213
STRESS EVENTS AND HEALTH

1209
00:38:39,213 --> 00:38:41,048
OUTCOMES, YOU BASICALLY FIND

1210
00:38:41,048 --> 00:38:42,383
THAT LIKE 50% OF THE TIME, YOU

1211
00:38:42,383 --> 00:38:43,317
DON'T FIND AN EFFECT.

1212
00:38:43,317 --> 00:38:45,052
YOU ALSO FIND THAT'S TRUE IN

1213
00:38:45,052 --> 00:38:46,087
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF STRESS,

1214
00:38:46,087 --> 00:38:47,855
WHICH I'VE DONE A MILLION OF IN

1215
00:38:47,855 --> 00:38:50,124
MY LAB THAT CORTISOL LEVELS

1216
00:38:50,124 --> 00:38:51,525
DON'T CORRELATE VERY WELL WITH

1217
00:38:51,525 --> 00:38:54,428
PEOPLE'S SUBJECTIVE REACTIVITY.

1218
00:38:54,428 --> 00:38:56,230
SO AT THE BROADER LEVEL, THE

1219
00:38:56,230 --> 00:38:56,831
ASSOCIATION MAKES SENSE.

1220
00:38:56,831 --> 00:38:59,367
AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, IT

1221
00:38:59,367 --> 00:39:01,068
BREAKS DOWN.

1222
00:39:01,068 --> 00:39:02,336
AND I SPEND A LOT OF TIME KIND

1223
00:39:02,336 --> 00:39:03,671
OF LIKE AGONIZING ABOUT THIS

1224
00:39:03,671 --> 00:39:05,172
OVER THE PANDEMIC WHEN I HAD A

1225
00:39:05,172 --> 00:39:07,041
LOT OF TIME, AND ONE OF THE

1226
00:39:07,041 --> 00:39:08,876
THINGS THAT I REALLY REALIZED

1227
00:39:08,876 --> 00:39:10,911
WAS THE DEGREE TO WHICH WE HAVE

1228
00:39:10,911 --> 00:39:13,981
FAILED TO EVEN THINK OR TALK

1229
00:39:13,981 --> 00:39:16,484
ABOUT THIS HYPOTHESIZED BASELINE

1230
00:39:16,484 --> 00:39:17,918
OF CALM, WHICH IS SUPPOSED TO BE

1231
00:39:17,918 --> 00:39:20,855
WHAT WE'RE BEING SORT OF PUSHED

1232
00:39:20,855 --> 00:39:21,021
OFF.

1233
00:39:21,021 --> 00:39:22,690
AND THEN I DISCOVERED A PAPER

1234
00:39:22,690 --> 00:39:26,260
THAT CHANGED MY LIFE, THE

1235
00:39:26,260 --> 00:39:28,763
GENERALIZED UNSAFETY THEORY OF

1236
00:39:28,763 --> 00:39:36,036
STRESS BY JOS BROSSCHOT AND

1237
00:39:36,036 --> 00:39:37,471
COLLEAGUES.

1238
00:39:37,471 --> 00:39:39,140
THEY WERE NOTICING THE SAME

1239
00:39:39,140 --> 00:39:39,874
INCONSISTENCIES AND LINKS

1240
00:39:39,874 --> 00:39:41,041
BETWEEN STRESS AND HEALTH THAT

1241
00:39:41,041 --> 00:39:42,676
HAVE BEEN NOTED IN MARGINALIZED

1242
00:39:42,676 --> 00:39:43,844
POPULATIONS BUT WHAT THEY DO IS

1243
00:39:43,844 --> 00:39:45,880
SORT OF LOOK AT IT BOTH FROM A

1244
00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:47,148
NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AND

1245
00:39:47,148 --> 00:39:48,349
AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND

1246
00:39:48,349 --> 00:39:49,683
THEY ARGUE THAT WE GOT THE

1247
00:39:49,683 --> 00:39:50,050
BASELINE WRONG.

1248
00:39:50,050 --> 00:39:51,986
THE IDEA OF A CALM BASELINE

1249
00:39:51,986 --> 00:39:53,320
STATE IS ACTUALLY INCONSISTENT

1250
00:39:53,320 --> 00:39:55,890
WITH WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT STRESS

1251
00:39:55,890 --> 00:39:58,559
ACTIVATION IN THE BRAIN, THAT

1252
00:39:58,559 --> 00:40:00,294
REALLY, STRESS RESPONSES ARE

1253
00:40:00,294 --> 00:40:01,929
INHIBITORY.

1254
00:40:01,929 --> 00:40:03,864
WE START OUT VIGILANT AND THEN,

1255
00:40:03,864 --> 00:40:06,333
YOU KNOW, ONCE WE PERCEIVE

1256
00:40:06,333 --> 00:40:08,969
SAFETY, WE SORT OF KIND OF

1257
00:40:08,969 --> 00:40:10,838
DOWNREGULATE STRESS AND SO THEY

1258
00:40:10,838 --> 00:40:13,340
REALLY ARGUE THAT THE PROBLEM

1259
00:40:13,340 --> 00:40:14,708
WITH CHRONIC STRESS IS NOT

1260
00:40:14,708 --> 00:40:16,744
CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS.

1261
00:40:16,744 --> 00:40:19,647
IT'S CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A LACK

1262
00:40:19,647 --> 00:40:21,816
OF PERCEIVED SAFETY.

1263
00:40:21,816 --> 00:40:24,452
THAT WE ARE READY FOR DANGER

1264
00:40:24,452 --> 00:40:26,153
FROM THE BEGINNING, AND THIS IS

1265
00:40:26,153 --> 00:40:28,456
A PART OF OUR ANCESTRAL

1266
00:40:28,456 --> 00:40:29,857
HERITAGE, AND I THINK IN OUR

1267
00:40:29,857 --> 00:40:31,459
MODERN CONTEXT, WE KIND OF

1268
00:40:31,459 --> 00:40:34,361
FORGET WHAT OUR BRAINS EVOLVED

1269
00:40:34,361 --> 00:40:35,629
FOR MANY, MANY -- YOU KNOW,

1270
00:40:35,629 --> 00:40:36,964
THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, AND WHAT

1271
00:40:36,964 --> 00:40:38,666
WE EVOLVED FOR WAS CONSTANT

1272
00:40:38,666 --> 00:40:39,266
THREAT.

1273
00:40:39,266 --> 00:40:40,468
CONSTANT THREAT AND CONSTANT

1274
00:40:40,468 --> 00:40:41,068
DANGER.

1275
00:40:41,068 --> 00:40:42,002
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THEY

1276
00:40:42,002 --> 00:40:43,771
MENTION IN THEIR MODEL IS, YOU

1277
00:40:43,771 --> 00:40:50,377
KNOW, IN THOSE DAYS, IN THE

1278
00:40:50,377 --> 00:40:54,915
PLEISTOCENE ERA, IT WAS BETTER

1279
00:40:54,915 --> 00:40:57,485
TO DO IT TWICE TOO OFTEN INSTEAD

1280
00:40:57,485 --> 00:40:58,552
OF ONCE TOO FEW.

1281
00:40:58,552 --> 00:41:01,455
SO OUR DEFAULT KIND OF COGNITIVE

1282
00:41:01,455 --> 00:41:02,623
STATE IS VIGILANCE, SO WE START

1283
00:41:02,623 --> 00:41:03,757
OFF PREPARING FOR STRESS BEFORE

1284
00:41:03,757 --> 00:41:05,226
IT EVEN HAPPENS.

1285
00:41:05,226 --> 00:41:07,461
AND YET THAT PREPARATION, IT'S

1286
00:41:07,461 --> 00:41:09,730
ONLY RECENTLY THAT WE WERE LIKE,

1287
00:41:09,730 --> 00:41:11,665
WOW, ANTICIPATORY RACISM, ANTIPA

1288
00:41:11,665 --> 00:41:12,867
TRI THREAT.

1289
00:41:12,867 --> 00:41:16,237
OUR WHOLES LIVES ARE

1290
00:41:16,237 --> 00:41:16,904
ANTICIPATORY.

1291
00:41:16,904 --> 00:41:19,139
SO THIS HAS NEVER REALLY BEEN AN

1292
00:41:19,139 --> 00:41:20,140
ACCURATE DEPICTION OF A LIFE OF

1293
00:41:20,140 --> 00:41:21,809
A MARGINALIZED PERSON.

1294
00:41:21,809 --> 00:41:23,644
IT'S REALLY MORE LIKE THAT.

1295
00:41:23,644 --> 00:41:26,847
AND SO WHETHER YOU HAVE A LOT OF

1296
00:41:26,847 --> 00:41:28,916
EXPOSURE TO DISCRIMINATORY

1297
00:41:28,916 --> 00:41:32,286
EVENTS OR RELATIVELY FUEL, THAT

1298
00:41:32,286 --> 00:41:34,288
VIGILANCE IN BETWEEN THE EVENTS

1299
00:41:34,288 --> 00:41:36,557
IS WHAT'S GOING TO DRIVE MORE OF

1300
00:41:36,557 --> 00:41:37,591
YOUR DAY TO DAY FUNCTIONING.

1301
00:41:37,591 --> 00:41:40,127
AND AT LEAST IN THE FIELD OF

1302
00:41:40,127 --> 00:41:43,330
SORT OF STIGMA EXPOSURE, WE'VE

1303
00:41:43,330 --> 00:41:44,899
AGONIZED FOR YEARS OF HOW TO

1304
00:41:44,899 --> 00:41:47,668
MEASURE THOSE STRESS EVENTS,

1305
00:41:47,668 --> 00:41:49,036
WHAT'S A MICRO AGGRESSION,

1306
00:41:49,036 --> 00:41:50,604
WHAT'S A MACRO AGGRESSION.

1307
00:41:50,604 --> 00:41:52,239
AND YET WE HAVE SORT OF IGNORED

1308
00:41:52,239 --> 00:41:54,675
THE THOUSANDS OF MINUTES AND

1309
00:41:54,675 --> 00:41:57,611
HOURS AND DAYS THAT TRANSPIRE

1310
00:41:57,611 --> 00:41:59,680
BETWEEN THOSE STRESSORS THAT ARE

1311
00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:01,515
CHARACTERIZED BY KIND OF CHRONIC

1312
00:42:01,515 --> 00:42:02,182
HYPERVIGILANCE.

1313
00:42:02,182 --> 00:42:06,053
WHICH WE NOW KNOW HAS A WHOLE

1314
00:42:06,053 --> 00:42:07,354
HOST OF HEALTH EFFECTS THAT ARE

1315
00:42:07,354 --> 00:42:08,656
INDEPENDENT OF STRESS

1316
00:42:08,656 --> 00:42:10,791
REACTIVITY, INCLUDING EMOTION

1317
00:42:10,791 --> 00:42:12,459
DYSREGULATION, PROBLEMS WITH

1318
00:42:12,459 --> 00:42:15,195
ATTENTION, AND COGNITION AND

1319
00:42:15,195 --> 00:42:15,629
RUMINATION.

1320
00:42:15,629 --> 00:42:18,165
A GREAT WAY TO MANAGE YOUR

1321
00:42:18,165 --> 00:42:19,667
HYPERVIGILANCE IS TO CHECK YOUR

1322
00:42:19,667 --> 00:42:20,634
PHONE 10,000 TIMES A DAY AND SO,

1323
00:42:20,634 --> 00:42:22,169
YOU KNOW, WE'VE CREATED

1324
00:42:22,169 --> 00:42:23,671
STRUCTURES THAT KIND OF FOSTER

1325
00:42:23,671 --> 00:42:25,839
HYPERVIGILANCE.

1326
00:42:25,839 --> 00:42:27,007
SLEEP DYSREGULATION IS A BIG

1327
00:42:27,007 --> 00:42:28,676
ONE, AND NOW THERE'S A LOT MORE

1328
00:42:28,676 --> 00:42:30,945
DATA SHOWING THE NEGATIVE

1329
00:42:30,945 --> 00:42:32,813
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND

1330
00:42:32,813 --> 00:42:35,549
SLEEP DISRUPTION ON MULTIPLE

1331
00:42:35,549 --> 00:42:36,784
ASPECTS OF HEALTH.

1332
00:42:36,784 --> 00:42:38,385
ISOLATION, A GREAT WAY TO HANDLE

1333
00:42:38,385 --> 00:42:39,954
SOCIAL VIGILANCE IS TO JUST GO

1334
00:42:39,954 --> 00:42:41,855
OFF AND HIDE OFF BY YOURSELF,

1335
00:42:41,855 --> 00:42:43,591
AND SINCE THE PANDEMIC, WE NOW

1336
00:42:43,591 --> 00:42:45,326
KNOW THAT THAT IS NOT SUCH A

1337
00:42:45,326 --> 00:42:48,629
GREAT COPING STRATEGY EITHER.

1338
00:42:48,629 --> 00:42:49,396
SELF-SOOTHING.

1339
00:42:49,396 --> 00:42:51,131
SUBSTANCE USE IS A GREAT

1340
00:42:51,131 --> 00:42:52,967
STRATEGY FOR REDUCING YOUR

1341
00:42:52,967 --> 00:42:54,602
HYPERVIGILANCE.

1342
00:42:54,602 --> 00:42:55,669
AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.

1343
00:42:55,669 --> 00:42:59,640
WE NOW KNOW THAT VIGILANCE AND

1344
00:42:59,640 --> 00:43:01,141
PER SERVETIVE COGNITION AND

1345
00:43:01,141 --> 00:43:02,009
RUMINATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

1346
00:43:02,009 --> 00:43:03,744
HIGHER LEVELS OF SYSTEMIC

1347
00:43:03,744 --> 00:43:05,813
INFLAMMATION.

1348
00:43:05,813 --> 00:43:07,247
SO INDEPENDENT OF STRESS

1349
00:43:07,247 --> 00:43:08,515
EXPOSURE, CHRONIC VIGILANCE IS

1350
00:43:08,515 --> 00:43:11,885
HAVING AN EFFECT ON OUR HEALTH

1351
00:43:11,885 --> 00:43:13,120
THAT WE HAVEN'T DONE A LOT OF

1352
00:43:13,120 --> 00:43:16,457
WORK ON SORT OF LOOKING AT.

1353
00:43:16,457 --> 00:43:17,291
NOW WHAT BRINGS IT DOWN?

1354
00:43:17,291 --> 00:43:18,392
HERE'S THE GOOD NEWS.

1355
00:43:18,392 --> 00:43:20,461
IT PRETTY SIMPLE IN THE HUMAN

1356
00:43:20,461 --> 00:43:21,328
NERVOUS SYSTEM.

1357
00:43:21,328 --> 00:43:24,264
IT'S OTHER PEOPLE.

1358
00:43:24,264 --> 00:43:26,734
WE ARE A FUNDAMENTALLY SOCIAL

1359
00:43:26,734 --> 00:43:28,035
SPECIES, AND ALTHOUGH WE LIKE TO

1360
00:43:28,035 --> 00:43:29,703
THINK ABOUT OURSELVES AS

1361
00:43:29,703 --> 00:43:31,171
INDEPENDENT, WE'RE REALLY NOT.

1362
00:43:31,171 --> 00:43:33,107
AND THE OTHER PAPER THAT DURING

1363
00:43:33,107 --> 00:43:34,842
THE PANDEMIC JUST TURNED MY

1364
00:43:34,842 --> 00:43:38,178
BRAIN INSIDE OUT WAS GEORGE

1365
00:43:38,178 --> 00:43:39,847
SLAVICH'S PAPER ON SOCIAL SAFETY

1366
00:43:39,847 --> 00:43:41,181
THEORY.

1367
00:43:41,181 --> 00:43:43,350
HE DEFINES SOCIAL SAFETY AS

1368
00:43:43,350 --> 00:43:45,953
UNCONDITIONAL SOCIAL CONNECTION,

1369
00:43:45,953 --> 00:43:47,254
PROTECTION, AND BELONGING.

1370
00:43:47,254 --> 00:43:52,726
AND IN THIS PAPER, HE OUTLINES

1371
00:43:52,726 --> 00:43:54,294
THIS REALLY COMPELLING MODEL

1372
00:43:54,294 --> 00:43:55,663
THAT GIVEN HOW HUMANS ARE A

1373
00:43:55,663 --> 00:43:57,264
SOCIAL SPECIES, WHEN WE DO NOT

1374
00:43:57,264 --> 00:43:58,932
PERCEIVE THAT THE PEOPLE IN OUR

1375
00:43:58,932 --> 00:43:59,733
PROXIMAL ENVIRONMENT ARE THERE

1376
00:43:59,733 --> 00:44:02,836
FOR US, TREAT US AS HUMAN, ARE

1377
00:44:02,836 --> 00:44:07,508
THERE TO HELP US, OUR BRAIN

1378
00:44:07,508 --> 00:44:07,908
REGISTERS THREAT.

1379
00:44:07,908 --> 00:44:09,610
SO THE ABSENCE OF SAFETY IS JUST

1380
00:44:09,610 --> 00:44:11,845
AS CONSEQUENTIAL FOR OUR NERVOUS

1381
00:44:11,845 --> 00:44:14,548
SYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND IMMUNE

1382
00:44:14,548 --> 00:44:15,916
FUNCTIONING AS A PRESENCE OF

1383
00:44:15,916 --> 00:44:16,150
STRESS.

1384
00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:17,451
THE OTHER THING I WANT TO POINT

1385
00:44:17,451 --> 00:44:18,819
OUT A LOT OF FOLKS ASK ME WHAT'S

1386
00:44:18,819 --> 00:44:19,687
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL

1387
00:44:19,687 --> 00:44:21,789
SAFETY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND

1388
00:44:21,789 --> 00:44:23,557
THE DIFFERENCE IS PROTECTION.

1389
00:44:23,557 --> 00:44:26,627
THE DIFFERENCE IS THE SENSE OF

1390
00:44:26,627 --> 00:44:28,529
SAFETY, OF I'VE GOT YOU, I'M

1391
00:44:28,529 --> 00:44:31,699
SURROUNDING YOU.

1392
00:44:31,699 --> 00:44:32,933
AND AS A DEVELOPMENTAL

1393
00:44:32,933 --> 00:44:34,134
PSYCHOLOGIST, FOR ME THIS GOES

1394
00:44:34,134 --> 00:44:36,537
RIGHT BACK TO THE ATTACHMENT

1395
00:44:36,537 --> 00:44:36,904
SYSTEM.

1396
00:44:36,904 --> 00:44:38,505
SO THE REASONS THAT HUMANS HAVE

1397
00:44:38,505 --> 00:44:40,040
SUCH A STRONG ATTACHMENT SYSTEM

1398
00:44:40,040 --> 00:44:41,075
ALONG WITH OTHER PRIMATES IS

1399
00:44:41,075 --> 00:44:43,577
THAT WE ARE BORN INCREDIBLY

1400
00:44:43,577 --> 00:44:46,246
DEVELOPMENTALLY IMMATURE.

1401
00:44:46,246 --> 00:44:47,514
HUMANS, UNLIKE A LOT OF SPECIES,

1402
00:44:47,514 --> 00:44:48,649
YOU DON'T GIVE BIRTH TO A THANK

1403
00:44:48,649 --> 00:44:50,451
YOU AN AND THEY GET UP AND WALK

1404
00:44:50,451 --> 00:44:51,285
AWAY LIKE LITTLE HORSES.

1405
00:44:51,285 --> 00:44:52,753
I LIKE TO WATCH HORSES BEING

1406
00:44:52,753 --> 00:44:53,620
BORN ON TIK TOK.

1407
00:44:53,620 --> 00:44:55,089
THEY JUST GET UP AND START

1408
00:44:55,089 --> 00:44:55,723
WALKING AWAY.

1409
00:44:55,723 --> 00:44:56,356
NOT HUMANS.

1410
00:44:56,356 --> 00:44:58,392
WE HAVE THIS INTENSE DEPENDENCE

1411
00:44:58,392 --> 00:45:00,027
ON THE CAREGIVER.

1412
00:45:00,027 --> 00:45:02,529
AND THAT IS A PART OF THE

1413
00:45:02,529 --> 00:45:05,399
STRUCTURE OF OUR BRAINS.

1414
00:45:05,399 --> 00:45:08,235
OUR DEPENDENCE ON SOCIAL CONTACT

1415
00:45:08,235 --> 00:45:10,971
FOR STRESS REGULATION IS IN US.

1416
00:45:10,971 --> 00:45:13,273
IT IS DEEPLY WIRED INTO US.

1417
00:45:13,273 --> 00:45:15,075
OUR ENTIRE BRAIN IS ORIENTED

1418
00:45:15,075 --> 00:45:17,745
AROUND SOCIAL CONNECTION.

1419
00:45:17,745 --> 00:45:18,879
SO THAT IS A PART OF WHAT WE

1420
00:45:18,879 --> 00:45:20,948
DEAL WITH EVERY DAY, AND AS A

1421
00:45:20,948 --> 00:45:25,052
RESULT OF THAT, THE STRESS OF

1422
00:45:25,052 --> 00:45:27,187
STIGMA AND REJECTION IS A

1423
00:45:27,187 --> 00:45:29,323
FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FORM OF

1424
00:45:29,323 --> 00:45:32,192
STRESS THAN BURDEN OR OVERWHELM

1425
00:45:32,192 --> 00:45:34,528
OR OVERWORK, BECAUSE FOR A

1426
00:45:34,528 --> 00:45:37,598
SOCIAL BRAIN, REJECTION IS

1427
00:45:37,598 --> 00:45:40,300
EXPERIENCED AS A PRIMAL THREAT.

1428
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:42,069
IN THE ANCESTRAL ENVIRONMENT, IF

1429
00:45:42,069 --> 00:45:43,070
YOU WERE NOT INCLUDED IN YOUR

1430
00:45:43,070 --> 00:45:44,104
GROUP, YOU WERE DEAD.

1431
00:45:44,104 --> 00:45:47,007
YOU WOULD DIE ARE OH YOU WOULD

1432
00:45:47,007 --> 00:45:48,242
BE ABANDONED OR HURT.

1433
00:45:48,242 --> 00:45:50,744
SO WE TALK ABOUT PEOPLE BEING

1434
00:45:50,744 --> 00:45:52,412
OVERSENSITIVE TO SOCIAL

1435
00:45:52,412 --> 00:45:52,713
REJECTION.

1436
00:45:52,713 --> 00:45:56,383
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS BEING

1437
00:45:56,383 --> 00:45:56,984
OVERSENSITIVE TO SOCIAL

1438
00:45:56,984 --> 00:45:58,552
REJECTION FROM THE HUMAN BRAIN.

1439
00:45:58,552 --> 00:45:59,553
JUST THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF

1440
00:45:59,553 --> 00:46:01,789
PEOPLE WHO HAVE GOT A LITTLE

1441
00:46:01,789 --> 00:46:02,489
NERVOUS WITH THEIR SLIDES.

1442
00:46:02,489 --> 00:46:03,690
IS THERE ANY THREAT?

1443
00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:05,526
NO.

1444
00:46:05,526 --> 00:46:07,294
SO WHY DOES EMBARRASSMENT SEIZE

1445
00:46:07,294 --> 00:46:10,464
OUR BODY SO MUCH?

1446
00:46:10,464 --> 00:46:11,665
BECAUSE WE EVOLVED THAT WAY.

1447
00:46:11,665 --> 00:46:13,133
WE LOGICALLY KNOW THERE'S NO

1448
00:46:13,133 --> 00:46:15,202
THREAT, BUT OUR BODIES STILL

1449
00:46:15,202 --> 00:46:17,171
TREAT THE REJECTION OR THE

1450
00:46:17,171 --> 00:46:20,574
HOSTILITY OF OTHER PEOPLE.

1451
00:46:20,574 --> 00:46:21,308
, WE

1452
00:46:21,308 --> 00:46:23,443
RESPOND TO THAT ON A NON-VERBAL

1453
00:46:23,443 --> 00:46:24,111
AUTOMATIC DEEP LEVEL.

1454
00:46:24,111 --> 00:46:26,947
AND SO THE TYPES OF STRESSORS

1455
00:46:26,947 --> 00:46:29,349
THAT ACCOMPANY SOCIAL

1456
00:46:29,349 --> 00:46:30,851
MARGINALIZATION ARE DIFFERENT.

1457
00:46:30,851 --> 00:46:34,121
THEY OPERATE DIFFERENTLY ON US,

1458
00:46:34,121 --> 00:46:35,289
AND OUR BRAINS RETAIN THIS

1459
00:46:35,289 --> 00:46:35,556
LEGACY.

1460
00:46:35,556 --> 00:46:38,225
YOU KNOW, YOU WILL NOTICE MICRO

1461
00:46:38,225 --> 00:46:39,626
EXPRESSIONS OF DISGUST OR

1462
00:46:39,626 --> 00:46:41,562
HOSTILITY ON ANOTHER PERSON'S

1463
00:46:41,562 --> 00:46:43,931
FACE LIKE IN YOUR AMYGDALA,

1464
00:46:43,931 --> 00:46:45,199
BEFORE YOU EVEN NOTICE IT, YOU

1465
00:46:45,199 --> 00:46:46,633
KNOW, IN YOUR EYE.

1466
00:46:46,633 --> 00:46:49,002
SO OUR BODIES ARE RESPONDING TO

1467
00:46:49,002 --> 00:46:50,304
SOCIAL REJECTION EVEN WHEN WE

1468
00:46:50,304 --> 00:46:51,972
DON'T NECESSARILY SEE IT.

1469
00:46:51,972 --> 00:46:53,407
WE ALSO -- I MEAN, THERE'S SO

1470
00:46:53,407 --> 00:46:55,342
MUCH EVIDENCE NOW FOR THE HEALTH

1471
00:46:55,342 --> 00:46:57,878
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION, AND

1472
00:46:57,878 --> 00:46:59,179
THE SURGEON GENERAL RELEASED A

1473
00:46:59,179 --> 00:47:00,781
REPORT AFTER THE PANDEMIC SAYING

1474
00:47:00,781 --> 00:47:03,016
WE'RE BASICALLY HAVING A MENTAL

1475
00:47:03,016 --> 00:47:05,385
HEALTH CRISIS OF DISCONNECTION.

1476
00:47:05,385 --> 00:47:07,187
AND YET, LOTS OF PEOPLE ARE

1477
00:47:07,187 --> 00:47:09,356
LIKE, WELL, I WAS ON ZOOM, I WAS

1478
00:47:09,356 --> 00:47:10,257
TALKING TO FOLKS.

1479
00:47:10,257 --> 00:47:11,592
OBVIOUSLY THERE IS SOMETHING

1480
00:47:11,592 --> 00:47:13,794
ABOUT SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND

1481
00:47:13,794 --> 00:47:16,763
BELONGING THAT IS IRREPLACEABLE,

1482
00:47:16,763 --> 00:47:18,599
AND WE HAVE TROUBLE MEASURING

1483
00:47:18,599 --> 00:47:21,635
THAT, YOU KNOW, COMPARED TO DID

1484
00:47:21,635 --> 00:47:22,836
A DISCRIMINATION EVENT HAPPEN TO

1485
00:47:22,836 --> 00:47:23,003
YOU.

1486
00:47:23,003 --> 00:47:24,271
AND WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT IS

1487
00:47:24,271 --> 00:47:27,641
THIS SENSE OF NO ONE WILL COME

1488
00:47:27,641 --> 00:47:28,909
RUNNING IF I SCREAM.

1489
00:47:28,909 --> 00:47:30,444
NO ONE WILL HELP ME IF I'M HURT.

1490
00:47:30,444 --> 00:47:33,180
THAT'S A DEEPER SENSE OF

1491
00:47:33,180 --> 00:47:36,583
VULNERABILITY.

1492
00:47:36,583 --> 00:47:38,752
ONE OF THE WAYS YOU CAN SORT OF

1493
00:47:38,752 --> 00:47:40,220
SEE HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL

1494
00:47:40,220 --> 00:47:42,055
CONNECTEDNESS IS TO OUR SPECIES

1495
00:47:42,055 --> 00:47:44,057
IS IF YOU LOOK CROSS-CULTURALLY

1496
00:47:44,057 --> 00:47:45,192
AND HISTORICALLY, THERE IS NO

1497
00:47:45,192 --> 00:47:46,260
CULTURE THAT DOESN'T HAVE

1498
00:47:46,260 --> 00:47:47,527
RITUALS OF CONNECTION AND

1499
00:47:47,527 --> 00:47:48,962
DISCONNECTION.

1500
00:47:48,962 --> 00:47:50,931
WE TREAT COMING TOGETHER, MAKING

1501
00:47:50,931 --> 00:47:52,266
ONE ANOTHER FEEL COMFORTABLE,

1502
00:47:52,266 --> 00:47:54,201
AND THEN SEPARATING FROM ONE

1503
00:47:54,201 --> 00:47:55,002
ANOTHER, THOSE ARE THINGS THAT

1504
00:47:55,002 --> 00:47:56,803
ALL HUMANS DO.

1505
00:47:56,803 --> 00:47:58,972
AND SO WE HAVE ALL THESE RITUALS

1506
00:47:58,972 --> 00:48:00,507
OF CONNECTION THAT WE USE TO

1507
00:48:00,507 --> 00:48:04,811
REASSURE REASSURE PEOPLE AROUNDT

1508
00:48:04,811 --> 00:48:05,379
WE'RE OKAY.

1509
00:48:05,379 --> 00:48:06,780
YOU BUMP INTO SOMEONE ON THE

1510
00:48:06,780 --> 00:48:08,081
SUBWAY AND YOU KIND OF MAKE EYE

1511
00:48:08,081 --> 00:48:08,348
CONTACT.

1512
00:48:08,348 --> 00:48:09,783
WE DO ALL THESE LITTLE THINGS TO

1513
00:48:09,783 --> 00:48:11,018
BASICALLY SAY, I'M A HUMAN,

1514
00:48:11,018 --> 00:48:12,352
YOU'RE A HUMAN, WE'RE ON THE

1515
00:48:12,352 --> 00:48:13,320
PLANET TOGETHER, LIKE I'M

1516
00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:14,922
HOLDING THE ELEVATOR DOOR FOR

1517
00:48:14,922 --> 00:48:15,956
YOU, ET CETERA, ET CETERA, ET

1518
00:48:15,956 --> 00:48:16,356
CETERA.

1519
00:48:16,356 --> 00:48:18,225
THOSE ARE THE TYPES OF

1520
00:48:18,225 --> 00:48:19,593
EXPERIENCES THAT ARE

1521
00:48:19,593 --> 00:48:20,961
SYSTEMATICALLY WITHDRAWN FROM

1522
00:48:20,961 --> 00:48:23,664
MARGINALIZED GROUPS.

1523
00:48:23,664 --> 00:48:24,531
FOR ALL FORMS OF

1524
00:48:24,531 --> 00:48:25,866
MARGINALIZATION.

1525
00:48:25,866 --> 00:48:29,202
SO EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT ACTIVELY

1526
00:48:29,202 --> 00:48:31,305
DISCRIMINATED AGAINST,

1527
00:48:31,305 --> 00:48:32,005
MARGINALIZED INDIVIDUALS WALK

1528
00:48:32,005 --> 00:48:35,442
THROUGH A WORLD IN WHICH THE

1529
00:48:35,442 --> 00:48:37,778
NORMAL NORMATIVE SIGNS OF SOCIAL

1530
00:48:37,778 --> 00:48:38,879
CONNECTEDNESS, EYE CONTACT,

1531
00:48:38,879 --> 00:48:40,614
FRIENDLY SMILES, NEIGHBORS

1532
00:48:40,614 --> 00:48:42,849
WAVING, ARE WITHDRAWN.

1533
00:48:42,849 --> 00:48:45,786
AND THAT LEAVES THE NERVOUS

1534
00:48:45,786 --> 00:48:47,154
SYSTEM FEELING VULNERABLE AND

1535
00:48:47,154 --> 00:48:48,488
AFRAID.

1536
00:48:48,488 --> 00:48:49,690
EVEN WHEN STRESS EXPOSURE IS

1537
00:48:49,690 --> 00:48:51,425
LOW.

1538
00:48:51,425 --> 00:48:52,859
ONE OF THE THINGS -- SO THIS

1539
00:48:52,859 --> 00:48:54,161
KIND OF HELPS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE

1540
00:48:54,161 --> 00:48:55,796
REASON THAT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

1541
00:48:55,796 --> 00:48:57,464
MEASURES OF STRESS EXPOSURE

1542
00:48:57,464 --> 00:48:58,799
DON'T OFTEN LINE UP WITH HEALTH

1543
00:48:58,799 --> 00:48:59,900
OUTCOMES, BECAUSE WE'RE NOT --

1544
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:01,001
WE'RE FOCUSING ON THE PRESENCE

1545
00:49:01,001 --> 00:49:03,303
OF STRESS.

1546
00:49:03,303 --> 00:49:05,739
WE HAVE NOT MEASURED THE ABSENCE

1547
00:49:05,739 --> 00:49:06,907
OF SOCIAL CONNECTION AND SOCIAL

1548
00:49:06,907 --> 00:49:07,975
SAFETY.

1549
00:49:07,975 --> 00:49:09,076
SOME PEOPLE SAY, BUT HEY, HOW

1550
00:49:09,076 --> 00:49:10,777
CAN THIS BE SUCH A PROBLEM

1551
00:49:10,777 --> 00:49:12,546
BECAUSE, WOW, IT'S LIKE TOTALLY

1552
00:49:12,546 --> 00:49:13,814
ACCEPTABLE TO BE GAY NOW.

1553
00:49:13,814 --> 00:49:15,182
EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE GAY AND

1554
00:49:15,182 --> 00:49:16,316
RACISM IS ENDING AND THE WORLD

1555
00:49:16,316 --> 00:49:19,286
IS GREAT.

1556
00:49:19,286 --> 00:49:20,287
SOMETIMES, RIGHT?

1557
00:49:20,287 --> 00:49:22,055
IN SOME PLACES AS WE'VE SEEN,

1558
00:49:22,055 --> 00:49:23,390
THERE'S A LOT OF VARIATION

1559
00:49:23,390 --> 00:49:25,025
WITHIN AND ACROSS COMMUNITIES.

1560
00:49:25,025 --> 00:49:26,927
AND THIS ACTUALLY MAKES THINGS

1561
00:49:26,927 --> 00:49:27,828
WORSE.

1562
00:49:27,828 --> 00:49:29,763
BECAUSE WHEN THE BRAIN DETECTS

1563
00:49:29,763 --> 00:49:33,133
THAT SOMETHING IS SOMETIMES

1564
00:49:33,133 --> 00:49:34,735
THERE AND SOMETIMES NOT, YOUR

1565
00:49:34,735 --> 00:49:36,370
BRAIN WILL TRY TO PREDICT WHEN

1566
00:49:36,370 --> 00:49:37,604
IT'S GOING TO OCCUR AND WHY IT

1567
00:49:37,604 --> 00:49:38,939
GOING TO OCCUR AND WHAT DO YOU

1568
00:49:38,939 --> 00:49:40,607
DO TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU'RE

1569
00:49:40,607 --> 00:49:41,541
OKAY.

1570
00:49:41,541 --> 00:49:43,643
HUMANS ACTUALLY, OUR BRAINS ARE

1571
00:49:43,643 --> 00:49:48,148
WIRED TO TREAT UNCERTAINTY AS A

1572
00:49:48,148 --> 00:49:49,850
WORSE SITUATION THAN A DEFINITE

1573
00:49:49,850 --> 00:49:51,785
NEGATIVE OUT COME.

1574
00:49:51,785 --> 00:49:53,253
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT

1575
00:49:53,253 --> 00:49:54,187
CHARACTERIZES THE STATE OF BEING

1576
00:49:54,187 --> 00:49:57,557
A MARGINALIZED PERSON TODAY IS

1577
00:49:57,557 --> 00:49:57,858
UNCERTAINTY.

1578
00:49:57,858 --> 00:50:00,594
IN THIS MEETING, AM I RESPECTED?

1579
00:50:00,594 --> 00:50:02,095
IN THAT CONFERENCE, AM I

1580
00:50:02,095 --> 00:50:02,863
RESPECTED?

1581
00:50:02,863 --> 00:50:04,531
IN THIS FAMILY GATHERING, WHAT

1582
00:50:04,531 --> 00:50:05,532
IS THIS PERSON THINKING ABOUT

1583
00:50:05,532 --> 00:50:06,967
ME, ARE THEY LOOKING AT ME, ARE

1584
00:50:06,967 --> 00:50:08,201
THEY NOTICING ME?

1585
00:50:08,201 --> 00:50:09,536
SO THERE'S LIKE THE FACT THAT

1586
00:50:09,536 --> 00:50:11,638
IT'S MORE ACCEPTING IN SOME

1587
00:50:11,638 --> 00:50:12,973
DOMAINS FOR SOME GROUPS JUST

1588
00:50:12,973 --> 00:50:15,509
MAKES THE ENVIRONMENT MORE

1589
00:50:15,509 --> 00:50:17,244
UNCERTAIN, AND IF YOU HAVE ANY

1590
00:50:17,244 --> 00:50:19,780
DOUBT ABOUT THE DEGREE TO WHICH

1591
00:50:19,780 --> 00:50:20,947
UNCERTAINTY CAN HIJACK YOUR

1592
00:50:20,947 --> 00:50:22,749
BRAIN, I'LL JUST HAVE YOU LOOK

1593
00:50:22,749 --> 00:50:24,651
AT THAT FOR A LITTLE BIT.

1594
00:50:24,651 --> 00:50:28,321
JUST IMAGINE YOU SEPTEMBER A SEO

1595
00:50:28,321 --> 00:50:29,289
SOMEONE, YOU JUST SEE THAT

1596
00:50:29,289 --> 00:50:29,556
FLASHING.

1597
00:50:29,556 --> 00:50:30,891
ARE YOU GOING TO DO ANYTHING

1598
00:50:30,891 --> 00:50:31,892
USEFUL DURING THAT TIME?

1599
00:50:31,892 --> 00:50:32,259
NO.

1600
00:50:32,259 --> 00:50:33,527
THAT IS THE STATE OF

1601
00:50:33,527 --> 00:50:34,361
MARGINALIZATION.

1602
00:50:34,361 --> 00:50:37,631
IT'S A SERIES OF RED DOTS

1603
00:50:37,631 --> 00:50:37,898
FLASHING.

1604
00:50:37,898 --> 00:50:39,199
WHAT IS ABOUT TO HAPPEN?

1605
00:50:39,199 --> 00:50:41,334
WHAT'S ABOUT TO HAPPEN TO ME?

1606
00:50:41,334 --> 00:50:44,004
MY COLLEAGUE BURT UCHINO HAS

1607
00:50:44,004 --> 00:50:45,539
DONE A LOT OF WORK SHOWING THAT

1608
00:50:45,539 --> 00:50:48,642
WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE INTERAKINGG

1609
00:50:48,642 --> 00:50:50,277
WITH SOMEONE WHO IS SOMETIMES

1610
00:50:50,277 --> 00:50:50,944
POSITIVE AND SOMETIMES NEGATIVE

1611
00:50:50,944 --> 00:50:51,778
TOWARD THEM, THEIR BLOOD

1612
00:50:51,778 --> 00:50:53,447
PRESSURE IS HIGHER THAN WHEN

1613
00:50:53,447 --> 00:50:54,781
THEY'RE INTERACTING WITH SOMEONE

1614
00:50:54,781 --> 00:50:55,782
WHO'S ALWAYS NEGATIVE.

1615
00:50:55,782 --> 00:50:58,085
BECAUSE, AGAIN, VIGILANCE.

1616
00:50:58,085 --> 00:51:00,287
LIKE, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT,

1617
00:51:00,287 --> 00:51:01,254
WHAT?

1618
00:51:01,254 --> 00:51:02,823
AND THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS

1619
00:51:02,823 --> 00:51:05,058
THAT I THINK ALL THE EMPHASIS ON

1620
00:51:05,058 --> 00:51:07,027
NEIGHBORHOODS IS SO IMPORTANT,

1621
00:51:07,027 --> 00:51:09,663
BECAUSE IT'S REALLY NOT THE --

1622
00:51:09,663 --> 00:51:15,402
LIKE THE OUTSIDE FORC FORCES, WE

1623
00:51:15,402 --> 00:51:17,137
OFTEN AWARE OF THEM COGNITIVELY

1624
00:51:17,137 --> 00:51:18,538
BUT ON THE DAY TO DAY LEVEL,

1625
00:51:18,538 --> 00:51:19,973
IT'S THE PEOPLE IMMEDIATELY

1626
00:51:19,973 --> 00:51:21,074
AROUND US THAT OFTEN DETERMINE

1627
00:51:21,074 --> 00:51:22,209
OUR DAY TO DAY PHYSIOLOGICAL

1628
00:51:22,209 --> 00:51:22,509
FUNCTIONING.

1629
00:51:22,509 --> 00:51:24,010
SO THIS IS THE MODEL THAT I LAY

1630
00:51:24,010 --> 00:51:24,978
OUT IN THE PAPER.

1631
00:51:24,978 --> 00:51:26,646
THE TOP SAYS, IS IT SAFE FOR ME

1632
00:51:26,646 --> 00:51:27,814
HERE?

1633
00:51:27,814 --> 00:51:30,450
BECAUSE HUMANS ARE CONSTANTLY

1634
00:51:30,450 --> 00:51:31,551
SCANNING OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR

1635
00:51:31,551 --> 00:51:32,419
SIGNS OF SAFETY.

1636
00:51:32,419 --> 00:51:33,954
IT LIKE, IMAGINE YOU GET DRESSED

1637
00:51:33,954 --> 00:51:35,689
UP TO, LIKE, GO TO A WEDDING AND

1638
00:51:35,689 --> 00:51:37,090
YOU GO TO THE EVENT AND YOU'RE

1639
00:51:37,090 --> 00:51:38,225
NOT SURE IF YOU'RE IN THE RIGHT

1640
00:51:38,225 --> 00:51:39,593
PLACE BECAUSE YOU GO TO THE ROOM

1641
00:51:39,593 --> 00:51:41,161
AND YOU CAN'T SEE ANYONE AND

1642
00:51:41,161 --> 00:51:42,696
YOU'RE ALL KIND OF NERVOUS.

1643
00:51:42,696 --> 00:51:44,798
AND THEN IMAGINE THAT YOU SEE A

1644
00:51:44,798 --> 00:51:46,166
FRIEND OF YOURS AND YOU'RE LIKE,

1645
00:51:46,166 --> 00:51:48,101
OH, NO, IT'S OVER HERE, AND YOU

1646
00:51:48,101 --> 00:51:49,169
KNOW IMMEDIATELY THAT YOU'RE

1647
00:51:49,169 --> 00:51:49,436
OKAY.

1648
00:51:49,436 --> 00:51:50,670
SO IT'S LIKE, THAT KIND OF SHIFT

1649
00:51:50,670 --> 00:51:54,374
IN YOUR BODY, FROM UNSAFE TO,

1650
00:51:54,374 --> 00:51:54,774
OH!

1651
00:51:54,774 --> 00:51:56,610
AND WHEN YOU'RE SAFE, YOU

1652
00:51:56,610 --> 00:51:58,745
INHIBIT THREAT VIGILANCE, THE

1653
00:51:58,745 --> 00:52:01,281
PREFRONTAL CORTEX GOES AHEAD AND

1654
00:52:01,281 --> 00:52:02,149
INHIBITS THREAT VIGILANCE,

1655
00:52:02,149 --> 00:52:03,316
YOU'RE NOT HAVING TO MONITOR

1656
00:52:03,316 --> 00:52:05,552
YOURSELF OR ANOTHER, YOU REDUCE

1657
00:52:05,552 --> 00:52:07,521
YOUR PERSEVERATIVE COGNITION AND

1658
00:52:07,521 --> 00:52:09,656
YOU'RE RUMINATION.

1659
00:52:09,656 --> 00:52:10,824
WE KNOW THAT IS A STATE THAT

1660
00:52:10,824 --> 00:52:11,725
LOWERS YOUR LEVEL OF

1661
00:52:11,725 --> 00:52:12,225
INFLAMMATION.

1662
00:52:12,225 --> 00:52:14,161
YOU HAVE MORE ATTENTION AND

1663
00:52:14,161 --> 00:52:15,362
ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR ALL YOUR

1664
00:52:15,362 --> 00:52:15,929
ACTIVITIES.

1665
00:52:15,929 --> 00:52:17,164
YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A

1666
00:52:17,164 --> 00:52:19,366
FEELING STATE THAT'S CALM AND

1667
00:52:19,366 --> 00:52:21,067
CONNECTED, AND THE BEHAVIORS

1668
00:52:21,067 --> 00:52:23,303
THAT YOU PURSUE WHEN YOU FEEL

1669
00:52:23,303 --> 00:52:25,305
SAFE ARE EXPLORATION,

1670
00:52:25,305 --> 00:52:25,739
EMPATHIZING.

1671
00:52:25,739 --> 00:52:27,774
YOU DON'T EMPATHIZE WHEN YOU

1672
00:52:27,774 --> 00:52:28,608
DON'T FEEL SAFE.

1673
00:52:28,608 --> 00:52:30,177
AND WE KNOW ALL THESE LINKS WITH

1674
00:52:30,177 --> 00:52:31,044
VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES.

1675
00:52:31,044 --> 00:52:32,212
SO ALL THE REVERSE HAPPENS WHEN

1676
00:52:32,212 --> 00:52:34,614
YOU DON'T FEEL SAFE.

1677
00:52:34,614 --> 00:52:36,049
YOUR THREAT VIGILANCE STAYS UP,

1678
00:52:36,049 --> 00:52:37,184
YOU'RE MONITORING YOURSELF,

1679
00:52:37,184 --> 00:52:38,718
YOU'RE MONITORING OTHER PEOPLE.

1680
00:52:38,718 --> 00:52:41,321
IT'S VERY TAXING.

1681
00:52:41,321 --> 00:52:44,090
IT DEMANDS YOUR ATTENTION AND

1682
00:52:44,090 --> 00:52:44,591
YOUR ENERGY.

1683
00:52:44,591 --> 00:52:45,759
YOUR FEELINGS ARE MORE

1684
00:52:45,759 --> 00:52:47,394
ASSOCIATED WITH BEING AGITATED

1685
00:52:47,394 --> 00:52:51,498
AND AFRAID AND ALONE.

1686
00:52:51,498 --> 00:52:53,200
AND THE BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS

1687
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:54,601
ARE ALL THOSE THAT WE KNOW TO BE

1688
00:52:54,601 --> 00:52:56,970
BAD FOR HEALTH.

1689
00:52:56,970 --> 00:52:58,305
ISOLATING, RESTRICTING, USING

1690
00:52:58,305 --> 00:52:59,606
SUBSTANCES TO SELF-SOOTHE.

1691
00:52:59,606 --> 00:53:00,640
SO ONE OF THE THINGS I'M SORT

1692
00:53:00,640 --> 00:53:02,075
OF, YOU KNOW, WANTING TO URGE

1693
00:53:02,075 --> 00:53:04,144
PEOPLE TO DO IS TO CONTINUE

1694
00:53:04,144 --> 00:53:05,946
MEASURING EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS

1695
00:53:05,946 --> 00:53:09,015
BUT TO ALSO MEASURE THE

1696
00:53:09,015 --> 00:53:10,917
AVAILABILITY OF SOCIAL

1697
00:53:10,917 --> 00:53:11,685
CONNECTEDNESS AND SOCIAL SAFETY

1698
00:53:11,685 --> 00:53:12,852
IN THE DIFFERENT DOMAINS OF

1699
00:53:12,852 --> 00:53:14,454
PEOPLE'S LIVES.

1700
00:53:14,454 --> 00:53:15,922
IN THEIR HOUSEHOLD, IN THEIR

1701
00:53:15,922 --> 00:53:17,190
CLOSE FRIENDS, IN THEIR WORK

1702
00:53:17,190 --> 00:53:19,259
ENVIRONMENT, IN THEIR HEALTHCARE

1703
00:53:19,259 --> 00:53:20,427
SETTING, WHICH IS REALLY

1704
00:53:20,427 --> 00:53:22,062
CRITICAL FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH

1705
00:53:22,062 --> 00:53:23,063
CHRONIC DISEASE CONDITIONS.

1706
00:53:23,063 --> 00:53:24,364
SO YOU CAN SORT OF IMAGINE

1707
00:53:24,364 --> 00:53:28,535
STRESS AND SAFETY AS BEING

1708
00:53:28,535 --> 00:53:29,035
ORTHOGONAL DIMENSIONS.

1709
00:53:29,035 --> 00:53:30,237
ONE WAY TO THINK ABOUT THE STATE

1710
00:53:30,237 --> 00:53:31,371
OF BEING PRIVILEGED IS THAT YOU

1711
00:53:31,371 --> 00:53:33,273
HAVE LOW EXPOSURE TO STRESS AND

1712
00:53:33,273 --> 00:53:34,908
YOU ALSO HAVE HIGH ACCESS TO

1713
00:53:34,908 --> 00:53:35,642
SAFETY.

1714
00:53:35,642 --> 00:53:37,944
YOU'VE KIND OF GOT IT ALL.

1715
00:53:37,944 --> 00:53:39,913
HAVING A LOT OF SOCIAL SAFETY, A

1716
00:53:39,913 --> 00:53:43,250
LOT OF IMMEDIATE NURTURANCE AND

1717
00:53:43,250 --> 00:53:45,285
BELONGING IN CONDITIONS OF HIGH

1718
00:53:45,285 --> 00:53:46,820
STRESS, THAT'S WHAT IS COMMONLY

1719
00:53:46,820 --> 00:53:47,621
CALLED RESILIENCE.

1720
00:53:47,621 --> 00:53:49,422
AND I ABSOLUTELY AGREE WITH THE

1721
00:53:49,422 --> 00:53:50,624
COMMENTS TODAY THAT RESILIENCE

1722
00:53:50,624 --> 00:53:52,359
IS REALLY A FEATURE OF THE

1723
00:53:52,359 --> 00:53:53,960
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, NOT AN

1724
00:53:53,960 --> 00:53:54,427
INDIVIDUAL TRAIT.

1725
00:53:54,427 --> 00:53:57,264
YOU DON'T FOSTER GRIT IN A KID

1726
00:53:57,264 --> 00:53:58,431
BY, LIKE, YOU KNOW, HOW YOU

1727
00:53:58,431 --> 00:53:59,399
RAISE THEM.

1728
00:53:59,399 --> 00:54:01,134
YOU FOSTER GRIT AND RESILIENCE

1729
00:54:01,134 --> 00:54:07,474
BY CREATING A NURTURING RELIABLE

1730
00:54:07,474 --> 00:54:08,875
NETWORK OF PROTECTIVE SOCIAL

1731
00:54:08,875 --> 00:54:10,110
CONTACTS THAT CAN BUFFER THAT

1732
00:54:10,110 --> 00:54:10,810
PERSON AGAINST STRESS.

1733
00:54:10,810 --> 00:54:13,213
THE STATE OF HAVING LOW OR

1734
00:54:13,213 --> 00:54:13,947
INCONSISTENT SAFETY AND LOW

1735
00:54:13,947 --> 00:54:15,115
LEVELS OF STRESS IS

1736
00:54:15,115 --> 00:54:15,482
HYPERVIGILANCE.

1737
00:54:15,482 --> 00:54:17,651
AND I THINK A LOT OF INDIVIDUALS

1738
00:54:17,651 --> 00:54:19,986
WHO ARE MARGINALIZED IN ONE

1739
00:54:19,986 --> 00:54:21,821
DOMAIN BUT ARE PRIVILEGED IN

1740
00:54:21,821 --> 00:54:22,956
OTHERS OFTEN WALK AROUND BEING

1741
00:54:22,956 --> 00:54:24,524
LIKE, WHY DO I STILL FEEL SO

1742
00:54:24,524 --> 00:54:25,659
STRESSED OUT?

1743
00:54:25,659 --> 00:54:26,660
NOTHING THAT BAD HAS HAPPENED TO

1744
00:54:26,660 --> 00:54:27,694
ME.

1745
00:54:27,694 --> 00:54:30,096
BUT THE VIGILANCE IS WHAT KEEPS

1746
00:54:30,096 --> 00:54:31,431
THOSE CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS

1747
00:54:31,431 --> 00:54:31,831
UP.

1748
00:54:31,831 --> 00:54:34,567
AND THEN THE STATE OF HAVING LOW

1749
00:54:34,567 --> 00:54:35,535
SOCIAL SAFETY AND HIGH EXPOSURE

1750
00:54:35,535 --> 00:54:37,170
TO STRESS IS ONE WAY TO THINK

1751
00:54:37,170 --> 00:54:39,472
ABOUT TRAUMA, WHEN THE STRESSORS

1752
00:54:39,472 --> 00:54:41,308
OVERWHELM YOUR ABILITY TO COPE

1753
00:54:41,308 --> 00:54:42,542
WITH THEM.

1754
00:54:42,542 --> 00:54:43,576
SO BIG QUESTION IS WHAT'S

1755
00:54:43,576 --> 00:54:44,511
ENOUGH?

1756
00:54:44,511 --> 00:54:45,378
WHAT'S ENOUGH SAFETY TO GET YOU

1757
00:54:45,378 --> 00:54:46,446
INTO A HEALTHY ZONE?

1758
00:54:46,446 --> 00:54:49,049
WE DON'T KNOW.

1759
00:54:49,049 --> 00:54:50,283
BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T EVEN MEASURED

1760
00:54:50,283 --> 00:54:50,550
THIS.

1761
00:54:50,550 --> 00:54:52,786
I DO HAVE A MEASURE I'VE BEEN

1762
00:54:52,786 --> 00:54:54,054
PILOTING AND I'M HAPPY TO SEND

1763
00:54:54,054 --> 00:54:55,288
TO FOLKS, BUT ONE OF THE THINGS

1764
00:54:55,288 --> 00:54:56,423
THAT WE'RE FINDING IS THE AMOUNT

1765
00:54:56,423 --> 00:54:57,824
OF SAFETY THAT YOU NEED NOW

1766
00:54:57,824 --> 00:54:59,326
DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU WERE EXPOSED

1767
00:54:59,326 --> 00:55:01,795
TO AS A CHILD.

1768
00:55:01,795 --> 00:55:03,129
AND AS A DEVELOPMENTAL

1769
00:55:03,129 --> 00:55:04,531
PSYCHOLOGIST, I'M REALLY PLEASED

1770
00:55:04,531 --> 00:55:05,865
TO SEE HOW MANY FOLKS HAVE

1771
00:55:05,865 --> 00:55:08,401
ALREADY TALKED ABOUT EARLY LIFE

1772
00:55:08,401 --> 00:55:10,870
STRESS AND CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY.

1773
00:55:10,870 --> 00:55:12,038
IT GOES UNDER LOTS OF DIFFERENT

1774
00:55:12,038 --> 00:55:12,472
NAMES.

1775
00:55:12,472 --> 00:55:15,208
PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THE ACES, THE

1776
00:55:15,208 --> 00:55:17,744
ADVERSE CHILD EXPERIENCES STUDY,

1777
00:55:17,744 --> 00:55:19,913
PEOPLE -- YOU KNOW, SEXUAL,

1778
00:55:19,913 --> 00:55:21,314
EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL ABUSE,

1779
00:55:21,314 --> 00:55:21,614
TRAUMA.

1780
00:55:21,614 --> 00:55:22,816
THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT

1781
00:55:22,816 --> 00:55:23,983
MEASUREMENTS OF THIS.

1782
00:55:23,983 --> 00:55:25,719
BUT ONE THING THAT I WOULD ALSO

1783
00:55:25,719 --> 00:55:27,620
URGE EVERYONE TO DO IS, IN

1784
00:55:27,620 --> 00:55:29,289
ADDITION TO USING THOSE GLOBAL

1785
00:55:29,289 --> 00:55:31,391
MEASURES, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT

1786
00:55:31,391 --> 00:55:32,959
TO PARSE OUT THREE DIFFERENT BIG

1787
00:55:32,959 --> 00:55:35,295
DOMAINS OF THESE EARLY

1788
00:55:35,295 --> 00:55:37,697
EXPERIENCES THAT DEVELOPMENTAL

1789
00:55:37,697 --> 00:55:38,665
PSYCHOBIOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND TO

1790
00:55:38,665 --> 00:55:41,034
HAVE SORT OF DISTINCT EFFECTS.

1791
00:55:41,034 --> 00:55:42,068
THREAT, WHICH IS ANY SORT OF

1792
00:55:42,068 --> 00:55:44,371
PHYSICAL THREAT TO THE CHILD,

1793
00:55:44,371 --> 00:55:46,773
NEGLECT, WHICH IS THE WITHDRAWAL

1794
00:55:46,773 --> 00:55:50,310
OF EITHER FOOD OR NURTURING

1795
00:55:50,310 --> 00:55:52,612
INPUT AND CONTACT, AND THEN

1796
00:55:52,612 --> 00:55:54,481
UNPREDICTABILITY, WHICH IS

1797
00:55:54,481 --> 00:55:55,815
INSTABILITY IN THE REARING

1798
00:55:55,815 --> 00:55:57,984
ENVIRONMENT, FREQUENT

1799
00:55:57,984 --> 00:55:59,119
RESIDENTIAL CHANGES, CHANGES IN

1800
00:55:59,119 --> 00:56:00,053
PEOPLE IN THE HOUSEHOLD.

1801
00:56:00,053 --> 00:56:02,155
AND THE REASON THAT IT'S

1802
00:56:02,155 --> 00:56:03,857
IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENTIATE

1803
00:56:03,857 --> 00:56:04,991
BETWEEN THESE IS THAT WE NOW

1804
00:56:04,991 --> 00:56:06,726
HAVE REALLY GOOD EVIDENCE THAT

1805
00:56:06,726 --> 00:56:08,395
THE REASON THEY HAVE DIFFERENT

1806
00:56:08,395 --> 00:56:11,865
BIOLOGICAL AND BRAIN EFFECTS IS

1807
00:56:11,865 --> 00:56:14,234
BECAUSE OUR SPECIES EVOLVED TO

1808
00:56:14,234 --> 00:56:16,436
EXPECT THAT A CHILD'S

1809
00:56:16,436 --> 00:56:17,971
ENVIRONMENT WOULD BE REALLY

1810
00:56:17,971 --> 00:56:19,472
DIFFERENT FROM HERE TO THERE AND

1811
00:56:19,472 --> 00:56:22,041
THE FIRST JOB FOR THE DEVELOPING

1812
00:56:22,041 --> 00:56:23,810
PLASTIC HUMAN BRAIN IS TO FIGURE

1813
00:56:23,810 --> 00:56:25,478
OUT WHAT KIND OF AN ENVIRONMENT

1814
00:56:25,478 --> 00:56:28,415
YOU'RE IN.

1815
00:56:28,415 --> 00:56:29,516
IS NEWER TRANS AVAILABLE OR IS

1816
00:56:29,516 --> 00:56:30,250
IT NOT?

1817
00:56:30,250 --> 00:56:32,519
IS IT IN A PREDICTABLE

1818
00:56:32,519 --> 00:56:33,286
ENVIRONMENT OR IT'S NOT.

1819
00:56:33,286 --> 00:56:34,754
WHAT STUDIES HAVE FOUND IS THAT

1820
00:56:34,754 --> 00:56:36,322
CHILDREN WHO ARE IN THREATENING

1821
00:56:36,322 --> 00:56:38,925
AND UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTS

1822
00:56:38,925 --> 00:56:40,693
TEND TO DEVELOP WHAT'S CALLED A

1823
00:56:40,693 --> 00:56:42,595
FAST LIFE HISTORY DEVELOPMENTAL

1824
00:56:42,595 --> 00:56:42,862
PHENOTYPE.

1825
00:56:42,862 --> 00:56:45,799
THEY MATURE A LITTLE EARLIER,

1826
00:56:45,799 --> 00:56:47,467
THEY ARE MORE THREAT-SENSITIVE

1827
00:56:47,467 --> 00:56:52,739
AND MORE REWARD-SENSITIVE AND

1828
00:56:52,739 --> 00:56:55,041
THERE'S SOME SUGGESTION FROM THE

1829
00:56:55,041 --> 00:56:55,842
EVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE THAT

1830
00:56:55,842 --> 00:56:57,644
WHAT YOU'RE SEEING IN SHORTENED

1831
00:56:57,644 --> 00:56:59,946
TELOMERES IS PART OF A SPECIES

1832
00:56:59,946 --> 00:57:01,181
LEVEL ADAPTATION THAT IF YOU'RE

1833
00:57:01,181 --> 00:57:03,450
IN AN UNPREDICTABLE AND

1834
00:57:03,450 --> 00:57:04,451
THREATENING ENVIRONMENT, LIVE

1835
00:57:04,451 --> 00:57:05,218
FAST AND DIE YOUNG.

1836
00:57:05,218 --> 00:57:08,121
THAT YOUR GOAL IS TO GET TO

1837
00:57:08,121 --> 00:57:09,522
PUBERTAL MATURATION, REPRODUCE

1838
00:57:09,522 --> 00:57:10,156
AND DIE.

1839
00:57:10,156 --> 00:57:14,194
AND SO WHAT MAKES SENSE AT A

1840
00:57:14,194 --> 00:57:15,562
SPECIES LEVEL DOESN'T

1841
00:57:15,562 --> 00:57:16,229
NECESSARILY HELP INDIVIDUALS AT

1842
00:57:16,229 --> 00:57:17,197
AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL.

1843
00:57:17,197 --> 00:57:18,731
AND SO MEASURING THESE DIFFERENT

1844
00:57:18,731 --> 00:57:21,868
DIMENSIONS IS REALLY IMPORTANT.

1845
00:57:21,868 --> 00:57:24,170
WE ALSO KNOW SOME OF THESE EARLY

1846
00:57:24,170 --> 00:57:25,338
EXPOSURES GET BIOLOGICALLY

1847
00:57:25,338 --> 00:57:26,940
EMBEDDED INTO THE STRESS

1848
00:57:26,940 --> 00:57:30,043
RESPONSE SYSTEM.

1849
00:57:30,043 --> 00:57:33,513
THE BRAIN IS SO PLASTIC, HUMAN

1850
00:57:33,513 --> 00:57:34,848
BRAIN PLASTICITY IS JUST

1851
00:57:34,848 --> 00:57:35,215
ASTOUNDING.

1852
00:57:35,215 --> 00:57:36,649
SO I LIKE TO TELL FOLKS WHEN

1853
00:57:36,649 --> 00:57:38,518
YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL

1854
00:57:38,518 --> 00:57:40,019
VERSUS SOCIAL EFFECTS, EARLY

1855
00:57:40,019 --> 00:57:41,221
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES ARE

1856
00:57:41,221 --> 00:57:41,855
BIOLOGICAL EVENTS.

1857
00:57:41,855 --> 00:57:43,523
THEY'RE NOT ENVIRONMENTAL.

1858
00:57:43,523 --> 00:57:46,025
THEY ARE BIOLOGICALLY EMBEDDED

1859
00:57:46,025 --> 00:57:47,894
BECAUSE OF BRAIN PLASTICITY.

1860
00:57:47,894 --> 00:57:51,798
OUR BRAINS ARE WIRED TO TAKE IN

1861
00:57:51,798 --> 00:57:54,067
THE ENVIRONMENT AND USE IT.

1862
00:57:54,067 --> 00:57:56,936
THE HUMAN BRAIN IS KIND OF LIKE

1863
00:57:56,936 --> 00:57:58,037
BUILDING THE PLANE WHILE FLYING

1864
00:57:58,037 --> 00:57:58,872
IT.

1865
00:57:58,872 --> 00:58:00,039
THE CHILD'S BRAIN IS TRYING TO

1866
00:58:00,039 --> 00:58:01,274
FIGURE OUT WHAT EXISTS IN THIS

1867
00:58:01,274 --> 00:58:02,375
ENVIRONMENT, WHAT IS THERE FOR

1868
00:58:02,375 --> 00:58:02,976
ME?

1869
00:58:02,976 --> 00:58:04,844
SO THESE EFFECTS CAN BE REALLY,

1870
00:58:04,844 --> 00:58:06,479
REALLY ENDURING.

1871
00:58:06,479 --> 00:58:09,449
AS I MENTIONED, THEY ALTER BOTH

1872
00:58:09,449 --> 00:58:11,017
THREAT RESPONSIVITY AND REWARD

1873
00:58:11,017 --> 00:58:11,451
RESPONSIVITY.

1874
00:58:11,451 --> 00:58:12,952
I FIND THAT REALLY INTERESTING

1875
00:58:12,952 --> 00:58:14,821
WITH RESPECT TO THE DATA ON

1876
00:58:14,821 --> 00:58:17,090
RESPONSES TO FOOD, AND OBESITY.

1877
00:58:17,090 --> 00:58:20,159
BECAUSE PART OF THE FAST LIFE

1878
00:58:20,159 --> 00:58:24,030
HISTORY PROGRAM FOR AN

1879
00:58:24,030 --> 00:58:24,731
ADVERSITY-EXPOSED BRAIN IS WHEN

1880
00:58:24,731 --> 00:58:27,901
YOU SEE A FO FOOD THAT CAN NOURH

1881
00:58:27,901 --> 00:58:29,402
YOU, GO GET IT, GO GET IT,

1882
00:58:29,402 --> 00:58:30,537
BECAUSE YOU MAY NOT GET IT IN

1883
00:58:30,537 --> 00:58:31,170
THE FUTURE.

1884
00:58:31,170 --> 00:58:32,372
SOME OF THESE THINGS ARE REALLY

1885
00:58:32,372 --> 00:58:35,675
DEEPLY ROOTED IN OUR ANCESTRAL

1886
00:58:35,675 --> 00:58:36,509
CONDITIONS.

1887
00:58:36,509 --> 00:58:39,245
WE ALSO KNOW THAT INDIVIDUALS

1888
00:58:39,245 --> 00:58:41,381
RAISED IN THREATENING AND

1889
00:58:41,381 --> 00:58:43,049
DEPRIVED AND UNPREDICTABLE

1890
00:58:43,049 --> 00:58:43,850
ENVIRONMENTS TEND TO DEVELOP

1891
00:58:43,850 --> 00:58:46,586
WHAT'S CALLED A PRO-INFLAMMATORY

1892
00:58:46,586 --> 00:58:46,986
PHENOTYPE.

1893
00:58:46,986 --> 00:58:48,588
THEIR LEVELS OF SYSTEMIC

1894
00:58:48,588 --> 00:58:49,756
INFLAMMATION ARE HIGH AND

1895
00:58:49,756 --> 00:58:51,190
THEY'RE MORE REACTIVE TO FUTURE

1896
00:58:51,190 --> 00:58:51,457
STRESSORS.

1897
00:58:51,457 --> 00:58:54,127
SO YOU CAN GET AN ESCALATING

1898
00:58:54,127 --> 00:58:55,695
EFFECT OF INFLAMMATION OVER THE

1899
00:58:55,695 --> 00:58:57,096
LIFE COURSE WHICH THEN HELPS TO

1900
00:58:57,096 --> 00:58:59,299
MAKE SENSE OF SOME OF THOSE

1901
00:58:59,299 --> 00:59:00,767
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY

1902
00:59:00,767 --> 00:59:02,135
STATISTICS THAT YOU SEE.

1903
00:59:02,135 --> 00:59:04,203
SO THIS SORT OF MEANS THAT IF

1904
00:59:04,203 --> 00:59:07,106
YOU GOT AN ADVERSITY-EXPOSED

1905
00:59:07,106 --> 00:59:08,641
KID, THEN THEIR LIFETIME

1906
00:59:08,641 --> 00:59:11,210
EXPOSURE TO MARGINALIZATION AND

1907
00:59:11,210 --> 00:59:12,045
DISCRIMINATION IS LIKELY TO BE

1908
00:59:12,045 --> 00:59:12,779
GREATER.

1909
00:59:12,779 --> 00:59:15,415
AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HAS

1910
00:59:15,415 --> 00:59:16,849
RECEIVED A LOT OF ATTENTION IN

1911
00:59:16,849 --> 00:59:18,785
THE LITERATURE ON RACIAL AND

1912
00:59:18,785 --> 00:59:20,286
ETHNIC MARGINALIZATION, BUT I'VE

1913
00:59:20,286 --> 00:59:21,888
TRIED TO GET MORE ATTENTION TO

1914
00:59:21,888 --> 00:59:24,691
IT IN THE LIVES OF QUEER PEOPLE

1915
00:59:24,691 --> 00:59:25,992
BECAUSE SEXUAL AND GENDER

1916
00:59:25,992 --> 00:59:27,293
MINORITIES HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY

1917
00:59:27,293 --> 00:59:31,097
GREATER EXPOSURE TO ALL FORMS OF

1918
00:59:31,097 --> 00:59:32,398
CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY.

1919
00:59:32,398 --> 00:59:35,768
CG THERE MEANS CAREGIVER.

1920
00:59:35,768 --> 00:59:37,170
SO CAREGIVER SUBSTANCE USE IS A

1921
00:59:37,170 --> 00:59:38,371
CLASSIC MEASURE OF

1922
00:59:38,371 --> 00:59:40,239
UNPREDICTABIPREDICTABILITY BECAU

1923
00:59:40,239 --> 00:59:44,611
MIGHT HAVE A REALLY NEW NURTURE

1924
00:59:44,611 --> 00:59:46,179
ANTICAREGIVER WHO IS SOMETIMES

1925
00:59:46,179 --> 00:59:46,379
DRUNK.

1926
00:59:46,379 --> 00:59:48,181
SO IT'S NOT LIKE THEY'RE ALWAYS

1927
00:59:48,181 --> 00:59:49,349
NEGLECTFUL.

1928
00:59:49,349 --> 00:59:51,150
IT'S INCONSISTENT.

1929
00:59:51,150 --> 00:59:52,452
CAREGIVER MENTAL ILLNESS,

1930
00:59:52,452 --> 00:59:53,152
INCARCERATION, SO YOU CAN SEE

1931
00:59:53,152 --> 00:59:55,455
THAT IT'S NOT JUST ONE FORM OF

1932
00:59:55,455 --> 00:59:56,522
ADVERSITY, IT'S REALLY ALL OF

1933
00:59:56,522 --> 00:59:57,090
THEM.

1934
00:59:57,090 --> 01:00:00,360
SO THESE ARE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE

1935
01:00:00,360 --> 01:00:03,196
GOING TO HAVE STRESS-ADAPTED

1936
01:00:03,196 --> 01:00:04,130
PHENOTYPES.

1937
01:00:04,130 --> 01:00:05,264
I ALSO WANT TO BRIEFLY TALK

1938
01:00:05,264 --> 01:00:06,265
ABOUT TRAUMA, BECAUSE IT'S

1939
01:00:06,265 --> 01:00:07,500
ANOTHER THING THAT IS MEASURED

1940
01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:08,534
BY PSYCHOLOGISTS A LOT.

1941
01:00:08,534 --> 01:00:10,570
I WISH EPIDEMIOLOGISTS WOULD DO

1942
01:00:10,570 --> 01:00:11,170
MORE.

1943
01:00:11,170 --> 01:00:13,373
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT PTSD, WE

1944
01:00:13,373 --> 01:00:14,507
THINK ABOUT PEOPLE WHO COME HOME

1945
01:00:14,507 --> 01:00:15,742
FROM WAR AND THERE WAS A BOMBING

1946
01:00:15,742 --> 01:00:19,345
AND THEN THEY HAVE THIS SORT OF

1947
01:00:19,345 --> 01:00:20,279
TRAUMA RESPONSE TO THE MEMORY,

1948
01:00:20,279 --> 01:00:21,381
AND I THINK IT'S REALLY

1949
01:00:21,381 --> 01:00:22,882
IMPORTANT AND THE WORD TRAUMA

1950
01:00:22,882 --> 01:00:24,283
GETS THROWN AROUND LIKE IT'S ALL

1951
01:00:24,283 --> 01:00:27,020
OTHER TIK TOK, YOU KNOW, TIK TOK

1952
01:00:27,020 --> 01:00:28,087
DISCOVERED TRAUMA AND THE WORLD

1953
01:00:28,087 --> 01:00:29,222
WILL NEVER BE THE SAME.

1954
01:00:29,222 --> 01:00:31,357
TRAUMA IS NOT ABOUT A MEMORY OF

1955
01:00:31,357 --> 01:00:35,428
A BAD EVENT.

1956
01:00:35,428 --> 01:00:37,530
TRUE MA IS ABOUT A REACTION THAT

1957
01:00:37,530 --> 01:00:38,665
SEEMINGLY HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH

1958
01:00:38,665 --> 01:00:39,032
THE EVENT.

1959
01:00:39,032 --> 01:00:41,734
SO TYPICALLY, WHEN FOLKS

1960
01:00:41,734 --> 01:00:44,237
DIAGNOSE PTSD, THEY LOOK FOR THE

1961
01:00:44,237 --> 01:00:45,271
CRITERIA A EVENT.

1962
01:00:45,271 --> 01:00:47,440
THE EVENT THAT MADE YOU AFRAID.

1963
01:00:47,440 --> 01:00:49,976
THE BOMBING, THE ASSAULT, THE

1964
01:00:49,976 --> 01:00:52,779
LOSS EXPERIENCE.

1965
01:00:52,779 --> 01:00:58,851
AND THEN THEY ASSESS ALL THE

1966
01:00:58,851 --> 01:01:00,787
ADAPTATIONS.

1967
01:01:00,787 --> 01:01:02,822
THE PTSD RESPONSES ARE REALLY

1968
01:01:02,822 --> 01:01:04,057
COMPLEX DEPENDING ON WHAT TYPE

1969
01:01:04,057 --> 01:01:05,491
OF STRESSOR IT WAS, WHEN IT

1970
01:01:05,491 --> 01:01:06,392
OCCURRED, ET CETERA, ET CETERA,

1971
01:01:06,392 --> 01:01:07,427
ET CETERA, AND NONE OF THE

1972
01:01:07,427 --> 01:01:12,298
WE'VE REALIZEDTHERE'S A WHOLE BE

1973
01:01:12,298 --> 01:01:14,467
WHO HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS, BUT

1974
01:01:14,467 --> 01:01:17,236
CANNOT POINT TO A SINGLE EVENT

1975
01:01:17,236 --> 01:01:18,271
THAT CAUSED IT.

1976
01:01:18,271 --> 01:01:19,706
THERE WAS NO BOMBING, THERE WAS

1977
01:01:19,706 --> 01:01:21,808
NO THIS, AND YET THEIR BODIES

1978
01:01:21,808 --> 01:01:23,543
AND BRAINS ARE THROWING OFF ALL

1979
01:01:23,543 --> 01:01:25,878
OF THESE SORTS OF REACTIONS, AND

1980
01:01:25,878 --> 01:01:27,146
SO OVER THE YEARS, PSYCHOLOGISTS

1981
01:01:27,146 --> 01:01:30,983
HAVE TALKED ABOUT CPTSD OR

1982
01:01:30,983 --> 01:01:33,019
COMPLEX TRAWL MA, WHICH IS

1983
01:01:33,019 --> 01:01:38,725
TRAUMA ALSO THOUGHT OFAS DEVELO.

1984
01:01:38,725 --> 01:01:40,693
THAT OFTEN A CHILD'S PROLONGED

1985
01:01:40,693 --> 01:01:41,327
EXPOSURE TO AN UNSAFE

1986
01:01:41,327 --> 01:01:42,328
ENVIRONMENT WILL PRODUCE THE

1987
01:01:42,328 --> 01:01:44,330
SAME SORTS OF PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL

1988
01:01:44,330 --> 01:01:47,433
ADAPTATIONS TO THREAT THAT A

1989
01:01:47,433 --> 01:01:47,967
SINGLE EVENT WILL.

1990
01:01:47,967 --> 01:01:50,737
SO IT LIKE YOU CAN DEVELOP PTSD

1991
01:01:50,737 --> 01:01:54,373
FROM EXPOSURE TO STRESS OR

1992
01:01:54,373 --> 01:01:57,009
EXPOSURE TO INSUFFICIENT SAFETY.

1993
01:01:57,009 --> 01:01:59,479
AND THE EFFECTS ARE BASICALLY

1994
01:01:59,479 --> 01:02:00,546
THE SAME.

1995
01:02:00,546 --> 01:02:02,248
AND ONE OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF

1996
01:02:02,248 --> 01:02:04,183
THIS THAT I THINK, YOU KNOW, WE

1997
01:02:04,183 --> 01:02:05,251
HAVE FAILED TO APPRECIATE UP

1998
01:02:05,251 --> 01:02:07,153
UNTIL NOW IS THAT STIGMA IS

1999
01:02:07,153 --> 01:02:08,454
TRAUMA.

2000
01:02:08,454 --> 01:02:10,723
THE EXPERIENCE OF GROWING UP,

2001
01:02:10,723 --> 01:02:12,959
FEELING THAT THE PEOPLE AROUND

2002
01:02:12,959 --> 01:02:14,861
YOU DON'T CONSIDER YOU HUMAN

2003
01:02:14,861 --> 01:02:17,029
ENOUGH TO SAVE, THAT'S TRAUMA.

2004
01:02:17,029 --> 01:02:19,165
THAT'S A FORM OF COMPLEX

2005
01:02:19,165 --> 01:02:21,567
DEVELOPMENTAL TRAUMA.

2006
01:02:21,567 --> 01:02:23,336
SO YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO LINK ALL

2007
01:02:23,336 --> 01:02:24,804
THOSE SYMPTOMS TO STRESS EVENTS.

2008
01:02:24,804 --> 01:02:27,073
THEY ARE PART OF THE CONTEXT OF

2009
01:02:27,073 --> 01:02:28,975
INSUFFICIENT SOCIAL SAFETY.

2010
01:02:28,975 --> 01:02:30,777
SO YOU KNOW, THEN IT'S LIKE,

2011
01:02:30,777 --> 01:02:32,311
WELL, GREAT, WHAT DO WE DO NOW?

2012
01:02:32,311 --> 01:02:33,913
HOW DO WE INCREASE SOCIAL

2013
01:02:33,913 --> 01:02:34,347
SAFETY?

2014
01:02:34,347 --> 01:02:36,382
OBVIOUSLY, WE HAVE TO KEEP

2015
01:02:36,382 --> 01:02:37,884
FIGHTING STRUCTURAL AND

2016
01:02:37,884 --> 01:02:40,286
INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF

2017
01:02:40,286 --> 01:02:41,721
DISCRIMINATION AND REJECTION AND

2018
01:02:41,721 --> 01:02:43,089
PASS AFFIRMATIVE LAWS AND

2019
01:02:43,089 --> 01:02:43,890
POLICIES.

2020
01:02:43,890 --> 01:02:47,160
BUT UNFORTUNATELY, THOSE ALL

2021
01:02:47,160 --> 01:02:48,761
WORK AT THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

2022
01:02:48,761 --> 01:02:49,162
LEVEL.

2023
01:02:49,162 --> 01:02:51,731
THEY'RE NOT GOING TO AFFECT YOUR

2024
01:02:51,731 --> 01:02:52,431
AMYGDALA.

2025
01:02:52,431 --> 01:02:55,001
OUR ANCIENT BRAINS ARE CRAVING

2026
01:02:55,001 --> 01:02:58,604
REAL HUMAN SOCIAL INPUT,

2027
01:02:58,604 --> 01:02:59,438
AFFIRMATIVE CONTACT.

2028
01:02:59,438 --> 01:03:02,775
ONE OF THE REASONS THAT I THINK

2029
01:03:02,775 --> 01:03:04,210
EVERY GRADUATE STUDENT IN THE

2030
01:03:04,210 --> 01:03:05,578
UNITED STATES BECAME LIKE REALLY

2031
01:03:05,578 --> 01:03:07,113
DEPRESSED DURING THE PANDEMIC IS

2032
01:03:07,113 --> 01:03:08,915
THEY WERE DOING ALL THEIR

2033
01:03:08,915 --> 01:03:10,383
MEETINGS, YOU KNOW, WITH THEIR

2034
01:03:10,383 --> 01:03:10,917
ADVISER ON ZOOM.

2035
01:03:10,917 --> 01:03:13,119
THERE WAS NO BUMPING UP AGAINST

2036
01:03:13,119 --> 01:03:14,921
INDIVIDUALS IN THE HALLWAY, NONE

2037
01:03:14,921 --> 01:03:17,023
OF THIS, OH, HOW'S YOUR -- HOW'S

2038
01:03:17,023 --> 01:03:18,124
THAT PAPER GOING?

2039
01:03:18,124 --> 01:03:22,461
AND, LIKE, LITERALLY, I KNOW AT

2040
01:03:22,461 --> 01:03:24,130
MY UNIVERSITY AND OTHER

2041
01:03:24,130 --> 01:03:25,298
UNIVERSITIES, EVERYBODY WENT A

2042
01:03:25,298 --> 01:03:25,631
LITTLE CRAZY.

2043
01:03:25,631 --> 01:03:27,466
ZOOM IS NOT GOING TO SAVE US.

2044
01:03:27,466 --> 01:03:28,835
ONLINE SOCIAL SUPPORT -- EVEN I

2045
01:03:28,835 --> 01:03:30,102
THINK FOR A LOT OF QUEER FOLKS

2046
01:03:30,102 --> 01:03:33,072
IN MARGINALIZED PARTS OF THE

2047
01:03:33,072 --> 01:03:34,574
COUNTRY WHO ARE REALLY ISOLATED,

2048
01:03:34,574 --> 01:03:37,043
ONLINE SOCIAL SUPPORT IS GREAT

2049
01:03:37,043 --> 01:03:38,177
BUT YOU KNOW WHAT, THAT'S NOT

2050
01:03:38,177 --> 01:03:41,314
WHAT OUR SOCIAL BRAINS EVOLVED

2051
01:03:41,314 --> 01:03:42,014
FOR.

2052
01:03:42,014 --> 01:03:43,916
WE EVOLVED FOR IN-PERSON SOCIAL

2053
01:03:43,916 --> 01:03:46,786
CONNECTION WITH PEOPLE WHO LOOK

2054
01:03:46,786 --> 01:03:48,821
AT US WARMLY, AUTHENTICALLY, IN

2055
01:03:48,821 --> 01:03:52,859
A WAY THAT CAN'T BE FAKED.

2056
01:03:52,859 --> 01:03:53,726
BUT WE DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH IS

2057
01:03:53,726 --> 01:03:54,193
ENOUGH.

2058
01:03:54,193 --> 01:03:55,628
ONE OF THE STUDIES I'M DOING NOW

2059
01:03:55,628 --> 01:03:57,063
IS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT, HOW

2060
01:03:57,063 --> 01:03:57,997
MUCH TIME SPENT WITH PEOPLE WHO

2061
01:03:57,997 --> 01:04:01,200
MAKE YOU FEEL SAFE IS ENOUGH TO

2062
01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:02,635
SORT OF CHANGE YOUR PHYSICAL

2063
01:04:02,635 --> 01:04:03,669
FUNCTIONING.

2064
01:04:03,669 --> 01:04:04,871
AND ONE OF THE -- THIS IS WHERE

2065
01:04:04,871 --> 01:04:05,972
INTERSECTIONALITY REALLY COMES

2066
01:04:05,972 --> 01:04:07,273
TO THE CORE BECAUSE THERE ARE

2067
01:04:07,273 --> 01:04:10,710
SOME SOCIAL CONNECTIONS IN YOUR

2068
01:04:10,710 --> 01:04:12,111
LIFE WHERE YOUR CONNECTION AND

2069
01:04:12,111 --> 01:04:13,813
BELONGING ON ONE ASPECT OF YOUR

2070
01:04:13,813 --> 01:04:15,781
IDENTITY MAKES YOU REJECTIBLE ON

2071
01:04:15,781 --> 01:04:17,550
THE BASIS OF ANOTHER FORM OF

2072
01:04:17,550 --> 01:04:18,985
YOUR IDENTITY.

2073
01:04:18,985 --> 01:04:20,820
SO BASICALLY YOUR BRAIN IS

2074
01:04:20,820 --> 01:04:22,722
PICKING WHICH IS A MORE RELIABLE

2075
01:04:22,722 --> 01:04:23,956
SOURCE OF SAFETY?

2076
01:04:23,956 --> 01:04:26,092
WHAT'S GOING TO PROTECT ME MORE?

2077
01:04:26,092 --> 01:04:27,493
AND SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE

2078
01:04:27,493 --> 01:04:29,295
NEED TO DO IS TO SORT OF FILL IN

2079
01:04:29,295 --> 01:04:33,432
SOME OF THESE GAPS IN THE SAFETY

2080
01:04:33,432 --> 01:04:33,799
NET.

2081
01:04:33,799 --> 01:04:35,701
I'M DOING A STUDY RIGHT NOW,

2082
01:04:35,701 --> 01:04:37,270
BASICALLY CALLED STUDENTS USING

2083
01:04:37,270 --> 01:04:39,305
SMARTPHONES TO SORT OF MAP WHAT

2084
01:04:39,305 --> 01:04:42,174
ARE THE SPACES ON CAMPUS THAT

2085
01:04:42,174 --> 01:04:43,943
FEEL SAFE FOR THE BLACK QUEER

2086
01:04:43,943 --> 01:04:45,311
STUDENTS OR THE LATINO

2087
01:04:45,311 --> 01:04:46,579
NON-BINARY STUDENTS OR THE FIRST

2088
01:04:46,579 --> 01:04:47,179
GENERATION STUDENTS?

2089
01:04:47,179 --> 01:04:49,582
WHAT ARE THE CUES THAT PEOPLE

2090
01:04:49,582 --> 01:04:50,917
LOOK TO IN ORDER TO DETERMINE

2091
01:04:50,917 --> 01:04:53,486
WHETHER OR NOT THEY FEEL SAFE?

2092
01:04:53,486 --> 01:04:54,954
WHETHER YOU CAN HEAR PEOPLE

2093
01:04:54,954 --> 01:04:56,289
LAUGHING, LIKE IMAGINE BEING AT

2094
01:04:56,289 --> 01:04:57,790
A COFFEE SHOP WHERE YOU HEAR

2095
01:04:57,790 --> 01:04:59,292
NOTHING VERSUS A COFFEE SHOP

2096
01:04:59,292 --> 01:05:00,526
WHERE YOU HEAR PEOPLE TALKING.

2097
01:05:00,526 --> 01:05:02,328
THERE ARE CUES THAT OUR BRAINS

2098
01:05:02,328 --> 01:05:03,562
ARE LOOKING FOR.

2099
01:05:03,562 --> 01:05:05,398
BUT WE DON'T MEASURE, RIGHT?

2100
01:05:05,398 --> 01:05:06,799
WE'RE LIKE, OH, THAT'S NOT

2101
01:05:06,799 --> 01:05:08,968
IMPORTANT.

2102
01:05:08,968 --> 01:05:10,670
WELL, TO THE AMYGDALA, IT'S KIND

2103
01:05:10,670 --> 01:05:11,170
OF IMPORTANT.

2104
01:05:11,170 --> 01:05:12,471
THE OTHER THING THAT I'VE REALLY

2105
01:05:12,471 --> 01:05:14,340
STARTED TO FOCUS ON IS THE FACT

2106
01:05:14,340 --> 01:05:17,176
THAT THE OUTDOORS IS OFTEN, YOU

2107
01:05:17,176 --> 01:05:19,345
KNOW, AN AUTOMATIC CUE FOR KIND

2108
01:05:19,345 --> 01:05:20,446
OF RECOVERY.

2109
01:05:20,446 --> 01:05:22,114
THERE WAS A STUDY SHOWING THAT

2110
01:05:22,114 --> 01:05:25,051
YOUR VAGAL TONE INCREASES WHEN

2111
01:05:25,051 --> 01:05:27,453
YOU HEAR BIRD SONG.

2112
01:05:27,453 --> 01:05:29,488
THIS MAKES SENSE, EVOLUTION

2113
01:05:29,488 --> 01:05:30,756
NARELY, IF YOU ARE OUTSIDE AND

2114
01:05:30,756 --> 01:05:32,591
THERE ARE BIRDS SINGING, YOUR

2115
01:05:32,591 --> 01:05:33,926
BRAIN SAYS SOMEWHERE THERE'S

2116
01:05:33,926 --> 01:05:34,894
WATER, SOMEWHERE THERE'S SKY.

2117
01:05:34,894 --> 01:05:39,432
SO I THINK IN ADDITION TO

2118
01:05:39,432 --> 01:05:40,466
BUILDING QUEER YOUTH CENTERS

2119
01:05:40,466 --> 01:05:44,437
WHERE KIDS CAN COME TOGETHER,

2120
01:05:44,437 --> 01:05:45,638
I'M ALSO WORKING IN UTAH TO SEE

2121
01:05:45,638 --> 01:05:47,573
IF WE CAN JUST GET QUEER AND

2122
01:05:47,573 --> 01:05:49,075
TRANS YOUTH OUTSIDE HIKING WITH

2123
01:05:49,075 --> 01:05:51,610
QUEER AND TRANS ELDERS, TO JUST

2124
01:05:51,610 --> 01:05:55,147
LITERALLY BE WALKING AND TALKING

2125
01:05:55,147 --> 01:05:57,516
TOGETHER BECAUSE WALKING AND

2126
01:05:57,516 --> 01:05:59,785
TALKING TOGETHER IS THE OLDEST

2127
01:05:59,785 --> 01:06:01,120
KNOWN COPING MECHANISM KNOWN TO

2128
01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:01,554
HUMANS.

2129
01:06:01,554 --> 01:06:02,655
THE OTHER KIND OF THINGS THAT I

2130
01:06:02,655 --> 01:06:03,823
THINK WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT A

2131
01:06:03,823 --> 01:06:07,860
LITTLE BIT MORE IS IN TERMS OF

2132
01:06:07,860 --> 01:06:08,961
ADDING SAFETY BACK TO

2133
01:06:08,961 --> 01:06:09,895
INDIVIDUALS' LIVES.

2134
01:06:09,895 --> 01:06:12,598
THE ROLE OF THA HUMOR, I ALSO TK

2135
01:06:12,598 --> 01:06:13,799
HAS BEEN UNDERSTUDIED.

2136
01:06:13,799 --> 01:06:15,801
THINK OF WHEN YOU'RE WATCHING A

2137
01:06:15,801 --> 01:06:17,570
MOVIE OR TV SHOW AND THEY WANT

2138
01:06:17,570 --> 01:06:18,270
TO COMMUNICATE THAT SOMETHING IS

2139
01:06:18,270 --> 01:06:20,339
GOING TO BE OKAY, THEY'LL ADD A

2140
01:06:20,339 --> 01:06:20,873
JOKE.

2141
01:06:20,873 --> 01:06:22,141
THEY'LL ADD LIKE A MOMENT OF

2142
01:06:22,141 --> 01:06:22,441
HUMOR.

2143
01:06:22,441 --> 01:06:23,542
WHY DO THEY DO THAT?

2144
01:06:23,542 --> 01:06:26,345
BECAUSE ALL OF US VIEW HUMOR AS

2145
01:06:26,345 --> 01:06:28,447
A SIGN THAT IT'S OKAY.

2146
01:06:28,447 --> 01:06:28,814
RIGHT?

2147
01:06:28,814 --> 01:06:30,182
AND HUMOR IS OFTEN SOMETHING IN

2148
01:06:30,182 --> 01:06:33,619
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT THAT BONDS

2149
01:06:33,619 --> 01:06:34,186
PEOPLE.

2150
01:06:34,186 --> 01:06:38,124
SO WE NEED TO FIND WAYS TO

2151
01:06:38,124 --> 01:06:38,924
ENHANCE SOCIAL SAFETY NOT

2152
01:06:38,924 --> 01:06:40,426
THROUGH HAVING PEOPLE

2153
01:06:40,426 --> 01:06:42,028
NECESSARILY TALK ABOUT THEIR

2154
01:06:42,028 --> 01:06:45,698
TRAUMA, BUT HAVING PEOPLE SHARE

2155
01:06:45,698 --> 01:06:47,400
JOY AND SHARE CREATIVITY.

2156
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:51,437
I'M DOING ANOTHER PROJECT WITH

2157
01:06:51,437 --> 01:06:54,373
TRANS YOUTH WHO ARE MAKING

2158
01:06:54,373 --> 01:06:56,308
DOCUMENTARY FILMS WITH MENTORS.

2159
01:06:56,308 --> 01:06:59,178
MAYBE THE ONLY WAY TO REDUCE

2160
01:06:59,178 --> 01:07:00,513
SUICIDALITY IN TRANS POPULATIONS

2161
01:07:00,513 --> 01:07:04,984
IS FOR EVERYBODY TO MAKE

2162
01:07:04,984 --> 01:07:05,918
DOCUMENTARY FILMS.

2163
01:07:05,918 --> 01:07:07,353
WHATEVER YOU'RE GOING THROUGH,

2164
01:07:07,353 --> 01:07:07,987
THERE'S ANOTHER PERSON SHARING

2165
01:07:07,987 --> 01:07:08,421
THAT EXPERIENCE.

2166
01:07:08,421 --> 01:07:10,189
SO IN TERMS OF RESEARCH

2167
01:07:10,189 --> 01:07:12,858
PRIORITIES, I HOPE THAT EVERYONE

2168
01:07:12,858 --> 01:07:14,894
WILL START ADDING MEASURES OF

2169
01:07:14,894 --> 01:07:15,861
CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY TO WHAT

2170
01:07:15,861 --> 01:07:17,096
THEY'RE LOOKING AT AND TO ASSESS

2171
01:07:17,096 --> 01:07:18,497
IT AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL

2172
01:07:18,497 --> 01:07:19,732
STAGES, BECAUSE THE BRAIN IS

2173
01:07:19,732 --> 01:07:21,167
MOST PLASTIC DURING THE FIRST

2174
01:07:21,167 --> 01:07:22,201
FIVE YEARS OF LIFE.

2175
01:07:22,201 --> 01:07:25,271
SO MOST OF THE ACES STUDIES JUST

2176
01:07:25,271 --> 01:07:26,605
ASK ABOUT EVERYTHING UP UNTIL

2177
01:07:26,605 --> 01:07:28,040
AGE 18, WHICH IS BETTER THAN

2178
01:07:28,040 --> 01:07:30,376
NOTHING, BUT THERE'S A LOT OF

2179
01:07:30,376 --> 01:07:31,677
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL

2180
01:07:31,677 --> 01:07:32,978
EXPOSURES AT AGE 5 AND

2181
01:07:32,978 --> 01:07:34,413
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AT

2182
01:07:34,413 --> 01:07:36,048
PUBERTY.

2183
01:07:36,048 --> 01:07:37,750
AND AGAIN, TO DIFFERENT -- AND

2184
01:07:37,750 --> 01:07:39,752
MOST OF THE ACES MEASURE THAT'S

2185
01:07:39,752 --> 01:07:41,087
AVAILABLE, YOU CAN DIVIDE IT UP

2186
01:07:41,087 --> 01:07:43,289
INTO MEASURES OF THREAT,

2187
01:07:43,289 --> 01:07:44,390
UNPREDICTABILITY AND NEGLECT.

2188
01:07:44,390 --> 01:07:45,224
THEY'RE ALL IN THERE.

2189
01:07:45,224 --> 01:07:47,326
IT'S JUST A MATTER OF NOT ADDING

2190
01:07:47,326 --> 01:07:48,961
THEM ALL TOGETHER AND LOOKING AT

2191
01:07:48,961 --> 01:07:50,896
THEM SEPARATELY.

2192
01:07:50,896 --> 01:07:53,833
MY COLLEAGUE JOHN RUIZ AT THE

2193
01:07:53,833 --> 01:07:55,267
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA HAS A

2194
01:07:55,267 --> 01:07:57,136
FANTASTIC MEASURE OF SOCIAL VINL

2195
01:07:57,136 --> 01:08:00,139
LENS WHICH IS IS ANOTHER THING E

2196
01:08:00,139 --> 01:08:01,640
SHOULD ALL BE LOOKING AT, YOUR

2197
01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:05,478
SORT OF READINESS FOR KIND OF

2198
01:08:05,478 --> 01:08:07,046
THREAT AND WATCHFULNESS IN THE

2199
01:08:07,046 --> 01:08:07,646
ENVIRONMENT AROUND YOU.

2200
01:08:07,646 --> 01:08:08,948
I'VE DEVELOPED A MEASURE OF

2201
01:08:08,948 --> 01:08:09,748
SOCIAL SAFETY THAT PEOPLE SORT

2202
01:08:09,748 --> 01:08:12,218
OF IDENTIFY THE MAJOR DOMAINS OF

2203
01:08:12,218 --> 01:08:13,953
THEIR LIFE LIKE HOUSEHOLD, CLOSE

2204
01:08:13,953 --> 01:08:15,054
FRIENDS, WORK, RELIGIOUS

2205
01:08:15,054 --> 01:08:15,554
CONTEXT.

2206
01:08:15,554 --> 01:08:17,256
IN UTAH, THAT'S A BIG THING.

2207
01:08:17,256 --> 01:08:18,257
THE MEDICAL ENVIRONMENT, YOUR

2208
01:08:18,257 --> 01:08:19,558
COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT.

2209
01:08:19,558 --> 01:08:21,927
AND THEN YOU'RE ASKED IN EACH

2210
01:08:21,927 --> 01:08:23,129
DOMAIN, HOW MUCH TIME DO YOU

2211
01:08:23,129 --> 01:08:23,496
SPEND THERE?

2212
01:08:23,496 --> 01:08:24,964
AND THEN HOW DO PEOPLE RESPOND

2213
01:08:24,964 --> 01:08:25,698
TO YOU?

2214
01:08:25,698 --> 01:08:28,000
LIKE, HOW OFTEN DO PEOPLE AT

2215
01:08:28,000 --> 01:08:31,337
YOUR WORKPLACE SEEM HAPPY TO SEE

2216
01:08:31,337 --> 01:08:32,705
YOU WHEN YOU WALK INTO A ROOM?

2217
01:08:32,705 --> 01:08:34,006
HOW OFTEN DO THEY MAKE YOU LAUGH

2218
01:08:34,006 --> 01:08:35,741
OR SMILE?

2219
01:08:35,741 --> 01:08:37,710
HOW OFTEN DO THEY NOTICE OR CARE

2220
01:08:37,710 --> 01:08:41,680
IF YOU'RE ABSENT OR SICK?

2221
01:08:41,680 --> 01:08:42,648
HOW OFTEN DO THEY MAKE YOU FEEL

2222
01:08:42,648 --> 01:08:44,049
THAT YOU MATTER TO THEM?

2223
01:08:44,049 --> 01:08:46,252
HOW OFTEN DO YOU FEEL LIKE YOUR

2224
01:08:46,252 --> 01:08:47,186
REAL SELF WITH THEM?

2225
01:08:47,186 --> 01:08:48,487
SOME OF THE OTHER ITEMS ON THIS

2226
01:08:48,487 --> 01:08:50,356
SCALE ARE HOW OFTEN ARE YOU SO

2227
01:08:50,356 --> 01:08:51,157
COMFORTABLE IN A SPACE THAT YOU

2228
01:08:51,157 --> 01:08:53,692
LOSE TRACK OF TIME?

2229
01:08:53,692 --> 01:08:54,727
BECAUSE PEOPLE DON'T LOSE TRACK

2230
01:08:54,727 --> 01:08:56,162
OF TIME WHEN THEY'RE VIGILANT,

2231
01:08:56,162 --> 01:08:56,829
RIGHT?

2232
01:08:56,829 --> 01:08:58,097
SO THERE'S A LOT MORE SUBTLE

2233
01:08:58,097 --> 01:08:59,498
MEASURES OF PEOPLE'S MENTAL

2234
01:08:59,498 --> 01:09:00,633
STATE THAT WE COULD BE LOOKING

2235
01:09:00,633 --> 01:09:02,468
AT.

2236
01:09:02,468 --> 01:09:10,910
SO I WANT TO END WITH THIS BEUSS

2237
01:09:10,910 --> 01:09:11,844
BEAUTIFUL QUOTE.

2238
01:09:11,844 --> 01:09:13,078
QUESTION ARE INDIVIDUALS, YES,

2239
01:09:13,078 --> 01:09:14,813
BUT INDIVIDUALS WHOSE LIFE BLOOD

2240
01:09:14,813 --> 01:09:15,181
IS CONNECTION.

2241
01:09:15,181 --> 01:09:17,283
WE ARE INDIVIDUALS WHOSE VERY

2242
01:09:17,283 --> 01:09:18,584
EXISTENCE IS PREDICATED ON

2243
01:09:18,584 --> 01:09:22,521
BELONGING.

2244
01:09:22,521 --> 01:09:24,590
AND I'LL PUT MY EMAIL BECAUSE

2245
01:09:24,590 --> 01:09:25,724
I'M PUBLISHING A VALIDATION

2246
01:09:25,724 --> 01:09:27,359
PAPER ON THE SOCIAL SAFETY

2247
01:09:27,359 --> 01:09:29,295
MEASURE AND IT PREDICTS

2248
01:09:29,295 --> 01:09:30,729
SUICIDALITY AND DEPRESSION OVER

2249
01:09:30,729 --> 01:09:32,798
AND ABOVE EXPOSURE TO BOTH

2250
01:09:32,798 --> 01:09:33,899
GENDER MINORITY STRESSORS AND

2251
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:35,301
SEXUAL AND MINORITY STRESSORS.

2252
01:09:35,301 --> 01:09:36,402
SO THAT'S COMING UP.

2253
01:09:36,402 --> 01:09:39,171
ALL RIGHT.

2254
01:09:39,171 --> 01:09:49,348
[APPLAUSE]

2255
01:10:12,705 --> 01:10:15,007
>> SO THANK YOU, OF
COURSE, TO

2256
01:10:15,007 --> 01:10:16,108
OUR THREE DYNAMIC SPEAKERS.

2257
01:10:16,108 --> 01:10:19,178
I HAVE TO SAY, I'VE HEARD LISA

2258
01:10:19,178 --> 01:10:20,679
DIAMOND DO THIS TALK OR A

2259
01:10:20,679 --> 01:10:21,780
SIMILAR TALK ON SEVERAL

2260
01:10:21,780 --> 01:10:23,549
OCCASIONS AND EACH TIME, THE

2261
01:10:23,549 --> 01:10:25,384
FIRST THING I DO IS RUN OUT AND

2262
01:10:25,384 --> 01:10:27,119
BUY LIKE A NEW T-SHIRT THAT

2263
01:10:27,119 --> 01:10:28,120
SAYS, LIKE, YOU ARE SAFE WITH

2264
01:10:28,120 --> 01:10:29,121
ME.

2265
01:10:29,121 --> 01:10:31,423
AND I WEAR IT EVERYWHERE I GO.

2266
01:10:31,423 --> 01:10:32,958
SO THANK YOU FOR THAT REMINDER,

2267
01:10:32,958 --> 01:10:34,526
LISA, TO SMILE AND HAVE EYE

2268
01:10:34,526 --> 01:10:35,894
CONTACT.

2269
01:10:35,894 --> 01:10:39,164
SO WE ARE NOW OPEN FOR

2270
01:10:39,164 --> 01:10:39,598
QUESTIONS.

2271
01:10:39,598 --> 01:10:39,832
>> YES.

2272
01:10:39,832 --> 01:10:41,300
AS PEOPLE ARE THINKING OF THEIR

2273
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:42,368
QUESTIONS, I JUST WANT TO MAKE

2274
01:10:42,368 --> 01:10:44,069
ONE QUICK ANNOUNCEMENT/REMINDER.

2275
01:10:44,069 --> 01:10:45,271
SO EVERYBODY SHOULD HAVE

2276
01:10:45,271 --> 01:10:47,873
RECEIVED A MENU.

2277
01:10:47,873 --> 01:10:50,109
PLEASE CIRCLE YOUR OPTION, WRITE

2278
01:10:50,109 --> 01:10:51,477
YOUR NAME ON THE SHEET AND

2279
01:10:51,477 --> 01:10:52,945
ALISON WILL BE COLLECTING THEM

2280
01:10:52,945 --> 01:10:56,315
AND GETTING THEM BACK SO LUNCH

2281
01:10:56,315 --> 01:11:00,386
ORDERS -- PAMMIS PANELISTS YOU'E

2282
01:11:00,386 --> 01:11:01,720
AN EXTENSION ON THE DEADLINE SO

2283
01:11:01,720 --> 01:11:03,155
YOU CAN GET YOURS IN AFTER THE

2284
01:11:03,155 --> 01:11:04,423
PANEL SO TAKE YOUR TIME.

2285
01:11:04,423 --> 01:11:05,658
AND THEN WE HAVE A FEW QUESTIONS

2286
01:11:05,658 --> 01:11:06,258
ON THE ZOOM.

2287
01:11:06,258 --> 01:11:08,460
AGAIN, NAME ON THE TOP OF YOUR

2288
01:11:08,460 --> 01:11:09,862
MENU, CIRCLE YOUR SELECTION,

2289
01:11:09,862 --> 01:11:10,629
GIVE TO ALISON.

2290
01:11:10,629 --> 01:11:11,530
OKAY.

2291
01:11:11,530 --> 01:11:15,100
SO FOR THE QUESTIONS, WE'VE GOT

2292
01:11:15,100 --> 01:11:16,402
SEVERAL THAT HAVE COME IN FROM

2293
01:11:16,402 --> 01:11:16,869
THE ZOOM.

2294
01:11:16,869 --> 01:11:22,508
SO THE FIRST QUESTION FOR ALL OF

2295
01:11:22,508 --> 01:11:23,108
THE PANELISTS.

2296
01:11:23,108 --> 01:11:24,877
CAN YOU COMMENT ON HOW WE CAN

2297
01:11:24,877 --> 01:11:26,078
BEST AVOID USING SOCIAL

2298
01:11:26,078 --> 01:11:27,346
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AS

2299
01:11:27,346 --> 01:11:28,981
PROXIES FOR RACISM MUCH LIKE SES

2300
01:11:28,981 --> 01:11:31,016
HAS BEEN USED FOR RACE IN THE

2301
01:11:31,016 --> 01:11:31,317
PAST?

2302
01:11:31,317 --> 01:11:33,919
AND HAVE WE SORT OF FIT THAT IN

2303
01:11:33,919 --> 01:11:35,287
TO THE WAY WE'RE DOING RESEARCH

2304
01:11:35,287 --> 01:11:38,891
IN THE SPACE?

2305
01:11:38,891 --> 01:11:40,492
>> I CAN START BY JUST
SAYING I

2306
01:11:40,492 --> 01:11:42,795
THINK THAT IT IS AN AGE-OLD

2307
01:11:42,795 --> 01:11:46,098
PRACTICE TO USE A VARIABLE,

2308
01:11:46,098 --> 01:11:47,066
WHATEVER VARIABLE WE CAN THINK

2309
01:11:47,066 --> 01:11:51,337
ABOUT SES, WE CAN THINK ABOUT

2310
01:11:51,337 --> 01:11:52,571
SOCIAL CAPITAL, WE CAN THINK

2311
01:11:52,571 --> 01:11:54,506
ABOUT RACE.

2312
01:11:54,506 --> 01:11:55,874
AND FOR ME, IT'S FIGURE OUT WHAT

2313
01:11:55,874 --> 01:11:57,242
YOU WANT TO STUDY AND MEASURE

2314
01:11:57,242 --> 01:11:58,444
THAT.

2315
01:11:58,444 --> 01:12:00,512
BECAUSE WHEN WE DON'T DO THAT,

2316
01:12:00,512 --> 01:12:02,881
WE'RE ACTUALLY SUBJECT TO

2317
01:12:02,881 --> 01:12:04,016
MEASUREMENT ERROR, AND WE

2318
01:12:04,016 --> 01:12:07,052
ACTUALLY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT WE'RE

2319
01:12:07,052 --> 01:12:07,886
ACTUALLY CAPTURING, RIGHT,

2320
01:12:07,886 --> 01:12:08,987
WHATEVER WE'RE NOT MEASURING,

2321
01:12:08,987 --> 01:12:10,556
WHICH IS A THING WE REALLY WANT

2322
01:12:10,556 --> 01:12:12,124
TO MEASURE, THERE'S SO MUCH

2323
01:12:12,124 --> 01:12:13,092
OTHER STUFF BEING CAUGHT UP IN

2324
01:12:13,092 --> 01:12:13,992
THE EFFECT OF THAT ONE VARIABLE

2325
01:12:13,992 --> 01:12:16,028
THAT WE'RE USING AS A PROXY.

2326
01:12:16,028 --> 01:12:17,463
AND I THINK THE BIGGEST

2327
01:12:17,463 --> 01:12:19,832
CHALLENGE OF THAT IS THAT IT

2328
01:12:19,832 --> 01:12:22,000
COMPROMISES VALIDITY AND

2329
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:23,168
EPIDEMIOLOGIC -- IN ANY STUDIES,

2330
01:12:23,168 --> 01:12:23,502
RIGHT?

2331
01:12:23,502 --> 01:12:26,004
AND WHEN I SAY VALIDITY, I'M NOT

2332
01:12:26,004 --> 01:12:26,872
TALKING ABOUT GENERALIZABILITY

2333
01:12:26,872 --> 01:12:28,140
OR INTERNAL VALIDITY.

2334
01:12:28,140 --> 01:12:30,309
I'M TALKING ABOUT JUST THE BASIC

2335
01:12:30,309 --> 01:12:32,177
ESSENCE OF WHAT VALIDITY IS,

2336
01:12:32,177 --> 01:12:33,245
WHICH IS TRUTH.

2337
01:12:33,245 --> 01:12:35,514
AND WE CANNOT GET TO THE TRUTH

2338
01:12:35,514 --> 01:12:37,349
WHEN WE'RE USING A VARIABLE AS A

2339
01:12:37,349 --> 01:12:38,484
PROXY FOR SOMETHING ELSE, AND

2340
01:12:38,484 --> 01:12:41,353
ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE ALL SEEN

2341
01:12:41,353 --> 01:12:46,158
IN RESEARCH IS THAT -- WELL, I'M

2342
01:12:46,158 --> 01:12:47,426
SURE SOME OF YOU HAVE SEEN IT

2343
01:12:47,426 --> 01:12:49,695
TOO, THAT TWO DIFFERENT STUDIES

2344
01:12:49,695 --> 01:12:53,632
COULD EXAMINE THE SAME VARIABLE,

2345
01:12:53,632 --> 01:12:56,268
HAVE THE SAME OR DIFFERENT

2346
01:12:56,268 --> 01:12:57,870
OUTCOMES, AND THEY WILL, IN

2347
01:12:57,870 --> 01:12:59,238
THEIR DISCUSSION SECTION,

2348
01:12:59,238 --> 01:13:00,973
INTERPRET THEM COMPLETELY

2349
01:13:00,973 --> 01:13:02,274
DIFFERENT BECAUSE THEY'RE

2350
01:13:02,274 --> 01:13:04,777
RESTING ON HOW THEY'RE

2351
01:13:04,777 --> 01:13:06,979
INTERPRETING THE RESULTS BASED

2352
01:13:06,979 --> 01:13:09,181
ON THEIR OWN PHILOSOPHICAL

2353
01:13:09,181 --> 01:13:10,215
ASSUMPTIONS, THEIR OWN WORLD

2354
01:13:10,215 --> 01:13:11,417
VIEWS, YOU KNOW, ET CETERA, SO I

2355
01:13:11,417 --> 01:13:13,318
THINK IT'S REALLY DANGEROUS TO

2356
01:13:13,318 --> 01:13:14,253
NOT MEASURE WHAT YOU ACTUALLY

2357
01:13:14,253 --> 01:13:15,020
WANT TO MEASURE.

2358
01:13:15,020 --> 01:13:17,156
AND IF WE DON'T HAVE THOSE

2359
01:13:17,156 --> 01:13:18,357
MEASURES AVAILABLE, THEN WE NEED

2360
01:13:18,357 --> 01:13:23,729
TO CREATE THEM.

2361
01:13:23,729 --> 01:13:25,864
>> LOOKS LIKE DAVID AND
LISA

2362
01:13:25,864 --> 01:13:29,635
FEEL AMANI COVERED THAT ONE

2363
01:13:29,635 --> 01:13:31,470
BEAUTIFUL AND I AGREE,

2364
01:13:31,470 --> 01:13:32,070
BRUTEFULLY.

2365
01:13:32,070 --> 01:13:36,141
SOBRUBEAUTIFULLY.

2366
01:13:36,141 --> 01:13:36,575
NEXT QUESTION.

2367
01:13:36,575 --> 01:13:38,777
IS THERE A WAY TO REFRAME OR

2368
01:13:38,777 --> 01:13:40,078
RECONSIDER RESILIENCY TO SHIFT

2369
01:13:40,078 --> 01:13:41,413
FROM SORT OF PUTTING THE BURDEN

2370
01:13:41,413 --> 01:13:43,615
ON PEOPLE WHO ARE BEING

2371
01:13:43,615 --> 01:13:44,917
OPPRESSED OR MARGINALIZED BY

2372
01:13:44,917 --> 01:13:48,086
THESE BROADER SYSTEMS ?M YOU

2373
01:13:48,086 --> 01:13:50,389
YOU KNOW, SUCH THAT, YOU KNOW,

2374
01:13:50,389 --> 01:13:51,557
YOU'RE PROVIDING MAXIMAL

2375
01:13:51,557 --> 01:13:53,425
OPPORTUNITY FOR PEOPLE TO TAKE

2376
01:13:53,425 --> 01:13:54,726
ADVANTAGE OF WHATEVER SOLUTIONS

2377
01:13:54,726 --> 01:13:56,161
MIGHT BE AVAILABLE TO THEM

2378
01:13:56,161 --> 01:13:57,296
WITHOUT SORT OF PUTTING THE ONUS

2379
01:13:57,296 --> 01:13:57,896
ON THEM.

2380
01:13:57,896 --> 01:14:02,768
HOW DO YOU BALANCE THAT, I THI 

2381
01:14:02,768 --> 01:14:02,968
THINK?

2382
01:14:02,968 --> 01:14:06,705
I'M KIND OF PARAPHRASING HERE.

2383
01:14:06,705 --> 01:14:09,741
>> YOU KNOW, I THINK A LOT
--

2384
01:14:09,741 --> 01:14:11,376
SOME OF THE STUDIES THAT WERE

2385
01:14:11,376 --> 01:14:12,978
PRESENTED YESTERDAY, I THINK

2386
01:14:12,978 --> 01:14:14,847
SORT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENT SORT

2387
01:14:14,847 --> 01:14:16,715
OF BUFFERING, AND I THINK WHEN

2388
01:14:16,715 --> 01:14:20,986
YOU HAVE A NURTURANT KIND OF

2389
01:14:20,986 --> 01:14:22,888
FAMILY OR SCHOOL OR COMMUNITY

2390
01:14:22,888 --> 01:14:23,989
ENVIRONMENT, THEN THE IDEA IS

2391
01:14:23,989 --> 01:14:26,258
THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO ACCESS

2392
01:14:26,258 --> 01:14:28,026
YOUR NETWORK, IT'S JUST THERE.

2393
01:14:28,026 --> 01:14:29,962
YOU'RE JUST WALKING IN A NETWORK

2394
01:14:29,962 --> 01:14:32,598
THAT IS KIND OF, YOU KNOW,

2395
01:14:32,598 --> 01:14:36,435
AVAILABLE TO YOU.

2396
01:14:36,435 --> 01:14:38,737
AND THAT PHRASE LIKE PULLING UP

2397
01:14:38,737 --> 01:14:40,239
BY YOUR BOOTSTRAPS AND THAT

2398
01:14:40,239 --> 01:14:41,440
WHOLE THING, THERE SHOULD BE NO

2399
01:14:41,440 --> 01:14:42,508
PULLING, RIGHT?

2400
01:14:42,508 --> 01:14:43,909
LIKE, THERE SHOULD BE NO

2401
01:14:43,909 --> 01:14:44,309
PULLING.

2402
01:14:44,309 --> 01:14:47,646
AND SO THE IDEA IS THAT IN

2403
01:14:47,646 --> 01:14:50,315
SMALLER, MORE FACE-TO-FACE

2404
01:14:50,315 --> 01:14:52,451
COMMUNITIES, WHEN YOUR NERVOUS

2405
01:14:52,451 --> 01:14:53,652
SYSTEM IS REGISTERING THAT

2406
01:14:53,652 --> 01:14:55,988
THERE'S A WHOLE BUNCH OF

2407
01:14:55,988 --> 01:14:58,490
DIFFERENT PROTECTIVE FOLKS

2408
01:14:58,490 --> 01:14:59,892
AVAILABLE, RESILIENCE IS NOT

2409
01:14:59,892 --> 01:15:04,596
HAVING TO ASK YOURSELF WHAT AM I

2410
01:15:04,596 --> 01:15:05,664
GOING TO DO?

2411
01:15:05,664 --> 01:15:06,598
RESILIENCE IS HAVING THAT KIND

2412
01:15:06,598 --> 01:15:08,000
OF SOCIAL NETWORK AROUND YOU SO

2413
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:09,835
THAT YOU DO NOT ASK THE

2414
01:15:09,835 --> 01:15:10,435
QUESTION.

2415
01:15:10,435 --> 01:15:11,970
THE MOMENT YOU START THINKING,

2416
01:15:11,970 --> 01:15:13,839
WHAT THE HELL AM I GOING TO --

2417
01:15:13,839 --> 01:15:14,873
GAME OVER.

2418
01:15:14,873 --> 01:15:15,140
RIGHT?

2419
01:15:15,140 --> 01:15:16,441
I THINK THAT'S ANOTHER

2420
01:15:16,441 --> 01:15:17,075
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL

2421
01:15:17,075 --> 01:15:18,544
SUPPORT AND SOCIAL SAFETY.

2422
01:15:18,544 --> 01:15:20,078
SUPPORT IS, OH, MY GOD, WHAT AM

2423
01:15:20,078 --> 01:15:22,147
I GOING TO DO, WHO AM I GOING TO

2424
01:15:22,147 --> 01:15:22,347
CALL?

2425
01:15:22,347 --> 01:15:23,582
SAFETY IS, YOU DON'T EVEN HAVE

2426
01:15:23,582 --> 01:15:26,418
TO ASK THE QUESTION BECAUSE YOU

2427
01:15:26,418 --> 01:15:28,120
JUST REACH OUT YOUR HAND, YOU

2428
01:15:28,120 --> 01:15:29,888
HAVE WARM PEOPLE WHO ARE GOING

2429
01:15:29,888 --> 01:15:38,664
TO BE THERE FOR YOU.

2430
01:15:38,664 --> 01:15:40,899
>> MY PERSPECTIVE IS THAT,
YOU

2431
01:15:40,899 --> 01:15:43,268
KNOW, PEOPLE, I THINK, ARE

2432
01:15:43,268 --> 01:15:46,772
GENERALLY RESILIENT, AND I THINK

2433
01:15:46,772 --> 01:15:49,141
THE DANGER IN KIND OF LIKE THESE

2434
01:15:49,141 --> 01:15:50,375
CURRENT PUBLIC HEALTH NARRATIVE

2435
01:15:50,375 --> 01:15:53,512
AROUND JUST BUILDING RESILIENCE

2436
01:15:53,512 --> 01:15:55,147
HAS SOME DANGERS THAT COME ALONG

2437
01:15:55,147 --> 01:15:56,982
WITH THAT.

2438
01:15:56,982 --> 01:15:57,916
SO ONE, IT ASSUMES THAT

2439
01:15:57,916 --> 01:15:59,885
COMMUNITIES THAT WE LABEL AS SO

2440
01:15:59,885 --> 01:16:02,154
CALLED VULNERABLE ARE NOT

2441
01:16:02,154 --> 01:16:03,288
RESILIENT, WHEN WE'RE ACTUALLY

2442
01:16:03,288 --> 01:16:05,724
FINDING QUITE THE OPPOSITE, THAT

2443
01:16:05,724 --> 01:16:07,693
SOME OF THE MOST SO-CALLED

2444
01:16:07,693 --> 01:16:09,628
VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES ARE

2445
01:16:09,628 --> 01:16:11,363
ACTUALLY VERY RESOURCEFUL AND

2446
01:16:11,363 --> 01:16:15,901
VERY RESILIENT, YOU KNOW, AND SO

2447
01:16:15,901 --> 01:16:17,869
I THINK WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ARE

2448
01:16:17,869 --> 01:16:19,504
TALKING ABOUT THINGS LIKE RACISM

2449
01:16:19,504 --> 01:16:23,275
OR HOMOPHOBIA IS THAT WE ARE

2450
01:16:23,275 --> 01:16:25,711
CHALLENGING PEOPLE'S EXISTING

2451
01:16:25,711 --> 01:16:26,912
RESILIENCE, SO WE SHOULD REALLY

2452
01:16:26,912 --> 01:16:29,448
BE THINKING ABOUT HOW DO WE

2453
01:16:29,448 --> 01:16:31,650
CREATE SAFE ENVIRONMENTS OR MORE

2454
01:16:31,650 --> 01:16:33,785
RESILIENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS.

2455
01:16:33,785 --> 01:16:36,288
I THINK PEOPLE GENERALLY ARE

2456
01:16:36,288 --> 01:16:37,322
RESILIENT.

2457
01:16:37,322 --> 01:16:38,256
>> THANK YOU.

2458
01:16:38,256 --> 01:16:38,824
THOSE WERE GREAT.

2459
01:16:38,824 --> 01:16:40,392
>> IF I COULD JUST ADD ONE
THING

2460
01:16:40,392 --> 01:16:40,892
TO THAT.

2461
01:16:40,892 --> 01:16:42,661
I WASN'T GOING TO SAY ANYTHING,

2462
01:16:42,661 --> 01:16:44,296
BUT I LOVE WHAT BOTH LISA AND

2463
01:16:44,296 --> 01:16:45,430
DAVID BOTH MADE COMMENTS ABOUT

2464
01:16:45,430 --> 01:16:48,433
THE IDEA OF RESILIENT

2465
01:16:48,433 --> 01:16:50,869
STRUCTURES, AND JUST TO KIND OF

2466
01:16:50,869 --> 01:16:51,937
APPLAUD THE PERSON WHO ASKED

2467
01:16:51,937 --> 01:16:53,372
THAT QUESTION, ONE OF THE

2468
01:16:53,372 --> 01:16:54,606
CHALLENGES WITH THIS IDEA OF

2469
01:16:54,606 --> 01:16:55,641
RESILIENCE IS THAT WE DON'T ALL

2470
01:16:55,641 --> 01:16:57,309
HAVE TO BE RESILIENT.

2471
01:16:57,309 --> 01:16:58,210
AND THE FACT THAT WE DON'T ALL

2472
01:16:58,210 --> 01:16:59,645
HAVE TO BE RESILIENT IS A

2473
01:16:59,645 --> 01:17:02,681
PROBLEM.

2474
01:17:02,681 --> 01:17:05,417
THAT NEED TO BE RESILIENT IS AN

2475
01:17:05,417 --> 01:17:06,685
ADDITIONAL BURDEN THAT CERTAIN

2476
01:17:06,685 --> 01:17:07,719
GROUPS CARRY AND OTHER GROUPS

2477
01:17:07,719 --> 01:17:09,588
DON'T.

2478
01:17:09,588 --> 01:17:11,490
SO THIS IDEA OF RESILIENT

2479
01:17:11,490 --> 01:17:12,624
STRUCTURES AND RESILIENT

2480
01:17:12,624 --> 01:17:13,492
NEIGHBORHOODS AND RESILIENT

2481
01:17:13,492 --> 01:17:14,526
COMMUNITIES IS REALLY INTENDED

2482
01:17:14,526 --> 01:17:18,597
SO THAT NONE CH US H OF US HAVEE

2483
01:17:18,597 --> 01:17:20,298
RESILIENT, THAT WE ARE ALL SET

2484
01:17:20,298 --> 01:17:21,533
UP IN CONDITIONS WHERE WE CAN

2485
01:17:21,533 --> 01:17:23,502
ALL THRIVE, AND THAT IS NOT THE

2486
01:17:23,502 --> 01:17:23,969
CASE.

2487
01:17:23,969 --> 01:17:25,637
SO GOING BACK TO THE PREVIOUS

2488
01:17:25,637 --> 01:17:27,005
QUESTION, HOW DO WE MEASURE

2489
01:17:27,005 --> 01:17:28,106
THAT, RIGHT?

2490
01:17:28,106 --> 01:17:30,108
LIKE, LET'S STOP MEASURING

2491
01:17:30,108 --> 01:17:31,176
RESILIENT AT THE INDIVIDUAL

2492
01:17:31,176 --> 01:17:32,778
LEVEL, AND REALLY FIGURE OUT,

2493
01:17:32,778 --> 01:17:35,380
FLIP THE QUESTION TO ONE OF

2494
01:17:35,380 --> 01:17:37,215
IMAGINING WHAT A WORLD MIGHT

2495
01:17:37,215 --> 01:17:39,885
LOOK LIKE IF WE ALL LIVED IN

2496
01:17:39,885 --> 01:17:40,786
RESILIENT COMMUNITIES, SO THAT

2497
01:17:40,786 --> 01:17:44,256
WE WEREN'T FORCED TO TAKE ON

2498
01:17:44,256 --> 01:17:45,390
THOSE ADDITIONAL BURDENS.

2499
01:17:45,390 --> 01:17:45,857
>> THANK YOU.

2500
01:17:45,857 --> 01:17:46,792
THAT WAS GREAT.

2501
01:17:46,792 --> 01:17:48,193
I DO HAVE ONE MORE QUESTION FROM

2502
01:17:48,193 --> 01:17:49,695
ZOOM, BUT I DON'T WANT MY

2503
01:17:49,695 --> 01:17:50,762
STANDING AT THE PODIUM TO

2504
01:17:50,762 --> 01:17:51,863
INTERFERE WITH ANYBODY WHO WANTS

2505
01:17:51,863 --> 01:17:53,065
TO ASK QUESTIONS FROM THE ROOM,

2506
01:17:53,065 --> 01:17:54,166
SO I'LL KEEP ASKING QUESTIONS

2507
01:17:54,166 --> 01:17:55,167
FROM ZOOM BUT IF YOU HAVE A

2508
01:17:55,167 --> 01:17:56,735
QUESTION IN THE ROOM, PLEASE --

2509
01:17:56,735 --> 01:18:00,238
GO AHEAD.

2510
01:18:00,238 --> 01:18:02,040
>> JUST TO PIGGY BACK ON
THE PAM

2511
01:18:02,040 --> 01:18:05,010
AND CONSIDERING RESILIENCE, AND

2512
01:18:05,010 --> 01:18:09,781
HOW THE RACIAL STRUCTURES,

2513
01:18:09,781 --> 01:18:12,651
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND EQUITY,

2514
01:18:12,651 --> 01:18:14,019
WE'RE GOING TO NOW CONNECT THAT

2515
01:18:14,019 --> 01:18:17,189
WITH EQUITY, HOW DO WE -- I'M AN

2516
01:18:17,189 --> 01:18:18,557
EARLY INVESTIGATOR, I JUST

2517
01:18:18,557 --> 01:18:21,460
GRADUATED WITH MY PH.D.

2518
01:18:21,460 --> 01:18:23,829
HOW DO WE THEN APPLY THE

2519
01:18:23,829 --> 01:18:25,297
KNOWLEDGE THAT WE ALL SEEK, THAT

2520
01:18:25,297 --> 01:18:27,265
WE ALL HAVE, INTO THE

2521
01:18:27,265 --> 01:18:30,869
COMMUNITIES TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE

2522
01:18:30,869 --> 01:18:33,872
TIE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN WHAT

2523
01:18:33,872 --> 01:18:35,741
THE SCIENCE IS SAYING AND WHAT

2524
01:18:35,741 --> 01:18:37,809
THE COMMUNITY IS SEEING, IS

2525
01:18:37,809 --> 01:18:39,211
LIVING AND THRIVING, HOW DO WE

2526
01:18:39,211 --> 01:18:40,679
THEN TAKE THAT IMPLEMENTATION

2527
01:18:40,679 --> 01:18:42,914
AND PUT IT INTO THE COMMUNITIES?

2528
01:18:42,914 --> 01:18:44,216
AND THEN MY SECOND PART OF THAT

2529
01:18:44,216 --> 01:18:48,386
QUESTION IS, I'VE BEEN DABBLING

2530
01:18:48,386 --> 01:18:49,721
INTO ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EVENTS,

2531
01:18:49,721 --> 01:18:52,491
AND I THINK I LOVE -- DR. LISA,

2532
01:18:52,491 --> 01:18:54,459
I LOVE THAT, YOUR PRESENTATION,

2533
01:18:54,459 --> 01:18:55,827
I THINK THAT IS ALSO SOMETHING

2534
01:18:55,827 --> 01:18:58,330
WE SHOULD ALSO ASSOCIATE WHEN WE

2535
01:18:58,330 --> 01:18:59,431
CONSIDER EQUITY, COMMUNITY

2536
01:18:59,431 --> 01:19:00,699
RESILIENCE, AND THAT ALL

2537
01:19:00,699 --> 01:19:03,068
COMMUNITIES SHOULD NOT HAVE TO

2538
01:19:03,068 --> 01:19:03,935
TAKE ON THAT BURDEN.

2539
01:19:03,935 --> 01:19:06,671
HOW DO WE THEN ALLEVIATE AND

2540
01:19:06,671 --> 01:19:07,873
CLOSE THE GAPS BETWEEN THE

2541
01:19:07,873 --> 01:19:08,540
SCIENCE AND THE COMMUNITY?

2542
01:19:08,540 --> 01:19:12,611
THANK YOU.

2543
01:19:12,611 --> 01:19:14,546
>> THAT'S LIKE THE
QUESTION I

2544
01:19:14,546 --> 01:19:16,414
ASK MYSELF EVERY DAY AT 3:00 IN

2545
01:19:16,414 --> 01:19:19,084
THE MORNING.

2546
01:19:19,084 --> 01:19:20,619
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAS SORT

2547
01:19:20,619 --> 01:19:22,988
OF SHIFTED IN ME SINCE I STARTED

2548
01:19:22,988 --> 01:19:26,725
DOING THIS WORK IS THAT IN

2549
01:19:26,725 --> 01:19:29,694
ALMOST ANY COMMUNITY, PEOPLE ARE

2550
01:19:29,694 --> 01:19:32,631
SO SOCIAL, THEY CANNOT HELP, YOU

2551
01:19:32,631 --> 01:19:34,800
KNOW, GLOMMING TOGETHER, AND I'M

2552
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:36,635
NOW LOOKING FOR WAYS TO

2553
01:19:36,635 --> 01:19:38,036
CAPITALIZE ON WHAT HUMANS ARE

2554
01:19:38,036 --> 01:19:41,139
ALREADY DOING, SO FOR EXAMPLE,

2555
01:19:41,139 --> 01:19:42,774
IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS, I'VE TALKED

2556
01:19:42,774 --> 01:19:45,343
TO SOME OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN

2557
01:19:45,343 --> 01:19:47,946
SALT LAKE ABOUT, LIKE, YEAH,

2558
01:19:47,946 --> 01:19:49,614
THERE'S OFTEN LIKE ONE OR TWO

2559
01:19:49,614 --> 01:19:51,550
PARENTS WHO END UP BEING THE

2560
01:19:51,550 --> 01:19:54,119
PARENTS THAT OTHER PARENTS CALL

2561
01:19:54,119 --> 01:19:56,087
WHEN THEIR KID IS NOT DOING WELL

2562
01:19:56,087 --> 01:19:58,890
OR THEY COME OUT OR SOMETHING IS

2563
01:19:58,890 --> 01:19:59,658
GOING WRONG.

2564
01:19:59,658 --> 01:20:01,426
OFTEN THERE IS A SUPPORTIVE

2565
01:20:01,426 --> 01:20:04,996
OTHER THAT HAS A SHARED

2566
01:20:04,996 --> 01:20:07,065
EXPERIENCE THAT THEY CAN CONNECT

2567
01:20:07,065 --> 01:20:07,265
WITH.

2568
01:20:07,265 --> 01:20:08,366
THEN THE OTHER SCHOOL

2569
01:20:08,366 --> 01:20:09,401
ENVIRONMENTS, THERE AREN'T.

2570
01:20:09,401 --> 01:20:10,902
SO IT'S LIKE, WELL, WHEN YOU

2571
01:20:10,902 --> 01:20:12,137
FIND ONE OF THOSE PARENTS, WHEN

2572
01:20:12,137 --> 01:20:13,772
ONE OF THEM NATURALLY EMERGES,

2573
01:20:13,772 --> 01:20:16,508
CAN WE, LIKE, CAPTURE THAT

2574
01:20:16,508 --> 01:20:18,243
PERSON AND MAYBE COMPENSATE THEM

2575
01:20:18,243 --> 01:20:20,445
AND SAY, HEY, CAN WE ACTUALLY

2576
01:20:20,445 --> 01:20:22,647
HAVE YOU BE LIKE THE PARENT ON

2577
01:20:22,647 --> 01:20:25,517
CALL FOR THE NINTH GRADE CLASS?

2578
01:20:25,517 --> 01:20:27,719
LIKE, CAN EVERYONE IN THE SCHOOL

2579
01:20:27,719 --> 01:20:29,120
KNOW THEY HAVE ONE PHONE NUMBER

2580
01:20:29,120 --> 01:20:30,422
THAT THEY CAN CALL?

2581
01:20:30,422 --> 01:20:32,824
AND SO I THINK, YOU KNOW, IN

2582
01:20:32,824 --> 01:20:35,794
ADDITION TO INVESTING IN LARGE

2583
01:20:35,794 --> 01:20:36,862
SCALE STRUCTURE, WE NEED TO

2584
01:20:36,862 --> 01:20:38,029
THINK SMALL, WE NEED TO THINK

2585
01:20:38,029 --> 01:20:38,663
REALLY LOCAL.

2586
01:20:38,663 --> 01:20:39,965
OFTEN FOR KIDS WHO ARE EXPOSED

2587
01:20:39,965 --> 01:20:43,034
TO EARLY ADVERSITY, IT'S AMAZING

2588
01:20:43,034 --> 01:20:44,369
HOW CONSISTENT IT IS.

2589
01:20:44,369 --> 01:20:46,438
THEY'LL OFTEN SAY THERE WAS ONE

2590
01:20:46,438 --> 01:20:47,906
PERSON, ONE PROTECTIVE ADULT IN

2591
01:20:47,906 --> 01:20:49,174
THEIR LIFE WHO MADE THEM FEEL

2592
01:20:49,174 --> 01:20:50,275
THAT THEY MATTERED.

2593
01:20:50,275 --> 01:20:51,443
JUST ONE.

2594
01:20:51,443 --> 01:20:53,144
THE BIG DIFFERENCE IS BETWEEN

2595
01:20:53,144 --> 01:20:55,046
ZERO AND ONE.

2596
01:20:55,046 --> 01:20:56,448
SO WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO FIX A

2597
01:20:56,448 --> 01:20:58,149
LOT OF THINGS, BUT CAN WE MAKE

2598
01:20:58,149 --> 01:21:01,186
IT EASIER FOR KIDS TO FIND THAT

2599
01:21:01,186 --> 01:21:03,321
ONE, AND MAYBE THAT ONE IS NOT A

2600
01:21:03,321 --> 01:21:04,856
THERAPIST, MAYBE IT'S A MUSIC

2601
01:21:04,856 --> 01:21:07,292
TEACHER, MAYBE IT'S A NEIGHBOR.

2602
01:21:07,292 --> 01:21:08,727
MAYBE IT'S -- WHO KNOWS?

2603
01:21:08,727 --> 01:21:12,364
BUT CAN WE LOOK FOR

2604
01:21:12,364 --> 01:21:13,265
OPPORTUNITIES TO ENHANCE THE

2605
01:21:13,265 --> 01:21:15,100
SORT OF SAFETY STRUCTURES THAT

2606
01:21:15,100 --> 01:21:18,036
HUMANS CAN'T HELP CREATING

2607
01:21:18,036 --> 01:21:19,304
EVERYWHERE.

2608
01:21:19,304 --> 01:21:20,572
AND FIND SORT OF SMALL SCALE

2609
01:21:20,572 --> 01:21:24,376
WAYS TO DO THAT.

2610
01:21:24,376 --> 01:21:27,312
>> I'LL JUST GIVE MY 2
CENTS

2611
01:21:27,312 --> 01:21:29,347
ABOUT ACES.

2612
01:21:29,347 --> 01:21:31,549
SO IN OUR BEWELL STUDY, WE DID

2613
01:21:31,549 --> 01:21:33,718
LOOK AT ACES AND DISEASE

2614
01:21:33,718 --> 01:21:36,354
ACTIVITY, AS ONE MIGHT

2615
01:21:36,354 --> 01:21:38,356
HYPOTHESIZE, WE SAW THIS

2616
01:21:38,356 --> 01:21:38,957
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

2617
01:21:38,957 --> 01:21:41,526
ACES AND DISEASE ACTIVITY, BULL

2618
01:21:41,526 --> 01:21:44,930
WBUTWHAT HAPPENED WHEN WE CONTRD

2619
01:21:44,930 --> 01:21:46,498
FOR ADULT TRAUMAS WAS THAT THE

2620
01:21:46,498 --> 01:21:49,267
EFFECT OF ACES WENT AWAY.

2621
01:21:49,267 --> 01:21:52,971
SO ADULT TRAUMA MEDIATED THE

2622
01:21:52,971 --> 01:21:54,506
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY LIFE

2623
01:21:54,506 --> 01:21:54,806
ADVERSITY --

2624
01:21:54,806 --> 01:21:56,308
>> AND FOLKS WHO HAVE
EARLY

2625
01:21:56,308 --> 01:21:58,143
ADVERSITY ARE MORE LIKELY TO

2626
01:21:58,143 --> 01:21:59,978
HAVE THE ADULT, SO IT ENDS UP

2627
01:21:59,978 --> 01:22:00,912
BEING LIKE A DOUBLE THING.

2628
01:22:00,912 --> 01:22:02,447
>> RIGHT, SO WHAT I WAS
TRYING

2629
01:22:02,447 --> 01:22:04,382
TO SAY IS THAT, YOU KNOW, IT'S

2630
01:22:04,382 --> 01:22:06,184
ALIGNED WITH THIS IDEA OF STRESS

2631
01:22:06,184 --> 01:22:06,918
PROLIFERATION THEORY, RIGHT,

2632
01:22:06,918 --> 01:22:09,354
WHICH IS THAT EARLIER LIFE

2633
01:22:09,354 --> 01:22:10,455
STRESSORS GENERATE OR PUT YOU AT

2634
01:22:10,455 --> 01:22:13,024
RISK FOR LATER LIFE STRESSORS,

2635
01:22:13,024 --> 01:22:15,126
BUT SO I THINK THE IMPORTANCE OF

2636
01:22:15,126 --> 01:22:17,629
THOSE FINDINGS, THOUGH, IS THAT

2637
01:22:17,629 --> 01:22:20,899
WHILE WE CAN'T NECESSARILY UNDUE

2638
01:22:20,899 --> 01:22:22,033
TRAUMAS THAT HAPPENED EARLIER,

2639
01:22:22,033 --> 01:22:23,902
WE SHOULD TRY OUR BEST TO

2640
01:22:23,902 --> 01:22:26,871
INTERVENE LATER -- AT LATER

2641
01:22:26,871 --> 01:22:28,373
STAGES OF THE LIFE COURSE TO

2642
01:22:28,373 --> 01:22:29,774
PREVENT THOSE LATER LIFE TRAUMAS

2643
01:22:29,774 --> 01:22:31,643
THAT STEM FROM EARLIER LIFE

2644
01:22:31,643 --> 01:22:32,010
TRAUMAS.

2645
01:22:32,010 --> 01:22:33,311
GENERALLY SPEAKING, I DO THINK

2646
01:22:33,311 --> 01:22:34,379
THAT THERE IS SOMETHING TO

2647
01:22:34,379 --> 01:22:34,713
ACINGS.

2648
01:22:34,713 --> 01:22:38,283
ACESRES.

2649
01:22:38,283 --> 01:22:40,418
I THINK THESE EARLY CHILDHOOD

2650
01:22:40,418 --> 01:22:42,354
WILL EXPOSURES DO MATTER.

2651
01:22:42,354 --> 01:22:44,990
THEY PUT YOU ON A TRA JEK TRILL

2652
01:22:44,990 --> 01:22:46,291
TOWARDS GREATER RISK FOR WORSE

2653
01:22:46,291 --> 01:22:47,792
HEALTH BUT WITHIN THAT

2654
01:22:47,792 --> 01:22:48,526
TRAJECTORY, THERE'S SO MUCH

2655
01:22:48,526 --> 01:22:48,927
ROOM.

2656
01:22:48,927 --> 01:22:50,428
RIGHT NOW I THINK THE DISCOURSE

2657
01:22:50,428 --> 01:22:53,999
AROUND ACES IS A LITTLE BIT TOO

2658
01:22:53,999 --> 01:22:54,699
FATALISTIC FOR MY TASTES.

2659
01:22:54,699 --> 01:22:57,402
I THINK, AGAIN, THERE IS SO MUCH

2660
01:22:57,402 --> 01:22:59,704
ROOM IN THAT TRAJECTORY THAT

2661
01:22:59,704 --> 01:23:03,241
SOME OF THE THINGS THAT -- THE

2662
01:23:03,241 --> 01:23:04,442
HEALTH EFFECT ARE REVERSIBLE.

2663
01:23:04,442 --> 01:23:07,379
SO I THINK IF ANYTHING, IT'S

2664
01:23:07,379 --> 01:23:08,580
TELLING US THAT WE SHOULD

2665
01:23:08,580 --> 01:23:09,347
INTERVENE AND WE SHOULD DO

2666
01:23:09,347 --> 01:23:10,348
SOMETHING.

2667
01:23:10,348 --> 01:23:11,750
>> AND THEN IN RESPONSE TO
THE

2668
01:23:11,750 --> 01:23:14,652
FIRST PART OF YOUR QUESTION

2669
01:23:14,652 --> 01:23:17,355
RELATED TO -- I HEARD IT AS

2670
01:23:17,355 --> 01:23:20,959
OTHER KNOWLEDGE.

2671
01:23:20,959 --> 01:23:22,761
I REMEMBER EARLY ON, I DON'T

2672
01:23:22,761 --> 01:23:25,830
REMEMBER IF I WAS A POSTDOC OR

2673
01:23:25,830 --> 01:23:26,831
AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND I

2674
01:23:26,831 --> 01:23:28,333
WENT TO THE SOUTHWEST BERKELEY

2675
01:23:28,333 --> 01:23:29,501
HEALTH FORUM TO PRESENT -- TO

2676
01:23:29,501 --> 01:23:31,202
PRESENT MY RESEARCH, AND I

2677
01:23:31,202 --> 01:23:32,837
PRESENTED MY RESEARCH AND THEN A

2678
01:23:32,837 --> 01:23:34,806
WOMAN IN THE AUDIENCE STOPPED ME

2679
01:23:34,806 --> 01:23:37,409
AND SAID, YOU HAD TO DO A STUDY

2680
01:23:37,409 --> 01:23:38,476
TO FIGURE THAT OUT?

2681
01:23:38,476 --> 01:23:39,778
YOU COULD HAVE JUST CAME AND

2682
01:23:39,778 --> 01:23:40,845
ASKED US.

2683
01:23:40,845 --> 01:23:41,346
[LAUGHTER]

2684
01:23:41,346 --> 01:23:43,081
THE COMMUNITY KNOWS.

2685
01:23:43,081 --> 01:23:44,215
THEY KNOW WHAT WORKS AND THEY

2686
01:23:44,215 --> 01:23:46,151
KNOW WHAT DOESN'T WORK.

2687
01:23:46,151 --> 01:23:47,685
I'M CURRENTLY SERVING AS THE

2688
01:23:47,685 --> 01:23:49,254
DIRECTOR OF EVIDENCE FOR ACTION,

2689
01:23:49,254 --> 01:23:51,389
WHICH IS A NATIONAL PROGRAM OF

2690
01:23:51,389 --> 01:23:52,791
THE ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON

2691
01:23:52,791 --> 01:23:55,226
FOUNDATION FOCUSED ON REALLY

2692
01:23:55,226 --> 01:23:57,195
ADVANCING ACTION-ORIENTED

2693
01:23:57,195 --> 01:23:59,130
COMMUNITY ENGAGED RACIAL EQUITY

2694
01:23:59,130 --> 01:24:02,367
AND HEALTH RESEARCH, AND THIS

2695
01:24:02,367 --> 01:24:07,405
YEAR, WE ARE ENGAGING IN A

2696
01:24:07,405 --> 01:24:09,908
YEAR-LONG SERIES OF SYMPOSIA

2697
01:24:09,908 --> 01:24:11,309
TITLED "WAYS OF KNOWING."

2698
01:24:11,309 --> 01:24:12,811
AND THE WHOLE POINT OF THIS

2699
01:24:12,811 --> 01:24:15,547
SYMPOSIA IS TO, IN MY OWN WORD,

2700
01:24:15,547 --> 01:24:18,416
TO DECOLONIZE THE SCIENTIFIC

2701
01:24:18,416 --> 01:24:19,250
ENTERPRISE.

2702
01:24:19,250 --> 01:24:22,620
THE WAY THAT THE TRADITIONAL

2703
01:24:22,620 --> 01:24:25,156
GATEKEEPERS -- THE TRADITIONAL

2704
01:24:25,156 --> 01:24:25,857
GATEKEEPERS, AND I'M TALKING

2705
01:24:25,857 --> 01:24:31,162
ABOUT FUNDERS, I'M TALKING ABO 

2706
01:24:31,162 --> 01:24:32,630
ABOUT -- WE'RE AT NIH.

2707
01:24:32,630 --> 01:24:33,865
FUNDERS, JOURNAL EDITORS, ET

2708
01:24:33,865 --> 01:24:37,102
CETERA, HAVE DETERMINED FOR US

2709
01:24:37,102 --> 01:24:40,271
WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE, WHAT AND

2710
01:24:40,271 --> 01:24:41,639
WHOSE KNOWLEDGE IS VALUED, SO

2711
01:24:41,639 --> 01:24:43,141
THIS EFFORT IS REALLY AN EFFORT

2712
01:24:43,141 --> 01:24:45,110
TO SAY THAT THE KNOWLEDGE IS OUT

2713
01:24:45,110 --> 01:24:47,512
THERE AND WE HAVE KEPT THAT

2714
01:24:47,512 --> 01:24:49,547
KNOWLEDGE AT BAY.

2715
01:24:49,547 --> 01:24:50,849
BECAUSE WE'VE DECIDED WHAT

2716
01:24:50,849 --> 01:24:51,649
KNOWLEDGE COUNTS.

2717
01:24:51,649 --> 01:24:55,887
SO WE HAD AN OPENING AT TULANE.

2718
01:24:55,887 --> 01:24:57,722
DAVID WAS THERE.

2719
01:24:57,722 --> 01:24:58,990
OUR NEXT ONE IS ON INDIGENOUS

2720
01:24:58,990 --> 01:25:00,458
WAYS OF KNOWING, AND REALLY

2721
01:25:00,458 --> 01:25:02,627
TRYING TO LEARN FROM TRADITIONAL

2722
01:25:02,627 --> 01:25:03,895
WAYS OF KNOWING HOW THAT OTHER

2723
01:25:03,895 --> 01:25:05,930
KNOWLEDGE CAN REALLY CONTRIBUTE

2724
01:25:05,930 --> 01:25:07,432
TO THE QUESTIONS THAT WE ALL

2725
01:25:07,432 --> 01:25:08,500
HAVE, TO THE ANSWERS THAT WE'RE

2726
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:10,034
TRYING TO GENERATE.

2727
01:25:10,034 --> 01:25:13,905
AND SO YOU KNOW, MY HOPE IS THAT

2728
01:25:13,905 --> 01:25:16,441
SCIENCE WILL BE MORE -- THAT THE

2729
01:25:16,441 --> 01:25:17,876
SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE WILL BE

2730
01:25:17,876 --> 01:25:22,213
MORE OPEN TO OTHER WAYS OF

2731
01:25:22,213 --> 01:25:22,714
KNOWING.

2732
01:25:22,714 --> 01:25:24,415
AND WHEN I SAY OTHER, I DON'T

2733
01:25:24,415 --> 01:25:25,950
MEAN OTHERING LIKE IT OTHER.

2734
01:25:25,950 --> 01:25:27,318
I'M JUST SAYING, THEY'VE BEEN

2735
01:25:27,318 --> 01:25:28,486
KEPT OUT OF THE STORY.

2736
01:25:28,486 --> 01:25:29,988
AND BY DOING THAT, WE COULD ALL

2737
01:25:29,988 --> 01:25:33,324
DO ALL OFOURSELVES A DISSERVICES

2738
01:25:33,324 --> 01:25:34,859
OF TRYING TO FIGURE OUT NOT ONLY

2739
01:25:34,859 --> 01:25:35,927
WHAT THE PROBLEMS ARE, BUT WHAT

2740
01:25:35,927 --> 01:25:37,228
ARE THE SOLUTIONS, BECAUSE

2741
01:25:37,228 --> 01:25:38,329
AGAIN, COMMUNITIES KNOW, AND SO

2742
01:25:38,329 --> 01:25:41,499
JUST THE IMPORTANCE OF NOT JUST

2743
01:25:41,499 --> 01:25:44,602
DOING COMMUNITY ENGAGED WORK BUT

2744
01:25:44,602 --> 01:25:46,371
COMMUNITY-LED WORK, AND WE ALSO

2745
01:25:46,371 --> 01:25:48,873
HAVE A CURRENT CALL FOR

2746
01:25:48,873 --> 01:25:50,875
PROPOSALS THAT'S CALLED

2747
01:25:50,875 --> 01:25:52,410
INDIGENOUS-LED SOLUTIONS FOR

2748
01:25:52,410 --> 01:25:53,912
ADVANCING RACIAL EQUITY.

2749
01:25:53,912 --> 01:25:56,681
AND ONE OF OUR REQUIREMENTS IS

2750
01:25:56,681 --> 01:25:58,716
THAT THE GRANTS, THE PRIMARY

2751
01:25:58,716 --> 01:26:01,519
GRANTEE COMES FROM AN

2752
01:26:01,519 --> 01:26:02,153
INDIGENOUS-SERVING ORGANIZATION

2753
01:26:02,153 --> 01:26:04,522
OR SOMEONE WHO -- OR SOMEONE OR

2754
01:26:04,522 --> 01:26:07,659
AN ENTITY THAT IS A TRIBAL

2755
01:26:07,659 --> 01:26:08,626
ORGANORGANIZATION.

2756
01:26:08,626 --> 01:26:11,496
SO IT IS REALLY TO PUSH BACK AND

2757
01:26:11,496 --> 01:26:13,665
TURN ON ITS HEAD THE WAY WE

2758
01:26:13,665 --> 01:26:14,499
TRADITIONALLY THINK ABOUT

2759
01:26:14,499 --> 01:26:14,766
RESEARCH.

2760
01:26:14,766 --> 01:26:17,235
IT'S NOT JUST HAVING A CAB, IT'S

2761
01:26:17,235 --> 01:26:18,870
NOT JUST HAVING A COMMUNITY

2762
01:26:18,870 --> 01:26:19,737
ADVISORY BOARD THAT YOU MEET

2763
01:26:19,737 --> 01:26:21,839
WITH TWICE A YEAR AND GIVE THEM

2764
01:26:21,839 --> 01:26:22,006
$50.

2765
01:26:22,006 --> 01:26:23,474
THAT'S NOT WHAT COMMUNITY

2766
01:26:23,474 --> 01:26:24,442
ENGAGED OR COMMUNITY LED

2767
01:26:24,442 --> 01:26:25,043
RESEARCH IS.

2768
01:26:25,043 --> 01:26:27,445
>> I JUST WANT TO ADD MY 2

2769
01:26:27,445 --> 01:26:27,745
CENTS.

2770
01:26:27,745 --> 01:26:29,514
THE WAY I VIEW THE RELATIONSHIP

2771
01:26:29,514 --> 01:26:31,382
BETWEEN LIKE THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST

2772
01:26:31,382 --> 01:26:33,918
AND THE COMMUNITY IS KIND OF, I

2773
01:26:33,918 --> 01:26:35,386
THINK, ANALOGOUS TO THE DOCTOR

2774
01:26:35,386 --> 01:26:37,422
AND THE PATIENT RELATIONSHIP,

2775
01:26:37,422 --> 01:26:42,227
AND ALL OF THE DISTRUST AND THE

2776
01:26:42,227 --> 01:26:46,631
STEREOTYPING AND THE BIAS THAT

2777
01:26:46,631 --> 01:26:47,732
CHARACTERIZES PHYSICIANS AND

2778
01:26:47,732 --> 01:26:49,400
PATIENT RELATIONSHIPS IS

2779
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:51,302
SIMILAR, I THINK, TO THE

2780
01:26:51,302 --> 01:26:53,004
EPIDEMIOLOGIST AND THE

2781
01:26:53,004 --> 01:26:53,404
COMMUNITY.

2782
01:26:53,404 --> 01:26:55,306
SO WHAT DO WE DO WITH -- YOU

2783
01:26:55,306 --> 01:26:56,708
KNOW, WHAT'S ONE OF THE WAYS WE

2784
01:26:56,708 --> 01:26:58,409
CAN ENHANCE THE

2785
01:26:58,409 --> 01:27:00,111
PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP?

2786
01:27:00,111 --> 01:27:01,980
BRING MORE PHYSICIANS OF COLOR

2787
01:27:01,980 --> 01:27:03,281
OR PHYSICIANS FROM MARGINALIZED

2788
01:27:03,281 --> 01:27:04,515
COMMUNITIES TO SERVE AS

2789
01:27:04,515 --> 01:27:05,750
PHYSICIANS, RIGHT?

2790
01:27:05,750 --> 01:27:07,085
SAME THING CAN BE SAID FOR, I

2791
01:27:07,085 --> 01:27:10,788
THINK, THE ACADEMIC ENTERPRISE

2792
01:27:10,788 --> 01:27:14,192
AND RESEARCH GENERALLY.

2793
01:27:14,192 --> 01:27:15,860
>> SO I BELIEVE WE'RE AT
TIME.

2794
01:27:15,860 --> 01:27:17,161
DO WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE

2795
01:27:17,161 --> 01:27:18,329
QUESTION, JENNA?

2796
01:27:18,329 --> 01:27:20,798
ARE YOU SURE?

2797
01:27:20,798 --> 01:27:21,232
OKAY.

2798
01:27:21,232 --> 01:27:22,100
GREAT.

2799
01:27:22,100 --> 01:27:23,835
WELL, PLEAS JOIN ME IN THANKING

2800
01:27:23,835 --> 01:27:26,304
THE PANEL ONE MORE TIME, AND

2801
01:27:26,304 --> 01:27:27,071
THEN WE'LL MOVE ON.

2802
01:27:27,071 --> 01:27:29,277
[APPLAUSE]

2803
01:27:33,286 --> 01:27:36,022
>> THANKS FOR RETURNING
AFTER

2804
01:27:36,022 --> 01:27:40,126
THAT QUICK BREAK.

2805
01:27:40,126 --> 01:27:45,965
I'M BILL ELMWOOD FROM THE

2806
01:27:45,965 --> 01:27:47,500
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND

2807
01:27:47,500 --> 01:27:48,401
CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH.

2808
01:27:48,401 --> 01:27:49,569
I'D LIKE TO POINT OUT WE'VE

2809
01:27:49,569 --> 01:27:50,970
TALKED A LOT ABOUT RESILIENCE

2810
01:27:50,970 --> 01:27:52,071
TODAY AND YESTERDAY.

2811
01:27:52,071 --> 01:27:54,040
THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF

2812
01:27:54,040 --> 01:27:57,377
CONCEPTUALIZING THAT.

2813
01:27:57,377 --> 01:27:58,378
AND ANOTHER THAT MAY NOT HAVE

2814
01:27:58,378 --> 01:28:02,382
COME UP IS THE NIH-WIDE NETWORK

2815
01:28:02,382 --> 01:28:04,918
TO COORDINATE RESILIENCE ON

2816
01:28:04,918 --> 01:28:06,586
RESEARCH.

2817
01:28:06,586 --> 01:28:08,655
THEY HAVE A WEBSITE HOSTED BY

2818
01:28:08,655 --> 01:28:10,223
THE OFFICE OF DIETARY

2819
01:28:10,223 --> 01:28:10,556
SUPPLEMENTS.

2820
01:28:10,556 --> 01:28:12,225
LAST YEAR THEY PUT OUT A SPECIAL

2821
01:28:12,225 --> 01:28:14,827
ISSUE ON THIS.

2822
01:28:14,827 --> 01:28:18,464
SO WHEN YOU ARE LOOKING FOR WAYS

2823
01:28:18,464 --> 01:28:20,934
OF KNOWING AND CONCEPTUALIZATION

2824
01:28:20,934 --> 01:28:23,002
AND PERHAPS FUTURE NOFOs, DO

2825
01:28:23,002 --> 01:28:23,770
CHECK THAT OUT.

2826
01:28:23,770 --> 01:28:25,171
IT MIGHT BE ANOTHER RESOURCE FOR

2827
01:28:25,171 --> 01:28:28,041
YOU.

2828
01:28:28,041 --> 01:28:30,543
MORE IMPORTANTLY, THOUGH, IS OUR

2829
01:28:30,543 --> 01:28:34,080
PANEL ON BIOBEHAVIORAL

2830
01:28:34,080 --> 01:28:35,615
MECHANISMS WITH OUR

2831
01:28:35,615 --> 01:28:38,751
DISTINGUISHED VISITING SCHOLARS,

2832
01:28:38,751 --> 01:28:43,589
DRS. ALVAREZ AND DIE A LOW.

2833
01:28:43,589 --> 01:28:45,325
FIRST IS DR. GABRIELLA ALVAREZ

2834
01:28:45,325 --> 01:28:46,693
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF

2835
01:28:46,693 --> 01:28:55,835
PITTSBURGH.

2836
01:28:55,835 --> 01:28:56,402
>> OKAY.

2837
01:28:56,402 --> 01:29:01,207
THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH FOR HAVING

2838
01:29:01,207 --> 01:29:01,474
ME.

2839
01:29:01,474 --> 01:29:03,576
MY NAME IS GABRIELLA ALVAREZ.

2840
01:29:03,576 --> 01:29:06,913
I AM A JUNIOR FACULTY AT THE

2841
01:29:06,913 --> 01:29:07,680
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH,

2842
01:29:07,680 --> 01:29:09,015
PARTICULARLY WITHIN THE

2843
01:29:09,015 --> 01:29:10,183
BIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

2844
01:29:10,183 --> 01:29:11,584
PROGRAM THERE.

2845
01:29:11,584 --> 01:29:14,654
I AM VERY EXCITED TO BE HERE

2846
01:29:14,654 --> 01:29:16,489
SPEAKING ON SOME OF MY WORK

2847
01:29:16,489 --> 01:29:17,824
REGARDING THE NEURAL PROCESSES

2848
01:29:17,824 --> 01:29:19,425
LINKING RACISM AND HEALTH.

2849
01:29:19,425 --> 01:29:23,096
AND I JUST WANT TO BRIEFLY ADD

2850
01:29:23,096 --> 01:29:24,964
SORT OF APPRECIATION AND

2851
01:29:24,964 --> 01:29:27,033
GRATITUDE FOR BEING HERE TODAY,

2852
01:29:27,033 --> 01:29:28,701
I'M A BLACK LATINA AND I'M

2853
01:29:28,701 --> 01:29:30,269
SHARING THE STAGE WITH SOME OF

2854
01:29:30,269 --> 01:29:34,607
MY HEROS, IT HAS BEEN SUCH A

2855
01:29:34,607 --> 01:29:35,842
WONDERFUL EXPERIENCE, ESPECIALLY

2856
01:29:35,842 --> 01:29:37,410
AS THIS WORK HASN'T ALWAYS

2857
01:29:37,410 --> 01:29:38,611
NECESSARILY BEEN SUPPORTED.

2858
01:29:38,611 --> 01:29:42,982
SO I WANT TO SORT OF BEGIN --

2859
01:29:42,982 --> 01:29:44,951
YOU MIGHT HAVE SEEN THIS DIAGRAM

2860
01:29:44,951 --> 01:29:45,985
ALREADY BEFORE ON A DISCUSSION

2861
01:29:45,985 --> 01:29:47,320
OF A REVIEW THAT I DID WITH SOME

2862
01:29:47,320 --> 01:29:49,489
OF MY COLLABORATORS IN WHICH WE

2863
01:29:49,489 --> 01:29:51,758
LOOKED AT THE PATHWAYS LINKING

2864
01:29:51,758 --> 01:29:55,762
BRAIN AND BODY AND HOW THAT

2865
01:29:55,762 --> 01:30:01,567
MIGHT BE ALTERED VIA EXPERIENCES

2866
01:30:01,567 --> 01:30:02,902
OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION.

2867
01:30:02,902 --> 01:30:04,303
AND WHILE WALKING THROUGH THE

2868
01:30:04,303 --> 01:30:06,105
FULL PAPER AND SORT OF THE

2869
01:30:06,105 --> 01:30:10,009
DISCUSSION THERE, I WANT TO JUST

2870
01:30:10,009 --> 01:30:11,477
POINT TO THE PARTICULAR INTEREST

2871
01:30:11,477 --> 01:30:12,945
THAT I HAVE AND WHAT I BROUGHT

2872
01:30:12,945 --> 01:30:14,313
TO THIS CONVERSATION, BUT REALLY

2873
01:30:14,313 --> 01:30:15,515
LOOKING AT THE ROLE THAT THE

2874
01:30:15,515 --> 01:30:17,784
BRAIN PLAYS IN TRANSLATING

2875
01:30:17,784 --> 01:30:18,851
INEQUALITY TO HEALTH, AND HOW

2876
01:30:18,851 --> 01:30:22,855
THAT MIGHT SORT OF FEED THE

2877
01:30:22,855 --> 01:30:24,557
ORGAN THAT'S SORT OF INTERFACING

2878
01:30:24,557 --> 01:30:25,725
WITH OUR EXTERNAL WORLD AND

2879
01:30:25,725 --> 01:30:26,692
POTENTIALLY SORT OF LEADING TO

2880
01:30:26,692 --> 01:30:28,227
THESE MOLECULAR CHANGES THAT

2881
01:30:28,227 --> 01:30:32,231
HAVE RELEVANCE FOR HEALTH.

2882
01:30:32,231 --> 01:30:36,969
AND SO BEFORE I SORT OF GET INTO

2883
01:30:36,969 --> 01:30:38,771
PRESENTING THE NITTY GRITTY OF

2884
01:30:38,771 --> 01:30:40,206
THE DATA ANTITHE RESULTS I THINK

2885
01:30:40,206 --> 01:30:41,441
IT'S IMPORTANT FOR ME TO DISCUSS

2886
01:30:41,441 --> 01:30:42,675
SOME OF THE THEORETICAL

2887
01:30:42,675 --> 01:30:43,409
BACKGROUND, SORT OF THE IDEAS

2888
01:30:43,409 --> 01:30:44,644
THAT HAVE FORMED A LOT OF MY

2889
01:30:44,644 --> 01:30:49,515
THINKING HERE.

2890
01:30:49,515 --> 01:30:51,584
ONE OF THOSE -- I GUESS YOU

2891
01:30:51,584 --> 01:30:52,752
CAN'T SEE THE CITATIONS AT THE

2892
01:30:52,752 --> 01:30:54,720
TOP BUT THESE ARE PREDOMINANTLY

2893
01:30:54,720 --> 01:30:55,988
SUPPORT BID PETER STERLING,

2894
01:30:55,988 --> 01:30:58,791
WHICH YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT AL

2895
01:30:58,791 --> 01:31:01,761
STASIS, AND ALSO LISA FELDMAN

2896
01:31:01,761 --> 01:31:03,429
BARRETT AND KAREN QUIGLEY AS

2897
01:31:03,429 --> 01:31:04,497
WELL, BUT THINKING ABOUT THE

2898
01:31:04,497 --> 01:31:06,833
BRAIN AS ENGAGING IN PREDICTION

2899
01:31:06,833 --> 01:31:08,468
TO MANAGE ALLOSTASIS.

2900
01:31:08,468 --> 01:31:13,272
SO WHEN I MEAN PREDICTION, THIS

2901
01:31:13,272 --> 01:31:14,807
SORT OF IS COUNTERACTING A LOT

2902
01:31:14,807 --> 01:31:17,043
OF THE SORT OF COMMON

2903
01:31:17,043 --> 01:31:18,211
CONCEPTIONS OF HOW WE THINK THE

2904
01:31:18,211 --> 01:31:21,347
BRAIN WORKS.

2905
01:31:21,347 --> 01:31:22,048
OFTENTIMES WE'RE THINKING THAT

2906
01:31:22,048 --> 01:31:23,583
IT'S VERY REACTIVE, WE MIGHT SEE

2907
01:31:23,583 --> 01:31:25,418
A STEAK AND OUR BRAIN OR

2908
01:31:25,418 --> 01:31:26,419
AMYGDALA IS SORT OF RESPONDING

2909
01:31:26,419 --> 01:31:29,155
TO THAT, BUT REALLY CONSENSUS IS

2910
01:31:29,155 --> 01:31:30,790
GROWING IN NEUROSCIENCE THAT

2911
01:31:30,790 --> 01:31:31,724
SUGGESTS THAT IT'S REALLY ABOUT

2912
01:31:31,724 --> 01:31:33,092
THE FACT THAT OUR BRAIN IS SORT

2913
01:31:33,092 --> 01:31:34,427
OF PREDICTING AND MODELING THAT

2914
01:31:34,427 --> 01:31:35,595
INFORMATION BEFORE WE'RE COMING

2915
01:31:35,595 --> 01:31:39,031
INTO CONTACT WITH THAT.

2916
01:31:39,031 --> 01:31:41,334
SO THE REASON THE BRAIN MIGHT BE

2917
01:31:41,334 --> 01:31:43,436
DOING THAT IS SO THAT IT CAN

2918
01:31:43,436 --> 01:31:44,804
MAKE PROCESSES MORE EFFICIENT

2919
01:31:44,804 --> 01:31:46,706
AND SO THAT YOU HAVE THE

2920
01:31:46,706 --> 01:31:48,407
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC

2921
01:31:48,407 --> 01:31:52,578
RESOURCES IN ORDER TO DO SO.

2922
01:31:52,578 --> 01:31:54,113
SO SOMETIMES I THINK IT'S

2923
01:31:54,113 --> 01:31:55,248
HELPFUL TO HAVE AN EXAMPLE TO

2924
01:31:55,248 --> 01:31:56,582
SORT OF DISTINGUISH THIS, BUT

2925
01:31:56,582 --> 01:31:57,483
LET'S SAY WE'RE IN TRAFFIC AND

2926
01:31:57,483 --> 01:31:59,585
EVEN BEFORE THE CAR IN FRONT OF

2927
01:31:59,585 --> 01:32:01,254
YOU IS POTENTIALLY BRAKING, YOU

2928
01:32:01,254 --> 01:32:03,856
MIGHT BE SLOWING DOWN BECAUSE

2929
01:32:03,856 --> 01:32:04,590
YOU'RE EXPECTING THAT IT WILL

2930
01:32:04,590 --> 01:32:07,760
HAPPEN BASED OFF OF THE TRAFFIC

2931
01:32:07,760 --> 01:32:08,528
PATTERNS THAT YOU'RE SEEING.

2932
01:32:08,528 --> 01:32:09,996
SO THIS IS HELPFUL BECAUSE

2933
01:32:09,996 --> 01:32:11,397
YOU'RE SORT OF PREPARING TO

2934
01:32:11,397 --> 01:32:12,865
REACT QUICKLY, AND THAT'S

2935
01:32:12,865 --> 01:32:14,200
HAPPENING EVEN BEYOND CONSCIOUS

2936
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:16,702
AWARENESS.

2937
01:32:16,702 --> 01:32:18,671
AND THIS IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO DO

2938
01:32:18,671 --> 01:32:19,472
SO.

2939
01:32:19,472 --> 01:32:22,808
IT'S IMPORTANT IN SORT OF THIS

2940
01:32:22,808 --> 01:32:26,179
UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN AS

2941
01:32:26,179 --> 01:32:27,980
PREDICTION IS IT'S NEEDING TO

2942
01:32:27,980 --> 01:32:28,614
UTILIZE THIS INFORMATION IN

2943
01:32:28,614 --> 01:32:32,618
ORDER TO MANAGE ALLOSTASIS, AND

2944
01:32:32,618 --> 01:32:34,120
ALLOSTASIS IS, I THINK, OUR

2945
01:32:34,120 --> 01:32:37,223
PRIOR PANEL I THINK WAS SORT OF

2946
01:32:37,223 --> 01:32:38,824
DISCUSSING BEAUTIFULLY WITH THE

2947
01:32:38,824 --> 01:32:42,028
GRAPHS AND CONVERSATIONS ABOUT

2948
01:32:42,028 --> 01:32:43,696
ALLOSTASIS AS SORT OF THE

2949
01:32:43,696 --> 01:32:44,997
PROCESS IN WHICH THE BODY IS

2950
01:32:44,997 --> 01:32:46,465
SORT OF MOUNTING THE

2951
01:32:46,465 --> 01:32:47,400
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO REACT

2952
01:32:47,400 --> 01:32:48,434
TO THESE STRESSORS.

2953
01:32:48,434 --> 01:32:52,305
AND SO IT'S THE BODY'S NEED TO

2954
01:32:52,305 --> 01:32:54,707
SORT OF FACILITATE BEHAVIOR AND

2955
01:32:54,707 --> 01:32:55,908
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES TO MEET

2956
01:32:55,908 --> 01:32:58,978
THOSE DEMANDS.

2957
01:32:58,978 --> 01:33:00,613
AND IT'S DOING THIS BY UTILIZING

2958
01:33:00,613 --> 01:33:02,248
OUR PRIOR EXPERIENCES OR OUR

2959
01:33:02,248 --> 01:33:05,651
EXPERIENCES RELATING TO HISTORY,

2960
01:33:05,651 --> 01:33:08,120
AS WELL AS THE INTERNAL

2961
01:33:08,120 --> 01:33:09,422
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS WITHIN OUR

2962
01:33:09,422 --> 01:33:09,622
BODY.

2963
01:33:09,622 --> 01:33:10,623
I THINK IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO

2964
01:33:10,623 --> 01:33:15,428
REMEMBER THAT THE BRAIN IS A

2965
01:33:15,428 --> 01:33:17,096
VERY RESOURCE-INTENSIVE ORGAN.

2966
01:33:17,096 --> 01:33:19,198
IT REALLY REQUIRES A LOT OF

2967
01:33:19,198 --> 01:33:23,970
GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN IN ORDER TO

2968
01:33:23,970 --> 01:33:31,077
FUNCTION, AND THAT'S NEEDED FOR

2969
01:33:31,077 --> 01:33:34,914
THE BRAIN TO PROCESS ALL OF THE

2970
01:33:34,914 --> 01:33:35,915
COGNITIVELY DEMANDING

2971
01:33:35,915 --> 01:33:37,383
INFORMATION AS WELL AS OUR

2972
01:33:37,383 --> 01:33:38,017
PHYSIOLOGY AND IN ADDITION TO

2973
01:33:38,017 --> 01:33:40,353
ALL THE OTHER ORGANS AND OTHER

2974
01:33:40,353 --> 01:33:41,487
RESOURCES THAT WE'RE HAVING.

2975
01:33:41,487 --> 01:33:43,456
SO THIS IS SORT OF SOME OF THE

2976
01:33:43,456 --> 01:33:44,991
IDEAS SO HOPEFULLY SORT OF HAVE

2977
01:33:44,991 --> 01:33:47,126
YOU ALL IN LINE TO SORT OF HOW

2978
01:33:47,126 --> 01:33:49,495
I'M APPROACHING THESE QUESTIONS

2979
01:33:49,495 --> 01:33:51,030
AND HOW I'M THINKING ABOUT THESE

2980
01:33:51,030 --> 01:33:51,964
PROCESSES IS THAT THE BRAIN IS

2981
01:33:51,964 --> 01:33:53,599
NOT REACTIVE BUT PREDICTIVE IN

2982
01:33:53,599 --> 01:33:54,000
NATURE.

2983
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:55,701
ALL RIGHTY.

2984
01:33:55,701 --> 01:33:57,236
AND SO I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE

2985
01:33:57,236 --> 01:33:59,238
HELPFUL TO SORT OF WALK THROUGH

2986
01:33:59,238 --> 01:34:00,873
THE PARTICULAR TASK THAT I'LL BE

2987
01:34:00,873 --> 01:34:03,643
TALKING ABOUT IN MY PRESENTATION

2988
01:34:03,643 --> 01:34:06,946
TODAY WITH SORT OF THIS LITTLE

2989
01:34:06,946 --> 01:34:08,881
EXAMPLE, SO HERE WE HAVE TRISH

2990
01:34:08,881 --> 01:34:13,619
AND SHE IS REPRESENTED BY THIS

2991
01:34:13,619 --> 01:34:14,987
MEMORY BUBBLE OR THOUGHT BUBBLE

2992
01:34:14,987 --> 01:34:17,256
THAT SHE'S HAD POTENTIAL

2993
01:34:17,256 --> 01:34:19,125
EXPERIENCES OF LIFETIME

2994
01:34:19,125 --> 01:34:20,026
DISCRIMINATION.

2995
01:34:20,026 --> 01:34:21,260
LET'S SAY THAT SHE IS WALKING

2996
01:34:21,260 --> 01:34:23,996
DOWN THE STREET, AND UPON HER

2997
01:34:23,996 --> 01:34:25,197
TRAVELS, SHE COMES INTO CONTACT

2998
01:34:25,197 --> 01:34:26,732
WITH AN INDIVIDUAL.

2999
01:34:26,732 --> 01:34:29,068
HOW MIGHT HER BRAIN BE SORT OF

3000
01:34:29,068 --> 01:34:30,169
RESPONDING OR PREPARING TO

3001
01:34:30,169 --> 01:34:33,673
RESPOND WITH THIS INTERACTION?

3002
01:34:33,673 --> 01:34:36,776
SO SOME OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL

3003
01:34:36,776 --> 01:34:37,810
LITERATURE WOULD SUGGEST THAT

3004
01:34:37,810 --> 01:34:39,779
GENERALLY IF TRISH HAS

3005
01:34:39,779 --> 01:34:40,379
ENCOUNTERED DISCRIMINATION IN

3006
01:34:40,379 --> 01:34:43,282
HER EXPERIENCES SHE MIGHT JUST

3007
01:34:43,282 --> 01:34:43,749
BE VIGILANT.

3008
01:34:43,749 --> 01:34:45,017
SO WE HAD THESE CONVERSATIONS

3009
01:34:45,017 --> 01:34:45,851
ABOUT MAYBE IT'S MORE ABOUT SORT

3010
01:34:45,851 --> 01:34:47,753
OF THAT REACTION TO THAT EVENT

3011
01:34:47,753 --> 01:34:49,055
OR REACTION TO THAT PARTICULAR

3012
01:34:49,055 --> 01:34:49,655
EXPERIENCE.

3013
01:34:49,655 --> 01:34:51,824
AND THAT SHE MIGHT BE SURVEYING

3014
01:34:51,824 --> 01:34:56,729
OR BEING VIGILANT FOR NOT VERBAL

3015
01:34:56,729 --> 01:34:58,130
AND VERBAL CUES OF PREJUDICE.

3016
01:34:58,130 --> 01:34:59,031
BUT THERE'S OTHER WORK THAT

3017
01:34:59,031 --> 01:35:00,132
SUGGESTS THAT THIS REACTION OR

3018
01:35:00,132 --> 01:35:01,934
THIS SORT OF PREPARATION OF THE

3019
01:35:01,934 --> 01:35:04,503
BRAIN MIGHT BE MORE NUANCED AND

3020
01:35:04,503 --> 01:35:06,872
THAT DISCRIMINATION MIGHT NOT BE

3021
01:35:06,872 --> 01:35:08,541
PROMOTING THIS GENERALIZED

3022
01:35:08,541 --> 01:35:10,376
THREAT VIGILANCE BUT REALLY THAT

3023
01:35:10,376 --> 01:35:11,544
AFFECTIVE CONTEXT MATTERS.

3024
01:35:11,544 --> 01:35:13,112
SO MAYBE POTENTIALLY AFTER SORT

3025
01:35:13,112 --> 01:35:15,715
OF EXPOSURE TO A NEGATIVE OR

3026
01:35:15,715 --> 01:35:16,382
STEREOTYPE-RELEVANT CUE, PERHAPS

3027
01:35:16,382 --> 01:35:17,917
LIKE A BARKING DOG THAT I HAVE

3028
01:35:17,917 --> 01:35:20,252
HERE, SHE MIGHT THEN BE MORE

3029
01:35:20,252 --> 01:35:22,421
VIGILANT OR THREAT-RESPONSIVE TO

3030
01:35:22,421 --> 01:35:24,623
THOSE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND

3031
01:35:24,623 --> 01:35:25,991
THOSE SOCIAL QUEUES.

3032
01:35:25,991 --> 01:35:27,126
SO IN THIS PARTICULAR STUDY I'LL

3033
01:35:27,126 --> 01:35:29,762
BE DISCUSSING, WE WANTED TO SORT

3034
01:35:29,762 --> 01:35:32,131
OF MODEL THIS SOCIAL COGNITIVE

3035
01:35:32,131 --> 01:35:33,099
PROCESS TO SORT OF GET AT SOME

3036
01:35:33,099 --> 01:35:36,068
OF THESE REACTIONS TO BE ABLE TO

3037
01:35:36,068 --> 01:35:37,269
CAPTURE THIS VIGILANCE IN THE

3038
01:35:37,269 --> 01:35:40,606
MOMENT.

3039
01:35:40,606 --> 01:35:47,613
SO THESE DATA ARE COMING FROM

3040
01:35:47,613 --> 01:35:51,317
THE -- THE SLIDE THAT WE'RE

3041
01:35:51,317 --> 01:35:54,487
DOING IS LOOKING AT AN AFFECTIVE

3042
01:35:54,487 --> 01:35:55,688
SPILLOVER TASK IN WHICH

3043
01:35:55,688 --> 01:35:56,222
PARTICIPANTS WERE IN THE

3044
01:35:56,222 --> 01:35:57,623
SCANNER, THEY WERE EXPOSED TO

3045
01:35:57,623 --> 01:35:58,457
THREE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS THAT

3046
01:35:58,457 --> 01:35:59,792
WE HAD NEGATIVE, NEUTRAL AND

3047
01:35:59,792 --> 01:36:01,994
POSITIVE CONDITIONS.

3048
01:36:01,994 --> 01:36:03,629
AND IN THIS SORT OF SETUP, I'LL

3049
01:36:03,629 --> 01:36:05,564
WALK YOU THROUGH ONE PARTICULAR

3050
01:36:05,564 --> 01:36:07,566
TRIAL, WOULD BE EXPOSURE TO A

3051
01:36:07,566 --> 01:36:12,171
NEGATIVE IMAGE, SO THIS IS AN

3052
01:36:12,171 --> 01:36:13,305
EVOCATIVE, COMPLEX NEGATIVE

3053
01:36:13,305 --> 01:36:16,609
IMAGE BASED OFF OF NORM STIMULI

3054
01:36:16,609 --> 01:36:21,881
CALLED THE IOX IMAGE, THEN A

3055
01:36:21,881 --> 01:36:23,983
NEUTRAL FACE WAS SPONTANEOUSLY

3056
01:36:23,983 --> 01:36:24,950
DISPLAYED FOR ABOUT HALF A

3057
01:36:24,950 --> 01:36:26,619
SECOND.

3058
01:36:26,619 --> 01:36:27,686
THESE NEUTRAL FACES SORT OF

3059
01:36:27,686 --> 01:36:30,923
SERVE AS THIS AMBIGUOUS CUE THAT

3060
01:36:30,923 --> 01:36:32,458
THE PARTICIPANT IS SORT OF

3061
01:36:32,458 --> 01:36:33,225
RESPONDING TO.

3062
01:36:33,225 --> 01:36:34,727
AND SO FOR THE NEUTRAL AND

3063
01:36:34,727 --> 01:36:37,863
POSITIVE CONDITIONS, SIMILARLY,

3064
01:36:37,863 --> 01:36:40,533
WE HAVE THESE IAP IMAGES THAT

3065
01:36:40,533 --> 01:36:42,334
WE'RE SEEING ARE EITHER NEUTRAL

3066
01:36:42,334 --> 01:36:43,969
IN CONTEXT OR POSITIVE HERE.

3067
01:36:43,969 --> 01:36:46,439
AND PARTICULARLY FOR THIS

3068
01:36:46,439 --> 01:36:47,173
ANALYSES AND THESE QUESTIONS

3069
01:36:47,173 --> 01:36:48,274
THAT I HAVE WAS REALLY

3070
01:36:48,274 --> 01:36:49,408
INTERESTED IN HOW SORT OF THE

3071
01:36:49,408 --> 01:36:52,578
BRAIN IS PROCESSING THE

3072
01:36:52,578 --> 01:36:54,647
AMBIGUOUS STIMULI, THESE

3073
01:36:54,647 --> 01:36:56,348
AMBIGUOUS SOCIAL CUES OF THESE

3074
01:36:56,348 --> 01:36:58,317
NEUTRAL FACE DISPLAYS,

3075
01:36:58,317 --> 01:36:59,752
PARTICULARLY BASED OFF OF YOUR

3076
01:36:59,752 --> 01:37:01,053
PRIOR EXPERIENCES WITH

3077
01:37:01,053 --> 01:37:05,224
DISCRIMINATION.

3078
01:37:05,224 --> 01:37:07,893
SO YOU MIGHT BE WONDERING, OKAY,

3079
01:37:07,893 --> 01:37:09,195
GABBY, YOU SAID YOU'RE GOING TO

3080
01:37:09,195 --> 01:37:09,929
BE TALKING ABOUT THE BRAIN, WHAT

3081
01:37:09,929 --> 01:37:10,196
PART?

3082
01:37:10,196 --> 01:37:11,630
SO I JUST WANTED TO SORT OF

3083
01:37:11,630 --> 01:37:13,098
INTRODUCE A SYSTEM, A NEURAL

3084
01:37:13,098 --> 01:37:15,201
SYSTEM IN WHICH I SPEND A LOT OF

3085
01:37:15,201 --> 01:37:17,670
TIME THINKING ABOUT AND SORT OF

3086
01:37:17,670 --> 01:37:18,971
ANALYZING, BUT IT'S SORT OF A

3087
01:37:18,971 --> 01:37:20,573
SET OF REGIONS THAT ARE THOUGHT

3088
01:37:20,573 --> 01:37:24,410
TO SORT OF INTEGRATE OUR PRIOR

3089
01:37:24,410 --> 01:37:25,511
EXPERIENCES, SO SORT OF OUR

3090
01:37:25,511 --> 01:37:27,613
MEMORY, OUR HISTORIES, OUR PAST.

3091
01:37:27,613 --> 01:37:30,015
IN ADDITION TO NETWORKS THAT ARE

3092
01:37:30,015 --> 01:37:32,084
INVOLVED IN INTERNAL STIMULI,

3093
01:37:32,084 --> 01:37:33,552
SORT OF PROCESSING THE

3094
01:37:33,552 --> 01:37:35,187
INFORMATION IN OUR BODY, SORT OF

3095
01:37:35,187 --> 01:37:37,022
HOW EVERYTHING IS DOING, AS WELL

3096
01:37:37,022 --> 01:37:38,824
AS EXTERNAL STIMULI, SO WHAT

3097
01:37:38,824 --> 01:37:40,292
EXACTLY I'M SEEING OR ENGAGING

3098
01:37:40,292 --> 01:37:42,127
WITH.

3099
01:37:42,127 --> 01:37:45,798
AND SO THIS SET OF NETWORKS IS

3100
01:37:45,798 --> 01:37:48,667
CALLED THE ALLOSTATIC INTERROW

3101
01:37:48,667 --> 01:37:49,201
ACCEPTIVE SYSTEM.

3102
01:37:49,201 --> 01:37:52,571
THIS IS LARGELY INSPIRED BY LISA

3103
01:37:52,571 --> 01:37:55,374
FELDMAN BARRETT IN WHICH SHE

3104
01:37:55,374 --> 01:37:58,043
SORT OF -- WE DISCUSS HOW THESE

3105
01:37:58,043 --> 01:38:00,212
REGIOREGIONS ARE HELPING TO REGE

3106
01:38:00,212 --> 01:38:01,413
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE

3107
01:38:01,413 --> 01:38:02,581
SYSTEM BUT ALSO ENGAGING WITH

3108
01:38:02,581 --> 01:38:11,657
SORT OF OUR PRIOR CONTEXT.

3109
01:38:11,657 --> 01:38:13,592
THIS CONSISTS OF WHAT YOU MIGHT

3110
01:38:13,592 --> 01:38:17,463
HAVE HEARD OF BEFORE CALLED THE

3111
01:38:17,463 --> 01:38:18,731
DEFAULT MODE NETWORK IN ADDITION

3112
01:38:18,731 --> 01:38:20,466
TO THE SALIENCE NETWORK OR

3113
01:38:20,466 --> 01:38:21,967
FRONTAL ATTENTION NETWORK, AND

3114
01:38:21,967 --> 01:38:24,703
ALTHOUGH THESE ARE SOME -- SOME

3115
01:38:24,703 --> 01:38:26,138
NAMES FOR THESE NETWORKS,

3116
01:38:26,138 --> 01:38:27,806
THERE'S LOTS OF OTHER SORT OF

3117
01:38:27,806 --> 01:38:28,908
DISTINCTION, BUT I'M USING THESE

3118
01:38:28,908 --> 01:38:30,276
BECAUSE THEY'RE THE MOST

3119
01:38:30,276 --> 01:38:31,710
COMMONLY REFERENCED NETWORKS

3120
01:38:31,710 --> 01:38:34,513
THAT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT HERE.

3121
01:38:34,513 --> 01:38:37,216
AS WELL AS SIGNALS FROM THE

3122
01:38:37,216 --> 01:38:38,617
SUBCORTICAL REGION, SO THE MOST

3123
01:38:38,617 --> 01:38:39,752
COMMONLY EXPLAINED ONE HERE

3124
01:38:39,752 --> 01:38:44,156
WOULD BE THE AMYGDALA, HIPPO

3125
01:38:44,156 --> 01:38:45,724
CAMPUS, FOR EXAMPLE.

3126
01:38:45,724 --> 01:38:47,626
SO THIS BRAIN SYSTEM IS WHAT I

3127
01:38:47,626 --> 01:38:48,527
WAS PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN

3128
01:38:48,527 --> 01:38:49,828
TO SEE HOW THIS SYSTEM IS SORT

3129
01:38:49,828 --> 01:38:50,796
OF PREPARING TO RESPOND TO

3130
01:38:50,796 --> 01:38:54,033
INFORMATION.

3131
01:38:54,033 --> 01:38:56,468
SO THESE DATA WERE BASED OFF OF

3132
01:38:56,468 --> 01:38:58,671
THE NEUROSCIENCE REFRESHER

3133
01:38:58,671 --> 01:39:01,040
SAMPLE FROM THE MIDAS DATASET

3134
01:39:01,040 --> 01:39:02,908
AND PARTICIPANTS REPORTED

3135
01:39:02,908 --> 01:39:04,209
EXPOSURES TO DISCRIMINATION

3136
01:39:04,209 --> 01:39:06,111
BASED OFF OF THE EVERYDAY SCALE,

3137
01:39:06,111 --> 01:39:06,979
WHICH WE'VE HEARD DISCUSSED

3138
01:39:06,979 --> 01:39:08,213
QUITE A FEW TIMES, AS WELL AS

3139
01:39:08,213 --> 01:39:09,748
THE MAJOR EXPERIENCES OF

3140
01:39:09,748 --> 01:39:10,716
DISCRIMINATION, SO THIS IS MORE

3141
01:39:10,716 --> 01:39:13,619
OF A LIFETIME MEASURE, IN

3142
01:39:13,619 --> 01:39:14,954
ADDITION TO PROVIDING

3143
01:39:14,954 --> 01:39:16,555
INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOURCE OF

3144
01:39:16,555 --> 01:39:17,356
THAT DISCRIMINATION.

3145
01:39:17,356 --> 01:39:19,592
AND SO WE WERE PARTICULARLY

3146
01:39:19,592 --> 01:39:22,561
INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT THE

3147
01:39:22,561 --> 01:39:25,097
UNIQUE EFFECT OF RACIAL

3148
01:39:25,097 --> 01:39:26,165
DISCRIMINATION, GIVEN THE

3149
01:39:26,165 --> 01:39:27,800
CONTEXTUAL AND HISTORICAL

3150
01:39:27,800 --> 01:39:29,735
CONTEXTS THAT MANY HAVE SO

3151
01:39:29,735 --> 01:39:32,705
ELOQUENTLY DESCRIBED WHILE I

3152
01:39:32,705 --> 01:39:33,305
DEFINITELY AGREE THAT

3153
01:39:33,305 --> 01:39:34,640
DISCRIMINATION GENERALLY IS

3154
01:39:34,640 --> 01:39:35,674
REALLY IMPORTANT AND IMPACTFUL

3155
01:39:35,674 --> 01:39:37,810
AND WE'VE SEEN SORT OF THAT

3156
01:39:37,810 --> 01:39:38,911
RELEGATED, I REALLY WANTED TO BE

3157
01:39:38,911 --> 01:39:40,846
ABLE TO HONE IN ON WHAT THOSE

3158
01:39:40,846 --> 01:39:42,681
PARTICULAR EXPERIENCES MIGHT BE

3159
01:39:42,681 --> 01:39:45,784
BASED OFF OF THESE PRIOR RACIAL

3160
01:39:45,784 --> 01:39:46,852
EXPERIENCES.

3161
01:39:46,852 --> 01:39:48,354
SO IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO

3162
01:39:48,354 --> 01:39:51,657
ISOLATE THAT, ONE METHODOLOGICAL

3163
01:39:51,657 --> 01:39:54,460
APPROACH I'VE TAKEN HERE IS THAT

3164
01:39:54,460 --> 01:39:56,028
WE'VE INCLUDED BOTH THE BLACK

3165
01:39:56,028 --> 01:39:59,164
PARTICIPANT SAMPLE AS WELL AS

3166
01:39:59,164 --> 01:40:01,634
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN -- THERE WERE

3167
01:40:01,634 --> 01:40:02,735
MOSTLY ONLY BLACK AND WHITE

3168
01:40:02,735 --> 01:40:04,036
INDIVIDUALS IN THE PARTICULAR

3169
01:40:04,036 --> 01:40:05,337
NEUROSCIENCE REFRESHER DATASET,

3170
01:40:05,337 --> 01:40:06,672
BUT OF THE WHITE PARTICIPANTS

3171
01:40:06,672 --> 01:40:09,074
THAT REPORTED ANY DISCRIMINATION

3172
01:40:09,074 --> 01:40:11,076
EVENTS, WE EXCLUDED THOSE WHO

3173
01:40:11,076 --> 01:40:13,479
REPORTED RACE AS A PRIMARY

3174
01:40:13,479 --> 01:40:14,513
SOURCE OF DISCRIMINATION JUST

3175
01:40:14,513 --> 01:40:16,348
BECAUSE OF THE SORT OF INTERNAL

3176
01:40:16,348 --> 01:40:18,317
VALIDITY THERE IN TERMS OF

3177
01:40:18,317 --> 01:40:19,151
COMPARING BETWEEN GROUPS AND THE

3178
01:40:19,151 --> 01:40:24,390
LACK OF HISTORICAL CONTEXT TO

3179
01:40:24,390 --> 01:40:25,391
SUPPORT SEEING THAT THEY

3180
01:40:25,391 --> 01:40:26,158
FUNCTION EXACTLY THE SAME

3181
01:40:26,158 --> 01:40:27,126
BETWEEN THESE TWO GROUPS.

3182
01:40:27,126 --> 01:40:28,560
WHAT I WANTED TO EXPLORE IS THIS

3183
01:40:28,560 --> 01:40:30,329
SORT OF INTERACTION EFFECT, DO

3184
01:40:30,329 --> 01:40:33,132
WE SEE THAT THE INTERACTION AND

3185
01:40:33,132 --> 01:40:34,333
EXPOSURE TO DISCRIMINATION BY

3186
01:40:34,333 --> 01:40:35,668
RACE IS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT

3187
01:40:35,668 --> 01:40:40,472
ON THESE NEURAL PATHWAYS.

3188
01:40:40,472 --> 01:40:42,074
AND THEN IF YOU'RE CURIOUS, THE

3189
01:40:42,074 --> 01:40:43,108
SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS HERE

3190
01:40:43,108 --> 01:40:45,277
SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE

3191
01:40:45,277 --> 01:40:46,011
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE WHITE

3192
01:40:46,011 --> 01:40:47,379
AND BLACK SAMPLE WHERE THEY HAD

3193
01:40:47,379 --> 01:40:49,848
SIMILAR LEVELS OF EDUCATION,

3194
01:40:49,848 --> 01:40:52,551
INCOME, AGE, AND ALSO MOTION IN

3195
01:40:52,551 --> 01:40:54,753
THE SCANNER, WHICH IS A VERY

3196
01:40:54,753 --> 01:40:55,788
IMPORTANT COVARIATE IN OUR

3197
01:40:55,788 --> 01:40:56,955
ANALYSES.

3198
01:40:56,955 --> 01:40:59,291
ALL RIGHT.

3199
01:40:59,291 --> 01:41:01,060
SO NOW SORT OF HERE, WHAT I WANT

3200
01:41:01,060 --> 01:41:02,895
TO SORT OF DEMONSTRATE IS THAT

3201
01:41:02,895 --> 01:41:04,463
BECAUSE WE ARE PARTICULARLY

3202
01:41:04,463 --> 01:41:05,898
INTERESTED IN THE REACTIVITY

3203
01:41:05,898 --> 01:41:07,366
DURING THE FACES, WHAT I DID IS

3204
01:41:07,366 --> 01:41:13,405
I COMPARED ACTIVITY WITHIN THE

3205
01:41:13,405 --> 01:41:16,341
ALLOSTATIC INTEROCEPTIVE SYSTEM,

3206
01:41:16,341 --> 01:41:18,043
PRECEDED BY A NEGATIVE IMAGE

3207
01:41:18,043 --> 01:41:20,679
VERSUS NEUTRAL, AND PLOTTED SORT

3208
01:41:20,679 --> 01:41:23,248
OF DISCRIMINATION EXPOSURE BY

3209
01:41:23,248 --> 01:41:25,584
RACIAL GROUP.

3210
01:41:25,584 --> 01:41:26,652
AND WHAT WE SEE HERE IS THAT

3211
01:41:26,652 --> 01:41:28,787
WITHIN THE FULL SAMPLE, ONLY

3212
01:41:28,787 --> 01:41:30,856
LIFETIME DISCRIMINATION WAS

3213
01:41:30,856 --> 01:41:31,890
SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH

3214
01:41:31,890 --> 01:41:34,026
INCREASED CONNECTIVITY TO THOSE

3215
01:41:34,026 --> 01:41:39,565
NEGATIVE VERSUS MUTUAL -- FACES

3216
01:41:39,565 --> 01:41:40,332
FOLLOWING VERSUS NEUTRAL IMAGES

3217
01:41:40,332 --> 01:41:44,403
IN THE BLACK GROUP, SO THE BLUE

3218
01:41:44,403 --> 01:41:45,938
LINE ARE THE WHITE PARTICIPANTS

3219
01:41:45,938 --> 01:41:48,140
IN THE SAMPLE AND THE YELLOW

3220
01:41:48,140 --> 01:41:50,275
LINE IS THE BLACK PARTICIPANTS

3221
01:41:50,275 --> 01:41:51,110
NAT SAMPLE.

3222
01:41:51,110 --> 01:41:52,478
WE REALIZE THE SAMPLE SIZE IS

3223
01:41:52,478 --> 01:41:54,179
SMALL SO HOPEFULLY EXCITING TO

3224
01:41:54,179 --> 01:41:55,881
HAVE FUNDERS INTERESTED IN THESE

3225
01:41:55,881 --> 01:41:58,484
CONVERSATIONS TO HELP FUND THE

3226
01:41:58,484 --> 01:42:00,586
VERY EXPENSIVE FEES ASSOCIATED

3227
01:42:00,586 --> 01:42:04,022
WITH SCANNING THE PEOPLE.

3228
01:42:04,022 --> 01:42:06,859
AND WE ALSO, AS WE ALSO TALKED

3229
01:42:06,859 --> 01:42:09,595
ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF

3230
01:42:09,595 --> 01:42:11,964
POSITIVITY, I THINK YOUR TALK

3231
01:42:11,964 --> 01:42:13,365
WAS WONDERFUL FOR SETTING UP A

3232
01:42:13,365 --> 01:42:14,867
LOT OF THE THINKING AND

3233
01:42:14,867 --> 01:42:16,335
FORMULATION AROUND SOME OF THESE

3234
01:42:16,335 --> 01:42:18,971
IDEAS HERE, BUT ALSO WANTING TO

3235
01:42:18,971 --> 01:42:22,407
CONSIDER POSITIVE CONTEXTS IN

3236
01:42:22,407 --> 01:42:23,475
WHICH THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE

3237
01:42:23,475 --> 01:42:24,877
PROCESSES MIGHT BE INVOLVED, AND

3238
01:42:24,877 --> 01:42:26,378
THERE'S NO WORK THAT HAS LOOKED

3239
01:42:26,378 --> 01:42:27,546
AT THIS PARTICULARLY AS IT

3240
01:42:27,546 --> 01:42:29,448
RELATES TO DISCRIMINATION.

3241
01:42:29,448 --> 01:42:32,084
SO INTERESTINGLY, WE ALSO FOUND

3242
01:42:32,084 --> 01:42:34,787
THAT THE ALLOSTATIC

3243
01:42:34,787 --> 01:42:35,354
INTEROCEPTIVE SYSTEM WAS

3244
01:42:35,354 --> 01:42:36,588
ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED

3245
01:42:36,588 --> 01:42:37,823
CONNECTIVITY AS WELL TO FACES

3246
01:42:37,823 --> 01:42:38,991
FOLLOWING THE POSITIVE STIMULI

3247
01:42:38,991 --> 01:42:41,460
AS COMPARED TO THE NEUTRAL, AND

3248
01:42:41,460 --> 01:42:42,294
THIS ASSOCIATION AGAIN HAPPENS

3249
01:42:42,294 --> 01:42:43,929
BY RACE GROUP SO THAT WE'RE

3250
01:42:43,929 --> 01:42:45,697
SEEING THAT THOSE INDIVIDUALS

3251
01:42:45,697 --> 01:42:49,301
WHO REPORT GREATER RACIAL

3252
01:42:49,301 --> 01:42:50,135
DISCRIMINATION, BLACK

3253
01:42:50,135 --> 01:42:51,770
INDIVIDUALS ARE DEMONSTRATING

3254
01:42:51,770 --> 01:42:52,771
HIGHER CONNECTIVITY IN THIS

3255
01:42:52,771 --> 01:42:55,808
NETWORK.

3256
01:42:55,808 --> 01:42:56,809
ALL RIGHTY.

3257
01:42:56,809 --> 01:42:58,210
SO I THINK WHAT'S IMPORTANT HERE

3258
01:42:58,210 --> 01:43:02,247
IS TO RECOGNIZE THAT SORT OF

3259
01:43:02,247 --> 01:43:04,383
LIFETIME EXPERIENCES AND

3260
01:43:04,383 --> 01:43:05,284
HISTORICAL CONTEXTS ARE SHAPING

3261
01:43:05,284 --> 01:43:06,919
THE BRAIN AND SHAPING OUR FUTURE

3262
01:43:06,919 --> 01:43:08,253
INTERACTIONS WITH SOCIAL CUES

3263
01:43:08,253 --> 01:43:10,622
AND SOCIAL INDIVIDUALS IN OUR

3264
01:43:10,622 --> 01:43:11,690
ENVIRONMENT, BOTH WITHIN

3265
01:43:11,690 --> 01:43:14,059
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CONTEXTS,

3266
01:43:14,059 --> 01:43:16,295
SUGGESTING THIS SORT OF NEED TO

3267
01:43:16,295 --> 01:43:20,265
SORT OF BE RESPONSIVE, ATTUNED,

3268
01:43:20,265 --> 01:43:22,167
ALERT, TO ALL SORT OF AMBIGUOUS

3269
01:43:22,167 --> 01:43:26,171
CUES IN PREPARATION FOR ACTION.

3270
01:43:26,171 --> 01:43:28,073
AND I THINK THIS IS -- I'M ALSO

3271
01:43:28,073 --> 01:43:29,675
REALLY EXCITED TO BE ABLE TO

3272
01:43:29,675 --> 01:43:31,243
MAKE A COMMENT ABOUT THE

3273
01:43:31,243 --> 01:43:32,711
SPECIFICITY OF RACIAL

3274
01:43:32,711 --> 01:43:34,513
DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE NEURAL

3275
01:43:34,513 --> 01:43:35,514
IMAGING LITERATURE HERE, AND

3276
01:43:35,514 --> 01:43:40,285
THEN FINALLY I THINK THAT THE

3277
01:43:40,285 --> 01:43:41,520
IMPORTANCE OF THE NETWORKS AND

3278
01:43:41,520 --> 01:43:45,991
THE REGIONS HERE IS REALLY

3279
01:43:45,991 --> 01:43:47,025
POWERFUL, AND THAT THERE'S BEEN

3280
01:43:47,025 --> 01:43:48,193
LOTS OF CONVERSATIONS

3281
01:43:48,193 --> 01:43:51,597
POTENTIALLY ABOUT THE AMYGDALA

3282
01:43:51,597 --> 01:43:56,835
OR THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

3283
01:43:56,835 --> 01:43:58,103
OR SORT OF REGIONS IN ISOLATION

3284
01:43:58,103 --> 01:43:59,471
BUT THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF SORT

3285
01:43:59,471 --> 01:44:01,640
OF EXPANSION IN OUR THINKING

3286
01:44:01,640 --> 01:44:03,308
HERE SORT OF THE CONSOLATION OF

3287
01:44:03,308 --> 01:44:04,142
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THESE

3288
01:44:04,142 --> 01:44:06,245
REGIONS AND HOW IN THE WOA AND

3289
01:44:06,245 --> 01:44:07,512
SORT OF THE BRAIN IS FUNCTIONING

3290
01:44:07,512 --> 01:44:08,814
IN REALTIME THAT REALLY MATTERS.

3291
01:44:08,814 --> 01:44:10,015
SO I WANT TO TOUCH ON THIS A

3292
01:44:10,015 --> 01:44:11,316
LITTLE BIT WITH ANOTHER STUDY

3293
01:44:11,316 --> 01:44:13,652
THAT I'VE ALSO RECENTLY

3294
01:44:13,652 --> 01:44:15,153
PUBLISHED THAT LOOKED AT ANOTHER

3295
01:44:15,153 --> 01:44:17,189
FORM OF MARGINALIZATION THAT'S

3296
01:44:17,189 --> 01:44:18,857
IMPORTANT AND SOMETHING THAT I

3297
01:44:18,857 --> 01:44:20,692
STRONGLY CONSIDER WHICH IS

3298
01:44:20,692 --> 01:44:21,226
SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION.

3299
01:44:21,226 --> 01:44:22,728
IN THIS STUDY, I WAS REALLY

3300
01:44:22,728 --> 01:44:25,664
INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT OTHER

3301
01:44:25,664 --> 01:44:31,536
FORMS OF MEASURING NETWORK

3302
01:44:31,536 --> 01:44:32,070
COMMUNICATION.

3303
01:44:32,070 --> 01:44:33,372
SO IN THE PRIOR CITY WHAT I

3304
01:44:33,372 --> 01:44:35,307
REALLY SHOWED YOU WAS THAT WHEN

3305
01:44:35,307 --> 01:44:36,742
ONE REGION IS ACTIVATED THERE'S

3306
01:44:36,742 --> 01:44:37,609
INCREASED ACTIVITY IN OTHER SETS

3307
01:44:37,609 --> 01:44:38,610
OF REGIONS THAT SORT OF

3308
01:44:38,610 --> 01:44:41,046
INFLUENCE ACTIVITY, BUT HERE I

3309
01:44:41,046 --> 01:44:42,614
REALLY WANTED TO LOOK AT SORT OF

3310
01:44:42,614 --> 01:44:44,082
THE INFORMATION FLOW BETWEEN

3311
01:44:44,082 --> 01:44:47,819
REGIONS, SO NOT JUST IF YOU GO

3312
01:44:47,819 --> 01:44:49,621
UP, THIS OTHER REGION GOES UP

3313
01:44:49,621 --> 01:44:50,756
BUT SORT OF HOW IS INFORMATION

3314
01:44:50,756 --> 01:44:51,657
TRAVELING, SO THINKING ABOUT

3315
01:44:51,657 --> 01:44:53,892
LIKE A WIFI NETWORK OR ANY OTHER

3316
01:44:53,892 --> 01:44:57,329
SORT OF LARGER NETWORKS HERE.

3317
01:44:57,329 --> 01:45:03,335
SO THESE ANALYSES USE THEORY

3318
01:45:03,335 --> 01:45:04,469
GRAPH METRICS AND PARTICULARLY

3319
01:45:04,469 --> 01:45:06,271
WAS INTERESTED IN GLOBAL

3320
01:45:06,271 --> 01:45:07,572
EFFICIENCY, A MEASURE OF HOW

3321
01:45:07,572 --> 01:45:08,974
EFFICIENTLY A NETWORK IS WORKING

3322
01:45:08,974 --> 01:45:10,142
OND HOW QUICKLY INFORMATION IS

3323
01:45:10,142 --> 01:45:11,576
PASSING THROUGH THAT NETWORK,

3324
01:45:11,576 --> 01:45:14,313
AND WHAT'S IMPORTANT IN THE

3325
01:45:14,313 --> 01:45:17,683
NETWORK NEURAL SCIENCE

3326
01:45:17,683 --> 01:45:19,484
LITERATURE AND NETWORK ACTUALLY

3327
01:45:19,484 --> 01:45:20,786
SCIENCE IN GENERAL IS

3328
01:45:20,786 --> 01:45:21,586
UNDERSTANDING THAT THERE IS SORT

3329
01:45:21,586 --> 01:45:23,488
OF A NEED TO BALANCE EFFICIENCY

3330
01:45:23,488 --> 01:45:24,056
WITH COSTS.

3331
01:45:24,056 --> 01:45:25,891
SO I THINK IT'S HELPFUL TO HAVE

3332
01:45:25,891 --> 01:45:26,959
THESE DEPICTIONS A LITTLE BIT

3333
01:45:26,959 --> 01:45:28,460
HERE, BUT LET'S SAY THIS IS --

3334
01:45:28,460 --> 01:45:30,595
THESE ARE BRAINS AND THE LITTLE

3335
01:45:30,595 --> 01:45:33,966
RED DOTS ARE NODES OR PARTICULAR

3336
01:45:33,966 --> 01:45:35,267
REGIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN.

3337
01:45:35,267 --> 01:45:40,339
SO WHAT WE SEE HERE ON THE LEFT

3338
01:45:40,339 --> 01:45:41,940
MOST IMAGE, THESE IMAGES WERE

3339
01:45:41,940 --> 01:45:44,309
BASED OFF SOME OF THE BEAUTIFUL

3340
01:45:44,309 --> 01:45:49,348
WORK THAT BULLMORE AND SPORENCE

3341
01:45:49,348 --> 01:45:51,283
HAS PUT TOGETHER.

3342
01:45:51,283 --> 01:45:52,684
SO SHOUT OUT TO THEM.

3343
01:45:52,684 --> 01:45:54,252
SO ON THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT, YOU

3344
01:45:54,252 --> 01:45:55,320
SEE THAT THIS BRAINNET WORK OR

3345
01:45:55,320 --> 01:45:59,658
THIS GRAPH HAS VERY LOWY LOW

3346
01:45:59,658 --> 01:45:59,958
EFFICIENCY.

3347
01:45:59,958 --> 01:46:01,393
SO IN ORDER FOR ME TO GET TO THE

3348
01:46:01,393 --> 01:46:02,861
NODE AT THE VERY FRONT OF THE

3349
01:46:02,861 --> 01:46:05,764
BRAIN TO THE NODE OR RED DOT ALL

3350
01:46:05,764 --> 01:46:07,199
THE WAY AT THE BACK OF THE

3351
01:46:07,199 --> 01:46:08,567
BRAIN, I HAVE TO PASS THROUGH

3352
01:46:08,567 --> 01:46:09,434
EACH INDIVIDUAL PATH THERE,

3353
01:46:09,434 --> 01:46:12,637
WHICH AS YOU CAN IMAGINE IS VERY

3354
01:46:12,637 --> 01:46:14,539
SLOW AND VERY INEFFICIENT.

3355
01:46:14,539 --> 01:46:15,807
VERSUS THE BRAIN HERE ON THE

3356
01:46:15,807 --> 01:46:17,776
RIGHT, IN ORDER FOR ME TO GET TO

3357
01:46:17,776 --> 01:46:18,944
THE NODE AT THE FRONT OF THE

3358
01:46:18,944 --> 01:46:20,245
BRAIN TO THE BACK OF THE BRAIN,

3359
01:46:20,245 --> 01:46:21,446
IT'S A LOT EASIER BECAUSE THERE

3360
01:46:21,446 --> 01:46:24,750
ARE LONGER RANGE CONNECTIONS TO

3361
01:46:24,750 --> 01:46:26,151
MAKE -- TO BE ABLE TO SORT OF

3362
01:46:26,151 --> 01:46:27,119
CUT THROUGH TRAFFIC IN THAT WAY.

3363
01:46:27,119 --> 01:46:30,589
SO I LIKE TO SORT OF THINK OF IT

3364
01:46:30,589 --> 01:46:31,790
AS LOCAL STREETS VERSUS

3365
01:46:31,790 --> 01:46:32,357
HIGHWAYS.

3366
01:46:32,357 --> 01:46:33,458
BUT WHAT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO

3367
01:46:33,458 --> 01:46:35,260
CONSIDER IS THAT IT TAKES --

3368
01:46:35,260 --> 01:46:36,461
IT'S VERY EXPENSIVE ON THE BODY

3369
01:46:36,461 --> 01:46:38,764
TO BE ABLE TO UPHOLD AND SORT OF

3370
01:46:38,764 --> 01:46:41,566
MAMAINTAIN THESE VERY LONG-RANGE

3371
01:46:41,566 --> 01:46:41,867
CONNECTIONS.

3372
01:46:41,867 --> 01:46:45,103
WE NEED MORE RESOURCES, MORE

3373
01:46:45,103 --> 01:46:47,305
GAS, IF YOU WILL, IN ORDER TO

3374
01:46:47,305 --> 01:46:49,408
MAKE THESE LONGER DISTANCES.

3375
01:46:49,408 --> 01:46:50,142
HOPEFULLY THAT MAKES A LITTLE

3376
01:46:50,142 --> 01:46:51,209
BIT OF SENSE HERE, BUT THAT'S

3377
01:46:51,209 --> 01:46:52,577
SORT OF MY THINKING AROUND

3378
01:46:52,577 --> 01:46:53,812
EFFICIENCY.

3379
01:46:53,812 --> 01:46:59,284
SO IN THIS SPOILER HERE, WE HAVE

3380
01:46:59,284 --> 01:47:00,952
SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION ON THE X

3381
01:47:00,952 --> 01:47:02,387
AXIS, AND ON THE Y AXIS, WE HAVE

3382
01:47:02,387 --> 01:47:03,622
THE GLOBAL EFFICIENCY OF THIS

3383
01:47:03,622 --> 01:47:04,022
NETWORK HERE.

3384
01:47:04,022 --> 01:47:07,626
SO WHAT WE SEE IS THAT AT LOWER

3385
01:47:07,626 --> 01:47:09,227
LEVELS OF SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION

3386
01:47:09,227 --> 01:47:11,196
AS MEASURED VIA INCOME AND

3387
01:47:11,196 --> 01:47:12,831
EDUCATION, WE'RE SEEING HIGHER

3388
01:47:12,831 --> 01:47:14,266
LEVELS OF GLOBAL EFFICIENCY, WE

3389
01:47:14,266 --> 01:47:15,534
IS REALLY INTERESTING

3390
01:47:15,534 --> 01:47:17,102
PARTICULARLY IN THE COGNITIVE

3391
01:47:17,102 --> 01:47:18,303
NEUROSCIENCE LITERATURE, BECAUSE

3392
01:47:18,303 --> 01:47:19,838
HIGHER EFFICIENCY IS OFTEN

3393
01:47:19,838 --> 01:47:21,306
RELATED WITH HIGHER

3394
01:47:21,306 --> 01:47:24,743
INTELLIGENCE, AND SORT OF MORE

3395
01:47:24,743 --> 01:47:26,545
SOPHISTICATED COGNITIVE

3396
01:47:26,545 --> 01:47:27,913
PROCESSING, SO THIS POTENTIALLY

3397
01:47:27,913 --> 01:47:29,681
GOES AGAINST OR IS

3398
01:47:29,681 --> 01:47:30,615
COUNTERINTUITIVE OR SOME FOLKS

3399
01:47:30,615 --> 01:47:32,184
ARE LIKE, THAT'S VERY

3400
01:47:32,184 --> 01:47:32,717
COUNTERINTUITIVE.

3401
01:47:32,717 --> 01:47:37,889
BUT IT'S POTENTIALLY NOT,

3402
01:47:37,889 --> 01:47:39,724
BECAUSE, ONE, THIS FINDING

3403
01:47:39,724 --> 01:47:40,358
SUGGESTS THAT THIS INFORMATION

3404
01:47:40,358 --> 01:47:41,593
IS TRAVELING MORE QUICKLY

3405
01:47:41,593 --> 01:47:44,129
THROUGHOUT THIS NETWORK FOR

3406
01:47:44,129 --> 01:47:45,697
THOSE OF LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC

3407
01:47:45,697 --> 01:47:46,465
POSITION, WHICH IS IMPORTANT IF

3408
01:47:46,465 --> 01:47:49,634
YOU ARE CONSTANTLY NEEDING TO

3409
01:47:49,634 --> 01:47:51,303
SURVEY OR SORT OF MAKE SENSE OF

3410
01:47:51,303 --> 01:47:52,204
AMBIGUITY THROUGHOUT YOUR

3411
01:47:52,204 --> 01:47:52,904
ENVIRONMENT.

3412
01:47:52,904 --> 01:47:55,107
SO HAVING A NETWORK THAT IS FAST

3413
01:47:55,107 --> 01:47:57,742
ACTING, QUICK, AND IS ABLE TO

3414
01:47:57,742 --> 01:47:59,377
RESPOND AND MOBILIZE RESOURCES

3415
01:47:59,377 --> 01:48:01,146
FOR THOSE PROCESSES IS REALLY

3416
01:48:01,146 --> 01:48:02,881
GREAT AND IMPORTANT.

3417
01:48:02,881 --> 01:48:06,084
BUT AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, SORT OF

3418
01:48:06,084 --> 01:48:07,953
THE SUSTAINED ACTIVITY OR THE

3419
01:48:07,953 --> 01:48:09,721
SUSTAINED ACTIVATION OF THIS

3420
01:48:09,721 --> 01:48:12,357
HIGH EFFICIENCY COULD BE

3421
01:48:12,357 --> 01:48:13,091
METABOLICALLY COSTLY.

3422
01:48:13,091 --> 01:48:14,526
NOW, ALL OF THESE SORT OF IDEAS

3423
01:48:14,526 --> 01:48:17,095
ARE SORT OF THE TRAJECTORY IN

3424
01:48:17,095 --> 01:48:19,231
WHERE I HOPE TO GO WITH MY

3425
01:48:19,231 --> 01:48:20,632
RESEARCH AND BEING TO REALLY BE

3426
01:48:20,632 --> 01:48:23,301
ABLE TO PROBE SORT OF THE ENERGY

3427
01:48:23,301 --> 01:48:23,602
UTILIZATION.

3428
01:48:23,602 --> 01:48:25,237
THERE IS SOME WORK THAT I'VE

3429
01:48:25,237 --> 01:48:26,371
PUBLISHED ALSO THAT'S LOOKED AT

3430
01:48:26,371 --> 01:48:27,706
REGIONS WITHIN THIS NETWORK AND

3431
01:48:27,706 --> 01:48:28,807
HOW IT RELATES TO INFLAMMATION

3432
01:48:28,807 --> 01:48:31,910
AND HOW THAT'S ALSO RELATED TO

3433
01:48:31,910 --> 01:48:36,915
CHANGES AS WELL.

3434
01:48:36,915 --> 01:48:39,284
SO GENERALLY WE'RE SEEING

3435
01:48:39,284 --> 01:48:40,285
THERE'S NEURAL SENSITIVITY TO

3436
01:48:40,285 --> 01:48:41,720
AFFECTIVE CUES BASED OFF OF SORT

3437
01:48:41,720 --> 01:48:43,788
OF PEOPLE'S PRIOR EXPERIENCES,

3438
01:48:43,788 --> 01:48:45,357
THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THEY'VE

3439
01:48:45,357 --> 01:48:47,058
GROWN UP, AND THAT THAT COULD

3440
01:48:47,058 --> 01:48:49,494
POTENTIALLY BE METABOLICALLY

3441
01:48:49,494 --> 01:48:51,296
COSTLY SO WE NEED SOME WORK TO

3442
01:48:51,296 --> 01:48:54,733
BE ABLE TO EXPLORE THESE

3443
01:48:54,733 --> 01:48:55,233
QUESTIONS.

3444
01:48:55,233 --> 01:48:56,701
AND JUST TO BRIEFLY WRAP UP

3445
01:48:56,701 --> 01:48:57,769
HERE, I JUST WANTED TO GIVE YOU

3446
01:48:57,769 --> 01:49:03,041
SOME SORT OF OVERALL CONCLUS 

3447
01:49:03,041 --> 01:49:03,675
CONCLUSIONS, RIGHT?

3448
01:49:03,675 --> 01:49:05,143
SO OKAY, GREAT, WHAT DO WE DO

3449
01:49:05,143 --> 01:49:06,344
WITH THIS?

3450
01:49:06,344 --> 01:49:07,679
SO I WANT TO SORT OF COMMENT

3451
01:49:07,679 --> 01:49:12,083
THAT BY SETTI STUDYING THE BRAIE

3452
01:49:12,083 --> 01:49:14,553
CAN START TO TEASE APART AND

3453
01:49:14,553 --> 01:49:15,720
UNDERSTAND HOW THESE SOCIAL

3454
01:49:15,720 --> 01:49:17,189
FACTORS CAN BE CONTRIBUTING TO

3455
01:49:17,189 --> 01:49:18,590
HEALTH INEQUITIES AND HOW IN THE

3456
01:49:18,590 --> 01:49:19,891
MOMENT PROCESSES MIGHT BE

3457
01:49:19,891 --> 01:49:21,526
AFFECTING PHYSIOLOGICAL

3458
01:49:21,526 --> 01:49:22,160
PROCESSES, AND THEN ALSO

3459
01:49:22,160 --> 01:49:22,961
PROVIDING -- THIS IS SORT OF

3460
01:49:22,961 --> 01:49:24,796
WHAT I JUST SAID IN TERMS OF

3461
01:49:24,796 --> 01:49:28,533
THAT STUDYING WITH AN AFFECTIVE

3462
01:49:28,533 --> 01:49:30,235
CONTEXT IS REALLY IMPORTANT IN

3463
01:49:30,235 --> 01:49:31,570
SORT OF EXTENDING BEYOND JUST

3464
01:49:31,570 --> 01:49:32,771
BASELINE LEVELS OF BRAIN

3465
01:49:32,771 --> 01:49:33,305
ACTIVITY.

3466
01:49:33,305 --> 01:49:34,773
I THINK LOTS OF THE SCIENCE THAT

3467
01:49:34,773 --> 01:49:39,878
WE HAVE HAS PROBABLY LOOKED AT

3468
01:49:39,878 --> 01:49:42,581
RESTING SAFE DATA IN WHICH FOLKS

3469
01:49:42,581 --> 01:49:43,949
ARE NOT REALLY DOING ANYTHING IN

3470
01:49:43,949 --> 01:49:45,517
THE SCANNER BUT THE AMOUNT OF

3471
01:49:45,517 --> 01:49:46,551
VARIABILITY THAT'S HAPPENING IN

3472
01:49:46,551 --> 01:49:48,453
THE SCANNER DURING THAT TIME, IT

3473
01:49:48,453 --> 01:49:49,821
MAKES IT MORE DIFFICULT TO DRAW

3474
01:49:49,821 --> 01:49:51,856
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT SORT OF

3475
01:49:51,856 --> 01:49:52,824
RELEVANT PROCESSES THAT COULD BE

3476
01:49:52,824 --> 01:49:57,963
AFFECTING US IN OUR DAY TO DAY.

3477
01:49:57,963 --> 01:49:59,731
AND I'M EXCITED TO BE ABLE TO

3478
01:49:59,731 --> 01:50:01,233
ESTABLISH THAT THE SYSTEM IS

3479
01:50:01,233 --> 01:50:03,068
ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL

3480
01:50:03,068 --> 01:50:06,171
EXPERIENCES AND PRIOR WORK WITH

3481
01:50:06,171 --> 01:50:06,905
INFLAMMATION, AND REALLY

3482
01:50:06,905 --> 01:50:07,806
THINKING ABOUT THE COMMUNICATION

3483
01:50:07,806 --> 01:50:09,241
BETWEEN NETWORKS I THINK IS A

3484
01:50:09,241 --> 01:50:10,075
REALLY IMPORTANT NEXT STEP FOR

3485
01:50:10,075 --> 01:50:11,543
THIS AREA OF RESEARCH, AND

3486
01:50:11,543 --> 01:50:13,578
REALLY THINKING ABOUT NOT JUST

3487
01:50:13,578 --> 01:50:15,880
THESE REGIONS MATTER, BUT HOW IS

3488
01:50:15,880 --> 01:50:17,816
IT THAT THE COMMUNICATION AND IN

3489
01:50:17,816 --> 01:50:19,451
WHAT SPACES THESE REGIONS ARE

3490
01:50:19,451 --> 01:50:20,585
ACTIVATING THAT MAY BE REALLY

3491
01:50:20,585 --> 01:50:22,454
IMPORTANT FOR THINKING ABOUT

3492
01:50:22,454 --> 01:50:24,689
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

3493
01:50:24,689 --> 01:50:26,057
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEARING

3494
01:50:26,057 --> 01:50:29,227
WITH ME THROUGH ALL OF THE FUN

3495
01:50:29,227 --> 01:50:30,228
BRAIN DATA THAT I PRESENTED AND

3496
01:50:30,228 --> 01:50:36,434
I ALSO WANT TO THANK MY M

3497
01:50:36,434 --> 01:50:40,505
GRADUATE ADVISER, KEELY

3498
01:50:40,505 --> 01:50:42,007
MUSCATELL AS WELL AS ALL OF THE

3499
01:50:42,007 --> 01:50:43,441
FUNDERS AND GROUPS OF FOLKS WHO

3500
01:50:43,441 --> 01:50:44,276
HAVE SUPPORTED ME THROUGHOUT

3501
01:50:44,276 --> 01:50:44,743
THIS PROCESS.

3502
01:50:44,743 --> 01:50:50,682
[APPLAUSE]

3503
01:50:50,682 --> 01:50:53,351
>> PERFECT, GABBY.

3504
01:50:53,351 --> 01:50:56,288
WHILE ANA GETS SET UP, THEY

3505
01:50:56,288 --> 01:50:57,255
ALREADY -- SPEAKERS ALREADY

3506
01:50:57,255 --> 01:51:01,092
KNOW, BUT I THOUGHT I'LL ADVISE

3507
01:51:01,092 --> 01:51:03,628
YOU THAT THEY HAVE FIRST DIBS ON

3508
01:51:03,628 --> 01:51:04,829
PROVIDING COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS

3509
01:51:04,829 --> 01:51:06,464
TO ONE ANOTHER, AND THEN WE'LL

3510
01:51:06,464 --> 01:51:08,500
TURN IT OVER TO YOU ALL.

3511
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:18,677
THANK YOU.

3512
01:51:36,061 --> 01:51:40,198
>> ALL RIGHT.

3513
01:51:40,198 --> 01:51:40,598
HI, EVERYONE.

3514
01:51:40,598 --> 01:51:44,669
MY NAME IS ANA DIALLO, CURRENTLY

3515
01:51:44,669 --> 01:51:46,705
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT VIRGINIA

3516
01:51:46,705 --> 01:51:47,305
COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL

3517
01:51:47,305 --> 01:51:49,507
OF NURSE, AND IT'S AN HONOR TO

3518
01:51:49,507 --> 01:52:00,051
BE HERE NEXT TO ANOTHER AFER ROW

3519
01:52:00,785 --> 01:52:01,920
AFROLATINA.

3520
01:52:01,920 --> 01:52:02,954
I'M A NURSE, A COMMUNITY HEALTH

3521
01:52:02,954 --> 01:52:04,222
NURSE BUT AT THE SAME TIME ALSO

3522
01:52:04,222 --> 01:52:05,256
A PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCHER AND

3523
01:52:05,256 --> 01:52:07,826
REALLY THESE TWO ARE THE DRIVERS

3524
01:52:07,826 --> 01:52:09,694
OF WHAT I DO, AND I'M VERY

3525
01:52:09,694 --> 01:52:13,631
EXCITED AND HONORED TO BE HERE,

3526
01:52:13,631 --> 01:52:15,600
HEARING ABOUT EXPERTISE IN AN

3527
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:18,436
AREA OF SCIENCE THAT IS NEAR AND

3528
01:52:18,436 --> 01:52:23,241
DEAR TO MY HEART.

3529
01:52:23,241 --> 01:52:25,577
SO I AM GOING TO TALK ABOUT

3530
01:52:25,577 --> 01:52:27,178
TODAY THE USE OF HEALTH EQUITY

3531
01:52:27,178 --> 01:52:29,381
IN INVESTIGATING SOME OF THE

3532
01:52:29,381 --> 01:52:31,316
BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC

3533
01:52:31,316 --> 01:52:36,588
MARKERS THAT ARE INFLUENCING

3534
01:52:36,588 --> 01:52:37,789
METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND

3535
01:52:37,789 --> 01:52:39,758
PRIMARILY I WILL BE LOOKING AT

3536
01:52:39,758 --> 01:52:46,464
DYSLIPIDEMIA.

3537
01:52:46,464 --> 01:52:47,799
SO HEALTH EQUITY IS BASICALLY

3538
01:52:47,799 --> 01:52:49,801
TRYING TO ADDRESS THE

3539
01:52:49,801 --> 01:52:50,735
DIFFERENCES IN -- TRYING TO

3540
01:52:50,735 --> 01:52:53,638
ADDRESS THE BARRIERS THAT ENABLE

3541
01:52:53,638 --> 01:52:55,740
AN INDIVIDUAL TO ACHIEVE THE

3542
01:52:55,740 --> 01:52:57,342
OPTIMAL HEALTH THAT THEY DESERVE

3543
01:52:57,342 --> 01:52:58,343
AS HUMAN BEINGS.

3544
01:52:58,343 --> 01:53:04,482
AND WE ALL KNOW THAT HEALTH

3545
01:53:04,482 --> 01:53:05,750
INEQUITIES AFFECT INDIVIDUALS

3546
01:53:05,750 --> 01:53:08,086
FROM MINORITY GROUPS AT A HIGHER

3547
01:53:08,086 --> 01:53:10,488
RATE AND IT'S PERVASIVE IN OUR

3548
01:53:10,488 --> 01:53:10,955
COMMUNITY.

3549
01:53:10,955 --> 01:53:11,856
SO WHAT WE AT THE SCHOOL OF

3550
01:53:11,856 --> 01:53:13,858
NURSING IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE

3551
01:53:13,858 --> 01:53:14,926
VCU SCHOOL OF PHARMACY IS WE

3552
01:53:14,926 --> 01:53:17,028
CAME TOGETHER AS CLINICIANS AND

3553
01:53:17,028 --> 01:53:18,863
RESEARCHERS, DECIDING TO USE

3554
01:53:18,863 --> 01:53:21,166
HEALTH EQUITY AS A WAY TO

3555
01:53:21,166 --> 01:53:23,268
ADDRESS THOSE HEALTH INEQUITIES

3556
01:53:23,268 --> 01:53:26,171
IN THE COMMUNITY.

3557
01:53:26,171 --> 01:53:29,574
I HAVE BEEN USING THREE AREAS,

3558
01:53:29,574 --> 01:53:30,341
THREE APPROACHES TO REALLY

3559
01:53:30,341 --> 01:53:34,045
ADDRESS THAT, AND ENSURE THAT WE

3560
01:53:34,045 --> 01:53:38,316
ARE LOOKING AT THOSE DRIVERS OF

3561
01:53:38,316 --> 01:53:40,318
HEALTH OUT COME THROUGH THE

3562
01:53:40,318 --> 01:53:41,252
HEALTH EQUITY LENS.

3563
01:53:41,252 --> 01:53:43,388
THESE THREE AREAS ARE LISTED

3564
01:53:43,388 --> 01:53:47,392
HERE, AND FIRST STARTING ABOUT E

3565
01:53:47,392 --> 01:53:48,993
SOCIAL CONTEXT, SOCIAL

3566
01:53:48,993 --> 01:53:50,061
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, ALSO

3567
01:53:50,061 --> 01:53:52,330
LOOKING AT BEHAVIORS AND HOW

3568
01:53:52,330 --> 01:53:53,398
THOSE TWO INTERSECT WITH

3569
01:53:53,398 --> 01:53:54,599
BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS.

3570
01:53:54,599 --> 01:53:57,202
AND AS AGAIN LIKE I SAID, AS A

3571
01:53:57,202 --> 01:53:58,970
NURSE IN THE COMMUNITY, THE

3572
01:53:58,970 --> 01:54:00,839
FIRST THING YOU WANT TO DO IS

3573
01:54:00,839 --> 01:54:02,240
GET TO KNOW THE COMMUNITY.

3574
01:54:02,240 --> 01:54:03,641
AND BY GETTING TO KNOW THE

3575
01:54:03,641 --> 01:54:04,609
COMMUNITY AND BEING THERE, YOU

3576
01:54:04,609 --> 01:54:05,743
BUILD THAT PARTNERSHIP, AND

3577
01:54:05,743 --> 01:54:07,846
THAT'S THE PARTNERSHIP THAT

3578
01:54:07,846 --> 01:54:10,815
LEADS TO TRUST WHICH THEN LEADS

3579
01:54:10,815 --> 01:54:12,283
TO INDIVIDUALS REALLY WANTING TO

3580
01:54:12,283 --> 01:54:14,219
BE PART OF THE RESEARCH.

3581
01:54:14,219 --> 01:54:16,988
AND BY JUST DOING THAT, WE ARE

3582
01:54:16,988 --> 01:54:19,858
ALREADY ADDRESSING AN ASPECT OF

3583
01:54:19,858 --> 01:54:22,594
HEALTH INEQUITY, WHICH IS

3584
01:54:22,594 --> 01:54:23,394
UNDERREPRESENTATION OF MINORITY

3585
01:54:23,394 --> 01:54:24,496
GROUPS IN RESEARCH.

3586
01:54:24,496 --> 01:54:29,634
AND ONCE WE HAVE THEM ENGAGED IN

3587
01:54:29,634 --> 01:54:30,969
RESEARCH, THEN WE ARE ABLE TO

3588
01:54:30,969 --> 01:54:31,803
COLLECT THE DATA, THE

3589
01:54:31,803 --> 01:54:32,904
INFORMATION, THE TRENDS THAT

3590
01:54:32,904 --> 01:54:35,807
WILL LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF

3591
01:54:35,807 --> 01:54:36,708
TAILORED INTERVENTION THAT

3592
01:54:36,708 --> 01:54:38,710
ADDRESS THE NEED OF THOSE

3593
01:54:38,710 --> 01:54:39,010
COMMUNITIES.

3594
01:54:39,010 --> 01:54:40,678
SO THIS IS THE FRAMEWORK WHAT WE

3595
01:54:40,678 --> 01:54:42,680
ARE USING THAT IS GUIDED BY THE

3596
01:54:42,680 --> 01:54:48,553
HEALTH EQUITY LENS.

3597
01:54:48,553 --> 01:54:49,988
SO FIRST IS GETTING TO KNOW THE

3598
01:54:49,988 --> 01:54:50,255
COMMUNITY.

3599
01:54:50,255 --> 01:54:52,257
AS A CLINICIAN IN THE COMMUNITY,

3600
01:54:52,257 --> 01:54:54,292
I HAVE BEEN PRIVILEGED TO BE

3601
01:54:54,292 --> 01:54:55,760
PART OF THE MOBILE HEALTH AND

3602
01:54:55,760 --> 01:54:58,596
WELLNESS PROGRAM, WHICH WAS USED

3603
01:54:58,596 --> 01:55:01,132
TO BE KNOWN AS THE MOBILE -- THE

3604
01:55:01,132 --> 01:55:01,799
RICHMOND HEALTH AND WELLNESS.

3605
01:55:01,799 --> 01:55:04,302
SO THE MOBILE HEALTH AND

3606
01:55:04,302 --> 01:55:05,970
WELLNESS IS A COMMUNITY-BASED

3607
01:55:05,970 --> 01:55:09,574
PROGRAM THAT HAS SERVED FOR THE

3608
01:55:09,574 --> 01:55:10,808
PAST 12 YEARS INDIVIDUALS IN THE

3609
01:55:10,808 --> 01:55:11,075
COMMUNITY.

3610
01:55:11,075 --> 01:55:15,713
WE STARTED BY LOW INCOME

3611
01:55:15,713 --> 01:55:16,915
INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN HIGH RISE

3612
01:55:16,915 --> 01:55:17,982
BUILDINGS AND NOW WE HAVE

3613
01:55:17,982 --> 01:55:20,552
EXTENDED TO OTHER URBAN AREAS

3614
01:55:20,552 --> 01:55:22,987
OUTSIDE OF THE RICHMOND AREA,

3615
01:55:22,987 --> 01:55:24,956
AND ALSO IN THE RURAL AREAS.

3616
01:55:24,956 --> 01:55:27,325
AND MOST OF THE INDIVIDUALS WE

3617
01:55:27,325 --> 01:55:31,930
SERVE ARE PRIMARILY WOMEN, IN

3618
01:55:31,930 --> 01:55:33,965
THEIR LATE '50S/EARLY 60s, AND

3619
01:55:33,965 --> 01:55:38,870
LOW INCOME INDIVIDUALS WHO

3620
01:55:38,870 --> 01:55:41,072
REALLY FACED CHALLENGES MANAGING

3621
01:55:41,072 --> 01:55:42,140
THEIR CHRONIC DISEASES BECAUSE

3622
01:55:42,140 --> 01:55:43,274
THEY HAVE MORE THAN ONE FOR MOST

3623
01:55:43,274 --> 01:55:44,042
OF THE PART.

3624
01:55:44,042 --> 01:55:45,777
AND USUALLY IT'S A COMBINATION

3625
01:55:45,777 --> 01:55:48,713
OF HYPERTENSION, TYPE

3626
01:55:48,713 --> 01:55:52,317
2 DIABETES, AND EVEN MENTAL

3627
01:55:52,317 --> 01:55:53,851
HEALTH OR PULMONARY DISEASES.

3628
01:55:53,851 --> 01:55:56,654
ON AVERAGE, AND IT'S UNFORTUNATE

3629
01:55:56,654 --> 01:55:57,589
THIS ALWAYS BREAKS MY HEART TO

3630
01:55:57,589 --> 01:55:59,223
SAY THAT MOST OF THESE

3631
01:55:59,223 --> 01:56:01,960
INDIVIDUALS HAVE TO MANAGE MORE

3632
01:56:01,960 --> 01:56:03,661
THAN 11 MEDICATIONS PER DAY.

3633
01:56:03,661 --> 01:56:09,901
EVERY DAY.

3634
01:56:09,901 --> 01:56:10,935
SO WHEN SERVING THESE

3635
01:56:10,935 --> 01:56:11,569
INDIVIDUALS, ONE OF THE THINGS

3636
01:56:11,569 --> 01:56:13,137
THAT WE NOTICE IS THAT FOOD

3637
01:56:13,137 --> 01:56:15,206
INSECURITY OR THE ABILITY TO

3638
01:56:15,206 --> 01:56:17,408
ACCESS HEALTHY FOOD AND CONSUME

3639
01:56:17,408 --> 01:56:18,576
IT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS COMING

3640
01:56:18,576 --> 01:56:23,448
ALL THE TIME WHEN W WE WERE THEE

3641
01:56:23,448 --> 01:56:25,817
BECAUSE WE SERVE THEM WEEKLY AT

3642
01:56:25,817 --> 01:56:27,485
THESE SITES.

3643
01:56:27,485 --> 01:56:29,087
SO I'M ALWAYS WITH NURSING

3644
01:56:29,087 --> 01:56:30,421
STUDENTS, PHARMACY STUDENTS AND

3645
01:56:30,421 --> 01:56:31,723
SOMETIMES EVEN LAW STUDENTS.

3646
01:56:31,723 --> 01:56:34,192
AND WHAT WE NOTICE IS THAT WHEN

3647
01:56:34,192 --> 01:56:35,994
THESE INDIVIDUALS WERE COMING,

3648
01:56:35,994 --> 01:56:38,663
WTHEY DIDN'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT

3649
01:56:38,663 --> 01:56:39,597
THEIR HYPERTENSION AND HOW THEY

3650
01:56:39,597 --> 01:56:40,999
WERE DEALING WITH THEIR

3651
01:56:40,999 --> 01:56:41,299
MEDICATION.

3652
01:56:41,299 --> 01:56:42,500
THEY WANTED US TO HELP THEM,

3653
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:43,835
BECAUSE WE DO CARE COORDINATION,

3654
01:56:43,835 --> 01:56:46,070
WHICH IS CONNECTING THEM WITH

3655
01:56:46,070 --> 01:56:46,838
RESOURCES IN THE COMMUNITY, THEY

3656
01:56:46,838 --> 01:56:48,206
WANTED TO KNOW HOW TO GET ACCESS

3657
01:56:48,206 --> 01:56:49,273
TO FOOD.

3658
01:56:49,273 --> 01:56:51,909
SO WITH THAT, BEFORE EVEN I

3659
01:56:51,909 --> 01:56:53,845
JOINED VCU AND THE MOBILE HEALTH

3660
01:56:53,845 --> 01:56:57,715
AND WELLNESS CLINIC, WHAT MY

3661
01:56:57,715 --> 01:56:59,350
COLLABORATORS HAVE DONE WAS

3662
01:56:59,350 --> 01:57:00,418
FIRST LET'S GET TO KNOW HOW BAD

3663
01:57:00,418 --> 01:57:01,753
THIS IS.

3664
01:57:01,753 --> 01:57:06,991
SO THEY DID WHAT WE CALL -- THEY

3665
01:57:06,991 --> 01:57:07,892
SCREENED FOR FOOD INSECURITY BUT

3666
01:57:07,892 --> 01:57:10,194
THEY DID IT THE COMMUNITY HELP

3667
01:57:10,194 --> 01:57:12,797
WAY, WHICH INTRINGING FOOD.

3668
01:57:12,797 --> 01:57:13,765
 IS BRINGING FOOD.

3669
01:57:13,765 --> 01:57:15,366
SO WE BROUGHT FOOD TO THESE

3670
01:57:15,366 --> 01:57:16,834
COMMUNITY SITES AND WHILE THEY

3671
01:57:16,834 --> 01:57:18,136
WERE ENGAGING IN SOCIALIZATION

3672
01:57:18,136 --> 01:57:19,604
AND ALL THAT WE SCREENED FOR

3673
01:57:19,604 --> 01:57:20,138
FOOD INSECURITY.

3674
01:57:20,138 --> 01:57:21,673
SO THAT'S WHERE THE HEALTHY MEAL

3675
01:57:21,673 --> 01:57:23,808
PROGRAM STARTED, THIS PROGRAM

3676
01:57:23,808 --> 01:57:25,643
THAT WAS RUN BETWEEN 2018 --

3677
01:57:25,643 --> 01:57:28,880
2016 TO 2019, WHERE INDIVIDUALS

3678
01:57:28,880 --> 01:57:30,748
WERE SCREENED FOR FOOD

3679
01:57:30,748 --> 01:57:32,617
INSECURITY AND SOCIAL ISOLATION,

3680
01:57:32,617 --> 01:57:36,454
AND OUT OF 790 PARTICIPANTS

3681
01:57:36,454 --> 01:57:41,359
WOULD WERE SCREENED FOR FOOD

3682
01:57:41,359 --> 01:57:42,260
INSECURITY, 782, TWO WERE

3683
01:57:42,260 --> 01:57:43,661
SCREENED FOR FOOD INSECURITY,

3684
01:57:43,661 --> 01:57:45,096
LESS THAN ONE-THIRD OF THESE

3685
01:57:45,096 --> 01:57:46,931
INDIVIDUALS WERE FOOD-INSECURE.

3686
01:57:46,931 --> 01:57:47,965
AND OUT OF THESE INDIVIDUALS,

3687
01:57:47,965 --> 01:57:49,667
WHAT WE DID WAS THEN CONNECTING

3688
01:57:49,667 --> 01:57:51,736
THEM WITH RESOURCES, SO THE

3689
01:57:51,736 --> 01:57:54,972
FIRST THING WAS HELPING THEM GET

3690
01:57:54,972 --> 01:57:57,275
SOME SNAP BENEFITS AND ANY OTHER

3691
01:57:57,275 --> 01:57:58,409
FEDERALLY FUNDED RESOURCES THAT

3692
01:57:58,409 --> 01:58:01,446
CAN HELP FACILITATE DELIVERY OF

3693
01:58:01,446 --> 01:58:03,214
FOOD, ACCESSING FOOD, AND THEN

3694
01:58:03,214 --> 01:58:05,049
THE REST OF THE INDIVIDUALS WERE

3695
01:58:05,049 --> 01:58:10,288
ALSO REFERRED TO TO LOCAL PANTRS

3696
01:58:10,288 --> 01:58:11,556
FOR EMERGENCY ACCESS TO FOOD

3697
01:58:11,556 --> 01:58:11,789
SOURCES.

3698
01:58:11,789 --> 01:58:13,458
AND THEN THE THIRD ONE, WHICH

3699
01:58:13,458 --> 01:58:14,692
WAS A BEAUTIFUL PARTNERSHIP THAT

3700
01:58:14,692 --> 01:58:19,797
WE HAD BUILT WITH  A FARM-BASED

3701
01:58:19,797 --> 01:58:22,100
ORGANIZATION LOCAL TO RICHMOND

3702
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:23,768
CITY, FARMERS WERE COMING TO OUR

3703
01:58:23,768 --> 01:58:26,270
SITE AND OFFERING FRESH PRODUCES

3704
01:58:26,270 --> 01:58:28,673
TO OUR INDIVIDUALS AT DISCOUNTED

3705
01:58:28,673 --> 01:58:29,173
PRICE.

3706
01:58:29,173 --> 01:58:30,875
SO FOR 1 TO $3, THESE

3707
01:58:30,875 --> 01:58:32,009
INDIVIDUALS WERE RECEIVING A

3708
01:58:32,009 --> 01:58:36,881
HUGE BAG OF KALE AND OTHER

3709
01:58:36,881 --> 01:58:37,215
PRODUCES.

3710
01:58:37,215 --> 01:58:39,383
SO THAT HAD BEEN GOING ON UNTIL

3711
01:58:39,383 --> 01:58:40,651
2019, AND WE PUBLISHED ABOUT

3712
01:58:40,651 --> 01:58:41,719
THESE STUDIES.

3713
01:58:41,719 --> 01:58:43,921
BUT THEN THIS GOT ME THINKING,

3714
01:58:43,921 --> 01:58:48,059
IF OLDER ADULTS IN THIS -- IN

3715
01:58:48,059 --> 01:58:49,560
THESE BUILDING SITES ARE FACING

3716
01:58:49,560 --> 01:58:50,928
FOOD INSECURITY, WHAT ABOUT THE

3717
01:58:50,928 --> 01:58:52,029
REST OF THE COMMUNITY?

3718
01:58:52,029 --> 01:58:55,666
WHAT'S GOING ON THERE?

3719
01:58:55,666 --> 01:58:57,268
SO I RECEIVED FUNDING TO SCREEN

3720
01:58:57,268 --> 01:58:59,670
FOR FOOD INSECURITY IN THE

3721
01:58:59,670 --> 01:59:05,376
COMMUNITY SURROUNDING THIS

3722
01:59:05,376 --> 01:59:06,310
BUILDING, AND THROUGH TWO

3723
01:59:06,310 --> 01:59:07,779
FUNDING SOURCES, I WAS ABLE TO

3724
01:59:07,779 --> 01:59:10,114
IDENTIFY THAT FOOD INSECURITY

3725
01:59:10,114 --> 01:59:11,048
WAS PREVALENT.

3726
01:59:11,048 --> 01:59:12,583
AND WE ALSO MEASURED FOR OTHER

3727
01:59:12,583 --> 01:59:15,153
SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH

3728
01:59:15,153 --> 01:59:20,691
INCLUDING DISCRIMINATION AND

3729
01:59:20,691 --> 01:59:21,659
TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER

3730
01:59:21,659 --> 01:59:23,060
MEASURES, BUT WITH THAT SPECIFIC

3731
01:59:23,060 --> 01:59:24,896
STUDY, FOOD INSECURITY WAS THE

3732
01:59:24,896 --> 01:59:26,030
MAJOR DRIVER OF DIET QUALITY.

3733
01:59:26,030 --> 01:59:27,765
AND AS YOU CAN SEE IN THIS

3734
01:59:27,765 --> 01:59:30,501
TABLE, FOOD INSECURE INDIVIDUALS

3735
01:59:30,501 --> 01:59:36,674
HAVE -- WERE MORE LIKELY TO EAT

3736
01:59:36,674 --> 01:59:38,943
HIGHLY PROCESSED FOOD INCLUDING

3737
01:59:38,943 --> 01:59:39,877
FAST FOOD AND GRAIN.

3738
01:59:39,877 --> 01:59:43,881
MY OTHER STUDY WHICH WAS FUNDED

3739
01:59:43,881 --> 01:59:48,219
BY THE PRIDE CVD THROUGH THE

3740
01:59:48,219 --> 01:59:49,687
NHLBI WAS TRYING TO GATHER

3741
01:59:49,687 --> 01:59:51,622
INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT DRIVE

3742
01:59:51,622 --> 01:59:52,723
FOOD INSECURITY.

3743
01:59:52,723 --> 01:59:55,126
THAT'S WHERE I WAS ABLE TO

3744
01:59:55,126 --> 01:59:58,429
IDENTIFY THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO

3745
01:59:58,429 --> 02:00:01,299
WERE FACING CHALLENGES WITH

3746
02:00:01,299 --> 02:00:02,366
DISTANCE, WHERE THEY WERE LIVING

3747
02:00:02,366 --> 02:00:04,468
WAS FAR AWAY FROM A STORE

3748
02:00:04,468 --> 02:00:06,204
SELLING HEALTHY FOOD,

3749
02:00:06,204 --> 02:00:08,005
TRANSPORTATION AND AFFORDABILITY

3750
02:00:08,005 --> 02:00:11,676
WERE THE MAJOR DRIVER OF THEIR

3751
02:00:11,676 --> 02:00:13,544
LIKELIHOOD OF ACCESSING AND

3752
02:00:13,544 --> 02:00:20,284
CONSUMING HEALTHY FOOD.

3753
02:00:20,284 --> 02:00:22,887
THOSE FINDINGS AGAIN IN

3754
02:00:22,887 --> 02:00:25,156
COLLABORATION WITH MY CLINICIAN

3755
02:00:25,156 --> 02:00:25,990
COLLABORATORS WHO WERE STILL IN

3756
02:00:25,990 --> 02:00:27,291
THE COMMUNITY, WE CAME TOGETHER

3757
02:00:27,291 --> 02:00:28,693
AND DEVELOPED THIS INTERVENTION,

3758
02:00:28,693 --> 02:00:29,927
THIS COMMUNITY-BASED

3759
02:00:29,927 --> 02:00:31,395
INTERVENTION IN 2022, STARTING

3760
02:00:31,395 --> 02:00:33,698
IN 2022, WHICH IS THE

3761
02:00:33,698 --> 02:00:34,465
PRESCRIPTION PRODUCE PROGRAM.

3762
02:00:34,465 --> 02:00:36,100
SO FROM THE HEALTHY MEAL PROGRAM

3763
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:39,337
WHERE WE ONLY HAD ABOUT 6% OF

3764
02:00:39,337 --> 02:00:42,006
THE INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE FOOD

3765
02:00:42,006 --> 02:00:43,541
INSECURE INTERESTED IN ACCESSING

3766
02:00:43,541 --> 02:00:45,042
HEALTHY FOOD, THEY WERE

3767
02:00:45,042 --> 02:00:47,979
INTERESTED AND THEY WERE ASKING

3768
02:00:47,979 --> 02:00:48,880
FOR IT, OVER AND OVER.

3769
02:00:48,880 --> 02:00:50,414
I DON'T WANT TO GO TO THE FOOD

3770
02:00:50,414 --> 02:00:51,883
PANTRY, I WANT YOU TO BRING ME

3771
02:00:51,883 --> 02:00:52,183
VEGETABLES.

3772
02:00:52,183 --> 02:00:55,953
SO WITH THAT, WE WERE ABLE TO

3773
02:00:55,953 --> 02:00:59,323
COLLABORATE WITH FUNDERS LOCALLY

3774
02:00:59,323 --> 02:01:04,262
TO HAVE SHALOM FARM COME TO OUR

3775
02:01:04,262 --> 02:01:05,563
SITE, STARTING WITH TWO AND NOW

3776
02:01:05,563 --> 02:01:07,298
IN 2024, WE ARE PLANNING FOR

3777
02:01:07,298 --> 02:01:10,701
FIVE MORE SITES WHERE WE BRING

3778
02:01:10,701 --> 02:01:12,637
EITHER WEEKLY OR BIWEEKLY FOR

3779
02:01:12,637 --> 02:01:15,339
SIX WEEKS OR 12 WEEKS FRESH

3780
02:01:15,339 --> 02:01:16,507
PRODUCE, AND THE FUNDING IS

3781
02:01:16,507 --> 02:01:19,110
COVERING FOR THE VEGETABLE BAG

3782
02:01:19,110 --> 02:01:21,012
SO WE ARE SUPPORTING LOCAL

3783
02:01:21,012 --> 02:01:22,647
ORGANIZATIONS, BUT THEN WE'RE

3784
02:01:22,647 --> 02:01:25,082
ALSO SUPPORTING INDIVIDUAL EAT

3785
02:01:25,082 --> 02:01:27,051
HEALTHY.

3786
02:01:27,051 --> 02:01:28,352
SO OVER THE THREE YEARS STARTING

3787
02:01:28,352 --> 02:01:33,124
IN 2022 TO NOW, THE EVALUATION

3788
02:01:33,124 --> 02:01:34,458
OF THE PRESCRIPTION PRODUCE

3789
02:01:34,458 --> 02:01:37,228
PROGRAM HAS CONSISTENTLY SHOWN

3790
02:01:37,228 --> 02:01:38,429
THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE

3791
02:01:38,429 --> 02:01:42,166
PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAM HAD

3792
02:01:42,166 --> 02:01:44,936
A DECREASED FOOD INSECURITY

3793
02:01:44,936 --> 02:01:47,371
SCORE, THEY WERE MORE LIKELY TO

3794
02:01:47,371 --> 02:01:48,940
INCREASE THEIR FRUITS AND

3795
02:01:48,940 --> 02:01:52,476
VEGETABLE INTAKE, AND WE ALSO

3796
02:01:52,476 --> 02:01:55,479
SAW CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN --

3797
02:01:55,479 --> 02:01:57,048
DECREASE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE.

3798
02:01:57,048 --> 02:01:58,849
AND THIS WAS EXCITING FOR US

3799
02:01:58,849 --> 02:01:59,717
CLINICIANS, BECAUSE WE WERE

3800
02:01:59,717 --> 02:02:04,522
LIKE, OKAY, WHEN YOU SEE THAT IN

3801
02:02:04,522 --> 02:02:06,257
A MATTER OF SIX WEEKS OR 12

3802
02:02:06,257 --> 02:02:08,159
WEEKS, JUST BY GIVING ONE

3803
02:02:08,159 --> 02:02:09,727
VEGETABLE -- ONE BAG OF

3804
02:02:09,727 --> 02:02:14,265
VEGETABLE, WE WERE ABLE TO SEE A

3805
02:02:14,265 --> 02:02:15,700
15-POINT DECREASE IN THE BLOOD

3806
02:02:15,700 --> 02:02:16,901
GLUCOSE LEVEL, THAT'S EXCITING.

3807
02:02:16,901 --> 02:02:18,469
THAT'S SOMETHING TO CELEBRATE.

3808
02:02:18,469 --> 02:02:22,707
BUT THAT' AS A RESEARCHER THAT'O

3809
02:02:22,707 --> 02:02:24,141
SOMETHING TO DIG INTO.

3810
02:02:24,141 --> 02:02:25,776
SO REALLY WHAT HAVE BEEN LESSONS

3811
02:02:25,776 --> 02:02:27,211
LEARNED FROM THIS?

3812
02:02:27,211 --> 02:02:28,546
BECAUSE BEFORE EVEN DIGGING INTO

3813
02:02:28,546 --> 02:02:30,314
THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY, WE HAVE

3814
02:02:30,314 --> 02:02:31,315
TO UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNITY,

3815
02:02:31,315 --> 02:02:31,615
RIGHT?

3816
02:02:31,615 --> 02:02:35,653
THIS IS THE FIRST STEP IN THIS

3817
02:02:35,653 --> 02:02:36,954
HEALTH EQUITY APPROACH THAT WE

3818
02:02:36,954 --> 02:02:38,556
HAVE TO RESEARCH.

3819
02:02:38,556 --> 02:02:43,761
SO THE FIRST LESSON WE LEARNED

3820
02:02:43,761 --> 02:02:45,463
WAS BE OFFERING SERVICES OVER

3821
02:02:45,463 --> 02:02:47,231
TIME FOR THE PAST 12 YEARS,

3822
02:02:47,231 --> 02:02:48,699
THESE INDIVIDUALS SAW US, SAW

3823
02:02:48,699 --> 02:02:52,536
OUR STUDENTS, THESE INDIVIDUALS

3824
02:02:52,536 --> 02:02:54,505
SAW HOW THEM SITTING WITH OUR

3825
02:02:54,505 --> 02:02:55,740
STUDENTS WAS HUMBLING TO THE

3826
02:02:55,740 --> 02:02:56,974
STUDENTS WHO THOUGHT THEY KNEW

3827
02:02:56,974 --> 02:02:57,708
EVERYTHING.

3828
02:02:57,708 --> 02:02:59,877
WE HAD NURSING STUDENTS, WE HAD

3829
02:02:59,877 --> 02:03:01,979
OT, PT, MEDICAL STUDENTS.

3830
02:03:01,979 --> 02:03:03,214
LAW STUDENTS.

3831
02:03:03,214 --> 02:03:06,884
JUST SITTING QUIET AND LISTENING

3832
02:03:06,884 --> 02:03:08,819
TO THEM SAY, NO, NO, NO, I'M NOT

3833
02:03:08,819 --> 02:03:10,955
HERE TO TALK AGAIN ABOUT MY

3834
02:03:10,955 --> 02:03:13,624
STATINS OR MY INSULIN.

3835
02:03:13,624 --> 02:03:15,359
I'M HERE TO TELL YOU THAT I AM

3836
02:03:15,359 --> 02:03:16,160
STRUGGLING TO HAVE FOOD AT THE

3837
02:03:16,160 --> 02:03:16,627
TABLE.

3838
02:03:16,627 --> 02:03:18,195
AND THAT WAS HUMBLING TO THE

3839
02:03:18,195 --> 02:03:18,462
STUDENTS.

3840
02:03:18,462 --> 02:03:20,097
BUT IT WAS ALSO SOMETHING THAT

3841
02:03:20,097 --> 02:03:22,600
LED US TO BUILD TRUST, AND BY

3842
02:03:22,600 --> 02:03:25,636
BUILDING THE TRUST, THEY WERE --

3843
02:03:25,636 --> 02:03:27,972
THESE PARTICIPANTS WERE EXCITED

3844
02:03:27,972 --> 02:03:29,573
TO GET INTO THE RESEARCH,

3845
02:03:29,573 --> 02:03:31,475
BECAUSE WHAT WE WERE DOING WAS

3846
02:03:31,475 --> 02:03:33,344
ALSO GOING BACK TO THE COMMUNITY

3847
02:03:33,344 --> 02:03:34,879
WHENEVER WE HAD THE RESEARCH

3848
02:03:34,879 --> 02:03:35,713
FINDINGS.

3849
02:03:35,713 --> 02:03:38,616
AND WE ARE IN PREPARATION RIGHT

3850
02:03:38,616 --> 02:03:43,721
NOW TO PREPARE THE COMMUNITY,

3851
02:03:43,721 --> 02:03:44,822
THE COMMUNITY EVENT WHERE WE

3852
02:03:44,822 --> 02:03:47,224
WILL BE SHARING THE EVALUATION

3853
02:03:47,224 --> 02:03:49,493
OF OUR PRESCRIPTION PRODUCE

3854
02:03:49,493 --> 02:03:49,960
PROGRAM.

3855
02:03:49,960 --> 02:03:51,562
THE NEXT THING THAT WE LEARN IS

3856
02:03:51,562 --> 02:03:53,097
THAT DIET-RELATED SOCIAL

3857
02:03:53,097 --> 02:03:54,632
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH INCLUDE

3858
02:03:54,632 --> 02:03:56,600
FOOD INSECURITY AND PRIMARILY

3859
02:03:56,600 --> 02:04:00,538
FOOD INSECURITY, AFFORDABILITY.

3860
02:04:00,538 --> 02:04:01,739
EVERYBODY HERE MIGHT KNOW ABOUT

3861
02:04:01,739 --> 02:04:03,307
SOMEONE STRUGGLING RIGHT NOW,

3862
02:04:03,307 --> 02:04:05,142
ESPECIALLY RIGHT NOW AFTER THE

3863
02:04:05,142 --> 02:04:09,880
INFLATION AND THE COVID ERA

3864
02:04:09,880 --> 02:04:11,482
POLICIES THAT WERE FACILITATING

3865
02:04:11,482 --> 02:04:14,018
ACCESS TO MORE FRUITS AND

3866
02:04:14,018 --> 02:04:15,019
VEGETABLE, HOW THEY'RE

3867
02:04:15,019 --> 02:04:17,588
STRUGGLING TO MAINTAIN A HEALTHY

3868
02:04:17,588 --> 02:04:19,156
LIFESTYLE BY ACCESSING HEALTHY

3869
02:04:19,156 --> 02:04:19,924
FOOD.

3870
02:04:19,924 --> 02:04:21,959
AND THEN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT,

3871
02:04:21,959 --> 02:04:24,662
WHERE ALL MAJOR FACTORS DEFINING

3872
02:04:24,662 --> 02:04:29,900
DIET QUALITY.

3873
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:33,137
THEN WHAT WE HAVE ALSO LEARNED,

3874
02:04:33,137 --> 02:04:34,638
BY FACILITATING ACCESS AND

3875
02:04:34,638 --> 02:04:36,974
CONSUMPTION TO HEALTHY FOOD, WE

3876
02:04:36,974 --> 02:04:38,476
SAUDI CREASED FOOD INSECURITY

3877
02:04:38,476 --> 02:04:41,979
AND IMPROVE DIET QUALITY AND WE

3878
02:04:41,979 --> 02:04:44,148
SAUDI CREASING BLOOD SUGAR.

3879
02:04:44,148 --> 02:04:46,250
HOWEVER, THERE'S ALWAYS A BUT

3880
02:04:46,250 --> 02:04:48,452
HERE, WHAT WE WERE NOTICING WHEN

3881
02:04:48,452 --> 02:04:49,787
WE WERE TALKING TO THESE

3882
02:04:49,787 --> 02:04:51,055
INDIVIDUALS, ES PESH LITTLE IN

3883
02:04:51,055 --> 02:04:54,492
OUR FOLLOW-UP AND EVALUATION AT

3884
02:04:54,492 --> 02:04:56,093
EITHER 6, 12 MONTHS AND THE

3885
02:04:56,093 --> 02:04:57,561
3 MONTHS FOLLOW-UP, THEY KNEW

3886
02:04:57,561 --> 02:04:59,630
AND CAN EASILY TELL YOU HOW SALT

3887
02:04:59,630 --> 02:05:01,665
IS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR

3888
02:05:01,665 --> 02:05:03,033
HYPERTENSION, HOW SUGAR IS

3889
02:05:03,033 --> 02:05:04,802
ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR DIABETES,

3890
02:05:04,802 --> 02:05:06,537
BUT THEY WERE STRUGGLING IN KIND

3891
02:05:06,537 --> 02:05:08,639
OF ESTABLISHING THAT

3892
02:05:08,639 --> 02:05:10,174
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTHY

3893
02:05:10,174 --> 02:05:12,243
DIET AND CHOLESTEROL, AND

3894
02:05:12,243 --> 02:05:13,444
ESPECIALLY HOW CHOLESTEROL IS

3895
02:05:13,444 --> 02:05:15,112
PLAYING A ROLE IN THEIR

3896
02:05:15,112 --> 02:05:17,481
CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT.

3897
02:05:17,481 --> 02:05:19,283
AND ALL OF THEM WERE MAINLY

3898
02:05:19,283 --> 02:05:21,218
SAYING -- I SAY ALL OF THEM BUT

3899
02:05:21,218 --> 02:05:23,154
THAT'S NOT A SCIENTIFIC WAY OF

3900
02:05:23,154 --> 02:05:25,523
SAYING IT, BUT A LOT THEM

3901
02:05:25,523 --> 02:05:26,824
REPORTED SAYING, YOU KNOW, IT

3902
02:05:26,824 --> 02:05:28,259
RUNS IN THE FAMILY.

3903
02:05:28,259 --> 02:05:29,760
YOU JUST HAVE TO WATCH WHAT YOU

3904
02:05:29,760 --> 02:05:30,294
EAT.

3905
02:05:30,294 --> 02:05:32,129
AND THAT'S IT.

3906
02:05:32,129 --> 02:05:35,699
  SO THAT REALLY LED ME TO DIG

3907
02:05:35,699 --> 02:05:36,734
DEEPER INTO WHAT WAS GOING ON

3908
02:05:36,734 --> 02:05:37,902
THERE.

3909
02:05:37,902 --> 02:05:44,508
SO WHAT THIS BEAUTIFUL IMAGE BY

3910
02:05:44,508 --> 02:05:47,978
CAAMARIO AND TEAM IS SUMMARIZING

3911
02:05:47,978 --> 02:05:51,549
WHAT I WAS LOOKING FORWARD -- I

3912
02:05:51,549 --> 02:05:54,385
WAS DISCUSSING THE ROLE OF DIET

3913
02:05:54,385 --> 02:05:56,587
IN DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND BIOLOGICAL

3914
02:05:56,587 --> 02:05:58,088
MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH

3915
02:05:58,088 --> 02:06:01,058
DYSLIPIDEMIA.

3916
02:06:01,058 --> 02:06:03,127
IS THAT A HIGH LEVEL OF FOOD

3917
02:06:03,127 --> 02:06:04,995
INSECURITY AND ALSO A HIGH LEVEL

3918
02:06:04,995 --> 02:06:09,600
OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES WERE

3919
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:12,102
ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMPTION OF

3920
02:06:12,102 --> 02:06:13,871
LOWER PRICED FOOD BUT THOSE

3921
02:06:13,871 --> 02:06:16,740
LOWER PRICED FOOD ARE WHAT'S

3922
02:06:16,740 --> 02:06:19,376
HIGH IN CARBOHYDRATES, AND

3923
02:06:19,376 --> 02:06:22,646
ULTRAPROCESSED, WHICH THEN ARE

3924
02:06:22,646 --> 02:06:23,614
ASSOCIATED TO INCREASE IN

3925
02:06:23,614 --> 02:06:25,549
INSULIN AND GLUCOSE, TO A LEVEL

3926
02:06:25,549 --> 02:06:32,323
THAT IS UNHEALTHY.

3927
02:06:32,323 --> 02:06:33,224
SO DYSLIPIDEMIA?

3928
02:06:33,224 --> 02:06:34,525
THE MAJOR DRIVER OF

3929
02:06:34,525 --> 02:06:35,392
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

3930
02:06:35,392 --> 02:06:37,161
ALMOST ONE-THIRD OF U.S. ADULTS

3931
02:06:37,161 --> 02:06:39,563
HAVE DYSLIPIDEMIA.

3932
02:06:39,563 --> 02:06:41,765
AND REALLY WHAT WE CAN SEE IN

3933
02:06:41,765 --> 02:06:44,268
THIS MAP ON YOUR LEFT IS THAT

3934
02:06:44,268 --> 02:06:46,870
INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE MOST

3935
02:06:46,870 --> 02:06:51,475
AFFECTED BY DISLIP D DYSLIPIDEMN

3936
02:06:51,475 --> 02:06:52,576
THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES.

3937
02:06:52,576 --> 02:06:57,147
AND THESE ARE AREAS WHERE,

3938
02:06:57,147 --> 02:07:02,820
AGAIN, INDIVIDUALS HAVE FACED A

3939
02:07:02,820 --> 02:07:04,255
LOT OF RACISM, DISCRIMINATION

3940
02:07:04,255 --> 02:07:05,256
AND MARGINALIZATION.

3941
02:07:05,256 --> 02:07:08,225
AND REALLY FIRST DYSLIPIDEMIA IS

3942
02:07:08,225 --> 02:07:10,661
ELEVATED LIPID LEVEL, SOME LIPID

3943
02:07:10,661 --> 02:07:12,196
LEVEL, SO WE DEFINE IT

3944
02:07:12,196 --> 02:07:13,397
DISORDERED LIPID LEVEL.

3945
02:07:13,397 --> 02:07:17,701
AND WHAT WE WERE ENCOUNTERING IS

3946
02:07:17,701 --> 02:07:21,071
BESIDES THESE DISPARITIES BASED

3947
02:07:21,071 --> 02:07:24,408
ON RACE AND ETHNICITY AND

3948
02:07:24,408 --> 02:07:25,409
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA IS THAT WE

3949
02:07:25,409 --> 02:07:28,345
ALSO NOTICE SOME DIFFERENCES.

3950
02:07:28,345 --> 02:07:29,546
IT WAS REPORTED IN THE

3951
02:07:29,546 --> 02:07:30,347
LITERATURE THAT THESE

3952
02:07:30,347 --> 02:07:32,283
DIFFERENCES WERE ALSO BASED ON

3953
02:07:32,283 --> 02:07:33,851
SEX.

3954
02:07:33,851 --> 02:07:35,486
SO INDIVIDUALS, FEMALE

3955
02:07:35,486 --> 02:07:36,687
PARTICIPANTS, ESPECIALLY FEMALE

3956
02:07:36,687 --> 02:07:39,423
PARTICIPANTS IN MINORITY GROUPS

3957
02:07:39,423 --> 02:07:41,992
INCLUDING BLACK AMERICANS, HAD

3958
02:07:41,992 --> 02:07:44,862
HIGHER TENDENCY TO HAVE

3959
02:07:44,862 --> 02:07:48,365
DYSLIPIDEMIA, BUT ALSO WERE

3960
02:07:48,365 --> 02:07:51,535
CHALLENGED BY MANAGING -- BY

3961
02:07:51,535 --> 02:07:52,469
RECEIVING MANAGEMENT BUT

3962
02:07:52,469 --> 02:07:53,837
RECEIVING TREATMENT FROM THEIR

3963
02:07:53,837 --> 02:07:55,005
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND HITTING

3964
02:07:55,005 --> 02:07:56,940
THE GOALS THAT WE WANT THEM TO

3965
02:07:56,940 --> 02:08:00,744
REACH WHEN THEY HAVE ELEVATED

3966
02:08:00,744 --> 02:08:04,348
CHOLESTEROL.

3967
02:08:04,348 --> 02:08:05,482
SO I WAS FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO

3968
02:08:05,482 --> 02:08:10,220
RECEIVE FUNDING THROUGH THE

3969
02:08:10,220 --> 02:08:12,489
BIRCH K-12 AND THE INSTITUTE OF

3970
02:08:12,489 --> 02:08:14,892
WOMEN'S HEALTH AT VCU SPONSORED

3971
02:08:14,892 --> 02:08:15,993
BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH, THE

3972
02:08:15,993 --> 02:08:17,227
NIH OFFICE OF RESEARCH IN

3973
02:08:17,227 --> 02:08:19,930
WOMEN'S HEALTH.

3974
02:08:19,930 --> 02:08:22,833
AND MY K TELL ALLOW -- REALLY

3975
02:08:22,833 --> 02:08:24,835
ENABLED ME TO HAVE PROTECTED

3976
02:08:24,835 --> 02:08:26,437
TIME TO DIG DEEPER INTO THE ROLE

3977
02:08:26,437 --> 02:08:28,105
OF DIET QUALITY AND SEX

3978
02:08:28,105 --> 02:08:31,141
DIFFERENCES, NOT ONLY IN LIPID

3979
02:08:31,141 --> 02:08:32,810
LEVEL BUT ALSO LIPID PROTEIN

3980
02:08:32,810 --> 02:08:33,477
PARTICLES LEVEL.

3981
02:08:33,477 --> 02:08:35,913
BECAUSE MORE AND MORE EVIDENCE

3982
02:08:35,913 --> 02:08:40,784
ARE COMING UP THAT LOOKING AT

3983
02:08:40,784 --> 02:08:44,254
THE LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

3984
02:08:44,254 --> 02:08:47,524
CHOLESTEROL AND HDL TRIGLYCERIDE

3985
02:08:47,524 --> 02:08:48,525
IS NOT ENOUGH.

3986
02:08:48,525 --> 02:08:53,464
THE SMALL PARTICLE, LDL, SMALL

3987
02:08:53,464 --> 02:08:54,732
LDL LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES ALSO

3988
02:08:54,732 --> 02:08:55,933
KNOWN HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE

3989
02:08:55,933 --> 02:09:00,904
ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR

3990
02:09:00,904 --> 02:09:02,339
EVENTS XZ AND WHILE THE LARGE

3991
02:09:02,339 --> 02:09:04,108
DENSELY POE PROTEIN PARTICLES

3992
02:09:04,108 --> 02:09:08,145
ASSOCIATED MORE WITH THE PRO

3993
02:09:08,145 --> 02:09:09,046
PROTECTED -- INCREASED

3994
02:09:09,046 --> 02:09:10,614
LIKELIHOOD OF HAVING

3995
02:09:10,614 --> 02:09:11,415
CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS.

3996
02:09:11,415 --> 02:09:13,117
SO I USED THE JACKSON HEART

3997
02:09:13,117 --> 02:09:15,219
STUDY, WHICH IS BASED IN

3998
02:09:15,219 --> 02:09:15,886
MISSISSIPPI, RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE

3999
02:09:15,886 --> 02:09:18,255
OF THIS AREA OF THE SOUTHERN

4000
02:09:18,255 --> 02:09:19,957
UNITED STATES, WHERE INDIVIDUALS

4001
02:09:19,957 --> 02:09:21,558
ARE STRUGGLING WITH

4002
02:09:21,558 --> 02:09:23,761
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND

4003
02:09:23,761 --> 02:09:26,597
IT'S LARGE COHORT OF AFRICAN

4004
02:09:26,597 --> 02:09:27,698
AMERICAN INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE

4005
02:09:27,698 --> 02:09:32,436
ENGAGED IN THE RESEARCH AND

4006
02:09:32,436 --> 02:09:33,036
INVESTIGATING CARDIOVASCULAR

4007
02:09:33,036 --> 02:09:34,972
DISEASE AND OTHER RENAL DISEASE,

4008
02:09:34,972 --> 02:09:37,608
HEALTH OUTCOMES SMS .

4009
02:09:37,608 --> 02:09:39,143
SO THESE WERE MY TWO AIMS.

4010
02:09:39,143 --> 02:09:40,377
BASICALLY I WANTED TO SEE

4011
02:09:40,377 --> 02:09:41,378
WHETHER -- IF AND HOW SEX

4012
02:09:41,378 --> 02:09:42,379
DIFFERENCE WAS PLAYING A ROLE IN

4013
02:09:42,379 --> 02:09:44,148
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIET

4014
02:09:44,148 --> 02:09:46,884
QUALITY AND DISL DYSLIPIDEMIA, D

4015
02:09:46,884 --> 02:09:48,752
ALSO EXAMINING HOW THAT WAS

4016
02:09:48,752 --> 02:09:54,258
DEFINED.

4017
02:09:54,258 --> 02:09:56,260
SO THE MAJOR MEASURES OF

4018
02:09:56,260 --> 02:09:57,060
INTEREST WAS DIET QUALITY SCORE

4019
02:09:57,060 --> 02:09:58,962
USING THE DASH SCORE, THE

4020
02:09:58,962 --> 02:10:00,397
DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP

4021
02:10:00,397 --> 02:10:02,566
HYPERTENSION, AND THEN I ALSO

4022
02:10:02,566 --> 02:10:04,201
USED A CARDIOPROTECTIVE SCORE

4023
02:10:04,201 --> 02:10:06,737
WHICH IS A SCORE THAT IS KIND OF

4024
02:10:06,737 --> 02:10:08,138
REFLECTIVE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

4025
02:10:08,138 --> 02:10:09,706
SCORE, AND THE MAIN REASON WHY I

4026
02:10:09,706 --> 02:10:11,308
WAS INTERESTED IN THAT IS

4027
02:10:11,308 --> 02:10:12,676
BECAUSE, AGAIN, AS A PUBLIC

4028
02:10:12,676 --> 02:10:14,344
HEALTH RESEARCHER, I WANTED TO

4029
02:10:14,344 --> 02:10:17,448
THINK ABOUT MY NEXT STEP.

4030
02:10:17,448 --> 02:10:19,349
SO JACKSON HEART WAS MY FIRST

4031
02:10:19,349 --> 02:10:20,617
COHORT, BUT NOT MY ONLY COHORT

4032
02:10:20,617 --> 02:10:22,753
THAT I WAS INTERESTED IN, AND I

4033
02:10:22,753 --> 02:10:25,923
WANTED TO HAVE A MEASURE OF DIET

4034
02:10:25,923 --> 02:10:27,291
QUALITY THAT COULD BE EVEN

4035
02:10:27,291 --> 02:10:29,827
INTERNATIONAL.

4036
02:10:29,827 --> 02:10:32,696
AND THIS PROJECT, PROTECTIVE

4037
02:10:32,696 --> 02:10:34,431
DIET SCORE WAS USED BY

4038
02:10:34,431 --> 02:10:36,200
RESEARCHERS USING THE UK BIOBANK

4039
02:10:36,200 --> 02:10:36,967
DATA.

4040
02:10:36,967 --> 02:10:38,602
SO THESE WERE THE TWO DIET SCORE

4041
02:10:38,602 --> 02:10:40,103
BUT I ALSO LOOKED AT STATIN

4042
02:10:40,103 --> 02:10:42,172
THERAPY, WHICH IS A LIPID

4043
02:10:42,172 --> 02:10:44,641
LOWERING THERAPY THAT HAS BEEN

4044
02:10:44,641 --> 02:10:46,210
SHOWN FOR THE PAST TWO OR THREE

4045
02:10:46,210 --> 02:10:49,213
DECADES ON BEING VERY EFFECTIVE

4046
02:10:49,213 --> 02:10:52,850
IN MANAGING DYSLIPIDEMIA.

4047
02:10:52,850 --> 02:10:54,585
HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS, ESPECIALLY

4048
02:10:54,585 --> 02:10:56,687
BLACK AMERICANS, ARE LESS LIKELY

4049
02:10:56,687 --> 02:10:58,555
TO BE PRESCRIBED STATINS AND

4050
02:10:58,555 --> 02:11:00,791
LESS LIKELY TO ADHERE TO THEIR

4051
02:11:00,791 --> 02:11:03,994
MEDICATION AND LESS LIKELY TO

4052
02:11:03,994 --> 02:11:05,796
OBTAIN OPTIMAL LEVEL OF LIPIDS

4053
02:11:05,796 --> 02:11:07,464
WHILE USING THE STATINS.

4054
02:11:07,464 --> 02:11:12,202
AND THEN I USED THE

4055
02:11:12,202 --> 02:11:13,637
ATP3 GUIDELINE TO DEFINE WHAT

4056
02:11:13,637 --> 02:11:18,242
THE DYSLIPIDEMIA STATUS WAS.

4057
02:11:18,242 --> 02:11:20,244
SO THIS IS OUR BASIC RESULT.

4058
02:11:20,244 --> 02:11:21,812
THAT TITLE SHOULD SAY BASELINE

4059
02:11:21,812 --> 02:11:23,547
CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON SEX.

4060
02:11:23,547 --> 02:11:27,217
SO ON THE TABLE ON YOUR RIGHT,

4061
02:11:27,217 --> 02:11:30,087
WE CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE

4062
02:11:30,087 --> 02:11:33,190
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BASED ON

4063
02:11:33,190 --> 02:11:36,059
SEX IN THIS POPULATION OF A

4064
02:11:36,059 --> 02:11:37,094
LITTLE OVER 5,000 INDIVIDUALS.

4065
02:11:37,094 --> 02:11:40,531
MOST OF THEM WERE IN THEIR UPPER

4066
02:11:40,531 --> 02:11:43,100
50s, WHICH IS MY POPULATION OF

4067
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:43,967
INTEREST, SO THAT WAS

4068
02:11:43,967 --> 02:11:46,570
INTERESTING TO SEE THAT THEY

4069
02:11:46,570 --> 02:11:50,407
WERE ABLE TO RECRUIT INDIVIDUALS

4070
02:11:50,407 --> 02:11:51,909
IN THAT AGE GROUP.

4071
02:11:51,909 --> 02:11:52,843
BUT LET'S LOOK AT THE INCOME

4072
02:11:52,843 --> 02:11:54,711
LEVEL.

4073
02:11:54,711 --> 02:11:58,649
FOR BOTH INCOME -- FOR BOTH

4074
02:11:58,649 --> 02:12:01,385
GROUPS FEMALE AND MALE, THE

4075
02:12:01,385 --> 02:12:03,053
INCOME LEVEL, WAS IN THEIR

4076
02:12:03,053 --> 02:12:04,888
30s, SO LOOKING AT LOW INCOME

4077
02:12:04,888 --> 02:12:08,191
LEVEL, AND INCOME WAS DIFFERENT,

4078
02:12:08,191 --> 02:12:09,459
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN

4079
02:12:09,459 --> 02:12:16,133
FEMALE AND MALE, WITH FEMALE

4080
02:12:16,133 --> 02:12:18,702
ALMOST $2,000 LESS THAN MALE ON

4081
02:12:18,702 --> 02:12:23,273
ANNUAL INCOME.

4082
02:12:23,273 --> 02:12:23,941
OTHER SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES

4083
02:12:23,941 --> 02:12:25,909
WERE NOTED IN THE HEALTHY DIET

4084
02:12:25,909 --> 02:12:28,645
WHICH WAS THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE

4085
02:12:28,645 --> 02:12:30,981
DIET THAT WE DICHOTOMIZED.

4086
02:12:30,981 --> 02:12:33,183
WITH MALE PARTICIPANTS -- FIRST

4087
02:12:33,183 --> 02:12:37,888
OFF, 90%, OVER 90% OF THE SAMPLE

4088
02:12:37,888 --> 02:12:41,825
WERE NOT CONSUMING A HEALTHY

4089
02:12:41,825 --> 02:12:43,760
DIET BASED ON THE

4090
02:12:43,760 --> 02:12:44,227
CARDIOPROTECTIVE DIET.

4091
02:12:44,227 --> 02:12:45,262
THAT WAS A SHOCKER.

4092
02:12:45,262 --> 02:12:47,030
I WOULD EXPECT IT BUT NOT OVER

4093
02:12:47,030 --> 02:12:47,864
90%.

4094
02:12:47,864 --> 02:12:50,667
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE DASH SCORE,

4095
02:12:50,667 --> 02:12:52,102
AND THE DASH SCORE IS THE HIGHER

4096
02:12:52,102 --> 02:12:56,373
THE SCORE, THE BETTER IT IS,

4097
02:12:56,373 --> 02:12:57,808
THESE SCORES WERE LOW, AND AGAIN

4098
02:12:57,808 --> 02:13:00,744
HERE TOO, WE SAW THAT MALE

4099
02:13:00,744 --> 02:13:02,412
PARTICIPANTS TENDED TO HAVE A

4100
02:13:02,412 --> 02:13:03,947
HIGHER AVERAGE DASH SCORE

4101
02:13:03,947 --> 02:13:05,549
COMPARED TO FEMALE.

4102
02:13:05,549 --> 02:13:07,117
THIS, TO ME, WAS VERY

4103
02:13:07,117 --> 02:13:07,618
INTERESTING.

4104
02:13:07,618 --> 02:13:09,620
I MEAN, WHEN I THINK ABOUT MY

4105
02:13:09,620 --> 02:13:11,188
DAD AND MOM, I WOULDN'T EXPECT

4106
02:13:11,188 --> 02:13:14,825
MY MOM TO EAT LESS HEALTHIER

4107
02:13:14,825 --> 02:13:17,094
THAN MY DAD, BUT AGAIN, THIS IS

4108
02:13:17,094 --> 02:13:19,963
WHAT THE DATA SHOWS.

4109
02:13:19,963 --> 02:13:23,700
AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT CARDIAC

4110
02:13:23,700 --> 02:13:26,403
EVENT, MALE PARTICIPANTS TENDED

4111
02:13:26,403 --> 02:13:28,538
TO HAVE A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF

4112
02:13:28,538 --> 02:13:29,106
CARDIAC EVENTS.

4113
02:13:29,106 --> 02:13:30,140
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE

4114
02:13:30,140 --> 02:13:33,310
DISTRIBUTION, BECAUSE AGAIN, THE

4115
02:13:33,310 --> 02:13:36,046
COHORT TENDED TO BE IN THE LOWER

4116
02:13:36,046 --> 02:13:37,447
END -- LOWER ADULT, WE WANTED

4117
02:13:37,447 --> 02:13:38,949
TO -- WE WERE INTERESTED IN

4118
02:13:38,949 --> 02:13:41,785
LOOKING AT THE DISTRIBUTION OF

4119
02:13:41,785 --> 02:13:42,452
CARDIOPROTECTIVE DIET SCORE

4120
02:13:42,452 --> 02:13:43,720
BASED ON AGE, AND WHAT WE WERE

4121
02:13:43,720 --> 02:13:46,256
SEEING IS THE OLDER THE

4122
02:13:46,256 --> 02:13:48,425
INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS WERE,

4123
02:13:48,425 --> 02:13:52,262
THE HEALTHIER THE DIETS WERE.

4124
02:13:52,262 --> 02:13:57,768
SO WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE LIPID

4125
02:13:57,768 --> 02:13:59,603
PROFILE, LIPID PROFILE BASED ON

4126
02:13:59,603 --> 02:14:01,471
SEX, THE WHOLE TABLE IS RED,

4127
02:14:01,471 --> 02:14:02,406
MEANING THAT THERE WERE

4128
02:14:02,406 --> 02:14:04,408
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BASED ON

4129
02:14:04,408 --> 02:14:06,376
SEX, BUT MOST LIPID PROFILES IF

4130
02:14:06,376 --> 02:14:08,578
NOT ALL LIPID PROFILE, BUT I

4131
02:14:08,578 --> 02:14:10,614
WANT YOU TO LOOK AT THE

4132
02:14:10,614 --> 02:14:12,549
DYSLIPIDEMIA LINE, THAT LEFT

4133
02:14:12,549 --> 02:14:14,985
LINE.

4134
02:14:14,985 --> 02:14:16,086
DYSLIPIDEMIA WAS PRESENT ON

4135
02:14:16,086 --> 02:14:19,089
ALMOST 70% OF OUR INDIVIDUAL.

4136
02:14:19,089 --> 02:14:21,124
YET LIPID MEDICATION WERE

4137
02:14:21,124 --> 02:14:24,227
REPORTED BEING TAKEN IN ONLY

4138
02:14:24,227 --> 02:14:26,797
ABOUT 14% OF OUR -- OF THE

4139
02:14:26,797 --> 02:14:27,330
COHORT.

4140
02:14:27,330 --> 02:14:29,399
SO THAT THE DISPARITIES IS

4141
02:14:29,399 --> 02:14:29,766
THERE.

4142
02:14:29,766 --> 02:14:34,004
AND NOW WE CAN SEE IT WITH THIS

4143
02:14:34,004 --> 02:14:36,073
LARGE DATASET.

4144
02:14:36,073 --> 02:14:38,408
SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THE DIET

4145
02:14:38,408 --> 02:14:42,345
SCORE AND DYSLIPIDEMIA

4146
02:14:42,345 --> 02:14:44,748
ASSOCIATION, WE DID A

4147
02:14:44,748 --> 02:14:49,352
GENERALIZED LINEAR MODEL AS

4148
02:14:49,352 --> 02:14:51,288
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.

4149
02:14:51,288 --> 02:14:53,724
AND THE ASSOCIATIONS WERE

4150
02:14:53,724 --> 02:14:54,891
ADJUSTED FOR AGE, EDUCATION

4151
02:14:54,891 --> 02:14:56,226
LEVEL AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND

4152
02:14:56,226 --> 02:14:58,562
WHAT WE CAN SEE IS THE CPD WHICH

4153
02:14:58,562 --> 02:15:00,330
WAS THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE DIET

4154
02:15:00,330 --> 02:15:07,337
WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH

4155
02:15:07,337 --> 02:15:07,704
DYSLIPIDEMIA.

4156
02:15:07,704 --> 02:15:10,207
HOWEVER, IN THE DASH SCORE, DASH

4157
02:15:10,207 --> 02:15:11,942
WAS ASSOCIATED -- THE DASH SCORE

4158
02:15:11,942 --> 02:15:15,312
WAS ASSOCIATED WITH

4159
02:15:15,312 --> 02:15:16,246
DYSLIPIDEMIA, SO THE HEALTHIER

4160
02:15:16,246 --> 02:15:18,582
THE DASH SCORE, THE LESS LIKELY

4161
02:15:18,582 --> 02:15:23,553
YOU HAD DYSLIPIDEMIA, ONLY MALE.

4162
02:15:23,553 --> 02:15:25,555
SO THEN WHAT WE INTENDED TO DO

4163
02:15:25,555 --> 02:15:27,124
WAS, LIKE, WHAT ELSE IS GOING ON

4164
02:15:27,124 --> 02:15:28,925
HERE, AND WE KNOW THAT

4165
02:15:28,925 --> 02:15:30,560
DYSLIPIDEMIA IS HIGHLY

4166
02:15:30,560 --> 02:15:31,261
HERITABLE.

4167
02:15:31,261 --> 02:15:32,329
IT'S GENETIC.

4168
02:15:32,329 --> 02:15:36,333
SO WHAT WE WERE POSITING IS THAT

4169
02:15:36,333 --> 02:15:38,635
IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE

4170
02:15:38,635 --> 02:15:41,772
LITERATURE THAT THE TYPE OF DIET

4171
02:15:41,772 --> 02:15:43,840
QUALITY CONSUMED HAS AN IMPACT

4172
02:15:43,840 --> 02:15:47,511
ON GENE EXPRESSION.

4173
02:15:47,511 --> 02:15:50,680
SO WITH MY MENTOR AT NIH, WE

4174
02:15:50,680 --> 02:15:52,983
INTENDED TO LOOK AT WHAT ARE

4175
02:15:52,983 --> 02:15:55,852
THESE MARKERS, WHAT ARE THESE

4176
02:15:55,852 --> 02:15:59,456
GENES THAT ARE IMPACTED BY LDL

4177
02:15:59,456 --> 02:16:02,225
AND SMALLER LDL, SO THOSE

4178
02:16:02,225 --> 02:16:05,195
LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES AND LARGE

4179
02:16:05,195 --> 02:16:07,497
LDL, AND WHAT ARE THE GENES THAT

4180
02:16:07,497 --> 02:16:09,900
ARE COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH

4181
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:12,369
THESE MEASURES TOGETHER, AND ARE

4182
02:16:12,369 --> 02:16:13,336
THESE -- THIS ASSOCIATION

4183
02:16:13,336 --> 02:16:16,206
BETWEEN LDL AND GENE EXPRESSION

4184
02:16:16,206 --> 02:16:18,375
INFLUENCED BY ANY OF THOSE SMALL

4185
02:16:18,375 --> 02:16:21,511
OR LARGE LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES?

4186
02:16:21,511 --> 02:16:23,547
SO WHAT WE DID WAS USING ONE OF

4187
02:16:23,547 --> 02:16:30,320
THE COHORT THAT THE -- HAD

4188
02:16:30,320 --> 02:16:33,223
ACCESS TO, A LARGE NUMBER, ABOUT

4189
02:16:33,223 --> 02:16:35,859
122 GENES WERE EXPRESSED BY BOTH

4190
02:16:35,859 --> 02:16:39,429
CONCENTRATION OF SMALL LDL AND

4191
02:16:39,429 --> 02:16:41,832
LDL, WHICH IS ESTABLISHED AS THE

4192
02:16:41,832 --> 02:16:45,101
BAD CHOLESTEROL AND WHAT WE SAW

4193
02:16:45,101 --> 02:16:50,207
IS OUT OF THOSE 122, ABOUT A

4194
02:16:50,207 --> 02:16:54,244
LITTLE OVER 40% OF THESE GENES

4195
02:16:54,244 --> 02:16:55,445
BEING EXPRESSED, THEIR

4196
02:16:55,445 --> 02:16:56,913
EXPRESSION WAS INFLUENCED BY

4197
02:16:56,913 --> 02:16:58,014
SMALL LDL.

4198
02:16:58,014 --> 02:17:00,317
SO THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LDL

4199
02:17:00,317 --> 02:17:03,620
AND THESE GENES WAS INFLUENCED

4200
02:17:03,620 --> 02:17:06,389
BY SMALL LDL FOR ABOUT 44% OF

4201
02:17:06,389 --> 02:17:15,899
THE CASES, AND ABOUT 20% --

4202
02:17:15,899 --> 02:17:18,368
28 -- 40% OF THE CASES FOR LARGE

4203
02:17:18,368 --> 02:17:19,336
DENSE LDL.

4204
02:17:19,336 --> 02:17:21,304
AND WHAT WAS VERY SURPRISING TO

4205
02:17:21,304 --> 02:17:23,740
US IS LOOKING AT THE FIGURE ON

4206
02:17:23,740 --> 02:17:27,143
YOUR LEFT, IS THAT THE

4207
02:17:27,143 --> 02:17:31,248
ASSOCIATION WITH LDL WITH

4208
02:17:31,248 --> 02:17:33,183
THOSE -- WITH CERTAIN GENES WERE

4209
02:17:33,183 --> 02:17:36,620
SIGNIFICANTLY INFLAWNSED.

4210
02:17:36,620 --> 02:17:36,987
 INFLAWNSED.

4211
02:17:36,987 --> 02:17:42,325
INFLUENCED.SO IF WE ADDED SMALLL

4212
02:17:42,325 --> 02:17:43,360
PARTICLES FOR EXAMPLE IN THAT

4213
02:17:43,360 --> 02:17:44,961
ASSOCIATION, THERE WAS 95%

4214
02:17:44,961 --> 02:17:46,329
DECREASE EFFECT OF THE GENE

4215
02:17:46,329 --> 02:17:47,097
BEING EXPRESSED.

4216
02:17:47,097 --> 02:17:49,332
SO THAT SAYS A LOT ABOUT THE

4217
02:17:49,332 --> 02:17:52,035
FIELD AND HOW WE CAN REALLY LOOK

4218
02:17:52,035 --> 02:17:56,773
AT THESE INDIVIDUAL GENES AT THE

4219
02:17:56,773 --> 02:17:59,643
MOST SPECIFICALLY  SPECIFIC LEVS

4220
02:17:59,643 --> 02:18:00,810
IS FELLING US SOMETHING ABOUT

4221
02:18:00,810 --> 02:18:03,146
HOW WE ARE EXPOSED TO THE

4222
02:18:03,146 --> 02:18:05,782
ENVIRONMENT WHICH THEN INCREASES

4223
02:18:05,782 --> 02:18:07,784
THE LIKELIHOOD OF HAVING LDL,

4224
02:18:07,784 --> 02:18:10,220
BUT WE MUST LOOK AT OTHER MARCS

4225
02:18:10,220 --> 02:18:12,722
INCLUDING SMALL AND LARGE LDL

4226
02:18:12,722 --> 02:18:13,623
LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES TO REALLY

4227
02:18:13,623 --> 02:18:16,259
HAVE A BETTER PICTURE, MORE

4228
02:18:16,259 --> 02:18:17,260
HOLISTIC PICTURE OF THE

4229
02:18:17,260 --> 02:18:20,563
BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS.

4230
02:18:20,563 --> 02:18:22,632
SO THESE ARE THE GAPS AND NEXT

4231
02:18:22,632 --> 02:18:28,538
STEPS IN MY RESEARCH, WHERE

4232
02:18:28,538 --> 02:18:30,106
REALLY THE PROJECT THAT WE'VE

4233
02:18:30,106 --> 02:18:31,908
WITHIN DOING WITH THE HELP OF MY

4234
02:18:31,908 --> 02:18:36,579
COLLABORATORS AND MENTORS,

4235
02:18:36,579 --> 02:18:37,948
UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS'

4236
02:18:37,948 --> 02:18:39,516
NEEDS, VALUES AND REALITIES IS A

4237
02:18:39,516 --> 02:18:41,851
MUST TO HELP ADDRESS INEQUITIES

4238
02:18:41,851 --> 02:18:47,357
THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RMD.

4239
02:18:47,357 --> 02:18:49,893
WHAT WE ALSO SEE THAT IS VERY

4240
02:18:49,893 --> 02:18:52,495
RELEVANT TO A CLINICIAN IS THAT

4241
02:18:52,495 --> 02:18:55,365
GOING BEYOND LDL, HDL AND TRY

4242
02:18:55,365 --> 02:18:57,534
GLIS ROID AND SO FORTH IS ALSO

4243
02:18:57,534 --> 02:18:59,002
LOOKING AT THOSE LIPOPROTEIN

4244
02:18:59,002 --> 02:19:00,270
PARTICLES AND MORE IS BEING DONE

4245
02:19:00,270 --> 02:19:02,772
THERE WITH THAT.

4246
02:19:02,772 --> 02:19:05,342
WHAT THIS IS TELLING US IS THAT

4247
02:19:05,342 --> 02:19:07,477
WHILE IT IS IMPORTANT TO

4248
02:19:07,477 --> 02:19:09,546
ESTABLISH THOSE BIOLOGICAL

4249
02:19:09,546 --> 02:19:11,014
PATHWAYS, IT IS ALSO VERY

4250
02:19:11,014 --> 02:19:12,482
IMPORTANT TO BE IN THE

4251
02:19:12,482 --> 02:19:15,051
COMMUNITY, AND ADDRESS THOSE

4252
02:19:15,051 --> 02:19:16,052
CHALLENGES BY SOMETIMES LIKE

4253
02:19:16,052 --> 02:19:18,621
WHAT WE ARE DOING, THE

4254
02:19:18,621 --> 02:19:20,390
PRESCRIPTION PRODUCE PROGRAM,

4255
02:19:20,390 --> 02:19:20,991
FACILITATING ACCESS TO HEALTHY

4256
02:19:20,991 --> 02:19:22,359
FOOD.

4257
02:19:22,359 --> 02:19:24,661
AND HOPEFULLY THIS IS SOMETHING

4258
02:19:24,661 --> 02:19:27,163
THAT IS GETTING MORE AND MORE

4259
02:19:27,163 --> 02:19:28,565
TRACTION WITH FOOD AS MEDICINE

4260
02:19:28,565 --> 02:19:29,799
AND THE WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE

4261
02:19:29,799 --> 02:19:32,268
THAT HAPPENED TWO YEARS AGO WITH

4262
02:19:32,268 --> 02:19:33,336
THE PROMOTION OF HEALTHY FOOD.

4263
02:19:33,336 --> 02:19:36,339
SO THIS IS AN EXCITING TIME TO

4264
02:19:36,339 --> 02:19:38,775
BE, AND I HOPE TO SEE THAT IN MY

4265
02:19:38,775 --> 02:19:41,578
LIFETIME, WE'LL BE ABLE TO BRING

4266
02:19:41,578 --> 02:19:42,946
TOGETHER ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO

4267
02:19:42,946 --> 02:19:50,053
INFLUENCE POLICIES IN HEALTHY HG

4268
02:19:50,053 --> 02:19:51,654
INDIVIDUALS ACCESS HEALTHY FOOD

4269
02:19:51,654 --> 02:19:53,523
WHICH WILL LEAD TO HOPEFULLY

4270
02:19:53,523 --> 02:19:55,325
HEALTHY OUTCOMES FOR ALL,

4271
02:19:55,325 --> 02:19:57,293
BECAUSE I DO BELIEVE THAT FOOD

4272
02:19:57,293 --> 02:19:58,294
SECURITY IS A HUMAN RIGHT, AND

4273
02:19:58,294 --> 02:20:00,363
WE ALL DESERVE TO BE EATING

4274
02:20:00,363 --> 02:20:06,169
HEALTHY.

4275
02:20:06,169 --> 02:20:06,536
THANK YOU.

4276
02:20:06,536 --> 02:20:09,105
[APPLAUSE]

4277
02:20:09,105 --> 02:20:10,740
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH, ANA.

4278
02:20:10,740 --> 02:20:12,542
I LEARNED SO MUCH FROM YOU BOTH

4279
02:20:12,542 --> 02:20:13,843
AND LOOK FORWARD TO TALKING WITH

4280
02:20:13,843 --> 02:20:16,379
YOU AFTERWARDS.

4281
02:20:16,379 --> 02:20:17,981
PERHAPS, GABBY, YOU MIGHT START

4282
02:20:17,981 --> 02:20:19,916
WITH COMMENTS, THEN ANA, AND

4283
02:20:19,916 --> 02:20:28,758
THEN WE'LL TURN THINGS OR TO DR.

4284
02:20:28,758 --> 02:20:30,460
>> I JUST WANT TO THANK
YOU FOR

4285
02:20:30,460 --> 02:20:31,694
ALL OF THE WORK THAT YOU'VE BEEN

4286
02:20:31,694 --> 02:20:32,128
DOING.

4287
02:20:32,128 --> 02:20:33,463
I THINK IT WAS REALLY WONDERFUL

4288
02:20:33,463 --> 02:20:34,864
TO SORT OF SEE SORT OF THE

4289
02:20:34,864 --> 02:20:35,999
INTEGRATION OF THE SORT OF

4290
02:20:35,999 --> 02:20:37,067
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND ALSO

4291
02:20:37,067 --> 02:20:39,702
THE INCORPORATION OF BIOLOGICAL

4292
02:20:39,702 --> 02:20:42,772
VARIABLES, AND ALSO THE EXCITING

4293
02:20:42,772 --> 02:20:45,341
SORT OF GENETIC COMPONENT AS

4294
02:20:45,341 --> 02:20:46,743
WELL AND SORT OF GETTING AT THAT

4295
02:20:46,743 --> 02:20:49,145
MECHANISM.

4296
02:20:49,145 --> 02:20:52,082
SO MY COMMENT IS THANK YOU, AND

4297
02:20:52,082 --> 02:20:52,715
REALLY EXCITING TO SEE ALL OF

4298
02:20:52,715 --> 02:20:54,184
THIS WORK BEING DONE.

4299
02:20:54,184 --> 02:20:57,153
I'M ALSO CURIOUS IF THERE

4300
02:20:57,153 --> 02:21:00,090
WERE -- MORE SO FROM LIKE AN

4301
02:21:00,090 --> 02:21:02,358
IMPLEMENTATION AND I'M CURIOUS

4302
02:21:02,358 --> 02:21:03,693
WHAT SOME OF YOUR CHALLENGES

4303
02:21:03,693 --> 02:21:07,530
WERE IN SORT OF BEING ABLE TO

4304
02:21:07,530 --> 02:21:09,699
WORK THROUGH --

4305
02:21:09,699 --> 02:21:11,634
>> SO THANK YOU.

4306
02:21:11,634 --> 02:21:13,269
I ALSO GOT VERY EXCITED ABOUT

4307
02:21:13,269 --> 02:21:15,772
YOUR TALK BECAUSE WHEN YOU

4308
02:21:15,772 --> 02:21:21,711
MENTIONED GLUCOSE AND THE

4309
02:21:21,711 --> 02:21:22,812
GAPS -- I KNOW THE GAPS.

4310
02:21:22,812 --> 02:21:27,884
AND I SEE -- I SEE THE OUTCOMES

4311
02:21:27,884 --> 02:21:29,052
OF -- IT MAKES SENSE, THE WAY

4312
02:21:29,052 --> 02:21:31,020
YOU WERE PRESENTING HOW SOME OF

4313
02:21:31,020 --> 02:21:34,757
YOUR WORK AND HOW IT'S BEING

4314
02:21:34,757 --> 02:21:36,693
DONE IN THE OUT KOMS THAT YOU'RE

4315
02:21:36,693 --> 02:21:37,427
SEEING WERE VERY INTERESTING TO

4316
02:21:37,427 --> 02:21:37,861
ME.

4317
02:21:37,861 --> 02:21:40,163
SO GOING BACK TO YOUR QUESTION

4318
02:21:40,163 --> 02:21:42,398
ABOUT THE CHALLENGES WITH

4319
02:21:42,398 --> 02:21:44,501
IMPLEMENTATION, I HAVE TO SAY

4320
02:21:44,501 --> 02:21:46,136
THAT THE PRIMARY CHALLENGE IS

4321
02:21:46,136 --> 02:21:50,240
FUNDING.

4322
02:21:50,240 --> 02:21:54,377
AND THE MAIN REASON, AGAIN, IS

4323
02:21:54,377 --> 02:21:57,147
BECAUSE COMMUNITY HEALTH WORK IS

4324
02:21:57,147 --> 02:21:58,615
IMPORTANT, IT TAKES TIME TO

4325
02:21:58,615 --> 02:22:02,785
BUILD THE RELATIONSHIP.

4326
02:22:02,785 --> 02:22:05,788
BUT AS ASSISTANT PROFESSORS IN

4327
02:22:05,788 --> 02:22:08,658
THE TENURE TRACK, TIME IS NOT IN

4328
02:22:08,658 --> 02:22:11,761
OUR DN  -- ON OUR SIDE, RIGHT?

4329
02:22:11,761 --> 02:22:14,731
THE CLOCK IS TICKING.

4330
02:22:14,731 --> 02:22:17,000
SO FOR ME, THE CHALLENGE, AND

4331
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:19,669
I'M FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO BE IN AN

4332
02:22:19,669 --> 02:22:21,504
ENVIRONMENT THAT HAS FOSTERED A

4333
02:22:21,504 --> 02:22:27,043
LOT OF SUPPORT TO DO MY WORK,

4334
02:22:27,043 --> 02:22:29,012
ESPECIALLY WITH SMALL GRANTS AND

4335
02:22:29,012 --> 02:22:30,213
INTERNAL FUNDING AND SUPPORT

4336
02:22:30,213 --> 02:22:32,515
FROM MY CHAIR AND OTHERS, BUT I

4337
02:22:32,515 --> 02:22:34,484
SEE THAT -- I SAW HOW IMPORTANT

4338
02:22:34,484 --> 02:22:37,820
IT IS TO HAVE FUNDING.

4339
02:22:37,820 --> 02:22:41,124
BUT REALLY, I PERSONALLY THOUGHT

4340
02:22:41,124 --> 02:22:42,926
THE CHALLENGE WOULD HAVE BEEN IN

4341
02:22:42,926 --> 02:22:44,961
THE COMMUNITY, AND IT WASN'T.

4342
02:22:44,961 --> 02:22:47,063
BECAUSE WHEN THE COMMUNITY SEE

4343
02:22:47,063 --> 02:22:48,264
THAT YOU'RE THERE TO SERVE THEM,

4344
02:22:48,264 --> 02:22:51,901
THAT YOU'RE THERE WITH THEIR

4345
02:22:51,901 --> 02:22:53,770
INTEREST IN MIND, THEN THEY ARE

4346
02:22:53,770 --> 02:22:54,437
SUPPORTIVE OF YOU.

4347
02:22:54,437 --> 02:22:56,973
THEN THEY INQEUR ABOUT YOU.

4348
02:22:56,973 --> 02:22:57,874
 INQUIRE ABOUT YOU.

4349
02:22:57,874 --> 02:22:59,409
SO REALLY IT'S KIND OF BRIDGING

4350
02:22:59,409 --> 02:22:59,842
THIS GAP.

4351
02:22:59,842 --> 02:23:02,745
I WISH I HAD SAID IT IN MY

4352
02:23:02,745 --> 02:23:06,115
ENDING SLIDE, IS THAT MAYBE

4353
02:23:06,115 --> 02:23:07,483
WHAT'S HAPPENING AT THE FUNDING

4354
02:23:07,483 --> 02:23:11,221
AND THE POLICY LEVEL IS NOT

4355
02:23:11,221 --> 02:23:12,355
REALLY MATCHING WITH WHAT THE

4356
02:23:12,355 --> 02:23:13,022
REALITY IS.

4357
02:23:13,022 --> 02:23:16,593
SO FOR EXAMPLE, ONE THOUGHT WE

4358
02:23:16,593 --> 02:23:18,628
IS THAT MAYBE THE

4359
02:23:18,628 --> 02:23:19,896
CARDIOPROTECTIVE DIET MAYBE

4360
02:23:19,896 --> 02:23:20,430
AREN'T REFLECTIVE OF THE

4361
02:23:20,430 --> 02:23:20,663
REALITY.

4362
02:23:20,663 --> 02:23:24,601
I MEAN, WITH $30,000 A YEAR, I

4363
02:23:24,601 --> 02:23:27,370
DO SEE THE STRUGGLE INDIVIDUALS

4364
02:23:27,370 --> 02:23:28,805
MIGHT HAVE TO CONSUME THREE

4365
02:23:28,805 --> 02:23:30,807
SERVINGS OF VEGETABLES AND FRUIT

4366
02:23:30,807 --> 02:23:33,876
AND LESS THAN TWO SERVINGS PER

4367
02:23:33,876 --> 02:23:35,645
WEEK OF PROCESSED MEAT.

4368
02:23:35,645 --> 02:23:37,614
SO THERE IS THIS DISCONNECT AND

4369
02:23:37,614 --> 02:23:39,015
THAT'S WHERE THE CHALLENGE IS.

4370
02:23:39,015 --> 02:23:41,050
THE OTHER CHALLENGE IS WITH

4371
02:23:41,050 --> 02:23:41,784
RESEARCH METHODS.

4372
02:23:41,784 --> 02:23:44,554
SO WE NEED TO DO RANDOMIZED

4373
02:23:44,554 --> 02:23:47,590
CONTROL TRIAL TO ESTABLISH RIGOR

4374
02:23:47,590 --> 02:23:49,459
AND SO ON.

4375
02:23:49,459 --> 02:23:53,463
THAT'S ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE WITH MY

4376
02:23:53,463 --> 02:23:55,565
FRIENDS IN THE COMMUNITY BECAUSE

4377
02:23:55,565 --> 02:23:56,399
THEY ALL TALK.

4378
02:23:56,399 --> 02:24:00,036
WE TALK AND THAT SUPPORT NETWORK

4379
02:24:00,036 --> 02:24:02,972
THAT WAS MENTIONED IN THE EARLY

4380
02:24:02,972 --> 02:24:05,475
PANEL EXISTS.

4381
02:24:05,475 --> 02:24:08,044
SO YOU WILL SEE A LOT OF, HEY,

4382
02:24:08,044 --> 02:24:08,845
DR. DIALLO IS RUNNING THIS

4383
02:24:08,845 --> 02:24:09,112
STUDY.

4384
02:24:09,112 --> 02:24:11,080
WHY DON'T YOU COME DOWNSTAIRS

4385
02:24:11,080 --> 02:24:12,448
AND WE'LL GET IT TOGETHER.

4386
02:24:12,448 --> 02:24:15,285
OH, LET ME CALL MY DAUGHTER,

4387
02:24:15,285 --> 02:24:16,486
BECAUSE NOW YOU'RE INTERESTED IN

4388
02:24:16,486 --> 02:24:18,688
ADULTS.

4389
02:24:18,688 --> 02:24:20,089
SO THE RESEARCH METHOD IN ORDER

4390
02:24:20,089 --> 02:24:21,224
TO ESTABLISH THE EVIDENCE IS

4391
02:24:21,224 --> 02:24:22,425
ALSO THE OTHER CHALLENGE THAT I

4392
02:24:22,425 --> 02:24:24,727
HAVE.

4393
02:24:24,727 --> 02:24:25,962
>> THANKS.

4394
02:24:25,962 --> 02:24:27,030
>> THANK YOU BOTH.

4395
02:24:27,030 --> 02:24:29,132
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEETING

4396
02:24:29,132 --> 02:24:34,270
COMMUNITY NEEDS AND ALSO

4397
02:24:34,270 --> 02:24:39,442
INCLUDING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL, SCIO

4398
02:24:39,442 --> 02:24:41,110
NEURAL IMMUNOLODGE KABUL

4399
02:24:41,110 --> 02:24:50,486
VARIABLES LOGICAL VARIABLESARE N

4400
02:24:50,486 --> 02:24:53,022
BE COLLECTED CON CURRENTLY.

4401
02:24:53,022 --> 02:24:53,323
DR. NORTON.

4402
02:24:53,323 --> 02:24:58,394
>> SO JUST ONE QUESTION.

4403
02:24:58,394 --> 02:24:59,462
SO TALKING ABOUT -- YOU

4404
02:24:59,462 --> 02:25:00,596
MENTIONED THE NEED FOR SUPPORT

4405
02:25:00,596 --> 02:25:02,131
AND THEN THINKING BACK TO LISA'S

4406
02:25:02,131 --> 02:25:03,166
TALK EARLIER THIS MORNING ABOUT

4407
02:25:03,166 --> 02:25:04,701
HOW WE BUILD IN SOCIAL SAFETY

4408
02:25:04,701 --> 02:25:06,402
INTO OUR SYSTEMS.

4409
02:25:06,402 --> 02:25:08,671
YOU KNOW, ONE OF THE WAYS IN

4410
02:25:08,671 --> 02:25:10,740
WHICH WE CAN SUPPORT OUR

4411
02:25:10,740 --> 02:25:12,942
COMMUNITY IS MONEY, WHICH WE

4412
02:25:12,942 --> 02:25:13,376
KNOW.

4413
02:25:13,376 --> 02:25:15,311
BUT I ALSO WONDERED HOW WE COULD

4414
02:25:15,311 --> 02:25:17,914
BUILD IN A LITTLE BIT MORE

4415
02:25:17,914 --> 02:25:20,416
SOCIAL SAFETY FOR OUR

4416
02:25:20,416 --> 02:25:21,351
RESEARCHERS, JUST GETTING BACK

4417
02:25:21,351 --> 02:25:22,819
TO THAT COMMENT, ESPECIALLY OUR

4418
02:25:22,819 --> 02:25:24,754
JUNIOR RESEARCHERS AND MAKING

4419
02:25:24,754 --> 02:25:26,556
SURE WE KNOW NOT ALL MENTORS ARE

4420
02:25:26,556 --> 02:25:28,991
GOOD MENTORS OUT THERE IN THE

4421
02:25:28,991 --> 02:25:29,959
COMMUNITY, BUT IT'S NOT ALWAYS

4422
02:25:29,959 --> 02:25:32,362
SOMETHING WE CAN DIRECTLY

4423
02:25:32,362 --> 02:25:32,995
INFLUENCE.

4424
02:25:32,995 --> 02:25:34,564
OR EVEN SOMETIMES WE MIGHT NOT

4425
02:25:34,564 --> 02:25:36,999
BE AWARE.

4426
02:25:36,999 --> 02:25:38,768
AND SO THINKING ABOUT HOW WE CAN

4427
02:25:38,768 --> 02:25:40,770
BUILD SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR OUR

4428
02:25:40,770 --> 02:25:42,071
YOUNG RESEARCH COMMUNITY, I JUST

4429
02:25:42,071 --> 02:25:43,506
WONDER IF YOU GUYS HAVE ANY

4430
02:25:43,506 --> 02:25:45,842
THOUGHTS ON THAT OR ANY ADVICE

4431
02:25:45,842 --> 02:25:49,946
FOR MYSELF AND MY COLLEAGUES.

4432
02:25:49,946 --> 02:25:53,950
>>

4433
02:25:53,950 --> 02:25:54,217
[LAUGHTER]

4434
02:25:54,217 --> 02:26:01,657
>> UM, WELL, I
TREMENDOUSLY

4435
02:26:01,657 --> 02:26:05,595
BENEFITED FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, THE

4436
02:26:05,595 --> 02:26:09,365
PRIDE CVD, WHICH IS SPONSORED BY

4437
02:26:09,365 --> 02:26:09,665
NHLBI.

4438
02:26:09,665 --> 02:26:11,734
AND IT'S A FELLOWSHIP THAT IS A

4439
02:26:11,734 --> 02:26:14,337
TWO-YEAR FELLOWSHIP WHERE WE ARE

4440
02:26:14,337 --> 02:26:15,638
EXPOSED -- JUNIOR FACULTY ARE

4441
02:26:15,638 --> 02:26:17,540
EXPOSED TO THE LATEST IN

4442
02:26:17,540 --> 02:26:19,575
RESEARCH, BUT NOT ONLY IN

4443
02:26:19,575 --> 02:26:20,243
CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

4444
02:26:20,243 --> 02:26:23,713
DISPARITIES BUT ALSO THE WHOLE

4445
02:26:23,713 --> 02:26:24,580
CONCEPT OF THE SOCIAL

4446
02:26:24,580 --> 02:26:28,317
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH OF THE

4447
02:26:28,317 --> 02:26:30,887
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS WAS LIKE,

4448
02:26:30,887 --> 02:26:32,989
WAIT A MINUTE, YES!

4449
02:26:32,989 --> 02:26:36,325
SO IT HAVING THIS AHA MOMENT

4450
02:26:36,325 --> 02:26:37,460
BECAUSE YOU ARE IN DIRECT

4451
02:26:37,460 --> 02:26:38,795
CONVERSATION -- WELL, IN ZOOM

4452
02:26:38,795 --> 02:26:39,362
CONVERSATION BECAUSE IT WAS

4453
02:26:39,362 --> 02:26:40,696
DURING THE PANDEMIC BUT YOU ARE

4454
02:26:40,696 --> 02:26:41,564
IN CONVERSATION WITH EXPERTS.

4455
02:26:41,564 --> 02:26:44,100
SO IF THERE ARE ANY WAYS TO

4456
02:26:44,100 --> 02:26:47,303
FACILITATE THAT CONNECTION WITH

4457
02:26:47,303 --> 02:26:51,741
EXPERT IN THAT FIELD, FOR MORE

4458
02:26:51,741 --> 02:26:53,910
LONGER PERIOD OF TIME, NOT ONLY

4459
02:26:53,910 --> 02:26:55,378
FOR A CONFERENCE, BUT FOR -- YOU

4460
02:26:55,378 --> 02:26:57,613
KNOW, WE HAD IT FOR TWO WEEKS

4461
02:26:57,613 --> 02:27:00,149
BUT THEN FOR THE TWO YEARS,

4462
02:27:00,149 --> 02:27:01,584
ALMOST EVERY TWO, THREE MONTH,

4463
02:27:01,584 --> 02:27:04,287
WE WERE MEETING, AND THE

4464
02:27:04,287 --> 02:27:05,688
FACULTY, SO THOSE MENTORS AND

4465
02:27:05,688 --> 02:27:08,324
EXPERT WERE IN THE ROOM, IN THE

4466
02:27:08,324 --> 02:27:10,526
ZOOM ROOM, HEARING US, HOW WE

4467
02:27:10,526 --> 02:27:11,894
WERE REPORTING ON THE PILOT

4468
02:27:11,894 --> 02:27:14,030
STUDIES THAT WE WERE DOING, AND

4469
02:27:14,030 --> 02:27:16,732
FACING THE CHALLENGES ESPECIALLY

4470
02:27:16,732 --> 02:27:19,802
DURING COVID WHERE THEY WERE

4471
02:27:19,802 --> 02:27:22,104
GIVING FEEDBACK AND THEY WERE

4472
02:27:22,104 --> 02:27:23,439
REACHING, THEY WERE AVAILABLE,

4473
02:27:23,439 --> 02:27:25,475
SO IT'S FACILITATING THE

4474
02:27:25,475 --> 02:27:29,078
AVAILABILITY OF NIH-FUNDED

4475
02:27:29,078 --> 02:27:33,082
EXPERT TO JUNIOR FACULTY IS -- I

4476
02:27:33,082 --> 02:27:35,084
THINK IS PERSONALLY THE WAY THAT

4477
02:27:35,084 --> 02:27:38,721
I GREW, AND ALSO IF MY K12 IS

4478
02:27:38,721 --> 02:27:42,058
KIND OF THE SAME THING WHERE

4479
02:27:42,058 --> 02:27:43,392
SOMETIMES I CAN'T BELIEVE I'M

4480
02:27:43,392 --> 02:27:47,630
SITTING WITH SUPERSTARS, AND I

4481
02:27:47,630 --> 02:27:50,466
SOMETIMES AM INTIMIDATED OF

4482
02:27:50,466 --> 02:27:53,936
ASKING FOR, YOU KNOW, COMMENTS,

4483
02:27:53,936 --> 02:27:58,641
FOR THEM READING MY PROPOSALS,

4484
02:27:58,641 --> 02:28:00,309
AND THEY NEEDED RESPONSES, I

4485
02:28:00,309 --> 02:28:03,045
HAVE BLOCKED SOMETIMES FOR HOURS

4486
02:28:03,045 --> 02:28:04,347
FOR YOU TO REVIEW YOUR PROPOSAL,

4487
02:28:04,347 --> 02:28:05,815
JUST SEND IT MY WAY.

4488
02:28:05,815 --> 02:28:09,185
SO HAVING THAT CONNECTION AND A

4489
02:28:09,185 --> 02:28:09,952
DIRECT CONNECTION IS KEY.

4490
02:28:09,952 --> 02:28:11,087
AND IF THERE IS ANY WAYS THAT

4491
02:28:11,087 --> 02:28:16,158
YOU CAN FACILITATE THAT, I THINK

4492
02:28:16,158 --> 02:28:17,126
THEY ARE THERE.

4493
02:28:17,126 --> 02:28:19,695
THOSE FUTURE SCIENTISTS FROM

4494
02:28:19,695 --> 02:28:20,630
UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITY GROUPS

4495
02:28:20,630 --> 02:28:21,564
ARE THERE.

4496
02:28:21,564 --> 02:28:23,165
THEY WANT TO BE PART OF THE

4497
02:28:23,165 --> 02:28:24,166
DISCUSSION.

4498
02:28:24,166 --> 02:28:26,002
IT'S JUST REACHING OUT, AND

4499
02:28:26,002 --> 02:28:27,937
BEING ABLE TO FACILITATING THAT

4500
02:28:27,937 --> 02:28:29,939
CONNECTION.

4501
02:28:29,939 --> 02:28:33,509
>> I'LL QUICKLY ANSWER.

4502
02:28:33,509 --> 02:28:37,313
I THINK MAYBE I'LL ANSWER FROM A

4503
02:28:37,313 --> 02:28:38,981
PERSONAL APPROACH.

4504
02:28:38,981 --> 02:28:40,950
ULTIMATELY, I THINK WHAT WOULD

4505
02:28:40,950 --> 02:28:42,818
SORT OF HELP TO FACILITATE MY

4506
02:28:42,818 --> 02:28:45,354
SENSE OF SAFETY IS SORT OF

4507
02:28:45,354 --> 02:28:48,591
HAVING POLICY AND NATIONAL-LEVEL

4508
02:28:48,591 --> 02:28:53,195
POLICY THAT CAN SUPPORT MY

4509
02:28:53,195 --> 02:28:54,330
FAMILY AND MY COMMUNITIES AND

4510
02:28:54,330 --> 02:28:55,865
THE FOLKS THAT I CARE ABOUT.

4511
02:28:55,865 --> 02:28:59,268
I THINK I AS A JUNIOR FACULTY

4512
02:28:59,268 --> 02:29:00,803
SORT OF BEING THE ONE FROM THE

4513
02:29:00,803 --> 02:29:02,572
FAMILY THAT HAS BEEN UPWARD LIMO

4514
02:29:02,572 --> 02:29:08,511
BILE, THERLYMOBILE, THERE HAS BF

4515
02:29:08,511 --> 02:29:11,480
PRESSURE TO FINANCIALLY,

4516
02:29:11,480 --> 02:29:13,282
EMOTIONALLY, INSTITUTIONALLY

4517
02:29:13,282 --> 02:29:14,584
REALLY PRY THAT SUPPORT IN

4518
02:29:14,584 --> 02:29:15,818
ADDITION TO SORT OF THE PRESSURE

4519
02:29:15,818 --> 02:29:17,753
OF THE TENURE TRACK PROCESS AS

4520
02:29:17,753 --> 02:29:18,621
WELL, AND ALSO MY SENSE OF

4521
02:29:18,621 --> 02:29:20,723
TRYING TO ACHIEVE WITHIN THIS

4522
02:29:20,723 --> 02:29:24,660
VERY SHORT TIME WINDOW, SO MY

4523
02:29:24,660 --> 02:29:27,263
DAYS AND MY RESOURCES ARE

4524
02:29:27,263 --> 02:29:28,931
LIMITED.

4525
02:29:28,931 --> 02:29:31,734
I THINK THAT HAVING SORT OF

4526
02:29:31,734 --> 02:29:32,768
SUPPORT BEYOND ME AS A

4527
02:29:32,768 --> 02:29:34,637
RESEARCHER IS PROBABLY THE MOST

4528
02:29:34,637 --> 02:29:36,505
IMPACTFUL FOR HELPING ME TO FEEL

4529
02:29:36,505 --> 02:29:40,042
SAFE WITHIN ACADEMIA.

4530
02:29:40,042 --> 02:29:41,243
PARTICULARLY EVEN THINKING ABOUT

4531
02:29:41,243 --> 02:29:45,247
FUNDING AND POLICY WITHIN THE

4532
02:29:45,247 --> 02:29:46,983
INSTITUTION AS WELL.

4533
02:29:46,983 --> 02:29:48,484
SO I GET THE WHOLE, LIKE, WE

4534
02:29:48,484 --> 02:29:50,219
WANT TO ELIMINATE THESE

4535
02:29:50,219 --> 02:29:52,121
DISPARITIES AND WE WANT TO SHIFT

4536
02:29:52,121 --> 02:29:54,724
POLICIES, BUT ALSO EVEN WITHIN

4537
02:29:54,724 --> 02:29:56,258
SORT OF MY DEPARTMENT AND OUR

4538
02:29:56,258 --> 02:29:59,261
INSTITUTIONS, IT'S ALSO THIS

4539
02:29:59,261 --> 02:30:00,062
SUSTAINED DEMONSTRATED EFFORT

4540
02:30:00,062 --> 02:30:00,997
AND COMMITMENT TO THESE

4541
02:30:00,997 --> 02:30:01,330
APPROACHES.

4542
02:30:01,330 --> 02:30:04,400
I THINK THAT FOLLOWING GEORGE

4543
02:30:04,400 --> 02:30:05,801
FLOYD, THE PANDEMIC, 2020, THERE

4544
02:30:05,801 --> 02:30:08,137
WAS A LOT OF MOBILIZATION FOR

4545
02:30:08,137 --> 02:30:10,706
THESE SORT OF WORKSHOPS AND

4546
02:30:10,706 --> 02:30:15,177
PROGRAMS, AND I THINK A LOT OF

4547
02:30:15,177 --> 02:30:19,181
FOLKS, BOTH ANECDOTALLY AND SORT

4548
02:30:19,181 --> 02:30:20,683
OF -- HAVE SORT OF COMMUNICATED

4549
02:30:20,683 --> 02:30:22,351
THIS SENSE OF UNCERTAINTY ABOUT

4550
02:30:22,351 --> 02:30:26,255
HOW LASTING THIS WILL BE AND HOW

4551
02:30:26,255 --> 02:30:27,990
SORT OF IMPORTANT THIS WORK WILL

4552
02:30:27,990 --> 02:30:29,659
BE, AND THE SENSE OF AMBIGUITY

4553
02:30:29,659 --> 02:30:32,228
AND UNCERTAINTY OF, LIKE, WILL

4554
02:30:32,228 --> 02:30:35,297
THIS END SOON, SORT OF WILL

4555
02:30:35,297 --> 02:30:36,599
PEOPLE GET TIRED OF THESE

4556
02:30:36,599 --> 02:30:37,667
QUESTIONS AND WILL THIS FALL OUT

4557
02:30:37,667 --> 02:30:38,000
OF FAVOR.

4558
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:40,136
SO I THINK FOR ME WITHIN AN

4559
02:30:40,136 --> 02:30:41,704
ACADEMIC INSTITUTION, I THINK

4560
02:30:41,704 --> 02:30:44,006
CONTINUED SUSTAINED SUPPORT IN

4561
02:30:44,006 --> 02:30:46,075
THESE EFFORTS AND MENTORSHIP

4562
02:30:46,075 --> 02:30:47,376
WILL BE REALLY IMPORTANT MOVING

4563
02:30:47,376 --> 02:30:47,610
FORWARD.

4564
02:30:47,610 --> 02:30:50,079
>> I LOVE THAT ANSWER.

4565
02:30:50,079 --> 02:30:52,815
AND THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR SAYING

4566
02:30:52,815 --> 02:30:54,116
THAT, BECAUSE ACTUALLY THE TIME

4567
02:30:54,116 --> 02:30:55,885
HAS ALREADY COME WHERE THE

4568
02:30:55,885 --> 02:30:59,288
FEELING OF UNSAFE IS THERE.

4569
02:30:59,288 --> 02:31:00,489
AN EXAMPLE IS FOR THE STATE OF

4570
02:31:00,489 --> 02:31:03,025
VIRGINIA, WHERE THE GOVERNOR HAS

4571
02:31:03,025 --> 02:31:07,263
ASKED TO -- TWO INSTITUTIONS

4572
02:31:07,263 --> 02:31:10,466
INCLUDING VCU, WHAT ARE THEIR

4573
02:31:10,466 --> 02:31:12,668
DEFINITION OF DIVERSITY, EQUITY

4574
02:31:12,668 --> 02:31:13,569
AND INCLUSION AND HOW IS IT

4575
02:31:13,569 --> 02:31:15,771
PRESENTED IN THEIR CURRICULUM.

4576
02:31:15,771 --> 02:31:17,573
SO THAT'S HAPPENING AND THAT

4577
02:31:17,573 --> 02:31:18,507
SAFETY IS THERE.

4578
02:31:18,507 --> 02:31:19,709
IN CONVERSATION WITH MY FELLOW

4579
02:31:19,709 --> 02:31:21,177
COLLEAGUES IS, SOMETIMES THE

4580
02:31:21,177 --> 02:31:25,981
EXPECTATIONS ARE NOT BIL BUILT R

4581
02:31:25,981 --> 02:31:27,516
US, FOR PEOPLE WHO LOOK LIKE US.

4582
02:31:27,516 --> 02:31:30,686
SO YOUNG MOTHERS LIKE MYSELF,

4583
02:31:30,686 --> 02:31:32,254
IT'S THE INTERSECTIONALITY OF

4584
02:31:32,254 --> 02:31:33,889
ALL THESE EXPECTATIONS THAT ARE

4585
02:31:33,889 --> 02:31:34,623
SOMETIMES PERSONAL, YOU WANT TO

4586
02:31:34,623 --> 02:31:35,858
SUCCEED, YOU HAVE THESE

4587
02:31:35,858 --> 02:31:38,994
AMBITIONS, BUT ALSO MATCHING THE

4588
02:31:38,994 --> 02:31:40,096
EXPECTATION OF A SYSTEM THAT

4589
02:31:40,096 --> 02:31:42,598
INITIALLY WAS NOT BUILT FOR --

4590
02:31:42,598 --> 02:31:45,434
NEVER HAD IN MIND US IS

4591
02:31:45,434 --> 02:31:45,801
IMPORTANT.

4592
02:31:45,801 --> 02:31:48,070
SO HAVING THAT SAFETY NET IS

4593
02:31:48,070 --> 02:31:48,304
KEY.

4594
02:31:48,304 --> 02:31:51,574
SO THANK YOU FOR THAT, GABBY.

4595
02:31:51,574 --> 02:31:55,077
>> THANK YOU BOTH FOR
BRINGING

4596
02:31:55,077 --> 02:31:56,645
YOUR FULL INTELLECT AND YOUR

4597
02:31:56,645 --> 02:32:00,583
FULL SELVES TO THIS PANEL.

4598
02:32:00,583 --> 02:32:02,818
I HAVE LEARNED SO MUCH, AND I

4599
02:32:02,818 --> 02:32:04,653
LOOK FORWARD TO TALKING WITH YOU

4600
02:32:04,653 --> 02:32:11,060
BOTH LATER AND PERHAPS FOSTERING

4601
02:32:11,060 --> 02:32:12,895
YOUR CAREER TRAJECTORIES.

4602
02:32:12,895 --> 02:32:14,396
WON'T YOU ALL HELP ME THANK OUR

4603
02:32:14,396 --> 02:32:21,937
TWO PANELISTS.

4604
02:32:21,937 --> 02:32:23,539
>> SO THANK YOU AGAIN FOR
THAT

4605
02:32:23,539 --> 02:32:25,941
EXCELLENT PANEL.

4606
02:32:25,941 --> 02:32:27,877
NOW I KNOW I STAND BETWEEN YOU

4607
02:32:27,877 --> 02:32:30,212
AND FOOD, AND WE'RE A LITTLE

4608
02:32:30,212 --> 02:32:30,813
BEHIND.

4609
02:32:30,813 --> 02:32:32,114
SO I'M GOING TO JUST VERY

4610
02:32:32,114 --> 02:32:34,717
BRIEFLY GIVE US A CHARGE FOR OUR

4611
02:32:34,717 --> 02:32:35,251
BREAKOUTS.

4612
02:32:35,251 --> 02:32:37,853
SO AFTER LUNCH, AT 1:15, WE'LL

4613
02:32:37,853 --> 02:32:39,321
BE HEADING TO OUR BREAKOUT ROOMS

4614
02:32:39,321 --> 02:32:40,489
SO YOU DON'T NEED TO COME BACK

4615
02:32:40,489 --> 02:32:41,123
TO THIS ROOM.

4616
02:32:41,123 --> 02:32:43,125
I'LL SHOW YOU THE ACTUAL ROOMS,

4617
02:32:43,125 --> 02:32:44,827
BUT REALLY QUICKLY, THESE

4618
02:32:44,827 --> 02:32:46,629
BREAKOUTS ARE OUR OPPORTUNITY TO

4619
02:32:46,629 --> 02:32:50,699
HEAR FROM EVERYBODY, BOTH IN THE

4620
02:32:50,699 --> 02:32:51,734
IN-PERSON ROOM AND THE VIRTUAL

4621
02:32:51,734 --> 02:32:52,134
ROOM.

4622
02:32:52,134 --> 02:32:53,235
WE'VE ALREADY LEARNED SO MUCH

4623
02:32:53,235 --> 02:32:56,272
FROM OUR SPEAKERS AS WELL AS

4624
02:32:56,272 --> 02:32:58,174
FROM PARTICIPANTS VIA THE

4625
02:32:58,174 --> 02:32:59,108
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED

4626
02:32:59,108 --> 02:33:00,776
BUT WE JUST REALLY WANT TO GET

4627
02:33:00,776 --> 02:33:03,279
INPUT FROM EVERYBODY WHO'S BEEN

4628
02:33:03,279 --> 02:33:03,879
PARTICIPATING YESTERDAY AND

4629
02:33:03,879 --> 02:33:05,748
TODAY TO REALLY TRY AND IDENTIFY

4630
02:33:05,748 --> 02:33:06,749
AND DISCUSS WHAT ARE THE

4631
02:33:06,749 --> 02:33:08,417
RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND

4632
02:33:08,417 --> 02:33:09,785
STRATEGIES IN THIS SPACE, WHAT

4633
02:33:09,785 --> 02:33:12,188
ARE CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL

4634
02:33:12,188 --> 02:33:13,422
SOLUTIONS SO WE CAN THINK MORE

4635
02:33:13,422 --> 02:33:15,791
EFFECTIVE ABOUT HOW TO MOVE THIS

4636
02:33:15,791 --> 02:33:16,792
RESEARCH AREA FORWARD.

4637
02:33:16,792 --> 02:33:17,993
SO I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH

4638
02:33:17,993 --> 02:33:19,094
ALL THESE QUESTIONS FOR TIME BUT

4639
02:33:19,094 --> 02:33:20,229
JUST IN CASE YOU HAVEN'T

4640
02:33:20,229 --> 02:33:21,363
SELECTED A BREAKOUT ROOM YET,

4641
02:33:21,363 --> 02:33:22,832
AND THESE QUESTIONS ARE

4642
02:33:22,832 --> 02:33:24,099
AVAILABLE AT THE DESK IF YOU

4643
02:33:24,099 --> 02:33:26,168
NEED TO LOOK AT THEM AGAIN, BUT

4644
02:33:26,168 --> 02:33:27,970
OUR FIRST WILL BE TALKING ABOUT

4645
02:33:27,970 --> 02:33:32,508
HOW TO MODEL RACISM,

4646
02:33:32,508 --> 02:33:33,142
MARGINALIZATION AND

4647
02:33:33,142 --> 02:33:34,009
DISCRIMINATION THROUGH

4648
02:33:34,009 --> 02:33:34,910
EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE INCLUDING

4649
02:33:34,910 --> 02:33:36,011
ANIMAL MODELS.

4650
02:33:36,011 --> 02:33:37,446
OUR SECOND BREAKOUT WILL BE

4651
02:33:37,446 --> 02:33:38,614
FOCUSED ON ADDRESSING

4652
02:33:38,614 --> 02:33:39,882
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYTICAL

4653
02:33:39,882 --> 02:33:41,083
CHALLENGES.

4654
02:33:41,083 --> 02:33:43,986
OUR THIRD WILL BE THE PATHWAY TO

4655
02:33:43,986 --> 02:33:44,787
INTERVENTIONS, HOW DO WE TAKE

4656
02:33:44,787 --> 02:33:45,921
WHAT WE'RE LEARNING HERE TODAY

4657
02:33:45,921 --> 02:33:48,991
AND ACTUALLY MAKE PEOPLE'S LIVES

4658
02:33:48,991 --> 02:33:51,360
BETTER.

4659
02:33:51,360 --> 02:33:53,062
THE FOURTH BREAKOUT GROUP WILL

4660
02:33:53,062 --> 02:33:59,235
BE ON TRA TRANSGENERATIONAL AS L

4661
02:33:59,235 --> 02:34:00,402
AS LIFE COURSE IMPLICATIONS FOR

4662
02:34:00,402 --> 02:34:02,238
THIS RESEARCH AND FINALLY THE

4663
02:34:02,238 --> 02:34:03,439
FIFTH BREAKOUT WILL BE HOW DO WE

4664
02:34:03,439 --> 02:34:04,807
SUPPORT AND BUILD THE WORKFORCE

4665
02:34:04,807 --> 02:34:07,209
NEEDED IN THIS SPACE.

4666
02:34:07,209 --> 02:34:11,614
SO HERE ARE -- THIS IS AN OLDER

4667
02:34:11,614 --> 02:34:13,883
VERSION, SO APOLOGIES.

4668
02:34:13,883 --> 02:34:15,718
WE DO HAVE SOME ROOM

4669
02:34:15,718 --> 02:34:16,518
CORRECTIONS.

4670
02:34:16,518 --> 02:34:18,487
SO BREAKOUT 1 WAS ORIGINALLY

4671
02:34:18,487 --> 02:34:22,358
GOING TO BE IN THIS ROOM.

4672
02:34:22,358 --> 02:34:25,027
THAT ROOM WILL BE NOW -- ALISON,

4673
02:34:25,027 --> 02:34:31,567
CAN YOU HELP ME?

4674
02:34:31,567 --> 02:34:34,003
I'M SORRY THE SLIDES DIDN'T GET

4675
02:34:34,003 --> 02:34:34,236
UPDATED.

4676
02:34:34,236 --> 02:34:35,537
>> PERHAPS WE COULD JUST
--

4677
02:34:35,537 --> 02:34:36,472
PEOPLE COULD CHECK THE SCREEN

4678
02:34:36,472 --> 02:34:36,672
LATER.

4679
02:34:36,672 --> 02:34:38,140
>> YES, I WILL GET THE
CORRECT

4680
02:34:38,140 --> 02:34:40,075
ROOM ASSIGNMENT WHILE YOU GO GET

4681
02:34:40,075 --> 02:34:40,442
LUNCH.

4682
02:34:40,442 --> 02:34:41,610
THAT'S A GREAT SUGGESTION, BILL.

4683
02:34:41,610 --> 02:34:43,045
AND THEN THE OTHER THING I JUST

4684
02:34:43,045 --> 02:34:44,780
WANTED TO FLAG FOR FOLKS IS THAT

4685
02:34:44,780 --> 02:34:47,950
ON THE AGENDA, WE'LL BE STARTING

4686
02:34:47,950 --> 02:34:50,419
BACK UP HERE AT 2:45 IN THIS

4687
02:34:50,419 --> 02:34:50,686
MAIN ROOM.

4688
02:34:50,686 --> 02:34:52,254
SO JUST THINK ABOUT WRAPPING UP

4689
02:34:52,254 --> 02:34:53,522
YOUR BREAKOUT GROUPS TO TRY TO

4690
02:34:53,522 --> 02:34:55,457
END BY 2:30 JUST TO GIVE

4691
02:34:55,457 --> 02:34:57,092
YOURSELVES A LITTLE BIT OF TIME

4692
02:34:57,092 --> 02:34:58,627
TO MAKE YOUR WAY BACK UP HERE,

4693
02:34:58,627 --> 02:35:01,997
USE THE BATHROOM AND ALL THAT,

4694
02:35:01,997 --> 02:35:03,299
AS WELL AS TO GIVE OUR

4695
02:35:03,299 --> 02:35:04,700
MODERATORS A QUICK SECOND TO GET

4696
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:06,402
THEIR THOUGHTS TOGETHER FOR

4697
02:35:06,402 --> 02:35:07,236
COMING BACK AND SHARING WHAT WE

4698
02:35:07,236 --> 02:35:09,805
HEARD IN THE BREAKOUTS.

4699
02:35:09,805 --> 02:35:11,206
SO THANK YOU, EVERYBODY, AND WE

4700
02:35:11,206 --> 02:35:14,143
WILL SEE YOU IN YOUR BREAKOUT

4701
02:35:14,143 --> 02:35:15,711
ROOMS AT 1:15 AND WE WILL HAVE

4702
02:35:15,711 --> 02:35:17,313
CORRECTED INFORMATION UP ON THE

4703
02:35:17,313 --> 02:35:18,881
SLIDE AS WELL AS AT THE DESK FOR

4704
02:35:18,881 --> 02:35:28,958
YOU.

4705
02:35:23,481 --> 02:35:24,849
WELCOME BACK FROM THE BREAKOUT

4706
02:35:24,849 --> 02:35:25,316
SESSIONS.

4707
02:35:25,316 --> 02:35:26,984
I HOPE EVERYBODY HAD SOME VERY

4708
02:35:26,984 --> 02:35:30,254
PRODUCTIVE DISCUSSIONS.

4709
02:35:30,254 --> 02:35:31,789
YOU'RE WELCOME TO COME UP.

4710
02:35:31,789 --> 02:35:32,990
I DON'T KNOW IF WE HAVE SEATS

4711
02:35:32,990 --> 02:35:35,626
FOR ALL OF THE MODERATORS BUT WE

4712
02:35:35,626 --> 02:35:37,829
MIGHT.

4713
02:35:37,829 --> 02:35:39,363
>> THERE WILL BE NOBODY IN
THE

4714
02:35:39,363 --> 02:35:41,299
AUDIENCE.

4715
02:35:41,299 --> 02:35:42,333
[LAUGHTER]

4716
02:35:42,333 --> 02:35:50,942
>> EVERYBODY UP, EVERYBODY
UP.

4717
02:35:50,942 --> 02:35:53,244
OKAY.

4718
02:35:53,244 --> 02:35:54,979
SO AS I SAID, I HOPE EVERYBODY

4719
02:35:54,979 --> 02:35:56,013
HAD PRODUCTIVE DISCUSSIONS IN

4720
02:35:56,013 --> 02:35:56,748
THE BREAKOUT.

4721
02:35:56,748 --> 02:36:01,786
WE HAVE 10 BREAKOUTS TO HAVE

4722
02:36:01,786 --> 02:36:03,287
REPORT-BACKS ON, FIVE IN PERSON

4723
02:36:03,287 --> 02:36:04,288
AND FIVE VIRTUAL.

4724
02:36:04,288 --> 02:36:06,691
SO WE'LL HEAR FROM EACH BREAKOUT

4725
02:36:06,691 --> 02:36:08,426
TOPIC TWICE.

4726
02:36:08,426 --> 02:36:10,328
SO I'M GOING TO ASK -- I'M GOING

4727
02:36:10,328 --> 02:36:12,730
TO SWITCH OFF BACK AND FORTH

4728
02:36:12,730 --> 02:36:16,968
BETWEEN VIRTUAL - GOING FIRST AD

4729
02:36:16,968 --> 02:36:19,170
IN-PERSON GOING FIRST TO MAKE

4730
02:36:19,170 --> 02:36:20,571
THINGS EQUAL, BUT I'M GOING TO

4731
02:36:20,571 --> 02:36:22,340
ASK THE PERSON WHO REPORTS OUT

4732
02:36:22,340 --> 02:36:24,575
SECOND JUST TO SAVE TIME IF THE

4733
02:36:24,575 --> 02:36:25,610
FIRST BREAKOUT ROOM SAID

4734
02:36:25,610 --> 02:36:26,611
SOMETHING ALREADY, YOU DON'T

4735
02:36:26,611 --> 02:36:28,813
NEED TO RE-SAY IT, YOU CAN JUST

4736
02:36:28,813 --> 02:36:31,616
KIND OF SAY THAT AND, AND JUST

4737
02:36:31,616 --> 02:36:33,384
ADD NEW INFORMATION TO SAVE TIME

4738
02:36:33,384 --> 02:36:34,819
FOR THESE REPORT-BACKS BECAUSE

4739
02:36:34,819 --> 02:36:36,754
I'D LIKE TO ALLOW SOME TIME FOR

4740
02:36:36,754 --> 02:36:37,955
REACTION AND DISCUSSION OF WHAT

4741
02:36:37,955 --> 02:36:39,290
WE HEARD ACROSS THE BREAKOUT.

4742
02:36:39,290 --> 02:36:40,925
SO WITH THOSE NOTES, I'M GOING

4743
02:36:40,925 --> 02:36:43,861
TO PASS IT OFF TO TRACY, WHO WAS

4744
02:36:43,861 --> 02:36:47,698
THE MODERATOR AND REPORTER IN

4745
02:36:47,698 --> 02:36:49,801
PERSON.

4746
02:36:49,801 --> 02:36:50,301
BREAKOUTONE IN PERSON.

4747
02:36:50,301 --> 02:36:51,302
>> THANK YOU, JENNA.

4748
02:36:51,302 --> 02:36:53,805
WE HAD A VERY SMALL GROUP.

4749
02:36:53,805 --> 02:36:56,574
THERE WAS FOUR OF US.

4750
02:36:56,574 --> 02:37:03,781
SO W CARRINGTON, IS SHE STILL

4751
02:37:03,781 --> 02:37:05,650
HERE?

4752
02:37:05,650 --> 02:37:08,286
IS SHE OUTSIDE IN THE HALLWAY

4753
02:37:08,286 --> 02:37:08,820
MAYBE?

4754
02:37:08,820 --> 02:37:10,988
SHE WAS ABSOLUTELY DELIGHTFUL

4755
02:37:10,988 --> 02:37:16,027
AND HAD SOME AMAZING, INCREDIBLE

4756
02:37:16,027 --> 02:37:18,129
INSIGHT AND OFFERED A LOT TO US.

4757
02:37:18,129 --> 02:37:19,297
YOU HAVE THE SLIDES.

4758
02:37:19,297 --> 02:37:20,198
DO I HAVE SLIDES?

4759
02:37:20,198 --> 02:37:23,601
NO.

4760
02:37:23,601 --> 02:37:28,606
THAT'S ME.

4761
02:37:28,606 --> 02:37:31,676
SO OUR SESSION WAS TASKED WITH

4762
02:37:31,676 --> 02:37:36,380
DISCUSSING WHETHER WE COULD

4763
02:37:36,380 --> 02:37:38,249
MODEL EXPERIMENTALLY EITHER IN

4764
02:37:38,249 --> 02:37:43,287
OTHER SPECIES OR IN HUMANS WAYS

4765
02:37:43,287 --> 02:37:45,022
TO ASK ABOUT BIOLOGICAL

4766
02:37:45,022 --> 02:37:45,456
MECHANISMS.

4767
02:37:45,456 --> 02:37:46,991
SO FROM MEMORY, I'LL JUST GET

4768
02:37:46,991 --> 02:37:47,225
STARTED.

4769
02:37:47,225 --> 02:37:50,928
SO THE FIRST POINT WAS CAN YOU,

4770
02:37:50,928 --> 02:37:53,331
ARE THERE -- IS THERE A WAY

4771
02:37:53,331 --> 02:37:59,237
ACTUALLY -- I THINK THIS WAS

4772
02:37:59,237 --> 02:38:00,972
INITIALLY REFERENCED AS IN OTHER

4773
02:38:00,972 --> 02:38:02,506
SPECIES, SUCH AS MOUSE MODELS,

4774
02:38:02,506 --> 02:38:03,941
RATS, ET CETERA, CAN YOU

4775
02:38:03,941 --> 02:38:04,942
MODEL -- THERE YOU GO.

4776
02:38:04,942 --> 02:38:06,911
THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES SO

4777
02:38:06,911 --> 02:38:08,312
WE USED THAT AS KIND OF OUR

4778
02:38:08,312 --> 02:38:09,347
KEYWAY TO LOOK AT THIS QUESTION

4779
02:38:09,347 --> 02:38:11,482
OF WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL

4780
02:38:11,482 --> 02:38:12,917
CONSEQUENCES AND THEN CAN YOU

4781
02:38:12,917 --> 02:38:17,521
MODEL THEM.

4782
02:38:17,521 --> 02:38:20,558
TRYING TO PULL UP OUR SLIDE -- I

4783
02:38:20,558 --> 02:38:24,729
WILL TELL YOU THAT AS A RO RODET

4784
02:38:24,729 --> 02:38:29,133
RESEARCHER, ONE OF I THINK VERY

4785
02:38:29,133 --> 02:38:30,635
FEW RODENT RESEARCHERS IN THE

4786
02:38:30,635 --> 02:38:34,138
ROOM, YOU CAN LOOK AT THE STRESS

4787
02:38:34,138 --> 02:38:35,339
RESPONSE, YOU CAN LOOK AT THE

4788
02:38:35,339 --> 02:38:36,641
IMMUNE SYSTEM, ALSO VERY SIMILAR

4789
02:38:36,641 --> 02:38:39,477
IN MANY WAYS, YOU CAN LOOK AT

4790
02:38:39,477 --> 02:38:42,680
DIABETES SORTS OF READOUTS, ET

4791
02:38:42,680 --> 02:38:44,181
CETERA, BUT OBVIOUSLY THE

4792
02:38:44,181 --> 02:38:45,816
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE

4793
02:38:45,816 --> 02:38:51,088
PERVASIVE RACIST AND

4794
02:38:51,088 --> 02:38:52,189
MARGINALIZATION AND

4795
02:38:52,189 --> 02:38:53,057
DISCRIMINATION EFFECTS IN THOSE

4796
02:38:53,057 --> 02:38:54,458
KINDS OF SPECIES LIKE MICE, THEY

4797
02:38:54,458 --> 02:38:55,927
JUST DON'T HAVE THE COGNITIVE

4798
02:38:55,927 --> 02:38:56,160
ABILITY.

4799
02:38:56,160 --> 02:38:57,962
AND WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT TO

4800
02:38:57,962 --> 02:38:59,530
THIS POINT ABOUT OTHER

4801
02:38:59,530 --> 02:39:00,398
EXPERIMENTAL WAYS YOU MIGHT

4802
02:39:00,398 --> 02:39:01,599
ADDRESS IT, SO GOING BACK,

4803
02:39:01,599 --> 02:39:02,900
STAYING WITH THE HUMANS AND

4804
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:04,068
OTHER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL

4805
02:39:04,068 --> 02:39:05,970
TYPES OF WAYS YOU CAN BRING

4806
02:39:05,970 --> 02:39:07,171
HUMAN SUBJECTS INTO THE

4807
02:39:07,171 --> 02:39:08,572
LABORATORY, DO THINGS LIKE TAKE

4808
02:39:08,572 --> 02:39:09,774
OUT IMMUNE CELL POPULATIONS AND

4809
02:39:09,774 --> 02:39:12,410
SORT THEM AND ASK ABOUT

4810
02:39:12,410 --> 02:39:14,512
ACTIVATIONAL STATES, DOING

4811
02:39:14,512 --> 02:39:15,913
IN-LAB TYPES OF STRESSES IS

4812
02:39:15,913 --> 02:39:18,215
ANOTHER WAY, YOU COULD

4813
02:39:18,215 --> 02:39:18,883
EXPERIMENTALLY ASK ABOUT

4814
02:39:18,883 --> 02:39:19,317
DIFFERENCES.

4815
02:39:19,317 --> 02:39:20,618
I THINK THE GIST OF THIS

4816
02:39:20,618 --> 02:39:22,353
QUESTION WAS, YOU'RE LOOKING FOR

4817
02:39:22,353 --> 02:39:24,121
DYNAMIC STATE, WAYS TO GET A

4818
02:39:24,121 --> 02:39:26,524
RESPONSE RATHER THAN SINGLE TIME

4819
02:39:26,524 --> 02:39:28,492
POINTS AS READOUTS, IF MY MEMORY

4820
02:39:28,492 --> 02:39:30,995
SERVES ME CORRECT.

4821
02:39:30,995 --> 02:39:33,731
WHAT ASPECTS CAN WE NOT MODEL?

4822
02:39:33,731 --> 02:39:35,166
CERTAINLY, LIKE I SAID, YOU

4823
02:39:35,166 --> 02:39:38,102
CANNOT MODEL THE PSYCHOLOGICAL

4824
02:39:38,102 --> 02:39:40,738
IMPACT AND EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC

4825
02:39:40,738 --> 02:39:43,040
EVENTS OR THE EFFECT OF RACISM,

4826
02:39:43,040 --> 02:39:43,708
MARGINALIZATION AND

4827
02:39:43,708 --> 02:39:44,575
DISCRIMINATION AS MICE DO NOT

4828
02:39:44,575 --> 02:39:46,644
HAVE THE COGNITIVE ABILITY, OF

4829
02:39:46,644 --> 02:39:54,752
COURSE, TO EXPERIENCE THAT.

4830
02:39:54,752 --> 02:39:56,754
THOUSANOW I DON'T REMEMBER WHATE

4831
02:39:56,754 --> 02:40:07,131
OTHER QUESTIONS WERE.

4832
02:40:29,253 --> 02:40:32,957
THANK YOU, JOHN.

4833
02:40:32,957 --> 02:40:35,326
QUESTION ONE, QUESTION TWO.

4834
02:40:35,326 --> 02:40:37,928
I ALREADY DID THAT.

4835
02:40:37,928 --> 02:40:39,163
QUESTION THREE, CAN SUCH MODELS

4836
02:40:39,163 --> 02:40:41,665
BE USED BETTER TO UNDERSTAND THE

4837
02:40:41,665 --> 02:40:44,402
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF RMD

4838
02:40:44,402 --> 02:40:45,503
EXPOSURES WITHIN POPULATION

4839
02:40:45,503 --> 02:40:45,936
GROUPS?

4840
02:40:45,936 --> 02:40:47,571
WE STRUGGLED A LITTLE BIT WITH

4841
02:40:47,571 --> 02:40:49,006
THIS ONE, NOT KNOWING EXACTLY

4842
02:40:49,006 --> 02:40:51,609
HOW WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT

4843
02:40:51,609 --> 02:40:52,710
POPULATION GROUPS.

4844
02:40:52,710 --> 02:40:53,644
OBVIOUSLY RODENTS, THAT'S NOT

4845
02:40:53,644 --> 02:40:54,912
GOING TO HAPPEN BECAUSE WE'RE

4846
02:40:54,912 --> 02:40:56,981
ISOLAISOLATED IN CAGES.

4847
02:40:56,981 --> 02:41:00,718
THERE ARE SOME LABS THAT DO

4848
02:41:00,718 --> 02:41:03,754
LARGER SORTS OF SETTINGS, I

4849
02:41:03,754 --> 02:41:06,057
THINK IF NOAH WAS STILL HERE, HE

4850
02:41:06,057 --> 02:41:07,491
COULD SPEAK TO SOMETHING ABOUT

4851
02:41:07,491 --> 02:41:10,861
PRIMATE MODELS, BUT WE DID

4852
02:41:10,861 --> 02:41:12,563
ADDRESS THIS, IN HUMAN STUDIES,

4853
02:41:12,563 --> 02:41:15,833
IF YOU HAVE A POPULATION WITH

4854
02:41:15,833 --> 02:41:17,668
SOME INDEX OF GREATER STRUCTURAL

4855
02:41:17,668 --> 02:41:18,969
RACISM THAN NOT THEN YOU COULD

4856
02:41:18,969 --> 02:41:20,704
EVALUATE SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS

4857
02:41:20,704 --> 02:41:21,906
WITHIN A POPULATION

4858
02:41:21,906 --> 02:41:23,874
EXPERIMENTALLY.

4859
02:41:23,874 --> 02:41:25,643
ONE OF THE MOST PROMISING

4860
02:41:25,643 --> 02:41:26,610
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS THROUGH

4861
02:41:26,610 --> 02:41:28,245
WHICH BETTER TO UNDERSTAND THE

4862
02:41:28,245 --> 02:41:29,580
BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RMD

4863
02:41:29,580 --> 02:41:32,216
AND WHAT ARE THEIR STRENGTHS AND

4864
02:41:32,216 --> 02:41:32,616
LIMITATIONS.

4865
02:41:32,616 --> 02:41:33,517
WE TALKED ABOUT THIS A LITTLE

4866
02:41:33,517 --> 02:41:34,919
BIT AGAIN BY GOING ALL THE WAY

4867
02:41:34,919 --> 02:41:36,887
DOWN TO RODENT MODELS, THERE

4868
02:41:36,887 --> 02:41:38,756
ARE, OF COURSE, AGAIN, AND I

4869
02:41:38,756 --> 02:41:41,525
WANTED TO REITERATE, RODENTS

4870
02:41:41,525 --> 02:41:43,894
CANNOT EXPERIENCE ANYWHERE CLOSE

4871
02:41:43,894 --> 02:41:47,298
TO THE LEVEL OF TRAUMA OF RMD

4872
02:41:47,298 --> 02:41:48,933
AND PERVASIVENESS ACROSS THE

4873
02:41:48,933 --> 02:41:50,367
LIFESPAN THAT IT ENTAILS, BUT AT

4874
02:41:50,367 --> 02:41:52,536
THE LEVEL OF A CELL, THE

4875
02:41:52,536 --> 02:41:53,771
BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS RELEVANT TO

4876
02:41:53,771 --> 02:41:55,940
THOSE EXPERIENCES, YOU VERY MUCH

4877
02:41:55,940 --> 02:41:58,242
CAN STUDY, AND SO THINGS LIKE

4878
02:41:58,242 --> 02:42:00,845
CHRONIC STRESS CAN PRODUCE THOSE

4879
02:42:00,845 --> 02:42:06,584
SAME LEVELS OF STRESS HORMONES,

4880
02:42:06,584 --> 02:42:08,085
GLUCOCORTICOIDS, CATECHOLAMINES,

4881
02:42:08,085 --> 02:42:09,520
OR SOCIAL DEFEAT IS ONE OF THE

4882
02:42:09,520 --> 02:42:10,488
OTHER MODELS.

4883
02:42:10,488 --> 02:42:12,456
THE OTHER ADVANTAGE OF DOING

4884
02:42:12,456 --> 02:42:14,091
STUDIES IN ANIMALS IS YOU CAN DO

4885
02:42:14,091 --> 02:42:15,392
THINGS LIKE LOOK AT SPECIFIC

4886
02:42:15,392 --> 02:42:17,394
ORGANS AND PROCESSES AND

4887
02:42:17,394 --> 02:42:18,129
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BRAIN

4888
02:42:18,129 --> 02:42:19,130
EFFECTS AND PERIPHERAL EFFECTS

4889
02:42:19,130 --> 02:42:20,965
IN A WAY THAT OBVIOUSLY WE

4890
02:42:20,965 --> 02:42:21,298
CAN'T.

4891
02:42:21,298 --> 02:42:22,333
THE TIMING ALSO IS SOMETHING

4892
02:42:22,333 --> 02:42:23,400
THAT WE TALKED ABOUT THAT YOU

4893
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,003
CAN DO IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OR YOU

4894
02:42:26,003 --> 02:42:27,771
CAN LOOK AT PRECONCEPTION EVENTS

4895
02:42:27,771 --> 02:42:30,374
AS THEY IMPACT PREGNANCY

4896
02:42:30,374 --> 02:42:34,245
OUTCOMES, OR EARLY LIFE EVENTS

4897
02:42:34,245 --> 02:42:35,846
OR TIMING SPECIFICITY IN A WAY

4898
02:42:35,846 --> 02:42:37,715
THAT'S VERY DIFFICULT WITHOUT A

4899
02:42:37,715 --> 02:42:39,116
PROSPECTIVE COHORT IN HUMANS TO

4900
02:42:39,116 --> 02:42:40,784
STUDY.

4901
02:42:40,784 --> 02:42:44,388
AND SO YES, SO HE CALLED IT --

4902
02:42:44,388 --> 02:42:46,891
WE CAN DO THE PRECONCEPTION TO

4903
02:42:46,891 --> 02:42:49,860
DEATH IN THE TIME SPAN OF A

4904
02:42:49,860 --> 02:42:55,199
GRANT IN ANIMALS.

4905
02:42:55,199 --> 02:42:56,800
WE CANNOT IN HUMANS.

4906
02:42:56,800 --> 02:42:58,135
IT'S A GOOD POINT.

4907
02:42:58,135 --> 02:43:00,037
>> IN HUMANS, OF COURSE,

4908
02:43:00,037 --> 02:43:03,507
PARADIGMS THAT YOU COULD USE TO

4909
02:43:03,507 --> 02:43:04,842
EVALUATE SOCIAL REJECTION STRESS

4910
02:43:04,842 --> 02:43:07,144
CAN BE EXAMINED, YOU CAN ALSO

4911
02:43:07,144 --> 02:43:09,647
CAPTURE APPRAISAL TO ASSESS

4912
02:43:09,647 --> 02:43:11,081
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACTS OF RMD

4913
02:43:11,081 --> 02:43:12,616
WITHIN GROUPS.

4914
02:43:12,616 --> 02:43:14,351
ARE THE APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES

4915
02:43:14,351 --> 02:43:15,452
AND METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE,

4916
02:43:15,452 --> 02:43:17,188
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DEVELOPED?

4917
02:43:17,188 --> 02:43:19,390
WE TALKED ABOUT IN CONTROLLED

4918
02:43:19,390 --> 02:43:21,992
HUMAN STUDIES, WAYS TO DO DEEP

4919
02:43:21,992 --> 02:43:23,093
PHENOTYPING COMBINED WITH

4920
02:43:23,093 --> 02:43:25,062
ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL

4921
02:43:25,062 --> 02:43:26,497
SAMPLES, AND THEN YOU CAN TAKE

4922
02:43:26,497 --> 02:43:28,265
REPEATED ASSESSMENTS IN HOME

4923
02:43:28,265 --> 02:43:28,566
SETTINGS.

4924
02:43:28,566 --> 02:43:31,969
I THINK, AGAIN, THAT WE DISCU

4925
02:43:31,969 --> 02:43:32,836
DISCUSSED THE PEOPLE'S RESPONSE

4926
02:43:32,836 --> 02:43:34,038
IF THEY'RE IN THE HOME SETTING

4927
02:43:34,038 --> 02:43:35,372
IS GOING TO BE VERY DIFFERENT

4928
02:43:35,372 --> 02:43:36,540
THAN IF YOU'RE BRINGING THEM IN

4929
02:43:36,540 --> 02:43:38,442
TO THE LABORATORY, SO THINGS

4930
02:43:38,442 --> 02:43:41,679
LIKE MONITORING, HAVING IPHONE

4931
02:43:41,679 --> 02:43:44,415
SURVEYS AND INPUTS ON A

4932
02:43:44,415 --> 02:43:46,283
REGULAR -- WHEN THEY'RE IN THEIR

4933
02:43:46,283 --> 02:43:47,151
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT INSTEAD OF

4934
02:43:47,151 --> 02:43:49,086
BRINGING THEM IN, DAILY DIARIES,

4935
02:43:49,086 --> 02:43:49,687
ET CETERA.

4936
02:43:49,687 --> 02:43:56,026
AND THEN WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT

4937
02:43:56,026 --> 02:43:57,661
REVERSE TRANSLATION, AND I THINK

4938
02:43:57,661 --> 02:43:59,430
THIS IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT,

4939
02:43:59,430 --> 02:44:01,599
THAT -- WAYS IN WHICH

4940
02:44:01,599 --> 02:44:05,536
RESEARCHERS IN THE HUMAN SPACE

4941
02:44:05,536 --> 02:44:06,537
INFLUENCING WHAT IS DONE IN

4942
02:44:06,537 --> 02:44:08,072
BENCH RESEARCH, AND THAT THE

4943
02:44:08,072 --> 02:44:09,373
BENCH RESEARCH FINDINGS MAKE

4944
02:44:09,373 --> 02:44:13,444
THEIR WAY BACK IN TO THE TESTED

4945
02:44:13,444 --> 02:44:14,945
INTO -- IF THOSE OUTCOMES ARE

4946
02:44:14,945 --> 02:44:16,046
RELEVANT, AT THE LEVEL OF THE

4947
02:44:16,046 --> 02:44:16,580
HUMAN.

4948
02:44:16,580 --> 02:44:22,186
AND THAT IS IT.

4949
02:44:22,186 --> 02:44:32,496
>> THANKS, TRACY.

4950
02:44:33,063 --> 02:44:41,972
GO AHEAD.

4951
02:44:41,972 --> 02:44:43,507
WE WERE FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO HAVE

4952
02:44:43,507 --> 02:44:47,978
ABOUT 10 PEOPLE IN OUR VIRTUAL

4953
02:44:47,978 --> 02:44:54,118
ROOM.

4954
02:44:54,118 --> 02:44:57,288
SHANNON GIBBON BRADLEY,

4955
02:44:57,288 --> 02:45:02,526
CHRISTINE, BILL KAHN AND NOAH

4956
02:45:02,526 --> 02:45:03,294
SNYDER-MACKLER THAT WANTED TO

4957
02:45:03,294 --> 02:45:04,395
STAY BUT NEEDED TO CATCH A

4958
02:45:04,395 --> 02:45:05,929
PLANE.

4959
02:45:05,929 --> 02:45:07,998
TO COMPLEMENT SOME OF OUR THEMES

4960
02:45:07,998 --> 02:45:09,099
OBVIOUSLY OVERLAPPED WITH WHAT

4961
02:45:09,099 --> 02:45:10,834
TRACY HAD TO SAY, BUT ONE THING

4962
02:45:10,834 --> 02:45:13,237
WE ALL AGREED ON WAS THIS

4963
02:45:13,237 --> 02:45:14,538
PRINCIPLE THAT WHETHER IT IS

4964
02:45:14,538 --> 02:45:17,408
BASIC RESEARCH WITH MODEL

4965
02:45:17,408 --> 02:45:19,810
ANIMALS OR FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN

4966
02:45:19,810 --> 02:45:22,346
WITH HUMANS, THE GUIDING

4967
02:45:22,346 --> 02:45:25,282
QUESTION TO ASK FOR ALL OF THEM

4968
02:45:25,282 --> 02:45:26,817
IS, WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR

4969
02:45:26,817 --> 02:45:27,818
PEOPLE?

4970
02:45:27,818 --> 02:45:30,421
SO WHETHER YOU ARE CONDUCTING

4971
02:45:30,421 --> 02:45:34,024
RESEARCH WITH MICE, ZEBRAFISH,

4972
02:45:34,024 --> 02:45:38,062
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, MAPPING BACK

4973
02:45:38,062 --> 02:45:40,097
ONTO WHAT IS THE QUESTION OR THE

4974
02:45:40,097 --> 02:45:43,567
OUTCOME FOR PEOPLE IS OF UTMOST

4975
02:45:43,567 --> 02:45:45,302
IMPORTANCE.

4976
02:45:45,302 --> 02:45:46,503
BECAUSE LIKE THE FIRST GROUP, WE

4977
02:45:46,503 --> 02:45:48,172
ALL AGREED THAT THERE IS NO

4978
02:45:48,172 --> 02:45:49,907
PERFECT MODEL ANIMAL.

4979
02:45:49,907 --> 02:45:52,409
HUMANS ARE COMPLEX.

4980
02:45:52,409 --> 02:45:55,479
YET RESEARCH ON A SPECIFIC

4981
02:45:55,479 --> 02:45:58,115
CONDITION OR TIME ACROSS THE

4982
02:45:58,115 --> 02:46:00,284
LIFESPAN, WHETHER IT'S DURING

4983
02:46:00,284 --> 02:46:04,888
PREGNANCY, OLD AGE, ANYWHERE

4984
02:46:04,888 --> 02:46:07,758
BETWEEN, THE LIFESPAN OF A MODEL

4985
02:46:07,758 --> 02:46:09,793
ANIMAL AND THE REDUCTIONIST

4986
02:46:09,793 --> 02:46:13,831
PERSPECTIVE ON A SPECIFIC

4987
02:46:13,831 --> 02:46:15,265
DISEASE, LIFE COURSE, ORGAN, ET

4988
02:46:15,265 --> 02:46:17,868
CETERA, CAN HELP US INVESTIGATE

4989
02:46:17,868 --> 02:46:20,504
THINGS IN A SHORTER COURSE OF

4990
02:46:20,504 --> 02:46:29,380
TIME THAN AMONG HUMAN BEINGS.

4991
02:46:29,380 --> 02:46:36,820
NUMBER THREE, WHICH --

4992
02:46:36,820 --> 02:46:37,588
INTERDISCIPLINARITY.

4993
02:46:37,588 --> 02:46:41,291
WE'RE ALL HERE TOGETHER BECAUSE

4994
02:46:41,291 --> 02:46:44,161
NIDDK AND ITS PARTNER INSTITUTES

4995
02:46:44,161 --> 02:46:46,563
RECOGNIZE THAT IT'S A TRANS-NIH

4996
02:46:46,563 --> 02:46:49,400
EFFORT, IT'S A WHOLE-PERSON

4997
02:46:49,400 --> 02:46:51,902
EFFORT, AND THAT ALL THE

4998
02:46:51,902 --> 02:46:53,570
DISCIPLINES THAT INFORM HUMAN

4999
02:46:53,570 --> 02:46:55,539
HEALTH RESEARCH NEED TO COME

5000
02:46:55,539 --> 02:46:57,174
TOGETHER TO ANSWER AND RESPOND

5001
02:46:57,174 --> 02:46:59,243
AND RESOLVE THESE COMPLEX

5002
02:46:59,243 --> 02:46:59,877
ISSUES.

5003
02:46:59,877 --> 02:47:02,780
AND ONE WAY TO DO THAT MIGHT BE

5004
02:47:02,780 --> 02:47:05,682
MORE T32s THAT ARE

5005
02:47:05,682 --> 02:47:08,419
TRANSDISCIPLINARY.

5006
02:47:08,419 --> 02:47:10,921
NOAH CAME OUT OF ONE, I THINK

5007
02:47:10,921 --> 02:47:13,023
IT'S AT DUKE, AND THEIR

5008
02:47:13,023 --> 02:47:14,992
POPULATION RESEARCH CENTER, IN

5009
02:47:14,992 --> 02:47:18,929
WHICH THERE WERE BIOLOGISTS AND

5010
02:47:18,929 --> 02:47:20,798
PHYSICIANS AND SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

5011
02:47:20,798 --> 02:47:23,400
ALL WORKING TOGETHER TO ADDRESS

5012
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:30,741
MANY OF THESE QUESTIONS.

5013
02:47:30,741 --> 02:47:32,276
TWO MORE POINTS.

5014
02:47:32,276 --> 02:47:37,080
HOW AND WHETHER THE CONSEQUENCES

5015
02:47:37,080 --> 02:47:40,484
OF RMD ARE REVERSIBLE AND, IF

5016
02:47:40,484 --> 02:47:42,319
SO, WHEN IS IT POSSIBLE OVER THE

5017
02:47:42,319 --> 02:47:46,723
LIFE COURSE, AND WHEN IS IT NOT?

5018
02:47:46,723 --> 02:47:50,093
FINALLY, WE TALKED A LOT IN EACH

5019
02:47:50,093 --> 02:47:51,829
THEME THROUGH OUR ENTIRE TIME

5020
02:47:51,829 --> 02:47:53,597
TOGETHER ABOUT THE NEED FOR

5021
02:47:53,597 --> 02:47:56,333
CLEAR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN

5022
02:47:56,333 --> 02:47:59,069
SCIENTISTS AND THE LAY PUBLIC,

5023
02:47:59,069 --> 02:48:01,472
BETWEEN PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT

5024
02:48:01,472 --> 02:48:03,774
KINDS OF DISCIPLINES, BETWEEN

5025
02:48:03,774 --> 02:48:06,376
MODEL ANIMAL RESEARCHERS AND

5026
02:48:06,376 --> 02:48:08,679
INTERVENTIONISTS.

5027
02:48:08,679 --> 02:48:10,113
AND HOW IMPORTANT THAT WAS.

5028
02:48:10,113 --> 02:48:12,950
WE TALKED ABOUT MANY WAYS TO

5029
02:48:12,950 --> 02:48:13,951
ADDRESS IT.

5030
02:48:13,951 --> 02:48:15,819
MANY OF WHICH YOU'VE HEARD

5031
02:48:15,819 --> 02:48:17,488
BEFORE.

5032
02:48:17,488 --> 02:48:19,089
BUT WE HAD ONE NOVEL IDEA TO

5033
02:48:19,089 --> 02:48:22,025
SHARE WITH YOU, AND THAT IS

5034
02:48:22,025 --> 02:48:24,862
COMMUNITY ADVISORY BOARDS ALL

5035
02:48:24,862 --> 02:48:26,363
ACROSS THE BOARD.

5036
02:48:26,363 --> 02:48:29,266
BECAUSE WHO BETTER TO -- WHO

5037
02:48:29,266 --> 02:48:31,001
BETTER UNDER STANDS THE

5038
02:48:31,001 --> 02:48:33,504
PROBLEMS, THE POTENTIAL

5039
02:48:33,504 --> 02:48:35,839
RESOLUTIONS OF RMD-RELATED

5040
02:48:35,839 --> 02:48:39,443
ISSUES THAN THE PEOPLE WHO

5041
02:48:39,443 --> 02:48:41,712
EXPERIENCE THEM AND KNOW THEM

5042
02:48:41,712 --> 02:48:42,045
BEST?

5043
02:48:42,045 --> 02:48:45,015
OVER THE LAST TWO DAYS, WE HAVE

5044
02:48:45,015 --> 02:48:48,185
HEARD ALL KINDS OF -- WELL, I'VE

5045
02:48:48,185 --> 02:48:49,620
LEARNED SO MUCH, AND ONE OF THE

5046
02:48:49,620 --> 02:48:52,022
THINGS THAT MANY OF US HAVE SAID

5047
02:48:52,022 --> 02:48:56,159
TO ONE ANOTHER IS HOW SMART AND

5048
02:48:56,159 --> 02:48:59,596
KNOWLEDGEABLE OUR RESEARCH

5049
02:48:59,596 --> 02:49:01,532
PARTICIPANTS ARE ABOUT THEIR

5050
02:49:01,532 --> 02:49:03,600
EXPERIENCES, ABOUT THE HEALTH

5051
02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:07,104
CONSEQUENCES, AND WHAT THEY

5052
02:49:07,104 --> 02:49:08,639
THEMSELVES BELIEVE AND KNOW THEY

5053
02:49:08,639 --> 02:49:11,241
NEED TO HELP MAKE THINGS BETTER.

5054
02:49:11,241 --> 02:49:13,877
AND SO INVOLVING THEM IN SOME

5055
02:49:13,877 --> 02:49:17,147
MODEL ANIMAL RESEARCH, IN BASIC

5056
02:49:17,147 --> 02:49:20,884
RESEARCH, AND IN MODELING CAN

5057
02:49:20,884 --> 02:49:26,023
PERHAPS PROVIDE US WITH NOVEL

5058
02:49:26,023 --> 02:49:28,258
PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH

5059
02:49:28,258 --> 02:49:28,926
TRAJECTORIES GOING FORWARD.

5060
02:49:28,926 --> 02:49:35,999
THANK YOU.

5061
02:49:35,999 --> 02:49:37,401
>> WE'RE GOING TO GO A
LITTLE

5062
02:49:37,401 --> 02:49:38,802
OUT OF ORDER JUST TO ACCOMMODATE

5063
02:49:38,802 --> 02:49:39,303
SOME FLIGHTS OUT.

5064
02:49:39,303 --> 02:49:42,306
SO NEXT WE'RE GOING TO JUMP TO

5065
02:49:42,306 --> 02:49:43,407
BREAKOUT FOUR, STARTING WITH THE

5066
02:49:43,407 --> 02:49:44,841
VIRTUAL SESSION.

5067
02:49:44,841 --> 02:49:46,076
SYLVIE WILL BE PRESENTING, SO

5068
02:49:46,076 --> 02:49:54,785
THANK YOU, SYLVIE.

5069
02:49:54,785 --> 02:49:55,986
>> HEY, EVERYBODY.

5070
02:49:55,986 --> 02:49:58,188
OUR GROUP HAD ALL THE ANSWERS.

5071
02:49:58,188 --> 02:49:59,289
[LAUGHTER]

5072
02:49:59,289 --> 02:50:03,961
NO.

5073
02:50:03,961 --> 02:50:04,962
I WISH WE HAD.

5074
02:50:04,962 --> 02:50:11,301
I WISH.

5075
02:50:11,301 --> 02:50:14,738
SO I WAS PART OF BREAKOUT GROUP

5076
02:50:14,738 --> 02:50:15,906
FOUR, INTERGENERATIONAL AND

5077
02:50:15,906 --> 02:50:17,307
TRANS GENERATIONAL AND LIFE

5078
02:50:17,307 --> 02:50:19,610
COURSE IMPLICATIONS.

5079
02:50:19,610 --> 02:50:21,945
WE HAD A TOTAL OF SIX PEOPLE,

5080
02:50:21,945 --> 02:50:24,648
HALF OF WHICH CAME FROM THE NIH.

5081
02:50:24,648 --> 02:50:25,849
BUT IT WAS A GREAT GROUP.

5082
02:50:25,849 --> 02:50:28,051
WE HAD SOME GREAT DISCUSSIONS.

5083
02:50:28,051 --> 02:50:30,887
SO THE FIRST QUESTION WE TACKLED

5084
02:50:30,887 --> 02:50:32,856
WAS HOW MIGHT THE BIOLOGICAL

5085
02:50:32,856 --> 02:50:35,158
CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM,

5086
02:50:35,158 --> 02:50:36,460
MARGINALIZATION AND

5087
02:50:36,460 --> 02:50:37,294
DISCRIMINATION ACCUMULATE OVER

5088
02:50:37,294 --> 02:50:38,962
THE LIFE COURSE?

5089
02:50:38,962 --> 02:50:42,265
AND WE TALKED MORE ABOUT --

5090
02:50:42,265 --> 02:50:43,467
YEAH, SO YOU CAN SEE ALL OUR

5091
02:50:43,467 --> 02:50:43,967
NOTES THERE.

5092
02:50:43,967 --> 02:50:47,437
WE TALKED ABOUT WAYS HOW TO

5093
02:50:47,437 --> 02:50:49,239
STUDY THIS, SO WE TALKED ABOUT

5094
02:50:49,239 --> 02:50:51,975
THE NEED TO CONDUCT LONGITUDAL

5095
02:50:51,975 --> 02:50:57,447
STUDIES OF COHORTS, STARTING

5096
02:50:57,447 --> 02:50:59,216
PRENATALLY -- PEOPLE OF

5097
02:50:59,216 --> 02:51:02,919
DIFFERENT AGES SO YOU DON'T NEED

5098
02:51:02,919 --> 02:51:04,688
TO WAIT FOR 70, 80 YEARS TO SEE

5099
02:51:04,688 --> 02:51:06,657
WHAT THE IMPACT IS GOING TO BE

5100
02:51:06,657 --> 02:51:09,593
CUMULATIVELY OVER TIME.

5101
02:51:09,593 --> 02:51:11,561
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT THE

5102
02:51:11,561 --> 02:51:15,065
DIFFICULTY GETTING

5103
02:51:15,065 --> 02:51:16,600
INFORMATION -- WE SAID WHAT

5104
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:17,701
ABOUT CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN,

5105
02:51:17,701 --> 02:51:20,504
CAN WE GET THESE CUMULATIVE

5106
02:51:20,504 --> 02:51:21,938
EFFECTS USING CROSS-SECTIONAL

5107
02:51:21,938 --> 02:51:22,305
STUDIES?

5108
02:51:22,305 --> 02:51:25,042
WE TALKED ABOUT HOW WE COULD FOR

5109
02:51:25,042 --> 02:51:26,343
SOME ASPECT OF THE EXPERIENCES,

5110
02:51:26,343 --> 02:51:28,412
MAYBE THOSE THAT CAN BE MEASURED

5111
02:51:28,412 --> 02:51:32,149
MORE OBJECTIVELY SUCH AS GETTING

5112
02:51:32,149 --> 02:51:33,650
HISTORY, LIVING HISTORY OF

5113
02:51:33,650 --> 02:51:35,085
PEOPLE, WHERE THEY LIVED, FOR

5114
02:51:35,085 --> 02:51:38,021
HOW LONG, AND THEN GETTING

5115
02:51:38,021 --> 02:51:40,023
OBJECTIVE INFORMATION ON

5116
02:51:40,023 --> 02:51:41,858
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS

5117
02:51:41,858 --> 02:51:44,161
AREA DEPRIVATION INDEX, MAYBE

5118
02:51:44,161 --> 02:51:46,129
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, MAYBE

5119
02:51:46,129 --> 02:51:47,330
POVERTY, THINGS LIKE THAT.

5120
02:51:47,330 --> 02:51:51,702
SO THAT COULD BE DONE.

5121
02:51:51,702 --> 02:51:53,770
EITHER CROSS-SECTIONALLY,

5122
02:51:53,770 --> 02:51:56,173
RETROSPECTIVELY, OR SELF-REPORT

5123
02:51:56,173 --> 02:52:00,477
MEASURES, FOLLOWING PEOPLE

5124
02:52:00,477 --> 02:52:02,646
LONGITUDELY OVER TIME WOULD BE

5125
02:52:02,646 --> 02:52:04,514
PREFERABLE, AND AS WELL WE CAN

5126
02:52:04,514 --> 02:52:06,483
MEASURE THE BIOLOGICAL

5127
02:52:06,483 --> 02:52:08,985
CONSEQUENCES OVER TIME, USING

5128
02:52:08,985 --> 02:52:10,187
MEASURES THAT WE HAVE BEEN

5129
02:52:10,187 --> 02:52:13,490
DISCUSSING FOR THE LAST TWO DAYS

5130
02:52:13,490 --> 02:52:16,193
SUCH AS -- ALLOSTATIC LOAD,

5131
02:52:16,193 --> 02:52:18,528
EPIGENETIC MARKERS.

5132
02:52:18,528 --> 02:52:20,797
SO MOVING ON.

5133
02:52:20,797 --> 02:52:21,598
NEXT SLIDE, YES.

5134
02:52:21,598 --> 02:52:24,501
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT THE NEED TO

5135
02:52:24,501 --> 02:52:30,774
MEASURE SOCIAL SAFETY, SO WHAT

5136
02:52:30,774 --> 02:52:33,710
LISA DIAMOND TALKED ABOUT IN HER

5137
02:52:33,710 --> 02:52:35,145
TALK, MEASUREMENT DIFFICULTIES

5138
02:52:35,145 --> 02:52:36,446
THAT MAY COME WITH THAT,

5139
02:52:36,446 --> 02:52:39,282
IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER

5140
02:52:39,282 --> 02:52:41,051
INTERSECTIONALITY, AND THE

5141
02:52:41,051 --> 02:52:45,856
CUMULATIVE IMPACT, AND MEASURE

5142
02:52:45,856 --> 02:52:49,693
ALL DISCRETE EXPERIENCES OF

5143
02:52:49,693 --> 02:52:50,727
SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION AS WELL

5144
02:52:50,727 --> 02:52:53,930
AS THE OVERALL LEVELS OF

5145
02:52:53,930 --> 02:52:54,264
VIGILANCE.

5146
02:52:54,264 --> 02:52:55,932
NEXT QUESTION, HOW CAN WE BEST

5147
02:52:55,932 --> 02:52:57,434
MEASURE OR ADDRESS POTENTIAL

5148
02:52:57,434 --> 02:53:03,039
ACCUMULATION THROUGH RESEARCH?

5149
02:53:03,039 --> 02:53:05,442
SO WHAT WE GRAPPLED WITH, HOW

5150
02:53:05,442 --> 02:53:07,844
CAN WE -- I DON'T THINK WE ARE

5151
02:53:07,844 --> 02:53:09,913
AT THAT LEVEL OF SPECIFICITY

5152
02:53:09,913 --> 02:53:12,449
WHERE WE COULD LINK SPECIFIC

5153
02:53:12,449 --> 02:53:16,586
EXPERIENCES, DISCRIMINATION, BUT

5154
02:53:16,586 --> 02:53:17,788
SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS, AND AGAIN,

5155
02:53:17,788 --> 02:53:19,656
I THINK WE NEED TO DO MORE

5156
02:53:19,656 --> 02:53:21,825
RESEARCH, MAYBE START

5157
02:53:21,825 --> 02:53:23,160
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES TO TRY

5158
02:53:23,160 --> 02:53:28,064
TO PINPOINT THAT.

5159
02:53:28,064 --> 02:53:29,399
AGAIN WE TALKED ABOUT THE NEED

5160
02:53:29,399 --> 02:53:30,367
TO MEASURE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

5161
02:53:30,367 --> 02:53:33,970
ADVERSE EXPERIENCES, SO NOT JUST

5162
02:53:33,970 --> 02:53:34,871
RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION BUT

5163
02:53:34,871 --> 02:53:36,039
OTHER RELATED TYPES OF

5164
02:53:36,039 --> 02:53:37,073
ADVERSITIES.

5165
02:53:37,073 --> 02:53:39,109
SUCH AS POVERTY, LACK OF

5166
02:53:39,109 --> 02:53:42,512
RESOURCES.

5167
02:53:42,512 --> 02:53:45,115
LOW ACCESS OR LOW UTILIZATION OF

5168
02:53:45,115 --> 02:53:45,448
HEALTHCARE.

5169
02:53:45,448 --> 02:53:47,851
BECAUSE ALL OF THOSE WILL

5170
02:53:47,851 --> 02:53:49,619
ACCUMULATE IN TERMS OF THE

5171
02:53:49,619 --> 02:53:51,254
BIOLOGICAL IMPACT.

5172
02:53:51,254 --> 02:53:54,191
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT THE NEED TO

5173
02:53:54,191 --> 02:53:57,294
CAPTURE WHAT PREVIOUS GENERATION

5174
02:53:57,294 --> 02:54:00,130
EXPERIENCED, AND THE IMPORTANCE

5175
02:54:00,130 --> 02:54:06,369
OF CULTURE AND HOW THINGS

5176
02:54:06,369 --> 02:54:08,872
PSYCHOLOGICALLY EXPERIENCES

5177
02:54:08,872 --> 02:54:10,273
TRANSMIT THROUGH GENERATIONS,

5178
02:54:10,273 --> 02:54:11,274
THROUGH CULTURE AND THROUGH

5179
02:54:11,274 --> 02:54:18,048
STORIES THAT PEOPLE TELL.

5180
02:54:18,048 --> 02:54:19,282
SO WE TALKED A LOT ABOUT THE

5181
02:54:19,282 --> 02:54:20,150
IMPORTANCE OF STORIES.

5182
02:54:20,150 --> 02:54:22,752
SO WHAT ARE THE PARENTS AND THE

5183
02:54:22,752 --> 02:54:23,854
GRANDPARENTS TELLING, WHAT

5184
02:54:23,854 --> 02:54:25,722
STORIES ARE THEY TELLING, HOW IS

5185
02:54:25,722 --> 02:54:28,792
THAT A PART OF THE TRANSMISSION

5186
02:54:28,792 --> 02:54:30,627
OF SOME OF THESE EXPOSURES BOTH

5187
02:54:30,627 --> 02:54:32,929
IN TERMS OF ADVERSE EXPOSURES AS

5188
02:54:32,929 --> 02:54:35,665
WELL AS SOURCE OF RESILIENCE.

5189
02:54:35,665 --> 02:54:37,534
ALSO, SOMETIMES WHEN PEOPLE

5190
02:54:37,534 --> 02:54:38,301
EXPERIENCE TRAUMA, THEY WILL NOT

5191
02:54:38,301 --> 02:54:40,370
TALK ABOUT IT, SO WHAT ARE THE

5192
02:54:40,370 --> 02:54:42,539
STORIES THAT ARE NOT BEING TOLD,

5193
02:54:42,539 --> 02:54:44,074
HOW DOES THAT -- YOU KNOW, HOW

5194
02:54:44,074 --> 02:54:46,509
CAN YOU MEASURE THAT, HOW WOULD

5195
02:54:46,509 --> 02:54:49,112
THAT IMPACT THE NEXT GENERATION.

5196
02:54:49,112 --> 02:54:52,849
WE TALKED ABOUT HOW THE

5197
02:54:52,849 --> 02:54:53,483
INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION

5198
02:54:53,483 --> 02:54:55,452
OF THE HYPERVIGILANCE MAY LOOK

5199
02:54:55,452 --> 02:54:56,786
LIKE, HOW MIGHT THAT HAPPEN,

5200
02:54:56,786 --> 02:54:59,122
THAT IT COULD BE MODELED THROUGH

5201
02:54:59,122 --> 02:55:00,290
BEHAVIORS, IT COULD BE MODELED

5202
02:55:00,290 --> 02:55:03,226
AGAIN THROUGH STORIES OR

5203
02:55:03,226 --> 02:55:05,095
MESSAGES, THE PARENTS OR OTHER

5204
02:55:05,095 --> 02:55:08,164
PEOPLE TELL CHILDREN, DO NOT

5205
02:55:08,164 --> 02:55:09,799
TRUST THESE KINDS OF PEOPLE, DO

5206
02:55:09,799 --> 02:55:11,334
NOT TRUST OTHER PEOPLE, AND HOW

5207
02:55:11,334 --> 02:55:14,004
THAT COULD THINK ABOUT

5208
02:55:14,004 --> 02:55:20,410
BIOLOGICAL IMPACT.

5209
02:55:20,410 --> 02:55:24,014
AND THE NEED FOR MIXED METHODS

5210
02:55:24,014 --> 02:55:26,082
DESIGN, SO ALSO LISTEN TO THE

5211
02:55:26,082 --> 02:55:27,183
STORIES, ASK PEOPLE TO TELL

5212
02:55:27,183 --> 02:55:28,818
THEIR STORIES.

5213
02:55:28,818 --> 02:55:30,553
MOVING ON TO QUESTION THREE.

5214
02:55:30,553 --> 02:55:31,988
WHAT SPECIFIC TIME PERIODS

5215
02:55:31,988 --> 02:55:34,057
ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE MAY BE

5216
02:55:34,057 --> 02:55:35,358
PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR

5217
02:55:35,358 --> 02:55:37,794
UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL

5218
02:55:37,794 --> 02:55:39,329
CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM,

5219
02:55:39,329 --> 02:55:40,363
MARGINALIZATION AND

5220
02:55:40,363 --> 02:55:41,398
DISCRIMINATION?

5221
02:55:41,398 --> 02:55:46,536
SO OVERALL, THIS APPEARS TO BE

5222
02:55:46,536 --> 02:55:49,940
ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID BRAIN

5223
02:55:49,940 --> 02:55:52,575
DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONAL

5224
02:55:52,575 --> 02:55:55,378
DEVELOPMENT, SO PREMAY TALL,

5225
02:55:55,378 --> 02:56:01,084
EARLY CHILDHOOD, THAT WHOLE

5226
02:56:01,084 --> 02:56:03,053
PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT FROM

5227
02:56:03,053 --> 02:56:04,688
PRENATAL TO YOUNG ADULTHOOD

5228
02:56:04,688 --> 02:56:07,324
BECAUSE THE BRAIN IS STILL

5229
02:56:07,324 --> 02:56:09,726
DEVELOPING.

5230
02:56:09,726 --> 02:56:12,362
WE TALKED ABOUT MEASURING

5231
02:56:12,362 --> 02:56:15,365
INFLAMMATION, DNA METHYLATION,

5232
02:56:15,365 --> 02:56:17,934
TELOMERE LENGTH OVER TIME DURING

5233
02:56:17,934 --> 02:56:18,601
THESE DIFFERENT CRITICAL

5234
02:56:18,601 --> 02:56:18,935
PERIODS.

5235
02:56:18,935 --> 02:56:20,904
WE TALKED ABOUT THE HEALTHCARE

5236
02:56:20,904 --> 02:56:22,205
SYSTEM AND PHYSICIAN

5237
02:56:22,205 --> 02:56:24,174
INTERACTIONS AS A POTENTIAL

5238
02:56:24,174 --> 02:56:25,475
SOURCE OF RACISM AND

5239
02:56:25,475 --> 02:56:26,576
DISCRIMINATION.

5240
02:56:26,576 --> 02:56:32,048
WHICH ALSO INCLUDES SAY NOT

5241
02:56:32,048 --> 02:56:34,651
GETTING PRENATAL CARE OR THEY

5242
02:56:34,651 --> 02:56:38,388
ARE NOT RESPECTED DURING THE

5243
02:56:38,388 --> 02:56:39,255
EXPERIENCE, DISCRIMINATION.

5244
02:56:39,255 --> 02:56:40,156
WE TALKED ABOUT THE IMPACT ON

5245
02:56:40,156 --> 02:56:47,130
THE CAREGIVER AND HOW THAT --

5246
02:56:47,130 --> 02:56:48,565
WITH CAREGIVER BOND OR

5247
02:56:48,565 --> 02:56:49,766
ATTACHMENT.

5248
02:56:49,766 --> 02:56:53,136
AND AGAIN, HOW THIS IS ALL

5249
02:56:53,136 --> 02:56:54,904
EMBEDDED WITHIN CULTURES AND HOW

5250
02:56:54,904 --> 02:56:58,074
WE LOOK AT ALL THOSE PIECES.

5251
02:56:58,074 --> 02:56:59,075
WE TALKED ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE

5252
02:56:59,075 --> 02:57:03,747
OF INVOLVING OR REALLY STUDYING

5253
02:57:03,747 --> 02:57:04,948
THE WHOLE FAMILY, NOT JUST THE

5254
02:57:04,948 --> 02:57:08,018
MOTHER A AND THE CHILD AS IT

5255
02:57:08,018 --> 02:57:09,886
TYPICALLY DONE, BUT WHAT ABOUT

5256
02:57:09,886 --> 02:57:11,955
OTHER CHARACTERS, WHAT ABOUT

5257
02:57:11,955 --> 02:57:15,992
FATHERS, EXTENDED FAMILY?

5258
02:57:15,992 --> 02:57:19,295
ALL OF THOSE ARE INVOLVED IN

5259
02:57:19,295 --> 02:57:20,063
RAISING CHILDREN SO THEY ARE

5260
02:57:20,063 --> 02:57:22,032
PART OF THE INFLUENCES THAT WILL

5261
02:57:22,032 --> 02:57:24,334
ACCUMULATE AND BIOLOGICAL --

5262
02:57:24,334 --> 02:57:27,404
CUMULATIVE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT.

5263
02:57:27,404 --> 02:57:31,641
AGAIN, WE CAME TO THE QUESTION

5264
02:57:31,641 --> 02:57:34,077
OF -- SILOS AND CULTURAL

5265
02:57:34,077 --> 02:57:35,578
PRACTICES AND HOW THOSE MIGHT BE

5266
02:57:35,578 --> 02:57:37,781
PART OF OR MODERATE THE EFFECTS

5267
02:57:37,781 --> 02:57:42,485
OF RMD.

5268
02:57:42,485 --> 02:57:44,187
AND THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY, WE

5269
02:57:44,187 --> 02:57:47,624
TALKED ABOUT HOW WITH THE

5270
02:57:47,624 --> 02:57:48,625
ADOLESCENT MAYBE COMES FROM A

5271
02:57:48,625 --> 02:57:49,692
MIXED RACE FAMILY, HOW THAT

5272
02:57:49,692 --> 02:57:52,262
COULD BE DIFFICULT TO NAVIGATE,

5273
02:57:52,262 --> 02:57:58,134
YOU KNOW, WHAT IDENTITY AM I.

5274
02:57:58,134 --> 02:58:01,271
AND WE TALKED ABOUT HOW -- EVEN

5275
02:58:01,271 --> 02:58:02,739
AT THE ROOLT OF ALL THESE

5276
02:58:02,739 --> 02:58:05,575
PROBLEMS IS THE DIVISIONS THAT

5277
02:58:05,575 --> 02:58:11,681
WE CREATE, THAT WE SNEAK UP AND

5278
02:58:11,681 --> 02:58:12,882
CATEGORIZE PEOPLE INTO THESE

5279
02:58:12,882 --> 02:58:13,216
CATEGORIES.

5280
02:58:13,216 --> 02:58:16,152
IF YOU FOCUS ON THESE DIVISIONS,

5281
02:58:16,152 --> 02:58:20,757
IF WE COULD FOCUS ON THE THINGS

5282
02:58:20,757 --> 02:58:26,029
THAT COULD UNITE US, THAT WOULD

5283
02:58:26,029 --> 02:58:31,835
BE -- EXPERIENCES.

5284
02:58:31,835 --> 02:58:33,903
NEXT SLIDE.

5285
02:58:33,903 --> 02:58:34,671
BUT IT A CHALLENGE.

5286
02:58:34,671 --> 02:58:38,475
HOW DO YOU CREATE A SOCIETY WITH

5287
02:58:38,475 --> 02:58:40,577
NO DIVISIONS, WHERE EVERYBODY IS

5288
02:58:40,577 --> 02:58:41,644
EQUAL, WHERE EVERYBODY IS

5289
02:58:41,644 --> 02:58:43,179
RESPECTED?

5290
02:58:43,179 --> 02:58:50,086
SO THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT --

5291
02:58:50,086 --> 02:58:51,387
INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE WHEN

5292
02:58:51,387 --> 02:58:52,489
GROUPS OF PEOPLE WORK TOGETHER

5293
02:58:52,489 --> 02:58:54,424
TO PURSUE A COMMON GOAL, THAT'S

5294
02:58:54,424 --> 02:58:56,759
WHAT BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER AND

5295
02:58:56,759 --> 02:58:59,262
YOU CAN SEE THE SIMILARITIES

5296
02:58:59,262 --> 02:59:00,029
THROUGHOUT THE DIFFERENCES.

5297
02:59:00,029 --> 02:59:01,564
I THINK THAT'S A CHALLENGE FOR

5298
02:59:01,564 --> 02:59:02,899
ALL, HOW CAN WE CREATE THAT IN

5299
02:59:02,899 --> 02:59:05,068
THE SPACES THAT WE OCCUPY, AND

5300
02:59:05,068 --> 02:59:08,037
HOW CAN WE INCLUDE IT IN OUR

5301
02:59:08,037 --> 02:59:14,043
RESEARCH AND MAKE IT --

5302
02:59:14,043 --> 02:59:14,477
INTERVENTIONS.

5303
02:59:14,477 --> 02:59:16,779
LAST QUESTION, HOW MIGHT THE

5304
02:59:16,779 --> 02:59:18,581
BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN

5305
02:59:18,581 --> 02:59:20,183
RACE -- RMD PASS FROM PARENTS TO

5306
02:59:20,183 --> 02:59:20,483
CHILDREN?

5307
02:59:20,483 --> 02:59:22,352
WE TALKED A LOT ABOUT PARENTING

5308
02:59:22,352 --> 02:59:23,353
STYLE.

5309
02:59:23,353 --> 02:59:26,823
THERE IS RESEARCH ON HOW STRESS,

5310
02:59:26,823 --> 02:59:33,062
ALL SORT OF STRESS, IMPAIRS

5311
02:59:33,062 --> 02:59:34,597
PARENTS' ABILITY TO BE

5312
02:59:34,597 --> 02:59:36,266
SENSITIVE, RESPONSIBLE PARENTS.

5313
02:59:36,266 --> 02:59:40,970
AND AGAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF

5314
02:59:40,970 --> 02:59:43,139
THE -- NETWORK, IF THERE'S MORE

5315
02:59:43,139 --> 02:59:44,140
CAREGIVERS INVOLVED, IF THERE'S

5316
02:59:44,140 --> 02:59:46,976
A BROADER SOCIAL MAP, THAT MIGHT

5317
02:59:46,976 --> 02:59:47,310
HELP.

5318
02:59:47,310 --> 02:59:49,612
WE TALKED ABOUT PERSISTENCE OF

5319
02:59:49,612 --> 02:59:50,680
EPIGENETIC CHANGES ACROSS

5320
02:59:50,680 --> 02:59:51,114
GENERATIONS.

5321
02:59:51,114 --> 02:59:52,549
WE NEED MORE RESEARCH TO

5322
02:59:52,549 --> 02:59:54,851
UNDERSTAND THOSE BETTER.

5323
02:59:54,851 --> 02:59:57,921
ARE SOME BRAIN AREAS

5324
02:59:57,921 --> 03:00:00,757
DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTED ACROSS

5325
03:00:00,757 --> 03:00:02,192
GENERATIONS, DIFFERENT TYPES OF

5326
03:00:02,192 --> 03:00:03,393
ADVERSITY, DO THEY HAVE

5327
03:00:03,393 --> 03:00:05,128
DIFFERENT CONSEQUENCES, WHAT

5328
03:00:05,128 --> 03:00:11,134
ABOUT SOME THAT ARE MORE DISTAL,

5329
03:00:11,134 --> 03:00:12,802
MORE SYSTEMIC, ARE THERE ANY

5330
03:00:12,802 --> 03:00:15,305
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS AND DO THEY

5331
03:00:15,305 --> 03:00:17,607
PASS DIFFERENTIALLY THROUGH

5332
03:00:17,607 --> 03:00:18,908
GENERATIONS?

5333
03:00:18,908 --> 03:00:19,909
AGAIN THE ROLE THESE STORIES

5334
03:00:19,909 --> 03:00:29,752
PLAY IN THE INTERGENERATIONAL --

5335
03:00:29,752 --> 03:00:32,255
AND IN TERMS OF WHEN YOU TALK

5336
03:00:32,255 --> 03:00:39,028
ABOUT HOW CAN YOU -- GREAT BOOK

5337
03:00:39,028 --> 03:00:45,401
BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE -- THOSE

5338
03:00:45,401 --> 03:00:46,202
SETTINGS.

5339
03:00:46,202 --> 03:00:48,037
AND ARE THERE DIFFERENCES,

5340
03:00:48,037 --> 03:00:50,740
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE

5341
03:00:50,740 --> 03:00:53,476
PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSIONS OR

5342
03:00:53,476 --> 03:00:56,446
BIOLOGICAL CHANGES?

5343
03:00:56,446 --> 03:00:57,647
ARE THESE CHANGES REVERSIBLE,

5344
03:00:57,647 --> 03:00:58,948
WHICH WE HAVE SEEN IN SOME OF

5345
03:00:58,948 --> 03:01:02,352
THE TALKS THAT THEY ARE, AT

5346
03:01:02,352 --> 03:01:03,753
LEAST IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES, SO

5347
03:01:03,753 --> 03:01:05,955
THAT WOULD BE IMPORTANT TO STUDY

5348
03:01:05,955 --> 03:01:09,125
IN LONGITUDAL RESEARCH, AND THE

5349
03:01:09,125 --> 03:01:10,426
IMPORTANCE WHEN LOOKING AT

5350
03:01:10,426 --> 03:01:13,396
CULTURE OR DIFFERENT GROUPS, YOU

5351
03:01:13,396 --> 03:01:15,064
KNOW, NOT TREATING ALL HISPANICS

5352
03:01:15,064 --> 03:01:17,100
AT THE SAME GROUP BECAUSE IT'S A

5353
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:18,101
VERY DIVERSE POPULATION WITH

5354
03:01:18,101 --> 03:01:21,604
LOTS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.

5355
03:01:21,604 --> 03:01:25,608
AND HOPE PERHAPS TO MEASURE --

5356
03:01:25,608 --> 03:01:26,943
MAY VARY FROM ONE GROUP TO

5357
03:01:26,943 --> 03:01:27,277
ANOTHER.

5358
03:01:27,277 --> 03:01:29,145
SO THIS IS A LOT OF FOOD FOR

5359
03:01:29,145 --> 03:01:30,013
THOUGHT FROM ALL OF US.

5360
03:01:30,013 --> 03:01:36,486
THANK YOU.

5361
03:01:36,486 --> 03:01:43,459
>> IN-PERSON BREAKOUT,
NANA?

5362
03:01:43,459 --> 03:01:45,662
IF YOU JUST WANT TO SAY DITTO,

5363
03:01:45,662 --> 03:01:47,063
WE CAN.

5364
03:01:47,063 --> 03:01:47,563
DITTO?

5365
03:01:47,563 --> 03:01:47,930
OKAY.

5366
03:01:47,930 --> 03:01:48,398
THAT'S FAIR.

5367
03:01:48,398 --> 03:01:48,698
OKAY.

5368
03:01:48,698 --> 03:01:51,000
SO THEN WE'LL JUMP BACK UP TO

5369
03:01:51,000 --> 03:02:01,511
IN-PERSON BREAKOUT GROUP TWO.

5370
03:02:16,592 --> 03:02:18,127
>> WE DIDN'T GET THROUGH
ALL OUR

5371
03:02:18,127 --> 03:02:18,895
QUESTIONS BECAUSE WE HAD THE

5372
03:02:18,895 --> 03:02:20,997
MOST QUESTIONS OF ALL THE

5373
03:02:20,997 --> 03:02:22,065
BREAKOUT GRAWPS, BUT IN OUR

5374
03:02:22,065 --> 03:02:22,932
INITIAL DISCUSSION, IT TURNS OUT

5375
03:02:22,932 --> 03:02:24,200
THAT WE BASICALLY ANSWERED THREE

5376
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:26,336
OF THE QUESTIONS IN ANSWERING

5377
03:02:26,336 --> 03:02:28,204
QUESTION ONE.

5378
03:02:28,204 --> 03:02:31,908
SO THE THREE QUESTIONS THAT WE

5379
03:02:31,908 --> 03:02:34,644
TALKED ABOUT WERE UNDERSTANDING

5380
03:02:34,644 --> 03:02:36,512
THE POTENTIAL ADDITIVE

5381
03:02:36,512 --> 03:02:38,915
MULTIPLICATIVE EFFECTS OF RMD IN

5382
03:02:38,915 --> 03:02:43,086
PEOPLE WITH MULTIPLE

5383
03:02:43,086 --> 03:02:44,187
INTERSECTING IDENTITIES, AND

5384
03:02:44,187 --> 03:02:45,588
UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENTIAL

5385
03:02:45,588 --> 03:02:47,557
IMPACTS OF RMD WITHIN POPULATION

5386
03:02:47,557 --> 03:02:50,593
GROUPS AND THE EXTENT THAT

5387
03:02:50,593 --> 03:02:51,394
REPORTED MEASURES CAPTURE

5388
03:02:51,394 --> 03:02:52,695
CHANGES.

5389
03:02:52,695 --> 03:02:54,097
 IN RMD EXPERIENCES OVER

5390
03:02:54,097 --> 03:02:56,866
TIME.

5391
03:02:56,866 --> 03:02:59,802
SO FIRST OFF, WE STARTED OUT THE

5392
03:02:59,802 --> 03:03:02,772
DISCUSSION TALKING ABOUT MOVING

5393
03:03:02,772 --> 03:03:07,043
BEYOND LINEAR INTERACTION TERMS

5394
03:03:07,043 --> 03:03:09,312
IN STATISTICAL ANALYSES AND THAT

5395
03:03:09,312 --> 03:03:10,313
ADDITIVE MODELS ARE NOT

5396
03:03:10,313 --> 03:03:11,314
PARTICULARLY USEFUL SINCE YOU'RE

5397
03:03:11,314 --> 03:03:14,584
JUST GETTING INDEPENDENT EFFECTS

5398
03:03:14,584 --> 03:03:17,253
AND NOT ACTUALLY INTERSECTIONAL

5399
03:03:17,253 --> 03:03:19,288
EFFECTS.

5400
03:03:19,288 --> 03:03:20,490
FOR MULTIPLICATIVE MODELS, THAT

5401
03:03:20,490 --> 03:03:22,225
CAN TELL US WHETHER OR NOT THERE

5402
03:03:22,225 --> 03:03:24,427
ARE DISPARITIES BUT NOT

5403
03:03:24,427 --> 03:03:26,062
NECESSARILY WHY THERE ARE

5404
03:03:26,062 --> 03:03:28,131
DISPARITIES.

5405
03:03:28,131 --> 03:03:30,533
SO WE SORT OF TALKED ABOUT MORE

5406
03:03:30,533 --> 03:03:32,835
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO REALLY

5407
03:03:32,835 --> 03:03:33,936
UNDERSTANDING INTERSECTIONALITY.

5408
03:03:33,936 --> 03:03:39,842
SO LOOKING AT USING QUANTITATIVE

5409
03:03:39,842 --> 03:03:41,377
AND QUALITATIVE DATA, MIXED

5410
03:03:41,377 --> 03:03:43,346
METHODS DATA, AS WELL AS DOING

5411
03:03:43,346 --> 03:03:44,881
BOTH BETWEEN-GROUP COMPARISONS,

5412
03:03:44,881 --> 03:03:46,616
SO HAVING A COMPARATIVE

5413
03:03:46,616 --> 03:03:50,019
REFERENCE GROUP OUTSIDE OF THE

5414
03:03:50,019 --> 03:03:51,754
GROUP THAT WERE INTERESTED BUT

5415
03:03:51,754 --> 03:03:53,389
ALSO REALLY MOVING MORE TOWARDS

5416
03:03:53,389 --> 03:03:55,658
WITHIN GROUP ANALYSES SO THEN WE

5417
03:03:55,658 --> 03:03:57,260
HAVE BOTH -- MORE STATISTICAL

5418
03:03:57,260 --> 03:03:58,294
POWER OVER TIME, IF WE CAN

5419
03:03:58,294 --> 03:04:02,765
FOLLOW THE SAME PEOPLE, AS WELL

5420
03:04:02,765 --> 03:04:06,936
AS BETTER EXCHANGEABILITY IN OUR

5421
03:04:06,936 --> 03:04:10,006
MODELS.

5422
03:04:10,006 --> 03:04:12,742
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT HOW WITH

5423
03:04:12,742 --> 03:04:13,943
MEASURES OF RACISM, WE TEND TO

5424
03:04:13,943 --> 03:04:16,579
USE THE SAME MEASURES IN

5425
03:04:16,579 --> 03:04:18,214
DIFFERENT CONTEXTS AND THAT THAT

5426
03:04:18,214 --> 03:04:20,850
MIGHT NOT ACTUALLY BE CAPTURING

5427
03:04:20,850 --> 03:04:25,955
WHAT WE WANTED TO CAPTURE.

5428
03:04:25,955 --> 03:04:27,089
SO THINKING MORE BROADLY ABOUT

5429
03:04:27,089 --> 03:04:30,693
HOW WE MIGHT WANT TO ACTUALLY

5430
03:04:30,693 --> 03:04:33,296
MEASURE RACISM JUST IN DIFFERENT

5431
03:04:33,296 --> 03:04:35,398
SITUATIONS.

5432
03:04:35,398 --> 03:04:36,365
AND OF COURSE SAMPLE SIZE IS

5433
03:04:36,365 --> 03:04:38,434
ALWAYS THE NUMBER ONE CHALLENGE

5434
03:04:38,434 --> 03:04:42,038
WITH INTERSECTIONAL RESEARCH,

5435
03:04:42,038 --> 03:04:43,773
AND LEAST QUANTITATIVELY, SO WE

5436
03:04:43,773 --> 03:04:47,510
DISCUSSED A NUMBER OF STRATEGIES

5437
03:04:47,510 --> 03:04:48,845
THAT MIGHT BE HELPFUL AROUND

5438
03:04:48,845 --> 03:04:50,713
THIS, SO THINKING JUST ABOUT

5439
03:04:50,713 --> 03:04:53,883
MORE NUANCED ANALYTIC ANALYSES

5440
03:04:53,883 --> 03:04:55,718
BEYOND JUST DISCRIMINATION,

5441
03:04:55,718 --> 03:04:56,486
RACE, INTERACTION TERM.

5442
03:04:56,486 --> 03:04:58,454
SO THINKING ABOUT COMBINED

5443
03:04:58,454 --> 03:05:00,857
REPORTING.

5444
03:05:00,857 --> 03:05:02,725
 OF GROUPS.

5445
03:05:02,725 --> 03:05:08,965
AGAIN, WITHIN-GROUP COMPARISONS.

5446
03:05:08,965 --> 03:05:13,002
AND THEN WE HAD TALKED -- WELL,

5447
03:05:13,002 --> 03:05:14,637
OKAY, LISA AND KEN TALKED ABOUT

5448
03:05:14,637 --> 03:05:16,405
PLANNED MISSINGNESS BY DESIGN

5449
03:05:16,405 --> 03:05:19,242
AND THE RETI REST OF US HAD LOTF

5450
03:05:19,242 --> 03:05:20,443
QUESTIONS BUT NOT ENOUGH TIME TO

5451
03:05:20,443 --> 03:05:23,846
DISCUSS IT ALL, BUT BASICALLY

5452
03:05:23,846 --> 03:05:28,117
FROM WHAT I GATHERED, AGAIN TO

5453
03:05:28,117 --> 03:05:30,419
OVERCOME THE SMALL SAMPLE SIZISH

5454
03:05:30,419 --> 03:05:32,221
YOU'LL, BUT WITH THE MISSINGNESS

5455
03:05:32,221 --> 03:05:33,890
BY DESIGN, THEN WE CAN USE

5456
03:05:33,890 --> 03:05:35,224
MULTIPLE IMPUTATIONS TO SORT OF

5457
03:05:35,224 --> 03:05:37,827
FILL IN SOME OF THE GAPS AND

5458
03:05:37,827 --> 03:05:41,130
IMPROVE OUR MODELS THAT WAY.

5459
03:05:41,130 --> 03:05:44,300
AND THEN THERE WAS ALSO A

5460
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:45,201
DISCUSSION, A BRIEF DISCUSSION

5461
03:05:45,201 --> 03:05:47,703
OF CLUSTERS OF NATURAL

5462
03:05:47,703 --> 03:05:49,338
COMMUNITIES AND A MORE FLEXIBLE

5463
03:05:49,338 --> 03:05:54,043
STUDY DESIGN IN ORDER TO ASSESS

5464
03:05:54,043 --> 03:05:54,577
INTERSECTIONALITY BETTER.

5465
03:05:54,577 --> 03:05:57,213
KEN MENTIONED THAT THE

5466
03:05:57,213 --> 03:06:00,283
FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN IS NOT

5467
03:06:00,283 --> 03:06:01,684
NECESSARILY WHAT STUDY SECTIONS

5468
03:06:01,684 --> 03:06:03,085
EXPECT, BUT WE DON'T NECESSARILY

5469
03:06:03,085 --> 03:06:06,188
HAVE TO CATER TO THEM.

5470
03:06:06,188 --> 03:06:11,327
AND THEN -- YEAH, AND THEN JUST

5471
03:06:11,327 --> 03:06:12,762
THE WITHIN GROUP.

5472
03:06:12,762 --> 03:06:16,332
AND THEN FOR THE QUESTION, ONE

5473
03:06:16,332 --> 03:06:18,100
THAT WE HAVEN'T CAPTURED YET, SO

5474
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:22,805
THAT ONE IS LOOKING AT THE

5475
03:06:22,805 --> 03:06:26,842
TENSION BETWEEN SOCIETAL LEVEL

5476
03:06:26,842 --> 03:06:29,245
RACISM AND -- VERSUS INDIVIDUAL

5477
03:06:29,245 --> 03:06:34,951
LEVEL BIOLOGIC PROCESSES.

5478
03:06:34,951 --> 03:06:36,686
SO WE TALKED ABOUT MULTILEVEL

5479
03:06:36,686 --> 03:06:37,820
MODELING, AND OF COURSE WITHIN

5480
03:06:37,820 --> 03:06:40,189
THAT, THEN, THERE WERE ISSUES

5481
03:06:40,189 --> 03:06:42,592
AROUND MEASUREMENT ERROR AND

5482
03:06:42,592 --> 03:06:44,794
PRECISION, AND JUST TRYING TO

5483
03:06:44,794 --> 03:06:45,761
EXPLORE VARIABILITY ACROSS ALL

5484
03:06:45,761 --> 03:06:48,497
OF THE LEVELS.

5485
03:06:48,497 --> 03:06:50,366
BASICALLY WE JUST NEED BETTER

5486
03:06:50,366 --> 03:06:54,737
MEASURES ACROSS THE BOARD.

5487
03:06:54,737 --> 03:06:56,072
THERE IS A GROWING CONCERN ABOUT

5488
03:06:56,072 --> 03:06:58,674
JUST RELYING ON INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL

5489
03:06:58,674 --> 03:07:00,109
SELF-REPORTED DATA AS PEOPLE ARE

5490
03:07:00,109 --> 03:07:01,310
GETTING MORE ACCUSTOMED TO

5491
03:07:01,310 --> 03:07:04,046
TAKING SURVEYS, PEOPLE ARE -- A

5492
03:07:04,046 --> 03:07:05,348
LOT OF RESEARCHERS ARE

5493
03:07:05,348 --> 03:07:08,751
EXPERIENCING ISSUES WITH BOTS

5494
03:07:08,751 --> 03:07:11,120
COMPLETING SURVEYS ONLINE, SO

5495
03:07:11,120 --> 03:07:12,121
THAT COULD INCREASE THE

5496
03:07:12,121 --> 03:07:15,424
POSSIBILITY OF HAVING BAD DATA

5497
03:07:15,424 --> 03:07:16,726
GOING INTO OUR MODELS.

5498
03:07:16,726 --> 03:07:18,260
SO JUST BEING MORE COGNIZANT OF

5499
03:07:18,260 --> 03:07:20,663
THAT.

5500
03:07:20,663 --> 03:07:22,131
AND TRYING TO BE MORE CREATIVE

5501
03:07:22,131 --> 03:07:25,267
ABOUT WAYS TO MEASURE AREA LEVEL

5502
03:07:25,267 --> 03:07:27,003
RACISM, SO THERE WAS A BRIEF

5503
03:07:27,003 --> 03:07:29,739
DISCUSSION ON POTENTIALLY USING

5504
03:07:29,739 --> 03:07:35,878
WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY TO CAPTURE

5505
03:07:35,878 --> 03:07:37,179
POTENTIALLY DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF

5506
03:07:37,179 --> 03:07:39,281
RACISM, SO SOMETHING LIKE

5507
03:07:39,281 --> 03:07:40,583
VIGILANCE, AND JUST THOSE

5508
03:07:40,583 --> 03:07:41,884
DEVICES CAN THEN ALSO HELP US

5509
03:07:41,884 --> 03:07:46,355
CAPTURE MORE DAY TO DAY DATA.

5510
03:07:46,355 --> 03:07:48,658
AND THEN WE TALKED BRIEFLY ABOUT

5511
03:07:48,658 --> 03:07:51,193
THIS IDEA OF PRECISION EQUITY,

5512
03:07:51,193 --> 03:07:54,664
SO TRYING TO FIGURE OUT IN A

5513
03:07:54,664 --> 03:07:56,666
LARGER POPULATION WHO NEEDS WHAT

5514
03:07:56,666 --> 03:07:58,534
AND THAT -- WHILE ALSO

5515
03:07:58,534 --> 03:07:59,502
RECOGNIZING THAT INDIVIDUAL

5516
03:07:59,502 --> 03:08:01,270
PEOPLE ALSO NEED INDIVIDUAL

5517
03:08:01,270 --> 03:08:04,006
THINGS, SO SORT OF FINDING THAT

5518
03:08:04,006 --> 03:08:08,377
BALANCE IN ORDER TO DEAL WITH

5519
03:08:08,377 --> 03:08:09,578
THE VARIABILITY WITHIN THE

5520
03:08:09,578 --> 03:08:12,214
GROUPS.

5521
03:08:12,214 --> 03:08:22,725
AND THAT'S THE FOUR QUESTIONS.

5522
03:08:36,338 --> 03:08:38,007
>> SO I THINK WE HAD THE
BEST

5523
03:08:38,007 --> 03:08:38,207
GROUP.

5524
03:08:38,207 --> 03:08:40,643
I ACTUALLY WOULD LIKE TO BORROW

5525
03:08:40,643 --> 03:08:43,279
THEM AND WHEN I WRITE MY NEXT

5526
03:08:43,279 --> 03:08:44,246
GRANT, CONSULT WITH THEM.

5527
03:08:44,246 --> 03:08:45,681
BUT HOPEFULLY THESE

5528
03:08:45,681 --> 03:08:47,116
RECOMMENDATIONS CAN BE

5529
03:08:47,116 --> 03:08:48,317
AVAILABLE, JENNA, RIGHT?

5530
03:08:48,317 --> 03:08:48,617
>> YES.

5531
03:08:48,617 --> 03:08:52,021
>> OKAY.

5532
03:08:52,021 --> 03:08:55,691
SO WE HAD, GIVE OR TAKE, SIX TO

5533
03:08:55,691 --> 03:08:57,293
NINE PEOPLE GOING IN AND OUT.

5534
03:08:57,293 --> 03:08:57,827
OH, MY.

5535
03:08:57,827 --> 03:09:07,903
I CAN'T READ THAT.

5536
03:09:07,903 --> 03:09:10,840
SO THE FIRST ONE -- OH, AND

5537
03:09:10,840 --> 03:09:13,609
THANKS TO MELISSA FOR TAKING

5538
03:09:13,609 --> 03:09:17,847
NOTES.

5539
03:09:17,847 --> 03:09:20,249
SO ANY SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT AND

5540
03:09:20,249 --> 03:09:21,350
ANALYTIC CHALLENGE TOPICS THAT

5541
03:09:21,350 --> 03:09:22,218
YOU'VE BROUGHT UP TO DISCUSS.

5542
03:09:22,218 --> 03:09:23,652
SO WE STARTED OFF WITH THIS

5543
03:09:23,652 --> 03:09:29,024
GENERAL QUESTION, AND SO A LOT

5544
03:09:29,024 --> 03:09:30,559
OF THE THINGS, NICOLE ALREADY

5545
03:09:30,559 --> 03:09:31,427
MENTIONED, BUT ONE OF THE THINGS

5546
03:09:31,427 --> 03:09:33,062
THAT WE BROUGHT UP WAS UNIFORM

5547
03:09:33,062 --> 03:09:34,163
MEASUREMENTS.

5548
03:09:34,163 --> 03:09:36,665
SO HOW DO WE NOT ONLY DEFINE

5549
03:09:36,665 --> 03:09:38,000
THEM BUT HOW DO WE MEASURE

5550
03:09:38,000 --> 03:09:38,501
THOSE.

5551
03:09:38,501 --> 03:09:41,137
SO THERE'S BASICALLY A LACK OF

5552
03:09:41,137 --> 03:09:42,905
CONSENSUS AND CLARITY ON

5553
03:09:42,905 --> 03:09:43,906
DEFINITIONS FOR STRUCTURAL

5554
03:09:43,906 --> 03:09:45,441
RACISM, AND WHAT IS NIH'S ROLE

5555
03:09:45,441 --> 03:09:45,975
IN THIS.

5556
03:09:45,975 --> 03:09:50,780
SO WE BRIEFLY TALKED ABOUT HOW

5557
03:09:50,780 --> 03:09:53,048
NIMHD HAS THE PHOENIX TOOLBOX

5558
03:09:53,048 --> 03:09:54,283
FOR MEASURING SOCIAL

5559
03:09:54,283 --> 03:09:55,718
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, BUT IT'S

5560
03:09:55,718 --> 03:09:56,685
PRETTY COMPREHENSIVE, IT'S A

5561
03:09:56,685 --> 03:10:00,389
LITTLE BIT OVERWHELMING, SO WHO

5562
03:10:00,389 --> 03:10:02,024
ALL SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN MAYBE

5563
03:10:02,024 --> 03:10:04,460
COMING UP WITH THESE CONSISTENT

5564
03:10:04,460 --> 03:10:07,296
DEFINITIONS AND WHAT'S THE VOICE

5565
03:10:07,296 --> 03:10:08,397
OF VALIDATION.

5566
03:10:08,397 --> 03:10:11,000
AND ALSO WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT

5567
03:10:11,000 --> 03:10:13,435
ABOUT A PROXY MEASURE, SO I KNOW

5568
03:10:13,435 --> 03:10:14,170
IN TALKS THIS MORNING, THEY

5569
03:10:14,170 --> 03:10:16,472
TALKED ABOUT MAYBE SES AND RACE

5570
03:10:16,472 --> 03:10:18,774
AND ETHNICITY BEING USED AS

5571
03:10:18,774 --> 03:10:21,177
PROXIE MEASURES, SO REALLY

5572
03:10:21,177 --> 03:10:24,346
FOCUSING ON PICKING THE MOST

5573
03:10:24,346 --> 03:10:25,447
APPROPRIATE MEASURES AND METRICS

5574
03:10:25,447 --> 03:10:26,215
ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCH

5575
03:10:26,215 --> 03:10:26,649
QUESTION.

5576
03:10:26,649 --> 03:10:28,951
AND THEN STAYING ABREAST AND

5577
03:10:28,951 --> 03:10:31,120
CONSCIOUS OF THE EVOLVING

5578
03:10:31,120 --> 03:10:32,021
VOCABULARY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT,

5579
03:10:32,021 --> 03:10:33,989
SO WHAT MIGHT BE APPLICABLE

5580
03:10:33,989 --> 03:10:36,158
TODAY MIGHT BE DIFFERENT

5581
03:10:36,158 --> 03:10:37,226
TOMORROW, SO ONE EXAMPLE THAT

5582
03:10:37,226 --> 03:10:39,228
WAS BROUGHT UP WHICH IS REALLY

5583
03:10:39,228 --> 03:10:43,299
PHENOMENAL IS THE CONSENSUS OF

5584
03:10:43,299 --> 03:10:48,103
THE RACE AND ETHNIC DEFINITION

5585
03:10:48,103 --> 03:10:50,406
FOR MEAN OF POPULATION WHICH

5586
03:10:50,406 --> 03:10:53,008
DIDN'T EXIST, SO THAT WAS A

5587
03:10:53,008 --> 03:10:55,945
GREAT EXAMPLE OF A NEW

5588
03:10:55,945 --> 03:10:56,412
DEFINITION.

5589
03:10:56,412 --> 03:10:58,814
AND THEN ASSESSING RACISM SUCH

5590
03:10:58,814 --> 03:11:00,482
AS COMPOSITE MEASURES, SO NOT

5591
03:11:00,482 --> 03:11:03,853
JUST LOOKING AT ONE ASPECT.

5592
03:11:03,853 --> 03:11:05,821
THIS HAS BEEN A CONSISTENT THEME

5593
03:11:05,821 --> 03:11:07,022
AMONGST ALL THE GROUPS THAT HAVE

5594
03:11:07,022 --> 03:11:08,791
DISCUSSED THIS, SO LOOKING AT

5595
03:11:08,791 --> 03:11:11,861
THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, BUT THE

5596
03:11:11,861 --> 03:11:13,162
ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL

5597
03:11:13,162 --> 03:11:17,099
INFRASTRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL --

5598
03:11:17,099 --> 03:11:18,167
REVERSE INTERVAL.

5599
03:11:18,167 --> 03:11:19,835
AND THEN ALSO USING ANALYTICAL

5600
03:11:19,835 --> 03:11:20,936
MEASURES TO PARSE OUT THE PIECES

5601
03:11:20,936 --> 03:11:22,671
OF THE COMPOSITE MEASURES.

5602
03:11:22,671 --> 03:11:25,741
SO ONCE WE SAY THAT WE'RE GOING

5603
03:11:25,741 --> 03:11:26,709
TO COMBINE EVERYTHING, LIKE HOW

5604
03:11:26,709 --> 03:11:29,478
DO YOU ANALYZE THIS DATA, THAT

5605
03:11:29,478 --> 03:11:31,313
BECOMES ANOTHER BIG QUESTION.

5606
03:11:31,313 --> 03:11:33,749
AND THEN WE ALSO NEED MEASURES

5607
03:11:33,749 --> 03:11:35,251
TO ACCOUNT FOR CONFOUNDING

5608
03:11:35,251 --> 03:11:39,221
EFFECTS.

5609
03:11:39,221 --> 03:11:45,761
SO THE SYNDEMIC EFFECT,

5610
03:11:45,761 --> 03:11:46,629
SNOWBALLING EFFECT.

5611
03:11:46,629 --> 03:11:47,830
MOVING ON TO THE NEXT QUESTION,

5612
03:11:47,830 --> 03:11:49,265
HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND THE KNOW

5613
03:11:49,265 --> 03:11:51,000
TENSION ADDITIVE OR

5614
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:52,868
MULTIPLICATIVE EFFECT OF RACISM,

5615
03:11:52,868 --> 03:11:55,938
MARGINALIZATION AND GY

5616
03:11:55,938 --> 03:11:56,906
DISCRIMINATION IN PEOPLE WITH

5617
03:11:56,906 --> 03:11:59,008
MULTIPLE INTERSECTING,

5618
03:11:59,008 --> 03:12:01,076
MARGINALIZED SOCIAL IDENTITIES.

5619
03:12:01,076 --> 03:12:03,145
A MEASURE CAN BE CREATED, SO

5620
03:12:03,145 --> 03:12:04,680
STUDIES TO ENROLL PATIENTS WITH

5621
03:12:04,680 --> 03:12:05,347
MULTIPLE IDENTITIES.

5622
03:12:05,347 --> 03:12:07,650
SO NOT LOOKING AT LIKE

5623
03:12:07,650 --> 03:12:08,717
HOMOGENEOUS, THIS WHOLE THING

5624
03:12:08,717 --> 03:12:09,551
ABOUT GENERALIZABILITY, SO

5625
03:12:09,551 --> 03:12:13,989
PEOPLE USUALLY TRY TO ENROLL

5626
03:12:13,989 --> 03:12:14,590
HOMOGENEOUS POPULATIONS BUT

5627
03:12:14,590 --> 03:12:18,260
MAYBE GETTING AT HETEROGENEOUS

5628
03:12:18,260 --> 03:12:18,560
POPULATIONS.

5629
03:12:18,560 --> 03:12:20,029
AND BE CONSCIOUS AND MINDFUL OF

5630
03:12:20,029 --> 03:12:21,764
THE POWER AND SAMPLE SIZE AND

5631
03:12:21,764 --> 03:12:23,198
ASK QUESTIONS IN A WAY THAT WE

5632
03:12:23,198 --> 03:12:25,834
CAN GENERALIZE AND ALSO ON TAPE

5633
03:12:25,834 --> 03:12:28,137
APPROPRIATE RIGOR.

5634
03:12:28,137 --> 03:12:30,306
I THINK THE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5635
03:12:30,306 --> 03:12:33,375
GROUP AND THE PATIENT GROUPS

5636
03:12:33,375 --> 03:12:34,476
ACTUALLY BROUGHT UP LIKE,

5637
03:12:34,476 --> 03:12:35,678
LISTEN, YOU KNOW, AND ASK

5638
03:12:35,678 --> 03:12:39,448
QUESTIONS IN A WAY WHERE WE CAN

5639
03:12:39,448 --> 03:12:41,250
THGET THAT INFORMATION.

5640
03:12:41,250 --> 03:12:44,186
AND THEN ALSO ASK QUESTIONS,

5641
03:12:44,186 --> 03:12:46,422
THIS WAS BROUGHT UP IN TODAY'S

5642
03:12:46,422 --> 03:12:47,923
TALK, LIKE HOW DO PEOPLE THRIVE.

5643
03:12:47,923 --> 03:12:49,158
SO MORE STRENGTH-BASED

5644
03:12:49,158 --> 03:12:52,194
INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED.

5645
03:12:52,194 --> 03:12:53,629
AND AN EXAMPLE, THE PERCEPTION

5646
03:12:53,629 --> 03:12:54,496
OF SAFETY AND LIVING WITH THE

5647
03:12:54,496 --> 03:12:58,133
EASE OF SAFETY IN PROMOTING MORE

5648
03:12:58,133 --> 03:12:58,767
UNIFYING, SOCIAL SAFETY

5649
03:12:58,767 --> 03:13:01,637
RESONATES WITH ALL GROUPS.

5650
03:13:01,637 --> 03:13:06,108
AND THEN HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR

5651
03:13:06,108 --> 03:13:07,643
THE TENSION BETWEEN THE SOCIETAL

5652
03:13:07,643 --> 03:13:09,178
LEVEL NATURE OF RACISM

5653
03:13:09,178 --> 03:13:09,611
MARGINALIZATION AND

5654
03:13:09,611 --> 03:13:10,379
DISCRIMINATION VERSUS THE

5655
03:13:10,379 --> 03:13:11,680
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL NATURE OF

5656
03:13:11,680 --> 03:13:13,215
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?

5657
03:13:13,215 --> 03:13:14,550
ENHANCE MEASUREMENT AT VARIOUS

5658
03:13:14,550 --> 03:13:15,617
LEVELS, WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THAT.

5659
03:13:15,617 --> 03:13:19,555
SO NOT ALL EPI DATA INCLUDES

5660
03:13:19,555 --> 03:13:20,122
LEVEL-SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS.

5661
03:13:20,122 --> 03:13:22,091
AND THEN CONDUCTING MULTILEVEL

5662
03:13:22,091 --> 03:13:23,058
STUDIES MIGHT HELP, SO ALSO

5663
03:13:23,058 --> 03:13:25,794
BEING ABLE TO ACCESS MULTIPLE

5664
03:13:25,794 --> 03:13:26,695
COMPONENTS AT EACH SPECIFICALLY

5665
03:13:26,695 --> 03:13:28,097
LEVEL OF THE STUDY.

5666
03:13:28,097 --> 03:13:29,064
AND THEN GLEAN FROM OTHER

5667
03:13:29,064 --> 03:13:30,833
FIELDS, SO THIS WAS A BIG THEME

5668
03:13:30,833 --> 03:13:32,701
THROUGHOUT ALL OF OUR

5669
03:13:32,701 --> 03:13:33,769
DISCUSSIONS, WHERE WE TALKED

5670
03:13:33,769 --> 03:13:36,739
ABOUT, YOU KNOW, ENVIRONMENTAL

5671
03:13:36,739 --> 03:13:39,241
STUDIES, WHERE WE TALKED ABOUT

5672
03:13:39,241 --> 03:13:42,111
POLLUTION, WHERE WE'VE TALKED

5673
03:13:42,111 --> 03:13:43,278
ABOUT SMOKING, YOU KNOW, CHANGE

5674
03:13:43,278 --> 03:13:45,514
HAS HAPPENED IN THESE OTHER

5675
03:13:45,514 --> 03:13:47,683
FIELDS, SO HOW DO WE GLEAN FROM

5676
03:13:47,683 --> 03:13:50,986
THAT AND BE ABLE TO APPLY TO RMD

5677
03:13:50,986 --> 03:13:51,720
RESEARCH.

5678
03:13:51,720 --> 03:13:54,156
AND THE OTHER THEME THAT CAME UP

5679
03:13:54,156 --> 03:14:01,130
WAS THE TIMING, SOME THINGS ARE

5680
03:14:01,130 --> 03:14:05,434
SLOW AS MOLASSES, SO WE DIDN'T

5681
03:14:05,434 --> 03:14:09,938
REALLY HAVE AN ANSWER BUT AGA

5682
03:14:09,938 --> 03:14:10,906
AGAIN, -- FROM OTHER

5683
03:14:10,906 --> 03:14:12,207
DISCIPLINES, OTHER RESEARCH.

5684
03:14:12,207 --> 03:14:13,642
AND THEN WHO CAN WE WORK WITH TO

5685
03:14:13,642 --> 03:14:15,277
PROVIDE THE DATA TO?

5686
03:14:15,277 --> 03:14:17,713
SO WHAT IS THE PRACTICE OF

5687
03:14:17,713 --> 03:14:19,014
FEDERAL HANDOFF LOOK LIKE?

5688
03:14:19,014 --> 03:14:20,249
SO NIH CAN PROVIDE THE FUNDING

5689
03:14:20,249 --> 03:14:22,084
AND YOU DO THE DATA, BUT WE'VE

5690
03:14:22,084 --> 03:14:25,154
ALREADY HAD THIS DATA FOR

5691
03:14:25,154 --> 03:14:27,589
DECADES, YOU KNOW, TWO DECADES

5692
03:14:27,589 --> 03:14:29,124
THAT CAME UP, BUT WHAT CAN WE

5693
03:14:29,124 --> 03:14:30,759
DO, HOW CAN WE MAKE THE DATA

5694
03:14:30,759 --> 03:14:32,294
WORK AND THEN HOW DO WE HAND IT

5695
03:14:32,294 --> 03:14:34,897
OFF IN ORDER TO MAKE CHANGE

5696
03:14:34,897 --> 03:14:35,898
HAPPEN.

5697
03:14:35,898 --> 03:14:39,401
SO ALSO HOW DOES THE TIMING OF

5698
03:14:39,401 --> 03:14:40,269
EVIDENCE, VALIDATION OR FUNDING

5699
03:14:40,269 --> 03:14:43,972
CATCH UP TO REAL-LIFE ACTIVITY?

5700
03:14:43,972 --> 03:14:44,706
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT, WE

5701
03:14:44,706 --> 03:14:47,476
ALREADY TALKED ABOUT THAT.

5702
03:14:47,476 --> 03:14:48,911
IN ENHANCING LISTENING.

5703
03:14:48,911 --> 03:14:49,344
OKAY.

5704
03:14:49,344 --> 03:14:52,314
SO THE LAST ONE, HOW DO WE

5705
03:14:52,314 --> 03:14:53,282
UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENTIAL

5706
03:14:53,282 --> 03:14:54,383
IMPACTS OF RACISM,

5707
03:14:54,383 --> 03:14:55,250
MARGINALIZATION AND

5708
03:14:55,250 --> 03:14:56,585
DISCRIMINATION EXPOSURES WITHIN

5709
03:14:56,585 --> 03:15:00,489
POPULATION GROUPS?

5710
03:15:00,489 --> 03:15:04,026
SO THE TALK YESTERDAY WITHIN MY

5711
03:15:04,026 --> 03:15:05,094
SESSION, WE TALKED ABOUT

5712
03:15:05,094 --> 03:15:06,528
OBTAINING REAL-LIFE DATA, SO

5713
03:15:06,528 --> 03:15:08,363
THERE'S A DIFFICULTY TO OBTAIN

5714
03:15:08,363 --> 03:15:11,200
IN THE MOMENT DATA, RIGHT?

5715
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:12,301
BUT EVEN THOUGH WE DISCUSSED

5716
03:15:12,301 --> 03:15:14,269
THIS ON THE FLIP SIDE, WE

5717
03:15:14,269 --> 03:15:16,605
DISCUSSED, LIKE, WHO'S TO

5718
03:15:16,605 --> 03:15:21,944
BENEFIT FROM THIS?

5719
03:15:21,944 --> 03:15:24,480
MAYBE WE NEED TO BE FOCUSING ON

5720
03:15:24,480 --> 03:15:27,316
MORE POSITIVE MEASUREMENTS.

5721
03:15:27,316 --> 03:15:30,285
PEOPLE ALREADY ARE RESILIENT,

5722
03:15:30,285 --> 03:15:31,487
PEOPLE ARE SURVIVING, SO WE NEED

5723
03:15:31,487 --> 03:15:34,123
TO I FOCUS ON NOT REALLY TALKING

5724
03:15:34,123 --> 03:15:35,757
ABOUT THE NEGATIVE BUT MAYBE

5725
03:15:35,757 --> 03:15:38,060
MORE OF THE RESILIENCE AND THE

5726
03:15:38,060 --> 03:15:39,695
POSITIVE.

5727
03:15:39,695 --> 03:15:42,197
FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT ARE THE THINGS

5728
03:15:42,197 --> 03:15:43,098
THAT PROMOTE SAFETY?

5729
03:15:43,098 --> 03:15:44,566
AND THEN THIS IS A GLOBAL ISSUE.

5730
03:15:44,566 --> 03:15:46,735
SO AGAIN LOOKING AT THE SOCIAL

5731
03:15:46,735 --> 03:15:47,836
EPIDEMIC, WHICH IS A GLOBAL

5732
03:15:47,836 --> 03:15:49,138
ISSUE, SO THERE WERE A LOT OF

5733
03:15:49,138 --> 03:15:51,540
EXAMPLES OF, LIKE, WHETHER IT'S

5734
03:15:51,540 --> 03:15:53,509
RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATION OR

5735
03:15:53,509 --> 03:15:55,144
WHETHER IT'S NON-VISIBLE, LIKE

5736
03:15:55,144 --> 03:15:59,314
RELIGION OR SOMETHING ELSE.

5737
03:15:59,314 --> 03:16:00,616
, BASED DISCRIMINATION, SO HOW

5738
03:16:00,616 --> 03:16:02,251
DO WE BORROW FROM THAT.

5739
03:16:02,251 --> 03:16:03,986
THIS IS A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC, SO

5740
03:16:03,986 --> 03:16:06,321
PERHAPS THERE ARE ANALOGIES TO

5741
03:16:06,321 --> 03:16:07,289
RELIGION REFORM AND OTHER FIELDS

5742
03:16:07,289 --> 03:16:08,390
THAT WE COULD APPLY.

5743
03:16:08,390 --> 03:16:17,399
I THINK THAT'S IT.

5744
03:16:17,399 --> 03:16:18,901
>>  THANK YOU.

5745
03:16:18,901 --> 03:16:19,701
THAT WAS GREAT.

5746
03:16:19,701 --> 03:16:24,072
SO NEXT UP, WE WILL GO TO

5747
03:16:24,072 --> 03:16:24,940
BREAKOUT THREE, SO I THINK

5748
03:16:24,940 --> 03:16:35,284
THAT'S YOU, TIFFANY.

5749
03:16:42,658 --> 03:16:45,294
>> SO OUR TASK WAS REALLY

5750
03:16:45,294 --> 03:16:48,130
TALKING ABOUT THE PATHWAYS TO

5751
03:16:48,130 --> 03:16:50,432
INTERVENTIONS, AND SO THE FIRST

5752
03:16:50,432 --> 03:16:52,067
QUESTION WAS HOW CAN WE LEVERAGE

5753
03:16:52,067 --> 03:16:53,068
FINDINGS FROM THIS LINE OF

5754
03:16:53,068 --> 03:16:55,037
RESEARCH TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO

5755
03:16:55,037 --> 03:16:56,138
RACISM, MARGINALIZATION,

5756
03:16:56,138 --> 03:16:58,240
DISCRIMINATION AND MITIGATE ITS

5757
03:16:58,240 --> 03:16:58,774
EFFECTS.

5758
03:16:58,774 --> 03:17:02,044
AND SO A LOT OF WHAT WE FOCUSED

5759
03:17:02,044 --> 03:17:06,882
ON IN OUR DISCUSSION, WHICH WAS

5760
03:17:06,882 --> 03:17:09,184
VERY BROAD, SORRY, TO GIVE

5761
03:17:09,184 --> 03:17:10,285
CONTEXT AS FAR AS THE PEOPLE

5762
03:17:10,285 --> 03:17:12,588
THERE, THERE WERE NINE OF US

5763
03:17:12,588 --> 03:17:12,888
THERE.

5764
03:17:12,888 --> 03:17:18,427
DAVID CHAE WAS MYCO-MODERATOR. .

5765
03:17:18,427 --> 03:17:20,062
THANK YOU TO MAUREEN FOR BEING

5766
03:17:20,062 --> 03:17:21,029
OUR NOTE TAKER.

5767
03:17:21,029 --> 03:17:22,231
WE COVERED A LOT OF GROUND IN

5768
03:17:22,231 --> 03:17:23,999
OUR DISCUSSION, SO SHE DID A

5769
03:17:23,999 --> 03:17:25,100
FANTASTIC JOB IN KEEPING TRACK

5770
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:26,969
OF WHAT WE WERE SAYING.

5771
03:17:26,969 --> 03:17:30,772
BUT IN TERMS OF LEVERAGING THE

5772
03:17:30,772 --> 03:17:32,574
FINDINGS, WE COVERED SEVERAL

5773
03:17:32,574 --> 03:17:33,342
THEMES.

5774
03:17:33,342 --> 03:17:34,643
SOME THAT HAVE BEEN TALKED ABOUT

5775
03:17:34,643 --> 03:17:38,580
ALREADY AROUND RESILIENCE AND

5776
03:17:38,580 --> 03:17:41,650
SAFETY OR LACK OF SAFETY FOR

5777
03:17:41,650 --> 03:17:43,485
COMMUNITIES, BUT THERE WAS A LOT

5778
03:17:43,485 --> 03:17:44,720
OF DISCUSSION ABOUT INTERVENING

5779
03:17:44,720 --> 03:17:46,121
AT DIFFERENT LEVELS, REALLY

5780
03:17:46,121 --> 03:17:50,292
THINKING MULTILEVEL, THINKING OF

5781
03:17:50,292 --> 03:17:51,827
POLICY, STRUCTURAL COMMUNITY

5782
03:17:51,827 --> 03:17:53,695
LEVEL INTERVENTIONS.

5783
03:17:53,695 --> 03:17:55,464
WE TALKED ABOUT SOME OF THE

5784
03:17:55,464 --> 03:17:58,400
INTERVENTIONS THAT EXIST ALREADY

5785
03:17:58,400 --> 03:17:59,935
IN SCHOOLS, BUT THINKING ABOUT

5786
03:17:59,935 --> 03:18:01,803
HOW DO YOU BUILD MORE

5787
03:18:01,803 --> 03:18:03,005
INTERVENTIONS IN THE SCHOOL

5788
03:18:03,005 --> 03:18:05,207
SETTING AROUND TRAINING AND

5789
03:18:05,207 --> 03:18:06,842
CONNECTING INDIVIDUALS WITHIN

5790
03:18:06,842 --> 03:18:09,678
THE COMMUNITY.

5791
03:18:09,678 --> 03:18:15,050
AND IN TERMS OF SAFETY, THERE

5792
03:18:15,050 --> 03:18:18,787
WAS A GREAT DEAL OF DISCUSSION

5793
03:18:18,787 --> 03:18:20,422
ABOUT THE LACK OF SAFETY THAT

5794
03:18:20,422 --> 03:18:22,824
SOME POPULATIONS MIGHT FEEL THAT

5795
03:18:22,824 --> 03:18:24,126
MAY LEAD TO THE BACKLASH THAT

5796
03:18:24,126 --> 03:18:28,530
WE'RE SEEING AGAINST DEIA

5797
03:18:28,530 --> 03:18:32,734
EFFORTS RIGHT NOW, SO THERE WAS

5798
03:18:32,734 --> 03:18:35,871
A LOT OF DISCUSSION OF HOW DO WE

5799
03:18:35,871 --> 03:18:38,273
ADDRESS THAT, HOW DO WE PREVENT

5800
03:18:38,273 --> 03:18:41,310
THAT TYPE OF BACKLASH, HOW DO WE

5801
03:18:41,310 --> 03:18:45,480
MAKE IT SO THAT THESE POLICIES

5802
03:18:45,480 --> 03:18:47,249
ARE APPLICABLE TO ALL

5803
03:18:47,249 --> 03:18:50,519
POPULATIONS BUT ALSO SOME OF THE

5804
03:18:50,519 --> 03:18:52,821
SUGGESTIONS WERE AROUND THE NEED

5805
03:18:52,821 --> 03:18:55,757
FOR MORE BUILDING EQUITY INTO

5806
03:18:55,757 --> 03:18:59,061
POLICIES, INTO INSTITUTIONS, AND

5807
03:18:59,061 --> 03:19:03,899
NOT JUST FOCUSING ON ONE

5808
03:19:03,899 --> 03:19:06,301
SPECIFIC AREA BUT REALLY

5809
03:19:06,301 --> 03:19:10,005
THINKING ABOUT THINGS THAT ARE

5810
03:19:10,005 --> 03:19:13,108
ACROSS LEVELS, ACROSS DIFFERENT

5811
03:19:13,108 --> 03:19:15,610
AREAS OF EDUCATION, OF

5812
03:19:15,610 --> 03:19:17,412
HEALTHCARE, AND THE LIKE, AND SO

5813
03:19:17,412 --> 03:19:19,114
ONE EXAMPLE THAT WAS GIVEN WAS

5814
03:19:19,114 --> 03:19:22,517
AROUND THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION,

5815
03:19:22,517 --> 03:19:24,052
WHERE THEY INSTITUTIONALIZE

5816
03:19:24,052 --> 03:19:28,023
HEALTH EQUITY BY IMPROVING FOOD

5817
03:19:28,023 --> 03:19:29,558
QUALITY IN THE COMMISSARIES AND

5818
03:19:29,558 --> 03:19:32,227
SAW AN IMPROVEMENT IN NUTRITION

5819
03:19:32,227 --> 03:19:34,496
IN THE MILITARY, AND THAT WAS

5820
03:19:34,496 --> 03:19:35,731
AROUND IMPROVING ACCESS TO

5821
03:19:35,731 --> 03:19:38,233
HEALTHY FOODS.

5822
03:19:38,233 --> 03:19:42,003
THE OTHER THINGS AROUND SAFETY

5823
03:19:42,003 --> 03:19:47,175
OR THE LACK OF SAFETY WAS REALLY

5824
03:19:47,175 --> 03:19:49,978
THINKING ABOUT HOW DO WE

5825
03:19:49,978 --> 03:19:51,179
ACKNOWLEDGE THE SOCIAL

5826
03:19:51,179 --> 03:19:52,714
HIERARCHIES THAT EXIST IN THE

5827
03:19:52,714 --> 03:19:55,317
INTERVENTIONS THAT WE DEVELOP,

5828
03:19:55,317 --> 03:19:59,955
HOW DO WE CALL THOSE OUT, HOW DO

5829
03:19:59,955 --> 03:20:01,156
WE DEMONSTRATE AGAIN THAT IT

5830
03:20:01,156 --> 03:20:03,225
HURTS ALL POPULATIONS, NOT JUST

5831
03:20:03,225 --> 03:20:06,361
MINORITIZED POPULATIONS, HOW DO

5832
03:20:06,361 --> 03:20:09,498
WE TALK ABOUT THE POWER

5833
03:20:09,498 --> 03:20:11,466
DIFFERENTIALS WITHOUT -- MAKE

5834
03:20:11,466 --> 03:20:14,669
THOSE POWER DIFFERENTIALS

5835
03:20:14,669 --> 03:20:17,739
EXPLICIT AND DEFINE WHAT THEY

5836
03:20:17,739 --> 03:20:19,274
ARE, HOW DO WE ADDRESS

5837
03:20:19,274 --> 03:20:22,043
INTERSECTIONALITY IN TERMS OF,

5838
03:20:22,043 --> 03:20:25,380
FOR INSTANCE, RACISM WITHIN THE

5839
03:20:25,380 --> 03:20:27,816
LGBTQ COMMUNITY, DISPARITY

5840
03:20:27,816 --> 03:20:35,590
WITHIN POPULATIONS LIKE PUERTO

5841
03:20:35,590 --> 03:20:37,592
RICO EXPOSED TO THE RETURN,

5842
03:20:37,592 --> 03:20:44,199
NATHURRICANE,NATURAL DISASTERS,S

5843
03:20:44,199 --> 03:20:45,867
WITHIN FAMILY STRUCTURES.

5844
03:20:45,867 --> 03:20:47,202
ANOTHER BIG AREA IN LEVERAGING

5845
03:20:47,202 --> 03:20:48,837
OUR FINDINGS FOR INTERVENTION

5846
03:20:48,837 --> 03:20:50,705
WAS AROUND COMMUNITY ENGAGED

5847
03:20:50,705 --> 03:20:53,642
RESEARCH AND UTILIZING ASSETS

5848
03:20:53,642 --> 03:20:56,178
WITHIN THE COMMUNITY, AS MANY

5849
03:20:56,178 --> 03:20:57,746
PEOPLE HAVE TALKED ABOUT, AND

5850
03:20:57,746 --> 03:20:59,147
ACKNOWLEDGING THAT THERE ARE

5851
03:20:59,147 --> 03:21:01,116
COMMUNITIES OF COLOR THAT ARE

5852
03:21:01,116 --> 03:21:02,751
THRIVING, AND HOW DO WE

5853
03:21:02,751 --> 03:21:06,288
UNDERSTAND THOSE STRENGTHS.

5854
03:21:06,288 --> 03:21:06,488
 THAT

5855
03:21:06,488 --> 03:21:08,156
MAY BE GENERALIZABLE TO OTHER

5856
03:21:08,156 --> 03:21:11,760
POPULATIONS.

5857
03:21:11,760 --> 03:21:12,961
SO IN THINKING ABOUT

5858
03:21:12,961 --> 03:21:15,197
INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY HAVE

5859
03:21:15,197 --> 03:21:17,265
WORKED, SOME OF THE PARTICIPANTS

5860
03:21:17,265 --> 03:21:19,234
TALKED ABOUT LOOKING OUTSIDE OF

5861
03:21:19,234 --> 03:21:21,970
THE UNITED STATES FOR POTENTIAL

5862
03:21:21,970 --> 03:21:23,972
RESEARCH THAT IS HAPPENING, FOR

5863
03:21:23,972 --> 03:21:26,374
INSTANCE, IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEMS

5864
03:21:26,374 --> 03:21:28,677
AND TRYING TO CHANGE ATTITUDES

5865
03:21:28,677 --> 03:21:31,947
AROUND RACE AND BIAS IN

5866
03:21:31,947 --> 03:21:34,082
AUSTRALIA.

5867
03:21:34,082 --> 03:21:36,918
BUT ALSO THINKING ABOUT HOW

5868
03:21:36,918 --> 03:21:39,454
POLICY CHANGES AND POLICY -- AND

5869
03:21:39,454 --> 03:21:40,956
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS CAN CHANGE

5870
03:21:40,956 --> 03:21:42,958
ATTITUDES WITH THE EXAMPLE OF

5871
03:21:42,958 --> 03:21:44,493
THE MARRIAGE EQUALITY LAWS

5872
03:21:44,493 --> 03:21:48,296
POTENTIALLY CHANGING ATTITUDES

5873
03:21:48,296 --> 03:21:51,032
AROUND -- ABOUT LGBTQIA

5874
03:21:51,032 --> 03:21:54,135
POPULATIONS.

5875
03:21:54,135 --> 03:21:58,273
AND IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT

5876
03:21:58,273 --> 03:22:02,777
OTHER STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS,

5877
03:22:02,777 --> 03:22:05,380
AGAIN IT WAS -- THERE WAS A GOOD

5878
03:22:05,380 --> 03:22:08,350
DEAL OF DISCUSSION ABOUT POLICY,

5879
03:22:08,350 --> 03:22:10,752
ABOUT PROVIDING ACCESS TO

5880
03:22:10,752 --> 03:22:13,388
RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR

5881
03:22:13,388 --> 03:22:14,923
POPULATIONS.

5882
03:22:14,923 --> 03:22:18,560
IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT -- KNOWING

5883
03:22:18,560 --> 03:22:21,062
ABOUT WHAT OPPORTUNITIES ARE OUT

5884
03:22:21,062 --> 03:22:23,999
THERE, BUT ALSO HAVING EQUAL

5885
03:22:23,999 --> 03:22:25,867
ACCESS AND HAVING POLICIES THAT

5886
03:22:25,867 --> 03:22:28,169
REMOVE BARRIERS.

5887
03:22:28,169 --> 03:22:29,604
AND SO, AGAIN, THINKING ABOUT

5888
03:22:29,604 --> 03:22:30,805
THOSE POLICY INTERVENTIONS THAT

5889
03:22:30,805 --> 03:22:34,776
CAN HAPPEN.

5890
03:22:34,776 --> 03:22:36,077
AND ONE PERSON BROUGHT UP THE

5891
03:22:36,077 --> 03:22:38,046
FACT THAT NO HEALTH PROBLEM HAS

5892
03:22:38,046 --> 03:22:39,781
REALLY NOT REQUIRED A MULTILEVEL

5893
03:22:39,781 --> 03:22:43,885
APPROACH, AND SO WE NEED TO --

5894
03:22:43,885 --> 03:22:45,287
RACISM, MARGINALIZATION AND

5895
03:22:45,287 --> 03:22:46,288
DISCRIMINATION IS NO DIFFERENT,

5896
03:22:46,288 --> 03:22:47,923
WE NEED TO INTERVENE AT MULTIPLE

5897
03:22:47,923 --> 03:22:54,162
LEVELS.

5898
03:22:54,162 --> 03:22:57,899
AND IN TERMS OF THE OTHER

5899
03:22:57,899 --> 03:22:59,467
DISCUSSION, IN TERMS OF QUESTION

5900
03:22:59,467 --> 03:23:00,936
TWO ABOUT HOW CAN WE LEARN FROM

5901
03:23:00,936 --> 03:23:04,039
THOSE EXPOSED TO RACISM AND

5902
03:23:04,039 --> 03:23:05,373
MARGINALIZATION BUT WHO DON'T

5903
03:23:05,373 --> 03:23:08,310
EXPERIENCE SEVERE CONSEQUENCES,

5904
03:23:08,310 --> 03:23:09,411
TO IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES TO

5905
03:23:09,411 --> 03:23:12,480
MITIGATE THE IMPACTS OF RACISM,

5906
03:23:12,480 --> 03:23:14,015
MARGINALIZATION AND

5907
03:23:14,015 --> 03:23:14,382
DISCRIMINATION.

5908
03:23:14,382 --> 03:23:15,984
THERE WAS SOME DISCUSSION ABOUT

5909
03:23:15,984 --> 03:23:19,955
SHIFTING AWAY FROM JUST STUDYING

5910
03:23:19,955 --> 03:23:21,356
MINORITIZED POPULATIONS TO

5911
03:23:21,356 --> 03:23:21,923
ACTUALLY STUDYING WHITE

5912
03:23:21,923 --> 03:23:24,659
SUPREMACY AND THE TACTICS THAT

5913
03:23:24,659 --> 03:23:26,861
PERPETUATE RACISM AND

5914
03:23:26,861 --> 03:23:28,063
MARGINALIZATION, AND HOW CAN WE

5915
03:23:28,063 --> 03:23:30,565
INTERVENE ON THOSE TACTICS, AND

5916
03:23:30,565 --> 03:23:33,435
SHIFT AWAY FROM THINKING ABOUT

5917
03:23:33,435 --> 03:23:36,638
INDIVIDUAL RESILIENCE TO

5918
03:23:36,638 --> 03:23:39,240
THINKING ABOUT LOOKING AT

5919
03:23:39,240 --> 03:23:40,208
COMMUNITIES, AS DR. DIAMOND

5920
03:23:40,208 --> 03:23:43,378
BROUGHT UP EARLIER, AND THINKING

5921
03:23:43,378 --> 03:23:47,015
ABOUT INTERVENTIONS WHERE WE

5922
03:23:47,015 --> 03:23:50,752
LOOK AT WHAT BUFFERS GROUPS

5923
03:23:50,752 --> 03:23:52,187
AGAINST RACISM AND EVEN

5924
03:23:52,187 --> 03:23:55,590
POTENTIALLY USING SOCIAL NETWORK

5925
03:23:55,590 --> 03:23:58,293
ANALYSES TO UNDERSTAND

5926
03:23:58,293 --> 03:24:00,895
EXPERIENCES THAT CAN MITIGATE

5927
03:24:00,895 --> 03:24:03,365
THE EFFECTS OF RACISM.

5928
03:24:03,365 --> 03:24:05,000
AND THEN IN TERMS OF QUESTION

5929
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:09,504
THREE, WHICH WAS WHAT THIS LINE

5930
03:24:09,504 --> 03:24:12,173
OF RESEARCH POSE TO PEOPLE WHO

5931
03:24:12,173 --> 03:24:14,242
EXPERIENCE RACISM,

5932
03:24:14,242 --> 03:24:18,647
MARGINALIZATION, DISCRIMINATION,

5933
03:24:18,647 --> 03:24:24,552
HOW CAN WE MITT GR MITIGATE THE.

5934
03:24:24,552 --> 03:24:25,754
THE DISCUSSION AROUND BACKLASH

5935
03:24:25,754 --> 03:24:26,621
THAT WE'RE EXPERIENCING RIGHT

5936
03:24:26,621 --> 03:24:27,822
NOW, WHERE THERE'S A LOT OF WORK

5937
03:24:27,822 --> 03:24:31,493
TO UNDO THE CHANGES AROUND

5938
03:24:31,493 --> 03:24:32,894
DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION

5939
03:24:32,894 --> 03:24:34,429
WORK THAT'S HAPPENED, ESPECIALLY

5940
03:24:34,429 --> 03:24:38,600
IN THE LAST FOUR YEARS, AND SO

5941
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:43,538
THAT'S WHERE THE IDEA OF MAKING

5942
03:24:43,538 --> 03:24:48,576
IT CLEAR THAT THESE ISSUES ARE

5943
03:24:48,576 --> 03:24:52,080
APPLICABLE ACROSS POPULATIONS,

5944
03:24:52,080 --> 03:24:53,515
ACROSS COMMUNITIES NOT JUST FOR

5945
03:24:53,515 --> 03:24:56,051
MINORITIZED POPULATIONS BUT ALSO

5946
03:24:56,051 --> 03:25:00,855
WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT THOSE

5947
03:25:00,855 --> 03:25:03,191
INSTITUTION-LEVEL INTERVENTIONS

5948
03:25:03,191 --> 03:25:04,826
THAT -- WHERE WE

5949
03:25:04,826 --> 03:25:09,764
INSTITUTIONALIZE EQUITY.

5950
03:25:09,764 --> 03:25:11,733
AND THEN OUR LAST QUESTION WAS,

5951
03:25:11,733 --> 03:25:15,036
HOW CAN WE ENSURE RESEARCH IN

5952
03:25:15,036 --> 03:25:16,137
THIS SPACE DRIVES TOWARDS

5953
03:25:16,137 --> 03:25:17,772
SOLUTIONS INSTEAD OF SIMPLY

5954
03:25:17,772 --> 03:25:23,611
ADMIRING THE PROBLEM?

5955
03:25:23,611 --> 03:25:25,113
AGAIN, BRINGING THE COMMUNITY TO

5956
03:25:25,113 --> 03:25:26,981
THE TABLE, MAKING SURE THAT THE

5957
03:25:26,981 --> 03:25:29,751
COMMUNITY IS A PART OF CREATING

5958
03:25:29,751 --> 03:25:32,053
INTERVENTIONS, CONSIDERING THE

5959
03:25:32,053 --> 03:25:33,421
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY

5960
03:25:33,421 --> 03:25:37,292
AND BRINGING CULTURE INTO THE

5961
03:25:37,292 --> 03:25:39,527
INTERVENTIONS THAT WE CREATE,

5962
03:25:39,527 --> 03:25:42,464
CREATING MULTILEVEL

5963
03:25:42,464 --> 03:25:44,999
INTERVENTIONS, AND ACKNOWLEDGING

5964
03:25:44,999 --> 03:25:46,301
THE INTERSECTIONALITY AND

5965
03:25:46,301 --> 03:25:48,737
COMMONALITY OF -- THE

5966
03:25:48,737 --> 03:25:49,637
INTERSECTIONALITY OF THE ISSUES

5967
03:25:49,637 --> 03:25:52,574
BUT ALSO COMMONALITY OF OUR

5968
03:25:52,574 --> 03:25:56,811
STRUGGLES AND MOST OF -- AND THE

5969
03:25:56,811 --> 03:25:58,413
FACT THAT MOST OF US ARE NOT

5970
03:25:58,413 --> 03:26:01,349
BENEFITING FROM THE EXISTING

5971
03:26:01,349 --> 03:26:03,551
STRUCTURES, AND CULTIVATING A

5972
03:26:03,551 --> 03:26:07,322
GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS WITH

5973
03:26:07,322 --> 03:26:12,260
LIVED EXPERIENCE SO THAT THEY'RE

5974
03:26:12,260 --> 03:26:13,094
BRINGING THAT LIVED EXPERIENCE

5975
03:26:13,094 --> 03:26:14,429
TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE

5976
03:26:14,429 --> 03:26:17,699
INTERVENTIONS.

5977
03:26:17,699 --> 03:26:18,233
THAT'S IT.

5978
03:26:18,233 --> 03:26:28,376
THANKS.

5979
03:26:48,963 --> 03:26:51,065
>> SO I WILL TRY NOT TO
REPEAT A

5980
03:26:51,065 --> 03:26:53,468
LOT OF THE GREAT POINTS THAT WAS

5981
03:26:53,468 --> 03:26:59,340
MENTIONED JUST BEFORE.

5982
03:26:59,340 --> 03:27:02,177
AND I HOPE THIS IS OKAY WITH THE

5983
03:27:02,177 --> 03:27:03,945
REST OF THE GROUP.

5984
03:27:03,945 --> 03:27:07,549
WE HAD ABOUT -- WE WERE ABOUT 17

5985
03:27:07,549 --> 03:27:11,619
PEOPLE IN OUR GROUP, AND -- I

5986
03:27:11,619 --> 03:27:16,124
KNOW.

5987
03:27:16,124 --> 03:27:18,493
YES!

5988
03:27:18,493 --> 03:27:19,494
AND WE HAD FUN.

5989
03:27:19,494 --> 03:27:21,830
WE HAD FUN SHARING EXPERIENCES.

5990
03:27:21,830 --> 03:27:24,833
A LOT OF INDIVIDUALS WERE FROM

5991
03:27:24,833 --> 03:27:27,435
NIH, NIDDK, BUT WE ALSO HAD A

5992
03:27:27,435 --> 03:27:30,405
LOT OF COMMUNITY MEMBERS,

5993
03:27:30,405 --> 03:27:33,374
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

5994
03:27:33,374 --> 03:27:34,909
REPRESENTATIVES AND MEDICAL

5995
03:27:34,909 --> 03:27:39,080
DOCTORS, SO THE GROUP WAS MIXED

5996
03:27:39,080 --> 03:27:40,849
IN, REALLY A LOT OF FUN AND

5997
03:27:40,849 --> 03:27:43,251
INSIGHTFUL.

5998
03:27:43,251 --> 03:27:46,621
SO QUESTION ONE, I THINK -- I

5999
03:27:46,621 --> 03:27:49,991
THINK YOU GUYS IN BREAKOUT THREE

6000
03:27:49,991 --> 03:27:51,693
IN PERSON DID A WONDERFUL JOB

6001
03:27:51,693 --> 03:27:52,794
JUST SUMMARIZING THE SAME THING

6002
03:27:52,794 --> 03:27:56,998
THAT WE ALSO MENTIONED.

6003
03:27:56,998 --> 03:28:01,369
SO THE ONE THING THAT WAS

6004
03:28:01,369 --> 03:28:02,136
HIGHLIGHTED FROM THE BEGINNING

6005
03:28:02,136 --> 03:28:07,175
IS THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING

6006
03:28:07,175 --> 03:28:08,810
THE MEASURES WHEN WE WERE

6007
03:28:08,810 --> 03:28:10,478
TALKING ABOUT RACISM,

6008
03:28:10,478 --> 03:28:11,012
MARGINALIZATION AND

6009
03:28:11,012 --> 03:28:14,415
DISCRIMINATION, WHAT DOES IT

6010
03:28:14,415 --> 03:28:16,184
MEAN AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

6011
03:28:16,184 --> 03:28:17,151
FROM THEIR EXPERIENCE, BECAUSE

6012
03:28:17,151 --> 03:28:19,354
IT MIGHT BE DIFFERENT BASED ON

6013
03:28:19,354 --> 03:28:22,290
THEIR LIVED EXPERIENCE.

6014
03:28:22,290 --> 03:28:24,759
SO IT WAS MENTIONED THAT IT WAS

6015
03:28:24,759 --> 03:28:26,160
IMPORTANT THAT IN ORDER TO

6016
03:28:26,160 --> 03:28:27,028
MITIGATE SOMETHING, YOU FIRST

6017
03:28:27,028 --> 03:28:29,764
NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WE ARE

6018
03:28:29,764 --> 03:28:34,269
TALKING ABOUT.

6019
03:28:34,269 --> 03:28:35,837
SO THEN THE OTHER IMPORTANT

6020
03:28:35,837 --> 03:28:39,207
THING THAT WAS ALSO MENTIONED

6021
03:28:39,207 --> 03:28:40,742
WAS THE WHOLE CONCEPT OF

6022
03:28:40,742 --> 03:28:42,277
SUPPORTIVE AND PROTECTIVE

6023
03:28:42,277 --> 03:28:44,579
ENVIRONMENTS, AND THAT HAS BEEN

6024
03:28:44,579 --> 03:28:48,883
A MAJOR RECURRENT THEME

6025
03:28:48,883 --> 03:28:49,617
THROUGHOUT THIS CONFERENCE, SO

6026
03:28:49,617 --> 03:28:54,889
IT'S REALLY ESTABLISHING SUPPORT

6027
03:28:54,889 --> 03:28:56,791
SYSTEMS THAT ENABLE AN

6028
03:28:56,791 --> 03:28:59,394
INDIVIDUAL TO BE BORN TO GROW IN

6029
03:28:59,394 --> 03:29:01,262
AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE THEY DON'T

6030
03:29:01,262 --> 03:29:05,199
FEEL THAT WE NEED TO EXPERIENCE

6031
03:29:05,199 --> 03:29:06,034
RMD SO EARLY.

6032
03:29:06,034 --> 03:29:07,669
HOWEVER, MAKING THEM AWARE OF IT

6033
03:29:07,669 --> 03:29:12,273
IS ALSO SOMETHING THAT WAS

6034
03:29:12,273 --> 03:29:13,207
MENTIONED AND IT'S A GREAT

6035
03:29:13,207 --> 03:29:13,708
POINT.

6036
03:29:13,708 --> 03:29:16,878
SO SUPPORTIVE WHILE TEACHING HOW

6037
03:29:16,878 --> 03:29:18,513
REALLY TO BE AWARE OF IT AND

6038
03:29:18,513 --> 03:29:19,380
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS

6039
03:29:19,380 --> 03:29:19,781
AROUND IT.

6040
03:29:19,781 --> 03:29:23,918
SO I'M GOING TO MOVE TO QUESTION

6041
03:29:23,918 --> 03:29:29,490
NUMBER TWO, WHAT MIGHT WE LEARN

6042
03:29:29,490 --> 03:29:31,259
FROM THOSE WHO ARE EXPOSED TO

6043
03:29:31,259 --> 03:29:34,128
RMD BUT DON'T EXPERIENCE AS

6044
03:29:34,128 --> 03:29:37,065
SEVERE CONSEQUENCES IN ORDER TO

6045
03:29:37,065 --> 03:29:38,299
IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITY TO MITIGATE

6046
03:29:38,299 --> 03:29:39,734
THE IMPACT OF RMD.

6047
03:29:39,734 --> 03:29:42,236
SO A GREAT DEAL OF CONVERSATION

6048
03:29:42,236 --> 03:29:44,772
WAS AROUND HAVING -- REALLY

6049
03:29:44,772 --> 03:29:45,440
CONVERSING WITH THESE

6050
03:29:45,440 --> 03:29:49,043
INDIVIDUALS AND TRYING TO NOT

6051
03:29:49,043 --> 03:29:54,949
ONLY IDENTIFY THE WAYS THEY WERE

6052
03:29:54,949 --> 03:29:59,153
ABLE TO EXPERIENCE THOSE SEVERE

6053
03:29:59,153 --> 03:30:00,555
CONSEQUENCES BUT A GREAT CONCEPT

6054
03:30:00,555 --> 03:30:01,990
WAS ALSO SHARED AS THEY ALL

6055
03:30:01,990 --> 03:30:03,624
AGREED AND WERE EXCITED ABOUT IT

6056
03:30:03,624 --> 03:30:05,526
IS THE SECOND POINT THAT IS

6057
03:30:05,526 --> 03:30:08,262
LISTED ON THE SLIDE, WHERE IT'S

6058
03:30:08,262 --> 03:30:14,035
THIS WHOLE IMAGE OF

6059
03:30:14,035 --> 03:30:15,069
IMMUNIZATION, THE CONCEPT OF

6060
03:30:15,069 --> 03:30:15,603
IMMUNIZATION.

6061
03:30:15,603 --> 03:30:17,472
SO YOU KNOW WITH VACCINE, YOU'RE

6062
03:30:17,472 --> 03:30:18,773
EXPOSED TO SOMETHING AND YOU

6063
03:30:18,773 --> 03:30:20,141
BECOME BETTER AND STRONGER AT

6064
03:30:20,141 --> 03:30:21,242
FIGHTING THE DISEASE THE NEXT

6065
03:30:21,242 --> 03:30:25,279
TIME AROUND, SO THAT WOULD BE

6066
03:30:25,279 --> 03:30:27,582
THE INDIVIDUAL -- IDENTIFYING

6067
03:30:27,582 --> 03:30:29,684
WAYS THAT THEY FACED AND

6068
03:30:29,684 --> 03:30:31,886
SUCCESSFULLY WENT THROUGH THE

6069
03:30:31,886 --> 03:30:32,887
EXPERIENCE, AND THEN LEARNING

6070
03:30:32,887 --> 03:30:34,989
FROM THERE AND TRYING TO

6071
03:30:34,989 --> 03:30:37,592
ESTABLISH -- TO ADAPT TO OUR OWN

6072
03:30:37,592 --> 03:30:40,561
CIRCUMSTANCES.

6073
03:30:40,561 --> 03:30:42,864
SO WE LOVE THAT IMMUNIZATION

6074
03:30:42,864 --> 03:30:43,765
CONCEPT.

6075
03:30:43,765 --> 03:30:47,268
NUMBER THREE, WHAT RISKS MIGHT

6076
03:30:47,268 --> 03:30:49,437
THIS LINE OF RESEARCH POSE TO

6077
03:30:49,437 --> 03:30:50,638
PEOPLE WHO EXPERIENCE RACISM?

6078
03:30:50,638 --> 03:30:53,074
AND LIKE BEFORE, IT WAS

6079
03:30:53,074 --> 03:30:58,780
BEAUTIFULLY SAID, THE RISK OF

6080
03:30:58,780 --> 03:30:59,981
INVALIDATING OR THE VOICE BEING

6081
03:30:59,981 --> 03:31:01,115
QUIET, SO THAT'S NOT SOMETHING

6082
03:31:01,115 --> 03:31:04,185
THAT I'M GOING TO GO THESE

6083
03:31:04,185 --> 03:31:05,386
POINTS BECAUSE I THINK THEY WERE

6084
03:31:05,386 --> 03:31:06,687
WELL SUMMARIZED.

6085
03:31:06,687 --> 03:31:08,823
AND LAST IS HOW CAN WE ENSURE

6086
03:31:08,823 --> 03:31:10,258
RESEARCH IN THIS SPACE DRIVES

6087
03:31:10,258 --> 03:31:11,426
TOWARDS SOLUTIONS RATHER THAN

6088
03:31:11,426 --> 03:31:15,430
SIMPLY ADMIRING THE PROBLEM?

6089
03:31:15,430 --> 03:31:19,467
IT'S TALKING -- REALLY LOOKING

6090
03:31:19,467 --> 03:31:20,868
AT WHERE MONEY COMES FROM.

6091
03:31:20,868 --> 03:31:27,442
SO TALKING THE MONEY TALK WILL

6092
03:31:27,442 --> 03:31:29,243
GET US MOVING FORWARD.

6093
03:31:29,243 --> 03:31:31,679
SO DR. HOPKINS, WHO WAS ALSO --

6094
03:31:31,679 --> 03:31:33,514
IS BASED IN CHICAGO HAS

6095
03:31:33,514 --> 03:31:37,051
MENTIONED HOW IT IS IMPORTANT TO

6096
03:31:37,051 --> 03:31:40,221
PARTNER WITH INSURANCE COMPANIES

6097
03:31:40,221 --> 03:31:42,190
AND FUNDERS TO SHOW THE RETURN

6098
03:31:42,190 --> 03:31:44,158
ON INVESTMENT BY ADDRESSING

6099
03:31:44,158 --> 03:31:45,827
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH,

6100
03:31:45,827 --> 03:31:48,463
WHICH COULD BE REFRAMED AS

6101
03:31:48,463 --> 03:31:49,664
RACISM, MARGINALIZATION AND

6102
03:31:49,664 --> 03:31:50,031
DISCRIMINATION.

6103
03:31:50,031 --> 03:31:52,934
SO THERE WAS A GREAT

6104
03:31:52,934 --> 03:31:55,903
CONVERSATION ABOUT WHY ARE WE

6105
03:31:55,903 --> 03:31:57,438
USING SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF

6106
03:31:57,438 --> 03:31:59,307
HEALTH RATHER THAN RACISM,

6107
03:31:59,307 --> 03:32:01,476
MARGINALIZATION AND

6108
03:32:01,476 --> 03:32:03,911
DISCRIMINATION, AND A FEW OF US

6109
03:32:03,911 --> 03:32:05,680
WERE SAYING THAT, WELL, SOCIAL

6110
03:32:05,680 --> 03:32:08,850
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IS MORE

6111
03:32:08,850 --> 03:32:11,586
PALATABLE TO FUNDERS AND TO

6112
03:32:11,586 --> 03:32:14,255
OTHERS, BECAUSE I NEED TO SHARE

6113
03:32:14,255 --> 03:32:15,223
THE EXPERIENCE WITH MY STUDENTS,

6114
03:32:15,223 --> 03:32:16,858
SO IT'S LESS INTIMIDATING TO

6115
03:32:16,858 --> 03:32:18,759
TALK ABOUT IT, BUT THEN ONCE WE

6116
03:32:18,759 --> 03:32:22,830
HAVE OUR PLACE AT THE TABLE, WE

6117
03:32:22,830 --> 03:32:24,565
HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO REFRAME

6118
03:32:24,565 --> 03:32:26,434
TO REALLY LINK SOCIAL

6119
03:32:26,434 --> 03:32:29,103
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH TO RMD,

6120
03:32:29,103 --> 03:32:30,738
SO THAT'S ANOTHER APPROACH THAT

6121
03:32:30,738 --> 03:32:31,506
WAS MENTIONED.

6122
03:32:31,506 --> 03:32:33,274
AND THEN CREATING OPPORTUNITIES

6123
03:32:33,274 --> 03:32:34,709
TO AMPLIFY SUCCESSFUL

6124
03:32:34,709 --> 03:32:35,910
PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN RESEARCHERS

6125
03:32:35,910 --> 03:32:36,777
AND CLINICIANS.

6126
03:32:36,777 --> 03:32:42,250
SO THAT WE ADVOCATE FOR THE

6127
03:32:42,250 --> 03:32:44,919
PATIENT TO BECOME ADVOCATES FOR

6128
03:32:44,919 --> 03:32:46,020
THEMSELF BUT NOT REALLY PUTTING

6129
03:32:46,020 --> 03:32:49,724
THE BURDEN ON THE RESEARCHER BUT

6130
03:32:49,724 --> 03:32:50,658
ALSO ON THE PATIENTS BUT ALSO ON

6131
03:32:50,658 --> 03:32:55,463
THE RESEARCHER TO INDICATE

6132
03:32:55,463 --> 03:32:58,432
THEMSELF ABOUT THOSE CONCEPTS OF

6133
03:32:58,432 --> 03:32:59,867
RMD BUT ALSO SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

6134
03:32:59,867 --> 03:33:04,272
OF HEALTH.

6135
03:33:04,272 --> 03:33:07,875
AND THEN COMMUNICATING RMD

6136
03:33:07,875 --> 03:33:10,278
CONCEPT AND MAKING HEALTH

6137
03:33:10,278 --> 03:33:14,949
DISPARITIES DIALOGUE PALATABLE

6138
03:33:14,949 --> 03:33:16,751
IS SOMETHING I MENTIONED.

6139
03:33:16,751 --> 03:33:18,186
CREATING REGISTRIES FOR

6140
03:33:18,186 --> 03:33:20,254
COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS

6141
03:33:20,254 --> 03:33:21,622
WAS ALSO SOMETHING THAT WAS

6142
03:33:21,622 --> 03:33:22,223
MENTIONED BECAUSE INDIVIDUALS

6143
03:33:22,223 --> 03:33:24,258
ARE SMART, THEY ARE RESILIENT,

6144
03:33:24,258 --> 03:33:25,459
THEY FIND SOLUTIONS EVEN BEFORE

6145
03:33:25,459 --> 03:33:27,228
US AS RESEARCHERS OR FUNDERS

6146
03:33:27,228 --> 03:33:32,233
EVEN RIZE THAT THE REALIZE THATA

6147
03:33:32,233 --> 03:33:37,271
PARTNPROBLEM THERE.

6148
03:33:37,271 --> 03:33:39,874
SO IT'S EASIER TO PARTNER WITH

6149
03:33:39,874 --> 03:33:41,876
THEM TO KNOW THAT THEY EXIST AND

6150
03:33:41,876 --> 03:33:42,977
REALLY PARTNER WITH THEM TO

6151
03:33:42,977 --> 03:33:43,945
ADDRESS THESE ISSUES.

6152
03:33:43,945 --> 03:33:45,646
AND WITH THAT, A LOT OF

6153
03:33:45,646 --> 03:33:47,415
PROPOSALS WERE MADE ABOUT

6154
03:33:47,415 --> 03:33:52,019
ENCOURAGING NIH TO ALSO MAKE IT

6155
03:33:52,019 --> 03:33:53,421
A REQUIREMENT AND FINDING WAYS

6156
03:33:53,421 --> 03:33:55,556
TO MAKE IT A REQUIREMENT FOR

6157
03:33:55,556 --> 03:33:58,626
COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO BE

6158
03:33:58,626 --> 03:34:01,762
CONSIDERED EQUAL PARTNERS IN THE

6159
03:34:01,762 --> 03:34:03,898
RESEARCH, SO TO BE CONSIDERED AS

6160
03:34:03,898 --> 03:34:06,300
RESEARCHERS, AND SO BECAUSE

6161
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:08,836
AGAIN, THE FUNDERS MAKE THOSE

6162
03:34:08,836 --> 03:34:13,040
GUIDELINES EASIER THAN THE

6163
03:34:13,040 --> 03:34:15,543
ACADEMIC INSTITUTION WILL BECOME

6164
03:34:15,543 --> 03:34:17,078
MORE LENIENT TOWARDS IT AND WILL

6165
03:34:17,078 --> 03:34:20,414
FIND WAYS SO THAT IT'S NOT AN

6166
03:34:20,414 --> 03:34:23,017
UPSTREAM BATTLE BUT ALSO COMING

6167
03:34:23,017 --> 03:34:23,317
DOWNSTREAM.

6168
03:34:23,317 --> 03:34:26,320
THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS SAID

6169
03:34:26,320 --> 03:34:28,522
ABOUT, YOU KNOW, HOW DO WE BUILD

6170
03:34:28,522 --> 03:34:29,523
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IS BY

6171
03:34:29,523 --> 03:34:31,292
HAVING THE POLICY MAKERS AT THE

6172
03:34:31,292 --> 03:34:33,394
TABLE BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE

6173
03:34:33,394 --> 03:34:34,262
DECISION-MAKERS ULTIMATELY, BUT

6174
03:34:34,262 --> 03:34:38,232
ALSO HAVING THOSE INSTITUTIONS

6175
03:34:38,232 --> 03:34:40,301
THAT ARE LEADING IN TERMS OF

6176
03:34:40,301 --> 03:34:43,504
FUNDING AND RESEARCH, FINDING

6177
03:34:43,504 --> 03:34:45,806
WAYS TO DESIGN GUIDELINES SO

6178
03:34:45,806 --> 03:34:48,876
THAT COMMUNITY MEMBERS, THOSE

6179
03:34:48,876 --> 03:34:51,946
EXPERIENCING AMD, ARE CONSIDERED

6180
03:34:51,946 --> 03:34:54,282
EQUAL PARTNERS IN RESEARCH

6181
03:34:54,282 --> 03:34:55,816
DESIGN AND -- YES, IN RESEARCH

6182
03:34:55,816 --> 03:34:56,784
DESIGN.

6183
03:34:56,784 --> 03:35:00,221
I THINK THAT WAS ABOUT IT.

6184
03:35:00,221 --> 03:35:06,460
THANK YOU.

6185
03:35:06,460 --> 03:35:12,266
>> I CAN GO FIRST.

6186
03:35:12,266 --> 03:35:13,000
>> SURE.

6187
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:16,771
>> SO I'M PINCH HITTING
FOR THE

6188
03:35:16,771 --> 03:35:19,407
VIRTUAL ROOM FIVE, SO I'M JUST

6189
03:35:19,407 --> 03:35:22,677
GOING TO SHARE WHAT IS HERE ON

6190
03:35:22,677 --> 03:35:26,647
THE SLIDES.

6191
03:35:26,647 --> 03:35:29,150
NOT HAVING BEEN IN THE ROOM FOR

6192
03:35:29,150 --> 03:35:30,051
THE BEST THAT I CAN.

6193
03:35:30,051 --> 03:35:31,252
SO THE FIRST QUESTION, WHO NEEDS

6194
03:35:31,252 --> 03:35:33,220
TO BE AT THE TABLE, SO THERE WAS

6195
03:35:33,220 --> 03:35:34,488
DISCUSSION OF THIS WOULD NEED TO

6196
03:35:34,488 --> 03:35:36,324
BE SORT OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY

6197
03:35:36,324 --> 03:35:37,291
OR TRANSDISCIPLINARY FIELD THAT

6198
03:35:37,291 --> 03:35:38,526
MUST BE INCLUSIVE, WHICH IS

6199
03:35:38,526 --> 03:35:40,428
GOING TO BE THE CHALLENGING PART

6200
03:35:40,428 --> 03:35:41,228
OF THIS EFFORT.

6201
03:35:41,228 --> 03:35:43,397
AND REALLY A NEW FIELD WITH NEW

6202
03:35:43,397 --> 03:35:46,634
SKILLS IS NEEDED TO BUILD ACROSS

6203
03:35:46,634 --> 03:35:49,136
MANY DISCIPLINES, SPECIFICALLY

6204
03:35:49,136 --> 03:35:51,205
ACADEMICIAN FROM THE BIOLOGICAL

6205
03:35:51,205 --> 03:35:53,841
SPACE, SOCIAL SCIENCE

6206
03:35:53,841 --> 03:35:56,177
RESEARCHERS, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

6207
03:35:56,177 --> 03:35:57,945
RESEARCHERS, CLINICAL TRIALISTS,

6208
03:35:57,945 --> 03:36:00,114
PATIENTS AND EVERYBODY ELSE, I

6209
03:36:00,114 --> 03:36:04,685
THINK THE LIST IS LONG AND I

6210
03:36:04,685 --> 03:36:05,653
THINK INCLUDES MANY OF THE

6211
03:36:05,653 --> 03:36:06,721
PEOPLE WE ENDEAVORED TO BRING

6212
03:36:06,721 --> 03:36:08,055
HERE TO THIS ROOM TODAY.

6213
03:36:08,055 --> 03:36:09,423
YOU KNOW, THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND

6214
03:36:09,423 --> 03:36:11,392
HOW THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

6215
03:36:11,392 --> 03:36:14,028
OF RACISM ARE MARGINALIZATION,

6216
03:36:14,028 --> 03:36:14,795
DISCRIMINATION AND DEVELOPING IN

6217
03:36:14,795 --> 03:36:16,364
THE REAL WORLD AND HOW THEY

6218
03:36:16,364 --> 03:36:17,798
INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR, AND IN TERMS

6219
03:36:17,798 --> 03:36:20,534
OF WHERE TO START THINKING ABOUT

6220
03:36:20,534 --> 03:36:25,272
HOW NIH ICs ARE SILOS AND SO

6221
03:36:25,272 --> 03:36:26,407
MAKING SURE WE'RE BREAKING

6222
03:36:26,407 --> 03:36:28,109
ACROSS THE SILOS AND BRINGING

6223
03:36:28,109 --> 03:36:29,143
THE DIFFERENT GROUPS TOGETHER.

6224
03:36:29,143 --> 03:36:30,044
SO MOVING TO THE SECOND

6225
03:36:30,044 --> 03:36:31,445
QUESTION, HOW DO WE ATTRACT AND

6226
03:36:31,445 --> 03:36:32,747
RETAIN ALL OF THESE GROUPS TO

6227
03:36:32,747 --> 03:36:34,281
THIS SPACE, SO THE NEED TO

6228
03:36:34,281 --> 03:36:38,486
INVEST IN THIS SPACE AND FUNDING

6229
03:36:38,486 --> 03:36:39,687
OPPORTUNITIES TO TRAIN THE

6230
03:36:39,687 --> 03:36:42,456
WORKFORCE, ESPECIALLY EARLY

6231
03:36:42,456 --> 03:36:43,657
STAGE INVESTIGATORS,

6232
03:36:43,657 --> 03:36:45,292
ACKNOWLEDGING THAT NOT ONE IC

6233
03:36:45,292 --> 03:36:46,727
CAN ACCOMPLISH ALL OF THESE

6234
03:36:46,727 --> 03:36:48,095
GOALS AND THERE NEEDS TO BE SORT

6235
03:36:48,095 --> 03:36:50,498
OF A COMING TOGETHER ACROSS THE

6236
03:36:50,498 --> 03:36:53,033
NIH INSTITUTES TO BRING THIS

6237
03:36:53,033 --> 03:36:56,070
SPACE FORWARD.

6238
03:36:56,070 --> 03:36:57,538
POTENTIAL PARTNERSHIPS WITH

6239
03:36:57,538 --> 03:37:01,142
ARPA-H WERE RAISED, THE USE OF

6240
03:37:01,142 --> 03:37:02,710
CHALLENGE.GOV TO PROMOTE

6241
03:37:02,710 --> 03:37:03,711
INNOVATION AND GIVE PRIZES TO

6242
03:37:03,711 --> 03:37:06,013
PEOPLE WHO HAVE IDEAS IN THIS

6243
03:37:06,013 --> 03:37:08,082
SPACE, AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING

6244
03:37:08,082 --> 03:37:09,784
DATA IN THE RESPECTIVE FIELD AND

6245
03:37:09,784 --> 03:37:10,518
GENERATING NEW QUESTIONS.

6246
03:37:10,518 --> 03:37:11,952
MOVING ON TO QUESTION THREE,

6247
03:37:11,952 --> 03:37:14,422
WHAT SKILLS NEED TO BE

6248
03:37:14,422 --> 03:37:15,389
DEVELOPED/ENLANCED TO ADVANCE

6249
03:37:15,389 --> 03:37:17,792
RESEARCH IN THIS AREA.

6250
03:37:17,792 --> 03:37:19,393
DATA SCIENCE SKILLS FOR

6251
03:37:19,393 --> 03:37:23,764
ANALYSIS, AI, DISCUSSING

6252
03:37:23,764 --> 03:37:31,205
HETEROGENHETEROGENEITY OF DIABEL

6253
03:37:31,205 --> 03:37:32,673
OF THOSE IN CONTEXT OF THE

6254
03:37:32,673 --> 03:37:33,741
BROADER SET OF CONDITIONS THAT

6255
03:37:33,741 --> 03:37:36,710
MANY PEOPLE ARE LIVING WITH IN

6256
03:37:36,710 --> 03:37:38,179
OUTREACH SKILLS FOR RESEARCHERS

6257
03:37:38,179 --> 03:37:39,613
TO GET COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO THE

6258
03:37:39,613 --> 03:37:40,381
TABLE.

6259
03:37:40,381 --> 03:37:42,450
POTENTIALLY MISSING SKILLS,

6260
03:37:42,450 --> 03:37:43,617
AWARENESS OF HOW TO APPLY THESE

6261
03:37:43,617 --> 03:37:43,984
SKILLS.

6262
03:37:43,984 --> 03:37:45,019
SO ONCE YOU KIND OF ACKNOWLEDGE

6263
03:37:45,019 --> 03:37:47,087
THAT YOU NEED THEM, HOW DO YOU

6264
03:37:47,087 --> 03:37:48,456
ACTUALLY INTEGRATE THEM INTO THE

6265
03:37:48,456 --> 03:37:49,223
RESEARCH PROCESS?

6266
03:37:49,223 --> 03:37:51,625
FOR QUESTION FOUR, SOME EXISTING

6267
03:37:51,625 --> 03:37:53,828
MODELS WE MIGHT LEARN FROM

6268
03:37:53,828 --> 03:37:55,830
INCLUDE THE KIDNEY AND PRECISION

6269
03:37:55,830 --> 03:37:58,466
MEDICINE PROJECT, THE ALL-OF-US

6270
03:37:58,466 --> 03:38:06,140
PROGRAM, THE PRECI HOW DO WE ADS

6271
03:38:06,140 --> 03:38:09,977
BURNOUT IN THIS FIELD, YOU KNOW,

6272
03:38:09,977 --> 03:38:12,480
IT'S HARD TO BRING IT UP AT THIS

6273
03:38:12,480 --> 03:38:14,849
POINT BECAUSE IT'S SUCH A NEW

6274
03:38:14,849 --> 03:38:15,850
FIELD, MAYBE WE NEED MORE

6275
03:38:15,850 --> 03:38:20,754
EXPERIENCE AND TIME THERE.

6276
03:38:20,754 --> 03:38:21,989
SOME OF THE ROADBLOCKS WITH

6277
03:38:21,989 --> 03:38:23,224
GAINING FUNDING REPRESENTED

6278
03:38:23,224 --> 03:38:25,092
CHALLENGE AND INCREASED RISK FOR

6279
03:38:25,092 --> 03:38:26,827
BURNOUT, ENSURING REVIEW IN

6280
03:38:26,827 --> 03:38:31,298
STUDY SECTIONS HAVE -- INCREASE

6281
03:38:31,298 --> 03:38:32,566
ABILITY TO GET FUNDING.

6282
03:38:32,566 --> 03:38:33,634
THE INSTITUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

6283
03:38:33,634 --> 03:38:36,070
JUST MAKING THAT INSTITUTIONAL

6284
03:38:36,070 --> 03:38:37,104
ENVIRONMENT MORE SUPPORTIVE OF

6285
03:38:37,104 --> 03:38:38,639
THIS SPACE.

6286
03:38:38,639 --> 03:38:40,508
HAVING MORE COMMUNITY-LED

6287
03:38:40,508 --> 03:38:41,041
INTERVENTIONS, WHICH GIVE

6288
03:38:41,041 --> 03:38:42,009
SUPPORT TO THE COMMUNITY

6289
03:38:42,009 --> 03:38:44,178
THEMSELVES.

6290
03:38:44,178 --> 03:38:45,679
AND JUST GENERATING THE VALIDITY

6291
03:38:45,679 --> 03:38:47,615
OF STUDYING THESE ISSUES.

6292
03:38:47,615 --> 03:38:48,916
SO WITH THAT, I'LL PASS IT OFF

6293
03:38:48,916 --> 03:38:57,791
TO YOU, KAREN.

6294
03:38:57,791 --> 03:38:58,993
>> GREAT, THANK YOU.

6295
03:38:58,993 --> 03:39:00,427
I'M THE LAST, I'M GOING TO BE

6296
03:39:00,427 --> 03:39:00,628
QUICK.

6297
03:39:00,628 --> 03:39:02,730
THERE WILL BE SOME DITTO WITH

6298
03:39:02,730 --> 03:39:03,163
STUFF.

6299
03:39:03,163 --> 03:39:06,567
WE MIGHT HAVE MISINTERPRETED THE

6300
03:39:06,567 --> 03:39:08,569
TASK IN OUR GROUP.

6301
03:39:08,569 --> 03:39:09,770
BECAUSE WE DID GIVE

6302
03:39:09,770 --> 03:39:10,771
RECOMMENDATIONS THAT WEREN'T

6303
03:39:10,771 --> 03:39:12,306
JUST NIH-SPECIFIC.

6304
03:39:12,306 --> 03:39:12,940
>> THAT'S FINE.

6305
03:39:12,940 --> 03:39:14,642
>> OKAY, GREAT.

6306
03:39:14,642 --> 03:39:17,378
OKAY.

6307
03:39:17,378 --> 03:39:20,881
SO, ALSO WE WERE A VERY SMALL

6308
03:39:20,881 --> 03:39:21,649
BUT MIGHTY GROUP.

6309
03:39:21,649 --> 03:39:22,449
THERE WERE FOUR OF US.

6310
03:39:22,449 --> 03:39:24,118
SO WE HAD A GREAT TIME.

6311
03:39:24,118 --> 03:39:24,552
OKAY.

6312
03:39:24,552 --> 03:39:26,186
SO WHO NEEDS TO BE AT THE TABLE?

6313
03:39:26,186 --> 03:39:28,289
OF COURSE WE TALKED ABOUT

6314
03:39:28,289 --> 03:39:31,692
COMMUNITY MEMBERS, RESEARCHERS,

6315
03:39:31,692 --> 03:39:33,460
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES.

6316
03:39:33,460 --> 03:39:35,229
POLICY MAKERS, GOVERNMENTAL

6317
03:39:35,229 --> 03:39:35,996
REPRESENTATIVES, FOLKS FROM

6318
03:39:35,996 --> 03:39:37,197
INDUSTRY, AND THEN FUNDING

6319
03:39:37,197 --> 03:39:39,633
ORGANIZATIONS.

6320
03:39:39,633 --> 03:39:41,402
IN TERMS OF HOW DO WE ATTRACT

6321
03:39:41,402 --> 03:39:43,604
AND RETAIN THESE GROUPS TO THE

6322
03:39:43,604 --> 03:39:46,006
SPACE, SO OF COURSE FUNDING IS

6323
03:39:46,006 --> 03:39:46,874
IMPORTANT, PEOPLE NEED TO BE

6324
03:39:46,874 --> 03:39:48,275
ABLE TO SEE THAT THEY CAN HAVE A

6325
03:39:48,275 --> 03:39:50,110
CAREER IN THIS AREA.

6326
03:39:50,110 --> 03:39:52,713
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT THE NEED

6327
03:39:52,713 --> 03:39:54,381
FOR FAIR COMPENSATION,

6328
03:39:54,381 --> 03:39:56,283
PARTICULARLY FOR COMMUNITY

6329
03:39:56,283 --> 03:39:57,952
MEMBERS FROM THE VERY SORT OF

6330
03:39:57,952 --> 03:40:01,855
ONSET AND NOT JUST HAVING LIKE A

6331
03:40:01,855 --> 03:40:04,658
CAB THAT MEETS TWICE A YEAR.

6332
03:40:04,658 --> 03:40:05,793
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT THINKING

6333
03:40:05,793 --> 03:40:08,596
ABOUT THE WAY THAT UNIVERSITIES

6334
03:40:08,596 --> 03:40:10,130
THINK ABOUT THINGS LIKE TENURE

6335
03:40:10,130 --> 03:40:12,933
AND PROMOTION, AND HOW

6336
03:40:12,933 --> 03:40:14,802
COMMUNITY-BASED COMMUNITY LED

6337
03:40:14,802 --> 03:40:17,071
RESEARCH IS VALUED AT

6338
03:40:17,071 --> 03:40:18,672
INSTITUTIONS, SO WE TALK A LOT

6339
03:40:18,672 --> 03:40:22,843
ABOUT KIND OF CHANGING THE

6340
03:40:22,843 --> 03:40:24,144
ENTIRE CULTURE OF SCIENCE AND

6341
03:40:24,144 --> 03:40:25,245
HOW THESE CONVERSATIONS HAVE

6342
03:40:25,245 --> 03:40:26,213
BEEN HAPPENING FOR DECADES, BUT

6343
03:40:26,213 --> 03:40:27,715
IN THIS KIND OF WORK, WE REALLY

6344
03:40:27,715 --> 03:40:29,249
NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS TYPE

6345
03:40:29,249 --> 03:40:30,951
OF WORK IS BEING VALUED.

6346
03:40:30,951 --> 03:40:33,354
WE TALKED ABOUT THE NEED FOR

6347
03:40:33,354 --> 03:40:34,888
MENTORSHIP IN TERMS OF

6348
03:40:34,888 --> 03:40:37,725
ATTRACTING AND RETAINING FOLKS

6349
03:40:37,725 --> 03:40:42,363
AND THE SORT OF RESPECT FOR

6350
03:40:42,363 --> 03:40:43,263
WORK/LIFE BALANCE AND CHANGING

6351
03:40:43,263 --> 03:40:45,065
THE RAT RACE CULTURE, SO PEOPLE

6352
03:40:45,065 --> 03:40:48,235
WHO GET INTO SCIENCE OFTENTIMES

6353
03:40:48,235 --> 03:40:50,871
LEAVE BECAUSE OF THOSE

6354
03:40:50,871 --> 03:40:51,305
CHALLENGES.

6355
03:40:51,305 --> 03:40:53,774
AND THEN WE TALKED ABOUT

6356
03:40:53,774 --> 03:40:55,075
CREATING INCLUSIVE WORK SPACES,

6357
03:40:55,075 --> 03:40:57,277
AND THAT INCLUDES EVERYTHING

6358
03:40:57,277 --> 03:40:59,780
FROM, YOU KNOW, ALL-GENDER

6359
03:40:59,780 --> 03:41:00,948
BATHROOMS, TO RECOGNITION OF

6360
03:41:00,948 --> 03:41:04,785
PRONOUNS AND THOSE KINDS OF

6361
03:41:04,785 --> 03:41:07,054
POLICIES AND EVEN THE WAY THAT

6362
03:41:07,054 --> 03:41:09,123
BUILDINGS ARE NAMED OR STATUES

6363
03:41:09,123 --> 03:41:11,058
ARE NAMED AT INSTITUTIONS, THINK

6364
03:41:11,058 --> 03:41:14,128
ABOUT ALTHO ALL THOSE THINGS ASE

6365
03:41:14,128 --> 03:41:15,396
THINK ABOUT INCLUSIVE

6366
03:41:15,396 --> 03:41:16,830
ENVIRONMENTS.

6367
03:41:16,830 --> 03:41:18,799
AND THEN DR. NURU-JETER THIS

6368
03:41:18,799 --> 03:41:19,867
MORNING TALKED ABOUT THESE OTHER

6369
03:41:19,867 --> 03:41:21,902
WAYS OF KNOWING, AND SO WE WERE

6370
03:41:21,902 --> 03:41:23,671
TALKING ABOUT THAT, INCLUDING

6371
03:41:23,671 --> 03:41:25,873
THINGS LIKE HOW QUALITATIVE

6372
03:41:25,873 --> 03:41:28,208
RESEARCH IS SEEN AT NIH, HOW

6373
03:41:28,208 --> 03:41:30,077
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IS SEEN

6374
03:41:30,077 --> 03:41:36,850
WITHIN FUNDING INSTITUTIONS.

6375
03:41:36,850 --> 03:41:39,253
SO WHAT SKILLS, A LOT OF THESE

6376
03:41:39,253 --> 03:41:41,355
THINGS WERE ALREADY DISCUSSED SO

6377
03:41:41,355 --> 03:41:43,757
THINGS LIKE MEASUREMENT-RELATED

6378
03:41:43,757 --> 03:41:45,726
RESEARCH, COMMUNICATION, SO

6379
03:41:45,726 --> 03:41:47,761
REALLY HAVING PEOPLE WHO CAN

6380
03:41:47,761 --> 03:41:49,863
TRANSLATE WHAT WAS LEARNED IN A

6381
03:41:49,863 --> 03:41:51,699
STUDY BACK TO THE COMMUNITY AND

6382
03:41:51,699 --> 03:41:53,901
BACK TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN A

6383
03:41:53,901 --> 03:41:57,137
WAY THAT PEOPLE CAN UNDERSTAND.

6384
03:41:57,137 --> 03:41:59,973
SO WE TALKED ABOUT SORT OF MESS

6385
03:41:59,973 --> 03:42:00,908
MESSAGING.

6386
03:42:00,908 --> 03:42:02,009
WE ALSO TALKED ABOUT NEEDING

6387
03:42:02,009 --> 03:42:03,944
SKILLS IN POLICY AND STRUCTURAL

6388
03:42:03,944 --> 03:42:07,047
RELATED RESEARCH INCLUDING LARGE

6389
03:42:07,047 --> 03:42:09,950
DATA, DATASETS.

6390
03:42:09,950 --> 03:42:12,119
AND I'M ALMOST FINISHED.

6391
03:42:12,119 --> 03:42:15,622
OKAY, THE EXISTING MODELS, WE

6392
03:42:15,622 --> 03:42:17,224
WERE I THINK CONFUSED A LITTLE

6393
03:42:17,224 --> 03:42:19,560
BIT ABOUT THIS QUESTION.

6394
03:42:19,560 --> 03:42:20,627
THERE'S ACTUALLY A COUPLE THINGS

6395
03:42:20,627 --> 03:42:24,231
WE DIDN'T TALK ABOUT, BUT WE DID

6396
03:42:24,231 --> 03:42:26,467
TALK SOME ABOUT THE COMMON FUND

6397
03:42:26,467 --> 03:42:27,801
PROGRAM MODEL WE TALKED ABOUT

6398
03:42:27,801 --> 03:42:30,537
CANCER MOONSHOT AND HEAL, ALL AT

6399
03:42:30,537 --> 03:42:32,005
NIH, ALSO THINGS LIKE THE

6400
03:42:32,005 --> 03:42:33,540
CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE PROGRAM,

6401
03:42:33,540 --> 03:42:36,176
AND T32s, I THINK, COULD BE

6402
03:42:36,176 --> 03:42:38,212
REALLY IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF THE

6403
03:42:38,212 --> 03:42:38,512
WORKFORCE.

6404
03:42:38,512 --> 03:42:41,048
THOSE CAN BE CHALLENGING IN AN

6405
03:42:41,048 --> 03:42:45,319
AREA LIKE THIS THAT CROSSCUTS

6406
03:42:45,319 --> 03:42:47,221
MANY DIFFERENT DISEASE AREAS AND

6407
03:42:47,221 --> 03:42:51,158
HEALTH CONDITIONS, BUT TO SPORT

6408
03:42:51,158 --> 03:42:53,560
OF PULL TOGETHER TO DO MORE

6409
03:42:53,560 --> 03:42:55,162
CO-FUNDING ACROSS INSTITUTES

6410
03:42:55,162 --> 03:42:56,263
CENTER AND OFFICES THAT CAN BE

6411
03:42:56,263 --> 03:42:56,830
HELPFUL.

6412
03:42:56,830 --> 03:42:58,132
AND THEN WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT

6413
03:42:58,132 --> 03:43:00,601
ABOUT SOME OF THE OTHER THEORIES

6414
03:43:00,601 --> 03:43:01,835
AND MODELS THAT WOULD BE NEEDED

6415
03:43:01,835 --> 03:43:03,370
TO DO THIS WORK, WHICH YOU CAN

6416
03:43:03,370 --> 03:43:05,606
SEE HERE, THINGS LIKE CRITICAL

6417
03:43:05,606 --> 03:43:08,208
RACE THEORY, THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

6418
03:43:08,208 --> 03:43:09,343
MODEL INTERSECTIONALITY.

6419
03:43:09,343 --> 03:43:12,412
THEN FINALLY, HOW DO WE ADDRESS

6420
03:43:12,412 --> 03:43:15,482
BURNOUT, SO KIND OF RETENTION OF

6421
03:43:15,482 --> 03:43:18,118
THE WORKFORCE, WE TALKED JUST

6422
03:43:18,118 --> 03:43:20,587
GENERALLY ABOUT WORK-LIFE

6423
03:43:20,587 --> 03:43:23,223
BALANCE IN SCIENCE, CREATING

6424
03:43:23,223 --> 03:43:25,058
INCLUSIVE WORK ENVIRONMENTS.

6425
03:43:25,058 --> 03:43:26,560
THE OTHER WAYS OF KNOWING,

6426
03:43:26,560 --> 03:43:27,761
PROMOTING SELF-CARE, GIVING

6427
03:43:27,761 --> 03:43:29,630
PEOPLE PERMISSION TO SAY NO TO

6428
03:43:29,630 --> 03:43:30,497
ADDITIONAL THINGS THAT PEOPLE

6429
03:43:30,497 --> 03:43:33,400
ARE TRYING TO PUT ON THEM.

6430
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:35,602
AVOIDING TOKENISM, AND THAT GOES

6431
03:43:35,602 --> 03:43:37,337
FOR SORT OF THE COMMUNITY

6432
03:43:37,337 --> 03:43:38,639
MEMBERS INVOLVED IN THE RESEARCH

6433
03:43:38,639 --> 03:43:40,674
AND ALSO FOR, FOR EXAMPLE,

6434
03:43:40,674 --> 03:43:41,875
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES.

6435
03:43:41,875 --> 03:43:44,511
COMING TO THE TABLE AT A

6436
03:43:44,511 --> 03:43:45,546
UNIVERSITY.

6437
03:43:45,546 --> 03:43:48,515
WE TALKED ABOUT COMMUNITY

6438
03:43:48,515 --> 03:43:49,383
EMPOWERMENT.

6439
03:43:49,383 --> 03:43:50,484
ONE OTHER THING WE TALKED ABOUT

6440
03:43:50,484 --> 03:43:52,152
IN THIS AREA IN TERMS OF BURNOUT

6441
03:43:52,152 --> 03:43:54,087
IS THAT OFTENTIMES PEOPLE SPEND

6442
03:43:54,087 --> 03:43:55,789
A LOT OF TIME WORKING ON THINGS

6443
03:43:55,789 --> 03:43:56,990
AND CHANGES MIGHT BE HAPPENING

6444
03:43:56,990 --> 03:43:59,026
IN AN INSTITUTION, BUT THAT'S

6445
03:43:59,026 --> 03:44:00,227
NOT COMMUNICATED BACK TO THEM,

6446
03:44:00,227 --> 03:44:02,229
AND SO MAKING SURE THAT THERE'S

6447
03:44:02,229 --> 03:44:04,498
SORT OF CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATION

6448
03:44:04,498 --> 03:44:06,733
BACK TO FOLKS, AND THEN WE ALSO

6449
03:44:06,733 --> 03:44:08,802
TALKED AGAIN ABOUT MENTORSHIP,

6450
03:44:08,802 --> 03:44:13,574
AS A WAY NOT TO JUST RETAIN AND

6451
03:44:13,574 --> 03:44:14,374
ATTRACT FOLKS BUT ALSO TO

6452
03:44:14,374 --> 03:44:14,908
PREVENT BURNOUT.

6453
03:44:14,908 --> 03:44:15,175
THAT'S IT.

6454
03:44:15,175 --> 03:44:17,678
THANK YOU.

6455
03:44:17,678 --> 03:44:20,948
>> SO WE ARE PRETTY MUCH
AT

6456
03:44:20,948 --> 03:44:21,882
TIME, WHICH MAY BE GOOD BECAUSE

6457
03:44:21,882 --> 03:44:23,183
IT GIVES ME AN EXCUSE TO NOT

6458
03:44:23,183 --> 03:44:26,353
EVEN TRY TO SUMMARIZE ALL THAT

6459
03:44:26,353 --> 03:44:27,621
WE'VE HEARD OVER THE PAST TWO

6460
03:44:27,621 --> 03:44:28,488
DAYS BECAUSE I DON'T THINK I

6461
03:44:28,488 --> 03:44:29,823
COULD HAVE DONE IT JUSTICE EVEN

6462
03:44:29,823 --> 03:44:31,458
IF I HAD TIME.

6463
03:44:31,458 --> 03:44:33,260
SO I WILL SAY, I'M SORRY THAT WE

6464
03:44:33,260 --> 03:44:34,027
DIDN'T HAVE TIME TO HAVE A

6465
03:44:34,027 --> 03:44:35,095
LITTLE BIT OF DISCUSSION ABOUT

6466
03:44:35,095 --> 03:44:36,530
ALL OF THE GREAT FEEDBACK WE'VE

6467
03:44:36,530 --> 03:44:38,565
HEARD FROM THE BREAKOUTS, BUT I

6468
03:44:38,565 --> 03:44:39,566
HOPE THAT THIS WORKSHOP

6469
03:44:39,566 --> 03:44:40,968
REPRESENTS A START OF A

6470
03:44:40,968 --> 03:44:42,502
CONVERSATION IN THIS FIELD, AND

6471
03:44:42,502 --> 03:44:43,670
THAT PEOPLE WILL BE CONTINUING

6472
03:44:43,670 --> 03:44:47,040
TO MEET UP WITH FOLKS, YOU KNOW,

6473
03:44:47,040 --> 03:44:48,375
MAYBE THAT THEY MET BEFORE,

6474
03:44:48,375 --> 03:44:50,310
MAYBE THAT THEY MET HERE, BUT

6475
03:44:50,310 --> 03:44:51,411
HOPEFULLY TO SOME DEGREE SPURRED

6476
03:44:51,411 --> 03:44:52,646
BY THIS WORKSHOP TO CONTINUE

6477
03:44:52,646 --> 03:44:53,680
THESE CONVERSATIONS AND REALLY

6478
03:44:53,680 --> 03:44:56,650
MOVE THIS SCIENCE FORWARD, AND

6479
03:44:56,650 --> 03:44:59,119
OF COURSE I WANT TO THANK, YOU

6480
03:44:59,119 --> 03:45:00,754
KNOW, ALL OF OUR SPEAKERS, ALL

6481
03:45:00,754 --> 03:45:02,990
OF OUR PARTICIPANTS, OUR

6482
03:45:02,990 --> 03:45:04,591
MODERATORS, OUR BREAKOUT GROUP

6483
03:45:04,591 --> 03:45:06,493
LEADS FOR ALL OF YOUR FANTASTIC

6484
03:45:06,493 --> 03:45:06,827
CONTRIBUTIONS.

6485
03:45:06,827 --> 03:45:07,794
WE CERTAINLY COULDN'T HAVE DONE

6486
03:45:07,794 --> 03:45:10,063
THIS WITHOUT YOU, AND YOU GUYS

6487
03:45:10,063 --> 03:45:12,199
ALL REALLY MADE THIS MEETING A

6488
03:45:12,199 --> 03:45:13,267
SUCCESS, AND I KNOW I LEARNED A

6489
03:45:13,267 --> 03:45:13,667
LOT.

6490
03:45:13,667 --> 03:45:15,402
I'D ALSO LIKE TO THANK OUR

6491
03:45:15,402 --> 03:45:16,803
INSTITUTE LEADERSHIP, AS WELL AS

6492
03:45:16,803 --> 03:45:19,006
ALL OF THE CONTRIBUTING NIH

6493
03:45:19,006 --> 03:45:20,073
ICs AND EVERYBODY ELSE WHO

6494
03:45:20,073 --> 03:45:21,842
MADE THIS WORKSHOP HAPPEN.

6495
03:45:21,842 --> 03:45:24,011
OUR LOGISTICS SUPPORT TEAM AS

6496
03:45:24,011 --> 03:45:27,247
WELL WHO DID A LOT OF, YOU KNOW,

6497
03:45:27,247 --> 03:45:31,318
SIDESTEPPING AND MOVING AROUND

6498
03:45:31,318 --> 03:45:32,552
AND THINKING ON FEET TO ADDRESS

6499
03:45:32,552 --> 03:45:33,220
SOME OF THE CHALLENGES THAT

6500
03:45:33,220 --> 03:45:33,654
POPPED UP.

6501
03:45:33,654 --> 03:45:35,088
SO THANK YOU, EVERYBODY, I

6502
03:45:35,088 --> 03:45:37,224
REALLY APPRECIATE YOU TAKING THE

6503
03:45:37,224 --> 03:45:39,159
TIME TO BE WITH US OVER THE PAST

6504
03:45:39,159 --> 03:45:40,494
TWO DAYS AND WITH THAT, I WILL

6505
03:45:40,494 --> 03:45:41,595
LET EVERYBODY GO.

6506
03:45:41,595 --> 03:45:45,198
HAVE A GREAT REST OF YOUR DAY.

6507
03:45:45,198 --> 03:45:48,568
[APPLAUSE]