1 00:00:07,750 --> 00:00:09,118 ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER 2 00:00:09,118 --> 00:00:10,419 COMMUNICATION DISORDERS HERE AT 3 00:00:10,419 --> 00:00:11,487 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 4 00:00:11,487 --> 00:00:11,720 HEALTH. 5 00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:15,424 ON BEHALF OF THE NIDCD CORRECT 6 00:00:15,424 --> 00:00:16,058 DORDR. DEBORAH TUSSI, WE WOULD 7 00:00:16,058 --> 00:00:19,061 LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO NIDCD'S 8 00:00:19,061 --> 00:00:21,030 BEYOND THE LAB, UNDERSTANDING 9 00:00:21,030 --> 00:00:23,766 COMMUNICATION DISORDER SPEAKER 10 00:00:23,766 --> 00:00:24,466 SERIES. 11 00:00:24,466 --> 00:00:26,635 AND TODAY'S TALK ZEBRAFISH CAN 12 00:00:26,635 --> 00:00:30,472 HELP US SEE HOW HEARING WORKS, 13 00:00:30,472 --> 00:00:31,573 DR. KATIE KINDT, A SENIOR 14 00:00:31,573 --> 00:00:33,642 INVESTIGATOR HERE AT NIDCD WILL 15 00:00:33,642 --> 00:00:36,111 HELP EXPLAIN HOW HER LAB USES 16 00:00:36,111 --> 00:00:38,314 MOLECULAR AND MICROSCOPY BASED 17 00:00:38,314 --> 00:00:39,682 METHODS TO EXAMINE SENSORY CELL 18 00:00:39,682 --> 00:00:44,286 FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE 19 00:00:44,286 --> 00:00:45,054 ZEBRAFISH MODEL SYSTEM. 20 00:00:45,054 --> 00:00:47,790 ZEBRAFISH ARE USE AS A MODEL FOR 21 00:00:47,790 --> 00:00:48,891 STUDYING HAIR CELLS, THE SENSORY 22 00:00:48,891 --> 00:00:51,060 CELLS OF THE HEARING AND BALANCE 23 00:00:51,060 --> 00:00:52,294 SYSTEMS BECAUSE ZEBRAFISH ARE 24 00:00:52,294 --> 00:00:54,730 FULLY TRANSPARENT AS THEY 25 00:00:54,730 --> 00:00:55,197 DEVELOP. 26 00:00:55,197 --> 00:00:57,366 THIS ALLOWS RESEARCHERS TO SEE 27 00:00:57,366 --> 00:00:59,668 HOW THEIR CELLS DEVELOP AND 28 00:00:59,668 --> 00:01:01,537 FUNCTION AS A ZEBRAFISH MATURES. 29 00:01:01,537 --> 00:01:05,107 BY UNDERSTANDING HOW HAIR CELLS 30 00:01:05,107 --> 00:01:06,809 WORK, SCIENTIST CANS DEVELOP NEW 31 00:01:06,809 --> 00:01:08,610 TREATMENTS AND CURE FOR HEARING 32 00:01:08,610 --> 00:01:10,346 AND BALANCE CONDITIONS. 33 00:01:10,346 --> 00:01:11,380 NIDCD'S MISSION IS TO SUPPORT 34 00:01:11,380 --> 00:01:12,214 RESEARCH AND RESEARCH TRAINING 35 00:01:12,214 --> 00:01:14,983 IN THE NORMAL AND DISORDER 36 00:01:14,983 --> 00:01:18,220 PROCESSES OF HEARING, BALANCE, 37 00:01:18,220 --> 00:01:20,856 TASTE, SMELL, VOICE, SPEECH, AND 38 00:01:20,856 --> 00:01:22,691 LANGUAGE AND TO SUPPORT 39 00:01:22,691 --> 00:01:23,292 BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORIAL 40 00:01:23,292 --> 00:01:24,526 RESEARCH THAT WILL IMPROVE THE 41 00:01:24,526 --> 00:01:27,930 LIVES OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WITH 42 00:01:27,930 --> 00:01:28,330 THESE DISORDERS. 43 00:01:28,330 --> 00:01:29,698 THE BEYOND THE LAB'S LECTURE 44 00:01:29,698 --> 00:01:31,533 SERIES IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 45 00:01:31,533 --> 00:01:33,736 EVERYONE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF 46 00:01:33,736 --> 00:01:35,137 THE NIH ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF, 47 00:01:35,137 --> 00:01:36,538 SUPPORT STAFF, SCIENTISTS AND 48 00:01:36,538 --> 00:01:39,341 THE PUBLIC TO LEARN ABOUT NIDCD 49 00:01:39,341 --> 00:01:41,210 RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION 50 00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:42,344 DISORDERS. 51 00:01:42,344 --> 00:01:44,046 CONDITIONS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY 52 00:01:44,046 --> 00:01:45,981 AFFECT ABOUT 20% OF THE U.S. 53 00:01:45,981 --> 00:01:47,983 ADULTS AT SOME POINTS IN THEIR 54 00:01:47,983 --> 00:01:48,317 LIVES. 55 00:01:48,317 --> 00:01:51,820 THIS SPEAKER SERIES IS PART OF 56 00:01:51,820 --> 00:01:52,554 THE NIDCD'S ADMINISTRATIVE 57 00:01:52,554 --> 00:01:53,622 STRATEGIC PLAN WHICH WORKS TO 58 00:01:53,622 --> 00:01:55,357 BUILD AWARENESS AND IMPROVE THE 59 00:01:55,357 --> 00:01:58,360 SERVICES THAT SUPPORT NIDCD'S 60 00:01:58,360 --> 00:01:58,594 MISSION. 61 00:01:58,594 --> 00:01:59,628 PLEASE NOTE THAT WE EXPECT TO 62 00:01:59,628 --> 00:02:01,830 HAVE A FEW MINUTES AFTER THE 63 00:02:01,830 --> 00:02:04,700 PRESENTATION FOR OUR SPEAK TORE 64 00:02:04,700 --> 00:02:05,234 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 65 00:02:05,234 --> 00:02:07,269 NOW AT THIS TIME, I WOULD LIKE 66 00:02:07,269 --> 00:02:11,940 TO INTRODUCE DR. LISA 67 00:02:11,940 --> 00:02:12,875 CUNNINGHAM, NIDCD'S SUPERB 68 00:02:12,875 --> 00:02:14,176 SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR. 69 00:02:14,176 --> 00:02:16,879 SHE LEADS THE NIDCD DIVISION OF 70 00:02:16,879 --> 00:02:18,013 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH WHICH 71 00:02:18,013 --> 00:02:19,415 CONDUCTS BASIC AND CLINICAL 72 00:02:19,415 --> 00:02:21,850 RESEARCH IN HUMAN COMMUNICATION. 73 00:02:21,850 --> 00:02:22,551 DR. CUNNINGHAM WILL NOW 74 00:02:22,551 --> 00:02:23,352 INTRODUCE TODAY'S SPEAKER AND 75 00:02:23,352 --> 00:02:24,920 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 76 00:02:24,920 --> 00:02:33,595 DR. CUNNINGHAM TO THE PODIUM. 77 00:02:33,595 --> 00:02:35,097 NTHANK YOU MARK, GOOD AFTERNOON. 78 00:02:35,097 --> 00:02:36,365 AND THANKS EVERYONE FOR JOINING 79 00:02:36,365 --> 00:02:37,099 US TODAY. 80 00:02:37,099 --> 00:02:38,867 IT IS MY DISTINCT PLEASURE TO 81 00:02:38,867 --> 00:02:43,906 WELCOME YOU TO TODAY'S TALK ON 82 00:02:43,906 --> 00:02:45,307 HOW KATIE KEINDT'S LAB TO 83 00:02:45,307 --> 00:02:46,708 OBSERVE IN REALTIME HOW HAIR 84 00:02:46,708 --> 00:02:47,643 CELLS CHANGE AND RESPOND TO THE 85 00:02:47,643 --> 00:02:50,879 ENVIRONMENT EMPLOY AS MARK 86 00:02:50,879 --> 00:02:51,713 MENTIONED, NIDCD DEVELOPED THIS 87 00:02:51,713 --> 00:02:53,015 SPEAKER SERIES FOR PEOPLE WHO 88 00:02:53,015 --> 00:02:55,317 MIGHT NOT HAVE TRAINING OR 89 00:02:55,317 --> 00:02:56,318 SPECIFIC BACKGROUND IN SCIENCE. 90 00:02:56,318 --> 00:02:58,821 OUR GOAL IS TO TAKE WHAT WE'RE 91 00:02:58,821 --> 00:02:59,988 DISCOVERING IN THE LAB OR IN THE 92 00:02:59,988 --> 00:03:02,391 CLINIC AND SHARE IT WITH BOTH 93 00:03:02,391 --> 00:03:05,027 SCIENTIFIC AND NONSCIENTIFIC 94 00:03:05,027 --> 00:03:07,095 STAFF AT NIH, INTERESTED 95 00:03:07,095 --> 00:03:08,864 COMMUNITY MEMBERS, PATIENTS AND 96 00:03:08,864 --> 00:03:10,299 THEIR FAMILIES, ADVOCATES AND 97 00:03:10,299 --> 00:03:11,200 HEALTH PROFESSIONALS. 98 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,135 WE HOPE THAT SHARING SCIENTIFIC 99 00:03:13,135 --> 00:03:16,004 ADVANCES ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER 100 00:03:16,004 --> 00:03:16,772 COMMUNICATION DISORDERS HELPS 101 00:03:16,772 --> 00:03:18,474 OUR STAFF AND THE COMMUNITY COME 102 00:03:18,474 --> 00:03:19,641 AWAY WITH A GREATER 103 00:03:19,641 --> 00:03:21,510 UNDERSTANDING OF HOW WE ARE 104 00:03:21,510 --> 00:03:22,911 ADVANCING THE SCIENCE AND 105 00:03:22,911 --> 00:03:24,880 ULTIMATELY HELPING PEOPLE WITH 106 00:03:24,880 --> 00:03:25,914 COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES AND 107 00:03:25,914 --> 00:03:26,415 THEIR FAMILIES. 108 00:03:26,415 --> 00:03:29,818 WE ALL PLAY A ROLE IN IMPROVING 109 00:03:29,818 --> 00:03:30,152 PUBLIC HEALTH. 110 00:03:30,152 --> 00:03:31,520 AND NOW I WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU 111 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:34,423 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT TODAY'S 112 00:03:34,423 --> 00:03:37,793 SPEAKER, DR. KATIE KINDT, 113 00:03:37,793 --> 00:03:40,829 DR. KINDT RECEIVED A DEGREE IN 114 00:03:40,829 --> 00:03:42,531 BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY 115 00:03:42,531 --> 00:03:44,066 FROM WISCONSIN AND Ph.D. FROM 116 00:03:44,066 --> 00:03:45,367 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN 117 00:03:45,367 --> 00:03:48,203 DIEGO WHERE SHE STUDIED FUNCTION 118 00:03:48,203 --> 00:03:53,942 AND DEVELOPMENT OF MECH KNOW O 119 00:03:53,942 --> 00:04:00,115 SENSORY ELEMENTS IN WORMS OF 120 00:04:00,115 --> 00:04:01,283 C.ELEGANS. 121 00:04:01,283 --> 00:04:03,252 DR. KINDT JOINED NIDCD AS AN 122 00:04:03,252 --> 00:04:04,486 INVESTIGATOR IN 2013. 123 00:04:04,486 --> 00:04:05,821 HERE LABORATORY WHICH IS CALLED 124 00:04:05,821 --> 00:04:07,122 THE SECTION ON SENSORY CELL 125 00:04:07,122 --> 00:04:10,125 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION USES 126 00:04:10,125 --> 00:04:12,394 MOLECULAR AND MICROSCOPY BASED 127 00:04:12,394 --> 00:04:13,795 METHODS TO EXAMINE SENSORY CELL 128 00:04:13,795 --> 00:04:14,730 FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. 129 00:04:14,730 --> 00:04:15,464 IT'S REALLY BEAUTIFUL WORK AS 130 00:04:15,464 --> 00:04:17,900 YOU WILL SEE FROM HER TALK 131 00:04:17,900 --> 00:04:18,567 TODAY. 132 00:04:18,567 --> 00:04:20,235 DR. KINDT WILL SHARE HOW HER LAB 133 00:04:20,235 --> 00:04:22,204 USES LIVE IMAGING TO OBSERVE 134 00:04:22,204 --> 00:04:23,272 REALTIME HOW ZEBRAFISH HAIR 135 00:04:23,272 --> 00:04:25,841 CELLS CHANGE AND RESPOND TO THE 136 00:04:25,841 --> 00:04:26,141 ENVIRONMENT. 137 00:04:26,141 --> 00:04:29,077 ZEBRAFISH ARE USING THE MODEL 138 00:04:29,077 --> 00:04:32,581 SYSTEM FOR STUDYING HAIR CELLS 139 00:04:32,581 --> 00:04:33,749 BECAUSE THEY'RE TRANSPARENT WHEN 140 00:04:33,749 --> 00:04:37,920 THEY DEVELOP WHICH ALLOWS 141 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:40,455 DR. KINDT TO WATCH THE CHANGE 142 00:04:40,455 --> 00:04:44,993 AND SEE IT AS IT MATURES, AND 143 00:04:44,993 --> 00:04:46,728 THE SAME CHANGES IN HEARING LOSS 144 00:04:46,728 --> 00:04:49,831 IN ZEBRAFISH ARE THE SAME TO 145 00:04:49,831 --> 00:04:52,501 HUMANS, WE WE CAN EXTRACT THIS 146 00:04:52,501 --> 00:04:55,137 TO HUMANS WITH CHANGES IN THEIR 147 00:04:55,137 --> 00:04:55,404 HEARING. 148 00:04:55,404 --> 00:04:57,005 KATIE ALWAYS GIVES A GREAT TALK 149 00:04:57,005 --> 00:04:58,740 AND I ALWAYS LOVE HEARING HER 150 00:04:58,740 --> 00:05:00,375 TALK, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US, 151 00:05:00,375 --> 00:05:02,344 I HOPE YOU ENJOY TODAY'S TALK 152 00:05:02,344 --> 00:05:10,953 AND NOW I WELCOME DR. KINDT. 153 00:05:10,953 --> 00:05:12,654 >> ALL RIGHT THANKS SO MUCH FOR 154 00:05:12,654 --> 00:05:13,488 THOSE INTRODUCTIONS. 155 00:05:13,488 --> 00:05:14,556 IT WAS REALLY LOVELY. 156 00:05:14,556 --> 00:05:16,592 IT'S GREAT TO SEE ALL OF YOU IN 157 00:05:16,592 --> 00:05:17,926 PERSON TODAY. 158 00:05:17,926 --> 00:05:19,127 I'VE BEEN MISSING THESE 159 00:05:19,127 --> 00:05:20,329 IN-PERSON TALKS AND I AM EXCITED 160 00:05:20,329 --> 00:05:21,697 TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TALK 161 00:05:21,697 --> 00:05:23,999 ABOUT THE RESEARCH GROUP IN MY 162 00:05:23,999 --> 00:05:25,400 INTRAMURAL GROUP AT THE 163 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,070 PORTFOLIO PROGRAM AT THE NIDCD, 164 00:05:28,070 --> 00:05:31,640 IN THIS BEYOND THE LAB SERIES 165 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:33,241 WHERE WE USE ZEBRAFISH TO HELP 166 00:05:33,241 --> 00:05:42,284 US SEE HOW HEARING WORKS. 167 00:05:42,284 --> 00:05:46,421 SO BEFORE I WE BEGIN I WANT TO 168 00:05:46,421 --> 00:05:47,623 SHOW A PICTURE OF THE LAB 169 00:05:47,623 --> 00:05:49,358 MEMBERS AND OUR GROUP, THIS IS 170 00:05:49,358 --> 00:05:50,592 SENSORY DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 171 00:05:50,592 --> 00:05:52,728 AND WE'RE LOCATED IN BUILDING 172 00:05:52,728 --> 00:05:53,929 35A AND THE FIRST FLOOR IN THE D 173 00:05:53,929 --> 00:05:57,366 AREA SO IF YOU ARE EVER OVER AT 174 00:05:57,366 --> 00:06:04,773 35, I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU SO IF 175 00:06:04,773 --> 00:06:06,341 YOU ARE INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT 176 00:06:06,341 --> 00:06:08,777 MORE, PLEASE STOP BY, AND VERY 177 00:06:08,777 --> 00:06:10,846 BROADLY SPEAKING, OUR LAB USES 178 00:06:10,846 --> 00:06:12,714 ZEBRAFISH TO STUDY HUMAN OTHER 179 00:06:12,714 --> 00:06:14,082 AND BALANCE. 180 00:06:14,082 --> 00:06:15,717 SO HEARING IMBALANCE ARE SENSES 181 00:06:15,717 --> 00:06:17,653 THAT TART IN OUR EAR WHICH I'LL 182 00:06:17,653 --> 00:06:23,625 TELL YOU MORE ABOUT TODAY AND 183 00:06:23,625 --> 00:06:25,460 GENERALLY WHEN I TELL PEOPLE 184 00:06:25,460 --> 00:06:27,996 THIS, THAT I USE ZEBRAFISH TO 185 00:06:27,996 --> 00:06:29,765 STUDY HEARING AND I GET A TERIO 186 00:06:29,765 --> 00:06:30,932 TYPE QUESTION, AND MAYBE SOME OF 187 00:06:30,932 --> 00:06:31,900 THESE QUESTIONS ARE GOING AROUND 188 00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:34,936 IN YOUR HEAD RIGHT NOW. 189 00:06:34,936 --> 00:06:36,071 SO THE FIRST THING THAT PEOPLE 190 00:06:36,071 --> 00:06:39,808 ASK AFTER I SAY THIS IS THEY SAY 191 00:06:39,808 --> 00:06:40,075 ZEBRAFISH? 192 00:06:40,075 --> 00:06:41,243 AND I'M NOT SURE IF THAT'S A 193 00:06:41,243 --> 00:06:42,210 QUESTION THERE BUT I PUT IT 194 00:06:42,210 --> 00:06:44,379 THERE AND WHY DO YOU STUDY 195 00:06:44,379 --> 00:06:47,649 ZEBRAFISH WHICH IS A GREAT 196 00:06:47,649 --> 00:06:48,183 QUESTION. 197 00:06:48,183 --> 00:06:50,385 BECAUSE I STUDY HEARING 198 00:06:50,385 --> 00:06:54,156 IMBALANCE, THEY SAY WELL CAN 199 00:06:54,156 --> 00:06:54,956 ZEBRAFISH HEAR? 200 00:06:54,956 --> 00:06:57,159 AND IS IT RELEVANT TO STUDY IT? 201 00:06:57,159 --> 00:07:00,862 I THINK LISA GAVE IT AWAY BUT I 202 00:07:00,862 --> 00:07:03,165 WILL GO INTO MORE DETAIL. 203 00:07:03,165 --> 00:07:05,701 AND 204 00:07:05,701 --> 00:07:07,769 AND WHY NOT JUST USE ANOTHER 205 00:07:07,769 --> 00:07:09,471 MODEL LIKE MOUSE OR PRIMATES OR 206 00:07:09,471 --> 00:07:10,172 SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 207 00:07:10,172 --> 00:07:11,707 AND LASTLY WHAT DO YOU EXACTLY 208 00:07:11,707 --> 00:07:11,907 STUDY? 209 00:07:11,907 --> 00:07:15,410 SO I WILL END BY GIVING ATH 210 00:07:15,410 --> 00:07:15,944 SYNOPSIS WE'RE CURRENTLY 211 00:07:15,944 --> 00:07:17,512 STUDYING IN THE LAB RIGHT NOW, 212 00:07:17,512 --> 00:07:18,013 ALL RIGHT? 213 00:07:18,013 --> 00:07:19,848 SO THESE QUESTIONS FOLLOWED WITH 214 00:07:19,848 --> 00:07:21,249 MY ANSWERS WILL SORT OF FORM THE 215 00:07:21,249 --> 00:07:22,384 OUTLINE OF MY TALK TODAY, SO 216 00:07:22,384 --> 00:07:28,323 LET'S GO WITH THE FIRST 217 00:07:28,323 --> 00:07:30,058 QUESTION: ZEBRAFISH, WHY DO YOU 218 00:07:30,058 --> 00:07:31,960 STUDY ZEBRAFISH IN AND WHEN I 219 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:34,963 SAY ZEBRAFISH, WHAT I MEAN ARE 220 00:07:34,963 --> 00:07:38,400 THESE BEAUTIFUL DANIOS, THESE 221 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:39,568 ARE STRIPED FISH, COMMON PET 222 00:07:39,568 --> 00:07:40,469 STORE VARIETY YOU CAN FIND 223 00:07:40,469 --> 00:07:42,437 ACROSS THE U.S. AND ACROSS THE 224 00:07:42,437 --> 00:07:42,637 WORLD. 225 00:07:42,637 --> 00:07:45,507 AND MANY DIFFERENT LABS ACROSS 226 00:07:45,507 --> 00:07:48,610 THE NIH INCLUDING SUCH AS NIDCD 227 00:07:48,610 --> 00:07:50,579 AND OTHER INSTITUTES USE 228 00:07:50,579 --> 00:07:54,216 ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR 229 00:07:54,216 --> 00:07:54,783 RESEARCH. 230 00:07:54,783 --> 00:07:58,386 AND WHY DO WE DO RESEARCH ON AN 231 00:07:58,386 --> 00:07:59,688 IN ANIMAL MODELS. 232 00:07:59,688 --> 00:08:01,022 WELL, UNFORTUNATELY, OR 233 00:08:01,022 --> 00:08:03,358 FORTUNATELY, PERHAPS RESEARCH IN 234 00:08:03,358 --> 00:08:04,126 HUMANS IS LIMITED. 235 00:08:04,126 --> 00:08:05,494 SO WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU HERE IS 236 00:08:05,494 --> 00:08:07,662 A PICTURE OF MY HUMAN AND 237 00:08:07,662 --> 00:08:09,364 THERE'S ONLY SO MANY EXPERIMENTS 238 00:08:09,364 --> 00:08:11,066 I WANT SCIENTISTS TO PERFORM 239 00:08:11,066 --> 00:08:12,567 ON HIM, RIGHT, SO INSTEAD 240 00:08:12,567 --> 00:08:14,336 SCIENTISTS USE A WIDE VARIETY OF 241 00:08:14,336 --> 00:08:16,438 ANIMAL MODELS FOR RESEARCH, SO 242 00:08:16,438 --> 00:08:18,173 HERE I'M SHOWING PRIMATES, 243 00:08:18,173 --> 00:08:19,274 RODENTS, OUR FRIEND THE 244 00:08:19,274 --> 00:08:21,910 ZEBRAFISH WHICH WE WILL TALK 245 00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,579 ABOUT TODAY, DROSOPHILA AND THE 246 00:08:24,579 --> 00:08:26,815 CELEGANCES TOADS WHICH I DID MY 247 00:08:26,815 --> 00:08:29,551 Ph.D. ON. 248 00:08:29,551 --> 00:08:31,853 AND SO WE USE THESE TO TODAY AND 249 00:08:31,853 --> 00:08:32,954 MODEL HUMAN DISEASE AND APPLY 250 00:08:32,954 --> 00:08:34,122 THE KNOWLEDGE WE LEARN FROM 251 00:08:34,122 --> 00:08:37,225 THESE ANIMAL MODELS TO ENHANCE 252 00:08:37,225 --> 00:08:37,659 HUMAN HEALTH. 253 00:08:37,659 --> 00:08:40,996 AND OF ALL THE DIFFERENT ANIMAL 254 00:08:40,996 --> 00:08:44,232 MODELS, EACH HAD ITS OWN UNICK 255 00:08:44,232 --> 00:08:45,033 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES FOR 256 00:08:45,033 --> 00:08:45,300 RESEARCH. 257 00:08:45,300 --> 00:08:46,835 AND TODAY I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT 258 00:08:46,835 --> 00:08:49,504 ZEBRAFISH AND 1 OF THE MAIN 259 00:08:49,504 --> 00:08:50,772 ADVANTAGES FOR ZEBRAFISH IS THAT 260 00:08:50,772 --> 00:08:53,575 IT'S REALLY GREAT FOR STUDYING 261 00:08:53,575 --> 00:08:53,875 DEVELOPMENT. 262 00:08:53,875 --> 00:08:55,343 SO IF YOU THINK ABOUT 263 00:08:55,343 --> 00:08:57,879 DEVELOPMENT IN MAMMALS LIKE 264 00:08:57,879 --> 00:09:00,282 HUMANS, LIKE OURSELVES, OR EVEN 265 00:09:00,282 --> 00:09:03,852 IN PRIMATES OR IN RODENTS, A LOT 266 00:09:03,852 --> 00:09:06,955 OF THE DEVELOPMENT HAPPENS IN 267 00:09:06,955 --> 00:09:09,257 UTTEREE AND IT MAKES IT CHAL 268 00:09:09,257 --> 00:09:10,192 ERVELGING TO SEE WHAT'S 269 00:09:10,192 --> 00:09:11,426 HAPPENING AS THE BABY'S 270 00:09:11,426 --> 00:09:11,726 DEVELOPING. 271 00:09:11,726 --> 00:09:14,396 SO MANY OF YOU ARE PERHAPS 272 00:09:14,396 --> 00:09:16,331 FAMILIAR WITH HUMAN ULTRA SOUND, 273 00:09:16,331 --> 00:09:19,100 MAYBE YOU'VE HAD 1 OR SEEN THEM 274 00:09:19,100 --> 00:09:21,002 AND THEY'RE POWERFUL IMAGES BUT 275 00:09:21,002 --> 00:09:22,437 THEY CAN ONLY TELL US SO MUCH 276 00:09:22,437 --> 00:09:23,972 ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING DURING 277 00:09:23,972 --> 00:09:25,340 DEVELOPMENT, THE GENDER OR 278 00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:27,242 OVERALL HOW THINGS ARE 279 00:09:27,242 --> 00:09:27,976 DEVELOPING, WE CAN'T REALLY GET 280 00:09:27,976 --> 00:09:30,412 INSIDE AND SEE THE DETAILS OF 281 00:09:30,412 --> 00:09:31,246 WHAT'S HAPPENING. 282 00:09:31,246 --> 00:09:35,283 BUT IN CONTRAST IN MAMMALS, TO 283 00:09:35,283 --> 00:09:36,351 ZEBRAFISH, DEVELOPMENT HAPPENS 284 00:09:36,351 --> 00:09:37,018 EXTERNALLY, OUTSIDE OF THE 285 00:09:37,018 --> 00:09:37,252 MOTHER. 286 00:09:37,252 --> 00:09:38,653 SO WHAT I'M SHOWING ON THE 287 00:09:38,653 --> 00:09:41,723 BOTTOM RIGHT IS AN ADULT 288 00:09:41,723 --> 00:09:42,324 ZEBRAFISH, 3-CENTIMETERS LONG, 289 00:09:42,324 --> 00:09:47,495 AND IN THE TRUSTEES IS A NEWLY 290 00:09:47,495 --> 00:09:48,196 FERTILIZED ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO, SO 291 00:09:48,196 --> 00:09:50,899 WHAT WE DO IN THE LAB, IS WE 292 00:09:50,899 --> 00:09:52,400 TAKE ADULT ZEBRAFISH, AND WE PUT 293 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:54,569 THE MALE AND FEMALE TOGETHER IN 294 00:09:54,569 --> 00:09:56,438 THE BREEDING TANK AND THE FEMALE 295 00:09:56,438 --> 00:09:58,073 WILL RELEASE HER EGGS AND THE 296 00:09:58,073 --> 00:09:59,474 MALE COMES ALONG AND RELEASE THE 297 00:09:59,474 --> 00:10:00,442 SPERM AND IT HAPPENS IN THE 298 00:10:00,442 --> 00:10:02,010 WATER AND WE CAN COLLECT THE 299 00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:05,013 EMBRYOS TO LOOK AT THEM AND SEE 300 00:10:05,013 --> 00:10:05,547 HOW THEY DEVELOP. 301 00:10:05,547 --> 00:10:07,782 SO JUST TO GIVE YOU SOME CONTEXT 302 00:10:07,782 --> 00:10:08,750 BEFORE I PLAY THIS MOVIE. 303 00:10:08,750 --> 00:10:12,621 SO THIS IS THE CELL WHERE THE 304 00:10:12,621 --> 00:10:14,356 NEWLY FERTILIZED EMBRYO WILL 305 00:10:14,356 --> 00:10:16,524 FORM AND THIS BELOW IS THE YOLK 306 00:10:16,524 --> 00:10:19,194 THAT WILL FEED THE EMBRYO AND 307 00:10:19,194 --> 00:10:22,797 AROUND THE EMBRYO IS THE EGG 308 00:10:22,797 --> 00:10:24,299 SHELL OR CORRIAN, SORT OF LIKE 309 00:10:24,299 --> 00:10:25,867 THE BUBBLE THAT CURBONS THE 310 00:10:25,867 --> 00:10:26,101 EMBRYO. 311 00:10:26,101 --> 00:10:34,242 YOU CAN'T SEE THE POINTERS? 312 00:10:34,242 --> 00:10:35,443 THERE YOU GO. 313 00:10:35,443 --> 00:10:37,212 TECHNOLOGY FAILED. 314 00:10:37,212 --> 00:10:37,646 THANK, GUYS. 315 00:10:37,646 --> 00:10:39,547 SO AS WE WATCH THIS MOVIE THIS 316 00:10:39,547 --> 00:10:40,815 WAS AN EMBRYO THAT JUST 317 00:10:40,815 --> 00:10:42,250 COLLECTED BUT WITHIN AN HOUR THE 318 00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:45,420 SINGLE CELL ON TOP WILL DIVIDE 319 00:10:45,420 --> 00:10:47,389 TO FORM THE NEW ZEBRAFISH 320 00:10:47,389 --> 00:10:49,224 EMBRYO, AND I HOPE YOU CAN 321 00:10:49,224 --> 00:10:51,326 APPRECIATE THAT AS LISA 322 00:10:51,326 --> 00:10:51,826 MENTIONED, ZEBRAFISH ARE 323 00:10:51,826 --> 00:10:53,094 TRANSPARENT AT THESE YOUNGER 324 00:10:53,094 --> 00:10:54,963 AGES SO WE CAN WATCH EACH AND 325 00:10:54,963 --> 00:10:57,666 EVERY CELL DIVISION HAPPEN AND 326 00:10:57,666 --> 00:10:59,167 EVERY MORCH LOGICAL EVENT THAT 327 00:10:59,167 --> 00:11:01,136 HAPPENS AS THIS EVENT IS 328 00:11:01,136 --> 00:11:01,436 DEVELOPING. 329 00:11:01,436 --> 00:11:02,704 SO WHAT I'LL BE SHOWING YOU IN 330 00:11:02,704 --> 00:11:05,240 THE FIRST SEGMENT IS THE FITTER 331 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:06,007 24 HOURS OF ZEBRAFISH 332 00:11:06,007 --> 00:11:07,175 DEVELOPMENT SO AS YOU CAN SEE 333 00:11:07,175 --> 00:11:08,910 THE CELLS START BECOMING SMALLER 334 00:11:08,910 --> 00:11:10,245 AND SMALLER AS THEY DIVIDE MORE, 335 00:11:10,245 --> 00:11:13,448 AND THEN WE GET TO SEE THESE 336 00:11:13,448 --> 00:11:14,015 EXTRAORDINARY MORPHOLOGICAL 337 00:11:14,015 --> 00:11:15,550 CHANGES THAT HAPPENS AND THEN 338 00:11:15,550 --> 00:11:17,619 NOW, BEGINNING TO SEE THE 339 00:11:17,619 --> 00:11:19,154 ZEBRAFISH HEAD FORMING HERE AND 340 00:11:19,154 --> 00:11:22,157 THE TAIL, SO THIS IS EYE OF THE 341 00:11:22,157 --> 00:11:23,391 ZEBRAFISH HERE AND SO THIS IS 342 00:11:23,391 --> 00:11:25,060 THE FIRST 24 HOURS OF 343 00:11:25,060 --> 00:11:26,161 DEVELOPMENT AND THE MUSCLE BANDS 344 00:11:26,161 --> 00:11:27,362 ARE FORMING ALONG THE BODY, IT'S 345 00:11:27,362 --> 00:11:29,798 NOW ABLE TO MOVE IN JUST 24 346 00:11:29,798 --> 00:11:31,900 HOURS, SO HERE'S 2 DAYS, IT'S 347 00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:34,002 DEVELOPING EVEN MORE, IT'S MORE 348 00:11:34,002 --> 00:11:36,638 ACTIVE, AND THEN AFTER 3 DAYS, 349 00:11:36,638 --> 00:11:39,240 THE LITTLE SLOW DOWN, IS ABOUT 350 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:41,176 READY TO HATCH ALREADY. 351 00:11:41,176 --> 00:11:43,478 AND AS SOON AS IT HATCHED, IT 352 00:11:43,478 --> 00:11:46,514 WILL BECOME A FREE SWIMMING 353 00:11:46,514 --> 00:11:47,349 ZEBRAFISH, WHICH IS 354 00:11:47,349 --> 00:11:49,918 EXTRAORDINARY ALL WITHIN 3 DAYS. 355 00:11:49,918 --> 00:11:52,554 SO HERE'S A LITTLE FREE SWIMMING 356 00:11:52,554 --> 00:11:56,491 ZEBRAFISH AND ALTHOUGH WE DO 357 00:11:56,491 --> 00:11:57,325 STUDY ADULT ZEBRAFISH FOR SOME 358 00:11:57,325 --> 00:11:58,994 OF OUR RESEARCH, THE MAJORITY WE 359 00:11:58,994 --> 00:12:00,962 DO IS ACTUALLY IN THE EARLY 360 00:12:00,962 --> 00:12:02,497 EMBRYOS OR NEWEL HATCHED LARVA 361 00:12:02,497 --> 00:12:05,233 WE CALL THEM AND THAT'S BECAUSE 362 00:12:05,233 --> 00:12:06,067 THEY'RE TRANSPARENT AS THESE 363 00:12:06,067 --> 00:12:10,672 YOUNG AGES AND WE CAN SEE THINGS 364 00:12:10,672 --> 00:12:11,139 HAPPENING REALLY WELL. 365 00:12:11,139 --> 00:12:12,941 AND THERE ARE OF COURSE OTHER 366 00:12:12,941 --> 00:12:14,042 REASONS WHY, THIS IS A GREAT 367 00:12:14,042 --> 00:12:15,777 MODEL AND I COULD GO ON ALL DAY 368 00:12:15,777 --> 00:12:17,312 ABOUT IT BUT LET'S GIVE YOU A 369 00:12:17,312 --> 00:12:19,981 FEW MORE REASONS SO THEY 370 00:12:19,981 --> 00:12:21,049 DEVELOPED EXTERNALLY, THEY'RE 371 00:12:21,049 --> 00:12:22,584 TRANSPARENT AT THIS YOUNG AGES, 372 00:12:22,584 --> 00:12:24,019 THEY'RE BONY FISH SO IT'S A 373 00:12:24,019 --> 00:12:26,788 VERTEBRATE MODEL AND THERE'S 374 00:12:26,788 --> 00:12:27,722 GREATER GENETIC CONSERVATIONS 375 00:12:27,722 --> 00:12:29,224 COMPARED TO OTHER INVERTEBRATE 376 00:12:29,224 --> 00:12:30,091 MODELS PEOPLE STUDY IN ADDITION 377 00:12:30,091 --> 00:12:31,526 IF YOU THINK ABOUT GETTING A PET 378 00:12:31,526 --> 00:12:33,728 FISH FOR YOUR KIDS, ZEBRAFISH 379 00:12:33,728 --> 00:12:36,297 ARE PRETTY EASY TO MAINTAIN AT 380 00:12:36,297 --> 00:12:37,932 HOME AND IN THE LAB SO THAT 381 00:12:37,932 --> 00:12:39,667 MAKES THEM A PRETTY GOOD MODEL 382 00:12:39,667 --> 00:12:42,337 TO STUDY, AND IF WE SET UP A 383 00:12:42,337 --> 00:12:43,671 PAIR OF ADULT ZEBRAFISH, THEY 384 00:12:43,671 --> 00:12:45,073 WILL LAY HUNDREDS OF THOSE 385 00:12:45,073 --> 00:12:46,474 EMBRYOS EACH WEEK FOR US TO 386 00:12:46,474 --> 00:12:48,343 STUDY, WHICH THEY'RE VERY 387 00:12:48,343 --> 00:12:49,511 PROLIFIC, IT'S PRETTY 388 00:12:49,511 --> 00:12:49,844 EXTRAORDINARY. 389 00:12:49,844 --> 00:12:50,879 AND IF I DON'T KNOW IF ANY OF 390 00:12:50,879 --> 00:12:52,480 YOU WORK ON MICE, YOU DON'T EVER 391 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:55,617 GET A HUNDRED PUPS IN YOUR 392 00:12:55,617 --> 00:12:56,518 LITTER. 393 00:12:56,518 --> 00:12:56,785 YOU KNOW? 394 00:12:56,785 --> 00:12:57,018 , YEAH. 395 00:12:57,018 --> 00:12:59,421 SO THOSE ARE SOME OF THE REASONS 396 00:12:59,421 --> 00:13:01,289 THAT ZEBRAFISH HAS NOW BECOME A 397 00:13:01,289 --> 00:13:05,326 WIDELY USED ANIMAL MODEL FOR 398 00:13:05,326 --> 00:13:05,660 RESEARCH. 399 00:13:05,660 --> 00:13:08,263 SO ZEBRAFISH, YES, I STUDY 400 00:13:08,263 --> 00:13:09,998 ZEBRAFISH AND WE STUDY BECAUSE 401 00:13:09,998 --> 00:13:16,071 IT'S A GREAT MODEL TO STUDY 402 00:13:16,071 --> 00:13:17,005 DEVELOPMENT. 403 00:13:17,005 --> 00:13:19,574 SO PEOPLE ASK CAN ZEBRAFISH HEAR 404 00:13:19,574 --> 00:13:21,342 IN AND THE YES IS YES, THEY CAN 405 00:13:21,342 --> 00:13:21,676 HEAR. 406 00:13:21,676 --> 00:13:23,912 AND THE EASIEST WAY TO TELL IF 407 00:13:23,912 --> 00:13:25,647 YOU HAVE A ZEBRAFISH THAT'S DEAF 408 00:13:25,647 --> 00:13:29,851 OR NOT IS TO DO AN ACOUSTIC 409 00:13:29,851 --> 00:13:31,152 STARTLE RESPONSE. 410 00:13:31,152 --> 00:13:32,754 IT'S A CONSERVED BEHAVIORIAL 411 00:13:32,754 --> 00:13:35,623 REACTION, OR A SUDDEN AND 412 00:13:35,623 --> 00:13:36,758 AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO A LOUD 413 00:13:36,758 --> 00:13:36,991 SOUND. 414 00:13:36,991 --> 00:13:39,227 SO I FOUND THIS VIDEO OF A 415 00:13:39,227 --> 00:13:40,829 HUNDRED DIFFERENT PEOPLE ON THIS 416 00:13:40,829 --> 00:13:42,230 WEBSITE WHERE THEY DO A HUNDRED 417 00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:43,998 THINGS TO A HUNDRED PEOPLE AND 418 00:13:43,998 --> 00:13:45,266 THEY RECORD THEIR RESPONSES OR 419 00:13:45,266 --> 00:13:47,235 WHATEVER AND I'M NOT GOING TO 420 00:13:47,235 --> 00:13:52,774 SHOW, I WON'T SHOW A HUNDRED 421 00:13:52,774 --> 00:13:54,509 PEOPLE'S RESPONSE, BUT THEY 422 00:13:54,509 --> 00:13:59,581 POPPED A BALLOON AND RECORDED 423 00:13:59,581 --> 00:14:01,082 THE AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO THIS 424 00:14:01,082 --> 00:14:02,584 LOUD NOISE. 425 00:14:02,584 --> 00:14:05,720 BUT I WAS PRETTY ENTERTAINED BY 426 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:07,889 WATCHING THE VIDEO. 427 00:14:07,889 --> 00:14:10,391 THERE'S NO AUDIO BECAUSE THERE'S 428 00:14:10,391 --> 00:14:11,960 LOTS OF SWEARING. 429 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:12,227 [LAUGHTER] 430 00:14:12,227 --> 00:14:13,962 SO ZEBRAFISH RESEARCH ARES DO 431 00:14:13,962 --> 00:14:15,230 SOMETHING SIMILAR IN THE LAB 432 00:14:15,230 --> 00:14:18,266 EXCEPT FOR OF COURSE, BECAUSE WE 433 00:14:18,266 --> 00:14:19,634 DON'T POP A BALLOON BECAUSE THEY 434 00:14:19,634 --> 00:14:21,236 LIVE IN THE WATER AND THEY DON'T 435 00:14:21,236 --> 00:14:22,837 HEAR IN THE AIR AS WELL, SO WE 436 00:14:22,837 --> 00:14:24,906 HAVE TO GET THE SOUND TO TRAVEL 437 00:14:24,906 --> 00:14:26,107 THROUGH THE WATER, SO THIS IS AN 438 00:14:26,107 --> 00:14:28,009 EXAMPLE OF AN ASSAY WE DO IN THE 439 00:14:28,009 --> 00:14:30,445 LAB SO JUST TO GIVE YOU CONTEXT 440 00:14:30,445 --> 00:14:33,648 THIS, IS A 10-CENTIMETER PETRI 441 00:14:33,648 --> 00:14:35,216 DISH AND HERE'S A PENNY DOWN 442 00:14:35,216 --> 00:14:36,618 HERE FOR CONTEXT AND IN THE 443 00:14:36,618 --> 00:14:38,953 CENTER IN THIS BOX IS A SINGLE 444 00:14:38,953 --> 00:14:40,388 ZEBRAFISH, IT'S 5 DAYS OLD, IT'S 445 00:14:40,388 --> 00:14:43,424 VERY SMALL, YOU KNOW? 446 00:14:43,424 --> 00:14:44,826 AND TO DELIVER THE CELL 447 00:14:44,826 --> 00:14:47,228 STIMULUS, WE CAN TAP THE--SOUND 448 00:14:47,228 --> 00:14:48,496 STIMULUS, WE CAN TAP THE 449 00:14:48,496 --> 00:14:50,198 EPI-BLAST EDGE OF THE DISH, SO 450 00:14:50,198 --> 00:14:52,400 WE PLAY THE MOVIE SO WATCH THE 451 00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:53,835 STIMULUS, SO AFTER THE RESPONSE 452 00:14:53,835 --> 00:14:57,105 TO THE TAP, YOU WILL SEE THE 453 00:14:57,105 --> 00:14:58,706 SOUND WAVE TRANSFER FROM THE 454 00:14:58,706 --> 00:15:00,241 EDGE TO THE CENTER, AND YOU CAN 455 00:15:00,241 --> 00:15:01,776 SEE THE SOUND TRAVELING THROUGH 456 00:15:01,776 --> 00:15:02,644 WATER WHICH IS PRETTY COOL. 457 00:15:02,644 --> 00:15:04,679 I WILL PLAY THE MOVIE AGAIN BUT 458 00:15:04,679 --> 00:15:10,485 I WANT YOU TO FOCUS IN ON THIS 459 00:15:10,485 --> 00:15:12,887 LITTLE ZEBRAFISH MOVIE AGAIN, SO 460 00:15:12,887 --> 00:15:14,522 NOW THE ZEBRAFISH TURNS AND 461 00:15:14,522 --> 00:15:15,723 START SWIMMING AWAY, SO IT'S 462 00:15:15,723 --> 00:15:17,926 TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM THE LOUD 463 00:15:17,926 --> 00:15:19,627 SOUND THAT IT HEARD AND THAT'S 464 00:15:19,627 --> 00:15:21,496 ITS VERSION OF THE ACOUSTIC 465 00:15:21,496 --> 00:15:23,231 STARTLE RESPONSE AND THIS 466 00:15:23,231 --> 00:15:25,567 RESPONSE IS PRESENT WHEN THE 467 00:15:25,567 --> 00:15:26,701 ZEBRAFISH IS ONLY 5 DAYS OLD 468 00:15:26,701 --> 00:15:30,205 WHICH IS PRETTY EXTRAORDINARY. 469 00:15:30,205 --> 00:15:31,539 ALL RIGHT, SO CAN ZEBRAFISH 470 00:15:31,539 --> 00:15:33,508 HERE, YES THEY CAN, FOR EXAMPLE, 471 00:15:33,508 --> 00:15:36,578 THEY CAN RESPOND TO LOUD SOUND 472 00:15:36,578 --> 00:15:37,979 IN THIS ACOUSTIC RESPONSE AS 473 00:15:37,979 --> 00:15:41,983 WELL AS OTHER SOUNDS IN WATER. 474 00:15:41,983 --> 00:15:44,852 BUT IS IT RELEVANT TO STUDY 475 00:15:44,852 --> 00:15:46,120 HUMAN HEARING IN ZEBRAFISH? 476 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:50,658 AND THE MAIN WAY THAT 477 00:15:50,658 --> 00:15:52,026 RESEARCHERS DEMONSTRATED THE 478 00:15:52,026 --> 00:15:53,528 RELEVANCE OF ZEBRAFISH TO STUDY 479 00:15:53,528 --> 00:15:55,997 HUMAN HEARING IS THROUGH 480 00:15:55,997 --> 00:16:01,769 EXPERIMENTS THEY DID TO FISH 481 00:16:01,769 --> 00:16:04,072 REALLY OR IDENTIFY REQUIRED NEW 482 00:16:04,072 --> 00:16:04,639 GENES FOR HEARING. 483 00:16:04,639 --> 00:16:06,841 AND 1 WAY RESEARCHERS LOOK FOR 484 00:16:06,841 --> 00:16:08,476 NEW GENES IS SOMETHING CALLED 485 00:16:08,476 --> 00:16:10,011 THE GENETIC SCREEN AND THIS IS 486 00:16:10,011 --> 00:16:11,779 WHERE YOU TAKE YOUR ANIMAL MODEL 487 00:16:11,779 --> 00:16:13,781 AND YOU CREATE A BUNCH OF RANDOM 488 00:16:13,781 --> 00:16:15,783 MUTATIONS IN THEIR DNA IN 489 00:16:15,783 --> 00:16:17,819 DIFFERENT GENES, ALL SORTS OF 490 00:16:17,819 --> 00:16:19,354 DIFFERENT GENES AND MAYBE NO 1 491 00:16:19,354 --> 00:16:21,055 KNOWS ABOUT BUT THE--BUT YOU 492 00:16:21,055 --> 00:16:22,824 LOOK FOR SCIENTIFIC TRAITS. 493 00:16:22,824 --> 00:16:25,026 IN SOME WAYS, WHEN I THINK ABOUT 494 00:16:25,026 --> 00:16:27,795 DOING THIS, I FEEL LIKE I'M KIND 495 00:16:27,795 --> 00:16:29,330 OF A MAD SCIENTIST, YOU KNOW 496 00:16:29,330 --> 00:16:29,897 WHAT I MEAN? 497 00:16:29,897 --> 00:16:33,501 LIKE SOMETHING OUT OF A COMIC 498 00:16:33,501 --> 00:16:36,938 BOOK THEORY, OR YOU HAVE TEENAGE 499 00:16:36,938 --> 00:16:38,673 MUTANT ININ JAMILA TURTEMS OR 500 00:16:38,673 --> 00:16:46,648 YOU HAVE TURTLES WALKING THROUGH 501 00:16:46,648 --> 00:16:48,983 RADIOACTIVE OOZE AND THEN OF 502 00:16:48,983 --> 00:16:50,084 COURSE CHANGE. 503 00:16:50,084 --> 00:16:51,953 WE DON'T HAVE RADIO ACTIVE OOZE, 504 00:16:51,953 --> 00:16:53,488 I DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT WOULD 505 00:16:53,488 --> 00:16:55,223 LIKE LIKE FROM MY PROTOCOL BUT 506 00:16:55,223 --> 00:16:57,692 INSTEAD WE HAVE A CHEMICAL MUTA 507 00:16:57,692 --> 00:17:00,228 GENERATED THAT DISRUPTS DNA AND 508 00:17:00,228 --> 00:17:01,296 WHEN I INCUBATED ZEBRAFISH AND 509 00:17:01,296 --> 00:17:04,365 THE MUTA GENERATED HAVE NEVER 510 00:17:04,365 --> 00:17:05,900 SEEN ANY TEENAGE MUTANT 511 00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:07,535 ZEBRAFISH EVER, I DON'T EVEN 512 00:17:07,535 --> 00:17:08,703 KNOW IF IT'S POSSIBLE AND OF 513 00:17:08,703 --> 00:17:10,438 COURSE THE VENE WORKS 514 00:17:10,438 --> 00:17:12,940 DIFFERENTLY, WE NEVER DIRECTLY 515 00:17:12,940 --> 00:17:15,677 TRANSFORM A FISH INTO A MUTANT 516 00:17:15,677 --> 00:17:16,277 FISH. 517 00:17:16,277 --> 00:17:19,480 WE ARE MUTATING THE GAMETES OR 518 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:20,581 THE EGG, THE SPERM OF THE ADULLS 519 00:17:20,581 --> 00:17:22,417 AND THEN WE'RE LOOKING AT THE 520 00:17:22,417 --> 00:17:23,484 PROGENY FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT 521 00:17:23,484 --> 00:17:24,886 THAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN AND 522 00:17:24,886 --> 00:17:26,821 WHAT RESEARCHERS HAVE DONE WITH 523 00:17:26,821 --> 00:17:29,090 REGARDS TO HEARING AND BALANCE 524 00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:31,826 FIELD IS THE SPECIFIC TRAIT THEY 525 00:17:31,826 --> 00:17:34,462 KREENED FOR IS DEAF MUTANT 526 00:17:34,462 --> 00:17:36,431 ZEBRAFISH AND THEY DID THIS 527 00:17:36,431 --> 00:17:37,865 USING THE ACOUSTIC STARTLE ASSAY 528 00:17:37,865 --> 00:17:40,935 I JUST SHOWED YOU. 529 00:17:40,935 --> 00:17:43,404 SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF 1 OF 530 00:17:43,404 --> 00:17:44,906 THESE DEAF MUTANT ZEBRAFISH, NOT 531 00:17:44,906 --> 00:17:45,506 A NINJA. 532 00:17:45,506 --> 00:17:50,078 AND IN THIS CASE, IF WE TAP THE 533 00:17:50,078 --> 00:17:51,412 DISH, IF YOU FOCUS IN ON THIS 534 00:17:51,412 --> 00:17:52,914 FISH, YOU WILL SEE THE SOUND 535 00:17:52,914 --> 00:17:54,082 WAVE LIKE MOVING TOWARDS THE 536 00:17:54,082 --> 00:17:55,516 FISH AT THE END OF THE VIDEO BUT 537 00:17:55,516 --> 00:17:57,285 THE FISH NEVER MOVES IN RESPONSE 538 00:17:57,285 --> 00:17:58,686 TO THE STIMULUS, THAT'S BECAUSE 539 00:17:58,686 --> 00:18:02,857 IT'S UNABLE TO HEAR. 540 00:18:02,857 --> 00:18:05,226 IT WAS REALLY INTERESTING ABOUT 541 00:18:05,226 --> 00:18:07,462 THE SCREEN WAS IN ADDITION TO 542 00:18:07,462 --> 00:18:10,331 BEING DEAF, MANY OF THESE FISH 543 00:18:10,331 --> 00:18:12,500 ALSO SHOWED DISORIENTED MOVEMENT 544 00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,103 SO THEY WOULD LAY ON THEIR 545 00:18:15,103 --> 00:18:16,070 SIDES, THEY WOULDN'T SWIM 546 00:18:16,070 --> 00:18:17,505 UPRIGHT LIKE A NORMAL FISH AND 547 00:18:17,505 --> 00:18:19,006 IF THEY DID MOVE, THEY WOULD 548 00:18:19,006 --> 00:18:21,609 MOVE IN A VERY UNCORDINATED 549 00:18:21,609 --> 00:18:23,244 MANNER AND SOMETIMES THEY WILL 550 00:18:23,244 --> 00:18:25,146 SWIM IN CIRCLES, WHICH INDICATE 551 00:18:25,146 --> 00:18:28,182 THAT NOT ONLY DID THEY NOT HEAR 552 00:18:28,182 --> 00:18:29,751 BUT THEY ALSO HAD PROBLEMS WITH 553 00:18:29,751 --> 00:18:30,918 BALANCE AND THIS IS INTERESTING 554 00:18:30,918 --> 00:18:33,421 BECAUSE THIS MOVEMENT IS ALSO 555 00:18:33,421 --> 00:18:36,724 HOW FISH BEHAVE IN SPACE. 556 00:18:36,724 --> 00:18:38,793 SO THIS IS A MOVIE FROM THE 557 00:18:38,793 --> 00:18:40,061 CHINESE SPACE STATION FROM EARLY 558 00:18:40,061 --> 00:18:42,830 EARLY THIS MONTH WHERE THEY 559 00:18:42,830 --> 00:18:44,432 LAUNCHED 4 ADULT ZEBRAFISH INTO 560 00:18:44,432 --> 00:18:46,267 OUTER SPACE TO STUDY FOR VARIOUS 561 00:18:46,267 --> 00:18:47,769 REASONS AND WHAT THE NEWSCASTERS 562 00:18:47,769 --> 00:18:49,604 ARE SAYING IN THIS RECORDING IS 563 00:18:49,604 --> 00:18:52,974 THAT THESE ADULT ZEBRAFISH WERE 564 00:18:52,974 --> 00:18:54,008 SWIMMING VERY DISORIENTEDLY, 565 00:18:54,008 --> 00:18:54,742 THEY'RE SWIMMING IN ALL 566 00:18:54,742 --> 00:18:55,910 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND CIRCLES 567 00:18:55,910 --> 00:18:57,445 BECAUSE THEY DON'T KNOW WHICH 568 00:18:57,445 --> 00:18:58,346 WAY IS UP. 569 00:18:58,346 --> 00:19:00,281 BECAUSE THAT'S BECAUSE THEY USE 570 00:19:00,281 --> 00:19:02,617 THEIR EAR TO SENSE GRAVITY, TO 571 00:19:02,617 --> 00:19:06,421 BE ABLE TO SWIM UPRIGHT AND IN 572 00:19:06,421 --> 00:19:08,156 SPACE, THERE'S NO GRAVITY WHICH 573 00:19:08,156 --> 00:19:08,656 IS QUITE COOL. 574 00:19:08,656 --> 00:19:10,925 SO BECAUSE OF THE SIMILARITIES 575 00:19:10,925 --> 00:19:14,429 BETWEEN THE DEAF MUTANT FISH IN 576 00:19:14,429 --> 00:19:19,200 FISH AND SPACE, THESE AQUANAUTS, 577 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,269 WITH THESE ASTRONAUTS THEY 578 00:19:21,269 --> 00:19:23,671 ORIGINALLY GAVE THEM ALL SPACE 579 00:19:23,671 --> 00:19:26,574 NAMES LIKE SPUTNIK AND 580 00:19:26,574 --> 00:19:27,275 SATELLITE, MERCURY, STAR DUST 581 00:19:27,275 --> 00:19:29,377 BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T KNOW WHICH 582 00:19:29,377 --> 00:19:31,212 CHIENS HAD MUTATED SO IT'S A 583 00:19:31,212 --> 00:19:33,848 THING THAT PEOPLE WITH GENETIC 584 00:19:33,848 --> 00:19:36,517 STRINGS DO, IT'S AWESOME BUT AS 585 00:19:36,517 --> 00:19:39,053 TIME WENT ON, THEY SEQUENCED THE 586 00:19:39,053 --> 00:19:41,022 DNA OF THESE DIFFERENT DEAF 587 00:19:41,022 --> 00:19:41,923 MUTANT ZEBRAFISH AND THEY FOWBD 588 00:19:41,923 --> 00:19:44,392 THAT MANY OF THE GENES WHICH ARE 589 00:19:44,392 --> 00:19:49,397 ALL LISTED HERE, WERE 590 00:19:49,397 --> 00:19:50,965 ACTUALLY--WHEN MUTATED NOT ONLY 591 00:19:50,965 --> 00:19:53,701 CAUSED HEARING LOSS IN ZEBRAFISH 592 00:19:53,701 --> 00:19:56,370 BUT ALSO CAUSED HEARING LOSS IN 593 00:19:56,370 --> 00:20:00,274 HUMANS SO I LISTED ALL THESE 594 00:20:00,274 --> 00:20:02,343 LOCI THAT CAUSE DEAFNESS IN 595 00:20:02,343 --> 00:20:09,484 HUMANS AND IN SOME CASES IT WAS 596 00:20:09,484 --> 00:20:10,685 REQUIRED THAT ONLY SOME OF THESE 597 00:20:10,685 --> 00:20:12,086 ARE REQUIRED FOR HEARING AND 598 00:20:12,086 --> 00:20:14,055 IMAL BALANCE WHICH IS QUITE 599 00:20:14,055 --> 00:20:14,388 EXTRAORDINARY. 600 00:20:14,388 --> 00:20:17,492 AND OVERALL THIS DID DEMONSTRATE 601 00:20:17,492 --> 00:20:19,494 THAT, OR THIS GENETIC 602 00:20:19,494 --> 00:20:20,261 CONSERVATION DEMONSTRATE TODAY 603 00:20:20,261 --> 00:20:22,163 WAS A VERY RELEVANT MODEL TO 604 00:20:22,163 --> 00:20:23,931 STUDY HEARING AND BALANCE. 605 00:20:23,931 --> 00:20:28,536 SO IS IT RELEVANT TO STUDY HUMAN 606 00:20:28,536 --> 00:20:34,008 HEARING IN ZEBRAFISH? 607 00:20:34,008 --> 00:20:37,278 IT'S VERY COOL. 608 00:20:37,278 --> 00:20:39,981 SO ALTHOUGH IT'S RELEVANT, WHY 609 00:20:39,981 --> 00:20:40,848 USE ZEBRAFISH? 610 00:20:40,848 --> 00:20:44,151 IT'S ALSO RELEVANT TO STUDY 611 00:20:44,151 --> 00:20:45,353 HEARING IMBALANCE IN MICE OR 612 00:20:45,353 --> 00:20:46,754 OTHER MODELS SO WHAT'S GREAT 613 00:20:46,754 --> 00:20:49,457 ABOUT USING ZEB RAW DATA FISH 614 00:20:49,457 --> 00:20:50,625 FOR RESEARCH AND IN ORDER TO 615 00:20:50,625 --> 00:20:51,726 EXPLAIN THIS I NEED TO TAKE A 616 00:20:51,726 --> 00:20:53,928 STEP BACK AND TELL YOU A LITTLE 617 00:20:53,928 --> 00:20:57,865 BIT ABOUT HUMAN HEARING. 618 00:20:57,865 --> 00:21:00,601 SO HUMAN HEARING STARTS IN OUR 619 00:21:00,601 --> 00:21:02,370 EARS, SO MANY OF YOU ARE 620 00:21:02,370 --> 00:21:04,338 FAMILIAR WITH THE OUTER HERE, 621 00:21:04,338 --> 00:21:05,606 BUT ULTIMATELY SOUND TRAVELS 622 00:21:05,606 --> 00:21:07,475 FROM THE OUTER EAR INTO THE 623 00:21:07,475 --> 00:21:09,343 INNER EAR CANAL AND TO A SPECIAL 624 00:21:09,343 --> 00:21:11,445 PLACE CALLED THE INNER EAR WHICH 625 00:21:11,445 --> 00:21:12,547 IS SHOWN HERE. 626 00:21:12,547 --> 00:21:17,318 INSIDE THE INNER EAR ARE REALLY 627 00:21:17,318 --> 00:21:18,619 SPECIAL CELLS CALLED SENSORY 628 00:21:18,619 --> 00:21:19,987 HAIR CELLS, THAT FUNCTION AND 629 00:21:19,987 --> 00:21:22,290 DETECT SOUND AND ALSO GRAVITY. 630 00:21:22,290 --> 00:21:25,059 AND THESE ARE VERY--THESE ARE 631 00:21:25,059 --> 00:21:26,260 DISTINCT FROM THE HAIRS ON OUR 632 00:21:26,260 --> 00:21:27,862 HEAD BUT THEY GET THIS NAME 633 00:21:27,862 --> 00:21:30,064 BECAUSE THEY HAVE THESE ADORABLE 634 00:21:30,064 --> 00:21:31,899 TINY LITTLE HAIR LIKE 635 00:21:31,899 --> 00:21:33,501 PROJECTIONS ON TOP OF CELL SO 636 00:21:33,501 --> 00:21:34,569 THEY'RE CALLED HAIR CELLS. 637 00:21:34,569 --> 00:21:38,506 BUT IN MEDICARE MAMMALS LIKE OR 638 00:21:38,506 --> 00:21:41,275 HUMANS, THE INNER EAR IS 639 00:21:41,275 --> 00:21:42,543 ACTUALLY SURROUNDED BY 1 OF THE 640 00:21:42,543 --> 00:21:43,911 DENSEST BONES IN THE BODY SO IF 641 00:21:43,911 --> 00:21:45,813 WE WANT TO STUDY THESE CELLS, WE 642 00:21:45,813 --> 00:21:50,918 HAVE TO ACTUALLY REMOVE THE EAR. 643 00:21:50,918 --> 00:21:52,520 AND THEREFORE, IT'S REALLY 644 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:54,255 CURRENTLY NOT POSSIBLE TO STUDY 645 00:21:54,255 --> 00:21:56,691 THESE CELLS IN A LIVING ANIMAL 646 00:21:56,691 --> 00:21:58,993 IN MAMMALS, BUT IN CONTRAST, WE 647 00:21:58,993 --> 00:22:00,828 THINK ABOUT OUR TRANSAPPARENT 648 00:22:00,828 --> 00:22:02,129 ZEBRAFISH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO 649 00:22:02,129 --> 00:22:03,497 SIMPLY LOOK INSIDE THE EAR AND 650 00:22:03,497 --> 00:22:05,166 LOOK AT ITS HAIR CELLS, SO 651 00:22:05,166 --> 00:22:08,836 THEY'RE SHOWING YOU HERE IS A 5 652 00:22:08,836 --> 00:22:10,805 DAY OLD ZEBRAFISH, MOUNTED HERE, 653 00:22:10,805 --> 00:22:12,373 SO IT'S BELLY'S DOWN, AND I HOPE 654 00:22:12,373 --> 00:22:16,110 YOU CAN APPRECIATE, THIS IS A 655 00:22:16,110 --> 00:22:17,979 ZEBRAFISH HERE WHICH I WILL TELL 656 00:22:17,979 --> 00:22:19,847 YOU MORE ABOUT AND WE CAN SIMPLY 657 00:22:19,847 --> 00:22:21,482 LOOK IN AND SEE WHAT'S HAPPENING 658 00:22:21,482 --> 00:22:25,419 WITHOUT ANY KIND OF DISSECTION 659 00:22:25,419 --> 00:22:25,920 OR-YEAH. 660 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:27,521 AND WHAT'S ALSO REALLY POWERFUL 661 00:22:27,521 --> 00:22:28,456 ABOUT BEING A TRANSPARENT ANIMAL 662 00:22:28,456 --> 00:22:31,459 IS THAT WE CAN USE USE OTHER 663 00:22:31,459 --> 00:22:32,793 REALLY COOL WILL TOOLS FOR OUR 664 00:22:32,793 --> 00:22:35,563 EXPRCH 1 FORT COOLEST IS GREEN 665 00:22:35,563 --> 00:22:40,201 FLUORESCENT PROTEIN OR GFP. 666 00:22:40,201 --> 00:22:41,602 AND GREEN FLOURESCENT PROTEIN IS 667 00:22:41,602 --> 00:22:43,304 A PROTEIN THAT WAS ORIGE 668 00:22:43,304 --> 00:22:44,972 NAWILLLY IDENTIFIED IN JELLY 669 00:22:44,972 --> 00:22:46,307 FISH, SO RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT 670 00:22:46,307 --> 00:22:48,275 A CERTAIN TYPE OF JELLY FISH 671 00:22:48,275 --> 00:22:52,546 WHEN YOU SIGN BLUE LIGHT ON IT, 672 00:22:52,546 --> 00:22:54,048 IT GLOWS GREEN WHICH IS PRETTY 673 00:22:54,048 --> 00:22:55,216 EXTRAORDINARY AND THEN THEY WERE 674 00:22:55,216 --> 00:22:56,183 THOUGHTFUL ENOUGH TO IRS DEBTIFY 675 00:22:56,183 --> 00:22:57,818 THE GENE AND THE PROTEIN THAT 676 00:22:57,818 --> 00:23:01,155 WAS INVOLVED IN MAKING JELLY 677 00:23:01,155 --> 00:23:02,490 FISH GLOW, GFP AND THEN THEY DID 678 00:23:02,490 --> 00:23:03,858 ALL SORTS OF FUN THINGS WITH THE 679 00:23:03,858 --> 00:23:06,093 MOLECULE AND 1 THING THEY DID 680 00:23:06,093 --> 00:23:08,529 WAS MAKE TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND 681 00:23:08,529 --> 00:23:10,031 TRANSGENIC ANIMAL IS JUST AN 682 00:23:10,031 --> 00:23:11,866 ORGANISM WHERE YOU'VE TAKEN A 683 00:23:11,866 --> 00:23:13,634 GENE SUCH AS GFP FROM ANOTHER 684 00:23:13,634 --> 00:23:15,302 SPECIES AND ADD IT TO ANOTHER 685 00:23:15,302 --> 00:23:17,705 ORGANISM, SO FOR EXAMPLE, TAKING 686 00:23:17,705 --> 00:23:19,774 GFP FROM JELLY FISH AND PUTTING 687 00:23:19,774 --> 00:23:22,143 IT INTO ZEBRAFISH WILL GIVE US A 688 00:23:22,143 --> 00:23:22,677 TRANSGENIC ZEBRAFISH. 689 00:23:22,677 --> 00:23:25,713 SO A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE MADE ALL 690 00:23:25,713 --> 00:23:28,082 SORTS OF GPP ANIMALS YOU CAN 691 00:23:28,082 --> 00:23:29,016 FIND CAT, CHICKEN, YOU NAME IT 692 00:23:29,016 --> 00:23:31,152 OUT THERE AND THAT'S SOME OF THE 693 00:23:31,152 --> 00:23:37,324 FIRST TRANSGENIC ANIMALS WERE 694 00:23:37,324 --> 00:23:37,825 ACTUALLY GLOW FISH. 695 00:23:37,825 --> 00:23:43,297 AND SOME OF THE VERY FIRST WERE 696 00:23:43,297 --> 00:23:44,331 ACTUALLY HERE, ZEBRAFISH, IN THE 697 00:23:44,331 --> 00:23:52,139 SKIN AND I WAS AMUSED YOU COULD 698 00:23:52,139 --> 00:23:59,980 GO ON AMAZON.COM AND BUY TBLOA 699 00:23:59,980 --> 00:24:01,816 FISH OR TETRA'S, AND ALL THAT. 700 00:24:01,816 --> 00:24:04,585 IN OUR LAB WE MAKE TRANSGENIC 701 00:24:04,585 --> 00:24:08,222 ZEB RAW DATA FISH, NOT WITH 702 00:24:08,222 --> 00:24:10,524 GLOWING SKIN, BUT INSTEAD WE 703 00:24:10,524 --> 00:24:12,293 MAKE IT WITH GFP IN THE HAIR 704 00:24:12,293 --> 00:24:14,428 CELLS SO WE CAN VISUALIZE THEM 705 00:24:14,428 --> 00:24:14,662 BETTER. 706 00:24:14,662 --> 00:24:18,699 SO THIS IS A 5 DAY OLD ZEBRAFISH 707 00:24:18,699 --> 00:24:19,333 MOUNT OFFICE OF DIVERSITY THE 708 00:24:19,333 --> 00:24:20,835 SIDE AND IF WE SIGN A LIGHT ON 709 00:24:20,835 --> 00:24:22,803 IT WE CAN SEE ALL THE HAIR CELLS 710 00:24:22,803 --> 00:24:24,705 IN GREEN WHICH IS QUITE COOL AND 711 00:24:24,705 --> 00:24:25,873 THIS HELPS US IDENTIFY AND SEE 712 00:24:25,873 --> 00:24:27,608 HAIR CELLS THAT WE CAN STUDY 713 00:24:27,608 --> 00:24:31,946 THEN IN THIS LIVING ZEBRAFISH. 714 00:24:31,946 --> 00:24:33,581 SO WOOK LOOKED CLOSER AT THE 715 00:24:33,581 --> 00:24:35,015 HAIR CELLS IN ZEBRAFISH, THEY 716 00:24:35,015 --> 00:24:36,417 HAVE AIR CELLS IN 2 MAIN SENSORY 717 00:24:36,417 --> 00:24:37,651 SYSTEMS THAT I WILL TELL YOU 718 00:24:37,651 --> 00:24:39,153 ABOUT, THE FIRST 1 IS A 719 00:24:39,153 --> 00:24:41,422 ZEBRAFISH HERE WHICH IS SHOWN 720 00:24:41,422 --> 00:24:43,224 HERE IN THIS BOX. 721 00:24:43,224 --> 00:24:47,261 AND IF WE LOOK A LITTLE BIT 722 00:24:47,261 --> 00:24:48,329 CLOSER, HIGHER AGNIFICATION AT 1 723 00:24:48,329 --> 00:24:49,630 OF THESE CLUSTERS AND CELLS IS 724 00:24:49,630 --> 00:24:53,067 WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE HERE AND I'VE 725 00:24:53,067 --> 00:24:54,702 OUTLINED A SINGLE CELL HAIR HERE 726 00:24:54,702 --> 00:24:56,704 WITH I DASH LINE AND ZEBRAFISH 727 00:24:56,704 --> 00:24:58,305 USES HAIR CELLS IN THEIR EAR FOR 728 00:24:58,305 --> 00:25:00,141 HEARING AND SO FOR THAT ACOUSTIC 729 00:25:00,141 --> 00:25:01,075 STARTLE RESPONSE I SHOWED YOU 730 00:25:01,075 --> 00:25:03,911 AND I ALSO USE IT FOR BALANCE TO 731 00:25:03,911 --> 00:25:05,646 DETECT GRAVITY AND MAINTAIN 732 00:25:05,646 --> 00:25:07,648 UPRIGHT POSTURE AND HAVE NORMAL 733 00:25:07,648 --> 00:25:08,582 SWIMMING BEHAVIOR, BUT MAYBE YOU 734 00:25:08,582 --> 00:25:12,119 CAN SEE THAT OUTSIDE OF THOSE 735 00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:14,388 ZEBRAFISH HERE THERA'S A BUNCH 736 00:25:14,388 --> 00:25:16,557 OF GREEN DOTS AS WELL. 737 00:25:16,557 --> 00:25:17,625 AND THAT'S BECAUSE THEY HAVE 738 00:25:17,625 --> 00:25:18,993 SOMETHING WE DON'T HAVE WHICH IS 739 00:25:18,993 --> 00:25:20,427 QUITE COOL WHICH IS ANOTHER 740 00:25:20,427 --> 00:25:22,563 SENSORY SYSTEM CALLED THE 741 00:25:22,563 --> 00:25:23,964 LATERAL LINE, SO, THE LATERAL 742 00:25:23,964 --> 00:25:26,167 LINE IS MADE UP OF ALL 743 00:25:26,167 --> 00:25:27,568 THESE--ALL OF THESE LITTLE DOTS 744 00:25:27,568 --> 00:25:30,538 THAT PROJECT IN LINES ON THE 745 00:25:30,538 --> 00:25:31,972 FISH BODY AND EACH LITTLE DOT IS 746 00:25:31,972 --> 00:25:34,175 ALSO A CLUSTER OF THESE SENSORY 747 00:25:34,175 --> 00:25:35,910 HAIR CELLS, WHICH IS SHOWN HERE 748 00:25:35,910 --> 00:25:37,812 IN THE BOTTOM LEFT, AND AGAIN, 749 00:25:37,812 --> 00:25:39,413 I'VE OUTLINED 1 OF THESE HAIR 750 00:25:39,413 --> 00:25:42,316 CELLS HERE THAT EXPRESSES GFP. 751 00:25:42,316 --> 00:25:45,085 AND WHAT'S REALLY AMAZING FROM A 752 00:25:45,085 --> 00:25:46,353 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE IS THAT 753 00:25:46,353 --> 00:25:47,755 THESE SENSORY HAIR CELLS IN THE 754 00:25:47,755 --> 00:25:48,956 LATERAL LINE ARE LOCATED 755 00:25:48,956 --> 00:25:50,791 DIRECTLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE 756 00:25:50,791 --> 00:25:52,693 FISH SKIN, RIGHT ON THE SURFACE. 757 00:25:52,693 --> 00:25:55,563 AND IF YOU COMPARE THIS TO THE 758 00:25:55,563 --> 00:25:57,097 MAMMALIAN INNER EAR WHERE WE 759 00:25:57,097 --> 00:25:59,066 HAVE HAIR CELLS EMBEDDED IN 1 OF 760 00:25:59,066 --> 00:26:00,634 THE DENSEST BONES OF OUR BODY, 761 00:26:00,634 --> 00:26:02,469 THE CONTRAST WITH REGARD TO THAT 762 00:26:02,469 --> 00:26:04,538 STABILITY IS XREELLY EXTREME. 763 00:26:04,538 --> 00:26:07,374 THE FISH IS LITERALLY GROWING 764 00:26:07,374 --> 00:26:09,276 HAIR CELLS ON ITS SKIN FOR US TO 765 00:26:09,276 --> 00:26:10,077 STUDY. 766 00:26:10,077 --> 00:26:11,812 IT'S PRETTY AMAZING. 767 00:26:11,812 --> 00:26:13,914 AND ZEBRAFISH AND OTHER AQUATIC 768 00:26:13,914 --> 00:26:15,182 VERTEBRATES USE THEIR LATERAL 769 00:26:15,182 --> 00:26:17,551 LINE TO SENSE LOCAL WATER 770 00:26:17,551 --> 00:26:18,586 MOVEMENTS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT, 771 00:26:18,586 --> 00:26:20,254 BECAUSE THEY'RE A FISH, WHICH IS 772 00:26:20,254 --> 00:26:21,355 PRETTY COOL AND IT GIVES THEM 773 00:26:21,355 --> 00:26:23,791 SORT OF A SENSE OF LIKE TOUCH AT 774 00:26:23,791 --> 00:26:24,491 A DISTANCE, RIGHT? 775 00:26:24,491 --> 00:26:29,029 AND IT'S IMPORTANT FOR A LOT OF 776 00:26:29,029 --> 00:26:30,297 BEHAVIORS FOR FISH, LIKE 777 00:26:30,297 --> 00:26:33,267 BREEDING AND PREY DETECTION AND 778 00:26:33,267 --> 00:26:34,535 PREDATOR AVOIDANCE AND SOME FISH 779 00:26:34,535 --> 00:26:37,705 USE OUR LATERAL LINE FOR A COOL 780 00:26:37,705 --> 00:26:39,073 BEHAVIOR CALLING, I'M SURE YOU 781 00:26:39,073 --> 00:26:41,809 HAVE SEEN PRETTY COOL VIDEO ON 782 00:26:41,809 --> 00:26:45,012 THIS, YOU CAN GO ON YouTUBE 783 00:26:45,012 --> 00:26:47,248 AND WATCH THESE, BUT THIS IS THE 784 00:26:47,248 --> 00:26:48,515 SARDINES THAT ARE SCHOOLING AND 785 00:26:48,515 --> 00:26:50,284 THEY'RE USING THEIR LATERAL LINE 786 00:26:50,284 --> 00:26:51,986 TO STAY CLOSE TO 1 ANOTHER BUT 787 00:26:51,986 --> 00:26:54,054 NOT RUN INTO EACH OTHER WHEN 788 00:26:54,054 --> 00:26:55,823 THEY ESCAPE FROM A PREDATOR, AND 789 00:26:55,823 --> 00:26:58,359 HERE WE HAVE A SHARK TRYING TO 790 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,161 GET THEM. 791 00:27:01,161 --> 00:27:03,163 AND THE SHOCKER HAS A LATERAL 792 00:27:03,163 --> 00:27:05,399 LINE TOO BUT IT'S USING IT TO 793 00:27:05,399 --> 00:27:06,634 DETECT ITS PREY. 794 00:27:06,634 --> 00:27:09,036 SO WHY ARE ZEBRAFISH SO USEFUL 795 00:27:09,036 --> 00:27:10,337 FOR HEARING IMBALANCE RESEARCH? 796 00:27:10,337 --> 00:27:12,006 ONE REASON IS THAT WE CAN STUDY 797 00:27:12,006 --> 00:27:13,173 SENSORY HAIR CELLS IN THIS 798 00:27:13,173 --> 00:27:14,441 LIVING ANIMAL SO USING 799 00:27:14,441 --> 00:27:15,509 TRANSPARENCY AND LIGHTING UP 800 00:27:15,509 --> 00:27:17,845 CELLS FOR EXAMPLE, USING GFP. 801 00:27:17,845 --> 00:27:21,215 AND NOW THAT I'VE TOLD YOU SOME 802 00:27:21,215 --> 00:27:23,317 OF THE REASONS WHY ZEBRAFISH IS 803 00:27:23,317 --> 00:27:24,251 SUCH AN EXTRAORDINARY MODEL AND 804 00:27:24,251 --> 00:27:25,786 SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES AND TOOLS 805 00:27:25,786 --> 00:27:29,523 THAT WE HAVE ON HAND TO USE 806 00:27:29,523 --> 00:27:30,391 ZEBRAFISH FOR RESEARCH, I WILL 807 00:27:30,391 --> 00:27:33,093 GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF A 808 00:27:33,093 --> 00:27:33,961 SPECIFIC PROJECT THAT'S 809 00:27:33,961 --> 00:27:35,129 CURRENTLY GOING ON IN THE LAB 810 00:27:35,129 --> 00:27:38,299 USING THESE TOOLS AND 811 00:27:38,299 --> 00:27:38,599 ADVANTAGES. 812 00:27:38,599 --> 00:27:41,001 AND THIS HAS TO DO WITH THOSE 813 00:27:41,001 --> 00:27:42,870 SENSORY HAIR CELLS, SO, ON THE 814 00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:44,638 LEFT, IS A SCHEMATIC OF 1 OF 815 00:27:44,638 --> 00:27:47,608 THESE SENSORY HAIR CELLS SO HERE 816 00:27:47,608 --> 00:27:48,709 ARE THESE LITTLE HAIR LIKE 817 00:27:48,709 --> 00:27:49,877 PROJECTIONS ON THE TOP AND NOT 818 00:27:49,877 --> 00:27:51,478 ONLY DID HAIR CELLS HAVE THEIR 819 00:27:51,478 --> 00:27:52,913 HAIRS ON THE TOP BUT THEY ALSO 820 00:27:52,913 --> 00:27:53,981 HAVE A SPECIAL CONNECTIONS AT 821 00:27:53,981 --> 00:27:57,117 THE BOTTOM OF THE CELL THAT THEY 822 00:27:57,117 --> 00:27:58,919 USE TO SEND SOUND SIGNALS TO THE 823 00:27:58,919 --> 00:27:59,119 BRAIN. 824 00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:03,590 SO WHEN HAIR CELLS ARE 825 00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:04,625 ACTIVATED, IT DEFLECTS THESE 826 00:28:04,625 --> 00:28:06,493 LITTLE HAIRS AND CAUSES THESE 827 00:28:06,493 --> 00:28:07,795 CONNECTIONS TO RELEASE CHEMICALS 828 00:28:07,795 --> 00:28:09,096 TO SIGNAL TO NEURONS AND 829 00:28:09,096 --> 00:28:16,236 TRANSMIT THIS INFORMATION TO THE 830 00:28:16,236 --> 00:28:16,437 BRAIN. 831 00:28:16,437 --> 00:28:18,238 AND IN HAIR CELLS THESE 832 00:28:18,238 --> 00:28:19,206 CONNECTIONS ARE RIBBONS, I 833 00:28:19,206 --> 00:28:20,841 COULDN'T THINK OF HOW TO SAY IT 834 00:28:20,841 --> 00:28:22,109 BUT THATALLY ACTUALLY WHAT 835 00:28:22,109 --> 00:28:23,577 THEY'RE CALLED AND SO WE WILL 836 00:28:23,577 --> 00:28:25,212 CALL THEM RIBBONS SO WE KNOW 837 00:28:25,212 --> 00:28:29,350 THOSE CONNECTIONS OR RIBBONS ARE 838 00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:30,384 IMPORTANT FOR HEARING, AND STUDY 839 00:28:30,384 --> 00:28:31,685 VS SHOWN WHEN THESE CONNECTIONS 840 00:28:31,685 --> 00:28:33,454 ARE LOST AFTER A LOUD NOISE, 841 00:28:33,454 --> 00:28:35,990 SIMPLY AS WE AGE, UNFORTUNATELY 842 00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:39,026 AND AFTER EAR TOXIC DRUGS, WE 843 00:28:39,026 --> 00:28:40,060 CAN LOSE THESE CONNECTIONS AND 844 00:28:40,060 --> 00:28:42,296 WHEN WE LOSE THESE CONNECTIONS 845 00:28:42,296 --> 00:28:43,430 IT ACTUALLY IMPAIRS SIGNALING TO 846 00:28:43,430 --> 00:28:46,033 THE BRAIN AND DISRUPTS HEARING. 847 00:28:46,033 --> 00:28:48,869 SO 1 OF THE GOALS IN OUR LAB IS 848 00:28:48,869 --> 00:28:50,804 TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE 849 00:28:50,804 --> 00:28:52,239 CONNECTIONS FORM AND IT'S OUR 850 00:28:52,239 --> 00:28:54,074 HOPE THAT IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND 851 00:28:54,074 --> 00:28:55,109 HOW THESE CONNECTIONS FORM 852 00:28:55,109 --> 00:28:56,610 NORMALLY, WE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW 853 00:28:56,610 --> 00:28:57,678 TO REFORM THEM AFTER THEY'RE 854 00:28:57,678 --> 00:28:59,880 LOST IN THESE CASES OF HEARING 855 00:28:59,880 --> 00:29:00,314 LOSS. 856 00:29:00,314 --> 00:29:04,618 AND THIS IS WORK DONE BY A 857 00:29:04,618 --> 00:29:08,555 SCIENTIST IN THE LAB 858 00:29:08,555 --> 00:29:08,889 SAMAN HUSSAIN. 859 00:29:08,889 --> 00:29:10,090 I WILL SHOW YOU A BIT ABOUT HER 860 00:29:10,090 --> 00:29:12,326 WORK ON THIS TODAY. 861 00:29:12,326 --> 00:29:14,995 SO WHAT SHE'S DONE IS SHE'S USED 862 00:29:14,995 --> 00:29:16,196 LIVE IMAGING TO UNDERSTAND THIS 863 00:29:16,196 --> 00:29:18,132 PROCESS IN MORE DETAIL AND I'M 864 00:29:18,132 --> 00:29:24,438 SHOWING YOU HERE ARE 2 IMAGES OF 865 00:29:24,438 --> 00:29:25,406 INDIVIDUAL HAIR CELLS AT THE 866 00:29:25,406 --> 00:29:27,041 LEFT IS THE HAIR CELL AT 1 OF 867 00:29:27,041 --> 00:29:28,008 THE EARLIEST STAGES ANDOT RIGHT 868 00:29:28,008 --> 00:29:30,210 IS THE HAIR CELL THAT'S MATURE, 869 00:29:30,210 --> 00:29:32,579 AND HERE, IN THIS IMAGE, ON 870 00:29:32,579 --> 00:29:34,648 THESE IMAGES, THE HAIR CELLS 871 00:29:34,648 --> 00:29:36,617 OUTLINED IN GREEN WITH GREEN 872 00:29:36,617 --> 00:29:38,919 FLUORESCENT PROTEIN AND THOSE 873 00:29:38,919 --> 00:29:40,754 RIBBONS, WAS DEVELOPING 874 00:29:40,754 --> 00:29:42,589 CONNECTIONS ARE SHOWN--IT'S A 875 00:29:42,589 --> 00:29:44,425 RED FLUORESCENT PROTEIN BUT IT'S 876 00:29:44,425 --> 00:29:46,193 SHOWING HERE MAGENTA AND 877 00:29:46,193 --> 00:29:47,127 HOPEFULLY YOU CAN APPRECIATE IN 878 00:29:47,127 --> 00:29:49,229 THE LEFT IMAGE IS THAT WE HAVE A 879 00:29:49,229 --> 00:29:51,598 BUNCH OF SMALL RIBBONS 880 00:29:51,598 --> 00:29:52,900 THROUGHOUT THE CELL BUT LATER 881 00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,736 ONCE THE HAIR CELLS MATURE, WE 882 00:29:55,736 --> 00:29:57,504 HAVE JUST 3 OF THESE CONNECTION 883 00:29:57,504 --> 00:29:59,473 ANDS THEY'RE AT THE BOTTOM OF 884 00:29:59,473 --> 00:30:01,809 THE CELL, SO HERE'S THE TOP OF 885 00:30:01,809 --> 00:30:03,677 THE SALE AND HERE'S THE BOTTOM 886 00:30:03,677 --> 00:30:06,080 OF THE CELL AND ALTHOUGH THESE 887 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:06,880 SNAPSHOTS ARE REALLY IMPORTANT 888 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:08,248 WE ARE KIND OF MISSING SOME OF 889 00:30:08,248 --> 00:30:11,351 THE STEPS IN BETWEEN, SO IF YOU 890 00:30:11,351 --> 00:30:12,186 SAY I STUDIED DEPRIVATIONMENT 891 00:30:12,186 --> 00:30:13,387 AND THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS, YOU 892 00:30:13,387 --> 00:30:14,988 WOULD MISS A LOT OF INFORMATION. 893 00:30:14,988 --> 00:30:16,890 IT'S SORT OF LIKE, I WENT TO THE 894 00:30:16,890 --> 00:30:18,492 SOCCER GAME AND I WAS THERE AT 895 00:30:18,492 --> 00:30:20,694 THE START, SO THIS IS WOMAN'S 896 00:30:20,694 --> 00:30:23,897 WORLD CUP FROM LAST YEAR WHICH 897 00:30:23,897 --> 00:30:29,002 WAS EXCITING, 0-0, AND THEN AT 898 00:30:29,002 --> 00:30:31,371 THE END IT WAS 1-0, SPAIN WON. 899 00:30:31,371 --> 00:30:32,773 SO YOU WOULD WANT TO KNOW MORE 900 00:30:32,773 --> 00:30:34,675 THAN THE BEGINNING AND END, WELL 901 00:30:34,675 --> 00:30:36,777 WHO SCORED, WHEN DID THEY SCORE? 902 00:30:36,777 --> 00:30:38,412 NO GOAL? 903 00:30:38,412 --> 00:30:38,645 PENALTY? 904 00:30:38,645 --> 00:30:38,979 WHAT HAPPENED? 905 00:30:38,979 --> 00:30:40,114 SO YOU CAN LOOK AT HIGHLIGHTS 906 00:30:40,114 --> 00:30:41,815 AND YOU CAN GO BACK AND GO 907 00:30:41,815 --> 00:30:46,420 THROUGH THE HIGHLIGHTS SO CAN 908 00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:49,490 YOU SEE THAT [INDISCERNIBLE] 909 00:30:49,490 --> 00:30:51,258 CARMONA, SCORED A GOAL, BUT IT 910 00:30:51,258 --> 00:30:52,793 DOESN'T TELL YOU THE WHOLE 911 00:30:52,793 --> 00:30:53,260 STORY. 912 00:30:53,260 --> 00:30:54,194 IT GIVES YOU ANOTHER PIECE. 913 00:30:54,194 --> 00:30:56,196 SO THE STAIM THING IS TRUE WHEN 914 00:30:56,196 --> 00:30:56,797 STUDYING DEVELOPMENT. 915 00:30:56,797 --> 00:30:58,432 WE CAN OF COURSE GET A HIGHLIGHT 916 00:30:58,432 --> 00:31:00,367 SO WE CAN LOOK AT A STEP IN 917 00:31:00,367 --> 00:31:01,301 BETWEEN THE START OF THE GAME 918 00:31:01,301 --> 00:31:04,204 AND THE END OF THE GAME AND WE 919 00:31:04,204 --> 00:31:07,074 STILL DON'T REALLY KNOW WHAT 920 00:31:07,074 --> 00:31:07,574 HAPPENED, RIGHT? 921 00:31:07,574 --> 00:31:09,176 SO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO IS WATCH 922 00:31:09,176 --> 00:31:14,348 THE WHOLE GAME, RIGHT? 923 00:31:14,348 --> 00:31:16,984 AND THE WAY WE CO THIS IS TO 924 00:31:16,984 --> 00:31:19,319 MAKE MOVIES TO SEE HOW IT 925 00:31:19,319 --> 00:31:19,920 HAPPENS. 926 00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:21,221 SO MAKING MOVIES WE WERE ABLE TO 927 00:31:21,221 --> 00:31:23,557 ANSWER 2 MAIN QUESTIONS WITH 928 00:31:23,557 --> 00:31:26,160 REGARD TO THIS PROCESS. 929 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:28,128 ONE, HOW DO ALL THESE LITTLE 930 00:31:28,128 --> 00:31:29,229 RIBBONS GET TO THE BOTTOM OF THE 931 00:31:29,229 --> 00:31:31,632 CELL, LIKE THEY ARE DOWN HERE? 932 00:31:31,632 --> 00:31:34,501 AND ALSO HOW DO THESE TINY 933 00:31:34,501 --> 00:31:39,840 LITTLE BABY RIBBONS ULTIMATELY 934 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:40,841 GET BIGGER? 935 00:31:40,841 --> 00:31:43,277 WHAT SOMEONE FOUND FROM MAKING 936 00:31:43,277 --> 00:31:46,313 MOVIES IS THAT RIBBONS MOVE TO 937 00:31:46,313 --> 00:31:49,449 THE BOTTOM OF THE CELL THROUGH 938 00:31:49,449 --> 00:31:51,251 SPECIALIZED CELLULAR HIGH WAYS 939 00:31:51,251 --> 00:31:55,155 AND HERE ON THE LEFT IS A MOVIE 940 00:31:55,155 --> 00:31:57,191 SHOWING GFP LABELED HIGHWAYS AND 941 00:31:57,191 --> 00:31:58,125 MIGHT BE MICROTUBULES ON THE 942 00:31:58,125 --> 00:31:59,660 RIGHT I'M JUST SHOWING YOU 1 943 00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:01,962 CELL HERE, SO THIS IS THE TOP OF 944 00:32:01,962 --> 00:32:03,230 THE HAIR CELL AND THIS THE 945 00:32:03,230 --> 00:32:04,431 BOTTOM OF THE HAIR CELL AND I 946 00:32:04,431 --> 00:32:06,033 HOPE YOU CAN APPRECIATE THAT 947 00:32:06,033 --> 00:32:08,135 THERE'S THESE LONG FILAMENTS, 948 00:32:08,135 --> 00:32:09,636 THEY'RE VERY DYNAMIC BUT THEY 949 00:32:09,636 --> 00:32:10,604 EXTEND FROM THE TOP TO THE 950 00:32:10,604 --> 00:32:12,272 BOTTOM IN THE CELL AND WE ALSO 951 00:32:12,272 --> 00:32:14,007 MADE MOVIES SHOWING THAT THESE 952 00:32:14,007 --> 00:32:16,543 RIB 953 00:32:16,543 --> 00:32:18,378 RIBBONS CAN MOVE ALONG THESE 954 00:32:18,378 --> 00:32:19,379 HIGHWAYS TO MOVE ALONG THE TOP 955 00:32:19,379 --> 00:32:20,881 AND BOTTOM OF THE CELL, WHICH IS 956 00:32:20,881 --> 00:32:23,450 QUITE COOL. AND WITH REGARD TO 957 00:32:23,450 --> 00:32:27,487 THE SECOND QUESTION, HOW DO BABY 958 00:32:27,487 --> 00:32:30,857 RIBBONS GET BIGGER WE FOUND THAT 959 00:32:30,857 --> 00:32:33,026 SMALL RIBBONS CAN FUSE TOGETHER 960 00:32:33,026 --> 00:32:34,161 DURING DEVELOPMENT TO CREATE 961 00:32:34,161 --> 00:32:34,595 LARGER 1S. 962 00:32:34,595 --> 00:32:36,663 SO ON THE LEFT IS A SINGLE HAIR 963 00:32:36,663 --> 00:32:38,632 LINE AND I'M SHOWING YOU 2 964 00:32:38,632 --> 00:32:40,968 RIBBONS HERE THAT ARE OUTLINED 965 00:32:40,968 --> 00:32:42,936 WITH THESE ARROWS AND I'VE BLOWN 966 00:32:42,936 --> 00:32:44,171 THEM UP ON THE RIGHT HERE AND IF 967 00:32:44,171 --> 00:32:46,306 I PLAYED THIS MOVIE, YOU CAN SEE 968 00:32:46,306 --> 00:32:52,713 THESE 2 RIBBONS ACTUALLY FUSE 969 00:32:52,713 --> 00:32:56,016 TOGETHER ON THE MICROTUBE YULE 970 00:32:56,016 --> 00:32:58,485 HIGHWAY TO FORM LARGER RIBBONS. 971 00:32:58,485 --> 00:32:59,186 HERE WE GO. 972 00:32:59,186 --> 00:33:01,288 SO BY USING MOVIES WE'RE ABLE 973 00:33:01,288 --> 00:33:03,023 TOW LIKE REALLY TELL THE WHOLE 974 00:33:03,023 --> 00:33:04,324 STORY AND BEGIN TO PIECE 975 00:33:04,324 --> 00:33:06,093 TOGETHER WHAT'S HAPPENING DURING 976 00:33:06,093 --> 00:33:07,127 THIS DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS, SO 977 00:33:07,127 --> 00:33:09,896 HOW DO THE RIBBONS GET TO THE 978 00:33:09,896 --> 00:33:12,266 BOTTOM, THEY MOVE ALONG THESE 979 00:33:12,266 --> 00:33:13,533 MIKE RADIO TUBULE HIGHWAYS TO 980 00:33:13,533 --> 00:33:15,569 REACH THE BOTTOM AND HOW DO 981 00:33:15,569 --> 00:33:18,138 THOSE LITTLE BABY RIBBONNINGS 982 00:33:18,138 --> 00:33:19,640 GET BIGGER, WELL, THEY FUSE 983 00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:20,574 TOGETHER TO BECOME LARGER. 984 00:33:20,574 --> 00:33:25,178 AND WE MIGHT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 985 00:33:25,178 --> 00:33:27,648 GUESS THIS BUT, LIKE, SEEING IS 986 00:33:27,648 --> 00:33:29,116 BELIEVING, WE CAN'T GUESS, WE 987 00:33:29,116 --> 00:33:30,651 ARE SCIENTISTS WE HAVE TO KNOW 988 00:33:30,651 --> 00:33:32,252 WHAT HAPPENS. 989 00:33:32,252 --> 00:33:33,654 SO, BY UNDERSTANDING THE 990 00:33:33,654 --> 00:33:35,088 FUNDAMENTALS OF WHAT HAPPENS 991 00:33:35,088 --> 00:33:36,456 DURING THESE DEVELOPMENTAL 992 00:33:36,456 --> 00:33:38,425 PROCESS, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT 993 00:33:38,425 --> 00:33:39,660 BECAUSE IT PROVIDES US 994 00:33:39,660 --> 00:33:41,962 INFORMATION THAT WE NEED TO 995 00:33:41,962 --> 00:33:42,796 ACTUALLY REFORM THESE 996 00:33:42,796 --> 00:33:44,097 CONNECTIONS AFTER THEY ARE LOST 997 00:33:44,097 --> 00:33:49,469 IN CASES OF HEARING LOSS. 998 00:33:49,469 --> 00:33:51,471 AND SO BEFORE I END, I WANT TO 999 00:33:51,471 --> 00:33:54,775 END WITH TAKE HOMES THAT I WENT 1000 00:33:54,775 --> 00:33:55,942 THROUGH TODAY, SO ZEB RAW DATA 1001 00:33:55,942 --> 00:33:58,278 FISH, YES, WHY DO YOU STUDY 1002 00:33:58,278 --> 00:33:58,545 ZEBRAFISH? 1003 00:33:58,545 --> 00:33:59,313 BECAUSE IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY 1004 00:33:59,313 --> 00:34:01,882 MODEL TO SEE DEVELOPMENT 1005 00:34:01,882 --> 00:34:02,149 HAPPENING. 1006 00:34:02,149 --> 00:34:03,750 I'VE TOLD YOU TODAY ABOUT HAIR 1007 00:34:03,750 --> 00:34:05,085 CELL DEVELOPMENT BUT OTHER LABS 1008 00:34:05,085 --> 00:34:07,220 USE ZEB RAW DATA FISH TO STUDY 1009 00:34:07,220 --> 00:34:08,588 EYE DEVELOPMENT, HEART 1010 00:34:08,588 --> 00:34:09,423 DEVELOPMENT, SPINAL CORD 1011 00:34:09,423 --> 00:34:10,924 DEVELOPMENT IT'S AN 1012 00:34:10,924 --> 00:34:13,060 EXTRAORDINARY MODTO SEE HOW 1013 00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:14,494 THINGS FORM. 1014 00:34:14,494 --> 00:34:17,030 CAN ZEBRAFISH HEAR, YES, YES, 1015 00:34:17,030 --> 00:34:18,198 THEY CAN HEAR. 1016 00:34:18,198 --> 00:34:19,533 THEY CAN RESPOND TO SOUND, WAVES 1017 00:34:19,533 --> 00:34:22,202 AND WATER, FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE 1018 00:34:22,202 --> 00:34:24,471 ACOUSTIC STARTLE RESPONSE, AND 1019 00:34:24,471 --> 00:34:26,907 FURTHER MORE, DEAF FISH BEHAVE 1020 00:34:26,907 --> 00:34:29,009 LIKE FISH IN SPACE WHERE THEY 1021 00:34:29,009 --> 00:34:30,477 CAN'T--THEY ACT LIKE THEY CAN'T 1022 00:34:30,477 --> 00:34:34,348 SENSE GRAVITY AND THEY HAVE 1023 00:34:34,348 --> 00:34:35,749 DISORIENTED SWIMMING. 1024 00:34:35,749 --> 00:34:37,684 IS ZEBRAFISH RELEVANT TO STUDY 1025 00:34:37,684 --> 00:34:38,251 HUMAN HEARING? 1026 00:34:38,251 --> 00:34:40,821 YES, SO MANY OF THOSE DEAF FISH 1027 00:34:40,821 --> 00:34:41,788 WHICH RESEARCHERS IDENTIFY THE 1028 00:34:41,788 --> 00:34:43,824 GENE LESIONS SHOWED THAT THE 1029 00:34:43,824 --> 00:34:46,026 SAME GENES ARE REQUIRED FOR 1030 00:34:46,026 --> 00:34:49,262 HEARING IN BOTH ZEBRAFISH AND IN 1031 00:34:49,262 --> 00:34:49,796 HUMANS. 1032 00:34:49,796 --> 00:34:53,233 AND WHY IS ZEBRAFISH SO USEFUL 1033 00:34:53,233 --> 00:34:53,967 FOR HEARING AND BALANCE 1034 00:34:53,967 --> 00:34:55,902 RESEARCH, YOU KNOW I TOLD YOU 1035 00:34:55,902 --> 00:34:57,237 THE REASON IS THE DENSITY OF 1036 00:34:57,237 --> 00:34:58,972 HAIR CELLS IN THE LIVING SYSTEM 1037 00:34:58,972 --> 00:35:00,207 AND THIS IS JUST 1 WAY, THERE 1038 00:35:00,207 --> 00:35:02,142 ARE MANY OTHER WAYS THAT 1039 00:35:02,142 --> 00:35:03,777 RESEARCHERS USE TO STUDY HEARING 1040 00:35:03,777 --> 00:35:04,878 AND BALANCE, THIS IS 1 OF THEM 1041 00:35:04,878 --> 00:35:06,079 BUT THERE ARE A TON OF OTHER 1042 00:35:06,079 --> 00:35:07,681 REASONS THAT I DON'T HAVE TIME 1043 00:35:07,681 --> 00:35:09,583 IT TELL YOU TODAY, BUT THE MAIN 1044 00:35:09,583 --> 00:35:12,419 ADVABTAGE IS THAT WE CAN USE 1045 00:35:12,419 --> 00:35:13,987 MODERN TOOLS TO REALLY SEE 1046 00:35:13,987 --> 00:35:14,988 WHAT'S HAPPENING IN REKNARREDS 1047 00:35:14,988 --> 00:35:20,026 TO HEARING IN THE LIVING ANIMAL. 1048 00:35:20,026 --> 00:35:21,928 I WOULD LIKE TO END BY THANKING 1049 00:35:21,928 --> 00:35:25,365 PEOPLE WHO HELP ME WITH MY TALK. 1050 00:35:25,365 --> 00:35:28,602 SO OLIVIA, HELPED ME MAKE IMAGES 1051 00:35:28,602 --> 00:35:30,437 FOR MY SLIDES AND SHE'S SUPER 1052 00:35:30,437 --> 00:35:32,739 FUN AND HELPFUL AND ALSO I WOULD 1053 00:35:32,739 --> 00:35:37,377 LIKE TO THANK SAMAN HUSSEIN FOR 1054 00:35:37,377 --> 00:35:38,879 ALL THOSE VIDEOS AND I WOULD 1055 00:35:38,879 --> 00:35:43,550 LIKE TO THANK MY FUNDING FROM 1056 00:35:43,550 --> 00:35:45,385 NIDCD, AND EVERYONE FOR 1057 00:35:45,385 --> 00:35:46,686 ORGANIZING SUCH A WONDERFUL 1058 00:35:46,686 --> 00:35:51,391 SERIES AND THANK YOU GUYS IF - 1059 00:35:51,391 --> 00:36:01,201 -FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 1060 00:36:01,201 --> 00:36:02,969 >> SO IF PEOPLE WANT TO ASK 1061 00:36:02,969 --> 00:36:04,037 KATIE QUESTIONS, PLEASE COME TO 1062 00:36:04,037 --> 00:36:06,540 THE MIC AND WE CAN FORM A LINE 1063 00:36:06,540 --> 00:36:08,275 AND WHILE YOU GUYS ARE FORMING A 1064 00:36:08,275 --> 00:36:10,110 LONG LINE TO ASK HER ALL YOUR 1065 00:36:10,110 --> 00:36:12,245 AMAZING QUESTIONS, I WILL START 1066 00:36:12,245 --> 00:36:13,647 WITH THE FIRST 1. 1067 00:36:13,647 --> 00:36:16,817 I HAVE ACTUALLY 2 QUESTIONS. 1068 00:36:16,817 --> 00:36:18,919 ONE IS DO ZEBRAFISH USE VISUAL 1069 00:36:18,919 --> 00:36:19,119 CUES? 1070 00:36:19,119 --> 00:36:21,455 SO IF YOU WERE TO LIKE PASTE 1071 00:36:21,455 --> 00:36:23,924 PEBBLES ON THE BOTTOM OF THEIR 1072 00:36:23,924 --> 00:36:26,493 TANK IN SPACE WOULD THEY BE ABLE 1073 00:36:26,493 --> 00:36:30,964 TO ORIENT THEMSELVES BASED ON 1074 00:36:30,964 --> 00:36:31,832 VISUAL CUES? 1075 00:36:31,832 --> 00:36:33,233 >> YOU KNOW THAT'S A GREAT 1076 00:36:33,233 --> 00:36:33,667 QUESTION, ACTUALLY. 1077 00:36:33,667 --> 00:36:39,739 I DON'T THINK THAT THEY WOULD 1078 00:36:39,739 --> 00:36:41,675 WHEREAS HUMANS ARE ABLE TO USE 1079 00:36:41,675 --> 00:36:42,742 VISUAL CUES MORE BUT ZEB RAW 1080 00:36:42,742 --> 00:36:44,044 DATA FISH HAVE A HARDER TIME 1081 00:36:44,044 --> 00:36:45,579 BECAUSE THEY NEED TO SENSE 1082 00:36:45,579 --> 00:36:47,647 GRAVITY EMPLOY I THINK IT WOULD 1083 00:36:47,647 --> 00:36:48,748 DEPENDOT CUES YOU GAVE THEM BUT 1084 00:36:48,748 --> 00:36:50,917 I THINK THEY WOULD BE 1085 00:36:50,917 --> 00:36:51,985 DISORIENTED BECAUSE THEY RELY ON 1086 00:36:51,985 --> 00:36:53,553 THEIR EARS SO MUCH, BUT THEY DO 1087 00:36:53,553 --> 00:36:55,388 SEE AND CAN YOU PLAY THEM VISUAL 1088 00:36:55,388 --> 00:36:57,257 CUES IF OTHER CONTEXTS FOR SURE. 1089 00:36:57,257 --> 00:36:59,426 AND THEN MY SECOND QUESTION HAS 1090 00:36:59,426 --> 00:37:01,728 TO DO WITH YOU SHOWED HOW THERE 1091 00:37:01,728 --> 00:37:03,530 ARE GENES IN THE ZEBRAFISH THAT 1092 00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:05,565 ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO HUMANS, 1093 00:37:05,565 --> 00:37:10,036 BUT IS IT POSSIBLE TO 1094 00:37:10,036 --> 00:37:10,937 GENETICALLY ENGINEER ZEBRAFISH 1095 00:37:10,937 --> 00:37:13,240 TO YOU KNOW EITHER PUT IN A 1096 00:37:13,240 --> 00:37:18,478 HUMAN HEARING GENE OR JUST DO 1097 00:37:18,478 --> 00:37:21,915 DIFFERENT, I GUESS INTRODUCE 1098 00:37:21,915 --> 00:37:23,650 MUTATIONS SO IS IT POSSIBLE TO 1099 00:37:23,650 --> 00:37:24,951 GENETICALLY ENGINEER THE FISH TO 1100 00:37:24,951 --> 00:37:26,152 MODEL OTHER HUMAN GENES 1101 00:37:26,152 --> 00:37:28,255 RESPONSIBLE FOR HEARING. 1102 00:37:28,255 --> 00:37:29,422 >> YEAH, DEFINITELY. 1103 00:37:29,422 --> 00:37:31,424 I MEAN ZEBBIA FISH HAS BEEN A 1104 00:37:31,424 --> 00:37:37,898 REALLY VALUABLE MODEL FOR HUMAN 1105 00:37:37,898 --> 00:37:38,932 GENETICIST, AND A SIMPLE THING 1106 00:37:38,932 --> 00:37:40,800 YOU CAN DO IS MUTATE THE GENE IN 1107 00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:44,104 ZEB RAW DATA FISH AND LOOK, YOU 1108 00:37:44,104 --> 00:37:45,972 COULD DO IT IN A WEEK OR 2 TO 1109 00:37:45,972 --> 00:37:48,308 SEE IF THE FISH OR DEAF OR NOT 1110 00:37:48,308 --> 00:37:50,844 TO SORT OF VERIFY THAT IT'S A 1111 00:37:50,844 --> 00:37:52,546 HUMAN HEARING GENE AND ALSO 1112 00:37:52,546 --> 00:37:54,314 CAUSE HEARING LOSS IN FISH, AND 1113 00:37:54,314 --> 00:37:55,749 ALSO IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN A 1114 00:37:55,749 --> 00:37:56,550 PARTICULAR MUTATION, CAN YOU 1115 00:37:56,550 --> 00:37:58,852 CREATE THAT CHANGE AND 1116 00:37:58,852 --> 00:38:00,053 MODTHEY'LL SPECIFIC MUTATION AS 1117 00:38:00,053 --> 00:38:00,253 WELL. 1118 00:38:00,253 --> 00:38:03,123 >> SOUNDS LOAMACYIC A POWERFUL 1119 00:38:03,123 --> 00:38:04,257 TOOL NYEAH, DEFINITELY. 1120 00:38:04,257 --> 00:38:05,492 >> KATIE THAT WAS WONDERFUL, 1121 00:38:05,492 --> 00:38:05,792 THANK YOU. 1122 00:38:05,792 --> 00:38:07,727 MY QUESTION IS HOW DO YOU 1123 00:38:07,727 --> 00:38:08,929 DIFIENTIATE BETWEEN SOUND 1124 00:38:08,929 --> 00:38:09,863 DETECTION AND FLUID DISPLACEMENT 1125 00:38:09,863 --> 00:38:12,799 SO WHEN YOU DID THE TAPPING OF 1126 00:38:12,799 --> 00:38:17,137 THE PEIT, RI DISH, YOU CREATED A 1127 00:38:17,137 --> 00:38:20,507 PHYSICAL WAVE AS WELL AS AUDIBLE 1128 00:38:20,507 --> 00:38:21,708 SOUND BUT THE DEAF FISH DIDN'T 1129 00:38:21,708 --> 00:38:24,477 MOVE SO HOW DO YOU DIFFERENTIATE 1130 00:38:24,477 --> 00:38:28,081 THE 2 SINCE IT'SOT SURFACE? 1131 00:38:28,081 --> 00:38:30,083 >> SO THE LATERAL LINE--YEAH, 1132 00:38:30,083 --> 00:38:33,420 THE LATERAL LINE CAN RESPOND TO 1133 00:38:33,420 --> 00:38:34,621 THE ACOUSTIC VIBRATIONAL 1134 00:38:34,621 --> 00:38:36,356 STIMULUS, SO CAN YOU GIVE 1135 00:38:36,356 --> 00:38:38,024 DIFFERENT SOUND STIMRIEW LIE AND 1136 00:38:38,024 --> 00:38:41,328 ISOLATE WHAT THE EAR DOES, BUT 1137 00:38:41,328 --> 00:38:42,929 DEFINITELY THE LATERAL LINE IS 1138 00:38:42,929 --> 00:38:45,198 CONTRIBUTING TO THAT PARTICULAR 1139 00:38:45,198 --> 00:38:49,669 SOUND STIMULUS FOR SURE WHICH IS 1140 00:38:49,669 --> 00:38:50,136 COOL. 1141 00:38:50,136 --> 00:38:51,071 >> THAT WAS BEAUTIFUL, THANK 1142 00:38:51,071 --> 00:38:51,338 YOU. 1143 00:38:51,338 --> 00:38:53,039 I ALSO HAVE 2 QUESTIONS, FIRST 1144 00:38:53,039 --> 00:38:54,374 IS THINKING ABOUT THE GENETICS 1145 00:38:54,374 --> 00:38:55,642 OF HEARING AND WERE THERE GENES 1146 00:38:55,642 --> 00:38:57,744 THAT WERE FOUND IN DEAF 1147 00:38:57,744 --> 00:38:58,445 ZEBRAFISH THAT WEREN'T KNOWN TO 1148 00:38:58,445 --> 00:39:01,114 BE PART OF HEARING IN HUMANS AND 1149 00:39:01,114 --> 00:39:05,952 LATER PEOPLE LOOKED AND SAID OH 1150 00:39:05,952 --> 00:39:06,152 WAIT. 1151 00:39:06,152 --> 00:39:07,020 >> YEAH, DEFINITELY. 1152 00:39:07,020 --> 00:39:09,289 SO SOME OF THE GENES WERE 1153 00:39:09,289 --> 00:39:12,258 IDENTIFIED IN PARALLEL IN MICE, 1154 00:39:12,258 --> 00:39:13,827 AS DEAFNESS GENES AND LINKED TO 1155 00:39:13,827 --> 00:39:14,861 HUMAN HEARING LOSS AT THE SAME 1156 00:39:14,861 --> 00:39:16,363 TIME AND THEN THERE WERE 1157 00:39:16,363 --> 00:39:18,331 SEVERAL, I THINK AT LEAST 3 OR 4 1158 00:39:18,331 --> 00:39:19,866 GENES THAT YOU KNOW TOOK MAYBE A 1159 00:39:19,866 --> 00:39:21,635 DECADE FOR THEM TO AFTER THE 1160 00:39:21,635 --> 00:39:22,602 ACCIDENT DENTIFY HUMAN PATIENTS 1161 00:39:22,602 --> 00:39:24,104 WITH HEARING LOSS IN THOSE 1162 00:39:24,104 --> 00:39:26,006 GENES, BUT YEAH, DEFINITELY. 1163 00:39:26,006 --> 00:39:27,173 >> COOL EMPLOY THE OTHER 1 IS 1164 00:39:27,173 --> 00:39:30,377 THINKING ABOUT THE IMAGING, THE 1165 00:39:30,377 --> 00:39:31,244 REALLY BEAUTIFUL IMAGES OF 1166 00:39:31,244 --> 00:39:32,812 RIBBONS FOR THE PURPOSING SO I'M 1167 00:39:32,812 --> 00:39:33,713 WONDERING WHAT IS THE SMALLEST 1168 00:39:33,713 --> 00:39:36,449 THING THAT YOU CAN IMAGE? 1169 00:39:36,449 --> 00:39:37,984 ARE THERE EVEN TIENIER RIBBON 1170 00:39:37,984 --> 00:39:40,487 BITS THAT ARE FLOATING AROUND 1171 00:39:40,487 --> 00:39:40,754 TOGETHER? 1172 00:39:40,754 --> 00:39:43,523 WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF THIS 1173 00:39:43,523 --> 00:39:44,090 TECHNIQUE? 1174 00:39:44,090 --> 00:39:46,159 >> WE'RE AT THE LIMIT OF WHAT WE 1175 00:39:46,159 --> 00:39:48,028 CAN RESOLVE AND WE CAN'T EVEN 1176 00:39:48,028 --> 00:39:50,130 TELL HOW BIG THOSE BABY RIBBONS 1177 00:39:50,130 --> 00:39:52,465 ARE BECAUSE THEY'RE SMALLER THAN 1178 00:39:52,465 --> 00:39:53,733 OUR TECHNICAL RESOLUTION LIMIT, 1179 00:39:53,733 --> 00:39:55,135 BUT WE CAN STILL LIKE DETECT 1180 00:39:55,135 --> 00:39:57,704 THEM, YOU KNOW WE CAN'T SAY HOW 1181 00:39:57,704 --> 00:39:59,839 BIG THEY ARE. 1182 00:39:59,839 --> 00:40:03,476 BUT YEAH, I THINK DEFINITELY, 1183 00:40:03,476 --> 00:40:04,744 RIBBONS THEMSELVES ARE A 1184 00:40:04,744 --> 00:40:06,179 INTERESTING BEAST, IT'S PROTEIN 1185 00:40:06,179 --> 00:40:06,880 AGGREGATING TOGETHER AND THEN 1186 00:40:06,880 --> 00:40:08,648 YOU HAVE TO GET ENOUGH TO SEE IT 1187 00:40:08,648 --> 00:40:12,585 FOR SURE, I DON'T KNOW. 1188 00:40:12,585 --> 00:40:12,919 [LAUGHTER] 1189 00:40:12,919 --> 00:40:14,254 >> HI, I JUST WANTED TO ASK WHAT 1190 00:40:14,254 --> 00:40:15,555 ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 1191 00:40:15,555 --> 00:40:17,924 DIFFERENT HAIR CELLS IN THE 1192 00:40:17,924 --> 00:40:21,327 SIDELINE AND IN THE INNER EAR? 1193 00:40:21,327 --> 00:40:25,365 >> I THINK THERE ARE DIFFERENCES 1194 00:40:25,365 --> 00:40:26,332 BECAUSE THEY'RE SPECIALIZED TO 1195 00:40:26,332 --> 00:40:28,134 SPENCE LIKE THE FLUID FILL IN 1196 00:40:28,134 --> 00:40:30,804 THE WATER VERSUS THE SOUND, SO 1197 00:40:30,804 --> 00:40:32,539 THEY HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBER OF 1198 00:40:32,539 --> 00:40:33,606 CONNECTIONS, SO THE 1S I WAS 1199 00:40:33,606 --> 00:40:35,275 SHOWING YOU ARE THE LATERAL LINE 1200 00:40:35,275 --> 00:40:37,243 CONNECTIONS WHERE THEY JUST HAVE 1201 00:40:37,243 --> 00:40:38,178 3 CONNECTIONS FOR EXAMPLE, BUT 1202 00:40:38,178 --> 00:40:39,846 IN THE EAR THEY MIGHT HAVE 10 OR 1203 00:40:39,846 --> 00:40:42,348 12, AND ALSO, I THINK THAT WE'RE 1204 00:40:42,348 --> 00:40:43,750 NOW FINDING THAT THERE'S EVEN 1205 00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:44,851 LIKE WITHIN THE EAR DIFFERENT 1206 00:40:44,851 --> 00:40:47,454 TYPES OF HAIR CELLS AS WELL THAT 1207 00:40:47,454 --> 00:40:48,455 DETECT MAYBE DIFFERENT 1208 00:40:48,455 --> 00:40:51,491 FREQUENCIES SO DIFFERENT TYPES 1209 00:40:51,491 --> 00:40:53,059 OF SOUNDS, BUT DEFINITELY THE 1210 00:40:53,059 --> 00:40:54,227 STRUCTURES OF THE HAIRS AND THE 1211 00:40:54,227 --> 00:40:55,161 STRUCTURE OF THE CONNECTIONS 1212 00:40:55,161 --> 00:40:57,764 THAT THEY MAKE ARE DEFINITELY 1213 00:40:57,764 --> 00:40:59,199 DIFFERENT AND ALSO WHERE THIS 1214 00:40:59,199 --> 00:41:00,500 CONNECTIONS GO IN THE BRAIN ARE 1215 00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:01,901 DIFFERENT BECAUSE IT TELLS THE 1216 00:41:01,901 --> 00:41:04,637 FISH LIKE DIFFERENT THINGS, LIKE 1217 00:41:04,637 --> 00:41:06,906 YOU'RE SENSING WATER OR SENSING 1218 00:41:06,906 --> 00:41:08,775 GRAVITY AND SO ON, LIKE THAT, 1219 00:41:08,775 --> 00:41:18,384 DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? 1220 00:41:18,384 --> 00:41:19,786 GREAT QUESTION. 1221 00:41:19,786 --> 00:41:20,420 >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 1222 00:41:20,420 --> 00:41:21,888 >> WELL YOU JUST SET ME UP FOR A 1223 00:41:21,888 --> 00:41:23,790 QUESTION THAT MAY NOT BE A GOOD 1224 00:41:23,790 --> 00:41:25,325 QUESTION, BUT I KNOW YOU FOCUSED 1225 00:41:25,325 --> 00:41:26,793 ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT SO I'M 1226 00:41:26,793 --> 00:41:29,496 CURIOUS ABOUT HOW LONG DO 1227 00:41:29,496 --> 00:41:30,430 ZEBRAFISH LIVE? 1228 00:41:30,430 --> 00:41:32,866 AND IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THEY 1229 00:41:32,866 --> 00:41:35,034 MIGHT HAVE SOMETHING AKIN TO 1230 00:41:35,034 --> 00:41:37,570 PRESCRIBING BI CUESIS OR HEARING 1231 00:41:37,570 --> 00:41:39,405 LOSS AS THEY GET OLD? 1232 00:41:39,405 --> 00:41:42,208 >> YEAH, I DON'T KNOW PEOPLE--I 1233 00:41:42,208 --> 00:41:44,778 THINK PEOPLE HAVE ATTEMPTED TO 1234 00:41:44,778 --> 00:41:48,181 TRY TO CREATE THE ZEBRAFISH 1235 00:41:48,181 --> 00:41:50,617 MODEL TO STUDY SOME KIND OF AGE 1236 00:41:50,617 --> 00:41:51,584 RELATED HEARING LOSS BUT I DON'T 1237 00:41:51,584 --> 00:41:54,220 KNOW IF THEY'VE BEEN SUCCESSFUL. 1238 00:41:54,220 --> 00:41:58,091 THE MAIN REASON IS LIKE 1239 00:41:58,091 --> 00:41:59,926 ZEBRAFISH UNLIKE HUMANS THEY 1240 00:41:59,926 --> 00:42:01,561 JUST REGENERATE THEIR HAIR 1241 00:42:01,561 --> 00:42:02,095 CELLS. 1242 00:42:02,095 --> 00:42:05,965 I KNOW I'M VERY JEALOUS OF THEM. 1243 00:42:05,965 --> 00:42:08,968 I DIDN'T GET INTO IT BUT PEOPLE 1244 00:42:08,968 --> 00:42:16,643 HAVE BEEN USING ZEBRAFISH TO 1245 00:42:16,643 --> 00:42:17,510 STUDY THIS. 1246 00:42:17,510 --> 00:42:19,145 YOU COULD STUDY THEM WITH SOME 1247 00:42:19,145 --> 00:42:22,682 AGE RELATED HEARING LOSS AS 1248 00:42:22,682 --> 00:42:23,016 WELL. 1249 00:42:23,016 --> 00:42:25,552 NTHANK YOU FOR YOUR 1250 00:42:25,552 --> 00:42:26,019 PRESENTATION. 1251 00:42:26,019 --> 00:42:28,655 I WAS JUF WONDERING HOW THE HAIR 1252 00:42:28,655 --> 00:42:30,957 CELLS IN THE EAR LIKE ONLY 1253 00:42:30,957 --> 00:42:32,125 RESPONSIBLE FOR HEARING AND THE 1254 00:42:32,125 --> 00:42:36,362 1S ON THE SIDELINE ARE THE 1255 00:42:36,362 --> 00:42:39,999 POSITIONAL 1S, OR ARE THERE 1256 00:42:39,999 --> 00:42:41,835 POSITIONAL HAIR CELLS WITHIN THE 1257 00:42:41,835 --> 00:42:43,570 EAR AS WELL? 1258 00:42:43,570 --> 00:42:44,304 >> YEAH, GREAT QUESTION. 1259 00:42:44,304 --> 00:42:46,105 I DIDN'T GO INTO ALL THE HAIR 1260 00:42:46,105 --> 00:42:49,709 CELLS IN THE EAR BUT THERE ARE 1261 00:42:49,709 --> 00:42:50,643 DEFINITELY SOME DIFFERENT--YES, 1262 00:42:50,643 --> 00:42:52,278 THERE ARE POSITIONAL 1S SO THEY 1263 00:42:52,278 --> 00:42:53,913 CAN SENSE SOUNDS COMING FROM 1264 00:42:53,913 --> 00:42:54,981 DEFINITE DIRECTIONS AND SO WE 1265 00:42:54,981 --> 00:42:57,984 ALSO HAVE HAIR CELLS IN OUR 1266 00:42:57,984 --> 00:42:58,918 SEMICIRCULAR CANAL FOR HEAD 1267 00:42:58,918 --> 00:43:00,954 MOVEMENT SO THEY ALSO HAVE THOSE 1268 00:43:00,954 --> 00:43:02,155 TO DETECT DIFFERENT INCASULAR 1269 00:43:02,155 --> 00:43:03,489 MOTIONS OF THE HEAD AS WELL, SO 1270 00:43:03,489 --> 00:43:06,960 THEY CAN ALSO USE THEIR HAIR 1271 00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:09,963 CELLS TO SENSE DIFFERENT AUDITOR 1272 00:43:09,963 --> 00:43:11,264 EXPE VESTIBULAR CUES IN 1273 00:43:11,264 --> 00:43:12,665 DIRECTIONAL WAYS AS WELL, FOR 1274 00:43:12,665 --> 00:43:14,634 SURE. 1275 00:43:14,634 --> 00:43:24,978 VERY GOOD QUESTION. 1276 00:43:33,319 --> 00:43:39,058 >> THANK YOU, EVERYONE N.! 1277 00:43:39,058 --> 00:43:41,294 >> CAN WE GIVE DR. KINDT JUST 1 1278 00:43:41,294 --> 00:43:46,766 MORE ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR SUCH 1279 00:43:46,766 --> 00:43:47,333 AN INFORMATIVE PRESENTATION. 1280 00:43:47,333 --> 00:43:47,901 THANK YOU VERY MUCH AGAIN. 1281 00:43:47,901 --> 00:43:48,902 AND THANK TO YOU ALL OF YOU WHO 1282 00:43:48,902 --> 00:43:53,640 WERE ABLE TO JOIN US FOR TODAY'S 1283 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:55,642 BEYOND THE LAB, UNDERSTANDING 1284 00:43:55,642 --> 00:43:56,309 COMMUNICATION DISORDER SPEAKER 1285 00:43:56,309 --> 00:43:56,576 SERIES. 1286 00:43:56,576 --> 00:43:58,912 WE HOPE YOU ENJOYED TODAY'S 1287 00:43:58,912 --> 00:43:59,846 PRESENTATION AND LEARN MORE 1288 00:43:59,846 --> 00:44:04,150 ABOUT HOW HAIR CELLS DEVELOP AND 1289 00:44:04,150 --> 00:44:05,785 FUNCTION BY OBSERVING THE 1290 00:44:05,785 --> 00:44:07,120 ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL SYSTEM. 1291 00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:09,455 JUST A COUPLE HOUSEKEEPING 1292 00:44:09,455 --> 00:44:10,523 NOTES, NIDCD STAFF WILL RECEIVE 1293 00:44:10,523 --> 00:44:12,926 AN E-MAIL WITH AN EVALUATION 1294 00:44:12,926 --> 00:44:15,028 FORM TO GAIN YOUR FEEDBACK ON 1295 00:44:15,028 --> 00:44:15,495 TODAY'S PRESENTATION. 1296 00:44:15,495 --> 00:44:17,497 WE ASK THAT YOU PLEASE FILL OUT 1297 00:44:17,497 --> 00:44:19,032 THAT FORM TO LET US KNOW WHAT 1298 00:44:19,032 --> 00:44:20,867 YOU THOUGHT OF TODAY'S LECTURE 1299 00:44:20,867 --> 00:44:24,170 AND HOW WE CAN CONTINUE TO BUILD 1300 00:44:24,170 --> 00:44:26,539 ON AND IMPROVE FOR FUTURE 1301 00:44:26,539 --> 00:44:26,839 LECTURES. 1302 00:44:26,839 --> 00:44:28,374 AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST OUR NEXT 1303 00:44:28,374 --> 00:44:30,143 BEYOND THE LAB TALK WILL BE HELD 1304 00:44:30,143 --> 00:44:31,878 NEXT YEAR AND WE WILL BE SENDING 1305 00:44:31,878 --> 00:44:33,646 OUT MORE INFORMATION AS WE GET 1306 00:44:33,646 --> 00:44:36,382 CLOSER TO THAT TIME AND AS 1307 00:44:36,382 --> 00:44:37,083 SCHEDULES ARE FINALIZED SO 1308 00:44:37,083 --> 00:44:38,851 PLEASE BE ON THE LOOK OUT FOR 1309 00:44:38,851 --> 00:44:40,119 MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THAT AND 1310 00:44:40,119 --> 00:44:41,554 AGAIN JUST WANT TO THANK ALL OF 1311 00:44:41,554 --> 00:44:43,189 YOU FOR ATTENDING TODAY AND THAT 1312 00:44:43,189 --> 00:44:44,357 WILL CONCLUDE TODAY'S TALK. 1313 00:44:44,357 --> 00:44:54,801 THANK YOU VERY MUCH AGAIN.