1 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:08,400 >>WHEN IT WAS CREATED IN 1962, 2 00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:12,400 NICHD WAS THE FIRST TO FOCUS 3 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:16,880 ON THE ENTIRE LIFE PROCESS. 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:18,040 WHETHER A SPECIFIC DISEASE OR 5 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:18,840 BODY SYSTEM. 6 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,040 SINCE THEN, NICHD HAS REMAINED 7 00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:24,200 DEDICATED TO UNDERSTANDING ALL 8 00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:26,240 ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, 9 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:29,560 INCLUDING EVENTS AND CONDITIONS 10 00:00:29,560 --> 00:00:30,760 THAT WE ALTER ITS COURSE. 11 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:32,680 >>INNOVATION IS CENTRAL TO OUR 12 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:35,560 MISSION FROM THE VERY BEGINNING. 13 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,080 IN 1965, NICHD FUNDED RESEARCH 14 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:39,640 SHOWED THAT A BLOOD SPOT TEST 15 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:40,880 SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY 16 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:44,840 IDENTIFIED NEWBORNS WITH PKU, 17 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:46,160 ALLOWING TREATMENT TO BEGIN SOON 18 00:00:46,160 --> 00:00:48,120 AFTER BIRTH, AND PREVENTING 19 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:51,200 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. 20 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:52,640 TODAY NEWBORN SCREENING PUTS 21 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:54,040 MILLIONS OF BABIES ON THE PATH 22 00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:57,040 TO GOOD HEALTH RIGHT FROM THE 23 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:57,360 START. 24 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:58,480 WE STEPPED INTO THE 25 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:00,600 INTERNATIONAL SPOT LINE IN 1972, 26 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,800 WHEN A GRANDY SHARED A NOBEL 27 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:08,160 PRIZE FOR DISCOVERY ON 28 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:09,240 ANTIBODIES. 29 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:11,320 RESEARCHERS HAVE SINCE RECEIVED 30 00:01:11,320 --> 00:01:13,520 20 NOBEL PRIZES FOR THINGS THAT 31 00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:15,120 IMPROVE LIVES EVERY DAY. 32 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:18,040 INNOVATION FROM NICHD INTRAMURAL 33 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:19,040 SCIENTIST AND HER COLLEAGUES LED 34 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:20,280 TO FDA APPROVAL OF THE FIRST 35 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:23,240 HOME PREGNANCY TEST IN 1978. 36 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:25,920 THESE TESTS NOW PROVIDE PRIVATE, 37 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:27,840 SPEEDY AND ACCURATE RESULTS WELL 38 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:29,200 BEFORE THE FIRST PHYSICAL SIGNS 39 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:31,480 OF PREGNANCY AND HAVE INSPIRED 40 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:33,200 OTHER AT-HOME TESTING METHODS 41 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:35,600 LIKE THOSE FOR COVID-19. 42 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:38,440 IN 1987, INNOVATIONS IN VACCINE 43 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:40,240 TECHNOLOGY LED BY INTRAMURAL 44 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,480 SCIENTISTS JOHN ROBBINS RESULTED 45 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:46,520 IN THE FDA APPROVAL OF A SAC 46 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:48,440 SEEN FOR HIB. 47 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:50,480 THE VACCINE HAS VIRTUALLY 48 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:51,960 ELIMINATED HIB AS A GLOBAL CAUSE 49 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:53,920 OF DEATH OR INTELLECTUAL 50 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:54,960 DISABILITY AND THE NICHD 51 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:56,160 DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY HAS MADE 52 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:58,080 OTHER LIFE-SAVING VACCINES 53 00:01:58,080 --> 00:01:59,880 POSSIBLE, SUCH AS THOSE AGAINST 54 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:05,440 KNEW MAPNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE. 55 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:07,920 INNOVATIONS IN CLONING AND 56 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:09,680 CHROMOSOME MAPPING EXCITED A 57 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:11,080 REVOLUTION IN GENETIC 58 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:12,840 ENGINEERING. 59 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,280 IN 1991, GRANTEE STEVEN WARREN 60 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:17,200 AND COLLEAGUES DISCOVERED THE 61 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:21,280 CAUSE OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME. 62 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:23,120 WE CONTINUE TO INNOVATE DURING 63 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:24,920 THE HIV/AIDS CRISIS IN THE 64 00:02:24,920 --> 00:02:27,840 1980s AND 90s, AND LEADING 65 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:29,920 AND PARTNERING ON RESEARCH TO 66 00:02:29,920 --> 00:02:31,680 UNDERSTAND HOW HIV AFFECTED 67 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:33,600 PREGNANCY IN NEWBORNS. 68 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:35,960 1994, A STUDY WE COFUNDED SHOWED 69 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:38,600 TAKING A REGIMEN OF AZT DURING 70 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:39,840 PREGNANCY SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY 71 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:42,000 REDUCED THE RISK OF HIV 72 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:43,480 TRANSMISSION TO THE FETUS. 73 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:45,920 THE RATE OF PERINATAL HIV 74 00:02:45,920 --> 00:02:47,320 TRANSMISSION IS NOW LESS THAN 1% 75 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:49,080 IN THE UNITED STATES. 76 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:50,480 INNOVATION ALSO HELPED US TO 77 00:02:50,480 --> 00:02:51,680 ELIMINATE NEW ASPECTS OF HUMAN 78 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:52,800 DEVELOPMENT. 79 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:54,680 IN 2004, RESEARCH WE FUNDED 80 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:57,680 DEMONSTRATED THAT EFFECTIVE -- 81 00:02:57,680 --> 00:02:58,640 INSTRUCTION CHANGED THE 82 00:02:58,640 --> 00:03:02,880 STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN. 83 00:03:02,880 --> 00:03:04,440 AFTER DECADES OF OUR WORK ON 84 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:08,560 WOMEN'S HEALTH, IN 2014, THE 85 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:10,680 FDA-APPROVED THE FIRST TREATMENT 86 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:12,160 FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS-RELATED PAIN. 87 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:14,400 THIS PILL IMPROVES QUALITY OF 88 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:18,000 LIFE AMONG PEOPLE WITH THIS 89 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,440 COMMON CONDITION AND MAY DELAY 90 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:20,560 OR ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR 91 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:21,360 SURGERY. 92 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:22,800 IN 2019, NICHD FUNDED 93 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:24,880 RESEARCHERS USED 3D PRINTING TO 94 00:03:24,880 --> 00:03:28,360 CREATE IMPLANTS THAT PARTIALLY 95 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:29,800 RESTORED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS 96 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:30,840 WITH SPINAL CORD INJURIES. 97 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:32,960 THE IMPLANTS MAY SOMEDAY HELP 98 00:03:32,960 --> 00:03:34,080 PEOPLE RECOVER COMPLETELY FROM 99 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:34,880 SPINAL INJURIES. 100 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,680 MOST RECENTLY, WE MET THE 101 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:38,960 CHALLENGES OF THE COVID-19 102 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:39,520 PANDEMIC THROUGH ESSENTIAL 103 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:41,400 RESEARCH ON POPULATIONS WITH 104 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:43,520 UNIQUE HEALTH NEEDS, INCLUDING 105 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:44,760 PREGNANT PEOPLE, CHILDREN, AND 106 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:47,120 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES. 107 00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:51,920 AMONG THE MANY COVID-RELATED 108 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:54,480 INNOVATION IS MACHINE 109 00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:55,200 INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE 110 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:58,560 LEARNING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 111 00:03:58,560 --> 00:03:59,320 INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN 112 00:03:59,320 --> 00:03:59,600 CHILDREN. 113 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:01,520 >>EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER ONCE 114 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:03,800 SAID, IF YOU DON'T HAVE AN IDEA 115 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,640 THAT MATERIALIZES AND CHANGES A 116 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:07,400 PERSON'S LIFE, THEN WHAT HAVE 117 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:09,600 YOU GOT? 118 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:13,680 FOR 60 YEARS, NICHD HAS BEEN 119 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:15,160 CHANGING LIVES THROUGH RESEARCH. 120 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:17,000 BY BUILDING AND FOSTERING A 121 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:19,480 COMMUNITY OF SCIENCE FOCUSED ON 122 00:04:19,480 --> 00:04:21,080 THOSE WITH THE GREATEST HEALTH 123 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:22,000 NEEDS. 124 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:23,920 NICHD CONTINUES TO IMPROVE 125 00:04:23,920 --> 00:04:25,800 HEALTH ACROSS THE TRAJECTORY OF 126 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,800 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. 127 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:30,080 WE LOOK FORWARD TO 60 MORE YEARS 128 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:33,760 OF INNOVATION TO PROMOTE HEALTHY 129 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:35,400 PREGNANCIES, HEALTHY CHILDREN, 130 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:42,920 AND HEALTHY AND OPTIMAL LIVES. 131 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:47,160 >>AND NOW, PLEASE WELCOME NICHD 132 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:49,920 DIRECTOR, DR. DIANA BIANCHI. 133 00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:52,000 >>GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 134 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,880 AND WELCOME TO NICHD'S 60TH 135 00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:56,560 ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM. 136 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:57,760 WE'RE DELIGHTED THAT YOU'RE 137 00:04:57,760 --> 00:04:59,280 HERE, AND HOPE THAT YOU ENJOY 138 00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:01,880 TODAY'S PROGRAM. 139 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:06,920 ON THIS DAY, THIS EXACT DAY IN 140 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:08,800 1962, CONGRESS ESTABLISHED NICHD 141 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:10,440 AS THE FIRST NIH INSTITUTE TO 142 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:12,600 FOCUS ON THE ENTIRE LIFE COURSE. 143 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,480 RATHER THAN A SPECIFIC DISEASE 144 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:16,320 OR ORGAN. 145 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:17,760 THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL OTHER 146 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:20,560 FIRSTS SINCE THEN, WHICH WE'LL 147 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:21,920 HIGHLIGHT DURING TODAY'S 148 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:22,400 PROCEEDINGS. 149 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:24,080 WHILE IT IS INSPIRING TO REFLECT 150 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:26,800 ON WHAT WE'VE ACCOMPLISHED IN 151 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:28,600 THE PAST 60 YEARS, MUCH OF OUR 152 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,960 AGENDA TODAY WILL FOCUS ON THE 153 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:31,360 FUTURE. 154 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,240 WE WILL EXPLORE POTENTIAL 155 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:36,040 PATHWAYS THAT OFFER NEW 156 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:37,320 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENTIFIC 157 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:38,640 DISCOVERY AND ADVANCES IN 158 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:41,400 MEDICAL PRACTICE. 159 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:43,480 WE'LL DISCUSS HOW HARNESSING 160 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:44,560 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES CAN HELP 161 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,800 US TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HUMAN 162 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:49,360 DEVELOPMENT, IMPROVE 163 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:51,000 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ENHANCE THE 164 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,080 LIVES OF CHILDREN AND 165 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:54,520 ADOLESCENTS, AND OPTIMIZE 166 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:57,360 ABILITIES FOR ALL. 167 00:05:57,360 --> 00:05:59,800 THE THEME FOR TODAY'S SYMPOSIUM 168 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:01,600 IS: HEALTHY PREGNANCY, HEALTHY 169 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:03,000 CHILDREN, AND HEALTHY AND 170 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:04,880 OPTIMAL LIVES. 171 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:15,400 THIS MAY SOUND FAMILIAR PLAN. 172 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:19,880 LIKE OUR 60TH ANNIVERSARY 173 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:20,520 COMMEMORATION, THE VISION 174 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:23,720 STATEMENT IS DESIGNED TO LOOK 175 00:06:23,720 --> 00:06:25,720 FORWARD AND CREATE A MENTAL 176 00:06:25,720 --> 00:06:27,120 IMAGE OF THE IDEAL STATE WE WISH 177 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:29,720 TO ACHIEVE. 178 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:31,040 WE HOPE THAT THIS THEME 179 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:33,280 RESONATES WITH YOU THROUGHOUT 180 00:06:33,280 --> 00:06:33,560 TODAY. 181 00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:40,120 OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS, NICHD'S 182 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:41,320 ACCOMPLISHMENTS HAVE TOUCHED 183 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:42,560 EVERY FACET OF OUR EVERYDAY 184 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:44,080 LIVES, AS YOU HEARD IN THE 185 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:44,840 PREVIOUS VIDEO. 186 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:47,480 OUR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETY 187 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:49,400 INCLUDE PIONEERING AND EXPANDING 188 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:50,720 NEWBORN SCREENING FOR GENETIC 189 00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:54,000 AND METABOLIC DISORDERS. 190 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:57,720 , INVENTING VACCINES FOR 191 00:06:57,720 --> 00:06:58,840 CHILDHOOD BACTERIAL DISEASES, 192 00:06:58,840 --> 00:06:59,760 DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY THAT LED 193 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,440 TO THE FIRST HOME PREGNANCY 194 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:05,160 TEST, AND NEARLY ELIMINATING 195 00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:08,960 PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN 196 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:10,760 THE UNITED STATES. 197 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:12,800 NICHD ALSO CONTRIBUTED THE 198 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:14,640 EMERGENCE AND ELEVATION OF 199 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:15,480 SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES. 200 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:17,880 FOR EXAMPLE, BY FUNDING RESEARCH 201 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:19,920 ON BIRTH DEFECTS AND 202 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:22,840 INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL 203 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:27,320 DISABILITIES, OR IDDs, NICHD 204 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:29,320 ESTABLISHED IDDs A AS A 205 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:30,800 RECOGNIZED FIELD OF RESEARCH AND 206 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,160 CREATED A NEW DEVELOPMENTAL 207 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:36,320 PEDIATRIC SUBSPECIALTY. 208 00:07:36,320 --> 00:07:37,400 OVER THE YEARS, NICHD HAS 209 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:42,320 CONTINUED TO FOCUS ON OVERLOOKED 210 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:44,000 TOPICS, INCLUDING MATERNAL 211 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:45,200 HEALTH, CONTRACEPTION, THE 212 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:46,640 INCLUSION OF PREGNANT AND 213 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:49,120 LACTATING INDIVIDUALS IN 214 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:51,560 RESEARCH, RARE DISORDERS, 215 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:55,240 GYNECOLOGIC HEALTH, AND MEDICAL 216 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:55,680 REHABILITATION. 217 00:07:55,680 --> 00:07:57,120 I'M EXCITED TO BE JOINED TODAY 218 00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:00,280 BY SEVERAL ESTEEMED SCIENTISTS, 219 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:01,520 ADVOCATES AND POLICY 220 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:03,120 PROFESSIONALS, WHO WILL OFFER 221 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:04,720 THEIR VISION AND INSIGHTS. 222 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:06,400 I'M TRULY GRATEFUL FOR THEIR 223 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:08,160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO WHAT PROMISES 224 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:10,160 TO BE AN ILLUMINATING AND 225 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:13,600 ENGAGING DISCUSSION. 226 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:15,000 OUR FIRST SUCH ESTEEMED SPEAKER 227 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:16,480 IS DR. LARRY TABAK. 228 00:08:16,480 --> 00:08:17,840 LARRY IS CURRENTLY PERFORMING 229 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,520 THE DUTIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF 230 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:22,480 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 231 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,280 HEALTH, OFFICIALLY TAKING OFFICE 232 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:29,160 ON DECEMBER 20TH, 2021. 233 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:31,240 HE HAS PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS 234 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:31,840 PRINCIPAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR AND 235 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:34,920 THE DEPUTY ETHICS COUNSELOR OF 236 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,040 NIH SINCE AUGUST 2010, AND 237 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,760 BEFORE THAT, AS THE DIRECTOR OF 238 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,160 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL 239 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,840 AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH. 240 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:46,200 ELECTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY 241 00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:48,640 OF MEDICINE IN 2002, LARRY'S 242 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:51,040 MAJOR RESEARCH FOCUS HAS BEEN ON 243 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:54,840 THE STRUCTURE, BIOSYNTHESIS AND 244 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:55,560 FUNCTION OF GLYCOPROTEINS. 245 00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:56,840 HE CONTINUES HIS RESEARCH WORK 246 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:59,560 IN THIS AREA, MAINTAINING AN 247 00:08:59,560 --> 00:09:03,520 ACTIVE LABORATORY WITHIN THE NIH 248 00:09:03,520 --> 00:09:04,480 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, IN ADDITION 249 00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:05,720 TO HIS ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES. 250 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:07,920 HE RECEIVED HIS 251 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:08,840 UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE FROM THE 252 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:11,960 CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK, HIS 253 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:13,360 DDS DEGREE FROM COLUMBIA 254 00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:15,120 UNIVERSITY, AND A PH.D. DEGREE 255 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:17,280 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO. 256 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:19,000 WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, PLEASE 257 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:23,080 WELCOME DR. LARRY TABAK. 258 00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:25,040 >>WELL, THANK YOU, DIANA, FOR 259 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:26,480 THAT KIND INTRODUCTION. 260 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,680 AND FOR INVITING ME TO TODAY'S 261 00:09:28,680 --> 00:09:30,200 SYMPOSIUM. 262 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:33,040 I'M TRULY HONORED TO BE HERE, 263 00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:39,360 AND WISH NICHD A VERY HAPPY 60TH 264 00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:40,280 BIRTHDAY. 265 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,080 FOR OVER 100 YEARS, NIH 266 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:45,520 SCIENTISTS HAVE PAVED THE WAY 267 00:09:45,520 --> 00:09:46,720 FOR IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES THAT 268 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:48,480 HAVE IMPROVED HEALTH AND SAVED 269 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:50,440 LIVES. 270 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:52,000 THEIR STUDIES HAVE LED TO THE 271 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,440 DEVELOPMENT OF MRI, THE CREATION 272 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:57,280 OF VACCINES AND TREATMENTS 273 00:09:57,280 --> 00:09:58,840 AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES, AND 274 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:00,920 TO THE CONCEPTION, IF YOU WILL, 275 00:10:00,920 --> 00:10:03,680 OF THE HOME PREGNANCY TEST. 276 00:10:03,680 --> 00:10:08,600 AMONG DOZENS OF OTHER ADVANCES. 277 00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:09,680 NIH-FUNDED RESEARCHERS ARE 278 00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:13,160 PIONEERS OF SCIENCE. 279 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:14,360 THEIR DETERMINATION AND 280 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:15,320 INVENTIVE SPIRIT HELP US 281 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:18,360 CONFRONT AND OVERCOME THE HEALTH 282 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:21,560 CHALLENGES THAT FACE OUR WORLD. 283 00:10:21,560 --> 00:10:22,960 NICHD IS AN IMPORTANT MEMBER OF 284 00:10:22,960 --> 00:10:26,320 THE NIH COMMUNITY. 285 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:27,960 FROM ITS INCEPTION, NICHD HAS 286 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:31,080 FOCUSED ON BIOBEHAVIORAL AND 287 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:32,640 SOCIAL SCIENCE, AS WELL AS ON 288 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:36,600 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 289 00:10:36,600 --> 00:10:38,320 THE INSTITUTE HAS PRIORITIZED 290 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:39,520 POPULATIONS THAT WERE OFTEN 291 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:42,200 OVERLOOKED BY RESEARCHERS, AND 292 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:43,120 EVEN SOCIETY. 293 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:45,120 WOMEN, CHILDREN, AND PEOPLE WITH 294 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:46,840 INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL 295 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:48,640 DISABILITIES. 296 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:50,200 THE FOUNDING MISSION AND FOCUS 297 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:54,920 OF THE INSTITUTE SEEM PRESCIENT 298 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:56,160 SIX DECADES LATER. 299 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:58,640 SCIENCE IS NOW MORE 300 00:10:58,640 --> 00:10:59,880 MULTIDISCIPLINARY, AND WE HAVE A 301 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:06,240 GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE 302 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:07,200 LIFE-LONG CONSEQUENCES OF 303 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:08,720 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND 304 00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:09,400 EXPOSURES. 305 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:12,120 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CAST A 306 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:14,280 SPOTLIGHT ON HEALTH INEQUITIES 307 00:11:14,280 --> 00:11:15,960 AND THE IMPORTANCE OF 308 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:18,680 BIOBEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 309 00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:20,800 RESEARCH AND THE IMPORTANCE OF 310 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:21,960 INVOLVING COMMUNITIES IN THE 311 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:26,000 ISSUES THAT AFFECT THEIR HEALTH. 312 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:27,880 SOCIETY IS NOW MORE AWARE OF THE 313 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,720 NEED TO ENSURE THAT ALL OF ITS 314 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:33,560 MEMBERS ARE RESPECTED, VALUED, 315 00:11:33,560 --> 00:11:35,600 AND GIVEN THE BEST OPPORTUNITIES 316 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:41,320 FOR A HEALTHY LIFE. 317 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:42,280 TODAY'S YOU WILL HEAR HIGHLIGHTS 318 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:43,520 FROM THE LAST 60 YEARS, BUT I 319 00:11:43,520 --> 00:11:45,680 WOULD LIKE TO FOCUS FOR A MOMENT 320 00:11:45,680 --> 00:11:52,520 ON NICHD'S RECENT HISTORY IN 321 00:11:52,520 --> 00:11:53,520 FACING PUBLIC HEALTH CRISES. 322 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:54,520 THE INSTITUTE HAS BEEN A LEADER 323 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:57,560 IN UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF 324 00:11:57,560 --> 00:11:59,160 COVID-19 ON PREGNANT AND 325 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:01,000 POSTPARTUM WOMEN, CHILDREN AND 326 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:02,040 ADOLESCENTS, AND PEOPLE WITH 327 00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:07,640 DISABILITIES. 328 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:10,560 NIH CO-LEADS THE INITIATIVE TO 329 00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:11,640 REDUCE AND ADDRESS MATERNAL 330 00:12:11,640 --> 00:12:13,160 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, 331 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:14,360 PARTICULARLY AMONG UNDERSERVED 332 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,840 POPULATIONS. 333 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:18,440 THE INSTITUTE ALSO LEADS EFFORTS 334 00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:23,120 TO STUDY THE PLACENTA 335 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:23,880 NON-INVASIVELY DURING PREGNANCY, 336 00:12:23,880 --> 00:12:25,760 WHICH PROMISES TO YIELD NEW 337 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,520 INSIGHTS INTO HOW THIS ORGAN 338 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:31,440 INFLUENCES HEALTH AND DISEASE. 339 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:33,960 THANK YOU ALL FOR ATTENDING THIS 340 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:37,400 SYMPOSIUM TODAY TO CELEBRATE 341 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:39,080 NICHD'S SIX DECADES OF PROMOTING 342 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:41,200 HEALTHY PREGNANCIES, CHILDREN, 343 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:43,240 AND LIVES. 344 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,440 BEFORE I PASS THE MICROPHONE 345 00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:49,800 BACK TO DR. BE BIANCHI, I WANT O 346 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,120 THANK HER SINCERELY FOR HER 347 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:53,680 CONTINUING SUPPORT OF THE NICHD 348 00:12:53,680 --> 00:12:55,600 MISSION AND FOR HER STEADY 349 00:12:55,600 --> 00:13:00,640 LEADERSHIP IN THE FACE OF A 350 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:03,600 CHANGING, CHALLENGING 351 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:04,120 CIRCUMSTANCES. 352 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:05,760 >>THANK YOU FOR THOSE KIND 353 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:06,560 WORDS, LARRY. 354 00:13:06,560 --> 00:13:09,080 ONE OF NICHD'S MANY FIRSTS IS 355 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:10,960 THAT WE WERE THE FIRST INSTITUTE 356 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:14,360 TO BE NAMED AFTER A PERSON. 357 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:18,240 ON DECEMBER 21ST, 2007, BY AN 358 00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:21,480 ACT OF CONGRESS, NICHD WAS 359 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:24,400 RENAMED THE EUNICE KENNEDY 360 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,040 SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 361 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:28,200 CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN 362 00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:30,720 DEVELOPMENT, IN HONOR OF 363 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:31,800 MRS. SHRIVER'S VISION AND 364 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:33,480 DEDICATION FOR HER CONTRIBUTIONS 365 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:35,200 TO THE FOUNDING OF THE 366 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:36,720 INSTITUTE. 367 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:38,560 MRS. SHRIVER WAS A LIFELONG 368 00:13:38,560 --> 00:13:40,760 ADVOCATE FOR CHILDREN, MATERNAL 369 00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:43,160 HEALTH, AND ESPECIALLY PEOPLE 370 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:44,800 WITH INTELLECTUAL AND A 371 00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,120 DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. 372 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:50,320 SHE WAS AN ARDENT VOICE FOR THE 373 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:51,760 VOICELESS AND AS A SENIOR 374 00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:53,640 ADVISOR TO HER BROTHER, 375 00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:54,840 PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, 376 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:58,080 HELPED TO MAKE NICHD A REALITY. 377 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:00,280 WITHOUT HER, THE INSTITUTE WOULD 378 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,640 NOT BE WHAT IT IS TODAY. 379 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:05,080 WE'RE EXTREMELY HONORED TODAY TO 380 00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:10,120 HAVE REMARKS FROM EUNICE'S SON, 381 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:10,640 DR. TIMOTHY SHRIVER. 382 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:12,120 TIM IS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE 383 00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:13,920 SPECIAL OLYMPICS INTERNATIONAL 384 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:15,560 AND A FORMER MEMBER OF NICHD'S 385 00:14:15,560 --> 00:14:17,360 ADVISORY COUNCIL. 386 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:21,000 HE BEGAN HIS CAREER AS AN 387 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:22,280 EDUCATOR AND SUBSEQUENTLY 388 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:23,640 COFOUNDED AND CURRENTLY CHAIRS 389 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,160 THE COLLABORATIVE FOR ACADEMIC, 390 00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:29,240 SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING, A 391 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:30,560 LEADING SCHOOL REFORM 392 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:31,480 ORGANIZATION IN THE FIELD OF 393 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:34,360 SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING. 394 00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:37,040 TIM EARNED HIS 395 00:14:37,040 --> 00:14:38,600 UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE FROM YALE 396 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:40,080 UNIVERSITY, A MASTER'S DEGREE 397 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:42,280 FROM CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, AND A 398 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:44,120 DOCTORATE IN EDUCATION FROM THE 399 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:45,760 UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT. 400 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:48,160 HE HAS PRODUCED SIX FILMS, AND 401 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:50,400 IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE NEW YORK 402 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,040 TIMES" BEST SELLING BOOK, "FULLY 403 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:55,400 ALIVE, DISCOVERING WHAT MATTERS 404 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:55,600 MOST." 405 00:14:55,600 --> 00:15:03,800 AND COED TOR CO-EDITOR OF A NEWE 406 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:05,760 BASIS OF HOPE AND AWAKENING. 407 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:06,960 PLEASE WELCOME TIM SHRIVER. 408 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:08,360 THANK YOU, TIM, FOR BEING HERE 409 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:08,720 WITH US. 410 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:09,360 >>THANK YOU. 411 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:11,000 THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. BIANCHI. 412 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,440 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR WELCOMING 413 00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:13,880 ME AND FOR ALLOWING ME TO JOIN. 414 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:15,920 THANK YOU, DR. TABAK, FOR BEING 415 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:21,160 HERE AND FOR REPRESENTING THE 416 00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:21,760 ENTIRE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 417 00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:22,600 HEALTH ON THIS HAPPY OCCASION, 418 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:23,160 THIS BIRTHDAY. 419 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,560 I NOTICE YOUR TITLE, DR. TABAK, 420 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:27,200 IS PERFORMING THE DUTIES. 421 00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:29,800 I WAS THINKING MYSELF, WHAT AM I 422 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,480 PERFORMING THE DUTIES OF CHAIR 423 00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:34,120 OF THE SPECIAL LIMENTS MOVEMENT, 424 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:36,200 I'M PERFORMING THE DUTIES OF A 425 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:37,400 CITIZEN, BUT REALLY I'M 426 00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:38,680 PERFORMING THE DUTIES OF A SON 427 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:41,400 TODAY AND I'M VERY PROUD OF 428 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:43,480 PERFORMING THOSE DUTIES IN HONOR 429 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:46,440 OF MY MOTHER, BUT ALSO IN HONOR 430 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:47,720 OF THE WORK OF EVERYONE AT THE 431 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:49,720 NICHD OVER THESE 60 YEARS WHO 432 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:52,360 HAS DONE SUCH EXTRAORDINARY WORK 433 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:57,280 OF DISCOVERY, OF CLINICAL 434 00:15:57,280 --> 00:15:58,680 TRANSLATION, OF ADVOCACY. 435 00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:00,560 I'VE TALKED TO DR. BIANCHI MANY 436 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:02,080 TIMES ABOUT THE IMPORTANT WORK 437 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:03,440 THE INSTITUTE CAN DO, INFORMING 438 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:04,720 CONGRESS AND DECISION MANGERS 439 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:06,080 AROUND THE COUNTRY AND AROUND 440 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:07,520 THE WORLD ABOUT THE EMERGING 441 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:08,760 ISSUES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, 442 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:10,520 CHILDREN ESPECIALLY WITH 443 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:11,800 DEVELOPMENTAL AND INTELLECTUAL 444 00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:12,160 CHALLENGES. 445 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:14,880 I'M HERE TO CELEBRATE MY MOM'S 446 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:18,040 ROLE AS A PARTNER TO EACH AND 447 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:20,320 EVERY ONE OF YOU WHO HAVE PLAYED 448 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:21,680 SUCH AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN 449 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:23,120 SCIENCE AND MEDICINE AND IN THE 450 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:24,280 CHANGING OF LIVES I HOPE WITH 451 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:26,880 THIS QUOTE HERE, "ONE PERSON 452 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:28,280 WITH A BELIEF IS EQUAL TO A 453 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:30,280 FORCE OF 99 WHO HAVE ONLY 454 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:30,800 INTERESTS." 455 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:32,320 SO MY MOM, PICTURED HERE TOWARDS 456 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:34,440 THE END OF HER LIFE BUT STILL 457 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:36,520 VIBRANT, AS I HOPE YOU CAN TELL, 458 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:40,040 REALLY HAD ONE BELIEF, AND IT 459 00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:43,640 WAS THE BELIEF IN THE DIGNITY OF 460 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:45,400 EVERY HUMAN BEING. 461 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:47,600 THAT DIGNITY WAS NOT APPORTIONED 462 00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:51,400 ACCORDING TO A FORMULA, DIGNITY 463 00:16:51,400 --> 00:16:54,920 WAS NOT ACCORDED, ACCORDING TO 464 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:57,000 SOME HIERARCHY, SOME ACHIEVEMENT 465 00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:59,080 RATIO, SOME WEALTH OR FAME OR 466 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:00,360 POWER INDICATOR. 467 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:02,880 IT WAS EQUAL IN EVERYONE, AND 468 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:05,360 THAT SINGULAR BELIEF ANIMATED 469 00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:05,960 HER GOAL. 470 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:08,400 HER WHOLE LIFE'S WORK, WHICH WAS 471 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:11,000 TO PROVE WHAT SHE SO OFTEN FELT 472 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,200 WAS THE MISTAKE THAT CULTURES 473 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:15,240 AND SOCIETIES AND POLITICAL 474 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:16,640 INSTITUTIONS MAKE IN NOT SEEING 475 00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:18,760 THE DIGNITY OF THOSE WHO SEEM TO 476 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:20,880 BE IN SOME WAYS VULNERABLE 477 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:22,640 AROUND THE MARGINS OF SOCIETY. 478 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:24,040 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, I'M NOT 479 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,080 SURE -- I CAN'T REMEMBER WHETHER 480 00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:27,080 I'M OPERATING THESE SLIDES OR 481 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:28,480 NOT BUT MAYBE I AM, I CAN'T 482 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:29,160 REMEMBER. 483 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:29,440 LET'S SEE. 484 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:30,560 NO, I GUESS I'M NOT. 485 00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:31,920 MAYBE SOMEONE -- THERE WE GO. 486 00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:34,400 THE NEXT SLIDE IS A PICTURE OF 487 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:36,200 MY MOM AND HER BROTHERS AND 488 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,880 SISTERS AND PARENTS. 489 00:17:38,880 --> 00:17:40,200 THIS IS A PICTURE THAT'S 490 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:41,600 UNREMARKABLE IN MANY WAYS, 491 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:42,600 REMARKABLE IN A FEW. 492 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:46,800 FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO GRAVITATE 493 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:48,080 THEIR EYE LINE WILL GO TO THE 494 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:49,720 MEN IN THIS PICTURE, PRINCIPALLY 495 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:52,760 TO PRESIDENT KENNEDY, FUTURE 496 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:53,880 PRESIDENT KENNEDY IS THE SECOND 497 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:55,680 FROM THE LEFT. 498 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:57,880 TO MY UNCLE ROBERT FRANCIS 499 00:17:57,880 --> 00:17:59,160 KENNEDY, WHO'S THE SECOND FROM 500 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:01,320 THE RIGHT, TO SENATOR EDWARD M. 501 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:03,160 KENNEDY, THE LITTLE FELLA IN THE 502 00:18:03,160 --> 00:18:04,280 MIDDLE BETWEEN HIS MOM AND HIS 503 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:04,680 DAD. 504 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:07,560 A FEW WILL NOTICE THE WOMEN, 505 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:08,400 SADLY. 506 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,840 AND STILL FEWER WILL NOTICE THE 507 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:13,360 WOMAN WHO IS STANDING TO THE 508 00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:16,200 LEFT OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY. 509 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:19,600 THAT'S MY AUNT ROSEMARY KENNEDY, 510 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,440 AND THROUGHOUT HER LIFE, WAS 511 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:23,720 DIAGNOSED WITH AND LIVED WITH AN 512 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:24,400 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. 513 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:26,160 I CALL IT AN UNREMARKABLE 514 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:27,720 PICTURE IN SOME WAYS BUT A 515 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:29,880 REMARKABLE PICTURE IN OTHERS. 516 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:33,800 THE NUMBER OF AMERICAN FAMILIES 517 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,400 WHO WHEN THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN 518 00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:38,520 WHO WOULD HAVE THEIR PICTURE 519 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:40,360 TAKEN WITH A CHILD WITH AN 520 00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:41,040 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY IS 521 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:41,280 SMALL. 522 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:42,960 THE NUMBER OF FAMILIES WHO WERE 523 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:44,880 TOLD AT BIRTH, AS MY 524 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:46,000 GRANDPARENTS WERE TOLD, TO GIVE 525 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:47,520 UP THEIR CHILD WITH AN 526 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:48,200 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AND 527 00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:49,880 PLACE THAT CHILD IN AN 528 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:50,640 INSTITUTION, TO FORGET THAT 529 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:53,840 CHILD, TO LEAVE THE LABOR AND 530 00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:54,840 DELIVERY ROOM AS THOUGH NOTHING 531 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:56,880 HAD HAPPENED AND RESUME THEIR 532 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,080 LIVES WITHOUT CAUSE OR PAUSE TO 533 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,240 THE CHILD WHO HAD JUST BEEN 534 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:02,880 BORN, THE NUMBER OF FAMILIES 535 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:04,680 SKYROCKETED THROUGHOUT THE 20TH 536 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:05,120 CENTURY. 537 00:19:05,120 --> 00:19:07,520 YOU'LL SEE IN THE NEXT FO 538 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:08,520 PHOTOGRAPH, IF WE CAN CONTINUE 539 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:10,320 HERE, A PICTURE OF MY MOTHER AND 540 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:12,840 HER SISTER. 541 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:13,920 THIS RELATIONSHIP SHAPED MY 542 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:15,360 MOTHER THROUGHOUT HER LIFE. 543 00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:17,600 SHE SAW IN HER SISTER A FRIEND, 544 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:19,240 AN ALLY, A PERSON WHO LIKED TO 545 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:21,280 GO OUT, A PERSON WHO LIKED TO 546 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:23,400 TELL JOKES, A PERSON WHO, YES, 547 00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,280 SOMETIMES STRUGGLED, WAS 548 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:27,080 FREQUENTLY DENIED ACCESS TO 549 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:28,360 SCHOOL, ALMOST NEVER FOUND A 550 00:19:28,360 --> 00:19:31,600 PLACE IN LIFE OUTSIDE OF HER OWN 551 00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:33,360 FAMILY, BUT TO MY MOM, SHE WAS 552 00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:34,000 HER SISTER. 553 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:35,840 AND MY MOM'S LIFE WAS DEDICATED 554 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:38,240 TO PROVING THE WORLD WAS WRONG 555 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,960 ABOUT HER SISTER. 556 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:43,320 THAT WHAT SHE SAW IN HER SISTER 557 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:45,000 AND WHAT THE WORLD SAW IN HER 558 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:46,520 SISTER WERE WILDLY DIVERGENT, 559 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:48,880 AND THAT HER VISION, THE VISION 560 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:52,560 SHE SAW OF A GIFTED, IMPORTANT, 561 00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:54,000 POWERFUL, LOVEABLE, LOVING 562 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,720 SISTER WAS THE VISION THE WORLD 563 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:57,280 OUGHT TO SEE. 564 00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:59,240 IT'S NOT THE VISION THE WORLD 565 00:19:59,240 --> 00:19:59,400 SAW. 566 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:01,240 IN THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE 567 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:03,800 WHAT SO MANY OF YOU WILL KNOW 568 00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:05,160 ABOUT, THAT YOU'LL SEE A QUOTE 569 00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:07,440 FROM MY MOTHER UPON VISITING THE 570 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:11,000 INSTITUTIONS, THAT WERE I'M 571 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:12,760 SORRY TO SAY WERE LARGELY THE 572 00:20:12,760 --> 00:20:14,280 RESULT OF CONSENSUS BETWEEN 573 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:15,520 MEDICINE AND CULTURE THAT 574 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:16,800 DISMISSED THESE FOLKS WHO HAVE 575 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:18,720 AN INTELLECTUAL AND 576 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:19,480 DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY AND 577 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:24,040 RELEGATED THEM TO A LIFETIME OF 578 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:24,800 IMPRISONMENT. 579 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:29,480 HOWEVER THE DECISION BROUGHT THE 580 00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:31,600 LEGAL -- THE POLITICAL AND 581 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:33,000 MEDICAL APPARATUS FORCING THE 582 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,040 STERILIZATION OF TENS OF 583 00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:36,240 THOUSANDS OF WOMEN 584 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:36,960 INSTITUTIONALIZED IN THESE 585 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:38,280 CENTERS AND MY MOTHER LATER IN 586 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:40,280 HER LIFE, IN THE 40s AND 587 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:44,960 50s, RECALLED THESE XEN SCENES S 588 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:47,520 BLEAK AND OVERCROWDED, UNLOVED, 589 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:49,520 UNWANTED DEAD-END STREETS. 590 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:51,280 FOR HUMAN BEINGS. 591 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:53,400 AND I'M SORRY TO SAY, IT WAS 592 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,000 EXACTLY THIS CONTEXT IN WHICH 593 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:57,840 OUR INSTITUTE, THE INSTITUTE WE 594 00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:58,600 CELEBRATE TODAY WAS BORN. 595 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:00,040 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE 596 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,560 THE STATUS OF POLITICAL AND 597 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:05,040 SOCIAL WILL IN THE 1950s, 598 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:06,880 ELIZABETH BOGGS WROTE, THEY 599 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:08,440 PRIVATELY DOUBTED AT THE 600 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:09,880 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL 601 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:14,200 HEALTH WHETHER $250,000 COULD BE 602 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:14,560 SPENT. 603 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:15,800 AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S 604 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:17,680 ROLE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 605 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:19,920 WAS SO SMALL THAT THE QUITE 606 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:21,000 SMALL KENNEDY FOUNDATION 607 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,760 ESTABLISHED BY MY GRANDFATHER 608 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:23,480 SURPASSED HIGHER INFRASTRUCTURE 609 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:24,760 OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN A 610 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:27,800 SINGLE GIFT. 611 00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,160 SO THERE WAS NEXT TO NOTHING, 612 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:33,560 IMAGINE BEING A MOM OR A DAD, 613 00:21:33,560 --> 00:21:35,800 KNOCKING ON THE DOOR. 614 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:39,320 IS THERE SOMEONE, IS THERE 615 00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:40,520 ANYONE? 616 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:42,440 THAT GLORIOUS HISTORY WE JUST 617 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:43,600 HEARD OF THIS INSTITUTE WOULD 618 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:45,960 HAVE BEEN COMPLETELY 619 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,560 UNIMAGINABLE TO A MOM OR A DAD 620 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:50,600 IN THE 1940s OR 50s, OR EVEN 621 00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:51,280 60s. 622 00:21:51,280 --> 00:21:55,560 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE A 623 00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:57,800 BRIEF MENTION OF DR. JAMES 624 00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:02,800 SHANNON. 625 00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:04,240 I DON'T PUT HIM HERE TO STICK 626 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,080 HIM OUT AT DR. TABAK'S 627 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:11,240 PREDECESSOR BUT TO REMIND HIM OF 628 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:12,960 WHAT WE SAW, THIS IS ALL OF US, 629 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:14,480 THERE AREN'T ANY MAJOR PROBLEMS 630 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:16,040 IN CHILDREN. 631 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:18,280 NEXT SLIDE. 632 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:19,760 SO WHEN PRESIDENT KENNEDY WAS 633 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:20,960 ELECTED ABOUT THREE MILES FROM 634 00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:23,480 WHERE THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 635 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:24,040 CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN 636 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:25,120 DEVELOPMENT SITS TODAY, MY MOM 637 00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:26,800 STARTED A SUMMER CAMP, AND IN 638 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,200 THESE PICTURES, YOU CAN SEE MY 639 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:29,280 MOM'S FAVORITE ROLE IN LIFE, 640 00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:32,680 WHICH WAS TO TEACH SWIMMING. 641 00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:35,840 1962, CHILDREN FROM INSTITUTIONS 642 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:40,520 CAME UP ROCKVILLE PIKE, PAST THE 643 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,320 NIH AND PULLED THEM TO EDSON 644 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:45,640 LANE WHERE WE WERE VERY BLESSED 645 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:47,360 TO HAVE SEVERAL ACRE, MY MOM 646 00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:48,960 CONVERTED IT INTO A SUMMER CAMP. 647 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,680 NOT TO BE VAIN, BUT WHERE THE 648 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:56,080 FLAG IS BEING RAISED THERE, 649 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:58,960 YOURS TRULY, JUST TO PROVE I 650 00:22:58,960 --> 00:22:59,760 WASN'T COMPLETELY MISSING FROM 651 00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:00,640 THE NARRATIVE. 652 00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:01,680 BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 653 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:03,240 MY MOM MADE ME INTO A CAMPER AT 654 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:05,560 THE AGE OF 4. 655 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:07,000 SO THAT I WOULD GROW UP LEARNING 656 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,000 TO PLAY WITH MY PEERS WITH 657 00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:10,960 INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL 658 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:12,920 CHALLENGE, SEAMLESSLY, HAPPILY U 659 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:13,680 KNOW, EXCITEDLY. 660 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:16,400 I LOOKED FORWARD TO CAMP. 661 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,760 THERE WAS NO STIGMA, YET, IN 662 00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:20,440 THAT TIME. 663 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,280 AND THERE WAS THIS GREAT 664 00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:23,840 EXPERIMENT, I WOULD SAY, ALMOST 665 00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:25,680 AN EXPERIMENT IN HUMAN 666 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:27,920 POSSIBILITY GOING ON, RIGHT 667 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:29,480 THERE, A STONE'S THROW FROM THE 668 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:29,960 INSTITUTES TODAY. 669 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:31,320 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE 670 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:32,720 WHAT THAT EXPERIMENT MEANT WHEN 671 00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:35,200 IT CAME TO MY MOM'S DEALING WITH 672 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,120 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 673 00:23:37,120 --> 00:23:37,560 STATES. 674 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:39,360 SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THE 675 00:23:39,360 --> 00:23:41,080 PRESIDENT'S PANEL CONVENED IN 676 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:43,200 1962, REPORTED IN ONE SHORT 677 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,200 MONTH, DR. BIANCHI -- EXCUSE ME, 678 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:49,640 ONE SHORT YEAR, IT TOOK, FOR THE 679 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:50,920 REPORT, SCANNING THE LANDSCAPE 680 00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:54,400 OF WORK BEING DONE AROUND THE 681 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:55,920 WORLD, THE URGENCY OF A FEDERAL 682 00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:58,320 PROGRAM OF ACTION IN THE FIELD 683 00:23:58,320 --> 00:23:59,600 OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL 684 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:00,720 DISABILITY. 685 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:01,840 NICHD'S CREATION WAS PART OF 686 00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:03,440 THAT ACTION, THE MATERNAL AND 687 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:04,960 CHILD HEALTH ACT, THE MENTAL 688 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:06,600 RETARDATION FACILITIES AND 689 00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:08,000 COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS 690 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,920 CONSTRUCTION ACT, THE MENTAL 691 00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:11,560 RETARDATION RESEARCH CENTERS, 692 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:12,960 THE UNIVERSITY AFFILIATED 693 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:15,840 CENTERS, NOW THE UCEDDs TODAY, 694 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:18,040 THERE'S 67, STILL FUNDED, STILL 695 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:19,440 SUPPORTED BY THE ENTERPRISE AT 696 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:20,520 BOTH THE INSTITUTES AND OTHER 697 00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,400 PARTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 698 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:25,080 CREATING A NATIONWIDE COMMITMENT 699 00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:27,320 TO HUMAN POSSIBILITY. 700 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,360 NOT JUST TO CURES, NOT JUST TO 701 00:24:30,360 --> 00:24:31,440 THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE BUT 702 00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:32,920 TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 703 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:34,880 AND SERVICE, TO THE DIGNITY AND 704 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:36,360 POSSIBILITY OF EVERY CHILD. 705 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:38,720 NO EXCEPTIONS, NO HIERARCHIES, 706 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:41,920 NOBODY EXCLUDED. 707 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:43,680 I DON'T MEAN TO CLAIM ALL THIS 708 00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:45,560 FOR MY MOM BUT I DO MEAN TO 709 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:47,280 SUGGEST THAT ONE PERSON'S BELIEF 710 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:51,480 CAN START TO TRIGGER AND 711 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:52,680 CATALYZE ACTION ACROSS A WHOLE 712 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:53,560 RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES. 713 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,280 WE'LL CONTINUE HERE AND ALLOW ME 714 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:56,840 JUST TO GO THROUGH A LITTLE BIT 715 00:24:56,840 --> 00:24:58,680 THE EXCITEMENT THAT MY MOM 716 00:24:58,680 --> 00:24:59,840 GENERATED OUTSIDE THE WALLS ON 717 00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:03,040 THE NEXT SLIDE OF NICHD. 718 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:06,560 YOU'LL SEE A PICTURE OF THE 1968 719 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:07,360 CHICAGO SOLDIER FIELD. 720 00:25:07,360 --> 00:25:11,960 THIS IS THE FIRST OLYMPICS GAMES 721 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:13,440 WHERE MY MOM IS READING THE OATH 722 00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:15,000 OF THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS 723 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:16,400 MOVEMENT: LET ME WIN BUT IF I 724 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:18,520 CANNOT WIN, LET ME BE BRAVE IN 725 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:18,960 THE ATTEMPT. 726 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:20,280 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE 727 00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:21,840 WHAT BRAVERY LOOKS LIKE. 728 00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:24,080 IF WE CAN GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE, 729 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:30,960 YOU'LL SEE ONE SINGULAR SCENE 730 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:32,640 HERE, 100,000 SEATS, 99,000 731 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,960 EMPTY ONES. 732 00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:39,680 YOU GO FOR IT, REGARDLESS, 733 00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:40,320 REGARDLESS. 734 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:41,440 PEOPLE DIDN'T PAY ATTENTION, YOU 735 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:42,520 GO FOR IT. 736 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:44,400 PEOPLE DON'T SEE WHAT YOU SEE, 737 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:46,600 THEY DON'T SEE MOST OF THE 738 00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:48,000 COMPETITORS ON THIS FIELD WERE 739 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,000 LICENSED AND AUTHORIZED TO LEAVE 740 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,320 STATE INSTITUTIONS BY FEDERAL 741 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:53,360 AUTHORITY, STATE AUTHORITIES AND 742 00:25:53,360 --> 00:25:54,360 LEGAL AUTHORITIES. 743 00:25:54,360 --> 00:25:58,280 NEEDING PERMISSION TO GO TO 744 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:01,000 CHICAGO'S SOLDIER FIELD TO RUN 745 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:02,200 100 METERS, BECAUSE THEY WERE 746 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:03,200 COMING AS WARDS OF THE STATE. 747 00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:05,040 ON THE BOTTOM LEFT, I WON'T GO 748 00:26:05,040 --> 00:26:06,280 INTO A LOT OF DETAIL, YOU'LL SEE 749 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:07,760 A LOT OF PEOPLE SITTING ON THE 750 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:09,240 SIDE OF A MAKESHIFT POOL. 751 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:19,080 THAT'S BECAUSE THE POOL HAD 752 00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:19,840 LIFEGUARDS, THINKING CHILDREN 753 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:21,520 WOULD DROWN IF THERE WEREN'T 754 00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:23,360 LIFEGUARD EVERY 3 TO 4 FEET. 755 00:26:23,360 --> 00:26:24,680 I KNOW I'M ABOUT TO RUN OUT OF 756 00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:25,920 TIME BUT THIS IS PHOTOGRAPHS 757 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:27,160 FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SPECIAL 758 00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:30,560 OLYMPICS MOVEMENT. 759 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:34,280 THIS IS AJAR ACILLA ON THE 760 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:35,280 WINNER'S STAND. 761 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,440 IN THIS POSE THAT JUST, TO ME, 762 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,200 SUGGESTS A CERTAIN SENSE OF 763 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:46,200 DIGNITY, TRIUMPH, BELIEF, 764 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:48,320 HAPPINESS MAYBE EVEN, PRIDE, AND 765 00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:51,880 SHE CAME IN SEVENTH. 766 00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:53,200 MOST OF US DON'T HAVE THIS KIND 767 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,080 OF PICTURE IN OUR HOUSE. 768 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:58,240 WE DON'T CELEBRATE OUR SEVENTH 769 00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:01,200 PLACE FINISHES, BUT AJARA, 770 00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,360 TOGETHER WITH THE SIX OR SO 771 00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:04,480 MILLION ATHLETES AROUND THE 772 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:05,520 WORLD OF SPECIAL OLYMPICS 773 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:07,560 SOMEHOW IS REMINDING US OF THIS 774 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:08,520 FUNDAMENTAL BELIEF, THAT WHEN 775 00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:12,080 YOU DO YOUR BEST, YOU HAVE WON. 776 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:14,760 THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS MOVEMENT IS 777 00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:16,160 ESTABLISHED NOT TO FIND THE 778 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:17,920 BEST, BUT TO ENABLE EVERYONE TO 779 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:20,680 DO THEIR BEST. 780 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:21,720 AND IN THE COMPETITION TO DO 781 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:23,680 YOUR BEST, EVERYONE CAN WIN. 782 00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:25,920 AND WHEN THOSE OF US AMONG US 783 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:27,320 WHO STRUGGLED WITH THE GREATEST 784 00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:34,320 ODDS DO THEIR BEST, IT IS AN 785 00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:35,960 ICONIC MOMENT IN HUMAN 786 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:37,040 EXPERIENCE, IN MY VIEW. 787 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:38,040 WE'LL CONTINUE ON HERE AND I'LL 788 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:39,480 START TO WRAP UP WITH A FEW 789 00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:43,600 STATEMENTS THAT REMIND US 790 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:44,920 THAT -- DR. BIANCHI ALLUDED TO 791 00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:46,040 SOME OF THE STRUGGLES STILL IN 792 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:48,640 FRONT OF US. 793 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:49,960 CHILDREN DO SUFFER FROM THE 794 00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:51,480 HEALTH INEQUITIES, DR. TABAK 795 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:53,120 SAID THE SAME, SEVEN TIMES 796 00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:57,160 HIGHER MORTALITY RATE, SIX TIMES 797 00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:00,280 MORE LIKELY -- THE DATA ON LIFE 798 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,200 EXPECTANCY SHOULD SHOCK US. 799 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:05,160 NOT AS A FUNCTION OF A PRIMARY 800 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,160 DIAGNOSIS, BUT AS A FUNCTION OF 801 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:08,440 NEGLECT WITHIN OUR SOCIAL AND 802 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,960 CULTURAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS. 803 00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:13,760 THIS IS THE MANDATE OF THIS 804 00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:14,960 INSTITUTE. 805 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:17,200 I KNOW ITS LIFECYCLE AND I KNOW, 806 00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:19,400 MY GOODNESS, I'VE HEARD ON 807 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:26,720 KOWRNTION I WAS R -- ONCOUNCIL,E 808 00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:27,880 INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL 809 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:29,000 DISABILITIES BUT IT HAS TO BE AT 810 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:30,680 LEAST IN PART THAT. 811 00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:32,520 IT MUST BE IF IT WILL REPRESENT 812 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:33,840 THE FULL CYCLE OF HUMAN 813 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:34,400 EXPERIENCE. 814 00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:41,120 NO OTHER INSTITUTE OWNS THIS 815 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:41,360 MANDATE. 816 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,200 IT WAS A SACRED TRUST THAT THE 817 00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:47,720 COUNTRY HAS PLACED IN THE 818 00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:49,040 SCIENTISTS IN NICHD TO DO 819 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:50,800 RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF AND DO 820 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:52,200 CLINICAL TRANSLATION SUPPORT 821 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:53,240 SERVICE ON BEHALF OF THIS 822 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:53,640 POPULATION. 823 00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:57,920 WE'LL GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 824 00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:00,080 WE ARE STILL RECOGNIZING THE 825 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:00,920 LACK OF PREVENTIVE CARE. 826 00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:02,280 I'M GOING TO RUN OUT OF TIME SO 827 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:03,640 I'M GOING TO GO TO THE NEXT 828 00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:06,200 SLIDE. 829 00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:07,960 THIS IS DATA ESPECIALLY 830 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:08,920 DR. TABAK YOU WILL KNOW ON 831 00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:09,760 DENTAL PROBLEMS IN THIS 832 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:11,920 POPULATION. 833 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:12,960 THEY'RE ENORMOUS, SCANDALOUS, I 834 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,960 DARE SAY. 835 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:17,160 THE NEGLECT THAT OUR BROTHERS 836 00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:22,400 AND SISTERS WITH INTELLECTUAL 837 00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:23,000 AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 838 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:23,480 FACE IN THE SYSTEM. 839 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:24,600 BUT WE DON'T HAVE THE CARE, WE 840 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:25,760 DON'T HAVE THE DATA, WE DON'T 841 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:27,000 HAVE THE CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND 842 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:28,640 THE LIFE COURSE OF SO MANY OF 843 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:29,040 THESE CHILDREN. 844 00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:30,480 I KNOW WE'RE MAKING PROGRESS ON 845 00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:31,480 THESE THINGS. 846 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,840 THE NATIONAL CHILDREN'S STUDY -- 847 00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:36,280 BUT THE WORK IS URGENT. 848 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:37,480 IT LIFE AND DEATH FOR THIS 849 00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:38,800 POPULATION. 850 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,680 UNSEEN OFTEN, UNNOTICED MANY 851 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:41,920 TIMES, BUT LIFE AND DEATH AND 852 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:42,920 THEREFORE A MANDATE TO ALL OF 853 00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:43,200 US. 854 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:44,520 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, WE'LL START 855 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:46,880 TO WRAP UP, WITH JUST A LITTLE 856 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:48,480 BIT OF INSPIRATION, I THINK WE 857 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:49,840 HAVE A NEW GENERATION IN FRONT 858 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:51,640 OF US. 859 00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:53,400 THIS IS THE WORK THAT SPECIAL 860 00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,320 OLYMPICS DOES TO EDUCATE YOUNG 861 00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:56,320 PEOPLE. 862 00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:57,200 WITHOUT INTELLECTUAL 863 00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:58,200 DISABILITIES. 864 00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:59,800 WITH EMPATHY AND 865 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:00,240 PERSPECTIVE-TAKING AND 866 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,120 COURAGEOUS ACTION AND UNIVERSAL 867 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:03,840 DIGNITY TO PROMOTE A CULTURE OF 868 00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:04,160 INCLUSION. 869 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:05,400 ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU'LL SEE 870 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:06,480 THE WORDS THESE YOUNG PEOPLE 871 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:08,040 WRITE WHEN THEY ARE ASKED TO SAY 872 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:10,880 WHAT SHOULD OUR SCHOOL MESSAGE 873 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:12,840 BE, AND THIS IS THE YOUNG PEOPLE 874 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:14,960 OF A SCHOOL IN RHODE ISLAND. 875 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:16,520 "I PLEDGE TO LOOK FOR THE 876 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:18,280 LONELY, THE ISOLATED, THE LEFT 877 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:21,960 OUT, AND THE CHALLENGED AND THE 878 00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:22,880 BULLIED. 879 00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:24,080 HOW PROUD MY MOTHER WOULD BE OF 880 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:25,080 THIS NEXT GENERATION AND I HOPE 881 00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:26,840 ALL OF US WOULD BE. 882 00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:28,920 ON THE LAST SLIDE, LET ME JUST 883 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:29,920 THANK ALL OF YOU. 884 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:31,080 THIS IS A PICTURE ON THE RIGHT 885 00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:34,040 OF DONAL PAIGE, AN ATHLETE IN 886 00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:35,560 IRELAND WITH WHAT WE MIGHT CALL 887 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:37,320 SEVERE OR EVEN PROFOUND 888 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:39,080 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AFTER HE 889 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:40,840 WON HIS MEDAL IN THE BEANBAG 890 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:41,480 LIFT. 891 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:43,760 A CHAMPION FOR HIS FAMILY, HIS 892 00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:47,640 COMMUNITY, HIS COUNTRY. 893 00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:50,080 EVERYONE CAN HAVE THIS SAME, I 894 00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:50,880 HOPE, BELIEF. 895 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:52,400 NOT JUST INTERESTS, BUT BELIEFS. 896 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:53,960 AND WITH THESE BELIEFS, THE 897 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:55,360 CENTER, THE INSTITUTE ITSELF AND 898 00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:56,680 THE RELATED INSTITUTES WILL 899 00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:58,080 CONTINUE TO MAKE A LIFE CHANGING 900 00:30:58,080 --> 00:30:58,520 DIFFERENCE. 901 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:06,960 THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH. 902 00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:08,760 >>PLEASE ENJOY THE FOLLOWING 903 00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:10,760 VIDEOS HIGHLIGHTING NICHD'S 904 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:12,480 MISSION STATEMENT AND THE WORK 905 00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:14,640 OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA PROJECT. 906 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:16,680 WE ALSO HAVE A SPECIAL MESSAGE 907 00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:19,000 FROM CONGRESSWOMAN LAUREN 908 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:29,160 UNDERWOOD. 909 00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:19,080 >>THE MISSION OF THE NICHD -- 910 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:21,920 >>THE MISSION OF THE NICHD -- 911 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:23,360 >>OUR REAL MISSION IS RESEARCH 912 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:24,520 AND TRAINING. 913 00:32:24,520 --> 00:32:27,440 >>THE MISSION OF NICHD IS TO -- 914 00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:29,240 I FORGOT. 915 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:30,680 >>I KNOW THERE'S A PART IN 916 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:31,960 THERE ABOUT WOMEN. 917 00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:39,760 >>THE MISSION OF NICHD IS THAT 918 00:32:39,760 --> 00:32:43,920 A PRN IS B PERSON IS BORN HEALTD 919 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:44,560 WANTED. 920 00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:45,840 >>THAT WOMEN ARE FREE FROM THE 921 00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:47,720 ILL EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE 922 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:48,000 PROCESSES. 923 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:49,880 >>HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE 924 00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:51,120 REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES. 925 00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:53,080 >>ANY ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF 926 00:32:53,080 --> 00:32:54,480 REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES. 927 00:32:54,480 --> 00:33:00,320 >>NO NEGATIVE REPERCUSSIONS OF 928 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:01,160 REPRODUCTION? 929 00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,520 >>THAT EVERYONE ACHIEVES THEIR 930 00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:05,160 FULL POTENTIAL. 931 00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:06,600 >>AND THAT ALL CHILDREN WILL 932 00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,600 HAVE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY. 933 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:10,800 >>THAT ALL CHILDREN ARE GIVEN 934 00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:15,080 THE POTENTIAL TO LIVE HEALTHY, 935 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:16,720 PRODUCTIVE, INDEPENDENT LIVES. 936 00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:21,840 >>FREE FROM -- 937 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,960 >>FREE OF DISEASES AND 938 00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,960 DISABILITY. 939 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:31,440 >>AND THERE WAS MORE -- THE 940 00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:33,120 THIRD PART HAS SOMETHING TO DO 941 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:34,000 WITH REHABILITATION. 942 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,440 >>SOMETHING ABOUT OPTIMAL 943 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:37,200 REHABILITATION. 944 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:38,040 >>REHABILITATION IS PRETTY MUCH 945 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:39,160 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING HERE. 946 00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:41,080 >>WE ARE VERY COMMITTED TO 947 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:42,120 REHABILITATION, BUT I CAN NEVER 948 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:42,960 REMEMBER THAT PART. 949 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:44,560 >>IN ADDITION, THE MISSION IS 950 00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:50,720 TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERY PERSON 951 00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:52,040 LIVES PRODUCTIVELY, HEALTHY 952 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:53,160 THROUGH OPTIMAL REHABILITATION. 953 00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:54,440 >>THROUGH OPTIMAL 954 00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:55,320 REHABILITATION. 955 00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:56,960 >>THROUGH OPTIMAL 956 00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:57,320 REHABILITATION. 957 00:33:57,320 --> 00:34:07,560 >>THAT'S IT! 958 00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:30,040 >>THE PLACENTA IS THE RODNEY 959 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:30,880 DANGERFIELD OF ORGANS. 960 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:33,200 IT REALLY GETS NO RESPECT. 961 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,200 MOST PEOPLE DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 962 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:37,520 PLACENTA IS UNLESS THEY HAVE 963 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:39,440 ACTUALLY SEEN ONE. 964 00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:42,160 AND THEY REALLY DON'T APPRECIATE 965 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:44,960 ITS MANY, MANY FUNCTIONS. 966 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:50,160 AND ITS ESSENTIAL NATURE TO A 967 00:34:50,160 --> 00:35:00,560 HEALTHY LONG-TERM LIFE. 968 00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:12,320 >>WHEN YOU STUDY MAGIC, WHEN 969 00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:14,880 YOU LEARN HOW A TRICK IS DONE 970 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:17,960 YOU'RE LIKE THAT'S COOL, CLEVER. 971 00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:19,120 THE PLACENTA, THE MORE YOU LEARN 972 00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:20,760 ABOUT IT, THE MORE INCREDIBLE IT 973 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:21,080 IS. 974 00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:22,280 IT'S LIKE EACH LAYER OF INSIGHT 975 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:26,400 THAT WE GET MAKES IT AN EVEN 976 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:27,000 MORE REMARKABLE STRUCTURE TO 977 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:35,360 STUDY. 978 00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:37,440 RIGHT NOW, UNFORTUNATELY, THE 979 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:38,800 WAY WE CAN TELL WHEN THERE'S A 980 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:40,680 PROBLEM WITH A PREGNANCY IS WHEN 981 00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:42,560 YOU SEE LATE-STAGE DAMAGE. 982 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:44,600 >>WHAT YOU WANT IS THE 983 00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:46,560 INFORMATION WHEN YOU CAN 984 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:47,760 INTERVENE, AND IF YOU HAVE A 985 00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:50,600 SIGN THAT THE PLACENTA IS NOT 986 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:53,160 HEALTHY, PERHAPS YOU CAN CHANGE 987 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:54,560 MANAGEMENT OR CHANGE TREATMENT 988 00:35:54,560 --> 00:36:01,960 TO IMPROVE OUTCOME. 989 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:06,040 >>SO WE TAKE MR IMAGES, SEGMENT 990 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:08,440 THEM BY HAND AND PRINT ON A 3D 991 00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:09,320 PRINTER ALL THE DIFFERENT PARTS 992 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:11,360 AND WE FILL UP DIFFERENT 993 00:36:11,360 --> 00:36:12,280 CAVITIES WITH DIFFERENT 994 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:18,120 MATERIALS TO MIMIC THOSE OF THE 995 00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:23,360 BODY. 996 00:36:23,360 --> 00:36:25,360 >>I HOPE WE'LL BE ABLE TO HAVE 997 00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:26,880 METRICS OF PLACENTA HEALTH TO 998 00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:29,200 ASSESS HOW WELL IT SERVING THE 999 00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:29,400 FETUS. 1000 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:30,960 >>I THINK THIS COULD REALLY 1001 00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:32,280 TRANSFORM HOW WE MONITOR 1002 00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:32,800 PREGNANCIES. 1003 00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:34,560 WHEN YOU HAVE THE LEADERSHIP 1004 00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,640 SAYING THIS IS OUR PRIORITY, IT 1005 00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:39,000 MOBILIZES PEOPLE, IT UNITES 1006 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:40,520 THEM, IT CAUSES PEOPLE TO START 1007 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:41,480 WORKING TOGETHER AS A TEAM. 1008 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:43,240 THERE'S NO QUESTION YOU 1009 00:36:43,240 --> 00:36:44,320 GET DEGREES OF SYNERGY THAT ARE 1010 00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:54,760 JUST OTHERWISE IMPOSSIBLE. 1011 00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:04,680 >>HI, EVERYBODY. 1012 00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:06,200 I'M CONGRESSWOMAN LAUREN 1013 00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:07,440 UNDERWOOD, AND I HAVE THE HONOR 1014 00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:09,480 OF REPRESENTING ILLINOIS' 14TH 1015 00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:10,120 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. 1016 00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:13,000 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK DR. DIANA 1017 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:14,640 BIANCHI FOR THE INVITATION TO 1018 00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:16,040 JOIN TODAY'S SYMPOSIUM AND FOR 1019 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:18,680 HER TREMENDOUS LEADERSHIP AT THE 1020 00:37:18,680 --> 00:37:22,520 EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL 1021 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:23,480 INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND 1022 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:25,040 DEVELOPMENT AND TO ALL THE 1023 00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:26,040 RESEARCHERS, SCIENTISTS AND 1024 00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:28,920 STAFF AT NICHD. 1025 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:30,520 CONGRATULATIONS ON 60 YEARS OF 1026 00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:32,040 EXCELLENCE IN SCIENTIFIC 1027 00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:34,160 ENDEAVORS TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN 1028 00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:35,560 DEVELOPMENT, IMPROVE 1029 00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:37,440 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ENHANCE THE 1030 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:38,600 LIVES OF CHILDREN AND 1031 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:39,560 ADOLESCENTS AND OPTIMIZE 1032 00:37:39,560 --> 00:37:40,360 ABILITIES FOR ALL. 1033 00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:42,600 YOUR WORK HAS SAVED LIVES, 1034 00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:44,200 SUPPORTED FAMILIES AND 1035 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:44,720 STRENGTHENED OPPORTUNITIES 1036 00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:46,240 ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND AROUND 1037 00:37:46,240 --> 00:37:47,360 THE WORLD. 1038 00:37:47,360 --> 00:37:48,760 TO EVERYONE WHO HAS CONTRIBUTED 1039 00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:50,440 TO THIS RICH HISTORY, I WANT TO 1040 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:51,040 SAY THANK YOU. 1041 00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:53,080 I AM SO PROUD TO BE A CHAMPION 1042 00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:55,120 IN CONGRESS TO SUPPORT YOUR 1043 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:55,680 CRITICAL MISSION. 1044 00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:57,080 AS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE 1045 00:37:57,080 --> 00:37:58,680 COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS, ONE 1046 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:00,200 OF MY HIGHEST PRIORITIES HAS 1047 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,000 BEEN TO SECURE ROBUST AND 1048 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:04,400 SUSTAINED FUNDING FOR OUR 1049 00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:05,760 NATION'S BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 1050 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:07,040 INFRASTRUCTURE AT NIH, 1051 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:08,160 PARTICULARLY TO SUPPORT YOUR 1052 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:10,200 WORK AT NICHD. 1053 00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:12,240 AND AS A CO-FOUNDER AND CO-CHAIR 1054 00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:14,080 OF THE BLACK MATERNAL HEALTH 1055 00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:15,200 CAUCUS IN CONGRESS, I HAVE SEEN 1056 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:16,480 JUST HOW IMPORTANT THAT WORK IS. 1057 00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:17,920 AS YOU KNOW, THE UNITED STATES 1058 00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:19,640 HAS THE HIGHEST MATERNAL 1059 00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:22,040 MORTALITY RATE OF ANY HIGH 1060 00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:23,040 INCOME COUNTRY OF THE WORLD AND 1061 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:25,080 THE MAJORITY OF THESE DEATHS ARE 1062 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:25,520 PREVENTABLE. 1063 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:26,840 WE ALSO SEE SIGNIFICANT RACIAL 1064 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:29,280 AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES AND 1065 00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:31,240 MATERNAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AND 1066 00:38:31,240 --> 00:38:32,320 UNACCEPTABLE REALITY THAT 1067 00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:34,800 DEMANDS A BOLD, DATA-DRIVEN, 1068 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:36,120 EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY RESPONSE. 1069 00:38:36,120 --> 00:38:37,800 TO DO THAT, WE NEED DATA TO 1070 00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:39,960 UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF ADVERSE 1071 00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:41,360 OUTCOMES, AND WE NEED EVIDENCE 1072 00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:42,800 ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 1073 00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:46,200 INTERVENTIONS TO SAVE LIVES AND 1074 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:47,080 ADVANCE BIRTH EQUITY. 1075 00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:48,120 NOW THAT'S WHERE YOU COME IN. 1076 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:49,400 THE RESEARCH THAT NICHD HAS LED 1077 00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:51,480 FOR THE PAST SIX DECADES HAS 1078 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:53,040 INFORMED THE INITIATIVES THAT WE 1079 00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:54,720 HAVE LED WITH THE BLACK MATERNAL 1080 00:38:54,720 --> 00:39:01,040 HEALTH CAUCUS TO TACKLE THIS 1081 00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:01,680 CRISIS. 1082 00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:03,480 WHEN NIH LAUNCHED THE IMPROVE 1083 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:05,040 INITIATIVE SPEARHEADED BY NICHD, 1084 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:07,520 IT SUPPORTS RESEARCH FOCUS ON 1085 00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:08,880 ROW DUESING PREVENTABLE CAUSES 1086 00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,320 OF PREGNANCY-RELATED DEATHS, 1087 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:12,520 IMPROVING PERINATAL HEALTH AND 1088 00:39:12,520 --> 00:39:13,560 ELIMINATING DISPARITIES IN 1089 00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:16,480 MATERNAL HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR 1090 00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:20,120 BLACK, NATIVE, HISPANIC AND AAPI 1091 00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:21,800 PEOPLE AS WELL AS THOSE WITH 1092 00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:24,560 ELEVATED RATES OF MATERNAL 1093 00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:25,000 MORTALITY. 1094 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:25,880 IT WAS BORN OUT OF A 1095 00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:26,880 CONVERSATION THAT DR. BIANCHI 1096 00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:29,240 AND I HAD SHORTLY AFTER I WAS 1097 00:39:29,240 --> 00:39:30,240 FIRST SWORN INTO CONGRESS. 1098 00:39:30,240 --> 00:39:32,280 AND THE IDEA CONTINUED TO GROW 1099 00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:34,360 AFTER DR. BIANCHI JOINED OTHER 1100 00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:36,280 NIH DIRECTORS AND DR. FRANCIS 1101 00:39:36,280 --> 00:39:38,200 COLLINS AT A BIPARTISAN MEETING 1102 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:39,560 WITH THE BLACK MATERNAL HEALTH 1103 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:40,680 CAUCUS IN 2019. 1104 00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:42,880 FROM THERE, THE IMPROVE 1105 00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:44,520 INITIATIVES RESEARCH AGENDA WAS 1106 00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:46,680 DEVELOPED AND IMPLEMENTED AND IN 1107 00:39:46,680 --> 00:39:47,960 THE YEARS SINCE, THIS RESEARCH 1108 00:39:47,960 --> 00:39:50,120 HAS EXPANDED SIGNIFICANTLY, 1109 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:51,960 ACCELERATED IN THE CURRENT 1110 00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:53,040 FISCAL YEAR BY THE FIRST EVER 1111 00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:54,760 DIRECT APPROPRIATION FOR 1112 00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:57,560 IMPROVED AN UNPRECEDENTED 1113 00:39:57,560 --> 00:39:58,120 $30 MILLION INVESTMENT IN 1114 00:39:58,120 --> 00:39:59,080 MATERNAL HEALTH RESEARCH. 1115 00:39:59,080 --> 00:40:02,960 IN APRIL 2022, I INTRODUCED THE 1116 00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:04,640 BIPARTISAN NIH IMPROVE ACT TO 1117 00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:06,040 MAINTAIN THE STRONG FUNDING 1118 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:07,360 LEVEL YEAR AFTER YEAR ENSURING 1119 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:08,720 THAT YOUR TEAM HAS THE RESOURCES 1120 00:40:08,720 --> 00:40:10,080 YOU NEED TO CONTINUE TO CARRY 1121 00:40:10,080 --> 00:40:11,400 OUT THIS URGENT WORK. 1122 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:13,800 THE NIH IMPROVE ACT COMPLEMENTS 1123 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,520 THE BLACK MATERNAL HEALTH ACT, A 1124 00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:18,080 SWEEPING SET OF BILLS THAT I 1125 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:20,400 INTRODUCED TO BUILD ON EXISTING 1126 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,800 LEGISLATION AND COMPREHENSIVELY 1127 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,320 ADDRESS EVERY DRIVER OF MATERNAL 1128 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:26,160 MORTALITY, MORBIDITY AND 1129 00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:26,760 DISPARITIES. 1130 00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:30,160 THE INVESTMENTS WILL GROW AND 1131 00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:34,480 DIVERSIFY THE PERINATAL 1132 00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:35,520 WORKFORCE, ADDRESS 1133 00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:36,800 COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS, 1134 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:37,880 EXPAND ACCESS TO DIGITAL TOOLS 1135 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:39,680 AND IMPROVE CARE FOR PEOPLE WITH 1136 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:40,200 MATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH 1137 00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:41,480 CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCE USE 1138 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:42,240 DISORDERS. 1139 00:40:42,240 --> 00:40:43,640 THESE EVIDENCE-BASED PROGRAMS 1140 00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:46,720 AND OTHERS THROUGHOUT ARE BASED 1141 00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:47,720 ON FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH 1142 00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:49,080 THAT YOU CARRY OUT AND FUND AT 1143 00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:50,520 NICHD. 1144 00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:51,640 TOGETHER, WE ARE DOING THE WORK 1145 00:40:51,640 --> 00:40:53,360 THAT IS REQUIRED TO PREVENT 1146 00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:54,800 MATERNAL DEATH AND DISPARITIES, 1147 00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:57,160 AND TO MAKE THE UNITED STATES 1148 00:40:57,160 --> 00:40:58,520 THE SAFEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD 1149 00:40:58,520 --> 00:40:59,480 TO GIVE BIRTH. 1150 00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:01,000 THANK YOU FOR YOUR COMMITMENT TO 1151 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:01,680 THIS CAUSE. 1152 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:04,400 AND FOR THE HONOR OF JOINING YOU 1153 00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:06,200 AT TODAY'S SYMPOSIUM. 1154 00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:08,920 HERE'S TO 60 YEARS OF INSPIRING, 1155 00:41:08,920 --> 00:41:10,560 IMPACTFUL, LIFE-SAVING WORK, AND 1156 00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:12,000 MANY YEARS TO COME. 1157 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:13,360 I LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU 1158 00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:15,400 AGAIN SOON, BUT UNTIL THEN, TAKE 1159 00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:18,600 GOOD CARE OF YOURSELVES. 1160 00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:20,240 >>LET'S MOVE INTO OUR FIRST 1161 00:41:20,240 --> 00:41:22,080 SESSION OF THE DAY. 1162 00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:23,800 PROMOTING HEALTHY PREGNANCIES, 1163 00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:25,560 MODERATED BY DR. CAROLINE 1164 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:26,960 SIGNORE. 1165 00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:28,960 DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE NICHD 1166 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:35,240 DIVISION OF EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH. 1167 00:41:35,240 --> 00:41:38,280 >>GOOD MORNING, ALL, AND 1168 00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:38,640 WELCOME! 1169 00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,200 I'M SO EXCITED TO KICK OFF THIS 1170 00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:42,840 SYMPOSIUM WITH THE PROMOTING 1171 00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:46,560 HEALTHY PREGNANCIES SYMPOSIUM. 1172 00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:48,400 LET'S JUST GET RIGHT INTO IT. 1173 00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:49,800 OUR FIRST SPEAKER TODAY IS 1174 00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:50,880 DR. ALFRED ABUHAMAD. 1175 00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:53,920 HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS INTERIM 1176 00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:55,320 PRESIDENT, PROVOST AND DEAN AND 1177 00:41:55,320 --> 00:41:57,280 PROFESSOR OF OBSTETRICS AND 1178 00:41:57,280 --> 00:41:59,360 GYNECOLOGY AND RADIOLOGY AT 1179 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:01,200 EASTERN PERDUE MEDICAL SCHOOL, 1180 00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:02,680 WHERE HE HAS BEEN ON FACULTY FOR 1181 00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:05,040 29 YEARS. 1182 00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:06,840 HE IS PAST PRESIDENT OF THE 1183 00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:09,120 SOCIETY FOR MATERNAL FETAL 1184 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:10,800 MEDICINE, THE PERINATAL QUALITY 1185 00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:12,440 FORUM AND THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE 1186 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:14,640 OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE. 1187 00:42:14,640 --> 00:42:16,760 HE IS WELL-KNOWN FOR HIS WORK IN 1188 00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:20,080 ULTRASOUND, PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, 1189 00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:23,080 FETAL EPICARDIOGRAPHY, GLOBAL 1190 00:42:23,080 --> 00:42:24,040 OUTREACH AND PATIENT SAFETY. 1191 00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:33,240 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 1192 00:42:33,240 --> 00:42:33,560 DR. ABUHAMAD. 1193 00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:35,640 >>THANK YOU, CAROLINE, FOR THIS 1194 00:42:35,640 --> 00:42:36,200 KIND INTRODUCTION. 1195 00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:37,960 I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THIS 1196 00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:41,560 OPPORTUNITY TO THANK DR. BIANCHI 1197 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:43,160 FOR IB VITALLING ME TO SPEAK AND 1198 00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:45,480 SHARE SOME OF OUR RESEARCH, AND 1199 00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:47,160 CERTAINLY FOR THE NICHD FOR 1200 00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:48,560 THEIR SUPPORT OVER TIME. 1201 00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:50,720 MY TALK IS ON ULTRASOUND 1202 00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:52,440 INNOVATION AND PLACENTAL 1203 00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:53,840 EVALUATION. 1204 00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:56,040 AS DISCLOSURES, I'M RECIPIENT OF 1205 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:58,240 THE NICHD GRANT FOR THE STUDY OF 1206 00:42:58,240 --> 00:43:00,320 THE HUMAN PLACENTA USING 1207 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:01,000 ULTRASOUND. 1208 00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:02,600 I'M ALSO ON THE ADVISORY BOARD 1209 00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:08,280 OF SONOSIM, TRICE IMAGING AND 1210 00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:08,720 MORE. 1211 00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:10,560 THERE'S A LOT OF EVIDENCE 1212 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:12,280 ACCUMULATING TO SUGGEST THAT 1213 00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:14,800 ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL 1214 00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:15,960 MICROVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT EARLY 1215 00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:21,240 ON IN PREGNANCY LEADS TO -- AT 1216 00:43:21,240 --> 00:43:23,200 LEAST IN PART TO SOME PREGNANCY 1217 00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:24,640 COMPLICATIONS THAT HAPPENS LATER 1218 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:27,360 ON, SUCH AS PREECLAMPSIA, FETAL 1219 00:43:27,360 --> 00:43:28,800 GROWTH RESTRICTION, PRETERM 1220 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:31,200 LABOR, STILLBIRTH AND NEONATAL 1221 00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:32,720 MORBIDITY. 1222 00:43:32,720 --> 00:43:36,720 AND THIS LACK OF ADAPTATION IS 1223 00:43:36,720 --> 00:43:39,400 RESULTANT FROM THE LOSS OF THE 1224 00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:43,600 INNOVATION OF THE 1225 00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:45,880 CYTOTROPHOBLASTS STARTING FROM 1226 00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:48,840 THE FIRST TRIMESTER INTO THE 1227 00:43:48,840 --> 00:43:50,160 SECOND TRIMESTER THAT MAKES THE 1228 00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,440 SPIRAL ARTERY VESSELS MAXIMALLY 1229 00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:54,560 DILATED TO REDUCE IMPEDANCE OF 1230 00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:56,240 FLOW AND, AS IMPORTANT, REDUCING 1231 00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:57,960 THE PEAK VELOCITY OF FLOW TO 1232 00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:00,200 PROTECT THE MICRO ARCHITECTURE 1233 00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:02,720 OF THE DEVELOPING PLACENTA EARLY 1234 00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:04,040 ON. 1235 00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:07,040 WE ALSO KNOW THAT IN COMPLICATED 1236 00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:10,360 PREGNANCIES, LOOKING AT THE 1237 00:44:10,360 --> 00:44:11,520 SPECIMEN, TYPICALLY YOU SEE 1238 00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:13,120 INCREASE IN PLACENTAL 1239 00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:15,520 INFARCTION, VILLUS DENSITY 1240 00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:16,560 ARRANGEMENTS, AND CALCIUM 1241 00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:20,280 CONTENT AND FIBROSIS THAT LEADS 1242 00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:22,200 TO THE ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL 1243 00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:23,160 TISSUE STRUCTURE ITSELF. 1244 00:44:23,160 --> 00:44:24,760 AND WE KNOW THAT ALTERATIONS IN 1245 00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:27,440 PLACENTAL TISSUE STRUCTURE CAN 1246 00:44:27,440 --> 00:44:29,840 POTENTIALLY LEAD TO CHANGES IN 1247 00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:31,880 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF PLACENTAL 1248 00:44:31,880 --> 00:44:37,080 TISSUE THAT COULD BE -- 1249 00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:39,280 ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES. 1250 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:40,640 SO -- AND ALSO THERE'S 1251 00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:41,920 ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE THAT SHOWS 1252 00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:43,920 THAT PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION THAT 1253 00:44:43,920 --> 00:44:46,080 LEADS TO THESE LONG-TERM 1254 00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:47,160 COMPLICATIONS, AT LEAST IN PART 1255 00:44:47,160 --> 00:44:50,120 HAVE ITS ORIGIN IN EARLY 1256 00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:51,400 GESTATION. 1257 00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:53,560 NOW, ULTRASOUND, AT LEAST WE 1258 00:44:53,560 --> 00:44:55,560 BELIEVE, IS ONE OF THE MOST 1259 00:44:55,560 --> 00:44:57,720 OPTIMAL IMAGING MODALITIES FOR 1260 00:44:57,720 --> 00:44:58,960 PLACENTAL EVALUATION, ESPECIALLY 1261 00:44:58,960 --> 00:45:00,800 IN EARLY GESTATION, AND IT IS 1262 00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:02,640 WELL ADAPTED TO BE USED FOR THAT 1263 00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:03,640 CAUSE. 1264 00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:06,920 IT IS NONINVASIVE, IT'S DONE IN 1265 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:08,160 REALTIME AND WE HAVE THE ABILITY 1266 00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:10,080 TO QUANTITATE THE FLOW. 1267 00:45:10,080 --> 00:45:12,320 IT'S WIDELY AVAILABLE AND 1268 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:13,520 PORTABLE TO THE PATIENT, 1269 00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:17,320 RELATIVELY LOW COST, RELATIVELY 1270 00:45:17,320 --> 00:45:19,720 SAFE WITH NO IONIZING RADIATION, 1271 00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:21,800 AND YOU CAN START EYE PLIED FROM 1272 00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:23,480 EARLY PREG SOOND' IT'S ALREADY 1273 00:45:23,480 --> 00:45:24,960 INCORPORATED IN CLINICAL CARE. 1274 00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:26,640 NOW ULTRASOUND IS CONTINUOUSLY 1275 00:45:26,640 --> 00:45:28,720 EVOLVING OVER TIME, AND THERE 1276 00:45:28,720 --> 00:45:30,960 ARE NOVEL TOOLS THAT ARE 1277 00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:32,920 AVAILABLE TODAY ON A LOT OF 1278 00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:34,000 HIGH-END ULTRASOUND SYSTEMS THAT 1279 00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,120 COULD BE ADAPTED TO PLACENTAL 1280 00:45:36,120 --> 00:45:37,520 EVALUATION EARLY IN PREGNANCY. 1281 00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:39,400 NOW, JUST LOOKING AT WHERE IS 1282 00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,040 ULTRASOUND TODAY, YOU CAN SEE 1283 00:45:41,040 --> 00:45:42,880 THAT IT HAS CHANGED 1284 00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:43,680 SUBSTANTIALLY, EVEN OVER THE 1285 00:45:43,680 --> 00:45:45,200 PAST 10 TO 15 YEARS. 1286 00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:47,400 WE CAN SEE AT 26 WEEKS LOOKING 1287 00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:50,120 AT BRAIN ANATOMY IN GREAT 1288 00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:57,960 DETAILS, LOOKING AT THE MICRO 1289 00:45:57,960 --> 00:45:59,400 VASCULATURE, AT 18 WEEKS LOOKING 1290 00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:00,680 AT THE VENOUS SYSTEM COMING TO 1291 00:46:00,680 --> 00:46:02,880 THE LEFT ATRIUM FROM THE 1292 00:46:02,880 --> 00:46:04,600 PULMONARY VENOUS SYSTEM, AND YOU 1293 00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:06,960 CAN SEE AT 23 WEEKS HERE A 1294 00:46:06,960 --> 00:46:08,880 DILATED KIDNEY SHOWING THE RENAL 1295 00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:11,520 PELVIS AND DILATED URETER. 1296 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:13,080 VASCULATURE IN THE FETAL BRAIN 1297 00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:14,640 AT 20 WEEKS AND 13 WEEKS. 1298 00:46:14,640 --> 00:46:16,400 AND ALSO WE HAD THE ABILITY TO 1299 00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:17,120 ACQUIRE VOLUME. 1300 00:46:17,120 --> 00:46:20,480 THIS IS AT 13 WEEKS PLACENTA AND 1301 00:46:20,480 --> 00:46:21,920 3D ACQUIRED FROM ONE OF OUR 1302 00:46:21,920 --> 00:46:22,760 STUDY SUBJECTS OF PREGNANCY. 1303 00:46:22,760 --> 00:46:25,280 SO THE NOVEL ULTRASOUND TOOLS 1304 00:46:25,280 --> 00:46:27,960 NOW ALLOW US TO LOOK AT THE 1305 00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:29,160 PLACENTAL MICRO VASCULATURE 1306 00:46:29,160 --> 00:46:31,320 LOOKING AT THE MATERNAL SIDE OF 1307 00:46:31,320 --> 00:46:37,960 THE PLA 16 TA PLACENTA AND WE CN 1308 00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:40,280 QUANTITATE THE FLOW USING SEC 1309 00:46:40,280 --> 00:46:41,160 PRAL DOPPLER TECHNIQUES. 1310 00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:43,120 WE CAN ALSO ASSESS THE TISSUE 1311 00:46:43,120 --> 00:46:49,360 DENSITY BY USING SHEER WAVE, 1312 00:46:49,360 --> 00:46:52,000 THAT PULSE AS IT TRAVERSES THE 1313 00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:53,320 TISSUE CAN INCREASE IN SPEED 1314 00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:54,320 BASED ON THE DENSITY OF THE 1315 00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:54,680 TISSUE. 1316 00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:57,800 AND USING THE VELOCITY OF THE 1317 00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:00,720 SPEED OF THE PULSE, YOU CAN 1318 00:47:00,720 --> 00:47:06,480 ACTUALLY DETERMINE THE SHEER 1319 00:47:06,480 --> 00:47:10,520 WEIGHT OR DENSITY OF PLACENTAL 1320 00:47:10,520 --> 00:47:12,080 TISSUE, MATERNAL LIVER AND ADULT 1321 00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:13,840 LIVER IN CASES OF FIBROSIS. 1322 00:47:13,840 --> 00:47:16,800 HERE YOU SEE ON THE LEFT SIDE 1323 00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:18,680 ANTERIOR PLACENTA AT 13 WEEKS 1324 00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:22,080 AND ON THE RIGHT SIDE THE POST 1325 00:47:22,080 --> 00:47:23,480 TORE PLACENTA ALSO. 1326 00:47:23,480 --> 00:47:25,360 WE CAN ALSO USE SOPHISTICATED 1327 00:47:25,360 --> 00:47:27,720 TECHNIQUES TO ALLOW US TO 1328 00:47:27,720 --> 00:47:28,920 IDENTIFY MICRO CALCIFICATIONS IN 1329 00:47:28,920 --> 00:47:30,160 THE PLACENTA STARTING EARLY ON 1330 00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,760 IN GESTATION. 1331 00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:35,760 THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS ALSO ADAPTED 1332 00:47:35,760 --> 00:47:38,520 FROM LOOKING AT THE BREAST 1333 00:47:38,520 --> 00:47:40,040 CANCER SMALL TUMORS AND 1334 00:47:40,040 --> 00:47:42,120 ASSESSING THE MICRO VASCULATURE 1335 00:47:42,120 --> 00:47:47,800 IN THEM WITH REGARDS TO THE 1336 00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:49,040 PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CANCER. 1337 00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:51,360 THERE ARE MORE MODERN AND NOVEL 1338 00:47:51,360 --> 00:47:53,280 TECHNIQUES ALSO AVAILABLE TO US 1339 00:47:53,280 --> 00:47:53,960 HERE. 1340 00:47:53,960 --> 00:47:56,200 THIS IS DENSITY ANALYSIS OF THE 1341 00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:58,120 ULTRASOUND BEAM THAT ALLOWS YOU 1342 00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:01,640 TO ASSESS THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE 1343 00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:03,120 SPECKLE PATTERN OF THE PLACENTA. 1344 00:48:03,120 --> 00:48:07,360 THIS IS A HOMOGENEOUS PLACENTA 1345 00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:09,360 AT 37 WEEKS, AND YOU CAN 1346 00:48:09,360 --> 00:48:10,880 QUANTITATE THIS BY DESIGNATING 1347 00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:14,160 THE AREA OF INTEREST AND GETTING 1348 00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:17,400 NUMERICAL VALUES THAT YOU CAN 1349 00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:18,800 COMPARE HOMOGENEITY FROM ONE 1350 00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:19,840 PLACENTA TO THE OTHER. 1351 00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:21,560 ALSO WE CAN ASSESS THE LOSS OF 1352 00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:22,560 ENERGY OF THE ULTRASOUND BEAM 1353 00:48:22,560 --> 00:48:24,720 THAT COMES THROUGH WITH SOME 1354 00:48:24,720 --> 00:48:29,480 MODERN SOPHISTICATED SEC NEEK TE 1355 00:48:29,480 --> 00:48:30,880 CALLED ATTENUATION IMAGING. 1356 00:48:30,880 --> 00:48:34,560 IT LOSES DUE TO ABSORPTION OF 1357 00:48:34,560 --> 00:48:36,000 THE HEAT OR SCATTERING OF THE 1358 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:37,680 WAVE ITSELF AND YOU CAN 1359 00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:38,720 NORMALIZE THESE VALUES THAT 1360 00:48:38,720 --> 00:48:44,520 GIVES YOU SOME -- I CAN SEE THIS 1361 00:48:44,520 --> 00:48:46,240 AS AN ABNORMAL PLACENTA AND YOU 1362 00:48:46,240 --> 00:48:47,400 CAN SEE THE VARIATIONS IN THE 1363 00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:48,480 COLOR AND THE QUANTIFICATION OF 1364 00:48:48,480 --> 00:48:49,200 THAT. 1365 00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:50,640 NOW WE HAVE USED THESE 1366 00:48:50,640 --> 00:48:52,120 ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES TO STUDY 1367 00:48:52,120 --> 00:48:57,040 THE PLACENTA STARTING IN 2015 1368 00:48:57,040 --> 00:48:59,320 ONWARD, AND THIS STUDY WAS A 1369 00:48:59,320 --> 00:49:01,560 COLLABORATION BETWEEN EDMS AND 1370 00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:05,080 UTMD WITH MY CO-PI, DR. GEORGE 1371 00:49:05,080 --> 00:49:05,640 SAADE. 1372 00:49:05,640 --> 00:49:09,360 SO WHAT WE'VE DONE IS, THIS WAS 1373 00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:17,280 ALSO DONE ON THE CANON MEDICAL 1374 00:49:17,280 --> 00:49:18,040 COLLABORATION. 1375 00:49:18,040 --> 00:49:19,560 THIS WAS A PROSPECTIVE 1376 00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:21,840 LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY WHERE 1377 00:49:21,840 --> 00:49:25,280 WE RECRUITED 610 PREGNANCIES 1378 00:49:25,280 --> 00:49:26,800 OVER FIVE YEARS. 1379 00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:29,160 WE DID LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION 1380 00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:30,680 FROM 13 WEEKS TO TERM, WE DID A 1381 00:49:30,680 --> 00:49:32,880 TOTAL OF EIGHT ULTRASOUND 1382 00:49:32,880 --> 00:49:34,000 EXAMINATIONS PER PREGNANCY. 1383 00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:35,720 OUR PRIMARY OUT COME WAS ANY 1384 00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:37,680 PRETERM DELIVERY AT LESS THAN 37 1385 00:49:37,680 --> 00:49:38,960 WEEKS AND THE GOAL WAS TO 1386 00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:40,920 DEVELOP A MULTIVARIATE MODEL TO 1387 00:49:40,920 --> 00:49:43,920 PREDICT A PRETERM DELIVERY LESS 1388 00:49:43,920 --> 00:49:46,840 THAN 37 WEEKS LOOKING AT THE 1389 00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:49,760 ULTRASOUNDS IN EARLY GESTATION. 1390 00:49:49,760 --> 00:49:52,400 THIS SLIDE SHOWS EVERY TWO WEEKS 1391 00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,440 FROM 12 TO 13 WEEKS, THEN EVERY 1392 00:49:55,440 --> 00:49:56,480 FOUR WEEKS UNTIL DELIVERY. 1393 00:49:56,480 --> 00:50:02,720 WE LOOKED AT FETAL BIOMETRY, WE 1394 00:50:02,720 --> 00:50:05,200 LOOKED AT 3D VOLUMES OF FETAL 1395 00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:06,240 ORGANS AND THE PLACENTA. 1396 00:50:06,240 --> 00:50:08,480 WE LOOKED AT THE SPIRAL 1397 00:50:08,480 --> 00:50:12,680 ARTERIES, THE INTERVILLOUS 1398 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:14,920 ARTERIOLES, UTERINE ARTERY, 1399 00:50:14,920 --> 00:50:15,800 FETAL CARDIAC FUNCTION. 1400 00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:17,560 WE ALSO ASSESSED PLACENTAL 1401 00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:19,880 TISSUE DENSITY BY LOOKING AT 1402 00:50:19,880 --> 00:50:22,560 SHEAR-WAVE, PRESENCE OF MICRO 1403 00:50:22,560 --> 00:50:24,520 VASCULATURE, PLACENTAL INTENSITY 1404 00:50:24,520 --> 00:50:27,560 ANALYSIS AND ATTENUATION 1405 00:50:27,560 --> 00:50:28,600 IMAGING, MATERNAL BLOOD FOR 1406 00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:29,440 STORAGE AND ALSO COLLABORATED 1407 00:50:29,440 --> 00:50:30,680 WITH THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION 1408 00:50:30,680 --> 00:50:33,640 OF THE NIH TO REALLY ASSESS THE 1409 00:50:33,640 --> 00:50:44,280 PRESENCE O -- OTHERS ARE BEING 1410 00:50:50,080 --> 00:50:50,920 STUDIES AS WE'RE SPEAKING. 1411 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:53,240 SO WHAT WE'VE DONE WITH SPIRAL 1412 00:50:53,240 --> 00:50:58,840 ARTERIES USING SMI, SUPERB MICRO 1413 00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:01,200 MICROVASCULAR IMAGING, WE 1414 00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,880 IDENTIFIED PLACENTAL SPIRAL 1415 00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:07,000 ARTERIES, AND WE AVERAGED SIX 1416 00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:08,880 SPIRAL ARTERIES PER ULTRASOUND 1417 00:51:08,880 --> 00:51:11,560 TO ASSESS FOR THE PEAK SYSTOLIC 1418 00:51:11,560 --> 00:51:12,720 VELOCITY AND THE P.I. 1419 00:51:12,720 --> 00:51:16,040 ON THE FETAL SIDE, WE USED AGAIN 1420 00:51:16,040 --> 00:51:18,440 SUPERB MICROVASCULAR IMAGING TO 1421 00:51:18,440 --> 00:51:20,320 IDENTIFY THE FETAL PLACENTAL 1422 00:51:20,320 --> 00:51:26,120 ARTERIOLES, WE MEASURED THEIR 1423 00:51:26,120 --> 00:51:28,960 NUMBER, THE AND WE AVERAGE WOULD 1424 00:51:28,960 --> 00:51:32,640 FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PEAK 1425 00:51:32,640 --> 00:51:36,160 VELOCITY. 1426 00:51:36,160 --> 00:51:41,000 WE ALSO MEASURE THE UTERINE 1427 00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,440 ARTERY USING COLOR DOPPLER TO 1428 00:51:43,440 --> 00:51:47,720 IDENTIFY THEM, AND WE AVERAGED 1429 00:51:47,720 --> 00:51:50,080 THE RIGHT AND LEFT URINE ARTERY 1430 00:51:50,080 --> 00:51:52,000 FOR THE MEASUREMENT FOR THE 1431 00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:53,520 PREGNANCY, AND WE NOTED THE 1432 00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:55,600 PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A NOTCH 1433 00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:58,440 ALSO. 1434 00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:08,920 SO SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY, 1435 00:52:09,240 --> 00:52:12,520 STANDARDIZED AND HAS GOOD 1436 00:52:12,520 --> 00:52:13,240 VARIABILITY. 1437 00:52:13,240 --> 00:52:15,280 WE MEASURED IT FROM THE CIRCULAR 1438 00:52:15,280 --> 00:52:16,680 SHAPED REGION OF INTEREST AS YOU 1439 00:52:16,680 --> 00:52:17,600 SEE ON THE SLIDE. 1440 00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:21,640 WE OBTAINED THAT BETWEEN 1441 00:52:21,640 --> 00:52:23,520 MATERNAL RESPIRATORY EFFORTS AND 1442 00:52:23,520 --> 00:52:26,320 THE ABSENCE OF FETAL MOVEMENTS 1443 00:52:26,320 --> 00:52:30,320 AND WITHOUT ANY COMPRESSION FROM 1444 00:52:30,320 --> 00:52:30,960 THE TRANSDUCER. 1445 00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:32,280 THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF 1446 00:52:32,280 --> 00:52:34,040 CALCIUM IN THE PLACENTA WAS ALSO 1447 00:52:34,040 --> 00:52:40,160 DETERMINED, AND THAT WAS NOTED, 1448 00:52:40,160 --> 00:52:41,280 THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE AND ALSO 1449 00:52:41,280 --> 00:52:42,920 THE QUANTITY OF THAT. 1450 00:52:42,920 --> 00:52:44,120 NOW LET ME SHARE WITH YOU SOME 1451 00:52:44,120 --> 00:52:45,840 OF THE RESULTS IN THE REMAINING 1452 00:52:45,840 --> 00:52:46,280 TIME. 1453 00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:50,840 OF THE 610 PREGNANCIES, 511 OR 1454 00:52:50,840 --> 00:52:55,240 84% DELIVERED AT OR AFTER 34 1455 00:52:55,240 --> 00:52:56,600 WEEKS AND CONSTITUTED OUR 1456 00:52:56,600 --> 00:53:01,520 CONTROL POPULATION, AND 1457 00:53:01,520 --> 00:53:04,520 99 PREGNANCIES DELIVERED AT LESS 1458 00:53:04,520 --> 00:53:05,760 THAN 37 WEEKS AND THERE ARE THE 1459 00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:06,200 CASES. 1460 00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:10,480 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE SPIRAL 1461 00:53:10,480 --> 00:53:13,440 ARTERY PULSATILITY INDEX, THESE 1462 00:53:13,440 --> 00:53:16,200 ARE THE NORMAL PREGNANCIES, THE 1463 00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:17,680 CONTROLS THAT ARE DESIGNATED IN 1464 00:53:17,680 --> 00:53:19,280 THE GREY CIRCLES, AND YOU CAN 1465 00:53:19,280 --> 00:53:24,040 SEE THAT STARTING EARLY IN 1466 00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:28,160 GESTATION, THE PULSATILITY INDEX 1467 00:53:28,160 --> 00:53:29,640 DECREASES INDICATING THAT 1468 00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:31,080 PLACENTAL ADAPTATION IS ONGOING 1469 00:53:31,080 --> 00:53:32,760 INTO THE SECOND TRIMESTER. 1470 00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:37,200 AND THE DECREASE IN P.I. IMPLIES 1471 00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:38,640 IMPEDANCE OF THE PLACENTA IS 1472 00:53:38,640 --> 00:53:40,400 DECREASING ALSO, CONFIRMING THE 1473 00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:41,960 ADAPTATION OF THESE VESSELS FROM 1474 00:53:41,960 --> 00:53:42,960 EARLY PREGNANCY ONWARD. 1475 00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:45,040 AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE CHANGES 1476 00:53:45,040 --> 00:53:47,120 HERE IN THE PLACENTA, APOLOGIZE 1477 00:53:47,120 --> 00:53:49,400 FOR THIS SLIDE, IT'S NOT SHOWING 1478 00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:51,240 THE SCHEMATIC DRAWING, BUT YOU 1479 00:53:51,240 --> 00:53:53,920 CAN SEE THE CHANGE IN THE P.I., 1480 00:53:53,920 --> 00:53:56,240 IN THE WAVEFORM ITSELF FROM THE 1481 00:53:56,240 --> 00:53:58,160 FIRST TRIMESTER ON THE LEFT SIDE 1482 00:53:58,160 --> 00:54:00,000 OF YOUR SCREEN INTO THE THIRD 1483 00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:01,120 TRIMESTER ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF 1484 00:54:01,120 --> 00:54:04,560 YOUR SCREEN. 1485 00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:05,640 THEN THE SLIDES I'LL BE SHOWING 1486 00:54:05,640 --> 00:54:06,840 YOU MOVING FORWARD, THE CONTROLS 1487 00:54:06,840 --> 00:54:08,440 ARE IN GREY AND THE CASES ARE IN 1488 00:54:08,440 --> 00:54:08,720 RED. 1489 00:54:08,720 --> 00:54:11,800 YOU SEE FOR THE NUMBER OF SPIRAL 1490 00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:14,160 ARTERIES, THROUGHOUT GESTATION, 1491 00:54:14,160 --> 00:54:16,040 WE SAW MORE IN THE CONTROLS 1492 00:54:16,040 --> 00:54:17,360 NUMERICALLY AND REACHED 1493 00:54:17,360 --> 00:54:19,360 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN THE 1494 00:54:19,360 --> 00:54:21,520 SECOND, FOURTH, FIFTH AND SIXTH 1495 00:54:21,520 --> 00:54:22,200 ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION AS YOU 1496 00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:22,480 SEE HERE. 1497 00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:25,360 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE PEAK 1498 00:54:25,360 --> 00:54:26,360 SYSTOLIC VELOCITY BETWEEN CASES 1499 00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:29,480 AND CONTROLS, THE PEAK SYSTOLIC 1500 00:54:29,480 --> 00:54:31,280 VELOCITY WAS A BIT HIGHER IN THE 1501 00:54:31,280 --> 00:54:33,720 CONTROLS IN THE SECOND AND THIRD 1502 00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:35,360 ULTRASOUND BUT DID NOT REACH 1503 00:54:35,360 --> 00:54:36,200 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE BEYOND 1504 00:54:36,200 --> 00:54:36,480 THAT. 1505 00:54:36,480 --> 00:54:38,240 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 1506 00:54:38,240 --> 00:54:39,560 PULSATILITY INDEX OF THE SPIRAL 1507 00:54:39,560 --> 00:54:40,440 ARTERIES, THERE WAS NO -- 1508 00:54:40,440 --> 00:54:44,960 ALTHOUGH THE CASES HAD HIGHER 1509 00:54:44,960 --> 00:54:46,760 NUMERICALLY PULSATILITY INDEX 1510 00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:48,480 IMPLYING A SLIGHTLY HIGHER 1511 00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:49,760 IMPEDANCE IN THE PLACENTA, THIS 1512 00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:51,440 DID NOT REACH ANY STATISTICAL 1513 00:54:51,440 --> 00:54:51,800 SIGNIFICANCE. 1514 00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:53,360 NOW WHEN WE LOOK ON THE FETAL 1515 00:54:53,360 --> 00:54:55,080 SIDE OF THE PLACENTA, AGAIN 1516 00:54:55,080 --> 00:54:57,320 YOU'LL SEE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES 1517 00:54:57,320 --> 00:55:00,600 IN THE SPECTRAL DOPPLER OF THESE 1518 00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:02,040 INDICES AS YOU MOVE IN 1519 00:55:02,040 --> 00:55:02,640 PREGNANCY. 1520 00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:07,200 THAT IS RELATED TO LOWER 1521 00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:09,040 IMPEDANCE IN THE PLACENTA ON THE 1522 00:55:09,040 --> 00:55:10,080 FETAL SIDE PROBABLY ALSO 1523 00:55:10,080 --> 00:55:11,560 ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASING 1524 00:55:11,560 --> 00:55:12,600 CARDIAC OUTPUT IN THE FETUS. 1525 00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:15,520 AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE FETAL 1526 00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:17,360 PLACENTAL ARTERY, AGAIN WE SAW 1527 00:55:17,360 --> 00:55:18,120 NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES 1528 00:55:18,120 --> 00:55:19,400 BETWEEN THE CASES AND THE 1529 00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:21,600 CONTROLS WITH REGARDS TO THE 1530 00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:22,160 P.I.. 1531 00:55:22,160 --> 00:55:23,400 WITH REGARDS TO THE NUMBERS, 1532 00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:24,480 AGAIN REALLY NO SIGNIFICANT 1533 00:55:24,480 --> 00:55:25,960 DIFFERENCE THROUGHOUT GESTATION. 1534 00:55:25,960 --> 00:55:33,760 AND THE PEAK CYST S SYSTOLIC WAT 1535 00:55:33,760 --> 00:55:34,640 STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT IN THE 1536 00:55:34,640 --> 00:55:35,160 COHORT. 1537 00:55:35,160 --> 00:55:37,560 WHETHER WE LOOK AT SHEAR WAVE EE 1538 00:55:37,560 --> 00:55:39,600 LASING TOGRAPHY, THERE WAS NO 1539 00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:40,880 CHANGE DURING PREGNANCY AND WE 1540 00:55:40,880 --> 00:55:41,880 SHOWED NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1541 00:55:41,880 --> 00:55:43,240 CASES AND CONTROLS IN OUR 1542 00:55:43,240 --> 00:55:44,480 COHORT. 1543 00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:46,720 NOW, WHEN WE LOOK AT THE UTERINE 1544 00:55:46,720 --> 00:55:48,480 ARTERY, YOU CAN SEE EARLY ON IN 1545 00:55:48,480 --> 00:55:49,600 PREGNANCY, CASES HAD HIGHER 1546 00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:53,680 URINE ARTERIES THAN CONTROL, BUT 1547 00:55:53,680 --> 00:55:55,760 THEN THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY WITH 1548 00:55:55,760 --> 00:55:57,200 EXCEPTION OF 24, 25 WEEKS THERE 1549 00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:58,880 WAS REALLY NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1550 00:55:58,880 --> 00:55:59,360 THE TWO. 1551 00:55:59,360 --> 00:56:00,720 AS WE START LOOKING AT RATIOS 1552 00:56:00,720 --> 00:56:02,400 TRYING TO IDENTIFY, COULD WE 1553 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:07,560 IDENTIFY A PLACENTAL INDEX, OVER 1554 00:56:07,560 --> 00:56:09,920 THE SPIRAL ARTERIES NUMBER WAS 1555 00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:10,600 SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT 1556 00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:11,920 THROUGHOUT MOST OF GESTATION 1557 00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:15,160 BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS, AND 1558 00:56:15,160 --> 00:56:17,920 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE UTERINE 1559 00:56:17,920 --> 00:56:21,480 ARTERY PI OVER THE NUMBER OF 1560 00:56:21,480 --> 00:56:23,320 ARTERIOLES YOU COULD ALSO SEE 1561 00:56:23,320 --> 00:56:24,520 SOME SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES 1562 00:56:24,520 --> 00:56:25,840 BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. 1563 00:56:25,840 --> 00:56:27,320 LOOKING AT THAT PRESENCE OF 1564 00:56:27,320 --> 00:56:29,960 MICRO CALCIFICATIONS IN THE 1565 00:56:29,960 --> 00:56:31,360 PLACENTA, THIS WAS HIGHLY 1566 00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:32,240 SIGNIFICANT IN THE FIRST 1567 00:56:32,240 --> 00:56:35,880 TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND WITH ABOUT 1568 00:56:35,880 --> 00:56:37,000 A THREE FOLD INCREASE IN THE 1569 00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:38,560 PRESENCE OF MICROCALCIFICATIONS 1570 00:56:38,560 --> 00:56:40,000 IN PREGNANCIES IN THE FIRST 1571 00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,440 TRIMESTER, AND THAT ALSO WAS 1572 00:56:43,440 --> 00:56:45,720 PRESENT AT THE ULTRASOUND AT 16 1573 00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:47,280 TO 17 WEEKS AND 28 AND 29 WEEKS. 1574 00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:51,920 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 1575 00:56:51,920 --> 00:56:52,520 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS USING 1576 00:56:52,520 --> 00:56:53,920 THESE VARIABLES AND THE 1577 00:56:53,920 --> 00:56:54,920 REGRESSION MODEL TO DETERMINE 1578 00:56:54,920 --> 00:56:56,320 SIGNIFICANCE IN OUR MODEL, WE 1579 00:56:56,320 --> 00:57:00,440 SHOW THAT MATERNAL AGE, THE 1580 00:57:00,440 --> 00:57:03,160 RATIO OF THE UTERINE ARTERY PI 1581 00:57:03,160 --> 00:57:05,040 OVER PLA SEE TALL 15 TALL 1582 00:57:05,040 --> 00:57:07,720 ARTERIOLES AND THE PRESENCE OF 1583 00:57:07,720 --> 00:57:08,480 MICROCALCIFICATIONS REMAIN 1584 00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:09,120 SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 1585 00:57:09,120 --> 00:57:12,520 CASES AND CONTROLS. 1586 00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:13,720 SO HOPEFULLY WHAT I HAVE SHOWN 1587 00:57:13,720 --> 00:57:17,280 YOU IN MY PRESENTATION, THAT WE 1588 00:57:17,280 --> 00:57:20,360 CONFIRMED OUR ABILITY TO 1589 00:57:20,360 --> 00:57:22,040 INVESTIGATE PLACENTAL MICRO 1590 00:57:22,040 --> 00:57:23,400 VASCULATURE AND TISSUE 1591 00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:24,040 CHARACTERISTICS IN VIVO STARTING 1592 00:57:24,040 --> 00:57:25,760 IN EARLY GESTATION. 1593 00:57:25,760 --> 00:57:28,520 WE DEMONSTRATED THAT PLACENTAL 1594 00:57:28,520 --> 00:57:29,720 ADAPTATION STARTS IN THE FIRST 1595 00:57:29,720 --> 00:57:31,160 TRIMESTER AND EXTENDS INTO THE 1596 00:57:31,160 --> 00:57:34,120 MID SECOND TRIMESTER. 1597 00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:36,080 WE ALSO SHOWED PLACENTAL CHANGES 1598 00:57:36,080 --> 00:57:38,160 THAT PREDISPOSES TO ADVERSE 1599 00:57:38,160 --> 00:57:39,400 PREGNANCY OUTCOME ARE EVIDENT IN 1600 00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:40,920 THE FIRST TRIMESTER, AND WE'RE 1601 00:57:40,920 --> 00:57:45,880 HOPING THAT THIS EARLY PREGNANCY 1602 00:57:45,880 --> 00:57:48,320 RISK USING THESE ULTRASOUND 1603 00:57:48,320 --> 00:57:49,960 TOOLS MAY ALLOW BETTER TARGETING 1604 00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:51,400 OF PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES OR 1605 00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:52,640 APPROACHES INTO THE FUTURE. 1606 00:57:52,640 --> 00:57:54,800 I WOULD LIKE TO TAKE A MOMENT TO 1607 00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:58,320 THANK BOTH THE EVMS AND THE UTMB 1608 00:57:58,320 --> 00:57:59,680 RESEARCH TEAMS FOR WORKING 1609 00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:05,280 REALLY HARD TO STUDY THIS LARGE 1610 00:58:05,280 --> 00:58:05,920 PROSPECTIVE COHORT. 1611 00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:08,200 I WOULD LIKE ALSO TO THANK 1612 00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:10,000 DR. WEINBERG FOR HIS VISION AND 1613 00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,800 LEADING THE HUMAN PLACENTA 1614 00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:14,840 PROJECT, DR. KELLEY FERGUSON 1615 00:58:14,840 --> 00:58:21,760 FRFORHER RESEARCH TEAM FULLY 1616 00:58:21,760 --> 00:58:23,640 ENIMAIJED LOOKING AT FETAL ORGAN 1617 00:58:23,640 --> 00:58:24,960 VOLUMES AND MEASUREMENTS IN 1618 00:58:24,960 --> 00:58:28,600 CORRELATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL 1619 00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:34,080 EXPOSURE, AND TODD FROM CANON 1620 00:58:34,080 --> 00:58:35,640 AND GW FOR THEIR SUPPORT IN THE 1621 00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:35,920 STUDY. 1622 00:58:35,920 --> 00:58:37,120 LAST I WOULD LIKE TO ALSO THANK 1623 00:58:37,120 --> 00:58:38,720 OUR PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS WHO 1624 00:58:38,720 --> 00:58:40,480 HAVE REALLY GIVEN THEIR TIME AND 1625 00:58:40,480 --> 00:58:42,360 EFFORT TOWARDS US UNDERSTANDING 1626 00:58:42,360 --> 00:58:44,160 CHANGES IN THE PLACENTA STARTING 1627 00:58:44,160 --> 00:58:45,680 FROM EARLY GESTATION. 1628 00:58:45,680 --> 00:58:52,240 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 1629 00:58:52,240 --> 00:58:52,640 ATTENTION. 1630 00:58:52,640 --> 00:58:55,600 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1631 00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:57,200 NEXT WE'LL HAVE THE PLEASURE OF 1632 00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:00,040 HEARING FROM DR. RACHEL 1633 00:59:00,040 --> 00:59:02,160 HARDEMAN. 1634 00:59:02,160 --> 00:59:04,520 SHE IS TENURED PROFESSOR AT THE 1635 00:59:04,520 --> 00:59:06,080 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SCHOOL 1636 00:59:06,080 --> 00:59:06,520 OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1637 00:59:06,520 --> 00:59:08,080 SHE IS THE BLUE CROSS ENDOWED 1638 00:59:08,080 --> 00:59:10,120 PROFESSOR IN HEALTH AND RACIAL 1639 00:59:10,120 --> 00:59:11,720 EQUITY AND FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF 1640 00:59:11,720 --> 00:59:13,360 THE CENTER FOR ANTI-RACISM 1641 00:59:13,360 --> 00:59:16,560 RESEARCH FOR HEALTH EQUITY. 1642 00:59:16,560 --> 00:59:18,520 SHE IS A REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 1643 00:59:18,520 --> 00:59:21,280 RESEARCHER FOCUSING ON WAYS 1644 00:59:21,280 --> 00:59:22,520 BETWEEN STRUCTURAL RACISM AND 1645 00:59:22,520 --> 00:59:22,800 HEALTH. 1646 00:59:22,800 --> 00:59:24,200 SHE HAS RECEIVED MULTIPLE AWARDS 1647 00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:27,640 FOR HER WORK AND IS ACTIVE WITH 1648 00:59:27,640 --> 00:59:28,920 ORGANIZATIONS THAT SEEK TO 1649 00:59:28,920 --> 00:59:31,200 ACHIEVE HEALTH EQUITY. 1650 00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:32,000 DR. HARDEMAN, THANK YOU FOR 1651 00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:33,800 BEING HERE. 1652 00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:34,320 WELCOME. 1653 00:59:34,320 --> 00:59:36,480 WE LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR TALK. 1654 00:59:36,480 --> 00:59:37,360 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 1655 00:59:37,360 --> 00:59:38,160 HAVING ME. 1656 00:59:38,160 --> 00:59:40,040 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 1657 00:59:40,040 --> 00:59:41,920 I WANT TO START BY THANKING 1658 00:59:41,920 --> 00:59:44,520 DR. BIANCHI FOR THE INVITATION 1659 00:59:44,520 --> 00:59:46,560 AND ALSO THANKING NICHD FOR 1660 00:59:46,560 --> 00:59:48,640 THEIR SUPPORT OF MY RESEARCH 1661 00:59:48,640 --> 00:59:51,280 OVER THE YEARS. 1662 00:59:51,280 --> 00:59:54,280 I HAD A SLIDE DECK PREPARED FOR 1663 00:59:54,280 --> 00:59:56,400 YOU, IT WAS BEAUTIFUL, BUT THE 1664 00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:58,440 FILE BECAME CORRUPTED SO I WON'T 1665 00:59:58,440 --> 00:59:59,640 BE SHARING THAT WITH YOU ALL 1666 00:59:59,640 --> 01:00:01,120 TODAY SO BEAR WITH ME. 1667 01:00:01,120 --> 01:00:04,240 I'M GOING TO GO WITHOUT SLIDES. 1668 01:00:04,240 --> 01:00:06,320 AND JUST -- I WANT TO START BY, 1669 01:00:06,320 --> 01:00:11,480 YOU KNOW, SHARING THAT -- MY 1670 01:00:11,480 --> 01:00:14,080 THOUGHTS TODAY, THE THOUGHTS ARE 1671 01:00:14,080 --> 01:00:16,400 BOBOTH ABOUT MY WORK AND RESEARH 1672 01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:18,520 AND THE FIGHT FOR REPRODUCTIVE 1673 01:00:18,520 --> 01:00:21,200 HEALTH EQUITY BUT ARE ALSO VERY 1674 01:00:21,200 --> 01:00:22,280 ASPIRATIONAL AS WE THINK ABOUT 1675 01:00:22,280 --> 01:00:23,640 WHAT'S NEXT IN THIS SPACE AND 1676 01:00:23,640 --> 01:00:24,560 WHERE WE SHOULD BE HEADED. 1677 01:00:24,560 --> 01:00:26,600 IT'S NOT GOING TO BE SOLELY SORT 1678 01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:28,360 OF A RESEARCH/DATABASE 1679 01:00:28,360 --> 01:00:29,120 PRESENTATION BUT REALLY IT'S 1680 01:00:29,120 --> 01:00:31,080 MEANT TO BE THOUGHT PROVOKING AS 1681 01:00:31,080 --> 01:00:33,120 WE CONSIDER THE PATH FORWARD 1682 01:00:33,120 --> 01:00:35,920 TOWARDS EQUITY. 1683 01:00:35,920 --> 01:00:37,640 SO A FUTURE I WANT TO SEE IS ONE 1684 01:00:37,640 --> 01:00:40,480 THAT STARTS WITH LOVE. 1685 01:00:40,480 --> 01:00:42,200 LOVE IS NOT NECESSARILY A 1686 01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:43,400 SCIENTIFIC TERM, ALTHOUGH MAYBE 1687 01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:45,360 IT SHOULD BE, BUT I THINK IT'S 1688 01:00:45,360 --> 01:00:49,440 CRITICAL TO HOW WE APPROACH THE 1689 01:00:49,440 --> 01:00:50,720 SCIENCE AND WHY I PERSONALLY DO 1690 01:00:50,720 --> 01:00:52,440 THE SCIENCE. 1691 01:00:52,440 --> 01:00:54,600 AND AN ARTICLE I'VE PUBLISHED IN 1692 01:00:54,600 --> 01:00:57,040 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 1693 01:00:57,040 --> 01:01:02,120 MEDICINE WITH TWO OF MY 1694 01:01:02,120 --> 01:01:02,920 INCREDIBLE COLLEAGUES IN THE 1695 01:01:02,920 --> 01:01:04,960 MIDST OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC THAT 1696 01:01:04,960 --> 01:01:07,760 WAS DISPROPORTIONATELY AND 1697 01:01:07,760 --> 01:01:09,400 CONTINUES TO DISPROPORTIONATELY 1698 01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:11,040 IMPACT BLACK AND BROWN EXEUNTS 1699 01:01:11,040 --> 01:01:11,960 COMMUNITIES, ONE OF THE THINGS 1700 01:01:11,960 --> 01:01:13,560 WE STATED VERY CLEARLY AND 1701 01:01:13,560 --> 01:01:14,440 INTENTIONALLY IN THAT ARTICLE 1702 01:01:14,440 --> 01:01:15,920 WAS THAT GEORGE FLOYD WAS LOVED. 1703 01:01:15,920 --> 01:01:17,480 AND THE FACT THAT WE 1704 01:01:17,480 --> 01:01:20,160 CONTINUOUSLY NEED TO REMIND ONE 1705 01:01:20,160 --> 01:01:21,400 ANOTHER THAT GEORGE FLOYD WAS 1706 01:01:21,400 --> 01:01:22,520 LOVED, THAT BLACK PEOPLE ARE 1707 01:01:22,520 --> 01:01:23,520 LOVED, HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH 1708 01:01:23,520 --> 01:01:26,080 THE RACIAL INEQUITIES THAT I 1709 01:01:26,080 --> 01:01:27,400 TACKLE IN MY RESEARCH EVERY 1710 01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:28,320 SINGLE DAY. 1711 01:01:28,320 --> 01:01:30,720 BECAUSE LOVE IS NOT OUR DEFAULT. 1712 01:01:30,720 --> 01:01:33,080 WE'RE CONSTANTLY HAVING TO 1713 01:01:33,080 --> 01:01:34,200 DEMONSTRATE AND PROVE THE 1714 01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:35,960 HUMANITY OF PEOPLE IN OUR 1715 01:01:35,960 --> 01:01:37,080 SOCIETY, IN OUR COMMUNITIES 1716 01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:44,360 EVERY SINGLE DAY. 1717 01:01:44,360 --> 01:01:50,000 SO THESE ARE WORDS THAT I WROTE 1718 01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:54,240 FOR A COMMUNITY EVENT RIGHT HERE 1719 01:01:54,240 --> 01:01:56,320 IN THE TWIN CITIES, IN 1720 01:01:56,320 --> 01:01:57,800 MINNEAPOLIS, AS OUR COMMUNITY 1721 01:01:57,800 --> 01:01:59,000 WAS DEALING AND GRAPPLING WITH 1722 01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:00,680 THE PAINFUL TRAUMA OF GEORGE 1723 01:02:00,680 --> 01:02:02,000 FLOYD'S MURDER AT THE HAND OF 1724 01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:03,440 POLICE. 1725 01:02:03,440 --> 01:02:04,800 SO WHAT I WROTE WAS, BLACK 1726 01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:06,160 PEOPLE ARE LOVED. 1727 01:02:06,160 --> 01:02:07,520 WE REMAIN OUT OF LOVE, WE SHOW 1728 01:02:07,520 --> 01:02:09,200 OVER AND OVER AGAIN THAT LOVE IS 1729 01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:11,400 THE MOST POWERFUL FORCE ON THE 1730 01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:12,120 PLANET. 1731 01:02:12,120 --> 01:02:13,600 WE ARE AN EMBODIMENT OF THE 1732 01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:15,760 POWER OF LOVE TO PERSEVERE AND 1733 01:02:15,760 --> 01:02:18,000 TO FLOURISH, WE'VE USED LOVE TO 1734 01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:20,080 HEAL AND FIND STRENGTH WHEN WE 1735 01:02:20,080 --> 01:02:21,440 THOUGHT THERE WAS NONE. 1736 01:02:21,440 --> 01:02:23,680 IT IS A LOVE FROM AND OF OUR 1737 01:02:23,680 --> 01:02:24,800 ANCESTORS THAT WILL CONTINUE TO 1738 01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:26,360 NURTURE US IN OUR TIME OF NEED, 1739 01:02:26,360 --> 01:02:27,920 AND THIS LOVE OF OURSELVES AND 1740 01:02:27,920 --> 01:02:30,120 OUR COMMUNITY WILL HOLD US AS WE 1741 01:02:30,120 --> 01:02:31,560 STAND STRONG IN THE FACE OF 1742 01:02:31,560 --> 01:02:33,760 TODAY'S CHALLENGES AND 1743 01:02:33,760 --> 01:02:37,360 TOMORROW'S TRIUMPHS. 1744 01:02:37,360 --> 01:02:40,480 SO A GOAL OF MY RESEARCH IS TO 1745 01:02:40,480 --> 01:02:42,000 MANIFEST RACIAL JUSTISE SO THAT 1746 01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,560 BLACK WOMEN AND GIRLS CAN LIVE 1747 01:02:44,560 --> 01:02:45,880 TO THEIR FULL GREATNESS AND 1748 01:02:45,880 --> 01:02:46,560 GLORY. 1749 01:02:46,560 --> 01:02:48,680 RIGHT NOW BASED ON THE 1750 01:02:48,680 --> 01:02:49,960 INEQUITIES WE SEE IN MATERNAL 1751 01:02:49,960 --> 01:02:53,760 AND INFANT HEALTH AND 1752 01:02:53,760 --> 01:02:54,880 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, WE KNOW 1753 01:02:54,880 --> 01:02:56,240 THAT'S NOT HAPPENING. 1754 01:02:56,240 --> 01:02:58,200 I ARGUE THAT TO GET THERE, WE 1755 01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:00,240 HAVE TO BE WILLING TO FIRST AND 1756 01:03:00,240 --> 01:03:01,040 FOREMOST LOVE BLACK PEOPLE, WE 1757 01:03:01,040 --> 01:03:03,480 HAVE TO BE WILLING AND ABLE TO 1758 01:03:03,480 --> 01:03:05,160 PROTECT WOMEN AND GIRLS, AND 1759 01:03:05,160 --> 01:03:06,840 PRIORITIZE OUR SAFETY AND 1760 01:03:06,840 --> 01:03:09,520 BELIEVE IN OUR HUMANITY. 1761 01:03:09,520 --> 01:03:11,120 WE HAVE A LOT OF EXAMPLES RIGHT 1762 01:03:11,120 --> 01:03:14,120 NOW, BOTH HISTORICALLY AS WELL 1763 01:03:14,120 --> 01:03:17,920 AS RIGHT NOW THIS VERY MOMENT 1764 01:03:17,920 --> 01:03:23,040 THAT RUN COUNCIL 1 COUNTER TO AE 1765 01:03:23,040 --> 01:03:26,040 VALUES WHICH IS WHY I THINK IT'S 1766 01:03:26,040 --> 01:03:27,600 IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 1767 01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:29,440 WE'RE UP AGAINST, IT'S GOING TO 1768 01:03:29,440 --> 01:03:30,800 ALLOW US TO ENVISION WHAT'S 1769 01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:31,760 POSSIBLE IN A MUCH MORE CLEAR 1770 01:03:31,760 --> 01:03:31,960 WAY. 1771 01:03:31,960 --> 01:03:35,920 SO I COME TO YOU AS A MOM, AS A 1772 01:03:35,920 --> 01:03:37,520 DAUGHTER, AS A SISTER, AND AS A 1773 01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:39,800 SCHOLAR WHO WORKS EVERY SINGLE 1774 01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:41,360 DAY TO MANIFEST CHANGE FOR BLACK 1775 01:03:41,360 --> 01:03:43,560 WOMEN AND GIRLS IN OUR COUNTRY. 1776 01:03:43,560 --> 01:03:46,160 AS A RESEARCHER, I USE THE TOOLS 1777 01:03:46,160 --> 01:03:48,000 OF SCIENCE AND INQUIRY TO CREATE 1778 01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:50,480 THE EVIDENCE BASE TO ENACT AND 1779 01:03:50,480 --> 01:03:54,600 INSIGHT CHANGE, AND I'M ALWAYS 1780 01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:57,160 THINKING ABOUT THE POWER OF 1781 01:03:57,160 --> 01:03:59,800 DATA, THE NUMBERS, ALLOW US THE 1782 01:03:59,800 --> 01:04:01,560 STORIES AND HUMANITIES BEHIND 1783 01:04:01,560 --> 01:04:03,760 THOSE NUMBERS IN ORDER TO 1784 01:04:03,760 --> 01:04:04,880 IMPROVE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 1785 01:04:04,880 --> 01:04:05,440 OUTCOMES. 1786 01:04:05,440 --> 01:04:06,560 SO TODAY I'LL SHARE A LITTLE BIT 1787 01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:08,120 OF SOME OF THAT DATA AND SOME OF 1788 01:04:08,120 --> 01:04:09,520 THE STORIES AS WE BEGIN TO SORT 1789 01:04:09,520 --> 01:04:11,920 OF IMAGINE AND REIMAGINE WHAT'S 1790 01:04:11,920 --> 01:04:12,760 POSSIBLE. 1791 01:04:12,760 --> 01:04:14,400 AND AS I DO THAT, AGAIN, I ASK 1792 01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:16,040 YOU TO HOLD IN YOUR MINDS THAT 1793 01:04:16,040 --> 01:04:18,640 IDEA OF LOVE AND EMBODYING WHAT 1794 01:04:18,640 --> 01:04:20,120 AND WHO WE LOVE AS WE MOVE THIS 1795 01:04:20,120 --> 01:04:25,000 WORK FORWARD. 1796 01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:26,440 SO AS I SAID, I THINK THERE'S A 1797 01:04:26,440 --> 01:04:28,560 LOT OF THINGS IN OUR SOCIETY 1798 01:04:28,560 --> 01:04:30,120 THAT CURRENTLY RUN COUNTER TO 1799 01:04:30,120 --> 01:04:33,840 THE HUMANITY OF BIRTHING PEOPLE, 1800 01:04:33,840 --> 01:04:34,560 GENERALLY SPEAKING, AND 1801 01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:36,040 CERTAINLY PEOPLE FROM RACIALIZED 1802 01:04:36,040 --> 01:04:36,920 COMMUNITIES, FROM BLACK AND 1803 01:04:36,920 --> 01:04:37,480 BROWN COMMUNITIES IN 1804 01:04:37,480 --> 01:04:38,440 PARTICULARLY. 1805 01:04:38,440 --> 01:04:39,960 SO STARTING OUR SCIENCE FROM A 1806 01:04:39,960 --> 01:04:42,440 PLACE OF LOVE OFFERS A SORT OF 1807 01:04:42,440 --> 01:04:43,240 CRITICALLY IMPORTANT FRAMEWORK 1808 01:04:43,240 --> 01:04:47,360 FOR US TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE DO 1809 01:04:47,360 --> 01:04:48,920 THIS WORK, HOW WE SEE THE NEXT 1810 01:04:48,920 --> 01:04:53,200 FIVE TO 10 YEARS UNFOLDING. 1811 01:04:53,200 --> 01:04:55,320 AND SO WE KNOW AND WE HEARD IN 1812 01:04:55,320 --> 01:04:57,800 THE OPENING REMARKS SOME OF THE 1813 01:04:57,800 --> 01:04:59,600 INEQUITIES WE'RE GRAPPLING WITH. 1814 01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:01,240 WE KNOW THEY'VE PERSISTED FOR A 1815 01:05:01,240 --> 01:05:02,760 VERY, VERY LONG TIME. 1816 01:05:02,760 --> 01:05:04,880 FOR INSTANCE, INFANT MORTALITY 1817 01:05:04,880 --> 01:05:07,160 RATES, WE'VE SEEN RACIAL 1818 01:05:07,160 --> 01:05:08,480 INEQUITIES BETWEEN BLACK AND 1819 01:05:08,480 --> 01:05:11,040 WHITE INFANTS AND FOR MORTALITY 1820 01:05:11,040 --> 01:05:12,520 FOR AS LONG AS THOSE DATA HAVE 1821 01:05:12,520 --> 01:05:13,720 BEEN COLLECTED, WHICH IS A VERY 1822 01:05:13,720 --> 01:05:14,160 LONG TIME. 1823 01:05:14,160 --> 01:05:16,120 WE HAVE IN THE PAST FEW YEARS 1824 01:05:16,120 --> 01:05:17,800 REALLY TURNED OUR ATTENTION TO 1825 01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:20,840 THE FACT THAT WE ARE THE ONLY 1826 01:05:20,840 --> 01:05:21,960 INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRY WITH A 1827 01:05:21,960 --> 01:05:24,800 RISING MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE 1828 01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:26,000 AND WHAT WE'RE SEEING IS THAT 1829 01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:27,440 BLACK AND INDIGENOUS BIRTHING 1830 01:05:27,440 --> 01:05:28,760 PEOPLE ARE DRIVING THAT RATE 1831 01:05:28,760 --> 01:05:31,560 SUCH THAT BLACK BIRTHING PEOPLE 1832 01:05:31,560 --> 01:05:33,840 ARE FOUR TIMES MORE LIKELY TO 1833 01:05:33,840 --> 01:05:37,880 EXPERIENCE MATERNAL DEATH. 1834 01:05:37,880 --> 01:05:39,440 SO I THINK WE'VE DONE AN 1835 01:05:39,440 --> 01:05:41,280 INCREDIBLE JOB AS RESEARCHERS OF 1836 01:05:41,280 --> 01:05:43,280 DOCUMENTING THE INEQUITIES THAT 1837 01:05:43,280 --> 01:05:44,680 ARE PLAGUING OUR SOCIETY THAT 1838 01:05:44,680 --> 01:05:47,120 ARE IMPACTING POPULATION HEALTH. 1839 01:05:47,120 --> 01:05:48,320 AND WE'VE MOVED INTO THE SPACE 1840 01:05:48,320 --> 01:05:49,720 OF STUDYING THE MECHANISMS THAT 1841 01:05:49,720 --> 01:05:51,880 CONTRIBUTE TO THESE INEQUITIES, 1842 01:05:51,880 --> 01:05:53,000 AND REALLY THINKING ABOUT WHAT 1843 01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:54,160 THOSE MECHANISMS ARE AND THEN 1844 01:05:54,160 --> 01:05:57,000 WHAT ARE THE LEVERS, WHAT'S THE 1845 01:05:57,000 --> 01:05:58,280 SOLUTION, HOW DO WE CHANGE THAT, 1846 01:05:58,280 --> 01:06:04,200 HOW DO WE INFLUENCE OUTCOMES. 1847 01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,120 AND I'M GOING TO TALK A LITTLE 1848 01:06:07,120 --> 01:06:08,400 ABOUT SOME OF THE RESEARCH I'M 1849 01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:09,600 DOING IN THIS SPACE SORT OF 1850 01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:12,080 THINKING ABOUT THE MECHANISMS. 1851 01:06:12,080 --> 01:06:13,640 ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT MY 1852 01:06:13,640 --> 01:06:15,280 TEAM AND I ARE THINKING ABOUT 1853 01:06:15,280 --> 01:06:17,560 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE ADVERSE 1854 01:06:17,560 --> 01:06:19,160 OUTCOMES IN MATERNAL AND INFANT 1855 01:06:19,160 --> 01:06:20,360 HEALTH FOR BLACK BIRTHING PEOPLE 1856 01:06:20,360 --> 01:06:24,520 AND THEIR INFANTS IS AROUND 1857 01:06:24,520 --> 01:06:25,040 POLICING. 1858 01:06:25,040 --> 01:06:26,240 WHICH I THINK FOR A LOT OF FOLKS 1859 01:06:26,240 --> 01:06:27,840 MAY NOT BE THIS SORT OF OBVIOUS 1860 01:06:27,840 --> 01:06:29,720 CONNECTION, RIGHT, TO 1861 01:06:29,720 --> 01:06:31,520 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES, 1862 01:06:31,520 --> 01:06:32,880 BUT I WOULD ARGUE THAT THE 1863 01:06:32,880 --> 01:06:37,440 INTERSECTIONS OF POLICE AND 1864 01:06:37,440 --> 01:06:39,520 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE 1865 01:06:39,520 --> 01:06:40,440 INEXTRICABLY LINKED. 1866 01:06:40,440 --> 01:06:42,320 TO UNDERSTAND THAT, WE HAVE TO 1867 01:06:42,320 --> 01:06:43,000 UNDERSTAND THE NOTION OR 1868 01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:46,360 FRAMEWORK OF REPRODUCTIVE 1869 01:06:46,360 --> 01:06:48,280 JUSTICE, WHICH REFERS TO NOT 1870 01:06:48,280 --> 01:06:50,600 JUST THE HUMAN RIGHT TO MAINTAIN 1871 01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:52,120 PERSONAL BODILY AUTONOMY AND THE 1872 01:06:52,120 --> 01:06:53,240 RIGHT TO HAVE CHILDREN OR NOT 1873 01:06:53,240 --> 01:06:53,680 HAVE CHILDREN. 1874 01:06:53,680 --> 01:06:55,440 IT ALSO REFERS TO THE RIGHT TO 1875 01:06:55,440 --> 01:06:58,760 PARENT THE CHILDREN THAT WE HAVE 1876 01:06:58,760 --> 01:06:59,760 IN SAFE COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITIES 1877 01:06:59,760 --> 01:07:02,360 THAT ARE FREE FROM VIOLENCE THAT 1878 01:07:02,360 --> 01:07:03,680 HAVE ALL OF THE RESOURCES THAT 1879 01:07:03,680 --> 01:07:07,000 WE NEED THAT WHEN WE NEED TO 1880 01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:07,480 THRIVE. 1881 01:07:07,480 --> 01:07:12,040 SO THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 1882 01:07:12,040 --> 01:07:14,160 PRINCIPLES OF REPRO DUGTIVE 1883 01:07:14,160 --> 01:07:15,680 JUSTICE TEARS APART EXISTING 1884 01:07:15,680 --> 01:07:17,320 FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES, STEALS 1885 01:07:17,320 --> 01:07:18,520 CHILDREN THAT BLACK PARENTS 1886 01:07:18,520 --> 01:07:20,680 ALREADY HAVE, AND ULTIMATELY 1887 01:07:20,680 --> 01:07:24,200 CREATES A SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 1888 01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:25,640 WHERE BLACK CHILDREN, BLACK 1889 01:07:25,640 --> 01:07:26,520 INFANTS, BLACK MOTHERS ARE 1890 01:07:26,520 --> 01:07:27,880 UNABLE TO THRIVE. 1891 01:07:27,880 --> 01:07:28,800 I'M GOING TO SHARE A LITTLE BIT 1892 01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:31,520 OF THE RESEARCH THAT'S SORT OF 1893 01:07:31,520 --> 01:07:33,760 BORNE OUT IN THIS SPACE THAT MY 1894 01:07:33,760 --> 01:07:37,600 TEAM HAS LED, AND FIRST -- THE 1895 01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:38,880 FIRST THING I'LL SHARE IS A 1896 01:07:38,880 --> 01:07:41,000 RESEARCH STUDY WE PUBLISHED LAST 1897 01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:46,080 YEAR IN JANA WHERE I AND MY 1898 01:07:46,080 --> 01:07:46,800 COLLEAGUES THOUGHT TO EXPLORE 1899 01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:48,240 THE LINK BETWEEN POLICING AND 1900 01:07:48,240 --> 01:07:49,560 SPECIFICALLY POLICE CONTACT OR 1901 01:07:49,560 --> 01:07:50,840 POLICE SURVEILLANCE AND PRETERM 1902 01:07:50,840 --> 01:07:52,120 BIRTH. 1903 01:07:52,120 --> 01:07:53,880 SO BIRTH BEFORE 37 WEEKS 1904 01:07:53,880 --> 01:07:54,680 GESTATION. 1905 01:07:54,680 --> 01:07:56,320 SO WE POSED THE QUESTION, IS 1906 01:07:56,320 --> 01:07:57,720 LIVING IN A NEIGHBORHOOD WITH 1907 01:07:57,720 --> 01:07:59,360 HIGH POLICE PRESENCE ASSOCIATED 1908 01:07:59,360 --> 01:08:01,240 WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF 1909 01:08:01,240 --> 01:08:04,840 PRETERM BIRTH? 1910 01:08:04,840 --> 01:08:09,760 THIS STUDY WAS LOOKING AT -- IN 1911 01:08:09,760 --> 01:08:11,600 MINNEAPOLIS AND WE FOUND 1912 01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:12,920 STATISTICALLY NEIGHBORHOODS IN 1913 01:08:12,920 --> 01:08:14,520 MINNEAPOLIS ARE RACIALLY 1914 01:08:14,520 --> 01:08:16,400 SEGREGATED DUE TO RED LINES 1915 01:08:16,400 --> 01:08:17,400 RACIAL SEPARATION AND THAT BLACK 1916 01:08:17,400 --> 01:08:19,320 NEIGHBORHOODS ARE PREDOMINANTLY 1917 01:08:19,320 --> 01:08:20,200 BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS ARE MORE 1918 01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:22,400 LIKELY TO BE OVERPOLICED AND 1919 01:08:22,400 --> 01:08:24,560 OVERSURVEILED IN COMPARISON TO 1920 01:08:24,560 --> 01:08:25,000 PREDOMINANTLY WHITE 1921 01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:26,000 NEIGHBORHOODS. 1922 01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:29,200 OUR ANALYSIS FURTHER FOUND THAT 1923 01:08:29,200 --> 01:08:30,200 OVERPOLICING, SO A 1924 01:08:30,200 --> 01:08:31,280 DISPROPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF 1925 01:08:31,280 --> 01:08:32,560 POLICE CONTACT AND POLICE 1926 01:08:32,560 --> 01:08:33,320 SURVEILLANCE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1927 01:08:33,320 --> 01:08:36,520 HIGHER ODDS OF PRETERM BIRTH, 1928 01:08:36,520 --> 01:08:37,920 PARTICULARLY FOR U.S.-BORN BLACK 1929 01:08:37,920 --> 01:08:39,760 BIRTHING PEOPLE IN MINNEAPOLIS. 1930 01:08:39,760 --> 01:08:41,960 WE'VE ALSO CONDUCTED SOME 1931 01:08:41,960 --> 01:08:43,040 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS AROUND THE 1932 01:08:43,040 --> 01:08:44,000 INTERSECTIONS OF BLACK 1933 01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:49,520 MOTHERHOOD AND POLICING THAT 1934 01:08:49,520 --> 01:08:50,680 ELUCIDATES THIS -- SORT OF BEARS 1935 01:08:50,680 --> 01:08:52,200 OUT IN THESE FINDINGS AS WELL 1936 01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:53,560 AND WE'VE LEARNED A LOT ABOUT 1937 01:08:53,560 --> 01:08:57,480 THE STRESS THAT BLACK PEOPLE OF 1938 01:08:57,480 --> 01:08:58,440 REPRODUCTIVE AGE EXPERIENCE 1939 01:08:58,440 --> 01:08:59,640 LIVING IN COMMUNITIES THAT ARE 1940 01:08:59,640 --> 01:09:04,280 HEAVILY SURVEIL BID POLICE. 1941 01:09:04,280 --> 01:09:06,280 SO MY RESEARCH AND, YOU KNOW, 1942 01:09:06,280 --> 01:09:09,760 THIS STUDY ARE -- THE STUDY I 1943 01:09:09,760 --> 01:09:11,240 JUST SHARED WITH YOU ARE STEEPED 1944 01:09:11,240 --> 01:09:14,160 IN WHAT I WOULD ARGUE AS 1945 01:09:14,160 --> 01:09:16,160 HISTORIC KNOWLEDGE OF STRUCTURAL 1946 01:09:16,160 --> 01:09:17,640 RACISM AND HOW IT'S MANIFESTED 1947 01:09:17,640 --> 01:09:20,160 IN POLICING AND BLACK MOI NORTHS 1948 01:09:20,160 --> 01:09:22,080 AND I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT IN JUST 1949 01:09:22,080 --> 01:09:22,840 A SECOND BUT I THINK IT'S 1950 01:09:22,840 --> 01:09:23,960 IMPORTANT TO SAY WE COULDN'T 1951 01:09:23,960 --> 01:09:25,400 HAVE DEVELOPED A WELL INFORMED 1952 01:09:25,400 --> 01:09:26,600 STUDY AND ANALYSIS WITHOUT 1953 01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:28,520 MAKING THE CONNECTION TO AND 1954 01:09:28,520 --> 01:09:30,720 NAMING STRUCTURAL RACISM. 1955 01:09:30,720 --> 01:09:31,880 SO WHEN I'M REFERRING TO 1956 01:09:31,880 --> 01:09:33,160 STRUCTURAL RACISM, I'M TALKING 1957 01:09:33,160 --> 01:09:34,880 ABOUT THE TOTALITY OF WAYS IN 1958 01:09:34,880 --> 01:09:37,800 WHICH SOCIETIES FOSTER RACIAL 1959 01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:38,720 DISCRIMINATION THROUGH 1960 01:09:38,720 --> 01:09:40,720 REINFORCING SYSTEMS OF HOUSING, 1961 01:09:40,720 --> 01:09:44,960 EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, CREDIT, 1962 01:09:44,960 --> 01:09:46,880 MEDIA, HEALTHCARE, POLICING, 1963 01:09:46,880 --> 01:09:48,080 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND MUCH MORE. 1964 01:09:48,080 --> 01:09:52,360 AND IN THESE PATTERNS AND 1965 01:09:52,360 --> 01:09:54,040 PRACTICES REINFORCE BELIEFS, 1966 01:09:54,040 --> 01:09:55,080 VALUES AND DISTRIBUTION OF 1967 01:09:55,080 --> 01:09:56,440 RESOURCES AND ULTIMATELY MAKE US 1968 01:09:56,440 --> 01:09:56,800 SICK. 1969 01:09:56,800 --> 01:09:59,240 AND THAT DEFINITION IS THANKS TO 1970 01:09:59,240 --> 01:10:01,040 BAILEY AND COLLEAGUES FROM THEIR 1971 01:10:01,040 --> 01:10:02,800 INCREDIBLE PIECE IN THE LANCET A 1972 01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:03,560 COUPLE YEARS AGO. 1973 01:10:03,560 --> 01:10:06,160 SO I FOCUS ON STRUCTURAL RACISM 1974 01:10:06,160 --> 01:10:11,160 IN MY WORK BECAUSE I THINK THAT 1975 01:10:11,160 --> 01:10:14,080 IT OFFERS A CONCRETE AND 1976 01:10:14,080 --> 01:10:16,240 FEASIBLE APPROACH, IMPROVING 1977 01:10:16,240 --> 01:10:18,160 POPULATION HEALTH, WHEREAS WHEN 1978 01:10:18,160 --> 01:10:21,040 WE FOCUS ON IMPLICIT BIAS, I 1979 01:10:21,040 --> 01:10:22,360 THINK WE GET CAUGHT UP IN 1980 01:10:22,360 --> 01:10:24,080 TALKING ABOUT INDIVIDUAL BAD 1981 01:10:24,080 --> 01:10:29,080 ACTORS, WE GET CAUGHT UP IN 1982 01:10:29,080 --> 01:10:30,680 BEING VERY SORT OF MICROSCOPIC 1983 01:10:30,680 --> 01:10:32,320 IN THE WAY WE'RE EXAMINING THESE 1984 01:10:32,320 --> 01:10:33,560 ISSUES AND WE FAIL TO UNDERSTAND 1985 01:10:33,560 --> 01:10:39,600 THAT WE'RE DEALING WITH SORT OF 1986 01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:44,800 A DEEP HISTORY, THAT IT'S GOING 1987 01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:47,720 TO TAKE A LOT OF EFFORT AND A 1988 01:10:47,720 --> 01:10:52,160 LOT OF DIFFERENT SPACES TO UNDO 1989 01:10:52,160 --> 01:10:52,880 IT. 1990 01:10:52,880 --> 01:10:54,760 WE ALSO CAN CREATE AN IMPACTFUL 1991 01:10:54,760 --> 01:10:58,760 STUDY PROPOSAL, THE ANALYSIS 1992 01:10:58,760 --> 01:11:00,280 THAT I JUST SHARED WITH YOU 1993 01:11:00,280 --> 01:11:00,880 WITHOUT A KNOWLEDGE OF THE 1994 01:11:00,880 --> 01:11:03,160 HISTORY OF POLICING IN THE 1995 01:11:03,160 --> 01:11:03,600 UNITED STATES. 1996 01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:04,880 I WOULD ARGUE THAT POLICING IS 1997 01:11:04,880 --> 01:11:06,320 ONE OF THE OLDEST IF NOT THE 1998 01:11:06,320 --> 01:11:07,520 OLDEST FORM OF STRUCTURAL 1999 01:11:07,520 --> 01:11:07,960 RACISM. 2000 01:11:07,960 --> 01:11:12,520 IT'S DEEPLY EMBEDDED IN A 2001 01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:14,560 HISTORY OF CHATTEL SLAVERY AND 2002 01:11:14,560 --> 01:11:16,080 THE NOTIONS AROUND POLICING OF 2003 01:11:16,080 --> 01:11:16,760 BLACK BODIES. 2004 01:11:16,760 --> 01:11:18,480 SO BRIEFLY, DATING BACK TO THE 2005 01:11:18,480 --> 01:11:20,680 16 HUNDREDS, THE UNITED STATES 2006 01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:26,280 WHICH WAS THEN A BRITISH COLONY, 2007 01:11:26,280 --> 01:11:27,760 TOWNS AND CITIES WOULD CONTROL 2008 01:11:27,760 --> 01:11:29,520 THEIR COMMUNITIES PO PREVENT 2009 01:11:29,520 --> 01:11:31,240 BURGLARIES, ARSON AND OVERALL TO 2010 01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:33,320 MAINTAIN ORDER. 2011 01:11:33,320 --> 01:11:35,320 THEN AS THE POPULATION INCREASED 2012 01:11:35,320 --> 01:11:38,440 IN THE UNITED STATES, 2013 01:11:38,440 --> 01:11:41,840 SATURDAYING IN SOUTH C SOUTH CAA 2014 01:11:41,840 --> 01:11:43,800 AND EXPANDING TO OTHER SOUTHERN 2015 01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:45,280 STATES, LAYING ROOTS FOR THE 2016 01:11:45,280 --> 01:11:46,840 NATION'S LAW ENFORCEMENT AS WE 2017 01:11:46,840 --> 01:11:48,480 SEE IT AND KNOW IT TODAY. 2018 01:11:48,480 --> 01:11:49,960 SO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 2019 01:11:49,960 --> 01:11:51,640 SURROUNDING POLICING AND RACIAL 2020 01:11:51,640 --> 01:12:00,280 INJUSTICE HAVE THIS DEEP -- 2021 01:12:00,280 --> 01:12:08,400 HAVE -- NICHD SINCE EXAMINED 2022 01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:09,200 HOW -- REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. 2023 01:12:09,200 --> 01:12:10,760 SO LEVERAGING OUR UNDERSTANDING 2024 01:12:10,760 --> 01:12:14,320 OF THIS HISTORY, LEVERAGING OUR 2025 01:12:14,320 --> 01:12:16,480 UNDERSTANDING OF WORK AROUND 2026 01:12:16,480 --> 01:12:21,440 HYPOTHESIS AND WEAR AND TEAR 2027 01:12:21,440 --> 01:12:23,320 BLACK BODIES, THAT CHRONIC 2028 01:12:23,320 --> 01:12:24,560 EXPOSURE TO POLICE VIOLENCE AND 2029 01:12:24,560 --> 01:12:26,280 ACUTE INSTANCES OF POLICE 2030 01:12:26,280 --> 01:12:27,840 VIOLENCE LIKE LIVING IN CLOSE 2031 01:12:27,840 --> 01:12:29,920 PROXIMITY TO A HIGH PROFILE 2032 01:12:29,920 --> 01:12:31,680 EVENT OF POLICE VIOLENCE MAY 2033 01:12:31,680 --> 01:12:33,320 IMPACT THINGS LIKE PRETERM 2034 01:12:33,320 --> 01:12:35,240 BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, SMALL 2035 01:12:35,240 --> 01:12:39,640 FOR GESTATIONAL AGE BIRTHS, AND 2036 01:12:39,640 --> 01:12:40,800 EVEN MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND 2037 01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:41,920 MORTALITY IN SOME CASES. 2038 01:12:41,920 --> 01:12:43,400 WE'RE IN YEAR TWO OF THAT STUDY 2039 01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:44,600 AND I LOOK FORWARD TO BEING ABLE 2040 01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:45,960 TO COME BACK AND SHARE SOME OF 2041 01:12:45,960 --> 01:12:49,360 THOSE FINDINGS WITH YOU ON A 2042 01:12:49,360 --> 01:12:51,640 FUTURE -- AT A FUTURE DATE. 2043 01:12:51,640 --> 01:12:54,240 I NOW WOULD SHARE SORT OF THE 2044 01:12:54,240 --> 01:12:55,520 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OR THE 2045 01:12:55,520 --> 01:12:56,520 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THAT WE USE 2046 01:12:56,520 --> 01:12:59,080 TO INFORM THIS WORK. 2047 01:12:59,080 --> 01:13:00,120 BUT SINCE I CAN'T DO THAT, I'LL 2048 01:13:00,120 --> 01:13:03,160 TRY TO DESCRIBE IT REALLY 2049 01:13:03,160 --> 01:13:03,800 BRIEFLY. 2050 01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:05,000 THIS IS A MODEL THAT I DEVELOPED 2051 01:13:05,000 --> 01:13:07,200 IN COLLABORATION WITH MY 2052 01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:08,840 COLLEAGUE, DR. WALLACE AND 2053 01:13:08,840 --> 01:13:11,200 TULANE, WHERE WE THINK ABOUT HOW 2054 01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:13,680 STRUCTURAL RACISM IS -- ACROSS 2055 01:13:13,680 --> 01:13:14,400 THE LIFE FORCE. 2056 01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:16,440 SO EVEN PRE-CONCEPTION, BEFORE 2057 01:13:16,440 --> 01:13:17,640 SOMEONE BECOMES PREGNANT, 2058 01:13:17,640 --> 01:13:19,000 THEY'RE BEING EXPOSED TO 2059 01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:20,080 DIFFERENT VIOLENCE, POLICE 2060 01:13:20,080 --> 01:13:21,640 VIOLENCE IN PARTICULAR IN THEIR 2061 01:13:21,640 --> 01:13:22,640 COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SOCIAL 2062 01:13:22,640 --> 01:13:27,040 ENVIRONMENTS, AND THEN -- AND 2063 01:13:27,040 --> 01:13:28,480 AGAIN SO THAT IS BRINGING THEM 2064 01:13:28,480 --> 01:13:30,280 INTO PREGNANCY SORT OF ALREADY 2065 01:13:30,280 --> 01:13:34,920 UNWELL DUE TO THAT STRESS 2066 01:13:34,920 --> 01:13:36,160 PATHWAY, THEN YOU HAVE THESE 2067 01:13:36,160 --> 01:13:37,360 ACUTE EXPOSURES LIKE LIVING 2068 01:13:37,360 --> 01:13:39,120 THROUGH THE CIVIL UNREST THAT 2069 01:13:39,120 --> 01:13:40,440 ENSUED AFTER GEORGE FLOYD'S 2070 01:13:40,440 --> 01:13:42,200 MURDER HERE IN MY HOMETOWN, JUST 2071 01:13:42,200 --> 01:13:43,240 ABOUT FIVE MINUTES FROM WHERE I 2072 01:13:43,240 --> 01:13:46,960 CURRENTLY SIT. 2073 01:13:46,960 --> 01:13:48,240 SO I THINK WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK 2074 01:13:48,240 --> 01:13:49,600 TO DO TO SORT OF THINK ABOUT 2075 01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:52,200 WHAT THAT MEANS FOR -- AND WHAT 2076 01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:53,120 IT MEANS FOR THE SOCIAL 2077 01:13:53,120 --> 01:13:54,520 ENVIRONMENTS THAT PREGNANT 2078 01:13:54,520 --> 01:13:57,840 PEOPLE ARE LIVING IN. 2079 01:13:57,840 --> 01:14:02,480 AND I'M REAL IED REALIZING I'M N 2080 01:14:02,480 --> 01:14:03,560 TIME SO I'M GOING TO JUMP TO 2081 01:14:03,560 --> 01:14:04,640 SOMETHING ELSE REALLY QUICKLY 2082 01:14:04,640 --> 01:14:08,080 AND THEN I'LL CLOSE OUT. 2083 01:14:08,080 --> 01:14:09,280 THE OTHER THING I THINK IS 2084 01:14:09,280 --> 01:14:10,320 IMPORTANT AS WE THINK ABOUT THE 2085 01:14:10,320 --> 01:14:11,600 PATH FORWARD, WE HAVE TO THINK 2086 01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:15,560 ABOUT THE INEXTRICABLE LINK OF 2087 01:14:15,560 --> 01:14:17,720 INFANT MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY 2088 01:14:17,720 --> 01:14:20,040 AND REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE. 2089 01:14:20,040 --> 01:14:22,440 AS IT SITS WITH THE THE CURRENT 2090 01:14:22,440 --> 01:14:24,080 RESTRICTIONS ON REPRODUCTIVE 2091 01:14:24,080 --> 01:14:25,880 BODILY AUTONOMY. 2092 01:14:25,880 --> 01:14:27,200 THE FREEDOM TO DECIDE WHETHER 2093 01:14:27,200 --> 01:14:28,920 AND WHEN TO HAVE A CHILD HAS 2094 01:14:28,920 --> 01:14:35,080 BEEN STRIPPED FROM PEOPLE AND WE 2095 01:14:35,080 --> 01:14:36,880 HAVE IMPORTANT WORK AS 2096 01:14:36,880 --> 01:14:38,280 RESEARCHERS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE 2097 01:14:38,280 --> 01:14:41,880 EVIDENCE BASE THAT RESTRICT 2098 01:14:41,880 --> 01:14:43,560 CHOICE ON BLACK AND BROWN 2099 01:14:43,560 --> 01:14:44,120 BODIES. 2100 01:14:44,120 --> 01:14:45,400 I'LL BRIEFLY CLOSE WITH JUST 2101 01:14:45,400 --> 01:14:47,480 SAYING THAT -- I HAD SO MUCH 2102 01:14:47,480 --> 01:14:48,960 MORE TO SAY, I APOLOGIZE. 2103 01:14:48,960 --> 01:14:50,560 THIS IS WHY SLIDES KEEP ME MORE 2104 01:14:50,560 --> 01:14:53,160 ON TRACK. 2105 01:14:53,160 --> 01:14:55,800 BUT RECENTLY A PAPER WAS 2106 01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:57,280 PUBLISHED IN THE AMERICAN 2107 01:14:57,280 --> 01:14:59,280 JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, 2108 01:14:59,280 --> 01:15:00,080 STRUCTURAL RACISM THROUGH THE 2109 01:15:00,080 --> 01:15:01,600 LENS OF ANTI-ABORTION POLICY, 2110 01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:02,760 MEANING THAT I THINK WE HAVE A 2111 01:15:02,760 --> 01:15:04,400 LOT OF WORK TO DO TO THINK ABOUT 2112 01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:08,320 HOW WE DO RESEARCH THROUGH THIS 2113 01:15:08,320 --> 01:15:10,320 LENS AND PARTICULARLY THROUGH 2114 01:15:10,320 --> 01:15:11,480 THE MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURAL 2115 01:15:11,480 --> 01:15:11,720 RACISM. 2116 01:15:11,720 --> 01:15:13,160 I WAS GOING TO TALK A LOT 2117 01:15:13,160 --> 01:15:15,960 ABOUT -- O OR A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 2118 01:15:15,960 --> 01:15:17,200 THE MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURAL 2119 01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:18,280 RACISM AS A PATH FORWARD, AS 2120 01:15:18,280 --> 01:15:19,360 THAT'S A CORNERSTONE TO THE WORK 2121 01:15:19,360 --> 01:15:22,120 THAT I'M LEADING, BUT PERHAPS WE 2122 01:15:22,120 --> 01:15:24,080 CAN TACKLE THAT IN THE Q & A 2123 01:15:24,080 --> 01:15:25,880 BECAUSE I DO NOT WANT TO TAKE 2124 01:15:25,880 --> 01:15:30,600 AWAY FROM MY CO-PANELISTS' TIME. 2125 01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:31,760 SO WITH THAT, I'M GOING TO THANK 2126 01:15:31,760 --> 01:15:33,560 YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND I LOOK 2127 01:15:33,560 --> 01:15:38,840 FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 2128 01:15:38,840 --> 01:15:41,480 >>DR. HARDEMAN, THANK YOU. 2129 01:15:41,480 --> 01:15:42,760 BEFORE WE GET TO OUR NEXT 2130 01:15:42,760 --> 01:15:44,520 SPEAKER I'D JUST LIKE TO REMIND 2131 01:15:44,520 --> 01:15:49,120 FOLKS THAT YOU CAN EMAIL YOUR 2132 01:15:49,120 --> 01:15:54,040 QUESTIONS TO 2133 01:15:54,040 --> 01:15:54,920 NICHDPRESS@MAIL.NIH.GOV, SO THAT 2134 01:15:54,920 --> 01:15:56,360 WE CAN READ THEM AND HAVE THE 2135 01:15:56,360 --> 01:15:58,360 PANEL RESPOND TO THEM AT THE 2136 01:15:58,360 --> 01:16:00,160 CONCLUSION OF THE PRESENTATIONS. 2137 01:16:00,160 --> 01:16:05,360 AGAIN THAT EMAIL ADDRESS IS 2138 01:16:05,360 --> 01:16:09,240 NICHDPRESS@MAIL.NIH.GOV. 2139 01:16:09,240 --> 01:16:10,680 NOW I'M PLEASED TO INTRODUCE OUR 2140 01:16:10,680 --> 01:16:13,640 NEXT SPEAKER, DR. TORI METZ, WHO 2141 01:16:13,640 --> 01:16:16,240 IS A PRACTICING MATERNAL-FETAL 2142 01:16:16,240 --> 01:16:16,880 MEDICINE SUBSPECIALIST AT 2143 01:16:16,880 --> 01:16:19,040 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH. 2144 01:16:19,040 --> 01:16:20,360 WHERE SHE IS VICE CHAIR FOR 2145 01:16:20,360 --> 01:16:22,560 RESEARCH AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 2146 01:16:22,560 --> 01:16:24,560 OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 2147 01:16:24,560 --> 01:16:26,520 DR. METZ IS A MEMBER OF THE ACOG 2148 01:16:26,520 --> 01:16:28,160 COMMITTEE ON OBSTETRIC CLINICAL 2149 01:16:28,160 --> 01:16:31,680 PRACTICE GUIDELINES, AND THE 2150 01:16:31,680 --> 01:16:33,200 CLINICAL DOCUMENTARY VIEW PANEL. 2151 01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:36,440 SHE ALSO SERVES AS THE ASSOCIATE 2152 01:16:36,440 --> 01:16:39,400 REVIEW EDITOR FOR OBSTETRICS, 2153 01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:40,840 OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 2154 01:16:40,840 --> 01:16:41,640 COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GREEN 2155 01:16:41,640 --> 01:16:42,040 JOURNAL. 2156 01:16:42,040 --> 01:16:44,320 SHE IS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR IN 2157 01:16:44,320 --> 01:16:46,800 NICHD'S MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE 2158 01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:48,280 UNIT'S CLINICAL TRIAL NETWORK. 2159 01:16:48,280 --> 01:16:49,480 THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. METZ. 2160 01:16:49,480 --> 01:16:54,480 THE FLOOR IS YOURS. 2161 01:16:54,480 --> 01:16:54,920 >>EXCELLENT. 2162 01:16:54,920 --> 01:16:56,160 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 2163 01:16:56,160 --> 01:16:56,840 INTRODUCTION. 2164 01:16:56,840 --> 01:16:57,800 IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE TO BE 2165 01:16:57,800 --> 01:16:58,280 HERE. 2166 01:16:58,280 --> 01:16:59,920 AND TRULY AN HONOR TO HAVE THE 2167 01:16:59,920 --> 01:17:01,360 OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT TODAY 2168 01:17:01,360 --> 01:17:03,720 ABOUT THE NICHD MATERNAL-FETAL 2169 01:17:03,720 --> 01:17:04,520 MEDICINE UNITS NETWORK. 2170 01:17:04,520 --> 01:17:06,160 I HAVE TITLED THIS TALK 2171 01:17:06,160 --> 01:17:07,440 PROVIDING EVIDENCE TO IMPROVE 2172 01:17:07,440 --> 01:17:08,360 OUTCOMES BECAUSE I THINK THAT'S 2173 01:17:08,360 --> 01:17:11,320 REALLY WHAT THE MFMU DOES AND 2174 01:17:11,320 --> 01:17:12,920 HOPEFULLY I CAN CONVINCE ALL OF 2175 01:17:12,920 --> 01:17:15,080 YOU OF THAT TODAY. 2176 01:17:15,080 --> 01:17:17,600 SO FOR THOSE WHO AREN'T 2177 01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:19,440 FAMILIAR, THE EUNICE KENNEDY 2178 01:17:19,440 --> 01:17:21,720 SHRIVER NICHD MATERNAL-FETAL 2179 01:17:21,720 --> 01:17:22,720 MEDICINE UNITS NETWORK WAS 2180 01:17:22,720 --> 01:17:24,240 ESTABLISHED IN 1986. 2181 01:17:24,240 --> 01:17:26,000 THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS TO 2182 01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:28,080 IMPROVE OBSTETRIC CARE, 2183 01:17:28,080 --> 01:17:29,160 PREGNANCY HEALTH AND OUTCOMES 2184 01:17:29,160 --> 01:17:32,640 FOR PREGNANT PEOPLE AND THEIR 2185 01:17:32,640 --> 01:17:32,880 BABIES. 2186 01:17:32,880 --> 01:17:34,360 AND WE REALLY DO THIS THROUGH 2187 01:17:34,360 --> 01:17:36,480 THE CONDUCT OF WELL DESIGNED 2188 01:17:36,480 --> 01:17:42,360 MULTICENTER TRIALS AND PERINATAL 2189 01:17:42,360 --> 01:17:43,040 MEDICINE. 2190 01:17:43,040 --> 01:17:44,320 THIS DEMONSTRATES THE CURRENT 2191 01:17:44,320 --> 01:17:44,840 CENTERS. 2192 01:17:44,840 --> 01:17:46,840 THE BLUE STARS ARE STARS OF ALL 2193 01:17:46,840 --> 01:17:48,320 THE EXISTING CENTERS, AND YOU 2194 01:17:48,320 --> 01:17:49,920 CAN SEE THE LIST OF PIs OVER 2195 01:17:49,920 --> 01:17:53,000 THERE ON THE RIGHT. 2196 01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:56,560 AND THE GREEN STAR IS THE DATA 2197 01:17:56,560 --> 01:17:58,200 COORDINATING CENTER CURRENTLY AT 2198 01:17:58,200 --> 01:18:03,000 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 2199 01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:04,440 SO I'M GOING TO TALK A LITTLE 2200 01:18:04,440 --> 01:18:05,440 BIT ABOUT WHERE WE'VE BEEN AND 2201 01:18:05,440 --> 01:18:06,120 WHERE WE'RE GOING. 2202 01:18:06,120 --> 01:18:07,320 SO I'M GOING TO START WITH WHERE 2203 01:18:07,320 --> 01:18:08,160 WE HAVE BEEN. 2204 01:18:08,160 --> 01:18:10,800 AND THESE ARE MFMU STUDIES OVER 2205 01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:12,640 THE PAST 20 YEARS. 2206 01:18:12,640 --> 01:18:13,560 I RECOGNIZE MANY OF YOU WILL NOT 2207 01:18:13,560 --> 01:18:15,000 KNOW ALL OF THESE ACRONYMS OF 2208 01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:16,680 THESE STUDIES, BUT WHAT I REALLY 2209 01:18:16,680 --> 01:18:18,600 WANT TO EMPHASIZE HERE IS THAT 2210 01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:21,000 THE MFMU NETWORK HAS COMPLETED 2211 01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:22,760 STUDIES THAT HAVE BROUGHT 2212 01:18:22,760 --> 01:18:26,120 INTERVENTIONS TO LI CLINICAL 2213 01:18:26,120 --> 01:18:27,360 PRACTICE AND DEMONSTRATED THAT 2214 01:18:27,360 --> 01:18:28,680 TREATMENTS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AND 2215 01:18:28,680 --> 01:18:29,840 STOPPED THEM FROM BEING USED IN 2216 01:18:29,840 --> 01:18:30,600 CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2217 01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:31,520 I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH ALL 2218 01:18:31,520 --> 01:18:34,400 OF THESE BECAUSE OF TIME, BUT 2219 01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:35,680 JUST FOR A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES. 2220 01:18:35,680 --> 01:18:37,120 WAY BACK AT THE BEGINNING THERE, 2221 01:18:37,120 --> 01:18:38,800 20 YEARS A YOU SEE THE HUAM 2222 01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:39,120 STUDY. 2223 01:18:39,120 --> 01:18:41,120 THIS WAS HOME UTERINE ACTIVITY 2224 01:18:41,120 --> 01:18:42,040 MONITORING. 2225 01:18:42,040 --> 01:18:42,960 FOR THOSE OBSTETRICIANS OUT 2226 01:18:42,960 --> 01:18:44,400 THERE, WE OBVIOUSLY DON'T DO 2227 01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:45,360 THAT ANYMORE. 2228 01:18:45,360 --> 01:18:47,040 THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WAS 2229 01:18:47,040 --> 01:18:49,400 STOPPED. 2230 01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:50,800 FOX, UNFORTUNATELY THAT DIDN'T 2231 01:18:50,800 --> 01:18:53,000 PAN OUT FOR BEING ABLE TO 2232 01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:56,160 PREDICT BABIES THAT WERE 2233 01:18:56,160 --> 01:18:58,480 ACIDOTIC. 2234 01:18:58,480 --> 01:18:59,600 SCAN ON THE MIDDLE BOTTOM THERE 2235 01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:01,640 WAS A STUDY LOOKING AT 2236 01:19:01,640 --> 01:19:03,920 INJECTABLE PROGESTERONE TO 2237 01:19:03,920 --> 01:19:05,320 PREVENT PRETERM BIRTH IN PEOPLE 2238 01:19:05,320 --> 01:19:06,320 WITH A SHORT CERVIX. 2239 01:19:06,320 --> 01:19:07,640 THAT DIDN'T WORK, WE'RE NOT 2240 01:19:07,640 --> 01:19:08,120 DOING IT. 2241 01:19:08,120 --> 01:19:09,520 THE LIST GOES ON FROM THERE IN 2242 01:19:09,520 --> 01:19:12,360 TERMS OF THINGS THE MFMU HAS 2243 01:19:12,360 --> 01:19:13,360 DEMONSTRATED ARE NOT EFFECTIVE 2244 01:19:13,360 --> 01:19:14,680 AND HAVE NOT ENTERED CLINICAL 2245 01:19:14,680 --> 01:19:14,960 PRACTICE. 2246 01:19:14,960 --> 01:19:16,720 IN CONTRAST, THERE HAVE BEEN A 2247 01:19:16,720 --> 01:19:18,000 NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT HAVE 2248 01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:20,600 BROUGHT TREATMENTS TO PRACTICE. 2249 01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:22,240 BEAM, YOU CAN SEE THERE, THIS IS 2250 01:19:22,240 --> 01:19:25,400 THE MFMU TRIAL THAT DEMONSTRATED 2251 01:19:25,400 --> 01:19:28,280 THE EFFICACY OF MAGNESIUM 2252 01:19:28,280 --> 01:19:32,920 SULPHATE T. 2253 01:19:32,920 --> 01:19:36,160 ALSO ARRIVE AND ALPS ARE MORE 2254 01:19:36,160 --> 01:19:37,760 RECENT AND I THINK REALLY HAVE 2255 01:19:37,760 --> 01:19:44,360 INFLUENCED CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2256 01:19:44,360 --> 01:19:49,360 SO MY CLICKER IS RECONNECTING. 2257 01:19:49,360 --> 01:19:50,880 OKAY. 2258 01:19:50,880 --> 01:19:54,600 SO THESE ARE A NUMBER OF MFMU 2259 01:19:54,600 --> 01:19:55,720 STUDIES BY YEAR STARTED. 2260 01:19:55,720 --> 01:19:57,600 WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS BACK IN 2261 01:19:57,600 --> 01:19:59,080 1987, WE STARTED OUR FIRST 2262 01:19:59,080 --> 01:20:00,400 CLINICAL TRIAL, AND THESE ARE 2263 01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:01,680 CLINICAL TRIALS IN ORANGE AND 2264 01:20:01,680 --> 01:20:03,840 OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES IN BROWN 2265 01:20:03,840 --> 01:20:07,360 AND YOU CAN SEE OVER TIME WE'RE 2266 01:20:07,360 --> 01:20:09,080 VERY ACTIVE IN CLINICAL TRIALS 2267 01:20:09,080 --> 01:20:10,240 AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 2268 01:20:10,240 --> 01:20:11,880 THROUGHOUT THE TIME THE NETWORK 2269 01:20:11,880 --> 01:20:13,680 HAS EXISTED. 2270 01:20:13,680 --> 01:20:15,400 SO WHERE HAVE WE BEEN? 2271 01:20:15,400 --> 01:20:17,520 HOPEFULLY I'VE CONVINCED YOU EVE 2272 01:20:17,520 --> 01:20:19,200 DONE LARGE MULTICENTER 2273 01:20:19,200 --> 01:20:20,400 RANDOMIZED TRIALS AND RIGOROUS 2274 01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:21,160 OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES. 2275 01:20:21,160 --> 01:20:23,200 WE'VE LEVERAGED ESTABLISHED 2276 01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:24,560 RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE AND 2277 01:20:24,560 --> 01:20:25,720 EXISTING COLLABORATIONS AND 2278 01:20:25,720 --> 01:20:27,280 HOPEFULLY HAVE EXAMINED 2279 01:20:27,280 --> 01:20:28,800 MEANINGFUL END POINT FOR 2280 01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:30,880 CLINICAL CARE, AND I THINK HAVE 2281 01:20:30,880 --> 01:20:31,600 PROVIDED TRUSTWORTHY RESULTS TO 2282 01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:33,000 THE SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL 2283 01:20:33,000 --> 01:20:35,640 COMMUNITY THAT WE CAN THEN 2284 01:20:35,640 --> 01:20:38,280 INTEGRATE CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2285 01:20:38,280 --> 01:20:39,840 I'M GOING TO TAKE A FEW MOMENTS 2286 01:20:39,840 --> 01:20:41,880 TO HIGHLIGHT A COUPLE OF RECENT 2287 01:20:41,880 --> 01:20:43,680 MFMU STUDIES BECAUSE I THINK 2288 01:20:43,680 --> 01:20:45,160 THEY REALLY EXEMPLIFY WHAT THE 2289 01:20:45,160 --> 01:20:46,800 NETWORK CAN DO FOR CLINICAL 2290 01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:47,440 OBSTETRICS. 2291 01:20:47,440 --> 01:20:50,160 THE FIRST IS THE ANTENATAL LATE 2292 01:20:50,160 --> 01:20:51,800 PRETERM STUDIES TRIAL PUBLISHED 2293 01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:57,760 IN THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 2294 01:20:57,760 --> 01:20:58,320 MEDICINE. 2295 01:20:58,320 --> 01:21:00,960 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE 2296 01:21:00,960 --> 01:21:02,400 MFMU IS CHANGING OBSTETRIC 2297 01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:02,840 PRACTICE. 2298 01:21:02,840 --> 01:21:04,960 THIS WAS AN RCT OF PLACEBO OR 2299 01:21:04,960 --> 01:21:08,040 STEROIDS IN LATE PRETERM 2300 01:21:08,040 --> 01:21:10,800 NEONATES, 34 WEEKS ZERO DAYS TO 2301 01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:11,720 36 WEEKS FIVE DAYS. 2302 01:21:11,720 --> 01:21:13,440 THE PRIMARY OUTCOME WAS A 2303 01:21:13,440 --> 01:21:15,680 NEONATAL COMPOSITE RESPIRATORY 2304 01:21:15,680 --> 01:21:17,960 OUT COME OR PERINATAL DEATH 2305 01:21:17,960 --> 01:21:18,880 WITHIN 72 HOURS OF DELIVERY. 2306 01:21:18,880 --> 01:21:20,760 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT 11.6% OF 2307 01:21:20,760 --> 01:21:26,120 THOSE WHO WERE EXPOSED TO THE 2308 01:21:26,120 --> 01:21:28,840 BETAMETHASONE AND 14.4% OF PLA 2309 01:21:28,840 --> 01:21:31,160 PLACEBO GROUP HAD PRIMARY 2310 01:21:31,160 --> 01:21:32,360 OUTCOME, DEMONSTRATING GIVING 2311 01:21:32,360 --> 01:21:36,040 STEROIDS IN THE LATE PRETERM 2312 01:21:36,040 --> 01:21:37,440 REDUCED RISK OF THIS OUT COME. 2313 01:21:37,440 --> 01:21:41,080 SINCE ALPS WAS PUBLISHED, IT'S 2314 01:21:41,080 --> 01:21:43,560 HAD 403 CITATIONS. 2315 01:21:43,560 --> 01:21:45,080 IT'S BEEN INCORPORATED INTO 2316 01:21:45,080 --> 01:21:46,440 OFFICIAL GHIE DANCE FROM THE 2317 01:21:46,440 --> 01:21:49,280 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OB-GYNEDs 2318 01:21:49,280 --> 01:21:51,040 AND THE SOCIETY FOR MATERNAL 2319 01:21:51,040 --> 01:21:54,400 FETAL MEDICINE AND NOW WE GIVE 2320 01:21:54,400 --> 01:22:04,360 CONSIDERATION TO BIOMETHASONE. 2321 01:22:04,360 --> 01:22:07,440 WE JUST RECENTLY COMPLEATED 2322 01:22:07,440 --> 01:22:08,440 ENROLLMENT AND HOPEFULLY RESULTS 2323 01:22:08,440 --> 01:22:09,840 WILL BE FORTHCOMING AS I KNOW 2324 01:22:09,840 --> 01:22:11,160 MANY PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED IN -- 2325 01:22:11,160 --> 01:22:12,440 WE SEE SHORT TERM BENEFIT BUT 2326 01:22:12,440 --> 01:22:16,280 WHAT ARE THE LONG TERM 2327 01:22:16,280 --> 01:22:17,240 RAMIFICATIONS? ANOTHER STUDY 2328 01:22:17,240 --> 01:22:19,400 THAT I JUST WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT 2329 01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:20,640 BRIEFLY BECAUSE IT'S RECENT OVER 2330 01:22:20,640 --> 01:22:23,480 THE PAST DECADE, IS THE MFMU 2331 01:22:23,480 --> 01:22:24,040 ARRIVE TRIAL. 2332 01:22:24,040 --> 01:22:25,680 THIS STUDY WAS PUBLISHED ALSO IN 2333 01:22:25,680 --> 01:22:30,280 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 2334 01:22:30,280 --> 01:22:31,800 MEDICINE, AND AGAIN THIS IS 2335 01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:33,880 ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE MFMU 2336 01:22:33,880 --> 01:22:34,920 CHANGING OBSTETRIC PRACTICE. 2337 01:22:34,920 --> 01:22:36,960 THIS WAS AN RCT OF ELECTIVE 2338 01:22:36,960 --> 01:22:39,120 INDUCTION OF LABOR AT 39 WEEKS 2339 01:22:39,120 --> 01:22:42,200 GESTATION VERSUS EXPECTANT 2340 01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:45,760 MANAGEMENT AMONG NULLIPAROUS 2341 01:22:45,760 --> 01:22:46,680 RISK PATIENTS. 2342 01:22:46,680 --> 01:22:52,400 THIS REALLY CHALLENGED O OBSTETC 2343 01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:53,240 DOGMA, ARE WE'VE BEEN TELLING 2344 01:22:53,240 --> 01:22:55,240 PEOPLE YOU SHOULDN'T BE INDUCED 2345 01:22:55,240 --> 01:22:58,080 IT INCREASES RISK OF CESAREAN 2346 01:22:58,080 --> 01:22:58,960 DELIVERY, AND IS THAT TRUE AND 2347 01:22:58,960 --> 01:23:00,880 CAN WE BENEFIT NEONATES WITH 2348 01:23:00,880 --> 01:23:01,920 EARLIER INDUCTION? 2349 01:23:01,920 --> 01:23:03,200 THE PRIMARY OUTCOME OF THE 2350 01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:04,720 ARRIVE TRIAL WAS PERINATAL DEATH 2351 01:23:04,720 --> 01:23:07,240 OR SEVERE NEONATAL 2352 01:23:07,240 --> 01:23:07,800 COMPLICATIONS. 2353 01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:09,960 THIS WAS FOUND IN 4.3% OF THE 2354 01:23:09,960 --> 01:23:12,760 INDUCTION GROUP AND 5.4% OF THE 2355 01:23:12,760 --> 01:23:14,240 EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT GROUP, 2356 01:23:14,240 --> 01:23:16,400 DEMONSTRATING THERE WAS NO 2357 01:23:16,400 --> 01:23:18,480 DIFFERENCE IN NEONATAL OUTCOME. 2358 01:23:18,480 --> 01:23:20,680 WE ALSO LOOKED AT THE MAIN 2359 01:23:20,680 --> 01:23:22,080 SECONDARY OUTCOME IN CESAREAN 2360 01:23:22,080 --> 01:23:24,440 DELIVERY, PRESENT IN 18.6% OF 2361 01:23:24,440 --> 01:23:26,800 THE INDUCTION GROUP AND 22.2% OF 2362 01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:30,360 THE EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT 2363 01:23:30,360 --> 01:23:31,200 DEMONSTRATING CESAREAN DELIVERY 2364 01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:33,360 WAS ACTUALLY REDUCED WHEN THEY 2365 01:23:33,360 --> 01:23:36,280 UNDERWENT INDUCTION AT -- WEEKS. 2366 01:23:36,280 --> 01:23:37,560 THIS WAS A VERY IMPORTANT 2367 01:23:37,560 --> 01:23:38,080 FINDING. 2368 01:23:38,080 --> 01:23:39,920 SINCE THE ARRIVE TRIAL WAS 2369 01:23:39,920 --> 01:23:42,280 PUBLISHED IT'S HAD 2370 01:23:42,280 --> 01:23:43,560 484 CITATIONS, AND HAS ALSO BEEN 2371 01:23:43,560 --> 01:23:44,520 INCORPORATED INTO OFFICIAL 2372 01:23:44,520 --> 01:23:47,480 GUIDANCE FROM ACOG AND SMFM. 2373 01:23:47,480 --> 01:23:48,720 REALLY WHAT WE'VE SEEN IS 2374 01:23:48,720 --> 01:23:49,880 IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTIVE 2375 01:23:49,880 --> 01:23:51,720 INDUCTION OF LABOR AT 39 WEEKS 2376 01:23:51,720 --> 01:23:54,240 ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, AND 2377 01:23:54,240 --> 01:23:54,840 GLOBALLY. 2378 01:23:54,840 --> 01:23:56,320 AND REALLY THIS RESULTS IN 2379 01:23:56,320 --> 01:23:57,760 EXPANSION OF OPTIONS FOR 2380 01:23:57,760 --> 01:23:59,920 PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS REGARDING 2381 01:23:59,920 --> 01:24:00,800 THEIR DELIVERY TIMING 2382 01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:01,280 PREFERENCES. 2383 01:24:01,280 --> 01:24:02,600 THIS ALLOWS PEOPLE TO SAY, YOU 2384 01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:04,360 KNOW, YES, I DO WANT TO BE 2385 01:24:04,360 --> 01:24:05,720 INDUCED AND FOR US NOT TO SAY, 2386 01:24:05,720 --> 01:24:06,880 WELL, THAT'S GOING TO INCREASE 2387 01:24:06,880 --> 01:24:08,240 YOUR RATE OF C-SECTION. 2388 01:24:08,240 --> 01:24:10,320 IN FACT, IT'S PROBABLY QUITE THE 2389 01:24:10,320 --> 01:24:13,200 OPPOSITE. 2390 01:24:13,200 --> 01:24:14,200 DR. BIANCHI, WHEN SHE ASKED ME 2391 01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:15,920 TO SPEAK TODAY, ASKED ME ALSO TO 2392 01:24:15,920 --> 01:24:18,760 PLEASE ADDRESS THE MFMU GRAVID 2393 01:24:18,760 --> 01:24:19,280 STUDY. 2394 01:24:19,280 --> 01:24:21,840 THIS IS THE GESTATIONAL RESEARCH 2395 01:24:21,840 --> 01:24:22,920 ASSESSMENTS OF COVID-19 IN 2396 01:24:22,920 --> 01:24:23,320 PREGNANCY. 2397 01:24:23,320 --> 01:24:26,200 AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE 2398 01:24:26,200 --> 01:24:29,440 MFMU BEING ABLE TO RESPOND 2399 01:24:29,440 --> 01:24:30,440 RAPIDLY TO THE SCIENTIFIC 2400 01:24:30,440 --> 01:24:30,920 COMMUNITY'S NEEDS. 2401 01:24:30,920 --> 01:24:32,680 SO IN IN CASE WE'RE RESPONDING 2402 01:24:32,680 --> 01:24:34,480 TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. 2403 01:24:34,480 --> 01:24:36,880 GRAVID OVERALL INCLUDED 35 2404 01:24:36,880 --> 01:24:39,680 HOSPITAL SITES AMONG THE 12 MFMU 2405 01:24:39,680 --> 01:24:40,400 CENTERS. 2406 01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:43,080 IN TOTAL, OUR PERINATAL RESEARCH 2407 01:24:43,080 --> 01:24:45,720 TEAM ABSTRACTED OVER 25,000 2408 01:24:45,720 --> 01:24:47,080 MEDICAL RECORDS, IN ORDER TO GET 2409 01:24:47,080 --> 01:24:49,160 THE DATA FOR THE STUDY. 2410 01:24:49,160 --> 01:24:52,960 WE LOOKED AT BOTH DELIVERIES IN 2411 01:24:52,960 --> 01:24:54,080 2020 AND 2019. 2412 01:24:54,080 --> 01:24:55,960 IN 2020, THE DELIVERIES WERE 2413 01:24:55,960 --> 01:24:58,240 CASES OF CONFIRMED COVID OR 2414 01:24:58,240 --> 01:25:01,520 POSITIVE SARS-COV-2 TESTING IN 2415 01:25:01,520 --> 01:25:02,200 OVER 4,000 INDIVIDUALS, AND 2416 01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:05,800 THEY'RE COMPARED TO RANDOM 2417 01:25:05,800 --> 01:25:06,640 DELIVERY, 11,752 OF THEM. 2418 01:25:06,640 --> 01:25:11,000 WE ALSO ABSTRACTED DATA FOR 2019 2419 01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:13,480 RANDOM DELIVERIES, AND THAT WAS 2420 01:25:13,480 --> 01:25:14,440 ANOTHER 9,709 INDIVIDUALS, AND 2421 01:25:14,440 --> 01:25:15,680 THAT WAS ULTIMATELY TO BE ABLE 2422 01:25:15,680 --> 01:25:17,160 TO COMPARE PEOPLE WHO DELIVERED 2423 01:25:17,160 --> 01:25:18,720 IN THE PANDEMIC TO THOSE WHO 2424 01:25:18,720 --> 01:25:22,360 DELIVERED PRIOR TO THE PANDEMIC. 2425 01:25:22,360 --> 01:25:24,080 THE FIRST AIM OF GRAVID WAS TO 2426 01:25:24,080 --> 01:25:26,720 LOOK AT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 2427 01:25:26,720 --> 01:25:28,400 SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND SERIOUS 2428 01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:29,800 MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY 2429 01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:31,280 FROM OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS. 2430 01:25:31,280 --> 01:25:33,000 THIS PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN 2431 01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:37,320 JAMA. 2432 01:25:37,320 --> 01:25:40,360 THAT PAPER WAS A RETROSPECTIVE 2433 01:25:40,360 --> 01:25:43,480 COHORT STUDY OF 17 HOSPITALS 2434 01:25:43,480 --> 01:25:44,760 PARTICIPATING IN THE NICHD 2435 01:25:44,760 --> 01:25:45,680 MATERNAL-FETAL NETWORK AND THIS 2436 01:25:45,680 --> 01:25:46,760 IS ONLY 17 OF THE TOTAL SITES 2437 01:25:46,760 --> 01:25:48,000 BECAUSE WE WERE ONLY COMPARING 2438 01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:49,600 THOSE WHO ALSO PARTICIPATED IN 2439 01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:50,560 THE RANDOM DELIVERY PORTION OF 2440 01:25:50,560 --> 01:25:51,240 THIS PROTOCOL. 2441 01:25:51,240 --> 01:25:52,320 SO WE WANTED TO COMPARE PEOPLE 2442 01:25:52,320 --> 01:25:54,560 WHO DELIVERED AT HOSPITALS -- AT 2443 01:25:54,560 --> 01:25:55,880 THE SAME HOSPITALLING RATHER 2444 01:25:55,880 --> 01:26:01,160 THAN INCHOSPITALS RATHER THANIN. 2445 01:26:01,160 --> 01:26:03,400 THIS INCLUDED 14,100 FOR 2446 01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:04,720 PATIENTS WHO DELIVERED FROM 2447 01:26:04,720 --> 01:26:08,440 DECEMBER TO MARCH OF 2020. 2448 01:26:08,440 --> 01:26:18,080 2,352 OF THEM HAD SARS-COV-2 2449 01:26:18,080 --> 01:26:19,840 INFECTION. 2450 01:26:19,840 --> 01:26:21,720 OUR PRIMARY OUTCOME WAS MATERNAL 2451 01:26:21,720 --> 01:26:23,320 DEATH OR SERIOUS MORBIDITY FROM 2452 01:26:23,320 --> 01:26:24,920 COMMON PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS 2453 01:26:24,920 --> 01:26:25,920 INCLUDING HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS 2454 01:26:25,920 --> 01:26:28,560 OF PREGNANCY, POSTPARTUM 2455 01:26:28,560 --> 01:26:30,520 HEMORRHAGE, AND INFECTIONS OVER 2456 01:26:30,520 --> 01:26:32,200 SARS-COV-2, AND I THINK 2457 01:26:32,200 --> 01:26:33,640 IMPORTANTLY, THESE AREN'T JUST 2458 01:26:33,640 --> 01:26:35,000 HAVING A HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER 2459 01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:35,680 OF PREGNANCY. 2460 01:26:35,680 --> 01:26:37,000 IT MEANS HAVING REALLY 2461 01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:39,480 SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY FROM A 2462 01:26:39,480 --> 01:26:41,360 HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER OF 2463 01:26:41,360 --> 01:26:42,920 PREGNANCY, SO PROGRESSION TO 2464 01:26:42,920 --> 01:26:48,400 ECLAMPSIA, NEEDING I.V. 2465 01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:49,760 HYPERTENSIVES. 2466 01:26:49,760 --> 01:26:53,280 OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THESE STATES 2467 01:26:53,280 --> 01:26:54,560 WOULD PROGRESS FURTHER BECAUSE 2468 01:26:54,560 --> 01:26:55,920 THEY WOULDN'T GET TO THE 2469 01:26:55,920 --> 01:26:57,240 HOSPITAL OR THERE WERE DELAYS IN 2470 01:26:57,240 --> 01:26:57,520 THEIR CARE. 2471 01:26:57,520 --> 01:26:59,720 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT PEOPLE WHO 2472 01:26:59,720 --> 01:27:01,400 HAD SARS-COV-2 DID HAVE A HIGHER 2473 01:27:01,400 --> 01:27:02,920 RISK OF COMPOSITE DEATH OR 2474 01:27:02,920 --> 01:27:03,880 SERIOUS MORBIDITY. 2475 01:27:03,880 --> 01:27:06,560 WITH AN ADJUSTED RELATIVE RISK 2476 01:27:06,560 --> 01:27:09,520 OF 1.41 OR 40% HIGHER RISK AMONG 2477 01:27:09,520 --> 01:27:10,760 THOSE WITH SARS-COV-2 INFECTION. 2478 01:27:10,760 --> 01:27:12,400 WHAT WE ALSO FOUND WAS THAT THIS 2479 01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:14,880 WAS REALLY DRIVEN BY THE 2480 01:27:14,880 --> 01:27:15,640 HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF 2481 01:27:15,640 --> 01:27:18,040 PREGNANCY AND INFECTIONS OTHER 2482 01:27:18,040 --> 01:27:21,400 THAN SARS-COV-2, NOT REALLY THE 2483 01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:22,920 POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE COMPONENT 2484 01:27:22,920 --> 01:27:25,480 OF THE EXOS SIT. 2485 01:27:25,480 --> 01:27:25,840 COMPOSITE. 2486 01:27:25,840 --> 01:27:27,440 BUT I THINK PERHAPS MOST 2487 01:27:27,440 --> 01:27:28,720 IMPORTANTLY IS THAT WE STRATIFY 2488 01:27:28,720 --> 01:27:29,920 BY SEVERITY OF INFECTION. 2489 01:27:29,920 --> 01:27:31,400 AND THIS WAS PLANNED AND IT WAS 2490 01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:32,680 SOMETHING THAT WE WERE ABLE TO 2491 01:27:32,680 --> 01:27:35,960 DO BECAUSE WE WERE ACTUALLY 2492 01:27:35,960 --> 01:27:36,960 ABSTRACTING THESE MEDICAL 2493 01:27:36,960 --> 01:27:38,280 RECORDS BY HAND AND GOING IN AND 2494 01:27:38,280 --> 01:27:39,480 REALLY UNDERSTANDING THE DETAILS 2495 01:27:39,480 --> 01:27:41,360 OF THESE SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS 2496 01:27:41,360 --> 01:27:43,320 AND COVID-19 PROCESSES. 2497 01:27:43,320 --> 01:27:45,120 AND WHEN WE DID THAT, WHAT WE 2498 01:27:45,120 --> 01:27:46,320 FOUND IS THAT ADVERSE OUTCOMES 2499 01:27:46,320 --> 01:27:48,920 WERE REALLY AMONG THOSE WITH 2500 01:27:48,920 --> 01:27:51,440 MODERATE OR HIGHER DISEASE 2501 01:27:51,440 --> 01:27:52,520 SEVERITY, EXCEPT HYPERTENSIVE 2502 01:27:52,520 --> 01:27:53,960 DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY, WHICH WE 2503 01:27:53,960 --> 01:27:55,360 ALSO SAW WAS INCREASED EVEN WITH 2504 01:27:55,360 --> 01:27:57,680 THOSE WHO HAD MORE MILD DISEASE. 2505 01:27:57,680 --> 01:27:58,680 BUT WHAT WE COULD SAY FROM THIS 2506 01:27:58,680 --> 01:28:00,400 IS THAT WE NEED TO PREVENT 2507 01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:02,000 PROGRESSION OF HIGHER DISEASE 2508 01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:04,000 SEVERITY THROUGH VACCINATION, 2509 01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:05,160 AND TREATMENTS FOR COVID-19. 2510 01:28:05,160 --> 01:28:06,120 AND THIS HAS BEEN SOMETHING 2511 01:28:06,120 --> 01:28:08,560 THAT'S BEEN REALLY IMPORTANT TO 2512 01:28:08,560 --> 01:28:09,920 PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS. 2513 01:28:09,920 --> 01:28:12,840 IN HTHIS HAS BEEN A PRESSING ISE 2514 01:28:12,840 --> 01:28:15,840 THROUGHOUT THE PANDEMIC, IS THAT 2515 01:28:15,840 --> 01:28:16,920 PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS HAVE NOT 2516 01:28:16,920 --> 01:28:18,600 BEEN IN TRIALS AND HAVEN'T 2517 01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:20,080 RECEIVED THE TREATMENTS 2518 01:28:20,080 --> 01:28:21,200 INDICATED FOR THEM SO BEING ABLE 2519 01:28:21,200 --> 01:28:23,000 TO SAY THAT WE CAN PREVENT THIS 2520 01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:25,440 PROGRESSION TO HIGHER DISEASE 2521 01:28:25,440 --> 01:28:27,200 SEVERITY, WITH HE CAN PREVENT 2522 01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,160 THESE OTHER COMP COMPLICATIONS R 2523 01:28:30,160 --> 01:28:32,040 MOMS AND NEONATES WAS REALLY 2524 01:28:32,040 --> 01:28:33,200 CRITICAL AND ALLOWED US TO MOVE 2525 01:28:33,200 --> 01:28:35,280 FORWARD ON THAT MESSAGING DURING 2526 01:28:35,280 --> 01:28:36,520 THE PANDEMIC TO PREGNANT PEOPLE 2527 01:28:36,520 --> 01:28:41,160 AND HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS. 2528 01:28:41,160 --> 01:28:42,440 THIS CLICKER IS RECONNECTING 2529 01:28:42,440 --> 01:28:43,000 AGAIN. 2530 01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:43,800 SORRY. 2531 01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:45,520 IT'S A SEPARATE SYSTEM. 2532 01:28:45,520 --> 01:28:46,680 OKAY. 2533 01:28:46,680 --> 01:28:48,800 SO WHERE ARE WE GOING? 2534 01:28:48,800 --> 01:28:50,160 I THINK THAT I'VE COVERED SOME 2535 01:28:50,160 --> 01:28:51,320 OF WHERE WE'RE GOING. 2536 01:28:51,320 --> 01:28:53,080 WE NEED TO PUBLISH SOME OF OUR 2537 01:28:53,080 --> 01:28:54,800 OTHER RECENTLY COMPLETED 2538 01:28:54,800 --> 01:28:57,480 STUDIES, THOUGH. 2539 01:28:57,480 --> 01:29:02,360 WE HAVE TRANEXAMIW ACID FOR 2540 01:29:02,360 --> 01:29:05,640 PREVENTION OF OBSTETRICAL 2541 01:29:05,640 --> 01:29:06,320 HEMORRHAGE, PUBLICATION PENDING. 2542 01:29:06,320 --> 01:29:08,160 WE HAVE AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY 2543 01:29:08,160 --> 01:29:09,720 OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN 2544 01:29:09,720 --> 01:29:12,280 PREGNANCY, AND A PRESCRIPTION 2545 01:29:12,280 --> 01:29:13,920 AFTER CESAREAN TRIAL OR PACT 2546 01:29:13,920 --> 01:29:15,560 STUDY WHICH LOOKED AT SHARED KE 2547 01:29:15,560 --> 01:29:18,200 SITION MAKING AT THE TIME OF 2548 01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:19,640 HOSPITAL DISCHARGE. 2549 01:29:19,640 --> 01:29:21,520 THE ANTENATAL LATE PRETERM 2550 01:29:21,520 --> 01:29:25,000 STEROIDS I MENTIONED AND THE 2551 01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:27,520 CYTOMEGLOVIRUS TRIAL FOLLOW-UP. 2552 01:29:27,520 --> 01:29:28,880 NOW THAT WASN'T FOUND TO BE 2553 01:29:28,880 --> 01:29:30,040 EFFECTIVE BUT WE'RE STILL 2554 01:29:30,040 --> 01:29:31,320 INTERESTED IN WHAT HAPPENED LONG 2555 01:29:31,320 --> 01:29:35,080 TERM TO THOSE KIDS WHO RECEIVED 2556 01:29:35,080 --> 01:29:37,160 EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY. 2557 01:29:37,160 --> 01:29:39,080 WE ALSO NEED TO COMPLETE OUR 2558 01:29:39,080 --> 01:29:40,080 ONGOING TRIALS. 2559 01:29:40,080 --> 01:29:41,840 SO IN THE EXISTING NETWORK, 2560 01:29:41,840 --> 01:29:43,320 WE'RE STILL ENROLLING IN THREE 2561 01:29:43,320 --> 01:29:43,800 TRIALS. 2562 01:29:43,800 --> 01:29:46,360 ONE IS THE RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF 2563 01:29:46,360 --> 01:29:48,680 PESSARY AND PROGESTERONE FOR 2564 01:29:48,680 --> 01:29:51,360 PRETERM PREVENTION IN TWIN 2565 01:29:51,360 --> 01:29:54,120 GESTATION WITH A SHORT CERVIX, 2566 01:29:54,120 --> 01:29:56,440 SO LOOKING AT THESE 2567 01:29:56,440 --> 01:29:58,520 INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTING 2568 01:29:58,520 --> 01:29:59,520 PRETERM BIRTH. 2569 01:29:59,520 --> 01:30:01,240 WE'RE LOOKING AT A RANDOMIZED 2570 01:30:01,240 --> 01:30:03,040 TRIAL OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE 2571 01:30:03,040 --> 01:30:04,960 AIRWAY PRESSURE FOR SLEEP APNEA 2572 01:30:04,960 --> 01:30:07,400 IN PREGNANCY. 2573 01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:10,320 AND WE'RE DOING A POST-ACUTE 2574 01:30:10,320 --> 01:30:12,840 SEQUELAE OF SARS-COV-2 STUDY IN 2575 01:30:12,840 --> 01:30:14,680 PREGNANT PATIENTS AND THEIR 2576 01:30:14,680 --> 01:30:15,520 OFFSPRING. 2577 01:30:15,520 --> 01:30:16,720 I'M GOING TO COVER THAT IN SOME 2578 01:30:16,720 --> 01:30:23,480 MORE DETAIL. 2579 01:30:23,480 --> 01:30:24,640 SO BECAUSE WE WERE ABLE TO DO 2580 01:30:24,640 --> 01:30:26,160 THE GRAVID STUDY, WE WERE ALSO 2581 01:30:26,160 --> 01:30:27,560 ABLE TO BE FUNDED TO BE PART OF 2582 01:30:27,560 --> 01:30:29,200 THE TRANS-NIH RECOVER 2583 01:30:29,200 --> 01:30:30,000 INITIATIVE. 2584 01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:31,600 THE RECOVER INITIATIVE IS 2585 01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,320 RESEARCHING COVID TO ENHANCE 2586 01:30:33,320 --> 01:30:33,800 RECOVERY. 2587 01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:37,240 AND THE MFMU IS PARTICIPATING IN 2588 01:30:37,240 --> 01:30:38,400 THIS AS PART OF THE PREGNANCY 2589 01:30:38,400 --> 01:30:39,920 COHORT OF RECOVER. 2590 01:30:39,920 --> 01:30:41,880 AND FOR THAT STUDY, WE'RE TRYING 2591 01:30:41,880 --> 01:30:48,800 TO ENROLL 15 HYUNDAI ADDS 1500W 2592 01:30:48,800 --> 01:30:52,000 THEM LONGITUDINALLY, SO LOOKING 2593 01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:53,080 AT LONG COVID SIGNS, SYMPTOMS 2594 01:30:53,080 --> 01:30:55,040 AND REALLY END OF PHENOTYPING 2595 01:30:55,040 --> 01:30:56,880 FOR LONG COVID AMONG THE MOTHERS 2596 01:30:56,880 --> 01:31:01,080 WHO HAD SARS-COV-2 IN PREGNANCY. 2597 01:31:01,080 --> 01:31:02,400 FOR THE OFFSPRING, WE'RE 2598 01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:04,080 FOLLOWING THEM AND EVALUATING A 2599 01:31:04,080 --> 01:31:06,280 VARIETY OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL 2600 01:31:06,280 --> 01:31:08,640 MEASURES AND CARDIAC METABOLIC 2601 01:31:08,640 --> 01:31:11,040 MEASURES TO SEE IF EXPOSURE TO 2602 01:31:11,040 --> 01:31:13,480 SARS-COV-2 IN UTERO RESULTS IN 2603 01:31:13,480 --> 01:31:15,280 ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN CHILDHOOD. 2604 01:31:15,280 --> 01:31:17,080 THERE'S ALSO COLLABORATIONS THAT 2605 01:31:17,080 --> 01:31:22,080 THE MFMU IS BUILDING WITHTH IF 2606 01:31:22,080 --> 01:31:22,600 NICHD NETWORK. 2607 01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:24,120 WE JUST HAD A STEERING COMMITTEE 2608 01:31:24,120 --> 01:31:25,200 MEETING LAST WEEK ACTUALLY, I 2609 01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:28,160 WAS IN D.C. FOR THAT, AND THE 2610 01:31:28,160 --> 01:31:30,760 IMPRINT INVESTIGATES CAME AND 2611 01:31:30,760 --> 01:31:32,200 SPOKE TO US ABOUT HOW WE CAN 2612 01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:33,200 COLLABORATE MOVING FORWARD AND 2613 01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:34,480 REALLY LEVERAGE ALL OF THESE 2614 01:31:34,480 --> 01:31:36,280 RESOURCES TO MOVE THE FIELD. 2615 01:31:36,280 --> 01:31:37,480 WE'VE ALREADY BEEN COLLABORATING 2616 01:31:37,480 --> 01:31:40,800 WITH THE NIH HELPING TO END 2617 01:31:40,800 --> 01:31:41,840 ADDICTION LONG TERM OR HEAL 2618 01:31:41,840 --> 01:31:42,520 INITIATIVE. 2619 01:31:42,520 --> 01:31:46,840 THAT IS HOW WE DID THE PATCH 2620 01:31:46,840 --> 01:31:48,160 STUDY OR THE CESAREAN TRIAL I 2621 01:31:48,160 --> 01:31:50,160 JUST DISCUSSED, AND WITH THIS 2622 01:31:50,160 --> 01:31:51,800 NEW RFA, THERE'S A FOCUS ON 2623 01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:52,880 ALLOWING INVESTIGATORS OUTSIDE 2624 01:31:52,880 --> 01:31:55,280 OF MFMU CENTERS TO BRING TRIALS 2625 01:31:55,280 --> 01:31:57,720 TO THE MFMU THAT CAN THEN BE 2626 01:31:57,720 --> 01:31:58,480 PERFORMED USING OUR 2627 01:31:58,480 --> 01:32:01,120 INFRASTRUCTURE. 2628 01:32:01,120 --> 01:32:03,320 SO THE IDEA IS REALLY THAT THE 2629 01:32:03,320 --> 01:32:04,560 MFMU IS WORKING COOPERATIVELY 2630 01:32:04,560 --> 01:32:06,240 WITH NICHD IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A 2631 01:32:06,240 --> 01:32:07,000 RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE THAT 2632 01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:08,880 WILL ALLOW FOR THE MOST 2633 01:32:08,880 --> 01:32:11,280 INNOVATIVE AND EXCITING CLINICAL 2634 01:32:11,280 --> 01:32:16,240 TRIALS TO MOST HIGHLY IMPACT 2635 01:32:16,240 --> 01:32:17,440 OBSTETRIC PRACTICE. 2636 01:32:17,440 --> 01:32:18,600 OF COURSE WE NEED TO CONTINUE TO 2637 01:32:18,600 --> 01:32:19,400 WORK WITH COMMUNITIES AND 2638 01:32:19,400 --> 01:32:20,440 PATIENTS TO MAKE SURE THE 2639 01:32:20,440 --> 01:32:22,120 SCIENCE IS ALIGNING WITH WHAT IS 2640 01:32:22,120 --> 01:32:23,520 NEEDED BY PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS 2641 01:32:23,520 --> 01:32:27,280 IN THE COMMUNITY. 2642 01:32:27,280 --> 01:32:28,280 SO WHERE ARE WE GOING? 2643 01:32:28,280 --> 01:32:31,080 WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE TO 2644 01:32:31,080 --> 01:32:32,320 FUNCTION WITH A COOPERATIVE 2645 01:32:32,320 --> 01:32:33,320 AGREEMENT MOVING FORWARD WITH 2646 01:32:33,320 --> 01:32:33,760 NICHD. 2647 01:32:33,760 --> 01:32:35,800 WE'RE GOING TO MAINTAIN RESEARCH 2648 01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:37,800 INFRASTRUCTURE TO CONDUCT 2649 01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:39,000 MULTICENTER, GENERALIZABLE 2650 01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:40,320 PERINATAL TRIALS WITH CLINICALLY 2651 01:32:40,320 --> 01:32:41,000 IMPORTANT OUTCOMES. 2652 01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:42,000 WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE TO 2653 01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:43,320 PROVIDE RIGOROUS EVIDENCE TO 2654 01:32:43,320 --> 01:32:44,800 GUIDE OBSTETRIC PRACTICE AND 2655 01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:46,160 RESPOND TO THE NEEDS OF THE 2656 01:32:46,160 --> 01:32:47,440 HEALTHCARE COMMUNITY. 2657 01:32:47,440 --> 01:32:49,560 WE REALLY WANT TO ULTIMATELY 2658 01:32:49,560 --> 01:32:53,520 IMPROVE PERINATAL OUTCOMES. 2659 01:32:53,520 --> 01:32:55,080 THIS COMES WITH A HUGE, HUGE 2660 01:32:55,080 --> 01:32:57,000 THANK YOU TO NICHD FOR FUNDING 2661 01:32:57,000 --> 01:33:00,440 THE MFMU NETWORK SINCE 1986. 2662 01:33:00,440 --> 01:33:01,560 HOPEFULLY I'VE CONVINCED YOU 2663 01:33:01,560 --> 01:33:03,880 THAT'S A WISE INVESTMENT AND 2664 01:33:03,880 --> 01:33:06,840 WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO REALLY IMPACT 2665 01:33:06,840 --> 01:33:07,320 CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2666 01:33:07,320 --> 01:33:09,920 OF COURSE IT'S AN HONOR TO BE 2667 01:33:09,920 --> 01:33:15,440 HERE PRESENTING ON BEHALF OF ALL 2668 01:33:15,440 --> 01:33:18,560 P.I.s IN THE NETWORK. 2669 01:33:18,560 --> 01:33:20,200 THE NURSE COORDINATORS REALLY 2670 01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:23,800 HELP THE PROGRAM RUN AND THEIR 2671 01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:25,760 RESEARCH TEAMS. 2672 01:33:25,760 --> 01:33:28,600 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 2673 01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:30,280 DATA ANAL CIRCLES AND OF COURSE 2674 01:33:30,280 --> 01:33:31,800 PATIENTS WHO PARTICIPATE IN 2675 01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:33,360 RESEARCH TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR 2676 01:33:33,360 --> 01:33:34,160 PREGNANT PEOPLE AND THEIR 2677 01:33:34,160 --> 01:33:34,680 CHILDREN. 2678 01:33:34,680 --> 01:33:36,120 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 2679 01:33:36,120 --> 01:33:36,800 OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT TODAY. 2680 01:33:36,800 --> 01:33:41,680 IT WAS TRULY AN HONOR. 2681 01:33:41,680 --> 01:33:41,960 >> 2682 01:33:41,960 --> 01:33:45,200 >>DR. METZ, LET ME THANK YOU IN 2683 01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:46,040 RETURN. 2684 01:33:46,040 --> 01:33:48,360 OUR FINAL SPEAKER FOR THIS PANEL 2685 01:33:48,360 --> 01:33:53,080 IS DR. FASIL TEKOLA-AYELE, 2686 01:33:53,080 --> 01:33:54,400 EPIDEMIOLOGY BRANCH, DIVISION OF 2687 01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:55,400 POPULATION HEALTH RESEARCH AT 2688 01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:55,840 NICHD. 2689 01:33:55,840 --> 01:33:57,600 HE LEADS A RESEARCH PROGRAM 2690 01:33:57,600 --> 01:34:01,200 FOCUSED ON GENETIC AND 2691 01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:03,800 EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC 2692 01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:05,400 MECHANISMS OF LINKS BETWEEN 2693 01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:07,800 FETAL GROWTH AND CARDIOMETABOLIC 2694 01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:09,520 DISEASE RISK IN DIVERSE 2695 01:34:09,520 --> 01:34:10,520 ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS. 2696 01:34:10,520 --> 01:34:13,400 HIS INTERESTS ALSO INCLUDE 2697 01:34:13,400 --> 01:34:15,920 OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE MARKERS AND 2698 01:34:15,920 --> 01:34:19,640 EPIGENETIC AGENT OF THE 2699 01:34:19,640 --> 01:34:24,000 PLACENTA, CHILDHOOD OBESITY 2700 01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:24,480 RATES. 2701 01:34:24,480 --> 01:34:26,520 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 2702 01:34:26,520 --> 01:34:26,960 DR. TEKOLA-AYELE. 2703 01:34:26,960 --> 01:34:28,320 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, CAR LINE, 2704 01:34:28,320 --> 01:34:31,400 FOR THE KIND INTRODUCTION. 2705 01:34:31,400 --> 01:34:35,080 I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THANK YOU TO 2706 01:34:35,080 --> 01:34:36,320 DR. BIANCHI FOR INVITING ME TO 2707 01:34:36,320 --> 01:34:39,320 BE PART OF THIS EXCITING 2708 01:34:39,320 --> 01:34:41,480 SESSION. 2709 01:34:41,480 --> 01:34:51,240 SO I'LL GO AHEAD WITH MY 2710 01:34:51,240 --> 01:34:52,160 PRESENTATION. 2711 01:34:52,160 --> 01:34:53,840 SO MY TALK TODAY WILL FOCUS ON 2712 01:34:53,840 --> 01:34:57,720 WHAT WE LEARNED SO FAR ABOUT 2713 01:34:57,720 --> 01:35:00,560 FETAL GROWTH, BY LEVERAGING 2714 01:35:00,560 --> 01:35:01,640 GENETIC INFORMATION FROM 2715 01:35:01,640 --> 01:35:05,120 POPULATIONS WITH DIVERSE 2716 01:35:05,120 --> 01:35:06,080 ANCESTRAL BACKGROUND AND ALSO 2717 01:35:06,080 --> 01:35:08,720 FROM THE PLACENTA. 2718 01:35:08,720 --> 01:35:15,280 WHY DIVERSE ANCESTRAL POPULATION 2719 01:35:15,280 --> 01:35:16,840 IN RE?ECH I'D LIKE TO 2720 01:35:16,840 --> 01:35:19,840 DEMONSTRATE THAT DIVERSE 2721 01:35:19,840 --> 01:35:22,960 ANCESTRY POPULATIONS CAN 2722 01:35:22,960 --> 01:35:24,800 GENERATE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY, 2723 01:35:24,800 --> 01:35:31,720 CAUSE OF MECHANISMS AND ENSURING 2724 01:35:31,720 --> 01:35:34,400 THAT INSIGHT -- AND WHY THE 2725 01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:36,040 PLACENTA GENOME IN THIS CONTEXT, 2726 01:35:36,040 --> 01:35:37,840 THE PLACENTA AS YOU KNOW BRIDGES 2727 01:35:37,840 --> 01:35:39,320 THE MATERNAL AND FETAL SYSTEM, 2728 01:35:39,320 --> 01:35:41,640 AND ITS FUNCTIONS ARE CRITICAL 2729 01:35:41,640 --> 01:35:42,840 FOR FETAL GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE 2730 01:35:42,840 --> 01:35:44,800 OF HEALTHY PREGNANCY. 2731 01:35:44,800 --> 01:35:47,200 I WILL HIGHLIGHT THAT THE MR. 16 2732 01:35:47,200 --> 01:35:51,520 TAPLACENTA HAS VALUABLE GENOMIC 2733 01:35:51,520 --> 01:35:54,040 INFORMATION TO ALLOW US TO LEARN 2734 01:35:54,040 --> 01:35:58,960 MORE ABOUT GROWTH VARIATION, 2735 01:35:58,960 --> 01:36:00,360 BIOMARKERS OF METABOLIC HEALTH 2736 01:36:00,360 --> 01:36:06,760 WHICH MAY HAVE EFFECT ON 2737 01:36:06,760 --> 01:36:07,840 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AS 2738 01:36:07,840 --> 01:36:10,960 WELL. 2739 01:36:10,960 --> 01:36:16,600 NON-EUROPEANS ARE UNDER STUDIED 2740 01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:26,920 IN GENOMIC RESEARCH. 2741 01:36:27,880 --> 01:36:29,760 DESPITE THE MILLIONS OF STUDY 2742 01:36:29,760 --> 01:36:31,600 PARTICIPANTS IN GENOMIC RESEARCH 2743 01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:32,200 SO FAR. 2744 01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:39,200 FOR EXAMPLE, ONLY 2% OF AFRICAN 2745 01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:40,800 AND 1% OF HISPANIC POPULATIONS 2746 01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:42,760 WERE INCLUDED IN PREVIOUS 2747 01:36:42,760 --> 01:36:43,800 GENOMIC STUDIES. 2748 01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:45,920 THE PLACENTA IS ALSO NOT 2749 01:36:45,920 --> 01:36:50,040 INCLUDED IN LARGE SCALE 2750 01:36:50,040 --> 01:36:51,480 FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS DATABASE. 2751 01:36:51,480 --> 01:36:54,200 HERE YOU SEE MORE THAN 50 2752 01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:58,760 TISSUES INCLUDED IN THE GTEX, 2753 01:36:58,760 --> 01:37:00,880 BUT THE PLACENTA IS STILL 2754 01:37:00,880 --> 01:37:02,840 MISSING. 2755 01:37:02,840 --> 01:37:03,480 OKAY. 2756 01:37:03,480 --> 01:37:05,280 FETAL GROWTH IS CRITICAL FOR 2757 01:37:05,280 --> 01:37:11,080 HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. 2758 01:37:11,080 --> 01:37:12,840 STUDIES HAVE FOUND CONSISTENT 2759 01:37:12,840 --> 01:37:14,320 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FETAL 2760 01:37:14,320 --> 01:37:20,040 GROWTH AND CONDITIONS THAT 2761 01:37:20,040 --> 01:37:24,920 CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE AND DEATH. 2762 01:37:24,920 --> 01:37:26,120 THEREFORE UNDERSTANDING THE 2763 01:37:26,120 --> 01:37:28,360 MECHANISMS OF EARLY GROWTH 2764 01:37:28,360 --> 01:37:29,920 RECOGNITION CAN HAVE 2765 01:37:29,920 --> 01:37:32,160 TRANSLATIONAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY 2766 01:37:32,160 --> 01:37:33,840 PREGNANCY AND EVEN BEYOND THAT 2767 01:37:33,840 --> 01:37:34,680 FOR SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OF 2768 01:37:34,680 --> 01:37:38,480 CHILDREN AND MOTHERS. 2769 01:37:38,480 --> 01:37:43,200 AS A POPULATION LABEL FETAL 2770 01:37:43,200 --> 01:37:46,440 GROWTH SHOWS VARIATIONS AMONG 2771 01:37:46,440 --> 01:37:47,320 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND 2772 01:37:47,320 --> 01:37:49,600 INDIVIDUALS AND THIS HAS BEEN 2773 01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:53,400 DEMONSTRATED BY TWO STUDIES LED 2774 01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:55,760 BY THE -- AND THE NICHD FETAL 2775 01:37:55,760 --> 01:37:57,320 GROWTH STUDIES IN THE U.S. 2776 01:37:57,320 --> 01:38:00,160 WHEN IT COMES TO GENETICS, THE 2777 01:38:00,160 --> 01:38:01,880 CONTRIBUTION OF GENETICS ON 2778 01:38:01,880 --> 01:38:05,720 FETAL GROWTH IS SUBSTANTIAL. 2779 01:38:05,720 --> 01:38:07,760 IT ALSO VARIES THROUGHOUT 2780 01:38:07,760 --> 01:38:08,120 GESTATION. 2781 01:38:08,120 --> 01:38:10,200 THIS FIGURE IS FROM ONE OF OUR 2782 01:38:10,200 --> 01:38:14,120 STUDIES IN WHICH WE ESTIMATED 2783 01:38:14,120 --> 01:38:16,800 THE GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO 2784 01:38:16,800 --> 01:38:17,720 FETAL GROWTH. 2785 01:38:17,720 --> 01:38:20,200 ON THE HORIZONTAL AXIS, YOU SEE 2786 01:38:20,200 --> 01:38:22,440 GESTATIONAL WEEK, AND ON THE 2787 01:38:22,440 --> 01:38:23,800 VERTICAL AXIS IS THE PERCENTAGE 2788 01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:25,640 OF VARIATION IN FETAL GROWTH 2789 01:38:25,640 --> 01:38:27,160 EXPLAINED BY GENETIC FACTORS. 2790 01:38:27,160 --> 01:38:30,200 AS YOU CAN CLEARLY SEE, GENETIC 2791 01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:32,080 CONTRIBUTIONS STEADILY RISE, 2792 01:38:32,080 --> 01:38:33,680 PEAKING AROUND LATE SECOND 2793 01:38:33,680 --> 01:38:35,200 TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY. 2794 01:38:35,200 --> 01:38:39,120 THE IMPLICATION IS THAT GENETIC 2795 01:38:39,120 --> 01:38:40,320 STUDIES -- AT BIRTH HAVE AT 2796 01:38:40,320 --> 01:38:44,560 LEAST SOME -- FACTORS THAT HAVE 2797 01:38:44,560 --> 01:38:45,320 GESTATIONAL -- AND IT SPEAKS TO 2798 01:38:45,320 --> 01:38:53,800 THE NEED FOR GENETIC STUDIES -- 2799 01:38:53,800 --> 01:38:55,000 FETAL GROWTH TRAJECTORY. 2800 01:38:55,000 --> 01:38:56,560 NOW THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 2801 01:38:56,560 --> 01:38:58,440 CONDUCT GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY 2802 01:38:58,440 --> 01:39:00,640 STUDIES TO IDENTIFY THESE 2803 01:39:00,640 --> 01:39:03,160 GENETIC VARIANTS -- GESTATION 2804 01:39:03,160 --> 01:39:05,560 AND VARIABLE TO DIVERSE 2805 01:39:05,560 --> 01:39:06,280 POPULATIONS. 2806 01:39:06,280 --> 01:39:08,040 OBVIOUSLY WE NEED GENOMIC DATA 2807 01:39:08,040 --> 01:39:13,720 FROM HUMAN POPULATIONS, BUT THIS 2808 01:39:13,720 --> 01:39:21,800 IS COMPLEX. 2809 01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:23,360 AT LEAST TWO ANCESTRAL 2810 01:39:23,360 --> 01:39:23,800 COMPONENTS. 2811 01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:27,720 THIS HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS. 2812 01:39:27,720 --> 01:39:29,920 ONE, BECAUSE HUMAN POPULATION 2813 01:39:29,920 --> 01:39:36,440 GENETIC VARIATION IS COMPLEX AND 2814 01:39:36,440 --> 01:39:38,280 HETEROGENEOUS RACE/ETHNICITY, 2815 01:39:38,280 --> 01:39:42,280 RESIDENCE CANNOT ADEQUATELY 2816 01:39:42,280 --> 01:39:43,880 CAPTURE VARIATIONS WE SEE IN 2817 01:39:43,880 --> 01:39:46,360 GENETIC ANCESTRY. 2818 01:39:46,360 --> 01:39:48,360 SECOND, I MENTIONED EARLIER THAT 2819 01:39:48,360 --> 01:39:50,560 A HUGE MAJORITY OF LARGE SCALE 2820 01:39:50,560 --> 01:39:58,040 GENOMIC STUDIES SO FAR -- WE --N 2821 01:39:58,040 --> 01:39:59,920 YOU USE GENETIC RISK VARIANTS 2822 01:39:59,920 --> 01:40:01,560 DISCOVERED IN RESEARCH 2823 01:40:01,560 --> 01:40:04,360 PARTICIPANTS WITH EUROPEAN AN 2824 01:40:04,360 --> 01:40:07,720 SES PREBACKGROUND ONLY, THIS CAN 2825 01:40:07,720 --> 01:40:09,720 LIMIT CLINICAL AND POPULATION 2826 01:40:09,720 --> 01:40:11,200 HEALTH BENEFITS OF GENOMIC 2827 01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:12,120 RESEARCH. 2828 01:40:12,120 --> 01:40:17,720 IN TERMS OF STUDIES, IT HAS 2829 01:40:17,720 --> 01:40:18,640 IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN 2830 01:40:18,640 --> 01:40:19,920 PREDICTING THE LINK BETWEEN 2831 01:40:19,920 --> 01:40:22,000 GENETIC FACTORS AND FETAL GROWTH 2832 01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:24,120 ACROSS POPULATIONS. 2833 01:40:24,120 --> 01:40:25,640 NEXT I'LL GIVE ONE EXAMPLE FROM 2834 01:40:25,640 --> 01:40:30,680 OUR WORK TO ILLUSTRATE THIS LAST 2835 01:40:30,680 --> 01:40:31,360 POINT. 2836 01:40:31,360 --> 01:40:35,120 HERE OUR GOAL WAS TO ASSESS 2837 01:40:35,120 --> 01:40:41,960 WHETHER MATERNAL DIABETES 2838 01:40:41,960 --> 01:40:43,840 POLYGENIC RISK IN EUROPEANS 2839 01:40:43,840 --> 01:40:46,280 PREDICT FETAL WEIGHT ACROSS 2840 01:40:46,280 --> 01:40:50,040 ANCESTRAL GROUPS. 2841 01:40:50,040 --> 01:40:51,600 THESE WERE OBTAINED FROM 2842 01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:53,160 PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION 2843 01:40:53,160 --> 01:40:57,080 STUDIES INVOLVING EUROPEAN 2844 01:40:57,080 --> 01:40:58,360 ANCESTRY POPULATIONS 2845 01:40:58,360 --> 01:40:59,160 PREDOMINANTLY ONLY. 2846 01:40:59,160 --> 01:41:01,760 WHAT WE FOUND AMERICANS IN THE 2847 01:41:01,760 --> 01:41:03,800 COHORT FIRST FROM OTHER GROUPS. 2848 01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:05,280 IN NEW YORK AND AMERICA, WE 2849 01:41:05,280 --> 01:41:06,920 FOUND THERE IS A DIFFERENCE 2850 01:41:06,920 --> 01:41:09,800 BETWEEN WOMEN WITH HIGH AND LOW 2851 01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:11,200 DIABETES GENETIC RISK. 2852 01:41:11,200 --> 01:41:13,640 THIS DIFFERENCE BEGINS AS EARLY 2853 01:41:13,640 --> 01:41:16,120 AS 23 WEEKS OF GESTATION, AND 2854 01:41:16,120 --> 01:41:19,800 INDEPENDENT OF MATERNAL GLYCEMIC 2855 01:41:19,800 --> 01:41:25,120 STATUS. 2856 01:41:25,120 --> 01:41:26,720 HOWEVER -- AFRICAN AMERICAN AND 2857 01:41:26,720 --> 01:41:27,640 HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE SAME 2858 01:41:27,640 --> 01:41:28,720 COHORT. 2859 01:41:28,720 --> 01:41:29,760 GENETIC RISK MARKERS OBTAINED 2860 01:41:29,760 --> 01:41:32,880 FROM STUDIES THAT INCLUDE 2861 01:41:32,880 --> 01:41:34,360 EUROPEAN ANCESTRY PEOPLE ONLY 2862 01:41:34,360 --> 01:41:36,320 INCLUDING THEIR STANDING IN 2863 01:41:36,320 --> 01:41:37,920 PREDICTING FETAL GROWTH IN OTHER 2864 01:41:37,920 --> 01:41:40,120 ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS. 2865 01:41:40,120 --> 01:41:43,200 SO IS IT POSSIBLE THAT SOME 2866 01:41:43,200 --> 01:41:45,240 GENETIC VARIANTS THAT UNDERLIE 2867 01:41:45,240 --> 01:41:48,280 FETAL GROWTH ALSO -- WITH 2868 01:41:48,280 --> 01:41:48,760 ANCESTRY. 2869 01:41:48,760 --> 01:41:51,240 AS I MENTIONED EARLIER MOST 2870 01:41:51,240 --> 01:41:52,600 POPULATIONS HAVE A MIX OF 2871 01:41:52,600 --> 01:41:53,720 ANCESTRAL BACKGROUND SO WE 2872 01:41:53,720 --> 01:41:57,480 WANTED TO TEST WHETHER THERE ARE 2873 01:41:57,480 --> 01:41:58,640 FETAL GROWTH -- WOMEN BELONGING 2874 01:41:58,640 --> 01:42:04,680 TO THE SAME RISK -- COMPOSITION. 2875 01:42:04,680 --> 01:42:06,520 WE DID THESE IN THE NICHD FETAL 2876 01:42:06,520 --> 01:42:11,320 GROWTH STUDIES COURT. 2877 01:42:11,320 --> 01:42:15,600 THE PERSON WITH -- AND HISPANIC 2878 01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:18,880 ETHNICITY IN THE COHORT, EACH 2879 01:42:18,880 --> 01:42:20,720 VERTICAL LINE REPRESENTS ONE 2880 01:42:20,720 --> 01:42:22,280 SAMPLE. 2881 01:42:22,280 --> 01:42:24,440 AND THE DIFFERENT COLORS 2882 01:42:24,440 --> 01:42:26,600 REPRESENT ANCESTRY DERIVED USING 2883 01:42:26,600 --> 01:42:27,920 GENETIC MARKERS. 2884 01:42:27,920 --> 01:42:29,640 AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE BLUE AND 2885 01:42:29,640 --> 01:42:32,080 GREEN COLORS REPRESENTING 2886 01:42:32,080 --> 01:42:34,400 DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF AFRICAN 2887 01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:38,600 AND EUROPEAN ANCESTRIES. 2888 01:42:38,600 --> 01:42:39,640 HISPANICS HAVE THREE COLORS 2889 01:42:39,640 --> 01:42:41,000 REPRESENTING THE POPULATION THAT 2890 01:42:41,000 --> 01:42:46,440 ARE INDIGENOUS -- WE FOUND THE 2891 01:42:46,440 --> 01:42:48,280 TRAJECTORY OF OVERALL GOALS AS 2892 01:42:48,280 --> 01:42:51,240 WELL AS GROWTH -- SPECIFIC 2893 01:42:51,240 --> 01:42:54,400 GESTATIONAL AGE VARIED ON THE 2894 01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:57,320 PERSON AND GENOME. 2895 01:42:57,320 --> 01:43:00,880 ALL WOMEN TO THE SAME -- BY RACE 2896 01:43:00,880 --> 01:43:03,200 AND ETHNICITY. 2897 01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:07,840 AS AN EXAMPLE, THE LONGER THE 2898 01:43:07,840 --> 01:43:10,560 LENGTH OF THE FEMUR BONE, THE 2899 01:43:10,560 --> 01:43:14,040 LOWER THE WEIGHT OF THE FETUS -- 2900 01:43:14,040 --> 01:43:17,720 WEIGHT WAS HIGHER AND FEMUR 2901 01:43:17,720 --> 01:43:18,680 LENGTH WAS SHORTER. 2902 01:43:18,680 --> 01:43:22,200 THESE HIGHLIGHT GENETIC FACTORS 2903 01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:24,040 THAT IMPACT GROWTH RELATED WITH 2904 01:43:24,040 --> 01:43:25,640 GENETIC ANCESTRY. 2905 01:43:25,640 --> 01:43:27,600 RECENTLY A MIX OF POPULATIONS 2906 01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:29,680 HAVE GENOME STRUCTURES THAT ALSO 2907 01:43:29,680 --> 01:43:31,800 FACILITATE IDENTIFICATION OF 2908 01:43:31,800 --> 01:43:32,680 NOVEL GENOMIC RIDGES THAT ARE 2909 01:43:32,680 --> 01:43:34,440 ASSOCIATE WITH AN OUTCOME. 2910 01:43:34,440 --> 01:43:40,000 WHEN THAT SPECIFIC GENOMIC -- IN 2911 01:43:40,000 --> 01:43:45,680 OUR STUDIES THE MIX OF ANCESTRY 2912 01:43:45,680 --> 01:43:47,080 COMPOSITION OF -- WE WERE ABLE 2913 01:43:47,080 --> 01:43:49,160 TO SUCCESSFULLY MAP SOMETHING 2914 01:43:49,160 --> 01:43:52,520 PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN ANCESTRY OF 2915 01:43:52,520 --> 01:43:53,880 LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL 2916 01:43:53,880 --> 01:43:58,720 GROWTH MEASURES. 2917 01:43:58,720 --> 01:44:05,160 10 -- AND THREE WERE 2918 01:44:05,160 --> 01:44:07,000 AMERINDIGENOUS ANCESTRY. 2919 01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:10,760 SOME OF THEM OVERLAP WITH -- IN 2920 01:44:10,760 --> 01:44:11,840 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INDICATED 2921 01:44:11,840 --> 01:44:12,720 IN POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT IN 2922 01:44:12,720 --> 01:44:16,560 MICE. 2923 01:44:16,560 --> 01:44:18,840 OVERALL, FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT 2924 01:44:18,840 --> 01:44:19,960 GENETIC REGULATION OF -- 2925 01:44:19,960 --> 01:44:21,480 PATHWAYS THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR 2926 01:44:21,480 --> 01:44:23,360 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2927 01:44:23,360 --> 01:44:26,680 FETUS ARE VERY 2928 01:44:26,680 --> 01:44:32,920 ANCESTRY-DEPENDENT MANNER. 2929 01:44:32,920 --> 01:44:38,080 ANOTHER IMPORTANT -- IN DRIVING 2930 01:44:38,080 --> 01:44:42,920 RESEARCH, BY HELPING US 2931 01:44:42,920 --> 01:44:45,440 REFINE -- THE GROUP OF VARIANTS 2932 01:44:45,440 --> 01:44:47,520 AS A BLOCK FROM A SINGLE 2933 01:44:47,520 --> 01:44:48,720 ANCESTRAL PARENT USUALLY VARY 2934 01:44:48,720 --> 01:44:49,720 AMONG POPULATIONS. 2935 01:44:49,720 --> 01:44:55,760 SO IF YOU STUDY EUROPEAN GENOME 2936 01:44:55,760 --> 01:44:58,400 IT'S DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE 2937 01:44:58,400 --> 01:44:59,840 BECAUSE THE LENGTH IS BIGGER. 2938 01:44:59,840 --> 01:45:05,960 THE LENGTH OF THESE BLOCKS -- 2939 01:45:05,960 --> 01:45:08,760 AFRICAN -- CREATING MORE 2940 01:45:08,760 --> 01:45:10,480 CROSSOVER ADVANCE OVER 2941 01:45:10,480 --> 01:45:12,320 GENERATIONS AND THIS SMALLER 2942 01:45:12,320 --> 01:45:18,960 BLOCK OF AFEBLOCK OF AFRICAN GEO 2943 01:45:18,960 --> 01:45:22,360 THE STUDY. 2944 01:45:22,360 --> 01:45:27,280 SO I GIVE YOU ONE EXAMPLE, FIRST 2945 01:45:27,280 --> 01:45:29,240 WE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL GENETIC 2946 01:45:29,240 --> 01:45:35,520 VARIANT IN THE ITPR1 ASSOCIATED 2947 01:45:35,520 --> 01:45:37,440 WITH LOWER FETAL WEIGHT IN THE 2948 01:45:37,440 --> 01:45:39,960 LATE SECOND TRIMESTER/EARLY 2949 01:45:39,960 --> 01:45:41,040 THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY. 2950 01:45:41,040 --> 01:45:43,720 SO THE INTERESTING PART IS, THIS 2951 01:45:43,720 --> 01:45:45,960 VARIANT IS ASSOCIATED WITH 2952 01:45:45,960 --> 01:45:47,640 WEIGHT ACROSS ALL ANCESTRIES BUT 2953 01:45:47,640 --> 01:45:50,720 WE KNOW THAT THE VARIANT IS 2954 01:45:50,720 --> 01:45:52,320 PRESENT IN A LONGER GENOMIC 2955 01:45:52,320 --> 01:45:58,320 SEGMENT OF LONGER BASE PAIRS BUT 2956 01:45:58,320 --> 01:45:59,000 AFRICAN -- 69 BASE PAIRS THAT 2957 01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:00,960 HELP US FOCUS ON THE REGION BY 2958 01:46:00,960 --> 01:46:05,880 MORE THAN 90% COMPARED TO THE 2959 01:46:05,880 --> 01:46:06,480 EUROPEAN GENOME. 2960 01:46:06,480 --> 01:46:11,720 THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR 2961 01:46:11,720 --> 01:46:12,240 TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES -- 2962 01:46:12,240 --> 01:46:13,840 EVIDENCE. 2963 01:46:13,840 --> 01:46:24,520 AS I SHOWED IN THE LAST EXAMPLE, 2964 01:46:24,520 --> 01:46:26,600 IN GENERAL WE SEE SIMPLE GENETIC 2965 01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:28,800 ASSOCIATIONS FROM PATHWAYS. 2966 01:46:28,800 --> 01:46:30,680 THIS IS A MAJOR GAP IN 2967 01:46:30,680 --> 01:46:31,760 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONAL 2968 01:46:31,760 --> 01:46:35,640 CONSEQUENCE OF MOST GWAS 2969 01:46:35,640 --> 01:46:37,840 VARIANCES LINKED WITH BIRTH 2970 01:46:37,840 --> 01:46:38,280 WEIGHT. 2971 01:46:38,280 --> 01:46:40,800 FOR MOST OF THEM, THEIR 2972 01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:42,880 FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS ARE KNOWN 2973 01:46:42,880 --> 01:46:44,320 AND THE TARGET CAUSE OF THE GENE 2974 01:46:44,320 --> 01:46:47,440 IS UNCLEAR. 2975 01:46:47,440 --> 01:46:48,800 SO WE NEED ADDITIONAL 2976 01:46:48,800 --> 01:46:50,160 INFORMATION AND WE HAVE THE 2977 01:46:50,160 --> 01:46:50,600 PLACENTA. 2978 01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,200 THE PLACENTA CONTAINS POWERFUL 2979 01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:55,040 INFORMATION IN THE GENOME AND 2980 01:46:55,040 --> 01:46:55,800 TRANSCRIPTOME THAT CAN BE 2981 01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:59,840 HARNESSED TO PRIORITIZE CAUSAL 2982 01:46:59,840 --> 01:47:01,440 GENETIC MECHANISMS AND TO 2983 01:47:01,440 --> 01:47:02,960 IDENTIFY GENES UNDERLYING BIRTH 2984 01:47:02,960 --> 01:47:04,160 WEIGHT VARIATION. 2985 01:47:04,160 --> 01:47:08,520 IDENTIFYING THESE TARGET GENES 2986 01:47:08,520 --> 01:47:10,040 IS IMPORTANT FOR STUDIES WHICH 2987 01:47:10,040 --> 01:47:11,960 CAN HAVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION 2988 01:47:11,960 --> 01:47:16,560 HEALTH BENEFITS IN THE FUTURE. 2989 01:47:16,560 --> 01:47:17,720 IN A RECENT COLLABORATIVE EFFORT 2990 01:47:17,720 --> 01:47:19,600 WE PUT TOGETHER DIFFERENT OMICS 2991 01:47:19,600 --> 01:47:23,480 INFORMATION TO IDENTIFY 2992 01:47:23,480 --> 01:47:24,560 POTENTIAL FUNCTIONAL -- FOR 2993 01:47:24,560 --> 01:47:33,240 BIRTH WEIGHT. 2994 01:47:33,240 --> 01:47:35,560 WE INTEGRATED FETAL GENOME PLUS 2995 01:47:35,560 --> 01:47:41,520 EPIGENOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME. 2996 01:47:41,520 --> 01:47:44,320 OUR GOAL WAS TO PRIORITIZE GENES 2997 01:47:44,320 --> 01:47:48,680 WITH EFFECTS MEDIATED FOR THE 2998 01:47:48,680 --> 01:47:49,560 PLACENTAL GENOME AND 2999 01:47:49,560 --> 01:47:50,440 TRANSCRIPTOME. 3000 01:47:50,440 --> 01:47:53,320 WE FOUND AN OVERWHELMING 3001 01:47:53,320 --> 01:47:56,720 PROPORTION OF BIRTH WEIGHTS ALSO 3002 01:47:56,720 --> 01:47:58,120 CONTROLLED PLACENTAL METHYLATION 3003 01:47:58,120 --> 01:48:03,720 AND GENETIC EXPRESSION IN 3004 01:48:03,720 --> 01:48:05,640 REGIONS. 3005 01:48:05,640 --> 01:48:08,080 58% OF VARIANTS SHOWS 3006 01:48:08,080 --> 01:48:11,360 ASSOCIATION WITH METHYLATION AND 3007 01:48:11,360 --> 01:48:13,400 10% GENE EXPRESSION IN THE 3008 01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:18,280 PLACENTA. 3009 01:48:18,280 --> 01:48:20,960 BIRTH WEIGHT LOCI COMPARED TO 3010 01:48:20,960 --> 01:48:23,400 GENOME WIDE, SUGGESTING EFFECT 3011 01:48:23,400 --> 01:48:26,680 ON BIRTH WEIGHT ARE LIKELY TO BE 3012 01:48:26,680 --> 01:48:27,800 MEDIATED -- ON THE PLACENTAL 3013 01:48:27,800 --> 01:48:28,840 GENOME. 3014 01:48:28,840 --> 01:48:32,960 AND THE GENES -- BROADLY 3015 01:48:32,960 --> 01:48:34,280 ENRICHED IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS 3016 01:48:34,280 --> 01:48:35,280 WHICH ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE 3017 01:48:35,280 --> 01:48:37,120 VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF THE 3018 01:48:37,120 --> 01:48:37,720 PLACENTA DURING FETAL 3019 01:48:37,720 --> 01:48:42,200 DEVELOPMENT. 3020 01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:52,800 NEXT WE IMPLEMENTED -- THAT 3021 01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:54,080 MODULATE THE EFFECT OF THE 3022 01:48:54,080 --> 01:48:55,720 GENETIC VARIANTS ON BIRTH 3023 01:48:55,720 --> 01:48:58,840 WEIGHTS WITH THE PLACENTA. 3024 01:48:58,840 --> 01:49:01,760 IT'S LIKELY THAT TRANSCRIPTION 3025 01:49:01,760 --> 01:49:04,920 IN PLACENTA MAY BE A MECHANISM 3026 01:49:04,920 --> 01:49:06,600 OF PROTECT CONSISTENT WITH 3027 01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:07,840 CAUSALITY AND THE GENES ARE 3028 01:49:07,840 --> 01:49:10,920 IMPLEM KATEED IN EARLY 3029 01:49:10,920 --> 01:49:12,680 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA AND 3030 01:49:12,680 --> 01:49:13,640 EMBRYO. 3031 01:49:13,640 --> 01:49:15,680 OVERALL, THIS IS AN IMPORTANT 3032 01:49:15,680 --> 01:49:16,640 ADVANCE DEMONSTRATING THE 3033 01:49:16,640 --> 01:49:19,160 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PLACENTA IN 3034 01:49:19,160 --> 01:49:21,440 THESE TYPES OF RESEARCH, IN 3035 01:49:21,440 --> 01:49:24,440 PARTICULAR IN FILL AGO MAJOR GAP 3036 01:49:24,440 --> 01:49:30,040 IN INTERPRETING LOCI IN 3037 01:49:30,040 --> 01:49:30,920 TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES. 3038 01:49:30,920 --> 01:49:36,080 AGAIN THE PLACENTA IS ON -- BOTH 3039 01:49:36,080 --> 01:49:39,240 GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL -- 3040 01:49:39,240 --> 01:49:41,800 PROCESSES AND STUDIES HAVE SHOWN 3041 01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:43,320 NORMAL AND PREMATURE AGING OF 3042 01:49:43,320 --> 01:49:45,960 THE PLACENTA COME TO LOSS OF 3043 01:49:45,960 --> 01:49:47,160 TISSUE GENERATING CAPACITY AND 3044 01:49:47,160 --> 01:49:49,080 THE PREGNANCY COULD END UP WITH 3045 01:49:49,080 --> 01:49:56,160 VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS. 3046 01:49:56,160 --> 01:49:59,480 THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK IS A MAJOR 3047 01:49:59,480 --> 01:50:00,120 ADVANCE. 3048 01:50:00,120 --> 01:50:03,120 THIS CLOCK IS COMPUTED USING 3049 01:50:03,120 --> 01:50:07,440 SELECTED METHYLATION SITES AND 3050 01:50:07,440 --> 01:50:13,080 EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION -- 3051 01:50:13,080 --> 01:50:18,320 PLACENTA IS THE GESTATIONAL -- 3052 01:50:18,320 --> 01:50:20,760 AND STUDIES HAVE SHOWN IN 3053 01:50:20,760 --> 01:50:22,640 PLACENTA, EPIGENETIC 3054 01:50:22,640 --> 01:50:25,960 ACCELERATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH 3055 01:50:25,960 --> 01:50:27,160 FETAL GROWTH IN ONE OF OUR 3056 01:50:27,160 --> 01:50:29,240 STUDIES AND WITH EARLY ONSET 3057 01:50:29,240 --> 01:50:33,440 PREECLAMPSIA IN A PREVIOUS 3058 01:50:33,440 --> 01:50:34,800 STUDY. 3059 01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:37,440 SO THERE IS A POTENTIAL THAT 3060 01:50:37,440 --> 01:50:39,960 PLACENTA CLOCKS CAN TRACK 3061 01:50:39,960 --> 01:50:41,160 ANTECEDENTS OF AGING EARLY IN 3062 01:50:41,160 --> 01:50:43,160 THE LIFE COURSE AND METHYLATION 3063 01:50:43,160 --> 01:50:45,280 AGE HAS BECOME USEFUL IN 3064 01:50:45,280 --> 01:50:47,640 IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR MARKS -- 3065 01:50:47,640 --> 01:50:51,200 SOME OF WHICH MAY HAVE 3066 01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:52,720 IMPLICATIONS FOR -- CHILD IN 3067 01:50:52,720 --> 01:50:54,200 LATER LIFE. 3068 01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:59,960 OUR STUDIES INCLUDING -- FOUND 3069 01:50:59,960 --> 01:51:09,720 OUT MATERNAL CARDIOMETABOLIC -- 3070 01:51:09,720 --> 01:51:10,960 INCLUDING AND BLOOD PRESSURE 3071 01:51:10,960 --> 01:51:12,240 DURING PREGNANCY AND 3072 01:51:12,240 --> 01:51:16,000 PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INCLUDING 3073 01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:16,920 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN THE 3074 01:51:16,920 --> 01:51:18,240 PLACENTA. 3075 01:51:18,240 --> 01:51:23,400 THESE INCLUDE CHANGES IN THE 3076 01:51:23,400 --> 01:51:27,000 PLACENTAL AGE CLOCK, METHYLATION 3077 01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:28,480 CHANGES AS WELL AS GENE 3078 01:51:28,480 --> 01:51:30,000 EXPRESSION CHANGES AT SPECIFIC 3079 01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:30,520 LOCI. 3080 01:51:30,520 --> 01:51:31,600 WHAT WE FOUND MUCH OF THE 3081 01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:34,760 CHANGES WE IDENTIFIED ARE 3082 01:51:34,760 --> 01:51:36,560 LOCATED IN -- AND FETAL 3083 01:51:36,560 --> 01:51:41,200 DEVELOPMENT. 3084 01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:44,120 INTERESTINGLY, WE ALSO OBSERVE 3085 01:51:44,120 --> 01:51:46,160 THE OVERLAP WITH LOCI KNOWN FOR 3086 01:51:46,160 --> 01:51:49,040 OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS 3087 01:51:49,040 --> 01:51:50,080 DIABETES, FETAL HEART 3088 01:51:50,080 --> 01:51:55,800 DEVELOPMENT AND CARDIOVASCULAR 3089 01:51:55,800 --> 01:51:59,320 DISEASE, AND -- SUGGESTS THAT 3090 01:51:59,320 --> 01:52:01,160 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE 3091 01:52:01,160 --> 01:52:04,520 PLACENTA MAY UNDERLIE -- BUT 3092 01:52:04,520 --> 01:52:05,720 POTENTIALLY MARK LATER ONSET OF 3093 01:52:05,720 --> 01:52:06,560 DISEASE. 3094 01:52:06,560 --> 01:52:09,200 IT DEFINITELY REQUIRES FURTHER 3095 01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:10,960 STUDIES TO BRING THE PLACENTAL 3096 01:52:10,960 --> 01:52:14,960 AS A VALUABLE DYING NOS TIS 3097 01:52:14,960 --> 01:52:19,360 SOURCE OF INFORMATION, ALSO FOR 3098 01:52:19,360 --> 01:52:21,120 PREDICTING LONG TERM HEALTH 3099 01:52:21,120 --> 01:52:22,960 OUTCOMES, POSSIBLY OFFERING US 3100 01:52:22,960 --> 01:52:26,040 SOME PICTURE OF WHAT CAN BE DONE 3101 01:52:26,040 --> 01:52:27,000 ABOUT PREVENTION. 3102 01:52:27,000 --> 01:52:30,400 I WOULD LIKE TO END MY TALK WITH 3103 01:52:30,400 --> 01:52:32,400 SOME DIRECTIONS MOVING FORWARD. 3104 01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:34,200 ONE, THERE IS A NEED TO ADDRESS 3105 01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:36,640 THE DIVERSITY GAP IN PERINATAL 3106 01:52:36,640 --> 01:52:38,600 GENOMICS, WHICH IS CRITICAL TO 3107 01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:40,080 ADDRESS HEALTH AND DISPARITIES 3108 01:52:40,080 --> 01:52:43,760 ESPECIALLY WHEN GENOMICS BECOMES 3109 01:52:43,760 --> 01:52:47,680 PART OF THE FUTURE. 3110 01:52:47,680 --> 01:52:50,160 WITH ADDITIONAL OMICS, CLINICAL 3111 01:52:50,160 --> 01:52:53,240 DATA. 3112 01:52:53,240 --> 01:52:59,680 AND SECOND, CONTEXT SHOULD BE 3113 01:52:59,680 --> 01:53:02,680 CONSIDERED WITH GENETIC VARIANTS 3114 01:53:02,680 --> 01:53:09,280 IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 3115 01:53:09,280 --> 01:53:14,560 AND THIRD, IT VERY IMPORTANT 3116 01:53:14,560 --> 01:53:18,440 TO -- DISCOVER POPULATION -- 3117 01:53:18,440 --> 01:53:19,680 COLLABORATION BETWEEN 3118 01:53:19,680 --> 01:53:22,560 POPULATION-BASED RESEARCH -- 3119 01:53:22,560 --> 01:53:24,480 WITH BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH. 3120 01:53:24,480 --> 01:53:30,080 AND FINALLY I'D LIKE TO SAY -- 3121 01:53:30,080 --> 01:53:34,000 OF RESEARCH ON THE PLACENTA, 3122 01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:37,360 LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP AND BY 3123 01:53:37,360 --> 01:53:39,960 INTEGRATING APPROACH WITH OMICS 3124 01:53:39,960 --> 01:53:44,760 SUCH AS AGING -- AND OTHER 3125 01:53:44,760 --> 01:53:47,920 PLACENTAL FUNCTION WITH OMICS. 3126 01:53:47,920 --> 01:53:49,240 THAT'S THE END OF MY 3127 01:53:49,240 --> 01:53:50,320 PRESENTATION BUT I'D LIKE TO 3128 01:53:50,320 --> 01:53:51,240 TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO THANK 3129 01:53:51,240 --> 01:53:53,800 THE WONDERFUL TRAINEES THAT I'M 3130 01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:54,440 WORKING WITH. 3131 01:53:54,440 --> 01:54:00,200 I ALSO THANK THE NICHD TEAM AND 3132 01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:01,520 COLLABORATORS OF NIH OUTSIDE. 3133 01:54:01,520 --> 01:54:03,920 AND WITH THAT, I WOULD THANK YOU 3134 01:54:03,920 --> 01:54:07,240 FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND HOPE TO 3135 01:54:07,240 --> 01:54:08,200 TAKE QUESTIONS LATER IN THE 3136 01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:08,440 SESSION. 3137 01:54:08,440 --> 01:54:12,640 THANK YOU. 3138 01:54:12,640 --> 01:54:17,400 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, 3139 01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:18,640 DR. TEKOLA-AYELE, AND TO ALL OF 3140 01:54:18,640 --> 01:54:20,280 OUR SPEAKERS FOR THIS EXCELLENT 3141 01:54:20,280 --> 01:54:20,720 SESSION. 3142 01:54:20,720 --> 01:54:22,840 WE CAN OPEN IT UP NOW FOR A Q & 3143 01:54:22,840 --> 01:54:23,160 A SESSION. 3144 01:54:23,160 --> 01:54:25,280 I WOULD ENCOURAGE ALL OF YOU TO 3145 01:54:25,280 --> 01:54:26,400 EMAIL YOUR QUESTIONS FOR ANY OF 3146 01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:32,680 OUR PANEL MEMBERS TO 3147 01:54:32,680 --> 01:54:33,400 NICHDPRESS@MAIL.NIH.GOV. 3148 01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:34,640 WE'LL GET TO AS MANY OF THEM AS 3149 01:54:34,640 --> 01:54:36,240 WE CAN DURING THE REMAINDER OF 3150 01:54:36,240 --> 01:54:38,680 OUR SESSION. 3151 01:54:38,680 --> 01:54:40,320 SO ONE QUESTION STARTING OUT IS 3152 01:54:40,320 --> 01:54:43,560 FOR DR. HARDEMAN. 3153 01:54:43,560 --> 01:54:44,800 CAN YOU CHARACTERIZE RECEIPT 3154 01:54:44,800 --> 01:54:46,840 SEPTION OF YOUR RESEARCH BY THE 3155 01:54:46,840 --> 01:54:54,360 RECEPTION, HAS THERE BEEN ANY 3156 01:54:54,360 --> 01:54:56,600 PUSHBACK ON YOUR WORK GIVEN THE 3157 01:54:56,600 --> 01:54:57,920 CURRENT POLARIZATION WE SEE IN 3158 01:54:57,920 --> 01:54:58,160 SOCIETY? 3159 01:54:58,160 --> 01:55:00,000 >>THAT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION, 3160 01:55:00,000 --> 01:55:05,960 AND ONE I OFTEN RECEIVE. 3161 01:55:05,960 --> 01:55:08,560 SO I WOULD SAY YES, THERE IS 3162 01:55:08,560 --> 01:55:10,880 ALWAYS, ALWAYS GOING TO BE 3163 01:55:10,880 --> 01:55:12,040 PUSHBACK IN THIS WORK. 3164 01:55:12,040 --> 01:55:13,720 I THINK IT'S THE NATURE OF THE 3165 01:55:13,720 --> 01:55:15,680 WORK AND THE SORT OF POLITICAL 3166 01:55:15,680 --> 01:55:19,600 AND POLARIZED SOCIETY WE LIVE 3167 01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:20,360 IN. 3168 01:55:20,360 --> 01:55:21,160 IT'S SORT OF THE REALITY. 3169 01:55:21,160 --> 01:55:22,840 THE WAY I THINK ABOUT IT AND THE 3170 01:55:22,840 --> 01:55:24,360 WAY I APPROACH THE WORK IS I 3171 01:55:24,360 --> 01:55:28,000 OFTEN LEAD WITH THE DATA AND THE 3172 01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:31,120 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS 3173 01:55:31,120 --> 01:55:32,360 SORT OF WHAT THE PATH FORWARD 3174 01:55:32,360 --> 01:55:33,000 SHOULD LOOK LIKE. 3175 01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:36,080 SO I TRULY BELIEVE THAT AN 3176 01:55:36,080 --> 01:55:38,400 EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO 3177 01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:41,560 INFORMING POLICY IS INCREDIBLY 3178 01:55:41,560 --> 01:55:43,240 IMPORTANT, AND I THINK HAVING 3179 01:55:43,240 --> 01:55:45,360 THAT ROBUST SPACE AND BEING ABLE 3180 01:55:45,360 --> 01:55:47,160 TO SAY THIS WORK, THIS RESEARCH 3181 01:55:47,160 --> 01:55:48,600 HAS BEEN VETTED IN A VARIETY OF 3182 01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:50,560 DIFFERENT WAYS AND PEER REVIEWED 3183 01:55:50,560 --> 01:55:51,720 CERTAINLY SORT OF HELPS TO MOVE 3184 01:55:51,720 --> 01:55:54,800 THE CONVERSATION ALONG. 3185 01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:56,480 I THINK WE ALSO HAVE TO BE 3186 01:55:56,480 --> 01:55:57,480 INCREDIBLY THOUGHTFUL AND 3187 01:55:57,480 --> 01:55:58,680 STRATEGIC ABOUT HOW -- I'M 3188 01:55:58,680 --> 01:56:00,640 ALWAYS THINKING ABOUT THE 3189 01:56:00,640 --> 01:56:01,840 AUDIENCE I'M PRESENTING WITHIN. 3190 01:56:01,840 --> 01:56:07,040 YESTERDAY I HAD THE PLEASURE OF 3191 01:56:07,040 --> 01:56:10,240 PRESENTING AT THE SIDM, WHICH 3192 01:56:10,240 --> 01:56:11,600 I'M MISREMEMBERING THE ACRONYM 3193 01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:13,560 NOW, BUT IT'S FOLKS DOING WORK 3194 01:56:13,560 --> 01:56:15,440 IN THE DIAGNOSTIC SPACE AND 3195 01:56:15,440 --> 01:56:16,680 THINKING ABOUT THE INTERSECTIONS 3196 01:56:16,680 --> 01:56:18,200 OF OUR DIAGNOSTIC ERROR 3197 01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:19,760 CONTRIBUTES TO MATERNAL DEATHS 3198 01:56:19,760 --> 01:56:21,280 AND MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND THEY 3199 01:56:21,280 --> 01:56:23,040 ASKED THE SAME QUESTION, HOW DO 3200 01:56:23,040 --> 01:56:26,400 YOU APPROACH THIS WORK I AND THE 3201 01:56:26,400 --> 01:56:27,720 PRESENTATIONS OF THIS WORK IN 3202 01:56:27,720 --> 01:56:29,120 AUDIENCES THAT ARE SORT OF LESS 3203 01:56:29,120 --> 01:56:29,720 RECEPTIVE. 3204 01:56:29,720 --> 01:56:31,440 AND WE TALKED A LOT ABOUT HOW TO 3205 01:56:31,440 --> 01:56:33,040 USE LANGUAGE AND NARRATIVE AND 3206 01:56:33,040 --> 01:56:38,160 STORIES AND DATA TO LIFT UP THE 3207 01:56:38,160 --> 01:56:38,720 FINDINGS. 3208 01:56:38,720 --> 01:56:42,440 THERE'S ALWAYS GOING TO BE 3209 01:56:42,440 --> 01:56:43,920 PUSHBACK, AND I ALSO AM VERY 3210 01:56:43,920 --> 01:56:44,840 INTENTIONAL ABOUT SORT OF 3211 01:56:44,840 --> 01:56:46,240 FRAMING WHO MY AUDIENCE IS AND 3212 01:56:46,240 --> 01:56:47,800 THE FACT THAT I CAN'T BRING 3213 01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:48,760 EVERYBODY ALONG BUT THERE'S 3214 01:56:48,760 --> 01:56:49,880 FOLKS THAT ARE SORT OF SITTING 3215 01:56:49,880 --> 01:56:52,080 IN THE MIDDLE THAT WE CAN BRING 3216 01:56:52,080 --> 01:56:53,960 ALONG AND THINKING ABOUT THIS 3217 01:56:53,960 --> 01:56:55,560 WORK AND REALLY TAILORING 3218 01:56:55,560 --> 01:56:58,240 MESSAGING TO THAT GROUP AS WE 3219 01:56:58,240 --> 01:56:59,680 WORK TO BUILD SORT OF A CRITICAL 3220 01:56:59,680 --> 01:57:01,160 MASS IN THE SPACE OF 3221 01:57:01,160 --> 01:57:06,480 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH EQUITY. 3222 01:57:06,480 --> 01:57:07,160 >>THANK YOU. 3223 01:57:07,160 --> 01:57:08,400 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3224 01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,040 ONE OTHER QUESTION FOR DR. METZ. 3225 01:57:11,040 --> 01:57:12,400 YOU'VE ALLUDED TO THIS. 3226 01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:14,240 INCLUDING PREGNANT WOMEN IN 3227 01:57:14,240 --> 01:57:17,960 CLINICAL RESEARCH, IS RECEIVING 3228 01:57:17,960 --> 01:57:19,160 MORE ATTENTION, BUT HOW FAR ARE 3229 01:57:19,160 --> 01:57:20,840 YOU SEEING THIS GO IN YOUR OWN 3230 01:57:20,840 --> 01:57:22,520 WORK, AND WHAT MORE DO YOU THINK 3231 01:57:22,520 --> 01:57:25,760 NEEDS TO BE DONE TO SORT OF 3232 01:57:25,760 --> 01:57:27,600 BREAK DOWN THIS BARRIER TO 3233 01:57:27,600 --> 01:57:32,240 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN 3234 01:57:32,240 --> 01:57:32,520 OBSTETRICS? 3235 01:57:32,520 --> 01:57:35,480 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT QUESTION. 3236 01:57:35,480 --> 01:57:37,120 IT'S A BIG QUESTION, RIGHT, HOW 3237 01:57:37,120 --> 01:57:38,160 CAN WE CONTINUE TO REALLY 3238 01:57:38,160 --> 01:57:42,320 PROMOTE THE IDEA THAT PREGNANT 3239 01:57:42,320 --> 01:57:44,000 INDIVIDUALS NEED TO BE INCLUDED 3240 01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:44,720 IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND THE 3241 01:57:44,720 --> 01:57:46,240 IMPORTANCE OF THAT MESSAGE. 3242 01:57:46,240 --> 01:57:49,520 I'M HOPING WE CAN REALLY 3243 01:57:49,520 --> 01:57:52,240 LEVERAGE WHAT WHAT'S HAPPENED IE 3244 01:57:52,240 --> 01:57:53,440 PANDEMIC TO REALLY DRAW MORE 3245 01:57:53,440 --> 01:57:54,280 ATTENTION TO THIS IMPORTANT 3246 01:57:54,280 --> 01:57:54,520 ISSUE. 3247 01:57:54,520 --> 01:57:56,280 I MEAN, WE KNOW THAT BECAUSE 3248 01:57:56,280 --> 01:57:57,360 PREGNANT PEOPLE WEREN'T INCLUDED 3249 01:57:57,360 --> 01:58:00,960 IN TRIALS EARLY ON IN THE 3250 01:58:00,960 --> 01:58:02,560 PANDEMIC, WE REALLY WEREN'T ABLE 3251 01:58:02,560 --> 01:58:04,080 TO THEN SAY TO THEM THAT THESE 3252 01:58:04,080 --> 01:58:05,320 VACCINES OR THESE TREATMENTS ARE 3253 01:58:05,320 --> 01:58:07,160 SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FOR THEM TO 3254 01:58:07,160 --> 01:58:10,160 USE DURING PREGNANCY. 3255 01:58:10,160 --> 01:58:11,960 THAT, I THINK, REALLY SET US 3256 01:58:11,960 --> 01:58:12,920 BACK AND I THINK WE'RE GOING TO 3257 01:58:12,920 --> 01:58:14,040 SEE THE RAMIFICATIONS OF THAT 3258 01:58:14,040 --> 01:58:15,560 DOWN THE ROAD AS WE START TO 3259 01:58:15,560 --> 01:58:17,360 LOOK MORE AT MATERNAL MORBIDITY 3260 01:58:17,360 --> 01:58:18,880 AND MATERNAL MORTALITY RELATED 3261 01:58:18,880 --> 01:58:20,840 TO THE PANDEMIC, AND SO REALLY 3262 01:58:20,840 --> 01:58:22,480 PUSHING THAT MESSAGE THAT WE'RE 3263 01:58:22,480 --> 01:58:25,960 NOT PROTECTING ANYONE BY NOT 3264 01:58:25,960 --> 01:58:27,640 INCLUDING PREGNANT PEOPLE IN 3265 01:58:27,640 --> 01:58:28,800 THESE TRIALS AND THAT IT REALLY 3266 01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:30,800 NEEDS TO BE A POPULATION THAT IS 3267 01:58:30,800 --> 01:58:36,480 INCLUDED EARLY ON, AND I THINK 3268 01:58:36,480 --> 01:58:37,160 WE CERTAINLY HAVE A LARGE 3269 01:58:37,160 --> 01:58:38,240 INVESTIGATOR BASE WHO REALLY 3270 01:58:38,240 --> 01:58:42,600 BELIEVES IN THAT, AND WE HAVE 3271 01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:43,640 SEEN SOME OF THAT START TO 3272 01:58:43,640 --> 01:58:44,160 SHIFT. 3273 01:58:44,160 --> 01:58:46,520 WE DO HAVE TRIALS THAT OF COURSE 3274 01:58:46,520 --> 01:58:49,200 THE NICHD MFMU IS ENROLLING 3275 01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:50,200 PREGNANT PEOPLE IN TRIALS, 3276 01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:50,960 THAT'S WHAT WE DO. 3277 01:58:50,960 --> 01:58:52,240 SO I THINK IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY 3278 01:58:52,240 --> 01:58:54,800 FOR THE MFMU, OTHER 3279 01:58:54,800 --> 01:58:55,880 INVESTIGATORS WHO DO CLINICAL 3280 01:58:55,880 --> 01:58:57,160 TRIALS AND PREGNANT PEOPLE TO 3281 01:58:57,160 --> 01:58:58,600 REALLY CONTINUE TO PUSH OUT THIS 3282 01:58:58,600 --> 01:58:59,360 MESSAGE ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF 3283 01:58:59,360 --> 01:58:59,640 THIS. 3284 01:58:59,640 --> 01:59:01,280 AND I THINK REALISTICALLY IT'S 3285 01:59:01,280 --> 01:59:05,680 GOING TO TAKE SOME TIME TO MOVE 3286 01:59:05,680 --> 01:59:07,480 THAT NEEDLE, BUT I THINK PEOPLE 3287 01:59:07,480 --> 01:59:08,720 ARE REALLY COMMIT TODAY THAT AND 3288 01:59:08,720 --> 01:59:11,200 I THINK IF WE CAN LOOK AT THE 3289 01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:12,520 SHINING LIGHT OF THE PANDEMIC, 3290 01:59:12,520 --> 01:59:13,720 THERE'S NOT A LOT OF THEM BUT 3291 01:59:13,720 --> 01:59:15,440 PERHAPS THIS CAN BE ONE OF THEM 3292 01:59:15,440 --> 01:59:16,720 THAT WE CAN REALLY USE WHAT WE 3293 01:59:16,720 --> 01:59:18,160 FOUND DURING THIS TIME TO REALLY 3294 01:59:18,160 --> 01:59:20,120 PUSH THAT MESSAGE AND THE 3295 01:59:20,120 --> 01:59:21,080 IMPORTANCE OF THE MESSAGE THAT 3296 01:59:21,080 --> 01:59:22,560 PREGNANT PEOPLE NEED TO BE 3297 01:59:22,560 --> 01:59:23,160 ENROLLED IN TRIALS. 3298 01:59:23,160 --> 01:59:24,920 >>YEAH, YEAH, SO IMPORTANT. 3299 01:59:24,920 --> 01:59:26,800 THANK YOU. 3300 01:59:26,800 --> 01:59:30,160 WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION FOR DR. 3301 01:59:30,160 --> 01:59:31,560 VIEWERS THANK YOU AND ESPECIALLY 3302 01:59:31,560 --> 01:59:37,480 FOR YOUR ADAPTATION TO NOT 3303 01:59:37,480 --> 01:59:38,480 HAVING SLIDES FOR YOUR 3304 01:59:38,480 --> 01:59:40,080 PRESENTATION AT THE LAST MINUTE. 3305 01:59:40,080 --> 01:59:41,440 A VIEWER WANTED TO ASK IF YOU 3306 01:59:41,440 --> 01:59:42,800 CAN EXPAND ON YOUR BRIEF 3307 01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:44,960 COMMENTS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF 3308 01:59:44,960 --> 01:59:45,600 STRUCTURAL RACISM. 3309 01:59:45,600 --> 01:59:47,040 BEYOND JUST ASKING PARTICIPANTS 3310 01:59:47,040 --> 01:59:49,840 FOR THEIR RACE OR GENDER OR 3311 01:59:49,840 --> 01:59:51,560 ETHNICITY OR EVEN GEOCODING, HOW 3312 01:59:51,560 --> 01:59:53,840 CAN WE DO BETTER TO IDENTIFY 3313 01:59:53,840 --> 01:59:55,560 THESE STRUCTURES IN THE RESEARCH 3314 01:59:55,560 --> 01:59:57,400 THAT WILL ULTIMATELY HELP 3315 01:59:57,400 --> 02:00:00,960 PROMOTE POSITIVE CHANGE? 3316 02:00:00,960 --> 02:00:02,800 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR ASKING 3317 02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:04,200 THAT QUESTION BECAUSE IT'S 3318 02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:05,440 EXACTLY SORT OF THE CRUX OF WHAT 3319 02:00:05,440 --> 02:00:09,120 I WANTED TO DIG INTO. 3320 02:00:09,120 --> 02:00:11,720 SO I DO WANT TO POINT FOLKS TO A 3321 02:00:11,720 --> 02:00:13,080 HEALTH AFFAIRS ARTICLE THAT MY 3322 02:00:13,080 --> 02:00:17,160 TEAM PUBLISHED EARLIER THIS 3323 02:00:17,160 --> 02:00:18,520 YEAR, THAT SORT OF HELPS WALK 3324 02:00:18,520 --> 02:00:20,080 THROUGH HOW WE SHOULD BE 3325 02:00:20,080 --> 02:00:21,560 THINKING ABOUT THE MEASUREMENT 3326 02:00:21,560 --> 02:00:22,240 OF STRUCTURAL RACISM. 3327 02:00:22,240 --> 02:00:23,960 SO I'M NOT PUTTING THAT OUT 3328 02:00:23,960 --> 02:00:25,480 THERE FOR SELF-PROMOTION BUT 3329 02:00:25,480 --> 02:00:31,360 BECAUSE I THINK THAT IT'S A NICE 3330 02:00:31,360 --> 02:00:34,640 SORT OF GUIDE OR FRAMEWORK 3331 02:00:34,640 --> 02:00:35,400 APPROACHING THE WORK. 3332 02:00:35,400 --> 02:00:38,840 SO WE HIGHLIGHT THE HISTORY OF 3333 02:00:38,840 --> 02:00:40,560 RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES THAT 3334 02:00:40,560 --> 02:00:41,800 AFFECTS WAYS OUR COUNTRY SHOULD 3335 02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:44,200 BE APPROACHING AND THE RESEARCH 3336 02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:45,040 COMMUNITY SHOULD BE APPROACHING 3337 02:00:45,040 --> 02:00:46,480 MET SURE OF STRUCTURAL RACISM, 3338 02:00:46,480 --> 02:00:48,680 SO THAT HISTORICAL PIECE AND 3339 02:00:48,680 --> 02:00:51,560 COLLECTING AND CREATING A 3340 02:00:51,560 --> 02:00:53,120 REPOSITORY OF HISTORICAL DATA. 3341 02:00:53,120 --> 02:00:54,480 SO THINGS LIKE LYNCHING, RIGHTS, 3342 02:00:54,480 --> 02:00:55,920 AND OLDER FORMS OF POLICING AND 3343 02:00:55,920 --> 02:00:57,920 POLICE VIOLENCE ARE INCREDIBLY 3344 02:00:57,920 --> 02:00:58,680 IMPORTANT DATA POINTS AND 3345 02:00:58,680 --> 02:00:59,280 VARIABLES. 3346 02:00:59,280 --> 02:01:01,440 WE ALSO HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE THAT 3347 02:01:01,440 --> 02:01:07,000 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT PLAYS WE 3348 02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:08,800 NEED TO BE THINKING REALLY 3349 02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:10,280 CREATIVELY ABOUT BOUNDARIES AND 3350 02:01:10,280 --> 02:01:11,040 WHAT THAT MEANS. 3351 02:01:11,040 --> 02:01:14,560 AND NOT ALL QUESTIONS CAN HAVE 3352 02:01:14,560 --> 02:01:16,040 THE SAME SORT OF GEOGRAPHIC 3353 02:01:16,040 --> 02:01:17,080 CONTEXT OR GEOGRAPHIC 3354 02:01:17,080 --> 02:01:20,160 BOUNDARIES, RIGHT? 3355 02:01:20,160 --> 02:01:21,800 SOME OF MY WORK WILL LOOK AT 3356 02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:23,240 NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL, SOME IS 3357 02:01:23,240 --> 02:01:25,160 COUNTY, SOME IS CENSUS TRACTS, 3358 02:01:25,160 --> 02:01:28,920 SOME IS COMMUTING ZONES AND 3359 02:01:28,920 --> 02:01:30,200 OTHER ANALYSIS AROUND THE STATE 3360 02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:31,760 AND NATIONAL LEVEL, AND I THINK 3361 02:01:31,760 --> 02:01:34,320 THAT'S IMPORTANT BOTH FROM AN 3362 02:01:34,320 --> 02:01:35,360 ANALYTICAL STANDPOINT BUT ALSO 3363 02:01:35,360 --> 02:01:36,560 AS WE THINK ABOUT THE 3364 02:01:36,560 --> 02:01:37,560 IMPLICATIONS FOR FINDINGS AND 3365 02:01:37,560 --> 02:01:39,440 WHERE THOSE LEVERS FOR CHANGE 3366 02:01:39,440 --> 02:01:39,760 ARE. 3367 02:01:39,760 --> 02:01:42,560 WE KNOW THAT DIFFERENT LEVERS 3368 02:01:42,560 --> 02:01:44,160 FOR CHANGE AND POLICY ENGAGEMENT 3369 02:01:44,160 --> 02:01:46,160 ARE GOING TO LOOK DIFFERENT AT A 3370 02:01:46,160 --> 02:01:48,240 NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY LEVEL 3371 02:01:48,240 --> 02:01:49,880 VERSUS AT A STATE OR FEDERAL 3372 02:01:49,880 --> 02:01:50,560 LEVEL. 3373 02:01:50,560 --> 02:01:53,680 WE ALSO TALK ABOUT PROMISING 3374 02:01:53,680 --> 02:01:56,600 DIRECTIONS FOR INNOVATIVE 3375 02:01:56,600 --> 02:01:58,440 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN THE 3376 02:01:58,440 --> 02:01:59,800 MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURAL RACISM 3377 02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:00,720 AND PARTICULARLY THINKING ABOUT 3378 02:02:00,720 --> 02:02:02,360 THE FACT THAT STRUCTURAL RACISM 3379 02:02:02,360 --> 02:02:05,000 IS THIS -- YOU KNOW, I OFFER 3380 02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:06,160 THAT DEFINITION OF SORT OF THE 3381 02:02:06,160 --> 02:02:08,280 TOTALITY OF WAYS IN WHICH ALL 3382 02:02:08,280 --> 02:02:09,440 THESE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS ARE 3383 02:02:09,440 --> 02:02:10,720 INTERACTING TO MANIFEST 3384 02:02:10,720 --> 02:02:11,400 INEQUITY. 3385 02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:15,120 SO AS A RESULT, WE'RE TALKING 3386 02:02:15,120 --> 02:02:17,200 ABOUT SUPER COMPLEX SYSTEMS, AND 3387 02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:18,600 SO OUR TEAM IS ACTUALLY LEADING 3388 02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:20,640 SOME REALLY, I THINK, EXCITING 3389 02:02:20,640 --> 02:02:23,440 WORK TO THINK ABOUT THE 3390 02:02:23,440 --> 02:02:24,400 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY ABOUT 3391 02:02:24,400 --> 02:02:27,480 STRUCTURAL RACISM, SO WE CREATED 3392 02:02:27,480 --> 02:02:31,960 THE MMSR WITH THE GOAL OF -- I 3393 02:02:31,960 --> 02:02:34,520 WON'T GET INTO ALL THE TECHNICAL 3394 02:02:34,520 --> 02:02:36,280 DETAILS BUT BASICALLY USING 3395 02:02:36,280 --> 02:02:37,720 ANALYSIS TO DEVELOP THIS MEASURE 3396 02:02:37,720 --> 02:02:40,560 THAT WILL HELP TO INFORM HOW SIX 3397 02:02:40,560 --> 02:02:43,280 DOMAINS OF STRUCTURAL RACISM ARE 3398 02:02:43,280 --> 02:02:44,600 INTERACTING AND CONTRIBUTING 3399 02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:46,080 PARTICULARLY TO PRETERM BIRTH 3400 02:02:46,080 --> 02:02:48,960 AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT SO WE'RE 3401 02:02:48,960 --> 02:02:50,800 PILOTING THAT WITH REPRODUCTIVE 3402 02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:52,400 HEALTH OUTCOMES RIGHT NOW. 3403 02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:53,920 I ALSO THINK WE NEED TO DO A LOT 3404 02:02:53,920 --> 02:02:57,280 MORE WORK TO THINK ABOUT HOW TO 3405 02:02:57,280 --> 02:03:00,800 MAKE THE CURRENT DATA WE HAVE 3406 02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:02,400 MORE ACCESSIBLE TO BOTH 3407 02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:03,440 RESEARCHERS AND THE PUBLIC. 3408 02:03:03,440 --> 02:03:05,200 WE SHOULD ALL BE ABLE TO ASK THE 3409 02:03:05,200 --> 02:03:06,520 QUESTION HOW IS RACISM OPERATING 3410 02:03:06,520 --> 02:03:07,960 HERE AND THEN LEVERAGE THE DATA 3411 02:03:07,960 --> 02:03:09,920 TO BE ABLE TO DIG INTO THAT 3412 02:03:09,920 --> 02:03:11,480 QUESTION AND RIGHT NOW WE'RE NOT 3413 02:03:11,480 --> 02:03:12,560 THERE YET. 3414 02:03:12,560 --> 02:03:16,720 SO THAT'S ALSO WORK THAT WE'RE 3415 02:03:16,720 --> 02:03:22,080 DOING WITHIN THE CENTER FOR 3416 02:03:22,080 --> 02:03:22,800 RESEARCH HEALTH EQUITY. 3417 02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:25,040 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3418 02:03:25,040 --> 02:03:26,360 THE NEXT QUESTION, WHAT DO YOU 3419 02:03:26,360 --> 02:03:28,560 SEE AS THE IMPORTANT NEXT STEP 3420 02:03:28,560 --> 02:03:30,840 TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL FOR USE 3421 02:03:30,840 --> 02:03:32,400 OF THESE NOVEL IMAGING 3422 02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:33,600 TECHNIQUES IN CLINICAL CARE? 3423 02:03:33,600 --> 02:03:35,400 AND IF I MAY TAKE THE LIBERTY TO 3424 02:03:35,400 --> 02:03:39,240 ADD TO THAT QUESTION, BECAUSE 3425 02:03:39,240 --> 02:03:40,480 I'M WONDERING IF 3426 02:03:40,480 --> 02:03:42,000 DR. TEKOLA-AYELE COULD ALSO 3427 02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:45,320 CHIME IN ABOUT ANY POSSIBLE 3428 02:03:45,320 --> 02:03:47,320 COMBINATION OF TRANS OMIC AND 3429 02:03:47,320 --> 02:03:49,320 IMAGING EVALUATIONS OF THE 3430 02:03:49,320 --> 02:03:52,480 PLACENTA IN CLINICAL CARE. 3431 02:03:52,480 --> 02:03:55,600 SO TO DR. ABUHAMAD FIRST. 3432 02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:59,240 >>THANK YOU, CAROLINE. 3433 02:03:59,240 --> 02:04:03,040 SO THE PURPOSE OF OUR RESEARCH 3434 02:04:03,040 --> 02:04:04,880 WAS FIRST TO TRY TO VALIDATE THE 3435 02:04:04,880 --> 02:04:05,960 CONCEPT THAT NOVEL ULTRASOUND 3436 02:04:05,960 --> 02:04:10,280 TOOLS COULD BE USED STARTING IN 3437 02:04:10,280 --> 02:04:11,480 THE FIRST TRIMESTER, IN EARLY 3438 02:04:11,480 --> 02:04:12,520 GESTATION AND WE HAVE DONE THAT. 3439 02:04:12,520 --> 02:04:14,480 WE HAVE SHOWN THAT WE CAN STUDY 3440 02:04:14,480 --> 02:04:17,400 THE HUMAN PLACENTA QUITE 3441 02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:19,560 EXTENSIVELY EARLY IN GESTATION 3442 02:04:19,560 --> 02:04:20,920 AND HAD VALIDATED THE KNOWN 3443 02:04:20,920 --> 02:04:23,440 CONCEPTS OF PLACENTAL ADAPTATION 3444 02:04:23,440 --> 02:04:28,000 THAT EXIST IN PREGNANCY MOVING 3445 02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:28,440 FORWARD. 3446 02:04:28,440 --> 02:04:32,480 WE HAVE ALSO FOUND SOME ELEMENTS 3447 02:04:32,480 --> 02:04:34,040 OF PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES 3448 02:04:34,040 --> 02:04:35,360 PRESENT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER 3449 02:04:35,360 --> 02:04:39,760 THAT CAN PREDICT LONG TERM 3450 02:04:39,760 --> 02:04:40,880 COMPLICATIONS. 3451 02:04:40,880 --> 02:04:43,080 BY DESIGN WHICH SHOWS A PRIMARY 3452 02:04:43,080 --> 02:04:47,120 OUT COME WHICH ENCOMPASSES -- 3453 02:04:47,120 --> 02:04:48,960 THAT END OF DELIVERING AT LESS 3454 02:04:48,960 --> 02:04:50,680 THAN 37 WEEKS AS THE INITIAL 3455 02:04:50,680 --> 02:04:54,520 TRIAL, INITIAL STUDY TO PROVE 3456 02:04:54,520 --> 02:04:57,400 THE CONCEPT INITIALLY. 3457 02:04:57,400 --> 02:04:58,800 WHAT THIS HAS TRANSPIRED SINCE 3458 02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:03,840 WE STARTED THIS RESEARCH IN 2015 3459 02:05:03,840 --> 02:05:06,200 IS THAT A LOT OF THESE 3460 02:05:06,200 --> 02:05:07,640 INNOVATIVE ULTRASOUND TOOLS ARE 3461 02:05:07,640 --> 02:05:09,640 NOW AVAILABLE ON A LOT OF HIGH 3462 02:05:09,640 --> 02:05:11,440 END ULTRASOUND SYSTEMS. 3463 02:05:11,440 --> 02:05:13,000 SO THEY'RE WIDELY AVAILABLE 3464 02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:13,240 ACROSS. 3465 02:05:13,240 --> 02:05:15,560 I THINK WHAT IS NEEDED NEXT IS 3466 02:05:15,560 --> 02:05:18,680 THE VALIDATION OF WHAT WE FOUND 3467 02:05:18,680 --> 02:05:23,200 IN DIFFERENT LABORATORIES AND 3468 02:05:23,200 --> 02:05:25,720 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND MAYBE 3469 02:05:25,720 --> 02:05:26,920 MULTICENTER TRIAL DESIGN TO SEE 3470 02:05:26,920 --> 02:05:28,360 FOR THOSE VARIABLES THAT WE 3471 02:05:28,360 --> 02:05:30,880 FOUND THAT EXIST, THERE IS AN 3472 02:05:30,880 --> 02:05:33,360 ASSOCIATION, COULD WE VALIDATE 3473 02:05:33,360 --> 02:05:34,640 THAT BY USING THIS TECHNOLOGY IN 3474 02:05:34,640 --> 02:05:36,240 OTHER CENTERS. 3475 02:05:36,240 --> 02:05:37,440 WHAT THE APPLICATION OF THIS 3476 02:05:37,440 --> 02:05:39,200 WILL BE, IT REALLY OPENS THE 3477 02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,040 DOOR TO IDENTIFYING PREGNANCIES 3478 02:05:42,040 --> 02:05:45,160 EARLY ON, AND ABOUT RISK 3479 02:05:45,160 --> 02:05:48,840 STRATIFYING OF PREGNANCIES IN 3480 02:05:48,840 --> 02:05:50,920 EARLY GESTATION WITH REGARDS TO 3481 02:05:50,920 --> 02:05:51,920 POSSIBLY SOME INTERVENTIONS, 3482 02:05:51,920 --> 02:05:53,960 WHETHER IT'S INCREASED 3483 02:05:53,960 --> 02:05:55,920 SURVEILLANCE OR WITH OTHER FORMS 3484 02:05:55,920 --> 02:05:57,600 OF INTERVENTION THAT CAN REALLY 3485 02:05:57,600 --> 02:05:59,560 HELP TO IMPROVE OUTCOME LATER ON 3486 02:05:59,560 --> 02:06:03,000 IN PREGNANCY. 3487 02:06:03,000 --> 02:06:04,600 >>THANK YOU. 3488 02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:06,400 AND DR. TEKOLA-AYELE, ANY 3489 02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:08,480 THOUGHTS ABOUT A FUTURE WHERE 3490 02:06:08,480 --> 02:06:11,320 THERE WILL BE SOME SORT OF OMIC 3491 02:06:11,320 --> 02:06:12,840 EVALUATIONS IN PREGNANCY 3492 02:06:12,840 --> 02:06:16,160 COMBINED WITH IMAGING, PERHAPS, 3493 02:06:16,160 --> 02:06:18,000 TOO ENABLE PREDICTION OF ADVERSE 3494 02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:19,480 OUTCOMES? 3495 02:06:19,480 --> 02:06:20,000 >>YES. 3496 02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:23,840 I THINK THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT 3497 02:06:23,840 --> 02:06:24,600 POINT AND QUESTION. 3498 02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:26,320 MOVING FORWARD, THE LAST PART OF 3499 02:06:26,320 --> 02:06:32,640 MY CONCLUSION WAS MAKING SURE 3500 02:06:32,640 --> 02:06:36,560 CLINICAL -- CENTER -- SO WHAT WE 3501 02:06:36,560 --> 02:06:38,800 HAVE DONE SO FAR, MOST GROUPS IN 3502 02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:40,280 STUDIES IN THE PLACENTA IN TERMS 3503 02:06:40,280 --> 02:06:42,600 OF GENOMICS AND OTHER OMICS 3504 02:06:42,600 --> 02:06:47,280 ESTABLISHING SOME OF THE 3505 02:06:47,280 --> 02:06:48,240 FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE SHOWING 3506 02:06:48,240 --> 02:06:51,360 THAT, YES, WHEN THERE IS A 3507 02:06:51,360 --> 02:06:52,400 COMPLICATION, WE SEE MARKER 3508 02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:54,920 THERE, OR SOME MARKERS AND -- 3509 02:06:54,920 --> 02:06:56,280 THAT WE SEE IN THE PLACENTA IN 3510 02:06:56,280 --> 02:06:59,320 TERMS OF OMICS WILL HAVE FUTURE 3511 02:06:59,320 --> 02:06:59,840 SIGNIFICANCE. 3512 02:06:59,840 --> 02:07:02,920 SO I THINK WE NEED A POSSIBLE 3513 02:07:02,920 --> 02:07:08,080 WAY OF REACHING MEASUREMENTS 3514 02:07:08,080 --> 02:07:13,880 DURING PREGNANCY, BOTH BY 3515 02:07:13,880 --> 02:07:14,880 COMBINING EMERGING DATA WITH 3516 02:07:14,880 --> 02:07:16,000 SOME OF THE OMICS INFORMATION 3517 02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:17,960 THAT WE COULD HARNESS USING THE 3518 02:07:17,960 --> 02:07:19,160 MATERNAL CIRCULATING BLOOD 3519 02:07:19,160 --> 02:07:29,680 DURING PREGNANCY, SO -- TOGETHER 3520 02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:31,000 WITH IMAGING. 3521 02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:33,520 I THINK BOTH DATASET ARE BIG 3522 02:07:33,520 --> 02:07:34,800 DATA THAT REQUIRE NEW APPROACHES 3523 02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:38,360 TO LOOKING UP AND INTEGRATING 3524 02:07:38,360 --> 02:07:41,360 DIFFERENT -- MACHINE LEARNING, 3525 02:07:41,360 --> 02:07:43,720 MULTI-OMICS WITH IMAGING, SO WE 3526 02:07:43,720 --> 02:07:46,800 COULD HAVE INFORMATION THAT'S 3527 02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,440 USEFUL FOR PREGNANCY ENREACHING 3528 02:07:49,440 --> 02:07:52,960 SOME OMICS IN THE IN VITRO. 3529 02:07:52,960 --> 02:07:54,840 I THINK THE CHALLENGE IN TERMS 3530 02:07:54,840 --> 02:08:00,440 OF GENOMICS IS WE HAVE THE 3531 02:08:00,440 --> 02:08:03,640 CIRCULATING -- SOME CIRCULATING 3532 02:08:03,640 --> 02:08:05,480 BIOMARKER IN MATERNAL PLASMA OR 3533 02:08:05,480 --> 02:08:07,760 SERUM, BUT ALSO WE COULD HARNESS 3534 02:08:07,760 --> 02:08:10,840 THE MATERNAL CIRCULATING 3535 02:08:10,840 --> 02:08:14,680 BLOOD -- BUT NOW WE NEED WAYS TO 3536 02:08:14,680 --> 02:08:17,320 ENRICH THE FETAL -- WE WOULD 3537 02:08:17,320 --> 02:08:19,640 HAVE LARGE SCALE MEASUREMENT OF 3538 02:08:19,640 --> 02:08:21,400 MARKERS OF THE FETAL GENOME 3539 02:08:21,400 --> 02:08:24,560 DURING PREGNANCY. 3540 02:08:24,560 --> 02:08:29,960 I THINK ONCE THAT'S ACHIEVED -- 3541 02:08:29,960 --> 02:08:30,760 THANK YOU. 3542 02:08:30,760 --> 02:08:32,000 >>THANK YOU. 3543 02:08:32,000 --> 02:08:35,360 WE HAVE JUST A FEW MINUTES LEFT. 3544 02:08:35,360 --> 02:08:37,200 THE NEXT QUESTION IS FOR 3545 02:08:37,200 --> 02:08:38,640 DR. METZ. 3546 02:08:38,640 --> 02:08:41,040 YOU ARE ALSO THANKED FROM THE 3547 02:08:41,040 --> 02:08:42,480 AUDIENCE, AS ALL OF YOU ARE, FOR 3548 02:08:42,480 --> 02:08:43,680 YOUR PRESENTATION. 3549 02:08:43,680 --> 02:08:46,240 TODAY, THE FDA IS DISCUSSING THE 3550 02:08:46,240 --> 02:08:49,880 POTENTIAL DISCIPLINE ROLE OF -- 3551 02:08:49,880 --> 02:08:50,640 FOR PRETERM BIRTH. 3552 02:08:50,640 --> 02:08:51,800 WHAT IS THE NETWORK'S POSITION 3553 02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:54,320 ON THIS, AND MORE BROADLY, HOW 3554 02:08:54,320 --> 02:08:56,200 DOES THE NETWORK NAVIGATE THE 3555 02:08:56,200 --> 02:08:57,440 INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND 3556 02:08:57,440 --> 02:08:59,920 POLICY? 3557 02:08:59,920 --> 02:09:01,840 >>THAT IS A LOADED QUESTION. 3558 02:09:01,840 --> 02:09:05,480 I SAW THAT NEWS BULLET TODAY AND 3559 02:09:05,480 --> 02:09:06,640 WAS WONDERING IF IT WOULD COME 3560 02:09:06,640 --> 02:09:06,880 UP. 3561 02:09:06,880 --> 02:09:08,440 I MEAN, I THINK THERE'S BEEN A 3562 02:09:08,440 --> 02:09:09,280 LOT OF DISCUSSION ABOUT THIS. 3563 02:09:09,280 --> 02:09:12,920 I THINK, YOU KNOW, THIS IS THE 3564 02:09:12,920 --> 02:09:14,840 REASON THAT WE LOOK AT SORT OF 3565 02:09:14,840 --> 02:09:15,640 ALL OF THE EVIDENCE. 3566 02:09:15,640 --> 02:09:16,880 I MEAN, I DON'T KNOW THAT THE 3567 02:09:16,880 --> 02:09:19,080 NETWORK HAS A POSITION PER SE. 3568 02:09:19,080 --> 02:09:25,000 THE NETWORK IS A RESEARCH 3569 02:09:25,000 --> 02:09:26,000 INFRASTRUCTURE TO CONDUCT 3570 02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:26,840 CLINICAL TRIALS. 3571 02:09:26,840 --> 02:09:30,160 THE NETWORK CAN SAY THEY STAND 3572 02:09:30,160 --> 02:09:32,120 BY A TRIAL THEY PERFORMED. 3573 02:09:32,120 --> 02:09:33,560 I THINK PEOPLE THINK THAT WAS 3574 02:09:33,560 --> 02:09:35,120 NOT DONE RIGOROUSLY. 3575 02:09:35,120 --> 02:09:36,640 I THINK THE QUESTION THAT'S COME 3576 02:09:36,640 --> 02:09:38,320 UP MORE WITH THE PROGESTERONE 3577 02:09:38,320 --> 02:09:40,480 DEBATE IS, IS THERE A 3578 02:09:40,480 --> 02:09:42,040 SUBPOPULATION THAT PROGESTERONE 3579 02:09:42,040 --> 02:09:43,720 BENEFITS, IS IT TRULY THAT 3580 02:09:43,720 --> 02:09:45,400 PROGESTERONE SHOULD BE 3581 02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:46,360 COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM 3582 02:09:46,360 --> 02:09:47,920 PRACTICE, AND I DON'T KNOW 3583 02:09:47,920 --> 02:09:49,360 THAT -- I CAN'T SAY THAT THE 3584 02:09:49,360 --> 02:09:50,760 NETWORK HAS A POSITION ON THAT. 3585 02:09:50,760 --> 02:09:52,520 I MEAN, I THINK THAT THAT'S NOT 3586 02:09:52,520 --> 02:09:54,240 WHAT THE FDA IS CONTEMPLATING 3587 02:09:54,240 --> 02:09:56,960 NOW, TAKING ALL THE AVAILABLE 3588 02:09:56,960 --> 02:09:57,280 EVIDENCE. 3589 02:09:57,280 --> 02:09:59,120 BUT I THINK IT SPEAKS TO THE 3590 02:09:59,120 --> 02:10:01,880 IMPORTANCE OF TESTING THESE 3591 02:10:01,880 --> 02:10:02,640 INTERVENTIONS AT PRACTICE AND 3592 02:10:02,640 --> 02:10:06,560 THE CAPACITY TO DO THESE LARGE 3593 02:10:06,560 --> 02:10:08,320 TRIALS THAT LOOK AT DIFFERENT 3594 02:10:08,320 --> 02:10:09,000 INTERVENTIONS AND DETERMINE 3595 02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:10,840 WHETHER THEY ARE EFFICACIOUS FOR 3596 02:10:10,840 --> 02:10:12,480 PREGNANT PEOPLE AND IMPROVING 3597 02:10:12,480 --> 02:10:13,240 OUTCOMES. 3598 02:10:13,240 --> 02:10:14,200 CERTAINLY PROGESTERONE HAS BEEN 3599 02:10:14,200 --> 02:10:15,640 IN PRACTICE FOR A LONG TIME AND 3600 02:10:15,640 --> 02:10:17,040 I UNDERSTAND THAT'S LARGELY 3601 02:10:17,040 --> 02:10:19,040 BECAUSE OF THE MFMU TRIAL THAT 3602 02:10:19,040 --> 02:10:22,480 CAME OUT A LONG TIME AGO, BUT I 3603 02:10:22,480 --> 02:10:23,480 THINK OBVIOUSLY NOW IT'S 3604 02:10:23,480 --> 02:10:24,480 IMPORTANT TO TAKE THE BULK OF 3605 02:10:24,480 --> 02:10:25,760 THE EVIDENCE TOGETHER AND MOVE 3606 02:10:25,760 --> 02:10:27,960 FORWARD FROM THERE. 3607 02:10:27,960 --> 02:10:31,520 BUT I DON'T KNOW THAT THE 3608 02:10:31,520 --> 02:10:32,400 NETWORK IS IN THE BUSINESS OF 3609 02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:33,800 SORT OF BECOMING INVOLVED IN 3610 02:10:33,800 --> 02:10:34,800 POLICY BEYOND OF FACT OF SAYING 3611 02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:35,800 WE'VE DONE THIS TRIAL, WE THINK 3612 02:10:35,800 --> 02:10:39,440 THIS TRIAL WAS DONE RIGOROUSLY, 3613 02:10:39,440 --> 02:10:41,200 AND STAND BEHIND THE WORK THAT 3614 02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:43,720 WAS DONE BY THE MFMU, BUT 3615 02:10:43,720 --> 02:10:44,840 CERTAINLY, YOU KNOW, 3616 02:10:44,840 --> 02:10:45,600 UNDERSTANDING THAT THERE'S A 3617 02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:46,680 LARGER BODY OF EVIDENCE OUT 3618 02:10:46,680 --> 02:10:47,520 THERE THAT NEEDS TO BE 3619 02:10:47,520 --> 02:10:49,440 CONSIDERED. 3620 02:10:49,440 --> 02:10:51,320 >>THANK YOU. 3621 02:10:51,320 --> 02:10:53,760 VERY WELL SAID INDEED. 3622 02:10:53,760 --> 02:10:55,120 THAT BRINGS US, I BELIEVE, TO 3623 02:10:55,120 --> 02:10:57,120 THE END OF OUR TIME, UNLESS I 3624 02:10:57,120 --> 02:10:59,160 GET A SIGNAL THAT WE CAN KEEP 3625 02:10:59,160 --> 02:11:06,360 GOING. 3626 02:11:06,360 --> 02:11:13,840 PLUSH OR WE CAN HAVE THE NEXT QN 3627 02:11:13,840 --> 02:11:14,920 FOR DR. TEKOLA-AYELE, WHICH IS 3628 02:11:14,920 --> 02:11:18,880 THE ABILITY TO ADJUST FOR 3629 02:11:18,880 --> 02:11:22,000 GENOTYPE BASED -- DOES IT HELP 3630 02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:23,320 THE GENERALIZE THE RESEARCH TO 3631 02:11:23,320 --> 02:11:25,920 OTHER STUDIES CONSIDERING THE 3632 02:11:25,920 --> 02:11:27,680 SAMPLE STUDY PERTAINED TO ONE 3633 02:11:27,680 --> 02:11:28,720 POPULATION AND THIS WOULD 3634 02:11:28,720 --> 02:11:30,000 USUALLY BE CONSIDERED A 3635 02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:32,800 LIMITATION. 3636 02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:35,120 SPECIFIC SPECIFIC -- IN SPECIFIC 3637 02:11:35,120 --> 02:11:36,280 GROUPS OR POPULATIONS? 3638 02:11:36,280 --> 02:11:43,200 >>YES, I THINK THAT'S A CERTAIN 3639 02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:43,400 POINT. 3640 02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:44,680 -- ANCESTRY, USUALLY THE 3641 02:11:44,680 --> 02:11:45,920 ESTIMATE DEPENDS ON WHICH 3642 02:11:45,920 --> 02:11:50,200 SAMPLES WE USE. 3643 02:11:50,200 --> 02:11:55,760 BECAUSE VARIOUS -- NOT IN THE 3644 02:11:55,760 --> 02:11:57,040 U.S. WHERE WE SAMPLE THE 3645 02:11:57,040 --> 02:12:02,160 DIFFERENT GROUPS. 3646 02:12:02,160 --> 02:12:04,560 WE GET DIFFERENT POPULATIONS -- 3647 02:12:04,560 --> 02:12:06,800 IT'S VERY CRITICAL ABOUT THAT, 3648 02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:11,520 AND THERE ARE -- GENETIC 3649 02:12:11,520 --> 02:12:12,800 ANCESTRY -- HAS ALSO LIMITATION 3650 02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:16,320 IN TERMS OF WHAT ANCESTRIES WE 3651 02:12:16,320 --> 02:12:20,880 USE AS A REFERENCE. 3652 02:12:20,880 --> 02:12:24,200 SO THE ARE MO POPULATIONS WE CAN 3653 02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:25,520 SEQUENCE, WE FIND SLOWLY THE 3654 02:12:25,520 --> 02:12:27,080 ESTIMATE. 3655 02:12:27,080 --> 02:12:27,800 AND ONE THING I WOULD LIKE TO 3656 02:12:27,800 --> 02:12:33,080 NOTE IS, SOMETIMES THE GENETIC 3657 02:12:33,080 --> 02:12:34,040 ANCESTRY ESTIMATES CAN BE 3658 02:12:34,040 --> 02:12:35,400 CORRELATED WITH OTHER 3659 02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:37,760 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC OR CULTURAL OR 3660 02:12:37,760 --> 02:12:39,240 DIETARY OR OTHER LIFESTYLE 3661 02:12:39,240 --> 02:12:42,400 FACTOR, AND WE SHOULD BE CAREFUL 3662 02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,640 TO SAY GENETIC ANCESTRY, THE 3663 02:12:45,640 --> 02:12:48,040 GLOBAL -- ASSOCIATED WITH AN 3664 02:12:48,040 --> 02:12:51,880 OUTCOME, IT COULD JUST BE 3665 02:12:51,880 --> 02:12:53,440 BECAUSE OF THE CORRELATION OF 3666 02:12:53,440 --> 02:12:56,160 GENETIC ANCESTRY OF 3667 02:12:56,160 --> 02:12:58,160 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, NOT 3668 02:12:58,160 --> 02:12:59,960 DIRECTLY SHOW GENETIC -- IT'S 3669 02:12:59,960 --> 02:13:00,920 VERY IMPORTANT TO PAY ATTENTION 3670 02:13:00,920 --> 02:13:02,840 TO THAT. 3671 02:13:02,840 --> 02:13:03,480 >>THANK YOU. 3672 02:13:03,480 --> 02:13:06,560 AND WITH THAT, I THINK WE WILL 3673 02:13:06,560 --> 02:13:06,960 CLOSE. 3674 02:13:06,960 --> 02:13:08,320 AGAIN, PLEASE JOIN ME IN 3675 02:13:08,320 --> 02:13:11,160 THANKING THIS ESTEEMED PANEL FOR 3676 02:13:11,160 --> 02:13:11,760 EXCELLENT TALKS. 3677 02:13:11,760 --> 02:13:14,120 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND 3678 02:13:14,120 --> 02:13:14,880 SHARING YOUR EXPERTISE WITH US 3679 02:13:14,880 --> 02:13:16,840 AS WE CELEBRATE OUR 60TH 3680 02:13:16,840 --> 02:13:26,320 ANNIVERSARY. 3681 02:13:26,320 --> 02:13:29,680 >>HELLO, NICHD RESEARCHERS. 3682 02:13:29,680 --> 02:13:31,440 KIM SCHRIER HERE. 3683 02:13:31,440 --> 02:13:33,160 I'M THE FIRST EVER PEDIATRICIAN 3684 02:13:33,160 --> 02:13:33,920 IN CONGRESS. 3685 02:13:33,920 --> 02:13:36,120 I REPRESENT WASHINGTON'S 8TH 3686 02:13:36,120 --> 02:13:37,320 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, AND I'M 3687 02:13:37,320 --> 02:13:39,720 SO EXCITED TO TALK WITH YOU 3688 02:13:39,720 --> 02:13:43,120 BECAUSE I THINK THAT YOU AND I 3689 02:13:43,120 --> 02:13:45,600 SHARE THE SAME VALUES ABOUT 3690 02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:46,800 GIVING OUR CHILDREN THE BEST 3691 02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:48,600 POSSIBLE START IN LIFE, 3692 02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:50,440 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF 3693 02:13:50,440 --> 02:13:53,000 RESEARCH TO HELP FIGURE OUT HOW 3694 02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:54,920 WE GET THEM THEIR BEST OUTCOMES 3695 02:13:54,920 --> 02:13:57,320 IN LIFE, AND ALSO DOING THE 3696 02:13:57,320 --> 02:14:00,520 CUTTING EDGE RESEARCH INTO 3697 02:14:00,520 --> 02:14:01,480 DISEASES THAT PLAGUE OUR 3698 02:14:01,480 --> 02:14:03,080 CHILDREN AND THAT WE ARE ALL 3699 02:14:03,080 --> 02:14:04,760 DESPERATE TO FIND CURES FOR. 3700 02:14:04,760 --> 02:14:06,920 SO I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR 3701 02:14:06,920 --> 02:14:08,560 WORK AND LET YOU KNOW HOW MUCH I 3702 02:14:08,560 --> 02:14:09,920 SHARE YOUR VALUES. 3703 02:14:09,920 --> 02:14:12,720 YOU KNOW, IT'S INTERESTING, 3704 02:14:12,720 --> 02:14:15,160 THERE WAS A LONG TIME WHEN I 3705 02:14:15,160 --> 02:14:16,480 THOUGHT, IT'S GOING TO BE REALLY 3706 02:14:16,480 --> 02:14:18,040 IMPORTANT TO HAVE A WOMAN DOCTOR 3707 02:14:18,040 --> 02:14:19,400 IN CONGRESS AND IT'S GOING TO BE 3708 02:14:19,400 --> 02:14:23,440 REALLY IMPORTANT TO I HAVE A 3709 02:14:23,440 --> 02:14:24,520 PEDIATRICIAN IN CONGRESS BUT I 3710 02:14:24,520 --> 02:14:25,960 DIDN'T REALLY VISCERALLY 3711 02:14:25,960 --> 02:14:27,440 UNDERSTAND IT UNTIL I WAS SWORN 3712 02:14:27,440 --> 02:14:29,200 IN, AND WITHIN WEEKS, THERE WERE 3713 02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:31,120 MEASLES OUTBREAKS ACROSS THE 3714 02:14:31,120 --> 02:14:32,360 COUNTRY, AND AS A PEDIATRICIAN 3715 02:14:32,360 --> 02:14:34,080 WHO HAS WORKED WITH FAMILIES FOR 3716 02:14:34,080 --> 02:14:37,520 20 YEARS, SEEING VACCINE 3717 02:14:37,520 --> 02:14:39,440 HESITANCY UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL, 3718 02:14:39,440 --> 02:14:41,040 AND THEN BROUGHT FAMILIES ALONG, 3719 02:14:41,040 --> 02:14:42,960 YOU KNOW, WITH ANSWERING 3720 02:14:42,960 --> 02:14:45,240 QUESTIONS IN A GENTLE VOICE, AND 3721 02:14:45,240 --> 02:14:46,800 GETTING HIGH VACCINATION RATES 3722 02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:49,280 THAT I KNEW IT WAS IMPORTANT TO 3723 02:14:49,280 --> 02:14:50,360 COMBAT ONLINE VACCINE 3724 02:14:50,360 --> 02:14:50,960 MISINFORMATION. 3725 02:14:50,960 --> 02:14:53,160 SO THE FIRST BILL I INTRODUCED 3726 02:14:53,160 --> 02:14:55,400 AND THAT WAS PASSED THROUGH THE 3727 02:14:55,400 --> 02:14:56,800 HOUSE AND SENATE AND SIGNED INTO 3728 02:14:56,800 --> 02:14:59,840 LAW WAS THE VACCINES ACT. 3729 02:14:59,840 --> 02:15:01,680 AND THE IDEA THERE WAS TO LOOK 3730 02:15:01,680 --> 02:15:03,240 FOR POCKETS WHERE THERE ISN'T 3731 02:15:03,240 --> 02:15:05,600 ENOUGH IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN, 3732 02:15:05,600 --> 02:15:07,200 FIGURE OUT WHY AND ADDRESS IT, 3733 02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:08,800 GET IMMUNIZATION RATES UP AND 3734 02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:09,880 MISINFORMATION DOWN, AND BOY, 3735 02:15:09,880 --> 02:15:12,320 HAS THAT GOTTEN A WHOLE NEW LIFE 3736 02:15:12,320 --> 02:15:14,160 IN THE AGE OF COVID. 3737 02:15:14,160 --> 02:15:16,640 ON THAT SAME TOPIC, I'VE BEEN AN 3738 02:15:16,640 --> 02:15:17,880 ADVOCATE FOR MAKING SURE KIDS 3739 02:15:17,880 --> 02:15:20,080 GET THEIR ROUTINE VACCINATION. 3740 02:15:20,080 --> 02:15:22,960 WE'VE SEEN A DROPOFF DURING THE 3741 02:15:22,960 --> 02:15:24,240 PANDEMIC, SO I HAVE WORKED TO 3742 02:15:24,240 --> 02:15:25,960 EXPAND THE VACCINES FOR CHILDREN 3743 02:15:25,960 --> 02:15:27,800 PROGRAM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO 3744 02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:29,760 ACCESS VACCINE AND I'VE BEEN A 3745 02:15:29,760 --> 02:15:32,400 BIG PROPONENT OF THE HPV VACCINE 3746 02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:33,680 WHICH IS FINALLY A VACCINE THAT 3747 02:15:33,680 --> 02:15:34,440 CAN PREVENT CANCER. 3748 02:15:34,440 --> 02:15:36,200 SO I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR 3749 02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:38,600 RESEARCH AND WANT YOU TO KNOW 3750 02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:40,160 HOW I'M CARRYING THAT BATON TO 3751 02:15:40,160 --> 02:15:42,560 MAKE SURE KIDS GET GOOD CARE. 3752 02:15:42,560 --> 02:15:44,560 I HAVE ALSO WORKED ON GETTING 3753 02:15:44,560 --> 02:15:50,240 LEGISLATION TO SUPPORT MORE 3754 02:15:50,240 --> 02:15:51,160 PEDIATRICS-SPECIFIC RESEARCH. 3755 02:15:51,160 --> 02:15:51,680 THERE ISN'T ENOUGH. 3756 02:15:51,680 --> 02:15:53,160 MOST OF THE RESEARCH IS FOCUSED 3757 02:15:53,160 --> 02:15:53,480 ON ADULTS. 3758 02:15:53,480 --> 02:15:56,880 SO I HAVE PUT FORTH LEGISLATION, 3759 02:15:56,880 --> 02:16:00,160 THE PACT ACT OF 2021, THAT WOULD 3760 02:16:00,160 --> 02:16:01,840 SPECIFICALLY FUND MORE PEDIATRIC 3761 02:16:01,840 --> 02:16:02,440 RESEARCH. 3762 02:16:02,440 --> 02:16:03,840 AND THEN I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT 3763 02:16:03,840 --> 02:16:05,160 ONE MORE THING BEFORE I 3764 02:16:05,160 --> 02:16:08,720 CONCLUDE, WHICH IS JUST THE ROLE 3765 02:16:08,720 --> 02:16:10,840 OF NUTRITION AND THE ROLE OF 3766 02:16:10,840 --> 02:16:13,760 SOCIAL MEDIA AND SCREEN TIME, 3767 02:16:13,760 --> 02:16:14,960 AND HOW THOSE IMPACT OUR 3768 02:16:14,960 --> 02:16:16,360 CHILDREN'S HEALTH. 3769 02:16:16,360 --> 02:16:17,640 THEIR BRAINS, THEIR DEVELOPMENT, 3770 02:16:17,640 --> 02:16:21,360 THEIR ATTENTION, THEIR FOCUS, 3771 02:16:21,360 --> 02:16:23,120 THEIR WEIGHT AND THEIR HEALTH. 3772 02:16:23,120 --> 02:16:29,640 IT'S THIS IMPACT OF EVERYDAY 3773 02:16:29,640 --> 02:16:33,320 LIFE DECISIONS AND LIFE CHOICES 3774 02:16:33,320 --> 02:16:35,440 THAT CAN HAVE LONG TERM IMPACT. 3775 02:16:35,440 --> 02:16:38,320 SO I'M WORKING ON SHORING UP THE 3776 02:16:38,320 --> 02:16:41,520 WIC PROGRAM AND THE SNAP PROGRAM 3777 02:16:41,520 --> 02:16:45,000 TO ENCOURAGE MORE FRUITS AND 3778 02:16:45,000 --> 02:16:46,160 VEGETABLES BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE 3779 02:16:46,160 --> 02:16:49,040 LONG TIME PAYOFF BUT ALSO THE 3780 02:16:49,040 --> 02:16:50,800 EFFECT OF SCREEN TIME AND SOCIAL 3781 02:16:50,800 --> 02:16:51,720 MEDIA ON CHILDREN'S BRAINS. 3782 02:16:51,720 --> 02:16:53,760 I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR THE WORK 3783 02:16:53,760 --> 02:16:56,160 YOU DO TO KEEP KIDS HEALTHIER 3784 02:16:56,160 --> 02:16:57,800 AND I AM EXCITED TO PARTNER WITH 3785 02:16:57,800 --> 02:16:58,760 YOU ON THAT JOURNEY. 3786 02:16:58,760 --> 02:17:00,760 THANK YOU AGAIN. 3787 02:17:00,760 --> 02:17:02,600 >>OUR NEXT SESSION, RAISING 3788 02:17:02,600 --> 02:17:04,360 HEALTHY CHILDREN, IS MODERATED 3789 02:17:04,360 --> 02:17:06,560 BY DR. VALERIE MAHOLMES, CHIEF 3790 02:17:06,560 --> 02:17:08,520 OF THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND 3791 02:17:08,520 --> 02:17:14,120 CRITICAL ILLNESS BRANCH IN THE 3792 02:17:14,120 --> 02:17:15,200 NICHD DIVISION OF EXTRAMURAL 3793 02:17:15,200 --> 02:17:16,200 RESEARCH. 3794 02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:18,360 >>GOOD MORNING. 3795 02:17:18,360 --> 02:17:20,120 I'M DR. VALERIE MAHOLMES, AND 3796 02:17:20,120 --> 02:17:21,840 I'M DELIGHTED TO SERVE AS YOUR 3797 02:17:21,840 --> 02:17:23,440 MODERATOR FOR THIS SESSION 3798 02:17:23,440 --> 02:17:25,240 TITLED "RAISING HEALTHY 3799 02:17:25,240 --> 02:17:25,480 CHILDREN." 3800 02:17:25,480 --> 02:17:27,160 WE HAVE AN EXCITING PANEL 3801 02:17:27,160 --> 02:17:28,320 PLANNED FOR TODAY, AND I'M 3802 02:17:28,320 --> 02:17:30,600 LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING THE 3803 02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:31,120 EXCITING PRESENTATIONS. 3804 02:17:31,120 --> 02:17:32,480 THERE WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 3805 02:17:32,480 --> 02:17:34,160 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AT THE END 3806 02:17:34,160 --> 02:17:35,880 OF THE PANEL, SO HOLD YOUR 3807 02:17:35,880 --> 02:17:36,160 QUESTIONS. 3808 02:17:36,160 --> 02:17:39,560 YOU CAN SUBMIT ANY QUESTION TO 3809 02:17:39,560 --> 02:17:44,160 THE NICHD PRESS AT 3810 02:17:44,160 --> 02:17:44,720 MAIL.NICHD.GOV. 3811 02:17:44,720 --> 02:17:46,400 SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, IT IS MY 3812 02:17:46,400 --> 02:17:49,120 PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE OUR FIRST 3813 02:17:49,120 --> 02:17:56,160 SPEAKER, DR. ROSEM ROSEMARY TRU, 3814 02:17:56,160 --> 02:17:59,880 WHO WILL BE JOINING US THROW A 3815 02:17:59,880 --> 02:18:00,880 PRERECORDED PRESENTATION. 3816 02:18:00,880 --> 02:18:02,520 SHE PREVIOUSLY SERVED ON THE 3817 02:18:02,520 --> 02:18:03,400 NICHD ADVISORY COUNCIL IN HER 3818 02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:05,600 CAPACITY AS VICE PRESIDENT AT 3819 02:18:05,600 --> 02:18:06,960 SESAME WORKSHOP, SHE'S 3820 02:18:06,960 --> 02:18:08,160 RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 3821 02:18:08,160 --> 02:18:10,480 OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY 3822 02:18:10,480 --> 02:18:12,160 CURRICULUM ON WHICH "SESAME 3823 02:18:12,160 --> 02:18:13,960 STREET" IS BASED AND OVERSEES 3824 02:18:13,960 --> 02:18:17,000 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT ACROSS 3825 02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:18,600 PLATFORMS, INCLUDING TELEVISION, 3826 02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:22,480 PUBLISHING, TOYS, HOME VIDEO, 3827 02:18:22,480 --> 02:18:23,840 AND THEME PARK ACTIVITIES. 3828 02:18:23,840 --> 02:18:25,840 SHE RECEIVED A PH.D. IN 3829 02:18:25,840 --> 02:18:27,000 DEVELOPMENTAL AND CHILD 3830 02:18:27,000 --> 02:18:27,920 PSYCHOLOGY FROM THE UNIVERSITY 3831 02:18:27,920 --> 02:18:28,280 OF KANSAS AND A B.A. IN 3832 02:18:28,280 --> 02:18:30,680 PSYCHOLOGY AT RUTGERS 3833 02:18:30,680 --> 02:18:31,640 UNIVERSITY. 3834 02:18:31,640 --> 02:18:33,560 PLEASE NOW TURN YOUR ATTENTION 3835 02:18:33,560 --> 02:18:36,960 TO THE VIDEO. 3836 02:18:36,960 --> 02:18:37,600 >>HELLO. 3837 02:18:37,600 --> 02:18:43,120 I'M DR. ROSEMARIE TRUGLIO, 3838 02:18:43,120 --> 02:18:43,480 SESAME WORKSHOP. 3839 02:18:43,480 --> 02:18:45,800 I'D LIKE TO START TODAY BY 3840 02:18:45,800 --> 02:18:47,280 CONGRATULATING NICHD ON THEIR 3841 02:18:47,280 --> 02:18:49,000 60TH ANNIVERSARY. 3842 02:18:49,000 --> 02:18:51,280 IT SUCH A SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE. 3843 02:18:51,280 --> 02:18:53,680 AND THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME TO 3844 02:18:53,680 --> 02:18:56,280 DELIVER THIS VISION ANY TRAWK TK 3845 02:18:56,280 --> 02:18:56,480 TODAY. 3846 02:18:56,480 --> 02:18:58,800 SO WHAT IS SESAME WORKSHOP'S 3847 02:18:58,800 --> 02:19:03,480 VISION FOR HEALTHY CHILDREN? 3848 02:19:03,480 --> 02:19:04,720 LIKE EVERYTHING WE DO, IT STARTS 3849 02:19:04,720 --> 02:19:08,560 WITH AN INTEGRATED APPROACH. 3850 02:19:08,560 --> 02:19:09,600 WHILE "SESAME STREET" IS BEST 3851 02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:12,480 KNOWN FOR THE GROUNDBREAKING 3852 02:19:12,480 --> 02:19:14,000 TELEVISION SHOW THAT HAS BEEN 3853 02:19:14,000 --> 02:19:17,520 EDUCATING CHILDREN FOR OVER 50 3854 02:19:17,520 --> 02:19:21,240 YEARS, OFTEN FOLKS ARE NOT AWARE 3855 02:19:21,240 --> 02:19:24,720 OF THE DEPTH AND THE BREADTH OF 3856 02:19:24,720 --> 02:19:27,280 SESAME WORKSHOP, A GLOBAL 3857 02:19:27,280 --> 02:19:27,880 NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION WITH A 3858 02:19:27,880 --> 02:19:29,640 MISSION TO HELP CHILDREN GROW 3859 02:19:29,640 --> 02:19:33,160 SMARTER, STRONGER, AND KINDER. 3860 02:19:33,160 --> 02:19:34,640 AND HERE'S HOW WE DEFINE 3861 02:19:34,640 --> 02:19:39,160 SMARTER, STRONGER AND KINDER. 3862 02:19:39,160 --> 02:19:40,720 TODAY I WANT TO FOCUS ON 3863 02:19:40,720 --> 02:19:41,960 STRONGER AND I'D LIKE YOU ALL TO 3864 02:19:41,960 --> 02:19:45,600 THINK ABOUT WHAT DOES IT TRULY 3865 02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:47,400 MEAN TO RAISE A HEALTHY CHILD 3866 02:19:47,400 --> 02:19:49,360 TODAY? 3867 02:19:49,360 --> 02:19:50,960 AT SESAME, WE KNOW THAT THE 3868 02:19:50,960 --> 02:19:52,440 PHYSICAL HEALTH AND THE MENTAL 3869 02:19:52,440 --> 02:19:56,760 HEALTH WELL-BEING ARE EQUALLY 3870 02:19:56,760 --> 02:19:57,160 IMPORTANT. 3871 02:19:57,160 --> 02:19:58,480 BUT OUR VISION FOR STRONGER 3872 02:19:58,480 --> 02:20:04,280 CHILDREN LIES IN HOW THE TWO ARE 3873 02:20:04,280 --> 02:20:04,800 INTERCONNECTED. 3874 02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:09,240 AND THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS IN 3875 02:20:09,240 --> 02:20:10,080 CHILDREN'S DEVELOPING SKILLS, 3876 02:20:10,080 --> 02:20:11,440 THE COGNITIVE SKILLS TO DEVELOP 3877 02:20:11,440 --> 02:20:13,560 SELF CONTROL, FOCUSED ATTENTION, 3878 02:20:13,560 --> 02:20:15,920 AND FLEXIBLE THINKING, ALL WHICH 3879 02:20:15,920 --> 02:20:19,240 SUPPORT SELF-REGULATION, 3880 02:20:19,240 --> 02:20:24,560 PERSEVERANCE AND 3881 02:20:24,560 --> 02:20:25,240 SELF-CONFIDENCE. 3882 02:20:25,240 --> 02:20:26,080 EXECUTIVE FUNCTION SKILLS ARE 3883 02:20:26,080 --> 02:20:27,560 KEY TO DEVELOPING HABITS FOR 3884 02:20:27,560 --> 02:20:29,040 PHYSICAL HEALTH LIKE USING 3885 02:20:29,040 --> 02:20:32,040 SELF-CONTROL TO CHOOSE HEALTHY 3886 02:20:32,040 --> 02:20:34,480 FOODS, OR USE STRATEGIES TO 3887 02:20:34,480 --> 02:20:35,520 SUPPORT MENTAL HEALTH WELL-BEING 3888 02:20:35,520 --> 02:20:37,680 AND BUILD RESILIENCY SKILLS. 3889 02:20:37,680 --> 02:20:42,680 AS WE ALL KNOW, PHYSICAL HEALTH 3890 02:20:42,680 --> 02:20:44,560 AND MENTAL HEALTH WELL-BEING DO 3891 02:20:44,560 --> 02:20:45,880 NOT EXIST IN ISOLATION IN A 3892 02:20:45,880 --> 02:20:46,160 CHILD. 3893 02:20:46,160 --> 02:20:48,280 THEY ARE NATURALLY INTEGRATED. 3894 02:20:48,280 --> 02:20:51,360 FOR INSTANCE, WHEN A CHILD USES 3895 02:20:51,360 --> 02:20:54,800 MOVEMENT OR EXERCISE TO COPE 3896 02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:56,400 WITH BIG FEELINGS, IT NOT ONLY 3897 02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:57,720 HELPS THEM CALM DOWN, BUT IT 3898 02:20:57,720 --> 02:21:01,040 ALSO HELPS THEM KEEP THEIR 3899 02:21:01,040 --> 02:21:04,480 PHYSICAL BODY STRONGER. 3900 02:21:04,480 --> 02:21:06,400 BUT WHAT WE KNOW AT SESAME IS 3901 02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:07,720 THAT TALKING DIRECTLY TO 3902 02:21:07,720 --> 02:21:10,040 CHILDREN IS NOT ENOUGH. 3903 02:21:10,040 --> 02:21:13,400 SO WE REACH CHILDREN AND 3904 02:21:13,400 --> 02:21:14,680 CAREGIVERS TO WHAT WE LIKE TO 3905 02:21:14,680 --> 02:21:16,720 CALL THE CHILD'S CIRCLE OF CARE. 3906 02:21:16,720 --> 02:21:18,960 AND THAT INCLUDES PARENTS AND 3907 02:21:18,960 --> 02:21:20,360 GRANDPARENTS, NEIGHBORS, 3908 02:21:20,360 --> 02:21:21,560 EDUCATORS, HEALTHCARE 3909 02:21:21,560 --> 02:21:24,320 PROFESSIONALS, LIBRARIANS. 3910 02:21:24,320 --> 02:21:25,600 ANY PERSON OR INSTITUTION THAT 3911 02:21:25,600 --> 02:21:30,120 HAS A CAREGIVING ROLE TO PLAY. 3912 02:21:30,120 --> 02:21:31,640 WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF HOURS OF 3913 02:21:31,640 --> 02:21:34,440 FREE CONTENT, VIDEOS, STORY 3914 02:21:34,440 --> 02:21:35,960 BOOKS, RESOURCES FOR CAREGIVERS 3915 02:21:35,960 --> 02:21:37,120 AND PRACTITIONERS, WHERE 3916 02:21:37,120 --> 02:21:38,640 CHILDREN CAN PRACTICE THESE 3917 02:21:38,640 --> 02:21:40,280 STRATEGIES AND BUILD THEIR 3918 02:21:40,280 --> 02:21:43,000 SELF-REGULATION SKILLS. 3919 02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:44,000 SO LET'S TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY 3920 02:21:44,000 --> 02:21:48,320 TO PRACTICE A SELF-REGULATION 3921 02:21:48,320 --> 02:21:51,920 STRATEGY WITH ABBY. 3922 02:21:51,920 --> 02:21:53,440 >>OH, HI! 3923 02:21:53,440 --> 02:21:55,720 IF YOU WANT TO FEEL THIS WAY, I 3924 02:21:55,720 --> 02:21:57,160 FEEL KIND OF WORRIED AND YOU BE 3925 02:21:57,160 --> 02:23:31,360 SET AND -- 3926 02:23:31,360 --> 02:23:33,520 >>AND I HAVE MY OWN GLUE JAR 3927 02:23:33,520 --> 02:23:33,840 TOO. 3928 02:23:33,840 --> 02:23:35,920 AS ADULTS, WE NEED EMOTIONAL 3929 02:23:35,920 --> 02:23:37,480 REGULATION STRATEGIES AS WELL TO 3930 02:23:37,480 --> 02:23:40,760 HELP US CALM DOWN OUR ADULT-SIZE 3931 02:23:40,760 --> 02:23:42,400 BIG FEELINGS. 3932 02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:44,560 WE ALL NEED A TOOLBOX OF 3933 02:23:44,560 --> 02:23:45,800 STRATEGIES, AS THERE'S NO ONE 3934 02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:48,520 STWRAT STRATEGY THAT WILL ALWAYK 3935 02:23:48,520 --> 02:23:50,920 TO HELP US MANAGE AND REGULATE 3936 02:23:50,920 --> 02:23:52,720 OUR EMOTIONS. 3937 02:23:52,720 --> 02:23:55,040 WE ALSO NEED ROLE MODELS WHO 3938 02:23:55,040 --> 02:23:56,520 AREN'T PERFECT BUT WHO PERSEVERE 3939 02:23:56,520 --> 02:23:57,920 AND KEEP TRYING IN THE FACE OF 3940 02:23:57,920 --> 02:23:58,880 CHALLENGES. 3941 02:23:58,880 --> 02:24:01,280 SO WHO BETTER TO TALK ABOUT 3942 02:24:01,280 --> 02:24:03,200 SELF-REGULATION AND SELF-CONTROL 3943 02:24:03,200 --> 02:24:06,680 THAN OUR FRIEND, COOKIE MONSTER. 3944 02:24:06,680 --> 02:24:08,520 >>HELLO. 3945 02:24:08,520 --> 02:24:10,240 ME COOKIE MONSTER! 3946 02:24:10,240 --> 02:24:12,840 HERE TODAY TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT 3947 02:24:12,840 --> 02:24:15,960 HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO EAT 3948 02:24:15,960 --> 02:24:17,280 HEALTHY FOODS. 3949 02:24:17,280 --> 02:24:17,840 YEAH! 3950 02:24:17,840 --> 02:24:19,680 NOW, ME KNOW WHAT YOU THINKING. 3951 02:24:19,680 --> 02:24:22,200 THIS GUY G GONNA TALK ABOUT EATG 3952 02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:23,040 HEALTHY? 3953 02:24:23,040 --> 02:24:24,920 THIS GUY WHO EAT COOKIES LIKE 3954 02:24:24,920 --> 02:24:26,280 THEY'RE GOING OUT OF STYLE? 3955 02:24:26,280 --> 02:24:29,960 WELL, YOU KNOW ME NOT EXACTLY 3956 02:24:29,960 --> 02:24:30,720 HEALTHY-EATING ROLE MODEL, BUT 3957 02:24:30,720 --> 02:24:31,920 ME LEARNING. 3958 02:24:31,920 --> 02:24:32,520 YEAH. 3959 02:24:32,520 --> 02:24:34,640 AND ME FOUND OUT THAT EVEN 3960 02:24:34,640 --> 02:24:38,160 THOUGH COOKIES OKAY AS SPECIAL 3961 02:24:38,160 --> 02:24:39,840 TREAT SOMETIMES, THERE ARE ALL 3962 02:24:39,840 --> 02:24:41,640 KINDS OF HEALTHY FOODS THAT YOU 3963 02:24:41,640 --> 02:24:45,440 CAN EAT ANY TIME! 3964 02:24:45,440 --> 02:24:46,480 LIKE THESE COLORFUL FRUITS AND 3965 02:24:46,480 --> 02:24:52,040 VEGETABLES. 3966 02:24:52,040 --> 02:24:55,080 NUM-NUM. 3967 02:24:55,080 --> 02:24:55,600 THEY LOOK SO DELICIOUS. 3968 02:24:55,600 --> 02:24:56,920 THESE KINDS OF FOODS MAKE YOU 3969 02:24:56,920 --> 02:24:58,160 HEALTHY AND STRONG AND BECAUSE 3970 02:24:58,160 --> 02:25:00,000 THEY SO GOOD FOR YOU, YOU CAN 3971 02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:00,880 HAVE THEM ANY TIME! 3972 02:25:00,880 --> 02:25:02,960 AND YOU KNOW WHAT? 3973 02:25:02,960 --> 02:25:04,520 THIS SEEMS LIKE GOOD TIME TO ME. 3974 02:25:04,520 --> 02:25:08,040 COME TO PAPA! 3975 02:25:08,040 --> 02:25:10,960 OH, OH, OH, APPLE, MMM. 3976 02:25:10,960 --> 02:25:14,760 >>OUR RESEARCH SHOWS IT'S SO 3977 02:25:14,760 --> 02:25:15,960 APPEALING TO YOUNG CHILDREN AND 3978 02:25:15,960 --> 02:25:17,760 IT MAKES THE MESSAGES THEY 3979 02:25:17,760 --> 02:25:19,360 DELIVER MORE POWERFUL AND 3980 02:25:19,360 --> 02:25:20,160 EDUCATIONALLY EFFECTIVE. 3981 02:25:20,160 --> 02:25:21,200 AND THAT GOES FOR ADULTS AS 3982 02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:21,720 WELL. 3983 02:25:21,720 --> 02:25:22,920 WE NEVER TALK DOWN TO CHILDREN 3984 02:25:22,920 --> 02:25:24,120 OR ADULTS. 3985 02:25:24,120 --> 02:25:26,840 WHICH IS WHY ADULTS LOVE 3986 02:25:26,840 --> 02:25:28,400 WATCHING AND LEARNING ALONG WITH 3987 02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:29,360 THEIR CHILDREN. 3988 02:25:29,360 --> 02:25:33,560 AND THAT IS BY DESIGN. 3989 02:25:33,560 --> 02:25:34,920 SESAME WORKSHOP CANNOT DO THIS 3990 02:25:34,920 --> 02:25:35,280 ALONE. 3991 02:25:35,280 --> 02:25:37,320 WE NEED PROFESSIONALS LIKE YOU 3992 02:25:37,320 --> 02:25:39,640 TO USE OUR CONTENT WITH YOUNG 3993 02:25:39,640 --> 02:25:40,000 CHILDREN. 3994 02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:42,240 AND TO THINK ABOUT THE YOUNGEST 3995 02:25:42,240 --> 02:25:45,800 CHILDREN WHEN MAKING POLICY 3996 02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:46,200 DECISIONS. 3997 02:25:46,200 --> 02:25:48,760 OUR RESOURCES ARE FREE AND 3998 02:25:48,760 --> 02:25:49,960 BILINGUAL IN ENGLISH AND IN 3999 02:25:49,960 --> 02:25:50,480 SPANISH. 4000 02:25:50,480 --> 02:25:54,920 PLEASE USE OUR QR CODE, VISIT 4001 02:25:54,920 --> 02:25:56,480 OUR WEBSITE, READ OUR BOOKS AND 4002 02:25:56,480 --> 02:25:59,200 SHARE OUR RESOURCES WITH OTHERS. 4003 02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:00,880 AND WHETHER YOU'RE A HEALTHCARE 4004 02:26:00,880 --> 02:26:03,240 WORKER, RESEARCHER AND EDUCATOR, 4005 02:26:03,240 --> 02:26:06,760 A POLICY MAKER, OR A PARENT AND 4006 02:26:06,760 --> 02:26:08,240 GRANDPARENT YOU SELF, JUST LIKE 4007 02:26:08,240 --> 02:26:11,400 SESAME WORKSHOP'S VISION FOR 4008 02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:12,360 HEALTHY CHILDREN IS AN 4009 02:26:12,360 --> 02:26:16,040 INTEGRATED APPROACH, WE, TOO, 4010 02:26:16,040 --> 02:26:17,440 MUST TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH 4011 02:26:17,440 --> 02:26:19,840 TO CARING FOR AND RAISING 4012 02:26:19,840 --> 02:26:22,440 HEALTHY CHILDREN. 4013 02:26:22,440 --> 02:26:24,920 THANK YOU TO NICHD AND YOUR 60 4014 02:26:24,920 --> 02:26:28,520 YEARS OF INCREDIBLE LEADERSHIP 4015 02:26:28,520 --> 02:26:29,680 AND PUBLIC SERVICE, AND THANK 4016 02:26:29,680 --> 02:26:36,600 YOU FOR ALL YOUR TIME TODAY. 4017 02:26:36,600 --> 02:26:38,000 >>THAT WAS WONDERFUL. 4018 02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:40,400 WE WERE DELIGHTED TO HAVE THAT 4019 02:26:40,400 --> 02:26:43,720 PRESENTATION FROM DR. TRUGLIO. 4020 02:26:43,720 --> 02:26:45,120 NOW OUR NEXT PANELIST IS 4021 02:26:45,120 --> 02:26:46,640 DR. WENDY CHUNG, WHO IS THE 4022 02:26:46,640 --> 02:26:48,440 CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR 4023 02:26:48,440 --> 02:26:51,160 GENETICIST AT THE KENNEDY 4024 02:26:51,160 --> 02:26:52,480 FAMILY -- AND KENNEDY FAMILY 4025 02:26:52,480 --> 02:26:53,520 PROFESSOR OF PEDIATRICS AND 4026 02:26:53,520 --> 02:26:54,840 MEDICINE AND DIRECTOR OF 4027 02:26:54,840 --> 02:26:56,400 CLINICAL GENETICS AT COLUMBIA 4028 02:26:56,400 --> 02:26:57,000 UNIVERSITY. 4029 02:26:57,000 --> 02:26:59,360 SHE LEADS THE PRECISION MEDICINE 4030 02:26:59,360 --> 02:27:01,800 RESOURCE IN THE URBAN INSTITUTE 4031 02:27:01,800 --> 02:27:02,960 AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF 4032 02:27:02,960 --> 02:27:05,720 RARE DISEASES CENTER OF 4033 02:27:05,720 --> 02:27:06,640 EXCELLENCE AT COLUMBIA 4034 02:27:06,640 --> 02:27:07,440 UNIVERSITY. 4035 02:27:07,440 --> 02:27:08,760 DR. CHUNG DIRECTS NIH-FUNDED 4036 02:27:08,760 --> 02:27:11,640 RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN HUMAN 4037 02:27:11,640 --> 02:27:13,480 GENETICS, OF PULMONARY 4038 02:27:13,480 --> 02:27:15,760 HYPERTENSION, BREAST CANCER, 4039 02:27:15,760 --> 02:27:17,320 OBESITY, DIABETES, AUTISM AND 4040 02:27:17,320 --> 02:27:18,880 BIRTH DEFECTS. 4041 02:27:18,880 --> 02:27:21,120 DR. CHUNG RECEIVED HER B.A. IN 4042 02:27:21,120 --> 02:27:22,800 BIOCHEMISTRY FROM CORNELL 4043 02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:24,280 UNIVERSITY, HER M.D. FROM 4044 02:27:24,280 --> 02:27:26,360 CORNELL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL 4045 02:27:26,360 --> 02:27:28,360 COLLEGE, AND HER PH.D. FROM THE 4046 02:27:28,360 --> 02:27:30,880 ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY IN 4047 02:27:30,880 --> 02:27:31,920 GENETICS. 4048 02:27:31,920 --> 02:27:33,960 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 4049 02:27:33,960 --> 02:27:35,840 DR. CHUNG TO THE VIRTUAL PODIUM. 4050 02:27:35,840 --> 02:27:37,600 DR. CHUNG? 4051 02:27:37,600 --> 02:27:41,120 >>THANK YOU, VALERIE. 4052 02:27:41,120 --> 02:27:42,440 I DON'T KNOW ABOUT FOLLOWING 4053 02:27:42,440 --> 02:27:46,400 CHAO COOKIE MONSTER THERE, BUT L 4054 02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:52,000 FOLLOW UP BY TALKING ABOUT 4055 02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:53,360 CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA. 4056 02:27:53,360 --> 02:27:55,080 I THINK OF THIS AS I DO FOR MANY 4057 02:27:55,080 --> 02:27:56,680 CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN, WHICH IS 4058 02:27:56,680 --> 02:28:00,760 THAT THEY'RE COMPLICATED, BUT BY 4059 02:28:00,760 --> 02:28:01,560 UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY AND 4060 02:28:01,560 --> 02:28:03,280 THE ETIOLOGY OF THE WHY, WHY 4061 02:28:03,280 --> 02:28:04,800 CERTAIN THINGS EXIST IN OUR 4062 02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:06,000 BODIES, WE CAN COME UP WITH 4063 02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:07,520 BETTER TREATMENTS, BETTER 4064 02:28:07,520 --> 02:28:09,240 STRATEGIES THAT HELP US TO HAVE 4065 02:28:09,240 --> 02:28:12,360 HEALTHIER CHILDREN. 4066 02:28:12,360 --> 02:28:13,240 CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA, 4067 02:28:13,240 --> 02:28:14,440 AS IS TRUE FOR MANY OTHER 4068 02:28:14,440 --> 02:28:16,200 CONDITIONS, WHETHER IT BE 4069 02:28:16,200 --> 02:28:16,800 AUTISM, CONGENITAL HEART 4070 02:28:16,800 --> 02:28:18,920 DISEASE, OR MANY OTHER THINGS, 4071 02:28:18,920 --> 02:28:20,520 ARE OFTEN NOT ISOLATED BUT CAN 4072 02:28:20,520 --> 02:28:22,720 BE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER 4073 02:28:22,720 --> 02:28:23,720 MANIFESTATIONS OVER THE LIFE 4074 02:28:23,720 --> 02:28:25,680 COURSE, AND UNDERSTANDING WHO 4075 02:28:25,680 --> 02:28:27,080 WILL HAVE WHICH MANIFESTATIONS 4076 02:28:27,080 --> 02:28:28,520 CAN HELP US TO BE ABLE TO 4077 02:28:28,520 --> 02:28:31,560 PREPARE OUR CHILDREN FOR HEALTH. 4078 02:28:31,560 --> 02:28:32,440 ONE OF THE QUESTIONS IS WHAT 4079 02:28:32,440 --> 02:28:33,800 CAUSES THESE, AND I'M GOING TO 4080 02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:35,160 FOCUS ON GENETICS THIS MORNING 4081 02:28:35,160 --> 02:28:36,440 BUT TO SAY THAT THESE ARE NOT 4082 02:28:36,440 --> 02:28:37,880 THE ONLY CAUSES AND WE ARE STILL 4083 02:28:37,880 --> 02:28:41,080 AT THE BEGINNING OF OUR 4084 02:28:41,080 --> 02:28:41,440 UNDERSTANDING. 4085 02:28:41,440 --> 02:28:44,960 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE JE AT GC 4086 02:28:44,960 --> 02:28:46,920 CAUSES THEY CAN COME IN LARGE OR 4087 02:28:46,920 --> 02:28:47,640 SMALL PACKAGES. 4088 02:28:47,640 --> 02:28:50,840 IN SOME CHANGES, LARGE 4089 02:28:50,840 --> 02:28:51,960 CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES OR 4090 02:28:51,960 --> 02:28:54,480 DIFFERENCES AND IN SOME CASES 4091 02:28:54,480 --> 02:28:55,400 SOMETHING THAT AFFECTS ONE GENE 4092 02:28:55,400 --> 02:28:58,120 THAT CAN CAUSE THESE MYRIAD 4093 02:28:58,120 --> 02:28:58,520 MANIFESTATION. 4094 02:28:58,520 --> 02:29:01,080 ONE STUDY WE'VE DONE IS 4095 02:29:01,080 --> 02:29:03,640 SOMETHING CALLED DHREAMS. 4096 02:29:03,640 --> 02:29:06,480 WE'VE DONE THIS AS A CONSORTIA 4097 02:29:06,480 --> 02:29:08,960 AT MANY SITES. 4098 02:29:08,960 --> 02:29:10,200 NUMBERS MATTER, THAT IS TO 4099 02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:11,720 UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEXITY, IT 4100 02:29:11,720 --> 02:29:13,120 REQUIRES OFTENTIMES TENS IF NOT 4101 02:29:13,120 --> 02:29:13,960 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF 4102 02:29:13,960 --> 02:29:15,920 INDIVIDUALS WORKING TOGETHER TO 4103 02:29:15,920 --> 02:29:17,080 UNDERSTAND WHAT MAKES US 4104 02:29:17,080 --> 02:29:19,440 DIFFERENT. 4105 02:29:19,440 --> 02:29:21,360 ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE REALIZED 4106 02:29:21,360 --> 02:29:22,240 WITH SOME VERY SIGNIFICANT 4107 02:29:22,240 --> 02:29:24,080 CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN IS THAT 4108 02:29:24,080 --> 02:29:25,640 THEY'RE GENETIC BUT THEY DON'T 4109 02:29:25,640 --> 02:29:26,720 NECESSARILY RUN IN FAMILIES, AND 4110 02:29:26,720 --> 02:29:27,680 ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THAT IS 4111 02:29:27,680 --> 02:29:29,360 BECAUSE THEY CAN BE DUE TO DE 4112 02:29:29,360 --> 02:29:31,160 NOVO OR NEW GENETIC VARIANTS IN 4113 02:29:31,160 --> 02:29:33,320 THE CHILD. 4114 02:29:33,320 --> 02:29:35,680 FOR THOSE WHO MAY BE PARENTS TO 4115 02:29:35,680 --> 02:29:36,640 REALIZE THERE'S NOTHING THAT 4116 02:29:36,640 --> 02:29:39,720 YOU'VE DONE TO CAUSE SUCH DE 4117 02:29:39,720 --> 02:29:41,080 NOVO GENETIC VARIANTS, AND WE 4118 02:29:41,080 --> 02:29:42,840 ALL HAVE THEM, ALL OF OUR 4119 02:29:42,840 --> 02:29:43,680 CHILDREN HAVE THEM. 4120 02:29:43,680 --> 02:29:45,120 BUT IN SOME CASES DEPENDING ON 4121 02:29:45,120 --> 02:29:46,200 WHERE THEY FALL THEY CAN BE 4122 02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:47,520 ASSOCIATED WITH VERY SIGNIFICANT 4123 02:29:47,520 --> 02:29:49,400 HEALTH RISKS. 4124 02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:50,640 I WON'T GO INTO THE COMPLEXITY 4125 02:29:50,640 --> 02:29:51,200 BUT IT IS COMPLEX. 4126 02:29:51,200 --> 02:29:53,480 THAT IS THAT EACH OF US HAVE 4127 02:29:53,480 --> 02:29:55,520 3 BILLION, WITH A B, GENETIC 4128 02:29:55,520 --> 02:29:57,960 ALPHABET LETTERS AND DEFINE THAT 4129 02:29:57,960 --> 02:29:59,480 ONE NEEDLE IN THE HAYSTACK CAN 4130 02:29:59,480 --> 02:30:00,360 BE CHALLENGING. 4131 02:30:00,360 --> 02:30:02,760 WITHIN THIS, WE HAVE 20,000 4132 02:30:02,760 --> 02:30:04,040 GENES, AND WE'RE STARTING TO 4133 02:30:04,040 --> 02:30:05,960 REALIZE THAT SOME GENES DON'T 4134 02:30:05,960 --> 02:30:09,480 TOLERATE OR DON'T LIKE TO BE 4135 02:30:09,480 --> 02:30:09,920 DITTLED. 4136 02:30:09,920 --> 02:30:12,360 THAT IS WHEN MOTHER NATURE 4137 02:30:12,360 --> 02:30:13,560 DIDDLES THOSE GENES, THEY CAN 4138 02:30:13,560 --> 02:30:14,560 RESULT SOMETIMES IN VERY BIG 4139 02:30:14,560 --> 02:30:15,720 CHANGES IN HOW THE BODY 4140 02:30:15,720 --> 02:30:16,360 DEVELOPS. 4141 02:30:16,360 --> 02:30:18,760 AND JUST TO SIMPLISTICALLY SAY 4142 02:30:18,760 --> 02:30:19,520 THAT WE'RE UNDERSTANDING THAT 4143 02:30:19,520 --> 02:30:21,600 THOSE PATTERNS BY UNDERSTANDING 4144 02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:22,640 THE COMPLEXITY AND THOSE 4145 02:30:22,640 --> 02:30:24,440 PATTERNS THAT WE SEE. 4146 02:30:24,440 --> 02:30:26,840 IN SOME CASES, ONE GENE CAN BE 4147 02:30:26,840 --> 02:30:28,600 DISRUPTED BY SIMPLY DELETING IT, 4148 02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:30,720 AND THAT CAN BE SEEN IN A 4149 02:30:30,720 --> 02:30:32,040 DIFFERENCE AT THE CHROMOSOME 4150 02:30:32,040 --> 02:30:33,240 LEVEL. 4151 02:30:33,240 --> 02:30:35,240 IN OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES, THAT 4152 02:30:35,240 --> 02:30:36,920 SAME GENE CAN BE CHANGED OR 4153 02:30:36,920 --> 02:30:38,960 THERE CAN BE VARIATION WITH ONE 4154 02:30:38,960 --> 02:30:41,400 SINGLE BUILDING BLOCK, ONE 4155 02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:42,120 SINGLE AMINO ACID. 4156 02:30:42,120 --> 02:30:43,520 NOW THE CHALLENGE BECOMES THAT 4157 02:30:43,520 --> 02:30:45,560 ALL OF US HAVE THESE TYPES OF 4158 02:30:45,560 --> 02:30:48,920 GENETIC VARIATIONS, AND 4159 02:30:48,920 --> 02:30:50,000 DIFFERENTIATING WHICH ONES ARE 4160 02:30:50,000 --> 02:30:51,680 BENIGN OR NORMAL AND WHICH ONES 4161 02:30:51,680 --> 02:30:53,000 ARE DISEASE-CAUSING OR CONDITION 4162 02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:54,360 CAUSING CAN BE CHALLENGING. 4163 02:30:54,360 --> 02:30:56,120 BUT AGAIN, STUDYING MANY 4164 02:30:56,120 --> 02:30:57,320 INDIVIDUALS CAN START TO 4165 02:30:57,320 --> 02:30:59,440 UNDERSTAND THIS. 4166 02:30:59,440 --> 02:31:00,280 WE ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT THERE 4167 02:31:00,280 --> 02:31:02,360 CAN BE CONDUCTORS AND 4168 02:31:02,360 --> 02:31:03,560 ORCHESTRAS, THAT IS, GENES THAT 4169 02:31:03,560 --> 02:31:05,680 ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR PATTERNS 4170 02:31:05,680 --> 02:31:07,880 OF DEVELOPMENT VERY EARLY IN 4171 02:31:07,880 --> 02:31:09,520 EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, 4172 02:31:09,520 --> 02:31:12,280 AND SUCH CHANGES CAN HAVE A 4173 02:31:12,280 --> 02:31:14,000 LIFELONG OF IMPACT ON PARTS OF 4174 02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,120 THE BODY THAT ARE AFFECTED. 4175 02:31:17,120 --> 02:31:18,760 IN SOME CASES, THEY DO REALIZE 4176 02:31:18,760 --> 02:31:20,640 THAT THEY CAN RUN IN FAMILIES, 4177 02:31:20,640 --> 02:31:21,880 SO BESIDES THESE BEING DE NOVO 4178 02:31:21,880 --> 02:31:23,400 OR NEW GENETIC VARIANTS, 4179 02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:24,680 SOMETIMES THEY CAN BE PASSED 4180 02:31:24,680 --> 02:31:25,800 DOWN FROM GENERATION TO 4181 02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:27,520 GENERATION. 4182 02:31:27,520 --> 02:31:29,080 BUT IN THOSE GENERATIONS, THERE 4183 02:31:29,080 --> 02:31:30,680 MAY BE DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF 4184 02:31:30,680 --> 02:31:32,440 HOW THEY MANIFEST AND HOW 4185 02:31:32,440 --> 02:31:33,840 THEY'RE SEEN, AND THAT MAY BE 4186 02:31:33,840 --> 02:31:35,960 BECAUSE IT'S NOT JUST THE GENE, 4187 02:31:35,960 --> 02:31:38,360 BUT OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL 4188 02:31:38,360 --> 02:31:40,920 NUTRITIONAL, OTHER FACTORS AS 4189 02:31:40,920 --> 02:31:41,120 WELL. 4190 02:31:41,120 --> 02:31:43,200 AS WE'RE LOOKING AT THIS, 4191 02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:44,320 SOMETIMES WE CAN SEE THAT THE 4192 02:31:44,320 --> 02:31:45,360 DIFFERENCES THAT ARE MANIFEST IN 4193 02:31:45,360 --> 02:31:47,320 THE BODY CAN BE QUITE SUBTLE. 4194 02:31:47,320 --> 02:31:49,600 I'M SHOWING HERE CONGENITAL 4195 02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:50,800 DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA THAT'S SEEN 4196 02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:53,040 IN A FATHER AND GRANDFATHER THAT 4197 02:31:53,040 --> 02:31:55,160 CAN BE VERY TEENY TINY. 4198 02:31:55,160 --> 02:31:58,760 VERY SMALL, AS OPPOSED TO A VERY 4199 02:31:58,760 --> 02:32:00,760 LARGE DIAPHRAGMATIC DEFECT THAT 4200 02:32:00,760 --> 02:32:02,840 WE CAN SEE IN A CHILD THAT HAS 4201 02:32:02,840 --> 02:32:03,840 MUCH GREATER IMPLICATION. 4202 02:32:03,840 --> 02:32:05,640 AS WE'RE SEEING THIS, WE STARTED 4203 02:32:05,640 --> 02:32:07,160 TO REALIZE THAT CHILDREN WHO 4204 02:32:07,160 --> 02:32:09,440 HAVE CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC 4205 02:32:09,440 --> 02:32:11,280 HERNIAS AND HAVE THESE GENETIC 4206 02:32:11,280 --> 02:32:12,160 VARIANTS IN FACT UNFORTUNATELY 4207 02:32:12,160 --> 02:32:12,480 DO WORSE. 4208 02:32:12,480 --> 02:32:14,800 THEY HAVE HIGHER RATES OF 4209 02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:16,600 MORTALITY, THEY HAVE HIGHER 4210 02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:18,520 RATES OF SEVERE COMPLICATION 4211 02:32:18,520 --> 02:32:19,720 CALLED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 4212 02:32:19,720 --> 02:32:21,520 AND THEY HAVE MORE SEVERE 4213 02:32:21,520 --> 02:32:23,720 PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF 4214 02:32:23,720 --> 02:32:24,840 DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND BRAIN 4215 02:32:24,840 --> 02:32:26,160 DEVELOPMENT OVER TIME. 4216 02:32:26,160 --> 02:32:27,960 AS WE'VE DONE THIS, WE'VE 4217 02:32:27,960 --> 02:32:30,400 REALIZED THAT ANY ONE GENE IS 4218 02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:31,800 RELATIVELY UNCOMMON, BUT 4219 02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:33,040 COLLECTIVELY THEY OFTEN ACCOUNT 4220 02:32:33,040 --> 02:32:35,600 FOR ABOUT 20% OF THE CASES THAT 4221 02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:37,440 WE SEE, AND THAT AS WE SEE 4222 02:32:37,440 --> 02:32:39,240 THESE, WE CAN REALIZE THAT EVEN 4223 02:32:39,240 --> 02:32:42,640 IN THIS CASE IDENTICAL TWINS 4224 02:32:42,640 --> 02:32:44,280 THAT HAVE THE SAME EXACT GENE 4225 02:32:44,280 --> 02:32:45,960 AND THE SAME EXACT GENETIC 4226 02:32:45,960 --> 02:32:47,560 VARIANT MAY HAVE DIFFERENT 4227 02:32:47,560 --> 02:32:47,960 MANIFESTATIONS. 4228 02:32:47,960 --> 02:32:50,520 AGAIN, SHOWING US THAT IT'S NOT 4229 02:32:50,520 --> 02:32:51,320 ALL IN THE GENES. 4230 02:32:51,320 --> 02:32:53,280 THERE ARE OTHER FACTORS AS WELL. 4231 02:32:53,280 --> 02:32:56,360 FACTORS WE DON'T ALWAYS 4232 02:32:56,360 --> 02:32:56,720 UNDERSTAND. 4233 02:32:56,720 --> 02:32:58,040 I'LL SIMPLY SAY THAT IN GOING 4234 02:32:58,040 --> 02:33:01,120 FORWARD, WE CAN ALSO BE ABLE TO 4235 02:33:01,120 --> 02:33:03,520 VET NOT ONLY IN HUMANS BUT BE 4236 02:33:03,520 --> 02:33:05,560 ABLE TO USE ANIMAL MODELS TO 4237 02:33:05,560 --> 02:33:06,600 UNDERSTAND THE VERY COMPLEX 4238 02:33:06,600 --> 02:33:07,000 BIOLOGY. 4239 02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:09,000 WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO DO THIS BY 4240 02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:11,440 STUDYING, FOR INSTANCE, MOUSE 4241 02:33:11,440 --> 02:33:13,600 MODELS AND EVEN FROG MODELS, FLY 4242 02:33:13,600 --> 02:33:15,280 MODELS TO BE ABLE TO MODEL THIS, 4243 02:33:15,280 --> 02:33:17,880 AND UNDERSTAND WHAT THINGS ARE 4244 02:33:17,880 --> 02:33:18,840 PRIMARY AND AFFECTED BY THE 4245 02:33:18,840 --> 02:33:21,560 GENES AND WHAT THINGS MAY BE 4246 02:33:21,560 --> 02:33:24,520 SECONDARY TO THE WAY THE BODY IS 4247 02:33:24,520 --> 02:33:24,960 DEVELOPING. 4248 02:33:24,960 --> 02:33:26,320 IN DOING THIS, SOME OF THIS CAN 4249 02:33:26,320 --> 02:33:28,080 BE QUITE ELEGANT AND HAS REALLY 4250 02:33:28,080 --> 02:33:30,520 CHANGED OUR IDEAS OF 4251 02:33:30,520 --> 02:33:31,560 UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS FIRST AND 4252 02:33:31,560 --> 02:33:32,720 WHAT IS SECOND. 4253 02:33:32,720 --> 02:33:34,840 FOR CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC 4254 02:33:34,840 --> 02:33:36,480 HERNIA OR HAVING A HOLE IN THE 4255 02:33:36,480 --> 02:33:38,680 DIAPHRAGM THAT SEPARATES THE 4256 02:33:38,680 --> 02:33:41,760 CHEST FROM THE ABDOMEN, WE 4257 02:33:41,760 --> 02:33:42,800 THOUGHT MANY OF THE PROBLEMS 4258 02:33:42,800 --> 02:33:45,080 WITH BREATHING OR SECONDARY TO 4259 02:33:45,080 --> 02:33:46,160 COMPRESSION OF THE LUMPS AS THEY 4260 02:33:46,160 --> 02:33:48,000 WERE DEVELOPING. 4261 02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:49,440 COMPRESSION OF THE LUNGS BECAUSE 4262 02:33:49,440 --> 02:33:50,760 THE INTESTINES WERE PUSHED UP 4263 02:33:50,760 --> 02:33:51,880 INTO THE CHEST AND COMPRESSING 4264 02:33:51,880 --> 02:33:55,400 THE DEVELOPING LUNG. 4265 02:33:55,400 --> 02:33:57,040 WE NOW, HOWEVER, KNOW THAT MANY 4266 02:33:57,040 --> 02:33:59,440 OF THE GENES CAUSING CONGENITAL 4267 02:33:59,440 --> 02:34:01,400 DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ARE ALSO 4268 02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:04,160 SIMULTANEOUSLY CAUSING PROBLEMS 4269 02:34:04,160 --> 02:34:05,360 IN DEVELOPMENT AS A PRIMARY 4270 02:34:05,360 --> 02:34:08,440 EFFECT, AND THOSE PRIMARY 4271 02:34:08,440 --> 02:34:09,680 EFFECTS ON LUNG DEVELOPMENT, IN 4272 02:34:09,680 --> 02:34:12,040 FACT, CANNOT BE FIXED BY SIMPLY 4273 02:34:12,040 --> 02:34:13,800 SURGICALLY FIXING THE DIAPHRAGM. 4274 02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:15,200 AND THIS NOW HAS IMPLICATIONS 4275 02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:20,640 FOR SOMETHING CALLED 4276 02:34:20,640 --> 02:34:21,840 FETOESOPHAGEAL OCCLUSION 4277 02:34:21,840 --> 02:34:23,480 TREATMENT, WHERE FETAL SURGERY 4278 02:34:23,480 --> 02:34:24,480 WE'RE SOMETIMES CHOOSING TO DO 4279 02:34:24,480 --> 02:34:26,040 IN THE RIGHT CANDIDATES TO HELP 4280 02:34:26,040 --> 02:34:26,880 LUNG DEVELOPMENT. 4281 02:34:26,880 --> 02:34:28,320 SO THIS INFORMATION IS HELPING 4282 02:34:28,320 --> 02:34:33,560 US TO PREPARE OUR CHILDREN EVEN 4283 02:34:33,560 --> 02:34:34,200 PRENATALLY, BEFORE THEY'RE BORN. 4284 02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:35,920 WE SEE THE SAME PATTERN NOT JUST 4285 02:34:35,920 --> 02:34:37,840 WITH THIS ONE CONGENITAL ANOMALY 4286 02:34:37,840 --> 02:34:39,760 BUT ALSO WITH ANOTHER ONE, 4287 02:34:39,760 --> 02:34:42,200 ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA, SIMILAR 4288 02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:43,840 LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY, AND 4289 02:34:43,840 --> 02:34:45,280 SIMILARLY, BEING ABLE TO REALIZE 4290 02:34:45,280 --> 02:34:50,520 THAT THEY AFFECT NOT JUST THE 4291 02:34:50,520 --> 02:34:53,160 DEVELOPMENT OF THE AERO DIE 4292 02:34:53,160 --> 02:34:54,440 JEFFTIVE SYSTEM BUT ALSO OTHER 4293 02:34:54,440 --> 02:34:55,320 THINGS LIKE THE HEART, THE BRAIN 4294 02:34:55,320 --> 02:34:56,840 AND OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY. 4295 02:34:56,840 --> 02:34:58,760 AGAIN, ANIMAL MODELS CAN BE 4296 02:34:58,760 --> 02:34:59,920 HELPFUL, BEING SURE OF THESE 4297 02:34:59,920 --> 02:35:01,880 RESULTS WHEN WE DON'T SEE VERY 4298 02:35:01,880 --> 02:35:05,920 MANY PEOPLE WITH THESE SAME 4299 02:35:05,920 --> 02:35:06,960 CONDITIONS, AND IN FACT WE'VE 4300 02:35:06,960 --> 02:35:08,040 BEEN ABLE TO DO THIS IN VERY 4301 02:35:08,040 --> 02:35:09,760 HIGH THROUGHPUT BY USING ANIMALS 4302 02:35:09,760 --> 02:35:12,080 LIKE FROGS TO BE ABLE TO 4303 02:35:12,080 --> 02:35:13,840 RECAPITULATE THE SAME BIOLOGY 4304 02:35:13,840 --> 02:35:15,520 THAT WE SEE IN HUMANS AND OTHER 4305 02:35:15,520 --> 02:35:16,320 MODEL ORGANISMS. 4306 02:35:16,320 --> 02:35:18,000 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE REALIZE 4307 02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:21,800 THAT THERE IS EXTREME 4308 02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:22,400 COMPLEXITY. 4309 02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:23,520 THAT IS THERE CAN BE CHANGES OR 4310 02:35:23,520 --> 02:35:27,080 ALTERATIONS IN MANY, MANY, MANY 4311 02:35:27,080 --> 02:35:28,000 DIFFERENT GENES THAT CAN AFFECT 4312 02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:36,280 NOT JUST THE ARR AERODIGESTIVE 4313 02:35:36,280 --> 02:35:37,640 SYSTEM BUT IN FACT OTHER AREAS 4314 02:35:37,640 --> 02:35:41,760 OF THE BODY AS WELL. 4315 02:35:41,760 --> 02:35:43,920 AS WE DO THIS, WE'RE ABLE TO SEE 4316 02:35:43,920 --> 02:35:46,320 THAT SOME OF THESE DIFFERENCES 4317 02:35:46,320 --> 02:35:48,440 ALSO HAVE EFFECTS NOT JUST IN 4318 02:35:48,440 --> 02:35:50,120 THE PART OF THE BODY, BUT 4319 02:35:50,120 --> 02:35:51,200 IMPORTANTLY, THE PART OF THE 4320 02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:54,480 BRAIN THAT WE OFTENTIMES VERY 4321 02:35:54,480 --> 02:35:56,600 MUCH CARE ABOUT IN TERMS OF THE 4322 02:35:56,600 --> 02:35:57,360 ULTIMATE OUTCOME. 4323 02:35:57,360 --> 02:35:59,880 AND IN FACT, ALL OF THESE ARE 4324 02:35:59,880 --> 02:36:01,240 CONNECTED IN THE SHORT AND THE 4325 02:36:01,240 --> 02:36:05,160 LONG TERM. 4326 02:36:05,160 --> 02:36:06,320 I'M JUST GOING TO SKIP THROUGH. 4327 02:36:06,320 --> 02:36:07,360 WE'VE REALIZED THAT MANY OF 4328 02:36:07,360 --> 02:36:10,920 THESE STUDIES REQUIRE VERY LARGE 4329 02:36:10,920 --> 02:36:11,920 NUMBER, AND ONE STUDY THAT WE'VE 4330 02:36:11,920 --> 02:36:14,920 DONE, FOR INSTANCE, OF AUTISM 4331 02:36:14,920 --> 02:36:17,480 NOW HAS OVER 100,000 INDIVIDUALS 4332 02:36:17,480 --> 02:36:20,040 WITH AUTISM PARTICIPATING, AS 4333 02:36:20,040 --> 02:36:23,680 WELL AS OVER 200 THOW 200,000 OR 4334 02:36:23,680 --> 02:36:24,320 FAMILY MEMBERS. 4335 02:36:24,320 --> 02:36:25,600 WE APPRECIATE THAT TO UNDERSTAND 4336 02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:28,480 THE COMPLEXITY OF THE SPECTRUM 4337 02:36:28,480 --> 02:36:32,640 OF AWFUL, WE AUTISM, WE HAVE TO 4338 02:36:32,640 --> 02:36:34,840 HAVE EVERYONE REPRESENTED, AND 4339 02:36:34,840 --> 02:36:36,440 WE DON'T WANT TO LEAVE ANYONE 4340 02:36:36,440 --> 02:36:36,960 BEHIND. 4341 02:36:36,960 --> 02:36:38,560 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE REALIZE 4342 02:36:38,560 --> 02:36:39,880 WE'RE JUST BEGINNING TO 4343 02:36:39,880 --> 02:36:41,760 UNDERSTAND THIS COMPLEXITY. 4344 02:36:41,760 --> 02:36:44,080 FOR THESE DE NOVO GENETIC 4345 02:36:44,080 --> 02:36:45,160 VARIANTS, WE REALIZE WE 4346 02:36:45,160 --> 02:36:46,720 UNDERSTAND ABOUT TWO THIRDS OF 4347 02:36:46,720 --> 02:36:48,440 THOSE GENES INVOLVED, BUT WHEN 4348 02:36:48,440 --> 02:36:49,720 IT COMES TO ALSO INHERITED 4349 02:36:49,720 --> 02:36:50,960 VARIANTS THAT ARE PASSED DOWN 4350 02:36:50,960 --> 02:36:53,360 WITHIN THE FAMILIES, WE ACTUALLY 4351 02:36:53,360 --> 02:36:55,920 ONLY UNDERSTAND A SMALL 4352 02:36:55,920 --> 02:36:58,200 FRACTION, ABOUT 15% OF THOSE 4353 02:36:58,200 --> 02:36:59,240 GENETIC VARIANTS. 4354 02:36:59,240 --> 02:37:02,200 AND IN THOSE CASE, WE USE THESE 4355 02:37:02,200 --> 02:37:04,920 TO UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY. 4356 02:37:04,920 --> 02:37:06,520 WE USE THESE TO UNDERSTAND THE 4357 02:37:06,520 --> 02:37:07,840 COMPLEXITY OF THE WAY OUR BRAINS 4358 02:37:07,840 --> 02:37:10,640 WORK, ABOUT WHAT UND UNDERLIES 4359 02:37:10,640 --> 02:37:12,160 BEHAVIOR SO WE CAN HELP EACH 4360 02:37:12,160 --> 02:37:13,680 INDIVIDUAL BE THE BEST VERSION 4361 02:37:13,680 --> 02:37:15,680 OF THEMSELVES, BY UNDERSTANDING 4362 02:37:15,680 --> 02:37:17,240 THIS COMPLEX NEUROBIOLOGY, WE 4363 02:37:17,240 --> 02:37:19,320 SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 4364 02:37:19,320 --> 02:37:21,320 BETTER WAYS OF SUPPORTING 4365 02:37:21,320 --> 02:37:22,280 INDIVIDUALS, HELP TO EDUCATE 4366 02:37:22,280 --> 02:37:23,720 THEM BETTER, AND TO HELP WITH 4367 02:37:23,720 --> 02:37:24,800 SOME OF THOSE THINGS THAT WE'VE 4368 02:37:24,800 --> 02:37:27,520 LEARNED FROM "SESAME STREET." 4369 02:37:27,520 --> 02:37:28,600 THAT EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND 4370 02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:30,240 EXECUTIVE FUNCTION. 4371 02:37:30,240 --> 02:37:36,120 AS WE DO THIS, WE THOUGHT IT WAS 4372 02:37:36,120 --> 02:37:37,960 QUITE IMPORTANT TO ENGAGE OUR 4373 02:37:37,960 --> 02:37:39,240 PARTICIPANTS IN OUR RESEARCH 4374 02:37:39,240 --> 02:37:40,720 STUDY AND AS WE'VE DONE THAT, 4375 02:37:40,720 --> 02:37:41,520 WE'VE RETURNED THAT INFORMATION 4376 02:37:41,520 --> 02:37:42,840 BACK TO PARTICIPANTS. 4377 02:37:42,840 --> 02:37:43,920 RETURNING, FOR INSTANCE, RESULTS 4378 02:37:43,920 --> 02:37:45,040 OF GENETIC INFORMATION SO THAT 4379 02:37:45,040 --> 02:37:48,720 WE COULD LEARN TOGETHER ON THIS 4380 02:37:48,720 --> 02:37:49,240 JOURNEY. 4381 02:37:49,240 --> 02:37:51,280 AS WE'VE DONE THIS, WE'VE SET UP 4382 02:37:51,280 --> 02:37:51,920 INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES AROUND 4383 02:37:51,920 --> 02:37:53,600 EACH OF THESE GENETIC CONDITIONS 4384 02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:58,280 SO THAT WE CAN LEARN TOGETHER. 4385 02:37:58,280 --> 02:38:00,600 THESE HAVE NOW SPAWNED 4386 02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:01,720 INDIVIDUAL GENETIC CONDITIONS IN 4387 02:38:01,720 --> 02:38:06,000 A PROGRAM CALLED SIMON 4388 02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:07,600 SEARCHLIGHT IN NOW OVER 170 4389 02:38:07,600 --> 02:38:08,560 INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS WHERE WE 4390 02:38:08,560 --> 02:38:09,600 ARE LEARNING TOGETHER. 4391 02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:11,640 EACH OF THESE CONDITIONS HAS ITS 4392 02:38:11,640 --> 02:38:13,760 OWN PROFILE, ITS OWN UNIQUE 4393 02:38:13,760 --> 02:38:14,320 CHARACTERISTICS, AND WITHIN 4394 02:38:14,320 --> 02:38:16,600 THIS, WE FORMED INTERNATIONAL 4395 02:38:16,600 --> 02:38:17,360 COMMUNITIES WITH FAMILIES 4396 02:38:17,360 --> 02:38:19,520 HELPING FAMILIES, AND SUPPORTED 4397 02:38:19,520 --> 02:38:22,560 BY INDIVIDUALS LIKE DOCTORS, 4398 02:38:22,560 --> 02:38:25,480 PSYCHOLOGISTS, THERAPISTS, 4399 02:38:25,480 --> 02:38:26,560 EDUCATORS, INDIVIDUALS IN PUBLIC 4400 02:38:26,560 --> 02:38:27,640 POLICY SO THAT WE'RE WORKING 4401 02:38:27,640 --> 02:38:29,480 TOGETHER TO ENRICH THE LIVES OF 4402 02:38:29,480 --> 02:38:31,880 THOSE CHILDREN. 4403 02:38:31,880 --> 02:38:34,160 IT'S NOT EASY, BUT WE'RE MAKING 4404 02:38:34,160 --> 02:38:34,600 PROGRESS. 4405 02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:36,720 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE REALIZE 4406 02:38:36,720 --> 02:38:37,760 THAT WE OFTENTIMES NEED TO LEARN 4407 02:38:37,760 --> 02:38:40,200 THIS INFORMATION EARLIER. 4408 02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:41,880 THAT IS THAT ALONG THIS 4409 02:38:41,880 --> 02:38:43,200 DIAGNOSTIC JOURNEY, IT MAY TAKE 4410 02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:44,840 PARENTS OTHERWISE SOMETIMES 4411 02:38:44,840 --> 02:38:47,720 YEARS OR EVEN DECADES TO COME TO 4412 02:38:47,720 --> 02:38:49,960 AN ANSWER, AND BY DOING THIS 4413 02:38:49,960 --> 02:38:53,560 MORE EFFICIENTLY AND FASTER, 4414 02:38:53,560 --> 02:38:54,680 HELPS WITH THE FRUSTRATION THAT 4415 02:38:54,680 --> 02:38:56,640 CAN COME FROM WANDERING IN THE 4416 02:38:56,640 --> 02:38:57,800 WILDERNESS, NOT HAVING A CLEAR 4417 02:38:57,800 --> 02:38:59,400 GUIDEBOOK OF HOW TO BE ABLE TO 4418 02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:01,320 NAVIGATE THIS COMPLEX SPACE. 4419 02:39:01,320 --> 02:39:03,120 FAMILIES HAVE APPRECIATED THAT 4420 02:39:03,120 --> 02:39:06,560 AAN EARLIER DIAGNOSE HELPS THEM 4421 02:39:06,560 --> 02:39:07,840 TO GET TO SOME OF THE ANSWERS 4422 02:39:07,840 --> 02:39:08,920 AND FIND PROVIDERS AND OTHER 4423 02:39:08,920 --> 02:39:10,440 FAMILIES THAT CAN HELP THEM IN 4424 02:39:10,440 --> 02:39:11,800 THIS JOURNEY. 4425 02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:14,400 THERE ARE NOW IN PLACE WAYS OF 4426 02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:16,760 BEING ABLE TO HELP FROM A 4427 02:39:16,760 --> 02:39:17,960 GENETIC POINT OF VIEW AND DO 4428 02:39:17,960 --> 02:39:18,960 THIS ON SCALE, TO BE ABLE TO 4429 02:39:18,960 --> 02:39:21,040 COME TO THE INFORMATION, IN SOME 4430 02:39:21,040 --> 02:39:22,440 CASES PRENATALLY, TO HELP AFTER 4431 02:39:22,440 --> 02:39:24,720 DELIVERY, AND IN SOME CASES, 4432 02:39:24,720 --> 02:39:25,800 NEONATALLY TO BE ABLE TO GET 4433 02:39:25,800 --> 02:39:28,000 THIS INFORMATION IN DAYS RATHER 4434 02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:29,600 THAN POTENTIALLY YEARS OR EVEN 4435 02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:32,120 DECADES. 4436 02:39:32,120 --> 02:39:33,160 AS WE'VE DONE THIS, WE'VE 4437 02:39:33,160 --> 02:39:34,880 STARTED AN IMPORTANT NEW 4438 02:39:34,880 --> 02:39:36,120 INITIATIVE FOR EQUITY. 4439 02:39:36,120 --> 02:39:39,440 IT'S A PROGRAM WE CALL GUARDIAN, 4440 02:39:39,440 --> 02:39:41,280 THE GENOMIC UNIFORM SCREENING 4441 02:39:41,280 --> 02:39:43,240 AGAINST RARE DISEASES IN ALL 4442 02:39:43,240 --> 02:39:45,000 NEWBORNS, LET ME UNDERSCORE 4443 02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:45,200 "ALL." 4444 02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:46,480 WITH THIS, THIS IS TAKING THE 4445 02:39:46,480 --> 02:39:47,520 SAME PRINCIPLES THAT WE'VE 4446 02:39:47,520 --> 02:39:49,240 PREVIOUSLY USED AS PEDIATRICIANS 4447 02:39:49,240 --> 02:39:50,920 FOR NEWBORN SCREENING, BUT 4448 02:39:50,920 --> 02:39:54,160 EXPANDED THIS BEYOND THE USUAL 4449 02:39:54,160 --> 02:39:55,640 40 OR 50 CONDITIONS THAT MOST 4450 02:39:55,640 --> 02:39:56,520 STATES PERFORM. 4451 02:39:56,520 --> 02:39:58,520 WE'VE DONE THIS BY USING A NEW 4452 02:39:58,520 --> 02:40:01,680 METHOD OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS, THAT 4453 02:40:01,680 --> 02:40:02,320 OF DNA SEQUENCING. 4454 02:40:02,320 --> 02:40:04,040 BY DOING SO, WE USE THE SAME 4455 02:40:04,040 --> 02:40:05,120 NEWBORN SCREENING BLOOD SPOT 4456 02:40:05,120 --> 02:40:15,000 THAT WE USE FOR CONDITIONS LIKE 4457 02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:18,080 FENYLKETONURIA, CONDITIONS 4458 02:40:18,080 --> 02:40:19,120 TREATABLE SO THEY CAN START 4459 02:40:19,120 --> 02:40:20,240 THEIR TREATMENT AS EARLY AS 4460 02:40:20,240 --> 02:40:20,760 POSSIBLE. 4461 02:40:20,760 --> 02:40:22,200 GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS, 4462 02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:23,760 WE'VE STARTED EDUCATING FAMILIES 4463 02:40:23,760 --> 02:40:26,160 ABOUT THESE OPTIONS PRENATALLY 4464 02:40:26,160 --> 02:40:27,400 IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER, AND AS 4465 02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:28,600 WE'RE ROLLING THIS OUT, WE HOPE 4466 02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:31,640 TO BE ABLE TO EVENTUALLY 4467 02:40:31,640 --> 02:40:34,480 ACCOMMODATE 100,000 BABIES WHO 4468 02:40:34,480 --> 02:40:35,200 ARE BORN IN NEW YORK CITY AS 4469 02:40:35,200 --> 02:40:36,360 PART OF THIS PROJECT CALLED 4470 02:40:36,360 --> 02:40:38,920 GUARDIAN. 4471 02:40:38,920 --> 02:40:40,440 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, IT IS NOT 4472 02:40:40,440 --> 02:40:41,120 SIMPLY ABOUT A DIAGNOSIS. 4473 02:40:41,120 --> 02:40:43,040 IT IS NOW USING THAT INFORMATION 4474 02:40:43,040 --> 02:40:46,760 TO BE ABLE TO MEET STANDARDS OF 4475 02:40:46,760 --> 02:40:48,400 CARE AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO 4476 02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:49,600 HAVE ACCESS TO THE SAME 4477 02:40:49,600 --> 02:40:51,160 INFORMATION AND TO THE SAME 4478 02:40:51,160 --> 02:40:51,440 SURFACES. 4479 02:40:51,440 --> 02:40:55,360 SO THE DIAGNOSIS IS BUT THE 4480 02:40:55,360 --> 02:40:56,280 BEGINNING OF THIS STRATEGY. 4481 02:40:56,280 --> 02:40:57,840 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE REALIZE 4482 02:40:57,840 --> 02:40:59,280 THAT WE'RE STILL LEARNING. 4483 02:40:59,280 --> 02:41:00,840 WE DON'T UNDERSTAND HUMAN 4484 02:41:00,840 --> 02:41:02,080 GENETIC VARIATION, ESPECIALLY 4485 02:41:02,080 --> 02:41:03,760 NOT FOR INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE NOT 4486 02:41:03,760 --> 02:41:05,440 OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY. 4487 02:41:05,440 --> 02:41:07,040 SO AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE'RE 4488 02:41:07,040 --> 02:41:08,440 CONTINUING TO LEARN AND 4489 02:41:08,440 --> 02:41:10,920 CONTINUING TO APPLY THIS NEW 4490 02:41:10,920 --> 02:41:14,440 INFORMATION TO ALL BABIES GOING 4491 02:41:14,440 --> 02:41:15,000 FORWARD. 4492 02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:17,440 WE'RE ALSO USING THE SUPER 4493 02:41:17,440 --> 02:41:18,760 HIGHWAYS OF INFORMATION WE HAVE 4494 02:41:18,760 --> 02:41:20,120 IN MEDICINE, THE ELECTRONIC 4495 02:41:20,120 --> 02:41:20,440 HEALTH RECORD. 4496 02:41:20,440 --> 02:41:21,720 WE'RE USING THIS TO POPULATE 4497 02:41:21,720 --> 02:41:23,280 THESE SO THAT PEDIATRICIANS, NO 4498 02:41:23,280 --> 02:41:25,160 MATTER WHERE THEY'RE LOCATED, 4499 02:41:25,160 --> 02:41:26,680 CAN ACCESS THE STANDARDS OF CARE 4500 02:41:26,680 --> 02:41:29,680 THAT WE NEED TO TAKE CARE OF 4501 02:41:29,680 --> 02:41:30,960 CHILDREN WITH RARE CONDITIONS. 4502 02:41:30,960 --> 02:41:32,360 EVEN THOUGH THESE RARE 4503 02:41:32,360 --> 02:41:33,640 CONDITIONS ARE INDIVIDUALLY RARE 4504 02:41:33,640 --> 02:41:35,680 AND MIGHT BE ONE IN 10,000 OR 4505 02:41:35,680 --> 02:41:40,640 ONE IN 100,000 CHILDREN, 4506 02:41:40,640 --> 02:41:41,680 COLLECTIVELY THEY ARE EXTREMELY 4507 02:41:41,680 --> 02:41:43,120 COMMON AND SEEN IN APPROXIMATELY 4508 02:41:43,120 --> 02:41:47,000 10% OF THE POPULATION. 4509 02:41:47,000 --> 02:41:48,120 SO DOING THIS SOLVES THESE 4510 02:41:48,120 --> 02:41:49,320 PROBLEMS NOT JUST FOR ONE CHILD 4511 02:41:49,320 --> 02:41:50,920 AT A TIME, BUT REALLY PROVIDES 4512 02:41:50,920 --> 02:41:52,640 SYSTEMS OF CARE THAT WE CAN USE 4513 02:41:52,640 --> 02:41:54,680 AND DISSEMINATE QUITE BROADLY TO 4514 02:41:54,680 --> 02:41:56,560 MAKE SURE ALL CHILDREN ARE ABLE 4515 02:41:56,560 --> 02:41:57,800 TO BENEFIT AND LIVE THE 4516 02:41:57,800 --> 02:42:00,000 HEALTHIEST VERSIONS OF 4517 02:42:00,000 --> 02:42:00,560 THEMSELVES. 4518 02:42:00,560 --> 02:42:02,160 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE ALSO 4519 02:42:02,160 --> 02:42:04,280 BELIEVE THAT FAMILIES THEMSELVES 4520 02:42:04,280 --> 02:42:05,440 ARE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT 4521 02:42:05,440 --> 02:42:06,640 PARTNERS ON THIS JOURNEY, SO 4522 02:42:06,640 --> 02:42:07,440 SUPPLYING THIS INFORMATION TO 4523 02:42:07,440 --> 02:42:11,760 THEM AS WELL IN USER-FRIENDLY 4524 02:42:11,760 --> 02:42:13,320 WAYS, IN INFORMATION USING PLAIN 4525 02:42:13,320 --> 02:42:14,520 LANGUAGE, ALLOWS THEM TO ACCESS 4526 02:42:14,520 --> 02:42:17,120 THIS IN MANY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES 4527 02:42:17,120 --> 02:42:18,200 AND WAYS THAT THEY CAN DIGEST 4528 02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:19,680 AND BE ABLE TO USE 4529 02:42:19,680 --> 02:42:20,680 COLLABORATIVELY WITH THEIR 4530 02:42:20,680 --> 02:42:21,960 PROVIDERS AND WITH THEIR 4531 02:42:21,960 --> 02:42:23,920 THERAPISTS AND TEACHERS TO AGAIN 4532 02:42:23,920 --> 02:42:25,720 SUPPORT THEIR CHILDREN TO BE 4533 02:42:25,720 --> 02:42:26,560 THEIR BEST SELVES. 4534 02:42:26,560 --> 02:42:29,200 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE REALIZE 4535 02:42:29,200 --> 02:42:30,360 THAT THERE ARE MANY THINGS TO 4536 02:42:30,360 --> 02:42:31,360 LEARN BUT WE'RE LEARNING 4537 02:42:31,360 --> 02:42:31,720 TOGETHER. 4538 02:42:31,720 --> 02:42:33,040 WE'RE LEARNING ACROSS THE 4539 02:42:33,040 --> 02:42:34,520 DIVERSITY OF OUR COMMUNITIES AND 4540 02:42:34,520 --> 02:42:35,760 AS WE'RE DOING THIS, WE'RE 4541 02:42:35,760 --> 02:42:38,600 PROTECTING PRIVACY, BUT BEING 4542 02:42:38,600 --> 02:42:41,040 ABLE TO SHARE DATA IN WAYS THAT 4543 02:42:41,040 --> 02:42:42,280 ARE RESPONSIBLE SO WE CAN ALL 4544 02:42:42,280 --> 02:42:43,400 LEARN FASTER THROUGH THE BENEFIT 4545 02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:44,760 OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF OUR 4546 02:42:44,760 --> 02:42:45,640 CHILDREN. 4547 02:42:45,640 --> 02:42:46,200 I'D LIKE TO THANK THE MANY 4548 02:42:46,200 --> 02:42:48,960 PEOPLE THAT MAKE THIS POSSIBLE 4549 02:42:48,960 --> 02:42:50,640 AND THAT WORKED HARD EVERY 4550 02:42:50,640 --> 02:42:51,920 SINGLE DAY FOR THE CARE OF OUR 4551 02:42:51,920 --> 02:42:52,640 CHILDREN. 4552 02:42:52,640 --> 02:42:58,120 THANK YOU. 4553 02:42:58,120 --> 02:42:59,360 >>THANK YOU, DR. CHUNG. 4554 02:42:59,360 --> 02:43:00,280 NOW REMEMBER, IF YOU HAVE 4555 02:43:00,280 --> 02:43:01,960 QUESTIONS FOR DR. CHUNG, PLEASE 4556 02:43:01,960 --> 02:43:07,000 SUBMIT THEM TO 4557 02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:07,600 NICHDPRESS@MAIL.NIH.GOV. 4558 02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:10,720 AND NOW OUR NEXT SPEAKER, 4559 02:43:10,720 --> 02:43:11,720 DR. AUDREY ODOM JOHN, WILL JOIN 4560 02:43:11,720 --> 02:43:14,520 US AT THE VIRTUAL PODIUM. 4561 02:43:14,520 --> 02:43:19,640 SHE IS THE STANLEY PLOTKIN 4562 02:43:19,640 --> 02:43:21,480 ENDOWED CHAIR, CHIEF OF THE 4563 02:43:21,480 --> 02:43:24,160 DIVISION OF PEDIATRIC DISEASES 4564 02:43:24,160 --> 02:43:25,200 AT THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF 4565 02:43:25,200 --> 02:43:25,920 PHILADELPHIA. 4566 02:43:25,920 --> 02:43:26,920 DR. JOHN IS AN INVESTIGATOR IN 4567 02:43:26,920 --> 02:43:30,320 THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS 4568 02:43:30,320 --> 02:43:32,160 DISEASES OF THE WELCOME FUND AND 4569 02:43:32,160 --> 02:43:33,440 HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED WITH SEVERAL 4570 02:43:33,440 --> 02:43:36,760 HONORS INCLUDING THE EMERGING 4571 02:43:36,760 --> 02:43:39,880 LEADER AWARD AT DUKE UNIVERSITY 4572 02:43:39,880 --> 02:43:40,800 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, A YOUNG 4573 02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:42,200 INVESTIGATOR AWARD OF THE 4574 02:43:42,200 --> 02:43:43,800 AMERICAN CHEAMERICAN CHEMICAL S, 4575 02:43:43,800 --> 02:43:45,880 INFECTIOUS DISEASE, AND WAS THE 4576 02:43:45,880 --> 02:43:49,040 INAUGURAL IDEA INCUBATOR GRAND 4577 02:43:49,040 --> 02:43:51,160 PRIZE WINNER OF THE INFECTIOUS 4578 02:43:51,160 --> 02:43:52,680 DISEASES SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 4579 02:43:52,680 --> 02:43:58,080 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 4580 02:43:58,080 --> 02:44:06,760 DR. AUDREY ODOM JOHN. 4581 02:44:06,760 --> 02:44:09,560 >>HELLO, EVERYONE, AND THANK 4582 02:44:09,560 --> 02:44:12,800 YOU, VALERIE, FOR THE KIND 4583 02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:13,160 INTRODUCTION. 4584 02:44:13,160 --> 02:44:14,280 IT'S A PLEASURE TO GET A CHANCE 4585 02:44:14,280 --> 02:44:17,240 TO INTRODUCE SOME OF OUR MORE 4586 02:44:17,240 --> 02:44:18,600 RECENT WORK ON IMPROVING THE 4587 02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:19,200 DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC 4588 02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:26,200 INFECTIONS. 4589 02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:26,920 THERE WE GO. 4590 02:44:26,920 --> 02:44:32,080 SO I'D LIKE TO START WITH A 4591 02:44:32,080 --> 02:44:32,760 CLINICAL CASE, WHICH IS 4592 02:44:32,760 --> 02:44:33,720 SOMETHING WE SAW VERY EARLY ON 4593 02:44:33,720 --> 02:44:37,040 IN THE PANDEMIC. 4594 02:44:37,040 --> 02:44:39,240 THIS WAS A 5-YEAR-OLD CHILD, 4595 02:44:39,240 --> 02:44:40,000 PREVIOUSLY HEALTHY, WHO 4596 02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:40,880 PRESENTED TO OUR HOSPITAL 4597 02:44:40,880 --> 02:44:41,720 EMERGENCY ROOM WITH FEVER AND 4598 02:44:41,720 --> 02:44:42,080 SHOCK. 4599 02:44:42,080 --> 02:44:43,960 SHE WAS ADMITTED TO THE 4600 02:44:43,960 --> 02:44:45,840 INTENSIVE CARE UNIT, AND SHE HAD 4601 02:44:45,840 --> 02:44:47,520 HAD PRECEDING FOUR DAYS OF HIGH 4602 02:44:47,520 --> 02:44:49,360 FEVER FOLLOWED BY RASH AND RED 4603 02:44:49,360 --> 02:44:51,640 EYES, VOMITING AND DIARRHEA. 4604 02:44:51,640 --> 02:44:53,720 AND SHE AT THE TIME -- THIS WAS 4605 02:44:53,720 --> 02:44:55,040 DURING OUR VERY FIRST WAVE OF 4606 02:44:55,040 --> 02:44:59,720 COVID-19 IN OUR COMMUNITY, HIGH 4607 02:44:59,720 --> 02:45:02,360 LEVELS OF TRANSMISSION WITH 4608 02:45:02,360 --> 02:45:03,360 SARS-COV-2. 4609 02:45:03,360 --> 02:45:04,520 THIS QHIELD GO ON TO BE 4610 02:45:04,520 --> 02:45:06,320 DIAGNOSED WITH A CONDITION 4611 02:45:06,320 --> 02:45:08,120 CALLED MISC, MULTISYSTEM 4612 02:45:08,120 --> 02:45:08,920 INFLAMMATORY DIN DROME IN 4613 02:45:08,920 --> 02:45:10,120 CHILDREN, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED 4614 02:45:10,120 --> 02:45:11,960 WITH PRECEDING SARS-COV-2 4615 02:45:11,960 --> 02:45:13,240 INFECTION ABOUT FOUR TO SIX 4616 02:45:13,240 --> 02:45:15,200 WEEKS PRIOR TO THIS ONSET OF 4617 02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:16,760 THIS CONDITION. 4618 02:45:16,760 --> 02:45:17,960 IT'S A CONDITION THAT'S 4619 02:45:17,960 --> 02:45:19,480 CHARACTERIZED BY SYSTEMIC 4620 02:45:19,480 --> 02:45:21,000 INFLAMMATION IN A WIDE 4621 02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:22,480 CONSTELLATION OF SYMPTOMS 4622 02:45:22,480 --> 02:45:24,280 INCLUDING RASH AND G.I. 4623 02:45:24,280 --> 02:45:25,880 SYMPTOMS, BUT FEW CHILDREN HAVE 4624 02:45:25,880 --> 02:45:28,480 ALL THE SYMPTOMS AND THEY CAN BE 4625 02:45:28,480 --> 02:45:29,080 TRULY LIFE-THREATENING. 4626 02:45:29,080 --> 02:45:30,960 MOST CHILDREN END UP IN THE ICU 4627 02:45:30,960 --> 02:45:32,080 BUT RESPOND VERY WELL TO 4628 02:45:32,080 --> 02:45:32,400 TREATMENT. 4629 02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:34,040 AND THE KEY FOR THIS 4630 02:45:34,040 --> 02:45:35,040 PRESENTATION IS IT'S VERY HARD 4631 02:45:35,040 --> 02:45:36,120 TO DIAGNOSE, AND THIS WAS A 4632 02:45:36,120 --> 02:45:38,400 PROBLEM EARLY ON IN THE PANDEMIC 4633 02:45:38,400 --> 02:45:43,200 AND CONTINUES TO BE SO TO THIS 4634 02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:43,360 DAY. 4635 02:45:43,360 --> 02:45:44,560 THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE REALLY 4636 02:45:44,560 --> 02:45:45,400 THAT WE SOUGHT TO ADDRESS WAS 4637 02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:47,200 WHICH CHILD OR TEEN WHO PRESENTS 4638 02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,840 WITH FEVER AND VOMITING HAS 4639 02:45:50,840 --> 02:45:51,160 MIS-C? 4640 02:45:51,160 --> 02:45:53,040 AS YOU IMAGINE, THIS WAS A 4641 02:45:53,040 --> 02:45:54,640 DISEASE THAT REALLY HAD A VERY 4642 02:45:54,640 --> 02:45:56,160 HIGH LEVEL OF CONCERN BY FRONT 4643 02:45:56,160 --> 02:45:57,240 LINE EMERGENCY ROOM PHYSICIANS 4644 02:45:57,240 --> 02:45:58,960 EARLY ON IN THE PANDEMIC, WHERE 4645 02:45:58,960 --> 02:46:00,080 WE WERE ALL LEARNING ABOUT THIS 4646 02:46:00,080 --> 02:46:00,960 DISEASE IN THE FIRST PLACE. 4647 02:46:00,960 --> 02:46:02,760 THERE WERE A NUMBER OF CASES 4648 02:46:02,760 --> 02:46:03,840 THAT HAD BEEN SEEN IN THE 4649 02:46:03,840 --> 02:46:04,880 EMERGENCY ROOM, SENT HOME 4650 02:46:04,880 --> 02:46:06,520 BECAUSE THEY WERE THOUGHT TO 4651 02:46:06,520 --> 02:46:09,040 HAVE VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS, BUT 4652 02:46:09,040 --> 02:46:10,320 RETURNED IN SHOCK. 4653 02:46:10,320 --> 02:46:11,840 AND THEN, OF COURSE, WHEN YOU'RE 4654 02:46:11,840 --> 02:46:12,720 IN THE MIDDLE OF A WAVE AND 4655 02:46:12,720 --> 02:46:15,520 YOU'RE SEEING CASE AFTER CASE OF 4656 02:46:15,520 --> 02:46:17,040 MIS-C, THERE WAS ANCHORING BIAS. 4657 02:46:17,040 --> 02:46:19,640 SO A NUMBER OF CHILDREN WERE 4658 02:46:19,640 --> 02:46:21,360 ADMITTED, THOUGHT TO HAVE MISS 4659 02:46:21,360 --> 02:46:23,240 BEING AND HAD DELAYED TREATMENTS 4660 02:46:23,240 --> 02:46:25,760 BECAUSE THEY ACTUALLY HAD 4661 02:46:25,760 --> 02:46:31,080 NON-MISS BEING CONDITI 4662 02:46:31,080 --> 02:46:33,200 NON-MIS-C. 4663 02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:35,840 OUR SOLUTIONS REALLY RELIED ON 4664 02:46:35,840 --> 02:46:37,400 THIS FUNDAMENTAL SORT OF 4665 02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:39,280 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE, WHICH IS 4666 02:46:39,280 --> 02:46:40,200 THAT PEOPLE STINK. 4667 02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:42,160 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THAT? 4668 02:46:42,160 --> 02:46:44,160 WE MEAN PEOPLE GAVE OFF A WIDE 4669 02:46:44,160 --> 02:46:46,720 VARIETY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC 4670 02:46:46,720 --> 02:46:50,200 COMPOUNDS WITH OUR RECEPTORS 4671 02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:56,800 RECOGNIZE AS AS WELL SMELLS BUTN 4672 02:46:56,800 --> 02:47:00,200 ALSO PICK UP BY SPECTROMETRY. 4673 02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:01,400 WE'VE BEEN PARTICULARLY 4674 02:47:01,400 --> 02:47:04,840 INTERESTED IN BREAD BREATH VOLAS 4675 02:47:04,840 --> 02:47:06,840 BECAUSE BREATH IS A VERY RICH 4676 02:47:06,840 --> 02:47:10,000 SUBSTANCE IN HYDROCARBONS THAT 4677 02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:11,640 HAVE THE SPECIFICITY WHICH MEANS 4678 02:47:11,640 --> 02:47:14,560 THEY CAN BE DETECTED BY OLDER 4679 02:47:14,560 --> 02:47:15,760 TECHNOLOGIES LIKE BREATHALYZERS 4680 02:47:15,760 --> 02:47:17,320 JUST LIKE THE BOMB SNIFFERS USED 4681 02:47:17,320 --> 02:47:19,040 IN THE AIRPORT, FOR INSTANCE. 4682 02:47:19,040 --> 02:47:21,120 SO THEY'VE BEEN REALLY, 4683 02:47:21,120 --> 02:47:22,480 INTERESTED IN BREATH AS A SOURCE 4684 02:47:22,480 --> 02:47:23,640 OF INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT'S 4685 02:47:23,640 --> 02:47:24,720 GOING ON IN THE REST OF THE 4686 02:47:24,720 --> 02:47:25,160 BODY. 4687 02:47:25,160 --> 02:47:26,720 AND OF COURSE THAT'S BECAUSE 4688 02:47:26,720 --> 02:47:29,320 BREATH ITSELF IS REALLY A WINDOW 4689 02:47:29,320 --> 02:47:29,960 TO THE BLOOD. 4690 02:47:29,960 --> 02:47:32,200 WE KNOW THE ALVEOLI IN THE LUNGS 4691 02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:33,640 ARE REALLY EXACTLY WHERE GAS 4692 02:47:33,640 --> 02:47:36,480 CHANGE OCCURS IN THE BODY AND SO 4693 02:47:36,480 --> 02:47:37,400 THE COMPOUNDS THAT ARE PRESENT 4694 02:47:37,400 --> 02:47:39,200 IN THE GUT ARE REALLY REFLECTIVE 4695 02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:40,440 OF WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE BODY 4696 02:47:40,440 --> 02:47:42,440 AT LARGE. 4697 02:47:42,440 --> 02:47:44,680 AND OUR WORK HAS REALLY RELIED 4698 02:47:44,680 --> 02:47:47,960 ON A VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD 4699 02:47:47,960 --> 02:47:49,320 PIPELINE OF BIOMARKER DISCOVERY, 4700 02:47:49,320 --> 02:47:50,800 WHICH IS OF COURSE WE COMPARE 4701 02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:52,200 PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A 4702 02:47:52,200 --> 02:47:52,960 PARTICULAR CONDITION. 4703 02:47:52,960 --> 02:47:55,840 WE USE A VARIETY OF SAMPLES 4704 02:47:55,840 --> 02:47:56,600 PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN 4705 02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:58,680 BREATH BUT OTHER NONINVASIVE 4706 02:47:58,680 --> 02:48:00,160 SAMPLES LIKE URINE AND SALIVA 4707 02:48:00,160 --> 02:48:01,080 ARE ALSO IMPORTANT. 4708 02:48:01,080 --> 02:48:03,880 WE USE HIGH DIMENSIONAL MASS 4709 02:48:03,880 --> 02:48:05,560 SPECTROMETRY TO UNDERSTAND THE 4710 02:48:05,560 --> 02:48:06,800 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PATIENTS 4711 02:48:06,800 --> 02:48:08,360 WITH AND WITHOUT THE DISEASE TO 4712 02:48:08,360 --> 02:48:09,480 IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS THAT THEN 4713 02:48:09,480 --> 02:48:12,640 MIGHT BE ABLE TO USE FOR 4714 02:48:12,640 --> 02:48:14,120 NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS. 4715 02:48:14,120 --> 02:48:18,520 AND OUR WORK IN SARS-COV-2 AND 4716 02:48:18,520 --> 02:48:19,960 MIS-C ARE REALLY BUILT ON 4717 02:48:19,960 --> 02:48:22,640 LONG-STANDING WORK IN OUR GROUP 4718 02:48:22,640 --> 02:48:24,320 ON A DIFFERENT DISEASE, WHICH IS 4719 02:48:24,320 --> 02:48:25,120 MALARIA. 4720 02:48:25,120 --> 02:48:26,320 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR 4721 02:48:26,320 --> 02:48:27,280 GLOBAL CHILD HEALTH. 4722 02:48:27,280 --> 02:48:28,880 MALARIA KILLS ON AVERAGE ABOUT 4723 02:48:28,880 --> 02:48:31,200 AS MANY PEOPLE EVERY YEAR AS 4724 02:48:31,200 --> 02:48:34,320 COVID-19 DID IN 2020. 4725 02:48:34,320 --> 02:48:35,760 AND MOST OF THE DEATHS DUE TO 4726 02:48:35,760 --> 02:48:36,960 MALARIA ARE IN CHILDREN UNDER 4727 02:48:36,960 --> 02:48:41,200 THE AGE OF 5 OR IN PREGNANT 4728 02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:42,200 WOMEN. 4729 02:48:42,200 --> 02:48:43,480 AND WE HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN 4730 02:48:43,480 --> 02:48:44,560 INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING 4731 02:48:44,560 --> 02:48:47,040 WHETHER WE COULD USE BREATH AS A 4732 02:48:47,040 --> 02:48:51,840 DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR MALARIA BY 4733 02:48:51,840 --> 02:48:56,600 COMPARING FEBRILE CHILDREN WITH 4734 02:48:56,600 --> 02:48:59,360 AND WITHOUT MALARIA AND TO 4735 02:48:59,360 --> 02:49:00,720 INTERVIEW AN INDEPENDENT COHORT 4736 02:49:00,720 --> 02:49:03,640 TO NOT ONLY VALIDATE THAT THESE 4737 02:49:03,640 --> 02:49:05,240 BREATH BIOMARKERS ARE PLENTY IN 4738 02:49:05,240 --> 02:49:06,240 CHILDREN, SPECIFICALLY, MALARIA, 4739 02:49:06,240 --> 02:49:08,160 BUT THAT THEY, IN FACT, RESPOND 4740 02:49:08,160 --> 02:49:11,200 TO TREATMENT BY ANALYZING 4741 02:49:11,200 --> 02:49:12,960 CHILDREN AFTER THEY'VE UNDERGONE 4742 02:49:12,960 --> 02:49:14,200 MALARIAL TREATMENT. 4743 02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:16,600 OBVIOUSLY WHEN THE PANDEMIC HIT, 4744 02:49:16,600 --> 02:49:23,040 MY LAB WAS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 4745 02:49:23,040 --> 02:49:25,080 WHETHER WE COULD USE NONINVASIVE 4746 02:49:25,080 --> 02:49:26,680 CLINICAL SAMPLES FOR CLINICAL 4747 02:49:26,680 --> 02:49:27,720 DIAGNOSIS OF SARS-COV-2. 4748 02:49:27,720 --> 02:49:29,880 WE STOOD UP THIS STUDY WHICH WE 4749 02:49:29,880 --> 02:49:31,360 CALL THE BUS STUDY FOR BREATH, 4750 02:49:31,360 --> 02:49:37,240 URINE AND SALIV V SALIVA. 4751 02:49:37,240 --> 02:49:41,440 THAT STUDY ALSO TOOK ADVANTAGE 4752 02:49:41,440 --> 02:49:43,480 OF THE VETERINARY SCHOOL AT THE 4753 02:49:43,480 --> 02:49:45,280 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND 4754 02:49:45,280 --> 02:49:47,920 WE COLLABORATED WITH THE 4755 02:49:47,920 --> 02:49:52,680 DIRECTOR OF THE PENNVET WORKING 4756 02:49:52,680 --> 02:49:54,240 DOG GROUP WHO ACTUALLY TEACH 4757 02:49:54,240 --> 02:49:57,280 DOGS TO SNIFF OUT DISEASE FROM 4758 02:49:57,280 --> 02:49:59,920 DIFFERENT NONINVASIVE SAMPLES, 4759 02:49:59,920 --> 02:50:02,160 AND THEY'VE HAD SOME INCREDIBLE 4760 02:50:02,160 --> 02:50:03,080 SUCCESSES INCLUDING THINGS LIKE 4761 02:50:03,080 --> 02:50:03,960 OVARIAN CANCER. 4762 02:50:03,960 --> 02:50:05,640 AND TO CUT RIGHT TO THE CHASE, 4763 02:50:05,640 --> 02:50:09,120 THE DOGS DO GREAT. 4764 02:50:09,120 --> 02:50:11,160 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE 4765 02:50:11,160 --> 02:50:13,240 DATA FROM THE DOGS, BUT THIS IS 4766 02:50:13,240 --> 02:50:14,720 I THINK EIGHT DIFFERENT DOGS 4767 02:50:14,720 --> 02:50:18,880 THAT WERE TRAINED OP URINE 4768 02:50:18,880 --> 02:50:22,560 SAMPLES FOR CHILDREN WITH OR 4769 02:50:22,560 --> 02:50:23,960 WITHOUT SARS-COV-2. 4770 02:50:23,960 --> 02:50:26,400 THE AVERAGE SENSITIVITY IS OVER 4771 02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:28,040 85%, AND THE AVERAGE SPECIFICITY 4772 02:50:28,040 --> 02:50:31,640 IS ABOUT 92%. 4773 02:50:31,640 --> 02:50:32,920 AND THERE'S SOME DOG TO DOG 4774 02:50:32,920 --> 02:50:34,600 VARIABILITY, BUT YOU CAN SEE 4775 02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:36,920 THERE DIXIE NEVER MISSED A BEAT. 4776 02:50:36,920 --> 02:50:38,720 SHE LITERALLY HAD 100% OF 4777 02:50:38,720 --> 02:50:39,720 SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY IN 4778 02:50:39,720 --> 02:50:44,160 HER ABILITY TO DETECT SARS-COV-2 4779 02:50:44,160 --> 02:50:44,840 IN CHILDREN AND TEENS. 4780 02:50:44,840 --> 02:50:46,840 SO EVEN BEFORE WE DID THE MASS 4781 02:50:46,840 --> 02:50:51,320 SPEC WE KNEW THERE WOULD BE A 4782 02:50:51,320 --> 02:50:53,000 DIFFERENCE IN CHILDREN WITH 4783 02:50:53,000 --> 02:50:54,360 SARS-COV-2 DUE TO INFECTION. 4784 02:50:54,360 --> 02:50:55,800 AND IN FACT THAT'S WHAT WE SAW 4785 02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:56,240 WAS THE CASE. 4786 02:50:56,240 --> 02:50:57,800 YOU CAN SEE HERE THE VOLCANO 4787 02:50:57,800 --> 02:50:59,960 PLOT SHOWING THERE ARE SOME 4788 02:50:59,960 --> 02:51:02,360 SPECIFIC BIOMARKER, IN THIS 4789 02:51:02,360 --> 02:51:03,800 CASE, SIX DIFFERENT BIOMARKERS 4790 02:51:03,800 --> 02:51:05,000 THAT CHARACTERIZED THE BREATH OF 4791 02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:07,840 CHILDREN WITH SARS-COV-2, AND BY 4792 02:51:07,840 --> 02:51:08,840 CLUSTERING ANALYSIS, YOU COULD 4793 02:51:08,840 --> 02:51:14,240 REALLY SEE THAT THESE BIOMARKERS 4794 02:51:14,240 --> 02:51:16,000 WERE DIAGNOSTICS FOR SARS-COV-2. 4795 02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:17,800 WE ENROLLED A GROUP OF CHILDREN 4796 02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:19,840 TO EVALUATE THESE BIOMARKERS. 4797 02:51:19,840 --> 02:51:21,160 THE NUMBERS HAVEN'T SHOWED UP 4798 02:51:21,160 --> 02:51:22,800 VERY WELL BUT OUR OVERALL 4799 02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:24,960 ACCURACY WAS ON THIS 90% WITH 4800 02:51:24,960 --> 02:51:28,200 SENSITIVITY OF ABOUT 9 #%. 4801 02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:28,960 9 -- ABOUT 4802 02:51:28,960 --> 02:51:30,400 91% SO WE DID REALLY EXCELLENT 4803 02:51:30,400 --> 02:51:32,240 WITH THE BREATH BIOMARKERS IN 4804 02:51:32,240 --> 02:51:36,320 TERMS OF OUR ABILITY TO DIAGNOSE 4805 02:51:36,320 --> 02:51:36,840 SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN 4806 02:51:36,840 --> 02:51:37,080 CHILDREN. 4807 02:51:37,080 --> 02:51:38,640 SO BACK TO OUR ORIGINAL PROBLEM. 4808 02:51:38,640 --> 02:51:40,680 WE HAD BIOMARKERS OF SARS-COV-2 4809 02:51:40,680 --> 02:51:42,880 BUT WE WERE REALLY PARTICULARLY 4810 02:51:42,880 --> 02:51:44,680 INTERESTED IN DIAGNOSIS OF 4811 02:51:44,680 --> 02:51:44,880 MIS-C. 4812 02:51:44,880 --> 02:51:46,600 WE WERE FORTUNATE TO OBTAIN 4813 02:51:46,600 --> 02:51:48,920 FUNDING THROUGH THE PREVAIL KIDS 4814 02:51:48,920 --> 02:51:51,640 PROGRAM TO SET UP A PIPELINE OF 4815 02:51:51,640 --> 02:51:53,760 PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO COLLECT 4816 02:51:53,760 --> 02:51:55,520 SAMPLES FROM CHILDREN WHO WERE 4817 02:51:55,520 --> 02:51:57,560 UNDERGOING EVALUATION FOR MIS-C 4818 02:51:57,560 --> 02:51:59,120 IN OUR EMERGENCY ROOM, AND WE 4819 02:51:59,120 --> 02:52:01,000 REALLY TRIED TO INTEGRATE ALL 4820 02:52:01,000 --> 02:52:02,240 THE INFORMATION WE COULD GET 4821 02:52:02,240 --> 02:52:03,920 FROM THESE CHILDREN, INCLUDING 4822 02:52:03,920 --> 02:52:05,840 DATA FROM THE ELECTRONIC MEDICAL 4823 02:52:05,840 --> 02:52:09,920 RECORD, BUT OUR PERSPECTIVE 4824 02:52:09,920 --> 02:52:13,240 METABOLOMICS, BREATH, EURNG AND 4825 02:52:13,240 --> 02:52:15,840 SALIVA, AND COMPREHENSIVE YOU MU 4826 02:52:15,840 --> 02:52:17,080 KNOW PROFILE AS THEY PRESENT 4827 02:52:17,080 --> 02:52:18,520 QUITE AN INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME 4828 02:52:18,520 --> 02:52:20,000 AND WE THOUGHT SOME OF THEIR 4829 02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:21,520 INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS MIGHT BE 4830 02:52:21,520 --> 02:52:24,880 AS DIAGNOSTIC OR BETTER THAN OUR 4831 02:52:24,880 --> 02:52:26,800 METABOLOMICS BIOMARKERS AND WE 4832 02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:27,960 USED MACHINE LEARNING TO REALLY 4833 02:52:27,960 --> 02:52:30,080 NARROW DOWN AND IDENTIFY THE 4834 02:52:30,080 --> 02:52:31,600 MOST DIAGNOSTIC OF THESE 4835 02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:36,520 FEATURES IN THESE CHILDREN. 4836 02:52:36,520 --> 02:52:37,800 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT CHILDREN 4837 02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:43,840 WITH MIS-C HAVE MARKED CHANGES 4838 02:52:43,840 --> 02:52:45,040 IN BREATH METABOLITES. 4839 02:52:45,040 --> 02:52:46,280 THOSE THAT WERE BEING EVALUATED 4840 02:52:46,280 --> 02:52:47,240 IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM, THIS IS 4841 02:52:47,240 --> 02:52:49,920 JUST A HEAT MAP OF DIFFERENT 4842 02:52:49,920 --> 02:52:52,280 BREATH FEATURES, AND YOU CAN SEE 4843 02:52:52,280 --> 02:52:54,520 WHICH CHILDREN HAVE MIS-C AND 4844 02:52:54,520 --> 02:52:55,640 WHICH CHILDREN HAVE NON-MIS-C 4845 02:52:55,640 --> 02:52:56,800 BUT FEVER. 4846 02:52:56,800 --> 02:53:00,160 THE CHILDREN WITH MIS-C REALLY 4847 02:53:00,160 --> 02:53:01,320 STAND OUT DRAMATICALLY FROM 4848 02:53:01,320 --> 02:53:02,160 CHILDREN WHO HAVE OTHER 4849 02:53:02,160 --> 02:53:02,960 INFLAMMATORY OR INFECTIOUS 4850 02:53:02,960 --> 02:53:04,960 CONDITIONS BUT DON'T HAVE MIS-C. 4851 02:53:04,960 --> 02:53:08,160 YOU MIGHT THINK THAT MAYBE ALL 4852 02:53:08,160 --> 02:53:09,360 WE'RE SEEING IS THAT RESIDUAL 4853 02:53:09,360 --> 02:53:11,120 COVID-19 BUT THAT TURNS OUT TO 4854 02:53:11,120 --> 02:53:12,760 NOT BE THE CASE, SO COMPARE 4855 02:53:12,760 --> 02:53:14,640 CHILDREN WITH MIS-C TO CHILDREN 4856 02:53:14,640 --> 02:53:17,120 WHO HAVE ACUTE COVID-19, THEY'RE 4857 02:53:17,120 --> 02:53:19,000 VERY, VERY DIFFERENT. 4858 02:53:19,000 --> 02:53:20,200 SO MIS-C IS REALLY A VERY 4859 02:53:20,200 --> 02:53:22,760 CHARACTERISTIC AND VERY 4860 02:53:22,760 --> 02:53:23,800 DIFFERENT SYNDROME IN TERMS OF 4861 02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:27,520 THE BREATH PROFI PROFILE THAT W. 4862 02:53:27,520 --> 02:53:29,400 IT TURNS OUT THE BREATH 4863 02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:30,560 BIOMARKERS, ALTHOUGH THEY WERE 4864 02:53:30,560 --> 02:53:32,240 AMAZING, WERE, IN FACT, NOT OUR 4865 02:53:32,240 --> 02:53:35,160 MOST DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. 4866 02:53:35,160 --> 02:53:36,640 SO AGAIN USING MACHINE LEARNING 4867 02:53:36,640 --> 02:53:38,040 TO INTEGRATE OUR DATA WE WERE 4868 02:53:38,040 --> 02:53:40,240 ABLE TO IDENTIFY IMMUNE CELL POM 4869 02:53:40,240 --> 02:53:42,080 POPP LAITIONS THAT WERE EVEN 4870 02:53:42,080 --> 02:53:45,640 MORE DIAGNOSTIC FOR MIS-C THAN 4871 02:53:45,640 --> 02:53:48,640 BREATH MYOMARKERS YIELDING THE 4872 02:53:48,640 --> 02:53:49,840 SPECIFICITY FOR OVER 90% FOR 4873 02:53:49,840 --> 02:53:51,880 EACH AND THE AREA UNDER THE 4874 02:53:51,880 --> 02:53:59,600 OPERATING CURVE OF ABOUT .99. 4875 02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:01,520 WE HAVE PUT IN OUR TRANSITION 4876 02:54:01,520 --> 02:54:02,720 PACKAGE AND HOPE TO CONTINUE TO 4877 02:54:02,720 --> 02:54:04,960 VALIDATE THESE IN ANOTHER 4878 02:54:04,960 --> 02:54:09,560 PROSPECTIVE COHORT IN 4879 02:54:09,560 --> 02:54:10,160 MULTICENTERS. 4880 02:54:10,160 --> 02:54:12,200 SO OUR GOAL IS REALLY RAPID, 4881 02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:13,920 EASY, SIMPLE DIAGNOSTICS FOR 4882 02:54:13,920 --> 02:54:15,920 PEDIATRIC INFECTION AND WE'RE 4883 02:54:15,920 --> 02:54:17,120 PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN 4884 02:54:17,120 --> 02:54:19,000 BREATH VOLATILE TOOLS AS A 4885 02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:20,560 RELIABLE AND NONINVASIVE WINDOW 4886 02:54:20,560 --> 02:54:22,560 TO HELP A DISEASE WHEN VALIDATED 4887 02:54:22,560 --> 02:54:23,960 BIOMARKERS ARE ALREADY IN HAND 4888 02:54:23,960 --> 02:54:25,560 FOR MALARIA AND SARS-COV-2 BUT 4889 02:54:25,560 --> 02:54:26,880 THERE ARE A LOT OF REMAINING 4890 02:54:26,880 --> 02:54:31,560 QUESTIONS AND WE'RE EAGER TO 4891 02:54:31,560 --> 02:54:33,280 REALLY EXPAND ON THIS WORK BOTH 4892 02:54:33,280 --> 02:54:34,720 TO IMPROVE DIAGNOSTICS FOR OTHER 4893 02:54:34,720 --> 02:54:35,440 CONDITIONS WHICH ARE 4894 02:54:35,440 --> 02:54:36,440 PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING, SO 4895 02:54:36,440 --> 02:54:37,400 MANY OF YOU WILL BE FAMILIAR 4896 02:54:37,400 --> 02:54:42,160 WITH THE CHALLENGE OF DIAGNOSING 4897 02:54:42,160 --> 02:54:42,840 WHICH CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF 30 4898 02:54:42,840 --> 02:54:43,960 DAYS OF AGE WITH A FEVER 4899 02:54:43,960 --> 02:54:45,640 ACTUALLY HAS A SERIOUS BACTERIAL 4900 02:54:45,640 --> 02:54:47,600 INFECTION, AND WE DO A LOT OF 4901 02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:49,480 LUMBAR PUNCTURES FOR CHILDREN 4902 02:54:49,480 --> 02:54:51,200 WHO ACTUALLY DON'T HAVE SERIOUS 4903 02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:53,640 BACTERIAL INFECTION AT ALL. 4904 02:54:53,640 --> 02:54:55,240 EVERYBODY WOULD LIKE TO GET RID 4905 02:54:55,240 --> 02:54:56,240 OF THE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE 4906 02:54:56,240 --> 02:55:00,520 WHICH IS STREP THROAT, AND WE'VE 4907 02:55:00,520 --> 02:55:02,480 ALSO HAD PROMISING WORK ON 4908 02:55:02,480 --> 02:55:04,480 NON-ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER DISEASE 4909 02:55:04,480 --> 02:55:06,120 WHERE DIAGNOSTICS IS LIVER 4910 02:55:06,120 --> 02:55:07,560 BIOPSY AND OBVIOUSLY MANY OF US 4911 02:55:07,560 --> 02:55:08,760 WOULD LIKE TO GET RID OF THAT AS 4912 02:55:08,760 --> 02:55:09,320 WELL. 4913 02:55:09,320 --> 02:55:10,400 AND IN PARTICULAR, AS WE THINK 4914 02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:12,680 ABOUT ROLLING OUT THESE 4915 02:55:12,680 --> 02:55:13,760 DIAGNOSTICS, TO ME IT'S VERY 4916 02:55:13,760 --> 02:55:15,160 IMPORTANT TO BEGIN TO ASK THE 4917 02:55:15,160 --> 02:55:16,200 QUESTION OF WHERE THESE 4918 02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:18,840 VOLATILES COME FROM IN THE FIRST 4919 02:55:18,840 --> 02:55:19,520 PLACE. 4920 02:55:19,520 --> 02:55:21,080 SO SOME OF THE VOLATILES WE SEE 4921 02:55:21,080 --> 02:55:22,960 IN MALARIA WE THINK ACTUALLY 4922 02:55:22,960 --> 02:55:25,440 COMES FROM THE PARASITE BUT 4923 02:55:25,440 --> 02:55:26,240 SARS-COV-2 DOESN'T MAKE ITS OWN 4924 02:55:26,240 --> 02:55:27,280 VOLATILES, IT'S CLEARLY HOST 4925 02:55:27,280 --> 02:55:27,960 RESPONSE WE'RE SEEING. 4926 02:55:27,960 --> 02:55:30,160 AND I ALSO THINK SOME OF THE 4927 02:55:30,160 --> 02:55:31,120 BREATH BIOMARKERS THAT ARE 4928 02:55:31,120 --> 02:55:33,880 PRESENT IN THE BREATH OF NORMAL 4929 02:55:33,880 --> 02:55:35,560 HEALTHY CHILD IS ACTUALLY COMING 4930 02:55:35,560 --> 02:55:37,920 FROM THE MICROBIOME. 4931 02:55:37,920 --> 02:55:42,080 AND SO WE RECENTLY RECEIVED 4932 02:55:42,080 --> 02:55:43,120 FUNDING AND ARE JUST BEGINNING 4933 02:55:43,120 --> 02:55:48,200 TO STAND UP A NEW STUDY TO 4934 02:55:48,200 --> 02:55:49,200 REALLY LOOK AT WHETHER OR NOT 4935 02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:50,520 THE BREATH IS TELLING US MORE 4936 02:55:50,520 --> 02:55:51,520 ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON IN TERMS 4937 02:55:51,520 --> 02:55:53,600 OF THE COMPOSITION AND 4938 02:55:53,600 --> 02:56:04,160 METABOLITE PROFILE OF THE BIOME. 4939 02:56:05,760 --> 02:56:07,160 BEFORE AND AFTER THEY RECEIVE 4940 02:56:07,160 --> 02:56:08,280 ANTIBIOTICS FOR FEVER TO SEE IF 4941 02:56:08,280 --> 02:56:10,640 WE CAN SEE HOW CHANGES IN THE 4942 02:56:10,640 --> 02:56:11,680 FECAL MICROBIOME ARE REFLECTED 4943 02:56:11,680 --> 02:56:15,600 IN CHANGES IN BREATH VOCs. 4944 02:56:15,600 --> 02:56:16,560 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 4945 02:56:16,560 --> 02:56:18,960 TIME AND ATTENTION. 4946 02:56:18,960 --> 02:56:20,320 AND I LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING 4947 02:56:20,320 --> 02:56:25,880 QUESTIONS. 4948 02:56:25,880 --> 02:56:30,800 >>THANK YOU, DR. JOHN. 4949 02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:36,040 AND NOW WE WILL HAVE OUR FINAL 4950 02:56:36,040 --> 02:56:37,160 PRESENTATION FROM DR. KENNETH 4951 02:56:37,160 --> 02:56:37,560 DODGE. 4952 02:56:37,560 --> 02:56:39,320 IT IS MY DELIGHT TO WELCOME 4953 02:56:39,320 --> 02:56:48,320 DR. DODGE TO THIS VIRTUAL 4954 02:56:48,320 --> 02:56:48,880 PODIUM. 4955 02:56:48,880 --> 02:56:49,720 HE IS THE DISTINGUISHED 4956 02:56:49,720 --> 02:56:51,520 PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC POLICY AND 4957 02:56:51,520 --> 02:56:53,640 PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY AND 4958 02:56:53,640 --> 02:56:55,760 NEUROSCIENCE AT DUKE UNIVERSITY. 4959 02:56:55,760 --> 02:56:57,880 HE STUDIES EARLY CHILDHOOD 4960 02:56:57,880 --> 02:56:58,800 DEVELOPMENT, THE PREVENTION OF 4961 02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:00,800 VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN AND 4962 02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:02,240 THE FAMILY, AND PUBLIC POLICIES 4963 02:57:02,240 --> 02:57:03,920 TO IMPROVE POPULATION OUTCOMES 4964 02:57:03,920 --> 02:57:04,960 FOR COMMUNITIES. 4965 02:57:04,960 --> 02:57:07,640 HE'S TRAINED AS A CLINICAL AND 4966 02:57:07,640 --> 02:57:09,080 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST. 4967 02:57:09,080 --> 02:57:13,480 HE EARNED HIS PH.D. IN 4968 02:57:13,480 --> 02:57:16,720 PSYCHOLOGY AT DUKE UNIVERSITY. 4969 02:57:16,720 --> 02:57:19,120 HE IS THE FOUNDING EMERITUS 4970 02:57:19,120 --> 02:57:20,520 DIRECTOR FOR THE DUKE CENTER FOR 4971 02:57:20,520 --> 02:57:21,520 CHILD AND FAMILY POLICY. 4972 02:57:21,520 --> 02:57:23,320 HE HAS PUBLISHED MORE THAN 500 4973 02:57:23,320 --> 02:57:24,880 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES THAT HAVE 4974 02:57:24,880 --> 02:57:26,280 BEEN CITED MORE THAN 150,000 4975 02:57:26,280 --> 02:57:26,480 TIMES. 4976 02:57:26,480 --> 02:57:28,560 HE WAS ELECTED TO THE NATIONAL 4977 02:57:28,560 --> 02:57:31,120 ACADEMY OF MEDICINE IN 2015. 4978 02:57:31,120 --> 02:57:33,240 AND AGAIN, PLEASE JOIN ME IN 4979 02:57:33,240 --> 02:57:38,480 WELCOMING DR. DODGE TO THE 4980 02:57:38,480 --> 02:57:38,720 PODIUM. 4981 02:57:38,720 --> 02:57:40,160 >>THANK YOU, VALERIE, FOR THAT 4982 02:57:40,160 --> 02:57:42,080 VERY KIND INTRODUCTION. 4983 02:57:42,080 --> 02:57:43,280 AND THANK YOU, I WANT TO 4984 02:57:43,280 --> 02:57:44,800 PERSONALLY THANK YOU, VALERIE, 4985 02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:47,200 FOR YOUR GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT OF 4986 02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:48,840 MY WORK OVER MANY YEARS. 4987 02:57:48,840 --> 02:57:52,840 IT HAS MEANT A LOT TO ME. 4988 02:57:52,840 --> 02:57:54,920 I WOULD LIKE TO TALK WITH YOU 4989 02:57:54,920 --> 02:58:01,360 ALL TODAY ABOUT ACHIEVING 4990 02:58:01,360 --> 02:58:02,760 POPULATION IMPACT AS DISPARITY 4991 02:58:02,760 --> 02:58:04,320 ELIMINATION IN EARLY CHILD 4992 02:58:04,320 --> 02:58:07,280 DEVELOPMENT AND SUCCESS THROUGH 4993 02:58:07,280 --> 02:58:12,320 A CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL FAMILY 4994 02:58:12,320 --> 02:58:12,960 PRIMARY CARE. 4995 02:58:12,960 --> 02:58:15,280 AS I DESCRIBE THIS WORK, I WANT 4996 02:58:15,280 --> 02:58:19,280 TO CONGRATULATE NICHD ON THIS 4997 02:58:19,280 --> 02:58:21,400 ANNIVERSARY AND GIVE THANKS TO 4998 02:58:21,400 --> 02:58:23,480 NICHD FOR ITS YEARS OF REPORT 4999 02:58:23,480 --> 02:58:27,120 THROUGH SEVERAL R01 GRANTS THAT 5000 02:58:27,120 --> 02:58:27,720 HAVE PROVIDED SUPPORT FOR THE 5001 02:58:27,720 --> 02:58:31,640 WORK I WILL DESCRIBE TO YOU. 5002 02:58:31,640 --> 02:58:33,360 I WANT TO START WITH A SOBERING 5003 02:58:33,360 --> 02:58:34,040 FACT. 5004 02:58:34,040 --> 02:58:35,160 FAMILIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN 5005 02:58:35,160 --> 02:58:37,080 THE UNITED STATES ARE IN GREAT 5006 02:58:37,080 --> 02:58:37,880 PERIL. 5007 02:58:37,880 --> 02:58:42,640 IN SPITE OF OUR COLLECTIVE 5008 02:58:42,640 --> 02:58:43,840 WEALTH, UNITED STATES STANDS 5009 02:58:43,840 --> 02:58:47,840 AMONG THE WORST AMONG DEVELOPED 5010 02:58:47,840 --> 02:58:49,880 COUNTRIES IN MATERNAL MORTALITY 5011 02:58:49,880 --> 02:58:53,440 AND EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY. 5012 02:58:53,440 --> 02:58:55,160 IT GOES BEYOND MORTALITY. 5013 02:58:55,160 --> 02:59:01,080 OUR RATES OF CHILD ABUSE ARE 5014 02:59:01,080 --> 02:59:03,160 EXTRAORDINARILY HI. 5015 02:59:03,160 --> 02:59:06,120 22% WILL BE REPORTED TO CHILD 5016 02:59:06,120 --> 02:59:07,760 PROTECTIVE SERVICES FOR NEGLECT 5017 02:59:07,760 --> 02:59:10,640 BEFORE THEIR FOURTH BIRTHDAY, 5018 02:59:10,640 --> 02:59:12,080 AND KINDERGARTEN READINESS IS A 5019 02:59:12,080 --> 02:59:13,040 MAJOR PROBLEM IN THAT MORE THAN 5020 02:59:13,040 --> 02:59:15,200 A THIRD OF CHILDREN COME TO 5021 02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:16,040 SCHOOL UNPREPARED FOR 5022 02:59:16,040 --> 02:59:20,840 KINDERGARTEN. 5023 02:59:20,840 --> 02:59:22,560 WORSE ARE DISPARITIES IN FAMILY 5024 02:59:22,560 --> 02:59:23,440 WELL-BEING. 5025 02:59:23,440 --> 02:59:26,080 THIS GRAPH HERE, YOU CAN SEE 5026 02:59:26,080 --> 02:59:29,560 THAT EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY 5027 02:59:29,560 --> 02:59:31,240 IS OFFER TWICE AS HIGH AMONG 5028 02:59:31,240 --> 02:59:33,160 BLACK CHILDREN AS IT IS AMONG 5029 02:59:33,160 --> 02:59:36,040 NON-HISPANIC WHITE CHILDREN. 5030 02:59:36,040 --> 02:59:37,520 IN THE MIDDLE GRAPH, YOU SEE 5031 02:59:37,520 --> 02:59:39,400 LACK OF KINDERGARTEN 5032 02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:40,240 PREPAREDNESS IS A MAJOR PROBLEM 5033 02:59:40,240 --> 02:59:44,360 WITH LOW INCOME CHILDREN, HAVING 5034 02:59:44,360 --> 02:59:46,240 OVER TWICE AS HIGH RATES OF LACK 5035 02:59:46,240 --> 02:59:48,480 OF READINESS AT KINDERGARTEN TRI 5036 02:59:48,480 --> 02:59:54,840 KINDERGARTENENTRY, AND ON THE RE 5037 02:59:54,840 --> 02:59:56,160 CHILD ABUSE STATISTICS WITH 5038 02:59:56,160 --> 02:59:57,840 RATES BEING THREE TIMES AS HIGH 5039 02:59:57,840 --> 03:00:03,480 AMONG BLACK CHILDREN OVER WHITE 5040 03:00:03,480 --> 03:00:04,800 CHILDREN. 5041 03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:06,560 SO HOW IS IT THAT SOME FAMILIES 5042 03:00:06,560 --> 03:00:07,920 SUCCEED AND SOME FAMILIES FAIL, 5043 03:00:07,920 --> 03:00:12,920 BEGINNING AT THE MOMENT OF 5044 03:00:12,920 --> 03:00:13,720 BIRTH? 5045 03:00:13,720 --> 03:00:14,760 FOR THOSE WHO ARE PARENTS IN THE 5046 03:00:14,760 --> 03:00:16,120 AUDIENCE, YOU MIGHT REMEMBER THE 5047 03:00:16,120 --> 03:00:18,320 DAY YOUR FIRST CHILD WAS BORN. 5048 03:00:18,320 --> 03:00:20,440 I REMEMBER WHEN MY SON GRAHAM 5049 03:00:20,440 --> 03:00:20,800 WAS BORN. 5050 03:00:20,800 --> 03:00:22,600 IT WAS THE MOST EXHILARATING DAY 5051 03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:23,840 OF MY LIFE. 5052 03:00:23,840 --> 03:00:25,600 IT WAS ALSO THE MOST FRIGHTENING 5053 03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:26,520 DAY OF MY LIFE BECAUSE MY WIFE 5054 03:00:26,520 --> 03:00:30,240 AND I DID NOT HAVE A CLUE FOR 5055 03:00:30,240 --> 03:00:31,760 HOW WE WOULD SUCCEED. 5056 03:00:31,760 --> 03:00:33,880 IN SPITE OF OUR EDUCATION, IN 5057 03:00:33,880 --> 03:00:37,480 SPITE OF OUR COMPARATIVE WEALTH, 5058 03:00:37,480 --> 03:00:40,920 WE WERE ALONE AND LOST AT SEA. 5059 03:00:40,920 --> 03:00:42,320 AT LEAST THAT'S WHAT I REMEMBER. 5060 03:00:42,320 --> 03:00:46,560 SO WE BEGAN OUR FIRST STUDY OF 5061 03:00:46,560 --> 03:00:51,360 PREDICTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN 5062 03:00:51,360 --> 03:00:52,960 FAMILIES BY FOLLOWING 500 5063 03:00:52,960 --> 03:00:54,000 PREGNANT WOMEN FROM THE TIME OF 5064 03:00:54,000 --> 03:00:55,800 PREGNANCY THROUGH AGE 24 MONTHS, 5065 03:00:55,800 --> 03:00:57,400 IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES 5066 03:00:57,400 --> 03:00:59,640 AND PREDICTORS OF EARLY CHILD 5067 03:00:59,640 --> 03:01:00,840 ABUSE IN THE FIRST SEVERAL 5068 03:01:00,840 --> 03:01:01,240 YEARS. 5069 03:01:01,240 --> 03:01:02,600 WE COLLECTED A LOT OF 5070 03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:04,440 INFORMATION ABOUT DEMOGRAPHIC 5071 03:01:04,440 --> 03:01:06,680 INDICATORS, POVERTY, PARENTAL 5072 03:01:06,680 --> 03:01:07,920 EDUCATION, ET CETERA, AND INDEED 5073 03:01:07,920 --> 03:01:10,080 THOSE ARE PREDICTORS OF CHILD 5074 03:01:10,080 --> 03:01:11,520 ABUSE, BUT WHAT STRUCK US EVEN 5075 03:01:11,520 --> 03:01:16,360 MORE SO WAS THAT CHILD ABUSE 5076 03:01:16,360 --> 03:01:18,200 OCCURS ACROSS INCOME SPANS AND 5077 03:01:18,200 --> 03:01:21,760 ACROSS EVERY GROUP THAT WE 5078 03:01:21,760 --> 03:01:24,400 STUDY. 5079 03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:25,800 FURTHERMORE, OUR ASSESSMENTS OF 5080 03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:27,680 CLINICAL INDICATORS WERE MUCH 5081 03:01:27,680 --> 03:01:30,960 STRONGER PREDICTORS TO ACCOUNT 5082 03:01:30,960 --> 03:01:32,920 FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, BUT 5083 03:01:32,920 --> 03:01:37,200 ALSO TO PREDICT CHILD ABUSE TO A 5084 03:01:37,200 --> 03:01:38,120 MUCH STRONGER DEGREE THAN DID 5085 03:01:38,120 --> 03:01:43,040 THE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS. 5086 03:01:43,040 --> 03:01:44,480 94% OF FAMILIES AT BIRTH 5087 03:01:44,480 --> 03:01:45,840 REPORTED TO US A RISK FACTOR, A 5088 03:01:45,840 --> 03:01:48,440 NEED IN THEIR LIVES THAT MIGHT 5089 03:01:48,440 --> 03:01:50,200 DISPOSE THEM TO BE AT RISK FOR 5090 03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:56,200 CHILD ABUSE, NOT ALL DID, BUT 5091 03:01:56,200 --> 03:01:58,360 THE RISK FACTORS THAT OCCUR 5092 03:01:58,360 --> 03:01:59,280 ACROSS DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS ARE 5093 03:01:59,280 --> 03:01:59,720 DIVERSE. 5094 03:01:59,720 --> 03:02:02,360 SOME FAMILIES CAME TO THE RISK 5095 03:02:02,360 --> 03:02:04,320 THROUGH MATERNAL DEPRESSION, 5096 03:02:04,320 --> 03:02:05,080 POSTPARTUM, OR ANXIETY, OR 5097 03:02:05,080 --> 03:02:06,520 PERHAPS A SUBSTANCE ABUSE 5098 03:02:06,520 --> 03:02:06,960 PROBLEM. 5099 03:02:06,960 --> 03:02:10,920 OTHER FAMILIES CAME TO THAT RISK 5100 03:02:10,920 --> 03:02:12,240 THROUGH DIFFICULTIES IN 5101 03:02:12,240 --> 03:02:13,600 PARENTING SKILLS AND 5102 03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:18,480 ATTRIBUTIONS THEY MAKE ABOUT 5103 03:02:18,480 --> 03:02:19,000 THEIR INFERENCE. 5104 03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:20,040 SOME COME TO THIS PROBLEM 5105 03:02:20,040 --> 03:02:21,480 THROUGH LACK OF SOCIAL SUPPORT. 5106 03:02:21,480 --> 03:02:23,480 AND FINALLY, SOME COME TO RISK 5107 03:02:23,480 --> 03:02:27,120 THROUGH LACK OF ACCESS TO GOOD 5108 03:02:27,120 --> 03:02:28,920 QUALITY HEALTHCARE OR COMMUNITY 5109 03:02:28,920 --> 03:02:33,280 RESOURCES TO SUPPORT THEM. 5110 03:02:33,280 --> 03:02:35,680 SO WHAT IS THE SOLUTION? 5111 03:02:35,680 --> 03:02:39,120 IF RISK IS DIVERSELY DISTRIBUTED 5112 03:02:39,120 --> 03:02:42,440 ACROSS GROUPS, AND YET THE 5113 03:02:42,440 --> 03:02:46,560 PRECISE PSYCHOSOCIAL FAMILY 5114 03:02:46,560 --> 03:02:47,920 PROBLEM THAT LENDS RISK IS 5115 03:02:47,920 --> 03:02:50,880 VARIABLE ACROSS FAMILIES, HOW DO 5116 03:02:50,880 --> 03:02:53,640 WE DEVELOP A PREVENTIVE 5117 03:02:53,640 --> 03:02:54,840 INTERVENTION SYSTEM TO LOWER THE 5118 03:02:54,840 --> 03:02:56,200 POPULATION RATE OF CHILD ABUSE 5119 03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:56,800 OUTCOMES? 5120 03:02:56,800 --> 03:02:58,120 THE SOLUTION THAT WE CAME UPON 5121 03:02:58,120 --> 03:03:01,160 AFTER MANY YEARS OF TRYING OTHER 5122 03:03:01,160 --> 03:03:02,600 SOLUTIONS IS A COMPREHENSIVE 5123 03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:05,440 SYSTEM OF WHAT WE CALL FAMILY 5124 03:03:05,440 --> 03:03:09,480 PRIMARY -- PRIMARY FAMILY CARE. 5125 03:03:09,480 --> 03:03:11,240 WE CAN LEARN LE SOBS FROM OTHER 5126 03:03:11,240 --> 03:03:12,320 SYSTEMS OF CARE THAT I BRIEFLY 5127 03:03:12,320 --> 03:03:13,160 WANT TO MENTION. 5128 03:03:13,160 --> 03:03:17,480 FIRST, WE IN THIS UNITED STATES, 5129 03:03:17,480 --> 03:03:19,480 200 YEARS AGO, DEVELOPED THE 5130 03:03:19,480 --> 03:03:22,240 FIRST K-12 EDUCATION AND THEN AS 5131 03:03:22,240 --> 03:03:23,480 A SYSTEM IT HAS SEVERAL 5132 03:03:23,480 --> 03:03:24,200 COMPONENTS. 5133 03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:26,160 IT'S UNIVERSAL, EVERY CHILD IS 5134 03:03:26,160 --> 03:03:28,320 OFFERED PUBLIC EDUCATION. 5135 03:03:28,320 --> 03:03:30,440 BUT IT'S NOT DELIVERED IN THE 5136 03:03:30,440 --> 03:03:33,120 PRECISE SAME WAY. 5137 03:03:33,120 --> 03:03:34,440 THERE IS DESCREEN SCREENING 5138 03:03:34,440 --> 03:03:37,320 GOING ON TO INDIVIDUALIZE FAMILY 5139 03:03:37,320 --> 03:03:38,640 CARE AND CARE WITHIN THE 5140 03:03:38,640 --> 03:03:39,200 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 5141 03:03:39,200 --> 03:03:42,240 THEY'RE SCREENING FOR LEARNING 5142 03:03:42,240 --> 03:03:42,800 DISABILITIES, FOR DIFFERENT 5143 03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:45,800 KINDS OF EMOTIONAL NEEDS AND 5144 03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:46,160 SUPPORT. 5145 03:03:46,160 --> 03:03:47,440 THERE'S EVEN SCREENING FOR 5146 03:03:47,440 --> 03:03:49,840 NUTRITION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 5147 03:03:49,840 --> 03:03:51,000 AND SUPPORTED BREAKFAST AND 5148 03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:52,480 LUNCH PROGRAMS. 5149 03:03:52,480 --> 03:03:54,960 THIS IS ALL BASED IN AN 5150 03:03:54,960 --> 03:03:57,160 INFRASTRUCTURE THAT INCLUDES 5151 03:03:57,160 --> 03:04:00,720 SPECIAL EDUCATION, COUNSELORS, 5152 03:04:00,720 --> 03:04:01,760 NURSES, NUTRITIONISTS SO THERE'S 5153 03:04:01,760 --> 03:04:03,040 AN INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUPPORT. 5154 03:04:03,040 --> 03:04:04,520 THE SECOND EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM 5155 03:04:04,520 --> 03:04:05,720 OF CARE IS WHAT WE DO IN 5156 03:04:05,720 --> 03:04:06,640 HEALTHCARE IN THIS UNITED 5157 03:04:06,640 --> 03:04:07,160 STATES. 5158 03:04:07,160 --> 03:04:10,960 WE HAVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS 5159 03:04:10,960 --> 03:04:12,880 HOPEFULLY, CERTAINLY ONE DOESN'T 5160 03:04:12,880 --> 03:04:14,160 NEED TO BE SICK TO GO SEE A 5161 03:04:14,160 --> 03:04:14,600 PEDIATRICIAN. 5162 03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:16,240 WE HAVE WELL-BABY CARE. 5163 03:04:16,240 --> 03:04:18,680 BUT THAT PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN 5164 03:04:18,680 --> 03:04:19,680 DOES IS TO SCREEN FOR A VARIETY 5165 03:04:19,680 --> 03:04:23,600 OF PROBLEMS AND TO CONNECT THAT 5166 03:04:23,600 --> 03:04:25,440 MAYBE AS NEEDED WITH AN 5167 03:04:25,440 --> 03:04:26,400 INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUPPORTS. 5168 03:04:26,400 --> 03:04:29,280 IT MAY BE A NEUROSURGEON, IT MAY 5169 03:04:29,280 --> 03:04:33,520 BE A NUTRITIONIST, IT MAY BE A 5170 03:04:33,520 --> 03:04:33,960 PHYSICAL THERAPIST. 5171 03:04:33,960 --> 03:04:34,760 SO THERE ARE THESE THREE 5172 03:04:34,760 --> 03:04:35,920 COMPONENTS TO A UNIVERSAL SYSTEM 5173 03:04:35,920 --> 03:04:38,720 OF CARE OF UNIVERSAL ACCESS, 5174 03:04:38,720 --> 03:04:42,160 SCREENING FOR INDIVIDUAL NEEDS, 5175 03:04:42,160 --> 03:04:43,240 AND CONNECTION TO AN 5176 03:04:43,240 --> 03:04:47,400 INFRASTRUCTURE OF COMMUNITY 5177 03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:48,040 SUPPORTS. 5178 03:04:48,040 --> 03:04:49,440 SO WE THOUGHT ABOUT WHY IS THERE 5179 03:04:49,440 --> 03:04:52,200 NOT A SYSTEM OF CARE FOR 5180 03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:53,560 FAMILIES OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN 5181 03:04:53,560 --> 03:04:55,080 THESE UNITED STATES? 5182 03:04:55,080 --> 03:04:56,040 AND RESEARCHERS SUGGESTED THREE 5183 03:04:56,040 --> 03:04:56,840 DIFFERENT SOURCES. 5184 03:04:56,840 --> 03:05:00,800 FIRST IS A CULTURAL MYTH OF THIS 5185 03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:01,640 STAY-AT-HOME MOM WHO CAN DO IT 5186 03:05:01,640 --> 03:05:02,640 ALL. 5187 03:05:02,640 --> 03:05:03,400 DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS EVER TRUE 5188 03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:04,840 BUT IT'S CERTAINLY NOT TRUE 5189 03:05:04,840 --> 03:05:06,960 TODAY AND MOST MOTHERS -- MOST 5190 03:05:06,960 --> 03:05:09,240 ADULTS LIVING IN HOMES OF YOUNG 5191 03:05:09,240 --> 03:05:10,840 CHILDREN ARE TRYING TO BE 5192 03:05:10,840 --> 03:05:11,680 EMPLOYED OUTSIDE HOME OR NEED TO 5193 03:05:11,680 --> 03:05:14,200 BE EMPLOYED OUTSIDE THE HOME. 5194 03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:15,240 THE SECOND SOURCE OF THIS LACK 5195 03:05:15,240 --> 03:05:17,280 OF SYSTEM OF CARE WAS WITH 5196 03:05:17,280 --> 03:05:20,120 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS AND 5197 03:05:20,120 --> 03:05:21,680 PROFESSIONALS WERE SIMPLY WRONG. 5198 03:05:21,680 --> 03:05:22,600 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION FOR 5199 03:05:22,600 --> 03:05:25,520 YEARS OPPOSED HOME VISITING OF 5200 03:05:25,520 --> 03:05:27,960 FAMILIES, EDUCATORS OPPOSED 5201 03:05:27,960 --> 03:05:30,320 EARLY EDUCATION AS UNNECESSARY 5202 03:05:30,320 --> 03:05:31,320 UNTIL CHILDREN ACHIEVED THE AGE 5203 03:05:31,320 --> 03:05:33,600 OF REASON, AND DEVELOPMENTAL 5204 03:05:33,600 --> 03:05:36,320 SCIENTISTS DID NOT UNDERSTAND 5205 03:05:36,320 --> 03:05:37,280 NEURAL DEVELOPMENT. 5206 03:05:37,280 --> 03:05:38,440 OF COURSE WE'VE CHANGED WITH ALL 5207 03:05:38,440 --> 03:05:43,320 OF THE ADD VOON ADVANCES SUPPORY 5208 03:05:43,320 --> 03:05:45,400 NICHD IN UNDERSTANDING OF EARLY 5209 03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:54,600 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, EARLY -- WHAT 5210 03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:56,160 I CALL INSIDIOUS RACISM, IF 5211 03:05:56,160 --> 03:05:58,360 WHITE FAMILIES ARE ABLE TO FIND 5212 03:05:58,360 --> 03:05:59,320 THEIR NEEDS WITHOUT A SYSTEM, 5213 03:05:59,320 --> 03:06:00,560 THEN THEY WOULD NOT SUPPORT THE 5214 03:06:00,560 --> 03:06:02,800 CREATION OF A SYSTEM AND THOSE 5215 03:06:02,800 --> 03:06:03,640 WHO ARE DISADVANTAGED THEN ARE 5216 03:06:03,640 --> 03:06:07,480 LEFT OUT IN THE COLD. 5217 03:06:07,480 --> 03:06:11,080 SO WE WORKED FOR YEARS TO 5218 03:06:11,080 --> 03:06:13,440 DEVELOP UNIVERSAL PRIMARY FAMILY 5219 03:06:13,440 --> 03:06:14,880 CARE THAT WE NOW CALL FAMILY 5220 03:06:14,880 --> 03:06:18,320 CONNECTS. 5221 03:06:18,320 --> 03:06:20,360 WE BEGAN FAMILY CONNECTS IN 2001 5222 03:06:20,360 --> 03:06:24,040 THROUGH A COMMITMENT BY THE DUKE 5223 03:06:24,040 --> 03:06:25,160 ENDOWMENT THAT HAD THREE 5224 03:06:25,160 --> 03:06:25,480 COMPONENTS. 5225 03:06:25,480 --> 03:06:28,200 FIRST IS TO SET OUR TARGET ON 5226 03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:29,600 THE ACHIEVING POPULATION OUTCOME 5227 03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:32,640 OF CHILD ABUSE, AND COST 5228 03:06:32,640 --> 03:06:34,040 REDUCTION AND DISPARITY 5229 03:06:34,040 --> 03:06:35,360 REDUCTION. 5230 03:06:35,360 --> 03:06:36,920 SECOND, THROUGH AN INTERVENTION 5231 03:06:36,920 --> 03:06:41,400 THAT'S PROTOCOL, THAT'S RELIABLE 5232 03:06:41,400 --> 03:06:46,720 AND REPLICABLE MODEL BASED ON 5233 03:06:46,720 --> 03:06:49,640 DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE AND THIRD 5234 03:06:49,640 --> 03:06:51,080 RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS. 5235 03:06:51,080 --> 03:06:53,720 SO UNIVERSAL FAMILY CONNECTS IS 5236 03:06:53,720 --> 03:06:56,840 A PARADIGMATIC SHIFT THAT HAS 5237 03:06:56,840 --> 03:07:00,080 THREE PILLARS. 5238 03:07:00,080 --> 03:07:01,800 FIRST UNIVERSAL, TO INVITE 5239 03:07:01,800 --> 03:07:03,080 THEMSELVES INTO THE HOME FOR ONE 5240 03:07:03,080 --> 03:07:03,920 TO THREE VISITS. 5241 03:07:03,920 --> 03:07:05,640 80% OF FAMILIES AND COMMUNITY 5242 03:07:05,640 --> 03:07:07,440 ACCEPT THAT OFFER. 5243 03:07:07,440 --> 03:07:08,840 DURING THOSE VISITS, THE NURSE 5244 03:07:08,840 --> 03:07:10,320 CONNECTS WITH THE FAMILIES TO 5245 03:07:10,320 --> 03:07:12,920 SCREEN FOR NEEDS AND MATCH WITH 5246 03:07:12,920 --> 03:07:13,520 COMMUNITY RESOURCES. 5247 03:07:13,520 --> 03:07:17,480 AND THE THIRD IS COMMUNITY 5248 03:07:17,480 --> 03:07:19,240 RESOURCE INFRASTRUCTURE IN 5249 03:07:19,240 --> 03:07:20,320 DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA. 5250 03:07:20,320 --> 03:07:21,800 WE HAVE AN INFRASTRUCTURE OF 5251 03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:25,280 OVER 400 AGENCIES THAT SUPPORT 5252 03:07:25,280 --> 03:07:26,760 FAMILIES AT BIRTH, AT MODEST 5253 03:07:26,760 --> 03:07:27,360 COST. 5254 03:07:27,360 --> 03:07:28,520 THIS SLIDE GIVES YOU AN EXAMPLE 5255 03:07:28,520 --> 03:07:31,200 OF SOME OF THE KINDS OF NEEDS 5256 03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:35,440 THAT OUR NURSES IDENTIFY WITH 5257 03:07:35,440 --> 03:07:35,720 FAMILIES. 5258 03:07:35,720 --> 03:07:38,600 ON THE LEFT ARE THE RISK DOMAINS 5259 03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,200 FOR EXAMPLE, ONE FAMILY MIGHT 5260 03:07:41,200 --> 03:07:44,640 HAVE A NEED FOR A HOUSING LOAN, 5261 03:07:44,640 --> 03:07:45,360 HOUSING SUPPORT. 5262 03:07:45,360 --> 03:07:46,680 AND ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS THE 5263 03:07:46,680 --> 03:07:47,520 POSSIBLE COMMUNITY CONNECTION 5264 03:07:47,520 --> 03:07:49,440 THAT THE NURSES TRAIN TO MATCH 5265 03:07:49,440 --> 03:07:52,000 TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THAT 5266 03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:52,280 NEED. 5267 03:07:52,280 --> 03:07:53,880 AND THAT MIGHT BE CONNECTING THE 5268 03:07:53,880 --> 03:07:55,800 FAMILY WITH THE HOUSING 5269 03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:56,440 AUTHORITY OR SOCIAL SERVICES OR 5270 03:07:56,440 --> 03:07:58,920 THE NEED MIGHT BE FOR POSTPARTUM 5271 03:07:58,920 --> 03:07:59,680 DEPRESSION INTERVENTION AND THE 5272 03:07:59,680 --> 03:08:01,840 CONNECTION IS THROUGH MATERNAL 5273 03:08:01,840 --> 03:08:06,280 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES. 5274 03:08:06,280 --> 03:08:08,000 IN ADDITION TO THIS BEING A 5275 03:08:08,000 --> 03:08:10,080 MANUALIZED PROTOCOL, OUR NURSES 5276 03:08:10,080 --> 03:08:12,400 ATTEND TO SPECIFIC NEEDS IN 5277 03:08:12,400 --> 03:08:13,520 DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES, AND THIS 5278 03:08:13,520 --> 03:08:16,560 GRAPH IS TO REMIND ME TO REMIND 5279 03:08:16,560 --> 03:08:18,640 YOU THAT OUR NURSES ARE TRAINED 5280 03:08:18,640 --> 03:08:20,240 TO DO THAT, SO FOR EXAMPLE, IN 5281 03:08:20,240 --> 03:08:23,720 DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA, OUR 5282 03:08:23,720 --> 03:08:25,800 NURSES REACH FAMILIES TO SUPPORT 5283 03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:27,880 THEM IN RESPONDING TO COMMUNITY 5284 03:08:27,880 --> 03:08:33,800 RACIAL INJUSTICE TO HELP MOTHERS 5285 03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:35,320 IDENTIFY THAT THEY'RE THE OBJECT 5286 03:08:35,320 --> 03:08:38,680 OF INJUSTICE AND HOW TO RESPOND 5287 03:08:38,680 --> 03:08:40,360 TO NAVIGATE THEIR WAY THROUGH A 5288 03:08:40,360 --> 03:08:40,600 SYSTEM. 5289 03:08:40,600 --> 03:08:43,520 ON THE RIGHT SIDE, THE QUOTE IS 5290 03:08:43,520 --> 03:08:45,160 TO REMIND ME THAT NURSES ADAPTED 5291 03:08:45,160 --> 03:08:46,080 DURING COVID. 5292 03:08:46,080 --> 03:08:47,960 INSTEAD OF IN-PERSON HOME 5293 03:08:47,960 --> 03:08:51,200 VISITS, WE HAD TO ADAPT A 5294 03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:52,120 VIRTUAL VISITATION AND 5295 03:08:52,120 --> 03:08:54,240 SUCCESSFULLY DID THAT AND 5296 03:08:54,240 --> 03:08:55,120 THANKFULLY WE'RE NOW RETURNING 5297 03:08:55,120 --> 03:08:59,200 TO HOME VISITS NOW. 5298 03:08:59,200 --> 03:09:00,920 WANT TO MOVE TO EVALUATION. 5299 03:09:00,920 --> 03:09:02,480 SO FIRST RANDOMIZED CONTROL 5300 03:09:02,480 --> 03:09:03,240 TRIAL. 5301 03:09:03,240 --> 03:09:05,360 WE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED EVERY 5302 03:09:05,360 --> 03:09:08,240 DURHAM RESIDENT BIRTH OVER AN 5303 03:09:08,240 --> 03:09:09,320 18-MONTH PERIOD INTERVENTION OR 5304 03:09:09,320 --> 03:09:12,760 CONTROL CONDITION, ALMOST 5,000 5305 03:09:12,760 --> 03:09:13,200 FAMILIES. 5306 03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:13,840 WE IMPLEMENTED THE INTERVENTION 5307 03:09:13,840 --> 03:09:15,120 OF THOSE ASSIGNED TO THAT WITH 5308 03:09:15,120 --> 03:09:18,720 STRONG PARTICIPATION AS I SAID 5309 03:09:18,720 --> 03:09:21,600 80% PARTICIPATED IN 86% OF 5310 03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:22,200 PARTICIPATING INDIVIDUALS 5311 03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:25,640 ACTUALLY COMPLETED THE PROGRAM. 5312 03:09:25,640 --> 03:09:26,840 THEY IDENTIFIED A WIDE VARIETY 5313 03:09:26,840 --> 03:09:32,280 OF NEEDS. 5314 03:09:32,280 --> 03:09:41,840 AND THEY THEN -- LET'S SEE. 5315 03:09:41,840 --> 03:09:43,160 IMPLEMENTED AN EVALUATION TRIAL 5316 03:09:43,160 --> 03:09:46,560 IN WHICH WE CAME ALONG AT AGE 5317 03:09:46,560 --> 03:09:47,640 SIX MONTHS THROUGH 5318 03:09:47,640 --> 03:09:48,640 CONDITION-BLINDED INTERVIEWS AND 5319 03:09:48,640 --> 03:09:49,920 FOLLOWED UP FAMILY THERE'S 5320 03:09:49,920 --> 03:09:51,600 5 YEARS OF AGE WITH REVIEW OF 5321 03:09:51,600 --> 03:09:53,600 ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS. 5322 03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:55,440 OUR DATA ANALYTIC MODEL IS AN 5323 03:09:55,440 --> 03:09:57,280 INTENT TO TREAT REGRESSION MODEL 5324 03:09:57,280 --> 03:09:58,640 WITH COVARIATES. 5325 03:09:58,640 --> 03:09:59,280 SEVERAL FINDINGS. 5326 03:09:59,280 --> 03:10:00,720 FIRST OF ALL, OUR PROXIMAL GOAL 5327 03:10:00,720 --> 03:10:02,200 WAS TO CONNECT FAMILIES WITH 5328 03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:04,680 COMMUNITY AGENCIES. 5329 03:10:04,680 --> 03:10:06,440 YOU CAN SEE HERE COMPARING THE 5330 03:10:06,440 --> 03:10:07,320 CONTROL CONDITION FAMILIES ON 5331 03:10:07,320 --> 03:10:10,400 THE LEFT TO FAMILIES RANDOMLY 5332 03:10:10,400 --> 03:10:11,920 ASSIGNED INTENT TO TREAT ON THE 5333 03:10:11,920 --> 03:10:13,480 RIGHT, YOU CAN SEE THAT THOSE 5334 03:10:13,480 --> 03:10:15,360 ASSIGNED TO INTERVENTION OF 5335 03:10:15,360 --> 03:10:16,440 HIGHER COMMUNITY CONNECTION 5336 03:10:16,440 --> 03:10:18,600 RATES AT AGE 6 MONTHS, AMONG 5337 03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:21,400 BOTH BLACK AND WHITE FAMILIES. 5338 03:10:21,400 --> 03:10:23,240 SECOND GOAL OF INTERVENTION IS 5339 03:10:23,240 --> 03:10:26,000 TO IMPROVE MATERNAL 5340 03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:28,280 SELF-EFFICACY, REDUCE ANXIETY, 5341 03:10:28,280 --> 03:10:31,080 REDUCE DEPRESSION. 5342 03:10:31,080 --> 03:10:32,840 AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT TO 5343 03:10:32,840 --> 03:10:39,440 INTERVENTION DID DEGREECE 5344 03:10:39,440 --> 03:10:41,480 MATERNAL ANXIETY AND CLOSES 5345 03:10:41,480 --> 03:10:43,040 RACIAL DISPARITY IN MATERNAL 5346 03:10:43,040 --> 03:10:44,560 ANXIETY SO THIS IS WONDERFUL 5347 03:10:44,560 --> 03:10:45,920 NEWS FOR US THAT WE'RE HAVING 5348 03:10:45,920 --> 03:10:47,840 IMPACT BUT THAT WE'RE ALSO 5349 03:10:47,840 --> 03:10:49,320 REDUCING DISPARITIES IN THIS 5350 03:10:49,320 --> 03:10:51,080 IMPORTANT OUTCOME. 5351 03:10:51,080 --> 03:10:53,560 REDUCING MATERNAL ANXIETY, 5352 03:10:53,560 --> 03:10:55,080 IMPROVING PARENTAL SELF-EFFICACY 5353 03:10:55,080 --> 03:10:59,000 THEN IS RELATED IN DECREASES TO 5354 03:10:59,000 --> 03:11:00,200 EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE THAT WE 5355 03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:02,440 WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY, ABOUT A 5356 03:11:02,440 --> 03:11:06,040 THIRD LOWER RATE OF EMERGENCY 5357 03:11:06,040 --> 03:11:09,800 MEDICAL CARE EPISODES AND COSTS 5358 03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:10,920 COMPARED TO THOSE ASSIGNED TO 5359 03:11:10,920 --> 03:11:12,160 CONTROL, AND WE WERE ABLE TO 5360 03:11:12,160 --> 03:11:15,120 CLOSE THE RACE DISPARITY IN 5361 03:11:15,120 --> 03:11:17,120 EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE BY A 5362 03:11:17,120 --> 03:11:17,600 MODEST AMOUNT. 5363 03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:18,520 THIS PUTS US IN THE RIGHT 5364 03:11:18,520 --> 03:11:19,680 DIRECTION BUT NOWHERE NEAR WHERE 5365 03:11:19,680 --> 03:11:21,160 WE NEED TO BE AND WILL 5366 03:11:21,160 --> 03:11:25,160 ULTIMATELY WANT TO BE. 5367 03:11:25,160 --> 03:11:27,200 ASSIGNMENT TO FAMILY CONNECTS 5368 03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:31,200 INTERVENTION, CHILD ABUSE 5369 03:11:31,200 --> 03:11:33,280 INVESTIGATIONS BY 39%, AND WE'RE 5370 03:11:33,280 --> 03:11:35,040 ABLE TO CLOSE THE RACE DISPARITY 5371 03:11:35,040 --> 03:11:37,080 IN CHILD ABUSE INVESTIGATIONS BY 5372 03:11:37,080 --> 03:11:38,840 28%. 5373 03:11:38,840 --> 03:11:40,880 SO WE'RE GRATIFIED BY THESE 5374 03:11:40,880 --> 03:11:41,120 FINDINGS. 5375 03:11:41,120 --> 03:11:43,760 WE WANTED TO TURN THOSE INTO A 5376 03:11:43,760 --> 03:11:46,080 BENEFIT COST RATIO, AND YOU CAN 5377 03:11:46,080 --> 03:11:48,120 SEE HERE THAT FOR EVERY DOLLAR 5378 03:11:48,120 --> 03:11:50,960 OF INVESTMENT IN FAMILY CONNECT 5379 03:11:50,960 --> 03:11:52,440 INTERVENTION, WE WERE ABLE TO 5380 03:11:52,440 --> 03:11:55,720 REDUCE EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE 5381 03:11:55,720 --> 03:11:57,080 COSTS BY OVER $3. 5382 03:11:57,080 --> 03:11:58,160 WE'RE VERY GRATIFIED BY THIS. 5383 03:11:58,160 --> 03:12:01,280 WE NEEDED TO REPLICATE THIS TO 5384 03:12:01,280 --> 03:12:03,520 BE SURE, SO WE CONDUCTED A 5385 03:12:03,520 --> 03:12:05,200 SECOND RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL 5386 03:12:05,200 --> 03:12:06,200 VERY SIMILAR TO THE FIRST, BUT 5387 03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:07,440 WITH A SMALLER NUMBER OF 5388 03:12:07,440 --> 03:12:08,240 FAMILIES. 5389 03:12:08,240 --> 03:12:10,960 WE IMPLEMENTED THE INTERVENTION. 5390 03:12:10,960 --> 03:12:12,280 AGAIN WITH STRONG PARTICIPATION 5391 03:12:12,280 --> 03:12:14,000 RATES AND A HIGH RATE OF 5392 03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:17,240 IDENTIFYING FAMILY NEEDS. 5393 03:12:17,240 --> 03:12:18,640 SAME KINDS OF OUTCOME MEASURES 5394 03:12:18,640 --> 03:12:20,920 AND THE SAME KINDS OF DATA 5395 03:12:20,920 --> 03:12:22,400 ANALYTIC INTENT TO TREAT MODEL. 5396 03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:24,600 WE FOUND AGAIN, I'LL JUST HAVE A 5397 03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:28,840 FEW SLIDES HERE, THAT RANDOM 5398 03:12:28,840 --> 03:12:29,800 ASSIGNMENT TO THE FAMILY 5399 03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:30,760 CONNECTS INTERVENTION DECREASED 5400 03:12:30,760 --> 03:12:32,120 THE NEED FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL 5401 03:12:32,120 --> 03:12:34,120 CARE BY 32% AND CLOSES THE RACE 5402 03:12:34,120 --> 03:12:34,880 DISPARITY BY A QUARTER. 5403 03:12:34,880 --> 03:12:39,040 AGAIN MOVING IN THE RIGHT 5404 03:12:39,040 --> 03:12:39,320 DIRECTION. 5405 03:12:39,320 --> 03:12:40,800 FINALLY, FAMILY CONNECTS ALSO 5406 03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:43,240 DECREASED CHILD ABUSE 5407 03:12:43,240 --> 03:12:44,960 INVESTIGATIONS IN THIS TRIAL BY 5408 03:12:44,960 --> 03:12:46,960 44%, AND WE WERE ABLE TO REDUCE 5409 03:12:46,960 --> 03:12:48,680 THE RACE DISPARITY IN CHILD 5410 03:12:48,680 --> 03:12:53,440 ABUSE INVESTIGATIONS BY 57%. 5411 03:12:53,440 --> 03:12:54,920 SO WHERE DOES THIS LEAD US? 5412 03:12:54,920 --> 03:12:57,080 IN TWO TREXES. 5413 03:12:57,080 --> 03:12:57,640 DIRECTIONS. 5414 03:12:57,640 --> 03:12:59,640 ONE IS WE ARE NOW DISSEMINATING 5415 03:12:59,640 --> 03:13:04,640 THE INTERVEN INTERVENTION COMMUE 5416 03:13:04,640 --> 03:13:06,040 AROUND THE NATION AS WE CONTINUE 5417 03:13:06,040 --> 03:13:06,640 TO LEARN. 5418 03:13:06,640 --> 03:13:11,200 AND FINALLY, WE'RE CONTINUING 5419 03:13:11,200 --> 03:13:12,280 OUR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION AND 5420 03:13:12,280 --> 03:13:13,240 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS. 5421 03:13:13,240 --> 03:13:14,520 ONE OF THE STRONGEST MESSAGES 5422 03:13:14,520 --> 03:13:18,000 THAT FAMILIES GAVE US AS WE DID 5423 03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:18,880 THESE INTERVENTIONS IS THAT THEY 5424 03:13:18,880 --> 03:13:20,280 WANTED US TO START EARLIER, 5425 03:13:20,280 --> 03:13:21,880 BEFORE BIRTH. 5426 03:13:21,880 --> 03:13:23,960 AND SO WE HAVE DEVELOPED AN 5427 03:13:23,960 --> 03:13:25,480 INTERVENTION NOW THAT BEGINS 5428 03:13:25,480 --> 03:13:27,120 WHEN A WOMAN COMES IN TO 5429 03:13:27,120 --> 03:13:31,640 PRENATAL CARE, OB-GYN CLINICS, 5430 03:13:31,640 --> 03:13:35,480 WHICH WE DO THE SAME KINDS OF 5431 03:13:35,480 --> 03:13:36,640 THINGS, TO CONNECT WITH THE 5432 03:13:36,640 --> 03:13:37,360 FAMILY, IDENTIFY NEEDS AT THAT 5433 03:13:37,360 --> 03:13:38,800 TIME AND CONNECT THEM TO 5434 03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:40,160 COMMUNITY RESOURCES TO ADDRESS 5435 03:13:40,160 --> 03:13:40,440 THOSE NEEDS. 5436 03:13:40,440 --> 03:13:41,960 FAMILIES ALSO WANT US TO EX-TEND 5437 03:13:41,960 --> 03:13:47,040 BEYOND BIRTH AND SO WE ARE 5438 03:13:47,040 --> 03:13:51,040 IMPLEMENTING AN INTERVENTION 5439 03:13:51,040 --> 03:13:52,640 WHICH LIKE PRIMARY CARE COME 5440 03:13:52,640 --> 03:13:54,840 BACK EVERY YEAR AT THE CHILD'S 5441 03:13:54,840 --> 03:13:56,680 BIRTHDAY AS 12 MONTHS, 24 5442 03:13:56,680 --> 03:13:58,480 MONTHS, 36 MONTHS, T TO DO THE 5443 03:13:58,480 --> 03:13:59,680 SAME KIND OF THING, CONNECTING 5444 03:13:59,680 --> 03:14:00,960 WITH THE FAMILY, IDENTIFYING 5445 03:14:00,960 --> 03:14:03,200 NEEDS AT THAT AGE-SPECIFICALLY 5446 03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:04,000 PERIOD AND CONNECTING FAMILIES 5447 03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:04,920 WITH COMMUNITY RESOURCES TO 5448 03:14:04,920 --> 03:14:06,000 ADDRESS THOSE NEEDS. 5449 03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:09,760 WE'RE NOW IN THE PROCESS OF 5450 03:14:09,760 --> 03:14:11,280 EVALUATION FOR A RANDOMIZED 5451 03:14:11,280 --> 03:14:12,240 CONTROL TRIAL THAT SUNDAYWAY 5452 03:14:12,240 --> 03:14:12,760 NOW. 5453 03:14:12,760 --> 03:14:16,200 IS UNDERWAYNOW. 5454 03:14:16,200 --> 03:14:18,600 WE HOPE FOR CONTINUED SUCCESS 5455 03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:20,640 AND FOR NIH SUPPORT OF THIS WORK 5456 03:14:20,640 --> 03:14:21,800 AND WE'RE STILL AT IT. 5457 03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:26,120 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 5458 03:14:26,120 --> 03:14:29,880 >>AND THANK YOU, DR. DODGE, AND 5459 03:14:29,880 --> 03:14:31,000 PLEASE JOIN ME IN THANKING ALL 5460 03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:32,800 OF OUR PANELISTS FOR SUCH 5461 03:14:32,800 --> 03:14:37,320 PROVOCATIVE AND COMPELLING 5462 03:14:37,320 --> 03:14:37,720 DISCUSSIONINGS. 5463 03:14:37,720 --> 03:14:38,920 NOW IT'S TIME FOR THE AUDIENCE 5464 03:14:38,920 --> 03:14:40,240 TO PARTICIPATE TO BRING ALL OF 5465 03:14:40,240 --> 03:14:40,960 YOU INTO THE MIX. 5466 03:14:40,960 --> 03:14:41,880 WE HAVE SEVERAL QUESTIONS THAT 5467 03:14:41,880 --> 03:14:46,240 HAVE COME UP DURING THE TALKS, 5468 03:14:46,240 --> 03:14:47,800 AND I'M GOING TO START FIRST 5469 03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:51,600 WITH A QUESTION FOR DR. CHUNG. 5470 03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:54,240 AN AUDIENCE MEMBER ASKS THAT THE 5471 03:14:54,240 --> 03:14:56,440 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RESEARCHERS 5472 03:14:56,440 --> 03:14:58,240 IN THE ASD COMMUNITY HAS EVOLVED 5473 03:14:58,240 --> 03:15:00,600 OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES. 5474 03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:02,360 HOW CAN RESEARCHERS AND FAMILIES 5475 03:15:02,360 --> 03:15:04,400 CONTINUE TO WORK TOGETHER TO 5476 03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:09,440 ADVANCE RESEARCH ON ASD? 5477 03:15:09,440 --> 03:15:10,600 HAVE THERE BEEN DISCUSSIONS OR 5478 03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:12,880 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT APPLYING 5479 03:15:12,880 --> 03:15:16,480 THE EHR DASHBOARD AND -- TO 5480 03:15:16,480 --> 03:15:17,360 OTHER CONDITIONS? 5481 03:15:17,360 --> 03:15:17,960 DR. CHUNG. 5482 03:15:17,960 --> 03:15:21,560 >>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 5483 03:15:21,560 --> 03:15:23,400 SO AUTISM IS COMPLICATED BECAUSE 5484 03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:25,160 MUCH OF THE -- MANY OF THE 5485 03:15:25,160 --> 03:15:26,960 MANIFESTATIONS AND WHAT'S 5486 03:15:26,960 --> 03:15:27,840 IMPORTANT IS NOT PART OF THE 5487 03:15:27,840 --> 03:15:28,600 MEDICAL SYSTEM. 5488 03:15:28,600 --> 03:15:31,000 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO 5489 03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:33,040 GET THE FULL PICTURE OF 5490 03:15:33,040 --> 03:15:35,440 INDIVIDUALS AND THAT INCLUDES 5491 03:15:35,440 --> 03:15:36,800 BEHAVIORS THAT MIGHT NOT BE 5492 03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:39,720 DOCUMENTED BUT ARE PART OF THE 5493 03:15:39,720 --> 03:15:40,800 SCHOOL DAY, PART OF THE HOME 5494 03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:42,280 DAY, SO WE'RE ALSO STARTING TO 5495 03:15:42,280 --> 03:15:44,240 EXPLORE NOW OTHER MORE GRANULAR 5496 03:15:44,240 --> 03:15:45,760 WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA. 5497 03:15:45,760 --> 03:15:47,160 LET ME SAY, THOUGH, THAT IT 5498 03:15:47,160 --> 03:15:49,800 STARTS FIRST WITH THE COMMUNITY, 5499 03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:50,960 SO THE FIRST THING WE DO IS 5500 03:15:50,960 --> 03:15:52,120 LISTEN TO MEMBERS OF THE 5501 03:15:52,120 --> 03:15:52,920 COMMUNITY, WHETHER THEY BE 5502 03:15:52,920 --> 03:15:54,000 PARENTS OR INDIVIDUALS ON THE 5503 03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:56,880 SPECTRUM, TO UNDERSTAND THEIR 5504 03:15:56,880 --> 03:15:58,160 PRIORITIES AND THEIR NEEDS, AND 5505 03:15:58,160 --> 03:15:59,400 THEN THINK OF THE RESEARCH 5506 03:15:59,400 --> 03:16:00,880 QUESTIONS AND HOW TO DESIGN THE 5507 03:16:00,880 --> 03:16:04,280 RESEARCH BASED ON THAT. 5508 03:16:04,280 --> 03:16:05,560 IT COMPLICATED BECAUSE THE 5509 03:16:05,560 --> 03:16:06,520 SPECTRUM IS TO WIDE AND THE 5510 03:16:06,520 --> 03:16:08,280 NEEDS ARE SO DIVERSE. 5511 03:16:08,280 --> 03:16:09,800 INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE WHAT SOME 5512 03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:11,600 CALL PROFOUND AUTISM WHO ARE 5513 03:16:11,600 --> 03:16:13,720 NON-VERBAL, SELF-INJURIOUS, HAVE 5514 03:16:13,720 --> 03:16:14,720 A DIFFERENT SET OF NEEDS THAN 5515 03:16:14,720 --> 03:16:16,480 OTHER INDIVIDUALS WHO MIGHT BE 5516 03:16:16,480 --> 03:16:17,960 ANXIOUS BUT REALLY QUITE GIFTED, 5517 03:16:17,960 --> 03:16:19,960 AND NOT HAVE ANY MEDICAL ISSUES. 5518 03:16:19,960 --> 03:16:22,280 SO WITH THAT, THERE ARE NEW WAYS 5519 03:16:22,280 --> 03:16:23,600 TO BE ABLE TO USE DIGITAL DATA 5520 03:16:23,600 --> 03:16:25,840 AS WELL, SO INDIVIDUALS, FOR 5521 03:16:25,840 --> 03:16:27,880 INSTANCE, HAVE WEARABLE DEVICES, 5522 03:16:27,880 --> 03:16:29,800 CAN REPORT IN TERMS OF OTHER 5523 03:16:29,800 --> 03:16:31,160 SYMPTOM TRACKERS OR OTHER WAYS 5524 03:16:31,160 --> 03:16:33,520 OF BEING ABLE TO PROVIDE DATA, 5525 03:16:33,520 --> 03:16:35,520 BUT ALL OF THOSE, OF COURSE, 5526 03:16:35,520 --> 03:16:36,680 VOLUNTARY IN TERMS OF DOING 5527 03:16:36,680 --> 03:16:37,040 THIS. 5528 03:16:37,040 --> 03:16:39,840 THERE ARE OTHER WAYS TO COLLECT 5529 03:16:39,840 --> 03:16:41,240 EEG DATA AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE IN 5530 03:16:41,240 --> 03:16:42,400 TERMS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY 5531 03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:44,480 HAVE CO-OCCURRING EPILEPSY AS A 5532 03:16:44,480 --> 03:16:46,280 PORTION OF THIS. 5533 03:16:46,280 --> 03:16:49,080 SO THE BASIC ANSWER IS SUFFICE 5534 03:16:49,080 --> 03:16:50,280 TO SAY IT'S COMPLICATED AND 5535 03:16:50,280 --> 03:16:51,840 THERE ARE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 5536 03:16:51,840 --> 03:16:53,320 AND SORT OF SUBSTUDIES WITHIN 5537 03:16:53,320 --> 03:16:55,440 STUDIES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF 5538 03:16:55,440 --> 03:16:56,280 THOSE PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES. 5539 03:16:56,280 --> 03:16:57,560 BUT WITHIN DOING THIS, I THINK 5540 03:16:57,560 --> 03:16:59,440 OUR PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY IS TO 5541 03:16:59,440 --> 03:17:00,680 KEEP DATA PRIVATE AND TO ADDRESS 5542 03:17:00,680 --> 03:17:02,440 THE NEEDS OF INDIVIDUALS AS THEY 5543 03:17:02,440 --> 03:17:09,120 REPRESENT THEM TO US. 5544 03:17:09,120 --> 03:17:10,840 >>WONDERFUL, THANK YOU. 5545 03:17:10,840 --> 03:17:12,440 DR. JOHN, A QUESTION HAS COME IN 5546 03:17:12,440 --> 03:17:14,240 FOR YOU. 5547 03:17:14,240 --> 03:17:16,080 AND I WOULD IMAGINE THAT THERE 5548 03:17:16,080 --> 03:17:17,160 ARE GOING TO BE LOTS OF 5549 03:17:17,160 --> 03:17:19,120 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DOGS THAT 5550 03:17:19,120 --> 03:17:21,080 YOU SHOWED ON ONE OF YOUR 5551 03:17:21,080 --> 03:17:21,920 SLIDES. 5552 03:17:21,920 --> 03:17:24,320 SO THIS IS THE START IN LEADING 5553 03:17:24,320 --> 03:17:25,000 TOWARD THAT. 5554 03:17:25,000 --> 03:17:27,560 DOES THE PRESENCE OF MIS-C 5555 03:17:27,560 --> 03:17:29,200 BIOMARKERS IN THE BREATH OFFER 5556 03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:32,240 ANY INCLUDES ABOUT WHY A CERTAIN 5557 03:17:32,240 --> 03:17:38,200 CHILD'S COVID INFECTION 5558 03:17:38,200 --> 03:17:39,120 PROGRESSES TO MIS-C IN THE FIRST 5559 03:17:39,120 --> 03:17:39,480 PLACE? 5560 03:17:39,480 --> 03:17:40,440 >>THANKS, THAT'S A GREAT 5561 03:17:40,440 --> 03:17:40,720 QUESTION. 5562 03:17:40,720 --> 03:17:41,960 AND THAT IS REALLY SOMETHING 5563 03:17:41,960 --> 03:17:43,640 THAT WE'RE WORKING ON HARD 5564 03:17:43,640 --> 03:17:48,400 BECAUSE WE REALLY DO 5565 03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:53,080 >>WE THINK THE KINDS OF THINGS 5566 03:17:53,080 --> 03:17:54,560 WE'RE SEEING IN THE BREATH GIVE 5567 03:17:54,560 --> 03:17:56,800 A CLUE TO WHAT THE UNDERLYING 5568 03:17:56,800 --> 03:17:57,960 BIOLOGY IS. 5569 03:17:57,960 --> 03:18:01,480 RIGHT NOW IT'S NOT CLEAR HOW ONE 5570 03:18:01,480 --> 03:18:04,200 CHILD SO GETS SARS COV2 NEVER 5571 03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:11,480 GOES ON TO HAVE MISC AND SOME 5572 03:18:11,480 --> 03:18:13,200 CHILDREN GO MISSED. 5573 03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:16,080 AND WHAT WE SEE WITH SOME OF OUR 5574 03:18:16,080 --> 03:18:17,640 BREATH BIOMARKERS IS REFLECTIVE 5575 03:18:17,640 --> 03:18:20,800 OF THE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION 5576 03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:24,720 WHICH CHARACTERIZES THE 5577 03:18:24,720 --> 03:18:27,160 CONDITION WITH VOMITING AND 5578 03:18:27,160 --> 03:18:27,440 DIARRHEA. 5579 03:18:27,440 --> 03:18:33,640 IT OVERLAPS WITH OUR INTEREST 5580 03:18:33,640 --> 03:18:38,520 WITH WHETHER OR NOT BREATH AND 5581 03:18:38,520 --> 03:18:42,320 MICROBIAL PRODUCTS REFLECTIVE OF 5582 03:18:42,320 --> 03:18:46,160 GUT INFLAMMATION AND I THINK 5583 03:18:46,160 --> 03:18:48,200 THAT MIGHT BE PART OF WHAT WE'RE 5584 03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:51,440 SEEING IN TERMS OF THE 5585 03:18:51,440 --> 03:18:54,040 UNDERLYING BIOLOGY. 5586 03:18:54,040 --> 03:18:55,320 >>THANK YOU. 5587 03:18:55,320 --> 03:18:58,600 AND NOW, DR. DODGE, AN AUDIENCE 5588 03:18:58,600 --> 03:19:01,840 MEMBER IS POSING THIS QUESTION 5589 03:19:01,840 --> 03:19:03,640 TO YOU, IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO 5590 03:19:03,640 --> 03:19:05,160 ENGAGE CERTAIN FAMILIES AND 5591 03:19:05,160 --> 03:19:07,600 COMMUNITIES IN EARLY AND 5592 03:19:07,600 --> 03:19:09,200 CONTINUING CARE. 5593 03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:10,840 HAS YOUR RESEARCH FOUND ANY BEST 5594 03:19:10,840 --> 03:19:12,720 PRACTICES FOR REACHING OUT TO 5595 03:19:12,720 --> 03:19:13,960 THESE FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES 5596 03:19:13,960 --> 03:19:15,840 TO KEEP THEM COMING BACK? 5597 03:19:15,840 --> 03:19:16,400 THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT 5598 03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:21,360 QUESTION. 5599 03:19:21,360 --> 03:19:24,960 >>IT IS A VERY IMPORTANT 5600 03:19:24,960 --> 03:19:27,800 QUESTION AND TERRIFIC QUESTION. 5601 03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:28,960 WE ARE LEARNING -- WE STILL HAVE 5602 03:19:28,960 --> 03:19:32,360 A LONG WAY TO GO AS A DESCRIBED 5603 03:19:32,360 --> 03:19:36,840 ABOUT 81% OF ALL BIRTHS IN A 5604 03:19:36,840 --> 03:19:39,280 COMMUNITY TYPICALLY ACCEPT OUR 5605 03:19:39,280 --> 03:19:41,080 INVITATION TO COME INTO THEIR 5606 03:19:41,080 --> 03:19:42,960 HOME FOR HOME VISITS AND BEGIN 5607 03:19:42,960 --> 03:19:44,800 TO ENGAGE WITH US. 5608 03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:47,120 IN ORDER TO HAVE THAT SUCCESS OR 5609 03:19:47,120 --> 03:19:56,440 TO DO EVEN BETTER, WE NEED TO BE 5610 03:19:56,440 --> 03:19:58,600 HUMBLE IN OUR APPROACH AND NOT 5611 03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:03,480 COME IN AS ARROGANT EXPERTS BUT 5612 03:20:03,480 --> 03:20:05,240 INTERESTED NEIGHBORS WE DRY TO 5613 03:20:05,240 --> 03:20:10,480 UNDERSTAND OUR FAMILIES AND OUR 5614 03:20:10,480 --> 03:20:10,760 COMMUNITIES. 5615 03:20:10,760 --> 03:20:15,480 WE EMPLOY TALENTED REGISTERED 5616 03:20:15,480 --> 03:20:18,040 NURSES WHO ARE TRAINED TO 5617 03:20:18,040 --> 03:20:19,560 UNDERSTAND FAMILIES. 5618 03:20:19,560 --> 03:20:21,360 IT TAKES A CERTAIN TYPE OF 5619 03:20:21,360 --> 03:20:23,120 PERSON TO DO THAT AND TRY TO 5620 03:20:23,120 --> 03:20:24,480 MATCH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OUR 5621 03:20:24,480 --> 03:20:26,280 NURSES WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS 5622 03:20:26,280 --> 03:20:28,600 OF OUR FAMILIES IN TERMS OF 5623 03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:29,880 GEOGRAPHICALLY WHERE THEY COME 5624 03:20:29,880 --> 03:20:32,760 FROM AND AGE AND ETHNICITY AS 5625 03:20:32,760 --> 03:20:33,800 BEST WE CAN. 5626 03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:35,040 THOSE ARE SOME OF THE BEST 5627 03:20:35,040 --> 03:20:35,360 PRACTICES. 5628 03:20:35,360 --> 03:20:37,720 BUT IT REALLY COMES DOWN TO A 5629 03:20:37,720 --> 03:20:40,440 HUMAN RELATIONSHIP WE TRY TO 5630 03:20:40,440 --> 03:20:42,520 CONNECT AND CREATE WITH THEM 5631 03:20:42,520 --> 03:20:43,280 RIGHT AWAY. 5632 03:20:43,280 --> 03:20:46,360 THERE'S AN AWFUL LOT MORE TO 5633 03:20:46,360 --> 03:20:46,800 LEARN THERE. 5634 03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:50,400 WE TRY TO BE COLLABORATIVE WITH 5635 03:20:50,400 --> 03:20:52,560 COMMUNITY AGENCIES AND 5636 03:20:52,560 --> 03:20:53,480 PEDIATRI 5637 03:20:53,480 --> 03:20:54,600 PEDIATRICIANS, MENTAL HEALTH 5638 03:20:54,600 --> 03:20:55,480 UNDERSTANDS AS WELL AND THEY CAN 5639 03:20:55,480 --> 03:20:56,160 PROVIDE A LOT OF SUPPORT FOR THE 5640 03:20:56,160 --> 03:21:01,960 WORK WE DO. 5641 03:21:01,960 --> 03:21:06,720 >>AND I'M GOING OFF SCRIPT A 5642 03:21:06,720 --> 03:21:08,760 LITTLE BIT HERE, DR. CHUNG YOU 5643 03:21:08,760 --> 03:21:10,200 MENTIONED ABOUT COMMUNITY 5644 03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:11,480 ENGAGEMENT WITH YOUR WORK. 5645 03:21:11,480 --> 03:21:13,480 HOW DO YOU KEEP THAT GOING? 5646 03:21:13,480 --> 03:21:17,720 >>SO AS I THINK ALL OF US IF 5647 03:21:17,720 --> 03:21:19,120 YOU LISTEN TO US AND WE ALL WORK 5648 03:21:19,120 --> 03:21:22,960 WITH OUR COMMUNITIES. 5649 03:21:22,960 --> 03:21:24,360 WE LEARN TOGETHER. 5650 03:21:24,360 --> 03:21:26,520 IT'S A COLLABORATIVE PROCESS AND 5651 03:21:26,520 --> 03:21:27,200 ITERATIVE PROCESS. 5652 03:21:27,200 --> 03:21:29,800 I DON'T THINK WE WOULD KNOW ALL 5653 03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:31,160 THE ANSWERS AS WE START THIS. 5654 03:21:31,160 --> 03:21:33,160 I LIKE THE USE OF THE TERM 5655 03:21:33,160 --> 03:21:35,440 HUMBLE, I THINK THAT'S EXACTLY 5656 03:21:35,440 --> 03:21:36,320 WHAT IT IS AND WE'RE LEARNING 5657 03:21:36,320 --> 03:21:39,040 TOGETHER AS WE DO THIS AND 5658 03:21:39,040 --> 03:21:40,360 TOGETHER WE'RE STRONGER. 5659 03:21:40,360 --> 03:21:42,680 I THINK OF OURSELVES -- MYSELF 5660 03:21:42,680 --> 03:21:46,120 AT LEAST AS ONE OF THEM AS A 5661 03:21:46,120 --> 03:21:48,200 PARENT AND AS A PARENT I CARE 5662 03:21:48,200 --> 03:21:51,400 ABOUT CHILDREN AND SHARE THE 5663 03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:52,600 TRAINING AND PARENTS SHARE JUST 5664 03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:55,360 AS MUCH AS THEIR ON THE JOB 5665 03:21:55,360 --> 03:21:57,440 TRAINING WITH ME AND WE ALL 5666 03:21:57,440 --> 03:21:58,960 DEVELOP BEST PRACTICES AND 5667 03:21:58,960 --> 03:21:59,960 TECHNOLOGIES CHANGE AS VIRUSES 5668 03:21:59,960 --> 03:22:02,200 CHANGE WE HAVE TO ADAPT AND WE 5669 03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:04,440 HAVE TO BE ABLE TO PIVOT AS 5670 03:22:04,440 --> 03:22:05,840 WE'RE DOING THIS. 5671 03:22:05,840 --> 03:22:08,600 I JUST THINK WE'RE ALL BASICALLY 5672 03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,200 JUST PEOPLE AND ALL TRYING TO 5673 03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:12,440 HELP EACH OTHER OUT. 5674 03:22:12,440 --> 03:22:15,480 >>YES, INDEED. 5675 03:22:15,480 --> 03:22:17,280 YES, INDEED. 5676 03:22:17,280 --> 03:22:20,680 AND BACK TO YOU, DR. CHUNG, HAVE 5677 03:22:20,680 --> 03:22:22,240 YOU LOOKED AT POTENTIAL USE OF 5678 03:22:22,240 --> 03:22:25,040 BREATH MARKERS IN PREGNANCY FOR 5679 03:22:25,040 --> 03:22:25,640 EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF SOME 5680 03:22:25,640 --> 03:22:30,360 PREGNANCY CONDITIONS? 5681 03:22:30,360 --> 03:22:33,360 >>WE HAVE JUST BEGUN HAVING 5682 03:22:33,360 --> 03:22:34,880 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THIS. 5683 03:22:34,880 --> 03:22:36,160 THIS IS SOMETHING WE'RE 5684 03:22:36,160 --> 03:22:37,920 INTERESTED IN DOING. 5685 03:22:37,920 --> 03:22:40,120 OUR BACKGROUND AND INTERESTS 5686 03:22:40,120 --> 03:22:43,240 STARTED OUT WITH MALARIA AND 5687 03:22:43,240 --> 03:22:44,960 PEDIATRIC-BASED DIAGNOSTICS. 5688 03:22:44,960 --> 03:22:48,760 AS WE BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE 5689 03:22:48,760 --> 03:22:50,000 BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF THE BREATH 5690 03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:51,320 BIOMARKERS AND WHAT THEY CAN 5691 03:22:51,320 --> 03:22:53,000 TELL US ABOUT THE UNDERLYING 5692 03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:57,720 BIOLOGY OF A PERSON, I THINK 5693 03:22:57,720 --> 03:22:58,320 INVESTIGATING PREGNANCY IS 5694 03:22:58,320 --> 03:22:58,880 PARTICULARLY GOING TO BE 5695 03:22:58,880 --> 03:23:03,160 INTERESTING. 5696 03:23:03,160 --> 03:23:05,360 >>INDEED. 5697 03:23:05,360 --> 03:23:10,400 AND I HAVE A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION 5698 03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:12,680 FOR YOU DR. JOHN. 5699 03:23:12,680 --> 03:23:14,640 HAVE YOU IDENTIFIED NON POOCH 5700 03:23:14,640 --> 03:23:16,600 DEVICES ON PAR WITH POOCH'S 5701 03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:18,120 SENSITIVITY OR EFFECTIVENESS AT 5702 03:23:18,120 --> 03:23:23,680 DETECTING BREATH MARKERS? 5703 03:23:23,680 --> 03:23:26,240 >>YES, AS MUCH AS I'D LIKE TO 5704 03:23:26,240 --> 03:23:28,520 HAVE A DOG IN MY CLINIC IT'S 5705 03:23:28,520 --> 03:23:30,320 PROBABLY NOT THE LONG-TERM POINT 5706 03:23:30,320 --> 03:23:31,640 OF CARE DEVICE WE'RE LOOKING 5707 03:23:31,640 --> 03:23:31,920 FOR. 5708 03:23:31,920 --> 03:23:37,240 SO THERE IS ACTUALLY AN FDA 5709 03:23:37,240 --> 03:23:38,680 APPROVED BREATH DIAGNOSTIC 5710 03:23:38,680 --> 03:23:39,680 DEVICE FOR SARS COV2 ALREADY 5711 03:23:39,680 --> 03:23:48,640 WHICH IS A MINI MASS 5712 03:23:48,640 --> 03:23:49,840 SPECTROMETER AND WE'RE LOOKING 5713 03:23:49,840 --> 03:23:52,320 FOR A SENSOR ARRAY. 5714 03:23:52,320 --> 03:23:54,200 YOU CAN IMAGINE THESE AS METAL 5715 03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:56,480 MATERIALS THAT BIND VOLATILES 5716 03:23:56,480 --> 03:23:58,600 AND SO YOU BLOW OVER THEM AND 5717 03:23:58,600 --> 03:24:01,320 THE VOLATILES BIND TO THE SENSOR 5718 03:24:01,320 --> 03:24:03,040 AND CHANGE THE RESISTANCE AND 5719 03:24:03,040 --> 03:24:05,120 THE COMPUTER CAN TELL WHAT HAS 5720 03:24:05,120 --> 03:24:05,760 BEEN FOUND. 5721 03:24:05,760 --> 03:24:08,040 SO THOSE KIND OF TECHNOLOGIES I 5722 03:24:08,040 --> 03:24:11,400 THINK ARE MUCH MORE AMENABLE TO 5723 03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:12,480 THE POINT OF CARE USE WE 5724 03:24:12,480 --> 03:24:13,480 ENVISION FOR THE LONG-TERM USE 5725 03:24:13,480 --> 03:24:17,600 OF THIS KIND OF TECHNOLOGY. 5726 03:24:17,600 --> 03:24:18,520 >>WONDERFUL. 5727 03:24:18,520 --> 03:24:19,440 THANK YOU. 5728 03:24:19,440 --> 03:24:20,520 DR. DODGE, THIS NEXT QUESTION 5729 03:24:20,520 --> 03:24:23,840 THAT HAS COME IN IS FOR YOU. 5730 03:24:23,840 --> 03:24:26,080 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 5731 03:24:26,080 --> 03:24:27,240 SPECTACULAR WORK AND 5732 03:24:27,240 --> 03:24:28,800 PRESENTATION ON IMPLEMENTING 5733 03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:29,440 EVIDENCE-BASED SUPPORT OF YOUNG 5734 03:24:29,440 --> 03:24:31,880 FAMILIES. 5735 03:24:31,880 --> 03:24:33,640 APPRECIATING THE POWER AND 5736 03:24:33,640 --> 03:24:40,000 IMPACT OF HOME VISITATION AND 5737 03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:46,560 WONDERING ABOUT THE UNMET MENTAL 5738 03:24:46,560 --> 03:24:49,360 HEALTH NEEDS AND GET ADVERSE 5739 03:24:49,360 --> 03:24:50,000 EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE COULD 5740 03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:52,480 BE PART OF A PREVENTION MODEL. 5741 03:24:52,480 --> 03:24:56,600 SO WHETHER UNMET MENTAL HEALTH 5742 03:24:56,600 --> 03:24:58,320 NEEDS SHOULD BE OR COULD BE PART 5743 03:24:58,320 --> 03:24:59,960 OF A PREVENTION MODEL. 5744 03:24:59,960 --> 03:25:02,040 >>THANK YOU, ABSOLUTELY. 5745 03:25:02,040 --> 03:25:03,960 THEY'RE A CORE PART OF THE 5746 03:25:03,960 --> 03:25:04,440 MODEL. 5747 03:25:04,440 --> 03:25:06,840 EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR 5748 03:25:06,840 --> 03:25:10,360 POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, FOR 5749 03:25:10,360 --> 03:25:13,400 MATERNAL ANXIETY, FOR SUBSTANCE 5750 03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:18,360 ABUSE, FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, 5751 03:25:18,360 --> 03:25:20,320 FOR SKILL DEFICITS IN PARENTING 5752 03:25:20,320 --> 03:25:24,560 ARE ALL IMPORTANT PART. 5753 03:25:24,560 --> 03:25:25,560 WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW WITH 5754 03:25:25,560 --> 03:25:28,240 THE SYSTEM OF CARE IS THAT IT IS 5755 03:25:28,240 --> 03:25:31,680 NOT AN EITHER/OR CONDITION. 5756 03:25:31,680 --> 03:25:33,160 IT'S NOT EITHER DOING HOME 5757 03:25:33,160 --> 03:25:40,000 VISITATION WITH REGISTERED 5758 03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:42,440 NURSES OR PROVIDING PROFESSIONAL 5759 03:25:42,440 --> 03:25:45,640 SERVICES IT'S BOTH. 5760 03:25:45,640 --> 03:25:47,040 IT'S NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR 5761 03:25:47,040 --> 03:25:47,720 EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 5762 03:25:47,720 --> 03:25:49,520 INTERVENTIONS FOR PARENTS. 5763 03:25:49,520 --> 03:25:51,480 IN FACT, THE OPPOSITE. 5764 03:25:51,480 --> 03:25:53,000 IT'S MEANT TO CONNECT FAMILIES 5765 03:25:53,000 --> 03:25:54,560 TO THOSE RESOURCES IN THE 5766 03:25:54,560 --> 03:25:55,960 COMMUNITY AND IT MUST BE A PART 5767 03:25:55,960 --> 03:25:58,880 OF A PROCESS OF GROWING THOSE 5768 03:25:58,880 --> 03:25:59,200 RESOURCES. 5769 03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:03,720 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE, EARLY ON IN 5770 03:26:03,720 --> 03:26:05,760 DURHAM IN NORTH CAROLINA WHEN WE 5771 03:26:05,760 --> 03:26:07,760 BEGAN WE REALIZED THROUGH OUR 5772 03:26:07,760 --> 03:26:10,640 INTERVIEWS WITH FAMILIES 11% OF 5773 03:26:10,640 --> 03:26:11,960 MOTHERS POST-BIRTH REPORTED TO 5774 03:26:11,960 --> 03:26:14,360 US AT THAT TIME THEY HAD A 5775 03:26:14,360 --> 03:26:15,920 SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEM FOR 5776 03:26:15,920 --> 03:26:18,560 WHICH THEY WERE READY TO RECEIVE 5777 03:26:18,560 --> 03:26:19,120 INTERVENTIONS FOR. 5778 03:26:19,120 --> 03:26:21,480 THEY COULD STAY IN THEIR HOMES 5779 03:26:21,480 --> 03:26:22,320 WITH THEIR BABY. 5780 03:26:22,320 --> 03:26:24,440 WE TURNED TO THE COMMUNITY 5781 03:26:24,440 --> 03:26:27,080 INFRASTRUCTURE AND REALIZED 5782 03:26:27,080 --> 03:26:28,800 COMMUNITY RESOURCES WERE ONLY -- 5783 03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:31,400 COULD ONLY SERVE 2% OR 3% OF THE 5784 03:26:31,400 --> 03:26:32,440 COMMUNITY NEED. 5785 03:26:32,440 --> 03:26:34,760 WE'RE ABLE TO MATCH UP THIS 5786 03:26:34,760 --> 03:26:37,480 DISPARITY BY GOING TO THE COUNTY 5787 03:26:37,480 --> 03:26:42,880 COMMISSIONERS AND POINTING OUT 5788 03:26:42,880 --> 03:26:44,480 TO THEM THE PROBLEM AND THEY 5789 03:26:44,480 --> 03:26:46,120 RESPONDED WITH NOT FULLY BUT AT 5790 03:26:46,120 --> 03:26:47,480 LEAST A MOVE IN THE RIGHT 5791 03:26:47,480 --> 03:26:50,200 DIRECTION OF INCREASED FINANCIAL 5792 03:26:50,200 --> 03:26:55,320 RESOURCES FOR EVIDENCE-BASED 5793 03:26:55,320 --> 03:26:57,040 INTERVENTIONS FOR PARENTS IN 5794 03:26:57,040 --> 03:26:58,600 THIS MENTAL HEALTH REALM AFTER 5795 03:26:58,600 --> 03:26:59,680 BIRTH. 5796 03:26:59,680 --> 03:27:02,800 IT'S NOT AN EITHER/OR BUT BOTH 5797 03:27:02,800 --> 03:27:04,200 AND IT'S ABOUT GROWING THE 5798 03:27:04,200 --> 03:27:04,800 EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 5799 03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:08,720 INTERVENTIONS. 5800 03:27:08,720 --> 03:27:12,280 >>YES, AND IT'S SORELY NEEDED 5801 03:27:12,280 --> 03:27:13,880 AND THANK YOU FOR POINTING THAT 5802 03:27:13,880 --> 03:27:14,080 OUT. 5803 03:27:14,080 --> 03:27:15,800 SOMETIMES WE LIKE TO THINK ABOUT 5804 03:27:15,800 --> 03:27:19,480 THE EITHER/OR AND IT'S AN 5805 03:27:19,480 --> 03:27:22,800 IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE WE NEED 5806 03:27:22,800 --> 03:27:23,920 IT BOTH/AND. 5807 03:27:23,920 --> 03:27:29,360 THE NEXT QUESTION IS FOR 5808 03:27:29,360 --> 03:27:30,760 DR. JOHN, AN AUDIENCE MEMBERS 5809 03:27:30,760 --> 03:27:33,560 COMMENTS, THANK YOU FOR A VERY 5810 03:27:33,560 --> 03:27:35,600 NICE PRESENTATION, AND INDICATES 5811 03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:40,520 YOU MENTIONED YOU WILL BE 5812 03:27:40,520 --> 03:27:44,320 EVALUATING THE GUT MICROBIOME 5813 03:27:44,320 --> 03:27:49,880 AND WILL YOU EXPLORE THE ORAL 5814 03:27:49,880 --> 03:27:51,640 MICROBIOME AND SHORT CHAIN FATTY 5815 03:27:51,640 --> 03:27:51,840 ACIDS. 5816 03:27:51,840 --> 03:27:52,440 >>GREAT QUESTION. 5817 03:27:52,440 --> 03:27:53,920 WE'RE INTERESTED IN ALL OF THIS. 5818 03:27:53,920 --> 03:27:55,840 THERE'S A SO MANY QUESTIONS. 5819 03:27:55,840 --> 03:27:58,640 TO ME THE KEY ABOUT 5820 03:27:58,640 --> 03:28:03,400 UNDERSTANDING WHETHER BREATH IS 5821 03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:04,600 A USEFUL LONG-TERM TOOL FOR 5822 03:28:04,600 --> 03:28:05,520 DIAGNOSIS HINGES ON 5823 03:28:05,520 --> 03:28:07,080 UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL ORE 5824 03:28:07,080 --> 03:28:17,640 GIN OF A BREATH VOLATILES 5825 03:28:19,560 --> 03:28:20,160 UNDERSTANDING THE BREATH IN THE 5826 03:28:20,160 --> 03:28:22,600 FIRST PLACE AND WHY THINGS ARE 5827 03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:23,400 THERE FOR A CERTAIN CONDITION. 5828 03:28:23,400 --> 03:28:24,920 WE'RE INTERESTED IN NOT JUST THE 5829 03:28:24,920 --> 03:28:27,360 GUT MICROBIOTA WHICH IS WHAT WE 5830 03:28:27,360 --> 03:28:29,520 HAVE FUNDING TO LOOK AT BUT 5831 03:28:29,520 --> 03:28:31,720 INTERESTED IN OTHER ORAL SOURCES 5832 03:28:31,720 --> 03:28:34,560 AND ORAL MICROBIOTA IS ONE OF 5833 03:28:34,560 --> 03:28:35,960 THOSE AND WE'RE HOPING TO TAG ON 5834 03:28:35,960 --> 03:28:38,680 TO SOME EXISTING STUDIES TO BE 5835 03:28:38,680 --> 03:28:39,920 ABLE TO CAPTURE THAT INFORMATION 5836 03:28:39,920 --> 03:28:42,720 AND SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ARE 5837 03:28:42,720 --> 03:28:43,280 ALSO OF INTEREST. 5838 03:28:43,280 --> 03:28:45,440 NOT ALL WIND UP IN THE BREATH 5839 03:28:45,440 --> 03:28:46,600 COMPLETELY UNMODIFIED BUT 5840 03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:48,120 THERE'S SOME PRODUCTS WE'RE 5841 03:28:48,120 --> 03:28:50,720 INTERESTED IN AND WE'RE 5842 03:28:50,720 --> 03:28:57,360 INTERESTED AS WELL IN HOST 5843 03:28:57,360 --> 03:28:58,640 MITOCHONDRIA METABOLISM WE 5844 03:28:58,640 --> 03:28:59,960 BELIEVE IS A COMPONENT IN THE 5845 03:28:59,960 --> 03:29:01,160 BREATH WE'RE SEEING. 5846 03:29:01,160 --> 03:29:02,920 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT RESPONSE. 5847 03:29:02,920 --> 03:29:05,520 THIS SAY QUESTION FOR ALL OF YOU 5848 03:29:05,520 --> 03:29:06,840 AND I'LL ASK EACH OF TO YOU 5849 03:29:06,840 --> 03:29:09,000 COMMENT ON THE QUESTION AS IT 5850 03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:11,240 RELATES TO YOUR RESPECTED AREAS 5851 03:29:11,240 --> 03:29:15,520 OF RESEARCH. 5852 03:29:15,520 --> 03:29:18,600 AN AUDIENCE MEMBER POSES THIS 5853 03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,040 CONTEXT AND QUESTION, GIVEN THE 5854 03:29:21,040 --> 03:29:22,720 POWERFUL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC 5855 03:29:22,720 --> 03:29:24,880 INFLUENCES ON CHILDREN'S 5856 03:29:24,880 --> 03:29:25,840 DEVELOPMENT THAT PUSH AGAINST 5857 03:29:25,840 --> 03:29:27,640 OUR BEST EVIDENCE-BASED 5858 03:29:27,640 --> 03:29:34,240 GUIDANCE, EAT VEN -- VEGETABLES 5859 03:29:34,240 --> 03:29:36,920 AND DON'T BE VIOLENT HOW CAN WE 5860 03:29:36,920 --> 03:29:37,880 COMMUNICATE MESSAGES THAT MAY 5861 03:29:37,880 --> 03:29:40,760 HAVE SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, 5862 03:29:40,760 --> 03:29:42,600 POLITICAL, ETCETERA UNDER TONES? 5863 03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:47,720 THIS IS ABOUT COMMUNICATING THE 5864 03:29:47,720 --> 03:29:48,000 SCIENCE. 5865 03:29:48,000 --> 03:29:51,080 HOW CAN PROVIDERS AND 5866 03:29:51,080 --> 03:29:52,600 RESEARCHERS EFFECTIVELY 5867 03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:55,680 COMMUNICATE MESSAGES AND HOW DO 5868 03:29:55,680 --> 03:29:59,000 WE MAKE SURE OUR RESEARCH IS 5869 03:29:59,000 --> 03:30:01,720 BEING DISSEMINATED AND 5870 03:30:01,720 --> 03:30:03,400 COMMUNICATED IN THE WAY THAT THE 5871 03:30:03,400 --> 03:30:05,520 INTENDED BENEFICIARIES ARE 5872 03:30:05,520 --> 03:30:07,080 TAKING ADVANTAGE AND CAN RECEIVE 5873 03:30:07,080 --> 03:30:08,400 THE MESSAGES? 5874 03:30:08,400 --> 03:30:10,200 WE'LL START WITH YOU, DR. CHUNG 5875 03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:12,600 AND THEN DR. JOHN AND THEN 5876 03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:12,880 DR. DODGE. 5877 03:30:12,880 --> 03:30:21,160 EACH OF YOU TAKE IT. 5878 03:30:21,160 --> 03:30:24,960 >>THIS IS COMPLICATE AND SINCE 5879 03:30:24,960 --> 03:30:27,440 COVID I'VE APPRECIATED HOW MUCH 5880 03:30:27,440 --> 03:30:28,480 MORE COMPLICATED IT IS FOR 5881 03:30:28,480 --> 03:30:30,040 COMMUNICATION. 5882 03:30:30,040 --> 03:30:32,320 WHO THE MESSENGER IS IS 5883 03:30:32,320 --> 03:30:32,600 IMPORTANT. 5884 03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:34,120 IT'S NOT JUST IS THE MESSAGE BUT 5885 03:30:34,120 --> 03:30:35,280 MESSENGER AND SOMEONE TRUSTED 5886 03:30:35,280 --> 03:30:40,600 AND FOR THAT I THINK WE NEED NOT 5887 03:30:40,600 --> 03:30:43,080 ONE PERSON I THINK THERE'S MANY 5888 03:30:43,080 --> 03:30:45,240 PEOPLE WHO CAN BE TRUSTED OR 5889 03:30:45,240 --> 03:30:47,520 UNDERSTOOD BY THE COMMUNITY AND 5890 03:30:47,520 --> 03:30:49,040 TRUSTED TO BE COMMUNICATORS. 5891 03:30:49,040 --> 03:30:51,480 SO WITHIN THAT I WON'T SAY 5892 03:30:51,480 --> 03:30:54,120 THERE'S ANY ONE PERSON OR 5893 03:30:54,120 --> 03:30:54,920 PROTOTYPE IN TERMS OF DOING THAT 5894 03:30:54,920 --> 03:30:56,440 BUT DO THINK IT STARTS WITH 5895 03:30:56,440 --> 03:30:57,600 SOMEONE LIKE THAT. 5896 03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:01,440 I THINK BEYOND THAT I THINK TOO 5897 03:31:01,440 --> 03:31:04,280 MANY SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS 5898 03:31:04,280 --> 03:31:05,760 OR HEALTH CARE INDIVIDUALS GET 5899 03:31:05,760 --> 03:31:08,720 TOO QUICKLY SPEAKING JARGON AND 5900 03:31:08,720 --> 03:31:10,320 SPEAKING ABOUT THINGS AT LEVELS 5901 03:31:10,320 --> 03:31:11,600 THAT ARE NOT READILY 5902 03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:12,840 UNDERSTANDABLE AND THEY DON'T 5903 03:31:12,840 --> 03:31:13,120 NEED TO BE. 5904 03:31:13,120 --> 03:31:15,280 IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO 5905 03:31:15,280 --> 03:31:17,440 USE LANGUAGE THAT'S PLAIN 5906 03:31:17,440 --> 03:31:18,720 LANGUAGE AND UNDERSTOOD AND 5907 03:31:18,720 --> 03:31:20,720 DOESN'T SPEAK DOWN ON ANYONE BUT 5908 03:31:20,720 --> 03:31:23,040 SIMPLY DOESN'T USE THE TECHNICAL 5909 03:31:23,040 --> 03:31:24,920 LANGUAGE THAT PEOPLE HIDE 5910 03:31:24,920 --> 03:31:28,200 BEHIND, I THINK UNFORTUNATELY WE 5911 03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,520 GET LAZY SOMETIMES AND USE THEM 5912 03:31:31,520 --> 03:31:33,480 AS SHORTCUTS. 5913 03:31:33,480 --> 03:31:35,480 THERE'S SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO 5914 03:31:35,480 --> 03:31:39,480 SAID IF YOU REALLY UNDERSTAND 5915 03:31:39,480 --> 03:31:41,160 SOMETHING YOU OUGHT TO BE ABLE 5916 03:31:41,160 --> 03:31:44,240 TO EXPLAIN IT TO SOMEONE IN 5917 03:31:44,240 --> 03:31:48,400 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND I THINK 5918 03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:50,920 THERE'S TIMES WHEN IT TAKES A 5919 03:31:50,920 --> 03:31:53,120 WHILE TO ABSORB SOMETHING OR LET 5920 03:31:53,120 --> 03:31:58,600 IT MARINATE IN YOUR HEAD AND 5921 03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:06,600 THINK ABOUT IT THOUGHTFULLY AND 5922 03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:07,240 SOMETIMES FAMILIES UNDERSTAND IT 5923 03:32:07,240 --> 03:32:08,840 FROM ANOTHER FAMILY IN A 5924 03:32:08,840 --> 03:32:10,640 PRACTICAL CONTEXT AND THEY CAN 5925 03:32:10,640 --> 03:32:11,840 UNDERSTAND THE VALUE OR 5926 03:32:11,840 --> 03:32:13,880 IMPORTANCE OF WHAT THAT MEANS 5927 03:32:13,880 --> 03:32:17,200 AND IT BECOMES NOT SIMPLY AN 5928 03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:18,160 EXTRACT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY BUT 5929 03:32:18,160 --> 03:32:21,920 BECOMES VERY APPROACHABLE, VERY 5930 03:32:21,920 --> 03:32:22,640 PERSONABLE AND THAT'S HAPPENED 5931 03:32:22,640 --> 03:32:24,720 WHEN TIMES WHEN I THINK OF JUST 5932 03:32:24,720 --> 03:32:26,520 PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY GENEROUS AND 5933 03:32:26,520 --> 03:32:29,440 SHARED THEIR STORIES WHETHER IT 5934 03:32:29,440 --> 03:32:31,040 BE ON SOCIAL MEDIA OR TELEVISION 5935 03:32:31,040 --> 03:32:34,040 SHOWS OR IN NOVELS OR OTHER 5936 03:32:34,040 --> 03:32:34,600 THINGS. 5937 03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:36,400 I THINK IN TERMS OF DOING THAT 5938 03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:37,560 PEOPLE CAN UNDERSTAND THE 5939 03:32:37,560 --> 03:32:42,560 SCIENCE IN A PERSONAL CONTEXT. 5940 03:32:42,560 --> 03:32:44,600 >>DR. JOHN. 5941 03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:48,040 >>YEAH, I THINK DR. CHUNG 5942 03:32:48,040 --> 03:32:49,600 RAISES SOME CRITICAL POINTS. 5943 03:32:49,600 --> 03:32:51,680 I THINK THE DIVERSITY OF 5944 03:32:51,680 --> 03:32:53,200 MESSENGERS IS VERY IMPORTANT AND 5945 03:32:53,200 --> 03:32:56,080 I THINK ALSO BRINGING ALL OF 5946 03:32:56,080 --> 03:33:00,640 YOURSELF TO THE MESSAGE I THINK 5947 03:33:00,640 --> 03:33:02,760 THE INTERPERSONAL MESSAGE IS 5948 03:33:02,760 --> 03:33:02,960 KEY. 5949 03:33:02,960 --> 03:33:04,120 THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE THAT 5950 03:33:04,120 --> 03:33:07,160 FAMILIES, ESPECIALLY FAMILIES 5951 03:33:07,160 --> 03:33:08,600 WHO HAVE HAD PROBLEMS WITH 5952 03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:10,440 MISINFORMATION OR STRUGGLING 5953 03:33:10,440 --> 03:33:13,600 WITH VACCINE HESITANCY REALLY 5954 03:33:13,600 --> 03:33:16,640 FIND THEIR PRIMARY CARE 5955 03:33:16,640 --> 03:33:20,640 PHYSICIAN TO BE THEIR TRUSTED 5956 03:33:20,640 --> 03:33:22,400 MESSENGER AND THIS IS SOMEONE WE 5957 03:33:22,400 --> 03:33:23,280 TRUSTED TO RECEIVE HEALTH 5958 03:33:23,280 --> 03:33:25,240 INFORMATION FROM AND THAT'S A 5959 03:33:25,240 --> 03:33:26,440 PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIP WHERE 5960 03:33:26,440 --> 03:33:29,560 THAT INTERACTION IS A PLACE 5961 03:33:29,560 --> 03:33:32,360 WHERE MISINFORMATION CAN BE MORE 5962 03:33:32,360 --> 03:33:37,600 READILY COMBATTED AND MY OWN 5963 03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:39,120 EXPERIENCE SPENDING TIME 5964 03:33:39,120 --> 03:33:40,320 LISTENING AS MUCH AS TALKING TO 5965 03:33:40,320 --> 03:33:42,920 MEET FOLKS WHO ARE VACCINE 5966 03:33:42,920 --> 03:33:46,640 HESITANT OR HAVING TROUBLE WITH 5967 03:33:46,640 --> 03:33:49,720 OTHER MEDICAL MISINFORMATION 5968 03:33:49,720 --> 03:33:50,960 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THEIR 5969 03:33:50,960 --> 03:33:52,400 PERSPECTIVE WHERE THEY'RE COMING 5970 03:33:52,400 --> 03:33:54,760 FROM IN A NON-JUDGMENTAL WAY AND 5971 03:33:54,760 --> 03:33:57,520 UNDERSTANDING THEIR BACKGROUND 5972 03:33:57,520 --> 03:34:00,000 AND HOW IT'S CONTRIBUTING TO THE 5973 03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:01,720 DECISIONS THEY'RE MAKING WHAT 5974 03:34:01,720 --> 03:34:02,560 YOU MIGHT OTHERWISE RECOMMEND IS 5975 03:34:02,560 --> 03:34:04,800 A CRITICAL PLACE TO BEGIN TO 5976 03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:06,920 COUNTER ACT THOSE MESSAGE. 5977 03:34:06,920 --> 03:34:12,560 -- MESSAGE. 5978 03:34:12,560 --> 03:34:13,360 >>THANK YOU. 5979 03:34:13,360 --> 03:34:14,280 AND KEN. 5980 03:34:14,280 --> 03:34:17,480 >>I'LL GO NEXT, THANK YOU. 5981 03:34:17,480 --> 03:34:18,960 WHAT TERRIFIC MESSAGES FROM 5982 03:34:18,960 --> 03:34:20,640 DR. CHUNG AND DR. JOHN. 5983 03:34:20,640 --> 03:34:23,360 I'M WRITING DOWN NOTES AS I'M 5984 03:34:23,360 --> 03:34:24,400 LEARNING. 5985 03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:25,600 MAYBE I CAN ADD TWO POINTS. 5986 03:34:25,600 --> 03:34:27,480 ONE ABOUT THE FRAMING OF THE 5987 03:34:27,480 --> 03:34:30,320 MESSAGE AND ONE ABOUT THE 5988 03:34:30,320 --> 03:34:32,120 DELIVERY. 5989 03:34:32,120 --> 03:34:35,520 WE LEARNED EARLY THAT FAMILIES 5990 03:34:35,520 --> 03:34:36,800 PARTICULARLY MOTHERS IN THE 5991 03:34:36,800 --> 03:34:38,920 UNITED STATES FEEL THEY MUST DO 5992 03:34:38,920 --> 03:34:40,600 IT ALONE. 5993 03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:43,560 THEY MUST BE COMPETENT SOMEHOW 5994 03:34:43,560 --> 03:34:46,640 ON THEIR OWN WITHOUT COMMUNITY 5995 03:34:46,640 --> 03:34:51,400 SUPPORT. 5996 03:34:51,400 --> 03:34:54,560 WHAT WE DEVELOPED WAS A FRAMING 5997 03:34:54,560 --> 03:34:55,600 OF IT THAT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A 5998 03:34:55,600 --> 03:34:58,320 PARADOX AND THE IDEA IS WHAT WE 5999 03:34:58,320 --> 03:34:59,880 TRY TO COMMUNICATE TO MOTHERS IS 6000 03:34:59,880 --> 03:35:03,360 WE WANT THEM TO BE COMPETENT AND 6001 03:35:03,360 --> 03:35:05,800 THE WAY TO BE COMPETENT IS TO 6002 03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:07,480 LEARN HOW TO ASK FOR HELP WHEN 6003 03:35:07,480 --> 03:35:09,240 YOU NEED IT. 6004 03:35:09,240 --> 03:35:10,840 RATHER THAN DO IT ALONE. 6005 03:35:10,840 --> 03:35:13,840 THAT IS A MARK OF COMPETENCE 6006 03:35:13,840 --> 03:35:15,760 RATHER THAN WEAKNESS IF YOU CAN 6007 03:35:15,760 --> 03:35:18,160 UNDERSTAND WHEN YOUR FAMILY AND 6008 03:35:18,160 --> 03:35:20,040 WHEN YOU'RE CHILD AND WHEN YOU 6009 03:35:20,040 --> 03:35:21,280 NEED SUPPORT AND HELP. 6010 03:35:21,280 --> 03:35:24,160 WE TRY TO DELIVER THAT MESSAGE. 6011 03:35:24,160 --> 03:35:27,120 THE SECOND PART IS TO DO IT 6012 03:35:27,120 --> 03:35:27,680 TOGETHER. 6013 03:35:27,680 --> 03:35:31,160 THAT IS RATHER THAN US BE SOME 6014 03:35:31,160 --> 03:35:32,440 EXPERT THAT SAYS, HERE'S A 6015 03:35:32,440 --> 03:35:34,280 REFERRAL, YOU MUST GO TO THE 6016 03:35:34,280 --> 03:35:35,680 MENTAL HEALTH CENTER OR YOU MUST 6017 03:35:35,680 --> 03:35:40,520 DO X, Y OR Z, WE CO-DEVELOP A 6018 03:35:40,520 --> 03:35:42,480 PLAN AND TRY TO BE COLLABORATIVE 6019 03:35:42,480 --> 03:35:43,720 WITH THE FAMILY. 6020 03:35:43,720 --> 03:35:44,880 HERE ARE THE NEEDS YOU ARE 6021 03:35:44,880 --> 03:35:46,320 TELLING ME YOU HAVE AT THIS 6022 03:35:46,320 --> 03:35:46,520 TIME. 6023 03:35:46,520 --> 03:35:48,280 I FEEL FOR YOU, I'VE BEEN THERE, 6024 03:35:48,280 --> 03:35:50,520 I KNOW THAT, I UNDERSTAND THAT. 6025 03:35:50,520 --> 03:35:51,680 WHICH OF THESE DO YOU WANT TO 6026 03:35:51,680 --> 03:35:52,960 WORK ON NOW? 6027 03:35:52,960 --> 03:35:55,280 YOU CAN'T DO IT ALL AT ONCE. 6028 03:35:55,280 --> 03:35:57,000 WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO? 6029 03:35:57,000 --> 03:35:58,480 OKAY, YOU WANT TO DO THAT, I'LL 6030 03:35:58,480 --> 03:36:01,760 GET ON THE PHONE, LET'S MAKE AN 6031 03:36:01,760 --> 03:36:02,920 APPOINTMENT FOR NEXT TUESDAY 6032 03:36:02,920 --> 03:36:05,240 AFTERNOON FOR YOU TO GO SEE THIS 6033 03:36:05,240 --> 03:36:08,240 MENTAL HEALTH PRACTITIONER, I 6034 03:36:08,240 --> 03:36:10,360 HOPE IT GOES WELL BUT I'LL CALL 6035 03:36:10,360 --> 03:36:12,680 YOU AT 4:00 OR EVEN DRIVE YOU 6036 03:36:12,680 --> 03:36:13,960 OVER THERE TO GET THERE AND IF 6037 03:36:13,960 --> 03:36:15,720 IT'S NOT WHAT YOU WANT WE'LL 6038 03:36:15,720 --> 03:36:20,080 FIGURE OUT ANOTHER SOLUTION SO 6039 03:36:20,080 --> 03:36:23,040 WE'LL DO IT TOGETHER TO NOT FEEL 6040 03:36:23,040 --> 03:36:24,560 SO MUCH ALONE. 6041 03:36:24,560 --> 03:36:26,840 >>ABSOLUTELY. 6042 03:36:26,840 --> 03:36:28,960 I THINK THAT'S A MESSAGE THAT 6043 03:36:28,960 --> 03:36:31,480 OFTEN I THINK WE NEED TO DO A 6044 03:36:31,480 --> 03:36:33,640 BETTER JOB OF COMMUNICATING 6045 03:36:33,640 --> 03:36:34,520 THAT'S IT'S BETTER TOGETHER THAN 6046 03:36:34,520 --> 03:36:35,480 TO DO ALONE. 6047 03:36:35,480 --> 03:36:40,640 SO I'M GOING TO ASK YOU ALL TO 6048 03:36:40,640 --> 03:36:42,480 COMMENT -- THIS IS THE 60th 6049 03:36:42,480 --> 03:36:44,080 ANNIVERSARY OF NICHD AND CLEARLY 6050 03:36:44,080 --> 03:36:45,480 WE HAVE DONE TREMENDOUS THINGS 6051 03:36:45,480 --> 03:36:48,120 OVER THE 60 YEARS AND I'M GOING 6052 03:36:48,120 --> 03:36:51,280 TO ASK YOU FROM YOUR OWN 6053 03:36:51,280 --> 03:36:52,640 PERSPECTIVES AND THE PARTICULAR 6054 03:36:52,640 --> 03:36:55,520 RESEARCH LENS THROUGH WHICH YOU 6055 03:36:55,520 --> 03:36:58,040 DO YOUR WORK WHAT DO YOU SEE ARE 6056 03:36:58,040 --> 03:36:59,520 OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NEXT FIVE 6057 03:36:59,520 --> 03:37:03,360 OR 10 YEARS FROM YOUR SCIENTIFIC 6058 03:37:03,360 --> 03:37:04,400 PERSPECTIVE? 6059 03:37:04,400 --> 03:37:06,000 WHERE ARE SOME AREAS THAT HAVE 6060 03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:12,240 BEEN UNDER STUDIED THAT ARE NOW 6061 03:37:12,240 --> 03:37:15,080 PRIMED TO EXPLORE INQUIRY? 6062 03:37:15,080 --> 03:37:18,720 DR. JOHN, WE'LL START WITH YOU, 6063 03:37:18,720 --> 03:37:22,200 WHAT MIGHT BE SOME NEXT STEPS IN 6064 03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:22,840 AREAS OF RESEARCH THAT YOU'RE 6065 03:37:22,840 --> 03:37:29,480 WORKING ON? 6066 03:37:29,480 --> 03:37:32,120 >>I'M SUPER EXCITED ABOUT THE 6067 03:37:32,120 --> 03:37:33,840 PROMISE OF VACCINATION AND WHERE 6068 03:37:33,840 --> 03:37:34,920 THAT'S GOING TO GO. 6069 03:37:34,920 --> 03:37:39,560 IF YOU HAD TOLD ME FIVE YEARS 6070 03:37:39,560 --> 03:37:44,960 AGO WE'D PUT mRNA MANO 6071 03:37:44,960 --> 03:37:48,280 PARTICLES IN PREGNANT WOMEN FOR 6072 03:37:48,280 --> 03:37:54,120 A VIRUS JUST STARTED I WOULD 6073 03:37:54,120 --> 03:37:57,320 THINK THAT'S CRAZY AND IT'S A 6074 03:37:57,320 --> 03:37:59,520 REAL OPPORTUNITY FOR 6075 03:37:59,520 --> 03:38:01,600 INTERVENTION FOR BOTH EPIDEMIC 6076 03:38:01,600 --> 03:38:03,480 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NEW 6077 03:38:03,480 --> 03:38:10,440 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CAN WE 6078 03:38:10,440 --> 03:38:17,840 MAKE INROADS INTO NEONATAL HSB 6079 03:38:17,840 --> 03:38:21,280 AND THERE'S A NEED TO PROTECT 6080 03:38:21,280 --> 03:38:24,480 PEOPLE AND VACCINE AGAINST 6081 03:38:24,480 --> 03:38:26,080 ROUTINE CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND 6082 03:38:26,080 --> 03:38:28,480 I THINK THERE'LL BE INCREDIBLE 6083 03:38:28,480 --> 03:38:29,720 MOVEMENT IN THE REALM IN THE 6084 03:38:29,720 --> 03:38:31,320 NEXT FIVE TO 10 YEARS. 6085 03:38:31,320 --> 03:38:34,120 I'M HAPPY TO BE PUT OUT OF 6086 03:38:34,120 --> 03:38:34,360 BUSINESS. 6087 03:38:34,360 --> 03:38:36,160 >>THIS HAS BEEN AN EXCITING 6088 03:38:36,160 --> 03:38:38,120 TIME TO SEE THE PROLIFERATION OF 6089 03:38:38,120 --> 03:38:38,360 SCIENCE. 6090 03:38:38,360 --> 03:38:40,800 THINGS WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON TO 6091 03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:44,040 REALLY EXPLODE ON THE SCIENTIFIC 6092 03:38:44,040 --> 03:38:46,040 SCENE, IF YOU WILL, FOR US TO 6093 03:38:46,040 --> 03:38:47,120 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF AND LEARN 6094 03:38:47,120 --> 03:38:47,440 FROM. 6095 03:38:47,440 --> 03:38:49,240 YES, I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO 6096 03:38:49,240 --> 03:38:51,200 SEEING HOW THIS ALL UNFOLDS. 6097 03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:57,800 DR. CHUNG, WHAT SAY YOU? 6098 03:38:57,800 --> 03:38:59,680 ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES THE NEXT 6099 03:38:59,680 --> 03:39:01,040 5, 10 YEARS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE 6100 03:39:01,040 --> 03:39:02,440 FROM WHICH YOU WORK? 6101 03:39:02,440 --> 03:39:07,960 >>I BRIEFLY ALLUDED THIS AT THE 6102 03:39:07,960 --> 03:39:13,040 END BUT NEWBORN SCREENING 6103 03:39:13,040 --> 03:39:18,200 STARTED OUT BY PARENTS WHO HAD 6104 03:39:18,200 --> 03:39:21,760 CHILDREN AFFECTED BIG NEURAL 6105 03:39:21,760 --> 03:39:22,520 DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND THEY 6106 03:39:22,520 --> 03:39:25,640 WORKED TO PREVENT THE NEXT 6107 03:39:25,640 --> 03:39:26,680 GENERATION FROM HAVING THE 6108 03:39:26,680 --> 03:39:27,560 PROBLEMS THEIR CHILDREN HAD. 6109 03:39:27,560 --> 03:39:28,880 AGAIN, WE'RE IN THIS TOGETHER. 6110 03:39:28,880 --> 03:39:33,920 I ALLUDED TO ABOUT IT BUT WITH 6111 03:39:33,920 --> 03:39:35,000 GENOMIC MEDICINE THERE'S 6112 03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:36,120 INCREDIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR 6113 03:39:36,120 --> 03:39:38,760 VERY CONDITIONS VERY TREATABLE 6114 03:39:38,760 --> 03:39:40,320 AND VERY PREVENTIBLE TO BE ADDED 6115 03:39:40,320 --> 03:39:44,880 TO SCREENING AND DO IT QUICKLY 6116 03:39:44,880 --> 03:39:46,640 WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE. 6117 03:39:46,640 --> 03:39:49,280 IT DOESN'T JUST STOP WITH THE 6118 03:39:49,280 --> 03:39:51,040 CURRENT THINGS WE CAN CURRENTLY 6119 03:39:51,040 --> 03:39:51,320 TREAT. 6120 03:39:51,320 --> 03:39:54,120 I ALSO OFTEN SAY I HOPE I CAN 6121 03:39:54,120 --> 03:39:58,160 PUT MYSELF OUT OF BUSINESS AND 6122 03:39:58,160 --> 03:39:59,040 RETIRE BUT THERE'S A TREMENDOUS 6123 03:39:59,040 --> 03:40:01,040 SUITE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR 6124 03:40:01,040 --> 03:40:03,280 GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES AT LEAST TO 6125 03:40:03,280 --> 03:40:04,120 BE ABLE TO DO THINGS THAT WILL 6126 03:40:04,120 --> 03:40:07,280 BE LIFE-ALTERING, TRULY 6127 03:40:07,280 --> 03:40:09,960 LIFE-SAVING AND LIFE-ALTERING. 6128 03:40:09,960 --> 03:40:11,920 IT WILL TAKE STEPS TO GO BUT I 6129 03:40:11,920 --> 03:40:13,840 THINK WE'LL PROGRESS IN A STEP 6130 03:40:13,840 --> 03:40:14,720 FUNCTION AS ENABLING 6131 03:40:14,720 --> 03:40:16,440 TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW US TO GET TO 6132 03:40:16,440 --> 03:40:17,960 THE RIGHT TIME IN LIFE, THE 6133 03:40:17,960 --> 03:40:19,960 RIGHT PART OF THE BODY AND IN 6134 03:40:19,960 --> 03:40:21,560 THE RIGHT WAY THAT'S SAFE, 6135 03:40:21,560 --> 03:40:22,880 THERE'S THREE KEY ISSUES THAT 6136 03:40:22,880 --> 03:40:24,400 EACH HAVE TO BE SOLVED BUT AS WE 6137 03:40:24,400 --> 03:40:26,840 CAN DO THAT, WE WILL NOW BE ABLE 6138 03:40:26,840 --> 03:40:28,840 TO TREAT HUNDREDS OF DISORDERS 6139 03:40:28,840 --> 03:40:32,640 AT A TIME WITH THOSE ENABLING 6140 03:40:32,640 --> 03:40:33,000 TECHNOLOGIES. 6141 03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:34,640 WE'RE STARTING THE PROCESS IN 6142 03:40:34,640 --> 03:40:39,240 TERMS OF BEING ABLE TO GET 6143 03:40:39,240 --> 03:40:40,520 INDIVIDUALS TO A DIAGNOSIS AND 6144 03:40:40,520 --> 03:40:43,040 THERE'S THINGS WE CAN DO WITH 6145 03:40:43,040 --> 03:40:44,400 OUR CURRENT CARE UNTIL WE GET TO 6146 03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:45,800 THE POINT OF A CURE AND WE WANT 6147 03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:47,480 TO MAKE SURE WE LEAVE NO ONE 6148 03:40:47,480 --> 03:40:49,400 BEHIND AND EVERY CHILD THE EQUAL 6149 03:40:49,400 --> 03:40:50,080 CHANCE TO A HEALTHY START TO 6150 03:40:50,080 --> 03:40:53,720 LIFE. 6151 03:40:53,720 --> 03:40:54,560 >>THAT'S EXCITING. 6152 03:40:54,560 --> 03:40:57,080 THAT'S A WORLD I WANT TO LIVE 6153 03:40:57,080 --> 03:40:57,240 IN. 6154 03:40:57,240 --> 03:40:59,040 LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING THOSE 6155 03:40:59,040 --> 03:41:00,960 IDEAS COME TO FRUITION. 6156 03:41:00,960 --> 03:41:03,560 DR. DODGE, WHAT SAY YOU? 6157 03:41:03,560 --> 03:41:04,240 >>THANK YOU. 6158 03:41:04,240 --> 03:41:05,600 THESE ARE TERRIFIC IDEAS. 6159 03:41:05,600 --> 03:41:07,480 TWO IDEAS COME TO MY MIND ABOUT 6160 03:41:07,480 --> 03:41:10,200 WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE NEXT 6161 03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:10,840 FIVE TO 10 YEARS. 6162 03:41:10,840 --> 03:41:15,400 THE FIRST IS I BELIEVE, I HOPE, 6163 03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:16,640 WE LEVERAGE IN BOTH ASSESSMENT 6164 03:41:16,640 --> 03:41:19,320 AND DELIVERY OF INTERVENTIONS. 6165 03:41:19,320 --> 03:41:22,800 SO THE WORLD IS OPEN FOR 6166 03:41:22,800 --> 03:41:26,800 WEARABLES, APPS, REMOTE KINDS OF 6167 03:41:26,800 --> 03:41:28,880 ASSESSMENTS, DIAGNOSES THAT WILL 6168 03:41:28,880 --> 03:41:34,640 CONNECT FAMILIES TO PROFESSIONAL 6169 03:41:34,640 --> 03:41:37,120 RESOURCES JUST RIGHT WAY I'M 6170 03:41:37,120 --> 03:41:38,880 IMAGINING THE MOTHER I 6171 03:41:38,880 --> 03:41:40,720 INTERACTED WITH IS FRANTICALLY 6172 03:41:40,720 --> 03:41:43,440 WORRIED BECAUSE HER BABY HAS A 6173 03:41:43,440 --> 03:41:46,360 RASH AND DOESN'T KNOW WHETHER 6174 03:41:46,360 --> 03:41:47,880 SHE SHOULD GO TO THE EMERGENCY 6175 03:41:47,880 --> 03:41:51,200 ROOM OR DO TEXTING VIDEO 6176 03:41:51,200 --> 03:41:52,760 CONFERENCE WITH A NURSE OR HAVE 6177 03:41:52,760 --> 03:41:56,560 SOME KIND OF REMOTE WAY OF 6178 03:41:56,560 --> 03:41:57,240 IMMEDIATELY UNDERSTANDING WHAT'S 6179 03:41:57,240 --> 03:41:59,280 GOING ON? 6180 03:41:59,280 --> 03:42:03,240 THIS WILL HELP RURAL MENTAL 6181 03:42:03,240 --> 03:42:05,360 HEALTH CARE AS MUCH AND THE 6182 03:42:05,360 --> 03:42:07,160 SECOND IS IN THE DELIVERY OF 6183 03:42:07,160 --> 03:42:07,480 INTERVENTIONS. 6184 03:42:07,480 --> 03:42:09,600 WE CAN NUDGE FAMILIES WITH APPS, 6185 03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:11,840 DAILY TEXTS, WHATEVER KINDS OF 6186 03:42:11,840 --> 03:42:12,200 INTERVENTIONS. 6187 03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:14,040 SO MUCH WILL HAPPEN THAT WAY 6188 03:42:14,040 --> 03:42:17,600 THAT WILL BRING PROFESSIONALS 6189 03:42:17,600 --> 03:42:18,960 AND FAMILIES TOGETHER. 6190 03:42:18,960 --> 03:42:23,520 THE SECOND DEVELOPMENT IS WHAT 6191 03:42:23,520 --> 03:42:24,960 MY COLLEAGUES HAVE BEEN DOING 6192 03:42:24,960 --> 03:42:26,840 AND YOU'VE BEEN DESCRIBING HERE 6193 03:42:26,840 --> 03:42:29,280 WHICH IS USING BIG DATA AND 6194 03:42:29,280 --> 03:42:30,960 MACHINE LEARNING TO DEVELOP WHAT 6195 03:42:30,960 --> 03:42:34,280 I CALL PRE VISION PRECISION 6196 03:42:34,280 --> 03:42:34,560 PREVENTION. 6197 03:42:34,560 --> 03:42:36,240 WE CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING 6198 03:42:36,240 --> 03:42:39,040 ON WITH A FAMILY, IDENTIFY RISK 6199 03:42:39,040 --> 03:42:41,160 EARLY AND INTERVENE EARLY BEFORE 6200 03:42:41,160 --> 03:42:43,560 THE PROBLEMS GROW TOO BIG. 6201 03:42:43,560 --> 03:42:46,440 >>YEAH, THAT'S EXCITING AND 6202 03:42:46,440 --> 03:42:47,480 THERE ARE SO MANY NEW 6203 03:42:47,480 --> 03:42:50,080 TECHNOLOGIES ON THE RISE THAT 6204 03:42:50,080 --> 03:42:52,640 CAN HELP US GET THERE. 6205 03:42:52,640 --> 03:42:56,520 AND FOLLOWING ALONG THE SAME 6206 03:42:56,520 --> 03:43:00,320 LINE, ONE OF THE ASPIRATIONAL 6207 03:43:00,320 --> 03:43:01,760 GOALS OF THE NICHD STRATEGIC 6208 03:43:01,760 --> 03:43:03,280 PLAN IS TO TRAIN THE NEXT 6209 03:43:03,280 --> 03:43:06,200 GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS AND 6210 03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:06,840 RESEARCHERS WHO YOU'LL BE 6211 03:43:06,840 --> 03:43:10,280 PASSING THE BATON ON TO AND WHO 6212 03:43:10,280 --> 03:43:11,480 WILL BE TAKING THE WORK THAT 6213 03:43:11,480 --> 03:43:13,040 YOU'VE DONE AND EXPLORING THESE 6214 03:43:13,040 --> 03:43:15,480 LINES OF INQUIRY AND COMING UP 6215 03:43:15,480 --> 03:43:17,040 WITH NEW DISCOVERIES AND NEW 6216 03:43:17,040 --> 03:43:17,240 IDEAS. 6217 03:43:17,240 --> 03:43:20,720 WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO FROM YOUR 6218 03:43:20,720 --> 03:43:22,320 PERSPECTIVES TO TRAIN THE NEXT 6219 03:43:22,320 --> 03:43:26,640 GEN ARE RATION OF RESEARCHERS IN 6220 03:43:26,640 --> 03:43:29,840 THE AREAS WHERE YOU CURRENTLY 6221 03:43:29,840 --> 03:43:32,080 ARE LEADING IN THE SCIENCE? 6222 03:43:32,080 --> 03:43:36,960 SO DR. DODGE, SINCE WE ENDED 6223 03:43:36,960 --> 03:43:38,840 WITH YOU WE'LL START WITH YOU 6224 03:43:38,840 --> 03:43:40,040 AND THEN DR. JOHN AND THEN 6225 03:43:40,040 --> 03:43:41,640 DR. CHUNG. 6226 03:43:41,640 --> 03:43:43,520 >>SUCH AN IMPORTANT QUESTION 6227 03:43:43,520 --> 03:43:47,040 AND A HOPE WE EXPAND OUR 6228 03:43:47,040 --> 03:43:50,240 PROFESSIONAL RESOURCE POOL BOTH 6229 03:43:50,240 --> 03:43:51,920 PRACTITIONERS AND SCIENTISTS AND 6230 03:43:51,920 --> 03:43:53,080 DIVERSIFY IT. 6231 03:43:53,080 --> 03:43:55,080 WE HAVE TO DIVERSIFY. 6232 03:43:55,080 --> 03:43:56,720 THE VISION I HAVE IN THE WORLD I 6233 03:43:56,720 --> 03:44:00,880 WORK IN WHICH IS COMMUNITY OF 6234 03:44:00,880 --> 03:44:01,920 COMMUNITY PUBLIC HEALTH 6235 03:44:01,920 --> 03:44:03,120 PREVENTION IS TO CREATE 6236 03:44:03,120 --> 03:44:04,640 SOMETHING LIKE WE HAVE IN OUR 6237 03:44:04,640 --> 03:44:07,280 MAJOR ACADEMIC CENTERS FOR 6238 03:44:07,280 --> 03:44:08,680 MEDICAL CARE. 6239 03:44:08,680 --> 03:44:10,520 THAT IS THOSE ARE 6240 03:44:10,520 --> 03:44:12,280 UNDERSTAND-BASED ACADEMIC 6241 03:44:12,280 --> 03:44:14,520 CENTERS ALSO PROVIDING THE BEST 6242 03:44:14,520 --> 03:44:16,920 CLINICAL CARE AT THE SAME TIME. 6243 03:44:16,920 --> 03:44:19,400 HOW CAN WE CREATE COMMUNITY 6244 03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:21,400 CENTERS IN MENTAL HEALTH, 6245 03:44:21,400 --> 03:44:23,440 PREVENTION, BEHAVIORAL HEALTH, 6246 03:44:23,440 --> 03:44:24,440 BEHAVIORAL CARE, FAMILY CARE 6247 03:44:24,440 --> 03:44:26,360 THAT ARE OUT THERE IN THE 6248 03:44:26,360 --> 03:44:28,280 COMMUNITY AT THE SAME TIME 6249 03:44:28,280 --> 03:44:29,960 DELIVERING THE BEST CLINICAL 6250 03:44:29,960 --> 03:44:32,480 CARE WHILE ALSO BEING THE BEST 6251 03:44:32,480 --> 03:44:33,960 ACADEMIC CENTERS WHERE WE'RE 6252 03:44:33,960 --> 03:44:34,240 LEARNING. 6253 03:44:34,240 --> 03:44:35,520 I DON'T HAVE A LOT OF GOOD 6254 03:44:35,520 --> 03:44:36,680 EXAMPLES OF THAT BUT I WOULD 6255 03:44:36,680 --> 03:44:38,400 HOPE WE CAN DO THAT AND THEN 6256 03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:40,160 THAT BECOMES A PLACE FOR 6257 03:44:40,160 --> 03:44:40,480 TRAINING. 6258 03:44:40,480 --> 03:44:41,960 TRAINING PRACTITIONERS AND 6259 03:44:41,960 --> 03:44:45,560 TRAINING SCIENTISTS. 6260 03:44:45,560 --> 03:44:47,280 >>ABSOLUTELY. 6261 03:44:47,280 --> 03:44:47,680 WONDERFUL VISION. 6262 03:44:47,680 --> 03:44:51,080 DR. JOHN. 6263 03:44:51,080 --> 03:44:55,080 >>YES, I'VE BEEN WATCHING LIKE 6264 03:44:55,080 --> 03:44:56,680 MANY HAVE THE CHALLENGES THAT 6265 03:44:56,680 --> 03:45:00,880 WE'VE BEEN HAVING IN THE 6266 03:45:00,880 --> 03:45:02,040 PEDIATRIC PHYSICIAN SCIENTISTS 6267 03:45:02,040 --> 03:45:04,640 WORKFORCE WITH FEWER AND FEWER 6268 03:45:04,640 --> 03:45:06,400 TRAINEES WANTING TO FOLLOW THE 6269 03:45:06,400 --> 03:45:06,600 PATH. 6270 03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:07,600 THERE'S A LOT OF THINGS THAT CAN 6271 03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:10,440 BE DONE TO SOLVE THE CRISIS I 6272 03:45:10,440 --> 03:45:12,480 THINK IMPROVE FUNDING AND 6273 03:45:12,480 --> 03:45:13,560 STABILITY IS OBVIOUSLY GOING TO 6274 03:45:13,560 --> 03:45:15,040 BE KEY. 6275 03:45:15,040 --> 03:45:20,160 ONE OF THE THINGS I SEE AS BE A 6276 03:45:20,160 --> 03:45:21,560 REAL POTENTIAL SUCCESS STORY ARE 6277 03:45:21,560 --> 03:45:24,400 THE PIPELINE PROGRAMS THAT TRY 6278 03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:26,640 TO GET VERY JUNIOR TRAINEES INTO 6279 03:45:26,640 --> 03:45:30,880 LABS OR RESEARCH SETTINGS VERY 6280 03:45:30,880 --> 03:45:32,560 EARLY ON. 6281 03:45:32,560 --> 03:45:36,960 I'D SIT ON OUR ADMISSIONS 6282 03:45:36,960 --> 03:45:39,040 COMMITTEE AND WHAT'S OBVIOUS IS 6283 03:45:39,040 --> 03:45:43,360 STUDENTS COME IN WITH AN IDEA 6284 03:45:43,360 --> 03:45:44,800 AND THESE ARE SOME OF THE BEST 6285 03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:46,080 STUDENTS AND HAVE AN IDEA OF 6286 03:45:46,080 --> 03:45:48,880 WHAT THEY WANT TO DO AND WHAT 6287 03:45:48,880 --> 03:45:50,840 THEY'RE INTERESTED IN AND MOST 6288 03:45:50,840 --> 03:45:52,360 TENDS TO COME FROM THEIR MENTOR 6289 03:45:52,360 --> 03:45:53,760 IN THEIR UNDERGRADUATE 6290 03:45:53,760 --> 03:45:54,080 EXPERIENCE. 6291 03:45:54,080 --> 03:45:55,760 I THINK THESE KIND OF PIPELINE 6292 03:45:55,760 --> 03:45:57,680 PROGRAMS PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT 6293 03:45:57,680 --> 03:46:00,880 ARE WORKING TO INCREASE THE 6294 03:46:00,880 --> 03:46:03,480 AMOUNT OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC 6295 03:46:03,480 --> 03:46:04,560 DIVERSITY WE HAVE IN OUR 6296 03:46:04,560 --> 03:46:05,800 WORKFORCE IS CRITICAL BECAUSE WE 6297 03:46:05,800 --> 03:46:10,880 HAVE A REAL CHALLENGE IN 6298 03:46:10,880 --> 03:46:12,280 RECRUITING AND RETAINING 6299 03:46:12,280 --> 03:46:12,960 PHYSICIAN SCIENTIST WHO'S LOOK 6300 03:46:12,960 --> 03:46:14,840 LIKE THE PATIENTS WE TREAT AND 6301 03:46:14,840 --> 03:46:16,080 STUDYING THE DISEASES OUR 6302 03:46:16,080 --> 03:46:16,480 COMMUNITIES HAVE. 6303 03:46:16,480 --> 03:46:19,520 I THINK THOSE ARE CRITICAL 6304 03:46:19,520 --> 03:46:22,200 ASPECTS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THAT 6305 03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:22,480 WORKFORCE. 6306 03:46:22,480 --> 03:46:23,520 >>WONDERFUL, THANK YOU. 6307 03:46:23,520 --> 03:46:26,880 AND DR. CHUNG. 6308 03:46:26,880 --> 03:46:29,040 WELL, ALL THESE ARE FANTASTIC 6309 03:46:29,040 --> 03:46:30,600 POINTS SO I DON'T HAVE TOO MUCH 6310 03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,760 TO ADD EXCEPT WHAT I'M NOTICING 6311 03:46:33,760 --> 03:46:35,480 IS NUMBER ONE, SOMETHING HAS TO 6312 03:46:35,480 --> 03:46:38,840 DRIVE INDIVIDUAL TO DO THIS AND 6313 03:46:38,840 --> 03:46:40,640 OFTEN TIMES I'M SEEING A 6314 03:46:40,640 --> 03:46:42,080 PERSONAL MOTIVATION AND A 6315 03:46:42,080 --> 03:46:44,400 PASSION INDIVIDUALS HAVE FOR A 6316 03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:45,720 REASON SOMETIMES IT'S CURIOSITY 6317 03:46:45,720 --> 03:46:48,080 BUT OFTEN TIMES IT'S MOTIVATED 6318 03:46:48,080 --> 03:46:51,000 BY A PERSONAL COMMUNITY OR 6319 03:46:51,000 --> 03:46:52,600 FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCE AND THOSE 6320 03:46:52,600 --> 03:46:53,720 INDIVIDUALS I FIND TO BE 6321 03:46:53,720 --> 03:46:55,520 INCREDIBLY RESOURCEFUL, KIND, 6322 03:46:55,520 --> 03:46:57,800 DEDICATED INDIVIDUALS WHO REALLY 6323 03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:00,680 HAVE A SENSE THAT'S JUST 6324 03:47:00,680 --> 03:47:03,160 DIFFERENT THAN ANYONE ELSE SO I 6325 03:47:03,160 --> 03:47:05,560 HAVE GREAT RESPECT FOR THEM AND 6326 03:47:05,560 --> 03:47:08,320 THE OTHER ONE WILL SEEM LIKE 6327 03:47:08,320 --> 03:47:09,960 ORTHOGONAL THINGS TO TEACH BUT 6328 03:47:09,960 --> 03:47:11,280 DATA IS INCREASINGLY AVAILABLE 6329 03:47:11,280 --> 03:47:14,040 AND IMPORTANT AND MAKING 6330 03:47:14,040 --> 03:47:15,440 DATA-DRIVEN DECISIONS AND 6331 03:47:15,440 --> 03:47:18,000 LEARNING HOW TO THINK 6332 03:47:18,000 --> 03:47:19,480 ANALYTICALLY IS SO INCREDIBLY 6333 03:47:19,480 --> 03:47:20,720 IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE'LL NEED TO 6334 03:47:20,720 --> 03:47:22,480 CONTINUE TO LEARN HOW TO LEARN. 6335 03:47:22,480 --> 03:47:24,840 THE RULES ARE CHANGING VERY 6336 03:47:24,840 --> 03:47:26,920 RAPIDLY AND THE TOOLS AND THE 6337 03:47:26,920 --> 03:47:29,080 ABILITY SO WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO 6338 03:47:29,080 --> 03:47:30,920 CONSTANTLY ADAPT. 6339 03:47:30,920 --> 03:47:33,120 YET, ON THE OTHER HAND THERE 6340 03:47:33,120 --> 03:47:35,240 NEEDS TO BE COMPASSION AND THE 6341 03:47:35,240 --> 03:47:36,840 HUMANISTIC PORTION OF THINGS 6342 03:47:36,840 --> 03:47:39,200 WITH EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND 6343 03:47:39,200 --> 03:47:40,960 BEING ABLE TO CONNECT WITH 6344 03:47:40,960 --> 03:47:42,800 INDIVIDUALS AS PROVIDERS AND 6345 03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:44,120 MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY AND 6346 03:47:44,120 --> 03:47:46,880 BEING ABLE TO WRAP THAT INTO ONE 6347 03:47:46,880 --> 03:47:49,200 PERSON IS NOT ALWAYS EASY BUT I 6348 03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:50,160 FIND THOSE ARE THE MOST 6349 03:47:50,160 --> 03:47:53,480 EFFECTIVE PEOPLE IN COMING UP 6350 03:47:53,480 --> 03:47:54,960 WITH THE RIGHT QUESTIONS AND 6351 03:47:54,960 --> 03:47:56,160 WORK TOGETHER TO COME UP WITH 6352 03:47:56,160 --> 03:47:56,840 THE RIGHT ANSWER. 6353 03:47:56,840 --> 03:47:58,640 >>WITH THAT, WE'RE AT TIME. 6354 03:47:58,640 --> 03:48:01,400 I WANT TO THANK YOU ALL FOR AN 6355 03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:02,280 ENGAGING AND PROVOCATIVE 6356 03:48:02,280 --> 03:48:03,480 DISCUSSION. 6357 03:48:03,480 --> 03:48:09,000 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 6358 03:48:09,000 --> 03:48:14,360 >>ONE OF THE MOST LIMITING 6359 03:48:14,360 --> 03:48:16,840 EXACTS IS GETTING AROUND. 6360 03:48:16,840 --> 03:48:19,520 THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR MEDICAL 6361 03:48:19,520 --> 03:48:21,080 REHABILITATION RESEARCH FOCUSES 6362 03:48:21,080 --> 03:48:23,120 ON MOBILITY BECAUSE PART OF OUR 6363 03:48:23,120 --> 03:48:24,480 MISSION IS TO ADDRESS PHYSICAL 6364 03:48:24,480 --> 03:48:27,480 DISABILITY. 6365 03:48:27,480 --> 03:48:30,520 ONE OF THE EXCITING CHALLENGES 6366 03:48:30,520 --> 03:48:32,680 WE SUPPORT IS CALLED ZERO G 6367 03:48:32,680 --> 03:48:34,200 WHICH STANDS FOR ZERO GRAVITY. 6368 03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:36,760 >>WE CAN LITERALLY GIVE PEOPLE 6369 03:48:36,760 --> 03:48:37,880 A ZERO G EXPERIENCE. 6370 03:48:37,880 --> 03:48:39,600 I CAN MAKE A PERSON WEIGHTLESS 6371 03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:41,360 OR WE CAN REQUIRE THE PATIENT TO 6372 03:48:41,360 --> 03:48:44,000 SUPPORT THEIR FULL BODY WEIGHT. 6373 03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:46,600 >>WHAT THE ZERO G SYSTEM DOES 6374 03:48:46,600 --> 03:48:50,640 IS ALLOW SOMEBODY TO MOVE 6375 03:48:50,640 --> 03:48:52,840 NORMALLY AND NATURALLY AND TASTE 6376 03:48:52,840 --> 03:48:55,280 THEIR BALANCE AND TEST THEIR 6377 03:48:55,280 --> 03:48:56,160 ABILITY TO WALK. 6378 03:48:56,160 --> 03:48:57,600 >>A PATIENT WHO HAS HAD A 6379 03:48:57,600 --> 03:48:59,560 STROKE IS THINKING WHAT IS LIFE 6380 03:48:59,560 --> 03:49:00,280 GOING TO BE LIKE. 6381 03:49:00,280 --> 03:49:03,080 I'M IN THIS BED, I CAN HARDLY 6382 03:49:03,080 --> 03:49:05,120 MOVE BUT WHEN YOU ATTACH THEM TO 6383 03:49:05,120 --> 03:49:06,280 ZERO G AND IT HELPS THEM STAND 6384 03:49:06,280 --> 03:49:08,560 UP FOR THE FIRST TIME AND TAKE 6385 03:49:08,560 --> 03:49:09,920 THE FIRST STEP AND SAY IT WAS 6386 03:49:09,920 --> 03:49:11,360 HARD BUT I FEEL LIKE I'M ON THE 6387 03:49:11,360 --> 03:49:13,160 ROAD TO RECOVERY. 6388 03:49:13,160 --> 03:49:16,400 THEY'RE PRACTICING EVERY DAY AT 6389 03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:17,520 HIGH INTENSITY LEVEL AND BECAUSE 6390 03:49:17,520 --> 03:49:19,320 WHEN YOU'RE IN ZERO G YOU DON'T 6391 03:49:19,320 --> 03:49:21,160 HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT FALLING AND 6392 03:49:21,160 --> 03:49:23,160 THEY CAN PUSH THEIR LIMITS. 6393 03:49:23,160 --> 03:49:25,240 WHEN THEY GET DISCHARGED AND GET 6394 03:49:25,240 --> 03:49:26,800 HOME AND SEE A SET OF STAIRS AND 6395 03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:27,920 SAY I GOT THIS. 6396 03:49:27,920 --> 03:49:32,880 I PRACTICED SO MANY TIMES. 6397 03:49:32,880 --> 03:49:34,880 >>THE RESEARCH WE SUPPORT THAT 6398 03:49:34,880 --> 03:49:37,120 IS BEING DONE BY CONNOR WALSH 6399 03:49:37,120 --> 03:49:39,760 ALLOWS US TO DO THE FOUNDATIONAL 6400 03:49:39,760 --> 03:49:40,920 SCIENCE TO HELP US UNDERSTAND 6401 03:49:40,920 --> 03:49:42,880 HOW THE SUIT IS GOING TO BEHAVE 6402 03:49:42,880 --> 03:49:44,560 WITH A PERSON WHO HAS A STROKE. 6403 03:49:44,560 --> 03:49:46,960 >>OUR TEAM AT HARVARD AND 6404 03:49:46,960 --> 03:49:48,160 BOSTON UNIVERSITY ARE STUDYING 6405 03:49:48,160 --> 03:49:51,640 THE BIO MECHANICS AND PHYSIOLOGY 6406 03:49:51,640 --> 03:49:56,720 OF HUMAN WALKING AND UNDERSTAND 6407 03:49:56,720 --> 03:50:02,680 HOW IT'S EFFICIENT AND HOW TO 6408 03:50:02,680 --> 03:50:04,960 HELP SOMEONE WALK. 6409 03:50:04,960 --> 03:50:10,760 >>AND IT'S MORE NATURAL GAIT 6410 03:50:10,760 --> 03:50:11,200 FOR THE LEG. 6411 03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:15,280 IT'S EASIER TO PUT ON AND BE 6412 03:50:15,280 --> 03:50:16,360 USED IN THE COMMUNITY. 6413 03:50:16,360 --> 03:50:20,040 >>WE'RE EXCITED TO PROVIDE A 6414 03:50:20,040 --> 03:50:22,360 UNIQUE TOOL THAT CAN ENABLE A 6415 03:50:22,360 --> 03:50:24,480 NEW PARADIGM IN REHABILITATION 6416 03:50:24,480 --> 03:50:26,200 THAT EXTENDS FROM THE CLINIC TO 6417 03:50:26,200 --> 03:50:27,520 THE COMMUNITY. 6418 03:50:27,520 --> 03:50:30,320 >>YOU HAVE CARS THAT DRIVE 6419 03:50:30,320 --> 03:50:31,880 THEMSELVES AND IT'S INEXCUSABLE 6420 03:50:31,880 --> 03:50:33,800 WE CANNOT HAVE A TECHNOLOGY THAT 6421 03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:36,280 CAN GIVE THESE PATIENT THE 6422 03:50:36,280 --> 03:50:37,160 OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE JUST A FULL 6423 03:50:37,160 --> 03:50:40,000 RECOVERY. 6424 03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:41,680 >>THOSE THE TYPES OF 6425 03:50:41,680 --> 03:50:43,600 ADAPTATIONS AND NOVEL RESEARCH 6426 03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:45,680 WE CAN FUND TO HELP PEOPLE'S 6427 03:50:45,680 --> 03:50:56,200 DAY-TO-DAY MOBILITY. 6428 03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:59,160 >>WE QUICK OFF THE AFTERNOON 6429 03:50:59,160 --> 03:51:00,960 WITH OUR NEXT SESSION, ENSURING 6430 03:51:00,960 --> 03:51:03,680 HEALTHY AND OPTIMAL LIVES, 6431 03:51:03,680 --> 03:51:06,440 MODERATE DR. THERESA HAYES CREWS 6432 03:51:06,440 --> 03:51:08,880 THE DIRECTOR OF NICHD'S NATIONAL 6433 03:51:08,880 --> 03:51:12,480 CENTER FOR MEDICAL 6434 03:51:12,480 --> 03:51:16,520 REHABILITATION RESEARCH. 6435 03:51:16,520 --> 03:51:19,400 >>WELCOME BACK FROM THE BREAK, 6436 03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:21,120 EVERYONE. 6437 03:51:21,120 --> 03:51:28,080 I'M THERESA CRUZ AND I WILL 6438 03:51:28,080 --> 03:51:29,560 MODERATE THE SESSION ON 6439 03:51:29,560 --> 03:51:30,880 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIVES 6440 03:51:30,880 --> 03:51:33,160 AND FUNCTION OF PEOPLE WITH 6441 03:51:33,160 --> 03:51:34,400 DISABILITIES. 6442 03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,160 PLEASE SUBMIT YOUR QUESTIONS FOR 6443 03:51:37,160 --> 03:51:45,680 THIS SESSION'S SPEAKERS TO 6444 03:51:45,680 --> 03:51:49,520 NICHDPRESS ONE WORD AT 6445 03:51:49,520 --> 03:51:49,880 MAIL.NIH.GOV. 6446 03:51:49,880 --> 03:51:51,240 AND WE WILL HAVE A QUESTION AND 6447 03:51:51,240 --> 03:51:56,240 ANSWER SESSION AT THE END. 6448 03:51:56,240 --> 03:52:00,240 SO NOW IT'S MY LOW PRESSURE TO 6449 03:52:00,240 --> 03:52:03,000 HAVE A CONVERSATION WITH JUDY 6450 03:52:03,000 --> 03:52:03,360 HEUMANN. 6451 03:52:03,360 --> 03:52:05,240 SHE'S A LIFE LONG ADVOCATE FOR 6452 03:52:05,240 --> 03:52:10,000 THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH 6453 03:52:10,000 --> 03:52:11,640 DISABILITIES OR DISABLES PEOPLE. 6454 03:52:11,640 --> 03:52:12,840 WE'LL USE BOTH TERMS IN THIS 6455 03:52:12,840 --> 03:52:13,520 SESSION. 6456 03:52:13,520 --> 03:52:15,360 SHE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN IN THE 6457 03:52:15,360 --> 03:52:17,160 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION 6458 03:52:17,160 --> 03:52:19,280 OF LEGISLATION TO PROTECT THE 6459 03:52:19,280 --> 03:52:21,280 CIVIL RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH 6460 03:52:21,280 --> 03:52:23,840 DISABILITIES SUCH AS THE 6461 03:52:23,840 --> 03:52:27,480 AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT 6462 03:52:27,480 --> 03:52:28,880 AND THE REHABILITATION ACT AND 6463 03:52:28,880 --> 03:52:31,080 SERVED IN THE CLINTON AND OBAMA 6464 03:52:31,080 --> 03:52:31,560 ADMINISTRATIONS. 6465 03:52:31,560 --> 03:52:33,160 JUDY IS AN ACCOMPLISHED AUTHOR 6466 03:52:33,160 --> 03:52:35,200 AND I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO 6467 03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:44,120 CHECK OUT HER BOOK, BEING HUMAN 6468 03:52:44,120 --> 03:52:47,800 WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN 2020 AND 6469 03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:48,960 HER CONNECTION TO NICHD IS 6470 03:52:48,960 --> 03:52:53,040 THROUGH THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR 6471 03:52:53,040 --> 03:52:53,880 MEDICAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH 6472 03:52:53,880 --> 03:52:57,960 WHERE SHE SERVED ON OUR 6473 03:52:57,960 --> 03:52:58,960 INAUGURAL ADVISORY BOARD. 6474 03:52:58,960 --> 03:53:01,120 AND RATHER THAN HAVING A 6475 03:53:01,120 --> 03:53:03,560 TRADITIONAL TALK, JUDY AND I ARE 6476 03:53:03,560 --> 03:53:05,840 GOING HAVE A FIRESIDE CHAT. 6477 03:53:05,840 --> 03:53:06,560 PLEASE WELCOME JUDY TO THE STAGE 6478 03:53:06,560 --> 03:53:11,440 WITH ME. 6479 03:53:11,440 --> 03:53:14,640 >>GREAT TO BE WITH YOU, 6480 03:53:14,640 --> 03:53:15,240 THERESA, THANK YOU. 6481 03:53:15,240 --> 03:53:18,640 >>THANK YOU. 6482 03:53:18,640 --> 03:53:24,480 I'M A LONG-TIME ADMIRER MUCH 6483 03:53:24,480 --> 03:53:26,440 YOUR ADVOCACY AND LEGISLATION 6484 03:53:26,440 --> 03:53:28,080 WORK ON ACCESSIBILITY AND THE 6485 03:53:28,080 --> 03:53:29,040 INCLUSION OF PEOPLE WITH 6486 03:53:29,040 --> 03:53:31,720 DISABILITIES IN ALL ASPECTS OF 6487 03:53:31,720 --> 03:53:31,920 SOCIETY. 6488 03:53:31,920 --> 03:53:33,720 CAN YOU TELL THE AUDIENCE WHO 6489 03:53:33,720 --> 03:53:36,960 MAY NOT BE FAMILIAR WITH YOUR 6490 03:53:36,960 --> 03:53:39,200 STORY, A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 6491 03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,840 YOURSELF AND THE IMPETUS FOR 6492 03:53:41,840 --> 03:53:42,520 YOUR ADVOCACY WORK. 6493 03:53:42,520 --> 03:53:44,760 >>YEAH, THANK YOU. 6494 03:53:44,760 --> 03:53:46,120 SO I'LL ALSO GIVE A VISUAL 6495 03:53:46,120 --> 03:53:51,240 DESCRIPTION OF MYSELF. 6496 03:53:51,240 --> 03:53:54,760 I'M A 74 IN DECEMBER, DISABLED 6497 03:53:54,760 --> 03:53:55,760 WOMAN. 6498 03:53:55,760 --> 03:53:58,320 I WAS BORN IN 1947 AND HAD POLIO 6499 03:53:58,320 --> 03:54:00,120 IN 1949. 6500 03:54:00,120 --> 03:54:02,280 I'M IN THE APARTMENT OF MY 6501 03:54:02,280 --> 03:54:06,480 HUSBAND AND MYSELF AND ALSO OUR 6502 03:54:06,480 --> 03:54:09,040 OFFICE AND I AM BROWN HAIR, 6503 03:54:09,040 --> 03:54:12,200 SHOULDER LENGTH, RED GLASS AND 6504 03:54:12,200 --> 03:54:16,640 HAVE ON A BLUE BLOUSE WITH SOME 6505 03:54:16,640 --> 03:54:21,000 FISH ON THEM AND PHOTOS OF 6506 03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:22,080 FAMILY AND FRIENDS AND PLANT IN 6507 03:54:22,080 --> 03:54:24,480 THE BACKGROUND. 6508 03:54:24,480 --> 03:54:27,240 SO MY LIFE I THINK WAS VERY 6509 03:54:27,240 --> 03:54:32,320 TYPICAL OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN 6510 03:54:32,320 --> 03:54:35,800 THE UNITED STATES BORN IN THE 6511 03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:42,160 LATE '40s AND '50s, WE HAD NO 6512 03:54:42,160 --> 03:54:44,240 LAWS AT THAT TIME WITH THE 6513 03:54:44,240 --> 03:54:45,800 RIGHTS OF DISABLED PEOPLE. 6514 03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:47,840 NICHD CAME ABOUT WHEN PRESIDENT 6515 03:54:47,840 --> 03:54:50,600 KENNEDY WAS PRESIDENT, I BELIEVE 6516 03:54:50,600 --> 03:54:53,480 IN 1962 OR 1963. 6517 03:54:53,480 --> 03:54:55,360 AT THAT POINT WHEN THE CIVIL 6518 03:54:55,360 --> 03:54:58,240 RIGHTS ACT WAS PASSED IN '64, 6519 03:54:58,240 --> 03:55:00,480 DISABILITY WAS NOT A PART OF 6520 03:55:00,480 --> 03:55:04,240 THAT LAW AND I THINK MUCH OF THE 6521 03:55:04,240 --> 03:55:09,160 WORK THAT NICHD AND OTHER 6522 03:55:09,160 --> 03:55:10,760 AGENCIES ARE DOING WOULD NOT 6523 03:55:10,760 --> 03:55:15,560 HAVE THE BENEFIT THAT IT HAS IF 6524 03:55:15,560 --> 03:55:18,240 IN FACT LAWS PROHIBITING 6525 03:55:18,240 --> 03:55:19,400 DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION, FOR 6526 03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:19,960 EXAMPLE, HAD PASSED. 6527 03:55:19,960 --> 03:55:23,200 SO WHEN MY MOTHER TOOK ME TO 6528 03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:28,200 SCHOOL IN THE 1950s, I HAD 6529 03:55:28,200 --> 03:55:31,640 NEUROCOGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL 6530 03:55:31,640 --> 03:55:32,640 DISABILITY AND PULLED MY 6531 03:55:32,640 --> 03:55:34,480 WHEELCHAIR UP THE STEPS AND THE 6532 03:55:34,480 --> 03:55:36,200 PRINCIPAL SAID I WOULDN'T GO TO 6533 03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:38,960 THE SCHOOL BECAUSE WAS A FIRE 6534 03:55:38,960 --> 03:55:41,160 HAZARD. 6535 03:55:41,160 --> 03:55:43,080 THIS WAS NOT AN UNUSUAL 6536 03:55:43,080 --> 03:55:43,480 SITUATION. 6537 03:55:43,480 --> 03:55:46,800 I LIVED IN BROOKLYN AND THE 6538 03:55:46,800 --> 03:55:48,520 BOARD OF EDUCATION AT THAT TIME 6539 03:55:48,520 --> 03:55:50,760 PROVIDED A TEACHER TWICE A WEEK 6540 03:55:50,760 --> 03:55:53,160 FOR A TOTAL OF TWO AND A HALF 6541 03:55:53,160 --> 03:55:54,880 HOURS AI WEEK. 6542 03:55:54,880 --> 03:56:00,480 SO AND I JOKE THAT FOR GOOD 6543 03:56:00,480 --> 03:56:05,160 BEHAVIOR THEY THREW IN AN 6544 03:56:05,160 --> 03:56:07,160 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST WHO 6545 03:56:07,160 --> 03:56:09,040 TAUGHT ME NEEDLE POINT. 6546 03:56:09,040 --> 03:56:12,400 THERE WAS NOT A PRESUMPTION 6547 03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:13,720 DISABLED INDIVIDUALS, 6548 03:56:13,720 --> 03:56:16,360 PARTICULARLY THOSE OF US WITH 6549 03:56:16,360 --> 03:56:17,680 CERTAIN TYPES OF DISABILITIES 6550 03:56:17,680 --> 03:56:20,560 THE ABILITY TO WALK UP AND DOWN 6551 03:56:20,560 --> 03:56:23,760 STORES AND AN INTELLECTUAL 6552 03:56:23,760 --> 03:56:27,720 DISABILITY, CEREBRAL PALSY, 6553 03:56:27,720 --> 03:56:31,080 OTHER DISABILITIES WHERE ONE'S 6554 03:56:31,080 --> 03:56:34,440 INABILITY TO BE ABLE TO AMBULATE 6555 03:56:34,440 --> 03:56:36,120 WOULD RESULT YOU NOT GOING TO 6556 03:56:36,120 --> 03:56:37,200 SCHOOL AND IF YOU WERE LUCKY 6557 03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:40,280 GETTING HOME INSTRUCTION. 6558 03:56:40,280 --> 03:56:45,120 MY PARENTS BECAME ADVOCATES LIKE 6559 03:56:45,120 --> 03:56:47,600 MOST PARENTS THEY WEREN'T 6560 03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:48,480 ADVOCATES BEFORE CERTAINLY IN 6561 03:56:48,480 --> 03:56:50,040 THE AREA OF DISABILITY BUT THEY 6562 03:56:50,040 --> 03:56:53,720 LEARNED AND OVER THE YEARS WHAT 6563 03:56:53,720 --> 03:56:55,760 WE HAVE SEEN IS THE COMING 6564 03:56:55,760 --> 03:57:01,120 TOGETHER OF MANY DIFFERENT TYPES 6565 03:57:01,120 --> 03:57:03,520 OF GROUPS IN THE AREA OF MENTAL 6566 03:57:03,520 --> 03:57:05,720 DISABILITIES, CLEARLY, AND 6567 03:57:05,720 --> 03:57:08,720 GROUPS LIKE CEREBRAL PALSY AND 6568 03:57:08,720 --> 03:57:10,480 ARC AND OTHERS STARTING IN THE 6569 03:57:10,480 --> 03:57:13,720 '40s AND '50s AND AGAIN THE ROLE 6570 03:57:13,720 --> 03:57:19,120 OF PARENTS BEGIN TO FIGHT FOR 6571 03:57:19,120 --> 03:57:20,880 THEIR CHILDREN AND AS THEIR KIDS 6572 03:57:20,880 --> 03:57:22,760 WERE GROWING UP BECAUSE IT WAS A 6573 03:57:22,760 --> 03:57:26,160 WHOLE OTHER ISSUE WHEN I STARTED 6574 03:57:26,160 --> 03:57:27,920 GOING TO SCHOOL IN THE FOURTH 6575 03:57:27,920 --> 03:57:31,280 GRADE I JOKE I WAS THE FIRST TO 6576 03:57:31,280 --> 03:57:35,760 INTEGRATE THE CLASSES WITH 6577 03:57:35,760 --> 03:57:36,680 CEREBRAL PALSY AND MY LATE 6578 03:57:36,680 --> 03:57:38,680 FRIEND WAS THE FIRST TO 6579 03:57:38,680 --> 03:57:41,200 INTEGRATE INTO A KIDS WITH 6580 03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:43,600 CEREBRAL PALSY. 6581 03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:49,200 AT THAT POINT IT WAS 9 BUT KIDS 6582 03:57:49,200 --> 03:57:51,320 WOULD STAY IN SCHOOL UNTIL THEY 6583 03:57:51,320 --> 03:57:54,840 WERE 21 IF THEY HAD C.P. AND 6584 03:57:54,840 --> 03:57:55,960 THEN GO TO WORKSHOP. 6585 03:57:55,960 --> 03:57:59,320 SO ANY OF YOU DOING WORK IN THIS 6586 03:57:59,320 --> 03:58:02,840 AREA, WHETHER YOU'RE FOCUSSING 6587 03:58:02,840 --> 03:58:05,000 ON PARTICULAR THINGS LIKE 6588 03:58:05,000 --> 03:58:06,600 WALKING LIKE WE JUST SAW, IT'S 6589 03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:07,720 IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 6590 03:58:07,720 --> 03:58:09,160 HISTORICAL CHANGES THAT HAVE 6591 03:58:09,160 --> 03:58:12,440 GONE ON DURING THE COURSE OF THE 6592 03:58:12,440 --> 03:58:14,880 LIFE OF NICHD, 60 YEARS. 6593 03:58:14,880 --> 03:58:17,200 MANY REALLY IMPORTANT THINGS 6594 03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:18,520 HAVE HAPPENED. 6595 03:58:18,520 --> 03:58:20,840 BUT I THINK AND WE'LL GET INTO 6596 03:58:20,840 --> 03:58:23,440 THIS IN DISCUSSION, IT'S 6597 03:58:23,440 --> 03:58:24,400 IMPORTANT TO SEE THOUGH WE'VE 6598 03:58:24,400 --> 03:58:27,880 HAD INDIVIDUALS WITH 6599 03:58:27,880 --> 03:58:29,840 DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACTION, 6600 03:58:29,840 --> 03:58:34,040 SECTION 504 AND OTHER LAWS WITH 6601 03:58:34,040 --> 03:58:35,440 DEVELOPMENT DISABILITY AND 6602 03:58:35,440 --> 03:58:38,680 SOCIAL SECURITY, ETCETERA, WE 6603 03:58:38,680 --> 03:58:40,840 STILL DON'T SEE THE LEVEL OF 6604 03:58:40,840 --> 03:58:45,200 QUALITY AND INCLUSION OF 6605 03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:50,320 DISABLED INDIVIDUALS. 6606 03:58:50,320 --> 03:58:52,720 >>AND THERE'S REHABILITATION 6607 03:58:52,720 --> 03:58:55,240 AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES. 6608 03:58:55,240 --> 03:58:56,720 DON'T THINK EVERYONE APPRECIATED 6609 03:58:56,720 --> 03:58:58,560 HOW CRUCIAL A.T. CAN BE. 6610 03:58:58,560 --> 03:59:02,520 CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT HOW 6611 03:59:02,520 --> 03:59:04,640 YOU USED ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 6612 03:59:04,640 --> 03:59:07,160 AND THEIR ROLE IN YOUR LIFE? 6613 03:59:07,160 --> 03:59:10,040 >>YES, AND TO START BY SAYING 6614 03:59:10,040 --> 03:59:12,360 MANY PEOPLE DON'T EVEN KNOW WHAT 6615 03:59:12,360 --> 03:59:12,880 A.T. MEANS. 6616 03:59:12,880 --> 03:59:18,560 SO WHEN YOU'RE WORKING WITH A 6617 03:59:18,560 --> 03:59:20,240 FAMILY AND A CHILD OR SOMEONE 6618 03:59:20,240 --> 03:59:21,520 NEWLY DISABLED FROM A STROKE OR 6619 03:59:21,520 --> 03:59:24,080 WHATEVER IT MAY BE, THE WORD 6620 03:59:24,080 --> 03:59:27,160 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY IS REALLY A 6621 03:59:27,160 --> 03:59:31,280 REHAB WORD OR IN THE FIELD OF 6622 03:59:31,280 --> 03:59:36,560 DISABILITY BUT I THINK IT'S A 6623 03:59:36,560 --> 03:59:41,320 GOOD QUESTION BECAUSE ASSISTIVE 6624 03:59:41,320 --> 03:59:42,600 TECHNOLOGY IS AS IT SOUNDS IS 6625 03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:47,960 SOMETHING THAT SHOULD ENABLE 6626 03:59:47,960 --> 03:59:53,640 YOU, CAN INVERT THE WORD 6627 03:59:53,640 --> 03:59:56,160 UNIVERSAL DESIGN BECAUSE WHEN WE 6628 03:59:56,160 --> 04:00:01,160 LOOK AT THINGS LIKE A SINK 6629 04:00:01,160 --> 04:00:01,800 THAT'S TOO HIGH. 6630 04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:04,760 SO SOMEONE IN A WHEELCHAIR CAN'T 6631 04:00:04,760 --> 04:00:05,560 WASH THEIR DISHES BUT IF YOU 6632 04:00:05,560 --> 04:00:10,120 LOWER THE SINK, YOU COULD WASH 6633 04:00:10,120 --> 04:00:12,120 YOUR DISHES OR IF THE CABINET IS 6634 04:00:12,120 --> 04:00:14,440 LOWER YOU COULD PUT THINGS AWAY. 6635 04:00:14,440 --> 04:00:20,360 THAT COULD BE FOR SOMEONE OF 6636 04:00:20,360 --> 04:00:24,560 SHORT STATURE AND COULD BE ANY 6637 04:00:24,560 --> 04:00:27,400 NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT 6638 04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:29,840 TALL ENOUGH OR TOO TALL TO DO 6639 04:00:29,840 --> 04:00:30,920 CERTAIN THINGS. 6640 04:00:30,920 --> 04:00:33,200 FOR ME, ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY 6641 04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:34,560 COVERS MY ENTIRE LIFE. 6642 04:00:34,560 --> 04:00:38,960 I HAD POLIO AS I MENTIONED, I'M 6643 04:00:38,960 --> 04:00:39,920 A QUADRIPLEGIC AND DON'T WALK OR 6644 04:00:39,920 --> 04:00:41,920 STAND AND HAVE LIMITED USE OF MY 6645 04:00:41,920 --> 04:00:48,720 HANDS AND ARMS AND USE MOTORIZED 6646 04:00:48,720 --> 04:00:52,000 WHEELCHAIR AND HAVE PERSONAL 6647 04:00:52,000 --> 04:00:52,480 ASS 6648 04:00:52,480 --> 04:00:55,000 ASSISTANTS I NEED HELP GETTING 6649 04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:58,280 UP, DRESSED, SHOWERED, ALL THOSE 6650 04:00:58,280 --> 04:00:58,880 THINGS. 6651 04:00:58,880 --> 04:01:00,400 FREQUENTLY WHAT IS NOT HAPPENING 6652 04:01:00,400 --> 04:01:02,960 IS LOOKING AT A CONTINUUM OF 6653 04:01:02,960 --> 04:01:05,800 SOMEBODY'S NEEDS. 6654 04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:09,400 SO FOR ME, THE ASSISTIVE 6655 04:01:09,400 --> 04:01:14,880 TECHNOLOGY, IE A WHEELCHAIR NOT 6656 04:01:14,880 --> 04:01:16,480 SUFFICIENT BECAUSE I NEED TO GET 6657 04:01:16,480 --> 04:01:20,200 IN AND OUT OF BED, OFF THE 6658 04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:21,120 TOILET, SINKS HAVE TO BE CERTAIN 6659 04:01:21,120 --> 04:01:21,840 HEIGHTS. 6660 04:01:21,840 --> 04:01:24,640 I WAS TALKING TO THERESA ABOUT 6661 04:01:24,640 --> 04:01:28,560 THIS EARLIER BECAUSE I USE 6662 04:01:28,560 --> 04:01:30,560 PERSONAL ASSISTANTS I HAVE 6663 04:01:30,560 --> 04:01:34,040 PEOPLE SHORT AND TALL TO HELP ME 6664 04:01:34,040 --> 04:01:36,840 BUT YOU CAN'T GET OUT OF A BED 6665 04:01:36,840 --> 04:01:40,160 READILY THAT GOES UP AND DOWN. 6666 04:01:40,160 --> 04:01:42,400 HAVE BEDS SOLD EVERYWHERE WHERE 6667 04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:44,040 THEY SIT UP AND DOWN AND FEET 6668 04:01:44,040 --> 04:01:45,880 ELEVATE AND GO DOWN BUT I HAVE 6669 04:01:45,880 --> 04:01:48,360 NO IDEA WHY THERE IS NOT A 6670 04:01:48,360 --> 04:01:49,640 COMMON FEATURE WHERE BEDS CAN GO 6671 04:01:49,640 --> 04:01:51,080 UP AND DOWN. 6672 04:01:51,080 --> 04:01:53,160 WALK AROUND PLACES OR ROLL 6673 04:01:53,160 --> 04:01:55,840 AROUND PLACES AND HONESTLY, WHEN 6674 04:01:55,840 --> 04:01:58,360 I SEE VERY TALL PEOPLE, I REALLY 6675 04:01:58,360 --> 04:02:00,240 START WORRYING. 6676 04:02:00,240 --> 04:02:01,840 I DON'T KNOW THESE PEOPLE. 6677 04:02:01,840 --> 04:02:04,000 WHAT AM I WORRYING ABOUT? 6678 04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:06,800 I'M WORRYING WHEN THEY GET OLDER 6679 04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:08,240 IT'S GOING TO BE MORE DIFFICULT 6680 04:02:08,240 --> 04:02:13,200 FOR THEM TO GET IN AND OUT OF 6681 04:02:13,200 --> 04:02:16,280 BET AND MORE DIFFICULT TO GET 6682 04:02:16,280 --> 04:02:16,600 OFF A CHAIR. 6683 04:02:16,600 --> 04:02:18,720 AND THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE 6684 04:02:18,720 --> 04:02:21,840 FOR CHAIRS BUT NOT FOR BED. 6685 04:02:21,840 --> 04:02:25,800 AND SOME WORK NICHD DOES AND 6686 04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:29,160 OTHERS LIKE NIDELER, BEING ABLE 6687 04:02:29,160 --> 04:02:35,640 TO GET SOME SIMPLE THINGS LIKE 6688 04:02:35,640 --> 04:02:37,160 BEDS SOLD OVER THE MARKET THAT 6689 04:02:37,160 --> 04:02:38,960 ALLOW THE BED TO GO UP AND DOWN 6690 04:02:38,960 --> 04:02:42,320 WOULD BE SO HELPFUL FOR SO MANY 6691 04:02:42,320 --> 04:02:44,520 PEOPLE AND ACTUALLY FROM A 6692 04:02:44,520 --> 04:02:45,200 UNIVERSAL DESIGN PERSPECTIVE 6693 04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:46,680 WHAT YOU WOULD LIKE IN THE NEXT 6694 04:02:46,680 --> 04:02:49,080 10, 20 YEARS IS JUST LIKE PEOPLE 6695 04:02:49,080 --> 04:02:51,760 EXPECT TO BE ABLE TO GO INTO A 6696 04:02:51,760 --> 04:02:53,240 STORE AND BUY A BED WHERE THE 6697 04:02:53,240 --> 04:02:55,640 BACK ELEVATES, ETCETERA, THEY 6698 04:02:55,640 --> 04:02:57,560 SHOULD BE ABLE TO EXPECT THE BED 6699 04:02:57,560 --> 04:03:02,520 WILL GO UP AND DOWN. 6700 04:03:02,520 --> 04:03:07,320 BUT ASSISTIVE IN OUR COMPUTERS 6701 04:03:07,320 --> 04:03:10,880 AND SOFTWARE AND MAKING SURE 6702 04:03:10,880 --> 04:03:14,840 THINGS ARE BEING DESIGNED 6703 04:03:14,840 --> 04:03:17,040 ACCESSIBLY FROM THE BEGINNING 6704 04:03:17,040 --> 04:03:19,240 THE MORE WE CAN GET AWAY FROM 6705 04:03:19,240 --> 04:03:21,200 THINGS SO SPECIALIZED THE BETTER 6706 04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:24,520 WE ARE. 6707 04:03:24,520 --> 04:03:27,480 I HAVE UNIQUE NEEDS. 6708 04:03:27,480 --> 04:03:29,280 IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT ALSO WHEN 6709 04:03:29,280 --> 04:03:31,600 WE LOOK AT ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY 6710 04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:34,040 THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT THE PEOPLE 6711 04:03:34,040 --> 04:03:36,160 NOT JUST DESIGNING BUT THE 6712 04:03:36,160 --> 04:03:39,320 PEOPLE DOING REPAIR. 6713 04:03:39,320 --> 04:03:41,280 AND PEOPLE ARE ORDERING 6714 04:03:41,280 --> 04:03:45,200 TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE YOU REALLY 6715 04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:46,480 NEED TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 6716 04:03:46,480 --> 04:03:48,880 THE PERSON YOU'RE WORKING WITH. 6717 04:03:48,880 --> 04:03:55,360 AND I WANT TO SAY THAT ONE THING 6718 04:03:55,360 --> 04:04:05,920 ABOUT THE WAY WE GETS TECHNOLOGY 6719 04:04:08,840 --> 04:04:10,080 THERE'S A PRESUMPTION YOU THE 6720 04:04:10,080 --> 04:04:12,360 WHAT YOU NEED AND IN SOME CASES 6721 04:04:12,360 --> 04:04:13,280 WE DON'T. 6722 04:04:13,280 --> 04:04:18,880 IN PART IF THE TECHNOLOGY IS 6723 04:04:18,880 --> 04:04:23,360 REALLY OPENING NEW OPPORTUNITIES 6724 04:04:23,360 --> 04:04:25,160 WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TO ASK FOR OR 6725 04:04:25,160 --> 04:04:29,200 DON'T KNOW TOTALITY OF WHAT TO 6726 04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:32,760 DISCUSS. 6727 04:04:32,760 --> 04:04:34,080 THINGS LIKE MYSELF AND OTHER 6728 04:04:34,080 --> 04:04:36,760 PEOPLE I KNOW WHO HAD VANS. 6729 04:04:36,760 --> 04:04:39,840 WE'VE BEEN GETTING WHEELCHAIRS 6730 04:04:39,840 --> 04:04:41,280 WHERE NO ONE ASKED THERE WE USED 6731 04:04:41,280 --> 04:04:42,240 ANY TRANSPORTATION. 6732 04:04:42,240 --> 04:04:45,760 SO NO ONE WAS MEASURING HOW TALL 6733 04:04:45,760 --> 04:04:48,560 WE WERE FROM THE GROUND TO THE 6734 04:04:48,560 --> 04:04:51,720 TOP OF OUR HEAD AND I HAD A 6735 04:04:51,720 --> 04:04:53,880 FRIEND TO HAD TO GET RID OF THE 6736 04:04:53,880 --> 04:04:55,320 VEHICLE BECAUSE AFTER THEY 6737 04:04:55,320 --> 04:04:56,560 CHANGED HIS WHEELCHAIR HE 6738 04:04:56,560 --> 04:05:00,560 COULDN'T GET IN AND OUT OF HIS 6739 04:05:00,560 --> 04:05:04,920 VEHICLE. 6740 04:05:04,920 --> 04:05:06,680 WHEN LOOKING AT ASSISTIVE 6741 04:05:06,680 --> 04:05:07,680 TECHNOLOGY IT'S IMPORTANT WE 6742 04:05:07,680 --> 04:05:10,920 LOOK AT IT AS SOMETHING WHICH 6743 04:05:10,920 --> 04:05:13,080 REALLY WILL ENABLE SOME PEOPLE 6744 04:05:13,080 --> 04:05:15,280 TO EITHER RE-ENTER A WORLD THEY 6745 04:05:15,280 --> 04:05:17,960 WERE IN BEFORE AND YOU CLEARLY 6746 04:05:17,960 --> 04:05:23,120 SAW THAT IN THE THINKING ABOUT 6747 04:05:23,120 --> 04:05:25,160 THE WALKING TECHNOLOGY BEING 6748 04:05:25,160 --> 04:05:26,200 USED AND TRAINING PEOPLE TO DO 6749 04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:28,000 THINGS THEY WERE DO BEFORE BUT 6750 04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:33,200 IN MANY CASES PEOPLE WERE NOT 6751 04:05:33,200 --> 04:05:35,800 DOING THESE THINGS BEFORE. 6752 04:05:35,800 --> 04:05:39,760 LIKE MYSELF BORN WITH DISABILITY 6753 04:05:39,760 --> 04:05:41,160 AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY IS 6754 04:05:41,160 --> 04:05:43,480 CRITICAL AND NEED TO LOOK AT IT 6755 04:05:43,480 --> 04:05:44,720 WAY BEYOND THE TOOL ITSELF AND 6756 04:05:44,720 --> 04:05:48,520 HOW TO ENSURE THE TOOLS BEING 6757 04:05:48,520 --> 04:05:50,160 DESIGNED ARE ABLE TO BE AS 6758 04:05:50,160 --> 04:05:53,640 FLEXIBLE AS POSSIBLE, BENEFIT 6759 04:05:53,640 --> 04:05:56,320 PEOPLE AND LOOK AT THE TOTALITY 6760 04:05:56,320 --> 04:05:58,360 OF THE PERSON'S LIFE. 6761 04:05:58,360 --> 04:05:59,360 >>THANK YOU. 6762 04:05:59,360 --> 04:06:01,000 THAT'S A GOOD PERSPECTIVE ON 6763 04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:02,400 WHAT DESIGNERS NEED TO THINK 6764 04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:05,720 ABOUT WHEN THEY'RE INTERACTING 6765 04:06:05,720 --> 04:06:06,440 WITH THEIR CLIENTS. 6766 04:06:06,440 --> 04:06:07,520 >>AND PEOPLE BEING TRAINED. 6767 04:06:07,520 --> 04:06:10,040 YOU HAVE THE DESIGNERS THAT MAKE 6768 04:06:10,040 --> 04:06:14,200 THE PRODUCT BUT ALL TOO 6769 04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:16,280 FREQUENTLY THE PEOPLE THAT ARE 6770 04:06:16,280 --> 04:06:18,520 DOING THE ORDERING DON'T HAVE 6771 04:06:18,520 --> 04:06:23,880 TRE SAME TRAINING AND -- THE 6772 04:06:23,880 --> 04:06:26,080 SAME TRAINING AND IT'S EQUALLY 6773 04:06:26,080 --> 04:06:30,040 IMPORTANT THE O.T.s, P.T.s, 6774 04:06:30,040 --> 04:06:31,040 SPEECH THERAPIST AND THE 6775 04:06:31,040 --> 04:06:32,840 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUAL USER GET 6776 04:06:32,840 --> 04:06:34,920 A BETTER UNDERSTANDING FROM THE 6777 04:06:34,920 --> 04:06:37,840 VERY BEGINNING WHEN LOOKING AT 6778 04:06:37,840 --> 04:06:38,640 A.T. 6779 04:06:38,640 --> 04:06:41,040 AND IT SHOULD BE LIKE AN 6780 04:06:41,040 --> 04:06:42,160 INTRODUCTORY VIDEO WHICH ALLOWS 6781 04:06:42,160 --> 04:06:43,800 PEOPLE TO START THINKING ABOUT 6782 04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:45,240 WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO IN YOUR 6783 04:06:45,240 --> 04:06:47,480 LIFE AND WHAT WERE YOU DOING IN 6784 04:06:47,480 --> 04:06:49,960 YOUR LIFE AND HOW CAN THE 6785 04:06:49,960 --> 04:06:51,360 TECHNOLOGY WE HAVE NOW BUT IT'S 6786 04:06:51,360 --> 04:06:53,160 ALSO THINKING ABOUT THE 6787 04:06:53,160 --> 04:06:59,880 TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE. 6788 04:06:59,880 --> 04:07:02,960 >>SO YOU HAVE BEEN FEATURED IN 6789 04:07:02,960 --> 04:07:04,000 A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THE 6790 04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:09,200 DISABILITY RIGHTS MOVEMENT ON 6791 04:07:09,200 --> 04:07:12,520 NETFLIX CALLED KIRK CAMP AND 6792 04:07:12,520 --> 04:07:13,640 EXECUTIVE PRODUCED BY PRESIDENT 6793 04:07:13,640 --> 04:07:16,840 OBAMA AND PORTRAYED BY AN A TONY 6794 04:07:16,840 --> 04:07:19,720 AWARD WINNING ACTOR WHO ALSO 6795 04:07:19,720 --> 04:07:21,640 USES A WHEELCHAIR FOR MOBILITY 6796 04:07:21,640 --> 04:07:23,360 AND THAT WAS ON A TELEVISION 6797 04:07:23,360 --> 04:07:25,320 SHOW ABOUT CIVIL RIGHTS. 6798 04:07:25,320 --> 04:07:28,560 HOW DO YOU THINK -- 6799 04:07:28,560 --> 04:07:29,040 >>JUNK HISTORY. 6800 04:07:29,040 --> 04:07:33,600 >>I WASN'T GOING TO SAY THE 6801 04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:34,040 NAME. 6802 04:07:34,040 --> 04:07:38,040 HOW DO YOU THINK THESE NEW MEDIA 6803 04:07:38,040 --> 04:07:39,400 REPRESENTATIONS WILL IMPACT THE 6804 04:07:39,400 --> 04:07:40,000 REPRESENTATION OF PEOPLE WITH 6805 04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:46,440 DISABILITIES? 6806 04:07:46,440 --> 04:07:47,720 OPPOSED TO THE WAY TRADITIONALLY 6807 04:07:47,720 --> 04:07:48,800 THEY'VE BEEN SHOWN? 6808 04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:50,280 >>THE WHOLE ISSUE OF 6809 04:07:50,280 --> 04:07:53,160 REPRESENTATION IS SO VERY 6810 04:07:53,160 --> 04:07:53,840 IMPORTANT. 6811 04:07:53,840 --> 04:08:00,200 AND IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE NEED 6812 04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:01,640 TO DO MEANINGFUL RESEARCH ON 6813 04:08:01,640 --> 04:08:03,920 PARTICULARLY ON THE AREA OF 6814 04:08:03,920 --> 04:08:04,400 DISABILITY. 6815 04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:09,880 I THINK THERE'S APPROPRIATE 6816 04:08:09,880 --> 04:08:12,560 PRESUMPTION AND WHICH IS THAT 6817 04:08:12,560 --> 04:08:17,960 WHEN ONE DOESN'T SEE ONE'S SELF 6818 04:08:17,960 --> 04:08:19,600 THAT IS GIVING A PROFOUND 6819 04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:22,840 MESSAGE, THE ABSENCE OF. 6820 04:08:22,840 --> 04:08:25,640 WHEN WE LOOK AT PEOPLE OF COLOR, 6821 04:08:25,640 --> 04:08:28,880 BLACK PEOPLE, LATINOS, ASIANS, 6822 04:08:28,880 --> 04:08:31,000 PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT GENDER 6823 04:08:31,000 --> 04:08:31,920 ORIENTATIONS, DIFFERENT 6824 04:08:31,920 --> 04:08:34,000 RELIGIOUS BACKGROUNDS, IN MY 6825 04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:37,560 LIFE TIME THERE'S BEEN DRAMATIC 6826 04:08:37,560 --> 04:08:39,720 CHANGES IN TELEVISION, IN 6827 04:08:39,720 --> 04:08:42,160 DOCUMENTARIES, ON THE NEWS, IN 6828 04:08:42,160 --> 04:08:44,480 MOVIES, IN NEWSPAPERS. 6829 04:08:44,480 --> 04:08:47,080 MUCH MORE CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT 6830 04:08:47,080 --> 04:08:52,160 THIS BUT YOU STILL ARE 6831 04:08:52,160 --> 04:08:53,200 INFREQUENTLY SEEING DISABLED 6832 04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:54,520 PEOPLE WITH MANY FORMS OF 6833 04:08:54,520 --> 04:08:56,720 DISABILITIES WHO ARE WHITE OR 6834 04:08:56,720 --> 04:08:59,520 BLACK OR ASIAN OR LATINO OR GAY 6835 04:08:59,520 --> 04:09:00,920 OR STRAIGHT OR WHATEVER IT MAY 6836 04:09:00,920 --> 04:09:01,920 BE. 6837 04:09:01,920 --> 04:09:03,920 IT'S NOT THAT WE'RE NOT SEEING 6838 04:09:03,920 --> 04:09:06,520 IT AT ALL AND I CAN TELL YOU 6839 04:09:06,520 --> 04:09:11,480 WHEN I'M WATCHING TV I PICK UP 6840 04:09:11,480 --> 04:09:12,520 IMMEDIATELY WHEN I SEE SOMETHING 6841 04:09:12,520 --> 04:09:14,120 AND ADVERTISEMENTS NOW ARE 6842 04:09:14,120 --> 04:09:17,800 SEEING A NUMBER OF PLACES LATELY 6843 04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:20,800 WHERE IF YOU KNOW THAT PERSON IS 6844 04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:23,280 IN A WHEELCHAIR BECAUSE I USE A 6845 04:09:23,280 --> 04:09:25,960 WHEELCHAIR AND I KNOW WHAT IT 6846 04:09:25,960 --> 04:09:28,440 LOOKS LIKE, YOU MAY SEE A COUPLE 6847 04:09:28,440 --> 04:09:31,200 PEOPLE IN A BANK AD OR SOME 6848 04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:35,640 OTHER THINGS BUT LIKE QUICKLY. 6849 04:09:35,640 --> 04:09:37,680 DISABLED PEOPLE ARE NOT GIVEN 6850 04:09:37,680 --> 04:09:41,160 THE SAME LENGTH OF TIME 6851 04:09:41,160 --> 04:09:42,520 FREQUENTLY EVEN WHEN WE ARE 6852 04:09:42,520 --> 04:09:43,960 BEING SHOWN IN THINGS LIKE ADS. 6853 04:09:43,960 --> 04:09:48,600 I WANT TO REALLY UNDER SCORE THE 6854 04:09:48,600 --> 04:09:52,760 FACT THAT IT IS OUR 6855 04:09:52,760 --> 04:09:53,480 RESPONSIBILITY WORKING IN THE 6856 04:09:53,480 --> 04:09:57,960 FIELD OF REHAB OR DISABILITY IN 6857 04:09:57,960 --> 04:10:02,120 GENERAL THAT WE BE MUCH MORE 6858 04:10:02,120 --> 04:10:03,200 DAMNING OF REPRESENTATION OF 6859 04:10:03,200 --> 04:10:05,560 DISABLED PEOPLE BY DISABLED 6860 04:10:05,560 --> 04:10:06,520 PEOPLE AND WE RECOGNIZE THE 6861 04:10:06,520 --> 04:10:10,160 IMPORTANCE OF THE DIVERSITY. 6862 04:10:10,160 --> 04:10:14,920 AND WHILE I DON'T WORK IN 6863 04:10:14,920 --> 04:10:20,400 GOVERNMENT ANY MORE I STRONGLY 6864 04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:24,480 BELIEVE WE NEED TO BE MORE 6865 04:10:24,480 --> 04:10:25,640 PERSISTENT AND CONSISTENT ON 6866 04:10:25,640 --> 04:10:28,600 MAKING SURE THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT 6867 04:10:28,600 --> 04:10:33,720 ISSUES LIKE ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY 6868 04:10:33,720 --> 04:10:36,240 THAT PEOPLE ARE WE USE ASSISTIVE 6869 04:10:36,240 --> 04:10:39,520 TECHNOLOGY ARE BEING SEEN. 6870 04:10:39,520 --> 04:10:42,920 AND MORE BROAD REPRESENTATION. 6871 04:10:42,920 --> 04:10:46,640 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IS 6872 04:10:46,640 --> 04:10:47,720 ANOTHER REALLY IMPORTANT AREA 6873 04:10:47,720 --> 04:10:50,000 THAT'S BEEN EMERGING OVER THE 6874 04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:52,160 LAST FEW DECADES AND BLIND 6875 04:10:52,160 --> 04:10:54,560 PEOPLE AND PEOPLE WHO AREN'T 6876 04:10:54,560 --> 04:10:56,800 ABLE TO TYPICALLY ARTICULATE AND 6877 04:10:56,800 --> 04:11:00,480 I THINK ONE OF THE REASONS WHY 6878 04:11:00,480 --> 04:11:04,960 IT'S SO VERY IMPORTANT THAT WE 6879 04:11:04,960 --> 04:11:06,880 ARE NOT ONLY SEEING OURSELVES 6880 04:11:06,880 --> 04:11:10,600 BUT IT'S AS IMPORTANT AS THE NON 6881 04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:11,840 DISABLED COMMUNITY OR PEOPLE 6882 04:11:11,840 --> 04:11:13,680 WITH INVISIBLE DISABILITIES AS 6883 04:11:13,680 --> 04:11:16,080 WE ALL KNOW THE MAJORITY OF 6884 04:11:16,080 --> 04:11:19,000 PEOPLE WHO HAVE INVISIBLE 6885 04:11:19,000 --> 04:11:20,920 DISABILITIES. 6886 04:11:20,920 --> 04:11:23,160 YOU CAN'T SHOW SOMEONE LIKE WHO 6887 04:11:23,160 --> 04:11:27,360 HAS DEPRESSION OR CANCER BUT YOU 6888 04:11:27,360 --> 04:11:30,680 DO NEED TO BE ABLE TO MAKE SURE 6889 04:11:30,680 --> 04:11:31,600 IN THE DIALOGUES AND 6890 04:11:31,600 --> 04:11:33,040 REPRESENTATION WE'RE TALKING 6891 04:11:33,040 --> 04:11:34,080 WITH THIS. 6892 04:11:34,080 --> 04:11:35,600 THE REASON WHY I THINK IT'S 6893 04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:38,000 IMPORTANT IS WE NEED TO BE 6894 04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:39,080 NORMALIZING ALL THESE THINGS. 6895 04:11:39,080 --> 04:11:49,520 WE NEED TO NORMALIZE SOME 6896 04:11:50,160 --> 04:11:51,400 TECHNOLOGIES AND THE MAN RUNNING 6897 04:11:51,400 --> 04:11:55,320 FOR A SENATE SEAT WHO HAD A 6898 04:11:55,320 --> 04:11:56,880 STROKE AND IS USING CAPTIONING 6899 04:11:56,880 --> 04:11:59,160 AND THE FACT THAT THEY'RE 6900 04:11:59,160 --> 04:12:00,560 DISCUSSING WHETHER OR NOT HE'S 6901 04:12:00,560 --> 04:12:03,360 CAPABLE OF BEING A SENATOR 6902 04:12:03,360 --> 04:12:05,200 BECAUSE HE'S CAPTIONING, THAT'S 6903 04:12:05,200 --> 04:12:10,520 IN MY VIEW IS THE RESULT OF THE 6904 04:12:10,520 --> 04:12:11,440 FACT THAT WE DON'T DISCUSS THE 6905 04:12:11,440 --> 04:12:16,320 ISSUE OF WHAT IS CAPTIONING AND 6906 04:12:16,320 --> 04:12:19,480 WHAT IT HAS BENEFIT AND NOW WE 6907 04:12:19,480 --> 04:12:21,760 HAVE CAPTION IN MANY PLACES. 6908 04:12:21,760 --> 04:12:23,840 PEOPLE FREQUENTLY DON'T TURN IT 6909 04:12:23,840 --> 04:12:24,880 ON BUT I THINK IF PEOPLE 6910 04:12:24,880 --> 04:12:26,080 UNDERSTOOD THE VALUE OF 6911 04:12:26,080 --> 04:12:29,200 CAPTIONING, I TURN CAPTIONING ON 6912 04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:31,560 SO OFTEN BECAUSE I MAY NOT 6913 04:12:31,560 --> 04:12:32,760 UNDERSTAND SOMEBODY. 6914 04:12:32,760 --> 04:12:36,560 THE MICROPHONE -- THEY MAY HAVE 6915 04:12:36,560 --> 04:12:39,960 AN ACCENT WHATEVER IT MAY BE BUT 6916 04:12:39,960 --> 04:12:42,840 IF CAPTIONING WAS NORMALIZED ONE 6917 04:12:42,840 --> 04:12:45,200 WOULD NOT QUESTION ONE'S NEED TO 6918 04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:49,080 USE CAPTIONING. 6919 04:12:49,080 --> 04:12:53,960 >>THANK YOU, I'M A BIG FAN OF 6920 04:12:53,960 --> 04:12:55,480 CAPTIONING FOR MY BBC WATCHING, 6921 04:12:55,480 --> 04:12:55,960 I NEED IT. 6922 04:12:55,960 --> 04:12:56,720 >>GREAT EXAMPLE. 6923 04:12:56,720 --> 04:12:58,640 >>I THINK WE'RE OUT OF TIME. 6924 04:12:58,640 --> 04:13:01,720 BUT I WANT THE TO JUST SAY THANK 6925 04:13:01,720 --> 04:13:02,200 YOU SO MUCH. 6926 04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:04,560 IT'S HANDS DOWN THE HIGHLIGHT OF 6927 04:13:04,560 --> 04:13:04,800 MY WEEK. 6928 04:13:04,800 --> 04:13:06,560 THANK YOU SO MUCH TAKING THE 6929 04:13:06,560 --> 04:13:08,200 TIME TO TALK WITH ME TODAY AND 6930 04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:09,160 WE'LL SEE YOU AT THE END FOR 6931 04:13:09,160 --> 04:13:09,600 Q&A. 6932 04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:11,800 THANK YOU. 6933 04:13:11,800 --> 04:13:13,200 >>THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME. 6934 04:13:13,200 --> 04:13:19,760 IT'S GREAT. 6935 04:13:19,760 --> 04:13:25,760 >>OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS CLAIRE LE 6936 04:13:25,760 --> 04:13:26,040 PICHON. 6937 04:13:26,040 --> 04:13:28,880 SHE IS AN INVESTIGATOR IN THE 6938 04:13:28,880 --> 04:13:30,520 DIVISION OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH 6939 04:13:30,520 --> 04:13:32,600 AND BEGAN IN 2016 AND SHE 6940 04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:35,480 STUDIES THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS 6941 04:13:35,480 --> 04:13:37,120 UNDERLYING THE ONSET AND 6942 04:13:37,120 --> 04:13:39,480 PROGRESSION OF NEURODEGENERATIVE 6943 04:13:39,480 --> 04:13:40,600 DISEASE. 6944 04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:45,160 EXCUSE MY, I SHOULD HAVE SAID 6945 04:13:45,160 --> 04:13:49,160 INTRAMURAL AT NICHD. 6946 04:13:49,160 --> 04:13:50,000 ONE OF OUR OWN. 6947 04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:52,000 SHE WORKED AT A CUP MAY HAVE 6948 04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:57,160 HEARD OF, GENNENTECH AND WORKED 6949 04:13:57,160 --> 04:14:00,520 ON THE PRECLINICAL DRUG 6950 04:14:00,520 --> 04:14:02,880 DEVELOPMENT FOR MULTIPLE 6951 04:14:02,880 --> 04:14:04,400 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 6952 04:14:04,400 --> 04:14:05,480 PIPELINES USING A MOUSE MODEL OF 6953 04:14:05,480 --> 04:14:05,920 THE DISEASE. 6954 04:14:05,920 --> 04:14:09,280 SHE EARNED HER B.A. DEGREE FROM 6955 04:14:09,280 --> 04:14:12,560 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, U.K. AND 6956 04:14:12,560 --> 04:14:15,120 EARNED HER Ph.D. IN BIOLOGICAL 6957 04:14:15,120 --> 04:14:16,440 SCIENCES FROM COLUMBIA 6958 04:14:16,440 --> 04:14:16,760 UNIVERSITY. 6959 04:14:16,760 --> 04:14:18,560 WITHOUT FURTHER DELAY, I WILL 6960 04:14:18,560 --> 04:14:19,240 TURN THE FLOOR OVER TO CLAIRE. 6961 04:14:19,240 --> 04:14:28,040 THANK YOU. 6962 04:14:28,040 --> 04:14:31,840 >>THANK YOU, TERESA. 6963 04:14:31,840 --> 04:14:33,600 I'D LIKE TO SHARE THE WORK WE DO 6964 04:14:33,600 --> 04:14:36,360 IN MY LAB AND HIGHLIGHT AND 6965 04:14:36,360 --> 04:14:37,920 HOPEFULLY I'LL CONVINCE YOU IS 6966 04:14:37,920 --> 04:14:39,520 THAT THE TYPE OF BASIC RESEARCH 6967 04:14:39,520 --> 04:14:42,520 THAT WE DO IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 6968 04:14:42,520 --> 04:14:45,880 SO WE'RE VERY INTERESTED IN HOW 6969 04:14:45,880 --> 04:14:48,560 NEURONS RESPOND TO INJURY AND I 6970 04:14:48,560 --> 04:14:51,320 THINK THIS WORK CAN HELP US 6971 04:14:51,320 --> 04:14:55,640 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PHYSIOLOGY 6972 04:14:55,640 --> 04:14:58,320 OF NEURODEGENERATION DISEASE 6973 04:14:58,320 --> 04:15:03,600 WHETHER IT'S DISEASE OR 6974 04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:10,680 ENVIRONMENTALLY CAUSED. 6975 04:15:10,680 --> 04:15:14,040 WE MODEL NEURODEGENERATION 6976 04:15:14,040 --> 04:15:15,520 USING MICE AND DO VARIOUS FORMS 6977 04:15:15,520 --> 04:15:17,160 AND STUDY TRAUMATIC INJURY TO 6978 04:15:17,160 --> 04:15:20,920 THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD 6979 04:15:20,920 --> 04:15:21,800 AND WE'RE INTERESTED IN 6980 04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:22,400 UNDERSTANDING WHAT HAPPENS AT 6981 04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:25,520 THE CELLULAR LEVEL. 6982 04:15:25,520 --> 04:15:27,120 AND RECENTLY, I'LL SHARE THIS 6983 04:15:27,120 --> 04:15:30,520 TOWARDS THE END OF MY TALK, WE 6984 04:15:30,520 --> 04:15:35,320 HAVE STARTED STUDYING HUMAN 6985 04:15:35,320 --> 04:15:38,800 NEURONS IN A DISH USING IPSC 6986 04:15:38,800 --> 04:15:39,080 TECHNOLOGY. 6987 04:15:39,080 --> 04:15:41,120 I'LL BRIEFLY INTRODUCE ONE OF 6988 04:15:41,120 --> 04:15:46,360 THE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS WE WORK 6989 04:15:46,360 --> 04:15:47,840 ON. 6990 04:15:47,840 --> 04:15:52,560 AND SHARE VIGNETTES OF WORK 6991 04:15:52,560 --> 04:15:55,640 WE'VE DONE AT NICHD. 6992 04:15:55,640 --> 04:16:01,200 IN SIMPLE TERMS, 6993 04:16:01,200 --> 04:16:03,120 NEURODEGENERATION CAN BE CAUSED 6994 04:16:03,120 --> 04:16:04,680 BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE 6995 04:16:04,680 --> 04:16:06,240 DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE SPAN. 6996 04:16:06,240 --> 04:16:08,840 IN MY LAB WE STUDY DOWN STREAM 6997 04:16:08,840 --> 04:16:12,600 PATHWAYS THAT ARE COMMON TO MANY 6998 04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:16,120 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN WHICH ONE 6999 04:16:16,120 --> 04:16:17,720 CAN OBSERVE NEURODEGENERATION 7000 04:16:17,720 --> 04:16:19,000 AND WE'RE INTERESTED IN 7001 04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:22,720 MODELLING THIS IN MICE AND ALSO 7002 04:16:22,720 --> 04:16:24,120 UNDERSTANDING WHETHER WHAT WE 7003 04:16:24,120 --> 04:16:24,960 LEARNED FROM THE MICE TRUE IN 7004 04:16:24,960 --> 04:16:33,440 HUMAN NEURONS. 7005 04:16:33,440 --> 04:16:36,200 WE'RE INTERESTED IN TYPES AND 7006 04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:37,600 INTERESTED IN THE DOWN STREAM 7007 04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:38,320 MECHANISMS AND I'LL TELL YOU 7008 04:16:38,320 --> 04:16:40,040 ABOUT ONE OF THESE TODAY. 7009 04:16:40,040 --> 04:16:45,160 AND THIS IS WORK THAT I STARTED 7010 04:16:45,160 --> 04:16:45,760 THINKING ABOUT AT GENENTECH 7011 04:16:45,760 --> 04:16:49,080 BECAUSE WE WERE TRYING TO 7012 04:16:49,080 --> 04:16:50,000 DEVELOP DRUGS TO TREAT 7013 04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:51,120 NEURODEGENERATION AND ONE WAY IS 7014 04:16:51,120 --> 04:16:53,160 TO TARGET A DOWN STREAM PATHWAY 7015 04:16:53,160 --> 04:16:54,360 WHERE YOU DON'T HAVE TO 7016 04:16:54,360 --> 04:16:57,160 UNDERSTAND ALL THE DIFFERENT 7017 04:16:57,160 --> 04:17:01,640 CAUSES THAT LED TO THE 7018 04:17:01,640 --> 04:17:04,120 NEURODEGENERATION AND THE 7019 04:17:04,120 --> 04:17:09,120 EXAMPLE IS USING KINASE. 7020 04:17:09,120 --> 04:17:14,600 SO DUAL LEUCINE ZIPPER KINASE IS 7021 04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:16,360 ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER DEVELOPMENT 7022 04:17:16,360 --> 04:17:19,840 WITHIN AN ORGANISM. 7023 04:17:19,840 --> 04:17:22,920 I'M SHOWING AN EXAMPLE WHERE THE 7024 04:17:22,920 --> 04:17:25,920 APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF NEURONS IN 7025 04:17:25,920 --> 04:17:29,160 A MATURE ORGANISM IS DETERMINED 7026 04:17:29,160 --> 04:17:30,320 ACT 7027 04:17:30,320 --> 04:17:32,640 ACTUALLY BY AN OVERPRODUCTION OF 7028 04:17:32,640 --> 04:17:35,360 NEURONS AND A WAVE OF CELL DEATH 7029 04:17:35,360 --> 04:17:37,440 OF THE EXTRA NEURONS THAT DIDN'T 7030 04:17:37,440 --> 04:17:40,600 MAKE APPROPRIATE CONNECTIONS AND 7031 04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:43,800 THIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THAT 7032 04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:46,360 NORMAL HEALTHY DEVELOPMENTAL 7033 04:17:46,360 --> 04:17:48,400 PROCESS. 7034 04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:51,560 WE WONDERED WHETHER IT CAN BE 7035 04:17:51,560 --> 04:17:53,160 ACTIVATED AGAIN IN THE CONTEXT 7036 04:17:53,160 --> 04:17:54,080 OF DISEASE. 7037 04:17:54,080 --> 04:18:00,320 THIS IS WORK I DID AT GENENTECH 7038 04:18:00,320 --> 04:18:05,880 WHERE WE LOOKED AT A MOUSE MODEL 7039 04:18:05,880 --> 04:18:10,800 OF DEGENERATION. 7040 04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:12,000 IT TURNS OUT THERE ARE LINKS 7041 04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:14,760 BETWEEN PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL 7042 04:18:14,760 --> 04:18:17,200 PROPER NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND 7043 04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:19,400 ALSO DEGENERATION LATER IN LIFE. 7044 04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:21,680 AND ONE OF THE BEST WAYS TO 7045 04:18:21,680 --> 04:18:25,680 STUDY THIS IN A CONTROLS WAY IS 7046 04:18:25,680 --> 04:18:27,720 TO INJURY THE AXON. 7047 04:18:27,720 --> 04:18:29,560 SO WITH NERVE INJURY THAT'S A 7048 04:18:29,560 --> 04:18:32,240 GOOD WAY OF ACTIVATING THIS 7049 04:18:32,240 --> 04:18:33,440 PATHWAY AND I'M GOING TO 7050 04:18:33,440 --> 04:18:38,640 SUMMARIZE A LOT OF WORK THAT HAS 7051 04:18:38,640 --> 04:18:41,120 BEEN DONE OVER THE PAST COUPLE 7052 04:18:41,120 --> 04:18:47,040 DECADE IN MANY MODEL ORGANISMS 7053 04:18:47,040 --> 04:18:50,360 AND ESSENTIALLY THE DUAL LEUCINE 7054 04:18:50,360 --> 04:18:52,200 KINASE DRIVES THE PATHWAY WHERE 7055 04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:55,440 YOU GET PHOSPHORYLATION OF DROWN 7056 04:18:55,440 --> 04:18:56,960 STREAM PATHWAYS AND SENDS A 7057 04:18:56,960 --> 04:18:58,720 SIGNAL TO THE CELL BODY. 7058 04:18:58,720 --> 04:19:01,160 SOMETIMES THE AXON INJURY IS FAR 7059 04:19:01,160 --> 04:19:03,080 FROM THE CELL BODY. 7060 04:19:03,080 --> 04:19:05,720 THIS IS A KIND OF RETRO GRADE 7061 04:19:05,720 --> 04:19:06,000 SIGNALLING. 7062 04:19:06,000 --> 04:19:08,560 GET THE AXON INJURY AND THE 7063 04:19:08,560 --> 04:19:10,920 RETRO GRADE SIGNALLING TELLS THE 7064 04:19:10,920 --> 04:19:12,720 NEURON THAT THIS INJURY HAS 7065 04:19:12,720 --> 04:19:15,120 HAPPENED SOMETIMES VERY FAR AWAY 7066 04:19:15,120 --> 04:19:18,000 AND THE CELL IS ABLE TO TURN ON 7067 04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:19,960 DIFFERENT GENES THAT ALLOW IT TO 7068 04:19:19,960 --> 04:19:21,520 RESPOND TO THE INJURY. 7069 04:19:21,520 --> 04:19:23,560 AND THIS ACTUALLY ALLOWS THE 7070 04:19:23,560 --> 04:19:24,600 NEURON TO DO MANY THINGS IN 7071 04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:27,040 RESPONSE TO THIS INJURY. 7072 04:19:27,040 --> 04:19:31,680 SO THE AXON CAN DEGENERATE AND 7073 04:19:31,680 --> 04:19:35,560 LOTS OF OTHER PLAYERS ARE 7074 04:19:35,560 --> 04:19:37,160 INVOLVED IN THAT PROCESS AND THE 7075 04:19:37,160 --> 04:19:38,640 AXON CAN SOMETIMES REGENERATE. 7076 04:19:38,640 --> 04:19:40,240 THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IN TERMS 7077 04:19:40,240 --> 04:19:44,120 OF BEING ABLE TO REPAIR AND 7078 04:19:44,120 --> 04:19:47,200 PROTECT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT 7079 04:19:47,200 --> 04:19:50,440 THIS PATHWAY CAN ALSO DRIVE 7080 04:19:50,440 --> 04:19:53,200 NEURONAL DEATH AS WELL AS 7081 04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:55,160 SURVIVAL AND THE EXACT OUTCOME 7082 04:19:55,160 --> 04:19:57,480 DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT AND THAT 7083 04:19:57,480 --> 04:19:59,280 CAN BE DIFFERENT NEURON TYPES, A 7084 04:19:59,280 --> 04:20:02,200 DIFFERENT ORGANISM, WHERE THE 7085 04:20:02,200 --> 04:20:04,520 NEURON IS WHETHER IT'S IN THE 7086 04:20:04,520 --> 04:20:05,880 BRAIN OR IN THE PERIPHERAL 7087 04:20:05,880 --> 04:20:07,040 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 7088 04:20:07,040 --> 04:20:10,760 ONE OF THE THINGS MY LAB 7089 04:20:10,760 --> 04:20:12,200 DISCOVERED IS THAT THIS PATHWAY 7090 04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:15,920 CAN ALSO SIGNAL TO THE OUTSIDE 7091 04:20:15,920 --> 04:20:16,720 OF THE CELL. 7092 04:20:16,720 --> 04:20:18,480 ALL THE THINGS I DESCRIBED THE 7093 04:20:18,480 --> 04:20:20,360 REPAIR AND DEGENERATION ARE 7094 04:20:20,360 --> 04:20:24,320 INTRINSIC TO THE CELL THAT WAS 7095 04:20:24,320 --> 04:20:24,560 INJURED. 7096 04:20:24,560 --> 04:20:30,560 WE DISCOVERED THE PATHWAY CAN 7097 04:20:30,560 --> 04:20:34,480 ALSO LEAD TO NEURAL INFLAMMATION 7098 04:20:34,480 --> 04:20:36,880 BY TALKING TO THE CELLS ON THE 7099 04:20:36,880 --> 04:20:39,160 OUTSIDE AND THIS IS WORK DONE BY 7100 04:20:39,160 --> 04:20:42,760 THIS GREAT TEAM IN MY LAB. 7101 04:20:42,760 --> 04:20:44,640 A GREAT NEUROANATOMY LESSON. 7102 04:20:44,640 --> 04:20:48,320 THIS IS A DIAGRAM OF THE SPINAL 7103 04:20:48,320 --> 04:20:49,600 COLUMN AND YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE 7104 04:20:49,600 --> 04:20:55,400 THESE DRGs OR DORSAL ROOT 7105 04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:57,320 GANGLIA THAT LINE THE SPINAL 7106 04:20:57,320 --> 04:21:04,840 CORD AND THOSE ARE DRGs SENSORY 7107 04:21:04,840 --> 04:21:07,280 NEURONS EXTEND ONE INTO THE 7108 04:21:07,280 --> 04:21:09,160 DORSAL END AND THE OTHER END 7109 04:21:09,160 --> 04:21:11,280 CONNECTS TO THE PERIPHERY LIKE 7110 04:21:11,280 --> 04:21:11,760 THE SKIN. 7111 04:21:11,760 --> 04:21:14,480 IN ORANGE YOU CAN SEE THE MOTOR 7112 04:21:14,480 --> 04:21:14,880 NEURONS. 7113 04:21:14,880 --> 04:21:21,160 THOSE RESIDE IN THE SEN VENTRAL 7114 04:21:21,160 --> 04:21:27,040 OF THE SPINAL CORD AND ALLOW 7115 04:21:27,040 --> 04:21:30,080 MOVEMENT AND PROJECT OUT OF THE 7116 04:21:30,080 --> 04:21:32,800 SPINAL CORD AND IN THE MOUSE WE 7117 04:21:32,800 --> 04:21:35,400 DO THIS INJURY PARADIGM IN WHICH 7118 04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:36,920 WE'LL INJURY THE NERVE BOTH 7119 04:21:36,920 --> 04:21:39,960 SENSORY AND MOTOR AXONS AND WHAT 7120 04:21:39,960 --> 04:21:43,280 YOU'RE SEEING HERE IS A VIEW OF 7121 04:21:43,280 --> 04:21:48,520 THE MOUSE SPINAL CORD THAT WE 7122 04:21:48,520 --> 04:21:52,720 HAVE STAINED AND CLEARED AND 7123 04:21:52,720 --> 04:21:54,520 VISUALIZING HERE MICROGLIA THE 7124 04:21:54,520 --> 04:21:55,720 INFLAMMATORY CELL THAT LIVE IN 7125 04:21:55,720 --> 04:21:56,760 THE SPINAL CORD IN THE BRAIN AND 7126 04:21:56,760 --> 04:22:00,160 THERE ARE TWO CLOUD OF THEM. 7127 04:22:00,160 --> 04:22:01,880 ONE OF THEM IS IN THE PLACE THAT 7128 04:22:01,880 --> 04:22:04,080 RECEIVES INPUT FROM THE SENSORY 7129 04:22:04,080 --> 04:22:06,720 NEURONS AND ONE IS SURROUNDING 7130 04:22:06,720 --> 04:22:12,680 WHERE THE MOTOR NEURONS LIVE. 7131 04:22:12,680 --> 04:22:14,560 WE LOOKED AT -- WHAT I FORGOT TO 7132 04:22:14,560 --> 04:22:17,640 MENTION, SORRY, ON THE SIDE OF 7133 04:22:17,640 --> 04:22:19,920 THE SPINAL CORD WHERE YOU SEE 7134 04:22:19,920 --> 04:22:22,160 THE TWO CLOUD OF MICROGLIA IS 7135 04:22:22,160 --> 04:22:23,680 WHERE WE PERFORMED THE INJURY. 7136 04:22:23,680 --> 04:22:29,520 THE OTHER SIDE WAS UNINJURED. 7137 04:22:29,520 --> 04:22:30,960 GET THIS NEURAL INFLAMMATION AND 7138 04:22:30,960 --> 04:22:39,040 WHEN WE LOOKED IN A KNOCKOUT 7139 04:22:39,040 --> 04:22:41,160 ANIMAL THIS WAS PREVENTED AND IN 7140 04:22:41,160 --> 04:22:42,640 THE SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS 7141 04:22:42,640 --> 04:22:45,040 AFTER WE CUT THEM, THAT 7142 04:22:45,040 --> 04:22:48,080 ACTIVATED THE DLK PATHWAY IN THE 7143 04:22:48,080 --> 04:22:53,040 AXONS AND IT SWITCHES ON A GENE 7144 04:22:53,040 --> 04:22:56,680 CALLED CSF1 AND THAT GENE GETS 7145 04:22:56,680 --> 04:23:00,320 EXPRESSED IN BOTH THE NEURON 7146 04:23:00,320 --> 04:23:03,120 TYPES AND IT IS A SIGNAL TO THE 7147 04:23:03,120 --> 04:23:04,200 MICROGLIA IN THE SURROUNDING 7148 04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:05,000 TISSUE TO PROLIFERATE. 7149 04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:08,240 AND THAT'S WHAT YOU WERE SEEING 7150 04:23:08,240 --> 04:23:11,240 WITH THE WHITE CLOUD. 7151 04:23:11,240 --> 04:23:12,600 IN THE SPINAL CORD. 7152 04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:14,440 I'M GOING SWITCH GEARS NOW. 7153 04:23:14,440 --> 04:23:16,000 THIS WAS REALLY INTERESTING 7154 04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:16,920 BECAUSE THIS WAS AN EXAMPLE OF A 7155 04:23:16,920 --> 04:23:19,440 GENE THAT GETS TURNED ON IN 7156 04:23:19,440 --> 04:23:21,280 RESPONSE TO THE INJURY AND WE 7157 04:23:21,280 --> 04:23:24,080 WERE REALLY INTERESTED OR ARE 7158 04:23:24,080 --> 04:23:29,680 INTERESTED IN KNOWING WHAT WOULD 7159 04:23:29,680 --> 04:23:34,920 THE WHOLE ENSEMBLE OF THE GENES 7160 04:23:34,920 --> 04:23:38,520 WITH INJURY LOOK LIKE AND ONE 7161 04:23:38,520 --> 04:23:39,960 WAY IS TO YOU SINGLE CELL 7162 04:23:39,960 --> 04:23:41,560 SEQUENCING AND WERE INTERESTED 7163 04:23:41,560 --> 04:23:47,080 IN DOING THIS IN SPINAL MOTOR 7164 04:23:47,080 --> 04:23:47,760 NEURONS. 7165 04:23:47,760 --> 04:23:51,440 THIS IS TWO GRADUATE STUDENTS 7166 04:23:51,440 --> 04:23:53,760 WHO DID THE WORK AND PUBLISHED 7167 04:23:53,760 --> 04:23:55,000 LAST YEAR AND SHOW A COUPLE 7168 04:23:55,000 --> 04:23:56,280 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE STUDY. 7169 04:23:56,280 --> 04:23:57,960 WHAT WE IN THE WORK WAS NOT 7170 04:23:57,960 --> 04:23:59,720 STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF INJURY 7171 04:23:59,720 --> 04:24:04,440 BUT GENERATE AN ATLAS OF THE 7172 04:24:04,440 --> 04:24:05,600 DIFFERENT KINDS OF SPINAL MOTOR 7173 04:24:05,600 --> 04:24:08,680 NEURONS THAT EXIST IN A HEALTHY 7174 04:24:08,680 --> 04:24:11,360 MOUSE AND USE IT FOR THE 7175 04:24:11,360 --> 04:24:13,160 BASELINE ATLAS FOR WHAT HAPPENS 7176 04:24:13,160 --> 04:24:16,160 IN AN INJURY OR DISEASE CONTEXT. 7177 04:24:16,160 --> 04:24:20,000 WHAT WE DID WAS ABLE TO LABEL 7178 04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:23,400 THE SPINAL MOTOR NEURONS YOU SAW 7179 04:24:23,400 --> 04:24:25,560 IN GREEN AND ISOLATE THEM FROM 7180 04:24:25,560 --> 04:24:28,640 THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE AND THEN 7181 04:24:28,640 --> 04:24:30,520 INDIVIDUALLY SEQUENCE THE WHOLE 7182 04:24:30,520 --> 04:24:32,880 ENSEMBLE OF GENES EXPRESSED IN 7183 04:24:32,880 --> 04:24:33,680 EACH INDIVIDUAL NEURON. 7184 04:24:33,680 --> 04:24:35,680 AND WHAT YOU END UP WITH IS AN 7185 04:24:35,680 --> 04:24:37,560 ATLAS THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS WHERE 7186 04:24:37,560 --> 04:24:40,760 EACH DOT REPRESENTS ONE CELL AND 7187 04:24:40,760 --> 04:24:42,520 WE HAVE AND THE LOCATION OF THE 7188 04:24:42,520 --> 04:24:46,680 DOT REFLECTS HOW SIMILAR AND 7189 04:24:46,680 --> 04:24:48,560 PROXIMITY TO ANOTHER DOT 7190 04:24:48,560 --> 04:24:50,680 REFLECTS HOW SIMILAR THE 7191 04:24:50,680 --> 04:24:51,760 TRANSCRIPTOME MEANING ALL THE 7192 04:24:51,760 --> 04:24:53,000 GENES EXPRESSED FROM THAT CELL 7193 04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:54,000 ARE TO EACH OTHER. 7194 04:24:54,000 --> 04:24:56,920 TWO GREEN CELLS WILL RESEMBLE 7195 04:24:56,920 --> 04:24:58,560 EACH OTHER VERY CLOSELY OPPOSED 7196 04:24:58,560 --> 04:25:00,680 TO TWO CELLS OF ANOTHER COLOR IN 7197 04:25:00,680 --> 04:25:07,680 THIS CASE. 7198 04:25:07,680 --> 04:25:10,880 WE HAVE SKELETAL MOTOR NEURONS 7199 04:25:10,880 --> 04:25:12,800 THAT CONNECT TO MUSCLE AND 7200 04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:15,960 OTHERS THAT CONNECT TO GLANDS 7201 04:25:15,960 --> 04:25:22,240 AND CONTROL ORGANS AND 7202 04:25:22,240 --> 04:25:24,320 INTERNEURON CONTROL HOW NEURONS 7203 04:25:24,320 --> 04:25:26,440 TALK TO EACH OTHER IN THE SPINAL 7204 04:25:26,440 --> 04:25:26,720 CORD. 7205 04:25:26,720 --> 04:25:30,560 I'M JUST GOING TO FOCUS ON THIS 7206 04:25:30,560 --> 04:25:32,640 SUB TYPE OF ALPHA MOTOR NEURON 7207 04:25:32,640 --> 04:25:34,920 THAT CONNECT TO SKELETAL MUSCLE 7208 04:25:34,920 --> 04:25:36,160 AND CONTROL MOVEMENT. 7209 04:25:36,160 --> 04:25:39,240 IF WE TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AND DO 7210 04:25:39,240 --> 04:25:40,320 SUBCLUSTERING LOOKING WHETHER 7211 04:25:40,320 --> 04:25:41,480 THERE ARE SUB TYPES BETWEEN 7212 04:25:41,480 --> 04:25:43,160 THEM, WHAT WE NOTICE WAS 7213 04:25:43,160 --> 04:25:46,960 SOMETHING VERY INTERESTING. 7214 04:25:46,960 --> 04:25:48,920 WE WERE ABLE TO -- WE WERE ABLE 7215 04:25:48,920 --> 04:25:51,960 TO LOOK AT THIS BY LEVEL. 7216 04:25:51,960 --> 04:25:53,880 WHETHER THE CELL CAME FROM A 7217 04:25:53,880 --> 04:25:57,160 PART OF THE SPINAL CORD THAT'S 7218 04:25:57,160 --> 04:25:58,400 INNERVATING THE FOUR LIMBS OR 7219 04:25:58,400 --> 04:26:01,160 HIND LIMBS OR BODY WALL AND YOU 7220 04:26:01,160 --> 04:26:02,400 CAN SEE FOR EXAMPLE IN THIS RED 7221 04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:05,160 BOX THERE'S A GROUP OF NEURONS 7222 04:26:05,160 --> 04:26:07,080 THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN LIMB 7223 04:26:07,080 --> 04:26:09,640 INNERVATING LEVELS BUT ABSENT 7224 04:26:09,640 --> 04:26:11,720 FROM THE THORACIC REGION. 7225 04:26:11,720 --> 04:26:13,480 WE HYPOTHESIZED THESE WERE 7226 04:26:13,480 --> 04:26:16,880 SPECIALIZED TO DO WITH 7227 04:26:16,880 --> 04:26:18,000 INNERVATING A LIMB AND THEN ONE 7228 04:26:18,000 --> 04:26:19,320 OF THE PIECES OF INFORMATION WE 7229 04:26:19,320 --> 04:26:22,720 GET FROM THE SEQUENCING IS THE 7230 04:26:22,720 --> 04:26:24,120 BEST GENE FOR THAT POPULATION. 7231 04:26:24,120 --> 04:26:30,280 IT WAS A GENE CALLED CTNE4. 7232 04:26:30,280 --> 04:26:34,600 AND SO WHAT WE DID WAS TO INJECT 7233 04:26:34,600 --> 04:26:40,920 A TRACER INTO MUSCLES OF THE 7234 04:26:40,920 --> 04:26:42,480 LIMB AND LOOK AT THE SPINAL CORD 7235 04:26:42,480 --> 04:26:45,120 AT LABELLED CELLS AND USING THE 7236 04:26:45,120 --> 04:26:46,240 SEQUENCING, FOR EXAMPLE, THIS 7237 04:26:46,240 --> 04:26:49,160 GENE CPNE4 WE CAN THEN SEE 7238 04:26:49,160 --> 04:26:53,120 WHETHER THE BLUE SELL THAT WAS 7239 04:26:53,120 --> 04:26:55,040 LABELLED WE INJECTION IN THE 7240 04:26:55,040 --> 04:26:57,160 MUSCLE REGION CORRESPONDED TO 7241 04:26:57,160 --> 04:26:59,840 THE POPULATION WE DEFINED IN THE 7242 04:26:59,840 --> 04:27:03,240 SINGLE CELL DATA SET AND WE 7243 04:27:03,240 --> 04:27:05,000 FOUND THAT SO THERE ARE TWO 7244 04:27:05,000 --> 04:27:07,440 EXAMPLES OF TWO BLUE CELLS THAT 7245 04:27:07,440 --> 04:27:11,400 ARE ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS AS SHOWN 7246 04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:16,760 BY THE RED MACKER AND EXPRESSED 7247 04:27:16,760 --> 04:27:22,440 THE CPNE4 REGION AND WE FOUND 7248 04:27:22,440 --> 04:27:27,120 THAT THESE ARE THE EQUIVALENT OF 7249 04:27:27,120 --> 04:27:29,640 A DIGIT INNERVATING MOTOR 7250 04:27:29,640 --> 04:27:31,600 NEURON. 7251 04:27:31,600 --> 04:27:35,000 WE ADVANCED OUR BASIC BASELINE 7252 04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:37,800 KNOWLEDGE OF WHAT MOTOR NEURONS 7253 04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:40,480 EXIST AND DID AN ANALOGOUS THING 7254 04:27:40,480 --> 04:27:43,440 AND DISCOVERED MARKERS FOR THE 7255 04:27:43,440 --> 04:27:54,000 SUB TYPE THAT CONTROL BREATHING. 7256 04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:57,680 I JUST WANT TO SHOW YOU THESE 7257 04:27:57,680 --> 04:27:59,320 DATA SETS ARE ACCESSIBLE. 7258 04:27:59,320 --> 04:28:01,040 THEY'VE BEEN DEPOSITED IN THESE 7259 04:28:01,040 --> 04:28:06,200 TWO PLACES AND WE'RE CURRENTLY 7260 04:28:06,200 --> 04:28:09,360 MAKING NEW GENETIC TOOLS, FOR 7261 04:28:09,360 --> 04:28:12,360 EXAMPLE, WE CAN MAKE MICE 7262 04:28:12,360 --> 04:28:13,600 LABELLED IN SPECIFIC SUB 7263 04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:15,200 POPULATIONS OF NEURONS AND CAN 7264 04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:17,200 STUDY WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM WHEN 7265 04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:19,040 THEY GET INJURED OR WHETHER WE 7266 04:28:19,040 --> 04:28:21,480 CAN PROMOTE REGENERATION AND 7267 04:28:21,480 --> 04:28:22,640 REPAIR, FOR EXAMPLE. 7268 04:28:22,640 --> 04:28:26,480 NOW I'LL SWITCH GEARS FOR THE 7269 04:28:26,480 --> 04:28:29,160 LAST VIGNETTE WHICH IS I SHOWED 7270 04:28:29,160 --> 04:28:31,400 YOU THIS -- I INTRODUCED THE 7271 04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:32,760 WHOLE PATHWAY AROUND DLK AND 7272 04:28:32,760 --> 04:28:33,920 THIS IS ALL WELL AND GOOD BUT 7273 04:28:33,920 --> 04:28:36,160 MOST OF WHAT WE KNOW HAS BEEN 7274 04:28:36,160 --> 04:28:38,800 GENERATED FROM FINDINGS IN IN 7275 04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:39,760 THE MOUSE. 7276 04:28:39,760 --> 04:28:42,560 AND WHAT WE'D REALLY LIKE KNOW 7277 04:28:42,560 --> 04:28:45,160 IS HOW VALID IS THIS IN THE 7278 04:28:45,160 --> 04:28:46,720 HUMAN CONTEXT? 7279 04:28:46,720 --> 04:28:48,360 AND VERY LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT 7280 04:28:48,360 --> 04:28:52,600 THE BIOLOGY OF DLK IN HUMAN 7281 04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:52,840 NEURONS. 7282 04:28:52,840 --> 04:28:56,040 SO WHAT WE'VE STARTED TO DO IS 7283 04:28:56,040 --> 04:28:57,440 STUDY THIS IN HUMAN NEURONS AND 7284 04:28:57,440 --> 04:29:01,280 THE WAY WE DO THIS IS BY USING 7285 04:29:01,280 --> 04:29:03,400 IPSC DERIVED NEURONS. 7286 04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:06,120 IT'S ESSENTIALLY TAKING FOR 7287 04:29:06,120 --> 04:29:09,080 EXAMPLE SKIN CELLS FROM A PERSON 7288 04:29:09,080 --> 04:29:11,000 AND REPROGRAMMING THEM IN THE 7289 04:29:11,000 --> 04:29:14,040 DISH SO WE CAN PRODUCE NEURONS 7290 04:29:14,040 --> 04:29:17,960 AND WE HAVE A COLLABORATOR IN 7291 04:29:17,960 --> 04:29:20,800 NINDS WHO HAS SPEARHEADED 7292 04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:21,920 DEVELOPING THIS TECHNOLOGY AND 7293 04:29:21,920 --> 04:29:23,040 STARTED USING IT TO ASK 7294 04:29:23,040 --> 04:29:25,320 QUESTIONS ABOUT DLK, FOR 7295 04:29:25,320 --> 04:29:25,600 EXAMPLE. 7296 04:29:25,600 --> 04:29:29,160 THIS IS JUST A METHOD TO 7297 04:29:29,160 --> 04:29:30,760 GENERATE THE NEURONS. 7298 04:29:30,760 --> 04:29:36,120 SO THIS IS WORK DONE BY THIS 7299 04:29:36,120 --> 04:29:38,480 TEAM IN MY LAB AND WHAT WE'VE 7300 04:29:38,480 --> 04:29:39,920 DOING ESSENTIALLY IS DOING 7301 04:29:39,920 --> 04:29:41,680 ANALOGOUS EXPERIMENTS TO WHAT 7302 04:29:41,680 --> 04:29:43,480 WE'VE BEEN DOING IN THE MOUSE IN 7303 04:29:43,480 --> 04:29:45,160 TERMS OF CAUSING AN AXON INJURY 7304 04:29:45,160 --> 04:29:47,680 AND WE'RE LOOKING AT THE NEURONS 7305 04:29:47,680 --> 04:29:50,720 UNDER A MICROSCOPE AND USING A 7306 04:29:50,720 --> 04:29:52,080 LASER BEAM TO INJURY INDIVIDUAL 7307 04:29:52,080 --> 04:29:54,560 AXONS AND THEN WE CAN IMAGE 7308 04:29:54,560 --> 04:29:57,360 THESE AXONS AND THE CELL BODIES 7309 04:29:57,360 --> 04:30:00,000 OF THE NEURON UNDER THE 7310 04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:00,720 MICROSCOPE AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS. 7311 04:30:00,720 --> 04:30:04,600 SO IN THIS VIDEO, I HOPE YOU CAN 7312 04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:07,000 SEE WE START WITH A RED AXON 7313 04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:09,680 JUST LIKE IN THE DIAGRAM AND 7314 04:30:09,680 --> 04:30:18,520 THEN AS THE MOVIE GOES ON THERE 7315 04:30:18,520 --> 04:30:20,640 IS A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF THE RED 7316 04:30:20,640 --> 04:30:21,440 FLUORESCENCE AND MAY BE 7317 04:30:21,440 --> 04:30:24,480 DIFFICULT TO SEE BUT THE AXONS 7318 04:30:24,480 --> 04:30:25,800 ARE UNDERGOING A RETRO GRADE 7319 04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:27,440 WAVE OF DEGENERATION TOWARDS THE 7320 04:30:27,440 --> 04:30:30,600 CELL BODY AFTER THE LASER. 7321 04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:32,480 WE'RE PRETTY EXCITED ABOUT THIS 7322 04:30:32,480 --> 04:30:34,080 BECAUSE IT MEANS WE CAN STUDY 7323 04:30:34,080 --> 04:30:39,960 THIS PHENOMENON IN THE DISH. 7324 04:30:39,960 --> 04:30:41,880 IF WE IMAGE THE CELL BODY AND 7325 04:30:41,880 --> 04:30:43,320 HERE IN THE VIDEO YOU'LL SEE 7326 04:30:43,320 --> 04:30:45,800 WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CELL BODY OF 7327 04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:48,160 AN AXON OF A NEURON THAT'S UNDER 7328 04:30:48,160 --> 04:30:49,160 GONE THE AXON INJURY. 7329 04:30:49,160 --> 04:30:52,880 THAT'S THIS ONE HERE. 7330 04:30:52,880 --> 04:30:53,920 THIS NEURON HERE ON THE TOP IS 7331 04:30:53,920 --> 04:30:56,920 NOT INJURED. 7332 04:30:56,920 --> 04:30:59,200 AND I'M STARTING THE VIDEO NOW. 7333 04:30:59,200 --> 04:31:03,240 WE CAN SEE THE CELL THAT WAS 7334 04:31:03,240 --> 04:31:04,600 INJURED EVENTUALLY DIES. 7335 04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:07,560 THE AXON DEGENERATING AND THE 7336 04:31:07,560 --> 04:31:08,600 CELL BODY DIES. 7337 04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:14,880 WE'RE EXCITE ABOUT THIS MODEL 7338 04:31:14,880 --> 04:31:16,880 BECAUSE WHEN DO YOU THIS SAY 7339 04:31:16,880 --> 04:31:17,920 CULTURED MOUSE MODELS THAT'S NOT 7340 04:31:17,920 --> 04:31:18,480 WHAT HAPPENS. 7341 04:31:18,480 --> 04:31:23,920 THE AXONS ACTUALLY THEY MIGHT 7342 04:31:23,920 --> 04:31:25,520 UNDER GO A LITTLE BIT OF 7343 04:31:25,520 --> 04:31:26,600 DEGENERATION BUT THE CELLS 7344 04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:26,840 SURVIVE. 7345 04:31:26,840 --> 04:31:29,520 YOU CAN SEE BIG DIFFERENCES 7346 04:31:29,520 --> 04:31:30,520 BETWEEN THIS TYPE OF NEURON AND 7347 04:31:30,520 --> 04:31:32,000 MOUSE NEURON IN A DISH. 7348 04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:37,800 I DON'T HAVE TIME TO GO INTO THE 7349 04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:40,800 DETAILS BUT THE POSTDOC IN MY 7350 04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:43,320 LAB DISCOVERED A NEW PATHWAY 7351 04:31:43,320 --> 04:31:47,360 DOWN STREAM OF DLK MEDIATING 7352 04:31:47,360 --> 04:31:50,880 THIS AXON DEGENERATION AND CELL 7353 04:31:50,880 --> 04:31:55,960 DEATH OF THE NEURONS VERY YA DLK 7354 04:31:55,960 --> 04:31:59,560 AND THIS SAY NEW -- VIA DLK AND 7355 04:31:59,560 --> 04:32:06,600 THIS IS A NEW PATHWAY AND TO 7356 04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:10,080 CONCLUDE TODAY I'VE SHOWN YOU 7357 04:32:10,080 --> 04:32:13,920 THATS THERE'S A LINK BETWEEN THE 7358 04:32:13,920 --> 04:32:16,240 AXON INJURY RESPONSE AND 7359 04:32:16,240 --> 04:32:17,160 NEUROINFLAMMATION AND THE 7360 04:32:17,160 --> 04:32:19,800 SIGNALLING CAN BE WIDE RANGING 7361 04:32:19,800 --> 04:32:21,560 AND CAN IMPACT THE NEURON ITSELF 7362 04:32:21,560 --> 04:32:22,480 AND SURROUNDING CELLS. 7363 04:32:22,480 --> 04:32:28,520 I'VE SHOWN YOU WE CAN USE SINGLE 7364 04:32:28,520 --> 04:32:30,520 CELL TRANSCRIPTOMICS TO IDENTIFY 7365 04:32:30,520 --> 04:32:33,160 CELL TYPES AND WE'RE EXCITED TO 7366 04:32:33,160 --> 04:32:35,360 INVESTIGATE HOW THE TYPES MAY 7367 04:32:35,360 --> 04:32:36,080 DIFFERENTIATE VULNERABILITY TO 7368 04:32:36,080 --> 04:32:37,080 DISEASE AND LASTLY I'VE SHOWN 7369 04:32:37,080 --> 04:32:43,800 YOU WITH -- WE CAN ELUCIDATE 7370 04:32:43,800 --> 04:32:44,920 RELEVANT PATHWAYS USING A NEW 7371 04:32:44,920 --> 04:32:48,480 MODEL OF AXON DEGENERATION 7372 04:32:48,480 --> 04:32:50,840 LEADING TO NEURON DEATH IN HUMAN 7373 04:32:50,840 --> 04:32:51,080 NEURONS. 7374 04:32:51,080 --> 04:32:53,800 I HOPE I'VE CONVINCED YOU THAT 7375 04:32:53,800 --> 04:32:59,160 THIS TYPE OF FUNDAMENTAL 7376 04:32:59,160 --> 04:33:03,000 KNOWLEDGE IS ESSENTIAL 7377 04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:03,840 NEURODEVELOPMENT DISORDER AND 7378 04:33:03,840 --> 04:33:07,360 DEVELOP CLINICAL THERAPIES AND 7379 04:33:07,360 --> 04:33:08,560 NEURAL REPAIR AND HOPE I'VE 7380 04:33:08,560 --> 04:33:09,760 HIGHLIGHTED HOW COMPLEMENTING 7381 04:33:09,760 --> 04:33:11,760 WORK IN MODEL ORGANISMS WITH 7382 04:33:11,760 --> 04:33:14,760 STUDIES IN HUMAN NEURONS CAN 7383 04:33:14,760 --> 04:33:17,400 ACCELERATE TRANSLATION OF BASIC 7384 04:33:17,400 --> 04:33:20,320 RESEARCH TO CLINICALLY USEFUL 7385 04:33:20,320 --> 04:33:20,600 KNOWLEDGE. 7386 04:33:20,600 --> 04:33:22,040 SO WITH THAT I'D LIKE TO THANK 7387 04:33:22,040 --> 04:33:29,680 THE MEMBERS OF MY LAB AND OUR 7388 04:33:29,680 --> 04:33:30,640 COLLABORATORS AND FOR THE 7389 04:33:30,640 --> 04:33:31,200 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK TO YOU 7390 04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:33,160 TODAY. 7391 04:33:33,160 --> 04:33:35,800 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 7392 04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:37,000 >>THANK YOU, CLAIRE, THAT WAS 7393 04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:47,200 FABULOUS. 7394 04:33:49,360 --> 04:33:59,760 OUR THIRD SPEAKER IS THIRD 7395 04:34:03,040 --> 04:34:09,480 SPEAKER IS JOHN CONSTANTINO FROM 7396 04:34:09,480 --> 04:34:11,320 CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE ATLANTA 7397 04:34:11,320 --> 04:34:13,160 AND EMORY UNIVERSITY AND CHILD 7398 04:34:13,160 --> 04:34:15,160 PSYCHIATRIST AND PEDIATRICIAN 7399 04:34:15,160 --> 04:34:19,520 WHO WORKS ON UNDERSTANDING 7400 04:34:19,520 --> 04:34:21,200 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 7401 04:34:21,200 --> 04:34:23,400 AFFECTS ON SOCIAL DISORDER OF 7402 04:34:23,400 --> 04:34:24,040 CHILDHOOD PARTICULARLY AUTISM. 7403 04:34:24,040 --> 04:34:27,560 EVEN IF YOU DON'T KNOW JOHN YOU 7404 04:34:27,560 --> 04:34:29,160 MAY BE FAMILIAR WITH HIS 7405 04:34:29,160 --> 04:34:30,760 SIGNATURE QUANTITATIVE RATING 7406 04:34:30,760 --> 04:34:32,400 SCALE, THE SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS 7407 04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:34,240 SCALE THAT'S BEEN TRANSLATED TO 7408 04:34:34,240 --> 04:34:36,640 MORE THAN 60 FOREIGN LANGUAGES 7409 04:34:36,640 --> 04:34:39,960 AND USED IN OVER 2 MILLION TEST 7410 04:34:39,960 --> 04:34:40,640 ADMINISTRATIONS PER YEAR IN 7411 04:34:40,640 --> 04:34:43,000 RESEARCH AND CLINICAL SETTINGS. 7412 04:34:43,000 --> 04:34:46,080 IN ADDITION TO HIS WORK IN THE 7413 04:34:46,080 --> 04:34:47,880 AUTISM SPECTRUM, HE AND HIS TEAM 7414 04:34:47,880 --> 04:34:50,960 WORK TO UNDERSTAND AND OFFSET 7415 04:34:50,960 --> 04:34:54,560 THE INFLUENCE OF MALTREATMENT ON 7416 04:34:54,560 --> 04:34:57,000 SOCIAL TREATMENT IN CHILDHOOD. 7417 04:34:57,000 --> 04:34:59,000 HE IS CURRENTLY LEADING EFFORTS 7418 04:34:59,000 --> 04:35:00,200 TO ADDRESS THE GROWING EPIDEMIC 7419 04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:03,520 OF BEHAVIORAL AND MENTAL HEALTH 7420 04:35:03,520 --> 04:35:06,800 ISSUES IN CHILDREN AND 7421 04:35:06,800 --> 04:35:08,240 ADOLESCENTS IN GEORGIA. 7422 04:35:08,240 --> 04:35:12,640 JOIN ME IN WELCOMING, JOHN. 7423 04:35:12,640 --> 04:35:12,920 THANK YOU. 7424 04:35:12,920 --> 04:35:14,600 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 7425 04:35:14,600 --> 04:35:16,160 INTRODUCTION AND IT'S GREAT TO 7426 04:35:16,160 --> 04:35:17,080 BE WITH EVERYONE. 7427 04:35:17,080 --> 04:35:22,160 I WANT TO OFFER MY 7428 04:35:22,160 --> 04:35:25,640 CONGRATULATIONS TO NICHD ON THIS 7429 04:35:25,640 --> 04:35:28,400 VERY IMPORTANT 60th. 7430 04:35:28,400 --> 04:35:37,680 I'M DLAT ED DELIGHTED TO BE PAT 7431 04:35:37,680 --> 04:35:41,160 OF THE SYMPOSIUM AND THANK 7432 04:35:41,160 --> 04:35:45,760 DR. BIANCHI AND I WANT TO POINT 7433 04:35:45,760 --> 04:35:52,440 OUT THAT DIANA ASKED ME TO TALK 7434 04:35:52,440 --> 04:35:55,760 ABOUT SCREENING DISABILITIES IN 7435 04:35:55,760 --> 04:35:56,560 CHILDREN AND FOR CHILDREN WITH 7436 04:35:56,560 --> 04:35:59,600 AUTISM AND SO THAT WILL BE THE 7437 04:35:59,600 --> 04:36:03,200 TOPIC MIFF TALK AND I'M ALSO 7438 04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,320 VERY HAPPY TO BE REPRESENTING IN 7439 04:36:06,320 --> 04:36:09,160 A CERTAIN WAY THE INDIVIDUALS 7440 04:36:09,160 --> 04:36:12,640 WHO HAVE LED SOME OF THE 7441 04:36:12,640 --> 04:36:14,520 INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL 7442 04:36:14,520 --> 04:36:15,600 DISABILITIES RESEARCH CENTERS 7443 04:36:15,600 --> 04:36:17,000 NICHD HAS FUNDED OVER THE YEARS. 7444 04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,600 I WAS PROUD TO BE A MEMBER OF 7445 04:36:20,600 --> 04:36:21,680 THE NETWORK AND THE WORK I'LL 7446 04:36:21,680 --> 04:36:24,240 SHOW TODAY REPRESENTS WORK DONE 7447 04:36:24,240 --> 04:36:25,280 AT WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN THAT 7448 04:36:25,280 --> 04:36:25,880 CENTER WHICH IS FLOURISHING 7449 04:36:25,880 --> 04:36:29,560 TODAY. 7450 04:36:29,560 --> 04:36:33,160 SO FIRST, SOME DISCLOSURES, NO 7451 04:36:33,160 --> 04:36:37,800 STOCK EQUITIES TO REPORT BUT 7452 04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:39,960 CONSULTING RELATIONSHIP WITH 7453 04:36:39,960 --> 04:36:40,440 SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES. 7454 04:36:40,440 --> 04:36:42,520 DO I RECEIVE ROYALTIES FOR THE 7455 04:36:42,520 --> 04:36:44,400 SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE 7456 04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:48,360 INSTRUMENT THAT WAS MEASURED 7457 04:36:48,360 --> 04:36:50,120 SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS SCALE AND 7458 04:36:50,120 --> 04:36:51,880 I ALSO WANT TO POINT OUT MY 7459 04:36:51,880 --> 04:36:53,360 RESEARCH SUPPORT FROM NICHD OVER 7460 04:36:53,360 --> 04:36:57,160 THE YEARS OF COURSE THE CENTERS 7461 04:36:57,160 --> 04:36:59,240 FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND NATIONAL 7462 04:36:59,240 --> 04:37:01,240 INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH. 7463 04:37:01,240 --> 04:37:04,640 I WAS 6 WEEKS OLD WHEN NICHD WAS 7464 04:37:04,640 --> 04:37:08,800 FOUND AND GREW UP IN THE ALBERT 7465 04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:10,920 EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND 7466 04:37:10,920 --> 04:37:13,840 MY LAB WAS FUNDED BY NICHD OVER 7467 04:37:13,840 --> 04:37:16,680 THE YEARS AND AS I SAID I'VE 7468 04:37:16,680 --> 04:37:21,160 BEEN A MEMBER OF THE IEDRC 7469 04:37:21,160 --> 04:37:22,040 NETWORK UNTIL MY VERY RECENT 7470 04:37:22,040 --> 04:37:23,280 MOVE THAT WAS ALLUDED TO. 7471 04:37:23,280 --> 04:37:27,120 THIS PIVOT IN MY OWN CAREER 7472 04:37:27,120 --> 04:37:28,640 FOLLOWS SOMETHING THAT ISSUES 7473 04:37:28,640 --> 04:37:31,800 DIRECTLY FROM THE KENNEDY 7474 04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:32,760 FOUNDATIONS OF NICHD AND THIS IS 7475 04:37:32,760 --> 04:37:36,000 FROM AN ARTICLE THAT WAS IN THE 7476 04:37:36,000 --> 04:37:37,360 NEW YORK TIMES A COUPLE WEEKS 7477 04:37:37,360 --> 04:37:37,760 AGO. 7478 04:37:37,760 --> 04:37:40,440 I'M A PSYCHIATRIST BY TRAINING 7479 04:37:40,440 --> 04:37:42,280 AND THIS ARTICLE TALKED ABOUT 7480 04:37:42,280 --> 04:37:45,360 THE SOLUTION TO AMERICA'S MENTAL 7481 04:37:45,360 --> 04:37:47,600 HEALTH CRISIS WHICH VERY MUCH 7482 04:37:47,600 --> 04:37:49,880 RELATES TO ALL ASPECTS OF HUMAN 7483 04:37:49,880 --> 04:37:52,040 BRAIN AND MIND DEVELOPMENT 7484 04:37:52,040 --> 04:37:55,440 THAT'S BEEN ADDRESSED IN THIS 7485 04:37:55,440 --> 04:37:57,880 CONFERENCE AND IS PIVOTAL TO 7486 04:37:57,880 --> 04:37:58,560 NICHD'S MISSION. 7487 04:37:58,560 --> 04:38:02,880 WHAT THIS ARTICLE POINTED OUT 7488 04:38:02,880 --> 04:38:07,320 WAS PRESIDENT KENNEDY ENVISIONED 7489 04:38:07,320 --> 04:38:09,240 A METHOD FOR THE EVIDENCE-BASED 7490 04:38:09,240 --> 04:38:12,800 OF THE FIELD THAT TIM SHRIVER 7491 04:38:12,800 --> 04:38:15,160 POINTED OUT NOT ONLY THINGS WE 7492 04:38:15,160 --> 04:38:16,200 STILL DON'T KNOW BUT THINGS 7493 04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:17,600 WE'RE DELIVERING THAT WE DO 7494 04:38:17,600 --> 04:38:17,800 KNOW. 7495 04:38:17,800 --> 04:38:20,400 THIS PIVOT IN MY CAREER IS BASED 7496 04:38:20,400 --> 04:38:24,800 ON SOME OF AN UNFULFILLED 7497 04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:26,440 PROMISE OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY TO 7498 04:38:26,440 --> 04:38:28,040 GET BACK TO THE DELIVERY AND 7499 04:38:28,040 --> 04:38:32,280 BALANCE OF SCIENCE AND SERVICE. 7500 04:38:32,280 --> 04:38:35,880 I MADE THIS RECENT MOVE TO 7501 04:38:35,880 --> 04:38:36,680 CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE ATLANTA 7502 04:38:36,680 --> 04:38:38,440 IN EMORY BASED ON A FORTUNATE 7503 04:38:38,440 --> 04:38:42,000 OPPORTUNITY TO REALLY IMPLEMENT 7504 04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:44,600 THE EVIDENCE BASE FOR SUPPORT OF 7505 04:38:44,600 --> 04:38:48,080 CHILD MIND, BRAIN AND 7506 04:38:48,080 --> 04:38:49,800 DEVELOPMENT WITH A HEALTH CARE 7507 04:38:49,800 --> 04:38:51,560 MAKING A TRULY HISTORIC 7508 04:38:51,560 --> 04:38:53,080 COMMITMENT AND INVESTMENT IN 7509 04:38:53,080 --> 04:38:55,240 CHILDREN'S MENTAL HEALTH AND I 7510 04:38:55,240 --> 04:38:56,840 FEEL FORTUNATE TO MOVE IN THAT 7511 04:38:56,840 --> 04:38:58,880 DIRECTION IN MY CAREER AND LOSS 7512 04:38:58,880 --> 04:39:02,880 TO POINT OUT THAT I WILL 7513 04:39:02,880 --> 04:39:04,400 ABSOLUTELY BE FOLLOWING THE 7514 04:39:04,400 --> 04:39:05,640 LEADS WE'VE DEVELOPED I'LL TELL 7515 04:39:05,640 --> 04:39:07,720 YOU ABOUT TODAY. 7516 04:39:07,720 --> 04:39:10,560 THE LEADS ARE IN VERY GOOD HANDS 7517 04:39:10,560 --> 04:39:12,480 AND I THINK THAT EVIDENCE BASE 7518 04:39:12,480 --> 04:39:12,960 IS GOING TO CONTINUE TO 7519 04:39:12,960 --> 04:39:15,920 FLOURISH. 7520 04:39:15,920 --> 04:39:20,800 WELL, OUR WORK STARTED WITH THE 7521 04:39:20,800 --> 04:39:23,760 VERY DIFFICULT PROBLEM THAT WE 7522 04:39:23,760 --> 04:39:27,720 WERE NOT CERTAIN ABOUT THE 7523 04:39:27,720 --> 04:39:29,440 STRUCTURE OF AUTISM SYMPTOMS AS 7524 04:39:29,440 --> 04:39:31,080 THEY MANIFEST THEMSELVES IN 7525 04:39:31,080 --> 04:39:31,880 NATURE. 7526 04:39:31,880 --> 04:39:34,000 AND WHEN WE TOOK A QUANTITATIVE 7527 04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:36,680 APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF 7528 04:39:36,680 --> 04:39:39,720 AUTISM AS A CLUSTER OF SYMPTOMS 7529 04:39:39,720 --> 04:39:43,720 AND TRAITS, ONE OF THE EARLIEST 7530 04:39:43,720 --> 04:39:46,160 THINGS WE FOUND IN THE SOCIAL 7531 04:39:46,160 --> 04:39:46,960 RESPONSIVENESS SCALE AND 7532 04:39:46,960 --> 04:39:48,000 IMPLEMENTING THAT IN THE 7533 04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:51,360 POPULATION IS THAT THOSE TRAITS 7534 04:39:51,360 --> 04:39:53,160 AND SYMPTOMS THAT CHARACTERIZE 7535 04:39:53,160 --> 04:39:54,640 AUTISM ARE FULLY DISTRIBUTED IN 7536 04:39:54,640 --> 04:39:54,920 NATURE. 7537 04:39:54,920 --> 04:39:57,600 YOU CAN SEE THE QUOTE, UNQUOTE, 7538 04:39:57,600 --> 04:39:59,520 BELL CURVE ON THE LEFT AND ONE 7539 04:39:59,520 --> 04:40:00,640 OF THE INTERESTING THINGS WE 7540 04:40:00,640 --> 04:40:11,200 LEARNED EARLY ON IN OUR WORK AND 7541 04:40:11,920 --> 04:40:14,960 THE INHERITED FACTORS THAT 7542 04:40:14,960 --> 04:40:19,960 DETERMINE INDIVIDUAL VARIATION 7543 04:40:19,960 --> 04:40:22,560 IN THE TRAITS ARE INFLUENTIAL AS 7544 04:40:22,560 --> 04:40:25,600 FOR AUTISM AND THE HERITABILITY 7545 04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:27,400 ARE THE SAME ORDER ON THE 7546 04:40:27,400 --> 04:40:30,240 HERITABILITY OF AUTISM ITSELF. 7547 04:40:30,240 --> 04:40:31,400 AND THESE TRAITS ARE EXTREMELY 7548 04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:33,160 STABLE OVER TIME IN THE UPPER 7549 04:40:33,160 --> 04:40:36,920 RIGHT HAND QUADRANT IS A SCATTER 7550 04:40:36,920 --> 04:40:39,640 PLOT OF THE REPEATED 7551 04:40:39,640 --> 04:40:41,720 MEASUREMENTS OVER THE YEARS OF 7552 04:40:41,720 --> 04:40:42,880 LIVES OF INDIVIDUALS FOLLOWED 7553 04:40:42,880 --> 04:40:44,520 OVER THE COURSE OF CHILDHOOD AND 7554 04:40:44,520 --> 04:40:46,360 SHOWING HOW STABLE THE TRAITS 7555 04:40:46,360 --> 04:40:48,240 ARE ACROSS THE WIDE DISTRIBUTION 7556 04:40:48,240 --> 04:40:51,080 AND THE X AXIS BEING TIME 1 AND 7557 04:40:51,080 --> 04:40:54,760 Y AXIS BEING TIME 2. 7558 04:40:54,760 --> 04:40:56,920 THESE TRAITS ALSO ARE FAITHFULLY 7559 04:40:56,920 --> 04:41:00,160 TRANSMITTED IN FAMILIES. 7560 04:41:00,160 --> 04:41:05,840 THIS IS A STUDY EMBEDDED WITH 7561 04:41:05,840 --> 04:41:12,440 THE STUDY SHOWING THE NORMATIVE 7562 04:41:12,440 --> 04:41:17,800 VASION IN TRAITS ARE SOCIALED 7563 04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:21,160 WITH THE TRAITS OF CHILDREN AND 7564 04:41:21,160 --> 04:41:22,920 WHEN PARENTS HAVE BOTH HAVE 7565 04:41:22,920 --> 04:41:25,360 SOMEWHAT OF AN ACCESS TO THE 7566 04:41:25,360 --> 04:41:30,160 TRAITS RELATIVE TO THE 7567 04:41:30,160 --> 04:41:31,680 POPULATION WHEN THEY'RE THEY'RE 7568 04:41:31,680 --> 04:41:33,160 WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE OF 7569 04:41:33,160 --> 04:41:35,880 DEVELOPMENT THIS STARTS TO 7570 04:41:35,880 --> 04:41:36,640 INCREASE THE LIABILITY FOR 7571 04:41:36,640 --> 04:41:37,560 AUTISM AMONGST THEIR CHILDREN 7572 04:41:37,560 --> 04:41:40,360 AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF THOSE 7573 04:41:40,360 --> 04:41:41,800 MATINGS OCCURRING DOES NOT 7574 04:41:41,800 --> 04:41:44,560 HAPPEN BY CHANCE BECAUSE THESE 7575 04:41:44,560 --> 04:41:48,120 TRAITS ARE ALSO VERY POWERFUL 7576 04:41:48,120 --> 04:41:49,160 INFLUENCERS ON MATE SELECTION 7577 04:41:49,160 --> 04:41:51,440 AND PEOPLE WITH HIGHER OR LOWER 7578 04:41:51,440 --> 04:41:54,040 LEVELS OF THE CHARACTERIZING 7579 04:41:54,040 --> 04:42:00,160 VARIANTS OF THE FEATURES OF 7580 04:42:00,160 --> 04:42:03,200 SOCIAL VARIATION WILL FIND EACH 7581 04:42:03,200 --> 04:42:07,280 OTHER AND THESE ARE IMPORTANT 7582 04:42:07,280 --> 04:42:09,160 ASPECTS ON MATE SELECTION AND 7583 04:42:09,160 --> 04:42:12,640 INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION 7584 04:42:12,640 --> 04:42:17,640 OF AUTISM IN THE POPULATION. 7585 04:42:17,640 --> 04:42:21,600 AND THIS WAS TO THINK ABOUT THE 7586 04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:23,120 SPACE BETWEEN AUTISM WHEN IT'S 7587 04:42:23,120 --> 04:42:26,120 INHERITED AND AUTISM WHEN IT 7588 04:42:26,120 --> 04:42:29,160 ARISES AS A FUNCTION OF A DE 7589 04:42:29,160 --> 04:42:30,400 NOVO CHANGE IN THE GERM LINE 7590 04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:34,040 THAT RESULTS IN A NEW OR 7591 04:42:34,040 --> 04:42:35,920 SPORADIC CASE OF AUTISM. 7592 04:42:35,920 --> 04:42:40,920 AS SHE APPROPRIATELY POINTED OUT 7593 04:42:40,920 --> 04:42:43,040 IN CASES OF AUTISM, WHEN AUTISM 7594 04:42:43,040 --> 04:42:45,920 IS TRANSMITTED IN FAMILIES, WE 7595 04:42:45,920 --> 04:42:48,440 KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THE 7596 04:42:48,440 --> 04:42:50,800 BACKGROUND OF GENETIC VARIATION 7597 04:42:50,800 --> 04:42:54,640 RELATES TO THE ACTUAL SYSTEM 7598 04:42:54,640 --> 04:42:56,760 STRUCTURE AND MORE ABOUT THE 7599 04:42:56,760 --> 04:43:04,680 DEMOVE -- DE NOVO CASES FROM 7600 04:43:04,680 --> 04:43:12,640 THE DELETERIOUS CASES. 7601 04:43:12,640 --> 04:43:14,400 AND THEY'RE NOT ALWAYS THE SAME 7602 04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:21,160 AS WHAT IS MOST COMMONLY OCCURS 7603 04:43:21,160 --> 04:43:24,840 IN THE POPULATION AND THOSE WITH 7604 04:43:24,840 --> 04:43:34,000 SINGLE GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 7605 04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:35,200 DEVELOPMENT AND THERE'S MORE 7606 04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:37,960 COMMON CASES OF AUTISM AND 7607 04:43:37,960 --> 04:43:40,400 THERE'S THE DISTINCT LACK OF AN 7608 04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:45,160 EFFECT OF SEX ON THE PREVALENCE 7609 04:43:45,160 --> 04:43:48,640 FOR THESE CONDITIONS WHEREAS 7610 04:43:48,640 --> 04:43:51,600 POPULATION WIDE SEX IS A MAJOR 7611 04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:53,480 PLAYER THREE AND FOUR TIMES MORE 7612 04:43:53,480 --> 04:43:54,040 COMMON IN BOYS THAN GIRLS 7613 04:43:54,040 --> 04:43:58,200 WORLDWIDE. 7614 04:43:58,200 --> 04:43:59,840 THE FACT WITH AUTISM IS MOST THE 7615 04:43:59,840 --> 04:44:00,680 CASES THAT OCCUR IN THE 7616 04:44:00,680 --> 04:44:03,480 POPULATION ARE OF THE INHERITED 7617 04:44:03,480 --> 04:44:04,560 KIND. 7618 04:44:04,560 --> 04:44:08,280 SO A LOT OF OUR WORK HAS MOVED 7619 04:44:08,280 --> 04:44:10,480 TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING HOW DOES 7620 04:44:10,480 --> 04:44:11,320 GENETIC VARIATION RELATE TO THE 7621 04:44:11,320 --> 04:44:13,160 MORE COMMON FORMS OF AUTISM AND 7622 04:44:13,160 --> 04:44:15,440 WHEN THEY'RE COMMON AND BEING 7623 04:44:15,440 --> 04:44:16,880 INHERITED, THE NECESSITY OF 7624 04:44:16,880 --> 04:44:18,360 DEALING WITH THAT IS THAT WE'RE 7625 04:44:18,360 --> 04:44:20,480 DEALING WITH POLY GENIC RISK AND 7626 04:44:20,480 --> 04:44:21,280 HOW THAT GETS TRANSMITTED IN 7627 04:44:21,280 --> 04:44:25,120 FAMILIES. 7628 04:44:25,120 --> 04:44:27,600 AND AS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW 7629 04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:29,600 POWERFUL THIS IS I SHOWED THE 7630 04:44:29,600 --> 04:44:31,160 TRANSMISSION FROM PARENTS TO 7631 04:44:31,160 --> 04:44:33,360 THEIR CHILDREN, THIS IS AN 7632 04:44:33,360 --> 04:44:37,760 EXAMPLE BY COLLEAGUES WHO LOOK 7633 04:44:37,760 --> 04:44:45,120 AT THE 22Q.2 DELETION AS A MODEL 7634 04:44:45,120 --> 04:44:49,480 OF INTENSITY GENETIC VARYING AND 7635 04:44:49,480 --> 04:44:51,760 CHROMOSOMAL VARIATION IN A VERY 7636 04:44:51,760 --> 04:44:58,000 WIDE OUTCOME DEPICTED AND THIS Y 7637 04:44:58,000 --> 04:45:01,160 DISTRIBUTION AND OUTCOMES THAT'S 7638 04:45:01,160 --> 04:45:05,160 MANIFESTED WITH CHILDREN WITH DE 7639 04:45:05,160 --> 04:45:08,560 NOVO REARRANGEMENTS AT THAT 7640 04:45:08,560 --> 04:45:09,640 CHROMOSOMAL REGION AND WHERE 7641 04:45:09,640 --> 04:45:11,720 THEY WIND UP IN THE BROAD CURVE 7642 04:45:11,720 --> 04:45:12,680 OF INTELLECTUAL OUTCOME ON THE 7643 04:45:12,680 --> 04:45:15,880 BASIS OF THAT DEPENDS ON WHERE 7644 04:45:15,880 --> 04:45:17,720 THEIR PARENTS FELL WITHIN THE 7645 04:45:17,720 --> 04:45:18,320 FULLY NORMAL RANGE. 7646 04:45:18,320 --> 04:45:20,560 SO THESE ARE PARENTS THAT DID 7647 04:45:20,560 --> 04:45:21,960 NOT HAVE THIS PARTICULAR 7648 04:45:21,960 --> 04:45:22,200 MUTATION. 7649 04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:23,600 THEIR CHILDREN HAVE THE MUTATION 7650 04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,640 AND THE CHILDREN'S OUTCOMES 7651 04:45:26,640 --> 04:45:27,800 DEPENDS ESSENTIALLY ON THE 7652 04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:29,600 GENETIC BACKGROUND OF THE 7653 04:45:29,600 --> 04:45:31,800 PARENTS AS IT RELATES TO THE 7654 04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:34,880 PHENOTYPE OF INTEREST, IN THIS 7655 04:45:34,880 --> 04:45:36,240 CASE I.Q. AND THE EXACT SAME 7656 04:45:36,240 --> 04:45:38,160 THING TRUE IS FOR AUTISTIC 7657 04:45:38,160 --> 04:45:40,440 TRAITS AND FEATURES OF LIABILITY 7658 04:45:40,440 --> 04:45:45,160 THAT ARE INFLUENCED BY THIS 7659 04:45:45,160 --> 04:45:48,680 CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENT AND 7660 04:45:48,680 --> 04:45:52,680 THAT'S BEEN SHOWN FOR OTHER 7661 04:45:52,680 --> 04:45:55,200 CHROMESOMAL REARRANGEMENTS AND 7662 04:45:55,200 --> 04:45:57,160 STARTED THINKING WHAT MAY 7663 04:45:57,160 --> 04:46:00,640 COLLIDE WITH PARENTAL LIABILITY 7664 04:46:00,640 --> 04:46:02,200 FOR TRAITS AND THIS INFLUENCE ON 7665 04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:05,160 OUTCOME, NOT A COMPLETE 7666 04:46:05,160 --> 04:46:07,840 INFLUENCE ON OUTCOME BUT IS IT 7667 04:46:07,840 --> 04:46:09,720 POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY OTHER 7668 04:46:09,720 --> 04:46:12,440 INHERITED FACTOR COLLIDE WITH 7669 04:46:12,440 --> 04:46:13,520 THAT PARENTAL LIABILITY TO 7670 04:46:13,520 --> 04:46:15,680 FURTHER RAMP UP RISK FOR THESE 7671 04:46:15,680 --> 04:46:18,080 MORE INHERITED KINDS OF AUTISM. 7672 04:46:18,080 --> 04:46:22,040 ONE OF THE CLUES THAT WE HAD 7673 04:46:22,040 --> 04:46:23,120 IDENTIFIED FROM STUDYING TWINS 7674 04:46:23,120 --> 04:46:25,160 IN FAMILIES WAS IDENTIFYING 7675 04:46:25,160 --> 04:46:27,720 WITHIN BABIES WHAT PREDICTED 7676 04:46:27,720 --> 04:46:29,160 SOCIAL VARIATION AND OUTCOME AS 7677 04:46:29,160 --> 04:46:31,320 MEASURED BY THAT SAME 7678 04:46:31,320 --> 04:46:32,200 QUANTITATIVE TRAIT. 7679 04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:33,400 THE SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS SCALE 7680 04:46:33,400 --> 04:46:35,800 AND WHAT WE LEARNED IN STUDIES 7681 04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:41,160 BABIES IS THAT NOT ONLY THEIR 7682 04:46:41,160 --> 04:46:42,560 PARENTS AUTISTIC LIKE TRAITS BUT 7683 04:46:42,560 --> 04:46:50,360 TIRE -- THEY'RE BABIES 7684 04:46:50,360 --> 04:47:01,080 VARIATION IN TRAITS RELATED TO 7685 04:47:07,320 --> 04:47:09,120 ADHD AND THINKING OF THESE 7686 04:47:09,120 --> 04:47:11,560 TRAITS AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 7687 04:47:11,560 --> 04:47:12,880 TRAITS THAT CAN INFLUENCE SOCIAL 7688 04:47:12,880 --> 04:47:17,160 OUTCOMES IS SOMETHING WHERE THE 7689 04:47:17,160 --> 04:47:19,360 PROSPECT OF SCREENING MAY 7690 04:47:19,360 --> 04:47:21,640 INVOLVE LOOKING FOR THE THINGS 7691 04:47:21,640 --> 04:47:22,760 FOR THE DIAGNOSIS YOU'RE 7692 04:47:22,760 --> 04:47:23,680 INTERESTED IN AND OTHER THINGS 7693 04:47:23,680 --> 04:47:24,400 CONTRIBUTE BEING TO IT. 7694 04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:26,960 IN THIS CASE ONE OF THE PROFOUND 7695 04:47:26,960 --> 04:47:27,920 LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS 7696 04:47:27,920 --> 04:47:31,920 PARTICULAR STUDY IS THAT EACH OF 7697 04:47:31,920 --> 04:47:35,560 THOSE FACTORS AND THE PARENTS' 7698 04:47:35,560 --> 04:47:40,800 AUTISTIC TRAITS AND THE MOTOR 7699 04:47:40,800 --> 04:47:46,720 VARIATION OF THE PARENTS AND THE 7700 04:47:46,720 --> 04:47:56,000 ADHD SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND THINK 7701 04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:57,160 ABOUT THAT. 7702 04:47:57,160 --> 04:47:58,720 THESE PARTICULAR QUANTITATIVE 7703 04:47:58,720 --> 04:48:01,000 TRAITS ALL OF WHICH ARE 7704 04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:01,960 CONTINUOUSLY DISTRIBUTED IN 7705 04:48:01,960 --> 04:48:09,120 HUMAN POPULATION S AND INHERITED 7706 04:48:09,120 --> 04:48:11,880 AND DIFFERENT GENETICALLY AND 7707 04:48:11,880 --> 04:48:13,600 HOW THEY MAY COMBINED OR COLLIDE 7708 04:48:13,600 --> 04:48:16,280 TO PRODUCE THE OUTCOMES ON THE 7709 04:48:16,280 --> 04:48:21,200 EXTREME END REPRESENT A 7710 04:48:21,200 --> 04:48:22,240 DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM. 7711 04:48:22,240 --> 04:48:32,800 ANOTHER AND COLLABORATING WITH A 7712 04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:41,320 METHOD FOR MEASURING ONE OF THE 7713 04:48:41,320 --> 04:48:42,680 PATHOMNEMONIC TREATS OF THE 7714 04:48:42,680 --> 04:48:45,360 AUTISTIC SYNDROME WHICH IS EYE 7715 04:48:45,360 --> 04:48:45,760 CONTACT. 7716 04:48:45,760 --> 04:48:50,800 AND IN A STUDY PUBLISHED IN 7717 04:48:50,800 --> 04:48:53,160 NATURE SHOWED WHEN YOUNG 7718 04:48:53,160 --> 04:48:54,680 CHILDREN ARE MANIFESTING LOW 7719 04:48:54,680 --> 04:48:57,960 LEVELS OF SOCIAL ORIENTATION TO 7720 04:48:57,960 --> 04:48:59,680 FACES, TO THE SOCIAL FEATURES OF 7721 04:48:59,680 --> 04:49:03,800 THE ENVIRONMENT THESE CHILDREN 7722 04:49:03,800 --> 04:49:05,200 REALLY ARE MUCH HIGHER RISK FOR 7723 04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:07,600 AUTISTIC SYNDROMES THAT IS IN 7724 04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:09,440 THE RED DOTS IN THESE PARTICULAR 7725 04:49:09,440 --> 04:49:11,760 SCATTER PLOTS AND THE WHITE DOTS 7726 04:49:11,760 --> 04:49:13,280 IN THE SCATTER PLOTS ARE 7727 04:49:13,280 --> 04:49:15,160 TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN. 7728 04:49:15,160 --> 04:49:17,560 ONE OF THE THINGS TO NOTICE IS 7729 04:49:17,560 --> 04:49:18,680 THERE ARE SOME TYPICALLY 7730 04:49:18,680 --> 04:49:20,000 DEVELOPING CHILDREN WHO HAVE LOW 7731 04:49:20,000 --> 04:49:24,360 LEVELS OF HIGH AND MOUTH AND 7732 04:49:24,360 --> 04:49:25,400 FACE LOOKING BUT NEVERTHELESS DO 7733 04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:26,120 OKAY. 7734 04:49:26,120 --> 04:49:28,480 DEMONSTRATING THE IDEA THERE MAY 7735 04:49:28,480 --> 04:49:33,680 BE ASPECTS OF EARLY QUANTITATIVE 7736 04:49:33,680 --> 04:49:34,360 DEVELOPMENTAL LIABILITY THAT 7737 04:49:34,360 --> 04:49:36,880 MUST COMPOUND WITH OTHER ONES TO 7738 04:49:36,880 --> 04:49:39,280 PRODUCE A SIN DROLL OF CLINICAL 7739 04:49:39,280 --> 04:49:39,760 IMPAIRMENT. 7740 04:49:39,760 --> 04:49:44,160 AND WA WE FOUND IN STUDYING THE 7741 04:49:44,160 --> 04:49:48,680 RECURRENCE OF AUTISM SO WHEN A 7742 04:49:48,680 --> 04:49:53,160 BABE E -- BABY IS BORN INTO A 7743 04:49:53,160 --> 04:49:56,400 FAMILY AND ASKING IF THE BABY 7744 04:49:56,400 --> 04:49:58,360 WILL DEVELOP AUTISM NOT ONLY CAN 7745 04:49:58,360 --> 04:50:01,160 THE PREDICTION OF WHICH BABY 7746 04:50:01,160 --> 04:50:04,240 WILL BE PREDICTED IMPROVED BY 7747 04:50:04,240 --> 04:50:06,400 EYE TRACK AND MOTOR DEFICITS 7748 04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:08,600 JUST LIKE WE FOUND REGARDING 7749 04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:12,480 SOCIAL VARIATION IN THE 7750 04:50:12,480 --> 04:50:13,840 POPULATION THESE REPRESENT 7751 04:50:13,840 --> 04:50:16,000 OCCURRENCE PREDICTORS AND IN THE 7752 04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:23,360 GENERAL POPULATION ARE ALL 7753 04:50:23,360 --> 04:50:25,160 CONTINUOUSLY INHERITABLE AND 7754 04:50:25,160 --> 04:50:27,240 GENETIC AND LED US TO BELIEVE 7755 04:50:27,240 --> 04:50:29,680 THE STUDY OF AUTISM AT LEAST THE 7756 04:50:29,680 --> 04:50:31,560 INHERITED VERSIONS OF AUTISM MAY 7757 04:50:31,560 --> 04:50:35,600 RESOLVE TO RELATING SETS OF POLY 7758 04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:37,480 GENIC RISK TO INDIVIDUAL 7759 04:50:37,480 --> 04:50:39,320 DEVELOPMENT LIABILITIES. 7760 04:50:39,320 --> 04:50:42,040 THIS REPRESENTS AN INFANCY 7761 04:50:42,040 --> 04:50:44,160 DECONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTISTIC 7762 04:50:44,160 --> 04:50:46,440 SYNDROME WHERE WE MAY BE ABLE 7763 04:50:46,440 --> 04:50:47,720 NOW TO FOCUS OUR SCREENING 7764 04:50:47,720 --> 04:50:49,880 EFFORTS NOT ON THE DEVELOPMENT 7765 04:50:49,880 --> 04:50:52,280 OF THE CONDITION ITSELF OR THE 7766 04:50:52,280 --> 04:50:53,160 CHARACTERIZING TRAITS AND 7767 04:50:53,160 --> 04:50:54,520 FEATURES OF THE CONDITION BUT ON 7768 04:50:54,520 --> 04:50:57,800 WHAT COMES BEFORE THAT 7769 04:50:57,800 --> 04:51:02,800 DEVELOPMENTALLY AND ENGENDERED 7770 04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:05,160 BY POLY GENIC FACTORS AND THE 7771 04:51:05,160 --> 04:51:08,640 FOUR FACTORS MAY IN COMBINATIONS 7772 04:51:08,640 --> 04:51:10,720 RELATE TO THE AUTISTIC SYNDROME 7773 04:51:10,720 --> 04:51:12,560 AND AN IMPORTANT COROLLARY IS 7774 04:51:12,560 --> 04:51:14,800 CHILDREN WHO ARE STUDYING IN 7775 04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:17,800 CONTRAST TO KIDS WITH AUTISM FOR 7776 04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:19,480 BIOMARKER STUDIES AND BRAIN 7777 04:51:19,480 --> 04:51:21,440 IMAGING STUDIES AND SO FORTH MAY 7778 04:51:21,440 --> 04:51:26,880 CARRY SOME OF THESE LIABILITIES 7779 04:51:26,880 --> 04:51:29,160 THEMSELVES IN MILDER FORM OR IN 7780 04:51:29,160 --> 04:51:30,360 COMBINATIONS NOT GOING TO PUSH 7781 04:51:30,360 --> 04:51:32,120 CHILDREN TOWARDS THE FULL 7782 04:51:32,120 --> 04:51:32,360 DIAGNOSIS. 7783 04:51:32,360 --> 04:51:34,320 AND THIS KIND OF SYSTEM OF 7784 04:51:34,320 --> 04:51:36,680 THINKING ABOUT AN INHERITED 7785 04:51:36,680 --> 04:51:41,520 CONDITION IS AN AMALGAM OF MORE 7786 04:51:41,520 --> 04:51:42,680 FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS IS AKIN TO 7787 04:51:42,680 --> 04:51:44,720 THINKING ABOUT WHAT IS DEPICTED 7788 04:51:44,720 --> 04:51:47,880 ON THE LOWER LEFT HAND OF THE 7789 04:51:47,880 --> 04:51:52,840 SCREEN THE DIAGRAM OF WHAT 7790 04:51:52,840 --> 04:51:53,480 CAUSES HYPERTENSION AND BLOOD 7791 04:51:53,480 --> 04:51:54,680 PRESSURE CAN BE MEASURED AND 7792 04:51:54,680 --> 04:51:56,600 THOUGHT OF AS A SINGLE 7793 04:51:56,600 --> 04:51:57,720 QUANTITATIVE TRAIT BUT WHEN YOU 7794 04:51:57,720 --> 04:51:59,920 THINK ABOUT IT IS AN AMALGAM OF 7795 04:51:59,920 --> 04:52:02,400 A NUMBER OF TRAITS THAT ARE 7796 04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:05,160 DYNAMICALLY OPERATING WITH ONE 7797 04:52:05,160 --> 04:52:07,880 ANOTHER. 7798 04:52:07,880 --> 04:52:15,160 AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND 7799 04:52:15,160 --> 04:52:16,040 CORTICOID VARIATION AND EACH HAS 7800 04:52:16,040 --> 04:52:18,680 ITS OWN STRUCTURE AND 7801 04:52:18,680 --> 04:52:23,000 UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF 7802 04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:24,480 BLOOD PRESSURE ARE TREATMENT 7803 04:52:24,480 --> 04:52:26,160 RESOLVED TO WHAT THE FACTORS 7804 04:52:26,160 --> 04:52:26,320 ARE. 7805 04:52:26,320 --> 04:52:28,520 A COUPLE LAST POINTS TO MAKE AND 7806 04:52:28,520 --> 04:52:31,600 THEN WE'LL WRAP UP. 7807 04:52:31,600 --> 04:52:35,160 FIRST, THAT ONE OF THESE 7808 04:52:35,160 --> 04:52:38,520 PREDISPOSING FACTORS ADHD LIKE 7809 04:52:38,520 --> 04:52:40,040 TRAITS IS INTERESTING NOT LONG 7810 04:52:40,040 --> 04:52:41,480 OKAY WE CONSIDERED INDEPENDENT 7811 04:52:41,480 --> 04:52:42,880 FROM AUTISM AND NOW WE KNOW SOME 7812 04:52:42,880 --> 04:52:45,400 OF THE THINGS WE THINK OF AS 7813 04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:47,560 NUISANCE COMORBIDITIES OF AUTISM 7814 04:52:47,560 --> 04:52:49,240 OR CO-OCCURRING CONDITIONS CAN 7815 04:52:49,240 --> 04:52:51,480 BE PART OF THE CAUSE OF THE 7816 04:52:51,480 --> 04:52:51,880 CONDITION ITSELF. 7817 04:52:51,880 --> 04:52:53,240 AND THINKING ABOUT HOW TO SCREEN 7818 04:52:53,240 --> 04:52:54,720 FOR THAT AND HOW TO LOOK FOR 7819 04:52:54,720 --> 04:52:56,640 THAT EARLY WILL BE A VERY 7820 04:52:56,640 --> 04:52:57,640 IMPORTANT PART OF THE NEXT 7821 04:52:57,640 --> 04:53:01,120 GENERATION OF SCREENING. 7822 04:53:01,120 --> 04:53:02,120 ANOTHER VERY IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE 7823 04:53:02,120 --> 04:53:05,560 WE LEARNED FROM STUDYING IN A 7824 04:53:05,560 --> 04:53:07,440 QUANTITATIVE WAY THOUGH 85% OF 7825 04:53:07,440 --> 04:53:09,960 AUTISM IS INHERITED, THE 7826 04:53:09,960 --> 04:53:12,280 DIAGNOSIS ITSELF IS INHERITED 7827 04:53:12,280 --> 04:53:14,160 BUT THE SEVERITY OF THE 7828 04:53:14,160 --> 04:53:15,680 CONDITION CAN VARY GREATLY EVEN 7829 04:53:15,680 --> 04:53:17,440 BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE 7830 04:53:17,440 --> 04:53:18,680 CLONES OF ONE ANOTHER. 7831 04:53:18,680 --> 04:53:21,600 SO IN STUDYING IDENTICAL TWINS 7832 04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:23,400 WHO MOST THE TIME IF ONE'S 7833 04:53:23,400 --> 04:53:24,840 AFFECTED THE OTHER ONE'S GOING 7834 04:53:24,840 --> 04:53:28,240 TO BE AFFECT AUTISM, THERE'S 7835 04:53:28,240 --> 04:53:31,120 SYMPTOMS CAN DIFFER PROFOUNDLY 7836 04:53:31,120 --> 04:53:33,160 AND NA IS NOT TRUE FOR CHILDREN 7837 04:53:33,160 --> 04:53:34,720 IN THE POPULATION WHO ARE 7838 04:53:34,720 --> 04:53:36,480 IDENTICAL TWINS WHO GENERALLY 7839 04:53:36,480 --> 04:53:41,960 SHARE THE EXACT SAME LEVEL OF 7840 04:53:41,960 --> 04:53:44,040 QUANTITATIVE AUTISTIC BURDEN AND 7841 04:53:44,040 --> 04:53:46,480 YOU START TO SEE VARIATION THAT 7842 04:53:46,480 --> 04:53:48,000 MAY RELATE TO STOCHASTIC 7843 04:53:48,000 --> 04:53:50,760 INFLUENCES OVER THE COURSE OF 7844 04:53:50,760 --> 04:53:53,160 DEVELOPMENT AND HAVE TO BE 7845 04:53:53,160 --> 04:53:54,680 THOUGHT ABOUT AS FAR AS PLAYERS 7846 04:53:54,680 --> 04:54:04,960 IN THE SYNDROME. 7847 04:54:12,880 --> 04:54:17,160 AND THERE'S A PLOT THAT SHOWS 7848 04:54:17,160 --> 04:54:21,720 THE COMORBIDITY OF AUTISM 7849 04:54:21,720 --> 04:54:32,240 LONG-TERM AND THE LIKELY CAUSE 7850 04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:36,680 IS THE INABILITY TO DELIVER TO 7851 04:54:36,680 --> 04:54:38,080 THOSE CHILDREN THE EVIDENCE BASE 7852 04:54:38,080 --> 04:54:40,240 FOR EDUCATION AND EARLY 7853 04:54:40,240 --> 04:54:42,160 DEVELOPMENT THERAPIES THAT WOULD 7854 04:54:42,160 --> 04:54:43,640 ALLOW THEM TO REACH A BETTER 7855 04:54:43,640 --> 04:54:47,240 LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING GIVEN THE 7856 04:54:47,240 --> 04:54:49,840 CONDITION OF AUTISM OF BEING A 7857 04:54:49,840 --> 04:54:51,440 PART OF THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL MAKE 7858 04:54:51,440 --> 04:54:52,600 UP. 7859 04:54:52,600 --> 04:54:54,200 SO CONCLUSIONS, WHAT SHOULD WE 7860 04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:56,040 BE SCREENING FOR? 7861 04:54:56,040 --> 04:55:02,720 NOT JUST DIAGNOSIS, A AN 7862 04:55:02,720 --> 04:55:04,440 AMALGAM OF PHENOTYPES THERE'S 7863 04:55:04,440 --> 04:55:06,040 COMPOUNDING FACTORS WE NEED TO 7864 04:55:06,040 --> 04:55:06,960 SCREEN FOR AND ADDRESS 7865 04:55:06,960 --> 04:55:08,160 PARTICULARLY THE ONES WE HAVE 7866 04:55:08,160 --> 04:55:11,480 THE POWER TO CHANGE. 7867 04:55:11,480 --> 04:55:12,720 I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR 7868 04:55:12,720 --> 04:55:14,280 EXCELLENT CONTRIBUTORS TOO THE 7869 04:55:14,280 --> 04:55:16,440 WORK AS I MENTIONED OVER THE 7870 04:55:16,440 --> 04:55:18,200 COURSE OF THE TALK AND THANK 7871 04:55:18,200 --> 04:55:20,440 EVERYBODY FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 7872 04:55:20,440 --> 04:55:21,160 AGAIN TO JOIN THIS WONDERFUL 7873 04:55:21,160 --> 04:55:21,440 SYMPOSIUM. 7874 04:55:21,440 --> 04:55:26,960 THANK YOU. 7875 04:55:26,960 --> 04:55:29,400 >>THANK YOU, JOHN. 7876 04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:32,200 OUR FINAL SPEAKER TODAY IS 7877 04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:33,160 MICHELLE JOHNSON FROM THE 7878 04:55:33,160 --> 04:55:35,120 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 7879 04:55:35,120 --> 04:55:36,600 UNFORTUNATELY, SHE HAS BEEN 7880 04:55:36,600 --> 04:55:38,520 PULLED AWAY TO JURY DUTY. 7881 04:55:38,520 --> 04:55:43,240 SHE IS DOING HER CIVIC DUTY 7882 04:55:43,240 --> 04:55:46,480 RIGHT NOW BUT WAS ABLE TO PRE 7883 04:55:46,480 --> 04:55:48,320 RECORD HER PRESENTATION. 7884 04:55:48,320 --> 04:55:52,000 AND DR. JOHNSON DIRECTS THE 7885 04:55:52,000 --> 04:55:53,160 REHABILITATION ROBOTIC RESEARCH 7886 04:55:53,160 --> 04:55:55,800 AND DESIGN LABORATORY WHERE SHE 7887 04:55:55,800 --> 04:55:57,200 SPECIALIZES IN THE DESIGN 7888 04:55:57,200 --> 04:56:00,480 DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPEUTIC USE 7889 04:56:00,480 --> 04:56:02,560 OF NOVEL, AFFORDABLE INTELLIGENT 7890 04:56:02,560 --> 04:56:04,200 ROBOTIC ASSISTANCE FOR 7891 04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:05,480 REHABILITATION IN HIGH AND LOW 7892 04:56:05,480 --> 04:56:05,960 RESOURCED ENVIRONMENT. 7893 04:56:05,960 --> 04:56:12,720 SHE HAS A BACHELOR'S OF SCIENCE 7894 04:56:12,720 --> 04:56:20,320 IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND A 7895 04:56:20,320 --> 04:56:26,240 FULL BRIGHT SCHOLAR TO BOTSWANA 7896 04:56:26,240 --> 04:56:29,040 AND A DISTINGUISHED LECTURER. 7897 04:56:29,040 --> 04:56:30,720 I'LL TURN IT OVER TO MICHELLE'S 7898 04:56:30,720 --> 04:56:33,640 VIDEO. 7899 04:56:33,640 --> 04:56:34,200 >>HI. 7900 04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:35,560 THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME. 7901 04:56:35,560 --> 04:56:38,120 TODAY I'M GOING TO APPROACH THIS 7902 04:56:38,120 --> 04:56:41,040 TOPIC OF ENSURING HEALTHY AND 7903 04:56:41,040 --> 04:56:41,640 OPTIMAL LIVES FROM THE 7904 04:56:41,640 --> 04:56:43,360 PERSPECTIVE OF ACCESSIBLE AND 7905 04:56:43,360 --> 04:56:45,000 AFFORDABLE ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGIES 7906 04:56:45,000 --> 04:56:47,800 THAT I BELIEVE SHOULD BE OUR 7907 04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:48,840 GOAL IN THE FUTURE. 7908 04:56:48,840 --> 04:56:50,920 I JUST HAVE A FEW FINANCIAL 7909 04:56:50,920 --> 04:56:51,280 DISCLOSURES. 7910 04:56:51,280 --> 04:56:54,000 ONE I MAY BE TALKING ABOUT SOME 7911 04:56:54,000 --> 04:56:55,960 PATENT HAVE BEEN FILED ON REHAB 7912 04:56:55,960 --> 04:56:58,720 CARE AND A HAVE EQUITY IN A 7913 04:56:58,720 --> 04:57:02,560 SPINOFF COMPANY CALLED COOPERAL 7914 04:57:02,560 --> 04:57:02,800 ROBOTICS. 7915 04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:04,280 WE THINK ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING 7916 04:57:04,280 --> 04:57:08,160 IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES AND IN 7917 04:57:08,160 --> 04:57:09,800 LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES 7918 04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:12,000 AND THE CAUSES OF DEATH AND 7919 04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:13,480 IMPAIRMENT ARE DIFFERENT. 7920 04:57:13,480 --> 04:57:20,880 IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES 7921 04:57:20,880 --> 04:57:23,880 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND OUR 7922 04:57:23,880 --> 04:57:26,000 STRATEGIES IN TERMS OF THINKING 7923 04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:28,440 ABOUT WHAT IS CAUSING THIS WE 7924 04:57:28,440 --> 04:57:30,720 SHOULD REALIZE BOTH ARE CAUSING 7925 04:57:30,720 --> 04:57:34,080 PEOPLE TO LIVE WITH MORE MOTOR 7926 04:57:34,080 --> 04:57:35,520 IMPAIRMENT AND COGNITIVE 7927 04:57:35,520 --> 04:57:35,800 IMPAIRMENT. 7928 04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:38,200 THERE'S A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT'S 7929 04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:39,560 GROWING AND LIVING WITH THESE 7930 04:57:39,560 --> 04:57:40,800 IMPAIRMENTS BUT AT THE SAME TIME 7931 04:57:40,800 --> 04:57:42,520 WE HAVE A SHORTAGE OF 7932 04:57:42,520 --> 04:57:42,800 CAREGIVERS. 7933 04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:45,560 WE HAVE A SHORTAGE OF 7934 04:57:45,560 --> 04:57:51,840 CLINICIANS, THERAPISTS AND WHAT 7935 04:57:51,840 --> 04:57:53,560 WE'RE RUNNING INTO IS A GAP IN 7936 04:57:53,560 --> 04:57:54,080 HEALTH CARE. 7937 04:57:54,080 --> 04:57:59,680 THIS GAP IS ONLY GOING TO 7938 04:57:59,680 --> 04:57:59,960 INCREASE. 7939 04:57:59,960 --> 04:58:01,560 IN MY OPINION I BELIEVE 7940 04:58:01,560 --> 04:58:02,200 TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP BRIDGE THIS 7941 04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,440 GAP. 7942 04:58:04,440 --> 04:58:06,160 AND THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGIES I'M 7943 04:58:06,160 --> 04:58:07,840 TALKING ABOUT I'M TALKING ABOUT 7944 04:58:07,840 --> 04:58:08,960 THERAPY AND ASSISTIVE 7945 04:58:08,960 --> 04:58:10,040 TECHNOLOGIES. 7946 04:58:10,040 --> 04:58:12,360 THE THERAPY ROBOTS ARE AS YOU 7947 04:58:12,360 --> 04:58:14,640 CAN SEE FROM THE IMAGES ARE 7948 04:58:14,640 --> 04:58:16,280 ROBOTS THAT WE'RE GOING TO 7949 04:58:16,280 --> 04:58:18,120 DESIGN TO HELP TREAT 7950 04:58:18,120 --> 04:58:19,800 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS SUCH AS 7951 04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:21,960 STROKE AND CEREBRAL PALSY AND 7952 04:58:21,960 --> 04:58:22,880 WHATEVER ELSE IS HAPPENING. 7953 04:58:22,880 --> 04:58:24,560 WE CAN TARGET THEM FOR DIFFERENT 7954 04:58:24,560 --> 04:58:25,440 DISEASE STRUCTURES. 7955 04:58:25,440 --> 04:58:27,640 THE GOAL IS THEY'RE GOING TO 7956 04:58:27,640 --> 04:58:33,080 AUTOMATE AND DELIVER A 7957 04:58:33,080 --> 04:58:34,480 AUTONOMOUS THERAPY AND ASSESS 7958 04:58:34,480 --> 04:58:36,240 THE LEVEL OF IMPAIRMENT 7959 04:58:36,240 --> 04:58:37,960 HAPPENING WITH THE PERSON. 7960 04:58:37,960 --> 04:58:44,240 WHEN I TALK ABOUT ASSISTIVE 7961 04:58:44,240 --> 04:58:45,760 ROBOTS I'M TALK THIS IS 7962 04:58:45,760 --> 04:58:47,360 REPLACING OTHER FUNCTIONS OR 7963 04:58:47,360 --> 04:58:48,920 SERVING PEOPLE WITH 7964 04:58:48,920 --> 04:58:49,640 DISABILITIES. 7965 04:58:49,640 --> 04:58:55,120 NOW, THE CURRENT SYSTEMS YOU SEE 7966 04:58:55,120 --> 04:59:00,120 ARE MAINLY AVAILABLE IN 7967 04:59:00,120 --> 04:59:01,840 SUPERVISED SETTING AND IN 7968 04:59:01,840 --> 04:59:03,320 HOSPITAL PATIENTS IN PATIENT OR 7969 04:59:03,320 --> 04:59:03,680 OUT PATIENT. 7970 04:59:03,680 --> 04:59:06,160 ONE THING I WANT TO DO IS 7971 04:59:06,160 --> 04:59:07,040 CLARIFY. 7972 04:59:07,040 --> 04:59:09,720 WHEN I THINK OF ROBOTS IN THE 7973 04:59:09,720 --> 04:59:10,400 SETTING I'M THINKING THEY'RE 7974 04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:12,280 SHARING THE SPACE WITH THE 7975 04:59:12,280 --> 04:59:12,520 CAREGIVER. 7976 04:59:12,520 --> 04:59:15,440 IN THIS PICTURE YOU SEE THE IF 7977 04:59:15,440 --> 04:59:17,200 THE THERAPIST IS DEMONSTRATING 7978 04:59:17,200 --> 04:59:18,640 SOMETHING HOW DOES THE THERAPIST 7979 04:59:18,640 --> 04:59:20,520 USING THE ROBOT TO BE A 7980 04:59:20,520 --> 04:59:20,840 DEMONSTRATOR. 7981 04:59:20,840 --> 04:59:21,960 THE THERAPIST IS HELPING THE 7982 04:59:21,960 --> 04:59:24,400 PATIENT AND HOW TO USE THE ROBOT 7983 04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:25,760 TO SUPPORT THE PATIENT. 7984 04:59:25,760 --> 04:59:27,080 I ALWAYS WANT TO VERY MUCH 7985 04:59:27,080 --> 04:59:29,200 EMPHASIZE THAT MY THINKING IS 7986 04:59:29,200 --> 04:59:30,720 THE ROBOT IS CO-LOCATING WITH 7987 04:59:30,720 --> 04:59:36,600 THE CAREGIVER. 7988 04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:39,480 HERE'S AN ACTIVITY AND HERE WE 7989 04:59:39,480 --> 04:59:43,400 WERE AUTOMATING THE ROBOT TO 7990 04:59:43,400 --> 04:59:45,680 SUPPORT THE UPPER EXTREMITY OF A 7991 04:59:45,680 --> 04:59:48,760 STROKE SURVIVOR TO PRACTICE 7992 04:59:48,760 --> 04:59:49,760 DRINKING ACTIVITIES. 7993 04:59:49,760 --> 04:59:52,640 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF 7994 04:59:52,640 --> 04:59:53,760 DEMONSTRATING IN ASSISTIVE ROBOT 7995 04:59:53,760 --> 04:59:56,000 HERE WITH MY COLLEAGUES WE WERE 7996 04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:58,320 LOOKING AT USING HUMANOID ROBOTS 7997 04:59:58,320 --> 05:00:04,040 TO SUPPORT PLAY OF OLDER ADULTS 7998 05:00:04,040 --> 05:00:04,920 MAYBE IN A COMMUNITY HEALTH 7999 05:00:04,920 --> 05:00:11,080 SETTING,ETS ARE RA -- ETCETERA. 8000 05:00:11,080 --> 05:00:12,760 AND WE'VE BEEN DOING THIS OVER 8001 05:00:12,760 --> 05:00:13,840 20 YEARS AND PEOPLE HAVE THOUGHT 8002 05:00:13,840 --> 05:00:15,640 OF USING THE ROBOTICS IN THE 8003 05:00:15,640 --> 05:00:16,120 CLIMATE. 8004 05:00:16,120 --> 05:00:17,880 WHAT DID WE LEARN? 8005 05:00:17,880 --> 05:00:19,800 WE LEARNED THEY'RE EFFECTIVE FOR 8006 05:00:19,800 --> 05:00:23,640 THE MOST PART IN THE UPPER 8007 05:00:23,640 --> 05:00:24,760 EXTREMITY, PHYSICAL THERAPY HAS 8008 05:00:24,760 --> 05:00:26,160 BEEN ABLE TO DELIVER. 8009 05:00:26,160 --> 05:00:28,720 IT'S REPEATABLE AND ADAPTIVE. 8010 05:00:28,720 --> 05:00:33,440 WE CAN ACTUALLY ENABLE SEMI 8011 05:00:33,440 --> 05:00:34,400 AUTONOMOUS TRAINING. 8012 05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:38,240 WE CAN SEE WE CAN PROVIDE 8013 05:00:38,240 --> 05:00:39,800 REPEATABLE MEASURES AND REDUCE 8014 05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:41,960 RECOVERY AND IMPAIRMENT. 8015 05:00:41,960 --> 05:00:43,680 THIS IS NOT WITHOUT CONTROVERSY 8016 05:00:43,680 --> 05:00:44,960 DEPENDING ON WHERE WE'RE 8017 05:00:44,960 --> 05:00:46,080 THINKING WHICH ROBOTS WE ARE 8018 05:00:46,080 --> 05:00:48,720 USING THERE MAY BE SOME DISPUTE 8019 05:00:48,720 --> 05:00:48,960 IN THAT. 8020 05:00:48,960 --> 05:00:52,080 I WANT TO BRING OUR ATTENTION TO 8021 05:00:52,080 --> 05:00:54,360 ANOTHER POINT IS THAT A RECENT 8022 05:00:54,360 --> 05:00:56,160 PAPER OR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 8023 05:00:56,160 --> 05:00:57,760 LOOKED AT WHETHER IT WAS COST 8024 05:00:57,760 --> 05:00:58,920 EFFECTIVE TO DO THESE ROBOTS AND 8025 05:00:58,920 --> 05:01:04,200 TO USE THE ROBOTS AND THEY WERE 8026 05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:05,800 PRIMARILY LOOKING AT TO THE 8027 05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:07,640 STUDIES THAT SHOWED WHETHER WE 8028 05:01:07,640 --> 05:01:08,760 SHOULD KEEP GOING AND ONE THING 8029 05:01:08,760 --> 05:01:12,440 THEY SHOWED THERE WERE ONLY FIVE 8030 05:01:12,440 --> 05:01:14,520 STUDIES INCLUDE ONE MY COLLEAGUE 8031 05:01:14,520 --> 05:01:16,480 LOOKED AT THAT LOOKED AT WHETHER 8032 05:01:16,480 --> 05:01:20,240 THE EASE OF THE ROBOTS COULD 8033 05:01:20,240 --> 05:01:21,720 SUPPORT PEOPLE GOING FORWARD AND 8034 05:01:21,720 --> 05:01:23,320 THE UPTAKE IS, YES. 8035 05:01:23,320 --> 05:01:25,800 THE STUDIES FAVOR THE USE OF 8036 05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:27,960 ROBOTS IN TERMS OF INTERVENTION 8037 05:01:27,960 --> 05:01:30,280 WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC PATIENTS 8038 05:01:30,280 --> 05:01:33,200 AND SOME SEVERE AND THAT IS 8039 05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:33,520 ENCOURAGING. 8040 05:01:33,520 --> 05:01:35,560 THAT TELLS US WE MIGHT BE ABLE 8041 05:01:35,560 --> 05:01:37,200 TO REALLY SERIOUSLY THINK ABOUT 8042 05:01:37,200 --> 05:01:39,800 HOW WE USING IT BUT MY CHALLENGE 8043 05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:42,640 WITH THIS IS WHERE ARE THESE 8044 05:01:42,640 --> 05:01:43,000 ROBOTS NOW? 8045 05:01:43,000 --> 05:01:44,800 THEY'RE GLOBALLY MAINLY IN HIGH 8046 05:01:44,800 --> 05:01:45,760 INCOME COUNTRIES. 8047 05:01:45,760 --> 05:01:48,160 BUT THE BURDEN OF THE DISEASES 8048 05:01:48,160 --> 05:01:53,720 THAT WE'RE SEEING ARE IN LOW AND 8049 05:01:53,720 --> 05:01:54,760 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES AND IN 8050 05:01:54,760 --> 05:01:56,120 THINKING HOW WE MOVE FORWARD IN 8051 05:01:56,120 --> 05:01:58,560 THE FUTURE, I THINK WE NEED TO 8052 05:01:58,560 --> 05:01:59,720 MOVE FORWARD GLOBALLY SO WHEN 8053 05:01:59,720 --> 05:02:01,160 WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THE USE OF 8054 05:02:01,160 --> 05:02:03,880 THESE TECHNOLOGIES, HOW DO WE 8055 05:02:03,880 --> 05:02:07,160 GET THEM INTO LOW-RESOURCE 8056 05:02:07,160 --> 05:02:10,280 SETTINGS AND INTO DEVELOPING 8057 05:02:10,280 --> 05:02:10,560 COUNTRIES. 8058 05:02:10,560 --> 05:02:14,400 MAIN PROBLEM IS WITH THE CURRENT 8059 05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:19,280 SYSTEMS THEY'RE MECHANICALLY 8060 05:02:19,280 --> 05:02:22,160 HUGE AND HIGH COST AND HOW DO WE 8061 05:02:22,160 --> 05:02:25,200 BRIDGE THIS GAP AND MY VIEW IS 8062 05:02:25,200 --> 05:02:26,040 IS WITH AFFORDABLE TECHNOLOGY 8063 05:02:26,040 --> 05:02:27,600 AND LET'S STEP BACK AND THINK 8064 05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:29,160 WHAT THE FUTURE IS LIKE. 8065 05:02:29,160 --> 05:02:30,880 WHAT WE SEE HAPPENING IN 8066 05:02:30,880 --> 05:02:31,640 HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES INCLUDING 8067 05:02:31,640 --> 05:02:34,200 THE U.S. WE SEE THERAPY AND 8068 05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:36,760 REHAB IS MOVING OUT OF THE ACUTE 8069 05:02:36,760 --> 05:02:39,880 AND SUB-ACUTE SETTINGS INTO THE 8070 05:02:39,880 --> 05:02:41,280 COMMUNITY-BASED SETTINGS. 8071 05:02:41,280 --> 05:02:45,200 A RECENT STUDY SHOWED 75% OF 8072 05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:48,440 PATIENTS THAT ARE DISCHARGED AND 8073 05:02:48,440 --> 05:02:51,320 I'M SPEAKING SPECIFICALLY AT 8074 05:02:51,320 --> 05:02:53,680 STROKE WILL BE GOING HOME AND 8075 05:02:53,680 --> 05:02:56,440 STILL HAVE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT. 8076 05:02:56,440 --> 05:02:58,160 40% GO HOME WITHOUT POST-ACUTE 8077 05:02:58,160 --> 05:02:58,360 CARE. 8078 05:02:58,360 --> 05:03:00,720 THAT MEANS REHAB IT TAKING PLACE 8079 05:03:00,720 --> 05:03:03,000 IN THE COMMUNITY AT HOME IN 8080 05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:06,040 NURSING HOMES IN DAYCARE 8081 05:03:06,040 --> 05:03:07,200 SETTINGS IN ASSISTED LIVING 8082 05:03:07,200 --> 05:03:09,160 SETTINGS AND THESE ARE OFTEN LOW 8083 05:03:09,160 --> 05:03:13,120 RESOURCE SETTINGS. 8084 05:03:13,120 --> 05:03:15,320 IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME 8085 05:03:15,320 --> 05:03:19,480 COUNTRIES THE ISSUE IS MORE 8086 05:03:19,480 --> 05:03:23,320 COMPOUNDING. 8087 05:03:23,320 --> 05:03:23,480 WHY? 8088 05:03:23,480 --> 05:03:25,160 WE SEE IT'S NOT UP THERE WITH 8089 05:03:25,160 --> 05:03:27,280 CURATIVE MEDICINE OR PREVENTIVE 8090 05:03:27,280 --> 05:03:28,680 BUT MAY NOT IN AS CENTRALIZED. 8091 05:03:28,680 --> 05:03:30,280 SO PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ARE 8092 05:03:30,280 --> 05:03:31,920 NOT GETTING THE TYPE OF CARE 8093 05:03:31,920 --> 05:03:32,680 THEY NEED. 8094 05:03:32,680 --> 05:03:34,320 THE ACCESS TO REHAB IS LOW AND 8095 05:03:34,320 --> 05:03:37,560 WITH THE CHART YOU CAN SEE 8096 05:03:37,560 --> 05:03:40,320 AFRICA AND SOME OF THE REGIONS 8097 05:03:40,320 --> 05:03:41,680 THAT THE NUMBER OF FOR EXAMPLE 8098 05:03:41,680 --> 05:03:45,080 OF PHYSIO THERAPISTS OR MEDICAL 8099 05:03:45,080 --> 05:03:47,560 DOCTORS ARE QUITE LOW SO SKILLED 8100 05:03:47,560 --> 05:03:49,880 THERAPIST AND LOW DOCTOR RATIOS 8101 05:03:49,880 --> 05:03:52,080 MAKE THIS MORE IMPORTANT WE 8102 05:03:52,080 --> 05:03:54,200 REALLY THINK HOW WE CAN MAKE 8103 05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:55,360 THIS TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE 8104 05:03:55,360 --> 05:03:58,400 ESPECIALLY SINCE IT'S PROMISING. 8105 05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:00,760 THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 8106 05:04:00,760 --> 05:04:03,680 PUT OUT THIS REHABILITATION 2030 8107 05:04:03,680 --> 05:04:05,840 CALL FOR ACTION AND THEY SAY 8108 05:04:05,840 --> 05:04:07,200 THERE'S A CLEAR MISMATCH BETWEEN 8109 05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:08,920 THE GLOBAL NEED FOR REHAB AND 8110 05:04:08,920 --> 05:04:10,920 THE AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES. 8111 05:04:10,920 --> 05:04:12,720 ESSENTIALLY MORE NEEDS TO BE 8112 05:04:12,720 --> 05:04:15,640 DONE. 8113 05:04:15,640 --> 05:04:19,160 OUR ASPIRATION IS WE'VE BECOME A 8114 05:04:19,160 --> 05:04:23,840 PART OF STRATEGY OF CARE FROM A 8115 05:04:23,840 --> 05:04:24,480 PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE IT 8116 05:04:24,480 --> 05:04:26,800 SHOULD BE UP THERE WITH 8117 05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:28,040 PREVENTATIVE AND CURATIVE CARE. 8118 05:04:28,040 --> 05:04:30,720 ANOTHER POINT IS THAT ANOTHER 8119 05:04:30,720 --> 05:04:32,440 STUDY DONE FROM SOME COLLEAGUES 8120 05:04:32,440 --> 05:04:34,480 IN NIGERIA LOOKED AT SOLUTIONS 8121 05:04:34,480 --> 05:04:37,160 FOR STROKE RECOVERY, IMPROVED 8122 05:04:37,160 --> 05:04:40,520 QUALITY OF LIFE IN LOW AND 8123 05:04:40,520 --> 05:04:42,480 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES AND SAID 8124 05:04:42,480 --> 05:04:44,120 ROBOTS ARE NOT AFFORDABLE 8125 05:04:44,120 --> 05:04:46,080 DESPITE THEIR HIGH COST BUT THE 8126 05:04:46,080 --> 05:04:47,480 LIKELY ADVANTAGE IS THEY WOULD 8127 05:04:47,480 --> 05:04:52,600 AUTOMATE INTERVENTIONS FOR ROBOT 8128 05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:54,480 THERAPY AND THEREFORE BRIDGE THE 8129 05:04:54,480 --> 05:04:58,040 GAP IN SHORTAGE OF REHAB 8130 05:04:58,040 --> 05:04:58,840 PROFESSIONALS IN TERMS OF TIMES 8131 05:04:58,840 --> 05:05:00,040 AND EFFORT. 8132 05:05:00,040 --> 05:05:02,200 SO HOW DO WE BUILD AFFORDABLE 8133 05:05:02,200 --> 05:05:04,280 ROBOTS THAT WOULD MAKE 8134 05:05:04,280 --> 05:05:07,360 REHABILITATION MORE ACCESSIBLE 8135 05:05:07,360 --> 05:05:09,480 BUT ALSO SERVE THE PEOPLE ON THE 8136 05:05:09,480 --> 05:05:12,240 GROUND, THE CLINICIANS ON THE 8137 05:05:12,240 --> 05:05:12,600 GROUND? 8138 05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:14,520 SO MY POINT IS HOW DO WE MAKE 8139 05:05:14,520 --> 05:05:15,080 THEM MORE AFFORDABLE? 8140 05:05:15,080 --> 05:05:17,120 AND WHAT DO WE MEAN BY 8141 05:05:17,120 --> 05:05:21,160 AFFORDABLE TO THE EXTENT TO 8142 05:05:21,160 --> 05:05:22,480 WHICH WHEN YOU'RE IN THAT 8143 05:05:22,480 --> 05:05:26,360 ENVIRONMENT YOU CAN AFFORD A 8144 05:05:26,360 --> 05:05:27,400 TECHNOLOGY THAT IS ABLE TO BE 8145 05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:28,840 THAT IS COST EFFECTIVE WITHIN 8146 05:05:28,840 --> 05:05:30,600 THAT ENVIRONMENT. 8147 05:05:30,600 --> 05:05:32,320 WHAT DO I MEAN? 8148 05:05:32,320 --> 05:05:33,600 ONE OF THE WORLD HEALTH 8149 05:05:33,600 --> 05:05:34,680 ORGANIZATION TALKED ABOUT COST 8150 05:05:34,680 --> 05:05:36,440 EFFECTIVE IN TERMS OF 8151 05:05:36,440 --> 05:05:37,200 REHABILITATION STRATEGIES AND 8152 05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:42,760 THEY SAY SOMETHING IS COST 8153 05:05:42,760 --> 05:05:44,160 EFFECTIVE IF IT IS LESS THAN 8154 05:05:44,160 --> 05:05:47,720 HIGHLY COST EFFECTIVE IF IT'S 8155 05:05:47,720 --> 05:05:51,320 LESS THAN ONE GDP PER CAPITA AND 8156 05:05:51,320 --> 05:05:55,280 VERY COST EFFECTIVE IS BETWEEN 1 8157 05:05:55,280 --> 05:06:05,800 AND 3 GDP AND WE LOOK AT THE GDP 8158 05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:10,080 AND WE CAN SUPPORT MORE 8159 05:06:10,080 --> 05:06:11,120 EXPENSIVE SYSTEMS BUT WHEN WE 8160 05:06:11,120 --> 05:06:14,520 LOOK AT BOTSWANA AND I DO GLOBAL 8161 05:06:14,520 --> 05:06:18,560 WORK AND ALSO IN JAMAICA AND 8162 05:06:18,560 --> 05:06:19,920 MEXICO, THE GDP IS MUCH LESS 8163 05:06:19,920 --> 05:06:21,600 THAN WHAT WE SEE IN THE U.S. 8164 05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:23,320 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 8165 05:06:23,320 --> 05:06:24,320 AFFORDABLE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED 8166 05:06:24,320 --> 05:06:25,160 IN THAT PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT 8167 05:06:25,160 --> 05:06:28,520 WE NEED TO BE A LOT MORE -- WE 8168 05:06:28,520 --> 05:06:31,760 NEED TO THINK HOW CAN WE BE 8169 05:06:31,760 --> 05:06:33,480 CHEAPER AND DELIVER GOOD CARE AT 8170 05:06:33,480 --> 05:06:34,960 MUCH LESS OF A PRICE. 8171 05:06:34,960 --> 05:06:37,200 MYSELF AND COLLEAGUES DID A 8172 05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:39,320 REVIEW ABOUT AFFORDABLE ROBOTS 8173 05:06:39,320 --> 05:06:42,360 FOR UPPER EXTREMITY REHAB IN 8174 05:06:42,360 --> 05:06:43,320 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND WE SAW 8175 05:06:43,320 --> 05:06:46,080 THEY WERE OUT THERE AND THERE 8176 05:06:46,080 --> 05:06:49,840 WERE SOME POTENTIAL STRATEGIES 8177 05:06:49,840 --> 05:06:52,680 THAT COULD BE USED AND ONE IS 8178 05:06:52,680 --> 05:06:56,080 MORE LOW-COST ROBOTICS AND 8179 05:06:56,080 --> 05:06:57,200 MEGATRONIC SYSTEMS AND USE 8180 05:06:57,200 --> 05:06:59,960 ROBOTS WITH 3-D PRINTING, SOFT 8181 05:06:59,960 --> 05:07:01,720 ROBOTS, FOUND MATERIALS SO WE 8182 05:07:01,720 --> 05:07:04,960 CAN UTILIZE WHAT'S IN COUNTRY. 8183 05:07:04,960 --> 05:07:07,520 ANOTHER IDEA MIGHT BE TO USE 8184 05:07:07,520 --> 05:07:08,600 MULTIPLE ROBOTS THAT ARE LOWER 8185 05:07:08,600 --> 05:07:14,200 DEGREES OF FREEDOM BUT COMING 8186 05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:18,760 TOGETHER TO DO CARE AND 8187 05:07:18,760 --> 05:07:19,600 CAPITALIZE ON LOCAL 8188 05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:21,800 MANUFACTURING AND RESOURCES. 8189 05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:23,480 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING 8190 05:07:23,480 --> 05:07:26,880 WE DID WITH MEXICO WHERE WE USED 8191 05:07:26,880 --> 05:07:28,720 A MEGATRONIC SYSTEM THAT WAS A 8192 05:07:28,720 --> 05:07:31,080 FORCE FEEDBACK REEL AND WHAT WE 8193 05:07:31,080 --> 05:07:32,800 DID THAT WAS INTERESTING IN 8194 05:07:32,800 --> 05:07:36,080 TERMS EF THE IDEA OF MULTI 8195 05:07:36,080 --> 05:07:40,040 PURPOSE USE AND SEVERAL DEVICES 8196 05:07:40,040 --> 05:07:41,280 OR TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS USED 8197 05:07:41,280 --> 05:07:44,080 TOGETHER AND THE CARE ALMOST 8198 05:07:44,080 --> 05:07:45,560 LIKE A CIRCUIT TRAINING WHERE WE 8199 05:07:45,560 --> 05:07:47,160 HAVE THE STROKE SURVIVORS GOING 8200 05:07:47,160 --> 05:07:48,760 FROM ONE TO ANOTHER STATION IN 8201 05:07:48,760 --> 05:07:50,320 ORDER TO GET THE TYPE OF 8202 05:07:50,320 --> 05:07:53,200 COMPREHENSIVE CARE THAT IS 8203 05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:56,280 NEEDED. 8204 05:07:56,280 --> 05:08:01,080 THAT LED TO THINKING ABOUT THE 8205 05:08:01,080 --> 05:08:05,320 REHAB GYM IDEA AND USING SIMPLE 8206 05:08:05,320 --> 05:08:07,240 ROBOTS TOGETHER IN A GROUP THEY 8207 05:08:07,240 --> 05:08:10,160 CAN THEN LEAD TO MORE 8208 05:08:10,160 --> 05:08:12,760 COMPREHENSIVE SERVICE. 8209 05:08:12,760 --> 05:08:15,400 WE ACTUALLY ENDED UP LEARNING 8210 05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:16,680 FROM OUR EXPERIENCE IN MEXICO 8211 05:08:16,680 --> 05:08:21,200 AND THIS LED US TO THE ROBOT WE 8212 05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:27,160 BUILT THAT IS ABLE TO TRAIN 8213 05:08:27,160 --> 05:08:29,680 PEOPLE WITH MODERATE AND LOW 8214 05:08:29,680 --> 05:08:31,680 IMPAIRMENT IN TERMS OF MOTOR IN 8215 05:08:31,680 --> 05:08:33,120 A GAMING ENVIRONMENT SO PEOPLE 8216 05:08:33,120 --> 05:08:39,120 ARE ABLE TO TRAINING THE UPPER 8217 05:08:39,120 --> 05:08:39,400 EXTREMITY. 8218 05:08:39,400 --> 05:08:41,840 IT'S ONE DEGREE OF FREEDOM BUT 8219 05:08:41,840 --> 05:08:44,000 YOU CAN RECONFIGURE THE ROBOT IN 8220 05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:46,560 DIFFERENT POSITION TO GET MORE 8221 05:08:46,560 --> 05:08:48,360 OF A COMPREHENSIVE WORKOUT OF 8222 05:08:48,360 --> 05:08:49,400 THE UPPER EXTREMITY. 8223 05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:53,880 ANOTHER CASE STUDY OF HOW WE'RE 8224 05:08:53,880 --> 05:08:55,360 THINKING OF USING AFFORDABLE 8225 05:08:55,360 --> 05:08:58,640 ROBOTS WE ARE LOOKING AT THE USE 8226 05:08:58,640 --> 05:09:00,080 FOR ASSESSMENT PURPOSES 8227 05:09:00,080 --> 05:09:01,280 ASSESSING MOTOR AND COGNITIVE 8228 05:09:01,280 --> 05:09:04,160 IMPAIRMENT IS NOT BEING DONE 8229 05:09:04,160 --> 05:09:05,080 OFTEN ESPECIALLY IN LOW RESOURCE 8230 05:09:05,080 --> 05:09:07,120 SETTINGS IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO 8231 05:09:07,120 --> 05:09:08,600 DO. 8232 05:09:08,600 --> 05:09:12,400 SO HOW DO WE LOOK TO USING 8233 05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:13,760 AFFORDABLE ROBOTS TO SUPPORT 8234 05:09:13,760 --> 05:09:13,960 THAT. 8235 05:09:13,960 --> 05:09:17,160 THIS IS A CASE STUDY OF 8236 05:09:17,160 --> 05:09:19,240 DEVELOPING INTERESTING AND NOVEL 8237 05:09:19,240 --> 05:09:20,600 COGNITIVE AND MOTOR ASSESSMENTS 8238 05:09:20,600 --> 05:09:23,960 THAT CAN BE DONE WITH ROBOTS TO 8239 05:09:23,960 --> 05:09:27,640 BE ABLE TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK TO 8240 05:09:27,640 --> 05:09:31,360 CLINICIANS IN WHERE THEY SHOULD 8241 05:09:31,360 --> 05:09:32,840 START IN TERMS OF TREATMENT OF A 8242 05:09:32,840 --> 05:09:35,440 STROKE SURVIVOR OR SOMEONE WITH 8243 05:09:35,440 --> 05:09:36,440 HIV FOR EXAMPLE. 8244 05:09:36,440 --> 05:09:39,480 THIS IS ANOTHER REALLY NOVEL USE 8245 05:09:39,480 --> 05:09:41,080 OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS. 8246 05:09:41,080 --> 05:09:44,480 IN TERMS OF TAKING IT FURTHER, 8247 05:09:44,480 --> 05:09:47,360 WE'VE DONE SOME WORK IN BOTSWANA 8248 05:09:47,360 --> 05:09:51,080 WHERE WE HAVE THE ONE-DEGREE OF 8249 05:09:51,080 --> 05:09:56,800 FREEDOM SYSTEMS AND PUT THEM 8250 05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:57,680 TOGETHER FOR INSTANCE TWO ROBOTS 8251 05:09:57,680 --> 05:09:59,400 AND TWO WORKING TOGETHER ONE TO 8252 05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:04,240 BE ASSESSED AND ONE IN THERAPY 8253 05:10:04,240 --> 05:10:05,520 WITH ONE PATIENT OR ONE 8254 05:10:05,520 --> 05:10:07,080 CLINICIAN SEEING THE OPERATION. 8255 05:10:07,080 --> 05:10:12,720 IE, OUR GOAL IS HOW CAN WE USE 8256 05:10:12,720 --> 05:10:15,760 THE AFFORDABLE ROBOTS TO DO ONE 8257 05:10:15,760 --> 05:10:17,800 CLINICIAN TO DO MORE WORK WITH 8258 05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:19,600 THE POPULATION THEY'RE SEEING. 8259 05:10:19,600 --> 05:10:24,040 SO SOME OF THE THINGS WE LEARNED 8260 05:10:24,040 --> 05:10:26,480 TO REINFORCE FROM IN TERMS OF 8261 05:10:26,480 --> 05:10:27,280 THE AFFORDABILITY STRATEGIES 8262 05:10:27,280 --> 05:10:30,280 USING IN-COUNTRY LABOR, USING 8263 05:10:30,280 --> 05:10:31,880 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES THAT ARE 8264 05:10:31,880 --> 05:10:35,640 AVAILABLE IN COUNTRY. 8265 05:10:35,640 --> 05:10:38,280 THINKING ABOUT THE SIMPLEST 8266 05:10:38,280 --> 05:10:40,920 ROBOTS AND LAYERING THEM ON TO 8267 05:10:40,920 --> 05:10:44,400 THE SYSTEM FOR RECONFIGURABILITY 8268 05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:46,480 FOR THEM TO DO THE JOB OF THE 8269 05:10:46,480 --> 05:10:48,520 MORE COMPLEX ROBOTIC SYSTEMS 8270 05:10:48,520 --> 05:10:49,040 THAT ARE IN HIGHER INCOME 8271 05:10:49,040 --> 05:10:51,320 COUNTRIES. 8272 05:10:51,320 --> 05:10:53,160 WE'VE ALSO LOOKED AT THIS ISSUE 8273 05:10:53,160 --> 05:10:55,760 IN TERMS OF SOCIAL ROBOTS 8274 05:10:55,760 --> 05:10:57,600 THINKING ABOUT USING ROBOTS AND 8275 05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:01,200 MORE AFFORDABLE ROBOTS IN TERMS 8276 05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:03,120 OF REMOTE AND TELEPRESENCE AND 8277 05:11:03,120 --> 05:11:04,440 BEING ABLE TO PROVIDE THIS 8278 05:11:04,440 --> 05:11:07,240 ROBOT, FOR EXAMPLE, IN A LOW 8279 05:11:07,240 --> 05:11:08,160 RESOURCE SETTING WHILE THE 8280 05:11:08,160 --> 05:11:09,440 CLINICIAN MIGHT NOT BE 8281 05:11:09,440 --> 05:11:13,440 CO-LOCATED WITH THE ROBOT SO THE 8282 05:11:13,440 --> 05:11:15,640 CLINICIAN IS IN THE RURAL OR 8283 05:11:15,640 --> 05:11:22,000 YOU'RE -- URBAN SPACE AND THE 8284 05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:22,920 ROBOTS ARE SUPPLEMENTING IN THE 8285 05:11:22,920 --> 05:11:24,200 PRIMARY CARE SPACES. 8286 05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:25,200 WE'RE ALSO THINKING ABOUT THIS 8287 05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:28,160 IN TERMS OF INFANTS. 8288 05:11:28,160 --> 05:11:29,760 THINKING ABOUT AFFORDABLE 8289 05:11:29,760 --> 05:11:32,880 MEGATRONIC TOYS THAT CAN BE USED 8290 05:11:32,880 --> 05:11:36,360 OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL SETTINGS BY 8291 05:11:36,360 --> 05:11:37,800 CLINICIANS AND PARENTS AND THAT 8292 05:11:37,800 --> 05:11:40,600 INFORMATION GETS FEDBACK. 8293 05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:42,040 HOW DO WE USE MOBILE HEALTH 8294 05:11:42,040 --> 05:11:43,280 TECHNOLOGY AND THESE TYPE OF 8295 05:11:43,280 --> 05:11:44,560 TECHNOLOGY TO CAPTURE 8296 05:11:44,560 --> 05:11:47,120 INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE 8297 05:11:47,120 --> 05:11:49,960 ARE DOING AND THEN PROVIDE THIS 8298 05:11:49,960 --> 05:11:51,920 INFORMATION TO THE CLINICIAN SO 8299 05:11:51,920 --> 05:11:54,200 THEY CAN ASSESS AND TREAT 8300 05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:55,880 WITHOUT NEEDING AS MANY 8301 05:11:55,880 --> 05:11:56,800 CLINICIANS THAT ARE OBVIOUSLY 8302 05:11:56,800 --> 05:11:57,920 NOT AVAILABLE IN THE 8303 05:11:57,920 --> 05:11:59,320 LOW-RESOURCE SETTING. 8304 05:11:59,320 --> 05:12:00,720 SO I WANT TO STOP BY SAYING 8305 05:12:00,720 --> 05:12:03,040 HERE'S SOME OF THE GUIDELINES 8306 05:12:03,040 --> 05:12:03,880 WE'VE ESSENTIALLY THINK THAT IN 8307 05:12:03,880 --> 05:12:05,040 THE FUTURE WE NEED TO BE 8308 05:12:05,040 --> 05:12:05,520 THINKING ABOUT. 8309 05:12:05,520 --> 05:12:08,360 THAT WE WANT TO GET THESE ROBOTS 8310 05:12:08,360 --> 05:12:11,800 INTO LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS, 8311 05:12:11,800 --> 05:12:13,720 LOW-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY AND 8312 05:12:13,720 --> 05:12:16,880 SHOULD BE AFFORDABLE AND SHOULD 8313 05:12:16,880 --> 05:12:18,760 NOT COMPROMISE ON EFFECTIVENESS 8314 05:12:18,760 --> 05:12:23,280 AND SHOULD BE COMMUNITY BASED. 8315 05:12:23,280 --> 05:12:26,040 WE SHOULDN'T ALWAYS THINK OF 8316 05:12:26,040 --> 05:12:27,880 ONE-ON-ONE STRATEGIES BUT CAN WE 8317 05:12:27,880 --> 05:12:30,680 GET MORE GROUP TYPE THERAPY 8318 05:12:30,680 --> 05:12:31,160 HAPPENING? 8319 05:12:31,160 --> 05:12:32,360 THEY SHOULD BE APPROPRIATE TO 8320 05:12:32,360 --> 05:12:34,280 THE SETTING AND WE SHOULD BE 8321 05:12:34,280 --> 05:12:36,080 THINKING HOW TO BUILD CAPACITY 8322 05:12:36,080 --> 05:12:38,760 IN WHATEVER SETTINGS WE ARE 8323 05:12:38,760 --> 05:12:39,800 ESPECIALLY IN RURAL RESOURCED 8324 05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:41,840 SETTINGS WHERE MAYBE THE ACCESS 8325 05:12:41,840 --> 05:12:43,320 OF FULL EXPERTS ARE NOT ALWAYS 8326 05:12:43,320 --> 05:12:43,600 AVAILABLE. 8327 05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:46,520 I WANT TO THANK THE SPONSORS AND 8328 05:12:46,520 --> 05:12:48,760 NIH, ETCETERA AND I'LL STOP 8329 05:12:48,760 --> 05:12:57,840 THERE. 8330 05:12:57,840 --> 05:12:59,080 >>THANK YOU. 8331 05:12:59,080 --> 05:13:00,040 WE HAVE EIGHT MINUTES BY MY 8332 05:13:00,040 --> 05:13:00,280 CLOCK. 8333 05:13:00,280 --> 05:13:02,280 SO I'M GOING TO TRY TO GET ONE 8334 05:13:02,280 --> 05:13:02,760 QUESTION TO EACH OF OUR 8335 05:13:02,760 --> 05:13:08,560 SPEAKERS. 8336 05:13:08,560 --> 05:13:11,320 SINCE I'M THE MODERATOR, I 8337 05:13:11,320 --> 05:13:12,960 GUESS TO PICK THE QUESTION. 8338 05:13:12,960 --> 05:13:15,560 JUDY, I THINK WE'RE FAMILIAR 8339 05:13:15,560 --> 05:13:17,200 WITH RACISM AND SEXISM BUT I 8340 05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:19,680 DON'T THINK WE'RE FAMILIAR WITH 8341 05:13:19,680 --> 05:13:20,200 ABLISM. 8342 05:13:20,200 --> 05:13:21,960 CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 8343 05:13:21,960 --> 05:13:24,760 WHAT NICHD CAN DO TO DRAW MORE 8344 05:13:24,760 --> 05:13:26,400 ATTENTION TO ABLISM? 8345 05:13:26,400 --> 05:13:29,360 >>WELL, THINK THE WORD NEEDS TO 8346 05:13:29,360 --> 05:13:29,800 BE USED. 8347 05:13:29,800 --> 05:13:35,680 I THINK WE NEED TO HAVE 8348 05:13:35,680 --> 05:13:37,520 DISCUSSIONS ABOUT WHAT ABLISM IS 8349 05:13:37,520 --> 05:13:41,400 IN A MORE SPECIFIC WAY. 8350 05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:44,600 THOSE PEOPLE LIKE MYSELF AND 8351 05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:45,600 OTHERS WHO EXPERIENCE IT NEED ON 8352 05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:51,240 THE ONES LEADING THE DISCUSSION. 8353 05:13:51,240 --> 05:13:59,400 AND I FEEL LIKE IT'S VERY 8354 05:13:59,400 --> 05:14:03,680 INTERESTING BECAUSE TERMINOLOGY 8355 05:14:03,680 --> 05:14:06,160 AND DISABILITY IS SOMETHING 8356 05:14:06,160 --> 05:14:07,640 WE'RE GRAPPLING WITH AND I 8357 05:14:07,640 --> 05:14:09,440 APPRECIATED WHEN YOU SAID WE'LL 8358 05:14:09,440 --> 05:14:12,160 USE THE TERM PEOPLE WITH 8359 05:14:12,160 --> 05:14:13,680 DISABILITIES AND DISABLED PEOPLE 8360 05:14:13,680 --> 05:14:16,080 INTERCHANGEABLY AND A RESPECT 8361 05:14:16,080 --> 05:14:18,640 THAT A LOT BECAUSE I AM A 8362 05:14:18,640 --> 05:14:22,920 DISABLED PERSON LANGUAGE USER 8363 05:14:22,920 --> 05:14:24,200 BUT I RESPECT PEOPLE WHO USE 8364 05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:28,040 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES. 8365 05:14:28,040 --> 05:14:30,760 THE REASON I SAY IT'S IMPORTANT 8366 05:14:30,760 --> 05:14:33,120 IS BECAUSE WE'RE MORE ACCEPTING 8367 05:14:33,120 --> 05:14:35,400 AS A SOCIETY THAT RACISM EXISTS, 8368 05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,400 THAT HOMOPHOBIA EXISTS AND 8369 05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:40,880 SEXISM EXISTS BUT WE'RE NOT 8370 05:14:40,880 --> 05:14:42,920 REALLY ACCEPTING OF THE FACT 8371 05:14:42,920 --> 05:14:44,720 THAT DISCRIMINATION EXISTS 8372 05:14:44,720 --> 05:14:45,320 AGAINST DISABLED PEOPLE. 8373 05:14:45,320 --> 05:14:47,120 MANY PEOPLE STILL FEEL LIKE, OH, 8374 05:14:47,120 --> 05:14:48,680 THEY DIDN'T MEAN IT, THEY DIDN'T 8375 05:14:48,680 --> 05:14:52,720 KNOW IT, THEY DIDN'T UNDERSTAND 8376 05:14:52,720 --> 05:14:53,680 IT. 8377 05:14:53,680 --> 05:14:57,360 AND THEY SOFT PEDAL IT. 8378 05:14:57,360 --> 05:14:59,000 A DISCUSSION AROUND ABLISM WHICH 8379 05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:04,400 WAS HANDICAPISM WHEN I WAS 8380 05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:06,480 YOUNGER IS HOW I BELIEVE ENABLES 8381 05:15:06,480 --> 05:15:09,160 PEOPLE WITH THE BREADTH OF 8382 05:15:09,160 --> 05:15:12,560 DISABILITIES THAT EXIST TO ALSO 8383 05:15:12,560 --> 05:15:15,120 BE ABLE TO DISCUSS IN A MORE IN 8384 05:15:15,120 --> 05:15:16,560 DEPTH WAY THE TYPES OF 8385 05:15:16,560 --> 05:15:19,400 EXPERIENCES THEY HAVE AND HOW 8386 05:15:19,400 --> 05:15:24,760 PEOPLE EXPERIENCE MANY OF THESE 8387 05:15:24,760 --> 05:15:27,160 SITUATIONS IN A WAY WHICH IS 8388 05:15:27,160 --> 05:15:33,520 DEMEANING AND REPRESSES PEOPLE'S 8389 05:15:33,520 --> 05:15:35,040 ABILITY TO BRING THEIR WHOLE 8390 05:15:35,040 --> 05:15:36,760 SELF TO THE TABLE. 8391 05:15:36,760 --> 05:15:37,480 >>THANK YOU. 8392 05:15:37,480 --> 05:15:44,600 OKAY, CLAIRE. 8393 05:15:44,600 --> 05:15:47,240 SO I'M TRYING TO THINK OF THE 8394 05:15:47,240 --> 05:15:50,480 IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT FOR 8395 05:15:50,480 --> 05:15:53,120 YOUR DISCOVERIES ABOUT 8396 05:15:53,120 --> 05:15:54,560 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO NERVE 8397 05:15:54,560 --> 05:15:55,320 AXON INJURY. 8398 05:15:55,320 --> 05:16:00,360 SO ARE THERE SYSTEMIC 8399 05:16:00,360 --> 05:16:02,840 TREATMENTS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES 8400 05:16:02,840 --> 05:16:04,080 WE COULD BE USING MORE GENERALLY 8401 05:16:04,080 --> 05:16:05,800 OR DOES IT NEED TO BE TARGETED 8402 05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:08,040 TO THE SPECIFIC NEURONS? 8403 05:16:08,040 --> 05:16:13,120 >>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 8404 05:16:13,120 --> 05:16:16,320 I THINK THE ANSWER IS WE NEED TO 8405 05:16:16,320 --> 05:16:17,680 FIGURE OUT WHAT THOSE 8406 05:16:17,680 --> 05:16:18,480 INFLAMMATORY CELLS ARE DOING 8407 05:16:18,480 --> 05:16:22,200 FIRST BEFORE I CAN REALLY ANSWER 8408 05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:22,840 THE QUESTION. 8409 05:16:22,840 --> 05:16:24,720 IT'S INTERESTING TO SEE THIS 8410 05:16:24,720 --> 05:16:26,480 HAPPENS IN A VERY STEREOTYPICAL 8411 05:16:26,480 --> 05:16:28,280 WAY BUT WE ACTUALLY DON'T REALLY 8412 05:16:28,280 --> 05:16:34,040 KNOW EXACTLY WHAT THE 8413 05:16:34,040 --> 05:16:35,800 CONSEQUENCES ARE IN TERMS OF 8414 05:16:35,800 --> 05:16:38,040 WHAT THE MICROGLIA ARE DOING. 8415 05:16:38,040 --> 05:16:40,680 WE KNOW THEY COME IN A WAVE AND 8416 05:16:40,680 --> 05:16:41,000 THEN GO AWAY. 8417 05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:42,800 MY SENSE IS THEY'RE DOING 8418 05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:44,600 SOMETHING ACUTELY AND WOULD BE 8419 05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:46,680 USEFUL TO TARGET IN THAT WINDOW 8420 05:16:46,680 --> 05:16:47,800 BUT YOU HAVE TO KNOW -- I GUESS 8421 05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:50,280 IN TERMS OF APPLICATIONS, THE 8422 05:16:50,280 --> 05:16:53,120 WAY I THINK ABOUT THE POTENTIAL 8423 05:16:53,120 --> 05:16:55,480 USE FOR THIS IT WOULD DEFINITELY 8424 05:16:55,480 --> 05:16:58,080 BE IN THE CONTEXT OF A TRAUMATIC 8425 05:16:58,080 --> 05:17:01,400 INJURY OR SOMETHING WHERE YOU 8426 05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:02,520 KNOW WHEN THE INJURY HAPPENED 8427 05:17:02,520 --> 05:17:07,560 AND LESS SO IN THE CONTEXT OF A 8428 05:17:07,560 --> 05:17:07,960 CHRONIC CONDITION. 8429 05:17:07,960 --> 05:17:08,760 I HOPE THAT ADDRESSES YOUR 8430 05:17:08,760 --> 05:17:10,040 QUESTION. 8431 05:17:10,040 --> 05:17:13,040 >>THANK YOU. 8432 05:17:13,040 --> 05:17:16,200 AND JOHN, THIS IS A QUESTION 8433 05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:18,680 FROM THE AUDIENCE, YOUR WORK 8434 05:17:18,680 --> 05:17:22,600 SEEMS TO HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR 8435 05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:25,240 THE VERY DEFINITION OF A 8436 05:17:25,240 --> 05:17:27,360 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER DO YOU 8437 05:17:27,360 --> 05:17:30,040 THINK DFM SHOULD BE REORGANIZED? 8438 05:17:30,040 --> 05:17:34,040 DON'T THEY DO THAT EVERY SO 8439 05:17:34,040 --> 05:17:34,960 OFTEN AND IF SO HOW DO YOU 8440 05:17:34,960 --> 05:17:37,240 RECOMMEND GOING ABOUT IT? 8441 05:17:37,240 --> 05:17:39,560 >>I LOVE THIS QUESTION BECAUSE 8442 05:17:39,560 --> 05:17:42,800 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAS BEEN 8443 05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:45,640 LEARNED ABOUT MOST PSYCHIATRIC 8444 05:17:45,640 --> 05:17:50,920 CONDITIONS OF ALL PEOPLE IS THAT 8445 05:17:50,920 --> 05:17:53,680 THERE ARE A RELATIVELY FINITE 8446 05:17:53,680 --> 05:17:56,240 NUMBER OF DEVELOPMENT 8447 05:17:56,240 --> 05:17:57,200 PSYCHIATRIC LIABILITIES THAT 8448 05:17:57,200 --> 05:17:58,880 CONFER RISK FOR MULTIPLE 8449 05:17:58,880 --> 05:18:00,760 DISORDERS AND CONFER A LOT OF 8450 05:18:00,760 --> 05:18:01,240 RISK. 8451 05:18:01,240 --> 05:18:03,400 FOR EXAMPLE, FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS 8452 05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:05,400 THAT HAVE BEEN REFERRED TO IN A 8453 05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:11,160 NUMBER OF THE PRIOR TALKS SUCH 8454 05:18:11,160 --> 05:18:14,720 AS THE DIFFICULTY WITH 8455 05:18:14,720 --> 05:18:16,200 REGULATING EMOTION, THE 8456 05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:20,200 PRONENESS TO IMPULSIVITY OR 8457 05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:21,160 ANXIETY-RELATED TRAITS, THESE 8458 05:18:21,160 --> 05:18:25,240 CROSS OVER ALMOST ALL THE 8459 05:18:25,240 --> 05:18:33,160 DIFFERENT NEUROPSYCH PSYCHPSYCH 8460 05:18:33,160 --> 05:18:34,040 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CHARACTERISTICS 8461 05:18:34,040 --> 05:18:36,800 OF PEOPLE AND THE SAME WILL BE 8462 05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,760 POSSIBLE FOR MOST 8463 05:18:39,760 --> 05:18:41,160 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS OF 8464 05:18:41,160 --> 05:18:44,120 PEOPLE WITH THE OTHER POINT TO 8465 05:18:44,120 --> 05:18:49,400 MAKE WITH THE PROTOTYPIBLE 8466 05:18:55,080 --> 05:18:58,120 SCHIZOPHRENIA HAS SHOWN AT THE 8467 05:18:58,120 --> 05:18:59,440 FAR END OF THAT SYNDROME YOU 8468 05:18:59,440 --> 05:19:03,520 START TO SEE THE EMERGENCE OF 8469 05:19:03,520 --> 05:19:05,760 WHAT ARE VERY PRONOUNCED 8470 05:19:05,760 --> 05:19:09,160 STOCHASTIC AFFECTS ON 8471 05:19:09,160 --> 05:19:11,600 DEVELOPMENT WHICH IN 8472 05:19:11,600 --> 05:19:12,800 SCHIZOPHRENIA TRANSLATES TO THE 8473 05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,880 CONCORDANCE RATE ONLY BE 45%. 8474 05:19:15,880 --> 05:19:17,960 THINK ABOUT THAT. 8475 05:19:17,960 --> 05:19:20,200 HOW ON EARTH WITH THE CAUSATION 8476 05:19:20,200 --> 05:19:24,640 OF A CONDITION IN ONE IDENTICAL 8477 05:19:24,640 --> 05:19:27,720 TWIN REARED TOGETHER ONLY CAUSE 8478 05:19:27,720 --> 05:19:28,560 IT 45% OF THE TIME? 8479 05:19:28,560 --> 05:19:33,160 I THINK WHEN WE START TO THINK 8480 05:19:33,160 --> 05:19:34,240 ABOUT NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 8481 05:19:34,240 --> 05:19:36,760 CONDITIONS AS ENGENDERED BY 8482 05:19:36,760 --> 05:19:39,680 DEVELOPMENT A SHORTER LIST OF 8483 05:19:39,680 --> 05:19:44,160 DEVELOPMENT LIABILITIES THAN THE 8484 05:19:44,160 --> 05:19:47,200 THOUSAND DS DIAGNOSES AVAILABLE 8485 05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:49,160 AND THE SIGNATURE IN HUMAN 8486 05:19:49,160 --> 05:19:51,160 BEHAVIORAL TRAITS THAT ARE 8487 05:19:51,160 --> 05:19:52,720 ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRMENT FOR A 8488 05:19:52,720 --> 05:19:55,920 HIGH LEVEL OF BURDEN IS THIS 8489 05:19:55,920 --> 05:19:58,200 INFLUENCE OF STOCHASTIC EFFECTS, 8490 05:19:58,200 --> 05:19:59,480 WE CAN START TO UNDERSTAND IN A 8491 05:19:59,480 --> 05:20:02,800 DIFFERENT WAY HOW TO DRAW THE 8492 05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:04,440 LINES AND UNDERSTAND WHEN DOES A 8493 05:20:04,440 --> 05:20:07,400 VARIATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 8494 05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:09,160 THAT'S BEEN INHERITED TURN INTO 8495 05:20:09,160 --> 05:20:10,640 WHAT WE WOULD CALL SOMETHING 8496 05:20:10,640 --> 05:20:12,360 THAT IS IMPAIRING ENOUGH OR 8497 05:20:12,360 --> 05:20:15,760 DIFFICULT ENOUGH FOR ADAPTATION 8498 05:20:15,760 --> 05:20:18,760 TO BE CALLED A DIAGNOSED 8499 05:20:18,760 --> 05:20:19,120 CONDITION. 8500 05:20:19,120 --> 05:20:21,560 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH TO OUR 8501 05:20:21,560 --> 05:20:35,760 PANEL. 8502 05:20:35,760 --> 05:20:39,080 >>RESEARCHERS WHO STUDY HUMAN 8503 05:20:39,080 --> 05:20:44,200 DEVELOPMENT RELY ON ANIMAL 8504 05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:45,240 MODELS LIKE ZEBRAFISH TO GAIN 8505 05:20:45,240 --> 05:20:47,000 INSIGHT IN GROWTH AND HOME. 8506 05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:48,760 THEY HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OVER 8507 05:20:48,760 --> 05:20:50,360 OTHER ANIMAL MODELS BECAUSE THEY 8508 05:20:50,360 --> 05:20:53,240 DEVELOP QUICKLY WITHIN A FEW 8509 05:20:53,240 --> 05:20:53,480 DAYS. 8510 05:20:53,480 --> 05:20:54,880 THEY'RE ALSO TRANSPARENT 8511 05:20:54,880 --> 05:20:58,640 ENABLING RESEARCHERS TO 8512 05:20:58,640 --> 05:21:01,080 VISUALIZE DEVELOPMENT IN REAL 8513 05:21:01,080 --> 05:21:01,280 TIME. 8514 05:21:01,280 --> 05:21:06,760 A FERTILIZED ZEBRAFISH EGG HAS 8515 05:21:06,760 --> 05:21:11,080 THE SINGLE CELL, YOKE AND THE 8516 05:21:11,080 --> 05:21:13,280 PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE. 8517 05:21:13,280 --> 05:21:15,680 AFTER THE FIRST CELL DIVISION 8518 05:21:15,680 --> 05:21:24,200 CELLS CONTINUE TO DIVIDE SIM ET 8519 05:21:24,200 --> 05:21:27,080 LIKELY AND AFTER THE EMBRYO'S 8520 05:21:27,080 --> 05:21:31,240 GENETIC INSTRUCTION TAKES OVER 8521 05:21:31,240 --> 05:21:39,600 AND THE NEXT STEP IS WHERE THE 8522 05:21:39,600 --> 05:21:41,120 EMBRYO FORMS THREE DISTINCT 8523 05:21:41,120 --> 05:21:43,280 LAYERS TO DEVELOP INTO DIFFERENT 8524 05:21:43,280 --> 05:21:46,760 TYPES OF TISSUE. 8525 05:21:46,760 --> 05:21:48,000 THEN THE EYE DEVELOPS. 8526 05:21:48,000 --> 05:21:54,760 LATER THE EMBRYO MOVES FOR THE 8527 05:21:54,760 --> 05:21:55,560 FIRST TIME. 8528 05:21:55,560 --> 05:21:57,200 PIGMENT CELLS PROVIDE COLOR FORM 8529 05:21:57,200 --> 05:21:59,960 IN THE EYES AND TRUNK OF THE 8530 05:21:59,960 --> 05:22:01,640 BODY. 8531 05:22:01,640 --> 05:22:03,840 THE HEART BEATS AND BLOOD CELLS 8532 05:22:03,840 --> 05:22:07,320 MOVE THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS. 8533 05:22:07,320 --> 05:22:09,760 NOW THE EMBRYO IS READY TO HATCH 8534 05:22:09,760 --> 05:22:12,760 IN THREE MORE DAYS AFTER THE 8535 05:22:12,760 --> 05:22:18,760 YOKE IS ABSORBED THE LARVAE WILL 8536 05:22:18,760 --> 05:22:29,000 BEGIN TO EAT. 8537 05:22:34,640 --> 05:22:39,080 HI, THIS IS CONGRESSWOMAN JAMIE 8538 05:22:39,080 --> 05:22:39,880 HERRERA BUTLER. 8539 05:22:39,880 --> 05:22:43,080 THANK YOU FOR INVITING MANY TO 8540 05:22:43,080 --> 05:22:47,320 SPEAK FOR THE EUNICE KENNEDY 8541 05:22:47,320 --> 05:22:50,120 SHRIVER INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND 8542 05:22:50,120 --> 05:22:50,800 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. 8543 05:22:50,800 --> 05:22:54,040 I'VE WORKED TO PRIORITIZE ISSUES 8544 05:22:54,040 --> 05:22:55,920 IMPORTANT TO THE NATIONAL 8545 05:22:55,920 --> 05:22:57,800 INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND 8546 05:22:57,800 --> 05:22:59,080 CHILD DEVELOPMENT. 8547 05:22:59,080 --> 05:23:06,040 IMPROVING MATERNAL AND CHILD 8548 05:23:06,040 --> 05:23:08,680 HEALTH IS IMPORTANT TO ME. 8549 05:23:08,680 --> 05:23:10,960 ONE AREA WITHIN MATERNAL HEALTH 8550 05:23:10,960 --> 05:23:12,640 THAT'S BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS IS 8551 05:23:12,640 --> 05:23:14,440 COMBATTING THE GROWING MATERNAL 8552 05:23:14,440 --> 05:23:15,160 MORTALITY CRISIS. 8553 05:23:15,160 --> 05:23:17,840 IN 2018 I WAS ABLE TO GET 8554 05:23:17,840 --> 05:23:18,600 LANDMARK LEGISLATION SIGNED INTO 8555 05:23:18,600 --> 05:23:20,680 LAW CALLED THE PREVENTING 8556 05:23:20,680 --> 05:23:21,960 MATERNAL DEATHS ACT. 8557 05:23:21,960 --> 05:23:23,480 THIS WAS A CRUCIAL FIRST STEP IN 8558 05:23:23,480 --> 05:23:25,800 HELPING BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE 8559 05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:27,280 EPIDEMIC OF MATERNAL MORTALITY 8560 05:23:27,280 --> 05:23:29,800 THAT'S PLAGUING OUR NATION. 8561 05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:32,960 OUR WORK IN THE MATERNITY CARE 8562 05:23:32,960 --> 05:23:35,040 CAUCUS LED TO OTHER ADVANCES TO 8563 05:23:35,040 --> 05:23:36,440 PROMOTE WOMEN'S HEALTH. 8564 05:23:36,440 --> 05:23:39,080 ONE ISSUE IS RELATED TO 8565 05:23:39,080 --> 05:23:42,200 MATERNITY RELATED MENTAL HEALTH 8566 05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:43,600 CHALLENGES. 8567 05:23:43,600 --> 05:23:45,000 PARTICULARLY MOMS WITH 8568 05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:46,240 POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION TO HELP 8569 05:23:46,240 --> 05:23:47,920 COMBAT THE ISSUE THE CAUCUS WAS 8570 05:23:47,920 --> 05:23:50,120 ABLE TO ADVANCE THE FORMATION OF 8571 05:23:50,120 --> 05:23:52,680 THE FIRST EVER MATERNAL MENTAL 8572 05:23:52,680 --> 05:23:57,960 HEALTH HOT LIGHT -- HOT LINE. 8573 05:23:57,960 --> 05:23:59,080 THERE'S VOICE AND TECH SUPPORT 8574 05:23:59,080 --> 05:24:02,000 TO THOSE IN MENTAL HEALTH 8575 05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:02,240 CRISIS. 8576 05:24:02,240 --> 05:24:03,480 AND ON THE CHILDREN'S HEALTH 8577 05:24:03,480 --> 05:24:07,040 SIDE OF THE COIN I'VE WORKED TO 8578 05:24:07,040 --> 05:24:08,080 ENSURE HIGH QUALITY AFFORDABLE 8579 05:24:08,080 --> 05:24:08,680 HEALTH CARE IS AVAILABLE TO 8580 05:24:08,680 --> 05:24:09,840 CHILDREN ACROSS THE NATION. 8581 05:24:09,840 --> 05:24:14,160 IN 2019, MY BILL THE ADVANCING 8582 05:24:14,160 --> 05:24:23,760 CARE FOR EXCEPTIONAL KIDS ACT AS 8583 05:24:23,760 --> 05:24:27,840 A WAY TO HELP CHILDREN SUFFERING 8584 05:24:27,840 --> 05:24:34,760 FROM CANCER AND HEART TREATMENTS 8585 05:24:34,760 --> 05:24:36,480 AND THE ACE KIDS ACT HELPED 8586 05:24:36,480 --> 05:24:40,040 IMPROVE ACCESS TO FACILITIES. 8587 05:24:40,040 --> 05:24:42,000 I'M ALSO ADVANCING PRIORITIES 8588 05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:43,360 RELATE TO HISPANIC HEALTH. 8589 05:24:43,360 --> 05:24:46,080 I WAS PROUD WHEN OUR MATERNAL 8590 05:24:46,080 --> 05:24:48,560 CARE CAUCUS WAS ABLE TO SOLVE A 8591 05:24:48,560 --> 05:24:49,280 LARGE ISSUE FOR HISPANIC 8592 05:24:49,280 --> 05:24:50,280 MATERNAL CARE. 8593 05:24:50,280 --> 05:25:00,440 FOR CENTURIYIES CORN MASA STAPL 8594 05:25:00,440 --> 05:25:02,520 LACKED FOLIC ACID. 8595 05:25:02,520 --> 05:25:08,000 WE FOUGHT TO HAVE IT ADDED TO 8596 05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:10,440 PREVENT LIFE-THREATENING BIRTH 8597 05:25:10,440 --> 05:25:10,640 DEFECT. 8598 05:25:10,640 --> 05:25:12,440 I KNOW THERE'S SO MUCH MORE WORK 8599 05:25:12,440 --> 05:25:14,440 TO BE DONE AND VALUE THE WORK 8600 05:25:14,440 --> 05:25:15,440 YOU'RE DOING TO MAKE HEALTH CARE 8601 05:25:15,440 --> 05:25:18,280 MORE ACCESSIBLE TO MORE 8602 05:25:18,280 --> 05:25:18,520 AMERICANS. 8603 05:25:18,520 --> 05:25:19,520 THANK YOU FOR INVITING KNOW 8604 05:25:19,520 --> 05:25:20,400 SPEAK WITH YOU TODAY. 8605 05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:23,080 I HOPE YOU ALL HAVE A SUCCESSFUL 8606 05:25:23,080 --> 05:25:28,080 AND WONDERFUL EVENING. 8607 05:25:28,080 --> 05:25:29,320 >>OUR FINAL SESSION ADDRESS 8608 05:25:29,320 --> 05:25:30,320 HOW'S WE'RE CULTIVATING THE NEXT 8609 05:25:30,320 --> 05:25:31,360 GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS. 8610 05:25:31,360 --> 05:25:37,440 OUR MODERATOR IS DR. UNA GREWAL 8611 05:25:37,440 --> 05:25:40,000 OF POPULATION HEALTH RESEARCH IN 8612 05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:42,760 THE NICHD DIVISION OF INTRAMURAL 8613 05:25:42,760 --> 05:25:45,640 RESEARCH. 8614 05:25:45,640 --> 05:25:46,640 >>GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. 8615 05:25:46,640 --> 05:25:49,920 AND WELCOME TO THE FINAL PANEL 8616 05:25:49,920 --> 05:25:57,560 OF THE DAY. 8617 05:25:57,560 --> 05:26:04,640 I'M UNA GREWAL AND I WILL HAVE 8618 05:26:04,640 --> 05:26:09,360 PRESENTATIONS UNDERTAKING THE 8619 05:26:09,360 --> 05:26:13,160 ACADEMIC TRANSITION AND THERE'LL 8620 05:26:13,160 --> 05:26:14,320 BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ASK 8621 05:26:14,320 --> 05:26:15,400 QUESTIONS. 8622 05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:17,000 DURING THE PANEL, PLEASE SUBMIT 8623 05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:20,640 ANY QUESTIONS TO THE E-MAIL 8624 05:26:20,640 --> 05:26:27,600 ADDRESS NICHDPRESS@MAIL.NIH DOT 8625 05:26:35,480 --> 05:26:35,600 -GOV. 8626 05:26:35,600 --> 05:26:37,840 THE FIRST SPEAKER IS AISHA 8627 05:26:37,840 --> 05:26:38,920 BURTON IN THE DIVISION OF 8628 05:26:38,920 --> 05:26:39,480 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH. 8629 05:26:39,480 --> 05:26:44,280 DR. BURTON WAS RECENTLY AWARD 8630 05:26:44,280 --> 05:26:45,920 THE NINDS POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH 8631 05:26:45,920 --> 05:26:49,480 TRAINING AWARD AND LISTED IN 8632 05:26:49,480 --> 05:26:52,120 CELL MENTOR'S LIST OF 1,000 8633 05:26:52,120 --> 05:26:53,440 INSPIRING BLACK SCIENTISTS IN 8634 05:26:53,440 --> 05:26:53,880 AMERICA. 8635 05:26:53,880 --> 05:26:56,760 IN ADDITION TO HER RESEARCH, SHE 8636 05:26:56,760 --> 05:27:01,800 MENTOR AS A POST-BAC FELLOW AND 8637 05:27:01,800 --> 05:27:04,320 TEACHES AS AN ADJUNCT INSTRUCTOR 8638 05:27:04,320 --> 05:27:11,080 AT RECEIVED HER B.A. IN CHICAGO 8639 05:27:11,080 --> 05:27:13,320 AND COMPLETED HER DOCTORAL WORK 8640 05:27:13,320 --> 05:27:16,280 ON BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION 8641 05:27:16,280 --> 05:27:18,720 FACTOR AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY SO 8642 05:27:18,720 --> 05:27:21,320 WITHOUT FURTHER DO JOIN ME IN 8643 05:27:21,320 --> 05:27:23,600 WELCOMING DR. AISHA BURTON. 8644 05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,480 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 8645 05:27:26,480 --> 05:27:28,240 INTRODUCTION AND GOOD AFTERNOON, 8646 05:27:28,240 --> 05:27:28,640 EVERYONE. 8647 05:27:28,640 --> 05:27:31,920 IT'S GREAT THAT YOU ARE HERE 8648 05:27:31,920 --> 05:27:32,520 WITH US TODAY. 8649 05:27:32,520 --> 05:27:36,320 AND SO HOPEFULLY YOU CAN SEE MY 8650 05:27:36,320 --> 05:27:36,960 PRESENTATION THAT WE HAVE FOR 8651 05:27:36,960 --> 05:27:47,120 YOU ALL. 8652 05:27:48,640 --> 05:27:53,120 SO WE'LL GET INTO MY RESEARCH 8653 05:27:53,120 --> 05:27:54,480 JOURNEY. 8654 05:27:54,480 --> 05:27:55,520 I START AT NORTHWESTERN 8655 05:27:55,520 --> 05:27:59,640 UNIVERSITY WHERE I GOT MY FIRST 8656 05:27:59,640 --> 05:27:59,960 OPPORTUNITY. 8657 05:27:59,960 --> 05:28:01,760 I WAS FRESHLY OUT OF HIGH SCHOOL 8658 05:28:01,760 --> 05:28:03,120 AND DIDN'T KNOW WHAT RESEARCH 8659 05:28:03,120 --> 05:28:05,760 WAS AND YOU SAID RESEARCH LAB I 8660 05:28:05,760 --> 05:28:09,920 THOUGHT OF MAINLY OLDER WHITE 8661 05:28:09,920 --> 05:28:11,200 MEN IN LAB COATS DOING SCIENCE. 8662 05:28:11,200 --> 05:28:14,760 SO I HAD THIS UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY 8663 05:28:14,760 --> 05:28:18,160 TO GO INTO THIS LAB AND 8664 05:28:18,160 --> 05:28:20,360 COMMUNICATE FROM THE SOUTH SIDE 8665 05:28:20,360 --> 05:28:23,080 OF THE CITY INTO DOWNTOWN 8666 05:28:23,080 --> 05:28:23,320 CHICAGO. 8667 05:28:23,320 --> 05:28:29,800 AND I CALLED MY MOM ONE DAY AND 8668 05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:31,440 SAID I WORKED AND SHE TOLD ME 8669 05:28:31,440 --> 05:28:35,040 NOT TO BRING IT HOME AND IT'S 8670 05:28:35,040 --> 05:28:36,680 ONE POINT WHERE I CAN EDUCATE 8671 05:28:36,680 --> 05:28:38,520 PARENTS ABOUT E. COLI THAT'S A 8672 05:28:38,520 --> 05:28:39,680 TOOL ON RESEARCH AND NOT JUST 8673 05:28:39,680 --> 05:28:42,440 WHAT YOU HEAR ONLINE OR ON TV. 8674 05:28:42,440 --> 05:28:43,920 WITH THAT I STILL WAS INTERESTED 8675 05:28:43,920 --> 05:28:45,800 IN RESEARCH AND A WENT TO 8676 05:28:45,800 --> 05:28:47,080 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT 8677 05:28:47,080 --> 05:28:50,320 CHICAGO AND I MAJORED IN 8678 05:28:50,320 --> 05:28:55,000 CHEMISTRY AND MINERED -- 8679 05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:59,200 MINORED IN BIOLOGY. 8680 05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:05,960 I HAD EXPERIENCE IN A LAB AND I 8681 05:29:05,960 --> 05:29:07,440 SMELLED LIKE BREAD EVERY DAY AND 8682 05:29:07,440 --> 05:29:09,000 AN APPLIED TO GRADUATE SCHOOL MY 8683 05:29:09,000 --> 05:29:14,640 FIRST TIME AS A SENIOR IN 8684 05:29:14,640 --> 05:29:17,160 COLLEGE AND I DIDN'T GET IT AND 8685 05:29:17,160 --> 05:29:23,720 WAS DEVASTATED BUT APPLIED TO DO 8686 05:29:23,720 --> 05:29:28,640 THE PROGRAM FUNDED BY NINDS 8687 05:29:28,640 --> 05:29:30,720 ACROSS THE NATION AND SO THERE 8688 05:29:30,720 --> 05:29:33,880 ARE POST-BACS HERE AS THE NIH 8689 05:29:33,880 --> 05:29:35,120 CAMPUS BUT ALSO AROUND THE 8690 05:29:35,120 --> 05:29:40,960 UNITED STATES. 8691 05:29:40,960 --> 05:29:44,280 SO I MENTIONED I DID A SHORT 8692 05:29:44,280 --> 05:29:46,080 STINT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 8693 05:29:46,080 --> 05:29:52,840 CHICAGO AS WELL FOR RESEARCH. 8694 05:29:52,840 --> 05:29:55,920 SO MY QUESTION I TOOK WITH ME 8695 05:29:55,920 --> 05:29:58,120 FROM MY UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION 8696 05:29:58,120 --> 05:29:59,160 WAS HOW DO BACTERIA INTERACT 8697 05:29:59,160 --> 05:30:01,120 WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 8698 05:30:01,120 --> 05:30:02,440 I WAS INTERESTED IN THAT AND 8699 05:30:02,440 --> 05:30:06,600 WHEN I WENT AND DID MY POST-BAC 8700 05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:08,040 LAUREATE RESEARCH I WENT TO THE 8701 05:30:08,040 --> 05:30:14,680 LAB OF JUDY WONG WHERE I WAS 8702 05:30:14,680 --> 05:30:19,520 ABLE TO STUDY A TYPE OF 8703 05:30:19,520 --> 05:30:19,840 BACTERIA. 8704 05:30:19,840 --> 05:30:21,320 IT'S COOL TO WORK WITH. 8705 05:30:21,320 --> 05:30:27,440 YOU HAVE TO WORK WITH ANAEROBIC 8706 05:30:27,440 --> 05:30:33,120 CHAMBERS TO KEEP OXYGEN AWAY. 8707 05:30:33,120 --> 05:30:35,160 AND FROM THEIR LAB I HAD THE 8708 05:30:35,160 --> 05:30:36,320 QUESTION OF HOW BACTERIA 8709 05:30:36,320 --> 05:30:38,000 INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 8710 05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,840 THE WALL LAB REALLY SOLIDIFY MY 8711 05:30:40,840 --> 05:30:43,120 INTEREST FOR RESEARCH AND SO 8712 05:30:43,120 --> 05:30:48,680 WITH THAT I APPLIED TO GRADUATE 8713 05:30:48,680 --> 05:30:49,840 SCHOOL AND STAYED IN THE MIDWEST 8714 05:30:49,840 --> 05:30:53,840 AS YOU CAN SEE FROM MY GRAPH AND 8715 05:30:53,840 --> 05:30:55,200 WENT TO INDIANA UNIVERSITY. 8716 05:30:55,200 --> 05:30:59,120 I DID MY DISSERTATION WORK IN 8717 05:30:59,120 --> 05:31:02,520 THE LAB OF DR. KEARNS AND WAS 8718 05:31:02,520 --> 05:31:05,560 NOT MY ORIGINAL LAB SO SOME 8719 05:31:05,560 --> 05:31:09,600 TRAINEES MAY BE SAYING WHAT 8720 05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:09,880 HAPPENED? 8721 05:31:09,880 --> 05:31:13,400 I LEFT LAB AND I KNOW IT'S TABOO 8722 05:31:13,400 --> 05:31:16,360 TO LEFT LAB BUT I'M HERE TO SAY 8723 05:31:16,360 --> 05:31:18,800 IT DOES HAPPEN AND PROBABLY MORE 8724 05:31:18,800 --> 05:31:21,920 COMMON THAN YOU KNOW. 8725 05:31:21,920 --> 05:31:27,080 IN HIS LAB I WAS WORKING ON AN 8726 05:31:27,080 --> 05:31:29,880 ANCESTRAL STRAIN AND YOU MAY 8727 05:31:29,880 --> 05:31:30,760 WONDER WHAT IS THAT? 8728 05:31:30,760 --> 05:31:33,800 I DON'T HAVE THE SLIDE, I'M 8729 05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:36,560 SORRY, BUT THIS ORGANISM CAN 8730 05:31:36,560 --> 05:31:37,920 TAKE UP DNA USUALLY INTEREST THE 8731 05:31:37,920 --> 05:31:39,920 ENVIRONMENT BUT THE ANCESTRAL 8732 05:31:39,920 --> 05:31:43,120 STRAIN WHICH I'M SHOWING HAS A 8733 05:31:43,120 --> 05:31:44,760 LARGE PLASMID THAT PREVENTS IT 8734 05:31:44,760 --> 05:31:45,880 FROM BEING ABLE TO TAKE UP DNA 8735 05:31:45,880 --> 05:31:49,880 FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. 8736 05:31:49,880 --> 05:31:51,760 SINCE I DID MY DISSERTATION WORK 8737 05:31:51,760 --> 05:31:54,800 ON THE PLASMID I WAS ABLE TO 8738 05:31:54,800 --> 05:32:00,360 FIND THE SIGMA FACTOR CAN CAUSE 8739 05:32:00,360 --> 05:32:01,160 THE CELL TO DIE WHEN IT'S 8740 05:32:01,160 --> 05:32:09,560 ACTIVATED. 8741 05:32:09,560 --> 05:32:12,760 AND THEN I MOVED ALL THE WAY TO 8742 05:32:12,760 --> 05:32:15,120 THE EAST COAST TO DO MY 8743 05:32:15,120 --> 05:32:16,280 POST-DOCTORAL WORK IN THE LAB OF 8744 05:32:16,280 --> 05:32:17,480 DR. STEWART. 8745 05:32:17,480 --> 05:32:25,720 AND IN HER LAB I STUDIED A 8746 05:32:25,720 --> 05:32:28,440 PROTEIN AND THEY MAY BE PART OF 8747 05:32:28,440 --> 05:32:30,800 OTHER LARGER PROTEINS AND 8748 05:32:30,800 --> 05:32:33,160 RESEARCH RECENTLY HAS BEEN 8749 05:32:33,160 --> 05:32:42,760 SHOWING THEY'RE ASSOCIATED WITH 8750 05:32:42,760 --> 05:32:46,000 AMINO ACIDS AND THERE'S 59 AMINO 8751 05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:52,400 ACIDS AND AFFECTS HOW ATRB 8752 05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:53,960 BEHAVES IN THE CELLS AND MAKES 8753 05:32:53,960 --> 05:32:57,720 THE BACTERIA MORE RESISTANT TO 8754 05:32:57,720 --> 05:32:59,760 OTHER ANTIBIOTICS. 8755 05:32:59,760 --> 05:33:10,400 AND THE EUKARYOTIC CELLS CAN BE 8756 05:33:14,720 --> 05:33:15,240 INVOLVED IN OTHER DISEASE. 8757 05:33:15,240 --> 05:33:17,760 MY QUESTION IN THE LAB IS WHAT 8758 05:33:17,760 --> 05:33:20,320 OTHER SMALL PROTEINS ARE PRESENT 8759 05:33:20,320 --> 05:33:22,880 IN BACTERIA AND WHAT ROLE DO 8760 05:33:22,880 --> 05:33:25,240 THEY PLAY IN THE CELL. 8761 05:33:25,240 --> 05:33:27,640 SO THIS IS MY LAB I'M DOING MY 8762 05:33:27,640 --> 05:33:30,680 RESEARCH IN BUT I DID WANT TO 8763 05:33:30,680 --> 05:33:32,280 TOUCH ON BRIEFLY ABOUT MY 8764 05:33:32,280 --> 05:33:32,560 MENTORS. 8765 05:33:32,560 --> 05:33:34,560 I DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THE 8766 05:33:34,560 --> 05:33:43,520 MENTORSHIP. 8767 05:33:43,520 --> 05:33:50,560 IT WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN GETTING 8768 05:33:50,560 --> 05:33:50,920 MY DEGREE. 8769 05:33:50,920 --> 05:33:54,360 HE TRANSITIONED FROM THE LAB AND 8770 05:33:54,360 --> 05:33:57,280 SUPPORTED ME AS A MINORITY 8771 05:33:57,280 --> 05:34:01,240 STUDENT WHEN THERE WERE THINGS 8772 05:34:01,240 --> 05:34:02,920 HAPPENING IN THE WORLD THAT 8773 05:34:02,920 --> 05:34:04,200 AFFECTED BLACK STUDENTS. 8774 05:34:04,200 --> 05:34:09,040 IF YOU ALL REMEMBER MANY BLACK 8775 05:34:09,040 --> 05:34:10,440 PEOPLE WERE GETTING KILLED HE 8776 05:34:10,440 --> 05:34:13,040 WOULD TAKE ME IN HIS OFFICE AND 8777 05:34:13,040 --> 05:34:14,560 TALK TO ME ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON 8778 05:34:14,560 --> 05:34:16,600 IN THE WORLD AND SIT FOR AN HOUR 8779 05:34:16,600 --> 05:34:18,280 AND TWO JUST TALKING AND HE SAID 8780 05:34:18,280 --> 05:34:19,800 IF YOU NEED TO LEAVE, THAT'S 8781 05:34:19,800 --> 05:34:20,120 FINE. 8782 05:34:20,120 --> 05:34:22,080 IF YOU WANT TO STAY, THAT'S 8783 05:34:22,080 --> 05:34:22,320 FINE. 8784 05:34:22,320 --> 05:34:26,000 HE WAS SENSITIVE TO MY NEEDS AS 8785 05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:27,920 A STUDENT BECAUSE IF I'M NOT 8786 05:34:27,920 --> 05:34:30,760 OKAY, MY SCIENCE IS NOT GOING TO 8787 05:34:30,760 --> 05:34:33,840 BE OKAY. 8788 05:34:33,840 --> 05:34:36,400 AND THEN WITH DR. STEWART, SHE 8789 05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:39,080 IS A CHAMPION FOR ALL OF HER 8790 05:34:39,080 --> 05:34:39,360 STUDENTS. 8791 05:34:39,360 --> 05:34:43,480 SHE WANTS US TO DO WELL AND THE 8792 05:34:43,480 --> 05:34:48,520 SIX MONTHS I STARTED MY POSTDOC 8793 05:34:48,520 --> 05:34:52,640 DR. STORZ ALLOWED KNOW EXPLORE 8794 05:34:52,640 --> 05:34:53,680 THE DIFFERENT AREAS I COULD TAKE 8795 05:34:53,680 --> 05:34:55,720 MY CAREER AND HAD THE UNIQUE 8796 05:34:55,720 --> 05:34:57,480 OPPORTUNITY TO TEACH AT THE 8797 05:34:57,480 --> 05:34:58,760 LOCAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE. 8798 05:34:58,760 --> 05:35:00,760 SO DR. STORZ DIDN'T SHY AWAY 8799 05:35:00,760 --> 05:35:02,360 FROM SAYING YES. 8800 05:35:02,360 --> 05:35:04,840 SHE COULD HAVE SAID NO, FOCUS ON 8801 05:35:04,840 --> 05:35:06,000 YOUR RESEARCH BUT SHE KNEW 8802 05:35:06,000 --> 05:35:11,120 TEACHING WAS VERY IMPORTANT TO 8803 05:35:11,120 --> 05:35:15,080 ME AND SHE WAS FLEXIBLE IN HER 8804 05:35:15,080 --> 05:35:18,320 MENTORSHIP TO ALLOW ME TO TAKE 8805 05:35:18,320 --> 05:35:20,120 THE OPPORTUNITY THAT WAS ALSO 8806 05:35:20,120 --> 05:35:20,680 FURTHER MY OWN CAREER. 8807 05:35:20,680 --> 05:35:27,000 THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING. 8808 05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,440 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 8809 05:35:30,440 --> 05:35:31,960 DR. BURTON. 8810 05:35:31,960 --> 05:35:37,520 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. SOUTIK 8811 05:35:37,520 --> 05:35:38,520 GHOSAL. 8812 05:35:38,520 --> 05:35:41,680 AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN BIO 8813 05:35:41,680 --> 05:35:43,040 STATISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 8814 05:35:43,040 --> 05:35:43,320 VIRGINIA. 8815 05:35:43,320 --> 05:35:47,840 HE IS APPLYING THE RESEARCH IN 8816 05:35:47,840 --> 05:35:49,680 PEDIATRICS, OBSTETRICS AND 8817 05:35:49,680 --> 05:35:51,080 GYNECOLOGY THAT WAS A FOCUS 8818 05:35:51,080 --> 05:35:52,680 DURING HIS POST-DOCTORAL 8819 05:35:52,680 --> 05:35:54,840 FELLOWSHIP IN THE BIO STATISTICS 8820 05:35:54,840 --> 05:35:58,960 AND BIOINFORMATICS BRANCH IN THE 8821 05:35:58,960 --> 05:36:01,800 DIVISION OF POPULATION HEALTH AT 8822 05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:02,000 NICHD. 8823 05:36:02,000 --> 05:36:05,640 HE RECEIVED HIS BACHELOR'S AND 8824 05:36:05,640 --> 05:36:07,640 MASTER'S DEGREE IN STATISTICS IN 8825 05:36:07,640 --> 05:36:09,160 INDIA AND BIO STATISTICS FROM 8826 05:36:09,160 --> 05:36:10,760 THE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE. 8827 05:36:10,760 --> 05:36:14,240 PLEASE WELCOME MY FORMER 8828 05:36:14,240 --> 05:36:18,800 COLLEAGUE, DR. SOUTIK GHOSAL. 8829 05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:19,440 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 8830 05:36:19,440 --> 05:36:21,200 THANK YOU, EVERYONE. 8831 05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:22,800 THANK YOU FOR BEING PRESENT 8832 05:36:22,800 --> 05:36:25,600 VIRTUALLY TO CELEBRATE THE 60th 8833 05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:26,720 ANNIVERSARY OF THE NICHD. 8834 05:36:26,720 --> 05:36:30,080 I'M BEYOND DELIGHTED AND HONORED 8835 05:36:30,080 --> 05:36:32,000 TO BE PART OF THE PANEL ALONG 8836 05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:33,680 WITH THE WONDERFUL PANELISTS AND 8837 05:36:33,680 --> 05:36:38,360 SHARE MY STORY WITH ALL OF YOU. 8838 05:36:38,360 --> 05:36:42,840 AND A SPECIAL THANKS TO DR 8839 05:36:42,840 --> 05:36:47,400 DR. GREWAL FOR MODERATING THE 8840 05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:47,600 SESSION. 8841 05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:49,000 I HAVE A BRIEF ROAD MAP OF THE 8842 05:36:49,000 --> 05:36:51,040 LAST 30 YEARS OF MY CAREER WITH 8843 05:36:51,040 --> 05:36:53,520 THE STOPS AT DIFFERENT 8844 05:36:53,520 --> 05:36:54,960 BUILDINGS, IF YOU WILL. 8845 05:36:54,960 --> 05:37:00,480 A LITTLE DISCLAIMER I DON'T HAVE 8846 05:37:00,480 --> 05:37:02,280 A STRONG UNDERSTANDING RELATED 8847 05:37:02,280 --> 05:37:04,200 TO THE DESIGNS OF THIS BUILDING 8848 05:37:04,200 --> 05:37:05,840 SO PLEASE DONE GET CONFUSED BY 8849 05:37:05,840 --> 05:37:06,520 THE STRANGE TITLE. 8850 05:37:06,520 --> 05:37:09,880 I JUST HOPE TO SHARE SOME OF MY 8851 05:37:09,880 --> 05:37:11,080 MEMORIES WITH TODAY WHICH 8852 05:37:11,080 --> 05:37:13,400 HAPPENED AT ALL THESE DIFFERENT 8853 05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:15,440 BUILDINGS AND SHAPED MY CAREER 8854 05:37:15,440 --> 05:37:18,040 AND MY LIFE AND THE PRESENT THAT 8855 05:37:18,040 --> 05:37:26,760 IS HAPPENING WITH ME RIGHT NOW. 8856 05:37:26,760 --> 05:37:28,720 IN THE SINGLE PAGE YOU CAN SEE 8857 05:37:28,720 --> 05:37:30,800 THE ROLES I'VE TAKEN IN THE 8858 05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:32,000 DIFFERENT PHASES OF MY LIFE AND 8859 05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:33,480 MORE IMPORTANTLY I HOPE YOU CAN 8860 05:37:33,480 --> 05:37:39,120 CLEARLY SEE ALL THE IMAGES OF 8861 05:37:39,120 --> 05:37:40,720 THE INSTITUTIONS I'VE BEEN AT IN 8862 05:37:40,720 --> 05:37:44,560 THE SINGLE SLIDE WHICH WAS MY 8863 05:37:44,560 --> 05:37:45,760 INTENTION AND NOT LACK OF 8864 05:37:45,760 --> 05:37:47,000 PRESENTATION SKILLS, I ASSURE 8865 05:37:47,000 --> 05:37:47,280 YOU. 8866 05:37:47,280 --> 05:37:49,600 I PUT UP THE IMAGES OF THE 8867 05:37:49,600 --> 05:37:50,600 BUILDINGS WITH THE HOPE AT LEAST 8868 05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:53,160 SOME OF YOU CAN IDENTIFY ONE 8869 05:37:53,160 --> 05:37:55,840 BUILDING IN THIS SLIDE WHICH IS 8870 05:37:55,840 --> 05:37:57,240 THE THIRD AND FOURTH BUILDING 8871 05:37:57,240 --> 05:37:59,880 AND YES I'M TALKING ABOUT THE 8872 05:37:59,880 --> 05:38:07,080 NICHD BUILDING AT 6710B 8873 05:38:07,080 --> 05:38:10,280 ROCKVILLE DRIVE AND IT'S BEEN A 8874 05:38:10,280 --> 05:38:11,720 COMMON FACTOR AMONG US AND I OWE 8875 05:38:11,720 --> 05:38:12,880 A LOT TO THIS BUILDING. 8876 05:38:12,880 --> 05:38:15,520 I MET THE PEOPLE IN IT AND I 8877 05:38:15,520 --> 05:38:18,440 HOPE YOU UNDERSTAND THE 8878 05:38:18,440 --> 05:38:19,520 SYMBOLISM. 8879 05:38:19,520 --> 05:38:21,040 I'M CURRENTLY ASSISTANT 8880 05:38:21,040 --> 05:38:22,560 PROFESSOR IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH 8881 05:38:22,560 --> 05:38:23,360 SCIENCES DEPARTMENT AT THE 8882 05:38:23,360 --> 05:38:25,080 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 8883 05:38:25,080 --> 05:38:28,800 I HAVE A BACKGROUND IN BIO 8884 05:38:28,800 --> 05:38:30,560 STATISTICS AND AT THE CURRENT 8885 05:38:30,560 --> 05:38:33,120 PHASE OF MY CAREER I THINK HOW 8886 05:38:33,120 --> 05:38:35,080 GRATEFUL I AM TO ALL THE PEOPLE 8887 05:38:35,080 --> 05:38:40,880 WHO I HAVE MET IN ALL THE 8888 05:38:40,880 --> 05:38:43,280 BUILDINGS AND HOW ALL TOOK A 8889 05:38:43,280 --> 05:38:44,880 PART IN SHAPING MY CAREER. 8890 05:38:44,880 --> 05:38:46,480 STRANGELY, I DON'T KNOW WHERE I 8891 05:38:46,480 --> 05:38:47,440 WOULD HAVE BEEN WITHOUT THEM BUT 8892 05:38:47,440 --> 05:38:50,280 LET'S KEEP THAT OTHER SIDE FOR A 8893 05:38:50,280 --> 05:38:52,000 DIFFERENT OCCASION. 8894 05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:54,000 THE PHASES OF MY LIFE THAT I'VE 8895 05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:58,400 LISTED HERE AND ALSO THE ONES I 8896 05:38:58,400 --> 05:38:59,880 COULDN'T FIT HERE HAVE VALUABLE 8897 05:38:59,880 --> 05:39:01,800 LESSONS WHICH I WANT TO SHARE 8898 05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:02,360 WITH YOU. 8899 05:39:02,360 --> 05:39:05,480 SO MY VERY FIRST INTRODUCTION TO 8900 05:39:05,480 --> 05:39:08,080 STATISTICS WAS VERY STRANGE. 8901 05:39:08,080 --> 05:39:10,040 WHICH HAPPENED DURING MY HIGH 8902 05:39:10,040 --> 05:39:13,480 SCHOOL AT INDIA AND MY SCHOOL WE 8903 05:39:13,480 --> 05:39:16,280 HAD TO TAKE AN ELECTED COURSE AS 8904 05:39:16,280 --> 05:39:17,840 PART OF OUR CRICK COLUMN AND THE 8905 05:39:17,840 --> 05:39:20,520 MOST POPULAR COURSES WERE 8906 05:39:20,520 --> 05:39:22,640 BIOLOGY AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, 8907 05:39:22,640 --> 05:39:24,760 WHICH MOST THE STUDENTS, MY 8908 05:39:24,760 --> 05:39:26,600 FRIENDS TOOK. 8909 05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:29,080 A LOT OF US WERE NOT VERY FOND 8910 05:39:29,080 --> 05:39:31,480 OF BIOLOGY AT THAT POINT IN 8911 05:39:31,480 --> 05:39:31,840 TIME. 8912 05:39:31,840 --> 05:39:35,080 POSSIBLY MAYBE WE DIDN'T LIKE 8913 05:39:35,080 --> 05:39:37,520 THE WAY IT WAS TAUGHT BUT WHAT 8914 05:39:37,520 --> 05:39:39,360 WE WANTED AS AN ELECTIVE IS 8915 05:39:39,360 --> 05:39:44,800 SOMETHING WE DON'T HAVE TO STUDY 8916 05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:45,720 A LOT. 8917 05:39:45,720 --> 05:39:49,240 SO ONE OF MY FRIENDS MENTIONED 8918 05:39:49,240 --> 05:39:51,880 STATISTICS WHICH A NEW SUBJECT 8919 05:39:51,880 --> 05:39:56,520 TO US WAS OFFERED AND POSSIBLY 8920 05:39:56,520 --> 05:40:00,760 COULD BE AN EASY ALTERNATIVE TO 8921 05:40:00,760 --> 05:40:04,080 PICK UP BECAUSE IT MAY BE NOT A 8922 05:40:04,080 --> 05:40:06,080 LOT OF WORK A TYPICAL TEENAGER 8923 05:40:06,080 --> 05:40:06,960 MENTALITY THAT THE POINT IN 8924 05:40:06,960 --> 05:40:07,360 TIME. 8925 05:40:07,360 --> 05:40:13,480 WE DECIDED TO TAKE THAT AND FOR 8926 05:40:13,480 --> 05:40:16,040 SEVERAL WEEKS THERE WERE 8927 05:40:16,040 --> 05:40:17,640 MATHEMATICS AND I'M PRETTY SURE 8928 05:40:17,640 --> 05:40:19,080 WHERE WE TOOK STATISTICS AND ANY 8929 05:40:19,080 --> 05:40:22,000 COURSE OF STATISTICS WILL KNOW 8930 05:40:22,000 --> 05:40:24,520 AT FIRST THEY TALK ABOUT DATA, 8931 05:40:24,520 --> 05:40:27,120 TYPES OF DATA, HISTOGRAMS AND 8932 05:40:27,120 --> 05:40:28,120 STUFF LIKE THAT. 8933 05:40:28,120 --> 05:40:30,640 SO THAT WAS NOT A PROBLEM BUT 8934 05:40:30,640 --> 05:40:32,480 THE PROBLEM WAS THE STRESS THAT 8935 05:40:32,480 --> 05:40:35,840 WE HAD TO TAKE TO ILLUSTRATE TO 8936 05:40:35,840 --> 05:40:37,800 OTHERS WHAT IS STATISTICS AND 8937 05:40:37,800 --> 05:40:39,600 WHAT DO WE DO IN CLASS. 8938 05:40:39,600 --> 05:40:42,000 DO WE GO OUT AND COLLECT DATA? 8939 05:40:42,000 --> 05:40:46,320 WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE CLASS? 8940 05:40:46,320 --> 05:40:48,800 AND IT WAS QUITE CHALLENGING AT 8941 05:40:48,800 --> 05:40:51,080 FIRST NEVERTHELESS I LIKED IT 8942 05:40:51,080 --> 05:40:53,200 AND DECIDED TO CONTINUE WITH 8943 05:40:53,200 --> 05:40:55,320 THAT AS MY MAJOR IN COLLEGE, 8944 05:40:55,320 --> 05:40:59,120 EVEN NOW MANY OF MY DEAREST 8945 05:40:59,120 --> 05:41:01,360 FRIENDS JOKE AROUND AND SAY I 8946 05:41:01,360 --> 05:41:03,360 MAKE GRAPHS WITH SOFTWARE FOR A 8947 05:41:03,360 --> 05:41:05,320 LIVING BUT JOKES ASIDE, THAT 8948 05:41:05,320 --> 05:41:13,880 TASK OF TALKING ABOUT MY WORK 8949 05:41:13,880 --> 05:41:16,480 HAD BEEN A LESSON I HAD TO ADAPT 8950 05:41:16,480 --> 05:41:17,600 AND I WORK WITH PEOPLE OF 8951 05:41:17,600 --> 05:41:19,000 VARIOUS BACKGROUNDS AND THE TASK 8952 05:41:19,000 --> 05:41:23,080 OF ILLUSTRATING THE FINDINGS IN 8953 05:41:23,080 --> 05:41:26,080 A WAY MY COLLABORATOR CAN 8954 05:41:26,080 --> 05:41:27,000 UNDERSTAND IS SOMETHING I GOT TO 8955 05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:28,320 PRACTICE FOR A LONG TIME. 8956 05:41:28,320 --> 05:41:29,880 THE BIGGEST CHANGE IN DIRECTION 8957 05:41:29,880 --> 05:41:33,040 OF MY CAREER WAS WHEN I DECIDED 8958 05:41:33,040 --> 05:41:34,320 TO GIVE RESEARCH A GO. 8959 05:41:34,320 --> 05:41:37,400 DURING MY UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES 8960 05:41:37,400 --> 05:41:40,960 OR UNTIL THE END OF MY MASTER'S 8961 05:41:40,960 --> 05:41:43,800 I HAD NO INTENTION OF TAKING THE 8962 05:41:43,800 --> 05:41:45,200 Ph.D. OUT. 8963 05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:46,920 THAT THE POINT IN TIME JOBS 8964 05:41:46,920 --> 05:41:50,480 BASED ON ANALYTICS ESPECIALLY IN 8965 05:41:50,480 --> 05:41:52,040 THE BANKING OR ANY OTHER 8966 05:41:52,040 --> 05:41:57,560 BUSINESS DOMAIN WERE BOOMING IN 8967 05:41:57,560 --> 05:42:00,280 INDIA AND MANY PEOPLE WITH 8968 05:42:00,280 --> 05:42:03,600 DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS WERE 8969 05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:04,880 ENROLLING TO LEARN ABOUT 8970 05:42:04,880 --> 05:42:07,640 STATISTICAL MODELS TO LAND ONE 8971 05:42:07,640 --> 05:42:09,600 OF THOSE ANALYTICS JOBS. 8972 05:42:09,600 --> 05:42:14,320 I REMEMBER I WAS GOING ON 8973 05:42:14,320 --> 05:42:17,560 BOASTING ALONG THE CORRIDORS OF 8974 05:42:17,560 --> 05:42:22,320 THE SECOND BUILDING IN THE SLIDE 8975 05:42:22,320 --> 05:42:25,240 AMONG MY FRIENDS BOASTING ABOUT 8976 05:42:25,240 --> 05:42:26,840 MY MAJOR AND BACKGROUND AND SAY 8977 05:42:26,840 --> 05:42:28,840 IT MAY OR MAY NOT BE ROCKET 8978 05:42:28,840 --> 05:42:30,800 SCIENCE BUT WE'RE NOT ONLY 8979 05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:33,400 MAKING GRAPHS. 8980 05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:35,080 THOUGH THAT WAS ONE OF THE 8981 05:42:35,080 --> 05:42:38,280 IMPORTANT ASPECTS FOR A JOB. 8982 05:42:38,280 --> 05:42:40,520 MOST MY PEERS WERE TAKING THE 8983 05:42:40,520 --> 05:42:42,080 JOBS AND I WAS ALSO PLANNING TO 8984 05:42:42,080 --> 05:42:47,560 DO THE SAME TO BE HONEST. 8985 05:42:47,560 --> 05:42:52,000 IT WAS WHEN BIO STATISTICS 8986 05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:53,600 COURSE WAS OFFERED DURING MY 8987 05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:59,080 MASTER'S BY POSSIBLY ONE OF THE 8988 05:42:59,080 --> 05:43:00,800 BEST TEACHERS I EVER HAD AND 8989 05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:03,760 THAT CHANGED MY PERSPECTIVE. 8990 05:43:03,760 --> 05:43:06,120 PREVIOUS TO MY EXPERIENCE WITH 8991 05:43:06,120 --> 05:43:07,520 STATISTICS WAS MOSTLY ASSOCIATED 8992 05:43:07,520 --> 05:43:12,880 WITH MATHEMATICS AND DEVELOPING 8993 05:43:12,880 --> 05:43:18,360 STRONG BACKGROUND STATISTICAL 8994 05:43:18,360 --> 05:43:21,160 MODELS A MATHEMATIC FLAVOR OF 8995 05:43:21,160 --> 05:43:24,360 THE MODEL AND PROOFS ETCETERA. 8996 05:43:24,360 --> 05:43:26,840 POSSIBLY THAT THE FIRST TIME 8997 05:43:26,840 --> 05:43:28,200 EVER ASSOCIATED WITH THE REALITY 8998 05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:31,080 AND COULD UNDERSTAND HOW I COULD 8999 05:43:31,080 --> 05:43:36,560 USE MY KNOWLEDGE TO BE A PART OF 9000 05:43:36,560 --> 05:43:37,240 CHANGING SOCIETY OR SOMETHING OF 9001 05:43:37,240 --> 05:43:37,920 THAT SORT. 9002 05:43:37,920 --> 05:43:42,720 I LEARNED AND REALIZED HOW TO 9003 05:43:42,720 --> 05:43:44,680 USE MY KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND 9004 05:43:44,680 --> 05:43:47,120 PREDICT AND POSSIBLY CURE 9005 05:43:47,120 --> 05:43:49,120 DISEASES WHICH WAS FASCINATING 9006 05:43:49,120 --> 05:43:51,960 AT THAT MOMENT AND I TOOK AN 9007 05:43:51,960 --> 05:43:57,880 Ph.D. IN OCTOBER 2013 WHICH 9008 05:43:57,880 --> 05:43:58,680 FINA 9009 05:43:58,680 --> 05:44:01,520 FINALLY BROUGHT ME TO THE 9010 05:44:01,520 --> 05:44:03,920 U.S. AND MY PARENTS WERE SHOCKED 9011 05:44:03,920 --> 05:44:08,720 AND NOT SURE THAT WAS THE RIGHT 9012 05:44:08,720 --> 05:44:10,320 PATH FOR ME BECAUSE THE DECISION 9013 05:44:10,320 --> 05:44:13,440 WAS TAKEN IN A SHORT SPAN OF 9014 05:44:13,440 --> 05:44:13,680 TIME. 9015 05:44:13,680 --> 05:44:17,720 THEN CAME THE RESEARCH PHASE OF 9016 05:44:17,720 --> 05:44:19,640 MY LIFE AND THERE WERE LOTS OF 9017 05:44:19,640 --> 05:44:20,840 UPS AND DOWNS AS WELL. 9018 05:44:20,840 --> 05:44:23,120 WHEN I STARTED MY Ph.D. I HAD 9019 05:44:23,120 --> 05:44:26,840 HOPED TO WORK IN CANCER 9020 05:44:26,840 --> 05:44:27,120 RESEARCH. 9021 05:44:27,120 --> 05:44:33,520 IT WAS MY ADVISER AND MY 9022 05:44:33,520 --> 05:44:34,880 DEPARTMENT CHAIR FROM THE 9023 05:44:34,880 --> 05:44:35,800 UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE WHO 9024 05:44:35,800 --> 05:44:37,520 SUGGESTED AND REQUESTED IF I'M 9025 05:44:37,520 --> 05:44:39,080 INTERESTED TO WORK AS A RESEARCH 9026 05:44:39,080 --> 05:44:41,400 ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 9027 05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:41,680 PEDIATRICS. 9028 05:44:41,680 --> 05:44:46,360 TO BE HONEST I WAS SKEPTICAL AND 9029 05:44:46,360 --> 05:44:47,840 THINKING I WAS MOVING -- LIKE 9030 05:44:47,840 --> 05:44:58,360 THIS IS NOT ALIGNED TO MY GOAL. 9031 05:44:59,560 --> 05:45:01,240 LATER I THOUGHT I'D GIVE IT A 9032 05:45:01,240 --> 05:45:03,120 TRY AND ONCE I AGREED AND 9033 05:45:03,120 --> 05:45:04,840 STARTED WORKING WITH THEM AS 9034 05:45:04,840 --> 05:45:05,760 PART OF THE TEAM, WHAT HAPPENED 9035 05:45:05,760 --> 05:45:08,520 WAS MEDICAL DOCTORS WERE POURING 9036 05:45:08,520 --> 05:45:12,840 IN ON A DAILY BASIS WITH LOADS 9037 05:45:12,840 --> 05:45:14,240 OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND THAT'S 9038 05:45:14,240 --> 05:45:17,760 THE FIRST TIME I TOOK PART IN 9039 05:45:17,760 --> 05:45:18,440 INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIVE 9040 05:45:18,440 --> 05:45:18,640 WORK. 9041 05:45:18,640 --> 05:45:20,280 IT WAS A NEW EXPERIENCE FOR ME 9042 05:45:20,280 --> 05:45:23,080 AS I GOT TO KNOW SOME OF THE 9043 05:45:23,080 --> 05:45:24,320 AREAS AND SOME OF THE EVERYDAY 9044 05:45:24,320 --> 05:45:26,600 PROBLEMS THE DOCTORS ARE GAUGED 9045 05:45:26,600 --> 05:45:28,320 IN. 9046 05:45:28,320 --> 05:45:30,520 UNDOUBTEDLY IT WAS OVERWHELMING 9047 05:45:30,520 --> 05:45:31,080 AT FIRST. 9048 05:45:31,080 --> 05:45:33,400 IT WAS EXTREMELY FASCINATING AS 9049 05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:34,360 WELL. 9050 05:45:34,360 --> 05:45:38,160 AND I FEEL THE EXPOSURE HELP ME 9051 05:45:38,160 --> 05:45:44,760 IN MY POST-DOCTORAL POSITION AT 9052 05:45:44,760 --> 05:45:45,760 NICHD AND THE EXPERIENCE CAME IN 9053 05:45:45,760 --> 05:45:47,840 HANDY IN THE ROLE I'M IN NOW. 9054 05:45:47,840 --> 05:45:50,120 MY POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH 9055 05:45:50,120 --> 05:45:51,160 EXPERIENCE AT NICHD WAS EVEN 9056 05:45:51,160 --> 05:45:53,200 MORE FASCINATING COMPARED TO MY 9057 05:45:53,200 --> 05:45:53,880 DOCTORAL RESEARCH. 9058 05:45:53,880 --> 05:45:58,040 I HEARD SO MANY GOOD THINGS 9059 05:45:58,040 --> 05:45:59,160 BEFORE JOINING NICHD 9060 05:45:59,160 --> 05:46:00,800 SPECIFICALLY FROM ONE OF THE 9061 05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:03,800 SENIORS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 9062 05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:05,040 LOUISVILLE WHO JOINED HITCHED 9063 05:46:05,040 --> 05:46:06,800 BEFORE ME AND HAD AN AMAZING 9064 05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:08,720 EXPERIENCE. 9065 05:46:08,720 --> 05:46:11,000 FOR ME IT WAS CHALLENGING AND 9066 05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:12,840 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT AT FIRST 9067 05:46:12,840 --> 05:46:15,080 BECAUSE I HAD TO PICK A NEW 9068 05:46:15,080 --> 05:46:17,240 RESEARCH AREA RELATED TO THE 9069 05:46:17,240 --> 05:46:19,240 DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES AND 9070 05:46:19,240 --> 05:46:23,000 OUTCOMES TO BIOMARKERS. 9071 05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:24,800 IT WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE 9072 05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:26,880 RESEARCH I DID DURING MY PH.D. 9073 05:46:26,880 --> 05:46:30,800 LITTLE DID I KNOW ABOUT THE 9074 05:46:30,800 --> 05:46:34,320 FIRST APPLICATION OF THE AREA 9075 05:46:34,320 --> 05:46:36,000 BUT GRADUALLY I GOT TO 9076 05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:39,120 UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL AS IT 9077 05:46:39,120 --> 05:46:43,080 WAS RELATED TO NOVEL COVID AND 9078 05:46:43,080 --> 05:46:51,080 TO THE SCOPE TO EFFICIENTLY 9079 05:46:51,080 --> 05:46:53,000 DIAGNOSE THEM AND I CANNOT THANK 9080 05:46:53,000 --> 05:46:54,440 ENOUGH MY POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW 9081 05:46:54,440 --> 05:46:55,040 FOR CONSIDERING ME FOR THIS 9082 05:46:55,040 --> 05:46:58,680 AREA. 9083 05:46:58,680 --> 05:47:01,280 I RECALL GOING FOR A FEW WALKS 9084 05:47:01,280 --> 05:47:04,440 WITH HIM AROUND THE POND IN 9085 05:47:04,440 --> 05:47:11,640 FRONT OF THE 6710B WHEN WE WERE 9086 05:47:11,640 --> 05:47:12,160 DISCUSSING MY POTENTIAL 9087 05:47:12,160 --> 05:47:16,920 DIRECTION AND PIT FALLS AND I 9088 05:47:16,920 --> 05:47:21,160 CAN'T IMAGINE HOW HELPFUL 9089 05:47:21,160 --> 05:47:23,760 THEY'VE BEEN AS THEY HELPED 9090 05:47:23,760 --> 05:47:28,800 SHAPE MY INTEREST. 9091 05:47:28,800 --> 05:47:31,320 I WAS AT NICHD FOR MORE THAN 9092 05:47:31,320 --> 05:47:33,200 THREE YEARS AND DUE TO COVID WAS 9093 05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:36,360 ONLY THE ABLE TO BE PHYSICALLY 9094 05:47:36,360 --> 05:47:38,080 PRESENT LESS THAN HALF A MONTH 9095 05:47:38,080 --> 05:47:39,760 AT MY TIME AT NICHD BUT DURING 9096 05:47:39,760 --> 05:47:41,680 MY STAY AT NICHD I LEARNED A 9097 05:47:41,680 --> 05:47:41,960 LOT. 9098 05:47:41,960 --> 05:47:45,200 I MADE A LOT OF MEMORIES AND I 9099 05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:46,760 HAD CONSTANT SUPPORT FROM ALL 9100 05:47:46,760 --> 05:47:48,840 THE INVESTIGATORS ACROSS ALL THE 9101 05:47:48,840 --> 05:47:49,400 BRANCHES. 9102 05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:53,840 I FEEL SO HAPPY TO THINK I SAID 9103 05:47:53,840 --> 05:47:55,920 YES TO SO MANY CHALLENGES ON 9104 05:47:55,920 --> 05:47:58,320 DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. 9105 05:47:58,320 --> 05:48:02,120 ALL THOSE CHOICES CUMULATIVELY 9106 05:48:02,120 --> 05:48:05,320 PUT ME IN MY ROLE AT UVA WHERE I 9107 05:48:05,320 --> 05:48:07,400 GOT TO COLLABORATE WITH DOCTORS 9108 05:48:07,400 --> 05:48:10,080 ON THEIR RESEARCH WHICH BLOWS MY 9109 05:48:10,080 --> 05:48:10,360 MIND. 9110 05:48:10,360 --> 05:48:12,760 I GET TO LEARN ABOUT RIVETING 9111 05:48:12,760 --> 05:48:14,560 DIRECTIONS MEDICAL SCIENCE IS 9112 05:48:14,560 --> 05:48:19,880 TAKING ON A DAILY BASIS AND FEEL 9113 05:48:19,880 --> 05:48:21,720 FORTUNATE TO BE PART OF THE 9114 05:48:21,720 --> 05:48:22,960 PROGRESS THE TEAMS ARE MAKING. 9115 05:48:22,960 --> 05:48:24,200 I GET TO MEET WITH NEXT 9116 05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:30,680 GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS AND 9117 05:48:30,680 --> 05:48:32,280 DOCTORS AND SHARE MY KNOWLEDGE 9118 05:48:32,280 --> 05:48:32,680 WITH THEM. 9119 05:48:32,680 --> 05:48:34,920 I COULDN'T THINK OF A WAY TO 9120 05:48:34,920 --> 05:48:35,680 HIGHLIGHT THE FAILURES DURING 9121 05:48:35,680 --> 05:48:42,200 THE JOURNEY SO FAR. 9122 05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:44,720 IF I DID THE SLIDE WOULD HAVE 9123 05:48:44,720 --> 05:48:46,480 BEEN FILLED UP BUT OF COURSE IT 9124 05:48:46,480 --> 05:48:49,040 WAS NOT ALL GLORY DURING THE 9125 05:48:49,040 --> 05:48:49,800 JOURNEY. 9126 05:48:49,800 --> 05:48:53,120 IT'S NEVER LIKE THAT THERE WERE 9127 05:48:53,120 --> 05:48:59,080 A LOT OF FAILURES, A LOT MORE 9128 05:48:59,080 --> 05:49:06,160 THAN I HAD EVER HOPED BUT FACED 9129 05:49:06,160 --> 05:49:08,000 REJECTION FROM JOURNALS AND NOT 9130 05:49:08,000 --> 05:49:10,200 ALWAYS SUCCESS IN DIFFERENT 9131 05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:11,240 RESEARCH ENDEAVORS AND NOW I 9132 05:49:11,240 --> 05:49:15,080 FEEL DIFFERENT CORNERS OF THESE 9133 05:49:15,080 --> 05:49:16,960 BUILDING SHARE TRIUMPHS AND 9134 05:49:16,960 --> 05:49:18,960 FAILURES WITH ME BUT WHAT WAS 9135 05:49:18,960 --> 05:49:23,360 MOST IMPORTANT WAS MY MENTORS 9136 05:49:23,360 --> 05:49:26,360 AND AT ALL CORNERS WITH ME AND 9137 05:49:26,360 --> 05:49:29,120 HELPED ME LEARN TO HANDLE THE 9138 05:49:29,120 --> 05:49:30,640 FAILURES AND TO ACCEPT THEM AS 9139 05:49:30,640 --> 05:49:31,960 PARTS OF MY LIFE. 9140 05:49:31,960 --> 05:49:35,360 THEY ASSURED ME THIS HAPPENED TO 9141 05:49:35,360 --> 05:49:39,680 EVERYONE EVEN THE BEST ONES AND 9142 05:49:39,680 --> 05:49:41,040 HAVE FACED WORSE. 9143 05:49:41,040 --> 05:49:46,160 I'M SURE THEY WERE EXAGGERATING 9144 05:49:46,160 --> 05:49:50,320 A LOT IT WAS COMFORTING TO HEAR. 9145 05:49:50,320 --> 05:49:52,280 I THINK THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS 9146 05:49:52,280 --> 05:49:55,120 HOW TO HANDLE FAILURES AND MORE 9147 05:49:55,120 --> 05:49:56,720 IMPORTANTLY HOW TO LEARN FROM 9148 05:49:56,720 --> 05:49:57,000 THEM. 9149 05:49:57,000 --> 05:49:59,720 WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY IS 9150 05:49:59,720 --> 05:50:01,200 THERE'LL BE SURPRISES AT EVERY 9151 05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:02,360 CORNER. 9152 05:50:02,360 --> 05:50:03,960 OFTEN MANY OF THOSE SURPRISES 9153 05:50:03,960 --> 05:50:07,960 WILL NOT BE THE GOOD ONES BUT 9154 05:50:07,960 --> 05:50:09,960 EITHER WAY TLA THERE WILL ALWAYS 9155 05:50:09,960 --> 05:50:11,800 BE PEOPLE AROUND WITH MORE 9156 05:50:11,800 --> 05:50:13,200 EXPERIENCES AND WAY MORE 9157 05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:15,960 EXPERIENCES THAN YOU SO YOU CAN 9158 05:50:15,960 --> 05:50:17,680 LEARN FROM THEM AND HANDLE THE 9159 05:50:17,680 --> 05:50:18,840 FAILURES AND MOVE ON WITH YOUR 9160 05:50:18,840 --> 05:50:20,320 LIFE. 9161 05:50:20,320 --> 05:50:22,480 OF COUR THERE'S LOTS OF LESSONS 9162 05:50:22,480 --> 05:50:25,840 WE GET TO LEARN ON THE JOB WHICH 9163 05:50:25,840 --> 05:50:28,760 ARE HARDLY EVER TAUGHT IN THE 9164 05:50:28,760 --> 05:50:32,600 SCHOOLS AS PART OF OUR 9165 05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:32,920 CURRICULUM. 9166 05:50:32,920 --> 05:50:33,920 MANY ARE LIKE ORGANIZE SKILLS 9167 05:50:33,920 --> 05:50:36,480 AND TIME MANAGEMENT, DISCIPLINE, 9168 05:50:36,480 --> 05:50:39,000 PERSEVERANCE AND I CAN GO ON AND 9169 05:50:39,000 --> 05:50:39,160 ON. 9170 05:50:39,160 --> 05:50:42,760 WE ALL GET TO LEARN THAT 9171 05:50:42,760 --> 05:50:44,360 THROUGHOUT OUR LIFE WITH OUR 9172 05:50:44,360 --> 05:50:47,080 PEERS AND WE CAN TRY TO ADAPT IN 9173 05:50:47,080 --> 05:50:54,520 OUR LIVES AS WELL. 9174 05:50:54,520 --> 05:50:55,840 WHAT I REALIZED WE HAVE SO MUCH 9175 05:50:55,840 --> 05:50:58,480 TO LEARN FROM AND I GET INSPIRED 9176 05:50:58,480 --> 05:50:59,200 FROM EVERYONE AND A BELIEVE 9177 05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:00,440 THERE'S SO MUCH FOR ME TO LEARN, 9178 05:51:00,440 --> 05:51:03,520 ADAPT AND APPLY. 9179 05:51:03,520 --> 05:51:07,840 I REALLY WISH THERE WAS A 9180 05:51:07,840 --> 05:51:09,760 FORMULA TO BE MORE PRODUCTIVE. 9181 05:51:09,760 --> 05:51:11,760 I WISH I HAD SOMETHING I COULD 9182 05:51:11,760 --> 05:51:14,600 SHARE WITH ALL OF YOU THAT ARE 9183 05:51:14,600 --> 05:51:18,000 UNIQUE, DIFFERENT AND EFFECTIVE 9184 05:51:18,000 --> 05:51:21,920 BUT AT THIS MOMENT I HAVE TO 9185 05:51:21,920 --> 05:51:23,000 LEARN SO MUCH MORE AND WHAT I 9186 05:51:23,000 --> 05:51:24,640 HAVE RIGHT NOW ARE THE BUILDINGS 9187 05:51:24,640 --> 05:51:26,120 FULL OF MEMORIES. 9188 05:51:26,120 --> 05:51:30,160 ALL OF YOU, ESPECIALLY THE 9189 05:51:30,160 --> 05:51:34,040 POSTDOCS, PRE DOCS, POST-BACS, I 9190 05:51:34,040 --> 05:51:36,720 WISH YOU WELL IN YOUR FUTURE, 9191 05:51:36,720 --> 05:51:38,000 HOPEFULLY YOU'LL GATHER A LOT OF 9192 05:51:38,000 --> 05:51:40,000 MEMORIES LIKE I DID. 9193 05:51:40,000 --> 05:51:44,720 HOPEFULLY WE'LL MEET IN THE 9194 05:51:44,720 --> 05:51:47,600 FUTURE IN PERSON ON SOME OTHER 9195 05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:50,240 OCCASION IN ANOTHER MOMENT. 9196 05:51:50,240 --> 05:51:54,040 I CAN THANK ALL MY PEERS AND 9197 05:51:54,040 --> 05:51:55,840 FELLOW INVESTIGATORS AND MANY 9198 05:51:55,840 --> 05:51:57,360 THANKS TO ALL OF YOU. 9199 05:51:57,360 --> 05:52:05,720 THANK YOU. 9200 05:52:05,720 --> 05:52:07,560 >>THANK YOU FOR SHARING YOUR 9201 05:52:07,560 --> 05:52:08,320 FASCINATING JOURNEY WITH US. 9202 05:52:08,320 --> 05:52:11,120 NEXT WE'LL HAVE THE PLEASURE OF 9203 05:52:11,120 --> 05:52:14,040 HEARING FROM DR. SONYA TANG 9204 05:52:14,040 --> 05:52:14,960 GIRDWOOD. 9205 05:52:14,960 --> 05:52:17,440 SHE IS CURRENTLY AN ASSISTANT 9206 05:52:17,440 --> 05:52:18,800 PROFESSOR IN THE DIVISION OF 9207 05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:22,280 HOSPITAL MEDICINE AND CLINICAL 9208 05:52:22,280 --> 05:52:22,880 PHARMACOLOGY AT CINCINNATI 9209 05:52:22,880 --> 05:52:23,560 CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL 9210 05:52:23,560 --> 05:52:23,800 CENTER. 9211 05:52:23,800 --> 05:52:25,960 IN HER FIRST YEAR ON THE 9212 05:52:25,960 --> 05:52:30,680 FACULTY, SHE RECEIVED A K12 9213 05:52:30,680 --> 05:52:34,400 NICHD CAREER DEVELOPMENT AWARD 9214 05:52:34,400 --> 05:52:35,240 TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP 9215 05:52:35,240 --> 05:52:39,280 BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE 9216 05:52:39,280 --> 05:52:41,520 KIDNEY INJURY USING NOVEL 9217 05:52:41,520 --> 05:52:42,080 BIOMARKERS. 9218 05:52:42,080 --> 05:52:46,240 SHE RECEIVED HER M.D. AND Ph.D. 9219 05:52:46,240 --> 05:52:47,160 AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 9220 05:52:47,160 --> 05:52:49,240 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND COMPLETED 9221 05:52:49,240 --> 05:52:52,360 HER CHIEF RESIDENCY AT THE SAME 9222 05:52:52,360 --> 05:52:54,800 HOSPITAL WHERE SHE IS NOW BASED. 9223 05:52:54,800 --> 05:52:56,880 AFTER RESIDENCY SHE STAYED IN 9224 05:52:56,880 --> 05:53:00,840 CINCINNATI FOR HER FELLOWSHIP 9225 05:53:00,840 --> 05:53:04,880 AND T32 NICHD PEDIATRIC CLINICAL 9226 05:53:04,880 --> 05:53:10,840 PHARMACOLOGY FELLOWSHIP. 9227 05:53:10,840 --> 05:53:13,400 WELCOME DR. TANG GIRDWOOD. 9228 05:53:13,400 --> 05:53:16,240 >>THANK YOU TO DR. BIANCHI AND 9229 05:53:16,240 --> 05:53:17,520 NICHD FOR GIVING ME THIS 9230 05:53:17,520 --> 05:53:19,120 OPPORTUNITY TO BE ON THIS 9231 05:53:19,120 --> 05:53:20,400 WONDERFUL PANEL. 9232 05:53:20,400 --> 05:53:26,000 AS DR. GREWAL SAID I'M AN 9233 05:53:26,000 --> 05:53:27,080 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT 9234 05:53:27,080 --> 05:53:27,960 CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOME AND A 9235 05:53:27,960 --> 05:53:31,080 PHYSICIAN AND RESEARCHER 9236 05:53:31,080 --> 05:53:33,440 PRIMARILY STUDYING ANTIBIOTICS 9237 05:53:33,440 --> 05:53:34,640 IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN. 9238 05:53:34,640 --> 05:53:39,360 YOU'LL SEE MY TWITTER CON INFO 9239 05:53:39,360 --> 05:53:43,680 ON THE SLIDE AND FEEL FREE TO 9240 05:53:43,680 --> 05:53:44,280 CONTACT ME THROUGH TWITTER. 9241 05:53:44,280 --> 05:53:47,120 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT MY CAREER 9242 05:53:47,120 --> 05:53:48,720 PATH IN HIGH SCHOOL I THOUGHT I 9243 05:53:48,720 --> 05:53:54,640 WANTED TO BE A MEDICAL DOCTOR. 9244 05:53:54,640 --> 05:53:56,880 I'D APPLIED TO THE PROGRAMS AND 9245 05:53:56,880 --> 05:53:58,360 FORTUNATE TO NOT HAVE BEEN 9246 05:53:58,360 --> 05:53:59,920 ACCEPTED BECAUSE I DON'T THINK I 9247 05:53:59,920 --> 05:54:01,040 WANTED TO GO INTO MEDICINE FOR 9248 05:54:01,040 --> 05:54:06,040 THE RIGHT REASONS AT THAT TIME. 9249 05:54:06,040 --> 05:54:08,960 INSTEAD I WENT TO M.I.T. WHERE 9250 05:54:08,960 --> 05:54:11,080 THE MAJORITY OF STUDENTS PURSUE 9251 05:54:11,080 --> 05:54:13,960 RESEARCH AND GIVEN FUNDING TO DO 9252 05:54:13,960 --> 05:54:14,480 SO. 9253 05:54:14,480 --> 05:54:20,320 I MOVED IN A BIO AND ORGANIC 9254 05:54:20,320 --> 05:54:21,520 CHEMISTRY LAB AND THOUGHT I'D 9255 05:54:21,520 --> 05:54:23,920 APPLY TO GRAD SCHOOL FOR A PH.D. 9256 05:54:23,920 --> 05:54:25,160 FORTUNATELY TOWARDS THE END OF 9257 05:54:25,160 --> 05:54:28,560 MY JUNIOR YEAR I LEARNED ABOUT 9258 05:54:28,560 --> 05:54:30,800 THE MD Ph.D. PROGRAM AND I 9259 05:54:30,800 --> 05:54:33,320 REALIZED I WANTED MY RESEARCH TO 9260 05:54:33,320 --> 05:54:36,800 MAKE A DIRECT IMPACT ON PEOPLE 9261 05:54:36,800 --> 05:54:40,760 AND FOR ME IT WAS IMPORTANT TO 9262 05:54:40,760 --> 05:54:43,240 HAVE MEDICAL TRAINING SO MY CARE 9263 05:54:43,240 --> 05:54:45,880 COULD INFORM MY RESEARCH 9264 05:54:45,880 --> 05:54:46,160 QUESTIONS. 9265 05:54:46,160 --> 05:54:49,240 I WENT TO JOHNS HOPKINS SCHOOL 9266 05:54:49,240 --> 05:54:51,880 OF MEDICINE AND OBTAINED MY 9267 05:54:51,880 --> 05:54:53,640 Ph.D. IN BASIC SCIENCE 9268 05:54:53,640 --> 05:54:53,960 PHARMACOLOGY. 9269 05:54:53,960 --> 05:54:56,920 I LOVE PHARMACOLOGY. 9270 05:54:56,920 --> 05:55:01,520 IT COMBINES MY INTERESTS IN 9271 05:55:01,520 --> 05:55:03,200 CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY AND I 9272 05:55:03,200 --> 05:55:05,960 LEARNED A LOT DURING MY BASIC 9273 05:55:05,960 --> 05:55:08,480 SCIENCE RESEARCH AND I ALSO 9274 05:55:08,480 --> 05:55:10,600 REALIZED UNDER MY UNDERSTAND 9275 05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:12,280 THAT MAYBE BASIC SCIENCE WAS 9276 05:55:12,280 --> 05:55:13,800 QUITE MY PASSION. 9277 05:55:13,800 --> 05:55:17,720 BUT I WAS VERY UNFORTUNATE THAT 9278 05:55:17,720 --> 05:55:19,080 I DID LEARN ABOUT CLINICAL 9279 05:55:19,080 --> 05:55:21,120 PHARMACOLOGY WHICH IS A 9280 05:55:21,120 --> 05:55:21,880 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH 9281 05:55:21,880 --> 05:55:24,840 DISCIPLINE AND THOUGHT PERHAPS 9282 05:55:24,840 --> 05:55:25,960 THAT COULD BE A POTENTIAL 9283 05:55:25,960 --> 05:55:27,120 RESEARCH AREA FOR ME IN THE 9284 05:55:27,120 --> 05:55:31,480 FUTURE BUT BY THE TIME I 9285 05:55:31,480 --> 05:55:35,560 GRADUATED MEDICAL SCHOOL I STILL 9286 05:55:35,560 --> 05:55:37,360 HADN'T HAD ANY EXPERIENCE WITH 9287 05:55:37,360 --> 05:55:39,400 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 9288 05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:42,800 I WENT ON TO CINCINNATI 9289 05:55:42,800 --> 05:55:43,800 CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER AND I 9290 05:55:43,800 --> 05:55:46,360 DID A FULL THREE YEARS OF 9291 05:55:46,360 --> 05:55:47,360 CLINICAL TIME. 9292 05:55:47,360 --> 05:55:50,200 THIS MEANS I DIDN'T DO ANY OF 9293 05:55:50,200 --> 05:55:54,840 THE ACCELERATED OR INTEGRATIVE 9294 05:55:54,840 --> 05:55:59,680 RESEARCH PATHS, I DIDN'T KNOW 9295 05:55:59,680 --> 05:56:02,880 WHAT I WANTED TO SPECIALIZE IN 9296 05:56:02,880 --> 05:56:06,120 AND UNFORTUNATELY I DID HAVE 9297 05:56:06,120 --> 05:56:08,480 OPPORTUNITY TO ENGAGE IN 9298 05:56:08,480 --> 05:56:11,000 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH 9299 05:56:11,000 --> 05:56:13,200 AND ABLE TO STUDY DIFFERENT 9300 05:56:13,200 --> 05:56:15,600 DRUGS IN CLINICALLY ILL CHILDREN 9301 05:56:15,600 --> 05:56:20,840 AND SEEING MY RESEARCH HAVE AN 9302 05:56:20,840 --> 05:56:23,840 IMPACT AND I DECIDED I WOULD DO 9303 05:56:23,840 --> 05:56:25,880 A CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 9304 05:56:25,880 --> 05:56:28,720 FELLOWSHIP WITH A CLINICAL 9305 05:56:28,720 --> 05:56:30,080 FELLOWSHIP. 9306 05:56:30,080 --> 05:56:32,120 BEFORE GOING ON TO THE 9307 05:56:32,120 --> 05:56:36,320 FELLOWSHIP I A YEAR OF CHIEF 9308 05:56:36,320 --> 05:56:44,480 RESIDENCY WHICH IS NOT A TYPICAL 9309 05:56:44,480 --> 05:56:44,760 PATH. 9310 05:56:44,760 --> 05:56:46,400 I CHOSE TO DO THE CHIEF 9311 05:56:46,400 --> 05:56:48,720 RESIDENCY BECAUSE I WANTED TO 9312 05:56:48,720 --> 05:56:50,120 DEVELOP MY SKILLS IN TEACHING 9313 05:56:50,120 --> 05:56:51,320 LEARNERS AND LEARN ABOUT THE 9314 05:56:51,320 --> 05:56:53,160 ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS OF 9315 05:56:53,160 --> 05:56:56,320 A HOSPITAL. 9316 05:56:56,320 --> 05:56:59,080 I WAS FORTUNATE IN THAT YEAR OF 9317 05:56:59,080 --> 05:57:01,520 CHIEF RESIDENCY I WAS EXPOSED TO 9318 05:57:01,520 --> 05:57:02,880 MANY TYPES OF RESEARCH INCLUDING 9319 05:57:02,880 --> 05:57:07,120 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, MEDICAL 9320 05:57:07,120 --> 05:57:08,320 EDUCATION AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 9321 05:57:08,320 --> 05:57:12,440 ALL OF WHICH I HAD NEVER 9322 05:57:12,440 --> 05:57:13,640 EXPERIENCED BEFORE AND IT 9323 05:57:13,640 --> 05:57:17,800 ALLOWED ME TO BE A WELL-ROUNDED 9324 05:57:17,800 --> 05:57:20,200 REASONER TO WORK IN DIFFERENT 9325 05:57:20,200 --> 05:57:21,000 DISCIPLINES. 9326 05:57:21,000 --> 05:57:24,840 I THOSE MY FELLOWSHIP TO BE IN 9327 05:57:24,840 --> 05:57:28,720 MEDICINE WHERE WE TAKE CARE OF 9328 05:57:28,720 --> 05:57:30,800 CHILDREN WITH PEDIATRIC ISSUES 9329 05:57:30,800 --> 05:57:33,520 AND ALSO WITH HIGH MEDICAL 9330 05:57:33,520 --> 05:57:34,800 COMPLEXITY WHO HAVE INVOLVEMENT 9331 05:57:34,800 --> 05:57:39,600 ON MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES AND 9332 05:57:39,600 --> 05:57:42,840 SPECIAL AND I COMBINED MY 9333 05:57:42,840 --> 05:57:44,400 FELLOWSHIP WITH ANOTHER 9334 05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:48,120 FELLOWSHIP THROUGH A T32 PROGRAM 9335 05:57:48,120 --> 05:57:51,760 AND FOUND THE FOUNDATION IN MY 9336 05:57:51,760 --> 05:57:54,960 RESEARCH PROGRAM IN PHARMACO 9337 05:57:54,960 --> 05:57:56,880 DYNAMICS IN CRITICALLY ILL 9338 05:57:56,880 --> 05:57:57,880 CHILDREN. 9339 05:57:57,880 --> 05:57:59,680 I WAS ABLE TO STAY ON FOR A 9340 05:57:59,680 --> 05:58:01,240 FACULTY AND MY FIRST TWO YEARS 9341 05:58:01,240 --> 05:58:06,320 WERE FUNDED BY AN NICHD K-12 9342 05:58:06,320 --> 05:58:11,080 DEVELOPMENT AWARD TO BEGIN 9343 05:58:11,080 --> 05:58:12,880 BUILDING MY PROGRAM. 9344 05:58:12,880 --> 05:58:14,640 AND I'M PROUD TO SAY I 9345 05:58:14,640 --> 05:58:18,720 TRANSITIONED FROM A K TO AN R 9346 05:58:18,720 --> 05:58:23,520 AND FUNDED THROUGH THE R35. 9347 05:58:23,520 --> 05:58:26,520 I SHOW YOU THIS TIME LINE SO YOU 9348 05:58:26,520 --> 05:58:29,560 KNOW MY CREDENTIALS OR WHERE I 9349 05:58:29,560 --> 05:58:31,320 TRAIN BUT TO SEE THE AMOUNT OF 9350 05:58:31,320 --> 05:58:33,480 TIME IT TOOK FOR ME BETWEEN 9351 05:58:33,480 --> 05:58:36,840 KNOWING THAT I WANTED TO SUR SUE 9352 05:58:36,840 --> 05:58:39,280 KIENTS AND MED SIP -- OF 9353 05:58:43,560 --> 05:58:45,320 AND DURING THE 20 YEARS I 9354 05:58:45,320 --> 05:58:46,320 CONSTANTLY QUESTION WHAT I 9355 05:58:46,320 --> 05:58:48,720 WANTED TO DO WITH ANY CAREER AS 9356 05:58:48,720 --> 05:58:50,560 YOU HEARD, TRYING OUT DIFFERENT 9357 05:58:50,560 --> 05:58:54,840 PATHS AND ULTIMATELY REFINING MY 9358 05:58:54,840 --> 05:58:56,360 CAREER MISSION. 9359 05:58:56,360 --> 05:58:59,520 ONE OF THE MAIN TAKEAWAYS FROM 9360 05:58:59,520 --> 05:59:01,080 THE TALK IS WHEREVER YOU ARE IN 9361 05:59:01,080 --> 05:59:04,080 TRAINING, FINDING YOUR CAREER 9362 05:59:04,080 --> 05:59:06,840 PATH STARTS NOW BY FIGURING OUT 9363 05:59:06,840 --> 05:59:08,040 YOUR MISSION STATEMENT. 9364 05:59:08,040 --> 05:59:10,200 FOR ME, WHEN I STARTED 9365 05:59:10,200 --> 05:59:12,000 FELLOWSHIP I KNEW I WANTED 9366 05:59:12,000 --> 05:59:14,280 RESEARCH TO BE PART OF MY CLEAR. 9367 05:59:14,280 --> 05:59:16,920 I JUST HAD NO IDEA HOW MUCH. 9368 05:59:16,920 --> 05:59:21,120 I HAD DONE 100% RESEARCH TIME 9369 05:59:21,120 --> 05:59:23,040 AND DID CLINICAL TIME DURING MY 9370 05:59:23,040 --> 05:59:23,320 RESIDENCY. 9371 05:59:23,320 --> 05:59:24,880 THE FELLOWSHIP WAS A TIME FOR 9372 05:59:24,880 --> 05:59:29,600 KNOW FIGURE OUT IF I LIKED THE 9373 05:59:29,600 --> 05:59:32,120 75% RESEARCH, 25% CLINICAL SMITH 9374 05:59:32,120 --> 05:59:35,400 WHETHER I LIKED GRANT WRITING OR 9375 05:59:35,400 --> 05:59:37,800 DINING AND STUDYING AND MY 9376 05:59:37,800 --> 05:59:41,800 MISSION STATEMENT INVOLVED OVER 9377 05:59:41,800 --> 05:59:43,520 MY TIME DURING MY FELLOWSHIP 9378 05:59:43,520 --> 05:59:46,000 TIME AND AS I CHANGED MY CAREER. 9379 05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:49,120 SO WHEN I FIRST STARTED 9380 05:59:49,120 --> 05:59:53,240 FELLOWSHIP, MY MISSION STATEMENT 9381 05:59:53,240 --> 05:59:54,800 WAS PRETTY SAYING SAYING I 9382 05:59:54,800 --> 05:59:56,400 WANTED TO BE A PEDIATRIC 9383 05:59:56,400 --> 05:59:58,080 HOSPITALIST AND EDUCATOR AND 9384 05:59:58,080 --> 06:00:00,880 LOVED TEACHING AND WANTED TO BE 9385 06:00:00,880 --> 06:00:04,760 AN NIH FUNDED RESEARCH IN A 9386 06:00:04,760 --> 06:00:07,200 PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY FIELD. 9387 06:00:07,200 --> 06:00:14,360 I SHARED THING WITH MENTORS IN 9388 06:00:14,360 --> 06:00:17,000 WHAT I MEND IN LOVED TEACHING 9389 06:00:17,000 --> 06:00:23,560 AND WHETHER I WANTED TO PURSUE 9390 06:00:23,560 --> 06:00:26,160 MED ED RESEARCH AND I SAID 9391 06:00:26,160 --> 06:00:28,440 PROBABLY NOT AND KEEP THE 9392 06:00:28,440 --> 06:00:29,480 REFINING MY MISSION STATEMENT 9393 06:00:29,480 --> 06:00:39,200 AND I WANTED TO BE AN AM I 9394 06:00:39,200 --> 06:00:44,000 WANTED TO PROVIDE PERSONALIZED 9395 06:00:44,000 --> 06:00:44,800 MODELS OF THERAPEUTIC 9396 06:00:44,800 --> 06:00:45,560 HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN. 9397 06:00:45,560 --> 06:00:46,840 I USE THIS LONGER MISSION 9398 06:00:46,840 --> 06:00:48,840 STATEMENT TO WRITE MY RESEARCH 9399 06:00:48,840 --> 06:00:53,600 MISSION WHICH I SHARE DURING MY 9400 06:00:53,600 --> 06:00:54,880 SEARCH OF FACULTY POSITION 9401 06:00:54,880 --> 06:00:59,880 SAYING I WANTED TO OPTIMIZE THE 9402 06:00:59,880 --> 06:01:02,440 DELIVERY OF SAFE AND EFFECTIVE 9403 06:01:02,440 --> 06:01:04,520 MEDICATION TO IMPROVE CLINICAL 9404 06:01:04,520 --> 06:01:04,960 OUTCOMES. 9405 06:01:04,960 --> 06:01:08,040 I TRULY BELIEVE BY HAVING THIS 9406 06:01:08,040 --> 06:01:09,240 MISSION STATEMENT I SHARED WITH 9407 06:01:09,240 --> 06:01:11,640 OTHERS LED ME TO BE ABLE TO FIND 9408 06:01:11,640 --> 06:01:14,000 MY IDEAL FACULTY CHILDREN AT 9409 06:01:14,000 --> 06:01:14,440 CINCINNATI CHILDREN. 9410 06:01:14,440 --> 06:01:18,800 SO MY ADVICE TO LEARNERS AND 9411 06:01:18,800 --> 06:01:21,240 TRAINEES ARE TO WRITE OUT OUR 9412 06:01:21,240 --> 06:01:23,000 MISSION STATEMENT AND SHARE IT 9413 06:01:23,000 --> 06:01:25,840 WITH MENTORS, PEER MENTOR AND 9414 06:01:25,840 --> 06:01:27,840 FRIENDS AND FAMILIES AND REFINE 9415 06:01:27,840 --> 06:01:28,920 IT AS YOU GET MORE CLARITY ABOUT 9416 06:01:28,920 --> 06:01:32,120 WHAT YOU WANT. 9417 06:01:32,120 --> 06:01:34,160 I WOULD BE HIGHLY NEGLECT IF I 9418 06:01:34,160 --> 06:01:35,720 DIDN'T ACKNOWLEDGE IT TOOK A 9419 06:01:35,720 --> 06:01:39,200 VILLAGE TO GET ME TO WHERE I AM 9420 06:01:39,200 --> 06:01:39,440 NOW. 9421 06:01:39,440 --> 06:01:40,960 I DIDN'T FIGURE OUT MY MISSION 9422 06:01:40,960 --> 06:01:43,160 STATEMENT OR CAREER PATH ON MY 9423 06:01:43,160 --> 06:01:43,360 OWN. 9424 06:01:43,360 --> 06:01:45,560 SO I WANT TO SHARE WITH YOU THE 9425 06:01:45,560 --> 06:01:47,760 TYPES OF MENTORS IN MY LIFE THAT 9426 06:01:47,760 --> 06:01:49,520 HELP ME GET ON THE SPEAR. 9427 06:01:49,520 --> 06:01:53,720 FOR ALL OF US IN RESEARCH WE 9428 06:01:53,720 --> 06:01:55,560 KNOW WE NEED RESEARCH MENTORS IN 9429 06:01:55,560 --> 06:01:58,400 THE AREA OF STUDY WE WANT TO 9430 06:01:58,400 --> 06:01:58,920 PURSUE. 9431 06:01:58,920 --> 06:02:04,320 FOR ME, DR. TERI SHAPIRO WAS 9432 06:02:04,320 --> 06:02:07,760 INSTRUMENTAL IN HELPING ME FALL 9433 06:02:07,760 --> 06:02:11,120 IN LOVE WITH KARM PHARMACOLOGY 9434 06:02:11,120 --> 06:02:18,720 AND INTRODUCED ME TO CLINICALS 9435 06:02:18,720 --> 06:02:23,080 PHARMACOLOGY. 9436 06:02:23,080 --> 06:02:29,040 DR. SHAPIRO HELPS ME STUDY 9437 06:02:29,040 --> 06:02:33,800 MEDICATIONS IN CRITICALLY IL 9438 06:02:33,800 --> 06:02:34,080 CHILDREN. 9439 06:02:34,080 --> 06:02:36,880 DR. DONG AND MIZUNO TEACH ABOUT 9440 06:02:36,880 --> 06:02:38,600 METRICS AND AS MY RESEARCH HAS 9441 06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:42,200 CONTINUED TO GROW AND I'VE 9442 06:02:42,200 --> 06:02:46,280 EXPANDED TO THE FIELD OF KIDNEY 9443 06:02:46,280 --> 06:02:47,520 INJURY THEY'VE BEEN CONTACT 9444 06:02:47,520 --> 06:02:48,800 MENTORS IN THIS AREA. 9445 06:02:48,800 --> 06:02:50,760 IT WASN'T UNTIL FELLOWSHIP I 9446 06:02:50,760 --> 06:02:54,040 REALIZED I NEEDED MORE THAN JUST 9447 06:02:54,040 --> 06:02:55,080 SCHOLARLY CONTENT MACHINE BUT 9448 06:02:55,080 --> 06:02:57,320 CAREER MENTORS AND CAREER 9449 06:02:57,320 --> 06:02:59,360 SPONSORS. 9450 06:02:59,360 --> 06:03:01,320 FORECASTLY, PART OF FELLOWSHIP 9451 06:03:01,320 --> 06:03:05,440 WE ALSO AN FELLOWSHIP OVERSIGHT 9452 06:03:05,440 --> 06:03:10,480 COMMITTEE WHICH HAS DEVELOPED IN 9453 06:03:10,480 --> 06:03:15,920 THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT. 9454 06:03:15,920 --> 06:03:21,560 DR. SHAH AND BRADY HELP WITH 9455 06:03:21,560 --> 06:03:27,080 PRECIPITATION OUTSIDE THE 9456 06:03:27,080 --> 06:03:29,640 DIVISION AND I HAD A FEMALE 9457 06:03:29,640 --> 06:03:31,600 PHYSICIAN SCIENTIST WHO WAS A 9458 06:03:31,600 --> 06:03:32,480 FULL PROFESSOR WHO DOES CLINICAL 9459 06:03:32,480 --> 06:03:35,320 AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND A 9460 06:03:35,320 --> 06:03:38,600 ROLE MODEL I COULD LOOK UP TOE. 9461 06:03:38,600 --> 06:03:42,880 I HAVE REPRESENTATION OUT SIDE 9462 06:03:42,880 --> 06:03:44,320 OF MY INSTITUTION. 9463 06:03:44,320 --> 06:03:47,880 DR. DRIEST IS A PHARMACOLOGIST 9464 06:03:47,880 --> 06:03:51,680 AT VANDERBILT WHO CAN GIVE 9465 06:03:51,680 --> 06:03:53,560 ADVICE ON RESEARCH AND THIS 9466 06:03:53,560 --> 06:03:55,080 GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS HELPED 9467 06:03:55,080 --> 06:03:56,040 PROVIDE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES 9468 06:03:56,040 --> 06:03:58,120 AND HELPED ME WHEN I NEEDED TO 9469 06:03:58,120 --> 06:03:59,080 MAKE DIFFICULT DECISIONS WRONG 9470 06:03:59,080 --> 06:04:02,480 MY CAREER PATH. 9471 06:04:02,480 --> 06:04:04,960 FOR EXAMPLE, WHETHER I SHOULD 9472 06:04:04,960 --> 06:04:06,840 TAKE ON A CERTAIN LEADERSHIP 9473 06:04:06,840 --> 06:04:10,440 POSITION. 9474 06:04:10,440 --> 06:04:12,320 I THINK IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO 9475 06:04:12,320 --> 06:04:18,000 HAVE LIFE MENTORS AND ROLE 9476 06:04:18,000 --> 06:04:19,360 MODELS WHO ARE PEOPLE YOU AS 9477 06:04:19,360 --> 06:04:28,280 SPIRE TO BE IN ACADEMEA OR LIFE 9478 06:04:28,280 --> 06:04:29,320 >>THAT'S IMPORTANT TO HAVE A 9479 06:04:29,320 --> 06:04:31,440 FAMILY THAT IS SUPPORTIVE AND 9480 06:04:31,440 --> 06:04:33,000 UNDERSTAN 9481 06:04:33,000 --> 06:04:35,840 UNDERSTANDING SUCH AS WHEN A 9482 06:04:35,840 --> 06:04:38,680 GRANT IS DUE AND TO GROUND YOU 9483 06:04:38,680 --> 06:04:40,680 AND REMIND YOU THERE'S LIFE 9484 06:04:40,680 --> 06:04:42,320 OUTSIDE OF WORK. 9485 06:04:42,320 --> 06:04:46,480 WORK ON YOUR MISSION STATEMENT 9486 06:04:46,480 --> 06:04:48,120 AND USE THAT AS YOUR CAMPUS TO 9487 06:04:48,120 --> 06:04:49,520 GUIDE YOUR WAY FORWARD AND BUILD 9488 06:04:49,520 --> 06:04:53,480 A NETWORK OF MENTORS NOT JUST IN 9489 06:04:53,480 --> 06:04:56,440 YOUR CONTENT AREA BUT HAVING 9490 06:04:56,440 --> 06:04:57,120 PEOPLE SHOW YOU DIFFERENT CAREER 9491 06:04:57,120 --> 06:04:58,760 PATHS. 9492 06:04:58,760 --> 06:05:04,600 THANK YOU. 9493 06:05:04,600 --> 06:05:07,160 >>THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE 9494 06:05:07,160 --> 06:05:08,480 WITH THE TECHNICAL GLITCHES 9495 06:05:08,480 --> 06:05:09,480 ALONG THE WAY. 9496 06:05:09,480 --> 06:05:11,960 OUR FINAL SPEAKER THIS AFTERNOON 9497 06:05:11,960 --> 06:05:13,360 IS DR. CRYSTAL ROGERS. 9498 06:05:13,360 --> 06:05:15,560 DR. ROGERS IS CURRENTLY AN 9499 06:05:15,560 --> 06:05:17,480 ASSIST AND THE PROFESSOR IN THE 9500 06:05:17,480 --> 06:05:19,120 DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, 9501 06:05:19,120 --> 06:05:21,120 PHYSIOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY AT 9502 06:05:21,120 --> 06:05:26,760 THE U.C. DAVIS SCHOOL OF V 9503 06:05:26,760 --> 06:05:29,880 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND WAS AT 9504 06:05:29,880 --> 06:05:31,840 THE CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY 9505 06:05:31,840 --> 06:05:33,800 NORTHRIDGE WHERE SHE CREATED A 9506 06:05:33,800 --> 06:05:35,080 THRIVING UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH 9507 06:05:35,080 --> 06:05:36,200 PROGRAM IN DEVELOPMENTAL 9508 06:05:36,200 --> 06:05:36,400 BIOLOGY. 9509 06:05:36,400 --> 06:05:39,360 DR. ROGERS OBTAINED A BACHELOR 9510 06:05:39,360 --> 06:05:41,480 OF SCIENCE FROM UCLA AND Ph.D. 9511 06:05:41,480 --> 06:05:43,600 IN DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY FROM 9512 06:05:43,600 --> 06:05:44,840 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY. 9513 06:05:44,840 --> 06:05:49,400 SHE DID HER POST-DOCTORAL 9514 06:05:49,400 --> 06:05:51,520 TRAINING AT THE CALIFORNIA 9515 06:05:51,520 --> 06:05:52,520 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 9516 06:05:52,520 --> 06:05:53,640 DR. ROGERS, WELCOME AND THANK 9517 06:05:53,640 --> 06:05:57,720 YOU FOR BEING HERE. 9518 06:05:57,720 --> 06:05:59,640 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING 9519 06:05:59,640 --> 06:05:59,880 ME. 9520 06:05:59,880 --> 06:06:02,760 THAT WAS A PHENOMENAL 9521 06:06:02,760 --> 06:06:03,880 INTRODUCTION AND NOW I DON'T 9522 06:06:03,880 --> 06:06:05,600 FEEL I NEED TO SHOW ANY OF MY 9523 06:06:05,600 --> 06:06:07,800 SLIDES BUT I'LL SHOW THEM ANYWAY 9524 06:06:07,800 --> 06:06:11,200 BECAUSE THERE'S FUN PICTURES. 9525 06:06:11,200 --> 06:06:16,520 THANK YOU TO DR. BIANCHI FOR 9526 06:06:16,520 --> 06:06:17,800 PLANNING THIS AND FOR GIVING THE 9527 06:06:17,800 --> 06:06:22,880 ME OPPORTUNITY TO TALK ABOUT MY 9528 06:06:22,880 --> 06:06:23,160 JOURNEY. 9529 06:06:23,160 --> 06:06:24,880 I STOLE THE TITLE AS SOMEONE 9530 06:06:24,880 --> 06:06:25,920 SUGGESTED I SHOULD USE THE TITLE 9531 06:06:25,920 --> 06:06:28,760 AND I THOUGHT IT WAS A 9532 06:06:28,760 --> 06:06:29,080 PHENOMENAL. 9533 06:06:29,080 --> 06:06:30,760 I'M CRYSTAL ROGERS AND I'LL TELL 9534 06:06:30,760 --> 06:06:33,160 YOU ABOUT A CRYSTAL CLEAR VIEW 9535 06:06:33,160 --> 06:06:37,120 OF MY DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGY. 9536 06:06:37,120 --> 06:06:40,400 I'M ORIGINALLY FROM A TOWN IN 9537 06:06:40,400 --> 06:06:42,000 CALIFORNIA CALLED SANTA ROSA AND 9538 06:06:42,000 --> 06:06:44,880 GROWING UP I THOUGHT IT WAS A 9539 06:06:44,880 --> 06:06:46,840 SMALL TOWN BUT I WAS CORRECTED 9540 06:06:46,840 --> 06:06:48,640 AS A TRAVELED ACROSS THE 9541 06:06:48,640 --> 06:06:50,440 U.S. AND REALIZED IT'S A 9542 06:06:50,440 --> 06:06:51,680 MODERATELY SIZED CITY. 9543 06:06:51,680 --> 06:06:54,520 THIS IS ONE OF THE HUBS IN 9544 06:06:54,520 --> 06:06:55,400 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WINE COUNTRY 9545 06:06:55,400 --> 06:06:58,600 AND SANTA ROSA IS A BEAUTIFUL 9546 06:06:58,600 --> 06:07:00,240 TOWN BUT FOR THE MOST PART MOST 9547 06:07:00,240 --> 06:07:02,320 OF THE PEOPLE I KNEW THAT WERE 9548 06:07:02,320 --> 06:07:05,880 IN MY CIRCLE HAD NEVER BEEN TO 9549 06:07:05,880 --> 06:07:08,720 COLLEGE AND THERE ARE 9550 06:07:08,720 --> 06:07:09,880 WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 9551 06:07:09,880 --> 06:07:10,240 SURVIVING. 9552 06:07:10,240 --> 06:07:11,440 MY MOTHER WORKED AT THE UNITED 9553 06:07:11,440 --> 06:07:13,400 STATES POST OFFICE AND DID NOT 9554 06:07:13,400 --> 06:07:16,120 ATTEND COLLEGE AND MY DAD DID 9555 06:07:16,120 --> 06:07:17,480 NOT GROW UP FROM COLLEGE AND 9556 06:07:17,480 --> 06:07:21,440 GREW UP IN A SINGLE PARENT 9557 06:07:21,440 --> 06:07:23,360 HOUSEHOLD WITH THE IDEA THAT 9558 06:07:23,360 --> 06:07:24,280 WORKING HARD IS IMPORTANT AND 9559 06:07:24,280 --> 06:07:25,280 YOU WORK HARD TO GET WHAT YOU 9560 06:07:25,280 --> 06:07:27,080 NEED AND WORKING IS ALL YOU DID 9561 06:07:27,080 --> 06:07:28,320 AND YOU DID IT BECAUSE YOU HAD 9562 06:07:28,320 --> 06:07:30,760 TO UNTIL YOU DIED WHICH IS A 9563 06:07:30,760 --> 06:07:33,800 LITTLE BIT OF A BUMMER. 9564 06:07:33,800 --> 06:07:36,240 AND I DIDN'T KNOW ANYBODY WITH A 9565 06:07:36,240 --> 06:07:37,960 WHITE COLLAR JOB WHERE IT'S A 9566 06:07:37,960 --> 06:07:40,880 CAREER AND YOU CHOSE THE PATH. 9567 06:07:40,880 --> 06:07:42,760 EVERYONE I KNEW WAS WORKING 9568 06:07:42,760 --> 06:07:43,840 THEMSELVES TO THE BONE TO 9569 06:07:43,840 --> 06:07:44,080 ADVISER. 9570 06:07:44,080 --> 06:07:46,320 I DIDN'T HAVE A LOT OF GUIDANCE 9571 06:07:46,320 --> 06:07:47,000 ON MY JOURNEY. 9572 06:07:47,000 --> 06:07:50,440 I DID WELL IN HIGH SCHOOL AND 9573 06:07:50,440 --> 06:07:51,640 GOT STRAIGHT As AND LOVED SCHOOL 9574 06:07:51,640 --> 06:07:53,720 AND LOVED THE STRUCTURE OF 9575 06:07:53,720 --> 06:07:54,760 SCHOOL BECAUSE I WAS COMING FROM 9576 06:07:54,760 --> 06:07:57,320 A HOME IN DISARRAY, WE'LL SAY. 9577 06:07:57,320 --> 06:07:59,120 AND SO WHEN I APPLIED TO 9578 06:07:59,120 --> 06:08:01,080 COLLEGES AN APPLIED TO THREE 9579 06:08:01,080 --> 06:08:02,440 UNIVERSITIES BECAUSE THAT WAS 9580 06:08:02,440 --> 06:08:04,680 ALL THAT I KNEW. 9581 06:08:04,680 --> 06:08:11,240 I THOUGHT THAT'S WHAT YOU DID. 9582 06:08:11,240 --> 06:08:14,760 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN 9583 06:08:14,760 --> 06:08:16,840 DIEGO AND BERKELEY UNIVERSITY 9584 06:08:16,840 --> 06:08:19,640 AND UCLA AND I GOT INTO ALL 9585 06:08:19,640 --> 06:08:21,640 THREE AND I WAS EXCITED. 9586 06:08:21,640 --> 06:08:22,840 NOT KNOWING ANYTHING ABOUT 9587 06:08:22,840 --> 06:08:24,080 COLLEGE RANKINGS OR TOWNS 9588 06:08:24,080 --> 06:08:26,760 BECAUSE I HAD NOT BEEN OUT OF 9589 06:08:26,760 --> 06:08:28,640 SANTA ROSA I CHOSE UCLA BECAUSE 9590 06:08:28,640 --> 06:08:31,960 AT THE TIME THEY HAD THIS 9591 06:08:31,960 --> 06:08:33,400 AMAZING BASKETBALL TEAM IN THE 9592 06:08:33,400 --> 06:08:34,080 '90s. 9593 06:08:34,080 --> 06:08:37,880 THEY WERE PHENOMENAL THE BANDON 9594 06:08:37,880 --> 06:08:39,240 BROTHERS AND I WAS A BASKETBALL 9595 06:08:39,240 --> 06:08:41,680 PLAYER IN HIGH SCHOOL AND I WAS 9596 06:08:41,680 --> 06:08:43,760 ENAMORED WITH THIS TEAM AND KNEW 9597 06:08:43,760 --> 06:08:45,240 IT WAS A GOOD SCHOOL SO I WENT 9598 06:08:45,240 --> 06:08:49,960 THERE AND I GOT THERE WITHOUT 9599 06:08:49,960 --> 06:08:51,560 THE IDEA OF HAVING ANY IDEA WHAT 9600 06:08:51,560 --> 06:08:52,320 I WAS DOING. 9601 06:08:52,320 --> 06:08:57,760 I DIDN'T HAVE A TON OF GUIDANCE 9602 06:08:57,760 --> 06:09:01,840 AND MY MOM WANTED THE BEST FOR 9603 06:09:01,840 --> 06:09:03,800 ME AND WHAT I WAS TAKING WITH ME 9604 06:09:03,800 --> 06:09:06,760 WAS GRIT AND STUBBORNNESS AND 9605 06:09:06,760 --> 06:09:09,120 DETERMINATION AND AMBITION. 9606 06:09:09,120 --> 06:09:11,960 WHEN I GOT TO UCLA IT WAS A 9607 06:09:11,960 --> 06:09:14,720 SHOCK, A CULTURE SHOCK. 9608 06:09:14,720 --> 06:09:19,000 LOS ANGELES WAS VERY DIFFERENT 9609 06:09:19,000 --> 06:09:22,760 FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND 9610 06:09:22,760 --> 06:09:28,600 [NO AUDIO] 9611 06:09:28,600 --> 06:09:30,480 AND IT TURNS OUT I DIDN'T KNOW 9612 06:09:30,480 --> 06:09:31,240 HOW TO LEARN. 9613 06:09:31,240 --> 06:09:34,760 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO STUDY. 9614 06:09:34,760 --> 06:09:36,880 I DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO COMPETE AT 9615 06:09:36,880 --> 06:09:42,280 THE COLLEGE LEVEL ACADEMICALLY. 9616 06:09:42,280 --> 06:09:46,760 AND MY MAJOR WAS ORGANISMAL 9617 06:09:46,760 --> 06:09:48,520 BIOLOGY AND I LOVED SCIENCE 9618 06:09:48,520 --> 06:09:50,760 GROWING UP AND AT THE TIME I 9619 06:09:50,760 --> 06:09:51,960 THOUGHT IF YOU LOVE SCIENCE YOU 9620 06:09:51,960 --> 06:09:56,200 BECOME A MEDICAL DOCTOR SO I WAS 9621 06:09:56,200 --> 06:10:00,240 ORIGINALLY PRE MED AT UCLA BUT 9622 06:10:00,240 --> 06:10:02,400 IT TURNS OUT I LIKED ANIMAL 9623 06:10:02,400 --> 06:10:03,640 BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY AND 9624 06:10:03,640 --> 06:10:06,040 EVOLUTION CLASSES AND THOSE ARE 9625 06:10:06,040 --> 06:10:09,040 THE CLASSES IN WHICH I THRIVED 9626 06:10:09,040 --> 06:10:10,640 AND THOSE DON'T PREP YOU FOR 9627 06:10:10,640 --> 06:10:11,680 MEDICAL SCHOOL AND I WAS IN 9628 06:10:11,680 --> 06:10:13,680 SCHOOL WITH STUDENTS THAT WERE 9629 06:10:13,680 --> 06:10:17,280 PRE MED AND THEY WERE PRETTY 9630 06:10:17,280 --> 06:10:17,520 MISERABLE. 9631 06:10:17,520 --> 06:10:18,320 THEY WERE KILLING THEMSELVES FOR 9632 06:10:18,320 --> 06:10:20,320 THE GRADES AND ALL THEY DID WAS 9633 06:10:20,320 --> 06:10:23,320 STUDY AND KNOWN OF THAT WAS 9634 06:10:23,320 --> 06:10:26,840 ANYTHING THAT SOUNDED LIKE MY 9635 06:10:26,840 --> 06:10:27,120 PATH. 9636 06:10:27,120 --> 06:10:30,680 SO I STARTED FOCUSSING ON 9637 06:10:30,680 --> 06:10:34,200 ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND BIOLOGY 9638 06:10:34,200 --> 06:10:36,200 AND ENJOYED THE CLASSES AND I 9639 06:10:36,200 --> 06:10:41,400 HAD A GPA NOT COMPETITIVE FOR 9640 06:10:41,400 --> 06:10:45,080 VOLUNTEER SPOTS IN LABS AND 9641 06:10:45,080 --> 06:10:46,760 DIDN'T DO RESEARCH AS AN NEW 9642 06:10:46,760 --> 06:10:50,920 JERSEY OF UNDERGRADUATE AND TO 9643 06:10:50,920 --> 06:10:52,640 VOLUNTEER IN A LAB THEY EXPECTED 9644 06:10:52,640 --> 06:10:57,080 A 3.5 OR ABOVE AND IN ADDITION I 9645 06:10:57,080 --> 06:10:58,760 DIDN'T HAVE ABILITY TO 9646 06:10:58,760 --> 06:10:59,000 VOLUNTEER. 9647 06:10:59,000 --> 06:11:00,840 I NEEDED MONEY. 9648 06:11:00,840 --> 06:11:02,280 I NEEDED A JOB. 9649 06:11:02,280 --> 06:11:04,000 I WORKED TWO PART-TIME JOBS. 9650 06:11:04,000 --> 06:11:07,480 I WORKED AS A CLERICAL ASSISTANT 9651 06:11:07,480 --> 06:11:10,040 FOR A NEUROSURGEON FOR THE 9652 06:11:10,040 --> 06:11:12,000 MEDICAL CENTER AND WORKED AS A 9653 06:11:12,000 --> 06:11:14,280 VET TECH FOR A VETERINARIAN AND 9654 06:11:14,280 --> 06:11:16,520 THAT WAS THE POINT AT WHICH I 9655 06:11:16,520 --> 06:11:19,400 THOUGHT MAYBE I'LL BECOME A 9656 06:11:19,400 --> 06:11:20,480 VETERINARIAN. 9657 06:11:20,480 --> 06:11:22,760 IT'S COOL AND IT'S CLINICAL AND 9658 06:11:22,760 --> 06:11:26,640 LOVED ANIMALS BUT I WAS INFORMED 9659 06:11:26,640 --> 06:11:29,320 MY 3.0 WOULDN'T GET IT SO I HAD 9660 06:11:29,320 --> 06:11:30,760 TO RETHINK MY PATH AND DIDN'T 9661 06:11:30,760 --> 06:11:33,600 KNOW WHAT I WANTED TO DO. 9662 06:11:33,600 --> 06:11:35,560 I WAS IN COLLEGE AND I WAS 9663 06:11:35,560 --> 06:11:36,200 ENJOYING MY TIME. 9664 06:11:36,200 --> 06:11:41,240 YOU SEE THE PICTURE OF ME BEING 9665 06:11:41,240 --> 06:11:44,440 YOUNG AND HAVING FUN IN MY TINY 9666 06:11:44,440 --> 06:11:45,600 KID SIZED UCLA T-SHIRT, GO 9667 06:11:45,600 --> 06:11:47,240 FIGURE, I DIDN'T HAVE A FOCUS. 9668 06:11:47,240 --> 06:11:50,960 I GRADUATED AND I DID OKAY AND I 9669 06:11:50,960 --> 06:11:52,000 STILL LOVED BIOLOGY BUT I DIDN'T 9670 06:11:52,000 --> 06:11:53,760 KNOW WHAT TO DO AFTER THAT SO 9671 06:11:53,760 --> 06:11:55,520 WHEN I GRADUATED WHAT I DECIDED 9672 06:11:55,520 --> 06:11:58,520 TO DO WAS GET A JOB. 9673 06:11:58,520 --> 06:12:01,520 I WORKED FOR THE SAME 9674 06:12:01,520 --> 06:12:04,480 NEUROSURGEON BUT NOW HE WAS AT 9675 06:12:04,480 --> 06:12:06,520 CEDAR SINAI AND I DIDN'T FEEL MY 9676 06:12:06,520 --> 06:12:09,720 CAREER WAS TAKING ME ANYWHERE 9677 06:12:09,720 --> 06:12:12,760 BECAUSE I WAS BASICALLY AN 9678 06:12:12,760 --> 06:12:14,200 ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT AND/OR 9679 06:12:14,200 --> 06:12:16,280 PERSONAL ASSISTANT AND WHAT DID 9680 06:12:16,280 --> 06:12:17,600 YOU DO IF YOU'RE NOT IN SCIENCE 9681 06:12:17,600 --> 06:12:19,160 AND SINCE I DIDN'T HAVE ANYBODY 9682 06:12:19,160 --> 06:12:22,240 TO GUIDE ME I FLOATED AND HOPED 9683 06:12:22,240 --> 06:12:23,120 SOMETHING WOULD HELP ME MAKE A 9684 06:12:23,120 --> 06:12:24,560 DECISION AND THIS WAS THE POINT 9685 06:12:24,560 --> 06:12:26,320 AT WHICH I DECIDED I WOULD APPLY 9686 06:12:26,320 --> 06:12:27,400 TO GRADUATE SCHOOL. 9687 06:12:27,400 --> 06:12:28,440 AT THE TIME I DIDN'T KNOW THE 9688 06:12:28,440 --> 06:12:30,840 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MASTER'S 9689 06:12:30,840 --> 06:12:32,640 DEGREE OR A Ph.D. AND I 9690 06:12:32,640 --> 06:12:34,520 WASN'T -- I THINK I DIDN'T WANT 9691 06:12:34,520 --> 06:12:36,560 TO ADMIT THESE THINGS SO I 9692 06:12:36,560 --> 06:12:38,720 DIDN'T ASK ANYBODY AND APPLIED 9693 06:12:38,720 --> 06:12:42,760 TO THREE GRADUATE SCHOOL, U.C. 9694 06:12:42,760 --> 06:12:47,360 SAN DIEGO AND UCLA AND THEY 9695 06:12:47,360 --> 06:12:49,320 WEREN'T INTERESTED IN MY ME 9696 06:12:49,320 --> 06:12:51,440 WHICH IS THEIR LOSS IN MY 9697 06:12:51,440 --> 06:12:52,720 PERSONAL OPINION AND GOT AN 9698 06:12:52,720 --> 06:12:53,800 INTERVIEW AT GEORGETOWN 9699 06:12:53,800 --> 06:12:54,960 UNIVERSITY AND I GOT IN AND IT 9700 06:12:54,960 --> 06:12:58,720 WAS AMAZING BECAUSE LOOKING BACK 9701 06:12:58,720 --> 06:13:02,000 ON MY APPLICATION AND PROFILE I 9702 06:13:02,000 --> 06:13:03,000 DON'T KNOW IF I COULD COMPETE 9703 06:13:03,000 --> 06:13:04,320 FOR A SPOT TODAY. 9704 06:13:04,320 --> 06:13:07,240 THE STUDENTS COMING IN TODAY ARE 9705 06:13:07,240 --> 06:13:09,680 HEAD AND SHOULDERS AND ABOVE 9706 06:13:09,680 --> 06:13:11,440 WHERE I WAS AND THEY HAVE A TON 9707 06:13:11,440 --> 06:13:12,280 OF RESEARCH EXPERIENCE AND SOME 9708 06:13:12,280 --> 06:13:14,080 HAVE PAPERS AND I LOOK AT MY 9709 06:13:14,080 --> 06:13:15,440 STUDENTS AND I'M SO GRATEFUL I 9710 06:13:15,440 --> 06:13:17,160 WAS GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO GO 9711 06:13:17,160 --> 06:13:18,200 TO GRADUATE SCHOOL BECAUSE IT 9712 06:13:18,200 --> 06:13:20,000 CHANGED MY LIFE AND CHANGED THE 9713 06:13:20,000 --> 06:13:21,720 LIFE OF EVERYBODY AROUND ME. 9714 06:13:21,720 --> 06:13:24,240 SO WHEN I GOT GEORGETOWN I 9715 06:13:24,240 --> 06:13:26,240 ROTATED IN AN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 9716 06:13:26,240 --> 06:13:27,920 LAB AND TURNS OUT THAT WASN'T MY 9717 06:13:27,920 --> 06:13:28,160 PASSION. 9718 06:13:28,160 --> 06:13:31,880 I DON'T LIKE INSECTS. 9719 06:13:31,880 --> 06:13:33,680 I DIDN'T WANT TO SIT AND OBSERVE 9720 06:13:33,680 --> 06:13:34,120 ANIMALS. 9721 06:13:34,120 --> 06:13:35,560 NONE OF THAT WAS REALLY MY 9722 06:13:35,560 --> 06:13:35,880 THING. 9723 06:13:35,880 --> 06:13:40,960 WHEN I ROTATED IN A DEVELOPMENT 9724 06:13:40,960 --> 06:13:41,880 BIOLOGY LAB IT HAD ME. 9725 06:13:41,880 --> 06:13:44,480 FOR THOSE WHO KNOW ME, IF YOU DO 9726 06:13:44,480 --> 06:13:48,320 OR IF YOU'VE SEEN ME ON TWITTER, 9727 06:13:48,320 --> 06:13:49,560 YOU'LL KNOW I'M HASHTAG -- THIS 9728 06:13:49,560 --> 06:13:52,640 IS THE THING I DO AND WHAT I'M 9729 06:13:52,640 --> 06:13:53,880 PASSIONATE ABOUT. 9730 06:13:53,880 --> 06:13:59,480 I LEARNED THE LAB OF A 9731 06:13:59,480 --> 06:14:00,520 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGIST NEW AT 9732 06:14:00,520 --> 06:14:03,520 THE UNIVERSITY AND CURRENTLY BE 9733 06:14:03,520 --> 06:14:06,120 FUNDED BY AN NICHD R01 HER FIRST 9734 06:14:06,120 --> 06:14:08,480 R01 AND THE FOCUS IN THE LAB WAS 9735 06:14:08,480 --> 06:14:11,640 TO TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW FROG 9736 06:14:11,640 --> 06:14:16,480 EMBRYOS DEVELOP AND TO 9737 06:14:16,480 --> 06:14:18,640 UNDERSTAND HOW THE NERVOUS 9738 06:14:18,640 --> 06:14:22,080 SYSTEMS WERE FORMED AND THE 9739 06:14:22,080 --> 06:14:22,560 EARLY STEPS. 9740 06:14:22,560 --> 06:14:23,680 MY DISSERTATION FOCUS WAS TRYING 9741 06:14:23,680 --> 06:14:25,440 TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS 9742 06:14:25,440 --> 06:14:27,800 THAT REGULATE THE INDUCTION AND 9743 06:14:27,800 --> 06:14:29,520 MAINTENANCE OF THE CELLS THAT 9744 06:14:29,520 --> 06:14:31,040 MAKE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND FROG 9745 06:14:31,040 --> 06:14:41,440 EMBRYOS WERE OUR MODEL. 9746 06:14:46,400 --> 06:14:53,520 IF YOU WATCH AT THE BEGINNING 9747 06:14:53,520 --> 06:14:54,680 THERE WAS A BEAUTIFUL ZEBRAFISH 9748 06:14:54,680 --> 06:15:02,320 DEVELOPING. 9749 06:15:02,320 --> 06:15:12,880 I PUBLISHED A FEW PAPERS. 9750 06:15:18,920 --> 06:15:21,440 I ALSO ENJOYED HAVING A GOOD 9751 06:15:21,440 --> 06:15:24,560 TIME AND INTRODUCED TO A TYPE OF 9752 06:15:24,560 --> 06:15:24,880 PROTEINS. 9753 06:15:24,880 --> 06:15:27,560 IT COMES FULL CIRCLE BECAUSE I 9754 06:15:27,560 --> 06:15:29,520 STILL STUDY THESE PROTEINS TO 9755 06:15:29,520 --> 06:15:32,400 THIS DAY, DIFFERENT KINDS. 9756 06:15:32,400 --> 06:15:36,400 ALL THESE FANTASTIC MOLECULE 9757 06:15:36,400 --> 06:15:38,000 CONSERVED ACROSS SPECIES AND 9758 06:15:38,000 --> 06:15:39,000 SOME INVERTEBRATES AS WELL. 9759 06:15:39,000 --> 06:15:41,880 YOU CAN SEE A PICTURE OF ME. 9760 06:15:41,880 --> 06:15:43,480 I HAD JUST JOINED THE LAB AND 9761 06:15:43,480 --> 06:15:44,800 VERY GREEN AND SUPER EXCITED 9762 06:15:44,800 --> 06:15:48,360 ABOUT RESEARCH. 9763 06:15:48,360 --> 06:15:49,360 I WAS SO YOUNG. 9764 06:15:49,360 --> 06:15:51,720 AS A LAB WE DID SOCIAL THINGS 9765 06:15:51,720 --> 06:15:53,800 AND WORKED HARD AND I WAS IN THE 9766 06:15:53,800 --> 06:15:55,920 LAB -- I STARTED GRADUATE SCHOOL 9767 06:15:55,920 --> 06:15:58,760 IN 2003 AND GRADUATED WITH MY 9768 06:15:58,760 --> 06:16:00,240 Ph.D. IN. 9769 06:16:00,240 --> 06:16:00,520 2009. 9770 06:16:00,520 --> 06:16:05,080 WHAT I CAN SAY ABOUT GRADUATE 9771 06:16:05,080 --> 06:16:07,480 SCHOOL BEING A FIRST-GEN PERSON 9772 06:16:07,480 --> 06:16:09,200 BEING ACROSS THE COUNTRY FROM MY 9773 06:16:09,200 --> 06:16:10,560 FAMILY WAS CHALLENGING. 9774 06:16:10,560 --> 06:16:11,600 THERE WERE MANY TIMES I FELT 9775 06:16:11,600 --> 06:16:15,360 LIKE I WANTED TO QUIT AND DIDN'T 9776 06:16:15,360 --> 06:16:18,200 BELONG AND IT WAS THROUGH GRIT 9777 06:16:18,200 --> 06:16:19,920 AND ALSO COMMUNITY THAT HELPED 9778 06:16:19,920 --> 06:16:20,440 ME STAY. 9779 06:16:20,440 --> 06:16:25,720 THAT MIXED WITH MY LOVE AND 9780 06:16:25,720 --> 06:16:26,720 PASSION FOR THE SCIENCE AND IT 9781 06:16:26,720 --> 06:16:27,520 CRAFTED MY DIRECTION. 9782 06:16:27,520 --> 06:16:29,200 AT THE TIME WHEN I STARTED 9783 06:16:29,200 --> 06:16:30,360 GRADUATE SCHOOL I THOUGHT I 9784 06:16:30,360 --> 06:16:31,680 WANTED TO GO INTO BIO TECH AND 9785 06:16:31,680 --> 06:16:33,720 THEN I STARTING MENTORING 9786 06:16:33,720 --> 06:16:36,800 STUDENTS AND I REALIZED I REALLY 9787 06:16:36,800 --> 06:16:40,720 ENJOYED MENTORING AND WORKING 9788 06:16:40,720 --> 06:16:41,080 WITH STUDENTS. 9789 06:16:41,080 --> 06:16:46,760 IN NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR 9790 06:16:46,760 --> 06:16:50,760 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY I MET MY 9791 06:16:50,760 --> 06:16:54,080 POSTD-DOCTORAL MENTOR AND SHE HS 9792 06:16:54,080 --> 06:16:57,200 BEEN FUNDED THROUGH NICHD FOR A 9793 06:16:57,200 --> 06:17:01,600 LONG A LONG LONG TIME AND WAS 9794 06:17:01,600 --> 06:17:03,560 LUCKY SHE AGREED TO WRITE A 9795 06:17:03,560 --> 06:17:04,520 DIVERSITY SUPPLEMENT AND THIS 9796 06:17:04,520 --> 06:17:06,240 BROUGHT KNOW HER LAB AS A 9797 06:17:06,240 --> 06:17:08,360 POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW TRYING TO 9798 06:17:08,360 --> 06:17:13,480 IDENTIFY THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL 9799 06:17:13,480 --> 06:17:14,760 DEVELOPMENTS FOR NEURAL CREST 9800 06:17:14,760 --> 06:17:16,240 CELL DEVELOPMENT. 9801 06:17:16,240 --> 06:17:18,920 IT'S A COMPLEX SUBJECT AND 9802 06:17:18,920 --> 06:17:23,960 NEURAL CREST CELLS ARE STEM LIKE 9803 06:17:23,960 --> 06:17:26,680 CELLS THAT MAKE THE PIGMENT 9804 06:17:26,680 --> 06:17:29,480 CELLS, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND 9805 06:17:29,480 --> 06:17:31,000 THERE'S CLEARLY VERY IMPORTANT 9806 06:17:31,000 --> 06:17:32,440 AND IF ANYTHING GOES WRONG IN 9807 06:17:32,440 --> 06:17:35,520 THE EARLY INVOLVEMENT YOU CAN 9808 06:17:35,520 --> 06:17:38,760 HAVE DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES IN 9809 06:17:38,760 --> 06:17:39,760 ALL TISSUES. 9810 06:17:39,760 --> 06:17:41,480 SHE IS ONE OF THE LEADERS OF THE 9811 06:17:41,480 --> 06:17:43,200 FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY AND 9812 06:17:43,200 --> 06:17:45,120 ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS PEOPLE 9813 06:17:45,120 --> 06:17:46,720 WHO STUDIES NEURAL CREST CELLS 9814 06:17:46,720 --> 06:17:48,760 SO THIS OPPORTUNITY WAS 9815 06:17:48,760 --> 06:17:49,880 UNPARALLELED FOR MY CAREER 9816 06:17:49,880 --> 06:17:50,200 PROGRESSION. 9817 06:17:50,200 --> 06:17:53,040 WHILE I WAS IN HER LAB, I DID A 9818 06:17:53,040 --> 06:17:55,480 LOT OF SCIENCE AND LEARNED A LOT 9819 06:17:55,480 --> 06:17:57,440 OF NEW TECHNIQUES AND BEGAN 9820 06:17:57,440 --> 06:17:59,680 MENTORING STUDENTS ON MY OWN SO 9821 06:17:59,680 --> 06:18:01,960 SHE WOULD RECRUIT STUDENTS AND 9822 06:18:01,960 --> 06:18:02,680 GAVE POSTDOCS THE OPPORTUNITY TO 9823 06:18:02,680 --> 06:18:04,320 CRAFT THE PROJECTS AND THE 9824 06:18:04,320 --> 06:18:05,160 DIRECTION FOR THE STUDENTS AND 9825 06:18:05,160 --> 06:18:06,880 SO IT WAS VERY INDEPENDENT AND 9826 06:18:06,880 --> 06:18:09,120 THAT WAS WHEN I KNEW I WANTED TO 9827 06:18:09,120 --> 06:18:12,720 STAY IN ACADEMIA. 9828 06:18:12,720 --> 06:18:23,200 WHILE I WAS THERE, I GAINED A 9829 06:18:36,520 --> 06:18:40,160 LIKING FOR CELL ADHESION 9830 06:18:40,160 --> 06:18:41,520 MOLECULES AND GOT MY FIRST BIG 9831 06:18:41,520 --> 06:18:51,600 PAPER. 9832 06:19:06,280 --> 06:19:09,080 A BLACK WOMAN AND HAD A SEVERE 9833 06:19:09,080 --> 06:19:10,320 PREGNANCY WHERE I WOULD HAVE 9834 06:19:10,320 --> 06:19:11,960 DIED AND WAS LUCKY ENOUGH TO 9835 06:19:11,960 --> 06:19:13,320 HAVE SUPPORT FROM MY MENTOR SO I 9836 06:19:13,320 --> 06:19:16,280 WAS ABLE TO GO ON BED REST AND 9837 06:19:16,280 --> 06:19:18,280 SUPPORTIVE FUNDING SO I DIDN'T 9838 06:19:18,280 --> 06:19:19,720 HAVE TO LOSE HEALTH INSURANCE 9839 06:19:19,720 --> 06:19:21,400 AND A SUPPORTIVE DOCTOR TO CATCH 9840 06:19:21,400 --> 06:19:23,080 THESE THINGS AND I HAD MY KID 9841 06:19:23,080 --> 06:19:24,040 AND HE'S GREAT. 9842 06:19:24,040 --> 06:19:26,400 ALSO HE'S BEEN DIAGNOSED WITH 9843 06:19:26,400 --> 06:19:30,760 AUTISM AND ADHD WHICH ARE OTHER 9844 06:19:30,760 --> 06:19:33,120 THINGS NICHD FUNDS AND WATCHING 9845 06:19:33,120 --> 06:19:35,000 THE TALKS MAKES IT PERSONAL AND 9846 06:19:35,000 --> 06:19:38,120 I'M A PERSONAL AND MECHANISTIC 9847 06:19:38,120 --> 06:19:41,080 SCIENTIST BUT WHAT I DO HELPS 9848 06:19:41,080 --> 06:19:42,360 ANSWER QUESTIONS THE CLINICAL 9849 06:19:42,360 --> 06:19:43,840 SCIENTIST HAVE AND WE CAN WORK 9850 06:19:43,840 --> 06:19:45,240 TOGETHER TO FIND EFFECTIVE 9851 06:19:45,240 --> 06:19:46,480 TREATMENT FOR SOME OF THESE 9852 06:19:46,480 --> 06:19:46,720 THINGS. 9853 06:19:46,720 --> 06:19:48,440 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE PICTURE OF 9854 06:19:48,440 --> 06:19:53,560 THE LAB, THIS IS THE LAB ONE OF 9855 06:19:53,560 --> 06:19:56,200 THE YEARS I WAS THERE AND OF THE 9856 06:19:56,200 --> 06:19:58,520 PEOPLE HALF HAVE THEIR OWN LABS 9857 06:19:58,520 --> 06:20:00,760 NOW AND SHE IS A FORCE IN 9858 06:20:00,760 --> 06:20:04,440 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY WHO HAS 9859 06:20:04,440 --> 06:20:07,000 MENTORED 40 PEOPLE WHO ARE 9860 06:20:07,000 --> 06:20:07,360 PROFESSORS. 9861 06:20:07,360 --> 06:20:08,440 MAKING THE CHOICE FOR YOUR 9862 06:20:08,440 --> 06:20:10,760 MENTORS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE 9863 06:20:10,760 --> 06:20:11,760 SOME PEOPLE KNOW REALLY WELL 9864 06:20:11,760 --> 06:20:13,680 KNOW HOW TO GUIDE OTHERS AND 9865 06:20:13,680 --> 06:20:14,320 PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES AND HAVING 9866 06:20:14,320 --> 06:20:15,720 THE ABILITY TO NETWORK WITH 9867 06:20:15,720 --> 06:20:18,760 PEOPLE AND HELP GET YOU TO THE 9868 06:20:18,760 --> 06:20:20,800 NEXT SPOT IS CRUCIAL. 9869 06:20:20,800 --> 06:20:22,760 SO I INTERVIEWED FOR A POSITION 9870 06:20:22,760 --> 06:20:25,200 AS AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT 9871 06:20:25,200 --> 06:20:26,280 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY 9872 06:20:26,280 --> 06:20:28,160 NORTHRIDGE AND HERE I WAS HIRED 9873 06:20:28,160 --> 06:20:29,960 AND THIS IS A PRIMARILY 9874 06:20:29,960 --> 06:20:33,200 UNDERGRADUATE AND 9875 06:20:33,200 --> 06:20:33,880 HISPANIC-SERVING INSTITUTION IN 9876 06:20:33,880 --> 06:20:34,760 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IN THE 9877 06:20:34,760 --> 06:20:37,200 NORTHERN REGION OF LOS ANGELES 9878 06:20:37,200 --> 06:20:40,520 COUNTY AND CSUN IS A FANTASTIC 9879 06:20:40,520 --> 06:20:43,600 UNIVERSITY WITH A NUMBER OF 9880 06:20:43,600 --> 06:20:44,440 STUDENTS WHO ARE FIRST 9881 06:20:44,440 --> 06:20:46,760 GENERATION AND PEL ELIGIBLE AND 9882 06:20:46,760 --> 06:20:47,480 YOU'RE WORKING WITH STUDENTS WHO 9883 06:20:47,480 --> 06:20:49,600 PROVIDE THE MENTORSHIP AND 9884 06:20:49,600 --> 06:20:50,400 PROVIDING THE OPPORTUNITY FOR 9885 06:20:50,400 --> 06:20:51,720 THOSE STUDENTS TO GET TO THE 9886 06:20:51,720 --> 06:20:52,720 NEXT STEP AND CHANGE THEIR LIVES 9887 06:20:52,720 --> 06:20:54,440 AND THE LIVES OF THEIR FAMILIES. 9888 06:20:54,440 --> 06:21:00,720 I WAS PASSIONATE ABOUT 9889 06:21:00,720 --> 06:21:02,320 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AND I HAD 9890 06:21:02,320 --> 06:21:05,520 A TEAM AND WE STUDIED NEURAL 9891 06:21:05,520 --> 06:21:12,440 CREST DEVELOPMENT USING CHICKEN 9892 06:21:12,440 --> 06:21:16,840 AND AXOLOTL EMBRYOS AND IN THREE 9893 06:21:16,840 --> 06:21:19,680 AND A HALF YEARS I MENTORED 9894 06:21:19,680 --> 06:21:22,760 STUDENTS AND THEY'RE ALL MOVING 9895 06:21:22,760 --> 06:21:24,520 ON TO THE THE NEXT STEP AND FOR 9896 06:21:24,520 --> 06:21:26,760 ME MY GOAL WAS TO LEARN HOW TO 9897 06:21:26,760 --> 06:21:34,720 BE A BETTER MENTOR AND TEACHER A 9898 06:21:34,720 --> 06:21:36,200 I THINK I'M A BETTER P.I. AND 9899 06:21:36,200 --> 06:21:37,560 MENTOR FOR MY TIME THERE. 9900 06:21:37,560 --> 06:21:39,200 ONE OF MY BICK PUSHES AS A 9901 06:21:39,200 --> 06:21:40,400 PROFESSOR THERE WAS TO BRING MY 9902 06:21:40,400 --> 06:21:41,760 STUDENTS TO CONFERENCES AND LET 9903 06:21:41,760 --> 06:21:44,040 THEM GAIN OWNERSHIP OF THEIR 9904 06:21:44,040 --> 06:21:45,480 PROJECTS AND FOR ME SINCE ONE OF 9905 06:21:45,480 --> 06:21:50,760 THE THINGS THAT KEPT ME -- 9906 06:21:50,760 --> 06:21:54,680 [NO AUDIO] 9907 06:21:54,680 --> 06:21:59,720 AND ENSURED EVERY YEAR AT CSUN I 9908 06:21:59,720 --> 06:22:01,440 BROUGHT MY STUDENTS TO DIFFERENT 9909 06:22:01,440 --> 06:22:02,960 CONFERENCES SO THEY CAN FEEL 9910 06:22:02,960 --> 06:22:04,160 WHAT IT'S LIKE TO PRESENT YOUR 9911 06:22:04,160 --> 06:22:05,760 WORK AND DEFEND THE WORK AND BE 9912 06:22:05,760 --> 06:22:08,440 EXCITED ABOUT SHOWING PEOPLE 9913 06:22:08,440 --> 06:22:09,080 WHAT YOU ACCOMPLISHED BECAUSE 9914 06:22:09,080 --> 06:22:10,160 THEY'VE ACCOMPLISHED SO MUCH 9915 06:22:10,160 --> 06:22:10,720 STUFF. 9916 06:22:10,720 --> 06:22:15,200 ALSO MOVING THERE WAS A BIG 9917 06:22:15,200 --> 06:22:16,360 TRANSITION BECAUSE I WAS 9918 06:22:16,360 --> 06:22:17,400 TEACHING A LOT AND TRYING TO 9919 06:22:17,400 --> 06:22:18,880 RETURN A RESEARCH LAB AND I WAS 9920 06:22:18,880 --> 06:22:19,840 STILL A MOM. 9921 06:22:19,840 --> 06:22:21,120 MY SON IS GROWING IN EACH OF 9922 06:22:21,120 --> 06:22:21,680 THESE PICTURES. 9923 06:22:21,680 --> 06:22:25,160 IT WAS HARD TO FIND BALANCE AND 9924 06:22:25,160 --> 06:22:28,040 SO WHEN I WAS OFFERED THE 9925 06:22:28,040 --> 06:22:33,240 OPPORTUNITY OR WHEN I APPLIED TO 9926 06:22:33,240 --> 06:22:34,560 U.C. DAVIS AND OFFERED THE 9927 06:22:34,560 --> 06:22:35,920 POSITION I TOOK IT AND FOR ME 9928 06:22:35,920 --> 06:22:38,360 THE BIG PUSH WAS BEING ABLE TO 9929 06:22:38,360 --> 06:22:40,080 GROW MY LAB AT A RESEARCH 9930 06:22:40,080 --> 06:22:41,480 INSTITUTION AND BEING ABLE TO 9931 06:22:41,480 --> 06:22:42,400 TAKE ON Ph.D. STUDENTS AND HAVE 9932 06:22:42,400 --> 06:22:43,760 STUDENTS WITH ME LONGER. 9933 06:22:43,760 --> 06:22:47,360 THAT'S WHY I THEN MOVED TO U.C. 9934 06:22:47,360 --> 06:22:47,800 DAVIS. 9935 06:22:47,800 --> 06:22:50,800 SO NOW I'M IN U.C. DAVIS IN 9936 06:22:50,800 --> 06:22:52,440 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, A FANTASTIC 9937 06:22:52,440 --> 06:22:54,640 SCHOOL AND WE HAVE ROAMING COWS 9938 06:22:54,640 --> 06:22:56,960 AND ANIMALS TO LOOK AT AND 9939 06:22:56,960 --> 06:23:00,160 THERE'S A PHENOMENAL COLLEGIAL 9940 06:23:00,160 --> 06:23:01,800 ATMOSPHERE AND ALSO WE HAVE COOL 9941 06:23:01,800 --> 06:23:02,600 STUFF TO WORK WITH. 9942 06:23:02,600 --> 06:23:07,520 IT'S A BIG AG SCHOOL AND WE HAVE 9943 06:23:07,520 --> 06:23:11,560 A VETERINARY SCHOOL AND THERE'S 9944 06:23:11,560 --> 06:23:13,320 ROOM FOR COLLABORATION. 9945 06:23:13,320 --> 06:23:18,600 SINCE I GOT TO U.C. DAVIS I'VE 9946 06:23:18,600 --> 06:23:28,520 GOTTEN MY OWN EXTERNAL FUND IIN. 9947 06:23:28,520 --> 06:23:33,880 MY LAB FOCUSES ON IDENTIFYING 9948 06:23:33,880 --> 06:23:36,720 CONSERVED MECHANISMS AND NEURAL 9949 06:23:36,720 --> 06:23:38,440 CREST CELLS AND HOW VARIETAL 9950 06:23:38,440 --> 06:23:40,120 EXPOSURES CAN AFFECT THE 9951 06:23:40,120 --> 06:23:40,640 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS. 9952 06:23:40,640 --> 06:23:44,240 HERE IT HAS ALSO BEEN VERY 9953 06:23:44,240 --> 06:23:45,880 IMPORTANT AND I'LL SHOW YOU I 9954 06:23:45,880 --> 06:23:49,480 WORKED HERE NOW SO I'VE EXPANDED 9955 06:23:49,480 --> 06:23:52,600 MY RESEARCH MODELS TO QUAIL 9956 06:23:52,600 --> 06:23:54,680 CHICKEN AND AXOLOTL AND IT'S 9957 06:23:54,680 --> 06:23:57,240 IMPORTANT TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 9958 06:23:57,240 --> 06:23:58,800 USING THE APPROPRIATE MODEL 9959 06:23:58,800 --> 06:24:00,080 OPPOSED TO FITTING THEM INTO 9960 06:24:00,080 --> 06:24:01,640 YOUR RESEARCH MODEL. 9961 06:24:01,640 --> 06:24:02,800 IF ANYONE WANTS TO COLLABORATE 9962 06:24:02,800 --> 06:24:04,440 USING THESE ORGANISMS I'M HERE 9963 06:24:04,440 --> 06:24:05,800 AND IT'S BEEN VERY AMAZING TO 9964 06:24:05,800 --> 06:24:08,440 SEE HOW SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT 9965 06:24:08,440 --> 06:24:10,240 THINGS CAN HAPPEN IN THE 9966 06:24:10,240 --> 06:24:12,520 DIFFERENT VERTEBRATE ORGANISMS. 9967 06:24:12,520 --> 06:24:15,040 AGAIN, HERE ONE OF MY MAIN 9968 06:24:15,040 --> 06:24:15,920 FOCUSES IS MENTORING. 9969 06:24:15,920 --> 06:24:17,520 PART OF MY CAREER HAS BEEN TO 9970 06:24:17,520 --> 06:24:19,560 CREATE A SUMMER PROGRAM CALLED 9971 06:24:19,560 --> 06:24:20,960 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CREST 9972 06:24:20,960 --> 06:24:23,160 DEFECTORS OR FACES WHERE WE 9973 06:24:23,160 --> 06:24:24,480 BRING SUMMER STUDENTS AHERE AND 9974 06:24:24,480 --> 06:24:26,400 THEY DO FULL-TIME RESEARCH AND I 9975 06:24:26,400 --> 06:24:30,680 MENTOR FOR A PREP PROGRAM AT 9976 06:24:30,680 --> 06:24:32,080 U.C. DAVIS AND I HAVE A MENTOR 9977 06:24:32,080 --> 06:24:35,200 FOR BIO GAP AND A PROGRAM CALLED 9978 06:24:35,200 --> 06:24:38,320 STAR AN THESE ARE UNDERGRADUATE 9979 06:24:38,320 --> 06:24:39,640 AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL PROGRAMS 9980 06:24:39,640 --> 06:24:44,800 FOR STUDENTS TO GAIN RESEARCH. 9981 06:24:44,800 --> 06:24:48,880 FOR ME, 9982 06:24:48,880 --> 06:24:49,120 [NO AUDIO] 9983 06:24:49,120 --> 06:24:51,400 AND SO JUST TO QUICKLY TOUCH ON 9984 06:24:51,400 --> 06:24:56,080 THE MAJOR QUESTIONS IN MY LAB, 9985 06:24:56,080 --> 06:24:58,720 THIS IS ROXY MY BULLDOG AND 9986 06:24:58,720 --> 06:25:01,800 NOTING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE 9987 06:25:01,800 --> 06:25:03,480 FORMATION OF THE CRANIAL FACIAL 9988 06:25:03,480 --> 06:25:05,600 STRUCTURES IN THE SAME ORGANISMS 9989 06:25:05,600 --> 06:25:07,480 ALLOW FOR VARIETY AND KNOWING 9990 06:25:07,480 --> 06:25:14,920 SOMETIMES WHEN THE PROCESSES GO 9991 06:25:14,920 --> 06:25:18,200 WRONG YOU CAN GET CLEFT PALATE 9992 06:25:18,200 --> 06:25:19,280 AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND 9993 06:25:19,280 --> 06:25:21,480 WHAT ALLOWS THE CELLS TO FORM 9994 06:25:21,480 --> 06:25:23,400 NORMALLY SO WE CAN UNDERSTAND 9995 06:25:23,400 --> 06:25:24,760 WHAT'S GOING WRONG IN THE 9996 06:25:24,760 --> 06:25:26,320 DEVELOPMENT DISORDER AND CRUCIAL 9997 06:25:26,320 --> 06:25:28,240 TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER THE 9998 06:25:28,240 --> 06:25:30,520 MECHANISM CONSERVED ACROSS 9999 06:25:30,520 --> 06:25:31,320 SPECIES. 10000 06:25:31,320 --> 06:25:39,880 DO CHICKEN AND AXOLTLS CONTROL 10001 06:25:39,880 --> 06:25:40,240 OTHER ORGANISMS? 10002 06:25:40,240 --> 06:25:42,240 AND ONE OF THE QUESTIONS I ASKED 10003 06:25:42,240 --> 06:25:45,680 IS WHETHER OR NOT EXPOSURES TO 10004 06:25:45,680 --> 06:25:49,960 THINGS LIKE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS 10005 06:25:49,960 --> 06:25:52,640 AND/OR MEDICATIONS IF EXPOSURES 10006 06:25:52,640 --> 06:25:53,560 DURING DEVELOPMENT CAN AFFECT 10007 06:25:53,560 --> 06:25:57,080 THE FORMATION OF NEURAL CREST 10008 06:25:57,080 --> 06:25:58,360 CELLS WHICH WOULD AFFECT NEURAL 10009 06:25:58,360 --> 06:25:59,760 CREST DERIVATIVES. 10010 06:25:59,760 --> 06:26:02,520 MY JOURNEY HAS BEEN VERY DIRECT 10011 06:26:02,520 --> 06:26:04,680 HONESTLY THOUGH I DIDN'T KNOW 10012 06:26:04,680 --> 06:26:07,600 WHERE I WAS GOING I WAS LUCKY 10013 06:26:07,600 --> 06:26:08,320 ENOUGH TO HAVE OPPORTUNITIES AND 10014 06:26:08,320 --> 06:26:10,040 I TOOK THEM AND FOLLOWED THROUGH 10015 06:26:10,040 --> 06:26:10,800 WITH THEM 10016 06:26:10,800 --> 06:26:15,880 [NO AUDIO] 10017 06:26:15,880 --> 06:26:17,640 AND YOU MAY NOT BE SURE ABOUT IT 10018 06:26:17,640 --> 06:26:19,400 BUT MANY TIMES IF YOU FOLLOW 10019 06:26:19,400 --> 06:26:22,600 THROUGH WITH THAT IT WILL GET 10020 06:26:22,600 --> 06:26:23,880 YOU WHERE YOU WANT TO GO AND 10021 06:26:23,880 --> 06:26:25,360 THAT'S BEEN SUCH A BIG DEAL FOR 10022 06:26:25,360 --> 06:26:26,560 ME AND ALL THE OTHER PRESENTERS 10023 06:26:26,560 --> 06:26:28,360 HAVE DONE SUCH A GOOD JOB OF 10024 06:26:28,360 --> 06:26:29,840 GIVING YOU THE BEST ADVICE TO 10025 06:26:29,840 --> 06:26:31,360 GET TO WHERE YOU'D WANT TO GO 10026 06:26:31,360 --> 06:26:34,080 AND SO WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO 10027 06:26:34,080 --> 06:26:37,440 THANK FOR THE INVITATION TO 10028 06:26:37,440 --> 06:26:39,680 SPEAK AND HAPPY TO TAKE ANY 10029 06:26:39,680 --> 06:26:43,600 QUESTION ANY JOURNEY. 10030 06:26:43,600 --> 06:27:31,280 QUESTIONS ABOUT MY JOURNEY. 10031 06:27:31,280 --> 06:27:33,720 AS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS I WAS 10032 06:27:33,720 --> 06:27:34,720 INTERESTED IN PHARMACY AND I 10033 06:27:34,720 --> 06:27:39,440 WENT TO PHARMACY SCHOOL AND 10034 06:27:39,440 --> 06:27:41,760 DROPPED THAT RESEARCH AND SO I 10035 06:27:41,760 --> 06:27:44,000 CHANGED MY CAREER PATH BASED ON 10036 06:27:44,000 --> 06:27:45,160 THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE 10037 06:27:45,160 --> 06:27:45,800 RESEARCH. 10038 06:27:45,800 --> 06:27:49,240 JUST BEING EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT 10039 06:27:49,240 --> 06:27:50,240 OPPORTUNITIES, DIFFERENT 10040 06:27:50,240 --> 06:27:57,200 QUESTIONS MY MOM WOULD TAKE ME 10041 06:27:57,200 --> 06:28:02,160 TO THE NATURE CENTER AND HOW TO 10042 06:28:02,160 --> 06:28:04,680 THOSE EXPERIENCES OPENED MY EYES 10043 06:28:04,680 --> 06:28:08,840 TO DIFFERENT THINGS. 10044 06:28:08,840 --> 06:28:12,600 DEFINITELY OPPORTUNITIES. 10045 06:28:12,600 --> 06:28:14,800 >>AS A MENTIONED IN HIGH SCHOOL 10046 06:28:14,800 --> 06:28:17,400 I THOUGHT THAT I WANTED TO BE A 10047 06:28:17,400 --> 06:28:20,200 MEDICAL DOCTOR BUT IT WAS FOR 10048 06:28:20,200 --> 06:28:20,880 THE WRONG REASONS. 10049 06:28:20,880 --> 06:28:23,360 AT THAT TIME MY FAMILY WAS A BIG 10050 06:28:23,360 --> 06:28:26,640 INFLUENCE IN WANTING ME TO GO TO 10051 06:28:26,640 --> 06:28:28,160 MEDICAL SCHOOL BUT I WAS 10052 06:28:28,160 --> 06:28:30,280 UNFORTUNATE THAT I DIDN'T GET 10053 06:28:30,280 --> 06:28:31,560 ACCEPTED TO THOSE PROGRAMS AND I 10054 06:28:31,560 --> 06:28:35,680 WAS AS DR. BURTON TALKED ABOUT 10055 06:28:35,680 --> 06:28:36,040 OPPORTUNITIES. 10056 06:28:36,040 --> 06:28:36,920 I HAD EXPOSURE TO DOING RESEARCH 10057 06:28:36,920 --> 06:28:38,880 AND WE HAD A RESEARCH SCIENCE 10058 06:28:38,880 --> 06:28:40,040 CLASS IN MY HIGH SCHOOL AND THEN 10059 06:28:40,040 --> 06:28:44,160 I WENT ON TO M.I.T. WHERE 70% TO 10060 06:28:44,160 --> 06:28:45,640 80% OF UNDERGRADS DO RESEARCH 10061 06:28:45,640 --> 06:28:48,080 BECAUSE THEY HAVE FUNDING 10062 06:28:48,080 --> 06:28:48,400 OPPORTUNITIES. 10063 06:28:48,400 --> 06:28:50,920 SO JUST NOT BEING AFRAID TO TRY 10064 06:28:50,920 --> 06:28:55,240 NEW THINGS AND TAKING VRCHB OF 10065 06:28:55,240 --> 06:28:56,640 ADVANTAGE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES 10066 06:28:56,640 --> 06:28:59,200 AND ADVANTAGE OF NETWORKING 10067 06:28:59,200 --> 06:28:59,520 OPPORTUNITIES. 10068 06:28:59,520 --> 06:29:01,760 I'M AN INTROVERT. 10069 06:29:01,760 --> 06:29:04,680 I DON'T REALLY LOVE CHITCHATS 10070 06:29:04,680 --> 06:29:07,200 BUT THE CONVERSATIONS YOU HAVE 10071 06:29:07,200 --> 06:29:08,480 WHERE SOMEBODY BRINGS UP 10072 06:29:08,480 --> 06:29:11,800 SOMETHING THAT CAN CHANGE YOUR 10073 06:29:11,800 --> 06:29:13,400 DIRECTION IN LIFE I THOUGHT I'D 10074 06:29:13,400 --> 06:29:17,320 APPLY TO A Ph.D. BECAUSE MANY 10075 06:29:17,320 --> 06:29:19,560 PEOPLE WENT TO DO STRAIGHT 10076 06:29:19,560 --> 06:29:25,760 [NO AUDIO] 10077 06:29:25,760 --> 06:29:27,160 TALKING TO PEOPLE FROM ALL KINDS 10078 06:29:27,160 --> 06:29:28,680 OF CAREER PATHS. 10079 06:29:28,680 --> 06:29:30,000 THERE'S NO WRONG ANSWER. 10080 06:29:30,000 --> 06:29:32,040 I ALSO THINK THAT GOING WITH 10081 06:29:32,040 --> 06:29:34,320 YOUR GUT FEELING IS SOMETHING 10082 06:29:34,320 --> 06:29:37,240 THAT WAS TOLD TO ME WHEN I 10083 06:29:37,240 --> 06:29:40,160 GAINED RESIDENCY AND A SAID NO, 10084 06:29:40,160 --> 06:29:42,000 I NEED AN EXCEL SPREAD SHEET AND 10085 06:29:42,000 --> 06:29:44,240 NEED TO BE CHECKING OFF WHY I'M 10086 06:29:44,240 --> 06:29:45,320 DOING SOMETHING BUT GUT FEELINGS 10087 06:29:45,320 --> 06:29:49,240 ARE PRETTY STRONG AND GOING WITH 10088 06:29:49,240 --> 06:29:50,560 WHERE YOUR HEART LEADS YOU AND 10089 06:29:50,560 --> 06:29:56,160 FIGURING OUT YOUR PASSION. 10090 06:29:56,160 --> 06:29:58,280 >>DR. ROGERS? 10091 06:29:58,280 --> 06:29:59,680 >>I WOULD AGREE. 10092 06:29:59,680 --> 06:30:01,200 I AGREE WITH EVERYTHING THE 10093 06:30:01,200 --> 06:30:03,440 OTHERS SAID. 10094 06:30:03,440 --> 06:30:07,160 HONESTLY, IN HIGH SCHOOL THERE'S 10095 06:30:07,160 --> 06:30:08,560 SO MUCH TIME AND I THINK YOUR 10096 06:30:08,560 --> 06:30:10,360 CHILD WILL FIND OUT IN COLLEGE, 10097 06:30:10,360 --> 06:30:12,200 TAKE THE OPPORTUNITIES, DO A 10098 06:30:12,200 --> 06:30:15,480 RESEARCH VOLUNTEER IF THEY 10099 06:30:15,480 --> 06:30:17,520 CONDITION OR SEE IF THEY CAN GET 10100 06:30:17,520 --> 06:30:19,960 A JOB BECAUSE LET'S BE HONEST, 10101 06:30:19,960 --> 06:30:21,560 RESEARCH IS HARD AND IT ISN'T 10102 06:30:21,560 --> 06:30:21,920 FOR EVERYBODY. 10103 06:30:21,920 --> 06:30:24,920 IT CAN BE AMAZING AND IT CAN BE 10104 06:30:24,920 --> 06:30:26,320 HEARTBREAKING BUT IF YOU HAVE A 10105 06:30:26,320 --> 06:30:27,240 CHILD REALLY INTERESTED IN 10106 06:30:27,240 --> 06:30:28,600 SCIENCE I WOULD SAY TRY 10107 06:30:28,600 --> 06:30:29,200 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCIENCE 10108 06:30:29,200 --> 06:30:34,400 BECAUSE IT'S NOT ALL THE SAME. 10109 06:30:34,400 --> 06:30:38,440 DOING MICROBIOLOGY IS VERY 10110 06:30:38,440 --> 06:30:43,080 DIFFERENT THAN CELL BIOLOGY OR 10111 06:30:43,080 --> 06:30:43,560 USING CELL ORGANISMS. 10112 06:30:43,560 --> 06:30:50,280 [NO AUDIO] 10113 06:30:50,280 --> 06:30:51,560 AND TAKE TIME TO SEE IF THAT'S 10114 06:30:51,560 --> 06:30:54,120 WHAT THEY WANT TO DO. 10115 06:30:54,120 --> 06:30:55,520 >>THANK YOU. 10116 06:30:55,520 --> 06:30:57,440 DR. GHOSAL. 10117 06:30:57,440 --> 06:31:02,440 >>CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 10118 06:31:02,440 --> 06:31:07,080 >>YES, I CAN. 10119 06:31:07,080 --> 06:31:09,760 >>THE POSITION I'M AT RIGHT NOW 10120 06:31:09,760 --> 06:31:12,160 AND A CANNOT THINK LIKE DURING 10121 06:31:12,160 --> 06:31:16,200 MY HIGH SCHOOL IT WAS WAY 10122 06:31:16,200 --> 06:31:20,720 DIFFERENT AIMS THAT I HAD 12, 30 10123 06:31:20,720 --> 06:31:21,080 YEARS BACK. 10124 06:31:21,080 --> 06:31:25,880 I WOULD SAY FOCUS ON THE SHORT 10125 06:31:25,880 --> 06:31:27,520 TERM GOALS. 10126 06:31:27,520 --> 06:31:27,760 I KNOW 10127 06:31:27,760 --> 06:31:36,920 [NO AUDIO] 10128 06:31:36,920 --> 06:31:40,360 -- AND BASED ON MY CURRENT 10129 06:31:40,360 --> 06:31:43,440 PREFERENCES LIKINGS AS ALL THE 10130 06:31:43,440 --> 06:31:44,960 OTHER CO-PANELISTS MENTIONED. 10131 06:31:44,960 --> 06:31:46,800 RESEARCH IS NOT FOR SOMEONE EVEN 10132 06:31:46,800 --> 06:31:50,640 IF SOMEONE IS THINKING THEY 10133 06:31:50,640 --> 06:31:51,880 MIGHT BE ABLE TO -- THEY MAY BE 10134 06:31:51,880 --> 06:31:54,720 CONFIDENT GOING FOR RESEARCH AT 10135 06:31:54,720 --> 06:31:55,520 HIGH SCHOOL IT MIGHT CHANGE DOWN 10136 06:31:55,520 --> 06:31:57,320 THE LINE OR CAN HAPPEN THE OTHER 10137 06:31:57,320 --> 06:32:00,440 WAY AROUND. 10138 06:32:00,440 --> 06:32:01,000 I WOULD SAY DON'T THINK FOR THE 10139 06:32:01,000 --> 06:32:02,800 LONG-TERM GOAL AT THE MOMENT. 10140 06:32:02,800 --> 06:32:03,560 >>GREAT. 10141 06:32:03,560 --> 06:32:05,480 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 10142 06:32:05,480 --> 06:32:10,000 THE NEXT QUESTION IS REGARDING 10143 06:32:10,000 --> 06:32:11,400 UNDER REPRESENTED STUDENTS IN 10144 06:32:11,400 --> 06:32:11,640 S.T.E.M. 10145 06:32:11,640 --> 06:32:14,760 THE QUESTION RELATES TO WHAT 10146 06:32:14,760 --> 06:32:16,800 ADVICE WOULD YOU HAVE FOR THOSE 10147 06:32:16,800 --> 06:32:18,400 STUDENTS WHO ARE REALLY CAUTIOUS 10148 06:32:18,400 --> 06:32:21,760 ABOUT STEPPING OUTSIDE OF THEIR 10149 06:32:21,760 --> 06:32:22,160 COMFORT ZONES. 10150 06:32:22,160 --> 06:32:24,040 WHAT ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE THEM? 10151 06:32:24,040 --> 06:32:27,280 DR. BURTON? 10152 06:32:27,280 --> 06:32:30,760 >>THIS IS A GREAT QUESTION. 10153 06:32:30,760 --> 06:32:34,760 TO STEP OUT OF YOUR COMFORT 10154 06:32:34,760 --> 06:32:43,240 ZONE, DO IT A LITTLELY -- DO IT 10155 06:32:43,240 --> 06:32:43,720 LITTLE BY LITTLE. 10156 06:32:43,720 --> 06:32:49,800 AT THE END OF THE DAY I'M AN 10157 06:32:49,800 --> 06:32:51,720 EXTROVERTED INTROVERT. 10158 06:32:51,720 --> 06:32:54,120 I WAS THE ONLY BLACK PERSON IN 10159 06:32:54,120 --> 06:32:56,440 MY CLASSES IN COLLEGE I DIDN'T 10160 06:32:56,440 --> 06:32:59,240 HAVE ANYONE WHO LOOKED LIKE ME. 10161 06:32:59,240 --> 06:33:01,400 NO ONE WAS SAY DO YOU NEED HELP? 10162 06:33:01,400 --> 06:33:04,080 I HAD TO GO GET HELP. 10163 06:33:04,080 --> 06:33:14,640 IT'S THE SAME THING WITH A PH.D. 10164 06:33:16,240 --> 06:33:16,440 [NO AUDIO] 10165 06:33:16,440 --> 06:33:17,960 MADE YOU UNCOMFORTABLE BUT YOU 10166 06:33:17,960 --> 06:33:21,040 HAVE TO PUT YOURSELF OUT THERE 10167 06:33:21,040 --> 06:33:22,280 SO THAT YOU CAN SUCCEED. 10168 06:33:22,280 --> 06:33:25,840 YOU HAVE TO MAKE A COMMUNITY OF 10169 06:33:25,840 --> 06:33:26,200 PEOPLE. 10170 06:33:26,200 --> 06:33:29,880 I WOULD CALL MY MOM ALMOST EVERY 10171 06:33:29,880 --> 06:33:31,640 DAY AT GRAD SCHOOL SAYING I 10172 06:33:31,640 --> 06:33:32,360 WANTED TO QUIT. 10173 06:33:32,360 --> 06:33:35,880 SHE WAS PART OF MY COMMUNITY. 10174 06:33:35,880 --> 06:33:37,040 WE WERE GOING THROUGH GRAD 10175 06:33:37,040 --> 06:33:38,680 SCHOOL TOGETHER AND WE WOULD CRY 10176 06:33:38,680 --> 06:33:40,560 ON EACH OTHER'S SHOULDER AND YOU 10177 06:33:40,560 --> 06:33:41,760 BUILD THAT COMMUNITY TO HELP YOU 10178 06:33:41,760 --> 06:33:44,960 LEAN ON SO YOU CAN START TO GET 10179 06:33:44,960 --> 06:33:46,200 THE CONFIDENCE SO THAT YOU CAN 10180 06:33:46,200 --> 06:33:47,680 GO OUT AND MEET PEOPLE AND GET 10181 06:33:47,680 --> 06:33:50,800 THE INFORMATION AND/OR WHATEVER 10182 06:33:50,800 --> 06:33:51,760 YOU MAY NEED FROM THE 10183 06:33:51,760 --> 06:33:56,680 INSTITUTION, YOUR MENTOR, YOUR 10184 06:33:56,680 --> 06:33:59,360 COLLABORATORS, JUST PUT YOURSELF 10185 06:33:59,360 --> 06:34:01,240 OUT THERE BUT DO IT LITTLE BY 10186 06:34:01,240 --> 06:34:09,080 LITTLE. 10187 06:34:09,080 --> 06:34:12,960 >>I'LL SUPPORT THAT. 10188 06:34:12,960 --> 06:34:16,080 GOING OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONE 10189 06:34:16,080 --> 06:34:17,000 COULD BE HARD FOR SOME SPECIFIC 10190 06:34:17,000 --> 06:34:18,920 PEOPLE AND I REALLY WANT TO ECHO 10191 06:34:18,920 --> 06:34:23,920 WHAT DR. BURTON MENTIONED SMALL 10192 06:34:23,920 --> 06:34:26,320 STEPS AT A TIME. 10193 06:34:26,320 --> 06:34:35,640 BUT 10194 06:34:35,640 --> 06:34:37,080 I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT A 10195 06:34:37,080 --> 06:34:40,480 LOT OF US 10196 06:34:40,480 --> 06:34:43,840 -- SO I THINK LOOKING OUT FOR A 10197 06:34:43,840 --> 06:34:49,800 ROLE MODEL IS USEFUL BUT WHETHER 10198 06:34:49,800 --> 06:34:51,960 WE SHOULD FIND SOMEONE FOR THEM 10199 06:34:51,960 --> 06:34:54,040 THAT COULD BE A VERY SUBJECTIVE 10200 06:34:54,040 --> 06:35:00,200 THING, I GUESS. 10201 06:35:00,200 --> 06:35:01,960 >>THANK YOU. 10202 06:35:01,960 --> 06:35:04,160 DR. TANG GIRDWOOD. 10203 06:35:04,160 --> 06:35:05,240 >> 10204 06:35:05,240 --> 06:35:09,680 [NO AUDIO] 10205 06:35:09,680 --> 06:35:12,640 THE MENTORSHIP GROUP WE'RE 10206 06:35:12,640 --> 06:35:14,480 CURRENTLY WRITING A PAPER ON THE 10207 06:35:14,480 --> 06:35:20,920 IMPORTANCE OF PEER MENTORSHIP. 10208 06:35:20,920 --> 06:35:23,480 NOT EVERYONE IS GOING TO LOOK 10209 06:35:23,480 --> 06:35:24,960 LIKE YOU IF YOU'RE FROM AN UNDER 10210 06:35:24,960 --> 06:35:26,560 REPRESENTED GROUP BUT TRYING TO 10211 06:35:26,560 --> 06:35:31,680 FIND PEER MENTORS WHO HAVE A 10212 06:35:31,680 --> 06:35:33,200 MORE SHARED EXPERIENCE AND 10213 06:35:33,200 --> 06:35:34,440 SHARING WHAT IT'S BEEN LIKE IS 10214 06:35:34,440 --> 06:35:39,160 LIKELY PRETTY USEFUL. 10215 06:35:39,160 --> 06:35:42,520 >>I AGREE WITH EVERYBODY AND I 10216 06:35:42,520 --> 06:35:46,480 WOULD ADD TO THAT THAT FOR 10217 06:35:46,480 --> 06:35:47,480 HISTORICALLY EXCLUDED AND 10218 06:35:47,480 --> 06:35:48,840 MINORITIZED GROUPS, ACADEMIA 10219 06:35:48,840 --> 06:35:50,320 DOES NOT LOOK LIKE YOU RIGHT NOW 10220 06:35:50,320 --> 06:35:52,120 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO FIND ALLIES 10221 06:35:52,120 --> 06:35:54,240 AND SUPPORTERS WHEREVER YOU CAN 10222 06:35:54,240 --> 06:35:56,600 AND SO KNOW THAT YOU WILL FIND 10223 06:35:56,600 --> 06:35:57,440 THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE SAFE 10224 06:35:57,440 --> 06:35:59,040 AND PEOPLE WHO YOU CAN BE 10225 06:35:59,040 --> 06:36:00,120 YOURSELF WITH AND PEOPLE WHO 10226 06:36:00,120 --> 06:36:01,920 WILL ACCEPT YOU FOR ALL OF YOU 10227 06:36:01,920 --> 06:36:03,880 AND THEY DON'T HAVE TO LOOK LIKE 10228 06:36:03,880 --> 06:36:05,600 YOU SO YOU CAN FIND A COMMUNITY 10229 06:36:05,600 --> 06:36:07,040 RIGHT NOW AND WE CAN CONTINUE 10230 06:36:07,040 --> 06:36:07,680 BUILDING OUR COMMUNITY AS TIME 10231 06:36:07,680 --> 06:36:11,520 GOES ON. 10232 06:36:11,520 --> 06:36:15,520 >>GREAT, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 10233 06:36:15,520 --> 06:36:17,440 DR. GHOSAL I THINK YOU TOUCHED 10234 06:36:17,440 --> 06:36:19,520 ON THIS, ON FAILURES AND 10235 06:36:19,520 --> 06:36:20,360 SELF-DOUBT IN YOUR TALK. 10236 06:36:20,360 --> 06:36:23,800 SO ONE OF THE QUESTIONS FROM THE 10237 06:36:23,800 --> 06:36:27,160 AUDIENCE MEMBERS IS DURING YOUR 10238 06:36:27,160 --> 06:36:28,400 CAREER JOURNEY, HAVE YOU EVER 10239 06:36:28,400 --> 06:36:29,600 FELT THAT YOU WERE NOT ON THE 10240 06:36:29,600 --> 06:36:31,520 RIGHT PATH OR LIKE YOU DID NOT 10241 06:36:31,520 --> 06:36:33,400 BELONG IN YOUR FIELD? 10242 06:36:33,400 --> 06:36:36,840 AND IF SO HOW DID YOU OVERCOME 10243 06:36:36,840 --> 06:36:46,960 THAT FEELING? 10244 06:36:46,960 --> 06:36:49,160 >>I'M FIND IF DR. BURTON SPEAKS 10245 06:36:49,160 --> 06:36:49,720 FIRST. 10246 06:36:49,720 --> 06:36:54,680 I CAN FOLLOW. 10247 06:36:54,680 --> 06:36:55,640 >>GO AHEAD. 10248 06:36:55,640 --> 06:37:02,040 >>I FELT LIKE I DIDN'T BELONG 10249 06:37:02,040 --> 06:37:02,600 SEVERAL TIMES. 10250 06:37:02,600 --> 06:37:05,960 YOU JUST HAVE TO DIG IN AND GO 10251 06:37:05,960 --> 06:37:06,600 TO YOUR WHY. 10252 06:37:06,600 --> 06:37:08,720 SO WRITING THAT STATEMENT LIKE 10253 06:37:08,720 --> 06:37:10,000 YOUR MISSION STATEMENT AND 10254 06:37:10,000 --> 06:37:14,680 GETTING BACK TO THAT AND 10255 06:37:14,680 --> 06:37:15,880 REMEMBERING THAT YOU HAVE THE 10256 06:37:15,880 --> 06:37:17,320 SKILLS JUST LIKE EVERYONE ELSE. 10257 06:37:17,320 --> 06:37:19,160 YOU HAVE TO BELIEVE IN YOURSELF 10258 06:37:19,160 --> 06:37:20,240 AND THAT HELPS YOU OVERCOME SOME 10259 06:37:20,240 --> 06:37:21,720 OF THAT. 10260 06:37:21,720 --> 06:37:23,160 SOMETIMES YOU HAVE TO CRY IT 10261 06:37:23,160 --> 06:37:25,560 OUT, TALK TO SOMEONE, GET SOME 10262 06:37:25,560 --> 06:37:28,640 REASSURANCE AND JUST KEEP IT 10263 06:37:28,640 --> 06:37:28,880 MOVING. 10264 06:37:28,880 --> 06:37:31,200 BUT IT DOES CREEP IN. 10265 06:37:31,200 --> 06:37:38,320 IT DOES CREEP IN. 10266 06:37:38,320 --> 06:37:41,840 >>DR. GHOSAL DO YOU HAVE MORE 10267 06:37:41,840 --> 06:37:45,840 ADVICE TO ADD TO WHAT YOU SAID 10268 06:37:45,840 --> 06:37:46,120 PREVIOUSLY? 10269 06:37:46,120 --> 06:37:50,720 >>MENTORS HELP A LOT IN THIS 10270 06:37:50,720 --> 06:37:50,920 REGARD. 10271 06:37:50,920 --> 06:37:53,720 I'M NOT IN THE POSITION FIVE 10272 06:37:53,720 --> 06:37:55,720 YEARS BACK I DIDN'T THINK OF IT. 10273 06:37:55,720 --> 06:37:58,760 I ALWAYS PLANNED NOT TO BE IN A 10274 06:37:58,760 --> 06:37:59,640 TEACHING POSITION AND STILL I 10275 06:37:59,640 --> 06:38:02,160 HAVE TO TEACH. 10276 06:38:02,160 --> 06:38:06,440 I WAS FRIGHTENED TO MEET A BIG 10277 06:38:06,440 --> 06:38:07,200 ROOM FULL OF STUDENTS. 10278 06:38:07,200 --> 06:38:11,440 I THOUGHT I'D BE WASTING THEIR 10279 06:38:11,440 --> 06:38:14,280 HARD SPENT MONEY. 10280 06:38:14,280 --> 06:38:16,360 WHAT IF I FAIL TO DELIVER OR 10281 06:38:16,360 --> 06:38:17,040 PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE THEY NEED. 10282 06:38:17,040 --> 06:38:18,720 I WAS ALWAYS IN THAT DOUBT. 10283 06:38:18,720 --> 06:38:23,600 MY MENTORS HELPED ME. 10284 06:38:23,600 --> 06:38:28,200 [NO AUDIO] 10285 06:38:28,200 --> 06:38:31,240 THEY ALL SAID YOU SHOULD NOT 10286 06:38:31,240 --> 06:38:33,680 WORRY ABOUT THAT AT THIS MOMENT. 10287 06:38:33,680 --> 06:38:34,960 JUST TRY THIS. 10288 06:38:34,960 --> 06:38:39,480 I GOT AN OPPORTUNITY TO TEACH. 10289 06:38:39,480 --> 06:38:40,800 IT CHANGED MY PERSPECTIVE. 10290 06:38:40,800 --> 06:38:46,920 IT'S SO REWARDING TO CONNECT 10291 06:38:46,920 --> 06:38:48,840 WITH A STUDENT AND CONVEY THE 10292 06:38:48,840 --> 06:38:49,840 KNOWLEDGE YOU HAVE AND WHAT THEY 10293 06:38:49,840 --> 06:38:51,080 ARE SEEKING. 10294 06:38:51,080 --> 06:38:52,720 I HAD THE SELF-DOUBT. 10295 06:38:52,720 --> 06:38:54,000 I WAS LACKING CONFIDENCE. 10296 06:38:54,000 --> 06:38:55,680 MY MENTORS PROVIDED THAT AND 10297 06:38:55,680 --> 06:39:01,080 THEN I GOT THE COURAGE TO TRY IT 10298 06:39:01,080 --> 06:39:03,360 OUT AND NOW I AM WAY MORE 10299 06:39:03,360 --> 06:39:04,720 COMFORTABLE IN REACHING OUT TO 10300 06:39:04,720 --> 06:39:06,400 NEW STUDENTS. 10301 06:39:06,400 --> 06:39:11,600 GOOD MENTORSHIP CAN HELP THAT. 10302 06:39:11,600 --> 06:39:15,800 >>YES, IT COMES DOWN TO GOOD 10303 06:39:15,800 --> 06:39:16,040 MENTORING. 10304 06:39:16,040 --> 06:39:19,080 DR. TANG GIRDWOOD. 10305 06:39:19,080 --> 06:39:23,480 >>I WOULD SAY THERE MANY TIMES 10306 06:39:23,480 --> 06:39:25,960 EVER SINCE I SINCE I BECAME PART 10307 06:39:25,960 --> 06:39:27,520 OF THE PROGRAM WHERE THEY JUDGE 10308 06:39:27,520 --> 06:39:31,520 THE SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAM INTO 10309 06:39:31,520 --> 06:39:34,120 HOW MANY GRADUATES GET R01 I 10310 06:39:34,120 --> 06:39:35,200 QUESTIONED DID I PICK THIS PATH 10311 06:39:35,200 --> 06:39:38,360 BECAUSE I FELT AN OBLIGATION TO 10312 06:39:38,360 --> 06:39:39,840 DO WHAT IS CONSIDERED A 10313 06:39:39,840 --> 06:39:40,840 SUCCESSFUL APPLICANT AND ALSO 10314 06:39:40,840 --> 06:39:43,920 WHY I TOOK AN EXTRA YEAR TO DO 10315 06:39:43,920 --> 06:39:48,720 [NO AUDIO] 10316 06:39:48,720 --> 06:39:50,560 ALL THE DIFFERENT PATHWAYS AND 10317 06:39:50,560 --> 06:39:51,440 WASN'T DOING SOMETHING JUST 10318 06:39:51,440 --> 06:39:57,640 BECAUSE I FELT OBLIGATED. 10319 06:39:57,640 --> 06:39:59,880 WE SHARE CONCERNS WITH MENTORS 10320 06:39:59,880 --> 06:40:05,320 AND I THINK IT'S HELPFUL TO KNOW 10321 06:40:05,320 --> 06:40:08,840 OTHER PEOPLE HAVE -- IF YOU 10322 06:40:08,840 --> 06:40:12,520 THINK YOU'RE THE ONLY ONE HAVING 10323 06:40:12,520 --> 06:40:14,320 IT YOU ARE NOT AND FINDING A 10324 06:40:14,320 --> 06:40:15,760 GROUP OF PEOPLE YOU CAN WHETHER 10325 06:40:15,760 --> 06:40:17,800 IT'S TRADITIONAL MENTORS OR PEER 10326 06:40:17,800 --> 06:40:22,640 MENTORS TO SHARE YOUR CONCERNS. 10327 06:40:22,640 --> 06:40:24,120 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT. 10328 06:40:24,120 --> 06:40:25,480 DR. ROGERS? 10329 06:40:25,480 --> 06:40:27,120 >>I HAVE FELT THIS CONSTANTLY 10330 06:40:27,120 --> 06:40:28,040 IN MY CAREER. 10331 06:40:28,040 --> 06:40:30,480 I HAVE HAD IMPOSTER SYNDROME AND 10332 06:40:30,480 --> 06:40:32,200 FELT LIKE I DON'T BELONG. 10333 06:40:32,200 --> 06:40:34,080 RECENTLY WHEN I TRANSITIONED 10334 06:40:34,080 --> 06:40:35,760 FROM A PRIMARILY UNDERGRADUATE 10335 06:40:35,760 --> 06:40:37,600 INSTITUTION TO THIS PLACE, THIS 10336 06:40:37,600 --> 06:40:38,640 RESEARCH INSTITUTION I WAS READY 10337 06:40:38,640 --> 06:40:41,720 TO QUIT BECAUSE I FELT LIKE I 10338 06:40:41,720 --> 06:40:43,720 CAN'T HACK IT. 10339 06:40:43,720 --> 06:40:45,760 I DONT BELONG HERE. 10340 06:40:45,760 --> 06:40:48,560 HONESTLY IT WAS MY PEERS THAT 10341 06:40:48,560 --> 06:40:50,320 REACHED OUT TO ME AND UNKNOWN 10342 06:40:50,320 --> 06:40:52,000 SPONSORED AND MENTORS FROM 10343 06:40:52,000 --> 06:40:52,240 TWITTER. 10344 06:40:52,240 --> 06:40:55,040 ONE TWITTER COMPLAINT ABOUT HOW 10345 06:40:55,040 --> 06:40:57,800 I FELT IT WITH A BIT WORKING HAD 10346 06:40:57,800 --> 06:41:00,800 PEOPLE REACHING OUT TO ME I 10347 06:41:00,800 --> 06:41:02,080 DIDN'T KNOW PERSONALLY BECAUSE 10348 06:41:02,080 --> 06:41:03,080 THEY FELT I WAS VALUABLE ENOUGH 10349 06:41:03,080 --> 06:41:04,880 TO STAY AND THAT CHANGED MY 10350 06:41:04,880 --> 06:41:14,360 PERSPECTIVE ON EVERYTHING. 10351 06:41:14,360 --> 06:41:14,720 [NO AUDIO] 10352 06:41:14,720 --> 06:41:16,840 AND TRYING TO MAKE A HUGE 10353 06:41:16,840 --> 06:41:18,520 DIFFERENCE IN THE LIVES OF 10354 06:41:18,520 --> 06:41:20,680 STUDENTS OR DOING THE EXTRA WORK 10355 06:41:20,680 --> 06:41:23,000 AND I THINK I CAN MAKE A 10356 06:41:23,000 --> 06:41:23,720 DIFFERENCE THERE SO IT'S WORTH 10357 06:41:23,720 --> 06:41:25,680 IT FOR ME TO IMPROVE AND HELP 10358 06:41:25,680 --> 06:41:27,960 OTHERS TO HELP GET BETTER AT THE 10359 06:41:27,960 --> 06:41:29,800 THINGS THAT MAYBE I'M NOT SO 10360 06:41:29,800 --> 06:41:30,040 GREAT AT. 10361 06:41:30,040 --> 06:41:31,680 >>WELL, THANK YOU. 10362 06:41:31,680 --> 06:41:33,680 I BELIEVE WITH THAT WE HAVE COME 10363 06:41:33,680 --> 06:41:36,600 TO THE END OF OUR TIME. 10364 06:41:36,600 --> 06:41:41,280 I WANT TO THANK THE PANELISTS 10365 06:41:41,280 --> 06:41:43,080 FOR A VERY ENGAGING AND 10366 06:41:43,080 --> 06:41:44,240 INFORMATIVE DISCUSSION AND THANK 10367 06:41:44,240 --> 06:41:46,000 YOU EVERYBODY FOR JOINING US AT 10368 06:41:46,000 --> 06:41:46,480 OUR 60th ANNIVERSARY 10369 06:41:46,480 --> 06:42:51,320 CELEBRATIONS. 10370 06:42:51,320 --> 06:42:52,720 -- THANK YOU FOR SHARING YOUR 10371 06:42:52,720 --> 06:42:56,760 STORIES AND NOW TO QUOTE EUNICE 10372 06:42:56,760 --> 06:42:59,040 KENNEDY SHRIVER IT'S MY JOB TO 10373 06:42:59,040 --> 06:43:02,000 MOVE ON AND I'D LIKE TO THANK 10374 06:43:02,000 --> 06:43:05,520 OUR PANELISTS AND MODERATORS AND 10375 06:43:05,520 --> 06:43:12,160 ORGANIZERS. 10376 06:43:12,160 --> 06:43:14,720 PAUL WILLIAMS, CHRISTINA STYLE, 10377 06:43:14,720 --> 06:43:17,720 MARIA YOUNG AND THE REST OF THE 10378 06:43:17,720 --> 06:43:19,760 TEAM IN NICHD'S OFFICE OF 10379 06:43:19,760 --> 06:43:20,200 COMMUNICATIONS. 10380 06:43:20,200 --> 06:43:22,360 I'D ALSO LIKE TO THANK YOU, THE 10381 06:43:22,360 --> 06:43:24,640 AUDIENCE, FOR PARTICIPATING AND 10382 06:43:24,640 --> 06:43:25,760 FOR YOUR INSIGHTFUL QUESTIONS TO 10383 06:43:25,760 --> 06:43:27,920 OUR PRESENTERS. 10384 06:43:27,920 --> 06:43:30,360 I HOPE THAT WE'VE GIVEN YOU A 10385 06:43:30,360 --> 06:43:33,440 SENSE OF THE DEPTH AND BREADTH 10386 06:43:33,440 --> 06:43:35,520 OF OUR RESEARCH PORTFOLIO AND 10387 06:43:35,520 --> 06:43:36,680 THAT WE'VE SPARK YOUR 10388 06:43:36,680 --> 06:43:38,400 IMAGINATION AND HELPED YOU 10389 06:43:38,400 --> 06:43:40,360 ENVISION WHAT THE NEXT FIVE TO 10390 06:43:40,360 --> 06:43:42,960 10 YEARS OF OUR SCIENCE MAY LOOK 10391 06:43:42,960 --> 06:43:44,200 LIKE. 10392 06:43:44,200 --> 06:43:45,920 NICHD'S INDEED A PLACE WHERE THE 10393 06:43:45,920 --> 06:43:48,320 FUTURE IS BRIGHT AND WHERE OUR 10394 06:43:48,320 --> 06:43:48,720 RESEARCH CAN HAVE 10395 06:43:48,720 --> 06:43:58,320 [NO AUDIO] 10396 06:43:58,320 --> 06:44:01,640 THANK YOU ALL AGAIN AND HERE'S 10397 06:44:01,640 --> 06:44:03,000 TO ANOTHER 60 YEARS OF 10398 06:44:03,000 --> 06:44:03,320 INNOVATION. 10399 06:44:03,320 --> 00:00:00,000 HAVE A GREAT EVENING, EVERYBODY.