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>>WELCOME BACK, EVERYONE

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IF YOU WERE WITH US YESTERDAY,

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AND THOSE JOINING TODAY TO THE

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COMBINED WEBINAR ON THE BRAIN

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ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, LOOKING AT

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TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR

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MEASURING THE CHANGING BRAIN.

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YESTERDAY WE HAD A GREAT SET OF

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TALKS FOCUSING ON UNDERSTANDING

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NEW WAYS, STATE-OF-THE-ART WAYS

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OF MEASURING BRAIN STRUCTURE AND

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FUNCTION.

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WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE THAT

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TODAY WITH ALSO SCALING BACK A

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LITTLE BIT, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

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HOW WE CAN BRING SOME OF THOSE

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TECHNOLOGIES TO OTHER GEOGRAPHIC

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SETTINGS AND AREAS.

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TO KICK OFF DAY 2 IT'S MY

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PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DR. RASA

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IZADNEGAHDAR, WHO IS THE

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DIRECTOR OF THE MATERNAL NEWBORN

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CHILD HEALTH DISCOVERY AND TOOLS

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TEAM AT THE BILL AND MELINDA

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GATES FOUNDATION, A TEAM THAT

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FOCUSES ON IDENTIFYING

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DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING TOOLS

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AND TECHNOLOGIES AS WELL AS

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PRODUCTS THAT IMPROVE CHILD AND

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MATERNAL NEWBORN HEALTH, AN

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IMPORTANT METRIC AGAINST WHICH

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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING

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EVALUATE AND MEASURED AGAINST.

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I'LL TURN TO RASA TO WELCOME US

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TO DAY 2 OF THE WORKSHOP.

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>> THANKS.

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HELLO, COLLEAGUES.

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THANK YOU FOR PUTTING TOGETHER A

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PACKED DAY YESTERDAY, THE

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CELLULAR LEVEL, UNDERSTANDING

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WHAT WE'VE LEARNED.

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IT IS TRULY INSPIRING AFTER

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SEVERAL YEARS OF BEING IN

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LOCKDOWN AND NOT IN REAL LIFE

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SETTING BUT AT LEAST IN A 

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VIRTUAL SETTING GETTING TO HEAR

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SO MUCH INTERESTING WORK IN THIS

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PLACE AND THINK ABOUT POTENTIAL

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WE HAVE IN ORDER TO MOVE THIS

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FIELD FORWARD TOGETHER FROM THE

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GATES FOUNDATION, NIH, AND OUR

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COLLABORATORS THAT ARE SHARED

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AND SEPARATE.

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I TRULY BELIEVE THE PATH AHEAD

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OF US IS A UNIQUE ONE.

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ONE WHERE THE FIELD IS AT A

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TURNING POINT WHERE THERE'S AN

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INFLUX OF NEW TOOLS, AN

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OPPORTUNITY TO REALLY UNDERSTAND

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AND LINK FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY TO

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PHENOTYPES THAT WE'RE

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UNDERSTANDING, THAT WE'RE

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SEEING, AND TO TAKE AN APPROACH

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TO SCIENCE THAT PURCHASE  --

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SURPASSES CHALLENGES OF THE

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PAST.

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WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHIFT

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HOW FUNNEL MENTAL UNDERSTANDING

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OF DEVELOPMENT MOVES AWAY FROM

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SOME OF THE BASICS OF 

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ANTHROPOMETRY, FOUNDING

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PRINCIPLES OF WHETHER TOOLS ARE

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USEFUL OR POPULATIONS ARE

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LAGGING TO TRUE UNDERSTANDING OF

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WHAT'S DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL

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MEANS, NOT JUST BY GROWTH BUT

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UNDERSTANDING THE BRAIN, ITS

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NEURAL NETWORKS, ITS STRUCTURE

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AND FUNCTION AND HOW IT COMES

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TOGETHER FUNDAMENTALLY TO HELP

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DEVELOP AT A POPULATION LEVEL A

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COHORT THAT IS ABLE TO THRIVE

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LIVING A HEALTH AND HAPPY LIFE.

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THERE ARE THREE THINGS I'D LIKE

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TO PUSH US TO CONSIDER AS WE

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THINK WITH TECHNOLOGIES ASSESSED

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YESTERDAY, OPPORTUNITIES BEFORE

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US TODAY.

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THE FIRST ONE IS THE TOOLS

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THEMSELVES, THESE CON 

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CONSTITUENT COMPONENTS TO ASSAY,

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TO UNDERSTAND, THAT IS AN

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ENTIRELY SHIFTING FIELD, WE'RE

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TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

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COMMONALITIES ACROSS

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POPULATIONS, DIFFERENCES, AND

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THIS GIVES UNIQUE INSIGHT INTO

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THE HETEROGENEITY THAT'S THERE,

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GIVES US AN OPPORTUNITY TO NOT

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JUST TAKE NEW TOOLS TO PLACES

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THAT HAVEN'T BEEN THERE BEFORE

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BUT THINK ABOUT TOOLS TO EXTEND

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INTO THE HOME TO CORRELATE WITH

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WHAT WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE BEEN

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IN A SIGNIFICANTLY LIMITED

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ACCESS FACILITY OF THE PAST.

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THAT'S A LEVEL OF INNOVATION IN

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THIS SPACE AND INSPIRES ME AND

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OUR TEAM AND COLLABORATORS WITH

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YOU TO THINK MORE BROADLY IN

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TERMS OF WHO IS BEING MEASURED

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WITH THE TOOLS AND WHAT WE'RE

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UNDERSTANDING FROM THE

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PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE THERE.

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CONTINUING TO PUSH TO TURN SOME

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OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT THE

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CHANGES ARE INTO MEASURES THAT

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CAN BE SCALED EVEN IN RESEARCH

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SETTINGS, BUT REDEFINING

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RESEARCH SETTINGS TO BE AS

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CLOSER TO THE HOME OR FUNCTIONAL

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ENVIRONMENT OF THE DEVELOPING

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BRAIN AND THE CHILD IS PART OF

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OUR GOALS.

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THE SECOND IS THE POPULATIONS,

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THE COHORTS WE HAVE, THE WAY

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THAT WE GO ABOUT IDENTIFYING WHO

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BECOMES PARTICIPANTS THAT ARE

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SUBJECT TO THE ASSAYS, AND ARE

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WORKING WITH US IN TERMS OF THE

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MEASURES AND HOW MUCH IS THAT A

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PARTNERSHIP WITH THOSE

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POPULATIONS, HOW MUCH ARE WE

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TAKING THE APPROACH TO IDENTIFY

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POPULATIONS THAT ARE NOT JUST

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THE EASIEST ONES TO FIND, THAT

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ARE NOT THE ONES THAT REALLY ARE

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DEVELOPING ON PACE WITH WHAT WE

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WOULD LIKE TO SEE, OR THE ONES

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THAT HAVE DEFINITIVE CHALLENGES

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THAT HAVE LED THEM TO COME TO

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CARE, BUT REALLY LOOKING AT WHO

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COMPRISES SOME OF THE RESIDUAL

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MORBIDITY AND LAGGING

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DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COMMUNITY,

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HOW DO WE REACH THOSE

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POPULATIONS, HOW DO WE NOT JUST

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TAKE THE TOOLS TO WHERE IT'S

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EASIEST AT THE PORT OF ENTRY TO

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BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THEIR

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VALUE IS BUT REALLY PUSH INTO

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COMMUNITIES ALONGSIDE THE VOICES

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OF FOLKS IN THOSE COMMUNITIES IN

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TERMS OF HELPING UNDERSTAND

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WHERE AND WHAT NEURODEVELOPMENT

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LOOKS LIKE.

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AND THAT BRINGS ME TO THE THIRD

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ONE, WHICH IS THE APPROACH WE

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USE IN BRINGING TOGETHER THESE

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COHORTS WITH THE TOOLS.

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I FUNDAMENTALLY BELIEVE THAT

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SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE TRAJECTORY

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OF NEURODEVELOPMENT IS ABOUT AND

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CAN BE ABOUT EQUITY.

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IT CAN BE ABOUT UNDERSTANDING

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HOW UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS,

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WHETHER THEY ARE IN THE U.S. OR

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WHETHER THEY ARE GLOBALLY, ARE

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IMPACTED BY SOME OF THE

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STRUCTURAL BIASES THAT ARE

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THERE, WHEREVER THEY MAY BE,

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SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT

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ARE THERE, AND SOME OF THE

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SPECIFIC INHERENT ASPECTS OF THE

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ENVIRONMENTS THEY LIVE IN AND

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HOW DO WE ADDRESS THOSE.

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IF WE TAKE BROAD APPROACH TO

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WHAT TOOLS CAN DO, IN TERMS OF

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WHERE THEY CAN GO, EXPANSIVE IN

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TERMS OF COHORTS WE LOOK AT,

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DOWN TO  GRANULAR DETAIL, NOT

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JUST A CROSS-SECTIONAL

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ASSESSMENT FROM WHICH WE

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EXTRAPOLATE GENERALIZATIONS

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ACROSS POPULATIONS BUT DIG INTO

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UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY OF

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NEURAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS

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POPULATIONS, ACROSS SETTINGS, I

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THINK WE REALLY HAVE THE

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OPPORTUNITY TO BRING FORTH AN

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UNDERSTANDING THAT GOES BEYOND

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SOME OF THE IMBALANCES THAT HAVE

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EXISTED IN THIS FIELD, INCLUDING

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SPECIFIC FOCUS ON HIGH INCOME

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SETTINGS, HIGH-INCOME

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POPULATIONS, AND REALLY ALLOWS

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US TO DIG DEEPER INTO THE

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TRAJECTORY OF NEURODEVELOPMENT

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AS IT UNFOLDS FOR ALL BECAUSE

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THE POWER IN WHAT WE HAVE IS

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TRANSCENDENT OF THOSE DIVISIONS

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AND QUALIFICATIONS AND WE HAVE

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BEFORE US AS WE SAW YESTERDAY

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AND WILL HEAR ABOUT TODAY SOME

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OF THE TOOLS TO GET AT.

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SO FOR ME IT'S REALLY ABOUT

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PARTNERING WITH THE COMMUNITIES

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AND POPULATIONS TO BE ABLE TO

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ACHIEVE MEANINGFUL SCIENCE,

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MEANINGFUL DATA THAT HELPS TO

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MOVE THE FIELD FORWARD.

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I'M EXCITED HOW THE DAY WILL

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UNFOLD AND LOOK FORWARD TO

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TAKING THIS ON AND APPRECIATE

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EACH OF YOU WHO CONTRIBUTED TO

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MAKING THIS POSSIBLE AND MOVING

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THE FIELD FORWARD TOGETHER.

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THANK YOU.

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>> THANK YOU FOR THOSE WELCOMING

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REMARKS.

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IN A MOMENT WHEN THE SLIDES COME

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UP I'D LIKE TO GIVE A SHORT

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REMINDER OF TODAY'S EVENTS AND

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HOW TO USE VIRTUAL SYSTEMS.

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STILL SEEING THE CONTENT SHARING

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IS LAUNCHING.

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HERE WE ARE.

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YOU HAVE CANS TO THE NEXT SLIDE.

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SO YOU CAN FIND AGENDA AND BIOS

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ON THE MEETING WEBSITE, LINK IN

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THE UPPER RIGHT-HAND CORNER OF

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THE SLIDE.

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SO THE FIRST SESSION TODAY WILL

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BUILD OFF THE EXCITING WORK

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PRESENTED YESTERDAY, AND FOCUS

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ON STATE OF THE ART IN MEASURING

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BRAIN ACTIVITY OVER TIME.

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AND FOLLOWING THAT SESSION WE'LL

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EXPAND ON SOME OF THE IDEAS

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MENTIONED IN YESTERDAY'S PANEL,

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IN A PANEL FOCUSED ON SCALING

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TECHNOLOGIES FROM THE INDIVIDUAL

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TO POPULATION LEVELS

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PARTICULARLY IN LOW AND MIDDLE

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INCOME SETTINGS.

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FINALLY, WE HAVE THE REAL

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PRIVILEGE OF HEARING CLOSING

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THOUGHTS FROM DR. JOHN NGAI,

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DIRECTOR OF THE NIH BRAIN

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INITIATIVE.

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THIS LAST HALF HOUR WILL BE AN

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OPEN FORUM MODERATED BY DR. NGAI

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FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS GLEANED

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FROM THE PAST TWO DAYS OF TALKS

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AND DISCUSSIONS.

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I HOPE YOU CAN STAY TUNED TO BE

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00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:14,680
PART OF THAT OPPORTUNITY.

262
00:10:14,680 --> 00:10:15,200
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

263
00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:17,080
AS A REMINDER TO AUDIENCE

264
00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:17,760
PARTICIPATING THROUGH THE

265
00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:18,720
VIDEOCAST WE'LL SAVE ALL

266
00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:20,040
QUESTIONS FOR AFTER THE

267
00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:22,320
PRESENTATIONS BUT YOU CAN BE

268
00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:23,320
SUBMITTING YOUR QUESTIONS AND

269
00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,160
COMMENTS THROUGH THE LIVE

270
00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,480
FEEDBACK SYSTEM THROUGHOUT THE

271
00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:27,720
MEETING.

272
00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:30,080
THIS IS ACCESSED THROUGH THE

273
00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:32,280
SEND LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON BELOW

274
00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:36,080
THE LIVE FEED ON THE VIDEOCAST

275
00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:36,400
PAGE.

276
00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:37,440
YOUR CONTRIBUTION MATTERS SO

277
00:10:37,440 --> 00:10:40,360
FEEL FREE TO SUBMIT YOUR

278
00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:40,640
THOUGHTS.

279
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:41,040
NEXT SLIDE.

280
00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:44,720
I WANT TO THANK AGAIN EVERYONE

281
00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:48,200
THAT'S CONTRIBUTED, AND

282
00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:52,560
SPECIFICALLY THANK DR. SEAN

283
00:10:52,560 --> 00:10:54,680
DONEY, ON THE BILL AND MELINDA

284
00:10:54,680 --> 00:10:56,520
GATES FOUNDATION, AND SPEAKERS

285
00:10:56,520 --> 00:10:58,160
AND PANELISTS FROM YESTERDAY FOR

286
00:10:58,160 --> 00:10:59,280
DELIVERING GREAT TALKS AND

287
00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:00,680
DISCUSSION, I LOOK FORWARD TO

288
00:11:00,680 --> 00:11:02,760
HEARING WHAT'S IN STORE FROM THE

289
00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:03,320
SPEAKERS TODAY.

290
00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:12,720
NOW I'M GOING TO TURN THE

291
00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:16,080
PROGRAM OVER TO HELENA.

292
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:18,680
>> HELLO, I'M A PROGRAM OFFICER

293
00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:24,600
AT NICHD, I WILL INTRODUCE DR. 

294
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:30,880
TERRY JERNIGAN, OUR MODERATOR, A

295
00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:31,600
DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR,

296
00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:34,680
DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR HUMAN

297
00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,720
DEVELOPMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

298
00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:40,920
CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO.

299
00:11:40,920 --> 00:11:50,160
SHE HAS STUDIED HUMAN BRAIN, 

300
00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:51,480
FOCUSING ON AGING,

301
00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:51,880
NEURODEVELOPMENT,

302
00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:54,440
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC AND SUBSTANCE

303
00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:55,280
USE DISORDERS AND

304
00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:57,960
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. 

305
00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:00,840
FOR THE LAST DECADE, RESEARCH

306
00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:02,560
INTERESTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPING

307
00:12:02,560 --> 00:12:06,520
MIND AND BRAIN, WITH FOCUS ON

308
00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:07,600
DYNAMIC NEURODEVELOPMENT OF

309
00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:11,520
PROCESSES THAT GIVE RISE TO

310
00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:12,960
HUMAN INDIVIDUALITY AND THOSE

311
00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:18,440
THESE ARE AFFECTED BY

312
00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:19,760
EXPERIENCE, SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE,

313
00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:23,040
AND GENETIC VARIATION AND OTHER

314
00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:23,280
VECTORS.

315
00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:25,080
CO-DIRECTOR OF COORDINATING

316
00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:27,280
CENTER FOR ABCD STUDY, HAS

317
00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:30,520
SERVED ON THE NATIONAL ADVISORY

318
00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:31,840
COUNCIL ON DRUG ABUSE AND

319
00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:34,920
COUNCIL OF COUNCILS OF THE

320
00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:37,560
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH,

321
00:12:37,560 --> 00:12:41,680
CURRENTLY SERVES ON THE NIH

322
00:12:41,680 --> 00:12:45,880
HELPING END ADDICTION LONG-TERM,

323
00:12:45,880 --> 00:12:47,160
"HEAL," MULTI-DISCIPLINARY WORK

324
00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:48,520
GROUP, SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP

325
00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:50,600
OF SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE

326
00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,280
UNITED STATES AND EUROPE.

327
00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:56,680
PLEASE WELCOME DR. TERRY

328
00:12:56,680 --> 00:12:57,040
JERNIGAN.

329
00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:59,600
TAKE IT AWAY.

330
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,720
 

331
00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:04,000
>> THANK YOU FOR THAT.

332
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:05,440
THANKS TO THE ORGANIZERS FOR

333
00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:07,680
INVITING ME TO JOIN YOU TODAY.

334
00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:11,080
I MUST SAY I REALLY APPRECIATE

335
00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:16,160
THE REMARKS OF DR. IZADNEGAHDAR

336
00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:17,680
WHO SET THE STAGE FOR THIS

337
00:13:17,680 --> 00:13:20,080
SESSION, AND I HOPE THAT YOU'LL

338
00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:22,480
SEE SOME RESONANCE BETWEEN MY

339
00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:23,120
REMARKS AND YOURS.

340
00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,160
LET ME START US OFF TODAY BY

341
00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:27,720
BRINGING ATTENTION TO THIS

342
00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:29,880
REMARKABLE REPORT, NEXT SLIDE

343
00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,080
PLEASE, THAT APPEARED A FEW DAYS

344
00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:34,920
AGO NOW IN "NATURE" AUTHORED BY

345
00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:36,720
HUNDREDS BUT FOR WHICH THE LEAD

346
00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:39,640
JUNIOR AND SENIOR AUTHORS ARE

347
00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:40,520
LISTED HERE.

348
00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:44,040
THEY COMBINE BRAIN IMAGING DATA

349
00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:46,520
FROM OVER 100,000 INDIVIDUAL

350
00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:50,400
PARTICIPANTS, RANGING IN AGE

351
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:51,240
FROM 16 POST-CONCEPTION WEEKS TO

352
00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:52,840
100 YEARS OF AGE.

353
00:13:52,840 --> 00:13:56,240
NOW, THIS SESSION IS TITLED,

354
00:13:56,240 --> 00:14:00,560
MEASURING BRAIN ACTIVITY, AND SO

355
00:14:00,560 --> 00:14:02,240
LET ME CLARIFY.

356
00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:03,880
ALTHOUGH WE WILL HEAR VERY

357
00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:05,760
INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT THE USE

358
00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:07,720
OF MRI TO MEASURE BRAIN

359
00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:09,280
ACTIVITY, THIS PAPER REPORTS

360
00:14:09,280 --> 00:14:12,320
ONLY ON VERY COMMON BRAIN

361
00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:15,080
IMAGING PHENOTYPES PRODUCED WITH

362
00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:16,480
WELL-STANDARDIZED THOUGHTS, FROM

363
00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:18,760
WHAT WE REFER TO AS STRUCTURAL

364
00:14:18,760 --> 00:14:28,720
NEUROIMAGE, WHAT I REFER TO AS

365
00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:30,880
BIOLOGY NEUROIMAGING, VOLUMES OF

366
00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:31,480
THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE,

367
00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:33,680
SEPARATE VOLUMES OF THEIR GRAY

368
00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:35,160
AND WHITE MATTER, AND SEPARATE

369
00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:38,560
VOLUMES OF THE SUBCORTICAL AND

370
00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:39,560
CORTICAL STRUCTURES, AVERAGE

371
00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,200
THICKNESS OF THE CORTEX AND THE

372
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,160
SURFACE AREA OF THE CORTEX.

373
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:46,560
AND THIS FIGURE'S MEANT TO

374
00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:51,440
HIGHLIGHT FOR THESE GLOBAL BRAIN

375
00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:53,840
PHENOTYPES THAT THE LIFESPAN

376
00:14:53,840 --> 00:15:00,080
TRAJECTORIES THEY EXHIBIT ARE

377
00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:01,200
DISTINCT, ALMOST ALL

378
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:02,120
NON-MONOTONIC, DIFFERING WITH

379
00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:02,880
RESPECT TO PEAKS, INFLECTION

380
00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:07,600
POINTS IN THE LIFE PAN, IN

381
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,680
PERIODS OF MAXIMAL AGE-RELATED

382
00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:11,040
CHANGE.

383
00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:13,880
SO THOUGH WE THINK OF THESE AS

384
00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:16,080
ANATOMICAL MEASURES, THEY ARE

385
00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:18,240
DERIVED FROM DISTRIBUTIONS OF

386
00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,160
SIGNAL VALUES DIRECTLY RELATED

387
00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:21,840
TO THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGY OF THE

388
00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:26,000
TISSUE WITHIN THE SAMPLE SPACE.

389
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:29,920
SO, THESE CHANGES MUST REFLECT

390
00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:32,400
ONGOING CELLULAR ALTERATIONS

391
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:33,960
WHICH ALMOST CERTAINLY INCLUDE,

392
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:38,040
DEPENDING ON AGE RANGE, CELL

393
00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:39,320
PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION,

394
00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:42,480
BUT ALSO ELIMINATION OF

395
00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:44,680
OVER-PRODUCED CELLS, CELL

396
00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:48,600
PROCESSES, CHANGING PATTERNS OF

397
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:49,680
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY,

398
00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:51,720
CHANGING CELL PHENOTYPES, ET

399
00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:52,120
CETERA.

400
00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:54,480
AND THOUGH THIS SLIDE SHOWS ONLY

401
00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:57,080
THE TRAJECTORIES FOR THESE

402
00:15:57,080 --> 00:15:58,720
GLOBAL PHENOTYPES, ELSEWHERE IN

403
00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:01,800
THE PAPER RESULTS ARE PRESENTED

404
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:03,880
TO ILLUSTRATE SUBSTANTIAL

405
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:05,520
ANATOMICAL HETEROCHRONICITY IN

406
00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:07,840
THE TRAJECTORIES ACROSS

407
00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:09,560
DIFFERENT REGIONS WITHIN THE

408
00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:10,520
CEREBRAL CORTEX, FOR EXAMPLE, SO

409
00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:21,120
EVEN A MUCH MORE COMPLEX AND

410
00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:23,080
HETEROCHRONOUS PATTERN.

411
00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:24,320
EVEN THIS VERY GLOBAL ANATOMICAL

412
00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:28,080
VIEW OF THE LIFESPAN OF THE

413
00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:30,440
HUMAN BRAIN, IT IS OBVIOUS ITS

414
00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,000
BIOLOGICAL STATE IS NEVER

415
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:33,680
STABLE.

416
00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:34,120
IT'S SUBSTANTIALLY AGE

417
00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,680
DEPENDENT, AND IS CHANGING AT

418
00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:39,440
LEAST SUBTLY THROUGHOUT THE

419
00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:40,120
ENTIRE LIFESPAN.

420
00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:42,840
AS WE LISTEN TO THE FASCINATING

421
00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:44,600
PRESENTATIONS IN THIS SESSION,

422
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:46,800
OF THE MANY WAYS WE CAN OBSERVE

423
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,120
BRAIN ACTIVITY, WE SHOULD KEEP

424
00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:51,920
IN MIND ALMOST ALL DIFFERENCES

425
00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:54,160
IN BRAIN FUNCTION AMONG

426
00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:56,240
INDIVIDUALS IN THE POPULATION

427
00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:58,200
INCLUDING THOSE THAT MARK BRAIN

428
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,560
DYSFUNCTION, OF PARTICULAR

429
00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,880
INTEREST TO US HERE, EMERGE

430
00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:04,440
GRADUALLY.

431
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:07,920
TRUE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THESE

432
00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:08,520
AGE-DEPENDENT BIOLOGICAL

433
00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:11,200
PROCESSES, AND A WIDE ARRAY OF

434
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:12,720
RELEVANT EXPERIENCES AND

435
00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:13,360
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THAT

436
00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:17,520
ACT TO SHAPE THE BRAIN'S

437
00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:18,200
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES.

438
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,920
IT FOLLOWS THEN THAT

439
00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:23,080
UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF

440
00:17:23,080 --> 00:17:24,080
ADVERSE OUTCOMES, MECHANISMS

441
00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:29,560
THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR

442
00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:30,760
PROGRESSION, AND THOSE THAT

443
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:32,720
COULD PREVENT OR MITIGATE THEM,

444
00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:34,040
WILL REQUIRE A DELIBERATE PLAN

445
00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,240
TO CONNECT THE DOTS ACROSS

446
00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:41,800
LEVELS, SCALES, PARADIGMS, AT A

447
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:45,200
GIVEN AGE, AND THEN ACROSS THESE

448
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:47,040
SETS OF OBSERVATIONS AT

449
00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:51,080
DIFFERENT AGES OF PEOPLE AND

450
00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:55,720
SOMETIMES EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS.

451
00:17:55,720 --> 00:17:56,440
NEXT SLIDE.

452
00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:58,360
AS WE ALL KNOW HERE, AT SOME

453
00:17:58,360 --> 00:18:01,560
LEVEL AT LEAST, THE JOB OF THE

454
00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:04,160
BIOLOGICAL HUMAN BRAIN IS TO

455
00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:04,840
EXTRACT SIGNIFICANT AND

456
00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:08,320
MEANINGFUL INFORMATION FROM THE

457
00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:11,400
ENVIRONMENT, TO ENCODE IT IN A

458
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:12,680
BIOLOGICALLY INSTANTIATED MODEL

459
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:14,680
OF THE WORLD, AND THEN

460
00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:17,280
ADAPTIVELY TO MODIFY THAT MODEL

461
00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:18,400
IN RESPONSE TO MISMATCHES

462
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:22,000
BETWEEN THE MODEL AND THE WORLD.

463
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,280
AND AS EVERY OBSERVATION OF

464
00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:28,080
BRAIN ACTIVITY WE MAKE REFLECTS

465
00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:28,880
A COMBINATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL

466
00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:30,760
STATE OF THE BRAIN AND STATE OF

467
00:18:30,760 --> 00:18:34,240
THE WORLD DURING THE EPIC OF

468
00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:36,760
DATA COLLECTION, BUT AT LEAST

469
00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:39,680
EQUALLY THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF

470
00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:40,600
BRAIN EXPERIENCE INTERACTIONS,

471
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:43,960
BOTH PROXIMAL TO THE

472
00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:47,680
OBSERVATIONAL PERIOD AND REMOTE

473
00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:48,600
IN TIME.

474
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,520
SO, ONE OF THE CHALLENGES WE

475
00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:57,280
HAVE IS TO DETERMINE HOW WE CAN 

476
00:18:57,280 --> 00:18:58,280
MODEL THESE DISTINCT INFLUENCES,

477
00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:01,960
ON THE BRAIN ACTIVITY THAT WE

478
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:05,600
OBSERVE, AS WE MOVE TOWARDS

479
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:07,080
PERSONALIZED NEUROSCIENTIFIC

480
00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:09,760
SOLUTIONS TO MINIMIZE BRAIN

481
00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:10,520
DYSFUNCTION.

482
00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:12,920
NOW, THIS IS A VERY BIG

483
00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:14,480
CHALLENGE, AND I'M NOT SURE HOW

484
00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:16,880
WE ADDRESS IT, BUT I WOULD

485
00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:19,160
SUGGEST THAT WE CONTINUE THE

486
00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:21,560
TREND WHICH IS WELL ILLUSTRATED

487
00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:23,080
IN THE WORK WE'LL HEAR ABOUT

488
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:26,880
NEXT, TO WORK IN LARGER, EVER

489
00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:27,680
LARGER, COLLABORATIVE TEAMS TO

490
00:19:27,680 --> 00:19:36,720
EXPAND THE RANGE OF  TECHNIQUES 

491
00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:39,480
TO INVESTIGATE NEURAL CORRELATES

492
00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:40,880
OF THESE THINGS OBSERVABLE IN

493
00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:41,440
VIVO.

494
00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:43,640
IMPORTANTLY, TO FIND WAYS TO

495
00:19:43,640 --> 00:19:46,040
SITUATE OUR FINDINGS WITHIN A

496
00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:47,120
LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE BY

497
00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:48,240
INCLUDING AGE AS EXPERIMENTAL

498
00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,120
VARIABLE IN OUR RESEARCH AND

499
00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:52,280
WHENEVER POSSIBLE BY OBSERVING

500
00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:56,000
CHANGES IN BRAIN ACTIVITY OVER

501
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,120
TIME AND IN CONTEXT IN

502
00:19:59,120 --> 00:20:01,520
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

503
00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:02,680
AND STUDIES.

504
00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:03,200
OKAY.

505
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:04,840
SO MORE THAN ENOUGH FROM ME.

506
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:10,040
LET'S MOVE TO OUR FIRST SPEAKER,

507
00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:10,440
ELLEN GRANT.

508
00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:12,920
DR. GRANT IS PROFESSOR OF

509
00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:15,520
PEDIATRICS AND RADIOLOGY AT THE

510
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:16,320
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, AND

511
00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:20,520
FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE FETAL

512
00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:22,440
NEONATAL NEUROIMAGING AND

513
00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:24,680
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE CENTER,

514
00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:30,520
HOLDS BOSTON CHILDRENS CHAIR IN

515
00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:31,000
NEONATOLOGY, CLINICAL

516
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,080
RADIOLOGIST AT THAT HOSPITAL AS

517
00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:33,480
WELL.

518
00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:35,480
HER GROUP DEVELOPS AND OPTIMIZES

519
00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:38,000
TOOLS AND ANALYSIS STREAMS TO

520
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,840
DETECT AND UNDERSTAND NORMAL AND

521
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:40,920
ABNORMAL BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY AND

522
00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:41,280
DEVELOPMENT.

523
00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:44,000
SHE DOES THIS WORK IN CHILDREN

524
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,080
WITH FOCUS ON YOUNGEST, FETUS

525
00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:54,440
AND INFANTS, SHE'S WORKED WITH

526
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:59,880
MRI, MEG, AND NEAR-INFRARED

527
00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:00,680
SPECTROSCOPY, NOVEL MRI ANALYSIS

528
00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:08,000
AT THE FOREFRONT OF FETAL AND

529
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:18,720
PLACENTAL MRI, HAS BUILT A NOVEL

530
00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:20,360
PEDIATRIC MEG SYSTEM, PIONEERED

531
00:21:20,360 --> 00:21:20,880
NIRS.

532
00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:22,960
HER TEAM DEVELOPING A

533
00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:23,840
COMPUTATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE TO

534
00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:25,720
FACILITATE AND SUPPORT DEEP

535
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:26,800
LEARNING APPROACHES ON LARGE

536
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:28,680
DATASETS AS WELL AS REALTIME

537
00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:30,160
DATA ANALYSIS.

538
00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:33,640
DR. GRANT IS SENIOR FELLOW OF

539
00:21:33,640 --> 00:21:34,280
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF

540
00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:35,560
MAGNETICS RESONANCE IN MEDICINE,

541
00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:43,240
ON THE BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC 

542
00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:45,200
COUNSELORS AT NICHD, 2021

543
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,240
RECEIVED OUTSTANDING 

544
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:49,520
CONTRIBUTION IN RESEARCH AWARD

545
00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:54,400
AMERICAN RESEARCH OF NEUROLOGY

546
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:56,960
AND IN 2022 GOLD MEDAL AWARD.

547
00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,120
FIRST DISTINGUISHED FIRST

548
00:21:59,120 --> 00:21:59,680
SPEAKER, DR. GRANT, PLEASE.

549
00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,440
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE

550
00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:03,480
WONDERFUL INTRODUCTION, TERRY.

551
00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:06,360
IT'S AN HONOR TO BE INCLUDED AS

552
00:22:06,360 --> 00:22:08,000
A SPEAKER TODAY.

553
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,200
YOUR COMMENTS FIT INTO THE TALK

554
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:12,720
I PUT TOGETHER, TALKING ABOUT

555
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:18,760
ACTIVITY OR FUNCTION IN THE

556
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:20,040
DEVELOPING BRAIN.

557
00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,120
I HAVE DISCLOSURES NOT RELEVANT

558
00:22:22,120 --> 00:22:23,200
TO CONTENT OF THIS TALK.

559
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:25,680
WHAT I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT IS

560
00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:27,000
IMAGING FUNCTION IN THE

561
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:28,120
DEVELOPING BRAIN AND WHEN I TALK

562
00:22:28,120 --> 00:22:30,000
ABOUT THE DEVELOPING BRAIN I

563
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:31,960
MEAN THE FIRST THOUSAND DAYS

564
00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,040
FROM CONCEPT TO TWO POST-NATAL

565
00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:34,560
YEARS.

566
00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:38,960
WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND DEVELOPING

567
00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:40,280
NEURONAL ACTIVITY, DEVELOPING

568
00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:41,120
COUPLING, DEVELOPING

569
00:22:41,120 --> 00:22:42,560
NEUROMETABOLISM AND MODALITIES

570
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:46,840
TO CAPTURE EACH, AND IN THE END

571
00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:48,760
HOW MOTION AS MEANS TO INCUR

572
00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:50,160
DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPING

573
00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:54,440
FUNCTION IN THE FETAL BRAIN.

574
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:57,040
SO OVERVIEW ABOUT THE DEVELOPING

575
00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,040
BRAIN, FETAL MRI IN THE LATE

576
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:00,840
FIRST TRIMESTER YOU CAN START TO

577
00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:09,080
SEE THE LAYERS, THE INITIAL PART

578
00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:15,600
WHERE THE NEURONS AND GLIA ARE

579
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:15,800
BORN.

580
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,680
THESE WILL BE THE FUTURE WHITE

581
00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:19,240
MATTER.

582
00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:22,640
THE ZONE IS TRANSIENT WHERE

583
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,040
THERE'S NEURONS THAT TRANSLATE

584
00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:25,880
BEFORE THEY EXTEND INTO THE

585
00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:27,440
CORTICAL PLATE, AND THE CORTICAL

586
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:29,280
PLATE IS DENSELY PACKED WITH

587
00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:31,280
NEURONS, WILL BECOME THE FUTURE

588
00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:32,800
CEREBRAL CORTEX.

589
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:38,040
BEGINNING AROUND 12 GESTATIONAL 

590
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:40,000
WEEKS THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY

591
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:41,400
SUGGESTS THIS IS PREDOMINANTLY

592
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:45,120
IN THE SUBPLATE ZONE, CONTINUES

593
00:23:45,120 --> 00:23:47,680
UNTIL 26 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE,

594
00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:48,680
MOST ACTIVITY IN SYNAPTIC

595
00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:55,680
DEVELOPMENT IS IN THIS REGION. 

596
00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:56,800
ENDOGENOUS AND RESPONSIBLE

597
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,760
SPONTANEOUS DRIVEN BY GENETIC

598
00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:01,480
PHENOMENA.

599
00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:04,080
THE FINAL NEURONS ESTABLISH

600
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:05,760
CONNECTION TO THE CORTICAL

601
00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:08,600
PLACE, BEGINNING OF NEURAL

602
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:09,600
ACTIVITY.

603
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,880
32 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE CORPUS

604
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:14,840
CALLOSUM CONNECTIONS THAT

605
00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,480
DEVELOP INTO THE CORTEX, LONG

606
00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:18,560
RANGE CORTICAL CONNECTIONS

607
00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:24,400
DEVELOP IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.

608
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:26,560
SYNCHRONIZED SENSORY-DRIVEN

609
00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:28,200
NEURAL ACTIVITY.

610
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:29,920
CIRCUITS WITH ENDOGENOUS

611
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:34,280
ACTIVITY START FIRST, PRIMARILY

612
00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:35,720
GENETICALLY DRIVEN, GRADUALLY

613
00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:37,720
REPLACED BY ADULT CIRCUITS

614
00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:39,680
INFLUENCED BY THE ENVIRONMENT.

615
00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:45,000
SO AS WE SAID, FIRST TRIMESTER

616
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:48,280
AND EARLY SECOND,

617
00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:49,440
SYNAPTOGENESIS, SYNAPTIC

618
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:50,960
DEVELOPMENT GENETICALLY DRIVEN.

619
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,440
LATE SECOND TRIMESTER AND

620
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,840
ONWARD, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

621
00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:03,480
ON SYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT, AT THIS

622
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:10,480
POINT IN TIME WE DO HAVE EXOMAL

623
00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:11,120
AND SYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT WITH

624
00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:12,520
INFLUENCES BY THE ENVIRONMENT.

625
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:14,880
IF WE WANT TO MONITOR NEURAL

626
00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:18,280
ACTIVITY SPECIFICALLY WE NEED TO

627
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:25,080
PICK UP ELECTROMAGNETTICS

628
00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:25,880
FIELDS.

629
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:29,440
BECAUSE OF AMNIOTIC FLUID,

630
00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:30,680
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN PICKING UP

631
00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:31,880
MAGNETIC FIELD CHANGE DUE TO

632
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:32,920
NEURAL ACTIVITY.

633
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:36,120
AN EXAMPLE OF A SPONTANEOUS

634
00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:38,440
ACTIVITY AFTER REMOVAL OF

635
00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:40,400
MATERNAL AND FETAL HEARTBEAT,

636
00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,040
AND RESPONSE TO AUDITORY

637
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,400
STIMULUS WITH FETAL HEAD IS

638
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:47,080
HERE.

639
00:25:47,080 --> 00:25:50,200
THESE TOOLS ARE CHALLENGING AND

640
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:52,280
SIGNAL ANALYSIS IS DIFFICULT TO

641
00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:58,080
PERFORM MOTION OF THE FETUS AND 

642
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,400
MOTHER, NOISE AND CONTAMINATION

643
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:06,800
FROM THE ENVIRONMENT.

644
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:07,960
THESE ARE STILL IN EARLY

645
00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:09,880
DEVELOPMENT, I HAVE FAITH AS WE

646
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:11,800
MOVE FORWARD THERE WILL BE

647
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:12,680
IMPROVEMENT IN ANALYSIS

648
00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:13,760
TECHNIQUES AND THESE SYSTEMS TO

649
00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:17,640
BE ABLE TO REALLY PICK UP THE

650
00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:19,880
DEVELOPING FETAL NEURAL

651
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:20,760
ACTIVITY.

652
00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:22,720
IN TERMS OF LOCAL ACTIVITY AND

653
00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:26,120
HOW IT'S IMPORTANT TO GET THE

654
00:26:26,120 --> 00:26:28,000
NEURAL ACTIVITY ITSELF AS A

655
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,720
COMPLEMENT TO UNDERSTAND RESTING

656
00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:31,880
STATE, I'M SHOWING TYPICALLY

657
00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:35,720
DEVELOPING PERSON ON THE TOP

658
00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:40,640
ROW, CHILD OF CEREBRAL PALSY,

659
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:44,760
AND THEY WERE WITH DCP, ONE

660
00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:53,720
THROUGH FIVE ORGANIZED IN THE

661
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:54,160
HOMOUNCULUS.

662
00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:56,480
TO PINPOINT WHERE THE NEURAL

663
00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:57,480
ACTIVITY IS OCCURRING DRIVING

664
00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:00,080
THIS DIGITAL FUNCTION WE NEED TO

665
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:11,280
GO AFTER THAT NEURAL ACTIVITY. 

666
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:13,000
DTI SHOWS DIFFERENCES, RSFMRI,

667
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:14,520
ONE IMPORTANT POINT IN

668
00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:16,160
UNDERSTANDING HOW NEURAL

669
00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:20,520
ACTIVITY DRIVES DEVELOPING

670
00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:21,680
CONNECTIVITY AND ALTERED AXONAL

671
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,520
PRUNING AND SYNAPTIC

672
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:25,040
REORGANIZATION.

673
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:29,880
THERE ARE DEVICES OPTICALLY

674
00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:33,240
PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS, THE REASON

675
00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,200
THEY ARE ADVANTAGEOUS THEY ARE

676
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:39,640
LESS EXPENSIVE, PROTOTYPE FIELD

677
00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:41,560
MONITOR, THIS IS THE SHIELDED

678
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:50,720
USED TO PICK UP ACTIVITY, SO

679
00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:52,760
ONGOING WORK IS HAPPENING IN

680
00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:54,400
DEVELOPING THESE OPTICALLY

681
00:27:54,400 --> 00:28:00,440
PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS FOR FETAL 

682
00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:01,280
MONITORING AND FETAL ACTIVITY.

683
00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:04,680
THIS IS USED FOR THE DEVELOPING

684
00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:09,480
BRAIN, CENTERS CLOSE TO THE

685
00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:10,200
BRAIN.

686
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:11,520
WORKING WITH COLLABORATORS HERE

687
00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:17,800
IN COLORADO TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM,

688
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:18,800
OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS

689
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,280
GET CLOSER TO THE BRAIN, STILL A

690
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:22,840
LOT OF WORK TO DEVELOP THIS BUT

691
00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:25,520
THEN WE CAN DO THE MONITORING

692
00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:33,840
WITHOUT LIQUID HELIUM AND 

693
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:39,040
DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH IT.

694
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,240
IN  ENGLAND THEY ARE ALSO

695
00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:44,280
WORKING ON THIS, ALLOWING TO

696
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:45,440
BETTER LOCALIZE NEURAL ACTIVITY,

697
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,400
STILL MUCH TO BE DONE IN FITTING

698
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:56,200
TO THE HEAD SO THE HEAD CAN 

699
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:57,680
MOVE.

700
00:28:57,680 --> 00:28:58,520
THE COUPLING IS POORLY

701
00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:00,920
UNDERSTAND DURING DEVELOPMENT.

702
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:04,080
WE HAVE NEUROVASCULAR RESPONSES

703
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:05,960
IN THE CONTEXT OF

704
00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:11,880
VASCULOGENESIS, HIGH NEURONAL

705
00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:18,360
AND SYNAPTIC DENSITY, THEY

706
00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:19,080
MIGRATE, EVENTUALLY WITH THE

707
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:21,160
RESPONSES, THOUGHT TO BE

708
00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:28,120
CRITICAL IN COULD HAVE -- IN

709
00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:28,520
GOVERNING.

710
00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:30,520
WE DO NOT KNOW WHEN THESE

711
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:31,440
MECHANISMS FULLY DEVELOP AND

712
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:32,960
DON'T KNOW WHEN THEY BEGIN TO

713
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:35,360
WORK AS DESCRIBED IN THE ADULTS.

714
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:39,960
WE HAVE TO BE CAUTIOUS IN

715
00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:40,800
INTERPRETING FUNCTIONAL

716
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:41,440
NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING STUDIES

717
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:43,400
IN TERMS OF WHAT THEY MEAN WITH

718
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,480
NEURAL ACTIVITY DURING

719
00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:46,800
DEVELOPMENT.

720
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,880
WE DO KNOW WITH fMRI THERE'S A

721
00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:51,480
DIFFERENT HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE

722
00:29:51,480 --> 00:29:53,000
THAT CHANGES WITH TIME.

723
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:57,440
WE SEE PRE-TERM IN GREEN,

724
00:29:57,440 --> 00:29:58,280
NEONATE IN RED, TYPICAL ADULT

725
00:29:58,280 --> 00:29:59,640
RESPONSE IN BLUE.

726
00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:02,360
IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND

727
00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:03,920
THERE ARE THESE CHANGES,

728
00:30:03,920 --> 00:30:05,960
ESPECIALLY IF WE'RE DOING

729
00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:07,400
FUNCTIONAL EXPERIMENTS DURING

730
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:09,800
THIS RAPID DEVELOPMENTAL PHASE

731
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:11,000
NEED TO USE INDIVIDUAL

732
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:12,080
HEMODYNAMIC CURVE TO UNDERSTAND

733
00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:24,720
WHERE THE NEURAL ACTIVITY IS 

734
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:25,320
ORIGINATING.

735
00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:27,160
THE DEOXY HEMOGLOBIN RESPONSE IS

736
00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:30,280
LARGER, SIGNAL INTENSITY GOES

737
00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:30,880
DOWN.

738
00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:37,320
TYPICAL POSITIVE BLOOD VOLUME, 

739
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,960
INCREASES, OXYGEN IS HIGHER. 

740
00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:43,240
WE SEE DIFFERENT RESPONSES,

741
00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:52,480
NEGATIVE FROM TWO CAUSES, 

742
00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:55,040
INSUFFICIENT HYPEREMIA OR

743
00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:55,840
VASOCONSTRICTION, OXYHEMOGLOBIN

744
00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:56,080
INCREASES.

745
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:57,560
WE'VE EXPLORED THIS IN PRE-TERM

746
00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,280
WHERE IS WE SAW NORMAL RESPONSES

747
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:02,600
AND INVERTED RESPONSES, AND

748
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:06,280
FOUND THAT AT 4 TO 6 WEEKS IS

749
00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:09,880
THE MOST COMMON TIMES FOR

750
00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:13,680
INVERTED RESPONSE, WITH NORMAL

751
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,320
NADIR, FETAL HEMOGLOBIN

752
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:17,000
TRANSITIONS TO ADULT HEMOGLOBIN,

753
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,360
HIGH BLOOD FLOW BECAUSE OF LOW

754
00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:21,800
HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS, THEREFORE

755
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:23,320
VERY LITTLE FUNCTIONAL RESERVE

756
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:27,280
IN TERMS OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW

757
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:30,320
DID GIVE RISE TO POSITIVE

758
00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:30,600
RESPONSE.

759
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:31,560
ANIMAL STUDIES SHOWS BLOOD

760
00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:33,920
PRESSURE CHANGES AS WELL.

761
00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:36,880
WE HAVE TO BE CAUTIOUS.

762
00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:40,800
THERE ARE GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE

763
00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:41,400
ABOUT NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING

764
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:42,880
ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING HUMAN

765
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,120
BRAIN, LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC

766
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:48,440
FACTORS MAY AFFECT DURING THIS

767
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:52,360
RAPIDLY DEVELOPING TIME PERIOD.

768
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:59,480
WE SEE DEVELOPING FUNCTION OF 

769
00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:01,160
CONNECTIVITY, IN VIENNA THEY

770
00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:03,240
HAVE SHOWN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

771
00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:07,800
CORTICAL FUNCTION ACTIVITY

772
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:09,640
INCREASING WITH GESTATIONAL AGE,

773
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:12,080
OCCURRING WHEN YOU EXPECT THE

774
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:23,360
CHILD CORTICAL NEURONS TO ENTER 

775
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,880
THE CORTICAL PLATE.

776
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:27,800
ROIs INCLUDED SUBPLATE.

777
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:29,920
WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL IN OUR

778
00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:31,440
INTERPRETATION, WE DON'T KNOW

779
00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,280
WHETHER THESE ARE DRIVEN BY

780
00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:38,080
NEURAL ACTIVITY OR BY DEVELOPING

781
00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:40,520
NEUROVASCULAR VOLUME ASSOCIATED

782
00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,080
WITH THE CORTICAL -- INSERTION

783
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:44,680
INTO THE CORTICAL PLATE.

784
00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:47,240
IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT

785
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:48,680
BALANCING STRUCTURAL FUNCTION

786
00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:50,360
AND CONNECTIVITY AND LEVERAGE TO

787
00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:51,960
UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT THE

788
00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:52,360
DEVELOPING BRAIN.

789
00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:55,720
THESE ARE A GROUP OF NEONATES WE

790
00:32:55,720 --> 00:33:01,000
STUDIED AND FOUND STRUCTURAL

791
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,240
SUBSTRATE CONNECTIVITY, THEY ARE

792
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:04,240
LOOKING LIKE THE TYPICAL

793
00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:11,880
CONNECTIVITY  PATTERNS, BUT AT

794
00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:14,960
BIRTH DRIVEN BY SOMATOSENSORY

795
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:15,920
AND SALIENT PROCESSING, MULTIPLE

796
00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:18,440
REGIONS AS WE SEE HERE IN THE

797
00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:19,560
ADULT BRAIN.

798
00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:21,280
THIS IS THE IMPORTANT DYNAMIC

799
00:33:21,280 --> 00:33:22,520
RELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND

800
00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:25,680
FUNCTION AT EARLY AGES, WHERE

801
00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:27,440
EARLY ON IN DEVELOPMENT NEURONS

802
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:28,720
LATER WILL BE REPURPOSED FOR

803
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,120
OTHER TASKS ARE INVOLVED IN

804
00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:32,400
EARLY DEVELOPING FUNCTION.

805
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:33,000
AND UNDERSTANDING THIS IS

806
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:35,560
SOMETHING WE NEED TO PUSH ON TOO

807
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:37,360
BECAUSE IDEALLY WE WANT TO KNOW

808
00:33:37,360 --> 00:33:39,240
HOW TO LEVERAGE THESE

809
00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:41,640
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRUCTURAL

810
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:47,360
AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY TO

811
00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,120
OPTIMIZE LATER FUNCTIONAL

812
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:50,760
PROCESSING.

813
00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:57,760
THOROUGH FIELD OF EXPERIMENTING,

814
00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:02,280
RESTING STATE NETWORKS, USING

815
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:04,880
PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES TO ALLOW

816
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:05,960
CONNECTIVENESS INFORMATION TO

817
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:08,160
PROPAGATE OVER TIME, YOU COULD

818
00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:10,520
PROBE CONNECTIVITY AREAS AND

819
00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:12,080
HAVE LOW CONNECTION STRENGTH,

820
00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:14,280
THEREFORE PLAYING A ROLE IN

821
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,560
OVERALL ANALYSIS WHEN USING ONE

822
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:19,400
POINT IN TIME.

823
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:22,400
WE FOUND NO DIFFERENCE IN

824
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:27,000
STANDARD ACTIVITY BUT PERIPHERAL

825
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,600
CONNECTIONS CAN BE PROBABLY

826
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:34,560
LONGER TIME, PROPAGATION THROUGH

827
00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:35,520
THESE CONNECTIONS, SIGNIFICANTLY

828
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:37,480
DIFFERENT IN AUTISM VERSUS

829
00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:39,040
CONTROL, PROBING THESE FEEDER

830
00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:44,360
NETWORKS IS IMPORTANT IN

831
00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:45,680
UNDERSTANDING LATER ADAPTIVITY,

832
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,160
GENETICALLY FORMED NETWORKS,

833
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,120
WHERE PERIPHERAL CONNECTIONS ARE

834
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:52,080
ADAPTIVE, BEING ABLE TO MONITOR

835
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:55,760
AND SHAPE THEM IS SOMETHING 

836
00:34:55,760 --> 00:35:00,760
REALLY IMPORTANT MOVING FORWARD.

837
00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:02,880
NEURONAL METABOLISM, WE'VE

838
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:03,720
DEVELOPED THESE DEVICES

839
00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:06,680
QUANTITATIVE DEVICES THAT GO TO

840
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:09,080
THE BEDSIDE USING OXYGEN

841
00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:13,000
SATURATION AND QUANTITATIVE

842
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:16,160
MEASURES OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW,

843
00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:19,040
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE

844
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:21,160
BEDSIDE, GETTING A GOOD IDEA OF

845
00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:22,800
SYNAPTIC DENSITY, FUNCTIONAL OF

846
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:24,280
THE CORTEX USING THIS.

847
00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:27,080
AND WHEN WE LOOK AT CHANGES OVER

848
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:28,880
DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST

849
00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:33,040
YEAR DON'T SEE CHANGES IN OXYGEN

850
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:34,120
SATURATION BUT MEASURING

851
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:35,240
CONSUMPTION WE SEE INCREASES

852
00:35:35,240 --> 00:35:36,560
OVER THE FIRST YEAR PARALLELLING

853
00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:39,280
WHAT WAS PICKED UP WITH PRIOR

854
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:41,120
STUDIES WITH PET AND NEARING

855
00:35:41,120 --> 00:35:44,040
WHAT WE EXPECT TO SEE WITH

856
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,360
SOMATO SYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT WITH

857
00:35:47,360 --> 00:35:53,880
INCREASING OPTIC CONSUMPTION AS 

858
00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:55,520
NUMBER OF SYNAPSES INCREASE.

859
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,480
IN FACT MORE RECENTLY WE'VE

860
00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:05,640
LOOKED AT NEONATES WITH 

861
00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:10,640
ENCEPHALOPATHY, TREATED WITH 

862
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:13,480
THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA, HIGHER

863
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:17,080
CONSUMPTION CORRELATED AT 2 

864
00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:20,040
YEARS OF AGE, POST TREATMENT

865
00:36:20,040 --> 00:36:21,640
CMRO2, MEASURING THE SYNAPSES

866
00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:23,840
THAT SURVIVAL AND ARE FUNCTIONAL

867
00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:27,160
AFTER TREMENDOUS, CORRELATED 

868
00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:28,320
WITH COGNITIVE OUTCOMES,

869
00:36:28,320 --> 00:36:31,000
OUTPERFORMED MRI BECAUSE 50% OF

870
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,280
MRIs ARE NORMAL FINDINGS, YOU

871
00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:35,360
SEE COGNITIVE SCORE IN THE MILD

872
00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:36,200
RANGE.

873
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,000
THESE MEASURES ARE REALLY THINK

874
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,280
POTENTIAL MEASURE OF PREDICTING

875
00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:43,360
LATER COGNITIVE FUNCTION.

876
00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:52,600
WE'RE MOVING TO HIGH TEMPORAL

877
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:58,280
RESOLUTION MONITORING, YOU CAN

878
00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:00,040
SEE CONSUMPTION, EXTRACTION

879
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:06,360
DIFFRACTION, TO BETTER EXPLORE

880
00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:06,920
COUPLING.

881
00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:11,080
YOU SEE TRANSITION FROM AWAKE TO

882
00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:13,120
SLEEP, DECREASE IN CMRO2 WITH

883
00:37:13,120 --> 00:37:13,880
THAT TRANSITION.

884
00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:19,400
WE ALSO HAVE TO THINK ABOUT

885
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:21,360
USING SPECTROSCOPY TO UNDERSTAND

886
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:22,040
UNDERLYING METABOLIC

887
00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:22,320
DEVELOPMENT.

888
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:24,200
IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND

889
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:32,920
BALANCE BETWEEN EXCITATORY AND

890
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:34,200
INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

891
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:36,080
THOSE PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE

892
00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:39,200
UNDERSTANDING EARLY BRAIN

893
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:39,800
FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT,

894
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:42,040
IMPORTANT ROLE IN RESTING NATURE

895
00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:43,760
NEURAL ACTIVITY, GLUTATHIONE

896
00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:45,520
PROVIDES INFORMATION ON

897
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:47,600
OXIDATIVE STRESS HELPFUL TO

898
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:51,680
UNDERSTAND HOW NETWORKS ARE

899
00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:54,800
PRUNED AND WHETHER OXIDATIVE

900
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,480
STRESS MAY PLAY A ROLE ON

901
00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,720
PRUNING. 

902
00:37:59,720 --> 00:38:02,080
MRI PROVIDES INSIGHT, IN TERMS

903
00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:02,960
OF WHAT INTERVENTIONS OR

904
00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:06,760
STRATEGIES WE MIGHT USE TO

905
00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:08,280
OPTIMIZE OUTCOMES.

906
00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:13,240
THESE MOLECULES TARGET IN THE

907
00:38:13,240 --> 00:38:14,680
FUTURE STUDIES.

908
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,880
FETAL MOTION TO INFER FUNCTION,

909
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:21,640
WE'VE BEEN DOING FETAL IMAGING,

910
00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:29,080
EVERY THREE SECONDS WE CAN SEE 

911
00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:31,080
THE FETUS MOVING.

912
00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:32,280
WE STARTING USING MACHINE

913
00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:33,360
LEARNING STRATEGY TO TRACK

914
00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:35,440
JOINTS AND FETAL MOTION TO

915
00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:38,080
QUANTIFY FETAL MOTION OVER TIME.

916
00:38:38,080 --> 00:38:40,480
AND USING THIS QUANTIFICATION OF

917
00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,560
FETAL MOTION WE'VE-STARTING TO

918
00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:44,080
EXPLORE HOW IT CHANGES WITH

919
00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:44,400
DEVELOPMENT.

920
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:47,520
WHAT WE SEE IN FETUSES LESS THAN

921
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:50,080
30 GESTATIONAL WEEKS MOTION OF

922
00:38:50,080 --> 00:38:51,360
UPPER EXTREMITY MORE THAN MOTION

923
00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:53,320
OF THE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE THAN

924
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:58,120
MOTION OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES.

925
00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:04,520
THAT MIGHT BE REFRACTION OF 

926
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:06,560
DEVELOPING NEURAL ACTIVITY.

927
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:12,800
MOVEMENT OF UPPER LIMBS ARE ALSO

928
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:13,480
ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN.

929
00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:14,560
CORTICOSPINAL TRACK DOESN'T

930
00:39:14,560 --> 00:39:18,920
REACH THE AREA UNTIL 29 OR 30

931
00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:20,480
WEEKS, WE THINK LEG MOVEMENT IS

932
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:25,160
LOWER BECAUSE OF LACK OF

933
00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:27,680
CORTICOSPINAL TRACK INNERVATION,

934
00:39:27,680 --> 00:39:30,960
WAYS WE CAN UNDERSTAND FETAL

935
00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:32,360
BEHAVIOR IN UTERO AND FUNCTION

936
00:39:32,360 --> 00:39:35,920
BY LOOKING AT PHYSICAL MOTION OF

937
00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:37,960
THE FETUS DURING DEVELOPMENT.

938
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:40,360
THERE ARE MANY EMERGING TOOLS TO

939
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:41,240
HELP CHARACTERIZE DEVELOPING

940
00:39:41,240 --> 00:39:41,600
BRAIN FUNCTION.

941
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:46,480
WE NEED TO INTERPRET IN THE

942
00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:48,560
CONTEXT OF KNOWN DEVELOPMENTAL

943
00:39:48,560 --> 00:39:48,800
STAGE.

944
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,960
RESPONSE IN ADULT IS NOT THE

945
00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,400
SAME AS RESPONSE IN NEONATE.

946
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,200
AGAIN, FETUS BELOW 25 WEEKS

947
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:57,080
GESTATIONAL AGE IS ENDOGENOUS

948
00:39:57,080 --> 00:39:59,800
ACTIVITY SO WE NEED TO

949
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:01,480
UNDERSTAND THAT AND BETTER

950
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:02,640
UNDERSTAND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS

951
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,840
THAT DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF

952
00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:08,280
NEURONAL ACTIVITY, NEUROVASCULAR

953
00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:10,680
COUPLING AND METABOLISM.

954
00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:18,360
THERE'S STILL MUCH UNKNOWN.

955
00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:23,640
THERE'S MUCH TO LEARN BY USING 

956
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:24,720
IMAGING TO GUIDE INTERVENTION

957
00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,120
THAT CAN IMPROVE LONG-TERM

958
00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480
OUTCOMES.

959
00:40:27,480 --> 00:40:30,480
I THANK MY TEAM AND

960
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:34,640
COLLABORATORS AT M.I.T. AND

961
00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:35,680
POSTDOCS AND STUDENTS THAT

962
00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:36,680
HELPED WITH THIS WORK.

963
00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:40,320
THANK YOU.

964
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:41,640
>> THANK YOU, DR. GRANT.

965
00:40:41,640 --> 00:40:43,680
WE'RE BEHIND SO WE'RE GOING TO

966
00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:46,960
GO RIGHT INTO THE NEXT

967
00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:50,840
PRESENTATION, THE SECOND SPEAKER

968
00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:52,800
DR. NOA OFEN, DIRECTOR OF THE

969
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:54,120
COGNITIVE AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

970
00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:57,040
LABORATORY AT WAYNE STATE

971
00:40:57,040 --> 00:40:57,520
UNIVERSITY, INVESTIGATES

972
00:40:57,520 --> 00:40:58,840
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN

973
00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:00,320
DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A WIDE AGE

974
00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:02,680
RANGE OF TYPICALLY DEVELOPING

975
00:41:02,680 --> 00:41:05,600
CHILDREN AND ADULTS, USING TESTS

976
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:10,520
OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES COMBINED

977
00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:11,720
WITH NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES,

978
00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:14,440
RESEARCH PROGRAM AIMS TO

979
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:14,880
ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS

980
00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:16,440
CONTRIBUTING TO HUMAN MEMORY

981
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:17,160
DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERIZED HOW

982
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:19,480
CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONAL AND

983
00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:22,080
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE

984
00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:25,720
BRAIN SUPPORTS GROWTH TO ENCODE,

985
00:41:25,720 --> 00:41:27,760
MAINTAIN, RETRIEVE INFORMATION.

986
00:41:27,760 --> 00:41:28,560
SHE ALSO INVESTIGATES

987
00:41:28,560 --> 00:41:29,320
ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC

988
00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:34,240
FACTORS THAT ACT AS MODIFIERS OF

989
00:41:34,240 --> 00:41:36,680
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PURSUES

990
00:41:36,680 --> 00:41:38,960
RAMIFICATIONS FOR CLINICAL

991
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:44,720
POPULATIONS SUCH AS CHILDREN

992
00:41:44,720 --> 00:41:46,720
WITH EPILEPSY.

993
00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:48,280
CONDUCTED RESEARCH AND STANFORD

994
00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:52,280
AND M.I.T. BEFORE JOINING WAYNE

995
00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:53,520
STATE IN 2011.

996
00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:58,000
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

997
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:02,560
SO, IN MY TALK I'M GOING TO --

998
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:04,560
FIRST, THANK YOU FOR THE

999
00:42:04,560 --> 00:42:08,960
INVITATION TO SPEAK IN THIS

1000
00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:12,400
EXCITING WORKSHOP.

1001
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:14,800
AND I WANT TO TAKE IT TO OLDER

1002
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:17,120
AGE, THE FOCUS I'M GOING TO BE

1003
00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:19,400
TAKING ON THE CHALLENGE OF

1004
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:20,960
LINKING WITHIN COGNITION AND

1005
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:21,640
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT.

1006
00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:23,920
THE CHILD COMES INTO THE WORLD

1007
00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:27,400
WITH VERY LIMITED ABILITY TO

1008
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,760
INTERACT, OVER UNFOLDING OF MANY

1009
00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:32,760
PROCESSES LEARN TO WALK, TALK,

1010
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:35,080
CRIME, FORMAL EDUCATION, READ,

1011
00:42:35,080 --> 00:42:36,480
WRITE, MATH, CHESS, MUSIC, MAYBE

1012
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:46,080
GET  TO NEUROSCIENCE, UNDERLYING

1013
00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:50,720
ABILITIES IS UNFOLDING OF MANY

1014
00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:51,320
DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES

1015
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:55,760
SUPPORTED BY DEVELOPMENT OF THE

1016
00:42:55,760 --> 00:42:56,080
BRAIN.

1017
00:42:56,080 --> 00:42:59,680
THE BIG QUESTION I POSE IN MY

1018
00:42:59,680 --> 00:43:02,680
RESEARCH, TRYING TO MAP THOSE

1019
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:03,320
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

1020
00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:06,280
TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN.

1021
00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:08,000
IN A WAY YESTERDAY WE TALKED

1022
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:09,920
ABOUT THE BIG QUESTION, MODEL

1023
00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:12,040
SYSTEMS, SO IN A WAY WHAT I'M

1024
00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:15,000
DOING IS LIMITING THIS BIG SPACE

1025
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,440
OF COGNITION INTO JUST BEING

1026
00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:18,600
INTERESTED IN MEMORY AND

1027
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:19,280
DEVELOPMENT OF MEMORY.

1028
00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:23,880
TO DO THIS WE NEED TO BE VERY

1029
00:43:23,880 --> 00:43:25,640
CAREFUL IN CHARACTERIZING

1030
00:43:25,640 --> 00:43:26,280
MEMORY, CHARACTERIZING COGNITIVE

1031
00:43:26,280 --> 00:43:29,600
SPACE WE'RE TRYING TO MAP, HOW

1032
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:30,880
DOES BRAIN FUNCTION GIVE RISE

1033
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:32,480
TO, AND IN THIS TALK THE FOCUS

1034
00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:36,240
IS GOING TO BE ON BRAIN

1035
00:43:36,240 --> 00:43:37,520
FUNCTION, USING FUNCTIONAL BRAIN

1036
00:43:37,520 --> 00:43:41,480
METHODS SUCH AS FUNCTIONAL MRI,

1037
00:43:41,480 --> 00:43:43,880
INTRACRANIAL AS I'LL SHOW LATER,

1038
00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:45,720
THINKING ABOUT BRAIN FUNCTION

1039
00:43:45,720 --> 00:43:50,000
USING TO LOOK AT NEURAL

1040
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:52,920
CORRELATES UNDERLYING COGNITIVE

1041
00:43:52,920 --> 00:43:54,080
PROCESSES.

1042
00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:55,880
WE'VE HAD TALKED ABOUT YESTERDAY

1043
00:43:55,880 --> 00:43:59,520
THAT REALLY WE CAN ALSO QUANTIFY

1044
00:43:59,520 --> 00:44:01,760
SIGNAL WORK LOOKING AT THE BRAIN

1045
00:44:01,760 --> 00:44:04,280
STRUCTURE OF CHANGES SUCH AS ONE

1046
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:05,600
PRESENTED EARLIER IN THE

1047
00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:08,280
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO THIS

1048
00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:11,480
SESSION BY DR. JERNIGAN, AND

1049
00:44:11,480 --> 00:44:14,360
PRESIDENT  -- THE WAY I THINK,

1050
00:44:14,360 --> 00:44:17,280
THEY PROVIDE CONSTRAINTS TO THE

1051
00:44:17,280 --> 00:44:19,200
BUILDUP OF CAPACITY, COGNITIVE

1052
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:20,880
CAPACITY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.

1053
00:44:20,880 --> 00:44:22,760
SO, WE FOCUS ON BRAIN FUNCTION,

1054
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:26,080
I'M GOING TO SHOW THE ONE

1055
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:27,240
EXAMPLE, FIRST WHAT'S VERY

1056
00:44:27,240 --> 00:44:29,400
EXCITING ABOUT BRAIN FUNCTION WE

1057
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:32,280
CAN TAKE SNAPSHOTS OF THE BRAIN

1058
00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:34,080
AND FUNCTION, FOR EXAMPLE IN

1059
00:44:34,080 --> 00:44:35,320
MEMORY ACROSS DIFFERENT STAGES

1060
00:44:35,320 --> 00:44:37,680
OF THE MEMORY FROM ENCODING TO

1061
00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:42,040
THE STORAGE AND MEMORY RETRIEVAL

1062
00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:43,480
WITH NO FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING,

1063
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:46,680
PROVIDING MORE THAN PERFORMANCE

1064
00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:48,080
ALONE.

1065
00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:57,400
AN  EXAMPLE, SHOWING PICTURES,

1066
00:44:57,400 --> 00:44:59,040
ASKING PARTS TO LABEL, SO WE

1067
00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:02,520
KNOW THEY ARE PAYING ATTENTION,

1068
00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:07,640
ALSO ASK OUTSIDE THE SCANNER

1069
00:45:07,640 --> 00:45:09,440
WHETHER THEY REMEMBER, SOME DO,

1070
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:11,400
SOME FORGET, WHICH ALLOWS US TO

1071
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:14,520
SORT BRAIN SIGNALS RECORDED WHEN

1072
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:16,160
THEY STUDIED THE PICTURES BASED

1073
00:45:16,160 --> 00:45:18,840
ON SUBSEQUENT MEMORY OF THE

1074
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:19,960
PICTURES, GIVING US A CONTRAST

1075
00:45:19,960 --> 00:45:21,760
TO SEE WHAT THE BRAIN WAS DOING

1076
00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:22,960
WHEN THEY LATER REMEMBERED

1077
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:25,360
COMPARED TO WHEN THEY LATER

1078
00:45:25,360 --> 00:45:25,760
FORGOT.

1079
00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:29,760
BEFORE WE GO AND LOOK AT WHAT 

1080
00:45:29,760 --> 00:45:31,920
THE BRAIN WAS DOING, IT'S

1081
00:45:31,920 --> 00:45:33,680
IMPORTANT THAT WE TAKE A LOOK AT

1082
00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:37,760
THE AGE DIFFERENCES BECAUSE WE

1083
00:45:37,760 --> 00:45:40,120
WANT TO UNDERSTAND, GET THE

1084
00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:45,200
CORRELATES OF WHAT COULD

1085
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:46,400
COGNITIVELY BECOME MORE ABLE TO

1086
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,920
DO, AS YOU CAN SEE HERE IN THE

1087
00:45:49,920 --> 00:45:52,680
AGE RANGES I FOCUS ON, ABOUT 5,

1088
00:45:52,680 --> 00:45:58,280
ALL THE WAY IN A CROSS-SECTIONAL

1089
00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:00,080
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE, WE SEE THAT

1090
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:01,880
THERE IS INDEED AN INCREASE IN

1091
00:46:01,880 --> 00:46:04,880
THE ACCURACY, INCREASE IN MEMORY

1092
00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:05,240
PERFORMANCES.

1093
00:46:05,240 --> 00:46:09,960
NOW WE HAVE BRAIN MEASURES TO

1094
00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:13,080
LOOK AT WHAT EXPANSES, THE FIRST

1095
00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:15,480
QUESTION WE WERE ASKING IS

1096
00:46:15,480 --> 00:46:17,960
WHEREAS IN WHERE IN THE BRAIN

1097
00:46:17,960 --> 00:46:19,520
DOES MEMORY ACTIVATION DIFFER BY

1098
00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:19,720
AGE.

1099
00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:20,560
BUT WHAT WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND

1100
00:46:20,560 --> 00:46:24,000
IS HOW. 

1101
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:25,880
HOW DOES THE BRAIN SUPPORT

1102
00:46:25,880 --> 00:46:31,680
MEMORY AND I'LL GET TO THE HOW

1103
00:46:31,680 --> 00:46:31,960
LATER.

1104
00:46:31,960 --> 00:46:34,920
THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY ON TRIAL

1105
00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:37,240
BY TRIAL LEVEL LOOKING AT WHAT

1106
00:46:37,240 --> 00:46:38,680
WAS REMEMBERED VERSUS FORGOTTEN

1107
00:46:38,680 --> 00:46:39,920
ACROSS ALL INDIVIDUALS WHO FOUND

1108
00:46:39,920 --> 00:46:43,680
ACTIVATIONS WE EXPECT IN THE

1109
00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:46,520
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE, CRUCIAL

1110
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:51,920
FOR MEMORY, HIPPOCAMPUS IN

1111
00:46:51,920 --> 00:46:56,280
AMNESIA, PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX, 

1112
00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:57,520
ALSO IMPORTANT FOR MEMORY,

1113
00:46:57,520 --> 00:46:59,240
SPECIFIC SUBTLE EFFECTS ON

1114
00:46:59,240 --> 00:47:03,680
MEMORY THAT HAPPEN TO BE THOSE

1115
00:47:03,680 --> 00:47:05,280
MORE PROTRACTED ACROSS

1116
00:47:05,280 --> 00:47:05,720
DEVELOPMENT.

1117
00:47:05,720 --> 00:47:08,120
WHEN WE LOOK ACROSS AGE WE FIND

1118
00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:09,960
ACTIVATIONS IN THE MEDIAL

1119
00:47:09,960 --> 00:47:11,200
TEMPORAL LOBE WAS STABLE ACROSS

1120
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:13,920
AGE BUT DID FIND INCREASE IN

1121
00:47:13,920 --> 00:47:16,000
REGIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

1122
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:18,120
IN THE WAY THEY SUPPORT

1123
00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:18,520
SUBSEQUENT MEMORY.

1124
00:47:18,520 --> 00:47:20,360
LEADING US TO THINK THE

1125
00:47:20,360 --> 00:47:21,800
FUNCTIONAL MATURATION OF THE

1126
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,840
PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS RELATED TO

1127
00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:25,440
MEMORY DEVELOPMENT, MIRRORING

1128
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:27,280
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH WE

1129
00:47:27,280 --> 00:47:30,520
KNOW IS MORE PROTRACTED FOR

1130
00:47:30,520 --> 00:47:34,240
THESE REGIONS, SPECIFICALLY

1131
00:47:34,240 --> 00:47:36,320
PRE-FRONT CORTEX.

1132
00:47:36,320 --> 00:47:39,600
SO WE KNOW, WE WANT TO MOVE

1133
00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:45,480
BEYOND THAT INCREASING OUR LENS,

1134
00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:46,480
FOCUSING ON PREFRONTAL CORTEX

1135
00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:47,880
INCREASING MEASURES WE'RE

1136
00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:50,920
LOOKING INTO BASED ON WHAT

1137
00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:52,280
ADVANCES IN RESEARCH.

1138
00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:55,640
YOU SEE ACTIVATION ACROSS A

1139
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:57,040
LARGER SAMPLE IN PREFRONTAL

1140
00:47:57,040 --> 00:47:58,120
CORTEX, POSITIVE REGIONS IN

1141
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:01,400
WHICH WE HAVE MORE ACTIVATION TO

1142
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:05,280
REMEMBER COMPARED TO LATER

1143
00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,760
FORGOT, ALSO SEE ROBUST

1144
00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:11,160
BLUE-COLORED REGION HERE, 

1145
00:48:11,160 --> 00:48:12,080
REGIONS WITH INCREASED

1146
00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:13,680
DEACTIVATION FOR HITS COMPARED

1147
00:48:13,680 --> 00:48:14,560
TO MISSES.

1148
00:48:14,560 --> 00:48:18,600
TURNS OUT TO BE BOTH IMPORTANT

1149
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:20,800
FOR THE AGE DIFFERENCES,

1150
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:22,080
SUPPORTING AGE DIFFERENCES IN

1151
00:48:22,080 --> 00:48:22,320
ACCURACY.

1152
00:48:22,320 --> 00:48:26,280
SO IN THIS CASE WE CAN SEE THAT

1153
00:48:26,280 --> 00:48:28,440
WITH AGES INCREASE IN ACTIVATION

1154
00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:32,400
FOR HIT BUT ALSO ROBUST INCREASE

1155
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,560
IN DEACTIVATIONS FOR HITS, AMONG

1156
00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:38,160
SUPERIOR FRONTAL REGIONS, IT WAS

1157
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:41,520
SPECIFICALLY THESE REGIONS THAT

1158
00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:43,680
EXPAND AGE-RELATED IMPROVEMENT

1159
00:48:43,680 --> 00:48:45,440
OR DEVELOPMENT OR GAINS IN

1160
00:48:45,440 --> 00:48:47,280
PERFORMANCE, TAKES US TO WHERE,

1161
00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:49,560
HOW COULD THAT BE, AND MAYBE

1162
00:48:49,560 --> 00:48:51,080
LINK TO REGIONS DOING MORE

1163
00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:51,880
THOUGHT SUPPRESSION AND THINKING

1164
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:54,480
IT'S NOT JUST YOU NEED TO PAY

1165
00:48:54,480 --> 00:48:56,360
MORE ATTENTION BUT MAYBE REDUCE

1166
00:48:56,360 --> 00:49:02,160
OR BE ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY ENGAGE

1167
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:04,560
INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS TO PERFORM

1168
00:49:04,560 --> 00:49:04,800
OVERALL.

1169
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:06,200
MORE INTO MOVING FORWARD FROM

1170
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:09,840
THE WHERE IS LOOKING AT ANALYSIS

1171
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:11,560
LOOKING AT BRAIN CONNECTIVITY,

1172
00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:12,880
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN CONNECTIVITY,

1173
00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:14,840
THE FUNCTION, THERE'S MORE FOR

1174
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:16,480
SUBSEQUENTLY REMEMBERED COMPARED

1175
00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:18,000
TO SUBSEQUENTLY FORGOTTEN ITEMS.

1176
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,400
AND WHAT WE FIND THOSE THAT AGE

1177
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:23,040
DIFFERENCES IN THE CONNECTIVITY

1178
00:49:23,040 --> 00:49:25,680
PATTERNS OF BOTH POSITIVE AND

1179
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:27,080
NEGATIVE SUBSEQUENT MEMORY, IN

1180
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:30,800
BOTH CASES WITH AGE THOSE WERE

1181
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:32,560
MORE CONNECTED, RESPECTIVELY,

1182
00:49:32,560 --> 00:49:34,840
WITH MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE.

1183
00:49:34,840 --> 00:49:38,120
NOW WE TAKE IT INTO A MORE

1184
00:49:38,120 --> 00:49:39,720
NETWORK PHENOMENA THAT EXPLAINS

1185
00:49:39,720 --> 00:49:40,600
AGE-RELATED INCREASES IN

1186
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:44,680
COGNITION IN THIS CASE MEMORY.

1187
00:49:44,680 --> 00:49:47,720
WE WANTED TO KNOW HOW BRAIN

1188
00:49:47,720 --> 00:49:48,280
ACTIVITY SUPPORTS MEMORY

1189
00:49:48,280 --> 00:49:48,920
DEVELOPMENT, WOULDN'T IT BE

1190
00:49:48,920 --> 00:49:51,680
GREAT IF WE WERE ABLE TO

1191
00:49:51,680 --> 00:49:54,480
DIRECTLY RECORD ACTIVITY, BRAIN

1192
00:49:54,480 --> 00:49:56,840
ACTIVITY, FROM THE DEVELOPING

1193
00:49:56,840 --> 00:50:01,440
BRAIN AS THEY ENGAGE IN

1194
00:50:01,440 --> 00:50:04,040
COGNITIVE TASKS, AN OPPORTUNITY

1195
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:08,040
THAT WE JUMPED ON ABOUT FIVE OR

1196
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:10,920
SIX YEARS AGO IN COLLABORATION

1197
00:50:10,920 --> 00:50:20,120
WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

1198
00:50:20,120 --> 00:50:24,360
AND DR. NGAI AND DR. JOHNSON AT

1199
00:50:24,360 --> 00:50:25,480
NORTHWEST AND BERKELEY,

1200
00:50:25,480 --> 00:50:27,760
RECORDING DATA FROM THE BRAIN OF

1201
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:30,720
INDIVIDUALS UNDERGOING BRAIN

1202
00:50:30,720 --> 00:50:32,000
MAPPING AS PART OF EPILEPSY

1203
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:33,000
CLINICAL TREATMENT, AND WHAT

1204
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:37,600
THAT GIVES US NOW SPATIALLY

1205
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:39,120
LOCALIZED TEMPORAL RECORDINGS OF

1206
00:50:39,120 --> 00:50:40,320
BRAIN ACTIVITY.

1207
00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:41,760
THESE PATIENTS WOULD UNDERGO

1208
00:50:41,760 --> 00:50:44,040
EXACT SAME OR SIMILAR TASKS THAT

1209
00:50:44,040 --> 00:50:45,160
I'VE JUST SPENT TIME DESCRIBING

1210
00:50:45,160 --> 00:50:48,080
TO YOU, AND WE CAN ASK, OKAY,

1211
00:50:48,080 --> 00:50:50,480
HOW IS BRAIN ACTIVITY SUPPORTING

1212
00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:52,080
SUBSEQUENT MEMORY.

1213
00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:54,720
STARTED BY FOCUSING ON PRE-FRONT

1214
00:50:54,720 --> 00:50:57,560
CORTEX AND AS YOU CAN IMAGINE WE

1215
00:50:57,560 --> 00:51:01,360
HAVE QUITE A SPARSE COVERAGE OF

1216
00:51:01,360 --> 00:51:02,080
ELECTRODES ACROSS INDIVIDUALS,

1217
00:51:02,080 --> 00:51:04,440
BRINGING THEM TOGETHER, YOU CAN

1218
00:51:04,440 --> 00:51:07,080
SEE WITHIN THIS FIRST STUDY WE

1219
00:51:07,080 --> 00:51:11,320
PUBLISHED WITH 17 CHILDREN AND

1220
00:51:11,320 --> 00:51:12,320
ADOLESCENTS, NICE COVERAGE

1221
00:51:12,320 --> 00:51:13,960
ACROSS PRE-FRONT CORTEX, ABLE TO

1222
00:51:13,960 --> 00:51:15,720
LOOK NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME,

1223
00:51:15,720 --> 00:51:18,000
PRECISE TIMING, WHAT YOU SEE

1224
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:24,480
HERE IS HIGH FREQUENCY ACTIVITY,

1225
00:51:24,480 --> 00:51:25,880
RESPONSE TO ENCODING TASK, THIS

1226
00:51:25,880 --> 00:51:29,960
IS THE WHITE LINE, YOU CAN SEE

1227
00:51:29,960 --> 00:51:37,600
THIS ACTIVITY IN THE FRONTAL

1228
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:40,040
CORTEX, WHILE TRACKING, WAS

1229
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:42,200
PRECEDING THE RESPONSE AND WHAT

1230
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:48,520
WAS EXCITING TO US IS TO THOUGH

1231
00:51:48,520 --> 00:51:51,520
THAT THOSE LATENCY, TIMING IN

1232
00:51:51,520 --> 00:51:52,880
THE GYRUS, RELATED TO

1233
00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:54,800
DEVELOPMENTAL GAINS IN MEMORY,

1234
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:57,880
THOSE THAT HAD EARLIER ACTIVITY,

1235
00:51:57,880 --> 00:51:58,800
THOSE PERFORMED BETTER AND

1236
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:01,200
SPECIFICALLY THOSE THAT WERE

1237
00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:03,720
OLDER AND HAD ACTIVITY EARLIER,

1238
00:52:03,720 --> 00:52:06,120
PARTICULARLY WERE PERFORMING

1239
00:52:06,120 --> 00:52:07,680
BETTER, COMPARED TO PARTICIPANTS

1240
00:52:07,680 --> 00:52:17,200
NOT AS FAST IN THE YOUNGER

1241
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,040
CHILDREN, PRECISE TIMING OF

1242
00:52:20,040 --> 00:52:22,880
BRAIN ACTIVITY RELATING TO

1243
00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:23,880
MEMORY DEVELOPMENT.

1244
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:26,480
WE ALSO LOOKED AT SPECTRAL

1245
00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:28,720
COMPOSITION LOOKING FOR HITS AND

1246
00:52:28,720 --> 00:52:29,440
MISSES, EXAMPLES TO OTHER

1247
00:52:29,440 --> 00:52:32,040
REGIONS, WE DID NOT FIND ROBUST

1248
00:52:32,040 --> 00:52:33,520
EFFECT ACROSS INDIVIDUALS BUT

1249
00:52:33,520 --> 00:52:37,200
DID FIND A LOT OF DIVERSITY,

1250
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:39,480
DIVERSITY WAS AMONG, YOU CAN SEE

1251
00:52:39,480 --> 00:52:42,720
HERE IN TWO EXAMPLES FROM

1252
00:52:42,720 --> 00:52:43,760
6-YEAR-OLD AND 19-YEAR-OLD,

1253
00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:45,600
DIVERSITY WAS ROBUST BETWEEN THE

1254
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:48,000
TWO ELECTRODES, BETWEEN TIME

1255
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:48,800
POINTS, BETWEEN FREQUENCY

1256
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,480
RANGES, BUT AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY

1257
00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:53,480
WAS QUITE SIMILAR ACROSS

1258
00:52:53,480 --> 00:52:53,760
INDIVIDUALS.

1259
00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:56,760
LEAVING US WITH MORE WORK TO DO

1260
00:52:56,760 --> 00:52:59,080
TO QUANTIFY EFFECTS THAT ARE

1261
00:52:59,080 --> 00:53:01,560
MORE ROBUST IN SUBSEQUENT

1262
00:53:01,560 --> 00:53:01,880
MEMORY.

1263
00:53:01,880 --> 00:53:04,720
WE WERE INTERESTED IN

1264
00:53:04,720 --> 00:53:06,760
IDENTIFYING EFFECTS RELATED TO

1265
00:53:06,760 --> 00:53:09,000
MEMORY ACTIVITY FROM MEDIAL

1266
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:10,720
TEMPORAL LOBE ACTIVATION, HERE

1267
00:53:10,720 --> 00:53:12,080
LOOKING AT THE SPECTRAL

1268
00:53:12,080 --> 00:53:14,240
DECOMPOSITION FOR HITS AND MISS,

1269
00:53:14,240 --> 00:53:18,720
DOING THE DIRECT CONTRAST WE DID

1270
00:53:18,720 --> 00:53:24,720
FIND TWO FREQUENCIES, LOW

1271
00:53:24,720 --> 00:53:27,800
FREQUENCY RANGES, THAT SHOWED

1272
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:28,680
MEMORY EFFECT ACROSS ALL

1273
00:53:28,680 --> 00:53:29,000
INDIVIDUALS.

1274
00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:33,680
HERE YOU CAN SEE RESPONSES, RAW

1275
00:53:33,680 --> 00:53:36,480
DATA FROM A 6-YEAR-OLD, AND

1276
00:53:36,480 --> 00:53:38,640
19-YEAR-OLD, FILTERED FOR TWO

1277
00:53:38,640 --> 00:53:41,600
SEPARATE, FOR HIGH AND LOW

1278
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:46,880
FREQUENCY, AND OVER HERE SHOWING

1279
00:53:46,880 --> 00:53:49,760
SLOW AND FAST IN THE TWO ENDS OF

1280
00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:51,720
THE FREQUENCIES ACROSS ALL

1281
00:53:51,720 --> 00:53:54,760
INDIVIDUALS, AND MANY ELECTRODES

1282
00:53:54,760 --> 00:53:58,680
IN WHICH WE IDENTIFIED,

1283
00:53:58,680 --> 00:53:59,400
STRIKINGLY THOSE, WE FOUND

1284
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,240
SELECTIONS VARIED AS FUNCTION OF

1285
00:54:02,240 --> 00:54:12,840
AGE IN BOTH MEDIAL TEMPORAL 

1286
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:13,920
L OBE, SUGGESTING BRAIN

1287
00:54:13,920 --> 00:54:17,840
DEVELOPMENT IS ASSOCIATE WITH

1288
00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:19,160
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE

1289
00:54:19,160 --> 00:54:21,040
SELECTIONS, THIS IS REALLY

1290
00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:22,240
INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT

1291
00:54:22,240 --> 00:54:27,640
BECAUSE WE FOUND THAT BOTH OF

1292
00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:29,480
THESE FREQUENCIES WAS IMPORTANT

1293
00:54:29,480 --> 00:54:40,080
IN THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 

1294
00:54:40,080 --> 00:54:44,040
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE AND

1295
00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:45,080
PREFRONTAL CORTEX.

1296
00:54:45,080 --> 00:54:53,280
FOR TWO OF THESE WE HAVE PRECISE

1297
00:54:53,280 --> 00:54:55,600
TIMING FOR THESE EFFECTS, IN

1298
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:59,520
SLOW AND FAST DATA, SPECIFICALLY

1299
00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:01,680
AGAIN RELATED OR EXPLAINING

1300
00:55:01,680 --> 00:55:04,080
DEVELOPMENTAL GAINS IN MEMORY

1301
00:55:04,080 --> 00:55:05,880
PERFORMANCE SUCH AS THOSE

1302
00:55:05,880 --> 00:55:08,800
EFFECTS WERE STRONGER AMONG

1303
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:11,000
OLDER PARTICIPANTS BETTER

1304
00:55:11,000 --> 00:55:14,680
PERFORMING THE TASK.

1305
00:55:14,680 --> 00:55:22,040
ALSO WITH OVERALL SUGGESTING

1306
00:55:22,040 --> 00:55:23,560
MEDIAL TEMPORAL PREFRONTAL

1307
00:55:23,560 --> 00:55:25,880
CORTEX INTERACT.

1308
00:55:25,880 --> 00:55:28,720
ALSO INTERESTED, WE HAVE

1309
00:55:28,720 --> 00:55:30,480
OPPORTUNITIES TO LOOK AT EFFECTS

1310
00:55:30,480 --> 00:55:36,040
HAPPENING AT THE VERY ENTRY.

1311
00:55:36,040 --> 00:55:37,280
EXCUSE ME, SOMETHING SHARED THE

1312
00:55:37,280 --> 00:55:48,040
SCREEN, AM I CORRECT? 

1313
00:55:48,040 --> 00:55:54,400
I HAVE LOST MY SCREEN? 

1314
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:55,240
>> SOMEBODY ELSE STARTED

1315
00:55:55,240 --> 00:55:55,520
SHARING.

1316
00:55:55,520 --> 00:55:57,960
DO YOU MIND PULLING YOUR SLIDES

1317
00:55:57,960 --> 00:55:59,040
BACK UP?

1318
00:55:59,040 --> 00:56:00,800
>> ARE THEY GOOD NOW?

1319
00:56:00,800 --> 00:56:03,360
>> YES, WE'RE GOOD. 

1320
00:56:03,360 --> 00:56:05,920
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

1321
00:56:05,920 --> 00:56:11,280
WE ALSO HAVE COVERAGE IN THE

1322
00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:12,320
OCCIPITAL CORTEX AND CAN ASK

1323
00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:13,240
FURTHER QUESTIONS.

1324
00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:22,680
FOR EXAMPLE,  WE CAN SEPARATE BY

1325
00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:27,240
THE MORE VISUAL/VISUAL AND

1326
00:56:27,240 --> 00:56:27,880
CONCEPTUAL FEATURES, INTERESTING

1327
00:56:27,880 --> 00:56:29,880
BECAUSE AS IT COMES TO

1328
00:56:29,880 --> 00:56:31,120
QUANTIFYING COGNITION WE FOUND

1329
00:56:31,120 --> 00:56:34,880
THAT IT'S JUST FOR THE HIGH

1330
00:56:34,880 --> 00:56:36,680
COMPLEXITY SCENES, BY THE NUMBER

1331
00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:38,720
OF UNIQUE CATEGORIES, WHERE WE

1332
00:56:38,720 --> 00:56:42,160
SEE IN PERFORMANCE AGE GAINS.

1333
00:56:42,160 --> 00:56:54,680
LOW COMPLEXITY SEEM TO BE ABLE.

1334
00:56:54,680 --> 00:56:56,080
LOOKING IN LOW FREQUENCY,

1335
00:56:56,080 --> 00:56:58,600
SPANNING SPECIFICALLY THE ALPHA

1336
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:04,080
FREQUENCY WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN

1337
00:57:04,080 --> 00:57:04,960
OCCIPITAL ACTIVITY, WE INDEED

1338
00:57:04,960 --> 00:57:06,800
FOUND IT WAS AN INTERACTION OF

1339
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:10,320
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGH 

1340
00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:13,320
COMPLEXITY AND LOW COMPLEXITY

1341
00:57:13,320 --> 00:57:16,440
WITH AGE SUCH AS DECREASE IN

1342
00:57:16,440 --> 00:57:21,040
POWER FOR THE ALPHA RANGE OR

1343
00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:24,000
DESYNCHRONIZATION IN HIGH

1344
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:25,320
FREQUENCY RANGE INCREASED WITH

1345
00:57:25,320 --> 00:57:27,680
AGE SO WE HAVE INCREASE IN

1346
00:57:27,680 --> 00:57:29,720
REDUCED POWER AND AGAIN THIS IS

1347
00:57:29,720 --> 00:57:32,080
SPECIFICALLY JUST FOR THE HIGH

1348
00:57:32,080 --> 00:57:35,080
COMPLEXITY, NOT FOR LOW

1349
00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:35,400
COMPLEXITY.

1350
00:57:35,400 --> 00:57:36,760
EXPLAINED DEVELOPMENTAL GAINS IN

1351
00:57:36,760 --> 00:57:37,320
MEMORY.

1352
00:57:37,320 --> 00:57:40,400
THAT IS THE OLDER PARTICIPANTS

1353
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:42,160
WHO PERFORMED BETTER SHOWED MORE

1354
00:57:42,160 --> 00:57:48,080
OF THIS EFFECT.

1355
00:57:48,080 --> 00:57:52,840
SO NOW WE HAVE fMRI A

1356
00:57:52,840 --> 00:57:56,200
FANTASTIC PLACE TO GAIN INSIGHT

1357
00:57:56,200 --> 00:57:58,400
ABOUT WHAT ARE CORRELATES OF

1358
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:00,920
DEVELOPMENT IN COGNITION, WE

1359
00:58:00,920 --> 00:58:02,000
HAVE INTRACRANIAL RECORDINGS

1360
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,840
THAT GAVE US LOCALIZATION AND

1361
00:58:04,840 --> 00:58:07,680
PRECISE TIMING ACROSS

1362
00:58:07,680 --> 00:58:09,680
DEVELOPMENT TO IDENTIFY

1363
00:58:09,680 --> 00:58:11,280
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AS

1364
00:58:11,280 --> 00:58:12,560
I'VE SHOWN INITIAL SUCCESSES TO

1365
00:58:12,560 --> 00:58:15,200
THIS END THAT ARE LINKED TO

1366
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:17,440
MEMORY DEVELOPMENT AND I THINK

1367
00:58:17,440 --> 00:58:19,200
ONE OF THE EXCITING

1368
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,160
OPPORTUNITIES STILL LYING AHEAD,

1369
00:58:21,160 --> 00:58:22,120
HAVING THIS PRECISE LOCALIZATION

1370
00:58:22,120 --> 00:58:38,040
AND TIMING WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO 

1371
00:58:38,040 --> 00:58:39,720
RETHINK ASPECT OF COGNITION.

1372
00:58:39,720 --> 00:58:41,160
I LIKED YESTERDAY'S PEOPLE

1373
00:58:41,160 --> 00:58:44,360
ENDING WITH LIKE WHAT ARE

1374
00:58:44,360 --> 00:58:46,680
ASCENDING CHALLENGES, WHERE DO

1375
00:58:46,680 --> 00:58:49,000
WE LIVE AND IT WAS WONDERFUL

1376
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:51,680
POINTERS, IN THE INTRODUCTORY

1377
00:58:51,680 --> 00:58:55,560
COMMENTS, IN EACH OF THE -- IN

1378
00:58:55,560 --> 00:58:57,880
DR. GRANT'S TALK EARLIER, I'LL

1379
00:58:57,880 --> 00:59:00,560
ADD IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO BE

1380
00:59:00,560 --> 00:59:01,800
ABLE TO LOOK AT LONGITUDINAL

1381
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:02,880
DATA.

1382
00:59:02,880 --> 00:59:05,640
WE CAN'T REALLY TALK ABOUT

1383
00:59:05,640 --> 00:59:08,120
CHANGE WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO

1384
00:59:08,120 --> 00:59:11,680
TAKE THE SAME INDIVIDUALS,

1385
00:59:11,680 --> 00:59:12,960
LONGITUDINAL DATA, CHALLENGES,

1386
00:59:12,960 --> 00:59:18,880
IN TERMS OF PROPER ANALYSIS AND

1387
00:59:18,880 --> 00:59:22,280
INTERPRETATION, IT'S ALWAYS

1388
00:59:22,280 --> 00:59:24,080
POSSIBLE IN INTRACRANIAL DATA,

1389
00:59:24,080 --> 00:59:25,520
LONGITUDINAL, SO SHOULD BE

1390
00:59:25,520 --> 00:59:32,160
PAIRED WITH FUNCTIONAL MRI

1391
00:59:32,160 --> 00:59:53,240
STUDIES, WE NEED TO BE  MINDFUL

1392
00:59:53,240 --> 00:59:54,560
OF ISSUES.

1393
00:59:54,560 --> 00:59:56,880
AS COMES TO THE BRAIN SIMILAR

1394
00:59:56,880 --> 00:59:58,680
CONCEPTS APPLY BUT IT'S REALLY

1395
00:59:58,680 --> 01:00:01,120
ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES

1396
01:00:01,120 --> 01:00:05,040
CLOSING THE GAP ACROSS SCALES,

1397
01:00:05,040 --> 01:00:06,040
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION,

1398
01:00:06,040 --> 01:00:06,800
REMINDING OURSELVES LIMITATIONS

1399
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:09,520
FOR EACH OF THE MEASUREMENTS WE

1400
01:00:09,520 --> 01:00:14,000
BRING INTO THE TABLE, AND ALSO

1401
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:17,320
MINDFUL ON RELIABILITY ISSUES,

1402
01:00:17,320 --> 01:00:18,800
COGNITION, BECAUSE PEOPLE DRINK

1403
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:20,360
COFFEE OR NOT, IN TERMS OF

1404
01:00:20,360 --> 01:00:23,520
CHILD, BAD DAY OR GOOD DAY,

1405
01:00:23,520 --> 01:00:26,280
THOSE HAVE TO BE ASPECTS THAT WE

1406
01:00:26,280 --> 01:00:31,920
ARE MINDFUL THAT WE CANNOT 

1407
01:00:31,920 --> 01:00:34,040
ALWAYS UNDERSTAND THE SOURCES OF

1408
01:00:34,040 --> 01:00:38,280
VIABILITY, LARGE DATASETS ARE OF

1409
01:00:38,280 --> 01:00:46,400
COURSE ONE WAY TO GET BY, SAME

1410
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,280
FOR THE BRAIN, AND ONCE WE HAVE

1411
01:00:49,280 --> 01:00:52,040
THESE IN PLACE WOULD BE ABLE

1412
01:00:52,040 --> 01:00:54,520
TO -- AS WE STRIVE WE'LL BE

1413
01:00:54,520 --> 01:00:56,080
BETTER ABLE TO UNDERSTAND

1414
01:00:56,080 --> 01:01:00,000
MODIFIERS OF DEVELOPMENT ACROSS

1415
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:01,320
TIME SCALES AND ORGANIZATION.

1416
01:01:01,320 --> 01:01:05,320
I'M GOING TO END BY THANKING MY

1417
01:01:05,320 --> 01:01:08,120
LARGE TEAM IN THE LAB AND

1418
01:01:08,120 --> 01:01:09,000
COLLABORATORS AND FUNDING

1419
01:01:09,000 --> 01:01:11,080
MECHANISMS THAT SUPPORTED THIS

1420
01:01:11,080 --> 01:01:11,400
WORK.

1421
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:11,960
THANK YOU.

1422
01:01:11,960 --> 01:01:12,680
>> THANK YOU.

1423
01:01:12,680 --> 01:01:13,800
ANOTHER WONDERFUL TALK.

1424
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:15,760
WE'RE RUNNING BEHIND SO I'M

1425
01:01:15,760 --> 01:01:18,480
GOING TO MOVE THIS FORWARD.

1426
01:01:18,480 --> 01:01:24,520
NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. GEORGE

1427
01:01:24,520 --> 01:01:28,480
DRAGOI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF

1428
01:01:28,480 --> 01:01:29,080
PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSCIENCE,

1429
01:01:29,080 --> 01:01:32,560
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND 

1430
01:01:32,560 --> 01:01:36,680
MEMBER OF THE WUSI INSTITUTE AT 

1431
01:01:36,680 --> 01:01:38,160
YALE UNIVERSITY, M.D. FROM

1432
01:01:38,160 --> 01:01:43,520
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND

1433
01:01:43,520 --> 01:01:46,840
PHARMACY IN ROMANIA AND Ph.D.

1434
01:01:46,840 --> 01:01:47,480
IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE FROM

1435
01:01:47,480 --> 01:01:49,720
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY WHERE HE

1436
01:01:49,720 --> 01:01:58,280
WORKED IN THE LABORATORY OF DR.

1437
01:01:58,280 --> 01:01:59,480
PAZAKI, COMPLETED POSTDOCTORAL

1438
01:01:59,480 --> 01:02:04,280
STUDIES IN M.I.T., REVEALED

1439
01:02:04,280 --> 01:02:08,360
EXISTENCE OF PRE-CONFIGURED 

1440
01:02:08,360 --> 01:02:12,800
CELLULAR ASSEMBLIES, SPATIAL 

1441
01:02:12,800 --> 01:02:15,680
SEQUENCES IN FUTURE EXPERIENCE

1442
01:02:15,680 --> 01:02:17,160
IN NAIVE ANIMALS.

1443
01:02:17,160 --> 01:02:20,200
LET'S GET RIGHT TO IT.

1444
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:22,720
>> THANK YOU FOR THE

1445
01:02:22,720 --> 01:02:23,080
INTRODUCTION.

1446
01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:26,480
THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME TO THE

1447
01:02:26,480 --> 01:02:26,720
WORKSHOP.

1448
01:02:26,720 --> 01:02:29,720
MY LAB IS INTERESTED IN

1449
01:02:29,720 --> 01:02:30,840
UNDERSTANDING THE NEURAL

1450
01:02:30,840 --> 01:02:35,640
MECHANISMS OF LEARNING AND

1451
01:02:35,640 --> 01:02:36,200
MEMORY.

1452
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:38,040
PARTICULARLY WITH RATS, TO STUDY

1453
01:02:38,040 --> 01:02:38,240
THAT.

1454
01:02:38,240 --> 01:02:41,640
I'VE BEEN DOING THIS FOR 25

1455
01:02:41,640 --> 01:02:45,880
YEARS, AND MOSTLY USING ADULT

1456
01:02:45,880 --> 01:02:48,280
ANIMALS BUT SINCE TEN YEARS AGO

1457
01:02:48,280 --> 01:02:49,000
STARTED DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

1458
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:56,880
I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT 

1459
01:02:56,880 --> 01:02:57,760
TODAY.

1460
01:02:57,760 --> 01:03:03,320
SO, MEMORY IS FORMED INTO

1461
01:03:03,320 --> 01:03:08,040
STAGES, ENCODED. 

1462
01:03:08,040 --> 01:03:10,480
IT IS BELIEVED AND THIS

1463
01:03:10,480 --> 01:03:16,720
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF 

1464
01:03:16,720 --> 01:03:17,240
INFORMATION ABOUT THIS

1465
01:03:17,240 --> 01:03:26,040
(INDISCERNIBLE)

1466
01:03:26,040 --> 01:03:31,080
HERE'S A RODENT MODEL OF

1467
01:03:31,080 --> 01:03:34,840
ENCODING AND CONSOLIDATION AS

1468
01:03:34,840 --> 01:03:41,760
ANIMALS EXPLORE LINEAR TRACK. 

1469
01:03:41,760 --> 01:03:48,960
THESE ARE NEURONS. 

1470
01:03:48,960 --> 01:03:49,920
THIS IS UNFOLDING

1471
01:03:49,920 --> 01:03:59,560
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

1472
01:03:59,560 --> 01:04:02,280
AS THE ANIMAL GOES TO SLEEP OR

1473
01:04:02,280 --> 01:04:04,880
RESTING, THE PROCESS OF MEMORY

1474
01:04:04,880 --> 01:04:06,560
CONSOLIDATION IS BEING

1475
01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:06,840
INITIATED.

1476
01:04:06,840 --> 01:04:07,600
THE SAME NATIONAL HURRICANE

1477
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:09,640
CENTER CAN FIRE IN THE SAME

1478
01:04:09,640 --> 01:04:10,920
ORDER IN A MUCH FASTER TIME

1479
01:04:10,920 --> 01:04:14,320
SCALE AS YOU CAN SEE, THE EXACT

1480
01:04:14,320 --> 01:04:18,160
SAME NEURONS ARE 20 TIMES

1481
01:04:18,160 --> 01:04:19,120
FASTER, BEING REPLAYED, DURING

1482
01:04:19,120 --> 01:04:22,720
SLEEP, IT IS BELIEVED THIS TYPE

1483
01:04:22,720 --> 01:04:28,280
OF INFORMATION IS REQUIRED AND 

1484
01:04:28,280 --> 01:04:37,360
IT'S ENFORCING THROUGH WAY OF 

1485
01:04:37,360 --> 01:04:38,600
AUTONOMOUS INFORMATION, THIS

1486
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:40,080
TIME COMPRESSION WAS SOMETHING

1487
01:04:40,080 --> 01:04:41,800
SPECIFIC THAT CAN ONLY BE

1488
01:04:41,800 --> 01:04:45,720
OCCURRING IN THIS SLEEP

1489
01:04:45,720 --> 01:04:46,240
SESSIONS.

1490
01:04:46,240 --> 01:04:51,280
HOWEVER, SEVERAL YEARS LATER

1491
01:04:51,280 --> 01:05:00,000
WE'VE SHOWN DURING DATA

1492
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:00,280
OSCILLATION

1493
01:05:00,280 --> 01:05:02,680
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

1494
01:05:02,680 --> 01:05:05,720
THIS TYPE OF COMPRESSION HAS

1495
01:05:05,720 --> 01:05:07,920
OCCURRED DURING PROCESS OF

1496
01:05:07,920 --> 01:05:13,120
ENCODING, HERE IS CARTOON 

1497
01:05:13,120 --> 01:05:14,200
DESCRIPTION OF OSCILLATION, YOU

1498
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:17,120
CAN SEE THE SAME NEURONS FIRE

1499
01:05:17,120 --> 01:05:18,840
NOW WITHIN DATA CYCLE.

1500
01:05:18,840 --> 01:05:22,680
SO THIS IS ABOUT SIMILAR TYPE OF

1501
01:05:22,680 --> 01:05:24,760
TEMPORAL COMPRESSION, I WOULD

1502
01:05:24,760 --> 01:05:27,400
SAY ABOUT 15 TIMES COMPRESSED.

1503
01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:30,080
YOU CAN SEE HERE WHAT WE CALL

1504
01:05:30,080 --> 01:05:35,400
DATA SEQUENCES, THESE SEQUENCES 

1505
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:37,680
THAT OCCUR DURING THETA, MAP

1506
01:05:37,680 --> 01:05:39,440
DISTANCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL

1507
01:05:39,440 --> 01:05:41,640
LOCATIONS ALONG THE TRAJECTORY

1508
01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:45,640
OF THE ANIMAL, ABOUT ONE ORDER 

1509
01:05:45,640 --> 01:05:46,560
OF MAGNITUDE FASTER TIME SCALE

1510
01:05:46,560 --> 01:05:47,640
COMPARED TO WHAT HAPPENED IN

1511
01:05:47,640 --> 01:05:48,600
SPACE.

1512
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:52,080
THERE'S A SPECIAL TO TEMPORAL

1513
01:05:52,080 --> 01:05:53,840
COMPRESSION OF INFORMATION

1514
01:05:53,840 --> 01:05:57,200
COMPRESSED DURING THE ENCODING

1515
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:00,000
AND DURING THE CONSOLIDATION.

1516
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:02,640
EVEN MORE INTERESTINGLY, WE'VE

1517
01:06:02,640 --> 01:06:06,480
SHOWN THAT IN FACT THE SAME

1518
01:06:06,480 --> 01:06:09,400
SEQUENCES, THE SAME NEURONS CAN

1519
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:14,080
FIRE IN SIMILAR SEQUENCES IN

1520
01:06:14,080 --> 01:06:15,520
SLEEP PRECEDING FIRST-TIME

1521
01:06:15,520 --> 01:06:18,480
EXPRESSION OF SEQUENCES ON DE

1522
01:06:18,480 --> 01:06:22,200
NOVO RUN, ANIMALS KEPT NAIVE

1523
01:06:22,200 --> 01:06:24,280
THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME, THESE

1524
01:06:24,280 --> 01:06:26,480
ARE ADULTS, THE VERY FIRST TIME

1525
01:06:26,480 --> 01:06:30,520
ON THE LINEAR TRACK THE NETWORK

1526
01:06:30,520 --> 01:06:32,080
EXPRESSES SEQUENCE OF NEURONAL

1527
01:06:32,080 --> 01:06:34,080
FIRING, COULD HAVE BEEN OBSERVED

1528
01:06:34,080 --> 01:06:36,240
EVEN BEFORE.

1529
01:06:36,240 --> 01:06:39,960
SO WE THESE EVENTS REPLAY,

1530
01:06:39,960 --> 01:06:41,400
DISTINGUISHED FROM PREVIOUS, WE

1531
01:06:41,400 --> 01:06:46,680
THINK THIS IS PROOF THAT

1532
01:06:46,680 --> 01:06:50,080
PRE-CONFIGURED EVEN IN ADULT

1533
01:06:50,080 --> 01:06:51,880
NAIVE ANIMALS, INTO TEMPORAL

1534
01:06:51,880 --> 01:06:56,240
SEQUENCE MOTIFS, SOME WILL BE

1535
01:06:56,240 --> 01:06:57,520
RECRUITED AND ASSOCIATED WITH

1536
01:06:57,520 --> 01:06:59,600
INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS OR EVENTS

1537
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:01,600
THAT HAPPENED ALONG THIS

1538
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:02,880
EXPERIENCE AND THEN THEY BECOME

1539
01:07:02,880 --> 01:07:05,080
MORE OF AN INDEX, CAN LATER BE

1540
01:07:05,080 --> 01:07:06,920
USED TO RETRIEVE THAT

1541
01:07:06,920 --> 01:07:07,480
INFORMATION.

1542
01:07:07,480 --> 01:07:09,640
AT THE SAME TIME THIS IS

1543
01:07:09,640 --> 01:07:14,480
TEMPORAL SEQUENCES, AT THE SAME

1544
01:07:14,480 --> 01:07:16,120
TIME ANIMAL TRAJECTORY, POSITIVE

1545
01:07:16,120 --> 01:07:20,120
PLOTTED AGAINST TIME, THE ANIMAL

1546
01:07:20,120 --> 01:07:22,920
IS RESTING, THE ONE IS MOVING,

1547
01:07:22,920 --> 01:07:26,600
AND HERE WE SHOW IN YELLOW THE

1548
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:29,440
TRAJECTORY, REACHES THE OTHER

1549
01:07:29,440 --> 01:07:32,840
END, RESTING THERE AGAIN, AND

1550
01:07:32,840 --> 01:07:35,880
THE HEAT MAP SHOWS ENCODED

1551
01:07:35,880 --> 01:07:41,040
POSITION OF ANIMAL FROM NEURAL

1552
01:07:41,040 --> 01:07:42,840
ACTIVITY, YOU CAN APPRECIATE A

1553
01:07:42,840 --> 01:07:45,720
VERY GOOD DESCRIPTION OF THE

1554
01:07:45,720 --> 01:07:48,320
ANIMAL TRAJECTORY JUST SIMPLY

1555
01:07:48,320 --> 01:07:53,280
BASED ON THE ENSEMBLE ACTIVITY

1556
01:07:53,280 --> 01:07:54,880
OF CELLS.

1557
01:07:54,880 --> 01:07:58,480
IN THE SLEEP PRECEDING THIS DE 

1558
01:07:58,480 --> 01:08:00,880
NOVO ROUND THE SAME NEURONS

1559
01:08:00,880 --> 01:08:08,080
EXPRESS WHAT LOOKS LIKE VIRTUAL

1560
01:08:08,080 --> 01:08:10,920
TRAJECTORIES FROM WHAT WILL

1561
01:08:10,920 --> 01:08:13,800
BECOME LATER TRAJECTORIES,

1562
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:16,120
PRE-CONFIGURED SEQUENCES IN

1563
01:08:16,120 --> 01:08:18,080
NEURONAL SAMPLES SELECTED AND

1564
01:08:18,080 --> 01:08:19,680
RECRUITED AND PLAYED, ASSOCIATED

1565
01:08:19,680 --> 01:08:22,720
WITH NOVEL INFORMATION TO ENCODE

1566
01:08:22,720 --> 01:08:24,680
NEW EPISODE RATHER THAN BEING

1567
01:08:24,680 --> 01:08:28,080
CREATED DE NOVO DURING THE

1568
01:08:28,080 --> 01:08:28,640
EXPERIENCE.

1569
01:08:28,640 --> 01:08:30,520
THIS IS OUR WORKING MODEL.

1570
01:08:30,520 --> 01:08:33,240
PROCESS OF ENCODING IS USING

1571
01:08:33,240 --> 01:08:34,480
PRE-CONFIGURED SEQUENCES OF

1572
01:08:34,480 --> 01:08:39,400
FIRING THAT ARE SELECTED DURING

1573
01:08:39,400 --> 01:08:44,320
NOVEL EXPERIENCES AND THEN THE

1574
01:08:44,320 --> 01:08:48,120
ASSOCIATIONS WITH NOVEL STIMULI

1575
01:08:48,120 --> 01:08:57,280
CONSOLIDATION IS INITIATED VIA

1576
01:08:57,280 --> 01:08:57,640
PLASTICITY --

1577
01:08:57,640 --> 01:08:58,080
[ GARBLED AUDIO CLOSE

1578
01:08:58,080 --> 01:09:04,280
PARENTHESES ].

1579
01:09:04,280 --> 01:09:07,240
TO DESCRIBE THIS AGAIN, WE HAVE

1580
01:09:07,240 --> 01:09:15,480
SEQUENCES SHOWN AND WE HAVE

1581
01:09:15,480 --> 01:09:21,800
CODING OF TRAJECTORY DURING 

1582
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:22,080
ACTIVITY --

1583
01:09:22,080 --> 01:09:44,760
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

1584
01:09:44,760 --> 01:09:49,680
FINALLY, AFTER THE EXPERIENCE 

1585
01:09:49,680 --> 01:09:50,880
ENDED, THE SAME NEURONS ARE

1586
01:09:50,880 --> 01:09:55,280
FIRING IN THE SAME ORDER 

1587
01:09:55,280 --> 01:10:11,080
MULTIPLE TIMES THROUGHOUT SLEEP.

1588
01:10:11,080 --> 01:10:11,360
HOWEVER--

1589
01:10:11,360 --> 01:10:16,080
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

1590
01:10:16,080 --> 01:10:18,080
TYPICALLY REFLECTS BETTER THE

1591
01:10:18,080 --> 01:10:19,640
DETAILS AND PRECISION OF THE

1592
01:10:19,640 --> 01:10:21,840
EXPERIENCE COMPARED TO THE

1593
01:10:21,840 --> 01:10:24,080
PREEXISTING TASK.

1594
01:10:24,080 --> 01:10:31,680
SO WE THINK THE PHENOMENA OF 

1595
01:10:31,680 --> 01:10:36,760
REPLAY PARTICIPATES IN CODING --

1596
01:10:36,760 --> 01:10:39,360
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

1597
01:10:39,360 --> 01:10:41,680
THE QUESTION TODAY WHAT IS THE

1598
01:10:41,680 --> 01:10:44,400
DEVELOPMENTAL TIMELINE

1599
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:48,280
CONSIDERING ANIMALS DURING

1600
01:10:48,280 --> 01:10:49,080
DEVELOPMENT PROCURE

1601
01:10:49,080 --> 01:10:53,360
(INDISCERNIBLE) FOR OUR ATTEMPTS

1602
01:10:53,360 --> 01:10:54,280
TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS UNDERLYING

1603
01:10:54,280 --> 01:10:56,800
NEURAL INFORMATION.

1604
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:59,880
SO AT THE TIME WE STARTED THIS

1605
01:10:59,880 --> 01:11:07,480
EXPERIMENT, THIS IS WHAT WAS

1606
01:11:07,480 --> 01:11:11,080
KNOWN, POSTNATAL DAY 14, A DAY

1607
01:11:11,080 --> 01:11:25,040
OR TWO LATER PLACE CELLS CAN BE

1608
01:11:25,040 --> 01:11:28,080
FOUND (INDISCERNIBLE) THE

1609
01:11:28,080 --> 01:11:31,800
RELATIONSHIP IN THE CORTEX,

1610
01:11:31,800 --> 01:11:33,800
BRAIN CELLS ACTUALLY MATURE LIKE

1611
01:11:33,800 --> 01:11:36,000
ACTIVITY MUCH LATER, ABOUT A

1612
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:37,480
WEEK LATER.

1613
01:11:37,480 --> 01:11:42,160
FINALLY ANOTHER TIME POINT IS 

1614
01:11:42,160 --> 01:11:47,560
THE END OF INFANTILE AMNESIA

1615
01:11:47,560 --> 01:11:49,360
PERIOD, ENDS AT 2 TO 4 YEARS

1616
01:11:49,360 --> 01:11:52,520
OLD, MAPPED TO BE HAPPENING AT

1617
01:11:52,520 --> 01:11:54,400
AROUND POSTNATAL DAY 23, 24 IN

1618
01:11:54,400 --> 01:11:55,200
THE RATS.

1619
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:58,080
THAT'S WHAT WAS KNOWN.

1620
01:11:58,080 --> 01:12:00,280
NOTHING REALLY ABOUT NEURONAL

1621
01:12:00,280 --> 01:12:04,240
ENSEMBLES, NOTHING ABOUT REPLAY

1622
01:12:04,240 --> 01:12:05,760
AND PRE-PLAY AND CONSEQUENCES IN

1623
01:12:05,760 --> 01:12:06,720
THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

1624
01:12:06,720 --> 01:12:11,360
WE DECIDED TO TACKLE QUESTIONS

1625
01:12:11,360 --> 01:12:25,240
OF EMERGENCE OF ENSEMBLE

1626
01:12:25,240 --> 01:12:26,680
NEURONS.

1627
01:12:26,680 --> 01:12:31,040
WE IMPLANTED YOUNG RATS WITH 

1628
01:12:31,040 --> 01:12:36,040
SILICON PROBES, TOTAL OF 64, 

1629
01:12:36,040 --> 01:12:43,080
THESE ARE THE SHANKS

1630
01:12:43,080 --> 01:12:46,280
(INDISCERNIBLE).

1631
01:12:46,280 --> 01:12:52,640
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE IN WHICH ALL 

1632
01:12:52,640 --> 01:12:54,160
EIGHT SHANKS WERE SUCCESSFUL,

1633
01:12:54,160 --> 01:13:00,080
NEURONS RECORDED, 67 NEURONS IN

1634
01:13:00,080 --> 01:13:04,040
THIS CASE.

1635
01:13:04,040 --> 01:13:07,640
BECAUSE WE'RE INTERESTED IN

1636
01:13:07,640 --> 01:13:09,400
REPLAY, PURPLE IS ESSENTIALLY

1637
01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:33,720
BORROWED (INDISCERNIBLE). 

1638
01:13:33,720 --> 01:13:35,440
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE ACROSS

1639
01:13:35,440 --> 01:13:37,480
DEVELOPMENT, ADULT ON RIGHT

1640
01:13:37,480 --> 01:13:41,600
SIDE, YOU SEE THIS IS THE

1641
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:41,880
LOCATION.

1642
01:13:41,880 --> 01:13:44,520
THIS IS THE TRACK.

1643
01:13:44,520 --> 01:13:46,680
YOU CAN SEE PLACES ARE WELL

1644
01:13:46,680 --> 01:13:48,280
TUNED FOR INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS

1645
01:13:48,280 --> 01:13:53,200
ACROSS TRAJECTORY OF THE ANIMAL,

1646
01:13:53,200 --> 01:13:56,880
DAY 15, THE ANIMALS RUN WELL, 

1647
01:13:56,880 --> 01:14:01,960
THESE ARE THE SEQUENCES.

1648
01:14:01,960 --> 01:14:06,080
YOU CAN SEE THEY GRADUALLY TUNE

1649
01:14:06,080 --> 01:14:10,680
TO INDIVIDUAL PLACES ACROSS

1650
01:14:10,680 --> 01:14:11,240
AGES.

1651
01:14:11,240 --> 01:14:14,400
THIS DECODING OF ANIMAL POSITION

1652
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:17,040
BASED ON NEURONAL ACTIVITY

1653
01:14:17,040 --> 01:14:17,800
RECORDED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN

1654
01:14:17,800 --> 01:14:20,760
YELLOW, THIS IS ACROSS AGES, IN

1655
01:14:20,760 --> 01:14:21,960
YELLOW SHOWING THE ACTUAL

1656
01:14:21,960 --> 01:14:25,800
TRAJECTORY THE ANIMAL FROM THE

1657
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:27,440
BEGINNING ACROSS TIME.

1658
01:14:27,440 --> 01:14:29,120
HEAT MAP SHOWS DECODED POSITION

1659
01:14:29,120 --> 01:14:30,680
OF THE ANIMAL BASED ON NEURAL

1660
01:14:30,680 --> 01:14:32,880
ACTIVITY ALONE.

1661
01:14:32,880 --> 01:14:37,160
YOU CAN SEE AS EARLY AS

1662
01:14:37,160 --> 01:14:39,760
POSTNATAL DAY 15, DEPICTING

1663
01:14:39,760 --> 01:14:41,520
QUITE WELL THE CURRENT LOCATION,

1664
01:14:41,520 --> 01:14:46,080
INDIVIDUAL LABS, AND IT GETS

1665
01:14:46,080 --> 01:14:47,440
ONLY BETTER INTO ADULTHOOD.

1666
01:14:47,440 --> 01:14:49,160
HERE IS A MEASUREMENT OF THE

1667
01:14:49,160 --> 01:14:50,680
ERROR OF THE DECODER.

1668
01:14:50,680 --> 01:14:54,480
YOU CAN SEE WHILE THERE IS

1669
01:14:54,480 --> 01:14:57,360
IMPROVEMENT ACROSS AGES FROM DAY

1670
01:14:57,360 --> 01:15:00,640
15, 16, ERROR IS 11 CENTIMETERS

1671
01:15:00,640 --> 01:15:02,400
FOR 1-METER TRACK, 10%, GETS

1672
01:15:02,400 --> 01:15:05,880
DOWN TO ABOUT 4% OR SO IN ADULT.

1673
01:15:05,880 --> 01:15:07,520
HOWEVER, ALL THESE NUMBERS, ALL

1674
01:15:07,520 --> 01:15:12,080
THESE ERRORS, ARE WAY, WAY

1675
01:15:12,080 --> 01:15:20,680
SMALLER WHEN COMPARED WITH

1676
01:15:20,680 --> 01:15:21,000
SHUFFLE.

1677
01:15:21,000 --> 01:15:22,560
WE'RE GETTING MUCH HIGHER ERROR

1678
01:15:22,560 --> 01:15:25,480
SO WE BELIEVE AS EARLY AS

1679
01:15:25,480 --> 01:15:28,440
POSTNATAL DAY 15 THE NETWORK IS

1680
01:15:28,440 --> 01:15:32,720
TUNED TO ENCODE ANIMAL LOCATION.

1681
01:15:32,720 --> 01:15:34,960
WE STUDY DATA SEQUENCES.

1682
01:15:34,960 --> 01:15:39,320
AS I MENTIONED, SHORT MOTIFS

1683
01:15:39,320 --> 01:15:41,520
THAT BIND, PAST, CURRENT AND

1684
01:15:41,520 --> 01:15:47,120
FUTURE LOCATION IN THE THETA

1685
01:15:47,120 --> 01:15:51,680
CYCLE, WHERE THE PLASTICITY 

1686
01:15:51,680 --> 01:15:53,280
INFORMATION CAN BE COMBINED

1687
01:15:53,280 --> 01:15:54,320
PREEXISTING WITH EXTERNAL

1688
01:15:54,320 --> 01:15:57,040
STIMULI, COMBINED IN THE DATA

1689
01:15:57,040 --> 01:15:58,120
EPISODE.

1690
01:15:58,120 --> 01:16:00,680
SO THIS IS OUR DATA SEQUENCES IN

1691
01:16:00,680 --> 01:16:00,880
ADULT.

1692
01:16:00,880 --> 01:16:03,040
YOU SEE BINDING IN THE THETA

1693
01:16:03,040 --> 01:16:05,080
EPISODE OF PAST, CURRENT, AND

1694
01:16:05,080 --> 01:16:06,320
FUTURE LOCATIONS.

1695
01:16:06,320 --> 01:16:11,080
HOWEVER, WHEN WE LOOK DURING

1696
01:16:11,080 --> 01:16:15,680
DEVELOPMENT, WE ESSENTIALLY

1697
01:16:15,680 --> 01:16:17,440
COULD NOT SEE EMERGENCE UNTIL

1698
01:16:17,440 --> 01:16:20,520
POSTNATAL DAY 23 AND 24, ALSO

1699
01:16:20,520 --> 01:16:23,640
THE AGE AT WHICH INFANTILE

1700
01:16:23,640 --> 01:16:25,240
AMNESIA IS BELIEVED TO BE

1701
01:16:25,240 --> 01:16:25,880
ENDING.

1702
01:16:25,880 --> 01:16:28,040
THIS IS AN INTERESTING

1703
01:16:28,040 --> 01:16:31,080
CORRELATION BETWEEN EMERGENCE OF

1704
01:16:31,080 --> 01:16:31,880
SEQUENCES WHICH ESSENTIALLY

1705
01:16:31,880 --> 01:16:34,880
BRING IN SPECIFIC INFORMATION

1706
01:16:34,880 --> 01:16:37,880
ABOUT THAT EXPERIENCE, AND WE

1707
01:16:37,880 --> 01:16:42,120
BELIEVE THAT THAT IS CRITICAL 

1708
01:16:42,120 --> 01:16:43,800
FOR INITIATION OF ENCODING.

1709
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,200
THIS IS QUANTIFICATION OF SINGLE

1710
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:49,760
EXAMPLE, QUANTIFICATION OF THIS

1711
01:16:49,760 --> 01:16:54,600
PHENOMENON AS WE COMPUTE RATIO,

1712
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:55,280
ESSENTIALLY COMPARING THIS

1713
01:16:55,280 --> 01:16:58,640
QUADRANT, SOME OF THE FIRST AND

1714
01:16:58,640 --> 01:17:02,280
THIRD QUADRANT, WITH SECOND AND

1715
01:17:02,280 --> 01:17:08,080
FOURTH QUADRANT, A COMPUTATION

1716
01:17:08,080 --> 01:17:12,040
IN ADULTS HIGHER THAN THE

1717
01:17:12,040 --> 01:17:13,920
SHUFFLES, SO IT IS 23 AND 24 AS

1718
01:17:13,920 --> 01:17:18,040
SHOWN HERE BUT NOT ANY OTHER

1719
01:17:18,040 --> 01:17:25,880
AGES, ALTHOUGH YOU CAN SEE ONE 

1720
01:17:25,880 --> 01:17:29,680
ANIMAL THAT SHOWS THAT.

1721
01:17:29,680 --> 01:17:32,040
INTERESTINGLY, WHEN WE COMPARE

1722
01:17:32,040 --> 01:17:34,600
PLASTICITY OR EMERGENCE OF DATA

1723
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:36,680
SEQUENCES DURING THE FIRST TIME,

1724
01:17:36,680 --> 01:17:39,480
VERSUS SECOND, ON THE SAME DAY,

1725
01:17:39,480 --> 01:17:42,480
SAME AGE, WE COULD NOT SEE ANY

1726
01:17:42,480 --> 01:17:44,480
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE.

1727
01:17:44,480 --> 01:17:47,080
HOWEVER, WHEN WE COMPARED FIRST

1728
01:17:47,080 --> 01:17:50,680
TIME AROUND, VERSUS FIRST TIME

1729
01:17:50,680 --> 01:17:52,720
AROUND P 23, 24, NEXT STAGE

1730
01:17:52,720 --> 01:17:54,040
GROUP, COULD SEE SIGNIFICANT

1731
01:17:54,040 --> 01:17:59,680
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GROUPS,

1732
01:17:59,680 --> 01:18:01,480
STRONGER SIGNIFICANCE WITH 23,

1733
01:18:01,480 --> 01:18:02,040
24.

1734
01:18:02,040 --> 01:18:04,240
FINALLY THE LAST DATA SLIDE OF

1735
01:18:04,240 --> 01:18:06,840
MY PRESENTATION, WE WERE

1736
01:18:06,840 --> 01:18:07,920
INTERESTED IN EMERGENCE OF

1737
01:18:07,920 --> 01:18:10,120
SEQUENCES THAT ARE EXPRESSED

1738
01:18:10,120 --> 01:18:12,680
PRIMARILY DURING SLEEP.

1739
01:18:12,680 --> 01:18:18,600
AS I MENTIONED, IN OUR CASE WE

1740
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:21,680
TESTED AND REPLAYED, THIS IS HOW

1741
01:18:21,680 --> 01:18:23,720
THEY LOOK IN ADULTS.

1742
01:18:23,720 --> 01:18:27,120
THIS IS DEPICTION OF FUTURE

1743
01:18:27,120 --> 01:18:28,760
ANIMAL TRAJECTORY, AND HERE IS

1744
01:18:28,760 --> 01:18:35,720
THE DEPICTION OF THE SAME

1745
01:18:35,720 --> 01:18:36,040
TRAJECTORY. 

1746
01:18:36,040 --> 01:18:40,320
AND PLASTICITY REPLAY STRONGER.

1747
01:18:40,320 --> 01:18:41,880
VERY INTERESTINGLY POSTNATAL DAY

1748
01:18:41,880 --> 01:18:44,360
15, 16, COULD ONLY SAY WHAT WE

1749
01:18:44,360 --> 01:18:48,720
CALL STATIONIER  -- STATIONARY

1750
01:18:48,720 --> 01:18:49,040
SEQUENCES.

1751
01:18:49,040 --> 01:18:53,320
INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS MAPPED BY

1752
01:18:53,320 --> 01:18:56,480
NEURONS, AT LEAST FIVE FIRING

1753
01:18:56,480 --> 01:18:58,560
TOGETHER, NO SEQUENTIAL

1754
01:18:58,560 --> 01:19:02,360
ACTIVATION, THE NETWORK IN AAA

1755
01:19:02,360 --> 01:19:05,680
MODE INSTEAD OF ABCD LATER IN

1756
01:19:05,680 --> 01:19:06,440
ADULTS.

1757
01:19:06,440 --> 01:19:11,560
LATER ON POSTNATAL DAY 17 AND 18

1758
01:19:11,560 --> 01:19:14,480
TOWARDS P21, 22 WE CAN SEE

1759
01:19:14,480 --> 01:19:18,680
PRE-PLAY AND REPLAY, FUTURE AND

1760
01:19:18,680 --> 01:19:20,600
PAST TRAJECTORY, INITIALLY OF

1761
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:22,400
SHORT LENGTH, SO THIS IS PORTION

1762
01:19:22,400 --> 01:19:25,320
OF LINEAR TRACK THAT GROW LONGER

1763
01:19:25,320 --> 01:19:28,280
TOWARDS P21, 22, WITH GROUPS OF

1764
01:19:28,280 --> 01:19:32,080
THESE EVENTS OR AGES IN STAGES,

1765
01:19:32,080 --> 01:19:33,840
THE LACK OF PLASTICITY, SO

1766
01:19:33,840 --> 01:19:38,720
REPLAY IS NOT STRONGER THAN 

1767
01:19:38,720 --> 01:19:40,840
PRE-PLAY IN THESE AGES.

1768
01:19:40,840 --> 01:19:43,600
FINALLY IN STAGE 3, P 23, 24,

1769
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:47,720
THIS IS THE TIME SEQUENCES

1770
01:19:47,720 --> 01:19:49,600
EMERGE, WE SEE PRE-PLAY AND

1771
01:19:49,600 --> 01:19:53,760
REPLAY AT THE NEURON ENSEMBLE

1772
01:19:53,760 --> 01:19:55,640
LEVEL, REPLAY EXCEEDS PRE-PLAY

1773
01:19:55,640 --> 01:19:56,600
IN DESCRIBING OR DEPICTING THE

1774
01:19:56,600 --> 01:20:00,320
RECENT EXPERIENCE OF THE ANIMAL.

1775
01:20:00,320 --> 01:20:03,560
THIS IS DATA, GROUP DATA SHOWING

1776
01:20:03,560 --> 01:20:04,800
THE SAME, WE'RE LOOKING

1777
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:08,040
SPECIFICALLY FOR SEQUENCES, NOT

1778
01:20:08,040 --> 01:20:10,160
STATIONARY EVENTS.

1779
01:20:10,160 --> 01:20:15,280
THOSE ARE STAGE 1.

1780
01:20:15,280 --> 01:20:20,560
THEY SHOW PLASTICITY IN REPLAY

1781
01:20:20,560 --> 01:20:22,520
SIMILAR TO ADULTS.

1782
01:20:22,520 --> 01:20:27,040
IN SUMMARY WE'RE POPULATING THIS

1783
01:20:27,040 --> 01:20:29,040
TIME AXIS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT

1784
01:20:29,040 --> 01:20:30,280
WITH THREE STAGES.

1785
01:20:30,280 --> 01:20:33,400
STAGE 1 REPRESENTATION OF

1786
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:36,040
INDIVIDUAL LOCATION, STATIONARY

1787
01:20:36,040 --> 01:20:36,280
FRAMES.

1788
01:20:36,280 --> 01:20:39,680
STAGE 2 P 17 TO P2 2

1789
01:20:39,680 --> 01:20:43,720
REPRESENTATION OF INCREASELY 

1790
01:20:43,720 --> 01:20:44,280
LONGER TRAJECTORIES, NETWORK

1791
01:20:44,280 --> 01:20:46,120
CONFIGURATION, LACK OF DATA

1792
01:20:46,120 --> 01:20:50,640
SEQUENCE, NO PLASTICITY. 

1793
01:20:50,640 --> 01:20:55,280
STAGE 3 SHOWING SIGNS, WE THINK

1794
01:20:55,280 --> 01:20:57,040
EMERGENCE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY WE

1795
01:20:57,040 --> 01:20:59,680
DESCRIBED EMERGENCE OF DATA

1796
01:20:59,680 --> 01:21:00,720
SEQUENCES IN CONCERT WITH

1797
01:21:00,720 --> 01:21:04,040
PLASTICITY AND REPLAY.

1798
01:21:04,040 --> 01:21:06,640
SO, THIS IS WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT

1799
01:21:06,640 --> 01:21:10,560
WE DON'T KNOW IS WHAT LEADS TO

1800
01:21:10,560 --> 01:21:12,040
THIS DEVELOPMENT OF THESE STAGES

1801
01:21:12,040 --> 01:21:18,440
IN ESSENCE WHAT IS THE ROLE OF

1802
01:21:18,440 --> 01:21:19,960
INNATE VERSUS EXTERNAL

1803
01:21:19,960 --> 01:21:22,000
ENVIRONMENT, EXPERIENCE AND

1804
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:23,680
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, IN LEADING

1805
01:21:23,680 --> 01:21:26,160
TOWARDS THE STAGES OF THIS

1806
01:21:26,160 --> 01:21:28,040
EXPERIMENTS CURRENTLY ONGOING IN

1807
01:21:28,040 --> 01:21:30,320
THE LAB, AS WELL AS OTHER

1808
01:21:30,320 --> 01:21:32,760
EXPERIMENTS THAT WE'RE TRYING TO

1809
01:21:32,760 --> 01:21:34,840
UNDERSTAND WHAT DRIVES THE SHIFT

1810
01:21:34,840 --> 01:21:37,520
FROM STAGE 1 TO STAGE 2 AND

1811
01:21:37,520 --> 01:21:39,760
STAGE 2 TO STAGE 3 IN THESE

1812
01:21:39,760 --> 01:21:40,840
DEVELOPING ANIMALS.

1813
01:21:40,840 --> 01:21:42,760
AND SINCE THIS WORKSHOP IS ABOUT

1814
01:21:42,760 --> 01:21:44,680
MEMORY FUNCTION ACROSS THE

1815
01:21:44,680 --> 01:21:45,880
LIFETIME, THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT

1816
01:21:45,880 --> 01:21:49,320
I'VE SHOWN YOU SO FAR IN THE

1817
01:21:49,320 --> 01:21:54,960
DEVELOPMENT, WE HAVE EXTENSIVELY

1818
01:21:54,960 --> 01:21:56,960
DURING ADULTHOOD, I ACKNOWLEDGE

1819
01:21:56,960 --> 01:21:58,840
WHAT IS THE NEXT INTERESTING

1820
01:21:58,840 --> 01:22:03,320
POINT TO BE ADDED IS AGING, AND

1821
01:22:03,320 --> 01:22:05,560
ESSENTIALLY WHAT DRIVES SHIFT IN

1822
01:22:05,560 --> 01:22:06,600
NEURONAL ACTIVITY FROM ADULTHOOD

1823
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:10,720
TO AGING THAT LEADS, AGAIN, TO

1824
01:22:10,720 --> 01:22:14,320
AMNESIA AND WHETHER THAT IS

1825
01:22:14,320 --> 01:22:15,160
ANYWHERE SIMILAR TO INFANTILE

1826
01:22:15,160 --> 01:22:17,400
AMNESIA THAT WE'VE BEEN

1827
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:19,040
DESCRIBING.

1828
01:22:19,040 --> 01:22:27,800
WE AND OTHERS HAVE BEEN

1829
01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:29,280
DESCRIBING.

1830
01:22:29,280 --> 01:22:30,520
THIS WORK IS FUNDED BY MOST

1831
01:22:30,520 --> 01:22:31,720
NOTABLY NIH.

1832
01:22:31,720 --> 01:22:38,720
THESE ARE THE CURRENT PEOPLE IN

1833
01:22:38,720 --> 01:22:44,240
THE LAB LISTED HERE, OLD LAB

1834
01:22:44,240 --> 01:22:46,280
FOLKS, AND YALE IS PART OF THIS.

1835
01:22:46,280 --> 01:22:48,080
THANK YOU AGAIN.

1836
01:22:48,080 --> 01:22:50,400
>> THANK YOU, GEORGE.

1837
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:51,240
I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO THE

1838
01:22:51,240 --> 01:22:51,840
QUESTION-AND-ANSWER PERIOD BUT

1839
01:22:51,840 --> 01:22:54,680
NOW WE NEED TO MOVE QUICKLY ON

1840
01:22:54,680 --> 01:23:04,600
AND INTRODUCE NEXT SPEAKER,

1841
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:08,880
VALENTINA EMILIANI, RECEIVED

1842
01:23:08,880 --> 01:23:16,680
Ph.D. FROM UNIVERSITY IN IT

1843
01:23:16,680 --> 01:23:23,240
ITALY, FELLOWSHIP IN GERMANY,

1844
01:23:23,240 --> 01:23:24,800
JOINED INSTITUTE IN FRANCE,

1845
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:27,280
REWARDED BY A EUROPEAN YOUNG

1846
01:23:27,280 --> 01:23:29,160
INVESTIGATOR GRANT IN 2005 AND

1847
01:23:29,160 --> 01:23:31,880
FORMED A GROUP AT PARIS

1848
01:23:31,880 --> 01:23:34,680
DESCARTES UNIVERSITY, RESEARCH

1849
01:23:34,680 --> 01:23:35,040
DIRECTOR.

1850
01:23:35,040 --> 01:23:40,080
2014 CREATED A RESEARCH UNIT AT

1851
01:23:40,080 --> 01:23:42,520
PARIS DESCARTES, IN 2019 MOVED

1852
01:23:42,520 --> 01:23:44,280
TO DIVISION INSTITUTE DIRECTING

1853
01:23:44,280 --> 01:23:47,320
DEPARTMENT OF PHOTONICS, GROUP

1854
01:23:47,320 --> 01:23:53,960
PIONEERED USE OF ENGINEERING FOR

1855
01:23:53,960 --> 01:23:54,920
NEUROSCIENCE, PROPOSED SEVERAL

1856
01:23:54,920 --> 01:24:01,840
APPROACHES TO SCULPT EXCITATION

1857
01:24:01,840 --> 01:24:03,040
VOLUME TODAYORDER TO TARGET.

1858
01:24:03,040 --> 01:24:08,400
WE'LL HEAR MORE ABOUT THE 

1859
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:19,680
RESEARCH, RECIPIENT OF A PRIZE

1860
01:24:19,680 --> 01:24:20,960
FROM BETANCOURT-SHULER

1861
01:24:20,960 --> 01:24:25,440
FOUNDATION, SILVER MEDAL FROM

1862
01:24:25,440 --> 01:24:28,360
CNRS, DEHAN PRIZE AT THE

1863
01:24:28,360 --> 01:24:31,680
INTERFACE OF PHYSICS, BIOLOGY

1864
01:24:31,680 --> 01:24:33,760
AND MEDICINE AND BIOPHOTONICS

1865
01:24:33,760 --> 01:24:34,720
AWARD.

1866
01:24:34,720 --> 01:24:42,760
IN 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS IN

1867
01:24:42,760 --> 01:24:48,680
CHICAGO TO NEUROSCIENCE.

1868
01:24:48,680 --> 01:24:49,040
>> THANK YOU.

1869
01:24:49,040 --> 01:24:50,440
IS IT OKAY?

1870
01:24:50,440 --> 01:24:50,800
>> EXCELLENT.

1871
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:52,200
>> THANK YOU FOR THE

1872
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,320
INTRODUCTION AND MANY THANKS FOR

1873
01:24:55,320 --> 01:24:57,080
INVITATION TO TALK TODAY.

1874
01:24:57,080 --> 01:25:01,680
WE HAVE HEARD ABOUT IN THE LAST

1875
01:25:01,680 --> 01:25:02,880
TALK ABOUT IMAGING, NOW TO

1876
01:25:02,880 --> 01:25:03,560
RECORD NEURAL ACTIVITY.

1877
01:25:03,560 --> 01:25:07,600
WE'LL SEE IN THE NEXT TALK FROM

1878
01:25:07,600 --> 01:25:11,520
HOD THIS CAN BE DONE, MY LECTURE

1879
01:25:11,520 --> 01:25:13,400
IS MORE TO GIVE A VIEW OF WHAT

1880
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:17,080
MY LAB AND OTHERS HAVE DONE IN

1881
01:25:17,080 --> 01:25:19,600
THE PAST YEAR TO MANIPULATE

1882
01:25:19,600 --> 01:25:24,840
USING LIGHT IN THE SAME

1883
01:25:24,840 --> 01:25:27,040
SINGLE-CELL RESOLUTION.

1884
01:25:27,040 --> 01:25:36,040
IN ORDER TO USE LIGHT TO 

1885
01:25:36,040 --> 01:25:41,880
MANIPULATE, FIRST CHALLENGED TO 

1886
01:25:41,880 --> 01:25:44,480
MAKE SENSITIVE TO LIGHT.

1887
01:25:44,480 --> 01:25:55,680
TODAY IT'S POSSIBLE TO EXPRESS

1888
01:25:55,680 --> 01:25:57,880
SPECIFIC LIGATED CHANNEL,

1889
01:25:57,880 --> 01:26:05,240
POSSIBLE TO CONTROL INHIBITION

1890
01:26:05,240 --> 01:26:06,600
USING LIGHT.

1891
01:26:06,600 --> 01:26:09,440
SO TAKING ADVANTAGE OF

1892
01:26:09,440 --> 01:26:14,880
OPTOGENETICS BY COMBINING THIS

1893
01:26:14,880 --> 01:26:16,080
APPROACH THAT SHINE LIGHT ON

1894
01:26:16,080 --> 01:26:17,960
LARGE REGION.

1895
01:26:17,960 --> 01:26:19,280
BECAUSE OF PRECISION IN

1896
01:26:19,280 --> 01:26:23,080
TARGETING IT WAS POSSIBLE TO

1897
01:26:23,080 --> 01:26:27,360
CORRELATE THE EVOKED ACTIVITY

1898
01:26:27,360 --> 01:26:28,800
WITH SPECIFIC TYPE ILLUMINATED

1899
01:26:28,800 --> 01:26:32,560
IN LIGHT MANIPULATION.

1900
01:26:32,560 --> 01:26:34,680
THIS APPROACH ENABLED TO HAVE

1901
01:26:34,680 --> 01:26:38,280
TECHNOLOGY TO PROBE BRAIN

1902
01:26:38,280 --> 01:26:40,400
FUNCTION WITH CELL TYPE

1903
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:44,440
SPECIFICITY IN NON-INVASIVE WAY.

1904
01:26:44,440 --> 01:26:51,880
DESPITE THE IMPACT THIS

1905
01:26:51,880 --> 01:26:53,560
APPROACH, INTRINSIC RELATED TO

1906
01:26:53,560 --> 01:26:58,480
THE FACT BY SHINING LOT WE

1907
01:26:58,480 --> 01:27:04,480
CANNOT ONLY SYNCHRONOUSLY

1908
01:27:04,480 --> 01:27:05,720
ACTIVATE SPECIFIC.

1909
01:27:05,720 --> 01:27:08,240
NOW IF YOU LOOK AT THE ACTIVITY

1910
01:27:08,240 --> 01:27:11,760
AND YOU WILL SEE OTHER EXAMPLES

1911
01:27:11,760 --> 01:27:15,480
IN THE NEXT TALK, WE SEE IN MOST

1912
01:27:15,480 --> 01:27:20,920
OF THE CASE EVEN GENETICALLY

1913
01:27:20,920 --> 01:27:24,560
IDENTICAL SETS, THERE ARE MANY

1914
01:27:24,560 --> 01:27:29,040
OTHER SIMILAR ACTIVITY, EVEN

1915
01:27:29,040 --> 01:27:31,120
GENETICALLY IDENTICAL, WE NEED

1916
01:27:31,120 --> 01:27:35,600
EACH ELEMENT CAN CONTRIBUTE INTO

1917
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:39,640
THE ACTIVITY WITH SPECIFIC

1918
01:27:39,640 --> 01:27:40,440
SPATIAL TEMPORAL.

1919
01:27:40,440 --> 01:27:42,480
THE NEXT QUESTION WE MIGHT ASK

1920
01:27:42,480 --> 01:27:48,120
TODAY TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND HOW

1921
01:27:48,120 --> 01:27:52,680
THIS SPECIFIC PATTERNS ARE

1922
01:27:52,680 --> 01:27:53,800
LINKED, FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED,

1923
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,520
CRITICAL NUMBER OF SETS COULD BE

1924
01:27:57,520 --> 01:27:58,960
CONTROLLED TO EVOKE A CERTAIN

1925
01:27:58,960 --> 01:28:02,600
RESPONSE. 

1926
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:14,680
WE NEED TOE TRANSITION INTO A 

1927
01:28:14,680 --> 01:28:16,880
MORE SOPHISTICATED APPROACH,

1928
01:28:16,880 --> 01:28:17,440
CIRCUIT OPTOGENETICS,

1929
01:28:17,440 --> 01:28:19,480
MANIPULATING SINGLE OR MULTIPLE

1930
01:28:19,480 --> 01:28:20,480
TARGETS INDEPENDENTLY IN SPACE

1931
01:28:20,480 --> 01:28:21,440
AND TIME.

1932
01:28:21,440 --> 01:28:26,480
WHAT DO WE NEED FOR CIRCUITS

1933
01:28:26,480 --> 01:28:26,840
OPTOGENETICS?

1934
01:28:26,840 --> 01:28:28,480
CAPABILITY TO TARGET SINGLE OR

1935
01:28:28,480 --> 01:28:31,000
SPECIFIC GROUP OF CELLS WITH

1936
01:28:31,000 --> 01:28:31,760
SINGLE-CELL RESOLUTION, ALSO

1937
01:28:31,760 --> 01:28:35,680
CAPABILITY TO DELIVER LIGHT IN 

1938
01:28:35,680 --> 01:28:37,640
MULTIPLE PLANES AND OBVIOUSLY

1939
01:28:37,640 --> 01:28:42,360
CONTROL ACTIVATION  OR

1940
01:28:42,360 --> 01:28:57,320
INHIBITION OF NEURONS IN  

1941
01:28:57,320 --> 01:28:59,440
TEMPORAL SCALE.

1942
01:28:59,440 --> 01:29:00,400
THIS IS CURRENTLY USING IMAGING.

1943
01:29:00,400 --> 01:29:03,320
YOU WILL SEE THIS IN THE NEXT

1944
01:29:03,320 --> 01:29:03,520
TALK.

1945
01:29:03,520 --> 01:29:09,240
CAN WE USE THE SAME APPROACH IN

1946
01:29:09,240 --> 01:29:09,560
OPTOGENETICS?

1947
01:29:09,560 --> 01:29:12,280
IT'S A CHALLENGE, IF WE USE

1948
01:29:12,280 --> 01:29:13,480
CONVENTIONAL MICROSCOPE IN MOST

1949
01:29:13,480 --> 01:29:18,000
OF THE CASE THE USE IS VOLUME

1950
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:19,960
SHOWN IN ANIMAL SETS IS NOT

1951
01:29:19,960 --> 01:29:26,400
ENOUGH TO OPEN ENOUGH CHANNEL TO

1952
01:29:26,400 --> 01:29:29,240
BRING THE NEURONS, TO CONTROL

1953
01:29:29,240 --> 01:29:31,600
ACTION POTENTIAL, TO INHIBIT THE

1954
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:39,880
ACTIVITY OF SPECIFIC CELLS. 

1955
01:29:39,880 --> 01:29:41,080
ALSO, CONVENTIONAL TWO-PHOTO

1956
01:29:41,080 --> 01:29:42,600
ONMICROSCOPY, IF WE WANT TO

1957
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:43,600
CONTROL ACTIVITY OF MULTIPLE

1958
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:47,560
CELLS WE CAN ONLY DO THIS IN A

1959
01:29:47,560 --> 01:29:49,160
SEQUENTIAL WAY AND WHEN THIS

1960
01:29:49,160 --> 01:29:52,520
NUMBER IS HIGH WE WON'T HAVE

1961
01:29:52,520 --> 01:29:57,480
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION TO REACH 

1962
01:29:57,480 --> 01:29:58,480
MULTIPLE TARGETS.

1963
01:29:58,480 --> 01:30:00,200
SO REQUIRES FROM ONE SIZE TO

1964
01:30:00,200 --> 01:30:05,200
FIND SOLUTION TO INCREASE SIZE

1965
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:09,280
AND FIND SOLUTION TO EACH

1966
01:30:09,280 --> 01:30:09,880
SIMULTANEOUSLY MULTIPLE TARGETS.

1967
01:30:09,880 --> 01:30:14,320
AND SO FOR THE FIRST PART

1968
01:30:14,320 --> 01:30:15,920
INCREASE SIZE OF ILLUMINATED

1969
01:30:15,920 --> 01:30:17,560
CELL MEMBER, TWO POSSIBLE

1970
01:30:17,560 --> 01:30:27,560
SOLUTIONS THAT CAN BE DONE.

1971
01:30:27,560 --> 01:30:35,640
TO SCAN TO OPEN ALL THE CHANNELS

1972
01:30:35,640 --> 01:30:36,720
EXPRESSING ON MEMBRANE OR

1973
01:30:36,720 --> 01:30:38,880
PRODUCE LARGE STOP SO ALL

1974
01:30:38,880 --> 01:30:40,400
CHANNEL ARE OPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY.

1975
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:42,200
SO THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

1976
01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:45,040
THE TWO APPROACH FOR SINGLE-CELL

1977
01:30:45,040 --> 01:30:52,000
RESOLUTION IS TO -- FIRST ONE IS

1978
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:53,760
MORE TREATABLE WHEN COMBINED

1979
01:30:53,760 --> 01:31:00,880
WITH LOW OPENING AND CLOSING

1980
01:31:00,880 --> 01:31:02,640
TIME, HAVING THE ADVANTAGE ALSO

1981
01:31:02,640 --> 01:31:05,760
USED TO MIMIC ACTIVITY OF FASTER

1982
01:31:05,760 --> 01:31:07,560
SPIKE IN CELLS.

1983
01:31:07,560 --> 01:31:09,840
HOW CAN WE MAKE THIS LARGER?

1984
01:31:09,840 --> 01:31:12,040
TO ILLUMINATE THE ENTIRE NEURON?

1985
01:31:12,040 --> 01:31:16,040
WE HAVE PROPOSED YEARS AGO TO DO

1986
01:31:16,040 --> 01:31:22,280
THIS BY USING APPROACH OF

1987
01:31:22,280 --> 01:31:25,040
COMPUTER GENERATED HOLOGRAPHY,

1988
01:31:25,040 --> 01:31:30,040
THE KEY DEVICE IS LIQUID CRYSTAL

1989
01:31:30,040 --> 01:31:32,560
SCREEN, SO THAT EVENTUALLY WE

1990
01:31:32,560 --> 01:31:34,120
CAN PRECISELY PRODUCE ANY

1991
01:31:34,120 --> 01:31:35,200
ARBITRARY SHAPE WE CHOOSE BY

1992
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:40,000
COMPUTER AND THIS IS DONE BY

1993
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:43,480
PROJECTING ON THE LIQUID

1994
01:31:43,480 --> 01:31:45,840
CRITICAL CORRESPONDING HOLOGRAM.

1995
01:31:45,840 --> 01:31:47,680
EVENTUALLY COVER ALL THE MEMBER

1996
01:31:47,680 --> 01:31:49,920
OF THE TARGET THAT WE HAVE

1997
01:31:49,920 --> 01:31:50,520
CHOSEN.

1998
01:31:50,520 --> 01:32:00,200
HOW CAN WE DO THIS

1999
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:02,240
SIMULTANEOUSLY?

2000
01:32:02,240 --> 01:32:03,920
IT ENABLES TO DELIVER

2001
01:32:03,920 --> 01:32:04,800
(INDISCERNIBLE) THIS APPROACH

2002
01:32:04,800 --> 01:32:07,360
CANNING ALSO USED TO PRODUCE,

2003
01:32:07,360 --> 01:32:09,280
FOR EXAMPLE, DISTRIBUTION OF

2004
01:32:09,280 --> 01:32:15,320
MULTIPLE POINTS THAT CAN HAVE 

2005
01:32:15,320 --> 01:32:16,520
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY.

2006
01:32:16,520 --> 01:32:21,640
WE CAN PRODUCE A SORT OF 2D OR

2007
01:32:21,640 --> 01:32:26,040
3D, MULTIPLE NEURONS CAN BE

2008
01:32:26,040 --> 01:32:30,480
SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATED.

2009
01:32:30,480 --> 01:32:39,320
IN THIS CASE THE APPROACH CAN

2010
01:32:39,320 --> 01:32:41,480
GENERATE PATTERNS ON MULTIPLE

2011
01:32:41,480 --> 01:32:44,800
FOCUS SO WE CAN HAVE FULL

2012
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:46,080
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCANLESS

2013
01:32:46,080 --> 01:32:46,360
APPROACH.

2014
01:32:46,360 --> 01:32:48,480
IN THE SECOND CASE WHEN WE WANT

2015
01:32:48,480 --> 01:32:50,520
TO REACH MULTIPLE TARGETS AND WE

2016
01:32:50,520 --> 01:32:54,760
WANT TO KEEP SINGLE CELL

2017
01:32:54,760 --> 01:32:56,120
SOLUTION, SYSTEM REQUIRES ALSO

2018
01:32:56,120 --> 01:32:58,800
TO INCLUDE APPROACH OF TEMPORAL

2019
01:32:58,800 --> 01:33:00,320
FOCUSING ENABLES TO NICELY

2020
01:33:00,320 --> 01:33:02,680
CONFINE THE LIGHT ALONG THE

2021
01:33:02,680 --> 01:33:06,000
CONFINEMENT SO TODAY THE MOST

2022
01:33:06,000 --> 01:33:09,600
USED APPROACH FOR THREE

2023
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:12,440
DIMENSIONAL HOLOGRAPHIC PATTERN

2024
01:33:12,440 --> 01:33:14,160
USES FIRST SPECIAL LENS CREATING

2025
01:33:14,160 --> 01:33:17,880
A SECOND SHAPE, TYPICALLY A DISC

2026
01:33:17,880 --> 01:33:20,440
WE COVER THE MEMBRANE.

2027
01:33:20,440 --> 01:33:26,960
DISC IS FOCALIZED, THAT ENABLES 

2028
01:33:26,960 --> 01:33:29,200
TO CONTROL AXIAL EXTENSION OF

2029
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:29,480
DISK.

2030
01:33:29,480 --> 01:33:39,680
WE  PRODUCE MULTIPLE POINTS. 

2031
01:33:39,680 --> 01:33:42,320
TWO DEVICES WORKING TOGETHER.

2032
01:33:42,320 --> 01:33:48,880
SO WE CAN REACH LIKE WHAT IS

2033
01:33:48,880 --> 01:33:50,720
SHOWN HERE, NOW YOU CAN IMAGINE

2034
01:33:50,720 --> 01:33:55,040
THE TALK IS GOING TO DIFFERENT

2035
01:33:55,040 --> 01:33:56,880
NEURON SETS SO CAN YOU CONTROL.

2036
01:33:56,880 --> 01:33:59,920
THERE ARE MUST BE VARIANTS,

2037
01:33:59,920 --> 01:34:04,880
DEPENDING HOW THE FIRST SHAPE IS

2038
01:34:04,880 --> 01:34:05,040
DONE.

2039
01:34:05,040 --> 01:34:06,840
IN DIFFERENT APPROACH MORE OR

2040
01:34:06,840 --> 01:34:08,680
LESS THEY ALL CAN REACH THE

2041
01:34:08,680 --> 01:34:12,280
DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT ON

2042
01:34:12,280 --> 01:34:15,880
HUNDREDS OF TARGETS IN CUBIC

2043
01:34:15,880 --> 01:34:19,080
VOLUME, JUST TO GIVE A FEW

2044
01:34:19,080 --> 01:34:19,720
ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE.

2045
01:34:19,720 --> 01:34:22,680
ARE WE ON THE WAY TO USE THIS

2046
01:34:22,680 --> 01:34:28,480
APPROACH FOR SINGLE CELL

2047
01:34:28,480 --> 01:34:31,520
OPTOGENETICS? 

2048
01:34:31,520 --> 01:34:34,160
IT REQUIRES TO WORK, WE

2049
01:34:34,160 --> 01:34:35,040
INTEGRATE WHAT MANY OTHER LABS

2050
01:34:35,040 --> 01:34:41,360
HAS DONE IN THE PAST YEAR TO 

2051
01:34:41,360 --> 01:34:45,560
DEVELOP STRATEGIES THAT COULD

2052
01:34:45,560 --> 01:34:48,800
CONFINE, TODAY THIS IS OF KEY

2053
01:34:48,800 --> 01:34:50,680
IMPORTANCE, EVEN IF WE CAN SHAPE

2054
01:34:50,680 --> 01:34:52,640
THE LIGHT IN A PRECISE WAY TO

2055
01:34:52,640 --> 01:34:54,680
REACH JUST A SINGLE TARGET IT'S

2056
01:34:54,680 --> 01:34:57,280
VERY COMMON IF WE HAVE MULTIPLE

2057
01:34:57,280 --> 01:34:59,240
SETS AROUND THE PROCESS IS

2058
01:34:59,240 --> 01:35:00,120
CROSSING ILLUMINATION VOLUME AND

2059
01:35:00,120 --> 01:35:03,200
SO WE WOULD LOSE THE SINGLE CELL

2060
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:03,880
SOLUTION.

2061
01:35:03,880 --> 01:35:08,360
BUT TODAY IF YOU COMBINE LIGHT

2062
01:35:08,360 --> 01:35:10,920
SHAPING, IT'S POSSIBLE TO BE

2063
01:35:10,920 --> 01:35:12,920
PRECISE AND I'LL SHOW AN EXAMPLE

2064
01:35:12,920 --> 01:35:13,240
HERE.

2065
01:35:13,240 --> 01:35:15,800
DATA FROM MY LAB IN VIVO,

2066
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:16,120
CORTEX.

2067
01:35:16,120 --> 01:35:20,040
YOU SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, WE'RE

2068
01:35:20,040 --> 01:35:22,480
SENDING THREE HOLOGRAPHIC ON 

2069
01:35:22,480 --> 01:35:25,160
THREE NEURONS, THREE RESPONDING

2070
01:35:25,160 --> 01:35:29,560
SHOWN BY THE RESPONSE AND WE

2071
01:35:29,560 --> 01:35:32,720
CHOOSE TO ACTIVATE ONE OF THE

2072
01:35:32,720 --> 01:35:33,920
THREE, ONLY ONE IS RESPONDING,

2073
01:35:33,920 --> 01:35:38,640
WE'RE ON OUR WAY TO HAVE PRECISE

2074
01:35:38,640 --> 01:35:41,840
CONTROL OF NANOACTIVITY WITH

2075
01:35:41,840 --> 01:35:43,800
CELLULAR RESOLUTION.

2076
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:45,560
ALL THESE APPROACHES RELATIVELY

2077
01:35:45,560 --> 01:35:46,920
RECENT SO BECAUSE FROM ONE SIDE

2078
01:35:46,920 --> 01:35:50,160
WE HAVE TO IMPROVE THE MORE AND

2079
01:35:50,160 --> 01:35:51,160
MORE THE FOCUS SIMULATION

2080
01:35:51,160 --> 01:35:54,320
APPROACH BUT THEN BECAUSE WE

2081
01:35:54,320 --> 01:35:59,840
WANT TO REACH MORE TARGET,

2082
01:35:59,840 --> 01:36:05,280
HAVING NEW LASER TO DEVELOP

2083
01:36:05,280 --> 01:36:07,880
MULTIPLE POWER AND HAVING THIS

2084
01:36:07,880 --> 01:36:09,880
SO THE COMBINATION OF THESE

2085
01:36:09,880 --> 01:36:10,920
APPROACHES RELATIVELY RECENT BUT

2086
01:36:10,920 --> 01:36:15,240
WE START NOW TO SEE MORE AND

2087
01:36:15,240 --> 01:36:17,440
MORE COMBINATION OF APPROACH

2088
01:36:17,440 --> 01:36:32,720
USED IN SOLVE KEY BIOLOGICS

2089
01:36:32,720 --> 01:36:35,720
PERFORMING HIGH-THROUGHPUT, TO

2090
01:36:35,720 --> 01:36:39,560
USE OPTOGENETICS AND SINGLE CELL

2091
01:36:39,560 --> 01:36:43,280
TO FORM ACTIVATION TO ILLUMINATE

2092
01:36:43,280 --> 01:36:45,360
MULTIPLE PRESYNAPTIC CELLS WHILE

2093
01:36:45,360 --> 01:36:49,240
RECORDING USING ELECTRIC OR

2094
01:36:49,240 --> 01:36:50,000
LIGHT, EVOKED RESPONSE IN

2095
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:58,080
SPECIFIC SET, THIS IS A CLASS 

2096
01:36:58,080 --> 01:36:58,960
CLASSICAL NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS,

2097
01:36:58,960 --> 01:37:01,320
THERE ARE ANOTHER CLASS OF

2098
01:37:01,320 --> 01:37:03,640
EXPERIMENTS PUBLISHED IN THE

2099
01:37:03,640 --> 01:37:08,480
PAST YEAR WHERE THIS KIND OF 

2100
01:37:08,480 --> 01:37:10,560
APPROACH WAS USED TO PROBE

2101
01:37:10,560 --> 01:37:17,480
THRESHOLD OF PERCEPTION, TO BE

2102
01:37:17,480 --> 01:37:18,440
ACTIVATED TO RECREATE

2103
01:37:18,440 --> 01:37:18,880
PERCEPTION.

2104
01:37:18,880 --> 01:37:21,040
ENOUGH TO EXCITE FROM ONE TO TEN

2105
01:37:21,040 --> 01:37:23,080
CELLS, IN THIS CLASS OF

2106
01:37:23,080 --> 01:37:24,040
EXPERIMENT THE NUMBER OF CELLS

2107
01:37:24,040 --> 01:37:26,080
THAT HAS TO BE EXCITED IN SOME

2108
01:37:26,080 --> 01:37:30,920
CASES WAS HIGHER FROM TEN TO A

2109
01:37:30,920 --> 01:37:31,480
HUNDRED CELLS.

2110
01:37:31,480 --> 01:37:37,480
NOW IN THE REMAINING PART OF THE

2111
01:37:37,480 --> 01:37:39,120
TALK I WOULD LIKE TO THINK OF IS

2112
01:37:39,120 --> 01:37:42,840
IT POSSIBLE TO THINK OF

2113
01:37:42,840 --> 01:37:44,880
CONTROLLING EVEN LARGER

2114
01:37:44,880 --> 01:37:46,080
CIRCUITS, STIMULATING LARGE

2115
01:37:46,080 --> 01:37:48,560
NUMBER OF CELLS, UP TO THIS

2116
01:37:48,560 --> 01:37:52,640
POINT FROM THIS POINT OF VIEW 

2117
01:37:52,640 --> 01:37:54,280
WHICH IS THE LIMIT THAT, WHAT

2118
01:37:54,280 --> 01:37:58,480
ARE THE REASONS THAT COULD LIMIT

2119
01:37:58,480 --> 01:38:01,640
MAXIMUM NUMBER WE CAN REACH.

2120
01:38:01,640 --> 01:38:06,880
SO AN IMPORTANT ADVANCE IN

2121
01:38:06,880 --> 01:38:08,640
OPTOGENETICS DONE THANKS TO

2122
01:38:08,640 --> 01:38:12,560
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW REPETITION

2123
01:38:12,560 --> 01:38:15,160
LASERS THAT ENABLE TO INCREASE

2124
01:38:15,160 --> 01:38:16,000
EXCITATION PEAK POWER, POSSIBLE

2125
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:25,640
TO REACH A HIGH NUMBER OF CELLS,

2126
01:38:25,640 --> 01:38:31,640
PLUS LATER CAN DELIVER MORE

2127
01:38:31,640 --> 01:38:34,880
WATT, TODAY TO ACTIVATE SINGLE

2128
01:38:34,880 --> 01:38:43,080
CELL WE NEED ABOUT 10 TO 20

2129
01:38:43,080 --> 01:38:45,480
NANOJOWL, ACTIVATING THOUSANDS

2130
01:38:45,480 --> 01:38:46,920
OF CELLS, THEORETICALLY.

2131
01:38:46,920 --> 01:38:50,880
WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THOSE NUMBER

2132
01:38:50,880 --> 01:38:54,440
VALID FOR SUPERFICIAL CELLS SO

2133
01:38:54,440 --> 01:38:56,480
IF YOU'RE DISCUSSING THE POWER

2134
01:38:56,480 --> 01:38:58,600
IT IS MUCH HIGHER, THOUSANDS OF

2135
01:38:58,600 --> 01:39:01,000
CELLS CAN BE REDUCED, AND ALSO

2136
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:04,080
EVEN IF WE CAN ACTIVATE

2137
01:39:04,080 --> 01:39:08,440
THOUSANDS OF CELLS WE HAVE TO

2138
01:39:08,440 --> 01:39:11,720
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT CERTAIN POINT

2139
01:39:11,720 --> 01:39:17,960
DAMAGE, WE SEND TOO MANY WE CAN

2140
01:39:17,960 --> 01:39:23,880
EXCEED THE SINGLE FOR IMPORTANT

2141
01:39:23,880 --> 01:39:24,200
DAMAGE EFFECT.

2142
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:26,040
WE DEVELOPED RECENTLY TO TRY TO

2143
01:39:26,040 --> 01:39:29,120
SOLVE THOSE PROBLEMS, TO

2144
01:39:29,120 --> 01:39:33,480
INCREASE NUMBER OF TARGETS AND

2145
01:39:33,480 --> 01:39:37,000
MINIMIZE COLLATERAL THERMAL

2146
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:38,080
DAMAGE EFFECT.

2147
01:39:38,080 --> 01:39:46,640
THIS IS SIMILAR TO WHAT I SHOWED

2148
01:39:46,640 --> 01:39:47,880
BEFORE.

2149
01:39:47,880 --> 01:39:49,040
THERE ARE TWO VARIANTS WITH

2150
01:39:49,040 --> 01:39:51,320
RESPECT TO WHAT I'VE SHOWN YOU

2151
01:39:51,320 --> 01:39:58,480
BEFORE, THE FIRST ONE IS NOT

2152
01:39:58,480 --> 01:40:00,160
ADDRESSED BY USING SINGLE

2153
01:40:00,160 --> 01:40:04,000
HOLOGRAM BUT NOW ADDRESSED WITH

2154
01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:04,880
MULTIPLE HOLOGRAMS VERTICALLY

2155
01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:10,480
ALIGNED, NOW WE HAVE INSERTED,

2156
01:40:10,480 --> 01:40:12,520
MOVING LIGHT THROUGH THE

2157
01:40:12,520 --> 01:40:13,600
DIFFERENT HOLOGRAMS, AND THIS

2158
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:18,680
CAN BE DONE AT THE SPEED ONLY

2159
01:40:18,680 --> 01:40:23,880
LIMITED BY SPEED (INDISCERNIBLE)

2160
01:40:23,880 --> 01:40:26,440
SO WE CAN GENERATE MULTIPLE

2161
01:40:26,440 --> 01:40:27,480
DISTRIBUTION TO QUICKLY REFRESH

2162
01:40:27,480 --> 01:40:28,880
FROM ONE TO ANOTHER.

2163
01:40:28,880 --> 01:40:30,400
WHY THIS COULD HELP IN

2164
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:32,040
INCREASING NUMBER OF SPOTS AND

2165
01:40:32,040 --> 01:40:37,520
WHY THIS COULD HELP IN REDUCING

2166
01:40:37,520 --> 01:40:39,480
THE TEMPERATURE, THE TEMPERATURE

2167
01:40:39,480 --> 01:40:41,880
RISE, WE HAD TO -- FOR THAT TO

2168
01:40:41,880 --> 01:40:47,720
INTRODUCE THE IDEA OF CYCLIC

2169
01:40:47,720 --> 01:40:52,080
ILLUMINATION, IT IS POSSIBLE TO

2170
01:40:52,080 --> 01:40:53,040
PROVE EXPERIMENTAL THAT THERE

2171
01:40:53,040 --> 01:40:54,840
ARE TWO WAYS TO CONTROL THE

2172
01:40:54,840 --> 01:41:04,840
ACTIVATION OF A CELL SO WE CAN

2173
01:41:04,840 --> 01:41:08,080
EITHER USE -- BETWEEN 5 TO 20

2174
01:41:08,080 --> 01:41:09,280
MILLISECONDS, TO EVOKE ACTION

2175
01:41:09,280 --> 01:41:11,400
POTENTIAL OR CERTAIN RESPONSE

2176
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:14,240
BUT THE SAME ACTIVITY CAN ALSO

2177
01:41:14,240 --> 01:41:16,960
BE PRODUCED, INSTEAD OF USING

2178
01:41:16,960 --> 01:41:23,080
LONG PATHS WE USE SHORTER PATHS

2179
01:41:23,080 --> 01:41:25,600
OF SLIGHTLY HIGHER INTENSITY AND

2180
01:41:25,600 --> 01:41:29,320
THIS WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE THE

2181
01:41:29,320 --> 01:41:30,000
SAME CURRENT.

2182
01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:32,160
SO WHY THIS IS AN ADVANTAGE

2183
01:41:32,160 --> 01:41:35,360
BECAUSE NOW YOU CAN USE THE TIME

2184
01:41:35,360 --> 01:41:39,160
INTERVAL BETWEEN ONE AND THE

2185
01:41:39,160 --> 01:41:41,480
OTHER TO MOVE YOUR ILLUMINATION

2186
01:41:41,480 --> 01:41:45,760
LIGHT ACROSS THE DIFFERENT

2187
01:41:45,760 --> 01:41:48,320
HOLOGRAMS, SO IN CONVENTIONAL

2188
01:41:48,320 --> 01:41:50,040
HOLOGRAPHY YOU COULD ACTIVATE A

2189
01:41:50,040 --> 01:41:52,280
SINGLE CELL OR SINGLE GROUP OF

2190
01:41:52,280 --> 01:41:53,840
CELLS, NOW WE CAN ACTIVATE ALL

2191
01:41:53,840 --> 01:41:57,000
THE CELLS, ALL THE GROUP OF

2192
01:41:57,000 --> 01:42:02,200
CELLS, ENCODED IN THIS MULTIPLE

2193
01:42:02,200 --> 01:42:05,040
HOLOGRAMS, WE'RE ABLE TO CONTROL

2194
01:42:05,040 --> 01:42:16,520
UP TO OL UP TO 25 INDEPENDENT

2195
01:42:16,520 --> 01:42:16,800
HOLOGRAMS.

2196
01:42:16,800 --> 01:42:18,280
WE CAN ACTIVATE MORE GROUP OF

2197
01:42:18,280 --> 01:42:21,080
CELLS BUT EACH OF THEM WOULD

2198
01:42:21,080 --> 01:42:25,680
REQUIRE SQUARE ROOT OF H HIGHER

2199
01:42:25,680 --> 01:42:28,040
POWER THAN CONVENTIONAL, OVERALL

2200
01:42:28,040 --> 01:42:30,280
A GAIN OF SQUARE ROOT OF H, SO

2201
01:42:30,280 --> 01:42:32,560
BECAUSE THIS NUMBER IS TODAY

2202
01:42:32,560 --> 01:42:34,480
ABOUT 25 WE CAN INCREASE UP TO A

2203
01:42:34,480 --> 01:42:36,680
FACTOR OF FIVE THE NUMBER OF

2204
01:42:36,680 --> 01:42:41,800
CELLS THAT WE CAN ACHIEVE USING

2205
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:42,680
CONVENTIONAL CONFIGURATION, AND

2206
01:42:42,680 --> 01:42:46,560
THE SAME EFFECT IS THAT WE CAN

2207
01:42:46,560 --> 01:42:47,720
MINIMIZE THE THERMAL DAMAGE.

2208
01:42:47,720 --> 01:42:50,880
THIS IS SOMETHING WE CAN SEE

2209
01:42:50,880 --> 01:42:54,120
HERE, SO A FEW YEARS AGO

2210
01:42:54,120 --> 01:42:58,040
DEVELOPED A SYSTEM TO EVALUATE,

2211
01:42:58,040 --> 01:43:03,000
TEMPERATURE RISE THAT WE CAN

2212
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:05,760
EVOKE AND NOW THIS MODEL CAN

2213
01:43:05,760 --> 01:43:08,080
EVALUATE AND WE CAN EXPERIMENT

2214
01:43:08,080 --> 01:43:11,560
AND PROVE AS LONG AS WE

2215
01:43:11,560 --> 01:43:13,280
STIMULATE A SINGLE CELL THE

2216
01:43:13,280 --> 01:43:15,840
LOCAL TEMPERATURE RISE IS WELL

2217
01:43:15,840 --> 01:43:17,880
BELOW, NOW WHEN WE START TO

2218
01:43:17,880 --> 01:43:18,560
ILLUMINATE MULTIPLE TARGETS,

2219
01:43:18,560 --> 01:43:22,640
THIS IS THE CASE WHERE NOW WE'RE

2220
01:43:22,640 --> 01:43:25,360
USING THE SAME STIMULATION

2221
01:43:25,360 --> 01:43:26,480
PARAMETER NOW TO ACTIVATE 100

2222
01:43:26,480 --> 01:43:26,880
CELLS.

2223
01:43:26,880 --> 01:43:29,640
YOU SEE THE TEMPERATURE RISE CAN

2224
01:43:29,640 --> 01:43:32,920
BE HIGH AND LAST RELATIVELY LONG

2225
01:43:32,920 --> 01:43:33,800
TIME.

2226
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:35,880
SO THE ADVANTAGE IS THAT BECAUSE

2227
01:43:35,880 --> 01:43:39,040
WE CAN USE LOWER POWER AND ALSO

2228
01:43:39,040 --> 01:43:44,480
BECAUSE WE HAVE MULTIPLE PATHS

2229
01:43:44,480 --> 01:43:46,800
THAT ENABLES MORE THERMAL

2230
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:52,080
DISSIPATION, IF WE USE HERE 25

2231
01:43:52,080 --> 01:43:54,280
HOLOGRAMS, THE TEMPERATURE 20

2232
01:43:54,280 --> 01:43:56,560
HOLOGRAMS, TEMPERATURE RISE IS

2233
01:43:56,560 --> 01:43:59,320
MUCH BELOW WHAT WE WOULD ACHIEVE

2234
01:43:59,320 --> 01:44:09,280
IF WE SEND 100 SPOT IN 

2235
01:44:09,280 --> 01:44:10,160
CONVENTIONAL WAY.

2236
01:44:10,160 --> 01:44:12,520
COMBINED ALLOWS INCREASE NUMBER

2237
01:44:12,520 --> 01:44:16,040
OF CELLS AND MINIMIZE THERMAL

2238
01:44:16,040 --> 01:44:17,560
PHOTODAMAGE EFFECT.

2239
01:44:17,560 --> 01:44:20,080
THE GENERAL CONCLUSION TODAY ON

2240
01:44:20,080 --> 01:44:21,480
MANIPULATION SIDE THE

2241
01:44:21,480 --> 01:44:23,360
COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE ADVANCE

2242
01:44:23,360 --> 01:44:24,040
IN COMPLEMENTARY DISCIPLINES,

2243
01:44:24,040 --> 01:44:28,680
WE'RE ON THE WAY TO CONTROL

2244
01:44:28,680 --> 01:44:34,480
LARGE POPULATION OF CELLS IN

2245
01:44:34,480 --> 01:44:35,480
SAFE CONDITION AND TEMPORARY

2246
01:44:35,480 --> 01:44:36,120
SOLUTION, FURTHER DIRECTION IS

2247
01:44:36,120 --> 01:44:42,120
NOW TO BE ABLE TO INCREASE EVEN

2248
01:44:42,120 --> 01:44:44,240
FURTHER, EVENTUALLY REACH DEEPER

2249
01:44:44,240 --> 01:44:51,040
BRAIN AREA BY DEVELOPING

2250
01:44:51,040 --> 01:44:55,120
HOLOGRAPHIC ENDOSCOPY SO WE CAN

2251
01:44:55,120 --> 01:44:57,080
ACTIVATE THE SAME POPULATION OF

2252
01:44:57,080 --> 01:45:01,120
CELLS AND THEN WE CAN GO VERY

2253
01:45:01,120 --> 01:45:06,680
FAST NOW IN CONTROLLING CELLS,

2254
01:45:06,680 --> 01:45:11,280
GREAT ADVANTAGE COMBINED WITH

2255
01:45:11,280 --> 01:45:12,240
MASTER MULTI-TARGET IMAGING.

2256
01:45:12,240 --> 01:45:14,920
I'M OUT OF TIME.

2257
01:45:14,920 --> 01:45:17,960
I WILL GIVE YOU THE SLIDE TO

2258
01:45:17,960 --> 01:45:24,320
THANK THE PEOPLE OF MY LAB,

2259
01:45:24,320 --> 01:45:25,680
COLLABORATORS AND FUNDING

2260
01:45:25,680 --> 01:45:26,000
SOURCES.

2261
01:45:26,000 --> 01:45:28,120
>> AN INCREDIBLE TALK.

2262
01:45:28,120 --> 01:45:33,040
MOVING ON, NEXT IS HOD DANA,

2263
01:45:33,040 --> 01:45:35,240
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT CASE

2264
01:45:35,240 --> 01:45:37,280
WESTERN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY,

2265
01:45:37,280 --> 01:45:41,320
RECEIVED HIS BACHELOR'S AND

2266
01:45:41,320 --> 01:45:42,240
Ph.D. IN BIOMEDICAL

2267
01:45:42,240 --> 01:45:52,880
ENGINEERING IN ISRAELI INSTITUTE

2268
01:45:52,880 --> 01:45:56,160
OF TECHNOLOGY, HE DID HIS

2269
01:45:56,160 --> 01:45:56,760
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING AT THE

2270
01:45:56,760 --> 01:45:59,000
HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE

2271
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:01,640
AT JANELIA CAMPUS, AND ALSO WAS

2272
01:46:01,640 --> 01:46:03,400
INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT AND

2273
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:06,040
TESTING OF NEW CALCIUM SENSORS

2274
01:46:06,040 --> 01:46:08,360
FOR RECORDING NEURONAL ACTIVITY.

2275
01:46:08,360 --> 01:46:14,440
HE JOINED THE DEPARTMENT OF 

2276
01:46:14,440 --> 01:46:18,880
NEUROSCIENCES AT THE LERNER

2277
01:46:18,880 --> 01:46:21,880
INSTITUTE OF CLEVELAND CLINIC, A

2278
01:46:21,880 --> 01:46:23,840
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, LAB

2279
01:46:23,840 --> 01:46:25,280
DEVELOPED NON-LINEAR OPTICAL

2280
01:46:25,280 --> 01:46:28,320
METHODS TO STUDYING HOW BRAIN

2281
01:46:28,320 --> 01:46:31,480
ACTIVITY IS AFFECTED BY

2282
01:46:31,480 --> 01:46:32,480
NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS,

2283
01:46:32,480 --> 01:46:34,680
RECENTLY HE AND COLLEAGUES WERE

2284
01:46:34,680 --> 01:46:41,800
AWARDED A GRANT TO DEVELOP NEXT 

2285
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:43,760
GENERATION OF CAMPARI SENSOR.

2286
01:46:43,760 --> 01:46:48,800
HE'S GOING TO TALK ABOUT IT NOW.

2287
01:46:48,800 --> 01:46:52,240
>> DO YOU SEE MY SLIDES

2288
01:46:52,240 --> 01:46:52,480
PROPERLY?

2289
01:46:52,480 --> 01:46:52,720
>> YES.

2290
01:46:52,720 --> 01:46:56,040
>> SO, I WANT TO THANK THE

2291
01:46:56,040 --> 01:46:57,280
ORGANIZERS FOR THIS WORKSHOP,

2292
01:46:57,280 --> 01:47:00,880
TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT LARGE

2293
01:47:00,880 --> 01:47:01,480
SCALE CELLULAR RESOLUTION

2294
01:47:01,480 --> 01:47:03,520
RECORDING OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY

2295
01:47:03,520 --> 01:47:05,480
IN FREELY MOVING MICE.

2296
01:47:05,480 --> 01:47:07,640
WE FIRST START WITH INTRODUCING

2297
01:47:07,640 --> 01:47:12,320
WHY WE WANT TO RECORD BRAIN

2298
01:47:12,320 --> 01:47:16,600
ACTIVITY WITH CALCIUM SENSORS,

2299
01:47:16,600 --> 01:47:17,560
FROM BEHAVING RODENTS AND

2300
01:47:17,560 --> 01:47:21,080
CHALLENGES WE FAILS.

2301
01:47:21,080 --> 01:47:24,680
I WILL INTRODUCE CAMPARI, A NEW

2302
01:47:24,680 --> 01:47:28,000
SENSOR, HOW WE USE IT TO RECORD

2303
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:32,560
LARGE SCALE ACTIVITY IN FREELY

2304
01:47:32,560 --> 01:47:34,520
MOVING MICE, DATA SHOWS ACTIVITY

2305
01:47:34,520 --> 01:47:38,600
ACROSS THE LIFESPAN OF MICE.

2306
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:40,320
SIMILAR SLIDE WAS PRESENTED

2307
01:47:40,320 --> 01:47:44,040
YESTERDAY, MY MESSAGE HERE I

2308
01:47:44,040 --> 01:47:45,840
WANT TO CONVINCE CALCIUM IMAGING

2309
01:47:45,840 --> 01:47:47,960
IS INTERESTING AND USEFUL.

2310
01:47:47,960 --> 01:47:50,320
THE BRAIN PERFORMS ACTIVITY OVER

2311
01:47:50,320 --> 01:47:51,960
MULTIPLE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL

2312
01:47:51,960 --> 01:47:53,640
SCALES.

2313
01:47:53,640 --> 01:47:57,240
HERE I'M TRYING TO SUMMARIZE

2314
01:47:57,240 --> 01:47:58,640
REPRESENTATION OF TIME ON

2315
01:47:58,640 --> 01:48:01,160
X-AXIS, AND PRESENTATION OF

2316
01:48:01,160 --> 01:48:04,880
SPACE IN Y-AXIS.

2317
01:48:04,880 --> 01:48:07,640
OVER THE TIME AXIS, FROM

2318
01:48:07,640 --> 01:48:13,480
MILLISECOND RANGE, FIRING OF

2319
01:48:13,480 --> 01:48:14,480
SINGLE ACTION POTENTIALS, TO

2320
01:48:14,480 --> 01:48:18,200
PROCESSES THAT TAKE MORE TIME,

2321
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:23,480
LEARNING, AGING, DISEASE

2322
01:48:23,480 --> 01:48:27,040
PROGRESSION THAT CAN LAST FOR

2323
01:48:27,040 --> 01:48:27,600
YEARS.

2324
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:30,560
ONE MICRON IN SIZE, AND SIZE OF

2325
01:48:30,560 --> 01:48:34,360
CELLS IS TEN MICRONS, BRAIN OF

2326
01:48:34,360 --> 01:48:37,000
THE HUMAN SPANS TENS OF

2327
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:37,400
CENTIMETERS.

2328
01:48:37,400 --> 01:48:38,840
IN ORDER TO RECORD FROM THE

2329
01:48:38,840 --> 01:48:40,160
BRAIN THERE ARE MULTIPLE METHODS

2330
01:48:40,160 --> 01:48:43,800
THAT CAN BE USED, EACH METHOD

2331
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:47,400
USES DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESS,

2332
01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:50,520
AND THEREFORE HAS DIFFERENT

2333
01:48:50,520 --> 01:48:50,880
RANGE.

2334
01:48:50,880 --> 01:48:52,600
FOR EXAMPLE FUNCTIONAL MRI WE

2335
01:48:52,600 --> 01:48:59,360
TALKED ABOUT EARLIER TODAY AND

2336
01:48:59,360 --> 01:49:02,680
YESTERDAY, CAN SCAN THE WHOLE

2337
01:49:02,680 --> 01:49:03,760
BRAIN, NON-INVASIVE, DOESN'T DO

2338
01:49:03,760 --> 01:49:07,080
DAMAGE USED OVER LONGER TIME 

2339
01:49:07,080 --> 01:49:09,320
PERIOD WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE.

2340
01:49:09,320 --> 01:49:11,960
THE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF

2341
01:49:11,960 --> 01:49:15,040
fMRI IS 1 MILLISECOND, SPATIAL

2342
01:49:15,040 --> 01:49:17,440
RESOLUTION IS 1 MILIMETER.

2343
01:49:17,440 --> 01:49:20,080
THIS IS BASICALLY USEFUL,

2344
01:49:20,080 --> 01:49:22,320
DYNAMIC RANGE OF fMRI.

2345
01:49:22,320 --> 01:49:24,840
ANOTHER METHOD IS INTRACELLULAR

2346
01:49:24,840 --> 01:49:26,280
RECORDINGS WHERE ELECTRODES ARE

2347
01:49:26,280 --> 01:49:28,000
INSERTED INTO THE MOUSE OR HUMAN

2348
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:32,480
BRAIN TO REPORT ACTIVITY OF

2349
01:49:32,480 --> 01:49:38,400
SINGLE CELLS, YOU CAN GET

2350
01:49:38,400 --> 01:49:39,800
SUBMILLISECOND RESOLUTION,

2351
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:42,120
RESOLUTION OF MICRONS, BUT

2352
01:49:42,120 --> 01:49:44,400
RECORDING USUALLY LASTS FOR UP

2353
01:49:44,400 --> 01:49:45,960
TO SEVERAL MINUTES, MAYBE

2354
01:49:45,960 --> 01:49:48,560
LONGER, AND YOU CAN RECORD ONLY

2355
01:49:48,560 --> 01:49:51,040
FROM SMALL AMOUNT OF CELLS

2356
01:49:51,040 --> 01:49:52,840
SPANNING SMALL FRACTION OF THE

2357
01:49:52,840 --> 01:49:53,680
BRAIN.

2358
01:49:53,680 --> 01:49:55,120
THERE ARE OTHER THOUGHTS, I'M

2359
01:49:55,120 --> 01:49:57,720
NOT GOING TO GET INTO DETAILS

2360
01:49:57,720 --> 01:50:01,720
BUT ACCORDING TO METRICS I JUST

2361
01:50:01,720 --> 01:50:04,840
PRESENTED, CALCIUM IMAGING IS

2362
01:50:04,840 --> 01:50:07,560
THE MOST VERSATILE METHOD

2363
01:50:07,560 --> 01:50:14,120
BECAUSE WE CAN DETECT THE FIRING

2364
01:50:14,120 --> 01:50:15,200
OF SIX ACTION POTENTIALS, ALSO

2365
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:17,400
TO RECORD FROM THE SAME ANIMAL

2366
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:21,480
OVER AND OVER AGAIN, OVER MANY

2367
01:50:21,480 --> 01:50:21,800
MONTHS.

2368
01:50:21,800 --> 01:50:23,040
THE RECORDING METHODS WE USE

2369
01:50:23,040 --> 01:50:26,440
ALLOW US TO SEE SUBMICRON

2370
01:50:26,440 --> 01:50:28,800
RESOLUTION BUT ALSO TO RECORD

2371
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:29,880
MILLIMETERS OF TISSUE,

2372
01:50:29,880 --> 01:50:31,360
CONTAINING MANY THOUSANDS OF

2373
01:50:31,360 --> 01:50:33,600
CELLS, TODAY I WILL PRESENT NEW

2374
01:50:33,600 --> 01:50:37,160
METHOD THAT ACTUALLY TRIED TO 

2375
01:50:37,160 --> 01:50:41,800
EXPAND THAT EVEN FURTHER.

2376
01:50:41,800 --> 01:50:43,200
TO RECORD CALCIUM IMAGING, THE

2377
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:52,920
MOST COMMONLY USED TOOL IS 

2378
01:50:52,920 --> 01:50:57,720
GENETIC ENCODEED INDICATORS, 

2379
01:50:57,720 --> 01:50:59,160
GECIs, BY INJECTION OR

2380
01:50:59,160 --> 01:51:00,400
GENERATED ANIMALS.

2381
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:05,960
HERE IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE

2382
01:51:05,960 --> 01:51:10,040
MOST COMMONLY USED, GCaMP,

2383
01:51:10,040 --> 01:51:11,680
GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN BINDS

2384
01:51:11,680 --> 01:51:13,160
TO CALCIUM DOMAIN.

2385
01:51:13,160 --> 01:51:14,440
WITH NO CALCIUM AROUND THE

2386
01:51:14,440 --> 01:51:19,640
PROTEIN IS ENGINEERED TO BE VERY

2387
01:51:19,640 --> 01:51:21,120
DIM, FIRST IS INEFFICIENT, BUT

2388
01:51:21,120 --> 01:51:25,520
ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE THERE IS

2389
01:51:25,520 --> 01:51:30,000
A CHANGE IN THE GFP RETAINS

2390
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:30,520
BRIGHTNESS.

2391
01:51:30,520 --> 01:51:32,200
WITH CALCIUM THIS PROTEIN IS

2392
01:51:32,200 --> 01:51:33,720
VERY BRIGHT, WITHOUT CALCIUM

2393
01:51:33,720 --> 01:51:35,560
IT'S VERY DIM.

2394
01:51:35,560 --> 01:51:41,800
USING THE SENSORS WE CAN DO THE

2395
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:42,920
LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS, GENETIC

2396
01:51:42,920 --> 01:51:44,760
TOOLS TARGET TO SPECIFIC CELL

2397
01:51:44,760 --> 01:51:46,080
TYPES, EXPRESSION CAN BE TURNED

2398
01:51:46,080 --> 01:51:50,720
ON AND OFF, AND WE CAN GENERATE

2399
01:51:50,720 --> 01:51:53,120
TRANSGENIC LINES.

2400
01:51:53,120 --> 01:51:56,480
SO BASICALLY EXPRESS PROTEIN AS 

2401
01:51:56,480 --> 01:51:59,120
PART OF THE GENOME.

2402
01:51:59,120 --> 01:52:02,080
TO RECORD THE SIGNAL FROM THE

2403
01:52:02,080 --> 01:52:05,400
MOUSE OR RODENT BRAIN OR OTHER

2404
01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:12,640
ANIMALS, DR. EMILIANI PRESENTED

2405
01:52:12,640 --> 01:52:15,400
EXCITING DATA, TWO PHOTON

2406
01:52:15,400 --> 01:52:17,200
MICROSCOPY FIRST DEMONSTRATED 30

2407
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:20,880
YEARS AGO, ALLOWS SUBMICRO

2408
01:52:20,880 --> 01:52:22,160
RESOLUTION IN THE HUMAN BRAIN,

2409
01:52:22,160 --> 01:52:25,760
THE IMAGE IS A DEMONSTRATION OF

2410
01:52:25,760 --> 01:52:27,520
SINGLE PHOTON FLUORESCENCE WHICH

2411
01:52:27,520 --> 01:52:29,560
GENERATES SIGNAL FROM ALL OVER

2412
01:52:29,560 --> 01:52:32,240
THE PLACE, WHEREVER THERE IS

2413
01:52:32,240 --> 01:52:43,680
LIGHT AND FLUORESCENT MEDIUM BUT

2414
01:52:43,680 --> 01:52:46,200
TWO-PHOTON IN A TINY SPOT, A

2415
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:47,200
WELL-KNOWN TECHNIQUE ANDLY SKIP

2416
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:49,840
THE DETAILS FOR NOW BUT SHOW AN

2417
01:52:49,840 --> 01:52:52,040
IMAGE WHERE WE CAN SEE SINGLE

2418
01:52:52,040 --> 01:52:53,920
CELLS INSIDE THE MOUSE BRAIN,

2419
01:52:53,920 --> 01:52:57,320
EACH RING SHAPE YOU SEE HERE IS

2420
01:52:57,320 --> 01:53:00,800
A SINGLE CELL, YOU CAN SEE CELLS

2421
01:53:00,800 --> 01:53:02,320
AND SUBCELLULAR PROCESSES.

2422
01:53:02,320 --> 01:53:05,080
IF THE THOUGHT IS BEING --

2423
01:53:05,080 --> 01:53:07,680
RECORDING IS FAST ENOUGH, YOU

2424
01:53:07,680 --> 01:53:10,320
CAN ALSO RECORD MOVIES LIKE DR.

2425
01:53:10,320 --> 01:53:12,000
EMILIANI SHOWED WHEN CELLS ARE

2426
01:53:12,000 --> 01:53:13,720
FLASHING, EVERY TIME YOU SEE A

2427
01:53:13,720 --> 01:53:16,040
CELL FLASHES THIS IS THE FIRING

2428
01:53:16,040 --> 01:53:17,480
OF ACTION POTENTIALS.

2429
01:53:17,480 --> 01:53:20,280
THIS IS A VERY EFFICIENT AND

2430
01:53:20,280 --> 01:53:21,840
USEFUL TECHNIQUE.

2431
01:53:21,840 --> 01:53:23,480
NOW, WE HAVE PREVIOUS TALKS

2432
01:53:23,480 --> 01:53:26,280
TODAY AND YESTERDAY ABOUT

2433
01:53:26,280 --> 01:53:29,600
RECORDING FROM HUMAN AND

2434
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:30,680
EXCELLENT BEAUTIFUL DATA AND THE

2435
01:53:30,680 --> 01:53:34,480
QUESTION IS WHY DO WANT TO

2436
01:53:34,480 --> 01:53:36,880
RECORD FROM ANIMALS,

2437
01:53:36,880 --> 01:53:37,880
SPECIFICALLY FROM BEHAVING

2438
01:53:37,880 --> 01:53:38,640
RODENTS.

2439
01:53:38,640 --> 01:53:42,280
THE ANSWER WITH ANIMALS WE CAN

2440
01:53:42,280 --> 01:53:43,600
DO EXPERIMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

2441
01:53:43,600 --> 01:53:45,600
NOT FEASIBLE WITH HUMAN.

2442
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:48,880
FOR EXAMPLE, WE CAN DO GENETIC

2443
01:53:48,880 --> 01:53:52,040
MANIPULATIONS, OR WE CAN DO

2444
01:53:52,040 --> 01:53:52,640
INVASIVE INTERVENTIONS.

2445
01:53:52,640 --> 01:53:55,680
THESE TOOLS CAN BE USED FOR

2446
01:53:55,680 --> 01:53:59,920
LONGITUDINAL RECORDINGS TO PROBE

2447
01:53:59,920 --> 01:54:02,440
PROCESS AND LEARNING, MEMORY

2448
01:54:02,440 --> 01:54:04,560
FORMATION LIKE SHOWN BEFORE,

2449
01:54:04,560 --> 01:54:07,560
AGING AND DISEASE PROGRESSION.

2450
01:54:07,560 --> 01:54:10,200
AND WHEN ANIMALS WE STUDY ROLE

2451
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:13,480
OF SPECIFIC CELL TYPES, IN THIS

2452
01:54:13,480 --> 01:54:13,880
PHENOMENA.

2453
01:54:13,880 --> 01:54:15,680
SO TO RECORD FROM BEHAVING

2454
01:54:15,680 --> 01:54:18,200
RODENTS, THERE ARE TWO MAIN

2455
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:19,120
APPROACHES TODAY.

2456
01:54:19,120 --> 01:54:24,040
FIRST ONE IS TO FIX THE RODENT

2457
01:54:24,040 --> 01:54:25,640
HEAD UNDER MICROSCOPE OR

2458
01:54:25,640 --> 01:54:31,880
MESOSCOPE WHICH HAS ACCESS TO

2459
01:54:31,880 --> 01:54:39,520
LARGER REGION, SECOND TO FIX

2460
01:54:39,520 --> 01:54:40,880
MINIATURIZED DEVICE.

2461
01:54:40,880 --> 01:54:43,040
THE MOUSE CAN STILL PERFORM SOME

2462
01:54:43,040 --> 01:54:45,680
BEHAVIORAL TASKS LIKE RUNNING ON

2463
01:54:45,680 --> 01:54:49,840
THIS WHEEL OR TREADMILL OR TO BE

2464
01:54:49,840 --> 01:54:52,680
TRAINED TO SOME TASK.

2465
01:54:52,680 --> 01:54:54,720
AND THEN USING A MICROSCOPE WE

2466
01:54:54,720 --> 01:54:57,240
CAN RECORD FROM THE MOUSE BRAIN.

2467
01:54:57,240 --> 01:54:58,680
I LIKE THIS MOVIE, FIRST IT

2468
01:54:58,680 --> 01:55:02,360
SHOWED THE LARGE AREA THAT CAN

2469
01:55:02,360 --> 01:55:03,640
BE RECORDED.

2470
01:55:03,640 --> 01:55:05,520
ACTUALLY TO RECORD FAST ENOUGH,

2471
01:55:05,520 --> 01:55:07,480
IT CAN BE DONE FROM RELATIVELY

2472
01:55:07,480 --> 01:55:09,240
SMALL NUMBER OF PLANES YOU CAN

2473
01:55:09,240 --> 01:55:10,000
SEE HERE.

2474
01:55:10,000 --> 01:55:13,480
INSIDE THE PLANES WE CAN GET

2475
01:55:13,480 --> 01:55:15,920
ACTIVITY TRACES OF ALL CELLS AND

2476
01:55:15,920 --> 01:55:21,600
HERE IS, AGAIN, A GREAT EXAMPLE.

2477
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:23,320
NOW, THE SECOND APPROACH, WE

2478
01:55:23,320 --> 01:55:28,760
DON'T FIX IN THIS CASE THE MOUSE

2479
01:55:28,760 --> 01:55:31,360
HEAD BUT WE FIX DEVICE TO THE

2480
01:55:31,360 --> 01:55:32,280
HEAD, LOOKING LIKE THIS.

2481
01:55:32,280 --> 01:55:34,480
THE MOUSE CAN MOVE AROUND WITH

2482
01:55:34,480 --> 01:55:39,160
THIS DEVICE ON ITS HEAD.

2483
01:55:39,160 --> 01:55:42,280
DURING THIS MOVEMENT THE

2484
01:55:42,280 --> 01:55:43,800
RECORDING HAPPENS.

2485
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:47,840
THE RECORDED DATA LOOKS

2486
01:55:47,840 --> 01:55:51,160
SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

2487
01:55:51,160 --> 01:55:54,880
THIS MOVIE SHOWS FIRST THE

2488
01:55:54,880 --> 01:55:55,320
BEAUTIFUL PERFORMANCE

2489
01:55:55,320 --> 01:55:57,080
CAPABILITY, WE CAN GET NICE

2490
01:55:57,080 --> 01:55:58,320
RESOLUTION RECORDING WHILE THE

2491
01:55:58,320 --> 01:56:00,840
MOUSE IS MOVING AROUND AND DOING

2492
01:56:00,840 --> 01:56:01,280
SOMETHING.

2493
01:56:01,280 --> 01:56:06,040
ALSO WE SEE SOME OF THE 

2494
01:56:06,040 --> 01:56:10,200
CHALLENGES, FIELD OF VIEW IS

2495
01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:11,880
SMALL, OPTICAL QUALITY IS

2496
01:56:11,880 --> 01:56:17,480
COMPROMISED COMPARED TO THE

2497
01:56:17,480 --> 01:56:18,240
MICROSCOPES.

2498
01:56:18,240 --> 01:56:19,440
BOTH APPROACHES HAVE SOME

2499
01:56:19,440 --> 01:56:20,280
CHALLENGES.

2500
01:56:20,280 --> 01:56:23,040
FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE DO HEAD

2501
01:56:23,040 --> 01:56:25,680
FIXATION OR MOUSE OR RAT WE

2502
01:56:25,680 --> 01:56:27,600
FORCE THEM INTO UNNATURAL

2503
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:27,880
POSITION.

2504
01:56:27,880 --> 01:56:29,280
THIS BY ITSELF MIGHT AFFECT HOW

2505
01:56:29,280 --> 01:56:32,440
THE BRAIN WORKS, HOW IT

2506
01:56:32,440 --> 01:56:33,680
PROCESSES INFORMATION OR WHAT

2507
01:56:33,680 --> 01:56:38,480
CIRCUITS ARE ACTIVATED. 

2508
01:56:38,480 --> 01:56:40,000
FOR THE SECOND APPROACH WHEN

2509
01:56:40,000 --> 01:56:43,600
DEVICE IS ATTACHED TO LET'S SAY

2510
01:56:43,600 --> 01:56:45,680
A MOUSE HEAD, THIS DEVICE WEIGHT

2511
01:56:45,680 --> 01:56:47,320
IS ACTUALLY FITS ON THE MOUSE

2512
01:56:47,320 --> 01:56:51,520
HEAD, FOR MICE IT CAN BE 10 TO

2513
01:56:51,520 --> 01:56:56,240
20% OF THEIR BODY WEIGHT FORCING

2514
01:56:56,240 --> 01:56:58,840
THEM TO HAVE LESS RESTRICTED

2515
01:56:58,840 --> 01:56:59,720
MOVEMENT, SOME RESTRICTION THAT

2516
01:56:59,720 --> 01:57:02,800
CAN ALSO AFFECT THE WAY THEIR

2517
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:05,360
BRAIN PROCESSES INFORMATION AND 

2518
01:57:05,360 --> 01:57:08,160
CIRCUITS THAT ARE ACTIVATED.

2519
01:57:08,160 --> 01:57:10,960
IN ADDITION THE TWO APPROACHES

2520
01:57:10,960 --> 01:57:13,680
ARE SUITED TO LARGE PLANE OR

2521
01:57:13,680 --> 01:57:16,480
SMALLER NUMBER OF PLANES

2522
01:57:16,480 --> 01:57:18,440
ACTUALLY SHIFTED BUT NOT REALLY

2523
01:57:18,440 --> 01:57:19,640
FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL RECORDING,

2524
01:57:19,640 --> 01:57:23,880
AND THE BRAIN IS A THREE

2525
01:57:23,880 --> 01:57:24,720
DIMENSIONAL OBJECT.

2526
01:57:24,720 --> 01:57:27,800
THEY MIGHT NEED IMPORTANT

2527
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:28,080
INFORMATION.

2528
01:57:28,080 --> 01:57:31,200
WE WORKED IN MY LAB TO DEVELOP A

2529
01:57:31,200 --> 01:57:33,480
THIRD APPROACH FOR RECORDING

2530
01:57:33,480 --> 01:57:34,880
FROM BEHAVING MICE.

2531
01:57:34,880 --> 01:57:38,720
THE GOALS IS TO ALLOW FREE 

2532
01:57:38,720 --> 01:57:40,920
MOVEMENT WITH NO MECHANICAL

2533
01:57:40,920 --> 01:57:42,040
RESTRICTION, ALLOW SIMULTANEOUS

2534
01:57:42,040 --> 01:57:45,200
THREE DIMENSIONAL RECORDING FROM

2535
01:57:45,200 --> 01:57:46,080
LARGE BRAIN REGION.

2536
01:57:46,080 --> 01:57:49,440
THIS IS HOPEFULLY ALLOWING US TO

2537
01:57:49,440 --> 01:57:50,640
GET NATURALISTIC BRAIN

2538
01:57:50,640 --> 01:57:52,960
ACTIVATION PATTERNS. 

2539
01:57:52,960 --> 01:57:53,840
WE WANT TO MAINTAIN SINGLE-CELL

2540
01:57:53,840 --> 01:57:54,800
RESOLUTION AND WANT THIS METHOD

2541
01:57:54,800 --> 01:58:00,480
TO BE SIMPLE TO BE ADOPTED BY

2542
01:58:00,480 --> 01:58:03,800
MANY LABORATORIES.

2543
01:58:03,800 --> 01:58:08,280
WE USE A NEW CALCIUM SENSOR

2544
01:58:08,280 --> 01:58:09,600
CAMPARI, UNLIKE THE PREVIOUS ONE

2545
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,080
I SHOWED YOU DOESN'T CAPTURE

2546
01:58:12,080 --> 01:58:13,960
ACTIVITY BY CHANGE OF

2547
01:58:13,960 --> 01:58:15,720
FLUORESCENCE ACTIVITY BUT CHANGE

2548
01:58:15,720 --> 01:58:17,600
OF COLOR.

2549
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:19,560
IT'S A GREEN FLUORESCENT

2550
01:58:19,560 --> 01:58:22,720
PROTEIN, HIGH CALCIUM LEVELS,

2551
01:58:22,720 --> 01:58:24,680
ANY ILLUMINATION WITH A

2552
01:58:24,680 --> 01:58:26,680
400-NANOMETER PURPLE LIGHT, WILL

2553
01:58:26,680 --> 01:58:28,880
CHANGE COLOR TO RED.

2554
01:58:28,880 --> 01:58:32,040
YOU CAN THINK ABOUT AN END GATE,

2555
01:58:32,040 --> 01:58:35,200
TO GET THINGS TOGETHER, SIMILAR

2556
01:58:35,200 --> 01:58:36,280
ACTIVITY, AND LIGHT AND

2557
01:58:36,280 --> 01:58:41,320
TRANSFORMS INTO PERMANENT CHANGE

2558
01:58:41,320 --> 01:58:41,760
IN SIGNAL.

2559
01:58:41,760 --> 01:58:42,720
EXPERIMENTALLY, IT WILL LOOK

2560
01:58:42,720 --> 01:58:44,680
LIKE THAT.

2561
01:58:44,680 --> 01:58:46,480
YOU START EXPERIMENT WITH

2562
01:58:46,480 --> 01:58:47,200
NEURONS LABELED GREEN,

2563
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:48,480
EXPERIMENT STARTS WHEN YOU TURN

2564
01:58:48,480 --> 01:58:50,120
ON THE LIGHT.

2565
01:58:50,120 --> 01:58:52,280
ACTIVITY OF NEURONS WILL CAUSE

2566
01:58:52,280 --> 01:58:54,200
THEM TO CHANGE COLOR FROM GREEN

2567
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:56,080
TO RED, WHEN YOU TURN OFF THE

2568
01:58:56,080 --> 01:58:59,800
LIGHT EXPERIMENT IS OVER.

2569
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:03,280
NOW YOU HAVE ACTIVITY, THAT IS

2570
01:59:03,280 --> 01:59:06,800
IMPRINTED, YOU CAN READ IN

2571
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:08,520
POST-PROCESSING MODE OR THINK

2572
01:59:08,520 --> 01:59:11,200
ABOUT A CAMERA THAT ALLOWS YOU

2573
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:14,000
TO CAPTURE SNAPSHOTS OF THE

2574
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:15,640
NEURAL NETWORK.

2575
01:59:15,640 --> 01:59:17,920
SO TO DEMONSTRATE THE NEW METHOD

2576
01:59:17,920 --> 01:59:20,560
WE FOLLOWED THREE SIMPLE STEPS,

2577
01:59:20,560 --> 01:59:22,480
FIRST WE EXPRESSED CAMPARI IN

2578
01:59:22,480 --> 01:59:26,320
FIVE BRAIN REGIONS OF THE MOUSE

2579
01:59:26,320 --> 01:59:32,680
CORTEX, THREE MOTOR REGIONS THAT

2580
01:59:32,680 --> 01:59:42,800
CORRESPOND TO OTHER AREAS, AND

2581
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:44,520
TWO SOMATOSENSORY REGIONS.

2582
01:59:44,520 --> 01:59:46,600
WE TRAINED THEM TO REPORT

2583
01:59:46,600 --> 01:59:47,280
BEHAVIORAL TASKS.

2584
01:59:47,280 --> 01:59:51,000
TO RECORD ACTIVITY WE TURN ON

2585
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:58,040
SPECIFIC LAMP THAT ILLUMINATES 

2586
01:59:58,040 --> 02:00:01,600
AND RECORD CAMPARI SIGNAL.

2587
02:00:01,600 --> 02:00:06,280
REANESTHETIZE AND RECORD FROM

2588
02:00:06,280 --> 02:00:10,240
SINGLE CELLS USING TWO PHOTO

2589
02:00:10,240 --> 02:00:15,560
MICROSCOPY LED BY DR. DAS FROM

2590
02:00:15,560 --> 02:00:18,000
MY LAB WITH DR. RABER'S LAB AND

2591
02:00:18,000 --> 02:00:20,560
HERE ARE MOVIES FROM THE

2592
02:00:20,560 --> 02:00:23,760
EXPERIMENTS THEMSELVES.

2593
02:00:23,760 --> 02:00:28,120
THIS IS A NOVEL OBJECT 

2594
02:00:28,120 --> 02:00:29,120
RECOGNITION TASK, LIGHT SOURCE

2595
02:00:29,120 --> 02:00:33,160
AT THE TOP, MICE IS FREE TO MOVE

2596
02:00:33,160 --> 02:00:39,840
AND EXPLORE. 

2597
02:00:39,840 --> 02:00:43,360
THERE IS ENCLOSED ARENA BUT

2598
02:00:43,360 --> 02:00:46,160
WITHIN THIS ARENA THE MOUSE CAN

2599
02:00:46,160 --> 02:00:52,160
PERFORM IN A FREELY MOVING

2600
02:00:52,160 --> 02:00:52,480
NATURE.

2601
02:00:52,480 --> 02:00:54,440
SECOND TASK STUDIED, WHEN THE

2602
02:00:54,440 --> 02:00:57,920
MOST IS ON A ROTATING ROAD,

2603
02:00:57,920 --> 02:00:59,600
NEEDS TO MAINTAIN BALANCE, THE

2604
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:06,600
LIGHT SOURCE AT THE TOP OF THE 

2605
02:01:06,600 --> 02:01:07,280
MOVIE.

2606
02:01:07,280 --> 02:01:10,640
THIRD TASK IS CONDITIONING, THE

2607
02:01:10,640 --> 02:01:12,920
MOUSE LEARNS TO ASSOCIATE FOOD

2608
02:01:12,920 --> 02:01:15,320
SHOCK WITH AUDITORY CUE AND

2609
02:01:15,320 --> 02:01:16,880
BASICALLY THE MOUSE RECEIVES

2610
02:01:16,880 --> 02:01:19,360
AUDITORY CUE WITHOUT ANY SHOCK

2611
02:01:19,360 --> 02:01:24,400
AND AGAIN WE RECORD CORTICAL

2612
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,040
ACTIVITY. 

2613
02:01:27,040 --> 02:01:28,040
AFTER THE EXPERIMENT, WE

2614
02:01:28,040 --> 02:01:29,960
ANESTHETIZE AND READ THE SIGNAL,

2615
02:01:29,960 --> 02:01:33,040
HOW ACTIVITY IS IMPRINTED.

2616
02:01:33,040 --> 02:01:35,440
RED CELLS ARE MORE ACTIVE.

2617
02:01:35,440 --> 02:01:38,200
HERE WE RECORD FROM THE BRAIN

2618
02:01:38,200 --> 02:01:41,880
SURFACE, DOWN TO 330 MICRONS 

2619
02:01:41,880 --> 02:01:42,680
DEEP.

2620
02:01:42,680 --> 02:01:44,520
YOU CAN SEE INDIVIDUAL CELLS,

2621
02:01:44,520 --> 02:01:46,920
SOME OF THEM ARE GREEN, SOME ARE

2622
02:01:46,920 --> 02:01:50,000
MORE RED, SOME ARE YELLOW,

2623
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:51,880
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ACTIVITY.

2624
02:01:51,880 --> 02:01:54,880
AGAIN, THIS RECORDING IS DONE

2625
02:01:54,880 --> 02:01:57,160
AFTER THE EXPERIMENT IS

2626
02:01:57,160 --> 02:01:57,840
COMPLETED.

2627
02:01:57,840 --> 02:01:59,320
THIS EXAMPLE DATA SHOWS THE SAME

2628
02:01:59,320 --> 02:02:01,000
FIELD OF VIEW FROM THE SAME

2629
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:04,760
MOUSE FOR THE THREE DIFFERENT

2630
02:02:04,760 --> 02:02:05,880
TASKS, 14 DAYS APART.

2631
02:02:05,880 --> 02:02:09,200
YOU CAN SEE WE GET DIFFERENT

2632
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:12,880
ACTIVATION PATTERNS OF THE

2633
02:02:12,880 --> 02:02:13,320
CELLS.

2634
02:02:13,320 --> 02:02:15,400
WHEN WE QUANTIFY ACROSS SIX

2635
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:18,320
MICE, WE SEE THAT FOR THE NOVEL

2636
02:02:18,320 --> 02:02:20,760
OBJECT RECOGNITION TASK THERE IS

2637
02:02:20,760 --> 02:02:25,760
2 1/2-FOLD HIGHER LEVEL THAN THE

2638
02:02:25,760 --> 02:02:27,360
CONDITIONING TASK.

2639
02:02:27,360 --> 02:02:31,840
IF WE BREAK DOWN ACTIVITY 

2640
02:02:31,840 --> 02:02:33,800
PATTERNS INTO MOTOR VERSUS

2641
02:02:33,800 --> 02:02:37,200
SOMATOSENSORY YOU CAN SEE ON THE

2642
02:02:37,200 --> 02:02:38,640
INSET SOMATOSENSORY REGIONS WERE

2643
02:02:38,640 --> 02:02:40,880
MORE ACTIVE THAN MOTOR REGIONS,

2644
02:02:40,880 --> 02:02:43,000
WHEN WE BREAK INTO SPECIFIC

2645
02:02:43,000 --> 02:02:57,480
TASKS THIS INCREASE WAS TASK

2646
02:02:57,480 --> 02:02:57,720
SPECIFIC.

2647
02:02:57,720 --> 02:03:05,000
FURTHER INTO THE MOTOR AREAS WE

2648
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,280
RECORDED, WE SEE THIS AREA MORE

2649
02:03:08,280 --> 02:03:14,280
ACTIVE, THEY BOTH PROJECT TO THE

2650
02:03:14,280 --> 02:03:15,200
SAME LIMB.

2651
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:16,880
AND THIS ACTIVITY IN BETWEEN THE

2652
02:03:16,880 --> 02:03:17,480
TWO REGIONS.

2653
02:03:17,480 --> 02:03:19,120
THIS IS PRELIMINARY DATA FROM

2654
02:03:19,120 --> 02:03:25,080
OUR LAB WHEN WE WANT TO RECORD

2655
02:03:25,080 --> 02:03:26,440
ACROSS THE MOUSE LIFESPAN.

2656
02:03:26,440 --> 02:03:28,960
I SHOWED BEFORE ACTIVITY LEVEL

2657
02:03:28,960 --> 02:03:31,480
ACROSS THE THREE TASKS WAS FROM

2658
02:03:31,480 --> 02:03:32,560
YOUNG HEALTHY MICE.

2659
02:03:32,560 --> 02:03:37,480
WHEN WE RECORDED FROM OLDER 

2660
02:03:37,480 --> 02:03:40,200
MICE, 1 YEAR OLD, THE SAME TASK,

2661
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:42,480
PRELIMINARY DATA, SO STILL NOT

2662
02:03:42,480 --> 02:03:45,120
FINAL, BUT WE SEE FIRST HIGHER

2663
02:03:45,120 --> 02:03:47,200
ACTIVITY LEVELS FOR ALL TASKS.

2664
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:52,200
WE GET MORE RED SIGNAL FROM

2665
02:03:52,200 --> 02:04:01,080
CAMPARI, RED TO GREEN RATIO

2666
02:04:01,080 --> 02:04:01,320
INCREASES.

2667
02:04:01,320 --> 02:04:04,280
WHEN WE TEST IN OLD MICE THAT

2668
02:04:04,280 --> 02:04:06,000
ALSO EXPRESS HUMAN TAU GENE SO

2669
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:10,280
THEY ARE SUFFERING FROM SOME TAU

2670
02:04:10,280 --> 02:04:11,680
PATHOLOGIES, SIMILAR TO

2671
02:04:11,680 --> 02:04:12,680
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATHOLOGIES,

2672
02:04:12,680 --> 02:04:16,080
WE SEE THAT IN ADDITION TO

2673
02:04:16,080 --> 02:04:19,840
HIGHER ACTIVITY LEVELS, THE FEAR

2674
02:04:19,840 --> 02:04:20,440
CONDITIONING TASK ALSO SHOWS

2675
02:04:20,440 --> 02:04:22,160
HIGHER ACTIVITY LEVEL THAN THE

2676
02:04:22,160 --> 02:04:24,480
OTHER GROUPS, AND NOW IT'S

2677
02:04:24,480 --> 02:04:27,760
SIMILAR TO THE NOVEL OBJECT

2678
02:04:27,760 --> 02:04:28,400
RECOGNITION.

2679
02:04:28,400 --> 02:04:30,320
WE NEED TO DIG FURTHER AND WE

2680
02:04:30,320 --> 02:04:32,760
HAVE MORE DATA TO RECORD THAN TO

2681
02:04:32,760 --> 02:04:34,640
ALIGN WITH BEHAVIORAL DATA, BUT

2682
02:04:34,640 --> 02:04:36,320
THAT'S VERY INTERESTING IF YOU

2683
02:04:36,320 --> 02:04:38,560
CONSIDER THAT SOME OF THE

2684
02:04:38,560 --> 02:04:45,120
PATHOLOGIES MIGHT BE MEMORY

2685
02:04:45,120 --> 02:04:45,480
DEFICITS.

2686
02:04:45,480 --> 02:04:50,000
THEY MIGHT FORGET FASTER THE 

2687
02:04:50,000 --> 02:04:51,120
FEAR CONDITIONING PART AND MOVE

2688
02:04:51,120 --> 02:04:53,640
TO NOVEL OBJECT.

2689
02:04:53,640 --> 02:05:01,280
I HOPE THAT TO TALK MORE IN

2690
02:05:01,280 --> 02:05:02,360
FUTURE TALKS.

2691
02:05:02,360 --> 02:05:04,000
STILL PLANNING TO RECORD FROM

2692
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:06,720
OLDER AND MIDDLE AGE MICE AND

2693
02:05:06,720 --> 02:05:09,120
CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE AFFECTING

2694
02:05:09,120 --> 02:05:10,360
BRAIN ACTIVITY LIKE DIFFERENT

2695
02:05:10,360 --> 02:05:11,440
DIET OR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.

2696
02:05:11,440 --> 02:05:13,840
OF COURSE WE ALL WANT TO TEST

2697
02:05:13,840 --> 02:05:14,720
HOW TREATMENT WORKS.

2698
02:05:14,720 --> 02:05:15,840
IF THERE ARE EFFICIENT

2699
02:05:15,840 --> 02:05:17,520
TREATMENTS WE WANT TO SEE IF

2700
02:05:17,520 --> 02:05:20,480
THEY CAN PERFECT THE NEURON

2701
02:05:20,480 --> 02:05:20,760
CIRCUITRY.

2702
02:05:20,760 --> 02:05:23,560
WITH THAT I CONCLUDE.

2703
02:05:23,560 --> 02:05:34,280
I THANK DR. DAS AND MY LAB

2704
02:05:34,280 --> 02:05:39,600
MEMBERS, DR. RABER AND HOLDEN

2705
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:41,280
AND SCHREITER AND FUNDING

2706
02:05:41,280 --> 02:05:42,080
SOURCES.

2707
02:05:42,080 --> 02:05:43,880
>> THANK YOU, DR. DANA.

2708
02:05:43,880 --> 02:05:54,080
OUR LAST SPEAKER TODAY IS

2709
02:05:54,080 --> 02:05:56,160
VIVIANA GRADINARU, 2021 AAAS

2710
02:05:56,160 --> 02:05:58,400
FELLOW, PH.D. FROM STANFORD

2711
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:00,240
UNIVERSITY, BACHELOR'S FROM CAL

2712
02:06:00,240 --> 02:06:02,400
TECH, PROFESSOR OF NEUROSCIENCE

2713
02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:04,280
IN BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING,

2714
02:06:04,280 --> 02:06:06,960
DIRECTOR OF CENTER FOR MOLECULAR

2715
02:06:06,960 --> 02:06:29,680
NEUROSCIENCE AT CHEN INSTITUTE 

2716
02:06:29,680 --> 02:06:30,880
AT CAL TECH.

2717
02:06:30,880 --> 02:06:36,320
SHE IS A CO-FOUNDER AND BOARD

2718
02:06:36,320 --> 02:06:37,200
MEMBER OF CAPSIDDA

2719
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:39,280
BIOTHERAPEUTICS, A GENE THERAPY

2720
02:06:39,280 --> 02:06:41,240
COMPANY, RECEIVED AMONGST MANY

2721
02:06:41,240 --> 02:06:43,640
HONORS THE NIH DIRECTOR'S

2722
02:06:43,640 --> 02:06:45,400
INNOVATOR AND PIONEER AWARDS,

2723
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:47,480
PRESIDENTIAL EARLY CAREER AWARD

2724
02:06:47,480 --> 02:06:49,080
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS,

2725
02:06:49,080 --> 02:06:50,280
OUTSTANDING YOUNG INVESTIGATOR

2726
02:06:50,280 --> 02:06:51,480
AWARDS FROM BOTH AMERICAN

2727
02:06:51,480 --> 02:06:53,960
SOCIETY OF GENE AND CELL THERAPY

2728
02:06:53,960 --> 02:06:56,200
AND SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE.

2729
02:06:56,200 --> 02:07:04,280
SHE'S BEEN HONORED AT A WORLD 

2730
02:07:04,280 --> 02:07:07,160
ECONOMIC FORUM YOUNG SCIENTIST.

2731
02:07:07,160 --> 02:07:09,880
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2732
02:07:09,880 --> 02:07:10,840
I'M ON NEUROTECHNOLOGYIST, TODAY

2733
02:07:10,840 --> 02:07:12,880
I'M EXCITED TO PUT THE TOOLS

2734
02:07:12,880 --> 02:07:14,800
WE'VE BEEN DEVELOPING WITH MY

2735
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:17,480
GROUP OF CAL TECH AND

2736
02:07:17,480 --> 02:07:19,240
COLLABORATORS, IN THE SERVICE OF

2737
02:07:19,240 --> 02:07:20,680
INVESTIGATING THE BRAIN ACROSS

2738
02:07:20,680 --> 02:07:21,640
OF LIFESPAN.

2739
02:07:21,640 --> 02:07:26,880
IT WAS MENTIONED ALREADY THIS IS

2740
02:07:26,880 --> 02:07:28,080
MY SLIDE, THE BIG CHALLENGE

2741
02:07:28,080 --> 02:07:30,440
WE'RE DISCUSSING IS HOW TO

2742
02:07:30,440 --> 02:07:31,800
ACCESS THE BRAIN ACROSS THE

2743
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,080
LIFESPAN AND CHALLENGE I FOCUS

2744
02:07:34,080 --> 02:07:36,280
ON PARTICULARLY IS HOW CAN WE

2745
02:07:36,280 --> 02:07:40,000
TAKE MANY OF THE GENETIC TOOLS

2746
02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:42,160
YOU HEARD ABOUT, AND WONDERFUL

2747
02:07:42,160 --> 02:07:44,120
TO HEAR PROGRESS ON CAMPARI, WE

2748
02:07:44,120 --> 02:07:50,000
WERE EARLY ADOPTERS WHEN IT  IT

2749
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:57,480
CAME OUT AN POTENTIAL IS

2750
02:07:57,480 --> 02:07:57,800
AMAZING.

2751
02:07:57,800 --> 02:08:01,080
HOW CAN WE USE TOOLS IN ADULT

2752
02:08:01,080 --> 02:08:04,560
AND AGING BRAIN, EVEN MORE SO IN

2753
02:08:04,560 --> 02:08:05,760
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN,

2754
02:08:05,760 --> 02:08:06,520
SIGNIFICANT ANATOMICAL

2755
02:08:06,520 --> 02:08:09,120
CHALLENGES WITH THEM.

2756
02:08:09,120 --> 02:08:13,280
THE ADULT AND AGING BRITAIN 

2757
02:08:13,280 --> 02:08:16,800
BRAIN HAVE THE CHALLENGE OF

2758
02:08:16,800 --> 02:08:24,160
GETTING ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN

2759
02:08:24,160 --> 02:08:25,680
BARRIER AND PLACENTA, AND HAVE

2760
02:08:25,680 --> 02:08:26,960
DIFFERENT STATES FOR THESE

2761
02:08:26,960 --> 02:08:29,160
BARRIERS, SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT

2762
02:08:29,160 --> 02:08:31,800
TO MEASURE NOT ONLY ACROSS

2763
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:38,840
LIFESPAN BUT ALSO ACROSS DISEASE

2764
02:08:38,840 --> 02:08:39,080
STATES.

2765
02:08:39,080 --> 02:08:45,000
HOW DO WE GET ACCESS TO ONLY THE

2766
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:47,400
ONES WE WANT AND ONLY IN THE

2767
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:49,520
BRAIN REGIONS THAT NEED TO BE

2768
02:08:49,520 --> 02:08:53,120
MODULATED OR MEASURED.

2769
02:08:53,120 --> 02:08:56,800
AND HOW CAN WE DO THIS IN

2770
02:08:56,800 --> 02:08:59,280
NON-TRANSGENIC FASHION TO ENABLE

2771
02:08:59,280 --> 02:09:02,600
BEYOND TRANSGENIC MODELS, ACROSS

2772
02:09:02,600 --> 02:09:04,080
LIFESPAN.

2773
02:09:04,080 --> 02:09:05,280
AND THE MOTIVATION IS HIGH TO

2774
02:09:05,280 --> 02:09:06,960
SOLVE THE CHALLENGE BECAUSE THE

2775
02:09:06,960 --> 02:09:09,120
COMMUNITY OVER DECADES HAS

2776
02:09:09,120 --> 02:09:20,880
CREATED MANY WONDERFUL TOOLS YOU

2777
02:09:20,880 --> 02:09:22,160
ALREADY HEARD ABOUT.

2778
02:09:22,160 --> 02:09:28,040
ALSO TOOLS THAT CAN ALLOW ONE TO

2779
02:09:28,040 --> 02:09:29,320
GENETICALLY PROBE TO MEASURE AND

2780
02:09:29,320 --> 02:09:38,240
RIGHT  INACTIVITY.

2781
02:09:38,240 --> 02:09:39,680
HOW DO WE TAKE THE WONDERFUL

2782
02:09:39,680 --> 02:09:42,480
TOOLS AND MAKE GOOD USE OF THEM

2783
02:09:42,480 --> 02:09:45,960
FROM THE SMALL AND

2784
02:09:45,960 --> 02:09:48,040
TRANSGENICALLY AMENABLE MOUSE

2785
02:09:48,040 --> 02:09:49,680
BRAIN TO THE LARGER

2786
02:09:49,680 --> 02:09:51,080
NON-TRANSGENIC BIG BRAINS, IN

2787
02:09:51,080 --> 02:09:59,120
ORDER TO HAVE A CHANCE AT

2788
02:09:59,120 --> 02:10:03,480
UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX BEHAVIORS.

2789
02:10:03,480 --> 02:10:04,080
WE'RE ENCOUNTERING CHALLENGES

2790
02:10:04,080 --> 02:10:06,560
AROUND DELIVERY OF GENES AND

2791
02:10:06,560 --> 02:10:07,680
PHOTONS, THE MORE CHALLENGES YOU

2792
02:10:07,680 --> 02:10:10,280
HAVE AS YOU HEARD IN THIS

2793
02:10:10,280 --> 02:10:11,280
SECTION ALREADY.

2794
02:10:11,280 --> 02:10:14,960
AND FOR THIS WE HAVE TO

2795
02:10:14,960 --> 02:10:15,760
REENGINEER SOME OF THE

2796
02:10:15,760 --> 02:10:17,840
OPTOGENETIC TOOLS AND ALSO

2797
02:10:17,840 --> 02:10:19,240
ENGINEER SOME GENE DELIVERY

2798
02:10:19,240 --> 02:10:21,080
TOOLS IN ORDER TO PAIR THEM AND,

2799
02:10:21,080 --> 02:10:24,640
FOR EXAMPLE, TO BE ABLE TO

2800
02:10:24,640 --> 02:10:27,360
ACHIEVE DELIVERY OF HIGH

2801
02:10:27,360 --> 02:10:29,640
CONDUCTIVITY AC SENSE THAT

2802
02:10:29,640 --> 02:10:31,840
METHODS THAT CAN HAVE BROAD

2803
02:10:31,840 --> 02:10:33,680
REACHING COVERAGE AND LOOK

2804
02:10:33,680 --> 02:10:35,200
ACROSS LIFESPAN.

2805
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:37,400
MOST SPECIFICALLY, IN TERMS OF

2806
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:40,320
GENE DELIVERY, THERE ARE A FEW

2807
02:10:40,320 --> 02:10:40,560
WISHES.

2808
02:10:40,560 --> 02:10:42,080
THAT DEPENDS ON APPLICATION AND

2809
02:10:42,080 --> 02:10:53,480
DEPENDS ON THE RESEARCH QUESTION

2810
02:10:53,480 --> 02:10:54,360
AT HAND.

2811
02:10:54,360 --> 02:10:57,600
WHILE HAVING ABILITY TO BE

2812
02:10:57,600 --> 02:10:59,280
HIGHLY CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC FOR

2813
02:10:59,280 --> 02:11:02,160
DIFFERENT SUBNEURONAL TYPES AND

2814
02:11:02,160 --> 02:11:03,160
ALSO NON-NEURONAL CELL TYPES,

2815
02:11:03,160 --> 02:11:06,880
ABUNDANT AND VERY IMPORTANT IN

2816
02:11:06,880 --> 02:11:08,480
BRAIN PROCESSING, ALSO EQUALLY

2817
02:11:08,480 --> 02:11:10,400
IMPORTANT IS CIRCUIT BASED

2818
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:16,040
PROJECTION OR TARGETING, GENETIC

2819
02:11:16,040 --> 02:11:19,160
TARGETING BASED ON CIRCUITRY,

2820
02:11:19,160 --> 02:11:20,080
RETROGRADE TRANSPORT, WE ARE

2821
02:11:20,080 --> 02:11:23,680
ABLE TO DO THIS IN OUR FIELD

2822
02:11:23,680 --> 02:11:25,680
WITH DIFFERENT ROUTES OF

2823
02:11:25,680 --> 02:11:33,280
ADMINISTRATION, WHETHER IT'S

2824
02:11:33,280 --> 02:11:34,680
THROUGH VENTRICLES OR INJECTION,

2825
02:11:34,680 --> 02:11:38,280
OR DELIVER THINGS DIRECTLY TO

2826
02:11:38,280 --> 02:11:44,280
THE TISSUE THROUGHOUT THE

2827
02:11:44,280 --> 02:11:47,600
MAMMALIAN BODY WITH INCREASING

2828
02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:50,400
LEVELS FROM RODENTS TO NON-HUMAN

2829
02:11:50,400 --> 02:11:52,280
PRIMATE.

2830
02:11:52,280 --> 02:11:56,480
ONE VECTOR OF CHOICE FOR GENE

2831
02:11:56,480 --> 02:12:00,680
DELIVERY HAS BEEN THE VECTOR

2832
02:12:00,680 --> 02:12:03,480
THAT WE KNOW A LOT ABOUT ITS

2833
02:12:03,480 --> 02:12:05,240
BIOLOGY AND FUNCTION, BENEFITING

2834
02:12:05,240 --> 02:12:09,480
FROM FIVE DECADES OF RESEARCH,

2835
02:12:09,480 --> 02:12:11,680
BASIC DISCOVERY TO TODAY WHERE

2836
02:12:11,680 --> 02:12:14,720
FORTUNATELY NOT ONLY IS THE AAV

2837
02:12:14,720 --> 02:12:17,480
APPROVED AS VECTOR TO IMPROVE

2838
02:12:17,480 --> 02:12:21,400
DISEASE OUTCOME AND IF I MAY SAY

2839
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:29,920
EVEN CURE  MONOGENIC DISORDERS,

2840
02:12:29,920 --> 02:12:35,640
HAS GREAT  POTENTIAL IF WE'RE

2841
02:12:35,640 --> 02:12:36,880
FOCUSED ON CRITICAL MISSING

2842
02:12:36,880 --> 02:12:38,920
POINTS AROUND GENE DELIVERY TO

2843
02:12:38,920 --> 02:12:42,000
THE BRAIN ARE STILL AFFECTING

2844
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:46,680
US, AND ONE BIG DIFFICULTY IS

2845
02:12:46,680 --> 02:12:48,360
HAVING EXPRESSION THROUGHOUT

2846
02:12:48,360 --> 02:12:50,680
NON-TRANSGENIC BRAIN, AS A

2847
02:12:50,680 --> 02:12:52,960
REMINDER AND SPEAKERS HAVE

2848
02:12:52,960 --> 02:12:53,840
MENTIONED THIS MODALITY

2849
02:12:53,840 --> 02:12:56,000
THROUGHOUT THE WORKSHOP WE CAN

2850
02:12:56,000 --> 02:13:01,160
DO THE DIRECTION DELIVERY AND

2851
02:13:01,160 --> 02:13:03,160
THIS CAN HAVE -- FOR SOME

2852
02:13:03,160 --> 02:13:05,440
APPLICATIONS IT'S ADEQUATE.

2853
02:13:05,440 --> 02:13:08,640
IF ONE DESIRES BROAD HOMOGENOUS

2854
02:13:08,640 --> 02:13:10,800
COVERAGE WITH CELL TYPE

2855
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:12,520
SPECIFICITY IT'S DIFFICULT TO

2856
02:13:12,520 --> 02:13:14,480
TAKE FROM THE MOUSE BRAIN, HERE

2857
02:13:14,480 --> 02:13:16,920
IS DIFFUSION YOU OBTAIN IN A

2858
02:13:16,920 --> 02:13:19,080
MOUSE BRAIN, SCALE UP TO

2859
02:13:19,080 --> 02:13:20,640
INCREASINGLY LARGER BRAINS.

2860
02:13:20,640 --> 02:13:23,680
ONE WAY TO BYPASS THIS CHALLENGE

2861
02:13:23,680 --> 02:13:25,880
IS INSTEAD OF DIRECT

2862
02:13:25,880 --> 02:13:28,400
INTRACRANIAL DELIVERY TO ACCESS

2863
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,800
VASCULATURE TO DELIVER SUCH

2864
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:33,080
CAPSIDS THAT PACKAGE WITH THE

2865
02:13:33,080 --> 02:13:37,120
GENE OF INTEREST AND GENE

2866
02:13:37,120 --> 02:13:38,000
REGULATORY AMOUNTS FOR

2867
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:42,880
SPECIFICITY TO DELIVER THROUGH

2868
02:13:42,880 --> 02:13:44,800
BLOODSTREAM AND ACCESS VIA THIS

2869
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:47,080
ROUTE WITH BROAD COVERAGE ORGANS

2870
02:13:47,080 --> 02:13:50,000
OF INTEREST INCLUDING THE BRAIN.

2871
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:51,640
THE CHALLENGE UNLIKE HEART OR

2872
02:13:51,640 --> 02:13:54,120
MUSCLE, THE BRAIN IS PROTECTED

2873
02:13:54,120 --> 02:13:57,320
BY THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER,

2874
02:13:57,320 --> 02:14:04,040
DIFFICULT TO GET RESEARCH TOOLS

2875
02:14:04,040 --> 02:14:05,280
OR THERAPIES.

2876
02:14:05,280 --> 02:14:06,880
ONE APPROACH INSPIRED FROM WORK

2877
02:14:06,880 --> 02:14:09,920
FROM DR. ARNOLD THAT PIONEERED

2878
02:14:09,920 --> 02:14:11,880
DIRECT EVOLUTION WAS TO USE

2879
02:14:11,880 --> 02:14:14,880
DIRECTED EVOLUTION ON THE AAV

2880
02:14:14,880 --> 02:14:17,480
CAPSID AND DIVERSIFY THE AAV

2881
02:14:17,480 --> 02:14:19,560
CAPSID SURFACE IN ORDER TO

2882
02:14:19,560 --> 02:14:22,280
RENDER PROPERTIES OR CREATE NEW

2883
02:14:22,280 --> 02:14:24,600
INTERACTIONS THAT MIGHT MEDIATE

2884
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:26,320
CROSSING THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

2885
02:14:26,320 --> 02:14:30,120
IN MAMMALS.

2886
02:14:30,120 --> 02:14:31,480
THIS APPROACH IS QUITE

2887
02:14:31,480 --> 02:14:32,320
ENGINEERING FOCUSED BECAUSE WE

2888
02:14:32,320 --> 02:14:36,920
DEAL WITH VERY LARGE NUMBER OF

2889
02:14:36,920 --> 02:14:40,080
VARIANTS AND I GUESS INCOMPLETE

2890
02:14:40,080 --> 02:14:41,680
BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE, AND LOW

2891
02:14:41,680 --> 02:14:43,920
COVERAGE, YOU HAVE TO COMBINE

2892
02:14:43,920 --> 02:14:45,440
THE HIGH-THROUGHPUT OF DIRECT

2893
02:14:45,440 --> 02:14:52,440
EVOLUTION WITH INTENSE DATA

2894
02:14:52,440 --> 02:14:53,960
SCIENCE, AND NARROW DOWN

2895
02:14:53,960 --> 02:14:55,600
THEORETICAL LIBRARY PUT INTO THE

2896
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:57,800
SYSTEM IN A WAY THAT ALLOWS ONE

2897
02:14:57,800 --> 02:15:02,400
TO SELECT A FEW CAPSIDS WITH

2898
02:15:02,400 --> 02:15:04,240
DESIRED PROPERTIES THAT CAN

2899
02:15:04,240 --> 02:15:07,400
PERFORM DESIRED TASKS SUCH AS

2900
02:15:07,400 --> 02:15:08,920
CROSSING BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

2901
02:15:08,920 --> 02:15:12,760
AAV 9 HAS A WEAK PERFORMANCE

2902
02:15:12,760 --> 02:15:14,160
CROSSING THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

2903
02:15:14,160 --> 02:15:16,280
IN ADULT BRAIN, IMPORTANT IN

2904
02:15:16,280 --> 02:15:17,280
CONTEXT OF THE WORKSHOP, I HAVE

2905
02:15:17,280 --> 02:15:21,320
TO MENTION AND GIVE CREDIT TOE

2906
02:15:21,320 --> 02:15:23,880
AAV9, AN APPROVED GENE THERAPY

2907
02:15:23,880 --> 02:15:28,000
DELIVERED IN CHILDREN TO DELIVER

2908
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:33,080
THE SMN GENE TO IMPROVE OUTCOME

2909
02:15:33,080 --> 02:15:35,840
FOR SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY.

2910
02:15:35,840 --> 02:15:40,360
IT CROSSES THE BLOOD-BRAIN 

2911
02:15:40,360 --> 02:15:44,000
BARRIER IN NEONATES WITH GOOD

2912
02:15:44,000 --> 02:15:44,880
COVERAGE.

2913
02:15:44,880 --> 02:15:48,000
AS THE ORGANISM MATURES, IT DID

2914
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:50,280
NOT CROSS AS EFFICIENTLY.

2915
02:15:50,280 --> 02:15:52,440
THE PERFORMANCE OF GENE DELIVERY

2916
02:15:52,440 --> 02:15:53,720
VECTORS ACROSS LIFESPAN IS A

2917
02:15:53,720 --> 02:15:55,560
VERY IMPORTANT VARIABLE.

2918
02:15:55,560 --> 02:15:58,480
IN THIS CASE IN ADULT BRAIN UPON

2919
02:15:58,480 --> 02:16:00,080
ENGINEERING THROUGH DIRECT

2920
02:16:00,080 --> 02:16:02,520
EVOLUTION YOU CAN OBTAIN

2921
02:16:02,520 --> 02:16:04,400
INCREASINGLY BETTER VECTORS THAT

2922
02:16:04,400 --> 02:16:11,480
CAN DELIVER GENES WITH SIMPLE

2923
02:16:11,480 --> 02:16:12,400
BLOODSTREAM INJECTION.

2924
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,000
ONLY THE CAPSID IS MODIFIED, YOU

2925
02:16:15,000 --> 02:16:19,680
CAN BE CREATIVE WITH CARGO AND

2926
02:16:19,680 --> 02:16:21,280
CAN PACKAGE SENSORS OR

2927
02:16:21,280 --> 02:16:22,600
MORPHOLOGY LABELS WITH GENE

2928
02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:24,040
REGULATORY ELEMENTS TO GET

2929
02:16:24,040 --> 02:16:28,280
ACCESS TO DIFFERENT CELL TYPES

2930
02:16:28,280 --> 02:16:29,840
AND SUBTYPES TO MAMMALIAN BRAIN,

2931
02:16:29,840 --> 02:16:31,480
HERE I'M SHOW THE MOUSE BRAIN.

2932
02:16:31,480 --> 02:16:33,440
FURTHERMORE YOU CAN USE

2933
02:16:33,440 --> 02:16:36,160
COMBINED, FOR EXAMPLE, TWO VIRAL

2934
02:16:36,160 --> 02:16:39,320
VECTOR APPROACHES TO MIMIC THE

2935
02:16:39,320 --> 02:16:43,040
GOLGI-TYPE LABELING, IMPORTANTLY

2936
02:16:43,040 --> 02:16:45,040
IN THIS CASE SURRENDERING

2937
02:16:45,040 --> 02:16:48,160
GENETIC INFORMATION.

2938
02:16:48,160 --> 02:16:49,000
DELIVERINGFLUORESCENT PROTEINS

2939
02:16:49,000 --> 02:16:52,080
IN A SYSTEM TO ALLOW ONE TO

2940
02:16:52,080 --> 02:16:54,840
COMBINE TISSUE CLEARING OF THE

2941
02:16:54,840 --> 02:16:58,160
MOUSE BRAIN, CAN NOW ALLOW ONE 

2942
02:16:58,160 --> 02:17:00,640
TO TRACE THE MORPHOLOGIES OF

2943
02:17:00,640 --> 02:17:03,080
CELLS THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN AND

2944
02:17:03,080 --> 02:17:07,200
IN A WAY ONE CAN CONTROL DENSITY

2945
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:17,720
OF LABELS BECAUSE IT BECOMES

2946
02:17:17,720 --> 02:17:19,480
VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO

2947
02:17:19,480 --> 02:17:21,640
RECONSTITUTE MORPHOLOGIES OF

2948
02:17:21,640 --> 02:17:25,600
SCALE AND ONE MIGHT WANT TO

2949
02:17:25,600 --> 02:17:27,520
DELIVER ACTUATORS TO AFFECT

2950
02:17:27,520 --> 02:17:29,600
NEURAL ACTIVITY AND ULTIMATELY

2951
02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:29,880
BEHAVIOR.

2952
02:17:29,880 --> 02:17:34,880
WITH SYSTEMIC DELIVERY IT'S

2953
02:17:34,880 --> 02:17:38,120
WORTH NOTING THERE'S FEWER COPY

2954
02:17:38,120 --> 02:17:40,680
NUMBERS.

2955
02:17:40,680 --> 02:17:43,880
CAN YOU DELIVER ENOUGH CHEMO

2956
02:17:43,880 --> 02:17:53,680
GENETIC OR OPT GENETIC TOOLS TO 

2957
02:17:53,680 --> 02:17:57,520
HAVE A PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECT?

2958
02:17:57,520 --> 02:17:59,960
IN AN ANIMAL WHERE WE HAVE THE

2959
02:17:59,960 --> 02:18:03,920
BENEFITS, IN MOUSE MODEL IN A 

2960
02:18:03,920 --> 02:18:05,680
HAS BENEFITS OF TARGETING

2961
02:18:05,680 --> 02:18:09,360
DOPAMINERGIC CELLS, YOU CAN SEE 

2962
02:18:09,360 --> 02:18:13,480
IN THE VIDEO WITH CHEMICAL

2963
02:18:13,480 --> 02:18:14,000
LIGAND HYPERLOCOMOTORRING

2964
02:18:14,000 --> 02:18:18,600
ANIMAL, WITH THE CONTROL

2965
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:20,680
LOCOMOTION IS BASELINE.

2966
02:18:20,680 --> 02:18:24,040
YOU CAN USE NON-INVASIVE WAY TO

2967
02:18:24,040 --> 02:18:24,720
MODULATE BEHAVIOR IN GENETICALLY

2968
02:18:24,720 --> 02:18:27,360
SPECIFIC FASHION.

2969
02:18:27,360 --> 02:18:30,400
THIS TASK WAS HARDER

2970
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:31,400
FOREOPTOGENETICS, WE WERE

2971
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:33,040
MOTIVATED TO MAKE SYSTEMIC

2972
02:18:33,040 --> 02:18:36,200
DELIVERY WORK FOR THE BENEFITS I

2973
02:18:36,200 --> 02:18:38,840
DESCRIBED BEFORE.

2974
02:18:38,840 --> 02:18:40,360
HOWEVER, CONDUCTIVITY OF EARLIER

2975
02:18:40,360 --> 02:18:44,400
OPSINS WAS NOT HIGH ENOUGH TO

2976
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:46,000
MATCH THE LOWER MULTIPLICITY

2977
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:48,080
WITH SYSTEMIC DELIVERY.

2978
02:18:48,080 --> 02:18:55,720
WHAT WE DID IN ORDER TO ADVANCE

2979
02:18:55,720 --> 02:18:58,800
USE OF OPTOGENETIC SENSORS WAS

2980
02:18:58,800 --> 02:19:00,880
ENGINEER TO INCREASE

2981
02:19:00,880 --> 02:19:02,920
CONDUCTIVITY, USING A SIMILAR

2982
02:19:02,920 --> 02:19:05,600
APPROACH FOR AAV, DIRECT

2983
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:13,040
EVOLUTION, BUT HAD TO COUPLE

2984
02:19:13,040 --> 02:19:14,800
WITH MACHINE LEARNING, PATCH

2985
02:19:14,800 --> 02:19:17,040
CLAMP OR MEASURE CURRENTS VERY

2986
02:19:17,040 --> 02:19:17,920
LOW THROUGHPUT WHILE DIRECT

2987
02:19:17,920 --> 02:19:20,560
EVOLUTION IS HIGH-THROUGHPUT SO

2988
02:19:20,560 --> 02:19:22,240
WE NEEDED DATA APPROACH TO

2989
02:19:22,240 --> 02:19:25,720
BRIDGE MODALITIES WHERE WE WOULD

2990
02:19:25,720 --> 02:19:27,240
GENERATE COMPLEXITY FROM PARENT

2991
02:19:27,240 --> 02:19:32,880
OPSINS AND MEASURE ONLY A SUBSET

2992
02:19:32,880 --> 02:19:34,400
OF RESULTING VARIANTS LOCALIZING

2993
02:19:34,400 --> 02:19:35,600
THROUGH PLASMA MEMBRANE AND

2994
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:40,080
LEARN FROM DATA AND PREDICT ON

2995
02:19:40,080 --> 02:19:42,640
THE SPACE THAT'S BEYOND SINGLE

2996
02:19:42,640 --> 02:19:48,880
CELL PATCHING PROBABILITIES, AND

2997
02:19:48,880 --> 02:19:51,280
THROUGH THIS PROCESS A FORMER

2998
02:19:51,280 --> 02:19:52,840
GRADUATE STUDENT FOUND OPSINS

2999
02:19:52,840 --> 02:19:53,880
WITH HIGHER CONDUCTIVITY.

3000
02:19:53,880 --> 02:20:00,080
YOU CAN SEE WITH DIRECTION

3001
02:20:00,080 --> 02:20:01,080
INJECTION PERFORMANCE OF

3002
02:20:01,080 --> 02:20:03,800
CHANNELRHODOPSIN AND PERFORMANCE

3003
02:20:03,800 --> 02:20:05,880
OF OPSINS THAT CLAIRE GENERATED

3004
02:20:05,880 --> 02:20:07,680
WITH DIRECT EVOLUTION AND

3005
02:20:07,680 --> 02:20:10,120
MACHINE LEARNING.

3006
02:20:10,120 --> 02:20:11,600
CONDUCTIVITY OF THESE ADVANCED

3007
02:20:11,600 --> 02:20:13,560
OPSINS SHE CALLED THEM CHARGERS

3008
02:20:13,560 --> 02:20:17,160
IS HIGH ENOUGH SO THEY HAVE VERY

3009
02:20:17,160 --> 02:20:18,920
GOOD PERFORMANCE WITH DELIVERY,

3010
02:20:18,920 --> 02:20:24,040
TESTED IN A BEHAVIORAL CONTEXT

3011
02:20:24,040 --> 02:20:26,280
BY PACKAGING IMPROVED HIGHER

3012
02:20:26,280 --> 02:20:27,320
CONDUCTIVITY OPSIN CHARGER TOOL

3013
02:20:27,320 --> 02:20:30,120
IN A CAPSID THAT I PRESENTED

3014
02:20:30,120 --> 02:20:33,120
BEFORE THAT'S DELIVERED TO THE

3015
02:20:33,120 --> 02:20:34,320
BLOODSTREAM OF A WILDTYPE MOUSE.

3016
02:20:34,320 --> 02:20:39,240
THEN YOU CAN HAVE THE OPSIN

3017
02:20:39,240 --> 02:20:39,760
DISTRIBUTION NON-INVASIVE

3018
02:20:39,760 --> 02:20:41,880
THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN AND IN

3019
02:20:41,880 --> 02:20:48,400
ORDER TO ACTIVATE CELLS CLAIRE

3020
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:52,040
AND ELLIOTT, DR. ROBINSON HAS

3021
02:20:52,040 --> 02:20:54,520
HIS OWN HOW, THEY THINNED THE

3022
02:20:54,520 --> 02:20:56,360
SKULL, APPLIED THE LIGHT, WERE

3023
02:20:56,360 --> 02:20:59,240
ABLE TO AFFECT LOCOMOTION IN THE

3024
02:20:59,240 --> 02:21:00,080
WILDTYPE MOUSE WITHOUT ANY

3025
02:21:00,080 --> 02:21:03,920
BREAKING OF THE SKILL OR ANY --

3026
02:21:03,920 --> 02:21:13,560
THROUGH THE BRAIN PARENCHYMA.

3027
02:21:13,560 --> 02:21:18,120
WHEN ONE CONTROLS BEE  --

3028
02:21:18,120 --> 02:21:20,000
BEHAVIOR, IF THE INTENTION IS

3029
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:26,080
THE BRAIN AND DELIVERY SYSTEMIC,

3030
02:21:26,080 --> 02:21:28,200
THERE STILL BE CO-FOUND FROM

3031
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:29,200
OTHER ORGANS, IMPORTANT TO

3032
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:36,000
HIGHLIGHT BECAUSE WE WORKED WITH

3033
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:37,840
STANFORD TO LABEL ENGINEERED

3034
02:21:37,840 --> 02:21:41,520
CAPSIDS WITH PET REPORTERS THAT

3035
02:21:41,520 --> 02:21:42,640
ALLOWED US TO SEE

3036
02:21:42,640 --> 02:21:45,480
BIODISTRIBUTION OF PARENT

3037
02:21:45,480 --> 02:21:48,080
CAPSIDS AND ENGINEERED CAPSIDS,

3038
02:21:48,080 --> 02:21:50,880
WHILE AAV9 SHOWS VERY LITTLE

3039
02:21:50,880 --> 02:21:57,280
PRESENCE IN RODENT BRAIN, EVEN A

3040
02:21:57,280 --> 02:21:59,200
DAY AFTER DELIVERY, PHP.EB WAS

3041
02:21:59,200 --> 02:22:04,320
STRONG IN THE BRAIN, STRONG 

3042
02:22:04,320 --> 02:22:06,760
EXPRESSION IN HEART, LIVER,

3043
02:22:06,760 --> 02:22:08,600
OTHER ORGANS, IMPORTANT TOOL TO

3044
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:10,880
CONTINUALLY WORK ON REFINING

3045
02:22:10,880 --> 02:22:12,480
SELECTIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF

3046
02:22:12,480 --> 02:22:19,240
SUCH GENE DELIVERY METHODS. 

3047
02:22:19,240 --> 02:22:22,920
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS WE

3048
02:22:22,920 --> 02:22:25,480
PERFORMED THE SELECTIONS IN

3049
02:22:25,480 --> 02:22:27,920
PARALLEL IN PRE-TRANSGENIC MICE,

3050
02:22:27,920 --> 02:22:31,760
APPLIED DEPENDING ON THE CRE

3051
02:22:31,760 --> 02:22:33,200
RECOMBINATION WAS EXPRESSED,

3052
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:34,200
APPLY PRESSURE FOR POSITIVE

3053
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:35,880
SELECTION, FOR EXAMPLE, TO

3054
02:22:35,880 --> 02:22:37,480
TARGET DIFFERENT CELL TYPES

3055
02:22:37,480 --> 02:22:38,880
WITHIN THE BRAIN OR NEGATIVE

3056
02:22:38,880 --> 02:22:41,000
SELECTION, TO STAY AWAY FROM THE

3057
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:43,440
LIVER OR HEART, AND BY LOOKING

3058
02:22:43,440 --> 02:22:50,720
AT THE MOTIFS OF THE CAPSIDS,

3059
02:22:50,720 --> 02:22:53,720
PEPTIDE CHANGES, WE WOULD LOOK

3060
02:22:53,720 --> 02:22:55,280
AT CHANGES IN MOTIF FOR POSITIVE

3061
02:22:55,280 --> 02:22:56,680
AND NEGATIVE SELECTION, THIS

3062
02:22:56,680 --> 02:23:00,040
RESULTS IN QUITE LARGE DATASET

3063
02:23:00,040 --> 02:23:02,600
BUT THEY BECOME DOWNSTREAM ONCE

3064
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:09,360
YOU BREAK DOWN INTO PATTERNS AND

3065
02:23:09,360 --> 02:23:11,720
CLASH ON MOTIFS IN DIFFERENT

3066
02:23:11,720 --> 02:23:15,160
SPECIES, AND THIS PROCESS

3067
02:23:15,160 --> 02:23:23,040
ALLOWED US TO SYSTEMATICALLY

3068
02:23:23,040 --> 02:23:27,520
EXTRACT CAPSIDS PSYCHOTROPIC OR 

3069
02:23:27,520 --> 02:23:34,200
BIASED, SOME NOT SPECIFIC, SUCH

3070
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:39,680
AS PHP.N, WORTH NOTING PATTERNS

3071
02:23:39,680 --> 02:23:41,880
ARE OBTAINED WITH UBIQUITINNOUS

3072
02:23:41,880 --> 02:23:42,960
PROMOTERS, IN TERMS OF

3073
02:23:42,960 --> 02:23:46,120
MORPHOLOGY OF CELL TIMES IS DUE

3074
02:23:46,120 --> 02:23:55,280
TO CAPSID AND NOT GENE 

3075
02:23:55,280 --> 02:23:56,680
REGULATORY ELEMENTS.

3076
02:23:56,680 --> 02:23:57,600
WITH SINGLE CELL SEQUENCING,

3077
02:23:57,600 --> 02:24:02,720
THERE'S METHODS FOR BOTH NOW, WE

3078
02:24:02,720 --> 02:24:06,680
CAN COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT

3079
02:24:06,680 --> 02:24:08,720
SPECIFICITY ABOUT VECTORS, THE

3080
02:24:08,720 --> 02:24:11,680
COMBINATION OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT

3081
02:24:11,680 --> 02:24:14,200
DIRECTED EVOLUTION, INCREASINGLY

3082
02:24:14,200 --> 02:24:18,800
HIGH-THROUGHPUT ABILITY TO

3083
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:22,640
ANALYZE AND PROFILE ACT TO EXACT

3084
02:24:22,640 --> 02:24:23,920
CAPSIDS WITH INCREASINGLY

3085
02:24:23,920 --> 02:24:25,280
DESIRED PROTEINS SUCH AS

3086
02:24:25,280 --> 02:24:26,800
TARGETING MOUSE BRAIN FOR

3087
02:24:26,800 --> 02:24:27,920
SYSTEMIC DELIVERY YOU ABOUT

3088
02:24:27,920 --> 02:24:28,880
AVOID THE LIVER.

3089
02:24:28,880 --> 02:24:33,040
YOU CAN SEE THE PARENT, AAV 9,

3090
02:24:33,040 --> 02:24:42,880
PERFORMANCE IN THE BRAIN, WEAK,

3091
02:24:42,880 --> 02:24:46,240
INTERMEDIATE PHP.B CROSSING THE

3092
02:24:46,240 --> 02:24:48,080
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, A LOAD

3093
02:24:48,080 --> 02:24:52,280
COULD CAUSE UNWANTED SIDE 

3094
02:24:52,280 --> 02:24:53,200
EFFECTS, REQUIRING HIGHER DOSAGE

3095
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:56,040
FOR ANIMAL, TO A VARIANT THAT

3096
02:24:56,040 --> 02:24:59,680
CAN CROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN

3097
02:24:59,680 --> 02:25:01,160
BARRIER, IMPORTANTLY AVOIDING

3098
02:25:01,160 --> 02:25:02,080
PERIPHERAL TISSUES INCLUDING THE

3099
02:25:02,080 --> 02:25:02,800
LIVER HERE.

3100
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:05,560
IT'S WORTH NOTING IN THE CONTEXT

3101
02:25:05,560 --> 02:25:08,320
OF THE WORKSHOP BIOLOGICAL

3102
02:25:08,320 --> 02:25:11,040
VARIABLES ARE EXTREMELY

3103
02:25:11,040 --> 02:25:11,640
IMPORTANT.

3104
02:25:11,640 --> 02:25:13,880
AND IN THIS CASE I'M

3105
02:25:13,880 --> 02:25:15,160
ILLUSTRATING CAN MOUSE BRAIN

3106
02:25:15,160 --> 02:25:15,800
DIFFERENCE.

3107
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:22,720
YOU CAN SEE PERFORMANCE OF AAV 9

3108
02:25:22,720 --> 02:25:26,040
AND ENGINEERING PHP.B, DIFFERENT

3109
02:25:26,040 --> 02:25:28,640
STRAINS, CONTROLLED MOUSE

3110
02:25:28,640 --> 02:25:29,680
STRAINS, STRIKING DIFFERENCES

3111
02:25:29,680 --> 02:25:36,880
BETWEEN, FOR EXAMPLE, 57 BLACK 6

3112
02:25:36,880 --> 02:25:37,520
AND BALB/C.

3113
02:25:37,520 --> 02:25:42,800
A FEW LESSONS TO LEARN, ONE, THE

3114
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:44,200
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IS

3115
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:45,280
HETEROGENEOUS, EVEN ACROSS

3116
02:25:45,280 --> 02:25:47,120
DIFFERENT MOUSE STRAINS, SO IT

3117
02:25:47,120 --> 02:25:51,480
IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO 

3118
02:25:51,480 --> 02:25:53,880
CONSIDER BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

3119
02:25:53,880 --> 02:25:57,280
SUCH AS SEX, AGE, IN THIS CASE

3120
02:25:57,280 --> 02:25:58,800
GENETIC BACKGROUND OR IF I CAN

3121
02:25:58,800 --> 02:26:05,000
EXTEND IT, IN THE CONTEXT OF 

3122
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:05,880
HUMAN GENE THERAPY ANCESTRY.

3123
02:26:05,880 --> 02:26:08,640
THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT POINT

3124
02:26:08,640 --> 02:26:11,400
BUT ALSO BECAUSE YOU SEE THERE'S

3125
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:14,640
VERY CRISP PATTERNS GIVES US

3126
02:26:14,640 --> 02:26:15,760
MECHANISTIC INSIGHT, AND THIS

3127
02:26:15,760 --> 02:26:19,880
CAN ALLOW US TO BYPASS THIS

3128
02:26:19,880 --> 02:26:20,880
PROBLEM SYSTEMATICALLY AND

3129
02:26:20,880 --> 02:26:23,920
INDEED BY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT

3130
02:26:23,920 --> 02:26:25,680
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES, BEING

3131
02:26:25,680 --> 02:26:30,160
AWARE, ONE CAN BYPASS 

3132
02:26:30,160 --> 02:26:33,000
LIMITATIONS AND HAVE -- NOW,

3133
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:36,080
I'LL CLOSE SOON, WE HAVE CAPSIDS

3134
02:26:36,080 --> 02:26:37,720
TO COVER MOUSE STRAINS, AND EVEN

3135
02:26:37,720 --> 02:26:39,880
NON-HUMAN PRIMATE, THIS IS AN

3136
02:26:39,880 --> 02:26:42,280
EXAMPLE IN THE MARMOSET BRAIN

3137
02:26:42,280 --> 02:26:44,680
WHERE ENGINEERED AAVs TO

3138
02:26:44,680 --> 02:26:45,880
BLOODSTREAM DELIVERY CAN

3139
02:26:45,880 --> 02:26:47,440
EFFICIENTLY COVER THE MARMOSET

3140
02:26:47,440 --> 02:26:48,040
BRAIN.

3141
02:26:48,040 --> 02:26:51,000
IN MOST RECENT WORK WITH

3142
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:52,440
WONDERFUL COLLABORATORS FROM

3143
02:26:52,440 --> 02:26:54,960
DAVIS LED BY DR. DREW FOX, WE

3144
02:26:54,960 --> 02:26:56,400
WERE ABLE TO DELIVER GENES

3145
02:26:56,400 --> 02:26:59,080
ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

3146
02:26:59,080 --> 02:27:04,480
TO MACAQUE BRAIN,  NEONATE AND

3147
02:27:04,480 --> 02:27:09,120
INFANT MACAQUE BRAIN.

3148
02:27:09,120 --> 02:27:10,640
NON-TRANSGENIC PATTERN WE CAN

3149
02:27:10,640 --> 02:27:15,320
DELIVER MULTIPLE GENES ACROSS

3150
02:27:15,320 --> 02:27:17,880
MONTH OLD RHESUS MACAQUE, CAN

3151
02:27:17,880 --> 02:27:20,080
GOOD DISTRIBUTION BRAIN-WIDE,

3152
02:27:20,080 --> 02:27:26,280
SHOWING EXAMPLES FROM CORTEX,

3153
02:27:26,280 --> 02:27:27,480
CEREBELLUM, PALAMOSE.

3154
02:27:27,480 --> 02:27:29,240
THIS IS COLLECTION IS

3155
02:27:29,240 --> 02:27:34,880
INCREASING, AND THERE'S MORE

3156
02:27:34,880 --> 02:27:37,720
DETAILS ON THE WEBSITE, MANY

3157
02:27:37,720 --> 02:27:39,200
TOOLS ALREADY OR SOON AVAILABLE

3158
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:41,000
ON OUR GENE, COVERED IN THIS

3159
02:27:41,000 --> 02:27:44,720
REVIEW THAT SHOULD SOON BE OUT,

3160
02:27:44,720 --> 02:27:46,040
OPEN ACCESS FOR EVERYBODY TO

3161
02:27:46,040 --> 02:27:46,360
READ.

3162
02:27:46,360 --> 02:27:53,520
IN CLOSING I WILL PUT THE KEY

3163
02:27:53,520 --> 02:27:54,920
CHALLENGES THAT WE NEED

3164
02:27:54,920 --> 02:27:55,840
EFFICIENT SPECIFIC AND

3165
02:27:55,840 --> 02:27:58,080
NON-SPECIFIC DELIVERY TO ALL

3166
02:27:58,080 --> 02:28:00,960
BRAINS TO MAXIMIZE ABILITY TO

3167
02:28:00,960 --> 02:28:02,480
DELIVER DIVERSIFIED GENETIC

3168
02:28:02,480 --> 02:28:03,920
CARGO ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, AND

3169
02:28:03,920 --> 02:28:07,200
THERE ARE OF COURSE WISHES FOR

3170
02:28:07,200 --> 02:28:09,480
EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY IN

3171
02:28:09,480 --> 02:28:10,520
WIDESPREAD DELIVERY ACHIEVED

3172
02:28:10,520 --> 02:28:14,240
WITH SYSTEMIC METHODS, BUT WE 

3173
02:28:14,240 --> 02:28:18,760
NEED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT OFF

3174
02:28:18,760 --> 02:28:23,480
TARGET EFFECT AND  COMPATIBILITY

3175
02:28:23,480 --> 02:28:25,680
WITH CARGO, EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

3176
02:28:25,680 --> 02:28:28,960
TO WORK ON TROPIC CAPSIDS TO

3177
02:28:28,960 --> 02:28:30,480
MINIMIZE GENE REGULATORY

3178
02:28:30,480 --> 02:28:31,080
ELEMENTS, MAYBE TOWARDS CAPSID

3179
02:28:31,080 --> 02:28:32,760
SIZE INCREASE BUT THAT'S A

3180
02:28:32,760 --> 02:28:34,200
DIFFICULT TASK.

3181
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:36,960
I WILL THANK MY TEAM AND VERY

3182
02:28:36,960 --> 02:28:39,440
GRATEFUL TO THE BRAIN INITIATIVE

3183
02:28:39,440 --> 02:28:45,440
THAT FUNDED THIS AAV WORK AND

3184
02:28:45,440 --> 02:28:46,880
ESPECIALLY WAYS TO AMPLIFY AND

3185
02:28:46,880 --> 02:28:49,040
DISTRIBUTE AND COLLABORATE WITH

3186
02:28:49,040 --> 02:28:49,360
THE TOOLS.

3187
02:28:49,360 --> 02:28:52,680
THERE'S A FEW RESOURCES HERE IF

3188
02:28:52,680 --> 02:28:56,080
YOU'RE INTERESTED TO USE TOOLS

3189
02:28:56,080 --> 02:29:00,080
AND I'LL PAUSE HERE.

3190
02:29:00,080 --> 02:29:01,080
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

3191
02:29:01,080 --> 02:29:03,880
THIS HAS BEEN AN AMAZING SET OF

3192
02:29:03,880 --> 02:29:04,520
TALKS.

3193
02:29:04,520 --> 02:29:06,480
I COULD WAX LYRICAL AND OF BUT

3194
02:29:06,480 --> 02:29:07,800
I'M NOT GOING TO DO THAT.

3195
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:10,680
I WANT TO MOVE IMMEDIATELY TO

3196
02:29:10,680 --> 02:29:12,640
THE QUESTIONS AND OUR

3197
02:29:12,640 --> 02:29:12,920
DISCUSSION.

3198
02:29:12,920 --> 02:29:15,720
BECAUSE THERE ARE A NUMBER OF

3199
02:29:15,720 --> 02:29:17,080
QUESTIONS AND I THINK WE MIGHT

3200
02:29:17,080 --> 02:29:20,840
WANT TO START WITH THE CHAT,

3201
02:29:20,840 --> 02:29:24,960
WHICH ARE FOR ELLEN GRANT.

3202
02:29:24,960 --> 02:29:26,840
WE HAVE -- LET'S SEE FOR DR.

3203
02:29:26,840 --> 02:29:27,920
GRANT.

3204
02:29:27,920 --> 02:29:38,400
I WANT TO GO BACK TO THE ONE IN

3205
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:39,560
THE CHAT.

3206
02:29:39,560 --> 02:29:41,520
THE QUESTION TO DR. GRANT,

3207
02:29:41,520 --> 02:29:43,480
THANKS FOR A WONDERFUL

3208
02:29:43,480 --> 02:29:44,080
PRESENTATION.

3209
02:29:44,080 --> 02:29:46,560
HOW DO SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY

3210
02:29:46,560 --> 02:29:48,560
TRANSIENT OR SAT WAVES SIGNAL

3211
02:29:48,560 --> 02:29:49,480
DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE CIRCUITS?

3212
02:29:49,480 --> 02:29:51,800
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ROLE OF

3213
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:54,280
THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY IN THE

3214
02:29:54,280 --> 02:29:58,480
ADULT OR AGING BRAIN?

3215
02:29:58,480 --> 02:30:06,080
>> WELL, FIRST, SPONTANEOUS 

3216
02:30:06,080 --> 02:30:08,520
ACTIVITY TRANSITS ARE ONLY IN

3217
02:30:08,520 --> 02:30:12,240
THE MATURE BRAIN, MOVING TO 

3218
02:30:12,240 --> 02:30:13,560
MATURE PATTERN WITH

3219
02:30:13,560 --> 02:30:15,160
CORTICAL-CORTICAL INSTEAD OF

3220
02:30:15,160 --> 02:30:17,480
SUBPLATE NEURONS, I DON'T KNOW

3221
02:30:17,480 --> 02:30:23,080
THAT THERE IS A ROLE IN ADULT

3222
02:30:23,080 --> 02:30:24,880
MAJORING BRAIN.

3223
02:30:24,880 --> 02:30:26,880
SUBPLATE NEURONS DISAPPEAR LATER

3224
02:30:26,880 --> 02:30:31,200
IN GESTATION, NOT PRESENT IN

3225
02:30:31,200 --> 02:30:46,880
AGING BRAIN. 

3226
02:30:46,880 --> 02:30:47,000
 

3227
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:51,360
>> THANK YOU FOR THAT.

3228
02:30:51,360 --> 02:30:53,440
NEXT A QUESTION FOR GEORGE

3229
02:30:53,440 --> 02:30:55,440
DRAGOI FROM HOLLIS CLINE.

3230
02:30:55,440 --> 02:30:56,960
THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTERESTING

3231
02:30:56,960 --> 02:30:57,200
TALK.

3232
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:00,920
REGARDING DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCUIT

3233
02:31:00,920 --> 02:31:02,160
FOR REPLAY, PRE-PLAY, PRE-PLAY,

3234
02:31:02,160 --> 02:31:05,280
HAVE YOU TESTED, IF YOU BLOCK

3235
02:31:05,280 --> 02:31:07,480
SPONTANEOUS PRENATAL WAVES IN

3236
02:31:07,480 --> 02:31:09,840
THE RETINA WHICH MIMIC NATURAL

3237
02:31:09,840 --> 02:31:17,520
OBJECT FLOW OR  -- ARE PLACED

3238
02:31:17,520 --> 02:31:18,280
CELLS DISRUPTED?

3239
02:31:18,280 --> 02:31:21,800
>> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION.

3240
02:31:21,800 --> 02:31:23,760
SO WE'RE INVESTIGATING THE ROLE

3241
02:31:23,760 --> 02:31:27,560
OF PRE-PLAY, NOT THROUGH

3242
02:31:27,560 --> 02:31:28,320
BLOCKING SPONTANEOUS PRENATAL

3243
02:31:28,320 --> 02:31:30,960
RETINAL WAVES.

3244
02:31:30,960 --> 02:31:35,960
WE DID NOT SEE SIGNIFICANT

3245
02:31:35,960 --> 02:31:38,280
PRE-PLAY AT 15, 16, ONLY

3246
02:31:38,280 --> 02:31:38,960
POSTNATALLY.

3247
02:31:38,960 --> 02:31:41,160
SO, YEAH, I THINK THAT'S

3248
02:31:41,160 --> 02:31:46,720
SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT MORE

3249
02:31:46,720 --> 02:31:47,600
FOR THE FUTURE.

3250
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:48,320
>> OKAY.

3251
02:31:48,320 --> 02:31:54,120
WE HAVE A COUPLE QUESTIONS FOR

3252
02:31:54,120 --> 02:31:54,880
DR. EMILIANI.

3253
02:31:54,880 --> 02:31:56,120
I THINK THE FIRST ONE, LET'S SEE

3254
02:31:56,120 --> 02:32:01,800
IF I CAN MAKE SURE I GO TO THE

3255
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:02,480
FIRST ONE FIRST.

3256
02:32:02,480 --> 02:32:04,640
THANK YOU FOR YOUR WONDERFUL

3257
02:32:04,640 --> 02:32:05,400
TALK.

3258
02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:07,480
HOW EASILY CAN HOLOGRAPHIC TOOLS

3259
02:32:07,480 --> 02:32:13,480
BE EXTENDED TO STRUCTURES DEEPER

3260
02:32:13,480 --> 02:32:14,200
IN THE BRAIN?

3261
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:15,480
>> YES, SO THANKS FOR THE

3262
02:32:15,480 --> 02:32:17,560
QUESTION. 

3263
02:32:17,560 --> 02:32:22,680
THERE IS SOME WAY, TO COUPLE 

3264
02:32:22,680 --> 02:32:24,880
THIS APPROACH TO IMPLANTABLE

3265
02:32:24,880 --> 02:32:29,000
GREEN LENS, WE'VE SHOWN THE

3266
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:31,840
PROPAGATION OF TEMPORALLY

3267
02:32:31,840 --> 02:32:32,880
FOCUSED HOLOGRAPHIC, GOING

3268
02:32:32,880 --> 02:32:36,240
THROUGH THE GREEN LENS, SO THIS

3269
02:32:36,240 --> 02:32:38,280
IS USUALLY THE FIELD OF VIEW IS

3270
02:32:38,280 --> 02:32:42,680
SMALLER THAN WHAT WOULD BE

3271
02:32:42,680 --> 02:32:44,520
ACHIEVABLE WITH CONVENTIONAL

3272
02:32:44,520 --> 02:32:46,920
OBJECTIVE BUT NORMALLY DEEPER

3273
02:32:46,920 --> 02:32:48,680
REGION ALSO CONTROL WITH REDUCED

3274
02:32:48,680 --> 02:32:51,560
NUMBER OF CELLS SO I THINK THIS

3275
02:32:51,560 --> 02:32:51,840
IS DOABLE.

3276
02:32:51,840 --> 02:32:55,080
AND STILL IF WE JUST WANT TO

3277
02:32:55,080 --> 02:32:57,120
COUPLE NORMAL MICROSCOPE WITH

3278
02:32:57,120 --> 02:33:01,840
GREEN LENS, THIS WILL STILL

3279
02:33:01,840 --> 02:33:03,800
REQUIRE SAME ANIMAL, MORE

3280
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:05,480
RECENTLY WORKING ON DEVELOPING

3281
02:33:05,480 --> 02:33:07,200
HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEM WHERE WE CAN

3282
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:10,920
DO FREELY MOVING ANIMALS, IN 

3283
02:33:10,920 --> 02:33:12,680
THIS CASE HOLOGRAPHIC AND TERM

3284
02:33:12,680 --> 02:33:17,840
FOLLOW FOCUS WITH FIBER BUNDLE 

3285
02:33:17,840 --> 02:33:20,240
AND GREEN LENS ENABLE TO

3286
02:33:20,240 --> 02:33:24,920
MANIPULATE IN FREE MOVING

3287
02:33:24,920 --> 02:33:25,360
ANIMALS.

3288
02:33:25,360 --> 02:33:31,280
WE HAVE TO USE IMPLANTABLE GREEN

3289
02:33:31,280 --> 02:33:36,160
LENS, 150 MICROMETERS IN

3290
02:33:36,160 --> 02:33:37,280
DIAMETER, CONTROL FOR 30, 40

3291
02:33:37,280 --> 02:33:39,600
CELLS IN A PLANE, SO DEPENDS NOW

3292
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:45,160
WHICH IS THE BRAIN REGION THAT

3293
02:33:45,160 --> 02:33:49,480
IS INTERESTED IN, BUT IS DOABLE.

3294
02:33:49,480 --> 02:33:54,920
BECAUSE OF SMALLER FIELD OF

3295
02:33:54,920 --> 02:33:55,120
VIEW.

3296
02:33:55,120 --> 02:33:57,360
>> SO DR. DANA HAD ANOTHER

3297
02:33:57,360 --> 02:33:59,560
QUESTION HERE.

3298
02:33:59,560 --> 02:34:02,080
ONE OF THE ROOTS THAT DEPTH

3299
02:34:02,080 --> 02:34:04,680
IMAGING WAS IMPROVED FOR TWO

3300
02:34:04,680 --> 02:34:07,680
PHOTON MICROSCOPY WAS THE SWITCH

3301
02:34:07,680 --> 02:34:13,680
TO LONGER, 1300 TO

3302
02:34:13,680 --> 02:34:15,040
1700-NANOMETER WAVELENGTHS, CAN

3303
02:34:15,040 --> 02:34:16,880
SIMILAR BE USED TO INCREASE

3304
02:34:16,880 --> 02:34:17,160
HOLOGRAPHY?

3305
02:34:17,160 --> 02:34:18,480
>> ANOTHER WAY TO GO DEEPER IF

3306
02:34:18,480 --> 02:34:22,120
WE DON'T WANT TO USE THE GREEN 

3307
02:34:22,120 --> 02:34:24,640
LENS TO GO TO THIS REQUIRE

3308
02:34:24,640 --> 02:34:28,120
PROBABLY WE'RE INTO THE

3309
02:34:28,120 --> 02:34:30,160
THREE-FOLD GENE SO THERE HAVE

3310
02:34:30,160 --> 02:34:33,600
BEEN VERY FEW YEARS AGO

3311
02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:39,480
PUBLICATION SHOWING FOCAL

3312
02:34:39,480 --> 02:34:40,120
OPTOGENETICS, PRELIMINARY DATA

3313
02:34:40,120 --> 02:34:41,600
IN CULTURED CELLS.

3314
02:34:41,600 --> 02:34:45,040
I THINK THERE'S A POSSIBILITY,

3315
02:34:45,040 --> 02:34:48,480
THEY WILL ENABLE TO BEGIN WITH

3316
02:34:48,480 --> 02:34:53,160
RESPECT TO PHOTOMICROSCOPY GO

3317
02:34:53,160 --> 02:34:54,880
DOWN TO 700, 800 MICROMETERS, WE

3318
02:34:54,880 --> 02:34:59,400
WANT TO GO EVEN DEEPER, SOLUTION

3319
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:01,360
TO USE THE GREEN LENS.

3320
02:35:01,360 --> 02:35:04,440
>> NOW A QUESTION FOR DR. DANA

3321
02:35:04,440 --> 02:35:12,520
FROM DANIEL GLEN.

3322
02:35:12,520 --> 02:35:14,480
HAS CAMPARI BEEN COMPARED TO

3323
02:35:14,480 --> 02:35:15,560
(INDISCERNIBLE).

3324
02:35:15,560 --> 02:35:17,240
>> I WOULD SAY NO, NOT COMPARED.

3325
02:35:17,240 --> 02:35:25,240
>> SECOND QUESTION FOR YOU, IS

3326
02:35:25,240 --> 02:35:26,320
CAMPARI REVERSIBLE?

3327
02:35:26,320 --> 02:35:28,200
AFTER A CELL IS ACTIVE, DOES IT

3328
02:35:28,200 --> 02:35:30,680
GO BACK TO BASELINE AFTER ANIMAL

3329
02:35:30,680 --> 02:35:31,880
LEARNS A NEW BASELINE, IS IT

3330
02:35:31,880 --> 02:35:39,760
POSSIBLE TO PREDICT WHEN A 

3331
02:35:39,760 --> 02:35:41,600
NEURON BECOMES ACTIVE AFTER

3332
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:44,680
IMAGING THEM 2P MICROSCOPE?

3333
02:35:44,680 --> 02:35:46,760
>> CAMPARI, THE CHANGE TO

3334
02:35:46,760 --> 02:35:49,240
INFRARED IS IRREVERSIBLE ON

3335
02:35:49,240 --> 02:35:50,160
PROTEIN LEVELS, BUT PROTEINS DO

3336
02:35:50,160 --> 02:35:51,440
NOT LIVE FOREVER IN THE HUMAN,

3337
02:35:51,440 --> 02:35:53,360
NOT THE HUMAN, IN THE MOUSE

3338
02:35:53,360 --> 02:35:53,600
BODY.

3339
02:35:53,600 --> 02:35:57,880
THERE IS DEGENERATION OR DECLINE

3340
02:35:57,880 --> 02:35:59,280
OF SIGNAL MANUFACTURING NEW

3341
02:35:59,280 --> 02:36:03,680
GREEN PROTEIN SO WE TESTED THAT,

3342
02:36:03,680 --> 02:36:09,320
RUFFLY AFTER SEVEN DAYS 95% IS

3343
02:36:09,320 --> 02:36:17,360
GONE, YOU CAN REUSE CAMPARI.

3344
02:36:17,360 --> 02:36:19,200
FROM OTHER WORK, YOU CAN ERASE

3345
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:20,960
AND RESTART BUT WE HAVEN'T

3346
02:36:20,960 --> 02:36:23,080
TESTED YET.

3347
02:36:23,080 --> 02:36:23,680
REGARDING THE SECOND QUESTION,

3348
02:36:23,680 --> 02:36:26,800
ONE OF THE CHALLENGES OF USING

3349
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:29,280
CAMPARI, YOU GET A SNAPSHOT OF

3350
02:36:29,280 --> 02:36:29,880
ACTIVITY.

3351
02:36:29,880 --> 02:36:31,080
IT'S INTEGRATION OVER THE ENTIRE

3352
02:36:31,080 --> 02:36:33,440
ACTIVITY DURING THE TIME YOU

3353
02:36:33,440 --> 02:36:33,880
RECORDED.

3354
02:36:33,880 --> 02:36:36,640
SO WE CANNOT SAY EXACTLY WHAT

3355
02:36:36,640 --> 02:36:39,200
WAS THE TIMING OF THE ACTIVITY

3356
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:43,760
BUT ONLY INTEGRATION OVER THE 

3357
02:36:43,760 --> 02:36:48,480
ACTIVITY DURING THAT TIME.

3358
02:36:48,480 --> 02:36:50,040
>> OKAY.

3359
02:36:50,040 --> 02:36:54,640
ANOTHER QUESTION FOR DR. 

3360
02:36:54,640 --> 02:36:57,360
GRADINARU, IS IT POSSIBLE FOR

3361
02:36:57,360 --> 02:36:58,440
SPECIFIC CELL TIMES WITH

3362
02:36:58,440 --> 02:36:59,680
SYSTEMIC INJECTION OF THESE

3363
02:36:59,680 --> 02:37:00,280
OPSINS?

3364
02:37:00,280 --> 02:37:03,120
>> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION.

3365
02:37:03,120 --> 02:37:05,760
SO IN MICE, A LOT IS POSSIBLE.

3366
02:37:05,760 --> 02:37:06,640
HOWEVER, DEPENDING ON THE

3367
02:37:06,640 --> 02:37:09,280
APPLICATION MIGHT NOT BE

3368
02:37:09,280 --> 02:37:09,960
DESIRABLE.

3369
02:37:09,960 --> 02:37:11,240
AS PROFESSOR EMILIANI MENTIONED,

3370
02:37:11,240 --> 02:37:14,840
IF YOU'RE GOING  FOR DEBRAIN

3371
02:37:14,840 --> 02:37:17,160
AREAS YOU NEED TO IMPLANT

3372
02:37:17,160 --> 02:37:21,680
OPTICAL ELEMENTS CLOSE TO THE

3373
02:37:21,680 --> 02:37:21,880
CELLS.

3374
02:37:21,880 --> 02:37:22,640
BECAUSE DIFFUSION WAS PART

3375
02:37:22,640 --> 02:37:25,240
INJECTION IN THE MOUSE MIGHT

3376
02:37:25,240 --> 02:37:27,960
COVER RELEVANT AREAS MIGHT NOT

3377
02:37:27,960 --> 02:37:29,720
NECESSARILY BE DESIRABLE.

3378
02:37:29,720 --> 02:37:31,000
I'LL MENTION SITUATIONS IT WOULD

3379
02:37:31,000 --> 02:37:32,040
BE DESIRABLE.

3380
02:37:32,040 --> 02:37:34,880
FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU'RE DOING

3381
02:37:34,880 --> 02:37:37,120
LARGE AREA CORTICAL

3382
02:37:37,120 --> 02:37:39,000
STIMULATIONARY RECORDING WITH

3383
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:40,440
CRANIAL WINDOW, WITH SYSTEMIC

3384
02:37:40,440 --> 02:37:41,640
DELIVERY, WITH PROMOTERS, YOU

3385
02:37:41,640 --> 02:37:45,080
COULD GET GOOD COVERAGE OF CORE

3386
02:37:45,080 --> 02:37:46,640
NEXT AND UNIFORM COVERAGE

3387
02:37:46,640 --> 02:37:47,600
WITHOUT DAMAGING PRECISELY THE

3388
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:49,120
CELLS YOU WANT TO RECORD FROM

3389
02:37:49,120 --> 02:37:52,400
BECAUSE IF YOU DO SPOT INJECTION

3390
02:37:52,400 --> 02:37:54,680
YOU WILL DAMAGE OR CREATE

3391
02:37:54,680 --> 02:37:57,520
INFLAMMATION AT THE SPOT AREA.

3392
02:37:57,520 --> 02:38:00,800
AND THERE WILL BE HETEROGENEITY

3393
02:38:00,800 --> 02:38:03,080
IN EXPRESSION.

3394
02:38:03,080 --> 02:38:10,280
FOR LARGE CORTICAL AREAS IT'S

3395
02:38:10,280 --> 02:38:14,560
DESIRABLE.

3396
02:38:14,560 --> 02:38:18,360
AS YOU GO TO LARGER BRAINS IT

3397
02:38:18,360 --> 02:38:20,040
STARTS BEING NECESSARY TO

3398
02:38:20,040 --> 02:38:21,240
BROADEN THE COVERAGE AREA, WITH

3399
02:38:21,240 --> 02:38:23,640
SPOT INJECTION IN A MOUSE, AND

3400
02:38:23,640 --> 02:38:25,560
IN A MACAQUE BRAIN, YOU'LL GET

3401
02:38:25,560 --> 02:38:26,600
THE SAME VOLUME.

3402
02:38:26,600 --> 02:38:28,840
THAT MIGHT BE ENOUGH

3403
02:38:28,840 --> 02:38:29,680
PHYSIOLOGICALLY IN A MOUSE BUT

3404
02:38:29,680 --> 02:38:32,160
NOT IN A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE.

3405
02:38:32,160 --> 02:38:34,880
SO THEN HAVING THE OPTION OF

3406
02:38:34,880 --> 02:38:36,080
SYSTEMIC DELIVERY BECOMES MORE

3407
02:38:36,080 --> 02:38:38,360
IMPORTANT AS YOU'RE TRYING TO

3408
02:38:38,360 --> 02:38:43,560
COVER LARGER AND LARGER BRAIN

3409
02:38:43,560 --> 02:38:44,080
AREAS.

3410
02:38:44,080 --> 02:38:47,280
>> THANK YOU.

3411
02:38:47,280 --> 02:38:52,040
ANOTHER QUESTION FOR YOU FROM

3412
02:38:52,040 --> 02:38:54,760
DAVID ASH BROOK.

3413
02:38:54,760 --> 02:38:56,840
ANY HYPOTHESES ON DIFFERENT

3414
02:38:56,840 --> 02:39:00,680
MOUSE BRAINS, HAS THIS BEEN DONE

3415
02:39:00,680 --> 02:39:01,560
ON DBA/2J?

3416
02:39:01,560 --> 02:39:03,600
INTERESTING TO SEE IF POSSIBLE

3417
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:07,440
TO MAP A RESPONSIBLE LOCI.

3418
02:39:07,440 --> 02:39:08,360
>> ABSOLUTELY.

3419
02:39:08,360 --> 02:39:12,040
REALLY INTERESTING AS WELL,

3420
02:39:12,040 --> 02:39:14,440
SINCE THEN THIS CAPSID EMERGED

3421
02:39:14,440 --> 02:39:18,960
TO SOMEWHAT BLIND DIRECTED 

3422
02:39:18,960 --> 02:39:21,240
EVOLUTION PROCESS, WITHOUT

3423
02:39:21,240 --> 02:39:22,920
MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING.

3424
02:39:22,920 --> 02:39:24,280
YOU HAVE THE PEPTIDE PROPERTIES

3425
02:39:24,280 --> 02:39:27,080
AND YOU ALSO HAVE PERFORMANCE IN

3426
02:39:27,080 --> 02:39:30,440
DIFFERENT MOUSE STRAINS, THIS

3427
02:39:30,440 --> 02:39:32,480
WAS ACTUALLY VERY SUCCESSFULLY

3428
02:39:32,480 --> 02:39:34,120
USED BY INDEPENDENT GROUPS,

3429
02:39:34,120 --> 02:39:39,440
THREE PAPERS REPORTED IT WORKS,

3430
02:39:39,440 --> 02:39:41,080
PRESENT IN 57 BUT NOT OTHER

3431
02:39:41,080 --> 02:39:43,800
MOUSE STRAINS, ALSO NOT PRESENT

3432
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,040
IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATE, FOR

3433
02:39:47,040 --> 02:39:47,280
EXAMPLE.

3434
02:39:47,280 --> 02:39:52,200
FOR DPA, ONE OF THE PAPERS I

3435
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:53,840
MENTIONED, NATURE PROTOCOLS,

3436
02:39:53,840 --> 02:39:55,680
NATURE METHODS, WE HAVE VECTORS

3437
02:39:55,680 --> 02:39:57,960
THAT WORK IN DBA STRAIN AS WELL

3438
02:39:57,960 --> 02:40:01,360
BUT IT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT

3439
02:40:01,360 --> 02:40:03,520
CROSSING AND EXPERIMENTAL MICE

3440
02:40:03,520 --> 02:40:07,680
IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

3441
02:40:07,680 --> 02:40:13,280
NOW FOR RODENTS WE HAVE

3442
02:40:13,280 --> 02:40:14,400
COMBINATIONS COVERED, COLLECTING

3443
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:15,080
INFORMATION SO RESEARCHERS KNOW

3444
02:40:15,080 --> 02:40:16,480
IF THEY WANT TO USE THIS IN A

3445
02:40:16,480 --> 02:40:18,280
PARTICULAR MOUSE STRAIN THEY CAN

3446
02:40:18,280 --> 02:40:20,880
SEE WAS IT DONE BEFORE, WOULD IT

3447
02:40:20,880 --> 02:40:24,560
WORK, WOULD IT NOT.

3448
02:40:24,560 --> 02:40:26,960
>> THANK YOU.

3449
02:40:26,960 --> 02:40:29,120
NOW DR. EMILIANI HAS A QUESTION.

3450
02:40:29,120 --> 02:40:34,280
IS CAMPARI SENSITIVE TO A SINGLE

3451
02:40:34,280 --> 02:40:36,880
SPIKE?  IF NOT HOW MANY NEED TO

3452
02:40:36,880 --> 02:40:40,520
BE PRODUCED TO BE DETECTED?

3453
02:40:40,520 --> 02:40:42,160
>> THE ANSWER IS CAMPARI AS

3454
02:40:42,160 --> 02:40:44,000
DEVELOPED IS NOT SENSITIVE TO

3455
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:44,680
SINGLE SPIKES.

3456
02:40:44,680 --> 02:40:47,600
ACTUALLY WE HAVE A PROJECT NOW

3457
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:50,960
TO DEVELOP NEXT GENERATION WITH

3458
02:40:50,960 --> 02:40:52,000
IMPROVED SENSITIVITY.

3459
02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:55,120
AND THEN HOPEFULLY WE'LL HAVE

3460
02:40:55,120 --> 02:40:57,720
PRECISE NUMBERS.

3461
02:40:57,720 --> 02:40:59,840
NOW, REGARDING HOW MANY SPIKES

3462
02:40:59,840 --> 02:41:04,400
ARE NEEDED, IT REALLY DEPENDS ON

3463
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:07,480
THE TISSUE QUALITY.

3464
02:41:07,480 --> 02:41:09,680
I WOULD ASSUME IN A GOOD

3465
02:41:09,680 --> 02:41:14,600
EXPERIMENT WE CAN PROBABLY

3466
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:17,080
DETECT AROUND OVERALL ACTIVITY

3467
02:41:17,080 --> 02:41:19,160
OF TEN ACTION POTENTIALS IN THE

3468
02:41:19,160 --> 02:41:23,080
RECORDING BUT THIS IS A ROUGH

3469
02:41:23,080 --> 02:41:23,960
ESTIMATION.

3470
02:41:23,960 --> 02:41:24,240
>> OKAY.

3471
02:41:24,240 --> 02:41:26,280
I THINK WE HAVE COVERED THE

3472
02:41:26,280 --> 02:41:29,280
QUESTIONS CURRENTLY IN THE CHAT.

3473
02:41:29,280 --> 02:41:32,360
WE HAVE A LITTLE MORE TIME.

3474
02:41:32,360 --> 02:41:34,560
WE'VE BEEN GIVEN A FIVE-MINUTE

3475
02:41:34,560 --> 02:41:43,560
EXTENSION, BUT WE HAVE TO END AT

3476
02:41:43,560 --> 02:41:45,080
2:55, YOUR TIME.

3477
02:41:45,080 --> 02:41:47,360
WE DO HAVE A FEW MINUTES TO GO

3478
02:41:47,360 --> 02:41:47,880
NOW.

3479
02:41:47,880 --> 02:41:49,080
PERHAPS I SHOULD FIRST ASK IF

3480
02:41:49,080 --> 02:41:51,000
THERE'S ANYONE WHO WOULD LIKE TO

3481
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,000
ASK A QUESTION NOW IN THIS

3482
02:41:53,000 --> 02:41:54,960
DISCUSSION WHO IS HERE IN THE

3483
02:41:54,960 --> 02:41:56,040
GROUP AT THIS POINT WHO HASN'T

3484
02:41:56,040 --> 02:41:59,760
PUT ANYTHING IN THE CHAT?

3485
02:41:59,760 --> 02:42:01,480
 

3486
02:42:01,480 --> 02:42:02,720
>> I HAVE A QUESTION.

3487
02:42:02,720 --> 02:42:05,080
YOU MENTIONED IN YOUR TALK AT

3488
02:42:05,080 --> 02:42:09,440
THE BEGINNING THAT THE

3489
02:42:09,440 --> 02:42:10,720
THERAPEUTIC RISE FOR TECHNOLOGY,

3490
02:42:10,720 --> 02:42:16,960
WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS, WHAT IS

3491
02:42:16,960 --> 02:42:20,040
THE LIMITATION FROM MARMOSETS TO

3492
02:42:20,040 --> 02:42:23,840
HUMAN?

3493
02:42:23,840 --> 02:42:24,080
 

3494
02:42:24,080 --> 02:42:26,240
>> MAYBE THE BIGGEST LIMITATION

3495
02:42:26,240 --> 02:42:29,400
IS SIXTY, AND I HAVE TO MENTION

3496
02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:31,280
HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC DELIVERY

3497
02:42:31,280 --> 02:42:34,120
CAUSED SEVERELY UNWANTED SIDE

3498
02:42:34,120 --> 02:42:35,680
EFFECTS INCLUDING DEATH IN THE

3499
02:42:35,680 --> 02:42:36,680
RECENT YEARS.

3500
02:42:36,680 --> 02:42:41,360
AND THIS POINTS TO THE FACT THAT

3501
02:42:41,360 --> 02:42:44,080
THE TARGETING IS EQUALLY

3502
02:42:44,080 --> 02:42:46,080
IMPORTANT AND WORTHWHILE GOAL

3503
02:42:46,080 --> 02:42:48,280
TARGETING THE ORGAN OF INTEREST.

3504
02:42:48,280 --> 02:42:49,520
SO MANY COMPLICATIONS FROM

3505
02:42:49,520 --> 02:42:53,080
SYSTEMIC DELIVERY OF CHEMICALS

3506
02:42:53,080 --> 02:42:55,280
OR BIOLOGICALS COMPOUND LIVER

3507
02:42:55,280 --> 02:42:56,400
EFFECTS, SO DETARGETTING FROM

3508
02:42:56,400 --> 02:42:58,680
THE LIVER IS A VERY IMPORTANT

3509
02:42:58,680 --> 02:43:00,760
STEP TOWARDS SAFETY.

3510
02:43:00,760 --> 02:43:02,960
NOW, IF WE THINK ABOUT EFFICACY,

3511
02:43:02,960 --> 02:43:05,880
WE THINK ABOUT BRAIN AREAS,

3512
02:43:05,880 --> 02:43:09,080
HETEROGENEITY OF CELL TYPES IN

3513
02:43:09,080 --> 02:43:10,600
THE BRAIN PHENOMENON IS

3514
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:12,000
INTERESTING FOR SCIENTISTS BUT

3515
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:15,080
ALSO VERY CHALLENGING IF YOU PUT

3516
02:43:15,080 --> 02:43:17,880
IN DISEASE CONTEXT, SO BEING

3517
02:43:17,880 --> 02:43:19,560
VERY SPECIFIC ON NEURONAL

3518
02:43:19,560 --> 02:43:22,240
SUBTYPES, THINKING ABOUT

3519
02:43:22,240 --> 02:43:25,360
EPILEPSY MAKES A DIFFERENCE WITH

3520
02:43:25,360 --> 02:43:27,120
NEURONS ARE EXCITATORY OR

3521
02:43:27,120 --> 02:43:29,960
INHIBITORS CLASSES.

3522
02:43:29,960 --> 02:43:32,600
SPECIFICITY IS A VERY IMPORTANT

3523
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:33,280
CONSIDERATION.

3524
02:43:33,280 --> 02:43:36,080
AND SAFETY HAND IN HAND.

3525
02:43:36,080 --> 02:43:39,680
NOW, WE SEE BECAUSE VECTORS ARE

3526
02:43:39,680 --> 02:43:41,760
USED, I DON'T WANT TO DISTRACT

3527
02:43:41,760 --> 02:43:44,800
FROM THE FACT THAT AAVs ARE A

3528
02:43:44,800 --> 02:43:47,360
THERAPY BUT ARE IMPROVING LIVES,

3529
02:43:47,360 --> 02:43:50,480
EXTENDING LIFESPANS OF PATIENTS

3530
02:43:50,480 --> 02:43:56,840
THAT HAVE VARIOUS DISORDERS, AND

3531
02:43:56,840 --> 02:44:00,280
IT'S AN EXTREMELY POTENT

3532
02:44:00,280 --> 02:44:01,480
CAPABILITY THAT WE CANNOT NOT

3533
02:44:01,480 --> 02:44:04,480
MEET THE CHALLENGE OF THE DAY.

3534
02:44:04,480 --> 02:44:08,200
AND THEY ARE BEING USED AND I

3535
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:09,280
THINK BY FURTHER DEVELOPING AND

3536
02:44:09,280 --> 02:44:12,320
REFINING THEM WE COULD START TO

3537
02:44:12,320 --> 02:44:14,200
ADDRESS SYSTEMATICALLY FIRST

3538
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:15,720
MONO GENETIC DIS ORDERS, LATER

3539
02:44:15,720 --> 02:44:21,000
ON COMPLEX DISORDERS AS WELL.

3540
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:33,880
>> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS OR

3541
02:44:33,880 --> 02:44:35,120
COMMENTS?

3542
02:44:35,120 --> 02:44:36,640
>> WITH VIRAL VECTORS YOU KNOW

3543
02:44:36,640 --> 02:44:38,480
WHERE IT'S SUPPOSED TO GO AND

3544
02:44:38,480 --> 02:44:40,120
CAN TELL IT TO GET THERE BUT HOW

3545
02:44:40,120 --> 02:44:43,080
DO YOU KNOW IF IT'S HAVING THE

3546
02:44:43,080 --> 02:44:44,680
FUNCTION YOU ANTICIPATE WHENS

3547
02:44:44,680 --> 02:44:46,520
YOU TRANSLATE TO HUMAN SUBJECTS,

3548
02:44:46,520 --> 02:44:50,680
WHAT TYPES OF MONITORING ARE 

3549
02:44:50,680 --> 02:44:53,040
PEOPLE SPEAKING OF TO SEE IF

3550
02:44:53,040 --> 02:44:53,680
ACTION IS EXPECTED?

3551
02:44:53,680 --> 02:44:55,080
>> IN THE MOUSE WE HAVE BENEFIT

3552
02:44:55,080 --> 02:44:59,040
OF LOOKING AT THE TISSUE, RIGHT?

3553
02:44:59,040 --> 02:45:01,680
AND WE WILL NOT HAVE THAT IN THE

3554
02:45:01,680 --> 02:45:02,960
HUMANS.

3555
02:45:02,960 --> 02:45:05,800
THE ENTIRE FIELD OF BIOMARKERS

3556
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:09,360
BECOMES EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AND

3557
02:45:09,360 --> 02:45:11,800
I SHOWED QUICKLY ONE SLIDE ON

3558
02:45:11,800 --> 02:45:14,080
PET MARKERS, YOU CAN HAVE PET

3559
02:45:14,080 --> 02:45:20,680
REPORTERS FOR THE CAPSID, ALSO 

3560
02:45:20,680 --> 02:45:23,680
FOR CARGO, AND HAVE BEEN WORKING

3561
02:45:23,680 --> 02:45:27,000
OVER YEARS TO LABEL CERTAIN

3562
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:29,840
VECTORS OR CARGO ELEMENTS FOR

3563
02:45:29,840 --> 02:45:30,760
NON-INVASIVE IMAGING.

3564
02:45:30,760 --> 02:45:32,040
NOW RESOLUTION IS NOT AS HIGH,

3565
02:45:32,040 --> 02:45:36,520
OF COURSE, AS WE WOULD HAVE WITH

3566
02:45:36,520 --> 02:45:36,880
HISTOLOGY.

3567
02:45:36,880 --> 02:45:39,360
BUT IT BECOMES VERY IMPORTANT

3568
02:45:39,360 --> 02:45:40,000
FOR US.

3569
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:41,760
PET IMAGING WITH INCREASINGLY

3570
02:45:41,760 --> 02:45:45,240
SPECIFIC LABELS AND MAYBE EVEN

3571
02:45:45,240 --> 02:45:46,800
MULTIPLEX LABELS, DIFFERENT

3572
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:47,680
MARKERS CAN BE IMAGED AT THE

3573
02:45:47,680 --> 02:45:50,480
SAME TIME IN THE SAME ANIMAL.

3574
02:45:50,480 --> 02:45:52,480
AND THEN IT'S WORTH NOTING AT

3575
02:45:52,480 --> 02:45:54,840
LEAST FOR MANY OF THE STARTING

3576
02:45:54,840 --> 02:45:57,440
DISORDERS, MANY OF THEM FALL IN

3577
02:45:57,440 --> 02:46:03,040
THE CLASS OF LYSOSOMAL STORAGE

3578
02:46:03,040 --> 02:46:03,280
DISORDERS

3579
02:46:03,280 --> 02:46:09,680
SO IF YOU INTRODUCE A CARGO THAT

3580
02:46:09,680 --> 02:46:11,120
 SECRETES ELEMENT MEASURED IN

3581
02:46:11,120 --> 02:46:16,080
THE BLOODSTREAM OR CSF MAYBE YOU

3582
02:46:16,080 --> 02:46:17,200
CAN GET REALTIME INDICATION HOW

3583
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:20,480
THE THERAPY IS DOING. 

3584
02:46:20,480 --> 02:46:21,880
THIS BEING SAID IT'S REALLY

3585
02:46:21,880 --> 02:46:26,920
IMPORTANT VECTORS HAVE A STOP

3586
02:46:26,920 --> 02:46:29,680
LINE, IF THINGS GO OVERBOARD AND

3587
02:46:29,680 --> 02:46:31,000
WRONG THERE'S A POINT, WE

3588
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:34,720
SHOULDN'T TAKE LIGHTLY THIS IS

3589
02:46:34,720 --> 02:46:36,400
NOT A SMALL MOLECULE THAT WILL

3590
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:37,440
GET CLEARED.

3591
02:46:37,440 --> 02:46:38,880
IT'S SOMETHING THAT STAYS.

3592
02:46:38,880 --> 02:46:41,320
THAT'S ITS POWER AND ITS DANGER

3593
02:46:41,320 --> 02:46:42,400
AS WELL.

3594
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:42,920
>> THANK YOU.

3595
02:46:42,920 --> 02:46:46,680
>> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. 

3596
02:46:46,680 --> 02:46:49,440
>> WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION

3597
02:46:49,440 --> 02:46:51,760
COMING FROM AMANDA I THINK.

3598
02:46:51,760 --> 02:46:53,080
IT'S FOR THE WHOLE GROUP.

3599
02:46:53,080 --> 02:46:55,280
ARE THERE STRATEGIES YOU WOULD

3600
02:46:55,280 --> 02:46:57,040
RECOMMEND FOR INTEGRATING DATA

3601
02:46:57,040 --> 02:46:59,960
COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT LIFE

3602
02:46:59,960 --> 02:47:01,000
STAGES?

3603
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:02,720
FOR EXAMPLE PERINATAL VERSUS

3604
02:47:02,720 --> 02:47:04,480
AGED TIME POINTS?

3605
02:47:04,480 --> 02:47:05,240
GIVEN METHODOLOGIES ARE OFTEN

3606
02:47:05,240 --> 02:47:05,480
DIFFERENT.

3607
02:47:05,480 --> 02:47:07,280
I THINK THIS IS A GENERAL

3608
02:47:07,280 --> 02:47:09,160
QUESTION, IT WOULD BE NICE TO

3609
02:47:09,160 --> 02:47:14,720
HEAR PEOPLE TALK ABOUT WHICH I

3610
02:47:14,720 --> 02:47:16,920
WOULD STATE, TO EXTEND SCOPE OF

3611
02:47:16,920 --> 02:47:18,680
THIS A LITTLE BIT, CONNECTING

3612
02:47:18,680 --> 02:47:21,280
THE DOTS ACROSS THE PARADIGMS AT

3613
02:47:21,280 --> 02:47:24,800
A GIVEN TIME IN THE AGE LIFESPAN

3614
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:29,680
BUT ALSO TAKING THOSE SETS OF

3615
02:47:29,680 --> 02:47:31,280
CONNECTED DOTS AT A PARTICULAR

3616
02:47:31,280 --> 02:47:32,880
POINT IN THE LIFESPAN AND

3617
02:47:32,880 --> 02:47:38,680
EXTENDING  THROUGHOUT THE

3618
02:47:38,680 --> 02:47:47,240
LIFESPAN,  WHAT STRATEGIES COULD

3619
02:47:47,240 --> 02:47:51,320
BE INTEGRATED YOU COULD IMAGINE

3620
02:47:51,320 --> 02:47:53,000
ACHIEVING AS A SCIENTIFIC

3621
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:54,040
COMMUNITY, IN PARTICULARLY HOW

3622
02:47:54,040 --> 02:47:55,840
YOUR LAB COULD CONTRIBUTE.

3623
02:47:55,840 --> 02:47:59,280
>> I'LL JUMP START THAT

3624
02:47:59,280 --> 02:47:59,560
DISCUSSION.

3625
02:47:59,560 --> 02:48:01,240
I APPRECIATE THIS QUESTION.

3626
02:48:01,240 --> 02:48:05,240
I THINK PART OF WHAT TERRY WAS

3627
02:48:05,240 --> 02:48:06,480
TALKING ABOUT IS ACROSS

3628
02:48:06,480 --> 02:48:08,480
DIFFERENT SCALES, SO DIFFERENT

3629
02:48:08,480 --> 02:48:10,200
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION.

3630
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:12,480
I THINK IT'S REALLY CHALLENGING

3631
02:48:12,480 --> 02:48:13,040
TASK.

3632
02:48:13,040 --> 02:48:16,000
AND THE KEY IS REALLY FINDING

3633
02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:18,960
THE RELEVANT QUESTIONS THAT HAVE

3634
02:48:18,960 --> 02:48:20,680
CONTINUUM WITHIN THIS.

3635
02:48:20,680 --> 02:48:25,080
AND RELEVANT VARIABLES THAT CAN

3636
02:48:25,080 --> 02:48:26,160
BE STRETCHED ACROSS.

3637
02:48:26,160 --> 02:48:27,880
YESTERDAY WE TALKED ABOUT SEX,

3638
02:48:27,880 --> 02:48:29,200
SOMETHING WE CAN STRETCH ACROSS

3639
02:48:29,200 --> 02:48:31,720
AND SEE HOW THAT MODERATES

3640
02:48:31,720 --> 02:48:34,280
ACROSS LEVELS, A FIXED VARIABLE.

3641
02:48:34,280 --> 02:48:39,920
IN THE WORK THAT I'VE BEEN

3642
02:48:39,920 --> 02:48:44,040
DOING, I LIMITED THE DATA I

3643
02:48:44,040 --> 02:48:45,720
COLLECTED, COLLECTED WITH AGES

3644
02:48:45,720 --> 02:48:46,440
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE, PRECISELY

3645
02:48:46,440 --> 02:48:49,200
SO I WILL BE ABLE TO KIND OF DO

3646
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:52,160
MORE OF AN INTEGRATION ACROSS

3647
02:48:52,160 --> 02:48:55,760
LIFESPAN, AND HARMONIZING WITH

3648
02:48:55,760 --> 02:48:58,360
OTHER PEOPLE, COLLEAGUES I WORK

3649
02:48:58,360 --> 02:49:00,120
WITH WITH SIMILAR THINGS ALONG

3650
02:49:00,120 --> 02:49:02,520
THE AGING, ALONG THE ADULT

3651
02:49:02,520 --> 02:49:06,680
LIFESPAN, SO WE CAN HAVE PEOPLE

3652
02:49:06,680 --> 02:49:09,320
LOOKING AT VOLUME, FROM AGE 8 TO

3653
02:49:09,320 --> 02:49:11,200
82, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH USING

3654
02:49:11,200 --> 02:49:15,000
SIMILAR METHODS SO WE ALLOW TO

3655
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:16,960
STITCH TOGETHER THOSE DATA, EVEN

3656
02:49:16,960 --> 02:49:21,280
THOUGH THEY ARE NOT DONE WITHIN

3657
02:49:21,280 --> 02:49:21,880
THE SAME LAB.

3658
02:49:21,880 --> 02:49:23,080
I THINK THIS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE

3659
02:49:23,080 --> 02:49:25,960
WE HAVE THE SAME QUESTION,

3660
02:49:25,960 --> 02:49:28,160
WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT HIPPOCAMPAL

3661
02:49:28,160 --> 02:49:29,600
VOLUME ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, THAT

3662
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,080
MEASURE ALLOWED US TO STITCH

3663
02:49:32,080 --> 02:49:32,880
TOGETHER DATA COLLECTED ACROSS

3664
02:49:32,880 --> 02:49:33,640
DIFFERENT LABS.

3665
02:49:33,640 --> 02:49:35,840
IF WE HAVE QUESTIONS RELEVANT

3666
02:49:35,840 --> 02:49:38,440
ACROSS THIS LIFESPAN WE CAN DO

3667
02:49:38,440 --> 02:49:39,120
THAT.

3668
02:49:39,120 --> 02:49:47,720
THE QUESTION ABOUT COGNITION, WE

3669
02:49:47,720 --> 02:49:50,480
HAVE MAYBE THOSE, WE CAN STITCH

3670
02:49:50,480 --> 02:49:52,000
THOSE TOGETHER BY LOOKING AT

3671
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,160
WHAT MIGHT BE THE PRECURSORS OF

3672
02:49:55,160 --> 02:49:57,680
LATE COGNITIVE ABILITIES ONCE WE

3673
02:49:57,680 --> 02:50:00,640
GET TO CERTAIN LEVEL OF

3674
02:50:00,640 --> 02:50:03,720
COGNITIVE ABILITIES CAN BUILD A

3675
02:50:03,720 --> 02:50:05,760
TASK THAT WORKS ACROSS THE

3676
02:50:05,760 --> 02:50:06,680
LIFESPAN.

3677
02:50:06,680 --> 02:50:07,840
YOU DON'T NEED TOO MUCH COMPLEX

3678
02:50:07,840 --> 02:50:11,480
KNOWLEDGE TO SEE AND TRY TO

3679
02:50:11,480 --> 02:50:16,040
REMEMBER THE SCENE, SOME

3680
02:50:16,040 --> 02:50:17,080
THOUGHTS I HAVE.

3681
02:50:17,080 --> 02:50:19,840
>> I'LL ADD IT'S IMPORTANT TO

3682
02:50:19,840 --> 02:50:24,160
HAVE MULTIPLE MODALITIES WITH 

3683
02:50:24,160 --> 02:50:27,960
WHICH TO GATHER INFORMATION, AND

3684
02:50:27,960 --> 02:50:28,960
TO CREATE THEORETICAL

3685
02:50:28,960 --> 02:50:29,920
CONSTRUCTS, MAYBE NOT COMPARING

3686
02:50:29,920 --> 02:50:32,320
THE SAME ENERGY AT EACH AGE

3687
02:50:32,320 --> 02:50:33,440
GROUP, DIFFERENT MODALITY OR

3688
02:50:33,440 --> 02:50:35,440
STRATEGY, BUT THEY ARE

3689
02:50:35,440 --> 02:50:37,040
CONTRIBUTING TO A THEORY THAT

3690
02:50:37,040 --> 02:50:38,040
CONNECTS ALL AGES.

3691
02:50:38,040 --> 02:50:39,760
WHAT I USED IN, SAY, NEURAL

3692
02:50:39,760 --> 02:50:41,200
ACTIVITY IN A FETUS MAY BE

3693
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:43,520
DIFFERENT THAN WHAT WE USED WITH

3694
02:50:43,520 --> 02:50:45,200
NEURAL ACTIVITY IN AN

3695
02:50:45,200 --> 02:50:49,080
80-YEAR-OLD BUT THE THEORIES OF

3696
02:50:49,080 --> 02:50:50,600
SYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT OR

3697
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:53,440
DEGENERATION GO TO THE FIELDS

3698
02:50:53,440 --> 02:51:00,880
AND COME AT IT FROM DIFFERENT

3699
02:51:00,880 --> 02:51:02,000
DIRECTION, DEPENDING WHETHER

3700
02:51:02,000 --> 02:51:05,400
IT'S HUMAN OR ANIMAL.

3701
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:07,760
>> ANY OTHER SPEAKERS WANT TO

3702
02:51:07,760 --> 02:51:11,240
TALK ABOUT HOW THEY SEE US

3703
02:51:11,240 --> 02:51:11,800
CONNECTING THE DOTS?

3704
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:14,400
EITHER AT A GIVEN TIME POINT

3705
02:51:14,400 --> 02:51:16,480
AMONG DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

3706
02:51:16,480 --> 02:51:18,120
ANALYSIS OR ACROSS THE LIFESPAN?

3707
02:51:18,120 --> 02:51:19,680
I KNOW YOU'RE ALL CONTRIBUTING

3708
02:51:19,680 --> 02:51:22,160
TO THAT SO I DON'T WANT TO -- I

3709
02:51:22,160 --> 02:51:24,120
GET IT FROM ALL YOUR

3710
02:51:24,120 --> 02:51:24,880
PRESENTATIONS EVERYONE IS

3711
02:51:24,880 --> 02:51:26,560
CONTRIBUTING BUT IF YOU CAN

3712
02:51:26,560 --> 02:51:30,120
THINK OF WAYS YOU COULD 

3713
02:51:30,120 --> 02:51:34,760
CONTRIBUTE MORE, MOVE FARTHER IN

3714
02:51:34,760 --> 02:51:36,840
DEVELOPING THE EXTREMELY LARGE

3715
02:51:36,840 --> 02:51:40,000
SPACE OF OBSERVATIONS ACROSS THE

3716
02:51:40,000 --> 02:51:42,200
LIFESPAN, GOING DEEPLY INTO

3717
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:43,080
MECHANISMS AT EACH POINT ACROSS

3718
02:51:43,080 --> 02:51:45,480
THE LIFESPAN THAT CAN ONLY BE

3719
02:51:45,480 --> 02:51:46,680
DONE COLLABORATIVELY BY THE

3720
02:51:46,680 --> 02:51:48,080
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.

3721
02:51:48,080 --> 02:51:50,560
HOW YOU THINK YOU COULD -- WE

3722
02:51:50,560 --> 02:51:54,160
COULD MOVE FORWARD IN CREATING

3723
02:51:54,160 --> 02:51:56,880
THAT SHARED VERY IMPORTANT

3724
02:51:56,880 --> 02:51:58,440
DATASET, YOU KNOW, TO EXPLORE

3725
02:51:58,440 --> 02:52:00,160
MORE DEEPLY WHAT'S GOING ON

3726
02:52:00,160 --> 02:52:00,480
HERE.

3727
02:52:00,480 --> 02:52:04,040
>> I WANT TO SECOND WHAT ELLEN

3728
02:52:04,040 --> 02:52:06,440
HAS SAID.

3729
02:52:06,440 --> 02:52:09,280
CONCEPTUALLY WE COULD CONNECT

3730
02:52:09,280 --> 02:52:10,040
ACROSS DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES

3731
02:52:10,040 --> 02:52:12,640
AND AGES AND SPECIES BUT IT

3732
02:52:12,640 --> 02:52:18,760
WOULD BE RELATIVELY HARD TO

3733
02:52:18,760 --> 02:52:21,200
CONNECT ACROSS DIFFERENT

3734
02:52:21,200 --> 02:52:23,800
METHODOLOGIES LIKE fMRI TO

3735
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:24,360
PHYSIOLOGY, DIFFERENT

3736
02:52:24,360 --> 02:52:27,880
RESOLUTIONS AT DIFFERENT TIME 

3737
02:52:27,880 --> 02:52:30,360
AND SPACE BUT CONCEPTUAL ONE

3738
02:52:30,360 --> 02:52:32,920
METHOD MAYBE CAN BE EXPLORED

3739
02:52:32,920 --> 02:52:35,400
WITH THE OTHER METHOD IF IT'S

3740
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:38,400
FOUND IN ONE -- IN RODENTS, CAN

3741
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:40,960
BE EXPLORED IN THE HUMAN.

3742
02:52:40,960 --> 02:52:45,760
THOSE KIND OF CONCEPTS I THINK.

3743
02:52:45,760 --> 02:52:48,240
SOME MAY WORK, SOME MAY NOT BE

3744
02:52:48,240 --> 02:52:50,240
AS GENERAL.

3745
02:52:50,240 --> 02:52:58,040
BUT IT'S NOT A DIRECT LINK

3746
02:52:58,040 --> 02:53:00,080
BETWEEN DIFFERENT, YEAH,

3747
02:53:00,080 --> 02:53:00,320
DESIGNS.

3748
02:53:00,320 --> 02:53:02,280
>> SINCE YOU RESPONDED, LET ME

3749
02:53:02,280 --> 02:53:05,040
ASK YOU A QUESTION.

3750
02:53:05,040 --> 02:53:07,760
FASCINATED BY THIS P 23

3751
02:53:07,760 --> 02:53:12,680
PHENOMENON THAT YOU SHOWED,

3752
02:53:12,680 --> 02:53:15,280
WHERE YOU SEE FIRST TIME RUN,

3753
02:53:15,280 --> 02:53:16,720
PLASTICITY APPEARS, IF I GET

3754
02:53:16,720 --> 02:53:19,480
THAT RIGHT.

3755
02:53:19,480 --> 02:53:24,280
I'M WONDERING WHAT ARE YOUR

3756
02:53:24,280 --> 02:53:25,880
FAVORITE EXPLANATIONS, CELLULAR

3757
02:53:25,880 --> 02:53:30,080
OR SIGNALING LEVEL, THAT MAY 

3758
02:53:30,080 --> 02:53:30,800
UNDERLIE THIS VERY INTERESTING

3759
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,000
TRANSITION, YOU KNOW, WHAT ARE

3760
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:36,720
THE NEURAL OR SORT OF SIGNALING

3761
02:53:36,720 --> 02:53:38,520
MECHANISMS THAT YOU THINK MIGHT

3762
02:53:38,520 --> 02:53:39,960
BE INTERESTING, ARE SOME

3763
02:53:39,960 --> 02:53:42,200
TECHNIQUES WE HEARD AFTER YOURS

3764
02:53:42,200 --> 02:53:44,840
THAT COULD BE USED TO BETTER

3765
02:53:44,840 --> 02:53:46,120
INTERROGATE THAT QUESTION.

3766
02:53:46,120 --> 02:53:48,840
YOU MAY ALREADY KNOW THE ANSWER

3767
02:53:48,840 --> 02:53:53,680
BUT I'M JUST INTRIGUED BY WHAT

3768
02:53:53,680 --> 02:53:56,840
IS TRIGGERING THAT SHIFT.

3769
02:53:56,840 --> 02:54:00,880
>> SO, THE NUMBER OF RECEPTORS

3770
02:54:00,880 --> 02:54:03,080
AND MOLECULES SOMEHOW

3771
02:54:03,080 --> 02:54:05,800
ACTIVITYING FROM IMMATURE FORM

3772
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:09,880
TO ADULT -- SHIFTING FROM 

3773
02:54:09,880 --> 02:54:13,480
IMMATURE TO ADULT FORM, THERE'S

3774
02:54:13,480 --> 02:54:14,680
UPREGULATION, DOWNREGULATION.

3775
02:54:14,680 --> 02:54:16,840
SO WE'RE FOLLOWING ON THAT TRACK

3776
02:54:16,840 --> 02:54:26,280
A LITTLE BIT TO SEE IF WE ADD

3777
02:54:26,280 --> 02:54:27,800
SOME THAT CAN ACCELERATE

3778
02:54:27,800 --> 02:54:28,880
TRANSITION FROM ONE RECEPTOR

3779
02:54:28,880 --> 02:54:31,840
TYPE TO ANOTHER COULD IN

3780
02:54:31,840 --> 02:54:36,240
PARALLEL SEE ACCELERATION OF

3781
02:54:36,240 --> 02:54:38,080
THIS ACROSS STAGES.

3782
02:54:38,080 --> 02:54:39,680
AGAIN, THAT WOULD BE ANOTHER

3783
02:54:39,680 --> 02:54:42,240
TYPE OF CONNECTIVITY ACROSS LABS

3784
02:54:42,240 --> 02:54:47,880
WHERE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY NEEDS TO

3785
02:54:47,880 --> 02:54:49,800
BE COMBINED WITH COMPLEMENT

3786
02:54:49,800 --> 02:54:50,160
PHYSIOLOGY ONES.

3787
02:54:50,160 --> 02:55:00,560
BUT USING THE SAME SPECIES, SAME

3788
02:55:00,560 --> 02:55:00,760
BASIS.

3789
02:55:00,760 --> 02:55:02,440
>> FOCUSING ON ONE DEVELOPMENTAL

3790
02:55:02,440 --> 02:55:03,880
PHENOMENON IN THIS CASE, COULD

3791
02:55:03,880 --> 02:55:10,240
BE A UNIFYING THEME TO THAT.

3792
02:55:10,240 --> 02:55:15,200
ALL RIGHT.

3793
02:55:15,200 --> 02:55:15,400
OKAY.

3794
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:15,920
I THINK --

3795
02:55:15,920 --> 02:55:18,280
>> TO FOLLOW -- WE'RE OUT OF

3796
02:55:18,280 --> 02:55:18,520
TIME?

3797
02:55:18,520 --> 02:55:24,440
IN THE MEASURES YOU HAVE, WHICH

3798
02:55:24,440 --> 02:55:28,000
SEEMS LIKE ALSO MAY HAVE GOT

3799
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:29,560
CLOSER TOGETHER, SO THAT MIGHT

3800
02:55:29,560 --> 02:55:31,520
BE A PLACE WHERE WE CAN KIND OF

3801
02:55:31,520 --> 02:55:33,480
LINK, YOU AND I CAN START

3802
02:55:33,480 --> 02:55:37,800
THINKING WHAT MIGHT IT MEAN THAT

3803
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:39,720
WE GET LIKE SLOW, FASTER, IN THE

3804
02:55:39,720 --> 02:55:42,800
MEASURES WE HAVE ACROSS AN OLDER

3805
02:55:42,800 --> 02:55:44,720
ADULT BRAIN.

3806
02:55:44,720 --> 02:55:48,680
SO THIS IS AGAIN -- .

3807
02:55:48,680 --> 02:55:50,560
>> DATA FREQUENCY GOT FASTER BUT

3808
02:55:50,560 --> 02:55:57,920
NOT BY A LOT. 

3809
02:55:57,920 --> 02:55:59,640
>> OKAY.

3810
02:55:59,640 --> 02:56:03,040
I THINK OUR TIME HAS ELAPSED, IF

3811
02:56:03,040 --> 02:56:05,680
WE'RE GOING TO GIVE THE GROUP A

3812
02:56:05,680 --> 02:56:08,400
BREAK.

3813
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:14,920
>> WELCOME BACK.

3814
02:56:14,920 --> 02:56:18,880
I'M A PROGRAM OFFICER AT THE

3815
02:56:18,880 --> 02:56:19,760
BILL AND MELINDA GATES

3816
02:56:19,760 --> 02:56:20,040
FOUNDATION.

3817
02:56:20,040 --> 02:56:22,600
THIS IS OUR LAST SESSION.

3818
02:56:22,600 --> 02:56:23,360
SINCE YESTERDAY, MID-AFTERNOON,

3819
02:56:23,360 --> 02:56:27,240
WE'VE BEEN ON THIS PATH OF

3820
02:56:27,240 --> 02:56:32,520
RELENTLESS PATH OF ACHIEVING 

3821
02:56:32,520 --> 02:56:35,360
HIGHER LEVELS OF SCALE.

3822
02:56:35,360 --> 02:56:39,040
FROM CIRCUITS, TO CELLULAR

3823
02:56:39,040 --> 02:56:39,440
REPORTING.

3824
02:56:39,440 --> 02:56:41,960
LAST SESSION, A DIFFERENT FORM

3825
02:56:41,960 --> 02:56:43,080
OF SCALE.

3826
02:56:43,080 --> 02:56:44,600
AT THE GATES FOUNDATION WE'RE

3827
02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:46,160
INTERESTED IN POPULATION LEVEL

3828
02:56:46,160 --> 02:56:49,400
SCALES, THINKING ABOUT HOW WE

3829
02:56:49,400 --> 02:56:51,000
CAN HAVE IMPACT LEVEL IMPACTS,

3830
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:55,160
THROUGHOUT THE POPULATION LEVEL.

3831
02:56:55,160 --> 02:56:57,200
AND WE STARTED THE MEETING

3832
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,760
TODAY, TALKING ABOUT HOW MOST

3833
02:56:59,760 --> 02:57:02,440
INTERVENTIONS UP UNTIL NOW HAVE

3834
02:57:02,440 --> 02:57:05,960
BEEN FOCUSED ON MORBIDITY OR

3835
02:57:05,960 --> 02:57:16,040
MORTALITY, ON PHYSICAL GROWTH, 

3836
02:57:16,040 --> 02:57:16,760
DONE AT SCALE, HEAD

3837
02:57:16,760 --> 02:57:20,280
CIRCUMFERENCE, HEIGHT, WAIT.

3838
02:57:20,280 --> 02:57:20,840
 WEIGHT.

3839
02:57:20,840 --> 02:57:22,160
WE NEED TO TAKING METHODS WE

3840
02:57:22,160 --> 02:57:23,440
HAVE, WHAT WE LEARNED OVER THE

3841
02:57:23,440 --> 02:57:25,400
PAST TWO DAYS AND SCALE THEM UP,

3842
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:29,640
NO SMALL FEAT WHEN YOU THINK

3843
02:57:29,640 --> 02:57:32,560
THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, SMALL

3844
02:57:32,560 --> 02:57:33,360
COMMUNITY HOSPITAL IN RHODE

3845
02:57:33,360 --> 02:57:35,720
ISLAND HAS THE SAME NUMBER OF

3846
02:57:35,720 --> 02:57:37,600
MRI MACHINES AS THE ENTIRE

3847
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:41,000
COUNTRY OF MALAWI, HOW CAN WE

3848
02:57:41,000 --> 02:57:45,160
SCALE TECHNIQUES UP.

3849
02:57:45,160 --> 02:57:47,760
THAT'S THE CHARGE FOR THE LAST

3850
02:57:47,760 --> 02:57:48,320
PANEL.

3851
02:57:48,320 --> 02:57:56,160
I HAND IT OVER TO THE CHAIR, DR.

3852
02:57:56,160 --> 02:58:02,560
OGBOLE, A NEURORADIOLOGIST FROM

3853
02:58:02,560 --> 02:58:05,160
NIGERIA, SPANS THE SPECTRUM OF

3854
02:58:05,160 --> 02:58:07,800
THE LIFESPAN.

3855
02:58:07,800 --> 02:58:10,200
HIS INTEREST SPAN FROM PEDIATRIC

3856
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:13,080
EPILEPSY TO DEMENTIA AND STROKE.

3857
02:58:13,080 --> 02:58:19,920
HE'S DONE AN AMAZING JOB

3858
02:58:19,920 --> 02:58:23,000
ADVANCING NEURORADIOLOGY 

3859
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:24,760
THROUGHOUT AFRICA AND CURRENTLY

3860
02:58:24,760 --> 02:58:31,200
IS RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT 

3861
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:38,800
UNIVERSITY OF  OXFORD.

3862
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:40,840
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, SEAN.

3863
02:58:40,840 --> 02:58:41,560
CAN YOU HEAR ME?

3864
02:58:41,560 --> 02:58:43,360
CAN YOU SEE MY SLIDES IN.

3865
02:58:43,360 --> 02:58:50,400
>> YOU'RE GOOD.

3866
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:51,240
>> SLIDES ARE GOOD?

3867
02:58:51,240 --> 02:58:56,560
THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 

3868
02:58:56,560 --> 02:58:58,280
WE'RE LOOKING AT BOTH

3869
02:58:58,280 --> 02:59:11,000
MEASUREMENTS BETWEEN POPULATION 

3870
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:14,760
AND INDIVIDUAL LEVELS.

3871
02:59:14,760 --> 02:59:16,080
BEATING TO BENTLEY.

3872
02:59:16,080 --> 02:59:18,000
I LOVE CARS.

3873
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:25,960
THE BEETLE IS SIMPLE, TECHNOLOGY

3874
02:59:25,960 --> 02:59:32,120
BROUGHT INNOVATION, IT'S 

3875
02:59:32,120 --> 02:59:33,680
POSSIBLE TO PUT TECHNOLOGY

3876
02:59:33,680 --> 02:59:35,080
INSIDE AN ELECTRIC CAR, THINGS I

3877
02:59:35,080 --> 02:59:36,320
WILL BE TALKING ABOUT.

3878
02:59:36,320 --> 02:59:44,800
WE HAVE GOOD SPEAKERS LINED UP.

3879
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:52,800
WHAT ARE WE LOOKING AT MOSTLY? 

3880
02:59:52,800 --> 02:59:59,040
GENERALLY YOU FIND MRI, IN THE

3881
02:59:59,040 --> 03:00:09,320
LAST 40 YEARS, FOCUSED ON

3882
03:00:09,320 --> 03:00:11,720
RESEARCH (INDISCERNIBLE)

3883
03:00:11,720 --> 03:00:16,560
ADVANCED CENTERS NOW USE JUST

3884
03:00:16,560 --> 03:00:21,960
LIKE MRIs, PROPOSED 7 TESLA 

3885
03:00:21,960 --> 03:00:24,040
MAY REPLACE 3 TESLA ACROSS THE

3886
03:00:24,040 --> 03:00:28,280
WORLD IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS.

3887
03:00:28,280 --> 03:00:31,640
WE'RE SEEING ADVANCES IN MR

3888
03:00:31,640 --> 03:00:36,120
TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE OF DATA

3889
03:00:36,120 --> 03:00:39,400
ACQUISITION, IMAGE

3890
03:00:39,400 --> 03:00:39,960
RECONSTRUCTION, COMPRESSED

3891
03:00:39,960 --> 03:00:42,600
SENSING, FINGERPRINTING, A.I. 

3892
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:59,680
TECHNOLOGY BRINGING TECHNOLOGY

3893
03:00:59,680 --> 03:01:00,560
TO BEAR.

3894
03:01:00,560 --> 03:01:04,760
(INDISCERNIBLE) 

3895
03:01:04,760 --> 03:01:06,720
AND MORE CLINICALLY RELEVANT,

3896
03:01:06,720 --> 03:01:18,120
WITH THE SHIFT IN PARADIGM.

3897
03:01:18,120 --> 03:01:30,640
GLOBAL ACCESS, THERE ARE SEVERAL

3898
03:01:30,640 --> 03:01:31,080
CONFLICTS.

3899
03:01:31,080 --> 03:01:34,360
MOST FACILITIES, NOT 

3900
03:01:34,360 --> 03:01:35,000
TRANSLATABLE TO THE CLINIC, LOW-

3901
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:35,960
AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, THE

3902
03:01:35,960 --> 03:01:37,960
ISSUE OF EQUALITY, MOST SYSTEMS

3903
03:01:37,960 --> 03:01:43,080
ARE NOT WELL DISTRIBUTED AMONG

3904
03:01:43,080 --> 03:01:45,360
COUNTRIES, THERE'S A NEED TO

3905
03:01:45,360 --> 03:01:50,560
MAKE SURE THESE SYSTEMS ARE

3906
03:01:50,560 --> 03:01:52,320
ACTIVELY DISTRIBUTED, WE FIND

3907
03:01:52,320 --> 03:01:56,440
RICH INDIVIDUALS HAVE ACCESS

3908
03:01:56,440 --> 03:02:01,160
EVEN WITHIN POOR COUNTRIES, 1%

3909
03:02:01,160 --> 03:02:06,400
OF POPULATION, THE REST OF THE

3910
03:02:06,400 --> 03:02:08,360
POPULATIONS SUFFER, THE

3911
03:02:08,360 --> 03:02:12,760
DISTRIBUTION AMONG LOWER INCOME

3912
03:02:12,760 --> 03:02:14,800
COUNTRIES, MOST SYSTEMS IS

3913
03:02:14,800 --> 03:02:17,760
MOSTLY CONDUCTED IN URBAN AREAS.

3914
03:02:17,760 --> 03:02:20,160
A LOT OF QUESTIONS WE'RE TRYING

3915
03:02:20,160 --> 03:02:30,880
ANSWER TODAY, IN TERMS OF 

3916
03:02:30,880 --> 03:02:38,960
POPULATION AND POPULATION

3917
03:02:38,960 --> 03:02:39,560
ACCESS.

3918
03:02:39,560 --> 03:02:44,360
HOW CAN POPULATION AFFORD THESE

3919
03:02:44,360 --> 03:02:46,080
SYSTEMS EVEN IF THEY BECOME

3920
03:02:46,080 --> 03:02:47,080
AVAILABLE AND CLINICAL IMPACT

3921
03:02:47,080 --> 03:02:54,280
THESE SYSTEMS ARE ABLE TO

3922
03:02:54,280 --> 03:02:54,720
PRODUCE.

3923
03:02:54,720 --> 03:02:58,200
MRI HAS POTENTIAL, THE CLINICAL

3924
03:02:58,200 --> 03:03:04,480
IMPACT OF THE POPULATION IS NOT

3925
03:03:04,480 --> 03:03:08,080
COMMENSURATE WITH ABILITY, AND

3926
03:03:08,080 --> 03:03:10,960
POSSIBLE TO GET AT ANSWER, YOU

3927
03:03:10,960 --> 03:03:18,440
KNOW, QUESTIONS. 

3928
03:03:18,440 --> 03:03:20,560
WE NEED MULTIPLE SYSTEMS.

3929
03:03:20,560 --> 03:03:22,960
AFRICA HAS LEAST ACCESS TO MRI

3930
03:03:22,960 --> 03:03:23,280
TECHNOLOGY.

3931
03:03:23,280 --> 03:03:29,760
THE ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE 

3932
03:03:29,760 --> 03:03:40,280
U.S., 37 TIMES MORE THAN THE

3933
03:03:40,280 --> 03:03:41,400
ENTIRE REGION.

3934
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:46,760
WHEN YOU COMPARE TO OTHER 

3935
03:03:46,760 --> 03:03:50,880
REGIONS OF THE WORLD, BETWEEN

3936
03:03:50,880 --> 03:04:00,640
MRI AND ABILITY AS WELL AS LIFE

3937
03:04:00,640 --> 03:04:02,760
EXPECTANCY (INDISCERNIBLE) LIFE

3938
03:04:02,760 --> 03:04:03,840
EXPECTANCY.

3939
03:04:03,840 --> 03:04:08,000
SO IF IT'S POSSIBLE, IF WE MAKE

3940
03:04:08,000 --> 03:04:09,360
TECHNOLOGY, IT'S POSSIBLE TO

3941
03:04:09,360 --> 03:04:21,600
IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF THESE

3942
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:27,160
POPULATIONS.

3943
03:04:27,160 --> 03:04:28,040
THERE ARE CHALLENGES.

3944
03:04:28,040 --> 03:04:30,840
THIS IS A GRAPH OR PICTURE THAT

3945
03:04:30,840 --> 03:04:34,480
REPRESENTS THE GLOBAL ACCESS TO

3946
03:04:34,480 --> 03:04:41,080
MRI, ELECTRICITY, YOU CAN SEE 

3947
03:04:41,080 --> 03:04:48,560
HOW DARK AFRICA IS.

3948
03:04:48,560 --> 03:04:59,160
YOU CAN SEE THE COUNTRIES WHERE

3949
03:04:59,160 --> 03:04:59,880
NEUROSCIENCE (INDISCERNIBLE)

3950
03:04:59,880 --> 03:05:03,960
THAT HAVE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY.

3951
03:05:03,960 --> 03:05:12,600
SO IF WE HANDLE PROGRESS,

3952
03:05:12,600 --> 03:05:16,440
INFRASTRUCTURE, CAN HANDLE

3953
03:05:16,440 --> 03:05:19,200
ELECTRICITY CHALLENGES.

3954
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:22,760
LACK OF STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, WE

3955
03:05:22,760 --> 03:05:27,960
MUST PROPOSE HOW TO BUILD

3956
03:05:27,960 --> 03:05:44,960
CAPACITY IN THIS REGION AND ALSO

3957
03:05:44,960 --> 03:05:46,720
REDUCE BRAIN DRAIN.

3958
03:05:46,720 --> 03:05:59,440
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

3959
03:05:59,440 --> 03:06:08,160
WE NEED TO MARRY STRUCTURE AND

3960
03:06:08,160 --> 03:06:10,960
FUNCTION, TO HARMONIZE, THE

3961
03:06:10,960 --> 03:06:22,760
BRAIN LIMITED FUNCTION, PEOPLE

3962
03:06:22,760 --> 03:06:25,360
WHO -- (INDISCERNIBLE).

3963
03:06:25,360 --> 03:06:31,440
 

3964
03:06:31,440 --> 03:06:34,280
 

3965
03:06:34,280 --> 03:07:08,320
[ GARBLED AUDIO ]

3966
03:07:08,320 --> 03:07:18,760
THERE'S THE ISSUE OF NEED OR

3967
03:07:18,760 --> 03:07:19,080
OBJECTIVITY.

3968
03:07:19,080 --> 03:07:20,160
PROVIDING IMAGING DATA WILL

3969
03:07:20,160 --> 03:07:21,200
ANSWER QUESTIONS FOR CLINICAL

3970
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:24,000
NEEDS OF PEOPLE IN LOWER AND

3971
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:30,360
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES. 

3972
03:07:30,360 --> 03:07:35,360
VENDORS OF COURSE (

3973
03:07:35,360 --> 03:07:37,040
INDISCERNIBLE) ASSISTANCE WITH

3974
03:07:37,040 --> 03:07:41,720
TECHNOLOGY. 

3975
03:07:41,720 --> 03:07:45,480
LOOK AT THIS IMAGE.

3976
03:07:45,480 --> 03:07:51,520
 

3977
03:07:51,520 --> 03:07:55,160
 

3978
03:07:55,160 --> 03:08:07,040
SO THERE'S A NEED TO LOOK AT 

3979
03:08:07,040 --> 03:08:13,040
CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT,

3980
03:08:13,040 --> 03:08:17,800
DISTRIBUTING ACROSS AFRICA, HAS

3981
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:20,840
POTENTIAL TO CHANGE.

3982
03:08:20,840 --> 03:08:24,200
FIVE TESLA SYSTEMS, EQUIVALENT

3983
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:35,040
TO 1.5 SYSTEMS, WE CAN ACHIEVE

3984
03:08:35,040 --> 03:08:38,720
MORE WITH LESS.

3985
03:08:38,720 --> 03:08:41,320
SUSTAINABLE. 

3986
03:08:41,320 --> 03:08:51,160
WANTS TO DEVELOP MRI MACHINE

3987
03:08:51,160 --> 03:08:51,520
(INDISCERNIBLE).

3988
03:08:51,520 --> 03:08:53,920
 

3989
03:08:53,920 --> 03:08:55,240
 

3990
03:08:55,240 --> 03:08:58,960
[ GARBLED AUDIO ].

3991
03:08:58,960 --> 03:09:04,960
 

3992
03:09:04,960 --> 03:09:10,960
 

3993
03:09:10,960 --> 03:09:24,960
WE NEED TO UNLOCK THE DOOR, 

3994
03:09:24,960 --> 03:09:26,920
DEMOCRATIZE NEUROIMAGING

3995
03:09:26,920 --> 03:09:27,920
GLOBALLY.

3996
03:09:27,920 --> 03:09:30,720
PROVIDE NEUROIMAGING GLOBALLY,

3997
03:09:30,720 --> 03:09:32,760
WIRELESS DEVICES, EEG, EMG, CAN

3998
03:09:32,760 --> 03:09:37,800
ALSO HELP PROVIDE DATA FOR

3999
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:48,080
GLOBAL POPULATION.

4000
03:09:48,080 --> 03:09:50,160
SCALABLE NEUROIMAGING TOOLS, TO

4001
03:09:50,160 --> 03:09:54,360
PROVIDE CLINICAL AND USEFUL

4002
03:09:54,360 --> 03:09:54,600
RESEARCH.

4003
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:55,960
FOR LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME

4004
03:09:55,960 --> 03:09:58,920
COUNTRIES THE CHALLENGE WE MUST

4005
03:09:58,920 --> 03:10:00,920
EMBRACE THROUGH TECHNOLOGY,

4006
03:10:00,920 --> 03:10:03,400
CHALLENGES AROUND IT, ENHANCE

4007
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:12,080
LACK OF PAUCITY, USE TO USE 

4008
03:10:12,080 --> 03:10:24,760
SYSTEMS THAT ARE SUSTAINABLE. 

4009
03:10:24,760 --> 03:10:27,920
WE NEED TO MAKE DATA MORE

4010
03:10:27,920 --> 03:10:28,360
GENERALIZABLE.

4011
03:10:28,360 --> 03:10:35,960
I WANT TO WELCOME THE SPEAKERS

4012
03:10:35,960 --> 03:10:42,240
AND DISCUSSION. 

4013
03:10:42,240 --> 03:10:43,760
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

4014
03:10:43,760 --> 03:10:52,160
I WOULD LIKE TO SHARE THE

4015
03:10:52,160 --> 03:10:53,520
SCREEN, LAUREL GABARD,

4016
03:10:53,520 --> 03:10:54,280
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY.

4017
03:10:54,280 --> 03:10:56,480
I'LL STOP SHARING SO YOU CAN

4018
03:10:56,480 --> 03:10:57,560
SHARE YOUR SCREEN.

4019
03:10:57,560 --> 03:10:58,200
>> THANKS.

4020
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:00,480
THANKS FOR HAVING ME AS PART OF

4021
03:11:00,480 --> 03:11:03,160
THIS WORKSHOP.

4022
03:11:03,160 --> 03:11:04,720
IT'S BEEN GREAT.

4023
03:11:04,720 --> 03:11:09,520
>> LET ME INTRODUCE YOU.

4024
03:11:09,520 --> 03:11:11,560
>> YES, OF COURSE.

4025
03:11:11,560 --> 03:11:13,080
>> LET'S START WITH YOUR

4026
03:11:13,080 --> 03:11:21,200
INTRODUCTION, WE'LL HAVE A TALK 

4027
03:11:21,200 --> 03:11:24,560
BY LAUREL GABARD DURNAM,

4028
03:11:24,560 --> 03:11:26,000
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF

4029
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:26,520
PSYCHOLOGY NORTHEASTERN

4030
03:11:26,520 --> 03:11:28,920
UNIVERSITY, B.A. DEGREE FROM

4031
03:11:28,920 --> 03:11:33,040
HARVARD, Ph.D. IN PSYCHOLOGY

4032
03:11:33,040 --> 03:11:35,080
FROM COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,

4033
03:11:35,080 --> 03:11:40,400
POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP AT

4034
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:44,120
BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, A

4035
03:11:44,120 --> 03:11:44,920
DEVELOPMENTAL, COGNITIVE

4036
03:11:44,920 --> 03:11:47,760
NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH EXPLORING

4037
03:11:47,760 --> 03:11:52,000
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT AND

4038
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:53,960
NEUROPLASTICITY CAN SHIFT AND

4039
03:11:53,960 --> 03:11:54,560
HINDER DEVELOPMENT.

4040
03:11:54,560 --> 03:11:56,800
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

4041
03:11:56,800 --> 03:11:58,160
>> THANKS FOR THE LOVELY

4042
03:11:58,160 --> 03:11:58,800
INTRODUCTION, GODWIN.

4043
03:11:58,800 --> 03:12:01,760
I'M GOING TO SHARE WHAT IS

4044
03:12:01,760 --> 03:12:03,960
HOPEFULLY A HOPEFULLY TALK ABOUT

4045
03:12:03,960 --> 03:12:06,400
SCALING DEVELOPMENTAL EEG ACROSS

4046
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:07,080
CONTINENTS.

4047
03:12:07,080 --> 03:12:08,960
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4048
03:12:08,960 --> 03:12:09,840
THE FRAMEWORK BOTH YESTERDAY AND

4049
03:12:09,840 --> 03:12:15,320
TODAY IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT

4050
03:12:15,320 --> 03:12:16,520
THESE BRAIN OR PLASTICITY,

4051
03:12:16,520 --> 03:12:18,680
EXPERIENCE BY TIME AND

4052
03:12:18,680 --> 03:12:19,560
INTERACTION, MOVES SO SMOOTHLY

4053
03:12:19,560 --> 03:12:22,040
BETWEEN THE NEED FOR DEEP

4054
03:12:22,040 --> 03:12:23,080
PHENOTYPING AND SCALABLE

4055
03:12:23,080 --> 03:12:23,360
PHENOTYPING.

4056
03:12:23,360 --> 03:12:25,720
ON ONE HAND WE NEED TO THINK

4057
03:12:25,720 --> 03:12:27,560
ABOUT UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS

4058
03:12:27,560 --> 03:12:28,720
AND TRANSLATING BETWEEN

4059
03:12:28,720 --> 03:12:30,640
COMPUTATIONAL AND ANIMAL MODELS

4060
03:12:30,640 --> 03:12:32,960
AND HUMAN MEASURES OF EARLY

4061
03:12:32,960 --> 03:12:35,160
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, IN MY CASE

4062
03:12:35,160 --> 03:12:36,560
THINKING ABOUT MECHANISMS AND

4063
03:12:36,560 --> 03:12:37,680
TIMING FOR SENSITIVE PERIODS

4064
03:12:37,680 --> 03:12:40,280
WHEN THE BRAIN IS ESPECIALLY

4065
03:12:40,280 --> 03:12:42,720
PLASTIC AND RECEPTIVE TO

4066
03:12:42,720 --> 03:12:43,880
EXPERIENCES, BUT THIS IS ALSO

4067
03:12:43,880 --> 03:12:45,120
POWERFUL BECAUSE IT TELLS US

4068
03:12:45,120 --> 03:12:48,960
WHAT AND HOW AND WHEN TO DO

4069
03:12:48,960 --> 03:12:50,480
INTERVENTIONS OR TO EFFECT BRAIN

4070
03:12:50,480 --> 03:12:52,440
CHANGE TO PROMOTE INFANT BRAIN

4071
03:12:52,440 --> 03:12:52,680
HEALTH.

4072
03:12:52,680 --> 03:12:54,720
AND SO IN THIS SPACE WE ALSO

4073
03:12:54,720 --> 03:12:56,720
NEED TO MEASURE THE RIGHT

4074
03:12:56,720 --> 03:12:57,680
MEASURES, AT THE RIGHT

4075
03:12:57,680 --> 03:12:59,200
DEVELOPMENTAL MOMENTS TO MAKE

4076
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:01,600
SURE WE CAN REALLY GET UTILITY

4077
03:13:01,600 --> 03:13:02,600
OUT OF THESE TOOLS.

4078
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:06,760
SO TODAY I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON

4079
03:13:06,760 --> 03:13:10,800
GOING FROM DEEP TO SCALABLE,

4080
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:13,000
CLINICAL SETTINGS, OFFICES AND

4081
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:14,200
NICUs, MOVING ACROSS COUNTRY

4082
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:20,640
AND RESOURCE SETTINGS.

4083
03:13:20,640 --> 03:13:22,320
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4084
03:13:22,320 --> 03:13:23,960
THERE'S NOT ENOUGH TIME TO GO

4085
03:13:23,960 --> 03:13:27,640
THREE  -- THROUGH ALL BUT

4086
03:13:27,640 --> 03:13:30,000
WHETHER THEY ARE GOING TO BE

4087
03:13:30,000 --> 03:13:31,200
FEASIBLE AND INCLUSIVE,

4088
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:33,320
ACCESSIBLE AND CAPACITY BUILDING

4089
03:13:33,320 --> 03:13:35,960
FOR THOSE IMPLEMENTING

4090
03:13:35,960 --> 03:13:37,920
TECHNOLOGY, AND WHETHER THEY ARE

4091
03:13:37,920 --> 03:13:38,560
EFFECTIVE WITHIN THE CONTEXT

4092
03:13:38,560 --> 03:13:40,440
TELLING US SOMETHING USEFUL AND

4093
03:13:40,440 --> 03:13:43,280
NEW ABOUT CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

4094
03:13:43,280 --> 03:13:44,120
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4095
03:13:44,120 --> 03:13:47,160
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT FEASIBILITY,

4096
03:13:47,160 --> 03:13:58,440
EEG FEASIBILITY, ONE OF THE

4097
03:13:58,440 --> 03:14:01,920
IMPLICIT CONSTRUCTS WE NEED

4098
03:14:01,920 --> 03:14:02,800
CONSISTENT AND RELIABLE

4099
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:03,480
MEASURES, TO HAVE CONFIDENCE

4100
03:14:03,480 --> 03:14:05,400
WHEN WE TAKE THE READOUTS THEY

4101
03:14:05,400 --> 03:14:10,080
ARE TELLING US SOMETHING ABOUT

4102
03:14:10,080 --> 03:14:14,160
THAT CHILD RATHER THAN NOISE OR

4103
03:14:14,160 --> 03:14:14,560
ARTIFACT.

4104
03:14:14,560 --> 03:14:19,800
WE HAVEN'T BEEN QUITE AS

4105
03:14:19,800 --> 03:14:21,000
CAREFUL, WE'VE BEEN SPENDING

4106
03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:22,560
TIME IN THE SPACE, THE GOOD NEWS

4107
03:14:22,560 --> 03:14:28,160
IS WHETHER YOU LOOK ACROSS

4108
03:14:28,160 --> 03:14:29,400
RESOURCE SETTINGS, CLINICAL OR

4109
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:30,160
NEUROTYPICAL POPULATIONS IN

4110
03:14:30,160 --> 03:14:31,560
EARLY LIFE YOU NEED ONE MINUTE

4111
03:14:31,560 --> 03:14:33,880
OF GOOD DATA TO DERIVE A NUMBER

4112
03:14:33,880 --> 03:14:39,240
OF FEATURES WITH INCREDIBLY GOOD

4113
03:14:39,240 --> 03:14:39,920
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY.

4114
03:14:39,920 --> 03:14:41,960
SO THIS IS REALLY EXCITING FOR

4115
03:14:41,960 --> 03:14:44,720
ME BECAUSE A MINUTE OF DATA IS

4116
03:14:44,720 --> 03:14:46,360
FEASIBLE FOR INFANTS AND

4117
03:14:46,360 --> 03:14:49,600
CHILDREN TO GIVE US.

4118
03:14:49,600 --> 03:14:50,960
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4119
03:14:50,960 --> 03:14:52,120
ANOTHER RELATED CHALLENGE WE

4120
03:14:52,120 --> 03:14:53,360
NEED TO EXTRACT THESE FEATURES

4121
03:14:53,360 --> 03:14:56,520
WITH THE SAME DEGREE OF

4122
03:14:56,520 --> 03:14:58,160
RELIABILITY ACROSS SETTINGS AND

4123
03:14:58,160 --> 03:14:59,120
ACROSS EEG DENSITIES.

4124
03:14:59,120 --> 03:15:01,640
SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT SCALING

4125
03:15:01,640 --> 03:15:04,080
UP WE'RE MOVING FROM DENSE

4126
03:15:04,080 --> 03:15:06,800
ELECTRODE ARRAYS THAT WE USE IN

4127
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:09,360
RESEARCH HERE, FOR EXAMPLE, TO

4128
03:15:09,360 --> 03:15:11,040
MUCH MORE MOBILE LOW DENSITY

4129
03:15:11,040 --> 03:15:15,400
SOLUTIONS THAT WE CAN HOPEFULLY

4130
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:16,600
DEPLOY IN RESOURCE SETTINGS THAT

4131
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:19,240
ARE LOWER THAN OURS HERE IN THE

4132
03:15:19,240 --> 03:15:19,680
STATES.

4133
03:15:19,680 --> 03:15:24,480
AND SO WE'VE BEEN SITTING IN THE

4134
03:15:24,480 --> 03:15:29,200
SPACE BY DEVELOPING SOFTWARE

4135
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:33,920
HAPPE SOFTWARE WE CALL IT, EEG

4136
03:15:33,920 --> 03:15:35,080
DENSITY INDEPENDENT, DEPLOYED IN

4137
03:15:35,080 --> 03:15:36,520
THESE SETTINGS AND WORKS JUST AS

4138
03:15:36,520 --> 03:15:40,880
WELL GIVING US GOOD RELIABLE 

4139
03:15:40,880 --> 03:15:43,560
DATA FROM TWO ELECTRODES OR 128,

4140
03:15:43,560 --> 03:15:45,640
THINKING ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.

4141
03:15:45,640 --> 03:15:47,160
I'M A DEVELOPMENTALLIST BUT THE

4142
03:15:47,160 --> 03:15:49,960
GOAL IS TO BE USEFUL ACROSS AGES

4143
03:15:49,960 --> 03:15:50,400
AS WELL.

4144
03:15:50,400 --> 03:15:53,480
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT INCLUSIVITY

4145
03:15:53,480 --> 03:15:57,160
FOR THESE EEG METHODS WE'RE

4146
03:15:57,160 --> 03:16:00,360
WORKING TO FORMALIZE SOLUTIONS 

4147
03:16:00,360 --> 03:16:02,760
TO MAKE SURE EVERY INFANT CAN

4148
03:16:02,760 --> 03:16:04,960
CONTRIBUTE TO THIS WORK BUT

4149
03:16:04,960 --> 03:16:06,240
HARDWARE PARTNERS MENTIONED HERE

4150
03:16:06,240 --> 03:16:08,200
ARE REALLY PRO-ACTIVE IN

4151
03:16:08,200 --> 03:16:10,080
GENERATING NEW SOLUTIONS TO

4152
03:16:10,080 --> 03:16:12,360
REMAIN INCLUSIVE AS WE CONTINUE

4153
03:16:12,360 --> 03:16:14,720
TO INNOVATE, A REALLY IMPORTANT

4154
03:16:14,720 --> 03:16:16,080
AND ENJOYABLE SPACE THAT I'M

4155
03:16:16,080 --> 03:16:17,600
SURE WE'LL CONTINUE TO SIT WITH

4156
03:16:17,600 --> 03:16:21,040
AND NEED TO HIT WITH. -- SIT

4157
03:16:21,040 --> 03:16:22,440
WITH.

4158
03:16:22,440 --> 03:16:24,560
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4159
03:16:24,560 --> 03:16:28,440
LET'S THINK ABOUT WHETHER TOOLS 

4160
03:16:28,440 --> 03:16:29,840
ARE ACCESSIBLE FOR THOSE ROLLING

4161
03:16:29,840 --> 03:16:31,760
THEM OUT IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS.

4162
03:16:31,760 --> 03:16:33,160
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

4163
03:16:33,160 --> 03:16:36,640
AGAIN, ON THE HARDWARE FRONT EEG

4164
03:16:36,640 --> 03:16:41,200
IS BECOMING COST EFFECTIVE AND

4165
03:16:41,200 --> 03:16:43,280
AFFORDABLE, TO THE HUNDREDS OF

4166
03:16:43,280 --> 03:16:43,520
DOLLARS.

4167
03:16:43,520 --> 03:16:45,960
WE'VE BEEN FOCUSING ON THE

4168
03:16:45,960 --> 03:16:49,760
SOFTWARE SIDE AGAIN.

4169
03:16:49,760 --> 03:16:51,960
WE PURPOSELY BUILT HAPPE TO

4170
03:16:51,960 --> 03:16:53,800
SERVE A BROAD USER BASE WITH

4171
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:55,640
VARIED SKILL SET, PART IS

4172
03:16:55,640 --> 03:16:57,360
AUTOMATED PROCESSING WE CAN ROLL

4173
03:16:57,360 --> 03:16:59,360
OUT ONCE WE VERIFY THE SOFTWARE

4174
03:16:59,360 --> 03:17:02,000
IS WORKING FOR SPECIFIC

4175
03:17:02,000 --> 03:17:02,960
CONTEXTS, SPECIFIC SITE.

4176
03:17:02,960 --> 03:17:05,280
BECAUSE A TOOL ISN'T SCALABLE IF

4177
03:17:05,280 --> 03:17:07,600
IT NEEDS ONGOING EXPERT REVIEW

4178
03:17:07,600 --> 03:17:09,960
OR SOMEONE TO HAVE TRAINED IN MY

4179
03:17:09,960 --> 03:17:10,560
LAB FOR SEVERAL YEARS BEFORE

4180
03:17:10,560 --> 03:17:11,520
THEY RUN THIS.

4181
03:17:11,520 --> 03:17:13,560
NOT TO SAY WE DON'T BELIEVE IN

4182
03:17:13,560 --> 03:17:16,040
MONITORING THE DATA AND CHECKING

4183
03:17:16,040 --> 03:17:19,560
IN BUT WE USE EMPIRICAL

4184
03:17:19,560 --> 03:17:20,240
BENCHMARKS AND DATA-DRIVEN

4185
03:17:20,240 --> 03:17:21,000
APPROACHES RATHER THAN

4186
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:22,440
SUBJECTIVE EXPERT REVIEW.

4187
03:17:22,440 --> 03:17:25,480
WE PROVIDE BENCHMARKS TO HELP

4188
03:17:25,480 --> 03:17:26,800
MONITOR EQUIPMENT, PROTOCOL,

4189
03:17:26,800 --> 03:17:28,880
ADHERENCE, AND DATA QUALITY TO

4190
03:17:28,880 --> 03:17:30,640
DO THIS CAPACITY BUILDING.

4191
03:17:30,640 --> 03:17:33,840
SO SITES CAN TAKE TOOLS AND RUN

4192
03:17:33,840 --> 03:17:34,760
THEMSELVES.

4193
03:17:34,760 --> 03:17:39,520
HERE ARE TWO EXAMPLES, ONE

4194
03:17:39,520 --> 03:17:45,160
MEASURE FOR LINE NOISE AND DATA

4195
03:17:45,160 --> 03:17:47,640
RETENTION IN STAFF TRANSITION,

4196
03:17:47,640 --> 03:17:49,840
WE MEASURED CHANGES IN ELEMENTS

4197
03:17:49,840 --> 03:17:53,440
OF STUDY DESIGN BUT WE'RE

4198
03:17:53,440 --> 03:17:55,560
WORKING TO OFFER MORE, SO WE CAN

4199
03:17:55,560 --> 03:18:04,560
STEP BACK FURTHER AND FURTHER 

4200
03:18:04,560 --> 03:18:05,280
FROM THE PROCESS.

4201
03:18:05,280 --> 03:18:09,320
AND WHETHER THE TOOLS ARE

4202
03:18:09,320 --> 03:18:09,800
EFFECTIVE.

4203
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:10,280
NEXT SLIDE.

4204
03:18:10,280 --> 03:18:12,760
AND HERE I'LL LEAVE YOU WITH TWO

4205
03:18:12,760 --> 03:18:15,560
SNIPPETS THAT SUGGEST THIS IS

4206
03:18:15,560 --> 03:18:17,760
THE CASE FOR EEG, ESPECIALLY

4207
03:18:17,760 --> 03:18:22,000
EARLY IN LIFE WHEN WE CONSIDER

4208
03:18:22,000 --> 03:18:23,840
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE.

4209
03:18:23,840 --> 03:18:25,800
WE'VE GOT PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY

4210
03:18:25,800 --> 03:18:28,160
OF EEG IN FIRST YEAR FOR

4211
03:18:28,160 --> 03:18:29,120
DIFFERENT CLINICAL POPULATIONS,

4212
03:18:29,120 --> 03:18:30,800
IN PARTICULAR THINKING ABOUT WHO

4213
03:18:30,800 --> 03:18:32,760
IS GOING TO RECEIVE AN AUTISM

4214
03:18:32,760 --> 03:18:36,280
DIAGNOSIS IN EARLY LIFE, AS WELL

4215
03:18:36,280 --> 03:18:37,840
AS ACROSS RESOURCE SETTINGS FOR

4216
03:18:37,840 --> 03:18:38,680
PREDICTING LANGUAGE SETTINGS IN

4217
03:18:38,680 --> 03:18:40,880
THE SECOND YEAR AS THEY BEGIN TO

4218
03:18:40,880 --> 03:18:41,240
EMERGE.

4219
03:18:41,240 --> 03:18:46,360
SO WE THINK THIS WORK IS

4220
03:18:46,360 --> 03:18:47,760
DEMONSTRATING ACROSS HUNDREDS OF

4221
03:18:47,760 --> 03:18:50,560
PARTICIPANTS UTILITY OF THINKING

4222
03:18:50,560 --> 03:18:53,160
ABOUT THE INDIVIDUAL AT SCALE,

4223
03:18:53,160 --> 03:18:56,160
SOME OUTCOMES WE CARE DEEPLY

4224
03:18:56,160 --> 03:18:56,440
ABOUT.

4225
03:18:56,440 --> 03:18:57,400
FINAL SLIDE PLEASE.

4226
03:18:57,400 --> 03:18:59,720
WE'VE ONLY HAD TIME TO TOUCH

4227
03:18:59,720 --> 03:19:04,920
QUICKLY ON EACH OF THESE THEMES

4228
03:19:04,920 --> 03:19:06,560
BUT A STRONG START IN SORT OF

4229
03:19:06,560 --> 03:19:08,480
MOVING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN

4230
03:19:08,480 --> 03:19:10,880
THE SPACES, MAKING SURE WE

4231
03:19:10,880 --> 03:19:12,080
CONTINUE TO PRIORITIZE

4232
03:19:12,080 --> 03:19:13,920
INCLUSIVITY IN THIS WORK AND

4233
03:19:13,920 --> 03:19:16,360
CONTINUE TO DEVELOP TOOLS THAT

4234
03:19:16,360 --> 03:19:17,960
WILL MAKE THIS ACCESSIBLE AND

4235
03:19:17,960 --> 03:19:21,160
ABLE TO BE USED TO ACTUALLY

4236
03:19:21,160 --> 03:19:22,400
SUPPORT BRAIN HEALTH FOR BABIES

4237
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:24,400
REGARDLESS OF WHERE THEY ARE

4238
03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:25,600
BORN AND RAISED.

4239
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:26,600
NEXT SLIDE.

4240
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:28,480
I'LL THANK INDIVIDUALS IN MY LAB

4241
03:19:28,480 --> 03:19:30,280
TWO CONTRIBUTED TO THE WORK I'VE

4242
03:19:30,280 --> 03:19:41,760
SHOWN YOU TODAY AND TO SOME

4243
03:19:41,760 --> 03:19:42,440
COLLABORATORS, ESPECIALLY

4244
03:19:42,440 --> 03:19:44,280
SANTIAGO MORALES AND CHUCK

4245
03:19:44,280 --> 03:19:47,360
NELSON WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE

4246
03:19:47,360 --> 03:19:47,800
SLIDES.

4247
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:51,360
>> THANK YOU FOR THE STRONG

4248
03:19:51,360 --> 03:19:53,800
INSIGHTS INTO EEG AND CAPABILITY

4249
03:19:53,800 --> 03:19:55,440
IN EARLY LIFE.

4250
03:19:55,440 --> 03:19:57,080
WE'RE GOING TO HAVE QUESTIONS

4251
03:19:57,080 --> 03:19:58,440
LATER.

4252
03:19:58,440 --> 03:20:04,360
LET'S HAVE THE NEXT SPEAKER,

4253
03:20:04,360 --> 03:20:04,960
JOSEF PARVIZI.

4254
03:20:04,960 --> 03:20:10,160
WILL YOU SHARE YOUR SCREEN?

4255
03:20:10,160 --> 03:20:15,720
OKAY. 

4256
03:20:15,720 --> 03:20:17,320
>> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY.

4257
03:20:17,320 --> 03:20:19,880
>> A BRIEF INTRODUCTION, MEDICAL

4258
03:20:19,880 --> 03:20:24,800
INTERNSHIP AT MAYO CLINIC,

4259
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:26,200
NEUROLOGY RESIDENCY AT HARVARD

4260
03:20:26,200 --> 03:20:29,680
MEDICAL SCHOOL BEFORE JOINING

4261
03:20:29,680 --> 03:20:33,920
THE FELLOWSHIP TRAINING IN

4262
03:20:33,920 --> 03:20:35,240
CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, WORKED

4263
03:20:35,240 --> 03:20:36,680
AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL

4264
03:20:36,680 --> 03:20:39,400
CENTER SINCE 2007, SPECIALIZES

4265
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:42,560
IN TREATING PATIENTS WITH

4266
03:20:42,560 --> 03:20:43,040
UNCONTROLLABLE SEIZURES,

4267
03:20:43,040 --> 03:20:44,880
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR IN THE

4268
03:20:44,880 --> 03:20:48,800
LABORATORY OF BEHAVIORAL AND

4269
03:20:48,800 --> 03:20:49,840
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, WHOSE

4270
03:20:49,840 --> 03:20:52,320
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN

4271
03:20:52,320 --> 03:20:53,440
SUPPORTED BY NIH, NATIONAL

4272
03:20:53,440 --> 03:20:57,960
SCIENCE FOUNDATION, SEVERAL

4273
03:20:57,960 --> 03:21:00,000
OTHER PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS.

4274
03:21:00,000 --> 03:21:04,720
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR.

4275
03:21:04,720 --> 03:21:04,920
OGBOLE.

4276
03:21:04,920 --> 03:21:07,440
DO YOU SEE MY SCREEN?

4277
03:21:07,440 --> 03:21:07,800
>> YES.

4278
03:21:07,800 --> 03:21:10,720
>> WE SEE YOUR SCREEN.

4279
03:21:10,720 --> 03:21:11,080
>> WONDERFUL.

4280
03:21:11,080 --> 03:21:13,360
>> AS YOU ALL KNOW, IN ORDER TO

4281
03:21:13,360 --> 03:21:16,920
GET AN EEG FROM THE HEAD OF AN

4282
03:21:16,920 --> 03:21:22,520
INDIVIDUAL, YOU HAVE TO HAVE 

4283
03:21:22,520 --> 03:21:23,040
SPECIALIZED TECHNICIANS,

4284
03:21:23,040 --> 03:21:26,000
ESPECIALLY IN PATIENT SETTINGS,

4285
03:21:26,000 --> 03:21:28,040
E.R. SETTINGS, ALSO IN LAB

4286
03:21:28,040 --> 03:21:29,360
SETTING YOU NEED RESEARCH

4287
03:21:29,360 --> 03:21:31,920
ASSISTANT TRAINED TO OPERATE THE

4288
03:21:31,920 --> 03:21:35,080
MACHINERY, DEALING WITH VERY

4289
03:21:35,080 --> 03:21:38,000
LARGE AND EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT.

4290
03:21:38,000 --> 03:21:39,880
AND SPECIALIZED PEOPLE IN THE

4291
03:21:39,880 --> 03:21:41,080
CLINICAL SETTINGS, NEUROLOGISTS

4292
03:21:41,080 --> 03:21:43,720
WITH TRAINING IN CLINICAL

4293
03:21:43,720 --> 03:21:46,960
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY TO BE ABLE TO

4294
03:21:46,960 --> 03:21:50,160
READ EEGs. 

4295
03:21:50,160 --> 03:21:51,760
UNFORTUNATELY, THIS CREATES A

4296
03:21:51,760 --> 03:21:54,360
BIG LOCAL EVENT TIMELY AND

4297
03:21:54,360 --> 03:21:57,800
EXTREMELY COSTLY, AND AS A

4298
03:21:57,800 --> 03:21:59,320
RESULT MANY ACTUALLY LARGE

4299
03:21:59,320 --> 03:22:02,600
MAJORITY OF HOSPITALS IN THE

4300
03:22:02,600 --> 03:22:04,360
UNITED STATES CANNOT EVEN AFFORD

4301
03:22:04,360 --> 03:22:07,320
OFFERING THIS TYPE OF EEG

4302
03:22:07,320 --> 03:22:09,920
SERVICES FOR CLINICAL USE DURING

4303
03:22:09,920 --> 03:22:11,000
AFTER-HOURS.

4304
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:16,040
IT'S VERY COSTLY AND IT IS TIME

4305
03:22:16,040 --> 03:22:16,360
CONSUMING.

4306
03:22:16,360 --> 03:22:20,120
I FOUNDED THIS COMPANY, AND I

4307
03:22:20,120 --> 03:22:23,800
SPEAK ON BEHALF OF LARGE TEAM OF

4308
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:27,640
DEVELOPERS IN OUR COMPANY, IN

4309
03:22:27,640 --> 03:22:29,440
SILICON VALLEY, ALTERNATIVE THAT

4310
03:22:29,440 --> 03:22:31,840
MAKES ACQUISITION OF EEG

4311
03:22:31,840 --> 03:22:35,160
EXTREMELY EASY AND COST

4312
03:22:35,160 --> 03:22:35,800
BENEFICIAL.

4313
03:22:35,800 --> 03:22:38,280
IT INCLUDES ONE PORTABLE

4314
03:22:38,280 --> 03:22:39,360
PACKET-SIZED BATTERY OPERATED,

4315
03:22:39,360 --> 03:22:43,440
YOU DON'T NEED ELECTRICITY FOR

4316
03:22:43,440 --> 03:22:45,320
THIS EEG RECORDER, ALSO

4317
03:22:45,320 --> 03:22:47,080
DISPOSABLE HEADBAND.

4318
03:22:47,080 --> 03:22:51,520
YOU  CAN USE IN FDA ON ONE

4319
03:22:51,520 --> 03:22:54,480
PATIENT, 20 OR 30 TIMES ON THE

4320
03:22:54,480 --> 03:22:55,440
SAME PATIENT.

4321
03:22:55,440 --> 03:22:58,440
AND RISK OF INFECTION IS NOT A

4322
03:22:58,440 --> 03:23:00,080
PROBLEM, YOU CAN USE IT ON AS

4323
03:23:00,080 --> 03:23:02,240
MANY PATIENTS AS YOU WANT.

4324
03:23:02,240 --> 03:23:04,880
IT GOES AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE

4325
03:23:04,880 --> 03:23:07,560
OF HEAD AS I WILL SHOW IN THE

4326
03:23:07,560 --> 03:23:08,040
NEXT SLIDE.

4327
03:23:08,040 --> 03:23:12,440
IT TAKES ABOUT TWO MINUTES TO

4328
03:23:12,440 --> 03:23:12,760
APPLY.

4329
03:23:12,760 --> 03:23:13,960
FORTUNATELY, IT HAS BEEN

4330
03:23:13,960 --> 03:23:19,440
DESIGNED THAT IT DOESN'T NEED

4331
03:23:19,440 --> 03:23:21,040
MUCH PRIOR TRAINING.

4332
03:23:21,040 --> 03:23:22,320
LESS WITH DESIGN AWARDS AND MADE

4333
03:23:22,320 --> 03:23:26,280
SURE THIS IS GOING TO BE

4334
03:23:26,280 --> 03:23:28,360
EXTREMELY EASY AND INTUITIVE TO

4335
03:23:28,360 --> 03:23:28,920
APPLY.

4336
03:23:28,920 --> 03:23:31,320
WHAT HAPPENS HERE IS THAT YOU

4337
03:23:31,320 --> 03:23:35,920
ACTUALLY PUT THE HEADBAND AROUND

4338
03:23:35,920 --> 03:23:39,000
THE HEAD, AND IT'S CONNECTED TO

4339
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:39,960
THE BATTERY-OPERATED DEVICE WITH

4340
03:23:39,960 --> 03:23:40,920
A WIRE.

4341
03:23:40,920 --> 03:23:42,600
WE DIDN'T WANT TO DO BLUETOOTH

4342
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:47,320
BECAUSE OF LACK OF FIDELITY OF

4343
03:23:47,320 --> 03:23:50,040
THESE TYPE OF HIGH TECH TYPE OF

4344
03:23:50,040 --> 03:23:50,360
CONNECTIONS.

4345
03:23:50,360 --> 03:23:54,560
WE WANTED TO BE VERY SOLID.

4346
03:23:54,560 --> 03:23:58,640
SO, IT PROVIDES YOU INFORMATION

4347
03:23:58,640 --> 03:24:00,240
WITHIN FIVE MINUTES OR SHORTER

4348
03:24:00,240 --> 03:24:01,920
IN FOUR DIFFERENT MANNERS.

4349
03:24:01,920 --> 03:24:04,360
ONE IS YOU CAN SEE IT AT THE

4350
03:24:04,360 --> 03:24:06,880
BEDSIDE, ON THE SCREEN, HOW THE

4351
03:24:06,880 --> 03:24:09,360
EEG LOOKS LIKE, IN CLINICAL

4352
03:24:09,360 --> 03:24:12,160
SETTINGS ESPECIALLY IN YOU ARE A

4353
03:24:12,160 --> 03:24:12,760
PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGIST ASSESSING

4354
03:24:12,760 --> 03:24:19,640
A KID WHO IS ALTERED OR AGITATED

4355
03:24:19,640 --> 03:24:24,120
OR LETHARGIC, YOU BASICALLY CAN

4356
03:24:24,120 --> 03:24:26,360
DIAGNOSE STATUS IN MINUTES BY

4357
03:24:26,360 --> 03:24:27,360
REVIEWING EEG AT THE BEDSIDE.

4358
03:24:27,360 --> 03:24:29,800
IF YOU DON'T KNOW HOW TO READ IT

4359
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:32,960
THERE'S AN ALGORITHM THAT

4360
03:24:32,960 --> 03:24:37,600
CONVERTS EEG INTO A SONIFIED

4361
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:39,360
SPACE TO APPRECIATE THE SOUND OF

4362
03:24:39,360 --> 03:24:40,280
THE BRAIN.

4363
03:24:40,280 --> 03:24:42,480
MORE IMPORTANTLY, IF YOU HAVE A

4364
03:24:42,480 --> 03:24:43,760
PHONE THAT CONNECTS WITH THE

4365
03:24:43,760 --> 03:24:48,320
RECORDER OR IF YOU HAVE THE 

4366
03:24:48,320 --> 03:24:50,800
RECORDER IN A WI-FI-FRIENDLY

4367
03:24:50,800 --> 03:24:54,480
ENVIRONMENT IT SENDS THE SIGNAL

4368
03:24:54,480 --> 03:24:55,160
TO WI-FI.

4369
03:24:55,160 --> 03:24:59,080
IN THE CLOUD WE HAVE THE

4370
03:24:59,080 --> 03:25:01,400
COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS PLACED.

4371
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:04,720
YOU CAN USE THE CLOUD TO REVIEW

4372
03:25:04,720 --> 03:25:07,720
THE EEG BACK AND FORTH LIKE ANY

4373
03:25:07,720 --> 03:25:08,280
NEUROLOGIST DOES.

4374
03:25:08,280 --> 03:25:10,240
THIS IS WHERE YOU CAN ACTUALLY

4375
03:25:10,240 --> 03:25:12,080
SEE THE TRACING.

4376
03:25:12,080 --> 03:25:16,640
YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE TRACING,

4377
03:25:16,640 --> 03:25:22,760
AND DO YOUR RESEARCH ANALYSES.

4378
03:25:22,760 --> 03:25:25,480
YOU CAN ALSO RELY ON ARTIFICIAL

4379
03:25:25,480 --> 03:25:27,600
INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS THAT WE

4380
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:30,120
HAVE PLACED. 

4381
03:25:30,120 --> 03:25:32,360
THE VERY FIRST FDA-APPROVED A.I.

4382
03:25:32,360 --> 03:25:35,160
ALGORITHM IS A SEIZURE LOAD

4383
03:25:35,160 --> 03:25:36,960
ESTIMATE ALGORITHM THAT I WILL

4384
03:25:36,960 --> 03:25:39,080
TELL YOU BRIEFLY.

4385
03:25:39,080 --> 03:25:42,360
HERE IS TWO MINUTES ON HOW THE

4386
03:25:42,360 --> 03:25:51,840
EEG IS SO EASILY SET UP. 

4387
03:25:51,840 --> 03:25:54,920
>> IT'S COMPOSED OF A RECORDER

4388
03:25:54,920 --> 03:25:56,240
AND HEADBAND, DESIGNED TO

4389
03:25:56,240 --> 03:26:02,760
STRETCH TO FIT MOST ADULT HEAD

4390
03:26:02,760 --> 03:26:07,160
SIZES, CAN ACCOMMODATE THICK

4391
03:26:07,160 --> 03:26:09,000
LONG HAIR.

4392
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:11,720
PLACE THE HEADBAND, ATTACH AND

4393
03:26:11,720 --> 03:26:15,280
SECURE ON THE FOREHEAD.

4394
03:26:15,280 --> 03:26:16,760
THERE ARE 2004 CLASPS TO

4395
03:26:16,760 --> 03:26:17,920
ACCOMMODATE HEAD SIZES.

4396
03:26:17,920 --> 03:26:20,000
MAKE SURE THE CLASP CLOSURE IS

4397
03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:22,400
CENTERED ON THE PATIENT'S

4398
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:22,680
FOREHEAD.

4399
03:26:22,680 --> 03:26:25,400
THE HEADBAND'S POSITION IS ABOVE

4400
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:27,120
THE PATIENT'S BROW LINE.

4401
03:26:27,120 --> 03:26:29,280
PLUG THE HEADBAND INTO THE

4402
03:26:29,280 --> 03:26:29,520
DEVICE.

4403
03:26:29,520 --> 03:26:32,080
STARTING FROM THE HOME SCREEN,

4404
03:26:32,080 --> 03:26:32,880
PRESS THE RECORD BUTTON.

4405
03:26:32,880 --> 03:26:34,600
SOFTWARE WILL ASK YOU TO ENTER

4406
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:38,200
THE PATIENT ID OR MEDICAL RECORD

4407
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:38,440
NUMBER.

4408
03:26:38,440 --> 03:26:40,200
ONCE ALL THE PATIENT INFORMATION

4409
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:42,640
HAS BEEN ENTERED YOU'LL BE ASKED

4410
03:26:42,640 --> 03:26:44,440
TO CONFIRM PATIENT INFORMATION.

4411
03:26:44,440 --> 03:26:47,840
THIS WILL TAKE YOU TO THE CHECK

4412
03:26:47,840 --> 03:26:51,400
ELECTRODE PAGE.

4413
03:26:51,400 --> 03:26:54,720
ROTATE ELECTRODES BACK AND FORTH

4414
03:26:54,720 --> 03:26:56,160
FOR SEVEN FULL ROTATIONS,

4415
03:26:56,160 --> 03:26:58,160
PARTING THE HAIR, BE SURE TO

4416
03:26:58,160 --> 03:26:59,360
DIRECT GENTLE PRESSURE TOWARDS

4417
03:26:59,360 --> 03:27:08,000
THE PATIENT'S HEAD WITH THE

4418
03:27:08,000 --> 03:27:09,760
ELECTRODES.

4419
03:27:09,760 --> 03:27:14,400
AFTER SEVEN ROTATIONS RETURN AND

4420
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:15,880
SQUEEZE INTO THE KNOB.

4421
03:27:15,880 --> 03:27:18,680
>> THAT'S HOW YOU GET THE EEG

4422
03:27:18,680 --> 03:27:20,680
WITHIN TWO MINUTES ON THE

4423
03:27:20,680 --> 03:27:21,560
SCREEN.

4424
03:27:21,560 --> 03:27:22,560
YOU CAN REVIEW IT.

4425
03:27:22,560 --> 03:27:25,400
ALSO WITH THE SOUND YOU'LL BE

4426
03:27:25,400 --> 03:27:27,240
ABLE TO ACTUALLY HEAR, FOR

4427
03:27:27,240 --> 03:27:28,400
EXAMPLE, IF THERE'S SEIZURE

4428
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:36,040
YOU'LL HEAR IT LIKE THIS. 

4429
03:27:36,040 --> 03:27:39,640
SO, MOST IMPORTANT PART IS THE

4430
03:27:39,640 --> 03:27:42,040
SEIZURE ALGORITHM WHICH I WON'T

4431
03:27:42,040 --> 03:27:42,600
GO INTO DETAIL.

4432
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:44,240
BASICALLY GIVES YOU A TREND

4433
03:27:44,240 --> 03:27:48,200
LINE, ESTIMATE OF HOW MUCH

4434
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:49,280
PATHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IS

4435
03:27:49,280 --> 03:27:51,520
PRESENT, VERY IMPORTANT IN A

4436
03:27:51,520 --> 03:27:53,360
VERY ELDERLY INDIVIDUAL AT HOME

4437
03:27:53,360 --> 03:27:54,960
WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND YOU

4438
03:27:54,960 --> 03:27:56,760
WANT TO ACTUALLY KNOW IF THE

4439
03:27:56,760 --> 03:27:58,920
PATIENT JUST HAD A SEIZURE OR IS

4440
03:27:58,920 --> 03:28:00,360
HAVING A SEIZURE, WITHIN TWO

4441
03:28:00,360 --> 03:28:05,680
MINUTES, OR A CHILD NOT VERY 

4442
03:28:05,680 --> 03:28:06,800
COOPERATIVE WITH THE TECHNICIAN

4443
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:12,040
TO PUT THE ELECTRODES ON THE

4444
03:28:12,040 --> 03:28:12,480
HEAD.

4445
03:28:12,480 --> 03:28:14,760
TO SHOW EXAMPLES OF HOW IT LOOKS

4446
03:28:14,760 --> 03:28:20,520
IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS SO YOU 

4447
03:28:20,520 --> 03:28:22,880
CAN GET YOUR IMPRESSION.

4448
03:28:22,880 --> 03:28:24,520
HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS

4449
03:28:24,520 --> 03:28:28,560
LATER ON BUT IF YOU'RE

4450
03:28:28,560 --> 03:28:29,200
INTERESTED IN THIS TECHNOLOGY,

4451
03:28:29,200 --> 03:28:32,920
PLEASE FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT TO

4452
03:28:32,920 --> 03:28:35,200
ME DIRECTLY.

4453
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:36,880
YOU HAVE MY E-MAIL ADDRESS.

4454
03:28:36,880 --> 03:28:37,960
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

4455
03:28:37,960 --> 03:28:40,080
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

4456
03:28:40,080 --> 03:28:48,960
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, JOSEF.

4457
03:28:48,960 --> 03:28:52,160
WONDERFUL TALK.

4458
03:28:52,160 --> 03:28:54,680
MOVING QUICKLY, WE'RE RUNNING

4459
03:28:54,680 --> 03:28:59,480
BEHIND THEM. 

4460
03:28:59,480 --> 03:29:10,760
SARAH FOX, LEAD INVESTIGATOR OF

4461
03:29:10,760 --> 03:29:14,320
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY.

4462
03:29:14,320 --> 03:29:14,840
>> THANK YOU.

4463
03:29:14,840 --> 03:29:16,640
I THINK I'LL TALK ABOUT SOME

4464
03:29:16,640 --> 03:29:22,120
WORK I'VE BEEN DOING USING THE

4465
03:29:22,120 --> 03:29:28,080
TECHNOLOGY I'VE BEEN DEVELOPING 

4466
03:29:28,080 --> 03:29:30,320
ON SPECTROSCOPY IN GLOBAL HEALTH

4467
03:29:30,320 --> 03:29:32,920
SETTINGS AND TO UNDERSTAND

4468
03:29:32,920 --> 03:29:35,360
IMPACTS OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL

4469
03:29:35,360 --> 03:29:37,040
CONSTRUCT OF POVERTY RATHER THAN

4470
03:29:37,040 --> 03:29:38,600
JUST MEASURING INCOME AND

4471
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:40,080
EDUCATION OF PARENTS, TRYING TO

4472
03:29:40,080 --> 03:29:42,400
THINK ABOUT ALL THE CONSEQUENCES

4473
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:50,520
OF POVERTY AND IN DIFFERENT 

4474
03:29:50,520 --> 03:29:50,760
CONTEXT.

4475
03:29:50,760 --> 03:29:53,240
SOMETHING SAID IN PREVIOUS

4476
03:29:53,240 --> 03:29:55,120
SESSIONS, THE VAST MAJORITY OF

4477
03:29:55,120 --> 03:29:58,360
RESEARCH THAT GOES ON IN INFANT

4478
03:29:58,360 --> 03:29:59,800
NEUROIMAGING STUDIES IS CARRIED

4479
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:04,040
OUT IN THE GLOBAL NORTH.

4480
03:30:04,040 --> 03:30:05,920
ANOTHER POINT TO EMPHASIZE

4481
03:30:05,920 --> 03:30:06,560
LONGITUDINAL STUDY DESIGNS ARE

4482
03:30:06,560 --> 03:30:09,080
STILL VERY MUCH THE EXCEPTION TO

4483
03:30:09,080 --> 03:30:09,760
THE NORM.

4484
03:30:09,760 --> 03:30:13,560
I WANT TO JUST VERY QUICKLY SHOW

4485
03:30:13,560 --> 03:30:16,000
HOW WE ARE USING THESE

4486
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:16,960
NEUROIMAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO

4487
03:30:16,960 --> 03:30:19,520
INTEGRATE INTO GLOBAL HEALTH

4488
03:30:19,520 --> 03:30:19,760
SETTINGS.

4489
03:30:19,760 --> 03:30:25,320
AND I HOPE TO KIND OF EMPHASIZE

4490
03:30:25,320 --> 03:30:27,600
THE POWER OF STUDY DESIGN,

4491
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:28,320
DURING EARLY LIFE.

4492
03:30:28,320 --> 03:30:30,800
TO DO THAT I WILL FIRST TALK

4493
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:35,200
ABOUT THE BRAIN IMAGING FOR

4494
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:38,920
GLOBAL HEALTHY I'M A LEAD

4495
03:30:38,920 --> 03:30:41,760
INVESTIGATOR ON, IN GAMBIA, AND

4496
03:30:41,760 --> 03:30:44,160
THIS STUDY AS WAS DISCUSSED

4497
03:30:44,160 --> 03:30:46,440
EARLIER AS WELL IS SOMETHING

4498
03:30:46,440 --> 03:30:49,440
THAT IS A LARGE COLLABORATIVE

4499
03:30:49,440 --> 03:30:53,560
TEAM THAT USES MANY DIFFERENT

4500
03:30:53,560 --> 03:30:57,080
BACKGROUNDS OF RESEARCH,

4501
03:30:57,080 --> 03:31:00,000
NUTRITION, MATERNAL HEALTH,

4502
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:00,640
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY,

4503
03:31:00,640 --> 03:31:01,200
NEUROSCIENCE, PSYCHOLOGY,

4504
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:02,320
BRINGING IN LOTS OF THESE AREAS

4505
03:31:02,320 --> 03:31:06,960
IS ONE OF THE STRENGTHS OF THE

4506
03:31:06,960 --> 03:31:07,360
PROJECT AS WELL.

4507
03:31:07,360 --> 03:31:10,880
THE BACKBONE OF THE WORK WE'RE

4508
03:31:10,880 --> 03:31:12,520
DOING IN INTEGRATING

4509
03:31:12,520 --> 03:31:14,800
NEUROIMAGING WITH EEG, IT'S IN

4510
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:17,040
THE CONTEXT OF UNDER NUTRITION

4511
03:31:17,040 --> 03:31:22,800
RESEARCH THAT HAS LARGELY

4512
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:24,760
FOCUSED ON IMPACT.

4513
03:31:24,760 --> 03:31:26,160
HAVEN'T REALLY LOOKED TO OTHER

4514
03:31:26,160 --> 03:31:29,640
CONSEQUENCES, THIS IS HOW WE

4515
03:31:29,640 --> 03:31:31,840
INTEGRATED THIS INTO THE HUGE

4516
03:31:31,840 --> 03:31:35,360
STUDY THAT THINKS ABOUT LOTS OF

4517
03:31:35,360 --> 03:31:36,760
FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENT.

4518
03:31:36,760 --> 03:31:38,320
TO GET HIGHLIGHTS OF THINGS

4519
03:31:38,320 --> 03:31:40,080
WE'RE LOOKING AT HERE, WHAT WE

4520
03:31:40,080 --> 03:31:41,920
ARE ABLE TO SEE IN THE RESEARCH

4521
03:31:41,920 --> 03:31:45,560
COMING OUT RIGHT NOW IS THAT WE

4522
03:31:45,560 --> 03:31:47,840
CAN SEE THAT EARLY GROWTH TO

4523
03:31:47,840 --> 03:31:48,720
FIVE MONTHS, CHANGES BETWEEN

4524
03:31:48,720 --> 03:31:52,560
BIRTH AND FIVE MONTHS OF AGE,

4525
03:31:52,560 --> 03:31:53,520
RELATE TO NEUROCOGNITIVE AND

4526
03:31:53,520 --> 03:31:56,560
NEURAL COG ANY ACTIVITY AT TWO

4527
03:31:56,560 --> 03:31:58,000
YEARS, WE HAVE EVIDENCE EARLY

4528
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:00,400
NEUROMARKERS AT FIVE MONTHS ARE

4529
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:02,520
RELATING TO LATER MARKERS OF

4530
03:32:02,520 --> 03:32:04,120
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, THREE TO

4531
03:32:04,120 --> 03:32:07,520
FIVE YEARS.

4532
03:32:07,520 --> 03:32:09,280
AND IMPORTANTLY, IT'S REALLY

4533
03:32:09,280 --> 03:32:10,840
WE'VE GOT MULTIPLE LONGITUDINAL

4534
03:32:10,840 --> 03:32:12,680
TIME POINTS BECAUSE NOT ONLY CAN

4535
03:32:12,680 --> 03:32:16,560
WE SORT OF HAVE THIS AND THESE

4536
03:32:16,560 --> 03:32:19,040
TWO BEGINNING AND ENDPOINTS, BUT

4537
03:32:19,040 --> 03:32:21,560
WE CAN ALSO UNCOVER NON-LINEAR

4538
03:32:21,560 --> 03:32:27,560
PATTERNS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND 

4539
03:32:27,560 --> 03:32:29,160
HOW THERE MIGHT BE DIFFERENT

4540
03:32:29,160 --> 03:32:36,800
POINTS, IMPORTANT TO US IN KEY

4541
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:37,200
FINDINGS.

4542
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:39,200
I THINK ANOTHER IMPORTANT AREA,

4543
03:32:39,200 --> 03:32:40,720
THINKING ABOUT HOW WE MIGHT BE

4544
03:32:40,720 --> 03:32:45,200
ABLE TO SCALE UP THIS

4545
03:32:45,200 --> 03:32:46,120
NEUROIMAGING INTO CONTEXT IS

4546
03:32:46,120 --> 03:32:48,840
EXPLOSION IN THE LAST FEW YEARS

4547
03:32:48,840 --> 03:32:49,840
HOW MANY SITES HAVE STARTED

4548
03:32:49,840 --> 03:32:54,080
DOING THIS AND THE FACT THAT WE

4549
03:32:54,080 --> 03:32:55,720
HAVE MULTI-DISCIPLINARY NETWORKS

4550
03:32:55,720 --> 03:32:57,240
WORKING TOGETHER IN

4551
03:32:57,240 --> 03:32:58,440
UNDERSTANDING THE FINDINGS WE

4552
03:32:58,440 --> 03:33:03,720
HAVE, SO WE MIGHT USE THE SAME

4553
03:33:03,720 --> 03:33:11,480
PARADIGMS, SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY.

4554
03:33:11,480 --> 03:33:14,560
ONE EXAMPLE OF SEARCH ON

4555
03:33:14,560 --> 03:33:16,000
GLOBEFNIRS AS IT'S CALLED.

4556
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:17,240
THIS IS SOMETHING THAT LAUREL

4557
03:33:17,240 --> 03:33:20,320
TALKED ABOUT IN HER TALK ABOUT

4558
03:33:20,320 --> 03:33:20,720
EEG.

4559
03:33:20,720 --> 03:33:22,480
ONE OF THE KEY CHALLENGES THAT

4560
03:33:22,480 --> 03:33:25,120
WE HAVE MET WITH THIS RESEARCH

4561
03:33:25,120 --> 03:33:29,000
THAT WE'RE PROUD OF, IN A SENSE,

4562
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:31,400
WE HAVE LOCAL EXPERTISE IN THE

4563
03:33:31,400 --> 03:33:33,080
DATA SECTION IN GAMBIA, HAVE A

4564
03:33:33,080 --> 03:33:36,080
LARGE TEAM OF RESEARCHERS IN THE

4565
03:33:36,080 --> 03:33:38,920
GAMBIA, ALL BUT ONE ARE FROM THE

4566
03:33:38,920 --> 03:33:40,720
GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA.

4567
03:33:40,720 --> 03:33:43,160
SO THEY BEEN TRAINED IN THIS

4568
03:33:43,160 --> 03:33:44,120
KIND OF TECHNOLOGY.

4569
03:33:44,120 --> 03:33:48,800
THEY KNOW HOW TO RUN THIS STUDY.

4570
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:50,040
SO THEY LEAD THE DATA

4571
03:33:50,040 --> 03:33:50,560
COLLECTION.

4572
03:33:50,560 --> 03:33:51,680
THERE ARE CHALLENGES TO BE

4573
03:33:51,680 --> 03:33:53,760
ADDRESSED IN HOW WE SCALE THIS

4574
03:33:53,760 --> 03:33:56,160
UP, THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE, I COULD

4575
03:33:56,160 --> 03:33:57,800
GIVE TEN SLIDES OF THESE, THINGS

4576
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:00,760
WE NEED TOE THINK ABOUT.

4577
03:34:00,760 --> 03:34:02,720
WITH YOU THING, THERE ARE

4578
03:34:02,720 --> 03:34:04,160
PRACTICAL ISSUES THAT GODWIN

4579
03:34:04,160 --> 03:34:07,200
NICELY ILLUSTRATED WITH THE

4580
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:07,840
ELECTRICITY EXAMPLE, AND

4581
03:34:07,840 --> 03:34:09,280
CAPACITY BUILDING ISSUES WHICH

4582
03:34:09,280 --> 03:34:12,960
HE ALSO TALKED ABOUT IN TERMS OF

4583
03:34:12,960 --> 03:34:13,920
THIS BRAIN DRAIN.

4584
03:34:13,920 --> 03:34:17,480
WE DON'T HAVE ANYONE THAT CAN

4585
03:34:17,480 --> 03:34:20,560
ANALYZE DATA ON SIZE, PSYCHOLOGY

4586
03:34:20,560 --> 03:34:21,560
HAS JUST.

4587
03:34:21,560 --> 03:34:22,760
>> ONE MINUTE WARNING.

4588
03:34:22,760 --> 03:34:24,560
>> FOR THE FIRST TIME THIS YEAR

4589
03:34:24,560 --> 03:34:27,200
IN THE GAMBIA, WE MAY SEE A NEW

4590
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:27,920
GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS THAT

4591
03:34:27,920 --> 03:34:29,480
WILL BE OUT TO DO THIS BUT WE

4592
03:34:29,480 --> 03:34:31,120
NEED TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN

4593
03:34:31,120 --> 03:34:33,520
BUILD THIS CAPACITY.

4594
03:34:33,520 --> 03:34:34,760
WE'VE GOT RESEARCHERS

4595
03:34:34,760 --> 03:34:37,400
SPECIALIZED, TRAINING HUB IN

4596
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:39,400
WEST AFRICA, FOR EXAMPLE, WE

4597
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:40,320
NEED TO ACCELERATE THIS.

4598
03:34:40,320 --> 03:34:42,040
TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW I

4599
03:34:42,040 --> 03:34:46,200
THINK THE TECHNOLOGY IS RAPIDLY

4600
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:48,920
IMPROVING, WE'RE NOW USING

4601
03:34:48,920 --> 03:34:54,520
WEARABLE FNIRs IN THE HOME,

4602
03:34:54,520 --> 03:34:56,560
IT'S CALLED LUMO, LONDON-BASED

4603
03:34:56,560 --> 03:34:56,800
COMPANY.

4604
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:59,120
WE CAN TAKE THIS KIT INTO THE

4605
03:34:59,120 --> 03:35:00,360
HOMES, HAVE FAMILY MEMBERS

4606
03:35:00,360 --> 03:35:01,640
WATCHING IT.

4607
03:35:01,640 --> 03:35:03,480
THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT FOR

4608
03:35:03,480 --> 03:35:05,000
ADDRESSING THESE ISSUES WHICH

4609
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:06,760
EXIST IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES

4610
03:35:06,760 --> 03:35:09,520
AS WELL BUT WE BASICALLY DO

4611
03:35:09,520 --> 03:35:11,560
RESEARCH IN URBAN POPULATIONS

4612
03:35:11,560 --> 03:35:12,520
WITH NEUROIMAGING, DON'T TAKE

4613
03:35:12,520 --> 03:35:13,360
TECHNOLOGY TO THE PEOPLE.

4614
03:35:13,360 --> 03:35:16,120
THIS IS WHAT THIS CAN DO.

4615
03:35:16,120 --> 03:35:17,920
ONE OF THE STUDIES I'M LEADING

4616
03:35:17,920 --> 03:35:21,200
TO UNDERSTAND IMPACT OF POVERTY

4617
03:35:21,200 --> 03:35:23,160
ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL

4618
03:35:23,160 --> 03:35:25,000
CONTEXT, IN AREAS WHERE YOU

4619
03:35:25,000 --> 03:35:27,960
DON'T GET PEOPLE TO COME INTO

4620
03:35:27,960 --> 03:35:31,480
YOUR RESEARCH, ALSO IN THE

4621
03:35:31,480 --> 03:35:35,920
HOSPITALS, AND A FINAL EXAMPLE,

4622
03:35:35,920 --> 03:35:37,520
THIS WEARABLE FNIRs AND THE

4623
03:35:37,520 --> 03:35:40,560
WORK BEFORE US IS NOW ENABLING

4624
03:35:40,560 --> 03:35:42,760
US TO INTO INTERVENTIONS, THIS

4625
03:35:42,760 --> 03:35:44,760
IS NOT ME, LED BY A COLLEAGUE IN

4626
03:35:44,760 --> 03:35:47,600
THE GAMBIA, NOW USING THIS TO

4627
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:49,080
ASSESS OUTCOME, MEASURING THE

4628
03:35:49,080 --> 03:35:51,720
BRAIN WILL HELP US REVEAL

4629
03:35:51,720 --> 03:35:53,840
PROCESSES UNDERLYING POVERTY WE

4630
03:35:53,840 --> 03:35:55,320
MAY NOT HAVE AN ABLE TO SEE

4631
03:35:55,320 --> 03:35:56,800
UNTIL LATER IN LIFE WITH

4632
03:35:56,800 --> 03:35:58,080
BEHAVIORAL MEASURES.

4633
03:35:58,080 --> 03:36:00,560
SO REALLY THERE'S A LOT OF

4634
03:36:00,560 --> 03:36:01,320
AVENUES FOR THIS TECHNOLOGY TO

4635
03:36:01,320 --> 03:36:04,600
START TO BE USED.

4636
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,400
IT'S ACCELERATING RAPIDLY.

4637
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,320
THANK YOU SO MUCH, GODWIN.

4638
03:36:10,320 --> 03:36:16,640
>> THANK YOU, SARAH, FOR THE

4639
03:36:16,640 --> 03:36:18,560
LOVELY TALK.

4640
03:36:18,560 --> 03:36:24,040
WE'LL MOVE QUICKLY TO THE NEXT

4641
03:36:24,040 --> 03:36:36,040
SPEAKER, JOSEPH CULVER, Ph.D.,

4642
03:36:36,040 --> 03:36:38,040
PROFESSOR AT WASHINGTON

4643
03:36:38,040 --> 03:36:40,760
UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS, USA, HE

4644
03:36:40,760 --> 03:36:43,320
HAS THIS GROUP WHERE HE HAS

4645
03:36:43,320 --> 03:36:52,280
DEVELOPED IMPROVEMENTS TO HIGH 

4646
03:36:52,280 --> 03:36:55,880
DENSITY DIFFUSE OPTICAL

4647
03:36:55,880 --> 03:37:08,720
TOMOGRAPHY. 

4648
03:37:08,720 --> 03:37:11,800
JOSEPH, GO AHEAD.

4649
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:17,040
>> THANK YOU FOR THE PROMISE TO

4650
03:37:17,040 --> 03:37:18,480
SPEAK AND INTRODUCING fNIRS.

4651
03:37:18,480 --> 03:37:22,720
CAN IT ACT AS A PROXY FOR

4652
03:37:22,720 --> 03:37:22,920
fMRI?

4653
03:37:22,920 --> 03:37:26,480
IN ANSWER I MAKE THE CASE FOR A

4654
03:37:26,480 --> 03:37:30,360
QUALIFIED YES, DEPENDS ON WHICH

4655
03:37:30,360 --> 03:37:35,520
TASK AND WHICH FNIRs SYSTEM.

4656
03:37:35,520 --> 03:37:41,160
IMAGINE WE WANTED TO IMAGE THE 

4657
03:37:41,160 --> 03:37:41,880
AUDITORY RESPONSE VERSUS

4658
03:37:41,880 --> 03:37:45,560
LANGUAGE RESPONSE ON THE LEFT.

4659
03:37:45,560 --> 03:37:47,120
REGIONS ARE SEPARATED BY 15

4660
03:37:47,120 --> 03:37:49,920
MILLIMETERS OR MAYBE WE WANT TO

4661
03:37:49,920 --> 03:37:52,360
SEPARATE THE FRONTAL PARIETAL

4662
03:37:52,360 --> 03:37:54,360
NETWORKS FROM DORSAL ATTENTION,

4663
03:37:54,360 --> 03:37:56,320
FROM THE RIGHT.

4664
03:37:56,320 --> 03:37:59,160
THESE LOCATIONS ARE SEPARATED BY

4665
03:37:59,160 --> 03:38:00,000
15 MILLIMETERS.

4666
03:38:00,000 --> 03:38:03,160
IT'S OBVIOUS THE QUALITY OF THE

4667
03:38:03,160 --> 03:38:04,720
COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BY fNIRS

4668
03:38:04,720 --> 03:38:09,840
WILL DEPEND ON RESOLUTION AND 

4669
03:38:09,840 --> 03:38:16,560
FIELD OF VIEW OF SYSTEM. 

4670
03:38:16,560 --> 03:38:18,800
YOU'LL NEED 15-MILLIMETER

4671
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:20,360
RESOLUTION.

4672
03:38:20,360 --> 03:38:22,280
WITH MODERN HIGH DENSITY

4673
03:38:22,280 --> 03:38:25,240
fNIRS, DIFFUSE OPTICAL

4674
03:38:25,240 --> 03:38:28,840
TOMOGRAPHY, CAN PROVIDE FOR

4675
03:38:28,840 --> 03:38:30,800
DETAILED TASKS LIKE RETINA

4676
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:31,680
MAPPING.

4677
03:38:31,680 --> 03:38:34,400
ON THE RIGHT SWEEPING FIELD OF

4678
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:40,040
VIEW, THE HD-DO THE MAPS CAN

4679
03:38:40,040 --> 03:38:42,440
TRACK CORTICAL RESPONSE.

4680
03:38:42,440 --> 03:38:44,200
HIGH DENSITY IMAGING SYSTEMS USE

4681
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:44,880
DENSE OVERLAPPING PATTERNS THAT

4682
03:38:44,880 --> 03:38:49,560
YOU SEE ON THE LEFT.

4683
03:38:49,560 --> 03:38:51,200
IF YOU DON'T USE HIGH DENSITY

4684
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:52,920
THINGS DON'T WORK AS WELL.

4685
03:38:52,920 --> 03:38:55,920
IN PANEL B YOU SEE A MAP OF

4686
03:38:55,920 --> 03:38:58,720
AUDITORY CORTEX BUT IN PANEL C,

4687
03:38:58,720 --> 03:39:01,160
D, E, WITH SPARSE ARRAYS WE CAN

4688
03:39:01,160 --> 03:39:04,120
EXTRACT FROM THE FULL DENSITY

4689
03:39:04,120 --> 03:39:08,040
ARRAY MEASUREMENTS, WE END UP 

4690
03:39:08,040 --> 03:39:10,040
WITH MORE ARTIFACTS, THEY CHANGE

4691
03:39:10,040 --> 03:39:12,040
LOCATION AND STRENGTH BASED ON

4692
03:39:12,040 --> 03:39:16,560
WHICH SPARSE ARRAY IS USED.

4693
03:39:16,560 --> 03:39:19,840
SO HIGH DENSITY RAYS CAN MAP NOT

4694
03:39:19,840 --> 03:39:23,880
ONLY TASKS AND NETWORKS LIKE

4695
03:39:23,880 --> 03:39:26,600
THESE THREE, AND AGAIN WE CAN

4696
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:29,720
ANALYZE SENSITIVITY OF THESE

4697
03:39:29,720 --> 03:39:31,480
NETWORK MAPS TO SEE LOCATION AND

4698
03:39:31,480 --> 03:39:32,920
THEY FLIP FROM ONE NETWORK TO

4699
03:39:32,920 --> 03:39:36,800
ANOTHER NETWORK IF WE MOVE TO

4700
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,800
SEED LOCATION BY 15 MILLIMETERS.

4701
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:44,080
NOW, THERE'S A HUGE DRAWBACK TO 

4702
03:39:44,080 --> 03:39:46,600
HIGH DENSITY IMAGING ARRAYS,

4703
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:51,840
THESE TRADITIONAL  FIBEROPTIC

4704
03:39:51,840 --> 03:39:54,560
SYSTEMS ARE BIG.

4705
03:39:54,560 --> 03:39:57,960
THIS NULLIFIES MAIN REASONS TO

4706
03:39:57,960 --> 03:40:00,480
USE fNIRS OVER fMRI.

4707
03:40:00,480 --> 03:40:02,360
THERE'S BEEN A DRAMATIC

4708
03:40:02,360 --> 03:40:07,920
IMPROVEMENT IN WEAR ANALYSIS 

4709
03:40:07,920 --> 03:40:09,960
ITEMS, THESE SYSTEMS ARE PUTTING

4710
03:40:09,960 --> 03:40:11,640
ELECTRONICS ON THE HEAD,

4711
03:40:11,640 --> 03:40:13,160
COMPUTATIONS OF ENCODING AND

4712
03:40:13,160 --> 03:40:16,640
DECODING OF SOURCES FROM THE

4713
03:40:16,640 --> 03:40:18,920
DETECTOR SIGNALS.

4714
03:40:18,920 --> 03:40:21,360
THESE DECREASED BY A

4715
03:40:21,360 --> 03:40:21,680
HUNDRED-FOLD.

4716
03:40:21,680 --> 03:40:22,320
THE FIRST COMMERCIAL SYSTEM IS

4717
03:40:22,320 --> 03:40:29,080
ONE OF THE FIRST COMMERCIAL

4718
03:40:29,080 --> 03:40:30,920
SYSTEMS, THE GOWERLABS THAT

4719
03:40:30,920 --> 03:40:35,320
SARAH MENTIONED, AND OUR WASHU

4720
03:40:35,320 --> 03:40:35,720
SPIN.

4721
03:40:35,720 --> 03:40:37,920
THESE ARE OVERCOME THE PREVIOUS

4722
03:40:37,920 --> 03:40:40,560
CONFLICT BETWEEN IMAGE QUALITY

4723
03:40:40,560 --> 03:40:41,960
AND WEARABILITY.

4724
03:40:41,960 --> 03:40:44,240
THERE'S PLENTY OF ENGINEERING

4725
03:40:44,240 --> 03:40:45,560
LEFT, LARGELY A MATTER OF TIME

4726
03:40:45,560 --> 03:40:47,560
UNTIL THEY MEET ALL THE SAME

4727
03:40:47,560 --> 03:40:50,360
IMAGE QUALITY METRICS AS

4728
03:40:50,360 --> 03:40:51,240
FIBER-BASED SYSTEMS.

4729
03:40:51,240 --> 03:40:58,680
SO FLOWS BY BRINGING -- I'LL

4730
03:40:58,680 --> 03:41:00,200
CLOSE, I BELIEVE WE'LL NEED

4731
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:01,760
WHOLE FIELDS OF VIEW FOR LARGE

4732
03:41:01,760 --> 03:41:03,480
POPULATION STUDIES.

4733
03:41:03,480 --> 03:41:05,920
WHOLE HEAD SYSTEMS WILL BE

4734
03:41:05,920 --> 03:41:07,640
SCALABLE, PROBABLY MORE SCALABLE

4735
03:41:07,640 --> 03:41:10,160
THAN ISOLATED PATCHES TO LARGE

4736
03:41:10,160 --> 03:41:12,160
POPULATION STUDIES.

4737
03:41:12,160 --> 03:41:12,800
WE'LL NEED ACCURATE

4738
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:14,880
CO-REGISTRATION, WE'RE GOING TO

4739
03:41:14,880 --> 03:41:18,200
NEED VALIDATED PACKAGES THAT

4740
03:41:18,200 --> 03:41:21,480
COMBINE SYSTEM, PARADIGM,

4741
03:41:21,480 --> 03:41:21,800
ANALYSIS.

4742
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,680
AND THEN WE'RE ALSO GOING TO 

4743
03:41:25,680 --> 03:41:28,120
NEED TO BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE.

4744
03:41:28,120 --> 03:41:29,560
SARAH WAS POINTING TO SOME OF

4745
03:41:29,560 --> 03:41:35,000
THOSE TYPES OF STUDIES BEGINNING

4746
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:36,920
TO HAPPEN, IT'S IRONIC THE

4747
03:41:36,920 --> 03:41:38,280
GLOBAL HEALTH PROJECTS THAT ARE

4748
03:41:38,280 --> 03:41:44,520
PIONEERING THAT IN OUR FIELD.

4749
03:41:44,520 --> 03:41:46,040
SO, BASICALLY TO ADDRESS THESE

4750
03:41:46,040 --> 03:41:47,920
OPPORTUNITIES THERE'S STILL MANY

4751
03:41:47,920 --> 03:41:49,320
SYSTEMS NEEDS, I DON'T HAVE TIME

4752
03:41:49,320 --> 03:41:56,080
TO GO OVER DESIGN DETAILS BUT WE

4753
03:41:56,080 --> 03:41:57,640
NEED TO SIMULTANEOUSLY OPTIMIZE

4754
03:41:57,640 --> 03:41:59,560
THE MEASUREMENT DENSITY, WEIGHT.

4755
03:41:59,560 --> 03:42:04,000
>> ONE MINUTE LEFT.

4756
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:05,120
>> ERGONOMICS, COST, POWER,

4757
03:42:05,120 --> 03:42:05,760
HEAT, DATA.

4758
03:42:05,760 --> 03:42:07,800
THIS IS STARTING TO LOOK LIKE

4759
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:14,160
ANOTHER REALLY LARGE TASK, BUT

4760
03:42:14,160 --> 03:42:17,080
THE DEVICES, FOLLOWING ON

4761
03:42:17,080 --> 03:42:20,160
COMMENT FROM YESTERDAY, DEVICES

4762
03:42:20,160 --> 03:42:22,480
LIKE SMARTPHONES DRIVE ADVANCES

4763
03:42:22,480 --> 03:42:23,200
IN MINIATURIZED ELECTRONICS, YOU

4764
03:42:23,200 --> 03:42:27,480
CAN TAKE THE FACT THAT fNIRS

4765
03:42:27,480 --> 03:42:29,960
DROPS WEIGHT BY TWO ORDERS OF

4766
03:42:29,960 --> 03:42:31,040
MAGNITUDE IN SIX YEARS,

4767
03:42:31,040 --> 03:42:32,360
REASONABLE TO BELIEVE THESE

4768
03:42:32,360 --> 03:42:35,160
BROAD TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES CAN BE

4769
03:42:35,160 --> 03:42:37,160
LEVERAGED TO ADDRESS THESE

4770
03:42:37,160 --> 03:42:38,040
OPPORTUNITIES.

4771
03:42:38,040 --> 03:42:39,560
I'LL CLOSE BY MAKING

4772
03:42:39,560 --> 03:42:43,160
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND THANKS TO

4773
03:42:43,160 --> 03:42:45,560
FUNDING SOURCES.

4774
03:42:45,560 --> 03:42:48,040
>> THANK YOU, JOSEPH, FOR A

4775
03:42:48,040 --> 03:42:54,280
BEAUTIFUL TALK.

4776
03:42:54,280 --> 03:43:07,280
WE MOVE TO THE NEXT SPEAKER,

4777
03:43:07,280 --> 03:43:08,720
ANDREW WEBB, POSTDOC IN

4778
03:43:08,720 --> 03:43:20,800
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY.

4779
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:21,760
DR. WEBB, PROFESSOR WEBB, I

4780
03:43:21,760 --> 03:43:24,040
WELCOME YOU TO GIVE YOUR TALK.

4781
03:43:24,040 --> 03:43:24,520
THANK YOU.

4782
03:43:24,520 --> 03:43:25,760
>> THANKS VERY MUCH, GODWIN.

4783
03:43:25,760 --> 03:43:29,760
I WANT TO START BY CONTINUING

4784
03:43:29,760 --> 03:43:31,320
ESSENTIALLY WHAT YOU SAID IN

4785
03:43:31,320 --> 03:43:34,960
YOUR INTRODUCTION ABOUT LOW

4786
03:43:34,960 --> 03:43:35,960
FIELD MRI.

4787
03:43:35,960 --> 03:43:39,760
I LIKED  THE ANALOGY WITH THE

4788
03:43:39,760 --> 03:43:40,920
BEETLE, MY FIRST CAR.

4789
03:43:40,920 --> 03:43:43,800
IT GOES FROM POINT A TO POINT B,

4790
03:43:43,800 --> 03:43:50,920
IT'S GOT THREE MOVING PARTS, 

4791
03:43:50,920 --> 03:43:52,080
BRAKES, EASIER TO FIX, SAME

4792
03:43:52,080 --> 03:43:54,520
THING IN TERMS OF DESIGNING AN

4793
03:43:54,520 --> 03:43:58,160
MRI SYSTEM.

4794
03:43:58,160 --> 03:43:59,080
THERE'S THIS MASSIVE DISCREPANCY

4795
03:43:59,080 --> 03:44:04,920
IF YOU LOOK AT NUMBER OF MRI

4796
03:44:04,920 --> 03:44:05,920
UNITS AVAILABLE.

4797
03:44:05,920 --> 03:44:08,720
EVERYONE THINKS OF COST, IT'S AN

4798
03:44:08,720 --> 03:44:09,840
IMPORTANT ISSUE BUT THERE ARE

4799
03:44:09,840 --> 03:44:12,000
MANY OTHER ISSUES TO ADDRESS IF

4800
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:12,960
WE MAKE SOMETHING ACCESSIBLE.

4801
03:44:12,960 --> 03:44:15,400
ONE IS THE FACT THAT IT COSTS A

4802
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:16,360
LOT TO MAINTAIN.

4803
03:44:16,360 --> 03:44:20,080
IF YOU TAKE ONE OF THESE

4804
03:44:20,080 --> 03:44:20,960
SYSTEMS, YOU REALLY NEED A

4805
03:44:20,960 --> 03:44:23,320
HIGHLY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT TO

4806
03:44:23,320 --> 03:44:25,600
PUT IT IN, YOU NEED SUPPLIES

4807
03:44:25,600 --> 03:44:26,560
THAT OTHER PEOPLE MENTIONED,

4808
03:44:26,560 --> 03:44:29,760
HAVE TO BE RELIABLE, LOTS OF

4809
03:44:29,760 --> 03:44:30,320
THINGS.

4810
03:44:30,320 --> 03:44:31,720
YOU ALSO NEED VERY EXTENSIVE

4811
03:44:31,720 --> 03:44:33,000
TRAINING FOR YOUR PERSONNEL.

4812
03:44:33,000 --> 03:44:34,160
WE HAVE TO ADDRESS ALL OF THESE

4813
03:44:34,160 --> 03:44:44,360
ISSUES IF WE'RE GOING TO

4814
03:44:44,360 --> 03:44:51,360
INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY.

4815
03:44:51,360 --> 03:44:52,760
IN TERMS OF PEDIATRICS, MRIs

4816
03:44:52,760 --> 03:44:54,560
ARE HORRIBLE, THEY ARE LOAD.

4817
03:44:54,560 --> 03:44:57,160
LOW FIELD SYSTEM CAN BE SILENT.

4818
03:44:57,160 --> 03:44:58,880
IF WE'RE TRYING TO INCREASE

4819
03:44:58,880 --> 03:45:03,280
NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO CAN HAVE

4820
03:45:03,280 --> 03:45:04,720
SCANS CONTRAINDICATIONS SUCH AS

4821
03:45:04,720 --> 03:45:06,480
MEDICAL IMPLANTS, ALMOST ALL ARE

4822
03:45:06,480 --> 03:45:08,800
SAFE AS LOW FIELD.

4823
03:45:08,800 --> 03:45:12,360
HERE IS A SPINAL SCREW HERE, IT

4824
03:45:12,360 --> 03:45:13,960
DOESN'T CAUSE ARTIFACTS.

4825
03:45:13,960 --> 03:45:16,080
SO OVERALL WHAT THIS MEANS IS

4826
03:45:16,080 --> 03:45:18,160
WE'VE GOT MUCH HIGHER

4827
03:45:18,160 --> 03:45:18,520
ACCESSIBILITY.

4828
03:45:18,520 --> 03:45:23,200
SO THIS IS A SYSTEM THAT WE HAVE

4829
03:45:23,200 --> 03:45:24,600
DESIGNED, FOR PEDIATRIC

4830
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:27,280
HYDROCEPHALUS, WORKING WITH

4831
03:45:27,280 --> 03:45:30,160
COLLEAGUES IN UGANDA TO BUILD

4832
03:45:30,160 --> 03:45:31,320
ONE THIS COMING SUMMER, I'M

4833
03:45:31,320 --> 03:45:34,760
SHOWING THIS WITH A LAB

4834
03:45:34,760 --> 03:45:36,560
VOLUNTEER, IT FITS ON A CART,

4835
03:45:36,560 --> 03:45:38,640
MOVES AROUND AS SARAH SAID, IT'S

4836
03:45:38,640 --> 03:45:41,720
A WAY OF BRINGING THE IMAGING

4837
03:45:41,720 --> 03:45:42,360
APPARATUS TO THE POPULATION

4838
03:45:42,360 --> 03:45:49,280
RATHER THAN THE OTHER WAY

4839
03:45:49,280 --> 03:45:49,600
AROUND.

4840
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:53,720
ONE KEY THING TO MAKE IT

4841
03:45:53,720 --> 03:45:58,360
SUSTAINABLE AND MODULAR, THIS IS

4842
03:45:58,360 --> 03:46:01,200
NOT EXPENSIVE TOOLS, READILY

4843
03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:01,760
AVAILABLE MATERIALS.

4844
03:46:01,760 --> 03:46:05,800
A LOT OF 3D PRINTING.

4845
03:46:05,800 --> 03:46:06,520
AND BASIC ELECTRONICS,

4846
03:46:06,520 --> 03:46:07,760
EVERYTHING IS OPEN SOURCE.

4847
03:46:07,760 --> 03:46:10,920
ANYBODY CAN GO IN HERE, TAKE A

4848
03:46:10,920 --> 03:46:13,120
LOOK, THEY HAVE THE SCHEMATICS

4849
03:46:13,120 --> 03:46:14,760
TRYING TO FIX EVERYTHING.

4850
03:46:14,760 --> 03:46:16,200
IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK OFTEN

4851
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:18,160
YOU HAVE COMPANIES AND MAKING

4852
03:46:18,160 --> 03:46:21,720
THIS EQUIPMENT, IF YOU UPGRADE,

4853
03:46:21,720 --> 03:46:24,000
IT DOESN'T WORK, YOU HAVE TO

4854
03:46:24,000 --> 03:46:31,200
CALL THEM IN FOR SERVICING. 

4855
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:33,520
EVERYTHING IS OPEN SOURCE, DONE

4856
03:46:33,520 --> 03:46:34,760
IN PYTHON.

4857
03:46:34,760 --> 03:46:35,800
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CAN GET

4858
03:46:35,800 --> 03:46:38,360
INVOLVED. 

4859
03:46:38,360 --> 03:46:41,000
IT'S IMPORTANT TO HAVE REALISTIC

4860
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:41,960
PHANTOMS FOR TRAINING.

4861
03:46:41,960 --> 03:46:44,920
WE HAVE ALL KINDS OF SEQUENCES,

4862
03:46:44,920 --> 03:46:46,600
PLAYING WITH PARAMETERS, NOT

4863
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:48,160
JUST SCANNING BUT TO UNDERSTAND

4864
03:46:48,160 --> 03:46:53,400
THE ENTIRE PROCESS.

4865
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:57,880
USING THESE SYSTEMS, MAYBE 1%, 

4866
03:46:57,880 --> 03:46:59,600
YOU'RE NOT EXPECTS SAME IMAGE

4867
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:02,160
QUALITY BUT EACH SCAN IS FIVE

4868
03:47:02,160 --> 03:47:02,680
MINUTES, GIVING ENOUGH

4869
03:47:02,680 --> 03:47:04,560
INFORMATION TO DO, FOR EXAMPLE,

4870
03:47:04,560 --> 03:47:08,400
WHITE MATTER, GRAY MATTER, CSF,

4871
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:09,720
SEGMENTATION, IN DEVELOPMENTAL

4872
03:47:09,720 --> 03:47:13,840
STUDIES, BUT ALSO CLINICAL

4873
03:47:13,840 --> 03:47:15,080
APPLICATIONS LIKE HYDROCEPHALUS

4874
03:47:15,080 --> 03:47:16,360
WHERE THE CSF IS IMPORTANT.

4875
03:47:16,360 --> 03:47:20,760
HOW GOOD IS GOOD ENOUGH?

4876
03:47:20,760 --> 03:47:25,880
WITH 1% TO GET THE SAME IMAGE

4877
03:47:25,880 --> 03:47:29,880
QUALITY FROM 3D, FILTERED WITH

4878
03:47:29,880 --> 03:47:32,040
DISORGANIZATION DIRECTION, TAKEN

4879
03:47:32,040 --> 03:47:34,240
IN ONE MINUTE ON A LOW FIELD

4880
03:47:34,240 --> 03:47:34,480
SCANNER.

4881
03:47:34,480 --> 03:47:37,320
IF YOU LOOK AT THE INFORMATION,

4882
03:47:37,320 --> 03:47:40,280
THIS IS IN COLLABORATORS WORKING

4883
03:47:40,280 --> 03:47:42,920
IN THE STATES HERE, QUALITY MAY

4884
03:47:42,920 --> 03:47:44,960
BE WORSE, OFTEN YOU CAN GET THE

4885
03:47:44,960 --> 03:47:46,280
SAME AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT

4886
03:47:46,280 --> 03:47:48,800
YOU NEED FROM A CLINICAL POINT

4887
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:49,560
OF VIEW.

4888
03:47:49,560 --> 03:47:52,040
AN IMPORTANT THING AS WE MOVE

4889
03:47:52,040 --> 03:47:54,160
FORWARD IS WHAT IS ACTUALLY GOOD

4890
03:47:54,160 --> 03:48:02,080
ENOUGH FOR THE TASK YOU'RE 

4891
03:48:02,080 --> 03:48:10,120
INTERESTED IN THANK YOU.

4892
03:48:10,120 --> 03:48:12,560
>> THANK YOU, ANDREW.

4893
03:48:12,560 --> 03:48:22,720
WE'LL MOVE TO THE NEXT SPEAKER, 

4894
03:48:22,720 --> 03:48:24,000
ROSALYN MORAN, COMPUTATIONAL

4895
03:48:24,000 --> 03:48:27,080
NEUROSCIENCE, UNDERSTANDING 

4896
03:48:27,080 --> 03:48:29,160
PRINCIPLES OF BRAIN FUNCTION, IN

4897
03:48:29,160 --> 03:48:30,400
PARTICULAR TECHNIQUES TO

4898
03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:43,680
UNDERSTAND AND TREAT PSYCHIATRIC

4899
03:48:43,680 --> 03:48:44,360
DISORDERS.

4900
03:48:44,360 --> 03:48:46,920
I WANT TO WELCOME ROSALYN.

4901
03:48:46,920 --> 03:48:50,560
>> THANK YOU.

4902
03:48:50,560 --> 03:48:54,480
I'LL CONTINUE THE BEETLE AND

4903
03:48:54,480 --> 03:48:56,960
BENTLEY DISCUSSION, LOW FIELD

4904
03:48:56,960 --> 03:48:59,080
MRI, ANALYTICAL METHODS AND

4905
03:48:59,080 --> 03:49:01,040
MODELING IF DEPLOYED WITH THIS

4906
03:49:01,040 --> 03:49:03,120
TECHNOLOGY MIGHT IMPROVE HOW

4907
03:49:03,120 --> 03:49:07,840
THIS ACCESSIBLE AND RELATIVELY

4908
03:49:07,840 --> 03:49:10,560
INEXPENSIVE CAN ADDRESS GAPS IN

4909
03:49:10,560 --> 03:49:13,160
PHENOTYPING AND DIAGNOSTICS AND

4910
03:49:13,160 --> 03:49:13,480
PROGNOSTICS.

4911
03:49:13,480 --> 03:49:14,720
THE PARTICULAR MACHINE WE'RE

4912
03:49:14,720 --> 03:49:22,760
TALKING ABOUT HERE IS THE HYPER

4913
03:49:22,760 --> 03:49:24,200
FINE, KINGS COLLEGE, GATES

4914
03:49:24,200 --> 03:49:26,280
FOUNDATION, WE WANT TO ASK AS

4915
03:49:26,280 --> 03:49:28,440
MODELERS WHETHER WE CAN DEVELOP

4916
03:49:28,440 --> 03:49:33,360
RELIABLE METRICS AT LOW COST AND

4917
03:49:33,360 --> 03:49:36,560
TRANSFORM LOW COST IMAGING INTO

4918
03:49:36,560 --> 03:49:38,760
RELIABLE PROGNOSTIC MARKERS OR

4919
03:49:38,760 --> 03:49:40,280
MARKERS OF DEVELOPMENT.

4920
03:49:40,280 --> 03:49:43,640
TOP LEFT IS THE DISTINCT

4921
03:49:43,640 --> 03:49:46,160
DIMENSIONS MODELING CAN OFFER TO

4922
03:49:46,160 --> 03:49:48,480
TRANSFORMING THESE LOW FIELD

4923
03:49:48,480 --> 03:49:48,720
IMAGES.

4924
03:49:48,720 --> 03:49:50,760
SO, THE ONE YOU'VE HEARD OF IS

4925
03:49:50,760 --> 03:49:53,720
ON THE Y-AXIS, WHICH IS KNOWN AS

4926
03:49:53,720 --> 03:49:55,920
INFORMATION QUALITY TRANSFER,

4927
03:49:55,920 --> 03:49:57,680
IMAGE QUALITY TRANSFER, IQT,

4928
03:49:57,680 --> 03:49:59,920
IMPROVES RESOLUTION OF IMAGES,

4929
03:49:59,920 --> 03:50:03,680
ALSO WE HAVE OTHER TOOLS IN OUR

4930
03:50:03,680 --> 03:50:05,000
ARMAMENTARIUM FROM COMPUTATIONAL

4931
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:06,080
NEUROSCIENCE THAT MAY DERIVE

4932
03:50:06,080 --> 03:50:11,160
METRICS THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE

4933
03:50:11,160 --> 03:50:12,560
RELIABLE BIOMARKERS AND USEFUL

4934
03:50:12,560 --> 03:50:18,600
FOR CLINICAL QUESTION.

4935
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:22,160
AND MULTI-MODALITIES, WE SHOULD

4936
03:50:22,160 --> 03:50:24,200
HAVE fNIRS, MODELING MIGHT BE

4937
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,320
THE GLUE THAT HOLDS THEM

4938
03:50:27,320 --> 03:50:30,400
TOGETHER. 

4939
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:33,280
IQT IS FAIRLY NASCENT, TO GO

4940
03:50:33,280 --> 03:50:37,400
FROM CT AND CLINICAL GRADE SCANS

4941
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:42,120
TO HIGHER LEVEL RESEARCH SCANS,

4942
03:50:42,120 --> 03:50:43,680
DEVELOPED FOR IMAGES, IF WE CAN

4943
03:50:43,680 --> 03:50:48,360
INCREASE RESOLUTION OF THE SCAN

4944
03:50:48,360 --> 03:50:51,920
WE CAN ALSO HARNESS THE OMICS

4945
03:50:51,920 --> 03:50:53,000
DEVELOPMENT IN MODELING, FROM

4946
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:56,400
REGIONAL TISSUE PROPERTIES TO

4947
03:50:56,400 --> 03:50:58,160
CONNECTIVITY, POTENTIALLY TO

4948
03:50:58,160 --> 03:50:58,920
PSEUDOFUNCTIONAL MEASURES

4949
03:50:58,920 --> 03:50:59,720
THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL MODELS.

4950
03:50:59,720 --> 03:51:01,400
AND IT MIGHT BE TEMPTING TO

4951
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:02,960
THINK THE FURTHER UP INTO THE

4952
03:51:02,960 --> 03:51:06,480
RIGHT WE GO THE MORE RELIABLE

4953
03:51:06,480 --> 03:51:08,720
AND USEFUL THESE PREDICTORS ARE

4954
03:51:08,720 --> 03:51:11,280
IN TERMS OF AUC.

4955
03:51:11,280 --> 03:51:13,160
HOWEVER, I THINK DEVELOPING THE

4956
03:51:13,160 --> 03:51:16,080
RELIABILITY AND ESTABLISHING

4957
03:51:16,080 --> 03:51:16,880
VALIDITY OF THESE PIPELINES IS

4958
03:51:16,880 --> 03:51:19,280
GOING TO TAKE THE COMMUNITY

4959
03:51:19,280 --> 03:51:19,480
TIME.

4960
03:51:19,480 --> 03:51:23,880
WE  MAY WANT TO ATTACK DIFFERENT

4961
03:51:23,880 --> 03:51:28,160
PARTS DEPENDING ON OUR QUESTION.

4962
03:51:28,160 --> 03:51:33,760
WHAT WE MIGHT CONSIDER IS ERATTA

4963
03:51:33,760 --> 03:51:36,520
AND FOCUS ON QUESTION-DRIVEN

4964
03:51:36,520 --> 03:51:38,760
MODELING.

4965
03:51:38,760 --> 03:51:41,040
FOR EXAMPLE, BRAIN INJURY WITH

4966
03:51:41,040 --> 03:51:44,240
FRANK PATHOLOGY WE MAY BE

4967
03:51:44,240 --> 03:51:46,360
INTERESTED IN MACROSCOPIC TISSUE

4968
03:51:46,360 --> 03:51:47,960
PROPERTIES, AND POTENTIALLY

4969
03:51:47,960 --> 03:51:51,680
USING IQT TO IMPROVE RESOLUTION.

4970
03:51:51,680 --> 03:51:54,200
WE'VE USED A PREVIOUSLY

4971
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:56,920
PUBLISHED SUPER RESOLUTION

4972
03:51:56,920 --> 03:51:58,680
MODEL, AND COMPARED HYPER FINE

4973
03:51:58,680 --> 03:52:01,640
SCANS OF SMALLER SAMPLES TO

4974
03:52:01,640 --> 03:52:03,160
EQUIVALENT MATCH DATA FROM

4975
03:52:03,160 --> 03:52:05,240
SIEMENS AND G.E. SCANNERS, IN

4976
03:52:05,240 --> 03:52:08,200
SOME CASES YOU GET ALMOST

4977
03:52:08,200 --> 03:52:10,080
PERFECT PREDICTIONS OF GRAY

4978
03:52:10,080 --> 03:52:12,840
MATTER VOLUME USING IQT THAT

4979
03:52:12,840 --> 03:52:14,080
MATCHED IDENTITY TO THE HIGH

4980
03:52:14,080 --> 03:52:14,640
FIELD SCANS.

4981
03:52:14,640 --> 03:52:16,840
HOWEVER YOU CAN SEE IN SOME

4982
03:52:16,840 --> 03:52:19,600
SCANS, THIS ISN'T THE CASE AND

4983
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:22,160
PREDICTIONS ARE LESS ACCURATE.

4984
03:52:22,160 --> 03:52:24,840
WE'VE ALSO LOOKED AT THICK SLICE

4985
03:52:24,840 --> 03:52:28,280
CLINICAL SCANS WHERE PATIENTS

4986
03:52:28,280 --> 03:52:31,560
HAD STROKE AND PASSED THROUGH

4987
03:52:31,560 --> 03:52:34,280
AND SHOWN IN 66% OF 30 OR SO

4988
03:52:34,280 --> 03:52:38,520
SCANS WE SEE TISSUE INFILL,

4989
03:52:38,520 --> 03:52:39,160
GETTING BASICALLY HALLUCINATING

4990
03:52:39,160 --> 03:52:42,360
GRAY MATTER WHERE WE SHOULD BE

4991
03:52:42,360 --> 03:52:44,280
IN STROKE PENUMBRA.

4992
03:52:44,280 --> 03:52:46,160
INTERIM CONCLUSION MAY WANT TO

4993
03:52:46,160 --> 03:52:49,280
USE SOME OF THE BAYESIAN

4994
03:52:49,280 --> 03:52:50,160
TECHNIQUES USED SUCCESSFULLY

4995
03:52:50,160 --> 03:52:53,600
ALONG THIS AXIS TO IMPROVE THIS

4996
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:54,320
ACCESS, AND GIVE RELIABILITY

4997
03:52:54,320 --> 03:52:59,560
MEASURES SO THINGS LIKE MODEL

4998
03:52:59,560 --> 03:53:00,560
SELECTION AND MODEL COMPARISON

4999
03:53:00,560 --> 03:53:02,520
AT THE OUTPUT SIDE OF THE MODEL

5000
03:53:02,520 --> 03:53:03,840
BUT ALSO QUALITY CONTROL

5001
03:53:03,840 --> 03:53:06,520
MEASURES AT THE INPUT SIDE TO

5002
03:53:06,520 --> 03:53:08,320
SEE WHETHER THESE SUPER

5003
03:53:08,320 --> 03:53:10,920
RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES ARE

5004
03:53:10,920 --> 03:53:11,600
RELIABLE.

5005
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:13,240
IF WE'RE INTERESTED MORE AS A

5006
03:53:13,240 --> 03:53:16,320
COHORT LEVEL, WE WANT TO LOOK AT

5007
03:53:16,320 --> 03:53:17,960
STATISTICAL TRENDS IN WHITE

5008
03:53:17,960 --> 03:53:21,240
MATTER OR GRAY MATTER TISSUE

5009
03:53:21,240 --> 03:53:22,880
VOLUME OVER DEVELOPMENT, THEN

5010
03:53:22,880 --> 03:53:27,280
SEAN HAS ALREADY SHOWN THAT THE

5011
03:53:27,280 --> 03:53:29,160
HYPER FINE SCANNER REPRODUCES

5012
03:53:29,160 --> 03:53:38,160
WITHOUT IQT BUT JUST USING

5013
03:53:38,160 --> 03:53:39,640
CAREFUL SEGMENTATION ALGORITHMS

5014
03:53:39,640 --> 03:53:42,200
YOU HAVE DEFINE TRAJECTORIES.

5015
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:44,280
THERE HAVEN'T BEEN IMPOSED LEARN

5016
03:53:44,280 --> 03:53:45,480
STRUCTURES ON THESE DATA, AND SO

5017
03:53:45,480 --> 03:53:47,760
WHAT WE NEED TO ASK IF WE'RE

5018
03:53:47,760 --> 03:53:49,320
THINKING ABOUT REGIONAL

5019
03:53:49,320 --> 03:53:50,760
PROPERTIES IS WHETHER IQT

5020
03:53:50,760 --> 03:53:55,760
MEASURES WILL DO BETTER, AS

5021
03:53:55,760 --> 03:53:56,000
RELIABLE.

5022
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:56,520
>> ONE MINUTE LEFT.

5023
03:53:56,520 --> 03:53:57,560
>> THANK YOU.

5024
03:53:57,560 --> 03:54:01,320
WHAT WE'VE LOOKED AT IS WHETHER

5025
03:54:01,320 --> 03:54:02,960
DIFFERENT ANATOMICAL FEATURES

5026
03:54:02,960 --> 03:54:04,280
ARE MORE PREDICTIVE AT

5027
03:54:04,280 --> 03:54:08,120
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, LIKE CURVATURE

5028
03:54:08,120 --> 03:54:09,600
TEAM TO APPEAR COMPARABLE

5029
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,280
COMPARED TO SIEMENS AND G.E.

5030
03:54:11,280 --> 03:54:13,840
PREDICTIONS, SO WHAT WE THINK IS

5031
03:54:13,840 --> 03:54:16,040
WE MIGHT WANT TO IDENTIFY

5032
03:54:16,040 --> 03:54:18,160
SPECIFIC ANATOMICAL FEATURES

5033
03:54:18,160 --> 03:54:19,920
RETAINED THROUGH IQT.

5034
03:54:19,920 --> 03:54:22,600
IF WE MOVE TO PSYCHIATRIC

5035
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:23,840
DISEASE OR COGNITIVE FUNCTION

5036
03:54:23,840 --> 03:54:27,360
WE'RE IN THE REALM OF

5037
03:54:27,360 --> 03:54:28,000
MULTI-REGIONAL INTERACTION OR

5038
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:28,600
CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS.

5039
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:30,920
AND SO WE'VE ALSO LOOKED AT

5040
03:54:30,920 --> 03:54:38,720
WHETHER THE HYPER FINE IQT

5041
03:54:38,720 --> 03:54:40,320
PIPELINE PRESERVED SIGNAL, EDGES

5042
03:54:40,320 --> 03:54:45,480
BASED ON PAIRS OF PARCELLATION

5043
03:54:45,480 --> 03:54:51,480
IN THE BRAIN, CORRELATING REGION

5044
03:54:51,480 --> 03:54:54,880
TO REGION, COMPARED TO SCANNERS

5045
03:54:54,880 --> 03:54:56,200
LOOKING AT COMPARISON TO

5046
03:54:56,200 --> 03:54:56,520
THEMSELVES.

5047
03:54:56,520 --> 03:55:00,760
AGAIN WE SEE THERE IS STRUCTURAL

5048
03:55:00,760 --> 03:55:02,200
CO-VARIATION AT A GROUP LEVEL.

5049
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,920
SO WHAT WE'RE DOING IS TRYING TO

5050
03:55:04,920 --> 03:55:07,920
CATCH UP WITH THE METRIC OF

5051
03:55:07,920 --> 03:55:11,160
SPACES OF IQT AND COMPUTATIONAL

5052
03:55:11,160 --> 03:55:20,160
MODELING IN CONTEXT OF

5053
03:55:20,160 --> 03:55:22,880
DEVELOPING BRAIN, NEWBORNS,

5054
03:55:22,880 --> 03:55:25,160
HUMAN CONNECTOME, SIMULATING LOW

5055
03:55:25,160 --> 03:55:27,960
FIELD SIGNALS REQUIRED IF WE'RE

5056
03:55:27,960 --> 03:55:29,200
DEVELOPING BASKET OF MODELS FOR

5057
03:55:29,200 --> 03:55:30,760
DIFFERENT SORTS OF APPLICATIONS

5058
03:55:30,760 --> 03:55:34,560
AND PATHOLOGIES, WE'RE GETTING

5059
03:55:34,560 --> 03:55:36,080
THERE, WE NEED BETTER

5060
03:55:36,080 --> 03:55:39,480
IDENTIFICATION OF THE TRUE

5061
03:55:39,480 --> 03:55:42,000
FEATURES OF HYPERFINE SCAN TO

5062
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:42,960
DEGRADE ACCURATELY LARGE

5063
03:55:42,960 --> 03:55:46,040
DATASETS WHICH HAVE BEEN

5064
03:55:46,040 --> 03:55:46,320
VALUABLE.

5065
03:55:46,320 --> 03:55:47,400
AND THEN FINALLY I'LL MENTION

5066
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:53,160
COMING BACK TO THIS IDEA OF

5067
03:55:53,160 --> 03:56:01,680
MULTI-MODALITY, THAT THE 

5068
03:56:01,680 --> 03:56:04,400
DEVELOPING HUMAN CONNECTOME

5069
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:05,280
COULD POTENTIALLY BE

5070
03:56:05,280 --> 03:56:09,920
PSEUDOSIMULATED THROUGH

5071
03:56:09,920 --> 03:56:11,440
COVARIATES NETWORK, WE MAY BE

5072
03:56:11,440 --> 03:56:17,360
ABLE TO LOOK THROUGH EEG AND 

5073
03:56:17,360 --> 03:56:18,560
MAYBE SYSTEMS WE'VE HEARD

5074
03:56:18,560 --> 03:56:20,760
ALREADY TO LOOK AT LEARNING OVER

5075
03:56:20,760 --> 03:56:24,160
THE LIFESPAN AND PINPOINT TO

5076
03:56:24,160 --> 03:56:26,160
PARTICULAR CELL TYPES USING DTM.

5077
03:56:26,160 --> 03:56:31,760
THIS IS A NICE WAY TO END, A

5078
03:56:31,760 --> 03:56:34,800
VERY LARGE AND MATURE LITERATURE

5079
03:56:34,800 --> 03:56:39,600
FROM ASD, SAW THAT FUNCTION AS

5080
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:43,760
WELL AS ANATOMY, MRI DATA,

5081
03:56:43,760 --> 03:56:48,480
IMPROVED PREDICTIVE CAPACITY OF

5082
03:56:48,480 --> 03:56:50,360
MODELS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM

5083
03:56:50,360 --> 03:56:51,400
DISORDER, THE PICTURE TO PRODUCE

5084
03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:53,920
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HOW

5085
03:56:53,920 --> 03:56:57,160
HYPERFINE AND I.Q.T PIPELINES

5086
03:56:57,160 --> 03:57:28,360
FIT THE BILL, OVER THE MONTHS 

5087
03:57:28,360 --> 03:57:35,080
AND PROBABLY YEARS. 

5088
03:57:35,080 --> 03:57:36,400
 

5089
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:42,640
>> THANK YOU, ROSALYN. 

5090
03:57:42,640 --> 03:57:49,880
>> I THINK WE LOST GODWIN FOR A

5091
03:57:49,880 --> 03:57:50,920
MOMENT.

5092
03:57:50,920 --> 03:57:52,720
A NICE EXAMPLE OF HOW INTERNET

5093
03:57:52,720 --> 03:57:53,760
CONNECTIVITY IS A CHALLENGE IN

5094
03:57:53,760 --> 03:57:56,120
AREAS WE WORK IN.

5095
03:57:56,120 --> 03:57:58,400
THANKS FOR THE GREAT TALK.

5096
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:03,000
AND NOW WE'LL MOVE TO THE NEXT

5097
03:58:03,000 --> 03:58:07,360
TALK, SAVING ALL THE QUESTIONS

5098
03:58:07,360 --> 03:58:10,760
UNTIL LATER.

5099
03:58:10,760 --> 03:58:12,600
NEXT SPEAKER, YOU WON'T GET THE

5100
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:15,520
SAME INTRODUCTION BUT HOPEFULLY

5101
03:58:15,520 --> 03:58:25,400
WE'LL GET GODWIN BACK. 

5102
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:30,800
TAKE IT AWAY.

5103
03:58:30,800 --> 03:58:32,000
>> THANK YOU, SEAN.

5104
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:33,840
GODWIN, CAN YOU HEAR US?

5105
03:58:33,840 --> 03:58:39,120
WE LOST YOU FOR A MINUTE.

5106
03:58:39,120 --> 03:58:41,640
 

5107
03:58:41,640 --> 03:58:42,040
>> (INAUDIBLE).

5108
03:58:42,040 --> 03:58:43,920
>> THANKS, GODWIN.

5109
03:58:43,920 --> 03:58:48,760
I TOO ENJOYED ANALYSIS OF BEETLE

5110
03:58:48,760 --> 03:58:50,800
TO BENTLEY AND BACK,

5111
03:58:50,800 --> 03:58:55,120
PARTICULARLY BACK TO THE BEETLE.

5112
03:58:55,120 --> 03:58:57,160
THE ANALOGY WAS GREAT.

5113
03:58:57,160 --> 03:59:00,040
I WILL BRIEFLY IN FOUR MINUTES

5114
03:59:00,040 --> 03:59:02,840
TALK ABOUT HOW WE CAN IDENTIFY

5115
03:59:02,840 --> 03:59:05,360
FINDINGS IN A POPULATION,

5116
03:59:05,360 --> 03:59:07,000
TRANSLATE TO UNDERSTANDING

5117
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:07,880
INDIVIDUALIZED FACTORS, AND

5118
03:59:07,880 --> 03:59:11,040
TRANSLATE BACK TO THE

5119
03:59:11,040 --> 03:59:11,360
POPULATION.

5120
03:59:11,360 --> 03:59:16,840
SO, THE BRAIN IS MALLEABLE

5121
03:59:16,840 --> 03:59:18,720
ORGAN, TO UNDERSTAND HOW AN

5122
03:59:18,720 --> 03:59:21,880
INDIVIDUAL IS DIFFERENT OR

5123
03:59:21,880 --> 03:59:23,920
SIMILAR TO EVERYBODY ELSE, ON A

5124
03:59:23,920 --> 03:59:25,040
PERSONALIZED LEVEL IS IMPORTANT

5125
03:59:25,040 --> 03:59:30,480
TO GATHER DATA FROM LARGE SCALE

5126
03:59:30,480 --> 03:59:33,120
MEMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS FROM

5127
03:59:33,120 --> 03:59:34,880
POPULATION, HENCE IDENTIFY

5128
03:59:34,880 --> 03:59:36,720
UNIQUE AND SHARED FEATURES, AS

5129
03:59:36,720 --> 03:59:38,880
WE STRIVE TO MAKE DECISIONS IN

5130
03:59:38,880 --> 03:59:40,000
TERMS OF TREATMENT OR DIAGNOSIS

5131
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,360
THAT CAN BE APPLICABLE TO THE

5132
03:59:43,360 --> 03:59:46,480
POPULATION WE HAVE TO AMALGAMATE

5133
03:59:46,480 --> 03:59:47,960
FINDINGS OR VARIABLES

5134
03:59:47,960 --> 03:59:48,360
INDIVIDUALIZED.

5135
03:59:48,360 --> 03:59:50,480
A COUPLE EXAMPLES IN THE

5136
03:59:50,480 --> 03:59:50,920
CONTEXT.

5137
03:59:50,920 --> 03:59:55,160
FIRST I WILL TALK ABOUT HOW THIS

5138
03:59:55,160 --> 03:59:56,520
APPLIES TO STROKES AND LANGUAGE

5139
03:59:56,520 --> 03:59:59,800
AS A CONSEQUENCE OF STROKES,

5140
03:59:59,800 --> 04:00:00,440
MORE SPECIFICALLY APHAGIA, IF

5141
04:00:00,440 --> 04:00:03,480
YOU THINK ABOUT THE LIFESPAN, A

5142
04:00:03,480 --> 04:00:05,680
CONDITION THAT TYPICALLY AFFECTS

5143
04:00:05,680 --> 04:00:07,400
INDIVIDUALS TOWARDS THE OLDER

5144
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:07,600
AGES.

5145
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:09,080
AND AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE

5146
04:00:09,080 --> 04:00:12,360
LEFT-HAND SIDE THIS IS A

5147
04:00:12,360 --> 04:00:14,560
T1-WEIGHTED IMAGE, DARK IS A

5148
04:00:14,560 --> 04:00:16,840
REGION THAT HAS SUFFERED

5149
04:00:16,840 --> 04:00:20,760
NECROSIS IN THE PAST, AND THIS

5150
04:00:20,760 --> 04:00:24,360
IS SEQUELAE OF THE STROKE, WHEN

5151
04:00:24,360 --> 04:00:28,080
IT AFFECTS LANGUAGE-RELATED AREA

5152
04:00:28,080 --> 04:00:31,240
THERE'S ISSUES WITH SPEECH,

5153
04:00:31,240 --> 04:00:33,040
APHAGIA.

5154
04:00:33,040 --> 04:00:34,080
FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH APHASIA, IF

5155
04:00:34,080 --> 04:00:36,560
THEY HAVE THE SAME LESION THEY

5156
04:00:36,560 --> 04:00:38,360
TYPICALLY DO NOT SHARE THE SAME

5157
04:00:38,360 --> 04:00:40,160
DEGREE OF IMPAIRMENT AND

5158
04:00:40,160 --> 04:00:41,080
IMPORTANTLY THE SAME TRAJECTORY

5159
04:00:41,080 --> 04:00:45,760
AS IT RELATES TO RECOVERY. 

5160
04:00:45,760 --> 04:00:50,760
STANDS TO REASON THIS IS DUE TO

5161
04:00:50,760 --> 04:00:51,560
INTACTNESS OR LACK THEREOF IN

5162
04:00:51,560 --> 04:00:59,760
THE REST OF THE BRAIN. 

5163
04:00:59,760 --> 04:01:03,360
THIS CAN BE MEASURED BY MRI.

5164
04:01:03,360 --> 04:01:08,040
THIS COLOR CODED IMAGE WITH RED,

5165
04:01:08,040 --> 04:01:11,120
YOU CAN SEE INTEGRITY OF THE

5166
04:01:11,120 --> 04:01:13,720
TISSUE ACROSS MULTIPLE SCALES

5167
04:01:13,720 --> 04:01:17,360
INCLUDING SPECIFICALLY WHITE 

5168
04:01:17,360 --> 04:01:17,920
MATTER.

5169
04:01:17,920 --> 04:01:20,960
AS YOU KNOW, MEASURING THE

5170
04:01:20,960 --> 04:01:25,200
REMAINING NETWORKS, SO SQUARE

5171
04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:30,680
IMAGE IS THE INDIVIDUAL'S 

5172
04:01:30,680 --> 04:01:30,960
CONNECTOME.

5173
04:01:30,960 --> 04:01:32,960
BY COMPARING WITH NORMATIVE

5174
04:01:32,960 --> 04:01:36,880
DATABASE FROM HUMAN CONNECTOME

5175
04:01:36,880 --> 04:01:38,960
PROJECT, IT IS THEREFORE

5176
04:01:38,960 --> 04:01:41,080
POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY IN THE

5177
04:01:41,080 --> 04:01:43,560
RESIDUAL BRAIN WHAT IS DIFFERENT

5178
04:01:43,560 --> 04:01:46,160
AND SIMILAR BETWEEN AGAIN ONE

5179
04:01:46,160 --> 04:01:47,880
PERSON AND THE POPULATION, FROM

5180
04:01:47,880 --> 04:01:51,480
THERE WE CAN MAKE MUCH BETTER

5181
04:01:51,480 --> 04:01:53,560
INFERENCES WITH REGARDS TO

5182
04:01:53,560 --> 04:01:55,760
BEHAVIOR, SPECIFICALLY WITH

5183
04:01:55,760 --> 04:01:57,040
REGARDS TO LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT.

5184
04:01:57,040 --> 04:01:58,440
THIS ALLOWS US TO UNDERSTAND

5185
04:01:58,440 --> 04:02:01,080
BETTER WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE

5186
04:02:01,080 --> 04:02:02,280
FEATURES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED

5187
04:02:02,280 --> 04:02:05,000
WITH IMPAIRMENT AND WITH

5188
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:05,760
RECOVERY.

5189
04:02:05,760 --> 04:02:07,640
ONE EXAMPLE, THE DIAGRAM ON THE

5190
04:02:07,640 --> 04:02:09,920
BOTTOM LEFT-HAND SIDE WITH

5191
04:02:09,920 --> 04:02:14,320
ARROWS POINTING TO BRAIN REGIONS

5192
04:02:14,320 --> 04:02:18,920
IS A NETWORK ASSOCIATED WITH

5193
04:02:18,920 --> 04:02:20,200
COMPREHENSION, IDENTIFIED WITH

5194
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:21,520
COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL

5195
04:02:21,520 --> 04:02:22,120
AND POPULATION.

5196
04:02:22,120 --> 04:02:32,360
MOVING TO THE NEXT SLIDE, PLY 

5197
04:02:32,360 --> 04:02:35,520
-- MY LAST SLIDE, EPILEPSY,

5198
04:02:35,520 --> 04:02:37,360
TENDS TO EFFECT INDIVIDUALS

5199
04:02:37,360 --> 04:02:39,360
ACROSS MULTIPLE SCALES AND IT'S

5200
04:02:39,360 --> 04:02:42,320
NOT UNCOMMON TO AFFECT CHILDREN

5201
04:02:42,320 --> 04:02:47,080
AND YOUNG ADULTS, YOU SEE A

5202
04:02:47,080 --> 04:02:49,120
COMMON FORUM, ASSOCIATED WITH

5203
04:02:49,120 --> 04:02:50,480
DAMAGE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

5204
04:02:50,480 --> 04:02:55,160
ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE ON A-1 AND

5205
04:02:55,160 --> 04:02:56,760
B-1, CORONAL SLICES FROM

5206
04:02:56,760 --> 04:03:01,400
DIAGNOSTIC MRI, ATROPHY OF THE

5207
04:03:01,400 --> 04:03:05,120
HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THIS IS FROM

5208
04:03:05,120 --> 04:03:07,400
THE PUBLICATION PMID SHOWN

5209
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:07,640
BELOW.

5210
04:03:07,640 --> 04:03:10,360
SOMETIMES THIS IS CLEAR CUT IN

5211
04:03:10,360 --> 04:03:11,160
DIAGNOSTIC SCANS BUT OFTENTIMES

5212
04:03:11,160 --> 04:03:14,400
IT'S NOT.

5213
04:03:14,400 --> 04:03:16,080
I'M SHOWING TWO EXAMPLES HERE,

5214
04:03:16,080 --> 04:03:21,560
ATROPHY IS NOT CLEAR CUT,

5215
04:03:21,560 --> 04:03:27,760
INDIVIDUALS WITH TEMPORAL LOBE

5216
04:03:27,760 --> 04:03:28,080
ATROPHY.

5217
04:03:28,080 --> 04:03:28,840
IT'S COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH

5218
04:03:28,840 --> 04:03:31,960
BEYOND WHAT WE CAN SEE WITH THE

5219
04:03:31,960 --> 04:03:35,360
HUMAN EYE, SO THAT POPULATION

5220
04:03:35,360 --> 04:03:37,480
MOSAIC I'M SHOWING DEMONSTRATES

5221
04:03:37,480 --> 04:03:40,640
REGIONS WHERE THERE IS A HIGH

5222
04:03:40,640 --> 04:03:42,920
PREVALENCE OF FAINT ATROPHY IN

5223
04:03:42,920 --> 04:03:44,760
INDIVIDUALS WITH TEMPORAL LOBE

5224
04:03:44,760 --> 04:03:48,560
COMPARED WITH CONTROLS,

5225
04:03:48,560 --> 04:03:49,960
SPECIFICALLY THE VOXELIZED AREA

5226
04:03:49,960 --> 04:03:52,560
UNDER THE CURVE.

5227
04:03:52,560 --> 04:03:54,000
YOU CAN SEE IN RED AREAS WITH A

5228
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:55,640
PATTERN WE CAN IDENTIFY FROM A

5229
04:03:55,640 --> 04:03:56,960
POPULATION LEVEL.

5230
04:03:56,960 --> 04:03:58,760
THAT ENABLES US TO HAVE A MODEL

5231
04:03:58,760 --> 04:04:04,160
WHAT I'M SHOWING ON THE BOTTOM,

5232
04:04:04,160 --> 04:04:06,480
WITH THE TRANSPARENT BRAIN THAT

5233
04:04:06,480 --> 04:04:07,640
DEMONSTRATES, OR INDICATES,

5234
04:04:07,640 --> 04:04:10,080
WHERE WE WOULD EXPECT PATTERNS

5235
04:04:10,080 --> 04:04:11,560
OF ATROPHY OR LOCATION, THERE

5236
04:04:11,560 --> 04:04:13,680
WOULD BE IN AN INDIVIDUAL

5237
04:04:13,680 --> 04:04:15,120
TEMPORAL LOBE.

5238
04:04:15,120 --> 04:04:17,600
IF WE USE THIS TO GUIDE

5239
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:18,600
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

5240
04:04:18,600 --> 04:04:24,160
DIAGNOSTIC MODEL IS WHAT I'M

5241
04:04:24,160 --> 04:04:27,800
SHOWING BELOW, A NETWORK THAT IS

5242
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:32,760
POWERED BY THE MODEL THAT WE

5243
04:04:32,760 --> 04:04:34,200
HAVE, LIKE THE BEETLE AND

5244
04:04:34,200 --> 04:04:36,840
BENTLEY AGAIN THAT INDICATES OR

5245
04:04:36,840 --> 04:04:40,560
GUIDES ASSESSMENT OF AREAS WHERE

5246
04:04:40,560 --> 04:04:43,760
YOU HAVE ATROPHY, THIS CAN

5247
04:04:43,760 --> 04:04:45,160
INCREASE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY

5248
04:04:45,160 --> 04:04:45,880
SIGNIFICANTLY.

5249
04:04:45,880 --> 04:04:48,640
SO, AGAIN, MOVING FROM

5250
04:04:48,640 --> 04:04:49,240
POPULATION FINDINGS TO

5251
04:04:49,240 --> 04:04:50,880
PERSONALIZED FINDINGS AND BACK

5252
04:04:50,880 --> 04:04:52,720
TO THE POPULATION LEVEL, SO I

5253
04:04:52,720 --> 04:04:53,960
WANT TO THANK THE INSTITUTIONS

5254
04:04:53,960 --> 04:04:57,200
WHERE THE WORK HAS BEEN DONE, MY

5255
04:04:57,200 --> 04:04:58,000
COLLABORATORS THAT ARE INDICATED

5256
04:04:58,000 --> 04:05:05,120
HERE ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE. 

5257
04:05:05,120 --> 04:05:15,440
THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 

5258
04:05:15,440 --> 04:05:16,000
 

5259
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:17,920
>> THANK YOU, DR. BONILHA CAN

5260
04:05:17,920 --> 04:05:21,240
YOU HEAR ME?

5261
04:05:21,240 --> 04:05:32,440
>> YES, WE CAN. 

5262
04:05:32,440 --> 04:05:35,560
>> FRANCIS SHEN, YOU'RE NEXT.

5263
04:05:35,560 --> 04:05:56,240
 

5264
04:05:56,240 --> 04:05:59,760
(INDISCERNIBLE) IN 2021 AWARDED

5265
04:05:59,760 --> 04:06:05,000
CAREER SCHOLARS MEDICAL, ONE OF 

5266
04:06:05,000 --> 04:06:07,160
TWO AWARDED EVERY YEAR, AMERICAN

5267
04:06:07,160 --> 04:06:14,000
LAW INSTITUTE, A PIONEER IN

5268
04:06:14,000 --> 04:06:15,760
ESTABLISHING INTERDISCIPLINARY

5269
04:06:15,760 --> 04:06:22,040
FIELD (INDISCERNIBLE). 

5270
04:06:22,040 --> 04:06:22,800
Ph.D. FROM HARVARD.

5271
04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:23,720
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

5272
04:06:23,720 --> 04:06:27,360
>> IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE.

5273
04:06:27,360 --> 04:06:28,920
THANKS TO THE ORGANIZERS, AND

5274
04:06:28,920 --> 04:06:31,840
THE GATES FOUNDATION, NIH.

5275
04:06:31,840 --> 04:06:33,280
I'LL JUMP IN.

5276
04:06:33,280 --> 04:06:34,800
IT'S A PLEASURE.

5277
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:37,200
I THANK THE ORGANIZERS FOR

5278
04:06:37,200 --> 04:06:45,400
WORKING IN SOME CONVERSATION AND

5279
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:47,720
PERSPECTIVE OF IMPLICATIONS ON

5280
04:06:47,720 --> 04:06:49,560
THE DEVELOPMENTS.

5281
04:06:49,560 --> 04:06:56,000
WE'RE THINKING ABOUT BEETLES AND

5282
04:06:56,000 --> 04:06:59,160
BENTLEYS, IT'S COOL TO HAVE

5283
04:06:59,160 --> 04:07:02,040
BEETLED BUT WE ARE REGULATIONS

5284
04:07:02,040 --> 04:07:03,120
THERE'S QUALITY CONTROL.

5285
04:07:03,120 --> 04:07:08,000
ONE OTHER CONCERN WE MIGHT HAVE,

5286
04:07:08,000 --> 04:07:11,600
EQUITY-WISE, IF YOU SAY, MOM,

5287
04:07:11,600 --> 04:07:13,600
WHY DOES EVERYONE IN THAT

5288
04:07:13,600 --> 04:07:14,720
COMMUNITY HAVE A BEETLE,

5289
04:07:14,720 --> 04:07:19,080
EVERYONE IN THAT COMMUNITY HAS A

5290
04:07:19,080 --> 04:07:19,760
BENTLEY?

5291
04:07:19,760 --> 04:07:20,800
EQUITY CONCERNS.

5292
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:22,560
THE ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGIES ARE

5293
04:07:22,560 --> 04:07:23,880
AWESOME BUT ALONG WITH THAT

5294
04:07:23,880 --> 04:07:27,280
COMES CONCERNS THAT WE CAN THINK

5295
04:07:27,280 --> 04:07:28,720
ABOUT AND ADDRESS BEFORE THEY

5296
04:07:28,720 --> 04:07:29,840
GET OUT OF HAND.

5297
04:07:29,840 --> 04:07:33,560
I WANT TO THANK NIH, NIH

5298
04:07:33,560 --> 04:07:35,880
"BRAIN," AND ACKNOWLEDGE MY

5299
04:07:35,880 --> 04:07:42,360
CO-P.I.s ON A BIG GRANT, AND

5300
04:07:42,360 --> 04:07:43,400
OTHER COLLABORATORS, ANYTHING I

5301
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:45,600
SAY ARE MY OWN THOUGHTS AND

5302
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:47,160
WORDS BUT ANYTHING USEFUL HAS

5303
04:07:47,160 --> 04:07:48,560
PROBABLY COME FROM MY

5304
04:07:48,560 --> 04:07:48,880
COLLABORATORS.

5305
04:07:48,880 --> 04:07:50,600
WE'RE PART OF A WORKING GROUP

5306
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:51,760
FUNDED BY NIH "BRAIN" TO THINK

5307
04:07:51,760 --> 04:07:57,960
ABOUT THE FUTURE OF FIELD-BASED

5308
04:07:57,960 --> 04:08:04,040
WORK, AVALANCHE ACCOUNTABLE TO

5309
04:08:04,040 --> 04:08:05,600
fNIRS, YOU NAME IT.

5310
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:06,720
AS NEUROIMAGING GOES INTO THE

5311
04:08:06,720 --> 04:08:08,800
FIELD IT'S GOING TO RAISE A

5312
04:08:08,800 --> 04:08:11,040
NOVEL SET OF ETHICAL, LEGAL,

5313
04:08:11,040 --> 04:08:12,360
SOCIAL ISSUES, WE'RE TRYING TO

5314
04:08:12,360 --> 04:08:14,920
ADDRESS THOSE.

5315
04:08:14,920 --> 04:08:16,760
IF YOU GET INTERESTED, CHECK OUT

5316
04:08:16,760 --> 04:08:27,520
OUR FREE FOR EVERYONE WEBSITE,

5317
04:08:27,520 --> 04:08:28,520
NEUROIMAGINGETHICS.ORG, COVERING

5318
04:08:28,520 --> 04:08:30,040
DEVELOPMENTS YOU HEARD WITH A

5319
04:08:30,040 --> 04:08:33,680
FOCUS ON THE ETHICS AND LEGAL

5320
04:08:33,680 --> 04:08:34,560
IMPLICATIONS.

5321
04:08:34,560 --> 04:08:36,600
WE START OUR WORK WITH

5322
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:38,160
EXCITEMENT YOU'VE HEARD IN THESE

5323
04:08:38,160 --> 04:08:39,160
PRESENTATIONS, WHAT DOES THE

5324
04:08:39,160 --> 04:08:41,160
FUTURE LOOK LIKE?

5325
04:08:41,160 --> 04:08:42,440
YOU CAN STAND ANYWHERE, WHICH

5326
04:08:42,440 --> 04:08:44,560
MIGHT ALLOW YOU TO GET MORE

5327
04:08:44,560 --> 04:08:47,480
DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE RESEARCH

5328
04:08:47,480 --> 04:08:48,840
AND GREATER ACCESS, SCANNING

5329
04:08:48,840 --> 04:08:53,040
WILL BE FASTER AND CHEAPER,

5330
04:08:53,040 --> 04:08:54,240
USING NEW PARADIGMS, ANYONE CAN

5331
04:08:54,240 --> 04:08:57,320
SCAN, EVEN IF YOU DON'T

5332
04:08:57,320 --> 04:08:59,360
UNDERSTAND EEG OR MRI, THAT'S

5333
04:08:59,360 --> 04:09:01,720
OKAY, THE SYSTEM WILL ALLOW YOU

5334
04:09:01,720 --> 04:09:05,400
TO INTERPRET YOUR RESULTS,

5335
04:09:05,400 --> 04:09:06,320
DEMOCRATIZING ACCESS.

5336
04:09:06,320 --> 04:09:09,360
WE HEARD THIS EARLIER TODAY,

5337
04:09:09,360 --> 04:09:11,000
NEUROIMAGING AT SCALE.

5338
04:09:11,000 --> 04:09:13,080
POPULATION NEUROSCIENCE.

5339
04:09:13,080 --> 04:09:13,840
BRAIN HEALTH SCREENING.

5340
04:09:13,840 --> 04:09:16,040
THERE ARE REASONS TO BE EXCITE

5341
04:09:16,040 --> 04:09:18,360
AND CONCERNED, TO ADDRESS THESE

5342
04:09:18,360 --> 04:09:18,720
CONCERNS.

5343
04:09:18,720 --> 04:09:21,280
THESE ARE JUST A COUPLE OF

5344
04:09:21,280 --> 04:09:22,800
ILLUSTRATIVE CONCERNS, IF YOU

5345
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:24,400
CAN SCAN ANYWHERE, THAT'S GREAT

5346
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:25,600
BUT IT RAISES IMPORTANT

5347
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:27,920
QUESTIONS AND WE'VE HEARD THIS

5348
04:09:27,920 --> 04:09:30,760
ALREADY ABOUT LOCAL CAPACITY,

5349
04:09:30,760 --> 04:09:32,280
COMMUNICATING, ENGAGING WITH

5350
04:09:32,280 --> 04:09:36,440
REMOTE PARTICIPANTS, ISSUES

5351
04:09:36,440 --> 04:09:37,400
AROUND RECRUITMENT AND

5352
04:09:37,400 --> 04:09:40,040
INCLUSION, IS THERE THE RESEARCH

5353
04:09:40,040 --> 04:09:40,960
CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

5354
04:09:40,960 --> 04:09:42,760
TO LIVE UP TO THE PROMISE?

5355
04:09:42,760 --> 04:09:50,880
THINKING ABOUT FASTER AND

5356
04:09:50,880 --> 04:09:53,120
CHEAPER SCANNING, IT'S A

5357
04:09:53,120 --> 04:09:56,360
QUESTION OF WHEN CERTAIN

5358
04:09:56,360 --> 04:09:59,520
TECHNOLOGY IS APPROACH IT.

5359
04:09:59,520 --> 04:10:00,480
THERE'S POTENTIAL OVERUSE, JUST

5360
04:10:00,480 --> 04:10:02,680
BECAUSE YOU CAN USE A TECHNOLOGY

5361
04:10:02,680 --> 04:10:03,560
DOESN'T MEAN YOU NECESSARILY

5362
04:10:03,560 --> 04:10:05,600
SHOULD. 

5363
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:07,920
WHAT ARE THE JUSTIFICATIONS?

5364
04:10:07,920 --> 04:10:11,160
THERE ARE ISSUES RELATED TO

5365
04:10:11,160 --> 04:10:13,360
DEMOCRATIZATION, AN EXCITING

5366
04:10:13,360 --> 04:10:18,960
THING TO PUT MR, EEG, fNIRS IN

5367
04:10:18,960 --> 04:10:20,760
ANYONE'S HANDS BUT IT COULD END

5368
04:10:20,760 --> 04:10:23,480
UP IN THE WRONG HANDS OR LACK OF

5369
04:10:23,480 --> 04:10:26,360
TRAINING, IS THERE SUFFICIENT

5370
04:10:26,360 --> 04:10:27,640
CAPACITY TO, AGAIN, ALLOW

5371
04:10:27,640 --> 04:10:29,600
SOMEONE TO PROPERLY INTERPRET

5372
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:34,720
AND UNDERSTAND IMAGES AND

5373
04:10:34,720 --> 04:10:36,560
INFORMATION.

5374
04:10:36,560 --> 04:10:39,320
IT OPENS POPULATION

5375
04:10:39,320 --> 04:10:39,960
NEUROSCIENCE, AND RAISES

5376
04:10:39,960 --> 04:10:41,760
POSSIBILITY THAT TEAMS WILL NEED

5377
04:10:41,760 --> 04:10:44,880
TO BE NEWLY TRAINED AND

5378
04:10:44,880 --> 04:10:49,240
COORDINATED AND NEWLY

5379
04:10:49,240 --> 04:10:51,280
REDEVELOPED TO ENGAGE

5380
04:10:51,280 --> 04:10:54,800
POPULATIONS AND THIS RAISES

5381
04:10:54,800 --> 04:10:56,240
POSSIBILITY OF DIRECT TO

5382
04:10:56,240 --> 04:10:57,560
CONSUMER IMAGING, WE'VE BEEN

5383
04:10:57,560 --> 04:11:01,160
THINKING ABOUT THESE AND MANY

5384
04:11:01,160 --> 04:11:04,320
ISSUES, ONE IN NEURON, WE

5385
04:11:04,320 --> 04:11:06,320
THOUGHT ABOUT INFORMED CONSENT,

5386
04:11:06,320 --> 04:11:10,040
A.I., POTENTIAL BIAS.

5387
04:11:10,040 --> 04:11:13,120
I WANT TO FLAG ONE, A PIECE IN

5388
04:11:13,120 --> 04:11:15,840
NEUROIMAGE LAST YEAR ON EMERGING

5389
04:11:15,840 --> 04:11:16,600
ETHICAL ISSUES RAISED BY --

5390
04:11:16,600 --> 04:11:22,520
DOESN'T HAVE TO BE HIGHLY

5391
04:11:22,520 --> 04:11:23,840
AFFORDABLE MRI BUT NEUROIMAGE

5392
04:11:23,840 --> 04:11:26,160
AING IN RESOURCE LIMITED

5393
04:11:26,160 --> 04:11:26,560
SETTINGS.

5394
04:11:26,560 --> 04:11:28,360
ONE OF THE AWESOME AMAZING

5395
04:11:28,360 --> 04:11:30,240
BENEFITS OF DOING RESEARCH WITH

5396
04:11:30,240 --> 04:11:33,200
HUMAN PARTICIPANTS, YOU CAN'T DO

5397
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:41,080
THIS WITH ANY NON-HUMAN ANIMALS,

5398
04:11:41,080 --> 04:11:43,160
THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE AS

5399
04:11:43,160 --> 04:11:44,920
CO-CREATORS OF KNOWLEDGE.

5400
04:11:44,920 --> 04:11:47,320
YOU CAN ENGAGE WITH PARTICIPANTS

5401
04:11:47,320 --> 04:11:49,720
BEFORE YOU FULLY FORMULATED

5402
04:11:49,720 --> 04:11:53,920
HYPOTHESES, INDEED UNLIKE EVERY

5403
04:11:53,920 --> 04:11:54,600
NON-HUMAN ANIMAL THEY MIGHT

5404
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:56,280
INVITE YOU TO ENGAGE IN

5405
04:11:56,280 --> 04:11:57,240
RESEARCH, OR MIGHT NOT, THAT

5406
04:11:57,240 --> 04:11:59,200
MIGHT BE IMPORTANT TO THINK

5407
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:01,160
ABOUT THAT COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5408
04:12:01,160 --> 04:12:04,040
ASPECT, WE EMPHASIZE IN THIS

5409
04:12:04,040 --> 04:12:05,640
ARTICLE BIDIRECTIONAL LEARNING,

5410
04:12:05,640 --> 04:12:06,960
ENGAGING WITH COMMUNITIES AND

5411
04:12:06,960 --> 04:12:12,000
PARTICIPANTS WHERE THESE NEW 

5412
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:14,600
DEVICES WILL GO.

5413
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:16,040
LOCAL PARTNERSHIP, SUSTAINED

5414
04:12:16,040 --> 04:12:17,800
LOCAL ENGAGEMENT, CREATING

5415
04:12:17,800 --> 04:12:18,960
SUSTAINABLE SOCIAL VALUE, IT

5416
04:12:18,960 --> 04:12:20,880
REALLY FEEDS INTO A LOT OF THE

5417
04:12:20,880 --> 04:12:22,760
ETHICAL CONCERNS THAT CAN BE

5418
04:12:22,760 --> 04:12:23,080
ADDRESSED.

5419
04:12:23,080 --> 04:12:25,040
THAT OUGHT TO BE ADDRESSED IN

5420
04:12:25,040 --> 04:12:25,280
ADVANCE.

5421
04:12:25,280 --> 04:12:27,560
I'LL JUST MENTION ONE, THIS IDEA

5422
04:12:27,560 --> 04:12:29,040
OF CREATING SUSTAINABLE SOCIAL

5423
04:12:29,040 --> 04:12:30,160
VALUE.

5424
04:12:30,160 --> 04:12:32,400
THE RESEARCH TEAMS YOU HEARD

5425
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:33,760
FROM ARE EMBRACING THIS.

5426
04:12:33,760 --> 04:12:35,160
FOR SOME RESEARCHERS THERE'S THE

5427
04:12:35,160 --> 04:12:37,560
LINE WHERE YOU WRITE TO YOUR IRB

5428
04:12:37,560 --> 04:12:39,520
AND SAY NO DIRECT BENEFIT FOR

5429
04:12:39,520 --> 04:12:40,760
PARTICIPANTS, FULL STOP.

5430
04:12:40,760 --> 04:12:44,000
THAT MIGHT NOT BE APPROPRIATE

5431
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:47,040
FOR ETHICAL WHEN DOING CERTAIN

5432
04:12:47,040 --> 04:12:50,880
TYPES OF RESEARCH WITH CERTAIN

5433
04:12:50,880 --> 04:12:51,880
COMMUNITIES, THINKING ABOUT HOW

5434
04:12:51,880 --> 04:12:53,920
LOCAL VALUE WILL BE CREATED.

5435
04:12:53,920 --> 04:12:55,160
THERE'S MORE, I DON'T HAVE TIME

5436
04:12:55,160 --> 04:12:58,560
TO MENTION IT ALL BUT WILL

5437
04:12:58,560 --> 04:13:00,720
SIMPLY SAY THAT WE SHOULD

5438
04:13:00,720 --> 04:13:02,160
PREPARE FOR A FUTURE IN WHICH A

5439
04:13:02,160 --> 04:13:05,080
LOT OF THESE ISSUES WILL EMERGE,

5440
04:13:05,080 --> 04:13:06,800
WE NEED MORE STANDARDIZATION,

5441
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:08,040
CONCERNS ABOUT SAFETY AND

5442
04:13:08,040 --> 04:13:09,480
SECURITY, ISSUES AROUND EQUITY

5443
04:13:09,480 --> 04:13:12,760
AND PRIVACY, AND DATA FLOW,

5444
04:13:12,760 --> 04:13:14,080
AGAIN, HEAVY RELIANCE ON A.I.

5445
04:13:14,080 --> 04:13:15,920
AND MACHINE LEARNING.

5446
04:13:15,920 --> 04:13:18,560
ALL GREAT THINGS THAT ARE COMING

5447
04:13:18,560 --> 04:13:20,920
DOWN THE SPIKE, I'M EXCITED, BUT

5448
04:13:20,920 --> 04:13:23,680
WITH THAT EXCITEMENT COMES A SET

5449
04:13:23,680 --> 04:13:30,920
OF CONCERNS AND COLLECTIVELY 

5450
04:13:30,920 --> 04:13:35,000
ETHICAL RESEARCH, WE CAN ADDRESS

5451
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:35,760
AND ANTICIPATE.

5452
04:13:35,760 --> 04:13:38,520
THANK YOU AND LOOK FORWARD TO

5453
04:13:38,520 --> 04:13:40,240
DISCUSSION.

5454
04:13:40,240 --> 04:13:45,880
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 

5455
04:13:45,880 --> 04:13:50,280
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

5456
04:13:50,280 --> 04:13:56,560
I THINK WE MOVE TO A DISCUSSION

5457
04:13:56,560 --> 04:14:00,800
RIGHT AWAY.

5458
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:02,360
RAISE YOUR HAND AND WE CAN GET

5459
04:14:02,360 --> 04:14:05,160
OUR QUESTIONS.

5460
04:14:05,160 --> 04:14:09,560
 

5461
04:14:09,560 --> 04:14:11,320
 

5462
04:14:11,320 --> 04:14:13,560
A QUICK ONE SINCE YOU JUST

5463
04:14:13,560 --> 04:14:16,680
FINISHED, GOING BACK TO THE

5464
04:14:16,680 --> 04:14:25,560
BEETLE AND BENTLEY AGAIN, IF YOU

5465
04:14:25,560 --> 04:14:26,640
HAVE COMMUNITIES (INDISCERNIBLE)

5466
04:14:26,640 --> 04:14:30,760
IF WE HAVE BEETLES AND MORE

5467
04:14:30,760 --> 04:14:34,040
BEETLES, SOME PEOPLE SAY HALF IS

5468
04:14:34,040 --> 04:14:52,160
BETTER THAN NONE, WHAT YOU CAN

5469
04:14:52,160 --> 04:14:54,160
AFFORD (INDISCERNIBLE).

5470
04:14:54,160 --> 04:14:55,240
FRANCIS, PLEASE.

5471
04:14:55,240 --> 04:15:02,160
>> WELL, I THINK TWO-TIER SYSTEM

5472
04:15:02,160 --> 04:15:03,680
SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED, NOT JUST

5473
04:15:03,680 --> 04:15:05,120
WITH THE TECHNOLOGY BUT ALSO

5474
04:15:05,120 --> 04:15:06,320
WITH THE SERVICE PLAN THAT COMES

5475
04:15:06,320 --> 04:15:09,120
WITH IT SO IT'S NOT HARD TO

5476
04:15:09,120 --> 04:15:10,320
IMAGINE THAT YOU GET THE DEVICE

5477
04:15:10,320 --> 04:15:12,200
BUT THEN YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE.

5478
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:13,960
DO YOU WANT BRONZE, SILVER, GOLD

5479
04:15:13,960 --> 04:15:16,080
SERVICE PLAN?

5480
04:15:16,080 --> 04:15:19,680
YOU GET THE BETTER IMAGING, MORE

5481
04:15:19,680 --> 04:15:21,840
RESPONSIVE SERVICE. 

5482
04:15:21,840 --> 04:15:24,160
THERE IS A REAL EQUITY CONCERN,

5483
04:15:24,160 --> 04:15:26,360
SOMETHING IS BETTER THAN

5484
04:15:26,360 --> 04:15:26,720
NOTHING.

5485
04:15:26,720 --> 04:15:28,760
MAYBE THAT'S APPROPRIATE IN SOME

5486
04:15:28,760 --> 04:15:28,960
PLACES.

5487
04:15:28,960 --> 04:15:31,560
BUT I THINK THERE IS A CONCERN.

5488
04:15:31,560 --> 04:15:33,000
AGAIN, IT DEPENDS WHAT THE

5489
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:34,560
QUESTION BEING ASKED IS, WHAT

5490
04:15:34,560 --> 04:15:37,720
THE PURPOSE IS, AND IF IT'S THE

5491
04:15:37,720 --> 04:15:40,840
CASE THAT ONE IS SUFFICIENT,

5492
04:15:40,840 --> 04:15:41,840
LOWER FIELD OR DIFFERENT SYSTEM,

5493
04:15:41,840 --> 04:15:45,000
GREAT, IF IT'S THE CASE THAT YOU

5494
04:15:45,000 --> 04:15:46,680
MIGHT ALSO WANT CLINICIAN MIGHT

5495
04:15:46,680 --> 04:15:48,400
SAY THIS IS USEFUL FOR SCREENING

5496
04:15:48,400 --> 04:15:50,280
BUT FOR CLINICAL PURPOSES I ALSO

5497
04:15:50,280 --> 04:15:51,560
WANT TO SEE SOMETHING ELSE, ONE

5498
04:15:51,560 --> 04:15:55,080
OF THE WAYS THAT MATTERS FOR

5499
04:15:55,080 --> 04:15:55,880
INCIDENTAL FINDINGS, DOES THE

5500
04:15:55,880 --> 04:15:59,480
RESEARCH TEAM HAVE A PLAN IN

5501
04:15:59,480 --> 04:16:01,600
PLACE TO HANDLE INCIDENTAL

5502
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:02,400
FINDINGS THAT MIGHT EMERGE AND

5503
04:16:02,400 --> 04:16:07,760
NEED FOR  ACCESS TO A NETWORK TO

5504
04:16:07,760 --> 04:16:13,720
IDENTIFY AND ADDRESS INCIDENTAL

5505
04:16:13,720 --> 04:16:13,960
FINDINGS.

5506
04:16:13,960 --> 04:16:23,960
>> THANK YOU. 

5507
04:16:23,960 --> 04:16:27,760
WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION.

5508
04:16:27,760 --> 04:16:29,920
I HAVE BEEN ADVOCATE FOR SAFETY

5509
04:16:29,920 --> 04:16:32,240
FOR SPECIFIC MRI FOR DECADES,

5510
04:16:32,240 --> 04:16:34,080
THE MAGNET MANUFACTURERS IN U.S.

5511
04:16:34,080 --> 04:16:36,880
AND EUROPE HAVE NOT SEEN A

5512
04:16:36,880 --> 04:16:38,440
MARKET FOR THIS APPROACH.

5513
04:16:38,440 --> 04:16:42,520
DO WE HAVE ANY HOPE AFRICAN

5514
04:16:42,520 --> 04:16:45,440
COUNTRIES WOULD SHOW THAT

5515
04:16:45,440 --> 04:16:49,360
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH AND NOT

5516
04:16:49,360 --> 04:16:56,280
THAT EXPENSIVE AND CAN BE

5517
04:16:56,280 --> 04:16:57,000
REWARDED.

5518
04:16:57,000 --> 04:16:58,000
I'LL START WITH ANDREW WEBB, DO

5519
04:16:58,000 --> 04:17:07,400
YOU WANT TO ADDRESS THAT

5520
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:07,760
QUESTION?

5521
04:17:07,760 --> 04:17:09,280
>> A POSSIBILITY, MORE SO IN

5522
04:17:09,280 --> 04:17:10,760
POPULATION GROWTH.

5523
04:17:10,760 --> 04:17:13,560
HOW THE GRAIN HAS GROWN,

5524
04:17:13,560 --> 04:17:14,080
DEVELOPING THROUGHOUT THE

5525
04:17:14,080 --> 04:17:16,560
LIFESPAN, THE BRAIN HAS GROWN,

5526
04:17:16,560 --> 04:17:20,640
NOT SOMETHING WE'VE  TYPICALLY

5527
04:17:20,640 --> 04:17:22,040
DONE IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD OVER

5528
04:17:22,040 --> 04:17:22,800
THE YEARS.

5529
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:24,440
FROM THAT POINT OF VIEW, THERE

5530
04:17:24,440 --> 04:17:25,200
IS.

5531
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:27,480
AND ONE OF THE THINGS LOW FIELD,

5532
04:17:27,480 --> 04:17:30,440
AS LONG AS WE'RE NOT TRYING TO

5533
04:17:30,440 --> 04:17:31,960
GET HIGH RESOLUTION, THINGS

5534
04:17:31,960 --> 04:17:35,360
COULD BE DONE ON A REASONABLE

5535
04:17:35,360 --> 04:17:37,000
TIME FRAME, CLINICALLY KNOWING

5536
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:39,680
WHAT THE T1 OF A TUMOR IS IS NOT

5537
04:17:39,680 --> 04:17:40,280
VERY USEFUL.

5538
04:17:40,280 --> 04:17:42,000
IF YOU CAN SEE WHERE THE TUMOR

5539
04:17:42,000 --> 04:17:45,560
IS, THAT'S THE IMPORTANT THING.

5540
04:17:45,560 --> 04:17:47,960
SO, IF WE'RE GOING TO LOOK FROM

5541
04:17:47,960 --> 04:17:48,960
THE ENTIRE CONFERENCE, LOOKING

5542
04:17:48,960 --> 04:17:50,480
OVER THE LIFESPAN OF THE BRAIN,

5543
04:17:50,480 --> 04:17:52,440
YEAH, I THINK IT MIGHT HAVE A

5544
04:17:52,440 --> 04:17:53,640
ROLE, CERTAINLY.

5545
04:17:53,640 --> 04:18:02,280
BUT THERE MAY BE OTHERS ACTUALLY

5546
04:18:02,280 --> 04:18:03,360
MORE QUALIFIED.

5547
04:18:03,360 --> 04:18:08,520
WORKING WITH THE HYPERFINE

5548
04:18:08,520 --> 04:18:10,280
SYSTEM IN TERMS OF

5549
04:18:10,280 --> 04:18:11,160
QUANTIFICATION.

5550
04:18:11,160 --> 04:18:13,440
>> THAT'S OUR PRIMARY FOCUS,

5551
04:18:13,440 --> 04:18:16,960
DRIVEN BY ONE, AS A NEW SYSTEM

5552
04:18:16,960 --> 04:18:23,120
THAT'S COMING UP, THAT'S BEING 

5553
04:18:23,120 --> 04:18:26,920
USED IN A WIDER SCALE, THAT

5554
04:18:26,920 --> 04:18:28,920
HASN'T BEEN OPTIMIZED FOR

5555
04:18:28,920 --> 04:18:31,120
PEDIATRICS, STARTING FROM BASICS

5556
04:18:31,120 --> 04:18:33,120
UNDERSTANDING WHAT THE TISSUE

5557
04:18:33,120 --> 04:18:35,080
CONTRAST LOOKS LIKE, T1s, TO

5558
04:18:35,080 --> 04:18:35,920
OPTIMIZE OTHER SEQUENCES.

5559
04:18:35,920 --> 04:18:39,560
THE HOPE IS THAT IT MAY ALSO

5560
04:18:39,560 --> 04:18:41,120
GIVE IMPROVED SENSITIVITY TO

5561
04:18:41,120 --> 04:18:42,640
SOME INTERVENTIONS THAT THE

5562
04:18:42,640 --> 04:18:47,160
FOUNDATION IS CHAMPIONING.

5563
04:18:47,160 --> 04:18:50,400
THINGS LIKE AROUND MATERNAL

5564
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:51,920
ANEMIA, MATERNAL AND INFANT

5565
04:18:51,920 --> 04:18:53,560
NUTRITION, THESE SORTS OF THINGS

5566
04:18:53,560 --> 04:18:57,400
MAY HAVE A GREATER IMPACT OR

5567
04:18:57,400 --> 04:18:59,280
MAYBE QUANTITATIVE IMAGING

5568
04:18:59,280 --> 04:19:03,360
INTENSIVE TO THOSE INTERVENTIONS

5569
04:19:03,360 --> 04:19:04,400
THAN TRADITIONAL QUALITATIVE

5570
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:04,640
IMAGING.

5571
04:19:04,640 --> 04:19:09,880
I THINK IN THAT CASE IT'S A 

5572
04:19:09,880 --> 04:19:11,160
DIFFERENT BEACH HEAD.

5573
04:19:11,160 --> 04:19:13,480
WE CAN ACTUALLY HAVE A DIFFERENT

5574
04:19:13,480 --> 04:19:15,160
APPROACH, MAYBE TAKE THE

5575
04:19:15,160 --> 04:19:16,960
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH.

5576
04:19:16,960 --> 04:19:17,440
WE'VE BEEN WORKING AND

5577
04:19:17,440 --> 04:19:19,800
SUPPORTING A NUMBER OF OUR

5578
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:23,200
GRANTEES TO FOCUS ON THAT

5579
04:19:23,200 --> 04:19:23,720
SPECIFICALLY.

5580
04:19:23,720 --> 04:19:29,120
I DO SEE ELLEN HAS A HAND UP.

5581
04:19:29,120 --> 04:19:31,040
>> ELLEN, PLEASE GO AHEAD.

5582
04:19:31,040 --> 04:19:33,440
>> MAKING A COMMENT, ONE THING

5583
04:19:33,440 --> 04:19:35,400
IF RESEARCH IS PERFORMED IN ONE

5584
04:19:35,400 --> 04:19:38,560
SPACE ON ONE SCANNER, EVERYWHERE

5585
04:19:38,560 --> 04:19:39,920
ELSE MORE DEVELOPED WORLD,

5586
04:19:39,920 --> 04:19:42,640
DIFFERENT SCANNER, IT'S HARD TO

5587
04:19:42,640 --> 04:19:43,400
COMPARE DIFFERENCES BECAUSE

5588
04:19:43,400 --> 04:19:45,480
DIFFERENCES COULD BE DRIVEN BY

5589
04:19:45,480 --> 04:19:48,120
SYSTEM YOU'RE USING, SO I THINK

5590
04:19:48,120 --> 04:19:50,480
IT'S IMPORTANT THAT THE LOW

5591
04:19:50,480 --> 04:19:52,360
FIELD SYSTEMS ARE USED MORE

5592
04:19:52,360 --> 04:19:54,760
OFTEN IN HIGH RESOURCE AREAS TO

5593
04:19:54,760 --> 04:19:56,200
UNDERSTAND HOW WE CAN COMPARE TO

5594
04:19:56,200 --> 04:19:58,480
DATA BEING GATHERED IN

5595
04:19:58,480 --> 04:20:00,360
UNDERRESOURCED AREAS.

5596
04:20:00,360 --> 04:20:02,880
THE OTHER BIG CHALLENGE IS I CAN

5597
04:20:02,880 --> 04:20:04,920
SEE AS A NEURORADIOLOGIST WE

5598
04:20:04,920 --> 04:20:07,560
NEED TO TRAIN CLINICIANS HOW TO

5599
04:20:07,560 --> 04:20:13,560
READ SUCH SCANS, BECAUSE WE'RE

5600
04:20:13,560 --> 04:20:16,560
USED TO 3T SCANS, WE CORROBORATE

5601
04:20:16,560 --> 04:20:19,960
WITH UGANDA, VERY LOW RADIOLOGY

5602
04:20:19,960 --> 04:20:22,640
SKILLS, TEACHING THEM HOW TO

5603
04:20:22,640 --> 04:20:24,600
INTERPRET CTs, IF THEY GET

5604
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,560
HYPERFINE DATA I NEED TO LEARN

5605
04:20:27,560 --> 04:20:30,160
HOW TO READ AND GET FEEDBACK, WE

5606
04:20:30,160 --> 04:20:32,080
NEED TO HAVE THE EDUCATION

5607
04:20:32,080 --> 04:20:33,560
PROCESS TIED TO CLINICAL

5608
04:20:33,560 --> 04:20:34,760
EXPERTS, SUPPORTING THE

5609
04:20:34,760 --> 04:20:39,240
DEVELOPMENT AS IT MOVES INTO THE

5610
04:20:39,240 --> 04:20:41,320
FIELD AND WE KNOW IT WON'T BE

5611
04:20:41,320 --> 04:20:42,840
JUST NORMAL BRAINS, WE'LL BE

5612
04:20:42,840 --> 04:20:45,920
SEEING LOTS OF UNUSUAL THINGS

5613
04:20:45,920 --> 04:20:50,720
GIVEN THE HEALTH SITUATIONS IN

5614
04:20:50,720 --> 04:20:52,480
THESE UNDERRESOURCED AREAS,

5615
04:20:52,480 --> 04:20:54,120
PARTNERSHIP WITH PHYSICIANS IS

5616
04:20:54,120 --> 04:20:57,000
IMPORTANT AS YOU PUSH US

5617
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:58,560
FORWARD.

5618
04:20:58,560 --> 04:20:59,680
>> DEFINITELY THAT'S A GREAT

5619
04:20:59,680 --> 04:21:01,120
POINT.

5620
04:21:01,120 --> 04:21:02,600
AGAIN THE INTERESTING THING FROM

5621
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:04,040
EQUITY STANDPOINT WE'RE ALL

5622
04:21:04,040 --> 04:21:13,000
STARTING FROM ZERO, ALL

5623
04:21:13,000 --> 04:21:13,560
LEARNING.

5624
04:21:13,560 --> 04:21:15,080
THIS COUNTRY DIVIDE IS

5625
04:21:15,080 --> 04:21:17,920
NON-EXISTENT IN THIS CASE, AN

5626
04:21:17,920 --> 04:21:18,800
INTERESTING ASPECT.

5627
04:21:18,800 --> 04:21:21,760
THINKING OF HOW WE CAN BRING

5628
04:21:21,760 --> 04:21:24,080
EVERYONE TOGETHER AND TRAIN,

5629
04:21:24,080 --> 04:21:25,960
HAVE THAT COOPERATIVE TRAINING

5630
04:21:25,960 --> 04:21:28,720
AND CAPACITY BUILDING ACROSS THE

5631
04:21:28,720 --> 04:21:30,320
BOUNDARIES IS SUPER IMPORTANT,

5632
04:21:30,320 --> 04:21:34,280
SOMETHING THAT THE FOUNDATION IS

5633
04:21:34,280 --> 04:21:38,360
SUPPORTING. 

5634
04:21:38,360 --> 04:21:40,320
>> I WANT TO AGREE, GETTING

5635
04:21:40,320 --> 04:21:44,680
PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE

5636
04:21:44,680 --> 04:21:52,760
THIS EFFICIENTLY TO SOME

5637
04:21:52,760 --> 04:21:53,560
PROBLEMS IS KEY.

5638
04:21:53,560 --> 04:21:58,480
IT WILL ONLY SEE ARTIFACTS,

5639
04:21:58,480 --> 04:22:01,760
FIRST TIME I GOT INVOLVED

5640
04:22:01,760 --> 04:22:03,160
LOOKING AT HIGH-THROUGHPUT

5641
04:22:03,160 --> 04:22:06,120
SYSTEM, IT WAS AMAZING BECAUSE

5642
04:22:06,120 --> 04:22:11,160
VESSELS LOOKED LIKE ARTIFACTS,

5643
04:22:11,160 --> 04:22:12,360
SMALL VESSELS.

5644
04:22:12,360 --> 04:22:15,160
THERE'S A NEED TO BRIDGE THAT

5645
04:22:15,160 --> 04:22:28,840
GAP, FOCUS ON BUILDING CAPACITY 

5646
04:22:28,840 --> 04:22:29,560
ACROSS BOTH SPECTRUMS.

5647
04:22:29,560 --> 04:22:34,560
I WANT TO ASK ABOUT IMMIGRATION.

5648
04:22:34,560 --> 04:22:39,400
CAN WE HAVE ONE SYSTEM THAT CAN 

5649
04:22:39,400 --> 04:22:49,600
INTEGRATE ALL OF THIS

5650
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:50,240
INFORMATION, EEG RESULTS, MRI,

5651
04:22:50,240 --> 04:22:59,160
IS IT POSSIBLE TO DO THAT ON A

5652
04:22:59,160 --> 04:23:00,800
LOW SCALE?

5653
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:03,360
>> YES, I THINK SO.

5654
04:23:03,360 --> 04:23:05,560
LAUREL AND I WERE CHATTING ABOUT

5655
04:23:05,560 --> 04:23:07,560
PUTTING EEG IN THERE AND WE

5656
04:23:07,560 --> 04:23:10,920
TALKED A LITTLE BIT, LOOKING AT

5657
04:23:10,920 --> 04:23:13,240
THE SYSTEM THAT SARAH AND JOSEF

5658
04:23:13,240 --> 04:23:14,120
WERE SHOWING.

5659
04:23:14,120 --> 04:23:16,640
ONE OF THE BIG ADVANTAGES OF THE

5660
04:23:16,640 --> 04:23:20,800
LOW FIELD MR, THE BIG MAGNETS

5661
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:21,800
AND GRADIENTS, THE REAL PROBLEM

5662
04:23:21,800 --> 04:23:22,640
IS NOT THERE.

5663
04:23:22,640 --> 04:23:24,600
IT'S A GREAT IDEA IF THERE'S

5664
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:29,480
REALLY SOME GOOD REASONS TO DO

5665
04:23:29,480 --> 04:23:33,360
IT, FROM A CLINICAL POINT OF

5666
04:23:33,360 --> 04:23:39,400
VIEW, ENGINEERINGWISE SHOULD BE 

5667
04:23:39,400 --> 04:23:39,680
POSSIBLE.

5668
04:23:39,680 --> 04:23:40,640
>> I AGREE.

5669
04:23:40,640 --> 04:23:45,000
HIGH AND LOW DENSITY EEG ON

5670
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:46,120
MYSELF, HYPERFINE SCANNER, WE'RE

5671
04:23:46,120 --> 04:23:47,120
TESTING ON OURSELVES RIGHT NOW

5672
04:23:47,120 --> 04:23:56,320
BUT I SEE A PATH FORWARD, THAT 

5673
04:23:56,320 --> 04:23:58,840
WOULD BE INCREDIBLY EXCITING.

5674
04:23:58,840 --> 04:24:01,320
>> FROM fNIRS SIDE, THERE ARE

5675
04:24:01,320 --> 04:24:02,920
GROUP THAT INTEGRATED fNIRS

5676
04:24:02,920 --> 04:24:05,920
WITH EEG, WHERE YOU SPEND YOUR

5677
04:24:05,920 --> 04:24:10,360
DEVELOPMENT MONEY BUT THE OTHER

5678
04:24:10,360 --> 04:24:16,920
NON-OBVIOUS ADVANTAGE EVER

5679
04:24:16,920 --> 04:24:20,000
INTEGRATING IS WE KEEP RUNNING

5680
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:21,400
INTO CO-REGISTRATION ERRORS, AS

5681
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:22,760
WE IMPROVE RESOLUTION YOU

5682
04:24:22,760 --> 04:24:27,760
SUDDENLY FEEL THE PAIN OF NOT

5683
04:24:27,760 --> 04:24:30,880
KNOWING WHERE YOU ARE ON

5684
04:24:30,880 --> 04:24:31,680
SOMEBODY'S HEAD.

5685
04:24:31,680 --> 04:24:33,560
GETTING A SCAN WITH A CAP ON,

5686
04:24:33,560 --> 04:24:38,560
GETTING THAT TO BE ROUTINE COULD

5687
04:24:38,560 --> 04:24:41,360
REALLY CHANGE THE DATA QUALITY.

5688
04:24:41,360 --> 04:24:42,520
ON LONGITUDINAL SCANS IF YOU'RE

5689
04:24:42,520 --> 04:24:55,240
SCANNING THE  THE SAME PERSON

5690
04:24:55,240 --> 04:24:56,080
OVER TIME.

5691
04:24:56,080 --> 04:25:00,920
>> ANOTHER BROAD QUESTION FOR

5692
04:25:00,920 --> 04:25:02,440
EVERYONE.

5693
04:25:02,440 --> 04:25:12,920
SHOULD WE BE EMPHASIZING 

5694
04:25:12,920 --> 04:25:14,920
STUDIES, STUDYING THE

5695
04:25:14,920 --> 04:25:15,520
DIFFERENCES?

5696
04:25:15,520 --> 04:25:17,840
>> IF YOU LOOK AT THINGS

5697
04:25:17,840 --> 04:25:19,800
SUCCESSFUL WITH fMRI, IT'S

5698
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:20,160
BOTH.

5699
04:25:20,160 --> 04:25:22,200
THEY HAVE REALLY LARGE SCALE

5700
04:25:22,200 --> 04:25:24,920
POPULATION STUDIES AND THEY ALSO

5701
04:25:24,920 --> 04:25:28,240
ARE GOING TO REALLY MANY, MANY

5702
04:25:28,240 --> 04:25:32,800
HOURS OF IMAGING WITHIN SINGLE

5703
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:33,080
SUBJECTS.

5704
04:25:33,080 --> 04:25:35,200
I DON'T KNOW THAT YOU'VE PICKED

5705
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:36,280
ONE OR THE OTHER.

5706
04:25:36,280 --> 04:25:40,320
I THINK YOU WANT TO BUILD TOOLS

5707
04:25:40,320 --> 04:25:43,040
FOR BOTH.

5708
04:25:43,040 --> 04:25:44,920
>> I WOULD JUST SAY THE POINT AS

5709
04:25:44,920 --> 04:25:47,520
WELL, I THINK YOU NEED TO LINK

5710
04:25:47,520 --> 04:25:49,400
THAT TO THE TOOL THAT FRANCIS

5711
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:51,480
GAVE ABOUT THE ETHICAL

5712
04:25:51,480 --> 04:25:52,200
CONSIDERATIONS OF THE

5713
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:53,800
INTERPRETATIONS YOU'RE MAKING

5714
04:25:53,800 --> 04:25:58,280
ABOUT THE DATA, SO IF YOU DON'T

5715
04:25:58,280 --> 04:26:00,560
HAVE LONGITUDINAL DATA YOU MIGHT

5716
04:26:00,560 --> 04:26:01,960
BE MAKING JUDGMENTS ABOUT

5717
04:26:01,960 --> 04:26:03,160
DEVELOPMENT COMPLETELY WRONG

5718
04:26:03,160 --> 04:26:04,320
BECAUSE YOU MISSED ANY IMPORTANT

5719
04:26:04,320 --> 04:26:09,360
AREAS AND I THINK THAT'S SUCH

5720
04:26:09,360 --> 04:26:10,480
PAUSE OF A PAUCITY OF

5721
04:26:10,480 --> 04:26:11,800
LONGITUDINAL DATA, YOU CAN'T

5722
04:26:11,800 --> 04:26:13,920
ANSWER UNTIL YOU GET MORE DATA

5723
04:26:13,920 --> 04:26:16,040
BECAUSE THERE'S NOT ENOUGH.

5724
04:26:16,040 --> 04:26:23,160
FIRST I DID A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

5725
04:26:23,160 --> 04:26:25,360
IN THE GAMBIA, I WANT TO ADD TO

5726
04:26:25,360 --> 04:26:27,040
THE PREVIOUS COMMENT AS WELL AND

5727
04:26:27,040 --> 04:26:28,920
KIND OF LINKING TO WHAT FRANCIS

5728
04:26:28,920 --> 04:26:30,480
IS SAYING ABOUT THE ETHICAL

5729
04:26:30,480 --> 04:26:31,480
CONSIDERATIONS, WE SHOULD

5730
04:26:31,480 --> 04:26:33,160
REMEMBER AS WELL WE'RE LEARNING

5731
04:26:33,160 --> 04:26:37,680
A LOT ABOUT THE DATA THAT WE'VE

5732
04:26:37,680 --> 04:26:38,360
PREVIOUSLY INTERPRETED IN

5733
04:26:38,360 --> 04:26:40,320
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES FOR WORK

5734
04:26:40,320 --> 04:26:41,720
IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, DATA

5735
04:26:41,720 --> 04:26:43,520
QUALITY IS BETTER IN THE GAMBIA

5736
04:26:43,520 --> 04:26:44,680
THAN THE U.K. PARTLY BECAUSE OF

5737
04:26:44,680 --> 04:26:46,440
THE WAY IN WHICH WE'RE ENGAGING

5738
04:26:46,440 --> 04:26:50,240
WITH THE FAMILIES AND THE WAY IN

5739
04:26:50,240 --> 04:26:51,920
WHICH THE INFANTS FIT MORE STILL

5740
04:26:51,920 --> 04:26:53,960
BECAUSE THAT'S THE WAY THEY ARE

5741
04:26:53,960 --> 04:26:55,400
CULTURE HAS TAUGHT THEM TO SIT

5742
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:56,720
WHEN THEY ARE WITH THEIR

5743
04:26:56,720 --> 04:27:00,000
PARENTS, THE DATA IS USEFUL, SIT

5744
04:27:00,000 --> 04:27:00,360
MORE STILL.

5745
04:27:00,360 --> 04:27:02,160
THEY CAN AGAIN HAVE STRONGER

5746
04:27:02,160 --> 04:27:03,160
DATASETS THAT MIGHT TELL US MORE

5747
04:27:03,160 --> 04:27:05,760
ABOUT THE DATA WE'VE LOOKED AT

5748
04:27:05,760 --> 04:27:07,240
PREVIOUSLY IN THE U.K.

5749
04:27:07,240 --> 04:27:09,320
SO WE'VE GOT TO REMEMBER THAT

5750
04:27:09,320 --> 04:27:15,200
DIRECTION AS WELL I THINK.

5751
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:15,360
 

5752
04:27:15,360 --> 04:27:16,320
>> I AGREE WITH YOU.

5753
04:27:16,320 --> 04:27:24,360
ONE OR TWO MORE QUESTIONS.

5754
04:27:24,360 --> 04:27:25,720
DANIEL, WITH MACHINE LEARNING,

5755
04:27:25,720 --> 04:27:29,400
USED IN THE VAST -- LIKE THE

5756
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,720
HYPERFINE AND LOW FIELD MRI

5757
04:27:32,720 --> 04:27:36,800
SCANNERS, DO PANELISTS EXPECT

5758
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:37,920
DATA, TYPICAL SUBJECT DATA,

5759
04:27:37,920 --> 04:27:39,600
SEEKS TO LIMIT CLINICAL

5760
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:43,600
APPLICATIONS FOR SMALLER FOCAL

5761
04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:45,840
ISSUES, I DON'T KNOW, ANYONE CAN

5762
04:27:45,840 --> 04:27:47,040
JUMP IN ON THIS.

5763
04:27:47,040 --> 04:27:50,280
>> I THINK IT MAY WELL BE, SO

5764
04:27:50,280 --> 04:27:53,120
SOME OF THE MODELS WE'VE USED

5765
04:27:53,120 --> 04:27:55,440
THAT WERE DEVELOPED ON NORMATIVE

5766
04:27:55,440 --> 04:27:56,560
DATASETS DON'T HAVE PATHOLOGY,

5767
04:27:56,560 --> 04:27:59,600
TRAINING SETS WILL FILL IN,

5768
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:00,720
WHICH IS OBVIOUSLY EGREGIOUS IN

5769
04:28:00,720 --> 04:28:02,800
THE CLINICAL SETTING, SO THAT'S

5770
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,200
I THINK WHERE WE NEED TO BE

5771
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:07,280
REALLY CAREFUL, USING DEEP

5772
04:28:07,280 --> 04:28:09,560
LEARNING METHODS AND I THINK THE

5773
04:28:09,560 --> 04:28:11,760
PEOPLE WHO HAVE SEEN THIS THE

5774
04:28:11,760 --> 04:28:12,680
MOST HAPPILY ARE

5775
04:28:12,680 --> 04:28:13,320
NEURORADIOLOGISTS WHO HAVE

5776
04:28:13,320 --> 04:28:14,840
ALREADY SEEN WAVE OF LITERATURE

5777
04:28:14,840 --> 04:28:20,040
OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS AND SO

5778
04:28:20,040 --> 04:28:22,600
THIS CAN BE, BACK TO SEAN, NO

5779
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:24,360
DISPARITY, EVERYTHING WORKING IN

5780
04:28:24,360 --> 04:28:25,600
LOW FIELD SCANNERS, ARE GOING TO

5781
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:29,240
HAVE TO DO THE SAME CHALLENGES

5782
04:28:29,240 --> 04:28:32,200
SO I THINK THAT'S A CONCERN THAT

5783
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:36,160
NEEDS TO BE AT THE FRONT OF

5784
04:28:36,160 --> 04:28:37,760
ANYONE'S MIND WHEN DEVELOPING

5785
04:28:37,760 --> 04:28:39,120
THESE MODELS.

5786
04:28:39,120 --> 04:28:45,880
>> ANOTHER ONE, TO FOLLOW UP,

5787
04:28:45,880 --> 04:28:48,760
TOO MUCH ABOUT CT, FOCUSED

5788
04:28:48,760 --> 04:28:53,400
ULTRASOUND, CT IS MORE OFTEN

5789
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:57,560
USED THAN IN THE U.S., ANY 

5790
04:28:57,560 --> 04:28:59,160
COMMENTS FROM THE PRESENTERS

5791
04:28:59,160 --> 04:29:01,360
ABOUT WHERE THIS MAY BE USED

5792
04:29:01,360 --> 04:29:07,640
MORE IN AFRICA AND SOUTH 

5793
04:29:07,640 --> 04:29:08,400
AMERICA?

5794
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:12,240
AND THEN I THINK THE FOCUSED ON

5795
04:29:12,240 --> 04:29:13,360
ULTRASOUND AND CT.

5796
04:29:13,360 --> 04:29:16,720
IS THERE A PLACE IN TERMS OF

5797
04:29:16,720 --> 04:29:22,000
SCALING IN THIS COUNTRY? 

5798
04:29:22,000 --> 04:29:28,160
SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA?

5799
04:29:28,160 --> 04:29:30,960
ROSALYN, DO YOU WANT TO JUMP IN?

5800
04:29:30,960 --> 04:29:33,320
>> I'M LOOKING TO CLINICAL

5801
04:29:33,320 --> 04:29:33,840
COLLEAGUES.

5802
04:29:33,840 --> 04:29:34,720
>> HELEN?

5803
04:29:34,720 --> 04:29:36,280
>> THE STILL REQUIRES A STABLE

5804
04:29:36,280 --> 04:29:40,000
POWER SOURCE, YOU'VE GOT

5805
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:42,520
RADIATION, ESPECIALLY WITH THE

5806
04:29:42,520 --> 04:29:44,560
CT, HIGHER RADIATION DOSES, THEY

5807
04:29:44,560 --> 04:29:48,320
DON'T HAVE NEAR THE CONTRAST

5808
04:29:48,320 --> 04:29:50,280
POTENTIAL MRI HAS.

5809
04:29:50,280 --> 04:29:53,640
ON OUR SITE, AT LEAST PORTABLE

5810
04:29:53,640 --> 04:29:56,120
CT CAN BE REPLACED, WITH MR

5811
04:29:56,120 --> 04:29:57,880
BEAUTIFUL POTENTIAL OF ALL SORTS

5812
04:29:57,880 --> 04:29:59,680
OF IMAGE CONTRASTS THAT YOU

5813
04:29:59,680 --> 04:30:01,920
NEVER GET WITH CT SCAN.

5814
04:30:01,920 --> 04:30:07,760
SO I THINK THAT CT IS --

5815
04:30:07,760 --> 04:30:12,000
SENSITIVE, HARD TO MAINTAIN, QA,

5816
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:13,560
ALSO A CHALLENGE IN UNDERSERVED

5817
04:30:13,560 --> 04:30:14,160
AREAS.

5818
04:30:14,160 --> 04:30:16,520
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

5819
04:30:16,520 --> 04:30:20,320
WE'VE HAD AN EXTENSIVE AND VERY

5820
04:30:20,320 --> 04:30:21,360
THOUGHTFUL DISCUSSION.

5821
04:30:21,360 --> 04:30:25,560
I WOULD LIKE TO ASK ALL THE

5822
04:30:25,560 --> 04:30:26,560
PANELISTS TO TAKE A SECOND TO

5823
04:30:26,560 --> 04:30:29,360
SAY FINAL WORDS BEFORE WE CLOSE.

5824
04:30:29,360 --> 04:30:30,040
ANY THOUGHTS?

5825
04:30:30,040 --> 04:30:34,120
FINAL WORD FOR OUR SPEAKERS, YOU

5826
04:30:34,120 --> 04:30:41,280
HAVE 30 SECONDS. 

5827
04:30:41,280 --> 04:30:44,320
>> THAT MEANS WE EACH GET FIVE

5828
04:30:44,320 --> 04:30:46,480
SECONDS, RIGHT?

5829
04:30:46,480 --> 04:30:47,280
I DON'T KNOW.

5830
04:30:47,280 --> 04:30:49,360
YOU SHOULD CLOSE US WITH IN OUR

5831
04:30:49,360 --> 04:30:51,760
RENDITION OF THE BENTLEY TO

5832
04:30:51,760 --> 04:30:52,640
BEETLE ANALOGY.

5833
04:30:52,640 --> 04:30:55,840
THAT SEEMED TO WORK FOR ALMOST

5834
04:30:55,840 --> 04:30:59,640
EVERYBODY.

5835
04:30:59,640 --> 04:31:01,360
>> I CAN OFFER I'M ALWAYS

5836
04:31:01,360 --> 04:31:02,920
LOOKING FOR RENEWED PARTNERS IN

5837
04:31:02,920 --> 04:31:04,840
CRIME AND SCIENCE, SO IF ANYONE

5838
04:31:04,840 --> 04:31:06,320
IS LOOKING TO GET ENGAGED WITH

5839
04:31:06,320 --> 04:31:08,240
THIS RESEARCH OR HAS PARTNERS IN

5840
04:31:08,240 --> 04:31:09,480
DIFFERENT SETTINGS THEY WANT TO

5841
04:31:09,480 --> 04:31:12,760
TRY OUT FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT.

5842
04:31:12,760 --> 04:31:15,360
WE WOULD LOVE TO MAKE THIS TO

5843
04:31:15,360 --> 04:31:15,560
SCALE.

5844
04:31:15,560 --> 04:31:17,160
>> I MIGHT OFFER ON THE SAME

5845
04:31:17,160 --> 04:31:18,760
THEME THAT MANY OF YOU WILL BE

5846
04:31:18,760 --> 04:31:21,120
HEARING FROM US, ONE OF OUR

5847
04:31:21,120 --> 04:31:27,000
PROJECT GOALS IS TO ENGAGE A LOT

5848
04:31:27,000 --> 04:31:28,160
OF YOU STAKEHOLDERS, SO PLEASE

5849
04:31:28,160 --> 04:31:29,600
ANSWER WHEN WE KNOCK ON YOUR

5850
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:31,560
E-MAIL ADDRESS AND TELL US WHAT

5851
04:31:31,560 --> 04:31:32,960
ETHICAL ISSUES YOU'RE FINDING

5852
04:31:32,960 --> 04:31:33,560
AND WHAT SOLUTIONS YOU'RE

5853
04:31:33,560 --> 04:31:34,600
ALREADY DEVELOPING AND WE HOPE

5854
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:36,720
TO SHARE THOSE AS WELL.

5855
04:31:36,720 --> 04:31:38,840
THANKS AGAIN TO NIH AND GODWIN

5856
04:31:38,840 --> 04:31:43,480
FOR A WONDERFUL PANEL.

5857
04:31:43,480 --> 04:31:43,960
THANKS.

5858
04:31:43,960 --> 04:31:45,760
>> I WANT TO THANK EVERYONE FOR

5859
04:31:45,760 --> 04:31:46,520
PARTICIPATING.

5860
04:31:46,520 --> 04:31:49,480
WE HAD A WONDERFUL DISCUSSION

5861
04:31:49,480 --> 04:31:52,920
AND WE CAN OFFLINE REACH OUT TO

5862
04:31:52,920 --> 04:31:55,360
EACH OTHER TO SCALE UP TO REACH

5863
04:31:55,360 --> 04:31:58,680
OUT AND INCREASE GLOBAL ACCESS 

5864
04:31:58,680 --> 04:32:00,600
TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE.

5865
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:01,720
CLINICAL IMPACT, NOT JUST

5866
04:32:01,720 --> 04:32:03,160
RESEARCH, TRANSLATE WHAT WE FIND

5867
04:32:03,160 --> 04:32:07,760
IN THE RESEARCH LABS TO CLINICS

5868
04:32:07,760 --> 04:32:09,600
AND TRANSFORM THE WORLD.

5869
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:11,920
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR BEING A

5870
04:32:11,920 --> 04:32:12,960
WONDERFUL SESSION.

5871
04:32:12,960 --> 04:32:18,560
I'LL LEAVE AMANDA TO CLOSE. 

5872
04:32:18,560 --> 04:32:22,400
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

5873
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:25,960
>> AMANDA, I THINK YOU'RE MUTED.

5874
04:32:25,960 --> 04:32:29,560
A RARE MISSTEP FOR YOU.

5875
04:32:29,560 --> 04:32:35,720
 

5876
04:32:35,720 --> 04:32:41,320
 

5877
04:32:41,320 --> 04:32:45,440
I CAN'T HEAR YOU.

5878
04:32:45,440 --> 04:32:49,040
SHOULD I JUST JUMP IN?

5879
04:32:49,040 --> 04:32:49,680
BLINK ONCE.

5880
04:32:49,680 --> 04:32:52,400
>> WE'LL HAND OVER TO YOU, DR.

5881
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:52,880
NGAI.

5882
04:32:52,880 --> 04:32:53,320
>> THANKS.

5883
04:32:53,320 --> 04:32:56,480
THIS IS JUST A TERRIFIC TWO DAYS

5884
04:32:56,480 --> 04:32:57,480
OF SCIENCE.

5885
04:32:57,480 --> 04:32:58,760
EVERYBODY HERE, LIKE ME, LEARNED

5886
04:32:58,760 --> 04:32:58,960
A LOT.

5887
04:32:58,960 --> 04:33:04,040
I'D LIKE TO THANK THE ORGANIZERS

5888
04:33:04,040 --> 04:33:05,440
AND PARTICIPANTS FOR EVERYTHING

5889
04:33:05,440 --> 04:33:05,760
HERE.

5890
04:33:05,760 --> 04:33:07,200
SINCE WE'RE IN THE VIRTUAL

5891
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:08,920
ENVIRONMENT WE DID NOT HAVE THE

5892
04:33:08,920 --> 04:33:10,600
BENEFIT OF YOU FOLKS BEING ABLE

5893
04:33:10,600 --> 04:33:12,000
TO TALK AMONGST EACH OTHER

5894
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:13,960
DURING THE BREAKS OR DINNER,

5895
04:33:13,960 --> 04:33:15,720
LUNCH, EVEN AT THE BAR.

5896
04:33:15,720 --> 04:33:17,360
BUT ACTUALLY I WOULD LIKE TO

5897
04:33:17,360 --> 04:33:19,560
ENCOURAGE YOU THAT BASED ON WHAT

5898
04:33:19,560 --> 04:33:22,280
YOU'VE SEEN, CONVERSATIONS WE'VE

5899
04:33:22,280 --> 04:33:22,800
HAD DURING THE DISCUSSION,

5900
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:25,400
THERE'S A LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES

5901
04:33:25,400 --> 04:33:26,440
FOR SOME REALLY GREAT

5902
04:33:26,440 --> 04:33:28,600
COLLABORATIONS, SHARING OF IDEAS

5903
04:33:28,600 --> 04:33:31,440
AND MAYBE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR

5904
04:33:31,440 --> 04:33:32,040
MOVING FORWARD.

5905
04:33:32,040 --> 04:33:33,880
IN THE LAST FEW MINUTES,

5906
04:33:33,880 --> 04:33:36,280
EVERYBODY HAD A LOT TO DIGEST

5907
04:33:36,280 --> 04:33:36,480
HERE.

5908
04:33:36,480 --> 04:33:37,800
I JUST WOULD LIKE YOU TO THINK

5909
04:33:37,800 --> 04:33:39,960
ABOUT WHAT ARE THE MAJOR GAPS,

5910
04:33:39,960 --> 04:33:40,640
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

5911
04:33:40,640 --> 04:33:41,640
CONSIDERING ALL THAT WE'VE

5912
04:33:41,640 --> 04:33:43,160
LEARNED OVER THE LAST TWO DAYS

5913
04:33:43,160 --> 04:33:45,240
OR SO.

5914
04:33:45,240 --> 04:33:48,400
I JOTTED DOWN A FEW EMERGING AND

5915
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,680
COMMON THEMES THAT I SAW WHEN I

5916
04:33:51,680 --> 04:33:56,160
DOVE INTO THIS, INTO MY NOTES.

5917
04:33:56,160 --> 04:33:58,040
SO IF YOU'LL ALLOW ME, I THINK

5918
04:33:58,040 --> 04:34:04,920
THIS IS STATED ON THE FIRST DAY,

5919
04:34:04,920 --> 04:34:05,920
I'LL PARAPHRASE, LYMS IN

5920
04:34:05,920 --> 04:34:07,360
PROGRESS ARE ENABLED BY

5921
04:34:07,360 --> 04:34:10,720
TECHNOLOGY DISRUPTION.

5922
04:34:10,720 --> 04:34:11,960
TECHNOLOGY IS THE LIMITING

5923
04:34:11,960 --> 04:34:17,440
FACTOR, WE ARE SEE VIRTUOUS

5924
04:34:17,440 --> 04:34:19,320
CYCLE BETWEEN GREAT INFORMATION,

5925
04:34:19,320 --> 04:34:22,000
HITTING SOME TECHNOLOGY ROAD

5926
04:34:22,000 --> 04:34:22,640
BLOCK, INVENTING TECHNOLOGY THAT

5927
04:34:22,640 --> 04:34:23,680
ALLOWS YOU TOES ASK BETTER

5928
04:34:23,680 --> 04:34:34,560
QUESTIONS AND SO ON AND SO 

5929
04:34:34,560 --> 04:34:36,080
FORTH, AN IMPORTANT THING.

5930
04:34:36,080 --> 04:34:40,240
THIS PLAYED OUT WELL IN THIS

5931
04:34:40,240 --> 04:34:40,560
SPACE.

5932
04:34:40,560 --> 04:34:42,560
THERE'S A REALLY KEY IMPORTANCE

5933
04:34:42,560 --> 04:34:43,760
OF APPROACHES WE HEARD ABOUT

5934
04:34:43,760 --> 04:34:44,920
OVER THE LAST TWO DAYS.

5935
04:34:44,920 --> 04:34:48,120
THIS WILL HELP US IDENTIFY BOTH

5936
04:34:48,120 --> 04:34:49,880
CONSERVED AND DIVERGENT

5937
04:34:49,880 --> 04:34:50,560
SOLUTIONS SELECTED OVER

5938
04:34:50,560 --> 04:34:51,920
EVOLUTIONARY TIME.

5939
04:34:51,920 --> 04:34:53,560
THIS WILL HELP US INFORM THERE

5940
04:34:53,560 --> 04:34:55,880
AND HOW TO LOOK IN TERMS OF

5941
04:34:55,880 --> 04:34:58,080
ESTABLISHING MODELS OF HUMAN

5942
04:34:58,080 --> 04:35:00,480
PROCESSES AND VERY IMPORTANTLY

5943
04:35:00,480 --> 04:35:02,720
MECHANISMS OF HUMAN DISEASE.

5944
04:35:02,720 --> 04:35:04,120
ESPECIALLY WHERE THERE ARE

5945
04:35:04,120 --> 04:35:05,160
CONSTRAINTS WE CANNOT STUDY

5946
04:35:05,160 --> 04:35:06,080
HUMANS THEMSELVES.

5947
04:35:06,080 --> 04:35:08,520
WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO NEED GOOD

5948
04:35:08,520 --> 04:35:09,600
NON-HUMAN MODELS FOR BETTER

5949
04:35:09,600 --> 04:35:11,000
UNDERSTAND HUMAN DISEASES BEFORE

5950
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:14,600
WE CAN GET TO FINDING TREATMENTS

5951
04:35:14,600 --> 04:35:15,800
AND CURES.

5952
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:19,040
THERE'S A GREAT POTENTIAL

5953
04:35:19,040 --> 04:35:20,960
LEVERAGING SUITES OF TOOLS FROM

5954
04:35:20,960 --> 04:35:23,240
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES TO BRIDGE

5955
04:35:23,240 --> 04:35:25,000
NEEDS, INCLUDING SPATIAL AND

5956
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:26,320
TEMPORAL SCALES.

5957
04:35:26,320 --> 04:35:28,800
WE SAW INNOVATIONS, NOT JUST

5958
04:35:28,800 --> 04:35:35,160
COMBINING GENOMICS BUT ACTUALLY

5959
04:35:35,160 --> 04:35:36,280
COMBINING AND INTEGRATING

5960
04:35:36,280 --> 04:35:37,240
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, PROTEIN

5961
04:35:37,240 --> 04:35:38,040
ENGINEERING, BEHAVIOR, DATA

5962
04:35:38,040 --> 04:35:39,640
SCIENCE, YOU NAME IT.

5963
04:35:39,640 --> 04:35:41,160
WE SAW ESPECIALLY EARLIER TODAY

5964
04:35:41,160 --> 04:35:42,480
THAT IT'S NOT JUST ENOUGH TO

5965
04:35:42,480 --> 04:35:44,920
INVENT A NEW KIND OF MICROSCOPE.

5966
04:35:44,920 --> 04:35:48,920
YOU NEED TO MARRY THAT WITH

5967
04:35:48,920 --> 04:35:50,720
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS THAT ALLOW

5968
04:35:50,720 --> 04:35:56,320
YOU TO MEASURE AND MANIPULATE

5969
04:35:56,320 --> 04:36:00,000
NEURAL AND BEHAVIOR FUNCTION AS

5970
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:00,200
WELL.

5971
04:36:00,200 --> 04:36:01,840
ALL THAT WE'RE DOING THESE DAYS

5972
04:36:01,840 --> 04:36:04,160
IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOLOGY IN

5973
04:36:04,160 --> 04:36:06,120
GENERAL IS GENERATING GOBS OF

5974
04:36:06,120 --> 04:36:08,400
DATA AND THIS IS GOING TO INFORM

5975
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:12,440
TO MAXIMIZE RESOURCES THAT WE

5976
04:36:12,440 --> 04:36:15,160
ORGANIZE, INTEGRATE, DISSEMINATE

5977
04:36:15,160 --> 04:36:18,920
THIS BODY OF DATA, IT'S GOING TO

5978
04:36:18,920 --> 04:36:20,720
BE THE REASON WE SUCCEED WILDLY

5979
04:36:20,720 --> 04:36:23,120
OR REALLY FAIL TO MEET THE

5980
04:36:23,120 --> 04:36:26,120
POTENTIAL OF ALL THESE

5981
04:36:26,120 --> 04:36:28,040
INCREDIBLY POWERFUL NEW

5982
04:36:28,040 --> 04:36:30,760
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES.

5983
04:36:30,760 --> 04:36:32,720
THIS IS CERTAINLY AN IMPERATIVE

5984
04:36:32,720 --> 04:36:35,880
ACROSS THE NIH IN THE BRAIN

5985
04:36:35,880 --> 04:36:38,400
INITIATIVE IN PARTICULAR.

5986
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:41,120
WE'VE SEEN HOW MACHINE LEARNING

5987
04:36:41,120 --> 04:36:42,560
AND OTHER COMPUTATIONAL

5988
04:36:42,560 --> 04:36:44,360
APPROACHES ARE VERY POWERFUL BUT

5989
04:36:44,360 --> 04:36:45,960
REQUIRE GROUND TRUTH DATA TO

5990
04:36:45,960 --> 04:36:47,800
REALLY BE BROUGHT DOWN TO

5991
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:48,040
REALITY.

5992
04:36:48,040 --> 04:36:50,200
WE WANT TO MAKE SURE WHAT WE'RE

5993
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:51,680
MODELING ACTUALLY IS TELLING US

5994
04:36:51,680 --> 04:36:52,760
SOMETHING REAL, NOT JUST

5995
04:36:52,760 --> 04:36:55,600
SOMETHING THAT WINDS UP BEING

5996
04:36:55,600 --> 04:37:00,040
SOME GREAT FANTASTIC FIGMENT OF

5997
04:37:00,040 --> 04:37:02,040
OUR IMAGINATIONS.

5998
04:37:02,040 --> 04:37:05,360
THERE'S A HUGE CHALLENGE ACROSS

5999
04:37:05,360 --> 04:37:08,160
LIFE STAGES WITH METHODOLOGIES.

6000
04:37:08,160 --> 04:37:10,240
THE BRAIN, WHETHER HUMAN OR

6001
04:37:10,240 --> 04:37:14,240
OTHERWISE, IS A CHANGING ORGAN

6002
04:37:14,240 --> 04:37:14,840
OVER TIME.

6003
04:37:14,840 --> 04:37:16,800
TARGETS WE'RE TRYING TO

6004
04:37:16,800 --> 04:37:17,680
INVESTIGATE AND INTERROGATE ARE

6005
04:37:17,680 --> 04:37:19,240
CHANGING AS WELL.

6006
04:37:19,240 --> 04:37:20,840
IT'S A MOVING TARGET.

6007
04:37:20,840 --> 04:37:22,720
METHODOLOGIES WE NEED TO USE TO

6008
04:37:22,720 --> 04:37:23,920
STUDY THE MOVING TARGET WILL

6009
04:37:23,920 --> 04:37:27,040
HAVE TO BE CHANGED, HOW YOU

6010
04:37:27,040 --> 04:37:27,920
INTEGRATE ACROSS MODALITIES IS

6011
04:37:27,920 --> 04:37:30,600
GOING TO BE VERY IMPORTANT.

6012
04:37:30,600 --> 04:37:32,200
SO WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF

6013
04:37:32,200 --> 04:37:33,280
SELECTING THE RIGHT TOOLS FOR

6014
04:37:33,280 --> 04:37:35,560
THE RIGHT JOB AND MAKE SURE THEY

6015
04:37:35,560 --> 04:37:36,960
MATCH THE SUBSTRATE WE'RE TRYING

6016
04:37:36,960 --> 04:37:38,160
TO MEASURE AND ULTIMATELY IN

6017
04:37:38,160 --> 04:37:40,280
MANY CASES TRYING TO MANIPULATE.

6018
04:37:40,280 --> 04:37:42,680
IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO GRAB ALL

6019
04:37:42,680 --> 04:37:44,640
THE APPROACHES IN A STRONG

6020
04:37:44,640 --> 04:37:47,160
FRAMEWORK, MENTIONED IN

6021
04:37:47,160 --> 04:37:48,480
DISCUSSION TODAY HOW THAT COMMON

6022
04:37:48,480 --> 04:37:52,080
FRAMEWORK WOULD HELP US DEAL

6023
04:37:52,080 --> 04:37:53,320
WITH THESE CHALLENGES ACROSS

6024
04:37:53,320 --> 04:37:56,520
LIFE STANDINGS THAT DEMAND USE

6025
04:37:56,520 --> 04:37:57,960
OF DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL

6026
04:37:57,960 --> 04:37:58,320
TECHNOLOGIES.

6027
04:37:58,320 --> 04:38:01,160
ULTIMATELY WE DO NEED TO

6028
04:38:01,160 --> 04:38:10,200
DEMONSTRATE CAUSALITY, ONE WAY 

6029
04:38:10,200 --> 04:38:12,040
IS THROUGH PERTURBATIVE STUDIES,

6030
04:38:12,040 --> 04:38:12,880
GLOBAL PANDEMICS OR MAJOR

6031
04:38:12,880 --> 04:38:15,960
DISRUPTIONS ACROSS THE PLANET 

6032
04:38:15,960 --> 04:38:19,200
ARE ACTUALLY THE ULTIMATE, WHICH

6033
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:23,160
WILL ALLOW US TO UNDERSTAND HOW

6034
04:38:23,160 --> 04:38:25,200
SUBPOPULATIONS AMONG HUMANKIND

6035
04:38:25,200 --> 04:38:27,000
ARE AFFECTED BY PERTURBATIONS.

6036
04:38:27,000 --> 04:38:29,400
THERE'S A REALLY CRITICAL

6037
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:31,000
IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSITY IN

6038
04:38:31,000 --> 04:38:32,560
COHORTS, CREATING TOOLS THAT

6039
04:38:32,560 --> 04:38:34,840
ENABLE STUDY OF DIVERSE STUDY

6040
04:38:34,840 --> 04:38:36,560
COHORTS, I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT

6041
04:38:36,560 --> 04:38:38,000
TO REMIND YOURSELVES MANY

6042
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:40,320
LESSONS TO BE LEARNED, THERE ARE

6043
04:38:40,320 --> 04:38:42,840
MANY LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM

6044
04:38:42,840 --> 04:38:45,360
VARIABILITY INHERENT IN HUMAN

6045
04:38:45,360 --> 04:38:46,680
POPULATION, VARIABILITY DRIVEN

6046
04:38:46,680 --> 04:38:49,920
BY DIFFERENCES IN ANCESTRY, LIFE

6047
04:38:49,920 --> 04:38:50,360
EXPERIENCE, INCLUDING

6048
04:38:50,360 --> 04:38:52,040
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AGE,

6049
04:38:52,040 --> 04:38:54,240
DISEASE, AMONG OTHER VERY

6050
04:38:54,240 --> 04:38:55,880
IMPORTANT FACTORS.

6051
04:38:55,880 --> 04:38:59,040
AND THERE'S A NEED TO

6052
04:38:59,040 --> 04:38:59,760
DEMOCRATIZE TECHNOLOGY, THIS

6053
04:38:59,760 --> 04:39:01,800
CAME UP OVER THE LAST TWO DAYS,

6054
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:04,000
AS WE HEARD A LOT ABOUT HERE

6055
04:39:04,000 --> 04:39:08,920
TODAY TO EXTEND REACH INTO WHOLE

6056
04:39:08,920 --> 04:39:10,680
ENVIRONMENTS, MANY OF THESE

6057
04:39:10,680 --> 04:39:12,600
ISSUES REPRESENT CONFLICTING AND

6058
04:39:12,600 --> 04:39:14,800
SOMETIMES DOUBLE-EDGED SWORDS.

6059
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:16,440
AS FRANCIS SHEN WAS VERY KEEN TO

6060
04:39:16,440 --> 04:39:19,280
POINT OUT WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL

6061
04:39:19,280 --> 04:39:21,960
UP FRONT ABOUT THE ETHICAL,

6062
04:39:21,960 --> 04:39:22,760
LEGAL, SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF

6063
04:39:22,760 --> 04:39:25,760
ALL THAT WE DO HERE.

6064
04:39:25,760 --> 04:39:27,000
THERE'S HUGE OPPORTUNITIES FOR

6065
04:39:27,000 --> 04:39:28,360
THE FIELD IN THE FUTURE, HUGE

6066
04:39:28,360 --> 04:39:31,160
OPPORTUNITIES IN TERMS OF

6067
04:39:31,160 --> 04:39:32,040
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES THAT

6068
04:39:32,040 --> 04:39:34,000
ALLOW US TO UNDERSTAND BETTER

6069
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:36,640
HOW THE HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPS

6070
04:39:36,640 --> 04:39:38,960
OVER TIME, AND AGES OVER TIME,

6071
04:39:38,960 --> 04:39:41,600
AND WITH ALL THESE POINTS IN

6072
04:39:41,600 --> 04:39:44,040
MIND, I THINK WITH ALL WE

6073
04:39:44,040 --> 04:39:46,360
LEARNED THE LAST TWO DAYS HOPING

6074
04:39:46,360 --> 04:39:48,040
YOU FOLKS WILL FIND WAYS TO

6075
04:39:48,040 --> 04:39:50,080
DEVELOP NEW COLLABORATIONS THAT

6076
04:39:50,080 --> 04:39:52,720
MIGHT ALLOW US TO ENABLE SOME

6077
04:39:52,720 --> 04:39:54,360
TECHNOLOGY DISRUPTIONS THAT WILL

6078
04:39:54,360 --> 04:39:56,440
LEAD US TO ASK BETTER QUESTIONS

6079
04:39:56,440 --> 04:39:58,560
THAT WILL GET US FURTHER TO

6080
04:39:58,560 --> 04:39:59,360
UNDERSTANDING HOW THE BRAIN

6081
04:39:59,360 --> 04:40:02,880
CHANGES OVER TIME AND HOW WE CAN

6082
04:40:02,880 --> 04:40:07,120
INTERVENE IN CASES OF DISEASE. 

6083
04:40:07,120 --> 04:40:12,560
I WILL END THERE.

6084
04:40:12,560 --> 04:40:16,200
AND MY ZOOM IS WONKY SO SOMEONE

6085
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:18,960
WILL HAVE TO KICK ME OUT OF

6086
04:40:18,960 --> 04:40:21,760
SCREEN SHARE, IF YOU WOULD.

6087
04:40:21,760 --> 04:40:24,640
>> THANKS.

6088
04:40:24,640 --> 04:40:27,120
>> I DON'T KNOW IF THERE'S ANY

6089
04:40:27,120 --> 04:40:28,440
QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS IN THE

6090
04:40:28,440 --> 04:40:30,360
LAST FEW MINUTES WE HAVE OR WE

6091
04:40:30,360 --> 04:40:31,760
CAN GET OUT OF CLASS A LITTLE

6092
04:40:31,760 --> 04:40:34,560
BIT EARLY, IF NOT.

6093
04:40:34,560 --> 04:40:39,160
 

6094
04:40:39,160 --> 04:40:45,040
>> THANK YOU FOR THE COMMENTS. 

6095
04:40:45,040 --> 04:40:47,160
I MEANT TO SAY BEFORE THAT JOHN

6096
04:40:47,160 --> 04:40:51,800
NGAI IS DIRECTOR OF THE BRAIN

6097
04:40:51,800 --> 04:40:54,440
INITIATIVE, AND THIS WILL BE AN

6098
04:40:54,440 --> 04:40:55,440
OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE SOME CLOSING

6099
04:40:55,440 --> 04:40:58,720
DISCUSSION, IF WE WANT TO BE

6100
04:40:58,720 --> 04:41:01,880
ABLE TO ALL COME TOGETHER AND

6101
04:41:01,880 --> 04:41:03,080
DISCUSS ANY LAST PARTING

6102
04:41:03,080 --> 04:41:04,000
THOUGHTS BEFORE THE MEETING

6103
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:08,040
CLOSES.

6104
04:41:08,040 --> 04:41:14,560
 

6105
04:41:14,560 --> 04:41:14,680
 

6106
04:41:14,680 --> 04:41:16,760
>> AMANDA, THANK YOU FOR HOSTING

6107
04:41:16,760 --> 04:41:17,560
THIS WONDERFUL MEETING.

6108
04:41:17,560 --> 04:41:19,840
I THINK IT'S VERY EXCITING, AT

6109
04:41:19,840 --> 04:41:22,760
LEAST FOR THIS SESSION, THE

6110
04:41:22,760 --> 04:41:24,000
OTHER SESSIONS WERE HIGHLY

6111
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:29,880
TECHNICAL, BUT THIS WAS MORE

6112
04:41:29,880 --> 04:41:34,160
ACROSS THE LINE.

6113
04:41:34,160 --> 04:41:39,360
I WANT TO ASK IF WE COULD 

6114
04:41:39,360 --> 04:41:40,280
SUMMARIZE THOUGHTS AND

6115
04:41:40,280 --> 04:41:41,760
PRESENTATIONS INTO LIKE, I DON'T

6116
04:41:41,760 --> 04:41:44,560
KNOW, A COMMENTARY OR SOMETHING

6117
04:41:44,560 --> 04:41:46,760
TO BE ABLE TO CONDENSE TALKS AND

6118
04:41:46,760 --> 04:41:48,320
PRESENTATIONS IN A WAY WE CAN

6119
04:41:48,320 --> 04:41:55,160
PRESENT IT TO THE WORLD TO THINK

6120
04:41:55,160 --> 04:41:56,280
ABOUT AND COLLABORATE WITH THE

6121
04:41:56,280 --> 04:41:56,560
SPEAKERS.

6122
04:41:56,560 --> 04:41:58,160
>> THERE WILL BE A MEETING

6123
04:41:58,160 --> 04:41:59,200
REPORT PRODUCED FROM THE

6124
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:00,280
WORKSHOP WITH AN EXECUTIVE

6125
04:42:00,280 --> 04:42:01,680
SUMMARY WITH SOME OF THE MAJOR

6126
04:42:01,680 --> 04:42:04,160
THEMES HIGHLIGHTED.

6127
04:42:04,160 --> 04:42:05,480
 

6128
04:42:05,480 --> 04:42:06,920
YOU CAN LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING

6129
04:42:06,920 --> 04:42:09,400
THAT IN THE FUTURE.

6130
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:16,040
 

6131
04:42:16,040 --> 04:42:20,560
 

6132
04:42:20,560 --> 04:42:23,160
WE DO HAVE SOME QUESTIONS IN THE

6133
04:42:23,160 --> 04:42:24,160
CHAT.

6134
04:42:24,160 --> 04:42:30,240
 

6135
04:42:30,240 --> 04:42:35,720
 

6136
04:42:35,720 --> 04:42:39,760
JOHN, YOU'RE MUTED.

6137
04:42:39,760 --> 04:42:41,160
>> YEAH, LET'S SEE.

6138
04:42:41,160 --> 04:42:44,680
WHERE SHOULD WE START?

6139
04:42:44,680 --> 04:42:45,200
LET'S SEE.

6140
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:47,480
IS THERE A PRIOR TO MAKE MRIs

6141
04:42:47,480 --> 04:42:49,360
ARCHIVED FOR ACCESS TO BIOTECH

6142
04:42:49,360 --> 04:42:49,600
COMPANIES?

6143
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:54,360
I'M NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND THAT

6144
04:42:54,360 --> 04:43:00,480
QUESTION.

6145
04:43:00,480 --> 04:43:01,760
 

6146
04:43:01,760 --> 04:43:02,640
ULTIMATELY TECHNOLOGIES WE'RE

6147
04:43:02,640 --> 04:43:08,120
DEVELOPING, THE GOAL HERE IS TO

6148
04:43:08,120 --> 04:43:09,400
EVENTUALLY HAVE THESE

6149
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:11,720
TECHNOLOGIES ACCESSIBLE, SO SOME

6150
04:43:11,720 --> 04:43:14,440
OF THESE WILL HOPEFULLY LEAD TO

6151
04:43:14,440 --> 04:43:16,040
COMMERCIALIZATION AND PART OF

6152
04:43:16,040 --> 04:43:22,440
THE STRATEGY IS NOT JUST TO GET

6153
04:43:22,440 --> 04:43:24,160
THE HIGHEST FIELD, HIGHEST

6154
04:43:24,160 --> 04:43:25,600
RESOLUTION MACHINES OUT THERE,

6155
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:29,280
TO ALSO GET MACHINES OUT THERE

6156
04:43:29,280 --> 04:43:30,600
THAT MEET THAT NEED, THINK THAT

6157
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:31,480
ANSWERS THE QUESTION.

6158
04:43:31,480 --> 04:43:33,840
NOT SURE.

6159
04:43:33,840 --> 04:43:36,080
 

6160
04:43:36,080 --> 04:43:38,000
>> SEEMS LIKE IN THE CHAT

6161
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:39,440
THERE'S A LOT OF ENTHUSIASM

6162
04:43:39,440 --> 04:43:41,920
AROUND PUTTING OUT A WHITE

6163
04:43:41,920 --> 04:43:43,160
PAPER, SO YOU MAY BE CONTACTED

6164
04:43:43,160 --> 04:43:46,200
ABOUT THAT IN THE FUTURE.

6165
04:43:46,200 --> 04:43:49,560
 

6166
04:43:49,560 --> 04:43:53,200
>> THAT'S I THINK -- AS AMANDA

6167
04:43:53,200 --> 04:43:54,320
SAID, THE MEETING CONTRACTOR

6168
04:43:54,320 --> 04:43:56,960
WILL PROVIDE A SUMMARY, A

6169
04:43:56,960 --> 04:43:58,240
NON-EDITORIALIZED SUMMARY OF THE

6170
04:43:58,240 --> 04:43:59,560
CONTENTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE

6171
04:43:59,560 --> 04:44:00,960
MEETING, AND I THINK IF THE

6172
04:44:00,960 --> 04:44:03,160
FOLKS HERE WANT TO PUT TOGETHER

6173
04:44:03,160 --> 04:44:04,800
A WHITE PAPER, THAT'S GREAT, BUT

6174
04:44:04,800 --> 04:44:06,440
THAT'S A WRITING ASSIGNMENT, AN

6175
04:44:06,440 --> 04:44:08,200
ORGANIZATIONAL WRITING

6176
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:13,880
ASSIGNMENT FOR YOU FOLKS, BUT

6177
04:44:13,880 --> 04:44:15,960
COULD LEAD TO COLLABORATIONS,

6178
04:44:15,960 --> 04:44:20,040
NEW COLLABORATIONS AMONG

6179
04:44:20,040 --> 04:44:22,640
SOMEBODY WHO ALREADY ARE OR, OR

6180
04:44:22,640 --> 04:44:24,040
THOSE NOT COLLABORATING, SO WE

6181
04:44:24,040 --> 04:44:27,000
CERTAINLY ENCOURAGE THAT.

6182
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:27,200
OKAY.

6183
04:44:27,200 --> 04:44:28,280
I THINK THAT'S PRETTY MUCH WHAT

6184
04:44:28,280 --> 04:44:30,360
I'M SEEING IN TERMS OF

6185
04:44:30,360 --> 04:44:33,840
QUESTIONS, AMANDA.

6186
04:44:33,840 --> 04:44:36,680
>> IN THAT CASE, I GUESS WE CAN

6187
04:44:36,680 --> 04:44:37,240
CLOSE THE MEETING.

6188
04:44:37,240 --> 04:44:40,520
I JUST WANT TO THANK ALL OF YOU

6189
04:44:40,520 --> 04:44:42,680
FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION AND BEING

6190
04:44:42,680 --> 04:44:44,120
SO ENGAGED.

6191
04:44:44,120 --> 04:44:45,880
FOR ALL OF YOUR PRESENTATIONS

6192
04:44:45,880 --> 04:44:49,560
THROUGHOUT THE PAST TWO DAYS.

6193
04:44:49,560 --> 04:44:51,560
 

6194
04:44:51,560 --> 04:44:53,960
AND YEAH, I THINK THAT'S IT.

6195
04:44:53,960 --> 04:45:01,720
WE CAN ADJOURN THE MEETING.

6196
04:45:01,720 --> 04:45:07,720
 

6197
04:45:07,720 --> 04:46:51,240