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>>WELCOME, EVERYONE.

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DEPENDING WHERE YOU'RE JOINING

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US FROM, GOOD MORNING, GOOD

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AFTERNOON, OR GOOD EVENING.

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MY NAME IS DREW BREMER, IT'S MY

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HONOR AND PLEASURE TO WELCOME

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YOU TO THIS TWO-DAY WORKSHOP,

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BRIDGING THE BIOLOGICAL AND

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COMMUNICATIONS SCIENCES ON

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NUTRIENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL

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CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS.

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THIS WORKSHOP CO-HOSTED BY THE

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NIH AND FDA FOCUSES ON RESEARCH

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AND COMMUNICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL

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CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD, THE ROLE

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OF NUTRITION AS THEY RELATE TO

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

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THE SESSIONS WILL FOCUS ON A

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WIDE RANGE OF NUTRITION,

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TOXICOLOGY, RISK COMMUNICATION

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SCIENCE TOPICS, INCLUDING

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CHALLENGES IN CHILDREN CONSUMING

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ADEQUATE NUTRIENTS, THE ROLE OF

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EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS FROM

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FOODS, THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF

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NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD GROUPS IN

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT, AND HELPING

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TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM HEALTH

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EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH

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EXPOSURE, RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

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IN FOOD, NUTRIENTS, EFFECTS OF

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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND

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FEDERAL AGENCY STRATEGIES.

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BEFORE WE KICK THE MEETING OFF I

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WANT TO PAUSE AND RECOGNIZE

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KIMBERLEA GIBBS FROM THE EUNICE

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KENNEDY SHRIVER CENTER AND TINA

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EYRE FOR THEIR LEADERSHIP IN

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ORGANIZING THIS CONFERENCE.

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I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE OTHER

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MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZING TEAM

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INCLUDING ASHLEY VARGAS, KELLY

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CASSAVALE, JEAN, CASEY, ROBIN,

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ALL OF OUR COLLEAGUES FROM THE

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OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES IN

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ADDITION TO OUR SPEAKERS AN

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PANELISTS.

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WE'RE GRATEFUL FOR YOUR TIME AND

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EXPERTISE.

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I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE

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INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE WORKED

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BEHIND THE SCENES TO COORDINATE

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THIS VIRTUAL WORKSHOP.

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WE'RE ALL USED TO VIRTUAL

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WORKSHOPS BY NOW WE KNOW THEY

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DON'T JUST HAPPEN WITHOUT A LOT

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OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT.

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THANK YOU.

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FOR THOSE JOINING VIA VIDEOCAST,

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THANK YOU, AND FEEL FREE TO SEND

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COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS TO THE

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WEBSITE THAT WAS LISTED ON THE

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OPENING SCREEN.

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NICHDFADFEBWORKSHOP@MAIL.NIH.GOV

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.

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I PROMISED TO KEEP MY REMARKS

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SHORT.

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I WOULD LIKE TO THAN DR. DIANA

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BIANCHI, DIRECTOR OF THE EUNICE

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KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL

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INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS

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DR. SUSAN MAYNESES IS FROM FDA.

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I'LL PASS THE TORCH TO DR.

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MAYNES.

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THANK YOU.

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>>THANK YOU.

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I'D LIKE TO ADD A WARM WELCOME

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TO EVERYBODY JOINS US TODAY.

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I UNDERSTAND WE HAVE A LARGE

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NUMBER AND WIDE RANGE OF FOLKS

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PARTICIPATING FROM INDUSTRY,

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ACADEMIA, FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL

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GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES.

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AND MORE.

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WE AT THE FDA ARE DELIGHTED TO

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BE CO-HOSTING THIS TWO-DAY

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WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH AND RISK

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COMMUNICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL

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CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS AND ROAM

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OF NUTRITION IN RELATIONSHIP TO

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CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

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AS YOU MAY OR MAY NOT KNOW OUR

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CENTER AT FDA, CENTER FOR FOOD

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SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION,

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REGULATES SAFETY AND LABELING OF

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80% OF THE FOOD SUPPLY, AND

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AGENCY HAS REGULATORY TOOLS TO

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HELP LOWER LEVELS OF

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CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS WHEN A

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CERTAIN LEVEL IS UNAVOIDABLE.

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THIS WORKSHOP SUPPORTS THE FDA

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CLOSER TO ZERO ACTION PLAN AND

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GOAL TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO

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ARSENIC, LEAD, CADMIUM AND

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MERCURY WHILE MAINTAINING ACCESS

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TO FOODS PROVIDING NUTRIENTS

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THAT PREVENT DISEASE.

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THE CLOSER TO ZERO ACTION PLAN

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IS PART OF AN EFFORT UNDERTAKEN

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BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO

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REDUCE EXPOSURES TO TOXIC

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ELEMENTS ACROSS THE BOARD.

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AT THE CORE OF THIS EFFORT IS

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THE PRESIDENT'S TASK FORCE ON

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS AND

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SAFETY RISKS TO CHILDREN WHICH

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COORDINATE THE FEDERAL

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GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS TO EXPLORE,

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UNDERSTAND, AND ACT TO IMPROVE

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CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.

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AS A SCIENCE BASED PUBLIC HEALTH

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AGENCY, WE WORK CLOSELY WITH OUR

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COLLEAGUES ACROSS THE FEDERAL

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GOVERNMENT AND HAVE AN

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ESPECIALLY CLOSE WORKING

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RELATIONSHIP WITH OUR NIH

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COLLEAGUES, ROBUST SCIENCE IS

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THE BASIS FOR OUR REGULATORY

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DECISION MAKING.

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EARLIER IN MY CAREER, BEFORE I

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CAME TO THE FDA, I WAS A

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PROFESSOR AT YALE SCHOOL OF

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PUBLIC HEALTH.

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AND I WAS ALSO PRINCIPAL

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INVESTIGATOR ON SEVERAL RESEARCH

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GRANTS AS WELL AS A MEMBER OF

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THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE

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BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS,

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I'VE HAD EXPERIENCE WORKING WITH

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THE NIH AND IN MANY CAPACITIES,

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AND I UNDERSTAND HOW CRITICAL

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THE RELATIONSHIP IS BETWEEN THE

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AGENCIES.

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FROM OUR PERSPECTIVE AT CFSAN

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THERE CONTINUES TO BE A STRONG

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DEMAND FOR NUTRITION-RELATED

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RESEARCH TO HELP INFORM

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IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC GAPS IN OUR

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UNDERSTANDING.

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MANY OF WHICH HAVE IMPLICATIONS

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FOR OUR REGULATORY WORK AT THE

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FDA.

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AS EVIDENCED HERE TODAY, WE

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PARTNER WITH NIH IN IDENTIFYING

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RESEARCH GAPS THAT ARE

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PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR OUR

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WORK.

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AT THE FDA WE'RE WELL POSITIONED

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TO ADVANCE WORK THAT PROMOTES

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HEALTHY DIETARY PATTERNS AND

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CONSUMPTION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

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IN YOUNG CHILDREN AND TO

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PROTECTING NUTRITION AND HEALTH

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OF THE MOST VULNERABLE AMONG US.

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THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT

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GIVEN THE CURRENT EDITION OF THE

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GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS, FOR

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THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE 1980s

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INCLUDES DIETARY GUIDANCE FOR

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CHILDREN UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE.

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WHICH IS A CRITICAL PERIOD FOR

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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

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I WILL NOTE THE NEWLY ANNOUNCED

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DIETARY GUIDELINES ADVISORY

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COMMITTEE IS ALSO CONVENING

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TODAY AND TOMORROW.

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THAT COMMITTEE WILL BE REVIEWING

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SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE TO HELP

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INFORM THE NEXT GENERATION OF

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THE DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR

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AMERICANS, 2025 TO 2030.

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FDA IS A VERY ENGAGED

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COLLABORATOR AND WE LOOK FORWARD

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TO INTEGRATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR

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CROSS-COLLABORATION AND

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MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND

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EVALUATION TO INFORM OUR WORK AT

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FDA.

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IN THIS WORKSHOP OVER THE NEXT

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TWO DAYS SCIENTISTS WILL PROVIDE

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EVIDENCE-BASED INFORMATION ON

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NUTRITION AND TOXICOLOGY TOPICS

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INCLUDING KEY CHALLENGES IN

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ADEQUATE INTAKE AND ROLE OF

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EXPOSURE.

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IMPORTANT ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND HELPING

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PROTECT CHILDREN FROM HEALTH

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EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH

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COMPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS.

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RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN FOOD

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ON CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

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FEDERAL AGENCIES CURRENT AND

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FUTURE RISK COMMUNICATIONS,

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EMPHASIZING THAT BECAUSE

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UNDERSTANDING THE RISK THAT

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HARMFUL CONTAMINANTS POSE IN OUR

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FOOD SUPPLY IS COMPLICATED,

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WHICH COMPLICATES THE

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COMMUNICATION OF THESE RISKS.

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AND EXPOSURE OF THESE

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CONTAMINANTS CAN COME FROM MANY

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FOODS INCLUDING HIGHLY

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NUTRITIOUS FOODS, MANY OF WHICH

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ARE THE FOUNDATION OF HEALTHY

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DIETARY PATTERNS.

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IT'S ALSO CRUCIAL TO ENSURE THAT

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COMMUNICATION ABOUT

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN

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FOODS NOT RESULT IN UNINTENDED

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CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS ELIMINATING

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FOODS THAT HAVE SIGNIFICANT

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NUTRITIONAL BENEFIT, OR REDUCING

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ONE CONTAMINANTS IN THE DIET

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WHILE INCREASING ANOTHER.

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I'M PARTICULARLY PLEASED THAT

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FDA IS COLLABORATING WITH NIH

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AND ALSO WITH THE U.S.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,

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AND CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL

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AND PREVENTION ON THIS

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INITIATIVE TO HELP IDENTIFY

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CRITICAL RESEARCH GAPS AND BEST

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PRACTICES FOR STRENGTHENING OUR

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COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH

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EFFORTS.

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IN CLOSING, LIKE DR. BREMER

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INDICATED, I WANT TO THANK ALL

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THE STAFF WHO WORKED SO HARD

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BEHIND THE SCENES TO BRING THIS

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00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:05,640
WORKSHOP TOGETHER, AND TO THE

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00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:08,280
SPEAKERS AND TO ALL JOINING WITH

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US HERE TODAY.

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I KNOW IT PROMISES TO BE AN

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EXCITING AND ILLUMINATING TWO

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DAYS THAT WILL HELP ADVANCE THE

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SCIENCE ON THIS IMPORTANT TOPIC.

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WITH THAT, I WILL NOW HAND IT

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OVER TO DR. CONRAD CHOINIERE,

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DIRECTOR OF OFFICE OF ANALYTICS

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AND OUTREACH AND LEADS THE

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CLOSER TO ZERO INITIATIVE TO SAY

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A FEW WORDS.

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>>THANK YOU, DR. MAYNE.

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THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING

258
00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:39,480
TODAY AND TOMORROW.

259
00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:41,120
I VERY MUCH APPRECIATE THE

260
00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:43,800
EFFORTS OF ALL WHO MADE THIS

261
00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:44,800
EVENT POSSIBLE.

262
00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:46,880
THIS OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE

263
00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:47,640
KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE IN WHAT

264
00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:50,080
I THINK IS A CREATIVE WAY

265
00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:51,280
BRINGING THE VARIOUS SCIENCES

266
00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:54,640
TOGETHER TO BEAR ON AN IMPORTANT

267
00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:55,840
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE.

268
00:09:55,840 --> 00:09:57,840
THE WORKSHOP MARKS AN IMPORTANT

269
00:09:57,840 --> 00:09:59,680
MILESTONE FOR OUR CLOSER TO ZERO

270
00:09:59,680 --> 00:10:01,760
INITIATIVE, AS WELL AS OUR

271
00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:03,520
OVERALL WORK ON REDUCING

272
00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:04,960
EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL

273
00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:06,120
CONTAMINANTS FROM FOODS.

274
00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:08,000
AS YOU ALL KNOW, THESE

275
00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,720
CONTAMINANTS ARE IN THE SOIL,

276
00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:12,040
WATER, AND AIR.

277
00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:13,480
SOME ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING.

278
00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:15,560
MANY ARE PRESENT DUE TO HUMAN

279
00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:18,800
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS CURRENT OR

280
00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:20,840
PAST POLLUTION.

281
00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:24,200
CLOSER TO ZERO, WE STRIVE TO

282
00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:25,520
REDUCE LEAD, ARSENIC, CADMIUM

283
00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:26,960
AND MERCURY IN FOODS CONSUMED BY

284
00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,760
BABIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN TO AS

285
00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:30,640
LOW AS POSSIBLE.

286
00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:32,720
BECAUSE OF THEIR PRESENCE IN THE

287
00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:33,840
ENVIRONMENT, THE CONTAMINANTS

288
00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:35,560
ENTER THE COMMODITIES WE USE TO

289
00:10:35,560 --> 00:10:38,000
PRODUCE OUR FOODS, WHETHER THOSE

290
00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:39,960
BE FRUITS, VEGETABLES, GRAINS,

291
00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:41,160
DAIRY, OR SEAFOOD.

292
00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:43,120
WHETHER THOSE FOODS ARE IN THE

293
00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:44,440
JARRED BABY FOODS OR PRODUCE

294
00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:46,880
SECTION OF YOUR GROCERY STORE.

295
00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:48,720
ALL OF THESE FOODS FORM THE

296
00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:51,680
BASIS OF A HEALTHY EATING

297
00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:52,120
PATTERN.

298
00:10:52,120 --> 00:11:00,640
THIS MEANS EXPOSURE TO

299
00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:01,400
CONTAMINANTS IN NUTRIENTS ARE

300
00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:03,240
NOT HAPPENING IN ISOLATION.

301
00:11:03,240 --> 00:11:05,560
WE'RE REDUCING LEVELS TO

302
00:11:05,560 --> 00:11:08,960
CONTAMINANTS FROM THOSE FOODS

303
00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:09,440
REQUIRES AN ITERATIVE,

304
00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:10,080
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENCE-BASED

305
00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:10,720
APPROACH.

306
00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:14,760
AND IT WILL TAKE TIME TO REDUCE

307
00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:17,800
THOSE LEVELS.

308
00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:20,200
WE'RE DRAWING UPON OUR

309
00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:22,720
EXPERTISE, WHETHER NUTRITION,

310
00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:23,200
TOXICOLOGY, CHEMISTRY,

311
00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:25,800
EPIDEMIOLOGY, AS WELL AS SOCIAL

312
00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:26,440
SCIENCE.

313
00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:29,080
BUT AS DR. MAYNE INDICATED WE'RE

314
00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:30,360
WORKING WITH FEDERAL PARTNERS TO

315
00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:34,000
ALSO RELY ON THEIR EXPERTISE IN

316
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:35,840
THOSE DISCIPLINES AND MORE SUCH

317
00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:37,960
AS WITH USDA, TO BETTER

318
00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:39,680
UNDERSTAND AGRICULTURAL

319
00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:40,880
SCIENCES, UNDERSTAND HOW

320
00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:42,080
PRACTICES, SOIL CONDITIONS AND

321
00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:44,280
PLANT VARIETY CAN INFLUENCE THE

322
00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,720
UPTAKE OF CONTAMINANTS AND

323
00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:47,080
NUTRIENTS.

324
00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:49,280
AT EPA ON ISSUES RELATED TO

325
00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:51,200
TOXICOLOGY BUT ALSO

326
00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:51,760
ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION.

327
00:11:51,760 --> 00:11:54,480
AND OF COURSE WITH OUR PARTNERS

328
00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:56,760
HERE TODAY AT NIH ON THE

329
00:11:56,760 --> 00:11:57,560
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES TO

330
00:11:57,560 --> 00:12:00,240
UNDERSTAND THE IMPACTS ON

331
00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:02,720
HEALTH, AS WELL AS COMMUNICATION

332
00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:04,080
AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

333
00:12:04,080 --> 00:12:06,000
GRAPPLING WITH ISSUES RELATED TO

334
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:07,920
ISSUES PROVIDING INFORMATION TO

335
00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:09,200
CONSUMERS AND PROFESSIONALS TO

336
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,960
SUPPORT THEM MAKING FOOD

337
00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:12,920
DECISIONS THAT WILL ULTIMATELY

338
00:12:12,920 --> 00:12:14,720
SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN

339
00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:19,960
AND HEALTH OF OUR COMMUNITIES.

340
00:12:19,960 --> 00:12:25,200
OFTENTIMES WE HAVE FOUND

341
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,160
CONSUMERS OVERSTIMMATE RISKS AND

342
00:12:27,160 --> 00:12:28,440
UNDERESTIMATE BENEFITS.

343
00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:32,160
OUR PERSON IS PARENTS AND

344
00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:32,960
CAREGIVERS MAY AVOID FOODS ON

345
00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:34,840
THE BASIS OF LIMITED INFORMATION

346
00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:37,440
OR OVERESTIMATE OF RISKS FROM

347
00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:38,800
EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINANTS.

348
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:41,640
THIS HAS POTENTIAL TO DO MORE

349
00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:42,600
HARM THAN GOOD.

350
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,360
I DON'T SAY THIS TO MINIMIZE THE

351
00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:45,600
ISSUE.

352
00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:47,200
ON THE CONTRARY, WE BELIEVE IT

353
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,000
IS IMPORTANT TO REDUCE THE

354
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,720
CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS, AND WE

355
00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:51,600
HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

356
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:56,600
OVER THE YEARS IN DOING SO.

357
00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:57,800
HOWEVER, REDUCING LEVELS FURTHER

358
00:12:57,800 --> 00:12:59,440
IS WARRANTED BECAUSE OF IMPACTS

359
00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:02,000
THAT EXPOSURE CAN HAVE ON

360
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:02,800
CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT.

361
00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,360
AND NO ONE HAS IDENTIFIED A SAFE

362
00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:07,760
LEVEL OF EXPOSURE FOR MANY OF

363
00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:08,440
THESE CONTAMINANTS, PARTICULARLY

364
00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:11,720
WHEN IT COMES TO CHILDHOOD

365
00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:12,120
DEVELOPMENT.

366
00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:13,600
CLOSER TO ZERO ACKNOWLEDGES THAT

367
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,640
IT WILL BE DIFFICULT IF NOT

368
00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,240
IMPOSSIBLE TO GET TO ZERO

369
00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:19,160
EXPOSURE.

370
00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,040
PARTICULARLY FOR NATURALLY

371
00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:22,760
OCCURRING TOXIC ELEMENTS FOR

372
00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:24,480
WHICH WE DEVELOPED METHODS TO

373
00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:28,680
DETECT AT INCREASINGLY LOW

374
00:13:28,680 --> 00:13:28,920
LEVELS.

375
00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:30,400
HOWEVER, MUCH MORE CAN BE DONE

376
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,720
TO GET US CLOSER TO ZERO.

377
00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:34,360
BUT AS WE MOVE CLOSER TO ZERO

378
00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:36,240
IT'S IMPORTANT FOR US TO BETTER

379
00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:38,760
UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF NUTRITION

380
00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:40,040
IN PROTECTING CHILDREN FROM

381
00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:41,480
ADVERSE IMPACTS OF EXPOSURE, SO

382
00:13:41,480 --> 00:13:42,760
WE CAN BETTER COMMUNICATE ABOUT

383
00:13:42,760 --> 00:13:47,280
THE ISSUES TO THE PUBLIC.

384
00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:50,000
AS DR. MAYNE SAID, IT'S CRUCIAL

385
00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:50,880
OUR COMMUNICATION ABOUT

386
00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,320
CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS DOES NOT

387
00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:54,280
RESULT IN UNINTENDED

388
00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:54,840
CONSEQUENCES.

389
00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:56,400
SUCH AS PARENTS CHOOSING NOT TO

390
00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:58,880
FEED THEIR FAMILIES CERTAIN

391
00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:00,440
NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS.

392
00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:03,040
OR MAKING NUTRITION FOODS MORE

393
00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:05,120
EXPENSIVE OR LESS AVAILABLE OR

394
00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:07,520
REDUCING EXPOSURE TO ONE

395
00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:08,840
CONTAMINANT WHILE INCREASING

396
00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:10,480
EXPOSURE TO ANOTHER.

397
00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:11,680
WE KNOW DIETS ALIGNED WITH

398
00:14:11,680 --> 00:14:14,880
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE DIETARY

399
00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:20,800
GUIDELINES ARE MORE LIKELY TO

400
00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:22,280
SUPPORTED A ADEQUATE INTAKE AND

401
00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:25,400
STORES WITHIN THE BODY, TO HELP

402
00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:26,560
SUPPORT HEALTHY CHILD

403
00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:27,200
DEVELOPMENT.

404
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:31,160
AS WE WILL DISCUSS TODAY, GOOD

405
00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:32,880
NUTRITION ALSO BETTER PROTECTS

406
00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:35,440
CHILDREN AGAINST THE POTENTIAL

407
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:37,160
IMPACTS CONTAMINANTS MAY HAVE.

408
00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:39,480
WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY IN OUR

409
00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,560
MESSAGING AND THE INFORMATION WE

410
00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:44,160
GIVE AND ADVICE WE PROVIDE

411
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:45,720
AROUND DIETARY INTAKE AND

412
00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:47,160
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN

413
00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:48,760
THE FOOD SUPPLY.

414
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:50,280
MESSAGES NEED TO BE CLEAR, BUT

415
00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:53,960
THEY ALSO NEED TO HELP THE

416
00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:56,160
SUPPORTED DESIRED HEALTHY

417
00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:56,880
DIETARY BEHAVIORS.

418
00:14:56,880 --> 00:14:59,040
WE LOOK TO SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL AND

419
00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:00,280
COMMUNICATION SCIENCES TO HELP

420
00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:02,040
US DEVELOP THOSE MESSAGES THAT

421
00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:03,920
CAN INFLUENCE THE DIETARY

422
00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:07,000
BEHAVIORS IN ORDER TO SUPPORT

423
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:08,200
HEALTHY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT.

424
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,680
THAT'S WHY WE VALUE THIS

425
00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:12,000
OPPORTUNITY TODAY AND TOMORROW.

426
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,120
THIS WORKSHOP IS A GREAT STEP

427
00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:16,280
TOWARD BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE

428
00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,560
BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS RELATED TO

429
00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:21,520
NUTRIENTS IN DEVELOPMENT AND

430
00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:22,080
BETTER UNDERSTANDING

431
00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:22,720
COMMUNICATION SCIENCE TO HELP

432
00:15:22,720 --> 00:15:25,000
INFORM OUR EFFORTS AS WE MOVE

433
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,600
FORWARD ON ALL FRONTS.

434
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,280
OUR REGULATORY ACTIVITY,

435
00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:32,600
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, AND OUR

436
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:33,440
COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH

437
00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:33,880
ISSUES.

438
00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:36,040
I VERY MUCH LOOK FORWARD TO WHAT

439
00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:39,120
WE WILL BE HEARING TODAY AND

440
00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:39,400
TOMORROW.

441
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:41,960
SO I THANK YOU AGAIN FOR

442
00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:42,280
PARTICIPATING.

443
00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,920
WITH THAT I'D LIKE TO TURN IT

444
00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:47,800
OVER TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER, DR.

445
00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:51,360
DIANA BIANCHI, DIRECTOR OF THE

446
00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:53,240
EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL

447
00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:56,560
INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND

448
00:15:56,560 --> 00:16:00,320
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AT NIH.

449
00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:03,240
>>I'M DR. DIANA BIANCHI,

450
00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:04,760
DIRECTOR OF THE EUNICE KENNEDY

451
00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:06,320
SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

452
00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:10,120
CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN

453
00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:10,680
DEVELOPMENT.

454
00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:10,960
NICHD.

455
00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:15,080
I'D LIKE TO WELCOME EVERYONE TO

456
00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:17,120
THIS TWO-DAY WORKSHOP, BRIDGING

457
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:19,840
THE BIOLOGICAL AND

458
00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:20,720
COMMUNICATIONS SCIENCES ON

459
00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:22,040
NUTRIENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL

460
00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:25,440
CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS TO SUPPORT

461
00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,640
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THAT THE NIH

462
00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:31,800
IS CO-HOSTING WITH OUR SISTER

463
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:33,400
AGENCY, THE FDA.

464
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:34,560
ALTHOUGH SCIENCE MISINFORMATION

465
00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,360
IS NOT NEW, IT IS UNFORTUNATELY

466
00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:41,200
NOW A COMMON TOPIC IN PUBLIC

467
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,840
FORUMS, PARTICULARLY IN CONTEXT

468
00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:45,600
OF COVID-19.

469
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:47,880
HOWEVER, NUTRITION HAS LONG BEEN

470
00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:49,680
THE EXEMPLAR OF HOW

471
00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:50,920
COMMUNICATING SCIENTIFIC

472
00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:54,120
FINDINGS TO THE PUBLIC CAN

473
00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:57,360
RESULT IN CONFLICTING AND

474
00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:59,960
CONFUSING ADVICE.

475
00:16:59,960 --> 00:17:01,760
TO LEVERAGE THIS RENEWED

476
00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:03,800
INTEREST IN IMPROVING

477
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:05,720
COMMUNICATION SCIENCE ON

478
00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:07,160
IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH TOPICS,

479
00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:09,560
THE STAFF FROM THE PEDIATRIC

480
00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:12,000
GROWTH AND NUTRITION BRANCH FROM

481
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,840
NICHD HAVE PARTNERED WITH OUR

482
00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:16,440
COLLEAGUES AT THE FDA'S CENTER

483
00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:20,480
FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED

484
00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:21,720
NUTRITION TO DISCUSS, NUMBER

485
00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:24,760
ONE, THE STATE OF THE SCIENTIFIC

486
00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:27,360
EVIDENCE ON FOODS THAT SUPPORT

487
00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:30,280
CHILD DEVELOPMENT BUT CONTAIN

488
00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:32,080
BOTH NUTRIENTS AND CONTAMINANTS.

489
00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:35,800
AND NUMBER TWO, HOW RESEARCH CAN

490
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:37,440
SUPPORT BETTER COMMUNICATION TO

491
00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:41,040
FAMILIES ABOUT FOOD CHOICES THAT

492
00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:41,840
SUPPORT HEALTH.

493
00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:44,440
IMPORTANTLY BOTH DAYS OF THIS

494
00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,920
WORKSHOP WILL HIGHLIGHT RESEARCH

495
00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:49,240
SUCCESSES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO

496
00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:52,280
IMPROVE THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS

497
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:54,000
OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES.

498
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,520
NUTRITION CONTINUES TO BE AN

499
00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:01,480
IMPORTANT CROSS-CUTTING TOPIC IN

500
00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:02,880
THE NICHD STRATEGIC PLAN.

501
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:04,520
UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE HOW TO

502
00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:07,560
CLEARLY COMMUNICATE THE BEST

503
00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:13,360
EVIDENCE AROUND REDUCING DIETARY

504
00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:14,600
EXPOSURES, ARSENIC, LEAD,

505
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:17,200
CADMIUM, MERCURY, AND OTHER

506
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:18,080
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS,

507
00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:19,280
WHILE MAINTAINING ADEQUATE

508
00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:21,440
NUTRITIONAL INTAKE FOR CHILD

509
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:22,640
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS AN

510
00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:25,080
IMPORTANT PART OF OUR MISSION.

511
00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:28,360
NOT ONLY IS THIS WORKSHOP A

512
00:18:28,360 --> 00:18:29,360
REFLECTION OF THE COLLABORATIVE

513
00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:31,960
NATURE BETWEEN THE TWO AGENCIES,

514
00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:36,440
BUT IT IS ALSO A PRO-ACTIVE

515
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:37,760
APPROACH TO PILLAR 5 OF THE

516
00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,040
WHITE HOUSE STRATEGY TO ADDRESS

517
00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:43,800
HUNGER AND REDUCE DIET-RELATED

518
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,200
DISEASES AND DISPARITIES OVER

519
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:47,920
THE NEXT DECADE.

520
00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:51,320
OUTCOMES FROM THIS WORKSHOP WILL

521
00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:52,440
ALSO FACILITATE HIGH-QUALITY

522
00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:54,080
NUTRITION RESEARCH TO IMPROVE

523
00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:57,480
PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES ACROSS

524
00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:59,960
THE LIFESPAN, TO REDUCE RISK

525
00:18:59,960 --> 00:19:04,000
FACTORS FOR AND INCIDENCE OF

526
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,680
NUTRITION-RELATED ILLNESS, AND

527
00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:09,400
ALSO TO INFORM NUTRITION-RELATED

528
00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:11,360
REGULATORY DECISION MAKING AND

529
00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:14,480
CONSUMER OUTREACH AND EDUCATION

530
00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:16,280
RELATED TO NUTRITION.

531
00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:17,920
THEREFORE, WE AT NICHD ARE PROUD

532
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:24,040
TO BE PART OF THE

533
00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:24,640
WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT AND

534
00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:25,480
WHOLE-OF-SOCIETY EFFORTS TO

535
00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:28,240
IMPROVE THE NATION'S HEALTH

536
00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:30,040
THROUGH FOOD AND NUTRITION.

537
00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:33,280
WE'RE EXTREMELY THANK FOLLOW

538
00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:34,000
HAVE COLLEAGUES FROM THE CENTERS

539
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:38,600
FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND

540
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:39,280
PREVENTION, ENVIRONMENTAL

541
00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:40,120
PROTECTION AGENCY, AND UNITED

542
00:19:40,120 --> 00:19:41,320
STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

543
00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:45,080
WHO ARE JOINING US IN THIS

544
00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:48,160
COLLABORATION TO SHARE EXPERT

545
00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,760
EXPERIENCES WITH RISK

546
00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:51,320
COMMUNICATION AND AGENCY

547
00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:53,920
ACTIVITIES AROUND THIS IMPORTANT

548
00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:54,120
TOPIC.

549
00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:56,440
IN CLOSING, I'D LIKE TO THANK

550
00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:59,840
BOTH THE NIH AND THE FDA STAFF

551
00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:00,800
FOR ORGANIZING THIS WORKSHOP,

552
00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:03,880
AND ALL OF OUR PARTICIPANTS FOR

553
00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:07,720
JOINING US OVER THESE NEXT TWO

554
00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,120
DAYS.

555
00:20:09,120 --> 00:20:19,360
THANK YOU. 

556
00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,240
>>HELLO, EVERYONE.

557
00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,320
I'M KIMBERLEA GIBBS IN THE

558
00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:28,480
PEDIATRIC AND NUTRITION BRANCH

559
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:28,840
AT NICHD.

560
00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:38,480
IT'S A PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DR.

561
00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:41,680
STEVE HERMANSKY, SENIOR SCIENCE

562
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:43,000
ADVISER FOR TOXICOLOGY, JOINED

563
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:48,120
US AFTER SEVERAL YEARS AT

564
00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:51,960
CON-AGR BRANDS WHAT HE OVERSAW

565
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:54,440
PROGRAMS AS WELL AS HEADING THE

566
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:56,120
FOOD PROTECTION REGULATORY

567
00:20:56,120 --> 00:20:58,320
AFFAIRS AND ANALYTICAL AND

568
00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:00,400
APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT.

569
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:04,000
HE ALSO HAS EXPERIENCE IN

570
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,400
PHARMACOLOGY INDUSTRY AS A

571
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:08,640
TOXICOLOGIST WITH

572
00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:09,560
RESPONSIBILITIES IN DRUG SAFETY

573
00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:12,280
CLINICAL TRIALS, HE HAS A

574
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,280
DOCTORATE OF PHARMACY DEGREE,

575
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,680
MASTER'S OF SCIENCE, DOCTOR OF

576
00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:19,320
PHILOSOPHY IN TOXICOLOGY FROM

577
00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:20,640
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, A

578
00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:24,240
DIPLOMATE OF THE AMERICAN BOARD

579
00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:31,360
OF TOXICOLOGY, HAS PUBLISHED  40

580
00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,320
TEXT BOOK CHAPTERS AND PAPERS,

581
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,600
AND HAS SERVED ON THE ADVISORY

582
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,320
AND EDITORIAL BOARDS OF SEVERAL

583
00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:40,640
ORGANIZATIONS.

584
00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:40,880
WELCOME.

585
00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:44,080
PLEASE SHARE YOUR SLIDES WHEN

586
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,920
YOU'RE READY. 

587
00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:47,600
>>GOOD MORNING.

588
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:48,040
THANK YOU.

589
00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:52,360
I WANT TO CONFIRM THAT EVERYONE

590
00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:52,800
CAN HEAR ME.

591
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,120
I WANT TO THANK THE CONVENERS OF

592
00:21:55,120 --> 00:21:56,560
THIS CONFERENCE FOR THE

593
00:21:56,560 --> 00:21:59,480
OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE MY

594
00:21:59,480 --> 00:21:59,840
THOUGHTS.

595
00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:03,080
AS SAID, I'M STEVE HERMANSKY, I

596
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:11,960
JOINED THE FDA IN 2022, AS A

597
00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,920
SENIOR SCIENCE ADVISER, ENJOYED

598
00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,200
THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONTRIBUTE IN

599
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:27,720
A  DIFFERENT WAY TO SOCIETY. 

600
00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:47,360
I'M NOT ADVANCING. 

601
00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:52,160
AMY, CAN YOU PROVIDE SOME HELP

602
00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:58,920
HERE? 

603
00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:00,320
>>JUST SAY NEXT SLIDE AND
I'LL

604
00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:02,040
ADVANCE FOR YOU.

605
00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:03,600
>>ALL RIGHT.

606
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:04,160
THANK YOU.

607
00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:08,240
AND SO EVERYONE IS AWARE,

608
00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:09,960
TODAY'S COMMENTS ARE THOSE OF

609
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:12,280
MINE, THEY DO NOT NECESSARILY

610
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:13,240
REPRESENT THOSE OF THE FOOD AND

611
00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:16,840
DRUG ADMINISTRATION.

612
00:23:16,840 --> 00:23:18,280
NEXT SLIDE.

613
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:19,600
STEPHEN HAWKING DIDN'T INVENT

614
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,560
THIS CONCEPT BUT SAID IN THE

615
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:23,080
RIGHT CONTEXT FOR TODAY'S WORLD

616
00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:24,480
PEOPLE BELIEVE SO MANY DIFFERENT

617
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:30,440
THINGS, FROM SO MANY SOURCES.

618
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:32,720
SOME CREDIBLE, MANY NOT.

619
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:34,520
SCIENTIFIC FACTS ARE BLENDED

620
00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:39,840
WITH  SO MUCH MISINFORMATION, A

621
00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:41,760
THREAT TO KNOWLEDGE.

622
00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:42,920
NEXT SLIDE.

623
00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:44,560
HERE ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT

624
00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:46,000
UNDERMINES CREDIBILITY OF OUR

625
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:47,080
KNOWLEDGE AND MESSAGING.

626
00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:48,720
CONSUMERS HEAR ALL KINDS OF

627
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,440
MESSAGES ABOUT SO MANY THINGS.

628
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:53,480
INFLUENCEERS GAIN THEIR TRUST

629
00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:55,840
THROUGH MESSAGES THAT SEEM LIKE

630
00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:57,040
COMMON SENSE.

631
00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:59,880
MEDIA ENHANCES THESE BY

632
00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:00,960
GENERATING CLICKS THROUGH

633
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:01,480
HIGHLIGHTING CONTROVERSY.

634
00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:04,240
ALL OF THIS LEADS TO A GENERAL

635
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:06,200
DISTRUST OF SCIENCE AS A WHOLE

636
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:09,400
BUT ALSO A DISTRUST OF BIG

637
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,880
BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT.

638
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:13,760
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

639
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:15,600
SOCIAL MEDIA HAS CREATED A

640
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:17,080
PLATFORM WHERE SO MUCH

641
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:18,880
INFORMATION IS SHARED THAT

642
00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:22,280
NOBODY KNOWS WHAT TO TRUST

643
00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:22,880
ANYMORE.

644
00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:24,920
AN EXPERT IS ANYONE, EDUCATION

645
00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:26,320
AND EXPERIENCE DON'T REALLY

646
00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:28,520
MATTER AS MUCH AS LIKES AND

647
00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:29,120
FOLLOWERS.

648
00:24:29,120 --> 00:24:30,720
DO YOU KNOW WHAT FALSE

649
00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:31,360
EQUIVALENCE IS?

650
00:24:31,360 --> 00:24:33,680
THE FIRST TIME I REMEMBER IT IS

651
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:35,800
WHEN MERYL STREEP WAS DEBATING

652
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:37,640
THE EPA ON "THE TODAY SHOW" IN

653
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,760
THE 1980s ABOUT THE SAFETY OF

654
00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:43,720
ALAR, SHE HAD NO EDUCATION OR

655
00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:45,920
TRAINING BUT WAS SET UP BY THE

656
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:47,720
SHOW TO HAVE GRANTED

657
00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:48,040
CREDIBILITY.

658
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:49,120
THIS IS NO LONGER THE EXCEPTION.

659
00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:52,760
THIS IS NOW THE RULE OF HOW WE

660
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:53,920
MUST ENGAGE.

661
00:24:53,920 --> 00:24:56,000
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE IS NOW

662
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,120
ONLY ONE FACTOR TO CONSIDER WHEN

663
00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:00,240
MARKETING A PRODUCT.

664
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,360
THERE ARE SO MANY OTHER

665
00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:04,880
INFLUENCEERS OUT THERE.

666
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:05,160
NEXT SLIDE.

667
00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:08,160
IS IT FAIR TO LIVE IN THIS WORLD

668
00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:09,480
WHERE OUR EDUCATION AND

669
00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:11,680
EXPERIENCE ARE NO LONGER THE

670
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:13,080
DEFINING CONTRIBUTION TO OUR

671
00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:18,360
ABILITY TO CONVINCE PEOPLE IN AN

672
00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:18,880
ARGUMENT?

673
00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:19,880
NEXT SLIDE.

674
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:21,600
WELL, GET OVER IT.

675
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:23,560
NOBODY EVER CLAIMED LIFE IS

676
00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:23,760
FAIR.

677
00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:30,160
THIS IS NOW OUR WORLD.

678
00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:32,760
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

679
00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:33,840
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION FROM

680
00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:35,280
CREDIBLE SOURCES IS MORE

681
00:25:35,280 --> 00:25:37,040
IMPORTANT THAN EVER.

682
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:38,880
PEOPLE ARE CONFUSED AND ANGERED

683
00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:41,200
BY SO MANY VOICES AND OPINIONS

684
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,600
ON THE SAME SUBJECT.

685
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,920
THEY DON'T SEE THE LINES AS

686
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:50,600
CLEARLY BETWEEN CREDIBLE AND NOT

687
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:51,680
AS WE DO.

688
00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:53,440
PEOPLE OFTEN HEAR THE WRONG

689
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:55,320
MESSAGE OR NO MESSAGE GETS

690
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:55,560
THROUGH.

691
00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:56,600
HOW DOES THAT HELP RISK

692
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:58,400
COMMUNICATION EFFORTS?

693
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:00,400
IF WE DON'T COMMUNICATE PROPERLY

694
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:02,200
AND CAREFUL WE CAN HAVE

695
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,920
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS

696
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:06,840
ALIENATING THE EXACT AUDIENCE WE

697
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:07,760
NEED TO REACH THE MOST.

698
00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:09,840
FOR US TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT

699
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:11,080
COMMUNICATION, WE NEED TO LEARN

700
00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:14,560
TO LIVE IN THIS NEW WORLD.

701
00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:16,000
WE MUST ACTIVELY SEEK

702
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:17,400
UNDERSTANDING AND HAVE PATIENCE

703
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,040
WITH OUR AUDIENCE WHO ARE PRETTY

704
00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:21,560
MUCH CONFUSED THESE DAYS.

705
00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:24,120
HEARING FRUSTRATION AND ANGER

706
00:26:24,120 --> 00:26:26,040
FROM US WILL ONLY PUSH THEM AWAY

707
00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:31,120
FROM OUR MESSAGE EVEN MORE.

708
00:26:31,120 --> 00:26:32,200
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

709
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:33,200
TOO MUCH COMMUNICATION AND TOO

710
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:35,520
MANY FORMS CAN LEAD TO

711
00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:36,600
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES.

712
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,200
NOT ONLY THAT, BUT IF WE AREN'T

713
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,280
CAREFUL WE CAN CAUSE PEOPLE TO

714
00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:43,240
REACT DIFFERENTLY THAN WE EXPECT

715
00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:45,480
OR HOPE.

716
00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,080
WE ALL HAVE EXAMPLES, PERSONALLY

717
00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:49,480
AND PROFESSIONALLY, WHEN PEOPLE

718
00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:52,000
REACTED UNEXPECTEDLY TO OUR

719
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:52,760
WELL-INTENDED COMMUNICATION.

720
00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:55,280
IN TODAY'S WORLD OF E-MAIL,

721
00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:57,280
TEXT, SOCIAL MEDIA, THESE

722
00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,880
MISCUES HAPPEN MORE FREQUENTLY

723
00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:01,680
AND SOMETIMES MORE SEVERELY.

724
00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:04,480
NOW IS THE TIME TO ADDRESS THIS

725
00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:07,440
AND PREPARE FOR A FUTURE WHERE

726
00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:09,600
COMMUNICATION IS INCREASINGLY

727
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:11,520
DOMINATED BY COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF

728
00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:12,240
INFORMATION INCLUDING

729
00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:14,440
MISINFORMATION, THAT MAY OR MAY

730
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:16,520
NOT BE WELL INTENDED.

731
00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:18,160
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

732
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:19,640
THE FUTURE IS COMPLEX.

733
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:21,240
WE HAVE SOME DECISIONS TO MAKE

734
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:23,480
ON OUR FUTURE AS RISK

735
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:23,960
COMMUNICATORS.

736
00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:25,520
THE OLD WAY WHERE WE GOT TO SAY,

737
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:28,560
I HAVE ALL KINDS OF DEGREES, AND

738
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:30,120
30 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE SO I'M

739
00:27:30,120 --> 00:27:31,160
REALLY SMART, AND YOU SHOULD

740
00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:34,000
LISTEN TO ME. 

741
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:34,920
THOSE DAYS ARE OVER.

742
00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:36,560
DON'T WISH FOR THEM TO COME

743
00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:37,000
BACK.

744
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,640
WE HAVE TO LEARN TO COMMUNICATE

745
00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:41,960
IN THIS NEW WORLD.

746
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:43,240
DEFINITION OF EXPERT HAS

747
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:43,680
CHANGED.

748
00:27:43,680 --> 00:27:47,040
IT IS ALL ABOUT WHO HAS A VOICE

749
00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:49,480
OR KEYBOARD AND AN OPINION THEY

750
00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:52,560
SHARE, AND SOMETIMES THEY SHARE

751
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:53,800
THEM LOUDLY AND REPEATEDLY.

752
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,640
WE HAVE TO LEARN TO COMMUNICATE

753
00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:57,840
IN THAT WORLD BY CONVINCING THE

754
00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:00,320
AUDIENCE TO LISTEN TO US.

755
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:02,720
WE CANNOT SIMPLY TELL THEM TO

756
00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:03,720
LISTEN TO US.

757
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:06,560
WE ALL NEED TO EARN THAT RIGHT

758
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,960
TO BE A TRUSTED VOICE.

759
00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:11,360
THE CONSEQUENCES OF NOT DOING

760
00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:12,560
THIS RIGHT ARE GREATER THAN

761
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,720
EVER, AND WE RUN THE RISK OF THE

762
00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:18,600
WORST POSSIBLE OUTCOME.

763
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,000
WE BECOME IRRELEVANT.

764
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:22,840
NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

765
00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:24,480
THEREFORE, OUR RELEVANCE TO THE

766
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:30,520
WORLD IS DEPENDENT ON HOW WE

767
00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:30,800
ADAPT.

768
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:32,320
THE OLD WAYS ARE NOT COMING

769
00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:32,800
BACK.

770
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:36,400
DON'T WISH FOR THEM OR PRE-TEND

771
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:37,680
THEY STILL STILL EXIST.

772
00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:48,000
LEARN TO COMMUNICATE BY EARNING

773
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:48,320
TRUST.

774
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:52,600
LEARN TO EMBRACE DIFFERENT WAYS

775
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:54,840
OF THINKING, COMMUNICATING, AND

776
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:58,080
START THIS BY LISTENING AND

777
00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:01,080
UNDERSTANDING FIRST.

778
00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:02,000
NEXT SLIDE.

779
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,600
IF WE -- WE SHOULD NOT SIMPLY

780
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,240
IGNORE PEOPLE WHO DENY FACTS.

781
00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,720
THEY GAIN POWER AND FOLLOWING BY

782
00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:11,280
LEVERAGING OUR DIFFERENCES.

783
00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:13,720
WE MUST LEARN TO COMMUNICATE IN

784
00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,080
WAYS THAT DO NOT LEND STRENGTH

785
00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:19,840
TO THEIR MESSAGES.

786
00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:21,400
NEXT SLIDE.

787
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:22,920
THEY USE PHRASES SUCH AS THEY

788
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:25,760
ARE AFRAID OF US US OR THEY

789
00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:28,400
DON'T WANT YOU TO KNOW THE

790
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:28,720
TRUTH.

791
00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:30,120
IGNORING THEM GIVES THEM MORE

792
00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:30,520
AMMUNITION.

793
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:32,760
NOBODY SAID ANY OF THIS WAS

794
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:32,960
EASY.

795
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:35,520
I CERTAINLY DON'T HAVE ALL THE

796
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:36,720
ANSWERS.

797
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:38,320
BUT TREATING THESE INFLUENCEERS

798
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:41,320
AS ON THE FRINGE OR SIMPLY WRONG

799
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,080
WILL ONLY LEAD TO GREATER

800
00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,160
RESOLVE ON THEIR PART AND EVEN

801
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:48,040
LOUDER MESSAGES.

802
00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:50,560
WE NEED TO SEEK UNDERSTANDING OF

803
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:52,760
WHY THEY ARE SAYING WHAT THEY

804
00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,360
ARE SAYING, AND THAT STARTS WITH

805
00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:57,120
TREATING THEM WITH RESPECT AND

806
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:57,840
COMPASSION AND WORKING TO

807
00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:04,440
UNDERSTAND THEIR POINT OF VIEW.

808
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:06,160
NONE OF THIS IS GOING TO BE EASY

809
00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:07,880
BUT THE OLD DAYS ARE JUST THAT,

810
00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:08,600
THE OLD DAYS.

811
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:10,240
THEY ARE GONE.

812
00:30:10,240 --> 00:30:11,400
WE NEED TO CHANGE.

813
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,520
THE WORLD ISN'T GOING TO CHANGE

814
00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:14,360
TO SUIT US.

815
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:19,640
A YOUNG LADY I USED TO WORK WITH

816
00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:20,560
AND ENDED PRESENTATIONS WITH

817
00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:20,920
PHRASE.

818
00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:22,560
I STOLE IT FROM HER AND TOLD HER

819
00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:24,680
I WAS STEALING IT FROM HER.

820
00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:27,720
IT IS THE RIGHT MESSAGE FOR US

821
00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:27,920
TODAY.

822
00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,400
OVER THE NEXT COUPLE DAYS, I

823
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:32,320
CHALLENGE YOU TO THINK ABOUT

824
00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:36,680
WHAT COULD CHANGE IF WE CHANGE.

825
00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:47,120
THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 

826
00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:52,040
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT
WONDERFUL

827
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:52,720
PRESENTATION.

828
00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:55,960
I'D LIKE TO NOW INTRODUCE OUR

829
00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:03,960
MODERATOR, IT'S MY PLEASURE TO

830
00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:04,840
INTRODUCE ASHLEY VARGAS,

831
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:06,920
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIST AND

832
00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:09,000
PROGRAM DIRECTOR AT NICHD'S

833
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,080
PEDIATRIC GROWTH AND NUTRITION

834
00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:12,400
BRANCH, CLINICAL AND RESEARCH

835
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,600
EXPERIENCE FOCUSES ON IMPROVING

836
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:16,960
PRECISION OF NUTRITION, RISK

837
00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:19,200
ASSESSMENT, AND APPLICATION OF

838
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:20,800
NUTRITION THERAPY TO INDIVIDUALS

839
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:21,800
ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.

840
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,960
SHE'S THE U.S. COORDINATOR FOR

841
00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:27,800
HUMAN MILK COMPOSITION

842
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:28,920
INITIATIVE, DR. VARGAS I TURN

843
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,320
THE SESSION OVER TO YOU.

844
00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:33,400
>>THANK YOU FOR THE KIND

845
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:33,840
INTRODUCTION.

846
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:36,120
WELCOME TO OUR FIRST SESSION,

847
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:37,080
SESSION 1.

848
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,960
I'M ASHLEY VARGAS, I WILL BE

849
00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:41,240
MODERATING THIS SESSION THAT

850
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:46,440
WILL COVER NUTRIENT NEEDS, GAPS,

851
00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:47,920
SUPPORTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

852
00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:48,920
WE'LL BEGIN WITH A BRIEF

853
00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:52,520
INTRODUCTION OF OUR SPEAKERS AND

854
00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:56,240
PRESENTATION ORDER. 

855
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:59,360
PLEASE REMEMBER WE WANT THIS TO

856
00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:00,560
BE INTERACTIVE.

857
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:01,520
THROUGHOUT THE PRESENTATION,

858
00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:03,040
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS CAN BE

859
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:04,920
SUBMITTED TO THE WORKSHOP E-MAIL

860
00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:09,320
THAT YOU CAN SEE ON THE SCREEN

861
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:11,240
THROUGHOUT THIS PRESENTATION.

862
00:32:11,240 --> 00:32:20,360
OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS DR. ANNA

863
00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:24,080
MARIA SIEGA-RID, UNIVERSITY OF

864
00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:25,520
MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST.

865
00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:28,520
HER RESEARCH FOCUSES ON

866
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:30,400
CONNECTION BETWEEN MATERNAL

867
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:31,640
HEALTH, PRE-CONCEPTUALLY AND

868
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:34,360
DURING PREGNANCY, AND HEALTH

869
00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:35,880
OUTCOMES, AND WILL BE SPEAKING

870
00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:38,920
ON PREGNANCY AND LACTATION AS

871
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:40,720
CRITICAL PERIODS OF EXPOSURE

872
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:41,360
TODAY.

873
00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:48,800
SECOND SPEAKER IS DR. KATHERINE

874
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:51,000
DEWEY, DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR

875
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:52,440
EMERITA, UNIVERSITY OF

876
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:53,280
CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, RESEARCH ON

877
00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:58,920
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH WITH

878
00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:00,120
DOMESTIC AND GLOBAL FOCUS,

879
00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:03,240
INCLUDING SERVICE ON THE 2020

880
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:04,760
U.S. DIETARY GUIDELINES ADVISORY

881
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:06,120
COMMITTEE WHICH DEVELOPED

882
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:07,960
FOOD-BASED DIETARY GUIDANCE FOR

883
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:09,480
CHILDREN UNDER 2.

884
00:33:09,480 --> 00:33:13,280
FOR THE FIRST TIME AND WILL

885
00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:23,840
SPEAK OF  IT  CRITICAL PERIODS F

886
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:27,680
EXPOSURE.

887
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:31,040
DR. SIEGA-RID, PLEASE SHARE YOUR

888
00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:31,280
SLIDES.

889
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:31,600
>>THANK YOU.

890
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,920
LET ME SEE IF I CAN GET THIS

891
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:38,960
DONE. 

892
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:41,560
GIVE ME ONE SECOND.

893
00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:43,120
AS I CONVERTTY.

894
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:43,320
OKAY.

895
00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:46,200
ARE YOU SEEING THE RIGHT SET OF

896
00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:49,040
SLIDES, I HOPE?

897
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:49,600
PERFECT.

898
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:50,000
OKAY.

899
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:50,360
WONDERFUL.

900
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,880
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE

901
00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:54,720
OPPORTUNITY TO BE HERE AND TO

902
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,240
PRESENT ON THIS TOPIC.

903
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:00,440
A TOPIC THAT I HAVE SPENT MY

904
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:03,600
CAREER ON STUDYING THE NUTRIENT

905
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:05,800
INTAKES OF PREGNANT AND

906
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:07,520
LACTATING WOMEN AND HOW IT

907
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:09,520
AFFECTS NOT ONLY THEIR OWN LIFE,

908
00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:14,560
BUT THE LIFE OF THE CHILD.

909
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:16,080
SO, WHY START WITH PREGNANCY

910
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:16,920
WHEN THE TOPIC OF THE

911
00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:20,640
CONVERSATION IS HOW TO MINIMIZE

912
00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:22,360
TOXICANTS' IMPACTS ON COGNITIVE

913
00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:22,640
DEVELOPMENT?

914
00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:26,080
ONE THING FOR SURE THAT THE

915
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,280
FIELD HAS DONE FOR SCIENCE IS TO

916
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,000
MOVE FROM THIS STUDY OF SIMPLE

917
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:34,960
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EARLY LIFE

918
00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:36,040
EVENTS AND SUBSEQUENT PATHOLOGY

919
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:40,440
TO THE INVESTIGATION OF

920
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:41,720
UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, USING THE

921
00:34:41,720 --> 00:34:45,520
LIFE COURSE APPROACH THIS FIGURE

922
00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:48,920
FROM AN ARTICLE SUMMARIZES

923
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:49,760
EVIDENCE FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL

924
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:50,280
DATA.

925
00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,680
LOOK AT THE RISK OF

926
00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:54,800
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.

927
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,400
IN THIS SLIDE IT SHOWS THAT RISK

928
00:34:58,400 --> 00:34:59,920
INCREASES IN A NON-LINEAR

929
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:04,040
FASHION AS RESULT OF DECLINING

930
00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:06,600
PLASTICITY IN CUMULATIVE DAMAGE

931
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:08,760
FROM LIFESTYLE EXPOSURES AS WELL

932
00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:10,880
AS OTHER CHALLENGES.

933
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,520
THE EFFECT OF THE MISMATCH

934
00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:15,760
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTALLY AND

935
00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:17,440
EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCED

936
00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:19,080
PHENOTYPE IN ADULT ENVIRONMENT

937
00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:21,240
INCREASES THROUGHOUT THE LIFE

938
00:35:21,240 --> 00:35:22,000
COURSE.

939
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:22,880
INTERVENTION IN ADULTS

940
00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:24,640
ESPECIALLY AT HIGH RISK CAN BE

941
00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:29,600
BENEFICIAL BUT ONLY TO A CERTAIN

942
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:29,920
DEGREE.

943
00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:33,280
SCREENING MAY BE TOO LATE TO

944
00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:43,720
REDUCE RISK SUBSTANTIALLY.

945
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,840
SO, THE PRENATAL PERIOD

946
00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:59,120
ESTABLISHES RISK THROUGH THE

947
00:35:59,120 --> 00:36:00,320
INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC,

948
00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:01,120
EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL

949
00:36:01,120 --> 00:36:04,720
FACTORS AS SHOWN HERE IN THIS

950
00:36:04,720 --> 00:36:07,040
FIGURE. 

951
00:36:07,040 --> 00:36:09,000
YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE

952
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:09,760
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

953
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:12,800
PREVIOUSLY STATED FOUND IN OUR

954
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:14,320
SOIL, FOOD, WATER.

955
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:19,400
WE INGEST THEM OR ARE EXPOSED TO

956
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:19,840
THEM.

957
00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:23,000
AND DURING SUSCEPTIBLE PHASES OF

958
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:24,920
DEVELOPMENT THESE PARTICULAR

959
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:27,360
EXPOSURES CAN HAVE EPIGENETIC

960
00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:28,360
MODIFICATIONS THAT THEN

961
00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:32,400
INFLUENCES HEALTH OUTCOMES IN

962
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:34,600
THE NEXT GENERATION.

963
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:35,800
FURTHERMORE, OVER THE YEARS

964
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:36,920
WE'VE BECOME WELL ACQUAINTED

965
00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:39,560
WITH THE NOTION OF CRITICAL

966
00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:40,040
PERIODS.

967
00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:42,040
THESE ARE PERIODS IN THE LIFE

968
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:43,480
CYCLE OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

969
00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:46,000
WHERE AN EXPOSURE TO A NEGATIVE

970
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:48,480
FACTOR OR LACK OF PARTICULAR

971
00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:50,680
FACTOR HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT

972
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:56,040
RESULTING IN PERMANENT AND

973
00:36:56,040 --> 00:37:00,200
IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE OR DISEASE

974
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:10,200
INCLUDING MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO

975
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:10,600
THALIDOMIDE.

976
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,320
NEURAL COGNITIVE OUTCOMES AS YOU

977
00:37:14,320 --> 00:37:15,320
CAN SEE, THE IMPORTANCE BEGINS

978
00:37:15,320 --> 00:37:18,040
AT 28 WEEKS WHEN THE BRAIN IS

979
00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:19,160
GROWING RAPIDLY AND CONTINUES

980
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,240
THROUGHOUT THE FIRST YEAR OF

981
00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:23,880
LIFE WHEN MYELINATION OF THE

982
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:28,120
BRAIN IS CRITICAL FOR OPTIMAL

983
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:29,000
NEURAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.

984
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:35,360
IN THE FIELD OF NUTRITION WE

985
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:37,440
HAVE REFERENCE INTAKES THAT

986
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:43,360
GUIDE RECOMMENDATION FOR MICRO

987
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:48,600
AND MACRONUTRIENTS IN LIFE

988
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:48,960
STAGES.

989
00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:52,200
EAR IS AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT

990
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:55,120
ESTIMATED TO MEET REQUIREMENT

991
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:56,320
FOR SPECIFIC CRITERION OF HALF

992
00:37:56,320 --> 00:37:58,520
OF THE INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIFIC

993
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,840
AGE, SEX, LIFE STAGE GROUP.

994
00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:06,560
THE RDA IS A VALUE TO MEET THE

995
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:10,800
REQUIREMENTS OF NEARLY ALL, 97

996
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,760
TO 98% IN A PARTICULAR SEX AND

997
00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:14,880
LIFE STAGE GROUP.

998
00:38:14,880 --> 00:38:17,480
A.I. IS ESTABLISHED WHEN EAR

999
00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,840
CAN'T BE, BASED ON RECOMMENDED

1000
00:38:20,840 --> 00:38:22,720
AVERAGE INTAKES FROM

1001
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:25,080
OBSERVATIONAL OR EXPERIMENTAL

1002
00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:26,000
DETERMINED APPROXIMATIONS.

1003
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,320
WE HAVE THE UPPER LIMIT, THE

1004
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:29,960
HIGHEST AVERAGE DAILY NUTRIENT

1005
00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:32,560
INTAKE THAT IS LIKELY TO POSE NO

1006
00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:34,760
RISK OF ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS

1007
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:37,840
TO ALMOST ALL INDIVIDUALS IN THE

1008
00:38:37,840 --> 00:38:42,120
GENERAL POPULATION.

1009
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:43,520
AS INTAKES INCREASE, POTENTIAL

1010
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:47,240
RISK OF ADVERSE EFFECTS MAY

1011
00:38:47,240 --> 00:38:47,760
INCREASE.

1012
00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:48,760
LIKEWISE, AS INTAKES ARE DEEMED

1013
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,720
TO BE LESS THAN THE EAR,

1014
00:38:51,720 --> 00:38:54,480
POTENTIAL RISK OF ADVERSE

1015
00:38:54,480 --> 00:38:55,320
EFFECTS ALSO INCREASES.

1016
00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:59,280
IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE

1017
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:05,720
DRIs DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT

1018
00:39:05,720 --> 00:39:13,360
NUTRIENT  NEEDS TO MODULATE

1019
00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:16,480
EFFECTS HEAVY METALS AND

1020
00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:17,080
CONTAMINANTS.

1021
00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:19,920
ALL THE NUTRIENTS SHOWN HERE

1022
00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:22,840
HAVE AN ESTABLISHED RDA EAR,

1023
00:39:22,840 --> 00:39:28,520
WHAT WE'VE SHOWN IS IN BLUE THE

1024
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:31,240
INCREASED NEEDS OF NUTRIENTS

1025
00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:32,040
BEYOND NON-PREGNANT

1026
00:39:32,040 --> 00:39:37,600
NON-LACTATION STATE IN BLUE,

1027
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:39,120
LACTATION IN ORANGE.

1028
00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:41,760
INCREASED NEEDS DURING THE TWO

1029
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,160
PERIODS OF THE WOMAN AS SHE IS

1030
00:39:45,160 --> 00:39:49,160
ABOUT TO NOURISH HER CHILD.

1031
00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:51,600
WE ALSO HAVE ENERGY NEEDS OF

1032
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:53,400
PREGNANT WOMEN.

1033
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:55,240
CONTRARY TO POPULAR BELIEF IT IS

1034
00:39:55,240 --> 00:39:57,400
NOT DOUBLE BUT RATHER DEPENDENT

1035
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,280
ON THE TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY,

1036
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:01,440
THE WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND AGE OF

1037
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:04,120
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE MOTHER,

1038
00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:05,560
AND AMOUNT OF ENERGY DEPOSITION

1039
00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:07,600
RELATED TO FETAL GROWTH AND

1040
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:08,880
MATERNAL TISSUE WHICH VARIES BY

1041
00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:12,520
WEIGHT STATUS OF THE MOTHER.

1042
00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:14,720
THESE NEW DRIs HAVE JUST BEEN

1043
00:40:14,720 --> 00:40:16,160
PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL

1044
00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:18,120
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND

1045
00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:18,360
MEDICINE.

1046
00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:23,360
THEY ARE DESIGNED TO BE MORE IN

1047
00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:24,560
LINE WITH GESTATIONAL WEIGHT

1048
00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:28,560
GAIN RECOMMENDATIONS.

1049
00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:29,800
DURING LACTATION ENERGY NEEDS

1050
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:31,600
VARIES BY TIME PERIODS OF WHEN

1051
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:36,920
THE CHILD IS BEING EXCLUSIVELY

1052
00:40:36,920 --> 00:40:37,840
BREASTFED VERSES COMPLEMENTARY

1053
00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:39,800
FOODS ARE BEING INTRODUCED.

1054
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,800
BOTTOM LINE, IT DOES CAUSE

1055
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:44,840
ENERGY TO PRODUCE MILK.

1056
00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,720
A WOMAN CAN MEET NEEDS BY

1057
00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:51,160
INCREASING ENERGY INTAKE AND/OR

1058
00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:54,360
MOBILIZING FAT STORES LAID DOWN

1059
00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:55,360
IN PREGNANCY.

1060
00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:56,960
WOMEN WHO ARE PREGNANT OR

1061
00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:58,360
LACTATING ARE ENCOURAGED TO

1062
00:40:58,360 --> 00:40:59,200
FOLLOW THE RECOMMENDATIONS ON

1063
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,680
THE TYPES OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES

1064
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:03,640
THAT MAKE UP THE HEALTHY PATTERN

1065
00:41:03,640 --> 00:41:05,440
DESCRIBED IN THE DIETARY

1066
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:09,800
GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS SHOWN

1067
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:10,120
HERE.

1068
00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:12,000
CORE ELEMENTS DURING THESE LIFE

1069
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:13,400
STAGES ARE SIMILAR TO

1070
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,120
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WOMEN NOT

1071
00:41:17,120 --> 00:41:18,080
PREGNANT.

1072
00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:20,080
THIS TABLE DISPLAYS HEALTHY U.S.

1073
00:41:20,080 --> 00:41:21,720
DIETARY PATTERN TO ILLUSTRATE

1074
00:41:21,720 --> 00:41:23,280
SPECIFIC AMOUNTS AND LIMITS FOR

1075
00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:25,160
FOOD GROUPS AND OTHER DIETARY

1076
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:28,600
COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP THE

1077
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,040
HEALTHY DIETARY PATTERNS ACROSS

1078
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:34,320
THE SIX CALORIE LEVELS RELEVANT

1079
00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:36,680
TO WOMEN PREGNANT OR LACTATING.

1080
00:41:36,680 --> 00:41:40,640
HIGHLIGHTED IN RED, THE AREA OF

1081
00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:42,240
INTAKE MOST COMPARABLE TO

1082
00:41:42,240 --> 00:41:43,520
AVERAGE INTAKES OF THE

1083
00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:45,880
POPULATION OF PREGNANT AND

1084
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:47,240
LACTATING WOMEN.

1085
00:41:47,240 --> 00:41:49,080
THE INCREASED CALORIE AND

1086
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:50,400
NUTRIENT NEEDS IN PREGNANCY AND

1087
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:54,200
LACTATION SHOULD BE MET BY

1088
00:41:54,200 --> 00:41:54,800
CONSUMING NUTRIENT-DENSE FOOD

1089
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:59,760
CHOICES AS PART OF A HEALTHY

1090
00:41:59,760 --> 00:42:00,160
DIETARY PATTERN.

1091
00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:03,520
FISH IS PART OF A HEALTHY EATING

1092
00:42:03,520 --> 00:42:05,880
PATTERN BECAUSE IT PROVIDES KEY

1093
00:42:05,880 --> 00:42:06,680
NUTRIENTS DURING CRITICAL

1094
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:10,520
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS

1095
00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:11,800
THESE SHOWN HERE.

1096
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:16,000
OMEGA 3 AND 6 FATTY ACIDS, IRON,

1097
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:16,800
IODINE, PREGNANCY AND CHOLINE.

1098
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:20,480
FISH IS ALSO A SOURCE OF

1099
00:42:20,480 --> 00:42:23,320
METHYLMERCURY, LIMITING THIS IS

1100
00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:23,760
IMPORTANT.

1101
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:25,080
EPA PROVIDES GUIDELINES ON FISH

1102
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:27,520
THAT ARE BEST CHOICES TO MEET

1103
00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:29,440
NUTRIENT NEEDS AND TYPES OF FISH

1104
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:33,160
THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED DUE TO

1105
00:42:33,160 --> 00:42:37,040
HIGHER LEVELS OF METHYLMERCURY

1106
00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:37,960
BEING PRESENT.

1107
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:39,960
FOLLOWING SLIDES, I'LL BE USING

1108
00:42:39,960 --> 00:42:42,080
DATA FROM OUR NATIONAL

1109
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:44,920
SURVEILLANCE MONITORING SYSTEMS

1110
00:42:44,920 --> 00:42:48,160
TO DESCRIBE WHAT ARE PREGNANT

1111
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:49,040
AND LACTATING WOMEN CONSUMING IN

1112
00:42:49,040 --> 00:42:51,040
THE U.S.

1113
00:42:51,040 --> 00:42:54,760
THESE ARE DATA FROM NHANES,

1114
00:42:54,760 --> 00:42:59,080
SPECIFICALLY SAMPLE OF WOMEN WHO

1115
00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:00,040
ARE PREGNANT OR LACTATING,

1116
00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:03,000
BASICALLY SHOWING INTAKES OF

1117
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:05,840
PREGNANT AND NON-LACTATING WOMEN

1118
00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:12,680
COMPARED TO NON-PREGNANT NOT

1119
00:43:12,680 --> 00:43:13,400
LACTATING WOMEN FOR

1120
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:14,000
MACRONUTRIENTS.

1121
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:15,840
KEEP IN MIND WHAT WE'VE SEEN IN

1122
00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:17,320
THIS DATA AND OTHER COHORT DATA

1123
00:43:17,320 --> 00:43:22,840
ABLE TO LOOK AT DIETARY INTAKES

1124
00:43:22,840 --> 00:43:24,040
OF PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN

1125
00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:26,680
IN THESE STATES AND WHILE NOT

1126
00:43:26,680 --> 00:43:27,720
PREGNANT.

1127
00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:31,000
IN FACT, THE MACRONUTRIENT

1128
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,320
COMPOSITION DOESN'T CHANGE VERY

1129
00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:33,520
MUCH.

1130
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:35,320
THEY TEND TO INCREASE AMOUNT OF

1131
00:43:35,320 --> 00:43:37,360
CALORIES CONSUMING.

1132
00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:39,440
WE SEE SLIGHT REDUCTION IN

1133
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:41,320
CERTAIN FOODS SUCH AS CAFFEINE

1134
00:43:41,320 --> 00:43:44,040
AND ALCOHOL, SLIGHT INCREASES IN

1135
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,680
DAIRY AND PROTEIN SOURCES FOR

1136
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:47,000
VEGETARIANS.

1137
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:49,080
THERE ARE GREATER CHANGES FOR

1138
00:43:49,080 --> 00:43:50,960
WOMEN WHOSE INCOME ALLOWS FOR IT

1139
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:56,320
AND WHERE THERE'S BETTER ACCESS

1140
00:43:56,320 --> 00:44:00,760
FOR THE FOOD SUPPLY.

1141
00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:02,760
THIS BAR CHART -- I'LL SHOW A

1142
00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:06,800
SERIES OF CHARTS USED IN

1143
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:08,320
GUIDELINES, USING DATA FROM

1144
00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:08,640
NHANES.

1145
00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:10,720
I'M SHOWING YOU HOW AVERAGE

1146
00:44:10,720 --> 00:44:14,160
INTAKES OF FOOD GROUPS PER DAY

1147
00:44:14,160 --> 00:44:15,480
COMPARE WITH RECOMMENDED INTAKE

1148
00:44:15,480 --> 00:44:17,320
RANGES FOR WOMEN WHO ARE

1149
00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:18,600
PREGNANT AND LACTATING.

1150
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:22,880
WHAT YOU SEE ARE THE AVERAGE

1151
00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:24,640
INTAKES RECOMMENDED IN BLUE, AND

1152
00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:28,800
THEN WHAT THE WOMEN ARE ACTUALLY

1153
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:29,440
CONSUMING, PREGNANT AND

1154
00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:29,800
LACTATING.

1155
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:34,280
SO WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IS THAT

1156
00:44:34,280 --> 00:44:36,480
TOTAL VEGETABLES ARE BELOW

1157
00:44:36,480 --> 00:44:38,080
RECOMMENDED INTAKES.

1158
00:44:38,080 --> 00:44:40,320
FRUITS ARE CLOSER.

1159
00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:41,160
CLEARLY WOMEN ARE CONSUMING WHAT

1160
00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:43,200
THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO WHEN WE

1161
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:45,360
LOOK AT TOTAL GRAINS.

1162
00:44:45,360 --> 00:44:47,560
THEY ARE CONSUMING LESS FOR

1163
00:44:47,560 --> 00:44:48,400
TOTAL DAIRY.

1164
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:50,560
AND PROTEIN TENDS TO BE EITHER

1165
00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:53,880
WITHIN OR ABOVE RECOMMENDED

1166
00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:56,880
INTAKES. 

1167
00:44:56,880 --> 00:45:03,440
WHEN WE LOOK AT INDICE COMPARED

1168
00:45:03,440 --> 00:45:05,720
TO NOT BEING PREGNANT OR

1169
00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:07,280
LACTATING, IN GENERAL WOMEN WHO

1170
00:45:07,280 --> 00:45:08,800
ARE PREGNANT AND LACTATING TEND

1171
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:11,440
TO HAVE BETTER QUALITY DIETS.

1172
00:45:11,440 --> 00:45:17,200
BUT NOT THAT MUCH HIGHER.

1173
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:21,000
IF WE DIG DEEPER INTO THE

1174
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:22,480
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETABLES AS

1175
00:45:22,480 --> 00:45:25,120
WELL AS GRAINS AND PROTEIN

1176
00:45:25,120 --> 00:45:27,040
FOODS, COMPARED TO RECOMMENDED

1177
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:28,280
INTAKES, WHAT YOU ACTUALLY BEGIN

1178
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:31,760
TO SEE ARE SOME UNIQUE

1179
00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:39,080
DIFFERENCES. 

1180
00:45:39,080 --> 00:45:40,520
PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN

1181
00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:42,840
CONSUMING LESS RED AND ORANGE,

1182
00:45:42,840 --> 00:45:45,120
AS WELL AS STARCHY VEGETABLES.

1183
00:45:45,120 --> 00:45:47,880
TOTAL GRAINS YOU SEE LOWER

1184
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:50,400
INTAKES THAN WHAT IS RECOMMENDED

1185
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:53,600
FOR WHOLE GRAINS, BUT HIGHER

1186
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:54,920
INTAKES OF REFINED GRAINS.

1187
00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:59,560
IF WE LOOK AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF

1188
00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:01,040
PROTEIN FOODS YOU SEE HIGHER

1189
00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:02,600
INTAKES THAN WHAT'S RECOMMENDED

1190
00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:07,680
FOR MEAT, POULTRY AND EGGS.

1191
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:10,560
SEAFOODS ARE SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN

1192
00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:11,840
RECOMMENDED INTAKES.

1193
00:46:11,840 --> 00:46:13,920
THESE CIRCLE CHARTS ARE USED NOW

1194
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,320
TO SHOW PERCENT OF THIS AGE

1195
00:46:16,320 --> 00:46:19,840
GROUP WHO EXCEEDS LIMITS FOR

1196
00:46:19,840 --> 00:46:21,920
ADDED SUGARS, SATURATED FAT,

1197
00:46:21,920 --> 00:46:22,160
SODIUM.

1198
00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:25,120
WE SEE THAT 70 AND 51% OF

1199
00:46:25,120 --> 00:46:28,400
PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN

1200
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:30,440
RESPECTIVELY EXCEED LIMIT FOR

1201
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:33,680
ADDED SUGARS.

1202
00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:37,320
75 AND 77% EXCEED THE LIMIT FOR

1203
00:46:37,320 --> 00:46:39,760
SATURATED FAT.

1204
00:46:39,760 --> 00:46:44,480
80 AND 97% OF PREGNANT AND

1205
00:46:44,480 --> 00:46:47,240
LACTATING WOMEN EXCEED THE LIMIT

1206
00:46:47,240 --> 00:46:48,880
FOR SODIUM.

1207
00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:51,840
IF WE FOCUS ON NUTRIENTS THAT

1208
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:57,160
FALL BELOW OR EXCEED THE DRIs,

1209
00:46:57,160 --> 00:47:00,560
WE CAN SEE THAT FOUR NUTRIENTS

1210
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:04,360
ARE GREATER THAN 30% BELOW

1211
00:47:04,360 --> 00:47:04,960
RECOMMENDATIONS.

1212
00:47:04,960 --> 00:47:07,120
A FEW NUTRIENTS ARE ABOVE THE

1213
00:47:07,120 --> 00:47:11,280
UPPER LIMIT WHEN SUPPLEMENTED

1214
00:47:11,280 --> 00:47:13,040
ARE CONSUMED.

1215
00:47:13,040 --> 00:47:16,200
DIVING DEEPER INTO TWO NUTRIENTS

1216
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:17,440
OF PARTICULAR INTEREST DURING

1217
00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:21,120
PREGNANCY WE SEE THAT WOMEN WHO

1218
00:47:21,120 --> 00:47:24,440
ONLY CONSUME FOODS SHOWN HERE IN

1219
00:47:24,440 --> 00:47:26,920
GRAY BAR HAVE A GREATER

1220
00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:33,040
PROPORTION TO FALL BELOW THE EAR

1221
00:47:33,040 --> 00:47:35,480
FOR IRON AND FOLATE

1222
00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:36,120
REQUIREMENTS.

1223
00:47:36,120 --> 00:47:39,200
WE'VE JUST SEEN DATA FROM

1224
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:41,280
SELF-REPORTED INTAKE, IN ORDER

1225
00:47:41,280 --> 00:47:42,920
TO TRULY IDENTIFY NUTRIENTS OF

1226
00:47:42,920 --> 00:47:46,640
CONCERNS WE NEED TO HAVE AN

1227
00:47:46,640 --> 00:47:49,360
EXAMINATION OF BIOMARKER DATA.

1228
00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:51,560
THAT'S BECAUSE THERE'S

1229
00:47:51,560 --> 00:47:53,880
MEASUREMENT ERROR INHERENT IN

1230
00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:54,520
REPORTS OF DIETS.

1231
00:47:54,520 --> 00:47:58,240
SEEN HERE IS THE FRAMEWORK USED

1232
00:47:58,240 --> 00:48:00,200
BY THE DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR

1233
00:48:00,200 --> 00:48:01,160
AMERICAN FEDERAL ADVISORY

1234
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:03,600
COMMITTEE TO IDENTIFY NUTRIENTS

1235
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:05,000
OF CONCERN.

1236
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:08,320
WHAT WE HAVE IS DOES THE

1237
00:48:08,320 --> 00:48:11,560
NUTRIENT ACTUALLY HAVE AN EAR OR

1238
00:48:11,560 --> 00:48:12,320
RDA?

1239
00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:15,000
IF IT DOES, AND THERE ACTUALLY

1240
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:17,920
IS A BIOMARKER SPECIFIC TO THAT

1241
00:48:17,920 --> 00:48:19,840
NUTRIENT, AND IF THAT INDICATES

1242
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:22,840
IN FACT THAT THERE IS A

1243
00:48:22,840 --> 00:48:24,720
DEFICIENCY, AS WELL AS WITH A

1244
00:48:24,720 --> 00:48:27,000
LOWER INTAKE THAN WHAT'S

1245
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:29,160
RECOMMENDED, THEN THOSE TWO

1246
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:34,440
FACTORS TOGETHER WILL PRODUCE A

1247
00:48:34,440 --> 00:48:36,360
NUTRIENT OF CONCERN.

1248
00:48:36,360 --> 00:48:38,120
NUTRIENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1249
00:48:38,120 --> 00:48:39,960
CONCERN FOR PREGNANT AND

1250
00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:42,080
LACTATING WOMEN USING THIS

1251
00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:45,360
FRAMEWORK IDENTIFIED BY DIETARY

1252
00:48:45,360 --> 00:48:48,200
GUIDELINES COMMITTEE ARE FOLIC

1253
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:50,400
ACID DURING PRE-CONCEPTION --

1254
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:52,400
PERICONCEPTION PERIOD THROUGH

1255
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:55,520
FIRST TRIMESTER, IRON ACROSS ALL

1256
00:48:55,520 --> 00:49:00,160
TRIMESTERS, AND IODINE.

1257
00:49:00,160 --> 00:49:01,280
IODINE IS ASTERISKED BECAUSE

1258
00:49:01,280 --> 00:49:02,880
THERE'S NO DIETARY DATA

1259
00:49:02,880 --> 00:49:07,320
AVAILABLE FOR ESTIMATING IODINE

1260
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:07,720
INTAKE.

1261
00:49:07,720 --> 00:49:09,480
HOWEVER, THERE'S BIOMARKER DATA

1262
00:49:09,480 --> 00:49:12,360
THAT SUGGESTS THAT LOW DIETARY

1263
00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:14,960
INTAKE OF IODINE EXISTS.

1264
00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:17,360
AND THAT WITH INADEQUATE IODINE

1265
00:49:17,360 --> 00:49:20,960
INTAKES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

1266
00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:22,320
IRREVERSIBLE IMPAIRED

1267
00:49:22,320 --> 00:49:23,240
NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL

1268
00:49:23,240 --> 00:49:23,960
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFSPRING

1269
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:28,080
PUTS IT AT THIS SORT OF

1270
00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:34,840
POTENTIAL FOR BEING A PUBLIC

1271
00:49:34,840 --> 00:49:35,640
HEALTH CONCERN NUTRIENT.

1272
00:49:35,640 --> 00:49:39,840
ONE REASON WE'RE SEEING A LOWER

1273
00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:42,160
LEVEL OF IODINE IN THE

1274
00:49:42,160 --> 00:49:43,920
POPULATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH

1275
00:49:43,920 --> 00:49:47,240
TREND OF HIGHER USE OF SEA SALT

1276
00:49:47,240 --> 00:49:57,680
IN PLACE OF IODIZED SALT. 

1277
00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:03,960
THERE'S A CLOSER TO ZERO EFFORT

1278
00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:07,600
TO GET TO MINIMAL EXPOSURES

1279
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:13,280
INCLUDING ARSENIC, LEAD,

1280
00:50:13,280 --> 00:50:15,720
CADMIUM, MERCURY.

1281
00:50:15,720 --> 00:50:17,880
FDA CONDUCTS TOTAL DIET STUDY,

1282
00:50:17,880 --> 00:50:20,360
THIS IS THE WAY IN WHICH FDA

1283
00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:24,760
MONITORS THE U.S. FOOD SUPPLY.

1284
00:50:24,760 --> 00:50:28,760
LATEST REPORT SUMMARIZES ITS

1285
00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:31,360
FINDINGS FROM 2018 TO 2020.

1286
00:50:31,360 --> 00:50:34,000
THE SURVEY IS A CONTINUOUS

1287
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,040
SURVEY THAT COLLECTS FOODS FROM

1288
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:39,600
RETAIL OUTLETS AND INCLUDES

1289
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:40,760
FOODS, BEVERAGES, WATER.

1290
00:50:40,760 --> 00:50:45,160
DURING THIS TIME PERIOD OF 2018

1291
00:50:45,160 --> 00:50:47,240
TO 2020, 87 FOOD COLLECTIONS

1292
00:50:47,240 --> 00:50:52,960
OCCURRED THAT RESULTED IN OVER

1293
00:50:52,960 --> 00:50:56,240
3,000 FOODS BEING ANALYZED.

1294
00:50:56,240 --> 00:50:58,960
THE FOODS HIGHLIGHTED IN CLOSER

1295
00:50:58,960 --> 00:51:00,400
TO ZERO INITIATIVE ARE INCLUDED

1296
00:51:00,400 --> 00:51:02,960
IN DARK BLUE ZONE.

1297
00:51:02,960 --> 00:51:07,000
THIS SHOWS YOU THAT THERE ARE

1298
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:08,520
FOODS ANALYZED IN BOTH ANALYSIS

1299
00:51:08,520 --> 00:51:10,480
AND TOTAL DIET SURVEY OCCURRED

1300
00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:13,360
IN FOODS AND BEVERAGES, AND

1301
00:51:13,360 --> 00:51:14,120
WATER, ALL FOODS.

1302
00:51:14,120 --> 00:51:20,160
AND FOODS IN THE CLOSE TO ZERO

1303
00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:21,560
INITIATIVE ARE INCLUDED HERE.

1304
00:51:21,560 --> 00:51:24,760
THE RESULTS OF THIS CURRENT

1305
00:51:24,760 --> 00:51:26,480
SURVEY ARE SHOWN IN THIS

1306
00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:28,240
PARTICULAR TABLE.

1307
00:51:28,240 --> 00:51:29,640
I'VE HIGHLIGHTED THE FOUR

1308
00:51:29,640 --> 00:51:32,280
ELEMENTS THAT WE ARE MOST

1309
00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:34,600
INTERESTED IN DURING THIS

1310
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:36,200
CONFERENCE RIGHT NOW.

1311
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:38,920
AND WHAT THIS TABLE BASICALLY

1312
00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:40,840
TELLS YOU IS THE PERCENT IN

1313
00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:43,120
WHICH THERE WAS NO DETECTION OF

1314
00:51:43,120 --> 00:51:44,080
THAT PARTICULAR ELEMENT, AND

1315
00:51:44,080 --> 00:51:48,600
THEN THE FOODS WITH THE HIGHEST

1316
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:49,160
MEAN CONCENTRATION.

1317
00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:52,720
SO HERE YOU CAN SEE FOR ARSENIC,

1318
00:51:52,720 --> 00:51:56,400
IN TERMS OF INORGANIC AND TOTAL

1319
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:57,920
ARSENIC, THERE IS 57% OF FOODS

1320
00:51:57,920 --> 00:52:00,160
WHERE THERE WAS NO ARSENIC

1321
00:52:00,160 --> 00:52:00,960
DETECTED.

1322
00:52:00,960 --> 00:52:02,760
BUT THE HIGHEST MEAN

1323
00:52:02,760 --> 00:52:05,320
CONCENTRATIONS WAS FOUND IN

1324
00:52:05,320 --> 00:52:08,200
BAKED COD, CANNED TUNA, FISH

1325
00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:10,480
STICKS, BAKED SALMON, PRE-COOKED

1326
00:52:10,480 --> 00:52:10,880
SHRIMP.

1327
00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:14,760
WE CAN FOLLOW FOR EACH OF THOSE

1328
00:52:14,760 --> 00:52:21,240
PARTICULAR ELEMENTS.

1329
00:52:21,240 --> 00:52:24,400
CADMIUM, 39% NO DETECT.

1330
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:28,120
HIGHEST WERE SUNFLOWER SEEDS,

1331
00:52:28,120 --> 00:52:28,320
SPINACH.

1332
00:52:28,320 --> 00:52:30,760
LEAD 86% OF FOODS HAD NO

1333
00:52:30,760 --> 00:52:32,920
DETECTION. 

1334
00:52:32,920 --> 00:52:36,120
THOSE THAT HAD HIGHEST WAS BABY

1335
00:52:36,120 --> 00:52:42,480
FOODS SWEET POTATOES AND

1336
00:52:42,480 --> 00:52:45,080
TEETHING BISCUITS.

1337
00:52:45,080 --> 00:52:47,960
METHYLMERCURY YOU CAN SEE 93% NO

1338
00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:49,680
DETECTION BUT THEY WERE DETECTED

1339
00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:53,200
IN CANNED TUNA, BAKED COD, BAKED

1340
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,760
SALMON, PAN COOKED CATFISH AND

1341
00:52:56,760 --> 00:52:57,480
PRE-COOKED SHRIMP.

1342
00:52:57,480 --> 00:52:59,200
LET ME ORIENT YOU TO THIS SLIDE

1343
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:03,000
BECAUSE I WILL BE USING A COUPLE

1344
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:06,200
VERSIONS OF THIS TO EXPLAIN

1345
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:09,240
WHERE THESE FOODS ARE.

1346
00:53:09,240 --> 00:53:11,800
BLUE REGION IS PERCENT OF FOODS

1347
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:14,720
FOR WHICH THE ELEMENT WAS

1348
00:53:14,720 --> 00:53:15,000
DETECTED.

1349
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:18,240
AND THE NUMBER OF FOODS IN WHICH

1350
00:53:18,240 --> 00:53:20,800
THEY WERE DETECTED.

1351
00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:24,360
YOU CAN SEE ARSENIC, AMONG ALL

1352
00:53:24,360 --> 00:53:26,560
FRUITS, ARSENIC WAS THE ELEMENT

1353
00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:28,280
THAT WAS MOST DETECTED.

1354
00:53:28,280 --> 00:53:32,360
IT'S ABOUT 39% AS WE JUST SAW.

1355
00:53:32,360 --> 00:53:35,760
THERE WERE 138 FOODS FOR WHICH

1356
00:53:35,760 --> 00:53:39,360
IT WAS DETECTED IN.

1357
00:53:39,360 --> 00:53:42,400
WHEN WE LOOK AT IN GREATER

1358
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,040
DETAIL THE SPECIFIC FRUITS FOR

1359
00:53:45,040 --> 00:53:49,080
WHICH HAD THE HIGHEST MEAN TOTAL

1360
00:53:49,080 --> 00:53:51,080
ARSENIC CONCENTRATION, YOU CAN

1361
00:53:51,080 --> 00:53:54,640
SEE THE MEAN AND MAXIMUM FOR

1362
00:53:54,640 --> 00:53:57,520
THESE FOODS, AND IF YOU LOOK AT

1363
00:53:57,520 --> 00:54:00,080
THE MEANS THAT TEND TO BE THE

1364
00:54:00,080 --> 00:54:01,920
HIGHEST, THE MAXIMUM, YOU CAN

1365
00:54:01,920 --> 00:54:03,240
SEE THEY ARE PRETTY COMMON FOODS

1366
00:54:03,240 --> 00:54:09,040
THAT ARE CONSUMED IN THE

1367
00:54:09,040 --> 00:54:09,600
POPULATION.

1368
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,320
WITHIN THE VEGETABLE FOOD GROUP,

1369
00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:15,320
CADMIUM WAS DETECTED IN MOST

1370
00:54:15,320 --> 00:54:17,880
VEGETABLE SAMPLES.

1371
00:54:17,880 --> 00:54:19,160
HOWEVER, MANY CONCENTRATIONS

1372
00:54:19,160 --> 00:54:23,200
WERE LOW AS I'LL SHOW IN THE

1373
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:24,040
NEXT SLIDE.

1374
00:54:24,040 --> 00:54:25,880
HERE WE HAVE THAT SLIDE.

1375
00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:28,440
SO YOU CAN SEE THE MINIMUM AND

1376
00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:29,840
MAXIMUM.

1377
00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:32,800
THESE ARE LOW LEVELS THAT WERE

1378
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:34,680
DETECTED.

1379
00:54:34,680 --> 00:54:36,080
BUT IF YOU LOOK AT SOME FOODS

1380
00:54:36,080 --> 00:54:42,760
THAT TEND TO BE GOOD SOURCES OF

1381
00:54:42,760 --> 00:54:53,320
FOLATE, COLLARDS, KALE, LETTUCE

1382
00:54:54,120 --> 00:54:58,640
AND SPINACH, THEY ARE COMING IN.

1383
00:54:58,640 --> 00:55:03,440
HERE IS THE RESULT FOR THE DAIRY

1384
00:55:03,440 --> 00:55:04,080
PRODUCTS.

1385
00:55:04,080 --> 00:55:05,840
BASICALLY, THERE WAS VERY LITTLE

1386
00:55:05,840 --> 00:55:07,400
OF THESE ELEMENTS DETECTED IN

1387
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:14,320
DAIRY PRODUCTS, AS YOU CAN SEE.

1388
00:55:14,320 --> 00:55:16,040
SO IN SUMMARY, WHAT I HOPE I

1389
00:55:16,040 --> 00:55:17,720
HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DESCRIBE TO

1390
00:55:17,720 --> 00:55:19,760
YOU IS THAT THERE ARE

1391
00:55:19,760 --> 00:55:21,600
NUTRITIONAL GAPS IDENTIFIED IN

1392
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:23,360
PREGNANT AND LACTATION.

1393
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,360
AND THOSE INCLUDE INADEQUATE

1394
00:55:25,360 --> 00:55:28,520
INTAKES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES,

1395
00:55:28,520 --> 00:55:31,000
DAIRY PRODUCTS, SEAFOODS.

1396
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:33,440
NUTRIENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1397
00:55:33,440 --> 00:55:37,240
CONCERNS ARE FOLIC ACID, IRON,

1398
00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:37,520
IODINE.

1399
00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:40,200
THUS, FOODS THAT NEED TO BE

1400
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:42,320
INCREASED DURING THIS TIME ARE

1401
00:55:42,320 --> 00:55:44,720
ALSO ONES THAT CONTAIN SOME OF

1402
00:55:44,720 --> 00:55:45,840
THESE CONTAMINANTS THAT WE'RE

1403
00:55:45,840 --> 00:55:47,840
MOST INTERESTED IN.

1404
00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:53,960
THAT CAN POSE A RISK TO THE

1405
00:55:53,960 --> 00:55:54,960
DEVELOPING FETUS AND CHILD.

1406
00:55:54,960 --> 00:55:56,120
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1407
00:55:56,120 --> 00:55:58,840
AND I THINK WE'RE GOING TO BE

1408
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:04,080
TAKING QUESTIONS AT THE END.

1409
00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:05,840
>>WE'LL HOLD QUESTIONS TO
THE

1410
00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:06,200
END.

1411
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,040
THANK YOU, THIS IS A WONDERFUL

1412
00:56:09,040 --> 00:56:10,040
PRESENTATION THAT

1413
00:56:10,040 --> 00:56:11,560
COMPREHENSIVELY TALKED ABOUT THE

1414
00:56:11,560 --> 00:56:14,520
CONCERNS IN THIS SPACE FOR

1415
00:56:14,520 --> 00:56:15,920
LACTATING AND PREGNANT

1416
00:56:15,920 --> 00:56:16,880
INDIVIDUALS.

1417
00:56:16,880 --> 00:56:19,480
WE WILL NOW TURN OUR ATTENTION

1418
00:56:19,480 --> 00:56:20,520
TO DR. DEWEY.

1419
00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:24,680
WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO YOUR

1420
00:56:24,680 --> 00:56:25,240
PRESENTATION.

1421
00:56:25,240 --> 00:56:28,760
PLEASE FEEL FREE TO SHARE YOUR

1422
00:56:28,760 --> 00:56:37,200
SLIDES. 

1423
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:38,480
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1424
00:56:38,480 --> 00:56:41,760
IT'S AN HONOR TO BE A PART OF

1425
00:56:41,760 --> 00:56:42,280
THIS WORKSHOP.

1426
00:56:42,280 --> 00:56:44,920
AS MENTIONED, I'LL BE TALKING

1427
00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:46,800
ABOUT THESE TOPICS FOR THE AGE

1428
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:50,080
PERIOD FROM BIRTH TO 5 YEARS OF

1429
00:56:50,080 --> 00:56:50,320
AGE.

1430
00:56:50,320 --> 00:56:53,120
I'D LIKE TO MENTION I HAVE NO

1431
00:56:53,120 --> 00:56:54,520
RELEVANT FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

1432
00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:57,520
WITH ANY COMMERCIAL INTERESTS ON

1433
00:56:57,520 --> 00:56:58,720
THIS TOPIC.

1434
00:56:58,720 --> 00:57:00,440
IN THIS PRESENTATION I'LL

1435
00:57:00,440 --> 00:57:03,560
BRIEFLY GO OVER THE DRIs FOR

1436
00:57:03,560 --> 00:57:05,960
0-5 YEARS OF AGE, AND DESCRIBE

1437
00:57:05,960 --> 00:57:08,040
THE NUTRIENTS THAT MAY BECOME

1438
00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:11,640
LIMITING BEFORE 6 MONTHS OF AGE

1439
00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:13,920
AND NUTRIENTS OF CONCERN AT 6-12

1440
00:57:13,920 --> 00:57:16,800
MONTHS, 1-5 YEARS OF AGE IN THE

1441
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:17,120
U.S.

1442
00:57:17,120 --> 00:57:20,320
I'LL MOVE TO KEY DIETARY SOURCES

1443
00:57:20,320 --> 00:57:21,920
TO SUPPORT CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

1444
00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:23,560
THEN COVER SOME DIETARY

1445
00:57:23,560 --> 00:57:25,320
GUIDELINES FOR THESE AGE GROUPS.

1446
00:57:25,320 --> 00:57:30,560
AND WRAP UP WITH SOME

1447
00:57:30,560 --> 00:57:31,840
CONCLUSIONS.

1448
00:57:31,840 --> 00:57:35,080
SO AS DESCRIBED, THE DIETARY

1449
00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:35,960
REFERENCE INTAKES INCLUDE RDA

1450
00:57:35,960 --> 00:57:39,800
VALUES FOR MANY BUT NOT ALL

1451
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:40,640
NUTRIENTS.

1452
00:57:40,640 --> 00:57:42,200
ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATE, ADEQUATE

1453
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:44,800
INTAKE, IS ESTABLISHED WHEN

1454
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,000
THERE'S INSUFFICIENT SCIENTIFIC

1455
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,160
EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH AN EAR.

1456
00:57:50,160 --> 00:57:54,120
IT'S USUALLY DEVELOPED BASED ON

1457
00:57:54,120 --> 00:57:55,080
INTAKE OF HEALTHY POPULATION.

1458
00:57:55,080 --> 00:58:00,000
BIRTH TO 5 YEARS OF AGE, WE HAVE

1459
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:01,480
LESS INFORMATION ON NUTRIENT

1460
00:58:01,480 --> 00:58:02,200
REQUIREMENTS THAN AT OTHER

1461
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:06,560
STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE.

1462
00:58:06,560 --> 00:58:08,280
SO FOR 0-6 MONTHS, FOR EXAMPLE,

1463
00:58:08,280 --> 00:58:11,520
ALL OF THE DRI VALUES ARE

1464
00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:12,320
ADEQUATE INTAKE VALUES.

1465
00:58:12,320 --> 00:58:18,080
THEY ARE BASED ON ESTIMATED

1466
00:58:18,080 --> 00:58:23,840
INTAKE OF EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED

1467
00:58:23,840 --> 00:58:24,240
INFANTS.

1468
00:58:24,240 --> 00:58:32,320
6-12 MONTHS RDA FOR IRON, ZINC,

1469
00:58:32,320 --> 00:58:37,680
PROTEIN, ALL OTHERS ARE

1470
00:58:37,680 --> 00:58:37,920
ESTIMATED.

1471
00:58:37,920 --> 00:58:40,720
1-3 AND 4-8 YEARS WE HAVE RDAs

1472
00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:41,840
FOR MOST NUTRIENTS.

1473
00:58:41,840 --> 00:58:44,560
BUT THERE ARE SOME FOR WHICH WE

1474
00:58:44,560 --> 00:58:46,400
ONLY HAVE ADEQUATE INTAKE

1475
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:46,640
VALUES.

1476
00:58:46,640 --> 00:58:50,440
THOSE ARE LISTED AT THE BOTTOM

1477
00:58:50,440 --> 00:58:51,880
OF THE SLIDE.

1478
00:58:51,880 --> 00:58:54,640
LET'S START WITH THE FIRST 6

1479
00:58:54,640 --> 00:58:55,720
MONTHS WHEN EXCLUSIVE

1480
00:58:55,720 --> 00:58:57,920
BREASTFEEDING IS RECOMMENDED.

1481
00:58:57,920 --> 00:58:59,800
HUMAN MILK IS NORMALLY AN

1482
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:01,680
ADEQUATE SOURCE OF ALL REQUIRED

1483
00:59:01,680 --> 00:59:04,000
NUTRIENTS, BUT THERE ARE SOME

1484
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:06,480
THAT MAY BECOME LIMITING PRIOR

1485
00:59:06,480 --> 00:59:08,600
TO 6 MONTHS DEPENDING ON THE

1486
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:08,880
SITUATION.

1487
00:59:08,880 --> 00:59:12,040
FIRST ONE I'D LIKE TO MENTION IS

1488
00:59:12,040 --> 00:59:12,560
IRON.

1489
00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:13,560
HUMAN MILK HAS RELATIVELY LITTLE

1490
00:59:13,560 --> 00:59:14,680
IRON IN IT.

1491
00:59:14,680 --> 00:59:16,760
THIS MAY BE FOR ADAPTIVE REASONS

1492
00:59:16,760 --> 00:59:20,840
THAT I WON'T HAVE TIME TO GET

1493
00:59:20,840 --> 00:59:21,720
INTO.

1494
00:59:21,720 --> 00:59:23,600
BUT INFANTS RELY ON BODY IRON

1495
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:24,880
STORES AT BIRTH TO PROVIDE MOST

1496
00:59:24,880 --> 00:59:30,440
IRON NEEDED IN THE FIRST SIX

1497
00:59:30,440 --> 00:59:30,680
MONTHS.

1498
00:59:30,680 --> 00:59:32,760
BODY IRON AT BIRTH IS HIGHLY

1499
00:59:32,760 --> 00:59:33,200
VARIABLE.

1500
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:34,960
THERE ARE QUESTIONS ABOUT

1501
00:59:34,960 --> 00:59:38,400
WHETHER ZINC MAY BECOME LIMITING

1502
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:40,320
BEFORE 6 MONTHS AS WELL AS

1503
00:59:40,320 --> 00:59:42,600
VITAMIN D WHICH DEPENDS ON

1504
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:44,560
MATERNAL VITAMIN D STATUS AND

1505
00:59:44,560 --> 00:59:49,080
SUN EXPOSURE OF BOTH MOTHER AND

1506
00:59:49,080 --> 00:59:52,000
BABY AND THERE MAY BE OTHER

1507
00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:53,640
VITAMINS AND POSSIBLY IODINE

1508
00:59:53,640 --> 00:59:56,520
THAT COULD BE LIMITS IF THE

1509
00:59:56,520 --> 00:59:58,240
MOTHER'S DIET IS INADEQUATE.

1510
00:59:58,240 --> 01:00:00,040
SO LET'S FOCUS ON IRON BECAUSE

1511
01:00:00,040 --> 01:00:02,480
IT'S SUCH A CRITICAL NUTRIENT

1512
01:00:02,480 --> 01:00:03,280
FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

1513
01:00:03,280 --> 01:00:05,960
THIS IS A FIGURE THAT

1514
01:00:05,960 --> 01:00:08,320
ILLUSTRATES HOW LONG WE CAN

1515
01:00:08,320 --> 01:00:11,480
PREDICT BODY IRON AT BIRTH MIGHT

1516
01:00:11,480 --> 01:00:11,680
LAST.

1517
01:00:11,680 --> 01:00:13,560
THIS IS BASED ON THE BIRTH

1518
01:00:13,560 --> 01:00:16,840
WEIGHT OF THE CHILD AND TIMING

1519
01:00:16,840 --> 01:00:18,320
OF UMBILICAL CORD CLAMPING WHICH

1520
01:00:18,320 --> 01:00:20,480
CAN HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON

1521
01:00:20,480 --> 01:00:23,320
THE AMOUNT OF IRON THE BABY HAS

1522
01:00:23,320 --> 01:00:24,320
RIGHT AFTER BIRTH.

1523
01:00:24,320 --> 01:00:27,160
THE RED LINE HERE IS THE

1524
01:00:27,160 --> 01:00:29,120
REFERENCE BODY IRON NEEDED TO

1525
01:00:29,120 --> 01:00:32,320
MEET DESIRABLE TISSUE AND

1526
01:00:32,320 --> 01:00:33,840
CIRCULATING IRON.

1527
01:00:33,840 --> 01:00:35,840
SO IN THE FIRST LINE THIS WILL

1528
01:00:35,840 --> 01:00:38,880
BE A BABY BORN AT 3.2 KILOGRAMS,

1529
01:00:38,880 --> 01:00:41,240
A LITTLE BIT LOW, WITH EARLY

1530
01:00:41,240 --> 01:00:43,440
CORD CLAMPING.

1531
01:00:43,440 --> 01:00:44,920
IN THAT SITUATION, THERE ARE

1532
01:00:44,920 --> 01:00:47,240
PREDICTED IRON STORES WILL LAST

1533
01:00:47,240 --> 01:00:48,320
FOR ONLY 3 MONTHS.

1534
01:00:48,320 --> 01:00:50,840
BUT IF YOU THEN HAVE A CHILD AT

1535
01:00:50,840 --> 01:00:58,360
THE SAME BIRTH WEIGHT WITH

1536
01:00:58,360 --> 01:01:00,880
DELAYED CLAMPING, IT IS 6

1537
01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:01,120
MONTHS.

1538
01:01:01,120 --> 01:01:02,320
LARGER BIRTH WEIGHT BABY EARLY

1539
01:01:02,320 --> 01:01:05,160
CLAMPING IT WOULD LAST FOR 4

1540
01:01:05,160 --> 01:01:05,400
MONTHS.

1541
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:08,560
LAST SCENARIO OF A LARGER BABY

1542
01:01:08,560 --> 01:01:10,400
WITH DELAYED CORD CLAMPING IRON

1543
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:12,920
STORES SHOULD LAST FOR AT LEAST

1544
01:01:12,920 --> 01:01:14,880
8 MONTHS.

1545
01:01:14,880 --> 01:01:17,000
THESE FACTORS ARE EXTREMELY

1546
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,200
IMPORTANT IN INDICATING WHETHER

1547
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:23,640
BODY IRON WILL LAST THROUGHOUT

1548
01:01:23,640 --> 01:01:24,640
THE FIRST 6 MONTHS.

1549
01:01:24,640 --> 01:01:27,520
AFTER 6 MONTHS OF AGE, THIS

1550
01:01:27,520 --> 01:01:30,200
SLIDE SHOWS ESTIMATED AVERAGE

1551
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:33,000
REQUIREMENT AND RDA FROM TWO

1552
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:33,200
SOURCES.

1553
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,600
AND I'D LIKE TO POINT OUT THAT

1554
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:43,240
FOR THE RDA, THE VALUES HAVE THE

1555
01:01:43,240 --> 01:01:46,120
SAME BETWEEN INSTITUTE OF

1556
01:01:46,120 --> 01:01:47,280
MEDICINE AND EUROPEAN AUTHORITY,

1557
01:01:47,280 --> 01:01:53,000
11 AT 6 TO 12, AND 7 AT 12 TO 24

1558
01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:53,480
MONTHS.

1559
01:01:53,480 --> 01:01:55,800
THE IMPORTANT TO NOTE NEEDS ARE

1560
01:01:55,800 --> 01:01:57,680
HIGHER IN INFANCY THAN

1561
01:01:57,680 --> 01:01:58,000
SUBSEQUENTLY.

1562
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:01,840
THIS IS BECAUSE OF VERY RAPID

1563
01:02:01,840 --> 01:02:02,800
EXPANSION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND

1564
01:02:02,800 --> 01:02:06,360
HEMOGLOBIN NEEDS THAT REQUIRE

1565
01:02:06,360 --> 01:02:06,920
IRON.

1566
01:02:06,920 --> 01:02:13,840
NOW, THESE ESTIMATES ASSUME 10%

1567
01:02:13,840 --> 01:02:15,800
ABSORPTION BUT ABSORPTION FROM

1568
01:02:15,800 --> 01:02:18,200
PLANT-BASED FOODS IS LIKELY TO

1569
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:22,240
BE LESS THAN THAT.

1570
01:02:22,240 --> 01:02:24,720
AND LASTLY, WE'VE LEARNED FOR

1571
01:02:24,720 --> 01:02:26,720
BREASTFED INFANTS ACHIEVING

1572
01:02:26,720 --> 01:02:28,840
ADEQUATE INTAKE AT 6 TO 12

1573
01:02:28,840 --> 01:02:30,120
MONTHS IS CHALLENGING.

1574
01:02:30,120 --> 01:02:31,640
THEY NEED TO CONSUME

1575
01:02:31,640 --> 01:02:35,160
COMPLEMENTARY FOODS WITH HIGH

1576
01:02:35,160 --> 01:02:37,200
IRON DENSITY, OR IRON FORTIFIED

1577
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:37,760
FOODS.

1578
01:02:37,760 --> 01:02:43,880
I'LL GET INTO THAT IN DETAIL

1579
01:02:43,880 --> 01:02:44,280
LATER.

1580
01:02:44,280 --> 01:02:46,280
NOW, ANNA MARIA TALKED ABOUT

1581
01:02:46,280 --> 01:02:48,280
NUTRIENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH,

1582
01:02:48,280 --> 01:02:50,360
RELEVANCE, DEFINED BY DIETARY

1583
01:02:50,360 --> 01:02:51,040
GUIDELINES ADVISORY COMMITTEE

1584
01:02:51,040 --> 01:02:53,440
FROM 2020.

1585
01:02:53,440 --> 01:02:55,440
THIS TABLE SHOWS PROPOSED

1586
01:02:55,440 --> 01:02:57,480
DEFINITIONS FOR FOUR CATEGORIES

1587
01:02:57,480 --> 01:02:59,880
OF NUTRIENTS THAT WE MIGHT BE

1588
01:02:59,880 --> 01:03:01,400
THINKING ABOUT.

1589
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:04,600
THEY COULD BE UNDERCONSUMED,

1590
01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:05,560
OVERCONSUMED, COULD BE

1591
01:03:05,560 --> 01:03:08,120
IDENTIFIED AS NUTRIENTS OF

1592
01:03:08,120 --> 01:03:10,320
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN, WHICH

1593
01:03:10,320 --> 01:03:11,720
MEANS THERE'S SUPPORTING

1594
01:03:11,720 --> 01:03:13,240
EVIDENCE THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL

1595
01:03:13,240 --> 01:03:18,200
INDICES OR FUNCTIONAL STATUS

1596
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:19,720
INDICATORS, THAT CONFIRM DATA.

1597
01:03:19,720 --> 01:03:22,800
LASTLY A CATEGORY THAT OUR

1598
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:23,840
NUTRIENTS THAT POSE SPECIAL

1599
01:03:23,840 --> 01:03:24,160
CHALLENGES.

1600
01:03:24,160 --> 01:03:26,240
THESE ARE THOSE FOR WHICH IT'S

1601
01:03:26,240 --> 01:03:28,680
DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY THE

1602
01:03:28,680 --> 01:03:31,520
AT-RISK GROUPS OR FOR WHICH

1603
01:03:31,520 --> 01:03:33,960
DIETARY GUIDANCE COULD MAKE

1604
01:03:33,960 --> 01:03:37,360
INTAKE LEVELS BUT CHALLENGING TO

1605
01:03:37,360 --> 01:03:37,800
DEVELOP.

1606
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:40,440
I'D LIKE TO GO THROUGH THE AGE

1607
01:03:40,440 --> 01:03:43,480
GROUPS FROM 0-5 YEARS.

1608
01:03:43,480 --> 01:03:44,680
STARTING WITH 6-12 MONTHS, IN

1609
01:03:44,680 --> 01:03:46,880
THE CATEGORY OF NUTRIENTS OF

1610
01:03:46,880 --> 01:03:49,000
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN, THERE WAS

1611
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:54,400
ONE NUTRIENT IDENTIFIED AND THAT

1612
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:57,240
WAS IRON AMONG INFANTS FED HUMAN

1613
01:03:57,240 --> 01:03:57,680
MILK.

1614
01:03:57,680 --> 01:04:01,400
77% HAD INTAKES LESS THAN THE

1615
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:03,080
ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT OF

1616
01:04:03,080 --> 01:04:05,040
6.9 MILLIGRAMS PER DAY.

1617
01:04:05,040 --> 01:04:06,560
IN ADDITION BIOMARKER DATA

1618
01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:09,080
INDICATED IRON DEFICIENCY IN

1619
01:04:09,080 --> 01:04:10,720
OLDER AGE GROUPS.

1620
01:04:10,720 --> 01:04:13,560
YOU CAN SEE HERE BASED ON

1621
01:04:13,560 --> 01:04:16,840
FERRITIN OF LESS THAN 12 THAT

1622
01:04:16,840 --> 01:04:20,800
13% OF TODDLERS 1 TO 2 YEARS OF

1623
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:22,320
AGE WERE IRON DEFICIENT.

1624
01:04:22,320 --> 01:04:25,560
BY CONTRAST THE MEAN IRON INTAKE

1625
01:04:25,560 --> 01:04:30,440
OF FORMULA OR MIXED FED INFANTS

1626
01:04:30,440 --> 01:04:32,920
IS HIGH, 17 MILLIGRAMS PER DAY

1627
01:04:32,920 --> 01:04:38,000
ON AVERAGE, NOT MEETING

1628
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:39,280
CRITERION RELATIVE TO UPPER

1629
01:04:39,280 --> 01:04:42,920
LEVEL BUT EXCESS IRON INTAKE IS

1630
01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:43,240
A CONCERN.

1631
01:04:43,240 --> 01:04:45,680
IT'S NOTEWORTHY THE IRON CONTENT

1632
01:04:45,680 --> 01:04:46,760
OF FORMULA IS MOST COMMONLY USED

1633
01:04:46,760 --> 01:04:50,760
IN THE U.S. IS RELATIVELY HIGH,

1634
01:04:50,760 --> 01:04:55,200
ABOUT 40 TIMES THE IRON CONTENT

1635
01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:57,080
OF HUMAN MILK.

1636
01:04:57,080 --> 01:04:59,520
NOW, THERE WERE SOME NUTRIENTS

1637
01:04:59,520 --> 01:05:01,080
ALSO IDENTIFIED AS POSING

1638
01:05:01,080 --> 01:05:05,240
SPECIAL CHALLENGES FROM 6 TO 12

1639
01:05:05,240 --> 01:05:06,160
MONTHS.

1640
01:05:06,160 --> 01:05:08,560
INCLUDING POTASSIUM, VITAMIN D,

1641
01:05:08,560 --> 01:05:09,680
CHOLINE, FOR ALL INFANTS.

1642
01:05:09,680 --> 01:05:12,960
TABLE SHOWS THE MEAN INTAKE FROM

1643
01:05:12,960 --> 01:05:17,560
ALL SOURCES BY FEEDING GROUP.

1644
01:05:17,560 --> 01:05:23,360
YOU CAN SEE THAT POTASSIUM, 700

1645
01:05:23,360 --> 01:05:26,880
WAS BELOW THE A.I.

1646
01:05:26,880 --> 01:05:31,160
FOR VITAMIN D HUMAN MILK FED AND

1647
01:05:31,160 --> 01:05:34,640
FORMULA FED INTAKES BELOW A.I.

1648
01:05:34,640 --> 01:05:35,920
SAME FOR CHOLINE.

1649
01:05:35,920 --> 01:05:40,960
IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT WHAT

1650
01:05:40,960 --> 01:05:43,080
THESE NUTRIENTS THERE ARE NO

1651
01:05:43,080 --> 01:05:45,080
RDAs SO WE'RE NOT CERTAIN

1652
01:05:45,080 --> 01:05:47,000
ABOUT WHETHER THESE ARE TRULY

1653
01:05:47,000 --> 01:05:47,720
INADEQUATE.

1654
01:05:47,720 --> 01:05:51,480
WE ALSO HAVE NO CLINICAL OR

1655
01:05:51,480 --> 01:05:53,440
BIOCHEMICAL DATA AT THIS AGE

1656
01:05:53,440 --> 01:05:55,400
THAT ARE NATIONAL TO CONFIRM THE

1657
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:59,360
CONCERN ABOUT THEM BEING LOW.

1658
01:05:59,360 --> 01:06:02,120
NOW, FROM 1 TO 5 YEARS OF AGE,

1659
01:06:02,120 --> 01:06:04,200
THERE WERE SEVERAL NUTRIENTS

1660
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,840
THAT WERE IDENTIFIED AS BEING

1661
01:06:07,840 --> 01:06:09,000
UNDERCONSUMED, OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1662
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:09,320
CONCERN.

1663
01:06:09,320 --> 01:06:15,840
ON THE LEFT I'M SHOWING A FIGURE

1664
01:06:15,840 --> 01:06:19,600
FOR D AND CALCIUM, BELOW EAR, SO

1665
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:21,320
THIS WOULD BE PERCENTAGE THAT

1666
01:06:21,320 --> 01:06:24,240
WERE CONSIDERED DEFICIENT IN

1667
01:06:24,240 --> 01:06:24,600
DIETARY INTAKE.

1668
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:26,200
IT'S A HIGH PERCENTAGE FOR

1669
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:31,120
VITAMIN D AT ALL THREE AGE

1670
01:06:31,120 --> 01:06:31,400
RANGES HERE.

1671
01:06:31,400 --> 01:06:33,240
CALCIUM, NOT SO MUCH FOR 1 TO 2

1672
01:06:33,240 --> 01:06:38,480
AND 2 TO 3 YEARS, BUT BY 4 TO 6

1673
01:06:38,480 --> 01:06:39,440
YEARS APPROXIMATELY 30% OF

1674
01:06:39,440 --> 01:06:42,360
CHILDREN WITH INTAKES THAT ARE

1675
01:06:42,360 --> 01:06:42,640
LOW.

1676
01:06:42,640 --> 01:06:45,600
ON THE RIGHT ARE PERCENTAGE OF

1677
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:48,320
CHILDREN WHOSE INTAKE IS AT OR

1678
01:06:48,320 --> 01:06:51,440
ABOVE THE ADEQUATE INTAKE LEVEL

1679
01:06:51,440 --> 01:06:53,080
FOR POTASSIUM AND FIBER.

1680
01:06:53,080 --> 01:06:56,680
FOR POTASSIUM YOU CAN SEE THAT

1681
01:06:56,680 --> 01:07:00,160
ABOUT 50% ARE ABOVE THE A.I. OR

1682
01:07:00,160 --> 01:07:02,080
ARE ADEQUATE, IN THE 1 TO 2 AND

1683
01:07:02,080 --> 01:07:04,640
2 TO 3 YEAR AGE GROUP.

1684
01:07:04,640 --> 01:07:07,240
AND IT'S A LITTLE BIT LOWER FOR

1685
01:07:07,240 --> 01:07:08,680
4 TO 6 YEARS.

1686
01:07:08,680 --> 01:07:11,880
FOR FIBER, YOU CAN SEE VIRTUALLY

1687
01:07:11,880 --> 01:07:15,040
NONE OF THE CHILDREN HAD INTAKES

1688
01:07:15,040 --> 01:07:16,480
ABOVE A.I.

1689
01:07:16,480 --> 01:07:19,320
VIRTUALLY EVERYONE IS LOW IN

1690
01:07:19,320 --> 01:07:20,280
FIBER.

1691
01:07:20,280 --> 01:07:23,480
THERE WERE SOME NUTRIENTS ALSO

1692
01:07:23,480 --> 01:07:25,240
IDENTIFIED AS BEING OVERCONSUMED

1693
01:07:25,240 --> 01:07:27,840
OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS,

1694
01:07:27,840 --> 01:07:28,840
INCLUDING SODIUM, ADDED SUGARS

1695
01:07:28,840 --> 01:07:31,160
ABOVE 1 YEAR OF AGE, SATURATED

1696
01:07:31,160 --> 01:07:36,880
FAT ABOVE 2 YEARS OF AGE.

1697
01:07:36,880 --> 01:07:38,080
THERE WERE SEVERAL NUTRIENTS

1698
01:07:38,080 --> 01:07:40,880
THAT WERE IDENTIFIED AS POSING

1699
01:07:40,880 --> 01:07:42,320
SPECIAL CHALLENGES FROM 1-5

1700
01:07:42,320 --> 01:07:42,560
YEARS.

1701
01:07:42,560 --> 01:07:45,600
THIS FIGURE AT THE TOP IS FOR

1702
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:47,880
CHOLINE, ABOVE 1 YEAR OF AGE.

1703
01:07:47,880 --> 01:07:51,160
IN TERMS OF ADEQUATE INTAKE

1704
01:07:51,160 --> 01:07:53,160
VALUE, ONLY ABOUT 50% OF

1705
01:07:53,160 --> 01:07:55,240
CHILDREN AT 1-2 AND 2-3 YEARS

1706
01:07:55,240 --> 01:07:58,160
HAD INTAKES ABOVE THAT LEVEL.

1707
01:07:58,160 --> 01:08:02,000
LESS THAN 30% OF CHILDREN AT 4-6

1708
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:11,080
HAD INTAKES ABOVE THE ADEQUATE

1709
01:08:11,080 --> 01:08:11,760
INTAKE.

1710
01:08:11,760 --> 01:08:13,600
LINOLEIC ACID POSED A SPECIAL

1711
01:08:13,600 --> 01:08:15,640
CHALLENGE, INTAKE DATA WAS NOT

1712
01:08:15,640 --> 01:08:16,320
AVAILABLE.

1713
01:08:16,320 --> 01:08:19,600
FOR BOTH OF THESE, ONLY ADEQUATE

1714
01:08:19,600 --> 01:08:22,560
INTAKES VALUES ARE AVAILABLE, NO

1715
01:08:22,560 --> 01:08:23,920
RDAs, NO CLINICAL BIOMARKER

1716
01:08:23,920 --> 01:08:26,040
DATA ARE AVAILABLE THAT ARE

1717
01:08:26,040 --> 01:08:32,080
NATIONAL IN SCOPE TO CONFIRM THE

1718
01:08:32,080 --> 01:08:32,360
CONCERN.

1719
01:08:32,360 --> 01:08:35,320
I'D LIKE TO MENTION THERE MAY BE

1720
01:08:35,320 --> 01:08:39,400
LOW INTAKE OF DHA ALONG THE

1721
01:08:39,400 --> 01:08:43,760
CHAIN OF POLY UN-- A LONG CHAIN

1722
01:08:43,760 --> 01:08:45,640
POLY UNSATURATED ACID IMPORTANT

1723
01:08:45,640 --> 01:08:48,040
FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

1724
01:08:48,040 --> 01:08:50,640
THIS SHOWS MEDIAN 16 TO 17

1725
01:08:50,640 --> 01:08:54,760
MILLIGRAMS PER DAY, FAR BELOW

1726
01:08:54,760 --> 01:08:57,680
THE RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF 70-100

1727
01:08:57,680 --> 01:09:00,960
PER DAY FROM TWO SOURCES IN

1728
01:09:00,960 --> 01:09:01,200
EUROPE.

1729
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:03,840
WE DON'T HAVE A COMPARABLE

1730
01:09:03,840 --> 01:09:06,880
RECOMMENDATION FOR THE U.S.

1731
01:09:06,880 --> 01:09:09,840
BUT IT'S SOMETHING TO MAKE NOTE

1732
01:09:09,840 --> 01:09:14,440
OF IN TERMS OF CONSEQUENCES FOR

1733
01:09:14,440 --> 01:09:15,760
CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

1734
01:09:15,760 --> 01:09:18,480
SO MOVING TO THE NEXT TOPIC, KEY

1735
01:09:18,480 --> 01:09:23,520
DIETARY SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS TO

1736
01:09:23,520 --> 01:09:24,720
SUPPORT CHILD DEVELOPMENT FIRST

1737
01:09:24,720 --> 01:09:26,360
GOAL IS TO IDENTIFY WHICH

1738
01:09:26,360 --> 01:09:27,520
NUTRIENTS ARE MOST CRITICAL FOR

1739
01:09:27,520 --> 01:09:28,720
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT.

1740
01:09:28,720 --> 01:09:30,760
THIS IS A TABLE ADAPTED FROM A

1741
01:09:30,760 --> 01:09:33,040
PAPER WE PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF

1742
01:09:33,040 --> 01:09:37,120
YEARS AGO, BUT I THINK IS STILL

1743
01:09:37,120 --> 01:09:39,960
RELEVANT, WHICH SHOWS FIVE

1744
01:09:39,960 --> 01:09:41,920
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF BRAIN

1745
01:09:41,920 --> 01:09:43,320
DEVELOPMENT FOR WHICH SOME

1746
01:09:43,320 --> 01:09:45,120
NUTRIENTS ARE QUITE IMPORTANT.

1747
01:09:45,120 --> 01:09:48,000
IF THERE'S A CHECK MARK IT MEANS

1748
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:49,600
THE NUTRIENT ON THE LEFT HAS A

1749
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:53,280
ROLE TO PLAY IN THAT PROCESS.

1750
01:09:53,280 --> 01:09:55,600
NUTRIENTS LISTED HERE INCLUDE

1751
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,440
FATTY ACIDS, LONG CHAIN POLY

1752
01:09:59,440 --> 01:10:03,240
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, IRON,

1753
01:10:03,240 --> 01:10:06,240
IODINE, ZINC, CHOLINE, CERTAIN B

1754
01:10:06,240 --> 01:10:06,800
VITAMINS.

1755
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:10,080
THESE ARE INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE

1756
01:10:10,080 --> 01:10:11,720
ASPECTS OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT.

1757
01:10:11,720 --> 01:10:13,600
IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE THE

1758
01:10:13,600 --> 01:10:15,720
TIMING OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IS

1759
01:10:15,720 --> 01:10:16,200
IMPORTANT.

1760
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:21,560
THIS IS A FIGURE THAT SHOWS THAT

1761
01:10:21,560 --> 01:10:23,520
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT STARTS AT THE

1762
01:10:23,520 --> 01:10:24,520
TIME OF CONCEPTION.

1763
01:10:24,520 --> 01:10:28,640
THERE ARE SEVERAL THINGS GOING

1764
01:10:28,640 --> 01:10:31,320
ON DURING GESTATION THAT ARE

1765
01:10:31,320 --> 01:10:31,600
CRITICAL.

1766
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:36,320
AFTER BIRTH YOU CAN SEE LINES IN

1767
01:10:36,320 --> 01:10:39,640
GREEN SHOWING ASPECTS OF BRAIN

1768
01:10:39,640 --> 01:10:42,360
DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS MYELINATION.

1769
01:10:42,360 --> 01:10:43,880
THESE PROCESSES THAT OCCUR IN

1770
01:10:43,880 --> 01:10:46,840
THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE ARE

1771
01:10:46,840 --> 01:10:50,120
CRITICAL FOR SEEING AND HEARING,

1772
01:10:50,120 --> 01:10:51,880
FOR RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE AND

1773
01:10:51,880 --> 01:10:54,280
SPEECH PRODUCTION, AND FOR THE

1774
01:10:54,280 --> 01:10:57,200
EARLY STAGES OF HIGHER COGNITIVE

1775
01:10:57,200 --> 01:10:57,560
FUNCTION.

1776
01:10:57,560 --> 01:10:59,520
IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE

1777
01:10:59,520 --> 01:11:02,400
THOUGH THAT DEVELOPMENT OF THOSE

1778
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:04,000
HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

1779
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:05,200
CONTINUES TO OCCUR WELL AFTER

1780
01:11:05,200 --> 01:11:09,800
THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE.

1781
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:13,000
FULL FUNCTION IS NOT ACHIEVED

1782
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:16,280
UNTIL CLOSER TO ADULTHOOD.

1783
01:11:16,280 --> 01:11:17,480
CLEARLY THE FIRST THOUSAND DAYS

1784
01:11:17,480 --> 01:11:20,440
AS WE CALL IT FROM CONCEPTION TO

1785
01:11:20,440 --> 01:11:24,800
2 YEARS OF LIFE IS ABSOLUTELY

1786
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:25,080
CRITICAL.

1787
01:11:25,080 --> 01:11:27,320
I'D LIKE TO MENTION MORE ABOUT

1788
01:11:27,320 --> 01:11:28,080
IRON AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

1789
01:11:28,080 --> 01:11:30,360
BECAUSE IT IS A NUTRIENT OF

1790
01:11:30,360 --> 01:11:32,000
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN, AND IT'S

1791
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:34,200
STRONGLY RELATED TO CHILD

1792
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:34,720
DEVELOPMENT.

1793
01:11:34,720 --> 01:11:36,800
I WON'T READ ALL THE TEXT TO

1794
01:11:36,800 --> 01:11:39,200
SAVE TIME BUT THE SLIDE SHOULD

1795
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:40,760
BE AVAILABLE LATER ON.

1796
01:11:40,760 --> 01:11:43,400
WHAT I'D LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT IS

1797
01:11:43,400 --> 01:11:46,440
THAT BOTH ANIMAL MODELS AND

1798
01:11:46,440 --> 01:11:52,920
HUMAN STUDIES SHOW RELATIONSHIP

1799
01:11:52,920 --> 01:11:54,800
BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY IN

1800
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:55,520
INFANCY AND IMPAIRED BRAIN

1801
01:11:55,520 --> 01:11:56,360
DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION.

1802
01:11:56,360 --> 01:12:01,040
IN HUMANS WE HAVE GOOD EVIDENCE

1803
01:12:01,040 --> 01:12:02,200
FOR INFANTS AND PRESCHOOLERS ON

1804
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:11,840
THE CONSEQUENCES OF BOTH IRON

1805
01:12:11,840 --> 01:12:12,840
DEFICIENCY.

1806
01:12:12,840 --> 01:12:13,800
EVIDENCE FROM BOTH SOURCES

1807
01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:17,120
SUGGESTS THERE ARE CRITICAL

1808
01:12:17,120 --> 01:12:19,520
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT WHEREBY

1809
01:12:19,520 --> 01:12:20,520
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF IRON

1810
01:12:20,520 --> 01:12:24,600
DEFICIENCY IN EARLY LIFE SEEM TO

1811
01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:29,360
PERSIST DESPITE IRON REPLETION.

1812
01:12:29,360 --> 01:12:31,800
PRESENTING IN INFANCY SHOULD BE

1813
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:32,520
A TOP PRIORITY.

1814
01:12:32,520 --> 01:12:38,560
IT MAY BE TOO LATE TO PROVIDE

1815
01:12:38,560 --> 01:12:40,440
IRON AFTER THAT PERIOD IF YOU'RE

1816
01:12:40,440 --> 01:12:43,000
HOPING TO RESTORE FULL

1817
01:12:43,000 --> 01:12:51,600
DEVELOPMENT. 

1818
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:53,240
I WON'T GO INTO DETAILS BUT IT

1819
01:12:53,240 --> 01:12:56,000
HAS TO DO WITH THE FACT THAT THE

1820
01:12:56,000 --> 01:12:58,920
ABSORPTION OF LEAD MAY BE

1821
01:12:58,920 --> 01:12:59,640
INCREASED DURING IRON

1822
01:12:59,640 --> 01:13:02,720
DEFICIENCY, IRON AND LEAD SHARE

1823
01:13:02,720 --> 01:13:04,640
A COMMON INTESTINAL TRANSPORTER

1824
01:13:04,640 --> 01:13:08,360
THAT IS UPREGULATED DURING IRON

1825
01:13:08,360 --> 01:13:09,160
DEFICIENCY.

1826
01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:11,760
I'D LIKE TO MENTION THAT EXCESS

1827
01:13:11,760 --> 01:13:13,200
IRON DURING INFANCY MAY BE

1828
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:16,320
RELATED TO LOWER DEVELOP MENTAL

1829
01:13:16,320 --> 01:13:19,480
SCORES AT LATER AGES.

1830
01:13:19,480 --> 01:13:22,640
THERE'S A VERY USEFUL STUDY FROM

1831
01:13:22,640 --> 01:13:25,400
CHILE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED

1832
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:27,080
TRIAL THAT ILLUSTRATED THAT

1833
01:13:27,080 --> 01:13:30,120
INFANTS EXPOSED TO IRON

1834
01:13:30,120 --> 01:13:33,200
FORTIFIED FORMULA SCORED LOWER

1835
01:13:33,200 --> 01:13:34,120
ON SEVERAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL

1836
01:13:34,120 --> 01:13:35,960
MEASURES AT 10 YEARS AND 16

1837
01:13:35,960 --> 01:13:38,240
YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO THOSE

1838
01:13:38,240 --> 01:13:40,120
RANDOMIZED TO LOW IRON FORMULA.

1839
01:13:40,120 --> 01:13:46,960
I THINK WE NEED TO FOLLOW UP

1840
01:13:46,960 --> 01:13:48,520
WITH ADDITIONAL RESEARCH ON

1841
01:13:48,520 --> 01:13:51,360
POTENTIAL RISK OF EXCESS IRON AT

1842
01:13:51,360 --> 01:13:52,000
THIS AGE.

1843
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:54,640
WHAT ARE KEY DIETARY SOURCES TO

1844
01:13:54,640 --> 01:13:55,080
SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT?

1845
01:13:55,080 --> 01:13:57,240
ITEMS ON THE LEFT ARE THOSE THAT

1846
01:13:57,240 --> 01:14:00,760
ARE HIGH IN IRON DENSITY.

1847
01:14:00,760 --> 01:14:04,360
YOU CAN SEE MANY ARE MEATS AND

1848
01:14:04,360 --> 01:14:05,040
SEAFOODS.

1849
01:14:05,040 --> 01:14:07,240
THERE ARE SOME FRUITS AND

1850
01:14:07,240 --> 01:14:08,200
VEGETABLES AS WELL.

1851
01:14:08,200 --> 01:14:11,680
IT'S ALSO I THINK IMPORTANT TO

1852
01:14:11,680 --> 01:14:16,080
NOTE THAT MEATS AND SEAFOODS

1853
01:14:16,080 --> 01:14:20,680
HERE, INFANTS TEND NOT TO BE

1854
01:14:20,680 --> 01:14:27,000
CONSUMERS OF ITEMS LISTED.

1855
01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:27,880
CHOLINE, PARTICULARLY LIVER AND

1856
01:14:27,880 --> 01:14:28,080
EGGS.

1857
01:14:28,080 --> 01:14:30,960
THERE ARE A FEW FRUITS AND

1858
01:14:30,960 --> 01:14:35,880
VEGETABLES ALSO RELATIVELY HIGH

1859
01:14:35,880 --> 01:14:37,400
IN CHOLINE.

1860
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:40,480
ANIMAL SOURCES DOMINATE FOODS

1861
01:14:40,480 --> 01:14:41,880
HIGH IN ZINC.

1862
01:14:41,880 --> 01:14:45,600
AND THERE ARE SOME, AGAIN,

1863
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:46,560
PLANT-BASED FOODS RELATIVELY

1864
01:14:46,560 --> 01:14:50,520
HIGH IN ZINC BUT WE HAVE TO

1865
01:14:50,520 --> 01:14:55,560
CONSIDER WHETHER BIOAVAILABILITY

1866
01:14:55,560 --> 01:14:59,080
MIGHT BE REDUCED BECAUSE OF

1867
01:14:59,080 --> 01:14:59,600
(INDISCERNIBLE) CONTENT.

1868
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:04,120
ON THE RIGHT, KEY SOURCES OF

1869
01:15:04,120 --> 01:15:06,080
FATTY ACID.

1870
01:15:06,080 --> 01:15:09,600
PRECURSORS ARE ABUNDANT IN SEEDS

1871
01:15:09,600 --> 01:15:11,880
AND VEGETABLE OILS, CONVERTED TO

1872
01:15:11,880 --> 01:15:20,080
LONGER CHAIN POLY UNSATURATED

1873
01:15:20,080 --> 01:15:21,160
FATTY ACIDS EPA AND DHA PRESENT

1874
01:15:21,160 --> 01:15:26,480
IN FISH AND OTHER SEAFOODS.

1875
01:15:26,480 --> 01:15:29,960
I'D LIKE TO DIVE IN ON IRON AS A

1876
01:15:29,960 --> 01:15:30,520
CRITICAL NUTRIENT.

1877
01:15:30,520 --> 01:15:34,320
ONE OF THE THINGS WE LEARNED

1878
01:15:34,320 --> 01:15:37,320
FROM THE FOOD PATTERN MODEL,

1879
01:15:37,320 --> 01:15:44,280
GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS, IRON,

1880
01:15:44,280 --> 01:15:48,680
WE COULD NOT MEET RDA WITHOUT

1881
01:15:48,680 --> 01:15:51,000
INCLUDING IRON FORTIFIED FOODS,

1882
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:53,800
IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE IT'S BEEN

1883
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:56,040
AN IMPORTANT STRATEGY FOR

1884
01:15:56,040 --> 01:15:57,200
REDUCING IRON DEFICIENCY IN THE

1885
01:15:57,200 --> 01:16:07,640
U.S. FOR SEVERAL DECADES. 

1886
01:16:15,760 --> 01:16:18,680
HEME IRON FOUND IN MEAT IS

1887
01:16:18,680 --> 01:16:20,080
BETTER THAN NON-HEME FOUND IN

1888
01:16:20,080 --> 01:16:21,680
PLANT BASED.

1889
01:16:21,680 --> 01:16:23,800
IF THEY GOT THAT FROM BEEF, THEY

1890
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:27,280
WOULD HAVE TO EAT A LOT, ABOUT

1891
01:16:27,280 --> 01:16:30,960
440 GRAMS OR 356 CALORIES, NOT

1892
01:16:30,960 --> 01:16:34,200
FEASIBLE FOR INFANTS.

1893
01:16:34,200 --> 01:16:35,760
ORGAN MEATS HAVE FAR MORE IRON,

1894
01:16:35,760 --> 01:16:37,960
SUCH AS LIVER.

1895
01:16:37,960 --> 01:16:39,800
IF THEY ATE CHICKEN LIVER COULD

1896
01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:42,120
MEET THE RDA FROM THAT SOURCE

1897
01:16:42,120 --> 01:16:44,160
BUT FEEDING LIVER TO INFANTS IS

1898
01:16:44,160 --> 01:16:48,240
NOT PARTICULARLY COMMON IN THE

1899
01:16:48,240 --> 01:16:48,560
UNITED STATES.

1900
01:16:48,560 --> 01:16:50,040
I'D LIKE TO MENTION A COUPLE

1901
01:16:50,040 --> 01:16:55,480
OTHER POINTS ABOUT KEY DIETARY

1902
01:16:55,480 --> 01:16:58,720
SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS, FIRST FOR

1903
01:16:58,720 --> 01:17:00,520
IODINE, WE DON'T HAVE ADEQUATE

1904
01:17:00,520 --> 01:17:01,280
INTAKE DATA.

1905
01:17:01,280 --> 01:17:09,000
IT'S HARD TO KNOW HOW LOW INTAKE

1906
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:09,600
MIGHT BE.

1907
01:17:09,600 --> 01:17:14,440
IODIZED SALT IS A KEY SOURCE BUT

1908
01:17:14,440 --> 01:17:21,040
NOT ADDING SALT IS RECOMMENDED.

1909
01:17:21,040 --> 01:17:26,840
A SITUATION IN WHICH NEITHER THE

1910
01:17:26,840 --> 01:17:28,040
NEITHER MOTHER OR INFANT CONSUME

1911
01:17:28,040 --> 01:17:30,000
FROM SALT OR DAIRY PRODUCTS,

1912
01:17:30,000 --> 01:17:33,520
INTAKE OF INFANTS COULD BE

1913
01:17:33,520 --> 01:17:33,760
DEFICIENT.

1914
01:17:33,760 --> 01:17:34,720
WE DON'T HAVE A LOT OF

1915
01:17:34,720 --> 01:17:36,120
INFORMATION ON HOW MUCH IODINE

1916
01:17:36,120 --> 01:17:39,360
IS COMING FROM TABLE SALT BUT WE

1917
01:17:39,360 --> 01:17:42,000
KNOW THAT IN 2009 ONLY ABOUT

1918
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:46,000
HALF OF THE TABLE SALT SOLD AT

1919
01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:47,760
RETAIL LEVEL WAS IODIZED, AND

1920
01:17:47,760 --> 01:17:51,000
THE CONTENT IN COW MILK IS

1921
01:17:51,000 --> 01:17:53,080
HIGHLY VARIABLE IN THE UNITED

1922
01:17:53,080 --> 01:17:53,440
STATES.

1923
01:17:53,440 --> 01:17:55,160
I'D LIKE TO BRIEFLY MENTION FOR

1924
01:17:55,160 --> 01:17:56,920
B VITAMINS THOSE ARE FOUND IN

1925
01:17:56,920 --> 01:17:59,880
MANY FOODS SUCH AS WHOLE GRAINS,

1926
01:17:59,880 --> 01:18:02,600
BUT VITAMIN B-12 IS FOUND ONLY

1927
01:18:02,600 --> 01:18:07,360
IN ANIMAL SOURCE FOODS OR

1928
01:18:07,360 --> 01:18:07,920
FORTIFIED PRODUCTS.

1929
01:18:07,920 --> 01:18:10,400
SO I'D LIKE TO FINISH UP WITH A

1930
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:12,160
FEW SLIDES ON THE DIETARY

1931
01:18:12,160 --> 01:18:14,880
GUIDELINES FOR THESE AGE GROUPS.

1932
01:18:14,880 --> 01:18:15,760
AND EMPHASIZE A FEW OF THE

1933
01:18:15,760 --> 01:18:19,160
MESSAGES THAT I THINK ARE

1934
01:18:19,160 --> 01:18:22,320
RELEVANT FOR THE WORKSHOP THAT

1935
01:18:22,320 --> 01:18:24,720
WE'RE IN TODAY.

1936
01:18:24,720 --> 01:18:25,960
DURING THE INTRODUCTION OF

1937
01:18:25,960 --> 01:18:27,880
COMPLEMENTARY FOODS IT IS

1938
01:18:27,880 --> 01:18:29,880
RECOMMENDED THAT ABOUT 6 MONTHS

1939
01:18:29,880 --> 01:18:32,480
OF AGE BABIES SHOULD BEGIN

1940
01:18:32,480 --> 01:18:34,480
RECEIVING IRON-RICH FOODS, AND

1941
01:18:34,480 --> 01:18:34,840
ZINC-RICH FOODS.

1942
01:18:34,840 --> 01:18:39,000
THEY CAN BE MEATS AND SEAFOODS,

1943
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:43,160
OR IRON AND ZINC FORTIFIED

1944
01:18:43,160 --> 01:18:44,200
CEREALS OR OTHER PRODUCTS.

1945
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,800
THERE'S A USEFUL RESOURCE FOR

1946
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:49,400
CAREGIVERS AT THE WEBSITE, LINK

1947
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:52,760
BELOW, I RECOMMEND THAT YOU TAKE

1948
01:18:52,760 --> 01:18:56,040
A LOOK AT THAT.

1949
01:18:56,040 --> 01:18:57,680
THE OTHER IMPORTANT

1950
01:18:57,680 --> 01:18:59,800
RECOMMENDATION IS THAT FOODS

1951
01:18:59,800 --> 01:19:06,000
LIKE PEANUTS, EGG, COW MILK

1952
01:19:06,000 --> 01:19:09,320
PRODUCTS, TREE NUTS, WHEAT,

1953
01:19:09,320 --> 01:19:10,720
CRUSTACEAN SHELLFISH FISH AND

1954
01:19:10,720 --> 01:19:12,360
SOY SHOULD BE PRODUCED WHEN

1955
01:19:12,360 --> 01:19:15,640
OTHER COMPLEMENTARY FOODS ARE

1956
01:19:15,640 --> 01:19:19,600
INTRODUCED TO HELP PREVENT

1957
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:21,440
ALLERGIES, FOR EXAMPLE PEANUT

1958
01:19:21,440 --> 01:19:21,720
ALLERGIES.

1959
01:19:21,720 --> 01:19:24,280
AND THEN THERE'S AN OVERRIDING

1960
01:19:24,280 --> 01:19:25,600
RECOMMENDATION HERE FOR ENTIRE

1961
01:19:25,600 --> 01:19:30,440
AGE RAGE FROM 6 TO 23 MONTHS

1962
01:19:30,440 --> 01:19:31,840
INCLUDING EMPHASIS ON VARIETY,

1963
01:19:31,840 --> 01:19:35,320
AND CERTAIN TYPES OF FOOD.

1964
01:19:35,320 --> 01:19:37,680
I'VE HIGHLIGHTED PROTEIN FOODS

1965
01:19:37,680 --> 01:19:41,920
BECAUSE SOME OF THESE CONTRIBUTE

1966
01:19:41,920 --> 01:19:43,960
RICHERS SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS

1967
01:19:43,960 --> 01:19:45,560
MOST CRITICAL FOR CHILD

1968
01:19:45,560 --> 01:19:46,320
DEVELOPMENT.

1969
01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:49,680
AND THE DIETARY GUIDELINES CALL

1970
01:19:49,680 --> 01:19:50,680
OUT IRON, ZINC, PROTEIN,

1971
01:19:50,680 --> 01:19:57,000
CHOLINE, AND LONG CHAIN POLY

1972
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:57,800
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM

1973
01:19:57,800 --> 01:19:59,360
THOSE SOURCES.

1974
01:19:59,360 --> 01:20:02,440
THERE'S A RESOURCE FOR

1975
01:20:02,440 --> 01:20:05,720
CAREGIVERS THAT'S USEFUL, AT THE

1976
01:20:05,720 --> 01:20:05,920
LINK.

1977
01:20:05,920 --> 01:20:09,320
I'M GOING TO SHOW THE HEALTHY

1978
01:20:09,320 --> 01:20:10,960
U.S. STYLE DIETARY PATTERNS

1979
01:20:10,960 --> 01:20:12,880
DEVELOPED FOR TODDLERS AND FOR

1980
01:20:12,880 --> 01:20:15,560
OTHER CHILDREN ABOVE 1 YEAR OF

1981
01:20:15,560 --> 01:20:15,920
AGE.

1982
01:20:15,920 --> 01:20:20,960
THIS IS THE ONE FOR 12-23

1983
01:20:20,960 --> 01:20:21,200
MONTHS.

1984
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:23,800
I'LL HIGHLIGHT THAT THERE ARE

1985
01:20:23,800 --> 01:20:25,680
SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS RECOMMENDED

1986
01:20:25,680 --> 01:20:30,200
FOR THE CATEGORIES MEATS AND

1987
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:31,840
POULTRY, EGGS, SEAFOOD, NUTS,

1988
01:20:31,840 --> 01:20:35,240
SOY PRODUCTS, ALL VEGETABLE

1989
01:20:35,240 --> 01:20:37,040
GROUPS, WHOLE GRAINS WHICH ARE

1990
01:20:37,040 --> 01:20:39,440
RECOMMENDED TO BE THE

1991
01:20:39,440 --> 01:20:40,640
PREDOMINANT TYPE OF GRAIN, AND

1992
01:20:40,640 --> 01:20:43,800
OIL WHICH IS A SOURCE OF

1993
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:45,880
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS.

1994
01:20:45,880 --> 01:20:47,600
ALL THESE FOODS ARE NUTRIENT

1995
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:50,480
DENSE FORMS AND PREPARED WITH

1996
01:20:50,480 --> 01:20:51,360
MINIMAL ADDED SUGARS.

1997
01:20:51,360 --> 01:20:53,880
IN FACT WE FOUND NO CALORIES

1998
01:20:53,880 --> 01:20:57,920
LEFT OVER FOR ADDITIONAL ADDED

1999
01:20:57,920 --> 01:21:00,080
SUGARS AT THIS AGE.

2000
01:21:00,080 --> 01:21:03,760
AGES 2 THROUGH 8, AGAIN THERE

2001
01:21:03,760 --> 01:21:04,960
ARE SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS

2002
01:21:04,960 --> 01:21:08,560
RECOMMENDED FOR SOME KEY FOOD

2003
01:21:08,560 --> 01:21:11,640
GROUPS INCLUDING SEAFOOD, NUTS,

2004
01:21:11,640 --> 01:21:13,040
SEEDS, SOY PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES,

2005
01:21:13,040 --> 01:21:17,680
WHOLE GRAINS, AND OILS.

2006
01:21:17,680 --> 01:21:19,200
BUT AS ANNA MARIA SHOWED THE

2007
01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:21,480
ACTUAL INTAKES OF SEVERAL OF

2008
01:21:21,480 --> 01:21:23,680
THESE SUBGROUPS ARE QUITE LOW

2009
01:21:23,680 --> 01:21:25,520
COMPARED TO RECOMMENDED INTAKE

2010
01:21:25,520 --> 01:21:25,760
RANGES.

2011
01:21:25,760 --> 01:21:28,800
AGAIN HERE THE RECOMMENDED

2012
01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:32,360
RANGES ARE IN THE BLUE, AVERAGE

2013
01:21:32,360 --> 01:21:35,040
INTAKE IN PURPLE.

2014
01:21:35,040 --> 01:21:35,680
VEGETABLES, CHILDREN, TODDLERS

2015
01:21:35,680 --> 01:21:39,000
AT THIS AGE ARE NOT CONSUMING

2016
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:39,200
ENOUGH.

2017
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:42,040
PARTICULARLY THE DARK GREEN

2018
01:21:42,040 --> 01:21:43,920
LEAFY VEGETABLES.

2019
01:21:43,920 --> 01:21:47,880
THEY ARE FAR BELOW INTAKE FOR

2020
01:21:47,880 --> 01:21:50,160
WHOLE GRAIN, MARGINAL FOR EGG,

2021
01:21:50,160 --> 01:21:55,440
BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVEL FOR

2022
01:21:55,440 --> 01:21:56,000
SEAFOOD.

2023
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,720
AGES 2-4 YEARS, LOW FOR ALL OF

2024
01:21:58,720 --> 01:21:59,520
THE VEGETABLE GROUPS, PROBABLY

2025
01:21:59,520 --> 01:22:02,320
DOESN'T COME AS A SURPRISE TO

2026
01:22:02,320 --> 01:22:02,760
YOU.

2027
01:22:02,760 --> 01:22:06,600
ALSO VERY LOW FOR WHOLE GRAINS,

2028
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:07,680
AND FOR SEAFOODS.

2029
01:22:07,680 --> 01:22:10,840
SO WE KNOW WHAT WE NEED TO

2030
01:22:10,840 --> 01:22:11,600
EMPHASIZE.

2031
01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:14,360
BUT IT'S A CHALLENGE TO INCREASE

2032
01:22:14,360 --> 01:22:17,520
CONSUMPTION OF SOME OF THESE

2033
01:22:17,520 --> 01:22:18,400
FOOD GROUPS.

2034
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:20,120
AGAIN, THERE ARE SOME KEY

2035
01:22:20,120 --> 01:22:21,760
DIETARY SOURCES THAT ARE

2036
01:22:21,760 --> 01:22:23,320
RELEVANT FOR THESE IMPORTANT

2037
01:22:23,320 --> 01:22:26,080
NUTRIENTS BUT THEY ALSO MAY BE

2038
01:22:26,080 --> 01:22:27,360
SOURCES OF CERTAIN CONTAMINANTS.

2039
01:22:27,360 --> 01:22:29,440
I WANT TO SHOW YOU THE FDA

2040
01:22:29,440 --> 01:22:32,600
GUIDANCE THAT I FOUND TO BE VERY

2041
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:35,840
USEFUL THAT ADDRESSES THESE TWO

2042
01:22:35,840 --> 01:22:37,320
SIMULTANEOUS ISSUES.

2043
01:22:37,320 --> 01:22:39,640
ONE OF THOSE IS CONSUMPTION OF

2044
01:22:39,640 --> 01:22:41,000
FORTIFIED INFANT CEREALS THAT IT

2045
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:44,760
IS RECOMMENDED TO INCLUDE IRON

2046
01:22:44,760 --> 01:22:46,840
AND ZINC FORTIFIED INFANT

2047
01:22:46,840 --> 01:22:51,320
CEREALS, CHOOSE WHOLE GRAIN

2048
01:22:51,320 --> 01:22:55,600
VERSIONS PROVIDING B VITAMINS TO

2049
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:57,680
PROTECT AGAINST ARSENIC, TO KNOW

2050
01:22:57,680 --> 01:23:01,080
GRAINS, FEED IRON FORTIFIED

2051
01:23:01,080 --> 01:23:02,960
CEREALS THAT RICE CEREAL SHOULD

2052
01:23:02,960 --> 01:23:06,120
NOT BE THE ONLY CHOICE OR FIRST

2053
01:23:06,120 --> 01:23:08,240
CHOICE. 

2054
01:23:08,240 --> 01:23:13,560
OTHERS CAN BE CHOSEN  CHOSE.

2055
01:23:13,560 --> 01:23:17,840
TO INCLUDE ANIMAL SOURCES,

2056
01:23:17,840 --> 01:23:18,880
SEAFOOD HAS NUTRIENTS THAT

2057
01:23:18,880 --> 01:23:22,520
SUPPORT BRAIN AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

2058
01:23:22,520 --> 01:23:23,200
DEVELOPMENT CHOICES ARE

2059
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:24,440
PARTICULARLY LOW IN MERCURY.

2060
01:23:24,440 --> 01:23:28,880
LASTLY TO FOCUS ON VARIETY.

2061
01:23:28,880 --> 01:23:30,480
USING VARIETY OF HEALTHY FOODS

2062
01:23:30,480 --> 01:23:31,880
HELPS THE CHILD GET ESSENTIAL

2063
01:23:31,880 --> 01:23:33,360
NUTRIENTS AND CAN MAKE IT LESS

2064
01:23:33,360 --> 01:23:35,600
LIKELY FOR THE CHILD TO BE

2065
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:37,320
EXPOSED TO THE SAME CONTAMINANT

2066
01:23:37,320 --> 01:23:42,240
FROM THE SAME FOOD MANY TIMES.

2067
01:23:42,240 --> 01:23:44,400
SO IN CONCLUSION, I'VE TRIED TO

2068
01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:46,280
SHOW INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

2069
01:23:46,280 --> 01:23:47,360
NEED A NUTRIENT-DENSE DIET.

2070
01:23:47,360 --> 01:23:49,320
THERE ARE SOME KEY NUTRIENTS FOR

2071
01:23:49,320 --> 01:23:52,200
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THAT INCLUDE

2072
01:23:52,200 --> 01:23:56,480
FATTY ACIDS, IRON, IODINE, ZINC,

2073
01:23:56,480 --> 01:23:58,200
CHOLINE AND B VITAMINS.

2074
01:23:58,200 --> 01:24:00,920
INTAKES OF SOME ARE LOWER THAN

2075
01:24:00,920 --> 01:24:03,720
RECOMMENDED INCLUDING ONES SHOWN

2076
01:24:03,720 --> 01:24:03,960
HERE.

2077
01:24:03,960 --> 01:24:05,440
IMPACT OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY ON

2078
01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:07,160
DEVELOPMENT MAY DEPEND ON TIMING

2079
01:24:07,160 --> 01:24:10,120
OF DEFICIENCY DURING THE FIRST

2080
01:24:10,120 --> 01:24:14,600
FEW YEARS OF LIFE.

2081
01:24:14,600 --> 01:24:16,360
ANIMAL SOURCED FOODS, CERTAIN

2082
01:24:16,360 --> 01:24:18,000
VEGETABLES AND CERTAIN PRODUCTS

2083
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:20,120
ARE KEY SOURCES, INTAKES OF

2084
01:24:20,120 --> 01:24:21,200
SEAFOOD, VEGETABLE AND WHOLE

2085
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:24,000
GRAINS ARE BELOW RECOMMENDED

2086
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:24,600
AMOUNTS.

2087
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:29,400
AND KEY DIETARY SOURCES AND

2088
01:24:29,400 --> 01:24:34,280
NUTRIENTS MAY ALSO BE SOURCES OF

2089
01:24:34,280 --> 01:24:34,760
CERTAIN CONTAMINANTS.

2090
01:24:34,760 --> 01:24:37,640
GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS AND FDA

2091
01:24:37,640 --> 01:24:38,880
RECOMMENDATIONS PROVIDE GUIDANCE

2092
01:24:38,880 --> 01:24:40,880
TO HELP CAREGIVERS MAKE GOOD

2093
01:24:40,880 --> 01:24:43,320
CHOICES WHEN NAVIGATING THIS

2094
01:24:43,320 --> 01:24:43,520
DOMAIN.

2095
01:24:43,520 --> 01:24:50,640
I'D LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR

2096
01:24:50,640 --> 01:24:54,360
ATTENTION. 

2097
01:24:54,360 --> 01:24:56,160
>>THANK YOU.

2098
01:24:56,160 --> 01:24:57,600
I APPRECIATE THE COVERAGE YOU

2099
01:24:57,600 --> 01:24:58,640
PROVIDED FOR THE NUTRIENT NEEDS

2100
01:24:58,640 --> 01:25:00,720
OF YOUNG CHILDREN AND I THINK

2101
01:25:00,720 --> 01:25:06,200
IT'S AN EXCELLENT SEGUE INTO OUR

2102
01:25:06,200 --> 01:25:06,560
Q&A.

2103
01:25:06,560 --> 01:25:08,040
I'LL INVITE ANNA MARIA TO TURN

2104
01:25:08,040 --> 01:25:10,560
ON HER CAMERA TOO AND WE'LL

2105
01:25:10,560 --> 01:25:12,720
START WITH A QUESTION WE'VE

2106
01:25:12,720 --> 01:25:15,280
THOUGHT HARD ON AND PREPARED FOR

2107
01:25:15,280 --> 01:25:15,840
YOU ALL.

2108
01:25:15,840 --> 01:25:17,920
I WANT TO SAY THAT I THOUGHT

2109
01:25:17,920 --> 01:25:21,160
THIS WAS A FANTASTIC TRANSITION

2110
01:25:21,160 --> 01:25:23,280
FROM DR. HERMANSKY'S TALK

2111
01:25:23,280 --> 01:25:24,600
FOCUSED ON COMMUNICATION

2112
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:25,440
CHALLENGES IN THIS SPACE, RIGHT

2113
01:25:25,440 --> 01:25:27,840
INTO THE HEART OF THE SCIENCE.

2114
01:25:27,840 --> 01:25:30,040
I'M HOPING THAT OUR

2115
01:25:30,040 --> 01:25:30,560
COMMUNICATION SCIENTIST

2116
01:25:30,560 --> 01:25:32,360
COLLEAGUES GOT A LOT OUT OF BOTH

2117
01:25:32,360 --> 01:25:34,360
OF YOUR PRESENTATIONS, KNOWING

2118
01:25:34,360 --> 01:25:38,960
MORE ABOUT THE BACKGROUND AND

2119
01:25:38,960 --> 01:25:40,360
HOW WE MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS, AND

2120
01:25:40,360 --> 01:25:43,760
I LOOK FORWARD TO LEARN FROM THE

2121
01:25:43,760 --> 01:25:47,200
COMMUNICATION WHERE THEIR

2122
01:25:47,200 --> 01:25:49,680
SCIENCE IS AT.

2123
01:25:49,680 --> 01:25:51,720
I'LL START WITH ANNA MARIA.

2124
01:25:51,720 --> 01:25:54,920
CAN YOU SPEAK TO WHETHER OR NOT

2125
01:25:54,920 --> 01:25:55,680
THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ARE

2126
01:25:55,680 --> 01:25:59,640
HIGHER IN THE PRESENCE OF

2127
01:25:59,640 --> 01:26:00,200
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS?

2128
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:02,040
>>WELL, I THINK IT'S
IMPORTANT

2129
01:26:02,040 --> 01:26:06,520
TO REALIZE AS I STATED THAT THE

2130
01:26:06,520 --> 01:26:09,040
CURRENT DRIs DO NOT CONSIDER

2131
01:26:09,040 --> 01:26:10,120
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN

2132
01:26:10,120 --> 01:26:11,160
ESTABLISHING WHAT THE ADEQUATE

2133
01:26:11,160 --> 01:26:16,360
LEVELS SHOULD BE FOR PREGNANT

2134
01:26:16,360 --> 01:26:18,320
AND LACTATING WOMEN.

2135
01:26:18,320 --> 01:26:22,840
THERE IS EVOLVING RESEARCH THAT

2136
01:26:22,840 --> 01:26:24,920
IS BEGINNING TO SHOW FOR CERTAIN

2137
01:26:24,920 --> 01:26:27,120
ELEMENTS IF YOU HAVE HIGHER

2138
01:26:27,120 --> 01:26:29,280
LEVELS OF OTHER NUTRIENTS THAT

2139
01:26:29,280 --> 01:26:33,200
IT MIGHT MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF

2140
01:26:33,200 --> 01:26:36,000
THAT PARTICULAR CHEMICAL OR

2141
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,320
ELEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

2142
01:26:38,320 --> 01:26:40,600
THESE ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES

2143
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:42,040
THAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN.

2144
01:26:42,040 --> 01:26:43,840
I THINK THAT'S NEW EVOLVING

2145
01:26:43,840 --> 01:26:44,840
SCIENCE THAT IS TAKING PLACE

2146
01:26:44,840 --> 01:26:45,080
RIGHT NOW.

2147
01:26:45,080 --> 01:26:46,440
I THINK YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR

2148
01:26:46,440 --> 01:26:51,280
MORE  ABOUT THAT IN THE NEXT

2149
01:26:51,280 --> 01:26:51,520
SESSION.

2150
01:26:51,520 --> 01:26:54,280
CLEARLY THAT'S WHERE WE HOPE

2151
01:26:54,280 --> 01:26:56,680
WE'LL GO WITH THE NEXT ROUND OF

2152
01:26:56,680 --> 01:26:59,760
RECOMMENDATIONS THAT WE ACTUALLY

2153
01:26:59,760 --> 01:26:59,920
GET.

2154
01:26:59,920 --> 01:27:03,800
>>SOUNDS LIKE IT'S GOING
TO

2155
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:05,640
CHALLENGE THE EXISTING

2156
01:27:05,640 --> 01:27:06,160
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MAKING

2157
01:27:06,160 --> 01:27:06,960
RECOMMENDATIONS, BUT IT'S SOUND

2158
01:27:06,960 --> 01:27:09,920
LIKE IT'S A NECESSARY STEP

2159
01:27:09,920 --> 01:27:10,680
FORWARD.

2160
01:27:10,680 --> 01:27:14,040
I KNOW YOU HINTED AND TALKED A

2161
01:27:14,040 --> 01:27:18,120
BIT ABOUT SOME OF THOSE

2162
01:27:18,120 --> 01:27:18,760
POTENTIAL INTERACTION, IF YOU

2163
01:27:18,760 --> 01:27:20,640
WANT TO ADD MORE ABOUT THE YOUNG

2164
01:27:20,640 --> 01:27:22,160
CHILD IN THE SPACE WITH RESPECT

2165
01:27:22,160 --> 01:27:24,680
TO HIGHER NEED FOR NUTRIENTS IN

2166
01:27:24,680 --> 01:27:26,440
THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

2167
01:27:26,440 --> 01:27:26,760
CONTAMINANTS.

2168
01:27:26,760 --> 01:27:27,840
>>YEAH, I'M NOT SURE I
CAN

2169
01:27:27,840 --> 01:27:30,360
SPEAK TO SOME OF THE

2170
01:27:30,360 --> 01:27:32,480
CONTAMINANTS THAT I DON'T REALLY

2171
01:27:32,480 --> 01:27:34,960
KNOW AS WELL BUT I DID MENTION

2172
01:27:34,960 --> 01:27:37,800
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRON

2173
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:39,120
AND LEAD BECAUSE I'VE ACTUALLY

2174
01:27:39,120 --> 01:27:42,400
LOOKED AT THAT MYSELF TO SOME

2175
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:43,480
EXTENT.

2176
01:27:43,480 --> 01:27:45,560
AND ONE INTERESTING FINDING WE

2177
01:27:45,560 --> 01:27:47,760
HAD WAS IN A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF

2178
01:27:47,760 --> 01:27:50,720
DELAYED CORD CLAMPING WE FOUND

2179
01:27:50,720 --> 01:27:52,440
THAT CHILDREN WITH DELAYED CORD

2180
01:27:52,440 --> 01:27:55,720
CLAMPING HAD BETTER IRON STATUS

2181
01:27:55,720 --> 01:27:59,120
AND LOWER BLOOD LEAD LEVELS, IN

2182
01:27:59,120 --> 01:28:00,080
MEXICO, IN MEXICO CITY, EXPOSED

2183
01:28:00,080 --> 01:28:04,160
TO QUITE A LOT OF LEAD IN THE

2184
01:28:04,160 --> 01:28:04,520
ENVIRONMENT.

2185
01:28:04,520 --> 01:28:07,040
WE SUSPECT THE REASON IS THAT

2186
01:28:07,040 --> 01:28:09,160
HAVING A GREATER IRON STATUS IN

2187
01:28:09,160 --> 01:28:12,360
THE FIRST SIX MONTHS DUE TO

2188
01:28:12,360 --> 01:28:15,800
DELAYED CORD CLAMPING HELPED

2189
01:28:15,800 --> 01:28:17,760
THEM AVOID GREATER ABSORPTION OF

2190
01:28:17,760 --> 01:28:19,160
LEAD FROM THE DUST.

2191
01:28:19,160 --> 01:28:22,360
AS I MENTIONED, IRON AND LEAD

2192
01:28:22,360 --> 01:28:23,000
SHARE THE SAME TRANSPORTER

2193
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:26,040
ACROSS THE GUT BUT IRON HAS A

2194
01:28:26,040 --> 01:28:28,240
SLIGHTLY HIGHER AFFINITY FOR

2195
01:28:28,240 --> 01:28:31,840
THAT TRANSPORTER. 

2196
01:28:31,840 --> 01:28:34,360
SO WHEN IRON STATUS IS ADEQUATE

2197
01:28:34,360 --> 01:28:36,120
LEAD HAS A HARDER TIME GETTING

2198
01:28:36,120 --> 01:28:40,520
ABSORBED INTO THE BODY.

2199
01:28:40,520 --> 01:28:42,760
IRON REPLETE STATUS, BEING

2200
01:28:42,760 --> 01:28:45,320
ADEQUATE, IS PROTECTIVE AGAINST

2201
01:28:45,320 --> 01:28:46,080
LEAD TOXICITY.

2202
01:28:46,080 --> 01:28:48,240
AND THAT'S WHY IT'S EVEN MORE

2203
01:28:48,240 --> 01:28:49,920
IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WE

2204
01:28:49,920 --> 01:28:52,520
DON'T ALLOW CHILDREN TO BECOME

2205
01:28:52,520 --> 01:28:54,600
IRON DEFICIENT REALLY AT ANY

2206
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:56,360
STAGE WHEN THEIR BRAINS ARE

2207
01:28:56,360 --> 01:29:03,120
DEVELOPING AND SO VULNERABLE TO

2208
01:29:03,120 --> 01:29:03,480
LEAD EXPOSURE.

2209
01:29:03,480 --> 01:29:05,800
>>THERE'S A SIMILAR
SITUATION

2210
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:07,960
THAT OCCURS DURING PREGNANCY.

2211
01:29:07,960 --> 01:29:10,120
WE KNOW ABOUT CALCIUM.

2212
01:29:10,120 --> 01:29:13,520
AND IF IN FACT CALCIUM LEVELS OR

2213
01:29:13,520 --> 01:29:15,720
INTAKE LEVELS ARE FACTOR THERE'S

2214
01:29:15,720 --> 01:29:16,920
LESS LIKELIHOOD YOU'LL GET

2215
01:29:16,920 --> 01:29:18,640
CALCIUM BEING RELEASED FROM THE

2216
01:29:18,640 --> 01:29:18,960
BONES.

2217
01:29:18,960 --> 01:29:20,840
ONCE WE START GETTING CALCIUM

2218
01:29:20,840 --> 01:29:24,000
RELEASE FROM BONES ALONG WITH IT

2219
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:25,600
COMES LEAD, WHAT'S STORED IN

2220
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:25,840
BONES.

2221
01:29:25,840 --> 01:29:29,640
SO THAT'S WHERE YOU END UP

2222
01:29:29,640 --> 01:29:32,160
GETTING SORT OF LIKE A SIMILAR

2223
01:29:32,160 --> 01:29:33,120
STORY BEING TOLD WHAT WE'RE

2224
01:29:33,120 --> 01:29:37,400
TRYING TO DO IS MAKE SURE THAT

2225
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:38,680
WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE

2226
01:29:38,680 --> 01:29:40,320
SUFFICIENT IN THEIR LEVELS SO

2227
01:29:40,320 --> 01:29:42,520
THAT YOU DON'T START GETTING

2228
01:29:42,520 --> 01:29:48,120
THESE EFFECTS THAT MIGHT HAPPEN

2229
01:29:48,120 --> 01:29:48,760
AT DEFICIENT LEVELS.

2230
01:29:48,760 --> 01:29:50,640
>>THANK YOU FOR THOSE

2231
01:29:50,640 --> 01:29:51,760
THOUGHTFUL ANSWERS.

2232
01:29:51,760 --> 01:29:53,560
WE HAVE BEEN GETTING SOME

2233
01:29:53,560 --> 01:29:55,200
QUESTIONS IN ABOUT THE

2234
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:58,000
AVAILABILITY OF YOUR SLIDES

2235
01:29:58,000 --> 01:29:58,920
BECAUSE EVERYONE IS APPRECIATIVE

2236
01:29:58,920 --> 01:29:59,520
OF YOUR TALKS.

2237
01:29:59,520 --> 01:30:01,880
I WANT TO ADDRESS THAT.

2238
01:30:01,880 --> 01:30:04,080
BOTH SLIDE DECKS WILL BE

2239
01:30:04,080 --> 01:30:05,840
AVAILABLE, AND RECORDING WILL

2240
01:30:05,840 --> 01:30:07,680
EVENTUALLY BE AVAILABLE ONCE

2241
01:30:07,680 --> 01:30:09,280
IT'S BEEN APPROVED THROUGH THE

2242
01:30:09,280 --> 01:30:10,560
FEDERAL PROCESS, PUBLICLY AND

2243
01:30:10,560 --> 01:30:11,440
FOR FREE.

2244
01:30:11,440 --> 01:30:13,880
FOR THOSE THAT WANT TO GO BACK

2245
01:30:13,880 --> 01:30:17,080
IN, LISTEN AGAIN, OR LOOK INTO

2246
01:30:17,080 --> 01:30:18,120
DETAIL REFERENCES AND FANTASTIC

2247
01:30:18,120 --> 01:30:20,880
FIGURES THAT YOU BOTH PROVIDED,

2248
01:30:20,880 --> 01:30:23,880
IT WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR THE

2249
01:30:23,880 --> 01:30:24,120
PUBLIC.

2250
01:30:24,120 --> 01:30:27,000
I HAVE A QUESTION FOR YOU, KAY.

2251
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:29,560
CAN YOU SPEAK MORE ABOUT WHAT

2252
01:30:29,560 --> 01:30:30,600
NUTRIENTS ARE OF CONCERN IN

2253
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:34,320
DIFFERENT STAGES OF CHILD GROWTH

2254
01:30:34,320 --> 01:30:35,640
AND DEVELOPMENT?

2255
01:30:35,640 --> 01:30:40,360
>>YEAH, SO ACTUALLY WHEN
I -- A

2256
01:30:40,360 --> 01:30:41,600
FEW COMMENTS, ANNA MARIA TALKING

2257
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:42,800
MORE ABOUT PREGNANCY.

2258
01:30:42,800 --> 01:30:45,080
I TRIED TO EMPHASIZE THE ONE

2259
01:30:45,080 --> 01:30:51,080
MOST CRITICAL FOR THE BRAIN

2260
01:30:51,080 --> 01:30:53,520
DEVELOPMENT ASPECT, IRON,

2261
01:30:53,520 --> 01:30:59,360
IODINE, POSSIBLY CHOLINE, SOME B

2262
01:30:59,360 --> 01:30:59,640
VITAMINS.

2263
01:30:59,640 --> 01:31:00,920
AND POTENTIALLY ZINC.

2264
01:31:00,920 --> 01:31:03,480
SOME ARE LOW AT THIS STAGE. 

2265
01:31:03,480 --> 01:31:06,920
SO, I THINK WE HAVE LESS

2266
01:31:06,920 --> 01:31:07,800
CERTAINTY ABOUT ABOUT THE ONES

2267
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:12,280
FOR WHICH WE ONLY HAVE ADEQUATE

2268
01:31:12,280 --> 01:31:12,560
ESTIMATES.

2269
01:31:12,560 --> 01:31:14,160
THAT'S WHY CHOLINE IS A QUESTION

2270
01:31:14,160 --> 01:31:14,800
MARK.

2271
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:18,200
WE KNOW IT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR

2272
01:31:18,200 --> 01:31:19,840
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT BUT DON'T HAVE

2273
01:31:19,840 --> 01:31:21,720
AS MUCH CONFIDENCE IN THE

2274
01:31:21,720 --> 01:31:22,720
ADEQUATE INTAKE ESTIMATE AS WE

2275
01:31:22,720 --> 01:31:25,880
WOULD IF WE HAD AN ESTIMATED

2276
01:31:25,880 --> 01:31:27,320
AVERAGE REQUIREMENT.

2277
01:31:27,320 --> 01:31:29,080
WE KNOW INTAKES TEND TO BE LOW

2278
01:31:29,080 --> 01:31:30,560
RELATIVE TO A.I.

2279
01:31:30,560 --> 01:31:33,560
WE DON'T KNOW IF THAT'S LOW

2280
01:31:33,560 --> 01:31:35,040
ENOUGH TO REALLY COMPROMISE

2281
01:31:35,040 --> 01:31:35,880
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AT THIS

2282
01:31:35,880 --> 01:31:36,480
CRITICAL AGE.

2283
01:31:36,480 --> 01:31:39,880
I THINK THAT'S AN IMPORTANT AREA

2284
01:31:39,880 --> 01:31:42,000
OF RESEARCH.

2285
01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:43,280
IN TERMS OF IMPLICATIONS FOR

2286
01:31:43,280 --> 01:31:44,720
DIETARY INTAKE, ONE OF THE KEY

2287
01:31:44,720 --> 01:31:49,280
COURSES OF CHOLINE IS EGGS.

2288
01:31:49,280 --> 01:31:50,880
AND THOSE ARE FREQUENTLY

2289
01:31:50,880 --> 01:31:52,160
CONSUMED BY INFANTS AND YOUNG

2290
01:31:52,160 --> 01:31:54,880
CHILDREN, THAT'S ONE THAT I LIKE

2291
01:31:54,880 --> 01:31:55,680
TO MENTION.

2292
01:31:55,680 --> 01:32:00,880
AS A WAY OF SUPPORTING THAT

2293
01:32:00,880 --> 01:32:01,760
PARTICULAR NEED.

2294
01:32:01,760 --> 01:32:05,520
>>EXCELLENT.

2295
01:32:05,520 --> 01:32:07,360
ANNA MARIA, DID YOU WANT TO ADD

2296
01:32:07,360 --> 01:32:07,840
ANYTHING?

2297
01:32:07,840 --> 01:32:09,120
>>IN TERMS OF CRITICAL

2298
01:32:09,120 --> 01:32:11,520
NUTRIENTS THAT WE KNOW ARE

2299
01:32:11,520 --> 01:32:18,440
RELATED TO NEURAL COGNITIVE, YOU

2300
01:32:18,440 --> 01:32:20,280
KNOW, CLEARLY THE CHOLINE COMES

2301
01:32:20,280 --> 01:32:25,320
INTO PLAY AS WELL. 

2302
01:32:25,320 --> 01:32:27,280
WE KNOW IN FACT THAT CHOLINE

2303
01:32:27,280 --> 01:32:29,360
DURING PREGNANCY ALSO HAS AN

2304
01:32:29,360 --> 01:32:31,320
A.I., SO THERE'S NOT A DRI

2305
01:32:31,320 --> 01:32:34,120
ESTABLISHED AT THIS PARTICULAR

2306
01:32:34,120 --> 01:32:36,480
POINT IN TIME.

2307
01:32:36,480 --> 01:32:40,320
WE HAVE -- THERE'S BEEN

2308
01:32:40,320 --> 01:32:41,400
BEAUTIFUL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

2309
01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:44,800
SHOWING WOMEN WHO ARE CONSUMING

2310
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:49,720
MORE CHOLINE DURING PREGNANCY

2311
01:32:49,720 --> 01:32:51,600
THAT YOU'RE SEEING SOME IMPROVED

2312
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:53,360
PROXY DETERMINANTS OF NEURAL

2313
01:32:53,360 --> 01:32:54,240
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN

2314
01:32:54,240 --> 01:32:57,720
CHILDREN LATER ON. 

2315
01:32:57,720 --> 01:33:00,880
THE OTHER IS ALSO OMEGA-3 FATTY

2316
01:33:00,880 --> 01:33:01,960
ACIDS, CLEARLY IMPORTANT.

2317
01:33:01,960 --> 01:33:03,640
THERE ARE CRITICAL PERIODS OF

2318
01:33:03,640 --> 01:33:04,280
DEVELOPMENT.

2319
01:33:04,280 --> 01:33:07,040
THE BRAIN IS RAPIDLY GROWING.

2320
01:33:07,040 --> 01:33:08,920
IN FACT, WE SEE THIS WHEN YOU'RE

2321
01:33:08,920 --> 01:33:11,160
ALSO THINKING ABOUT THE

2322
01:33:11,160 --> 01:33:11,960
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE-TERM

2323
01:33:11,960 --> 01:33:14,200
INFANTS AND THOSE BORN AT TERM,

2324
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:15,440
THAT CRITICAL PERIOD IN THE

2325
01:33:15,440 --> 01:33:18,600
THIRD TRIMESTER TO BE ABLE TO

2326
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:21,000
ALLOW THE FETUS TO LAY DOWN ITS

2327
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:22,440
FAT STORES AND ABSORB, YOU KNOW,

2328
01:33:22,440 --> 01:33:23,840
THE FATTY ACIDS THAT ARE

2329
01:33:23,840 --> 01:33:24,840
CRITICAL FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

2330
01:33:24,840 --> 01:33:26,040
DURING THAT TIME PERIOD AS WELL

2331
01:33:26,040 --> 01:33:30,080
AS EARLY ON IN LIFE.

2332
01:33:30,080 --> 01:33:32,080
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT.

2333
01:33:32,080 --> 01:33:34,040
IF I CAN ASK A FOLLOW-UP

2334
01:33:34,040 --> 01:33:34,720
QUESTION.

2335
01:33:34,720 --> 01:33:36,760
I KNOW AT LEAST A LOT OF

2336
01:33:36,760 --> 01:33:38,320
RESEARCH I'VE READ IN THIS SPACE

2337
01:33:38,320 --> 01:33:44,560
LOOKING AT ADEQUACY IS FOCUSED

2338
01:33:44,560 --> 01:33:45,400
ON FETAL HEALTH AND CHILD

2339
01:33:45,400 --> 01:33:45,760
DEVELOPMENT.

2340
01:33:45,760 --> 01:33:48,720
I DON'T KNOW IF I WANT TO ADD

2341
01:33:48,720 --> 01:33:50,560
TRENDS YOU MIGHT SEE THAT FOCUS

2342
01:33:50,560 --> 01:33:54,040
ON OUTCOMES ON WOMEN'S HEALTH OR

2343
01:33:54,040 --> 01:33:55,480
LACTATING OR PREGNANT INDIVIDUAL

2344
01:33:55,480 --> 01:34:01,040
HEALTH WITH RESPECT TO SETTING

2345
01:34:01,040 --> 01:34:01,320
GUIDELINES.

2346
01:34:01,320 --> 01:34:03,120
>>I THINK THAT JUST
DETERMINES

2347
01:34:03,120 --> 01:34:06,440
HOW THE NEW DRIs WILL MOVE

2348
01:34:06,440 --> 01:34:08,200
WHEN THEY ARE REEVALUATED FOR

2349
01:34:08,200 --> 01:34:10,360
THESE PARTICULAR NUTRIENTS OF

2350
01:34:10,360 --> 01:34:10,960
INTEREST.

2351
01:34:10,960 --> 01:34:15,640
I MEAN, WHEN THE DRIs WERE

2352
01:34:15,640 --> 01:34:17,800
DEVELOPED, EVEN THE EARLY

2353
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:20,160
2000s FOR FOLATE, WE HAD

2354
01:34:20,160 --> 01:34:21,200
SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE ABOUT FOLIC

2355
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:26,160
ACID AND IMPORTANCE OF FOLIC

2356
01:34:26,160 --> 01:34:29,320
ACID IN PERICONCEPTUAL PERIOD TO

2357
01:34:29,320 --> 01:34:31,040
PREVENT BIRTH DEFECTS.

2358
01:34:31,040 --> 01:34:33,040
THAT WASN'T CONSIDERED.

2359
01:34:33,040 --> 01:34:36,240
HOPEFULLY GIVEN EVOLUTION OF THE

2360
01:34:36,240 --> 01:34:38,680
FRAMEWORK USED TO DEVELOP THE

2361
01:34:38,680 --> 01:34:40,360
DRIs THAT WE MIGHT SEE AN

2362
01:34:40,360 --> 01:34:42,320
IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONSIDERATION

2363
01:34:42,320 --> 01:34:46,520
OF THAT EVIDENCE IN ESTABLISHING

2364
01:34:46,520 --> 01:34:49,640
REVISE THE DRIs FOR PREGNANT

2365
01:34:49,640 --> 01:34:53,160
WOMEN DURING THIS VERY IMPORTANT

2366
01:34:53,160 --> 01:34:55,120
PHASE WHERE FOLIC ACID AND A LOT

2367
01:34:55,120 --> 01:34:56,640
OF METHYL DONORS AS WELL,

2368
01:34:56,640 --> 01:34:57,760
BECAUSE THAT WAS THE POINT I

2369
01:34:57,760 --> 01:34:59,520
ALSO FORGOT TO MAKE BECAUSE IF

2370
01:34:59,520 --> 01:35:01,680
YOU TALK ABOUT CHOLINE, CHOLINE

2371
01:35:01,680 --> 01:35:03,240
SOMETIMES COMES INTO PLAY AS

2372
01:35:03,240 --> 01:35:06,840
WELL IF IN FACT YOU DON'T HAVE

2373
01:35:06,840 --> 01:35:08,240
SUFFICIENT, YOU KNOW, FOLIC ACID

2374
01:35:08,240 --> 01:35:10,480
INTAKE IN ORDER TO HELP OUT WITH

2375
01:35:10,480 --> 01:35:12,280
THE ONE CARBON METHYL TRANSFERS

2376
01:35:12,280 --> 01:35:14,080
OCCURRING DURING THIS PARTICULAR

2377
01:35:14,080 --> 01:35:15,640
POINT IN TIME WHICH LEADS TO

2378
01:35:15,640 --> 01:35:17,040
SOME OF THOSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES

2379
01:35:17,040 --> 01:35:23,600
THAT WE'RE VERY INTERESTED IN. 

2380
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:24,560
>>THANK YOU.

2381
01:35:24,560 --> 01:35:27,480
DR. DEWEY, ONE MORE QUESTION FOR

2382
01:35:27,480 --> 01:35:27,760
YOU.

2383
01:35:27,760 --> 01:35:30,800
WHICH IS, WHAT ARE SOME MAJOR

2384
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:31,800
CHALLENGES IN MEETING DRIs

2385
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:34,640
THAT HAVE TO BE OVERCOME IN

2386
01:35:34,640 --> 01:35:35,000
YOUNG CHILDREN?

2387
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:36,760
WE'VE ALL HAD EXPERIENCE WITH

2388
01:35:36,760 --> 01:35:39,040
YOUNG CHILDREN BEING PICKY

2389
01:35:39,040 --> 01:35:42,720
EATERS, ONE COMES TO MIND, YOU

2390
01:35:42,720 --> 01:35:43,440
HAVE MORE THOUGHTS THERE.

2391
01:35:43,440 --> 01:35:49,440
>>YEAH, ALL HAVE HAD
CHILDREN

2392
01:35:49,440 --> 01:35:52,320
THAT HAVE GONE THROUGH THAT.

2393
01:35:52,320 --> 01:35:55,120
IT'S NORMAL FOR INFANTS AND

2394
01:35:55,120 --> 01:35:56,640
YOUNG CHILDREN TO BE PHOBIC AND

2395
01:35:56,640 --> 01:35:58,880
NOT WANT TO TAKE SOMETHING

2396
01:35:58,880 --> 01:35:59,800
UNFAMILIAR, IT'S PROTECTIVE IN

2397
01:35:59,800 --> 01:36:02,880
CASE THERE'S A CHANCE OF TOXIC

2398
01:36:02,880 --> 01:36:03,400
SUBSTANCE.

2399
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,280
SO ONE OF THE PRINCIPLES IS

2400
01:36:06,280 --> 01:36:08,280
REPEATED EXPOSURE.

2401
01:36:08,280 --> 01:36:10,160
THAT'S BEEN VERIFIED BY RESEARCH

2402
01:36:10,160 --> 01:36:15,480
THAT FOR VEGETABLES, FOR

2403
01:36:15,480 --> 01:36:17,480
EXAMPLE, REJECTS THEM, IF YOU

2404
01:36:17,480 --> 01:36:21,200
KEEP TRYING, SOMETIMES EIGHT TO

2405
01:36:21,200 --> 01:36:21,920
TEN TIMES, YOU EVENTUALLY WILL

2406
01:36:21,920 --> 01:36:26,200
FIND THE BABY IS MORE LIKELY TO

2407
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:26,520
ACCEPT THEM.

2408
01:36:26,520 --> 01:36:28,640
I THINK THERE'S ALSO AN EFFECT

2409
01:36:28,640 --> 01:36:32,160
OF WHAT THE MOM IS CONSUMING, AT

2410
01:36:32,160 --> 01:36:34,560
LEAST DURING LACTATION, MAYBE

2411
01:36:34,560 --> 01:36:37,000
PREGNANCY, BECAUSE SOME FLAVORS

2412
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,360
PRESENT IN THE MOTHER'S DIET

2413
01:36:40,360 --> 01:36:42,280
WILL GET TRANSMITTED THROUGH

2414
01:36:42,280 --> 01:36:45,040
BREAST MILK TO THE NURSING BABY,

2415
01:36:45,040 --> 01:36:47,880
EDUCATING THE BABY TO FIND THOSE

2416
01:36:47,880 --> 01:36:51,200
FLAVORS FAMILIAR AND PREFER SOME

2417
01:36:51,200 --> 01:36:52,080
OF THEM.

2418
01:36:52,080 --> 01:36:55,440
BREAK LIKE MILK WITH GARLIC

2419
01:36:55,440 --> 01:36:57,320
FLAVOR, IF THE MOTHER EATS

2420
01:36:57,320 --> 01:37:01,920
CARROTS THE BABY LIKES MILK THAT

2421
01:37:01,920 --> 01:37:03,240
TASTES LIKE CARROTS AND WILL

2422
01:37:03,240 --> 01:37:04,880
LIKE CARROTS LATER ON.

2423
01:37:04,880 --> 01:37:07,040
THERE'S AN ELEMENT WE COULD WORK

2424
01:37:07,040 --> 01:37:08,720
ON IN TERMS OF MODIFYING

2425
01:37:08,720 --> 01:37:14,720
MOTHER'S DIE THE SO -- DIET SO

2426
01:37:14,720 --> 01:37:17,560
THE BABY IS PRE-EXPOSED TO

2427
01:37:17,560 --> 01:37:19,120
FLAVORS.

2428
01:37:19,120 --> 01:37:21,160
FOR FISH AND SEAFOOD, THERE'S A

2429
01:37:21,160 --> 01:37:22,920
GOOD CHANCE THAT BABIES WILL

2430
01:37:22,920 --> 01:37:25,640
LIKE SOME OF THOSE SOURCES AS

2431
01:37:25,640 --> 01:37:26,280
WELL.

2432
01:37:26,280 --> 01:37:27,840
THEY DO LIKE EGGS, AS I

2433
01:37:27,840 --> 01:37:29,480
MENTIONED.

2434
01:37:29,480 --> 01:37:32,080
SO THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES TO

2435
01:37:32,080 --> 01:37:36,080
MAKE PROGRESS ON THOSE FRONTS. 

2436
01:37:36,080 --> 01:37:38,880
BUT TO BE TRUTHFUL I THINK

2437
01:37:38,880 --> 01:37:42,760
FORTIFIED PRODUCTS OR EVEN

2438
01:37:42,760 --> 01:37:45,000
SUPPLEMENTS CAN BE HELPFUL IN

2439
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:47,320
SITUATIONS WHERE THE BABY'S DIET

2440
01:37:47,320 --> 01:37:50,000
IS JUST NOT WHERE IT NEEDS TO BE

2441
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:51,840
AND THERE'S CONCERN ABOUT

2442
01:37:51,840 --> 01:37:54,640
MEETING SOME OF THOSE

2443
01:37:54,640 --> 01:37:55,440
RECOMMENDED INTAKE LEVELS.

2444
01:37:55,440 --> 01:37:59,800
ANDS THIS IS WHERE HEALTH CARE

2445
01:37:59,800 --> 01:38:02,840
PROVIDERS NEED TO STEP IN.

2446
01:38:02,840 --> 01:38:04,480
IF BABIES BECOME IRON DEFICIENT

2447
01:38:04,480 --> 01:38:05,840
THERE NEEDS TO BE INTERVENTION

2448
01:38:05,840 --> 01:38:06,920
THAT IS SUCCESSFUL.

2449
01:38:06,920 --> 01:38:09,120
WE HAVE LESS SCREENING FOR THE

2450
01:38:09,120 --> 01:38:14,200
OTHER DEFICIENCIES, SO IT'S

2451
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:15,040
HARDER TO INTERWEAVE WITH THE

2452
01:38:15,040 --> 01:38:17,000
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM.

2453
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:20,120
BUT I THINK FOR CERTAIN

2454
01:38:20,120 --> 01:38:21,440
CAREGIVERS, FINDING RIGHT TYPE

2455
01:38:21,440 --> 01:38:24,600
OF SUPPLEMENT IS SOMETHING THAT

2456
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:26,920
MIGHT BE A RELIEF AND TAKE

2457
01:38:26,920 --> 01:38:27,840
PRESSURE OFF BECAUSE YOU DON'T

2458
01:38:27,840 --> 01:38:32,480
WANT TO FORCE CHILDREN TO EAT

2459
01:38:32,480 --> 01:38:33,920
CERTAIN FOODS.

2460
01:38:33,920 --> 01:38:34,480
THAT CAN BACKFIRE.

2461
01:38:34,480 --> 01:38:36,320
ONE HAS TO BE PATIENT AND GIVE

2462
01:38:36,320 --> 01:38:38,600
PLENTY OF TIME AND MODEL THE

2463
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:40,720
TYPE OF FOODS IN THE HOUSEHOLD

2464
01:38:40,720 --> 01:38:44,400
THAT YOU WANT THE BABY TO EAT.

2465
01:38:44,400 --> 01:38:45,160
>>THAT'S HELPFUL.

2466
01:38:45,160 --> 01:38:46,560
I AM EXCITED TO HEAR MORE AS

2467
01:38:46,560 --> 01:38:50,200
MORE IS DEVELOPED ON THE SENSORY

2468
01:38:50,200 --> 01:38:52,920
SCIENCE PIECE OF THINGS THAT

2469
01:38:52,920 --> 01:38:53,920
LACTATION CONTENT AND CHILD

2470
01:38:53,920 --> 01:38:59,920
DEVELOPMENT OF LIKES AND

2471
01:38:59,920 --> 01:39:00,440
DISLIKES.

2472
01:39:00,440 --> 01:39:08,720
THE NEXT QUESTION, HOW MANY

2473
01:39:08,720 --> 01:39:10,560
DIFFERING GROUPS ARE

2474
01:39:10,560 --> 01:39:12,200
DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY

2475
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:12,960
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

2476
01:39:12,960 --> 01:39:16,800
ISSUES RELATED TO HEALTH EQUITY

2477
01:39:16,800 --> 01:39:17,360
IN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE?

2478
01:39:17,360 --> 01:39:20,520
>>THAT'S A REALLY
IMPORTANT

2479
01:39:20,520 --> 01:39:20,760
POINT.

2480
01:39:20,760 --> 01:39:23,600
WE'RE TALKING HERE IN

2481
01:39:23,600 --> 01:39:28,400
GENERALITY, BUT IT'S VERY WELL

2482
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,080
KNOWN THAT THESE CONTAMINANTS

2483
01:39:31,080 --> 01:39:33,640
ARE MORE PREVALENT IN AREAS

2484
01:39:33,640 --> 01:39:36,720
WHERE THERE IS LOWER INCOME,

2485
01:39:36,720 --> 01:39:39,040
LOWER RESOURCED COMMUNITIES.

2486
01:39:39,040 --> 01:39:41,440
AND IN THOSE AREAS PREGNANT AND

2487
01:39:41,440 --> 01:39:44,120
LACTATING WOMEN FROM THE

2488
01:39:44,120 --> 01:39:45,680
LIKELIHOOD OF HAVING GREATER

2489
01:39:45,680 --> 01:39:49,160
EXPOSURES, AND UNLESS YOU'RE

2490
01:39:49,160 --> 01:39:51,320
ACTUALLY STUDYING THOSE

2491
01:39:51,320 --> 01:39:53,360
PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES, WE HAVE

2492
01:39:53,360 --> 01:39:56,320
PROBABLY UNDERESTIMATED

2493
01:39:56,320 --> 01:39:57,080
EXPOSURES TO THESE INDIVIDUALS.

2494
01:39:57,080 --> 01:39:59,720
BECAUSE THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO

2495
01:39:59,720 --> 01:40:01,440
PARTICIPATE IN THE NATIONAL

2496
01:40:01,440 --> 01:40:02,480
NUTRITION MONITORING DATASETS

2497
01:40:02,480 --> 01:40:05,400
AND EVEN IN MORE OF OUR

2498
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:06,680
PREGNANCY COHORTS WHICH I'VE

2499
01:40:06,680 --> 01:40:09,680
EVEN DEVELOPED OVER THE COURSE

2500
01:40:09,680 --> 01:40:12,080
OF MY LIFETIME.

2501
01:40:12,080 --> 01:40:14,920
SO UNDERSTANDING AND FOCUSING ON

2502
01:40:14,920 --> 01:40:16,600
CLEANING UP COMMUNITIES AND

2503
01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:17,520
PROVIDING CLEAR COMMUNICATION

2504
01:40:17,520 --> 01:40:18,640
GUIDELINES TO THESE WOMEN WHO

2505
01:40:18,640 --> 01:40:20,800
MIGHT NEED IT, WHO ARE NOT

2506
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:23,720
AWARE, IT'S REALLY OF CRITICAL

2507
01:40:23,720 --> 01:40:25,120
IMPORTANCE BECAUSE THERE IS

2508
01:40:25,120 --> 01:40:29,400
HEALTH INEQUITIES, AND THE

2509
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:30,200
HEALTH INEQUITIES EXIST BECAUSE

2510
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:35,760
THERE IS INEQUITIES IN THE

2511
01:40:35,760 --> 01:40:36,840
RESOURCES OF WHERE COMMUNITIES

2512
01:40:36,840 --> 01:40:41,200
PUT, YOU KNOW, DUMP SITES, WHERE

2513
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:43,520
THEY PUT BUS STATIONS, WHERE

2514
01:40:43,520 --> 01:40:44,400
THEY ARE PROVIDING HEALTHIER

2515
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:47,880
FOODS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO BE ABLE

2516
01:40:47,880 --> 01:40:48,520
TO CONSUME.

2517
01:40:48,520 --> 01:40:52,520
AND SO THEY ARE DEFINITELY --

2518
01:40:52,520 --> 01:40:57,960
IT'S A COMPLICATED SYSTEM THAT

2519
01:40:57,960 --> 01:41:00,040
IS AFFECTING THESE EXPOSURES TO

2520
01:41:00,040 --> 01:41:05,160
THE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE MOST

2521
01:41:05,160 --> 01:41:07,400
LIKELY TO BE VULNERABLE TO

2522
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:08,440
HAVING HARMFUL EFFECTS OCCUR,

2523
01:41:08,440 --> 01:41:11,000
NOT ONLY TO THEMSELVES BUT ALSO

2524
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:12,320
TO THEIR CHILDREN.

2525
01:41:12,320 --> 01:41:13,280
BECAUSE THOSE EFFECTS CONTINUE

2526
01:41:13,280 --> 01:41:14,240
OVER THE LIFETIME, RIGHT?

2527
01:41:14,240 --> 01:41:18,960
IF YOU HAVE A PREGNANT WOMAN

2528
01:41:18,960 --> 01:41:20,840
CONSUMING, THE LIKELIHOOD THE

2529
01:41:20,840 --> 01:41:24,600
CHILD CONTINUES TO BE EXPOSED IS

2530
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:25,640
INCREASED.

2531
01:41:25,640 --> 01:41:29,240
>>THANK YOU FOR BRINGING
UP THE

2532
01:41:29,240 --> 01:41:31,880
LARGER CONTEXT.

2533
01:41:31,880 --> 01:41:40,960
TODAY AND TOMORROW CON  CON TAM-

2534
01:41:40,960 --> 01:41:41,920
CONTAMINANTS, BUT OTHERS CAN GET

2535
01:41:41,920 --> 01:41:44,800
IN THE FOOD FROM SOIL IF THERE'S

2536
01:41:44,800 --> 01:41:46,920
LOCAL GROWING. 

2537
01:41:46,920 --> 01:41:48,840
BACK TO DR. DEWEY.

2538
01:41:48,840 --> 01:41:52,480
CAN YOU SPEAK ABOUT THE

2539
01:41:52,480 --> 01:41:54,440
NUTRIENTS THAT ARE CRUCIAL TO

2540
01:41:54,440 --> 01:41:55,160
CONSIDER SUPPORTING NUTRIENT

2541
01:41:55,160 --> 01:41:55,440
ADEQUACY?

2542
01:41:55,440 --> 01:41:57,360
YOU COVERED A BIT OF THIS IN

2543
01:41:57,360 --> 01:41:59,000
YOUR TALK BUT COULD YOU

2544
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:01,520
SUMMARIZE THE KEY FOODS THAT YOU

2545
01:42:01,520 --> 01:42:03,280
THINK REALLY NEED PERHAPS MORE

2546
01:42:03,280 --> 01:42:07,880
RESEARCH OR MORE PUBLIC HEALTH

2547
01:42:07,880 --> 01:42:08,920
THOUGHT FOR YOUNG CHILDREN.

2548
01:42:08,920 --> 01:42:11,440
>>WELL, AS I MENTIONED,

2549
01:42:11,440 --> 01:42:12,800
ANIMAL-SOURCE FOODS ARE THE

2550
01:42:12,800 --> 01:42:17,200
RICHEST SOURCES OF SOME KEY

2551
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:18,840
NUTRIENTS, IRON, ZINC, CHOLINE,

2552
01:42:18,840 --> 01:42:22,600
AND THE LONG CHAIN POLY

2553
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:25,520
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID AND

2554
01:42:25,520 --> 01:42:28,480
SEAFOOD AND FISH.

2555
01:42:28,480 --> 01:42:30,360
BABIES ESPECIALLY 6-12 MONTHS IN

2556
01:42:30,360 --> 01:42:33,560
MY VIEW SHOULD HAVE ACCESS TO

2557
01:42:33,560 --> 01:42:34,520
THOSE NUTRIENT-RICH ANIMAL

2558
01:42:34,520 --> 01:42:36,160
SOURCE FOODS.

2559
01:42:36,160 --> 01:42:40,560
ONE CONCERN IS IN FAMILIES THAT

2560
01:42:40,560 --> 01:42:42,720
ARE INTERESTED IN FEEDING

2561
01:42:42,720 --> 01:42:44,800
VEGETARIAN DIET THOSE NEED

2562
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:49,560
PARTICULAR GUIDANCE IN EITHER

2563
01:42:49,560 --> 01:42:50,320
CHOOSING PLANT-BASED SOURCES

2564
01:42:50,320 --> 01:42:57,640
THAT HAVE SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF

2565
01:42:57,640 --> 01:42:59,480
SOME NUTRIENTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

2566
01:42:59,480 --> 01:43:03,320
THEY WILL NEED A SOURCE OF B-12

2567
01:43:03,320 --> 01:43:06,280
AND MOST LIKELY IRON AND ZINC

2568
01:43:06,280 --> 01:43:08,960
FORTIFIED TO REACH THOSE LEVELS.

2569
01:43:08,960 --> 01:43:12,080
ONE AREA WE DON'T KNOW WELL

2570
01:43:12,080 --> 01:43:16,800
ENOUGH IS ABILITY TO CONVERT THE

2571
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:24,240
PRECURSORS TO OF THE LONG CHAIN

2572
01:43:24,240 --> 01:43:25,440
FATTY UNSATURATED ASSED, THE

2573
01:43:25,440 --> 01:43:31,040
ABILITY OF BABY TO CONVERT THOSE

2574
01:43:31,040 --> 01:43:34,520
TO EPA AND DHA IS PROBABLY NOT

2575
01:43:34,520 --> 01:43:34,880
VERY HIGH.

2576
01:43:34,880 --> 01:43:37,760
WE DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT THE

2577
01:43:37,760 --> 01:43:39,880
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOW MUCH

2578
01:43:39,880 --> 01:43:42,560
WILL GET CONVERTED BUT WE KNOW

2579
01:43:42,560 --> 01:43:45,800
THE LONG CHAIN POLY UNSATURATED

2580
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:47,120
FATTY ACIDS ARE CRITICAL FOR

2581
01:43:47,120 --> 01:43:49,000
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT SO WANT TO BE

2582
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:52,600
SURE THERE'S ENOUGH OF THOSE

2583
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:53,800
PRESENT EITHER PRE-FORMED FROM

2584
01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:56,520
FISH AND SEAFOOD OR CONVERSION

2585
01:43:56,520 --> 01:43:57,440
FROM THE PRECURSORS.

2586
01:43:57,440 --> 01:43:59,840
THAT'S AN AREA WHERE MORE

2587
01:43:59,840 --> 01:44:02,760
RESEARCH IS NEEDED I THINK.

2588
01:44:02,760 --> 01:44:05,640
IODINE I POINTED OUT BECAUSE WE

2589
01:44:05,640 --> 01:44:09,160
SIMPLY DON'T KNOW WHETHER IODINE

2590
01:44:09,160 --> 01:44:11,200
STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER 5

2591
01:44:11,200 --> 01:44:12,960
PARTICULARLY INFANTS MIGHT BE

2592
01:44:12,960 --> 01:44:14,120
INADEQUATE.

2593
01:44:14,120 --> 01:44:16,480
IODINE IS REALLY CRITICAL FOR

2594
01:44:16,480 --> 01:44:18,000
DEVELOPMENT AS ANNA MARIA

2595
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:19,840
POINTED OUT ESPECIALLY IN

2596
01:44:19,840 --> 01:44:22,240
PREGNANCY, EVEN THEREAFTER.

2597
01:44:22,240 --> 01:44:27,800
THERE ARE COUNTRIES IN EUROPE

2598
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,000
WHERE IODINE STATUS IS

2599
01:44:31,000 --> 01:44:32,680
INADEQUATE PARTLY BECAUSE OF

2600
01:44:32,680 --> 01:44:34,040
SOILS IN MOUNTAIN AREAS, IT'S

2601
01:44:34,040 --> 01:44:36,640
NOT A FUNCTION OF INCOME LEVEL

2602
01:44:36,640 --> 01:44:38,880
UNLIKE MANY OTHER NUTRIENTS.

2603
01:44:38,880 --> 01:44:40,960
IT'S A FUNCTION OF TYPES OF

2604
01:44:40,960 --> 01:44:45,560
FOODS AND USE OF IODIZED SALT,

2605
01:44:45,560 --> 01:44:46,040
FOR EXAMPLE.

2606
01:44:46,040 --> 01:44:48,480
WE NEED TO KNOW MORE AND HOW TO

2607
01:44:48,480 --> 01:44:49,560
ACHIEVE LEVELS FOR BABIES

2608
01:44:49,560 --> 01:44:54,160
WITHOUT GIVING TOO MUCH SALT IS

2609
01:44:54,160 --> 01:44:57,200
AN INTERESTING TOPIC. 

2610
01:44:57,200 --> 01:44:59,640
I'M NOT SURE IF I ANSWERED THE

2611
01:44:59,640 --> 01:44:59,920
QUESTION.

2612
01:44:59,920 --> 01:45:03,000
>>YOU HIT THE KEY FOODS,
YES.

2613
01:45:03,000 --> 01:45:03,440
WE'RE AT TIME.

2614
01:45:03,440 --> 01:45:05,960
THIS HAS BEEN A DELIGHTFUL

2615
01:45:05,960 --> 01:45:06,240
DISCUSSION.

2616
01:45:06,240 --> 01:45:07,680
I COULD KEEP TALKING WITH YOU

2617
01:45:07,680 --> 01:45:08,800
BOTH ALL DAY.

2618
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:10,040
THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH FOR

2619
01:45:10,040 --> 01:45:13,080
YOUR TIME AND YOUR PRESENTATION.

2620
01:45:13,080 --> 01:45:14,920
NOW I BELIEVE WE'LL TAKE A SHORT

2621
01:45:14,920 --> 01:45:19,960
BREAK BUT I CAN TURN IT OVER TO

2622
01:45:19,960 --> 01:45:21,960
KIMBERLY IN CASE I'M WRONG.

2623
01:45:21,960 --> 01:45:23,360
>>THANK YOU.

2624
01:45:23,360 --> 01:45:26,760
YES, WE WILL TAKE A SHORT BREAK

2625
01:45:26,760 --> 01:45:31,040
AND I BELIEVE THE BREAK IS FIVE

2626
01:45:31,040 --> 01:45:33,560
MINUTES, BUT WE'LL HAVE THE TIME

2627
01:45:33,560 --> 01:45:35,560
ON THE SLIDE FOR YOU FOR WHEN

2628
01:45:35,560 --> 01:45:38,360
IT'S TIME -- I'M SORRY.

2629
01:45:38,360 --> 01:45:39,880
EVERYONE, PLEASE RETURN BY

2630
01:45:39,880 --> 01:45:41,080
12:15.

2631
01:45:41,080 --> 01:45:44,960
THANK YOU.

2632
01:45:44,960 --> 01:45:45,960
>>GOOD AFTERNOON.

2633
01:45:45,960 --> 01:45:49,680
WELCOME BACK TO THE WORKSHOP.

2634
01:45:49,680 --> 01:45:53,560
I'M TINA IRRER, POSTDOCAL

2635
01:45:53,560 --> 01:45:54,400
FELLOW, AT FDA.

2636
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:57,720
IT IS MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE

2637
01:45:57,720 --> 01:46:02,160
MY COLLEAGUE DR. KELLIE CASAVALE

2638
01:46:02,160 --> 01:46:04,520
TO MODERATE THE SECOND SESSION.

2639
01:46:04,520 --> 01:46:05,920
SHE'S SENIOR SCIENCE ADVISER IN

2640
01:46:05,920 --> 01:46:09,640
OFFICE OF ANALYTICS AND OUTREACH

2641
01:46:09,640 --> 01:46:12,600
AT FDA, SUPPORTS CROSS-CENTER

2642
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:13,800
AND CROSS-DEPARTMENTAL

2643
01:46:13,800 --> 01:46:14,920
COLLABORATIONS, ESPECIALLY THOSE

2644
01:46:14,920 --> 01:46:17,400
RELATED TO DIETARY GUIDELINES

2645
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,040
FOR AMERICANS, CLOSER TO ZERO, A

2646
01:46:20,040 --> 01:46:23,040
TERRIBLE AND CHILD POPULATIONS,

2647
01:46:23,040 --> 01:46:26,680
CONTRIBUTES LEADERSHIP FOR CLOSE

2648
01:46:26,680 --> 01:46:29,320
TO ZERO AND FDA EPA ADVICE.

2649
01:46:29,320 --> 01:46:31,360
IT'S MY PLEASURE TO HAND IT

2650
01:46:31,360 --> 01:46:31,560
OVER.

2651
01:46:31,560 --> 01:46:33,320
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH.

2652
01:46:33,320 --> 01:46:37,320
WELCOME TO SESSION 2 ON THE

2653
01:46:37,320 --> 01:46:39,720
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS.

2654
01:46:39,720 --> 01:46:41,800
I'M KELLIE CASAVALE SENIOR

2655
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:45,720
SCIENCE ADVISER FOR NUTRITION AT

2656
01:46:45,720 --> 01:46:45,880
FDA.

2657
01:46:45,880 --> 01:46:49,240
I'LL KICK OFF BY INTRODUCING YOU

2658
01:46:49,240 --> 01:46:55,360
TO THE PANEL SPEAKERS,  AND

2659
01:46:55,360 --> 01:46:56,560
REMINDER THAT QUESTIONS AND

2660
01:46:56,560 --> 01:46:58,640
COMMENTS CAN BE SUBMITTED TO THE

2661
01:46:58,640 --> 01:46:59,520
WORKSHOP E-MAIL ADDRESS

2662
01:46:59,520 --> 01:47:00,400
THROUGHOUT THE PRESENTATION THAT

2663
01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:02,160
YOU SEE ON THIS SLIDE.

2664
01:47:02,160 --> 01:47:03,480
WE'LL HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS TO

2665
01:47:03,480 --> 01:47:06,520
THE PANEL AT THE END OF THE

2666
01:47:06,520 --> 01:47:06,800
SESSION.

2667
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:08,600
WE START WITH A BRIEF

2668
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:10,960
INTRODUCTION OF EACH SPEAKER AND

2669
01:47:10,960 --> 01:47:12,520
GO THROUGH ALL FOUR

2670
01:47:12,520 --> 01:47:13,880
PRESENTATIONS BEFORE WE HAVE

2671
01:47:13,880 --> 01:47:15,560
PANEL DISCUSSION.

2672
01:47:15,560 --> 01:47:18,760
FIRST WILL BE DR. GAURI DESAI,

2673
01:47:18,760 --> 01:47:21,280
FROM STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW

2674
01:47:21,280 --> 01:47:23,400
YORK AT BUFFALO, A CLINICAL

2675
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:25,000
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN

2676
01:47:25,000 --> 01:47:27,440
DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND

2677
01:47:27,440 --> 01:47:28,840
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, SPEAKING

2678
01:47:28,840 --> 01:47:30,240
ON NUTRIENT AND TOXICANT

2679
01:47:30,240 --> 01:47:32,880
EXPOSURES RELATED TO FRUIT,

2680
01:47:32,880 --> 01:47:34,960
VEGETABLE, DAIRY.

2681
01:47:34,960 --> 01:47:41,480
SECOND IS DR. MARGARET KARAGAS,

2682
01:47:41,480 --> 01:47:42,920
DARTMOUTH, PROFESSOR OF

2683
01:47:42,920 --> 01:47:45,520
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN DEPARTMENT OF

2684
01:47:45,520 --> 01:47:46,960
EPIDEMIOLOGY, SPEAKING ON ROLE

2685
01:47:46,960 --> 01:47:49,920
OF GRAINS IN NUTRIENT AND

2686
01:47:49,920 --> 01:47:51,200
TOXICANT EXPOSURES.

2687
01:47:51,200 --> 01:47:57,800
THIRD IS DR. ALEJANDRA CANTORAL

2688
01:47:57,800 --> 01:47:58,920
FROM MEXICO CITY, THE

2689
01:47:58,920 --> 01:48:00,480
COORDINATOR OF THE NUTRITION

2690
01:48:00,480 --> 01:48:01,760
CLINIC AND PRESENTING ON THE

2691
01:48:01,760 --> 01:48:05,160
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SEAFOOD

2692
01:48:05,160 --> 01:48:05,480
INTAKE.

2693
01:48:05,480 --> 01:48:07,280
FINAL SPEAKER WILL BE DR.

2694
01:48:07,280 --> 01:48:07,760
KATARZYNA KORDAS, STATE

2695
01:48:07,760 --> 01:48:10,520
UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT

2696
01:48:10,520 --> 01:48:13,800
BUFFALO AS WELL, DIRECTOR OF THE

2697
01:48:13,800 --> 01:48:15,960
MPH CONCENTRATION AND ASSOCIATE

2698
01:48:15,960 --> 01:48:18,600
PROFESSOR IN DEPARTMENT OF

2699
01:48:18,600 --> 01:48:21,680
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

2700
01:48:21,680 --> 01:48:22,200
HEALTH.

2701
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:28,800
SPEAKERRING ON DIET PATTERNS AND

2702
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:30,440
QUALITY WITH TOXIC ELEMENT

2703
01:48:30,440 --> 01:48:30,840
EXPOSURE.

2704
01:48:30,840 --> 01:48:38,760
YOU CAN SHARE YOUR SLIDES AND

2705
01:48:38,760 --> 01:48:39,360
WE'LL GET STARTED.

2706
01:48:39,360 --> 01:48:48,200
>>AM I SHOWING THE
CORRECT

2707
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:48,440
SCREEN?

2708
01:48:48,440 --> 01:48:58,840
>>I DO NOT SEE YOUR
SHARE. 

2709
01:48:58,840 --> 01:49:01,120
THERE YOU ARE. 

2710
01:49:01,120 --> 01:49:08,880
GO INTO SHOW MODE. 

2711
01:49:08,880 --> 01:49:09,120
PERFECT.

2712
01:49:09,120 --> 01:49:12,440
>>THAT'S THE CORRECT ONE,

2713
01:49:12,440 --> 01:49:13,160
RIGHT?

2714
01:49:13,160 --> 01:49:13,480
>>PERFECT.

2715
01:49:13,480 --> 01:49:16,560
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
THIS

2716
01:49:16,560 --> 01:49:16,880
OPPORTUNITY.

2717
01:49:16,880 --> 01:49:19,880
IT'S AN HONOR TO BE HERE.

2718
01:49:19,880 --> 01:49:22,920
I WANT TO START BY SAYING I HAVE

2719
01:49:22,920 --> 01:49:27,200
NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST TO

2720
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:28,840
DECLARE.

2721
01:49:28,840 --> 01:49:31,280
LET'S BEGIN BY REVIEWING THE

2722
01:49:31,280 --> 01:49:32,240
FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND DAIRY

2723
01:49:32,240 --> 01:49:33,800
INTAKE OF CHILDREN IN THE FIRST

2724
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:38,280
2 YEARS OF LIFE.

2725
01:49:38,280 --> 01:49:39,160
THE FIGURE PRESENTS ESTIMATED

2726
01:49:39,160 --> 01:49:42,240
PRO PORTION U.S. CHILDREN 0-23

2727
01:49:42,240 --> 01:49:43,680
MONTHS CONSUMING DIFFERENT FOOD

2728
01:49:43,680 --> 01:49:48,240
GROUPS, AND THIS IS FROM THE

2729
01:49:48,240 --> 01:49:50,520
2019-14 CYCLES OF THE NATIONAL

2730
01:49:50,520 --> 01:49:53,720
HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINES

2731
01:49:53,720 --> 01:49:54,680
SURVEY, OR NHANES.

2732
01:49:54,680 --> 01:49:56,640
THIS FOCUSES ON THE FIRST TWO

2733
01:49:56,640 --> 01:49:59,720
YEARS OF LIFE BECAUSE THAT'S

2734
01:49:59,720 --> 01:50:01,160
WHEN CHILDREN'S DIETS RAPIDLY

2735
01:50:01,160 --> 01:50:01,400
CHANGE.

2736
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,960
THEY ARE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO

2737
01:50:04,960 --> 01:50:07,480
TOXICANT EXPOSURE AND RAPIDLY

2738
01:50:07,480 --> 01:50:08,920
GROWING AND NEED SEVERAL

2739
01:50:08,920 --> 01:50:10,320
NUTRIENTS.

2740
01:50:10,320 --> 01:50:13,120
WE ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER

2741
01:50:13,120 --> 01:50:15,000
NUTRITION OF YOUNG CHILDREN

2742
01:50:15,000 --> 01:50:18,320
BEYOND 2 YEARS OF AGE.

2743
01:50:18,320 --> 01:50:21,720
COMING BACK TO THE X-AXIS, WE

2744
01:50:21,720 --> 01:50:26,960
HAVE THE AGE GROUP AND Y-AXIS IS

2745
01:50:26,960 --> 01:50:29,360
THE ESTIMATED PROPORTION OF DIET

2746
01:50:29,360 --> 01:50:32,240
OF EACH FOOD OR GROUP.

2747
01:50:32,240 --> 01:50:35,480
WE CAN SEE THAT THE INTAKE OF

2748
01:50:35,480 --> 01:50:36,480
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES INDICATED

2749
01:50:36,480 --> 01:50:40,120
BY THE BLACK LINE AND PINK LINE

2750
01:50:40,120 --> 01:50:42,400
IS RAPIDLY INCREASING AFTER THE

2751
01:50:42,400 --> 01:50:43,800
FIRST FIVE MONTHS.

2752
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,840
AND THEN REDUCING A LITTLE BIT

2753
01:50:46,840 --> 01:50:47,200
LATER.

2754
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:50,720
OVERALL AFTER THE INFANT IS

2755
01:50:50,720 --> 01:50:51,560
INTRODUCED SOLID FOODS AROUND

2756
01:50:51,560 --> 01:50:54,080
FIVE TO SIX MONTHS OF AGE THE

2757
01:50:54,080 --> 01:50:56,280
INTAKE OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES,

2758
01:50:56,280 --> 01:50:57,480
AND MILK LATER INCREASES.

2759
01:50:57,480 --> 01:51:02,920
THAT IS A GOOD THING BECAUSE

2760
01:51:02,920 --> 01:51:05,480
FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND DAIRY

2761
01:51:05,480 --> 01:51:06,440
CONTAIN SEVERAL ESSENTIAL

2762
01:51:06,440 --> 01:51:06,720
NUTRIENTS.

2763
01:51:06,720 --> 01:51:09,320
I'M GOING TO PRESENT SOME OF THE

2764
01:51:09,320 --> 01:51:10,960
MOST COMMON OR MOST IMPORTANT

2765
01:51:10,960 --> 01:51:16,000
NUTRIENTS THAT ARE PRESENT IN

2766
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:17,840
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND DAIRY.

2767
01:51:17,840 --> 01:51:21,480
IRON IS A KEY NUTRIENT IN SWEET

2768
01:51:21,480 --> 01:51:22,920
POTATOES, PEAS, STRAWBERRIES,

2769
01:51:22,920 --> 01:51:31,560
WATERMELON, IN ADDITION TO

2770
01:51:31,560 --> 01:51:36,360
SPINACH, LEAFY GREENS, BROCCOLI 

2771
01:51:36,360 --> 01:51:38,800
DAIRY PRODUCTS CONTAIN D.

2772
01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:42,080
ALSO SOURCES OF CALCIUM.

2773
01:51:42,080 --> 01:51:44,920
ANOTHER IS WINTER SQUASH.

2774
01:51:44,920 --> 01:51:47,560
BERRIES, SPINACH AND LEAFY

2775
01:51:47,560 --> 01:51:50,200
GREENS ARE SOURCES OF B MIGHT

2776
01:51:50,200 --> 01:51:52,920
VINCE, PRESENT IN AVOCADOS,

2777
01:51:52,920 --> 01:51:58,280
CITRUS FRUITS AND JUICES.

2778
01:51:58,280 --> 01:52:00,680
CITRUS FRUITS AND JUICES ARE

2779
01:52:00,680 --> 01:52:05,360
SOURCES OF VITAMIN C, ALSO

2780
01:52:05,360 --> 01:52:05,960
OBTAINED FROM BROCCOLI.

2781
01:52:05,960 --> 01:52:08,680
THESE ARE SOME OF THE MOST

2782
01:52:08,680 --> 01:52:10,640
COMMON OR MOST IMPORTANT

2783
01:52:10,640 --> 01:52:12,360
NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN SOME OF

2784
01:52:12,360 --> 01:52:14,680
THESE FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND

2785
01:52:14,680 --> 01:52:15,000
DAIRY.

2786
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:17,160
THIS VENN DIAGRAM IS NOT

2787
01:52:17,160 --> 01:52:19,160
COMPREHENSIVE OF ALL THE

2788
01:52:19,160 --> 01:52:21,440
NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN ALL FRUITS,

2789
01:52:21,440 --> 01:52:23,120
VEGETABLES AND DAIRY.

2790
01:52:23,120 --> 01:52:25,080
NEXT FEW SLIDES I WILL GO OVER

2791
01:52:25,080 --> 01:52:26,240
THE ROLES OF NUTRIENTS IN THE

2792
01:52:26,240 --> 01:52:32,200
BODY, AND HOW EACH OF THESE

2793
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:33,640
INTERACTS WITH TOXIC ELEMENTS.

2794
01:52:33,640 --> 01:52:37,680
IRON IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT

2795
01:52:37,680 --> 01:52:41,920
OF HEMOGLOBIN WHICH DELIVERS

2796
01:52:41,920 --> 01:52:45,880
OXYGEN TO THE CELLS, REQUIRED IN

2797
01:52:45,880 --> 01:52:47,160
SYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS,

2798
01:52:47,160 --> 01:52:48,280
SIGNIFICANT IN NEUROTRANSMITTERS

2799
01:52:48,280 --> 01:52:51,280
WHICH MAKES IT ESSENTIAL IN THE

2800
01:52:51,280 --> 01:52:52,680
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND

2801
01:52:52,680 --> 01:52:53,280
FUNCTIONING.

2802
01:52:53,280 --> 01:52:55,600
PARTICULARLY FOR CHILDREN IRON

2803
01:52:55,600 --> 01:53:01,680
DEFICIENCY CAN CAUSE ANEMIA.

2804
01:53:01,680 --> 01:53:03,960
BLOOD LACKS RED BLOOD CELLS.

2805
01:53:03,960 --> 01:53:07,600
WE SAY DELAYED GROWTH AND

2806
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:13,280
DEVELOPMENT, INCREASE THE

2807
01:53:13,280 --> 01:53:14,360
SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTION.

2808
01:53:14,360 --> 01:53:20,800
IRON AND LEAD ARE BOTH SHUTTLED

2809
01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:24,160
BY THE DIVALENT METAL

2810
01:53:24,160 --> 01:53:26,600
TRANSPORTER 1, SUFFICIENT STORES

2811
01:53:26,600 --> 01:53:30,200
AFFECT EXPRESSION OF DMT 1 GENE,

2812
01:53:30,200 --> 01:53:35,280
CONDITIONING NUMBER OF AVAILABLE

2813
01:53:35,280 --> 01:53:35,880
TRANSPORTERS.

2814
01:53:35,880 --> 01:53:38,640
SUBOPTIMAL INTAKE WILL RESULT IN

2815
01:53:38,640 --> 01:53:43,280
INCREASED ABSORPTION OF LEAD,

2816
01:53:43,280 --> 01:53:45,440
DUE TO EXISTING PATHWAYS.

2817
01:53:45,440 --> 01:53:48,720
THERE IS SOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL

2818
01:53:48,720 --> 01:53:49,920
EVIDENCE THAT SUGGESTS

2819
01:53:49,920 --> 01:53:52,280
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IRON

2820
01:53:52,280 --> 01:54:02,680
DEFICIENCY AND INCREASED

2821
01:54:07,080 --> 01:54:10,400
ABSORPTION OF LEAD.

2822
01:54:10,400 --> 01:54:20,800
CALCIUM IS ESSENTIAL FOR

2823
01:54:23,680 --> 01:54:27,920
FORMATION OF BONE, CALCIUM

2824
01:54:27,920 --> 01:54:33,480
DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN REDUCED

2825
01:54:33,480 --> 01:54:42,960
BONE STRENGTH AND SOFTENING.

2826
01:54:42,960 --> 01:54:45,840
ABSORPTION OCCURS BY

2827
01:54:45,840 --> 01:54:48,600
TRANSCELLULARLY, LIKELY ALLOWS

2828
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:51,080
ENTRY AND PARACELLULARLY,

2829
01:54:51,080 --> 01:54:52,640
BETWEEN CELLS, ACTIVE TRANSPORT,

2830
01:54:52,640 --> 01:54:55,840
DEPENDENT ON VITAMIN D AND THAT

2831
01:54:55,840 --> 01:55:01,080
ALSO MAY ACCOMMODATE LEAD ENTRY.

2832
01:55:01,080 --> 01:55:06,840
CAT 1 EXHIBITS HIGH  AFFINITY FR

2833
01:55:06,840 --> 01:55:09,840
CALCIUM AND LEAD.

2834
01:55:09,840 --> 01:55:13,200
COMPETITION EXISTS FOR BEING

2835
01:55:13,200 --> 01:55:15,160
ABSORBED IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL

2836
01:55:15,160 --> 01:55:18,040
TRACT AND LOW LEVELS ARE RELATED

2837
01:55:18,040 --> 01:55:20,880
TO GREATER LEAD ABSORPTION.

2838
01:55:20,880 --> 01:55:22,640
EXPRESSION OF CAT1 IS DEPENDENT

2839
01:55:22,640 --> 01:55:24,720
ON VITAMIN D, STATUS OF THIS

2840
01:55:24,720 --> 01:55:29,360
VITAMIN ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN

2841
01:55:29,360 --> 01:55:30,720
ABSORPTION OF LEAD.

2842
01:55:30,720 --> 01:55:33,080
THAT TAKES US TO VITAMIN D WHICH

2843
01:55:33,080 --> 01:55:34,200
IS ESSENTIAL FOR ABSORPTION OF

2844
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:35,160
CALCIUM IN THE GUT.

2845
01:55:35,160 --> 01:55:37,560
WE TALKED ABOUT THIS IN THE

2846
01:55:37,560 --> 01:55:38,440
PREVIOUS SLIDE.

2847
01:55:38,440 --> 01:55:42,200
VITAMIN D IS ALSO REQUIRED TO

2848
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:44,800
MAINTAIN ADEQUATE SERUM LEVELS

2849
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:51,400
OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPATE,

2850
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:56,640
ENABLING BONE MINERALIZATION.

2851
01:55:56,640 --> 01:56:04,120
IN CHILDREN DEFICIENCY LEADS TO

2852
01:56:04,120 --> 01:56:04,920
RICKETS, ET CETERA.

2853
01:56:04,920 --> 01:56:10,880
VITAMIN D AND LEAD HAVE A

2854
01:56:10,880 --> 01:56:12,360
BIDIRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION, HIGH

2855
01:56:12,360 --> 01:56:13,600
LEVELS CAN REDUCE RELEASE OF

2856
01:56:13,600 --> 01:56:17,560
LEAD FROM THE BONE THROUGH

2857
01:56:17,560 --> 01:56:18,800
BLOODSTREAM AND THEREFORE OTHER

2858
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:23,680
ORGANS INSIDE THE BODY.

2859
01:56:23,680 --> 01:56:25,520
C IS ANOTHER NUTRIENT PRESENT IN

2860
01:56:25,520 --> 01:56:27,640
SOME FRUITS AND VEGETABLES THAT

2861
01:56:27,640 --> 01:56:30,600
ARE COMMONLY CONSUMED BY YOUNG

2862
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:31,160
CHILDREN.

2863
01:56:31,160 --> 01:56:35,400
C IS AN ANTIOXIDANT THAT CAN

2864
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:36,600
NEUTRALIZE HARMFUL FREE

2865
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:38,920
RADICALS, PLAYS A ROLE IN

2866
01:56:38,920 --> 01:56:40,640
CONTROLLING INFECTIONS AND

2867
01:56:40,640 --> 01:56:41,880
HEALING OF WOUNDS.

2868
01:56:41,880 --> 01:56:44,840
AND C IS ALSO REQUIRED IN THE

2869
01:56:44,840 --> 01:56:46,360
SYNTHESIS OF A CERTAIN

2870
01:56:46,360 --> 01:56:49,000
NEUROTRANSMITTER AND PROTEIN MET

2871
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:50,560
OF METABOLISM.

2872
01:56:50,560 --> 01:56:56,000
ACUTE DEFICIENCY LEADS TO

2873
01:56:56,000 --> 01:56:59,640
DISEASE CALLED SCURVY.

2874
01:56:59,640 --> 01:57:01,920
C ENHANCES ABSORPTION OF

2875
01:57:01,920 --> 01:57:04,240
NON-HEME IRON, PLANT BASED IRON,

2876
01:57:04,240 --> 01:57:07,080
BECAUSE IT REDUCES NATURALLY

2877
01:57:07,080 --> 01:57:08,720
OCCURRING FERRIC TO FERROUS IRON

2878
01:57:08,720 --> 01:57:19,240
AND THIS IS A NECESSARY STEP FOR

2879
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:23,920
TRANSPORT, DMT1.

2880
01:57:23,920 --> 01:57:28,200
EVIDENCE IT CAN INHIBIT UPTAKE

2881
01:57:28,200 --> 01:57:33,600
OF LEAD AND CELLULAR TOXICITY.

2882
01:57:33,600 --> 01:57:38,080
B VITAMINS ARE THE NEXT GROUP.

2883
01:57:38,080 --> 01:57:40,560
THESE ARE WATER SOLUBLE, SEVERAL

2884
01:57:40,560 --> 01:57:44,400
WITH REQUIRED IN ENERGY

2885
01:57:44,400 --> 01:57:44,720
PRODUCTION.

2886
01:57:44,720 --> 01:57:48,720
VITAMIN B 1 THIAMIN IS REQUIRED

2887
01:57:48,720 --> 01:57:52,320
FOR ENZYMES INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE,

2888
01:57:52,320 --> 01:58:00,840
AMINO ACID, LIPID METABOLISM,

2889
01:58:00,840 --> 01:58:02,800
DEFICIENCY CAUSES BERIBERI.

2890
01:58:02,800 --> 01:58:07,080
RIBOFLAVIN IS A COMPONENT OF

2891
01:58:07,080 --> 01:58:08,960
CO-ENZYMES REQUIRED IN ENERGY

2892
01:58:08,960 --> 01:58:14,320
PRODUCTION, METABOLISM OF FAT,

2893
01:58:14,320 --> 01:58:15,920
DRUGS, STEROIDS.

2894
01:58:15,920 --> 01:58:20,400
DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH

2895
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:21,120
SKIN-RELATED DISORDERS.

2896
01:58:21,120 --> 01:58:25,160
B 3 IS A PRECURSOR FOR

2897
01:58:25,160 --> 01:58:27,160
CO-ENZYMES REQUIRED IN HUNDREDS

2898
01:58:27,160 --> 01:58:32,240
OF REACTIONS AND PLAYS A ROLE IN

2899
01:58:32,240 --> 01:58:38,280
MAINTAINING GENE EXPRESSION,

2900
01:58:38,280 --> 01:58:43,680
ALSO CELLULAR COMMUNICATION.

2901
01:58:43,680 --> 01:58:45,600
PELLEGRA IS RARE IN THE UNITED

2902
01:58:45,600 --> 01:58:45,960
STATES.

2903
01:58:45,960 --> 01:58:48,760
B 6 IS REQUIRED IN PRODUCTION OF

2904
01:58:48,760 --> 01:58:54,600
HEMOGLOBIN AND

2905
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:55,800
NEUROTRANSMILTERS, ESSENTIAL FOR

2906
01:58:55,800 --> 01:59:00,520
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN. 

2907
01:59:00,520 --> 01:59:02,280
DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH

2908
01:59:02,280 --> 01:59:07,160
ANEMIA, DEPRESSION, WEAKENED

2909
01:59:07,160 --> 01:59:08,400
IMMUNE FUNCTION.

2910
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:14,200
FOLATE B 9 IS REQUIRED FOR

2911
01:59:14,200 --> 01:59:19,800
SYNTHESIS OF BOTH SYNTHESIS OF

2912
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,600
DNA AND RNA.

2913
01:59:23,600 --> 01:59:25,720
B-12, PRESENCE OF MINERAL

2914
01:59:25,720 --> 01:59:28,120
COBALT, NEEDED FOR DEVELOPMENT,

2915
01:59:28,120 --> 01:59:30,640
MYELINATION, FUNCTION OF CENTRAL

2916
01:59:30,640 --> 01:59:33,120
NERVOUS SYSTEM, HEALTHY RED

2917
01:59:33,120 --> 01:59:37,000
BLOOD CELL FORMATION, ALSO DNA

2918
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:37,760
SYNTHESIS.

2919
01:59:37,760 --> 01:59:46,920
B-12 DEFICIENCY LEADS TO MEGALO

2920
01:59:46,920 --> 01:59:48,120
BLASTIC ANEMIA.

2921
01:59:48,120 --> 01:59:54,840
B VITAMINS AID IN METHYLATION OF

2922
01:59:54,840 --> 01:59:58,640
INORGANIC ARSENIC, METHYLATES TO

2923
01:59:58,640 --> 02:00:03,760
FORM MONO METHYL MMA, WHICH

2924
02:00:03,760 --> 02:00:05,960
METHYLATES TO FORM DMA.

2925
02:00:05,960 --> 02:00:09,360
THESE ARE EXCRETED IN THE URINE.

2926
02:00:09,360 --> 02:00:13,640
DMA IS LESS TOXIC THAN BOTH MMA

2927
02:00:13,640 --> 02:00:15,960
AS WELL AS INORGANIC ARSENIC,

2928
02:00:15,960 --> 02:00:17,600
METHYLATION REACTIONS ARE

2929
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:24,520
GENERALLY THOUGHT TO BE

2930
02:00:24,520 --> 02:00:26,280
DETOXIFYING REACTION.

2931
02:00:26,280 --> 02:00:28,160
METHYL GROUP ARE DONATED BY

2932
02:00:28,160 --> 02:00:31,960
DIETARY SOURCES, FOLATE IS AN

2933
02:00:31,960 --> 02:00:34,760
IMPORTANT SOURCE.

2934
02:00:34,760 --> 02:00:38,120
OTHER B VITAMINS ACT AS

2935
02:00:38,120 --> 02:00:41,640
CO-FACTORS IN REACTIONS.

2936
02:00:41,640 --> 02:00:47,680
B1 AND B 3 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

2937
02:00:47,680 --> 02:00:49,480
METHYLATION IN ADULT POPULATION.

2938
02:00:49,480 --> 02:00:51,400
AFTER REVIEWING LITERATURE ON

2939
02:00:51,400 --> 02:00:54,200
INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRIENTS

2940
02:00:54,200 --> 02:00:55,960
AND TOXICANTS WE REALIZE THAT

2941
02:00:55,960 --> 02:00:59,880
BEYOND LEAD AND TO SOME EXTENT

2942
02:00:59,880 --> 02:01:05,720
ARSENIC INTERACTIONS OF SEVERAL

2943
02:01:05,720 --> 02:01:09,120
MICRO NUTRIENTS NOT WELL STUDIED

2944
02:01:09,120 --> 02:01:09,520
AMONG HUMANS.

2945
02:01:09,520 --> 02:01:10,960
THIS PRESENTS ASSOCIATION

2946
02:01:10,960 --> 02:01:13,040
BETWEEN NUTRIENT STATUS OR

2947
02:01:13,040 --> 02:01:15,440
INTAKE AND BIOMARKERS OF

2948
02:01:15,440 --> 02:01:18,360
TOXICANTS IN CHILDREN.

2949
02:01:18,360 --> 02:01:20,720
TWO STUDIES, ONE IN THE U.S. AND

2950
02:01:20,720 --> 02:01:27,440
THE OTHER IN CHINA, ON SERUM

2951
02:01:27,440 --> 02:01:30,360
CONCENTRATIONS, A MARKER OF

2952
02:01:30,360 --> 02:01:34,120
VITAMIN D AND BLOOD LEAD LEVELS

2953
02:01:34,120 --> 02:01:34,960
SHOW CONTRASTING FINDINGS.

2954
02:01:34,960 --> 02:01:41,680
IN THE U.S. STUDY, SERUM 25 WAS

2955
02:01:41,680 --> 02:01:42,840
PARTLY ASSOCIATED, IN THE

2956
02:01:42,840 --> 02:01:49,200
CHINESE STUDY THERE WAS AN

2957
02:01:49,200 --> 02:01:51,000
INVERSE ASSOCIATION.

2958
02:01:51,000 --> 02:01:53,280
IN ALBANY NEW YORK, CALCIUM AND

2959
02:01:53,280 --> 02:01:54,600
IRON INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH

2960
02:01:54,600 --> 02:01:57,840
BLOOD LEAD LEVELS.

2961
02:01:57,840 --> 02:02:00,040
AND THIS WAS MODEST ASSOCIATION

2962
02:02:00,040 --> 02:02:02,880
WITH BETA2 COEFFICIENT ON THE

2963
02:02:02,880 --> 02:02:03,480
SLIDE.

2964
02:02:03,480 --> 02:02:10,240
WHEN YOU COMPARE THIS WITH

2965
02:02:10,240 --> 02:02:11,960
RANDOMIZED TRIALS, WE FIND

2966
02:02:11,960 --> 02:02:13,880
DIFFERENT RESULT.

2967
02:02:13,880 --> 02:02:17,760
NIGERIAN INFANTS NO EFFECT ON

2968
02:02:17,760 --> 02:02:19,560
BLOOD LEVELS.

2969
02:02:19,560 --> 02:02:22,600
SIMILAR AA STUDY USING NHANES

2970
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:24,040
DATA SHOWED NO ASSOCIATION

2971
02:02:24,040 --> 02:02:26,200
BETWEEN CALCIUM INTAKE AND

2972
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:27,080
URINARY CADMIUM LEVELS.

2973
02:02:27,080 --> 02:02:33,080
WHEN WE LOOK AT STUDIES OF IRON

2974
02:02:33,080 --> 02:02:36,520
INTAKE OR STATUS, IRON

2975
02:02:36,520 --> 02:02:38,160
SUPPLEMENTATION HAD NO EFFECTS

2976
02:02:38,160 --> 02:02:44,720
ON MEXICAN FOURTH GRADERS BUT

2977
02:02:44,720 --> 02:02:50,400
REDUCED PREVALENCE ABOVE IN A

2978
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:52,800
RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN INDIA.

2979
02:02:52,800 --> 02:02:55,160
VITAMIN C WAS ASSOCIATED WITH

2980
02:02:55,160 --> 02:03:05,800
LOWER BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN

2981
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:07,400
NHANES PARTICIPANTS, RATIO 0.11,

2982
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:17,920
MODEST TO SUBSTANTIAL STRENGTH

2983
02:03:18,920 --> 02:03:20,520
OF ASSOCIATION.

2984
02:03:20,520 --> 02:03:22,600
WE SEE INVERSE ASSOCIATION

2985
02:03:22,600 --> 02:03:24,960
BETWEEN FOLATE INTAKE AND

2986
02:03:24,960 --> 02:03:28,600
URINARY PERCENT OF MONO METHYL

2987
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:33,600
ARSONIC ACID, POSITIVE WITH

2988
02:03:33,600 --> 02:03:35,440
URINARY PERCENT DNA.

2989
02:03:35,440 --> 02:03:39,760
TO RECAP MMA IS MORE TOXIC THAN

2990
02:03:39,760 --> 02:03:40,840
DNA.

2991
02:03:40,840 --> 02:03:42,480
THE ASSOCIATION HERE INDICATES

2992
02:03:42,480 --> 02:03:46,520
THAT FOLATE INTAKE IS HELPING IN

2993
02:03:46,520 --> 02:03:51,760
DETOXIFICATION OF ARSENIC.

2994
02:03:51,760 --> 02:03:55,880
FINALLY PLASMA FOLATE INVERSELY

2995
02:03:55,880 --> 02:03:59,920
ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY

2996
02:03:59,920 --> 02:04:01,760
INORGANIC PERCENT, POSITIVELY

2997
02:04:01,760 --> 02:04:04,600
DNA RICH INDICATES THAT FOLATE

2998
02:04:04,600 --> 02:04:06,960
STATUS IS HELPING IN THE

2999
02:04:06,960 --> 02:04:09,200
DETOXIFICATION OF ARSENIC.

3000
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:11,520
THIS IS NOT A COMPREHENSIVE LIST

3001
02:04:11,520 --> 02:04:13,680
OF STUDIES AND FOCUSES ON

3002
02:04:13,680 --> 02:04:16,680
NUTRIENTS THAT ARE FOUND IN

3003
02:04:16,680 --> 02:04:17,960
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, DAIRY

3004
02:04:17,960 --> 02:04:19,920
PRODUCTS, BUT IT'S STILL

3005
02:04:19,920 --> 02:04:22,560
HIGHLIGHTING THE POINT THAT

3006
02:04:22,560 --> 02:04:23,760
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NUTRIENT

3007
02:04:23,760 --> 02:04:28,280
INTAKE OR STATUS AND TOXICANT

3008
02:04:28,280 --> 02:04:29,800
BIOMARKERS ARE INCONSISTENT OR

3009
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:31,760
THEY ARE UNDERSTUDIED WHICH IS

3010
02:04:31,760 --> 02:04:35,920
THE CASE FOR CADMIUM.

3011
02:04:35,920 --> 02:04:38,000
SOME STUDIES HAVE ALSO FOCUSED

3012
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:40,680
ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

3013
02:04:40,680 --> 02:04:42,960
INTAKE OF SPECIFIC FOODS OR

3014
02:04:42,960 --> 02:04:45,360
GROUPS, AND BIOMARKERS OF

3015
02:04:45,360 --> 02:04:46,800
TOXICANT EXPOSURE.

3016
02:04:46,800 --> 02:04:50,280
THE PREVIOUS SLIDE FOCUSED ON

3017
02:04:50,280 --> 02:04:52,400
NUTRIENTS. 

3018
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:55,000
THIS FOCUSES ON FOODS.

3019
02:04:55,000 --> 02:04:59,480
FOR EXAMPLE, OUR GROUP CONDUCTED

3020
02:04:59,480 --> 02:05:03,520
A STUDY AMONG 12-36 MONTHS OLD

3021
02:05:03,520 --> 02:05:11,200
USING NHANES DATA, POSITIVE

3022
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:12,080
ASSOCIATION.

3023
02:05:12,080 --> 02:05:14,920
FRUIT DRINK WAS ASSOCIATED WITH

3024
02:05:14,920 --> 02:05:17,560
BLOOD CADMIUM, MILK WITH BLOOD

3025
02:05:17,560 --> 02:05:19,400
LEAD LEVELS.

3026
02:05:19,400 --> 02:05:20,920
AMONG INFANTS IN THE NEW

3027
02:05:20,920 --> 02:05:23,240
HAMPSHIRE COHORT INTAKE OF

3028
02:05:23,240 --> 02:05:25,080
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BOTH WAS

3029
02:05:25,080 --> 02:05:28,160
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER URINARY

3030
02:05:28,160 --> 02:05:31,000
ARSENIC LEVELS AS INFANTS WERE

3031
02:05:31,000 --> 02:05:33,040
BEGINNING TO EAT SOLID FOODS AT

3032
02:05:33,040 --> 02:05:35,840
SIX MONTHS OF AGE.

3033
02:05:35,840 --> 02:05:36,920
EXPERIMENTS CORRELATIONS

3034
02:05:36,920 --> 02:05:41,840
INDICATED STRONG ASSOCIATIONS IN

3035
02:05:41,840 --> 02:05:42,880
THIS STUDY.

3036
02:05:42,880 --> 02:05:46,120
AMONG 13-36 MONTHS OLD IN NEW

3037
02:05:46,120 --> 02:05:47,640
JERSEY INVERSE ASSOCIATION

3038
02:05:47,640 --> 02:05:50,760
BETWEEN YOGURT INTAKE AND BLOOD

3039
02:05:50,760 --> 02:05:53,120
LEAD LEVELS.

3040
02:05:53,120 --> 02:05:56,160
AMONG CHILDREN IN URUGUAY OUR

3041
02:05:56,160 --> 02:05:57,920
GROUP FOUND INVERSE ASSOCIATION

3042
02:05:57,920 --> 02:06:00,680
BETWEEN MILK INTAKE AND LEAD IN

3043
02:06:00,680 --> 02:06:06,560
URINE, WITH A MODERATE TO STRONG

3044
02:06:06,560 --> 02:06:07,160
ASSOCIATION.

3045
02:06:07,160 --> 02:06:10,320
THE EVIDENCE LINKING INTAKE OF

3046
02:06:10,320 --> 02:06:11,080
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, DAIRY

3047
02:06:11,080 --> 02:06:14,160
PRODUCTS AND BIOMARKERS OF

3048
02:06:14,160 --> 02:06:18,360
TOXICANTS IS SCARCE BUT IT IS

3049
02:06:18,360 --> 02:06:19,400
SLOWLY GROWING.

3050
02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:22,480
FROM THE TABLES WE SAW WE CAN

3051
02:06:22,480 --> 02:06:24,560
CONCLUDE THAT STUDIES ON

3052
02:06:24,560 --> 02:06:27,880
NUTRIENT INTAKE OR STATUS AND

3053
02:06:27,880 --> 02:06:29,640
TOXICANT BIOMARKER LEVELS SHOW

3054
02:06:29,640 --> 02:06:30,320
INCONSISTENT FINDINGS.

3055
02:06:30,320 --> 02:06:31,760
AND INTERESTINGLY WHEN WE LOOK

3056
02:06:31,760 --> 02:06:35,600
AT THE STUDIES ON FOODS RICH IN

3057
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:36,560
THESE NUTRIENTS AND TOXIC

3058
02:06:36,560 --> 02:06:38,560
BIOMARKERS WE DON'T ALWAYS FIND

3059
02:06:38,560 --> 02:06:40,080
THAT NUTRIENT BASED STUDIES AND

3060
02:06:40,080 --> 02:06:49,600
FOOD BASED STUDIES SUPPORT EACH

3061
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:49,960
OTHER.

3062
02:06:49,960 --> 02:06:53,360
DIFFERENCES, ET CETERA, EXPLAIN

3063
02:06:53,360 --> 02:06:54,160
THOSE INCONSISTENCIES TO SOME

3064
02:06:54,160 --> 02:06:55,840
EXTENT BUT THERE ARE OTHER

3065
02:06:55,840 --> 02:06:59,560
FACTORS WE NEED TO CONSIDER AS

3066
02:06:59,560 --> 02:07:02,960
WELL. 

3067
02:07:02,960 --> 02:07:06,080
SOME FOOD BASED STUDIES, SOME

3068
02:07:06,080 --> 02:07:07,960
FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND DAIRY

3069
02:07:07,960 --> 02:07:09,160
CONTAIN TOXICANTS.

3070
02:07:09,160 --> 02:07:14,960
THIS IS FAMILIAR, WE SAW EARLIER

3071
02:07:14,960 --> 02:07:16,840
IN THE PRESENTATION.

3072
02:07:16,840 --> 02:07:18,040
STRAWBERRY PUFFS CONTAIN

3073
02:07:18,040 --> 02:07:19,120
ARSENIC, DAIRY PRODUCTS LIKE

3074
02:07:19,120 --> 02:07:21,640
MILK AND YOGURT HAVE BEEN FOUND

3075
02:07:21,640 --> 02:07:24,280
TO CONTAIN BOTH ARSENIC AND

3076
02:07:24,280 --> 02:07:24,720
LEAD.

3077
02:07:24,720 --> 02:07:26,800
SPINACH WHICH IS RICH IN SEVERAL

3078
02:07:26,800 --> 02:07:29,240
NUTRIENTS IS FOUND TO BE A

3079
02:07:29,240 --> 02:07:35,000
SOURCE OF CADMIUM AND LEAD

3080
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:35,280
EXPOSURE.

3081
02:07:35,280 --> 02:07:39,080
BROCCOLI CONTAINS ARSENIC, AND

3082
02:07:39,080 --> 02:07:41,280
JUICE BLENDS A SOURCE OF

3083
02:07:41,280 --> 02:07:42,920
ARSENIC, LEAD, CADMIUM.

3084
02:07:42,920 --> 02:07:46,280
WE SEE THAT SOME FOODS CONTAIN

3085
02:07:46,280 --> 02:07:47,760
TOXICANTS IN THEIR RAW FORM

3086
02:07:47,760 --> 02:07:52,320
WITHOUT BEING PROCESSED AT ALL.

3087
02:07:52,320 --> 02:07:53,960
CERTAIN VEGETABLES ARE MORE

3088
02:07:53,960 --> 02:07:55,600
LIKELY TO ACCUMULATE HARMFUL

3089
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:57,800
LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS THAN

3090
02:07:57,800 --> 02:07:58,400
OTHERS.

3091
02:07:58,400 --> 02:08:01,840
IN GENERAL, HEAVY METALS TEND TO

3092
02:08:01,840 --> 02:08:04,360
ACCUMULATE IN ROOT, LEAVES, STEM

3093
02:08:04,360 --> 02:08:05,240
TISSUE.

3094
02:08:05,240 --> 02:08:08,160
SO VEGETABLES LIKE CARROTS,

3095
02:08:08,160 --> 02:08:10,080
SWEET POTATOES, KALE, SPINACH,

3096
02:08:10,080 --> 02:08:11,440
BROCCOLI, NATURALLY CONTAIN

3097
02:08:11,440 --> 02:08:13,600
HIGHER AMOUNTS OF TOXICANTS

3098
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:17,280
COMPARED TO VEGETABLES THAT COME

3099
02:08:17,280 --> 02:08:18,680
FROM FLOWERS LIKE CUCUMBERS,

3100
02:08:18,680 --> 02:08:19,560
TOMATOES, PEPPERS.

3101
02:08:19,560 --> 02:08:23,760
NOW WHERE ARE THESE TOXICANTS

3102
02:08:23,760 --> 02:08:24,520
COMING FROM?

3103
02:08:24,520 --> 02:08:26,360
CONTAMINATED SOIL IS A SOURCE

3104
02:08:26,360 --> 02:08:28,760
THAT WE NEED TO CONSIDER.

3105
02:08:28,760 --> 02:08:34,840
CROPS FROM URBAN AND PERIURBAN

3106
02:08:34,840 --> 02:08:36,440
HORTICULTURE HAVE HIGHER LEVELS.

3107
02:08:36,440 --> 02:08:38,960
THERE'S EVIDENCE THAT SHOWS THAT

3108
02:08:38,960 --> 02:08:42,120
SEVERAL SOURCES LIKE TRAFFIC,

3109
02:08:42,120 --> 02:08:44,760
STREET DUST, INCINERATION, TIE

3110
02:08:44,760 --> 02:08:46,200
WEAR CONTRIBUTE TO SOIL

3111
02:08:46,200 --> 02:08:47,400
CONTAMINATION IN URBAN

3112
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:48,080
ENVIRONMENT.

3113
02:08:48,080 --> 02:08:50,800
WE KNOW SOME CROPS DO UPTAKE

3114
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:52,960
SOME AMOUNT FROM SOIL BUT

3115
02:08:52,960 --> 02:08:54,960
EVIDENCE ON THE QUANTIFICATION

3116
02:08:54,960 --> 02:08:58,320
OF THE UPTAKE OF TOXICANTS FROM

3117
02:08:58,320 --> 02:09:00,800
SOIL TO INDIVIDUAL PLANTS IS NOT

3118
02:09:00,800 --> 02:09:01,800
VERY CLEAR.

3119
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:06,520
AND TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUING

3120
02:09:06,520 --> 02:09:08,200
RAISED BEDS IN URBAN

3121
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:09,920
ENVIRONMENT, ADDING COMPOST TO

3122
02:09:09,920 --> 02:09:11,800
SOIL IS RECOMMENDED.

3123
02:09:11,800 --> 02:09:14,040
BUT THESE MEASURES DO NOT

3124
02:09:14,040 --> 02:09:16,720
COMPLETELY ELIMINATE TOXICANTS

3125
02:09:16,720 --> 02:09:21,240
FROM THE CROP TISSUE.

3126
02:09:21,240 --> 02:09:26,520
OTHER FACTORS THAT IMPACT ARE

3127
02:09:26,520 --> 02:09:28,120
COOKING PRACTICES WHICH INCLUDES

3128
02:09:28,120 --> 02:09:30,760
WASHING, TAKING PEELS OFF, ET

3129
02:09:30,760 --> 02:09:31,080
CETERA.

3130
02:09:31,080 --> 02:09:32,360
FOOD SERVING PRACTICES, EATING

3131
02:09:32,360 --> 02:09:35,040
BEHAVIORS LIKE THE HAND TO MOUTH

3132
02:09:35,040 --> 02:09:36,800
BEHAVIORS IN CHILDREN, MEAL

3133
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:40,600
SKIPPING AND MEAL PATTERNS AND

3134
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:41,680
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FOODS,

3135
02:09:41,680 --> 02:09:44,640
NUTRIENTS, TOXICANTS EXPLAIN A

3136
02:09:44,640 --> 02:09:48,920
SHARE OF INCONSISTENTS BETWEEN

3137
02:09:48,920 --> 02:09:51,440
FOOD VERSUS NUTRIENT-BASED

3138
02:09:51,440 --> 02:09:51,880
STUDIES.

3139
02:09:51,880 --> 02:09:58,120
MY COLLEAGUES WILL COVER THESE

3140
02:09:58,120 --> 02:09:58,520
POINTS.

3141
02:09:58,520 --> 02:10:00,520
FOODS ARE IMPORTANT SOURCES OF

3142
02:10:00,520 --> 02:10:02,960
SEVERAL NUTRIENTS THAT ARE

3143
02:10:02,960 --> 02:10:06,200
ESSENTIAL IN GROWTH AND

3144
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:06,880
FUNCTIONING.

3145
02:10:06,880 --> 02:10:13,600
SOME FRUITS, VEGETABLES, DAIRY

3146
02:10:13,600 --> 02:10:14,880
PRODUCTS CONTAIN TOXICANTS.

3147
02:10:14,880 --> 02:10:16,120
THEY INTERACT AT CELLULAR

3148
02:10:16,120 --> 02:10:18,200
LEVELS, EVIDENCE BASE IS

3149
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:18,960
LIMITED.

3150
02:10:18,960 --> 02:10:20,120
MORE ROBUST STUDIES FOCUSING ON

3151
02:10:20,120 --> 02:10:23,000
RELATIONSHIP OF INTAKES OF

3152
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:24,240
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, DAIRY AND

3153
02:10:24,240 --> 02:10:28,400
BIOMARKERS OF TOXICANTS ARE

3154
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:31,160
NEEDED TO ESTABLISH CAUSALITY.

3155
02:10:31,160 --> 02:10:32,840
QUANTIFYING TOXICANT EXPOSURE

3156
02:10:32,840 --> 02:10:34,480
OCCURRING THROUGH THE DIET

3157
02:10:34,480 --> 02:10:36,640
RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL FOODS IS

3158
02:10:36,640 --> 02:10:37,560
ESSENTIAL BECAUSE INDIVIDUAL

3159
02:10:37,560 --> 02:10:45,040
FOODS MAY CONTAIN LOW AMOUNTS

3160
02:10:45,040 --> 02:10:51,880
OF TOXICANTS BUT ADD UP IN A

3161
02:10:51,880 --> 02:10:55,280
DAY. 

3162
02:10:55,280 --> 02:10:56,640
FINALLY QUANTIFYING DISEASE

3163
02:10:56,640 --> 02:10:58,600
BURDEN IS SOMETHING THAT IS

3164
02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:01,440
REALLY NECESSARY.

3165
02:11:01,440 --> 02:11:04,840
AND WITH THIS I WANT TO THANK

3166
02:11:04,840 --> 02:11:09,320
YOU AND END MY PRESENTATION.

3167
02:11:09,320 --> 02:11:09,800
>>THANK YOU.

3168
02:11:09,800 --> 02:11:12,760
WE WILL MOVE TO THE NEXT

3169
02:11:12,760 --> 02:11:13,440
PRESENTATION 

3170
02:11:13,440 --> 02:11:21,880
DR. ALEJANDRA

3171
02:11:21,880 --> 02:11:22,120
CANTORAL.

3172
02:11:22,120 --> 02:11:23,800
THANK YOU.

3173
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:34,280
INCLUDING FISH, CRUSTACEANS,

3174
02:11:43,280 --> 02:11:46,240
CEPHALOPODS OR MOLLUSKS.

3175
02:11:46,240 --> 02:11:48,920
FACTORS LIKE LOCATION AND TIME

3176
02:11:48,920 --> 02:11:51,200
OF YEAR INFLUENCE.

3177
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,520
WILD SPECIES, COD HAS LOWEST

3178
02:11:54,520 --> 02:12:04,680
OMEGA 3 AND MACKEREL THE

3179
02:12:04,680 --> 02:12:05,160
HIGHEST.

3180
02:12:05,160 --> 02:12:08,040
FARMING TECHNIQUES IMPACT THE

3181
02:12:08,040 --> 02:12:08,480
PROFILE.

3182
02:12:08,480 --> 02:12:10,320
HOWEVER, FARM RAISED FISH TEND

3183
02:12:10,320 --> 02:12:17,040
TO BE HIGHER IN TOTAL FAT DUE TO

3184
02:12:17,040 --> 02:12:17,920
FATTY ACIDS.

3185
02:12:17,920 --> 02:12:28,480
CERTAIN SPECIES SUCH AS TILLAPIA

3186
02:12:31,800 --> 02:12:38,160
CAN BE FARMED. 

3187
02:12:38,160 --> 02:12:41,000
INFLUENCING CONCENTRATION IN

3188
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:43,720
SEAFOOD.

3189
02:12:43,720 --> 02:12:46,080
TILAPIA AS THE LOWEST OMEGA 3

3190
02:12:46,080 --> 02:12:46,840
CONTENT.

3191
02:12:46,840 --> 02:12:49,000
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY IS ALSO

3192
02:12:49,000 --> 02:12:52,320
AFFECTED BY POST HARVEST

3193
02:12:52,320 --> 02:12:54,760
HANDLING, PROCESSES, TRANSPORT,

3194
02:12:54,760 --> 02:12:55,040
PACKAGING.

3195
02:12:55,040 --> 02:12:57,320
SEAFOOD EXPIRES FASTER THAN

3196
02:12:57,320 --> 02:13:00,160
OTHER FOOD GROUPS, SO CHILLING,

3197
02:13:00,160 --> 02:13:03,680
BIOLOGY, DRYING ARE NECESSARY

3198
02:13:03,680 --> 02:13:07,840
PRESERVATION METHODS BUT THESE

3199
02:13:07,840 --> 02:13:09,920
METHODS REDUCE SOME NUTRIENTS.

3200
02:13:09,920 --> 02:13:13,640
VITAMINS MAY BE LOST AFTER 90%

3201
02:13:13,640 --> 02:13:15,600
AFTER THESE PROCESS.

3202
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:19,760
SEA HAD HAS NUTRITIONAL AND

3203
02:13:19,760 --> 02:13:20,560
BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS DIETARY

3204
02:13:20,560 --> 02:13:22,400
GUIDELINES ALL OVER THE WORLD

3205
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:24,040
RECOMMEND CONSUMPTION OF SEAFOOD

3206
02:13:24,040 --> 02:13:28,560
AT LEAST TWICE A WEEK.

3207
02:13:28,560 --> 02:13:33,880
THE MOST RECOGNIZED STUDIES IS

3208
02:13:33,880 --> 02:13:37,720
LIPID, OMEGA 3 PRODUCED BY

3209
02:13:37,720 --> 02:13:39,240
CERTAIN TYPES OF ANIMALS THAT

3210
02:13:39,240 --> 02:13:43,960
ACCUMULATE IN TISSUES OR ORGANS.

3211
02:13:43,960 --> 02:13:46,360
OMEGA 3s ARE FOUND IN ALL

3212
02:13:46,360 --> 02:13:47,440
AQUATIC FOODS, PARTICULARLY

3213
02:13:47,440 --> 02:13:50,480
FATTY ISSUES OF OILY FOOD, LIKE

3214
02:13:50,480 --> 02:13:54,320
SALMON AND MACKEREL, IN THE

3215
02:13:54,320 --> 02:13:58,280
LIVER OF COD, AND THICK LAYER OF

3216
02:13:58,280 --> 02:14:02,560
FAT UNDER THE SKIN OF SEALS AND

3217
02:14:02,560 --> 02:14:02,920
WHALES.

3218
02:14:02,920 --> 02:14:11,280
SMALLER AMOUNTS FOUND IN

3219
02:14:11,280 --> 02:14:16,760
CRUSTACEANS AND CEPHALOPODS.

3220
02:14:16,760 --> 02:14:21,040
BENEFITS OF FISH CONSUMPTION IN

3221
02:14:21,040 --> 02:14:22,320
PREGNANCY STRONG AND SHOULD

3222
02:14:22,320 --> 02:14:24,680
INCORPORATE IN WOMEN OF THIS

3223
02:14:24,680 --> 02:14:25,680
BENEFIT.

3224
02:14:25,680 --> 02:14:31,880
INTAKE OF FISH NUTRIENTS AND

3225
02:14:31,880 --> 02:14:37,360
BIOACTIVE INCLUDE MEMORY,

3226
02:14:37,360 --> 02:14:42,480
COGNITION, INCLUDING I.Q.

3227
02:14:42,480 --> 02:14:44,120
DURING THE FIRST TRIMISTER AND

3228
02:14:44,120 --> 02:14:47,000
FIRST YEARS OF LIFE, TO OBTAIN

3229
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:50,800
500 MILLIGRAMS HER DAY OF EPA

3230
02:14:50,800 --> 02:14:53,640
AND DHA, PREGNANT WOMEN NEED TO

3231
02:14:53,640 --> 02:14:55,040
CONSUME AROUND TWO SALMON, TWO

3232
02:14:55,040 --> 02:15:00,760
SERVINGS PER WEEK OF SALMON OR

3233
02:15:00,760 --> 02:15:01,000
HERRING.

3234
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:03,720
INSTEAD, INTAKE LIKE 10 SERVINGS

3235
02:15:03,720 --> 02:15:09,880
OF CANNED LIGHT TUNE OR OR 30

3236
02:15:09,880 --> 02:15:11,240
SERVINGS OF TILLAPIA.

3237
02:15:11,240 --> 02:15:17,640
THE AMOUNT DEPENDS ON THE

3238
02:15:17,640 --> 02:15:18,200
SPECIES.

3239
02:15:18,200 --> 02:15:24,200
FOODS CONTAIN PROTEINS AND

3240
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:28,600
DEPENDING ON SPECIES VARIOUS

3241
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:31,760
VITAMINS AND NUTRIENT.

3242
02:15:31,760 --> 02:15:34,120
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID FROM 18 TO

3243
02:15:34,120 --> 02:15:35,000
20%.

3244
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:38,200
ALSO SEAFOOD IS A PRIMARY SOURCE

3245
02:15:38,200 --> 02:15:44,240
OF IODINE IN DIET CAN CONTAIN

3246
02:15:44,240 --> 02:15:52,320
IRON, ZINC, SELENIUM, COPPER. 

3247
02:15:52,320 --> 02:15:53,720
CRUSTACEANS CALCIUM AND

3248
02:15:53,720 --> 02:15:55,600
PHOSPHORUS, BENEFITS FOR

3249
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:59,360
CHILDREN IN GROWTH.

3250
02:15:59,360 --> 02:16:01,520
AND FATTY FISH AND MOLLUSKS A

3251
02:16:01,520 --> 02:16:06,760
GOOD SOURCE OF VITAMIN D, E, AND

3252
02:16:06,760 --> 02:16:15,400
CRUSTACEANS, FISH LIKE SALMON,

3253
02:16:15,400 --> 02:16:18,120
GOOD SOURCE OF CARATINOIDS.

3254
02:16:18,120 --> 02:16:20,200
FOOD IMPACTS GROWTH,

3255
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:22,320
DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH.

3256
02:16:22,320 --> 02:16:24,160
FISH IS CONSIDERED A FUNCTIONAL

3257
02:16:24,160 --> 02:16:34,760
FOOD, INTAKE HAS A LOT OF

3258
02:16:34,760 --> 02:16:34,960
BENEFITS.

3259
02:16:34,960 --> 02:16:44,000
ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY,

3260
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:48,760
SELENIUM HAS NEUROLOGIC

3261
02:16:48,760 --> 02:16:49,040
BENEFITS.

3262
02:16:49,040 --> 02:16:51,880
MOLLUSK AND CRUSTACEAN PROVIDE

3263
02:16:51,880 --> 02:16:55,760
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION.

3264
02:16:55,760 --> 02:16:56,320
FATTY ACID HAVE

3265
02:16:56,320 --> 02:16:57,640
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT.

3266
02:16:57,640 --> 02:17:00,800
BRAIN NEURAL PROTECTION ALSO.

3267
02:17:00,800 --> 02:17:06,200
IN SOME SPECIES ANTIMICROBIAL

3268
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:10,560
AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES

3269
02:17:10,560 --> 02:17:11,440
FOUND.

3270
02:17:11,440 --> 02:17:15,080
PEPTIDES EFFECTIVE IN AGING

3271
02:17:15,080 --> 02:17:15,600
CONDITIONS.

3272
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:17,880
SO GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF FISH IS

3273
02:17:17,880 --> 02:17:19,520
DOUBLE IN RECENT TIMES.

3274
02:17:19,520 --> 02:17:22,080
IN SOME COUNTRIES FISH IS MAJOR

3275
02:17:22,080 --> 02:17:26,080
SOURCE OF PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL

3276
02:17:26,080 --> 02:17:26,400
NUTRIENTS.

3277
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:28,760
PER CAPITA INTAKE INCREASED FROM

3278
02:17:28,760 --> 02:17:32,200
10 KILOGRAMS IN THE '60s TO

3279
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:39,200
OVER 19  19 KILOGRAMS.

3280
02:17:39,200 --> 02:17:42,040
FISH ACCOUNTED FOR 17 TO 20% OF

3281
02:17:42,040 --> 02:17:44,720
ANIMAL PROTEIN, REPRESENTING 7%

3282
02:17:44,720 --> 02:17:47,520
OF ALL PROTEINS GLOBALLY AND

3283
02:17:47,520 --> 02:17:49,400
SEAFOOD PROVIDES DAILY ANIMAL

3284
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:54,720
PROTEIN INTAKE FOR MORE THAN 3

3285
02:17:54,720 --> 02:17:56,920
BILLION PEOPLE.

3286
02:17:56,920 --> 02:18:01,000
CONSUMPTION IN THE U.S., THIS IS

3287
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:04,360
DATA FROM THE NHANES.

3288
02:18:04,360 --> 02:18:07,800
20% OF ADULTS CONSUME SEAFOOD AT

3289
02:18:07,800 --> 02:18:10,720
LEAST TWO TIMES A WEEK, BUT ONLY

3290
02:18:10,720 --> 02:18:13,440
10 TO 20% OF U.S. WOMEN EAT AS

3291
02:18:13,440 --> 02:18:17,640
MUCH AS 8 OUNCES OF FISH PER

3292
02:18:17,640 --> 02:18:18,040
WEEK.

3293
02:18:18,040 --> 02:18:19,920
PARTICULARLY PREGNANT WOMEN EAT

3294
02:18:19,920 --> 02:18:22,520
LESS THAN 2 OUNCES PER WEEK IN

3295
02:18:22,520 --> 02:18:23,080
AVERAGE.

3296
02:18:23,080 --> 02:18:26,920
LIMITING FISH CONSUMPTION DURING

3297
02:18:26,920 --> 02:18:29,880
PREGNANCY HAS BEEN RELATED TO

3298
02:18:29,880 --> 02:18:37,080
MERCURY, CAN HARM NEUROCOGNITIVE

3299
02:18:37,080 --> 02:18:37,360
DEVELOPMENT.

3300
02:18:37,360 --> 02:18:39,920
ALSO, APPROXIMATELY 6% OF YOUNG

3301
02:18:39,920 --> 02:18:41,400
CHILDREN CONSUME SEAFOOD AT

3302
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:47,680
LEAST TWO TIMES PER WEEK, VERY

3303
02:18:47,680 --> 02:18:48,960
LOW.

3304
02:18:48,960 --> 02:18:50,320
CONSUMPTION ACCORDING TO RACE,

3305
02:18:50,320 --> 02:18:53,280
FOR EXAMPLE MORE THAN 40% OF

3306
02:18:53,280 --> 02:18:54,600
NON-HISPANIC ASIAN ADULTS

3307
02:18:54,600 --> 02:18:55,720
CONSUME SEAFOOD AT LEAST TWO

3308
02:18:55,720 --> 02:19:01,520
TIMES PER WEEK.

3309
02:19:01,520 --> 02:19:04,920
IN CONTRAST 14% OF HISPANIC THE

3310
02:19:04,920 --> 02:19:05,920
SAME AMOUNT.

3311
02:19:05,920 --> 02:19:09,480
IN 2013 MOST COMMONLY CONSUMED

3312
02:19:09,480 --> 02:19:19,920
IN THE U.S., SALMON, CANNED

3313
02:19:19,920 --> 02:19:26,920
TUNA, TILAPI, LOW IN OMEGA-3

3314
02:19:26,920 --> 02:19:28,120
FATTY ACIDS.

3315
02:19:28,120 --> 02:19:31,800
I TALKED ABOUT BENEFITS OF

3316
02:19:31,800 --> 02:19:32,360
CONSUMING SEAFOOD.

3317
02:19:32,360 --> 02:19:35,120
THERE ARE MANY POTENTIAL

3318
02:19:35,120 --> 02:19:38,440
CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN.

3319
02:19:38,440 --> 02:19:46,920
MERCURY, LEAD, CADMIUM, ARSENIC,

3320
02:19:46,920 --> 02:19:47,480
PCBs, DIOXINS.

3321
02:19:47,480 --> 02:19:49,400
MERCURY IS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

3322
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:54,680
NATURALLY AND AS A RESULT OF

3323
02:19:54,680 --> 02:19:56,240
HUMAN ACTIVITIES, AND RELEASED

3324
02:19:56,240 --> 02:20:00,480
BY THESE ACTIVITIES FALL OUT IN

3325
02:20:00,480 --> 02:20:07,560
WATER AND TRANSFORMED BY

3326
02:20:07,560 --> 02:20:08,800
MICROORGANISM TO METHYLMERCURY,

3327
02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:11,880
MORE TOXIC, ENTERS AQUATIC FOOD

3328
02:20:11,880 --> 02:20:14,400
CHAIN, PREDATORY FISH SUCH AS

3329
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:17,360
SHARK, SWORDFISH, CERTAIN FISHES

3330
02:20:17,360 --> 02:20:24,920
OF TUNA, ACCUMULATE HIGHER

3331
02:20:24,920 --> 02:20:26,240
LEVELS.

3332
02:20:26,240 --> 02:20:27,840
METHYLMERCURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH

3333
02:20:27,840 --> 02:20:28,960
FREQUENCY OF SEAFOOD INTAKE

3334
02:20:28,960 --> 02:20:34,640
ESPECIALLY WITH THESE FISHES. 

3335
02:20:34,640 --> 02:20:37,360
SWORDFISH, SHARK, TUNA,

3336
02:20:37,360 --> 02:20:38,520
SHELLFISH.

3337
02:20:38,520 --> 02:20:43,720
WE CAN SEE IN THE AREAS IN U.S.

3338
02:20:43,720 --> 02:20:46,000
MERCURY IN HAIR AND BLOOD HIGHER

3339
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:51,800
THAN INNER AREAS OF THE U.S.

3340
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:56,320
SO, THE PROBLEM IS THAT MERCURY

3341
02:20:56,320 --> 02:20:59,680
HAS ABILITY TO CROSS THE

3342
02:20:59,680 --> 02:21:00,760
PLACENTAL AND BLOOD-BRAIN

3343
02:21:00,760 --> 02:21:01,520
BARRIERS, DEVELOPING NERVOUS

3344
02:21:01,520 --> 02:21:04,640
SYSTEM IS KNOWN TO BE

3345
02:21:04,640 --> 02:21:05,680
PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO

3346
02:21:05,680 --> 02:21:06,360
METHYLMERCURY.

3347
02:21:06,360 --> 02:21:10,280
SO COHORT OF STUDIES HAS SHOWN

3348
02:21:10,280 --> 02:21:14,560
EXPOSURE CAN RESULT IN COGNITIVE

3349
02:21:14,560 --> 02:21:18,520
DEFICITS, ATTENTION DEFICITS,

3350
02:21:18,520 --> 02:21:20,360
DECREASE IN LEARNING CAPACITIES.

3351
02:21:20,360 --> 02:21:23,440
THEN IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY

3352
02:21:23,440 --> 02:21:27,280
WHICH SPECIES SHOULD BE CONSUMED

3353
02:21:27,280 --> 02:21:35,040
TO MAXIMIZE INTAKE OF  OMEGA 3

3354
02:21:35,040 --> 02:21:35,560
AND MINIMIZE METHYLMERCURY

3355
02:21:35,560 --> 02:21:35,840
EXPOSURE.

3356
02:21:35,840 --> 02:21:37,640
THIS IS WHAT WE'VE DONE IN

3357
02:21:37,640 --> 02:21:44,680
MEXICO WITH 20 MOST CONSUMED

3358
02:21:44,680 --> 02:21:49,480
SEAFOOD BY MEXICAN POPULATION,

3359
02:21:49,480 --> 02:21:52,880
ACCORDING TO METHYLMERCURY PER

3360
02:21:52,880 --> 02:21:55,600
GRAM OF TISSUE, ABOVE THE USA

3361
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:57,920
EPA RECOMMENDATION BUT ALSO NEED

3362
02:21:57,920 --> 02:22:01,400
TO ENCOMPASS THOSE THAT ARE

3363
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:09,640
HIGHEST IN OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS.

3364
02:22:09,640 --> 02:22:10,840
AS MY COLLEAGUES MENTIONED

3365
02:22:10,840 --> 02:22:14,280
BEFORE THERE ARE SOME NUTRIENT

3366
02:22:14,280 --> 02:22:14,880
TOXIN INTERACTIONS.

3367
02:22:14,880 --> 02:22:19,720
IN THE CASE OF SEAFOOD DIETARY

3368
02:22:19,720 --> 02:22:21,800
SELENIUM IS RELATED TO

3369
02:22:21,800 --> 02:22:23,720
METHYLMERCURY TOXICITY.

3370
02:22:23,720 --> 02:22:27,680
SO IN ONE HAND STUDIES SHOW

3371
02:22:27,680 --> 02:22:34,440
SELENIUM ENRICHED DIET PREVENTS

3372
02:22:34,440 --> 02:22:35,800
METHYLMERCURY TOXICITY, BUT IN

3373
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:44,440
OTHER IT HAS HIGH AFFINITY FOR

3374
02:22:44,440 --> 02:22:45,840
SELENIUM AND SPECIFICALLY

3375
02:22:45,840 --> 02:22:48,200
METHYLMERCURY (INDISCERNIBLE)

3376
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:50,360
REQUIRED TO PREVENT AND REVERSE

3377
02:22:50,360 --> 02:22:52,800
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, PARTICULARLY

3378
02:22:52,800 --> 02:22:55,800
IN THE BRAIN AND ENDOCRINE

3379
02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:56,040
TISSUES.

3380
02:22:56,040 --> 02:22:59,240
THIS MAY EXPLAIN WHY COHORTS OF

3381
02:22:59,240 --> 02:23:01,080
STUDIES OF MATERNAL POPULATIONS

3382
02:23:01,080 --> 02:23:04,280
EXPOSED TO SEAFOOD THAT CONTAINS

3383
02:23:04,280 --> 02:23:05,720
MERCURY WITH LOW SELENIUM

3384
02:23:05,720 --> 02:23:12,400
CONTENT SUCH AS SHARK OR WHALE

3385
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:22,880
MEAT, OUTCOMES RELATED TO FISH

3386
02:23:23,760 --> 02:23:28,520
INTAKE, SOME STUDIES INSTEAD OF

3387
02:23:28,520 --> 02:23:30,560
HARM.

3388
02:23:30,560 --> 02:23:33,880
SELENIUM CONTENT FISH DEPENDS ON

3389
02:23:33,880 --> 02:23:38,480
STATUS, FISH WITH HIGH

3390
02:23:38,480 --> 02:23:47,560
METHYLMERCURY MAY BE CAUSE FOR

3391
02:23:47,560 --> 02:23:49,080
CONCERN.

3392
02:23:49,080 --> 02:23:56,200
COOK AND BIOACCESSIBILITY,

3393
02:23:56,200 --> 02:23:57,640
COOKING PROCESS ARE RAW,

3394
02:23:57,640 --> 02:24:05,080
STEAMED, GRILLED, FRIED.

3395
02:24:05,080 --> 02:24:07,160
SPANISH MACKEREL, BOIL AND FREUD

3396
02:24:07,160 --> 02:24:10,320
FISH 40 TO 60% LOWER THAN RAW

3397
02:24:10,320 --> 02:24:10,560
SAMPLES.

3398
02:24:10,560 --> 02:24:13,520
COOKING AS WELL AS REMOVING THE

3399
02:24:13,520 --> 02:24:23,040
SKIN AND FAT OF FISH CAN ALSO

3400
02:24:23,040 --> 02:24:25,840
REDUCE PCBS AND DIOXINS.

3401
02:24:25,840 --> 02:24:27,880
EMPHASIZING NEURAL DEVELOPMENT

3402
02:24:27,880 --> 02:24:33,120
OF BENEFITS TO  OFFSPRING OF

3403
02:24:33,120 --> 02:24:38,120
WOMEN WHO CONSUMED FISH AND

3404
02:24:38,120 --> 02:24:39,040
NEURAL DEVELOPMENT TO OFFSPRING

3405
02:24:39,040 --> 02:24:41,880
WHO DO NOT CONSUME FISH.

3406
02:24:41,880 --> 02:24:44,040
U.S. FDA AND EPA RECOMMEND

3407
02:24:44,040 --> 02:24:46,480
CONSUMING TWO TO THREE SERVES

3408
02:24:46,480 --> 02:24:50,880
PER WEEK OF MOST FISH AND

3409
02:24:50,880 --> 02:24:52,400
SEAFOOD DURING PREGNANCY.

3410
02:24:52,400 --> 02:25:02,960
BETWEEN 8 TO 12 OUNCES PER WEEK.

3411
02:25:03,320 --> 02:25:06,200
ALSO, BLUE FISH, RATES FOR

3412
02:25:06,200 --> 02:25:08,440
METHYLMERCURY, CERTAIN FISH NOT

3413
02:25:08,440 --> 02:25:10,000
RECOMMENDED TO EAT DURING

3414
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,360
PREGNANCY AS SHARK OR SWORDFISH,

3415
02:25:13,360 --> 02:25:15,520
GIVEN HIGH LEVELS OF MERCURY,

3416
02:25:15,520 --> 02:25:18,880
AND ALSO WE HAVE TO TAKE INTO

3417
02:25:18,880 --> 02:25:20,640
ACCOUNT TO GET MAXIMUM BENEFIT

3418
02:25:20,640 --> 02:25:26,640
TO PREGNANT WOMEN AND THEIR

3419
02:25:26,640 --> 02:25:31,800
OFFSPRING CONSUMING TROUT OR

3420
02:25:31,800 --> 02:25:33,160
SALMON, CLAMS, SARDINES,

3421
02:25:33,160 --> 02:25:34,800
CATFISH, 10 GRAMS A WEEK.

3422
02:25:34,800 --> 02:25:37,640
FINAL REFLECTIONS WE HAVE TO

3423
02:25:37,640 --> 02:25:40,400
DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN ALL THIS

3424
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:42,000
INFORMATION ABOUT NUTRIENT

3425
02:25:42,000 --> 02:25:49,760
CONTENT OF SEAFOOD, ALSO

3426
02:25:49,760 --> 02:25:52,520
CONTAMINANTS, PARTICULARLY

3427
02:25:52,520 --> 02:25:53,800
METHYLMERCURY AND DIOXIN,

3428
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:54,720
MONITORING SEAFOOD EXPORTING TO

3429
02:25:54,720 --> 02:25:58,280
UNITED STATES ALSO BECAUSE WE A

3430
02:25:58,280 --> 02:25:59,520
LOT OF SEE FOOD CONSUMED IN THE

3431
02:25:59,520 --> 02:26:04,080
UNITED STATES CAME FROM OTHER

3432
02:26:04,080 --> 02:26:04,360
COUNTRIES.

3433
02:26:04,360 --> 02:26:15,040
ALSO INCLUDE ADVICE HOW TO COOK

3434
02:26:15,040 --> 02:26:18,120
FISH TO DECREASE TOXEN WITHOUT

3435
02:26:18,120 --> 02:26:19,280
LOSING NUTRIENTS.

3436
02:26:19,280 --> 02:26:22,600
MORE EVIDENCE IS NEEDED.

3437
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:23,840
FIRST COMBINED EXPOSURE IN

3438
02:26:23,840 --> 02:26:27,920
PRESENCE OF MORE THAN TWO

3439
02:26:27,920 --> 02:26:30,080
METTLES, MERCURY YES BUT ALSO

3440
02:26:30,080 --> 02:26:33,200
LEAD OR CADMIUM IN THE SEAFOOD.

3441
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:34,400
IN THE SAME SEAFOOD.

3442
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,640
WE NEED TO HAVE MORE RESEARCH IN

3443
02:26:37,640 --> 02:26:40,080
THIS AREA, COMBINATION OF METALS

3444
02:26:40,080 --> 02:26:41,160
AND TOXICS.

3445
02:26:41,160 --> 02:26:43,360
AND WE NEED MORE AREAS OF

3446
02:26:43,360 --> 02:26:45,640
RESEARCH ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

3447
02:26:45,640 --> 02:26:47,720
NUTRIENTS AND TOXINS.

3448
02:26:47,720 --> 02:26:49,720
FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE ROLE OF

3449
02:26:49,720 --> 02:26:50,240
SELENIUM.

3450
02:26:50,240 --> 02:26:54,760
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

3451
02:26:54,760 --> 02:26:58,760
ATTENTION.

3452
02:26:58,760 --> 02:26:59,480
>>THANK YOU, ALEJANDRA.

3453
02:26:59,480 --> 02:27:01,320
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

3454
02:27:01,320 --> 02:27:11,680
WE'LL GO TO OUR LAST

3455
02:27:12,880 --> 02:27:23,240
PRESENTATION, DR. KORDAS. 

3456
02:27:30,320 --> 02:27:31,800
>>THANK YOU.

3457
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:34,640
HOPE YOU'RE SEEING MY SCREEN.

3458
02:27:34,640 --> 02:27:36,240
IT'S A PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE TO

3459
02:27:36,240 --> 02:27:38,160
BE HERE AND CONTRIBUTE TO THIS

3460
02:27:38,160 --> 02:27:38,960
CONVERSATION.

3461
02:27:38,960 --> 02:27:45,240
THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION.

3462
02:27:45,240 --> 02:27:49,200
I HAVE NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

3463
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:52,240
TO DISCLOSE.

3464
02:27:52,240 --> 02:27:54,880
I WILL CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION

3465
02:27:54,880 --> 02:27:58,920
THAT WAS STARTED BY MY

3466
02:27:58,920 --> 02:28:04,840
COLLEAGUES WHERE WE HEARD THAT

3467
02:28:04,840 --> 02:28:06,280
FOODS SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND

3468
02:28:06,280 --> 02:28:11,600
HEALTH OF CHILDREN, AND THEY CAN

3469
02:28:11,600 --> 02:28:13,680
FURTHER BE BENEFICIAL BY

3470
02:28:13,680 --> 02:28:16,360
BLOCKING ABSORPTION OR CONTRA

3471
02:28:16,360 --> 02:28:19,200
ACTING EFFECTS OF TOXIC ELEMENTS

3472
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:23,320
ON DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF

3473
02:28:23,320 --> 02:28:25,080
CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND

3474
02:28:25,080 --> 02:28:25,640
DEVELOPMENT.

3475
02:28:25,640 --> 02:28:27,920
I WANT TO THINK ABOUT THE FACT

3476
02:28:27,920 --> 02:28:30,440
THAT WHEN WE PLAN OUR MEALS,

3477
02:28:30,440 --> 02:28:33,320
DURING A DAY OR FOR THE WEEK, WE

3478
02:28:33,320 --> 02:28:36,120
RARELY THINK ABOUT NUTRIENTS AND

3479
02:28:36,120 --> 02:28:38,200
WHAT WE MAY NEED IN TERMS OF THE

3480
02:28:38,200 --> 02:28:43,600
HEALTH BENEFITS OF NUTRIENTS.

3481
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:45,400
WE THINK ABOUT PREFERENCE, WHAT

3482
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:47,760
WE GREW UP, WHAT IS CULTURALLY

3483
02:28:47,760 --> 02:28:50,600
RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE FOR US.

3484
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:54,000
WHAT MAY BE AVAILABLE IN A GIVEN

3485
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:57,240
SEASON AS WELL AS IN PLACE WHERE

3486
02:28:57,240 --> 02:28:57,840
IS WE LIVE.

3487
02:28:57,840 --> 02:28:59,680
HOW MUCH WHAT WE CAN AFFORD, HOW

3488
02:28:59,680 --> 02:29:04,680
MUCH WE CAN AFFORD TO BUY.

3489
02:29:04,680 --> 02:29:06,920
THOSE ARE FOREMOST RATHER THAN

3490
02:29:06,920 --> 02:29:07,200
NUTRIENTS.

3491
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:09,520
IT TURNS OUT THAT THE WAY WE

3492
02:29:09,520 --> 02:29:12,640
EAT, WHAT WE CONSUME IN TERMS OF

3493
02:29:12,640 --> 02:29:15,920
FOODS AND BEVERAGES, HOW MUCH WE

3494
02:29:15,920 --> 02:29:19,400
CONSUME AND HOW FREQUENTLY, CAN

3495
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:23,760
BE DESCRIBED AND  QUANTIFIED.

3496
02:29:23,760 --> 02:29:26,840
THERE'S A PATTERN TO THE WAY WE

3497
02:29:26,840 --> 02:29:27,360
EAT.

3498
02:29:27,360 --> 02:29:29,240
I WILL DEFINE A DIET PATTERN

3499
02:29:29,240 --> 02:29:31,440
BECAUSE WE'LL BE USING THESE

3500
02:29:31,440 --> 02:29:33,720
TERMS QUITE A BIT.

3501
02:29:33,720 --> 02:29:35,280
IT'S THE QUANTITY, VARIETY,

3502
02:29:35,280 --> 02:29:37,760
COMBINATION OF FOODS AND

3503
02:29:37,760 --> 02:29:42,480
BEVERAGES AND FREQUENCY WITH

3504
02:29:42,480 --> 02:29:44,320
WHICH WE CONSUME THEM.

3505
02:29:44,320 --> 02:29:46,520
AND SO I WOULD LIKE TO SPEND A

3506
02:29:46,520 --> 02:29:51,000
LITTLE BIT OF TIME NOW TO THINK

3507
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,600
ABOUT DIFFERENT DIET PATTERNS

3508
02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:55,800
AND QUALITY, AND WHY WE WANT TO

3509
02:29:55,800 --> 02:29:59,640
THINK ABOUT THEM IN RELATION TO

3510
02:29:59,640 --> 02:30:01,400
TOXICS ELEMENT EXPOSURES AND

3511
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:04,040
EFFECT ON HEALTH IN CHILDREN.

3512
02:30:04,040 --> 02:30:06,880
FIRST, I WILL SAY THAT THERE ARE

3513
02:30:06,880 --> 02:30:09,400
DIFFERENT WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT

3514
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:11,680
DIET PATTERNS AND DEFINING AND

3515
02:30:11,680 --> 02:30:12,760
MEASURING THEM.

3516
02:30:12,760 --> 02:30:15,400
I'LL TALK ABOUT THESE BECAUSE

3517
02:30:15,400 --> 02:30:17,480
I'LL BE USING THE TERMS DIET

3518
02:30:17,480 --> 02:30:19,120
PATTERN AND DIET QUALITY QUITE A

3519
02:30:19,120 --> 02:30:21,120
BIT TO DESCRIBE THE EVIDENCE

3520
02:30:21,120 --> 02:30:23,040
THAT WE CURRENTLY HAVE, AND SO I

3521
02:30:23,040 --> 02:30:24,920
WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE ALL

3522
02:30:24,920 --> 02:30:28,840
ON THE SAME PAGE ABOUT WHAT IT

3523
02:30:28,840 --> 02:30:30,600
IS THAT I MEAN.

3524
02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:34,160
ONE WAY OF DESCRIBING A DIETARY

3525
02:30:34,160 --> 02:30:36,760
PATTERN OR MEASURING DIETARY

3526
02:30:36,760 --> 02:30:39,800
PATTERN IS WHAT WE CALL DATA

3527
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:40,360
DRIVEN.

3528
02:30:40,360 --> 02:30:43,120
THIS IS WHERE THE CONSUMPTION

3529
02:30:43,120 --> 02:30:45,840
FREQUENCY OR AMOUNT OF FOODS OR

3530
02:30:45,840 --> 02:30:48,520
FOOD GROUPS ARE ANALYZED USING

3531
02:30:48,520 --> 02:30:49,760
STATISTICAL TOOLS, TO IDENTIFY

3532
02:30:49,760 --> 02:30:53,240
SOME KIND OF MEANINGFUL PATTERN.

3533
02:30:53,240 --> 02:30:55,120
I'LL GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS

3534
02:30:55,120 --> 02:30:57,120
IS DONE IN A SECOND.

3535
02:30:57,120 --> 02:30:58,560
BUT THE TIMES OF DIETARY

3536
02:30:58,560 --> 02:31:03,880
PATTERNS YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF

3537
02:31:03,880 --> 02:31:06,280
ARE WESTERN DIETARY PATTERN OR

3538
02:31:06,280 --> 02:31:08,400
PASSIVE FOODS OR PRUDENT DIETARY

3539
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:10,040
PATTERN.

3540
02:31:10,040 --> 02:31:12,680
THOSE ARE THE THINGS THAT YOU

3541
02:31:12,680 --> 02:31:15,960
MAY HAVE HEARD OF. 

3542
02:31:15,960 --> 02:31:19,000
ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE IS A

3543
02:31:19,000 --> 02:31:23,280
WAY OF SCORING HOW WE EAT, IN

3544
02:31:23,280 --> 02:31:25,920
COMPARISON TO PRE-DEFINED NOTION

3545
02:31:25,920 --> 02:31:27,760
OR PRE-DEFINED RECOMMENDATION

3546
02:31:27,760 --> 02:31:29,960
FOR WHAT IS HEALTHY DIET.

3547
02:31:29,960 --> 02:31:34,840
SO, WE CAN MAKE COMPARISONS AND

3548
02:31:34,840 --> 02:31:38,080
WE CAN SCORE SOMEBODY'S DIET.

3549
02:31:38,080 --> 02:31:39,720
THIS SCORE, AGAIN, IS QUANTIFIED

3550
02:31:39,720 --> 02:31:42,120
AND THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

3551
02:31:42,120 --> 02:31:44,320
APPROACHES. 

3552
02:31:44,320 --> 02:31:46,160
I'M SORRY, DIETS THAT HAVE --

3553
02:31:46,160 --> 02:31:48,920
DIET QUALITY INDICES THAT HAVE

3554
02:31:48,920 --> 02:31:51,280
BEEN DESIGNED FOR THE UNITED

3555
02:31:51,280 --> 02:31:53,880
STATES, SOME THAT WE HAVE HEARD

3556
02:31:53,880 --> 02:32:00,080
OF ARE DIETARY APPROACH TO STOP

3557
02:32:00,080 --> 02:32:01,960
HYPERTENSION, DASH, OR HEALTHY

3558
02:32:01,960 --> 02:32:04,960
EATING INDEX SCORES, BUT THERE

3559
02:32:04,960 --> 02:32:06,640
ARE OTHER SCORES, BOTH IN USE IN

3560
02:32:06,640 --> 02:32:08,640
THE UNITED STATES AS WELL AS

3561
02:32:08,640 --> 02:32:16,480
AROUND OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD 

3562
02:32:16,480 --> 02:32:22,280
HEALTHY DIET PATTERN MAY BE --

3563
02:32:22,280 --> 02:32:25,240
MAY MEAN GRAINS AS WELL AS

3564
02:32:25,240 --> 02:32:28,640
HEALTHIER PROTEINS SUCH AS FISH.

3565
02:32:28,640 --> 02:32:31,360
I WANT TO GO OVER IN A LITTLE

3566
02:32:31,360 --> 02:32:35,840
BIT MORE DETAIL ABOUT HOW

3567
02:32:35,840 --> 02:32:37,160
DATA-DRIVEN DIET PATTERNS ARE

3568
02:32:37,160 --> 02:32:39,200
IDENTIFIED OR QUANTIFIED.

3569
02:32:39,200 --> 02:32:41,040
DETAILS ARE NOT SO CRITICAL, BUT

3570
02:32:41,040 --> 02:32:45,920
WHAT I WANT TO TELL YOU IS THAT

3571
02:32:45,920 --> 02:32:48,000
TO DO THIS, TYPICALLY A FOOD

3572
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:50,840
FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE OR MAY

3573
02:32:50,840 --> 02:32:57,960
BE 24-HOUR RECALL WILL BED  -- L

3574
02:32:57,960 --> 02:32:58,880
BE ADMINISTERED.

3575
02:32:58,880 --> 02:33:01,800
BASED ON REPORTED FOOD,

3576
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:04,680
THOSE-LISTED. 

3577
02:33:04,680 --> 02:33:06,200
OFTEN GROUPED FURTHER INTO

3578
02:33:06,200 --> 02:33:10,760
SIMILAR TYPES OF FOODS.

3579
02:33:10,760 --> 02:33:13,560
AND THEN STATISTICAL CODES SUCH

3580
02:33:13,560 --> 02:33:14,600
AS PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

3581
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,680
WILL BE APPLIED TO TRY TO

3582
02:33:17,680 --> 02:33:19,040
UNDERSTAND HOW THESE FOOD GROUPS

3583
02:33:19,040 --> 02:33:24,240
RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER AS WELL AS

3584
02:33:24,240 --> 02:33:26,640
UNDERLYING CONSTRUCT OF SOME

3585
02:33:26,640 --> 02:33:27,320
SORT.

3586
02:33:27,320 --> 02:33:29,440
HIGHER CORRELATION WILL MEAN

3587
02:33:29,440 --> 02:33:31,280
THAT THEY RELATE MORE STRONGLY

3588
02:33:31,280 --> 02:33:33,520
AND A LOWER CORRELATION WILL

3589
02:33:33,520 --> 02:33:36,920
MEAN THAT THEY DON'T RELAY AS

3590
02:33:36,920 --> 02:33:37,200
STRONGLY.

3591
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,560
SOMETHING THAT CORRELATES

3592
02:33:40,560 --> 02:33:42,320
NEGATIVELY ACTUALLY MEANS THAT

3593
02:33:42,320 --> 02:33:44,600
IT'S SORT OF RELATING IN A

3594
02:33:44,600 --> 02:33:46,400
DIRECTION TO THIS UNDERLYING

3595
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:48,440
CONSTRUCT. 

3596
02:33:48,440 --> 02:33:51,400
SO, IN THIS EXAMPLE, FROM THE

3597
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:53,400
LITERATURE, TWO TYPES OF DIET

3598
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:54,760
PATTERNS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED.

3599
02:33:54,760 --> 02:33:57,400
ONE IS THE WESTERN DIET PATTERN.

3600
02:33:57,400 --> 02:33:59,560
THE OTHER ONE IS THE PRUDENT

3601
02:33:59,560 --> 02:34:00,360
DIET PATTERN.

3602
02:34:00,360 --> 02:34:05,600
THE WAY THESE ARE NAMED IS THAT

3603
02:34:05,600 --> 02:34:08,760
RESEARCHER WILL LOOK AT THE

3604
02:34:08,760 --> 02:34:11,840
FOODS COLLATING HIGHLY, AND SORT

3605
02:34:11,840 --> 02:34:13,760
OF EXAMINE WHAT THOSE ARE, AND

3606
02:34:13,760 --> 02:34:17,680
THEN COME UP WITH A NAME THAT IS

3607
02:34:17,680 --> 02:34:20,640
DESCRIPTIVE AND THAT REPRESENTS

3608
02:34:20,640 --> 02:34:21,920
WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH THE FOOD

3609
02:34:21,920 --> 02:34:32,400
THAT RELATE TO THAT PATTERN.

3610
02:34:32,840 --> 02:34:35,960
ON THE OTHER HAND, I MENTIONED

3611
02:34:35,960 --> 02:34:38,880
DIET QUALITY INDICES AND THE

3612
02:34:38,880 --> 02:34:43,240
SCORES THAT CAN BE CALCULATED TO

3613
02:34:43,240 --> 02:34:45,360
REPRESENT THE HEALTHINESS OF A

3614
02:34:45,360 --> 02:34:45,760
DIET.

3615
02:34:45,760 --> 02:34:49,440
AND HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE

3616
02:34:49,440 --> 02:34:52,280
HEALTHY EATING INDEX 2015 IS

3617
02:34:52,280 --> 02:34:52,600
CALCULATED.

3618
02:34:52,600 --> 02:34:54,800
AGAIN WE WOULD TAKE SOMEBODY'S

3619
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:58,520
DIET RECALL AND LOOK AT ARE THEY

3620
02:34:58,520 --> 02:35:00,920
CONSUMING THE RECOMMENDED FOOD

3621
02:35:00,920 --> 02:35:03,440
GROUPS AS WELL AS HOW CLOSELY DO

3622
02:35:03,440 --> 02:35:06,880
THEY COME IN TERMS OF QUANTITY

3623
02:35:06,880 --> 02:35:11,240
TO THE RECOMMENDED AMOUNTS.

3624
02:35:11,240 --> 02:35:14,080
THE CLOSER THEY ARE, HIGHER

3625
02:35:14,080 --> 02:35:15,920
POINTS THEY RECEIVE.

3626
02:35:15,920 --> 02:35:19,760
POINTS EVENTUALLY TOTAL TO 100.

3627
02:35:19,760 --> 02:35:23,040
AND ALL OF US UNDERSTAND WHAT A

3628
02:35:23,040 --> 02:35:25,800
SCORE OF 100 MEANS.

3629
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:34,840
AND HOW FAR WE ARE FROM THAT

3630
02:35:34,840 --> 02:35:37,280
DESIRED TOTAL.

3631
02:35:37,280 --> 02:35:38,280
THEY ARE INTUITIVELY

3632
02:35:38,280 --> 02:35:39,840
UNDERSTANDABLE.

3633
02:35:39,840 --> 02:35:44,160
WE CAN USE THEM TO COMPARE,

3634
02:35:44,160 --> 02:35:47,080
TRACK PROGRESS OVER TIME,

3635
02:35:47,080 --> 02:35:49,440
COMPARE DIFFERENT POPULATION

3636
02:35:49,440 --> 02:35:51,520
GROUPS OR AGES, AND WHAT WE'RE

3637
02:35:51,520 --> 02:35:54,720
LOOKING AT HERE IS OUR HEALTHY

3638
02:35:54,720 --> 02:35:56,240
EATING INDEX SCORES, ACROSS

3639
02:35:56,240 --> 02:35:58,440
CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN THE

3640
02:35:58,440 --> 02:35:59,720
UNITED STATES.

3641
02:35:59,720 --> 02:36:06,360
WE SEE SCORES DECREASE GRADUALLY

3642
02:36:06,360 --> 02:36:07,160
AS CHILDREN AGE.

3643
02:36:07,160 --> 02:36:10,720
THE REASON WE WANT TO THINK

3644
02:36:10,720 --> 02:36:13,640
ABOUT DIET PATTERNS OR DIET

3645
02:36:13,640 --> 02:36:15,920
QUALITY IN RELATION TO TOXIC

3646
02:36:15,920 --> 02:36:18,560
ELEMENTS AND EFFECTS ON HEALTH

3647
02:36:18,560 --> 02:36:20,120
IS THAT FOR DIETS THE WHOLE IS

3648
02:36:20,120 --> 02:36:22,080
GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS

3649
02:36:22,080 --> 02:36:22,320
PARTS.

3650
02:36:22,320 --> 02:36:25,320
SO, AS I ALREADY SAID, FOODS AND

3651
02:36:25,320 --> 02:36:28,200
BEVERAGES ARE CONSUMED IN

3652
02:36:28,200 --> 02:36:28,640
COMBINATION.

3653
02:36:28,640 --> 02:36:30,040
AND THE DIETARY COMPONENTS THAT

3654
02:36:30,040 --> 02:36:33,480
THEY PROVIDE SUCH AS MINERALS,

3655
02:36:33,480 --> 02:36:35,000
VITAMINS, FIBER, ET CETERA,

3656
02:36:35,000 --> 02:36:37,200
REALLY ACT IN SYNERGY.

3657
02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:43,440
SO IT'S MORE LIKELY THAT

3658
02:36:43,440 --> 02:36:44,440
TOGETHER THEY INFLUENCE HEALTH

3659
02:36:44,440 --> 02:36:48,240
TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN ANY

3660
02:36:48,240 --> 02:36:48,880
SINGLE FOOD ALONE.

3661
02:36:48,880 --> 02:36:52,080
THERE'S BEEN A NUMBER OF STUDIES

3662
02:36:52,080 --> 02:36:56,760
IN CHILDREN AS WELL AS ADULTS,

3663
02:36:56,760 --> 02:36:58,880
RELATING HOW DIET PATTERNS MAY

3664
02:36:58,880 --> 02:37:00,840
BE RELATED TO DIFFERENT HEALTH

3665
02:37:00,840 --> 02:37:01,160
OUTCOMES.

3666
02:37:01,160 --> 02:37:03,360
HERE I'M SHOWING YOU AN EXAMPLE

3667
02:37:03,360 --> 02:37:06,200
OF JUST ONE SUCH STUDY.

3668
02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:08,120
SO IN CHILDREN IN BRITAIN WHO

3669
02:37:08,120 --> 02:37:16,360
WERE GROWING UP IN THE 1990s,

3670
02:37:16,360 --> 02:37:17,480
DIETARY PATTERNS, DATA-DRIVEN,

3671
02:37:17,480 --> 02:37:20,760
WERE IDENTIFIED AT DIFFERENT

3672
02:37:20,760 --> 02:37:21,000
AGES.

3673
02:37:21,000 --> 02:37:23,840
IN EARLY CHILDHOOD, THREE

3674
02:37:23,840 --> 02:37:26,760
PATTERNS ARE PRESENTED HERE.

3675
02:37:26,760 --> 02:37:29,080
PROCESS PATTERN, TRADITIONAL

3676
02:37:29,080 --> 02:37:30,920
PATTERN, HEALTH CONSCIOUS

3677
02:37:30,920 --> 02:37:35,840
PATTERN AT 3, 4, 7, 8 1/2 AGES.

3678
02:37:35,840 --> 02:37:38,560
WHAT THE RESEARCHERS DID WAS

3679
02:37:38,560 --> 02:37:40,680
RELATE IN REGRESSION MODELS THE

3680
02:37:40,680 --> 02:37:43,200
SCORES ON THESE PATTERNS WITH

3681
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:44,960
I.Q. IN CHILDREN AROUND 8 YEARS

3682
02:37:44,960 --> 02:37:46,120
OF AGE.

3683
02:37:46,120 --> 02:37:52,280
AND WE SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT AT

3684
02:37:52,280 --> 02:37:56,960
AGE 3 YEARS, HIGHER SCORES ON

3685
02:37:56,960 --> 02:38:01,880
PROCESS PATTERN INDICATE CLOSER

3686
02:38:01,880 --> 02:38:04,000
ADHERENCE, RELATED WITH LOWER

3687
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:06,760
I.Q. SCORES IN CHILDREN.

3688
02:38:06,760 --> 02:38:10,480
FLIP SLIDE, AGES 3 AND AROUND 8,

3689
02:38:10,480 --> 02:38:13,040
HIGHER SCORES ON HEALTH

3690
02:38:13,040 --> 02:38:14,400
CONSCIOUS PATTERN RELATED TO

3691
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:20,720
BETTER I.Q. SCORES IN CHILDREN.

3692
02:38:20,720 --> 02:38:23,360
THERE'S A NUMBER OF STUDIES

3693
02:38:23,360 --> 02:38:24,720
RELATED DIET PATTERNS TO

3694
02:38:24,720 --> 02:38:27,440
CHILDREN'S HEALTH.

3695
02:38:27,440 --> 02:38:30,120
I HAVE POOLED EXAMPLES OF

3696
02:38:30,120 --> 02:38:31,760
STUDIES TO REPRESENT SEVERAL

3697
02:38:31,760 --> 02:38:34,120
ASPECTS OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH SO

3698
02:38:34,120 --> 02:38:36,800
WE HAVE BODY FATNESS, BMI,

3699
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:37,920
COGNITIVE FUNCTION, MENTAL

3700
02:38:37,920 --> 02:38:39,760
HEALTH, AS WELL AS ORAL HEALTH,

3701
02:38:39,760 --> 02:38:44,720
BUT OTHER TYPES OF STUDIES HAVE

3702
02:38:44,720 --> 02:38:48,400
BEEN CONDUCTED. 

3703
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:52,640
IN SUMMARY, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE

3704
02:38:52,640 --> 02:38:57,600
GAPS IN THIS RESEARCH, I THINK A

3705
02:38:57,600 --> 02:38:59,680
COMMON THREAD THAT COMES OUT IS

3706
02:38:59,680 --> 02:39:05,720
DIETS BASED ON FRUITS AND

3707
02:39:05,720 --> 02:39:07,240
VEGETABLES AND HEALTHY PROTEINS

3708
02:39:07,240 --> 02:39:10,240
RELATE IN A POSITIVE WAY TO

3709
02:39:10,240 --> 02:39:11,840
POSITIVE OUTCOMES, COGNITION,

3710
02:39:11,840 --> 02:39:15,200
MENTAL HEALTH WITH LOWER

3711
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:21,360
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, BETTER ORAL

3712
02:39:21,360 --> 02:39:25,000
HEALTH IN CHILDREN. 

3713
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:28,280
BUT WHILE WE KNOW THAT DIETS ARE

3714
02:39:28,280 --> 02:39:30,680
RELATED IN A POSITIVE WAY TO

3715
02:39:30,680 --> 02:39:34,720
HEALTH, WE HAVE ALSO HEARD FROM

3716
02:39:34,720 --> 02:39:36,680
PREVIOUS SPEAKERS THAT THEY ARE

3717
02:39:36,680 --> 02:39:39,880
A SOURCE OF TOXICANTS, SO THEY

3718
02:39:39,880 --> 02:39:42,920
HAVE THIS DUAL ROLE THAT

3719
02:39:42,920 --> 02:39:46,760
PRESENTS A QUANDARY TO PARENTS,

3720
02:39:46,760 --> 02:39:49,720
TO REGULATORS, AND REALLY THE

3721
02:39:49,720 --> 02:39:52,440
REASON WE'RE HERE.

3722
02:39:52,440 --> 02:39:53,640
THIS COUNTRY DESERVES SERIOUS

3723
02:39:53,640 --> 02:39:56,920
CONSIDERATION FROM US TO THINK

3724
02:39:56,920 --> 02:40:00,880
ABOUT WHAT MAY BE HAPPENING.

3725
02:40:00,880 --> 02:40:03,920
AND WHILE WE DO ULTIMATE -- THE

3726
02:40:03,920 --> 02:40:06,280
ULTIMATE GOAL TO HAVE DIETS AS

3727
02:40:06,280 --> 02:40:09,520
LOW IN THESE TOXICANTS AS

3728
02:40:09,520 --> 02:40:10,560
POSSIBLE, AT THE MOMENT I THINK

3729
02:40:10,560 --> 02:40:13,360
ONE OF THE BIG QUESTIONS IS CAN

3730
02:40:13,360 --> 02:40:17,080
THE BENEFITS OF NUTRIENTS AND

3731
02:40:17,080 --> 02:40:19,600
HEALTHY FOODS OUTWEIGH HARMS OF

3732
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:21,440
EXPOSURE TO TOXICS ELEMENTS THAT

3733
02:40:21,440 --> 02:40:26,280
MAY ALSO BE IN THOSE FOODS.

3734
02:40:26,280 --> 02:40:28,800
ONE WAY OF ANSWERING THIS

3735
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:32,080
QUESTION IS TO ASK, WELL, DO

3736
02:40:32,080 --> 02:40:33,960
DIET PATTERNS RELATE TO LEVELS

3737
02:40:33,960 --> 02:40:38,560
OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN

3738
02:40:38,560 --> 02:40:38,840
BODY?

3739
02:40:38,840 --> 02:40:49,080
I'M SHOWING THIS SLIDE FROM A

3740
02:40:49,080 --> 02:40:50,120
STUDY DR. KARAGAS MENTIONED,

3741
02:40:50,120 --> 02:40:54,440
EMPHASIZING THE POINT SHE'S MADE

3742
02:40:54,440 --> 02:40:56,400
AS INFANTS CONDITIONED TO MORE

3743
02:40:56,400 --> 02:41:00,240
SOLID FOODS THROUGHOUT THE FIRST

3744
02:41:00,240 --> 02:41:03,080
YEAR OF LIFE, THEIR LEVELS OF

3745
02:41:03,080 --> 02:41:05,960
ARSENIC IN URINE DO INCREASE AND

3746
02:41:05,960 --> 02:41:08,120
THIS IS TRUE FOR INORGANIC

3747
02:41:08,120 --> 02:41:15,680
ARSENIC AS WELL AS METHYLATED

3748
02:41:15,680 --> 02:41:16,760
ARSENIC SPECIES.

3749
02:41:16,760 --> 02:41:19,600
SIMILARLY IT WAS MENTIONED, THIS

3750
02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:21,920
STUDY OF BLOOD LEAD

3751
02:41:21,920 --> 02:41:24,200
CONCENTRATION IN 12 TO 24 MONTH

3752
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:27,360
OLD INFANTS, WHICH WE CONDUCTED

3753
02:41:27,360 --> 02:41:29,120
A FEW YEARS BACK.

3754
02:41:29,120 --> 02:41:30,920
AND SHE DIDN'T SHOW DATA SO I

3755
02:41:30,920 --> 02:41:38,840
WILL ORIENT YOU TO THIS SLIDE

3756
02:41:38,840 --> 02:41:40,960
LOOKING FOR COMPARISON AMONG

3757
02:41:40,960 --> 02:41:43,560
CHILDREN WITH NO INTAKE OF

3758
02:41:43,560 --> 02:41:45,280
CERTAIN FOOD GROUP.

3759
02:41:45,280 --> 02:41:51,120
AND NO INTAKE IS SHOWN IN BLUE.

3760
02:41:51,120 --> 02:41:53,640
COMPARED TO INCREASING LEVELS OR

3761
02:41:53,640 --> 02:41:56,360
HIGHER CATEGORIES OF INTAKE OF

3762
02:41:56,360 --> 02:42:00,200
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOODS SHOWN

3763
02:42:00,200 --> 02:42:03,280
IN ORANGE, GREEN, AND THEN RED

3764
02:42:03,280 --> 02:42:03,560
LINE.

3765
02:42:03,560 --> 02:42:10,760
THE  TYPES OF FOODS WERE COMMONY

3766
02:42:10,760 --> 02:42:12,800
CONSUMED BY CHILDREN ON THESE

3767
02:42:12,800 --> 02:42:14,520
AGES.

3768
02:42:14,520 --> 02:42:19,560
THOSE WERE MILK, CEREALS,

3769
02:42:19,560 --> 02:42:20,480
SWEETS, GRAINS, VEGETABLES,

3770
02:42:20,480 --> 02:42:23,160
MEATS, FRUIT DRINKS, AND WHAT WE

3771
02:42:23,160 --> 02:42:26,600
FOUND JUST HIGHLIGHTING FOR YOU

3772
02:42:26,600 --> 02:42:28,720
HERE HIGHER CONSUMPTION OF MILK

3773
02:42:28,720 --> 02:42:38,280
ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER BLOOD LEAD

3774
02:42:38,280 --> 02:42:39,280
CONCENTRATION, HIGHER CEREALS

3775
02:42:39,280 --> 02:42:41,480
RELATED, HIGHER INTAKE OF

3776
02:42:41,480 --> 02:42:43,200
STARCHY VEGETABLES AND FRUIT

3777
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:44,640
DRINKS RELATED TO HIGHER BLOOD

3778
02:42:44,640 --> 02:42:49,120
LEAD CONCENTRATION IN THESE

3779
02:42:49,120 --> 02:42:50,000
CHILDREN.

3780
02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:56,880
AS I ALREADY MADE THE POINT,

3781
02:42:56,880 --> 02:42:58,440
FOODS -- DIETS ARE GREATER THAN

3782
02:42:58,440 --> 02:43:00,840
THE SUM OF THEIR PARTS.

3783
02:43:00,840 --> 02:43:05,440
SO WE NOT ONLY WANT TO ASK ABOUT

3784
02:43:05,440 --> 02:43:07,840
FOODS AND FOOD GROUPS AND HOW

3785
02:43:07,840 --> 02:43:11,360
THEY RELATE TO BIOMARKERS OF

3786
02:43:11,360 --> 02:43:12,400
EXPOSURE, LEVELS OF TOXIC

3787
02:43:12,400 --> 02:43:16,400
ELEMENTS IN OUR BODIES, BUT ALSO

3788
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:19,880
DO DIET PATTERNS RELATE TO THESE

3789
02:43:19,880 --> 02:43:20,360
BIOMARKERS.

3790
02:43:20,360 --> 02:43:26,080
HERE I'M SHOWING A STUDY FROM

3791
02:43:26,080 --> 02:43:28,240
URUGUAY, CONDUCTED AMONG 6 TO 8

3792
02:43:28,240 --> 02:43:29,640
YEAR OLD CHILDREN, FIRST GRADE

3793
02:43:29,640 --> 02:43:31,080
OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

3794
02:43:31,080 --> 02:43:31,480
ESSENTIALLY.

3795
02:43:31,480 --> 02:43:33,560
WE IDENTIFIED TWO DIET PATTERNS

3796
02:43:33,560 --> 02:43:36,760
IN THE CHILDREN.

3797
02:43:36,760 --> 02:43:39,280
HERE I'M SHOWING INFORMATION FOR

3798
02:43:39,280 --> 02:43:41,560
ONE, WHICH WAS NUTRIENT DENSE

3799
02:43:41,560 --> 02:43:42,760
DIET PATTERN.

3800
02:43:42,760 --> 02:43:45,080
AND THIS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY

3801
02:43:45,080 --> 02:43:52,200
HIGHER INTAKE OF DARK LEAFY

3802
02:43:52,200 --> 02:43:57,640
VEGETABLES, DARK ORANGE AND RED,

3803
02:43:57,640 --> 02:43:59,160
HIGHER SCORES INDICATE CLOSER

3804
02:43:59,160 --> 02:44:03,800
ADHERENCE TO THIS TYPE OF EATING

3805
02:44:03,800 --> 02:44:05,120
PATTERN.

3806
02:44:05,120 --> 02:44:08,360
WE SEE ON THE X-AXIS THESE

3807
02:44:08,360 --> 02:44:09,560
SCORES THAT GO FROM NEGATIVE, SO

3808
02:44:09,560 --> 02:44:13,560
FAR AWAY FROM THIS PATTERN, TO

3809
02:44:13,560 --> 02:44:15,360
MORE HIGHLY POSITIVE, SO AGAIN

3810
02:44:15,360 --> 02:44:16,920
CLOSER TO THE PATTERN.

3811
02:44:16,920 --> 02:44:20,280
ON THE Y-AXIS WE WOULD BE

3812
02:44:20,280 --> 02:44:23,320
LOOKING AT URINARY INORGANIC

3813
02:44:23,320 --> 02:44:25,320
ARSENIC CONCENTRATION AND WE SEE

3814
02:44:25,320 --> 02:44:29,480
THAT THERE IS AN INVERSE

3815
02:44:29,480 --> 02:44:30,480
ASSOCIATION.

3816
02:44:30,480 --> 02:44:33,240
SO CLOSER YOU ADHERE TO THIS

3817
02:44:33,240 --> 02:44:37,680
NUTRIENT DENSE DIET PATTERN, THE

3818
02:44:37,680 --> 02:44:39,120
LOWER INORGANIC ARSENIC

3819
02:44:39,120 --> 02:44:41,000
CONCENTRATION THE CHILD HAS.

3820
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:44,320
ON THE FLIP SIDE, THE SAME DIET

3821
02:44:44,320 --> 02:44:46,440
PATTERN IS ASSOCIATED WITH IN A

3822
02:44:46,440 --> 02:44:48,560
POSITIVE WAY, WITH BLOOD LEAD

3823
02:44:48,560 --> 02:44:51,160
CONCENTRATIONS IN CHILDREN, I

3824
02:44:51,160 --> 02:44:52,560
THINK THIS IS WHERE IT'S

3825
02:44:52,560 --> 02:44:54,600
IMPORTANT TO PAUSE AND THINK

3826
02:44:54,600 --> 02:44:56,320
ABOUT THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS

3827
02:44:56,320 --> 02:44:57,160
ISSUE.

3828
02:44:57,160 --> 02:45:00,240
YOU HAVE THE SAME DIET PATTERN

3829
02:45:00,240 --> 02:45:03,320
THAT IS -- SEEMS TO BE

3830
02:45:03,320 --> 02:45:06,040
BENEFICIAL AND DOING SOMETHING

3831
02:45:06,040 --> 02:45:09,320
POSITIVE FOR ONE TOXICANT, BUT

3832
02:45:09,320 --> 02:45:13,000
MAY BE MORE NEGATIVE FOR ANOTHER

3833
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:13,280
TOXICANT.

3834
02:45:13,280 --> 02:45:14,320
IT'S SOMETHING WE NEED TO THINK

3835
02:45:14,320 --> 02:45:17,720
ABOUT MORE AS WE MOVE FORWARD

3836
02:45:17,720 --> 02:45:21,160
WITH THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH, AND

3837
02:45:21,160 --> 02:45:21,640
THINKING THROUGH WHAT

3838
02:45:21,640 --> 02:45:28,520
RECOMMENDATIONS NEED TO BE MADE.

3839
02:45:28,520 --> 02:45:34,680
AS I SAID, THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF

3840
02:45:34,680 --> 02:45:37,240
THINKING ABOUT DIETS AND SO I

3841
02:45:37,240 --> 02:45:39,800
SHOWED YOU INFORMATION ON THE

3842
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:42,200
DATA-DRIVEN DIET PATTERN, BUT WE

3843
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,880
ALSO DID AN ASSESSMENT OF DIET

3844
02:45:45,880 --> 02:45:47,760
QUALITY IN THE SAME CHILDREN

3845
02:45:47,760 --> 02:45:50,400
AND, AGAIN, RELATED THEM TO

3846
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:54,200
BIOMARKERS OF TOXIC ELEMENTS.

3847
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:57,120
WE SCORED CHILDREN VARIETY OF

3848
02:45:57,120 --> 02:45:59,280
DIETS, ADEQUACY OF INTAKE OF

3849
02:45:59,280 --> 02:46:00,800
CERTAIN NUTRIENTS AS WELL AS

3850
02:46:00,800 --> 02:46:03,640
FOOD GROUPS, AND THEN MODERATION

3851
02:46:03,640 --> 02:46:05,080
IN THEIR INTAKE OF CERTAIN

3852
02:46:05,080 --> 02:46:09,760
THINGS THAT ARE CONSIDERED LESS

3853
02:46:09,760 --> 02:46:10,240
HEALTHY.

3854
02:46:10,240 --> 02:46:14,360
AGAIN, WE RAN MODELS TO TRY TO

3855
02:46:14,360 --> 02:46:17,800
TEST THEIR ASSOCIATION.

3856
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:20,120
URINARY ARSENIC FOUND NO

3857
02:46:20,120 --> 02:46:21,400
SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION.

3858
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:25,920
THIS WAS ALSO TRUE FOR LEAD.

3859
02:46:25,920 --> 02:46:29,840
WE DID FIND VERY MODEST BUT

3860
02:46:29,840 --> 02:46:31,360
NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS SUGGESTING

3861
02:46:31,360 --> 02:46:34,000
THAT BETTER VARIETY SCORES AND

3862
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,400
BETTER SCORES ON MODERATION ARE

3863
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,600
ACTUALLY RELATED WITH LOWER

3864
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:43,600
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN

3865
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:44,200
CHILDREN.

3866
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:46,080
THESE NON-SIGNIFICANT RESULTS

3867
02:46:46,080 --> 02:46:48,880
MAY -- DON'T NECESSARILY MEAN

3868
02:46:48,880 --> 02:46:53,520
THAT -- WELL, THEY MEAN THAT

3869
02:46:53,520 --> 02:46:55,720
WHILE THESE DIET QUALITY ISN'T

3870
02:46:55,720 --> 02:46:58,280
NECESSARILY PROTECTIVE, IT'S NOT

3871
02:46:58,280 --> 02:47:00,920
ASSOCIATED IN A NEGATIVE WAY OR

3872
02:47:00,920 --> 02:47:03,160
IN A DETRIMENTAL WAY WITH

3873
02:47:03,160 --> 02:47:09,200
URINARY ARSENIC AND BLOOD LEAD

3874
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:10,120
CONCENTRATION.

3875
02:47:10,120 --> 02:47:11,760
NOW, THIS SORT OF REPRESENTS A

3876
02:47:11,760 --> 02:47:14,600
MAJORITY OF INFORMATION THAT WE

3877
02:47:14,600 --> 02:47:16,680
HAVE ON CHILDREN.

3878
02:47:16,680 --> 02:47:21,320
SO I WANT TO JUST SHARE MORE

3879
02:47:21,320 --> 02:47:22,760
RECENT SLIDE, MORE RECENT STUDY

3880
02:47:22,760 --> 02:47:27,680
ON U.S. ADULTS USING NHANES

3881
02:47:27,680 --> 02:47:29,400
DATA, WHERE A SIMILAR ANALYSIS

3882
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:31,800
WAS CONDUCTED ON INTAKES OF

3883
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:35,880
DIFFERENT FOOD GROUPS AS WELL AS

3884
02:47:35,880 --> 02:47:40,040
ON THE VERY RIGHT HERE THE

3885
02:47:40,040 --> 02:47:43,800
HEALTHY EATING INDEX 2015 TOTAL

3886
02:47:43,800 --> 02:47:44,400
SCORE.

3887
02:47:44,400 --> 02:47:47,480
THESE WERE CORRELATED WITH BLOOD

3888
02:47:47,480 --> 02:47:49,560
LEAD, CADMIUM, TOLD BLOOD

3889
02:47:49,560 --> 02:47:51,960
MERCURY, CONCENTRATIONS IN THESE

3890
02:47:51,960 --> 02:47:52,720
ADULTS.

3891
02:47:52,720 --> 02:47:56,120
AND WHAT THEY FOUND WERE NO

3892
02:47:56,120 --> 02:48:00,360
CORRELATIONS WITH LEAD AND

3893
02:48:00,360 --> 02:48:02,600
CADMIUM, BUT DID FIND POSITIVE

3894
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:03,760
MODEST CORRELATIONS WITH

3895
02:48:03,760 --> 02:48:04,520
MERCURY.

3896
02:48:04,520 --> 02:48:06,320
AGAIN, WE ALREADY KNOW MERCURY

3897
02:48:06,320 --> 02:48:10,760
IS FOUND IN MANY FOODS.

3898
02:48:10,760 --> 02:48:12,400
ANOTHER WAY OF THINKING ABOUT

3899
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:17,000
HOW FOODS AND DIETARY PATTERNS

3900
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:20,440
AFFECT -- ARE IMPORTANT IN THE

3901
02:48:20,440 --> 02:48:22,160
RELATIONSHIP WITH TOXIC

3902
02:48:22,160 --> 02:48:25,480
ELEMENTS, DO THEY -- WHAT ROLE

3903
02:48:25,480 --> 02:48:27,960
DO THEY PLAY BETWEEN THE

3904
02:48:27,960 --> 02:48:30,680
EXPOSURE TO TOXICS ELEMENTS AND

3905
02:48:30,680 --> 02:48:31,160
HEALTH.

3906
02:48:31,160 --> 02:48:33,080
UNFORTUNATELY WE DON'T HAVE VERY

3907
02:48:33,080 --> 02:48:34,200
MANY STUDIES IN CHILDREN THAT

3908
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:38,560
CAN HELP US ANSWER THIS YET.

3909
02:48:38,560 --> 02:48:40,960
THERE ARE SOME REALLY

3910
02:48:40,960 --> 02:48:42,720
INTERESTING STUDIES COMING OUT

3911
02:48:42,720 --> 02:48:46,200
IN ADULTS AND WE HOPE THAT OTHER

3912
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:48,840
STUDIES IN CHILDREN WILL FOLLOW

3913
02:48:48,840 --> 02:48:49,280
SOON.

3914
02:48:49,280 --> 02:48:52,720
LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT THE STUDY.

3915
02:48:52,720 --> 02:48:55,840
THE WAY IT WAS CONDUCTED IS THEY

3916
02:48:55,840 --> 02:48:59,680
ASKED A QUESTION SLIGHTLY

3917
02:48:59,680 --> 02:49:01,320
DIFFERENTLY WONDERING WHETHER

3918
02:49:01,320 --> 02:49:03,000
TOXIC ELEMENTS OFFSET BENEFITS

3919
02:49:03,000 --> 02:49:07,840
OF QUALITY DIETS ON BMI OF

3920
02:49:07,840 --> 02:49:08,320
ADULTS.

3921
02:49:08,320 --> 02:49:09,440
THESE ELEMENTS CANNOT BE

3922
02:49:09,440 --> 02:49:11,320
ATTRIBUTED TO DIET IN THE STUDY.

3923
02:49:11,320 --> 02:49:13,280
THEY WERE MEASURED IN BIOMARKERS

3924
02:49:13,280 --> 02:49:17,120
WHERE THE SOURCES CAN BE

3925
02:49:17,120 --> 02:49:18,160
MULTIPLE.

3926
02:49:18,160 --> 02:49:22,400
THIS PANEL I WILL FOCUS ON THE

3927
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:25,400
LEFT-HAND SIDE FOR LEAD, SHOWS

3928
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:29,080
THE QUARTILES OF HEALTHY EATING

3929
02:49:29,080 --> 02:49:32,360
INDEX, RIGHT HERE, FROM THE LINE

3930
02:49:32,360 --> 02:49:35,520
THAT INTERSECTS AND GOING DOWN

3931
02:49:35,520 --> 02:49:38,680
TO ABOUT 40, THESE POINTS

3932
02:49:38,680 --> 02:49:42,040
REPRESENT THE ODDS RATIO,

3933
02:49:42,040 --> 02:49:43,400
LIKELIHOOD OF OVERWEIGHT OR

3934
02:49:43,400 --> 02:49:49,120
OBESITY IN ADULTS, AS WE SEE

3935
02:49:49,120 --> 02:49:52,480
HIGHER INTAKE OF HEALTHY DIETS

3936
02:49:52,480 --> 02:49:54,240
LIKELIHOOD OF OVERWEIGHT AND

3937
02:49:54,240 --> 02:49:56,200
OBESITY IN ADULTS GOES DOWN.

3938
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:57,760
AND THIS IS TRUE, THIS

3939
02:49:57,760 --> 02:50:00,640
RELATIONSHIP, THIS PATTERN OF

3940
02:50:00,640 --> 02:50:02,360
RELATIONSHIPS IS TRUE EVEN AS

3941
02:50:02,360 --> 02:50:05,640
BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN

3942
02:50:05,640 --> 02:50:08,120
THESE ADULTS GO UP.

3943
02:50:08,120 --> 02:50:11,200
THIS IS ALSO REPEATED, THE SAME

3944
02:50:11,200 --> 02:50:13,720
PATTERN REPEATED FOR CADMIUM AND

3945
02:50:13,720 --> 02:50:15,720
MERCURY SUGGESTING THAT EVEN IF

3946
02:50:15,720 --> 02:50:18,960
THERE IS EXPOSURE TO TOXIC

3947
02:50:18,960 --> 02:50:22,160
ELEMENTS, HEALTHY DIETS CONTINUE

3948
02:50:22,160 --> 02:50:27,080
TO HAVE BENEFIT FOR SUCH

3949
02:50:27,080 --> 02:50:30,240
IMPORTANT OUTCOMES AS BMI.

3950
02:50:30,240 --> 02:50:31,560
ANOTHER STUDY IN ADULTS ASKED

3951
02:50:31,560 --> 02:50:34,440
WHETHER THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP

3952
02:50:34,440 --> 02:50:35,240
BETWEEN METAL MIXTURES AND

3953
02:50:35,240 --> 02:50:40,760
MIXTURES THAT THEY LOOKED AT WAS

3954
02:50:40,760 --> 02:50:47,000
CADMIUM, MANAGE  -- MANGANESE AD

3955
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:50,160
LEAD, ADULTS OLDER THAN 60 YEARS

3956
02:50:50,160 --> 02:50:51,080
OF AGE.

3957
02:50:51,080 --> 02:50:53,120
WHAT AUTHORS FOUND WAS THAT

3958
02:50:53,120 --> 02:50:57,400
THERE WAS A NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION

3959
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:02,560
BETWEEN THIS MIXTURE, AND

3960
02:51:02,560 --> 02:51:04,080
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE.

3961
02:51:04,080 --> 02:51:05,840
PARTICULARLY WHEN HEALTHY EATING

3962
02:51:05,840 --> 02:51:08,800
INDEX SCORES WERE LOW.

3963
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:10,840
SO I'M SHOWING THAT HERE IN

3964
02:51:10,840 --> 02:51:15,040
THESE LINES, ORANGE LINE AND

3965
02:51:15,040 --> 02:51:16,600
GREEN LINE, FOR WOMEN.

3966
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:17,960
NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION WASN'T

3967
02:51:17,960 --> 02:51:20,120
THERE FOR THE WOMEN WHEN THEY

3968
02:51:20,120 --> 02:51:22,560
HAD HIGHER SCORES ON THE HEALTHY

3969
02:51:22,560 --> 02:51:25,320
EATING INDEX, AND THAT IS

3970
02:51:25,320 --> 02:51:27,760
APPARENT HERE IN THE PURPLE AND

3971
02:51:27,760 --> 02:51:29,280
PINK LINES.

3972
02:51:29,280 --> 02:51:30,160
AND WHILE THESE RELATIONSHIPS

3973
02:51:30,160 --> 02:51:32,680
WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE APPARENT

3974
02:51:32,680 --> 02:51:36,320
FOR THE WOMEN, THEY WERE NOT SO

3975
02:51:36,320 --> 02:51:39,360
APPARENT FOR THE MEN. 

3976
02:51:39,360 --> 02:51:42,520
SO THERE MAY ALSO BE SOME

3977
02:51:42,520 --> 02:51:45,480
DIFFERENCES IN THE SEXES, HOW

3978
02:51:45,480 --> 02:51:49,680
THIS IS PLAYED OUT.

3979
02:51:49,680 --> 02:51:50,960
I WANT CONCLUDE BASED ON

3980
02:51:50,960 --> 02:51:53,360
EXISTING EVIDENCE, WE DO SEE

3981
02:51:53,360 --> 02:51:55,560
THAT HEALTHY DIET PATTERNS, DIET

3982
02:51:55,560 --> 02:51:56,880
QUALITY, IS ASSOCIATED WITH

3983
02:51:56,880 --> 02:51:58,600
BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES IN

3984
02:51:58,600 --> 02:51:58,920
CHILDREN.

3985
02:51:58,920 --> 02:52:02,000
SOME DIET PATTERNS ARE RELATED

3986
02:52:02,000 --> 02:52:04,880
TO LOWER OR HIGHER TOXIC ELEMENT

3987
02:52:04,880 --> 02:52:06,960
LEVELS IN THE BLOOD MEASURED BY

3988
02:52:06,960 --> 02:52:10,360
BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE BUT AS I

3989
02:52:10,360 --> 02:52:12,840
MENTIONED RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE

3990
02:52:12,840 --> 02:52:14,280
NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE, DEPENDING

3991
02:52:14,280 --> 02:52:16,680
ON THE TOXICANT WE'RE TALKING

3992
02:52:16,680 --> 02:52:16,920
ABOUT.

3993
02:52:16,920 --> 02:52:20,680
IN GENERAL THERE ARE VERY FEW

3994
02:52:20,680 --> 02:52:22,520
STUDIES AMONG CHILDREN, TRUE NOT

3995
02:52:22,520 --> 02:52:26,080
ONLY FOR STUDIES ON DIET

3996
02:52:26,080 --> 02:52:29,160
PATTERNS AND QUALITY, AND

3997
02:52:29,160 --> 02:52:29,920
RELATIONSHIP TO TOXIC ELEMENT

3998
02:52:29,920 --> 02:52:32,120
LEVELS IN THE BODY BUT ALSO ON

3999
02:52:32,120 --> 02:52:34,000
THE ROLE THAT THESE DIET

4000
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:36,720
PATTERNS MAY PLAY IN THE

4001
02:52:36,720 --> 02:52:37,960
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOXIC

4002
02:52:37,960 --> 02:52:43,200
ELEMENT BIOMARKERS AND HEALTH

4003
02:52:43,200 --> 02:52:45,400
OUTCOMES.

4004
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:46,680
IT'S DIFFICULT TO EXTRAPOLATE

4005
02:52:46,680 --> 02:52:49,000
FROM OTHER AGES BECAUSE AS WE

4006
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:50,840
HEARD IN SESSION 1, DIFFERENT

4007
02:52:50,840 --> 02:52:53,920
AGE GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT

4008
02:52:53,920 --> 02:52:55,200
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS.

4009
02:52:55,200 --> 02:52:58,360
THEY HAVE -- BODIES ARE GROWING

4010
02:52:58,360 --> 02:53:00,920
AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS.

4011
02:53:00,920 --> 02:53:04,080
AND THEREFORE IT'S DIFFICULT TO

4012
02:53:04,080 --> 02:53:04,920
EXTRAPOLATE FROM DIFFERENT AGES

4013
02:53:04,920 --> 02:53:05,800
AND LIFE STAGES.

4014
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:09,880
AND WE NEED MORE STUDIES ON

4015
02:53:09,880 --> 02:53:10,320
CHILDREN.

4016
02:53:10,320 --> 02:53:11,840
THESE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN US GAPS

4017
02:53:11,840 --> 02:53:12,280
IN EVIDENCE.

4018
02:53:12,280 --> 02:53:15,800
I WANT TO GO OVER THESE REALLY

4019
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:16,200
QUICKLY.

4020
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:19,520
THE FIRST GAP IS RIGHT HERE.

4021
02:53:19,520 --> 02:53:20,960
IN TERMS OF UNDERSTANDING THE

4022
02:53:20,960 --> 02:53:24,880
EXTENT TO WHICH CHILDREN ARE

4023
02:53:24,880 --> 02:53:26,680
EXPOSED TO TOXIC ELEMENTS, FROM

4024
02:53:26,680 --> 02:53:29,360
THEIR DIETS AS A WHOLE, WHAT IS

4025
02:53:29,360 --> 02:53:30,920
THE TOTAL EXPOSURE.

4026
02:53:30,920 --> 02:53:32,440
THE SECOND QUESTION THAT WE

4027
02:53:32,440 --> 02:53:35,120
STILL VERY MUCH NEED TO GRAPPLE

4028
02:53:35,120 --> 02:53:40,440
WITH IS WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP

4029
02:53:40,440 --> 02:53:42,280
BETWEEN THESE EXPOSURES, DIETS

4030
02:53:42,280 --> 02:53:44,160
SPECIFICALLY, AND LEVELS OF

4031
02:53:44,160 --> 02:53:45,560
TOXIC ELEMENTS IN CHILDREN'S

4032
02:53:45,560 --> 02:53:49,920
BODIES AS MEASURED BY  BIOMARKES

4033
02:53:49,920 --> 02:53:52,200
OF EXPOSURE AND DO DIETARY

4034
02:53:52,200 --> 02:53:54,360
NUTRIENTS MODERATE THIS

4035
02:53:54,360 --> 02:53:55,080
RELATIONSHIP.

4036
02:53:55,080 --> 02:54:00,880
OF COURSE, IN SESSION 1 WE HEARD

4037
02:54:00,880 --> 02:54:01,440
NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND

4038
02:54:01,440 --> 02:54:02,240
DEFICIENCIES ARE IMPORTANT AND

4039
02:54:02,240 --> 02:54:05,200
MAY PLAY A ROLE HERE AS WELL.

4040
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:07,280
WE WANT TO ACCOUNT FOR THAT AS

4041
02:54:07,280 --> 02:54:10,880
WELL AS OTHER SOURCES OF

4042
02:54:10,880 --> 02:54:11,960
EXPOSURE TO TOXIC ELEMENTS.

4043
02:54:11,960 --> 02:54:17,680
THE FINAL THING WE WOULD WANT TO

4044
02:54:17,680 --> 02:54:20,400
UNDERSTAND MORE CLOSELY IS WHAT

4045
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:22,360
IS THE ROLE OF DIET PATTERNS AS

4046
02:54:22,360 --> 02:54:24,840
WELL AS DIET QUALITY IN THIS

4047
02:54:24,840 --> 02:54:26,720
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOMARKERS

4048
02:54:26,720 --> 02:54:28,240
OF EXPOSURE AND CHILDREN'S

4049
02:54:28,240 --> 02:54:30,120
HEALTH, WHEN WE KNOW AGAIN THAT

4050
02:54:30,120 --> 02:54:36,040
OTHER SOURCES OF EXPOSURE ARE

4051
02:54:36,040 --> 02:54:36,400
IMPORTANT.

4052
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:38,680
AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

4053
02:54:38,680 --> 02:54:39,840
ALSO PLAY A ROLE.

4054
02:54:39,840 --> 02:54:43,760
I WANT TO REALLY QUICKLY CLOSE

4055
02:54:43,760 --> 02:54:45,440
WITH MAJOR DATA GAPS THAT WE

4056
02:54:45,440 --> 02:54:48,280
HAVE TO ADDRESS IN ORDER TO

4057
02:54:48,280 --> 02:54:52,640
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT I JUST

4058
02:54:52,640 --> 02:54:54,880
MENTIONED, TO EXPAND DIETARY

4059
02:54:54,880 --> 02:54:56,600
ASSESSMENT OF THE POPULATION,

4060
02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:59,360
ESPECIALLY AT YOUNGER AGES.

4061
02:54:59,360 --> 02:55:02,760
THIS ALLOWS US TO LOOK AT -- TO

4062
02:55:02,760 --> 02:55:04,720
ESTIMATE WHAT IS THE TOXIC

4063
02:55:04,720 --> 02:55:05,840
ELEMENT EXPOSURE IN THESE

4064
02:55:05,840 --> 02:55:06,160
GROUPS.

4065
02:55:06,160 --> 02:55:09,520
SO I THINK WE SHOULD INCLUDE

4066
02:55:09,520 --> 02:55:11,480
VULNERABLE GROUPS, CHILDREN WITH

4067
02:55:11,480 --> 02:55:13,360
METABOLIC DISEASES, WITH SPECIAL

4068
02:55:13,360 --> 02:55:17,720
DIETS, WITH FOOD ALLERGIES, AS

4069
02:55:17,720 --> 02:55:18,720
WELL AS DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS,

4070
02:55:18,720 --> 02:55:20,240
BECAUSE TYPES OF DIET PATTERNS

4071
02:55:20,240 --> 02:55:23,480
THAT THEY HAVE MAY NOT

4072
02:55:23,480 --> 02:55:26,640
NECESSARILY BE REPRESENTED BY

4073
02:55:26,640 --> 02:55:27,680
DIET PATTERNS, MEASURED IN

4074
02:55:27,680 --> 02:55:28,400
NHANES.

4075
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:30,560
WE SHOULD BE USING VALIDATED

4076
02:55:30,560 --> 02:55:32,760
INSTRUMENTS TO ASSESS DIETS.

4077
02:55:32,760 --> 02:55:35,800
AND CONSIDER A PERIOD OF RECALL

4078
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:38,280
THAT WOULD REFLECT REALISTICALLY

4079
02:55:38,280 --> 02:55:42,160
CHANGES IN TOXIC METAL

4080
02:55:42,160 --> 02:55:46,480
CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BODY.

4081
02:55:46,480 --> 02:55:47,440
EXPANDING BIOMARKER MEASUREMENT

4082
02:55:47,440 --> 02:55:49,360
TO HELP US LOOK AT SOME

4083
02:55:49,360 --> 02:55:52,200
RELATIONSHIPS I MENTIONED WOULD

4084
02:55:52,200 --> 02:55:55,040
ALSO BE IMPORTANT.

4085
02:55:55,040 --> 02:55:58,120
FREQUENTLY AND COMPREHENSIVELY

4086
02:55:58,120 --> 02:56:00,840
ASSESSING TOXICANTS IN FOODS,

4087
02:56:00,840 --> 02:56:02,600
INCLUDING CULTURALLY RELEVANT

4088
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:04,240
AND IMPORTED FOODS, AS WAS

4089
02:56:04,240 --> 02:56:07,000
MENTIONED, EXPANDING THE NUMBER

4090
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:07,960
OF CONTAMINANTS ASSESSED BEYOND

4091
02:56:07,960 --> 02:56:11,880
THE USUAL SUSPECTS OF LEAD,

4092
02:56:11,880 --> 02:56:14,120
CADMIUM, ARSENIC AND MERCURY TO

4093
02:56:14,120 --> 02:56:14,520
OTHERS.

4094
02:56:14,520 --> 02:56:16,880
AND WHEN WE DO THIS USING

4095
02:56:16,880 --> 02:56:19,040
SENSITIVE LABORATORY METHODS AND

4096
02:56:19,040 --> 02:56:23,320
MEASURES TO DETECT LOW LEVELS OF

4097
02:56:23,320 --> 02:56:24,200
CONTAMINANT.

4098
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:26,200
I WILL STOP NOW AND THANK YOU.

4099
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:27,520
I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE

4100
02:56:27,520 --> 02:56:31,120
FUNDERS OF OUR RESEARCH AS WELL

4101
02:56:31,120 --> 02:56:32,200
AS MY COLLABORATORS WHO HAVE

4102
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:37,680
CONTRIBUTED TO THE DATA I

4103
02:56:37,680 --> 02:56:38,120
PRESENTED.

4104
02:56:38,120 --> 02:56:39,840
>>WONDERFUL, THANK YOU.

4105
02:56:39,840 --> 02:56:41,280
I'D LIKE TO NOW INVITE ALL FOUR

4106
02:56:41,280 --> 02:56:46,520
OF OUR PRESENT ERS TO TURN ON

4107
02:56:46,520 --> 02:56:46,760
CAMERAS.

4108
02:56:46,760 --> 02:56:51,240
WE HAVE A  CHUNK OF TIME FOR

4109
02:56:51,240 --> 02:56:51,880
QUESTIONS, GOOD QUESTIONS FROM

4110
02:56:51,880 --> 02:56:53,200
THE PUBLIC AS WELL.

4111
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:55,960
IT'S SO GOOD TO SEE YOU.

4112
02:56:55,960 --> 02:56:56,600
FOUR FANTASTIC PRESENTATIONS.

4113
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:58,120
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

4114
02:56:58,120 --> 02:57:00,000
IT'S REALLY INTERESTING TO BE

4115
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,120
ABLE TO LOOK AT THESE ISSUES

4116
02:57:03,120 --> 02:57:06,480
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF

4117
02:57:06,480 --> 02:57:07,160
INDIVIDUAL CONTAMINANTS,

4118
02:57:07,160 --> 02:57:08,880
INDIVIDUAL NUTRIENTS IN FOODS,

4119
02:57:08,880 --> 02:57:10,200
ALSO FROM THE FOOD PERSPECTIVES

4120
02:57:10,200 --> 02:57:16,240
AND BRINGING IT FULL

4121
02:57:16,240 --> 02:57:16,760
 CIRCLE TO

4122
02:57:16,760 --> 02:57:17,560
DIETARY PATTERNS.

4123
02:57:17,560 --> 02:57:20,880
I'M GOING ASK MY FIRST QUESTION

4124
02:57:20,880 --> 02:57:26,840
TO DR. KARAGAS, THE PICTURE

4125
02:57:26,840 --> 02:57:28,480
ABOUT THE FIBER GRAIN SHOWING

4126
02:57:28,480 --> 02:57:31,080
WHERE ALL THE PARTS OF THE GRAIN

4127
02:57:31,080 --> 02:57:33,160
ARE AND -- I'M SORRY, THE GRAIN

4128
02:57:33,160 --> 02:57:36,360
SHOWING WHERE THE PARTS ARE

4129
02:57:36,360 --> 02:57:37,200
INCLUDING THE FIBER.

4130
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:41,280
FIBER IS REALLY OF INTEREST TO

4131
02:57:41,280 --> 02:57:42,600
ME PROFESSIONALLY.

4132
02:57:42,600 --> 02:57:45,400
AND MAINLY BECAUSE WE DO

4133
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:47,880
RECOMMEND HALF THE GRAINS BE

4134
02:57:47,880 --> 02:57:48,800
WHOLE GRAINS, AND A LOT OF

4135
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,680
REASONING FOR THAT IS BECAUSE

4136
02:57:51,680 --> 02:57:58,240
THE NUTRIENTS IN THAT PART OF

4137
02:57:58,240 --> 02:58:00,080
THE GRAIN REMOVED INCLUDES

4138
02:58:00,080 --> 02:58:00,440
FINER.

4139
02:58:00,440 --> 02:58:02,080
CURIOUS IF YOU COULD EXPAND MORE

4140
02:58:02,080 --> 02:58:04,920
ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT THERE'S

4141
02:58:04,920 --> 02:58:06,520
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WHERE FIBER

4142
02:58:06,520 --> 02:58:09,480
IS IN THE GRAIN AND RETENTION OF

4143
02:58:09,480 --> 02:58:11,360
CONTAMINANTS AS WELL AS

4144
02:58:11,360 --> 02:58:12,920
NUTRIENTS COMPARED TO THE OTHER

4145
02:58:12,920 --> 02:58:18,240
PARTS OF THE GRAIN.

4146
02:58:18,240 --> 02:58:24,840
>>THANK YOU FOR THE
QUESTION, A

4147
02:58:24,840 --> 02:58:25,920
SUPER IMPORTANT ISSUE.

4148
02:58:25,920 --> 02:58:27,600
THERE'S A LOT WE DON'T KNOW.

4149
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,520
WE KNOW AND I MENTIONED RICE,

4150
02:58:30,520 --> 02:58:34,560
WHEN WE POLISH RICE WE CAN GET

4151
02:58:34,560 --> 02:58:36,120
RID OF SOME INORGANIC ARSENIC ON

4152
02:58:36,120 --> 02:58:38,520
THE OUTSIDE OF THE GRAIN.

4153
02:58:38,520 --> 02:58:45,520
IT'S NOT THE SAME FOR TOXICANTS

4154
02:58:45,520 --> 02:58:46,840
AND NUTRIENTS.

4155
02:58:46,840 --> 02:58:48,320
YOU REMOVE THE FIBER, ON THE

4156
02:58:48,320 --> 02:58:49,480
OUTER PART OF THE GRAIN.

4157
02:58:49,480 --> 02:58:51,800
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THIS A

4158
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:53,280
LITTLE BIT MORE.

4159
02:58:53,280 --> 02:58:54,880
FOR MERCURY, FOR EXAMPLE,

4160
02:58:54,880 --> 02:58:58,240
THERE'S STUDIES THAT SUGGEST

4161
02:58:58,240 --> 02:59:01,960
THAT IT'S THE ENDOSPERM, THE

4162
02:59:01,960 --> 02:59:04,400
INSIDE OF THE GRAIN THAT MIGHT

4163
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:05,880
HAVE HIGHER METHYLMERCURY

4164
02:59:05,880 --> 02:59:06,600
CONCENTRATIONS.

4165
02:59:06,600 --> 02:59:07,440
THERE'S NOT A ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL

4166
02:59:07,440 --> 02:59:09,320
FOR YOUR QUESTION.

4167
02:59:09,320 --> 02:59:11,560
IT'S NOT THAT SIMPLE.

4168
02:59:11,560 --> 02:59:15,320
I DON'T THINK ANYONE ANY

4169
02:59:15,320 --> 02:59:16,960
NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE IS THAT

4170
02:59:16,960 --> 02:59:17,360
SIMPLE.

4171
02:59:17,360 --> 02:59:20,240
WHICH IS WHY WE'RE CHALLENGED

4172
02:59:20,240 --> 02:59:22,560
BECAUSE WE ARE ALL SO DIFFERENT

4173
02:59:22,560 --> 02:59:23,560
AND GRAINS WILL DIFFER.

4174
02:59:23,560 --> 02:59:26,360
I DO HOPE THAT WE CAN SPEND SOME

4175
02:59:26,360 --> 02:59:27,680
TIME UNDERSTANDING ALL THESE

4176
02:59:27,680 --> 02:59:28,760
DIFFERENT PROCESSES SO WE CAN

4177
02:59:28,760 --> 02:59:33,680
COME UP WITH FOODS THAT ARE

4178
02:59:33,680 --> 02:59:35,440
HEALTHY, NUTRIENTWISE AND

4179
02:59:35,440 --> 02:59:39,280
FIBER-WISE, AND ALSO REDUCE

4180
02:59:39,280 --> 02:59:40,200
TOXICANT LEVELS.

4181
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:41,280
>>THANK YOU.

4182
02:59:41,280 --> 02:59:45,400
I THINK THE NEXT QUESTION IS

4183
02:59:45,400 --> 02:59:55,920
GOING TO BE ABOUT SELENIUM AND

4184
02:59:57,840 --> 02:59:59,440
MERCURY INTERACTING, THINKING

4185
02:59:59,440 --> 03:00:00,960
ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING, THE

4186
03:00:00,960 --> 03:00:02,360
RESULT THAT SELENIUM IS NO

4187
03:00:02,360 --> 03:00:05,080
LONGER AVAILABLE FOR GROWTH AND

4188
03:00:05,080 --> 03:00:06,280
DEVELOPMENT THAT LEADS TO AN

4189
03:00:06,280 --> 03:00:10,000
OUTCOME, OR IS IT THAT MERCURY

4190
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,720
IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE TO IMPAIR

4191
03:00:12,720 --> 03:00:13,040
DEVELOPMENT?

4192
03:00:13,040 --> 03:00:15,480
CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT WHAT WE

4193
03:00:15,480 --> 03:00:22,720
MAY THINK IS GOING ON THERE?

4194
03:00:22,720 --> 03:00:26,440
>>MAINLY WHAT EVIDENCE
SAYS IS

4195
03:00:26,440 --> 03:00:26,960
BOTH.

4196
03:00:26,960 --> 03:00:28,840
BECAUSE IT DEPENDS WHAT YOU EAT.

4197
03:00:28,840 --> 03:00:33,400
IF YOU HAVE A SEAFOOD OR FISH

4198
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:37,640
HIGH IN MERCURY, LOW SELENIUM,

4199
03:00:37,640 --> 03:00:40,440
DIET LOW IN SELENIUM, AFFINITY

4200
03:00:40,440 --> 03:00:43,960
OF MERCURY FOR SELENIUM INHIBITS

4201
03:00:43,960 --> 03:00:48,200
SELENIUM SO THIS IS ONE WAY WHY

4202
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:50,160
MERCURY AFFECTS NEURAL

4203
03:00:50,160 --> 03:00:53,120
RECOGNITION AND ANOTHER ORGAN

4204
03:00:53,120 --> 03:00:54,560
BUT ALSO POSITIVE THING WHEN YOU

4205
03:00:54,560 --> 03:01:00,280
HAVE A RICH DIET RICH IN

4206
03:01:00,280 --> 03:01:07,360
SELENIUM OR SEAFOOD WITH HIGH

4207
03:01:07,360 --> 03:01:08,880
CONCENTRATION, WHAT SELENIUM

4208
03:01:08,880 --> 03:01:11,280
DOES IS REVERSE TOXICITY OF

4209
03:01:11,280 --> 03:01:11,840
MERCURY.

4210
03:01:11,840 --> 03:01:14,120
SO IT IS QUITE INTERESTING AND I

4211
03:01:14,120 --> 03:01:17,040
THINK THAT WE SHOULD FOCUS ON

4212
03:01:17,040 --> 03:01:19,880
MORE RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE

4213
03:01:19,880 --> 03:01:20,880
BETWEEN FOOD SCIENCE,

4214
03:01:20,880 --> 03:01:22,200
NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE, CHEMICAL

4215
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:23,240
SCIENCE BECAUSE WE ALL HAVE TO

4216
03:01:23,240 --> 03:01:26,880
WORK TOGETHER IN ORDER TO

4217
03:01:26,880 --> 03:01:27,840
UNDERSTAND MORE DIFFERENT

4218
03:01:27,840 --> 03:01:28,880
RELATION, INVERSE RELATION

4219
03:01:28,880 --> 03:01:30,800
BETWEEN MERCURY AND SELENIUM,

4220
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:34,360
BUT ALSO BETWEEN OTHER NUTRIENTS

4221
03:01:34,360 --> 03:01:36,280
AND TOXIC INTERACTIONS THAT WE

4222
03:01:36,280 --> 03:01:42,640
SEE EVERY DAY IN THE COMMON

4223
03:01:42,640 --> 03:01:42,840
DIETS.

4224
03:01:42,840 --> 03:01:44,200
>>IF ANY OTHER SPEAKERS
HAVE

4225
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:48,240
SOMETHING TO ADD TO ONE OF THE

4226
03:01:48,240 --> 03:01:49,280
QUESTIONS, I ASK, PLEASE FEEL

4227
03:01:49,280 --> 03:01:53,320
FREE TO JUMP IN BEFORE I MOVE TO

4228
03:01:53,320 --> 03:01:53,840
ANOTHER QUESTION.

4229
03:01:53,840 --> 03:01:58,520
I HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF A

4230
03:01:58,520 --> 03:02:01,160
FOLLOW-UP QUESTION, ALEJANDRA.

4231
03:02:01,160 --> 03:02:03,560
WE SEE THERE'S A RELATIONSHIP

4232
03:02:03,560 --> 03:02:07,760
BETWEEN SEAFOOD INTAKE AND

4233
03:02:07,760 --> 03:02:09,040
PREGNANCY, AND POSITIVE

4234
03:02:09,040 --> 03:02:11,120
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN

4235
03:02:11,120 --> 03:02:11,440
OFFSPRING.

4236
03:02:11,440 --> 03:02:15,840
AND, YOU KNOW, WHAT INTERACTION

4237
03:02:15,840 --> 03:02:18,240
EXAMPLES BETWEEN NUTRIENTS AND

4238
03:02:18,240 --> 03:02:20,360
CONTAMINANTS MIGHT HELP US

4239
03:02:20,360 --> 03:02:23,040
BETTER UNDERSTAND WHY WE'RE

4240
03:02:23,040 --> 03:02:23,880
SEEING THAT RELATIONSHIP KNOWING

4241
03:02:23,880 --> 03:02:31,680
THERE'S A LOT GOING ON IN

4242
03:02:31,680 --> 03:02:31,920
SEAFOODS?

4243
03:02:31,920 --> 03:02:34,080
>>WELL, OKAY.

4244
03:02:34,080 --> 03:02:36,520
ACTUALLY, IT IS QUITE

4245
03:02:36,520 --> 03:02:38,760
INTERESTING BECAUSE AS I FIRST

4246
03:02:38,760 --> 03:02:42,400
PRESENTED ALSO SEAFOOD IS SOURCE

4247
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:44,480
OF LEAD, RIGHT?

4248
03:02:44,480 --> 03:02:49,640
AND CADMIUM, ARSENIC, AND PBCs

4249
03:02:49,640 --> 03:02:54,000
ARE ALSO BIG TOXICANTS.

4250
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:55,000
IT'S INTERESTING TO SEE IF FOR

4251
03:02:55,000 --> 03:02:57,400
EXAMPLE IN THE CASE OF LEAD AND

4252
03:02:57,400 --> 03:03:00,240
CALCIUM WE HAVE ALSO SEE THIS

4253
03:03:00,240 --> 03:03:03,160
INTERACTION, EVEN SEAFOOD CAN BE

4254
03:03:03,160 --> 03:03:06,760
A SOURCE OF LEAD SPECIFICALLY IN

4255
03:03:06,760 --> 03:03:08,760
THE AREA WHERE OCEAN IS VERY

4256
03:03:08,760 --> 03:03:11,600
POLLUTED BUT WE CAN SEE MAYBE

4257
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:17,760
WITH DIET HIGH IN CALCIUM LEAD

4258
03:03:17,760 --> 03:03:20,280
NOT ONLY BY SEAFOOD BUT OTHER

4259
03:03:20,280 --> 03:03:24,080
FOOD GROUPS, YES, AS THEY

4260
03:03:24,080 --> 03:03:26,440
PRESENT LIKE GREEN LEAVES,

4261
03:03:26,440 --> 03:03:28,800
MUSHROOMS, IN MUSHROOMS THEY

4262
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:31,680
HAVE A LOT OF LEAD IN MEXICO,

4263
03:03:31,680 --> 03:03:34,080
INTERESTING NOT ONLY FOCUS IN

4264
03:03:34,080 --> 03:03:35,040
ONE FOOD GROUP, YES, COULD BE

4265
03:03:35,040 --> 03:03:40,880
THE SOURCE BUT THE WHOLE DIET

4266
03:03:40,880 --> 03:03:42,080
CAN IMPACT ALSO.

4267
03:03:42,080 --> 03:03:44,920
A DIET HIGH IN CALCIUM THAT

4268
03:03:44,920 --> 03:03:49,200
DECREASE AMOUNT OF METALS

4269
03:03:49,200 --> 03:03:50,600
ABSORBED, AND ALSO CALCIUM, FOR

4270
03:03:50,600 --> 03:03:53,640
EXAMPLE, WE KNOW THAT IN

4271
03:03:53,640 --> 03:03:55,960
VEGETABLES WE HAVE FIBER THAT

4272
03:03:55,960 --> 03:04:00,360
CAN ALSO INHIBIT ABSORPTION OF

4273
03:04:00,360 --> 03:04:00,800
ALL METAL.

4274
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:05,280
>>THANK YOU.

4275
03:04:05,280 --> 03:04:09,480
WONDERFUL. 

4276
03:04:09,480 --> 03:04:12,080
A QUESTION FOR KASIA, THE SLIDE

4277
03:04:12,080 --> 03:04:14,280
WITH A FINDING FOR CADMIUM BUT

4278
03:04:14,280 --> 03:04:16,360
NOT FOR THE OTHER CONTAMINANTS.

4279
03:04:16,360 --> 03:04:19,200
WITH THOSE FINDINGS WHERE YOU

4280
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:22,240
FOUND LOWER URINARY CADMIUM WITH

4281
03:04:22,240 --> 03:04:24,200
HIGHER DIET QUALITY, DO HAVE YOU

4282
03:04:24,200 --> 03:04:25,680
THOUGHTS ON WHY THAT PARTICULAR

4283
03:04:25,680 --> 03:04:27,520
ASSOCIATION MAY HAVE BEEN FOUND

4284
03:04:27,520 --> 03:04:29,680
WHEN IT WASN'T POSSIBLE TO

4285
03:04:29,680 --> 03:04:34,200
IDENTIFY ASSOCIATION FOR THE

4286
03:04:34,200 --> 03:04:34,440
OTHERS?

4287
03:04:34,440 --> 03:04:41,720
>>THAT'S AN EXCELLENT
QUESTION.

4288
03:04:41,720 --> 03:04:44,720
A LOT OF THIS I THINK WOULD

4289
03:04:44,720 --> 03:04:45,760
BE -- THINKING ABOUT -- I HAVE

4290
03:04:45,760 --> 03:04:47,200
TO THINK ABOUT THIS MORE AND

4291
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,560
I'LL LOOK AT THAT SLIDE AND

4292
03:04:49,560 --> 03:04:51,960
THINK ABOUT WHAT IT IS THAT WE

4293
03:04:51,960 --> 03:04:57,400
ASSESS IN TERMS OF DIET QUALITY,

4294
03:04:57,400 --> 03:05:01,080
SO FOR VARIETY WE WERE LOOKING

4295
03:05:01,080 --> 03:05:03,480
AT SCORING ON INTAKE THE MEATS

4296
03:05:03,480 --> 03:05:07,560
AND EGGS, DAIRY AND BEANS.

4297
03:05:07,560 --> 03:05:11,280
SOME FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BUT

4298
03:05:11,280 --> 03:05:12,800
NOT SPECIFIED WHICH ONES, AND

4299
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:15,560
PROTEIN COMING FROM DIFFERENT

4300
03:05:15,560 --> 03:05:15,840
SOURCES.

4301
03:05:15,840 --> 03:05:17,600
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT WHEN YOU HAVE

4302
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:28,000
THAT KIND OF A SCORE, ON

4303
03:05:28,000 --> 03:05:29,520
VARIETY, YOU'RE ABLE TO -- THERE

4304
03:05:29,520 --> 03:05:32,440
ARE MANY SOURCES OF CADMIUM,

4305
03:05:32,440 --> 03:05:36,000
JUST BY EATING A VARIED DIET

4306
03:05:36,000 --> 03:05:38,400
YOU'RE ABLE TO LOWER CADMIUM

4307
03:05:38,400 --> 03:05:40,400
CONCENTRATIONS IN CHILDREN TO

4308
03:05:40,400 --> 03:05:42,720
SOME EXTENT.

4309
03:05:42,720 --> 03:05:45,320
I WILL SAY THESE ARE IN A LOT OF

4310
03:05:45,320 --> 03:05:47,640
WAYS PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND

4311
03:05:47,640 --> 03:05:51,480
WOULD HAVE TO BE CONFIRMED FOR

4312
03:05:51,480 --> 03:05:54,920
CHILDREN IN OTHER STUDIES.

4313
03:05:54,920 --> 03:05:57,720
URINARY CADMIUM IS A MARKER OF

4314
03:05:57,720 --> 03:06:00,320
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE, WE WERE

4315
03:06:00,320 --> 03:06:02,520
LOOKING AT DIET OVER A SHORTER

4316
03:06:02,520 --> 03:06:05,160
TERM, SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT

4317
03:06:05,160 --> 03:06:06,880
THAT STILL NEEDS TO BE WORKED

4318
03:06:06,880 --> 03:06:08,120
OUT THERE AND CONFIRMED BEFORE

4319
03:06:08,120 --> 03:06:12,320
WE CAN SAY, OKAY, WELL, THIS IS

4320
03:06:12,320 --> 03:06:13,680
THE TRUTH.

4321
03:06:13,680 --> 03:06:17,080
BUT LOOKING AT HOW THAT VARIETY

4322
03:06:17,080 --> 03:06:19,480
SCORE WAS DERIVED AND WHAT IT

4323
03:06:19,480 --> 03:06:21,080
REFLECTS, IT JUST MAY MEAN

4324
03:06:21,080 --> 03:06:24,160
CHILDREN WHO EAT A GREATER

4325
03:06:24,160 --> 03:06:28,120
VARIETY OF FOODS RATHER THAN

4326
03:06:28,120 --> 03:06:32,280
FOCUSING ON, YOU KNOW, ONE TYPE

4327
03:06:32,280 --> 03:06:35,920
OF FOOD OR ONE GROUP OF FOODS

4328
03:06:35,920 --> 03:06:41,040
ARE JUST -- JUST HAVE -- ARE

4329
03:06:41,040 --> 03:06:43,240
BETTER ABLE TO DEAL WITH CADMIUM

4330
03:06:43,240 --> 03:06:44,600
IN THEIR BODIES.

4331
03:06:44,600 --> 03:06:47,760
SO THAT'S MY PRELIMINARY ANSWER.

4332
03:06:47,760 --> 03:06:48,600
>>THANK YOU.

4333
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:50,040
>>OTHER SHOULD FEEL FREE
TO

4334
03:06:50,040 --> 03:06:50,480
JUMP IN.

4335
03:06:50,480 --> 03:06:52,520
AGAIN, I THINK IT NEEDS TO BE

4336
03:06:52,520 --> 03:06:53,040
CONFIRMED.

4337
03:06:53,040 --> 03:06:54,480
I'M KIND OF HEARTENED BY THE

4338
03:06:54,480 --> 03:07:01,320
FACT THAT IN THE U.S. NHANES IN

4339
03:07:01,320 --> 03:07:02,760
ADULTS THERE WAS ALSO -- WELL

4340
03:07:02,760 --> 03:07:06,440
THERE WAS NO CORRELATION WITH

4341
03:07:06,440 --> 03:07:08,080
HEALTHY EATING INDEX AND BLACK

4342
03:07:08,080 --> 03:07:10,840
CADMIUM BUT THAT NO CORRELATION

4343
03:07:10,840 --> 03:07:13,000
AGAIN I THINK CAN BE, YOU KNOW,

4344
03:07:13,000 --> 03:07:14,200
IT'S NOT A BAD RESULT.

4345
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:18,160
I THINK IT COULD JUST MEAN THAT

4346
03:07:18,160 --> 03:07:22,680
WHEN YOU HAVE A VARIED DIET, YOU

4347
03:07:22,680 --> 03:07:25,480
DON'T GET ELEVATED CADMIUM

4348
03:07:25,480 --> 03:07:25,880
LEVELS.

4349
03:07:25,880 --> 03:07:27,040
THERE'S SOME CONSISTENCY THERE

4350
03:07:27,040 --> 03:07:28,680
BUT WITH TWO STUDIES I THINK WE

4351
03:07:28,680 --> 03:07:31,520
NEED TO EXPLORE THAT A LITTLE

4352
03:07:31,520 --> 03:07:32,160
BIT MORE.

4353
03:07:32,160 --> 03:07:35,160
>>THAT'S A RUNNING THEME
TODAY.

4354
03:07:35,160 --> 03:07:35,560
WONDERFUL.

4355
03:07:35,560 --> 03:07:41,280
THIS QUESTION IS GOING TO BE FOR

4356
03:07:41,280 --> 03:07:44,800
DR. DESAI, FRUITS AND

4357
03:07:44,800 --> 03:07:45,120
VEGETABLES.

4358
03:07:45,120 --> 03:07:51,360
MY EXPERIENCE WITH THE DIETARY

4359
03:07:51,360 --> 03:07:53,560
GUIDELINES AND HOW CORE FRUIT

4360
03:07:53,560 --> 03:07:55,280
AND VEGETABLE INTAKE WITH ITS

4361
03:07:55,280 --> 03:07:58,080
RELATIONSHIP FOR DECREASED RISK

4362
03:07:58,080 --> 03:08:00,760
OF MULTIPLE DIET-RELATED CHRONIC

4363
03:08:00,760 --> 03:08:02,520
DISEASE OUTCOMES ESPECIALLY

4364
03:08:02,520 --> 03:08:04,920
CANCER, I'M THINKING ABOUT LIFE

4365
03:08:04,920 --> 03:08:05,280
STAGES.

4366
03:08:05,280 --> 03:08:07,000
AND HOW WE CONSIDER ROLE OF

4367
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:09,080
NUTRIENT DENSE FOOD LIKE FRUITS

4368
03:08:09,080 --> 03:08:10,960
AND VEGETABLES IN HEALTH WHILE

4369
03:08:10,960 --> 03:08:13,120
ALSO ACCOUNTING FOR THE EFFECTS

4370
03:08:13,120 --> 03:08:13,840
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

4371
03:08:13,840 --> 03:08:17,840
THAT THESE FOODS MAY BE A SOURCE

4372
03:08:17,840 --> 03:08:18,000
OF.

4373
03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:22,320
>>VERY GOOD QUESTION.

4374
03:08:22,320 --> 03:08:23,040
THANK YOU.

4375
03:08:23,040 --> 03:08:25,800
I THINK ONE CONSIDERATION WE

4376
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:28,320
NEED TO HAVE IS THAT LIKE WE SAW

4377
03:08:28,320 --> 03:08:30,880
THERE ARE SEVERAL FRUITS AND

4378
03:08:30,880 --> 03:08:33,760
VEGETABLES THAT ARE GIVING US

4379
03:08:33,760 --> 03:08:36,480
THE SAME NUTRIENTS BUT THEY

4380
03:08:36,480 --> 03:08:41,560
CONTAIN THE SAME OR DIFFERENT

4381
03:08:41,560 --> 03:08:46,800
TOXICANTS. 

4382
03:08:46,800 --> 03:08:49,120
SWEET POTATOES ARE MORE LIKELY

4383
03:08:49,120 --> 03:08:50,800
TO CONTAIN TOXICANTS SUCH AS

4384
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:53,040
LEAD, AS COMPARED TO PEAS, BOTH

4385
03:08:53,040 --> 03:08:55,040
GREAT SOURCES OF IRON.

4386
03:08:55,040 --> 03:08:58,240
MAKING SURE THAT WE EAT A

4387
03:08:58,240 --> 03:09:00,600
DIVERSE DIET IS IMPORTANT SO WE

4388
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:05,760
GET THE NUTRIENTS THAT WE NEED,

4389
03:09:05,760 --> 03:09:07,640
WITHOUT GETTING HIGHLY EXPOSED

4390
03:09:07,640 --> 03:09:09,800
TO SOME SPECIFIC TOXICANT.

4391
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:11,240
I THINK THE BASELINE IS KIND OF

4392
03:09:11,240 --> 03:09:13,440
THE SAME AS WHAT THE OTHER

4393
03:09:13,440 --> 03:09:16,480
SPEAKERS ARE SAID THAT FOCUSES

4394
03:09:16,480 --> 03:09:19,120
ON DIVERSE DIET IS KEY.

4395
03:09:19,120 --> 03:09:21,040
>>WONDERFUL.

4396
03:09:21,040 --> 03:09:21,560
THANK YOU.

4397
03:09:21,560 --> 03:09:23,280
THESE ARE GOOD THINGS TO HEAR

4398
03:09:23,280 --> 03:09:25,800
OVER AND OVER AGAIN.

4399
03:09:25,800 --> 03:09:26,480
IT'S REALLY HELPFUL.

4400
03:09:26,480 --> 03:09:30,200
NOW I'M GOING TO SPEAK TO SOME

4401
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:31,640
QUESTIONS THAT ARE MORE BROAD,

4402
03:09:31,640 --> 03:09:33,840
MAYBE THINGS THAT MANY OF YOU

4403
03:09:33,840 --> 03:09:37,080
WOULD LIKE TO CONTRIBUTE TO

4404
03:09:37,080 --> 03:09:37,440
ANSWERING.

4405
03:09:37,440 --> 03:09:45,720
THE FIRST QUESTION IS REALLY

4406
03:09:45,720 --> 03:09:48,560
ABOUT NUTRIENTSES WITH  RESEARCH

4407
03:09:48,560 --> 03:09:48,920
GAPS.

4408
03:09:48,920 --> 03:09:51,200
WHICH STAND OUT AS AN AREA

4409
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:52,880
RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS MORE

4410
03:09:52,880 --> 03:09:53,800
INTENTRY REGARDING WHAT THEIR

4411
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,120
ROLE MAY OR MAY NOT MODULATING

4412
03:09:57,120 --> 03:10:00,280
CONTAMINANTS FOR PURPOSES OF

4413
03:10:00,280 --> 03:10:02,400
PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT OR

4414
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:03,240
HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN?

4415
03:10:03,240 --> 03:10:13,680
WHO WOULD LIKE TO START?

4416
03:10:14,040 --> 03:10:15,080
WHICH NUTRIENTS, IF YOU COULD

4417
03:10:15,080 --> 03:10:18,000
PROMOTE CERTAIN NUTRIENTS FOR

4418
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:20,000
WHICH YOU THINK WE SHOULD STUDY

4419
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:24,360
MORE DEEPLY FIRST, WHICH SHOULD

4420
03:10:24,360 --> 03:10:31,960
WE LEAN TOWARDS?

4421
03:10:31,960 --> 03:10:34,200
>>IT'S A TOUGH ONE.

4422
03:10:34,200 --> 03:10:37,840
I'LL GIVE IT A TRY.

4423
03:10:37,840 --> 03:10:40,880
IN THE FIRST SESSION WE HEARD

4424
03:10:40,880 --> 03:10:44,480
TWO SPEAKERS TALK QUITE A LOT

4425
03:10:44,480 --> 03:10:49,120
ABOUT IRON, THEY TALKED ABOUT

4426
03:10:49,120 --> 03:10:49,320
IODINE.

4427
03:10:49,320 --> 03:10:50,520
VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM.

4428
03:10:50,520 --> 03:10:53,360
I THINK IRON SORT OF CAME

4429
03:10:53,360 --> 03:10:57,560
THROUGH AS A THEME THROUGHOUT

4430
03:10:57,560 --> 03:10:59,480
BOTH PRESENTATIONS AND

4431
03:10:59,480 --> 03:10:59,880
PREGNANCY.

4432
03:10:59,880 --> 03:11:01,000
AND INFANCY.

4433
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:03,200
IT REMAINS AN IMPORTANT NUTRIENT

4434
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:06,040
TO STUDY BECAUSE IT IS SO

4435
03:11:06,040 --> 03:11:06,320
CRITICAL.

4436
03:11:06,320 --> 03:11:09,200
THEY ALSO MENTIONED A COUPLE

4437
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:11,160
OTHER THINGS THAT WERE NOT WELL

4438
03:11:11,160 --> 03:11:14,880
STUDIED WHERE WE, FOR EXAMPLE,

4439
03:11:14,880 --> 03:11:21,720
HAVE INFORMATION OR WE HAVE SET

4440
03:11:21,720 --> 03:11:23,760
ADEQUATE INTAKE LEVEL BUT NO

4441
03:11:23,760 --> 03:11:24,240
RDA.

4442
03:11:24,240 --> 03:11:25,520
IODINE WAS MENTIONED THERE.

4443
03:11:25,520 --> 03:11:31,560
BUT ALSO SOME FATTY ACIDS. 

4444
03:11:31,560 --> 03:11:32,560
AND OTHER NUTRIENTS IMPORTANT

4445
03:11:32,560 --> 03:11:37,800
FOR NEURAL DEVELOPMENT.

4446
03:11:37,800 --> 03:11:41,640
SO, I WOULD CERTAINLY CALL THOSE

4447
03:11:41,640 --> 03:11:41,800
OUT.

4448
03:11:41,800 --> 03:11:44,160
CHOLINE WAS MENTIONED BY ONE OF

4449
03:11:44,160 --> 03:11:47,880
THE SPEAKERS IN THE FIRST

4450
03:11:47,880 --> 03:11:48,080
SESSION.

4451
03:11:48,080 --> 03:11:55,240
SO, I THINK WE STILL HAVE MORE

4452
03:11:55,240 --> 03:11:57,920
TO LEARN ABOUT THE USUAL

4453
03:11:57,920 --> 03:11:59,920
SUSPECTS AT NUTRIENTS SUCH AS

4454
03:11:59,920 --> 03:12:00,880
IRON BUT DEFINITELY A LOT OF

4455
03:12:00,880 --> 03:12:03,160
THINGS MENTIONED IN THE FIRST

4456
03:12:03,160 --> 03:12:04,520
SESSION ARE NOT VERY WELL KNOWN

4457
03:12:04,520 --> 03:12:07,360
IN TERMS OF HOW THEY INTERACT

4458
03:12:07,360 --> 03:12:08,720
WITH TOXIC ELEMENTS AND WE WOULD

4459
03:12:08,720 --> 03:12:11,080
WANT TO KNOW THAT.

4460
03:12:11,080 --> 03:12:15,320
SO, THOSE ARE SOME OF THE ONES I

4461
03:12:15,320 --> 03:12:15,920
HIGHLIGHTED ALREADY.

4462
03:12:15,920 --> 03:12:17,080
>>A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION TO
THAT

4463
03:12:17,080 --> 03:12:18,560
ONE IN A MINUTE.

4464
03:12:18,560 --> 03:12:21,360
LET ME SEE WHAT THE OTHER

4465
03:12:21,360 --> 03:12:22,680
PRESENTERS THINK AS FAR AS IF

4466
03:12:22,680 --> 03:12:23,680
THERE'S ANY CERTAIN NUTRIENTS

4467
03:12:23,680 --> 03:12:26,840
THAT STAND OUT TO YOU OF THE

4468
03:12:26,840 --> 03:12:30,960
ONES THAT HAVE BEEN MENTIONED.

4469
03:12:30,960 --> 03:12:34,280
>>I AGREE WITH WHAT KASIA
AND

4470
03:12:34,280 --> 03:12:37,040
OTHERS SAID BUT I WOULD LIKE TO

4471
03:12:37,040 --> 03:12:40,520
PUT IN A PLUG FOR BEING ABLE TO

4472
03:12:40,520 --> 03:12:42,400
TEST MULTIPLE ELEMENTS WHICH

4473
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:43,840
WERE ALSO MENTIONED, ELEMENTS

4474
03:12:43,840 --> 03:12:47,960
AND NUTRIENTS, AND OTHER DIETARY

4475
03:12:47,960 --> 03:12:50,600
COMPONENTS BECAUSE TESTING HAS

4476
03:12:50,600 --> 03:12:52,240
BECOME MUCH EASIER.

4477
03:12:52,240 --> 03:12:54,760
WE HAVE MORE UNTARGETED AND

4478
03:12:54,760 --> 03:12:55,520
TARGETED APPROACHES.

4479
03:12:55,520 --> 03:12:59,120
COSTS ARE COMING DOWN.

4480
03:12:59,120 --> 03:12:59,960
SOMETIMES WE'RE SURPRISED.

4481
03:12:59,960 --> 03:13:02,000
THAT'S WHAT I FIND BEING AN

4482
03:13:02,000 --> 03:13:02,360
EPIDEMIOLOGIST.

4483
03:13:02,360 --> 03:13:04,120
IT'S NOT ALWAYS WHAT I THINK OR

4484
03:13:04,120 --> 03:13:07,320
SET OUT TO DO.

4485
03:13:07,320 --> 03:13:10,960
AND THE REALITY IS WE MAY FIND

4486
03:13:10,960 --> 03:13:13,360
THAT THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN

4487
03:13:13,360 --> 03:13:17,080
NUTRIENTS MAKE TOXICANTS MORE

4488
03:13:17,080 --> 03:13:17,480
HARMFUL.

4489
03:13:17,480 --> 03:13:18,200
WE DON'T WHAT DIRECTION THESE

4490
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:19,280
ARE GOING IN.

4491
03:13:19,280 --> 03:13:23,120
TO TEASE APART ALL THE DIFFERENT

4492
03:13:23,120 --> 03:13:26,000
FACTORS I ENCOURAGE US TO ALSO

4493
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:26,840
DO OUR TARGETED

4494
03:13:26,840 --> 03:13:28,560
HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN WORK BUT ALSO

4495
03:13:28,560 --> 03:13:33,480
KEEP AN OPEN MIND AS WELL TO

4496
03:13:33,480 --> 03:13:35,960
EMERGING CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS

4497
03:13:35,960 --> 03:13:37,640
PFOS IN SEAFOOD, FOR EXAMPLE.

4498
03:13:37,640 --> 03:13:45,640
SO I'LL JUST PUT IN A PLUG FOR

4499
03:13:45,640 --> 03:13:45,840
THAT.

4500
03:13:45,840 --> 03:13:48,520
>>THANK YOU.

4501
03:13:48,520 --> 03:13:50,000
ALEJANDRA, ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS?

4502
03:13:50,000 --> 03:13:50,920
>>YES.

4503
03:13:50,920 --> 03:13:54,200
I WANT TO ADD THAT IT IS

4504
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:58,600
IMPORTANT IN THE CASE OF SEAFOOD

4505
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:02,160
WE HAVE OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS,

4506
03:14:02,160 --> 03:14:04,360
SUPER FOOD IN MANY COHORT

4507
03:14:04,360 --> 03:14:07,880
STUDIES, WE KNOW THAT ADVANTAGES

4508
03:14:07,880 --> 03:14:09,160
OF CONSUMING THEM.

4509
03:14:09,160 --> 03:14:14,880
BUT I THINK THE BEST THING IS

4510
03:14:14,880 --> 03:14:16,600
CONSUMED NOT ONLY THE OMEGA 3

4511
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:18,160
SUPPLEMENT FOR EXAMPLE BUT

4512
03:14:18,160 --> 03:14:20,040
INSTEAD THE FOOD, THE SEAFOOD,

4513
03:14:20,040 --> 03:14:24,200
BECAUSE AS WE SAW IT'S ALSO

4514
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:27,800
CONTAINS ANOTHER IMPORTANT

4515
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:29,440
COMPONENT AND NUTRIENTS HEALTHY

4516
03:14:29,440 --> 03:14:33,680
CHILDREN OR PREGNANT WOMEN IN

4517
03:14:33,680 --> 03:14:36,560
DIFFERENT FUNCTION AND

4518
03:14:36,560 --> 03:14:37,880
INFLAMMATION, AND ANTIOXIDANTS,

4519
03:14:37,880 --> 03:14:39,880
AND NEURAL COGNITIVE PROTECTION,

4520
03:14:39,880 --> 03:14:42,040
ET CETERA.

4521
03:14:42,040 --> 03:14:46,520
IN THE OTHER PART, WE HAVE

4522
03:14:46,520 --> 03:14:48,800
STUDIOUS IN MEXICO, IS THAT MORE

4523
03:14:48,800 --> 03:14:51,680
THAN NUTRIENT WE SHOULD BE

4524
03:14:51,680 --> 03:14:55,800
STUDYING THOSE PREGNANT WOMEN OR

4525
03:14:55,800 --> 03:14:58,760
CHILDREN WITH DEFICIENT OR LOW

4526
03:14:58,760 --> 03:15:05,360
NUTRITIONAL STATUS,  DEFICIENT -

4527
03:15:05,360 --> 03:15:11,280
I MEAN ANEMIA, LOW SELENIUM,

4528
03:15:11,280 --> 03:15:13,080
STUNTING OR UNDERNUTRITION

4529
03:15:13,080 --> 03:15:14,440
BECAUSE THOSE CHILDREN OF

4530
03:15:14,440 --> 03:15:17,600
PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CONDITIONS

4531
03:15:17,600 --> 03:15:20,000
LIKE ANEMIA AND DEFICIENCY ARE

4532
03:15:20,000 --> 03:15:22,440
THE MOST AFFECTED BY CONSUMING

4533
03:15:22,440 --> 03:15:24,080
TOXICANTS IN ANY FOOD BECAUSE

4534
03:15:24,080 --> 03:15:29,000
THEY CAN  ABSORB MORE, ESPECIALY

4535
03:15:29,000 --> 03:15:29,400
CHILDREN.

4536
03:15:29,400 --> 03:15:31,280
THAT'S ANOTHER AREA WE SHOULD

4537
03:15:31,280 --> 03:15:34,160
KEEP LOOKING AT, NOT ONLY IN

4538
03:15:34,160 --> 03:15:35,680
COUNTRIES LIKE MEXICO BUT ALSO

4539
03:15:35,680 --> 03:15:41,320
IN U.S. BECAUSE WE HAVE SOME

4540
03:15:41,320 --> 03:15:41,880
DISPARITIES ALSO THERE.

4541
03:15:41,880 --> 03:15:46,960
>>GREAT.

4542
03:15:46,960 --> 03:15:47,240
THANK YOU.

4543
03:15:47,240 --> 03:15:51,640
>>ALONG THE LINES OF WHAT

4544
03:15:51,640 --> 03:15:53,520
MARGARET SAID, IN THAT STUDYING

4545
03:15:53,520 --> 03:15:55,600
INTERACTIONS IS SOMETHING WE

4546
03:15:55,600 --> 03:16:00,600
REALLY NEED BECAUSE WE EAT

4547
03:16:00,600 --> 03:16:02,800
MULTIPLE FOODS AND NUTRIENTS

4548
03:16:02,800 --> 03:16:06,880
THAT INTERACT,  NUTRIENTS AND

4549
03:16:06,880 --> 03:16:08,720
TOXICANTS INTERACT WITHIN THE

4550
03:16:08,720 --> 03:16:08,920
BODY.

4551
03:16:08,920 --> 03:16:13,080
THAT'S WHAT WE REALLY GOING

4552
03:16:13,080 --> 03:16:15,720
FORWARD SHOULD LOOK AT.

4553
03:16:15,720 --> 03:16:19,440
>>PIGGYBACKING ON THAT,
FROM

4554
03:16:19,440 --> 03:16:21,440
THE STUDIES THAT YOU PRESENTED

4555
03:16:21,440 --> 03:16:22,840
LOOKING AT DIETARY PATTERNS AND

4556
03:16:22,840 --> 03:16:23,840
DIET QUALITY DO YOU HAVE SOME

4557
03:16:23,840 --> 03:16:26,240
THOUGHTS ON WHAT THE NEXT STEPS

4558
03:16:26,240 --> 03:16:30,520
WOULD BE TO NOT JUST REPLICATE

4559
03:16:30,520 --> 03:16:33,760
THESE IN OTHER POPULATIONS AND

4560
03:16:33,760 --> 03:16:34,560
DIFFERENT VULNERABLE GROUPS BUT

4561
03:16:34,560 --> 03:16:35,960
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE AS

4562
03:16:35,960 --> 03:16:39,800
NEXT STEPS BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT

4563
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:42,320
DIETARY EXPOSURES AND OUTCOMES

4564
03:16:42,320 --> 03:16:43,840
PARTICULARLY THOSE RELATED TO

4565
03:16:43,840 --> 03:16:49,080
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS LIKE

4566
03:16:49,080 --> 03:16:54,680
CHILD BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT?

4567
03:16:54,680 --> 03:16:57,640
>>THAT'S A REALLY GOOD

4568
03:16:57,640 --> 03:16:58,000
QUESTION.

4569
03:16:58,000 --> 03:17:03,960
AND YOU STUMPED ME ON DON'T

4570
03:17:03,960 --> 03:17:04,200
REPLICATE.

4571
03:17:04,200 --> 03:17:07,360
>>WE ALWAYS WANT TO
REPLICATE.

4572
03:17:07,360 --> 03:17:09,120
>>WELL, IT'S HARD NOT TO
WANT

4573
03:17:09,120 --> 03:17:12,400
TO REPLICATE WHEN WE'VE HAD SO

4574
03:17:12,400 --> 03:17:18,840
FEW STUDIES, SO FAR.

4575
03:17:18,840 --> 03:17:23,880
WE'VE HAD SOME IN YOUNGER

4576
03:17:23,880 --> 03:17:25,280
CHILDREN, SCHOOL CHILDREN,

4577
03:17:25,280 --> 03:17:27,640
VULNERABILITY OCCURRING AMONG

4578
03:17:27,640 --> 03:17:29,000
THE EARLY LIFE CONTINUUM

4579
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:32,040
INCLUDING PREGNANCY. 

4580
03:17:32,040 --> 03:17:36,240
SO I WOULD WANT TO SEE MORE

4581
03:17:36,240 --> 03:17:39,760
STUDIES, OF THIS TYPE, JUST TO

4582
03:17:39,760 --> 03:17:43,400
UNDERSTAND IS THIS REAL, IS THAT

4583
03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:46,440
WHAT WE CAN BE RECOMMENDING?

4584
03:17:46,440 --> 03:17:50,160
BUT ALSO, SO FAR WE'VE SORT OF

4585
03:17:50,160 --> 03:17:52,600
SAID OKAY, THERE'S AN

4586
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:58,840
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE  TYPES F

4587
03:17:58,840 --> 03:18:01,920
FOODS OR PATTERNS CHILDREN,

4588
03:18:01,920 --> 03:18:03,200
PREGNANT WOMEN, ARE CONSUMING,

4589
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:04,720
LEVELS OF LEAD OR CADMIUM OR

4590
03:18:04,720 --> 03:18:07,920
WHAT HAVE YOU.

4591
03:18:07,920 --> 03:18:11,040
SO, BUT REALLY THE QUESTION AND

4592
03:18:11,040 --> 03:18:13,400
THE ROLE OF DIET REMAINS

4593
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:15,760
UNANSWERED. 

4594
03:18:15,760 --> 03:18:19,080
I SHOWED TWO STUDIES, BOTH IN

4595
03:18:19,080 --> 03:18:19,320
ADULTS.

4596
03:18:19,320 --> 03:18:24,760
SO WHEN YOU HAVE DUALITY AGAIN

4597
03:18:24,760 --> 03:18:29,040
OF THE SAME DIET IS DELIVERING

4598
03:18:29,040 --> 03:18:33,280
BENEFICIAL NUTRIENTS, BUT ALSO

4599
03:18:33,280 --> 03:18:35,800
DELIVERING POTENTIALLY HARMFUL

4600
03:18:35,800 --> 03:18:37,000
EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS, WE REALLY

4601
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:39,720
NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ROLE

4602
03:18:39,720 --> 03:18:43,160
DOES THIS PLAY.

4603
03:18:43,160 --> 03:18:45,240
WILL THE NUTRIENTS MODERATE IN A

4604
03:18:45,240 --> 03:18:47,520
POSITIVE WAY?

4605
03:18:47,520 --> 03:18:54,200
WILL THEY BUFFER OR HELP

4606
03:18:54,200 --> 03:18:55,280
CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT?

4607
03:18:55,280 --> 03:18:56,640
WILL QUALITY DIETS PLAY THIS

4608
03:18:56,640 --> 03:18:57,920
BUFFERING OR MODERATING ROLE?

4609
03:18:57,920 --> 03:19:00,520
I THINK THAT'S AN IMPORTANT

4610
03:19:00,520 --> 03:19:03,240
QUESTION THAT NEEDS TO BE

4611
03:19:03,240 --> 03:19:04,880
ANSWERED.

4612
03:19:04,880 --> 03:19:09,080
AT THE SAME TIME THAT OTHERS ARE

4613
03:19:09,080 --> 03:19:10,600
WORKING ON LOWERING THESE TOXIC

4614
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:14,440
ELEMENTS IN FOODS TO BEGIN WITH.

4615
03:19:14,440 --> 03:19:16,760
SO, I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF

4616
03:19:16,760 --> 03:19:17,720
WORK ON MANY FRONTS.

4617
03:19:17,720 --> 03:19:19,160
I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS A

4618
03:19:19,160 --> 03:19:22,320
SATISFY ANSWER TO YOUR QUESTION.

4619
03:19:22,320 --> 03:19:23,600
 SATISFACTORY ANSWER TO YOUR

4620
03:19:23,600 --> 03:19:24,000
QUESTION.

4621
03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:25,720
BUT I'M SURE OTHERS WILL HAVE

4622
03:19:25,720 --> 03:19:29,560
THINGS TO ADD AS WELL.

4623
03:19:29,560 --> 03:19:30,760
>>DO OTHERS HAVE
ADDITIONAL

4624
03:19:30,760 --> 03:19:31,720
THINGS TO ADD THERE?

4625
03:19:31,720 --> 03:19:34,240
WHAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO SEE TO

4626
03:19:34,240 --> 03:19:37,000
REALLY BETTER LOOK AT THE

4627
03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:41,360
HOLISTIC PICTURE OF EXPOSURE AND

4628
03:19:41,360 --> 03:19:41,640
OUTCOMES?

4629
03:19:41,640 --> 03:19:43,600
>>RESPECT TO REPLICATION,
THERE

4630
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:45,120
ARE STUDIES GOING ON IN THE

4631
03:19:45,120 --> 03:19:47,600
UNITED STATES RIGHT NOW, THE

4632
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:49,040
LARGE ECHO COHORT CONSORTIUM,

4633
03:19:49,040 --> 03:19:52,320
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON

4634
03:19:52,320 --> 03:19:54,280
CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES.

4635
03:19:54,280 --> 03:19:55,840
THAT'S PLACE WE MAY BE ABLE TO

4636
03:19:55,840 --> 03:20:01,280
TAKE A NATIONAL LOOK AT

4637
03:20:01,280 --> 03:20:03,120
DIFFERENT VULNERABLE AND

4638
03:20:03,120 --> 03:20:03,640
SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS.

4639
03:20:03,640 --> 03:20:05,680
I DON'T KNOW IF WE CAN ADDRESS

4640
03:20:05,680 --> 03:20:09,720
THE SUBGROUPS BUT THERE MAY BE

4641
03:20:09,720 --> 03:20:10,080
SOME.

4642
03:20:10,080 --> 03:20:11,680
IT'S OUR BEST CHANCE OR BETTER

4643
03:20:11,680 --> 03:20:15,760
CHANCE OF LOOKING AT CONSISTENCY

4644
03:20:15,760 --> 03:20:19,680
ACROSS STUDIES AND LOOKING AT

4645
03:20:19,680 --> 03:20:22,560
RARE EXPOSURES AND OUTCOMES. 

4646
03:20:22,560 --> 03:20:29,040
>>ANY OTHER THOUGHTS? 

4647
03:20:29,040 --> 03:20:30,520
ALL RIGHT.

4648
03:20:30,520 --> 03:20:32,800
NEXT QUESTION IS REALLY ABOUT

4649
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:36,320
THE LACK OF BIOMARKER DATA IN

4650
03:20:36,320 --> 03:20:36,640
INFANTS.

4651
03:20:36,640 --> 03:20:40,600
AND I HEARD SEVERAL PRESENTERS

4652
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:42,120
TODAY TALK ABOUT LACK OF

4653
03:20:42,120 --> 03:20:43,960
BIOMARKER DATA IN INFANTS.

4654
03:20:43,960 --> 03:20:48,720
WE DO HAVE A PILOT PROJECT

4655
03:20:48,720 --> 03:20:50,120
THAT'S BEEN FUNDED THROUGH

4656
03:20:50,120 --> 03:20:52,080
MULTIPLE AGENCIES IN THE FEDERAL

4657
03:20:52,080 --> 03:20:53,920
GOVERNMENT TO WORK WITH NHANES

4658
03:20:53,920 --> 03:20:56,560
TO PILOT TO SEE IF THEY CAN GET

4659
03:20:56,560 --> 03:20:58,560
BLOOD VALUES, BLOOD DRAW FROM

4660
03:20:58,560 --> 03:20:59,280
INFANTS.

4661
03:20:59,280 --> 03:21:00,520
THAT WAS UNFORTUNATELY

4662
03:21:00,520 --> 03:21:01,920
INTERRUPTED BY THE COVID

4663
03:21:01,920 --> 03:21:02,800
PANDEMIC WHEN IT WAS GOING IN

4664
03:21:02,800 --> 03:21:03,920
THE FIELD TO TEST.

4665
03:21:03,920 --> 03:21:06,320
WE'RE WAITING TO GET BACK IN THE

4666
03:21:06,320 --> 03:21:06,600
FIELD.

4667
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:08,680
WHILE WE'RE WAITING TO SEE IF WE

4668
03:21:08,680 --> 03:21:10,240
CAN GET BLOOD VALUES FROM

4669
03:21:10,240 --> 03:21:12,760
INFANTS, I WANT TO ASK WHAT ELSE

4670
03:21:12,760 --> 03:21:15,040
IN ADDITION TO BLOOD WOULD BE

4671
03:21:15,040 --> 03:21:17,280
HELPFUL HERE TO HAVE BIOMARKER

4672
03:21:17,280 --> 03:21:21,280
DATA FOR INFANTS FOR THIS TOPIC?

4673
03:21:21,280 --> 03:21:23,120
 

4674
03:21:23,120 --> 03:21:25,760
>>FOR EXAMPLE IN THE CASE
OF

4675
03:21:25,760 --> 03:21:28,360
MERCURY, IT'S EASY TO HAVE A

4676
03:21:28,360 --> 03:21:32,000
HAIR SAMPLE. 

4677
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:35,280
IT'S NOT SO INVASIVE IN SMALL

4678
03:21:35,280 --> 03:21:35,600
CHILDREN.

4679
03:21:35,600 --> 03:21:38,800
YOU CAN MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF

4680
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:41,600
METHYLMERCURY OF CHILDREN AND

4681
03:21:41,600 --> 03:21:42,960
COMPARE WITH REFERENCE VALUES

4682
03:21:42,960 --> 03:21:47,640
ACCORDING TO EPA.

4683
03:21:47,640 --> 03:21:51,120
ALSO WHAT WE TRY TO DO FOR

4684
03:21:51,120 --> 03:21:53,560
EXAMPLE IN MEXICO WHERE LEAD

4685
03:21:53,560 --> 03:21:56,320
TOXICITY IS HIGH, WE DON'T TAKE

4686
03:21:56,320 --> 03:21:58,920
BLOOD SAMPLES IN NEWBORNS.

4687
03:21:58,920 --> 03:22:01,880
BUT WE CAN MEASURE LEAD IN THE

4688
03:22:01,880 --> 03:22:04,280
CORD BLOOD.

4689
03:22:04,280 --> 03:22:06,040
SO IT'S A PROXY OF AMOUNT OF

4690
03:22:06,040 --> 03:22:12,040
EXPOSURE IN NEWBORNS.

4691
03:22:12,040 --> 03:22:16,000
AROUND 17% OF OUR CHILDREN ARE

4692
03:22:16,000 --> 03:22:21,280
BORN WITH LEAD LEVELS ABOVE 5

4693
03:22:21,280 --> 03:22:22,920
MILLIGRAMS PER DECILITER, THE

4694
03:22:22,920 --> 03:22:24,200
REFERENCE VALUE.

4695
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:26,720
WE CAN HAVE OTHER OPTIONS.

4696
03:22:26,720 --> 03:22:29,680
I KNOW THAT'S, WELL, KASIA IS

4697
03:22:29,680 --> 03:22:30,240
THE EXPERT.

4698
03:22:30,240 --> 03:22:32,560
ARSENIC CAN BE MEASURED IN

4699
03:22:32,560 --> 03:22:32,760
URINE.

4700
03:22:32,760 --> 03:22:34,920
IT'S ANOTHER WAY.

4701
03:22:34,920 --> 03:22:36,560
IT'S NOT INVASIVE, RIGHT?

4702
03:22:36,560 --> 03:22:38,200
IT'S NOT ALWAYS BLOOD, WHAT I

4703
03:22:38,200 --> 03:22:38,440
MEAN.

4704
03:22:38,440 --> 03:22:41,360
WE HAVE ANOTHER OPTION.

4705
03:22:41,360 --> 03:22:43,600
AND WE CAN MEASURE OTHER THINGS

4706
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:45,440
THAT ARE AFFECTING CHILDREN

4707
03:22:45,440 --> 03:22:49,440
BECAUSE IT'S NOT ONLY METALS, IN

4708
03:22:49,440 --> 03:22:58,160
URINE YOU CAN MEASURE

4709
03:22:58,160 --> 03:22:58,640
PTHALLATES, BPA, WELL

4710
03:22:58,640 --> 03:22:58,920
RECOGNIZED.

4711
03:22:58,920 --> 03:22:59,720
>>THANK YOU.

4712
03:22:59,720 --> 03:23:02,320
OTHER THOUGHTS?

4713
03:23:02,320 --> 03:23:04,120
 

4714
03:23:04,120 --> 03:23:06,200
>>I'LL SECOND THE URINE,
WHICH

4715
03:23:06,200 --> 03:23:08,120
IS SOME DATA I PRESENTED.

4716
03:23:08,120 --> 03:23:11,680
I WANTED TO MENTION THE

4717
03:23:11,680 --> 03:23:13,160
IMPORTANCE OF SPECIATING ARSENIC

4718
03:23:13,160 --> 03:23:16,440
AND WE'RE LOOKING AT SPECIATING

4719
03:23:16,440 --> 03:23:17,160
OTHER ELEMENTS AS WELL,

4720
03:23:17,160 --> 03:23:18,680
DIFFERENT FORMS THAT MAY HAVE

4721
03:23:18,680 --> 03:23:21,840
DIFFERENT TOXICITIES.

4722
03:23:21,840 --> 03:23:23,600
FOR ARSENIC THERE ARE SPECIES WE

4723
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:25,040
DON'T EVEN KNOW WHAT THEIR

4724
03:23:25,040 --> 03:23:27,840
TOXICITY IS.

4725
03:23:27,840 --> 03:23:30,480
SOME OF THEM PRODUCED BY OUR

4726
03:23:30,480 --> 03:23:34,360
MICROBIOME INCLUDING FOUND IN

4727
03:23:34,360 --> 03:23:37,120
SEAWEEDS, SOME ARSENIC OR

4728
03:23:37,120 --> 03:23:40,280
SUGARS. 

4729
03:23:40,280 --> 03:23:41,720
VERY BASIC LEVEL IT'S IMPORTANT

4730
03:23:41,720 --> 03:23:43,000
TO SPECIATE AND URINE DOES A

4731
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:44,120
GOOD JOB.

4732
03:23:44,120 --> 03:23:47,080
WE'VE MEASURED TOENAIL

4733
03:23:47,080 --> 03:23:47,360
CLIPPINGS.

4734
03:23:47,360 --> 03:23:50,360
YOU CAN SEE TRANSFER OF SOME

4735
03:23:50,360 --> 03:23:53,520
NUTRIENTS AND TOXICANTS FROM

4736
03:23:53,520 --> 03:23:56,040
PREGNANT PERSONS TO INFANTS BY

4737
03:23:56,040 --> 03:24:04,680
MEASURING AND COMPARING TOENAIL

4738
03:24:04,680 --> 03:24:06,120
CONCENTRATIONS, EASY TO COLLECT,

4739
03:24:06,120 --> 03:24:08,880
USEFUL, PICK UP LEAD, MANGANESE,

4740
03:24:08,880 --> 03:24:12,000
SELENIUM, CADMIUM IN NAIL

4741
03:24:12,000 --> 03:24:12,840
TISSUE.

4742
03:24:12,840 --> 03:24:14,080
THEY ARE NOT EXPENSIVE TO

4743
03:24:14,080 --> 03:24:14,880
COLLECT EITHER.

4744
03:24:14,880 --> 03:24:16,320
I'M ALWAYS MINDFUL OF THAT IN

4745
03:24:16,320 --> 03:24:18,800
RESEARCH STUDIES.

4746
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:20,240
 

4747
03:24:20,240 --> 03:24:22,200
>>NOT TIME CONSUMING TO
TAKE

4748
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:24,600
NAIL CLIPPING EITHER, REALLY

4749
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:27,800
IMPORTANT FOR NHANES TO COLLECT

4750
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:28,720
DATA.

4751
03:24:28,720 --> 03:24:29,000
WONDERFUL.

4752
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:30,760
THE NEXT QUESTION I HAVE IS KIND

4753
03:24:30,760 --> 03:24:35,560
OF A DIETARY PATTERNS QUESTION

4754
03:24:35,560 --> 03:24:38,720
BUT ALSO REALLY SPEAKS TO GUARI

4755
03:24:38,720 --> 03:24:40,160
AND MARGARET'S PRESENTATION

4756
03:24:40,160 --> 03:24:42,800
SINCE THEY SPOKE ABOUT PLANT

4757
03:24:42,800 --> 03:24:43,240
FOODS.

4758
03:24:43,240 --> 03:24:48,040
AND I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT THE

4759
03:24:48,040 --> 03:24:50,120
THOUGHTS YOU MIGHT HAVE ABOUT

4760
03:24:50,120 --> 03:24:52,640
THE GROWING TREND AND

4761
03:24:52,640 --> 03:24:53,400
ENCOURAGEMENT OF PLANT-BASED

4762
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:55,920
DIETS AND HOW THAT MIGHT

4763
03:24:55,920 --> 03:24:57,160
INTERSECT WITH POTENTIAL

4764
03:24:57,160 --> 03:24:58,560
INCREASES IN TOXIC ELEMENT

4765
03:24:58,560 --> 03:25:02,480
UPTAKE BUT ALSO SHIFT NUTRIENT

4766
03:25:02,480 --> 03:25:04,600
INTAKE, PARTICULARLY HOW THIS

4767
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:07,440
MAY AFFECT YOUNG CHILDREN.

4768
03:25:07,440 --> 03:25:10,200
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE

4769
03:25:10,200 --> 03:25:11,160
CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO DIETS

4770
03:25:11,160 --> 03:25:15,960
MORE PLANT BASED AND LESS ANIMAL

4771
03:25:15,960 --> 03:25:26,160
BASED, RELATED TO TOXIC ELEMENT

4772
03:25:26,160 --> 03:25:29,080
EXPOSURE AND NUTRIENTS?

4773
03:25:29,080 --> 03:25:35,000
 

4774
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:37,040
>>WE NEED TO CONSIDER
SEVERAL

4775
03:25:37,040 --> 03:25:41,240
OUTCOMES THINKING ABOUT PLANTS

4776
03:25:41,240 --> 03:25:42,560
VERSUS ANIMAL-BASED DIETS.

4777
03:25:42,560 --> 03:25:45,000
KASIA SHOWED DATA REGARDING

4778
03:25:45,000 --> 03:25:48,360
PLANT-BASED DIETS AND COMMENTED

4779
03:25:48,360 --> 03:25:50,680
EVEN AMONG ADULTS WE'VE SEEN

4780
03:25:50,680 --> 03:25:56,160
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH

4781
03:25:56,160 --> 03:25:56,600
HEALTH OUTCOMES.

4782
03:25:56,600 --> 03:25:58,760
THAT ARE POSITIVES WE NEED TO

4783
03:25:58,760 --> 03:25:59,120
CONSIDER.

4784
03:25:59,120 --> 03:26:02,280
WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

4785
03:26:02,280 --> 03:26:06,560
TOXICANT EXPOSURES, FROM PLANTS

4786
03:26:06,560 --> 03:26:07,840
OR PLANT-BASED FOODS, I THINK

4787
03:26:07,840 --> 03:26:13,760
AGAIN GOING BACK TO THE DIETARY

4788
03:26:13,760 --> 03:26:16,280
DIVERSITY, IS KEY.

4789
03:26:16,280 --> 03:26:18,280
IF WE LOOK AT ANIMAL-BASED DIETS

4790
03:26:18,280 --> 03:26:21,000
AS WELL, WE HAVE EVIDENCE THAT

4791
03:26:21,000 --> 03:26:24,240
SHOWS THOSE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

4792
03:26:24,240 --> 03:26:25,720
TOXICANT EXPOSURE.

4793
03:26:25,720 --> 03:26:27,360
IT IS THERE.

4794
03:26:27,360 --> 03:26:31,040
WE DO NEED TO LOOK AT THE BIG

4795
03:26:31,040 --> 03:26:33,040
PICTURE, DIFFERENT OUTCOMES, AND

4796
03:26:33,040 --> 03:26:35,680
FOCUS ON DIETARY DIVERSITY IS MY

4797
03:26:35,680 --> 03:26:40,680
TAKE ON THAT.

4798
03:26:40,680 --> 03:26:40,800
 

4799
03:26:40,800 --> 03:26:41,120
>>THOUGHTS?

4800
03:26:41,120 --> 03:26:45,720
>>I CAN ADD A COUPLE
THOUGHTS.

4801
03:26:45,720 --> 03:26:48,680
SO, FROM A NUTRITIONAL

4802
03:26:48,680 --> 03:26:49,880
STANDPOINT, OBVIOUSLY IN SESSION

4803
03:26:49,880 --> 03:26:56,080
1 WE HEARD HOW IRON IS CRITICAL

4804
03:26:56,080 --> 03:26:57,320
FOR EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENT.

4805
03:26:57,320 --> 03:27:03,280
AND PLANTS ARE MOSTLY SOURCES OF

4806
03:27:03,280 --> 03:27:06,840
NON-HEME IRON, WHICH IS COMPLEX

4807
03:27:06,840 --> 03:27:11,440
AND IS MORE DIFFICULT TO ABSORB.

4808
03:27:11,440 --> 03:27:13,520
SO, THAT WOULD BE SOMETHING TO

4809
03:27:13,520 --> 03:27:19,000
THINK ABOUT TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT

4810
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:22,920
WHEN FOCUSING ON PLANT-BASED

4811
03:27:22,920 --> 03:27:23,680
DIETS.

4812
03:27:23,680 --> 03:27:26,240
OBVIOUSLY THERE'S, YOU KNOW,

4813
03:27:26,240 --> 03:27:27,960
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANT-BASED

4814
03:27:27,960 --> 03:27:30,600
DIETS, FROM JUST INCLUDING MORE

4815
03:27:30,600 --> 03:27:32,680
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN A

4816
03:27:32,680 --> 03:27:36,400
REGULAR DIET TO BEGIN WITH,

4817
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:47,000
GOING ALL THE WAY TO  TO VEGETA,

4818
03:27:51,360 --> 03:27:52,800
PALEO, VEGAN, UNCOOKED FRUITS

4819
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:53,960
AND VEGETABLES, THE RANGE IS

4820
03:27:53,960 --> 03:27:55,680
WIDE ENOUGH IT'S HARD TO HAVE A

4821
03:27:55,680 --> 03:27:59,400
SINGLE ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION.

4822
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:00,680
AND AGAIN IT DEPENDS WHAT WE'RE

4823
03:28:00,680 --> 03:28:01,680
TALKING ABOUT.

4824
03:28:01,680 --> 03:28:05,080
I AGREE WITH EVERYTHING THAT

4825
03:28:05,080 --> 03:28:08,720
GUARI SAID, ADDING THE THOUGHT

4826
03:28:08,720 --> 03:28:13,520
ON IRON TO THE MIX AND THEN SORT

4827
03:28:13,520 --> 03:28:15,440
OF HIGHLIGHTING THE FACT THAT

4828
03:28:15,440 --> 03:28:17,120
THERE ARE DIFFERENT PLANT-BASED

4829
03:28:17,120 --> 03:28:18,120
DIETS AND MAKING DIFFERENT

4830
03:28:18,120 --> 03:28:20,400
THINGS.

4831
03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:20,760
 

4832
03:28:20,760 --> 03:28:22,040
>>ANYTHING ELSE ANYONE
WANTS TO

4833
03:28:22,040 --> 03:28:25,400
ADD?

4834
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,600
 

4835
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:29,880
ONE FINAL QUESTION, AN

4836
03:28:29,880 --> 03:28:32,800
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO ADD ANY

4837
03:28:32,800 --> 03:28:33,880
ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS THAT YOU

4838
03:28:33,880 --> 03:28:34,720
HAVE THROUGHOUT THE DAY TODAY

4839
03:28:34,720 --> 03:28:38,120
THAT YOU MAY NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE

4840
03:28:38,120 --> 03:28:41,000
TO SHARE OR EVEN AS IMPORTANT TO

4841
03:28:41,000 --> 03:28:42,760
REITERATE POINTS THAT YOU HAVE

4842
03:28:42,760 --> 03:28:44,600
HEARD THAT YOU'VE MADE TODAY

4843
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:46,480
THAT YOU THINK ARE PARTICULARLY

4844
03:28:46,480 --> 03:28:48,560
RELEVANT AS WE MOVE FORWARD IN

4845
03:28:48,560 --> 03:28:49,360
THIS DISCUSSION.

4846
03:28:49,360 --> 03:28:52,600
IT'S REALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE

4847
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:54,680
AS OPPORTUNITY TO FILL GAPS IN

4848
03:28:54,680 --> 03:28:55,840
SCIENCE BASE TO SUPPORT MORE OF

4849
03:28:55,840 --> 03:29:00,440
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO

4850
03:29:00,440 --> 03:29:06,200
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE, NUTRIENT

4851
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:07,160
AND TOXICANT EXPOSURES OF FOOD

4852
03:29:07,160 --> 03:29:09,680
ON HEALTH.

4853
03:29:09,680 --> 03:29:15,720
 

4854
03:29:15,720 --> 03:29:22,880
 

4855
03:29:22,880 --> 03:29:26,000
WHO WOULD LIKE TO START?

4856
03:29:26,000 --> 03:29:27,320
MAYBE HIGH POINTS THAT YOU

4857
03:29:27,320 --> 03:29:29,240
REMEMBER FROM YOUR TALK OR FROM

4858
03:29:29,240 --> 03:29:31,880
THE TALK OF OTHERS, OR MAIN

4859
03:29:31,880 --> 03:29:32,960
TAKEAWAYS ON WHAT OPPORTUNITIES

4860
03:29:32,960 --> 03:29:34,640
ARE TO FILL THESE GAPS.

4861
03:29:34,640 --> 03:29:37,800
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE?

4862
03:29:37,800 --> 03:29:40,200
 

4863
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:43,160
>>WELL, I WOULD LIKE TO
START.

4864
03:29:43,160 --> 03:29:44,120
>>PLEASE DO.

4865
03:29:44,120 --> 03:29:54,680
>>JUST TO COMMENT ON
SOMETHING,

4866
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:59,240
SOMETIMES WHEN PEOPLE IN GENERAL

4867
03:29:59,240 --> 03:30:03,000
CARE ABOUT, OKAY, RICE HAS

4868
03:30:03,000 --> 03:30:05,480
ARSENIC, SEAFOOD HAS MERCURY, SO

4869
03:30:05,480 --> 03:30:08,040
WE DON'T KNOW, WE DON'T HAVE

4870
03:30:08,040 --> 03:30:09,440
GOOD ADVICE FOR THE POPULATION

4871
03:30:09,440 --> 03:30:11,680
OR CLEAR ADVICE FOR THE

4872
03:30:11,680 --> 03:30:15,600
POPULATION, WHICH TYPE OF

4873
03:30:15,600 --> 03:30:17,320
SEAFOOD, WHICH ONE YES, WHICH

4874
03:30:17,320 --> 03:30:20,640
ONE NO, BUT INSTEAD SOME PEOPLE

4875
03:30:20,640 --> 03:30:23,840
START TO CHANGE THESE HEALTHY

4876
03:30:23,840 --> 03:30:27,960
FOODS LIKE SEAFOOD OR WHOLE

4877
03:30:27,960 --> 03:30:30,120
GRAIN CEREALS, START CONSUMING

4878
03:30:30,120 --> 03:30:37,520
PRODUCTS WHICH CONTAINS A LOT OF

4879
03:30:37,520 --> 03:30:41,840
THINGS LOW IN SOME

4880
03:30:41,840 --> 03:30:43,560
MICRONUTRIENTS, ALSO PRODUCTS

4881
03:30:43,560 --> 03:30:46,160
CAN CONTAIN A LOT OF TOXICANTS

4882
03:30:46,160 --> 03:30:49,000
AS WE HAVE SEEN IN STUDIES OF

4883
03:30:49,000 --> 03:30:51,120
THE BABY FOODS WHICH I CONSIDER

4884
03:30:51,120 --> 03:30:53,480
SOME OF THEM ARE CONSIDERED

4885
03:30:53,480 --> 03:30:55,120
ULTRA PROCESSED PRODUCTS, AND

4886
03:30:55,120 --> 03:30:58,040
ALSO CONTAIN LEAD OR MAYBE

4887
03:30:58,040 --> 03:31:01,560
ARSENIC OR MAYBE CADMIUM SO WE

4888
03:31:01,560 --> 03:31:04,680
HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ON HOW TO

4889
03:31:04,680 --> 03:31:08,200
TRANSMIT ALL MESSAGES TO THE

4890
03:31:08,200 --> 03:31:10,760
POPULATION ABOUT WHAT TO EAT,

4891
03:31:10,760 --> 03:31:12,920
WHICH AMOUNTS, HOW TO COMBINE

4892
03:31:12,920 --> 03:31:13,480
FOODS.

4893
03:31:13,480 --> 03:31:15,440
I THINK THAT ALREADY KASIA

4894
03:31:15,440 --> 03:31:19,640
MENTIONED THIS.

4895
03:31:19,640 --> 03:31:22,040
BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO HAVE NOT

4896
03:31:22,040 --> 03:31:25,520
THE SAME FOODS ALL THE DAYS BUT

4897
03:31:25,520 --> 03:31:29,000
INSTEAD OF MAKE THIS VARIATION

4898
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:31,120
BETWEEN FRUITS, VEGETABLES,

4899
03:31:31,120 --> 03:31:35,360
SEAFOODS, MEATS, DAIRY PRODUCTS,

4900
03:31:35,360 --> 03:31:37,040
ET CETERA.

4901
03:31:37,040 --> 03:31:40,400
SO, TAKING THIS DIET, YOU

4902
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:42,600
CANNOT -- IT'S LESS POSSIBLE TO

4903
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:44,240
EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF TOXIC IN

4904
03:31:44,240 --> 03:31:45,640
THE DIET.

4905
03:31:45,640 --> 03:31:49,160
BUT ALSO TO BE VERY CAREFUL IN

4906
03:31:49,160 --> 03:31:51,160
THE MESSAGES THAT WE GIVE TO THE

4907
03:31:51,160 --> 03:31:51,760
POPULATION.

4908
03:31:51,760 --> 03:31:56,160
THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE

4909
03:31:56,160 --> 03:31:57,920
ALSO ULTRA PROCESSED PRODUCTS

4910
03:31:57,920 --> 03:32:00,120
ARE BABIES FOODS, PACKAGED, CAN

4911
03:32:00,120 --> 03:32:03,840
CONTAIN A LOT OF TOXINS WE START

4912
03:32:03,840 --> 03:32:06,600
KNOWING IN RECENT RESEARCH.

4913
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:08,240
 

4914
03:32:08,240 --> 03:32:11,400
>>THANK YOU.

4915
03:32:11,400 --> 03:32:16,240
 

4916
03:32:16,240 --> 03:32:16,560
OTHERS?

4917
03:32:16,560 --> 03:32:17,400
WHAT ARE OPPORTUNITIES TO FILL

4918
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:21,400
THE GAPS?

4919
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:24,320
 

4920
03:32:24,320 --> 03:32:27,960
I'LL GO NEXT.

4921
03:32:27,960 --> 03:32:32,360
I REALLY LIKE THE KASIA'S LAST

4922
03:32:32,360 --> 03:32:35,200
SLIDE SUMMARIZING THE GAPS,

4923
03:32:35,200 --> 03:32:35,800
NICELY ARTICULATED AND

4924
03:32:35,800 --> 03:32:36,600
SUMMARIZED.

4925
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:38,760
I DID WANT TO HIGHLIGHT ONE OF

4926
03:32:38,760 --> 03:32:43,000
THE FINDINGS THAT I SHOWED IN MY

4927
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:43,800
PRESENTATION ON THE MICROBIOME.

4928
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:46,000
PART OF THE REASON FOR THAT WAS

4929
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:49,400
TO LOOK AT THOSE VERY EARLY

4930
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:51,840
SIGNALS, NOT WAIT FOR COGNITIVE

4931
03:32:51,840 --> 03:32:54,560
DECLINE OR ADVERSE GROWTH

4932
03:32:54,560 --> 03:32:55,200
OUTCOME.

4933
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:57,160
YOU KNOW, DOWNSTREAM CANCERS

4934
03:32:57,160 --> 03:32:57,520
EVEN.

4935
03:32:57,520 --> 03:33:01,240
BUT TO LOOK AT EARLY SIGNALS IS

4936
03:33:01,240 --> 03:33:04,400
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR US AND

4937
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:05,880
RESEARCH TO CAPTURE AND

4938
03:33:05,880 --> 03:33:09,000
INTERVENE EARLY IN THE CASE OF

4939
03:33:09,000 --> 03:33:10,080
THE MICROBIOME, PRE OR

4940
03:33:10,080 --> 03:33:10,360
PROBIOTICS.

4941
03:33:10,360 --> 03:33:13,360
WE DO HAVE THAT OPPORTUNITY TO

4942
03:33:13,360 --> 03:33:15,680
LOOK EARLY ON.

4943
03:33:15,680 --> 03:33:17,800
AGAIN, YOU KNOW, AS TECHNOLOGIES

4944
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:23,200
AND DISCOVERIES ARE BEING MADE,

4945
03:33:23,200 --> 03:33:25,840
THIS IS A PRIME TIME TO DO THAT

4946
03:33:25,840 --> 03:33:28,040
IN OUR RESEARCH.

4947
03:33:28,040 --> 03:33:37,000
THANKS. 

4948
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:37,480
>>OTHERS?

4949
03:33:37,480 --> 03:33:39,920
>>QUANTIFYING DISEASE
BURDEN

4950
03:33:39,920 --> 03:33:42,360
THAT IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIETARY

4951
03:33:42,360 --> 03:33:43,440
EXPOSURES IS HARD.

4952
03:33:43,440 --> 03:33:46,960
BUT THAT IS SOMETHING THAT IS

4953
03:33:46,960 --> 03:33:48,920
NECESSARY AND DOING THAT WOULD

4954
03:33:48,920 --> 03:33:53,960
HELP US STRENGTHEN THE CASE FOR

4955
03:33:53,960 --> 03:33:56,800
REDUCING TOXICANTS AND

4956
03:33:56,800 --> 03:33:57,800
PREVENTING DIETARY TOXICANT

4957
03:33:57,800 --> 03:33:58,320
EXPOSURE.

4958
03:33:58,320 --> 03:34:00,680
SO I THINK THAT QUANTIFICATION

4959
03:34:00,680 --> 03:34:04,040
IS SOMETHING THAT WE DO NEED.

4960
03:34:04,040 --> 03:34:09,720
 

4961
03:34:09,720 --> 03:34:12,440
>>GREAT.

4962
03:34:12,440 --> 03:34:14,520
 

4963
03:34:14,520 --> 03:34:20,240
GUARI, ANY THOUGHTS?

4964
03:34:20,240 --> 03:34:20,360
 

4965
03:34:20,360 --> 03:34:21,200
I'M SORRY, KASIA?

4966
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:23,480
WE'LL SKIP OVER.

4967
03:34:23,480 --> 03:34:31,800
>>I DON'T HAVE A LOT TO
ADD.

4968
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:34,840
I FEEL LIKE OTHERS DID A NICE

4969
03:34:34,840 --> 03:34:36,080
JOB SUMMARIZING OPPORTUNITIES.

4970
03:34:36,080 --> 03:34:37,400
WE'VE ALREADY COVERED A LOT OF

4971
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:40,880
THE GAPS THAT WE FEEL ARE

4972
03:34:40,880 --> 03:34:43,080
IMPORTANT IN OUR PRESENTATIONS.

4973
03:34:43,080 --> 03:34:47,320
SO, I'LL SECOND WHAT THEY SAID.

4974
03:34:47,320 --> 03:34:48,120
PROBABLY DON'T HAVE ANY

4975
03:34:48,120 --> 03:34:50,520
ADDITIONAL POINTS TO ADD AT THIS

4976
03:34:50,520 --> 03:34:50,760
MOMENT.

4977
03:34:50,760 --> 03:34:52,240
>>ALL RIGHT.

4978
03:34:52,240 --> 03:34:52,560
WONDERFUL.

4979
03:34:52,560 --> 03:34:53,760
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

4980
03:34:53,760 --> 03:34:56,120
CAN'T SAY ENOUGH HOW MUCH I

4981
03:34:56,120 --> 03:34:57,200
ENJOYED HEARING YOUR

4982
03:34:57,200 --> 03:34:57,520
PRESENTATIONS.

4983
03:34:57,520 --> 03:34:59,160
HAVING THIS DISCUSSION WITH YOU

4984
03:34:59,160 --> 03:35:03,200
TODAY, AS I KNOW THE AUDIENCE

4985
03:35:03,200 --> 03:35:05,920
WATCHING TODAY DID.

4986
03:35:05,920 --> 03:35:07,600
AND ALEJANDRA'S POINT ABOUT

4987
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:09,040
COMMUNICATION, I HOPE YOU'RE

4988
03:35:09,040 --> 03:35:11,600
ABLE TO TUNE IN TOMORROW TAKING

4989
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:13,920
DISCUSSION ON THE SCIENCE OF

4990
03:35:13,920 --> 03:35:16,320
NUTRITION AND TOXIC ELEMENTS IN

4991
03:35:16,320 --> 03:35:18,400
FOOD ANOTHER STEP FORWARD TO SAY

4992
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:21,680
HOW CAN WE LOOK AT BEHAVIORAL

4993
03:35:21,680 --> 03:35:22,480
AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES AS A

4994
03:35:22,480 --> 03:35:26,520
WAY TO BRING THIS FULL CIRCLE

4995
03:35:26,520 --> 03:35:29,360
WHAT TO TELL PEOPLE TO EAT TO

4996
03:35:29,360 --> 03:35:29,800
BENEFIT HEALTH.

4997
03:35:29,800 --> 03:35:34,520
I'LL TURN IT OVER TO KIMBERLEA

4998
03:35:34,520 --> 03:35:36,720
GIBBS TO TAKE US TO BREAK BEFORE

4999
03:35:36,720 --> 03:35:37,880
A WRAP UP.

5000
03:35:37,880 --> 03:35:38,840
>>THANK YOU.

5001
03:35:38,840 --> 03:35:40,040
WE'LL HAVE A 15-MINUTE BREAK.

5002
03:35:40,040 --> 03:35:44,280
WE ASK THAT YOU WILL REJOIN US

5003
03:35:44,280 --> 03:35:51,040
FOR SESSION 3 AT 2:45.

5004
03:35:51,040 --> 03:35:53,840
>>THANK YOU FOR JOINING
US FOR

5005
03:35:53,840 --> 03:35:55,920
SESSION 3.

5006
03:35:55,920 --> 03:35:58,400
MORNING, AFTERNOON OR EVENING.

5007
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:00,040
IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE

5008
03:36:00,040 --> 03:36:04,240
THE MODERATOR FOR THE NEXT

5009
03:36:04,240 --> 03:36:10,720
SESSION, DR. JEAN HARRY, HEAD OF

5010
03:36:10,720 --> 03:36:11,440
NEURAL TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY,

5011
03:36:11,440 --> 03:36:13,120
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

5012
03:36:13,120 --> 03:36:14,600
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES AT

5013
03:36:14,600 --> 03:36:14,920
NIH.

5014
03:36:14,920 --> 03:36:16,800
RECEIVED HER Ph.D. AND

5015
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:20,200
MASTER'S IN SCIENCE IN

5016
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:24,360
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, NEURAL

5017
03:36:24,360 --> 03:36:25,560
PHARMACOLOGY, FROM VIRGINIA

5018
03:36:25,560 --> 03:36:28,960
COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY,

5019
03:36:28,960 --> 03:36:31,240
TRAINING AT NORTH CAROLINA

5020
03:36:31,240 --> 03:36:38,600
CHAPEL HILL NEURAL TRAINING IN

5021
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:40,720
BIOCHEMISTRY, HELD FACULTY

5022
03:36:40,720 --> 03:36:45,080
POSITIONS AT UNIVERSITY OF NORTH

5023
03:36:45,080 --> 03:36:48,480
CAROLINA AND DUKE UNIVERSITY,

5024
03:36:48,480 --> 03:36:51,080
EDITORIAL BOARD, ASSOCIATE

5025
03:36:51,080 --> 03:36:54,640
EDITOR FOR MULTIPLE NEUROSCIENCE

5026
03:36:54,640 --> 03:36:56,360
AND TOXICOLOGY JOURNALS,

5027
03:36:56,360 --> 03:36:59,960
CO-EDITED FIVE BOOKS AND

5028
03:36:59,960 --> 03:37:03,480
PUBLISHED OVER 130 PAPERS AND

5029
03:37:03,480 --> 03:37:06,080
CHAPTERS, SERVED AS EXPERT

5030
03:37:06,080 --> 03:37:07,640
REVIEWER FOR MULTIPLE

5031
03:37:07,640 --> 03:37:08,280
GOVERNMENTAL GUIDELINE DOCUMENTS

5032
03:37:08,280 --> 03:37:11,760
FOR HER FIELD AND HAS SERVED ON

5033
03:37:11,760 --> 03:37:12,760
NUMEROUS NATIONAL AND

5034
03:37:12,760 --> 03:37:16,280
INTERNATIONAL PANELS AS EXPERT

5035
03:37:16,280 --> 03:37:17,360
IN NEURAL TOXICOLOGY.

5036
03:37:17,360 --> 03:37:22,200
THANK YOU, DR. HARRY.

5037
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:24,280
OVER TO YOU.

5038
03:37:24,280 --> 03:37:25,800
>>THANK YOU, KIMBERLEA.

5039
03:37:25,800 --> 03:37:27,080
I'M ASSUMING EVERYBODY CAN HEAR

5040
03:37:27,080 --> 03:37:27,240
ME.

5041
03:37:27,240 --> 03:37:28,760
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.

5042
03:37:28,760 --> 03:37:31,160
IT'S BEEN A LONG DAY BUT A VERY

5043
03:37:31,160 --> 03:37:31,720
INTERESTING DAY.

5044
03:37:31,720 --> 03:37:33,640
I THINK WE'RE GOING TO COME INTO

5045
03:37:33,640 --> 03:37:35,120
THIS SESSION WHERE WE'RE GOING

5046
03:37:35,120 --> 03:37:39,360
TO TRY TO NOW TALK ABOUT WHAT

5047
03:37:39,360 --> 03:37:41,320
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS CAN PROVIDE

5048
03:37:41,320 --> 03:37:43,400
US IN UNDERSTANDING HUMAN

5049
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:44,120
NUTRITION AND TOXICOLOGY

5050
03:37:44,120 --> 03:37:48,040
RESEARCH AS THEY ARE SO CRITICAL

5051
03:37:48,040 --> 03:37:49,440
FOR TRANSLATING INFORMATION

5052
03:37:49,440 --> 03:37:50,080
OVER.

5053
03:37:50,080 --> 03:37:51,960
I WOULD REALLY LIKE TO INTRODUCE

5054
03:37:51,960 --> 03:37:57,040
OUR TWO SPEAKERS FOR YOU TODAY,

5055
03:37:57,040 --> 03:38:04,680
FIRST IS DR. RITA STRAKOVSKY,

5056
03:38:04,680 --> 03:38:06,840
FROM MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY,

5057
03:38:06,840 --> 03:38:07,440
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN

5058
03:38:07,440 --> 03:38:09,640
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND

5059
03:38:09,640 --> 03:38:12,240
HUMAN NUTRITION, AND WILL BE

5060
03:38:12,240 --> 03:38:15,120
SPEAKING ON CONSIDERATIONS FOR

5061
03:38:15,120 --> 03:38:16,640
INTEGRATING EXPERIMENTAL AND

5062
03:38:16,640 --> 03:38:17,600
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

5063
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:21,440
FINDINGS IN NUTRITION AND

5064
03:38:21,440 --> 03:38:22,400
TOXICOLOGY.

5065
03:38:22,400 --> 03:38:25,040
SECOND IS DR. HARRY DAWSON FROM

5066
03:38:25,040 --> 03:38:26,560
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICES

5067
03:38:26,560 --> 03:38:30,000
AT THE USDA, A SENIOR SCIENTIST

5068
03:38:30,000 --> 03:38:33,240
AT THE DIET GENOMIC AND

5069
03:38:33,240 --> 03:38:34,800
IMMUNOLOGY LABORATORY SPEAKING

5070
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:37,080
ABOUT THE GENOMIC BASED

5071
03:38:37,080 --> 03:38:38,200
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTS OF

5072
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:41,200
POTENTIAL FOR MICE AND PIGS USED

5073
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,880
AS MODELS IN RESEARCH.

5074
03:38:43,880 --> 03:38:45,080
FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE TWO

5075
03:38:45,080 --> 03:38:49,240
SPEAKERS FOUND ON THE WORKSHOP

5076
03:38:49,240 --> 03:38:49,560
WEBSITE.

5077
03:38:49,560 --> 03:38:51,200
PLEASE ALSO REMEMBER THAT THE

5078
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:53,400
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS CAN BE

5079
03:38:53,400 --> 03:38:56,040
SUBMITTED TO THE WORKSHOP E-MAIL

5080
03:38:56,040 --> 03:38:56,760
ADDRESS THROUGHOUT THE

5081
03:38:56,760 --> 03:38:58,040
PRESENTATION, AND WE WILL DEAL

5082
03:38:58,040 --> 03:38:59,640
WITH THOSE AT THE END.

5083
03:38:59,640 --> 03:39:03,520
PLEASE JOIN ME FOR WELCOMING OUR

5084
03:39:03,520 --> 03:39:08,280
FIRST SPEAKER, DR. RITA

5085
03:39:08,280 --> 03:39:09,240
STRAKOVSKY.

5086
03:39:09,240 --> 03:39:10,800
AND SHE WILL PROVIDE HER SLIDES.

5087
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:16,880
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

5088
03:39:16,880 --> 03:39:17,920
>>THANK YOU, JEAN.

5089
03:39:17,920 --> 03:39:19,360
I'LL WAIT FOR THIS TO GO AWAY

5090
03:39:19,360 --> 03:39:23,720
AND THEN I THINK I CAN SHARE.

5091
03:39:23,720 --> 03:39:29,760
 

5092
03:39:29,760 --> 03:39:32,720
 

5093
03:39:32,720 --> 03:39:36,040
HOW ARE WE LOOKING?

5094
03:39:36,040 --> 03:39:36,880
GOOD?

5095
03:39:36,880 --> 03:39:38,080
I CAN'T TELL.

5096
03:39:38,080 --> 03:39:39,520
THANK YOU.

5097
03:39:39,520 --> 03:39:40,520
GOOD AFTERNOON.

5098
03:39:40,520 --> 03:39:41,800
IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE AND HONOR

5099
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:44,960
TO BE HERE WITH YOU TODAY TO

5100
03:39:44,960 --> 03:39:49,960
SPEAK ON THIS REALLY IMPORTANT

5101
03:39:49,960 --> 03:39:50,960
TOPIC.

5102
03:39:50,960 --> 03:39:53,160
ESPECIALLY THANK THE ORGANIZERS

5103
03:39:53,160 --> 03:39:59,720
FOR ALLOWING ME TO SHARE USING

5104
03:39:59,720 --> 03:40:00,840
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS TO ADDRESS

5105
03:40:00,840 --> 03:40:06,560
QUESTIONS RELATED TO NUTRITION

5106
03:40:06,560 --> 03:40:08,200
OR TOXICOLOGY TODAY.

5107
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:11,520
FIRST I'M NOT GIVING A REAL

5108
03:40:11,520 --> 03:40:13,000
RESEARCH TALK TODAY, I WILL

5109
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:14,600
SHARE VERY LITTLE DATA ACTUAL.

5110
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:16,360
WE'LL TALK ABOUT SOME CONCEPTS

5111
03:40:16,360 --> 03:40:16,640
INSTEAD.

5112
03:40:16,640 --> 03:40:18,040
I WANT TO THANK MY RESEARCH

5113
03:40:18,040 --> 03:40:21,880
GROUP FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND HARD

5114
03:40:21,880 --> 03:40:23,440
WORK, ALSO ALLOWING ME THE

5115
03:40:23,440 --> 03:40:24,480
OPPORTUNITY TO TALK ABOUT THESE

5116
03:40:24,480 --> 03:40:29,240
IMPORTANT TOPICS ON A REGULAR

5117
03:40:29,240 --> 03:40:30,520
BASIS WITH THEM.

5118
03:40:30,520 --> 03:40:32,160
TO PROVIDE CONTEXT TO YOU FOR

5119
03:40:32,160 --> 03:40:35,760
THIS WORKSHOP I WAS TASKED WITH

5120
03:40:35,760 --> 03:40:37,400
HIGHLIGHTING SOME CHALLENGES AND

5121
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:38,280
OPPORTUNITIES IN USING

5122
03:40:38,280 --> 03:40:43,240
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS FOR RESEARCH

5123
03:40:43,240 --> 03:40:44,840
AND NUTRITION AND TOXICOLOGY.

5124
03:40:44,840 --> 03:40:47,040
CURRENTLY FOCUSING ON HUMAN

5125
03:40:47,040 --> 03:40:49,560
POPULATIONS, TRAINED AS BASIC

5126
03:40:49,560 --> 03:40:51,400
SCIENTIST, EXPERIMENTALIST, I

5127
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:54,440
GUESS, AND REFLECT ON THAT

5128
03:40:54,440 --> 03:40:57,080
EXPERIENCE AS I DEVELOP

5129
03:40:57,080 --> 03:40:58,200
HYPOTHESES, INTERPRETING

5130
03:40:58,200 --> 03:40:58,720
FINDINGS IN STUDIES.

5131
03:40:58,720 --> 03:41:00,480
FOR MANY OF YOU THE INFORMATION

5132
03:41:00,480 --> 03:41:03,320
I WILL SHARE WILL NOT BE EARTH

5133
03:41:03,320 --> 03:41:03,800
SHATTERING.

5134
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:05,200
IT'S A SUMMARY AND REVIEW.

5135
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:07,160
I HOPE TO PROVIDE A BIT OF

5136
03:41:07,160 --> 03:41:08,280
PERSPECTIVE IN SOMETHING THAT

5137
03:41:08,280 --> 03:41:10,560
WILL LEAD TO DISCUSSION AT THE

5138
03:41:10,560 --> 03:41:10,720
END.

5139
03:41:10,720 --> 03:41:13,520
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE

5140
03:41:13,520 --> 03:41:15,200
PRESENTATION, TWO BROAD TOPICS,

5141
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:17,160
I'LL HIGHLIGHT SOME REASONS WHY

5142
03:41:17,160 --> 03:41:17,880
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS ARE CRITICAL

5143
03:41:17,880 --> 03:41:20,840
IN OUR FIELD AS WELL AS ISSUES

5144
03:41:20,840 --> 03:41:22,240
SURROUNDING INTERPRETATION OF

5145
03:41:22,240 --> 03:41:22,840
EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

5146
03:41:22,840 --> 03:41:26,000
I WILL PROVIDE A QUICK EXAMPLE

5147
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:27,440
OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDY THAT

5148
03:41:27,440 --> 03:41:29,160
INCLUDES CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND

5149
03:41:29,160 --> 03:41:30,480
NUTRITIONAL MODULATION, AND WILL

5150
03:41:30,480 --> 03:41:32,120
END BY PROVIDING SOME

5151
03:41:32,120 --> 03:41:34,440
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPORTING OF

5152
03:41:34,440 --> 03:41:36,880
THE RESULTING FINDINGS.

5153
03:41:36,880 --> 03:41:39,040
JUST TO GET STARTED, I DON'T

5154
03:41:39,040 --> 03:41:41,120
PLAN TO SHARE TOO MUCH DATA

5155
03:41:41,120 --> 03:41:42,320
SPECIFICALLY RELATED TO MY OWN

5156
03:41:42,320 --> 03:41:46,600
WORK BUT TO PROVIDE A BIT OF

5157
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:48,360
INTRODUCTION FOR CONTEXT.

5158
03:41:48,360 --> 03:41:49,800
AS WAS HIGHLIGHTED TODAY, ALL

5159
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:52,400
DAY, DIET IS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE

5160
03:41:52,400 --> 03:42:02,800
OF VARIOUS NON-NUTRITIVE

5161
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:08,000
CHEMICALS.

5162
03:42:08,000 --> 03:42:09,520
COMPOUNDS WE STUDY TRAVEL WITH

5163
03:42:09,520 --> 03:42:13,320
FOOD SUPPLY IN OTHER WAYS, FOOD

5164
03:42:13,320 --> 03:42:14,200
PACKAGING MATERIALS, PREPARATION

5165
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:20,760
METHODS, AND SOME OF THESE

5166
03:42:20,760 --> 03:42:24,400
INCLUDE BISPHENOLS, PTHALATES,

5167
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:26,680
PARABENS AND OTHERS.

5168
03:42:26,680 --> 03:42:30,320
WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN

5169
03:42:30,320 --> 03:42:32,360
UNDERSTANDING DIETARY PATTERNS,

5170
03:42:32,360 --> 03:42:33,840
SPECIFICALLY, AS PRE-DISTRICTORS

5171
03:42:33,840 --> 03:42:36,760
OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND

5172
03:42:36,760 --> 03:42:39,360
RELEVANT TO TODAYS WORKSHOP

5173
03:42:39,360 --> 03:42:41,040
INTERESTED IN DIETARY PATTERNS

5174
03:42:41,040 --> 03:42:43,680
OR QUALITY AS POTENTIAL

5175
03:42:43,680 --> 03:42:45,520
MITIGATORS OF EXPOSURES.

5176
03:42:45,520 --> 03:42:46,920
NOT NECESSARILY DIRECTLY RELATED

5177
03:42:46,920 --> 03:42:48,800
TO THOSE BEING DISCUSSED EARLIER

5178
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:50,640
THIS MORNING, IN THE LAST

5179
03:42:50,640 --> 03:42:52,800
SESSION, I HOPE THAT THE

5180
03:42:52,800 --> 03:42:53,880
APPROACHES OR CONSIDERATIONS

5181
03:42:53,880 --> 03:42:59,080
WILL BE RELEVANT ACROSS VARIOUS

5182
03:42:59,080 --> 03:43:00,600
CHEMICAL EXPOSURES.

5183
03:43:00,600 --> 03:43:03,280
SPECIFICALLY, I'M INTERESTED BY

5184
03:43:03,280 --> 03:43:05,720
THE IDEA EXPERIMENT TO THE

5185
03:43:05,720 --> 03:43:06,320
RESEARCH CYCLE.

5186
03:43:06,320 --> 03:43:10,040
THIS IS JUST SOMETHING FOR US TO

5187
03:43:10,040 --> 03:43:13,200
THINK ABOUT TODAY. 

5188
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:14,640
WE CAN START ON THE RIGHT OR

5189
03:43:14,640 --> 03:43:14,960
LEFT.

5190
03:43:14,960 --> 03:43:16,520
YOU CAN THINK OF THE CYCLE AS

5191
03:43:16,520 --> 03:43:20,520
BEGINNING HERE ON THE RIGHT WITH

5192
03:43:20,520 --> 03:43:21,440
INTERESTING OBSERVATION,

5193
03:43:21,440 --> 03:43:24,920
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY FOLLOWED BY

5194
03:43:24,920 --> 03:43:29,000
STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS, IF

5195
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:30,000
WE'RE LUCKY IDEAL SITUATION WE

5196
03:43:30,000 --> 03:43:32,920
CAN GO BACK INTO THE POPULATION

5197
03:43:32,920 --> 03:43:34,440
STUDY TO ASK ADDITIONAL

5198
03:43:34,440 --> 03:43:37,640
QUESTIONS INSPIRED BY OUR

5199
03:43:37,640 --> 03:43:38,480
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL, PERHAPS TO

5200
03:43:38,480 --> 03:43:43,560
TEST A NEW BIOMARKER WE

5201
03:43:43,560 --> 03:43:45,400
IDENTIFIED IN EX VIVO OR ANIMAL

5202
03:43:45,400 --> 03:43:47,200
MODEL.

5203
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:48,840
BEFORE I TALK BRIEFLY ABOUT WHAT

5204
03:43:48,840 --> 03:43:50,240
MAKES A GOOD EXPERIMENTAL MODEL

5205
03:43:50,240 --> 03:43:52,560
I WANT TO DISCUSS RELATED

5206
03:43:52,560 --> 03:43:56,160
CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO THE

5207
03:43:56,160 --> 03:43:58,360
IMPORTANCE OF BOTH APPROACHES.

5208
03:43:58,360 --> 03:44:02,280
FOR MOST LEFT TO RIGHT MAKES

5209
03:44:02,280 --> 03:44:04,120
SENSE, USING ANIMAL MODEL IT'S

5210
03:44:04,120 --> 03:44:07,320
IMPORTANT TO BE DRIVEN BY HUMAN

5211
03:44:07,320 --> 03:44:08,280
DISEASES, OTHERWISE IT IS

5212
03:44:08,280 --> 03:44:10,400
IRRELEVANT IN MOST CASES WHEN IT

5213
03:44:10,400 --> 03:44:12,480
COMES TO HUMAN HEALTH.

5214
03:44:12,480 --> 03:44:15,000
THIS IS A FAMILIAR THING FOR

5215
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:17,600
ANYONE WHO IS EXPERIMENT YAMIST

5216
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:21,960
WHO WRITES GRANTS, YOU HAVE TO

5217
03:44:21,960 --> 03:44:22,640
HIGHLIGHT THESE FACTS.

5218
03:44:22,640 --> 03:44:25,800
NOT AS MANY OF US THINK ABOUT

5219
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:27,440
GOING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION,

5220
03:44:27,440 --> 03:44:29,160
WE'RE APPLYING WHAT WE LEARNED

5221
03:44:29,160 --> 03:44:31,280
FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO INSPIRE

5222
03:44:31,280 --> 03:44:33,000
STUDIES IN HUMAN POPULATIONS OR

5223
03:44:33,000 --> 03:44:38,080
TO JUSTIFY FINDINGS IN HUMAN

5224
03:44:38,080 --> 03:44:38,520
POPULATIONS.

5225
03:44:38,520 --> 03:44:39,280
WHY WOULD EPIDEMIOLOGISTS

5226
03:44:39,280 --> 03:44:42,440
STUDYING THE CORE PROBLEM OR

5227
03:44:42,440 --> 03:44:43,640
CORE SPECIES, HUMANS, RELY ON

5228
03:44:43,640 --> 03:44:47,360
ANIMAL MODELS?

5229
03:44:47,360 --> 03:44:49,240
WELL, IN REALITY, THE REASON IS

5230
03:44:49,240 --> 03:44:51,640
THAT OUR ABILITY TO DRAW CLOSER

5231
03:44:51,640 --> 03:44:53,960
TO CAUSE AND EFFECT OR WHAT WE

5232
03:44:53,960 --> 03:44:55,840
CALL CAUSAL INFERENCE RELIES ON

5233
03:44:55,840 --> 03:44:57,120
HIGH QUALITY EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

5234
03:44:57,120 --> 03:44:58,520
I THINK IT'S REALLY CRITICAL FOR

5235
03:44:58,520 --> 03:45:00,720
US TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE

5236
03:45:00,720 --> 03:45:02,920
THAT FACT.

5237
03:45:02,920 --> 03:45:06,960
WE KNOW RCTs ARE THE GOLD

5238
03:45:06,960 --> 03:45:08,040
STANDARD, IT'S COMFORTING TO

5239
03:45:08,040 --> 03:45:10,000
THINK ALL POSSIBLE RISKS OR

5240
03:45:10,000 --> 03:45:10,680
UNCERTAINTY ARE BEING ADDRESSED

5241
03:45:10,680 --> 03:45:14,200
AS PART OF THE STUDY DESIGN.

5242
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:15,600
AND RIGHT AROUND HALLOWEEN WAY

5243
03:45:15,600 --> 03:45:19,080
TO GROUP AND I SHARE THIS VERY

5244
03:45:19,080 --> 03:45:20,280
SPOOKY PUMPKIN.

5245
03:45:20,280 --> 03:45:23,040
NOTHING SCARIER THAN INFERRING

5246
03:45:23,040 --> 03:45:24,680
CAUSATION FROM CORRELATION,

5247
03:45:24,680 --> 03:45:25,880
RIGHT?

5248
03:45:25,880 --> 03:45:28,640
REALITY IS MOST EPIDEMIOLOGIC

5249
03:45:28,640 --> 03:45:30,320
STUDIES ARE NOT RCTs, AND IT

5250
03:45:30,320 --> 03:45:32,040
DOESN'T NECESSARILY MAKE THEM

5251
03:45:32,040 --> 03:45:34,680
BAD STUDIES, I HOPE WE'RE DOING

5252
03:45:34,680 --> 03:45:35,320
GOOD WORK.

5253
03:45:35,320 --> 03:45:37,400
EVEN IF WE'RE NOT DOING RCTs.

5254
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:39,160
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO

5255
03:45:39,160 --> 03:45:40,160
APPROACH AND INTERPRET THEM.

5256
03:45:40,160 --> 03:45:42,880
FOR MANY OF US THIS IS WHERE THE

5257
03:45:42,880 --> 03:45:49,360
BRADFORD HILL CRITERIA COME IN,

5258
03:45:49,360 --> 03:45:50,240
REPRESENTING APPROACHES FOR

5259
03:45:50,240 --> 03:45:56,560
MOVING CLOSER TO CAUSAL

5260
03:45:56,560 --> 03:45:57,360
INFERENCE, AND IMPORTANTLY

5261
03:45:57,360 --> 03:45:59,640
SEVERAL RELY ON EXPERIMENTAL

5262
03:45:59,640 --> 03:45:59,880
MODELS.

5263
03:45:59,880 --> 03:46:02,960
FOR EXAMPLE AS WOULD MAKE SENSE

5264
03:46:02,960 --> 03:46:04,040
THE EXPERIMENTAL CRITERIA ASKING

5265
03:46:04,040 --> 03:46:06,240
DOES REMOVING CAUSE CHANGE THE

5266
03:46:06,240 --> 03:46:09,080
OUTCOME, CAN AND OFTEN DOES RELY

5267
03:46:09,080 --> 03:46:10,040
ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS.

5268
03:46:10,040 --> 03:46:13,800
IN ADDITION TO OTHER POTENTIAL

5269
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:16,200
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES.

5270
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:17,200
AS DOES THE DOSE-RESPONSE

5271
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:19,880
CRITERIA, WHICH WOULD MAKE

5272
03:46:19,880 --> 03:46:20,080
SENSE.

5273
03:46:20,080 --> 03:46:25,160
AS WELL AS SPECIFICITY CRITERIA.

5274
03:46:25,160 --> 03:46:28,560
IN THAT SENSE THERE'S GREAT

5275
03:46:28,560 --> 03:46:29,880
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE

5276
03:46:29,880 --> 03:46:32,640
HIGH-QUALITY DATA TO SUPPORT

5277
03:46:32,640 --> 03:46:33,920
POPULATION HEALTH STUDIES.

5278
03:46:33,920 --> 03:46:36,040
IN MY EXPERIENCE WHERE WE DO

5279
03:46:36,040 --> 03:46:36,920
HAVE SOME COMMUNICATION

5280
03:46:36,920 --> 03:46:40,080
BREAKDOWN AROUND THE VALUE OF

5281
03:46:40,080 --> 03:46:41,480
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IS WHEN

5282
03:46:41,480 --> 03:46:42,680
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND

5283
03:46:42,680 --> 03:46:44,760
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DO NOT

5284
03:46:44,760 --> 03:46:47,080
NECESSARILY CORROBORATE ONE

5285
03:46:47,080 --> 03:46:47,960
ANOTHER.

5286
03:46:47,960 --> 03:46:49,800
WHAT HAPPENS THEN?

5287
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:50,600
UNFORTUNATELY OFTEN OUR

5288
03:46:50,600 --> 03:46:52,800
IMMEDIATE ASSUMPTION IS THE

5289
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:55,000
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE BAD.

5290
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:56,840
BUT THAT ISN'T NECESSARILY TRUE,

5291
03:46:56,840 --> 03:46:58,120
OFTEN NOT TRUE.

5292
03:46:58,120 --> 03:46:59,840
SO, HERE'S A SIMPLE EXAMPLE

5293
03:46:59,840 --> 03:47:05,360
WHERE I'VE JUST PULLED APART THE

5294
03:47:05,360 --> 03:47:06,480
EXPERIMENTAL TO EPIDEMIOLOGIC

5295
03:47:06,480 --> 03:47:08,320
RESEARCH CYCLE TO ALIGN.

5296
03:47:08,320 --> 03:47:11,080
WE BEGIN WITH OBSERVATION AND

5297
03:47:11,080 --> 03:47:15,200
COHORT STUDY, THAT CHEMICAL Z

5298
03:47:15,200 --> 03:47:16,760
DECREASES HORMONE Y IN ADULT

5299
03:47:16,760 --> 03:47:20,680
MEN, HOPEFULLY THIS IS AN EASY

5300
03:47:20,680 --> 03:47:23,320
EXAMPLE FOR OTHERS.

5301
03:47:23,320 --> 03:47:24,160
THE COLLEAGUES,

5302
03:47:24,160 --> 03:47:24,960
EXPERIMENTALISTS, DEVELOP AN

5303
03:47:24,960 --> 03:47:27,240
EXCELLENT MODEL OF THE PHENOTYPE

5304
03:47:27,240 --> 03:47:28,480
TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS

5305
03:47:28,480 --> 03:47:29,000
MECHANISMS WHICH PROVIDE

5306
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:30,880
EXCELLENT INSIGHT FOR THE FIELD.

5307
03:47:30,880 --> 03:47:33,400
FOR EXAMPLE, THEY MIGHT STUDY

5308
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:35,040
UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC BASIS FOR

5309
03:47:35,040 --> 03:47:38,240
OUR FINDING, OR THEY CAN PROVIDE

5310
03:47:38,240 --> 03:47:39,280
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT

5311
03:47:39,280 --> 03:47:40,920
SPECIFIC HORMONE RECEPTORS

5312
03:47:40,920 --> 03:47:43,480
INVOLVED IN RESPONSE.

5313
03:47:43,480 --> 03:47:46,440
SO, THIS IS GREAT.

5314
03:47:46,440 --> 03:47:48,400
HOORAY.

5315
03:47:48,400 --> 03:47:52,120
AND THEN WE USING BOTH DATA WE

5316
03:47:52,120 --> 03:48:02,640
CAN ESTABLISH CHEMICALS Z IS 

5317
03:48:03,840 --> 03:48:04,960
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER.

5318
03:48:04,960 --> 03:48:08,880
THIS IS THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT WE

5319
03:48:08,880 --> 03:48:09,680
HYPOTHESIZED.

5320
03:48:09,680 --> 03:48:12,040
WE DO WHAT WE'RE TRAINED TO DO

5321
03:48:12,040 --> 03:48:14,280
AND SPEND A FEW SENTENCES OR

5322
03:48:14,280 --> 03:48:18,000
PARAGRAPHS DISCUSSING IN THE

5323
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:20,080
DISCUSSION SECTION POLITELY

5324
03:48:20,080 --> 03:48:22,720
TIPTOEING AROUND THE IDEA THAT

5325
03:48:22,720 --> 03:48:25,160
POTENTIAL ISSUE WITH THESE

5326
03:48:25,160 --> 03:48:26,160
DISCREPANCIES IS EXPERIMENTAL

5327
03:48:26,160 --> 03:48:27,800
MODEL.

5328
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:29,080
TRULY ARE THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA

5329
03:48:29,080 --> 03:48:31,520
BAD SCIENCE?

5330
03:48:31,520 --> 03:48:32,240
LIKELY NOT.

5331
03:48:32,240 --> 03:48:35,360
THEY ARE LIKELY GREAT SCIENCE

5332
03:48:35,360 --> 03:48:36,440
BUT POTENTIALLY JUST

5333
03:48:36,440 --> 03:48:38,640
INAPPROPRIATE FOR OUR QUESTION

5334
03:48:38,640 --> 03:48:40,360
TO BEGIN WITH.

5335
03:48:40,360 --> 03:48:44,040
NOW WE HAVE THIS LONG DISCUSSION

5336
03:48:44,040 --> 03:48:48,600
SECTION, VERY HIGH IMPACT PAPER,

5337
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:50,240
EPIDEMIOLOGY, THAT PROVIDES

5338
03:48:50,240 --> 03:48:51,400
REASONS TO NOT TRUST

5339
03:48:51,400 --> 03:48:52,160
EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

5340
03:48:52,160 --> 03:48:55,000
WHAT COULD WE CONSIDER DOING

5341
03:48:55,000 --> 03:48:55,680
INSTEAD?

5342
03:48:55,680 --> 03:48:57,000
THE SOLUTION IS BETTER

5343
03:48:57,000 --> 03:48:58,720
COMMUNICATION TO BEGIN WITH.

5344
03:48:58,720 --> 03:49:02,800
SO I'M CERTAIN THERE ARE VARIOUS

5345
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:06,440
APPROACHES BUT FIRST AS

5346
03:49:06,440 --> 03:49:10,280
EPIDEMIOLOGISTS WE COULD FIND

5347
03:49:10,280 --> 03:49:12,160
MORE COMPARABLE MODEL,

5348
03:49:12,160 --> 03:49:13,560
ADDITIONALLY USE DISCUSSION

5349
03:49:13,560 --> 03:49:15,760
SECTION TO HIGHLIGHT NEED FOR

5350
03:49:15,760 --> 03:49:16,200
APPROPRIATE MODELS.

5351
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:17,280
WHETHER WE'RE SEARCHING FOR

5352
03:49:17,280 --> 03:49:21,120
ALTERNATIVES OR PROPOSING NEED,

5353
03:49:21,120 --> 03:49:23,840
HERE ARE A FEW IMPORTANT FACTORS

5354
03:49:23,840 --> 03:49:26,920
TO CONSIDER WHEN COMMUNICATING

5355
03:49:26,920 --> 03:49:29,120
FINDINGS AND COMPARING THEM TO

5356
03:49:29,120 --> 03:49:30,160
THE EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE.

5357
03:49:30,160 --> 03:49:31,600
FIRST IS THE LIFE STAGES OF

5358
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:33,160
EXPOSURE IN YELLOW.

5359
03:49:33,160 --> 03:49:37,760
FOR EXAMPLE, USING MY PREVIOUS

5360
03:49:37,760 --> 03:49:39,920
EXAMPLE, HORMONE METABOLISM IN

5361
03:49:39,920 --> 03:49:41,480
PREGNANT WOMEN IS ALIENATING,

5362
03:49:41,480 --> 03:49:43,160
USING DATA FROM CYCLING FEMALE

5363
03:49:43,160 --> 03:49:45,520
MICE TO MODEL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE

5364
03:49:45,520 --> 03:49:54,080
IN PREGNANT WOMEN IS LIKELY

5365
03:49:54,080 --> 03:49:54,400
INAPPROPRIATE.

5366
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:57,120
AGE IS A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION

5367
03:49:57,120 --> 03:49:58,920
AS CHEMICAL OR NUTRIENT PATHWAYS

5368
03:49:58,920 --> 03:49:59,960
CHANGE, COMPARING FINDINGS IN

5369
03:49:59,960 --> 03:50:03,160
AGED RATS TO FINDINGS IN

5370
03:50:03,160 --> 03:50:04,840
CHILDREN WOULD ALSO BE

5371
03:50:04,840 --> 03:50:05,120
INCORRECT.

5372
03:50:05,120 --> 03:50:07,800
DOSE OF CHEMICAL OR NUTRIENTS

5373
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:09,240
USED IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IS

5374
03:50:09,240 --> 03:50:10,480
OFTEN EASIEST TO REFLECT ON.

5375
03:50:10,480 --> 03:50:13,360
THIS IS MAYBE WHAT WE'RE TRAINED

5376
03:50:13,360 --> 03:50:16,040
TO DO INITIALLY OR AT FIRST.

5377
03:50:16,040 --> 03:50:17,600
MANY STUDIES ARE NOW MOVING

5378
03:50:17,600 --> 03:50:19,440
TOWARDS USING MORE HUMAN

5379
03:50:19,440 --> 03:50:22,160
RELEVANT EXPOSURES, BUT PLENTY

5380
03:50:22,160 --> 03:50:23,880
OF PRIOR STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON

5381
03:50:23,880 --> 03:50:27,280
PROOF OF CONCEPT EXPOSURES AND

5382
03:50:27,280 --> 03:50:29,200
OUTCOMES THAT OVERESTIMATE

5383
03:50:29,200 --> 03:50:30,280
EXPOSURES IN HUMANS.

5384
03:50:30,280 --> 03:50:31,920
ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR TO

5385
03:50:31,920 --> 03:50:34,520
THINK ABOUT IS TIMING OF

5386
03:50:34,520 --> 03:50:39,680
EXPOSURE, CHRONIC OR ACUTE, DIET

5387
03:50:39,680 --> 03:50:40,760
PATTERNS, OR CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

5388
03:50:40,760 --> 03:50:42,320
IN HUMANS ARE QUITE CHRONIC.

5389
03:50:42,320 --> 03:50:45,760
SO AGAIN THIS MAY JUST NEED TO

5390
03:50:45,760 --> 03:50:49,040
BE REFLECTED UPON WHEN MAKING

5391
03:50:49,040 --> 03:50:52,760
COMPARISONS. 

5392
03:50:52,760 --> 03:50:55,120
FINALLY WHERE WE HAVE ISSUES,

5393
03:50:55,120 --> 03:50:56,120
TRANSLATING TO SYSTEMIC

5394
03:50:56,120 --> 03:50:58,640
BIOMARKERS IN HUMANS, VERY EASY

5395
03:50:58,640 --> 03:51:00,600
TO MEASURE, SO FOR EXAMPLE

5396
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:02,920
OBSERVING A CHEMICAL OR NUTRIENT

5397
03:51:02,920 --> 03:51:04,760
INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS OR

5398
03:51:04,760 --> 03:51:06,840
INFLAMMATION IN LIVER OF A

5399
03:51:06,840 --> 03:51:08,560
RODENT DOES NOT NECESSARILY

5400
03:51:08,560 --> 03:51:09,480
TRANSLATE INTO SYSTEMIC

5401
03:51:09,480 --> 03:51:11,120
INFLAMMATION IN HUMANS.

5402
03:51:11,120 --> 03:51:12,760
AND, AGAIN, IT DOESN'T MEAN

5403
03:51:12,760 --> 03:51:17,280
EITHER IS NOT HAPPENING OR THAT

5404
03:51:17,280 --> 03:51:18,000
EITHER EXPERIMENTAL OR

5405
03:51:18,000 --> 03:51:19,640
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ARE

5406
03:51:19,640 --> 03:51:19,960
INCORRECT.

5407
03:51:19,960 --> 03:51:24,240
IT JUST MEANS THAT COMPARISON IS

5408
03:51:24,240 --> 03:51:24,840
INAPPROPRIATE.

5409
03:51:24,840 --> 03:51:26,800
WITH THESE FACTORS IN MIND, I

5410
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,280
DIDN'T HAVE TO MAKE A NEW

5411
03:51:29,280 --> 03:51:29,840
FIGURE.

5412
03:51:29,840 --> 03:51:31,680
THIS IS A SUMMARY FIGURE FROM A

5413
03:51:31,680 --> 03:51:33,880
REVIEW WE WROTE SEVERAL YEARS

5414
03:51:33,880 --> 03:51:35,080
AGO HIGHLIGHTING FUTURE

5415
03:51:35,080 --> 03:51:37,480
DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH RELATED

5416
03:51:37,480 --> 03:51:41,080
TO TRANSLATING PLACENTAL

5417
03:51:41,080 --> 03:51:42,600
FINDINGS ACROSS EXPERIMENTAL AND

5418
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:44,160
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES,

5419
03:51:44,160 --> 03:51:46,880
SPECIFICALLY RELATED TO RESEARCH

5420
03:51:46,880 --> 03:51:47,680
IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING

5421
03:51:47,680 --> 03:51:48,640
CHEMICALS, WHAT I STUDY.

5422
03:51:48,640 --> 03:51:50,840
THIS IS SOMETHING I'VE BEEN

5423
03:51:50,840 --> 03:51:53,160
REALLY INTERESTED IN, AGAIN

5424
03:51:53,160 --> 03:51:54,560
MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM BEING

5425
03:51:54,560 --> 03:51:57,840
SOMEONE WHO DOES EXPERIMENTAL

5426
03:51:57,840 --> 03:51:59,160
WORK TO EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND THIS

5427
03:51:59,160 --> 03:52:02,040
ALLOWED US TO THINK THROUGH OUR

5428
03:52:02,040 --> 03:52:03,320
APPROACH.

5429
03:52:03,320 --> 03:52:05,640
SOME FACTORS WE PROPOSED HERE

5430
03:52:05,640 --> 03:52:13,600
ARE CRITICAL, SPECIFIC  TO

5431
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:18,120
PLACENTA, SEVERAL UNIVERSAL. 

5432
03:52:18,120 --> 03:52:18,920
CONSIDERING EXTENSIVE RANGES OF

5433
03:52:18,920 --> 03:52:20,560
EXPOSURE IN LINE WITH HUMAN

5434
03:52:20,560 --> 03:52:23,040
EXPOSURES, I MENTIONED THAT

5435
03:52:23,040 --> 03:52:23,520
ALREADY.

5436
03:52:23,520 --> 03:52:24,920
WE RECOMMENDED ANIMAL MODELS

5437
03:52:24,920 --> 03:52:28,200
SHOULD FOCUS ON MODELING

5438
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:30,200
OUTCOMES OBSERVED IN HUMANS AND

5439
03:52:30,200 --> 03:52:35,080
SURPRISINGLY THIS  WASN'T THE

5440
03:52:35,080 --> 03:52:39,680
CASE FOR PAPERS WE REVIEWED AND

5441
03:52:39,680 --> 03:52:40,840
HIGHLIGHTED CONSIDERING

5442
03:52:40,840 --> 03:52:41,560
PLACENTAL SEX.

5443
03:52:41,560 --> 03:52:46,320
AS WITH ANY KIND OF ANIMAL

5444
03:52:46,320 --> 03:52:48,560
MODEL, OR TISSUE, THE PLACENTA

5445
03:52:48,560 --> 03:52:49,840
HAS A SEX.

5446
03:52:49,840 --> 03:52:54,560
PREGNANCY RESULTING IN A MALE

5447
03:52:54,560 --> 03:52:55,880
HAVE A MALE PLACENTA, FEMALE

5448
03:52:55,880 --> 03:52:56,760
WITH FEMALE.

5449
03:52:56,760 --> 03:52:58,720
UNDERSTANDING SEX DIFFERENCE IS

5450
03:52:58,720 --> 03:53:03,080
CRITICAL, NOT ADDRESSED IN MOST

5451
03:53:03,080 --> 03:53:03,440
STUDIES.

5452
03:53:03,440 --> 03:53:04,840
WITH THIS FIGURE, I THOUGHT THIS

5453
03:53:04,840 --> 03:53:09,680
WOULD BE A GOOD PLACE TO END THE

5454
03:53:09,680 --> 03:53:10,680
FIRST INTRODUCTORY PORTION TO

5455
03:53:10,680 --> 03:53:14,160
THE IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL MODELS

5456
03:53:14,160 --> 03:53:15,720
AND CONSIDERING WHAT WE NEED TO

5457
03:53:15,720 --> 03:53:17,320
THINK ABOUT WHEN USING AND

5458
03:53:17,320 --> 03:53:18,760
INTERPRETING ANIMAL MODELS IN

5459
03:53:18,760 --> 03:53:21,400
THE CONTEXT OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC

5460
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:21,680
STUDIES.

5461
03:53:21,680 --> 03:53:24,560
I HOPE IT PROVIDED SOME IMPETUS

5462
03:53:24,560 --> 03:53:26,240
FOR EVALUATING EXPERIMENTAL DATA

5463
03:53:26,240 --> 03:53:27,040
MORE CRITICALLY AND THOUGHTFULLY

5464
03:53:27,040 --> 03:53:28,880
AND THAT'S SOMETHING THAT I WILL

5465
03:53:28,880 --> 03:53:30,360
TALK ABOUT NEXT.

5466
03:53:30,360 --> 03:53:33,760
SO, SORT OF USING AN EXAMPLE,

5467
03:53:33,760 --> 03:53:36,320
AGAIN RATHER THAN SHOWING SCARY

5468
03:53:36,320 --> 03:53:38,840
AMOUNT OF REAL DATA, I CREATED A

5469
03:53:38,840 --> 03:53:40,160
MOCK FINDING REPRESENTING MANY

5470
03:53:40,160 --> 03:53:43,480
OF THE DATA WE PUBLISHED AS I

5471
03:53:43,480 --> 03:53:46,560
WAS TRAINING AND I'LL SHOW SOME

5472
03:53:46,560 --> 03:53:49,360
OF THE MANUSCRIPTS FROM THIS

5473
03:53:49,360 --> 03:53:49,600
WORK.

5474
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:51,240
SPECIFICALLY THIS FIGURE

5475
03:53:51,240 --> 03:53:53,200
REPRESENTS FINDINGS FROM A

5476
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:54,320
RELATIVELY SIMPLE BUT COMMON

5477
03:53:54,320 --> 03:53:55,960
STUDY DESIGN IN WHICH ANIMALS,

5478
03:53:55,960 --> 03:54:06,440
IN THIS CASE MY FAVORITE SPRIG

5479
03:54:11,560 --> 03:54:12,840
DAWLEY, THIS DESIGN CAN BE

5480
03:54:12,840 --> 03:54:17,240
APPLIED AT ANY LIFE STAGE.

5481
03:54:17,240 --> 03:54:19,600
THE Y-AXIS OR FINDING OF

5482
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:21,040
INTEREST REPRESENTS VERY BAD

5483
03:54:21,040 --> 03:54:25,200
THING, IN MY CASE WE WORK IN

5484
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:27,520
METABOLIC OUTCOMES, THIS COULD

5485
03:54:27,520 --> 03:54:30,240
BE ELEVATED GLUCOSE LEVELS OR

5486
03:54:30,240 --> 03:54:30,760
ADIPOSITY.

5487
03:54:30,760 --> 03:54:32,760
HIGHER NUMBER IS MORE

5488
03:54:32,760 --> 03:54:34,920
DELETERIOUS FINDING.

5489
03:54:34,920 --> 03:54:38,600
BARS ON THE LEFT, TWO BARS,

5490
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:42,480
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS CONSUMING

5491
03:54:42,480 --> 03:54:44,440
A STANDARD GOOD DIET, WITH NO

5492
03:54:44,440 --> 03:54:47,480
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ON THE LEFT,

5493
03:54:47,480 --> 03:54:48,360
AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE IN BLUE

5494
03:54:48,360 --> 03:54:50,800
BAR TO THE RIGHT OF THAT.

5495
03:54:50,800 --> 03:54:57,240
BARS ON THE RIGHT REPEAT THE

5496
03:54:57,240 --> 03:54:58,880
PARADIGM EXCEPTION CONSUMING BAD

5497
03:54:58,880 --> 03:55:01,160
DIET, TYPICAL TWO BY TWO STUDY

5498
03:55:01,160 --> 03:55:03,520
DESIGN, TWO FACTORS, TWO LEVELS

5499
03:55:03,520 --> 03:55:04,920
OF EACH FACTOR.

5500
03:55:04,920 --> 03:55:10,920
TWO LEVELS OF DIET, TWO LEVELS

5501
03:55:10,920 --> 03:55:11,720
OF TOXICANT.

5502
03:55:11,720 --> 03:55:12,520
REALLY THE MOST INTERESTING

5503
03:55:12,520 --> 03:55:14,760
GROUP TO THOSE OF US WHO USE

5504
03:55:14,760 --> 03:55:16,520
THIS KIND OF STUDY DESIGN IS THE

5505
03:55:16,520 --> 03:55:18,920
ONE ALL THE WAY ON THE RIGHT.

5506
03:55:18,920 --> 03:55:19,920
NOW IN YELLOW.

5507
03:55:19,920 --> 03:55:21,760
IT REPRESENTS ANIMALS THAT HAVE

5508
03:55:21,760 --> 03:55:24,080
THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF CHEMICAL

5509
03:55:24,080 --> 03:55:25,880
EXPOSURE AND DIET.

5510
03:55:25,880 --> 03:55:27,400
WITH HYPOTHESIS THE TWO

5511
03:55:27,400 --> 03:55:28,760
EXPOSURES WOULD HAVE A

5512
03:55:28,760 --> 03:55:29,760
CUMULATIVE EFFECT.

5513
03:55:29,760 --> 03:55:32,440
IF YOU ARE LUCKY AND SAID YOUR

5514
03:55:32,440 --> 03:55:34,320
PRAYERS JUST RIGHT, YOU MIGHT

5515
03:55:34,320 --> 03:55:37,160
SEE A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT,

5516
03:55:37,160 --> 03:55:39,560
ESSENTIALLY TWO FACTORS COMBINE

5517
03:55:39,560 --> 03:55:42,960
WOULD MAYBE HAVE EVEN HIGHER

5518
03:55:42,960 --> 03:55:44,440
EFFECT THAN EACH INDIVIDUALLY.

5519
03:55:44,440 --> 03:55:47,400
SO, AS I MENTIONED, THE PREVIOUS

5520
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:49,200
GRAPH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DATA

5521
03:55:49,200 --> 03:55:50,960
THAT WE PUBLISHED FROM THESE

5522
03:55:50,960 --> 03:55:52,280
STUDIES AND SPECIFICALLY I'M

5523
03:55:52,280 --> 03:55:56,760
SHOWING EXAMPLES OF TWO OF THEM.

5524
03:55:56,760 --> 03:55:58,480
AGAIN IN OUR SPRAGUE-DAWLEY

5525
03:55:58,480 --> 03:55:59,080
RATS, UNDERSTANDING PRENATAL

5526
03:55:59,080 --> 03:56:06,560
EXPOSURE TO ONE OF THE TWO

5527
03:56:06,560 --> 03:56:08,560
CHEMICALS, BISPHENOL A AND

5528
03:56:08,560 --> 03:56:11,640
PTHALATES, WANTING TO UNDERSTAND

5529
03:56:11,640 --> 03:56:14,160
HOW FACTORS INTERACT WITH DIET

5530
03:56:14,160 --> 03:56:18,400
POSTNATAL AND POTENTIAL SEX

5531
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:18,720
DIFFERENCES.

5532
03:56:18,720 --> 03:56:21,600
SO CHEMICAL EXPOSURE COMING BACK

5533
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:22,200
TO EPIDEMIOLOGIC EXPERIMENTAL

5534
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:25,200
CYCLE, EXPOSURES ARE GOOD

5535
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:26,080
EXAMPLES OF ENDOCRINE

5536
03:56:26,080 --> 03:56:26,680
DISRUPTERS, SPECIFICALLY

5537
03:56:26,680 --> 03:56:28,920
METABOLIC, WHY OUR ENDPOINTS OF

5538
03:56:28,920 --> 03:56:30,320
INTEREST WERE METABOLIC.

5539
03:56:30,320 --> 03:56:33,200
CHEMICAL EXPOSURES THAT WE

5540
03:56:33,200 --> 03:56:35,080
MODELED RELATED TO THOSE TO

5541
03:56:35,080 --> 03:56:37,800
WHICH HUMANS AND PREGNANT WOMEN

5542
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,080
WITH UBIQUITOUSLY EXPOSED FROM

5543
03:56:40,080 --> 03:56:45,720
THE FOOD SUPPLY INCLUDING BPA

5544
03:56:45,720 --> 03:56:47,880
FROM HARD PLASTICS, DEHP FROM

5545
03:56:47,880 --> 03:56:51,760
FLEXIBLE PLASTICS USED IN FOOD

5546
03:56:51,760 --> 03:56:53,360
STORAGE AND PRODUCTION.

5547
03:56:53,360 --> 03:56:57,920
THE DIET WAS MEANT TO ADD

5548
03:56:57,920 --> 03:56:59,440
ADDITIONAL LAYER BY MODELING

5549
03:56:59,440 --> 03:57:03,840
DIET CONSUMED IN THE U.S.

5550
03:57:03,840 --> 03:57:04,120
ESPECIALLY.

5551
03:57:04,120 --> 03:57:11,320
WE BASED OUR HIGH  HIGH POTENTIL

5552
03:57:11,320 --> 03:57:17,800
 HIGH  -- HYPOTHESES

5553
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:21,600
ON PREVIOUS STUDY, BOTH

5554
03:57:21,600 --> 03:57:23,040
COMPOUNDS WERE PROPOSED

5555
03:57:23,040 --> 03:57:24,440
OBESEOGENS, INTERESTED IN USING

5556
03:57:24,440 --> 03:57:26,200
STUDY TO UNDERSTAND UNDERLYING

5557
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:27,560
MECHANISM OF THE CHEMICALS'

5558
03:57:27,560 --> 03:57:28,240
ACTION.

5559
03:57:28,240 --> 03:57:31,600
FOR BPA ON THE LEFT, WE LOOKED

5560
03:57:31,600 --> 03:57:35,360
AND PUBLISHED ON EPIGENETIC

5561
03:57:35,360 --> 03:57:38,000
MECHANISMS, FOR PTHALLATE ON THE

5562
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:40,600
RIGHT EVALUATED AND PUBLISHED ON

5563
03:57:40,600 --> 03:57:43,400
VERY EXTENSIVE PHENOTYPING OF

5564
03:57:43,400 --> 03:57:45,000
ADIPOSE TISSUE IN ACROSS THE

5565
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:47,800
STUDY. 

5566
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:50,000
BASED ON PRIOR STUDIES,

5567
03:57:50,000 --> 03:57:53,280
SHOWING -- BASED ON PRIOR

5568
03:57:53,280 --> 03:58:00,400
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES, SHOWING

5569
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:01,640
THERE WERE SEXUAL MORPHISMS,

5570
03:58:01,640 --> 03:58:09,560
RECORDED ON SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC

5571
03:58:09,560 --> 03:58:11,600
EFFECTS, SIMILAR TO COMBINED

5572
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:12,320
EPIDEMIOLOGIC EXPERIMENTAL CYCLE

5573
03:58:12,320 --> 03:58:15,280
I SHOWED A FEW SLIDES AGO.

5574
03:58:15,280 --> 03:58:18,240
A LOT GOES INTO DEVELOPING A

5575
03:58:18,240 --> 03:58:20,560
STUDY, THE STUDY AND MODEL I

5576
03:58:20,560 --> 03:58:22,800
JUST DESCRIBED AND THESE FACTORS

5577
03:58:22,800 --> 03:58:24,000
SHOULD BE THOUGHTFULLY REPORTED

5578
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:25,760
AND CRITICALLY DISCUSSED IN THE

5579
03:58:25,760 --> 03:58:27,000
RESULTING MANUSCRIPT.

5580
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,400
I DON'T CLAIM THAT OUR PAPERS

5581
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:32,400
WERE BY ANY MEANS EXEMPLARS OF

5582
03:58:32,400 --> 03:58:35,480
ALL OF THIS, BUT I WANTED TO

5583
03:58:35,480 --> 03:58:38,280
SHARE WITH YOU SOME OF THE MOST

5584
03:58:38,280 --> 03:58:39,680
CRITICAL FACTORS THAT NEEDED TO

5585
03:58:39,680 --> 03:58:43,080
BE INCLUDED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE

5586
03:58:43,080 --> 03:58:45,640
THE MOST KIND OF VALUABLE DATA

5587
03:58:45,640 --> 03:58:47,480
TO THE READER.

5588
03:58:47,480 --> 03:58:49,760
SO, FIRST OF ALL, HERE I'M GOING

5589
03:58:49,760 --> 03:58:54,040
TO LIST A FEW OF THOSE FACTORS,

5590
03:58:54,040 --> 03:58:55,560
NOT OBVIOUSLY THE ENTIRE METHODS

5591
03:58:55,560 --> 03:58:55,920
SECTION.

5592
03:58:55,920 --> 03:58:58,760
AND THE OTHER THING IS THAT

5593
03:58:58,760 --> 03:59:00,600
BECAUSE THIS STUDY INCLUDED

5594
03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:01,240
TOXICOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL

5595
03:59:01,240 --> 03:59:03,000
COMPONENT I WANTED TO SHARE

5596
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:06,200
THOSE INDIVIDUALLY BECAUSE THERE

5597
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:07,200
ARE SOME CONSIDERATIONS.

5598
03:59:07,200 --> 03:59:09,680
FIRST OF ALL BOTH FIELDS REQUIRE

5599
03:59:09,680 --> 03:59:12,440
USE OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA FOR

5600
03:59:12,440 --> 03:59:13,040
HYPOTHESIS BUILDING.

5601
03:59:13,040 --> 03:59:16,240
IMPORTANTLY IF THE GOAL IS TO

5602
03:59:16,240 --> 03:59:19,760
UNDERSTAND UNDERLYING MECHANISM

5603
03:59:19,760 --> 03:59:21,920
PHENOTYPING MODELED IN

5604
03:59:21,920 --> 03:59:23,040
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL SHOULD MATCH

5605
03:59:23,040 --> 03:59:24,680
THAT REPORTED IN HUMANS IN

5606
03:59:24,680 --> 03:59:26,520
RESPONSE TO SAME EXPOSURES AND

5607
03:59:26,520 --> 03:59:27,920
HOPEFULLY THAT MAKES SENSE.

5608
03:59:27,920 --> 03:59:33,600
SECOND IT'S CRITERIA DUEL

5609
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:35,280
CONSIDER APPROPRIATENESS.

5610
03:59:35,280 --> 03:59:37,440
SOME RODENT MODELS SHOULD NOT BE

5611
03:59:37,440 --> 03:59:38,640
USED IN METABOLIC STUDIES,

5612
03:59:38,640 --> 03:59:45,120
OTHERS DO A POOR JOB  MODELING

5613
03:59:45,120 --> 03:59:46,760
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT.

5614
03:59:46,760 --> 03:59:52,680
WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE SHOULD BE

5615
03:59:52,680 --> 03:59:53,600
CONSIDERED, SO CAREFULLY

5616
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:58,680
UNDERSTANDING ORGANOGENESIS OR

5617
03:59:58,680 --> 04:00:00,760
MILESTONES OCCURRING, CRITICAL

5618
04:00:00,760 --> 04:00:01,880
FOR CAPTURING OUTCOMES OF

5619
04:00:01,880 --> 04:00:02,520
INTEREST.

5620
04:00:02,520 --> 04:00:05,040
AS I PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED LENGTH

5621
04:00:05,040 --> 04:00:06,560
OF EXPOSURE IS CRITICAL.

5622
04:00:06,560 --> 04:00:08,000
PREGNANCY STUDIES ARE A BIT MORE

5623
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:09,320
CONTROLLED IN THAT SENSE.

5624
04:00:09,320 --> 04:00:16,080
THEY ARE ONLY THE -- THE

5625
04:00:16,080 --> 04:00:21,240
PREGNANCY IS ONLY OH LONG.

5626
04:00:21,240 --> 04:00:24,520
IF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS IS BEFORE,

5627
04:00:24,520 --> 04:00:28,560
DURING, AFTER CONCEPTION,

5628
04:00:28,560 --> 04:00:32,840
CRITICAL WINDOWS, THEN MODELS

5629
04:00:32,840 --> 04:00:34,920
SHOULD CONSIDER EXPOSURE WINDOWS

5630
04:00:34,920 --> 04:00:36,360
OR JUSTIFY SPECIFIC INTEREST AND

5631
04:00:36,360 --> 04:00:38,160
ONLY FOCUSING ON ONE, FOR

5632
04:00:38,160 --> 04:00:40,280
EXAMPLE, ONLY DOSING DURING

5633
04:00:40,280 --> 04:00:40,840
PREGNANCY.

5634
04:00:40,840 --> 04:00:44,120
IN THE CASE OF CHEMICAL

5635
04:00:44,120 --> 04:00:45,320
EXPOSURES, THE ACTUAL TOXICANT

5636
04:00:45,320 --> 04:00:47,760
AND MODE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED,

5637
04:00:47,760 --> 04:00:50,040
SUCH THAT CHEMICAL OR TOXICANT

5638
04:00:50,040 --> 04:00:52,240
IS OBSERVED IN SOME RELEVANT

5639
04:00:52,240 --> 04:00:54,440
PROPORTION OF THE HUMAN

5640
04:00:54,440 --> 04:00:55,000
POPULATION.

5641
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:56,720
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE IS MATCHED,

5642
04:00:56,720 --> 04:00:59,240
FOR EXAMPLE, DERMAL VERSUS ORAL,

5643
04:00:59,240 --> 04:01:02,000
SO IF YOUR TOXICANT OF INTEREST

5644
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:04,800
IS SPECIFICALLY COMING FROM THE

5645
04:01:04,800 --> 04:01:07,640
FOOD SUPPLY WE WOULDN'T WANT TO

5646
04:01:07,640 --> 04:01:09,320
EXPOSE OUR ANIMALS DERMALLY OR

5647
04:01:09,320 --> 04:01:12,280
VIA THE SKIN.

5648
04:01:12,280 --> 04:01:15,120
SO SIMILARLY IN NUTRITION STUDY,

5649
04:01:15,120 --> 04:01:17,240
THE MODULATION SHOULD ALSO BE

5650
04:01:17,240 --> 04:01:18,600
RELEVANT AND ALSO PREVALENT.

5651
04:01:18,600 --> 04:01:20,680
SO THIS SHOULD BE A DIET

5652
04:01:20,680 --> 04:01:23,520
COMPONENT THAT MOST PEOPLE ARE

5653
04:01:23,520 --> 04:01:26,160
CONSUMING REGULARLY OR DIET KIND

5654
04:01:26,160 --> 04:01:27,600
OF -- DIETARY PATTERN RELEVANT

5655
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:29,880
TO AT LEAST SOME PROPORTION OF

5656
04:01:29,880 --> 04:01:31,680
THE POPULATION.

5657
04:01:31,680 --> 04:01:33,280
AS WE ALREADY DISCUSSED, THE

5658
04:01:33,280 --> 04:01:35,080
CHEMICAL OR TAX CAN'T EXPOSURE

5659
04:01:35,080 --> 04:01:36,560
DOSE SHOULD BE WITHIN THE

5660
04:01:36,560 --> 04:01:39,120
EXPECTED RANGE IN HUMANS IN CASE

5661
04:01:39,120 --> 04:01:42,000
OF TOXICANTS, IN TERMS OF

5662
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:43,920
NUTRITIONAL MODIFICATION MACRO

5663
04:01:43,920 --> 04:01:47,120
OR MICRO CHANGE SHOULD BE 

5664
04:01:47,120 --> 04:01:48,360
CONSISTENT WITH HUMANS.

5665
04:01:48,360 --> 04:01:55,480
THE EXAMPLE IS USE OF HIGH FAT

5666
04:01:55,480 --> 04:01:57,840
DIETS, IN REALITY ACCORDING TO

5667
04:01:57,840 --> 04:01:59,360
NHANES WHAT WE CONSIDER MAYBE A

5668
04:01:59,360 --> 04:02:03,600
HIGH FAT DIET WOULD BE IN THE

5669
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:04,840
MID-30%, HUMAN POPULATION, 38,

5670
04:02:04,840 --> 04:02:05,080
39.

5671
04:02:05,080 --> 04:02:08,040
BUT IN RODENTS WE GO AS HIGH AS

5672
04:02:08,040 --> 04:02:09,720
45%.

5673
04:02:09,720 --> 04:02:13,240
WHICH IS A BIT HIGH BUT MAYBE

5674
04:02:13,240 --> 04:02:14,720
WITHIN SOME REASONABLE RANGE.

5675
04:02:14,720 --> 04:02:17,920
THERE ARE MANY STUDIES HIGHING

5676
04:02:17,920 --> 04:02:21,320
HIGH FAT DIETS AS HIGH AS 60% OF

5677
04:02:21,320 --> 04:02:21,680
CALORIC INTAKE.

5678
04:02:21,680 --> 04:02:27,800
THE ISSUE IS FIRST OF ALL

5679
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:32,240
POTENTIALLY DON'T MODEL HUMAN

5680
04:02:32,240 --> 04:02:35,440
EXPOSURE AND YOU'RE INCREASING

5681
04:02:35,440 --> 04:02:36,280
PROPORTION OF OTHER

5682
04:02:36,280 --> 04:02:37,480
MACRONUTRIENTS CRITICAL FOR

5683
04:02:37,480 --> 04:02:40,280
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

5684
04:02:40,280 --> 04:02:41,680
NOW YOU'VE INTRODUCED A NEW

5685
04:02:41,680 --> 04:02:44,760
FACTOR THAT REALLY NEEDS TO BE

5686
04:02:44,760 --> 04:02:45,880
HIGHLIGHTED, DISCUSSED, AND

5687
04:02:45,880 --> 04:02:46,520
JUSTIFIED.

5688
04:02:46,520 --> 04:02:49,040
SO THAT THE LAY READER CAN

5689
04:02:49,040 --> 04:02:51,120
UNDERSTAND WHY THEIR DATA DON'T

5690
04:02:51,120 --> 04:02:52,840
MATCH YOUR DATA.

5691
04:02:52,840 --> 04:02:55,960
SO, FINALLY A POINT FOR

5692
04:02:55,960 --> 04:02:58,640
DISCUSSION IS THE INCLUSION OR

5693
04:02:58,640 --> 04:03:01,600
REALLY EXCLUSION OF THE

5694
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:05,760
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION SECTION

5695
04:03:05,760 --> 04:03:07,200
IN MANUSCRIPTS, REALLY A

5696
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:08,080
COMMUNICATION, MAYBE FUTURE

5697
04:03:08,080 --> 04:03:08,920
DIRECTIONS.

5698
04:03:08,920 --> 04:03:10,120
FOR THOSE WORKING IN

5699
04:03:10,120 --> 04:03:10,760
EPIDEMIOLOGY, YOU KNOW THIS

5700
04:03:10,760 --> 04:03:13,000
SECTION IS A MUST.

5701
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:17,040
WE CAN'T GET AWAY WITH NOT

5702
04:03:17,040 --> 04:03:18,320
INCLUDING A THOROUGH OFTEN PAGES

5703
04:03:18,320 --> 04:03:19,320
LONG STRENGTH IN LIMITATION

5704
04:03:19,320 --> 04:03:19,520
SECTION.

5705
04:03:19,520 --> 04:03:22,080
THIS IS LIKELY BECAUSE WE OFTEN

5706
04:03:22,080 --> 04:03:23,360
HAVE VERY LITTLE CONTROL OVER

5707
04:03:23,360 --> 04:03:26,960
HOW OUR DATA ARE COLLECTED,

5708
04:03:26,960 --> 04:03:28,160
USING DATASETS NOT NECESSARILY

5709
04:03:28,160 --> 04:03:30,600
IDEALLY SUITED FOR OUR STUDY.

5710
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:32,480
SO WE NEED TO PROVIDE

5711
04:03:32,480 --> 04:03:34,600
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF THESE ISSUES,

5712
04:03:34,600 --> 04:03:38,520
AND HIGHLIGHT HOW OUR STUDY

5713
04:03:38,520 --> 04:03:40,600
ADDRESSED OR OVERCAME

5714
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:41,120
LIMITATIONS.

5715
04:03:41,120 --> 04:03:43,720
I'VE OFTEN WONDERS IF THIS WOULD

5716
04:03:43,720 --> 04:03:44,960
BE HELPFUL FOR ANIMAL MODELS.

5717
04:03:44,960 --> 04:03:48,960
I UNDERSTAND HESITATION OF

5718
04:03:48,960 --> 04:03:49,480
ACKNOWLEDGING LIMITATIONS

5719
04:03:49,480 --> 04:03:51,400
AROUND, YOU KNOW, STUDY DESIGN

5720
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:52,040
SPECIFICALLY.

5721
04:03:52,040 --> 04:03:53,920
BUT THE INCLUSIONS OF SUCH A

5722
04:03:53,920 --> 04:03:54,760
DISCUSSION AND INCLUSION OF

5723
04:03:54,760 --> 04:03:56,640
IMPORTANT STRENGTHS OF THE STUDY

5724
04:03:56,640 --> 04:04:01,160
WOULD REALLY ALLOW FOR EASIER

5725
04:04:01,160 --> 04:04:04,200
INTERPRETATION BY THOSE OF US

5726
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:05,960
OUTSIDE THE EXPERIMENTAL WORLD.

5727
04:04:05,960 --> 04:04:08,280
SO WITH THAT, I'VE GIVEN A BRIEF

5728
04:04:08,280 --> 04:04:09,400
EXAMPLE OF RELEVANT ANIMAL

5729
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:11,960
MODELS AND I WANTED TO FINISH BY

5730
04:04:11,960 --> 04:04:13,640
SHARING THAT WE TRIED TO

5731
04:04:13,640 --> 04:04:16,560
PRACTICE WHAT WE PREACH IN TERMS

5732
04:04:16,560 --> 04:04:19,080
OF TRANSLATING EXPERIMENTAL

5733
04:04:19,080 --> 04:04:21,080
MODELS BACK TO HUMANS.

5734
04:04:21,080 --> 04:04:23,680
THERE'S NO SURPRISE WHERE I'VE

5735
04:04:23,680 --> 04:04:26,440
RECAPITULATED THE STUDY I

5736
04:04:26,440 --> 04:04:28,160
SHARED, BUT THERE IS WORK IN OUR

5737
04:04:28,160 --> 04:04:31,200
GROUP WHERE WE'RE TRYING TO TAKE

5738
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:32,760
A SIMILAR THOUGHT PROCESS IN

5739
04:04:32,760 --> 04:04:33,840
STUDIES IN HUMAN POPULATION.

5740
04:04:33,840 --> 04:04:39,520
SO IN THIS STUDY THAT I'M

5741
04:04:39,520 --> 04:04:40,840
SHARING HERE WE PUBLISHED THIS

5742
04:04:40,840 --> 04:04:43,080
LAST YEAR, TOOK A SIMILAR

5743
04:04:43,080 --> 04:04:44,120
APPROACH ESSENTIALLY TO THE

5744
04:04:44,120 --> 04:04:45,800
RODENT STUDY I DESCRIBED

5745
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:47,080
EARLIER.

5746
04:04:47,080 --> 04:04:48,000
WITH THE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT

5747
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:49,160
PERSPECTIVE.

5748
04:04:49,160 --> 04:04:51,080
ON THE LEFT IS THE SAME FAMILIAR

5749
04:04:51,080 --> 04:04:53,560
GRAPH I SHOWED EARLIER.

5750
04:04:53,560 --> 04:04:55,440
THE BLUE BAR TO THE RIGHT IS THE

5751
04:04:55,440 --> 04:04:57,080
BAR OF INTEREST, WHERE WE'RE

5752
04:04:57,080 --> 04:04:58,600
THINKING ABOUT THE CUMULATIVE

5753
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:01,000
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL WITH DIET.

5754
04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:03,560
HOWEVER, TO THINK OF DIET AS A

5755
04:05:03,560 --> 04:05:04,520
POSSIBLE MITIGATOR, WHICH IS

5756
04:05:04,520 --> 04:05:08,160
WHAT I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN AS

5757
04:05:08,160 --> 04:05:10,040
A DIETITIAN AND NUTRITION

5758
04:05:10,040 --> 04:05:12,560
PROFESSIONAL WE NEEDED TO CHANGE

5759
04:05:12,560 --> 04:05:14,480
OUR PERSPECTIVE SO THIS YELLOW

5760
04:05:14,480 --> 04:05:15,600
BAR IS OF INTEREST, POTENTIAL

5761
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:18,080
IMPACT OF A BETTER DIET IN

5762
04:05:18,080 --> 04:05:19,640
HUMANS THIS TIME ON HEALTH OF

5763
04:05:19,640 --> 04:05:21,680
PREGNANT WOMEN EXPOSED TO A

5764
04:05:21,680 --> 04:05:25,080
CHEMICAL WHICH IS WHAT WE CAN

5765
04:05:25,080 --> 04:05:25,680
ESSENTIALLY MODEL.

5766
04:05:25,680 --> 04:05:28,000
OF COURSE, HUMAN DATA WE CAN'T

5767
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:29,640
JUST TREAT OUR PARTICIPANTS WITH

5768
04:05:29,640 --> 04:05:31,680
CHEMICALS AND HIGH FAT DIET, SO

5769
04:05:31,680 --> 04:05:34,000
WE TAKE OTHER APPROACHES TO DO

5770
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:35,400
THIS WORK.

5771
04:05:35,400 --> 04:05:41,440
IN THIS STUDY OF INTEREST OUR

5772
04:05:41,440 --> 04:05:43,200
CHEMICAL WAS PARABENS,

5773
04:05:43,200 --> 04:05:44,280
UNDERSTANDING HOW SPECIFICALLY

5774
04:05:44,280 --> 04:05:47,360
MATERNAL DIET QUALITY RATHER

5775
04:05:47,360 --> 04:05:48,360
THAN SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS

5776
04:05:48,360 --> 04:05:49,320
POTENTIALLY MITIGATE THE IMPACT

5777
04:05:49,320 --> 04:05:58,480
OF PAR ABENS WITH FOCUS ON COMMN

5778
04:05:58,480 --> 04:05:59,320
BIRTH OUTCOMES LIKE GESTATIONAL

5779
04:05:59,320 --> 04:06:02,120
AGE AT BIRTH, BIRTH WEIGHT,

5780
04:06:02,120 --> 04:06:06,080
BIRTH LENGTH, SO ON.

5781
04:06:06,080 --> 04:06:08,200
WE OBSERVED THAT THE DELETERIOUS

5782
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:09,480
EFFECTS WERE ONLY OBSERVED IN

5783
04:06:09,480 --> 04:06:12,000
BABIES OF MOMS WHO CONSUMED A

5784
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:14,080
POOR DIET.

5785
04:06:14,080 --> 04:06:16,680
AND THE OPPOSITE INTERACTION OR

5786
04:06:16,680 --> 04:06:17,680
INTERPRETATION, WE OBSERVED NO

5787
04:06:17,680 --> 04:06:25,040
EFFECTS OF  OF PARABEN WITH BIRH

5788
04:06:25,040 --> 04:06:26,880
OUTCOMES OF HIGHER QUALITY

5789
04:06:26,880 --> 04:06:27,120
DIETS.

5790
04:06:27,120 --> 04:06:30,640
THIS IS SIMILAR BUT REVERSED IN

5791
04:06:30,640 --> 04:06:34,280
TERMS OF INTERPRETATION COMPARED

5792
04:06:34,280 --> 04:06:38,280
TO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL IN

5793
04:06:38,280 --> 04:06:39,920
RODENTS, ONLY OBSERVED IN BABY

5794
04:06:39,920 --> 04:06:41,880
GIRLS, AGAIN JUST TO COMPARE

5795
04:06:41,880 --> 04:06:44,560
THAT TO RODENT STUDIES, THAT'S

5796
04:06:44,560 --> 04:06:46,240
THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ASPECT

5797
04:06:46,240 --> 04:06:48,560
ALSO OBSERVED IN ESSENTIALLY ALL

5798
04:06:48,560 --> 04:06:53,600
OF OUR RODENT MODELS.

5799
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:54,640
SOME MAIN TAKEAWAYS WITH

5800
04:06:54,640 --> 04:06:55,760
BEAUTIFUL FOOD TO GET THROUGH

5801
04:06:55,760 --> 04:06:57,720
THE AFTERNOON.

5802
04:06:57,720 --> 04:06:59,040
WE KNOW EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

5803
04:06:59,040 --> 04:07:02,040
RELY ON HIGH QUALITY

5804
04:07:02,040 --> 04:07:02,960
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, THAT'S

5805
04:07:02,960 --> 04:07:06,920
REALLY IMPORTANT TO CARRY WITH

5806
04:07:06,920 --> 04:07:07,200
YOU.

5807
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:07,800
HOWEVER, EXPERIMENTAL MODELS

5808
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:11,120
THAT ARE REALLY GOOD SCIENCE BUT

5809
04:07:11,120 --> 04:07:12,080
POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE TO

5810
04:07:12,080 --> 04:07:15,200
LEAD TO COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

5811
04:07:15,200 --> 04:07:18,080
IN THEIR VALUE TO THE

5812
04:07:18,080 --> 04:07:18,960
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY.

5813
04:07:18,960 --> 04:07:20,400
HIGH QUALITY EXPERIMENTAL

5814
04:07:20,400 --> 04:07:21,160
STUDIES CONSIDER NUMEROUS

5815
04:07:21,160 --> 04:07:23,680
FACTORS IN A SHOULD BE REPORTED

5816
04:07:23,680 --> 04:07:26,360
AND INCLUDED IN RESULTING

5817
04:07:26,360 --> 04:07:28,040
MANUSCRIPTS, AND NOT SURE I CAN

5818
04:07:28,040 --> 04:07:32,400
CHANGE THE WORLD BUT POTENTIALLY

5819
04:07:32,400 --> 04:07:33,640
WE COULD CONSIDER INCLUDING

5820
04:07:33,640 --> 04:07:35,760
DISCUSSIONS OF STRENGTHS AND

5821
04:07:35,760 --> 04:07:37,680
LIMITATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL

5822
04:07:37,680 --> 04:07:39,880
STUDIES TO REALLY PROVIDE

5823
04:07:39,880 --> 04:07:41,960
INSIGHT FOR THE INEXPERIENCED

5824
04:07:41,960 --> 04:07:42,280
READER.

5825
04:07:42,280 --> 04:07:43,800
AGAIN, A QUICK THANK YOU.

5826
04:07:43,800 --> 04:07:47,280
AND I KNOW WE'LL TAKE QUESTIONS

5827
04:07:47,280 --> 04:07:48,360
AT THE END.

5828
04:07:48,360 --> 04:07:51,800
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

5829
04:07:51,800 --> 04:07:57,840
 

5830
04:07:57,840 --> 04:07:59,720
 

5831
04:07:59,720 --> 04:08:02,120
>>THANK YOU FOR YOUR

5832
04:08:02,120 --> 04:08:02,440
PRESENTATION.

5833
04:08:02,440 --> 04:08:05,560
WHAT WE'LL DO IS GO TO THE NEXT

5834
04:08:05,560 --> 04:08:07,800
SPEAKER, AND WE'LL HAVE A

5835
04:08:07,800 --> 04:08:09,040
COORDINATED DISCUSSION AT THE

5836
04:08:09,040 --> 04:08:10,880
END SINCE A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS

5837
04:08:10,880 --> 04:08:15,600
ARE GOING TO BE APPLIED TO

5838
04:08:15,600 --> 04:08:16,000
SPEAKERS.

5839
04:08:16,000 --> 04:08:24,480
DR. DAWSON, IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO

5840
04:08:24,480 --> 04:08:26,600
TAKE US FORWARD AND TO MICE AND

5841
04:08:26,600 --> 04:08:26,800
PIGS.

5842
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:29,160
>>I WAS INVITED TO
RECAPITULATE

5843
04:08:29,160 --> 04:08:33,760
PART OF A PRESENTATION AT ODS A

5844
04:08:33,760 --> 04:08:35,280
COUPLE WEEKS AGO.

5845
04:08:35,280 --> 04:08:38,040
AND TALK ABOUT MY OWN RESEARCH

5846
04:08:38,040 --> 04:08:40,200
PROGRAM, THEY ALSO WANTED ME TO

5847
04:08:40,200 --> 04:08:43,040
FOCUS A LITTLE BIT ON

5848
04:08:43,040 --> 04:08:46,480
INFLAMMATION AND ON WHAT WE KNEE

5849
04:08:46,480 --> 04:08:48,760
ABOUT TOXICITY STUDIES.

5850
04:08:48,760 --> 04:08:49,720
THAT'S WHERE WE ARE TODAY.

5851
04:08:49,720 --> 04:08:52,920
I WANT TO THANK THE AUDIENCE FOR

5852
04:08:52,920 --> 04:09:03,320
STAYING UNTIL THE LAST

5853
04:09:03,320 --> 04:09:04,320
PRESENTATION.

5854
04:09:04,320 --> 04:09:06,720
ONE BY SCIENTISTS WITH POSSIBLE

5855
04:09:06,720 --> 04:09:09,560
EXCEPTION OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES

5856
04:09:09,560 --> 04:09:11,280
IT IS APPARENT THAT THE PIG IS

5857
04:09:11,280 --> 04:09:14,680
THE BEST MODEL FOR STUDYING

5858
04:09:14,680 --> 04:09:20,280
NUTRITION IN THE OMNIVEROUS

5859
04:09:20,280 --> 04:09:22,040
HUMAN.

5860
04:09:22,040 --> 04:09:23,920
AND THAT WAS PRE-GENOMIC ERA,

5861
04:09:23,920 --> 04:09:26,720
I'LL BE ABLE TO UPDATE WHEN WE

5862
04:09:26,720 --> 04:09:29,360
PUBLISH OUR WORK IN A FEW

5863
04:09:29,360 --> 04:09:29,600
MONTHS.

5864
04:09:29,600 --> 04:09:34,600
SECOND QUOTE IS ALL MODELS ARE

5865
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:36,480
WRONG, HOW WRONG TO NOT BE

5866
04:09:36,480 --> 04:09:36,800
USEFUL?

5867
04:09:36,800 --> 04:09:43,920
THERE'S A FOLLOW-UP TO THAT.

5868
04:09:43,920 --> 04:09:45,760
BY THE MATHEMATICIAN GEORGE BOX,

5869
04:09:45,760 --> 04:09:47,080
SOME MODELS ARE USEFUL.

5870
04:09:47,080 --> 04:09:53,440
WE'LL TAKE A LOOK HERE AT THE

5871
04:09:53,440 --> 04:09:54,840
SPECIES USED FOR BIOMEDICAL

5872
04:09:54,840 --> 04:09:55,080
RESEARCH.

5873
04:09:55,080 --> 04:10:05,520
THIS IS AN OLDER SLIDE.

5874
04:10:06,720 --> 04:10:07,760
THEY WANTED TO KNOW PROPORTION

5875
04:10:07,760 --> 04:10:08,760
OF SPECIES BEING USED.

5876
04:10:08,760 --> 04:10:14,600
YOU CAN SEE RATS AND MICE

5877
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:15,320
PREDOMINATE, ALSO NON-HUMAN

5878
04:10:15,320 --> 04:10:18,720
PRIMATES, BUT YOU GOT TONE LARGE

5879
04:10:18,720 --> 04:10:21,240
IT, COME HERE TO SEE FARM

5880
04:10:21,240 --> 04:10:24,240
ANIMALS ARE 1%, OUT OF THAT 1% A

5881
04:10:24,240 --> 04:10:26,400
SMALL PERCENTAGE ARE IN FACT

5882
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:26,640
PIGS.

5883
04:10:26,640 --> 04:10:27,800
DESPITE THE FACT THEY WOULD SEEM

5884
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:31,720
TO BE THE MOST USEFUL MODEL FOR

5885
04:10:31,720 --> 04:10:33,080
HUMAN NUTRITION STUDIES, THEY

5886
04:10:33,080 --> 04:10:34,040
ARE UNDERUTILIZED.

5887
04:10:34,040 --> 04:10:37,160
WE DON'T HAVE DEFINITIVE DATA ON

5888
04:10:37,160 --> 04:10:39,320
NUTRITION RESEARCH BUT HAVE DATA

5889
04:10:39,320 --> 04:10:42,560
FROM LITERATURE THAT'S BEEN

5890
04:10:42,560 --> 04:10:43,160
PUBLISHED RECENTLY.

5891
04:10:43,160 --> 04:10:46,320
AGAIN, TOP TABLE IS FROM THE

5892
04:10:46,320 --> 04:10:46,800
U.K.

5893
04:10:46,800 --> 04:10:49,080
IN WHICH THEY ATTEMPTED TO TALLY

5894
04:10:49,080 --> 04:10:51,840
THE USE OF ALL ANIMALS, LIVE

5895
04:10:51,840 --> 04:10:54,200
ANIMAL RESEARCH, AND IF YOU COME

5896
04:10:54,200 --> 04:11:01,680
OVER AT THE END YOU CAN SEE IT

5897
04:11:01,680 --> 04:11:02,280
PREDOMINATES.

5898
04:11:02,280 --> 04:11:04,200
IN PARTICULAR, WITH IMMUNE

5899
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:05,840
SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE AND

5900
04:11:05,840 --> 04:11:09,960
METABOLIC SYSTEM, CLOSEST WE

5901
04:11:09,960 --> 04:11:12,720
COME TO IMMUNE AND NUTRITION,

5902
04:11:12,720 --> 04:11:17,000
THEY DOMINATE AT 95% AND 90%

5903
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:17,360
LEVEL.

5904
04:11:17,360 --> 04:11:21,160
AND THE USE OF THESE ANIMALS IN

5905
04:11:21,160 --> 04:11:22,360
THE TOXICOLOGIC LITERATURE, A

5906
04:11:22,360 --> 04:11:25,800
STUDY WAS PUBLISHED AROUND THE

5907
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:29,120
SAME TIME, 37 ORGANIZATIONS GOT

5908
04:11:29,120 --> 04:11:33,600
TOGETHER AND EVALUATED THE

5909
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:35,080
REGULATORY PROCESS OF 172 DRUGS,

5910
04:11:35,080 --> 04:11:37,320
ONE STATEMENT IN THERE STOOD

5911
04:11:37,320 --> 04:11:41,920
OUT, MINI PIG ONLY USED TO MODEL

5912
04:11:41,920 --> 04:11:43,760
ONE MOLECULE, ODD FOR ITS

5913
04:11:43,760 --> 04:11:47,640
TESTING ACROSS THE INDUSTRY.

5914
04:11:47,640 --> 04:11:52,560
WE THINK THE PIG IS HIGHLY

5915
04:11:52,560 --> 04:11:53,000
UNDERUTILIZED.

5916
04:11:53,000 --> 04:11:55,840
WE USE MICE, PIGS, AND HUMAN

5917
04:11:55,840 --> 04:11:57,920
CELL LINES IN MY RESEARCH,

5918
04:11:57,920 --> 04:11:59,040
OCCASIONALLY HUMAN CLINICAL

5919
04:11:59,040 --> 04:11:59,280
TRIALS.

5920
04:11:59,280 --> 04:12:01,800
SO WE USE ALL THREE OF THOSE IN

5921
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:02,400
OUR RESEARCH.

5922
04:12:02,400 --> 04:12:06,600
I DON'T WANT THIS TO TURN INTO A

5923
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:07,560
MOUSE OR RODENT BASHING SESSION

5924
04:12:07,560 --> 04:12:09,760
FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS, BUT

5925
04:12:09,760 --> 04:12:14,000
WHEN YOU SEE THAT 95% OF SPECIES

5926
04:12:14,000 --> 04:12:16,560
BEING USED, YOU HAVE TO QUESTION

5927
04:12:16,560 --> 04:12:18,520
HOW SIMILAR ARE SPECIES TO

5928
04:12:18,520 --> 04:12:19,760
JUSTIFY THAT USE OF RESOURCE.

5929
04:12:19,760 --> 04:12:23,440
THAT BRINGS US TO TODAY'S

5930
04:12:23,440 --> 04:12:24,080
PRESENTATION.

5931
04:12:24,080 --> 04:12:26,760
WE THINK PIGS ARE SCIENTIFICALLY

5932
04:12:26,760 --> 04:12:27,920
INTERMEDIATE SPECIES, YOU CAN

5933
04:12:27,920 --> 04:12:30,320
MODEL THINGS IN RODENTS, GO TO

5934
04:12:30,320 --> 04:12:33,640
PIGS, AND GO INTO HUMANS WITHOUT

5935
04:12:33,640 --> 04:12:38,040
HAVING TO INVOLVE CANINES OR

5936
04:12:38,040 --> 04:12:38,600
NON-HUMAN PRIMATE.

5937
04:12:38,600 --> 04:12:41,280
IN ORDER TO ASSESS THIS WE USE

5938
04:12:41,280 --> 04:12:41,920
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS.

5939
04:12:41,920 --> 04:12:43,920
THIS IS A SLIDE FROM THE

5940
04:12:43,920 --> 04:12:47,960
NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH

5941
04:12:47,960 --> 04:12:48,360
INSTITUTE.

5942
04:12:48,360 --> 04:12:51,600
THIS RESEARCH HAS A BUNCH OF

5943
04:12:51,600 --> 04:12:53,480
DIFFERENT -- THE WIDTH OF FOCUS

5944
04:12:53,480 --> 04:12:57,480
AND FIRST SECTION HERE WE LOOK

5945
04:12:57,480 --> 04:12:58,480
AT CROSS-SPECIES COMPARING TO

5946
04:12:58,480 --> 04:13:00,960
SEE WHETHER THINGS ARE DIFFERENT

5947
04:13:00,960 --> 04:13:02,160
OR THE SAME.

5948
04:13:02,160 --> 04:13:04,360
YOU CAN LOOK WITHIN PRIMATES,

5949
04:13:04,360 --> 04:13:07,040
FOR EXAMPLE, TO FIND GENES THAT

5950
04:13:07,040 --> 04:13:08,240
ARE INVOLVED IN VARIOUS

5951
04:13:08,240 --> 04:13:10,080
PHENOMENON IN A.

5952
04:13:10,080 --> 04:13:12,000
THIS WORK LED TO IDENTIFICATION

5953
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:15,680
OF GENES IN A WE PUTATIVELY

5954
04:13:15,680 --> 04:13:16,800
THINK ARE INVOLVED IN

5955
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:20,960
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN  HUMAN SPE.

5956
04:13:20,960 --> 04:13:23,600
THIS IS COMPARING HUMANS TO

5957
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:24,320
ENTHUSIASMS, LIKE THE THOUSAND

5958
04:13:24,320 --> 04:13:27,000
GENOME PROJECT LOOKING AT THE

5959
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:28,320
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYMORPHISMS

5960
04:13:28,320 --> 04:13:30,080
AND GENE COPY NUMBER WOULD GIVE

5961
04:13:30,080 --> 04:13:32,000
US THAT INFORMATION.

5962
04:13:32,000 --> 04:13:33,440
FOR OUR RESEARCH WE FOCUS ON

5963
04:13:33,440 --> 04:13:36,320
FIVE QUESTIONS.

5964
04:13:36,320 --> 04:13:39,080
IS THE GENE THERE OR NOT?

5965
04:13:39,080 --> 04:13:42,440
IS THE GENE OR PROTEIN SIMILAR?

5966
04:13:42,440 --> 04:13:44,280
IS IT EXPRESSED IN SIMILAR CELL

5967
04:13:44,280 --> 04:13:44,640
TYPES?

5968
04:13:44,640 --> 04:13:46,680
IS IT REGULATED IN A SIMILAR

5969
04:13:46,680 --> 04:13:47,920
MANNER TO STIMULUS?

5970
04:13:47,920 --> 04:13:50,200
AND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GENE IS

5971
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:51,800
MISSING AND YOU INTRODUCE A GENE

5972
04:13:51,800 --> 04:13:53,280
FROM A FOREIGN SPECIES TO TRY TO

5973
04:13:53,280 --> 04:13:56,320
MAKE UP FOR THAT MISSING GENE?

5974
04:13:56,320 --> 04:13:58,680
WE WON'T COVER ALL THAT TODAY.

5975
04:13:58,680 --> 04:14:00,480
WE'LL FOCUS ON THREE OF THESE.

5976
04:14:00,480 --> 04:14:04,520
LET'S START OUT IS THE GENE

5977
04:14:04,520 --> 04:14:04,800
CONSERVED?

5978
04:14:04,800 --> 04:14:06,480
PART OF THE FOCUS OF THIS

5979
04:14:06,480 --> 04:14:08,360
MEETING IS SO SCIENCE

5980
04:14:08,360 --> 04:14:10,640
COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS, I'VE

5981
04:14:10,640 --> 04:14:14,480
CHOSEN A COUPLE SLIDES ON THE

5982
04:14:14,480 --> 04:14:15,080
BORDERLINE OF RIDICULOUS BUT

5983
04:14:15,080 --> 04:14:16,440
THEY ARE OUT THERE.

5984
04:14:16,440 --> 04:14:18,760
WHEN THE MOUSE GENOME WAS FIRST

5985
04:14:18,760 --> 04:14:21,280
FINISHED, AND THEN THE HUMAN

5986
04:14:21,280 --> 04:14:23,080
GENOME WAS FINISHED, THE

5987
04:14:23,080 --> 04:14:26,440
HEADLINES PROCLAIMED THAT MICE

5988
04:14:26,440 --> 04:14:29,520
AND HUMANS WERE 99% SIMILAR,

5989
04:14:29,520 --> 04:14:33,120
SHARE 99% OF GENES.

5990
04:14:33,120 --> 04:14:37,240
LATER ON I GUESS THEY TONED IT

5991
04:14:37,240 --> 04:14:41,760
DOWN, 2% OF DNA TURNS MICE INTO

5992
04:14:41,760 --> 04:14:42,200
MEN.

5993
04:14:42,200 --> 04:14:52,680
TAKE A BRIEF BREAK HERE. 

5994
04:14:54,520 --> 04:14:55,760
ORTHOOLOGY IS AN INEXACT

5995
04:14:55,760 --> 04:14:56,080
SCIENCE.

5996
04:14:56,080 --> 04:14:59,440
YOU CAN FIND CRAZY STUFF ON THE

5997
04:14:59,440 --> 04:15:00,800
INTERNET STUFF.

5998
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:03,120
LEFT SIDE IS FACEBOOK

5999
04:15:03,120 --> 04:15:05,040
POTENTIALLY FROM MYTH BUSTERS.

6000
04:15:05,040 --> 04:15:08,040
THEY PUT A STATEMENT OUT THAT

6001
04:15:08,040 --> 04:15:12,520
HUMANS SHARE 98% OF DNA WITH

6002
04:15:12,520 --> 04:15:13,200
CHIMPS.

6003
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:13,960
70% SLUGS.

6004
04:15:13,960 --> 04:15:14,400
50% BANANAS.

6005
04:15:14,400 --> 04:15:16,400
IF YOU GO ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE

6006
04:15:16,400 --> 04:15:20,880
OF THE SCREEN AND LOOK AT THREE

6007
04:15:20,880 --> 04:15:21,480
METHODS OF DETERMINING

6008
04:15:21,480 --> 04:15:25,480
ORTHOOLOGY, YOU'LL FIND IT'S

6009
04:15:25,480 --> 04:15:28,160
ROUGHLY 20%. 

6010
04:15:28,160 --> 04:15:30,160
IF YOU RELY ON INTERNET MEMES

6011
04:15:30,160 --> 04:15:31,800
YOU BELIEVE THE 50%.

6012
04:15:31,800 --> 04:15:35,360
BACK TO OUR SHOW, A MORE

6013
04:15:35,360 --> 04:15:39,360
REALISTIC ESTIMATE IS THAT MICE

6014
04:15:39,360 --> 04:15:43,760
SHARE PROBABLY 70% OF ORTOLOGY

6015
04:15:43,760 --> 04:15:44,680
WITH HUMANS.

6016
04:15:44,680 --> 04:15:47,440
IF YOU LOOK HERE, THEY DON'T

6017
04:15:47,440 --> 04:15:50,480
EVEN SHARE 100% WITH RATS.

6018
04:15:50,480 --> 04:15:51,480
THE REASON I'M ILLUSTRATING THIS

6019
04:15:51,480 --> 04:15:54,240
IS I DON'T THINK THERE'S AN

6020
04:15:54,240 --> 04:15:56,840
APPRECIATION IN MY EXPERIENCE

6021
04:15:56,840 --> 04:15:58,960
PRESENTING DATA OVER THE YEARS

6022
04:15:58,960 --> 04:16:01,360
HOY DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE ARE.

6023
04:16:01,360 --> 04:16:04,520
WE ATTEMPTED TO TRY TO FIGURE

6024
04:16:04,520 --> 04:16:05,360
OUT ESSENTIALLY WHERE PIGS FIT

6025
04:16:05,360 --> 04:16:09,520
IN WITH ALL OF THIS.

6026
04:16:09,520 --> 04:16:10,960
WE TOOK 36,000 GENES AT THE

6027
04:16:10,960 --> 04:16:13,400
MOMENT, THERE'S A LOT MORE THAN

6028
04:16:13,400 --> 04:16:14,080
THAT, BUT WE DETERMINED WHETHER

6029
04:16:14,080 --> 04:16:21,600
OR NOT IT'S THERE OR NOT BY

6030
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:21,840
HAND.

6031
04:16:21,840 --> 04:16:27,080
THERE'S A CORE GROUP IN THE

6032
04:16:27,080 --> 04:16:27,440
CENTER.

6033
04:16:27,440 --> 04:16:28,400
THREE SPECIES SHARE 80% AT

6034
04:16:28,400 --> 04:16:30,680
ONE-TO-ONE LEVEL.

6035
04:16:30,680 --> 04:16:33,000
I CHEATED BECAUSE I GOT RID OF

6036
04:16:33,000 --> 04:16:35,160
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS.

6037
04:16:35,160 --> 04:16:37,600
PIGS HAVE ABOUT 2,000, MICE HAVE

6038
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:37,960
1,000.

6039
04:16:37,960 --> 04:16:41,200
A LOT MORE THAN YOU AND I.

6040
04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:42,720
IF YOU CONSIDER PIGS ARE USED,

6041
04:16:42,720 --> 04:16:45,720
FOR EXAMPLE, TO FIND TRUFFLES IN

6042
04:16:45,720 --> 04:16:47,000
FRANCE BECAUSE VERY LARGE

6043
04:16:47,000 --> 04:16:48,040
PORTION OF THEIR BRAIN IS

6044
04:16:48,040 --> 04:16:51,200
DEVOTED TO THE SENSE OF

6045
04:16:51,200 --> 04:16:51,800
OLFACTION.

6046
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:55,000
IF YOU TAKE THOSE OUT, COME UP

6047
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:56,120
WITH THESE NUMBERS.

6048
04:16:56,120 --> 04:16:57,240
AND ANOTHER REASON WHY I TOOK

6049
04:16:57,240 --> 04:17:02,520
THEM OUT IT'S NOT EASY TO

6050
04:17:02,520 --> 04:17:03,720
DETERMINE THE ONE ORTHOLOGY

6051
04:17:03,720 --> 04:17:04,960
BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN REPEATED

6052
04:17:04,960 --> 04:17:10,080
OVER AND OVER AGAIN.

6053
04:17:10,080 --> 04:17:11,640
WE'VE PUBLISHED INFORMATION, 8

6054
04:17:11,640 --> 04:17:14,160
PAPERS ON THESE PARTICULAR

6055
04:17:14,160 --> 04:17:17,560
CLASSES OF GENES, FOCUSING ON

6056
04:17:17,560 --> 04:17:18,440
IMMUNOLOGY INFLAMMATION, OUR

6057
04:17:18,440 --> 04:17:20,960
DATA SHOWS THERE'S AN

6058
04:17:20,960 --> 04:17:22,720
OVERWHELMING SIMILARITY BETWEEN

6059
04:17:22,720 --> 04:17:27,040
PIGS AND HUMANS COMPARISON TO

6060
04:17:27,040 --> 04:17:28,280
MICE.

6061
04:17:28,280 --> 04:17:31,120
IT'S IN THE WORKS, TWO BE ON

6062
04:17:31,120 --> 04:17:36,160
THREE MANUSCRIPTS RELATED TO

6063
04:17:36,160 --> 04:17:41,680
GENES, NUTRITION AND METABOLISM.

6064
04:17:41,680 --> 04:17:43,080
AT THE BOTTOM LINE HERE WHEN THE

6065
04:17:43,080 --> 04:17:45,320
GENE IS MISSING FROM ONE OF THE

6066
04:17:45,320 --> 04:17:46,520
THREE GENOMES, PIGS ARE FIVE

6067
04:17:46,520 --> 04:17:51,360
TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE THE

6068
04:17:51,360 --> 04:17:52,240
HUMAN GENE THAN MICE.

6069
04:17:52,240 --> 04:17:56,320
IF YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THOSE

6070
04:17:56,320 --> 04:17:59,040
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM-RELATED

6071
04:17:59,040 --> 04:18:00,760
GENES, WE DETERMINED THERE'S

6072
04:18:00,760 --> 04:18:04,640
1500 GENES, PIGS HAVE AROUND

6073
04:18:04,640 --> 04:18:05,880
FOUR-FOLD LESS UNIQUE GENES THAN

6074
04:18:05,880 --> 04:18:07,240
MICE OR HUMANS.

6075
04:18:07,240 --> 04:18:08,280
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS SLIDE WHEN

6076
04:18:08,280 --> 04:18:11,160
ONE GENE IS MISSING FROM THE

6077
04:18:11,160 --> 04:18:15,480
GENOME, THE FREQUENCY OF GENE

6078
04:18:15,480 --> 04:18:17,440
PRESERVATION IS MORE THAN TEN

6079
04:18:17,440 --> 04:18:21,120
TIMES SIMILAR, TAKING 120 AND

6080
04:18:21,120 --> 04:18:22,400
DIVIDING BY 17.

6081
04:18:22,400 --> 04:18:26,040
THESE PARTICULAR UNIQUE CLASSES

6082
04:18:26,040 --> 04:18:29,600
OF GENES ARE THE AMYLASES

6083
04:18:29,600 --> 04:18:31,280
INVOLVED IN STARCH DIGESTION,

6084
04:18:31,280 --> 04:18:32,240
CYTOCHROME P450 SYSTEM WHICH

6085
04:18:32,240 --> 04:18:40,160
I'LL TALK IN A FEW SECONDS,

6086
04:18:40,160 --> 04:18:43,320
LIPASES, TASTE RECEPTORS, GENES

6087
04:18:43,320 --> 04:18:52,720
IN A AND C METABOLISM AND

6088
04:18:52,720 --> 04:18:53,400
ZINC-CONTAINING KRAB-A BOX

6089
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:54,800
PROTEIN, DIFFERENT BETWEEN MICE

6090
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:55,920
AND HUMANS, WE CONFIRMED THAT

6091
04:18:55,920 --> 04:18:59,720
TRUE IS THE PIG ALTHOUGH THERE'S

6092
04:18:59,720 --> 04:19:00,320
MORE SIMILARITIES.

6093
04:19:00,320 --> 04:19:06,080
LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT ONE SYSTEM.

6094
04:19:06,080 --> 04:19:09,920
THESE GENES ARE INVOLVED IN THE

6095
04:19:09,920 --> 04:19:11,760
ACTIVATION OR DETOXIFICATION OR

6096
04:19:11,760 --> 04:19:16,160
METABOLISM OF A WIDE VARIETY OF

6097
04:19:16,160 --> 04:19:18,120
MYCOTOXINS, CARCINOGENS,

6098
04:19:18,120 --> 04:19:20,200
STEROIDS, HORMONES, VITAMINS,

6099
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:23,680
YOU NAME IT.

6100
04:19:23,680 --> 04:19:25,520
NEURAL TRANSMITTERS, DRUGS, BILE

6101
04:19:25,520 --> 04:19:25,920
ACIDS.

6102
04:19:25,920 --> 04:19:28,920
THE HUMAN GENOME HAS 59 OF THESE

6103
04:19:28,920 --> 04:19:30,560
GENES.

6104
04:19:30,560 --> 04:19:33,120
PIGS HAVE 7 4.

6105
04:19:33,120 --> 04:19:34,520
MICE HAVE 101.

6106
04:19:34,520 --> 04:19:37,280
THESE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 47

6107
04:19:37,280 --> 04:19:37,600
SUBFAMILIES.

6108
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:42,400
THEY ARE FOUND IN THE LIVER AND

6109
04:19:42,400 --> 04:19:43,200
KIDNEY AND INTESTINE, EXPRESSION

6110
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:45,720
IN HEART AND BRAIN AND OTHER

6111
04:19:45,720 --> 04:19:46,480
TISSUES.

6112
04:19:46,480 --> 04:19:47,800
THERE'S CONSIDERABLE SPECIES

6113
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:49,480
SPECIFICITY IN RESPONSES SO THAT

6114
04:19:49,480 --> 04:19:51,800
MINOR DIFFERENCES IN AMINO ACIDS

6115
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:53,240
SEQUENCES AROUND THE CATALYTIC

6116
04:19:53,240 --> 04:19:55,520
SITE LEADS TO VERY LARGE

6117
04:19:55,520 --> 04:19:56,640
DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTRATE

6118
04:19:56,640 --> 04:19:56,960
SPECIFICITY.

6119
04:19:56,960 --> 04:20:00,320
THAT ALSO HOLDS THROUGH FOR

6120
04:20:00,320 --> 04:20:01,680
POLYMORPHISMS IN HUMANS, SO THE

6121
04:20:01,680 --> 04:20:03,440
OPPOSITE IS ALSO TRUE.

6122
04:20:03,440 --> 04:20:07,160
SOME ENZYMES THAT DON'T HAVE

6123
04:20:07,160 --> 04:20:10,360
VERY MUCH SEQUENCE SIMILARITY

6124
04:20:10,360 --> 04:20:13,320
METABOLIZE VERY SIMILAR

6125
04:20:13,320 --> 04:20:14,000
SUBSTRATES TO SIMILAR PRODUCTS.

6126
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:17,160
LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT WE

6127
04:20:17,160 --> 04:20:18,800
FOUND.

6128
04:20:18,800 --> 04:20:24,720
HERE IS THE ANALYSIS OF THE

6129
04:20:24,720 --> 04:20:27,000
COMBINED 234 PROTEINS, MICE HAVE

6130
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:29,680
65 UNIQUE ONES, TWO TIMES MORE

6131
04:20:29,680 --> 04:20:31,160
THAN HUMANS OR PIGS.

6132
04:20:31,160 --> 04:20:36,320
THERE'S A CORE GROUP OF 33 GENES

6133
04:20:36,320 --> 04:20:37,760
CONSERVED AMONG THE SPECIES.

6134
04:20:37,760 --> 04:20:40,480
WHAT DO THEY DO?

6135
04:20:40,480 --> 04:20:43,080
WE DID SOME BIOINFORMATICS

6136
04:20:43,080 --> 04:20:44,800
ANALYSIS, RAN THROUGH REACTOME

6137
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:47,280
PIPELINE, AND THEY ARE INVOLVED

6138
04:20:47,280 --> 04:20:50,680
IN THESE PARTICULAR PATHWAYS.

6139
04:20:50,680 --> 04:20:55,240
STEROID METABOLISM, METABOLISM

6140
04:20:55,240 --> 04:21:00,480
OF FATTY ACIDS, ACID, BILE SALT

6141
04:21:00,480 --> 04:21:01,000
METABOLISM, XENOBIOTIC,

6142
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:09,480
SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDIN, IT

6143
04:21:09,480 --> 04:21:10,360
DOESN'T TELL YOU ANYTHING, JUST

6144
04:21:10,360 --> 04:21:11,800
WHETHER THEY ARE PRESENT.

6145
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:17,520
HERE IS A GROUP OF GENES, CYP1A

6146
04:21:17,520 --> 04:21:23,840
SUBFAMILY INVOLVED IN METABOLISM

6147
04:21:23,840 --> 04:21:26,400
OF MYCOTOXINS AND AROMATIC

6148
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:26,640
AMINES.

6149
04:21:26,640 --> 04:21:29,440
THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN ENZYMES

6150
04:21:29,440 --> 04:21:36,360
TOWARDS SUBSTRATES AMONG HUMANS

6151
04:21:36,360 --> 04:21:41,480
AND RATS AND MICE.

6152
04:21:41,480 --> 04:21:44,440
THEY CAN METABOLIZE DIOXINS.

6153
04:21:44,440 --> 04:21:49,160
ON THE RIGHT-HAND SLIDE I HAVE

6154
04:21:49,160 --> 04:21:50,360
DIFFERENT PROTEINS ANALYZED

6155
04:21:50,360 --> 04:21:51,400
ACCORDING TO PHYLOGENETIC

6156
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:51,960
DIFFERENCES.

6157
04:21:51,960 --> 04:21:54,760
THINK OF THIS AS EVOLUTIONARY

6158
04:21:54,760 --> 04:21:55,160
TREE.

6159
04:21:55,160 --> 04:21:56,840
IN EACH CASE HUMAN AND PIG ARE

6160
04:21:56,840 --> 04:21:58,440
MORE SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER.

6161
04:21:58,440 --> 04:22:00,240
AND THESE TWO GROUPS OF GENES

6162
04:22:00,240 --> 04:22:05,400
ARE VERY DISTANT FROM THE SECOND

6163
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:06,560
CYP1AB GENE.

6164
04:22:06,560 --> 04:22:11,600
TAKE DISTANCES, TO THE NODE OF

6165
04:22:11,600 --> 04:22:14,120
THE MOST COMMON ANCESTRAL GENE,

6166
04:22:14,120 --> 04:22:15,200
YOU CAN CALCULATE HOW CLOSE

6167
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:17,640
THESE ARE WHICH IS GOING TO BE

6168
04:22:17,640 --> 04:22:20,040
INDICATOR OF THE LIKELY

6169
04:22:20,040 --> 04:22:22,880
SIMILARITIES OF THESE THINGS IN

6170
04:22:22,880 --> 04:22:23,320
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY.

6171
04:22:23,320 --> 04:22:26,800
IN FACT WE'VE DONE THAT FOR THE

6172
04:22:26,800 --> 04:22:29,880
WHOLE CLASS OF THESE CYP 450

6173
04:22:29,880 --> 04:22:31,600
GENES, 33 CONSERVED, WE CAN SEE

6174
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:32,720
THE AVERAGE DISTANCE OF THE

6175
04:22:32,720 --> 04:22:35,560
COMMON NODE IN THE MOUSE AND

6176
04:22:35,560 --> 04:22:38,640
PIG, THE MOUSE IS LARGER THAN

6177
04:22:38,640 --> 04:22:39,120
THE PIG.

6178
04:22:39,120 --> 04:22:43,040
YOU COMPARE TO HUMAN, IT'S

6179
04:22:43,040 --> 04:22:44,280
1.8-FOLD MORE THAN HUMAN,

6180
04:22:44,280 --> 04:22:45,240
1.3-FOLD MORE.

6181
04:22:45,240 --> 04:22:47,560
PIGS HAVE A GREATER SIMILARITY

6182
04:22:47,560 --> 04:22:50,120
TO HUMAN FOR 26 OF THESE.

6183
04:22:50,120 --> 04:22:52,520
MOUSE HAS A GREATER SIMILARITY

6184
04:22:52,520 --> 04:22:54,360
TO PIG FOR 7.

6185
04:22:54,360 --> 04:22:55,600
ROUGHLY A 3 TO 1 RATIO.

6186
04:22:55,600 --> 04:22:57,600
IF YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THE BOTTOM

6187
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:00,200
YOU CAN SEE THE MOUSE AND HUMAN

6188
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:01,840
IN FACT ARE STATISTICALLY

6189
04:23:01,840 --> 04:23:02,920
DIFFERENT FROM ONE ANOTHER.

6190
04:23:02,920 --> 04:23:04,240
THE PIG AND HUMAN ARE

6191
04:23:04,240 --> 04:23:07,840
STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT FROM ONE

6192
04:23:07,840 --> 04:23:08,200
ANOTHER.

6193
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:11,800
MOUSE TO HUMAN AND PIG TO HUMAN

6194
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:13,120
RATIO IS ROUGHLY 2 TO 1.

6195
04:23:13,120 --> 04:23:15,440
THAT COULD TELL US SOMETHING

6196
04:23:15,440 --> 04:23:16,800
ABOUT THE FUNCTIONALITY OF

6197
04:23:16,800 --> 04:23:18,080
THESE, IF YOU'RE DECIDING TO

6198
04:23:18,080 --> 04:23:21,320
STUDY THESE IN A MODEL OF

6199
04:23:21,320 --> 04:23:21,760
INTEREST.

6200
04:23:21,760 --> 04:23:26,240
LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT'S NOT

6201
04:23:26,240 --> 04:23:26,800
CONSERVED.

6202
04:23:26,800 --> 04:23:29,320
LET'S FOCUS ON THE 7 FOUND IN

6203
04:23:29,320 --> 04:23:31,960
THE HUMAN AND PIG AND THEN THE 1

6204
04:23:31,960 --> 04:23:33,480
FOUND IN THE HUMAN AND MOUSE AND

6205
04:23:33,480 --> 04:23:34,800
NOT PIG.

6206
04:23:34,800 --> 04:23:37,160
THAT'S A 7 TO 1 RATIO.

6207
04:23:37,160 --> 04:23:39,720
THESE ARE INVOLVED IN XENOBIOTIC

6208
04:23:39,720 --> 04:23:40,240
METABOLISM.

6209
04:23:40,240 --> 04:23:42,480
ONE IS ORPHAN ENZYME, WE DON'T

6210
04:23:42,480 --> 04:23:44,120
KNOW WHAT IT DOES.

6211
04:23:44,120 --> 04:23:49,360
SOME THESE ARE INVOLVED IN

6212
04:23:49,360 --> 04:23:54,320
SYNTHESIS OF THESE HYDROXY TETRA

6213
04:23:54,320 --> 04:23:56,280
ACID, AND ONE HUMAN AND MOUSE IS

6214
04:23:56,280 --> 04:24:03,160
INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF

6215
04:24:03,160 --> 04:24:04,280
ALDOSTERONE.

6216
04:24:04,280 --> 04:24:04,920
SO, FOR THESE SPECIES-SPECIFIC

6217
04:24:04,920 --> 04:24:07,600
GENES IF YOU DO THIS SIMILAR

6218
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:11,520
ANALYSIS YOU CAN SEE, I WON'T GO

6219
04:24:11,520 --> 04:24:12,760
INTO EACH, XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM

6220
04:24:12,760 --> 04:24:17,280
IS THE NUMBER ONE PATHWAY OF

6221
04:24:17,280 --> 04:24:25,160
UNIQUE GENES, ALONG WITH

6222
04:24:25,160 --> 04:24:26,920
AFLATOXIN ACTIVATION, SOME

6223
04:24:26,920 --> 04:24:27,920
PATHWAYS WILL LIKELY DIFFER.

6224
04:24:27,920 --> 04:24:29,240
THE PROBLEM WITH ME SAYING THE

6225
04:24:29,240 --> 04:24:31,560
PIG IS SIMILAR IS WE JUST DON'T

6226
04:24:31,560 --> 04:24:32,760
KNOW WHAT THESE UNIQUE PIG GENES

6227
04:24:32,760 --> 04:24:34,920
DO FOR THE MOST PART.

6228
04:24:34,920 --> 04:24:37,760
WE DO HAVE SOME IDEA.

6229
04:24:37,760 --> 04:24:38,600
THERE'S TWO CHARACTERIZED.

6230
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:41,400
SO IF YOU COME HERE AND TAKE A

6231
04:24:41,400 --> 04:24:43,560
LOOK, FOR EXAMPLE, AT BILE ACID

6232
04:24:43,560 --> 04:24:45,600
METABOLISM WHICH I INDICATED WAS

6233
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:49,080
SIMILAR IN THE 33 CONSERVED

6234
04:24:49,080 --> 04:24:51,000
GENES, IN FACT UP UNTIL A

6235
04:24:51,000 --> 04:24:54,360
CERTAIN POINT IT IS NOT

6236
04:24:54,360 --> 04:24:54,800
CONSERVED.

6237
04:24:54,800 --> 04:24:55,840
ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE OF THE

6238
04:24:55,840 --> 04:24:58,920
SCREEN WE HAVE WHAT HAPPENS IN

6239
04:24:58,920 --> 04:25:03,080
HUMAN LIVER, AND DISTRIBUTION OF

6240
04:25:03,080 --> 04:25:09,600
MAJOR BILE ACIDS SO COALIC IN

6241
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:15,320
YELLOW, SOME OTHER SPECIES ARE

6242
04:25:15,320 --> 04:25:20,240
INDICATED HERE. 

6243
04:25:20,240 --> 04:25:28,080
MICE HAVE CHOLIC, INSTEAD MAKE

6244
04:25:28,080 --> 04:25:30,720
MURICHOLIC ACID.

6245
04:25:30,720 --> 04:25:32,600
PIGS MAKE HYDRO CHOLIC ACID.

6246
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:35,880
YOU HAVE TO SPLIT BETWEEN THE

6247
04:25:35,880 --> 04:25:36,400
SPECIES.

6248
04:25:36,400 --> 04:25:37,840
THEY ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT

6249
04:25:37,840 --> 04:25:41,640
FROM EACH OTHER. 

6250
04:25:41,640 --> 04:25:44,520
THERE HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTS, FOR

6251
04:25:44,520 --> 04:25:47,000
EXAMPLE, I'LL MENTION THIS, THEY

6252
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:50,000
STRIPPED OUT HUMAN GENES, OR I'M

6253
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:51,520
SORRY STRIPPED OUT THE MOUSE

6254
04:25:51,520 --> 04:25:54,440
GENES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR

6255
04:25:54,440 --> 04:25:55,680
BILE ACID SYNTHESIS AND PUT

6256
04:25:55,680 --> 04:25:58,280
HUMAN GENES IN TO HUMANIZE THE

6257
04:25:58,280 --> 04:25:58,480
MICE.

6258
04:25:58,480 --> 04:26:02,480
WHAT THEY FIND IS THAT IT

6259
04:26:02,480 --> 04:26:03,480
DOESN'T RECAPITULATE HUMAN

6260
04:26:03,480 --> 04:26:03,880
PHYSIOLOGY.

6261
04:26:03,880 --> 04:26:06,720
IN FACT SOME BILE ACIDS ARE

6262
04:26:06,720 --> 04:26:06,920
TOXIC.

6263
04:26:06,920 --> 04:26:08,800
IT'S NOT SURPRISING IF YOU

6264
04:26:08,800 --> 04:26:10,600
CONSIDER THESE SPECIES HAVE BEEN

6265
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:13,440
AROUND FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS

6266
04:26:13,440 --> 04:26:16,600
SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER, AND

6267
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:18,400
THE MOUSE HAS NEVER SEEN THESE

6268
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:20,400
ACIDS IN THE AMOUNTS BEING

6269
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:20,680
PRODUCED.

6270
04:26:20,680 --> 04:26:23,280
SO, THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHERE

6271
04:26:23,280 --> 04:26:26,040
YOU HAVE TO PICK AND CHOOSE

6272
04:26:26,040 --> 04:26:28,240
WHICH SYSTEM YOU WANT TO USE

6273
04:26:28,240 --> 04:26:30,520
BASED UPON WHAT YOU ARE

6274
04:26:30,520 --> 04:26:40,400
INTERESTED IN SEEING. 

6275
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:42,920
IF YOU'RE DOING CHENODEOYCHOLIC

6276
04:26:42,920 --> 04:26:44,120
ACID YOU MIGHT USE PIG AND

6277
04:26:44,120 --> 04:26:44,840
HUMAN.

6278
04:26:44,840 --> 04:26:46,840
IS THE GENE AND PROTEIN

6279
04:26:46,840 --> 04:26:48,080
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONALLY

6280
04:26:48,080 --> 04:26:48,800
SIMILAR?

6281
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:51,000
IS IT REGULATED IN THE SIMILAR

6282
04:26:51,000 --> 04:26:52,320
MANNER TO STIMULUS?

6283
04:26:52,320 --> 04:26:53,920
THIS IS A RATHER CONVOLUTED

6284
04:26:53,920 --> 04:26:56,040
DIAGRAM FROM ONE OF OUR

6285
04:26:56,040 --> 04:26:56,400
PUBLICATIONS.

6286
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,320
I DO NOT WANT YOU TO FOCUS IN ON

6287
04:26:59,320 --> 04:27:02,600
THIS OTHER THAN THE RESPONSE TO

6288
04:27:02,600 --> 04:27:05,080
SOMETHING LIKE A BACTERIA IS

6289
04:27:05,080 --> 04:27:06,680
VERY COMPLICATED, AT THE END OF

6290
04:27:06,680 --> 04:27:10,640
THE DAY ALL OF THESE PATHWAYS

6291
04:27:10,640 --> 04:27:12,480
FEEDBACK INTO THE PRODUCTION OF

6292
04:27:12,480 --> 04:27:14,920
INTERLEUKIN 1, A KEY REGULATORY

6293
04:27:14,920 --> 04:27:18,720
CYTOKINE IN THE PROCESS OF

6294
04:27:18,720 --> 04:27:19,040
INFLAMMATION.

6295
04:27:19,040 --> 04:27:21,120
AND UP HERE IN THE LEFT HAND

6296
04:27:21,120 --> 04:27:25,400
CORNER WE HAVE RESPONSES TO LPS

6297
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:27,200
WHICH IS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE,

6298
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:29,400
COMPONENT OF THE OUTER WALL OF

6299
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,480
GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA, A POTENT

6300
04:27:32,480 --> 04:27:33,200
INFLAMMATORY COMPOUND.

6301
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:34,520
ALSO FEEDS IN HERE.

6302
04:27:34,520 --> 04:27:37,440
THE BOX THAT I HAVE INDICATED

6303
04:27:37,440 --> 04:27:40,440
HERE IS WHAT'S CONSIDERED TO BE

6304
04:27:40,440 --> 04:27:41,880
THE INFLAMMASOME.

6305
04:27:41,880 --> 04:27:45,080
THIS IS NOT ACTIVE, JUST

6306
04:27:45,080 --> 04:27:48,560
ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO

6307
04:27:48,560 --> 04:27:52,320
BACTERIAL PRODUCTS BUT ALSO IN

6308
04:27:52,320 --> 04:27:54,800
RESPONSE TO TOXICANTS AND HEAVY

6309
04:27:54,800 --> 04:27:55,160
METALS.

6310
04:27:55,160 --> 04:27:57,920
I'LL SHOW THAT IN A SECOND.

6311
04:27:57,920 --> 04:27:59,760
THERE'S A GROWING LITERATURE TO

6312
04:27:59,760 --> 04:28:02,200
SHOW THAT HEAVY METALS IN FACT

6313
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:04,240
INTERACT WITH THESE COMPONENTS

6314
04:28:04,240 --> 04:28:06,880
OF THE INFLAMMASOME, SO IN THE

6315
04:28:06,880 --> 04:28:16,280
FIRST STUDY THESE ARE DIFFERENT

6316
04:28:16,280 --> 04:28:17,200
ARSENICALS, INHIBITED.

6317
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:19,680
SECOND STUDY MERCURY AND ARSENIC

6318
04:28:19,680 --> 04:28:24,720
BUT NOT CADMIUM OR LEAD

6319
04:28:24,720 --> 04:28:26,280
INHIBITED THIS CANONICAL NLRP

6320
04:28:26,280 --> 04:28:28,520
SIGNALING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.

6321
04:28:28,520 --> 04:28:32,480
AND FINALLY IN THE LAST STUDY,

6322
04:28:32,480 --> 04:28:36,200
SERIES OF STUDIES, CADMIUM

6323
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:37,400
INDUCED INFLAMMASOME-DEPENDENT

6324
04:28:37,400 --> 04:28:39,000
INFLAMMATORY CELL DEATH WHICH IS

6325
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:42,120
DUE TO INTERLEUKIN 1.

6326
04:28:42,120 --> 04:28:44,200
IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN

6327
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:45,280
VITRO AND RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED

6328
04:28:45,280 --> 04:28:46,720
THAT IT'S HAPPENED IN THE BRAINS

6329
04:28:46,720 --> 04:28:49,440
OF PIGS IN VIVO.

6330
04:28:49,440 --> 04:28:51,640
IS THERE IS A POTENTIAL

6331
04:28:51,640 --> 04:28:54,040
INTERACTION OF HEAVY METALS AN

6332
04:28:54,040 --> 04:28:54,680
INFLAMMATION THROUGH

6333
04:28:54,680 --> 04:28:55,160
INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION.

6334
04:28:55,160 --> 04:28:58,640
SO WHAT I SHOWED YOU WAS THE

6335
04:28:58,640 --> 04:29:00,360
HUMAN SITUATION, LET'S TAKE A

6336
04:29:00,360 --> 04:29:02,480
LOOK AT WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

6337
04:29:02,480 --> 04:29:03,960
COMPARED TO THE OTHER SPECIES.

6338
04:29:03,960 --> 04:29:05,960
SO, FIRST OF ALL I'M NOT GOING

6339
04:29:05,960 --> 04:29:10,760
TO SHOW YOU THE NLRP

6340
04:29:10,760 --> 04:29:11,280
INFLAMMASOME BECAUSE IT'S

6341
04:29:11,280 --> 04:29:12,640
IDENTICAL AMONG ALL THREE

6342
04:29:12,640 --> 04:29:13,080
SPECIES.

6343
04:29:13,080 --> 04:29:15,920
I CAN'T FIND ANY DIFFERENCE

6344
04:29:15,920 --> 04:29:16,360
WHATSOEVER.

6345
04:29:16,360 --> 04:29:19,880
WHEN IT COMES TO THE NLRP,

6346
04:29:19,880 --> 04:29:22,280
HUMANS HAVE ONE COMPONENT.

6347
04:29:22,280 --> 04:29:23,680
PIGS HAVE ONE.

6348
04:29:23,680 --> 04:29:25,120
IT'S MISSING A DOMAIN.

6349
04:29:25,120 --> 04:29:27,960
I WANT TO ORIENT YOU TO THESE

6350
04:29:27,960 --> 04:29:29,920
GREEN REPETITIVE STRUCTURES.

6351
04:29:29,920 --> 04:29:33,160
THESE ARE WHAT'S KNOWN AS

6352
04:29:33,160 --> 04:29:36,360
LUCEINE RICH REPEATS, TYPICALLY

6353
04:29:36,360 --> 04:29:37,360
BIND PATHOGEN OR MOLECULE OF

6354
04:29:37,360 --> 04:29:38,120
INTEREST.

6355
04:29:38,120 --> 04:29:40,680
I THINK OF THEM AS A KEY AND

6356
04:29:40,680 --> 04:29:41,120
LOCK.

6357
04:29:41,120 --> 04:29:43,000
IF I'M USING THIS KEY TO GO IN A

6358
04:29:43,000 --> 04:29:44,160
LOCK, THIS IS THE PART THAT GOES

6359
04:29:44,160 --> 04:29:46,120
IN THE LOCK I'M GOING TO SAY

6360
04:29:46,120 --> 04:29:49,200
THIS IS GOING TO OPEN THAT LOCK.

6361
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:51,120
BUT THE THREE MOUSE ONES ARE NOT

6362
04:29:51,120 --> 04:29:54,080
GOING TO OPEN THAT LOCK.

6363
04:29:54,080 --> 04:29:57,680
AGAIN, MICE TEND TO REPEAT GENES

6364
04:29:57,680 --> 04:29:59,520
AND MAKE COPIES OVER AND OVER

6365
04:29:59,520 --> 04:30:00,120
AGAIN.

6366
04:30:00,120 --> 04:30:02,880
IN CONTRAST TO THAT, IN PIGS,

6367
04:30:02,880 --> 04:30:09,560
THIS IS A PSEUDOGENE FOR THE

6368
04:30:09,560 --> 04:30:11,640
NRLC 4 INFLAMMASOME, YOU CAN

6369
04:30:11,640 --> 04:30:15,720
FIND PARTNER IN GENOME BUT GOING

6370
04:30:15,720 --> 04:30:17,880
AWAY, PIG GENE IS DEVOLVING,

6371
04:30:17,880 --> 04:30:18,800
THERE'S NOT MUCH DIFFERENT BUT

6372
04:30:18,800 --> 04:30:22,160
WHEN THE PARTNER IS LOOKED AT,

6373
04:30:22,160 --> 04:30:23,640
BOY, THE MOUSE HAS A LOT OF

6374
04:30:23,640 --> 04:30:23,920
THEM.

6375
04:30:23,920 --> 04:30:25,520
WE'VE WOULD SAY THE PIG WINS IN

6376
04:30:25,520 --> 04:30:26,520
THIS CASE.

6377
04:30:26,520 --> 04:30:29,120
IN THIS CASE, THE MOUSE WINS.

6378
04:30:29,120 --> 04:30:32,040
IF YOU COME OVER HERE AND DO

6379
04:30:32,040 --> 04:30:36,120
THAT FOR ALL OF THESE NLR

6380
04:30:36,120 --> 04:30:39,120
PROTEINS, AND ADD UP WHERE ALL

6381
04:30:39,120 --> 04:30:41,480
RED IS GREATER THAN THE YELLOW,

6382
04:30:41,480 --> 04:30:43,800
YOU CAN SEE THE CONSERVATION OF

6383
04:30:43,800 --> 04:30:46,320
THIS STRUCTURE OCCURS AT RATE OF

6384
04:30:46,320 --> 04:30:48,920
TWO TIMES THE RATE IN MICE.

6385
04:30:48,920 --> 04:30:52,200
SO, WE THINK THAT PUTTING SOME

6386
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:53,720
SORT OF QUANTITATIVE NUMBERS TO

6387
04:30:53,720 --> 04:30:55,320
THIS WILL HELP PEOPLE MAKE

6388
04:30:55,320 --> 04:30:57,160
BETTER DECISIONS ABOUT WHICH

6389
04:30:57,160 --> 04:31:01,640
SYSTEM TO USE WHEN MODELING IT,

6390
04:31:01,640 --> 04:31:03,280
INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION.

6391
04:31:03,280 --> 04:31:06,000
SO, IF YOU GO INTO THE

6392
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:08,720
LITERATURE, YOU WILL SEE THAT

6393
04:31:08,720 --> 04:31:14,000
THERE IS A RAGING DEBATE AS FAR

6394
04:31:14,000 --> 04:31:16,280
AS WHAT'S APPROPRIATE FOR

6395
04:31:16,280 --> 04:31:16,960
INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATIONS.

6396
04:31:16,960 --> 04:31:18,200
SORRY, I OPENED THAT WINDOW.

6397
04:31:18,200 --> 04:31:21,560
NOT SURE IF YOU CAN SEE THAT OR

6398
04:31:21,560 --> 04:31:21,800
NOT.

6399
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:23,520
THE CHAT WINDOW HAS OPENED UP.

6400
04:31:23,520 --> 04:31:28,880
I'M TRYING TO CLOSE IT DOWN.

6401
04:31:28,880 --> 04:31:32,480
ANYWAY, THESE STUDIES HAVE BEEN

6402
04:31:32,480 --> 04:31:34,680
GOING BACK AND FORTH, NATIONAL

6403
04:31:34,680 --> 04:31:35,120
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

6404
04:31:35,120 --> 04:31:37,680
COMMUNICATION IS PART OF THE

6405
04:31:37,680 --> 04:31:38,680
FOCUS.

6406
04:31:38,680 --> 04:31:40,360
NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE SAID

6407
04:31:40,360 --> 04:31:45,560
MICE FAIL SHORT AS SUBJECT AS

6408
04:31:45,560 --> 04:31:48,960
FOR SOME OF HUMANS' DEADLY ILLS.

6409
04:31:48,960 --> 04:31:50,440
WE HAVE ON THE LEFT A PAPER

6410
04:31:50,440 --> 04:31:53,320
WHERE THIS CAME FROM, A GROUP OF

6411
04:31:53,320 --> 04:31:55,760
SCIENTISTS BASICALLY WERE FED UP

6412
04:31:55,760 --> 04:31:57,880
WITH USING RODENTS AS MODELS FOR

6413
04:31:57,880 --> 04:31:58,600
HUMAN SEPSIS.

6414
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:00,440
AND THEY DID A FORMAL EVALUATION

6415
04:32:00,440 --> 04:32:03,840
AND SAID THEY ARE TERRIBLE

6416
04:32:03,840 --> 04:32:04,400
MODELS.

6417
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,240
ANOTHER GROUP A YEAR LATER

6418
04:32:07,240 --> 04:32:09,480
WEIGHED IN AND SAID THEY ARE

6419
04:32:09,480 --> 04:32:10,000
GREATLY.

6420
04:32:10,000 --> 04:32:12,920
YOU CAN'T HAVE IT BOTH WAYS.

6421
04:32:12,920 --> 04:32:16,160
SO THERE'S A STUDY JUST

6422
04:32:16,160 --> 04:32:17,520
PUBLISHED LAST WEEK, IN WHICH

6423
04:32:17,520 --> 04:32:19,680
GROUP OF SCIENTISTS LOOKED AT

6424
04:32:19,680 --> 04:32:22,320
VARIOUS MODELS AND APPLIED SOME

6425
04:32:22,320 --> 04:32:22,920
MACHINE LEARNING ARTIFICIAL

6426
04:32:22,920 --> 04:32:24,160
INTELLIGENCE AND THE LIKE TO TRY

6427
04:32:24,160 --> 04:32:27,680
TO CLEAN UP THE COMPARISONS AND

6428
04:32:27,680 --> 04:32:30,200
CAME TO THE CONCLUSION SIX

6429
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:31,400
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, THREE

6430
04:32:31,400 --> 04:32:33,920
MODELED BY MICE, THREE NOT.

6431
04:32:33,920 --> 04:32:37,560
AND TWO THERE WASN'T ENOUGH

6432
04:32:37,560 --> 04:32:38,880
DATA.

6433
04:32:38,880 --> 04:32:41,280
HOW'S THAT FLOOR SPLITTING INTO

6434
04:32:41,280 --> 04:32:41,600
THIRDS?

6435
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:43,480
LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THIS, WHAT

6436
04:32:43,480 --> 04:32:45,120
WE KNOW AMONG THE THREE SPECIES.

6437
04:32:45,120 --> 04:32:49,120
AT THE TOP PART OF THE DIAGRAM

6438
04:32:49,120 --> 04:32:52,000
WE HAVE LPS COMING IN, ENGAGING

6439
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:53,400
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS WHICH WE SAW

6440
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:54,760
IN THE BIG DIAGRAM.

6441
04:32:54,760 --> 04:32:59,560
THAT TURNS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF A

6442
04:32:59,560 --> 04:33:02,600
CYTOCHROME P450 CYP 27B 1 THAT

6443
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:04,000
CATALYZES FORMATION OF ACTIVE

6444
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:06,040
VITAMIN D, GOES TO THE VITAMIN D

6445
04:33:06,040 --> 04:33:08,520
RECEPTOR, GOES TO THE NUCLEUS,

6446
04:33:08,520 --> 04:33:13,320
TURNS ON A GENE CALLED LL 37 OR

6447
04:33:13,320 --> 04:33:17,160
CAMP, ENTER ACTORS WITH PATHOGEN

6448
04:33:17,160 --> 04:33:18,600
IN THE ENDOSOME TO KILL IT.

6449
04:33:18,600 --> 04:33:20,480
WE KNOW THIS HAPPENS IN HUMANS.

6450
04:33:20,480 --> 04:33:23,080
BUT DOES IT HAPPEN IN OTHER

6451
04:33:23,080 --> 04:33:25,520
SPECIES? 

6452
04:33:25,520 --> 04:33:27,160
THE ANSWER IS NO.

6453
04:33:27,160 --> 04:33:29,000
THESE PAPERS WERE PUT OUT BY

6454
04:33:29,000 --> 04:33:30,440
COLLEAGUES OF MINE.

6455
04:33:30,440 --> 04:33:33,280
THEY LOOKED AT HOW COMPARABLE

6456
04:33:33,280 --> 04:33:35,160
RESPONSES WERE OF LPS IN PIGS

6457
04:33:35,160 --> 04:33:37,200
AND HUMANS AND MICE.

6458
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:42,040
AND ONE STUDY ONLY 30% OF GENES

6459
04:33:42,040 --> 04:33:44,160
OF THE SAME BETWEEN MICE AND

6460
04:33:44,160 --> 04:33:44,880
HUMANS.

6461
04:33:44,880 --> 04:33:47,640
WHEN THEY EXPANDED TO PIGS, THEY

6462
04:33:47,640 --> 04:33:49,480
SAID THE RESPONSE WAS

6463
04:33:49,480 --> 04:33:49,960
OVERWHELMING.

6464
04:33:49,960 --> 04:33:52,800
THIS IS A DIAGRAM FROM ONE OF

6465
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:56,480
THE PAPERS. 

6466
04:33:56,480 --> 04:33:59,160
CYP 27B 1 MOST HIGHLY INDUCED IN

6467
04:33:59,160 --> 04:34:00,560
HUMANS AND PIGS.

6468
04:34:00,560 --> 04:34:02,440
BUT WASN'T INDUCED IN MICE AT

6469
04:34:02,440 --> 04:34:03,200
ALL.

6470
04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:06,720
AT LEAST FOR CYP 27B 1, THIS

6471
04:34:06,720 --> 04:34:08,800
PATHWAY DOESN'T HAPPEN IN MICE.

6472
04:34:08,800 --> 04:34:13,720
SO WE TAKE A LOOK AT CAMP GENE,

6473
04:34:13,720 --> 04:34:16,120
LL 37, IT TECHNICALLY CAN'T

6474
04:34:16,120 --> 04:34:19,040
HAPPEN IN ANY OTHER SPECIES THAN

6475
04:34:19,040 --> 04:34:19,280
PRIMATES.

6476
04:34:19,280 --> 04:34:21,600
IN EVOLUTION ALONG THE LINE IN

6477
04:34:21,600 --> 04:34:22,680
CHIMPANZEES AND HUMANS AND

6478
04:34:22,680 --> 04:34:24,560
SEVERAL OTHER PRIMATES THERE'S A

6479
04:34:24,560 --> 04:34:25,520
VITAMIN D RESPONSIVE ELEMENT IN

6480
04:34:25,520 --> 04:34:28,080
THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE GENE.

6481
04:34:28,080 --> 04:34:30,600
AND PIGS ARE MISSING FROM THIS

6482
04:34:30,600 --> 04:34:31,120
COMPARISON.

6483
04:34:31,120 --> 04:34:32,880
BUT I KNOW THAT IT CAN'T HAPPEN

6484
04:34:32,880 --> 04:34:35,760
IN PIGS BECAUSE PIGS IN FACT

6485
04:34:35,760 --> 04:34:37,360
DON'T HAVE THIS CAMP GENE, SO IF

6486
04:34:37,360 --> 04:34:40,400
THEY DON'T HAVE THE GENE, THEY

6487
04:34:40,400 --> 04:34:41,600
CAN'T MAKE IT.

6488
04:34:41,600 --> 04:34:44,600
AND THIS IS ONE OF THE SYSTEMS

6489
04:34:44,600 --> 04:34:45,480
WHERE PEOPLE HAVE TAKEN THIS

6490
04:34:45,480 --> 04:34:52,440
CAMP GENE AND PUT IT BACK INTO

6491
04:34:52,440 --> 04:34:55,280
MICE 

6492
04:34:55,280 --> 04:34:56,640
AND HAVE MODELED INDUCTION, THEY

6493
04:34:56,640 --> 04:34:59,320
GET MODULATION OF CAMP GENE IN

6494
04:34:59,320 --> 04:35:02,960
MICE BY VITAMIN D AND ACTS AS

6495
04:35:02,960 --> 04:35:04,280
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT.

6496
04:35:04,280 --> 04:35:06,720
WE'RE THINKING ABOUT DOING THAT

6497
04:35:06,720 --> 04:35:11,960
IN THE PIG MODEL, ALONG WITH THE

6498
04:35:11,960 --> 04:35:13,800
NATURAL VITAMIN D-INDUCING

6499
04:35:13,800 --> 04:35:14,920
ENZYME CYP B-21.

6500
04:35:14,920 --> 04:35:18,000
WE SAY PIG MEETS HUMAN HALFWAY

6501
04:35:18,000 --> 04:35:18,880
IN THIS CASE.

6502
04:35:18,880 --> 04:35:19,640
MOUSE NOT AT ALL.

6503
04:35:19,640 --> 04:35:21,440
BUT IN MICE THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE

6504
04:35:21,440 --> 04:35:22,840
TO MAKE IT HALFWAY BY PUTTING

6505
04:35:22,840 --> 04:35:23,680
THIS GENE IN.

6506
04:35:23,680 --> 04:35:28,840
I SUSPECT THEY WILL PUT CYP B-21

6507
04:35:28,840 --> 04:35:29,600
IN THERE.

6508
04:35:29,600 --> 04:35:33,640
THAT LEAVES WITH MY CONCLUSION

6509
04:35:33,640 --> 04:35:33,880
SLIDES.

6510
04:35:33,880 --> 04:35:40,920
IS THE GENE  CONSERVED?

6511
04:35:40,920 --> 04:35:44,520
THERE'S GREATER PIG-HUMAN

6512
04:35:44,520 --> 04:35:45,200
CONSERVATION.

6513
04:35:45,200 --> 04:35:49,640
IS IT SIMILAR?

6514
04:35:49,640 --> 04:35:51,040
GREATER PIG-HUMAN CONSERVATION.

6515
04:35:51,040 --> 04:35:54,440
IS IT REGULATED IN A SIMILAR

6516
04:35:54,440 --> 04:35:56,000
MANNER TO STIMULUS, AND I

6517
04:35:56,000 --> 04:35:57,640
PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT THE

6518
04:35:57,640 --> 04:36:00,680
ANSWER IS THERE'S GREATER

6519
04:36:00,680 --> 04:36:03,000
PIG-HUMAN CONSERVATION BUT FOR

6520
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:04,000
ALL OF THESE EXAMPLES THERE ARE

6521
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:05,400
LOTS AND LOTS AND LOTS OF

6522
04:36:05,400 --> 04:36:07,960
EXAMPLES WHERE THE MICE AND PIG

6523
04:36:07,960 --> 04:36:11,760
WILL NOT BE USEFUL.

6524
04:36:11,760 --> 04:36:17,000
I WOULD ARGUE THAT PEOPLE LOOK

6525
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:19,520
DEEPER INTO THE LITERATURE WHEN

6526
04:36:19,520 --> 04:36:21,280
MAKING EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES.

6527
04:36:21,280 --> 04:36:24,320
WITH THAT, I'LL RETURN TO THE

6528
04:36:24,320 --> 04:36:25,760
ORIGINAL HYPOTHESIS THAT PIGS

6529
04:36:25,760 --> 04:36:30,400
ARE A SCIENTIFICALLY AND

6530
04:36:30,400 --> 04:36:30,920
ETHICALLY ACCEPTABLE

6531
04:36:30,920 --> 04:36:32,160
INTERMEDIATE SPECIES, I WOULD

6532
04:36:32,160 --> 04:36:34,200
SAY A QUALIFIED YES.

6533
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:38,000
AND WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO

6534
04:36:38,000 --> 04:36:39,000
THANK MY COLLABORATORS, IN

6535
04:36:39,000 --> 04:36:42,280
PARTICULAR DR. CHEN, MY PARTNER

6536
04:36:42,280 --> 04:36:45,560
IN BIOINFORMATICS EFFORT, DR.

6537
04:36:45,560 --> 04:36:48,000
WANG, MY RESEARCH LEADER, ALSO

6538
04:36:48,000 --> 04:36:49,280
EXPERT IN XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM.

6539
04:36:49,280 --> 04:36:52,520
AND I'D LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE DR.

6540
04:36:52,520 --> 04:36:53,880
JOAN LUNNEY, MY PARTNER IN THE

6541
04:36:53,880 --> 04:36:55,360
GENOME BUSINESS FOR A LONG TIME.

6542
04:36:55,360 --> 04:36:56,680
IF ANYBODY IS INTERESTED, SHE

6543
04:36:56,680 --> 04:36:58,440
WROTE A REVIEW ARTICLE ON PIGS

6544
04:36:58,440 --> 04:37:01,080
AS MODELS FOR HUMAN DISEASE

6545
04:37:01,080 --> 04:37:03,880
PROCESSES, IT WAS LAST YEAR,

6546
04:37:03,880 --> 04:37:04,640
EXCELLENT ARTICLE.

6547
04:37:04,640 --> 04:37:06,640
I ENCOURAGE YOU TO SEEK IT OUT.

6548
04:37:06,640 --> 04:37:12,000
I'LL LEAVE YOU WITH ONE LAST

6549
04:37:12,000 --> 04:37:15,120
SLIDE DATABASE WE'VE DEVELOPED,

6550
04:37:15,120 --> 04:37:17,480
AS OF TODAY, THERE ARE 24,000

6551
04:37:17,480 --> 04:37:18,120
GENES IN THERE.

6552
04:37:18,120 --> 04:37:19,760
ALL OF THE DATA THAT I SHOWED

6553
04:37:19,760 --> 04:37:22,600
YOU IS IN THERE AT SOME POINT.

6554
04:37:22,600 --> 04:37:25,400
IT'S A RESOURCE FOR PIGS BECAUSE

6555
04:37:25,400 --> 04:37:27,760
ONE OF THE GAPS IN RESEARCH IS

6556
04:37:27,760 --> 04:37:31,200
THAT MICE ARE SO WELL

6557
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:34,000
CHARACTERIZED, SO MANY REAGENTS,

6558
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:37,160
SO MANY STRAINS, PIGS THERE ARE

6559
04:37:37,160 --> 04:37:40,560
STRAINS IF YOU WANT TO CALL THEM

6560
04:37:40,560 --> 04:37:43,520
THAT, BREEDS, BUT THE TOOLKIT IS

6561
04:37:43,520 --> 04:37:44,160
MISSING.

6562
04:37:44,160 --> 04:37:46,160
WHAT WE'VE DONE FOR 17 YEARS IS

6563
04:37:46,160 --> 04:37:47,440
BUILT THIS INFRASTRUCTURE UP SO

6564
04:37:47,440 --> 04:37:51,120
PEOPLE COULD GO TO THE DATABASE

6565
04:37:51,120 --> 04:37:54,720
AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR

6566
04:37:54,720 --> 04:37:55,000
EXPERIENCES.

6567
04:37:55,000 --> 04:38:05,040
I'LL STOP MY SCREEN SHARING.

6568
04:38:05,040 --> 04:38:05,800
>>THANK YOU.

6569
04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:16,280
NOW WE'RE BACK TO ASKING YOU

6570
04:38:16,880 --> 04:38:19,120
GUYS THOSE QUESTIONS.

6571
04:38:19,120 --> 04:38:21,080
TO BOTH SPEAKERS, THERE'S PRETTY

6572
04:38:21,080 --> 04:38:22,960
MUCH A GENERAL QUESTION, EACH

6573
04:38:22,960 --> 04:38:25,800
ONE OF YOU WENT THROUGH THE

6574
04:38:25,800 --> 04:38:29,240
DETAILS OF WHAT YOU SHOULD

6575
04:38:29,240 --> 04:38:33,400
CONSIDER AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN,

6576
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,280
CHOOSING A SPECIES THAT YOU WANT

6577
04:38:36,280 --> 04:38:38,640
TO LOOK AT.

6578
04:38:38,640 --> 04:38:40,920
WHAT TRANSLATES OVER THE

6579
04:38:40,920 --> 04:38:41,680
LIMITATIONS AND BENEFITS, BUT

6580
04:38:41,680 --> 04:38:45,080
ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT CAME

6581
04:38:45,080 --> 04:38:47,360
IN IS REALLY INTERESTING BECAUSE

6582
04:38:47,360 --> 04:38:50,080
IT'S TRYING TO SAY HOW OFTEN DO

6583
04:38:50,080 --> 04:38:51,720
YOU THINK THESE CRITICAL POINTS

6584
04:38:51,720 --> 04:38:55,600
THAT YOU'VE RAISED OF CHOOSING A

6585
04:38:55,600 --> 04:39:02,360
MODEL ARE CONSIDERED IN THE

6586
04:39:02,360 --> 04:39:04,480
NUTRITION/TOXICOLOGY, THOSE TWO

6587
04:39:04,480 --> 04:39:05,680
TOGETHER, NOT EACH INDEPENDENTLY

6588
04:39:05,680 --> 04:39:07,640
BUT WORKING THOSE TWO TOGETHER.

6589
04:39:07,640 --> 04:39:10,160
IT'S A LEADING QUESTION, I

6590
04:39:10,160 --> 04:39:11,440
REALIZE.

6591
04:39:11,440 --> 04:39:14,200
WHOEVER WANTS TO GO FIRST, BUT

6592
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:16,440
IT SETS THE FRAMEWORK.

6593
04:39:16,440 --> 04:39:17,680
YOU LAID OUT BEAUTIFUL DATA

6594
04:39:17,680 --> 04:39:20,240
THERE ABOUT THINGS WE SHOULD BE

6595
04:39:20,240 --> 04:39:20,880
DOING.

6596
04:39:20,880 --> 04:39:23,960
I GUESS THE QUESTION IS WHAT ARE

6597
04:39:23,960 --> 04:39:31,120
WE DOING? 

6598
04:39:31,120 --> 04:39:33,360
>>I'M UNMUTED, I WAS THE
FIRST

6599
04:39:33,360 --> 04:39:33,520
ONE.

6600
04:39:33,520 --> 04:39:34,880
IT'S LEADING BECAUSE YOU'RE

6601
04:39:34,880 --> 04:39:39,920
THINKING IT DOESN'T HAPPEN VERY

6602
04:39:39,920 --> 04:39:41,440
OFTEN THESE ARE HIGHLIGHTED.

6603
04:39:41,440 --> 04:39:42,440
MOSTLY RIGHT.

6604
04:39:42,440 --> 04:39:43,600
I DON'T WANT TO SAY THAT

6605
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:44,480
EVERYTHING IS TERRIBLE.

6606
04:39:44,480 --> 04:39:47,120
I THINK WHAT'S DONE REALLY WELL

6607
04:39:47,120 --> 04:39:50,760
MORE OFTEN IS THAT EXPERIMENTAL

6608
04:39:50,760 --> 04:39:53,920
RESEARCHERS ARE VERY GOOD AT

6609
04:39:53,920 --> 04:39:55,120
OFTEN JUSTIFYING THE USE OF

6610
04:39:55,120 --> 04:39:58,120
THEIR SPECIFIC MODEL FOR THEIR

6611
04:39:58,120 --> 04:39:58,640
OUTCOME.

6612
04:39:58,640 --> 04:39:59,520
RATHER THAN EXPOSURE.

6613
04:39:59,520 --> 04:40:05,480
WHAT I MEAN IS IF THEY ARE

6614
04:40:05,480 --> 04:40:07,560
MODELING OBESITY THEY ARE GOOD

6615
04:40:07,560 --> 04:40:09,600
AT SELECTING RODENT OR PRIMATE

6616
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:11,080
MODEL OR A PIG.

6617
04:40:11,080 --> 04:40:12,640
WHATEVER IS THE MORE APPROPRIATE

6618
04:40:12,640 --> 04:40:15,320
MODEL FOR MODELING THE OUTCOME.

6619
04:40:15,320 --> 04:40:17,600
FOR NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES,

6620
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:18,600
PIG IS EXCELLENT.

6621
04:40:18,600 --> 04:40:21,760
THAT'S OFTEN JUSTIFIED WELL.

6622
04:40:21,760 --> 04:40:23,960
FOR CERTAIN OBESITY ENDPOINTS,

6623
04:40:23,960 --> 04:40:26,760
STEM CELL AND OBESITY RESEARCH,

6624
04:40:26,760 --> 04:40:29,640
THERE ARE BENEFITS TO USING

6625
04:40:29,640 --> 04:40:31,920
CERTAIN MICE STRAINS OVER

6626
04:40:31,920 --> 04:40:32,320
OTHERS.

6627
04:40:32,320 --> 04:40:36,600
AND THAT'S OFTEN INCLUDED IN THE

6628
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:36,920
LITERATURE.

6629
04:40:36,920 --> 04:40:37,920
HIGHLIGHTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE

6630
04:40:37,920 --> 04:40:40,760
STRENGTH OF THE STUDY.

6631
04:40:40,760 --> 04:40:44,320
BUT AS YOU ALLUDED TO IT'S NOT

6632
04:40:44,320 --> 04:40:45,800
OFTEN THEN DISCUSSED HOW

6633
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:49,600
EXPOSURE OVERLAYS ON TOP OF

6634
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,200
THAT. 

6635
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:53,920
SO THE NUTRIENT METABOLISM, IF

6636
04:40:53,920 --> 04:40:56,440
NUTRITION, BEST IN THAT ANIMAL,

6637
04:40:56,440 --> 04:40:57,960
OR TOXICANT METABOLISM THE BEST,

6638
04:40:57,960 --> 04:40:59,480
I THINK A LOT OF TOXICOLOGY

6639
04:40:59,480 --> 04:41:01,560
STUDIES IN OUR FIELD IN

6640
04:41:01,560 --> 04:41:03,320
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS DO HAVE

6641
04:41:03,320 --> 04:41:04,640
THAT KIND OF STANDARD SENTENCE

6642
04:41:04,640 --> 04:41:08,360
OF THIS DOSE WAS SELECTED BASED

6643
04:41:08,360 --> 04:41:10,320
ON PRIOR STUDIES FROM FDA

6644
04:41:10,320 --> 04:41:11,080
TOXICOLOGY STUDIES THAT SHOW

6645
04:41:11,080 --> 04:41:15,400
THIS IS IN LINE WITH HUMAN

6646
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:15,680
EXPOSURES.

6647
04:41:15,680 --> 04:41:16,960
THEY ARE HIGHLIGHTING THAT

6648
04:41:16,960 --> 04:41:17,920
RODENT IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE

6649
04:41:17,920 --> 04:41:21,160
HAS BEEN SORT OF MODELED TO

6650
04:41:21,160 --> 04:41:22,560
MATCH HUMANS BUT WHETHER OR NOT

6651
04:41:22,560 --> 04:41:28,440
IT DOES IN TERMS OF THE

6652
04:41:28,440 --> 04:41:29,840
PHENOTYPE, RESULTING PHENOTYPE

6653
04:41:29,840 --> 04:41:31,480
IN RESPONSE IS NEVER HIGHLIGHTED

6654
04:41:31,480 --> 04:41:32,040
OR DISCUSSED.

6655
04:41:32,040 --> 04:41:34,440
YEAH, IT'S A YES AND A NO THAT

6656
04:41:34,440 --> 04:41:36,640
WE COULD DO BETTER BUT WE DO

6657
04:41:36,640 --> 04:41:37,960
WELL WITH WHAT HAS BEEN EXPECTED

6658
04:41:37,960 --> 04:41:41,520
OF US THAT WE SHOULD TALK ABOUT

6659
04:41:41,520 --> 04:41:44,000
HOW OUTCOME IS VERY WELL MODELED

6660
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,240
USING THE MODEL, THE RODENT OR

6661
04:41:47,240 --> 04:41:51,240
THE EX VIVO MODEL.

6662
04:41:51,240 --> 04:41:53,960
HARRY, WHAT DO YOU THINK?

6663
04:41:53,960 --> 04:41:55,760
>>AS A GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYEE I

6664
04:41:55,760 --> 04:41:57,360
NEED TO PROCEED IN THE NEXT

6665
04:41:57,360 --> 04:42:00,200
SECTION SAYING THIS IS MY

6666
04:42:00,200 --> 04:42:00,680
OPINION.

6667
04:42:00,680 --> 04:42:02,360
NOT THAT OF THE GOVERNMENT.

6668
04:42:02,360 --> 04:42:05,040
I'VE SAT THROUGH A COUPLE OF

6669
04:42:05,040 --> 04:42:06,480
PRESENTATIONS WHERE THE PERSON

6670
04:42:06,480 --> 04:42:08,880
IS TALKING ABOUT A PARTICULAR

6671
04:42:08,880 --> 04:42:12,280
PATHWAY, AND THEY ARE USING

6672
04:42:12,280 --> 04:42:14,000
MICE, GETTING THEIR PUBLICATIONS

6673
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:15,240
IN VERY NICE JOURNALS.

6674
04:42:15,240 --> 04:42:17,480
AND THEY NEVER BOTHERED TO TELL

6675
04:42:17,480 --> 04:42:19,160
THE AUDIENCE UNTIL THEY WERE

6676
04:42:19,160 --> 04:42:20,720
ASKED THAT IN FACT THAT PATHWAY

6677
04:42:20,720 --> 04:42:24,360
DIDN'T EVEN EXIST IN HUMANS.

6678
04:42:24,360 --> 04:42:26,920
NOW, YOU CAN SAY THAT'S

6679
04:42:26,920 --> 04:42:28,560
PURPOSELY EVASIVE OR JUST

6680
04:42:28,560 --> 04:42:29,360
SLIPPED MY MIND.

6681
04:42:29,360 --> 04:42:31,640
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I WOULD

6682
04:42:31,640 --> 04:42:32,840
LIKE TO JUST GO BACK TO, YOU

6683
04:42:32,840 --> 04:42:35,240
DON'T HAVE TO DO A LITERATURE

6684
04:42:35,240 --> 04:42:37,560
SEARCH IN ORDER TO START

6685
04:42:37,560 --> 04:42:38,880
THINKING ABOUT MODEL

6686
04:42:38,880 --> 04:42:39,920
APPROPRIATENESS FOR CERTAIN

6687
04:42:39,920 --> 04:42:40,440
THINGS.

6688
04:42:40,440 --> 04:42:43,160
I'LL USE TWO EXAMPLES.

6689
04:42:43,160 --> 04:42:45,080
ONE IS THAT JUST TAKING THE PIG

6690
04:42:45,080 --> 04:42:47,600
AND MOUSE, COMPARED TO A HUMAN,

6691
04:42:47,600 --> 04:42:48,920
HOW DO THEY LIVE?

6692
04:42:48,920 --> 04:42:51,560
A MOUSE SPENDS ITS TIME RUNNING

6693
04:42:51,560 --> 04:42:54,520
ALONG THE GROUND SNIFFING DIRT.

6694
04:42:54,520 --> 04:42:57,680
LOOKING FOR ALL VARIOUS THINGS,

6695
04:42:57,680 --> 04:42:59,000
IDENTIFYING PHEROMONES AND THE

6696
04:42:59,000 --> 04:42:59,320
LIKE.

6697
04:42:59,320 --> 04:43:02,800
IN THE PROCESS INHALING A LARGE

6698
04:43:02,800 --> 04:43:03,960
AMOUNT OF BACTERIA.

6699
04:43:03,960 --> 04:43:05,640
PIGS DO THE SAME THING.

6700
04:43:05,640 --> 04:43:07,080
YOU SEE THEM ROOTING AROUND ON

6701
04:43:07,080 --> 04:43:11,880
THE GROUND, NOSE IN THE GROUND.

6702
04:43:11,880 --> 04:43:14,680
SO RESPONSE, BACTERIA OR LPS HAS

6703
04:43:14,680 --> 04:43:16,880
TO BE DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT

6704
04:43:16,880 --> 04:43:17,760
AMONG THOSE SPECIES.

6705
04:43:17,760 --> 04:43:23,680
WHEN WE LIVE FIVE FEET OR MORE

6706
04:43:23,680 --> 04:43:25,320
AWAY FROM GROUND, UNLESS YOU'RE

6707
04:43:25,320 --> 04:43:27,360
ROLLING AROUND ON THE GROUND,

6708
04:43:27,360 --> 04:43:28,480
THINK ABOUT DIFFERENCES, MAYBE

6709
04:43:28,480 --> 04:43:31,640
SOME REASONS WHY WE SEE

6710
04:43:31,640 --> 04:43:33,000
DIFFERENCES.

6711
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:37,320
THE OTHER THING, PIGS ARE

6712
04:43:37,320 --> 04:43:39,320
OMNIVORES, MICE ARE

6713
04:43:39,320 --> 04:43:41,960
OPPORTUNISTIC OMNIVORES, HUMANS

6714
04:43:41,960 --> 04:43:42,600
ARE OMNIVORES.

6715
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:47,240
IN FACT PIGS EAT THEIR OWN

6716
04:43:47,240 --> 04:43:49,240
FECES, SO DO MICE.

6717
04:43:49,240 --> 04:43:53,120
MICE IT'S OBLIGATE FOR DIETARY

6718
04:43:53,120 --> 04:43:53,560
CYCLES.

6719
04:43:53,560 --> 04:43:57,280
YOUR REACTION TO BACTERIA AND

6720
04:43:57,280 --> 04:43:57,920
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IS GOING TO

6721
04:43:57,920 --> 04:43:59,760
BE DIFFERENT, FOR EXAMPLE,

6722
04:43:59,760 --> 04:44:05,160
DURING THE GUSH  --

6723
04:44:05,160 --> 04:44:06,600
IN THE G.I. ROUTE.

6724
04:44:06,600 --> 04:44:08,320
IF YOU APPROACH DESIGN OF YOUR

6725
04:44:08,320 --> 04:44:09,800
STUDY JUST THINKING HOW THE

6726
04:44:09,800 --> 04:44:12,040
ANIMAL LIVES YOU DON'T NEED A

6727
04:44:12,040 --> 04:44:13,880
LITERATURE SEARCH TO KNOW THOSE

6728
04:44:13,880 --> 04:44:14,760
THINGS.

6729
04:44:14,760 --> 04:44:17,040
THAT'S WHAT I WOULD ASK

6730
04:44:17,040 --> 04:44:18,160
PARTICULARLY WHEN INTERPRETING

6731
04:44:18,160 --> 04:44:18,920
YOUR RESULTS.

6732
04:44:18,920 --> 04:44:22,120
REMEMBER WHERE THE ANIMALS ARE

6733
04:44:22,120 --> 04:44:26,320
AND WHAT THEIR LIVING CONDITIONS

6734
04:44:26,320 --> 04:44:26,680
ARE.

6735
04:44:26,680 --> 04:44:29,760
>>I'M GOING TO BUILD OFF
OF

6736
04:44:29,760 --> 04:44:31,120
THAT AND SAY, PLEASE TAKE THIS

6737
04:44:31,120 --> 04:44:33,960
FOR THE COMMENT THAT IT IS, BUT

6738
04:44:33,960 --> 04:44:38,800
IF THERE IS MUCH MORE OF ORAL

6739
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:43,560
AND NASAL CONTACT WITH THE

6740
04:44:43,560 --> 04:44:45,400
WORLD, THAT MIGHT ACTUALLY

6741
04:44:45,400 --> 04:44:46,960
SOMETIME REFLECT CHILDREN IF WE

6742
04:44:46,960 --> 04:44:48,280
THINK BACK TO THERE.

6743
04:44:48,280 --> 04:44:49,760
>>YES.

6744
04:44:49,760 --> 04:44:53,400
>>IN THAT SENSE, HOW YOU
REALLY

6745
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:55,800
COMPLICATED THAT A BIT MORE YOU

6746
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:57,240
MIGHT ACTUALLY -- WELL, WITH THE

6747
04:44:57,240 --> 04:44:58,800
EXCEPTION OF THE NUTRIENT

6748
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:01,440
DEMANDS OF TAKING IN THE FECES,

6749
04:45:01,440 --> 04:45:03,640
YOU KNOW, THERE'S SOME ASPECTS

6750
04:45:03,640 --> 04:45:07,640
THAT MIGHT MAKE THEM MORE

6751
04:45:07,640 --> 04:45:10,560
RELEVANT TO THAT CRITICAL TIME

6752
04:45:10,560 --> 04:45:12,840
FOR CHILDREN OF HAND-TO-MOUTH

6753
04:45:12,840 --> 04:45:13,960
THAT THEY DO.

6754
04:45:13,960 --> 04:45:16,280
IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH

6755
04:45:16,280 --> 04:45:16,560
NUTRITION.

6756
04:45:16,560 --> 04:45:20,720
YEAH, WE COME BACK TO NUTRITION.

6757
04:45:20,720 --> 04:45:23,640
WE GOT SORT OF THE ANSWER FROM

6758
04:45:23,640 --> 04:45:25,040
YOU, THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF

6759
04:45:25,040 --> 04:45:27,680
PEOPLE THAT DO TRY TO DO THIS.

6760
04:45:27,680 --> 04:45:31,080
THERE ARE LIMITATIONS WE CAN DO.

6761
04:45:31,080 --> 04:45:33,600
THERE'S LOTS OF RELYING ON AS

6762
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:39,080
WAS MENTIONED AS RITA MENTION

6763
04:45:39,080 --> 04:45:40,640
MENTIONED, IT'S BEEN DONE IN

6764
04:45:40,640 --> 04:45:45,920
FDA, LEVELS THERE, SOMETIMES

6765
04:45:45,920 --> 04:45:47,320
THOSE ARE WEIGHTY CRUTCHES THAT

6766
04:45:47,320 --> 04:45:50,240
ARE USED IN PAPERS.

6767
04:45:50,240 --> 04:45:50,600
I THINK.

6768
04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:54,440
BUT, YOU KNOW, THERE'S AN

6769
04:45:54,440 --> 04:45:54,920
EMPHASIS THERE.

6770
04:45:54,920 --> 04:45:57,600
I HAVE ONE MORE QUESTION FOR YOU

6771
04:45:57,600 --> 04:45:59,600
ON THIS BECAUSE WE'RE RIGHT ON

6772
04:45:59,600 --> 04:46:01,280
IT, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT MODELS

6773
04:46:01,280 --> 04:46:04,840
AND TALKING ABOUT EXPERIMENTAL

6774
04:46:04,840 --> 04:46:05,480
MODELS.

6775
04:46:05,480 --> 04:46:06,520
AND LIMITATIONS OF THEM.

6776
04:46:06,520 --> 04:46:09,840
AND THERE IS, YOU KNOW, A HUGE

6777
04:46:09,840 --> 04:46:13,440
COHORT THAT SAYS LET'S GO TO IN

6778
04:46:13,440 --> 04:46:14,160
VITRO MODEL SYSTEMS.

6779
04:46:14,160 --> 04:46:16,640
OR, YOU KNOW, LET'S GO TO

6780
04:46:16,640 --> 04:46:21,360
ALTERNATIVE LIKE FISH OR THINGS

6781
04:46:21,360 --> 04:46:21,680
LIKE THAT.

6782
04:46:21,680 --> 04:46:23,760
I THINK HOW DO YOU THINK WE'RE

6783
04:46:23,760 --> 04:46:30,440
EVER GOING TO BE ABLE TO CAPTURE

6784
04:46:30,440 --> 04:46:32,720
THE NUTRITIONAL ASPECT WITH ANY

6785
04:46:32,720 --> 04:46:33,840
OF THOSE MODELS?

6786
04:46:33,840 --> 04:46:40,000
IS THERE ANYTHING THAT OFFERS

6787
04:46:40,000 --> 04:46:40,200
THAT?

6788
04:46:40,200 --> 04:46:43,760
>>WHO DO YOU WANT TO GO
FIRST?

6789
04:46:43,760 --> 04:46:44,760
WHOEVER RAISES THEIR HAND.

6790
04:46:44,760 --> 04:46:48,040
>>HARRY, DO YOU HAVE
THOUGHTS?

6791
04:46:48,040 --> 04:46:48,840
>>YES.

6792
04:46:48,840 --> 04:46:52,120
SO THERE'S A CONTINUUM FROM CELL

6793
04:46:52,120 --> 04:46:55,000
CULTURE TO DROSOPHILA,

6794
04:46:55,000 --> 04:46:57,480
ZEBRAFISH, RODENTS.

6795
04:46:57,480 --> 04:46:58,200
YOU KNOW, PIGS, NON-HUMAN

6796
04:46:58,200 --> 04:46:59,760
PRIMATE, AND HUMANS.

6797
04:46:59,760 --> 04:47:01,560
A VERY LARGE AMOUNT OF WORK

6798
04:47:01,560 --> 04:47:02,840
THAT'S ALREADY BEEN DONE THERE.

6799
04:47:02,840 --> 04:47:05,240
I'M AWARE OF THE ARGUMENTS WE

6800
04:47:05,240 --> 04:47:07,680
CAN GO TO IN VITRO.

6801
04:47:07,680 --> 04:47:09,280
AGAIN, SPEAKING AS MY OWN

6802
04:47:09,280 --> 04:47:10,400
PERSONAL OPINION, I DON'T THINK

6803
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:12,520
WE'RE AT THE POINT WHERE WE'VE

6804
04:47:12,520 --> 04:47:15,240
COLLECTED ENOUGH DATA IN ALL OF

6805
04:47:15,240 --> 04:47:17,840
THOSE SPECIES TO SAY THAT WE

6806
04:47:17,840 --> 04:47:19,520
KNOW ENOUGH TO THEN MODEL

6807
04:47:19,520 --> 04:47:20,760
ANYTHING THAT COMES ALONG IN THE

6808
04:47:20,760 --> 04:47:21,240
FUTURE.

6809
04:47:21,240 --> 04:47:26,480
I JUST DON'T THINK WE'RE AT THAT

6810
04:47:26,480 --> 04:47:26,920
POINT.

6811
04:47:26,920 --> 04:47:30,640
>>MY SENSE IS I GUESS AS
A

6812
04:47:30,640 --> 04:47:32,440
PHYSIOLOGIST I'M SORT OF --

6813
04:47:32,440 --> 04:47:34,080
THERE'S -- I MEAN THERE'S A BIG

6814
04:47:34,080 --> 04:47:36,040
DISCUSSION AROUND THIS, RIGHT?

6815
04:47:36,040 --> 04:47:37,240
WE'RE NOT REINVENTING THE WHEEL

6816
04:47:37,240 --> 04:47:38,640
BY DISCUSSING THIS.

6817
04:47:38,640 --> 04:47:41,040
THERE'S A HUGE DISCUSSION ABOUT

6818
04:47:41,040 --> 04:47:42,360
ELIMINATING THOSE MODELS.

6819
04:47:42,360 --> 04:47:45,080
I WOULD SAY FOR NUTRITION, AS

6820
04:47:45,080 --> 04:47:49,080
HARRY SAID, IF MORE IS KNOWN

6821
04:47:49,080 --> 04:47:50,120
ABOUT PHENOTYPES, EXPOSURES,

6822
04:47:50,120 --> 04:47:50,960
RESPONSE SYSTEMICALLY AND ALL

6823
04:47:50,960 --> 04:47:53,560
WE'RE INTERESTED IN IS TRYING TO

6824
04:47:53,560 --> 04:47:55,520
UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT ON ONE

6825
04:47:55,520 --> 04:47:57,360
SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN SYSTEM OR

6826
04:47:57,360 --> 04:47:59,360
SOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND WE WANT

6827
04:47:59,360 --> 04:48:00,880
TO USE ORGAN ON A CHIP, THERE'S

6828
04:48:00,880 --> 04:48:03,280
PROBABLY GOING TO BE BENEFITS OF

6829
04:48:03,280 --> 04:48:03,520
THAT.

6830
04:48:03,520 --> 04:48:06,480
AND INTERPRETATION IS GOING TO

6831
04:48:06,480 --> 04:48:08,560
BE LIMITED, BUT NOT INACCURATE

6832
04:48:08,560 --> 04:48:12,680
PROBABLY IF IT'S MODELED DONE

6833
04:48:12,680 --> 04:48:13,120
WELL.

6834
04:48:13,120 --> 04:48:14,960
BUT WE HAVE TO STILL UNDERSTAND

6835
04:48:14,960 --> 04:48:18,680
MORE OF THE PHYSIOLOGY IN ORDER

6836
04:48:18,680 --> 04:48:21,160
TO MAKE THE MODEL APPROPRIATE.

6837
04:48:21,160 --> 04:48:23,000
AND THE -- YOU KNOW, ONCE THAT

6838
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:26,160
IS DONE, THEN WE CAN BE A LITTLE

6839
04:48:26,160 --> 04:48:27,240
BIT MORE SURE THAT VERY SMALL

6840
04:48:27,240 --> 04:48:28,920
THING WE'RE ASKING OF THE MODEL

6841
04:48:28,920 --> 04:48:33,720
TO TELL US IS PROBABLY CORRECT.

6842
04:48:33,720 --> 04:48:36,280
>>I'LL JUMP IN AND JUST
ADD TWO

6843
04:48:36,280 --> 04:48:37,040
SMALL THINGS.

6844
04:48:37,040 --> 04:48:39,320
ONE, PART OF THIS WORK, THIS

6845
04:48:39,320 --> 04:48:40,760
WORK I DO, COMPARATIVE GENOMICS,

6846
04:48:40,760 --> 04:48:43,640
IS NOT PART OF MY MAIN MISSION.

6847
04:48:43,640 --> 04:48:50,000
PART OF IT IS TO MAKE SMARTER

6848
04:48:50,000 --> 04:48:51,880
DECISIONS WHICH MODELS TO USE,

6849
04:48:51,880 --> 04:48:53,120
MAY INCLUDE WALKING AWAY WHEN

6850
04:48:53,120 --> 04:48:55,400
THERE ARE NO GOOD OPTIONS.

6851
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:57,200
SECONDS IS WE HAVE DONE IN THE

6852
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:01,120
PAST, TAKEN THINGS IN THE PIG,

6853
04:49:01,120 --> 04:49:05,680
MODELED BASED ON HUMAN DATA I'VE

6854
04:49:05,680 --> 04:49:08,640
DONE FROM CELL CULTURE WORK,

6855
04:49:08,640 --> 04:49:11,960
INTO THE BIG, BACK INTO CELL

6856
04:49:11,960 --> 04:49:13,200
CULTURE, PIG AND HUMAN CELLS

6857
04:49:13,200 --> 04:49:14,120
IDENTIFIED THE SAME THING IN THE

6858
04:49:14,120 --> 04:49:18,080
AREA OF, FOR EXAMPLE, ALLERGY

6859
04:49:18,080 --> 04:49:18,360
RESEARCH.

6860
04:49:18,360 --> 04:49:21,160
SO, YOU KNOW, I THINK YOU CAN

6861
04:49:21,160 --> 04:49:22,040
SUCCESSFULLY DO THAT, BUT AGAIN

6862
04:49:22,040 --> 04:49:26,080
AT THE END OF THE DAY I'D LIKE

6863
04:49:26,080 --> 04:49:27,720
TO SEE LESS ANIMALS BEING USED,

6864
04:49:27,720 --> 04:49:29,560
WHETHER THAT'S LESS PIGS OR LESS

6865
04:49:29,560 --> 04:49:31,000
MICE, BUT I DON'T THINK WE'RE AT

6866
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:33,440
THE POINT WHERE WE CAN

6867
04:49:33,440 --> 04:49:36,160
ABSOLUTELY GET RID OF THEM.

6868
04:49:36,160 --> 04:49:39,120
>>OKAY.

6869
04:49:39,120 --> 04:49:41,720
FOLLOWING UP ON THAT, A LOT OF

6870
04:49:41,720 --> 04:49:44,680
EMPHASIS HAS BEEN ON NUTRITIONAL

6871
04:49:44,680 --> 04:49:48,480
ASPECTS IN PREGNANCY AND IN THE

6872
04:49:48,480 --> 04:49:50,400
YOUNG AND, YOU KNOW, I'LL PUT IN

6873
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:52,680
AS SOME PEOPLE HAVE MENTIONED,

6874
04:49:52,680 --> 04:49:55,800
AS THAT CHANGES OVER THE COURSE

6875
04:49:55,800 --> 04:49:56,640
OF AGING.

6876
04:49:56,640 --> 04:50:00,120
IT ALSO GOES BACK TO THE

6877
04:50:00,120 --> 04:50:02,320
INFLAMMATION, DYNAMICS OF WHAT

6878
04:50:02,320 --> 04:50:03,360
ARE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS DOING

6879
04:50:03,360 --> 04:50:05,840
DEVELOPMENTALLY BECAUSE SOME OF

6880
04:50:05,840 --> 04:50:09,120
THEM ARE GROWTH FACTORS DURING

6881
04:50:09,120 --> 04:50:10,560
DEVELOPMENT.

6882
04:50:10,560 --> 04:50:13,400
AND WHAT IF THAT NLRP 3

6883
04:50:13,400 --> 04:50:14,840
INFLAMMASOME IS NOT FUNCTIONING

6884
04:50:14,840 --> 04:50:15,600
CORRECTLY LATER ON, OKAY?

6885
04:50:15,600 --> 04:50:17,000
THESE ARE THINGS THAT ARE

6886
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:18,600
SUPPOSED TO HAPPEN.

6887
04:50:18,600 --> 04:50:25,400
HOW DO YOU SEE SOME OF THESE

6888
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:28,400
INTEGRATING SOME QUESTIONS OF

6889
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:29,480
SUSCEPTIBLABILITY, INTEGRATING

6890
04:50:29,480 --> 04:50:33,520
WITH DIFFERENT MODELS AND

6891
04:50:33,520 --> 04:50:34,680
APPROACHES THAT YOU'RE

6892
04:50:34,680 --> 04:50:36,680
CONSIDERING AS AN ADVICE TO

6893
04:50:36,680 --> 04:50:38,040
OTHER PEOPLE THAT SORT OF TAKES

6894
04:50:38,040 --> 04:50:41,960
YOU OFF OF A LITTLE BIT OF

6895
04:50:41,960 --> 04:50:43,400
PRESSURE ON YOU ARE YOUR STUFF.

6896
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:44,680
IS THERE SOME SPECIAL WAY THAT

6897
04:50:44,680 --> 04:50:46,360
WE SHOULD THINK ABOUT THOSE

6898
04:50:46,360 --> 04:50:52,200
FACTORS WHEN WE'RE DESIGNING

6899
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:54,680
THESE TYPES OF STUDIES?

6900
04:50:54,680 --> 04:50:57,920
>>I THINK SOME OF THAT, A
LOT

6901
04:50:57,920 --> 04:50:59,880
OF INFLAMMATION THINGS HARRY

6902
04:50:59,880 --> 04:51:03,080
WILL ADDRESS BETTER, THAT'S NOT

6903
04:51:03,080 --> 04:51:03,960
WHAT I DO.

6904
04:51:03,960 --> 04:51:06,200
I THINK THE BENEFIT THAT I

6905
04:51:06,200 --> 04:51:08,760
ALWAYS -- MY TRAINEES AND I

6906
04:51:08,760 --> 04:51:11,080
DISCUSS WHEN WE TRY TO CITE

6907
04:51:11,080 --> 04:51:13,360
LITERATURE TO SUPPORT OUR

6908
04:51:13,360 --> 04:51:14,040
FINDINGS AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC

6909
04:51:14,040 --> 04:51:16,960
STUDIES, AGAIN TRYING TO

6910
04:51:16,960 --> 04:51:18,680
PRACTICE WHAT I PREACH, A LOT OF

6911
04:51:18,680 --> 04:51:20,880
THE BEST KIND OF EXPERIMENTAL

6912
04:51:20,880 --> 04:51:24,800
STUDY IS SORT OF THE ONE THAT

6913
04:51:24,800 --> 04:51:26,960
VERY NARROWLY FOCUSES ON A

6914
04:51:26,960 --> 04:51:28,760
PARTICULAR WINDOW, A VERY

6915
04:51:28,760 --> 04:51:32,160
PARTICULAR TIME POINT, A

6916
04:51:32,160 --> 04:51:34,920
PARTICULAR DISEASE STATE, ASKS A

6917
04:51:34,920 --> 04:51:35,880
SPECIFIC KIND OF QUESTION, THAT

6918
04:51:35,880 --> 04:51:41,560
YOU CAN BE SURE THAT IF YOU'RE

6919
04:51:41,560 --> 04:51:46,280
ASKING ABOUT PREGNANCY EXPOSURE

6920
04:51:46,280 --> 04:51:53,760
TO A  NUTRIENT, SAY IN INDIA,

6921
04:51:53,760 --> 04:51:56,000
WHAT YOU'RE TRYING TO MODEL, I

6922
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:57,600
THINK THERE'S A LOT OF VALUE IN

6923
04:51:57,600 --> 04:51:59,080
THOSE STUDIES.

6924
04:51:59,080 --> 04:52:02,400
SO PROVIDING THOSE DETAILS,

6925
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:03,800
PROVIDING CONTEXT FOR EXACTLY

6926
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:05,200
WHAT YOU'RE TRYING TO MODEL IS

6927
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,680
MAYBE THE BEST KIND OF ANIMAL

6928
04:52:07,680 --> 04:52:11,120
MODEL BECAUSE WHEN YOU START

6929
04:52:11,120 --> 04:52:12,920
TRYING TO MODEL EVERYTHING, YOU

6930
04:52:12,920 --> 04:52:15,320
ULTIMATELY MISS A LOT.

6931
04:52:15,320 --> 04:52:18,080
LIKE SO YOU TRY TO BE TOO BROAD,

6932
04:52:18,080 --> 04:52:19,920
THERE'S NO NEED FOR THAT OFTEN.

6933
04:52:19,920 --> 04:52:22,520
OFTEN THE GOAL IS TO USE THE

6934
04:52:22,520 --> 04:52:24,120
HUMAN EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA WHICH

6935
04:52:24,120 --> 04:52:25,680
IS QUITE BROAD, AND THEN TO

6936
04:52:25,680 --> 04:52:29,440
BRING THAT AND PROVIDE A NARROW

6937
04:52:29,440 --> 04:52:30,520
PERSPECTIVE ON EXPOSURE, A

6938
04:52:30,520 --> 04:52:32,240
PARTICULAR TIME POINT, A

6939
04:52:32,240 --> 04:52:35,360
PARTICULAR OUTCOME, MAYBE A CELL

6940
04:52:35,360 --> 04:52:38,040
OF INTEREST, AND REALLY PROVIDE

6941
04:52:38,040 --> 04:52:40,720
BEAUTIFUL  MECHANISTIC INSIGHT.

6942
04:52:40,720 --> 04:52:41,520
THAT'S WHAT I'M LOOKING FOR.

6943
04:52:41,520 --> 04:52:45,280
I DON'T KNOW THAT I ALWAYS

6944
04:52:45,280 --> 04:52:47,720
PUBLISH LIKE THAT WHEN DOING

6945
04:52:47,720 --> 04:52:48,560
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS BUT THAT'S

6946
04:52:48,560 --> 04:52:51,720
WHAT -- THAT'S WHAT WE LOOK FOR

6947
04:52:51,720 --> 04:52:54,920
NOW, TO REALLY UNDERSTAND

6948
04:52:54,920 --> 04:52:57,400
UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF OUR

6949
04:52:57,400 --> 04:53:00,080
FINDING IN HUMANS.

6950
04:53:00,080 --> 04:53:02,360
>>THANK YOU.

6951
04:53:02,360 --> 04:53:02,800
HARRY?

6952
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:03,120
TWO MINUTES.

6953
04:53:03,120 --> 04:53:03,560
>>THAT'S BEAUTIFUL.

6954
04:53:03,560 --> 04:53:06,920
I DON'T KNOW THAT I CAN ADD MUCH

6955
04:53:06,920 --> 04:53:07,520
TO THAT.

6956
04:53:07,520 --> 04:53:09,360
I'VE HEARD PART OF THE QUESTION,

6957
04:53:09,360 --> 04:53:13,640
YOU SAID SOMETHING ABOUT AGING.

6958
04:53:13,640 --> 04:53:18,000
I WANTED TO THROW IN SOME

6959
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:19,480
PRACTICAL ADVICE.

6960
04:53:19,480 --> 04:53:21,920
MICE LIVE TWO YEARS.

6961
04:53:21,920 --> 04:53:23,840
PIGS LIVE TO BE 20+.

6962
04:53:23,840 --> 04:53:28,640
I DON'T KNOW HOW YOU WRITE A

6963
04:53:28,640 --> 04:53:30,480
GRANT, YOU KNOW, THAT'S GOING TO

6964
04:53:30,480 --> 04:53:33,000
BE 20 YEARS LONG.

6965
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:34,440
ANYWAY, AGAIN, I DON'T KNOW THAT

6966
04:53:34,440 --> 04:53:38,360
I HAVE MUCH TO REITERATE.

6967
04:53:38,360 --> 04:53:40,560
YOU MENTIONED ALSO INFLAMMATORY

6968
04:53:40,560 --> 04:53:42,400
COMPONENTS IN DEVELOPMENT.

6969
04:53:42,400 --> 04:53:44,480
THAT'S RIGHT.

6970
04:53:44,480 --> 04:53:48,080
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS WERE

6971
04:53:48,080 --> 04:53:51,080
DISCOVERED IN DROSOPHILA BASED

6972
04:53:51,080 --> 04:53:51,800
ON ABILITY TO REGULATE

6973
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:52,080
DEVELOPMENT.

6974
04:53:52,080 --> 04:53:53,920
I DON'T THINK THERE'S A VERY

6975
04:53:53,920 --> 04:53:56,640
STRONG SENSE ABOUT WHAT THEY

6976
04:53:56,640 --> 04:53:59,080
ACTUALLY DO IN HUMANS OR EVEN

6977
04:53:59,080 --> 04:54:01,360
MOUSE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

6978
04:54:01,360 --> 04:54:02,720
LET ALONE TO THINK ABOUT

6979
04:54:02,720 --> 04:54:05,560
INTERACTION WITH INFLAMMATION

6980
04:54:05,560 --> 04:54:07,200
AND HOW THAT MIGHT BE OCCURRING

6981
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:12,000
AT THE SAME TIME IN THE MOTHER.

6982
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:13,120
THAT'S A VERY LARGE KNOWLEDGE

6983
04:54:13,120 --> 04:54:19,080
GAP.

6984
04:54:19,080 --> 04:54:19,240
 

6985
04:54:19,240 --> 04:54:24,280
>>WE ARE AT OUR 4:00 AND
FIVE

6986
04:54:24,280 --> 04:54:26,680
MINUTES, THANK YOU FOR A GREAT

6987
04:54:26,680 --> 04:54:27,480
PRESENTATION AND A GOOD

6988
04:54:27,480 --> 04:54:29,080
DISCUSSION EVEN THOUGH YOU

6989
04:54:29,080 --> 04:54:29,960
ANSWERED MOSTLY ALL THESE

6990
04:54:29,960 --> 04:54:31,240
QUESTIONS THAT CAME IN ON THE

6991
04:54:31,240 --> 04:54:35,160
CHAT OR THAT I HAD IN MY HEAD.

6992
04:54:35,160 --> 04:54:39,280
AND I THINK I WILL TURN THIS

6993
04:54:39,280 --> 04:54:41,160
BACK OVER AND WE WILL THEN GET

6994
04:54:41,160 --> 04:54:42,640
READY TO CLOSE OUT THE DAY WITH

6995
04:54:42,640 --> 04:54:45,040
WHATEVER WE HAVE NEXT TO DO.

6996
04:54:45,040 --> 04:54:49,560
AND PLEASE BE THERE TOMORROW

6997
04:54:49,560 --> 04:54:49,800
WITH US.

6998
04:54:49,800 --> 04:54:50,160
>>RIGHT.

6999
04:54:50,160 --> 04:54:53,480
THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. HARRY.

7000
04:54:53,480 --> 04:54:55,040
I'M ROBIN McKINNON.

7001
04:54:55,040 --> 04:54:57,880
I'M A SENIOR ADVISER FOR

7002
04:54:57,880 --> 04:55:02,320
NUTRITION POLICY AT FDA CENTER

7003
04:55:02,320 --> 04:55:03,240
FOR FOOD SAFETY.

7004
04:55:03,240 --> 04:55:07,080
AND I'M GOING TO CLOSE US OUT

7005
04:55:07,080 --> 04:55:09,520
HERE FOR THIS FASCINATING DAY

7006
04:55:09,520 --> 04:55:11,000
THAT WE'VE SPENT TOGETHER.

7007
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:16,280
FIRST I WOULD REALLY LIKE TO

7008
04:55:16,280 --> 04:55:17,560
REITERATE MY APPRECIATION FOR

7009
04:55:17,560 --> 04:55:23,080
THE COLLABORATION WITH OUR

7010
04:55:23,080 --> 04:55:26,720
FEDERAL COLLEAGUES AT NIH,

7011
04:55:26,720 --> 04:55:28,440
CORRECT CDC, USD, EPA, BROADER

7012
04:55:28,440 --> 04:55:30,320
RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND BEYOND.

7013
04:55:30,320 --> 04:55:32,600
I'LL PROVIDE HIGH LEVEL SUMMARY

7014
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:35,320
OF WHAT WE'VE HEARD, WHERE WE'RE

7015
04:55:35,320 --> 04:55:35,560
HEADING.

7016
04:55:35,560 --> 04:55:39,760
BUT IT'S BEEN A FULL DAY,

7017
04:55:39,760 --> 04:55:40,720
FASCINATING PRESENTATIONS AND

7018
04:55:40,720 --> 04:55:41,880
DISCUSSIONS.

7019
04:55:41,880 --> 04:55:44,640
A VERY HIGH LEVEL, AGAIN IN THIS

7020
04:55:44,640 --> 04:55:47,200
WORKSHOP WE'RE FOCUSING ON

7021
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:49,680
INTERSECTION OF NUTRITION AND

7022
04:55:49,680 --> 04:55:50,760
TOXICOLOGIES TOPICS.

7023
04:55:50,760 --> 04:55:54,840
SO LOOKING AT THE CHALLENGES OF

7024
04:55:54,840 --> 04:55:55,920
ADEQUATE INTAKE, STAGES OF

7025
04:55:55,920 --> 04:55:59,560
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ROLE OF

7026
04:55:59,560 --> 04:56:00,680
EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL

7027
04:56:00,680 --> 04:56:02,120
CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS, AND

7028
04:56:02,120 --> 04:56:04,560
IMPORTANT ROLE OF NUTRIENTS FROM

7029
04:56:04,560 --> 04:56:06,920
DIFFERENT FOOD GROUPS IN CHILD

7030
04:56:06,920 --> 04:56:08,480
DEVELOPMENT, HELPING TO PROTECT

7031
04:56:08,480 --> 04:56:09,920
CHILDREN FROM HEALTH EFFECTS

7032
04:56:09,920 --> 04:56:13,160
ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO

7033
04:56:13,160 --> 04:56:13,680
CONTAMINANTS, LOOKING AT

7034
04:56:13,680 --> 04:56:15,400
RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN FOOD

7035
04:56:15,400 --> 04:56:16,920
AND NUTRIENTS, EFFECTS OF

7036
04:56:16,920 --> 04:56:19,320
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND CHILD

7037
04:56:19,320 --> 04:56:21,360
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

7038
04:56:21,360 --> 04:56:23,360
AND FEDERAL AGENCIES, CURRENT

7039
04:56:23,360 --> 04:56:25,600
AND FUTURE, RISK COMMUNICATIONS.

7040
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:28,440
AND, AGAIN, WE'RE EMPHASIZING

7041
04:56:28,440 --> 04:56:32,000
RISK COMMUNICATION BECAUSE

7042
04:56:32,000 --> 04:56:33,720
UNDERSTANDING THE RISK HARMFUL

7043
04:56:33,720 --> 04:56:35,920
CONTAMINANTS POSE ON THE FOOD

7044
04:56:35,920 --> 04:56:37,280
SUPPLY IS COMPLICATED, CAN

7045
04:56:37,280 --> 04:56:39,720
FURTHER COMPLICATE COMMUNICATION

7046
04:56:39,720 --> 04:56:42,040
OF THESE RISKS.

7047
04:56:42,040 --> 04:56:44,000
EXPOSURE OF CONTAMINANTS CAN

7048
04:56:44,000 --> 04:56:47,760
COME FROM MANY FOODS, INCLUDING

7049
04:56:47,760 --> 04:56:48,160
NUTRITIOUS FOODS.

7050
04:56:48,160 --> 04:56:51,200
IT'S CRUCIAL TO ENSURE OUR

7051
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:52,160
COMMUNICATION ABOUT THESE

7052
04:56:52,160 --> 04:56:55,800
CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS NOT RESULT

7053
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:58,320
IN UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, LIKE

7054
04:56:58,320 --> 04:57:01,240
ELIMINATING CERTAIN FOODS THAT

7055
04:57:01,240 --> 04:57:02,840
HAVE SIGNIFICANT NUTRITIONAL

7056
04:57:02,840 --> 04:57:04,840
BENEFITS OR REDUCING ONE

7057
04:57:04,840 --> 04:57:07,080
CONTAMINANT IN A DIET,

7058
04:57:07,080 --> 04:57:09,640
INCREASING ANOTHER.

7059
04:57:09,640 --> 04:57:11,600
STEVE HERMANSKY LED OFF IN HIS

7060
04:57:11,600 --> 04:57:13,280
TALK ABOUT RISK COMMUNICATION,

7061
04:57:13,280 --> 04:57:17,000
IN THIS NEW REALITY THAT THIS

7062
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:21,360
WORLD -- THAT WE'RE IN WITH NEW

7063
04:57:21,360 --> 04:57:22,480
REALITY, AND POTENTIAL

7064
04:57:22,480 --> 04:57:24,960
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCE CAN BE

7065
04:57:24,960 --> 04:57:28,040
ALIENATING KEY AUDIENCES.

7066
04:57:28,040 --> 04:57:29,880
SO, STEVE NOTED DEFINITION OF

7067
04:57:29,880 --> 04:57:31,720
EXPERT HAS CHANGED.

7068
04:57:31,720 --> 04:57:33,520
AND THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

7069
04:57:33,520 --> 04:57:35,280
MORE BROADLY MUST ADAPT TO THIS

7070
04:57:35,280 --> 04:57:37,600
NEW WORLD.

7071
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:40,720
AND THIS NEW PARADIGM.

7072
04:57:40,720 --> 04:57:43,280
SO THERE'S AN EMPHASIS AND

7073
04:57:43,280 --> 04:57:45,520
IMPORTANCE OF EARNING TRUST

7074
04:57:45,520 --> 04:57:45,960
FIRST.

7075
04:57:45,960 --> 04:57:50,160
SO STARTING BY LISTENING AND

7076
04:57:50,160 --> 04:57:52,680
UNDERSTANDING FIRST BECAUSE

7077
04:57:52,680 --> 04:57:55,160
CHANGING MINDS REQUIRES FIRST

7078
04:57:55,160 --> 04:57:56,960
UNDERSTANDING, AND STEVE POSED

7079
04:57:56,960 --> 04:57:58,160
THE PROVOCATIVE QUESTION, WHAT

7080
04:57:58,160 --> 04:58:01,760
COULD CHANGE IF WE CHANGED.

7081
04:58:01,760 --> 04:58:05,120
WE MOVED INTO FIRST SESSION,

7082
04:58:05,120 --> 04:58:07,200
FOCUSING ON NUTRIENT NEEDS,

7083
04:58:07,200 --> 04:58:09,320
GAPS, KEY DIETARY SOURCES OF

7084
04:58:09,320 --> 04:58:12,320
NUTRIENTS TO SUPPORT CHILD

7085
04:58:12,320 --> 04:58:12,720
DEVELOPMENT.

7086
04:58:12,720 --> 04:58:15,800
AND HEARD JUST THE CRITICAL

7087
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:18,080
PERIODS OF FETAL AND CHILD

7088
04:58:18,080 --> 04:58:21,360
DEVELOPMENT THAT PREGNANCY AND

7089
04:58:21,360 --> 04:58:22,920
LACTATION ARE.

7090
04:58:22,920 --> 04:58:26,560
AND ALSO IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN

7091
04:58:26,560 --> 04:58:28,080
THAT INFANTS, VERY YOUNG

7092
04:58:28,080 --> 04:58:33,200
CHILDREN NEED NUTRIENT DENSE

7093
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:34,000
DIET, KEY NUTRIENTS INCLUDE

7094
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:38,400
OMEGA 3 

7095
04:58:38,400 --> 04:58:42,520
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID, IRON, ZINC,

7096
04:58:42,520 --> 04:58:45,920
CHOLINE, SOME INTAKES ARE LOWER

7097
04:58:45,920 --> 04:58:48,680
THAN RECOMMENDED, PARTICULARLY

7098
04:58:48,680 --> 04:58:50,720
IRON, CHOLINE, FATTY ACIDS.

7099
04:58:50,720 --> 04:58:53,920
THERE WAS ALSO NOTING TIME OF OF

7100
04:58:53,920 --> 04:58:55,880
THOSE ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN

7101
04:58:55,880 --> 04:58:56,840
CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

7102
04:58:56,840 --> 04:58:59,040
ESPECIALLY IN THE FIRST THOUSAND

7103
04:58:59,040 --> 04:58:59,280
DAYS.

7104
04:58:59,280 --> 04:59:02,480
THE NUTRIENTS WERE IMPORTANT IN

7105
04:59:02,480 --> 04:59:02,760
THEMSELVES.

7106
04:59:02,760 --> 04:59:04,960
BUT THEY COULD ALSO HAVE

7107
04:59:04,960 --> 04:59:07,200
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS, SO THERE WAS

7108
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:08,680
MENTION IN SEVERAL PRESENTATIONS

7109
04:59:08,680 --> 04:59:12,280
THAT THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF

7110
04:59:12,280 --> 04:59:13,840
IRON AGAINST LEAD TOXICITY, AND

7111
04:59:13,840 --> 04:59:15,640
POINT MADE ABOUT PREVENTING IRON

7112
04:59:15,640 --> 04:59:19,680
DEFICIENCY SHOULD BE A HIGH

7113
04:59:19,680 --> 04:59:20,240
PRIORITY.

7114
04:59:20,240 --> 04:59:24,280
AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF B

7115
04:59:24,280 --> 04:59:26,400
VITAMINS AGAINST CERTAIN EFFECTS

7116
04:59:26,400 --> 04:59:27,480
OF ARSENIC.

7117
04:59:27,480 --> 04:59:32,400
AND SOURCES, KEY SOURCES OF

7118
04:59:32,400 --> 04:59:33,320
NUTRIENTS INCLUDE MEATS,

7119
04:59:33,320 --> 04:59:35,480
SEAFOOD, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,

7120
04:59:35,480 --> 04:59:38,760
BEANS, NUTS, SEEDS, EGGS, DAIRY,

7121
04:59:38,760 --> 04:59:41,160
GRAINS. 

7122
04:59:41,160 --> 04:59:43,600
IN THE DIETARY GUIDELINES

7123
04:59:43,600 --> 04:59:45,120
PROVIDE DIETARY PATTERNS TO

7124
04:59:45,120 --> 04:59:46,560
CONSUME THESE HEALTHY DIETARY

7125
04:59:46,560 --> 04:59:49,160
PATTERNS, MANY FOOD GROUPS ARE

7126
04:59:49,160 --> 04:59:56,680
UNDERCONSUMED LIKE SEAFOOD,

7127
04:59:56,680 --> 04:59:58,520
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, WHOLE

7128
04:59:58,520 --> 04:59:58,760
GRAINS.

7129
04:59:58,760 --> 05:00:00,840
SOME KEY SOURCES CAN ALSO BE

7130
05:00:00,840 --> 05:00:02,120
SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS, SO

7131
05:00:02,120 --> 05:00:04,800
FOODS THAT NEED TO BE INCREASED

7132
05:00:04,800 --> 05:00:08,120
CAN ALSO SOMETIMES HAVE THE

7133
05:00:08,120 --> 05:00:08,760
PRESENCE OF CERTAIN

7134
05:00:08,760 --> 05:00:10,160
CONTAMINANTS, OFTEN DUE TO

7135
05:00:10,160 --> 05:00:15,000
PRESENCE IN SOIL AND AIR AND

7136
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:16,520
WATER.

7137
05:00:16,520 --> 05:00:20,200
THIS IS WHY AUTHORITATIVE ADVICE

7138
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:23,840
AND RECOMMENDATIONS HOW TO

7139
05:00:23,840 --> 05:00:29,000
CHARACTERIZE THE RISKS, TAKE

7140
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:30,440
ACTION, MITIGATE EXPOSURE, WHY

7141
05:00:30,440 --> 05:00:32,680
THIS IS SO NECESSARY TO HELP

7142
05:00:32,680 --> 05:00:37,320
PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS MAKE GOOD

7143
05:00:37,320 --> 05:00:37,920
CHOICES.

7144
05:00:37,920 --> 05:00:40,960
IN SESSION 2 WE DIVED INTO

7145
05:00:40,960 --> 05:00:49,560
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS,

7146
05:00:49,560 --> 05:00:51,200
FOODS AND GROUPS ESSENTIAL FOR

7147
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:52,800
CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

7148
05:00:52,800 --> 05:00:56,520
LOOKING AT FRUITS AND

7149
05:00:56,520 --> 05:00:58,120
VEGETABLES, DAIRY, NUTRIENTS

7150
05:00:58,120 --> 05:01:01,760
PARTICULARLY OF IRON AND VITAMIN

7151
05:01:01,760 --> 05:01:04,680
D, CALCIUM, B VITAMINS,

7152
05:01:04,680 --> 05:01:07,080
CONTAINED AND VITAMIN C, WITHIN

7153
05:01:07,080 --> 05:01:09,280
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, DAIRY.

7154
05:01:09,280 --> 05:01:12,120
AND ALSO NOTING THE EFFECTS

7155
05:01:12,120 --> 05:01:14,440
OF -- NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF

7156
05:01:14,440 --> 05:01:16,160
DEFICIENCIES IN THESE NUTRIENTS

7157
05:01:16,160 --> 05:01:21,840
IN TERMS OF DEVELOPMENTAL

7158
05:01:21,840 --> 05:01:27,440
DELAYS, MANY NEGATIVE HEALTH

7159
05:01:27,440 --> 05:01:30,880
OUTCOMES AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS

7160
05:01:30,880 --> 05:01:31,440
AGAINST CONTAMINANTS, LIKE

7161
05:01:31,440 --> 05:01:33,280
VITAMIN D AGAINST LEAD, CERTAIN

7162
05:01:33,280 --> 05:01:37,560
B VITAMINS AIDING IN METHYLATION

7163
05:01:37,560 --> 05:01:40,800
OF INORGANIC ARSENIC, VITAMIN C

7164
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:44,080
ENHANCING NON-HEME IRON AND

7165
05:01:44,080 --> 05:01:46,960
INHIBITING LEAD UPTAKE.

7166
05:01:46,960 --> 05:01:49,000
AND THEN THERE WAS THE TALK ON

7167
05:01:49,000 --> 05:01:51,760
THE ROLE OF GRAINS AND HOW WHOLE

7168
05:01:51,760 --> 05:01:55,600
GRAINS COULD CONTAIN MANY

7169
05:01:55,600 --> 05:01:57,320
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS, ALSO CAN

7170
05:01:57,320 --> 05:01:58,600
INCREASE EXPOSURE TO

7171
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:01,600
CONTAMINANTS LIKE ARSENIC AND

7172
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:01,840
MERCURY.

7173
05:02:01,840 --> 05:02:02,880
SEAFOOD INTAKE, SO MANY

7174
05:02:02,880 --> 05:02:05,440
IMPORTANT BENEFITS OF SEAFOOD

7175
05:02:05,440 --> 05:02:13,040
INTAKE INCLUDING OMEGA  3 FATTY

7176
05:02:13,040 --> 05:02:18,120
ACID, IRON, CHOLINE,  WHICH VARY

7177
05:02:18,120 --> 05:02:21,960
BY SPECIES AND EXPOSURE TO

7178
05:02:21,960 --> 05:02:23,280
METHYLMERCURY AND PROTECTIVE

7179
05:02:23,280 --> 05:02:28,800
EFFECT OF SELENIUM AND CERTAIN

7180
05:02:28,800 --> 05:02:29,680
COOKING METHODS.

7181
05:02:29,680 --> 05:02:32,600
AND ROUNDING OUT WITH DISCUSSION

7182
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:35,640
OF DIETARY PATTERNS AND DIET

7183
05:02:35,640 --> 05:02:38,440
QUALITY, SO QUANTITY, VARIETY,

7184
05:02:38,440 --> 05:02:39,680
COMBINATION OF FOODS AND

7185
05:02:39,680 --> 05:02:43,280
FREQUENCY OF CONSUMPTION AS A

7186
05:02:43,280 --> 05:02:46,680
WHOLE LOOKING AT THAT DIET AS A

7187
05:02:46,680 --> 05:02:47,840
WHOLE AND THE WHOLE IS GREATER

7188
05:02:47,840 --> 05:02:52,280
THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS, FOODS

7189
05:02:52,280 --> 05:02:53,560
AND BEVERAGES CONSUMED IN

7190
05:02:53,560 --> 05:02:55,560
COMBINATION, AND IN THE DIETARY

7191
05:02:55,560 --> 05:02:57,280
GUIDELINES AND OTHER PLACES

7192
05:02:57,280 --> 05:03:03,080
THERE'S A WAY OF CHARACTERIZING

7193
05:03:03,080 --> 05:03:06,000
THAT, ATI SCORES, BEING ABLE TO

7194
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:11,560
COMPARE OVERALL DIET QUALITY AND

7195
05:03:11,560 --> 05:03:13,000
CHARACTERIZING THE DIETARY

7196
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:17,280
QUALITY ACROSS DIFFERENT DIETARY

7197
05:03:17,280 --> 05:03:17,520
PATTERNS.

7198
05:03:17,520 --> 05:03:21,920
AND THE LINK BETWEEN DIETARY

7199
05:03:21,920 --> 05:03:24,120
PATTERNS AND QUALITY OF DIET,

7200
05:03:24,120 --> 05:03:27,320
LINKING THAT TO THINGS LIKE

7201
05:03:27,320 --> 05:03:30,160
CHILD COGNITION, SO HIGHER DIET

7202
05:03:30,160 --> 05:03:32,160
QUALITY, BEING LINKED TO HIGHER

7203
05:03:32,160 --> 05:03:34,280
COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CERTAIN

7204
05:03:34,280 --> 05:03:37,600
CASES, I.Q., ALSO MENTAL HEALTH

7205
05:03:37,600 --> 05:03:39,560
AND ORAL HEALTH.

7206
05:03:39,560 --> 05:03:40,320
SO INTERESTINGLY, CERTAIN

7207
05:03:40,320 --> 05:03:42,640
DIETARY PATTERNS CAN BE LINKED

7208
05:03:42,640 --> 05:03:47,120
TO HIGHER OR LOWER LEVELS OF

7209
05:03:47,120 --> 05:03:48,880
CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE AS WELL.

7210
05:03:48,880 --> 05:03:52,480
LASTLY WE HEARD ABOUT THE ROLES

7211
05:03:52,480 --> 05:03:54,440
OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, AND WHAT

7212
05:03:54,440 --> 05:03:56,880
THEY CAN PLAY IN HUMAN NUTRITION

7213
05:03:56,880 --> 05:03:59,080
AND TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH.

7214
05:03:59,080 --> 05:04:00,360
AND THIS SESSION EMPHASIZED

7215
05:04:00,360 --> 05:04:04,720
IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL MODELS AND

7216
05:04:04,720 --> 05:04:05,720
HUMAN NUTRITION, TOXICOLOGY

7217
05:04:05,720 --> 05:04:07,440
RESEARCH, AND INTERPRETATION OF

7218
05:04:07,440 --> 05:04:09,200
THOSE RESULTS.

7219
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:14,680
HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF

7220
05:04:14,680 --> 05:04:16,560
THAT EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, NEED

7221
05:04:16,560 --> 05:04:17,960
FOR APPROPRIATE MODELS, RESEARCH

7222
05:04:17,960 --> 05:04:21,360
QUESTIONS, LIFE STAGE, EXPOSURE

7223
05:04:21,360 --> 05:04:24,200
LEVEL, TIMING, ORGAN-SPECIFIC

7224
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:29,440
FINDINGS AND NOTING CYCLE

7225
05:04:29,440 --> 05:04:32,080
BETWEEN -- APPROPRIATE BETWEEN

7226
05:04:32,080 --> 05:04:33,160
EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC

7227
05:04:33,160 --> 05:04:34,160
RESEARCH, EPIDEMIOLOGIC

7228
05:04:34,160 --> 05:04:35,920
RESEARCH, BUT NOTING THE

7229
05:04:35,920 --> 05:04:37,560
INTERPLAY BETWEEN THESE.

7230
05:04:37,560 --> 05:04:39,080
AND THINKING AHEAD FOR CONSUMERS

7231
05:04:39,080 --> 05:04:41,800
OF THE RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE

7232
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:46,320
PRESENTATION OF STRENGTHS AND

7233
05:04:46,320 --> 05:04:47,320
LIMITATIONS IN MANUSCRIPTS,

7234
05:04:47,320 --> 05:04:50,480
CHARACTERIZING SOME OF THOSE

7235
05:04:50,480 --> 05:04:51,400
INSIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

7236
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:52,760
APPROPRIATELY AND NOTING AT THE

7237
05:04:52,760 --> 05:04:54,880
END THE CAREFUL CHOICE OF ANIMAL

7238
05:04:54,880 --> 05:04:57,600
MODEL OR SPECIES THAT MAY BE

7239
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:00,120
NEEDED, SPECIFICALLY FOR THE

7240
05:05:00,120 --> 05:05:03,720
QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY.

7241
05:05:03,720 --> 05:05:05,760
AGAIN, A GREAT DEAL OF

7242
05:05:05,760 --> 05:05:07,120
COMPLEXITY, WHEN YOU STEP BACK

7243
05:05:07,120 --> 05:05:10,360
AND LISTEN TO ALL THAT WE'VE

7244
05:05:10,360 --> 05:05:12,360
HEARD, BUT CERTAIN THINGS REALLY

7245
05:05:12,360 --> 05:05:15,040
POPPED OUT FOR ME.

7246
05:05:15,040 --> 05:05:17,400
CRITICAL POINT THAT CERTAIN

7247
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:18,960
NUTRIENTS AND FOODS PROVIDE

7248
05:05:18,960 --> 05:05:21,880
ESSENTIAL ROLES IN CHILD GROWTH

7249
05:05:21,880 --> 05:05:25,600
AND DEVELOPMENT, INFANTS AND

7250
05:05:25,600 --> 05:05:26,560
CHILDREN NEED NUTRIENT-DENSE

7251
05:05:26,560 --> 05:05:27,960
DIET, THAT THERE CAN BE

7252
05:05:27,960 --> 05:05:33,200
EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNE AND OTHER

7253
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:34,720
POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL

7254
05:05:34,720 --> 05:05:35,800
PERTURBATIONS RESULTING FROM

7255
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:36,680
UNDERCONSUMPTION OF ESSENTIAL

7256
05:05:36,680 --> 05:05:37,080
NUTRIENTS.

7257
05:05:37,080 --> 05:05:39,440
SO THERE'S A RISK OF

7258
05:05:39,440 --> 05:05:41,320
UNDERCONSUMPTION OF THESE

7259
05:05:41,320 --> 05:05:43,920
CRITICAL NUTRIENTS.

7260
05:05:43,920 --> 05:05:45,480
THERE'S ALSO POTENTIAL MEDIATION

7261
05:05:45,480 --> 05:05:49,440
EFFECT, PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF

7262
05:05:49,440 --> 05:05:51,000
NUTRIENT-DENSE FOODS, AND

7263
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:52,720
CERTAIN NUTRIENTS, HIGH QUALITY

7264
05:05:52,720 --> 05:05:54,080
DIETARY PATTERNS, AND ALSO SOME

7265
05:05:54,080 --> 05:05:55,760
OF THE FOODS THAT ARE IMPORTANT

7266
05:05:55,760 --> 05:05:57,720
SOURCES OF THESE NUTRIENTS CAN

7267
05:05:57,720 --> 05:06:01,520
BE SOURCED OF EXPOSURE TO

7268
05:06:01,520 --> 05:06:02,080
CERTAIN CONTAMINANTS.

7269
05:06:02,080 --> 05:06:04,480
CLEARLY THERE ARE MANY

7270
05:06:04,480 --> 05:06:05,960
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATION

7271
05:06:05,960 --> 05:06:07,920
WHERE THERE ARE RESEARCH GAPS,

7272
05:06:07,920 --> 05:06:10,080
MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED IN A

7273
05:06:10,080 --> 05:06:11,840
NUMBER OF AREAS.

7274
05:06:11,840 --> 05:06:14,360
FOR EXAMPLE, INTERACTION BETWEEN

7275
05:06:14,360 --> 05:06:16,680
NUTRIENTS, BOTH FOODS AND

7276
05:06:16,680 --> 05:06:20,040
DIETARY PATTERNS, AND CERTAIN

7277
05:06:20,040 --> 05:06:22,280
CONTAMINANTS. 

7278
05:06:22,280 --> 05:06:24,040
AND PERHAPS PARTICULARLY

7279
05:06:24,040 --> 05:06:25,440
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS,

7280
05:06:25,440 --> 05:06:27,080
FOODS, DIETARY PATTERNS,

7281
05:06:27,080 --> 05:06:30,480
IMPORTANCE OF TESTING AND

7282
05:06:30,480 --> 05:06:32,880
EXAMINING MULTIPLE CONTAMINANTS,

7283
05:06:32,880 --> 05:06:34,000
INCREASING COLLECTION OF

7284
05:06:34,000 --> 05:06:35,720
BIOMARKER DATA, NATIONAL

7285
05:06:35,720 --> 05:06:37,680
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS.

7286
05:06:37,680 --> 05:06:39,520
IMPORTANCE OF MORE RESEARCH ON

7287
05:06:39,520 --> 05:06:43,080
DIET AND DIETARY PATTERNS IN

7288
05:06:43,080 --> 05:06:43,720
CHILDREN, PARTICULARLY.

7289
05:06:43,720 --> 05:06:46,320
I WANTED TO EMPHASIZE CRITICAL

7290
05:06:46,320 --> 05:06:49,040
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH INEQUITIES

7291
05:06:49,040 --> 05:06:50,160
FOR UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND

7292
05:06:50,160 --> 05:06:53,240
THAT WE MAY BE UNDERESTIMATING

7293
05:06:53,240 --> 05:06:55,080
EXPOSURES IN CERTAIN POPULATIONS

7294
05:06:55,080 --> 05:06:58,280
AND NEED TO INCREASE IMPORTANCE

7295
05:06:58,280 --> 05:07:02,000
OF COMMUNICATIONS AND

7296
05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:02,640
POTENTIALLY TAILORING FOR

7297
05:07:02,640 --> 05:07:03,440
CERTAIN COMMUNITIES.

7298
05:07:03,440 --> 05:07:09,280
FINALLY THE VERY IMPORTANT ROLE

7299
05:07:09,280 --> 05:07:10,320
OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANIMAL

7300
05:07:10,320 --> 05:07:10,760
STUDIES.

7301
05:07:10,760 --> 05:07:12,960
SO TOMORROW WE'LL BE TURNING TO

7302
05:07:12,960 --> 05:07:16,840
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF

7303
05:07:16,840 --> 05:07:19,520
COMMUNICATION AND APPROPRIATELY

7304
05:07:19,520 --> 05:07:21,360
CONVEYING CRITICALLY IMPORTANT

7305
05:07:21,360 --> 05:07:23,520
BUT ALSO NUANCED INFORMATION.

7306
05:07:23,520 --> 05:07:26,560
SO WE'LL BE TURNING TOWARDS THE

7307
05:07:26,560 --> 05:07:28,840
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL AND

7308
05:07:28,840 --> 05:07:31,480
COMMUNICATION SCIENCES, AND HOW

7309
05:07:31,480 --> 05:07:32,600
TO OPTIMALLY COMMUNICATE ADVICE

7310
05:07:32,600 --> 05:07:36,120
THAT IS DRAWN FROM THE

7311
05:07:36,120 --> 05:07:37,080
UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE,

7312
05:07:37,080 --> 05:07:40,920
WHETHER ANIMAL MODELS, WHETHER

7313
05:07:40,920 --> 05:07:42,880
IT'S EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND

7314
05:07:42,880 --> 05:07:44,880
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, AND USING

7315
05:07:44,880 --> 05:07:49,760
THOSE INSIGHTS FROM CURRENT,

7316
05:07:49,760 --> 05:07:51,280
FUTURE EXAMPLES OF FEDERAL

7317
05:07:51,280 --> 05:07:53,920
COMMUNICATIONS AND HOW TO

7318
05:07:53,920 --> 05:07:55,920
PROTECT AGAINST MISINFORMATION,

7319
05:07:55,920 --> 05:07:58,640
ANOTHER CRITICALLY IMPORTANT

7320
05:07:58,640 --> 05:07:58,960
TOPIC.

7321
05:07:58,960 --> 05:08:01,920
OVERALL, LEARNING SO THAT WE CAN

7322
05:08:01,920 --> 05:08:06,840
SPEAK SO THAT PEOPLE CAN HEAR

7323
05:08:06,840 --> 05:08:07,280
APPROPRIATELY.

7324
05:08:07,280 --> 05:08:11,160
WITH THAT, I WILL CLOSE OUT AND

7325
05:08:11,160 --> 05:08:12,640
I WILL HAND BACK TO KIM, WHO

7326
05:08:12,640 --> 05:08:15,560
WILL END THE DAY.

7327
05:08:15,560 --> 05:08:18,760
THANK YOU AGAIN.

7328
05:08:18,760 --> 05:08:19,880
>>THANK YOU, DR.
McKINNON.

7329
05:08:19,880 --> 05:08:22,840
ON BEHALF OF THE PLANNING TEAM I

7330
05:08:22,840 --> 05:08:24,520
WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR SPEAKERS

7331
05:08:24,520 --> 05:08:29,040
TODAY FOR TIME AND WONDERFUL

7332
05:08:29,040 --> 05:08:29,400
PRESENTATIONS.

7333
05:08:29,400 --> 05:08:30,680
I'D LIKE TO THANK THE

7334
05:08:30,680 --> 05:08:35,800
PARTICIPANTS FOR JOINING THIS

7335
05:08:35,800 --> 05:08:36,080
WORKSHOP.

7336
05:08:36,080 --> 05:08:39,080
PLEASE JOIN US FOR OUR SECOND

7337
05:08:39,080 --> 05:08:40,440
DAY TOMORROW.

7338
05:08:40,440 --> 05:08:41,840
FULL OF INFORMATIVE

7339
05:08:41,840 --> 05:08:43,040
PRESENTATIONS, RICH PANEL

7340
05:08:43,040 --> 05:08:44,560
DISCUSSIONS, FROM EXPERTS THAT

7341
05:08:44,560 --> 05:08:46,760
WILL EXPAND ON RISK

7342
05:08:46,760 --> 05:08:47,440
COMMUNICATION SCIENCE,

7343
05:08:47,440 --> 05:08:50,160
TOXICOLOGY, NUTRITION AND FOOD

7344
05:08:50,160 --> 05:08:50,400
SAFETY.

7345
05:08:50,400 --> 05:08:53,440
WE'LL BEGIN DAY 2 AT 10:30 A.M.

7346
05:08:53,440 --> 05:08:56,080
EASTERN STANDARD TIME.

7347
05:08:56,080 --> 05:09:05,280
REMINDER, AGENDA AND FULL

7348
05:09:05,280 --> 05:09:06,880
SPEAKER BIOS ARE ON THE PAGE.

7349
05:09:06,880 --> 05:09:07,920
HAVE A WONDERFUL DAY.

7350
05:09:07,920 --> 05:09:08,720
WE LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU

7351
05:09:08,720 --> 00:00:00,000
TOMORROW.