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I HAVE THE DISTINCT PLEASURE OF

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THE OPENING SESSION TO INTRODUCE

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MY BOSS WHO IS AN AMAZING GUY

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AND THE REASON I CAME TO NIH.

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DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL TO

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00:00:33,659 --> 00:00:38,030
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING.

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HE HAS A PORTFOLIO RESEARCHER

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PROGRAMS FOCUSING ON DEVELOPING

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TRANSLATING PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND

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COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND

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BIOLOGICAL MEDICINE.

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BUT HE STARTED RIGHT WHEN COVID

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19 HIT AND IT PLAYED A ROLE WITH

14
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THAT GOT ALL THE COVID TESTING

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ACROSS THE UNITED STATES.

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1.$7 BILLION INITIATIVE THAT'S

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WHAT HAPPENED HERE WITH

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INVESTIGATORS ACROSS THE COUNTRY

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HE DOES RUN AN ACTIVE RESEARCH

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LAB HERE AND 2022 AND 2024 CLASS

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WITH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

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ENGINEERING.

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MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE BRUCE.

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>> IT IS MY DISTINCT
PLEASURE.

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THANK YOU FOR ORGANIZING THIS

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AND PUTTING IT UP SO QUICKLY

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WITH YOUR TEAM.

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IT IS REMARKABLE.

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WE WILL GO BACK AND FORTH AND

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TALK ABOUT THE GROWTH OF

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AT NIH

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WITH UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS.

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OUR VISION FOR THE FUTURE WHICH

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IS INCLUSIVE OF BUILDING BRIDGES

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TO ENGAGE ALL OF YOU.

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AND AS HAPPENED WITH NIH

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DIRECTORS CONGRESS CAME HER WAY

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AND SHE IS RESPONSIVE TO

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CONGRESS WITH TIME COMMITMENTS

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BAD SPACE TIME JUGGLERS YOU WILL

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FIND OUT AND SHE AGREED TO COME

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IN THROUGH ZOOM EVEN THOUGH SHE

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IS VERY INTO DATA SCIENCE AND

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, THIS IS

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NOT A DIGITAL TWIN, I THINK.

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I WILL TAKE A COUPLE OF MOMENTS

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TO INTRODUCE HER.

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SHE IS THE 17th DIRECTOR OF

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NIH NOMINATED BY PRESIDENT BIDEN

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AND CONFIRMED BY THE U.S. SENATE

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ON NOVEMBER 7 AND TOOK OFFICE ON

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NOVEMBER 9.

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THE FIRST SURGEON AND SECOND

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WOMAN TO HOLD THE POSITION AND

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AS YOU WILL FIND OUT THE FIRST

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER.

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AS AN AGE DIRECTOR OVERSEAS THE

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FUNDER OF IN THE WORLD 27

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INSTITUTES CENTERS

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50 BILLION-DOLLAR ANNUAL BUDGET

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AND PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS A 16th

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 DIRECTOR FROM THE NATIONAL

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CANCER INSTITUTE IN PRIOR TO

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JOINING NIH PROFESSOR OF SURGERY

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AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL 2007

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THROUGH 2018.

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THROUGHOUT HER CAREER AT THE

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FOREFRONT OF THE CAREER OF

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CLINICAL ONCOLOGY.

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ADVANCING CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND

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AS A PROMOTER OF CANCER GROWTH.

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HER BIO SAYS THE PHYSICIAN

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SCIENTISTS BUT I WILL SAY

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PHYSICIAN ENGINEER THE

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INITIATIVES TO TRANSFORM DATA

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INFRASTRUCTURE AND DATA SCIENCE

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FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH HER HONORS

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INCLUDE THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

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OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF

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CLINICAL ONCOLOGY AND THE

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AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY TO

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PREVENT CANCER FOUNDATION AND

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THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

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MEDICINE.

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MONICA GREW UP ON A RANCH IN

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SOUTHWEST WYOMING WHICH IS A

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FERTILE ENVIRONMENT FOR

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ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS IN

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DISCOVERY AND GRADUATED FROM

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PRINCETON WITH A BACHELOR OF

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SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.

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AND WAS ACTUALLY A CLASSMATE

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FROM OUR COLLEAGUE WHO ACTUALLY

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HEADS NSF DIRECTOR AND FORMER

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CHAIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AT

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EMORY AND HER PREVIOUS BOSS.

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UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH STICKS

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WITH YOU FOR YOUR ENTIRE LIFE I

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KNOW SHE SEES THAT ALL THE

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TIME.

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AND AND MOST IMPORTANTLY MONICA

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HAS A FAVORITE EQUATION 1 OF THE

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FIRST QUESTIONS I ASKED LEARNING

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ABOUT HER ENGINEERING BACKGROUND

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AND DID NOT MISS A BEAT AND SAID

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THE BRUNO THE EQUATION AND WHAT

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WE CAN ALL RELATE TO WHEN YOU

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COMBINE THIS GIVES A VERY STRONG

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CASE TO CLAIM IS THE FIRST NIH

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DIRECTOR WHO IS A BIOMETRIC --

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-- BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER.

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>> THANK YOU SO MUCH,
BRUCE.

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I WISH I WAS THERE IN PERSON

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WITH YOU ALL TODAY.

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MY BOSSES CALLED ME TO ANOTHER

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LOCATION I'VE ALWAYS BEEN DRAWN

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TO THEIR PROMISE OF BUILDING

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THINGS.

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I INTENDED TO BE A BIOMEDICAL

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ENGINEER.

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ACTUALLY IN THE SEVENTIES I WAS

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IN COLLEGE WE DIDN'T HAVE

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AS A

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FIELD I HAD TO, TOGETHER WITH A

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CHEMICAL ENGINEER AND

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BIOCHEMISTRY SO I'M GLAD TO SEE

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THAT HAS CHANGED.

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BUT THEN I STARTED WORKING WITH

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SOME INCREDIBLE PROFESSORS

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APPLYING TO HUMAN CONDITION AND

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HUMAN HEALTH.

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I HAVE TO SAY TO HAVE AN

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ENGINEERS APPROACH TO QUESTIONS

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WHICH IS VERY UNIQUE AND

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PRAGMATIC PROBLEM-SOLVING RATHER

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THAN HIGH IN THE SKY AND NOT SO

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PRACTICAL.

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IT'S THRILLING TO BE WITH YOU

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WITH THOSE WHO SHARE THE

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PASSION.

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THE WORK IS NOT FINISHED WHEN WE

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HAVE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY OUR

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WORK IS ONLY FINISHED WHEN WE

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LIVE LONG AND HEALTHY LIVES AND

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THAT IS WHY ENGINEERING HELPS US

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TO.

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I SUSPECT YOU ALL REALIZE HOW

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THIS IS VERY PHYSICAL WITH THE

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RIGHT APPROACH.

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FROM THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

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ENGINEERING SAYS SCIENTISTS

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DISCOVER THE WORLD EXIST AND

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ENGINEERS CREATE THE WORLD THAT

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WILL BE.

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NO SLOUCH WHEN IT COMES TO

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING THAT

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15 PERCENT OF TOTAL BUDGET

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SUPPORTS BIOENGINEERING.

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AND ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR HIS

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ACCOMPLISHMENTS.

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WHERE BRUCE HAS BEEN ABLE TO

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BRING WITH THIS INSTITUTE IS

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INTEGRATION WITH EVERY SINGLE

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CORNER OF NIH TO BRING THE

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ENGINEERING VIEW EVERY SINGLE

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DISEASE CENTER AND ENTERPRISES

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ACCOMPLISHING.

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I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A ROUND OF

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APPLAUSE.

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I BELIEVE FOR ENTREPRENEURS THE

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GREATEST OPPORTUNITY IS NOT

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BIOENGINEERING ACCORDING TO

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MEDICARE SERVICES THIS IS ALMOST

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$5 TRILLION ON HEALTH CARE IN

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THE US.

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SO IF YOU INVENT SOMETHING

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USEFUL THAT IS A BIG WEDGE TO

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TAP INTO AND ALSO AN INCREDIBLE

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FIELD OF OPPORTUNITY FOR THINGS

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THAT MAKE LIFE EASIER AND BETTER

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WITH TREATMENTS AND PREVENTION

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METHODS AND TO HELP US REDIRECT

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TO THINGS THAT WORK OF COURSE IT

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IS ENORMOUSLY GRATIFYING TO BE

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IN THE FIELD TO MAKE AN ENORMOUS

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DIFFERENCE FOR THE BETTER AND IN

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SURGERY THE IMMEDIATE

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GRATIFICATION IS A TREMENDOUS

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DRIVER AND CAN DO THINGS THAT

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WORK.

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AS ENGINEERS ONLY IN TERMS OF

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DISCOVERY BUT ALWAYS

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IMPLEMENTATION AND FRANKLY WITH

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THE MOST IN TERMS OF BETTER

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HEALTH I AM DELIGHTED YOU ARE

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VISITING THE CAMPUS IN BETHESDA

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WE CAN ACCOMPLISH SO MUCH MORE

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FOR THE NATIONAL RESEARCH

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COMMUNITY INTERACTS BASED AT NIH

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WE HAVE HER OWN PROGRAM HERE

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WITH A LITTLE DIFFERENT APPROACH

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HOW THEY ARE FUNDED AND

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ORGANIZED BUT THERE IS A

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TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF BENEFIT TO

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MORE INTERACTIONS SO THE GOOD

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PARTS IN THE UNIQUE PARTS BOTH

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CAN BE EFFECTIVELY LEVERAGE.

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WITH CHEMISTRY AND ALL THE

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00:11:02,654 --> 00:11:07,792
DIFFERENT FORMS OF EXPERTISE TO

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BENEFIT PEOPLE WHERE THEY ARE.

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WE NEED MORE TOOLS TO HELP WOMEN

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00:11:14,732 --> 00:11:15,366
WERE EXPECTING BABIES BUT LIVING

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IN MATERNAL HEALTH DESERTS.

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AND WITH CUSTOMIZED HEALTHCARE

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DECISIONS NOT NECESSARILY WHERE

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00:11:30,515 --> 00:11:41,025
PEOPLE HAVE MORE EASY ACCESS.

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00:11:48,366 --> 00:11:48,933
WE HAVE INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT

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00:11:48,933 --> 00:11:49,367
INHABIT OUR BODIES.

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WE CANNOT TELL RIGHT NOW WE ARE

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00:11:50,001 --> 00:11:50,635
TRYING TO CONQUER THE CHALLENGE

221
00:11:50,635 --> 00:11:52,971
OF LONG COVID YOU HAVE METHODS

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00:11:52,971 --> 00:11:55,473
TO IDENTIFY WHETHER A PERSON HAS

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00:11:55,473 --> 00:12:05,984
REPLICATION CONFIDENT VIRUS IN

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00:12:08,453 --> 00:12:08,953
THEIR BODY BUT THAT WOULD BE

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GREAT IF SOMEBODY CAN BREAK THAT

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DIFFICULTY AND SO MUCH MORE

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00:12:10,154 --> 00:12:10,655
STILL NEEDS TO BE BUILT.

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SO EVEN THOUGH I WAS CALLED TO

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00:12:17,161 --> 00:12:17,795
COME TO AND OTHERS SETTING BY A

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00:12:17,795 --> 00:12:18,429
MEMBER OF CONGRESS AND NOT ABLE

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00:12:18,429 --> 00:12:19,030
TO ATTEND I'M VERY GRATEFUL TO

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00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:19,664
BRUCE AND THE ENTIRE TEAM WHO

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00:12:19,664 --> 00:12:22,500
MADE POSSIBLE TO ATTEND AT

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00:12:22,500 --> 00:12:32,877
THIS POINT I'M EXCITED

235
00:19:01,899 --> 00:19:02,433
>> AND WE NEED DATA FROM
THE

236
00:19:02,433 --> 00:19:09,440
LARGEST RESEARCH UNIVERSITY.

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00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:10,041
FROM THE FULL SPECTRUM OF THE

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00:19:10,041 --> 00:19:11,008
PEOPLE THAT WE SERVE TO

239
00:19:11,008 --> 00:19:13,010
UNDERSTAND HOW TO BETTER DELIVER

240
00:19:13,010 --> 00:19:23,154
HEALTH.

241
00:19:38,269 --> 00:19:44,709
>> IT SOUNDS THAT I DID
NOT

242
00:19:44,709 --> 00:19:54,585
ALWAYS ORGANIZE IT IN WAYS.

243
00:19:54,585 --> 00:19:55,152
I PUBLISH MY PAPER I DID NOT

244
00:19:55,152 --> 00:19:55,786
CARE WHAT WAS GOING ON WHY WOULD

245
00:19:55,786 --> 00:19:56,354
SOMEBODY ELSE WANT MY DATA?

246
00:19:56,354 --> 00:19:56,854
THAT WAS CRITICAL AND IS

247
00:19:56,854 --> 00:19:57,621
CRITICAL YOU THINK ABOUT THAT

248
00:19:57,621 --> 00:19:58,222
GOING INTO THE PROJECT SO YOU

249
00:19:58,222 --> 00:20:02,593
DON'T HAVE TO WASTE TIME BECAUSE

250
00:20:02,593 --> 00:20:05,029
IT EVERY DAY THE UNIVERSE IS

251
00:20:05,029 --> 00:20:10,434
DIFFERENT.

252
00:20:10,434 --> 00:20:11,035
SOMEBODY CANNOT FIGURE OUT TO

253
00:20:11,035 --> 00:20:11,535
SAY THIS IS THE WAY ALL

254
00:20:11,535 --> 00:20:12,103
BIOENGINEERING DATA SHOULD

255
00:20:12,103 --> 00:20:13,170
LOOK.

256
00:20:13,170 --> 00:20:15,339
YOUR COMMUNITY SAYS THESE ARE

257
00:20:15,339 --> 00:20:18,809
THE TYPES OF DATA WE DEAL WITH

258
00:20:18,809 --> 00:20:25,216
SO THEY CAN BE SHARED.

259
00:20:25,216 --> 00:20:25,683
THAT'S A TASK FOR YOUR

260
00:20:25,683 --> 00:20:25,950
COMMUNITY.

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00:20:25,950 --> 00:20:26,650
I URGE YOU TO THINK ABOUT THAT

262
00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:29,887
EVERY TIME YOU START A PROJECT.

263
00:20:29,887 --> 00:20:33,257
ONCE THE FORMATTING ABILITY TO

264
00:20:33,257 --> 00:20:35,960
SHARE THE LANGUAGE AND THE

265
00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:39,296
ALPHABET THEN NIH ITSELF WORKING

266
00:20:39,296 --> 00:20:42,767
REALLY HARD FOR US TO DO MORE IN

267
00:20:42,767 --> 00:20:52,843
TERMS OF TO BRING IN PEOPLE WHO

268
00:20:52,843 --> 00:20:53,411
WANT TO ASK VERY CHALLENGING

269
00:20:53,411 --> 00:20:53,878
QUESTIONS AND HAVE AN

270
00:20:53,878 --> 00:20:54,512
ENVIRONMENT WHERE THEY CAN BRING

271
00:20:54,512 --> 00:20:56,981
THEIR QUESTION AND WE HOPEFULLY

272
00:20:56,981 --> 00:21:02,019
THROUGH PROGRAMS WE ARE BUILDING

273
00:21:02,019 --> 00:21:04,355
CAN HELP THEM FIND THE DATA THEY

274
00:21:04,355 --> 00:21:09,627
NEED AND THEN COLLABORATE WITH

275
00:21:09,627 --> 00:21:10,227
OTHER RESEARCHERS BASED ON THE

276
00:21:10,227 --> 00:21:15,266
DATA THAT HAS BEEN ACQUIRED AND

277
00:21:15,266 --> 00:21:16,233
THEN ALSO WITH THE ANALYTIC

278
00:21:16,233 --> 00:21:16,767
CAPABILITIES TO HANDLE THE

279
00:21:16,767 --> 00:21:25,776
DATA.

280
00:21:25,776 --> 00:21:26,410
THE ONLY PERSON IN THE WORLD WHO

281
00:21:26,410 --> 00:21:26,977
KNOWS HOW TO USE THE BEST IS

282
00:21:26,977 --> 00:21:37,054
YOU.

283
00:21:39,757 --> 00:21:40,257
SO ALSO PERHAPS A WHOLE NEW

284
00:21:40,257 --> 00:21:40,825
ATTITUDE TO COLLABORATION OF

285
00:21:40,825 --> 00:21:41,792
WHAT WE DO THAT IS ABOUT DATA

286
00:21:41,792 --> 00:21:46,630
COLLABORATION HOPEFULLY THEY

287
00:21:46,630 --> 00:21:48,966
REMAIN FUNDED OR ABLE TO

288
00:21:48,966 --> 00:21:57,007
COLLABORATE.

289
00:21:57,007 --> 00:21:59,510
SO LOOK AT WHAT WE ARE ABLE TO

290
00:21:59,510 --> 00:22:03,948
DO BECAUSE WE HAD ENGINEERS AND

291
00:22:03,948 --> 00:22:08,619
CHEMISTS IN BASIC BIOLOGIST

292
00:22:08,619 --> 00:22:09,587
BRINGING THE FIRST DATA SETS

293
00:22:09,587 --> 00:22:12,723
TOGETHER.

294
00:22:12,723 --> 00:22:13,791
AND THAT'S WHERE WE CAN BUILD

295
00:22:13,791 --> 00:22:17,094
THIS.

296
00:22:17,094 --> 00:22:17,628
AND LESLIE LIKE YOU I'M AN

297
00:22:17,628 --> 00:22:21,899
ENGINEER MY APPROACH TO THE DATA

298
00:22:21,899 --> 00:22:26,103
UNIVERSE IF YOU BUILD IT THEY

299
00:22:26,103 --> 00:22:31,709
WILL COME BUT MY APPROACH IS USE

300
00:22:31,709 --> 00:22:42,219
CASE AND DRIVEN AND DATA USE.

301
00:22:43,154 --> 00:22:45,656
>> BAD IS AN AMAZING
ANSWER BUT

302
00:22:45,656 --> 00:22:47,725
ALSO IT SEEMS IT IS QUITE

303
00:22:47,725 --> 00:22:56,100
INFORMATIVE WE ENJOYED HIS

304
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:57,201
ANSWERS YOU ARE GIVING SO NOW

305
00:22:57,201 --> 00:23:00,237
ANOTHER QUESTION SO WHAT ARE

306
00:23:00,237 --> 00:23:05,142
WAYS THAT YOU THINK NIH COULD

307
00:23:05,142 --> 00:23:07,511
SUPPORT JUNIOR BIOMEDICAL

308
00:23:07,511 --> 00:23:09,880
ENGINEERS?

309
00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,149
WE HAVE SOME POSTDOC AND GRAD

310
00:23:12,149 --> 00:23:18,622
STUDENTS AND BREAKING DOWN SILOS

311
00:23:18,622 --> 00:23:19,223
THAT WE HAVE SEEN SO WHAT ARE

312
00:23:19,223 --> 00:23:21,192
WAYS THEY COULD BE MOTIVATED TO

313
00:23:21,192 --> 00:23:23,561
ESTABLISH CLINICIANS IN EARLY

314
00:23:23,561 --> 00:23:29,133
STAGES COULD BE MOTIVATED TO

315
00:23:29,133 --> 00:23:29,733
ESTABLISH THOSE RELATIONSHIPS

316
00:23:29,733 --> 00:23:35,039
WITH BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERS?

317
00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:35,673
T 12 NOTHING SUBSTITUTES FOR THE

318
00:23:35,673 --> 00:23:36,507
COLLABORATION AND INTERPERSONAL

319
00:23:36,507 --> 00:23:38,676
RELATIONSHIPS WITH MENTORS IN

320
00:23:38,676 --> 00:23:46,917
THE FIELD.

321
00:23:46,917 --> 00:23:47,518
BUT THAT CAR CANNOT GO WITHOUT

322
00:23:47,518 --> 00:23:48,118
GAS IN THE TANK SO FUNDING IS

323
00:23:48,118 --> 00:23:48,385
CRITICAL.

324
00:23:48,385 --> 00:23:56,594
AND WE DO STRIVE TO DIRECT

325
00:23:56,594 --> 00:23:57,595
FUNDING SPECIFICALLY TOWARD

326
00:23:57,595 --> 00:24:03,367
JUNIOR RESEARCHERS.

327
00:24:03,367 --> 00:24:03,968
I DON'T KNOW PEOPLE KNOW THIS

328
00:24:03,968 --> 00:24:04,535
BUT MAYBE YOU DO, ESPECIALLY

329
00:24:04,535 --> 00:24:05,970
LAST YEAR WHEN THE BUDGET WAS

330
00:24:05,970 --> 00:24:09,506
TIGHT NIH ACROSS THE BOARD GIVES

331
00:24:09,506 --> 00:24:19,950
SPECIAL PRIORITY TO JUNIOR

332
00:24:21,585 --> 00:24:22,152
PEOPLE WHEN IT COMES TO FUNDING

333
00:24:22,152 --> 00:24:22,553
FOR THEIR GRANTS.

334
00:24:22,553 --> 00:24:23,187
SO BASICALLY IT'S NOT THAT IT IS

335
00:24:23,187 --> 00:24:24,822
EASIER, IT IS TOUGH OR THAT THE

336
00:24:24,822 --> 00:24:34,798
SCIENCE IS ANY LESS SO WE WILL

337
00:24:34,798 --> 00:24:39,970
CONTINUE TO LOOK AT WAYS ON BOTH

338
00:24:39,970 --> 00:24:40,471
SIDES WITH COMMUNITY AND

339
00:24:40,471 --> 00:24:43,440
MENTORSHIP AND COLLABORATORS AND

340
00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:45,943
ALSO GAS IN THE TANK WHICH IS

341
00:24:45,943 --> 00:24:49,380
ESSENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY AND

342
00:24:49,380 --> 00:24:50,180
THE BATTERY.

343
00:24:50,180 --> 00:24:52,082
MAYBE THAT'S THE MORE

344
00:24:52,082 --> 00:24:53,617
APPROPRIATE THING TO SAY RIGHT

345
00:24:53,617 --> 00:24:58,422
NOW.

346
00:24:58,422 --> 00:25:02,760
[LAUGHTER]

347
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:03,360
>> MAYBE THE NEXT QUESTION
IS

348
00:25:03,360 --> 00:25:03,961
LINKED TO THAT BECAUSE SO MUCH

349
00:25:03,961 --> 00:25:04,528
OF THE DYNAMIC IN GROWTH OF

350
00:25:04,528 --> 00:25:09,066
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING IS MAYBE

351
00:25:09,066 --> 00:25:10,434
NOT A WELL-KEPT SECRET BUT IT IS

352
00:25:10,434 --> 00:25:12,670
PRETTY ASTOUNDING YOU HAVE BEEN

353
00:25:12,670 --> 00:25:15,172
ON THE ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE SO

354
00:25:15,172 --> 00:25:25,683
WE ARE REALLY LEADING THE WAY

355
00:25:26,183 --> 00:25:26,717
FOR EDUCATING WOMEN ENGINEERS.

356
00:25:26,717 --> 00:25:27,251
MUCH HAS CHANGED SINCE YOU

357
00:25:27,251 --> 00:25:27,718
COMPLETED YOUR DEGREE.

358
00:25:27,718 --> 00:25:28,218
MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF

359
00:25:28,218 --> 00:25:31,522
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ARE WOMEN

360
00:25:31,522 --> 00:25:33,957
AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF

361
00:25:33,957 --> 00:25:35,793
GRADUATES HAVE MORE THAN

362
00:25:35,793 --> 00:25:41,398
QUADRUPLED SINCE THE EARLY

363
00:25:41,398 --> 00:25:41,632
2000.

364
00:25:41,632 --> 00:25:50,074
SINCE 2022 MORE THAN 6000 WOMEN

365
00:25:50,074 --> 00:25:50,708
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERS ARE JOINING

366
00:25:50,708 --> 00:25:51,342
THE WORKFORCE EACH YEAR ROUGHLY

367
00:25:51,342 --> 00:25:56,413
TWICE THE GROWTH RATE.

368
00:25:56,413 --> 00:25:57,881
>> .

369
00:25:57,881 --> 00:26:08,425
FIRST OF ALL THIS IS AMAZING BUT

370
00:26:14,365 --> 00:26:14,898
THAT IS AMAZING ESPECIALLY IN

371
00:26:14,898 --> 00:26:15,499
THE ENGINEERING FIELD BUT WHAT

372
00:26:15,499 --> 00:26:16,133
IS THE POWER OF THE POSSIBILITY

373
00:26:16,133 --> 00:26:16,767
YOU SEE WITH THE GROWTH OF WOMEN

374
00:26:16,767 --> 00:26:17,034
ENGINEERS?

375
00:26:17,034 --> 00:26:18,235
OTHER WAYS IT CAN IMPACT HEALTH

376
00:26:18,235 --> 00:26:18,435
CARE?

377
00:26:18,435 --> 00:26:19,737
HEALTHCARE DESERTS A NEW

378
00:26:19,737 --> 00:26:21,372
TECHNOLOGIES WHAT DO YOU THINK

379
00:26:21,372 --> 00:26:22,239
IS THE POSSIBILITY OF WHAT WE

380
00:26:22,239 --> 00:26:27,010
ARE BUILDING.

381
00:26:27,010 --> 00:26:30,848
>> I WILL TELL YOU A
STORY.

382
00:26:30,848 --> 00:26:31,448
WHEN I STARTED SURGERY IN THE

383
00:26:31,448 --> 00:26:33,484
EIGHTIES I WAS THE ONLY WOMAN

384
00:26:33,484 --> 00:26:38,989
AROUND.

385
00:26:38,989 --> 00:26:39,623
I WANTED TO BE JUST LIKE THE MEN

386
00:26:39,623 --> 00:26:40,224
BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO FIT IN

387
00:26:40,224 --> 00:26:40,791
BUT I WAS STUPID I REALIZED

388
00:26:40,791 --> 00:26:44,361
LATER ON THAT MY OWN VISION AND

389
00:26:44,361 --> 00:26:46,563
VOICE WAS GOING TO BE

390
00:26:46,563 --> 00:26:46,830
DIFFERENT.

391
00:26:46,830 --> 00:26:51,201
I REALLY DO BELIEVE I COULD BE

392
00:26:51,201 --> 00:26:53,637
FROM DIFFERENT

393
00:26:53,637 --> 00:26:58,976
COMMUNITIES, WHATEVER.

394
00:26:58,976 --> 00:26:59,610
WHATEVER IS INNATE TO YOU MAKES

395
00:26:59,610 --> 00:27:00,077
YOU UNIQUE AND ABLE TO

396
00:27:00,077 --> 00:27:00,711
CONTRIBUTE SOMETHING NOBODY ELSE

397
00:27:00,711 --> 00:27:01,145
CAN.

398
00:27:01,145 --> 00:27:06,383
SO I THINK IT IS THRILLING WE

399
00:27:06,383 --> 00:27:06,950
HAVE HALF OF THE POPULATION

400
00:27:06,950 --> 00:27:07,551
WHICH ARE WOMEN THAT REALLY DO

401
00:27:07,551 --> 00:27:09,620
CONTRIBUTE DIFFERENTLY.

402
00:27:09,620 --> 00:27:14,024
WE THINK DIFFERENTLY.

403
00:27:14,024 --> 00:27:14,591
WE HAVE GOOD SCIENCE TO SHOW

404
00:27:14,591 --> 00:27:15,192
THAT.

405
00:27:15,192 --> 00:27:19,830
IT'S THRILLING TO SEE THOSE

406
00:27:19,830 --> 00:27:20,464
CONTRIBUTIONS WHICH IN THE PAST

407
00:27:20,464 --> 00:27:22,266
THAT WERE NOT THERE ARE NO

408
00:27:22,266 --> 00:27:27,104
REALIZED.

409
00:27:27,104 --> 00:27:27,671
>> THANK YOU FOR THAT I
LOVE

410
00:27:27,671 --> 00:27:28,272
THIS COMMUNITY WE ARE DIVERSE

411
00:27:28,272 --> 00:27:30,307
AND SO MANY OTHER ACCESS.

412
00:27:30,307 --> 00:27:35,579
SO SHARE YOUR PORTENTS OF

413
00:27:35,579 --> 00:27:36,079
BIODIVERSITY IN SOLVING

414
00:27:36,079 --> 00:27:36,647
COMPLICATED PROBLEMS.

415
00:27:36,647 --> 00:27:42,820
>> EVERYONE BRINGS SUCH A
UNIQUE

416
00:27:42,820 --> 00:27:44,555
VIEWPOINT MY OWN PERSONAL

417
00:27:44,555 --> 00:27:48,459
EXPERIENCE 100 MILES TO THE

418
00:27:48,459 --> 00:27:56,366
GROCERY STORE BELIEVE IT OR NOT

419
00:27:56,366 --> 00:27:57,034
IF I WAS TRYING TO COOK DINNER I

420
00:27:57,034 --> 00:27:57,668
HAD USE WHAT WAS IN THE CUPBOARD

421
00:27:57,668 --> 00:27:58,168
AND REFRIGERATOR AND IF

422
00:27:58,168 --> 00:28:00,070
SOMETHING BROKE THERE IS NOBODY

423
00:28:00,070 --> 00:28:06,376
THERE TO FIX IT BUT ME.

424
00:28:06,376 --> 00:28:06,877
THAT IS A VERY DIFFERENT

425
00:28:06,877 --> 00:28:08,846
BACKGROUND TO BRING TO THE

426
00:28:08,846 --> 00:28:09,680
FIELDS THAT I ENTER OF

427
00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:14,418
ENGINEERING AND SURGERY.

428
00:28:14,418 --> 00:28:16,620
SUMMARIES ON THE OPERATING TABLE

429
00:28:16,620 --> 00:28:19,223
YOU CANNOT SAY I NEED THIS TO BE

430
00:28:19,223 --> 00:28:20,791
DIFFERENT OR PLUG-IN A NEW

431
00:28:20,791 --> 00:28:24,795
COMPONENT.

432
00:28:24,795 --> 00:28:25,362
ENGINEERS ARE MAKING THAT

433
00:28:25,362 --> 00:28:25,963
POSSIBLE BUT IT WASN'T WHEN I

434
00:28:25,963 --> 00:28:29,199
WAS DOING SURGERY.

435
00:28:29,199 --> 00:28:29,766
SO WITH ANYBODY'S BACKGROUND

436
00:28:29,766 --> 00:28:32,736
THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE

437
00:28:32,736 --> 00:28:36,640
HAVE IT BRINGS EXCITEMENT AND

438
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:38,976
INNOVATION AND MUCH BETTER

439
00:28:38,976 --> 00:28:45,682
SUCCESS.

440
00:28:45,682 --> 00:28:46,316
>> WE HAVE 3 MINUTES
BEFORE YOUR

441
00:28:46,316 --> 00:28:48,118
NEXT ENGAGEMENT.

442
00:28:48,118 --> 00:28:52,623
THIS IS FAST.

443
00:28:52,623 --> 00:28:55,225
YOU MENTIONED TOOLS OR SOLVING

444
00:28:55,225 --> 00:29:00,430
PROBLEMS AND WE LOVE TO DEVELOP

445
00:29:00,430 --> 00:29:03,834
NEW TOOLS, DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS AND

446
00:29:03,834 --> 00:29:06,370
WE LOVE THAT STUFF.

447
00:29:06,370 --> 00:29:12,142
BUT WE SUPPORT TOOLS THAT COULD

448
00:29:12,142 --> 00:29:17,648
DO ANYTHING THAT THEY WANT TO BE

449
00:29:17,648 --> 00:29:18,248
VALIDATED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF

450
00:29:18,248 --> 00:29:20,450
THE INSTITUTES.

451
00:29:20,450 --> 00:29:25,689
SOMETIMES WE HAVE A CHALLENGE.

452
00:29:25,689 --> 00:29:26,423
DO YOU HAVE ANY THOUGHTS ON HOW

453
00:29:26,423 --> 00:29:30,294
WE SHOULD PROGRESS IN THE

454
00:29:30,294 --> 00:29:33,163
FUTURE?

455
00:29:33,163 --> 00:29:33,764
WE HAVE TOOLS FOR PROBLEMS BUT

456
00:29:33,764 --> 00:29:34,831
WE NEED TO CONNECT WITH OTHER

457
00:29:34,831 --> 00:29:39,169
INSTITUTES SO WE GO AROUND IN

458
00:29:39,169 --> 00:29:46,710
CIRCLES.

459
00:29:46,710 --> 00:29:47,311
>> DR. BERTAGNOLLI: WE CAN
FIX

460
00:29:47,311 --> 00:29:47,711
THAT VERY QUICKLY.

461
00:29:47,711 --> 00:29:48,412
I THINK WE HAVE WITH THE

462
00:29:48,412 --> 00:29:56,253
PARTNERSHIP TO MORE THAN PROVEN

463
00:29:56,253 --> 00:29:59,356
THE WORST OF WHAT IT DELIVERS

464
00:29:59,356 --> 00:30:03,560
ACROSS ALL OF NIH NOW, IMPROVING

465
00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:11,134
THE IMPLEMENTATION PHASE WITH

466
00:30:11,134 --> 00:30:11,768
THE CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT THAT IS

467
00:30:11,768 --> 00:30:12,369
HARD FOR EVERYBODY THAT'S HARD

468
00:30:12,369 --> 00:30:15,305
FOR PEOPLE THAT DEVELOP NEW

469
00:30:15,305 --> 00:30:15,806
DRUGS OR NEW DEVICES FOR

470
00:30:15,806 --> 00:30:19,643
ANYTHING THAT WE DO 1 OF THE

471
00:30:19,643 --> 00:30:20,277
THINGS WE ARE WORKING VERY HARD

472
00:30:20,277 --> 00:30:26,216
ON IS A MUCH MORE EFFICIENT WIDE

473
00:30:26,216 --> 00:30:26,750
CLINICAL RESEARCH TESTING

474
00:30:26,750 --> 00:30:27,351
ENVIRONMENT.

475
00:30:27,351 --> 00:30:31,054
SO BASICALLY YOU NEED BUT ALL OF

476
00:30:31,054 --> 00:30:31,321
NIH NEEDS.

477
00:30:31,321 --> 00:30:34,891
YOU ARE NOT UNIQUE.

478
00:30:34,891 --> 00:30:35,959
YOU JUST HAVE MORE PATIENCE THAN

479
00:30:35,959 --> 00:30:45,369
EVERYBODY ELSE WHICH I LOVE.

480
00:30:45,369 --> 00:30:45,936
PEOPLE NEED US WE HAVE TO GO

481
00:30:45,936 --> 00:30:46,136
FAST.

482
00:30:46,136 --> 00:30:46,770
WE ARE WORKING ON IT AND I WILL

483
00:30:46,770 --> 00:30:47,404
TELL YOU AND GIVE YOU A CLUE THE

484
00:30:47,404 --> 00:30:51,808
EXAMPLES I GAVE YOU MATERNAL

485
00:30:51,808 --> 00:30:52,342
HEALTH AND ELDERLY PEOPLE

486
00:30:52,342 --> 00:31:01,084
HELPING WITH MOBILITY I WANT TO

487
00:31:01,084 --> 00:31:01,685
TEST OF SOMEBODY'S MUSCLE MASS

488
00:31:01,685 --> 00:31:02,285
IS GOING DOWN BECAUSE THAT IS

489
00:31:02,285 --> 00:31:04,988
THE LEADING INDICATOR OF AN OLD

490
00:31:04,988 --> 00:31:05,622
PERSON FALLING OFF THE EDGE ALL

491
00:31:05,622 --> 00:31:10,193
OF THE WONDERFUL THINGS WE NOW

492
00:31:10,193 --> 00:31:11,628
HAVE A NETWORK OF PRIMARY CARE

493
00:31:11,628 --> 00:31:12,929
CLINICIANS TO BETTER TESTES WE

494
00:31:12,929 --> 00:31:15,932
ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO APPLYING

495
00:31:15,932 --> 00:31:22,839
THAT.

496
00:31:22,839 --> 00:31:23,440
>> REMARKABLY ON TIME
WHICH IS

497
00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:29,413
UNCHARACTERISTIC FOR ME.

498
00:31:29,413 --> 00:31:29,980
YOU HAVE A DIFFERENT CLOCK.

499
00:31:29,980 --> 00:31:35,652
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

500
00:31:35,652 --> 00:31:46,163
>> NEXT TIME I WILL BE
THERE.

501
00:31:47,297 --> 00:31:47,864
>> WE ARE SO GRATEFUL
TAKING THE

502
00:31:47,864 --> 00:31:48,498
TIME I KNOW YOU HAVE TRAVELS AND

503
00:31:48,498 --> 00:31:49,099
TALKS THE REST OF THE DAY WITH

504
00:31:49,099 --> 00:31:52,169
CHALLENGES AND WE ARE VERY

505
00:31:52,169 --> 00:31:53,070
GRATEFUL FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING

506
00:31:53,070 --> 00:32:03,480
AND ADVOCACY THANK YOU.

507
00:32:03,747 --> 00:32:06,316
>> DR. BERTAGNOLLI:
GOODBYEER

508
00:32:06,316 --> 00:32:06,583
EVERYBODY.

509
00:32:06,583 --> 00:32:17,060
>> ALSO THANK YOU TO
BRUCE.

510
00:32:18,462 --> 00:32:28,739
THAT WAS FANTASTIC.

511
00:32:31,842 --> 00:32:32,375
THE FIRST SURGEON DIRECTOR OF

512
00:32:32,375 --> 00:32:32,943
NIH IN THE FIRST BIOMEDICAL

513
00:32:32,943 --> 00:32:33,543
ENGINEER AND YOU CAN HEAR HER

514
00:32:33,543 --> 00:32:34,177
SUPPORT WHAT WE ARE DOING IN THE

515
00:32:34,177 --> 00:32:34,611
WAY WE ARE BUILDING

516
00:32:34,611 --> 00:32:36,747
RELATIONSHIPS.

517
00:32:36,747 --> 00:32:38,482
BUT NOW WE WILL GET INTO THE

518
00:32:38,482 --> 00:32:41,752
SCIENCE PART BUT BEFORE WE DO

519
00:32:41,752 --> 00:32:42,385
THE SCIENCE THANK YOU FOR COMING

520
00:32:42,385 --> 00:32:48,258
AND THE MOTIVATION TO GET NIH

521
00:32:48,258 --> 00:32:48,859
RESEARCHERS HERE ON CAMPUS TO

522
00:32:48,859 --> 00:32:53,897
HAVE MORE EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH

523
00:32:53,897 --> 00:32:54,531
YOU WILL HEAR THAT TERM ALL DAY

524
00:32:54,531 --> 00:32:55,165
IF YOU DON'T WORK HERE THERE ARE

525
00:32:55,165 --> 00:32:59,369
WAYS TO COLLABORATE ACROSS THE

526
00:32:59,369 --> 00:32:59,970
WORKSPACES OF WHERE WE ARE SO

527
00:32:59,970 --> 00:33:00,470
YOU WILL SEE EACH OF THE

528
00:33:00,470 --> 00:33:03,507
BREAKOUT SESSIONS INTRAMURALS

529
00:33:03,507 --> 00:33:07,377
SPEAKERS AND EXTRAMURAL SO WE

530
00:33:07,377 --> 00:33:08,912
CAN ALL SEE EACH OTHER DURING

531
00:33:08,912 --> 00:33:10,213
COLLABORATION.

532
00:33:10,213 --> 00:33:14,885
SO JUST A QUICK POLL FIRST OFF

533
00:33:14,885 --> 00:33:15,952
HOW MANY PEOPLE IS THAT THEIR

534
00:33:15,952 --> 00:33:19,256
FIRST TIME HERE AT THE BETHESDA

535
00:33:19,256 --> 00:33:19,489
CAMPUS?

536
00:33:19,489 --> 00:33:26,429
LOOK AT THIS.

537
00:33:26,429 --> 00:33:30,667
ALSO HOW MANY OF YOU ARE NIH

538
00:33:30,667 --> 00:33:30,934
EMPLOYEES?

539
00:33:30,934 --> 00:33:41,211
STAND UP IF YOU ARE ABLE.

540
00:33:41,211 --> 00:33:45,515
AND FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE NOT

541
00:33:45,515 --> 00:33:46,483
EMPLOYEES THAT WORK IN THE SPACE

542
00:33:46,483 --> 00:33:56,726
PLEASE STAND.

543
00:34:01,264 --> 00:34:01,832
I LOVE THAT THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED

544
00:34:01,832 --> 00:34:02,465
SO TALK TO YOUR NEIGHBOR AND SEE

545
00:34:02,465 --> 00:34:03,066
WHERE THEY ARE SO NOW IT IS MY

546
00:34:03,066 --> 00:34:13,577
GREAT PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE OUR

547
00:34:13,577 --> 00:34:14,511
FIRST KEYNOTE SPEAKER THE

548
00:34:14,511 --> 00:34:20,450
MORNING KEYNOTE AND I AM REALLY

549
00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:21,518
EXCITED THAT HE IS AGREED TO DO

550
00:34:21,518 --> 00:34:27,424
THIS TALK AS A LEADING

551
00:34:27,424 --> 00:34:27,958
RESEARCHER FOR SICKLE CELL

552
00:34:27,958 --> 00:34:38,501
DISEASE WHICH WAS MY MOTIVATION

553
00:34:39,069 --> 00:34:39,369
TO MOVE TO NIH.

554
00:34:39,369 --> 00:34:40,003
HE HAS BEEN ON THE FOREFRONT OF

555
00:34:40,003 --> 00:34:40,337
MANY OF THOSE.

556
00:34:40,337 --> 00:34:40,937
GRADUATING FROM THE COLLEGE OF

557
00:34:40,937 --> 00:34:41,605
CHARLESTON AND A BA IN CHEMISTRY

558
00:34:41,605 --> 00:34:49,212
AND THEN EARNED M.D. FROM

559
00:34:49,212 --> 00:34:49,779
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

560
00:34:49,779 --> 00:34:50,280
WORKING ON SICKLE CELL.

561
00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,583
JOINED THE MOLECULAR HEMATOLOGY

562
00:34:53,583 --> 00:34:54,618
BRANCH OF KIDNEY DECISIVE

563
00:34:54,618 --> 00:35:01,258
DISEASES IN 1998 AND THEN IN

564
00:35:01,258 --> 00:35:01,858
2011 RECOGNIZING HIM WITH THE

565
00:35:01,858 --> 00:35:04,361
ALUMNI OF THE YEAR AWARD THE

566
00:35:04,361 --> 00:35:06,897
PREMEDICAL SOCIETY AWARD OF

567
00:35:06,897 --> 00:35:11,635
MEDICINE AND RECENTLY ELECTED TO

568
00:35:11,635 --> 00:35:15,272
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS IS

569
00:35:15,272 --> 00:35:19,476
CO-AUTHORED MORE THAN 140 PAPERS

570
00:35:19,476 --> 00:35:20,110
I REALLY WANT HIM TO TALK TO THE

571
00:35:20,110 --> 00:35:20,644
COMMUNITY HE'S PART OF THE

572
00:35:20,644 --> 00:35:24,547
CLINICAL TEAM OF THE FDA SICKLE

573
00:35:24,547 --> 00:35:30,487
CELL GENE THERAPY PROVIDED BY

574
00:35:30,487 --> 00:35:31,021
FDA DECEMBER 2023 AND HIS

575
00:35:31,021 --> 00:35:34,090
RESEARCH WAS A PART OF THAT.

576
00:35:34,090 --> 00:35:34,658
I KNOW OUTSIDE THE COMMUNITY

577
00:35:34,658 --> 00:35:38,261
EVERYBODY IS THINKING OF ALL THE

578
00:35:38,261 --> 00:35:41,598
WAYS WE CAN TRANSFORM THE

579
00:35:41,598 --> 00:35:42,465
THERAPIES AND HIS TEAM GOT THAT

580
00:35:42,465 --> 00:35:43,233
THROUGH THE FDA.

581
00:35:43,233 --> 00:35:46,069
MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DOCTOR

582
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:47,370
TISDALE.

583
00:35:47,370 --> 00:35:57,547
[APPLAUSE]

584
00:36:01,384 --> 00:36:01,518
GREAT.

585
00:36:01,518 --> 00:36:02,152
THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO

586
00:36:02,152 --> 00:36:12,295
BE HERE.

587
00:36:13,229 --> 00:36:13,830
THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS FOR

588
00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:14,431
ALLOWING ME TO SHOW HER WORK.

589
00:36:14,431 --> 00:36:15,031
I WILL HIT THE HIGHLIGHTS OVER

590
00:36:15,031 --> 00:36:15,966
THE LAST 30 YEARS MEANING I WILL

591
00:36:15,966 --> 00:36:16,833
SKIP THE STUFF THAT DID NOT WORK

592
00:36:16,833 --> 00:36:19,069
OR AT LEAST MOST OF IT WHICH

593
00:36:19,069 --> 00:36:22,205
LEAVE ME WITH ABOUT 45 MINUTES

594
00:36:22,205 --> 00:36:26,276
OF DATA.

595
00:36:26,276 --> 00:36:30,847
LET'S GET STARTED.

596
00:36:30,847 --> 00:36:31,781
I LIKE TO START OFF BY SAYING IT

597
00:36:31,781 --> 00:36:38,555
IS TIME WE CONTEMPLATE FOR

598
00:36:38,555 --> 00:36:39,189
SICKLE CELL WE HAVE KNOWN ABOUT

599
00:36:39,189 --> 00:36:41,591
IT FOR MORE THAN A CENTURY THE

600
00:36:41,591 --> 00:36:44,728
FIRST MOLECULAR DISEASE

601
00:36:44,728 --> 00:36:46,563
RESULTING FROM AN ABNORMAL

602
00:36:46,563 --> 00:36:55,705
HEMOGLOBIN.

603
00:36:55,705 --> 00:37:01,611
AND THE RESULTS FROM 1 LETTER

604
00:37:01,611 --> 00:37:02,245
OFF AND THEN YOU HAVE A DISEASE

605
00:37:02,245 --> 00:37:06,282
THAT MAKES THE HEMOGLOBIN PRONE

606
00:37:06,282 --> 00:37:09,152
AFTER THE OXYGENATION AND THE

607
00:37:09,152 --> 00:37:10,387
CELLS ARE STUCK IN CIRCULATION

608
00:37:10,387 --> 00:37:15,425
IN WEEK HAVOC FROM HEAD TO TOE.

609
00:37:15,425 --> 00:37:15,992
IT IS ALSO CONSIDERED A RARE

610
00:37:15,992 --> 00:37:17,861
DISEASE IN THE US BUT IN THE

611
00:37:17,861 --> 00:37:21,531
WORLD IT IS NOT THERE ARE MAYBE

612
00:37:21,531 --> 00:37:25,168
30 OR 40 MILLION IN THE WORLD

613
00:37:25,168 --> 00:37:26,569
AND OUR CURRENT THERAPIES ARE

614
00:37:26,569 --> 00:37:29,005
LIMITED.

615
00:37:29,005 --> 00:37:33,843
'S THIS USED TO HAVE 4 THAT THE

616
00:37:33,843 --> 00:37:34,477
FDA APPROVED THE 1 WAS PULLED

617
00:37:34,477 --> 00:37:36,846
FROM THE MARKET JUST BECAUSE

618
00:37:36,846 --> 00:37:39,082
AFTER APPROVAL IT DID NOT SEEM

619
00:37:39,082 --> 00:37:42,919
TO MEET THE PROMISE AND NOW THE

620
00:37:42,919 --> 00:37:45,955
SECOND HAS BEEN PULLED AND

621
00:37:45,955 --> 00:37:51,194
EUROPE.

622
00:37:51,194 --> 00:37:54,464
SO WE REALLY NEED CLINICAL

623
00:37:54,464 --> 00:37:57,467
TRIALS FOR THESE APPROACHES SO

624
00:37:57,467 --> 00:37:58,101
THE DISEASE AFFECTS ORGANS FROM

625
00:37:58,101 --> 00:38:02,639
HEAD TO TOE TO THE CIRCLE OF RED

626
00:38:02,639 --> 00:38:07,444
CELLS CAUSING STROKES AND THE

627
00:38:07,444 --> 00:38:10,480
PRINCE OF OLD MANIFESTATION IS

628
00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:18,855
PAIN IN BONES OR MUSCLES WHERE

629
00:38:18,855 --> 00:38:19,489
BLOOD FLOW IS OCCLUDED AND ALSO

630
00:38:19,489 --> 00:38:23,660
SHORTENS THE LIFESPAN.

631
00:38:23,660 --> 00:38:28,031
WITH A MEAN AGE OF DEATH 39 AND

632
00:38:28,031 --> 00:38:32,702
THE MOST RECENT SERIES SHOWS IN

633
00:38:32,702 --> 00:38:33,303
2006 THE STUDY WAS STONE DONE

634
00:38:33,303 --> 00:38:35,138
AFTER UNIVERSAL NEWBORN

635
00:38:35,138 --> 00:38:38,641
SCREENING.

636
00:38:38,641 --> 00:38:39,676
SO IT IS A BAD DISEASE AFFECTING

637
00:38:39,676 --> 00:38:41,945
EVERY ORGAN YOU ARE IN THE

638
00:38:41,945 --> 00:38:48,952
HOSPITAL ALL THE TIME WITH PAIN.

639
00:38:48,952 --> 00:38:49,586
QUALITY IS NOT ONLY AFFECTED BUT

640
00:38:49,586 --> 00:38:52,989
THE LIFESPAN IS AFFECTED.

641
00:38:52,989 --> 00:38:56,326
SO THESE ARE THE TREATMENTS THAT

642
00:38:56,326 --> 00:39:01,164
I DESCRIBE SOME YEARS AGO FIRST

643
00:39:01,164 --> 00:39:04,200
IS BIOENGINEERING YOU CAN SEE

644
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:09,606
THOSE BLOOD CELLS AND SO IF WE

645
00:39:09,606 --> 00:39:15,278
COULD COME UP WITH THE DRUG TO

646
00:39:15,278 --> 00:39:17,814
NOT POLYMERIZE SO QUICKLY THEY

647
00:39:17,814 --> 00:39:19,482
COULD MAKE IT THROUGH WITHOUT

648
00:39:19,482 --> 00:39:23,153
INCLUDING SO THEN BY REACTING

649
00:39:23,153 --> 00:39:28,324
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AND THAT

650
00:39:28,324 --> 00:39:28,925
PREVENTS CIRCLING TO GET THOSE

651
00:39:28,925 --> 00:39:31,895
AROUND AND REDUCE THE NUMBER OF

652
00:39:31,895 --> 00:39:38,935
PAIN EVENTS THAT PATIENTS HAVE.

653
00:39:38,935 --> 00:39:39,569
SO IF YOU JUST REPLACE THE WHOLE

654
00:39:39,569 --> 00:39:40,203
FACTORY WHERE BLOOD IS MADE YOU

655
00:39:40,203 --> 00:39:41,304
CAN ALSO FIX THE DISEASE SO WE

656
00:39:41,304 --> 00:39:49,045
CAN DO THAT WITH FAMILY MEMBERS

657
00:39:49,045 --> 00:39:55,652
WITHIN THE CURRENT TREATMENTS

658
00:39:55,652 --> 00:40:00,123
WITH THE VIRUS THAT DENIGRATES

659
00:40:00,123 --> 00:40:05,828
AS A FACTOR THAT I HAVE HAD TO

660
00:40:05,828 --> 00:40:09,832
MOVE THAT BECAUSE THEY BOTH ARE

661
00:40:09,832 --> 00:40:11,201
JUST FDA APPROVED IN DECEMBER OF

662
00:40:11,201 --> 00:40:15,038
LAST YEAR.

663
00:40:15,038 --> 00:40:17,874
SO HOW DOES THIS WORK?

664
00:40:17,874 --> 00:40:21,144
THE TRANSPLANTS REPLACE THE

665
00:40:21,144 --> 00:40:22,212
SCENES OF THE BLOOD AND SINCE

666
00:40:22,212 --> 00:40:28,084
ALL CELLS OF CIRCULATION IF WE

667
00:40:28,084 --> 00:40:30,320
REPLACE GIVE SOMEBODY ELSE'S OR

668
00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:38,394
REPAIR GIVING THEM THEIR OWN

669
00:40:38,394 --> 00:40:38,995
THEN WE CAN FIX THE DISEASE TO

670
00:40:38,995 --> 00:40:39,629
MAKE NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN SO THAT'S

671
00:40:39,629 --> 00:40:40,263
WHAT WE HAVE BEEN UP TO OVER THE

672
00:40:40,263 --> 00:40:40,863
LAST 3 DECADES TO FIGURE THIS

673
00:40:40,863 --> 00:40:43,466
OUT.

674
00:40:43,466 --> 00:40:44,601
WHEN I CAME ON THE SCENE IN THE

675
00:40:44,601 --> 00:40:51,274
EARLY NINETIES IT WAS JUST SHOWN

676
00:40:51,274 --> 00:40:51,874
A TRANSPLANT FROM A BROTHER OR

677
00:40:51,874 --> 00:40:55,445
SISTER CAN CURE THE DISEASE BUT

678
00:40:55,445 --> 00:40:56,045
NORMALLY WE LOOK AT SOMETHING

679
00:40:56,045 --> 00:41:01,284
FOR LIKE THIS WITH LEUKEMIA AND

680
00:41:01,284 --> 00:41:05,888
THEY HAVE A TRANSPLANT ALSO HAS

681
00:41:05,888 --> 00:41:08,291
SICKLE CELL AND WAS CURED OF

682
00:41:08,291 --> 00:41:10,660
BOTH AND THAT LED TO EFFORTS TO

683
00:41:10,660 --> 00:41:14,330
START DOING THIS ON PURPOSE WITH

684
00:41:14,330 --> 00:41:19,602
PATIENTS AND USING THE STANDARD

685
00:41:19,602 --> 00:41:23,539
HIGH-DOSE TO WIPE OUT THE BONE

686
00:41:23,539 --> 00:41:25,808
MARROW AND WIPING OUT THE IMMUNE

687
00:41:25,808 --> 00:41:26,442
SYSTEM AND THEN SOMEBODY ELSE'S

688
00:41:26,442 --> 00:41:29,512
BONE MARROW WITH

689
00:41:29,512 --> 00:41:30,146
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND IT WORKED

690
00:41:30,146 --> 00:41:36,919
MOST OF THE TIME THE SURVIVAL

691
00:41:36,919 --> 00:41:37,487
RATE IS MOST OF THE TIME AND

692
00:41:37,487 --> 00:41:39,322
THEN JUST BY DOING IT WE GOT

693
00:41:39,322 --> 00:41:45,328
BETTER SO TO GET THE STANDARD

694
00:41:45,328 --> 00:41:51,367
REGIMEN 93 PERCENT THEY ADDED 1

695
00:41:51,367 --> 00:41:51,934
ANTIBODY TO GET RID OF THE T

696
00:41:51,934 --> 00:41:52,468
CELLS AND YOU CAN SEE THE

697
00:41:52,468 --> 00:41:53,936
REJECTION RATE GOES FROM

698
00:41:53,936 --> 00:41:57,874
22 PERCENT TO 3 PERCENT AND NOW

699
00:41:57,874 --> 00:42:01,678
JUST WITH BETTER MANAGEMENT THE

700
00:42:01,678 --> 00:42:11,187
CURE RATE IS OVER 95 PERCENT.

701
00:42:11,187 --> 00:42:15,992
AND HERE YOU CAN SEE AFTER 2000

702
00:42:15,992 --> 00:42:23,366
IT IS 95 PERCENT.

703
00:42:23,366 --> 00:42:26,169
I SAID YOU SHOULD GET THE

704
00:42:26,169 --> 00:42:36,379
TRANSPLANT YOU HAVE A SIBLING.

705
00:42:36,379 --> 00:42:37,013
BUT MARK WALTERS AFTER HIS FIRST

706
00:42:37,013 --> 00:42:37,613
STUDY SHOWS SOMETHING THAT IS

707
00:42:37,613 --> 00:42:48,091
IMPORTANT TO US IS THAT EVEN

708
00:42:49,225 --> 00:42:49,792
WHEN THEY TRY TO MAP BONE MARROW

709
00:42:49,792 --> 00:42:50,393
COMPLETELY SOME PATIENTS STILL

710
00:42:50,393 --> 00:42:50,927
HAVE THERE'S REMAINING SO

711
00:42:50,927 --> 00:42:51,527
PRESUMABLY THEY ARE SO MAKING

712
00:42:51,527 --> 00:42:52,161
SICKLE CELLS BUT IF YOU LOOK AT

713
00:42:52,161 --> 00:42:52,795
THE BLOOD ALL OF THE RED BLOOD

714
00:42:52,795 --> 00:42:56,666
CELLS WERE DONOR TYPE.

715
00:42:56,666 --> 00:43:00,737
EVEN 11 PERCENT WHITE CELLS IT

716
00:43:00,737 --> 00:43:01,337
IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALL OF THE

717
00:43:01,337 --> 00:43:05,341
RED CELLS.

718
00:43:05,341 --> 00:43:07,877
SO WE THOUGHT CAN WE DO THIS ON

719
00:43:07,877 --> 00:43:18,020
PURPOSE?

720
00:43:20,690 --> 00:43:21,257
SO THIS IS WHAT I'M THINKING AT

721
00:43:21,257 --> 00:43:21,524
THE TIME.

722
00:43:21,524 --> 00:43:25,094
SO IF YOU GIVE CONDITIONING GO

723
00:43:25,094 --> 00:43:25,695
ALL THE WAY OVER TO THE GREEN

724
00:43:25,695 --> 00:43:26,429
CELLS WHICH ARE THE DONOR

725
00:43:26,429 --> 00:43:30,533
CELLS.

726
00:43:30,533 --> 00:43:31,167
WHAT IF YOU DON'T COMPLETELY YOU

727
00:43:31,167 --> 00:43:34,704
GET MAKE SURE THAT IS SUFFICIENT

728
00:43:34,704 --> 00:43:35,238
TO MAKE ALL THE RED CELLS.

729
00:43:35,238 --> 00:43:38,808
SO CAN WE DO THIS ON PURPOSE?

730
00:43:38,808 --> 00:43:40,009
AND WE WERE LOOKING AT PATIENTS

731
00:43:40,009 --> 00:43:43,413
WITH CANCER WE COULD DO THIS BUT

732
00:43:43,413 --> 00:43:49,218
WE STILL HAD TOO MUCH FROM

733
00:43:49,218 --> 00:43:49,752
ANOTHER DISEASE THAT WAS A

734
00:43:49,752 --> 00:43:52,789
SEVERE A SICKLE CELL SO AFTER A

735
00:43:52,789 --> 00:43:58,194
LOT OF WORK WITH SMALL AND LARGE

736
00:43:58,194 --> 00:44:02,765
ANIMALS LOOKING AT LOW DOSES OF

737
00:44:02,765 --> 00:44:05,768
RADIATION WE CAME UP WITH THE

738
00:44:05,768 --> 00:44:09,405
REGIMEN WE USED RAPAMYCIN

739
00:44:09,405 --> 00:44:12,642
BECAUSE IT BLOCKS THE SECOND

740
00:44:12,642 --> 00:44:17,814
LEVEL OF T CELL ENGAGEMENT AND

741
00:44:17,814 --> 00:44:22,251
INDUCING TOLERANCE AND IN FACT

742
00:44:22,251 --> 00:44:22,785
IT CAN BLOCK THE TOLERANCE

743
00:44:22,785 --> 00:44:26,656
THROUGH RAPAMYCIN.

744
00:44:26,656 --> 00:44:28,658
AS A MEDICAL STUDENT WORKING

745
00:44:28,658 --> 00:44:38,067
HERE WITH THE BOWS MODEL SO WE

746
00:44:38,067 --> 00:44:38,668
INCREASE THE RADIATION DOSE A

747
00:44:38,668 --> 00:44:43,306
LITTLE BIT WE THOUGHT WE NEEDED

748
00:44:43,306 --> 00:44:43,973
A LITTLE MORE PRESSURE AND ADDED

749
00:44:43,973 --> 00:44:48,377
AN ANTIBODY TO THE LYMPHOCYTES

750
00:44:48,377 --> 00:44:53,249
TO HOPEFULLY PREVENT THE HOST

751
00:44:53,249 --> 00:44:59,622
DISEASE NOW 9 OF THE FIRST 10

752
00:44:59,622 --> 00:45:02,058
HEMOGLOBIN ENDS ARE NO - -

753
00:45:02,058 --> 00:45:05,061
NORMALIZED AND MIXED I SHOWED

754
00:45:05,061 --> 00:45:10,166
GREEN AND BLUE BUT ALL REMAINED

755
00:45:10,166 --> 00:45:16,372
ON IMMUNOSUPPRESSION WE GOT A

756
00:45:16,372 --> 00:45:22,378
LOT OF SLACK SO WE WROTE THE

757
00:45:22,378 --> 00:45:31,754
RULES WE HAVE NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN

758
00:45:31,754 --> 00:45:32,889
AND WE WILL BE THESE AND THOSE

759
00:45:32,889 --> 00:45:36,626
ARE EXTENDED WE SAW A

760
00:45:36,626 --> 00:45:44,534
NORMALIZATION OF THE HEMOGLOBIN

761
00:45:44,534 --> 00:45:45,167
THOSE WITH REPLACEMENT OF NORMAL

762
00:45:45,167 --> 00:45:45,735
RED CELLS HAD PAIN GO AWAY.

763
00:45:45,735 --> 00:45:52,909
I LIKE TO SHOW THIS THOSE THAT

764
00:45:52,909 --> 00:45:53,543
WERE THOUGHT TO BE DRUG ADDICTS

765
00:45:53,543 --> 00:45:54,110
JUST COMING TO THE ER TO GET

766
00:45:54,110 --> 00:45:56,312
PAIN MEDICATION.

767
00:45:56,312 --> 00:45:56,879
IF YOU MAKE THE PAIN GO AWAY

768
00:45:56,879 --> 00:46:06,322
THEY DON'T COME BACK.

769
00:46:06,322 --> 00:46:06,956
AND HERE IS ANOTHER PROOF OF THE

770
00:46:06,956 --> 00:46:07,356
NOTION SHOWING THE

771
00:46:07,356 --> 00:46:07,957
HOSPITALIZATION THAT IS OVER 3

772
00:46:07,957 --> 00:46:12,128
PER YEAR AND THAT INCLUDES HIP

773
00:46:12,128 --> 00:46:16,699
REPLACEMENTS AND OTHER THINGS

774
00:46:16,699 --> 00:46:18,968
AND IMPORTANTLY THOSE ABOVE THE

775
00:46:18,968 --> 00:46:29,045
LINE 50 PERCENT OF THE DONOR

776
00:46:29,045 --> 00:46:31,647
THEY WERE WEANED BUT ON THE

777
00:46:31,647 --> 00:46:34,750
RIGHT IT IS THE MYELOID SERIES.

778
00:46:34,750 --> 00:46:36,052
AND THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE

779
00:46:36,052 --> 00:46:38,020
BETWEEN THE 2 WHETHER THEY

780
00:46:38,020 --> 00:46:44,427
REMAIN.

781
00:46:44,427 --> 00:46:46,462
AND WITH THAT RETROSPECTIVE

782
00:46:46,462 --> 00:46:56,939
STUDY WITH A NAGGING PROBLEM

783
00:46:58,341 --> 00:47:08,951
10 PERCENT OF GRAPH PROJECT ANDS

784
00:47:16,025 --> 00:47:16,459
THE MADDOX STEMM CELLS.

785
00:47:16,459 --> 00:47:26,869
AND THE SURVIVAL THAT IT

786
00:47:27,103 --> 00:47:33,242
SYNERGIZES AND THAT IS TO FULL

787
00:47:33,242 --> 00:47:37,279
DONOR.

788
00:47:37,279 --> 00:47:39,815
IT IS LOW TOXICITY THAT ALLOWS

789
00:47:39,815 --> 00:47:44,353
US AND THAT WAS CRUCIAL BECAUSE

790
00:47:44,353 --> 00:47:48,357
KIDS CAN TOLERATE SOME PLAYED IS

791
00:47:48,357 --> 00:47:55,431
CHEMOTHERAPY.

792
00:47:55,431 --> 00:47:56,032
BECAUSE PARENTS DON'T WANT TO

793
00:47:56,032 --> 00:47:56,499
RENDER THEM INFERTILE.

794
00:47:56,499 --> 00:47:57,133
THEY WAIT FOR THAT DECISION EVEN

795
00:47:57,133 --> 00:47:58,167
IF THEY HAVE A DONOR UNTIL THE

796
00:47:58,167 --> 00:48:02,471
KID IS THE -- -- AN ADULT MAKE

797
00:48:02,471 --> 00:48:03,039
THE DECISION BUT BY THE TIME

798
00:48:03,039 --> 00:48:08,577
THEY ARE AN ADULT THEY HAVE AND

799
00:48:08,577 --> 00:48:12,014
OREGON DAMAGE SO THAT MAKES THEM

800
00:48:12,014 --> 00:48:12,648
INELIGIBLE NOW THEY CANNOT GET A

801
00:48:12,648 --> 00:48:13,482
TRANSPLANT BECAUSE THEY ARE 26

802
00:48:13,482 --> 00:48:19,021
-- -- TOO SICK.

803
00:48:19,021 --> 00:48:22,458
WITH ALL OF THE THINGS WE HAVE

804
00:48:22,458 --> 00:48:26,729
DONE MOST PATIENTS DON'T HAVE A

805
00:48:26,729 --> 00:48:29,565
DONORS ONLY 10 PERCENT WE LOOK

806
00:48:29,565 --> 00:48:32,168
AT UNRELATED AND THAT IS LIMITED

807
00:48:32,168 --> 00:48:34,737
BECAUSE OF THE POPULATION IT IS

808
00:48:34,737 --> 00:48:38,741
HARD TO FIND A MATCH SO NOW THE

809
00:48:38,741 --> 00:48:46,716
TRANSPLANTS EFFORTS ARE ONGOING.

810
00:48:46,716 --> 00:48:47,717
AND THIS HAS ACTUALLY BEEN QUITE

811
00:48:47,717 --> 00:48:52,421
SUCCESSFUL.

812
00:48:52,421 --> 00:48:53,089
IF YOU HAVE A PARENT OR A CHILD

813
00:48:53,089 --> 00:48:55,224
IS A HALF BATCH AND A SIBLING IS

814
00:48:55,224 --> 00:48:57,293
A 50 PERCENT CHANCE THEY ARE

815
00:48:57,293 --> 00:49:06,235
HALF MATCH.

816
00:49:06,235 --> 00:49:14,677
ALL THE PATIENTS SURVIVED.

817
00:49:14,677 --> 00:49:15,311
LITTLE TWEAKS HERE AND THERE MAY

818
00:49:15,311 --> 00:49:18,514
GET BETTER OVER THE YEARS.

819
00:49:18,514 --> 00:49:21,117
AND THIS ALLOWED US TO LOOK BACK

820
00:49:21,117 --> 00:49:25,121
AND SAY HOW ARE WE DOING WITH

821
00:49:25,121 --> 00:49:29,925
TRANSPLANT FOR RESEARCH WHERE

822
00:49:29,925 --> 00:49:38,000
ALL THE DATA ARE TRANSPLANTED?

823
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:38,634
ABOUT 1000 PATIENTS HAVE BEEN

824
00:49:38,634 --> 00:49:46,442
TRANSPLANTED IN THE DECADE BUT

825
00:49:46,442 --> 00:49:50,813
ALL OF THESE ARE LOOKING SIMILAR

826
00:49:50,813 --> 00:49:51,347
EVENT FREE OR DISEASE-FREE

827
00:49:51,347 --> 00:49:51,947
SURVIVAL IS GETTING PRETTY

828
00:49:51,947 --> 00:49:54,617
GOOD.

829
00:49:54,617 --> 00:49:59,989
MOST PEOPLE WOULD BE HAPPY WITH

830
00:49:59,989 --> 00:50:00,456
THESE KINDS OF NUMBERS

831
00:50:00,456 --> 00:50:01,090
ESPECIALLY CANCER BUT WE HAVE TO

832
00:50:01,090 --> 00:50:06,462
MAKE THE'S BETTER AND SIMPLE

833
00:50:06,462 --> 00:50:07,029
WAYS TO MAKE THE HALF MATCH

834
00:50:07,029 --> 00:50:12,868
BETTER.

835
00:50:12,868 --> 00:50:13,435
HOPKINS GROUP JUST INCREASED

836
00:50:13,435 --> 00:50:14,036
RADIATION DOSE FROM 200 AT 400

837
00:50:14,036 --> 00:50:17,439
AND WENT FROM 50 PERCENT TO OVER

838
00:50:17,439 --> 00:50:18,841
90.

839
00:50:18,841 --> 00:50:23,379
ONLY 17 OF THE SUBJECTS REJEC 

840
00:50:23,379 --> 00:50:23,646
REJECTED.

841
00:50:23,646 --> 00:50:28,584
THAN THE VANDERBILT GROUP AND

842
00:50:28,584 --> 00:50:32,021
THE ADULT COHORT IN RED WITH THE

843
00:50:32,021 --> 00:50:41,096
EVENT FREE SURVIVAL IS NEARLY

844
00:50:41,096 --> 00:50:41,597
100 PERCENT IT IS QUITE

845
00:50:41,597 --> 00:50:42,198
INCREDIBLE WITH A LITTLE TWEAK

846
00:50:42,198 --> 00:50:42,798
AND IN THIS CASE THEY DID NOT

847
00:50:42,798 --> 00:50:45,434
INCREASE RADIATION BUT JUST

848
00:50:45,434 --> 00:50:45,968
ADDED A CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG.

849
00:50:45,968 --> 00:50:56,412
WE KNOW IT WORKS.

850
00:50:56,412 --> 00:50:57,947
SO WHAT IF WE TOOK THE PATIENT'S

851
00:50:57,947 --> 00:51:00,349
OWN CELLS HOW MANY WOULD BE HAVE

852
00:51:00,349 --> 00:51:06,455
TO FIX TO MAKE THIS WORK?

853
00:51:06,455 --> 00:51:10,726
SO WHEN IT WAS GO TIME WE

854
00:51:10,726 --> 00:51:13,195
TRANSPLANTED MORE THAN 100

855
00:51:13,195 --> 00:51:17,333
PATIENTS AND 3 UNFORTUNATE

856
00:51:17,333 --> 00:51:22,171
PATIENTS WHO HAVE THE PERCENTAGE

857
00:51:22,171 --> 00:51:22,872
OF THEIR WHITE CELLS IN THE

858
00:51:22,872 --> 00:51:27,276
MYELOID SERIES SO THAT REFLECTS

859
00:51:27,276 --> 00:51:36,352
THE HEMATOCRIT STEMM CELL AND

860
00:51:36,352 --> 00:51:41,257
WHEN THEY GET THE 20 PERCENT

861
00:51:41,257 --> 00:51:41,824
MARK 1 OUT OF 5 OF THE STEMM

862
00:51:41,824 --> 00:51:43,826
CELLS COMING FROM DONORS THEY

863
00:51:43,826 --> 00:51:45,594
HAD DISEASE RECURRENCE.

864
00:51:45,594 --> 00:51:48,764
SO IF WE ARE OVER 20 PERCENT WE

865
00:51:48,764 --> 00:51:52,835
SHOULD FIX THIS DISEASE WE CAN

866
00:51:52,835 --> 00:51:55,571
GET A BOOST OF THE STEMM CELLS

867
00:51:55,571 --> 00:52:00,476
AND GET THEM BACK AND OUT OF

868
00:52:00,476 --> 00:52:08,017
MISCHIEF SO WHY IS IT IF YOU

869
00:52:08,017 --> 00:52:11,921
HAVE A MUCH BETTER LIFESPAN THAT

870
00:52:11,921 --> 00:52:12,488
WILL BEAT OUT THE ONES THAT

871
00:52:12,488 --> 00:52:17,927
DON'T LIVE LONG.

872
00:52:17,927 --> 00:52:18,460
SO TO COME UP WITH A

873
00:52:18,460 --> 00:52:21,964
MATHEMATICAL MODEL THAT SAYS IF

874
00:52:21,964 --> 00:52:26,435
IT IS LIFESPAN ONLY YOU SHOULD

875
00:52:26,435 --> 00:52:32,207
SEE THIS BLUE LINE SO THAT'S

876
00:52:32,207 --> 00:52:32,474
REAL DATA.

877
00:52:32,474 --> 00:52:37,246
WHEN YOU GET 20 PERCENT IN RED

878
00:52:37,246 --> 00:52:39,715
THE REAL DATA THE HEMOGLOBIN IS

879
00:52:39,715 --> 00:52:41,283
50 PERCENT.

880
00:52:41,283 --> 00:52:45,721
THEY HAVE HALF WHEN THEY GO

881
00:52:45,721 --> 00:52:51,193
ABOUT 50, USING ONLY THE RED

882
00:52:51,193 --> 00:52:57,633
CELL LIFESPAN SO THAT TELLS US

883
00:52:57,633 --> 00:52:58,267
FORGET US 1 OUT OF 5 WE CAN FIX

884
00:52:58,267 --> 00:53:00,069
THE DISEASE.

885
00:53:00,069 --> 00:53:02,604
WE HAVE BEEN WORKING FOR A LONG

886
00:53:02,604 --> 00:53:06,041
TIME TO GET AT 20 PERCENT AND IN

887
00:53:06,041 --> 00:53:10,546
THE EARLY NINETIES I WAS EXCITED

888
00:53:10,546 --> 00:53:11,146
BECAUSE WE COULD PUT GENES IN

889
00:53:11,146 --> 00:53:15,417
AND GET 50 PERCENT ALL DAY IF WE

890
00:53:15,417 --> 00:53:20,122
DO THE SAME THING TO HUMAN CELLS

891
00:53:20,122 --> 00:53:25,127
WE START THE TRIALS IN HUMANS TO

892
00:53:25,127 --> 00:53:27,029
LOOK FOR PATIENTS WERE GETTING A

893
00:53:27,029 --> 00:53:28,998
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT AND WE

894
00:53:28,998 --> 00:53:33,402
HAVE REALLY LOW LEVELS OF

895
00:53:33,402 --> 00:53:34,570
MARKING.

896
00:53:34,570 --> 00:53:38,207
HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO DETECT 1 IN

897
00:53:38,207 --> 00:53:39,008
A MILLION CELLS AND THAT'S WHAT

898
00:53:39,008 --> 00:53:43,379
WE GOT WITHIN A 50 PERCENT BUT 1

899
00:53:43,379 --> 00:53:45,514
IN A MILLION SO WE WERE WAY OFF

900
00:53:45,514 --> 00:53:46,281
20 PERCENT.

901
00:53:46,281 --> 00:53:53,022
WE HAVE TO FIGURE OUT TO GET 1

902
00:53:53,022 --> 00:53:53,622
IN A MILLION FROM 1 OUT OF 5.

903
00:53:53,622 --> 00:53:54,456
SO WE WOULD WORK THROUGH THE

904
00:53:54,456 --> 00:53:58,627
CELL CULTURES BECAUSE THE LARGE

905
00:53:58,627 --> 00:53:59,361
ANIMALS VERY PREDICTIVE OF WHAT

906
00:53:59,361 --> 00:54:06,402
WE SEE IS NOT EVEN COMPETITIVE

907
00:54:06,402 --> 00:54:09,838
REPOPULATION TO SERVE AS A GO OR

908
00:54:09,838 --> 00:54:11,874
NO GO.

909
00:54:11,874 --> 00:54:12,508
WE SPENT MOST OF THE TIME GOING

910
00:54:12,508 --> 00:54:14,810
BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD WE GET

911
00:54:14,810 --> 00:54:21,583
THERE THINKING WE ARE READY.

912
00:54:21,583 --> 00:54:22,584
1 OF THE IMPORTANT THINGS WE

913
00:54:22,584 --> 00:54:30,959
FOUND WAS LOOKING AT THE STEMM

914
00:54:30,959 --> 00:54:31,527
CELLS IT DRIVES THE LOSS AND

915
00:54:31,527 --> 00:54:33,529
MOSTLY TO DIFFERENTIATE IF YOU

916
00:54:33,529 --> 00:54:37,332
LOOK AT THE CULTURE PUTTING

917
00:54:37,332 --> 00:54:43,072
THESE IN YOU WOULD SEE

918
00:54:43,072 --> 00:54:43,639
NEUTROPHIL AND PLATELETS AND

919
00:54:43,639 --> 00:54:44,073
THAT SORT OF STUFF.

920
00:54:44,073 --> 00:54:49,745
BUT WE STARTED COMPARING WITH

921
00:54:49,745 --> 00:54:56,185
THE POPULATION AND EXPANSION AND

922
00:54:56,185 --> 00:55:03,459
WITH THE CELL NUMBER AND COLONY

923
00:55:03,459 --> 00:55:05,828
SO WE HAVE THOSE IN VIVO BUT

924
00:55:05,828 --> 00:55:12,034
THEN ALONG THE BOTTOM BACK AT

925
00:55:12,034 --> 00:55:20,109
AROUND 5 PERCENT WHICH IS CLOSE

926
00:55:20,109 --> 00:55:20,676
GOING FROM 1 IN A MILLION AT

927
00:55:20,676 --> 00:55:21,810
5 PERCENT WAS HUGE.

928
00:55:21,810 --> 00:55:29,651
AND THAT 5 PERCENT WITH SEVERE

929
00:55:29,651 --> 00:55:30,219
COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SO

930
00:55:30,219 --> 00:55:30,886
THIS IS THE FIRST GENE THERAPY

931
00:55:30,886 --> 00:55:37,993
THAT WORKED USING THE IDENTICAL

932
00:55:37,993 --> 00:55:42,531
CONDITIONS TO THE LAST CONDITION

933
00:55:42,531 --> 00:55:44,933
COMPLETE CONSTITUTION OF THOSE

934
00:55:44,933 --> 00:55:49,004
THAT HAVE THOSE TRIP STEMM CELLS

935
00:55:49,004 --> 00:55:59,081
TRANSFUSED TO FIX THE DISEASE.

936
00:55:59,081 --> 00:55:59,648
AND THEY HAD A FIX OF THEIR

937
00:55:59,648 --> 00:56:02,551
DISEASE BUT THE RESULTS WERE

938
00:56:02,551 --> 00:56:08,090
OVERSHADOWED BUT THERE ARE

939
00:56:08,090 --> 00:56:11,693
RECURRENCE OF LEUKEMIA -- --

940
00:56:11,693 --> 00:56:12,661
LEUKEMIA AND 3 OF THOSE IT IS

941
00:56:12,661 --> 00:56:14,963
OUR RETROVIRAL FACTOR BECAUSE IT

942
00:56:14,963 --> 00:56:25,507
INTEGRATES INTO THE DNA AND MOST

943
00:56:26,608 --> 00:56:29,077
OF IT HAS VIRUS FEATURES BUT

944
00:56:29,077 --> 00:56:31,647
THAT IS WHAT GETS IT INTO THE

945
00:56:31,647 --> 00:56:35,284
CELLS AND VERY GOOD AT TURNING

946
00:56:35,284 --> 00:56:41,456
ON THE GENES AND WITH THIS

947
00:56:41,456 --> 00:56:47,162
FACTOR TYPE AND THEN TO SHOW THE

948
00:56:47,162 --> 00:56:54,770
NEW VECTORS BASED ON AND HIV

949
00:56:54,770 --> 00:56:55,270
COULD SOLVE A COUPLE OF

950
00:56:55,270 --> 00:56:55,537
PROBLEMS.

951
00:56:55,537 --> 00:57:01,643
1 IS THEY DID NOT SEEM TO CAUSE

952
00:57:01,643 --> 00:57:07,349
INSERTIONAL.

953
00:57:07,349 --> 00:57:08,884
THESE WERE NOT BECAUSE OF

954
00:57:08,884 --> 00:57:14,122
INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS.

955
00:57:14,122 --> 00:57:18,327
BUT THESE FACTORS MADE FROM HIV

956
00:57:18,327 --> 00:57:24,533
THIS WAS HUGE FOR US BECAUSE IF

957
00:57:24,533 --> 00:57:26,935
YOU DIVIDE THEM THEN YOU LOSE

958
00:57:26,935 --> 00:57:30,272
THEM SO WE CAN USE THE

959
00:57:30,272 --> 00:57:34,710
CONDITIONS AND USE THIS FACTOR

960
00:57:34,710 --> 00:57:37,479
SYSTEM ALSO DELETIONS WHICH

961
00:57:37,479 --> 00:57:46,521
RENDERS THEM AN ACTIVE AND WITH

962
00:57:46,521 --> 00:57:53,595
INTEGRATION AND THAT IS FLANKED

963
00:57:53,595 --> 00:57:55,797
WITH THE LTR.

964
00:57:55,797 --> 00:58:01,069
THEY DON'T LAND LIKE RETROVIRAL

965
00:58:01,069 --> 00:58:05,641
FACTORS.

966
00:58:05,641 --> 00:58:06,675
WE NEED RED BLOOD CELLS TO MAKE

967
00:58:06,675 --> 00:58:13,115
THIS WORK AND IN OUR CASE THE

968
00:58:13,115 --> 00:58:17,185
NEXT STEP IS FOR THE PROBLEM

969
00:58:17,185 --> 00:58:23,959
ANYWAY.

970
00:58:23,959 --> 00:58:32,634
BUT THE OTHER BIG DEAL THESE CAN

971
00:58:32,634 --> 00:58:35,037
PACKAGE ALL THE BITS THAT YOU

972
00:58:35,037 --> 00:58:37,506
NEED WITH SPECIFIC EXPRESSION

973
00:58:37,506 --> 00:58:42,544
ANY PARTS OF THE GENOME WITH THE

974
00:58:42,544 --> 00:58:43,178
BETA GLOBIN AND WE CAN GIVE ALL

975
00:58:43,178 --> 00:58:48,350
OF THAT INTO HIV WERE WE COULD

976
00:58:48,350 --> 00:58:54,389
NOT AND THEN ALSO SHOW TO

977
00:58:54,389 --> 00:58:54,990
CORRECT 2 DIFFERENT MODELS OF

978
00:58:54,990 --> 00:58:59,261
SICKLE-CELL WITH THESE MODELS.

979
00:58:59,261 --> 00:59:00,329
SO WE STARTED WORKING TO IMPROVE

980
00:59:00,329 --> 00:59:09,871
THIS.

981
00:59:09,871 --> 00:59:12,374
SO WE MADE THIS HIGHBRIDGE

982
00:59:12,374 --> 00:59:19,681
VECTOR BECAUSE THAT WORKS FINE

983
00:59:19,681 --> 00:59:21,917
IN THE MULTI- TEST ALL DIFFERENT

984
00:59:21,917 --> 00:59:24,986
SORTS OF BETA GLOBIN AND

985
00:59:24,986 --> 00:59:25,520
EXPRESSING VECTORS AND THE

986
00:59:25,520 --> 00:59:31,493
REVERSE ORIENTATION AND THAT IS

987
00:59:31,493 --> 00:59:32,728
WHAT WE NEED FOR GOOD

988
00:59:32,728 --> 00:59:35,364
EXPRESSION.

989
00:59:35,364 --> 00:59:37,899
WITH A 20 PERCENT MARK AT THE

990
00:59:37,899 --> 00:59:40,902
MONKEYS SO WE LAUNCH THE TRIAL

991
00:59:40,902 --> 00:59:47,142
WITH THE INDUSTRY COLLEAGUES FOR

992
00:59:47,142 --> 00:59:47,709
DOING TRANSPLANTS TO TAKE IT

993
00:59:47,709 --> 00:59:50,979
INITIALLY IN GROUP A AND PUT THE

994
00:59:50,979 --> 00:59:59,254
VECTOR IN?

995
00:59:59,254 --> 01:00:02,724
AND THAT IS SO CELLS TO GRAFT

996
01:00:02,724 --> 01:00:12,067
AND REMAINING CELLS THEN THEY

997
01:00:12,067 --> 01:00:12,701
ARE IN THE HOSPITAL FOR ABOUT A

998
01:00:12,701 --> 01:00:15,137
MONTH AND THEN HOPEFULLY THE

999
01:00:15,137 --> 01:00:16,171
CELLS HAVE ENOUGH OF THE NEW

1000
01:00:16,171 --> 01:00:20,976
BETA GLOBIN OR IN THIS CASE IT

1001
01:00:20,976 --> 01:00:23,612
GOES OFF IN A DIFFERENT

1002
01:00:23,612 --> 01:00:29,618
DIRECTION THAT MAKES IT ANT

1003
01:00:29,618 --> 01:00:30,252
ANTI, THEN HOPEFULLY IT WILL FIX

1004
01:00:30,252 --> 01:00:33,388
THE DISEASE THE PROTOCOL EVOLVED

1005
01:00:33,388 --> 01:00:37,058
OVER TIME AS A RESULT SUCCESS IN

1006
01:00:37,058 --> 01:00:39,895
THE FIRST COHORT WE NEED BETTER

1007
01:00:39,895 --> 01:00:43,298
TRANSDUCTION EFFICIENCY.

1008
01:00:43,298 --> 01:00:48,970
NOW BEING PUBLISHED BUT WHAT WE

1009
01:00:48,970 --> 01:00:53,108
FOUND IN CONTRAST WITH THE

1010
01:00:53,108 --> 01:00:56,044
NONHUMAN PRIMATE SICKLE-CELL

1011
01:00:56,044 --> 01:00:58,413
DISEASE HAS A MUCH HIGHER

1012
01:00:58,413 --> 01:01:00,782
FRACTION OF INFORMATION AND

1013
01:01:00,782 --> 01:01:04,186
CONTAMINATION MARKERS WHICH MADE

1014
01:01:04,186 --> 01:01:05,120
US THINK THE CD34 WE WERE

1015
01:01:05,120 --> 01:01:15,163
RELYING ON THAT IS A MARKER FOR

1016
01:01:15,163 --> 01:01:25,674
THAT BUT THEY ARE JUST BARELY

1017
01:01:26,842 --> 01:01:35,250
EXPRESSING CD34.

1018
01:01:35,250 --> 01:01:38,453
WITH A NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT IS

1019
01:01:38,453 --> 01:01:44,326
A WAY TO GET THESE AND THAT

1020
01:01:44,326 --> 01:01:48,363
CAUSE IS CATASTROPHIC OBLIGATION

1021
01:01:48,363 --> 01:01:53,468
BUT THEN WE GET REALLY GOOD

1022
01:01:53,468 --> 01:01:56,471
MOBILIZATION INTO THE BLOOD AND

1023
01:01:56,471 --> 01:01:59,007
WE GET THEM AT MUCH HIGHER

1024
01:01:59,007 --> 01:02:03,612
NUMBERS SO YOU CAN SEE ON THE

1025
01:02:03,612 --> 01:02:09,985
RIGHT ONLY ABOUT HALF MOBILIZE

1026
01:02:09,985 --> 01:02:14,055
LIKE 95 PERCENT.

1027
01:02:14,055 --> 01:02:19,728
NOT ONLY MORE BUT BETTER AND WE

1028
01:02:19,728 --> 01:02:22,230
GOT THEM WITH FEWER GRADE 3 OR

1029
01:02:22,230 --> 01:02:25,934
HIGHER.

1030
01:02:25,934 --> 01:02:26,568
WE IMPROVED TRANSDUCTION THROUGH

1031
01:02:26,568 --> 01:02:27,235
A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT THINGS INTO

1032
01:02:27,235 --> 01:02:29,738
THE MIX UNTIL WE COULD GET MORE

1033
01:02:29,738 --> 01:02:34,075
THAN 90 PERCENT ACROSS THE BOARD

1034
01:02:34,075 --> 01:02:35,777
AND THESE ARE THE RESULTS OF

1035
01:02:35,777 --> 01:02:37,979
THOSE EFFORTS.

1036
01:02:37,979 --> 01:02:45,353
GROUP A 0.1 SO 10 PERCENT HAVE 1

1037
01:02:45,353 --> 01:02:46,021
COPY.

1038
01:02:46,021 --> 01:02:46,621
THAT'S NOT ENOUGH TO PROVE NOT

1039
01:02:46,621 --> 01:02:52,227
TO BE ENOUGH SO THERE WAS SOME

1040
01:02:52,227 --> 01:02:52,727
IMPROVEMENT BUT NOT THE

1041
01:02:52,727 --> 01:02:53,361
20 PERCENT IT IS 10 PERCENT BUT

1042
01:02:53,361 --> 01:02:58,433
IN GROUP C THE NUMBER WAS ABOUT

1043
01:02:58,433 --> 01:03:04,472
1.5 SO THAT IS 150 PERCENT AND

1044
01:03:04,472 --> 01:03:11,846
WE HAVE MUCH HIGHER NUMBER SO

1045
01:03:11,846 --> 01:03:22,390
20000 AS THE MEDIAN IN GROUP C.

1046
01:03:22,857 --> 01:03:23,425
AND WE HAVE UPDATED THE RESULTS

1047
01:03:23,425 --> 01:03:25,460
SUBMITTED TO THE FDA IN THIS

1048
01:03:25,460 --> 01:03:29,331
TRIAL AND A FOLLOW-ON TRIAL WITH

1049
01:03:29,331 --> 01:03:32,901
59 SUBJECTS OVER 3 YEARS WITH

1050
01:03:32,901 --> 01:03:33,501
THE FOLLOW-UP IN HERE YOU CAN

1051
01:03:33,501 --> 01:03:36,972
SEE THE HEMOGLOBIN'S THE

1052
01:03:36,972 --> 01:03:40,909
BASELINE WAS 8 HEMOGLOBIN IS

1053
01:03:40,909 --> 01:03:45,480
ABOUT 12 OR 13 AND YOU CAN SEE

1054
01:03:45,480 --> 01:03:46,448
EVEN AS EARLY AS MONTH 3 WE HAVE

1055
01:03:46,448 --> 01:03:52,988
AN IMPROVEMENT OF IT NORMALIZES

1056
01:03:52,988 --> 01:03:57,158
AND THAT IS VECTOR DRIVEN AND IT

1057
01:03:57,158 --> 01:04:00,729
IS NEARLY HALF IT LOOKS LIKE A

1058
01:04:00,729 --> 01:04:05,634
SICKLE CELL TRAIT NOW.

1059
01:04:05,634 --> 01:04:10,205
AND THE RESULTS OF THE

1060
01:04:10,205 --> 01:04:15,143
ENUMERATION OF PAIN EVENTS AND

1061
01:04:15,143 --> 01:04:15,677
PAIN THAT IS SO SEVERE THE

1062
01:04:15,677 --> 01:04:26,087
PATIENT HAS TO GO TO THE

1063
01:04:27,288 --> 01:04:27,822
HOSPITAL AND GET IV NARCOTICS

1064
01:04:27,822 --> 01:04:28,456
AND THEN ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE

1065
01:04:28,456 --> 01:04:29,090
THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE 2 YEARS

1066
01:04:29,090 --> 01:04:29,691
PRIOR THEY HAD TO GO WIN TO BE

1067
01:04:29,691 --> 01:04:33,995
ADMITTED FOR IV NARCOTICS AND

1068
01:04:33,995 --> 01:04:34,596
WITH THE RED DOTS ON THE RIGHT

1069
01:04:34,596 --> 01:04:35,230
YOU CAN SEE AFTER SO 94 PERCENT

1070
01:04:35,230 --> 01:04:39,668
OF THE PATIENTS HAVE COMPLETE

1071
01:04:39,668 --> 01:04:40,935
RESOLUTION THERE NO LONGER

1072
01:04:40,935 --> 01:04:44,372
COMING TO THE HOSPITAL THROUGH

1073
01:04:44,372 --> 01:04:47,308
THE INTERVENTION AND THEN THE

1074
01:04:47,308 --> 01:04:49,811
FDA CONVINCED US TO MAKE THIS

1075
01:04:49,811 --> 01:04:51,680
THE PRIMARY ENDPOINT WE WERE

1076
01:04:51,680 --> 01:04:56,351
RETICENT AT FIRST BECAUSE PAIN

1077
01:04:56,351 --> 01:04:58,586
IS SUBJECTIVE AND IT IS

1078
01:04:58,586 --> 01:05:02,891
DIFFICULT BUT IT GOT BETTER AND

1079
01:05:02,891 --> 01:05:08,129
THE TOXICITIES THAT WE SAW WE

1080
01:05:08,129 --> 01:05:09,631
GET THE NEUTROPHIL DOWN AND

1081
01:05:09,631 --> 01:05:14,669
INFECTIONS AND SORES IN THEIR

1082
01:05:14,669 --> 01:05:19,040
MOUTH BUT THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

1083
01:05:19,040 --> 01:05:23,445
WE WERE LOOKING FOR BEING THE

1084
01:05:23,445 --> 01:05:24,079
INCLUSIVE DISEASE WE DID NOT SEE

1085
01:05:24,079 --> 01:05:27,649
DEATH RELATED COMPLICATIONS LIKE

1086
01:05:27,649 --> 01:05:28,650
MUTAGENESIS AND THERE WAS 1

1087
01:05:28,650 --> 01:05:31,252
UNFORTUNATE DEATH OF A PATIENT

1088
01:05:31,252 --> 01:05:35,256
WHO WAS WELL AFTER TRANSPLANT

1089
01:05:35,256 --> 01:05:37,792
BUT HAD PRE-EXISTING CARDIAC

1090
01:05:37,792 --> 01:05:44,466
DISEASE THAT WAS NOT REVERSED

1091
01:05:44,466 --> 01:05:45,066
WITH THIS INTERVENTION AND HAD

1092
01:05:45,066 --> 01:05:45,400
SUDDEN DEATH.

1093
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:51,506
THIS WAS APPROVED.

1094
01:05:51,506 --> 01:05:52,807
MANY OF YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH

1095
01:05:52,807 --> 01:05:59,614
THIS PUBLICATION DRIVEN WITH A

1096
01:05:59,614 --> 01:06:00,248
PRIOR NIH DIRECTOR THE FIRST OF

1097
01:06:00,248 --> 01:06:00,882
THE HUMAN GENOME AND IT GAVE US

1098
01:06:00,882 --> 01:06:01,549
OPPORTUNITIES TO START LOOKING

1099
01:06:01,549 --> 01:06:07,489
FOR OTHER THINGS WE CAN DO WHAT

1100
01:06:07,489 --> 01:06:09,624
ABOUT OTHER TARGETS?

1101
01:06:09,624 --> 01:06:14,129
SO MY COLLEAGUE AT KINGS COLLEGE

1102
01:06:14,129 --> 01:06:16,464
DID A STUDY WHEN THE GENOME WAS

1103
01:06:16,464 --> 01:06:19,834
PUBLISHED LOOKING FOR WHAT

1104
01:06:19,834 --> 01:06:21,770
AFFECTS FETAL HEMOGLOBIN

1105
01:06:21,770 --> 01:06:29,577
PERSISTENCE AND SOME CONTINUE

1106
01:06:29,577 --> 01:06:30,044
THROUGHOUT ADULT LIFE.

1107
01:06:30,044 --> 01:06:30,612
THEY DON'T SWITCH IT OFF AT

1108
01:06:30,612 --> 01:06:30,812
BIRTH.

1109
01:06:30,812 --> 01:06:34,449
THAT CAN PREVENT SICKLE OF THE

1110
01:06:34,449 --> 01:06:36,151
CELLS.

1111
01:06:36,151 --> 01:06:40,655
AND SHE FOUND THIS AND BLOOD

1112
01:06:40,655 --> 01:06:47,128
DONORS IN THE GENE PC 11 A SO

1113
01:06:47,128 --> 01:06:47,695
WE ASKED THE QUESTION CAN WE

1114
01:06:47,695 --> 01:06:52,200
INHIBIT THE GENE OR CUT THE

1115
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,670
ENHANCER TO REACTIVATE FETAL

1116
01:06:55,670 --> 01:06:57,906
HEMOGLOBIN AS A WAY TO TREAT THE

1117
01:06:57,906 --> 01:07:01,543
DISEASE?

1118
01:07:01,543 --> 01:07:02,177
SO NOW YOU CAN SEE THE WORK THAT

1119
01:07:02,177 --> 01:07:08,616
YOU CAN CUT THE GENE AND GET THE

1120
01:07:08,616 --> 01:07:14,856
LEVELS OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN IN

1121
01:07:14,856 --> 01:07:15,056
VITRO.

1122
01:07:15,056 --> 01:07:15,924
WE HAVE STUDIED THIS WITH THE

1123
01:07:15,924 --> 01:07:18,726
NONHUMAN PRIMATE AND THEN THESE

1124
01:07:18,726 --> 01:07:22,530
WERE CUT BECAUSE HE WANTED THIS

1125
01:07:22,530 --> 01:07:25,767
TO BE ERYTHROID SPECIFIC SO WE

1126
01:07:25,767 --> 01:07:29,037
DO A COMPETITIVE REPOPULATION

1127
01:07:29,037 --> 01:07:37,612
AND THEN THE OTHER HALF AND THEN

1128
01:07:37,612 --> 01:07:42,450
THAT IS PRESERVED WITH GOOD

1129
01:07:42,450 --> 01:07:43,585
RECONSTITUTION AND EQUAL

1130
01:07:43,585 --> 01:07:48,623
CONTRIBUTION AND ROBUST

1131
01:07:48,623 --> 01:07:53,628
REACTIVATION.

1132
01:07:53,628 --> 01:07:54,696
AND THEN TO PUT TOGETHER A

1133
01:07:54,696 --> 01:07:56,965
CLINICAL TRIAL THESE ARE THE

1134
01:07:56,965 --> 01:08:02,570
FIRST TO PATIENTS WHO HAS NEARLY

1135
01:08:02,570 --> 01:08:07,375
ALL FETAL HEMOGLOBIN NO MORE

1136
01:08:07,375 --> 01:08:12,146
TRANSFUSIONS AND THEN NEED THOSE

1137
01:08:12,146 --> 01:08:12,881
TO SURVIVE AND THEN TO SEE A

1138
01:08:12,881 --> 01:08:15,683
SICKLE-CELL PATIENT WHO NOW HAS

1139
01:08:15,683 --> 01:08:18,386
HALF OF THEIR HEMOGLOBIN COMING

1140
01:08:18,386 --> 01:08:28,329
FROM NORMALIZATION THIS IS NOW

1141
01:08:28,329 --> 01:08:34,702
PUBLISHED YOU CAN SEE FROM THE

1142
01:08:34,702 --> 01:08:42,644
BLUEBIRD STUDY ALMOST NO PAIN

1143
01:08:42,644 --> 01:08:46,948
EVENTS SO NOW THIS HAS ALSO BEEN

1144
01:08:46,948 --> 01:08:48,783
FDA APPROVED DECEMBER LAST

1145
01:08:48,783 --> 01:08:53,288
YEAR.

1146
01:08:53,288 --> 01:08:56,991
AND ACE SHOW YOU THAT THE PAIN

1147
01:08:56,991 --> 01:09:00,061
BEFORE AND AFTER SO YOU CAN HAVE

1148
01:09:00,061 --> 01:09:06,768
A COMPARATOR THERE ARE LOTS OF

1149
01:09:06,768 --> 01:09:11,606
PATIENTS THAT THE PAIN

1150
01:09:11,606 --> 01:09:14,842
PERSISTS.

1151
01:09:14,842 --> 01:09:20,615
WE CANNOT WORK WITH THE BONES

1152
01:09:20,615 --> 01:09:21,449
MOSTLY IN THE FIRST YEAR THEY

1153
01:09:21,449 --> 01:09:26,688
WILL HAVE PAIN BUT SOME AND READ

1154
01:09:26,688 --> 01:09:37,231
IN THE SECOND YEAR THOSE TAUGHT

1155
01:09:41,369 --> 01:09:41,903
PATIENTS REJECTED THE GRAPH

1156
01:09:41,903 --> 01:09:42,537
SWEAT OF 160 WAS VERY SIMILAR SO

1157
01:09:42,537 --> 01:09:43,104
THE GENE THERAPY APPROACHES

1158
01:09:43,104 --> 01:09:43,705
APPROXIMATE WHAT WE ARE DOING

1159
01:09:43,705 --> 01:09:44,305
WHEN WE COMPLETELY REPLACE THE

1160
01:09:44,305 --> 01:09:46,541
BONE MARROW SOMEBODY ELSE BUT WE

1161
01:09:46,541 --> 01:09:50,345
STILL NEED TO MAKE THIS WORK BUT

1162
01:09:50,345 --> 01:09:50,945
I WILL SHOW YOU SOME THINGS WE

1163
01:09:50,945 --> 01:09:56,951
HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DO WE HAVE

1164
01:09:56,951 --> 01:10:03,524
MADE ALL OF THE STRIDES USING

1165
01:10:03,524 --> 01:10:06,027
THE POISONS WE HAVE FOR MANY

1166
01:10:06,027 --> 01:10:09,931
DECADES SO WE HAVE THE BEDSIDE

1167
01:10:09,931 --> 01:10:11,799
AWARD WITH HARVARD STEMM CELL

1168
01:10:11,799 --> 01:10:15,136
INSTITUTE TO DEVELOP ANTIBODY

1169
01:10:15,136 --> 01:10:22,710
CONDITIONING IF WE CAN MAKE AN

1170
01:10:22,710 --> 01:10:25,847
ANTIBODY CONJUGATED DRUG AND

1171
01:10:25,847 --> 01:10:32,487
LEAVE EVERYTHING ELSE INTACT AND

1172
01:10:32,487 --> 01:10:35,023
NOT WITH THE TOXICITY AND IT IS

1173
01:10:35,023 --> 01:10:38,593
GREAT BECAUSE A LETTER FOR

1174
01:10:38,593 --> 01:10:39,127
GENITIVE CELLS THAT COULD

1175
01:10:39,127 --> 01:10:42,663
RAPIDLY INTERNALIZE WHEN IT

1176
01:10:42,663 --> 01:10:45,767
WOULD SHOW IN A MASS MODEL TO

1177
01:10:45,767 --> 01:10:47,035
DEPLETE THE BONE MARROW

1178
01:10:47,035 --> 01:10:53,041
COMPARTMENT AND GET A FULL GRAPH

1179
01:10:53,041 --> 01:10:53,674
WITH THE SINGLE DOSE WE DID THE

1180
01:10:53,674 --> 01:10:55,076
SAME THING AND NONHUMAN PRIMATE

1181
01:10:55,076 --> 01:10:59,814
MODEL USING A VECTOR AND WE GOT

1182
01:10:59,814 --> 01:11:03,918
THE EQUIVALENT AMONG GRANULAR

1183
01:11:03,918 --> 01:11:06,220
SITES WITH THE ANTIBODY TREATED

1184
01:11:06,220 --> 01:11:09,323
ANIMALS THE SAME THING WE USE IN

1185
01:11:09,323 --> 01:11:11,692
THE CLINIC AND 1 THING THAT WAS

1186
01:11:11,692 --> 01:11:15,329
VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE FEMALE

1187
01:11:15,329 --> 01:11:17,632
RECIPIENTS CONTINUE TO

1188
01:11:17,632 --> 01:11:18,433
DEMONSTRATE EVERY 20 DAYS AND

1189
01:11:18,433 --> 01:11:20,101
THAT SOMETHING WE HAD NEVER SEEN

1190
01:11:20,101 --> 01:11:24,038
WITH CONDITIONING OR WITH TOTAL

1191
01:11:24,038 --> 01:11:32,046
BODY RADIATION AND IN FACT, WE

1192
01:11:32,046 --> 01:11:32,680
SENT THESE ANIMALS TO A BREEDING

1193
01:11:32,680 --> 01:11:34,615
FACILITY DURING THE FIRST

1194
01:11:34,615 --> 01:11:37,151
BREEDING SEASON ACTUALLY 1 OF

1195
01:11:37,151 --> 01:11:44,225
THE PAIRED UP COUPLES WAS A MALE

1196
01:11:44,225 --> 01:11:46,594
AND A FEMALE SO THEY PROBABLY

1197
01:11:46,594 --> 01:11:56,571
MET IN THE ICU ALL OF THE CELLS

1198
01:11:56,571 --> 01:11:58,840
THAT IS EXPRESSED.

1199
01:11:58,840 --> 01:12:01,542
THAT WOULD BE USED TRYING TO DO

1200
01:12:01,542 --> 01:12:06,481
A BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT TRYING

1201
01:12:06,481 --> 01:12:07,115
TO GET RID OF IMMUNE CELLS SO WE

1202
01:12:07,115 --> 01:12:10,551
TESTED THAT AND IN THIS CASE WE

1203
01:12:10,551 --> 01:12:15,957
TESTED CRISPER EDITING BOTH AT

1204
01:12:15,957 --> 01:12:20,995
THE SPECIFIC ENHANCER SITE AND

1205
01:12:20,995 --> 01:12:21,496
THE SECOND SITE THAT CAN

1206
01:12:21,496 --> 01:12:24,031
REACTIVATE THEN WE GET BETTER

1207
01:12:24,031 --> 01:12:33,574
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AND THEN TO SEE

1208
01:12:33,574 --> 01:12:34,375
60 PERCENT FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AS

1209
01:12:34,375 --> 01:12:43,584
COMPARED TO 30 PERCENT.

1210
01:12:43,584 --> 01:12:46,053
WHEN WE DO THAT AND THE LARGE

1211
01:12:46,053 --> 01:12:49,490
ANIMALS WE GET REALLY ROBUST

1212
01:12:49,490 --> 01:12:55,029
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN IN REACTIVATION

1213
01:12:55,029 --> 01:12:59,367
HIGHER IN THE TOP RIGHT AND THEN

1214
01:12:59,367 --> 01:13:09,644
HERE WAS CELLS.

1215
01:13:09,644 --> 01:13:10,244
SO IT IS ABOUT 90 PERCENT AND

1216
01:13:10,244 --> 01:13:12,146
USING THE ANTIBODY WAS SIMILAR

1217
01:13:12,146 --> 01:13:20,821
LEVELS AND WAS IN THE DUNBAR WE

1218
01:13:20,821 --> 01:13:24,659
DID CLONAL TRACKING WITH THE

1219
01:13:24,659 --> 01:13:29,530
SEQUENCE AND TO VIRAL VECTOR PUT

1220
01:13:29,530 --> 01:13:30,164
THOSE INTO STEMM CELLS AND WORD

1221
01:13:30,164 --> 01:13:35,069
GRAFT THEM AND THEN RETRIEVE

1222
01:13:35,069 --> 01:13:35,703
THOSE GRAFTED CELLS THE BARCODES

1223
01:13:35,703 --> 01:13:39,974
AND WE CAN TRACK ALL OF THE

1224
01:13:39,974 --> 01:13:43,778
PROGENY AND THEN TO HAVE A

1225
01:13:43,778 --> 01:13:48,249
REALLY ROBUST POPULATION WE WANT

1226
01:13:48,249 --> 01:13:54,655
TO MATCH OF TOTAL BODY RADIATION

1227
01:13:54,655 --> 01:13:56,190
AND YOU CAN SEE THE LINES ARE

1228
01:13:56,190 --> 01:13:59,961
OVERLAPPING FOR THEIR DIVERSITY

1229
01:13:59,961 --> 01:14:02,096
INDEX.

1230
01:14:02,096 --> 01:14:03,998
I WILL STOP HERE AND SUMMARIZE

1231
01:14:03,998 --> 01:14:07,902
WE CAN DO THIS NOW.

1232
01:14:07,902 --> 01:14:11,872
GENE EDITING WE HAVE TOXICITIES

1233
01:14:11,872 --> 01:14:16,811
AND WE THINK WE HAVE OVERCOME

1234
01:14:16,811 --> 01:14:17,378
SOME OF THAT BUT THE COMPANY

1235
01:14:17,378 --> 01:14:19,847
AGENDA DID NOT KEEP THE FUNDING

1236
01:14:19,847 --> 01:14:21,449
AND ASSETS HAVE BEEN MOVED

1237
01:14:21,449 --> 01:14:21,716
ELSEWHERE.

1238
01:14:21,716 --> 01:14:25,886
'S WE ARE HOPING SOMEBODY WILL

1239
01:14:25,886 --> 01:14:28,456
CONTINUE TO BRING THAT TO THE

1240
01:14:28,456 --> 01:14:28,823
CLINIC.

1241
01:14:28,823 --> 01:14:30,591
I DID NOT GET A CHANCE TO SHOW

1242
01:14:30,591 --> 01:14:34,962
DATA WE ARE NOW TRYING TO FIGURE

1243
01:14:34,962 --> 01:14:35,763
OUT HOW TO DO THIS IN VIVO WE

1244
01:14:35,763 --> 01:14:40,668
CAN MAKE ANTIBODIES TO KNOCK OUT

1245
01:14:40,668 --> 01:14:43,004
THE BONE MARROW BY CONJUGATING

1246
01:14:43,004 --> 01:14:46,173
DRUGS BUT NOW WE ARE WORKING ON

1247
01:14:46,173 --> 01:14:50,878
VIRAL VECTORS OR LIPID

1248
01:14:50,878 --> 01:14:56,217
NANOPARTICLES TO DIRECT THE

1249
01:14:56,217 --> 01:15:01,289
ADDITION OF A GENE SO THE DREAM

1250
01:15:01,289 --> 01:15:01,922
WOULD BE TO HAVE A PATIENT COME

1251
01:15:01,922 --> 01:15:05,693
TO THE CLINIC AND GIVE THEM THE

1252
01:15:05,693 --> 01:15:09,897
EQUIVALENT OF THE LISTED NANO

1253
01:15:09,897 --> 01:15:14,802
PARTICLE WITH RNA THROUGH IV TO

1254
01:15:14,802 --> 01:15:24,011
ADAPT.

1255
01:15:24,011 --> 01:15:24,378
IT SOUNDS EASY.

1256
01:15:24,378 --> 01:15:25,012
BUT IT HAS NOT BEEN WE HAVE BEEN

1257
01:15:25,012 --> 01:15:25,613
AT 1 IN A MILLION BEFORE SO WE

1258
01:15:25,613 --> 01:15:26,247
WILL CARRY ON AND SEE IF WE CAN

1259
01:15:26,247 --> 01:15:26,747
BRING THAT TO FRUITION.

1260
01:15:26,747 --> 01:15:32,520
THANK YOU TO THE CREW HERE THE

1261
01:15:32,520 --> 01:15:43,064
FIRST PATIENT ON THE GENE TRIAL.

1262
01:15:49,937 --> 01:15:50,371
>> WE ALSO HAVE TIME FOR

1263
01:15:50,371 --> 01:15:53,240
QUESTIONS IN THE ROOM.

1264
01:15:53,240 --> 01:15:53,741
THERE ARE 2 MICROPHONES.

1265
01:15:53,741 --> 01:16:02,650
YOU CAN APPROACH.

1266
01:16:02,650 --> 01:16:03,284
I DID NOT EXPECT THIS TALK BUT I

1267
01:16:03,284 --> 01:16:03,784
LOVE THE HISTORY LESSON.

1268
01:16:03,784 --> 01:16:06,787
I ALWAYS ENJOY TO SEE THAT AT

1269
01:16:06,787 --> 01:16:09,223
THE TAIL END OF A THERAPY.

1270
01:16:09,223 --> 01:16:12,059
1 OF THE THINGS TO HAVE SEVERAL

1271
01:16:12,059 --> 01:16:14,095
SERIES OF DESIGN GOALS

1272
01:16:14,095 --> 01:16:16,764
ULTIMATELY IT WAS 20 PERCENT AND

1273
01:16:16,764 --> 01:16:17,665
ALL THE OTHER THINGS THAT THROW

1274
01:16:17,665 --> 01:16:20,000
YOU OFF.

1275
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:23,137
I AM CURIOUS HOW YOU KEPT A TEAM

1276
01:16:23,137 --> 01:16:26,207
ON BOARD AND DROPPING OUT WHEN

1277
01:16:26,207 --> 01:16:28,943
THE TARGETS WERE NOT MET AND ON

1278
01:16:28,943 --> 01:16:30,745
THE CLINICAL SIDE?

1279
01:16:30,745 --> 01:16:38,352
>> FOR A WHILE IT WAS
TOUGH WE

1280
01:16:38,352 --> 01:16:41,455
HAD A COUPLE OF BIG HICCUPS IN

1281
01:16:41,455 --> 01:16:45,025
THE FIELD WE HAD A DEATH FROM A

1282
01:16:45,025 --> 01:16:51,665
VECTOR.

1283
01:16:51,665 --> 01:16:54,268
WHICH HAD IT WAS A KID REALLY

1284
01:16:54,268 --> 01:16:57,204
THINK ABOUT THEIR COMMITMENT TO

1285
01:16:57,204 --> 01:16:57,738
GENE THERAPY NOW WE'VE HAD

1286
01:16:57,738 --> 01:17:00,074
SOMETHING VERY BAD HAPPENED A

1287
01:17:00,074 --> 01:17:01,108
LOT OF PEOPLE BAILED AT THAT

1288
01:17:01,108 --> 01:17:05,880
TIME.

1289
01:17:05,880 --> 01:17:08,682
AND AS I SAID THE VIRAL VECTORS

1290
01:17:08,682 --> 01:17:19,226
MAKE YOU GO THROUGH A CYCLE AND

1291
01:17:20,161 --> 01:17:20,694
IT MAKES IT HARD BUT WE TRY TO

1292
01:17:20,694 --> 01:17:21,195
PRIDE OURSELVES ON BEING

1293
01:17:21,195 --> 01:17:21,495
BRICKLAYERS.

1294
01:17:21,495 --> 01:17:23,197
SO 1 BRICK AT A TIME BECAUSE

1295
01:17:23,197 --> 01:17:30,171
EVENTUALLY YOU STAND BACK AND

1296
01:17:30,171 --> 01:17:30,971
SAY IT WAS 1 BRICK AT A TIME BUT

1297
01:17:30,971 --> 01:17:33,474
WE WATCHED IT HAPPEN AS WE WATCH

1298
01:17:33,474 --> 01:17:43,551
IT OURSELVES.

1299
01:17:43,551 --> 01:17:44,185
WE HAD TO KEEP THE GOAL IN MIND

1300
01:17:44,185 --> 01:17:44,618
TO CURE THE DISEASE.

1301
01:17:44,618 --> 01:17:50,691
GOT A LOT OF ENTHUSIASM WITH THE

1302
01:17:50,691 --> 01:17:51,192
TRANSPLANT APPROACH THAT

1303
01:17:51,192 --> 01:17:51,792
HAPPENED EARLIER TO GO TO THE

1304
01:17:51,792 --> 01:17:52,426
CLINIC AND FEEL GOOD ABOUT WHAT

1305
01:17:52,426 --> 01:17:54,662
WE ARE DOING AND THEN GO BACK TO

1306
01:17:54,662 --> 01:18:02,536
THE LAB AND GO THROUGH SO THOSE

1307
01:18:02,536 --> 01:18:06,073
INCREMENTAL STEPS IS WHERE WE

1308
01:18:06,073 --> 01:18:10,711
HAVE GOTTEN.

1309
01:18:10,711 --> 01:18:12,079
>> TULANE UNIVERSITY.

1310
01:18:12,079 --> 01:18:15,649
YOU MENTIONED, I'M SORRY

1311
01:18:15,649 --> 01:18:16,550
EXCELLENT TALK BY THE WAY.

1312
01:18:16,550 --> 01:18:22,423
BUT YOU MENTIONED WITH THE

1313
01:18:22,423 --> 01:18:27,127
TRANSPLANTATION WITH THE GENE

1314
01:18:27,127 --> 01:18:27,761
EDITING TECHNOLOGY YOU KNOW YOU

1315
01:18:27,761 --> 01:18:33,200
SEEN TRIALS THROUGH POPULATIONS

1316
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:34,802
SO WITH THE PATHOLOGY IT WORSENS

1317
01:18:34,802 --> 01:18:36,537
WITH AGE IS THERE ANY

1318
01:18:36,537 --> 01:18:40,908
CORRELATION WITH THE DAMAGE THAT

1319
01:18:40,908 --> 01:18:42,076
HAS BEEN DONE TO AFFECT

1320
01:18:42,076 --> 01:18:44,712
TRANSPLANTATION OUTCOMES AND

1321
01:18:44,712 --> 01:18:48,048
SUCCESS?

1322
01:18:48,048 --> 01:18:48,616
>> ESPECIALLY GENE
THERAPY.

1323
01:18:48,616 --> 01:18:49,350
THE FIRST SUCCESS WAS A PATIENT

1324
01:18:49,350 --> 01:18:53,020
IN HIS TWENTIES WHO IS BEEN

1325
01:18:53,020 --> 01:18:53,621
TRANSFUSED ALL OF HIS LIFE FOR

1326
01:18:53,621 --> 01:18:54,221
QUITE DON'T THINK WE DO ENOUGH

1327
01:18:54,221 --> 01:18:58,025
OF THAT.

1328
01:18:58,025 --> 01:18:58,592
HIS BONE MARROW DID NOT LOOK

1329
01:18:58,592 --> 01:18:59,093
LIKE ANYBODY ELSE'S BUT

1330
01:18:59,093 --> 01:18:59,927
COMPLETELY NORMAL.

1331
01:18:59,927 --> 01:19:10,471
IT WORKED FOR HIM SO YOUNGER OR

1332
01:19:11,472 --> 01:19:11,972
WELL CARED FOR PATIENTS WITH

1333
01:19:11,972 --> 01:19:20,581
SICKLE CELL DISEASE HAVE LESS

1334
01:19:20,581 --> 01:19:21,148
DAMAGE THAT GENE THERAPY NOW

1335
01:19:21,148 --> 01:19:21,615
THOSE DOWN TO AGE 12.

1336
01:19:21,615 --> 01:19:22,182
I THINK THAT IS APPROPRIATE

1337
01:19:22,182 --> 01:19:22,750
BECAUSE MOST KIDS IF MANAGED

1338
01:19:22,750 --> 01:19:24,351
PROPERLY AT LEAST THROUGH AGE 12

1339
01:19:24,351 --> 01:19:28,522
ARE MANAGED PROPERLY THEY DON'T

1340
01:19:28,522 --> 01:19:29,123
HAVE A LOT OF TROUBLE IT IS A

1341
01:19:29,123 --> 01:19:31,926
DIFFERENT STORY FOR STROKE AND

1342
01:19:31,926 --> 01:19:33,060
THAT IS WHAT WE'RE ARGUING ABOUT

1343
01:19:33,060 --> 01:19:34,695
IN THE FIELD.

1344
01:19:34,695 --> 01:19:38,599
I'VE TRIED TO HAVE STROKE AS THE

1345
01:19:38,599 --> 01:19:40,000
INCLUSION BUT MOST OF THE

1346
01:19:40,000 --> 01:19:43,270
COMPANIES HAVE BEEN RELUCTANT

1347
01:19:43,270 --> 01:19:44,338
BECAUSE OF THE FEAR OF A

1348
01:19:44,338 --> 01:19:51,245
CATASTROPHIC EVENT BUT YOUNGER

1349
01:19:51,245 --> 01:19:53,480
IS BETTER THAN MICROENVIRONMENT

1350
01:19:53,480 --> 01:19:57,585
IS DAMAGED OVER TIME AND

1351
01:19:57,585 --> 01:20:00,487
ESPECIALLY ADULTS HAVE A LOT OF

1352
01:20:00,487 --> 01:20:01,088
PAIN INCIDENTS THEY ARE COMING

1353
01:20:01,088 --> 01:20:04,758
BACK AND FORTH TO THE ER.

1354
01:20:04,758 --> 01:20:05,359
THEY ARE NOT DRUG-SEEKING BUT

1355
01:20:05,359 --> 01:20:09,296
THEY ARE IN PAIN WITH A MUCH

1356
01:20:09,296 --> 01:20:12,066
HIGHER DEGREE OF ORGAN DAMAGE

1357
01:20:12,066 --> 01:20:14,702
AND HAVE A HARD TIME GETTING

1358
01:20:14,702 --> 01:20:25,012
THOSE STEMM CELLS.

1359
01:20:25,245 --> 01:20:25,746
>> I'M FROM UNIFORM
SERVICES

1360
01:20:25,746 --> 01:20:26,380
ACROSS THE STREET YOU MENTIONED

1361
01:20:26,380 --> 01:20:27,815
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TALK 30

1362
01:20:27,815 --> 01:20:32,686
YEARS OF RESEARCH COMPRESSED

1363
01:20:32,686 --> 01:20:33,287
INTO A 45 MINUTE TALK AND THAT

1364
01:20:33,287 --> 01:20:38,726
YOU ARE JUST MENTIONING THINK SO

1365
01:20:38,726 --> 01:20:39,293
DO YOU HAVE ADVICE TO OTHER

1366
01:20:39,293 --> 01:20:39,593
RESEARCHERS?

1367
01:20:39,593 --> 01:20:41,428
HOW DO YOU DEAL WITH FAILURE OR

1368
01:20:41,428 --> 01:20:47,067
THINGS THAT DON'T WORK ALONG THE

1369
01:20:47,067 --> 01:20:50,170
WAY DESPITE THE ROADBLOCKS?

1370
01:20:50,170 --> 01:20:53,607
>> MOST OF US ARE LOOKING
FOR

1371
01:20:53,607 --> 01:21:00,948
THE BIG SCIENCE PAPER.

1372
01:21:00,948 --> 01:21:02,416
THAT'S NOT REALLY HOW IT GOES.

1373
01:21:02,416 --> 01:21:05,386
OVER TIME YOU GET A COUPLE OF

1374
01:21:05,386 --> 01:21:07,721
THOSE BIG DAYS BUT MOST OF THE

1375
01:21:07,721 --> 01:21:10,391
TIME WE ARE DOING BRICKLAYING

1376
01:21:10,391 --> 01:21:12,526
WAS SO SET YOUR GOALS TO

1377
01:21:12,526 --> 01:21:15,396
SOMETHING YOU KNOW YOU CAN

1378
01:21:15,396 --> 01:21:18,065
ACHIEVE AND HAVING THAT GOAL BE

1379
01:21:18,065 --> 01:21:22,936
A MEANINGFUL STEP WHY IS BONE

1380
01:21:22,936 --> 01:21:28,442
MARROW NOT WORKING?

1381
01:21:28,442 --> 01:21:30,010
LET'S DO THE THINGS TO

1382
01:21:30,010 --> 01:21:33,647
UNDERSTAND WHAT THAT LIMITATION

1383
01:21:33,647 --> 01:21:37,751
IS THAT IS A FEW BRICKS BUT THAT

1384
01:21:37,751 --> 01:21:41,321
1 LITTLE PIECE THAT YOU CAN MAKE

1385
01:21:41,321 --> 01:21:44,525
A MEANINGFUL CONTRIBUTION IT

1386
01:21:44,525 --> 01:21:49,329
WILL NOT LINEUP BUT THAT IS OKAY

1387
01:21:49,329 --> 01:21:50,831
EVENTUALLY YOU HAVE THESE BIG

1388
01:21:50,831 --> 01:21:55,169
DISCOVERIES BUT FOR THE MOST

1389
01:21:55,169 --> 01:22:01,475
PART IT IS THE BRICKLAYING SO

1390
01:22:01,475 --> 01:22:03,944
IT'S MORE AWARE OF THAT THAN

1391
01:22:03,944 --> 01:22:04,278
MOST.

1392
01:22:04,278 --> 01:22:14,688
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1393
01:22:16,590 --> 01:22:17,191
JUST SOME HOUSEKEEPING WITH THE

1394
01:22:17,191 --> 01:22:23,664
FIRST BREAK OF THE DAY THE

1395
01:22:23,664 --> 01:22:28,402
MORNING POSTERS HAVE BEEN SET UP

1396
01:22:28,402 --> 01:22:29,002
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS STOP BY

1397
01:22:29,002 --> 01:22:31,038
THE REGISTRATION DESK.

1398
01:22:31,038 --> 01:22:34,708
ALSO SCHEDULING A PROGRAM

1399
01:22:34,708 --> 01:22:37,311
DIRECTOR MEETING.

1400
01:22:37,311 --> 01:22:42,950
THEY CAN DIRECT YOU.

1401
01:22:42,950 --> 01:22:47,554
WE WILL TAKE A SMALL BREAK I

1402
01:22:47,554 --> 01:22:48,188
WILL SEE YOU BACK AT 10:45 A.M.

1403
01:22:48,188 --> 01:22:58,432
IN THIS ROOM.

1404
01:27:28,754 --> 01:27:34,050
SO WITH A COUPLE OF WITH THE

1405
01:27:34,050 --> 01:27:40,041
BASIC APPROACH AND IS QUITE

1406
01:27:40,041 --> 01:27:40,842
TRANSPARENT TO HAVE 2 VERSIONS

1407
01:27:40,842 --> 01:27:45,547
OF THAT WITH A DEEP BREATH YOUR

1408
01:27:45,547 --> 01:27:49,684
RIB CAGE IS FLEXIBLE ALSO TO

1409
01:27:49,684 --> 01:27:52,320
HAVE THE BASIC NEGATIVE PRESSURE

1410
01:27:52,320 --> 01:27:56,625
THAT COMES FROM THE DIAPHRAGM

1411
01:27:56,625 --> 01:27:57,692
WAS SPONTANEOUS BREATHING AS

1412
01:27:57,692 --> 01:28:02,130
OPPOSED TO MECHANICAL

1413
01:28:02,130 --> 01:28:03,431
RESPIRATION AND THESE ARE SOME

1414
01:28:03,431 --> 01:28:09,504
EXAMPLES OF NONFUNCTIONING BUT

1415
01:28:09,504 --> 01:28:11,773
IN THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE IT IS

1416
01:28:11,773 --> 01:28:16,611
FLEXIBLE AND THEN TO STUDY

1417
01:28:16,611 --> 01:28:21,850
DEEPLY AS WELL AS EXERCISE AND

1418
01:28:21,850 --> 01:28:25,353
THEN YOU CAN SEE THE MECHANICAL

1419
01:28:25,353 --> 01:28:25,954
VENTILATION AND THE POSITIVE

1420
01:28:25,954 --> 01:28:27,455
PRESSURE AND THEN THE NEGATIVE

1421
01:28:27,455 --> 01:28:28,490
PRESSURE COMES FROM THE BACK AS

1422
01:28:28,490 --> 01:28:33,195
IT OPENS TO THE AIR AND THEN IS

1423
01:28:33,195 --> 01:28:33,662
SPONTANEOUS BREATHING.

1424
01:28:33,662 --> 01:28:37,432
SO AS I SAID THESE ARE SOME OF

1425
01:28:37,432 --> 01:28:45,307
THE EXAMPLES IN THIS IS

1426
01:28:45,307 --> 01:28:52,480
BASICALLY 10 TIMES SO THAT YOU

1427
01:28:52,480 --> 01:29:01,923
CAN ZOOM IN AND SEE THE IMAGE.

1428
01:29:01,923 --> 01:29:06,127
SO THEN YOU CAN ZOOM IN AND HAVE

1429
01:29:06,127 --> 01:29:13,401
ACCESS AND CHANGE THE PRESSURE

1430
01:29:13,401 --> 01:29:20,909
AND TRACK THE SAME ALVEOLI.

1431
01:29:20,909 --> 01:29:25,413
THEY HAVE THIS PRESSURE BUT NOW

1432
01:29:25,413 --> 01:29:27,849
THEY CAN HAVE IT FOR THE

1433
01:29:27,849 --> 01:29:31,119
INDIVIDUAL EACH.HERE IS 1

1434
01:29:31,119 --> 01:29:35,023
SINGULAR.

1435
01:29:35,023 --> 01:29:36,691
SO COMING FROM A CANCER

1436
01:29:36,691 --> 01:29:41,062
BACKGROUND LOOKING AT HOW THE

1437
01:29:41,062 --> 01:29:44,366
TUMOR WOULD BE WITH A VIEW LIGHT

1438
01:29:44,366 --> 01:29:51,406
AND THEN YOU CAN ZOOM IN TO SEE

1439
01:29:51,406 --> 01:29:53,808
THAT METASTASIS IS THE LONG AND

1440
01:29:53,808 --> 01:29:57,679
CANCER CELLS HAVE A COUPLE OF AV

1441
01:29:57,679 --> 01:30:02,984
ALIVE.

1442
01:30:02,984 --> 01:30:03,585
AND THEN TO SEE HOW IT CHANGES

1443
01:30:03,585 --> 01:30:08,356
IN SIZE AND FUNCTION AND INSIDE

1444
01:30:08,356 --> 01:30:09,624
THE TUMOR IS NOT FUNCTIONING AT

1445
01:30:09,624 --> 01:30:20,168
ALL AND IT IS NOT AS FUNCTIONAL.

1446
01:30:26,908 --> 01:30:29,945
SO THEY ARE BOTH SIMILAR SIZE

1447
01:30:29,945 --> 01:30:35,417
AND THEN IF YOU STUDY EVEN

1448
01:30:35,417 --> 01:30:36,051
INSIDE THE TUMOR ARE FUNCTIONAL

1449
01:30:36,051 --> 01:30:39,220
SO THE CANCER CELLS HAVE NOT

1450
01:30:39,220 --> 01:30:43,558
MODELED AT ALL SO IT'S NOT ONLY

1451
01:30:43,558 --> 01:30:48,530
THE SIZE THE GROWTH PATTERN IS

1452
01:30:48,530 --> 01:30:52,500
IMPORTANT THE TUMOR GROWS LIKE

1453
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:53,101
BALL AND THEN IT WOULD DISRUPT

1454
01:30:53,101 --> 01:30:57,839
THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT SOME

1455
01:30:57,839 --> 01:31:06,181
PEOPLE CALL IT COOPERATIVE SO

1456
01:31:06,181 --> 01:31:06,748
WHAT IS THE LINK BETWEEN THE

1457
01:31:06,748 --> 01:31:10,118
STRUCTURE AND THE FUNCTION?

1458
01:31:10,118 --> 01:31:12,687
AND THEN WITH THE COLLEGE AND

1459
01:31:12,687 --> 01:31:20,228
AGAIN YOU CAN SEE THE METRICS

1460
01:31:20,228 --> 01:31:30,772
THE TUMOR IS DISRUPTING THE CELL

1461
01:31:31,239 --> 01:31:31,740
SO YOU CAN SEE THE MARGINAL

1462
01:31:31,740 --> 01:31:32,374
TUMOR AS THEY GROW THEY MAKE THE

1463
01:31:32,374 --> 01:31:33,842
COLLEGE AND STRETCHED AND IN

1464
01:31:33,842 --> 01:31:35,810
CONTRAST AND THE COLLEGE AND IS

1465
01:31:35,810 --> 01:31:38,346
UNTOUCHED.

1466
01:31:38,346 --> 01:31:40,815
SO WHAT ABOUT THE CAPILLARY

1467
01:31:40,815 --> 01:31:47,889
EFFECT?

1468
01:31:47,889 --> 01:31:48,456
IF THEY ARE AFFECTED HOW DO

1469
01:31:48,456 --> 01:31:49,024
TUMOR CELLS AFFECT CAPILLARY

1470
01:31:49,024 --> 01:31:49,290
FUNCTION?

1471
01:31:49,290 --> 01:31:50,558
HERE YOU CAN SEE THE WHOLE

1472
01:31:50,558 --> 01:31:53,795
OREGON AND THEN YOU CAN SEE THE

1473
01:31:53,795 --> 01:32:01,403
CAPILLARY IN THAT FLASH IS WHAT

1474
01:32:01,403 --> 01:32:02,037
COMES AND GOES AND HERE YOU CAN

1475
01:32:02,037 --> 01:32:03,872
SEE THAT THE SINGLE CAPILLARY

1476
01:32:03,872 --> 01:32:10,311
FUNCTION YOU CAN SEE THE TUMOR

1477
01:32:10,311 --> 01:32:15,884
AND THAT IT LEAVES OUT THE TUMOR

1478
01:32:15,884 --> 01:32:17,652
WITH SOME CAPILLARIES AROUND THE

1479
01:32:17,652 --> 01:32:22,424
TUMOR AT MODELS THE CAPILLARY

1480
01:32:22,424 --> 01:32:23,024
BUT ALSO AROUND THE TUMOR WAS

1481
01:32:23,024 --> 01:32:27,529
SOME ALVEOLI.

1482
01:32:27,529 --> 01:32:28,096
WE CAN QUANTIFY ALL OF THIS

1483
01:32:28,096 --> 01:32:30,565
THROUGH THE DETAILS BUT IF THE

1484
01:32:30,565 --> 01:32:38,006
CAPILLARIES ARE NOT FUNCTIONAL

1485
01:32:38,006 --> 01:32:38,640
THEN THE NUTRIENTS IN THE BLOOD

1486
01:32:38,640 --> 01:32:39,207
WILL GET TO THE TUMOR IF YOU

1487
01:32:39,207 --> 01:32:42,343
WAIT LONG ENOUGH THEN DIFFUSION

1488
01:32:42,343 --> 01:32:52,687
IS A PROCESS YOU CAN SEE

1489
01:32:52,687 --> 01:32:53,321
BASICALLY YOU CAN CALCULATE THE

1490
01:32:53,321 --> 01:32:53,888
COEFFICIENT INSIDE THE SUPER

1491
01:32:53,888 --> 01:32:54,355
TRAINEE TUMORS IN THE

1492
01:32:54,355 --> 01:32:57,358
ENVIRONMENT.

1493
01:32:57,358 --> 01:32:58,393
SO WE HAVE A LOT OF INTEREST IN

1494
01:32:58,393 --> 01:33:01,763
THE TUMOR.

1495
01:33:01,763 --> 01:33:05,567
SO HERE YOU COULD LABEL INTACT

1496
01:33:05,567 --> 01:33:10,305
THE RESIDENT T CELLS THEY ARE

1497
01:33:10,305 --> 01:33:17,245
POSITIVE AND THEN THE BLUE

1498
01:33:17,245 --> 01:33:17,779
BASICALLY IS SOME A STATIC

1499
01:33:17,779 --> 01:33:18,413
TUMORS AND HERE YOU CAN SEE HOW

1500
01:33:18,413 --> 01:33:22,117
THE T CELLS MOVE MOST OF THE

1501
01:33:22,117 --> 01:33:27,722
TIME THEY INFILTRATE THE TUMOR

1502
01:33:27,722 --> 01:33:28,356
WE KNOW FROM HISTOLOGY BUT IT IS

1503
01:33:28,356 --> 01:33:28,957
A SNAPSHOT IN HERE YOU CAN SEE

1504
01:33:28,957 --> 01:33:32,527
HOW THEY MOVE AROUND THOSE T

1505
01:33:32,527 --> 01:33:33,761
CELLS AT THE MARGIN ARE MUCH

1506
01:33:33,761 --> 01:33:35,396
FASTER THAN GOING AWAY FROM THE

1507
01:33:35,396 --> 01:33:45,907
TUMOR AND THEN YOU CAN SEE WE

1508
01:33:47,375 --> 01:33:47,876
DON'T KNOW EXACTLY ARE THEY

1509
01:33:47,876 --> 01:33:48,443
EXHAUSTED OR RECOGNIZING YOU

1510
01:33:48,443 --> 01:33:48,977
DON'T EVEN KNOW THERE ARE

1511
01:33:48,977 --> 01:33:50,745
STATIONARY CELLS SO WITH THAT

1512
01:33:50,745 --> 01:33:51,346
PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING THOSE

1513
01:33:51,346 --> 01:33:53,781
IF YOU WAIT LONG ENOUGH YOU CAN

1514
01:33:53,781 --> 01:33:59,387
SEE CANCER CELLS SURROUNDED BY

1515
01:33:59,387 --> 01:33:59,854
THE POSITIVE T CELLS.

1516
01:33:59,854 --> 01:34:04,325
YOU HAVE ACCESS TO CARCINOGEN

1517
01:34:04,325 --> 01:34:07,662
USE WITH LONG TUMORS AS WELL.

1518
01:34:07,662 --> 01:34:15,103
YOU CAN LABEL ALL THE CELLS AND

1519
01:34:15,103 --> 01:34:15,737
THEN YOU CAN ALSO VISUALIZE IT.

1520
01:34:15,737 --> 01:34:21,476
SINCE WE HAVE A LOT OF CONTROL

1521
01:34:21,476 --> 01:34:21,976
YOU CAN CHANGE THE BLOOD

1522
01:34:21,976 --> 01:34:25,747
PRESSURE OR AIR PRESSURE AND

1523
01:34:25,747 --> 01:34:30,151
HERE WE CHANGE THE BLOOD

1524
01:34:30,151 --> 01:34:32,220
PRESSURE WE SAW THE NEUTROPHIL

1525
01:34:32,220 --> 01:34:32,787
MOVE A LOT FASTER AT HIGHER

1526
01:34:32,787 --> 01:34:33,054
PRESSURE.

1527
01:34:33,054 --> 01:34:39,494
IF YOU DO THIS EXPERIMENT OF

1528
01:34:39,494 --> 01:34:40,128
CHANGING THE PRESSURE YOU DON'T

1529
01:34:40,128 --> 01:34:42,363
SEE THE CHANGE BUT HERE YOU CAN

1530
01:34:42,363 --> 01:34:47,769
SEE HOW THE NEUTROPHIL AS IT

1531
01:34:47,769 --> 01:34:50,238
INCREASES BASICALLY THE BLOOD

1532
01:34:50,238 --> 01:34:54,008
PRESSURE AND THEN THAT GOD'S

1533
01:34:54,008 --> 01:34:57,378
INTO THE AV ALIVE IT DOESN'T

1534
01:34:57,378 --> 01:34:57,812
CHANGE BY PRESSURE.

1535
01:34:57,812 --> 01:35:03,084
WE DON'T KNOW THE MECHANISM BUT

1536
01:35:03,084 --> 01:35:03,651
WE KNOW THAT AS SOON AS YOU

1537
01:35:03,651 --> 01:35:05,620
REDUCE THE PRESSURE IT GOES DOWN

1538
01:35:05,620 --> 01:35:07,855
AND THINK IT HAS SOMETHING TO DO

1539
01:35:07,855 --> 01:35:10,725
WITH VASCULAR DISTINCTION THE

1540
01:35:10,725 --> 01:35:21,269
STRETCHING MAY COMMUNICATE THIS

1541
01:35:27,175 --> 01:35:27,642
CAUSING AN INCREASE OF THE

1542
01:35:27,642 --> 01:35:28,243
SPEEDS I TOLD YOU VERY BRIEFLY

1543
01:35:28,243 --> 01:35:28,843
ABOUT THE SOLID IN THE LIQUID

1544
01:35:28,843 --> 01:35:29,377
PHASE BUT WHAT ABOUT AIR?

1545
01:35:29,377 --> 01:35:29,844
WE CONTINUALLY BREEZE

1546
01:35:29,844 --> 01:35:30,378
MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES AND

1547
01:35:30,378 --> 01:35:31,012
IRONICALLY EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE

1548
01:35:31,012 --> 01:35:32,814
MICROSCOPIC PEOPLE DON'T USE IT

1549
01:35:32,814 --> 01:35:37,352
TO STUDY PARTICLES BECAUSE YOU

1550
01:35:37,352 --> 01:35:42,857
THINK WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM SO AS

1551
01:35:42,857 --> 01:35:44,058
I SAID WE CAN VENTILATE BY

1552
01:35:44,058 --> 01:35:53,635
NEGATIVE PRESSURE YOU CAN ATTACH

1553
01:35:53,635 --> 01:35:54,202
A NEBULIZER THIS IS A LITTLE

1554
01:35:54,202 --> 01:35:56,371
DISTORTED BUT THE NEBULIZER AND

1555
01:35:56,371 --> 01:36:00,575
THE LONG.

1556
01:36:00,575 --> 01:36:03,945
YOU CAN SEE A SINGLE DROP OF - -

1557
01:36:03,945 --> 01:36:09,183
A SINGLE DROPLET WE CAN SEE A

1558
01:36:09,183 --> 01:36:11,085
GREEN DOT THAT IS A SINGLE

1559
01:36:11,085 --> 01:36:14,689
DROPLET IN THE AIR PHASE AND

1560
01:36:14,689 --> 01:36:25,300
HERE BASICALLY YOU CAN TRACK

1561
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:34,008
SOMEHOW THE VIDEO IS NOT RUNNING

1562
01:36:34,008 --> 01:36:34,609
BUT YOU CAN TRACK THE PARTICLE

1563
01:36:34,609 --> 01:36:35,209
BEFORE DEPOSITS ON THE SURFACE

1564
01:36:35,209 --> 01:36:35,576
OF THE AV ALIVE.

1565
01:36:35,576 --> 01:36:46,054
SO TO VISUALIZE AND HERE YOU

1566
01:36:49,924 --> 01:36:55,196
SELL TO TRACK THE PARTICLES

1567
01:36:55,196 --> 01:37:03,571
WHICH COULD BE ANYTHING NOW WE

1568
01:37:03,571 --> 01:37:04,205
HAVE A HOLD OF YOU AND WE SEE A

1569
01:37:04,205 --> 01:37:05,106
BEAUTIFUL PATTERN OF

1570
01:37:05,106 --> 01:37:13,781
HETEROGENEITY IT WAS VERY

1571
01:37:13,781 --> 01:37:14,382
SIMILAR TO ABANDON YOU CAN SEE

1572
01:37:14,382 --> 01:37:18,886
BASICALLY WITH THE AV ALLY AND

1573
01:37:18,886 --> 01:37:24,692
THEN IT IS ALSO HAPPENING FOR

1574
01:37:24,692 --> 01:37:28,496
MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF

1575
01:37:28,496 --> 01:37:31,532
NANOPARTICLES OR A PATHOGEN OR

1576
01:37:31,532 --> 01:37:41,275
E. COLI.

1577
01:37:41,275 --> 01:37:41,909
OR IF IT IS A SURFACTANT YOU CAN

1578
01:37:41,909 --> 01:37:42,410
SEE THE MOSAIC PATTERN.

1579
01:37:42,410 --> 01:37:43,044
THEN THE QUESTION IS FOR SOMEONE

1580
01:37:43,044 --> 01:37:43,211
WHY?

1581
01:37:43,211 --> 01:37:53,688
WHAT IS THE CAUSE FOR THAT?

1582
01:37:55,156 --> 01:37:55,690
AND WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES?

1583
01:37:55,690 --> 01:37:58,192
SO WE SEE THE PATTERN HAPPENS

1584
01:37:58,192 --> 01:38:06,000
ALL THE WAY UP BASICALLY IT

1585
01:38:06,000 --> 01:38:06,634
CHANGES AND EVOLVES IT'S NOT THE

1586
01:38:06,634 --> 01:38:08,403
SAME BUT THE HETEROGENEITY IS

1587
01:38:08,403 --> 01:38:11,606
THERE AND BY THE WAY THEY ARE

1588
01:38:11,606 --> 01:38:14,041
ALSO DOING THIS ON THE HUMAN

1589
01:38:14,041 --> 01:38:24,285
LONG SO IT'S A LARGE ANIMAL NOT

1590
01:38:24,285 --> 01:38:24,786
ONLY THE MOUSE BUT IF IT

1591
01:38:24,786 --> 01:38:25,319
EXPERIENCES THIS OVER THE

1592
01:38:25,319 --> 01:38:25,920
LIFETIME SOME GET THE PATHOGEN

1593
01:38:25,920 --> 01:38:26,587
AND SOME DOUBT THEY COULD BE

1594
01:38:26,587 --> 01:38:29,190
DIFFERENT AND THEN THAT

1595
01:38:29,190 --> 01:38:32,326
DIFFERENCE AFFECTS THE

1596
01:38:32,326 --> 01:38:37,832
METASTASES AND I CANCER CELLS SO

1597
01:38:37,832 --> 01:38:41,469
THE HETEROGENEITY THAT WAS THERE

1598
01:38:41,469 --> 01:38:45,973
IT WAS BECAUSE TO VISUALIZE AND

1599
01:38:45,973 --> 01:38:46,407
THEN TO DISCOVER THE

1600
01:38:46,407 --> 01:38:49,610
HETEROGENEITY AND WE ARE EXCITED

1601
01:38:49,610 --> 01:38:50,545
ABOUT THE CAUSES AND THE

1602
01:38:50,545 --> 01:38:57,251
CONSEQUENCES.

1603
01:38:57,251 --> 01:39:02,123
SO FAR I TALKED ABOUT THE CASES

1604
01:39:02,123 --> 01:39:06,694
AND BASICALLY THE DETAILS ARE IN

1605
01:39:06,694 --> 01:39:07,462
THE PUBLICATION BUT I WILL TELL

1606
01:39:07,462 --> 01:39:18,005
YOU ABOUT ONGOING SO SO FAR IT'S

1607
01:39:20,508 --> 01:39:21,042
NOT BLOOD SO WE DECIDE TO SEND

1608
01:39:21,042 --> 01:39:21,676
THE BLOOD AND THE BEST WAY IS TO

1609
01:39:21,676 --> 01:39:22,043
USE FRESH BLOOD.

1610
01:39:22,043 --> 01:39:25,646
I KNOW IT SOUNDS CRAZY BUT IF I

1611
01:39:25,646 --> 01:39:26,247
COULD THEN WE COULD DO A LOT'S

1612
01:39:26,247 --> 01:39:29,951
WE WERE VERY EXCITED AND

1613
01:39:29,951 --> 01:39:30,585
BASICALLY HAVING TRACTION IN THE

1614
01:39:30,585 --> 01:39:36,924
MOUTH AND IN THE LONG THEY COULD

1615
01:39:36,924 --> 01:39:37,558
SEE THE EFFECT OF THE YOUNGBLOOD

1616
01:39:37,558 --> 01:39:38,726
AND THEN JUST TO SHOW YOU WE

1617
01:39:38,726 --> 01:39:43,130
HAVE DONE IT.

1618
01:39:43,130 --> 01:39:45,967
THIS IS THE MOUSE THAT IS

1619
01:39:45,967 --> 01:39:54,041
WALKING AND YOU CAN SEE THERE

1620
01:39:54,041 --> 01:39:54,642
THAT THE BLOOD IS CONNECTED TO

1621
01:39:54,642 --> 01:39:55,276
THIS LUNG AND IT IS CONTINUOUSLY

1622
01:39:55,276 --> 01:39:55,576
GOING THERE.

1623
01:39:55,576 --> 01:39:57,144
YOU CAN SEE THE BLOOD CELLS

1624
01:39:57,144 --> 01:39:57,745
GOING THROUGH THE CIRCULATION

1625
01:39:57,745 --> 01:40:00,948
AND YOU CAN MONITOR AND

1626
01:40:00,948 --> 01:40:04,519
REAL-TIME.

1627
01:40:04,519 --> 01:40:06,921
AND THEN WE CAN COUNT THE NUMBER

1628
01:40:06,921 --> 01:40:17,465
OF CELLS GOING INTO THE LUNG SO

1629
01:40:18,232 --> 01:40:18,766
THAT BASICALLY YOU CAN DO THIS

1630
01:40:18,766 --> 01:40:19,367
WITH REAL BLOOD SO I WILL SKIP

1631
01:40:19,367 --> 01:40:24,305
ALL OF THIS IF YOU WANT TO SCALE

1632
01:40:24,305 --> 01:40:31,012
IT UP AND START AND I KNOW THAT

1633
01:40:31,012 --> 01:40:41,222
SO BASICALLY TO HAVE THE BRAIN

1634
01:40:41,222 --> 01:40:41,789
STUDIED OUTSIDE OF THE BODY.

1635
01:40:41,789 --> 01:40:42,056
[LAUGHTER]

1636
01:40:42,056 --> 01:40:42,623
THANK YOU TO THE TEAM AND MY

1637
01:40:42,623 --> 01:40:42,990
FUNDING SOURCES.

1638
01:40:42,990 --> 01:40:43,391
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

1639
01:40:43,391 --> 01:40:50,698
[APPLAUSE]

1640
01:40:50,698 --> 01:40:51,332
>> THE MICROPHONES ARE
OPEN FOR

1641
01:40:51,332 --> 01:40:51,599
QUESTIONS.

1642
01:40:51,599 --> 01:40:56,137
WE HAVE TIME FOR 1 OR 2

1643
01:40:56,137 --> 01:41:02,777
QUESTIONS.

1644
01:41:02,777 --> 01:41:03,210
>> A BEAUTIFUL TALK.

1645
01:41:03,210 --> 01:41:03,844
THE DYNAMICS THAT YOU SHOW DUE

1646
01:41:03,844 --> 01:41:06,247
TO PRESSURE, DOES IT DEPEND ON

1647
01:41:06,247 --> 01:41:11,052
THE PRESSURE FLUCTUATION OR IF

1648
01:41:11,052 --> 01:41:11,652
YOU KEEP THE PRESSURE CONSTANT

1649
01:41:11,652 --> 01:41:13,287
DOES IT GO BACK TO STATIONARY?

1650
01:41:13,287 --> 01:41:17,658
>> AT THIS TIME WE KEPT
THE

1651
01:41:17,658 --> 01:41:21,395
PRESSURE CONSTANT INSTEAD OF

1652
01:41:21,395 --> 01:41:27,301
FLUCTUATING.

1653
01:41:27,301 --> 01:41:33,541
>> NE MECHANISM?

1654
01:41:33,541 --> 01:41:34,075
>> AS I SAID WE DON'T KNOW

1655
01:41:34,075 --> 01:41:34,642
EXACTLY BUT WE INCREASE THE

1656
01:41:34,642 --> 01:41:36,010
PRESSURE AND THE CAPILLARY

1657
01:41:36,010 --> 01:41:39,947
INCREASE WE THINK MAY BE THE

1658
01:41:39,947 --> 01:41:42,917
CELLS HAVE BEEN STRETCHED THAT

1659
01:41:42,917 --> 01:41:50,658
IS OUR HYPOTHESIS.

1660
01:41:50,658 --> 01:41:57,164
>> A QUICK TECHNICAL
QUESTION

1661
01:41:57,164 --> 01:41:58,699
LOOKING AT THE ISCHEMIA ON AND

1662
01:41:58,699 --> 01:42:04,438
DISSECTION OF HOW LONG IT TAKES

1663
01:42:04,438 --> 01:42:05,172
FOR YOU BASICALLY TO GET IT INTO

1664
01:42:05,172 --> 01:42:07,408
THAT PROFUSE SET UP AND YOU SEE

1665
01:42:07,408 --> 01:42:13,547
THE TEMPORAL EFFECT?

1666
01:42:13,547 --> 01:42:14,148
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION
I AM

1667
01:42:14,148 --> 01:42:14,749
WORRIED OF ALL THE EFFECTS ON

1668
01:42:14,749 --> 01:42:18,252
THE LUNGS.

1669
01:42:18,252 --> 01:42:18,853
I AM PUSHING MY STUDENTS TO DO

1670
01:42:18,853 --> 01:42:24,225
THIS QUICKLY.

1671
01:42:24,225 --> 01:42:24,859
WE GOT THIS TO ALMOST CONTINUOUS

1672
01:42:24,859 --> 01:42:27,595
AS SOON AS YOU CUT OUT THE

1673
01:42:27,595 --> 01:42:28,195
CIRCULATION YOU CAN PUT IN THE

1674
01:42:28,195 --> 01:42:30,464
NEW CIRCULATION.

1675
01:42:30,464 --> 01:42:40,975
I WOULD SAY WITHIN A MINUTE OR

1676
01:42:49,684 --> 01:42:49,750
2.

1677
01:42:49,750 --> 01:42:50,084
>> GREAT WORK.

1678
01:42:50,084 --> 01:42:50,718
I'M TRYING TO FIGURE OUT FOR THE

1679
01:42:50,718 --> 01:42:51,252
CANCER MODEL WHAT PATIENT

1680
01:42:51,252 --> 01:42:51,819
VERSION DOES THAT REPRESENT?

1681
01:42:51,819 --> 01:42:52,453
HAVE YOU DONE ANOTHER STRAIN SO

1682
01:42:52,453 --> 01:42:53,087
IT REPRESENTS THE HETEROGENEITY

1683
01:42:53,087 --> 01:42:53,721
OF HOW IT PRESENTS IN DIFFERENT

1684
01:42:53,721 --> 01:42:53,988
PATIENTS?

1685
01:42:53,988 --> 01:42:54,555
I THINK THAT IS AN IMPORTANT

1686
01:42:54,555 --> 01:42:54,755
PART.

1687
01:42:54,755 --> 01:42:56,590
>> IT DEFINITELY.

1688
01:42:56,590 --> 01:42:58,826
I GUESS YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT

1689
01:42:58,826 --> 01:43:03,631
THE PATIENTS THAT DON'T RESPOND

1690
01:43:03,631 --> 01:43:06,100
TO THERAPY BECAUSE THE CANCER

1691
01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:10,337
CELLS OVERRIDE THE STRUCTURE SO

1692
01:43:10,337 --> 01:43:11,839
THEY HAVE THE SIMILAR DATA

1693
01:43:11,839 --> 01:43:15,009
POPULATION SO I STARTED THE

1694
01:43:15,009 --> 01:43:19,213
TOPIC IN THE BRAIN VERY

1695
01:43:19,213 --> 01:43:23,117
DIFFUSIVE 80 PERCENT ARE

1696
01:43:23,117 --> 01:43:25,920
DIFFUSIVE AS OPPOSED TO THE

1697
01:43:25,920 --> 01:43:31,225
MARGINAL ONES.

1698
01:43:31,225 --> 01:43:35,396
AND TO BE EASILY DISSECTED BUT

1699
01:43:35,396 --> 01:43:36,030
HERE WE SAW THAT IN THE LUNG AS

1700
01:43:36,030 --> 01:43:39,700
IT WAS HAPPENING.

1701
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:42,136
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1702
01:43:42,136 --> 01:43:47,608
[APPLAUSE]

1703
01:43:47,608 --> 01:43:48,242
HE WILL BE AROUND TO CHECK THEM

1704
01:43:48,242 --> 01:43:48,809
OUT AT THE BRAKES.

1705
01:43:48,809 --> 01:43:51,412
OUR NEXT SPEAKER WHO WAS BROUGHT

1706
01:43:51,412 --> 01:43:55,449
HERE TO START THE DATA CENTER

1707
01:43:55,449 --> 01:43:58,152
FOR BIOENGINEERING AND RELATED

1708
01:43:58,152 --> 01:44:08,596
PROJECTS ACTUALLY FROM THE

1709
01:44:08,896 --> 01:44:09,396
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGING

1710
01:44:09,396 --> 01:44:10,030
ENACTED AFFILIATED WITH THE DATA

1711
01:44:10,030 --> 01:44:10,631
CENTER AND WE ARE GLAD SHE IS

1712
01:44:10,631 --> 01:44:11,265
HERE TO SHARE THIS WORK WITH YOU

1713
01:44:11,265 --> 01:44:14,135
ALL.

1714
01:44:14,135 --> 01:44:21,776
[APPLAUSE]

1715
01:44:21,776 --> 01:44:22,376
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND
THE

1716
01:44:22,376 --> 01:44:22,977
WHOLE TEAM FOR ORGANIZING THIS

1717
01:44:22,977 --> 01:44:23,344
WONDERFUL EVENT.

1718
01:44:23,344 --> 01:44:23,944
I THINK WE SHOULD HAVE MORE OF

1719
01:44:23,944 --> 01:44:24,145
THESE.

1720
01:44:24,145 --> 01:44:26,514
CONGRATULATIONS TO BRING THE

1721
01:44:26,514 --> 01:44:26,981
COMMUNITIES TOGETHER.

1722
01:44:26,981 --> 01:44:32,119
I HAVE A VERY SHORT TIME.

1723
01:44:32,119 --> 01:44:32,753
I WILL TRY TO BE VERY BRIEF THE

1724
01:44:32,753 --> 01:44:34,722
TITLE OF MY TALK SHOULD HAVE

1725
01:44:34,722 --> 01:44:41,028
BEEN LIVE IMAGING TO ACCESS THE

1726
01:44:41,028 --> 01:44:46,333
TIME DIMENSION OF ANY BIOLOGY.

1727
01:44:46,333 --> 01:44:46,901
SO I WOULD LIKE TO USE AS AN

1728
01:44:46,901 --> 01:44:50,137
EXAMPLE WE CAN DO IT BETTER WITH

1729
01:44:50,137 --> 01:44:52,273
QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES.

1730
01:44:52,273 --> 01:44:57,077
LET'S GET STARTED.

1731
01:44:57,077 --> 01:45:03,584
SO THERE IS A RECURRING THEME IN

1732
01:45:03,584 --> 01:45:04,218
CELL SIGNALING INVOLVING SIGNAL

1733
01:45:04,218 --> 01:45:08,255
RESPONSIVE FACTORS THAT CONTROL

1734
01:45:08,255 --> 01:45:09,757
MANY IMPORTANT DOWNSTREAM GENE

1735
01:45:09,757 --> 01:45:10,825
EXPRESSIONS.

1736
01:45:10,825 --> 01:45:19,834
FOR EXAMPLE THERE ARE ALL OF

1737
01:45:19,834 --> 01:45:20,401
THESE THINGS AND ESSENTIALLY

1738
01:45:20,401 --> 01:45:20,901
THEY DO THE SAME THING.

1739
01:45:20,901 --> 01:45:21,969
THEY KNOW HOW TO AUTO REGULATE

1740
01:45:21,969 --> 01:45:25,072
THEMSELVES SO THEY INDUCE THEIR

1741
01:45:25,072 --> 01:45:33,380
OWN NEGATIVE INHIBITORS SO THIS

1742
01:45:33,380 --> 01:45:33,948
IS AN INTERESTING SITUATION

1743
01:45:33,948 --> 01:45:34,582
THEORETICALLY BECAUSE THERE IS

1744
01:45:34,582 --> 01:45:45,125
TIME DELAY INVOLVED WITH PROTEIN

1745
01:45:50,731 --> 01:45:50,931
SYNTHESIS.

1746
01:45:50,931 --> 01:45:51,465
SO ALL OF THE SYSTEMS ARE

1747
01:45:51,465 --> 01:45:52,066
ESSENTIALLY NONLINEAR DYNAMIC

1748
01:45:52,066 --> 01:45:52,633
AND YOU CAN KNOW EVERYTHING

1749
01:45:52,633 --> 01:45:53,200
ABOUT THEIR BIOCHEMISTRY AND

1750
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:53,767
STILL REALLY HAVE DIFFICULTY

1751
01:45:53,767 --> 01:45:54,268
PREDICTING HOW THEY WILL

1752
01:45:54,268 --> 01:45:58,505
BEHAVE.

1753
01:45:58,505 --> 01:45:59,139
SO I WOULD LIKE TO CONVINCE YOU

1754
01:45:59,139 --> 01:45:59,640
THAT UNDERSTANDING THEIR

1755
01:45:59,640 --> 01:46:05,679
ACTIVITY DYNAMICS CAN REALLY

1756
01:46:05,679 --> 01:46:06,247
TELL US A LOT ABOUT HOW THEY

1757
01:46:06,247 --> 01:46:08,315
REGULATE BIOLOGY AND FOR THIS WE

1758
01:46:08,315 --> 01:46:12,519
NEED TO QUANTITATIVE SYSTEMS.

1759
01:46:12,519 --> 01:46:18,926
SO LET ME TALK NOW IT IS

1760
01:46:18,926 --> 01:46:19,493
PROBABLY IMPORTANT IN HUMAN

1761
01:46:19,493 --> 01:46:21,395
HEALTH BECAUSE IT BASICALLY

1762
01:46:21,395 --> 01:46:24,665
CONTROLS ALL OF THE CELL TYPES

1763
01:46:24,665 --> 01:46:34,441
IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE

1764
01:46:34,441 --> 01:46:34,942
TO MANY CONDITIONS THEY

1765
01:46:34,942 --> 01:46:35,576
DIFFERENTIATE AND HAVE ANTIGENS

1766
01:46:35,576 --> 01:46:38,145
AND INTERACT WITH OTHER HUMAN

1767
01:46:38,145 --> 01:46:40,414
CELLS.

1768
01:46:40,414 --> 01:46:44,818
SO THE LAB HAS MADE THE

1769
01:46:44,818 --> 01:46:47,354
SCHEMATIC WHERE THE CAPILLARY IS

1770
01:46:47,354 --> 01:46:58,065
LIKE A GODFATHER FEATURE SO HOW

1771
01:46:58,065 --> 01:46:58,399
DOES THIS HAPPEN?

1772
01:46:58,399 --> 01:46:59,033
WHEN I CAPILLARY IS ACTIVATED IN

1773
01:46:59,033 --> 01:46:59,533
ALL OF THESE SITUATIONS?

1774
01:46:59,533 --> 01:47:03,137
WE CANNOT EXPLAIN WHAT IT DOES

1775
01:47:03,137 --> 01:47:03,737
BY SIMPLE ON AND OFF THERE HAS

1776
01:47:03,737 --> 01:47:08,642
TO BE MORE TO IT AND THE REAL

1777
01:47:08,642 --> 01:47:09,276
QUESTION IS HOW MUCH REGULATORY

1778
01:47:09,276 --> 01:47:12,112
INFORMATION MIGHT BE INCLUDED IN

1779
01:47:12,112 --> 01:47:14,615
THE RHYTHM OR THE TEMPORAL

1780
01:47:14,615 --> 01:47:19,420
DYNAMICS?

1781
01:47:19,420 --> 01:47:20,020
THERE HAS BEEN A LINE OF VERY

1782
01:47:20,020 --> 01:47:21,956
FASCINATING STUDIES OVER THE

1783
01:47:21,956 --> 01:47:24,658
YEARS.

1784
01:47:24,658 --> 01:47:26,193
BUT MOSTLY THEY HAVE USED

1785
01:47:26,193 --> 01:47:29,163
IMMORTALIZED TRANSFORM CELL

1786
01:47:29,163 --> 01:47:36,203
LINES SO WE REALLY CAN'T TELL A

1787
01:47:36,203 --> 01:47:38,405
LOT ABOUT WHAT THE PRIMARY CELLS

1788
01:47:38,405 --> 01:47:41,875
DO TO DO ALL OF THE WONDERFUL

1789
01:47:41,875 --> 01:47:44,044
RESPONSES ANOTHER DEFICIENCY IN

1790
01:47:44,044 --> 01:47:48,549
THE FIELD IS MOST OF THE WORK IS

1791
01:47:48,549 --> 01:47:54,955
ABOUT P 65 THAT THERE IS ANOTHER

1792
01:47:54,955 --> 01:47:58,926
VERY IMPORTANT UNIT AND WE KNOW

1793
01:47:58,926 --> 01:48:03,464
VERY LITTLE ABOUT WHAT IT DOES.

1794
01:48:03,464 --> 01:48:12,272
SO I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT ANY

1795
01:48:12,272 --> 01:48:12,906
DYNAMIC SECOND PLAY AN IMPORTANT

1796
01:48:12,906 --> 01:48:13,474
ROLE TO CONTROL THE SPATIAL

1797
01:48:13,474 --> 01:48:14,808
TEMPORAL EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF

1798
01:48:14,808 --> 01:48:24,518
DOWNSTREAM GENES AND MANY ARE

1799
01:48:24,518 --> 01:48:25,152
RECEPTORS IN THESE COULD BE VERY

1800
01:48:25,152 --> 01:48:25,652
IMPORTANT TO CONVEY THE

1801
01:48:25,652 --> 01:48:26,286
INFORMATION SENSED INITIALLY BY

1802
01:48:26,286 --> 01:48:29,857
THE SENDING CELL.

1803
01:48:29,857 --> 01:48:35,329
SO HOW DO YOU MEASURE THE

1804
01:48:35,329 --> 01:48:35,963
DYNAMICS AND THE LIVE CELLS AND

1805
01:48:35,963 --> 01:48:37,965
WHY DO WE NEED TO DO THIS IN

1806
01:48:37,965 --> 01:48:40,234
REAL TIME?

1807
01:48:40,234 --> 01:48:40,868
THE SHORT ANSWER IS IF YOU TAKE

1808
01:48:40,868 --> 01:48:46,373
TIME POINTS OF ANY SNAPSHOT THAT

1809
01:48:46,373 --> 01:48:46,907
FAILS TO CONVEY THE WHOLE

1810
01:48:46,907 --> 01:48:49,443
BIOLOGY BUT IN LIVE SALES

1811
01:48:49,443 --> 01:48:53,180
CONVENIENT PROXY IS HOW MUCH IS

1812
01:48:53,180 --> 01:48:59,953
IN THE NUCLEUS BECAUSE IT IS

1813
01:48:59,953 --> 01:49:04,625
BOUND BY THE PROTEINS MOST

1814
01:49:04,625 --> 01:49:05,592
IMPORTANTLY THE ALPHA FORM WHICH

1815
01:49:05,592 --> 01:49:10,431
IS ALSO A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

1816
01:49:10,431 --> 01:49:14,268
BECAUSE UPSTREAM STIMULI CAN

1817
01:49:14,268 --> 01:49:20,474
CONVERGE AND THIS EVENT HAS A

1818
01:49:20,474 --> 01:49:25,646
DEGRADATION PROCESS SO ANY THAT

1819
01:49:25,646 --> 01:49:28,048
DISAPPEAR AND NOW THE CYTOPLASM

1820
01:49:28,048 --> 01:49:37,524
BACK CAN ACTIVATE THE GENES SO

1821
01:49:37,524 --> 01:49:38,058
THIS IS A DELAYED NEGATIVE

1822
01:49:38,058 --> 01:49:39,993
FEEDBACK GROUP RENDERING THE

1823
01:49:39,993 --> 01:49:47,334
SYSTEM COMPLEX SO LET ME SHOW

1824
01:49:47,334 --> 01:49:48,469
YOU A MOVIE PLAYED SIDE-BY-SIDE

1825
01:49:48,469 --> 01:49:51,405
OF HOW MUCH IS IN THE NUCLEUS

1826
01:49:51,405 --> 01:50:01,915
THE CELLS ARE ACTIVATED AND IT

1827
01:50:08,288 --> 01:50:08,822
KEEPS OSCILLATING AND LOOK AT

1828
01:50:08,822 --> 01:50:09,423
THE TIMESCALE YOU DON'T GET TO

1829
01:50:09,423 --> 01:50:10,023
SEE THIS UNTIL YOU FOLLOW THE

1830
01:50:10,023 --> 01:50:11,158
CELLS OVER HOURS AND HOURS WE

1831
01:50:11,158 --> 01:50:13,660
HAVE DONE THIS A WHILE AGO AND

1832
01:50:13,660 --> 01:50:18,198
FOUND THAT MOST ALL CELLS ARE

1833
01:50:18,198 --> 01:50:18,832
DOING THIS IT IS JUST THAT THEY

1834
01:50:18,832 --> 01:50:27,541
ARE SLIGHTLY OUT OF SYNC.

1835
01:50:27,541 --> 01:50:28,142
AND THEN THEY GO OUT OF PHASE

1836
01:50:28,142 --> 01:50:38,385
VERY QUICKLY.

1837
01:50:48,795 --> 01:50:49,263
WITHIN THE COMPLEX DYNAMIC

1838
01:50:49,263 --> 01:50:49,863
PATTERNS OCCUR BECAUSE WE AND

1839
01:50:49,863 --> 01:50:50,464
OTHERS HAVE SHOWN THIS IS VERY

1840
01:50:50,464 --> 01:50:51,064
IMPORTANT FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL

1841
01:50:51,064 --> 01:50:55,269
OUTPUT OF THE TARGET GENE SO IF

1842
01:50:55,269 --> 01:50:57,437
WE FOLLOW THAT MANY TARGET

1843
01:50:57,437 --> 01:51:01,775
GENE, WE HAVE FOUND FOR

1844
01:51:01,775 --> 01:51:04,144
IMMEDIATE EARLY REPORTERS IT IS

1845
01:51:04,144 --> 01:51:10,651
THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE THIS IS

1846
01:51:10,651 --> 01:51:12,085
THE QUANTITY THAT IS BEST

1847
01:51:12,085 --> 01:51:17,791
CORRELATED SO HERE IS THE

1848
01:51:17,791 --> 01:51:18,592
EXAMPLE OF A CONTROL OF THE

1849
01:51:18,592 --> 01:51:24,431
TRANSCRIPTION OUTPUT BUT THE

1850
01:51:24,431 --> 01:51:27,201
TARGET GENES TO FIND TUNE THE

1851
01:51:27,201 --> 01:51:28,235
BEHAVIORS.

1852
01:51:28,235 --> 01:51:30,938
SO THIS WAS ALL ENGINEERED SO

1853
01:51:30,938 --> 01:51:33,240
NOW WE WILL'S SWITCHOVER TO

1854
01:51:33,240 --> 01:51:39,513
PRIMARY CELLS BECAUSE WHEN I

1855
01:51:39,513 --> 01:51:40,047
MOVED WE HAVE BEEN MAKING

1856
01:51:40,047 --> 01:51:49,156
REPORTER MOUSE LINES THOSE ARE

1857
01:51:49,156 --> 01:51:49,756
SUBUNITS IN MY PRIMARY CELLS.

1858
01:51:49,756 --> 01:51:52,259
HERE IS THE SET UP.

1859
01:51:52,259 --> 01:51:53,260
FIRST WE HAD TO DO WITH THE

1860
01:51:53,260 --> 01:52:00,100
TECHNICAL CHALLENGE BECAUSE THE

1861
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:00,634
PROTEIN IS THE INDIGENOUS

1862
01:52:00,634 --> 01:52:01,235
PROTEIN AND LOW EXPRESS.

1863
01:52:01,235 --> 01:52:09,209
IT IS FAR BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE

1864
01:52:09,209 --> 01:52:09,843
OF WHAT WE ARE USED TO FROM CELL

1865
01:52:09,843 --> 01:52:10,210
BIOLOGY IMAGING.

1866
01:52:10,210 --> 01:52:14,448
WE HAVE TO DRASTICALLY FIND TUNE

1867
01:52:14,448 --> 01:52:15,048
AND REOPTIMIZE THE ACQUISITION

1868
01:52:15,048 --> 01:52:19,586
SETTINGS ESPECIALLY WITH 3

1869
01:52:19,586 --> 01:52:20,153
CHANNELS TO HAVE A SEPARATE

1870
01:52:20,153 --> 01:52:24,591
CHANNEL JUST TO SEGMENT THE

1871
01:52:24,591 --> 01:52:26,126
NUCLEAR BOUNDARIES WITH NUCLEAR

1872
01:52:26,126 --> 01:52:31,531
LABELS USING THE BENIGN DIE AND

1873
01:52:31,531 --> 01:52:34,501
IMAGE AND QUANTIFY THE DATA

1874
01:52:34,501 --> 01:52:43,944
ATTRACT THE CELLS WITH THE

1875
01:52:43,944 --> 01:52:44,378
DOWNSTREAM ANALYSIS.

1876
01:52:44,378 --> 01:52:44,978
SO IF YOU DO THAT YOU CAN ASK

1877
01:52:44,978 --> 01:52:46,380
ALL SORTS OF INTERESTING

1878
01:52:46,380 --> 01:52:49,416
QUESTIONS AND THE MACROPHAGE

1879
01:52:49,416 --> 01:52:54,921
SINCE MANY DIFFERENT MICROBIAL

1880
01:52:54,921 --> 01:53:04,798
PRODUCTS VIRUS TO BACTERIA AND

1881
01:53:04,798 --> 01:53:05,432
THESE ARE SPECIFIC TO RECEPTORS

1882
01:53:05,432 --> 01:53:06,500
AND THERE ARE SEVERAL THAT GIVE

1883
01:53:06,500 --> 01:53:11,805
A 1 : 1 RECOGNITION BUT INSIDE

1884
01:53:11,805 --> 01:53:16,143
THE CELLS THEY ALL CONVERGE TO

1885
01:53:16,143 --> 01:53:20,614
THE COMPLEX AND THEY ACTIVATE

1886
01:53:20,614 --> 01:53:24,151
AND A FEW OTHER FACTORS.

1887
01:53:24,151 --> 01:53:28,322
BUT ESSENTIALLY IT IS A PUZZLE

1888
01:53:28,322 --> 01:53:28,922
BECAUSE CAPILLARIES ACTIVATED

1889
01:53:28,922 --> 01:53:33,894
BUT YET SOMEHOW YOU HAVE TO

1890
01:53:33,894 --> 01:53:34,761
RESPOND APPROPRIATELY TO

1891
01:53:34,761 --> 01:53:38,965
DIFFERENT MICROBES IT IS AN

1892
01:53:38,965 --> 01:53:39,566
INFORMATION PROCESSING PROBLEM

1893
01:53:39,566 --> 01:53:44,638
THAT HAS TO BE CONVEYED INTO THE

1894
01:53:44,638 --> 01:53:44,838
CELLS.

1895
01:53:44,838 --> 01:53:50,377
SO THIS IS A PRETTY COMPLICATED

1896
01:53:50,377 --> 01:53:57,984
MODEL THAT SENDS THE INDIVIDUAL

1897
01:53:57,984 --> 01:54:01,054
AND WE GO THROUGH THE ADAPTER

1898
01:54:01,054 --> 01:54:05,792
MOLECULES AND COME EVENTUALLY TO

1899
01:54:05,792 --> 01:54:15,969
THE CORE SO IN COLLABORATION AT

1900
01:54:15,969 --> 01:54:20,807
UCLA WE FIND UPDATED

1901
01:54:20,807 --> 01:54:31,017
MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND AS YOU

1902
01:54:31,017 --> 01:54:31,585
KNOW THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL

1903
01:54:31,585 --> 01:54:32,185
CANNOT BE THE SAME AS THE REAL

1904
01:54:32,185 --> 01:54:32,819
THING BUT IT CAN BE VERY USEFUL

1905
01:54:32,819 --> 01:54:35,522
TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT UNTESTED

1906
01:54:35,522 --> 01:54:40,494
CONDITIONS JUST SO THAT WE FIX

1907
01:54:40,494 --> 01:54:44,798
THE SIMULATIONS TO THE SINGLE

1908
01:54:44,798 --> 01:54:49,936
CELL FROM LIVE CELL IMAGING BUT

1909
01:54:49,936 --> 01:54:50,537
JUST FOCUSING ON WHAT WE LEARN

1910
01:54:50,537 --> 01:54:55,142
FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

1911
01:54:55,142 --> 01:54:56,376
HERE IS THE DATA FROM A BIRDS

1912
01:54:56,376 --> 01:55:01,782
EYE VIEW HERE IS A HEAT MAP

1913
01:55:01,782 --> 01:55:06,420
REPRESENTATION EACH ROW IS A

1914
01:55:06,420 --> 01:55:14,361
SINGLE CELL TRACE RESPONDING TO

1915
01:55:14,361 --> 01:55:23,637
LPS AND THESE ARE FROM THE BONE

1916
01:55:23,637 --> 01:55:24,271
MARROW MACROPHAGE AND THE FIRST

1917
01:55:24,271 --> 01:55:29,609
THING I NOTICED LOOKING AT THIS

1918
01:55:29,609 --> 01:55:37,184
DATA IS IT LOOKS VERY DIFFERENT

1919
01:55:37,184 --> 01:55:39,686
AND FIRST OF ALL WE DID NOT SEE

1920
01:55:39,686 --> 01:55:46,326
ANY RESPONSES AND THEN TO SHOW A

1921
01:55:46,326 --> 01:55:48,595
TEMPORAL TIME TRACE OF THE

1922
01:55:48,595 --> 01:55:51,631
SIGNALING DYNAMICS AS YOU CAN

1923
01:55:51,631 --> 01:55:52,466
SEE THEY WERE MORE FASTER AND

1924
01:55:52,466 --> 01:55:56,470
SHORTER LIVED THE PRIMARY CELL

1925
01:55:56,470 --> 01:56:00,640
BEHAVIOR WE ARE SEEING A LOT

1926
01:56:00,640 --> 01:56:10,283
STRONGER WITH VERY EXQUISITE

1927
01:56:10,283 --> 01:56:10,917
TIME THROUGH THE FIRST PEAK THIS

1928
01:56:10,917 --> 01:56:11,518
IS JUST THE VISUAL IMPRESSION

1929
01:56:11,518 --> 01:56:14,120
WHAT ABOUT THE QUANTIFIED

1930
01:56:14,120 --> 01:56:16,056
FEATURES?

1931
01:56:16,056 --> 01:56:16,656
SO NOW WE HAVE TIME SERIES FOR

1932
01:56:16,656 --> 01:56:18,825
HUNDREDS OF CELLS TO EXTRACT

1933
01:56:18,825 --> 01:56:29,336
SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE FEATURES

1934
01:56:29,803 --> 01:56:30,337
WERE NOW THE TIME SERIES IS A

1935
01:56:30,337 --> 01:56:30,937
LONG AND COMPLICATED THING FOR

1936
01:56:30,937 --> 01:56:31,538
TIME ANALYSIS SO IT'S NICE TO

1937
01:56:31,538 --> 01:56:33,073
EXTRACT MEANINGFUL FEATURES TO

1938
01:56:33,073 --> 01:56:36,910
CORRELATE BETTER WE EXTRACTED

1939
01:56:36,910 --> 01:56:40,013
PEAK AMPLITUDE TIMING AND WITH

1940
01:56:40,013 --> 01:56:44,251
THE OSCILLATION AND THE

1941
01:56:44,251 --> 01:56:50,557
ATTENUATION RATE WE LOOK AT THE

1942
01:56:50,557 --> 01:56:57,030
FEATURES AND WE ASKED OUR THERE

1943
01:56:57,030 --> 01:56:57,597
INFORMATION CONTENT HERE IN

1944
01:56:57,597 --> 01:57:00,267
THESE FEATURES?

1945
01:57:00,267 --> 01:57:06,239
SO WE MATCH 28 DIMENSIONAL WITH

1946
01:57:06,239 --> 01:57:10,010
ONLY 1 SUBUNIT SPACE AND WITH

1947
01:57:10,010 --> 01:57:16,149
THE MACHINE LEARNING EXERCISE ON

1948
01:57:16,149 --> 01:57:20,820
70 PERCENT AND WE USE THE

1949
01:57:20,820 --> 01:57:21,621
REMAINING 30 PERCENT WITH THE

1950
01:57:21,621 --> 01:57:31,865
UNKNOWN LABEL.

1951
01:57:34,568 --> 01:57:35,001
SO WE DID TENFOLD ACROSS

1952
01:57:35,001 --> 01:57:35,569
VALIDATION AND HERE IS A

1953
01:57:35,569 --> 01:57:42,142
RESULT.

1954
01:57:42,142 --> 01:57:44,678
SO WHEN THE MODEL GOT THE

1955
01:57:44,678 --> 01:57:51,551
IDENTITY CORRECT BUT THIS IS

1956
01:57:51,551 --> 01:58:02,062
USED ONLY WITH THE 8 FEATURES.

1957
01:58:10,270 --> 01:58:10,770
SO THEN LOOK AT THE DIAGONAL

1958
01:58:10,770 --> 01:58:11,404
ACCURACY HOW GOOD IT IS EVEN IF

1959
01:58:11,404 --> 01:58:12,005
YOU ONLY USE THE 8 FEATURES OF

1960
01:58:12,005 --> 01:58:13,273
THE SIGNALING DYNAMICS.

1961
01:58:13,273 --> 01:58:13,807
THERE IS SOME IMPROVEMENT.

1962
01:58:13,807 --> 01:58:24,150
THAT IS INTERESTING.

1963
01:58:24,684 --> 01:58:34,995
SO NOW I WILL GO FAST.

1964
01:58:35,261 --> 01:58:35,829
SO THE BOTTOM LINE OF THE STUDY

1965
01:58:35,829 --> 01:58:36,463
IS THAT YES INDEED THE SIGNALING

1966
01:58:36,463 --> 01:58:36,997
DYNAMICS CONTAINS A LOT OF

1967
01:58:36,997 --> 01:58:40,000
INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IT JUST

1968
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:48,808
SAW.

1969
01:58:48,808 --> 01:58:50,143
IS IT CONFUSING OF A OR B OR C

1970
01:58:50,143 --> 01:58:57,751
NOW CAN ACCURATELY DISCRIMINATE

1971
01:58:57,751 --> 01:58:58,351
SO WE LEARNED EXACTLY HOW THE

1972
01:58:58,351 --> 01:59:08,695
FEATURES ARE CORRELATED AND BY

1973
01:59:08,695 --> 01:59:09,329
GIVING EXAMPLES OF OTHER PRIMARY

1974
01:59:09,329 --> 01:59:19,673
MACROPHAGE EXAMPLES.

1975
01:59:20,607 --> 01:59:21,174
AND NARROW INFORMATION IS A BIG

1976
01:59:21,174 --> 01:59:21,808
FOCUS AND LOOK AT MACROPHAGE IN

1977
01:59:21,808 --> 01:59:22,075
THE BRAIN.

1978
01:59:22,075 --> 01:59:22,676
THE ONLY RESIDENT IN THE CELLS

1979
01:59:22,676 --> 01:59:29,649
OF THE BRAIN.

1980
01:59:29,649 --> 01:59:34,020
BUT SOME DO NOT EVEN EXPRESSED 0

1981
01:59:34,020 --> 01:59:39,125
ONLY A SUBSET DO EXPRESS.

1982
01:59:39,125 --> 01:59:41,661
SO I WILL PLAY THE MOVIE AND YOU

1983
01:59:41,661 --> 01:59:46,199
WILL SEE TNF COMING IN AT TIME 0

1984
01:59:46,199 --> 01:59:46,866
BUT NOW GOING INTO THE NUCLEUS

1985
01:59:46,866 --> 01:59:55,575
WHEN ACTIVATED AND THEN TO SEE

1986
01:59:55,575 --> 01:59:56,643
THOSE ASYNCHRONOUS

1987
01:59:56,643 --> 02:00:00,480
NOTIFICATIONS.

1988
02:00:00,480 --> 02:00:03,016
WE DON'T HAVE TIME BUT WE

1989
02:00:03,016 --> 02:00:05,752
LEARNED A LOT HOW SIGNALING

1990
02:00:05,752 --> 02:00:06,386
WORKS WITH MICROGLIA AND SAW THE

1991
02:00:06,386 --> 02:00:08,822
INTERESTING DIFFERENCES FROM THE

1992
02:00:08,822 --> 02:00:19,265
YOUNG BRAIN NOW LOOKING AT

1993
02:00:20,433 --> 02:00:20,934
MICROGLIA FROM A MOUSE MODEL

1994
02:00:20,934 --> 02:00:21,501
FROM ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND

1995
02:00:21,501 --> 02:00:22,102
ANOTHER THING YOU CAN DO WITH

1996
02:00:22,102 --> 02:00:24,871
THIS INSTEAD OF LOOKING AT 2

1997
02:00:24,871 --> 02:00:27,273
DIFFERENT SUBUNITS YOU COULD

1998
02:00:27,273 --> 02:00:34,681
LOOK AT 1 SUBUNIT.

1999
02:00:34,681 --> 02:00:35,315
HERE WE LOOK AT GREEN LABEL DATA

2000
02:00:35,315 --> 02:00:37,283
I WILL PLAY THE MOVIE BUT

2001
02:00:37,283 --> 02:00:40,453
INITIALLY GRADUALLY YOU WILL SEE

2002
02:00:40,453 --> 02:00:46,025
SOME OF THE SOULS STICKING UP.

2003
02:00:46,025 --> 02:00:47,527
THIS IS BETTER DASH VERY

2004
02:00:47,527 --> 02:00:51,998
HETEROGENEOUS AND THEN YOU WILL

2005
02:00:51,998 --> 02:01:01,407
SEE THE BURST OF PHAGOCYTOSIS SO

2006
02:01:01,407 --> 02:01:07,714
IT IS INCREDIBLY VARIABLE SOME

2007
02:01:07,714 --> 02:01:08,314
DON'T EVEN TAKE UP MUCH UNTIL

2008
02:01:08,314 --> 02:01:10,216
THE END SO WE SEE ALL SORTS OF

2009
02:01:10,216 --> 02:01:13,553
BEHAVIORS AND WE ARE TRYING TO

2010
02:01:13,553 --> 02:01:14,020
SEE THE MARKERS OF THE

2011
02:01:14,020 --> 02:01:16,990
DIFFERENTIAL PHENOTYPES MIGHT BE

2012
02:01:16,990 --> 02:01:19,893
AND THIS IS THE WAY WE QUANTIFY

2013
02:01:19,893 --> 02:01:27,000
THE SAME SCALE DYNAMICS TO SAY

2014
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:27,467
EXACTLY WHICH BEHAVIOR

2015
02:01:27,467 --> 02:01:29,402
CORRESPONDS TO WHICH SIGNALING

2016
02:01:29,402 --> 02:01:36,810
PATTERN ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS THE

2017
02:01:36,810 --> 02:01:37,443
ADAPTIVE SYSTEM NOW T CELLS ARE

2018
02:01:37,443 --> 02:01:39,212
KNOWN TO CLEANLY EXPAND AND

2019
02:01:39,212 --> 02:01:45,151
PROLIFERATE IN 2 OTHER RESPONSES

2020
02:01:45,151 --> 02:01:45,685
SO YOU HAVE TO FOLLOW THEM

2021
02:01:45,685 --> 02:01:55,962
THROUGH CELL DIVISION.

2022
02:01:55,962 --> 02:01:56,996
SO ALL SORTS OF COOL THINGS CAN

2023
02:01:56,996 --> 02:02:00,767
BE DONE IF YOU ARE FOLLOWING THE

2024
02:02:00,767 --> 02:02:02,936
PRIMARY CELLS BEHAVIOR AND

2025
02:02:02,936 --> 02:02:06,539
LOOKING AT THE BEHAVIOR.

2026
02:02:06,539 --> 02:02:07,140
LIKE TO THINK OUR CURRENT TEAM

2027
02:02:07,140 --> 02:02:13,213
MEMBERS AND FORMER MEMBERS WHO

2028
02:02:13,213 --> 02:02:13,847
ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE WORK

2029
02:02:13,847 --> 02:02:14,280
I SHOWED YOU TODAY.

2030
02:02:14,280 --> 02:02:14,747
AND OUR COLLABORATORS.

2031
02:02:14,747 --> 02:02:15,982
VERY QUICKLY I WANT TO END SO

2032
02:02:15,982 --> 02:02:25,024
THANKFUL YOU HAVE THIS MEETING

2033
02:02:25,024 --> 02:02:25,592
PEOPLE ARE MORE AND MORE AND

2034
02:02:25,592 --> 02:02:26,593
ENGINEERING AND ARTIFICIAL

2035
02:02:26,593 --> 02:02:31,264
INTELLIGENCE AND BIOMEDICINE AND

2036
02:02:31,264 --> 02:02:31,831
WE REALLY NEED TO HAVE MORE

2037
02:02:31,831 --> 02:02:32,799
ACROSS INTERACTIONS TO LOWER THE

2038
02:02:32,799 --> 02:02:40,240
BOUNDARIES AND ALSO STEP OUT OF

2039
02:02:40,240 --> 02:02:40,840
OUR COMFORT ZONES AND DO MORE

2040
02:02:40,840 --> 02:02:43,643
THAN JUST BUSINESS AS USUAL IN

2041
02:02:43,643 --> 02:02:44,277
FOR THE FUNDING DECISION-MAKERS

2042
02:02:44,277 --> 02:02:47,113
WE NEED LONG-TERM FUNDING

2043
02:02:47,113 --> 02:02:47,714
BECAUSE THAT'S THE ONLY WAY TO

2044
02:02:47,714 --> 02:02:49,549
CROSS TRAIN THE NEXT GENERATION

2045
02:02:49,549 --> 02:02:55,321
OF SCIENTISTS.

2046
02:02:55,321 --> 02:02:57,824
COLLABORATION IS WORTH IT BUT IT

2047
02:02:57,824 --> 02:03:00,793
REQUIRES PATIENCE AND MUTUAL

2048
02:03:00,793 --> 02:03:01,394
RESPECT FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS.

2049
02:03:01,394 --> 02:03:11,771
YOU SO MUCH CAPS OFF.

2050
02:03:27,453 --> 02:03:28,421
>> WE HAVE OUR FINAL
SPEAKER OF

2051
02:03:28,421 --> 02:03:32,592
THE MORNING OF INVITED TALKS

2052
02:03:32,592 --> 02:03:34,861
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA

2053
02:03:34,861 --> 02:03:37,964
RENO AND ALSO AS SHE GETS TO THE

2054
02:03:37,964 --> 02:03:42,802
Q&A PORTION RAPIDFIRE
SPEAKERS

2055
02:03:42,802 --> 02:03:53,012
CAN COME UP.

2056
02:03:59,752 --> 02:04:02,255
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
HAVING

2057
02:04:02,255 --> 02:04:09,295
ME AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE A

2058
02:04:09,295 --> 02:04:09,929
TALK I'M VERY EXCITED TO SHARE

2059
02:04:09,929 --> 02:04:14,000
THE RESEARCH WITH THE LIGHT

2060
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:24,510
ACTIVATED PURCHASE SYSTEMS TO

2061
02:04:25,945 --> 02:04:26,479
CONTROL FOR THE ATTRACTIONS MY

2062
02:04:26,479 --> 02:04:27,013
LAB IS MAJORLY FOCUSED ON

2063
02:04:27,013 --> 02:04:27,580
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN AND I

2064
02:04:27,580 --> 02:04:28,214
WILL SHARE OUR ONGOING RESEARCH

2065
02:04:28,214 --> 02:04:31,417
AND HOW THIS LIGHT ACTIVATED

2066
02:04:31,417 --> 02:04:31,985
SYSTEM COMES TO PLAY BUT TO

2067
02:04:31,985 --> 02:04:36,756
START 1 OF THE MAIN ENZYMES THAT

2068
02:04:36,756 --> 02:04:37,323
IS IMPORTANT WITH HEALTH AND

2069
02:04:37,323 --> 02:04:39,225
DISEASE MY LAB IS INTERESTED IN

2070
02:04:39,225 --> 02:04:49,736
TARGETING AND THEY PLAY A KEY

2071
02:04:54,674 --> 02:04:55,241
ROLE OF THE MATRIX FOR MODELING

2072
02:04:55,241 --> 02:04:55,775
AND AS YOU CAN SEE IN THIS

2073
02:04:55,775 --> 02:04:56,342
CARTOON THEY DO HAVE A VERY

2074
02:04:56,342 --> 02:05:01,114
DIVERSE ROLE MULTI FUNCTIONAL

2075
02:05:01,114 --> 02:05:09,288
AND ECM IS JUST 1 SUBSTRATE AND

2076
02:05:09,288 --> 02:05:18,231
IT BECOMES VERY RELEVANT BUT

2077
02:05:18,231 --> 02:05:18,865
ALSO INVOLVED IN MANY DIFFERENT

2078
02:05:18,865 --> 02:05:22,502
TYPE OF CELLS SIGNALING PATHWAYS

2079
02:05:22,502 --> 02:05:32,378
AND THE NATURAL INHIBITORS AND

2080
02:05:32,378 --> 02:05:33,613
USUALLY IT IS EXPRESSED AS AN

2081
02:05:33,613 --> 02:05:38,518
INACTIVE FORM AND ACTIVATED WITH

2082
02:05:38,518 --> 02:05:43,689
CLEAVAGE AND THEN TO BE

2083
02:05:43,689 --> 02:05:45,391
REGULATED AS THE NATURAL

2084
02:05:45,391 --> 02:05:48,061
INHIBITORS AND THEN THIS GOES

2085
02:05:48,061 --> 02:05:50,263
OFF BALANCE IT COULD BE THE

2086
02:05:50,263 --> 02:05:50,897
SOURCE OF SEVERAL DISEASES FROM

2087
02:05:50,897 --> 02:06:01,374
HEAD TO TOE AND THIS IS JUST

2088
02:06:01,607 --> 02:06:02,141
BASICALLY SOME EXAMPLES TO BE

2089
02:06:02,141 --> 02:06:02,708
SPECIFIC MEMBERS THAT CAN BE

2090
02:06:02,708 --> 02:06:03,342
RESPONSIBLE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT

2091
02:06:03,342 --> 02:06:06,112
TYPES OF CANCER, CHRONOLOGICAL

2092
02:06:06,112 --> 02:06:11,384
DISORDERS OR DIABETES SO I HOPE

2093
02:06:11,384 --> 02:06:12,652
WE CONVINCE YOU THAT THE

2094
02:06:12,652 --> 02:06:15,088
BROAD-SPECTRUM INHIBITORS HAVE

2095
02:06:15,088 --> 02:06:25,631
FAILED AND ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AS

2096
02:06:28,668 --> 02:06:29,202
POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS AS THEY

2097
02:06:29,202 --> 02:06:29,836
HAVE KEY ROLES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL

2098
02:06:29,836 --> 02:06:30,369
FUNCTIONS AND KEY CELLULAR

2099
02:06:30,369 --> 02:06:30,636
FUNCTIONS.

2100
02:06:30,636 --> 02:06:31,237
MY LAB IS INTERESTED IN THE

2101
02:06:31,237 --> 02:06:41,147
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN TOOLS AND

2102
02:06:41,147 --> 02:06:46,018
THEN TO BE MORE SELECTIVE

2103
02:06:46,018 --> 02:06:51,090
SCAFFOLDS AND THEN JUST A VERY

2104
02:06:51,090 --> 02:06:51,791
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF WHAT WE HAVE

2105
02:06:51,791 --> 02:07:02,135
DONE SO FAR NOW LEADING MORE

2106
02:07:02,135 --> 02:07:02,735
EFFECTIVE PHOTO RELATED TOOLS

2107
02:07:02,735 --> 02:07:03,336
AND TECHNOLOGIES TO EXPAND THE

2108
02:07:03,336 --> 02:07:06,205
SYSTEM TO MAKE IT MORE EFFECT 

2109
02:07:06,205 --> 02:07:06,472
EFFECTIVE.

2110
02:07:06,472 --> 02:07:07,507
IN THE PAST WE HAVE USED THIS

2111
02:07:07,507 --> 02:07:15,214
COMBINATION USING A PLATFORM TO

2112
02:07:15,214 --> 02:07:18,651
ENGINEER TO BE THE ULTRA BINDER

2113
02:07:18,651 --> 02:07:22,555
TO SPECIFIC CASES AND IF YOU

2114
02:07:22,555 --> 02:07:28,294
LOOK AT THE STRUCTURES TO FIND

2115
02:07:28,294 --> 02:07:32,865
OUT THE DOMAINS OF THE PROTEIN

2116
02:07:32,865 --> 02:07:33,933
WORKING TOGETHER BUT MORE

2117
02:07:33,933 --> 02:07:37,937
IMPORTANTLY ARE INTERESTED IN

2118
02:07:37,937 --> 02:07:43,776
SELECTIVE AND VENDORS NOT ONLY

2119
02:07:43,776 --> 02:07:44,343
WITH BETTER BINDERS BUT MORE

2120
02:07:44,343 --> 02:07:45,244
IMPORTANTLY THOSE THAT ARE

2121
02:07:45,244 --> 02:07:47,580
TARGETING 1 SPECIFIC ENZYME AND

2122
02:07:47,580 --> 02:07:54,187
NOT THE OTHERS AND BE VERY

2123
02:07:54,187 --> 02:07:56,589
SPECIFIC TO DO THAT TO BE MORE

2124
02:07:56,589 --> 02:08:02,361
EFFICIENT SO THEN WE HAVE USED A

2125
02:08:02,361 --> 02:08:02,995
COUNTER SELECTIVE STRATEGY WITH

2126
02:08:02,995 --> 02:08:06,766
THE UNLABELED COMPETITOR WHERE

2127
02:08:06,766 --> 02:08:12,305
IT WILL BASICALLY HELP US TO

2128
02:08:12,305 --> 02:08:14,774
ELIMINATE THE VALUES THAT ARE

2129
02:08:14,774 --> 02:08:20,179
NON- SELECTIVE BINDERS AS YOU

2130
02:08:20,179 --> 02:08:22,415
CAN SEE HERE A FEW OF THE

2131
02:08:22,415 --> 02:08:24,617
MUTANTS FOR MORE SPECIFIC AND

2132
02:08:24,617 --> 02:08:29,188
DISTINGUISH WITH THE POPULATION

2133
02:08:29,188 --> 02:08:37,563
SHOWN IN RED VERSUS VERY CLOSE

2134
02:08:37,563 --> 02:08:47,340
EXTERNALIZED FUNCTION AND THAT

2135
02:08:47,340 --> 02:08:47,974
WAS A GREAT SUCCESS KNOWING HOW

2136
02:08:47,974 --> 02:08:48,507
SIMILAR THEY ARE AND IT IS

2137
02:08:48,507 --> 02:08:49,041
IMPOSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE THAT

2138
02:08:49,041 --> 02:08:49,308
NATURALLY.

2139
02:08:49,308 --> 02:08:52,411
BUT MOVING FORWARD NOW WE ARE

2140
02:08:52,411 --> 02:08:53,045
INTERESTED IN KNOWING MORE ABOUT

2141
02:08:53,045 --> 02:08:59,719
BASICALLY THE SPECIFIC SCAFFOLDS

2142
02:08:59,719 --> 02:09:02,188
AND HOW WE CAN ENGINEER HOW WE

2143
02:09:02,188 --> 02:09:05,491
CAN HAVE A MODULAR SCAFFOLD TO

2144
02:09:05,491 --> 02:09:11,998
BIND AND ACHIEVE THAT USING DNA

2145
02:09:11,998 --> 02:09:16,469
SHUFFLING TECHNIQUES AND

2146
02:09:16,469 --> 02:09:22,074
SCREENING THROUGH EVOLUTION AND

2147
02:09:22,074 --> 02:09:30,683
FIND MINIMAL VARIANCE AS SHORT

2148
02:09:30,683 --> 02:09:31,284
AS 20 AMINO ACIDS FALLING INTO

2149
02:09:31,284 --> 02:09:31,817
PEPTIDE CATEGORY THAT CAN

2150
02:09:31,817 --> 02:09:35,187
EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT MMP SO THAT

2151
02:09:35,187 --> 02:09:36,155
HAS A LOT OF VALUE IN TERMS OF

2152
02:09:36,155 --> 02:09:44,463
NOT ONLY TO MODULAR PLAY AROUND

2153
02:09:44,463 --> 02:09:46,065
AND FINE TUNE BUT TISSUE

2154
02:09:46,065 --> 02:09:50,536
PENETRATION.

2155
02:09:50,536 --> 02:09:51,704
SO A LIMITED OVERVIEW HOW YOU

2156
02:09:51,704 --> 02:09:59,178
WERE USING THEM AND THE LIGHT

2157
02:09:59,178 --> 02:09:59,745
ACTIVATED SYSTEM IS NEEDED I

2158
02:09:59,745 --> 02:10:04,083
WOULD LIKE TO BRING OUT A BLOOD

2159
02:10:04,083 --> 02:10:04,717
BRAIN BARRIER AND THE IMPORTANCE

2160
02:10:04,717 --> 02:10:09,288
OF THIS RESEARCH AS YOU KNOW IT

2161
02:10:09,288 --> 02:10:19,732
IS MADE FROM THE CELLS AND

2162
02:10:29,875 --> 02:10:30,443
ATTACHED AND SPECIFIC MEMBERS OF

2163
02:10:30,443 --> 02:10:31,010
THIS ENZYME FAMILY THAT CAN

2164
02:10:31,010 --> 02:10:31,644
CAUSE PROBLEMS THEY ARE KNOWN TO

2165
02:10:31,644 --> 02:10:32,244
DEGRADE THOSE JUNCTIONS SO IN

2166
02:10:32,244 --> 02:10:32,878
THIS CASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS

2167
02:10:32,878 --> 02:10:33,379
SYSTEM DISORDER AND MORE

2168
02:10:33,379 --> 02:10:38,718
IMPORTANTLY THE LEAKAGE CAN

2169
02:10:38,718 --> 02:10:42,121
CAUSE SEVERAL PROBLEMS 1 BEING

2170
02:10:42,121 --> 02:10:45,758
THE AGGREGATES INTO THE BRAIN

2171
02:10:45,758 --> 02:10:49,895
AND SO FORTH AND IN CASE OF

2172
02:10:49,895 --> 02:10:55,434
SEVERAL CANCERS YOU CAN IMAGINE

2173
02:10:55,434 --> 02:10:57,737
IT WOULD WORK THE OTHER WAY

2174
02:10:57,737 --> 02:11:00,206
AROUND IF INTEGRITY IS

2175
02:11:00,206 --> 02:11:06,846
COMPROMISED THAT THIS CAN HAPPEN

2176
02:11:06,846 --> 02:11:07,480
EITHER WAY WHICH IS NOT GOOD AND

2177
02:11:07,480 --> 02:11:07,880
WE DON'T LIKE IT.

2178
02:11:07,880 --> 02:11:13,486
SO SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY

2179
02:11:13,486 --> 02:11:14,120
HAS BEEN KNOWN TO COMPROMISE THE

2180
02:11:14,120 --> 02:11:17,490
INTEGRITY -- -- INTEGRITY IF NOT

2181
02:11:17,490 --> 02:11:18,090
REGULATED SO WE WOULD LIKE TO

2182
02:11:18,090 --> 02:11:21,227
COME TO UNDERSTAND THIS

2183
02:11:21,227 --> 02:11:27,800
PHENOMENON AS FINE-TUNING THEIR

2184
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:28,367
PROBES AND MOLECULES TO MORE

2185
02:11:28,367 --> 02:11:30,202
EFFECTIVELY TARGET THAT AND NOT

2186
02:11:30,202 --> 02:11:34,206
ONLY PROTECT THE INTEGRITY BUT

2187
02:11:34,206 --> 02:11:40,312
THE TRANSPORT PHENOMENON AND

2188
02:11:40,312 --> 02:11:40,946
POTENTIALLY HAVE MOLECULES THAT

2189
02:11:40,946 --> 02:11:44,917
CAN ALSO TRANSPORT SO 2

2190
02:11:44,917 --> 02:11:51,857
CONTRADICTORY CONCEPTS.

2191
02:11:51,857 --> 02:11:52,491
THAT BEING SAID STARTED WORKING

2192
02:11:52,491 --> 02:12:02,234
ON IN VITRO ASSAYS BY GROWING

2193
02:12:02,234 --> 02:12:02,868
THE CELLS ON THE FILTERS SO YOU

2194
02:12:02,868 --> 02:12:03,436
CAN DETECT THE FORMATION BY

2195
02:12:03,436 --> 02:12:05,471
MEASURING THE RESISTANCE ON THE

2196
02:12:05,471 --> 02:12:11,110
2 SIDES VERSUS THE TOP OF THE

2197
02:12:11,110 --> 02:12:17,750
FILTER AND WE CAN MEASURE THE

2198
02:12:17,750 --> 02:12:18,951
PERMEABILITY BY HAVING THE FORCE

2199
02:12:18,951 --> 02:12:24,457
CONJUGATED MOLECULE AND THEN YOU

2200
02:12:24,457 --> 02:12:30,129
CAN SEE HOW MUCH OF THAT HAS

2201
02:12:30,129 --> 02:12:36,368
BEEN TRANSPORTED SO WHEN WE HAVE

2202
02:12:36,368 --> 02:12:43,442
MMP WE CAN SEE THE PERMEABILITY

2203
02:12:43,442 --> 02:12:44,076
INCREASES AND THEN THE INHIBITOR

2204
02:12:44,076 --> 02:12:45,678
IS RECOVERED AND RESTORED THAT

2205
02:12:45,678 --> 02:12:54,653
IS TRUE FOR SEVERAL VARIANTS BUT

2206
02:12:54,653 --> 02:12:55,254
THE IMPORTANT THING IS LOOKING

2207
02:12:55,254 --> 02:12:58,123
FROM A PERSPECTIVE YOU LOOK AT

2208
02:12:58,123 --> 02:13:01,861
THIS LABELED MOLECULES OR

2209
02:13:01,861 --> 02:13:09,168
INHIBITORS AND THEN WE ADD THEM

2210
02:13:09,168 --> 02:13:09,735
SOME ARE GOING TO STAY THERE

2211
02:13:09,735 --> 02:13:14,006
SOME WILL BE TRANSPORTED AND IF

2212
02:13:14,006 --> 02:13:14,940
YOU DO HAVE SOMETHING YOU'RE

2213
02:13:14,940 --> 02:13:22,515
DELIVERING HERE THEN YOU HAVE A

2214
02:13:22,515 --> 02:13:23,148
FOURTH LOCATION THAT NEEDS TO BE

2215
02:13:23,148 --> 02:13:24,884
DELIVERED AND TRACKING ALL OF

2216
02:13:24,884 --> 02:13:27,586
THAT IS NOT AN EASY TASK AND

2217
02:13:27,586 --> 02:13:29,822
REQUIRES US TO HAVE VERY

2218
02:13:29,822 --> 02:13:33,325
EFFECTIVE DETECTABLE IMAGING

2219
02:13:33,325 --> 02:13:37,429
PROBES TO HAVE AND EXAMPLE HERE

2220
02:13:37,429 --> 02:13:42,101
IS THE TIP HOW MUCH IT HAS BEEN

2221
02:13:42,101 --> 02:13:46,105
PENETRATED COMPARED TO THE CELL

2222
02:13:46,105 --> 02:13:47,172
PENETRATING MOTIF AND THIS IS A

2223
02:13:47,172 --> 02:13:50,009
COMBINATION OF BOTH SO THE

2224
02:13:50,009 --> 02:13:53,012
PEPTIDE IS VERY GOOD AT

2225
02:13:53,012 --> 02:14:01,387
PENETRATING BUT THERE IS A

2226
02:14:01,387 --> 02:14:06,959
TREMENDOUS AMOUNT SO HOW MUCH OF

2227
02:14:06,959 --> 02:14:10,362
THIS GOING TO EACH OF THESE

2228
02:14:10,362 --> 02:14:12,565
STAYS THERE HOW MUCH IS UPTICK

2229
02:14:12,565 --> 02:14:20,639
AND THAT BRINGS US TO FIND TUNE

2230
02:14:20,639 --> 02:14:21,674
THE TOOLS TO HAVE BETTER

2231
02:14:21,674 --> 02:14:23,742
MOLECULAR PROBES BUT ONLY FOR

2232
02:14:23,742 --> 02:14:27,913
DIAGNOSTIC BUT POTENTIALLY AND

2233
02:14:27,913 --> 02:14:34,086
IS MORE TARGETED DELIVERY

2234
02:14:34,086 --> 02:14:34,720
MOLECULES AND THAT BEING SAID IT

2235
02:14:34,720 --> 02:14:35,254
BRINGS YOU BACK TO THE BIG

2236
02:14:35,254 --> 02:14:36,989
PICTURE OF HOW MULTIFUNCTIONAL

2237
02:14:36,989 --> 02:14:43,362
THE ENZYMES ARE SO INTERACTING

2238
02:14:43,362 --> 02:14:51,370
WITH A VARIETY OF SOLUBLE AND

2239
02:14:51,370 --> 02:14:53,906
THEN TO CONTROL THE CELLULAR

2240
02:14:53,906 --> 02:15:03,282
FUNCTION AND FOR US TO ENGINEER

2241
02:15:03,282 --> 02:15:06,118
A PROTEIN MODIFIED VERSION NOT

2242
02:15:06,118 --> 02:15:07,620
ONLY TO TRACK THEM USING REAL

2243
02:15:07,620 --> 02:15:12,491
TIME BUT ALSO TO CONTROL THE

2244
02:15:12,491 --> 02:15:17,630
ACTIVITY OF THE INHIBITORS TO

2245
02:15:17,630 --> 02:15:18,263
TURN INTO PROTEINS AND THERE ARE

2246
02:15:18,263 --> 02:15:24,770
PLENTY OF THEM EXPANDING AS WE

2247
02:15:24,770 --> 02:15:27,072
TALK HOWEVER A LOT OF THOSE

2248
02:15:27,072 --> 02:15:37,616
TOOLS AND JUST TO BE PREVIOUSLY

2249
02:15:41,720 --> 02:15:47,793
ENGINEERED TO BE ABLE TO TURN

2250
02:15:47,793 --> 02:15:48,761
OFF AND ON IN A REVERSIBLE

2251
02:15:48,761 --> 02:15:58,904
MANNER.

2252
02:16:05,511 --> 02:16:06,078
HAS BEEN USED FOR COLOCALIZATION

2253
02:16:06,078 --> 02:16:15,654
AND IN OUR CASE IT WAS THE

2254
02:16:15,654 --> 02:16:19,291
SYSTEM THAT CAN TURN ON AND OFF

2255
02:16:19,291 --> 02:16:20,459
THE EXPRESS AS WELL AS THE

2256
02:16:20,459 --> 02:16:26,298
FUSION AND TECHNICALLY TO USE IT

2257
02:16:26,298 --> 02:16:27,499
FOR CONTROLLING TRACTION OF THE

2258
02:16:27,499 --> 02:16:30,035
INHIBITORS LIKE THE REVERSIBLE

2259
02:16:30,035 --> 02:16:34,073
PHOTO CAGING THAT WE HAVE

2260
02:16:34,073 --> 02:16:41,113
OPTIMIZE THE SYSTEM WITH THE

2261
02:16:41,113 --> 02:16:41,714
USED DISPLAY PLATFORM THAT WE

2262
02:16:41,714 --> 02:16:44,083
HAVE AND WE CAN QUANTITATIVELY

2263
02:16:44,083 --> 02:16:52,191
MEASURE THE EXPRESSION ON THE

2264
02:16:52,191 --> 02:16:52,825
SURFACE AND YOU CAN SEE IN THIS

2265
02:16:52,825 --> 02:16:58,297
STATE IT IS PACKED AND CAGED

2266
02:16:58,297 --> 02:17:06,238
MOSTLY AND BY EXPOSURE IT IS IN

2267
02:17:06,238 --> 02:17:06,872
A STATE SO MORE ROOM TO BINDING

2268
02:17:06,872 --> 02:17:07,473
AND ATTRACTION BUT YOU NEED TO

2269
02:17:07,473 --> 02:17:08,841
KNOW THAT THIS SPECIFIC

2270
02:17:08,841 --> 02:17:12,845
INHIBITOR HAS A VERY IMPORTANT

2271
02:17:12,845 --> 02:17:13,378
REGION FOR ATTRACTING AND

2272
02:17:13,378 --> 02:17:17,149
INHIBITING TARGET ENZYMES SO TO

2273
02:17:17,149 --> 02:17:18,150
TRY TO FIND TUNE AND MODULATE

2274
02:17:18,150 --> 02:17:23,756
THIS TRUE MODEL AND THEN TO SEE

2275
02:17:23,756 --> 02:17:27,926
HOW IT WORKS WHEN YOU PUT IT AT

2276
02:17:27,926 --> 02:17:33,232
THE C TERMINUS AND THEN HAVE THE

2277
02:17:33,232 --> 02:17:39,805
REGION THROUGH MORE FREELY

2278
02:17:39,805 --> 02:17:40,439
WORKING AND IT BINDS NICELY AND

2279
02:17:40,439 --> 02:17:46,445
THEN THE TETRAMER IS FORMED AND

2280
02:17:46,445 --> 02:17:47,679
IT HAS A HARD TIME FITTING IN

2281
02:17:47,679 --> 02:17:51,550
AND BINDING AND WE SHOWED THAT

2282
02:17:51,550 --> 02:17:54,486
IN THE LAB WITH THE SCATTER PLOT

2283
02:17:54,486 --> 02:17:58,891
AS YOU CAN SEE WITH THE CONTROL

2284
02:17:58,891 --> 02:18:02,161
WE SEE THE NATURAL NON- FUSED

2285
02:18:02,161 --> 02:18:08,567
WHICH BINDS THE EXPRESSION WHILE

2286
02:18:08,567 --> 02:18:09,101
THE PROTEIN IS EXPRESSED A

2287
02:18:09,101 --> 02:18:15,274
LITTLE BIT LESS BUT THEN WE HAVE

2288
02:18:15,274 --> 02:18:20,012
IT IN A CAGE MANNER THAT IT IS

2289
02:18:20,012 --> 02:18:23,949
EVEN LESS BOUND OR IN THE

2290
02:18:23,949 --> 02:18:27,953
DISSOCIATED MANNER AND THEN

2291
02:18:27,953 --> 02:18:29,254
BASICALLY IT IS LOST WE HAVE

2292
02:18:29,254 --> 02:18:38,030
DONE THE SAME BASIC SYSTEM ON

2293
02:18:38,030 --> 02:18:38,664
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE PROTEIN OF

2294
02:18:38,664 --> 02:18:39,264
THE TERMINUS THAT YOU CAN SEE

2295
02:18:39,264 --> 02:18:40,632
ALREADY THE FUSION EFFECTS TO

2296
02:18:40,632 --> 02:18:48,841
SOME LEVEL AND THEN TO PREVENT

2297
02:18:48,841 --> 02:18:49,441
TO THE BINDING FROM HAPPENING

2298
02:18:49,441 --> 02:18:51,210
AND THE SAME STORY WE HAVE SHOWN

2299
02:18:51,210 --> 02:19:00,652
THAT THROUGH THE CYTOMETRY THAT

2300
02:19:00,652 --> 02:19:01,220
THIS HAS THE EFFECT THAT WE

2301
02:19:01,220 --> 02:19:01,753
EXPECTED LESS AND SAW LESS

2302
02:19:01,753 --> 02:19:02,321
BECAUSE THAT IS A TREMENDOUS

2303
02:19:02,321 --> 02:19:06,992
THIS TIME BUT WE HAVE SHOWN THIS

2304
02:19:06,992 --> 02:19:07,593
ON AND OFF AND HOW IT AFFECTS

2305
02:19:07,593 --> 02:19:08,160
THE BINDING TO THE TARGET SO

2306
02:19:08,160 --> 02:19:09,661
THEY ARE SIGNALING AT THE SAME

2307
02:19:09,661 --> 02:19:13,031
TIME BASICALLY SHOWING THIS TO

2308
02:19:13,031 --> 02:19:18,604
HAPPEN SO I WILL GO TO THE

2309
02:19:18,604 --> 02:19:19,204
CONCLUSION HOPING THAT I HAVE

2310
02:19:19,204 --> 02:19:23,742
CONVINCED YOU THAT THE MODULAR

2311
02:19:23,742 --> 02:19:26,144
SCAFFOLDS COMBINED WITH THE

2312
02:19:26,144 --> 02:19:31,316
FLUORESCENT CONVERTIBLE SYSTEMS

2313
02:19:31,316 --> 02:19:38,457
ARE A GREAT WAY TO NOT ONLY

2314
02:19:38,457 --> 02:19:39,091
TRACK OUR INTEREST BUT ALSO THE

2315
02:19:39,091 --> 02:19:39,725
FUNCTION AND ALSO LIKE TO THANK

2316
02:19:39,725 --> 02:19:40,359
MY RESEARCH GROUP AS WELL AS THE

2317
02:19:40,359 --> 02:19:47,633
FUNDING SOURCES AND HELPING US

2318
02:19:47,633 --> 02:19:50,335
TO SET UP THE MODELS.

2319
02:19:50,335 --> 02:19:59,511
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

2320
02:19:59,511 --> 02:20:00,078
>> THANK YOU AND RAPID
FIRE

2321
02:20:00,078 --> 02:20:01,480
PRESENTERS MAKE YOUR WAY TO THE

2322
02:20:01,480 --> 02:20:06,151
FRONT IS PAPER IS OPEN FOR

2323
02:20:06,151 --> 02:20:13,325
QUESTIONS.

2324
02:20:13,325 --> 02:20:13,892
SO I AND AM CURIOUS WITH THE

2325
02:20:13,892 --> 02:20:14,459
PHOTO SWITCHING YOU SHOW THE

2326
02:20:14,459 --> 02:20:20,565
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS THAT CAUSE

2327
02:20:20,565 --> 02:20:21,166
THE CONVERSION CHANGE DO THEY

2328
02:20:21,166 --> 02:20:21,767
STAY THAT WAY WHEN ONLY UNDER

2329
02:20:21,767 --> 02:20:23,101
THAT LIGHT OR IS IT EACH TIME

2330
02:20:23,101 --> 02:20:26,138
THE LIGHT HITS?

2331
02:20:26,138 --> 02:20:33,679
>> SINCE IT IS REVERSIBLE
IT'S

2332
02:20:33,679 --> 02:20:44,356
NOT LOCKED IN THAT SITUATION SO

2333
02:20:44,356 --> 02:20:44,923
VERY SOON IT WILL GO BACK TO THE

2334
02:20:44,923 --> 02:20:45,490
OTHER BUT NATIVELY IT'S MORE

2335
02:20:45,490 --> 02:20:46,892
PRONE TO BE IN THE TETRAMER

2336
02:20:46,892 --> 02:20:51,229
STATE.

2337
02:20:51,229 --> 02:20:51,830
>> I DON'T SEE ANY
ADDITIONAL

2338
02:20:51,830 --> 02:20:55,767
QUESTIONS I WILL MOVE ON.

2339
02:20:55,767 --> 02:20:56,168
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

2340
02:20:56,168 --> 02:21:00,772
[APPLAUSE]

2341
02:21:00,772 --> 02:21:11,316
WE ONLY HAVE SO MUCH TIME BUT WE

2342
02:21:12,384 --> 02:21:12,951
WANT TO FEATURE AS MANY SPEAKERS

2343
02:21:12,951 --> 02:21:13,251
AS WE COULD.

2344
02:21:13,251 --> 02:21:13,852
OF THE BREAKOUT SESSIONS AFTER

2345
02:21:13,852 --> 02:21:14,486
LUNCH BUT ALSO IF YOU RAPID FIRE

2346
02:21:14,486 --> 02:21:17,522
FROM POSTER PRESENTERS TO GIVE

2347
02:21:17,522 --> 02:21:18,090
YOU A TEASE OF WHAT THEY ARE

2348
02:21:18,090 --> 02:21:18,290
DOING.

2349
02:21:18,290 --> 02:21:28,767
THEY ONLY HAVE 5 MINUTES.

2350
02:21:28,767 --> 02:21:30,135
SO FOR OTHER PEOPLE DURING THE

2351
02:21:30,135 --> 02:21:34,773
RAPID FIRE YOU OF 1 MINUTE TO GO

2352
02:21:34,773 --> 02:21:35,340
AND MAKE SURE YOU ARE DONE I

2353
02:21:35,340 --> 02:21:45,751
WILL BE MORE AGGRESSIVE.

2354
02:21:52,424 --> 02:21:52,991
5 MINUTES EACH AND IN THE ORDER

2355
02:21:52,991 --> 02:21:53,558
YOUR LISTED IN THE PROGRAM.

2356
02:21:53,558 --> 02:21:53,725
GO.

2357
02:21:53,725 --> 02:22:04,236
>> ON BEHALF OF THE CENTER
FOR

2358
02:22:13,812 --> 02:22:14,379
ONCOLOGY AND OUR ENTIRE RESEARCH

2359
02:22:14,379 --> 02:22:15,013
TEAM I WOULD LIKE TO PRESENT OUR

2360
02:22:15,013 --> 02:22:15,580
TRANSLATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF

2361
02:22:15,580 --> 02:22:16,181
THERAPEUTICS AND IMAGE GUIDED

2362
02:22:16,181 --> 02:22:16,748
TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATMENT OF

2363
02:22:16,748 --> 02:22:16,982
CANCER.

2364
02:22:16,982 --> 02:22:17,582
MINIMALLY INVASIVE THERAPY IS

2365
02:22:17,582 --> 02:22:18,183
REPRESENTS A STRONG COMPONENT

2366
02:22:18,183 --> 02:22:18,717
AND THE PARADIGM SHIFT OF

2367
02:22:18,717 --> 02:22:19,718
MEDICINE AND ONCOLOGY AND THE

2368
02:22:19,718 --> 02:22:20,352
CENTER MISSION IS TO ESTABLISH A

2369
02:22:20,352 --> 02:22:20,952
COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR

2370
02:22:20,952 --> 02:22:21,486
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS TO

2371
02:22:21,486 --> 02:22:30,362
DEVELOP THESE TECHNOLOGIES

2372
02:22:30,362 --> 02:22:30,962
LOCALLY DOMINATE CANCERS FROM

2373
02:22:30,962 --> 02:22:31,463
CONCEPT TO PROTOTYPE TO

2374
02:22:31,463 --> 02:22:32,030
PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL THE

2375
02:22:32,030 --> 02:22:32,631
SCIENCE DETAILS INCLUDE DESIGN

2376
02:22:32,631 --> 02:22:43,175
ENGINEERING AND MODES OF ACTION.

2377
02:22:44,743 --> 02:22:45,077
HOW DO WE DO THIS?

2378
02:22:45,077 --> 02:22:45,610
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

2379
02:22:45,610 --> 02:22:46,244
THROUGH SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS

2380
02:22:46,244 --> 02:22:46,878
STUDIES INCLUDING PRE- CLINICAL

2381
02:22:46,878 --> 02:22:47,512
PROOF OF CONCEPT AND FEASIBILITY

2382
02:22:47,512 --> 02:22:48,113
TRIALS TRANSLATION TO CLINICAL

2383
02:22:48,113 --> 02:22:50,148
TRIALS GUIDED BY CLINICAL

2384
02:22:50,148 --> 02:22:54,920
EXPERIENCE TO BEDSIDE MODEL.

2385
02:22:54,920 --> 02:22:55,554
THE FACILITIES ARE DEDICATED TO

2386
02:22:55,554 --> 02:22:56,154
CLINICAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

2387
02:22:56,154 --> 02:22:56,755
AND RELY ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY

2388
02:22:56,755 --> 02:23:07,265
TEAMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

2389
02:23:07,532 --> 02:23:08,033
AND IN COLLABORATION ACROSS

2390
02:23:08,033 --> 02:23:08,667
MULTIPLE INSTITUTES AND CENTERS

2391
02:23:08,667 --> 02:23:09,167
INCLUDING DIAGNOSTIC AND

2392
02:23:09,167 --> 02:23:09,434
RADIOLOGY.

2393
02:23:09,434 --> 02:23:09,935
THE PRIMARY GOAL OF THE

2394
02:23:09,935 --> 02:23:10,535
PRECLINICAL WORK IS TO LAY THE

2395
02:23:10,535 --> 02:23:11,136
FOUNDATION FOR TRANSLATION IN

2396
02:23:11,136 --> 02:23:11,770
CLINICAL TRIALS TO CLOSE THE GAP

2397
02:23:11,770 --> 02:23:12,838
BETWEEN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY

2398
02:23:12,838 --> 02:23:17,642
THE PRECLINICAL PROGRAM WITH

2399
02:23:17,642 --> 02:23:19,244
ANIMAL TRANSLATION IS FAIRLY

2400
02:23:19,244 --> 02:23:21,780
BROAD INCLUDING AUGMENTED

2401
02:23:21,780 --> 02:23:24,950
REALITY ADMISSION BLOG DASH

2402
02:23:24,950 --> 02:23:27,185
AUGMENTATION RULES AND IMAGE

2403
02:23:27,185 --> 02:23:31,523
GUIDANCE REGISTRATION AND

2404
02:23:31,523 --> 02:23:37,562
SEGMENTATION AND AI.

2405
02:23:37,562 --> 02:23:38,163
FOR EXAMPLE MODELING ABLATION

2406
02:23:38,163 --> 02:23:38,497
AND MODALITY.

2407
02:23:38,497 --> 02:23:42,267
ON THE RIGHT ABLATION SHOWING

2408
02:23:42,267 --> 02:23:42,834
EUROS SEGMENTATION AND READ

2409
02:23:42,834 --> 02:23:43,802
DISTINCT HE SEPARATED FROM OTHER

2410
02:23:43,802 --> 02:23:46,972
STRUCTURES 1 MIGHT BE CONCERNED

2411
02:23:46,972 --> 02:23:49,274
ABOUT SUCH AS BLOOD VESSELS.

2412
02:23:49,274 --> 02:23:54,112
MODELING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2413
02:23:54,112 --> 02:23:56,681
PENETRATION UPON HEATING ON THE

2414
02:23:56,681 --> 02:23:59,184
LEFT WE CAN SEE ABLATION AND

2415
02:23:59,184 --> 02:23:59,885
MODELING DRUG PENETRATION IN

2416
02:23:59,885 --> 02:24:03,955
THIS CASE THE PENETRATION INTO

2417
02:24:03,955 --> 02:24:06,024
LIVER AND ON THE RIGHT THE DEPTH

2418
02:24:06,024 --> 02:24:13,465
OF A BLADDER MODEL COINCIDES

2419
02:24:13,465 --> 02:24:14,099
WITH HEAT AND WE CAN ALSO EXTEND

2420
02:24:14,099 --> 02:24:14,866
THIS AND THE COMBINATION DRUG

2421
02:24:14,866 --> 02:24:17,836
THERAPY COMBINED SYSTEMIC WITH

2422
02:24:17,836 --> 02:24:22,107
THE BLADDER WITH HOT WATER

2423
02:24:22,107 --> 02:24:22,707
BLADDER IRRIGATION AND THIS IS

2424
02:24:22,707 --> 02:24:26,745
TRANSLATING INTO CLINIC.

2425
02:24:26,745 --> 02:24:31,950
AND DRUG MODELING ALSO SPATIAL

2426
02:24:31,950 --> 02:24:32,384
DRUG PENETRATION AND

2427
02:24:32,384 --> 02:24:32,851
DISTRIBUTION MODELING.

2428
02:24:32,851 --> 02:24:43,295
YOU CAN SEE WHERE THE DRUG

2429
02:24:43,562 --> 02:24:44,095
PENETRATION IS PROLIFERATING.

2430
02:24:44,095 --> 02:24:44,729
THEN TRANSLATIONAL INVESTIGATION

2431
02:24:44,729 --> 02:24:46,131
IS CONDUCTED IN MODELS OF

2432
02:24:46,131 --> 02:24:48,133
DISEASE WE HAVE REPORTED IN THE

2433
02:24:48,133 --> 02:24:58,143
TUMOR MODEL AND IN THE CARCINOMA

2434
02:24:58,143 --> 02:25:08,553
MODEL MANY STUDIES HAVE

2435
02:25:15,393 --> 02:25:15,961
TRANSLATED FROM CONCEPT DIRECTLY

2436
02:25:15,961 --> 02:25:16,561
INTO FIRST IN HUMAN WITH MANY

2437
02:25:16,561 --> 02:25:17,195
EXAMPLES BUT I WANT TO EMPHASIZE

2438
02:25:17,195 --> 02:25:17,796
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM SCIENCE

2439
02:25:17,796 --> 02:25:18,430
IS REQUIRED FOR THIS WORK AND I

2440
02:25:18,430 --> 02:25:19,064
WILL FOCUS ON A FEW OF THEM THAT

2441
02:25:19,064 --> 02:25:19,598
HAVE PIONEERED SOME OF THE

2442
02:25:19,598 --> 02:25:20,232
PRACTICE FROM CONCEPT TO ANIMAL

2443
02:25:20,232 --> 02:25:20,832
TO PATIENT THE PAINTBRUSH WITH

2444
02:25:20,832 --> 02:25:22,767
THERAPEUTICS IN THIS CASE THE

2445
02:25:22,767 --> 02:25:26,004
MICROBEADS FOR TREATMENT OF

2446
02:25:26,004 --> 02:25:28,139
LIVER TUMORS AND SMALL BEADS

2447
02:25:28,139 --> 02:25:34,980
AGAIN FOR TREATMENT OF ACC HE

2448
02:25:34,980 --> 02:25:35,880
DEPLOYED LOCAL DRUG THERAPY IS

2449
02:25:35,880 --> 02:25:38,583
THE LIPOSOMAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH

2450
02:25:38,583 --> 02:25:42,120
RADIO PRODUCING ABLATION.

2451
02:25:42,120 --> 02:25:46,124
FUSION GUIDED INTERVENTIONS

2452
02:25:46,124 --> 02:25:47,626
ABLATION MEDICAL GPS THE UPPER

2453
02:25:47,626 --> 02:25:54,399
RIGHT GPS ENABLED DEVICES AND ON

2454
02:25:54,399 --> 02:25:55,467
THE RIGHT ULTRASOUND FUSION

2455
02:25:55,467 --> 02:26:01,239
ENABLED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND

2456
02:26:01,239 --> 02:26:01,773
MULTI- MODALITY BIOPSY THE

2457
02:26:01,773 --> 02:26:05,577
COMBINATION OF PET MRI AND CT

2458
02:26:05,577 --> 02:26:06,945
WITH ULTRASOUND FUSION

2459
02:26:06,945 --> 02:26:09,014
INTERVENTION AND LASTLY I WOULD

2460
02:26:09,014 --> 02:26:16,354
LIKE TO SPEAK TO THE BIOPSY

2461
02:26:16,354 --> 02:26:16,788
WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF

2462
02:26:16,788 --> 02:26:17,422
COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVE SCIENCE

2463
02:26:17,422 --> 02:26:18,723
PIONEERED THAT HAS PRACTICES AND

2464
02:26:18,723 --> 02:26:22,160
A COMBINATION OF MRI PLUS

2465
02:26:22,160 --> 02:26:32,604
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND NEW

2466
02:26:33,738 --> 02:26:34,239
ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

2467
02:26:34,239 --> 02:26:34,739
ARTICLE, FUSION DETECTED

2468
02:26:34,739 --> 02:26:35,206
46 PERCENT MORE HIGHLY

2469
02:26:35,206 --> 02:26:35,807
AGGRESSIVE PROSTATE CANCER IN

2470
02:26:35,807 --> 02:26:36,074
THE STUDY.

2471
02:26:36,074 --> 02:26:36,675
THIS IS A WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF

2472
02:26:36,675 --> 02:26:37,242
TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE FROM

2473
02:26:37,242 --> 02:26:40,945
CONCEPT TO BENCH TO PUBLICATION

2474
02:26:40,945 --> 02:26:43,281
IN THE COMMUNITY STANDARD OF

2475
02:26:43,281 --> 02:26:44,749
CARE PERK I WILL STOP THERE.

2476
02:26:44,749 --> 02:26:45,884
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

2477
02:26:45,884 --> 02:26:56,194
[APPLAUSE]

2478
02:26:56,194 --> 02:26:56,728
>> ALL THAT WORK IS
HAPPENING

2479
02:26:56,728 --> 02:26:58,129
HERE AT NIH AND WE WENT TO MAKE

2480
02:26:58,129 --> 02:27:01,533
THIS CLEAR WE CAN COLLABORATE

2481
02:27:01,533 --> 02:27:02,133
WITH YOU ON THE OUTSIDE WORLDS

2482
02:27:02,133 --> 02:27:04,402
OF YOU ARE INTERESTED TALK.

2483
02:27:04,402 --> 02:27:14,546
PLEASE.

2484
02:27:15,146 --> 02:27:15,714
>> HELLO I'M ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR

2485
02:27:15,714 --> 02:27:16,247
OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL

2486
02:27:16,247 --> 02:27:16,948
ENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

2487
02:27:16,948 --> 02:27:17,182
BUFFALO.

2488
02:27:17,182 --> 02:27:19,017
FLAGSHIP FOR THE STATE OF NEW

2489
02:27:19,017 --> 02:27:21,486
YORK SYSTEM.

2490
02:27:21,486 --> 02:27:26,725
MY LAB IS CALLED SYSTEMS

2491
02:27:26,725 --> 02:27:27,325
BIOMETRICS WE LOOK AT MODELING

2492
02:27:27,325 --> 02:27:34,099
TISSUE REMODELING IN TREATMENTS

2493
02:27:34,099 --> 02:27:34,733
ALL CAN BE ORGANIZED BY THINKING

2494
02:27:34,733 --> 02:27:35,400
ABOUT THE BALANCE BETWEEN TISSUE

2495
02:27:35,400 --> 02:27:43,174
REMODELING AND TISSUE FORMATION

2496
02:27:43,174 --> 02:27:43,742
AND DEGRADATION WHERE IT IS

2497
02:27:43,742 --> 02:27:44,376
REPLENISHED AND REPLACED BUT IN

2498
02:27:44,376 --> 02:27:49,981
SOME DISEASES WE CAN HAVE TOO

2499
02:27:49,981 --> 02:27:50,582
MUCH TISSUE DEGRADATION OR TOO

2500
02:27:50,582 --> 02:27:51,116
MUCH FORMATION AND WE ARE

2501
02:27:51,116 --> 02:27:51,750
INTERESTED IN BALANCING THAT FOR

2502
02:27:51,750 --> 02:27:56,988
HOMEOSTASIS AND IN THE DRUG

2503
02:27:56,988 --> 02:27:57,522
MOLECULES TO HELP TIP THE

2504
02:27:57,522 --> 02:27:59,324
BALANCE FROM THE DISEASE

2505
02:27:59,324 --> 02:28:03,828
PHENOTYPE WE ARE INTERESTED IN

2506
02:28:03,828 --> 02:28:04,462
NEW TROLL CIRCLES WITH PROBIOTIC

2507
02:28:04,462 --> 02:28:14,472
FOOD SOURCES TO PLAY A ROLE THE

2508
02:28:14,472 --> 02:28:15,106
CYTOKINES FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2509
02:28:15,106 --> 02:28:15,740
AND OTHER TOXINS SO THAT IS HOW

2510
02:28:15,740 --> 02:28:16,341
WE THINK ABOUT PROJECTS IN OUR

2511
02:28:16,341 --> 02:28:17,008
LAB AND THIS IS THE CURRENT TEAM

2512
02:28:17,008 --> 02:28:19,210
WE HAVE NIH SUPPORT ACROSS

2513
02:28:19,210 --> 02:28:26,551
VARIOUS INSTITUTES SO WHEN WE

2514
02:28:26,551 --> 02:28:27,619
THINK OF MULTISCALE MODELING WE

2515
02:28:27,619 --> 02:28:28,219
ARE PRIMARILY THINKING HOW THE

2516
02:28:28,219 --> 02:28:38,763
MOLECULAR NETWORKS INTERACT AND

2517
02:28:42,066 --> 02:28:42,567
COMMUNICATE TO THE CELLULAR

2518
02:28:42,567 --> 02:28:43,101
NETWORKS AND THEY SECRETE

2519
02:28:43,101 --> 02:28:43,735
VARIOUS FACTORS AND MOVE THROUGH

2520
02:28:43,735 --> 02:28:44,369
THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENTS TO

2521
02:28:44,369 --> 02:28:44,869
GIVE RISE TO ORGAN LEVEL

2522
02:28:44,869 --> 02:28:45,503
FUNCTION OR DYSFUNCTION AND ALSO

2523
02:28:45,503 --> 02:28:47,105
SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS SO WE FOCUS

2524
02:28:47,105 --> 02:28:47,972
ON THE CELLULAR NETWORK AND THE

2525
02:28:47,972 --> 02:28:53,778
OREGON SCALE BUT DOUBLE IN THE

2526
02:28:53,778 --> 02:28:54,412
WHOLE BODY SCALE WE BUILD MODELS

2527
02:28:54,412 --> 02:29:03,755
FOR 2 TYPES OF PROBLEMS THE

2528
02:29:03,755 --> 02:29:04,355
FIRST IS KINETICS THINKING OF

2529
02:29:04,355 --> 02:29:04,923
THE RATES THAT BIOMOLECULES

2530
02:29:04,923 --> 02:29:06,324
CELLS OR ORGANISMS CAN REACT OR

2531
02:29:06,324 --> 02:29:07,992
INTERACT OR CHANGE STATE FROM

2532
02:29:07,992 --> 02:29:11,529
PASSIVE TO ACTIVE DIFFERENT

2533
02:29:11,529 --> 02:29:22,040
PHENOTYPES 1 IS A BLOCKER THAT

2534
02:29:23,608 --> 02:29:24,075
WE LOOKED AT ACE INHIBITOR

2535
02:29:24,075 --> 02:29:24,576
MEDICATIONS CANCER CELL

2536
02:29:24,576 --> 02:29:25,977
MIGRATION AND THE WORK ON THE

2537
02:29:25,977 --> 02:29:29,948
RIGHT IS FOR BEES AND RESPONSES

2538
02:29:29,948 --> 02:29:34,118
TO PESTICIDE HOW WE COULD MODEL

2539
02:29:34,118 --> 02:29:40,191
CANCERS AND DO CONSIDER MASS

2540
02:29:40,191 --> 02:29:46,397
TRANSPORT.

2541
02:29:46,397 --> 02:29:56,941
WITH THE DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES.

2542
02:29:57,275 --> 02:30:02,146
AND HOW THAT IS PENETRATING WERE

2543
02:30:02,146 --> 02:30:02,413
MIGRATING.

2544
02:30:02,413 --> 02:30:10,488
WITH CANCER METASTASIS AND ME

2545
02:30:10,488 --> 02:30:11,122
HAVE QUITE A LOT OF WORK RELATED

2546
02:30:11,122 --> 02:30:11,689
TO KIDNEY TRANSPORT WITH THE

2547
02:30:11,689 --> 02:30:15,493
FILTRATION BARRIERS.

2548
02:30:15,493 --> 02:30:16,160
SO WE USE A WIDE RANGE OF

2549
02:30:16,160 --> 02:30:19,831
METHODS ALL COMPUTATIONAL THAT

2550
02:30:19,831 --> 02:30:27,472
IS A MAJOR WHEELHOUSE.

2551
02:30:27,472 --> 02:30:28,106
FOR MOSTLY OUTREACH PURPOSES AND

2552
02:30:28,106 --> 02:30:30,108
ELEMENT MODELING AND OPEN SOURCE

2553
02:30:30,108 --> 02:30:38,149
TOOLS THAT PEOPLE HAVE DEVELOPED

2554
02:30:38,149 --> 02:30:39,284
AND A LOT OF DIFFERENT TOOLS AND

2555
02:30:39,284 --> 02:30:39,884
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS I APPRECIATED

2556
02:30:39,884 --> 02:30:44,022
THE EARLIER TALK TALK ABOUT

2557
02:30:44,022 --> 02:30:44,622
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS WITH

2558
02:30:44,622 --> 02:30:52,230
AGENT -BASED MODELING AS WELL.

2559
02:30:52,230 --> 02:30:52,864
THE POSTER IS ORGANIZED BY THE

2560
02:30:52,864 --> 02:30:53,831
DIFFERENT METHODS TO TACKLE

2561
02:30:53,831 --> 02:31:00,004
DIFFERENT PROBLEMS ACROSS 5

2562
02:31:00,004 --> 02:31:00,605
ORGAN SYSTEMS AS THE KIDNEY IS

2563
02:31:00,605 --> 02:31:01,272
THE LONGEST STANDING PROJECT IN

2564
02:31:01,272 --> 02:31:05,777
THE LAB WE HAVE THINGS LOOKING

2565
02:31:05,777 --> 02:31:07,979
AT ORDINARY THE DIFFERENTIAL FOR

2566
02:31:07,979 --> 02:31:10,415
CELL SIGNALING KIDNEY CELLS AND

2567
02:31:10,415 --> 02:31:12,717
IMMUNE CELLS AND RELATED TO THE

2568
02:31:12,717 --> 02:31:13,318
TRANSPORT DIFFERENT LAYERS OF

2569
02:31:13,318 --> 02:31:18,756
THE KIDNEY AND WE HAVE THE

2570
02:31:18,756 --> 02:31:22,427
SUPPORTED WORK ON I DRUG

2571
02:31:22,427 --> 02:31:23,027
DELIVERY AND THE TRANSPORT TO

2572
02:31:23,027 --> 02:31:26,831
THE DIFFERENT LAYERS OF

2573
02:31:26,831 --> 02:31:27,832
BIOMATERIALS AND THE MOVEMENT OF

2574
02:31:27,832 --> 02:31:32,103
THOSE DRUGS AND WORKING ON

2575
02:31:32,103 --> 02:31:34,405
CANCER SO METASTASIS AND

2576
02:31:34,405 --> 02:31:37,609
MIGRATION AS WELL AS AGENT

2577
02:31:37,609 --> 02:31:42,914
-BASED APPROACHES FOR FIBROSIS

2578
02:31:42,914 --> 02:31:45,483
ALSO IT CONNECTS THEM TO THAT

2579
02:31:45,483 --> 02:31:53,024
TOPIC SO THE POSTER IS REALLY A

2580
02:31:53,024 --> 02:31:53,625
MENU OF THINGS IN OUR LAB AS A

2581
02:31:53,625 --> 02:31:54,192
SHOWCASE I JUST WANT TO CHAT

2582
02:31:54,192 --> 02:31:55,393
PEOPLE ABOUT THE DIFFERENT

2583
02:31:55,393 --> 02:31:58,162
PROJECTS HOPEFULLY THAT IS

2584
02:31:58,162 --> 02:31:58,763
INTERESTING TO YOU AND ME HAVE

2585
02:31:58,763 --> 02:31:59,263
GOOD DISCUSSIONS LATER.

2586
02:31:59,263 --> 02:32:02,166
THANK YOU.

2587
02:32:02,166 --> 02:32:06,304
[APPLAUSE]

2588
02:32:06,304 --> 02:32:06,971
>> WE WILL FIND AN OREGON
SYSTEM

2589
02:32:06,971 --> 02:32:07,405
YOU'RE NOT MODELING.

2590
02:32:07,405 --> 02:32:07,672
[LAUGHTER]

2591
02:32:07,672 --> 02:32:17,749
UP NEXT HOUR SPEAKER.

2592
02:32:17,749 --> 02:32:18,016
>> HELLO.

2593
02:32:18,016 --> 02:32:18,616
AND TODAY I A.M. TALKING ABOUT

2594
02:32:18,616 --> 02:32:24,856
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE QUEUE

2595
02:32:24,856 --> 02:32:27,258
IN THE COVID 19 USING PULMONARY

2596
02:32:27,258 --> 02:32:27,892
ARTERY.

2597
02:32:27,892 --> 02:32:38,403
EARLY IN THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC

2598
02:32:41,272 --> 02:32:41,839
WAS THE PATIENT'S DYING OF ACUTE

2599
02:32:41,839 --> 02:32:42,340
ILLNESS SUBSEQUENTLY THE

2600
02:32:42,340 --> 02:32:42,940
INCREASED RESEARCH STROKE THE

2601
02:32:42,940 --> 02:32:43,574
CAR DISEASE WAS DOCUMENTED AFTER

2602
02:32:43,574 --> 02:32:44,442
RECOVERY FROM EQ COVID 19 TO 1

2603
02:32:44,442 --> 02:32:45,476
YEAR AS SEEN IN THE STUDY OF

2604
02:32:45,476 --> 02:32:55,653
VETERANS.

2605
02:32:59,490 --> 02:33:00,024
SO ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS

2606
02:33:00,024 --> 02:33:00,525
FOR MANY CARDIOVASCULAR

2607
02:33:00,525 --> 02:33:01,025
COMPLICATIONS AND IT IS

2608
02:33:01,025 --> 02:33:01,659
HYPOTHESIZED AS A SUBSET OF THE

2609
02:33:01,659 --> 02:33:04,495
DYSFUNCTION.

2610
02:33:04,495 --> 02:33:05,129
FIRST WHAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF

2611
02:33:05,129 --> 02:33:10,535
REDUCED METRIC OXIDE IS OTHER

2612
02:33:10,535 --> 02:33:11,436
STRESSORS THAT TRIGGERS SOUL

2613
02:33:11,436 --> 02:33:16,107
CYCLE ARREST WITH THE PHENOTYPE

2614
02:33:16,107 --> 02:33:22,113
AND IT IS NOT DEAD BUT ACTIVELY

2615
02:33:22,113 --> 02:33:23,414
RELEASING THE FACTORS AND

2616
02:33:23,414 --> 02:33:24,215
SIMILARLY DRUGS HAVE BEEN USED

2617
02:33:24,215 --> 02:33:27,285
TO INDUCE THIS SYSTEM IN THE

2618
02:33:27,285 --> 02:33:31,823
CELLS AND REDUCES MORTALITY DUE

2619
02:33:31,823 --> 02:33:32,156
TO INFECTION.

2620
02:33:32,156 --> 02:33:36,728
IN THE PRELIMINARY WORK WE FOUND

2621
02:33:36,728 --> 02:33:42,567
IN A DEUCES SO THAT FIRST WE SAW

2622
02:33:42,567 --> 02:33:47,772
THAT IF IT IS INTERNALIZED IS

2623
02:33:47,772 --> 02:33:48,372
SEEN IN THE IMAGE AS SHOWN IN

2624
02:33:48,372 --> 02:33:54,312
RED THE SPIKE PROTEIN WAS

2625
02:33:54,312 --> 02:33:54,846
INTERNALIZED BY THE CELLS.

2626
02:33:54,846 --> 02:33:55,513
NEXT WE COULD SHOW THAT IT DOES

2627
02:33:55,513 --> 02:33:58,649
DEPENDENTLY INDUCE OF PULMONARY

2628
02:33:58,649 --> 02:34:02,987
ARTERIAL CELLS AS WELL.

2629
02:34:02,987 --> 02:34:03,521
SO NEXT WE SEE HOW WE CAN

2630
02:34:03,521 --> 02:34:07,592
COUNTERACT THE EFFECT WE TESTED

2631
02:34:07,592 --> 02:34:10,962
AGENTS WHICH IS A

2632
02:34:10,962 --> 02:34:11,529
WELL-CHARACTERIZED AGENT TO

2633
02:34:11,529 --> 02:34:19,771
PREVENT OR REVERSE THE CELLS AND

2634
02:34:19,771 --> 02:34:20,338
THIS HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE

2635
02:34:20,338 --> 02:34:22,373
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF COVID 19

2636
02:34:22,373 --> 02:34:26,144
TRIALS BY THE LAB A COLLABORATOR

2637
02:34:26,144 --> 02:34:27,245
IN THE CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

2638
02:34:27,245 --> 02:34:29,781
DEPARTMENT SO WHEN WE FIRST GOT

2639
02:34:29,781 --> 02:34:38,422
TO SEE IF THERE WAS ANY EFFECTS

2640
02:34:38,422 --> 02:34:39,524
AND THEN WHEN WE COMPARED THE

2641
02:34:39,524 --> 02:34:45,563
SPIKE INDUCED CELLS TO THE

2642
02:34:45,563 --> 02:34:46,164
CONTROL WE SAW AN INCREASE OF

2643
02:34:46,164 --> 02:34:50,468
ACTIVITY WHICH IS USED TO TEST

2644
02:34:50,468 --> 02:34:51,102
AND THEN WHEN WE COMPARED IT TO

2645
02:34:51,102 --> 02:34:54,972
CELLS INTRODUCED WHEN WE SAW A

2646
02:34:54,972 --> 02:34:59,210
DECREASE IN THE CELLS AS WELL SO

2647
02:34:59,210 --> 02:35:04,215
THEN WE TESTED THIS AGAINST

2648
02:35:04,215 --> 02:35:05,383
RESISTANCE AND WE SAW THAT THERE

2649
02:35:05,383 --> 02:35:12,023
WAS A DECREASE OF S-1 WHEN THE

2650
02:35:12,023 --> 02:35:12,623
CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO THE S-1

2651
02:35:12,623 --> 02:35:14,425
AND PROTEIN AND WE SAW AN

2652
02:35:14,425 --> 02:35:16,928
INCREASE SUGGESTING THEY COULD

2653
02:35:16,928 --> 02:35:21,365
BE USED TO REDUCE RESISTANCE SO

2654
02:35:21,365 --> 02:35:26,103
NEXT WE START TO UNDERSTAND HOW

2655
02:35:26,103 --> 02:35:26,737
IT AFFECTS THE OTHER CELL LAYERS

2656
02:35:26,737 --> 02:35:32,276
IN THE ARTERY SO WE ARE WORKING

2657
02:35:32,276 --> 02:35:32,877
WITH A GROUP AT THE UNIVERSITY

2658
02:35:32,877 --> 02:35:40,818
OF UTAH TO CREATE A DEVICE THAT

2659
02:35:40,818 --> 02:35:41,452
ACCURATELY MODELS THE ARTERY AND

2660
02:35:41,452 --> 02:35:43,354
THEY ARE ABLE TO SHOW 3 DISTINCT

2661
02:35:43,354 --> 02:35:53,631
LAYERS SO IN THIS MODEL WE HAVE

2662
02:35:53,631 --> 02:35:54,232
THE MODELS IN 3-D CELL CULTURE

2663
02:35:54,232 --> 02:35:54,799
APPROXIMATELY BETWEEN 2 AND

2664
02:35:54,799 --> 02:35:55,433
10 MILLION CELLS PER MILLILITER

2665
02:35:55,433 --> 02:36:00,438
AND THEY CAN SHOW THROUGH

2666
02:36:00,438 --> 02:36:01,038
STAINING 3 DISTINCT LAYERS AND

2667
02:36:01,038 --> 02:36:01,973
IN OUR LAB WE CAN SHOW THE

2668
02:36:01,973 --> 02:36:03,708
INTERFACES BETWEEN THE LAYERS

2669
02:36:03,708 --> 02:36:07,144
WHERE THE CELLS ARE INTERACTING.

2670
02:36:07,144 --> 02:36:11,616
WE ARE CURRENTLY FABRICATING

2671
02:36:11,616 --> 02:36:13,651
THESE TIPS AND IN THE SECOND

2672
02:36:13,651 --> 02:36:20,324
IMAGE THERE IS NO CELLS BUT THAT

2673
02:36:20,324 --> 02:36:20,892
IS WHERE THEY WILL GO IN THE

2674
02:36:20,892 --> 02:36:21,492
RECENT FINDINGS HAVE SHOWN WE

2675
02:36:21,492 --> 02:36:24,495
ARE ABLE TO LOAD THE CELLS.

2676
02:36:24,495 --> 02:36:31,869
IN SUMMARY SARS-COVID 2 IT IS

2677
02:36:31,869 --> 02:36:42,380
INFLAMMATORY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR

2678
02:36:42,380 --> 02:36:42,914
CONSEQUENCES SO IT MAY BE

2679
02:36:42,914 --> 02:36:43,547
BENEFICIAL OF SEVERE COVID 19 TO

2680
02:36:43,547 --> 02:36:44,181
PREVENT LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS

2681
02:36:44,181 --> 02:36:46,951
AND WE HOPE TO LOOK AT CELL TO

2682
02:36:46,951 --> 02:36:53,925
CELL INTERACTIONS.

2683
02:36:53,925 --> 02:36:54,525
THANK YOU FOR EVERYONE THAT'S

2684
02:36:54,525 --> 02:36:55,159
HELP ME ON THE PROJECT AND THANK

2685
02:36:55,159 --> 02:36:55,593
YOU FOR LISTENING.

2686
02:36:55,593 --> 02:37:01,299
[APPLAUSE]

2687
02:37:01,299 --> 02:37:04,235
>> UP NEXT WE HAVE
UNIVERSITY OF

2688
02:37:04,235 --> 02:37:13,044
NEVADA LAS VEGAS.

2689
02:37:13,044 --> 02:37:17,848
>> RIGHT NOW IT IS ABOUT

2690
02:37:17,848 --> 02:37:20,217
12:00 O'CLOCK SO I THINK IT IS A

2691
02:37:20,217 --> 02:37:24,221
LONG TIME SO QUICKLY I WILL

2692
02:37:24,221 --> 02:37:28,726
COMPLETE MY TALK.

2693
02:37:28,726 --> 02:37:32,897
PIONEERING THE HUMAN

2694
02:37:32,897 --> 02:37:33,230
REPRODUCTION.

2695
02:37:33,230 --> 02:37:35,733
SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE

2696
02:37:35,733 --> 02:37:38,736
PRODUCTION FOR THE

2697
02:37:38,736 --> 02:37:40,938
INTERSTELLAR'S A TRAVEL WE ARE

2698
02:37:40,938 --> 02:37:41,439
NOT JUST ADDRESSING THE

2699
02:37:41,439 --> 02:37:51,816
TECHNICAL PROBLEM BUT.

2700
02:38:03,861 --> 02:38:04,362
>> AND WITH THOSE MARKS
THE

2701
02:38:04,362 --> 02:38:04,996
ISSUE OF THE HUMAN REPRODUCTION

2702
02:38:04,996 --> 02:38:09,100
IN SPACE HAS SHIFTED FROM THE

2703
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:14,672
AREA OF CONCERN FROM ESSENTIAL

2704
02:38:14,672 --> 02:38:20,344
PRIORITIES.

2705
02:38:20,344 --> 02:38:27,184
SO ON JULY 201969 TO TAKE UP

2706
02:38:27,184 --> 02:38:30,087
YONDER SO TODAY OUR CHALLENGE IS

2707
02:38:30,087 --> 02:38:35,926
NOT JUST TO ENSURE THAT LIFE

2708
02:38:35,926 --> 02:38:46,404
ITSELF CAN SIMPLY REPRODUCE.

2709
02:38:46,704 --> 02:38:52,009
SO AS WE PLAN FOR INTERSTELLAR

2710
02:38:52,009 --> 02:39:00,551
TRAVEL TO UNDERSTAND IT IS ABOUT

2711
02:39:00,551 --> 02:39:05,356
240,000 MILES AWAY.

2712
02:39:05,356 --> 02:39:08,926
BUT MARS THE NEXT TARGET IS

2713
02:39:08,926 --> 02:39:13,164
ABOUT 140 MILLION MILES FROM THE

2714
02:39:13,164 --> 02:39:15,733
EARTH.

2715
02:39:15,733 --> 02:39:20,538
THIS DISTANCE IS BIOLOGICAL AND

2716
02:39:20,538 --> 02:39:28,846
MEDICAL CHALLENGE BUT THE HUMAN

2717
02:39:28,846 --> 02:39:29,447
PROGRAM FOCUSES ON THE MEDICAL

2718
02:39:29,447 --> 02:39:35,019
OFFENSE OVER THE LONG-TERM AND

2719
02:39:35,019 --> 02:39:38,522
WHAT WAS NEEDED FOR THEM BUT

2720
02:39:38,522 --> 02:39:41,425
HOWEVER AND GOING INTO COMBAT

2721
02:39:41,425 --> 02:39:48,666
WITH THE HUMAN PRODUCTION SO

2722
02:39:48,666 --> 02:39:52,803
HARVARD RESEARCH TO FILL THE

2723
02:39:52,803 --> 02:39:53,437
GAPS WITH A NEW METHOD TO ENSURE

2724
02:39:53,437 --> 02:40:01,612
THE HUMAN LIFE AND THEN TO

2725
02:40:01,612 --> 02:40:12,156
UTILIZE THE ASTRONOMICAL SO WHAT

2726
02:40:16,060 --> 02:40:16,594
IS ACOUSTIC LEVITATION AND HOW

2727
02:40:16,594 --> 02:40:21,065
IT WORKS AND DIFFERS AND THEN

2728
02:40:21,065 --> 02:40:26,270
FOR WHAT IT CAN BE USED FOR AND

2729
02:40:26,270 --> 02:40:28,139
THEN IT SHOWS FOR WHAT WE HAVE

2730
02:40:28,139 --> 02:40:33,210
DONE.

2731
02:40:33,210 --> 02:40:33,711
ACOUSTIC LEVITATION IS A

2732
02:40:33,711 --> 02:40:41,886
TECHNIQUE THAT USES SOUND WAVES

2733
02:40:41,886 --> 02:40:50,728
AND ASTRONAUT AND PROFESSOR

2734
02:40:50,728 --> 02:40:51,795
CONDUCTED THE FIRST CONCEPT

2735
02:40:51,795 --> 02:41:02,339
DURING THE IT IS 51 BE SO HOW IT

2736
02:41:09,880 --> 02:41:10,014
WORKS.

2737
02:41:10,014 --> 02:41:14,118
YOU CAN SEE IT IS

2738
02:41:14,118 --> 02:41:20,424
FIRST-GENERATION SO FOR OUR

2739
02:41:20,424 --> 02:41:30,968
SOLUTION IN THE SUBJECTS OF MID

2740
02:41:34,171 --> 02:41:39,243
AIR.

2741
02:41:39,243 --> 02:41:47,518
SO IT CAN BE FOR THE PRIMATE FOR

2742
02:41:47,518 --> 02:41:54,058
THE ANTIGRAVITY AND HERE IS OUR

2743
02:41:54,058 --> 02:41:54,325
SOLUTION.

2744
02:41:54,325 --> 02:42:02,600
WE TRY TO COMBINE BE A CUE STICK

2745
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:13,110
LEVEL -- -- WITH THE ACOUSTIC

2746
02:42:25,356 --> 02:42:35,399
LEVEL.

2747
02:42:38,902 --> 02:42:48,412
SO FIRST TO SHOW AND THEN WE USE

2748
02:42:48,412 --> 02:42:53,917
OUR PROPOSAL PLATFORM TO HIT THE

2749
02:42:53,917 --> 02:42:57,388
OBJECTIVE AND ALSO YOU CAN SEE

2750
02:42:57,388 --> 02:43:06,330
HERE TO CONTROL THE POSITION.

2751
02:43:06,330 --> 02:43:16,874
AND ALSO JUST LIKE THIS WITH THE

2752
02:43:19,643 --> 02:43:19,843
FREEBASE.

2753
02:43:19,843 --> 02:43:24,248
SORRY ABOUT THAT.

2754
02:43:24,248 --> 02:43:26,016
>> THANKS TO OUR SPEAKER.

2755
02:43:26,016 --> 02:43:30,888
[APPLAUSE]

2756
02:43:30,888 --> 02:43:35,693
INTO THE REMAINING SPEAKER SHOW

2757
02:43:35,693 --> 02:43:38,829
YOUR VIDEOS IN YOUR FIRST SLIDES

2758
02:43:38,829 --> 02:43:39,430
EVERYBODY IS RUNNING AT A TIME

2759
02:43:39,430 --> 02:43:43,000
FOR THE COOL VIDEOS.

2760
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:44,101
>> AND THEN NEXT SPEAKER
IS

2761
02:43:44,101 --> 02:43:51,608
JEREMIAH.

2762
02:43:51,608 --> 02:43:52,209
THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME FOR

2763
02:43:52,209 --> 02:43:57,014
THE RAPID TALK TODAY TALKED

2764
02:43:57,014 --> 02:44:02,152
ABOUT THE MODEL UNIQUE TUMOR

2765
02:44:02,152 --> 02:44:12,663
SUPPLEMENTATION SO BLAST, IS 1

2766
02:44:15,165 --> 02:44:15,733
OF THE MOST DETAILED AND HARD TO

2767
02:44:15,733 --> 02:44:16,367
TREAT TUMOR TYPES AND THE REASON

2768
02:44:16,367 --> 02:44:17,000
WHY IT IS SO HARD TO TREAT IS A

2769
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:17,768
COMPLEX MICROENVIRONMENT IN THE

2770
02:44:17,768 --> 02:44:19,837
BRAIN INCLUDING THE BLOOD BRAIN

2771
02:44:19,837 --> 02:44:21,004
BARRIER SO THE NEED FOR

2772
02:44:21,004 --> 02:44:24,208
DEVELOPING FURTHER TREATMENT IS

2773
02:44:24,208 --> 02:44:28,345
TO HAVE A 3-D MODEL TO MIMIC

2774
02:44:28,345 --> 02:44:28,879
HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS A

2775
02:44:28,879 --> 02:44:33,584
SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM IS HERE

2776
02:44:33,584 --> 02:44:40,391
IS A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MODEL

2777
02:44:40,391 --> 02:44:50,834
AND AND OUT OF THE PERIPHERY

2778
02:44:50,834 --> 02:44:55,606
ALONG WITH THE LABEL AND THE 3

2779
02:44:55,606 --> 02:44:59,877
CELL TYPES FORM THE BLOOD BRAIN

2780
02:44:59,877 --> 02:45:04,782
BARRIER IN THE BRAIN SO THIS IS

2781
02:45:04,782 --> 02:45:05,315
WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE UNDER A

2782
02:45:05,315 --> 02:45:07,751
MICROSCOPE AND IT IS SHOWING HOW

2783
02:45:07,751 --> 02:45:15,759
IT COULD NICELY FIT FOR HIGH

2784
02:45:15,759 --> 02:45:16,226
THROUGHPUT SCREENING.

2785
02:45:16,226 --> 02:45:16,860
THE FIRST QUESTION AFTER WE HAVE

2786
02:45:16,860 --> 02:45:18,128
THIS MODEL IS TO SEE WHAT

2787
02:45:18,128 --> 02:45:21,765
CONSTITUTES GLIOBLASTOMA TUMOR.

2788
02:45:21,765 --> 02:45:25,836
WE PERFORM SINGLE CELL AND HERE

2789
02:45:25,836 --> 02:45:28,705
NICELY LABELED YOU CAN FIND

2790
02:45:28,705 --> 02:45:32,609
THERE ARE 5 DIFFERENT

2791
02:45:32,609 --> 02:45:33,243
SUBLIMATION'S AND THEN TO FOCUS

2792
02:45:33,243 --> 02:45:38,415
ON THE CENTER 1.

2793
02:45:38,415 --> 02:45:40,317
AND THEN TO PERFORM CELL

2794
02:45:40,317 --> 02:45:43,587
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND YOU CAN SEE

2795
02:45:43,587 --> 02:45:50,727
THIS IS HIDING.

2796
02:45:50,727 --> 02:45:51,795
INTERESTINGLY THERE ARE MANY

2797
02:45:51,795 --> 02:45:56,533
OTHER SAMPLES WE CAN STILL FIND

2798
02:45:56,533 --> 02:46:04,308
THIS SIMILAR POPULATION.

2799
02:46:04,308 --> 02:46:08,545
SO THEN WE COMPARE WITH

2800
02:46:08,545 --> 02:46:09,580
DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATION FROM

2801
02:46:09,580 --> 02:46:12,483
CRITICAL SAMPLES AND ALSO FROM

2802
02:46:12,483 --> 02:46:19,957
OUR TISSUE AND THIS IS AMONG THE

2803
02:46:19,957 --> 02:46:30,367
TOP OVEREXPRESSED GENES.

2804
02:46:31,101 --> 02:46:32,202
WITH A NUCLEOSOME'S TO SEE

2805
02:46:32,202 --> 02:46:37,274
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS HERE AND

2806
02:46:37,274 --> 02:46:38,375
THE CZAR ALL THE EXAMPLES OF

2807
02:46:38,375 --> 02:46:44,715
FACTORS OF THE SUBPOPULATION.

2808
02:46:44,715 --> 02:46:45,749
AND WITH THE HISTONE

2809
02:46:45,749 --> 02:46:51,989
MODIFICATIONS AND 1 THING IN

2810
02:46:51,989 --> 02:46:57,561
COMMON IS THEY ALL INVOLVE

2811
02:46:57,561 --> 02:46:58,161
MITOSIS AND PROLIFERATION AND

2812
02:46:58,161 --> 02:47:03,066
OVEREXPRESSING CANCER.

2813
02:47:03,066 --> 02:47:10,107
AND IT IS A GOOD MARKER FOR THE

2814
02:47:10,107 --> 02:47:13,977
POPULATION.

2815
02:47:13,977 --> 02:47:16,547
AND THEN TO RESPOND TO DRUG

2816
02:47:16,547 --> 02:47:19,116
TREATMENT WHICH IS THE ONLY

2817
02:47:19,116 --> 02:47:24,087
APPROVED DRUG.

2818
02:47:24,087 --> 02:47:27,591
AND AS YOU CAN SEE HERE YOU WILL

2819
02:47:27,591 --> 02:47:28,525
SEE THE BRIGHT MAGENTA THE

2820
02:47:28,525 --> 02:47:38,635
DOTS.

2821
02:47:39,903 --> 02:47:40,404
AND THEN ACTUALLY IT IS THE

2822
02:47:40,404 --> 02:47:42,673
INCREASE OF THE POPULATION.

2823
02:47:42,673 --> 02:47:47,911
SO WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

2824
02:47:47,911 --> 02:47:52,683
THE REASON IT IS NOT WORKING

2825
02:47:52,683 --> 02:48:03,193
MAYBE WE CAN MANIPULATE THAT.

2826
02:48:04,227 --> 02:48:13,937
AND AS A SUMMARY AND THEN ALSO

2827
02:48:13,937 --> 02:48:18,108
TO FIND THE MAN CLINICAL

2828
02:48:18,108 --> 02:48:23,447
EXAMPLES AND IT INCREASES UNDER

2829
02:48:23,447 --> 02:48:24,615
TREATMENT AS WE ARE

2830
02:48:24,615 --> 02:48:28,518
INVESTIGATING TO INCREASE THE

2831
02:48:28,518 --> 02:48:34,358
KILLING SO THANK YOU TO MY GREAT

2832
02:48:34,358 --> 02:48:35,092
COLLABORATORS.

2833
02:48:35,092 --> 02:48:40,797
THANK YOU.

2834
02:48:40,797 --> 02:48:51,241
>> AND OUR FINAL SPEAKER?

2835
02:48:53,310 --> 02:48:53,877
>> I AND VERY EXCITED TO
BE HERE

2836
02:48:53,877 --> 02:48:54,511
TO TALK ABOUT THE RESEARCH WORK

2837
02:48:54,511 --> 02:48:57,581
WE ARE DOING REGARDING THE

2838
02:48:57,581 --> 02:48:58,915
FUNCTIONAL LIFE INJECTABLE

2839
02:48:58,915 --> 02:49:03,153
INFORMATION SUPPORTED BY THE

2840
02:49:03,153 --> 02:49:05,288
MATRIX.

2841
02:49:05,288 --> 02:49:07,891
SO THE IDEA WE ARE HAVING IS

2842
02:49:07,891 --> 02:49:10,460
THAT LOOK AT THAT TRADITIONALLY

2843
02:49:10,460 --> 02:49:16,967
THE CONTROL IS CRUCIAL IN THE

2844
02:49:16,967 --> 02:49:24,808
CASE THAT IF GEL FORMS TO

2845
02:49:24,808 --> 02:49:25,442
RAPIDLY BECOMES ON INJECTABLE IF

2846
02:49:25,442 --> 02:49:26,043
IT COMES TO SO YOU ARE NOT BE

2847
02:49:26,043 --> 02:49:27,778
ABLE TO RETAIN ANY COMPONENTS

2848
02:49:27,778 --> 02:49:29,312
WHETHER OR THERAPEUTICS OR GEL

2849
02:49:29,312 --> 02:49:30,781
COMPONENTS.

2850
02:49:30,781 --> 02:49:38,889
SO WHAT WE HAVE PROPOSED HERE IS

2851
02:49:38,889 --> 02:49:39,956
TO HAVE AN ELASTIC MATRIX OF

2852
02:49:39,956 --> 02:49:45,295
SEQUESTERING SOLUTIONS.

2853
02:49:45,295 --> 02:49:52,169
AND THEN ALLOW THAT TO FORM.

2854
02:49:52,169 --> 02:49:52,669
SO FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO

2855
02:49:52,669 --> 02:49:53,270
INTRODUCE YOU ON THE FORMATION

2856
02:49:53,270 --> 02:50:00,010
OF THE MATRIX IT IS BY USING

2857
02:50:00,010 --> 02:50:10,520
MATERIAL AND THEN COUPLED WITH

2858
02:50:11,755 --> 02:50:12,255
IN THE CASE THE ICE CRYSTALS

2859
02:50:12,255 --> 02:50:12,756
MELT AWAY AT THE END IT

2860
02:50:12,756 --> 02:50:14,424
GENERATED THOSE STRUCTURES THAT

2861
02:50:14,424 --> 02:50:19,229
ARE CAPABLE OF SEQUESTERING AS

2862
02:50:19,229 --> 02:50:21,431
YOU CAN SEE SO THAT INJECTABLE

2863
02:50:21,431 --> 02:50:25,902
THAT WE ARE USING THAT WE HAVE

2864
02:50:25,902 --> 02:50:32,442
THE COMPONENTS AND LOADED INTO

2865
02:50:32,442 --> 02:50:34,845
THE MATRIX AND THEN WE SUPPORTED

2866
02:50:34,845 --> 02:50:39,416
THE FORMATION.

2867
02:50:39,416 --> 02:50:43,587
MORE IMPORTANTLY TO SEQUESTER OR

2868
02:50:43,587 --> 02:50:44,688
THE RETENTION OF THE

2869
02:50:44,688 --> 02:50:48,391
THERAPEUTICS IS AN IMPORTANT

2870
02:50:48,391 --> 02:50:51,361
TOPIC IN DRUG DELIVERY AND IT IS

2871
02:50:51,361 --> 02:50:58,502
BY IN COOPERATION THROUGH THE

2872
02:50:58,502 --> 02:51:05,675
CHEMISTRY AND WE CONJUGATED

2873
02:51:05,675 --> 02:51:06,209
CAPABLE OF BINDING TO THE

2874
02:51:06,209 --> 02:51:06,777
THERAPEUTICS AND OUR RESULTS

2875
02:51:06,777 --> 02:51:09,312
HAVE SHOWN THAT THIS ELASTIC

2876
02:51:09,312 --> 02:51:11,681
MATRIX HAS ALLOWED THE HYDROGEL

2877
02:51:11,681 --> 02:51:20,757
TO FORM AND IT IS CAPABLE OF THE

2878
02:51:20,757 --> 02:51:21,358
FIRST RELEASE OF THERAPEUTICS

2879
02:51:21,358 --> 02:51:21,892
WHICH IN THIS CASE WE ARE

2880
02:51:21,892 --> 02:51:27,731
STUDYING THE RELEASE AND WE

2881
02:51:27,731 --> 02:51:29,132
FURTHER WANTED TO SEE THE

2882
02:51:29,132 --> 02:51:34,604
CAPABILITY OF THIS MATRIX IN

2883
02:51:34,604 --> 02:51:35,105
TERMS OF SUPPORTING CELL

2884
02:51:35,105 --> 02:51:35,705
ATTACHMENT AND ARE RESULT HAS

2885
02:51:35,705 --> 02:51:38,108
SHOWN IN COOPERATION OF HYDROGEL

2886
02:51:38,108 --> 02:51:42,913
CAPABLE OF SEQUESTERING TO ALLOW

2887
02:51:42,913 --> 02:51:44,648
THE CELLS TO BE ATTACHED IN THE

2888
02:51:44,648 --> 02:51:49,853
SYSTEM AND MORE IMPORTANTLY IT

2889
02:51:49,853 --> 02:51:52,255
IS THE BIOTHERAPEUTICS ARE

2890
02:51:52,255 --> 02:51:59,863
RELEASED SLOWLY AND A SUSTAINED

2891
02:51:59,863 --> 02:52:00,497
FASHION AND CAPABLE OF RETAINING

2892
02:52:00,497 --> 02:52:02,232
BIOACTIVITY AND THE ANSWER IS

2893
02:52:02,232 --> 02:52:08,572
YES YOU CAN SEE THAT THE

2894
02:52:08,572 --> 02:52:16,079
THERAPEUTICS THAT ARE RELEASED

2895
02:52:16,079 --> 02:52:16,646
ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THE

2896
02:52:16,646 --> 02:52:23,520
MIGRATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL

2897
02:52:23,520 --> 02:52:28,158
AND THEN TO SEE THE COMBINATION

2898
02:52:28,158 --> 02:52:32,362
INSIDE THE COMPOSITE AS WELL AS

2899
02:52:32,362 --> 02:52:32,929
TO BE SEQUESTERED INSIDE THE

2900
02:52:32,929 --> 02:52:43,206
HYDROGEL MATRIX.

2901
02:52:46,576 --> 02:52:46,943
AND THEN AND SUPPORT

2902
02:52:46,943 --> 02:52:47,544
PROLIFERATION OF MUSCLE CELLS

2903
02:52:47,544 --> 02:52:48,979
AND THE RESULT IS ONCE

2904
02:52:48,979 --> 02:52:56,253
AGAIN, YES USING THE VIABILITY M

2905
02:52:56,253 --> 02:52:56,820
THE DYE WE CAN SEE THEY ARE

2906
02:52:56,820 --> 02:52:57,454
CAPABLE OF BEING RETAINED INSIDE

2907
02:52:57,454 --> 02:53:01,191
THE HYDROGEL MATRIX AS WELL AS

2908
02:53:01,191 --> 02:53:01,725
CONTINUING TO PROLIFERATE.

2909
02:53:01,725 --> 02:53:04,194
WITH THAT BEING SAID, I HAVE

2910
02:53:04,194 --> 02:53:07,697
SHOWN IN THIS TALK THE STRUCTURE

2911
02:53:07,697 --> 02:53:12,035
ALLOWS THE ADEQUATE INFILTRATION

2912
02:53:12,035 --> 02:53:14,104
FOR THE AFFINITY BASED

2913
02:53:14,104 --> 02:53:17,040
INJECTABLE HYDROGEL AND WE THINK

2914
02:53:17,040 --> 02:53:21,678
THIS MATRIX AND IN COOPERATION

2915
02:53:21,678 --> 02:53:22,312
CAN EFFECTIVELY SEQUESTER GROWTH

2916
02:53:22,312 --> 02:53:28,818
FACTORS FOR SUSTAINED-RELEASE

2917
02:53:28,818 --> 02:53:29,452
AND PRESERVE THE BIOACTIVITY OF

2918
02:53:29,452 --> 02:53:29,853
THE THERAPEUTICS.

2919
02:53:29,853 --> 02:53:30,420
WITH THAT BEING SAID I WOULD

2920
02:53:30,420 --> 02:53:34,991
LIKE TO THINK THE RESEARCH WAS

2921
02:53:34,991 --> 02:53:35,625
SUPPORTED BY THE NIH WHICH IS AN

2922
02:53:35,625 --> 02:53:37,260
HONOR TO BE HERE TO SHARE WITH

2923
02:53:37,260 --> 02:53:44,534
YOU THE RESEARCH WE ARE DOING

2924
02:53:44,534 --> 02:53:45,168
AND THANK YOU PENN STATE TO THE

2925
02:53:45,168 --> 02:53:47,504
WHERE I AM DOING MY RESEARCH

2926
02:53:47,504 --> 02:53:47,771
THANK YOU.

2927
02:53:47,771 --> 02:53:48,038
[APPLAUSE]

2928
02:53:48,038 --> 02:53:51,574
>> THANK YOU TO ALL OF OUR

2929
02:53:51,574 --> 02:53:59,616
RAPIDFIRE SPEAKERS.

2930
02:53:59,616 --> 02:54:00,116
PLEASE COME BACK IN THE

2931
02:54:00,116 --> 02:54:00,383
AFTERNOON.

2932
02:54:00,383 --> 02:54:02,252
WE WILL SEE THEMATICALLY IT

2933
02:54:02,252 --> 02:54:05,055
TAKES A TURN FOR THE AFTERNOON

2934
02:54:05,055 --> 02:54:05,288
SESSION.

2935
02:54:05,288 --> 02:54:09,592
YOU ARE FREE FOR LUNCH THERE ARE

2936
02:54:09,592 --> 02:54:10,226
SEVERAL DIFFERENT LOCATIONS THAT

2937
02:54:10,226 --> 02:54:13,396
YOU CAN GRAB FOOD WE ALSO HAVE

2938
02:54:13,396 --> 02:54:17,701
THE POSTERS AVAILABLE RIGHT NOW

2939
02:54:17,701 --> 02:54:18,234
HOPING PRESENTERS WILL BE

2940
02:54:18,234 --> 02:54:18,868
PRESENT AND THEN TAKING THE LAST

2941
02:54:18,868 --> 02:54:27,377
HALF HOUR TO EAT.

2942
02:54:27,377 --> 02:54:28,011
IF EVERYBODY GOES THE CAFETERIA

2943
02:54:28,011 --> 02:54:28,578
AT THE SAME TIME THEN NOBODY

2944
02:54:28,578 --> 02:54:28,778
EATS.

2945
02:54:28,778 --> 02:54:29,446
WE WILL CHANGE THE POST -- -- IS

2946
02:54:29,446 --> 02:54:31,448
A POSTERS UP 130.

2947
02:54:31,448 --> 02:54:34,784
THANK YOU VERY MUCH YOU CAN SEE

2948
02:54:34,784 --> 02:54:37,654
HOW THE AFTERNOON BREAKS APART.

2949
02:54:37,654 --> 02:54:38,688
WE WILL SEE WHAT THE BREAKOUT

2950
02:54:38,688 --> 02:54:41,366
SESSION.

2951
02:54:41,366 --> 02:54:42,701
>> OKAY, GOOD AFTERNOON,

2952
02:54:42,701 --> 02:54:45,237
EVERYONE!

2953
02:54:45,237 --> 02:54:46,872
AND THANKS TO THOSE WHO'VE COME

2954
02:54:46,872 --> 02:54:48,407
BACK AN JOINED US IN THE ROOM

2955
02:54:48,407 --> 02:54:49,942
PLUS THOSE JOINING ON THE NIH

2956
02:54:49,942 --> 02:54:50,275
VIDEOCAST.

2957
02:54:50,275 --> 02:54:51,910
THIS IS THE BREAKOUT SESSION

2958
02:54:51,910 --> 02:54:53,312
THAT WE'VE BEEN HAVING, THERE

2959
02:54:53,312 --> 02:54:54,480
ARE SOME INDEPENDENT RESEARCH

2960
02:54:54,480 --> 02:54:55,848
TALKS HAPPENING IN SIX DIFFERENT

2961
02:54:55,848 --> 02:54:57,282
AREA, BUT THIS IS THE CENTRAL

2962
02:54:57,282 --> 02:54:59,151
PANEL WHERE WE WANTED TO TALK

2963
02:54:59,151 --> 02:55:00,886
ABOUT THIS TRANSLATION OF WORK

2964
02:55:00,886 --> 02:55:04,389
AND THINK ABOUT THINGS FROM THE

2965
02:55:04,389 --> 02:55:05,924
INDUSTRY SIDE, INNOVATION, AND

2966
02:55:05,924 --> 02:55:09,094
THEN WHAT NIH OR GOVERNMENT

2967
02:55:09,094 --> 02:55:10,596
PLAYS A PART AS WELL BECAUSE

2968
02:55:10,596 --> 02:55:11,697
THERE'S SOMEONE HERE WHO ALSO

2969
02:55:11,697 --> 02:55:13,899
HAS A LOT OF INTERACTION WITH

2970
02:55:13,899 --> 02:55:14,700
DOD.

2971
02:55:14,700 --> 02:55:15,968
I'M MANU PLATT, JUST THE

2972
02:55:15,968 --> 02:55:17,002
MODERATOR FOR THIS AND HOPEFULLY

2973
02:55:17,002 --> 02:55:18,170
WON'T HAVE TO SAY MUCH BECAUSE

2974
02:55:18,170 --> 02:55:19,771
WE HAVE SOME EXCITING SPEAKERS

2975
02:55:19,771 --> 02:55:21,340
AND THEY ENJOY SPEAKING SO THAT

2976
02:55:21,340 --> 02:55:23,208
WILL BE GREAT FOR US.

2977
02:55:23,208 --> 02:55:24,610
>> YOU'RE NOT JUST THE

2978
02:55:24,610 --> 02:55:25,177
MODERATOR, COME ON.

2979
02:55:25,177 --> 02:55:25,911
>> THAT'S NICE.

2980
02:55:25,911 --> 02:55:27,446
BUT I WANTED TO READ SOME BRIEF

2981
02:55:27,446 --> 02:55:28,447
INTRODUCTIONS SO YOU CAN KNOW

2982
02:55:28,447 --> 02:55:30,282
MORE ABOUT WHO THEY ARE.

2983
02:55:30,282 --> 02:55:34,219
SO I GUESS I'LL START WITH THE

2984
02:55:34,219 --> 02:55:35,454
END, OUR KEYNOTE SPEAKER FOR

2985
02:55:35,454 --> 02:55:37,289
THIS AFTERNOON IS ALSO THE DEAN

2986
02:55:37,289 --> 02:55:38,290
OF THE GRANGER COLLEGE OF

2987
02:55:38,290 --> 02:55:39,691
ENGINEERING AND PROFESSOR OF

2988
02:55:39,691 --> 02:55:41,059
BIOENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY

2989
02:55:41,059 --> 02:55:43,529
OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN.

2990
02:55:43,529 --> 02:55:46,498
FROM 2014 TO 2017, HE WAS A

2991
02:55:46,498 --> 02:55:47,599
MEMBER OF THE CORE FOUNDING TEAM

2992
02:55:47,599 --> 02:55:49,668
AND CO-CHAIR OF THE INAUGURAL

2993
02:55:49,668 --> 02:55:52,271
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE FOR THE

2994
02:55:52,271 --> 02:55:54,573
UIUC COLLEGE OF MEDICINE.

2995
02:55:54,573 --> 02:55:56,542
THE WORLD'S FIRST ENGINEERING

2996
02:55:56,542 --> 02:55:57,209
BASED COLLEGE OF MEDICINE.

2997
02:55:57,209 --> 02:55:59,244
HE HAS OVER 300 PUBLICATIONS, 60

2998
02:55:59,244 --> 02:56:01,213
PATENTS AND IS A MEMBER OF THE

2999
02:56:01,213 --> 02:56:02,347
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND

3000
02:56:02,347 --> 02:56:03,448
THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND

3001
02:56:03,448 --> 02:56:03,982
SCIENCES.

3002
02:56:03,982 --> 02:56:05,384
HIS RESEARCH GROUP IS INTERESTED

3003
02:56:05,384 --> 02:56:07,052
IN DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGIES

3004
02:56:07,052 --> 02:56:12,124
FOR PERSONALIZED AND PRECISION

3005
02:56:12,124 --> 02:56:14,259
MEDICINE AND IN 3D

3006
02:56:14,259 --> 02:56:15,160
BIOFABRICATION OF CELLULAR

3007
02:56:15,160 --> 02:56:15,694
SYSTEMS.

3008
02:56:15,694 --> 02:56:16,895
HE'S ALSO SPUN OFF MULTIPLE

3009
02:56:16,895 --> 02:56:18,530
COMPANIES AND IS THE CO-FOUNDER

3010
02:56:18,530 --> 02:56:21,700
OF PRONOSIS INC., DEVELOPING

3011
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:23,035
POINT OF CARE CENTERS FOR

3012
02:56:23,035 --> 02:56:26,405
ANALYTICS FOR SEPSIS

3013
02:56:26,405 --> 02:56:27,272
STRATIFICATION, RAPID DETECTION

3014
02:56:27,272 --> 02:56:29,141
OF PATHOGENS USING CRISPR

3015
02:56:29,141 --> 02:56:29,808
TECHNOLOGY AND OTHERS.

3016
02:56:29,808 --> 02:56:32,544
SO THANK YOU.

3017
02:56:32,544 --> 02:56:34,079
SITTING TO THE LEFT OF

3018
02:56:34,079 --> 02:56:37,683
DR. BESHEAR IS MY OLD FRIEND DRL

3019
02:56:37,683 --> 02:56:39,017
DIRECTOR OF THE THERAPEUTICS

3020
02:56:39,017 --> 02:56:40,085
DEVELOPMENT UNIT AT BIOGEN WHICH

3021
02:56:40,085 --> 02:56:41,853
IS IN CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.

3022
02:56:41,853 --> 02:56:42,721
LEADING CLINICAL TRIAL

3023
02:56:42,721 --> 02:56:44,389
ACTIVITIES FOR TREATMENT OF

3024
02:56:44,389 --> 02:56:45,657
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS.

3025
02:56:45,657 --> 02:56:47,993
SHE STUDIED NEUROENDOCRINE

3026
02:56:47,993 --> 02:56:49,828
REGULATION OF IMMUNITY AS A

3027
02:56:49,828 --> 02:56:52,864
POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW AT THE

3028
02:56:52,864 --> 02:56:53,498
ILLUSTRIOUS NATIONAL INSTITUTES

3029
02:56:53,498 --> 02:56:54,299
OF HEALTH AND CONTINUED THIS AT

3030
02:56:54,299 --> 02:56:56,468
THE U.S. FOOD AND DRUG

3031
02:56:56,468 --> 02:56:58,704
ADMINISTRATION TAKING ON

3032
02:56:58,704 --> 02:57:00,205
ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.

3033
02:57:00,205 --> 02:57:05,010
DR. BUTTS HAS HEL A NU HELD A NF

3034
02:57:05,010 --> 02:57:07,212
ROLES INCLUDING NOW APPROVED IN

3035
02:57:07,212 --> 02:57:09,615
U.S. AND EU FOR MULTIPLE

3036
02:57:09,615 --> 02:57:11,383
SCLEROSIS, SHE SERVED ON THE

3037
02:57:11,383 --> 02:57:13,785
INAUGURAL COHORT OF BIOGEN'S

3038
02:57:13,785 --> 02:57:14,419
PORTFOLIO TRANSFORMATION TEAM

3039
02:57:14,419 --> 02:57:16,288
LEADING THE PROBABILITY OF

3040
02:57:16,288 --> 02:57:17,823
SUCCESS AND INITIATIVES ON

3041
02:57:17,823 --> 02:57:19,691
CHANGE MANAGEMENT, AND PROJECT

3042
02:57:19,691 --> 02:57:22,194
TEAM LEARNING AND HEALTH.

3043
02:57:22,194 --> 02:57:24,630
TO THAT LEFT, NOW COMING TOWARDS

3044
02:57:24,630 --> 02:57:27,366
ME, IS DR. VINCENT HO, WHO I

3045
02:57:27,366 --> 02:57:29,735
FIRST MET ON NIDID COUNCIL.

3046
02:57:29,735 --> 02:57:30,736
VINCENT HO IS CHAIR AND

3047
02:57:30,736 --> 02:57:31,837
PROFESSOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

3048
02:57:31,837 --> 02:57:34,539
RADIOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING AND

3049
02:57:34,539 --> 02:57:36,842
DIRECTOR OF THE 4D BIO3 CENTER

3050
02:57:36,842 --> 02:57:38,176
FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AT THE

3051
02:57:38,176 --> 02:57:39,811
UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY.

3052
02:57:39,811 --> 02:57:41,380
AND DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH FOR THE

3053
02:57:41,380 --> 02:57:43,415
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY AT

3054
02:57:43,415 --> 02:57:44,483
WALTER REED NATIONAL MEDICAL

3055
02:57:44,483 --> 02:57:45,384
CENTER.

3056
02:57:45,384 --> 02:57:50,422
DR. HO HAS SPENT THR THREE DECAS

3057
02:57:50,422 --> 02:57:52,491
SERVING MILITARY BENEFICIARIES.

3058
02:57:52,491 --> 02:57:54,026
DEMONSTRATING HIS LONG HISTORY

3059
02:57:54,026 --> 02:57:55,227
OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION.

3060
02:57:55,227 --> 02:57:57,062
HIS CURRENT RESEARCH FOCUSES ON

3061
02:57:57,062 --> 02:57:58,630
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MRI

3062
02:57:58,630 --> 02:58:00,365
TECHNOLOGY, AUSTERE NEED OF

3063
02:58:00,365 --> 02:58:01,233
BIOTECHNOLOGY, ASK HIM WHAT THAT

3064
02:58:01,233 --> 02:58:02,434
MEANS, IT'S REALLY INTERESTING,

3065
02:58:02,434 --> 02:58:03,869
TISSUE ENGINEERING AND HUMAN

3066
02:58:03,869 --> 02:58:04,302
PERFORMANCE.

3067
02:58:04,302 --> 02:58:05,604
ALL FOR THE BENEFIT OF SERVICE

3068
02:58:05,604 --> 02:58:08,140
MEMBER REDENESS AND HEALTH.

3069
02:58:08,140 --> 02:58:14,046
4D BIOCUBED ASPIRES TO BE A K DD

3070
02:58:14,046 --> 02:58:15,781
FEDERAL RESOURCE BUT ALSO WHICH

3071
02:58:15,781 --> 02:58:19,518
IS WHY YOU'RE HERE WITH

3072
02:58:19,518 --> 02:58:20,385
NON-FEDERAL ACADEMIC

3073
02:58:20,385 --> 02:58:21,687
INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRY

3074
02:58:21,687 --> 02:58:22,020
PARTNERS.

3075
02:58:22,020 --> 02:58:29,027
NEXT UP, DR. BRADFORD WOOD IS

3076
02:58:29,027 --> 02:58:31,530
ACTING MEDICAL DIRECTOR FOR THE

3077
02:58:31,530 --> 02:58:33,732
BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DATA

3078
02:58:33,732 --> 02:58:34,800
CENTER, WEE GLAD TO HAVE YOU.

3079
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:36,034
DR. WOOD IS THE FOUNDING

3080
02:58:36,034 --> 02:58:38,003
DIRECTOR OF THE NIH CENTER FOR

3081
02:58:38,003 --> 02:58:39,304
INTERVENTIONAL ONCOLOGY WHICH

3082
02:58:39,304 --> 02:58:40,505
TRANSLATES TECHNOLOGIES AND

3083
02:58:40,505 --> 02:58:41,840
PARADIGMS FOR FIRST IN HUMAN

3084
02:58:41,840 --> 02:58:44,876
TREATMENTS FOR CANCER AND

3085
02:58:44,876 --> 02:58:45,977
CULTIVATES INTERVENTIONAL

3086
02:58:45,977 --> 02:58:48,280
RADIOLOGY FRAMEWORKS --

3087
02:58:48,280 --> 02:58:49,681
RADIOLOGY APPLICATIONS WITHIN A

3088
02:58:49,681 --> 02:58:51,016
MULTIDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO

3089
02:58:51,016 --> 02:58:52,217
APPLY BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING TO

3090
02:58:52,217 --> 02:58:53,952
MEET REAL LIFE UNMET CLINICAL

3091
02:58:53,952 --> 02:58:54,386
NEEDS.

3092
02:58:54,386 --> 02:58:56,021
HIS TEAM'S ACHIEVEMENTS INCLUDE

3093
02:58:56,021 --> 02:58:57,355
HELPING TO PIONEER SEVERAL

3094
02:58:57,355 --> 02:58:58,990
TECHNOLOGIES FROM CONCEPT TO

3095
02:58:58,990 --> 02:59:00,726
BENCH TO PATIENT, AND HIS TEAM

3096
02:59:00,726 --> 02:59:02,928
WAS FIRST IN HUMAN FOR A NUMBER

3097
02:59:02,928 --> 02:59:04,229
OF DEVICE DRUG COMBINATIONS

3098
02:59:04,229 --> 02:59:07,632
INCLUDING PROSTATE CANCER, MRI,

3099
02:59:07,632 --> 02:59:08,500
AND BIOPSY AND ABLATION.

3100
02:59:08,500 --> 02:59:10,035
WE HEARD A LITTLE ABOUT THAT

3101
02:59:10,035 --> 02:59:14,306
THIS MORNING, IMAGEABLE DRUG

3102
02:59:14,306 --> 02:59:15,841
ELUDING BEADS FOR CHEMO

3103
02:59:15,841 --> 02:59:18,009
UTILIZATION OF LIVER TUMORS AND

3104
02:59:18,009 --> 02:59:20,312
NAVIGATION SOFT WAR FOR IR BUT

3105
02:59:20,312 --> 02:59:22,080
ALL RELIED ON TEAM SCIENCE, HE

3106
02:59:22,080 --> 02:59:22,848
DEFINITELY BELIEVES IN TEAM

3107
02:59:22,848 --> 02:59:23,148
SCIENCE.

3108
02:59:23,148 --> 02:59:24,149
GLAD TO HAVE YOU.

3109
02:59:24,149 --> 02:59:25,684
FINALLY FRESH OUT OF THE OR,

3110
02:59:25,684 --> 02:59:27,886
MAYBE HE HAS TO GO BACK IF HE

3111
02:59:27,886 --> 02:59:29,855
GETS A TEXT OR PAGE, IS

3112
02:59:29,855 --> 02:59:35,093
DR. PETER PINTO.

3113
02:59:35,093 --> 02:59:37,062
HE'S A SENIOR INVESTIGATOR AND

3114
02:59:37,062 --> 02:59:38,697
FACULTY MEMBER IN THE UROLOGIC

3115
02:59:38,697 --> 02:59:39,998
ONCOLOGY BRANCH AND DIRECTOR OF

3116
02:59:39,998 --> 02:59:41,967
THE UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY FELLOWSHIP

3117
02:59:41,967 --> 02:59:43,735
PROGRAM HERE AT THE NCI.

3118
02:59:43,735 --> 02:59:45,504
HE IS NATIONALLY AND

3119
02:59:45,504 --> 02:59:46,671
INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED AS AN

3120
02:59:46,671 --> 02:59:48,106
EXPERT IN THE MINIMALLY INVASIVE

3121
02:59:48,106 --> 02:59:50,108
TREATMENT OF UROLOGICAL CANCERS,

3122
02:59:50,108 --> 02:59:51,810
SPECIALIZING IN LAPAROSCOPIC AND

3123
02:59:51,810 --> 02:59:53,678
ROBOTIC SURGERY FOR PROSTATE,

3124
02:59:53,678 --> 02:59:56,848
KIDNEY, BL BLADDER AND TESTICULR

3125
02:59:56,848 --> 02:59:57,482
CANCERS.

3126
02:59:57,482 --> 02:59:58,717
HIS RESEARCH EFFORTS ARE

3127
02:59:58,717 --> 03:00:00,352
CENTERED ON INVESTIGATION OF

3128
03:00:00,352 --> 03:00:01,553
MULTI-PARAMETRIC MRI AND

3129
03:00:01,553 --> 03:00:04,623
PROSTATE CANCER TO IMPROVE

3130
03:00:04,623 --> 03:00:07,025
DIAGNOSIS WITH MP MRI, AND

3131
03:00:07,025 --> 03:00:08,760
CREATION OF A TUMOR DIRECTED

3132
03:00:08,760 --> 03:00:09,861
BIOPSY DEVICE.

3133
03:00:09,861 --> 03:00:11,096
NICE.

3134
03:00:11,096 --> 03:00:13,698
DEVELOP MANAGEMENT OF IMAGE

3135
03:00:13,698 --> 03:00:17,969
GUIDED PROSTATE CANCER THERAPY

3136
03:00:17,969 --> 03:00:19,337
AND OTHER PHARMACOTHERAPIES IN

3137
03:00:19,337 --> 03:00:21,907
THE MANAGEMENT OF LOCALIZED OR

3138
03:00:21,907 --> 03:00:23,208
LOCALLY ADVANCED PROSTATE

3139
03:00:23,208 --> 03:00:25,710
CANCER.

3140
03:00:25,710 --> 03:00:27,078
ALSO FOR IMPROVING SURGICAL

3141
03:00:27,078 --> 03:00:27,679
PLANNING OUTCOMES.

3142
03:00:27,679 --> 03:00:28,580
I'M NOT GOING TO TALK FOR THE

3143
03:00:28,580 --> 03:00:30,649
REST OF THIS SESSION BECAUSE

3144
03:00:30,649 --> 03:00:31,583
THAT WAS A LOT OF TALKING BUT I

3145
03:00:31,583 --> 03:00:33,118
DO WANT TO OPEN IT UP TO THE

3146
03:00:33,118 --> 03:00:34,719
FIRST QUESTION WHICH I DID SEND

3147
03:00:34,719 --> 03:00:36,121
TO YOU ALL IN ADVANCE AND IF YOU

3148
03:00:36,121 --> 03:00:37,088
WERE GOOD STUDENTS YOU WOULD

3149
03:00:37,088 --> 03:00:38,957
REMEMBER THIS, BUT I WOULD ASK

3150
03:00:38,957 --> 03:00:40,826
IF EACH PANELIST COULD JUST

3151
03:00:40,826 --> 03:00:42,494
SPEND A FEW MINUTES ADDING

3152
03:00:42,494 --> 03:00:44,763
WHATEVER DETAIL YOU NEED TO TO

3153
03:00:44,763 --> 03:00:52,838
YOUR PROFILE BUT TELL -- NEW

3154
03:00:52,838 --> 03:00:56,842
TECHNOLOGIES AND ANY GUIDANCE TO

3155
03:00:56,842 --> 03:00:58,643
OTHERS INTERESTED IN PURSUING

3156
03:00:58,643 --> 03:01:00,745
PATHS ALONG THE WAY.

3157
03:01:00,745 --> 03:01:02,347
>> SO THANK YOU, IT'S AN
HONOR

3158
03:01:02,347 --> 03:01:05,083
TO BE HERE AND TO BE NEXT TO MY

3159
03:01:05,083 --> 03:01:07,118
WORK WIFE FOR 20 YEARS.

3160
03:01:07,118 --> 03:01:08,186
[LAUGHTER]

3161
03:01:08,186 --> 03:01:08,720
DR. BRAD WOOD.

3162
03:01:08,720 --> 03:01:12,958
I WILL END IT WITH THAT.

3163
03:01:12,958 --> 03:01:14,726
LISTEN, AS SURGEONS, YOU'RE A

3164
03:01:14,726 --> 03:01:15,594
UROLOGIC SURGEON, IT'S OFTEN

3165
03:01:15,594 --> 03:01:17,462
THAT WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WE NEED.

3166
03:01:17,462 --> 03:01:20,398
IT SOUNDS ODD.

3167
03:01:20,398 --> 03:01:21,600
TO SAY WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WE

3168
03:01:21,600 --> 03:01:21,933
NEED.

3169
03:01:21,933 --> 03:01:24,035
BUT WE NEED KIND OF DISRUPTIVE

3170
03:01:24,035 --> 03:01:29,374
INNOVATION TO REALLY ADVANCE THE

3171
03:01:29,374 --> 03:01:30,675
OPPORTUNITY TO -- IN THIS CASE

3172
03:01:30,675 --> 03:01:32,544
FOR CANCER, CURE A PERSON OF

3173
03:01:32,544 --> 03:01:33,445
THEIR CANCER.

3174
03:01:33,445 --> 03:01:36,815
SO IN THAT REGARD, WHAT I'VE

3175
03:01:36,815 --> 03:01:39,885
LEARNED IS TO KEEP MY MIND OPEN

3176
03:01:39,885 --> 03:01:41,853
AND MY EARS OPEN AND TO PARTNER

3177
03:01:41,853 --> 03:01:43,722
WITH INDUSTRY AND WITH

3178
03:01:43,722 --> 03:01:45,190
SCIENTISTS THAT HAVE IDEAS THAT

3179
03:01:45,190 --> 03:01:47,325
WHEN I THINK THEY'RE CRAZY, I

3180
03:01:47,325 --> 03:01:48,860
HOLD ON TO THEM.

3181
03:01:48,860 --> 03:01:50,061
FOR DEAR LIFE.

3182
03:01:50,061 --> 03:01:51,263
BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE IMPORTANT

3183
03:01:51,263 --> 03:01:52,797
ONES.

3184
03:01:52,797 --> 03:01:54,199
AND YOU HEARD A LITTLE BIT ABOUT

3185
03:01:54,199 --> 03:01:55,533
WHAT DR. WOOD AND MYSELF AND

3186
03:01:55,533 --> 03:01:56,835
MANY OTHERS AT THIS INSTITUTION

3187
03:01:56,835 --> 03:01:59,237
WORKING WITH INDUSTRY COULD

3188
03:01:59,237 --> 03:02:01,206
CREATE -- WE'VE CREATED A NEW

3189
03:02:01,206 --> 03:02:03,408
WAY OF FINDING PROSTATE CANCER.

3190
03:02:03,408 --> 03:02:05,243
AGAIN, SOMETIMES I FORGET ABOUT

3191
03:02:05,243 --> 03:02:08,413
THIS, BUT UNTIL THE WORK HERE,

3192
03:02:08,413 --> 03:02:10,849
YOU KNOW, PROSTATE CANCER WAS

3193
03:02:10,849 --> 03:02:13,118
ALSO FOUND A BIT TOO LATE IN

3194
03:02:13,118 --> 03:02:14,653
ADVANCED STAGES, WE FOUND IT IN

3195
03:02:14,653 --> 03:02:17,756
A BETTER WAY WITH IMAGING AND

3196
03:02:17,756 --> 03:02:18,390
BETTER DEVICES.

3197
03:02:18,390 --> 03:02:20,392
IF YOU ASKED THE YOUNGER VERSION

3198
03:02:20,392 --> 03:02:22,427
OF ME WHEN I WAS IN TRAINING IN

3199
03:02:22,427 --> 03:02:23,662
BALTIMORE AT JOHNS HOPKINS, DO I

3200
03:02:23,662 --> 03:02:25,697
NEED THAT, I WOULD SAY NO, WE'RE

3201
03:02:25,697 --> 03:02:27,399
DOING FINE AS WE ARE.

3202
03:02:27,399 --> 03:02:29,100
MY ONLY ADVICE WOULD BE WHEN YOU

3203
03:02:29,100 --> 03:02:30,835
THINK IT'S A LITTLE CRAZY, A

3204
03:02:30,835 --> 03:02:31,937
LITTLE BIT OUT OF THE

3205
03:02:31,937 --> 03:02:33,371
ORDINARILY, PLEASE HOLD ON TO

3206
03:02:33,371 --> 03:02:34,339
THAT, WORK THROUGH IT.

3207
03:02:34,339 --> 03:02:36,107
BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE MEDICALLY

3208
03:02:36,107 --> 03:02:37,309
CHANGING DEVICES THAT WE HOLD

3209
03:02:37,309 --> 03:02:37,642
TRUE TODAY.

3210
03:02:37,642 --> 03:02:37,943
THANK YOU.

3211
03:02:37,943 --> 03:02:41,479
>> AND SINCE WE DO
EVERYTHING

3212
03:02:41,479 --> 03:02:42,681
TOGETHER, I'LL CHIME IN AND ADD

3213
03:02:42,681 --> 03:02:44,516
THAT NONE OF THE REAL

3214
03:02:44,516 --> 03:02:45,650
DEVELOPMENTS THAT ARE IMPACTFUL

3215
03:02:45,650 --> 03:02:48,586
HAPPEN IN A VOID AND YOU CAN'T

3216
03:02:48,586 --> 03:02:50,021
DO THEM WITHOUT STEPPING OUTSIDE

3217
03:02:50,021 --> 03:02:52,090
OF YOUR TUNNEL VISION

3218
03:02:52,090 --> 03:02:54,492
SPECIALTIES AND PATHWAYS, EVEN

3219
03:02:54,492 --> 03:02:58,096
BME, WHATEVER YOUR SPECIALTY IS,

3220
03:02:58,096 --> 03:02:59,664
YOU GO TO THE SAME MEETINGS,

3221
03:02:59,664 --> 03:03:02,233
READ THE SAME JOURNALS, IT'S

3222
03:03:02,233 --> 03:03:04,669
ALMOST INSES TAU US THE WAY YOU

3223
03:03:04,669 --> 03:03:05,971
REGURGITATE THE SAME IDEAS.

3224
03:03:05,971 --> 03:03:07,405
THAT'S WHAT'S BEAUTIFUL WORKING

3225
03:03:07,405 --> 03:03:08,573
EVERY DAY WITH SOMEBODY THAT'S

3226
03:03:08,573 --> 03:03:11,276
CRAZY NEXT TO ME IN A DIFFERENT

3227
03:03:11,276 --> 03:03:12,110
SPECIALTY.

3228
03:03:12,110 --> 03:03:13,244
NOWHERE ELSE OTHER THAN NIH IS

3229
03:03:13,244 --> 03:03:14,145
THERE THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE

3230
03:03:14,145 --> 03:03:16,348
THIS TRANSLATIONAL GOALS AND

3231
03:03:16,348 --> 03:03:20,185
HAVE MOLECULAR IMAGING,

3232
03:03:20,185 --> 03:03:21,319
ENGINEERS COUNTLESS ENGINEERS

3233
03:03:21,319 --> 03:03:22,687
AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERS, ONE OF

3234
03:03:22,687 --> 03:03:24,556
THEM SITTING IN THE AUDIENCE,

3235
03:03:24,556 --> 03:03:26,725
KEVIN MA CLEAR EE, AND DIFFERENT

3236
03:03:26,725 --> 03:03:27,826
SPECIALTIES SIDE BY SIDE,

3237
03:03:27,826 --> 03:03:29,027
SHOULDER TO SHOULDER, IN THE

3238
03:03:29,027 --> 03:03:35,066
CLINIC CLINCLINICAL SUITE, COMIH

3239
03:03:35,066 --> 03:03:37,569
SOLUTIONS, IT'S ITERATIVE TRYING

3240
03:03:37,569 --> 03:03:38,703
TO REFINE THAT PROCESS BACK AND

3241
03:03:38,703 --> 03:03:40,105
FORTH, TO THE BENCH, TO THE

3242
03:03:40,105 --> 03:03:41,406
SOFTWARE, TO THE ANIMAL LAB, TO

3243
03:03:41,406 --> 03:03:42,507
WHEREVER YOU NEED TO GO TO

3244
03:03:42,507 --> 03:03:43,375
ITERATE THAT SOLUTION.

3245
03:03:43,375 --> 03:03:49,047
AND THAT REQUIRES TAKING OFF

3246
03:03:49,047 --> 03:03:55,620
YOUR HE GO EGOS, BUT THE PATENT

3247
03:03:55,620 --> 03:03:57,155
PROBLEM ALSO COMES TO BE A

3248
03:03:57,155 --> 03:03:57,922
HURDLE.

3249
03:03:57,922 --> 03:03:59,324
SO IT'S HOW YOU THINK ABOUT

3250
03:03:59,324 --> 03:04:00,658
PATENTS, HOW YOU THINK ABOUT IP.

3251
03:04:00,658 --> 03:04:01,760
I CAN'T TELL YOU THE NUMBER OF

3252
03:04:01,760 --> 03:04:03,728
GREAT IDEAS THAT WERE SQUASHED

3253
03:04:03,728 --> 03:04:05,997
BECAUSE OF THE PURSUIT OF

3254
03:04:05,997 --> 03:04:08,500
OWNERSHIP, OF PATENTS OR THIS

3255
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:10,068
VISION OF PATENTS MEANS I'M

3256
03:04:10,068 --> 03:04:11,703
GOING TO BE FAMOUS OR MAKE MONEY

3257
03:04:11,703 --> 03:04:12,904
OR WHATEVER IT IS, AND YOU'VE

3258
03:04:12,904 --> 03:04:14,672
GOT TO GIVE UP THAT OWNERSHIP

3259
03:04:14,672 --> 03:04:16,408
BECAUSE NOBODY WHO TAKES CREDIT

3260
03:04:16,408 --> 03:04:17,609
FOR ANYTHING ACTUALLY DID IT

3261
03:04:17,609 --> 03:04:19,778
ALONE.

3262
03:04:19,778 --> 03:04:21,446
HE SAYS TO ME ALL THE TIME, HE

3263
03:04:21,446 --> 03:04:22,847
SAYS YOU INVENTED THIS, YOU

3264
03:04:22,847 --> 03:04:23,848
INVENTED THAT.

3265
03:04:23,848 --> 03:04:25,483
NOBODY DOES ANYTHING ALONE.

3266
03:04:25,483 --> 03:04:28,653
AND WE HAVE TO TAKE CREDIT FOR

3267
03:04:28,653 --> 03:04:30,055
IT IN ACADEMICS BECAUSE WE LEARN

3268
03:04:30,055 --> 03:04:31,289
TO SELF-PROMOTE AND SOMETIMES

3269
03:04:31,289 --> 03:04:33,792
ALL TOO OFTEN AND TOO WELL.

3270
03:04:33,792 --> 03:04:34,759
REALLY EVERY GOOD TALK SHOULD

3271
03:04:34,759 --> 03:04:36,628
START WITH A PICTURE OF YOUR

3272
03:04:36,628 --> 03:04:39,164
TEAM, AND IT'S -- THIS IS

3273
03:04:39,164 --> 03:04:40,365
DEFINITELY TRUE IN THE SETTING

3274
03:04:40,365 --> 03:04:41,766
WHERE YOU'RE TRYING TO SIT SIDE

3275
03:04:41,766 --> 03:04:44,169
BY SIDE AND GET BIOMEDICAL

3276
03:04:44,169 --> 03:04:44,836
ENGINEERING TOOLS INTO THE

3277
03:04:44,836 --> 03:04:47,038
CLINIC TO MEET THAT UNMET NEED.

3278
03:04:47,038 --> 03:04:48,540
FOLKS WILL DEFINE THAT SOLUTION

3279
03:04:48,540 --> 03:04:49,874
LOTS OF TIMES IN A VOID, COME

3280
03:04:49,874 --> 03:04:52,844
BACK WITH A TOOL, A YEAR LATER,

3281
03:04:52,844 --> 03:04:54,145
SIX MONTHS LATER, A MONTH LATER.

3282
03:04:54,145 --> 03:04:55,013
THAT DOESN'T WORK.

3283
03:04:55,013 --> 03:04:56,314
BAKED INTO THE WALLS OF THIS

3284
03:04:56,314 --> 03:04:58,283
CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER IS LABS

3285
03:04:58,283 --> 03:04:59,918
RIGHT NEXT TO THE PATIENT

3286
03:04:59,918 --> 03:05:03,088
FLOORS.

3287
03:05:03,088 --> 03:05:04,556
THAT REQUIRES THIS FERTILE

3288
03:05:04,556 --> 03:05:06,391
INTERACTION AND THE ATMOSPHERE

3289
03:05:06,391 --> 03:05:07,258
AND OPPORTUNITIES WHICH ARE

3290
03:05:07,258 --> 03:05:10,261
REALLY UNIQUE HERE.

3291
03:05:10,261 --> 03:05:11,529
>> WE HAVE TO THANK THE

3292
03:05:11,529 --> 03:05:11,796
PATIENTS.

3293
03:05:11,796 --> 03:05:12,330
>> THERE YOU GO.

3294
03:05:12,330 --> 03:05:13,932
>> WE HAVE TO THANK THE

3295
03:05:13,932 --> 03:05:15,567
PATIENTS, WHO REALLY BITE INTO

3296
03:05:15,567 --> 03:05:18,403
THIS, RIGHT?

3297
03:05:18,403 --> 03:05:19,370
GOT TO THANK THE PATIENTS TOO,

3298
03:05:19,370 --> 03:05:20,238
THANK YOU.

3299
03:05:20,238 --> 03:05:22,273
>> VINCENT?

3300
03:05:22,273 --> 03:05:27,045
>> I SHARE THE THOUGHTS OF
PINTO

3301
03:05:27,045 --> 03:05:30,548
AND BRAD, REALLY, MEDICINE BY

3302
03:05:30,548 --> 03:05:33,017
NATURE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY, AND

3303
03:05:33,017 --> 03:05:34,619
AS A RADIOLOGIST, WE'RE ALWAYS

3304
03:05:34,619 --> 03:05:35,653
PROBLEM SOLVING, TRYING TO

3305
03:05:35,653 --> 03:05:37,655
FIGURE OUT THE DIFFERENTIAL

3306
03:05:37,655 --> 03:05:39,190
DIAGNOSIS, AND WORK WITH THE

3307
03:05:39,190 --> 03:05:40,625
CLINICAL COLLEAGUES AS FAR AS

3308
03:05:40,625 --> 03:05:43,361
THE INTERVENTION OR THE

3309
03:05:43,361 --> 03:05:44,129
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT WE

3310
03:05:44,129 --> 03:05:46,197
HAVE.

3311
03:05:46,197 --> 03:05:48,433
AND I'VE SPENT ALL MY CAREER

3312
03:05:48,433 --> 03:05:49,434
PREDOMINANTLY WITHIN THE

3313
03:05:49,434 --> 03:05:51,002
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND IN

3314
03:05:51,002 --> 03:05:52,103
MILITARY MEDICINE, AND IN

3315
03:05:52,103 --> 03:05:54,606
PARTICULAR, I THINK MILITARY

3316
03:05:54,606 --> 03:05:57,775
MEDICINE FORCES US, ACTUALLY

3317
03:05:57,775 --> 03:05:59,410
CHALLENGES US TO BE INNOVATIVE,

3318
03:05:59,410 --> 03:06:00,645
BECAUSE A LOT OF TIMES WE DON'T

3319
03:06:00,645 --> 03:06:01,312
NECESSARILY HAVE EVERYTHING WE

3320
03:06:01,312 --> 03:06:03,047
WOULD HAVE, ESPECIALLY WHEN

3321
03:06:03,047 --> 03:06:04,582
YOU'RE OVERSEAS, IT'S NOT LIKE

3322
03:06:04,582 --> 03:06:07,152
YOU CAN GO AND ORDER SOMETHING

3323
03:06:07,152 --> 03:06:08,820
AND GET IT IN THE AFTERNOON.

3324
03:06:08,820 --> 03:06:10,255
AND IN AN OPERATIONAL SETTING

3325
03:06:10,255 --> 03:06:13,224
WHEN WE'RE DEPLOYED IN AUSTERE

3326
03:06:13,224 --> 03:06:14,092
ENVIRONMENTS, A LOT OF OTHER

3327
03:06:14,092 --> 03:06:16,928
ISSUES COME TO BEAR.

3328
03:06:16,928 --> 03:06:18,062
JUST HAVING CLEAN WATER.

3329
03:06:18,062 --> 03:06:19,564
>> DESCRIBE WHAT AN
AUSTERE

3330
03:06:19,564 --> 03:06:20,431
ENVIRONMENT IS FOR PEOPLE WHO

3331
03:06:20,431 --> 03:06:23,301
AREN'T USED TO THAT TERM.

3332
03:06:23,301 --> 03:06:25,670
>> NORTH CAROLINA.

3333
03:06:25,670 --> 03:06:26,704
RIGHT?

3334
03:06:26,704 --> 03:06:27,772
SO LIKE RIGHT AFTER THE

3335
03:06:27,772 --> 03:06:28,640
HURRICANE, YOU DON'T HAVE POWER,

3336
03:06:28,640 --> 03:06:30,175
YOU DON'T HAVE WATER, YOU DON'T

3337
03:06:30,175 --> 03:06:33,444
HAVE ENERGY, ELECTRICITY.

3338
03:06:33,444 --> 03:06:34,746
RHODES ARE OUT.

3339
03:06:34,746 --> 03:06:39,684
YOU'RE IN THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE.

3340
03:06:39,684 --> 03:06:40,218
AND THAT'S IT.

3341
03:06:40,218 --> 03:06:41,085
WHATEVER YOU BROUGHT IS WHAT YOU

3342
03:06:41,085 --> 03:06:43,521
HAVE.

3343
03:06:43,521 --> 03:06:46,257
AND SO YOU'VE GOT TO THINK ABOUT

3344
03:06:46,257 --> 03:06:48,660
OUR MEDICS, OUR PHYSICIANS'

3345
03:06:48,660 --> 03:06:50,395
ASSISTANTS.

3346
03:06:50,395 --> 03:06:51,829
HOW MUCH CAN YOU CARRY, WHAT DO

3347
03:06:51,829 --> 03:06:52,897
YOU TAKE?

3348
03:06:52,897 --> 03:06:55,667
YOU CAN'T TAKE EVERYTHING.

3349
03:06:55,667 --> 03:06:57,101
SO YOU HAVE TO BE EFFICIENT.

3350
03:06:57,101 --> 03:06:58,169
WHAT KIND OF POWER SOURCES DO

3351
03:06:58,169 --> 03:07:00,672
YOU HAVE?

3352
03:07:00,672 --> 03:07:02,874
AND SO AUSTERE ENVIRONMENTS IN

3353
03:07:02,874 --> 03:07:06,044
OPERATIONAL MEDICINE PRESENTS A

3354
03:07:06,044 --> 03:07:09,214
CHALLENGE AS DISASTER MEDICINE,

3355
03:07:09,214 --> 03:07:13,384
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS.

3356
03:07:13,384 --> 03:07:15,186
SO WE HAVE TO IMPROVISE AND

3357
03:07:15,186 --> 03:07:15,987
FIGURE OUT WHAT THE BEST

3358
03:07:15,987 --> 03:07:16,521
SOLUTIONS ARE.

3359
03:07:16,521 --> 03:07:18,089
>> GREAT, THANK YOU.

3360
03:07:18,089 --> 03:07:18,623
CHERIE.

3361
03:07:18,623 --> 03:07:20,024
>> SO NUMBER ONE, I WANT
TO

3362
03:07:20,024 --> 03:07:21,659
THANK YOU FOR BRINGING ME BACK

3363
03:07:21,659 --> 03:07:24,095
HOME, AND I LOVE THAT ALL OF US

3364
03:07:24,095 --> 03:07:25,396
ARE COMING FROM GOVERNMENT

3365
03:07:25,396 --> 03:07:28,266
BECAUSE THIS IS VERY RARE.

3366
03:07:28,266 --> 03:07:29,901
SO I WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT

3367
03:07:29,901 --> 03:07:30,735
ABOUT -- I AGREE WITH EVERYTHING

3368
03:07:30,735 --> 03:07:32,170
YOU ALL HAVE SAID AND I WANT TO

3369
03:07:32,170 --> 03:07:34,239
TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT MY

3370
03:07:34,239 --> 03:07:36,107
EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRY.

3371
03:07:36,107 --> 03:07:38,409
YOU WORK FOR WHAT WAS -- YOU

3372
03:07:38,409 --> 03:07:41,246
KNOW, WHAT'S KNOWN AS A DRUG

3373
03:07:41,246 --> 03:07:44,749
COMPANY, BUT FROM MY DAYS AT

3374
03:07:44,749 --> 03:07:46,951
FDA, WHAT PEOPLE USUALLY FORGET

3375
03:07:46,951 --> 03:07:49,120
AS THEY'RE DEVELOPING DRUGS IS

3376
03:07:49,120 --> 03:07:50,655
THE MANUFACTURING PIECE.

3377
03:07:50,655 --> 03:07:52,957
LIKE THAT'S WHERE A LOT OF DRUGS

3378
03:07:52,957 --> 03:07:53,424
ACTUALLY FAIL.

3379
03:07:53,424 --> 03:07:54,826
THEY'RE NOT FAILING BECAUSE THE

3380
03:07:54,826 --> 03:07:57,128
DRUG ISN'T GOOD, THE STUDY

3381
03:07:57,128 --> 03:07:58,196
WASN'T DESIGNED RIGHT, BUT

3382
03:07:58,196 --> 03:07:59,964
BECAUSE THEY CAN'T MANUFACTURE

3383
03:07:59,964 --> 03:08:00,732
PROPERLY.

3384
03:08:00,732 --> 03:08:02,700
BUT I WILL TELL YOU THE STORY

3385
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:05,203
FROM MY DAYS WHEN WE WERE

3386
03:08:05,203 --> 03:08:08,039
DEVELOPING PLAGRITY, WE WERE

3387
03:08:08,039 --> 03:08:10,041
TRYING TO GO FAST, WITHOUT

3388
03:08:10,041 --> 03:08:13,177
LOSING QUALITY, AND SO AS WE

3389
03:08:13,177 --> 03:08:14,512
WERE LOOKING TO GET IT APPROVED,

3390
03:08:14,512 --> 03:08:16,481
WE SAID OKAY, WE REALLY WANTED

3391
03:08:16,481 --> 03:08:19,117
TO BE AN AUTO INJECTOR BECAUSE

3392
03:08:19,117 --> 03:08:20,151
WE KNOW THAT'S WHAT PATIENTS

3393
03:08:20,151 --> 03:08:21,919
WANT BUT IT LITERALLY TAKES TWO,

3394
03:08:21,919 --> 03:08:23,254
THREE YEARS TO DEVELOP AN AUTO

3395
03:08:23,254 --> 03:08:23,588
INJECTOR.

3396
03:08:23,588 --> 03:08:25,023
SO WE SAID OKAY, WE'RE GOING TO

3397
03:08:25,023 --> 03:08:26,924
GO WITH THE PREFILLED SYRINGE TO

3398
03:08:26,924 --> 03:08:28,192
GET IT OVER THE FINISH LINE, BUT

3399
03:08:28,192 --> 03:08:29,661
WE ALSO HAVE TO BE THINKING

3400
03:08:29,661 --> 03:08:31,362
ABOUT THE TIMELINE IT TAKES TO

3401
03:08:31,362 --> 03:08:33,097
DO THE AUTO INJECTOR.

3402
03:08:33,097 --> 03:08:35,500
AND SO THAT'S WHAT MOST PEOPLE

3403
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:37,068
FORGET, IS IF YOU'RE THINKING

3404
03:08:37,068 --> 03:08:40,071
ABOUT THE DELIVERY SYSTEM, YOU

3405
03:08:40,071 --> 03:08:41,773
CAN'T THINK ABOUT THE DELIVERY

3406
03:08:41,773 --> 03:08:43,808
SYSTEM BY THE TIME YOU GET TO

3407
03:08:43,808 --> 03:08:45,510
PHASE 3 AND THEN WE'LL JUST

3408
03:08:45,510 --> 03:08:46,110
PIVOT.

3409
03:08:46,110 --> 03:08:46,878
YOU ACTUALLY HAVE TO BE THINKING

3410
03:08:46,878 --> 03:08:47,779
ABOUT IT AT THE SAME TIME AS

3411
03:08:47,779 --> 03:08:48,880
WHEN YOU'RE GOING INTO THE

3412
03:08:48,880 --> 03:08:49,180
CLINIC.

3413
03:08:49,180 --> 03:08:50,515
THIS IS SOMETHING PEOPLE REALLY

3414
03:08:50,515 --> 03:08:51,816
DON'T APPRECIATE ABOUT THE

3415
03:08:51,816 --> 03:08:53,618
ENTIRE DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROCESS,

3416
03:08:53,618 --> 03:08:55,186
THEY'RE KIND OF THINKING ABOUT

3417
03:08:55,186 --> 03:08:56,621
DEVICES, BUT THERE'S A DEVICE

3418
03:08:56,621 --> 03:08:57,588
BECAUSE THERE'S A DELIVERY

3419
03:08:57,588 --> 03:08:58,923
SYSTEM FOR THAT DRUG, SO THINK

3420
03:08:58,923 --> 03:09:00,391
ABOUT IT THAT WAY.

3421
03:09:00,391 --> 03:09:08,566
DIAGNOSTICS ARE THE SAME WAY.

3422
03:09:08,566 --> 03:09:10,001
>> AND IF YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS

3423
03:09:10,001 --> 03:09:12,103
IN THE AUDIENCE, PLEASE APPROACH

3424
03:09:12,103 --> 03:09:15,973
THE MICROPHONES AND AFTER WE GET

3425
03:09:15,973 --> 03:09:20,211
THIS, WE'LL TAKE SOME QUESTIONS.

3426
03:09:20,211 --> 03:09:22,313
>> THANK YOU, MANU, FOR
HAVING

3427
03:09:22,313 --> 03:09:22,613
THIS FORUM.

3428
03:09:22,613 --> 03:09:23,648
SO I ACTUALLY WORKED IN INDUSTRY

3429
03:09:23,648 --> 03:09:25,717
FOR THE FIRST SIX YEARS OF MY

3430
03:09:25,717 --> 03:09:27,552
CAREER, I WORKED AT NATIONAL

3431
03:09:27,552 --> 03:09:29,320
SEMICONDUCTOR, WHICH IS A CHIP

3432
03:09:29,320 --> 03:09:29,654
COMPANY.

3433
03:09:29,654 --> 03:09:31,422
AND MY PH.D. WAS ALL IN

3434
03:09:31,422 --> 03:09:32,223
ELECTRONICS.

3435
03:09:32,223 --> 03:09:34,592
BUT I GOT REALLY INSPIRED WITH

3436
03:09:34,592 --> 03:09:35,893
BIOLOGY IN THE LAST SEMESTER OF

3437
03:09:35,893 --> 03:09:36,661
MY PH.D.

3438
03:09:36,661 --> 03:09:38,496
AND SINCE THEN, I WORKED SIX,

3439
03:09:38,496 --> 03:09:40,164
SEVEN YEARS TO KIND OF MAKE THE

3440
03:09:40,164 --> 03:09:44,102
SWITCH, BUT IN INDUSTRY, WE KIND

3441
03:09:44,102 --> 03:09:46,838
OF WENT THROUGH THAT WHOLE

3442
03:09:46,838 --> 03:09:48,906
PROCESS OF R & D BUT REALLY

3443
03:09:48,906 --> 03:09:50,742
SMALL R, BIG D, THEN TRANSLATED

3444
03:09:50,742 --> 03:09:51,743
IT THROUGH TO MANUFACTURING, SO

3445
03:09:51,743 --> 03:09:53,544
WE ACTUALLY DEVELOPED LIKE SIX

3446
03:09:53,544 --> 03:09:55,146
TECHNOLOGIES THAT WERE

3447
03:09:55,146 --> 03:09:56,214
COMMERCIALIZED IN THE

3448
03:09:56,214 --> 03:09:57,648
SEMICONDUCTOR FABS, BUT I WAS

3449
03:09:57,648 --> 03:09:58,549
ALWAYS VERY INTERESTED IN

3450
03:09:58,549 --> 03:09:59,517
COMBINING THAT WITH BIOLOGY.

3451
03:09:59,517 --> 03:10:01,219
SO I COULD ONLY DO THAT IN

3452
03:10:01,219 --> 03:10:02,353
ACADEMIA, SO I DECIDED TO COME

3453
03:10:02,353 --> 03:10:03,354
BACK TO ACADEMIA.

3454
03:10:03,354 --> 03:10:05,189
AND ACTUALLY I REMEMBER THE VP

3455
03:10:05,189 --> 03:10:06,624
OF MY DIVISION SAID THAT, YOU

3456
03:10:06,624 --> 03:10:09,794
KNOW, I CAN PAY YOU LESS AND YOU

3457
03:10:09,794 --> 03:10:11,095
CAN WORK HARDER RIGHT HERE, YOU

3458
03:10:11,095 --> 03:10:12,964
DON'T HAVE TO GO TO ACADEMIA.

3459
03:10:12,964 --> 03:10:18,336
BUT NEW YEAR'S ANYWAY I'M GLAD E

3460
03:10:18,336 --> 03:10:18,770
THE SWITCH.

3461
03:10:18,770 --> 03:10:20,071
WE WERE INTERESTED IN BASIC

3462
03:10:20,071 --> 03:10:21,939
RESEARCH BUT ALSO USE INSPIRED

3463
03:10:21,939 --> 03:10:24,776
RESEARCH AND I'VE BEEN FORTUNATE

3464
03:10:24,776 --> 03:10:26,310
TO HAVE COFOUNDED SOME COMPANIES

3465
03:10:26,310 --> 03:10:27,512
WITH MY STUDENTS EVERY SINGLE

3466
03:10:27,512 --> 03:10:29,714
ONE OF THEM WAS WITH ONE OF MY

3467
03:10:29,714 --> 03:10:32,216
STUDENTS TO OUR ACTIVE -- TWO

3468
03:10:32,216 --> 03:10:33,518
ARE ACTIVE NOW THAT I'LL SHARE

3469
03:10:33,518 --> 03:10:34,585
LATER BUT I THINK ONE THING THAT

3470
03:10:34,585 --> 03:10:38,456
I LEARNED IS THAT WHAT'S MOST

3471
03:10:38,456 --> 03:10:39,557
IMPORTANT ACTUALLY IN MY OPINION

3472
03:10:39,557 --> 03:10:41,859
IN THESE STARTUPS OR TRANSLATING

3473
03:10:41,859 --> 03:10:43,227
TECHNOLOGY ESPECIALLY FROM THE

3474
03:10:43,227 --> 03:10:44,796
UNIVERSITY, AT A UNIVERSITY

3475
03:10:44,796 --> 03:10:47,432
WE'RE PRODUCING TALENT, WE'RE

3476
03:10:47,432 --> 03:10:49,500
PUBLISHING PAPERS AND I THINK

3477
03:10:49,500 --> 03:10:51,569
PART OF WHAT REALLY THE END GOAL

3478
03:10:51,569 --> 03:10:55,173
IS, PRODUCE TALENT FOR THE

3479
03:10:55,173 --> 03:10:56,107
WORLD, ADVANCE THE STATE OF

3480
03:10:56,107 --> 03:10:58,342
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING,

3481
03:10:58,342 --> 03:10:59,777
AND, OF COURSE, I THINK MORE AND

3482
03:10:59,777 --> 03:11:00,978
MORE, AND DEPENDING ON PERSONAL

3483
03:11:00,978 --> 03:11:02,180
INTEREST, YOU ALSO WANT TO

3484
03:11:02,180 --> 03:11:03,147
TRANSLATE THOSE TECHNOLOGIES AND

3485
03:11:03,147 --> 03:11:05,483
THAT HE WHAT THE WHOLE

3486
03:11:05,483 --> 03:11:06,717
EQUISYSTEM IS NEEDED DO THAT.

3487
03:11:06,717 --> 03:11:08,553
BUT AT THE END OF THE DAY, IN

3488
03:11:08,553 --> 03:11:10,054
ALL CASES, THE INITIAL IDEA THAT

3489
03:11:10,054 --> 03:11:12,256
WE STARTED WITH TO WHAT WAS

3490
03:11:12,256 --> 03:11:13,791
GOING TO BE THEN A PRODUCT WAS

3491
03:11:13,791 --> 03:11:17,628
LIKE DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT.

3492
03:11:17,628 --> 03:11:18,463
WAS DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT.

3493
03:11:18,463 --> 03:11:21,332
AND THE COMPANY TOOK THAT

3494
03:11:21,332 --> 03:11:22,400
INITIAL IDEA AND THEN THE RIGHT

3495
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:24,035
ONES THAT MOVED FORWARD WERE THE

3496
03:11:24,035 --> 03:11:27,438
ONES THAT WERE ABLE TO ADAPT, BE

3497
03:11:27,438 --> 03:11:29,774
NIMBLE, CHANGE, AND STAY FOCUSED

3498
03:11:29,774 --> 03:11:31,609
ON THE CUSTOMER AND THE PRODUCT.

3499
03:11:31,609 --> 03:11:33,578
NOT NECESSARILY EVEN THE

3500
03:11:33,578 --> 03:11:35,313
ORIGINAL TECHNOLOGY IN ITS

3501
03:11:35,313 --> 03:11:35,746
ORIGINAL FORM.

3502
03:11:35,746 --> 03:11:39,250
SO I THINK WHAT'S MOST IMPORTANT

3503
03:11:39,250 --> 03:11:40,685
IS TALENT AND PEOPLE LIKE WHO

3504
03:11:40,685 --> 03:11:42,653
ARE THE PEOPLE DRIVING IN THE

3505
03:11:42,653 --> 03:11:43,621
STARTUPS AND THERE'S A LOT OF

3506
03:11:43,621 --> 03:11:47,258
LUCK INVOLVED, ORVETION BUT JUST

3507
03:11:47,258 --> 03:11:48,459
JUST THAT PERSEVERANCE AND

3508
03:11:48,459 --> 03:11:49,193
REALLY KEEPING AT IT WITH

3509
03:11:49,193 --> 03:11:50,795
WANTING TO MEET A CLINICAL NEED,

3510
03:11:50,795 --> 03:11:52,163
IN THIS CASE IN THE BIOMEDICAL

3511
03:11:52,163 --> 03:11:54,131
SPACE, HAVING THAT CLINICAL NEED

3512
03:11:54,131 --> 03:11:55,800
AND REALLY, REALLY, REALLY GOOD

3513
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:56,467
UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL

3514
03:11:56,467 --> 03:11:57,735
NEED AND WHAT IS -- HOW WILL IT

3515
03:11:57,735 --> 03:12:01,038
BE USED BY PHYSICIANS WHO ARE

3516
03:12:01,038 --> 03:12:02,707
DOING VERY IMPORTANT JOBS WITH A

3517
03:12:02,707 --> 03:12:05,910
LOT OF PRESSURE, WITH A LOT OF

3518
03:12:05,910 --> 03:12:09,113
SORT OF TIME DEMANDS -- I MEAN

3519
03:12:09,113 --> 03:12:10,114
DEMANDS ON THEIR TIME AND

3520
03:12:10,114 --> 03:12:11,082
SOMETIMES VERY LITTLE INFORMING,

3521
03:12:11,082 --> 03:12:12,717
BUT THEY HAVE TO MAKE THE

3522
03:12:12,717 --> 03:12:13,618
DECISION AND MOVE FORWARD, SO

3523
03:12:13,618 --> 03:12:15,686
HOW DO WE HELP THAT, HOW DO WE

3524
03:12:15,686 --> 03:12:16,787
PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION, HOW DO

3525
03:12:16,787 --> 03:12:18,322
WE PROVIDE TOOLS TO MEET, TRULY,

3526
03:12:18,322 --> 03:12:20,057
A CLINICAL NEED, WHETHER IT'S

3527
03:12:20,057 --> 03:12:21,692
THE PHYSICIAN, WHETHER IT'S THE

3528
03:12:21,692 --> 03:12:24,228
INDIVIDUAL, WHETHER IT IS SOME

3529
03:12:24,228 --> 03:12:25,229
PHARMACEUTICAL OR BIOMEDICAL

3530
03:12:25,229 --> 03:12:25,630
INDUSTRY.

3531
03:12:25,630 --> 03:12:29,467
SO I THINK THAT END USE AND THE

3532
03:12:29,467 --> 03:12:30,234
FACT THAT WHEN YOU START A

3533
03:12:30,234 --> 03:12:31,235
COMPANY FOR THOSE OF WHO YOU

3534
03:12:31,235 --> 03:12:33,271
MIGHT BE THINKING, YOU HAVE TO

3535
03:12:33,271 --> 03:12:35,039
BE REALLY COMMITTED TO THE GOAL

3536
03:12:35,039 --> 03:12:36,707
OF TRANSLATING A TECHNOLOGY AND

3537
03:12:36,707 --> 03:12:38,976
MAKING AN IMPACT BUT YOU CAN'T

3538
03:12:38,976 --> 03:12:40,311
BE -- IT WILL CHANGE, IT WILL

3539
03:12:40,311 --> 03:12:41,913
CHANGE ALONG THE WAY, IN ALL

3540
03:12:41,913 --> 03:12:43,481
CASES THINGS WERE DRAMATICALLY

3541
03:12:43,481 --> 03:12:45,216
DIFFERENT FROM WHERE WE STARTED.

3542
03:12:45,216 --> 03:12:46,017
SO I'LL STOP THERE.

3543
03:12:46,017 --> 03:12:47,852
>> THANK YOU FOR THAT.

3544
03:12:47,852 --> 03:12:49,020
AGAIN, OPEN FOR QUESTIONS.

3545
03:12:49,020 --> 03:12:49,954
LOOKS LIKE WE HAVE ONE OVER

3546
03:12:49,954 --> 03:12:51,789
HERE.

3547
03:12:51,789 --> 03:12:54,392
>> THIS IS MY SOFTBALL
QUESTION.

3548
03:12:54,392 --> 03:12:56,260
TO ANYONE UP THERE.

3549
03:12:56,260 --> 03:12:58,796
SO I'M LOOKING AT THE TITLE,

3550
03:12:58,796 --> 03:13:00,531
IT'S INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, NIH.

3551
03:13:00,531 --> 03:13:02,600
AND I'LL JUST CALL THAT

3552
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:04,702
GOVERNMENT, PATIENT CARE,

3553
03:13:04,702 --> 03:13:06,203
INDUSTRY FROM STARTUP ALL THE

3554
03:13:06,203 --> 03:13:08,940
WAY TO ESTABLISHED LARGE

3555
03:13:08,940 --> 03:13:10,608
COMPANIES THAT ARE ON FORTUNE

3556
03:13:10,608 --> 03:13:10,841
500.

3557
03:13:10,841 --> 03:13:11,909
BUT BETWEEN IT, YOU HAVE THE

3558
03:13:11,909 --> 03:13:14,679
WORD INNOVATION.

3559
03:13:14,679 --> 03:13:16,047
SO KNOWING BRAD VERY WELL AND

3560
03:13:16,047 --> 03:13:18,482
PETER, AND I DON'T KNOW THE

3561
03:13:18,482 --> 03:13:21,519
OTHER PEOPLE ON THE DAIS, BUT

3562
03:13:21,519 --> 03:13:24,255
CAN YOU ACTUALLY HAVE INNOVATION

3563
03:13:24,255 --> 03:13:26,891
WITH LARGE COMPANIES WITH NIH

3564
03:13:26,891 --> 03:13:28,092
AND GOVERNMENT OR DOES IT HAVE

3565
03:13:28,092 --> 03:13:31,462
TO BE AN EMERGING STARTUP

3566
03:13:31,462 --> 03:13:32,663
COMPANY, AND IT'S ALMOST AN

3567
03:13:32,663 --> 03:13:33,297
EMOTIONAL QUESTION BECAUSE CAN

3568
03:13:33,297 --> 03:13:36,300
YOU MOVE THE INNOVATION ALONG

3569
03:13:36,300 --> 03:13:38,636
DEPENDING ON ITS TYPE AND TO THE

3570
03:13:38,636 --> 03:13:41,339
RIGHT SIDE, BRAD'S SIDE AND

3571
03:13:41,339 --> 03:13:42,740
PETER'D SIDE, WOULD YOU BE

3572
03:13:42,740 --> 03:13:43,608
CHERIE PICKING SOMETHING THAT

3573
03:13:43,608 --> 03:13:45,343
YOU THINK YOU CAN ACTUALLY

3574
03:13:45,343 --> 03:13:48,079
INNOVATE AND THEN MOVE QUICKLY

3575
03:13:48,079 --> 03:13:49,647
AND TRANSLATE IT INTO YOUR OWN

3576
03:13:49,647 --> 03:13:51,382
CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR LIMITED

3577
03:13:51,382 --> 03:13:52,683
PATIENT WORK, AND THEN WHAT

3578
03:13:52,683 --> 03:13:55,219
WOULD YOU ACTUALLY WANT THEM TO

3579
03:13:55,219 --> 03:13:55,753
INNOVATE?

3580
03:13:55,753 --> 03:13:57,054
THAT'S SORT OF MY SOFTBALL

3581
03:13:57,054 --> 03:13:57,321
QUESTION.

3582
03:13:57,321 --> 03:13:58,155
>> OKAY.

3583
03:13:58,155 --> 03:14:00,691
>> LET ME START THIS OFF
AND

3584
03:14:00,691 --> 03:14:03,527
THEN YOU GUYS CAN GO.

3585
03:14:03,527 --> 03:14:05,363
IT DEPENDS ON YOUR DEFINITION OF

3586
03:14:05,363 --> 03:14:06,697
INNOVATION AND I THINK THAT ALL

3587
03:14:06,697 --> 03:14:09,100
OF US HAVE SAID SOMETHING THAT'S

3588
03:14:09,100 --> 03:14:11,369
REALLY IMPORTANT, WHICH IS THIS

3589
03:14:11,369 --> 03:14:12,503
ECOSYSTEM IS INTERCONNECTED.

3590
03:14:12,503 --> 03:14:13,904
YOU SHOULDN'T TRY TO DO ALL OF

3591
03:14:13,904 --> 03:14:16,207
IT YOURSELF, AND I THINK THAT

3592
03:14:16,207 --> 03:14:17,842
MAY BE WHERE YOUR QUESTION WAS

3593
03:14:17,842 --> 03:14:19,043
GOING, IS THIS IDEA OF OKAY,

3594
03:14:19,043 --> 03:14:21,545
I'VE GOT TO TAKE IT ALL THE WAY

3595
03:14:21,545 --> 03:14:22,346
TO THE END.

3596
03:14:22,346 --> 03:14:23,748
NO, YOU'VE GOT PARTNERS ACROSS

3597
03:14:23,748 --> 03:14:25,416
SO MANY DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS,

3598
03:14:25,416 --> 03:14:26,717
ORGANIZATIONS, YOU CAN BE SMALL,

3599
03:14:26,717 --> 03:14:28,019
LARGE, WHATEVER.

3600
03:14:28,019 --> 03:14:29,453
BUT UNDERSTAND WHERE YOUR

3601
03:14:29,453 --> 03:14:30,988
STRENGTH IS, AND THAT'S WHERE

3602
03:14:30,988 --> 03:14:31,756
YOU INNOVATE.

3603
03:14:31,756 --> 03:14:33,391
DON'T TRY TO INNOVATE ACROSS THE

3604
03:14:33,391 --> 03:14:34,258
WHOLE THING.

3605
03:14:34,258 --> 03:14:35,459
THAT'S WHERE PEOPLE USUALLY MAKE

3606
03:14:35,459 --> 03:14:37,528
THE MISTAKE, IS THEY HAVE THIS

3607
03:14:37,528 --> 03:14:39,296
ONE IDEA OF WHAT INNOVATION IS,

3608
03:14:39,296 --> 03:14:40,698
WHEN INNOVATION IS ABSOLUTELY

3609
03:14:40,698 --> 03:14:41,932
WHAT YOU WERE SAYING.

3610
03:14:41,932 --> 03:14:43,668
THERE ARE SO MANY CHANGES THAT

3611
03:14:43,668 --> 03:14:45,102
ARE GOING TO GO ALONG THE WAY.

3612
03:14:45,102 --> 03:14:46,070
THE FEEDBACK THAT YOU GET FROM

3613
03:14:46,070 --> 03:14:47,605
PATIENTS IS GOING TO MAKE YOU

3614
03:14:47,605 --> 03:14:49,140
TEAR UP ALL THE PLANS THAT YOU

3615
03:14:49,140 --> 03:14:50,808
HAD, AN SO YOU HAVE TO BE READY

3616
03:14:50,808 --> 03:14:51,442
FOR THAT.

3617
03:14:51,442 --> 03:14:53,144
AND THEN TO YOUR POINT ABOUT

3618
03:14:53,144 --> 03:14:54,945
NORTH CAROLINA, YOU KNOW THAT

3619
03:14:54,945 --> 03:14:55,913
THERE ARE GOING TO BE SOME

3620
03:14:55,913 --> 03:14:57,214
THINGS YOU DIDN'T EVEN

3621
03:14:57,214 --> 03:14:58,015
ANTICIPATE, SO YOU'RE GOING TO

3622
03:14:58,015 --> 03:14:59,750
HAVE TO BE ABLE TO PIVOT.

3623
03:14:59,750 --> 03:15:02,920
THAT IS INNOVATION.

3624
03:15:02,920 --> 03:15:04,221
BUT LET'S SEE IF OTHERS HAVE

3625
03:15:04,221 --> 03:15:04,488
THOUGHTS.

3626
03:15:04,488 --> 03:15:05,423
>> I THINK THERE ARE MANY

3627
03:15:05,423 --> 03:15:07,091
COMPANIES THAT ARE INNOVATING

3628
03:15:07,091 --> 03:15:08,159
AND THERE IS INNOVATION IN

3629
03:15:08,159 --> 03:15:08,959
COMPANIES.

3630
03:15:08,959 --> 03:15:10,928
IT DEPENDS, IT'S A LOADED

3631
03:15:10,928 --> 03:15:11,462
QUESTION.

3632
03:15:11,462 --> 03:15:12,530
IT DEPENDS ON THE COMPANY

3633
03:15:12,530 --> 03:15:13,764
CULTURE, DEPENDS ON THEIR

3634
03:15:13,764 --> 03:15:15,499
FINANCES, IT DEPENDS ON -- I

3635
03:15:15,499 --> 03:15:17,034
MEAN, IBM RESEARCH HAS 4,000

3636
03:15:17,034 --> 03:15:18,769
PEOPLE IN IBM RESEARCH AND

3637
03:15:18,769 --> 03:15:20,204
THEY'RE PUBLISHING VERY OPENLY

3638
03:15:20,204 --> 03:15:22,506
AP THEY'RE PUSHING QUANTUM

3639
03:15:22,506 --> 03:15:23,607
COMPUTING AND ALL OF THESE

3640
03:15:23,607 --> 03:15:24,475
THINGS, FOR EXAMPLE, SO I THINK

3641
03:15:24,475 --> 03:15:26,110
IT DEPENDS, BUT YOU CAN HAVE

3642
03:15:26,110 --> 03:15:28,179
INNOVATION IN LARGE COMPANIES.

3643
03:15:28,179 --> 03:15:29,180
THERE'S A LOT OF OTHER FACTORS

3644
03:15:29,180 --> 03:15:32,249
TO THAT.

3645
03:15:32,249 --> 03:15:33,784
THE OTHER I'LL TELL YOU, MANY OF

3646
03:15:33,784 --> 03:15:35,186
OUR ALUMS WHO HAVE BEEN VERY

3647
03:15:35,186 --> 03:15:36,487
SUCCESSFUL, IN MY JOB I GET TO

3648
03:15:36,487 --> 03:15:38,789
TALK TO LOTS OF ALUMS WHO WERE

3649
03:15:38,789 --> 03:15:39,657
STUDENTS, AND IT'S A GREAT PART

3650
03:15:39,657 --> 03:15:42,393
OF THE JOB.

3651
03:15:42,393 --> 03:15:43,694
ONE THING THAT I'VE LEARNED,

3652
03:15:43,694 --> 03:15:45,362
THOSE WHO ARE VERY SUCCESSFUL

3653
03:15:45,362 --> 03:15:46,997
NOW WHO STARTED COMPANIES,

3654
03:15:46,997 --> 03:15:47,865
ACTUALLY IT'S REALLY

3655
03:15:47,865 --> 03:15:49,300
INTERESTING, THEY ALL SAY NOW

3656
03:15:49,300 --> 03:15:51,802
THAT THEY WISH OR THEY'D HAD

3657
03:15:51,802 --> 03:15:53,671
THOSE THAT WERE SUCCESSFUL, THEY

3658
03:15:53,671 --> 03:15:55,206
HAD, OR THOSE THAT DIDN'T, THEY

3659
03:15:55,206 --> 03:15:56,373
SAID THEY WISHED THEY HAD GONE

3660
03:15:56,373 --> 03:15:58,042
AND WORKED FOR A COMPANY FIRST

3661
03:15:58,042 --> 03:15:59,143
RATHER THAN STARTING A COMPANY

3662
03:15:59,143 --> 03:15:59,877
STRAIGHT FROM SCHOOL.

3663
03:15:59,877 --> 03:16:01,112
THEY WISHED THEY HAD WORKED FOR

3664
03:16:01,112 --> 03:16:04,381
A FEW YEARS IN A COMPANY TO

3665
03:16:04,381 --> 03:16:07,017
LEARN HOW THINGS WORK, LEARN THE

3666
03:16:07,017 --> 03:16:08,119
PRACTICAL SIDE OF THINGS, LEARN

3667
03:16:08,119 --> 03:16:09,186
THE PROCESSES AND LEARN THE

3668
03:16:09,186 --> 03:16:10,955
BUSINESS PLANS AND LEARN ALL OF

3669
03:16:10,955 --> 03:16:12,056
THAT, AND THEN STARTED A

3670
03:16:12,056 --> 03:16:12,289
COMPANY.

3671
03:16:12,289 --> 03:16:14,892
AND MOST OF THE ONES THAT I MET

3672
03:16:14,892 --> 03:16:16,293
WERE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL WERE THE

3673
03:16:16,293 --> 03:16:17,528
ONES THAT ACTUALLY WORKED AT A

3674
03:16:17,528 --> 03:16:18,829
BIG COMPANY FIRST, AND THEN

3675
03:16:18,829 --> 03:16:20,030
SPLIT OFF AND THEN WENT OFF AND

3676
03:16:20,030 --> 03:16:21,799
STARTED A COMPANY.

3677
03:16:21,799 --> 03:16:23,100
THERE'S CASES OF, OF COURSE,

3678
03:16:23,100 --> 03:16:24,168
STRAIGHT FROM SCHOOL AS WELL,

3679
03:16:24,168 --> 03:16:26,170
BUT IT'S INTERESTING, EACH QUN

3680
03:16:26,170 --> 03:16:29,774
ONEOF THEM, EVEN MYCO-FOUNDER N,

3681
03:16:29,774 --> 03:16:30,941
THE STUDENT THAT HAD DONE THIS

3682
03:16:30,941 --> 03:16:32,276
EIGHT YEARS, NINE YEARS, SAID I

3683
03:16:32,276 --> 03:16:34,011
WISH I WORKED AT A COMPANY SO IT

3684
03:16:34,011 --> 03:16:35,880
DIDN'T TAKE ME TO LONG TO LEARN

3685
03:16:35,880 --> 03:16:37,114
THESE THINGS.

3686
03:16:37,114 --> 03:16:40,151
>> I THINK INNOVATION IS

3687
03:16:40,151 --> 03:16:41,452
ADAPTATION, SO YOU CAN'T ASSUME

3688
03:16:41,452 --> 03:16:43,420
THAT THE CURRENT ECOSYSTEM AND

3689
03:16:43,420 --> 03:16:44,955
TREATMENTS ARE GOING TO STAND

3690
03:16:44,955 --> 03:16:45,156
STILL.

3691
03:16:45,156 --> 03:16:49,560
IT'S LIKE LANDING AN AIRPLANE ON

3692
03:16:49,560 --> 03:16:52,730
A RESOLVING EARTH THAT HAS A

3693
03:16:52,730 --> 03:16:54,031
CRUISER GOING AT A DIFFERENT

3694
03:16:54,031 --> 03:16:55,800
SPEED, YOU'RE PLAYING THE OLD

3695
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:57,334
MOON LANDER VIDEO CAME.

3696
03:16:57,334 --> 03:16:59,203
IT'S A CHALLENGE, YOU'VE GOT TO

3697
03:16:59,203 --> 03:16:59,937
BE ADAPTIVE.

3698
03:16:59,937 --> 03:17:01,272
THERE'S SO MANY HURDLES TO

3699
03:17:01,272 --> 03:17:03,140
TRANSLATION AND ALL THE HURDLES

3700
03:17:03,140 --> 03:17:05,776
AND RATE LIMITING FEATURES

3701
03:17:05,776 --> 03:17:06,177
CHANGE OVER TIME.

3702
03:17:06,177 --> 03:17:10,147
SO JUST I AU BE ATTUNED TO THE

3703
03:17:10,147 --> 03:17:11,015
CHANGES AS THEY EVOLVE BECAUSE

3704
03:17:11,015 --> 03:17:12,449
THEY DEFINITELY WILL REDEFINE

3705
03:17:12,449 --> 03:17:14,585
YOUR PURPOSE, AND ASK DOES THIS

3706
03:17:14,585 --> 03:17:16,887
MODEL MAKE SENSE WITHIN WHATEVER

3707
03:17:16,887 --> 03:17:17,621
COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT YOU'RE

3708
03:17:17,621 --> 03:17:19,089
AIMING FOR, AND HAVING THE

3709
03:17:19,089 --> 03:17:20,291
COMMERCIAL AND THE BUSINESS

3710
03:17:20,291 --> 03:17:21,659
MODELS MATCH WITH THE CLINICAL

3711
03:17:21,659 --> 03:17:23,694
NEEDS, WITH THE TECHNOLOGY, IS

3712
03:17:23,694 --> 03:17:23,994
TOUGH.

3713
03:17:23,994 --> 03:17:24,995
AND YOU SHOULDN'T JUST DO IT

3714
03:17:24,995 --> 03:17:26,063
BECAUSE YOU CAN DO IT.

3715
03:17:26,063 --> 03:17:30,034
YOU'VE GOT TO DO IT WITH AN EYE

3716
03:17:30,034 --> 03:17:32,269
TO COST FROM THE START, WITH DAY

3717
03:17:32,269 --> 03:17:33,103
ONE.

3718
03:17:33,103 --> 03:17:34,638
WITH AN EYE TOWARDS THE

3719
03:17:34,638 --> 03:17:35,372
COST-EFFECTIVENESS.

3720
03:17:35,372 --> 03:17:36,473
BECAUSE IF YOU DON'T, YOU END UP

3721
03:17:36,473 --> 03:17:38,442
WITH A LOT OF COOL DEVICES, LIKE

3722
03:17:38,442 --> 03:17:40,845
WE HAVE NOW, THAT DON'T

3723
03:17:40,845 --> 03:17:42,179
NECESSARILY JUSTIFY THEIR

3724
03:17:42,179 --> 03:17:42,613
EXISTENCE.

3725
03:17:42,613 --> 03:17:44,748
AND YOU END UP COSTING THE

3726
03:17:44,748 --> 03:17:47,651
PUBLIC HEALTH OVERALL POCKET OF

3727
03:17:47,651 --> 03:17:49,286
RESOURCES THAT ARE AVAILABLE A

3728
03:17:49,286 --> 03:17:52,790
BIG COST, AND I'D SAY THE

3729
03:17:52,790 --> 03:17:54,425
DAVINCI ROBOT, WHILE IT'S COME A

3730
03:17:54,425 --> 03:17:59,230
LONG WAY, STARTED THAT WAY, WITH

3731
03:17:59,230 --> 03:18:00,431
BEING DRIVEN BY BILLBOARDS.

3732
03:18:00,431 --> 03:18:02,499
ALTHOUGH WE WORK WITH THEM NOW,

3733
03:18:02,499 --> 03:18:03,934
CLOSELY, AND IT CERTAINLY HAD AN

3734
03:18:03,934 --> 03:18:04,702
IMPACT.

3735
03:18:04,702 --> 03:18:05,970
BUT I WANTED TO SET HIM UP.

3736
03:18:05,970 --> 03:18:07,104
>> HOW ABOUT THIS, SO THE

3737
03:18:07,104 --> 03:18:08,405
QUESTION ABOUT STARTUPS AND BIG

3738
03:18:08,405 --> 03:18:09,640
COMPANIES, THAT'S A GOOD

3739
03:18:09,640 --> 03:18:10,608
QUESTION, STARTUPS AND BIG

3740
03:18:10,608 --> 03:18:10,908
COMPANIES.

3741
03:18:10,908 --> 03:18:12,243
YOU KNOW, I THINK IF YOU HAVE A

3742
03:18:12,243 --> 03:18:14,979
GOOD IDEA, THAT YOU FEEL A LARGE

3743
03:18:14,979 --> 03:18:16,413
COMPANY IS GOING TO BE A BIT

3744
03:18:16,413 --> 03:18:17,882
SLOW TO GET THROUGH THE PROCESS,

3745
03:18:17,882 --> 03:18:20,451
WHY IS THAT?

3746
03:18:20,451 --> 03:18:22,553
WELL, MAYBE BECAUSE THEY HAVE

3747
03:18:22,553 --> 03:18:23,854
OTHER FINANCIAL AGENDAS.

3748
03:18:23,854 --> 03:18:25,155
SO MAYBE THE STARTUP IS MORE

3749
03:18:25,155 --> 03:18:25,823
WILLING TO DO SO.

3750
03:18:25,823 --> 03:18:31,829
BUT I THINK YOU CAN TRY AS A

3751
03:18:31,829 --> 03:18:32,997
SCIENTIST TO PLEAD YOUR CASE

3752
03:18:32,997 --> 03:18:33,998
EVEN TO LARGE COMPANIES, AND

3753
03:18:33,998 --> 03:18:36,000
IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE A SALES

3754
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:36,200
JOB.

3755
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:38,769
YOU HAVE TO SELL THEM ON THE

3756
03:18:38,769 --> 03:18:40,271
FACT THAT THIS IS GOING TO FIT

3757
03:18:40,271 --> 03:18:42,673
IN THEIR PORTFOLIO.

3758
03:18:42,673 --> 03:18:45,609
AND WE CAME ACROSS A COMPETING

3759
03:18:45,609 --> 03:18:47,344
DEVICE, AS WE WERE GOING THROUGH

3760
03:18:47,344 --> 03:18:49,980
OUR NEW INNOVATION, THAT WE

3761
03:18:49,980 --> 03:18:51,181
DIDN'T KNOW WAS COMPETING IN THE

3762
03:18:51,181 --> 03:18:51,749
SAME FIELD.

3763
03:18:51,749 --> 03:18:52,950
THEY WERE ALREADY SELLING, WE

3764
03:18:52,950 --> 03:18:54,451
HAD TO CONVINCE THEM THIS WOULD

3765
03:18:54,451 --> 03:18:54,785
REPLACE THAT.

3766
03:18:54,785 --> 03:18:56,020
IT TOOK A LITTLE TIME.

3767
03:18:56,020 --> 03:18:57,321
SO THERE IS A PERSONALITY

3768
03:18:57,321 --> 03:18:59,723
INVOLVED BUT YOU HAVE TO KIND OF

3769
03:18:59,723 --> 03:19:01,358
PUSH ALONG, BUT BIG COMPANIES

3770
03:19:01,358 --> 03:19:03,627
ARE WONDERFUL TO PARTNER WITH,

3771
03:19:03,627 --> 03:19:05,195
AS LONG AS THEY FIT THE

3772
03:19:05,195 --> 03:19:05,462
PORTFOLIO.

3773
03:19:05,462 --> 03:19:07,031
>> ONE MORE AND THEN WE'LL
GO TO

3774
03:19:07,031 --> 03:19:07,865
OUR NEXT QUESTION.

3775
03:19:07,865 --> 03:19:09,133
>> SO I'VE WORKED WITH
SMALL AND

3776
03:19:09,133 --> 03:19:11,835
LARGE COMPANIES SUCCESSFULLY, AS

3777
03:19:11,835 --> 03:19:13,404
WELL AS NOT SO WELL.

3778
03:19:13,404 --> 03:19:15,039
I THINK WHAT IT COMES DOWN TO IS

3779
03:19:15,039 --> 03:19:17,341
JUST REMEMBER THAT IT'S REALLY A

3780
03:19:17,341 --> 03:19:18,642
PARTNERSHIP.

3781
03:19:18,642 --> 03:19:20,611
AND THE RELATIONSHIP AND YOUR

3782
03:19:20,611 --> 03:19:21,278
COUNTERPART ON THE OTHER SIDE IS

3783
03:19:21,278 --> 03:19:24,448
KEY.

3784
03:19:24,448 --> 03:19:25,950
I THINK -- SO YOU WANT TO LOOK

3785
03:19:25,950 --> 03:19:28,819
FOR AN OPEN PARTNERSHIP WHERE

3786
03:19:28,819 --> 03:19:30,120
THERE'S TRANSPARENCY, SHARING OF

3787
03:19:30,120 --> 03:19:31,221
IDEAS, FREE FLOW.

3788
03:19:31,221 --> 03:19:32,289
I DON'T CARE WHETHER IT'S A BIG

3789
03:19:32,289 --> 03:19:33,958
OR SMALL COMPANY, I THINK THOSE

3790
03:19:33,958 --> 03:19:34,925
ARE THINGS THAT YOU WOULD NEED

3791
03:19:34,925 --> 03:19:36,126
FOR ANY KIND OF INNOVATION AND

3792
03:19:36,126 --> 03:19:36,593
SUCCESS.

3793
03:19:36,593 --> 03:19:37,461
>> THANK YOU ALL.

3794
03:19:37,461 --> 03:19:38,095
ALL RIGHT.

3795
03:19:38,095 --> 03:19:40,864
PLEASE.

3796
03:19:40,864 --> 03:19:42,266
>> ON INNOVATION AT THE

3797
03:19:42,266 --> 03:19:43,901
INTERSECTION OF HEALTHCARE AND

3798
03:19:43,901 --> 03:19:45,970
RESEARCH DESERTS, AND SO

3799
03:19:45,970 --> 03:19:49,606
ASSUMING COST-EFFECTIVENESS,

3800
03:19:49,606 --> 03:19:50,341
LIMITATIONS LIKE COLD STORAGE,

3801
03:19:50,341 --> 03:19:52,209
THOSE ARE ALL FLAT, YOU DO SEE

3802
03:19:52,209 --> 03:19:56,180
COMING FROM THE RESEARCH SIDE

3803
03:19:56,180 --> 03:19:57,314
INTERACTING WITH CLINICIANS

3804
03:19:57,314 --> 03:19:57,948
WITHIN RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS

3805
03:19:57,948 --> 03:19:58,983
IN TERMS OF THINGS THAT MIGHT

3806
03:19:58,983 --> 03:20:01,518
NOT BE STANDARD OF CARE, THINGS

3807
03:20:01,518 --> 03:20:02,920
THAT MIGHT BE NEW, THAT'S GOING

3808
03:20:02,920 --> 03:20:04,154
TO BE A DIFFERENT INTERACTION

3809
03:20:04,154 --> 03:20:06,757
THAN, SAY, A CLINICIAN WITHIN A

3810
03:20:06,757 --> 03:20:08,092
SMALL FAMILY CLINIC IN A MORE

3811
03:20:08,092 --> 03:20:10,961
RURAL AREA.

3812
03:20:10,961 --> 03:20:12,796
SO UNDER THE ASSUMPTION THAT

3813
03:20:12,796 --> 03:20:14,098
COLD CHAIN, COST, ALL OF THOSE

3814
03:20:14,098 --> 03:20:16,934
THINGS ARE EQUAL, HOW DO YOU GO

3815
03:20:16,934 --> 03:20:18,469
ABOUT KIND OF BRIDGING THAT GAP

3816
03:20:18,469 --> 03:20:20,237
OF THAT RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM, OF

3817
03:20:20,237 --> 03:20:23,607
COURSE NOT BEING ABLE TO REACH

3818
03:20:23,607 --> 03:20:24,608
EVERYONE AND KIND OF PIGGY

3819
03:20:24,608 --> 03:20:26,443
BACKED ON THAT KIND OF

3820
03:20:26,443 --> 03:20:32,683
HEALTHCARE DESERT AS WELL?

3821
03:20:32,683 --> 03:20:35,119
>> WE WERE INNOVATING
DURING THE

3822
03:20:35,119 --> 03:20:39,690
PROCEDURE TODAY AND IT RAN OVER,

3823
03:20:39,690 --> 03:20:41,658
SO IT WAS A NEW EXCITING

3824
03:20:41,658 --> 03:20:42,760
ENGINEERING DEVICE BUT IT COST

3825
03:20:42,760 --> 03:20:43,994
ME TIME AND I HAVE TO LEAVE NOW.

3826
03:20:43,994 --> 03:20:45,095
BUT I WILL SAY THIS.

3827
03:20:45,095 --> 03:20:49,233
I THINK THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

3828
03:20:49,233 --> 03:20:53,737
FOR CLINICIANS, SCIENTISTS AND

3829
03:20:53,737 --> 03:20:55,672
INDUSTRY, IS WHERE YOU PUT THE

3830
03:20:55,672 --> 03:20:56,040
SEED FIRST.

3831
03:20:56,040 --> 03:20:57,908
AND LET THAT GERMINATE AND GROW

3832
03:20:57,908 --> 03:21:01,512
SOMETHING.

3833
03:21:01,512 --> 03:21:03,347
HAVING TRAINED COLLEAGUES,

3834
03:21:03,347 --> 03:21:04,615
TRAINED FELLOWS, RESIDENTS, WHO

3835
03:21:04,615 --> 03:21:08,385
ARE IN MORE OF A RURAL FAMILY

3836
03:21:08,385 --> 03:21:11,021
PRACTICE ENVIRONMENT, THE STRAIN

3837
03:21:11,021 --> 03:21:14,625
THEY'RE UNDER IS ENORMOUS.

3838
03:21:14,625 --> 03:21:17,027
FINANCIALLY, PATIENT CARE,

3839
03:21:17,027 --> 03:21:19,863
RESOURCES, AND, YOU KNOW,

3840
03:21:19,863 --> 03:21:21,098
CHILDREN DO WELL WHEN THEY'RE

3841
03:21:21,098 --> 03:21:23,267
LOVED AND CARED FOR.

3842
03:21:23,267 --> 03:21:24,501
AND WHEN THEY'RE UNDER ANXIETY,

3843
03:21:24,501 --> 03:21:27,204
WHERE IS THE NEXT MEAL COMING

3844
03:21:27,204 --> 03:21:28,505
FROM, MY MOM AND DAD DON'T LIVE

3845
03:21:28,505 --> 03:21:30,040
IN THE HOUSE ANYMORE, HOW DO YOU

3846
03:21:30,040 --> 03:21:30,707
GO TO SCHOOL?

3847
03:21:30,707 --> 03:21:33,110
SO I APPLY THAT TO THIS:  THOSE

3848
03:21:33,110 --> 03:21:34,411
PHYSICIANS, YOU KNOW, THEY WANT

3849
03:21:34,411 --> 03:21:37,581
TO BE PART OF THE INNOVATION,

3850
03:21:37,581 --> 03:21:40,317
BUT TO GET IT STARTED, IT MAY BE

3851
03:21:40,317 --> 03:21:41,819
ALMOST TOO MUCH TO ASK THEM TO

3852
03:21:41,819 --> 03:21:43,053
DO ALL THEY'RE DOING FOR THOSE

3853
03:21:43,053 --> 03:21:47,091
PATIENTS WITH LIMITED RESTORES

3854
03:21:47,091 --> 03:21:48,292
OFTEN, AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

3855
03:21:48,292 --> 03:21:49,193
AND TO INNOVATE.

3856
03:21:49,193 --> 03:21:50,494
BUT WHEN YOU'RE FURTHER ALONG,

3857
03:21:50,494 --> 03:21:51,795
THEN YOU HAVE TO INCLUDE THEM

3858
03:21:51,795 --> 03:21:54,998
BECAUSE THAT'S REAL EVERYDAY

3859
03:21:54,998 --> 03:21:56,867
CLINICAL CARE, YOUR DEVICE MAY

3860
03:21:56,867 --> 03:21:57,101
CHANGE.

3861
03:21:57,101 --> 03:21:58,836
>> APPLICATION OF THE NEW

3862
03:21:58,836 --> 03:22:01,105
TECHNOLOGY IS NOT NECESSARILY

3863
03:22:01,105 --> 03:22:02,539
ADDING MORE WORK ON TO THAT, BUT

3864
03:22:02,539 --> 03:22:03,974
THINGS LIKE HAVING CONVERSATIONS

3865
03:22:03,974 --> 03:22:06,343
WHERE, SAY, TREATMENT X COULD BE

3866
03:22:06,343 --> 03:22:07,678
CONSIDERED STANDARD OF CARE AT A

3867
03:22:07,678 --> 03:22:09,713
CLINIC, THAT'S MORE

3868
03:22:09,713 --> 03:22:11,815
RESEARCH-BASED, BUT IN SPEAKING

3869
03:22:11,815 --> 03:22:13,617
WITH SOMEWHERE THAT'S A BIT MORE

3870
03:22:13,617 --> 03:22:14,785
IN A HEALTHCARE RESEARCH DESERT,

3871
03:22:14,785 --> 03:22:16,420
THAT SORT OF THING, BUT

3872
03:22:16,420 --> 03:22:18,288
CERTAINLY THE BANDWIDTH ISSUE IS

3873
03:22:18,288 --> 03:22:18,522
MASSIVE.

3874
03:22:18,522 --> 03:22:20,157
>> RIGHT, WELL, THEN YOU
THINK

3875
03:22:20,157 --> 03:22:21,525
ABOUT YOUR CLINICIAN-SCIENTISTS

3876
03:22:21,525 --> 03:22:22,025
YOU'RE WORKING WITH.

3877
03:22:22,025 --> 03:22:25,395
IF THAT PERSON IS ON PANELS,

3878
03:22:25,395 --> 03:22:26,663
GUIDELINE COMMITTEES, YOU KNOW,

3879
03:22:26,663 --> 03:22:28,499
DOES HE HAVE A POSITION IN HIS

3880
03:22:28,499 --> 03:22:29,800
FIELD, THAT YOU KNOW THAT PERSON

3881
03:22:29,800 --> 03:22:30,701
HAS THAT KNOWLEDGE BASE.

3882
03:22:30,701 --> 03:22:33,770
IF YOU HAVE A PERSON WHO IS A

3883
03:22:33,770 --> 03:22:34,638
CLINICIAN BUT HASN'T SEEN A

3884
03:22:34,638 --> 03:22:36,607
PATIENT FOR 20 YEARS, IS IN THAT

3885
03:22:36,607 --> 03:22:38,242
DEEP PART OF THE BASEMENT, MAYBE

3886
03:22:38,242 --> 03:22:39,543
THAT'S NOT THE BEST PERSON TO

3887
03:22:39,543 --> 03:22:39,877
START WITH.

3888
03:22:39,877 --> 03:22:41,278
SORRY I HAVE TO LEAVE,

3889
03:22:41,278 --> 03:22:41,545
EVERYBODY.

3890
03:22:41,545 --> 03:22:42,279
>> THANK YOU.

3891
03:22:42,279 --> 03:22:43,714
DID ANYONE ELSE WANT TO ADDRESS

3892
03:22:43,714 --> 03:22:43,881
IT?

3893
03:22:43,881 --> 03:22:45,449
>> I WAS JUST GOING TO
SAY, IT

3894
03:22:45,449 --> 03:22:51,355
GOES BACK TO THE QUESTION

3895
03:22:51,355 --> 03:22:51,688
EARLIER.

3896
03:22:51,688 --> 03:22:52,456
THINK ABOUT THE LANE WHERE YOU

3897
03:22:52,456 --> 03:22:54,324
CAN HAVE THE MOST IMPACT.

3898
03:22:54,324 --> 03:22:55,626
THIS IS A CONVERSATION I'VE HAD

3899
03:22:55,626 --> 03:22:56,727
IN MASSACHUSETTS FOR A NUMBER OF

3900
03:22:56,727 --> 03:22:57,928
YEARS, THIS IDEA THAT A LOT OF

3901
03:22:57,928 --> 03:23:00,430
PEOPLE TRY TO BE IN CAMBRIDGE,

3902
03:23:00,430 --> 03:23:02,199
BUT THERE'S SO MUCH GOING ON IN

3903
03:23:02,199 --> 03:23:06,470
WESTERN MASS AND ALL THAT, THAT

3904
03:23:06,470 --> 03:23:08,105
IT'S JUST AS IMPORTANT AND GUESS

3905
03:23:08,105 --> 03:23:09,473
WHAT, THE PEOPLE IN CAMBRIDGE

3906
03:23:09,473 --> 03:23:11,608
DON'T THINK THE SAME WAY AS IN

3907
03:23:11,608 --> 03:23:12,376
WESTERN MASS.

3908
03:23:12,376 --> 03:23:13,343
SO DON'T THINK ABOUT TRYING TO

3909
03:23:13,343 --> 03:23:14,778
GET IT INTO A CLINIC, BUT THINK

3910
03:23:14,778 --> 03:23:16,513
ABOUT ALL OF THE PRE-CLINICAL

3911
03:23:16,513 --> 03:23:17,714
STUFF THAT HAS TO BE DONE.

3912
03:23:17,714 --> 03:23:19,917
THAT'S WHERE THAT GROUP THAT

3913
03:23:19,917 --> 03:23:21,318
YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT IS GOING TO

3914
03:23:21,318 --> 03:23:22,419
BE THE MOST POWERFUL.

3915
03:23:22,419 --> 03:23:23,620
THEY'RE PROBABLY GOING TO ALSO

3916
03:23:23,620 --> 03:23:24,855
BE THE ONES MORE LIKELY TO COME

3917
03:23:24,855 --> 03:23:26,690
UP WITH A DIAGNOSTIC.

3918
03:23:26,690 --> 03:23:27,558
THE CAMBRIDGE PEOPLE ARE NOT

3919
03:23:27,558 --> 03:23:33,597
GOING TO BE DOING THAT.

3920
03:23:33,597 --> 03:23:37,201
>> QUICK POINT.

3921
03:23:37,201 --> 03:23:38,068
ICOR IS A GREAT PROGRAM OR

3922
03:23:38,068 --> 03:23:38,936
PROGRAMS LIKE IT WHERE YOU LACK

3923
03:23:38,936 --> 03:23:40,037
AT THE DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS

3924
03:23:40,037 --> 03:23:41,905
AND LOOK AT HOW DOES THE MODEL

3925
03:23:41,905 --> 03:23:43,073
APPLY TO A SPECIFIC NEED WITH

3926
03:23:43,073 --> 03:23:44,942
THE EYE OF THE STAKEHOLDER,

3927
03:23:44,942 --> 03:23:45,609
CONSUMER, PROFESSIONAL

3928
03:23:45,609 --> 03:23:46,810
CLINICIAN, WHATEVER IT IS, IT'S

3929
03:23:46,810 --> 03:23:47,911
GOOD FOR FOLKS STARTING OUT.

3930
03:23:47,911 --> 03:23:50,314
THE OTHER IS DON'T BE AFRAID TO

3931
03:23:50,314 --> 03:23:52,349
REDRESS, PUT SOME LIPSTICK ON

3932
03:23:52,349 --> 03:23:53,383
THE PIG, SO TO SPEAK.

3933
03:23:53,383 --> 03:23:55,886
I THINK LOTS OF TECHNOLOGIES

3934
03:23:55,886 --> 03:23:57,020
INCLUDING SOME WE'VE HAD

3935
03:23:57,020 --> 03:24:00,057
EXPERIENCE WITH GET IN THE

3936
03:24:00,057 --> 03:24:01,592
CLINIC IN A ROUNDABOUT WAY, NOT

3937
03:24:01,592 --> 03:24:03,760
IN THEIR INTENDED USE, IN A

3938
03:24:03,760 --> 03:24:04,962
BYSTANDER CLINICAL STUDY OR IN A

3939
03:24:04,962 --> 03:24:05,963
WAY THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH

3940
03:24:05,963 --> 03:24:07,164
HOW YOU REALLY THINK IT'S GOING

3941
03:24:07,164 --> 03:24:07,931
TO IMPACT THINGS.

3942
03:24:07,931 --> 03:24:09,132
DON'T BE AFRAID -- IT'S

3943
03:24:09,132 --> 03:24:10,901
COMPLIANT, IT'S LEGAL, DON'T BE

3944
03:24:10,901 --> 03:24:11,735
AFRAID TO THINK DIFFERENTLY

3945
03:24:11,735 --> 03:24:12,869
ABOUT IT.

3946
03:24:12,869 --> 03:24:14,504
>> PUT LIPSTICK ON THE
PIG.

3947
03:24:14,504 --> 03:24:14,805
I LIKE THAT.

3948
03:24:14,805 --> 03:24:15,405
THANK YOU.

3949
03:24:15,405 --> 03:24:16,707
YES, PLEASE.

3950
03:24:16,707 --> 03:24:17,774
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.

3951
03:24:17,774 --> 03:24:21,111
MY NAME IS LEA, I'M FROM THE

3952
03:24:21,111 --> 03:24:23,247
NATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCING

3953
03:24:23,247 --> 03:24:24,681
TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCES, SO I'M

3954
03:24:24,681 --> 03:24:26,216
PART OF NIH.

3955
03:24:26,216 --> 03:24:31,221
I'M A PROGRAM OFFICER, AND THIS

3956
03:24:31,221 --> 03:24:33,657
QUESTION IS FOR CHERIE.

3957
03:24:33,657 --> 03:24:39,029
YOU SAID MANUFACTURING IS A

3958
03:24:39,029 --> 03:24:43,066
BOTTLENECK FOR THERAPEUTICS OR

3959
03:24:43,066 --> 03:24:51,608
DEVICES TO REACH THE PATIENT.

3960
03:24:51,608 --> 03:24:55,412
HOW TO YOU FIT A PICTURE, NIH

3961
03:24:55,412 --> 03:24:56,513
HELPING IN THIS PARTICULAR

3962
03:24:56,513 --> 03:24:56,947
ASPECT?

3963
03:24:56,947 --> 03:24:59,683
BECAUSE NIH IS MAINLY BASIC

3964
03:24:59,683 --> 03:25:00,550
SCIENCE, RIGHT?

3965
03:25:00,550 --> 03:25:02,653
WELL, EXCEPT FOR NCATS, MY

3966
03:25:02,653 --> 03:25:03,420
INSTITUTE.

3967
03:25:03,420 --> 03:25:06,356
BUT HOW DO YOU SEE THAT?

3968
03:25:06,356 --> 03:25:09,660
HOW CAN NIH HELP?

3969
03:25:09,660 --> 03:25:11,295
>> SO I FEEL LIKE THIS IS
A

3970
03:25:11,295 --> 03:25:12,062
PLANTED QUESTION BECAUSE I'VE

3971
03:25:12,062 --> 03:25:13,797
BEEN WAITING MY WHOLE LIFE TO

3972
03:25:13,797 --> 03:25:16,133
ANSWER THIS ONE.

3973
03:25:16,133 --> 03:25:17,401
>> I DIDN'T KNOW YOU
BEFORE

3974
03:25:17,401 --> 03:25:17,634
THIS.

3975
03:25:17,634 --> 03:25:19,503
JUST TO BE CLEAR.

3976
03:25:19,503 --> 03:25:21,872
>> SO I'M GOING TO TALK
ABOUT

3977
03:25:21,872 --> 03:25:23,307
NCATS BUT I THINK THIS IS TRUE

3978
03:25:23,307 --> 03:25:26,510
FOR ALL OF THE NIH CENTERS.

3979
03:25:26,510 --> 03:25:27,577
WHEN WE'RE -- AND THIS GOES BACK

3980
03:25:27,577 --> 03:25:28,445
TO THE OTHER QUESTION FROM

3981
03:25:28,445 --> 03:25:29,980
BEFORE.

3982
03:25:29,980 --> 03:25:31,648
LET'S TALK ABOUT RARE DISEASES.

3983
03:25:31,648 --> 03:25:34,251
WE DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE

3984
03:25:34,251 --> 03:25:35,552
NATURAL HISTORY, SO AS WE'RE

3985
03:25:35,552 --> 03:25:37,654
DEVELOPING A THERAPY, WE DON'T

3986
03:25:37,654 --> 03:25:38,955
REALLY KNOW WHICH VERSION

3987
03:25:38,955 --> 03:25:40,390
BECAUSE THEY'RE ALL

3988
03:25:40,390 --> 03:25:40,724
HETEROGENEOUS.

3989
03:25:40,724 --> 03:25:42,793
YOU GUYS ARE MASTERS, YOU GUYS

3990
03:25:42,793 --> 03:25:45,862
ARE REALLY PUTTING TOGETHER THE

3991
03:25:45,862 --> 03:25:47,197
NATURAL HISTORY STUDY STORY.

3992
03:25:47,197 --> 03:25:47,731
THAT'S ONE VERSION.

3993
03:25:47,731 --> 03:25:48,932
THE OTHER PART ABOUT RARE

3994
03:25:48,932 --> 03:25:52,536
DISEASES IS THEY'RE EXTREMELY

3995
03:25:52,536 --> 03:25:53,203
HETEROGENEOUS EACH ONE OF

3996
03:25:53,203 --> 03:25:53,937
THEMSELVES.

3997
03:25:53,937 --> 03:25:54,604
AND WHAT'S INTERESTING ABOUT

3998
03:25:54,604 --> 03:25:56,039
WHAT NCATS HAS BEEN DOING IS

3999
03:25:56,039 --> 03:26:00,410
THEY'RE TAKING A STEP BACK AND

4000
03:26:00,410 --> 03:26:01,812
SAYING, RATHER THAN US LOOKING

4001
03:26:01,812 --> 03:26:02,913
AT THE HETEROGENEITY OF EACH

4002
03:26:02,913 --> 03:26:03,914
DISEASE, WHY DON'T WE LOOK AT

4003
03:26:03,914 --> 03:26:05,782
THE SIMILARITIES ACROSS THESE

4004
03:26:05,782 --> 03:26:06,550
DISEASES.

4005
03:26:06,550 --> 03:26:10,253
WHERE CERTAIN PATIENT PROFILES

4006
03:26:10,253 --> 03:26:11,254
ACTUALLY LOOK VERY SIMILAR, AND

4007
03:26:11,254 --> 03:26:12,589
GUESS WHAT THAT DOES?

4008
03:26:12,589 --> 03:26:13,890
THAT GIVES LINE OF SIGHT TO

4009
03:26:13,890 --> 03:26:15,092
MAYBE CERTAIN THERAPIES THAT

4010
03:26:15,092 --> 03:26:17,961
WERE TARGETED TO ONE DISEASE

4011
03:26:17,961 --> 03:26:19,996
COULD ACTUALLY BE TARGETED TO A

4012
03:26:19,996 --> 03:26:20,764
WHOLE SERIES OF THEM.

4013
03:26:20,764 --> 03:26:22,099
SO THE WORK YOU GUYS ARE DOING

4014
03:26:22,099 --> 03:26:23,433
IS SO IMPORTANT.

4015
03:26:23,433 --> 03:26:25,268
AND THEN EACH OF THESE

4016
03:26:25,268 --> 03:26:28,205
INSTITUTES AND CENTERS, THEY'RE

4017
03:26:28,205 --> 03:26:32,109
REALLY PROVIDING THE FOUNDATION

4018
03:26:32,109 --> 03:26:34,711
TO WHAT INDUSTRY CAN BE DOING.

4019
03:26:34,711 --> 03:26:36,146
IN TERMS OF THE MANUFACTURING,

4020
03:26:36,146 --> 03:26:38,849
LET ME BE CAREFUL ABOUT THAT.

4021
03:26:38,849 --> 03:26:39,649
IT'S THE APPROVAL PROCESS.

4022
03:26:39,649 --> 03:26:43,553
IF YOU CANNOT PROVE THAT YOU CAN

4023
03:26:43,553 --> 03:26:45,989
MANUFACTURE ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE

4024
03:26:45,989 --> 03:26:47,391
WHO HAS IT, GUESS WHAT IT'S

4025
03:26:47,391 --> 03:26:48,725
GOING TO CREATE?

4026
03:26:48,725 --> 03:26:49,926
A SUPPLY AND DEMAND PROBLEM.

4027
03:26:49,926 --> 03:26:51,094
SO PART OF THE APPROVAL PROCESS

4028
03:26:51,094 --> 03:26:54,064
IS PROVING THAT YOU CAN MAKE

4029
03:26:54,064 --> 03:26:57,801
ENOUGH AND THAT THERE IS A PLAN

4030
03:26:57,801 --> 03:26:59,436
IN ORDER TO ACCESS IT, AND

4031
03:26:59,436 --> 03:27:00,270
SOMETIMES COMPANIES COME AND

4032
03:27:00,270 --> 03:27:01,605
THEY DIDN'T HAVE THAT SO THEY

4033
03:27:01,605 --> 03:27:02,539
WOULDN'T GET APPROVAL.

4034
03:27:02,539 --> 03:27:04,174
SO I DO WANT TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT

4035
03:27:04,174 --> 03:27:04,908
THE MANUFACTURING PART.

4036
03:27:04,908 --> 03:27:06,443
BUT NIH IS REALLY, REALLY

4037
03:27:06,443 --> 03:27:06,777
CRITICAL.

4038
03:27:06,777 --> 03:27:08,145
NOW THAT I'VE BEEN IN INDUSTRY,

4039
03:27:08,145 --> 03:27:09,012
I KNOW HOW MUCH MORE CRITICAL

4040
03:27:09,012 --> 03:27:09,746
THEY ARE.

4041
03:27:09,746 --> 03:27:16,186
>> WE'RE TRYING TO ADDRESS
THE

4042
03:27:16,186 --> 03:27:17,053
MINUSCULE AMOUNTS OF NATURAL

4043
03:27:17,053 --> 03:27:18,288
PRODUCTS YOU CAN GET FROM PLANTS

4044
03:27:18,288 --> 03:27:19,356
AND TRYING TO MAKE MORE OF IT,

4045
03:27:19,356 --> 03:27:21,124
THE SAME WITH BIOLOGICS.

4046
03:27:21,124 --> 03:27:23,193
SO WE'RE ACTUALLY ON TO THAT.

4047
03:27:23,193 --> 03:27:25,061
RIGHT NOW AT NCATS.

4048
03:27:25,061 --> 03:27:25,362
THANK YOU.

4049
03:27:25,362 --> 03:27:25,862
>> GREAT.

4050
03:27:25,862 --> 03:27:26,496
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

4051
03:27:26,496 --> 03:27:27,764
WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION HERE.

4052
03:27:27,764 --> 03:27:35,105
>> MY QUESTION IS PROBABLY

4053
03:27:35,105 --> 03:27:36,540
CASE-BASED, SO I AM STARTING A

4054
03:27:36,540 --> 03:27:41,745
COMPANY WITH ONE OF MY STUDENTS,

4055
03:27:41,745 --> 03:27:43,980
AND ANOTHER STUDENT IN MY LAB

4056
03:27:43,980 --> 03:27:45,749
WITH THE OTHER TECHNOLOGY, HE'S

4057
03:27:45,749 --> 03:27:48,785
ALSO VERY EXCITED ABOUT THIS AND

4058
03:27:48,785 --> 03:27:52,422
WANTS TO START A COMPANY TOO,

4059
03:27:52,422 --> 03:27:54,391
AND HOW ORGANIC THIS PROCESS WAS

4060
03:27:54,391 --> 03:27:57,661
FOR YOU, DR. BESHEAR, YOU KNOW,

4061
03:27:57,661 --> 03:27:59,963
IS IT -- YOU 1/2 GATED AND HOW

4062
03:27:59,963 --> 03:28:03,834
DID YOU DECIDE, LIKE, WHO

4063
03:28:03,834 --> 03:28:05,469
OWNS -- I JUST WANT TO HEAR YOUR

4064
03:28:05,469 --> 03:28:09,973
THOUGHTS ABOUT THIS FIRST.

4065
03:28:09,973 --> 03:28:11,808
>> I CAN SAY A FEW THINGS
AND

4066
03:28:11,808 --> 03:28:15,879
I'M HAPPY TO TALK OFFLINE, BUT I

4067
03:28:15,879 --> 03:28:17,380
THINK I DID ONE AT A TIME,

4068
03:28:17,380 --> 03:28:19,349
THOUGH.

4069
03:28:19,349 --> 03:28:21,585
SO I DIDN'T DO TWO AT A TIME, I

4070
03:28:21,585 --> 03:28:22,452
DID ONE AT A TIME.

4071
03:28:22,452 --> 03:28:23,753
BUT THAT'S OKAY, THIS IS GREAT.

4072
03:28:23,753 --> 03:28:24,855
YOU CAN DO IT.

4073
03:28:24,855 --> 03:28:27,624
BUT I THINK WHAT'S REALLY

4074
03:28:27,624 --> 03:28:28,692
IMPORTANT IS THAT -- I MEAN, THE

4075
03:28:28,692 --> 03:28:30,126
STUDENT HAS TO BE THE RIGHT

4076
03:28:30,126 --> 03:28:31,328
STUDENT ALSO.

4077
03:28:31,328 --> 03:28:33,330
HAS TO BE THE RIGHT PERSON.

4078
03:28:33,330 --> 03:28:34,731
I'VE HAD SITUATIONS WHERE A

4079
03:28:34,731 --> 03:28:37,701
PERSON -- I MEAN, I KNEW THAT

4080
03:28:37,701 --> 03:28:39,002
THEY WERE PERHAPS NOT THE RIGHT

4081
03:28:39,002 --> 03:28:40,670
PERSON AND IT'S NOT DISCOURAGING

4082
03:28:40,670 --> 03:28:42,539
THEM IN WHAT THEY WANT TO DO,

4083
03:28:42,539 --> 03:28:44,508
BUT IT'S JUST THAT IDENTIFYING

4084
03:28:44,508 --> 03:28:45,909
HOW TO BUILD THE RIGHT TEAM AND

4085
03:28:45,909 --> 03:28:47,344
THEN PERHAPS THEY NEEDED TO

4086
03:28:47,344 --> 03:28:48,378
COMPLEMENT WHAT THEY HAD WITH

4087
03:28:48,378 --> 03:28:49,779
SOMEBODY ELSE TO BUILD A TEAM.

4088
03:28:49,779 --> 03:28:51,181
SO I THINK THAT'S REALLY

4089
03:28:51,181 --> 03:28:55,785
IMPORTANT TO GET -- HAVE PEOPLE

4090
03:28:55,785 --> 03:28:58,188
THINK THROUGH THAT, AND

4091
03:28:58,188 --> 03:28:59,322
SECONDLY, I THINK THERE WAS THIS

4092
03:28:59,322 --> 03:29:02,259
MODEL YEARS AGO WHERE FACULTY

4093
03:29:02,259 --> 03:29:03,560
THOUGHT AND STILL THINK, MANY OF

4094
03:29:03,560 --> 03:29:08,732
THEM, THAT THEY OWN A BIG PART

4095
03:29:08,732 --> 03:29:09,733
OF -- THAT THEY SHOULD HAVE A

4096
03:29:09,733 --> 03:29:11,034
BIG PART OF THE EQUITY IN THE

4097
03:29:11,034 --> 03:29:11,468
COMPANY BECAUSE --

4098
03:29:11,468 --> 03:29:12,669
>> OF COURSE WE SHOULD!

4099
03:29:12,669 --> 03:29:14,037
WHY ARE WE WRONG?

4100
03:29:14,037 --> 03:29:15,906
>> BECAUSE IT CAME OUT OF
THEIR

4101
03:29:15,906 --> 03:29:17,407
LAB, BUT THE REALITY IS THAT THE

4102
03:29:17,407 --> 03:29:19,576
AMOUNT OF WORK THAT IT TAKES

4103
03:29:19,576 --> 03:29:21,478
FROM THAT TIME TO REALLY MAKE IT

4104
03:29:21,478 --> 03:29:22,245
SUCCESSFUL UNLESS YOU ARE GOING

4105
03:29:22,245 --> 03:29:27,317
TO LEAVE YOUR JOB AND GO JOIN OR

4106
03:29:27,317 --> 03:29:28,785
SPEND A LOT OF TIME, IT IS MORE

4107
03:29:28,785 --> 03:29:29,853
IMPORTANT TO GIVE MORE EQUITY

4108
03:29:29,853 --> 03:29:31,187
AND MORE OWNERSHIP TO THE

4109
03:29:31,187 --> 03:29:31,521
STUDENTS.

4110
03:29:31,521 --> 03:29:32,856
AND TO THE OTHER CO-FOUNDER

4111
03:29:32,856 --> 03:29:36,593
WHO'S GOING TO DEDICATE HER OR

4112
03:29:36,593 --> 03:29:37,928
HIS LIFE TO THAT FOR THE NEXT 10

4113
03:29:37,928 --> 03:29:38,528
YEARS OR FIVE YEARS.

4114
03:29:38,528 --> 03:29:39,996
SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF

4115
03:29:39,996 --> 03:29:40,864
NUANCES THERE WE CAN DISCUSS,

4116
03:29:40,864 --> 03:29:42,098
BUT I MEAN, THE FACT IS AT THE

4117
03:29:42,098 --> 03:29:43,300
END OF THE DAY, EVEN THOUGH I

4118
03:29:43,300 --> 03:29:44,301
SAID EARLIER THAT WE WANT

4119
03:29:44,301 --> 03:29:45,569
STUDENTS TO HAVE SOME EXPERIENCE

4120
03:29:45,569 --> 03:29:46,836
AND THEN START A COMPANY, AT THE

4121
03:29:46,836 --> 03:29:48,004
END OF THE DAY, PEOPLE SHOULD

4122
03:29:48,004 --> 03:29:49,472
FOLLOW THEIR PASSION.

4123
03:29:49,472 --> 03:29:50,907
THEY HAVE TO FOLLOW THEIR

4124
03:29:50,907 --> 03:29:52,075
PASSION, AND OF COURSE THE

4125
03:29:52,075 --> 03:29:55,312
PASSION NEEDS TO BE TUNED IN

4126
03:29:55,312 --> 03:29:56,913
WITH SOME REALITY, EXPERIENCE,

4127
03:29:56,913 --> 03:29:58,348
ADVICE AND BUILD THE TIME AND

4128
03:29:58,348 --> 03:29:59,416
ALL OF THOSE THINGS, BUT I THINK

4129
03:29:59,416 --> 03:30:03,086
IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO EMPOWER

4130
03:30:03,086 --> 03:30:04,721
THE STUDENTS AND SUPPORT THEM,

4131
03:30:04,721 --> 03:30:07,791
SO I SUPPORTED, ADVISED FOR A

4132
03:30:07,791 --> 03:30:11,861
LONG TIME, BUT I NEVER JUMPED

4133
03:30:11,861 --> 03:30:12,596
SHIPS COMPLETELY FOR A LONG

4134
03:30:12,596 --> 03:30:13,296
PERIOD OF TIME.

4135
03:30:13,296 --> 03:30:15,599
THAT WAS ON THEM, AND HENCE,

4136
03:30:15,599 --> 03:30:16,967
THEY DO NEED TO BE EMPOWERED

4137
03:30:16,967 --> 03:30:18,535
MORE AND, HENCE, REWARDED MORE.

4138
03:30:18,535 --> 03:30:20,971
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

4139
03:30:20,971 --> 03:30:22,739
YOU ANSWERED MY QUESTION.

4140
03:30:22,739 --> 03:30:25,241
THE OTHER QUESTION IS ABOUT

4141
03:30:25,241 --> 03:30:28,745
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS,

4142
03:30:28,745 --> 03:30:30,246
BECAUSE I THINK AS THE COMMITTEE

4143
03:30:30,246 --> 03:30:32,515
HERE, ALL OF YOU MENTIONED

4144
03:30:32,515 --> 03:30:35,919
SIMILAR THINGS LIKE HOW DO YOU

4145
03:30:35,919 --> 03:30:37,854
DECIDE A TECHNOLOGY IS -- LIKE

4146
03:30:37,854 --> 03:30:42,158
HOW DO YOU FEEL IT, MAYBE IT

4147
03:30:42,158 --> 03:30:44,794
WOULD BE A GOOD SUCCESS FOR A

4148
03:30:44,794 --> 03:30:46,563
PRODUCT BECAUSE WE ALL THINK

4149
03:30:46,563 --> 03:30:47,764
THAT OUR INVENTIONS ARE GREAT.

4150
03:30:47,764 --> 03:30:49,299
>> I THINK THAT'S A GREAT

4151
03:30:49,299 --> 03:30:49,733
QUESTION.

4152
03:30:49,733 --> 03:30:54,738
WHEN DO YOU KNOW IT'S REDI TO GO

4153
03:30:54,738 --> 03:30:55,639
GO TO A COMPANY?

4154
03:30:55,639 --> 03:30:57,641
>> BECAUSE EUROPE HAS
TRLLs

4155
03:30:57,641 --> 03:30:59,576
BUT I DON'T KNOW IF IN THE

4156
03:30:59,576 --> 03:31:00,477
UNITED STATES FDA HAS SOME SORT

4157
03:31:00,477 --> 03:31:02,612
OF CLASSIFICATIONS FOR TRLs.

4158
03:31:02,612 --> 03:31:03,913
>> AND JUST WHEN DO YOU
KNOW

4159
03:31:03,913 --> 03:31:05,482
THAT THE TECHNOLOGY IS READY?

4160
03:31:05,482 --> 03:31:08,618
>> SO SOMETHING WHEN I WAS
A

4161
03:31:08,618 --> 03:31:09,719
STUDENT AT HOPKINS, THEY

4162
03:31:09,719 --> 03:31:10,854
ACTUALLY HAD ME DO THIS TO

4163
03:31:10,854 --> 03:31:16,026
ANSWER THIS QUESTION, WHICH WAS

4164
03:31:16,026 --> 03:31:17,227
BASICALLY MARKET RESEARCH, LIKE

4165
03:31:17,227 --> 03:31:18,294
WHAT'S THE NEED, IS ANYBODY

4166
03:31:18,294 --> 03:31:19,029
GOING TO BUY IT?

4167
03:31:19,029 --> 03:31:20,630
YOU SHOULD BE DOING THAT.

4168
03:31:20,630 --> 03:31:22,065
IN INDUSTRY, WE CALL IT

4169
03:31:22,065 --> 03:31:23,533
COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE, BUT I

4170
03:31:23,533 --> 03:31:26,703
MEAN, YOU'VE GOT TO BE ABLE TO

4171
03:31:26,703 --> 03:31:27,804
PROVE, TO THE POINT EARLIER

4172
03:31:27,804 --> 03:31:29,539
ABOUT PITCHING THIS IDEA AND

4173
03:31:29,539 --> 03:31:31,174
GETTING SUPPORT TO ADVANCE IT --

4174
03:31:31,174 --> 03:31:32,542
>> IF IT'S JUST GOING TO
CHANGE

4175
03:31:32,542 --> 03:31:32,742
LIVES?

4176
03:31:32,742 --> 03:31:33,843
IS THAT NOT SUFFICIENT?

4177
03:31:33,843 --> 03:31:36,479
LIKE YOU KNOW IT'S A HUGE

4178
03:31:36,479 --> 03:31:36,880
ADVANCE FORWARD.

4179
03:31:36,880 --> 03:31:38,515
>> NO, NO, NO, NO.

4180
03:31:38,515 --> 03:31:39,983
>> I THINK THAT'S WHAT A
LOT OF

4181
03:31:39,983 --> 03:31:42,185
US THINK, THEN YOU SAY DO MARKET

4182
03:31:42,185 --> 03:31:43,386
RESEARCH, LIKE SAVING LIVES IS A

4183
03:31:43,386 --> 03:31:44,487
GREAT REASON THIS WILL MAKE

4184
03:31:44,487 --> 03:31:44,854
MONEY.

4185
03:31:44,854 --> 03:31:49,125
>> THAT IS A CATCH PHRASE.

4186
03:31:49,125 --> 03:31:51,728
>> DEFINITELY I CORE
HELPS.

4187
03:31:51,728 --> 03:31:54,297
WE DID 2ICORs --

4188
03:31:54,297 --> 03:31:55,365
>> WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO
MOVE

4189
03:31:55,365 --> 03:31:56,700
OVER TO THE NEXT QUESTION.

4190
03:31:56,700 --> 03:31:58,234
DID ANYONE ELSE WANT TO ADDRESS

4191
03:31:58,234 --> 03:31:58,601
THE FIRST PART?

4192
03:31:58,601 --> 03:32:00,770
>> THE TRL LEVELS ARE VERY

4193
03:32:00,770 --> 03:32:02,505
WELL-DEFINED BY DARPA OR DOD.

4194
03:32:02,505 --> 03:32:04,808
>> WHEN YOU EXPLAIN WHAT
TRL IS?

4195
03:32:04,808 --> 03:32:07,577
>> A TECHNOLOGY READINESS
LEVEL.

4196
03:32:07,577 --> 03:32:08,578
SO IT'S VERY WELL-DEFINED

4197
03:32:08,578 --> 03:32:08,945
ACTUALLY.

4198
03:32:08,945 --> 03:32:11,014
SO I THINK -- YEAH, YOU CAN

4199
03:32:11,014 --> 03:32:15,385
JUDGE AGAINST THAT.

4200
03:32:15,385 --> 03:32:17,587
BUT YOU CAN ALSO SEE WHEN YOU'RE

4201
03:32:17,587 --> 03:32:17,787
READY.

4202
03:32:17,787 --> 03:32:18,688
I THINK THE INVESTORS WILL TELL

4203
03:32:18,688 --> 03:32:20,023
YOU WHEN THEY'RE LOOKING TO PUT

4204
03:32:20,023 --> 03:32:22,192
SOME MONEY IN, THEY'LL TELL YOU,

4205
03:32:22,192 --> 03:32:25,261
NOT READY, OR READY TOO.

4206
03:32:25,261 --> 03:32:26,262
OVER THERE, PLEASE.

4207
03:32:26,262 --> 03:32:27,897
>> HI.

4208
03:32:27,897 --> 03:32:30,133
I'M A PH.D. CANDIDATE AT THE

4209
03:32:30,133 --> 03:32:30,834
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN

4210
03:32:30,834 --> 03:32:34,704
CALIFORNIA.

4211
03:32:34,704 --> 03:32:37,540
THIS IS KIND OF A DIRECT

4212
03:32:37,540 --> 03:32:39,042
FOLLOW-UP TO HER FIRST QUESTION.

4213
03:32:39,042 --> 03:32:41,644
AS A PH.D. STUDENT, I NOTICED

4214
03:32:41,644 --> 03:32:42,746
THAT WE KNOW THAT THE MEDICAL

4215
03:32:42,746 --> 03:32:45,014
FIELD IS VERY INTERDISCIPLINARY,

4216
03:32:45,014 --> 03:32:46,449
BUT I THINK THAT A LOT OF GATE

4217
03:32:46,449 --> 03:32:47,450
KEEPING COMES FROM PEOPLE

4218
03:32:47,450 --> 03:32:49,652
WANTING TO PROTECT LIKE THEIR

4219
03:32:49,652 --> 03:32:50,420
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THINGS

4220
03:32:50,420 --> 03:32:52,956
LIKE THAT, ESPECIALLY FROM YOU

4221
03:32:52,956 --> 03:32:54,157
WHO SAY YOU COLLABORATED WITH

4222
03:32:54,157 --> 03:32:55,024
YOUR STUDENTS.

4223
03:32:55,024 --> 03:32:56,392
WHAT PROTECTIVE MEASURES ARE

4224
03:32:56,392 --> 03:32:59,229
THERE, AND MAYBE IN INDUSTRY OR

4225
03:32:59,229 --> 03:33:01,197
NIH, THAT PROTECT THE INDIVIDUAL

4226
03:33:01,197 --> 03:33:02,398
RESEARCHER'S IDEA, LIKE DO THEY

4227
03:33:02,398 --> 03:33:03,500
HAVE ANY MOTIVATION TO DO THAT

4228
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:04,934
BECAUSE LIKE YOU SAID, IF YOU'RE

4229
03:33:04,934 --> 03:33:06,603
USING THEIR RESOURCES,

4230
03:33:06,603 --> 03:33:08,037
TECHNICALLY THEY DO HAVE A

4231
03:33:08,037 --> 03:33:08,805
SAY-SO.

4232
03:33:08,805 --> 03:33:11,107
ARE THERE ANY PROTECTIVE

4233
03:33:11,107 --> 03:33:12,575
MEASURES OR HOW DO YOU NAVIGATE

4234
03:33:12,575 --> 03:33:13,710
THAT TO PROTECT YOURSELF?

4235
03:33:13,710 --> 03:33:14,310
>> INTERESTING.

4236
03:33:14,310 --> 03:33:15,411
>> THAT'S A GREAT
QUESTION.

4237
03:33:15,411 --> 03:33:17,046
I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF SYSTEMS

4238
03:33:17,046 --> 03:33:18,948
OUT THERE, DEPENDING ON YOUR

4239
03:33:18,948 --> 03:33:19,616
INFRASTRUCTURE, ACADEMICS IS

4240
03:33:19,616 --> 03:33:20,350
DIFFERENT THAN GOVERNMENT,

4241
03:33:20,350 --> 03:33:23,153
THEY'RE ALL REQUEST GOING TO HAY

4242
03:33:23,153 --> 03:33:24,687
TIGHT CONFLICT OF INTEREST RULES

4243
03:33:24,687 --> 03:33:25,655
THAT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT

4244
03:33:25,655 --> 03:33:27,624
AND FOLLOW AND KNOW BEFOREHAND.

4245
03:33:27,624 --> 03:33:30,493
MANY PLACES LIKE OXFORD WILL

4246
03:33:30,493 --> 03:33:31,795
HAVE INCUBATORS WHERE PROFESSORS

4247
03:33:31,795 --> 03:33:33,263
WORK HALF A DAY A WEEK ON A

4248
03:33:33,263 --> 03:33:34,664
CERTAIN COMPANY, THEY HAVE THE

4249
03:33:34,664 --> 03:33:35,899
COMPANY SEPARATE FROM THE

4250
03:33:35,899 --> 03:33:37,433
UNIVERSITY AND THAT'S TOTALLY

4251
03:33:37,433 --> 03:33:38,968
ACCEPTABLE AND ETHICAL.

4252
03:33:38,968 --> 03:33:40,303
IT DEPENDS ON THE LOCAL CULTURE.

4253
03:33:40,303 --> 03:33:41,704
SO YOU'VE GOT TO REALLY CHECK

4254
03:33:41,704 --> 03:33:43,706
OUT YOUR LOCAL CULTURE, FIND OUT

4255
03:33:43,706 --> 03:33:45,241
WHAT'S NEEDED.

4256
03:33:45,241 --> 03:33:47,410
ALSO NOT JUST STAYING WITHIN THE

4257
03:33:47,410 --> 03:33:49,946
GUARDRAILS, BUT THE MOTIVATION

4258
03:33:49,946 --> 03:33:50,713
TO PROTECT.

4259
03:33:50,713 --> 03:33:51,548
WHAT ARE YOU PROTECTING FROM IS

4260
03:33:51,548 --> 03:33:52,048
THE QUESTION.

4261
03:33:52,048 --> 03:33:53,149
IF YOU'RE REALLY PROTECTING

4262
03:33:53,149 --> 03:33:55,985
SOMETHING THAT'S AMAZING AND

4263
03:33:55,985 --> 03:33:57,220
YOU'VE RELIED ON A YEAR OF YOUR

4264
03:33:57,220 --> 03:33:59,355
WORK TO FIND OUT SOMETHING NO

4265
03:33:59,355 --> 03:34:01,257
ONE ELSE KNOWS, OKAY, THAT'S ONE

4266
03:34:01,257 --> 03:34:01,457
THING.

4267
03:34:01,457 --> 03:34:03,493
IF IT'S AN IDEA YOU HAD, MANY

4268
03:34:03,493 --> 03:34:05,495
PEOPLE FAIL IN THIS UP-FRONT

4269
03:34:05,495 --> 03:34:07,230
THING AND THEY THINK OF AN IDEA

4270
03:34:07,230 --> 03:34:08,765
AS BEING OWNED AND OWNERSHIP AND

4271
03:34:08,765 --> 03:34:10,366
HOW AM I GOING TO BE PROTECTED

4272
03:34:10,366 --> 03:34:11,835
BECAUSE IT'S A COOL IDEA, IT'S

4273
03:34:11,835 --> 03:34:12,569
MY IDEA.

4274
03:34:12,569 --> 03:34:15,538
THE "MY IDEA" CONCEPT DESTROYS A

4275
03:34:15,538 --> 03:34:20,476
LOT OF INNOVATION.

4276
03:34:20,476 --> 03:34:22,045
IT DESTROYS INNOVATION.

4277
03:34:22,045 --> 03:34:26,182
AND I'M NOT SAYING -- THERE'S

4278
03:34:26,182 --> 03:34:27,383
MANY PROTECTIVE MEASURES THAT

4279
03:34:27,383 --> 03:34:29,085
ARE NEEDED BUT 95% OF THEM ARE

4280
03:34:29,085 --> 03:34:31,321
NOT NEEDED AND WOULD ACTUALLY,

4281
03:34:31,321 --> 03:34:33,990
YOU KNOW, SQUELCH THE INNOVATION

4282
03:34:33,990 --> 03:34:35,225
AND SQUELCH THE POSSIBLE IT'S

4283
03:34:35,225 --> 03:34:35,892
ACTUALLY GOING TO END UP

4284
03:34:35,892 --> 03:34:36,226
SOMEWHERE.

4285
03:34:36,226 --> 03:34:37,427
SO YOU'VE GOT TO BE CAREFUL WHAT

4286
03:34:37,427 --> 03:34:38,061
YOU DO.

4287
03:34:38,061 --> 03:34:39,295
THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU CAN'T BE

4288
03:34:39,295 --> 03:34:40,496
PASSIONATE ABOUT IT AND YOU'VE

4289
03:34:40,496 --> 03:34:43,032
GOT TO PATENT TO GET IT DOWN THE

4290
03:34:43,032 --> 03:34:43,666
ROAD.

4291
03:34:43,666 --> 03:34:44,500
COMPANIES VALUE THAT.

4292
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:46,669
IF THEY HAVE AN IP PROTECTION IN

4293
03:34:46,669 --> 03:34:48,438
A TECHNOLOGY THAT WE'RE TAKING

4294
03:34:48,438 --> 03:34:50,106
TO THEM, THEY JUMP ON IT MUCH

4295
03:34:50,106 --> 03:34:51,174
QUICKER THAN IF YOU JUST SAY

4296
03:34:51,174 --> 03:34:52,909
I'VE GOT AN IDEA, WE FILED A

4297
03:34:52,909 --> 03:34:54,711
LITTLE SOMETHING OR I'VE GOT AN

4298
03:34:54,711 --> 03:34:55,712
IDEA, THEN YOU'RE GIVING TO

4299
03:34:55,712 --> 03:34:56,346
THEM.

4300
03:34:56,346 --> 03:34:57,380
SO IT JUST DEPENDS.

4301
03:34:57,380 --> 03:35:00,350
>> I MEAN, I THINK WE CAN
HAVE A

4302
03:35:00,350 --> 03:35:01,317
WHOLE 45-MINUTE DISCUSSION ON

4303
03:35:01,317 --> 03:35:01,885
THIS.

4304
03:35:01,885 --> 03:35:04,387
MY IDEA BEING A BAD WAY OF

4305
03:35:04,387 --> 03:35:05,788
FRAMING IT.

4306
03:35:05,788 --> 03:35:07,290
THAT'S -- I THANK YOU FOR THAT

4307
03:35:07,290 --> 03:35:07,590
QUESTION.

4308
03:35:07,590 --> 03:35:08,825
I FIND THAT FASCINATING.

4309
03:35:08,825 --> 03:35:09,225
OKAY.

4310
03:35:09,225 --> 03:35:10,860
WE'RE GO TO GO TO -- THIS MIGHT

4311
03:35:10,860 --> 03:35:11,895
BE OUR FINAL QUESTION.

4312
03:35:11,895 --> 03:35:12,662
PLEASE, GO FOR IT.

4313
03:35:12,662 --> 03:35:13,529
WOW, THAT'S INTERESTING.

4314
03:35:13,529 --> 03:35:13,863
SORRY.

4315
03:35:13,863 --> 03:35:15,531
>> HELLO.

4316
03:35:15,531 --> 03:35:16,933
I'M A GRADUATE STUDENT FROM

4317
03:35:16,933 --> 03:35:18,501
PURDUE AND MY QUESTION IS

4318
03:35:18,501 --> 03:35:23,306
DIRECTED TO DR. WOOD.

4319
03:35:23,306 --> 03:35:24,741
SO WHAT WOULD IT TAKE FOR YOU TO

4320
03:35:24,741 --> 03:35:26,743
TRUST A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

4321
03:35:26,743 --> 03:35:28,011
PREDICTION OVER YOUR GUT

4322
03:35:28,011 --> 03:35:28,578
FEELING?

4323
03:35:28,578 --> 03:35:30,546
LIKE LET'S SAY THERE'S A MODEL

4324
03:35:30,546 --> 03:35:34,284
THAT CAN PREDICT THE

4325
03:35:34,284 --> 03:35:38,121
CIRCUMFERENCE OF A TUMOR AND

4326
03:35:38,121 --> 03:35:38,988
THEN WHAT WOULD IT TAKE FOR A

4327
03:35:38,988 --> 03:35:41,391
SURGEON TO TRUST THE MODEL

4328
03:35:41,391 --> 03:35:42,959
PREDICTION OR WHAT YOU FEEL BY

4329
03:35:42,959 --> 03:35:44,093
LOOKING AT THE IMAGES?

4330
03:35:44,093 --> 03:35:48,231
>> THAT'S A GOOD ONE.

4331
03:35:48,231 --> 03:35:53,369
>> LOOK, I MEAN, I TRUST
FACTS,

4332
03:35:53,369 --> 03:35:54,604
AND WEEK BEFORE AN ELECTION, I'M

4333
03:35:54,604 --> 03:35:57,006
GOING TO AVOID ANY POLITICAL

4334
03:35:57,006 --> 03:35:59,542
STATEMENTS, BUT, YOU KNOW, THE

4335
03:35:59,542 --> 03:36:00,777
FACTS TELL THE STORY.

4336
03:36:00,777 --> 03:36:04,681
AND IF AN AI BLACK BOX MODEL

4337
03:36:04,681 --> 03:36:06,149
DELIVERS THE GOODS TO ME, I'M

4338
03:36:06,149 --> 03:36:07,016
ALL IN.

4339
03:36:07,016 --> 03:36:09,652
BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KNOW WHAT THE

4340
03:36:09,652 --> 03:36:12,188
LEVELS OF EVIDENCE ARE MIND IT.

4341
03:36:12,188 --> 03:36:15,358
95% OF THE LITERATURE IS

4342
03:36:15,358 --> 03:36:16,459
MISLEADING AT BEST, AND

4343
03:36:16,459 --> 03:36:18,962
SOMETIMES FRANKLY FALSE.

4344
03:36:18,962 --> 03:36:20,530
SO WE ALL GET REWARDED FOR

4345
03:36:20,530 --> 03:36:22,632
PUTTING OUT OUR BEST STUFF AND

4346
03:36:22,632 --> 03:36:24,400
POSITIVE P VALUES, ET CETERA,

4347
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:25,802
DOWN THE ROAD, THAT'S HOW WE GET

4348
03:36:25,802 --> 03:36:28,972
TO OUR NEXT COMPANY, AND AT THE

4349
03:36:28,972 --> 03:36:30,440
END OF THE DAY, THOSE INCENTIVES

4350
03:36:30,440 --> 03:36:33,242
LEAD TO A BIG SMORGASBORD OF

4351
03:36:33,242 --> 03:36:35,078
LESS THAN HELPFUL INFORMATION.

4352
03:36:35,078 --> 03:36:36,412
>> SO LET ME CHALLENGE
YOU,

4353
03:36:36,412 --> 03:36:36,612
BRAD.

4354
03:36:36,612 --> 03:36:38,481
>> INCREDIBLE LEVELS OF --

4355
03:36:38,481 --> 03:36:40,049
>> YOU SAY YOU TRUST THE
A.I.

4356
03:36:40,049 --> 03:36:41,351
FROM THE FACTS BUT THAT'S YOU,

4357
03:36:41,351 --> 03:36:42,585
BECAUSE YOU'RE WORKING IN A

4358
03:36:42,585 --> 03:36:44,053
TRAPS LAITIONAL SPACE.

4359
03:36:44,053 --> 03:36:45,154
WHAT ABOUT THE REST OF YOUR

4360
03:36:45,154 --> 03:36:45,688
SURGICAL COLLEAGUES?

4361
03:36:45,688 --> 03:36:47,423
ARE THEY GOING TO TRUST THESE

4362
03:36:47,423 --> 03:36:48,524
THINGS AS YOU MIGHT?

4363
03:36:48,524 --> 03:36:50,426
AND WHAT CONVINCING MIGHT THEY

4364
03:36:50,426 --> 03:36:51,527
NEED?

4365
03:36:51,527 --> 03:36:53,062
>> LOOK BELOW THE HOOD,
YOU HAVE

4366
03:36:53,062 --> 03:36:54,597
TO REACH OUT TO YOUR DATA

4367
03:36:54,597 --> 03:36:55,598
SCIENTISTS IN THE SETTING OF

4368
03:36:55,598 --> 03:36:59,435
A.I. OR UNDERSTAND THAT IF IT

4369
03:36:59,435 --> 03:37:01,037
DOESN'T HAVE CONTINUOUS LEARNING

4370
03:37:01,037 --> 03:37:02,839
BUILT INTO IT AND PROTECTION OF

4371
03:37:02,839 --> 03:37:03,840
PRIVACY, WHICH ALSO KILLS A

4372
03:37:03,840 --> 03:37:06,376
BUNCH OF GOOD IDEAS, YOU'RE IN

4373
03:37:06,376 --> 03:37:06,843
TROUBLE.

4374
03:37:06,843 --> 03:37:08,745
SO YOU KNOW, MY ANSWER IS

4375
03:37:08,745 --> 03:37:09,946
FLIPPED, BUT YOU HAVE TO JUST

4376
03:37:09,946 --> 03:37:11,214
LOOK UNDER THE HOOD.

4377
03:37:11,214 --> 03:37:13,449
THERE'S NO SHORTCUT TO TRYING TO

4378
03:37:13,449 --> 03:37:15,184
DIVE DEEP AND ASK THE HARD

4379
03:37:15,184 --> 03:37:17,286
QUESTIONS THAT MAKE SOMETHING

4380
03:37:17,286 --> 03:37:17,620
FAIL.

4381
03:37:17,620 --> 03:37:19,255
AND THINK OF WHY IT GOING TO

4382
03:37:19,255 --> 03:37:20,390
FAIL FIRST.

4383
03:37:20,390 --> 03:37:21,424
AND I'LL BELIEVE IT AT THE END

4384
03:37:21,424 --> 03:37:22,892
OF THE DAY IF I'VE BEEN REALLY

4385
03:37:22,892 --> 03:37:25,061
CURIOUS ABOUT IT AND ASKED SOME

4386
03:37:25,061 --> 03:37:26,629
TOUGH QUESTIONS UP FRONT OF THE

4387
03:37:26,629 --> 03:37:28,164
PEOPLE THAT MIGHT KNOW OR

4388
03:37:28,164 --> 03:37:28,965
MYSELF.

4389
03:37:28,965 --> 03:37:29,932
AND MORE IMPORTANT, YOURSELF.

4390
03:37:29,932 --> 03:37:31,267
GO TO THE LITERATURE YOURSELF,

4391
03:37:31,267 --> 03:37:32,468
LOOK IT UP YOURSELF.

4392
03:37:32,468 --> 03:37:34,871
LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT ANOTHER

4393
03:37:34,871 --> 03:37:35,405
DISCIPLINE YOURSELF.

4394
03:37:35,405 --> 03:37:37,473
THAT'S THE BEST WAY IF YOU'RE

4395
03:37:37,473 --> 03:37:38,441
STARTING A COMPANY TO DEAL WITH

4396
03:37:38,441 --> 03:37:38,608
IT.

4397
03:37:38,608 --> 03:37:41,344
>> DR. BASHIR WANTS TO
RESPOND,

4398
03:37:41,344 --> 03:37:42,612
I'M GOING TO ASK THE REST OF YOU

4399
03:37:42,612 --> 03:37:44,047
TO THINK OF A ONE MINUTE

4400
03:37:44,047 --> 03:37:45,248
RESPONSE TO WHERE DO YOU GET

4401
03:37:45,248 --> 03:37:46,115
YOUR INNOVATION FROM.

4402
03:37:46,115 --> 03:37:47,583
>> I WAS JUST GOING TO ADD
TO

4403
03:37:47,583 --> 03:37:48,918
THE QUESTION AND ASK YOU A

4404
03:37:48,918 --> 03:37:49,886
QUESTION, IS THAT I MEAN,

4405
03:37:49,886 --> 03:37:51,421
SURGEONS ARE ALSO VERY BUSY.

4406
03:37:51,421 --> 03:37:53,222
SO THEY DON'T HAVE THE TIME TO

4407
03:37:53,222 --> 03:37:55,091
GO LOOK FOR STUFF, SO WHO DO YOU

4408
03:37:55,091 --> 03:37:56,993
TRUST OR HOW DO YOU TALK -- WHO

4409
03:37:56,993 --> 03:37:58,961
DO YOU TALK TO TO SAY OKAY,

4410
03:37:58,961 --> 03:38:00,830
YEAH, THIS MAKES SENSE VERSUS

4411
03:38:00,830 --> 03:38:02,565
THIS DOESN'T?

4412
03:38:02,565 --> 03:38:03,900
THAT'S WHAT SHE'S ASKING, I

4413
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:04,100
THINK.

4414
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:05,368
>> I'LL ANSWER MY ONE
MINUTE

4415
03:38:05,368 --> 03:38:07,070
WITH THAT ANSWER, WHICH IS I

4416
03:38:07,070 --> 03:38:09,539
REACH OUT TO PEOPLE WHO I

4417
03:38:09,539 --> 03:38:11,808
RESPECT AND WHO HAVE ALREADY

4418
03:38:11,808 --> 03:38:14,243
PASSED THE MUSTER IN MY OWN MIND

4419
03:38:14,243 --> 03:38:15,978
OF WHAT THEIR OPINION MIGHT

4420
03:38:15,978 --> 03:38:16,412
LEAD.

4421
03:38:16,412 --> 03:38:18,314
SO I LOOK LIKE I'M LAID BACK AND

4422
03:38:18,314 --> 03:38:21,150
RELAXED AND I'M CONSTANTLY

4423
03:38:21,150 --> 03:38:22,852
JUDGING LEVELS OF INFORMATION

4424
03:38:22,852 --> 03:38:25,488
AND MAYBE THE LEVELS OF

4425
03:38:25,488 --> 03:38:26,556
INFORMATION ARE BEING FED TO ME,

4426
03:38:26,556 --> 03:38:27,890
SO YOU HAVE TO DO THAT TO

4427
03:38:27,890 --> 03:38:28,291
SURVIVE.

4428
03:38:28,291 --> 03:38:31,294
AND SO I THINK ONE WHAT AM I

4429
03:38:31,294 --> 03:38:33,496
PASSIONATE ABOUT, DO I GET

4430
03:38:33,496 --> 03:38:34,730
EXCITED ABOUT INNOVATION?

4431
03:38:34,730 --> 03:38:36,599
IT'S THE TRAINEES AND THE FACT I

4432
03:38:36,599 --> 03:38:37,700
CAN COME TO WORK EVERY DAY AND

4433
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:38,935
LEARN SOMETHING NEW FROM A

4434
03:38:38,935 --> 03:38:40,269
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINE OR FROM

4435
03:38:40,269 --> 03:38:42,905
SOME YOUNG UNFETTERED MIND WHO

4436
03:38:42,905 --> 03:38:43,639
HASN'T BEEN TUNNEL VISIONED WITH

4437
03:38:43,639 --> 03:38:44,674
THE TRAINING THEY'RE GOING TO

4438
03:38:44,674 --> 03:38:46,442
RECEIVE YET, WHICH IS MANY OF

4439
03:38:46,442 --> 03:38:49,178
YOU ALL, AND THE FUTURE TITLES

4440
03:38:49,178 --> 03:38:53,583
AND THE 10 TOUR,  TENURE, IT'S L

4441
03:38:53,583 --> 03:38:54,784
IT'S CRACKED UP TO HE BE.

4442
03:38:54,784 --> 03:38:56,819
YOU'VE GOT TO CONSTANTLY

4443
03:38:56,819 --> 03:38:58,121
STRUGGLE TO REMAIN OPEN MINDED,

4444
03:38:58,121 --> 03:38:59,255
THAT'S A LIFELONG STRUGGLE AND

4445
03:38:59,255 --> 03:38:59,989
IT BEGINS TODAY.

4446
03:38:59,989 --> 03:39:01,124
BUT BEING IN A TRAINING

4447
03:39:01,124 --> 03:39:02,325
ENVIRONMENT, LEARNING FROM THE

4448
03:39:02,325 --> 03:39:02,992
TRAINEES, LEARNING FROM OTHERS

4449
03:39:02,992 --> 03:39:05,261
IN OTHER DISCIPLINES, THAT'S THE

4450
03:39:05,261 --> 03:39:07,930
PURE PASSION OF INNOVATION.

4451
03:39:07,930 --> 03:39:09,265
>> HATE TO CUT YOU OFF,
THANK

4452
03:39:09,265 --> 03:39:09,699
YOU.

4453
03:39:09,699 --> 03:39:10,666
VIN SERNGHTS YOU'VE GOT ONE

4454
03:39:10,666 --> 03:39:13,369
MINUTE.

4455
03:39:13,369 --> 03:39:14,637
VINCENT, ONE MINUTE, INNOVATION,

4456
03:39:14,637 --> 03:39:15,538
WHERE DO YOU GET IT FROM.

4457
03:39:15,538 --> 03:39:17,039
>> I'VE GOT TO AGREE WITH
BRAD,

4458
03:39:17,039 --> 03:39:19,308
IT REALLY IS THE STUDENTS, THE

4459
03:39:19,308 --> 03:39:21,310
TRAINEES AND THE YOUNGER FACULTY

4460
03:39:21,310 --> 03:39:22,512
MEMBERS, WHERE THEY'RE --

4461
03:39:22,512 --> 03:39:25,114
>> OLD FACULTY CAN BE
HELPFUL.

4462
03:39:25,114 --> 03:39:28,351
>> WELL, YOU KNOW, THEY
ASK

4463
03:39:28,351 --> 03:39:31,354
QUESTIONS THAT USUALLY ARE

4464
03:39:31,354 --> 03:39:33,823
UNORTHODOX OR KIND OF THE

4465
03:39:33,823 --> 03:39:36,192
INNOCENCE, WHY DON'T WE DO THIS,

4466
03:39:36,192 --> 03:39:37,493
AND YOU'RE RIGHT, YOU'RE RIGHT.

4467
03:39:37,493 --> 03:39:40,029
BUT IT ALSO THOSE AHA MOMENTS.

4468
03:39:40,029 --> 03:39:44,767
YOU KNOW, WHERE YOU SAY OH, WOW.

4469
03:39:44,767 --> 03:39:46,202
IT WAS THAT SIMPLE.

4470
03:39:46,202 --> 03:39:48,271
>> AHA, EUREKA.

4471
03:39:48,271 --> 03:39:50,273
>> THAT REALLY DROPS YOU.

4472
03:39:50,273 --> 03:39:51,874
BUT I THINK IT'S THE TRAINEES

4473
03:39:51,874 --> 03:39:52,675
AND THE TEACHING ENVIRONMENT.

4474
03:39:52,675 --> 03:39:53,910
>> THAT'S GREAT.

4475
03:39:53,910 --> 03:39:54,410
CHERIE, ONE MINUTE.

4476
03:39:54,410 --> 03:39:55,578
WHAT YOU GOT?

4477
03:39:55,578 --> 03:39:55,878
INNOVATION.

4478
03:39:55,878 --> 03:39:57,013
>> AS ONE WHO DOESN'T HAVE

4479
03:39:57,013 --> 03:39:59,515
ACCESS TO TRAINEES IN A TEACHING

4480
03:39:59,515 --> 03:40:02,084
ENVIRONMENT, I ACTUALLY FIND

4481
03:40:02,084 --> 03:40:03,519
INNOVATION IN GETTING OUT OF THE

4482
03:40:03,519 --> 03:40:06,122
LAB AND GETTING OUT OF CLINIC,

4483
03:40:06,122 --> 03:40:09,559
AND LISTENING TO PEOPLE, REGULAR

4484
03:40:09,559 --> 03:40:10,326
PEOPLE AND SOME OF THE THINGS

4485
03:40:10,326 --> 03:40:13,596
THAT THEY RAISE, AND THAT ALWAYS

4486
03:40:13,596 --> 03:40:14,697
CONNECTS SOMEHOW RANDOMLY TO THE

4487
03:40:14,697 --> 03:40:16,299
WORK THAT I'M DOING, SO I

4488
03:40:16,299 --> 03:40:18,968
ACTUALLY PREFER TO BE OUTSIDE,

4489
03:40:18,968 --> 03:40:21,637
PREFER TO BE AMONG WHAT I CALL

4490
03:40:21,637 --> 03:40:22,672
REGULAR PEOPLE BECAUSE I THINK

4491
03:40:22,672 --> 03:40:25,942
THAT'S WHERE ALL OF THE IDEAS

4492
03:40:25,942 --> 03:40:27,143
REALLY START TO SPARK, BECAUSE I

4493
03:40:27,143 --> 03:40:28,010
HADN'T THOUGHT OF THAT.

4494
03:40:28,010 --> 03:40:29,612
AND THIS GOES BACK TO YOUR POINT

4495
03:40:29,612 --> 03:40:30,479
ABOUT NORTH CAROLINA.

4496
03:40:30,479 --> 03:40:32,181
THE STRUGGLES, THEY'RE GOING TO

4497
03:40:32,181 --> 03:40:34,016
HAVE TO BE INNOVATIVE TO

4498
03:40:34,016 --> 03:40:35,251
SURVIVE, AND THAT IS PROBABLY

4499
03:40:35,251 --> 03:40:36,886
WHERE SOME OF THE BEST IDEAS FOR

4500
03:40:36,886 --> 03:40:38,421
WHAT WE DO WILL COME FROM.

4501
03:40:38,421 --> 03:40:39,088
>> THAT'S GREAT.

4502
03:40:39,088 --> 03:40:41,524
ALL RIGHT.

4503
03:40:41,524 --> 03:40:42,725
DR. BASHIR, CLOSE US OUT.

4504
03:40:42,725 --> 03:40:43,960
ONE MINUTE.

4505
03:40:43,960 --> 03:40:44,860
INNOVATION, WHERE DO YOU GET IT

4506
03:40:44,860 --> 03:40:45,061
FROM?

4507
03:40:45,061 --> 03:40:48,030
>> I THINK IT'S ALL THE
USUAL,

4508
03:40:48,030 --> 03:40:49,565
THE ECOSYSTEM AROUND YOUR

4509
03:40:49,565 --> 03:40:50,700
STUDENTS, COLLEAGUES,

4510
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:51,667
COLLABORATORS, PAPERS, BUT I

4511
03:40:51,667 --> 03:40:53,736
THINK PUSHING, PUTTING YOURSELF

4512
03:40:53,736 --> 03:40:55,004
IN REALLY UNUSUAL SITUATIONS AND

4513
03:40:55,004 --> 03:40:56,339
OUT OF THE BOX, MAKING A POINT

4514
03:40:56,339 --> 03:40:58,241
TO TRY TO BE OUT OF THE BOX, GO

4515
03:40:58,241 --> 03:41:00,309
VISIT OUT OF THE BOX PLACES AND

4516
03:41:00,309 --> 03:41:02,478
PEOPLE, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT.

4517
03:41:02,478 --> 03:41:04,013
I PURPOSEFULLY TRY TO DO THAT,

4518
03:41:04,013 --> 03:41:05,915
AND I THINK THAT'S WHERE I

4519
03:41:05,915 --> 03:41:07,016
BELIEVE A LOT OF THE INNOVATION

4520
03:41:07,016 --> 03:41:07,984
CAN COME FROM.

4521
03:41:07,984 --> 03:41:11,988
TO REALLY GO OUT OF THE BOX, SO

4522
03:41:11,988 --> 03:41:13,522
YOUR BUILT ECOSYSTEM IS GREAT

4523
03:41:13,522 --> 03:41:15,224
BUT YOU'VE GOT TO KEEP GOING OUT

4524
03:41:15,224 --> 03:41:17,059
OF IT FOR SOME PERCENT OF YOUR

4525
03:41:17,059 --> 03:41:17,260
TIME.

4526
03:41:17,260 --> 03:41:19,528
>> I WANT TO THANK YOU ALL
FOR

4527
03:41:19,528 --> 03:41:21,163
ATTENDING AND THANK OUR

4528
03:41:21,163 --> 03:41:22,298
PANELISTS, ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR

4529
03:41:22,298 --> 03:41:22,498
THEM.

4530
03:41:22,498 --> 03:41:23,866
IF YOU HAVE A RAPID FIRE

4531
03:41:23,866 --> 03:41:24,800
PRESENTATION, CAN YOU MAKE IT UP

4532
03:41:24,800 --> 03:41:26,369
HERE TO THE FRONT LEFT AND WE

4533
03:41:26,369 --> 03:41:28,938
WILL GET STARTED ON THOSE.

4534
03:41:28,938 --> 03:41:30,039
AGAIN, THANKS AGAIN.

4535
03:41:30,039 --> 03:41:32,208
>> THANKS TO MANU, WHO'S
DONE AN

4536
03:41:32,208 --> 03:41:33,709
AMAZING JOB AT THIS MEETING.

4537
03:41:33,709 --> 03:41:43,953
>> THANK YOU.

4538
03:42:09,779 --> 03:42:14,150
>> OKAY, SO WE ARE BACK
WITH OUR

4539
03:42:14,150 --> 03:42:18,888
RAPID FIRES, SIX MO MORE RAPID

4540
03:42:18,888 --> 03:42:20,756
FIRES AND WE WILL START WITH OUR

4541
03:42:20,756 --> 03:42:27,897
FIRST ONE, ANEESH KSHIRSAGAR.

4542
03:42:27,897 --> 03:42:30,566
>> HELLO, I'M ANEESH, A
PH.D.

4543
03:42:30,566 --> 03:42:32,101
STUDENT AT PENN STATE AND OUR

4544
03:42:32,101 --> 03:42:34,203
GROUP MAINLY FOCUSES ON POINT OF

4545
03:42:34,203 --> 03:42:38,240
CARE DIAGNOSTICS, ENGINEERING

4546
03:42:38,240 --> 03:42:40,109
ASPECT FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

4547
03:42:40,109 --> 03:42:42,778
TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT

4548
03:42:42,778 --> 03:42:45,081
SALIVA BASED DETECTION OF TRIPLE

4549
03:42:45,081 --> 03:42:46,382
RESPIRATORY VIRUSES WITH

4550
03:42:46,382 --> 03:42:48,517
MULTIPLEXED RT-LAMP ON A MACHINE

4551
03:42:48,517 --> 03:42:49,819
LEARNING EMPOWERED PORTABLE

4552
03:42:49,819 --> 03:42:50,252
SYSTEM.

4553
03:42:50,252 --> 03:42:51,787
I'D LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR

4554
03:42:51,787 --> 03:42:54,590
FUNDING SYSTEMS AT THE BOTTOM.

4555
03:42:54,590 --> 03:42:56,559
SO 40% OF U.S. HOSE HOLDS WERE

4556
03:42:56,559 --> 03:42:58,961
AFFECTED BY RESPIRATORY

4557
03:42:58,961 --> 03:43:00,529
INFECTIONS, EITHER OF COVID-19

4558
03:43:00,529 --> 03:43:02,932
INFLUENZA OR RSV.

4559
03:43:02,932 --> 03:43:05,334
IN 22-23 WINTER SEASON.

4560
03:43:05,334 --> 03:43:07,803
AND OTHER STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED

4561
03:43:07,803 --> 03:43:10,873
THAT THAT COULD BE UP TO 15 TO

4562
03:43:10,873 --> 03:43:12,842
20% INCREASE IN HOSPITALIZATION

4563
03:43:12,842 --> 03:43:14,143
RATES, WHEN COINFECTIONS ARE

4564
03:43:14,143 --> 03:43:14,643
PRESENT.

4565
03:43:14,643 --> 03:43:17,346
THESE INFECTIONS SHOW VERY

4566
03:43:17,346 --> 03:43:19,648
SIMILAR SYMPTOMS WHICH MAKES THE

4567
03:43:19,648 --> 03:43:20,316
DIAGNOSTICS SOMETIMES

4568
03:43:20,316 --> 03:43:20,750
CHALLENGING.

4569
03:43:20,750 --> 03:43:23,219
AND INDEED THERE ARE DIFFERENT

4570
03:43:23,219 --> 03:43:24,086
ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS AVAILABLE

4571
03:43:24,086 --> 03:43:26,055
FOR THESE, BUT IT REQUIRES

4572
03:43:26,055 --> 03:43:29,725
TIMELY AND ACCURATE DIAGNOSTICS

4573
03:43:29,725 --> 03:43:32,161
TO MEET THE TIME CRITICAL

4574
03:43:32,161 --> 03:43:32,395
WINDOWS.

4575
03:43:32,395 --> 03:43:33,863
TREATMENT WINDOWS.

4576
03:43:33,863 --> 03:43:36,365
ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH RISK GROUPS.

4577
03:43:36,365 --> 03:43:38,334
THE CURRENT DIAGNOSTICS INCLUDE

4578
03:43:38,334 --> 03:43:41,404
NASAL OR NASOPHARYNGEAL SWAB

4579
03:43:41,404 --> 03:43:43,205
BASED TESTS USING PCR, SO

4580
03:43:43,205 --> 03:43:46,809
THERE'S A LACK OF LOW COST

4581
03:43:46,809 --> 03:43:47,910
NONINVASIVE RAPID DIAGNOSTIC

4582
03:43:47,910 --> 03:43:49,145
TEST THAT IS CAPABLE OF LOOKING

4583
03:43:49,145 --> 03:43:50,346
AT ALL THESE DIFFERENT PATHOGENS

4584
03:43:50,346 --> 03:43:52,214
IN A SINGLE TEST, AND FOR WHICH

4585
03:43:52,214 --> 03:43:54,750
THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR

4586
03:43:54,750 --> 03:43:55,551
POINT OF CARE SOLUTIONS TO

4587
03:43:55,551 --> 03:43:57,286
ENABLE REALTIME AND MULTIPLEX

4588
03:43:57,286 --> 03:44:00,189
DETECTION IN A TIMELY MANNER.

4589
03:44:00,189 --> 03:44:02,191
SO OUR PROJECT HERE OR OUR

4590
03:44:02,191 --> 03:44:04,794
RESEARCH HERE USES A NONINVASIVE

4591
03:44:04,794 --> 03:44:06,462
MULTIPLEX DIAGNOSTIC SOLUTION

4592
03:44:06,462 --> 03:44:13,936
THAT ESSENTIA ESSENTIALLY USES A

4593
03:44:13,936 --> 03:44:17,606
SAMPLE, IT'S AN ISOTHERMAL ASSAY

4594
03:44:17,606 --> 03:44:19,542
THAT USES DARK WHICH STANDS FOR

4595
03:44:19,542 --> 03:44:23,512
DETECTION OF AMPLIFICATION BY --

4596
03:44:23,512 --> 03:44:25,080
QUENCHING METHOD TO LOOK AT

4597
03:44:25,080 --> 03:44:25,481
SPECIFIC TARGETS.

4598
03:44:25,481 --> 03:44:29,218
ALL OF THIS REACTION IS RUN ON A

4599
03:44:29,218 --> 03:44:30,820
PORTABLE INSTRUMENT POWERED BY

4600
03:44:30,820 --> 03:44:31,253
MACHINE LEARNING.

4601
03:44:31,253 --> 03:44:32,455
I'LL WALK YOU THROUGH THE DESIGN

4602
03:44:32,455 --> 03:44:33,222
OF THIS ANALYZER.

4603
03:44:33,222 --> 03:44:35,524
SO WE HAVE A COMPACT AND

4604
03:44:35,524 --> 03:44:37,193
PORTABLE BATTERY-OPERATED

4605
03:44:37,193 --> 03:44:39,628
ANALYZER THAT CAN RUN EIGHT

4606
03:44:39,628 --> 03:44:40,963
REACTIONS IN PARALLEL AND TO

4607
03:44:40,963 --> 03:44:43,966
FOCUS ON THE OPTIC SYSTEM FOR

4608
03:44:43,966 --> 03:44:46,268
THAT MULTIPLEXED FLOW FOR

4609
03:44:46,268 --> 03:44:51,640
DETECTION WE HAVE A WAVE LENGTH

4610
03:44:51,640 --> 03:44:54,543
L.E.D. AS THE EXCITATION SOURCE

4611
03:44:54,543 --> 03:44:58,247
AND CMOS SENSOR THAT'S A

4612
03:44:58,247 --> 03:44:59,348
MULTI-SPECTRAL SENSOR THAT CAN

4613
03:44:59,348 --> 03:45:00,516
LOOK AT EIGHT DIFFERENT

4614
03:45:00,516 --> 03:45:00,850
CHANNELS.

4615
03:45:00,850 --> 03:45:03,352
THERE'S CHALLENGES IN ASSEMBLY.

4616
03:45:03,352 --> 03:45:04,887
SO THE SENSING PRINCIPLE IS VERY

4617
03:45:04,887 --> 03:45:05,321
SIMPLE.

4618
03:45:05,321 --> 03:45:07,223
WE JUST EXCITE EACH OF THESE

4619
03:45:07,223 --> 03:45:10,726
SOURCES ONE BY ONE, AND LOOK AT

4620
03:45:10,726 --> 03:45:14,196
THE COLLECTIVE EMISSIONS FROM A

4621
03:45:14,196 --> 03:45:14,830
MIXTURE ACROSS DIFFERENT

4622
03:45:14,830 --> 03:45:15,598
CHANNELS OF THE SENSOR.

4623
03:45:15,598 --> 03:45:19,201
THIS GIVES RISE TO 24 DIFFERENT

4624
03:45:19,201 --> 03:45:21,036
VALUES SO HOW DO WE MAKE USE OF

4625
03:45:21,036 --> 03:45:22,471
ALL OF THIS INFORMATION?

4626
03:45:22,471 --> 03:45:23,672
WE DECIDED TO USE MACHINE

4627
03:45:23,672 --> 03:45:25,007
LEARNING HERE WHERE WE FIRST

4628
03:45:25,007 --> 03:45:26,575
COLLECT TRAINING AND TEST

4629
03:45:26,575 --> 03:45:29,745
DATASET USING CALIBRATION

4630
03:45:29,745 --> 03:45:31,046
EXPERIMENTS, WHERE WE LOOK AT

4631
03:45:31,046 --> 03:45:32,982
DIFFERENT SAMPLES OR MIXTURES OF

4632
03:45:32,982 --> 03:45:34,416
SAMPLES THAT ARE PREPARED FROM

4633
03:45:34,416 --> 03:45:39,755
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF

4634
03:45:39,755 --> 03:45:47,930
DIFFERENT FLUOROPHORES.

4635
03:45:47,930 --> 03:45:50,299
NEURAL NETWORKS PERFORM THE BEST

4636
03:45:50,299 --> 03:45:55,571
AS EVIDENT FROM THE LEAST MEAN

4637
03:45:55,571 --> 03:45:56,839
ABSOLUTE AND THIS IS WHAT IS

4638
03:45:56,839 --> 03:45:57,706
CHOSEN MOVING FORWARD.

4639
03:45:57,706 --> 03:45:59,675
THIS IS A VERY VERSATILE AND

4640
03:45:59,675 --> 03:46:04,013
ADAPT TAABLE SYSTEM BECAUSE THES

4641
03:46:04,013 --> 03:46:06,315
NO FILTERS WE CAN EASILY RETRAIN

4642
03:46:06,315 --> 03:46:10,519
THE MODEL TO LOOK AT DIFFERENT

4643
03:46:10,519 --> 03:46:12,821
FLUOROPHORES SO HOW DOES THIS

4644
03:46:12,821 --> 03:46:13,589
ANALYZER PERFORM?

4645
03:46:13,589 --> 03:46:16,492
FIRST WE LOOKED AT SIMPLE RNA

4646
03:46:16,492 --> 03:46:18,227
COMBINATIONS WHERE FROM THREE

4647
03:46:18,227 --> 03:46:19,862
DIFFERENT TARGETS, WE COULD MAKE

4648
03:46:19,862 --> 03:46:22,164
EIGHT DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS

4649
03:46:22,164 --> 03:46:23,432
INCLUDING A NEGATIVE CONTROL.

4650
03:46:23,432 --> 03:46:28,137
ON THE LEFT SIDE WE CAN SEE

4651
03:46:28,137 --> 03:46:30,773
AMPLIFICATION EACH OF THESE

4652
03:46:30,773 --> 03:46:32,141
COMBINATIONS OF RNA, AND IT IS

4653
03:46:32,141 --> 03:46:34,443
SUMMARIZED IN A CONFUSION MATRIX

4654
03:46:34,443 --> 03:46:36,178
WHERE THE COLORS PRESENT THE

4655
03:46:36,178 --> 03:46:38,814
NUMBER OF CORRECT

4656
03:46:38,814 --> 03:46:40,416
CLASSIFICATIONS, AND FROM THIS,

4657
03:46:40,416 --> 03:46:42,151
WE CAN SEE THAT THE MOST NUMBER

4658
03:46:42,151 --> 03:46:44,553
OF MISCLASSIFICATIONS ARE FOR

4659
03:46:44,553 --> 03:46:46,388
THE COMBINATION WHICH HAS ALL

4660
03:46:46,388 --> 03:46:47,590
THREE RNAs TOGETHER, WHICH

4661
03:46:47,590 --> 03:46:50,225
COULD SUGGEST THAT THERE IS

4662
03:46:50,225 --> 03:46:52,294
VARIABILITY IN AMPLIFICATION

4663
03:46:52,294 --> 03:46:52,728
KINETICS.

4664
03:46:52,728 --> 03:46:57,066
AND FOR SIMPLE PURE RNA TEST, WE

4665
03:46:57,066 --> 03:47:00,235
COULD DETECT UP TO 80% OF

4666
03:47:00,235 --> 03:47:01,103
SAMPLES CORRECTLY.

4667
03:47:01,103 --> 03:47:04,340
MOVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE, THEY

4668
03:47:04,340 --> 03:47:06,075
WERE SUBJECT TO PORTABLE RNA

4669
03:47:06,075 --> 03:47:08,344
EXTRACTION AND THEN COMPARING,

4670
03:47:08,344 --> 03:47:10,312
WE COULD SEE 77% AGREEMENT

4671
03:47:10,312 --> 03:47:11,747
BETWEEN THE TWO.

4672
03:47:11,747 --> 03:47:13,282
SO TO CONCLUDE, WE HAVE

4673
03:47:13,282 --> 03:47:15,050
DEVELOPED A SCALABLE AND

4674
03:47:15,050 --> 03:47:17,286
ADAPTABLE MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

4675
03:47:17,286 --> 03:47:18,387
INTEGRATED INTO A PORTABLE

4676
03:47:18,387 --> 03:47:20,589
DEVICE, AND WE CAN SEE 77%

4677
03:47:20,589 --> 03:47:22,491
AGREEMENT WITH PCR, AND THE

4678
03:47:22,491 --> 03:47:24,927
FUTURE WORK WILL REVOLVE AROUND

4679
03:47:24,927 --> 03:47:28,197
LINKING THE INDIVIDUAL -- WITH

4680
03:47:28,197 --> 03:47:37,406
BEHAVIOR IN A COMBINATION AND AN

4681
03:47:37,406 --> 03:47:40,509
ASSAY TO MATCH WELL WITH PCR.

4682
03:47:40,509 --> 03:47:44,780
>.>> THANK YOU.

4683
03:47:44,780 --> 03:47:55,257
>> NEXT IS ANIRUDDH
SARKAR.

4684
03:47:56,025 --> 03:47:57,593
>> MY GOAL HERE IS TO
INTRODUCE

4685
03:47:57,593 --> 03:47:59,294
MY POSTER AND INVITE YOU TO TALK

4686
03:47:59,294 --> 03:48:01,363
MORE OVER THERE.

4687
03:48:01,363 --> 03:48:02,965
I'M GOING TO INTRODUCE THIS

4688
03:48:02,965 --> 03:48:04,933
WORK, WE DO IN ANTIBODY OMICS.

4689
03:48:04,933 --> 03:48:06,135
YOU MIGHT BE THINKING WHAT IS

4690
03:48:06,135 --> 03:48:08,003
THIS NEW OMICS, I'M GOING TO

4691
03:48:08,003 --> 03:48:09,038
TELL YOU ABOUT IT IN A SECOND

4692
03:48:09,038 --> 03:48:09,471
HERE.

4693
03:48:09,471 --> 03:48:12,541
SO MY LAB BROADLY DOES MICRO

4694
03:48:12,541 --> 03:48:14,376
NANOTYPE SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS

4695
03:48:14,376 --> 03:48:15,110
APPLICATIONS, DISCOVERY,

4696
03:48:15,110 --> 03:48:17,012
DIAGNOSIS AND MOST RECENTLY SOME

4697
03:48:17,012 --> 03:48:17,880
THERAPEUTIC WORK AS WELL.

4698
03:48:17,880 --> 03:48:19,882
HERE I TALK MORE ABOUT OUR

4699
03:48:19,882 --> 03:48:20,783
BIOMARKER DISCOVERY WORK, WHERE

4700
03:48:20,783 --> 03:48:24,353
WE USE THESE TOOLS TO DO MICRO

4701
03:48:24,353 --> 03:48:26,955
SCALING MONITORING IN A VERY

4702
03:48:26,955 --> 03:48:28,057
HIGH-THROUGHPUT MANNER FROM VERY

4703
03:48:28,057 --> 03:48:29,625
SMALL SAMPLE VOLUMES AND THEN

4704
03:48:29,625 --> 03:48:31,527
APPLY MACHINE LEARNING TO

4705
03:48:31,527 --> 03:48:33,362
GENERATE THESE MULTIVARIATE

4706
03:48:33,362 --> 03:48:36,331
BIOMARKERS BUT MORE RECENTLY

4707
03:48:36,331 --> 03:48:37,733
GENERATE HYPOTHESES FROM THIS AS

4708
03:48:37,733 --> 03:48:40,636
WELL, WE ALSO TRANSLATE THIS TO

4709
03:48:40,636 --> 03:48:43,639
POINT OF CARE DIAGNOSTICS.

4710
03:48:43,639 --> 03:48:45,874
OUR FOCUS IS ON THE -- WE WANT

4711
03:48:45,874 --> 03:48:47,943
TO LOOK AT ANTIBODIES BUT

4712
03:48:47,943 --> 03:48:49,578
REMEMBER TYPICAL ANTIBODY TESTS

4713
03:48:49,578 --> 03:48:50,646
JUST LOOK AT YES-NO.

4714
03:48:50,646 --> 03:48:53,716
THAT CAN BE USEFUL AT TIMES LIKE

4715
03:48:53,716 --> 03:48:58,253
IN HIV BUT IN OTHERS, NOT SO

4716
03:48:58,253 --> 03:49:00,456
USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING

4717
03:49:00,456 --> 03:49:01,256
INFECTIONS.

4718
03:49:01,256 --> 03:49:03,292
WE WANT TO LOOK BEYOND YES AND

4719
03:49:03,292 --> 03:49:05,227
NO, ESPECIALLY THE FCN, WHICH IS

4720
03:49:05,227 --> 03:49:07,096
SHOWN TO BE -- WITH

4721
03:49:07,096 --> 03:49:07,563
INFLAMMATION.

4722
03:49:07,563 --> 03:49:09,732
SO WE THINK THIS IS KIND OF LIKE

4723
03:49:09,732 --> 03:49:14,303
A BARCODE -- TELL THE IMMUNE

4724
03:49:14,303 --> 03:49:15,938
SYSTEM WHAT TO DO WITH IT.

4725
03:49:15,938 --> 03:49:19,708
SO THIS BARCODE IS OFTEN IN

4726
03:49:19,708 --> 03:49:22,144
VIVO, CELL FUNCTIONS, BUT IN

4727
03:49:22,144 --> 03:49:23,445
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING IS OFTEN

4728
03:49:23,445 --> 03:49:24,613
IGNORED SO WE STARTED BY

4729
03:49:24,613 --> 03:49:27,683
DEVELOPING METHODS ON HOW TO

4730
03:49:27,683 --> 03:49:29,952
READ THIS FUNCTIONAL BARCODE,

4731
03:49:29,952 --> 03:49:36,191
AND THESE ARE BEAD-BASED ASSAYS,

4732
03:49:36,191 --> 03:49:41,096
CODED WITH ANTIGENS, VARIOUS

4733
03:49:41,096 --> 03:49:42,831
PROBES, ISOTYPE-TYPE PROBES, BUT

4734
03:49:42,831 --> 03:49:44,333
THE KEY OF THE MODIFICATION ON

4735
03:49:44,333 --> 03:49:47,503
ALL HUMAN ANTIBODIES IS A

4736
03:49:47,503 --> 03:49:47,836
GLYCOSYLATION.

4737
03:49:47,836 --> 03:49:49,605
THIS WAS DIFFICULT TO READ USING

4738
03:49:49,605 --> 03:49:52,841
PROBES, SO THAT'S SOMETHING WE

4739
03:49:52,841 --> 03:49:56,111
HAD DONE FOR A BIT AND DEVELOPED

4740
03:49:56,111 --> 03:49:58,847
THESE METHODS WHICH CAN

4741
03:49:58,847 --> 03:50:00,115
REPLICATE MASS SPEC WHICH TAKES

4742
03:50:00,115 --> 03:50:01,550
A LOT OF WORK AND A LOT OF

4743
03:50:01,550 --> 03:50:02,851
SAMPLE BUT IN A MUCH MORE

4744
03:50:02,851 --> 03:50:04,953
CHEAPER WAY AND THOUSAND FOLD

4745
03:50:04,953 --> 03:50:07,322
LOWER SAMPLES SO NOW WE CAN

4746
03:50:07,322 --> 03:50:10,926
ACTUALLY COME INTO THIS HIGHLY

4747
03:50:10,926 --> 03:50:15,397
MULTIPLEXED ANTIBODY FAB AND

4748
03:50:15,397 --> 03:50:16,799
XC -- WHICH WE INITIALLY HAD

4749
03:50:16,799 --> 03:50:18,100
APPLIED TO COVID BACK IN THE DAY

4750
03:50:18,100 --> 03:50:19,668
AND THIS IS PUBLISH WORK SO I'LL

4751
03:50:19,668 --> 03:50:20,702
JUST LEAVE YOU WITH THE

4752
03:50:20,702 --> 03:50:21,703
CONCLUSION HERE THAT WE SHOWED

4753
03:50:21,703 --> 03:50:24,306
FROM A DAY ONE BLOOD DRAW WHEN

4754
03:50:24,306 --> 03:50:26,141
THE PATIENT SHOWS UP WE'RE ABLE

4755
03:50:26,141 --> 03:50:27,910
TO PREDICT WITH THESE ANTIBODY

4756
03:50:27,910 --> 03:50:29,978
OMICS MARKERS THE DISEASE SCORE

4757
03:50:29,978 --> 03:50:31,914
SO SURVIVAL VERSUS NON-SURVIVAL,

4758
03:50:31,914 --> 03:50:33,682
THIS WAS IN THE PREVACCINE ERA.

4759
03:50:33,682 --> 03:50:35,083
MOST RECENTLY WE'VE APPLIED THIS

4760
03:50:35,083 --> 03:50:39,087
TO OTHER CONDITIONS WHERE IN

4761
03:50:39,087 --> 03:50:44,493
ENDEMIC DISEASES, IN ENDEIN IK

4762
03:50:44,493 --> 03:50:46,028
AREAS, EVERYBODY HAS ANTIBODIES.

4763
03:50:46,028 --> 03:50:48,630
SO HAVING THE ANTIBODY IS NOT A

4764
03:50:48,630 --> 03:50:50,032
CLINICALLY USEFUL METRIC THERE,

4765
03:50:50,032 --> 03:50:53,302
BUT WHAT WE'VE SHOWN VIA

4766
03:50:53,302 --> 03:50:55,237
ANTIBODY OMICS IS THAT WE CAN

4767
03:50:55,237 --> 03:50:57,339
DISTINGUISH CURRENT VERSUS

4768
03:50:57,339 --> 03:51:00,843
INFECTION AND EVEN DEFINE UNDOOR

4769
03:51:00,843 --> 03:51:03,011
USER TYPES, THIS PAPER JUST CAME

4770
03:51:03,011 --> 03:51:03,779
OUT LAST MONTH.

4771
03:51:03,779 --> 03:51:05,047
AND THEN SINCE WE'VE BEEN

4772
03:51:05,047 --> 03:51:06,715
APPLYING THIS TO OTHER DISEASES,

4773
03:51:06,715 --> 03:51:10,219
MOST RECENTLY IN TUBERCULOSIS

4774
03:51:10,219 --> 03:51:12,020
WHERE THERE'S A LOT OF

4775
03:51:12,020 --> 03:51:13,455
HETEROGENEITY, SO PEOPLE

4776
03:51:13,455 --> 03:51:14,890
LATENTLY INFECTED VERSUS CAN

4777
03:51:14,890 --> 03:51:16,825
HAVE ACTIVE DISEASE, AND IN

4778
03:51:16,825 --> 03:51:19,494
INDEMIC AREAS, A LARGE FRACTION

4779
03:51:19,494 --> 03:51:21,430
OF THE POPULATION IS LATENTLY

4780
03:51:21,430 --> 03:51:23,131
INFECTED SO EVERYBODY IS

4781
03:51:23,131 --> 03:51:23,665
ANTIBODY POSITIVE.

4782
03:51:23,665 --> 03:51:25,200
SO THE THEME REMAINS THE SAME

4783
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:30,772
AND WHAT WE SHOWED IS WHILE ABT

4784
03:51:30,772 --> 03:51:32,507
BODY -- THEY ACTUALLY PROVIDE

4785
03:51:32,507 --> 03:51:35,043
VERY ROBUST BIOMARKERS SO I'M

4786
03:51:35,043 --> 03:51:38,247
SHOWING FROM TWO SEPARATE

4787
03:51:38,247 --> 03:51:41,216
COHEARTS, WE CAN GET VERY GOOD

4788
03:51:41,216 --> 03:51:42,084
DIAGNOSTIC VARIABILITY WITH

4789
03:51:42,084 --> 03:51:44,620
THESE MARKERS USING MACHINE

4790
03:51:44,620 --> 03:51:47,522
LEARNING-TYPE METHODS.

4791
03:51:47,522 --> 03:51:48,790
SO GOING FORWARD WHAT ARE WE

4792
03:51:48,790 --> 03:51:49,291
TRYING TO DO?

4793
03:51:49,291 --> 03:51:50,926
OF COURSE IN THE TB SPACE, WE'RE

4794
03:51:50,926 --> 03:51:53,095
DOING THERAPY MONITORING,

4795
03:51:53,095 --> 03:51:54,396
MULTIPLEXING, BUT ALSO YOU KNOW

4796
03:51:54,396 --> 03:51:55,697
IT'S NOT JUST FOR DIAGNOSTICS.

4797
03:51:55,697 --> 03:51:58,300
WE CAN USE THIS TO LOOK AT

4798
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:00,802
CORRELATES OF PROTECTION AND

4799
03:52:00,802 --> 03:52:02,137
LONGEVITY OF PROTECTION AND

4800
03:52:02,137 --> 03:52:04,640
VACCINE MODELS GOING AGAINST

4801
03:52:04,640 --> 03:52:07,910
INFECTIOUS DISEASES, IN

4802
03:52:07,910 --> 03:52:09,444
TRANSPLANTS, AND I SEE THAT I AM

4803
03:52:09,444 --> 03:52:12,147
GETTING KICKED OUT, SO I'LL JUST

4804
03:52:12,147 --> 03:52:15,417
THANK MY TEAM AND FUNDING

4805
03:52:15,417 --> 03:52:16,852
SOURCES AND INVITE YOU TO MY

4806
03:52:16,852 --> 03:52:19,321
POSTER TO TALK MORE AND WE HAVE

4807
03:52:19,321 --> 03:52:20,956
FOUR SEPARATE TALKS ON THE POINT

4808
03:52:20,956 --> 03:52:23,926
OF CARE DIAGNOSTICS ASPECTS OF

4809
03:52:23,926 --> 03:52:24,359
MY LAB.

4810
03:52:24,359 --> 03:52:25,527
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

4811
03:52:25,527 --> 03:52:26,428
>> THAT IS GREAT.

4812
03:52:26,428 --> 03:52:27,930
YES, THESE ARE POSTER

4813
03:52:27,930 --> 03:52:28,730
ADVERTISERS, THEY ARE PLUGGING

4814
03:52:28,730 --> 03:52:29,464
IT WELL.

4815
03:52:29,464 --> 03:52:31,967
OUR NEXT PRESENTER IS DR. KIARA

4816
03:52:31,967 --> 03:52:37,572
LEE, PLEASE.

4817
03:52:37,572 --> 03:52:38,607
>> HI, EVERYBODY.

4818
03:52:38,607 --> 03:52:45,681
MY NAME IS KE KE KIAR, A, THIS S

4819
03:52:45,681 --> 03:52:47,649
GOING TO BE DIFFERENT THAN SOME

4820
03:52:47,649 --> 03:52:48,850
OF THE RESEARCH WE'VE SEEN

4821
03:52:48,850 --> 03:52:50,786
TODAY, MORE ON THE QUALITATIVE

4822
03:52:50,786 --> 03:52:52,220
RESEARCH SIDE BECAUSE I'M REALLY

4823
03:52:52,220 --> 03:52:53,522
INTERESTED IN HOW WE CAN

4824
03:52:53,522 --> 03:52:55,023
INCREASE ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES

4825
03:52:55,023 --> 03:52:56,124
WORLDWIDE SO AN IMPORTANT ASPECT

4826
03:52:56,124 --> 03:52:57,459
OF THAT IS UNDERSTANDING THE

4827
03:52:57,459 --> 03:52:58,360
CONTEXT AND DIFFERENT CONTEXTS

4828
03:52:58,360 --> 03:52:59,928
THAT WE'RE WORKING IN, SO I

4829
03:52:59,928 --> 03:53:01,596
DECIDED TO APPLY TO A POSTDOC

4830
03:53:01,596 --> 03:53:02,998
THAT WAS FUNDED THROUGH THE

4831
03:53:02,998 --> 03:53:04,266
FOGARTY CENTER, INTERNATIONAL

4832
03:53:04,266 --> 03:53:06,268
CENTER, AND ALSO NIDID, SO THANK

4833
03:53:06,268 --> 03:53:07,569
YOU FOR THE FUNDING.

4834
03:53:07,569 --> 03:53:11,773
AND SO I EXPLORED HOW WE CAN

4835
03:53:11,773 --> 03:53:14,409
REALLY HELP INNOVATORS IN PERU

4836
03:53:14,409 --> 03:53:15,644
AND EVERYWHERE, IMPROVE THEIR

4837
03:53:15,644 --> 03:53:16,912
ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES AND HOW

4838
03:53:16,912 --> 03:53:19,214
THEY CAN DEVELOP TECHNOLOGIES.

4839
03:53:19,214 --> 03:53:21,216
SO LET'S THINK BACK TO COVID-19

4840
03:53:21,216 --> 03:53:23,552
AND WE SAW THIS HEADLINE, THERE

4841
03:53:23,552 --> 03:53:26,188
ARE A SHORTAGE OF PPE, SHORTAGE

4842
03:53:26,188 --> 03:53:27,823
OF A LOT OF THINGS WORLDWIDE AND

4843
03:53:27,823 --> 03:53:29,458
WHO SAYS OKAY, EVERYWURNTION

4844
03:53:29,458 --> 03:53:30,525
INCREASE YOUR MANUFACTURING

4845
03:53:30,525 --> 03:53:31,827
CAPACITY BY 40%.

4846
03:53:31,827 --> 03:53:33,095
BUT WHAT IF YOU'RE IN A PLACE

4847
03:53:33,095 --> 03:53:34,629
THAT YOU CAN'T DO THAT?

4848
03:53:34,629 --> 03:53:36,331
IF YOU'RE NOT USED TO PRODUCING

4849
03:53:36,331 --> 03:53:37,899
YOUR OWN TECHNOLOGIES, YOU'RE

4850
03:53:37,899 --> 03:53:38,767
USED TO GETTING THEM FROM

4851
03:53:38,767 --> 03:53:40,836
SOMEWHERE ELSE, THEY'RE NOT

4852
03:53:40,836 --> 03:53:42,170
SHARING THEM BECAUSE WE'RE IN A

4853
03:53:42,170 --> 03:53:43,438
PANDEMIC, YOU WANT TO PROTECT

4854
03:53:43,438 --> 03:53:44,473
YOUR OWN, SO WHAT THIS SHOWED IS

4855
03:53:44,473 --> 03:53:46,708
THAT THERE'S A LOT OF PLACES AND

4856
03:53:46,708 --> 03:53:50,112
COUNTRIES THAT DON'T HAVE THAT

4857
03:53:50,112 --> 03:53:53,048
ABILITY TO BOOST THEIR OWN

4858
03:53:53,048 --> 03:53:53,682
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT.

4859
03:53:53,682 --> 03:53:54,683
MANY DID TRY.

4860
03:53:54,683 --> 03:53:55,784
PERU IS AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPANY

4861
03:53:55,784 --> 03:53:57,152
THAT DID TRY AND DEVELOPED

4862
03:53:57,152 --> 03:53:58,253
TECHNOLOGIES BUT THEY RAN INTO I

4863
03:53:58,253 --> 03:54:02,491
A INTO ALOT OF BARRIERS.

4864
03:54:02,491 --> 03:54:03,492
WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU DON'T HAVE

4865
03:54:03,492 --> 03:54:04,693
ACCESS TO A LOT OF THESE

4866
03:54:04,693 --> 03:54:05,961
TECHNOLOGIES AND A LOT OF PEOPLE

4867
03:54:05,961 --> 03:54:07,629
END UP DYING UNFORTUNATELY.

4868
03:54:07,629 --> 03:54:09,698
SO IN PERU, THEY HAD THE HIGHEST

4869
03:54:09,698 --> 03:54:11,633
NUMBER OF DEATHS IN THE WORLD

4870
03:54:11,633 --> 03:54:14,169
FROM COVID-19 DESPITE HAVING A

4871
03:54:14,169 --> 03:54:14,936
REALLY QUICK RESPONSE.

4872
03:54:14,936 --> 03:54:17,305
PART OF THIS WAS DUE TO THE LACK

4873
03:54:17,305 --> 03:54:18,740
OF PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL DEVICES

4874
03:54:18,740 --> 03:54:19,508
THAT CAME FROM WITHIN THE

4875
03:54:19,508 --> 03:54:20,042
COUNTRY.

4876
03:54:20,042 --> 03:54:21,209
SO THAT IS KIND OF WHAT

4877
03:54:21,209 --> 03:54:22,310
MOTIVATED THE RESEARCH QUESTION

4878
03:54:22,310 --> 03:54:25,047
OF WHAT ARE THESE BARRIERS AND

4879
03:54:25,047 --> 03:54:26,782
FACILITATORS IN MAKING MEDICAL

4880
03:54:26,782 --> 03:54:28,450
DEVICES IN PERU.

4881
03:54:28,450 --> 03:54:30,685
AND SO WE WROTE THIS DOWN TO

4882
03:54:30,685 --> 03:54:32,054
THREE MAIN QUESTIONS, ONE, HOW

4883
03:54:32,054 --> 03:54:34,423
DO WE EXPLAIN WHAT'S GOING ON IN

4884
03:54:34,423 --> 03:54:35,857
PERU, WHAT'S THE PIPELINE THERE,

4885
03:54:35,857 --> 03:54:37,159
THEN WHAT ARE THE ACTUAL

4886
03:54:37,159 --> 03:54:38,860
BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS, AND

4887
03:54:38,860 --> 03:54:40,128
LASTLY MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS

4888
03:54:40,128 --> 03:54:41,630
FOR THE COUNTRY AND ALSO

4889
03:54:41,630 --> 03:54:43,131
EVERYBODY ELSE AND HOW WE CAN

4890
03:54:43,131 --> 03:54:46,101
HELP COLLABORATE ON THISSISH YO.

4891
03:54:46,101 --> 03:54:47,569
SO WE ALL KIND OF KNOW THIS

4892
03:54:47,569 --> 03:54:48,703
PIPELINE OF HOW WE GO FROM

4893
03:54:48,703 --> 03:54:50,772
RESEARCH TO CLINICAL TRIALS, TO

4894
03:54:50,772 --> 03:54:52,641
REGULATORY APPROVAL,

4895
03:54:52,641 --> 03:54:53,809
MANUFACTURING, EVENTUALLY THINGS

4896
03:54:53,809 --> 03:54:55,677
ARE BEING UTILIZED, SO THIS IS

4897
03:54:55,677 --> 03:54:56,878
WHERE WE SOURCED PEOPLE FOR THE

4898
03:54:56,878 --> 03:54:58,713
INTERVIEWS FOR THIS PROJECT.

4899
03:54:58,713 --> 03:55:01,116
AND SO WE INNED UP INTERVIEWING

4900
03:55:01,116 --> 03:55:01,550
31 PARTICIPANTS.

4901
03:55:01,550 --> 03:55:02,951
IF YOU'RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THIS

4902
03:55:02,951 --> 03:55:04,453
TYPE OF RESEARCH, THAT'S ENOUGH.

4903
03:55:04,453 --> 03:55:06,221
PEOPLE START TO REPEAT

4904
03:55:06,221 --> 03:55:08,056
THEMSELVES AFTER A WHILE, SO

4905
03:55:08,056 --> 03:55:08,723
THAT'S GOOD ENOUGH.

4906
03:55:08,723 --> 03:55:10,659
AND SO WE DID GO FROM

4907
03:55:10,659 --> 03:55:12,627
RESEARCHERS, WE TALKED TO

4908
03:55:12,627 --> 03:55:13,929
REGULATORY PEOPLE, PEOPLE THAT

4909
03:55:13,929 --> 03:55:16,998
WORK AT KIND OF INCUBATOR-TYPE

4910
03:55:16,998 --> 03:55:19,401
THINGS, ACADEMICS THAT TRIED TO

4911
03:55:19,401 --> 03:55:20,268
COMMERCIAL SIZE SOMETHING,

4912
03:55:20,268 --> 03:55:22,671
PRIVATE COMPANIES, BIG

4913
03:55:22,671 --> 03:55:23,672
COMPANIES, ET CETERA SO WHAT WE

4914
03:55:23,672 --> 03:55:26,374
FOUND BASICALLY WAS THAT IN THIS

4915
03:55:26,374 --> 03:55:29,244
CONTEXT, PEOPLE GET FUNDING FROM

4916
03:55:29,244 --> 03:55:30,612
THE GOVERNMENT, INTERNATIONAL

4917
03:55:30,612 --> 03:55:31,580
COLLABORATIONS AND THEN THEY GO

4918
03:55:31,580 --> 03:55:33,448
THROUGH THIS PROCESS STARTING

4919
03:55:33,448 --> 03:55:34,983
WITH MOBILE APPLICATION, YOU

4920
03:55:34,983 --> 03:55:37,052
KIND OF FOLLOW THAT TYPICAL

4921
03:55:37,052 --> 03:55:38,920
PATHWAY STARTUP, GETTING

4922
03:55:38,920 --> 03:55:39,788
INVESTORS, SMALL COMPANIES, ET

4923
03:55:39,788 --> 03:55:40,989
CETERA, BUT WHAT IS THE BIG

4924
03:55:40,989 --> 03:55:42,624
DIFFERENCE WITH MEDICAL DEVICES?

4925
03:55:42,624 --> 03:55:43,925
ENTERING INTO THIS REGULATORY

4926
03:55:43,925 --> 03:55:44,159
SYSTEM.

4927
03:55:44,159 --> 03:55:46,094
BUT WHAT WE SAW WAS THAT PEOPLE

4928
03:55:46,094 --> 03:55:52,868
WERE ENTERING NO I ENTERING INTD

4929
03:55:52,868 --> 03:55:54,836
NOT COME OUT.

4930
03:55:54,836 --> 03:55:56,138
MEDICAL DEVICES ARE WAY MORE

4931
03:55:56,138 --> 03:55:57,372
EXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE THAN AN

4932
03:55:57,372 --> 03:55:57,606
APP.

4933
03:55:57,606 --> 03:55:58,874
WE ALSO LOOKED AT THE

4934
03:55:58,874 --> 03:55:59,641
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AS WELL.

4935
03:55:59,641 --> 03:56:00,842
WHAT WE SAW MULTI-NATIONAL

4936
03:56:00,842 --> 03:56:03,645
COMPANIES LIKE YOUR J & Js,
ET

4937
03:56:03,645 --> 03:56:05,313
CETERA, THEY DO R & D
SOMEWHERE

4938
03:56:05,313 --> 03:56:06,414
ELSE, THAT MEANS THAT THEY'RE

4939
03:56:06,414 --> 03:56:08,150
NOT CULTIVATING THE R & D
WITHIN

4940
03:56:08,150 --> 03:56:09,351
THE COUNTRY, AND THERE ARE SOME

4941
03:56:09,351 --> 03:56:11,753
SMALL COMPANIES IN PERU THAT DO

4942
03:56:11,753 --> 03:56:15,357
MANUFACTURE BUT MORE SO ON THE

4943
03:56:15,357 --> 03:56:17,425
GENERIC, NOT NEW AND INNOVATIVE

4944
03:56:17,425 --> 03:56:17,993
PRODUCTS.

4945
03:56:17,993 --> 03:56:19,427
AND SO THESE ARE JUST SOME OF

4946
03:56:19,427 --> 03:56:21,363
THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS.

4947
03:56:21,363 --> 03:56:22,998
YOU CAN COME TALK TO ME A LITTLE

4948
03:56:22,998 --> 03:56:24,399
BIT MORE AT THE POSTER ABOUT

4949
03:56:24,399 --> 03:56:26,568
THEM, BUT BASICALLY IN TERMS OF

4950
03:56:26,568 --> 03:56:27,802
BARRIERS, THERE'S LIMITED CLAB

4951
03:56:27,802 --> 03:56:28,670
RAIGS WITHIN PERU.

4952
03:56:28,670 --> 03:56:30,105
THEY KIND OF GO OUTSIDE THE

4953
03:56:30,105 --> 03:56:30,505
COUNTRY.

4954
03:56:30,505 --> 03:56:31,706
BUT THERE'S A LOT OF

4955
03:56:31,706 --> 03:56:32,474
OPPORTUNITIES FOR

4956
03:56:32,474 --> 03:56:33,241
COLLABORATIONS, KIND OF LIKE THE

4957
03:56:33,241 --> 03:56:35,210
PANEL WAS TALKING ABOUT.

4958
03:56:35,210 --> 03:56:38,480
AND ALSO THE CURRENT REGULATIONS

4959
03:56:38,480 --> 03:56:39,681
DON'T SUPPORT THAT MEDICAL

4960
03:56:39,681 --> 03:56:43,185
DEVICE INNOVATION, AND THEN THE

4961
03:56:43,185 --> 03:56:44,252
MARKET SIDE, YOU HAVE A

4962
03:56:44,252 --> 03:56:46,221
DIFFERENT HEALTHCARE STRUCTURE

4963
03:56:46,221 --> 03:56:47,422
WHERE THE GOVERNMENT FUNDS A LOT

4964
03:56:47,422 --> 03:56:48,423
OF HEALTHCARE SO THEN YOU HAVE

4965
03:56:48,423 --> 03:56:49,658
TO SELL YOUR PRODUCT TO THE

4966
03:56:49,658 --> 03:56:50,258
GOVERNMENT WHICH IS KIND OF

4967
03:56:50,258 --> 03:56:50,625
DIFFICULT.

4968
03:56:50,625 --> 03:56:51,560
BUT IN TERMS OF WHAT THEY'RE

4969
03:56:51,560 --> 03:56:53,328
DOING WELL, THEY HAVE A VERY,

4970
03:56:53,328 --> 03:56:54,729
VERY ACTIVE BIOMEDICAL

4971
03:56:54,729 --> 03:56:57,465
INNOVATION SECTOR, AND I IT'S

4972
03:56:57,465 --> 03:56:57,699
GROWING.

4973
03:56:57,699 --> 03:57:00,302
WHAT WOULD HELP IS INCENTIVES.

4974
03:57:00,302 --> 03:57:02,037
SO INCENTIVIZING PEOPLE TO WANT

4975
03:57:02,037 --> 03:57:04,139
TO DEVELOP MEDICAL DEVICES,

4976
03:57:04,139 --> 03:57:05,073
MAKING SURE THEY HAVE ENOUGH

4977
03:57:05,073 --> 03:57:07,809
FUNDING TO DO THAT, AND LASTLY

4978
03:57:07,809 --> 03:57:12,414
AT FACILITATOR WAS ANOTHER

4979
03:57:12,414 --> 03:57:13,949
ISSUE, LIKE OH, IT MUST COME

4980
03:57:13,949 --> 03:57:15,016
FROM THIS COUNTRY FOR US TO

4981
03:57:15,016 --> 03:57:16,218
TRUST IT, BUT THAT IS NOT

4982
03:57:16,218 --> 03:57:16,885
SOMETHING THAT WE SAW.

4983
03:57:16,885 --> 03:57:18,386
SO I JUST WANTED TO END WITH

4984
03:57:18,386 --> 03:57:19,487
SAYING THAT THIS WORK WAS

4985
03:57:19,487 --> 03:57:21,690
IMPORTANT FOR PERU BUT ALSO FOR

4986
03:57:21,690 --> 03:57:25,727
US HERE, HOW WE CAN REALLY

4987
03:57:25,727 --> 03:57:27,696
CULTIVATE COLLABORATIONS AND

4988
03:57:27,696 --> 03:57:28,997
EXPAND OUR -- EXPAND THE

4989
03:57:28,997 --> 03:57:30,398
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING NEW

4990
03:57:30,398 --> 03:57:32,367
HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES EVERYWHERE.

4991
03:57:32,367 --> 03:57:33,635
I JUST WANTED TO THANK EVERYONE

4992
03:57:33,635 --> 03:57:35,303
THAT HELPED ME OUT WITH THIS

4993
03:57:35,303 --> 03:57:36,838
STUDY, MY RESEARCH ASSISTANTS,

4994
03:57:36,838 --> 03:57:38,373
MENTORS, AND THANK YOU ALL FOR

4995
03:57:38,373 --> 03:57:38,640
LISTENING.

4996
03:57:38,640 --> 03:57:48,450
[APPLAUSE]

4997
03:57:48,450 --> 03:57:54,756
>> THAT WAS GREAT.

4998
03:57:54,756 --> 03:58:00,729
DR. RUBIN BASS RUBIN BASKIR, GO.

4999
03:58:00,729 --> 03:58:02,197
>> I'M RUBIN BASKIR, THE

5000
03:58:02,197 --> 03:58:05,033
RESEARCHER ENGAGEMENT OUTREACH

5001
03:58:05,033 --> 03:58:05,934
BRANCH DIRECTOR AT THE ALL-OF-US

5002
03:58:05,934 --> 03:58:06,568
RESCH PROGRAM.

5003
03:58:06,568 --> 03:58:09,037
I'M PRESENTING A CODEVELOPED

5004
03:58:09,037 --> 03:58:10,672
TRAINING PROGRAM TO INCREASE

5005
03:58:10,672 --> 03:58:11,640
UNDERREPRESENTED RESEARCHERS IN

5006
03:58:11,640 --> 03:58:12,540
THE BIOMEDICAL WORKFORCE AND BY

5007
03:58:12,540 --> 03:58:14,609
THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION,

5008
03:58:14,609 --> 03:58:17,212
I'LL REVEAL WHAT IS UNDER THIS

5009
03:58:17,212 --> 03:58:18,413
HALLOWEEN SHEET, SO YOU'LL HAVE

5010
03:58:18,413 --> 03:58:21,483
TO STAY TO THE END FOR THAT.

5011
03:58:21,483 --> 03:58:23,251
AND YOU'LL ALSO LEARN WHY YOU

5012
03:58:23,251 --> 03:58:24,653
SHOULD VISIT POSTER 44.

5013
03:58:24,653 --> 03:58:25,754
SO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

5014
03:58:25,754 --> 03:58:26,721
MACHINE LEARN SOMETHING A

5015
03:58:26,721 --> 03:58:28,256
RAPIDLY ADVANCING FIELD WITH

5016
03:58:28,256 --> 03:58:29,858
INCREASING PUBLIC AWARENESS.

5017
03:58:29,858 --> 03:58:31,860
ITS APPLICATION TO PRECISION

5018
03:58:31,860 --> 03:58:33,928
MEDICINE IS A CLEAR POTENTIAL

5019
03:58:33,928 --> 03:58:35,664
BENEFIT AND ONE THAT ALSO HAS A

5020
03:58:35,664 --> 03:58:37,732
RISK TO EXACERBATE HEALTH

5021
03:58:37,732 --> 03:58:38,533
DISPARITIES, IF NOT VIEWED

5022
03:58:38,533 --> 03:58:39,801
THROUGH THE LENS OF HEALTH

5023
03:58:39,801 --> 03:58:40,568
EQUITY.

5024
03:58:40,568 --> 03:58:42,837
SO TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF

5025
03:58:42,837 --> 03:58:43,938
RESEARCHERS UNDERREPRESENTED IN

5026
03:58:43,938 --> 03:58:45,573
THE BIOMEDICAL WORKFORCE IN THIS

5027
03:58:45,573 --> 03:58:47,742
SPACE, THE ALL-OF-US RESEARCH

5028
03:58:47,742 --> 03:58:49,311
PROGRAM, RTI INTERNATIONAL AND

5029
03:58:49,311 --> 03:58:51,579
THE ARTIFICIAL INTEL JEPS

5030
03:58:51,579 --> 03:58:53,114
MACHINE LEARNING AND DIVERSITY

5031
03:58:53,114 --> 03:58:55,383
OR AIM AHEAD DEVELOPED AN

5032
03:58:55,383 --> 03:58:58,687
8-MONTH TRAINING PROGRAM WHOSE

5033
03:58:58,687 --> 03:59:00,422
IP AUGUST RAL COHORT COMPLETED

5034
03:59:00,422 --> 03:59:01,723
THIS PAST AUGUST.

5035
03:59:01,723 --> 03:59:05,560
SO TO GO OVER SOME OF THE

5036
03:59:05,560 --> 03:59:07,195
PARTNERS, THIS IS A LONGITUDINAL

5037
03:59:07,195 --> 03:59:07,829
RESEARCH PROGRAM LOOKING TO

5038
03:59:07,829 --> 03:59:10,231
ENROLL A MILLION OR MORE PEOPLE

5039
03:59:10,231 --> 03:59:10,899
FOR 10 YEARS OR MORE.

5040
03:59:10,899 --> 03:59:13,635
WITH THE AIM OF ACCELERATING

5041
03:59:13,635 --> 03:59:14,602
HEALTH RESEARCH AND PRECISION

5042
03:59:14,602 --> 03:59:14,869
MEDICINE.

5043
03:59:14,869 --> 03:59:16,571
SO THE PROGRAM'S COHORT IS BOTH

5044
03:59:16,571 --> 03:59:20,175
LARGE AND DIVERSE, BOTH IN TERMS

5045
03:59:20,175 --> 03:59:21,710
OF DATA SITES AVAILABLE AND THE

5046
03:59:21,710 --> 03:59:23,978
BACKGROUNDS OF PARTICIPANTS

5047
03:59:23,978 --> 03:59:25,413
INCLUDED.

5048
03:59:25,413 --> 03:59:26,614
OVER 570,000 PARTICIPANTS HAVE

5049
03:59:26,614 --> 03:59:28,016
COMPLETED THE INITIAL STEPS FOR

5050
03:59:28,016 --> 03:59:30,118
ENROLLMENT AN OVER 87% OF

5051
03:59:30,118 --> 03:59:31,186
PARTICIPANTS ARE

5052
03:59:31,186 --> 03:59:32,620
UNDERREPRESENTED IN BIOMEDICAL

5053
03:59:32,620 --> 03:59:36,224
RESEARCH AND OVER 45% ARE

5054
03:59:36,224 --> 03:59:37,625
UNDERREPRESENTED BY RACE OR

5055
03:59:37,625 --> 03:59:38,059
ETHNICITY.

5056
03:59:38,059 --> 03:59:39,461
SINCE MAKING THE DATA AVAILABLE

5057
03:59:39,461 --> 03:59:42,097
TO RESEARCHERS IN 2020, MORE

5058
03:59:42,097 --> 03:59:43,098
THAN 13,000 RESEARCHERS HAVE

5059
03:59:43,098 --> 03:59:45,033
REGISTERED TO ACCESS THE DATASET

5060
03:59:45,033 --> 03:59:47,469
AND MORE THAN 430 PUBLICATIONS

5061
03:59:47,469 --> 03:59:49,571
ON THE DATASET ARE AVAILABLE IN

5062
03:59:49,571 --> 03:59:52,474
PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS.

5063
03:59:52,474 --> 03:59:54,309
SO BECAUSE OF A MUTUAL FOCUS ON

5064
03:59:54,309 --> 03:59:56,411
HEALTH EQUITY, ALL-OF-US

5065
03:59:56,411 --> 03:59:57,579
COLLABORATE WITH AIM AHEAD TO

5066
03:59:57,579 --> 03:59:59,781
SUPPORT UNDERREPRESENTED

5067
03:59:59,781 --> 04:00:01,182
RESEARCHERS AND THE BIOMEDICAL

5068
04:00:01,182 --> 04:00:03,051
WORKFORCE APPLYING AIML

5069
04:00:03,051 --> 04:00:04,552
APPROACHES TO THE ALL-OF-US

5070
04:00:04,552 --> 04:00:05,353
DATASET.

5071
04:00:05,353 --> 04:00:08,089
SO IF YOU'D LIKE TO CONNECT WITH

5072
04:00:08,089 --> 04:00:09,958
OUR OSTLES AT THE ALL-OF-US

5073
04:00:09,958 --> 04:00:12,093
RESEARCH PROGRAM TO LEARN MORE,

5074
04:00:12,093 --> 04:00:13,528
A QR CODE IS AVAILABLE THERE.

5075
04:00:13,528 --> 04:00:15,063
AND IF YOU'D LIKE TO KNOW MORE

5076
04:00:15,063 --> 04:00:17,031
ABOUT OUR WORK THROUGH AN ANNUAL

5077
04:00:17,031 --> 04:00:19,868
REPORT, THAT'S ALSO AVAILABLE BY

5078
04:00:19,868 --> 04:00:21,202
THE QR CODE ON THIS SLIDE.

5079
04:00:21,202 --> 04:00:24,205
SO NOW EYE G I'LL GIVE YOU AN OW

5080
04:00:24,205 --> 04:00:25,640
OF OUR PARTNER AIM AHEAD.

5081
04:00:25,640 --> 04:00:26,975
THE NIH RECOGNIZED THERE WAS A

5082
04:00:26,975 --> 04:00:28,476
NEED FOR UNDERREPRESENTED

5083
04:00:28,476 --> 04:00:29,244
INSTITUTIONS AND COMMUNITIES TO

5084
04:00:29,244 --> 04:00:32,280
BE INCLUDED IN AIML RESEARCH AND

5085
04:00:32,280 --> 04:00:33,481
HEALTH EQUITY AND THREE YEARS

5086
04:00:33,481 --> 04:00:36,117
AGO, AIM AHEAD WAS DEVELOPED TO

5087
04:00:36,117 --> 04:00:37,318
INCREASE PARTICIPATION AND

5088
04:00:37,318 --> 04:00:39,287
REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCHERS

5089
04:00:39,287 --> 04:00:41,456
AND COMMUNITIES THAT ARE

5090
04:00:41,456 --> 04:00:44,526
UNDERREPRESENTED IN THIS SPACE.

5091
04:00:44,526 --> 04:00:46,261
SINCE THEN, AIM AHEAD HAS

5092
04:00:46,261 --> 04:00:48,563
CREATED A NATIONWIDE CONSORTIUM

5093
04:00:48,563 --> 04:00:50,398
INVOLVING 29 LEAD INVESTIGATORS,

5094
04:00:50,398 --> 04:00:53,368
AND 50 RESEARCHERS, AN AND A

5095
04:00:53,368 --> 04:00:55,737
NETWORK OF CLOSE TO 5,000

5096
04:00:55,737 --> 04:00:56,604
MENTORS, RESEARCHERS AND

5097
04:00:56,604 --> 04:00:59,574
TRAINEES.

5098
04:00:59,574 --> 04:01:03,011
NOW, WE HAVE LEADERSHIP PUBS AND

5099
04:01:03,011 --> 04:01:04,279
FUNCTIONAL CORES THAT WORK

5100
04:01:04,279 --> 04:01:05,914
TOGETHER TO BUILD RELATIONSHIPS

5101
04:01:05,914 --> 04:01:07,115
WITH DIVERSE RESEARCHERS AND THE

5102
04:01:07,115 --> 04:01:08,416
PROGRAM REALLY FOCUSES ON

5103
04:01:08,416 --> 04:01:10,452
DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING DATA

5104
04:01:10,452 --> 04:01:12,120
SCIENCE AND TRAINING CONSORTIUM,

5105
04:01:12,120 --> 04:01:12,887
PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES FOR

5106
04:01:12,887 --> 04:01:14,856
INVESTIGATORS TO ADDRESS HEALTH

5107
04:01:14,856 --> 04:01:17,125
DISPARITIES BY LEVERAGING AI AND

5108
04:01:17,125 --> 04:01:19,561
DIVERSE HEALTH DATASETS, AND

5109
04:01:19,561 --> 04:01:20,962
BUILDS CAPACITY BY IMPROVING

5110
04:01:20,962 --> 04:01:22,697
CAPABILITIES AND TECHNOLOGIES OF

5111
04:01:22,697 --> 04:01:23,598
UNDERREPRESENTED COMMUNITIES.

5112
04:01:23,598 --> 04:01:27,735
SO AIM AHEAD WORKING WITH

5113
04:01:27,735 --> 04:01:29,070
ALL-OF-US DEVELOPED AN

5114
04:01:29,070 --> 04:01:30,438
EIGHT-MONTH TRAINING PROGRAM FOR

5115
04:01:30,438 --> 04:01:32,140
23 TRAINEES.

5116
04:01:32,140 --> 04:01:33,808
THE PROGRAM IS SPLIT INTO FOUR

5117
04:01:33,808 --> 04:01:34,409
PARTS.

5118
04:01:34,409 --> 04:01:35,710
THE FIRST ARE SHORT COURSES

5119
04:01:35,710 --> 04:01:37,045
REALLY DESIGNED TO BRING PEOPLE

5120
04:01:37,045 --> 04:01:39,514
UP TO SPEED ON DATA SCIENCE

5121
04:01:39,514 --> 04:01:40,748
TRAINING AND PROGRAMMING.

5122
04:01:40,748 --> 04:01:42,484
THE SECOND PROVIDES USE CASES TO

5123
04:01:42,484 --> 04:01:43,685
DEMONSTRATE HOW ALL-OF-US CAN BE

5124
04:01:43,685 --> 04:01:45,487
USED IN RESEARCH.

5125
04:01:45,487 --> 04:01:46,754
THE THIRD IS ACTUALLY THE

5126
04:01:46,754 --> 04:01:47,856
DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH

5127
04:01:47,856 --> 04:01:49,924
QUESTIONS SO THAT TRAINEES CAN

5128
04:01:49,924 --> 04:01:51,159
ACTUALLY EXPLORE RESEARCH THAT'S

5129
04:01:51,159 --> 04:01:52,327
INTERESTING TO THEMSELVES.

5130
04:01:52,327 --> 04:01:54,195
AND THE FINAL PART IS A POSTER

5131
04:01:54,195 --> 04:01:56,030
PRESENTATION AT AN ANNUAL

5132
04:01:56,030 --> 04:01:56,698
RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM.

5133
04:01:56,698 --> 04:01:58,266
SO THE PROGRAM WAS EVALUATED

5134
04:01:58,266 --> 04:02:00,835
WITH A MIDPOINT AND END POINT

5135
04:02:00,835 --> 04:02:02,937
SURVEY THAT CONTAINED BOTHLY

5136
04:02:02,937 --> 04:02:05,540
KERT SCALE-TYPE QUESTIONS AND

5137
04:02:05,540 --> 04:02:06,975
OPEN-ENDED RESPONSES.

5138
04:02:06,975 --> 04:02:08,376
BOTH SURVEYS HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN

5139
04:02:08,376 --> 04:02:09,777
COMPLETED BUT ONLY THE MIDPOINT

5140
04:02:09,777 --> 04:02:10,778
SURVEY HAS BEEN ANALYZED RIGHT

5141
04:02:10,778 --> 04:02:11,446
NOW.

5142
04:02:11,446 --> 04:02:12,881
AND OUR PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

5143
04:02:12,881 --> 04:02:14,249
FROM THE MIDPOINT SURVEY

5144
04:02:14,249 --> 04:02:18,319
INDICATE THAT THE PROGRAM'S

5145
04:02:18,319 --> 04:02:18,953
MULTICOMPONENT STRUCTURE, THE

5146
04:02:18,953 --> 04:02:20,822
SHORT COURSES, MENTORSHIP AND

5147
04:02:20,822 --> 04:02:23,892
COACHING SUPPORT FOR CODING AND

5148
04:02:23,892 --> 04:02:24,792
ANALYSIS, THAT COLLABORATIVE

5149
04:02:24,792 --> 04:02:26,027
APPROACH WITH MULTIPLE PARTNERS

5150
04:02:26,027 --> 04:02:28,897
IS REALLY EFFECTIVE FOR AIML

5151
04:02:28,897 --> 04:02:29,230
TRAINING.

5152
04:02:29,230 --> 04:02:30,965
SO KEY QUESTIONS INDICATE THAT

5153
04:02:30,965 --> 04:02:33,735
FROM THE MIDPOINT SURVEY

5154
04:02:33,735 --> 04:02:35,436
INDICATE THAT 80% OF TRAINEES

5155
04:02:35,436 --> 04:02:37,205
FEEL EQUIPPED TO CONDUCT

5156
04:02:37,205 --> 04:02:40,608
ANALYSIS WP T WITHIN THE ALL-OFS

5157
04:02:40,608 --> 04:02:41,442
RESEARCH PROGRAM, THEY FELT

5158
04:02:41,442 --> 04:02:42,644
SATISFIED WITH THE TYPE OF

5159
04:02:42,644 --> 04:02:44,078
SUPPORT THEY RECEIVED FROM THE

5160
04:02:44,078 --> 04:02:45,079
PROGRAM AND THEY ALSO COULD

5161
04:02:45,079 --> 04:02:46,147
IDENTIFY ETHICAL CONCERNS IN THE

5162
04:02:46,147 --> 04:02:47,248
USE OF AIML.

5163
04:02:47,248 --> 04:02:48,716
SO NOW FOR THE MOMENT YOU'VE ALL

5164
04:02:48,716 --> 04:02:50,618
BEEN WAITING FOR, WHAT IS UNDER

5165
04:02:50,618 --> 04:02:51,753
THIS HALLOWEEN SHEET?

5166
04:02:51,753 --> 04:02:58,293
IT IS, IN FACT, OREOS THAT ARE

5167
04:02:58,293 --> 04:03:00,261
HALLOWEEN FLAVORED, THESE WERE

5168
04:03:00,261 --> 04:03:01,796
BOUGHT WITH PRIVATE FUNDS, NOT

5169
04:03:01,796 --> 04:03:02,764
GOVERNMENT FUNDS, SO IF YOU'RE

5170
04:03:02,764 --> 04:03:03,498
INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE

5171
04:03:03,498 --> 04:03:04,866
ABOUT OUR PROGRAM OR GETTING A

5172
04:03:04,866 --> 04:03:06,167
FEW OREOS, I'D ALSO LIKE TO LET

5173
04:03:06,167 --> 04:03:08,703
YOU KNOW, WE ARE HOSTING A

5174
04:03:08,703 --> 04:03:10,538
SECOND INAUGURAL TRAINING

5175
04:03:10,538 --> 04:03:12,507
PROGRAM ON OCTOBER 31ST, THAT'S

5176
04:03:12,507 --> 04:03:14,042
NOT A JOKE, IT'S ACTUALLY HOSTED

5177
04:03:14,042 --> 04:03:14,576
OP HALLOWEEN.

5178
04:03:14,576 --> 04:03:15,910
IF YOU'D LIKE TO LEARN MORE, YOU

5179
04:03:15,910 --> 04:03:17,445
CAN FOLLOW THIS QR CODE, AND SO

5180
04:03:17,445 --> 04:03:19,180
IF YOU'RE INTERESTED, YOU CAN

5181
04:03:19,180 --> 04:03:20,582
LEARN MORE AT POSTER 44.

5182
04:03:20,582 --> 04:03:21,616
THANK YOU.

5183
04:03:21,616 --> 04:03:28,489
[APPLAUSE]

5184
04:03:28,489 --> 04:03:30,358
>> HE'S GOING TO RUN OUT
OF

5185
04:03:30,358 --> 04:03:31,759
THOSE OREOS SO GET TO THAT

5186
04:03:31,759 --> 04:03:33,761
POSTER QUICKLY.

5187
04:03:33,761 --> 04:03:36,164
SORRY, I LOVE THAT.

5188
04:03:36,164 --> 04:03:36,464
OKAY.

5189
04:03:36,464 --> 04:03:39,100
AND NOW, OUR FINAL RAPID FIRE,

5190
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:40,168
I'M SUPER PLEASED TO PRESENT,

5191
04:03:40,168 --> 04:03:50,545
THIS IS DR. PAM ROBEY.

5192
04:03:54,882 --> 04:03:58,653
DR. ROBEY, PLEASE.

5193
04:03:58,653 --> 04:04:00,054
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND

5194
04:04:00,054 --> 04:04:04,459
CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH.

5195
04:04:04,459 --> 04:04:06,294
>> SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR

5196
04:04:06,294 --> 04:04:08,396
THE OPPORTUNITY TO TALK ABOUT

5197
04:04:08,396 --> 04:04:12,533
OUR EFFORTS TO USE STEM CELLS IN

5198
04:04:12,533 --> 04:04:14,202
A BIOMATERIAL TO GENERATE STABLE

5199
04:04:14,202 --> 04:04:16,004
FUNCTIONAL CARTILAGE.

5200
04:04:16,004 --> 04:04:18,172
AS MOST OF YOU KNOW,

5201
04:04:18,172 --> 04:04:20,975
OSTEOARTHRITIS IS A MAJOR GLOBAL

5202
04:04:20,975 --> 04:04:22,610
PROBLEM, AND WHILE THERE ARE A

5203
04:04:22,610 --> 04:04:24,112
NUMBER OF CURRENT TREATMENTS,

5204
04:04:24,112 --> 04:04:26,547
MOST ARE PRIMARILY PALLIATIVE.

5205
04:04:26,547 --> 04:04:29,817
SO THERE IS A GREAT DEAL OF

5206
04:04:29,817 --> 04:04:31,786
EFFORT IN PARTICULAR BY USING

5207
04:04:31,786 --> 04:04:33,454
HUMAN BONE MARROW, STROMAL CELLS

5208
04:04:33,454 --> 04:04:35,289
AND CHONDROCYTE-LIKE CELLS

5209
04:04:35,289 --> 04:04:37,892
DERIVED FROM IPS CELLS TO

5210
04:04:37,892 --> 04:04:40,194
DIFFERENTIATE AND REGENERATE

5211
04:04:40,194 --> 04:04:43,531
FUNCTIONAL CARTILAGE.

5212
04:04:43,531 --> 04:04:45,133
HOWEVER, IN VITRO, HUMAN BONE

5213
04:04:45,133 --> 04:04:46,868
MARROW STROMAL CELL ORGANOIDS

5214
04:04:46,868 --> 04:04:48,736
INITIALLY FORM CARTILAGE BUT IF

5215
04:04:48,736 --> 04:04:52,273
YOU TRANSPLANT THEM INTO A

5216
04:04:52,273 --> 04:04:54,108
MOUSE, THEY UNDERGO HYPERTROPHY

5217
04:04:54,108 --> 04:04:55,410
INTO BONE AND AS YOU MIGHT

5218
04:04:55,410 --> 04:04:56,310
IMAGINE, THIS IS NOT

5219
04:04:56,310 --> 04:04:58,379
PARTICULARLY GOOD FOR AN

5220
04:04:58,379 --> 04:04:59,247
OSTEOARTHRITIC JOINT.

5221
04:04:59,247 --> 04:05:01,816
HOWEVER, WHEN WE TAKE BMSCs

5222
04:05:01,816 --> 04:05:04,018
AND WE ATTACH THEM TO MY BRIN

5223
04:05:04,018 --> 04:05:07,121
MICRO BEADS THAT ARE COATED WITH

5224
04:05:07,121 --> 04:05:09,624
ACID AND PUT THEM INTO THE

5225
04:05:09,624 --> 04:05:10,591
SUBCUTANEOUS TRANSPLANT, WE WERE

5226
04:05:10,591 --> 04:05:12,360
SURPRISED TO SEE THAT THEY

5227
04:05:12,360 --> 04:05:14,862
FORMED VERY STABLE CARTILAGE

5228
04:05:14,862 --> 04:05:17,598
THAT REMAINED THERE FOR OUT TO

5229
04:05:17,598 --> 04:05:22,303
SEVEN MONTHS.

5230
04:05:22,303 --> 04:05:23,337
BECAUSE THE SIGNALING PATHWAYS

5231
04:05:23,337 --> 04:05:24,706
THAT DIRECT FORMATION OF STABLE

5232
04:05:24,706 --> 04:05:29,177
CARTILAGE ARE NOT WELL-KNOWN,

5233
04:05:29,177 --> 04:05:30,244
BMSC CONSTRUCTS WITH AND WITHOUT

5234
04:05:30,244 --> 04:05:32,780
THE BEADS WERE PREPARED AND THEN

5235
04:05:32,780 --> 04:05:36,484
WE FOLLOWED THEIR TRANSCRIPTOMIC

5236
04:05:36,484 --> 04:05:38,119
PROFILE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

5237
04:05:38,119 --> 04:05:43,591
AND CULTURE.

5238
04:05:43,591 --> 04:05:45,460
AND WHAT WE FOUND WHILE DOING

5239
04:05:45,460 --> 04:05:47,095
THIS, IN THE EARLY CULTURES, WE

5240
04:05:47,095 --> 04:05:48,529
FOUND INCREASING PRECARTILAGE

5241
04:05:48,529 --> 04:05:50,498
PROTEIN SUCH AS MATRIX --

5242
04:05:50,498 --> 04:05:54,435
PROTEIN AND IGFBP5 AND WE SAW A

5243
04:05:54,435 --> 04:05:58,272
REDUCTION IN BMP SIGNALING, AT

5244
04:05:58,272 --> 04:06:01,776
LATER TIMES IN CULL TEU CULTUREE

5245
04:06:01,776 --> 04:06:03,945
SOUGHT EX-PREX OF MARKERS SUCH

5246
04:06:03,945 --> 04:06:10,551
AS SOX 9, BUT WE SAW A

5247
04:06:10,551 --> 04:06:12,386
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF BONE

5248
04:06:12,386 --> 04:06:13,588
MORPHOGENETIC SIGNALING.

5249
04:06:13,588 --> 04:06:15,890
HOWEVER, UNLIKE WHEN WE PUT THE

5250
04:06:15,890 --> 04:06:18,860
BMSC CONSTRUCTS UNDERNEATH THE

5251
04:06:18,860 --> 04:06:21,562
SKIN, WE PUT THOSE CONSTRUCTS

5252
04:06:21,562 --> 04:06:23,564
INTO AN INJURED CARTILAGE, THEY

5253
04:06:23,564 --> 04:06:25,199
STARTED TO DEGENERATE AND

5254
04:06:25,199 --> 04:06:27,168
EXPRESS TYPE 10 COLLAGEN, WHICH

5255
04:06:27,168 --> 04:06:29,971
IS A MARKER OF HYPERTROPHY.

5256
04:06:29,971 --> 04:06:31,773
MEANING THAT WE NEED TO

5257
04:06:31,773 --> 04:06:36,177
MANIPULATE THESE BMSCs MUCH

5258
04:06:36,177 --> 04:06:37,712
MORE BEFORE WE CAN USE THEM IN

5259
04:06:37,712 --> 04:06:38,379
CARTILAGE REGENERATION.

5260
04:06:38,379 --> 04:06:40,748
WE THEN DEVELOPED AN ALTERNATE

5261
04:06:40,748 --> 04:06:43,050
SOURCE OF CHONDROGENIC CELLS BY

5262
04:06:43,050 --> 04:06:45,920
GUIDING HUMAN IPS CELLS THROUGH

5263
04:06:45,920 --> 04:06:47,522
A DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS USING

5264
04:06:47,522 --> 04:06:48,790
THE NEW INFORMATION THAT WE GOT

5265
04:06:48,790 --> 04:06:52,360
FROM THE BMSC COU CONSTRUCTS.

5266
04:06:52,360 --> 04:06:56,097
WHAT WE DID WAS WE EMPLOYED THE

5267
04:06:56,097 --> 04:06:58,499
INHIBITION OF BMP SIGNALING.

5268
04:06:58,499 --> 04:06:59,066
INITIALLY.

5269
04:06:59,066 --> 04:07:00,101
THEN WE BROUGHT IT BACK, AND

5270
04:07:00,101 --> 04:07:01,536
THIS LED TO THE GENERATION OF

5271
04:07:01,536 --> 04:07:05,173
WHAT WE CALL CHONDRO SPHEROIDS.

5272
04:07:05,173 --> 04:07:09,210
SO WE CHARACTERIZED THESE

5273
04:07:09,210 --> 04:07:10,845
CHONDROSPHEROIDS AND FOUND THEY

5274
04:07:10,845 --> 04:07:14,015
HAD HIGH LEVELS OF STAINING WITH

5275
04:07:14,015 --> 04:07:15,983
TAU BLUE STAINED SPECIFIC FOR

5276
04:07:15,983 --> 04:07:17,185
CARTILAGE MATRIX AND THEY HAD

5277
04:07:17,185 --> 04:07:20,154
HIGH EXPRESSION OF TYPE

5278
04:07:20,154 --> 04:07:23,024
2 CARTILAGE COLLAGEN WITH A LACK

5279
04:07:23,024 --> 04:07:25,726
OF EXPRESSION OF TYPE I AND TYPE

5280
04:07:25,726 --> 04:07:28,029
10 WHICH ARE INDICATIVE OF

5281
04:07:28,029 --> 04:07:28,930
HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE AND THEY

5282
04:07:28,930 --> 04:07:35,603
ALSO HAD HIGH LEVELS OF THE

5283
04:07:35,603 --> 04:07:39,440
PROTEOGLYCAN AGGRECAN AND

5284
04:07:39,440 --> 04:07:39,874
LUPROCEN.

5285
04:07:39,874 --> 04:07:42,610
WHEN WE TOOK THESE

5286
04:07:42,610 --> 04:07:44,579
CHONDROSPHEROIDS AND DID

5287
04:07:44,579 --> 04:07:45,546
TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS, WE SAW

5288
04:07:45,546 --> 04:07:47,081
THAT THERE WAS A SEQUENTIAL

5289
04:07:47,081 --> 04:07:51,018
EXPRESSION OF CHONDROGENIC GENES

5290
04:07:51,018 --> 04:07:52,386
AND AS THEY MATURED IN CULTURE,

5291
04:07:52,386 --> 04:07:55,723
WE SAW THE EMERGENCE OF A

5292
04:07:55,723 --> 04:07:58,693
CHONDROGENIC PATTERN WITH GENES

5293
04:07:58,693 --> 04:08:00,661
THAT ARE VERY NEAR AND DEAR TO

5294
04:08:00,661 --> 04:08:01,662
OUR HEARTS IN THE CARTILAGE

5295
04:08:01,662 --> 04:08:02,096
FIELD.

5296
04:08:02,096 --> 04:08:06,801
AND WHEN WE UNDERWENT ANALYSIS

5297
04:08:06,801 --> 04:08:08,636
IN PCA, WE SAW THAT THEY WERE

5298
04:08:08,636 --> 04:08:11,172
VERY SIMILAR TO NATIVE CARTILAGE

5299
04:08:11,172 --> 04:08:14,575
FOUND IN EMBRYONIC FETAL ADULT

5300
04:08:14,575 --> 04:08:19,247
AND ADOLESCENT CARTILAGE.

5301
04:08:19,247 --> 04:08:21,449
NEXT WE TOOK THESE

5302
04:08:21,449 --> 04:08:22,316
CHONDROSPHEROIDS AND PUT THEM

5303
04:08:22,316 --> 04:08:24,085
INTO THE INJURED ARTICULAR

5304
04:08:24,085 --> 04:08:26,053
CARTILAGE, BUT LIKE THE BMSCs,

5305
04:08:26,053 --> 04:08:28,222
THEY UNDERWENT DEGRADATION.

5306
04:08:28,222 --> 04:08:32,059
BUT WHEN WE DIGESTED THE CELLS

5307
04:08:32,059 --> 04:08:33,928
AND PUT THEM BACK ON TO THE

5308
04:08:33,928 --> 04:08:35,129
FIBROMICRO BEADS, WE FOUND THAT

5309
04:08:35,129 --> 04:08:37,531
THEY MADE VERY, VERY GOOD

5310
04:08:37,531 --> 04:08:39,834
CARTILAGE OUT TO FIVE MONTHS,

5311
04:08:39,834 --> 04:08:41,168
INDICATING THAT THE MICRO BEADS

5312
04:08:41,168 --> 04:08:44,972
ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THIS PROCESS.

5313
04:08:44,972 --> 04:08:46,207
THEY ALSO MADE THE CARTILAGE OF

5314
04:08:46,207 --> 04:08:47,742
HUMAN ORIGIN WITH ALL OF THE

5315
04:08:47,742 --> 04:08:51,712
PROTEINS THAT WE FIND IN NORMAL

5316
04:08:51,712 --> 04:08:53,681
CARTILAGE, BUT THERE WAS NO SIGN

5317
04:08:53,681 --> 04:08:59,687
OF HYPERTROPHY.

5318
04:08:59,687 --> 04:09:02,423
SO I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE

5319
04:09:02,423 --> 04:09:11,132
THE ARMY, S TEPMEN GADOMSKI

5320
04:09:11,132 --> 04:09:12,333
ALONG WITH THE OTHER MEMBERS OF

5321
04:09:12,333 --> 04:09:14,702
MMY SECTION, AND I'D BE HAPPY TO

5322
04:09:14,702 --> 04:09:16,437
ANSWER QUESTIONS AT POSTER 63.

5323
04:09:16,437 --> 04:09:17,638
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

5324
04:09:17,638 --> 04:09:17,972
WONDERFUL.

5325
04:09:17,972 --> 04:09:18,205
GREAT.

5326
04:09:18,205 --> 04:09:22,109
[APPLAUSE]

5327
04:09:22,109 --> 04:09:24,078
SO THANK YOU ALL FOR THOSE RAPID

5328
04:09:24,078 --> 04:09:24,645
FIRE PRESENTATION.

5329
04:09:24,645 --> 04:09:26,080
NOW WE WILL FREE YOU ALL TO GO

5330
04:09:26,080 --> 04:09:27,715
AND LOOK THE A THEIR POSTERS

5331
04:09:27,715 --> 04:09:29,650
THAT SHOULD BE POSTED UP IN THE

5332
04:09:29,650 --> 04:09:30,918
FAES STAIRS AND JUST WANT TO

5333
04:09:30,918 --> 04:09:31,986
REMIND YOU ALL, PLEASE BE BACK

5334
04:09:31,986 --> 04:09:33,487
IN THIS ROOM READY FOR OUR

5335
04:09:33,487 --> 04:09:37,458
AFTERNOON KEYNOTE, THE WONDERFUL

5336
04:09:37,458 --> 04:09:39,882
THE AT 3:00.THANKS A LOT.

5337
04:09:39,882 --> 04:09:40,216
WELCOME BACK.

5338
04:09:40,216 --> 04:09:43,553
I HOPE YOU ALL ENJOYED THE

5339
04:09:43,553 --> 04:09:44,654
BREAKOUT SESSIONS AND THE POSTER

5340
04:09:44,654 --> 04:09:46,823
SESSION.

5341
04:09:46,823 --> 04:09:48,424
SO THAT WAY WE CAN EXPOSE YOU TO

5342
04:09:48,424 --> 04:09:49,559
A LOT MORE OF THE WORK HAPPENING

5343
04:09:49,559 --> 04:09:52,195
HERE AT NIH AND ACROSS THE

5344
04:09:52,195 --> 04:09:53,296
COUNTRY AND INTERNATIONAL LABS

5345
04:09:53,296 --> 04:09:54,030
AS WELL.

5346
04:09:54,030 --> 04:09:58,101
AGAIN MY NAME IS DR. MANU PLATT,

5347
04:09:58,101 --> 04:09:59,736
PLEASED TO INVITE YOU BACK FOR

5348
04:09:59,736 --> 04:10:01,504
OUR AFTERNOON KEYNOTE FROM AN

5349
04:10:01,504 --> 04:10:02,905
EXTRAMURAL RESEARCHER AND WE ARE

5350
04:10:02,905 --> 04:10:05,108
SUPER EXCITED TO HAVE AS OUR

5351
04:10:05,108 --> 04:10:05,842
PLENARY SPEAKER DR. RASHID

5352
04:10:05,842 --> 04:10:13,216
BASHIR WHO IS THE DEAN OF THE

5353
04:10:13,216 --> 04:10:15,918
GRANGER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.

5354
04:10:15,918 --> 04:10:17,987
YOU CAN READ HIS WONDERFUL BIOIN

5355
04:10:17,987 --> 04:10:19,922
THE INTRO BUT HE IS A RECENT EE

5356
04:10:19,922 --> 04:10:21,858
LEK TEE TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY

5357
04:10:21,858 --> 04:10:22,825
OF MEDICINE AND EVER SINCE I'VE

5358
04:10:22,825 --> 04:10:24,594
KNOWN HIM HE HAS BEEN DOING

5359
04:10:24,594 --> 04:10:25,995
CUTTING EDGE WORK, MAKE

5360
04:10:25,995 --> 04:10:28,064
ENGINEERING THINGS, CELLS DO

5361
04:10:28,064 --> 04:10:30,266
WHAT WE ASK OF THEM TO DO IN

5362
04:10:30,266 --> 04:10:31,467
NON-NATIVE, NON-INSTRUCTIVE WAYS

5363
04:10:31,467 --> 04:10:33,102
BUT HOW YOU CAN DRIVE THAT AND

5364
04:10:33,102 --> 04:10:34,737
ALSO DOES ON THE DIAGNOSTIC

5365
04:10:34,737 --> 04:10:35,938
TECHNOLOGY SIDE REALLY PAYS

5366
04:10:35,938 --> 04:10:37,173
ATTENTION TO GLOBAL HEALTH,

5367
04:10:37,173 --> 04:10:38,574
MAKING LOW COST ACCESSIBLE

5368
04:10:38,574 --> 04:10:39,575
TECHNOLOGIES.

5369
04:10:39,575 --> 04:10:40,676
THEN ALSO HE WILL TALK ABOUT

5370
04:10:40,676 --> 04:10:42,211
THIS I THINK BUT HIS OTHER BIG

5371
04:10:42,211 --> 04:10:43,713
CLAIM TO FAME THAT I'M SUPER

5372
04:10:43,713 --> 04:10:44,847
PROUD TO HAVE HIM TALK ABOUT IS

5373
04:10:44,847 --> 04:10:45,815
THAT HE WAS ONE OF THE PEOPLE

5374
04:10:45,815 --> 04:10:47,617
WHO REALLY HELPED ENVISION WITH

5375
04:10:47,617 --> 04:10:49,185
THE TEAM THE IDEA OF AN

5376
04:10:49,185 --> 04:10:49,952
ENGINEERING MEDICAL SCHOOL AND

5377
04:10:49,952 --> 04:10:51,287
HAS PUT THAT AS THE FIRST ONE.

5378
04:10:51,287 --> 04:10:53,156
SO HERE WE ARE, DR. RASHID

5379
04:10:53,156 --> 04:10:53,389
BASHIR.

5380
04:10:53,389 --> 04:11:01,531
[APPLAUSE]

5381
04:11:01,531 --> 04:11:03,399
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.

5382
04:11:03,399 --> 04:11:04,133
GOOD AFTERNOON?

5383
04:11:04,133 --> 04:11:05,234
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.

5384
04:11:05,234 --> 04:11:06,469
>> I KNOW IT'S LATE IN THE

5385
04:11:06,469 --> 04:11:08,538
AFTERNOON, SO WE'VE HAD ENOUGH

5386
04:11:08,538 --> 04:11:09,205
COFFEE TO KEEP IT GOING.

5387
04:11:09,205 --> 04:11:13,276
THANK YOU, MANU, FOR ORGANIZING

5388
04:11:13,276 --> 04:11:14,243
THIS SYMPOSIUM.

5389
04:11:14,243 --> 04:11:16,212
WHEN MANU ASKS I CAN'T SAY NO,

5390
04:11:16,212 --> 04:11:17,313
SO THIS HAS BEEN A GREAT

5391
04:11:17,313 --> 04:11:18,648
OPPORTUNITY TO CONNECT AND TALK

5392
04:11:18,648 --> 04:11:19,649
TO OTHER COLLEAGUES AT NIH AND

5393
04:11:19,649 --> 04:11:21,717
OTHER PARTNERS.

5394
04:11:21,717 --> 04:11:25,988
SO I WILL TALK ABOUT -- I KNOW

5395
04:11:25,988 --> 04:11:27,323
I'M PREACHING TO THE CHOIR WHEN

5396
04:11:27,323 --> 04:11:28,958
I SHOW THIS SLIDE, AND BEFORE I

5397
04:11:28,958 --> 04:11:30,493
SHOW THIS SLIDE I DO WANT TO

5398
04:11:30,493 --> 04:11:35,198
RECOGNIZE BRUCE IS NOT HERE, BUT

5399
04:11:35,198 --> 04:11:38,167
I THINK NIH AND NIBIB HAVE BEEN

5400
04:11:38,167 --> 04:11:39,468
SO INSTRUMENTAL TO MY CAREER AND

5401
04:11:39,468 --> 04:11:40,670
SO MANY CAREERS IT'S CHANGED

5402
04:11:40,670 --> 04:11:42,538
LIVES AND LTS, I THINK DURING

5403
04:11:42,538 --> 04:11:44,073
COVID, ESPECIALLY BRUCE DID A

5404
04:11:44,073 --> 04:11:45,608
PHENOMENAL JOB WITH THE ENTIRE

5405
04:11:45,608 --> 04:11:47,143
COVID RESPONSE AND THE

5406
04:11:47,143 --> 04:11:48,444
DIAGNOSTIC DEVICES AND RADX

5407
04:11:48,444 --> 04:11:49,645
PROGRAM SO I DID WANT TO

5408
04:11:49,645 --> 04:11:50,179
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT.

5409
04:11:50,179 --> 04:11:51,814
I KNOW HE'S NOT HERE BUT I STILL

5410
04:11:51,814 --> 04:11:52,582
WANTED TO SAY THAT.

5411
04:11:52,582 --> 04:11:54,450
AND BRUCE ALSO GOT ELECTED INTO

5412
04:11:54,450 --> 04:11:55,218
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

5413
04:11:55,218 --> 04:11:56,519
ENGINEERING THIS PAST YEAR, AND

5414
04:11:56,519 --> 04:11:57,954
THAT INDUCTION CEREMONY WAS JUST

5415
04:11:57,954 --> 04:11:59,655
A FEW WEEKS AGO, SO WE SHOULD

5416
04:11:59,655 --> 04:12:00,890
GIVE BRUCE A ROUND OF APPLAUSE

5417
04:12:00,890 --> 04:12:01,991
EVEN THOUGH HE'S NOT HEREMENT

5418
04:12:01,991 --> 04:12:05,094
[APPLAUSE] HERE.

5419
04:12:05,094 --> 04:12:05,361
[APPLAUSE]

5420
04:12:05,361 --> 04:12:06,696
SO I HAD THE PLEASURE ACTUALLY

5421
04:12:06,696 --> 04:12:09,031
THROUGH A CENTER THAT WE HAD

5422
04:12:09,031 --> 04:12:10,366
WITH GEORGIA TECH, MIT AND

5423
04:12:10,366 --> 04:12:11,367
ILLINOIS, I HAD THE GREAT

5424
04:12:11,367 --> 04:12:13,536
PLEASURE TO CONNECT WITH BOB

5425
04:12:13,536 --> 04:12:16,939
NAREM, A MENTOR TO MANY HERE, TO

5426
04:12:16,939 --> 04:12:18,741
MANU BUT CERTAINLY TO ME AS WELL

5427
04:12:18,741 --> 04:12:21,277
AND A FEW OTHER LUMINARIES SO I

5428
04:12:21,277 --> 04:12:25,481
DON'T KNOW HOW I SHOWED UP IN

5429
04:12:25,481 --> 04:12:27,984
THAT FORE, BUT ENGINEERING AS A

5430
04:12:27,984 --> 04:12:29,952
NEW FRONTIER FOR TRANSLATIONAL

5431
04:12:29,952 --> 04:12:31,053
MEDICINE, SO YOU THINK LIKE I

5432
04:12:31,053 --> 04:12:33,122
SAID I'M PREACHING TO THE CHOIR,

5433
04:12:33,122 --> 04:12:35,258
BUT THE GOAL IS THAT THIS

5434
04:12:35,258 --> 04:12:36,425
ENGINEERING VERSUS MEDICINE, IT

5435
04:12:36,425 --> 04:12:38,060
SHOULDN'T BE THE CASE.

5436
04:12:38,060 --> 04:12:39,161
THESE TWO FIELDS NEED TO MERGE

5437
04:12:39,161 --> 04:12:41,464
AND I DO THINK SOME DAY BIOLOGY

5438
04:12:41,464 --> 04:12:45,067
AND MEDICINE WILL BE ENGINEERING

5439
04:12:45,067 --> 04:12:46,302
AND IT'S NOT BECAUSE WE ARE

5440
04:12:46,302 --> 04:12:47,169
ENGINEERS BUT RATHER ENGINEERING

5441
04:12:47,169 --> 04:12:49,505
IS REALLY ALL ABOUT TAKING LAWS

5442
04:12:49,505 --> 04:12:51,140
OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY, USING

5443
04:12:51,140 --> 04:12:52,675
THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS TO

5444
04:12:52,675 --> 04:12:54,410
BE ABLE TO FORWARD DESIGN.

5445
04:12:54,410 --> 04:12:56,078
THAT'S WHAT ENGINEERING IS.

5446
04:12:56,078 --> 04:13:00,116
YOU LEARN THE RULES TO FORWARD

5447
04:13:00,116 --> 04:13:03,419
DESIGN AND THE BASIC SCIENCES OR

5448
04:13:03,419 --> 04:13:05,254
PHYSICAL SCIENCES IS PHYSICS AND

5449
04:13:05,254 --> 04:13:06,923
CHEMISTRY TODAY, I THINK SOME

5450
04:13:06,923 --> 04:13:09,659
DAY BIOLOGY WILL BE IN IT TOO, I

5451
04:13:09,659 --> 04:13:10,993
THINK BIOLOGY SHOULD BE REQUIRED

5452
04:13:10,993 --> 04:13:12,862
OF EVERY ENGINEERING

5453
04:13:12,862 --> 04:13:13,529
UNDERGRADUATE, AND SOME DAY I

5454
04:13:13,529 --> 04:13:16,265
THINK AS WE LEARN THE DESIGN

5455
04:13:16,265 --> 04:13:17,667
RULES, THIS WILL ALL BE THE

5456
04:13:17,667 --> 04:13:18,467
SAME.

5457
04:13:18,467 --> 04:13:19,769
THE NAME, ENGINEERING AND

5458
04:13:19,769 --> 04:13:22,271
MEDICINE IS JUST A NAME.

5459
04:13:22,271 --> 04:13:23,472
SO I THINK WE HAVE TO KEEP

5460
04:13:23,472 --> 04:13:24,807
WORKING AT IT AND AS WE LEARN

5461
04:13:24,807 --> 04:13:26,776
THE DESIGN RULES, WE TRY TO, OF

5462
04:13:26,776 --> 04:13:29,512
COURSE, ADVANCE THE FIELD TO

5463
04:13:29,512 --> 04:13:31,380
IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDITION.

5464
04:13:31,380 --> 04:13:33,449
SO TODAY I'LL TALK ABOUT REALLY

5465
04:13:33,449 --> 04:13:36,419
MY OWN RESEARCH ACTUALLY, BUT

5466
04:13:36,419 --> 04:13:37,887
JUST ONE OTHER THING, I LOVE THE

5467
04:13:37,887 --> 04:13:41,557
TITLE OF THIS WORKSHOP.

5468
04:13:41,557 --> 04:13:42,892
BUILDING BRIDGES ACROSS NIH AND

5469
04:13:42,892 --> 04:13:43,993
THE BROADER ENGINEERING

5470
04:13:43,993 --> 04:13:45,161
COMMUNITY, I WANTED TO MAKE THAT

5471
04:13:45,161 --> 04:13:45,962
COMMENT AS WELL.

5472
04:13:45,962 --> 04:13:49,899
AND THERE'S SO MANY

5473
04:13:49,899 --> 04:13:50,766
OPPORTUNITIES HERE, YOU KNOW,

5474
04:13:50,766 --> 04:13:52,101
ONE THING I USUALLY SAY IS THAT

5475
04:13:52,101 --> 04:13:53,869
AS ENGINEERS, WE HAVE ACCESS TO

5476
04:13:53,869 --> 04:13:57,907
EVERY DOMAIN, EXCEPT WE DON'T

5477
04:13:57,907 --> 04:13:59,675
HAVE AS FREE OF AN ACCESS TO

5478
04:13:59,675 --> 04:14:00,409
MEDICINE.

5479
04:14:00,409 --> 04:14:01,644
AND IT'S FOR GOOD REASON.

5480
04:14:01,644 --> 04:14:03,079
IT'S FOR VERY GOOD REASON.

5481
04:14:03,079 --> 04:14:04,714
BECAUSE LIVES ARE AT STAKE.

5482
04:14:04,714 --> 04:14:04,914
RIGHT?

5483
04:14:04,914 --> 04:14:08,884
BUT THE REALITY IS THAT I CAN GO

5484
04:14:08,884 --> 04:14:10,286
BUILD A BRIDGE, DECONSTRUCT A

5485
04:14:10,286 --> 04:14:11,954
BRIDGE, I CAN BUILD A CIRCUIT,

5486
04:14:11,954 --> 04:14:13,222
DECONSTRUCT A CIRCUIT, OR

5487
04:14:13,222 --> 04:14:14,357
BUILDING OR WHATEVER, BUT

5488
04:14:14,357 --> 04:14:15,691
MEDICINE IS ONE DOMAIN WHERE WE

5489
04:14:15,691 --> 04:14:17,460
DON'T HAVE AS EASY ACCESS.

5490
04:14:17,460 --> 04:14:18,861
AND I THINK IF THERE WAS A WAY

5491
04:14:18,861 --> 04:14:21,130
TO CREATE THAT, IT WOULD JUST BE

5492
04:14:21,130 --> 04:14:23,332
GOOD FOR EVERYONE.

5493
04:14:23,332 --> 04:14:24,867
AND EVERY FIELD OF ENGINEERING

5494
04:14:24,867 --> 04:14:26,502
NOW, AT LEAST IN OUR COLLEGE AND

5495
04:14:26,502 --> 04:14:27,837
I KNOW IN MANY OTHER PLACES,

5496
04:14:27,837 --> 04:14:32,441
EVERY FIELD OF ENGINEERING HAS

5497
04:14:32,441 --> 04:14:34,310
FACULTY NOW WORKING IN THE

5498
04:14:34,310 --> 04:14:35,311
BIOMEDICAL SPACE, INCLUDING

5499
04:14:35,311 --> 04:14:36,345
CIVIL ENGINEERING.

5500
04:14:36,345 --> 04:14:37,713
WE HAVE CIVIL ENGINEERS THAT

5501
04:14:37,713 --> 04:14:39,215
WORK IN STRUCTURE, INCLUDING

5502
04:14:39,215 --> 04:14:40,983
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES, FOR

5503
04:14:40,983 --> 04:14:41,817
EXAMPLE, INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS

5504
04:14:41,817 --> 04:14:43,419
HAVE SO MUCH TO OFFER AND SO

5505
04:14:43,419 --> 04:14:46,689
MUCH TO DO WITH OPTIMIZATION AND

5506
04:14:46,689 --> 04:14:53,496
HOSPITAL WORKFLOW, AND

5507
04:14:53,496 --> 04:14:55,564
ELIMINATION OF MISTAKES SO THERE

5508
04:14:55,564 --> 04:14:56,432
ARE MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO BUILD

5509
04:14:56,432 --> 04:14:56,999
BRIDGES.

5510
04:14:56,999 --> 04:14:58,300
SO TODAY I WAS GOING TO TALK

5511
04:14:58,300 --> 04:14:59,402
ABOUT RESEARCH THAT WE'VE BEEN

5512
04:14:59,402 --> 04:15:02,705
INVOLVED IN, AND I'M VERY

5513
04:15:02,705 --> 04:15:06,609
INTERESTED IN USING MICRO,

5514
04:15:06,609 --> 04:15:07,943
NANOAND MACRO SCALE TECHNOLOGIES

5515
04:15:07,943 --> 04:15:09,512
AS WELL TO DEVELOP DIFFERENT

5516
04:15:09,512 --> 04:15:10,846
TECHNOLOGIES, TO BUILD THINGS AT

5517
04:15:10,846 --> 04:15:12,314
THE SMALL SCALE AND THEN APPLY

5518
04:15:12,314 --> 04:15:16,919
THEM TO IMPORTANT PROBLEMS SO WE

5519
04:15:16,919 --> 04:15:19,889
ARE VERY INTERESTED IN TOOLS AND

5520
04:15:19,889 --> 04:15:20,756
PRECISION, PERSONALIZED MET

5521
04:15:20,756 --> 04:15:22,091
MEDALLION SIN, LOOKING THE A

5522
04:15:22,091 --> 04:15:23,092
SEPSIS AND GLOBAL HEALTH, I'LL

5523
04:15:23,092 --> 04:15:24,293
TALK ABOUT SEPSIS TODAY.

5524
04:15:24,293 --> 04:15:25,294
WE'RE ALSO VERY INTERESTED IN

5525
04:15:25,294 --> 04:15:26,695
USING THESE TECHNOLOGIES

5526
04:15:26,695 --> 04:15:30,633
ESPECIALLY THAT ARE MORE

5527
04:15:30,633 --> 04:15:33,069
BIO-RELATED, BIOSTEREOLY THOUGH

5528
04:15:33,069 --> 04:15:33,636
BIOSTEREOLITHOGRAPHY,

5529
04:15:33,636 --> 04:15:34,503
MICROFLUIDICS FOR ALSO SORT OF

5530
04:15:34,503 --> 04:15:36,472
THIS NEW EMERGING ENGINEERING

5531
04:15:36,472 --> 04:15:38,240
AREA OF BIOROBOTICS AND I'LL

5532
04:15:38,240 --> 04:15:40,876
TALK ABOUT THAT.

5533
04:15:40,876 --> 04:15:42,745
SO THE KEY TOPICS I WANT TO HIT

5534
04:15:42,745 --> 04:15:44,313
TODAY IS PATHOGEN DETECTION FROM

5535
04:15:44,313 --> 04:15:46,382
BLOOD, SOME ADVANCED SENSORS FOR

5536
04:15:46,382 --> 04:15:47,716
BIOMOLECULES AND APPLICATION TO

5537
04:15:47,716 --> 04:15:51,120
SEPSIS, TISSUE FABRICATION, AND

5538
04:15:51,120 --> 04:15:53,656
ALSO BIOENGINEERING OF MEDICAL

5539
04:15:53,656 --> 04:15:54,457
EDUCATION.

5540
04:15:54,457 --> 04:15:55,624
SO LET ME START TALKING ABOUT

5541
04:15:55,624 --> 04:15:55,991
SEPSIS.

5542
04:15:55,991 --> 04:15:57,293
SEPSIS AND CRITICAL CARE IN

5543
04:15:57,293 --> 04:15:58,727
HOSPITAL IS A HUGE PROBLEM.

5544
04:15:58,727 --> 04:16:01,130
IT IS REALLY NOT AS WELL

5545
04:16:01,130 --> 04:16:01,797
RECOGNIZED.

5546
04:16:01,797 --> 04:16:02,865
IT'S THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH

5547
04:16:02,865 --> 04:16:04,533
IN HOSPITALS IN THE U.S. AND THE

5548
04:16:04,533 --> 04:16:04,967
WORLD.

5549
04:16:04,967 --> 04:16:07,169
YOU CAN LOOK UP ALL THE

5550
04:16:07,169 --> 04:16:08,804
STATISTICS.

5551
04:16:08,804 --> 04:16:09,905
1 IN 3 PATIENTS WHO DIE IN A

5552
04:16:09,905 --> 04:16:11,974
HOSPITAL HAVE ACTUALLY SEPSIS.

5553
04:16:11,974 --> 04:16:13,876
THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS

5554
04:16:13,876 --> 04:16:16,612
COMPROMISED OR THEY GET SOME

5555
04:16:16,612 --> 04:16:17,580
INFECTION AND THAT RESULTS IN

5556
04:16:17,580 --> 04:16:19,115
THIS VERY COMPLICATED SET OF

5557
04:16:19,115 --> 04:16:20,449
EVENTS AND CASCADE WHICH IS

5558
04:16:20,449 --> 04:16:21,550
SEPSIS, AND WHILE ALL THESE

5559
04:16:21,550 --> 04:16:23,285
OTHER DISEASES ARE VERY

5560
04:16:23,285 --> 04:16:24,487
IMPORTANT, THERE'S ACTUALLY MORE

5561
04:16:24,487 --> 04:16:27,256
CASES OF SEPSIS PER UNIT

5562
04:16:27,256 --> 04:16:28,324
POPULATION IN THE U.S. AND

5563
04:16:28,324 --> 04:16:30,759
EUROPE THAN MANY OTHER DISEASES.

5564
04:16:30,759 --> 04:16:33,662
SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT'S

5565
04:16:33,662 --> 04:16:34,697
IMPORTANT TO SOLVE AND ADDRESS

5566
04:16:34,697 --> 04:16:36,232
AND OF COURSE WE ALSO LEARN THIS

5567
04:16:36,232 --> 04:16:38,300
THROUGH COVID, THERE'S SOME, OF

5568
04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:40,503
COURSE, OVERLAP HERE, BUT THIS

5569
04:16:40,503 --> 04:16:41,470
IS WHAT HAPPENS TODAY AT THE

5570
04:16:41,470 --> 04:16:42,705
ONSET OF AN INFECTION.

5571
04:16:42,705 --> 04:16:46,308
THE PATIENT MIGHT FEEL ABNORMAL,

5572
04:16:46,308 --> 04:16:47,843
THEY TAKE SOME TIME HERE TO GET

5573
04:16:47,843 --> 04:16:50,045
TO THE HOSPITAL, TO THE

5574
04:16:50,045 --> 04:16:51,514
EMERGENCY ROOM, AND THERE'S A

5575
04:16:51,514 --> 04:16:52,882
LOT TO BE DONE AT THE

5576
04:16:52,882 --> 04:16:53,983
PRE-HOSPITAL AND POINT OF CARE

5577
04:16:53,983 --> 04:16:55,184
SENSORS AND POINT OF CARE

5578
04:16:55,184 --> 04:16:58,721
DEVICES HAVE A LOT TO DO THERE,

5579
04:16:58,721 --> 04:17:00,589
AND THEN WHAT MOST OFTEN HAPPENS

5580
04:17:00,589 --> 04:17:04,193
IS THAT A BLOOD CULTURE IS

5581
04:17:04,193 --> 04:17:07,129
PERFORMED, BLOOD IS DRAWN, AND A

5582
04:17:07,129 --> 04:17:08,297
BLOOD CULTURE IS PERFORMED WHICH

5583
04:17:08,297 --> 04:17:09,465
CAN TAKE UP TO FIVE DAYS.

5584
04:17:09,465 --> 04:17:11,333
IT HAS TO BE UP TO FIVE DAYS FOR

5585
04:17:11,333 --> 04:17:14,737
A COU CONFIRMED NEGATIVE SO THAT

5586
04:17:14,737 --> 04:17:16,572
REALLY IS A RATE-LIMITING STEP

5587
04:17:16,572 --> 04:17:17,573
IN EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS.

5588
04:17:17,573 --> 04:17:20,342
BLOOD CULTURES COME OUT,

5589
04:17:20,342 --> 04:17:21,877
IDENTIFICATION, THERE IS

5590
04:17:21,877 --> 04:17:23,612
ANTIBODY SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

5591
04:17:23,612 --> 04:17:25,381
DONE IN MANY LABS BUT NOT ALL

5592
04:17:25,381 --> 04:17:27,049
LABS IN HOSPITALS AND THEN

5593
04:17:27,049 --> 04:17:28,584
WHATEVER THE FLOW MIGHT BE FOR

5594
04:17:28,584 --> 04:17:29,351
THE PATIENT.

5595
04:17:29,351 --> 04:17:30,986
SO BLOOD CULTURE TAKES TOO LONG,

5596
04:17:30,986 --> 04:17:32,454
AND AFTER HUNDREDS OF YEARS, WE

5597
04:17:32,454 --> 04:17:34,190
STILL HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO

5598
04:17:34,190 --> 04:17:35,257
BYPASS THAT STEP.

5599
04:17:35,257 --> 04:17:36,725
SO THAT'S A GRAND CHALLENGE FOR

5600
04:17:36,725 --> 04:17:38,027
ALL OF US.

5601
04:17:38,027 --> 04:17:39,562
ANYONE WHO CAN ADDRESS THAT

5602
04:17:39,562 --> 04:17:40,863
CHALLENGE AND WITHIN EVEN LET'S

5603
04:17:40,863 --> 04:17:45,301
SAY TW 20 TO 30 MINUTES BE ABLEO

5604
04:17:45,301 --> 04:17:46,435
DETECT PATHOGENS IN BLOOD, AND

5605
04:17:46,435 --> 04:17:47,736
I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT, THAT'S A

5606
04:17:47,736 --> 04:17:48,404
HUGE CHALLENGE.

5607
04:17:48,404 --> 04:17:51,807
ALSO HOW TO PRIORITIZE AND

5608
04:17:51,807 --> 04:17:54,543
STRATIFY PATIENTS AND THE

5609
04:17:54,543 --> 04:17:56,745
ANTIBIOTIC TREEMMENTS.

5610
04:17:56,745 --> 04:17:57,813
 TREATMENTS.

5611
04:17:57,813 --> 04:18:00,115
WE ALL KNOW BY NOW ANTIMICROBIAL

5612
04:18:00,115 --> 04:18:01,650
STEWARDSHIP AND ANTIBIOTIC

5613
04:18:01,650 --> 04:18:03,519
RESISTANCE ARE BIG CHALLENGES

5614
04:18:03,519 --> 04:18:05,287
AND AS WE ALL KNOW, WE'RE GIVING

5615
04:18:05,287 --> 04:18:06,722
TOO MANY ANTIBIOTICS BECAUSE YOU

5616
04:18:06,722 --> 04:18:07,890
DON'T KNOW WHETHER THE PATHOGEN

5617
04:18:07,890 --> 04:18:10,025
IS A VIRAL OR A BACTERIAL, THAT

5618
04:18:10,025 --> 04:18:11,694
RESULTS DON'T COME FAST ENOUGH.

5619
04:18:11,694 --> 04:18:13,629
AND ALSO HOW TO QUANTITATIVELY

5620
04:18:13,629 --> 04:18:15,130
PROFILE THE SPECIFIC PATIENT,

5621
04:18:15,130 --> 04:18:16,498
THAT PERSON'S IMMUNE SYSTEM OVER

5622
04:18:16,498 --> 04:18:17,166
TIME.

5623
04:18:17,166 --> 04:18:18,267
THERE'S BEEN SOME GREAT TALKS

5624
04:18:18,267 --> 04:18:19,568
TODAY ABOUT THAT AS WELL, ABOUT

5625
04:18:19,568 --> 04:18:21,003
TRYING TO DO THAT.

5626
04:18:21,003 --> 04:18:22,871
SO LET'S TALK ABOUT THIS BLOOD

5627
04:18:22,871 --> 04:18:23,872
CULTURE BUSINESS.

5628
04:18:23,872 --> 04:18:25,207
SO THERE'S MORE THAN 30 MILLION

5629
04:18:25,207 --> 04:18:26,809
BLOOD CULTURES PER DAY JUST IN

5630
04:18:26,809 --> 04:18:27,209
THE U.S.

5631
04:18:27,209 --> 04:18:30,346
WHAT HAPPENS IS IN A 5ML OF

5632
04:18:30,346 --> 04:18:32,314
WHOLE BLOOD IS DRAWN PER VIAL,

5633
04:18:32,314 --> 04:18:36,385
AND ACTUARIACTUALLY TECHNICALLYT

5634
04:18:36,385 --> 04:18:38,053
PLACES THERE COULD BE THREE OF

5635
04:18:38,053 --> 04:18:40,656
THOSE OR CERTAINLY MORE THAN

5636
04:18:40,656 --> 04:18:42,124
ONE, BUT I JUST KIND OF

5637
04:18:42,124 --> 04:18:42,791
MENTIONED ALREADY WHAT HAPPENS

5638
04:18:42,791 --> 04:18:44,093
BUT THIS IS SOME MORE DETAILS

5639
04:18:44,093 --> 04:18:44,493
HERE.

5640
04:18:44,493 --> 04:18:47,930
SO WE'RE TRYING TO REDUCE THIS

5641
04:18:47,930 --> 04:18:48,664
PROCESS, THE TIME OF THIS

5642
04:18:48,664 --> 04:18:48,897
PROCESS.

5643
04:18:48,897 --> 04:18:51,300
YOU HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT AEROBIC

5644
04:18:51,300 --> 04:18:52,968
OR ANAEROBIC CULTURES, YOU HAVE

5645
04:18:52,968 --> 04:18:55,037
TO WORRY ABOUT GRAM POSITIVE AND

5646
04:18:55,037 --> 04:18:55,371
GRAM-NEGATIVE.

5647
04:18:55,371 --> 04:18:59,875
SO EVEN IF YOU COULD TELL THE

5648
04:18:59,875 --> 04:19:00,876
PHYSICIAN IN A VERY SHORT AMOUNT

5649
04:19:00,876 --> 04:19:02,511
OF TIME, OF COURSE ALMOST

5650
04:19:02,511 --> 04:19:03,712
IMMEDIATELY IS THE GOAL, BUT

5651
04:19:03,712 --> 04:19:05,481
CERTAINLY EVEN WITHIN 10 TO 15

5652
04:19:05,481 --> 04:19:06,448
TO 20 MINUTES, IF YOU COULD

5653
04:19:06,448 --> 04:19:07,650
INFORM WHETHER THE BACTERIA THAT

5654
04:19:07,650 --> 04:19:10,619
ARE THERE ARE GRAM POSITIVE,

5655
04:19:10,619 --> 04:19:11,620
THEN THERE'S A SET OF

5656
04:19:11,620 --> 04:19:12,521
ANTIBIOTICS THAT COULD BE

5657
04:19:12,521 --> 04:19:14,023
PRESCRIBED VERSUS GRAM-NEGATIVE

5658
04:19:14,023 --> 04:19:17,426
TH,THEN A DIFFERENT SET OF

5659
04:19:17,426 --> 04:19:18,761
ANTIBIOTICS WOULD BE PRESCRIBED.

5660
04:19:18,761 --> 04:19:20,396
AND THERE IS NO WAY DO THAT

5661
04:19:20,396 --> 04:19:23,032
TODAY, REALLY -- I MEAN,

5662
04:19:23,032 --> 04:19:23,265
RAPIDLY.

5663
04:19:23,265 --> 04:19:25,467
SO JUST LONG STORY SHORT, WE'VE

5664
04:19:25,467 --> 04:19:26,435
BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS FOR A

5665
04:19:26,435 --> 04:19:28,671
LONG TIME, FOR A FOOD PATHOGEN

5666
04:19:28,671 --> 04:19:29,872
PERSPECTIVE, FROM A FOOD SAMPLE,

5667
04:19:29,872 --> 04:19:33,375
YOU HAVE THE SAME PROBLEM.

5668
04:19:33,375 --> 04:19:35,377
FROM WATER, FROM ALL SORTS OF

5669
04:19:35,377 --> 04:19:36,245
APPLICATIONS WHERE YOU HAVE A

5670
04:19:36,245 --> 04:19:37,346
LARGE ENOUGH VOLUME OF THE

5671
04:19:37,346 --> 04:19:38,881
SAMPLE AND YOU WANT TO LOOK FOR

5672
04:19:38,881 --> 04:19:42,484
EVEN ONE TO THREE CFU, COLONY

5673
04:19:42,484 --> 04:19:42,918
FORMING UNITS.

5674
04:19:42,918 --> 04:19:44,853
SO THERE IS THIS TECHNIQUE

5675
04:19:44,853 --> 04:19:46,088
CALLED DRIED BLOOD SPOT.

5676
04:19:46,088 --> 04:19:47,389
IT USED NOW, WHERE YOU PUT A

5677
04:19:47,389 --> 04:19:51,660
DROP OF BLOOD, A FINGER PRICK,

5678
04:19:51,660 --> 04:19:55,531
AND THE BLOOD KIND OF SEEPS

5679
04:19:55,531 --> 04:19:56,965
THROUGH THIS FILTER PAPER AND

5680
04:19:56,965 --> 04:20:01,003
THEN YOU CAN SHIP THIS, THIS IS

5681
04:20:01,003 --> 04:20:02,071
A WAY TO TRANSPORT THAT SAMPLE

5682
04:20:02,071 --> 04:20:03,205
AND THEN YOU CAN SEE IN THE

5683
04:20:03,205 --> 04:20:04,940
MIDDLE THIS IMAGE WHERE THAT

5684
04:20:04,940 --> 04:20:09,111
PAPER IS PUNCHED, AND YOU CAN

5685
04:20:09,111 --> 04:20:11,547
ACTUALLY ELUTE DNA FROM THAT,

5686
04:20:11,547 --> 04:20:13,415
DETECTION OF HIV, HCV HAS BEEN

5687
04:20:13,415 --> 04:20:14,116
REPORTED.

5688
04:20:14,116 --> 04:20:16,185
THE DNA OR RNA IS ACTUALLY

5689
04:20:16,185 --> 04:20:19,254
PRESERVED IN THAT MATERIAL.

5690
04:20:19,254 --> 04:20:21,423
AND THERE'S ACTUALLY -- IT TURNS

5691
04:20:21,423 --> 04:20:24,393
OUT THE SCIENCE OF IT IS NOT

5692
04:20:24,393 --> 04:20:26,261
EXTREMELY WELL CHARACTERIZED OR

5693
04:20:26,261 --> 04:20:26,929
UNDERSTOOD, THERE'S SOME PAPERS

5694
04:20:26,929 --> 04:20:28,664
BUT NOT A WHOLE LOT AND LATELY

5695
04:20:28,664 --> 04:20:30,032
THERE'S BEEN MORE SORT OF

5696
04:20:30,032 --> 04:20:31,767
RESURGENCE OF THAT BUT WE WERE

5697
04:20:31,767 --> 04:20:32,968
INSPIRED BY THIS TECHNOLOGY SOME

5698
04:20:32,968 --> 04:20:33,302
YEARS AGO.

5699
04:20:33,302 --> 04:20:35,738
WE'RE USING IT IN A HOSPITAL, WE

5700
04:20:35,738 --> 04:20:37,806
SAW IT BEING USED, AND THE LONG

5701
04:20:37,806 --> 04:20:39,141
STORY SHORT, IF YOU TAKE BLOOD,

5702
04:20:39,141 --> 04:20:40,909
SO WHAT WE DO IS WE TAKE BLOOD,

5703
04:20:40,909 --> 04:20:42,911
WE DO A DRYING PROCESS, AND

5704
04:20:42,911 --> 04:20:44,847
THOSE DETAILS ARE PUBLISHED NOW

5705
04:20:44,847 --> 04:20:47,282
MORE RECENTLY, AND THEN YOU

5706
04:20:47,282 --> 04:20:49,585
DO -- SO YOU CREATE A SOLID

5707
04:20:49,585 --> 04:20:52,521
MATRIX OF DRIED WHOLE BLOOD THAT

5708
04:20:52,521 --> 04:20:54,990
HAS ITS MICRO NANOPOROUS

5709
04:20:54,990 --> 04:20:56,191
STRUCTURE, AND IT TURNS OUT THAT

5710
04:20:56,191 --> 04:20:58,460
THEN WHEN YOU ADD FLUID TO IT,

5711
04:20:58,460 --> 04:21:00,896
YOU CAN HYDRATE AND THE REAGENTS

5712
04:21:00,896 --> 04:21:05,634
IN THE FLUID CAN GO DOWN INTO

5713
04:21:05,634 --> 04:21:07,770
THAT MICRO NANOPOROUS STRUCTURE,

5714
04:21:07,770 --> 04:21:09,371
IT CAN ACCESS THE PATHOGEN, SO

5715
04:21:09,371 --> 04:21:11,673
THIS HAS NOW ALL CELLS, ALL

5716
04:21:11,673 --> 04:21:12,541
PATHOGENS, EVERYTHING THAT WAS

5717
04:21:12,541 --> 04:21:13,976
THERE, IT'S ALL DRIED IN THIS

5718
04:21:13,976 --> 04:21:17,513
MAY TMATRIX AND YOU CAN ACTUALL,

5719
04:21:17,513 --> 04:21:21,183
THEN, FOR EXAMPLE PERFORM LAMP

5720
04:21:21,183 --> 04:21:22,151
REACTION, ACCESS THE PATHOGEN,

5721
04:21:22,151 --> 04:21:24,920
DO THE AMPLIFICATION, AND THE

5722
04:21:24,920 --> 04:21:27,823
PRODUCTS ARE THEN DIFFUSED OUT

5723
04:21:27,823 --> 04:21:28,891
INTO THE SUPERNATANT.

5724
04:21:28,891 --> 04:21:31,393
SO YOU HAVE A SOLID PHASE AND A

5725
04:21:31,393 --> 04:21:35,297
LIQUID FADES,  PHASE, AND THE LD

5726
04:21:35,297 --> 04:21:37,466
PHASE HAS A CLEAR SUPERNATANT

5727
04:21:37,466 --> 04:21:38,934
WITH THESE VISUAL READOUTS AND

5728
04:21:38,934 --> 04:21:41,103
THE SOLID PHASE IS WHERE THE

5729
04:21:41,103 --> 04:21:44,740
PATHOGEN WAS.

5730
04:21:44,740 --> 04:21:47,176
SO WE DID A WHOLE BUNCH OF

5731
04:21:47,176 --> 04:21:48,277
MATERIALS ANALYSIS, SO IT TURNS

5732
04:21:48,277 --> 04:21:49,445
OUT THAT THERE'S SOME LITERATURE

5733
04:21:49,445 --> 04:21:51,547
ON IT BUT NOT AS MUCH, AND YOU

5734
04:21:51,547 --> 04:21:54,850
CAN ACTUALLY THEN STUDY THE

5735
04:21:54,850 --> 04:21:56,618
POROSITY AS A FUNCTION OF

5736
04:21:56,618 --> 04:22:00,789
TEMPERATURE, YOU CAN LOOK AT THE

5737
04:22:00,789 --> 04:22:02,891
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES, THE SIZE

5738
04:22:02,891 --> 04:22:04,726
OF THE DIFFERENT ENTITIES AS

5739
04:22:04,726 --> 04:22:05,828
THEY'RE DRIED AND THEN CAN YOU

5740
04:22:05,828 --> 04:22:07,496
DO MORE FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES TO

5741
04:22:07,496 --> 04:22:10,132
ALSO EXTRACT OUT THIS FEATURE

5742
04:22:10,132 --> 04:22:14,503
SIZE IN THIS 3D MATRIX AFTER

5743
04:22:14,503 --> 04:22:15,938
THERMOLYSIS, AFTER DRYING, SO

5744
04:22:15,938 --> 04:22:17,606
WE'VE PUBLISHED ALL OF THAT.

5745
04:22:17,606 --> 04:22:18,941
LONG STORY SHORT, WE ALSO SHOWED

5746
04:22:18,941 --> 04:22:21,043
THAT THE INHIBITORS OF THE

5747
04:22:21,043 --> 04:22:23,912
REACTION, INHIBITORS OF PCR

5748
04:22:23,912 --> 04:22:27,282
ENZYMES OR LAMP ENZYMES SUCH AS

5749
04:22:27,282 --> 04:22:28,851
HEMOGLOBIN OR OTHER IGG, THEY

5750
04:22:28,851 --> 04:22:31,053
ACTUALLY GET TRAPPED INTO THE

5751
04:22:31,053 --> 04:22:32,454
SOLID MATRIX, AND THAT'S THE KEY

5752
04:22:32,454 --> 04:22:34,056
HERE, AND THIS IS WHY THE DRIED

5753
04:22:34,056 --> 04:22:36,758
BLOOD SPOT WORKS.

5754
04:22:36,758 --> 04:22:39,061
THAT THE INHIBITORS IN THE WHOLE

5755
04:22:39,061 --> 04:22:41,330
BLOOD, THEY ACTUALLY GET LOCKED

5756
04:22:41,330 --> 04:22:44,700
OR INACTIVATED, AND THEY DON'T

5757
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,369
RE-SUSPEND AND THEY DON'T GET

5758
04:22:47,369 --> 04:22:49,004
REACTIVATED UNTIL MUCH LATER IN

5759
04:22:49,004 --> 04:22:50,472
TIME, SO WE SHOWED THAT ACTUALLY

5760
04:22:50,472 --> 04:22:52,941
BY DOING LOTS OF EXPERIMENTS

5761
04:22:52,941 --> 04:22:55,911
THAT PROVE THAT -- I WON'T GO

5762
04:22:55,911 --> 04:22:56,712
THROUGH THE VERY DETAILS HERE

5763
04:22:56,712 --> 04:22:58,013
BUT THE FACT THAT YOU ACTUALLY

5764
04:22:58,013 --> 04:23:01,383
DON'T SEE THE HEMOGLOBIN OR THE

5765
04:23:01,383 --> 04:23:03,752
IGG AFTER THE HEATING CONDITIONS

5766
04:23:03,752 --> 04:23:04,820
AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN TIME, SO

5767
04:23:04,820 --> 04:23:06,688
YOU SEE THIS CURVE ON THE VERY

5768
04:23:06,688 --> 04:23:08,690
RIGHT, YOU SEE THAT THE

5769
04:23:08,690 --> 04:23:10,125
CONCENTRATIONS ARE VERY, VERY

5770
04:23:10,125 --> 04:23:12,461
LOW.

5771
04:23:12,461 --> 04:23:13,829
IN THE ONES THAT WERE TREATED.

5772
04:23:13,829 --> 04:23:15,063
AFTER SOME TIME, IF YOU START TO

5773
04:23:15,063 --> 04:23:16,498
WAIT, THEN YOU WILL ACTUALLY SEE

5774
04:23:16,498 --> 04:23:17,366
THAT NUMBER COME UP.

5775
04:23:17,366 --> 04:23:19,134
SO OVER TIME, THOSE INHIBITORS

5776
04:23:19,134 --> 04:23:21,570
START TO GET RELEASED BUT IN THE

5777
04:23:21,570 --> 04:23:23,972
TIME OF, LET'S SAY, EVEN UP TO

5778
04:23:23,972 --> 04:23:29,578
AN HOW T HOUR, THEY STILL STAY D

5779
04:23:29,578 --> 04:23:30,812
IN THAT MATRIX.

5780
04:23:30,812 --> 04:23:33,982
WE DID THIS LIQUID EXTRACTION

5781
04:23:33,982 --> 04:23:35,217
SURFACE ANALYSIS MASS SPEC TO

5782
04:23:35,217 --> 04:23:36,618
PROVE THAT IF YOU DO A MASS SPEC

5783
04:23:36,618 --> 04:23:38,420
ON THE SOLID STRUCTURE, YOU SEE

5784
04:23:38,420 --> 04:23:41,590
THAT THE SOLID PART, THE SUPER

5785
04:23:41,590 --> 04:23:45,661
NATANT ACTUALLY DOESN'T HAVE ANY

5786
04:23:45,661 --> 04:23:46,995
SUPERNATANT AFTER THREE HOURS.

5787
04:23:46,995 --> 04:23:48,096
AFTER SIX HOURS, YOU START TO

5788
04:23:48,096 --> 04:23:50,832
SEE THE PEAKS IN THE SUPERNATANT

5789
04:23:50,832 --> 04:23:52,200
BUT IN THE DRIED BLOOD MATRIX

5790
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:53,268
HERE IN THE BOTTOM RIGHT, YOU

5791
04:23:53,268 --> 04:23:55,671
CAN SEE ALL OF THE PEAKS FOR THE

5792
04:23:55,671 --> 04:23:56,138
HEME.

5793
04:23:56,138 --> 04:23:57,439
SO THE SUPERNAY AT THE PRESENT

5794
04:23:57,439 --> 04:23:58,907
TIME DIDN'T HAVE THE INHIBITORS,

5795
04:23:58,907 --> 04:24:00,442
THE DRIED MATRIX HAS THE

5796
04:24:00,442 --> 04:24:01,543
INHIBITORS LOCKED THERE.

5797
04:24:01,543 --> 04:24:03,211
SO THIS IS SOMETHING VERY

5798
04:24:03,211 --> 04:24:07,015
EXCITING, AND WE SHOWED THAT YOU

5799
04:24:07,015 --> 04:24:08,951
CAN ACTUALLY THEN TAKE ABOUT AN

5800
04:24:08,951 --> 04:24:14,189
800 MICRO LITER OF WHOLE BLOOD,

5801
04:24:14,189 --> 04:24:16,258
WHICH 1 ML IS WHAT'S USED FOR

5802
04:24:16,258 --> 04:24:20,796
INFANTS, AND THIS IS MRSA, EVEN

5803
04:24:20,796 --> 04:24:22,998
THE ORANGE CURVES HERE, THE

5804
04:24:22,998 --> 04:24:27,135
ORANGE BARS ARE ONE CFU PER 800

5805
04:24:27,135 --> 04:24:28,170
MICRO LITERS OF BLOOD.

5806
04:24:28,170 --> 04:24:32,874
THESE WERE SPIKE SAMPLES.

5807
04:24:32,874 --> 04:24:37,312
YOU SEE THIS IS MSSA, THIS IS

5808
04:24:37,312 --> 04:24:41,016
E. COLI, AND THIS IS A FUNGUS.

5809
04:24:41,016 --> 04:24:42,451
SO THIS THING ACTUALLY WORKS

5810
04:24:42,451 --> 04:24:43,652
VERY WELL AND WE'RE VERY EXCITED

5811
04:24:43,652 --> 04:24:44,686
ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF THIS.

5812
04:24:44,686 --> 04:24:45,887
AT THIS POINT, THE WAY THIS WAS

5813
04:24:45,887 --> 04:24:48,290
DONE WAS IN VIALS BY SPLITTING

5814
04:24:48,290 --> 04:24:50,092
THE SAMPLE INTO SMALL VOLUMES,

5815
04:24:50,092 --> 04:24:55,897
AND THEN WE DID A CLINICAL STUDY

5816
04:24:55,897 --> 04:24:57,633
AT CARLE TO GET PATIENT BLOOD

5817
04:24:57,633 --> 04:24:57,866
SAMPLE.

5818
04:24:57,866 --> 04:25:01,737
THIS WAS HARD TO DESIGN, BUT

5819
04:25:01,737 --> 04:25:03,505
ESSENTIALLY A PATIENT'S BLOOD IS

5820
04:25:03,505 --> 04:25:07,576
TAKEN, WE ALSO GET A SAMPLE, AND

5821
04:25:07,576 --> 04:25:08,910
THEN WE WOULD WAIT TO FIND OUT

5822
04:25:08,910 --> 04:25:10,779
WHAT THE PATHOGEN WAS, AND THEN

5823
04:25:10,779 --> 04:25:12,514
WE WOULD LOOK FOR THAT PATHOGEN

5824
04:25:12,514 --> 04:25:16,051
IN THAT BLOOD, AND THIS IS DATA

5825
04:25:16,051 --> 04:25:17,919
SHOWING THAT, THAT WE WERE ABLE

5826
04:25:17,919 --> 04:25:20,689
TO DETECT E. COLI POSITIVE EVERY

5827
04:25:20,689 --> 04:25:21,056
TIME.

5828
04:25:21,056 --> 04:25:22,891
THE NUMBER HERE, 4 OUT OF 8 IS

5829
04:25:22,891 --> 04:25:23,992
ESSENTIALLY SAMPLES THAT WERE

5830
04:25:23,992 --> 04:25:24,326
SPLIT.

5831
04:25:24,326 --> 04:25:28,397
WE WERE DOING -- TAKING A

5832
04:25:28,397 --> 04:25:31,133
SAMPLE, SPLITTING IT INTO

5833
04:25:31,133 --> 04:25:31,466
8 SUBSAMPLES.

5834
04:25:31,466 --> 04:25:32,567
AND HERE YOU SEE OF COURSE WITH

5835
04:25:32,567 --> 04:25:33,902
OUR TECHNIQUE, THE BIPHASIC, YOU

5836
04:25:33,902 --> 04:25:36,872
CAN GET THE ENTIRE PROCESS TAKES

5837
04:25:36,872 --> 04:25:38,040
2 1/2 HOURS FROM LITERALLY

5838
04:25:38,040 --> 04:25:40,075
GETTING THE SAMPLE TO RESULT.

5839
04:25:40,075 --> 04:25:42,044
AND OF COURSE IN THIS PARTICULAR

5840
04:25:42,044 --> 04:25:45,280
CASE, THE CULTURE PLUS PCR WAS

5841
04:25:45,280 --> 04:25:46,581
TAKING SOMETHING IN THE ORDER

5842
04:25:46,581 --> 04:25:47,783
OF -- FROM 10 HOURS ALL THE WAY

5843
04:25:47,783 --> 04:25:49,584
UP TO A FEW DAYS, DEPENDING ON

5844
04:25:49,584 --> 04:25:51,887
THE NUMBER THAT WAS THERE.

5845
04:25:51,887 --> 04:25:53,321
SO WE'RE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THIS

5846
04:25:53,321 --> 04:25:54,289
TECHNIQUE, BUT WHAT IS NEEDED

5847
04:25:54,289 --> 04:25:57,259
NOW TO SCALE THIS UP TO FIVE ML,

5848
04:25:57,259 --> 04:25:59,127
AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE DOING NOW.

5849
04:25:59,127 --> 04:26:00,662
SO THROUGH THE TALK I'LL SHOW

5850
04:26:00,662 --> 04:26:01,930
YOU RESULTS THAT ARE VERY RECENT

5851
04:26:01,930 --> 04:26:03,565
OR ONGOING, BUT THAT'S THE

5852
04:26:03,565 --> 04:26:04,199
DIRECTION WE'RE GOING.

5853
04:26:04,199 --> 04:26:08,303
OUR VISION IS TO -- WHAT THESE

5854
04:26:08,303 --> 04:26:09,171
WONDERFUL STUDENTS WILL

5855
04:26:09,171 --> 04:26:10,372
ACCOMPLISH BEFORE THEY GRADUATE

5856
04:26:10,372 --> 04:26:13,675
IS TO TAKE 5ML TUBE AND ACTUALLY

5857
04:26:13,675 --> 04:26:14,609
MULTIPLE TUBES AND WE WANT TO BE

5858
04:26:14,609 --> 04:26:17,212
ABLE TO LOOK FOR GRAM POSITIVE

5859
04:26:17,212 --> 04:26:18,747
OR GRAM-NEGATIVE AND ALSO

5860
04:26:18,747 --> 04:26:19,614
SPECIFIC PATHOGENS.

5861
04:26:19,614 --> 04:26:21,950
BUT CERTAINLY HERE MICROFLUIDICS

5862
04:26:21,950 --> 04:26:27,522
AND HOW YOU -- I HOPE THESE

5863
04:26:27,522 --> 04:26:28,724
VIDEOS WORK THROUGH THE TALK.

5864
04:26:28,724 --> 04:26:30,092
I JUST TESTED THEM A FEW MINUTES

5865
04:26:30,092 --> 04:26:40,168
AGO.

5866
04:26:41,937 --> 04:26:44,506
SO THE IDEA WE WANT TO TAKE THE

5867
04:26:44,506 --> 04:26:46,074
5MLs OF BLOOD AND ESSENTIALLY

5868
04:26:46,074 --> 04:26:47,943
PICKS LATE IT AND HAVE EACH

5869
04:26:47,943 --> 04:26:50,145
PIXEL BE DRIED AND PERFORM THIS

5870
04:26:50,145 --> 04:26:51,813
BIPHASIC REACTION IN EACH PIXEL.

5871
04:26:51,813 --> 04:26:53,882
SO WE'RE VERY EXCITED AND LOOK

5872
04:26:53,882 --> 04:26:54,916
FORWARD TO PUSHING THIS FORWARD.

5873
04:26:54,916 --> 04:26:56,718
OVER THE YEARS, WE'VE ALSO

5874
04:26:56,718 --> 04:26:57,686
PERFORMED -- THERE WAS A GREAT

5875
04:26:57,686 --> 04:26:59,654
TALK JUST A LITTLE WHILE AGO IN

5876
04:26:59,654 --> 04:27:08,597
THE RAPID FIRE SESSION ALSO,

5877
04:27:08,597 --> 04:27:09,898
T-LAMP FOR SARS-COV-2.

5878
04:27:09,898 --> 04:27:12,634
THIS WAS THE SPRING OF 2020, WE

5879
04:27:12,634 --> 04:27:14,336
ALSO DESIGNED OUR OWN LAMP

5880
04:27:14,336 --> 04:27:14,636
PRIMERS.

5881
04:27:14,636 --> 04:27:15,537
THEY ACTUALLY WEREN'T AVAILABLE

5882
04:27:15,537 --> 04:27:16,304
AT THAT TIME.

5883
04:27:16,304 --> 04:27:18,540
BUT THEN THEY BECAME AVAILABLE

5884
04:27:18,540 --> 04:27:19,741
VERY QUICKLY AFTER THAT AND WE

5885
04:27:19,741 --> 04:27:22,277
WERE ALSO ABLE TO SHOW -- AGAIN

5886
04:27:22,277 --> 04:27:23,078
MULTIPLE GROUPS HAVE PUBLISHED

5887
04:27:23,078 --> 04:27:23,779
THIS.

5888
04:27:23,779 --> 04:27:25,013
I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF

5889
04:27:25,013 --> 04:27:26,248
POTENTIAL IN THESE POINT OF CARE

5890
04:27:26,248 --> 04:27:28,016
DIAGNOSTICS WITH CELL PHONE

5891
04:27:28,016 --> 04:27:31,119
CAMERAS, ADDTIVELY -- 3D PRINTED

5892
04:27:31,119 --> 04:27:31,787
CARTRIDGES, AND WE WERE ABLE TO

5893
04:27:31,787 --> 04:27:33,188
SHOW THAT YOU CAN GET REALLY

5894
04:27:33,188 --> 04:27:35,490
GOOD RESULTS FROM SALIVA, AND

5895
04:27:35,490 --> 04:27:39,461
FROM A NASAL SWAB.

5896
04:27:39,461 --> 04:27:40,729
AND I THINK THIS IS IMPORTANT TO

5897
04:27:40,729 --> 04:27:41,930
JUST BE PREPARED FOR THE NEXT

5898
04:27:41,930 --> 04:27:44,232
TIME, HOPE PLI THERE'S NOT A

5899
04:27:44,232 --> 04:27:47,335
NEXT TIME BUT CERTAINLY IF THERE

5900
04:27:47,335 --> 04:27:50,405
IS, WHETHER IT'S H5N1 OR OTHER

5901
04:27:50,405 --> 04:27:50,739
VIRUSES.

5902
04:27:50,739 --> 04:27:52,541
WE'VE WORKED ON THIS AND DONE

5903
04:27:52,541 --> 04:27:53,408
MULTIPLE GENERATIONS OF THIS.

5904
04:27:53,408 --> 04:27:55,377
THE FIRST WAS FROM 2020, THEN WE

5905
04:27:55,377 --> 04:27:56,945
TRY TO CONTINUE TO AUTOMATE THAT

5906
04:27:56,945 --> 04:27:58,413
AND THE LAST ONE WE PUBLISHED

5907
04:27:58,413 --> 04:28:01,116
MOST RECENTLY WAS ACTUALLY FOUR

5908
04:28:01,116 --> 04:28:03,885
TARGETS, FLU A, FLU B, RSV AND

5909
04:28:03,885 --> 04:28:05,520
COVID, WITH TWO CONTROLS, SO I

5910
04:28:05,520 --> 04:28:08,590
BELIEVE THIS ACTUALLY IS

5911
04:28:08,590 --> 04:28:09,825
POSSIBLE, AND NOW IT'S A MATTER

5912
04:28:09,825 --> 04:28:11,693
OF REALLY SOMEONE MAKING IT

5913
04:28:11,693 --> 04:28:12,894
THEIR LIFE, TO ACTUALLY MAKE

5914
04:28:12,894 --> 04:28:14,596
THIS HAPPEN, START A COMPANY,

5915
04:28:14,596 --> 04:28:16,198
WORK WITH MANUFACTURERS, WORK ON

5916
04:28:16,198 --> 04:28:22,037
ALL OF THE COST ISSUES, WORK ON

5917
04:28:22,037 --> 04:28:24,172
THE SPOTTING OF THE PRIMERS AND

5918
04:28:24,172 --> 04:28:26,274
ALL THE PRACTICAL ISSUES, BUT I

5919
04:28:26,274 --> 04:28:27,409
BELIEVE THIS IS ABSOLUTELY

5920
04:28:27,409 --> 04:28:28,610
POSSIBLE WITH I THINK A LOW

5921
04:28:28,610 --> 04:28:29,144
ENOUGH COST.

5922
04:28:29,144 --> 04:28:31,680
BUT CERTAINLY HERE, NIBIB AND

5923
04:28:31,680 --> 04:28:34,216
THE RADX PROGRAM WAS PHENOMENAL

5924
04:28:34,216 --> 04:28:35,116
TO KIND OF PUSH EVERYTHING

5925
04:28:35,116 --> 04:28:36,218
FORWARD AND THAT CRISIS, OF

5926
04:28:36,218 --> 04:28:37,853
COURSE, REALLY CREATED A LOT OF

5927
04:28:37,853 --> 04:28:39,221
OPPORTUNITIES, BUT I THINK WE

5928
04:28:39,221 --> 04:28:41,056
NEED TO FIND A WAY TO KEEP THAT

5929
04:28:41,056 --> 04:28:42,257
LEVEL OF MOMENTUM EVEN WHEN

5930
04:28:42,257 --> 04:28:48,496
THERE'S NO CRISIS.

5931
04:28:48,496 --> 04:28:50,498
EVERYONE IN THE COUNTRY HAS

5932
04:28:50,498 --> 04:28:52,167
HEARD ABOUT PCR AFTER COVID BUT

5933
04:28:52,167 --> 04:28:53,468
I JUST WANT TO QUICKLY SHOW

5934
04:28:53,468 --> 04:28:53,802
THIS.

5935
04:28:53,802 --> 04:28:56,104
IF YOU LOOK AT WHAT PCR DOES AND

5936
04:28:56,104 --> 04:28:58,473
ITS PROS AND CONS, AND IF YOU

5937
04:28:58,473 --> 04:29:01,042
LOOK AT WHAT RPA, FOR EXAMPLE,

5938
04:29:01,042 --> 04:29:03,879
IS ONE APPROACH OR LAMP IS

5939
04:29:03,879 --> 04:29:04,646
CERTAINLY COMMERCIALLY

5940
04:29:04,646 --> 04:29:05,847
AVAILABLE.

5941
04:29:05,847 --> 04:29:07,749
THE IDEAL ASSAY IS STILL AT ROOM

5942
04:29:07,749 --> 04:29:08,717
TEMPERATURE, LESS THAN 10

5943
04:29:08,717 --> 04:29:11,119
MINUTES, TRULY FROM SAMPLE TO

5944
04:29:11,119 --> 04:29:13,922
RESULT, YOU KNOW, HIGH

5945
04:29:13,922 --> 04:29:16,758
SENSITIVITY, PCR LEVEL, YOU WANT

5946
04:29:16,758 --> 04:29:18,960
SINGLE MOLECULE, ONE MOLECULE

5947
04:29:18,960 --> 04:29:20,896
PER MICRO LITER OF THE REACTION,

5948
04:29:20,896 --> 04:29:22,530
FOR EXAMPLE, HIGH SPECIFICITY,

5949
04:29:22,530 --> 04:29:23,765
ALL OF THE THINGS THAT ARE HERE

5950
04:29:23,765 --> 04:29:28,069
IN YELLOW.

5951
04:29:28,069 --> 04:29:30,305
THIS DOESN'T EXIST TODAY.

5952
04:29:30,305 --> 04:29:31,840
IF SOMEONE CAN MEET THAT NEED,

5953
04:29:31,840 --> 04:29:32,674
THERE'S STILL AN OPPORTUNITY AND

5954
04:29:32,674 --> 04:29:33,808
I KNOW MANY OF OUR COLLEAGUES

5955
04:29:33,808 --> 04:29:35,110
AND MYSELF ARE WORKING TOWARDS

5956
04:29:35,110 --> 04:29:35,510
THAT.

5957
04:29:35,510 --> 04:29:36,912
SO HERE WE ARE VERY EXCITED

5958
04:29:36,912 --> 04:29:41,616
ABOUT A RECENT DEVELOPMENT USING

5959
04:29:41,616 --> 04:29:43,518
CRISPR TECHNOLOGY BUT A

5960
04:29:43,518 --> 04:29:44,519
CRISPR/CAS CADE ASSAY.

5961
04:29:44,519 --> 04:29:47,455
THIS HERE IS A SINGLE CRISPR

5962
04:29:47,455 --> 04:29:47,789
REACTION.

5963
04:29:47,789 --> 04:29:54,429
THIS WAS WHAT WAS PUBLISHED FROM

5964
04:29:54,429 --> 04:29:56,932
MIT, BERKELEY AND MIT

5965
04:29:56,932 --> 04:29:57,365
RESPECTIVELY.

5966
04:29:57,365 --> 04:29:59,935
BUT THE IDEA THAT YOU HAVE A

5967
04:29:59,935 --> 04:30:03,772
CRISPR ENZYME, THE GUIDE RNA

5968
04:30:03,772 --> 04:30:05,173
HERE, YOU DESIGN TO BE SPECIFIC

5969
04:30:05,173 --> 04:30:06,775
TO, LET'S SAY, A TARGET, SO YOU

5970
04:30:06,775 --> 04:30:08,510
BRING A TARGET.

5971
04:30:08,510 --> 04:30:10,078
ONE OF THESE STRANDS WILL BIND

5972
04:30:10,078 --> 04:30:10,845
WITH THE GUIDE RNA.

5973
04:30:10,845 --> 04:30:15,483
IT ACTIVATES THIS CRISPR, AND

5974
04:30:15,483 --> 04:30:17,652
THIS CRISPR THEN, CAS12, WILL

5975
04:30:17,652 --> 04:30:19,521
START TO CHOP OFF SINGLE

5976
04:30:19,521 --> 04:30:20,055
STRANDED DNA.

5977
04:30:20,055 --> 04:30:21,856
THAT'S KIND OF WHAT THE CRISPR

5978
04:30:21,856 --> 04:30:22,857
WOULD DO.

5979
04:30:22,857 --> 04:30:28,763
IF YOU HAVE A FLUOROPHORE, IT

5980
04:30:28,763 --> 04:30:30,131
CHOPS OFF THE SINGLE STRAND AND

5981
04:30:30,131 --> 04:30:32,100
YOU GET A FLUORESCENT SIGNAL.

5982
04:30:32,100 --> 04:30:33,768
SO IT BECOMES AN INDICATOR OF

5983
04:30:33,768 --> 04:30:35,637
THE PRESENCE OF THAT TARGET DNA.

5984
04:30:35,637 --> 04:30:38,373
SO THIS IS GOING TO BE -- THE

5985
04:30:38,373 --> 04:30:39,941
KINETICS ARE LINEAR HERE.

5986
04:30:39,941 --> 04:30:41,810
YOU CAN GET A SIGNAL BUT FOR

5987
04:30:41,810 --> 04:30:44,446
VERY LOW NUMBER ONE COPY, LET'S

5988
04:30:44,446 --> 04:30:46,214
SAY ONE TO THREE COPIES, IT WILL

5989
04:30:46,214 --> 04:30:47,115
TAKE A LONG TIME.

5990
04:30:47,115 --> 04:30:51,720
AND IT WON'T WORK IN THE CURRENT

5991
04:30:51,720 --> 04:30:52,854
SETTING, ESPECIALLY AT POINT OF

5992
04:30:52,854 --> 04:30:53,054
CARE.

5993
04:30:53,054 --> 04:30:54,723
SO WHAT YOU END UP DOING IN MOST

5994
04:30:54,723 --> 04:30:56,024
OF THESE APPROACHES IS YOU HAVE

5995
04:30:56,024 --> 04:30:57,592
TO DO A PREAMPLIFICATION.

5996
04:30:57,592 --> 04:30:59,294
IF YOU HAVE TO DO A

5997
04:30:59,294 --> 04:31:00,628
PREAMPLIFICATION WITH LAMP OR

5998
04:31:00,628 --> 04:31:02,130
SOME OTHER TECHNIQUE, THEN IT

5999
04:31:02,130 --> 04:31:03,631
JUST KIND OF DEFEATS THE PURPOSE

6000
04:31:03,631 --> 04:31:05,333
BECAUSE IT'S ADDING ANOTHER 20

6001
04:31:05,333 --> 04:31:07,002
MINUTES, YOU MIGHT AS WELL JUST

6002
04:31:07,002 --> 04:31:08,436
USE LAMP.

6003
04:31:08,436 --> 04:31:11,006
AND THE USE OF CRISPR ADDS A

6004
04:31:11,006 --> 04:31:12,674
LITTLE BIT OF SPECIFICITY BUT

6005
04:31:12,674 --> 04:31:13,875
IT'S NOT WORTH IT.

6006
04:31:13,875 --> 04:31:15,110
ACTUALLY I THINK THAT'S BEEN

6007
04:31:15,110 --> 04:31:17,545
PROVEN NOW, AND SHOWN AND

6008
04:31:17,545 --> 04:31:18,413
EVERYONE BELIEVES THAT AND THE

6009
04:31:18,413 --> 04:31:19,814
COMPANIES THAT WERE STARTED SOME

6010
04:31:19,814 --> 04:31:21,249
YEARS AGO TO DO THAT ACTUALLY

6011
04:31:21,249 --> 04:31:22,650
HAVE ALL CHANGED THEIR BUSINESS

6012
04:31:22,650 --> 04:31:23,918
PLAN AND DIRECTION.

6013
04:31:23,918 --> 04:31:26,488
WHAT YOU NEED IS SOME SORT OF AN

6014
04:31:26,488 --> 04:31:27,155
AMPLIFICATION REACTION IF YOU'RE

6015
04:31:27,155 --> 04:31:28,123
GOING TO USE THE CRISPR/CAS

6016
04:31:28,123 --> 04:31:31,359
CADE, SO THIS IS AN APPROACH

6017
04:31:31,359 --> 04:31:32,994
WHERE YOU HAVE TWO SYSTEMS.

6018
04:31:32,994 --> 04:31:36,598
YOU HAVE THE FIRST SYSTEM CALLED

6019
04:31:36,598 --> 04:31:37,899
CAS12, THE TARGET DNA, AND THEN

6020
04:31:37,899 --> 04:31:41,703
WHAT YOU DO IS YOU ALSO HAVE

6021
04:31:41,703 --> 04:31:44,873
A -- WHAT WE CALL A BLOCKED

6022
04:31:44,873 --> 04:31:46,174
NUCLEIC ACID THAT HAS REGIONS OF

6023
04:31:46,174 --> 04:31:47,776
SINGLE STRANDED, LET'S SAY THESE

6024
04:31:47,776 --> 04:31:49,544
LOOPS, SO BASED ON THIS TARGET

6025
04:31:49,544 --> 04:31:52,047
BINDING WHEN THIS ENZYME GETS

6026
04:31:52,047 --> 04:31:54,949
ACTIVATED, IT WOULD CUT OFF THIS

6027
04:31:54,949 --> 04:31:56,284
REGION AND THIS REGION, WHICH

6028
04:31:56,284 --> 04:31:58,119
WILL RELEASE A NUCLEIC ACID.

6029
04:31:58,119 --> 04:31:59,921
THIS UNBLOCKED NUCLEIC ACID

6030
04:31:59,921 --> 04:32:02,023
WOULD THEN ACTIVATE A SECOND

6031
04:32:02,023 --> 04:32:03,992
SYSTEM.

6032
04:32:03,992 --> 04:32:07,762
THE SECOND SYSTEM THEN HAS THIS

6033
04:32:07,762 --> 04:32:08,730
CYCLICAL, CASCADE EFFECT BY ALSO

6034
04:32:08,730 --> 04:32:10,365
CUTTING OFF THAT BLOCKED NUCLEIC

6035
04:32:10,365 --> 04:32:12,267
ACID AND ALSO THE REPORTERS,

6036
04:32:12,267 --> 04:32:14,602
BOTH THE ENZYMES, ACTIVATED

6037
04:32:14,602 --> 04:32:18,139
ENZYMES CAN ALSO START TO CLEAVE

6038
04:32:18,139 --> 04:32:19,507
THIS, SO THIS WOULD BE AN

6039
04:32:19,507 --> 04:32:21,209
EXPONENTIAL RE'TION.

6040
04:32:21,209 --> 04:32:23,078
THIS WOULD HAPPEN VERY FAST, IT

6041
04:32:23,078 --> 04:32:25,246
DOESN'T NEED THE ENZYMATIC, THE

6042
04:32:25,246 --> 04:32:28,850
ACTUAL -- LIKE A POLYMERASE

6043
04:32:28,850 --> 04:32:30,151
BUILDING UP THE MOLECULE.

6044
04:32:30,151 --> 04:32:31,786
SO THIS IS PRETTY EXCITING, A

6045
04:32:31,786 --> 04:32:34,456
LOT OF WORK GOING ON ON THIS,

6046
04:32:34,456 --> 04:32:36,891
HAS BEEN NOW A HANDFUL OF

6047
04:32:36,891 --> 04:32:38,726
PAPERS, ONLY FOUR OR FIVE ONLY,

6048
04:32:38,726 --> 04:32:40,862
BUT I'LL JUST SHOW YOU THIS IS

6049
04:32:40,862 --> 04:32:42,397
SUBMITTED, SO -- WE ACTUALLY

6050
04:32:42,397 --> 04:32:45,500
SHOWED YOU CAN DESIGN THIS OR

6051
04:32:45,500 --> 04:32:47,869
FUNCTION WHERE YOU HAVE THE

6052
04:32:47,869 --> 04:32:51,539
BLOOD PATHOGENS, IN THIS CASE

6053
04:32:51,539 --> 04:32:56,244
MRSA, MSSA, E. COLI AND HBV.

6054
04:32:56,244 --> 04:32:57,679
WE ACTUALLY SHOWED THAT IF ANY

6055
04:32:57,679 --> 04:32:58,713
ONE OF THOSE IS PRESENT, YOU GET

6056
04:32:58,713 --> 04:32:59,581
A POSITIVE SIGNAL.

6057
04:32:59,581 --> 04:33:01,516
SO IT'S LIKE AN OR FUNCTION, AND

6058
04:33:01,516 --> 04:33:02,717
ESSENTIALLY A PANEL, YOU CAN

6059
04:33:02,717 --> 04:33:04,385
DESIGN THIS FOR A LARGER NUMBER,

6060
04:33:04,385 --> 04:33:06,287
WE SHOWED IT WITH 4, SO IF ANY

6061
04:33:06,287 --> 04:33:10,325
OF THESE PATHOGENS ARE IN THAT

6062
04:33:10,325 --> 04:33:12,293
SAMPLE, YOU GET A SIGNAL.

6063
04:33:12,293 --> 04:33:13,661
THE CHALLENGE IS THAT THE

6064
04:33:13,661 --> 04:33:14,762
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO HAS TO BE

6065
04:33:14,762 --> 04:33:15,330
EVEN HIGHER.

6066
04:33:15,330 --> 04:33:16,631
I THINK THIS IS MAYBE

6067
04:33:16,631 --> 04:33:17,799
ACCEPTABLE, BUT IF YOU REALLY

6068
04:33:17,799 --> 04:33:19,534
WANT TO TRANSLATE AND

6069
04:33:19,534 --> 04:33:20,735
COMMERCIALIZE THIS, THIS IS NOT

6070
04:33:20,735 --> 04:33:22,137
GOOD ENOUGH.

6071
04:33:22,137 --> 04:33:23,004
1.4 IS NOT GOOD.

6072
04:33:23,004 --> 04:33:24,772
SO YOU HAVE TO WORK ON REDUCING

6073
04:33:24,772 --> 04:33:26,040
THE BACKGROUND, BECAUSE WHAT

6074
04:33:26,040 --> 04:33:28,343
HAPPENS IS IF THERE IS

6075
04:33:28,343 --> 04:33:30,378
NONSPECIFIC CLEAVAGE OF THOSE

6076
04:33:30,378 --> 04:33:31,913
SINGLE STRANDED REGIONS BY THE

6077
04:33:31,913 --> 04:33:34,215
ENZYME OR THE BLOCKED NUCLEIC

6078
04:33:34,215 --> 04:33:36,484
ACID IS NOT ALWAYS A PERFECT

6079
04:33:36,484 --> 04:33:38,520
SWITCH AT THE TEMPERATURE YOU'RE

6080
04:33:38,520 --> 04:33:38,853
OPERATING AT.

6081
04:33:38,853 --> 04:33:41,990
SO THERE'S A MELTING CURVE AND

6082
04:33:41,990 --> 04:33:43,191
MELTING CURVE HAS TAILS AND FACT

6083
04:33:43,191 --> 04:33:44,592
IS THAT ENOUGH OF THE MOLECULES

6084
04:33:44,592 --> 04:33:46,427
ARE ACTUALLY UNBLOCKED SO THE

6085
04:33:46,427 --> 04:33:47,762
ENZYME GETS ACTIVATED BEFORE YOU

6086
04:33:47,762 --> 04:33:49,697
WANT TO.

6087
04:33:49,697 --> 04:33:51,032
SO I THINK THAT'S THE KEY

6088
04:33:51,032 --> 04:33:51,666
TECHNICAL CHALLENGE THAT NEEDS

6089
04:33:51,666 --> 04:33:54,469
TO BE ADDRESSED.

6090
04:33:54,469 --> 04:33:58,306
BUT THIS IS VERY EXCITING AND

6091
04:33:58,306 --> 04:33:59,507
ACTUALLY WE'RE WORKING ON

6092
04:33:59,507 --> 04:34:00,275
COMMERCIALIZING IT THROUGH A

6093
04:34:00,275 --> 04:34:03,178
COMPANY CALLED VEDABIO THAT HAS

6094
04:34:03,178 --> 04:34:04,979
THE I.P. AROUND THIS AND IS

6095
04:34:04,979 --> 04:34:06,114
CONTINUING TO PUSH THIS FORWARD

6096
04:34:06,114 --> 04:34:08,049
AND THIS IS A WHOLE STORY OF

6097
04:34:08,049 --> 04:34:09,684
ITSELF BUT IT'S VERY EXCITING

6098
04:34:09,684 --> 04:34:10,985
AND IT'S PRETTY RECENT.

6099
04:34:10,985 --> 04:34:12,153
LET ME TALK ABOUT OTHER

6100
04:34:12,153 --> 04:34:13,021
TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE ARE VERY

6101
04:34:13,021 --> 04:34:15,423
INTERESTED IN.

6102
04:34:15,423 --> 04:34:16,624
SO CELLS AND MOLECULES FROM A

6103
04:34:16,624 --> 04:34:18,693
DROP OF BLOOD FOR THE IMMUNE

6104
04:34:18,693 --> 04:34:18,993
STATUS.

6105
04:34:18,993 --> 04:34:20,762
SO WHETHER IT'S SPECIFIC TYPES

6106
04:34:20,762 --> 04:34:23,798
OF CELLS OR DNA, RNA, OR

6107
04:34:23,798 --> 04:34:25,200
PROTEINS, SO WE'VE HAD THIS

6108
04:34:25,200 --> 04:34:27,168
PLATFORM THAT WEE HAVE BEEN

6109
04:34:27,168 --> 04:34:29,137
WORKING ON AND REFINING AND

6110
04:34:29,137 --> 04:34:30,238
IMPROVING FOR A WHILE.

6111
04:34:30,238 --> 04:34:31,706
THIS WAS ORIGINALLY LICENSED TO

6112
04:34:31,706 --> 04:34:33,341
THE COMPANY I'LL MENTION NEXT.

6113
04:34:33,341 --> 04:34:37,912
THE IDEA HERE IS PUTTING CULTURE

6114
04:34:37,912 --> 04:34:39,214
COUNTER, A VERY WELL ESTABLISHED

6115
04:34:39,214 --> 04:34:41,416
TECHNOLOGY, ON A CHIP BUT PUT

6116
04:34:41,416 --> 04:34:42,383
MULTIPLE CULTURE COUNTERS AND

6117
04:34:42,383 --> 04:34:43,918
BUILD THE IMMUNOCAPTURE REGION

6118
04:34:43,918 --> 04:34:44,419
IN BETWEEN.

6119
04:34:44,419 --> 04:34:48,256
SO THE HAVE THE CULTURE COUNTER

6120
04:34:48,256 --> 04:34:49,123
HEAR, HEAR, WHICH CAN COUNT

6121
04:34:49,123 --> 04:34:50,291
CELLS AND PERHAPS TELL YOU SOME

6122
04:34:50,291 --> 04:34:51,159
OF THE TYPES OF THE WHITE BLOOD

6123
04:34:51,159 --> 04:34:52,694
CELLS AND THEN THERE'S A COUNTER

6124
04:34:52,694 --> 04:34:54,028
AT THE EXIT OF THIS AND IN

6125
04:34:54,028 --> 04:34:55,830
BETWEEN, YOU HAVE THIS HIGH

6126
04:34:55,830 --> 04:34:57,699
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO,

6127
04:34:57,699 --> 04:34:59,133
WHERE ANTIBODIES ARE ATTACHED.

6128
04:34:59,133 --> 04:35:04,872
THIS IS INSPIRED FROM WORK WHERE

6129
04:35:04,872 --> 04:35:06,641
THEY DID THE CB CCAP TOUR ON

6130
04:35:06,641 --> 04:35:08,476
THESE POSTS AND THEN WE BUILT

6131
04:35:08,476 --> 04:35:09,744
OUT THE OTHER PARTS WHICH IS

6132
04:35:09,744 --> 04:35:11,512
THIS PROCESSING OF WHOLE BLOOD

6133
04:35:11,512 --> 04:35:13,248
AND LYSING OF RED BLOOD CELLS

6134
04:35:13,248 --> 04:35:15,049
AND PURIFICATION AND, TRACKS OR

6135
04:35:15,049 --> 04:35:16,150
COLLECTION OF THE WHITE BLOOD

6136
04:35:16,150 --> 04:35:21,756
CELLS.

6137
04:35:21,756 --> 04:35:32,033
SO WHOLE BLOOD COMES IN, GOES

6138
04:35:32,033 --> 04:35:34,302
THROUGH A MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE,

6139
04:35:34,302 --> 04:35:35,270
THERE IS A FLUID SHEET COMING

6140
04:35:35,270 --> 04:35:37,472
FROM THE SIDE, THE MIDDLE PART

6141
04:35:37,472 --> 04:35:39,107
HERE IS WHOLE BLOOD AND AFTER A

6142
04:35:39,107 --> 04:35:40,375
FEW SERPENTINE TURNS, YOU CAN

6143
04:35:40,375 --> 04:35:41,909
SEE THE BLOOD WILL START TO LOOK

6144
04:35:41,909 --> 04:35:42,910
TRANSPARENT BECAUSE THE RED

6145
04:35:42,910 --> 04:35:47,115
BLOOD CELLS ARE GETTING LYSED

6146
04:35:47,115 --> 04:35:48,549
AND THERE ARE RED BLOOD CELLS

6147
04:35:48,549 --> 04:35:50,518
GETTING COVERED.

6148
04:35:50,518 --> 04:35:51,719
THEY'RE A THOUSAND TIMES LESS IN

6149
04:35:51,719 --> 04:35:53,221
NUMBER SO THAT'S WHY YOU CAN

6150
04:35:53,221 --> 04:35:56,958
BARE LEABARELY SEE THEM BUT THEE

6151
04:35:56,958 --> 04:35:59,093
THERE, THEY GO THROUGH THE

6152
04:35:59,093 --> 04:36:00,395
COUNTER, CAPTURE, COUNTER.

6153
04:36:00,395 --> 04:36:02,163
SO USING THIS, WE HAVE DONE A

6154
04:36:02,163 --> 04:36:03,298
RANGE OF THINGS I'LL SHOW YOU.

6155
04:36:03,298 --> 04:36:04,966
WE HAVE DONE CAPTURE AND

6156
04:36:04,966 --> 04:36:07,368
EXPRESSION LEVEL OF

6157
04:36:07,368 --> 04:36:08,303
CD64 EXPRESSING NEUTROPHILS.

6158
04:36:08,303 --> 04:36:10,605
THIS IS A MARKER FOR

6159
04:36:10,605 --> 04:36:12,774
INFLAMMATION AND FOR SEPSIS, SO

6160
04:36:12,774 --> 04:36:13,975
WHEN PATIENTS ARE PROGRESSING

6161
04:36:13,975 --> 04:36:17,111
THROUGH THE STAGES OF

6162
04:36:17,111 --> 04:36:19,080
INFLAMMATION, THEIR

6163
04:36:19,080 --> 04:36:19,847
CD64 EXPRESSION HAS SHOWN TO BE

6164
04:36:19,847 --> 04:36:24,786
HIGH SO WE DO THAT FROM IN OUR

6165
04:36:24,786 --> 04:36:25,653
DEVICE.

6166
04:36:25,653 --> 04:36:31,459
YOU CAN SEE ON THE TOP HERE IS

6167
04:36:31,459 --> 04:36:32,994
THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT COUNTS

6168
04:36:32,994 --> 04:36:34,796
ESSENTIALLY AND THE DIFFERENCE

6169
04:36:34,796 --> 04:36:35,997
OF THOSE TWO COUNTS IN THIS CASE

6170
04:36:35,997 --> 04:36:43,204
GIVES YOU THE GRANULOCYTES, THE

6171
04:36:43,204 --> 04:36:44,072
MONOCYTES.

6172
04:36:44,072 --> 04:36:46,140
THE X AXIS IS FROM A FLOW

6173
04:36:46,140 --> 04:36:50,611
CYTOMETER AND THE Y AXIS IS FROM

6174
04:36:50,611 --> 04:36:52,080
OUR CHIP.

6175
04:36:52,080 --> 04:36:52,880
SO THE SAMPLE IS SPLIT.

6176
04:36:52,880 --> 04:36:54,048
THE OTHER PART OF THE SAMPLE IS

6177
04:36:54,048 --> 04:36:57,685
RUN THROUGH A COMMERCIAL FLOW

6178
04:36:57,685 --> 04:37:00,588
CYTOMETER AND YOU GET PRETTY

6179
04:37:00,588 --> 04:37:02,523
GOOD CORRELATION OF THINGS RUN

6180
04:37:02,523 --> 04:37:03,758
IN THE LAB AND BY STUDENTS.

6181
04:37:03,758 --> 04:37:05,493
THE DEVICE IS OPTIMIZED TO GET

6182
04:37:05,493 --> 04:37:07,028
THE RIGHT SHEER STRESS OF THE

6183
04:37:07,028 --> 04:37:08,996
CHAMBER WALL, AND YOU CAN

6184
04:37:08,996 --> 04:37:10,398
ACTUALLY TRACK EVEN PATIENT AS

6185
04:37:10,398 --> 04:37:11,833
THEY ARE IN THE HOSPITAL, THEY

6186
04:37:11,833 --> 04:37:14,202
WERE ABLE TO GET PATIENT SAMPLES

6187
04:37:14,202 --> 04:37:15,436
THROUGH THE HOSPITAL, THROUGH

6188
04:37:15,436 --> 04:37:17,505
THEIR STAY, AND YOU CAN TRACK

6189
04:37:17,505 --> 04:37:19,574
THEIR CELL COUNT AT A POINT OF

6190
04:37:19,574 --> 04:37:20,608
CARE.

6191
04:37:20,608 --> 04:37:22,043
WE WERE ABLE TO TAKE THE SAME

6192
04:37:22,043 --> 04:37:26,748
TECHNIQUE AND WORK WITH

6193
04:37:26,748 --> 04:37:28,850
PROFESSOR HAHN IN SEMI INDUSTRY

6194
04:37:28,850 --> 04:37:30,518
AND BUILD A CULTURE COUNTER THAT

6195
04:37:30,518 --> 04:37:31,519
ALSO HAS A DIFFERENCE IN THE

6196
04:37:31,519 --> 04:37:32,053
ELECTRICAL SIGNATURE.

6197
04:37:32,053 --> 04:37:34,555
SO IF YOU WERE TO MAKE BEADS

6198
04:37:34,555 --> 04:37:38,593
THAT WERE ABOUT THE SAME SIZE,

6199
04:37:38,593 --> 04:37:40,328
BUT HAD A DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL

6200
04:37:40,328 --> 04:37:43,398
SIGNATURE, YOU COULD ACTUALLY

6201
04:37:43,398 --> 04:37:45,800
MULTIPLEX.

6202
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:48,403
TODAY IT CANNOT BE MULTIPLEXED.

6203
04:37:48,403 --> 04:37:50,071
YOU SEE AN EXAMPLE OF THREE

6204
04:37:50,071 --> 04:37:53,274
TYPES OF BEADS ABOUT THE SAME

6205
04:37:53,274 --> 04:37:54,575
SIZE, 11 TO 13 MICRONS IN

6206
04:37:54,575 --> 04:37:56,444
DIAMETER BUT THEIR COMPOSITION

6207
04:37:56,444 --> 04:37:57,011
IS DIFFERENT.

6208
04:37:57,011 --> 04:38:00,548
WITH DIFFERENT PERCENT OF THE

6209
04:38:00,548 --> 04:38:01,449
HYDROGEL THAT WAS USED TO

6210
04:38:01,449 --> 04:38:02,817
SYNTHESIZE THIS AND YOU CAN SEE

6211
04:38:02,817 --> 04:38:04,519
A VERY DIFFERENT IMPEE DANCE

6212
04:38:04,519 --> 04:38:06,854
SIGNAL AS THE BEADS FLOW BY THE

6213
04:38:06,854 --> 04:38:07,088
COUNTER.

6214
04:38:07,088 --> 04:38:09,123
HERE IS THE ACTUAL PULSES, THE

6215
04:38:09,123 --> 04:38:10,625
THREE DIFFERENT AMPLITUDE

6216
04:38:10,625 --> 04:38:10,858
PULSES.

6217
04:38:10,858 --> 04:38:12,293
SO NOW THE BEADS ARE USED TO

6218
04:38:12,293 --> 04:38:13,628
CAPTURE A BIOMOLE KEUL FROM THE

6219
04:38:13,628 --> 04:38:14,195
SAMPLE.

6220
04:38:14,195 --> 04:38:15,930
WE CAN THEN DESIGN THE CHEMISTRY

6221
04:38:15,930 --> 04:38:17,198
TO CAPTURE THE BEADS ON THE

6222
04:38:17,198 --> 04:38:18,733
POSTS AND ALSO BE ABLE TO USE

6223
04:38:18,733 --> 04:38:22,336
THE SAME EXACT PLATFORM FOR RNA

6224
04:38:22,336 --> 04:38:25,239
AND DNA DETECTION AS WELL AS --

6225
04:38:25,239 --> 04:38:25,907
OR PROTEIN DETECTION.

6226
04:38:25,907 --> 04:38:27,542
SO THAT'S THE GOAL HERE, WE

6227
04:38:27,542 --> 04:38:28,543
DEMONSTRATED THAT WITH PROTEINS

6228
04:38:28,543 --> 04:38:31,012
AND ALSO WITH SOME MICRORNA, AND

6229
04:38:31,012 --> 04:38:32,814
WHAT'S EXCITING ABOUT THIS IS

6230
04:38:32,814 --> 04:38:34,048
FROM THE SAME BLOOD SAMPLE, SO

6231
04:38:34,048 --> 04:38:36,517
YOU CAN ACTUALLY GET -- YOU CAN

6232
04:38:36,517 --> 04:38:38,286
CAPTURE CELLS AND IF YOU HAVE

6233
04:38:38,286 --> 04:38:39,353
THESE BEADS, THEN YOU CAN ALSO

6234
04:38:39,353 --> 04:38:41,556
IN THE SAME SAMPLE BE ABLE TO

6235
04:38:41,556 --> 04:38:42,757
DETECT OTHER BIOMARKERS.

6236
04:38:42,757 --> 04:38:44,625
SO WE'RE KIND OF WORKING TOWARDS

6237
04:38:44,625 --> 04:38:46,794
EX-PANNING THAT.

6238
04:38:46,794 --> 04:38:48,296
BUT WHERE THIS IS ALL LEADING TO

6239
04:38:48,296 --> 04:38:49,497
IN PARALLEL WHAT WE HAD ALSO

6240
04:38:49,497 --> 04:38:51,666
BEEN WORKING ON, THIS IS A

6241
04:38:51,666 --> 04:38:52,300
SEPSIS BIOMARKER STUDY.

6242
04:38:52,300 --> 04:38:54,168
SO SEPSIS IS A VERY COMPLICATED

6243
04:38:54,168 --> 04:38:54,435
CONDITION.

6244
04:38:54,435 --> 04:38:56,337
I WON'T GET INTO THE BIOLOGY OF

6245
04:38:56,337 --> 04:39:00,708
IT, NOT THAT I CLAIM TO KNOW IT.

6246
04:39:00,708 --> 04:39:01,809
BUT THERE'S A LOT OF PAPERS OUT

6247
04:39:01,809 --> 04:39:02,143
THERE.

6248
04:39:02,143 --> 04:39:05,813
IT'S A HIGHLY COMPLEX PROCESS

6249
04:39:05,813 --> 04:39:09,517
WITH MULTIPLE STEPS THROUGH IT,

6250
04:39:09,517 --> 04:39:13,254
WHERE THE PATIENT EXHIBITS A

6251
04:39:13,254 --> 04:39:14,889
PRO-INFLAMMATORY CASCADES AND

6252
04:39:14,889 --> 04:39:16,924
STAGE AND AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

6253
04:39:16,924 --> 04:39:18,693
STAGE.

6254
04:39:18,693 --> 04:39:22,196
SO WHAT WE DID WAS WORKING WITH

6255
04:39:22,196 --> 04:39:23,831
CARLE SOME YEARS AGO, IT'S BEEN

6256
04:39:23,831 --> 04:39:24,999
ABOUT SEVEN, EIGHT YEARS, WE

6257
04:39:24,999 --> 04:39:26,534
ACTUALLY PLANNED KIND OF A BIG

6258
04:39:26,534 --> 04:39:27,835
STUDY WHERE WE LOOKED AT THE

6259
04:39:27,835 --> 04:39:30,104
LITERATURE THAT WAS THERE, AND

6260
04:39:30,104 --> 04:39:32,406
SEPSIS HAS NO ONE BIOMARKER,

6261
04:39:32,406 --> 04:39:33,741
IT'S KNOWN ALREADY.

6262
04:39:33,741 --> 04:39:34,909
IT'S NOT LIKE FOR HEART

6263
04:39:34,909 --> 04:39:36,077
CONDITION, YOU HAVE TROPONIN.

6264
04:39:36,077 --> 04:39:38,479
IT'S A SINGLE BIOMARKER THAT'S

6265
04:39:38,479 --> 04:39:40,014
HIGHLY CORRELATED TO WHAT

6266
04:39:40,014 --> 04:39:40,681
HAPPENED.

6267
04:39:40,681 --> 04:39:45,887
SEPSIS HAS NO ONE BIOMARKER.

6268
04:39:45,887 --> 04:39:47,955
SO WE LOOKED AT ALL THESE

6269
04:39:47,955 --> 04:39:50,591
PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, THERE

6270
04:39:50,591 --> 04:39:52,627
ARE SOME NEUTROPHILS IN THERE,

6271
04:39:52,627 --> 04:39:55,363
CD64, SO WE DESIGNED THIS STUDY,

6272
04:39:55,363 --> 04:39:59,834
GOT CARLE TO DO THAT, DR. KAREN

6273
04:39:59,834 --> 04:40:01,769
WHITE AND ANOTHER, DR. JAMES

6274
04:40:01,769 --> 04:40:02,370
KUMAR.

6275
04:40:02,370 --> 04:40:04,405
AND WE WOULD ALSO GET THE EMR

6276
04:40:04,405 --> 04:40:05,840
DATA FOR THOSE PATIENT FOR THEIR

6277
04:40:05,840 --> 04:40:06,173
ENTIRE STAY.

6278
04:40:06,173 --> 04:40:07,675
THIS WAS A VERY INTERESTING

6279
04:40:07,675 --> 04:40:08,976
COMPLEX LONG PROCESS.

6280
04:40:08,976 --> 04:40:10,378
THE ADJUDICATION PROCESS IS

6281
04:40:10,378 --> 04:40:12,246
REALLY INTERESTING.

6282
04:40:12,246 --> 04:40:13,881
AND NOT VERY WELL-DEFINED FOR

6283
04:40:13,881 --> 04:40:14,515
SEPSIS.

6284
04:40:14,515 --> 04:40:15,716
SO WE KIND OF WORKED THROUGH

6285
04:40:15,716 --> 04:40:17,251
THAT, SOME OF THIS WORK IS

6286
04:40:17,251 --> 04:40:19,954
PUBLISHED, AND THEN WE APPLIED

6287
04:40:19,954 --> 04:40:20,955
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS,

6288
04:40:20,955 --> 04:40:25,426
WHICH IS NOW A.I., WITH

6289
04:40:25,426 --> 04:40:28,396
PROFESSOR ZU -- STATISTICS

6290
04:40:28,396 --> 04:40:30,031
DEPARTMENT AT UIC AND AT THE END

6291
04:40:30,031 --> 04:40:31,632
OF THE DAY, THE BOTTOM LINE IS

6292
04:40:31,632 --> 04:40:33,801
THIS, YOU HAVE ON THE X AXIS ALL

6293
04:40:33,801 --> 04:40:35,002
OF THESE PARAMETERS, MANY OF

6294
04:40:35,002 --> 04:40:36,537
THEM ARE MEASURED FROM THE

6295
04:40:36,537 --> 04:40:37,138
BLOOD.

6296
04:40:37,138 --> 04:40:38,706
AND THEN THERE IS THE ONES FROM

6297
04:40:38,706 --> 04:40:42,843
EMR.

6298
04:40:42,843 --> 04:40:46,781
AND THE Y AXIS IS THE NORMALIZED

6299
04:40:46,781 --> 04:40:47,748
FEATURE COEFFICIENT WHICH IS THE

6300
04:40:47,748 --> 04:40:49,050
IMPORTANCE OF THAT PARAMETER TO

6301
04:40:49,050 --> 04:40:49,584
THE END OUT COME.

6302
04:40:49,584 --> 04:40:51,419
YOU CAN SEE THERE IS MULTIPLE

6303
04:40:51,419 --> 04:40:54,388
PARAMETERS.

6304
04:40:54,388 --> 04:40:57,325
SO I THINK THIS IS IMPORTANT.

6305
04:40:57,325 --> 04:40:58,292
AND THEN YOU CAN -- THIS CURVE

6306
04:40:58,292 --> 04:41:01,062
IS REALLY TELLING, IS THAT IF

6307
04:41:01,062 --> 04:41:03,664
YOU NOW WERE TO RUN THAT SAME

6308
04:41:03,664 --> 04:41:05,399
DATA AND RUN IT AGAINST TODAY'S

6309
04:41:05,399 --> 04:41:09,770
STANDARD, WHICH IS A SOFA OR

6310
04:41:09,770 --> 04:41:11,639
QSOFA SCORE WHICH THE PHYSICIANS

6311
04:41:11,639 --> 04:41:14,609
DO, YOU GET THIS ORANGE AND THE

6312
04:41:14,609 --> 04:41:16,110
PURPLE CURVE, THESE TWO.

6313
04:41:16,110 --> 04:41:18,779
AND HERE, THE AUC IS ABOUT .5.

6314
04:41:18,779 --> 04:41:23,918
SO IT'S A COINS COIN TOSS BASIC.

6315
04:41:23,918 --> 04:41:24,819
THAT'S WHAT'S HAPPENING TODAY

6316
04:41:24,819 --> 04:41:26,420
BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE THE BLOOD

6317
04:41:26,420 --> 04:41:27,655
BASE INFORMATION THAT WE CAN

6318
04:41:27,655 --> 04:41:28,456
INFORM THE PHYSICIANS WITH.

6319
04:41:28,456 --> 04:41:30,257
BUT AS YOU START TO ADD THESE

6320
04:41:30,257 --> 04:41:34,328
BIOMARKERS FROM BLOOD, YOU CAN

6321
04:41:34,328 --> 04:41:36,397
GET TO, IN THIS CASE .8 AND THIS

6322
04:41:36,397 --> 04:41:37,898
DATA IS NOW A FEW YEARS OLD.

6323
04:41:37,898 --> 04:41:39,133
SO THE FACT IS THAT IF YOU TAKE

6324
04:41:39,133 --> 04:41:41,736
THE EMR DATA BUT ADD BIOMARKER

6325
04:41:41,736 --> 04:41:45,239
DATA, YOU CAN REALLY INCREASE

6326
04:41:45,239 --> 04:41:46,707
THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF THIS

6327
04:41:46,707 --> 04:41:46,907
MODEL.

6328
04:41:46,907 --> 04:41:49,677
IF YOU WERE TO TEST MULTIPLE

6329
04:41:49,677 --> 04:41:51,379
PROTEINS, FIVE OR SIX MARKERS,

6330
04:41:51,379 --> 04:41:51,846
LET'S SAY.

6331
04:41:51,846 --> 04:41:53,481
SO THIS IS WHAT THEN ALSO BECAME

6332
04:41:53,481 --> 04:41:56,317
THE BASIS OF A COMPANY CALLED

6333
04:41:56,317 --> 04:41:57,485
PRENOSIS .

6334
04:41:57,485 --> 04:41:58,486
IT'S A VERY INTERESTING STORY

6335
04:41:58,486 --> 04:42:01,756
AND I GIVE ALL THE CREDIT TO THE

6336
04:42:01,756 --> 04:42:04,458
CO-FOUNDER, MY PH.D. STUDENT

6337
04:42:04,458 --> 04:42:07,528
POSTDOC BOBBY REDDY.

6338
04:42:07,528 --> 04:42:08,496
INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, AS WE

6339
04:42:08,496 --> 04:42:16,237
STARTED TO COLLECT HEME, WE

6340
04:42:16,237 --> 04:42:17,905
STARTED TO COLLECT BLOOD SAMPLES

6341
04:42:17,905 --> 04:42:22,877
TO DO THE TEST ON THE DEVICE.

6342
04:42:22,877 --> 04:42:24,845
I WAS VERY EXCITED ABOUT THE

6343
04:42:24,845 --> 04:42:25,179
DEVICE.

6344
04:42:25,179 --> 04:42:27,148
AND ALONG THE WAY YOU KNOW THE

6345
04:42:27,148 --> 04:42:28,649
POWER, HERE THE GOLD MINE IS THE

6346
04:42:28,649 --> 04:42:30,051
BLOOD SAMPLES, ALL OF THE OTHER

6347
04:42:30,051 --> 04:42:30,951
THINGS YOU CAN MEASURE FROM

6348
04:42:30,951 --> 04:42:31,385
THAT.

6349
04:42:31,385 --> 04:42:32,653
SO THEN HE MOVED THE COMPANY IN

6350
04:42:32,653 --> 04:42:33,521
A DIFFERENT DIRECTION, WHICH IS

6351
04:42:33,521 --> 04:42:35,523
TO BUILD A BIG DATASET

6352
04:42:35,523 --> 04:42:36,791
ESSENTIALLY FROM BLOOD SAMPLES

6353
04:42:36,791 --> 04:42:39,126
OF MULTIPLE PROTEINS, AND THEN

6354
04:42:39,126 --> 04:42:40,294
APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING AND

6355
04:42:40,294 --> 04:42:42,930
A.I. TO THAT, AND THEY GOT THE

6356
04:42:42,930 --> 04:42:45,166
FIRST FDA APPROVAL FOR AN

6357
04:42:45,166 --> 04:42:46,801
AI-DRIVEN TEST TO PREDICT SEPSIS

6358
04:42:46,801 --> 04:42:47,802
IN HOSPITALS.

6359
04:42:47,802 --> 04:42:48,969
ESSENTIALLY IT GIVES A RISK

6360
04:42:48,969 --> 04:42:50,404
SCORE, THIS WAS IN APRIL.

6361
04:42:50,404 --> 04:42:51,872
SO THE VISION IS STILL WHAT'S ON

6362
04:42:51,872 --> 04:42:53,340
THE LEFT, WHICH IS YOU HAVE A

6363
04:42:53,340 --> 04:42:54,909
DEVICE, YOU MEASURE -- YOU TAKE

6364
04:42:54,909 --> 04:42:56,610
A DROP OF BLOOD AND YOU MEASURE

6365
04:42:56,610 --> 04:42:58,312
THESE FOUR OR FIVE PARAMETERS,

6366
04:42:58,312 --> 04:42:59,413
BUT THEN YOU COMPARE THAT DATA

6367
04:42:59,413 --> 04:43:01,716
TO THIS BIG DATASET THAT'S IN

6368
04:43:01,716 --> 04:43:02,483
THE BACKGROUND.

6369
04:43:02,483 --> 04:43:05,152
AND THEN YOU PROVIDE A RISK

6370
04:43:05,152 --> 04:43:06,253
SCORE TO INFORM THE PHYSICIANS

6371
04:43:06,253 --> 04:43:07,788
AS TO WHO TO PAY ATTENTION TO

6372
04:43:07,788 --> 04:43:10,091
FIRST OR NOT.

6373
04:43:10,091 --> 04:43:11,492
SO HOPEFULLY THIS IS MOVING

6374
04:43:11,492 --> 04:43:11,726
FORWARD.

6375
04:43:11,726 --> 04:43:14,361
YOU CAN LOOK UP THE NEWS ON

6376
04:43:14,361 --> 04:43:15,329
THIS, ROCHE IS ACTUALLY

6377
04:43:15,329 --> 04:43:16,430
MARKETING THIS PRODUCT AS PART

6378
04:43:16,430 --> 04:43:17,598
OF THEIR PLATFORM.

6379
04:43:17,598 --> 04:43:19,667
AND IT'S VERY EXCITING.

6380
04:43:19,667 --> 04:43:20,901
AND MULTIPLE HOSPITALS NOW HAVE

6381
04:43:20,901 --> 04:43:23,170
ADOPTED THIS.

6382
04:43:23,170 --> 04:43:23,838
OKAY.

6383
04:43:23,838 --> 04:43:26,407
SO IN THE REMAINDER OF THE TIME,

6384
04:43:26,407 --> 04:43:27,508
I KNOW I HAVE MAYBE A LITTLE BIT

6385
04:43:27,508 --> 04:43:29,243
OF TIME BUT I'M RUNNING SHORT,

6386
04:43:29,243 --> 04:43:30,544
SO I WILL WANT TO LEAVE TIME FOR

6387
04:43:30,544 --> 04:43:30,978
Q & A.

6388
04:43:30,978 --> 04:43:32,179
I'LL JUST GO THROUGH THIS PART

6389
04:43:32,179 --> 04:43:33,080
QUICKLY.

6390
04:43:33,080 --> 04:43:34,915
LET ME JUST SKIP THROUGH.

6391
04:43:34,915 --> 04:43:39,620
WE'RE VERY INTERESTED ALSO IN 3D

6392
04:43:39,620 --> 04:43:40,821
BIOPRINTING AND BUILDING -- LIKE

6393
04:43:40,821 --> 04:43:42,089
I'M INTERESTED IN BUILDING

6394
04:43:42,089 --> 04:43:43,557
THINGS SO WE WANTED TO ALSO

6395
04:43:43,557 --> 04:43:50,965
BUILD THINGS AT THE MICRO

6396
04:43:50,965 --> 04:43:52,800
NANOMACKO SCALE, SO BIOPRINTING

6397
04:43:52,800 --> 04:43:53,801
IS SOMETHING WE'VE BEEN WORKING

6398
04:43:53,801 --> 04:43:55,436
ON FOR SOME TIME.

6399
04:43:55,436 --> 04:43:56,837
AND AGAIN THIS IS NOW, THERE'S

6400
04:43:56,837 --> 04:43:59,006
SO MANY PERMUTATIONS AND

6401
04:43:59,006 --> 04:44:01,976
VERSIONS OF THESE BIOPRINTERS.

6402
04:44:01,976 --> 04:44:03,911
THERE'S A LOT OF WORK ON T A LOT

6403
04:44:03,911 --> 04:44:05,346
OF GREAT, GREAT WORK, RIGHT?

6404
04:44:05,346 --> 04:44:06,647
SO WE HAVE PUBLISHED SOME STUFF

6405
04:44:06,647 --> 04:44:09,950
OVER THE YEARS AND WE CAN MAKE

6406
04:44:09,950 --> 04:44:11,552
THESE HYDROGEL STRUCTURES THAT

6407
04:44:11,552 --> 04:44:13,087
CAN BE THEN USED TO FORM TISSUES

6408
04:44:13,087 --> 04:44:15,689
OF WELL-DEFINED FORMS

6409
04:44:15,689 --> 04:44:16,457
ESSENTIALLY, SO SHAPES.

6410
04:44:16,457 --> 04:44:18,325
SO IN THIS CASE, WHAT YOU SEE IS

6411
04:44:18,325 --> 04:44:21,028
TOP VIEW HERE OF A MUSCLE --

6412
04:44:21,028 --> 04:44:22,696
WHAT WE CALL A MUSCLE STRIP

6413
04:44:22,696 --> 04:44:24,632
THAT'S ANCHORED BETWEEN TWO

6414
04:44:24,632 --> 04:44:26,300
POSTS THAT ARE VERTICALLY COMING

6415
04:44:26,300 --> 04:44:27,368
ON THE SCREEN HERE.

6416
04:44:27,368 --> 04:44:30,304
YOU CAN ALSO FORM A MUSCLE RING.

6417
04:44:30,304 --> 04:44:32,506
IF YOU HAVE A MOLE HERE THAT

6418
04:44:32,506 --> 04:44:36,544
BLOCKS THAT, WE TAKE OPT

6419
04:44:36,544 --> 04:44:38,345
GENETICALLY TRANSFECTED SKELETAL

6420
04:44:38,345 --> 04:44:42,016
MUSCLE CELLS, ADD FIBRIN AND

6421
04:44:42,016 --> 04:44:42,983
COLLAGEN WITH SOME MAY TRI GEL

6422
04:44:42,983 --> 04:44:50,291
AND YOU CAN ESSENTIALLY, OVER

6423
04:44:50,291 --> 04:44:53,160
MANY HOURS, THERE'S THIS

6424
04:44:53,160 --> 04:44:54,895
COMPACTION AND UNDULATION

6425
04:44:54,895 --> 04:44:56,096
PROCESS AND THESE CELLS AND

6426
04:44:56,096 --> 04:44:58,065
MATRIX COME TOGETHER AND FORM A

6427
04:44:58,065 --> 04:44:58,933
VERY WELL-DEFINED STRIP.

6428
04:44:58,933 --> 04:45:00,734
THIS IS OVER SEVEN HOURS, EIGHT

6429
04:45:00,734 --> 04:45:02,503
HOURS, SO OVER A FEW DAYS, THIS

6430
04:45:02,503 --> 04:45:04,471
VERY WELL-DEFINED MUSCLE STRIP

6431
04:45:04,471 --> 04:45:10,711
AND SHAPE IS FORMED, AND

6432
04:45:10,711 --> 04:45:12,880
PROFESSOR HERSAFE IS IN THE

6433
04:45:12,880 --> 04:45:13,781
AUDIENCE, WE'VE COLLABORATED

6434
04:45:13,781 --> 04:45:14,748
WITH HIM FOR MANY YEARS.

6435
04:45:14,748 --> 04:45:16,417
SO WE CAN TAKE THERE PROCESS AND

6436
04:45:16,417 --> 04:45:18,586
WE CAN NOW TURN THIS INTO THESE

6437
04:45:18,586 --> 04:45:21,856
BUILDING BLOCKS THAT NOW WE

6438
04:45:21,856 --> 04:45:25,125
ACTUALLY TEACH IN OUR

6439
04:45:25,125 --> 04:45:26,026
UNDERGRADUATE LABS ACTUALLY.

6440
04:45:26,026 --> 04:45:29,830
SO YOU CAN BUILD THESE MUSCLE

6441
04:45:29,830 --> 04:45:30,865
RINGS AND STRIPS OF DIFFERENT

6442
04:45:30,865 --> 04:45:32,666
SHAPES OR CIRCLES.

6443
04:45:32,666 --> 04:45:33,567
THEY'RE REASONABLY ROBUST.

6444
04:45:33,567 --> 04:45:37,171
YOU CAN ACTUALLY GRAB THEM AND

6445
04:45:37,171 --> 04:45:38,472
THEN MOVE THEM TO ANOTHER

6446
04:45:38,472 --> 04:45:39,573
STRUCTURE, ANOTHER SCAFFOLD

6447
04:45:39,573 --> 04:45:41,876
HERE.

6448
04:45:41,876 --> 04:45:43,177
SO ONE OF THE STUDENTS THAT DID

6449
04:45:43,177 --> 04:45:45,579
THIS WORK IS AT UIUC WHICH IS

6450
04:45:45,579 --> 04:45:49,917
NOW AT MIT, WE TRANSFERRED THIS

6451
04:45:49,917 --> 04:45:50,484
TO DIFFERENT LABS.

6452
04:45:50,484 --> 04:45:52,119
WE CAN ALSO DO THIS ON NEURAL

6453
04:45:52,119 --> 04:45:52,987
TISSUE, AND THERE'S SOME

6454
04:45:52,987 --> 04:45:56,924
DIFFERENT PARAMETERS THERE

6455
04:45:56,924 --> 04:45:58,025
BECAUSE THE STIFFNESS OF THE

6456
04:45:58,025 --> 04:45:59,360
MATERIAL HAS TO BE LESS TO ADAPT

6457
04:45:59,360 --> 04:46:00,995
TO THE NEURAL TISSUE, BUT THESE

6458
04:46:00,995 --> 04:46:06,100
ARE RINGS THAT ARE OF MOUSE

6459
04:46:06,100 --> 04:46:07,101
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL DERIVED

6460
04:46:07,101 --> 04:46:08,502
MOTOR NEURONS THAT HAVE BEEN

6461
04:46:08,502 --> 04:46:12,039
COMPACTED INTO THESE RINGS AND

6462
04:46:12,039 --> 04:46:13,774
THEY CAN ALSO BE GRABBED AND

6463
04:46:13,774 --> 04:46:15,075
TRANSFERRED ON TO, LET'S SAY, IN

6464
04:46:15,075 --> 04:46:16,944
THIS CASE A GLASS ROD, AS YOU'LL

6465
04:46:16,944 --> 04:46:19,213
SEE IN JUST A LITTLE BIT, AND

6466
04:46:19,213 --> 04:46:20,547
THEY CAN GROW PROCESSES.

6467
04:46:20,547 --> 04:46:22,716
SO IT'S THESE BUILDING BLOCKS AT

6468
04:46:22,716 --> 04:46:23,851
THE TISSUE THEY FEEL THAT YOU

6469
04:46:23,851 --> 04:46:26,654
CAN BUILD AND THEN PERHAPS BUILD

6470
04:46:26,654 --> 04:46:27,755
HIGH ORDER STRUCTURES WITH THAT.

6471
04:46:27,755 --> 04:46:29,390
SO IN THE INTEREST OF TIME I'LL

6472
04:46:29,390 --> 04:46:30,591
MOVE THROUGH THIS FAST BUT SHOW

6473
04:46:30,591 --> 04:46:31,892
THAT WE'RE INTERESTED HERE IN

6474
04:46:31,892 --> 04:46:33,060
DEVELOPING BIOLOGICAL MACHINES,

6475
04:46:33,060 --> 04:46:35,629
AND THIS WAS AGAIN PART OF A

6476
04:46:35,629 --> 04:46:37,598
CENTER THAT MANY OF US WERE ON

6477
04:46:37,598 --> 04:46:40,968
INCLUDING MANU, WAS PART OF

6478
04:46:40,968 --> 04:46:42,503
THAT, AND THE IDEA OF BUILDING

6479
04:46:42,503 --> 04:46:45,572
LET'S SAY BIOMECHANICAL SOFT

6480
04:46:45,572 --> 04:46:48,375
ROBOTICS THAT ARE DRIVEN BY

6481
04:46:48,375 --> 04:46:49,944
CELLS, SO I'M SURE THIS VIDEO L

6482
04:46:49,944 --> 04:46:54,048
THIS IS A CROSS-SECTION VIDEO,

6483
04:46:54,048 --> 04:46:55,816
THE WHITISH LAYER THERE IS

6484
04:46:55,816 --> 04:47:01,188
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE THAT HAS

6485
04:47:01,188 --> 04:47:05,726
CHANNEL RHODOPSIN TRANSFECTED SO

6486
04:47:05,726 --> 04:47:08,495
THESE ARE LIGHT SENSITIVE.

6487
04:47:08,495 --> 04:47:09,897
IT'S DESIGNED MECHANICALLY TO

6488
04:47:09,897 --> 04:47:10,998
MOVE IN ONE DIRECTION BECAUSE

6489
04:47:10,998 --> 04:47:14,902
YOU BREAK SYMMETRY, WALKING IN

6490
04:47:14,902 --> 04:47:15,803
ONE DIRECTION EVERY TIME YOU

6491
04:47:15,803 --> 04:47:16,236
SHINE LIGHT.

6492
04:47:16,236 --> 04:47:17,438
SO THE MUSCLE TWITCHES AND IT

6493
04:47:17,438 --> 04:47:19,340
MOVES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT IN A

6494
04:47:19,340 --> 04:47:20,607
PETRI DISH IN FLUID.

6495
04:47:20,607 --> 04:47:21,976
SO THESE KIND OF DEVICES AND

6496
04:47:21,976 --> 04:47:23,243
SORT OF THINKING ABOUT THIS

6497
04:47:23,243 --> 04:47:24,645
ENGINEERING OF BIOLOGY AT THE

6498
04:47:24,645 --> 04:47:26,080
SCALE I THINK WOULD BE VERY

6499
04:47:26,080 --> 04:47:26,513
INTERESTING.

6500
04:47:26,513 --> 04:47:29,383
WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED THIS, CAN

6501
04:47:29,383 --> 04:47:31,318
MEASURE FORCES BECAUSE YOU KNOW

6502
04:47:31,318 --> 04:47:32,753
THE MATERIALS WELL, AND AGAIN,

6503
04:47:32,753 --> 04:47:33,988
SOMETHING LIKE THIS NOW, WE'RE

6504
04:47:33,988 --> 04:47:36,690
DOING THIS IN OUR JUNIOR

6505
04:47:36,690 --> 04:47:37,558
BIOENGINEERING LAB IN THE

6506
04:47:37,558 --> 04:47:39,093
DEPARTMENT, AND HERE WE DID A

6507
04:47:39,093 --> 04:47:43,697
DLAB RANGE OF MOTICOLLABORATIOND

6508
04:47:43,697 --> 04:47:45,866
TO SHOW THIS SINCE HE'S HERE,

6509
04:47:45,866 --> 04:47:47,234
WHERE THESE STRUCTURES DO

6510
04:47:47,234 --> 04:47:49,169
DEGRADE OVER TIME AND THE

6511
04:47:49,169 --> 04:47:50,671
HYPOTHESIS WAS THAT THESE ARE

6512
04:47:50,671 --> 04:47:52,673
ECM PROTEINS THAT ARE BEING PRO

6513
04:47:52,673 --> 04:48:01,448
KBROKEN DOWN BY PROTEASES, CELLS

6514
04:48:01,448 --> 04:48:03,450
SECRETE THE PROTEASE, THEY

6515
04:48:03,450 --> 04:48:04,318
DEGRADE THE MATRIX, AND

6516
04:48:04,318 --> 04:48:05,619
ESSENTIALLY YOU CAN SEE OVER

6517
04:48:05,619 --> 04:48:07,354
TIME, ON THE RIGHT HERE EVEN

6518
04:48:07,354 --> 04:48:08,689
WITH THE DIFFERENT STARTING

6519
04:48:08,689 --> 04:48:09,990
STIFFNESS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME,

6520
04:48:09,990 --> 04:48:11,091
THE MUSCLE TISSUE STARTS TO

6521
04:48:11,091 --> 04:48:11,725
DEGRADE.

6522
04:48:11,725 --> 04:48:13,727
SO WE WORKED WITH MANU AND DID

6523
04:48:13,727 --> 04:48:22,569
SOME MECHANISTIC STUDI STU, USIG

6524
04:48:22,569 --> 04:48:22,903
ZYMOGRAPHY.

6525
04:48:22,903 --> 04:48:25,105
IF YOU ADD AN INHIBITOR LIKE

6526
04:48:25,105 --> 04:48:27,374
ACA, YOU CAN ACTUALLY INCREASE

6527
04:48:27,374 --> 04:48:28,909
THE LIFETIME SO YOU CAN CONTROL

6528
04:48:28,909 --> 04:48:31,111
THE LIFETIME OF THESE MUSCLE

6529
04:48:31,111 --> 04:48:32,413
TISSUES, IN THIS CASE,

6530
04:48:32,413 --> 04:48:33,414
SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE IT WHEN

6531
04:48:33,414 --> 04:48:37,351
YOU ADD THE ACA, FOR EXAMPLE.

6532
04:48:37,351 --> 04:48:38,752
SO USING THIS MORE RECENTLY, WE

6533
04:48:38,752 --> 04:48:40,187
ALSO WORKED WITH JOHN RODGERS

6534
04:48:40,187 --> 04:48:42,489
AND WE HAVE DESIGN SO HIGHER

6535
04:48:42,489 --> 04:48:44,224
ORDER STRUCTURES WHICH WE THEN

6536
04:48:44,224 --> 04:48:46,527
DESIGNED THESE INTEGRATED

6537
04:48:46,527 --> 04:48:49,596
ELECTRONIC DEVICES, AND I'D JUST

6538
04:48:49,596 --> 04:48:50,531
LAKE TO SHOW THIS.

6539
04:48:50,531 --> 04:48:51,899
SO THIS IS A STRUCTURE, YOU'RE

6540
04:48:51,899 --> 04:48:53,534
LOOKING AT A TOP VIEW.

6541
04:48:53,534 --> 04:48:55,436
THERE'S TWO SETS OF MUSCLES, ONE

6542
04:48:55,436 --> 04:48:57,771
ON THE RIGHT, ONE ON THE LEFT,

6543
04:48:57,771 --> 04:48:59,206
AND WE CAN INDIVIDUALLY CONTROL

6544
04:48:59,206 --> 04:49:01,275
WITH THEM LATE BY SHINING LIGHT

6545
04:49:01,275 --> 04:49:02,643
AND CONTROLLING THAT REMOTELY

6546
04:49:02,643 --> 04:49:05,012
WITH AN RF SIGNAL, AND IF I

6547
04:49:05,012 --> 04:49:06,980
PULSE THE LEFT LEG MORE THAN THE

6548
04:49:06,980 --> 04:49:09,383
RIGHT LEG, THEN IT CAN TURN, SO

6549
04:49:09,383 --> 04:49:10,451
THIS THING CAN TURN AND WALK

6550
04:49:10,451 --> 04:49:12,086
THROUGH A MAZE.

6551
04:49:12,086 --> 04:49:15,055
AND IT'S MUSCLE-DRIVEN.

6552
04:49:15,055 --> 04:49:18,425
BIOLOGICALLY MUSCLE-DRIVEN.

6553
04:49:18,425 --> 04:49:19,960
WE CAN DO THE SAME THING WITH

6554
04:49:19,960 --> 04:49:21,728
NOW NEURONS AS I MENTIONED

6555
04:49:21,728 --> 04:49:22,796
EARLIER, AND IN THE INTEREST OF

6556
04:49:22,796 --> 04:49:24,665
TIME I'LL JUST SKIP THROUGH THIS

6557
04:49:24,665 --> 04:49:26,200
AND SHOW YOU SOME VERY RECENT

6558
04:49:26,200 --> 04:49:28,001
RESULTS THAT ARE NOT PUBLISHED,

6559
04:49:28,001 --> 04:49:30,070
THIS IS GOING OUT FOR REVIEW

6560
04:49:30,070 --> 04:49:32,539
VERY SOON, WHERE WE ADDED THE

6561
04:49:32,539 --> 04:49:33,474
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, SO WE DO

6562
04:49:33,474 --> 04:49:36,009
THE NEURAL TISSUE, MUSCLE

6563
04:49:36,009 --> 04:49:38,212
TISSUE, PUT THEM TOGETHER IN A

6564
04:49:38,212 --> 04:49:39,847
3D STRUCTURE THAT HAS THESE

6565
04:49:39,847 --> 04:49:41,381
MECHANICAL DESIGNS, AND THE

6566
04:49:41,381 --> 04:49:44,351
NEURAL TISSUE SENDS SIGNALS TO

6567
04:49:44,351 --> 04:49:46,854
THE MUSCLE, AND THE DEVICE CAN

6568
04:49:46,854 --> 04:49:49,923
THEN AUTONOMOUSLY MOVE, AND HERE

6569
04:49:49,923 --> 04:49:51,558
YOU'LL SEE SOMETHING

6570
04:49:51,558 --> 04:49:54,294
INTERESTING, SO THIS IS MOVING

6571
04:49:54,294 --> 04:49:55,596
BECAUSE OF LIGHT, BUT THEN WHEN

6572
04:49:55,596 --> 04:49:59,099
YOU TURN THE LIGHT OFF, IT

6573
04:49:59,099 --> 04:50:00,434
ACTUALLY WILL KEEP MOVING.

6574
04:50:00,434 --> 04:50:02,069
SO THE NEURAL TISSUE HAS BEEN

6575
04:50:02,069 --> 04:50:04,638
PROGRAMMED IN THIS CASE, TO KEEP

6576
04:50:04,638 --> 04:50:06,573
FIRING EVEN AFTER YOU TURN OFF

6577
04:50:06,573 --> 04:50:07,841
THAT STIMULATION OF LIGHT.

6578
04:50:07,841 --> 04:50:09,543
SO THERE'S SOME VERY INTERESTING

6579
04:50:09,543 --> 04:50:12,179
IMPLICATIONS HERE WITH

6580
04:50:12,179 --> 04:50:13,080
BIOLOGICAL COMPUTING AND

6581
04:50:13,080 --> 04:50:15,048
THINKING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL

6582
04:50:15,048 --> 04:50:17,918
TISSUES, NEURAL TISSUE THAT CAN

6583
04:50:17,918 --> 04:50:20,721
BE USED AS BIOLOGICAL

6584
04:50:20,721 --> 04:50:22,589
PROCESSORS, SO WE HAVE AN NSF

6585
04:50:22,589 --> 04:50:24,558
GRANT TO BUILD BIOLOGICAL LIVING

6586
04:50:24,558 --> 04:50:25,325
PROCESSORS, FOR EXAMPLE.

6587
04:50:25,325 --> 04:50:27,194
I DO WANT TO IN THE LAST MINUTE

6588
04:50:27,194 --> 04:50:29,897
SHOW YOU VERY QUICKLY THE

6589
04:50:29,897 --> 04:50:30,797
MEDICAL EDUCATION PIECE.

6590
04:50:30,797 --> 04:50:32,332
THIS IS VERY EXCITING, BUT WE

6591
04:50:32,332 --> 04:50:35,636
HAVE STARTED A NEW MED SCHOOL AT

6592
04:50:35,636 --> 04:50:37,037
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

6593
04:50:37,037 --> 04:50:37,671
URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, AND HERE THE

6594
04:50:37,671 --> 04:50:39,439
IDEA IS TRULY TO INTEGRATE

6595
04:50:39,439 --> 04:50:40,140
ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE

6596
04:50:40,140 --> 04:50:41,175
TOGETHER.

6597
04:50:41,175 --> 04:50:43,844
SO FOR EVERY COURSE, THERE IS

6598
04:50:43,844 --> 04:50:45,312
THREE COURSE DIRECTORS, THERE'S

6599
04:50:45,312 --> 04:50:46,813
A BASIC SCIENTIST, A CLINICIAN,

6600
04:50:46,813 --> 04:50:49,483
AN ENGINEER, AND ENGINEERING AND

6601
04:50:49,483 --> 04:50:50,751
INNOVATION IS INTEGRATED THROUGH

6602
04:50:50,751 --> 04:50:52,085
THE FOUR YEARS.

6603
04:50:52,085 --> 04:50:53,320
WE GRADUATED THREE CLASS,

6604
04:50:53,320 --> 04:50:54,588
THERE'S A DEAN OF THE MED

6605
04:50:54,588 --> 04:50:55,822
SCHOOL, NOW A SECOND DEAN,

6606
04:50:55,822 --> 04:50:58,659
PROFESSOR MARK COHEN, WHO'S

6607
04:50:58,659 --> 04:50:59,726
DOING -- ARE HIRED HIM FROM

6608
04:50:59,726 --> 04:51:01,161
MICHIGAN, HE'S DOING GREAT, AND

6609
04:51:01,161 --> 04:51:03,330
WE HOPE TO ACHIEVE FULL

6610
04:51:03,330 --> 04:51:04,431
ACCREDITATION SOMETIME NEXT

6611
04:51:04,431 --> 04:51:05,332
YEAR, BUT THIS IS I THINK,

6612
04:51:05,332 --> 04:51:07,067
AGAIN, A REAL FUSION OF

6613
04:51:07,067 --> 04:51:08,268
ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE.

6614
04:51:08,268 --> 04:51:11,004
AND I USUALLY SAY THAT WITH ALL

6615
04:51:11,004 --> 04:51:13,207
DUE RESPECT, YOU KNOW, THAT A.I.

6616
04:51:13,207 --> 04:51:14,741
WILL NOT REPLACE PHYSICIANS BUT

6617
04:51:14,741 --> 04:51:16,009
I THINK PHYSICIANS WHO DON'T

6618
04:51:16,009 --> 04:51:17,477
KNOW A.I. MIGHT GET A LITTLE

6619
04:51:17,477 --> 04:51:18,545
WORRIED, SO MAYBE THEY NEED TO

6620
04:51:18,545 --> 04:51:18,912
LEARN.

6621
04:51:18,912 --> 04:51:21,181
AND THIS IS THE IDEA, IS THAT

6622
04:51:21,181 --> 04:51:22,382
WHY ISN'T ENGINEERING AND

6623
04:51:22,382 --> 04:51:24,384
TECHNOLOGY AND A.I. AND

6624
04:51:24,384 --> 04:51:25,552
COMPUTING NOT INTEGRATED INTO

6625
04:51:25,552 --> 04:51:26,520
THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM?

6626
04:51:26,520 --> 04:51:27,754
SO THAT'S WHAT THE GOAL IS HERE.

6627
04:51:27,754 --> 04:51:33,527
IT'S A BIOENGINEERING MEDICAL

6628
04:51:33,527 --> 04:51:35,295
CURRICULUM REALLY ALL THROUGH

6629
04:51:35,295 --> 04:51:35,963
THE FOUR YEARS.

6630
04:51:35,963 --> 04:51:38,031
AND WE'RE ALSO VERY EXCITED

6631
04:51:38,031 --> 04:51:42,636
RECENTLY, I WAS PART OF THE --

6632
04:51:42,636 --> 04:51:43,904
PROFESSOR KELLY FROM

6633
04:51:43,904 --> 04:51:45,305
NORTHWESTERN IS OUR FEARLESS

6634
04:51:45,305 --> 04:51:46,540
LEADER AND DOING A GREAT JOB,

6635
04:51:46,540 --> 04:51:47,774
AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT JUST

6636
04:51:47,774 --> 04:51:49,509
GOT LAUNCHED A YEAR AGO, AND I

6637
04:51:49,509 --> 04:51:54,314
THINK THERE'S A LOT OF

6638
04:51:54,314 --> 04:51:59,019
INTERESTING ANALOGIES AND

6639
04:51:59,019 --> 04:52:01,555
DISCUSSION, WHETHER IT'S WITHIN

6640
04:52:01,555 --> 04:52:02,623
NIH, OR WITHIN OUR UNIVERSITIES,

6641
04:52:02,623 --> 04:52:03,624
BUT THIS IS ALSO SOMETHING

6642
04:52:03,624 --> 04:52:05,592
THAT'S GOING TO HELP EXPAND THE

6643
04:52:05,592 --> 04:52:06,893
UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE OF

6644
04:52:06,893 --> 04:52:07,995
INFLAMMATORY STATES THAT

6645
04:52:07,995 --> 04:52:09,096
UNDERLIE MANY DISEASES.

6646
04:52:09,096 --> 04:52:11,064
SO WITH THAT, I'LL THANK YOU.

6647
04:52:11,064 --> 04:52:12,599
I APOLOGIZE FOR RUNNING A LITTLE

6648
04:52:12,599 --> 04:52:14,434
LATE BUT THANK YOU TO NIH FOR

6649
04:52:14,434 --> 04:52:16,837
FUNDING OUR GROUP AND AGAIN MANY

6650
04:52:16,837 --> 04:52:19,039
COLLABORATORS HERE.

6651
04:52:19,039 --> 04:52:26,813
PROFESSOR VALERA, PROFESSOR TYRA

6652
04:52:26,813 --> 04:52:31,852
SAVE, JUNE CONGR KONG AND OTHER.

6653
04:52:31,852 --> 04:52:33,487
>> OKAY, IF YOU HAVE
QUESTIONS

6654
04:52:33,487 --> 04:52:35,122
PLEASE COME TO THE MICROPHONE,

6655
04:52:35,122 --> 04:52:36,890
WE'LL GIVE DR. BASHIR A LITTLE

6656
04:52:36,890 --> 04:52:40,360
PIECE OF GRACE.

6657
04:52:40,360 --> 04:52:42,229
I'LL ASK THE FIRST ONE IF NO ONE

6658
04:52:42,229 --> 04:52:43,096
WILL.

6659
04:52:43,096 --> 04:52:49,236
SO, OKAY, RASHID, EVERYTHING IS

6660
04:52:49,236 --> 04:52:50,971
REALLY COOL, BUT YOU STARTED

6661
04:52:50,971 --> 04:52:52,839
WITH THE BLOODSPOTS AND HOW THE

6662
04:52:52,839 --> 04:52:54,274
DRIED BLOOD BECOMES A MATRIX

6663
04:52:54,274 --> 04:52:56,343
WITH THE CRACKS THAT ALLOW

6664
04:52:56,343 --> 04:52:57,644
TRANSPORT THAT NORMALLY WE

6665
04:52:57,644 --> 04:52:59,513
WOULDN'T REALLY THINK WOULD HAVE

6666
04:52:59,513 --> 04:53:00,047
ACCESS.

6667
04:53:00,047 --> 04:53:02,783
I JUST FOUND THAT THE SIMPLICITY

6668
04:53:02,783 --> 04:53:04,651
OF THAT QUITE BRILLIANT -- THAT

6669
04:53:04,651 --> 04:53:06,286
IT ENABLES THE BIOCHEMISTRY OR

6670
04:53:06,286 --> 04:53:08,155
THE CHEMISTRY ASSAYS, AND I JUST

6671
04:53:08,155 --> 04:53:11,958
AIN THINKING ABOUT THAT WAS

6672
04:53:11,958 --> 04:53:13,060
WONDERING ARE THERE OTHER

6673
04:53:13,060 --> 04:53:13,827
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS THAT IF

6674
04:53:13,827 --> 04:53:14,928
THEY WERE IN A DIFFERENT PHASE

6675
04:53:14,928 --> 04:53:16,563
THAN WHAT WE'RE NORMALLY USED TO

6676
04:53:16,563 --> 04:53:18,632
USING AND WE'RE TOLD TO ONLY

6677
04:53:18,632 --> 04:53:23,136
KEEM THEM KEEP THEM IN A CERTAIT

6678
04:53:23,136 --> 04:53:24,571
WE'RE JUST MISSING THAT

6679
04:53:24,571 --> 04:53:25,072
OPPORTUNITY.

6680
04:53:25,072 --> 04:53:26,106
CAN YOU THINK OF ANY OTHER

6681
04:53:26,106 --> 04:53:28,175
TISSUES THAT CAN PHASE

6682
04:53:28,175 --> 04:53:29,509
TRANSITION THAT MIGHT BE

6683
04:53:29,509 --> 04:53:29,810
BENEFICIAL?

6684
04:53:29,810 --> 04:53:31,144
>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION
AND I

6685
04:53:31,144 --> 04:53:32,446
THINK THAT'S EXACTLY THE POINT,

6686
04:53:32,446 --> 04:53:34,781
I MEAN EVEN IF TISSUE, HOW IT'S

6687
04:53:34,781 --> 04:53:36,083
PRESERVED, I MEAN IT'S SO

6688
04:53:36,083 --> 04:53:37,718
IMPORTANT, IN SOME SITUATIONS

6689
04:53:37,718 --> 04:53:38,819
YOU OF COURSE MIGHT DAMAGE SOME

6690
04:53:38,819 --> 04:53:40,253
TYPE OF MOLECULES, IN OTHER

6691
04:53:40,253 --> 04:53:41,888
CASES YOU MIGHT NOT.

6692
04:53:41,888 --> 04:53:45,492
SO WE WERE READING UP ON HOW TO

6693
04:53:45,492 --> 04:53:46,793
ACTUALLY PROCESS LARGE VOLUMES

6694
04:53:46,793 --> 04:53:48,562
OF BLOOD, BUT ALSO DIRECTLY FROM

6695
04:53:48,562 --> 04:53:50,197
WHOLE BLOOD AND NOT TO HAVE

6696
04:53:50,197 --> 04:53:51,198
ANY -- AND WHAT WE THOUGHT IS

6697
04:53:51,198 --> 04:53:52,299
THAT, LOOK, EVERYTHING WE WANT

6698
04:53:52,299 --> 04:53:55,569
IN BLOOD IS IN THE BLOOD, SO WHY

6699
04:53:55,569 --> 04:53:57,871
WOULD WE -- WHY WOULD I EVEN

6700
04:53:57,871 --> 04:53:58,305
SEPARATE THINGS?

6701
04:53:58,305 --> 04:53:59,840
IS THERE SOME WAY TO CAPTURE

6702
04:53:59,840 --> 04:54:01,041
WHAT'S THERE BUT HAVE ACCESS TO

6703
04:54:01,041 --> 04:54:02,242
IT AND PRESERVE IT.

6704
04:54:02,242 --> 04:54:05,645
THEN THIS DRIED BLOOD SPOT

6705
04:54:05,645 --> 04:54:07,614
TECHNOLOGY, THE FACT THAT IT

6706
04:54:07,614 --> 04:54:08,915
EXISTS, SO THE FACT THAT WAS NOT

6707
04:54:08,915 --> 04:54:10,684
VERY WELL UNDERSTOOD, WE

6708
04:54:10,684 --> 04:54:11,752
ACTUALLY GOT A PATENT ON THIS

6709
04:54:11,752 --> 04:54:13,186
ALSO IS THE FACT THAT YOU CAN

6710
04:54:13,186 --> 04:54:15,155
PRESERVE THIS AND THE INHIBITORS

6711
04:54:15,155 --> 04:54:18,325
ARE LOCKED AND ARE INACTIVATED

6712
04:54:18,325 --> 04:54:19,760
IS A MORE SCIENTIFIC TERM AND

6713
04:54:19,760 --> 04:54:21,828
HENCE, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN STILL

6714
04:54:21,828 --> 04:54:25,899
ACCESS THE PATHOGEN THROUGH THE

6715
04:54:25,899 --> 04:54:28,935
POROSITY AND GET THE

6716
04:54:28,935 --> 04:54:30,036
AMPLIFICATION GOING AND THE

6717
04:54:30,036 --> 04:54:32,339
PRODUCTS CAN GO OUT IN THE

6718
04:54:32,339 --> 04:54:32,639
SUPERNATANT.

6719
04:54:32,639 --> 04:54:34,141
THIS REALLY HADN'T BEEN SORT OF

6720
04:54:34,141 --> 04:54:35,108
EXPLORE AND LOOKED AT IT THAT

6721
04:54:35,108 --> 04:54:35,442
WAY.

6722
04:54:35,442 --> 04:54:36,877
WE WERE THINKING OF ADDING

6723
04:54:36,877 --> 04:54:39,045
BUBBLES TO TO INCREASE THE

6724
04:54:39,045 --> 04:54:40,580
VOLUME INSIDE, BUT IT TURNED OUT

6725
04:54:40,580 --> 04:54:41,615
THAT WASN'T EVEN NEEDED BECAUSE

6726
04:54:41,615 --> 04:54:43,583
THE POROUS STRUCTURE THAT EXISTS

6727
04:54:43,583 --> 04:54:46,753
ALLOWS THAT ACCESS.

6728
04:54:46,753 --> 04:54:47,888
>> THERE'S ONE CLOSING
QUESTION

6729
04:54:47,888 --> 04:54:48,388
FOR YOU.

6730
04:54:48,388 --> 04:54:50,690
I ALSO KNOW YOU'VE TAKEN SOME OF

6731
04:54:50,690 --> 04:54:51,858
YOUR TECHNOLOGY AND STARTED

6732
04:54:51,858 --> 04:54:53,193
COMPANIES THAT HAVE WORKED IN

6733
04:54:53,193 --> 04:54:56,129
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, A LOT

6734
04:54:56,129 --> 04:54:57,130
OF -- INTERNATIONAL PLACES.

6735
04:54:57,130 --> 04:54:58,432
I WONDER IF YOU CAN TALK ABOUT

6736
04:54:58,432 --> 04:55:00,033
THE DIFFERENCES, I DON'T WANT TO

6737
04:55:00,033 --> 04:55:02,369
SAY CHALLENGES DIFFERENCES OF

6738
04:55:02,369 --> 04:55:04,237
STARTING COMPANIES AND

6739
04:55:04,237 --> 04:55:05,572
DEVELOPING -- OR NOT COMPANY

6740
04:55:05,572 --> 04:55:07,441
BUT -- RUNNING A COMPANY THERE

6741
04:55:07,441 --> 04:55:08,608
VERSUS USING THE U.S. HEALTHCARE

6742
04:55:08,608 --> 04:55:09,543
SYSTEM.

6743
04:55:09,543 --> 04:55:12,279
>> THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT

6744
04:55:12,279 --> 04:55:12,846
POINT.

6745
04:55:12,846 --> 04:55:14,347
SO ONE COMPANY AT THE END OF THE

6746
04:55:14,347 --> 04:55:16,716
DAY, THEY ENDED UP LICENSING THE

6747
04:55:16,716 --> 04:55:18,151
TECHNOLOGY TO A BIG

6748
04:55:18,151 --> 04:55:19,686
PHARMACEUTICAL BUT DIDN'T MEET

6749
04:55:19,686 --> 04:55:24,057
THEIR INITIAL GOAL WAS THIS

6750
04:55:24,057 --> 04:55:25,158
GLOBAL HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS FOR

6751
04:55:25,158 --> 04:55:26,693
HIV AND ONE OF THE FLOW

6752
04:55:26,693 --> 04:55:27,794
CYTOMETER THING THAT I SHOWED,

6753
04:55:27,794 --> 04:55:29,429
IT WAS SIMILAR TO THAT, THE IDEA

6754
04:55:29,429 --> 04:55:32,599
OF COUNTING WHITE BLOOD CELLS,

6755
04:55:32,599 --> 04:55:33,934
CD4 AND CD8 WHITE BLOOD CELLS,

6756
04:55:33,934 --> 04:55:36,069
BUT THE REALITY IS THAT THE

6757
04:55:36,069 --> 04:55:38,371
MANUFACTURING WAS TOO EXPENSIVE.

6758
04:55:38,371 --> 04:55:39,706
SO YOU CANNOT BUILD THINGS IN

6759
04:55:39,706 --> 04:55:42,309
THE U.S. OR EUROPE AND SELL THEM

6760
04:55:42,309 --> 04:55:43,210
THERE.

6761
04:55:43,210 --> 04:55:45,412
FOR HIV DRUGS, IT WORKED BECAUSE

6762
04:55:45,412 --> 04:55:47,047
IT WAS SUCH A MASSIVE SCALE, AND

6763
04:55:47,047 --> 04:55:48,482
THERE WAS A LOT OF SUPPORT

6764
04:55:48,482 --> 04:55:49,850
INITIALLY AND THERE WAS A WILL

6765
04:55:49,850 --> 04:55:50,984
FROM THE GOVERNMENTS TO ACTUALLY

6766
04:55:50,984 --> 04:55:52,385
JUST DO THAT.

6767
04:55:52,385 --> 04:55:55,255
SO THE COST OF DRUGS WAS LOW

6768
04:55:55,255 --> 04:55:56,690
ENOUGH TO DO THAT, SO THE FACT

6769
04:55:56,690 --> 04:55:58,992
IS THAT MANY OF US HAVE WORKED

6770
04:55:58,992 --> 04:56:04,564
ON AND ARE VERY UNSPA UNSPIRED K

6771
04:56:04,564 --> 04:56:05,999
ON GLOBAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES.

6772
04:56:05,999 --> 04:56:07,501
IN MOST CASES THE BUSINESS MODEL

6773
04:56:07,501 --> 04:56:07,834
DOESN'T WORK.

6774
04:56:07,834 --> 04:56:09,102
SO WE HAVE TO DO THE

6775
04:56:09,102 --> 04:56:09,970
MANUFACTURING THERE, WE HAVE TO

6776
04:56:09,970 --> 04:56:11,505
DO THE MANUFACTURING IN THOSE

6777
04:56:11,505 --> 04:56:12,138
COUNTRIES AND LOWER THAT COST

6778
04:56:12,138 --> 04:56:16,076
AND USE TO EVEN SORT OF HELP THE

6779
04:56:16,076 --> 04:56:16,877
ECONOMY SO TO SPEAK.

6780
04:56:16,877 --> 04:56:18,512
BUT I THINK SOME OF THAT

6781
04:56:18,512 --> 04:56:19,846
TECHNOLOGY IS, YEAH, THE COST

6782
04:56:19,846 --> 04:56:21,815
MODEL THAT WAS MENTIONED

6783
04:56:21,815 --> 04:56:23,016
EARLIER.

6784
04:56:23,016 --> 04:56:23,783
GLRS WHAT WAS SAID ON THE

6785
04:56:23,783 --> 04:56:25,352
INDUSTRY PANEL, YOU WERE NODDING

6786
04:56:25,352 --> 04:56:26,119
HARD ABOUT THINKING ABOUT

6787
04:56:26,119 --> 04:56:26,620
MANUFACTURING EARLY ON.

6788
04:56:26,620 --> 04:56:28,421
>> ALSO THINGS CHANGE, ONE
MORE

6789
04:56:28,421 --> 04:56:31,157
POINT, SO THE GOLD STANDARD FROM

6790
04:56:31,157 --> 04:56:32,893
WHO ALSO AND IN THE U.S. WAS

6791
04:56:32,893 --> 04:56:34,995
DETECTION OF CD4 T CELLS.

6792
04:56:34,995 --> 04:56:36,763
WELL, THE FACT IS, THAT WAS

6793
04:56:36,763 --> 04:56:38,498
BECAUSE THE VIRAL DETECTION

6794
04:56:38,498 --> 04:56:39,599
TECHNOLOGIES WEREN'T ADVANCED

6795
04:56:39,599 --> 04:56:40,667
ENOUGH, BUT IF YOU CAN JUST

6796
04:56:40,667 --> 04:56:42,235
COUNT THE HIV VIRUSES, WHY WOULD

6797
04:56:42,235 --> 04:56:46,172
YOU LOOK AT CD4 EVEN?

6798
04:56:46,172 --> 04:56:47,607
PCR AND THESE TECHNIQUES GOT

6799
04:56:47,607 --> 04:56:49,676
BETTER AND BETTER, WHO CHANGED

6800
04:56:49,676 --> 04:56:50,777
ITS STANDARD.

6801
04:56:50,777 --> 04:56:51,978
THEY SAID WE'RE NOT GOING TO

6802
04:56:51,978 --> 04:56:54,281
LOOK AT CD4 ANYMORE, WE WANT THE

6803
04:56:54,281 --> 04:56:54,948
VIRAL LOAD.

6804
04:56:54,948 --> 04:56:56,249
WELL THERE YOU GO, OUR WHOLE

6805
04:56:56,249 --> 04:56:58,118
THING WAS BASED ON CD4.

6806
04:56:58,118 --> 04:56:58,919
SO I THINK THINGS ALSO CHANGE

6807
04:56:58,919 --> 04:57:00,320
AND YOU HAVE TO BE AWARE OF THE

6808
04:57:00,320 --> 04:57:03,690
MARKET DYNAMICS OR THE WORLD AND

6809
04:57:03,690 --> 04:57:03,890
ADAPT.

6810
04:57:03,890 --> 04:57:05,125
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
THIS

6811
04:57:05,125 --> 04:57:05,792
INSIGHT.

6812
04:57:05,792 --> 04:57:08,862
PLEASE GIVE DR. BASHIR A HAND.

6813
04:57:08,862 --> 04:57:12,365
[APPLAUSE]

6814
04:57:12,365 --> 04:57:14,067
>> ALL RIGHT, WOW, THAT
WAS

6815
04:57:14,067 --> 04:57:14,267
GREAT.

6816
04:57:14,267 --> 04:57:16,336
WE ARE JUST A FEW MINUTES BEHIND

6817
04:57:16,336 --> 04:57:17,070
BUT THAT'S OKAY.

6818
04:57:17,070 --> 04:57:18,171
NOW WE'RE GOING TO MOVE INTO OUR

6819
04:57:18,171 --> 04:57:22,342
NEXT ROUND OF INVITED TALKS.

6820
04:57:22,342 --> 04:57:24,411
I WILL NOT SPEND LONG

6821
04:57:24,411 --> 04:57:25,078
INTRODUCTIONS ON THESE

6822
04:57:25,078 --> 04:57:26,313
INDIVIDUALS BECAUSE THEIR BIOS

6823
04:57:26,313 --> 04:57:28,715
ARE IN OUR PROGRAM BUT WHAT I

6824
04:57:28,715 --> 04:57:30,350
WILL DO IS TELL THEM YOU HAVE 15

6825
04:57:30,350 --> 04:57:31,651
MINUTES FOR YOUR TALK, THE LIGHT

6826
04:57:31,651 --> 04:57:33,219
WILL TURN YELLOW AT # MINUTES TO

6827
04:57:33,219 --> 04:57:36,590
GO SO BE MINDFUL SO WE CAN HAVE

6828
04:57:36,590 --> 04:57:38,358
5 MINUTES OF Q & A FOR YOU.

6829
04:57:38,358 --> 04:57:40,126
OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS DR. TORI

6830
04:57:40,126 --> 04:57:40,560
ELLISON.

6831
04:57:40,560 --> 04:57:41,027
PLEASE JOIN US.

6832
04:57:41,027 --> 04:57:51,204
[APPLAUSE]

6833
04:57:52,839 --> 04:57:54,174
>> HI, THANK YOU SO MUCH
FOR

6834
04:57:54,174 --> 04:57:54,941
THAT INTRODUCTION.

6835
04:57:54,941 --> 04:57:55,742
THAT'S A GREAT TALK TO FOLLOW

6836
04:57:55,742 --> 04:57:57,577
RIGHT NOW.

6837
04:57:57,577 --> 04:58:01,715
I'M TORI ELLISON, CURRENTLY A

6838
04:58:01,715 --> 04:58:03,083
POSTDOC AT THE NATIONAL CENTER

6839
04:58:03,083 --> 04:58:04,384
FOR ADVANCING TRANSLATIONAL

6840
04:58:04,384 --> 04:58:05,485
SCIENCES AND TODAY I'LL BE

6841
04:58:05,485 --> 04:58:07,087
TALKING ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF

6842
04:58:07,087 --> 04:58:09,623
3D BIOPRINTED INNERVATE AND

6843
04:58:09,623 --> 04:58:10,724
VASCULARIZED SKIN TO INVESTIGATE

6844
04:58:10,724 --> 04:58:13,460
PAIN PATHWAYS AND IDENTIFY

6845
04:58:13,460 --> 04:58:14,594
NON-ADDICTIVE PAIN MEDICATIONS.

6846
04:58:14,594 --> 04:58:18,331
IF YOU HAVEN'T HEARD OF THE

6847
04:58:18,331 --> 04:58:21,401
NATIONAL CENTER -- NCATS, WE'RE

6848
04:58:21,401 --> 04:58:23,036
THE YOUNGEST IC OF THE NIH.

6849
04:58:23,036 --> 04:58:24,337
WE'RE ONLY ABOUT 10 YEARS OLD.

6850
04:58:24,337 --> 04:58:26,206
AND OUR FOCUS IS ON FIGURING OUT

6851
04:58:26,206 --> 04:58:27,974
WAYS TO ACCELERATE RESEARCH FROM

6852
04:58:27,974 --> 04:58:29,843
BENCH TO BEDSIDE TO GET RESEARCH

6853
04:58:29,843 --> 04:58:30,810
TO PATIENTS AS QUICKLY AS

6854
04:58:30,810 --> 04:58:34,481
POSSIBLE.

6855
04:58:34,481 --> 04:58:35,682
THE MAIN WAY WE DO THIS IS

6856
04:58:35,682 --> 04:58:36,683
LOOKING AT THE DRUG DEVELOPMENT

6857
04:58:36,683 --> 04:58:37,217
PIPELINE.

6858
04:58:37,217 --> 04:58:38,652
IN TRADITIONAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT,

6859
04:58:38,652 --> 04:58:39,719
IT TAKES ABOUT 10 TO 15 YEARS

6860
04:58:39,719 --> 04:58:41,187
FOR A NEW DRUG TO BE APPROVED

6861
04:58:41,187 --> 04:58:42,922
FOR CLINICAL USE AND IT COSTS UP

6862
04:58:42,922 --> 04:58:45,592
TO A BILLION DOLLARS TO CREATE

6863
04:58:45,592 --> 04:58:47,027
ONLY ONE NEW DRUG AND USUALLY

6864
04:58:47,027 --> 04:58:48,128
COMPANIES WILL ONLY SEND THEIR

6865
04:58:48,128 --> 04:58:50,196
BEST DRUGS TO CLINICAL TRIAL,

6866
04:58:50,196 --> 04:58:51,398
THEY'RE THE MOST PROMMING, THE

6867
04:58:51,398 --> 04:58:52,599
LOWEST COST TO DEVELOP AND THE

6868
04:58:52,599 --> 04:58:53,800
LEAST COMPETITION ON MARKET.

6869
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:55,368
BUT EVEN WITH ALL THIS MONEY,

6870
04:58:55,368 --> 04:58:57,437
ENERGY AND EFFORT, ONLY 12% OF

6871
04:58:57,437 --> 04:58:59,406
DRUGS THAT MAKE TO CLINICAL

6872
04:58:59,406 --> 04:59:00,907
TRIAL ARE FDA-APPROVED WHICH IS

6873
04:59:00,907 --> 04:59:02,375
A HUGE FAILURE RATE.

6874
04:59:02,375 --> 04:59:04,678
AND WHY IS THIS HAPPENING?

6875
04:59:04,678 --> 04:59:07,213
WE'RE PUTTING ABOUT $83 BILLION

6876
04:59:07,213 --> 04:59:07,947
INTO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

6877
04:59:07,947 --> 04:59:08,415
EVERY YEAR.

6878
04:59:08,415 --> 04:59:09,849
THE MAJORITY OF THAT GOING

6879
04:59:09,849 --> 04:59:11,251
TOWARDS ANIMAL STUDIES.

6880
04:59:11,251 --> 04:59:13,353
A SINGLE MOUSE CAN COST ANYWHERE

6881
04:59:13,353 --> 04:59:15,755
BETWEEN 100 TO $100,000 BASED ON

6882
04:59:15,755 --> 04:59:17,290
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MODEL, AND

6883
04:59:17,290 --> 04:59:18,525
YOU'RE GOING TO NEED REPEATS.

6884
04:59:18,525 --> 04:59:19,826
YOU'RE NOT USING ONE MOUSE.

6885
04:59:19,826 --> 04:59:22,128
AND ALTHOUGH ANIMAL MODELS ARE

6886
04:59:22,128 --> 04:59:23,797
EXTREMELY ROBUST, THEY'RE NOT

6887
04:59:23,797 --> 04:59:24,698
HIGH-THROUGHPUT ASSAY SO YOU'RE

6888
04:59:24,698 --> 04:59:25,965
NOT GOING TO TEST A WIDE VARIETY

6889
04:59:25,965 --> 04:59:26,433
OF DRUGS.

6890
04:59:26,433 --> 04:59:28,201
YOU'RE GOING TO PICK YOUR

6891
04:59:28,201 --> 04:59:31,571
FAVORITES TO TETS  TEST ON YOURL

6892
04:59:31,571 --> 04:59:32,605
MODELS THAT ARE POTENTIALLY

6893
04:59:32,605 --> 04:59:33,673
GOING TO MAKE TO MARKET.

6894
04:59:33,673 --> 04:59:35,208
A MUCH HIGHER THROUGH PUT AND

6895
04:59:35,208 --> 04:59:39,179
CHEAPER METHOD IS TO DO 3D

6896
04:59:39,179 --> 04:59:40,346
STUDIES BUT THESE CELLS ARE

6897
04:59:40,346 --> 04:59:43,550
ATTACHED TO A POLLLY STYRENE

6898
04:59:43,550 --> 04:59:45,585
PLATE THAT'S ABOUT 3 GI GA

6899
04:59:45,585 --> 04:59:48,254
PASCALS WHEN OUR TISSUE IS THAT

6900
04:59:48,254 --> 04:59:49,022
RANGE.

6901
04:59:49,022 --> 04:59:51,424
SO WE TEND TO SEES THEE FORCE

6902
04:59:51,424 --> 04:59:56,262
POLARIZED STREURKS, AND ALTHOUGH

6903
04:59:56,262 --> 04:59:58,364
BOTH ANIMAL MODELS AND 2D

6904
04:59:58,364 --> 04:59:59,532
STUDIES ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

6905
04:59:59,532 --> 05:00:01,768
FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT, WE'RE

6906
05:00:01,768 --> 05:00:02,736
SEEING THIS GAP WHERE THE DRUGS

6907
05:00:02,736 --> 05:00:04,270
THAT ARE MAKING TO ANIMAL MODELS

6908
05:00:04,270 --> 05:00:05,739
THAT ARE MAKING TO CLINICAL

6909
05:00:05,739 --> 05:00:07,941
TRIAL AREN'T BEING APPROVED SO

6910
05:00:07,941 --> 05:00:09,342
THE GOAL ISN'T TO REPLACE THESE

6911
05:00:09,342 --> 05:00:10,710
MODELS BUT TO BRIDGE THIS GAP

6912
05:00:10,710 --> 05:00:12,879
AND TO FIND A WAY TO BETTER

6913
05:00:12,879 --> 05:00:14,614
RECAPITULATE BODIES IN VIVO.

6914
05:00:14,614 --> 05:00:16,816
THE WAY WE DO THAT IN THE 3D

6915
05:00:16,816 --> 05:00:22,622
TISSUE IS USING 3D TISSUE

6916
05:00:22,622 --> 05:00:23,189
MODELS.

6917
05:00:23,189 --> 05:00:24,858
WE USE A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS

6918
05:00:24,858 --> 05:00:27,694
TO CREATE OUR TISSUE, INCLUDING

6919
05:00:27,694 --> 05:00:32,198
SPHEROIDS, ORGANOIDS, TISSUE

6920
05:00:32,198 --> 05:00:35,935
CHIPS AND 36789D PRINTING.

6921
05:00:35,935 --> 05:00:36,669
 3D PRINTING.

6922
05:00:36,669 --> 05:00:38,838
ASSAY DEVELOPMENT SPECIALISTS, I

6923
05:00:38,838 --> 05:00:43,276
MU KNOLL IMMUNOLOGISTS WHO OLE G

6924
05:00:43,276 --> 05:00:47,514
TOGETHERALL WORKTOGETHER TO CREO

6925
05:00:47,514 --> 05:00:50,116
OF HEALTHY AND DISEASED

6926
05:00:50,116 --> 05:00:52,752
ENGINEERED TISSUE MODELS.

6927
05:00:52,752 --> 05:00:54,521
WE FOCUS ON WHAT WE CALL THE

6928
05:00:54,521 --> 05:00:54,954
CONTEXT OF USE HERE.

6929
05:00:54,954 --> 05:00:56,723
WE'RE NOT CREATING TISSUES TO GO

6930
05:00:56,723 --> 05:00:57,357
INTO THE BODY.

6931
05:00:57,357 --> 05:01:00,693
WE'RE CREATING THESE TISSUES FOR

6932
05:01:00,693 --> 05:01:01,461
HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENS SO WE

6933
05:01:01,461 --> 05:01:07,400
WANT THESE TO BE CHEAP, R,

6934
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:08,034
REPEATABLE AND ROBUST.

6935
05:01:08,034 --> 05:01:10,703
SOME OF OUR HIGH-THROUGHPUT

6936
05:01:10,703 --> 05:01:11,604
SCREENS WE'RE TESTING UP TO A

6937
05:01:11,604 --> 05:01:13,339
THOUSAND DRUGS WHICH YOU NEED A

6938
05:01:13,339 --> 05:01:15,975
REPEATABLE MODEL TO DO THAT.

6939
05:01:15,975 --> 05:01:18,077
IT ALSO IS VERY CHEAP BECAUSE WE

6940
05:01:18,077 --> 05:01:19,913
DON'T WANT TO END UP BEING MORE

6941
05:01:19,913 --> 05:01:21,781
EXPENSIVE THAN THE ANIMAL MODELS

6942
05:01:21,781 --> 05:01:22,749
WE'RE TRYING TO BRIDGE THE GAP

6943
05:01:22,749 --> 05:01:22,916
TO.

6944
05:01:22,916 --> 05:01:24,350
SO ONCE WE DEVELOP OUR MODELS

6945
05:01:24,350 --> 05:01:27,187
AND WE HAVE A HEALTHY --

6946
05:01:27,187 --> 05:01:28,755
DISEASE, VALIDATE THEM USING

6947
05:01:28,755 --> 05:01:29,956
KNOWN COMPOUNDS, WE'RE ABLE TO

6948
05:01:29,956 --> 05:01:31,257
APPLY THESE TO HIGH-THROUGHPUT

6949
05:01:31,257 --> 05:01:31,758
SCREENS.

6950
05:01:31,758 --> 05:01:33,259
AND IN THESE SCREENS, WE

6951
05:01:33,259 --> 05:01:35,228
GENERALLY TEST A LIBRARY OF

6952
05:01:35,228 --> 05:01:37,864
COMPOUNDS THAT WORK FOR OTHER

6953
05:01:37,864 --> 05:01:38,565
DISEASE, WHICH IS SOMETHING

6954
05:01:38,565 --> 05:01:40,300
YOU'RE NOT REALLY GOING TO SEE

6955
05:01:40,300 --> 05:01:41,935
IN INDUSTRY OR THE DRUG

6956
05:01:41,935 --> 05:01:43,036
DISCOVERY PIPELINE BECAUSE IT'S

6957
05:01:43,036 --> 05:01:44,804
TOO EXPENSIVE TO CROSS-TEST

6958
05:01:44,804 --> 05:01:45,305
COMPOUNDS.

6959
05:01:45,305 --> 05:01:47,674
WE'VE ALSO USED THIS FOR LEAD

6960
05:01:47,674 --> 05:01:48,875
OPTIMIZATION WHERE WE'RE TESTING

6961
05:01:48,875 --> 05:01:50,410
A NEW EXOWPPED THAT'S BEEN

6962
05:01:50,410 --> 05:01:51,978
DEVELOPED AT NCATS AND TESTING

6963
05:01:51,978 --> 05:01:53,613
DIFFERENT ITERATIONS OF IT, AND

6964
05:01:53,613 --> 05:01:55,481
IDEALLY WE'RE GOING TO USE THESE

6965
05:01:55,481 --> 05:01:56,716
MODELS TO ADVANCE THERAPEUTICS

6966
05:01:56,716 --> 05:01:59,886
AND MEDICAL NEEDS.

6967
05:01:59,886 --> 05:02:00,854
THROUGH OUR GROUP WE'VE BEEN

6968
05:02:00,854 --> 05:02:02,322
ABLE TO DEVELOP A WIDE VARIETY

6969
05:02:02,322 --> 05:02:03,423
OF MODELS THAT ARE VALIDATED

6970
05:02:03,423 --> 05:02:06,125
INCLUDING THE RETINA, SKIN,

6971
05:02:06,125 --> 05:02:07,994
LUNG, PLACENTA, CARDIAC,

6972
05:02:07,994 --> 05:02:08,928
NEUROVASCULAR UNIT, BRAIN,

6973
05:02:08,928 --> 05:02:10,463
LIVER, AND NEUROMUSCULAR

6974
05:02:10,463 --> 05:02:12,031
JUNCTION, AND MANY MORE.

6975
05:02:12,031 --> 05:02:13,466
AND MANY OF THESE WE DEVELOPED

6976
05:02:13,466 --> 05:02:14,901
FULLY IN HOUSE BUT ALSO THROUGH

6977
05:02:14,901 --> 05:02:16,302
GRANTS CALLED U GRANTS.

6978
05:02:16,302 --> 05:02:18,271
WE WORK WITH MANY UNIVERSITIES

6979
05:02:18,271 --> 05:02:19,272
WHO HAVE DEVELOPED A MODEL AND

6980
05:02:19,272 --> 05:02:20,540
THEY WANT TO WORK WITH US TO

6981
05:02:20,540 --> 05:02:22,141
FIGURE OUT HOW TO SCALE THIS OUT

6982
05:02:22,141 --> 05:02:25,245
FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT ASSAYS.

6983
05:02:25,245 --> 05:02:26,779
BUT FOR TODAY WE'RE FOCUSING ON

6984
05:02:26,779 --> 05:02:27,647
PAIN.

6985
05:02:27,647 --> 05:02:28,815
CHRONIC PAIN AFFECTS OVER 20% OF

6986
05:02:28,815 --> 05:02:30,049
THE U.S. POPULATION FROM A

6987
05:02:30,049 --> 05:02:31,417
VARIETY OF DISEASES SUCH AS

6988
05:02:31,417 --> 05:02:33,152
ARTHRITIS OR ENDOMETRIOSIS, AND

6989
05:02:33,152 --> 05:02:34,587
THE STANDARD MEDICATION ARE

6990
05:02:34,587 --> 05:02:35,054
OPIOIDS.

6991
05:02:35,054 --> 05:02:36,556
WHICH WE ALL KNOW ARE HIGHLY

6992
05:02:36,556 --> 05:02:37,657
ADDICTIVE AND THE LEADING CAUSE

6993
05:02:37,657 --> 05:02:41,728
OF DRUG OVERDOSE.

6994
05:02:41,728 --> 05:02:43,229
CURRENT RESEARCH ON --

6995
05:02:43,229 --> 05:02:44,163
MEDICATIONS IS ACTUALLY ONE OF

6996
05:02:44,163 --> 05:02:45,298
THE HIGHEST INVESTMENT RATES

6997
05:02:45,298 --> 05:02:46,900
WHICH IS GREAT BUT WE'RE SEEING

6998
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:48,101
AN EVEN HIGHER FAILURE RATE THAN

6999
05:02:48,101 --> 05:02:49,402
WE SEE IN GENERAL.

7000
05:02:49,402 --> 05:02:50,737
OVER 92% OF COMPOUNDS DEVELOPED

7001
05:02:50,737 --> 05:02:52,939
FOR NEURAL DISEASES RG FAILING.

7002
05:02:52,939 --> 05:02:54,474
WHY IS THIS HAPPENING?

7003
05:02:54,474 --> 05:02:56,676
IT MIGHT BE BECAUSE OUR MODELS

7004
05:02:56,676 --> 05:02:58,311
AREN'T PROPERLY RECAPITULATING

7005
05:02:58,311 --> 05:02:59,646
WHAT IS SEEN IN THE BODY.

7006
05:02:59,646 --> 05:03:02,048
SO IN TRADITIONAL PAIN STUDIES,

7007
05:03:02,048 --> 05:03:03,950
WE ASSUME THE PERIPHERAL SENSORY

7008
05:03:03,950 --> 05:03:05,051
NEURONS ARE THE ONLY TRANS DIERS

7009
05:03:05,051 --> 05:03:07,020
OF PAIN SO NEURONS ARE THE ONLY

7010
05:03:07,020 --> 05:03:07,987
IMPORTANT CELL, NOTHING ELSE

7011
05:03:07,987 --> 05:03:09,188
REALLY NEEDS TO BE MODELED.

7012
05:03:09,188 --> 05:03:10,189
BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE FOUND

7013
05:03:10,189 --> 05:03:11,391
THE MOST IMPORTANT METHOD IS

7014
05:03:11,391 --> 05:03:13,626
ACTUALLY THE NEURAL EPIDURAL

7015
05:03:13,626 --> 05:03:14,928
PATHWAY SO THAT INTERACTION

7016
05:03:14,928 --> 05:03:16,796
BETWEEN NEURONS AND THE

7017
05:03:16,796 --> 05:03:18,464
EPIDERMIS OF OUR TISSUES.

7018
05:03:18,464 --> 05:03:21,968
SO WHAT WE REALLY NEED IS A 3D

7019
05:03:21,968 --> 05:03:25,038
MODEL TO LOOK AT THIS IN VITRO.

7020
05:03:25,038 --> 05:03:26,739
TO MODEL THE NEUROEPIDERMAL

7021
05:03:26,739 --> 05:03:28,241
JUNCTION WE DEVELOPED A 3D

7022
05:03:28,241 --> 05:03:29,108
PRINTED SKIN TISSUE.

7023
05:03:29,108 --> 05:03:30,777
SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN OF THE

7024
05:03:30,777 --> 05:03:34,180
BODY, AND IT'S MADE UP OF A

7025
05:03:34,180 --> 05:03:38,451
DERMIS, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND

7026
05:03:38,451 --> 05:03:39,786
EPIDERMIS, AND ONE THING THAT'S

7027
05:03:39,786 --> 05:03:40,987
RELATIVELY UNIQUE ABOUT SKIN IS

7028
05:03:40,987 --> 05:03:43,723
IT FORMS AN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE

7029
05:03:43,723 --> 05:03:45,091
WHERE YOUR AP CAL EXPOSED

7030
05:03:45,091 --> 05:03:47,360
SURFACE IS EXPOSED TO AIR WHILE

7031
05:03:47,360 --> 05:03:48,895
WOWR BASAL SURFACE IS EXPOSED TO

7032
05:03:48,895 --> 05:03:50,363
LIQUID AND WE ONLY SEE THIS IN A

7033
05:03:50,363 --> 05:03:52,966
FEW ORGANS OF THE BODY.

7034
05:03:52,966 --> 05:03:54,400
TO MODEL OUR SKIN TISSUE I WAS

7035
05:03:54,400 --> 05:03:56,936
ABLE TO ADAPT A METHOD TO PRINT

7036
05:03:56,936 --> 05:03:58,271
OUR SKIN TISSUES.

7037
05:03:58,271 --> 05:04:02,842
WE PRINT THESE INTO A 96 -- WITH

7038
05:04:02,842 --> 05:04:05,945
AN 8 MY KROG PORE SIZE AND WE

7039
05:04:05,945 --> 05:04:07,480
AVOID EDGE WELLS.

7040
05:04:07,480 --> 05:04:08,681
WE'RE TRYING TO DO SOMETHING

7041
05:04:08,681 --> 05:04:09,983
THAT'S EXTREMELY REPEATABLE AND

7042
05:04:09,983 --> 05:04:12,118
TO KIND OF REMOVE HUMAN ERROR

7043
05:04:12,118 --> 05:04:13,353
WHEN WE'RE PRINTING TENS OF

7044
05:04:13,353 --> 05:04:15,254
THOUSANDS OF TISSUES, SO YOU

7045
05:04:15,254 --> 05:04:16,956
DON'T WANT TO INTRODUCE A

7046
05:04:16,956 --> 05:04:17,957
VARIATION SUCH AT EDGE EFFECTS

7047
05:04:17,957 --> 05:04:19,025
TO THAT.

7048
05:04:19,025 --> 05:04:23,096
SO FIRST WE 3D PRINT OUR

7049
05:04:23,096 --> 05:04:29,502
SOLUTION, IN THIS CASE MATRIGEL

7050
05:04:29,502 --> 05:04:31,871
IS BEING ADDED NOT FOR ITS

7051
05:04:31,871 --> 05:04:32,972
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SO IT'S

7052
05:04:32,972 --> 05:04:37,343
BEING ADDED BELOW ITS GELATION

7053
05:04:37,343 --> 05:04:37,744
POINT.

7054
05:04:37,744 --> 05:04:39,712
NEXT I 3D PRINT A REALLY DENSE

7055
05:04:39,712 --> 05:04:44,784
SPHERE OF OUR NEURON SOLUTION.

7056
05:04:44,784 --> 05:04:46,953
THESE ARE IPSC DRIVE SENSORY

7057
05:04:46,953 --> 05:04:48,054
NEURONS PROVIDED AT ANOTHER

7058
05:04:48,054 --> 05:04:49,622
GROUP AT NCATS, THE STEM CELL

7059
05:04:49,622 --> 05:04:50,390
GROUP.

7060
05:04:50,390 --> 05:04:53,659
AND THEN WE SOAK OUR TISSUES IN

7061
05:04:53,659 --> 05:04:58,064
THROMBIN FOR ABOUT ONE HOUR TO

7062
05:04:58,064 --> 05:04:59,399
ALLOW FOR CONVERSION.

7063
05:04:59,399 --> 05:05:01,801
ABOUT A WEEK LATER WE HAVE

7064
05:05:01,801 --> 05:05:03,002
KERATINOCYTES ON TOP OF OUR

7065
05:05:03,002 --> 05:05:04,137
DERMIS.

7066
05:05:04,137 --> 05:05:06,406
AND THEN USING A 3D PRINTER MADE

7067
05:05:06,406 --> 05:05:09,275
BY A MEMBER -- SPACER MADE BY A

7068
05:05:09,275 --> 05:05:10,710
MEMBER OF OUR LAB GROUP, WE LIFT

7069
05:05:10,710 --> 05:05:13,980
OUR TISSUES TO AIR-LIQUID

7070
05:05:13,980 --> 05:05:15,148
INTERFACE WHERE THE BOTTOM AND

7071
05:05:15,148 --> 05:05:16,883
DERMIS OF OUR TISSUE IS TOUCHING

7072
05:05:16,883 --> 05:05:18,084
THE MEDIA BUT THE TOP IS EXPOSED

7073
05:05:18,084 --> 05:05:20,520
TO AIR SO IT'S ABLE TO STRATIFY

7074
05:05:20,520 --> 05:05:22,255
AND DIFFERENTIATE AND FORM OUR

7075
05:05:22,255 --> 05:05:23,489
FUNCTIONAL EPIDERMIS.

7076
05:05:23,489 --> 05:05:26,559
WE USUALLY -- DO ANY FURTHER

7077
05:05:26,559 --> 05:05:29,562
TESTING SUCH AS TIER, IMAGING

7078
05:05:29,562 --> 05:05:30,730
AND HISTOLOGY.

7079
05:05:30,730 --> 05:05:32,231
WHEN WE LOOK AT OUR HISTOLOGIES

7080
05:05:32,231 --> 05:05:35,802
HERE, WE CAN SEE WE HAVE OUR

7081
05:05:35,802 --> 05:05:38,771
DERMIS, AND THEN DOING I ME KNOW

7082
05:05:38,771 --> 05:05:41,107
HISTOCHEMISTRY AND STAINING FOR

7083
05:05:41,107 --> 05:05:45,945
K10 AND K14.

7084
05:05:45,945 --> 05:05:47,346
MATCHING A HEALTHY SKIN

7085
05:05:47,346 --> 05:05:49,882
PHENOTYPE FOUND IN VIVO.

7086
05:05:49,882 --> 05:05:52,618
SO NOT ONLY DO WE WANT NEURONAL

7087
05:05:52,618 --> 05:05:53,986
DEVELOPMENT BUT GOOD SKIN TISSUE

7088
05:05:53,986 --> 05:05:56,122
SO WE'RE USING A GOOD BASELINE.

7089
05:05:56,122 --> 05:05:57,390
THEN TO MAKE SURE THAT OUR

7090
05:05:57,390 --> 05:05:59,792
NERVES WERE FORMING WE WERE ABLE

7091
05:05:59,792 --> 05:06:02,895
TO STAIN THEM WITH A NEURON

7092
05:06:02,895 --> 05:06:05,731
SPECIFIC ANTIBODY AND OUR END

7093
05:06:05,731 --> 05:06:08,034
FEEL YAL CELLS SEE THE VASCULAR

7094
05:06:08,034 --> 05:06:08,935
NETWORKS FORMING.

7095
05:06:08,935 --> 05:06:11,904
WE'RE REALLY USING A LOT OF SELF

7096
05:06:11,904 --> 05:06:13,439
ORGANIZATION HERE, WE'RE NOT

7097
05:06:13,439 --> 05:06:14,841
REALLY FORCING A STRUCTURE,

7098
05:06:14,841 --> 05:06:16,476
WE'RE LETTING THEM DEVELOP INTO

7099
05:06:16,476 --> 05:06:17,844
THESE NETWORKS THEMSELVES.

7100
05:06:17,844 --> 05:06:21,214
SO LOYOU CAN SEE THIS 3D IMAGE T

7101
05:06:21,214 --> 05:06:22,915
WILL BE GOING FROM THE TOP OF

7102
05:06:22,915 --> 05:06:24,117
THE EPIDERMIS DOWN INTO THE

7103
05:06:24,117 --> 05:06:32,525
TISSUE.

7104
05:06:32,525 --> 05:06:34,393
SO GOING FROM THE TOP OF THE

7105
05:06:34,393 --> 05:06:35,528
EPIDERMIS DOWN TO THE TISSUE, WE

7106
05:06:35,528 --> 05:06:37,396
CAN REALLY SEE THAT OUR NERVES

7107
05:06:37,396 --> 05:06:38,598
HAVE INTEGRATED IN TO THE

7108
05:06:38,598 --> 05:06:39,398
NETWORK.

7109
05:06:39,398 --> 05:06:39,999
THEY'RE NOT SITTING AT THE TOP

7110
05:06:39,999 --> 05:06:41,667
OF THISH IT EU WHERE WE PRINTED

7111
05:06:41,667 --> 05:06:43,102
THEM, THEY'RE FORMING EXTENSIONS

7112
05:06:43,102 --> 05:06:43,870
THROUGHOUT OUR TISSUE.

7113
05:06:43,870 --> 05:06:45,204
AND JUST A NOTE, THIS ISN'T THE

7114
05:06:45,204 --> 05:06:48,474
FULL THICKNESS OF OUR SKIN

7115
05:06:48,474 --> 05:06:50,243
TISSUE.

7116
05:06:50,243 --> 05:06:52,245
OUR MICROSCOPE CAN JUST GO SO

7117
05:06:52,245 --> 05:06:53,146
DEEP INTO THE TISSUE BEFORE IT'S

7118
05:06:53,146 --> 05:06:56,315
TOO HARD TO SEE ANYTHING.

7119
05:06:56,315 --> 05:06:58,885
SO NOW THAT WE KNOW THAT WE ARE

7120
05:06:58,885 --> 05:06:59,552
FORMING EXTENSIONS WE WANT TO

7121
05:06:59,552 --> 05:07:00,987
MAKE SURE THEY'RE FUNCTIONAL SO

7122
05:07:00,987 --> 05:07:03,189
WE MEASURED SUBSTANCE P A

7123
05:07:03,189 --> 05:07:03,756
NEUROPEPTIDE EXPRESSED BY

7124
05:07:03,756 --> 05:07:04,690
NEURONS WHEN THEY'RE STRESSED

7125
05:07:04,690 --> 05:07:07,593
OUT SO TO STRESS OUR TISSUES OUT

7126
05:07:07,593 --> 05:07:09,595
WE ADD AN INFLAMMATION COCKTAIL

7127
05:07:09,595 --> 05:07:11,731
MADE UP OF A COUPLE DIFFERENT

7128
05:07:11,731 --> 05:07:13,199
CYTOKINES AND INCREASE THE

7129
05:07:13,199 --> 05:07:15,535
TEMPERATURE, TARGETING THE

7130
05:07:15,535 --> 05:07:16,969
RECEPTORS AND ION CHANNELS AND

7131
05:07:16,969 --> 05:07:21,040
WE NE SU MEASURED USING ELI IS D

7132
05:07:21,040 --> 05:07:22,341
WHAT WE FOUND IS OUR SKIN OR

7133
05:07:22,341 --> 05:07:25,411
SKIN WITH NERVES HAD DISTINCTLY

7134
05:07:25,411 --> 05:07:26,512
DIFFERENT SUBSTANCE P RELEASE,

7135
05:07:26,512 --> 05:07:28,214
IT'S INCREASED WHEN OUR NERVES

7136
05:07:28,214 --> 05:07:30,416
ARE THERE AND JUST A NOTE THIS

7137
05:07:30,416 --> 05:07:32,218
IS ALL NORMALIZED TO A DSO

7138
05:07:32,218 --> 05:07:32,552
CONTROL.

7139
05:07:32,552 --> 05:07:34,387
NEXT WE WANTED TO LOOK AT

7140
05:07:34,387 --> 05:07:35,321
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, WHICH IS THE

7141
05:07:35,321 --> 05:07:36,222
MEASURE OF ELECTRICAL RESPONSES

7142
05:07:36,222 --> 05:07:39,492
OF SENSORY NEURONS TO STIMULI

7143
05:07:39,492 --> 05:07:41,294
GENERALLY DONE USING MICRO

7144
05:07:41,294 --> 05:07:43,462
ELECTRODE ARRAYS WITH ELECTRODES

7145
05:07:43,462 --> 05:07:44,363
UNDERNEATH THE TISSUE.

7146
05:07:44,363 --> 05:07:46,032
OUR TRISH EUS ARE IN A TRANS

7147
05:07:46,032 --> 05:07:47,333
WELL PLATE SO IT'S A LITTLE MORE

7148
05:07:47,333 --> 05:07:48,434
COMPLICATED TO FIGURE OUT A WAY

7149
05:07:48,434 --> 05:07:50,136
TO SHOW ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY IN

7150
05:07:50,136 --> 05:07:51,771
THIS CASE.

7151
05:07:51,771 --> 05:07:53,639
A LOT OF MEA PLATES ALTHOUGH

7152
05:07:53,639 --> 05:07:55,408
EXTREMELY ROBUST ARE EXPENSIVE,

7153
05:07:55,408 --> 05:07:57,076
SINGLE USE AND YOU'RE REALLY

7154
05:07:57,076 --> 05:07:57,944
PLANNING YOUR EXPERIMENT AROUND

7155
05:07:57,944 --> 05:07:58,911
THAT AND KIND OF CIRCLING BACK

7156
05:07:58,911 --> 05:08:03,349
TO OUR CONTEXT OF USE, WE WANT

7157
05:08:03,349 --> 05:08:04,317
THESE TISSUES TO BE IN A WELL

7158
05:08:04,317 --> 05:08:05,651
PLATE METHOD WHERE WE CAN

7159
05:08:05,651 --> 05:08:06,519
RAPIDLY TEST DIFFERENT DRUGS.

7160
05:08:06,519 --> 05:08:07,920
SO WHAT WE DID TO CIRCUMVENT A

7161
05:08:07,920 --> 05:08:11,624
LOT OF THESE ISSUES IS WE

7162
05:08:11,624 --> 05:08:14,160
DEVELOPED OUR OWN CUSTOM MEA

7163
05:08:14,160 --> 05:08:16,028
PROBE IN-HOUSE.

7164
05:08:16,028 --> 05:08:17,563
THIS WAS CREATED BY A

7165
05:08:17,563 --> 05:08:18,664
NEUROSCIENTIST IN OUR GROUP.

7166
05:08:18,664 --> 05:08:24,470
SHE TOOK A MEA PROBE THAT HAS 16

7167
05:08:24,470 --> 05:08:28,441
TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES ON IT AND

7168
05:08:28,441 --> 05:08:30,109
ATTACHED TO A MANIPULATOR WITH A

7169
05:08:30,109 --> 05:08:31,110
CAMERA SO YOU CAN SEE WHERE THE

7170
05:08:31,110 --> 05:08:32,845
PROBE IS GOING INTO YOUR TISSUE.

7171
05:08:32,845 --> 05:08:34,347
YOU CAN MOVE WELL TO WELL

7172
05:08:34,347 --> 05:08:37,049
EASILY.

7173
05:08:37,049 --> 05:08:39,485
TO MEASURE OUR TISSUES, WE

7174
05:08:39,485 --> 05:08:40,620
INSERT THE ELECTRODE AND MEASURE

7175
05:08:40,620 --> 05:08:42,788
A BASELINE AND THEN ADD OUR

7176
05:08:42,788 --> 05:08:44,323
STIMULI AND RECORD THE

7177
05:08:44,323 --> 05:08:45,324
MEASUREMENT AND SO FOR THIS

7178
05:08:45,324 --> 05:08:48,527
CASE, WE USED DMSO AS CONTROL OF

7179
05:08:48,527 --> 05:08:51,497
OUR ISSUES, CAPSAICIN TO INDUCE

7180
05:08:51,497 --> 05:08:54,600
PAIN BY THE TRPV1 PATHWAY,

7181
05:08:54,600 --> 05:08:57,970
IL-4 TO INDUCE ITCH BY JAK1 AND

7182
05:08:57,970 --> 05:08:59,372
JAK3 WHICH ALSO CAUSES A LOT OF

7183
05:08:59,372 --> 05:09:00,239
OPIOID ADDICTION.

7184
05:09:00,239 --> 05:09:01,774
AND THEN WHEN WE MEASURED THESE,

7185
05:09:01,774 --> 05:09:07,480
YOU CAN SEE THE BASELINE OF OUR

7186
05:09:07,480 --> 05:09:08,681
RAW TRACE ON THE RIGHT AND

7187
05:09:08,681 --> 05:09:09,782
STIMULI ON THE RIGHT.

7188
05:09:09,782 --> 05:09:11,550
IN THE CONTROL WE DO SEE A

7189
05:09:11,550 --> 05:09:13,219
LITTLE BIT OF AGITATION BECAUSE

7190
05:09:13,219 --> 05:09:16,756
YOU'RE ADDING LI LIQUID ON TOP F

7191
05:09:16,756 --> 05:09:20,159
THAT EPIDERMAL GATEWAY, WHEN WE

7192
05:09:20,159 --> 05:09:23,229
ADD CAPSAICIN AND TRPV1 WE SEE

7193
05:09:23,229 --> 05:09:25,231
MUCH BIGGER SPIKES, CAPSAICIN

7194
05:09:25,231 --> 05:09:27,333
HAS A MUCH QUICKER EFFECT AND

7195
05:09:27,333 --> 05:09:30,169
THAT TRPV1 PATHWAY ABOUT FIVE

7196
05:09:30,169 --> 05:09:32,305
MINUTES WHILE IL4 TAKES ABOUT 30

7197
05:09:32,305 --> 05:09:36,442
MINUTES TO SEE A REAK SHU REACT.

7198
05:09:36,442 --> 05:09:39,412
WE ALSO SEE A BURST PATTERN WHEN

7199
05:09:39,412 --> 05:09:42,948
WE LOOK AT A RASTER PLOT.

7200
05:09:42,948 --> 05:09:44,717
WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE ADD

7201
05:09:44,717 --> 05:09:47,887
CAPSAICIN IS THEY'RE FIRING IN

7202
05:09:47,887 --> 05:09:49,255
SYNC, WHICH MEANS NOT ONLY DO WE

7203
05:09:49,255 --> 05:09:50,656
HAVE NEURITES REACHING INTO OUR

7204
05:09:50,656 --> 05:09:51,857
TISSUE, NOT ONLY ARE THEY

7205
05:09:51,857 --> 05:09:52,992
ACTIVE, BUT THEY'RE TALKING TO

7206
05:09:52,992 --> 05:09:53,659
EACH OTHER.

7207
05:09:53,659 --> 05:09:54,927
THEY'RE BURSTING IN PATTERN,

7208
05:09:54,927 --> 05:09:56,295
WHICH IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND

7209
05:09:56,295 --> 05:09:58,531
REALLY EXCITING.

7210
05:09:58,531 --> 05:10:03,102
SO IN CONCLUSION, WE ARE ABLE TO

7211
05:10:03,102 --> 05:10:04,537
BIOFABRICATE VASCULARIZED AND

7212
05:10:04,537 --> 05:10:05,638
INNERVATED SKIN CONSTRUCTS.

7213
05:10:05,638 --> 05:10:08,207
WE CAN VISUALIZE OUR NETWORKS

7214
05:10:08,207 --> 05:10:11,043
USING A NEURON SPECIFIC ANTIBODY

7215
05:10:11,043 --> 05:10:13,379
AND THEY DO SHOW PROPER SKIN

7216
05:10:13,379 --> 05:10:14,613
PHENOTYPE WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT

7217
05:10:14,613 --> 05:10:16,282
DISEASES IN PAIN MODELING.

7218
05:10:16,282 --> 05:10:17,717
OUR NERVES ARE FUNCTIONAL

7219
05:10:17,717 --> 05:10:19,151
LOOKING AT SUBSTANCE P RELEASE

7220
05:10:19,151 --> 05:10:20,353
AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY READINGS

7221
05:10:20,353 --> 05:10:21,654
TO CAPSAICIN AND IL4.

7222
05:10:21,654 --> 05:10:24,757
WE HAVE AN ACTIVE TRPV1,

7223
05:10:24,757 --> 05:10:26,459
JAK1 AND JAK3 PATHWAY.

7224
05:10:26,459 --> 05:10:27,760
NEXT UP WE'LL BE TESTING

7225
05:10:27,760 --> 05:10:29,095
COMPOUNDS AGAINST THOSE PATHWAYS

7226
05:10:29,095 --> 05:10:31,063
TO BLOCK THEM, AND ONCE WE ARE

7227
05:10:31,063 --> 05:10:33,032
ABLE TO DETERMINE THAT THIS

7228
05:10:33,032 --> 05:10:36,369
MODEL CAN BE USED TO MODEL THE

7229
05:10:36,369 --> 05:10:38,337
BLOCKING OF PAIN PATHWAYS IN

7230
05:10:38,337 --> 05:10:39,872
VITRO, WE'LL BE ABLE TO START

7231
05:10:39,872 --> 05:10:41,774
TESTING NOVEL COMPOUNDS AND TO

7232
05:10:41,774 --> 05:10:43,175
FIND NON-PAIN MEDICATIONS THAT

7233
05:10:43,175 --> 05:10:45,044
STILL BLOCK THESE PAIN PATHWAYS.

7234
05:10:45,044 --> 05:10:46,846
AND WITH THAT, I WANT TO THANK

7235
05:10:46,846 --> 05:10:47,947
EVERYONE IN MY GROUP.

7236
05:10:47,947 --> 05:10:49,048
WE'RE EXTREMELY COLLABORATIVE,

7237
05:10:49,048 --> 05:10:50,015
SO MANY OF US HAVE WORKED ON

7238
05:10:50,015 --> 05:10:50,483
THIS.

7239
05:10:50,483 --> 05:10:53,119
I WANT TO THANK OUR

7240
05:10:53,119 --> 05:10:55,721
COLLABORATORS AT THE STEM CELL

7241
05:10:55,721 --> 05:10:56,922
GROUP, ANNE WHO DEVELOPED THIS

7242
05:10:56,922 --> 05:10:58,324
MACHINE AS WELL AS ALL OF OUR

7243
05:10:58,324 --> 05:10:59,291
EXTERNAL COLLABORATORS, AND

7244
05:10:59,291 --> 05:11:00,593
WE'RE ALWAYS LOOKING FOR MORE

7245
05:11:00,593 --> 05:11:02,194
EXTERNAL COLLABORATORS, LIKE ID

7246
05:11:02,194 --> 05:11:04,163
IS A, WE HAVE THESE U GRANTS

7247
05:11:04,163 --> 05:11:05,464
WHERE WHEN GROUPS DEVELOP A

7248
05:11:05,464 --> 05:11:06,899
REALLY COOL TISSUE OR DISEASE

7249
05:11:06,899 --> 05:11:11,537
MODEL, THEY CAN APLAY FO APPLY U

7250
05:11:11,537 --> 05:11:13,873
GRANT AND BE PAIRED WITH US,

7251
05:11:13,873 --> 05:11:14,774
THAT CONTEXT OF USE WHERE HOW AM

7252
05:11:14,774 --> 05:11:17,309
I GOING TO MOVE FORWARD AND

7253
05:11:17,309 --> 05:11:19,378
PRINT OR BIOFABRICATE 10,000

7254
05:11:19,378 --> 05:11:20,413
TISSUES FOR A STUDY.

7255
05:11:20,413 --> 05:11:21,414
AND THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING

7256
05:11:21,414 --> 05:11:21,614
HERE.

7257
05:11:21,614 --> 05:11:25,785
[APPLAUSE]

7258
05:11:25,785 --> 05:11:29,488
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

7259
05:11:29,488 --> 05:11:30,623
THE MICROPHONES ARE IN THE ROOM,

7260
05:11:30,623 --> 05:11:31,590
IF PEOPLE WANT TO APPROACH THEM

7261
05:11:31,590 --> 05:11:32,224
WITH QUESTIONS.

7262
05:11:32,224 --> 05:11:35,194
PLEASE.

7263
05:11:35,194 --> 05:11:37,663
>> VERY, VERY INTERESTING
TALK.

7264
05:11:37,663 --> 05:11:38,431
SO A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS.

7265
05:11:38,431 --> 05:11:44,770
SO WHEN YOU ADD CAPSAICIN, AND

7266
05:11:44,770 --> 05:11:46,772
WITH YOU WITHDRAW, DO THEY KEEP

7267
05:11:46,772 --> 05:11:48,240
ON FIRING OR DO THEY STOP RIGHT

7268
05:11:48,240 --> 05:11:48,441
AWAY?

7269
05:11:48,441 --> 05:11:50,309
>> WE DON'T WITHDRAW THE

7270
05:11:50,309 --> 05:11:51,710
CAPSAICIN, IT'S NOT ON THE PROBE

7271
05:11:51,710 --> 05:11:53,279
IT'S ADDED AS A LIQUID SOLUTION.

7272
05:11:53,279 --> 05:11:55,481
SO THEY FIRE -- I MEAN, AT A

7273
05:11:55,481 --> 05:11:57,082
CERTAIN POINT, IT'S GOING TO

7274
05:11:57,082 --> 05:11:57,516
DIFFUSE.

7275
05:11:57,516 --> 05:11:59,452
SO THEY FIRE FOR ABOUT 20 TO 30

7276
05:11:59,452 --> 05:12:01,253
MINUTES AND THEN AT A CERTAIN

7277
05:12:01,253 --> 05:12:02,455
POINT IT DIFFUSES AND YOU'LL SEE

7278
05:12:02,455 --> 05:12:03,255
A DECREASE IN THE FIRING.

7279
05:12:03,255 --> 05:12:05,891
>> SO THIS IS A LOCAL PAIN

7280
05:12:05,891 --> 05:12:06,659
MODEL, RIGHT?

7281
05:12:06,659 --> 05:12:08,994
>> SO IT'S A TISSUE IN A
TRANS

7282
05:12:08,994 --> 05:12:11,397
WELL AND WE'RE ADDING THE

7283
05:12:11,397 --> 05:12:12,798
DILUTED STIMULI ON TOP OF THE

7284
05:12:12,798 --> 05:12:13,132
TISSUE.

7285
05:12:13,132 --> 05:12:17,603
AND SO IT'S ALL IN LIQUID.

7286
05:12:17,603 --> 05:12:19,572
BUT IT'S NOT, LIKE, A SINGLE

7287
05:12:19,572 --> 05:12:22,007
SPOT, IT'S NOT IN AN ANIMAL, SO

7288
05:12:22,007 --> 05:12:23,108
WE'RE NOT REALLY EVER REMOVING

7289
05:12:23,108 --> 05:12:23,876
THE STIMULI.

7290
05:12:23,876 --> 05:12:24,410
>> OKAY.

7291
05:12:24,410 --> 05:12:25,377
THANK YOU.

7292
05:12:25,377 --> 05:12:27,279
>> OF COURSE.

7293
05:12:27,279 --> 05:12:29,515
>> HI.

7294
05:12:29,515 --> 05:12:31,584
VERY INTERESTING TALK.

7295
05:12:31,584 --> 05:12:33,118
I MIGHT HAVE MISSED THAT PART,

7296
05:12:33,118 --> 05:12:38,190
BUT COULD YOU PLEASE TELL WHAT

7297
05:12:38,190 --> 05:12:40,526
TYPE OF HYDROGEL THAT YOU HAVE

7298
05:12:40,526 --> 05:12:43,262
BEEN USING FOR SUPPORTING BOTH

7299
05:12:43,262 --> 05:12:44,129
VASCULATURE ON NERVE CELLS?

7300
05:12:44,129 --> 05:12:47,700
>> YES, AND YOU KNOW,
TODAY I

7301
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:49,435
KIND OF WENT OVER THE BROAD

7302
05:12:49,435 --> 05:12:50,769
STROKES BUT IT WAS A LOT OF TIME

7303
05:12:50,769 --> 05:12:53,038
DEVELOPING THE RIGHT MATERIALS,

7304
05:12:53,038 --> 05:12:55,074
RIGHT MEDIAS, I PROBABLY TESTED

7305
05:12:55,074 --> 05:12:56,375
OVER 50 DIFFERENT MEDIA

7306
05:12:56,375 --> 05:12:57,042
FORMULATIONS TO FIND SOMETHING

7307
05:12:57,042 --> 05:12:58,577
THAT SUPPORTED SKIN VASCULATURE

7308
05:12:58,577 --> 05:13:00,746
AND NEURONS, ESPECIALLY NEURONS,

7309
05:13:00,746 --> 05:13:03,382
THEY'RE VERY PICKY, BUT WE USE A

7310
05:13:03,382 --> 05:13:04,683
RELATIVELY SIMPLE GEL

7311
05:13:04,683 --> 05:13:06,218
FORMULATION WITH GELS IN IF I

7312
05:13:06,218 --> 05:13:09,522
BRIN AND MAY TRI GEL TO FORM OUR

7313
05:13:09,522 --> 05:13:10,556
DERMIS.

7314
05:13:10,556 --> 05:13:11,423
MY BACKGROUND IS MATERIALS

7315
05:13:11,423 --> 05:13:11,857
ENGINEERING.

7316
05:13:11,857 --> 05:13:13,859
I DON'T ALWAYS LOVE USING MAY

7317
05:13:13,859 --> 05:13:15,661
TRI GEL SINCE IT IS KIND OF A

7318
05:13:15,661 --> 05:13:16,328
MYSTERY BOX BUT THE NEURONS LOVE

7319
05:13:16,328 --> 05:13:16,795
IT.

7320
05:13:16,795 --> 05:13:19,932
THE OTHER TISSUES ARE HAPPY WITH

7321
05:13:19,932 --> 05:13:21,600
COLLAGEN INSTEAD, THE NEURONS

7322
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:24,436
LOVE IT, AND I DO AT LAMINEN TO

7323
05:13:24,436 --> 05:13:25,404
OUR NEURONS HERE.

7324
05:13:25,404 --> 05:13:26,939
BUT IT'S REALLY JUST A GELATIN

7325
05:13:26,939 --> 05:13:29,141
AND FIBRIN BASE, IT'S A VERY

7326
05:13:29,141 --> 05:13:29,708
SIMPLE HYDROGEL.

7327
05:13:29,708 --> 05:13:31,911
>> WE'LL TAKE OUR LAST
QUESTION

7328
05:13:31,911 --> 05:13:34,813
BEHIND YOU.

7329
05:13:34,813 --> 05:13:35,848
>> VERY INTERESTING TALK.

7330
05:13:35,848 --> 05:13:37,249
I WAS CURIOUS WHEN YOU SHOWED

7331
05:13:37,249 --> 05:13:39,952
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN YOUR

7332
05:13:39,952 --> 05:13:42,488
INNERVATED SKIN MODEL AND SKIN.

7333
05:13:42,488 --> 05:13:44,223
IS THAT AGAINST NATIVE HUMAN

7334
05:13:44,223 --> 05:13:44,957
SKIN OR --

7335
05:13:44,957 --> 05:13:48,327
>> NO, THAT'S BETWEEN OUR
THREE

7336
05:13:48,327 --> 05:13:49,628
PRINTED SKIN.

7337
05:13:49,628 --> 05:13:52,031
WE HAVEN'T TESTED NATIVE YET,

7338
05:13:52,031 --> 05:13:55,367
THAT WOULD BE A GOOD KIND OF

7339
05:13:55,367 --> 05:13:56,569
COMPARISON, THIS IS COMPARING TO

7340
05:13:56,569 --> 05:13:59,638
OUR SKIN WITHOUT NERVES TO SKIN

7341
05:13:59,638 --> 05:14:02,207
WITH NERVE SO WE SEE AN INCREASE

7342
05:14:02,207 --> 05:14:03,142
IN SUBSTANCE P RELEASE.

7343
05:14:03,142 --> 05:14:04,944
>> THE STIMULI THAT YOU
USE TO

7344
05:14:04,944 --> 05:14:09,315
LOOK AT DIFFERENT RESPONSES, IS

7345
05:14:09,315 --> 05:14:11,884
THAT PHYSICIAN LONG CAL -- SAME

7346
05:14:11,884 --> 05:14:13,218
LEVEL AT PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULI

7347
05:14:13,218 --> 05:14:16,088
OR IS THAT SUPER PHYSIOLOGICAL?

7348
05:14:16,088 --> 05:14:18,424
>> I GUESS ARE YOU TALKING
THE

7349
05:14:18,424 --> 05:14:20,159
AMOUNTS OF CAPSAICIN AND IL4?

7350
05:14:20,159 --> 05:14:21,794
I KIND OF BASE IT OFF WHAT

7351
05:14:21,794 --> 05:14:23,562
PEOPLE DO IN RAT MODELS BECAUSE

7352
05:14:23,562 --> 05:14:25,264
THAT'S WHERE WE MOSTLY SEE

7353
05:14:25,264 --> 05:14:27,333
CAPSAICIN STUDIES, BUT I BASE

7354
05:14:27,333 --> 05:14:29,134
THE CONCENTRATION ON THE AMOUNT

7355
05:14:29,134 --> 05:14:30,235
OF LIQUID VOLUME WE HAVE WITH

7356
05:14:30,235 --> 05:14:34,273
OUR TISSUES TO KIND OF ADAPT IT.

7357
05:14:34,273 --> 05:14:36,976
SO I THINK THE CAPSAICIN IS LIKE

7358
05:14:36,976 --> 05:14:38,310
10 MIC MICROMOLAR SO IT'S PRETTY

7359
05:14:38,310 --> 05:14:38,477
LOW.

7360
05:14:38,477 --> 05:14:38,711
>> COOL.

7361
05:14:38,711 --> 05:14:39,111
THANK YOU.

7362
05:14:39,111 --> 05:14:40,379
>> LET'S THANK OUR
SPEAKER,

7363
05:14:40,379 --> 05:14:40,613
PLEASE.

7364
05:14:40,613 --> 05:14:48,487
[APPLAUSE]

7365
05:14:48,487 --> 05:14:48,887
OKAY, THANK YOU.

7366
05:14:48,887 --> 05:14:49,688
THAT WAS REALLY NICE.

7367
05:14:49,688 --> 05:14:53,559
SO OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS

7368
05:14:53,559 --> 05:14:57,763
DR. HANJOONG JO, EMORY

7369
05:14:57,763 --> 05:15:06,338
UNIVERSITY.

7370
05:15:06,338 --> 05:15:07,239
>> THANK YOU, MANU.

7371
05:15:07,239 --> 05:15:09,041
THIS IS ESPECIALLY AN

7372
05:15:09,041 --> 05:15:11,343
EXCEPTIONAL HONOR TO SPEAK IN A

7373
05:15:11,343 --> 05:15:16,915
CONFERENCE WHERE MY MOST ESTE

7374
05:15:16,915 --> 05:15:18,350
ESTEEMED COLLEAGUE AND MY FORMER

7375
05:15:18,350 --> 05:15:19,485
STUDENT ORGANIZED.

7376
05:15:19,485 --> 05:15:22,221
SO THANK YOU SO MUCH.

7377
05:15:22,221 --> 05:15:23,989
SO I WANT TO TALK ABOUT HOW

7378
05:15:23,989 --> 05:15:24,957
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE

7379
05:15:24,957 --> 05:15:27,226
REPROGRAMMED BY DISTURBED FLOW

7380
05:15:27,226 --> 05:15:30,396
AND HOW THIS CAN CAUSE@THROW

7381
05:15:30,396 --> 05:15:30,663
SCLEROSIS.

7382
05:15:30,663 --> 05:15:32,364
I WANT TO BRING THE CONCEPT OF

7383
05:15:32,364 --> 05:15:35,167
MOVING FROM MECHANOBIOLOGY TO

7384
05:15:35,167 --> 05:15:40,205
MECHANOMEDICINE.

7385
05:15:40,205 --> 05:15:41,540
SO@THROW SCLEROTIC DISEASE IS A

7386
05:15:41,540 --> 05:15:43,275
LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH, SUCH AS

7387
05:15:43,275 --> 05:15:45,611
HEART ATTACK, ISCHEMIC STROKE

7388
05:15:45,611 --> 05:15:46,712
AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

7389
05:15:46,712 --> 05:15:47,913
CONTINUES TO BE A LEADING CAUSE

7390
05:15:47,913 --> 05:15:50,282
OF DEATH WORLDWIDE.

7391
05:15:50,282 --> 05:15:51,350
THIS IS DESPITE THE FACT THERE

7392
05:15:51,350 --> 05:15:53,352
ARE A LOT OF GREAT DRUGS SUCH AS

7393
05:15:53,352 --> 05:15:55,888
STATINS THAT CAN LOWER ONE OF

7394
05:15:55,888 --> 05:15:57,089
THE IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS SUCH

7395
05:15:57,089 --> 05:16:02,061
AS HIGH CHOLESTEROL.

7396
05:16:02,061 --> 05:16:03,929
WHAT THIS TELLS YOU IS BRINGING

7397
05:16:03,929 --> 05:16:05,464
DOWN HIGH CHOLESTEROL ENOUGH IS

7398
05:16:05,464 --> 05:16:06,832
NOT ENOUGH AND WE NEED A NEW

7399
05:16:06,832 --> 05:16:10,469
ADDITIONAL DRUG THAT TARGETS

7400
05:16:10,469 --> 05:16:13,072
NON-LIPIDS, AND THIS IS WHERE WE

7401
05:16:13,072 --> 05:16:19,278
HAVE BEEN REALLY FOCUSING ON

7402
05:16:19,278 --> 05:16:22,548
FLUID DEPENDENT CHANGES IN

7403
05:16:22,548 --> 05:16:24,383
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AS A SOURCE OF

7404
05:16:24,383 --> 05:16:26,652
NEW TARGETED THERAPEUTICS.

7405
05:16:26,652 --> 05:16:31,857
IT OCCURS IN PLACES OF BRANCHING

7406
05:16:31,857 --> 05:16:34,393
POINTS SUCH AS HERE, FLOW IS

7407
05:16:34,393 --> 05:16:35,494
REALLY CIRCULATING HERE AND THIS

7408
05:16:35,494 --> 05:16:38,097
IS EXPOSED IN THE OUTER PORTION

7409
05:16:38,097 --> 05:16:40,866
OF THIS CAROTID BRANCH TO A LOW

7410
05:16:40,866 --> 05:16:43,535
AND OSCILLATING -- THIS IS WHAT

7411
05:16:43,535 --> 05:16:44,737
WE CALL A DISTURBED FLOW.

7412
05:16:44,737 --> 05:16:48,540
THIS IS WHERE ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS

7413
05:16:48,540 --> 05:16:50,142
TYPICALLY FOUND, BUT WHAT WAS

7414
05:16:50,142 --> 05:16:51,944
UNKNOWN WAS BL THIS DISTURBED

7415
05:16:51,944 --> 05:16:53,345
FLOW CAN ACTUALLY CAUSE THE

7416
05:16:53,345 --> 05:16:53,946
DISEASE.

7417
05:16:53,946 --> 05:16:57,449
SO WE DEVELOPED AN ANIMAL MODEL

7418
05:16:57,449 --> 05:17:01,053
ABOUT -- IN 2009, THIS IS CALLED

7419
05:17:01,053 --> 05:17:03,522
A MOUSE CAROTID LIGATION MODEL

7420
05:17:03,522 --> 05:17:05,557
OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

7421
05:17:05,557 --> 05:17:07,226
IN THIS MODEL, WE'RE USING ONE

7422
05:17:07,226 --> 05:17:08,360
OF THE TWO CAROTID ARTERIES IN

7423
05:17:08,360 --> 05:17:10,596
THE NECK, SO YOU ALL HAVE THIS

7424
05:17:10,596 --> 05:17:11,663
STRAIGHT PORTION OF THE NECK,

7425
05:17:11,663 --> 05:17:15,367
THE CAROTID ARTERY THAT I

7426
05:17:15,367 --> 05:17:17,102
EXPOSED TO A STABLE FLOW, BUT IF

7427
05:17:17,102 --> 05:17:19,738
WE CHANGE FLOW CONDITIONS BY

7428
05:17:19,738 --> 05:17:21,440
JUST LIGATING THREE OF THE FOUR

7429
05:17:21,440 --> 05:17:27,045
SMALL BRANCHES DOWNSTREAM, WE

7430
05:17:27,045 --> 05:17:28,614
CAN CHANGE PATTERN FROM ONE SIDE

7431
05:17:28,614 --> 05:17:33,018
OF THE CAROTID ARTERY TO A

7432
05:17:33,018 --> 05:17:35,420
STABLE UNIDIRECTIONAL HIGH

7433
05:17:35,420 --> 05:17:37,623
STRESS TO LOW OSCILLATING STRESS

7434
05:17:37,623 --> 05:17:41,426
TYPE THAT YOU TYPICALLY FOUND IN

7435
05:17:41,426 --> 05:17:42,494
PRO ATROAGENIC REGIONS.

7436
05:17:42,494 --> 05:17:44,429
SO IF WE DID THIS SURGERY IN

7437
05:17:44,429 --> 05:17:49,902
HIGH KLOSS TROLL MICE SUCH AS

7438
05:17:49,902 --> 05:17:51,336
APOE MICE, THE LEFT PORTION OF

7439
05:17:51,336 --> 05:17:53,405
THE CAROTID ARTERY THAT ARE

7440
05:17:53,405 --> 05:17:56,375
EXPOSED TO DISTURBED FLOW

7441
05:17:56,375 --> 05:17:57,876
DEVELOPS ATHEROSCLEROSIS WITHIN

7442
05:17:57,876 --> 05:17:59,278
TWO WEEKS, WHILE IN THE SAME

7443
05:17:59,278 --> 05:18:01,346
ANIMAL, THE RIGHT SIDE, WHICH IS

7444
05:18:01,346 --> 05:18:03,682
USED AS A CONTROL, EXPOSED TO

7445
05:18:03,682 --> 05:18:05,484
STABLE FLOW CONDITIONS, IS

7446
05:18:05,484 --> 05:18:08,320
PROTECTED FROM ATHEROSCLEROSIS,

7447
05:18:08,320 --> 05:18:09,688
DESPITE THE FACT THAT

7448
05:18:09,688 --> 05:18:12,124
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IS NEARLY

7449
05:18:12,124 --> 05:18:13,091
1,000 MILLIGRAMS PER DECILITER.

7450
05:18:13,091 --> 05:18:15,894
YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE HERE IN A

7451
05:18:15,894 --> 05:18:17,095
CROSS-SECTION, IN A

7452
05:18:17,095 --> 05:18:18,197
TIME-DEPENDENT MANNER THAT BY

7453
05:18:18,197 --> 05:18:20,599
TWO WEEKS, YOU CAN SEE

7454
05:18:20,599 --> 05:18:21,767
ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND IT INCREASES

7455
05:18:21,767 --> 05:18:23,735
FURTHER IN A TIME-DEPENDENT

7456
05:18:23,735 --> 05:18:27,539
MANNER, BUT IN THE RIGHT SIDE,

7457
05:18:27,539 --> 05:18:29,675
THEY REMAIN PLAQUE-FREE.

7458
05:18:29,675 --> 05:18:30,909
SO WE AND OTHERS NOW HAVE USED

7459
05:18:30,909 --> 05:18:33,078
THIS MOUSE MODEL TO UNDERSTAND

7460
05:18:33,078 --> 05:18:36,782
HOW DISTURBED FLOW ACTUALLY

7461
05:18:36,782 --> 05:18:38,951
CAUSES ATHEROSKLARE OW SKLARE OE

7462
05:18:38,951 --> 05:18:42,754
ATHEROSCLEROSIS SOSUDDENLY.

7463
05:18:42,754 --> 05:18:45,824
THIS IS MEDIATED THROUGH A AN

7464
05:18:45,824 --> 05:18:48,994
OMICS CHANGE, GENOME WIDE, EP

7465
05:18:48,994 --> 05:18:51,196
GINO WIDE AND METABOLOMICS WIDE

7466
05:18:51,196 --> 05:18:53,098
CHANGES OCCURRING IN ENDOTHELIAL

7467
05:18:53,098 --> 05:18:54,533
CELLS IN RESPONSE TO FLOW AND

7468
05:18:54,533 --> 05:18:56,768
THIS THEN CAUSES GRADUAL CHANGES

7469
05:18:56,768 --> 05:18:59,171
IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION,

7470
05:18:59,171 --> 05:19:01,039
ATRIAL FORMATION AND AT THE SAME

7471
05:19:01,039 --> 05:19:03,775
TIME STIMULATING IMMUNE

7472
05:19:03,775 --> 05:19:05,177
INFILTRATION INTO THIS AREA,

7473
05:19:05,177 --> 05:19:08,914
THEREBY PLAQUE OCCURS.

7474
05:19:08,914 --> 05:19:12,818
SO TW TO REALLY UNDERSTAND THE

7475
05:19:12,818 --> 05:19:13,919
SPECIFIC MORE DETAILED

7476
05:19:13,919 --> 05:19:16,555
MECHANISMS BY WHICH FLOW

7477
05:19:16,555 --> 05:19:18,657
REGULATES THESE RAPID

7478
05:19:18,657 --> 05:19:20,225
ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT, WE

7479
05:19:20,225 --> 05:19:21,293
HAVE DONE A LOT OF DIFFERENT

7480
05:19:21,293 --> 05:19:28,867
OMIC STUDIES USING OUR PARTIAL

7481
05:19:28,867 --> 05:19:31,803
LIGATION MODEL, SOMETHING I WILL

7482
05:19:31,803 --> 05:19:34,172
DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT MORE.

7483
05:19:34,172 --> 05:19:36,141
SO THROUGH MANY OF THESE OMIC

7484
05:19:36,141 --> 05:19:39,444
STUDIES AND LOOKING AT SINGLE

7485
05:19:39,444 --> 05:19:42,247
CELL RNA SEQUENCING, BULK RNA

7486
05:19:42,247 --> 05:19:45,217
SEQUENCING, MICRORNAs, AND DNA

7487
05:19:45,217 --> 05:19:46,919
METHYLOME STUDIES AND

7488
05:19:46,919 --> 05:19:48,220
METABOLOMICS STUDIES BE WE HAVE

7489
05:19:48,220 --> 05:19:51,356
IDENTIFIED NUMEROUS DATA,

7490
05:19:51,356 --> 05:19:53,392
NUMEROUS GENES AND METABOLIZED

7491
05:19:53,392 --> 05:19:54,860
THE CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO FLOW

7492
05:19:54,860 --> 05:19:56,161
DISTURBANCE, AND THEN THEY HAVE

7493
05:19:56,161 --> 05:19:58,230
BEEN NOW ANALYZED THROUGH

7494
05:19:58,230 --> 05:20:00,098
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES INCLUDING

7495
05:20:00,098 --> 05:20:02,801
MACHINE LEARNING AND WE ARE ALSO

7496
05:20:02,801 --> 05:20:04,636
TRYING TO USE A.I. FOR THE

7497
05:20:04,636 --> 05:20:06,705
ANALYSIS BASED ON THIS, WE

7498
05:20:06,705 --> 05:20:10,409
IDENTIFIED A LOT OF GENES, AND

7499
05:20:10,409 --> 05:20:12,077
WE HAVE STUDIES SPECIFIC

7500
05:20:12,077 --> 05:20:13,645
MECHANISMS IN CELLULAR MODELS AS

7501
05:20:13,645 --> 05:20:19,952
WELL AS INVO  IN VIVO MODELS AND

7502
05:20:19,952 --> 05:20:21,186
ON THESE STUDIES WE HAVE

7503
05:20:21,186 --> 05:20:22,287
IDENTIFIED MANY THERAPEUTIC

7504
05:20:22,287 --> 05:20:23,588
TARGETS AND SOME OF THEM ARE

7505
05:20:23,588 --> 05:20:25,557
LISTED HERE, INCLUDING HEG1 THAT

7506
05:20:25,557 --> 05:20:27,059
WE RECENTLY PUBLISHED, AND ONCE

7507
05:20:27,059 --> 05:20:29,494
WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THESE GENES,

7508
05:20:29,494 --> 05:20:31,964
THEN WE ALSO DEVELOPED A

7509
05:20:31,964 --> 05:20:33,732
TARGETED THERAPEUTICS METHOD

7510
05:20:33,732 --> 05:20:37,669
SUCH AS A LIPID NANOPARTICLE OR

7511
05:20:37,669 --> 05:20:39,071
ULTRASOUND-TARGETED

7512
05:20:39,071 --> 05:20:41,707
METHODOLOGIES, AND WHEN WE WERE

7513
05:20:41,707 --> 05:20:43,608
SUCCESSFUL BY TARGETING EVEN ONE

7514
05:20:43,608 --> 05:20:44,643
GENE, ONE FLOW SENSITIVE GENE,

7515
05:20:44,643 --> 05:20:49,181
WE COULD ACTUALLY SHOW THAT WE

7516
05:20:49,181 --> 05:20:52,718
CAN REVERSE FLOW ATHEROSCLEROSIS

7517
05:20:52,718 --> 05:20:55,687
IN THIS MODEL TO ALMOST NORMAL

7518
05:20:55,687 --> 05:20:56,121
CONDITIONS.

7519
05:20:56,121 --> 05:20:58,323
WHAT THIS DEMONSTRATED WAS THAT

7520
05:20:58,323 --> 05:21:00,625
IF WE CHOOSE THE RIGHT

7521
05:21:00,625 --> 05:21:01,994
MECHANOSENSITIVE GENES AND

7522
05:21:01,994 --> 05:21:04,863
TARGET THEM, WE CAN ACTUALLY

7523
05:21:04,863 --> 05:21:07,799
PREVENT ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND

7524
05:21:07,799 --> 05:21:08,700
REVERSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

7525
05:21:08,700 --> 05:21:12,270
SO TO DISCUSS THIS IN MORE

7526
05:21:12,270 --> 05:21:14,906
DETAIL, WHAT WE DID WAS WE USED

7527
05:21:14,906 --> 05:21:21,246
SINGLE CELL  CELL SCREENING USIR

7528
05:21:21,246 --> 05:21:22,114
LIGATION MODEL.

7529
05:21:22,114 --> 05:21:23,648
IN THIS CASE WE WANTED TO SEE

7530
05:21:23,648 --> 05:21:25,617
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF DISTURBED

7531
05:21:25,617 --> 05:21:29,087
FLOW ALONE WITHOUT USING

7532
05:21:29,087 --> 05:21:31,390
HYPERCHOLESTEROL EMIA AND AFTER

7533
05:21:31,390 --> 05:21:36,628
TWO DAYS AND TWO WEEKS FOLLOWING

7534
05:21:36,628 --> 05:21:38,897
PARTIAL FERTILIZATION WE THEN

7535
05:21:38,897 --> 05:21:41,199
DID SINGLE CELL RNA SEQUENCING.

7536
05:21:41,199 --> 05:21:42,701
INITIALLY WHAT WE FOUND WAS IF

7537
05:21:42,701 --> 05:21:44,469
YOU LOOK AT SINGLE CELL RNA

7538
05:21:44,469 --> 05:21:46,004
SEQUENCING IN THIS U MAP

7539
05:21:46,004 --> 05:21:47,873
ANALYSIS THIS TOTAL DATA IS NOW

7540
05:21:47,873 --> 05:21:49,374
DIVIDED INTO TWO DAYS AND TWO

7541
05:21:49,374 --> 05:21:50,776
WEEKS.

7542
05:21:50,776 --> 05:21:54,813
SO RCA IS THE CONTROL SIDE, AND

7543
05:21:54,813 --> 05:21:56,982
LCA IS THE SIDE WHERE THEY WERE

7544
05:21:56,982 --> 05:21:58,750
EXPOSED TO DISTURBED FLOW

7545
05:21:58,750 --> 05:21:59,684
CONDITIONS.

7546
05:21:59,684 --> 05:22:00,685
AND IN THE RIGHT SIDE, WHERE

7547
05:22:00,685 --> 05:22:02,220
THEY WERE EXPOSED TO STABLE

7548
05:22:02,220 --> 05:22:04,089
FLOW, YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE FOUR

7549
05:22:04,089 --> 05:22:06,224
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOTHELIAL

7550
05:22:06,224 --> 05:22:08,093
CELLS, BUT THESE ACTUALLY CHANGE

7551
05:22:08,093 --> 05:22:11,563
IN RESPONSE TO FLOW AND AFTER

7552
05:22:11,563 --> 05:22:13,432
TWO WEEKS, WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE A

7553
05:22:13,432 --> 05:22:16,068
NEW TYPE OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

7554
05:22:16,068 --> 05:22:17,869
EMERGING SUCH AS EA TYPE HERE,

7555
05:22:17,869 --> 05:22:27,179
COMPARED TO A PROTOTYPICAL E2 --

7556
05:22:27,179 --> 05:22:27,512
TYPES.

7557
05:22:27,512 --> 05:22:32,084
WHAT THEY ACTUALLY SHOW THAT --

7558
05:22:32,084 --> 05:22:36,121
HEALTHY TYPE, ONE GOES TOWARD A

7559
05:22:36,121 --> 05:22:38,457
MESENCHYMAL TYPE, AND WE ALSO

7560
05:22:38,457 --> 05:22:40,592
IDENTIFIED A NEW TYPE OF

7561
05:22:40,592 --> 05:22:43,862
TRANSITION WHICH WAS ENDOTHELIAL

7562
05:22:43,862 --> 05:22:46,131
CELLS MOVING TOWARD ENDOTHELIAL

7563
05:22:46,131 --> 05:22:46,698
SIDE.

7564
05:22:46,698 --> 05:22:49,000
NOW THEY DIDN'T MOVE ALL THE WAY

7565
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:50,936
TO THESE IMMUNE CELL TYPES SO WE

7566
05:22:50,936 --> 05:22:52,704
CALLED THEM PARTIAL IND THEEL

7567
05:22:52,704 --> 05:22:54,639
YAL CELL TO IMMUNE CELL

7568
05:22:54,639 --> 05:22:55,774
TRANSITION, AND THIS OCCURS JUST

7569
05:22:55,774 --> 05:22:57,609
IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBED FLOW

7570
05:22:57,609 --> 05:22:59,010
ALONE.

7571
05:22:59,010 --> 05:23:01,246
SO WE CAN ALSO SHOW THAT IF WE

7572
05:23:01,246 --> 05:23:05,951
JUST USE A -- EXPOSE THEM TO

7573
05:23:05,951 --> 05:23:07,919
EITHER A STABLE FLOW CONDITIONS

7574
05:23:07,919 --> 05:23:10,388
OR DISTURBED FLOW CONDITIONS IN

7575
05:23:10,388 --> 05:23:13,692
AN IN VITRO SETTING, WE CAN

7576
05:23:13,692 --> 05:23:15,393
INDUCE IMMUNE CELL CHANGE AS

7577
05:23:15,393 --> 05:23:18,063
WELL AS MESENCHYMAL CHANGE IN AN

7578
05:23:18,063 --> 05:23:19,898
IN VITRO SETTING JUST USING

7579
05:23:19,898 --> 05:23:21,633
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ALONE, AGAIN

7580
05:23:21,633 --> 05:23:24,136
DEMONSTRATING IN RESPONSE TO

7581
05:23:24,136 --> 05:23:25,437
FLOW, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

7582
05:23:25,437 --> 05:23:29,141
TRANSITION TO ME MESENCHYMAL AND

7583
05:23:29,141 --> 05:23:29,641
IMMUNE CELL TYPES.

7584
05:23:29,641 --> 05:23:31,309
SO BASED ON THIS CONCEPT, WHAT

7585
05:23:31,309 --> 05:23:32,844
WE PROPOSED WAS THAT DISTURBED

7586
05:23:32,844 --> 05:23:37,215
FLOW ALONE CAN CHANGE EP GENOMIC

7587
05:23:37,215 --> 05:23:38,750
AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC-WIDE CHANGES

7588
05:23:38,750 --> 05:23:42,120
THAT LEAD TO ENDOTHELIAL CELL

7589
05:23:42,120 --> 05:23:43,755
INFLAMMATION, ENDOTHELIAL CELL

7590
05:23:43,755 --> 05:23:46,358
TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND

7591
05:23:46,358 --> 05:23:47,792
PARTIAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL TO

7592
05:23:47,792 --> 05:23:48,760
IMMUNE CELL TRANSITION.

7593
05:23:48,760 --> 05:23:51,396
AND WE COINED THE TERM BASED ON

7594
05:23:51,396 --> 05:23:52,664
THIS, A FLOW INDUCED

7595
05:23:52,664 --> 05:23:54,199
REPROGRAMMING OF ENDOTHELIAL

7596
05:23:54,199 --> 05:23:57,269
CELLS OR PARTIAL FIRE.

7597
05:23:57,269 --> 05:23:59,237
WE THOUGHT THAT THIS PARTIAL

7598
05:23:59,237 --> 05:24:01,940
FIRE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR

7599
05:24:01,940 --> 05:24:03,475
ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

7600
05:24:03,475 --> 05:24:05,110
SO, SO FAR I DESCRIBED AN

7601
05:24:05,110 --> 05:24:06,611
EXPERIMENT WHERE WE JUST USED

7602
05:24:06,611 --> 05:24:07,679
DISTURBED FLOW CONDITIONS.

7603
05:24:07,679 --> 05:24:10,649
HOW ABOUT IF WE COMBINE DISTAL

7604
05:24:10,649 --> 05:24:12,951
FLOW WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROL EMIA?

7605
05:24:12,951 --> 05:24:15,420
BECAUSE AS YOU WILL SEE HERE,

7606
05:24:15,420 --> 05:24:18,156
DISTURBED FLOW ALONE DOES NOT

7607
05:24:18,156 --> 05:24:19,758
CAUSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

7608
05:24:19,758 --> 05:24:21,193
TO CAUSE IT, WE NEED TO COMBINE

7609
05:24:21,193 --> 05:24:24,896
DISTURBED FLOW WITH

7610
05:24:24,896 --> 05:24:25,363
HYPERCHOLESTEROL EMIA.

7611
05:24:25,363 --> 05:24:27,399
SO WE HAD FOUR DIFFERENT

7612
05:24:27,399 --> 05:24:28,500
CONDITIONS HERE, A CONTROLLED

7613
05:24:28,500 --> 05:24:29,935
CONDITION, DISTURBED FLOW ALONE,

7614
05:24:29,935 --> 05:24:32,504
AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL ALONE, AND

7615
05:24:32,504 --> 05:24:34,472
DISTAL FLOW, PLUS

7616
05:24:34,472 --> 05:24:35,373
HYPERCHOLESTEROL EMIA.

7617
05:24:35,373 --> 05:24:36,975
UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, AFTER

7618
05:24:36,975 --> 05:24:38,710
FOUR WEEKS OR TWO WEEKS, WE THEN

7619
05:24:38,710 --> 05:24:40,145
DID A SINGLE CELL RNA

7620
05:24:40,145 --> 05:24:41,546
SEQUENCING.

7621
05:24:41,546 --> 05:24:43,748
AND WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT WE

7622
05:24:43,748 --> 05:24:46,551
FOUND ABOUT 26 DIFFERENT TYPES

7623
05:24:46,551 --> 05:24:48,753
OF CELLS FROM OUR SINGLE CELL

7624
05:24:48,753 --> 05:24:50,488
DATA REPRESENTING ALL THE CELLS

7625
05:24:50,488 --> 05:24:54,392
THAT YOU EXPECT TO SEE FROM A --

7626
05:24:54,392 --> 05:24:55,393
THAT INCLUDES FIVE DIFFERENT

7627
05:24:55,393 --> 05:24:57,796
TYPES OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS,

7628
05:24:57,796 --> 05:24:59,864
THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SMOOTH

7629
05:24:59,864 --> 05:25:03,068
MUSCLE CELLS AND AGAIN MANY T

7630
05:25:03,068 --> 05:25:06,438
CELLS, DENDRITIC CELLS,

7631
05:25:06,438 --> 05:25:07,339
MACROPHAGES, AS WELL AS GUY PRO

7632
05:25:07,339 --> 05:25:13,979
SWOALS FIBROBLASTSAND NEUTROPHI.

7633
05:25:13,979 --> 05:25:16,381
WE THEN LOOKED AT IN A LITTLE

7634
05:25:16,381 --> 05:25:18,917
BIT MORE DETAIL IN A DIFFERENT

7635
05:25:18,917 --> 05:25:19,184
CONDITION.

7636
05:25:19,184 --> 05:25:20,719
WE HAVE ACTUALLY 10 DIFFERENT

7637
05:25:20,719 --> 05:25:22,921
CONDITIONS, SO THREE DIFFERENT

7638
05:25:22,921 --> 05:25:25,090
CONTROL CONDITIONS, HIGH

7639
05:25:25,090 --> 05:25:26,691
CHOLESTEROL ALONE, AND DISTAL

7640
05:25:26,691 --> 05:25:32,264
FLOW ALONE, AND DISTAL FLOW

7641
05:25:32,264 --> 05:25:34,566
UNDER HIGH CHOLESTEROL

7642
05:25:34,566 --> 05:25:35,100
CONDITIONS.

7643
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:36,268
YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE ABOUT FIVE

7644
05:25:36,268 --> 05:25:38,036
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOTHELIAL

7645
05:25:38,036 --> 05:25:38,370
CELLS.

7646
05:25:38,370 --> 05:25:44,709
IT STARTS WITH A HEALTHY

7647
05:25:44,709 --> 05:25:47,312
ATHEROPROTECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL

7648
05:25:47,312 --> 05:25:50,181
CELLS TO SMOOTH MUSCLE

7649
05:25:50,181 --> 05:25:53,785
CELL-LIKE, AND ANOTHER TYPE IS

7650
05:25:53,785 --> 05:25:54,986
PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANGIOGENIC

7651
05:25:54,986 --> 05:25:57,389
TYPE, AND THE OTHER IS ALSO

7652
05:25:57,389 --> 05:25:59,057
ANOTHER ENDMT TYPE, AND ONE

7653
05:25:59,057 --> 05:26:02,460
OTHER TYPE THAT WE SAW WAS A

7654
05:26:02,460 --> 05:26:03,995
ENDOTHELIAL CELL BECOMING IMMUNE

7655
05:26:03,995 --> 05:26:04,529
CELLS.

7656
05:26:04,529 --> 05:26:08,066
ALSO IT ALSO BECOMES A -- FORM

7657
05:26:08,066 --> 05:26:14,572
CELLS, SO WE ACTUALLY CALLED IT

7658
05:26:14,572 --> 05:26:18,310
AN ENDO FT AS WELL.

7659
05:26:18,310 --> 05:26:21,680
THERE IS NOT MUCH CHANGE -- TO

7660
05:26:21,680 --> 05:26:23,648
OUR SURPRISE, HIGH CHOLESTEROL

7661
05:26:23,648 --> 05:26:25,950
ALONE IN VIVO DIDN'T DO MUCH ON

7662
05:26:25,950 --> 05:26:27,485
ENDOTHELIAL CELL TRANSCRIPTOMIC

7663
05:26:27,485 --> 05:26:29,621
CHANGE, BUT IF YOU SUBJECT THEM

7664
05:26:29,621 --> 05:26:31,923
TO DISTURBED FLOW, YOU CAN SEE

7665
05:26:31,923 --> 05:26:36,428
THE COLOR CHANGES, THAT MEANS

7666
05:26:36,428 --> 05:26:37,729
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS SHOWING

7667
05:26:37,729 --> 05:26:38,496
DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTOMIC

7668
05:26:38,496 --> 05:26:39,798
PROFILES AND THEY BECOME REALLY

7669
05:26:39,798 --> 05:26:41,633
RED, THAT MEANS ENDOTHELIAL

7670
05:26:41,633 --> 05:26:44,269
CELLS ARE REALLY TRANSFORMING TO

7671
05:26:44,269 --> 05:26:47,672
IMMUNE CELLS AND -- TYPES.

7672
05:26:47,672 --> 05:26:49,407
THESE ARE ALL THE DETAILED

7673
05:26:49,407 --> 05:26:51,676
MARKERS WE USED HOW TO DESIGNATE

7674
05:26:51,676 --> 05:26:54,879
WHETHER THEY ARE HEALTHY CELLS,

7675
05:26:54,879 --> 05:27:00,318
INFLAMED, PRO ANGIOGENIC, AR

7676
05:27:00,318 --> 05:27:02,320
FORM SEROTYPES.

7677
05:27:02,320 --> 05:27:03,922
NOW COMBINING ALL THE DATA

7678
05:27:03,922 --> 05:27:09,394
TOGETHER AGAIN, WE CAN SEE THAT

7679
05:27:09,394 --> 05:27:12,330
THEY ARE EXPOSED TO HIGH

7680
05:27:12,330 --> 05:27:12,831
CHOLESTEROL CONDITIONS.

7681
05:27:12,831 --> 05:27:13,665
THERE ARE NOT MUCH CHANGES IN

7682
05:27:13,665 --> 05:27:14,733
THE CELL TYPES BUT AS SOON AS

7683
05:27:14,733 --> 05:27:16,768
YOU PUT THEM UNDER DISTURBED

7684
05:27:16,768 --> 05:27:19,003
FLOW CONDITIONS, THEY CHANGE.

7685
05:27:19,003 --> 05:27:22,173
THIS OSTRICH-LOOKING SHAPE HAS

7686
05:27:22,173 --> 05:27:26,211
BEEN DISINTEGRATED BY -- AND BY

7687
05:27:26,211 --> 05:27:31,783
COMBINING DISTURBED FLOW WITH

7688
05:27:31,783 --> 05:27:35,487
HIGH -- YOU CAN -- THAT'S WHAT

7689
05:27:35,487 --> 05:27:39,858
CHANGES BY A DISTAL FLOW ON THE

7690
05:27:39,858 --> 05:27:41,292
HYPOCHOLESTEROL I'M WHAT.

7691
05:27:41,292 --> 05:27:44,696
WE HAVE DONE A LOT OF DETAILED

7692
05:27:44,696 --> 05:27:47,265
VALIDATION, SO WE USED A

7693
05:27:47,265 --> 05:27:52,303
CONFETTI MICE TO DO FATE MAPPING

7694
05:27:52,303 --> 05:27:53,071
STUDIES.

7695
05:27:53,071 --> 05:27:55,473
WE CAN SEE CONFETTI -- YOU CAN

7696
05:27:55,473 --> 05:27:58,943
JUST FOCUS ON RED CELLS, SO RED

7697
05:27:58,943 --> 05:28:01,146
CELLS ARE GENETICALLY CODED

7698
05:28:01,146 --> 05:28:02,680
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND THEY

7699
05:28:02,680 --> 05:28:04,883
EXPRESS MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION

7700
05:28:04,883 --> 05:28:09,554
SUCH AS VCAM1 AS WELL AS ICAM1.

7701
05:28:09,554 --> 05:28:11,389
AND TO SEE WHETHER THEY ARE

7702
05:28:11,389 --> 05:28:15,660
UNDERGOING ENDO MT, WE CAN

7703
05:28:15,660 --> 05:28:17,395
AAGAIN FOCUS ON THE CONFETTI

7704
05:28:17,395 --> 05:28:18,797
MARKERS, RED AND WHITE STAINING

7705
05:28:18,797 --> 05:28:22,534
SHOWING THE MARKETERS -- AND

7706
05:28:22,534 --> 05:28:29,541
CNN1 ARE EXPRESSED.

7707
05:28:29,541 --> 05:28:33,111
AGAIN IMMUNE CELL MARKER, CD68,

7708
05:28:33,111 --> 05:28:38,683
C1QA, C1QB, AND LYZ2, THESE ARE

7709
05:28:38,683 --> 05:28:41,653
ALL IMMUNE CELL MARKERS, SO

7710
05:28:41,653 --> 05:28:43,221
AGAIN JUST DEMONSTRATING THAT

7711
05:28:43,221 --> 05:28:45,023
ENDO IT OCCURS.

7712
05:28:45,023 --> 05:28:53,731
FINALLY ENDOTHELIAL -- SO SPP1,

7713
05:28:53,731 --> 05:28:59,304
LG AL3, TREM2 AND BODIPY, THESE

7714
05:28:59,304 --> 05:29:01,940
DEMONSTRATE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

7715
05:29:01,940 --> 05:29:02,907
INDEED BECOME -- CELLS.

7716
05:29:02,907 --> 05:29:04,142
SO IN SUMMARY, WHAT WE HAVE

7717
05:29:04,142 --> 05:29:06,744
SHOWN IN THIS STUDY WAS A

7718
05:29:06,744 --> 05:29:07,479
TWO-HIT HYPOTHESIS.

7719
05:29:07,479 --> 05:29:12,417
WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT HALF THE

7720
05:29:12,417 --> 05:29:13,818
END FEEL YELL CELLS IN RESPONSE

7721
05:29:13,818 --> 05:29:17,655
TO DISTURBED FLOW ALONE, THEY

7722
05:29:17,655 --> 05:29:21,025
TRANSITION TOWARD THE -- THEY

7723
05:29:21,025 --> 05:29:22,994
BECOME INFLAMED AND THEY BECOME

7724
05:29:22,994 --> 05:29:26,564
TO ATTRACT IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS

7725
05:29:26,564 --> 05:29:30,535
MONOCYTES, THEN WITH  ONCE YOU T

7726
05:29:30,535 --> 05:29:32,837
THEM INTO HYPERCHOLESTEROL

7727
05:29:32,837 --> 05:29:34,706
CONDITIONS ON TOP OF DISTURBED

7728
05:29:34,706 --> 05:29:38,810
FLOW THEN THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

7729
05:29:38,810 --> 05:29:42,413
UNDERGO LEADING TO PLAQUE

7730
05:29:42,413 --> 05:29:42,881
DEVELOPMENT.

7731
05:29:42,881 --> 05:29:47,118
SO AGAIN, THIS FLOW ALONE IS NOT

7732
05:29:47,118 --> 05:29:48,319
ENOUGH, HYPERCHOLESTEROL EMIA IS

7733
05:29:48,319 --> 05:29:50,555
NOT ENOUGH TO CAUSE

7734
05:29:50,555 --> 05:29:51,523
ATHEROSCLEROSIS, YOU NEED BOTH

7735
05:29:51,523 --> 05:29:56,261
CONDITIONS AND BY TARGETING

7736
05:29:56,261 --> 05:29:57,161
FLOW-SENSITIVE GENES WHICH

7737
05:29:57,161 --> 05:30:00,131
ACTUALLY CAUSES THE INITIAL

7738
05:30:00,131 --> 05:30:04,469
FIRE, AND NOW ONCE YOU HAVE THIS

7739
05:30:04,469 --> 05:30:05,236
PILOT LIGHT ON AND IF YOU THROW

7740
05:30:05,236 --> 05:30:06,337
IN FUEL WHICH IS HIGH

7741
05:30:06,337 --> 05:30:07,739
CHOLESTEROL IS REALLY THE FUEL,

7742
05:30:07,739 --> 05:30:10,174
THEN IT CATCHES THE FULL FIRE

7743
05:30:10,174 --> 05:30:11,976
THAT LEADS TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

7744
05:30:11,976 --> 05:30:15,413
BY FOCUSING ON THIS TARGET FLOW

7745
05:30:15,413 --> 05:30:16,948
SENSITIVE GENES, I THINK WE

7746
05:30:16,948 --> 05:30:20,952
COULD DEVELOP A NEW THERAPEUTIC

7747
05:30:20,952 --> 05:30:21,419
TARGET.

7748
05:30:21,419 --> 05:30:23,154
SO I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE MY TEAM

7749
05:30:23,154 --> 05:30:25,089
AND ALSO THE FUNDING FROM NIH.

7750
05:30:25,089 --> 05:30:26,090
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

7751
05:30:26,090 --> 05:30:26,357
ATTENTION.

7752
05:30:26,357 --> 05:30:32,330
[APPLAUSE]

7753
05:30:32,330 --> 05:30:33,331
>> THAT IS GREAT.

7754
05:30:33,331 --> 05:30:35,099
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, CAN WE

7755
05:30:35,099 --> 05:30:43,708
MOVE TO THE MICROPHONES?

7756
05:30:43,708 --> 05:30:45,443
>> HOW DOES THE FLOW GET
TRANS

7757
05:30:45,443 --> 05:30:46,978
DAWESED TO ACTIVATE THE GENES?

7758
05:30:46,978 --> 05:30:49,247
>> THERE ARE DOZENS OF

7759
05:30:49,247 --> 05:30:51,449
MECHANOSENSORS ON TOP OF

7760
05:30:51,449 --> 05:30:53,851
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AS WELL AS

7761
05:30:53,851 --> 05:30:55,687
CELL-CELL JUNCTION AS WELL AS

7762
05:30:55,687 --> 05:30:57,722
INAT THE GRIN AND -- THESE ARE

7763
05:30:57,722 --> 05:31:00,058
ALL MECHANOSENSORS THAT DIRECTLY

7764
05:31:00,058 --> 05:31:00,925
SENSES -- AND THEN THEY

7765
05:31:00,925 --> 05:31:02,860
TRANSDUCE THE SIGNALS INSIDE.

7766
05:31:02,860 --> 05:31:04,195
>> INSIDE TO THE NUCLEUS?

7767
05:31:04,195 --> 05:31:06,431
>> YES, IT GOES ALL THE
WAY TO

7768
05:31:06,431 --> 05:31:06,664
NUCLEUS.

7769
05:31:06,664 --> 05:31:09,033
SO THERE IS SOME DIRECT WIRING

7770
05:31:09,033 --> 05:31:13,304
FROM THE MEMBRANE TO NUCLEUS AS

7771
05:31:13,304 --> 05:31:15,206
WELL PLUS THERE ARE ADDITIONAL

7772
05:31:15,206 --> 05:31:17,475
CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE

7773
05:31:17,475 --> 05:31:21,613
TURNED ON.

7774
05:31:21,613 --> 05:31:23,114
>> I'VE SEEN SOME OF THIS
DATA

7775
05:31:23,114 --> 05:31:24,415
BEFORE SO THANK YOU FOR SHARING

7776
05:31:24,415 --> 05:31:24,582
IT.

7777
05:31:24,582 --> 05:31:29,020
WE TALKED -- YOU STILL HAD

7778
05:31:29,020 --> 05:31:30,121
MONOCYTES COMING INTO THAT WALL.

7779
05:31:30,121 --> 05:31:32,824
IF YOU DID THIS IN A MOUSE MODEL

7780
05:31:32,824 --> 05:31:34,492
DEPLETED OF MONOCYTES, DO YOU

7781
05:31:34,492 --> 05:31:37,195
YOU THINK THE PLAQUES WOULD BE

7782
05:31:37,195 --> 05:31:40,465
AS AGGRESSIVE OR DO YOU THINK

7783
05:31:40,465 --> 05:31:42,333
MONOCYTES AND A -- WOULD BE A

7784
05:31:42,333 --> 05:31:42,567
THIRD --

7785
05:31:42,567 --> 05:31:45,470
>> MONOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE
IS AN

7786
05:31:45,470 --> 05:31:49,507
ESSENTIAL INCREED YEN INGREDIENM

7787
05:31:49,507 --> 05:31:50,375
CELLS.

7788
05:31:50,375 --> 05:31:51,809
SO THE PLAQUE PROBABLY WOULD NOT

7789
05:31:51,809 --> 05:31:52,877
OCCUR TO ANY DEGREE.

7790
05:31:52,877 --> 05:31:57,482
>> AND WITH THE ENDO IT

7791
05:31:57,482 --> 05:31:58,716
TRANSITION, WOULD -- AGAIN, JUST

7792
05:31:58,716 --> 05:31:59,784
WHAT YOU THINK WOULD HAPPEN,

7793
05:31:59,784 --> 05:32:02,820
WOULD YOU GET MORE ENDOTHELIAL

7794
05:32:02,820 --> 05:32:04,555
FOAM CELLS IF THEY DON'T HAVE

7795
05:32:04,555 --> 05:32:05,990
THE MONOCYTE DERIVED CELLS?

7796
05:32:05,990 --> 05:32:08,059
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION.

7797
05:32:08,059 --> 05:32:09,927
IELG HAVE TO ACTUALLY DO THE

7798
05:32:09,927 --> 05:32:10,228
EXPERIMENT.

7799
05:32:10,228 --> 05:32:12,330
BUT THERE WILL BE SOME

7800
05:32:12,330 --> 05:32:13,531
CONTRIBUTION FROM ENDOTHELIAL

7801
05:32:13,531 --> 05:32:17,568
CELLS ACTUALLY ABOUT 11% OF --

7802
05:32:17,568 --> 05:32:19,871
CELLS ARE DERIVED FROM

7803
05:32:19,871 --> 05:32:21,139
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, ABOUT 30% OF

7804
05:32:21,139 --> 05:32:22,707
THEM ARE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL

7805
05:32:22,707 --> 05:32:25,076
DERIVED, THE OTHER ARE

7806
05:32:25,076 --> 05:32:26,411
MACROPHAGE DREE RIFED.

7807
05:32:26,411 --> 05:32:27,712
SO THE PLAQUE WE SEE IN THE

7808
05:32:27,712 --> 05:32:29,447
PLAQUE IS COMBINATION OF AT

7809
05:32:29,447 --> 05:32:30,181
LEAST THREE DIFFERENT CELL

7810
05:32:30,181 --> 05:32:32,550
TYPES.

7811
05:32:32,550 --> 05:32:35,086
>> ONE FINAL QUESTION,
THIS WILL

7812
05:32:35,086 --> 05:32:37,722
BE THE FINAL QUESTION, I GUESS.

7813
05:32:37,722 --> 05:32:39,323
WE THINK THEIR NATIVE FUNCTION

7814
05:32:39,323 --> 05:32:40,992
IS TAKING LDLs FROM THE BLOOD

7815
05:32:40,992 --> 05:32:43,394
AND PASSING IT THROUGH TO THE

7816
05:32:43,394 --> 05:32:45,663
WALL, BUT THEY ARE NOW RETAINING

7817
05:32:45,663 --> 05:32:48,299
THAT LIPID IN THE INTEREST OF

7818
05:32:48,299 --> 05:32:49,167
ANOTHER -- ANY OF THE GENES

7819
05:32:49,167 --> 05:32:52,336
YOU'VE SEEN IN YOUR SINGLE CELL,

7820
05:32:52,336 --> 05:32:54,639
ARE THERE TRANS -- PATHWAYS THAT

7821
05:32:54,639 --> 05:32:55,940
ARE BEING DISRUPTED IN THAT

7822
05:32:55,940 --> 05:32:57,909
ENDOLE TO IT TRANSITION?

7823
05:32:57,909 --> 05:33:00,945
>> YES, ACTUALLY IN THAT
AREA,

7824
05:33:00,945 --> 05:33:02,280
ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT

7825
05:33:02,280 --> 05:33:05,883
CHANGE IS THE -- CHANGE, SO LDL

7826
05:33:05,883 --> 05:33:07,285
PERMEABILITY, FOR EXAMPLE, GOES

7827
05:33:07,285 --> 05:33:09,153
UP, AND SOME OF THE ENDOTHELIAL

7828
05:33:09,153 --> 05:33:13,758
CELLS THAT BECOMES IMMUNE CELLS

7829
05:33:13,758 --> 05:33:16,060
OR FORM CELL TYPES, THEY ALSO

7830
05:33:16,060 --> 05:33:17,161
MIGRATE INSIDE TOWARD THE PLAQUE

7831
05:33:17,161 --> 05:33:17,695
AS WELL.

7832
05:33:17,695 --> 05:33:19,597
SO A LOT OF THINGS ARE GOING ON.

7833
05:33:19,597 --> 05:33:20,198
>> ALL RIGHT.

7834
05:33:20,198 --> 05:33:21,065
LET'S THANK OUR SPEAKER.

7835
05:33:21,065 --> 05:33:22,533
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

7836
05:33:22,533 --> 05:33:23,534
EXCELLENT MENTOR.

7837
05:33:23,534 --> 05:33:26,571
[APPLAUSE]

7838
05:33:26,571 --> 05:33:28,239
ALL RIGHT AND THE FINAL SPEAKER

7839
05:33:28,239 --> 05:33:34,345
OF THE AFTERNOON SESSION IS

7840
05:33:34,345 --> 05:33:36,314
JOINING US ALSO FROM NOT THE NIH

7841
05:33:36,314 --> 05:33:37,381
BUT FROM GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL

7842
05:33:37,381 --> 05:33:38,716
UNIVERSITY SYSTEMS HOSPITAL AND

7843
05:33:38,716 --> 05:33:40,785
I WILL JUST TURN THIS OVER TO --

7844
05:33:40,785 --> 05:33:41,753
WHAT'S HER NAME?

7845
05:33:41,753 --> 05:33:42,520
CATE WISDOM.

7846
05:33:42,520 --> 05:33:43,287
THANK YOU.

7847
05:33:43,287 --> 05:33:47,658
SORRY.

7848
05:33:47,658 --> 05:33:49,494
>> THANK YOU SO MUCHMENT
MY NAME

7849
05:33:49,494 --> 05:33:51,028
IS CATE WISDOM AND I'M AT THE

7850
05:33:51,028 --> 05:33:53,865
UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY IN

7851
05:33:53,865 --> 05:33:55,833
THE 40 BIOCUBE CENTER FOR

7852
05:33:55,833 --> 05:33:56,701
BIOTECHNOLOGY.

7853
05:33:56,701 --> 05:34:01,506
AND I'M VERY EXCITED TODAY TO BE

7854
05:34:01,506 --> 05:34:02,573
HERE AND TO SHARE WITH YOU SOME

7855
05:34:02,573 --> 05:34:04,008
OF THE WORK THAT'S BEEN DONE AS

7856
05:34:04,008 --> 05:34:05,510
PART OF THE LARGER FAME PROGRAM

7857
05:34:05,510 --> 05:34:06,744
THAT'S ACTIVE IN OUR 16 TE AND

7858
05:34:06,744 --> 05:34:09,147
FAME STANDS FOR FABRICATION IN

7859
05:34:09,147 --> 05:34:13,084
AUSTERE MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS.

7860
05:34:13,084 --> 05:34:14,252
A DISCLAIMER, THESE VIEWS ARE MY

7861
05:34:14,252 --> 05:34:16,220
OWN AND DO NOT REFLECT THE VIEWS

7862
05:34:16,220 --> 05:34:17,488
OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES

7863
05:34:17,488 --> 05:34:19,423
UNIVERSITY OR THE DEPARTMENT OF

7864
05:34:19,423 --> 05:34:21,492
DEFENSE.

7865
05:34:21,492 --> 05:34:22,593
FIRST I WANT TO START BY

7866
05:34:22,593 --> 05:34:23,795
ESTABLISHING KIND OF THE

7867
05:34:23,795 --> 05:34:24,428
CHALLENGE.

7868
05:34:24,428 --> 05:34:27,298
SO MEDICAL RESPONSE TO MILITARY

7869
05:34:27,298 --> 05:34:29,167
CONFLICTS, NATURAL DISASTERS AND

7870
05:34:29,167 --> 05:34:30,535
HUMANITARIAN CRISES ARE VERY

7871
05:34:30,535 --> 05:34:31,435
COMPLICATED.

7872
05:34:31,435 --> 05:34:33,604
THEY CAN BE COMPLICATED BY

7873
05:34:33,604 --> 05:34:35,373
OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS THAT HAVE

7874
05:34:35,373 --> 05:34:37,341
UNRELIABLE SUPPLY CHAINS, EITHER

7875
05:34:37,341 --> 05:34:39,744
FROM ADVERSARIAL ATTACK OR JUST

7876
05:34:39,744 --> 05:34:40,745
INFRASTRUCTURE THAT'S BEEN

7877
05:34:40,745 --> 05:34:41,512
DESTROYED.

7878
05:34:41,512 --> 05:34:44,549
THINGS LIKE RHODES, BRIDGES AND

7879
05:34:44,549 --> 05:34:45,950
AIRPORTS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN

7880
05:34:45,950 --> 05:34:49,687
DESTROYED BY A NATURAL DISASTER.

7881
05:34:49,687 --> 05:34:54,192
THERE'S ALSO DELAYED MEDICAL

7882
05:34:54,192 --> 05:34:55,293
EVACUATION, THIS IS GOING TO

7883
05:34:55,293 --> 05:34:56,828
REQUIRE MORE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

7884
05:34:56,828 --> 05:34:58,262
AND CONSUMABLES IN ORDER TO CARE

7885
05:34:58,262 --> 05:35:00,431
FOR THESE PATIENT.

7886
05:35:00,431 --> 05:35:01,766
S.

7887
05:35:01,766 --> 05:35:02,934
ADDITIONALLY, WHEN RESPONDING

7888
05:35:02,934 --> 05:35:05,469
THERE COULD BE DIFFERENT SERVICE

7889
05:35:05,469 --> 05:35:08,973
BRANCHES, NATIONS, NGOs OR

7890
05:35:08,973 --> 05:35:10,174
HUMANITARIAN AID ORGANIZATIONS

7891
05:35:10,174 --> 05:35:10,942
THAT RESPOND.

7892
05:35:10,942 --> 05:35:14,779
AND THE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND

7893
05:35:14,779 --> 05:35:15,847
CONSUMABLES THAT THEY BRING ARE

7894
05:35:15,847 --> 05:35:18,049
NOT GUARANTEED TO BE COMPATIBLE

7895
05:35:18,049 --> 05:35:19,250
WITH ONE ANOTHER.

7896
05:35:19,250 --> 05:35:20,351
ADDITIONALLY, STOCKS OF MEDICAL

7897
05:35:20,351 --> 05:35:21,752
SUPPLIES CAN BE QUICKLY

7898
05:35:21,752 --> 05:35:22,820
DEPLETED, AND THERE COULD

7899
05:35:22,820 --> 05:35:24,055
POTENTIALLY BE A HIGHER

7900
05:35:24,055 --> 05:35:26,524
LIKELIHOOD OF FAILURE OF MEDICAL

7901
05:35:26,524 --> 05:35:28,392
DEVICES JUST FROM OVERUSE.

7902
05:35:28,392 --> 05:35:31,929
NEXT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT HOW

7903
05:35:31,929 --> 05:35:33,764
THE MILITARY OPERATIONAL UNIT

7904
05:35:33,764 --> 05:35:34,765
RECEIVES MEDICAL MATERIAL.

7905
05:35:34,765 --> 05:35:36,634
SO THE OPERATIONAL UNIT WILL

7906
05:35:36,634 --> 05:35:38,803
PLACE AN ORDER WITH THE MILITARY

7907
05:35:38,803 --> 05:35:40,338
TREATMENT FACILITY.

7908
05:35:40,338 --> 05:35:41,505
THE MILITARY TREATMENT FACILITY

7909
05:35:41,505 --> 05:35:43,975
THEN PLACES AN ORDER WITH THE

7910
05:35:43,975 --> 05:35:44,942
PRIME VENDOR.

7911
05:35:44,942 --> 05:35:48,679
THE PRIME VENDOR FULFILLS THE --

7912
05:35:48,679 --> 05:35:50,014
WHICH THEN DISTRIBUTES TO THE

7913
05:35:50,014 --> 05:35:50,982
OPERATIONAL UNIT.

7914
05:35:50,982 --> 05:35:51,949
NOW THE MILITARY TREATMENT

7915
05:35:51,949 --> 05:35:53,417
FACILITY HAS TO PREDICT THE

7916
05:35:53,417 --> 05:35:54,585
NUMBER OF ITEMS THAT THEY

7917
05:35:54,585 --> 05:35:58,189
ANTICIPATE NEEDING OUT TO 30

7918
05:35:58,189 --> 05:35:59,490
DAYS IN ADVANCE AND IF THEY

7919
05:35:59,490 --> 05:36:00,925
PREDICT CORRECTLY THEN THE PRIME

7920
05:36:00,925 --> 05:36:02,994
VENDOR HAS A STANDARD 7 DAY

7921
05:36:02,994 --> 05:36:03,761
DELIVERY WINDOW.

7922
05:36:03,761 --> 05:36:08,266
HOWEVER, IF THE ORDERED ITEMS'

7923
05:36:08,266 --> 05:36:09,901
QUANTITY EXCEEDS WHAT WAS ECK

7924
05:36:09,901 --> 05:36:11,002
INSPECTED THEN THE PRIME VENDOR

7925
05:36:11,002 --> 05:36:12,637
HAS UP TO 37 DAYS TO FULFILL

7926
05:36:12,637 --> 05:36:13,804
THAT ORDER.

7927
05:36:13,804 --> 05:36:15,907
AND IF AN INFREQUENTLY ORDERED

7928
05:36:15,907 --> 05:36:17,241
ITEMS IS REQUESTED THEN THE

7929
05:36:17,241 --> 05:36:19,210
PRIME VENDOR HAS UP TO 90 DAYS

7930
05:36:19,210 --> 05:36:21,812
TO FULFILL THAT ORDER.

7931
05:36:21,812 --> 05:36:25,983
THIS VO SUMS UP THE PROBLEM:  IT

7932
05:36:25,983 --> 05:36:27,385
TAKES THREE MONTHS TO GET A PART

7933
05:36:27,385 --> 05:36:30,655
THAT COSTS $30 TO FIX A

7934
05:36:30,655 --> 05:36:32,757
$3 MILLION PIECE OF EQUIPMENT.

7935
05:36:32,757 --> 05:36:34,692
WE BELIEVE THAT ONE POTENTIAL

7936
05:36:34,692 --> 05:36:36,994
SOLUTION CAN BE ADDITIVE

7937
05:36:36,994 --> 05:36:38,062
MANUFACTURING AT OR NEAR THE

7938
05:36:38,062 --> 05:36:39,630
POINT OF NEED.

7939
05:36:39,630 --> 05:36:42,266
THIS CAN INCLUDE 3D PRINTING AND

7940
05:36:42,266 --> 05:36:44,101
3D SCANNING WITH BIOMINUTING

7941
05:36:44,101 --> 05:36:45,870
CAPABILITIES AS THE AT OR NEAR

7942
05:36:45,870 --> 05:36:47,405
THE POINT OF NEED.

7943
05:36:47,405 --> 05:36:49,674
WE ENVISION THIS BEING A COMMON

7944
05:36:49,674 --> 05:36:54,512
PARTS DATABASE THAT CAN BE --

7945
05:36:54,512 --> 05:36:57,682
AND THE CLOUD OPTION ENABLES

7946
05:36:57,682 --> 05:36:59,083
REMOTE DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

7947
05:36:59,083 --> 05:37:01,819
SUPPORT, OR WE CAN USE 3D

7948
05:37:01,819 --> 05:37:03,354
SCANNERS TO POINT OF NEED

7949
05:37:03,354 --> 05:37:04,555
GENERATE PRINT FILES AND

7950
05:37:04,555 --> 05:37:08,392
DIGITALLY REPAIR PARTS.

7951
05:37:08,392 --> 05:37:10,261
TAKEN TOGETHER, THIS COULD BE A

7952
05:37:10,261 --> 05:37:11,696
POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO THE

7953
05:37:11,696 --> 05:37:13,097
CHALLENGES OF CONTESTED

7954
05:37:13,097 --> 05:37:16,500
LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENTS.

7955
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:18,336
DURING THE FAME PROGRAM, WE'VE

7956
05:37:18,336 --> 05:37:20,738
DEMONSTRATED ADDITIVE

7957
05:37:20,738 --> 05:37:21,572
MANUFACTURING IN THREE DIFFERENT

7958
05:37:21,572 --> 05:37:22,840
MISSION DOMAINS.

7959
05:37:22,840 --> 05:37:25,776
THE FIRST MISSION DOMAIN WAS A

7960
05:37:25,776 --> 05:37:27,211
DESERT ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH WE

7961
05:37:27,211 --> 05:37:28,846
DEPLOYED A THERMAL PLASTIC

7962
05:37:28,846 --> 05:37:30,147
PRINTER AND BIOPRINTING

7963
05:37:30,147 --> 05:37:30,581
CAPABILITIES.

7964
05:37:30,581 --> 05:37:31,749
THE SECOND MISSION DOMAIN WAS

7965
05:37:31,749 --> 05:37:33,818
ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE

7966
05:37:33,818 --> 05:37:35,419
STATION IN WHICH WE INVESTIGATED

7967
05:37:35,419 --> 05:37:35,853
BIOPRINTING.

7968
05:37:35,853 --> 05:37:37,922
AND THE THIRD MISSION DOMAIN WAS

7969
05:37:37,922 --> 05:37:40,124
IN AN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT, IN

7970
05:37:40,124 --> 05:37:48,632
WHICH WE DEPLOYED A AUSTERE -- A

7971
05:37:48,632 --> 05:37:50,067
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 3D

7972
05:37:50,067 --> 05:37:50,935
PRINTER WITH THERMOPLASTIC

7973
05:37:50,935 --> 05:37:52,570
PRINTING CAPABILITIES AND 3D

7974
05:37:52,570 --> 05:37:53,971
SCANNING TECHNOLOGY.

7975
05:37:53,971 --> 05:37:55,573
FOR THE REST OF MY TALK, I'M

7976
05:37:55,573 --> 05:37:58,242
GOING TO FOCUS ON THE AUSTERE

7977
05:37:58,242 --> 05:37:59,710
ENVIRONMENT.

7978
05:37:59,710 --> 05:38:02,413
HOWEVER, THE REFERENCES TO THE

7979
05:38:02,413 --> 05:38:03,280
OTHER TWO ENVIRONMENTS AND THE

7980
05:38:03,280 --> 05:38:04,815
WORK THAT WAS COMPLETED THERE

7981
05:38:04,815 --> 05:38:05,916
ARE LISTED HERE FOR YOU TO

7982
05:38:05,916 --> 05:38:10,488
REVIEW.

7983
05:38:10,488 --> 05:38:11,822
FIRST BEFORE WE COULD DO ANY

7984
05:38:11,822 --> 05:38:12,690
PRINTING WE HAD TO FIGURE OUT

7985
05:38:12,690 --> 05:38:14,558
HOW TO GET OUR EQUIPMENT TO THE

7986
05:38:14,558 --> 05:38:15,426
AUSTERE ARCTIC LOCATION.

7987
05:38:15,426 --> 05:38:17,395
TO DO THIS, WE INVESTIGATED TWO

7988
05:38:17,395 --> 05:38:18,696
DIFFERENT SCHEMES.

7989
05:38:18,696 --> 05:38:21,665
THE FIRST SCHEME WAS ACTUALLY TO

7990
05:38:21,665 --> 05:38:24,935
PACKAGE THE COMMERCIAL PRINTER

7991
05:38:24,935 --> 05:38:26,237
IN THE MANUFACTURE PACKAGING,

7992
05:38:26,237 --> 05:38:28,172
PLACE IT IN A CANVAS ZIPPER BAG

7993
05:38:28,172 --> 05:38:31,075
WITH WHEELS, AND CHECK IT AS

7994
05:38:31,075 --> 05:38:33,044
CHECKED BAGGAGE ON A COMMERCIAL

7995
05:38:33,044 --> 05:38:33,477
AIRLINE CARRIER.

7996
05:38:33,477 --> 05:38:36,080
IN ADDITION TO THE 3D PRINTER,

7997
05:38:36,080 --> 05:38:41,886
WE TOOK AN AIR HANDLER, EXTRA --

7998
05:38:41,886 --> 05:38:42,686
3D SCANNER AND OTHER MATERIALS

7999
05:38:42,686 --> 05:38:44,555
WITHIN A PELICAN CASE AND TWO

8000
05:38:44,555 --> 05:38:45,823
LARGE SUITCASES.

8001
05:38:45,823 --> 05:38:48,025
THE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SCHEME IS

8002
05:38:48,025 --> 05:38:48,793
THAT THE MATERIALS ARRIVE WITH

8003
05:38:48,793 --> 05:38:49,894
THE PERSONNEL.

8004
05:38:49,894 --> 05:38:51,529
BUT THERE ARE SOME ADDITIONAL

8005
05:38:51,529 --> 05:38:53,164
CHALLENGES TO CONSIDER.

8006
05:38:53,164 --> 05:38:58,069
SUCH AS THE SIZE OF RURAL AIR

8007
05:38:58,069 --> 05:38:59,403
AND GROUND TRANSPORTATION IS NOT

8008
05:38:59,403 --> 05:38:59,937
UNIVERSAL.

8009
05:38:59,937 --> 05:39:01,105
YOU ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER

8010
05:39:01,105 --> 05:39:02,473
INTERNATIONAL WEIGHT AND SIZE

8011
05:39:02,473 --> 05:39:03,207
CONSIDERATIONS WHICH CAN VARY

8012
05:39:03,207 --> 05:39:05,943
AMONGST AIRLINES AND CAN BE

8013
05:39:05,943 --> 05:39:07,578
DIFFERENT THAN DOMESTIC

8014
05:39:07,578 --> 05:39:08,045
AIRLINES.

8015
05:39:08,045 --> 05:39:09,580
YOU ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER

8016
05:39:09,580 --> 05:39:10,648
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS.

8017
05:39:10,648 --> 05:39:12,116
AND WHAT TYPES OF MATERIALS AND

8018
05:39:12,116 --> 05:39:13,417
EQUIPMENT ARE GOING TO BE

8019
05:39:13,417 --> 05:39:14,618
ALLOWED IN TO THE COUNTRY THAT

8020
05:39:14,618 --> 05:39:15,953
YOU'RE TRYING TO DEPLOY THEM

8021
05:39:15,953 --> 05:39:17,388
INTO.

8022
05:39:17,388 --> 05:39:19,090
THE SECOND SCHEME WE EVALUATED

8023
05:39:19,090 --> 05:39:22,159
WAS TO SHIP THE RUGGEDIZED

8024
05:39:22,159 --> 05:39:24,695
PRINTER ON A PALLET USING A

8025
05:39:24,695 --> 05:39:26,330
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING CARRIER.

8026
05:39:26,330 --> 05:39:27,965
FOR THIS SCHEME, WE HAD

8027
05:39:27,965 --> 05:39:30,067
ANTICIPATED RECEIVING THE PALLET

8028
05:39:30,067 --> 05:39:30,701
AT SEVEN DAYS.

8029
05:39:30,701 --> 05:39:31,802
HOWEVER, THERE WAS A DELAY IN

8030
05:39:31,802 --> 05:39:35,172
THE CUSTOMS PROCESS THAT WE

8031
05:39:35,172 --> 05:39:38,375
WEREN'T ABLE TO BEGIN TESTING

8032
05:39:38,375 --> 05:39:38,709
UNTIL DAY 14.

8033
05:39:38,709 --> 05:39:39,910
SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT NEEDS

8034
05:39:39,910 --> 05:39:44,281
TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN TRYING TO

8035
05:39:44,281 --> 05:39:47,218
ADDRESS SOME OF THE CHALLENGING

8036
05:39:47,218 --> 05:39:48,552
LOGISTICS SCHEMES.

8037
05:39:48,552 --> 05:39:50,955
ONCE THE PRINTERS ARRIVED, WE

8038
05:39:50,955 --> 05:39:52,590
DEMONSTRATED THAT WE COULD PRINT

8039
05:39:52,590 --> 05:39:54,658
PARTS FROM A COMMON PART

8040
05:39:54,658 --> 05:39:55,059
DATABASE.

8041
05:39:55,059 --> 05:39:57,061
WE PRINTED FROM MATERIALS LIKE

8042
05:39:57,061 --> 05:40:00,264
POLL' CARBONATE, POLYCARBONATE

8043
05:40:00,264 --> 05:40:02,199
HAVING THE ADVANTAGE IT CAN BE

8044
05:40:02,199 --> 05:40:05,803
AUTOCLAVE STERILIZED.

8045
05:40:05,803 --> 05:40:07,571
ADDITIONALLY WE PRINTED PARTS

8046
05:40:07,571 --> 05:40:10,541
LIKE FACE SHIELDS, EYEGLASS

8047
05:40:10,541 --> 05:40:14,245
FRAMES, BARBED TUBING ADAPTORS

8048
05:40:14,245 --> 05:40:15,779
MAYBE TO PROMOTE SOME

8049
05:40:15,779 --> 05:40:16,847
COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THOSE

8050
05:40:16,847 --> 05:40:17,882
DESPERATE SUPPLIES.

8051
05:40:17,882 --> 05:40:21,051
WE ALSO MADE I VBAC HOLDERS,

8052
05:40:21,051 --> 05:40:23,454
CLAMPS, HANDLES, A MEDICAL

8053
05:40:23,454 --> 05:40:25,756
DEVICE HOUSING, AND A SNOWMOBILE

8054
05:40:25,756 --> 05:40:27,925
SWITCH.

8055
05:40:27,925 --> 05:40:29,693
THIS SNOWMOBILE SWITCH WAS

8056
05:40:29,693 --> 05:40:35,032
ACTUALLY AN UNUSED CASE, THE

8057
05:40:35,032 --> 05:40:36,333
PARTNER CAME AND ASKED IF WE

8058
05:40:36,333 --> 05:40:42,373
COULD PRINT A 37D REPLACEMENT

8059
05:40:42,373 --> 05:40:43,040
KNOB.

8060
05:40:43,040 --> 05:40:45,309
THESE KNOBS TYPICALLY COST THEM

8061
05:40:45,309 --> 05:40:46,510
$900 TO REPLACE BECAUSE THEY

8062
05:40:46,510 --> 05:40:47,945
HAVE TO PURCHASE THE ENTIRE

8063
05:40:47,945 --> 05:40:49,747
HOUSING BUT THEY JUST NEED THE

8064
05:40:49,747 --> 05:40:50,447
KNOB.

8065
05:40:50,447 --> 05:40:51,148
ADDITIONALLY THEY'RE SUBJECT TO

8066
05:40:51,148 --> 05:40:53,951
THE SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES AND

8067
05:40:53,951 --> 05:40:56,820
ACCESS TO THIS AUSTERE ARCTIC

8068
05:40:56,820 --> 05:40:57,354
LOCATION.

8069
05:40:57,354 --> 05:40:58,455
WITHIN 15 MINUTES, WE LOCATED

8070
05:40:58,455 --> 05:41:01,392
THE PART INTO THE 3D PRINTER

8071
05:41:01,392 --> 05:41:03,594
SOFTWARE, IT GENERATED A PRINT

8072
05:41:03,594 --> 05:41:06,664
FILE WITH WATER, DISSOLVABLE

8073
05:41:06,664 --> 05:41:08,065
SUPPORT MATERIAL, AND IN THREE

8074
05:41:08,065 --> 05:41:11,569
HOURS AND 45 MINUTES, WE

8075
05:41:11,569 --> 05:41:14,505
MANUFACTURE A REPLACEMENT KNOB

8076
05:41:14,505 --> 05:41:16,273
OUT OF NYLON CARBON FIBER.

8077
05:41:16,273 --> 05:41:17,942
SO IN A TOTAL OF SIX HOURS, WE

8078
05:41:17,942 --> 05:41:20,077
WERE ABLE TO GENERATE A PART

8079
05:41:20,077 --> 05:41:24,548
FILE AND A REPLACEMENT PART AND

8080
05:41:24,548 --> 05:41:29,353
WE WERE ABLE TO DO THIS FOR

8081
05:41:29,353 --> 05:41:30,387
$3.23.

8082
05:41:30,387 --> 05:41:32,957
NEXT WE EVALUATED BIOPRINTING IN

8083
05:41:32,957 --> 05:41:34,925
THE AUSTERE ARCTIC LOCALE, AB TO

8084
05:41:34,925 --> 05:41:37,595
DO THIS, WE LOOKED AT PRINTING A

8085
05:41:37,595 --> 05:41:38,729
MENISCUS, BUT THE REST OF MY

8086
05:41:38,729 --> 05:41:41,999
TALK IS GOING TO FOCUS ON THE

8087
05:41:41,999 --> 05:41:43,200
EV-LADEN WOUND DRESSING THAT WE

8088
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:46,570
PRINTED.

8089
05:41:46,570 --> 05:41:47,571
SO THERE ARE UNIQUE CHALLENGES

8090
05:41:47,571 --> 05:41:52,476
IN OUST TIER AND OPERATIONAL

8091
05:41:52,476 --> 05:41:53,043
ENVIRONMENTS.

8092
05:41:53,043 --> 05:41:54,144
WOUNDS THAT OCCUR FROM THINGS

8093
05:41:54,144 --> 05:42:02,987
LIKE BURNS, BLASTS, GUNSHOTS AND

8094
05:42:02,987 --> 05:42:04,521
OTHER TRAUMAS.

8095
05:42:04,521 --> 05:42:05,723
LONGER EVACUATION TIME OR

8096
05:42:05,723 --> 05:42:07,591
SCENARIOS WHERE EVACUATION MAY

8097
05:42:07,591 --> 05:42:09,226
LIMITED OR NOT FEASIBLE AT ALL

8098
05:42:09,226 --> 05:42:10,094
COULD BENEFIT FROM PUSHING SOME

8099
05:42:10,094 --> 05:42:11,528
OF THESE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

8100
05:42:11,528 --> 05:42:12,963
THAT WE'RE ALL DEVELOPING MORE

8101
05:42:12,963 --> 05:42:13,697
FORWARD.

8102
05:42:13,697 --> 05:42:16,900
IDEALLY TO PUT MORE SCAR-FREE

8103
05:42:16,900 --> 05:42:19,303
HEALING SINCE GUARD TISSUE CAN

8104
05:42:19,303 --> 05:42:22,673
CAUSE SIGNIFICANT PHYSIOLOGICAL

8105
05:42:22,673 --> 05:42:26,076
SIGNIFICANT PHYSIOLOGICAL

8106
05:42:26,076 --> 05:42:28,779
CONSTRAINTS, POSSIBLY PRECLUDING

8107
05:42:28,779 --> 05:42:30,447
SURGE OR COOL REVISION AND

8108
05:42:30,447 --> 05:42:32,082
RECONSTRUCTION FOLLOWING COMPLEX

8109
05:42:32,082 --> 05:42:32,650
INJURIES.

8110
05:42:32,650 --> 05:42:42,393
OUR SOLUTION WAS TO COMBINE --

8111
05:42:42,393 --> 05:42:44,561
THAT COULD BE BIOPRINTED AT THE

8112
05:42:44,561 --> 05:42:44,895
POINT OF NEED.

8113
05:42:44,895 --> 05:42:51,568
THE EVs WERE DERIVED FROM

8114
05:42:51,568 --> 05:42:52,970
MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS AND

8115
05:42:52,970 --> 05:42:56,073
THEY WERE STORED IN A FORM ABLE

8116
05:42:56,073 --> 05:42:58,008
TO BE RECONSTITUTED AND MIXED

8117
05:42:58,008 --> 05:42:59,910
INTO THE BIOLINCC.

8118
05:42:59,910 --> 05:43:00,778
THE MAIN ADVANTAGE IS THEY CAN

8119
05:43:00,778 --> 05:43:03,947
BE DEPLOYED WITHOUT COLD CHAIN

8120
05:43:03,947 --> 05:43:04,948
STORAGE.

8121
05:43:04,948 --> 05:43:06,383
ADDITIONALLY, BY BIOPRINTING

8122
05:43:06,383 --> 05:43:09,420
THESE BANDAGES, WE CAN CREATE

8123
05:43:09,420 --> 05:43:11,055
CUSTOMIZABLE AND

8124
05:43:11,055 --> 05:43:14,158
PATIENT-SPECIFIC BANDAGES.

8125
05:43:14,158 --> 05:43:16,327
TO ISOLATE THE EVs, WE

8126
05:43:16,327 --> 05:43:20,364
RECEIVED MSC CONDITIONED MEDIA.

8127
05:43:20,364 --> 05:43:23,133
WE USED SIZE EXCLUSION

8128
05:43:23,133 --> 05:43:24,435
CHROMATOGRAPHY IN ORDER TO

8129
05:43:24,435 --> 05:43:30,007
ISOLATE THE EVs AND THE MASS

8130
05:43:30,007 --> 05:43:31,342
SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS SHOWED

8131
05:43:31,342 --> 05:43:34,311
THAT OUR SAMPLE WAS POSITIVE FOR

8132
05:43:34,311 --> 05:43:35,946
KNOWN EV PROTEINS AND THAT WE

8133
05:43:35,946 --> 05:43:38,148
HAD OUR HIGH PURITY OF OUR

8134
05:43:38,148 --> 05:43:40,317
ISOLATED EVs.

8135
05:43:40,317 --> 05:43:45,022
NEXT BE LOOKED NTA OR

8136
05:43:45,022 --> 05:43:50,427
NANOPARTICLE TRACING ANALYS

8137
05:43:50,427 --> 05:43:52,463
ANALYSIS --.

8138
05:43:52,463 --> 05:43:57,067
WE THEN USE 50 MILIMOLAR

8139
05:43:57,067 --> 05:43:58,135
PROTECTANT THAT WE DISCOVERED IN

8140
05:43:58,135 --> 05:43:58,869
THE LITERATURE.

8141
05:43:58,869 --> 05:44:00,571
WE WERE ABLE TO RECONSTITUTE

8142
05:44:00,571 --> 05:44:03,240
THEM IN PBS, AND WE CONFIRMED

8143
05:44:03,240 --> 05:44:04,975
THIS USING TEM.

8144
05:44:04,975 --> 05:44:06,610
BOTH THE FRESH AND THE

8145
05:44:06,610 --> 05:44:09,346
RECONSTITUTED EVs.

8146
05:44:09,346 --> 05:44:11,949
NEXT WE NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE

8147
05:44:11,949 --> 05:44:15,252
PRINTABILITY OF THE ALGINATE CMC

8148
05:44:15,252 --> 05:44:15,786
BIOMATERIAL INK.

8149
05:44:15,786 --> 05:44:19,757
TO DO THIS, WE CONDUCTED

8150
05:44:19,757 --> 05:44:23,460
EX-TENSE SIEVE -- AND SETTLED ON

8151
05:44:23,460 --> 05:44:24,661
A -- 4% CMC.

8152
05:44:24,661 --> 05:44:27,798
THIS PRODUCED A SHEER THINNING

8153
05:44:27,798 --> 05:44:29,166
MATERIAL THAT WAS PRINTABLE.

8154
05:44:29,166 --> 05:44:32,669
NEXT WE BIOPRINTED THIS MATERIAL

8155
05:44:32,669 --> 05:44:34,538
USING A COMMERCIAL LABORATORY

8156
05:44:34,538 --> 05:44:37,941
BASED PRINTER WITH 10%, 20%

8157
05:44:37,941 --> 05:44:38,375
INFILL.

8158
05:44:38,375 --> 05:44:40,344
PRIOR TO CROSSLINKING WITH

8159
05:44:40,344 --> 05:44:42,780
CALCIUM CHLORIDE, THE OUTER

8160
05:44:42,780 --> 05:44:44,081
DIMENSIONS OF THE PRINT WERE

8161
05:44:44,081 --> 05:44:46,483
SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE CAD FILE.

8162
05:44:46,483 --> 05:44:48,552
HOWEVER, WE DID OBSERVE SOME

8163
05:44:48,552 --> 05:44:50,854
SWELLING FOLLOWING CROSSLINKING

8164
05:44:50,854 --> 05:44:53,390
AND THE PRINT INCREASED IN SIZE

8165
05:44:53,390 --> 05:44:55,058
SLIGHTLY.

8166
05:44:55,058 --> 05:44:57,227
HOWEVER, THE INTERIOR PRINT

8167
05:44:57,227 --> 05:45:02,466
FIDELITY WAS NOT AS GOOD LAKELY

8168
05:45:02,466 --> 05:45:05,402
TO OVER -- NON-SCREW-DRIVEN

8169
05:45:05,402 --> 05:45:06,203
PRINT HEAD.

8170
05:45:06,203 --> 05:45:13,110
WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THERE WAS

8171
05:45:13,110 --> 05:45:16,146
CHANGE OF COLOR OF THE HYDROGELS

8172
05:45:16,146 --> 05:45:17,581
AFTER WE CROSS LINKED THEM IN

8173
05:45:17,581 --> 05:45:18,282
CALCIUM CHLORIDE.

8174
05:45:18,282 --> 05:45:21,552
NEXT WE WANTED TO DETERMINE THE

8175
05:45:21,552 --> 05:45:22,653
YOUNGEST MODULUS OR THE

8176
05:45:22,653 --> 05:45:24,721
STIFFNESS OF THE RESULTING

8177
05:45:24,721 --> 05:45:25,923
HYDROGEL WOUND DRESSING.

8178
05:45:25,923 --> 05:45:28,559
THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE

8179
05:45:28,559 --> 05:45:31,628
HEALTHY SKIN HAS A STIFFNESS

8180
05:45:31,628 --> 05:45:36,233
BETWEEN 5 AND 100 KILL -- CAN I

8181
05:45:36,233 --> 05:45:37,868
LA PASCALS AND WE WANTED TO

8182
05:45:37,868 --> 05:45:38,769
DESIGN A DRESSING THAT WAS IN

8183
05:45:38,769 --> 05:45:39,837
THAT RANGE OF STIFFNESS BECAUSE

8184
05:45:39,837 --> 05:45:42,806
IF WE MADE IT MUCH STIFFER THAN

8185
05:45:42,806 --> 05:45:43,941
THAT, YOU COULD POTENTIALLY

8186
05:45:43,941 --> 05:45:45,309
CAUSE DISCOMFORT OR SECONDARY

8187
05:45:45,309 --> 05:45:45,742
TRAUMA.

8188
05:45:45,742 --> 05:45:48,612
WHAT WE OBSERVED WAS THAT BOTH

8189
05:45:48,612 --> 05:45:50,481
THE 10% AND 20% INFILL WERE

8190
05:45:50,481 --> 05:45:53,984
WITHIN THIS RANGE AT

8191
05:45:53,984 --> 05:45:56,286
CROSSLINKING OF TIMES BETWEEN

8192
05:45:56,286 --> 05:45:59,256
5 AND 60 MINUTES.

8193
05:45:59,256 --> 05:46:03,060
HOWEVER, THE 20% INFILL WAS A

8194
05:46:03,060 --> 05:46:05,028
LOT EASIER TO HANDLE AND

8195
05:46:05,028 --> 05:46:06,597
MANIPULATE AND SO WE DECIDED TO

8196
05:46:06,597 --> 05:46:07,798
GO FORWARD WITH THAT DESIGN.

8197
05:46:07,798 --> 05:46:12,269
NEXT WE FLUORESCENTLY LABELED

8198
05:46:12,269 --> 05:46:21,245
EVs USING A DYE.

8199
05:46:21,245 --> 05:46:22,613
CONNECTING THEM WITH A LURE

8200
05:46:22,613 --> 05:46:26,083
ADAPTER AND SLOW SLEE MIXES BACK

8201
05:46:26,083 --> 05:46:26,750
AND FORTH.

8202
05:46:26,750 --> 05:46:30,020
AFTER PRINTING WE SAW THE EVS

8203
05:46:30,020 --> 05:46:31,889
WERE WELL DISTRIBUTED AND WE

8204
05:46:31,889 --> 05:46:36,593
SELECTED A CON 16 LAITION -- PER

8205
05:46:36,593 --> 05:46:39,930
MICRO LITER WOUND -- THIS WAS

8206
05:46:39,930 --> 05:46:41,665
TAKEN FROM LITERATURE REPORTED

8207
05:46:41,665 --> 05:46:42,432
VALUES.

8208
05:46:42,432 --> 05:46:44,501
NEXT WE WANTED TO LOOK AT EV

8209
05:46:44,501 --> 05:46:46,169
RELEASED FROM THE HYDROGEL WOUND

8210
05:46:46,169 --> 05:46:46,436
DRESSING.

8211
05:46:46,436 --> 05:46:49,573
TO DO THIS, WE 3D PRINTED A

8212
05:46:49,573 --> 05:46:51,842
COLLAGEN SKIN SUBSTITUTE.

8213
05:46:51,842 --> 05:47:02,553
SINCE SKIN IS PREDOMINANT RI PRY

8214
05:47:02,753 --> 05:47:04,688
COMPOSED OF COLLAGEN.

8215
05:47:04,688 --> 05:47:06,356
WE EVALUATED 10 MINUTE

8216
05:47:06,356 --> 05:47:07,758
CROSSLINKING TIME AND 60 MINUTE

8217
05:47:07,758 --> 05:47:08,759
CROSSLINKING TIME AND OBSERVED

8218
05:47:08,759 --> 05:47:10,394
THERE WAS A DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER

8219
05:47:10,394 --> 05:47:12,462
OF EVs THAT WERE RELEASED

8220
05:47:12,462 --> 05:47:16,867
BASED ON CROSSLINKING TIME.

8221
05:47:16,867 --> 05:47:20,804
THIS IS VERY PROMISING, HOWEVER

8222
05:47:20,804 --> 05:47:22,072
WE HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO COMPLETE

8223
05:47:22,072 --> 05:47:23,206
THIS WORK YET AND THIS IS AN

8224
05:47:23,206 --> 05:47:25,542
AREA OF FUTURE EFFORT.

8225
05:47:25,542 --> 05:47:30,247
NEXT WE 3D PRINTED THE EV LADEN

8226
05:47:30,247 --> 05:47:32,316
HYDROGEL WOUND DRESSING IN THE

8227
05:47:32,316 --> 05:47:32,983
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT.

8228
05:47:32,983 --> 05:47:39,656
WE ACTUALLY TRAINED A SERVICE

8229
05:47:39,656 --> 05:47:41,291
MEMBER -- AND MIX THEM USING THE

8230
05:47:41,291 --> 05:47:43,827
PROCESS I DESCRIBED EARLIER.

8231
05:47:43,827 --> 05:47:48,165
WE THEN BIOPRINTED THE WOUND

8232
05:47:48,165 --> 05:47:49,967
DRESSING HYDROGEL ON TO A PLA

8233
05:47:49,967 --> 05:47:52,369
THERMAL PLASTIC BACKING, AND WE

8234
05:47:52,369 --> 05:47:53,370
DESIGNED TWO DIFFERENT FORMATS.

8235
05:47:53,370 --> 05:47:55,973
SO WE HAD A LARGER FORMAT, WHERE

8236
05:47:55,973 --> 05:47:57,541
THE BIOACTIVE WOUND DRESSING WAS

8237
05:47:57,541 --> 05:47:58,942
PRINTED IN THE CENTER.

8238
05:47:58,942 --> 05:48:01,712
WE INCLUDED A FLEXIBLE PLA

8239
05:48:01,712 --> 05:48:04,982
BACKING THAT CAN BE CONFORMED TO

8240
05:48:04,982 --> 05:48:07,918
TO DIFFERENT JOINT AND

8241
05:48:07,918 --> 05:48:10,120
GEOMETRIES, AND WE INCLUDED AN

8242
05:48:10,120 --> 05:48:11,254
ADHESIVE REGION ON THE OUTER

8243
05:48:11,254 --> 05:48:12,522
EDGES SO THAT THE BANDAGE WOULD

8244
05:48:12,522 --> 05:48:13,957
STAY IN PLACE.

8245
05:48:13,957 --> 05:48:15,425
SO IN SUMMARY, I'VE TALKED TO

8246
05:48:15,425 --> 05:48:16,927
YOU ABOUT SOME OF THE CHALLENGES

8247
05:48:16,927 --> 05:48:18,695
ASSOCIATED WITH CONTESTED

8248
05:48:18,695 --> 05:48:19,696
LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENTS.

8249
05:48:19,696 --> 05:48:21,131
I'VE TALKED ABOUT HOW ADDITIVE

8250
05:48:21,131 --> 05:48:21,965
MANUFACTURING AT THE POINT OF

8251
05:48:21,965 --> 05:48:25,268
NEED IS A POTENTIAL SOLUTION.

8252
05:48:25,268 --> 05:48:26,903
I PRESENTED TWO OPTIONS FOR

8253
05:48:26,903 --> 05:48:27,671
LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTS OF

8254
05:48:27,671 --> 05:48:29,106
THESE PRINTERS TO AUSTERE

8255
05:48:29,106 --> 05:48:30,641
LOCATIONS, AND TALKED ABOUT

8256
05:48:30,641 --> 05:48:32,309
PRINTING THERMAL PLASTIC PARTS

8257
05:48:32,309 --> 05:48:35,912
AND BIOPRINTING ADVANCED

8258
05:48:35,912 --> 05:48:37,781
THERAPEUTICS IN THESE LOCATIONS.

8259
05:48:37,781 --> 05:48:42,819
AND WITH THAT, I'D LIKE TO

8260
05:48:42,819 --> 05:48:44,921
ACKNOWLEDGE DR. VINCE HO, OUR

8261
05:48:44,921 --> 05:48:47,090
CENTER DIRECTOR AND THE P.I. ON

8262
05:48:47,090 --> 05:48:47,858
THIS GRANT.

8263
05:48:47,858 --> 05:48:50,961
AND ALSO DR. NICHOLAS SHAR

8264
05:48:50,961 --> 05:48:53,330
TRAIN, WHO DEPLOYED TO ME TO THE

8265
05:48:53,330 --> 05:48:54,765
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT TO CONDUCT

8266
05:48:54,765 --> 05:48:57,300
THIS WORK AND HE IS ALSO IN THE

8267
05:48:57,300 --> 05:48:58,301
AUDIENCE TODAY.

8268
05:48:58,301 --> 05:49:00,704
I'D LIKE TO ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE THE

8269
05:49:00,704 --> 05:49:01,672
SERVICE ACADEMY STUDENTS WHO

8270
05:49:01,672 --> 05:49:04,241
JOINED US FOR FIVE-WEEK RESEARCH

8271
05:49:04,241 --> 05:49:05,108
ROTATIONS DURING THE SUMMER.

8272
05:49:05,108 --> 05:49:08,512
WE HAD A KA GET FROM EACH OF THE

8273
05:49:08,512 --> 05:49:10,714
SERVICE ACADEMIES, FINALLY, OUR

8274
05:49:10,714 --> 05:49:11,314
FUNDING SOURCES.

8275
05:49:11,314 --> 05:49:14,818
[APPLAUSE]

8276
05:49:14,818 --> 05:49:15,686
>> THAT IS GREAT.

8277
05:49:15,686 --> 05:49:16,119
THANK YOU.

8278
05:49:16,119 --> 05:49:17,954
THIS PAPER IS OPEN FOR QUESTIONS

8279
05:49:17,954 --> 05:49:28,298
AT THE MIC.

8280
05:49:28,298 --> 05:49:29,533
>> REALLY GREAT WORK,
THANK YOU.

8281
05:49:29,533 --> 05:49:31,668
I KNOW THIS IS FOCUSED ON

8282
05:49:31,668 --> 05:49:32,202
BIOMATERIALS AND TISSUE

8283
05:49:32,202 --> 05:49:33,270
ENGINEERING OR INJURY

8284
05:49:33,270 --> 05:49:34,538
APPLICATIONS, BUT I WONDER IF

8285
05:49:34,538 --> 05:49:37,140
YOU HAVE ALSO THOUGHT ABOUT

8286
05:49:37,140 --> 05:49:37,908
DIAGNOSTIC -- A COLLEAGUE OF

8287
05:49:37,908 --> 05:49:40,644
MINE HAD A GRANT FROM DARPA TO

8288
05:49:40,644 --> 05:49:42,746
DO POINT OF CARE -- TO AT LEAST

8289
05:49:42,746 --> 05:49:43,346
EXPLORE POINT OF CARE DEVICES

8290
05:49:43,346 --> 05:49:45,348
THAT COULD BE -- LIKE YOU COULD

8291
05:49:45,348 --> 05:49:48,085
BUILD THE DEVICE LOCALLY VERY

8292
05:49:48,085 --> 05:49:49,553
QUICKLY, INCLUDING PUTTING THE

8293
05:49:49,553 --> 05:49:50,921
PRIMERS AND ALL OF THE REAGENTS

8294
05:49:50,921 --> 05:49:53,490
TO BE ABLE TO PRODUCE A POINT OF

8295
05:49:53,490 --> 05:49:55,258
CARE DEVICE FOR EPIDEMIC.

8296
05:49:55,258 --> 05:49:56,793
SO I DON'T KNOW IF YOU'VE

8297
05:49:56,793 --> 05:49:59,830
THOUGHT ABOUT SORT OF DIFFERENT

8298
05:49:59,830 --> 05:50:01,465
APPLICATIONS AS WELL FOR USING

8299
05:50:01,465 --> 05:50:03,166
THE 3D PRINTING FOR PERHAPS

8300
05:50:03,166 --> 05:50:04,067
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS.

8301
05:50:04,067 --> 05:50:04,701
>> THANK YOU FOR BRINGING
THAT

8302
05:50:04,701 --> 05:50:05,235
UP.

8303
05:50:05,235 --> 05:50:06,737
THAT'S VERY INTERESTING AND NOT

8304
05:50:06,737 --> 05:50:10,407
SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE DIRECTLY

8305
05:50:10,407 --> 05:50:11,374
DONE TO DATE.

8306
05:50:11,374 --> 05:50:12,809
HOWEVER, THE PRINTER THAT WE

8307
05:50:12,809 --> 05:50:15,579
DEPLOY THAT IS BUILT TO THESE

8308
05:50:15,579 --> 05:50:16,680
RUGGEDIZED SPECIFICATIONS IS

8309
05:50:16,680 --> 05:50:18,949
CAPABLE OF VERY PRECISE

8310
05:50:18,949 --> 05:50:21,918
DISPENSING, AND CAN ALSO PRINT

8311
05:50:21,918 --> 05:50:23,153
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE INK AND

8312
05:50:23,153 --> 05:50:25,055
THERE IS A TOOL WHERE YOU CAN

8313
05:50:25,055 --> 05:50:28,191
PICK AND PLACE COMPONENTS.

8314
05:50:28,191 --> 05:50:30,594
AND SO LOVE TO TALK TO YOU MORE

8315
05:50:30,594 --> 05:50:31,595
ABOUT THAT.

8316
05:50:31,595 --> 05:50:33,130
>> SO THE LAST
COMMENT/QUESTION

8317
05:50:33,130 --> 05:50:35,899
FOR YOU, I JUST RECENTLY SAW A

8318
05:50:35,899 --> 05:50:37,734
TALK, I SAW YOU HAD SOME

8319
05:50:37,734 --> 05:50:38,969
COLLAGEN SKINNY EQUIVALENT.

8320
05:50:38,969 --> 05:50:40,504
I RECENTLY SAW A TALK WHERE THEY

8321
05:50:40,504 --> 05:50:47,043
HAD INNERVATED SKIN GROWING IN

8322
05:50:47,043 --> 05:50:48,411
WELL PLATES, CURIOUS IF YOU

8323
05:50:48,411 --> 05:50:49,780
THOUGHT ABOUT USING THAT AS ONE

8324
05:50:49,780 --> 05:50:53,250
OF YOUR TEST BEDS, A WOUND

8325
05:50:53,250 --> 05:50:53,950
HEALER DEVICE.

8326
05:50:53,950 --> 05:50:54,818
>> YES, I WOULD BE VERY

8327
05:50:54,818 --> 05:50:55,919
INTERESTED IN HAVING A FURTHER

8328
05:50:55,919 --> 05:50:57,320
CONVERSATION AND THAT MIGHT BE

8329
05:50:57,320 --> 05:50:58,588
AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY FOR

8330
05:50:58,588 --> 05:50:58,889
PARTNERSHIP.

8331
05:50:58,889 --> 05:50:59,556
>> GREAT.

8332
05:50:59,556 --> 05:51:01,091
LET'S THANK OUR SPEAKER, PLEASE.

8333
05:51:01,091 --> 05:51:01,558
THANK YOU.

8334
05:51:01,558 --> 05:51:04,928
[APPLAUSE]

8335
05:51:04,928 --> 05:51:07,564
ALL RIGHT.

8336
05:51:07,564 --> 05:51:09,232
NOW WE'VE GOT ALL OF THE OTHER

8337
05:51:09,232 --> 05:51:10,534
SPEAKERS OUT OF THE WAY.

8338
05:51:10,534 --> 05:51:12,836
CAN YOU PLEASE LOAD MY 200 SLIDE

8339
05:51:12,836 --> 05:51:15,472
DECK TO THE -- SO I CAN, QUOTE,

8340
05:51:15,472 --> 05:51:16,640
CLOSE THIS OUT FOR THE NEXT TWO

8341
05:51:16,640 --> 05:51:17,140
HOURS?

8342
05:51:17,140 --> 05:51:19,976
NO, OBVIOUSLY NOT.

8343
05:51:19,976 --> 05:51:21,745
I DO WANT TO THANK EVERYONE, SO

8344
05:51:21,745 --> 05:51:23,180
I DO WANT TO MAKE SOME FINAL

8345
05:51:23,180 --> 05:51:27,584
REMARKS AND SAY SOME THANK YOUS.

8346
05:51:27,584 --> 05:51:28,852
WOW, THAT WAS REALLY SOMETHING

8347
05:51:28,852 --> 05:51:29,920
OF A DAY, THIS WAS A GREAT DAY.

8348
05:51:29,920 --> 05:51:31,521
SO I JUST DO WANT TO SAY HOW

8349
05:51:31,521 --> 05:51:32,989
THIS KIND OF GOT STARTED.

8350
05:51:32,989 --> 05:51:35,425
I STARTED HERE AT NIH 19 MONTHS

8351
05:51:35,425 --> 05:51:36,593
AGO, I'M STILL COUNTING.

8352
05:51:36,593 --> 05:51:38,995
SOMEONE TELL ME WHEN I HIT MY

8353
05:51:38,995 --> 05:51:40,230
TODDLER YEARS TOO, THEN I'LL

8354
05:51:40,230 --> 05:51:40,697
STOP COUNTING.

8355
05:51:40,697 --> 05:51:42,232
I DON'T LIKE CHANGE, IT'S BEEN A

8356
05:51:42,232 --> 05:51:45,202
MASSIVE CHANGE BUT A GOOD ONE.

8357
05:51:45,202 --> 05:51:46,636
AND ABOUT 18 MONTHS AGO, I WAS

8358
05:51:46,636 --> 05:51:47,838
SPREADING THE GOOD NEWS AND THE

8359
05:51:47,838 --> 05:51:49,673
GOOD WORD ABOUT DATA CENTER AND

8360
05:51:49,673 --> 05:51:51,374
GETTING EVERYBODY ON CAMPUS

8361
05:51:51,374 --> 05:51:53,777
EXCITE AND THINKING HOW DO WE

8362
05:51:53,777 --> 05:51:56,947
REACH THE EXTRAMURAL COMMUNITY,

8363
05:51:56,947 --> 05:51:58,181
OH, MY GOODNESS, THE BME

8364
05:51:58,181 --> 05:51:59,916
CONFERENCE IS IN BALTIMORE IN

8365
05:51:59,916 --> 05:52:02,018
2024, SO WE SHOULD HAVE A BIG

8366
05:52:02,018 --> 05:52:09,993
IMPACT AT THE BIOENGIN BIOMEDICL

8367
05:52:09,993 --> 05:52:12,429
ENGINEERING SOCIETY CONFERENCE.

8368
05:52:12,429 --> 05:52:15,832
CAITLYN SADL ER, NIBIB

8369
05:52:15,832 --> 05:52:19,569
INTRAMURAL RESEARCHER SAID OH,

8370
05:52:19,569 --> 05:52:21,438
HOW ABOUT WE HAVE A DAY AT THE

8371
05:52:21,438 --> 05:52:24,174
NIH?

8372
05:52:24,174 --> 05:52:25,275
THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE DATA

8373
05:52:25,275 --> 05:52:28,245
CENTER RESERVED THE MASUR

8374
05:52:28,245 --> 05:52:29,246
AUDITORIUM THAT DAY 18 MONTHS

8375
05:52:29,246 --> 05:52:31,314
AGO AND THEY WE WERE OFF FOR THE

8376
05:52:31,314 --> 05:52:33,516
NEXT EA 18 MONTHS.

8377
05:52:33,516 --> 05:52:36,286
BUT I'M SUPER GLAD YOU'VE BEEN

8378
05:52:36,286 --> 05:52:37,254
ABLE TO JOIN US.

8379
05:52:37,254 --> 05:52:38,688
THERE ARE SEVERAL PEOPLE I WOULD

8380
05:52:38,688 --> 05:52:40,357
LIKE TO THANK BEFORE I GET TO MY

8381
05:52:40,357 --> 05:52:42,225
FINAL THOUGHTS.

8382
05:52:42,225 --> 05:52:44,094
SHE DIDN'T GET MAIN STAGE BUT I

8383
05:52:44,094 --> 05:52:45,495
WOULD LIKE NICOLE MORGAN TO

8384
05:52:45,495 --> 05:52:46,429
PLEASE STAND UP.

8385
05:52:46,429 --> 05:52:47,430
SHE DOESN'T LIKE THIS KIND OF

8386
05:52:47,430 --> 05:52:48,498
ATTENTION BUT THAT'S FINE, SHE

8387
05:52:48,498 --> 05:52:49,499
NEEDS TO GET IT.

8388
05:52:49,499 --> 05:52:49,966
THAT'S GREAT.

8389
05:52:49,966 --> 05:52:52,469
[APPLAUSE]

8390
05:52:52,469 --> 05:52:54,337
YOU CAN LEAVE THE LIGHTS OUT.

8391
05:52:54,337 --> 05:52:59,910
NICOLE MORE DPA MORGAN IS DEPUTR

8392
05:52:59,910 --> 05:53:03,146
OF THE DATA CENTER, SHE HAS BEEN

8393
05:53:03,146 --> 05:53:05,015
NIH GREATER LENGTH OF TIME BUT

8394
05:53:05,015 --> 05:53:07,751
SHE'S BEEN A GREAT RESOURCE TO

8395
05:53:07,751 --> 05:53:08,852
ME LEARNING HOW THIS PLACE WORKS

8396
05:53:08,852 --> 05:53:09,953
AND ALSO TO GET THIS OFF THE

8397
05:53:09,953 --> 05:53:10,287
GROUND.

8398
05:53:10,287 --> 05:53:11,621
IS ARE HAVE BEEN TRAVELING,

8399
05:53:11,621 --> 05:53:12,722
DOING OTHER THINGS.

8400
05:53:12,722 --> 05:53:14,357
NICOLE LOVES EMAIL, I DO NOT.

8401
05:53:14,357 --> 05:53:15,926
THOSE OF YOU WHO KNOW ME KNOW

8402
05:53:15,926 --> 05:53:17,027
THAT TO BE TRUE AND I'M REALLY

8403
05:53:17,027 --> 05:53:18,662
THANKFUL OF HOW SHE'S BEEN ABLE

8404
05:53:18,662 --> 05:53:19,763
TO KEEP THESE THINGS GOING

8405
05:53:19,763 --> 05:53:20,297
DURING THIS.

8406
05:53:20,297 --> 05:53:21,765
SO COULDN'T HAVE DONE IT WITHOUT

8407
05:53:21,765 --> 05:53:22,098
HER.

8408
05:53:22,098 --> 05:53:23,199
SHE IS DEFINITELY KEY.

8409
05:53:23,199 --> 05:53:25,702
OBVIOUSLY I HAVE TO THANK BRUCE

8410
05:53:25,702 --> 05:53:29,139
TROMBERG, DIRECTOR OF NIBIB.

8411
05:53:29,139 --> 05:53:31,207
HE'S A VISIONARY, HE LET'S US

8412
05:53:31,207 --> 05:53:33,443
BRING THESE SYRINGES TO LIKE AND

8413
05:53:33,443 --> 05:53:34,477
HE EMPOWERS THE TEAM TO ALLOW US

8414
05:53:34,477 --> 05:53:36,513
TO DO THAT.

8415
05:53:36,513 --> 05:53:38,148
WANT TO THANK THE FOLKS WHO ARE

8416
05:53:38,148 --> 05:53:40,784
KEY ON THE EXTRA MILLER SIDE, SO

8417
05:53:40,784 --> 05:53:42,319
THEY COULD BRING ALL OF THESE

8418
05:53:42,319 --> 05:53:43,353
WONDERFUL PROGRAM DIRECTORS HERE

8419
05:53:43,353 --> 05:53:45,422
TO BE ON SITE TO MEET WITH YOU

8420
05:53:45,422 --> 05:53:46,723
WONDERFUL VISITORS, AND ALSO

8421
05:53:46,723 --> 05:53:52,662
WANT TO THANK THOSE FROM THE

8422
05:53:52,662 --> 05:53:54,864
OTHER INSTITUTES AND CENTERS.

8423
05:53:54,864 --> 05:53:55,865
MANY WILL BE COMING TO THE

8424
05:53:55,865 --> 05:53:57,167
CONFERENCE IN BALTIMORE SO SWING

8425
05:53:57,167 --> 05:54:00,236
WHICH OUR NIBIB EXHIBITOR BOTH

8426
05:54:00,236 --> 05:54:02,038
IF YOU DIDN'T GET TO TALK TO A

8427
05:54:02,038 --> 05:54:03,239
PROGRAM DIRECTOR AND WE'LL HAVE

8428
05:54:03,239 --> 05:54:03,974
MORE THERE AS WELL.

8429
05:54:03,974 --> 05:54:05,208
I DO NEED TO THANK MY LAB

8430
05:54:05,208 --> 05:54:06,409
BECAUSE THEY LOSE ME AS WE DO

8431
05:54:06,409 --> 05:54:08,812
ALL OF THESE BETA CENTER EVENTS,

8432
05:54:08,812 --> 05:54:11,281
AND MY LAB HAS BEEN GROWING

8433
05:54:11,281 --> 05:54:12,382
OBVIOUSLY OVER THE LAST 18

8434
05:54:12,382 --> 05:54:13,917
MONTHS WHICH HAS HAD GREATER

8435
05:54:13,917 --> 05:54:15,085
REQUIREMENTS SO I AM

8436
05:54:15,085 --> 05:54:16,353
APPRECIATIVE OF THEM, AND I WANT

8437
05:54:16,353 --> 05:54:22,592
TO THANK TH THE DATA CENTER STAF

8438
05:54:22,592 --> 05:54:24,361
MEMBERS WHO HAVE ALSO BEEN

8439
05:54:24,361 --> 05:54:26,496
BEHIND THE SCENES KEEPING THIS

8440
05:54:26,496 --> 05:54:27,664
GOING BUT ALSO OUR CONTRACTING

8441
05:54:27,664 --> 05:54:30,667
GROUP FROM SYNERGY, SUSAN

8442
05:54:30,667 --> 05:54:32,002
HOLBROOK, JESSICA, JULIE AND

8443
05:54:32,002 --> 05:54:36,573
THEN THEY BROUGHT SOME EXTRA

8444
05:54:36,573 --> 05:54:37,574
EMPLOYEES WITH THEM TODAY.

8445
05:54:37,574 --> 05:54:40,143
ONCE THEY CAME ON BOARD OUR

8446
05:54:40,143 --> 05:54:42,512
BRAIN SPACE WAS ABLE TO THINK

8447
05:54:42,512 --> 05:54:44,748
ABOUT THE SCIENCE, AND ALL THE

8448
05:54:44,748 --> 05:54:45,348
OTHER LOGISTICS WERE GOING TO

8449
05:54:45,348 --> 05:54:45,648
THEM.

8450
05:54:45,648 --> 05:54:48,685
SO I WANT TO THANK THEM AGAIN

8451
05:54:48,685 --> 05:54:50,353
FOR THAT.

8452
05:54:50,353 --> 05:54:52,489
AND RICHARD LEITMAN, SCIENTIFIC

8453
05:54:52,489 --> 05:54:54,657
DIRECTOR FOR NIBIB, HE'S LIKE

8454
05:54:54,657 --> 05:54:57,327
DEPARTMENT CHAIR, HE'S ANOTHER

8455
05:54:57,327 --> 05:54:58,061
SUPPORTER OF THESE ACTIVITIES

8456
05:54:58,061 --> 05:55:00,063
THAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO TO BUILD

8457
05:55:00,063 --> 05:55:01,164
BIOENGINEERING AT THE NIH

8458
05:55:01,164 --> 05:55:02,298
CAMPUS, AND AGAIN, I HOPE YOU

8459
05:55:02,298 --> 05:55:03,400
ALL ARE GETTING THIS MESSAGE

8460
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:05,235
THAT JUST BECAUSE WE ARE BEHIND

8461
05:55:05,235 --> 05:55:07,037
THIS WELL SECURED GATED

8462
05:55:07,037 --> 05:55:07,637
ENVIRONMENT THAT YOU ALL HAVE

8463
05:55:07,637 --> 05:55:09,239
COME THROUGH, WE ARE ABLE TO

8464
05:55:09,239 --> 05:55:11,207
REACH ACROSS THE GATE AND

8465
05:55:11,207 --> 05:55:12,409
COLLABORATE AND WORK WITH YOU

8466
05:55:12,409 --> 05:55:13,576
ALL ON OUTSIDE, AND WE SEEK TO

8467
05:55:13,576 --> 05:55:14,110
DO THAT.

8468
05:55:14,110 --> 05:55:17,280
SO DON'T LET THESE WALLS FOOL

8469
05:55:17,280 --> 05:55:17,714
YOU.

8470
05:55:17,714 --> 05:55:20,083
THEN JUST AS I CLOSE OUT AGAIN,

8471
05:55:20,083 --> 05:55:21,251
WANT TO THANK ALL THE TOUR

8472
05:55:21,251 --> 05:55:21,584
GUIDES.

8473
05:55:21,584 --> 05:55:23,119
THEY'VE OPENED UP THEIR SPACES

8474
05:55:23,119 --> 05:55:24,587
AND WERE RESPONSIVE TO OUR

8475
05:55:24,587 --> 05:55:25,155
WONDERFUL QUESTIONS.

8476
05:55:25,155 --> 05:55:26,656
I WANT TO THANK THE ABSTRACT

8477
05:55:26,656 --> 05:55:26,923
REVIEWERS.

8478
05:55:26,923 --> 05:55:28,892
WE DID HAVE A PROCESS TO MAKE

8479
05:55:28,892 --> 05:55:29,659
THOSE DECISIONS.

8480
05:55:29,659 --> 05:55:32,395
I WANT TO THANK THE NIBIB

8481
05:55:32,395 --> 05:55:32,929
COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE FOR

8482
05:55:32,929 --> 05:55:34,230
GETTING OUR WEBSITE GOING,

8483
05:55:34,230 --> 05:55:35,832
HELPING US DESIGN SOME OF THE

8484
05:55:35,832 --> 05:55:37,033
INITIAL GRAPHICS, AND THEN

8485
05:55:37,033 --> 05:55:38,134
MAKING SURE THEY CAN DO THE

8486
05:55:38,134 --> 05:55:39,536
UPDATES AS WE WERE ABLE TO

8487
05:55:39,536 --> 05:55:41,171
INFORM YOU ALL.

8488
05:55:41,171 --> 05:55:42,906
AND THEN JUST TO END WITH WHAT I

8489
05:55:42,906 --> 05:55:46,543
TOOK HOME AS A MESSAGE BRIEFLY

8490
05:55:46,543 --> 05:55:47,544
IN CASE YOU MISSED IT.

8491
05:55:47,544 --> 05:55:50,080
SO I THINK THERE WERE A FEW CALL

8492
05:55:50,080 --> 05:55:50,480
TO ARMS.

8493
05:55:50,480 --> 05:55:52,282
IT OPENED UP WITH

8494
05:55:52,282 --> 05:55:52,916
DR. BERTAGNOLLI AND I TOLD HER

8495
05:55:52,916 --> 05:55:54,050
WE HAD A PREMEETING AND I WAS

8496
05:55:54,050 --> 05:55:55,051
LIKE WHATEVER YOU REALLY WANT

8497
05:55:55,051 --> 05:55:56,486
PEOPLE TO WORK ON, THROW IT OUT

8498
05:55:56,486 --> 05:55:57,253
THERE IN YOUR CONVERSATION.

8499
05:55:57,253 --> 05:55:58,788
AND SHE HAD SAID SOMETHING TO US

8500
05:55:58,788 --> 05:55:59,989
THEN AND SHE REPEATED IT HERE

8501
05:55:59,989 --> 05:56:03,126
AND I HOPE YOU CAUGHT IT.

8502
05:56:03,126 --> 05:56:04,761
THERE IS A REAL NEED, SHE REALLY

8503
05:56:04,761 --> 05:56:05,862
GOT EXCITED THINKING ABOUT HOW

8504
05:56:05,862 --> 05:56:08,064
WE NEED THIS, TO IDENTIFY AND

8505
05:56:08,064 --> 05:56:09,732
DETECT REPLICATING VIRUS IN

8506
05:56:09,732 --> 05:56:10,600
TISSUES.

8507
05:56:10,600 --> 05:56:12,702
SHE SAID THAT TO BRUCE AND I A

8508
05:56:12,702 --> 05:56:13,803
COUPLE DAYS AGO AND SHE POUNDED

8509
05:56:13,803 --> 05:56:14,437
IT AGAIN HERE.

8510
05:56:14,437 --> 05:56:15,538
SO THOSE OF YOU THINKING ABOUT

8511
05:56:15,538 --> 05:56:17,540
THESE KIND OF DIAGNOSTICS AND

8512
05:56:17,540 --> 05:56:18,741
TECHNOLOGIES, THIS IS WHAT SHE'S

8513
05:56:18,741 --> 05:56:19,742
PUSHING FOR.

8514
05:56:19,742 --> 05:56:20,777
HIV HAS BEEN -- THAT COMMUNITY

8515
05:56:20,777 --> 05:56:22,312
HAS BEEN TRYING TO DO THAT FOR A

8516
05:56:22,312 --> 05:56:23,847
LONG TIME TO FIND THESE LATENT

8517
05:56:23,847 --> 05:56:24,914
VIRUSES IN THESE RESERVOIRS.

8518
05:56:24,914 --> 05:56:27,517
NOW WITH COVID AND LONG COVID AS

8519
05:56:27,517 --> 05:56:29,018
SHE MADE CLEAR, THIS IS A HUGE

8520
05:56:29,018 --> 05:56:30,320
BIOMEDICAL NEED THAT IF YOU HAVE

8521
05:56:30,320 --> 05:56:31,488
TECHNOLOGIES THAT YOU CAN THINK

8522
05:56:31,488 --> 05:56:34,524
ABOUT, YOU GOT THE NIH DIRECTOR

8523
05:56:34,524 --> 05:56:35,625
SAYING THAT IS A PRIORITY.

8524
05:56:35,625 --> 05:56:36,993
OTHER PRIORITIES THAT CAME UP,

8525
05:56:36,993 --> 05:56:39,062
THIS CAME UP FROM DR. TISDALE,

8526
05:56:39,062 --> 05:56:42,665
OUR EARLY MORNING PLENARY,

8527
05:56:42,665 --> 05:56:45,034
BETTER POISONS BUT BETTER

8528
05:56:45,034 --> 05:56:45,768
DESTRUCTION FOR ABLATION

8529
05:56:45,768 --> 05:56:47,003
PROTOCOLS FOR A NUMBER OF

8530
05:56:47,003 --> 05:56:49,339
BENEFITS OF HOW IT CAN IMPACT

8531
05:56:49,339 --> 05:56:51,207
PATIENTS, CANCER, SICKLE CELL

8532
05:56:51,207 --> 05:56:51,875
AND OTHER.

8533
05:56:51,875 --> 05:56:55,245
WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT FERTILITY

8534
05:56:55,245 --> 05:56:58,348
PRESERVATION AND REA PRODUCTIVE

8535
05:56:58,348 --> 05:56:59,449
HEALTH, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT

8536
05:56:59,449 --> 05:57:00,884
HAPPEN TO PEOPLE WHEN THEY'RE

8537
05:57:00,884 --> 05:57:02,352
CHILDREN THAT AREN'T ABLE TO

8538
05:57:02,352 --> 05:57:02,785
MAKE THAT DECISION.

8539
05:57:02,785 --> 05:57:04,754
AND WE HEARD THAT COMPLICATING

8540
05:57:04,754 --> 05:57:07,824
FACTOR OF ASSENTING THEM BUT

8541
05:57:07,824 --> 05:57:09,225
PARENT WAITING UNTIL THEY WERE

8542
05:57:09,225 --> 05:57:10,593
THE AGE OF CONSENT BUT THEN YOU

8543
05:57:10,593 --> 05:57:12,929
HAVE RISKS OF THE TRANSPLANT

8544
05:57:12,929 --> 05:57:14,797
TAKING.

8545
05:57:14,797 --> 05:57:17,333
ANNOTATED DATA, WE'RE ALL

8546
05:57:17,333 --> 05:57:19,068
COLLECTING AMOUNTS OF RNA SEQ,

8547
05:57:19,068 --> 05:57:20,603
AND WHAT WE HEAR IS A

8548
05:57:20,603 --> 05:57:22,138
COMPLICATION, HOW DOES ONE

8549
05:57:22,138 --> 05:57:23,406
PERSON USE SOMEONE ELSE'S DATA?

8550
05:57:23,406 --> 05:57:24,741
IT'S NOT WELL ANNOTATED.

8551
05:57:24,741 --> 05:57:26,976
IF IT'S NOT IN UNIFORM FORMAT,

8552
05:57:26,976 --> 05:57:29,712
IT REALLY MAKES IT CHALLENGING

8553
05:57:29,712 --> 05:57:31,347
AND DIMINISHES THE POW WE ARE WE

8554
05:57:31,347 --> 05:57:33,216
CAN GET FROM HARNESSING ALL OF

8555
05:57:33,216 --> 05:57:33,583
THAT DATA.

8556
05:57:33,583 --> 05:57:41,357
WE LEARNED THIS AFTERNOON, BLOOD

8557
05:57:41,357 --> 05:57:42,358
CULTURES FOR SEPSIS TAKE TOO

8558
05:57:42,358 --> 05:57:43,159
LONG.

8559
05:57:43,159 --> 05:57:44,127
HE'S GOT IDEAS ON HOW TO MAKE

8560
05:57:44,127 --> 05:57:45,295
THEM FASTER BUT WHAT ARE THE

8561
05:57:45,295 --> 05:57:47,330
WAYS THAT YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO

8562
05:57:47,330 --> 05:57:50,200
ADD?

8563
05:57:50,200 --> 05:57:50,466
 ADD

8564
05:57:50,466 --> 05:57:51,501
VALUE TO THAT.

8565
05:57:51,501 --> 05:57:53,269
I HOPE YOU ALL LEARNED THAT

8566
05:57:53,269 --> 05:57:54,971
DRIED BLOOD MATRIX REALLY SERVES

8567
05:57:54,971 --> 05:57:56,039
AS AN INTERESTING BIOMATERIALS

8568
05:57:56,039 --> 05:57:57,674
THAT ALLOWS ENABLING

8569
05:57:57,674 --> 05:57:58,675
BIOCHEMISTRY THAT MAYBE WE

8570
05:57:58,675 --> 05:58:00,510
WEREN'T THINKING.

8571
05:58:00,510 --> 05:58:03,112
THEN ANOTHER INDUSTRY PANEL,

8572
05:58:03,112 --> 05:58:05,949
THIS BLEW MY MIND, HOLDING ON

8573
05:58:05,949 --> 05:58:07,850
TOO TIGHTLY, TO THE CON SECHT

8574
05:58:07,850 --> 05:58:09,285
THAT IT'S MY IDEA AND I WANT TO

8575
05:58:09,285 --> 05:58:10,420
KEEP ALL THE CREDIT AND

8576
05:58:10,420 --> 05:58:11,788
THEREFORE ALL THE EQUITY AND

8577
05:58:11,788 --> 05:58:13,256
MONEY THAT WILL PRESUMABLY COME

8578
05:58:13,256 --> 05:58:13,890
FROM THIS.

8579
05:58:13,890 --> 05:58:15,458
BUT THAT'S A LIMITATION IF YOU

8580
05:58:15,458 --> 05:58:18,027
DON'T GET THE RIGHT TEAM MEMBERS

8581
05:58:18,027 --> 05:58:18,294
ON BOARD.

8582
05:58:18,294 --> 05:58:19,862
THEN THE OTHER BIG MESSAGE I

8583
05:58:19,862 --> 05:58:21,631
THINK WAS BROAD PLI AGREED UPON,

8584
05:58:21,631 --> 05:58:23,433
UPON THAT PANEL, LATER PUNCHED

8585
05:58:23,433 --> 05:58:26,603
HOME LATER IN DR. BASHIR'S

8586
05:58:26,603 --> 05:58:27,237
WONDERFUL PRESENTATION IS TO

8587
05:58:27,237 --> 05:58:28,037
THINK ABOUT MANUFACTURING EARLY

8588
05:58:28,037 --> 05:58:29,038
IN YOUR PROCESS.

8589
05:58:29,038 --> 05:58:30,273
WE ALL WANT TO GET THINGS TO

8590
05:58:30,273 --> 05:58:31,241
HELP PEOPLE BUT THERE ARE

8591
05:58:31,241 --> 05:58:32,141
SEVERAL STEPS IN BETWEEN THAT

8592
05:58:32,141 --> 05:58:33,576
WE'RE NOT THINKING ABOUT, THOSE

8593
05:58:33,576 --> 05:58:35,578
CAN BECOME THE BIG HURDLES, AND

8594
05:58:35,578 --> 05:58:36,212
DR. BASHIR GAVE EXCELLENT

8595
05:58:36,212 --> 05:58:38,014
EXAMPLES OF HOW THAT CAN BE

8596
05:58:38,014 --> 05:58:39,115
ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT WHEN

8597
05:58:39,115 --> 05:58:40,750
WORKING WITH INTERNATIONAL

8598
05:58:40,750 --> 05:58:42,285
COMMUNITIES OR IN LOW AND MIDDLE

8599
05:58:42,285 --> 05:58:43,219
INCOME COUNTRIES THAT DON'T HAVE

8600
05:58:43,219 --> 05:58:44,420
ALL THE RESOURCES THAT YOU

8601
05:58:44,420 --> 05:58:46,389
ASSUME WOULD BE AVAILABLE TO%RN

8602
05:58:46,389 --> 05:58:47,056
WHAT YOU'RE DOING.

8603
05:58:47,056 --> 05:58:48,858
SO THAT'S JUST THE BEGINNING.

8604
05:58:48,858 --> 05:58:49,592
HOPEFULLY I WILL SEE MANY OF YOU

8605
05:58:49,592 --> 05:58:50,727
AT THE BMES CONFERENCE.

8606
05:58:50,727 --> 05:58:52,028
IF NOT, WE ARE GLAD THAT YOU

8607
05:58:52,028 --> 05:58:53,563
CAME TO OUR BETHESDA SPACE.

8608
05:58:53,563 --> 05:58:55,064
THIS IS YOUR SPACE, YOUR FEDERAL

8609
05:58:55,064 --> 05:58:56,266
TAX DOLLARS SUPPORT IT.

8610
05:58:56,266 --> 05:58:58,101
YOU SUPPORT OUR RESEARCH.

8611
05:58:58,101 --> 05:58:59,202
YOU'RE WELCOME TO JOIN US ANY

8612
05:58:59,202 --> 05:58:59,936
TIME, AS LONG AS YOU PAY

8613
05:58:59,936 --> 05:59:01,504
ATTENTION TO THE RULES AT THE

8614
05:59:01,504 --> 05:59:02,805
GATEWAY SECURITY, AND THE BETA

8615
05:59:02,805 --> 05:59:04,040
CENTER REALLY WANTS TO BE A HUB

8616
05:59:04,040 --> 05:59:05,475
THAT IF YOU WANT TO CONNECT WITH

8617
05:59:05,475 --> 05:59:06,943
OTHER RESEARCHERS HERE IN THE

8618
05:59:06,943 --> 05:59:08,778
INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, REACH OUT TO

8619
05:59:08,778 --> 05:59:10,113
US, INTRAMURAL FOLKS IF YOU WANT

8620
05:59:10,113 --> 05:59:11,648
TO CONNECT OUT BROADLY,

8621
05:59:11,648 --> 05:59:12,348
HOPEFULLY YOU MADE A FRIEND

8622
05:59:12,348 --> 05:59:14,083
TODAY BUT WE'RE HAPPY TO HELP

8623
05:59:14,083 --> 05:59:16,686
FACILITATE THOSE CONNECTIONS IFN

8624
05:59:16,686 --> 05:59:16,986
THE FUTURE.

8625
05:59:16,986 --> 05:59:18,655
SO THANK YOU ALL FOR A WONDERFUL

8626
05:59:18,655 --> 05:59:19,956
DAY, HAVE SAFE TRAVELS TO

8627
05:59:19,956 --> 05:59:21,324
BALTIMORE, THOSE THAT ARE GOING,

8628
05:59:21,324 --> 05:59:22,091
AND MEET NEW FRIENDS ON THE WAY

8629
05:59:22,091 --> 05:59:22,525
OUT.

8630
05:59:22,525 --> 05:59:22,892
THANKS A LOT.

8631
05:59:22,892 --> 05:59:33,069
[APPLAUSE]