1 00:00:06,057 --> 00:00:07,692 WELCOME, EVERYONE. 2 00:00:07,692 --> 00:00:13,631 WE'RE CELEBRATING TODAY. 3 00:00:13,631 --> 00:00:14,933 I GUESS WE'RE GETTING USED TO 4 00:00:14,933 --> 00:00:16,634 BEING BACK UP PERSON TODAY. 5 00:00:16,634 --> 00:00:21,473 WE WANT TO THANK YOU ALL FOR 6 00:00:21,473 --> 00:00:22,741 COMING AND BATTLING THE 7 00:00:22,741 --> 00:00:23,708 TEMPERATURES AND PLANES AND 8 00:00:23,708 --> 00:00:27,679 SUMMER ACTIVITIES AND COMING. 9 00:00:27,679 --> 00:00:30,348 IT'S AMAZING YOU'RE COMING ON 10 00:00:30,348 --> 00:00:30,915 YOUR OWN. 11 00:00:30,915 --> 00:00:33,418 WE'RE NOT EVEN FORCING YOU. 12 00:00:33,418 --> 00:00:34,753 MY NAME IS GRACE PENG. 13 00:00:34,753 --> 00:00:38,623 ONE OF THE CO-CHAIRS OF THE 14 00:00:38,623 --> 00:00:39,157 INTERAGENCY MODELING AND 15 00:00:39,157 --> 00:00:40,759 ANALYSIS GROUP AND WE'RE 16 00:00:40,759 --> 00:00:41,693 CELEBRATING THE GROUP CALLED 17 00:00:41,693 --> 00:00:42,861 IMAG TODAY. 18 00:00:42,861 --> 00:00:49,400 HERE AT THE TABLE WE HAVE MY 19 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:54,172 TRUSTED CO-CHAIRS, REED AND LIZ. 20 00:00:54,172 --> 00:00:55,707 YOU WANT TO SAY HELLO. 21 00:00:55,707 --> 00:00:56,875 >> HELLO. 22 00:00:56,875 --> 00:00:57,108 WELCOME. 23 00:00:57,108 --> 00:00:58,276 >> NICE TO SEE YOU ALL. 24 00:00:58,276 --> 00:01:05,717 >> AND WE HAVE THE WONDERFUL 25 00:01:05,717 --> 00:01:07,685 ORGANIZERS. 26 00:01:07,685 --> 00:01:18,096 FIRST WAS LIZ AND REED. 27 00:01:34,913 --> 00:01:41,152 THANK YOU. 28 00:01:41,152 --> 00:01:41,352 OKAY. 29 00:01:41,352 --> 00:01:43,588 SO WE HAVE OUR TRUSTED 30 00:01:43,588 --> 00:01:44,088 CO-CHAIRS. 31 00:01:44,088 --> 00:01:46,391 I AM SO HAPPY TO HAVE LIZ AND 32 00:01:46,391 --> 00:01:49,227 REED CO-CHAIRING IMAG WITH ME 33 00:01:49,227 --> 00:01:49,394 NOW. 34 00:01:49,394 --> 00:01:50,929 AND THEY REALLY ARE THE ONES 35 00:01:50,929 --> 00:01:52,597 THAT CAME IN AND MADE THIS WHOLE 36 00:01:52,597 --> 00:01:54,199 THING HAPPEN WITH ME. 37 00:01:54,199 --> 00:01:56,134 SO WE ARE ALSO VERY HAPPY TO 38 00:01:56,134 --> 00:02:01,739 HAVE THE PLANNERS, THE MAIN 39 00:02:01,739 --> 00:02:02,674 ORGANIZERS, HERBERT, DO YOU WANT 40 00:02:02,674 --> 00:02:05,710 TO GO DOWN THE LINE, HERBERT, 41 00:02:05,710 --> 00:02:06,978 DENISE, JASON AND BRUCE. 42 00:02:06,978 --> 00:02:08,279 >> HELLO. 43 00:02:08,279 --> 00:02:10,014 IT'S WONDERFUL TO BE HERE TODAY. 44 00:02:10,014 --> 00:02:15,286 EVEN THOUGH I GOT UP AT 3:00 IN 45 00:02:15,286 --> 00:02:17,088 THE MORNING I'M EXCITED TO BE 46 00:02:17,088 --> 00:02:18,756 HERE AND TIMELY COVID IS OVER 47 00:02:18,756 --> 00:02:19,490 AND WE CAN START MEETING EACH 48 00:02:19,490 --> 00:02:22,327 OTHER AGAIN. 49 00:02:22,327 --> 00:02:23,561 >> DENISE KIRSCHNER. 50 00:02:23,561 --> 00:02:24,996 I'M HAPPY TO BE HERE. 51 00:02:24,996 --> 00:02:27,498 I REALIZE COMING TO NATCHER FOR 52 00:02:27,498 --> 00:02:29,334 A VERY LONG TIME. 53 00:02:29,334 --> 00:02:31,302 IT FELT GOOD AFTER SO MANY YEARS 54 00:02:31,302 --> 00:02:33,238 OF COVID, ETCETERA, TO BE BACK. 55 00:02:33,238 --> 00:02:36,341 I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE 56 00:02:36,341 --> 00:02:39,711 MEETING AND SEEING EVERYBODY. 57 00:02:39,711 --> 00:02:41,679 >> I'M JASON HAUGH. 58 00:02:41,679 --> 00:02:51,990 HAPPY TO BE HERE. 59 00:02:59,764 --> 00:03:06,204 [OFF-MIC] 60 00:03:06,204 --> 00:03:11,376 I USE THE HASH TAG IMAG PAST 61 00:03:11,376 --> 00:03:13,278 FUTURE WHEN POSTING ON MEDIA. 62 00:03:13,278 --> 00:03:14,846 >> IT SOUNDS LIKE THE MEDIA CAST 63 00:03:14,846 --> 00:03:16,047 IS ON. 64 00:03:16,047 --> 00:03:16,848 WELCOME TO THE REST OF THE 65 00:03:16,848 --> 00:03:17,315 WORLD. 66 00:03:17,315 --> 00:03:18,917 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 67 00:03:18,917 --> 00:03:22,987 WE STARTED A BIT LATE TODAY 68 00:03:22,987 --> 00:03:25,823 BECAUSE OF SOME TECHNICAL 69 00:03:25,823 --> 00:03:26,658 DIFFICULTIES BUT WE'RE GOING 70 00:03:26,658 --> 00:03:27,759 FULL FORCE NOW. 71 00:03:27,759 --> 00:03:30,061 THIS MEETING WAS PLANNED BY A 72 00:03:30,061 --> 00:03:31,396 LOT OF PEOPLE OVER THE PAST YEAR 73 00:03:31,396 --> 00:03:34,499 AND WE HAVE BEEN ON MANY MANY 74 00:03:34,499 --> 00:03:36,668 MANY ZOOM CALLS AND I TRIED TO 75 00:03:36,668 --> 00:03:39,504 CAPTURE THAT ABOVE US INCLUDING 76 00:03:39,504 --> 00:03:42,774 MANY OF YOU IN IMAGO AND MSM AND 77 00:03:42,774 --> 00:03:44,776 ALL OF YOU SAID WE REALLY WANT 78 00:03:44,776 --> 00:03:46,144 TO MEET AGAIN IN PERSON. 79 00:03:46,144 --> 00:03:49,080 WE DON'T WANT TO MEET ON ZOOM. 80 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:51,983 SO THIS IS WHAT WE HAVE AND BY 81 00:03:51,983 --> 00:03:53,384 BRUCE'S ADVICE WE SAID WE'RE 82 00:03:53,384 --> 00:03:54,852 GOING TO MEET IN JUNE JUST TO 83 00:03:54,852 --> 00:04:00,959 MAKE SURE THE PANDEMIC IS OVER. 84 00:04:00,959 --> 00:04:03,294 BECAUSE PANDEMIC MODELERS DON'T 85 00:04:03,294 --> 00:04:05,463 WANT US TO COME IF THERE'S A 86 00:04:05,463 --> 00:04:05,730 PANDEMIC. 87 00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:07,765 MANY THANKS TO THE CO-CHAIRS, 88 00:04:07,765 --> 00:04:10,134 THE SESSION CHAIRS LISTED HERE 89 00:04:10,134 --> 00:04:13,071 AND THE IMAG ORGANIZERS. 90 00:04:13,071 --> 00:04:14,872 AS WELL AS THE WONDERFUL FOLKS 91 00:04:14,872 --> 00:04:16,808 WHO HELPED US REJUVENATE THIS 92 00:04:16,808 --> 00:04:19,210 WIKI AND OUR WONDERFUL MEETING 93 00:04:19,210 --> 00:04:22,947 SUPPORT CONTRACTORS AND SPECIAL 94 00:04:22,947 --> 00:04:29,020 THANKS TO THE NIBIB FOR 95 00:04:29,020 --> 00:04:31,289 SUPPORTING THIS MEETING AS WELL 96 00:04:31,289 --> 00:04:34,392 AS THE CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY 97 00:04:34,392 --> 00:04:36,828 AND INTEGRATIVE HEALTH, NICCH 98 00:04:36,828 --> 00:04:38,863 AND REED IS FROM THE NATIONAL 99 00:04:38,863 --> 00:04:41,232 INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND 100 00:04:41,232 --> 00:04:42,467 INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 101 00:04:42,467 --> 00:04:46,571 AND MANY THANKS TO NSF FOR 102 00:04:46,571 --> 00:04:48,840 PRINTING OUT THE POSTERS AND 103 00:04:48,840 --> 00:04:50,341 THANK YOU TO THE SOCIETY FOR 104 00:04:50,341 --> 00:04:52,210 MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY. 105 00:04:52,210 --> 00:04:53,244 IF IT WEREN'T FOR THEM YOU 106 00:04:53,244 --> 00:04:55,413 WOULDN'T HAVE NO FOOD AT ALL IN 107 00:04:55,413 --> 00:04:57,749 THE BUILDING SO THANK YOU. 108 00:04:57,749 --> 00:05:00,585 HOUSE RULES, THERE'S GOING TO BE 109 00:05:00,585 --> 00:05:03,021 FOOD OUTSIDE. 110 00:05:03,021 --> 00:05:03,921 BEVERAGES OUTSIDE. 111 00:05:03,921 --> 00:05:07,325 YOU CANNOT HAVE FOOD OR DRINK IN 112 00:05:07,325 --> 00:05:07,692 HERE. 113 00:05:07,692 --> 00:05:10,461 AND IN THE AFTERNOON YOU'LL HAVE 114 00:05:10,461 --> 00:05:13,898 REFRESHMENTS UPSTAIRS IN THE 115 00:05:13,898 --> 00:05:14,132 ATRIUM. 116 00:05:14,132 --> 00:05:16,367 YOU'LL PICK UP THE LUNCH BOX 117 00:05:16,367 --> 00:05:17,769 OUTSIDE OF THE AUDITORIUM. 118 00:05:17,769 --> 00:05:21,939 IT WILL BE LAID OUT ON THE 119 00:05:21,939 --> 00:05:23,708 TABLES. 120 00:05:23,708 --> 00:05:25,676 TODAY YOU CAN HAVE LUNCH 121 00:05:25,676 --> 00:05:29,147 ANYWHERE EXCEPT THE AUDITORIUM 122 00:05:29,147 --> 00:05:30,248 EXCEPT IT'S CODE ORANGE. 123 00:05:30,248 --> 00:05:31,816 THERE ARE PICNIC TABLES OUTSIDE. 124 00:05:31,816 --> 00:05:33,251 TOMORROW WE'LL HAVE A WORKING 125 00:05:33,251 --> 00:05:34,952 LUNCH WITH A BREAKOUT SESSION. 126 00:05:34,952 --> 00:05:38,356 I WANT YOU ALL TO LOG ON TO THE 127 00:05:38,356 --> 00:05:40,525 IMAG WIKI, EVEN THOSE ONLINE. 128 00:05:40,525 --> 00:05:42,593 USE THE QR CODE AND LOG INTO THE 129 00:05:42,593 --> 00:05:42,960 WIKI. 130 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:46,731 WE'D LIKE YOU TO FOLLOW THE 131 00:05:46,731 --> 00:05:47,632 INTERACTIVE AGENDA CLOSELY. 132 00:05:47,632 --> 00:05:51,436 CLICK ON TO THE SESSION PAGES. 133 00:05:51,436 --> 00:05:53,538 YOU CAN THEN ENTER IN YOUR 134 00:05:53,538 --> 00:05:53,905 COMMENTS. 135 00:05:53,905 --> 00:05:56,140 SO IF YOU DID EVERYTHING RIGHT, 136 00:05:56,140 --> 00:05:59,010 YOU LOGGED IN, CLICK ON CURRENT 137 00:05:59,010 --> 00:06:00,578 IMAG MEETING TAG, YOU'LL GET TO 138 00:06:00,578 --> 00:06:03,781 THIS PAGE AND ON THIS PAGE YOU 139 00:06:03,781 --> 00:06:04,615 WILL SEE THE AGENDA. 140 00:06:04,615 --> 00:06:07,251 CLICK HERE AND YOU'LL SEE THE 141 00:06:07,251 --> 00:06:08,152 SESSION LINKS. 142 00:06:08,152 --> 00:06:09,854 IF YOU ARE AN EARLY CAREER 143 00:06:09,854 --> 00:06:11,055 INVESTIGATOR, WE ARE 144 00:06:11,055 --> 00:06:12,356 HIGHLIGHTING YOU BECAUSE YOU ARE 145 00:06:12,356 --> 00:06:13,224 OUR FUTURE. 146 00:06:13,224 --> 00:06:16,260 AND WE WANT YOU TO USE THESE 147 00:06:16,260 --> 00:06:18,729 PAGES TO HIGHLIGHT YOUR WORK AND 148 00:06:18,729 --> 00:06:20,231 FIND YOUR LAST NAME AND CLICK ON 149 00:06:20,231 --> 00:06:23,367 IT AND ENTER IN YOUR 150 00:06:23,367 --> 00:06:25,870 PUBLICATIONS, YOUR DREAMS, YOUR 151 00:06:25,870 --> 00:06:26,137 INTERESTS. 152 00:06:26,137 --> 00:06:27,538 CLICK ON THE POSTER LINK TO FIND 153 00:06:27,538 --> 00:06:29,006 ALL THE POSTERS. 154 00:06:29,006 --> 00:06:30,741 YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE ABSTRACTS 155 00:06:30,741 --> 00:06:31,943 AS WELL AS THE FULL POSTERS. 156 00:06:31,943 --> 00:06:33,811 YOU CAN DO YOUR HOME WORK BEFORE 157 00:06:33,811 --> 00:06:34,912 YOU GO TO THE POSTERS SO YOU 158 00:06:34,912 --> 00:06:36,781 KNOW WHAT QUESTIONS TO ASK. 159 00:06:36,781 --> 00:06:38,349 YOU CAN CLICK ON THE ATTENDEE 160 00:06:38,349 --> 00:06:41,452 LISTS AND TYPE IN YOUR NAME AND 161 00:06:41,452 --> 00:06:46,057 SEARCH FOR YOUR MENTOR OR YOUR 162 00:06:46,057 --> 00:06:48,259 EARLY-CAREER INVESTIGATOR YOU'RE 163 00:06:48,259 --> 00:06:48,759 MENTORING. 164 00:06:48,759 --> 00:06:50,695 ON THE LOGISTICS PAGE WE HAVE 165 00:06:50,695 --> 00:06:52,396 INFORMATION ON THE INFORMAL 166 00:06:52,396 --> 00:06:54,732 CHATS ON SLACK AND TWITTER. 167 00:06:54,732 --> 00:06:56,701 THANK YOU FOR MONITORING THE 168 00:06:56,701 --> 00:06:58,503 SLACK. 169 00:06:58,503 --> 00:07:00,271 FINALLY, IT'S NOT JUST LATE IF 170 00:07:00,271 --> 00:07:01,906 YOU HAVEN'T SUBMITTED YOUR 171 00:07:01,906 --> 00:07:04,609 MATERIALS YET, CLICK ON THE 172 00:07:04,609 --> 00:07:05,910 SUBMIT MATERIALS AND SUBMIT YOUR 173 00:07:05,910 --> 00:07:08,412 PDFs SO PEOPLE CAN KEEP IT AND 174 00:07:08,412 --> 00:07:11,349 IF YOU LOOK ON THE WIKI, WE HAVE 175 00:07:11,349 --> 00:07:13,117 ALL OUR MEETINGS SAVED LIKE THIS 176 00:07:13,117 --> 00:07:17,522 SINCE 2006. 177 00:07:17,522 --> 00:07:18,122 PLEASE DO THAT. 178 00:07:18,122 --> 00:07:19,690 YOU'LL LEAVE A LEGACY STARTING 179 00:07:19,690 --> 00:07:21,492 NOW. 180 00:07:21,492 --> 00:07:23,194 OKAY, I'LL START WITH THE BELL. 181 00:07:23,194 --> 00:07:29,500 REMEMBER THE BELL? 182 00:07:29,500 --> 00:07:31,769 WE DON'T HAVE THE FLASHING TIMER 183 00:07:31,769 --> 00:07:33,204 ON THE PODIUM BECAUSE IT'S NOT 184 00:07:33,204 --> 00:07:33,437 WORKING. 185 00:07:33,437 --> 00:07:35,773 SO IF YOU HEAR ONE BELL RING 186 00:07:35,773 --> 00:07:37,975 THAT MEANS ONE MINUTE LEFT. 187 00:07:37,975 --> 00:07:40,678 IF IT'S TWO BELLS -- IT MEANS 188 00:07:40,678 --> 00:07:41,712 PLEASE STOP. 189 00:07:41,712 --> 00:07:43,981 AND IN THE PAST PEOPLE ARE 190 00:07:43,981 --> 00:07:45,550 RACING AND USUALLY WE DON'T GET 191 00:07:45,550 --> 00:07:46,450 TO TWO BELLS. 192 00:07:46,450 --> 00:07:49,187 I WANTED TO LET YOU KNOW. 193 00:07:49,187 --> 00:07:51,055 I'M HERE TO TALK BRIEFLY ABOUT 194 00:07:51,055 --> 00:07:54,325 THE HISTORY IN THE 20 YEARS. 195 00:07:54,325 --> 00:07:55,560 AND SOMEBODY TIME ME -- REED, 196 00:07:55,560 --> 00:08:03,568 YOU CAN -- YOU CAN DO THE BELL 197 00:08:03,568 --> 00:08:04,135 ON ME. 198 00:08:04,135 --> 00:08:06,837 HOW DID THIS ALL START? 199 00:08:06,837 --> 00:08:11,275 I'LL WALK US DOWN MEMORY LANE A 200 00:08:11,275 --> 00:08:12,610 LITTLE BIT. 201 00:08:12,610 --> 00:08:16,981 IMAG WAS CREATED IN DECEMBER 202 00:08:16,981 --> 00:08:18,883 2002 I CAME TO THE NIH AND SAID 203 00:08:18,883 --> 00:08:20,418 WHAT ARE WE GOING IN MODELLING 204 00:08:20,418 --> 00:08:21,018 AT THE NIH? 205 00:08:21,018 --> 00:08:23,054 I PRESENTED IT TO A GROUP AND 206 00:08:23,054 --> 00:08:25,156 THEY SAID, WELL, LET'S GET 207 00:08:25,156 --> 00:08:26,390 TOGETHER A GROUP OF PEOPLE AND 208 00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:27,925 TALK ABOUT IT. 209 00:08:27,925 --> 00:08:29,860 THAT'S WHAT NIH PEOPLE DO IS 210 00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:31,128 THEY CREATE GROUPS. 211 00:08:31,128 --> 00:08:35,700 IN APRIL 8, 2003 WE FORMED 212 00:08:35,700 --> 00:08:36,133 GROUP. 213 00:08:36,133 --> 00:08:39,704 THE NSF FOLKS, STEPHANIE, GEORGE 214 00:08:39,704 --> 00:08:41,739 AND OTHERS IN THE ROOM WERE THE 215 00:08:41,739 --> 00:08:47,545 FIRST TO APPROACH US AND SAID 216 00:08:47,545 --> 00:08:53,584 LET'S DO MULTISCALE MODELLING 217 00:08:53,584 --> 00:08:55,386 AND THERE'S A LOT OF NIH AND NSF 218 00:08:55,386 --> 00:08:56,954 FOLKS AND WE CAME TOGETHER AND 219 00:08:56,954 --> 00:08:58,022 FORMED IMAG. 220 00:08:58,022 --> 00:09:01,158 WE DECIDED IT WOULD BE A 221 00:09:01,158 --> 00:09:03,060 GRASSROOTS MOVEMENT AND WE WOULD 222 00:09:03,060 --> 00:09:05,329 NOT FORCE ANYONE TO JOIN AND 223 00:09:05,329 --> 00:09:06,931 PEOPLE WOULD STAY IF THEY WANTED 224 00:09:06,931 --> 00:09:09,133 TO STAY AND DO MODELLING ABOVE 225 00:09:09,133 --> 00:09:10,935 AND BELOW THE SCALES OF 226 00:09:10,935 --> 00:09:11,202 INTEREST. 227 00:09:11,202 --> 00:09:13,871 THIS HAPPENED BECAUSE AT THE 228 00:09:13,871 --> 00:09:15,373 SAME TIME MANY THINGS WERE 229 00:09:15,373 --> 00:09:19,110 HAPPENING. 230 00:09:19,110 --> 00:09:20,711 1999 THERE WAS A REPORT AND 231 00:09:20,711 --> 00:09:23,214 THERE WAS A BSTI SYMPOSIUM. 232 00:09:23,214 --> 00:09:26,450 MY OWN INSTITUTE WAS FORMED IN 233 00:09:26,450 --> 00:09:26,651 2000. 234 00:09:26,651 --> 00:09:29,353 THAT'S WHY I JOINED NIH. 235 00:09:29,353 --> 00:09:32,156 WE FORMED IMAG IN 2003 AND 236 00:09:32,156 --> 00:09:34,091 BECAUSE OF OUR INTEREST IN IMAG 237 00:09:34,091 --> 00:09:38,262 WE QUICKLY FORMED OUR FIRST 238 00:09:38,262 --> 00:09:42,099 FUNDING OPPORTUNITY IN 2004 AND 239 00:09:42,099 --> 00:09:46,404 FUNDED IN 2005 AND IN 2007 WE 240 00:09:46,404 --> 00:09:47,371 HAD ANOTHER INITIATIVE. 241 00:09:47,371 --> 00:09:47,938 SO THAT'S THE START OF OUR 242 00:09:47,938 --> 00:09:52,243 HISTORY. 243 00:09:52,243 --> 00:09:55,680 OF COURSE PETER HUNTER AND HIS 244 00:09:55,680 --> 00:09:57,882 PAPER IN 2003 CAME OUT WITH HOW 245 00:09:57,882 --> 00:10:00,584 THE SCALES OF THE HUMAN BODY 246 00:10:00,584 --> 00:10:03,454 SHOULD BE THOUGHT OF IN TERMS OF 247 00:10:03,454 --> 00:10:05,122 THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES 248 00:10:05,122 --> 00:10:07,792 FROM GENES TO PROTEINS TO CELLS, 249 00:10:07,792 --> 00:10:10,261 TISSUES, ORGANS AND CLINICAL 250 00:10:10,261 --> 00:10:10,961 MEDICINE. 251 00:10:10,961 --> 00:10:13,531 PETER TALKED AT THE INAUGURAL 252 00:10:13,531 --> 00:10:14,298 BSTI MEETING TOO. 253 00:10:14,298 --> 00:10:16,634 SINCE THEN WE'VE BEEN MOVING 254 00:10:16,634 --> 00:10:17,568 THINGS TO THE POPULATION LEVEL 255 00:10:17,568 --> 00:10:18,369 AS WELL. 256 00:10:18,369 --> 00:10:21,272 IF ALL OF YOU REMEMBER, WE HAD 257 00:10:21,272 --> 00:10:23,474 RON WHITE WITH US IN IMAGO AND 258 00:10:23,474 --> 00:10:31,716 BACK THEN HE CREATED THIS VISION 259 00:10:31,716 --> 00:10:42,226 WHERE RON WHITE HAD WHERE WE 260 00:10:50,468 --> 00:10:52,770 WOULD HAVE A FOUNDATIONAL 261 00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:53,838 DEVELOPMENT HERE AND THESE 262 00:10:53,838 --> 00:10:55,673 PILLARS WOULD BE THE 263 00:10:55,673 --> 00:10:58,309 APPLICATIONS OF THE FOUNDATIONAL 264 00:10:58,309 --> 00:10:58,843 MODELS. 265 00:10:58,843 --> 00:11:00,711 THE FOUNDATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE 266 00:11:00,711 --> 00:11:02,213 NEEDED TO ULTIMATELY CREATE A 267 00:11:02,213 --> 00:11:03,581 DIGITAL HUMAN. 268 00:11:03,581 --> 00:11:04,148 THIS WAS HIS VISION BACK IN 269 00:11:04,148 --> 00:11:08,219 2005. 270 00:11:08,219 --> 00:11:09,420 EVENTUALLY ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF 271 00:11:09,420 --> 00:11:09,920 SOCIETY. 272 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,288 THINK ABOUT THIS AND SEE WHERE 273 00:11:11,288 --> 00:11:12,623 WE'RE AT NOW. 274 00:11:12,623 --> 00:11:17,762 THIS WAS WAY BACK. 275 00:11:17,762 --> 00:11:22,733 SO, IMAG IS THE GOVERNMENT GROUP 276 00:11:22,733 --> 00:11:29,440 OF FUNDING AGENTS AND MULTISCALE 277 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:35,613 MODELLING ARE THE RESEARCHERS. 278 00:11:35,613 --> 00:11:41,352 TOGETHER IMAGO AND THE 279 00:11:41,352 --> 00:11:42,286 MULTISCALE CONSORTIUM ARE THE 280 00:11:42,286 --> 00:11:44,255 PARTS AND WE LIVE ON WIKI. 281 00:11:44,255 --> 00:11:46,557 AFTER WE FORMED THE CONSORTIUM 282 00:11:46,557 --> 00:11:48,392 WE HAD SEVERAL MEETINGS ALL THE 283 00:11:48,392 --> 00:11:51,796 WAY UP TO NOW AND SO THIS SLIDE 284 00:11:51,796 --> 00:11:56,534 SORT OF DESCRIBES THE EVOLUTION 285 00:11:56,534 --> 00:11:57,701 OF WHERE THE MULTISCALE 286 00:11:57,701 --> 00:11:59,570 MODELLING CONSORTIUM WAS 287 00:11:59,570 --> 00:12:00,037 THINKING. 288 00:12:00,037 --> 00:12:03,274 YOU GUYS LOVED MEETING IN THE 289 00:12:03,274 --> 00:12:05,876 BEGINNING AND WERE AMBITIOUS 290 00:12:05,876 --> 00:12:08,112 READY TO PLAN THE FUTURE. 291 00:12:08,112 --> 00:12:12,149 WE HAD A MEETING OFF THE BAT IN 292 00:12:12,149 --> 00:12:13,717 2009. 293 00:12:13,717 --> 00:12:14,985 AFTER THAT WE DISCUSSED 294 00:12:14,985 --> 00:12:17,955 DISPARATE MODELS AND TALKED 295 00:12:17,955 --> 00:12:22,426 ABOUT MODULEARTY AND GLOBAL 296 00:12:22,426 --> 00:12:24,562 EFFORTS WERE STARTING IN EUROPE 297 00:12:24,562 --> 00:12:26,230 AND JAPAN AND STARTED PARTNERING 298 00:12:26,230 --> 00:12:28,299 WITH THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 299 00:12:28,299 --> 00:12:32,303 HEART, LUNG AND BLOOD AND THEY 300 00:12:32,303 --> 00:12:34,238 HAD THEIR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY FOLKS 301 00:12:34,238 --> 00:12:36,173 COMBINE WITH US AND WE TALKED 302 00:12:36,173 --> 00:12:38,375 ABOUT SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS 303 00:12:38,375 --> 00:12:40,611 AND VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL DOMAINS. 304 00:12:40,611 --> 00:12:42,813 IN 2012 THE PRECISION MEDICINE 305 00:12:42,813 --> 00:12:45,015 REPORT CAME OUT AND WE SPENT THE 306 00:12:45,015 --> 00:12:46,884 ENTIRE MEETING COMBING THROUGH 307 00:12:46,884 --> 00:12:48,452 THE REPORT AND DISSECTING IT IN 308 00:12:48,452 --> 00:12:49,553 EVERY ONE OF OUR SESSION. 309 00:12:49,553 --> 00:12:50,855 ALL THESE ARE ON THE WIKI, BY 310 00:12:50,855 --> 00:12:53,991 THE WAY. 311 00:12:53,991 --> 00:12:59,363 MANY THANKS TO ANDREW McCULLOUGH 312 00:12:59,363 --> 00:13:00,431 FOR COMPILING THIS MASSIVE 313 00:13:00,431 --> 00:13:03,100 REPORT IN 2012 FROM OUR 314 00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:03,667 CONSORTIUM DISCUSSIONS. 315 00:13:03,667 --> 00:13:08,639 IN 2013 WE PLANNED A WONDERFUL 316 00:13:08,639 --> 00:13:10,241 MEETING HAVING PEOPLE IN THE 317 00:13:10,241 --> 00:13:11,442 CONSORTIUM HOST DIFFERENT THEMES 318 00:13:11,442 --> 00:13:13,644 AND THEN THE GOVERNMENT WAS SHUT 319 00:13:13,644 --> 00:13:14,778 DOWN. 320 00:13:14,778 --> 00:13:16,680 SO IF YOU REMEMBER, SOME OF YOU 321 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:18,282 EVEN FLEW HERE AND WE COULDN'T 322 00:13:18,282 --> 00:13:19,116 TALK TO YOU. 323 00:13:19,116 --> 00:13:21,151 THEN WE REPLICATED EXACTLY THE 324 00:13:21,151 --> 00:13:25,189 SAME MEETING AND JUST HELD IT IN 325 00:13:25,189 --> 00:13:25,389 2014. 326 00:13:25,389 --> 00:13:27,892 THEN IN 2015 WE STARTED TALKING 327 00:13:27,892 --> 00:13:30,294 ABOUT SUCCESS STORIES AGAIN. 328 00:13:30,294 --> 00:13:32,296 WE RECOGNIZE WE NEED TO STILL 329 00:13:32,296 --> 00:13:33,898 CONVINCE THE COMMUNITY ABOUT THE 330 00:13:33,898 --> 00:13:34,832 IMPORTANCE OF MODELLING AND THE 331 00:13:34,832 --> 00:13:38,135 WAY TO DO IT IS THROUGH SUCCESS 332 00:13:38,135 --> 00:13:40,804 STORIES AND WE ALSO THOUGHT THE 333 00:13:40,804 --> 00:13:42,106 ONLY WAY TO THE FUTURE IS 334 00:13:42,106 --> 00:13:45,209 THROUGH NEW AWARDEES AND WANTED 335 00:13:45,209 --> 00:13:49,480 TO START ABOUT NEW AWARDEES AND 336 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:50,748 TALKING ABOUT MEDICAL SIMULATORS 337 00:13:50,748 --> 00:13:54,752 AND GOT IN THE GRANT PROCESS HOW 338 00:13:54,752 --> 00:13:59,690 PEER REVIEW IS DONE AND WE 339 00:13:59,690 --> 00:14:02,560 CELEBRATED AN ANNIVERSARY AND WE 340 00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:05,262 ADDED MEDICAL DEVICES IN THE 341 00:14:05,262 --> 00:14:05,529 MIX. 342 00:14:05,529 --> 00:14:06,730 HERE ARE THE DIFFERENT POSTERS 343 00:14:06,730 --> 00:14:10,367 YOU CAN SEE OUTSIDE AS WELL. 344 00:14:10,367 --> 00:14:12,036 THIS ONE POSTER YOU CAN SEE DOWN 345 00:14:12,036 --> 00:14:16,073 HERE AND WE'RE GOING TO TALK 346 00:14:16,073 --> 00:14:17,141 ABOUT IT A LITTLE BIT IN THE 347 00:14:17,141 --> 00:14:17,708 REMEMBRANCE SESSION. 348 00:14:17,708 --> 00:14:19,777 THIS IS WHERE WE PARTNERED WITH 349 00:14:19,777 --> 00:14:23,180 THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY FOLKS AND 350 00:14:23,180 --> 00:14:25,883 THIS IS OUR 10th ANNIVERSARY 351 00:14:25,883 --> 00:14:27,551 POSTER OF THE MULTISCALE 352 00:14:27,551 --> 00:14:28,252 MODELLING CONSORTIUM. 353 00:14:28,252 --> 00:14:29,587 DON'T FORGET TO SIGN OUR POSTER 354 00:14:29,587 --> 00:14:31,622 THIS YEAR TO LEAVE YOUR PARK ON 355 00:14:31,622 --> 00:14:33,624 THE POSTERS FOR THIS YEAR. 356 00:14:33,624 --> 00:14:36,660 IN 2018 WE ACTUALLY HAD ANOTHER 357 00:14:36,660 --> 00:14:37,595 FUTURES MEETING. 358 00:14:37,595 --> 00:14:39,697 AND THAT'S WHERE I TOOK THIS 359 00:14:39,697 --> 00:14:45,836 WONDERFUL PICTURE OF DENISE AND 360 00:14:45,836 --> 00:14:50,174 JENNIFER LINDERMAN AND SILVIA 361 00:14:50,174 --> 00:14:52,109 AND PEARCE AND THEY DID AN 362 00:14:52,109 --> 00:14:55,679 AMAZING TALK HOW THEY IMPLEMENT 363 00:14:55,679 --> 00:15:06,223 CREDIBLE PRACTICES IN MODELLING. 364 00:15:06,423 --> 00:15:14,131 THEN IN THEN IN 2019, BRUCE, ON 365 00:15:14,131 --> 00:15:16,967 THE STAGE HERE AND JEFF HOLMES 366 00:15:16,967 --> 00:15:19,403 HOST THE 2019 MEETING WHERE WE 367 00:15:19,403 --> 00:15:21,138 REALLY FOCUSSED ON TRANSLATING 368 00:15:21,138 --> 00:15:22,339 MODELS TO DIFFERENT DOMAIN AREAS 369 00:15:22,339 --> 00:15:26,677 AND IT WAS AN AMAZING MEETING 370 00:15:26,677 --> 00:15:30,080 AND MY OWN DIRECTOR IT WAS HIS 371 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:34,018 VERY FIRST MEETING AND HIS 372 00:15:34,018 --> 00:15:39,823 INTRODUCTION TO OUR GROUP. 373 00:15:39,823 --> 00:15:42,359 WE HAD THAT MEETING IN THE 374 00:15:42,359 --> 00:15:42,760 SPRING. 375 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:44,561 AT THAT MEETING TWO PEOPLE SAID 376 00:15:44,561 --> 00:15:47,297 WE REALLY NEED TO START TALKING 377 00:15:47,297 --> 00:15:51,602 ABOUT MECHANISTIC MODELLING AND 378 00:15:51,602 --> 00:15:52,836 MACHINE LEARNING. 379 00:15:52,836 --> 00:15:55,506 THEY WENT ACROSS THE HALL TO THE 380 00:15:55,506 --> 00:15:58,242 SCHEDULERS AND SAID CAN WE HAVE 381 00:15:58,242 --> 00:16:00,411 THE MEETING IN THE FALL. 382 00:16:00,411 --> 00:16:02,112 FROM SPRING TO FALL THEY PLANNED 383 00:16:02,112 --> 00:16:03,313 THE NEXT MEETING AND IT WAS 384 00:16:03,313 --> 00:16:13,490 BASICALLY A CONTINUE OF OF -- 385 00:16:13,490 --> 00:16:16,193 TSUNAMI OF IDEAS AND WE HELD THE 386 00:16:16,193 --> 00:16:17,161 MEETING AND THE PAPER WAS 387 00:16:17,161 --> 00:16:18,962 PUBLISHED A MONTH LATER. 388 00:16:18,962 --> 00:16:19,730 THAT WAS AMAZING. 389 00:16:19,730 --> 00:16:23,000 THIS MEETING WAS FOCUSSED ON 390 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,837 PATIENT SAFETY AND DIGITAL TWINS 391 00:16:26,837 --> 00:16:30,474 AND THEN THE PANDEMIC HIT. 392 00:16:30,474 --> 00:16:32,443 SHANE AND SILVIA, HOWEVER, WERE 393 00:16:32,443 --> 00:16:34,812 PLANNING AN AMAZING MEETING FOR 394 00:16:34,812 --> 00:16:35,679 THE NEXT YEAR. 395 00:16:35,679 --> 00:16:37,648 A 2020 MEETING. 396 00:16:37,648 --> 00:16:39,683 LITERATELY THE WEEK THE PANDEMIC 397 00:16:39,683 --> 00:16:39,850 HIT. 398 00:16:39,850 --> 00:16:40,617 UNFORTUNATELY THE PANDEMIC HIT 399 00:16:40,617 --> 00:16:43,020 AND WE HAD TO TRUNCATE THE 400 00:16:43,020 --> 00:16:46,590 MEETING TO VIRTUAL AND WE 401 00:16:46,590 --> 00:16:48,592 ACTUALLY HELD PRIZE COMPETITIONS 402 00:16:48,592 --> 00:16:50,427 FOR MODELLING TRAINEES AND WE 403 00:16:50,427 --> 00:16:55,365 HAD SPONSORSHIPS FROM THE FALL G 404 00:16:55,365 --> 00:16:57,034 ELLEN FRONTIERS GROUP WHO GAVE 405 00:16:57,034 --> 00:16:58,569 PRIZES AND IT WAS STILL AMAZING. 406 00:16:58,569 --> 00:17:00,137 THEY PLANNED OUT THE ENTIRE 407 00:17:00,137 --> 00:17:00,471 MEETING. 408 00:17:00,471 --> 00:17:02,372 WE THOUGHT THE PANDEMIC WILL BE 409 00:17:02,372 --> 00:17:03,774 OVER THE FOLLOWING YEAR AND 410 00:17:03,774 --> 00:17:06,443 WE'LL HOLD THE MEETING THEY HELD 411 00:17:06,443 --> 00:17:11,682 IN 2021 BUT IT NEVER HAPPENED. 412 00:17:11,682 --> 00:17:13,383 THE PLANNING COMMITTEE WAS 413 00:17:13,383 --> 00:17:15,686 LIKE -- THEY WERE HAVING THE 414 00:17:15,686 --> 00:17:18,388 VERY GOOD FORESIGHT OF PLANNING 415 00:17:18,388 --> 00:17:21,391 A MEETING TO FOCUS ON DIVERSITY. 416 00:17:21,391 --> 00:17:23,794 THIS WAS IN 2019. 417 00:17:23,794 --> 00:17:27,131 AND IF YOU GUYS KNOW WHAT WE'RE 418 00:17:27,131 --> 00:17:30,134 NOW, EVERYTHING AT NIH IS ABOUT 419 00:17:30,134 --> 00:17:31,468 DIVERSITY AND THEY WERE WAY 420 00:17:31,468 --> 00:17:32,569 AHEAD OF THE GAME. 421 00:17:32,569 --> 00:17:34,605 SO EVERYTHING THEY THOUGHT ABOUT 422 00:17:34,605 --> 00:17:36,073 BACK THEN IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY 423 00:17:36,073 --> 00:17:38,175 OF PEOPLE AND DIVERSITY OF 424 00:17:38,175 --> 00:17:39,910 METHODS AND PEDAGOGY IS ALL 425 00:17:39,910 --> 00:17:42,279 BEING TALKED ABOUT NOW. 426 00:17:42,279 --> 00:17:45,816 THOUGH THEY DIDN'T HOLD A 427 00:17:45,816 --> 00:17:46,416 MEETING SOMEHOW IT MOTIVATED 428 00:17:46,416 --> 00:17:47,918 PEOPLE. 429 00:17:47,918 --> 00:17:49,853 AND THEN I JUST WANTED TO TALK 430 00:17:49,853 --> 00:17:52,689 ABOUT A FEW SUCCESS STORIES THAT 431 00:17:52,689 --> 00:17:54,191 I TELL OTHER PEOPLE ABOUT WHICH 432 00:17:54,191 --> 00:17:57,728 IS WHY WE HAVE A SESSION ON 433 00:17:57,728 --> 00:17:58,629 CREDIBLE PRACTICES IS THAT THE 434 00:17:58,629 --> 00:18:01,598 10 SIMPLE RULES THAT COME OUT OF 435 00:18:01,598 --> 00:18:06,470 THE MSM IS A SUCCESS STORY. 436 00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:08,205 DURING THE PANDEMIC, THE WALL 437 00:18:08,205 --> 00:18:09,473 STREET JOURNAL CALLED US AND CDC 438 00:18:09,473 --> 00:18:11,675 AND SAID WHAT'S GOING ON WITH 439 00:18:11,675 --> 00:18:13,410 THESE MODELS? 440 00:18:13,410 --> 00:18:15,179 NOBODY BELIEVES THEM. 441 00:18:15,179 --> 00:18:16,847 WHAT SHOULD WE DO? 442 00:18:16,847 --> 00:18:19,616 JERRY MYERS WHO UNFORTUNATELY 443 00:18:19,616 --> 00:18:21,285 CAN'T BE IN PERSON HERE WILL BE 444 00:18:21,285 --> 00:18:24,721 IN THE SESSION WHERE HE HAD 445 00:18:24,721 --> 00:18:28,926 INTRODUCED HOW NASA AND LA LA 446 00:18:28,926 --> 00:18:30,327 MALAGETTA START THE CONVERSATION 447 00:18:30,327 --> 00:18:33,697 INTRODUCING HOW NASA IMPLEMENTED 448 00:18:33,697 --> 00:18:35,032 THEIR CREDIBILITY PRACTICES 449 00:18:35,032 --> 00:18:38,569 AFTER THE CHALLENGER TRAGEDY AND 450 00:18:38,569 --> 00:18:40,537 SO THAT'S WHERE OUR SIMPLE RULES 451 00:18:40,537 --> 00:18:40,904 GOT STARTED. 452 00:18:40,904 --> 00:18:44,107 WHEN WE STARTED TALKING WITH 453 00:18:44,107 --> 00:18:46,844 DARPA AND STARTED TRYING TO 454 00:18:46,844 --> 00:18:47,644 APPLY THE RULES TO THE COVID-19 455 00:18:47,644 --> 00:18:51,748 MODELS. 456 00:18:51,748 --> 00:18:53,150 THEN THE VIRAL PANDEMIC WORKING 457 00:18:53,150 --> 00:18:54,685 GROUP WAS FORMED. 458 00:18:54,685 --> 00:18:59,990 IF YOU'RE FOLLOWING THE WIKI AND 459 00:18:59,990 --> 00:19:01,258 JAMES GLASER AND JIM SLUKA AND 460 00:19:01,258 --> 00:19:03,160 TOM HELKERS EFFORTS ARE MEETING 461 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:04,061 EVERY WEEK AND STILL MEETING 462 00:19:04,061 --> 00:19:07,364 EVERY WEEK TALKING ABOUT VIRAL 463 00:19:07,364 --> 00:19:07,631 PANDEMICS. 464 00:19:07,631 --> 00:19:09,299 IT'S PRETTY AMAZING THAT THEY 465 00:19:09,299 --> 00:19:10,868 HAD AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF PEOPLE 466 00:19:10,868 --> 00:19:14,438 COMING TO THEIR WORKING GROUP 467 00:19:14,438 --> 00:19:16,506 DURING THE PANDEMIC MEETING AND 468 00:19:16,506 --> 00:19:20,711 HAVING I THINK 30 SUBGROUPS OR 469 00:19:20,711 --> 00:19:21,712 SOMETHING REED FOLLOWED CLOSELY 470 00:19:21,712 --> 00:19:23,013 FROM NIAID. 471 00:19:23,013 --> 00:19:24,715 THIS IS OUR CONSORTIUM NOW. 472 00:19:24,715 --> 00:19:27,351 WE HAVE IMAGO AND THE MSM. 473 00:19:27,351 --> 00:19:31,622 YOU'RE NOT RINGING THE BELL -- 474 00:19:31,622 --> 00:19:35,559 AND SO WE'VE MOVED ON TO SOCIAL 475 00:19:35,559 --> 00:19:36,460 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AS WELL. 476 00:19:36,460 --> 00:19:37,728 THE QUESTION I WANT TO LEAVE YOU 477 00:19:37,728 --> 00:19:39,696 ALL WITH IS WHERE DO WE GO FROM 478 00:19:39,696 --> 00:19:42,199 HERE? 479 00:19:42,199 --> 00:19:46,570 I USUALLY TOUT OUR CONSORTIUM AS 480 00:19:46,570 --> 00:19:48,372 THE MECHANISTIC MULTISCALE 481 00:19:48,372 --> 00:19:51,141 MODELLING CONSORTIUM ESPECIALLY 482 00:19:51,141 --> 00:19:53,310 NOWADAYS WITH DATA-DRIVEN MODELS 483 00:19:53,310 --> 00:19:53,744 EVERY. 484 00:19:53,744 --> 00:19:55,112 WHERE DO WE STAND? 485 00:19:55,112 --> 00:19:57,180 I LIKE TO POSE THESE QUESTIONS 486 00:19:57,180 --> 00:19:58,448 FOR YOU GUYS TO ANSWER IN THE 487 00:19:58,448 --> 00:19:59,416 BREAKOUT SESSIONS. 488 00:19:59,416 --> 00:20:03,687 ARE WE READY FOR A BIG PROJECT? 489 00:20:03,687 --> 00:20:08,158 EXCUSE ME. 490 00:20:08,158 --> 00:20:11,662 CAN WE HARMONIZE MSM TOOLS AND 491 00:20:11,662 --> 00:20:16,333 BENCHMARK DATA? 492 00:20:16,333 --> 00:20:18,368 DO WE HAVE A FUTURE CO-CHAIR? 493 00:20:18,368 --> 00:20:19,703 POST ON THE WIKI WHERE YOU WANT 494 00:20:19,703 --> 00:20:20,504 TO GO. 495 00:20:20,504 --> 00:20:20,938 TODAY AS THE DAY. 496 00:20:20,938 --> 00:20:22,472 WE'RE PITCHING IDEAS FOR THE 497 00:20:22,472 --> 00:20:24,408 BREAKOUT SESSIONS. 498 00:20:24,408 --> 00:20:27,277 THANK YOU, DENISE. 499 00:20:27,277 --> 00:20:27,544 [COUGHING] 500 00:20:27,544 --> 00:20:36,753 TODAY IS QUESTIONS AND LESSONS 501 00:20:36,753 --> 00:20:39,256 AND FUTURE DIRECTION AND I'LL 502 00:20:39,256 --> 00:20:41,158 NOW INTRODUCE DENNIS KIRSCHNER 503 00:20:41,158 --> 00:20:44,728 AND PULL UP HER TALK. 504 00:20:44,728 --> 00:20:46,596 DENISE WE CHOSE AS A KEY NOTE 505 00:20:46,596 --> 00:20:48,865 BECAUSE WE THOUGHT SHE'D DO A 506 00:20:48,865 --> 00:20:50,834 WONDERFUL JOB SHOWING US WHERE 507 00:20:50,834 --> 00:20:53,403 WE WERE AND WHERE WE WANT TO GO 508 00:20:53,403 --> 00:20:56,006 PUTTING SOME MEAT ON TO WHAT I 509 00:20:56,006 --> 00:20:57,140 SAID. 510 00:20:57,140 --> 00:20:58,408 DENISE IS ONE OF THE ORIGINAL 511 00:20:58,408 --> 00:21:08,719 MSM AWARDEES TOO. 512 00:21:18,962 --> 00:21:21,264 >> I'LL TELL YOU A STORY WHILE 513 00:21:21,264 --> 00:21:22,733 THEY BRING UP MY TALK. 514 00:21:22,733 --> 00:21:27,671 WE WERE GETTING CALLS ABOUT THE 515 00:21:27,671 --> 00:21:38,015 MEETING IN GENERAL. 516 00:21:49,026 --> 00:21:50,127 AND WE WERE HAVING WEEKLY 517 00:21:50,127 --> 00:21:51,728 MEETINGS FOR SIX MONTHS WITH 518 00:21:51,728 --> 00:21:53,030 THIS TEAM AND I MISSED ONE 519 00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,232 BECAUSE I WAS AT A MEETING IN 520 00:21:55,232 --> 00:21:57,267 LONDON AND WHEN I CAME BACK THEY 521 00:21:57,267 --> 00:22:01,038 SAID OH, BY THE WAY YOU'RE THE 522 00:22:01,038 --> 00:22:03,740 PLENARY AND WOULD BE THE BEST 523 00:22:03,740 --> 00:22:05,075 PERSON TO REPRESENT US SO DON'T 524 00:22:05,075 --> 00:22:06,643 EVER MISS A MEETING BECAUSE YOU 525 00:22:06,643 --> 00:22:16,887 GET NOMINATED. 526 00:22:22,692 --> 00:22:25,962 SO THE TITLE OF MY TALK IS 527 00:22:25,962 --> 00:22:26,496 MATHEMATICAL MULTISCALE 528 00:22:26,496 --> 00:22:27,364 MODELLING IS LIFE. 529 00:22:27,364 --> 00:22:30,901 FOR THE PAST 20 YEARS IT HAS 530 00:22:30,901 --> 00:22:34,471 BEEN MY LIFE AND IF YOU KNOW TED 531 00:22:34,471 --> 00:22:39,009 LASSO, THIS IS PARAPHRASED FROM 532 00:22:39,009 --> 00:22:44,381 DANNY ROJAS WHO OFTEN SAYS 533 00:22:44,381 --> 00:22:45,916 FUTBOL IS LIFE. 534 00:22:45,916 --> 00:22:49,986 FOR ME AND MY COLLEAGUE JENNA 535 00:22:49,986 --> 00:22:51,888 LINENMAN A LOT OF MY TALK IS 536 00:22:51,888 --> 00:22:54,691 JENNIFER AND MYSELF AND THE WORK 537 00:22:54,691 --> 00:22:59,529 WE'VE DONE IN THE PAST 20 YEARS 538 00:22:59,529 --> 00:23:07,337 AS PART OF THE MULTISCALE 539 00:23:07,337 --> 00:23:09,239 MODELLING AND YOU CAN GO DOWN TO 540 00:23:09,239 --> 00:23:10,340 PROTONS AND DRILL NORTH AND THEN 541 00:23:10,340 --> 00:23:13,143 I LIKE TO TALK ABOUT EAST-WEST 542 00:23:13,143 --> 00:23:16,980 WHICH IS OTHER ORGANS OR 543 00:23:16,980 --> 00:23:18,215 COMPARTMENTS ON THE SAME SCALE. 544 00:23:18,215 --> 00:23:21,118 AND THIS IS WHERE WE LIVE 545 00:23:21,118 --> 00:23:25,922 WESTBOUND -- WITHIN THE BODY 546 00:23:25,922 --> 00:23:26,590 AND POPULATION. 547 00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:29,259 THERE'S OF FEEDBACK. 548 00:23:29,259 --> 00:23:29,459 SORRY. 549 00:23:29,459 --> 00:23:30,994 I DECIDED TO TALK IN GENERAL 550 00:23:30,994 --> 00:23:33,230 ABOUT THINGS WE LEARNED IN THE 551 00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,099 PAST 20 YEARS AND COME IN 552 00:23:36,099 --> 00:23:37,400 QUESTIONS AS WE TRY TO ADDRESS, 553 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:41,872 HOW DO WE BUILT THE SCALES AND 554 00:23:41,872 --> 00:23:43,673 CALIBRATE MULTISCALE MODELS AN 555 00:23:43,673 --> 00:23:48,411 SIMULATE THEM AND ENSURE THEY'RE 556 00:23:48,411 --> 00:23:50,714 VALIDATE AND USEFUL AND WHERE DO 557 00:23:50,714 --> 00:23:51,248 WE GO NEXT? 558 00:23:51,248 --> 00:23:53,917 THIS IS THE WAY WE TALKED TODAY 559 00:23:53,917 --> 00:23:56,686 AND YOU WON'T HEAR ABOUT 560 00:23:56,686 --> 00:23:58,121 GRANULOMAS FOR THE FIRST TIME 561 00:23:58,121 --> 00:23:59,189 TODAY JUST HIGH LEVEL. 562 00:23:59,189 --> 00:24:01,291 SO HOW DO WE BUILD MODELS? 563 00:24:01,291 --> 00:24:03,093 REMEMBER, THIS IS THE WORLD 564 00:24:03,093 --> 00:24:04,427 ACCORDING TO US. 565 00:24:04,427 --> 00:24:05,762 OTHERS MAY FEEL DIFFERENTLY BUT 566 00:24:05,762 --> 00:24:07,297 THESE ARE THE LESSONS WE HAVE 567 00:24:07,297 --> 00:24:08,899 LEARNED OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS. 568 00:24:08,899 --> 00:24:10,100 THERE'S A COUPLE WAYS PEOPLE 569 00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:10,767 THINK ABOUT THIS. 570 00:24:10,767 --> 00:24:15,505 YOU CAN BUILD MODELS FROM THE 571 00:24:15,505 --> 00:24:17,507 TOP-DOWN OR GO AT THE LOWEST 572 00:24:17,507 --> 00:24:19,209 SCALE AND BUILD UP. 573 00:24:19,209 --> 00:24:21,211 ONE THING WE HAVE DONE IS DONE 574 00:24:21,211 --> 00:24:23,413 WHAT WE CALL MIDDLE OUT OR MESO 575 00:24:23,413 --> 00:24:25,482 SCALE WE START AT THE SCALE OF 576 00:24:25,482 --> 00:24:26,816 MOST INTEREST WHICH FOR US IS 577 00:24:26,816 --> 00:24:31,988 THE GRANULOMA THAT DEVELOPS 578 00:24:31,988 --> 00:24:33,523 DURING TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE AND 579 00:24:33,523 --> 00:24:34,891 BUILD THE SCALE BECAUSE THAT'S 580 00:24:34,891 --> 00:24:36,092 WHAT WE'RE MOST INTERESTED IN. 581 00:24:36,092 --> 00:24:38,261 WHAT MODELLING APPROACH IS MOST 582 00:24:38,261 --> 00:24:39,062 USEFUL? 583 00:24:39,062 --> 00:24:41,665 WELL, I THINK IT DEPENDS ON THE 584 00:24:41,665 --> 00:24:42,532 BIOLOGICAL SCALE OF INTEREST. 585 00:24:42,532 --> 00:24:44,134 IF YOU START WITH A MODEL ON THE 586 00:24:44,134 --> 00:24:46,236 GENETIC SCALE, THEN YOU HAVE 587 00:24:46,236 --> 00:24:51,208 TIME AND LENGTH SCALES THAT HAVE 588 00:24:51,208 --> 00:24:52,676 VERY SHORT AND SHORT TIME SCALES 589 00:24:52,676 --> 00:24:54,811 AND FAST TIME SCALES. 590 00:24:54,811 --> 00:24:56,546 MAY NEED SOMETHING DETERMINISTIC 591 00:24:56,546 --> 00:24:59,649 OR CONTINUOUS OR MAY NEED A 592 00:24:59,649 --> 00:25:02,719 STATISTICAL MODEL AND SO ON. 593 00:25:02,719 --> 00:25:05,622 WE DID A STUDY AND ASKED 594 00:25:05,622 --> 00:25:07,691 OURSELVES WHAT'S THE MOST 595 00:25:07,691 --> 00:25:10,460 APPROPRIATE METHOD TO USE THE 596 00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:12,596 GRANULOMA STRUCTURES AND USED 597 00:25:12,596 --> 00:25:14,030 ODEs COMPARTMENTS. 598 00:25:14,030 --> 00:25:17,067 WE TRIED A PDE TO SEE IF WE CAN 599 00:25:17,067 --> 00:25:18,268 UNDERSTAND THE GROWTH. 600 00:25:18,268 --> 00:25:20,036 WE LOOKED AT A METAPOPULATION 601 00:25:20,036 --> 00:25:21,171 MODEL WHICH IS BEFORE THERE WAS 602 00:25:21,171 --> 00:25:23,540 SUCH A THING AS AGENT-BASED 603 00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:26,009 MODELLING AND THEN MOVED TO 604 00:25:26,009 --> 00:25:27,077 AGENT-BASED MODELLING ONCE 605 00:25:27,077 --> 00:25:29,746 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WAS 606 00:25:29,746 --> 00:25:30,880 DEVELOPED. 607 00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,216 WE WROTE A PAPER IN 2005 WHERE 608 00:25:33,216 --> 00:25:34,684 WE ACTUALLY COMPARED THE 609 00:25:34,684 --> 00:25:35,785 DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND ASKED 610 00:25:35,785 --> 00:25:38,622 WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM EACH AND 611 00:25:38,622 --> 00:25:39,489 WHICH MIGHT BE THE MOST 612 00:25:39,489 --> 00:25:41,758 APPROPRIATE FOR THE QUESTIONS 613 00:25:41,758 --> 00:25:42,892 WE'RE ASKING. 614 00:25:42,892 --> 00:25:44,227 SO ONCE YOU BUILD MODELLING, THE 615 00:25:44,227 --> 00:25:48,131 QUESTION IS IF YOU ARE GOING TO 616 00:25:48,131 --> 00:25:49,432 EXPAND TO MULTI-SCALE HOW LINK 617 00:25:49,432 --> 00:25:51,668 THEM AND EASY TO BUILD A MODEL 618 00:25:51,668 --> 00:25:53,370 OF THE POPULATION AND MAYBE A 619 00:25:53,370 --> 00:25:57,240 GRANULOMA BUT HOW DO YOU CONNECT 620 00:25:57,240 --> 00:25:58,008 THE MODELS. 621 00:25:58,008 --> 00:25:59,576 IT'S NOT SUCH A TRIVIAL 622 00:25:59,576 --> 00:25:59,843 QUESTION. 623 00:25:59,843 --> 00:26:01,611 THERE'S LOTS OF ISSUES ABOUT 624 00:26:01,611 --> 00:26:01,878 LINKING. 625 00:26:01,878 --> 00:26:03,046 THERE ARE NO STANDARD WAYS TO 626 00:26:03,046 --> 00:26:04,347 LINK MODELS. 627 00:26:04,347 --> 00:26:05,882 THAT'S THE FIRST THING. 628 00:26:05,882 --> 00:26:08,118 THE SECOND THING IS IT MAY BE 629 00:26:08,118 --> 00:26:10,687 IMPORTANT THAT YOU'RE TRYING TO 630 00:26:10,687 --> 00:26:12,355 CAPTURE DIFFERENT SPATIAL 631 00:26:12,355 --> 00:26:13,223 GRANULARITIES IF YOU'RE PASSING 632 00:26:13,223 --> 00:26:15,225 INFORMATION BETWEEN A MOLECULE 633 00:26:15,225 --> 00:26:17,827 AND A CELLULAR SCALE OR TISSUE 634 00:26:17,827 --> 00:26:18,061 SCALE. 635 00:26:18,061 --> 00:26:20,263 YOU ALSO MAY BE PASSING FROM 636 00:26:20,263 --> 00:26:22,499 ODEs TO AGENT-BASED MODELLING 637 00:26:22,499 --> 00:26:24,934 WHICH MAY BE A REASON YOU HAVE 638 00:26:24,934 --> 00:26:26,403 TROUBLE LINKING. 639 00:26:26,403 --> 00:26:28,638 YOU CAN PASS PARAMETERS IS 640 00:26:28,638 --> 00:26:30,607 PROBABLY THE SIMPLEST WAY. 641 00:26:30,607 --> 00:26:33,510 PASS IT FORWARD. 642 00:26:33,510 --> 00:26:35,278 HAVE VOLUMETRIC SCALING BETWEEN 643 00:26:35,278 --> 00:26:35,679 COMPARTMENTS. 644 00:26:35,679 --> 00:26:37,847 SOME GROUPS HAVE THOUGHT DEEPLY 645 00:26:37,847 --> 00:26:42,719 AND JAMES GLASSER IS HERE AND 646 00:26:42,719 --> 00:26:45,855 HE'S AN EXPERT WITH COMPUCELL 647 00:26:45,855 --> 00:26:46,923 AND YOU CAN ASK JAMES IF YOU 648 00:26:46,923 --> 00:26:49,626 HAVE MORE QUESTIONS ABOUT THAT. 649 00:26:49,626 --> 00:26:53,763 SO HOW DO WE CALIBRATE MODELS? 650 00:26:53,763 --> 00:26:55,598 WE CAN FIT THEM AND MAY LOOK 651 00:26:55,598 --> 00:26:57,701 GOOD AND HAVE SOME REGRESSION 652 00:26:57,701 --> 00:26:59,703 AND CLOSE TO THE DATE AND I'M 653 00:26:59,703 --> 00:27:01,237 HAPPY WITH THAT BUT WE'RE BEYOND 654 00:27:01,237 --> 00:27:02,372 THAT NOW. 655 00:27:02,372 --> 00:27:11,815 MOST THE BIO LODDGE -- 656 00:27:11,815 --> 00:27:13,550 BIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS BEYOND AND 657 00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:15,051 THEY'RE COMPLEX AND HOW DO WE 658 00:27:15,051 --> 00:27:16,886 COME TO PRACTICE WITH TRYING TO 659 00:27:16,886 --> 00:27:19,689 CALIBRATE MODELS TO A VARIETY OF 660 00:27:19,689 --> 00:27:20,857 DIFFERENT DATA. 661 00:27:20,857 --> 00:27:22,959 THIS IS IMPORTANT, 662 00:27:22,959 --> 00:27:23,593 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 663 00:27:23,593 --> 00:27:24,828 SIMULTANEOUSLY YOU WANT TO BE 664 00:27:24,828 --> 00:27:25,428 ABLE TO CALIBRATE TO ALL THIS 665 00:27:25,428 --> 00:27:28,465 DATA. 666 00:27:28,465 --> 00:27:30,233 FOR EXAMPLE, IN OUR SYSTEM WE 667 00:27:30,233 --> 00:27:33,036 HAVE LOTS OF METADATA THAT COMES 668 00:27:33,036 --> 00:27:34,738 FROM OUR NON HUMAN PRIMATE 669 00:27:34,738 --> 00:27:36,873 MODELS AND CELLULAR LEVELS AND 670 00:27:36,873 --> 00:27:37,607 MICROENVIRONMENT LEVEL AND 671 00:27:37,607 --> 00:27:38,541 SPATIAL DATA AND TRYING TO PUT 672 00:27:38,541 --> 00:27:42,312 THIS ALL INTO A MODEL. 673 00:27:42,312 --> 00:27:46,616 SO ONE THING WE'VE DONE IN THE 674 00:27:46,616 --> 00:27:47,650 PAST, MANY KNOW OUR WORK ON 675 00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,619 CERTAINTY ANNOUNCEMENTS WHERE WE 676 00:27:49,619 --> 00:27:51,388 STRATIFY THE PARAMETER SPACE AND 677 00:27:51,388 --> 00:27:53,490 CHOOSE RANDOMLY WITHOUT REPLACE 678 00:27:53,490 --> 00:27:54,891 MANY AND CREATE A MATRIX AND RUN 679 00:27:54,891 --> 00:27:56,226 THE MODEL THAT MANY TIMES AND 680 00:27:56,226 --> 00:27:57,761 SEE WHAT THE OUTPUTS LOOK LIKE 681 00:27:57,761 --> 00:27:59,629 AND YOU CAN DEFINE DISTRIBUTION. 682 00:27:59,629 --> 00:28:02,432 USUALLY WE DON'T. 683 00:28:02,432 --> 00:28:02,866 WE SAY IT'S UNIFORM. 684 00:28:02,866 --> 00:28:05,068 AND THEN WE CAN SAY, OKAY, WE 685 00:28:05,068 --> 00:28:06,569 FIT THAT TO THE DATA. 686 00:28:06,569 --> 00:28:08,371 WE'RE LOOKING PRETTY GOOD. 687 00:28:08,371 --> 00:28:09,305 WE FEEL GOOD ABOUT THAT. 688 00:28:09,305 --> 00:28:11,674 LIKE I SAID, I THINK IT'S TIME 689 00:28:11,674 --> 00:28:14,244 TO MOVE BEYOND THAT. 690 00:28:14,244 --> 00:28:16,880 SO WE HAVE KIND OF GOT THIS 691 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:20,383 GAUNTLET WE ASK OURSELVES, WHAT 692 00:28:20,383 --> 00:28:21,184 ARE YOU CALIBRATING TO? 693 00:28:21,184 --> 00:28:22,519 IF YOU HAVE A SINGLE TREND 694 00:28:22,519 --> 00:28:24,754 OUTCOME USE REGRESSION. 695 00:28:24,754 --> 00:28:26,256 IF YOU HAVE COMPLEX DATA AND 696 00:28:26,256 --> 00:28:29,526 WANT TO DO MORE YOU CAN ASK 697 00:28:29,526 --> 00:28:30,326 YOURSELF DO YOU FEEL COMFORTABLE 698 00:28:30,326 --> 00:28:34,364 ASSIGNING A DISTRIBUTION TO THE 699 00:28:34,364 --> 00:28:36,366 DATA OR PARAMETER SPACE. 700 00:28:36,366 --> 00:28:37,434 IF SO THERE'S BAYESIAN 701 00:28:37,434 --> 00:28:39,469 CALCULATIONS YOU CAN USE AND WE 702 00:28:39,469 --> 00:28:41,137 CREATED A METHOD CALLED CALI 703 00:28:41,137 --> 00:28:41,304 PRO. 704 00:28:41,304 --> 00:28:44,941 I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT IT. 705 00:28:44,941 --> 00:28:49,012 IT USE THE UNCERTAINTY AANALYSIS 706 00:28:49,012 --> 00:28:51,514 AND HYPER CUBE SAMPLING AND SO 707 00:28:51,514 --> 00:28:53,750 BALL SEQUENCES, IT RUNS THE SAME 708 00:28:53,750 --> 00:28:55,685 WAY. 709 00:28:55,685 --> 00:28:58,121 YOU RUN IT AND IT PASSES OR 710 00:28:58,121 --> 00:29:01,124 FAILS AFTER IT RUNS THROUGH THE 711 00:29:01,124 --> 00:29:01,858 GAUNTLET OF THE CRITERIA YOU'RE 712 00:29:01,858 --> 00:29:07,330 TRYING TO SATISFY AND ITERATE 713 00:29:07,330 --> 00:29:10,467 AGAIN AND RUN IT AGAIN AND YOU 714 00:29:10,467 --> 00:29:12,001 WANT ALL THE RUNS TO FALL WITHIN 715 00:29:12,001 --> 00:29:12,635 A CERTAIN WINDOW. 716 00:29:12,635 --> 00:29:15,772 THAT'S A HIGH LEVEL OF HOW WE DO 717 00:29:15,772 --> 00:29:16,005 THAT. 718 00:29:16,005 --> 00:29:19,342 FOR EXAMPLE, WE CAN MATCH TO 719 00:29:19,342 --> 00:29:22,679 BOTH SPATIAL DATA AND TIME 720 00:29:22,679 --> 00:29:28,685 SERIES DATA, MULTIPLE TIME 721 00:29:28,685 --> 00:29:30,119 SERIES DATA AND WHAT ABOUT 722 00:29:30,119 --> 00:29:31,588 BAYESIAN APPROACHES? 723 00:29:31,588 --> 00:29:33,423 YOU'RE NOT CONSIDERING OTHER 724 00:29:33,423 --> 00:29:34,824 KINDS OF DISTRIBUTIONS AND 725 00:29:34,824 --> 00:29:38,728 THINGS AND A POSTDOC IN MY GROUP 726 00:29:38,728 --> 00:29:41,664 HAS A POSTER HERE YOU SHOULD 727 00:29:41,664 --> 00:29:43,066 VISIT AND HAVE A PAPER COMPARING 728 00:29:43,066 --> 00:29:44,667 THE BAYESIAN APPROACHES WITH 729 00:29:44,667 --> 00:29:49,005 CALI PRO AND WE'RE WORKING ON A 730 00:29:49,005 --> 00:29:50,006 TISSUE TIME MACHINE AND YOU CAN 731 00:29:50,006 --> 00:29:51,241 SEE ABOUT THAT AND YOU CAN SEE 732 00:29:51,241 --> 00:29:51,975 HIS POSTER. 733 00:29:51,975 --> 00:29:54,110 I WON'T SAY MORE ABOUT THAT. 734 00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:55,144 WE BUILT OUR MODEL AND 735 00:29:55,144 --> 00:29:56,813 CALIBRATED IT AND HAVE TO 736 00:29:56,813 --> 00:29:57,981 SIMULATE IT. 737 00:29:57,981 --> 00:29:59,682 HOW DO WE DO THAT? 738 00:29:59,682 --> 00:30:00,783 THEY'RE USUALLY HYBRID. 739 00:30:00,783 --> 00:30:04,153 YOU HAVE THINGS THAT ARE 740 00:30:04,153 --> 00:30:05,388 DIFFUSING AND THINGS MOVING 741 00:30:05,388 --> 00:30:07,190 AROUND AND RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY 742 00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:09,125 AND DISCREET. 743 00:30:09,125 --> 00:30:10,693 YOU'RE LINKING THINGS LIKE 744 00:30:10,693 --> 00:30:14,797 MODELS WITH ODE AND PDEs AND TRY 745 00:30:14,797 --> 00:30:18,701 TO RUN ALL THESE SIMULATIONS. 746 00:30:18,701 --> 00:30:22,105 ONE OF THE WAYS WE DO IT IS HAVE 747 00:30:22,105 --> 00:30:23,706 DIFFERENT SINKING POINTS BETWEEN 748 00:30:23,706 --> 00:30:24,841 OUR RUNS. 749 00:30:24,841 --> 00:30:27,010 MOLECULAR TIME STEPS ARE VERY 750 00:30:27,010 --> 00:30:28,945 FAST COMPARED TO A CELL TIME 751 00:30:28,945 --> 00:30:30,346 SCHLEP WHICH COULD BE SLOWER. 752 00:30:30,346 --> 00:30:31,848 YOU RUN IT AND FIND SINKING 753 00:30:31,848 --> 00:30:33,149 POINTS AND THOSE ARE GOOD 754 00:30:33,149 --> 00:30:35,118 LINKING POINTS IF YOU'RE TRYING 755 00:30:35,118 --> 00:30:36,686 TO CONNECT MOLTS AS WELL. 756 00:30:36,686 --> 00:30:38,021 THAT'S JUST ONE EXAMPLE HOW WE 757 00:30:38,021 --> 00:30:41,357 DID THAT AND WE HAVE A PAPER WE 758 00:30:41,357 --> 00:30:43,026 PUBLISHED 10 YEARS OR MORE OR SO 759 00:30:43,026 --> 00:30:43,693 ON THE TOPIC IF YOU WANT TO SEE 760 00:30:43,693 --> 00:30:47,897 MORE ON NAP -- ON THAT. 761 00:30:47,897 --> 00:30:51,000 ONE OTHER ANECDOTE, DIFFUSION IS 762 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:54,637 ALWAYS THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN 763 00:30:54,637 --> 00:30:58,107 OUR MODELLING AND DID A STUDY 764 00:30:58,107 --> 00:30:59,842 WHICH TOOK US A YEAR AND WON'T 765 00:30:59,842 --> 00:31:02,211 BE PUBLISHED BECAUSE NOBODY 766 00:31:02,211 --> 00:31:03,680 CARES AND AFTER COMPARING 767 00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:05,448 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT AND 768 00:31:05,448 --> 00:31:07,283 DIFFERENT TIME STEPS IT TOOK A 769 00:31:07,283 --> 00:31:10,253 YEAR TO FIGURE OUT ALTERNATING 770 00:31:10,253 --> 00:31:12,322 DIRECTION IMPLICIT WITH THE TIME 771 00:31:12,322 --> 00:31:15,158 STEP OF 60 SECONDS IS THE MOST 772 00:31:15,158 --> 00:31:16,392 EFFICIENT FOR OUR SYSTEM. 773 00:31:16,392 --> 00:31:17,794 IT TOOK A YEAR TO GET THAT 774 00:31:17,794 --> 00:31:18,061 ANSWER. 775 00:31:18,061 --> 00:31:19,095 NOT INTERESTING BUT IMPORTANT 776 00:31:19,095 --> 00:31:21,764 FOR US TO RUN OUR MODELLING 777 00:31:21,764 --> 00:31:22,398 EFFICIENTLY IN A GOOD AMOUNT OF 778 00:31:22,398 --> 00:31:25,101 TIME. 779 00:31:25,101 --> 00:31:27,236 ANOTHER THING YOU CAN DO TO HELP 780 00:31:27,236 --> 00:31:31,207 SPEED UP YOUR MODELS IS TO 781 00:31:31,207 --> 00:31:34,677 DECIDE WHERE TO FIND GRAIN IN A 782 00:31:34,677 --> 00:31:37,380 PRUDENT WAY AND COURSE GRAIN. 783 00:31:37,380 --> 00:31:39,349 DO YOU ALWAYS NEED THE GRAIN 784 00:31:39,349 --> 00:31:41,484 SCALE RUNNING ALL THE TIMES IN 785 00:31:41,484 --> 00:31:42,185 YOUR MODELS? 786 00:31:42,185 --> 00:31:43,753 WE THINK NOT BUT YOU WANT TO BE 787 00:31:43,753 --> 00:31:45,455 SMART WHEN YOU COURSE GRAIN. 788 00:31:45,455 --> 00:31:47,056 HERE'S OUR COURSE-GRAIN MODEL 789 00:31:47,056 --> 00:31:49,225 AND OUR FINE-GRAIN MODEL. 790 00:31:49,225 --> 00:31:50,193 NEITHER ONE COMPLETELY COVERS 791 00:31:50,193 --> 00:31:51,928 THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM AT HAND 792 00:31:51,928 --> 00:31:53,663 BUT THE COURSE GRAIN'S DOING 793 00:31:53,663 --> 00:31:55,198 WORSE JOB THAN THE FINE GRAIN. 794 00:31:55,198 --> 00:31:59,702 BUT CAN WE MOVE TO A PLACE WHERE 795 00:31:59,702 --> 00:32:01,904 THE COURSE GRAIN MODEL MATCHES A 796 00:32:01,904 --> 00:32:04,273 LITTLE BIT BETTER WITH THE FINE 797 00:32:04,273 --> 00:32:05,775 GRAIN STORY? 798 00:32:05,775 --> 00:32:12,315 JENNIFER AND I CAME UP WITH 799 00:32:12,315 --> 00:32:14,384 TUNEABLE RESOLUTION AND THE BEST 800 00:32:14,384 --> 00:32:17,654 WAY TO FINE GRAIN AND COARSE 801 00:32:17,654 --> 00:32:20,623 GRAIN THE MODEL AND WE DECIDED 802 00:32:20,623 --> 00:32:22,925 TO COARSE GRAIN THAT PORTION AND 803 00:32:22,925 --> 00:32:26,462 THEN -- SORRY, FINE GRAIN IT. 804 00:32:26,462 --> 00:32:28,665 WHEN YOU RUN IT ALL THE TIME YOU 805 00:32:28,665 --> 00:32:31,000 MAY WANT TO COARSE GRAIN IT AND 806 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:32,635 MY BALLOON TURNED ORANGE. 807 00:32:32,635 --> 00:32:34,170 IT'S NOT THE SAME COLOR AS THE 808 00:32:34,170 --> 00:32:36,506 WHITE BECAUSE IT'S SMARTER NOW. 809 00:32:36,506 --> 00:32:37,840 I LEARNED A LOT OF INFORMATION 810 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:41,077 BY DOING ULTRA FINE GRAIN I PUT 811 00:32:41,077 --> 00:32:43,713 IN MY NEW COARSE GRAIN VERSION. 812 00:32:43,713 --> 00:32:45,481 MY PINK IS BETTER THAN MY WHITE 813 00:32:45,481 --> 00:32:46,082 ONE WAS. 814 00:32:46,082 --> 00:32:48,284 YOU CAN DO THE SAME THING WITH 815 00:32:48,284 --> 00:32:50,386 THE AREA EAST-WEST OUTSIDE THE 816 00:32:50,386 --> 00:32:52,455 MODEL LIKE THE COMPARTMENTS THAT 817 00:32:52,455 --> 00:32:55,925 ARE INFILTRATING WHETHER YOU 818 00:32:55,925 --> 00:32:58,961 FINE OR COARSE GRAIN THOSE AS 819 00:32:58,961 --> 00:32:59,162 WELL. 820 00:32:59,162 --> 00:33:00,096 HOW'S IT WORK? 821 00:33:00,096 --> 00:33:02,632 HERE'S AN AGENT-BASED MODEL WITH 822 00:33:02,632 --> 00:33:03,700 GRIDS AND TIME SCALES. 823 00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:06,869 YOU CAN SEE THERE'S MULTIPLE 824 00:33:06,869 --> 00:33:07,537 COMPARTMENTS FEEDING INTO THIS. 825 00:33:07,537 --> 00:33:11,307 THE COMPARTMENT ON THE LEFT IS A 826 00:33:11,307 --> 00:33:12,875 MOLECULAR SCALE MODEL OF TNF 827 00:33:12,875 --> 00:33:18,214 RECEPTOR DYNAMICS AND KAPPA B 828 00:33:18,214 --> 00:33:20,516 SIGNALLING DYNAMICS AND RAN THE 829 00:33:20,516 --> 00:33:21,884 FINE AND COARSE GRAIN SO WE 830 00:33:21,884 --> 00:33:22,952 DON'T NEED TO RUN ALL THE DETAIL 831 00:33:22,952 --> 00:33:28,224 ALL THE TIME AND WE HAVE A LYMPH 832 00:33:28,224 --> 00:33:29,959 NODE FEEDING INTO THE MODEL AND 833 00:33:29,959 --> 00:33:32,228 CAN FINE OR COARSE GRAIN WHEN WE 834 00:33:32,228 --> 00:33:34,097 NEED THE INFORMATION. 835 00:33:34,097 --> 00:33:34,931 WE HAVE ONE SITUATION WHERE THE 836 00:33:34,931 --> 00:33:36,399 PROGRAM DOES IT AUTOMATED. 837 00:33:36,399 --> 00:33:37,734 IT PAYS ATTENTION TO WHAT'S 838 00:33:37,734 --> 00:33:39,702 GOING ON AND WILL TURN ON THE 839 00:33:39,702 --> 00:33:41,337 COARSE GRAIN MODEL OR WILL SHUT 840 00:33:41,337 --> 00:33:42,939 IT OFF AND USE THE FINE GRAIN. 841 00:33:42,939 --> 00:33:44,607 YOU CAN EVEN GET THE PROGRAM TO 842 00:33:44,607 --> 00:33:47,677 DO THAT THINKING FOR YOU. 843 00:33:47,677 --> 00:33:48,244 . 844 00:33:48,244 --> 00:33:52,115 HOW DO WE ENSURE MULTI-SCALE 845 00:33:52,115 --> 00:33:55,618 MODELS ARE ROBUST AND CREDIBLE? 846 00:33:55,618 --> 00:33:58,621 THERE'S A SESSION TODAY ON THIS 847 00:33:58,621 --> 00:34:00,523 TOPIC BUT AS GRACE POINTED OUT, 848 00:34:00,523 --> 00:34:03,159 WE CREATED A TEAM, JENNIFER AND 849 00:34:03,159 --> 00:34:05,361 MYSELF AND SILVIA AND SHANE 850 00:34:05,361 --> 00:34:07,797 WHERE WE DECIDED TO BE A 851 00:34:07,797 --> 00:34:09,365 CREDIBILITY TEAM FOR OUR TWO 852 00:34:09,365 --> 00:34:11,701 GROUPS AND REALLY HOLD EACH 853 00:34:11,701 --> 00:34:13,803 OTHER ACCOUNTABLE TO THESE 854 00:34:13,803 --> 00:34:14,570 CREDIBILITY CRITERIA. 855 00:34:14,570 --> 00:34:17,106 FOR EXAMPLE, WE POSTED OUR 856 00:34:17,106 --> 00:34:21,010 WEBSITE WITH OUR GRANULOMA MODEL 857 00:34:21,010 --> 00:34:23,079 ON IT AND ASKED THEM TO USE IT 858 00:34:23,079 --> 00:34:24,447 AND COULD THEY PLAY AND COULD 859 00:34:24,447 --> 00:34:25,915 THEY UNDERSTAND THE RULES? 860 00:34:25,915 --> 00:34:28,151 WERE THEY ABLE TO RUN IT? 861 00:34:28,151 --> 00:34:30,019 ALL THE DETAILS. 862 00:34:30,019 --> 00:34:32,255 THEY HAD THE WHOLE LAB DO THAT 863 00:34:32,255 --> 00:34:33,990 AND THIS IS THEIR CHALK BOARD 864 00:34:33,990 --> 00:34:35,224 AND HAD A MEETING WHERE THEY 865 00:34:35,224 --> 00:34:36,659 WALKED US THROUGH ALL THE ISSUES 866 00:34:36,659 --> 00:34:37,326 AND QUESTIONS. 867 00:34:37,326 --> 00:34:38,294 IT WAS HELPFUL. 868 00:34:38,294 --> 00:34:39,695 WE WERE ABLE TO UPDATE OUR 869 00:34:39,695 --> 00:34:41,130 WEBSITE AND DO A GOOD JOB. 870 00:34:41,130 --> 00:34:43,599 IT'S IMPORTANT TO GET THESE 871 00:34:43,599 --> 00:34:44,500 FRIENDLY REVIEWS. 872 00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:48,671 SO AS GRACE POINTED OUT, WE THEN 873 00:34:48,671 --> 00:34:50,973 TALKED ABOUT WHAT WE'VE DONE FOR 874 00:34:50,973 --> 00:34:52,308 THAT YEAR OF CREDIBILITY 875 00:34:52,308 --> 00:34:54,710 PRACTICES AND HOW WE PUT ALL 10 876 00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:56,512 IN PLACE TOGETHER AS A TEAM. 877 00:34:56,512 --> 00:34:58,548 I WILL TELL YOU WE CONTINUED 878 00:34:58,548 --> 00:34:59,582 THIS COLLABORATION EVEN THROUGH 879 00:34:59,582 --> 00:35:01,584 THE PANDEMIC AND HAVE HAD ONLINE 880 00:35:01,584 --> 00:35:02,451 ZOOM MEETINGS WHERE WE TAUGHT 881 00:35:02,451 --> 00:35:05,121 EACH OTHER THINGS, REVIEWED EACH 882 00:35:05,121 --> 00:35:06,956 OTHER'S PAPERS AND WRITTEN 883 00:35:06,956 --> 00:35:08,958 PAPERS TOGETHER AS WELL. 884 00:35:08,958 --> 00:35:09,625 IT'S BEEN AN INCREDIBLE 885 00:35:09,625 --> 00:35:13,296 OPPORTUNITY MSM AFFORDED US. 886 00:35:13,296 --> 00:35:16,966 OKAY SO HOW DO WE ANALYZE THE 887 00:35:16,966 --> 00:35:19,068 MULTISCALE MODELS? 888 00:35:19,068 --> 00:35:21,037 WE BUILT THEM AND PARAMETERIZED 889 00:35:21,037 --> 00:35:22,605 THEM AND NOW WANT TO UNDERSTAND 890 00:35:22,605 --> 00:35:23,239 THEM. 891 00:35:23,239 --> 00:35:25,341 MOST PEOPLE ARE NOT CREATING 892 00:35:25,341 --> 00:35:28,711 PURE EQUATION-BASED MODELS, 893 00:35:28,711 --> 00:35:28,945 RIGHT. 894 00:35:28,945 --> 00:35:30,580 THAT'S RARE EVERYTHING IS 895 00:35:30,580 --> 00:35:32,748 EQUATION BASED WHERE YOU CAN 896 00:35:32,748 --> 00:35:35,117 TYPICALLY HAVE THE TRADITIONAL 897 00:35:35,117 --> 00:35:35,785 ANALYSES TOOLS AVAILABLE TO YOU 898 00:35:35,785 --> 00:35:37,520 I'VE LISTED HERE. 899 00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:39,989 WHAT WE'VE DONE IS APPLIED THIS 900 00:35:39,989 --> 00:35:42,258 UNCERTAINTY TOGETHER WITH THE 901 00:35:42,258 --> 00:35:43,192 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS THAT ALLOWS 902 00:35:43,192 --> 00:35:46,629 US TO IDENTIFY THROUGH A PARTIAL 903 00:35:46,629 --> 00:35:48,197 CORRELATION A NON-LINEAR 904 00:35:48,197 --> 00:35:49,498 CORRELATION WHICH PARAMETERS ARE 905 00:35:49,498 --> 00:35:51,601 DRIVING ALL THE BEHAVIOR. 906 00:35:51,601 --> 00:35:53,769 WE ALSO BELIEVE AND I SAID MANY 907 00:35:53,769 --> 00:35:56,105 TIMES TO PEOPLE THESE ARE 908 00:35:56,105 --> 00:35:58,908 IDENTIFYING BIFURCATION 909 00:35:58,908 --> 00:36:00,776 PARAMETERS IN CRITICAL AND HUF 910 00:36:00,776 --> 00:36:04,513 AND I'VE TESTED IT IN A FEW 911 00:36:04,513 --> 00:36:04,814 SITUATIONS. 912 00:36:04,814 --> 00:36:06,582 THE IMPORTANT THING IS IT 913 00:36:06,582 --> 00:36:08,251 QUANTIFIES THINGS OVER TIME. 914 00:36:08,251 --> 00:36:09,685 WHAT THAT TELLS YOU IS WHAT'S 915 00:36:09,685 --> 00:36:11,320 GOING ON EARLY IN THE STUDY MAY 916 00:36:11,320 --> 00:36:13,823 BE DIFFERENT THAN LATER AND WILL 917 00:36:13,823 --> 00:36:15,691 ALLOW TO YOU IDENTIFY PARAMETERS 918 00:36:15,691 --> 00:36:17,293 DRIVING DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR 919 00:36:17,293 --> 00:36:18,494 DURING THOSE DIFFERENT TIMES. 920 00:36:18,494 --> 00:36:20,963 THIS PAPER'S PUBLISHED. 921 00:36:20,963 --> 00:36:22,832 IT'S ONE OF THE MOST HIGHLY 922 00:36:22,832 --> 00:36:24,834 DOWNLOADED AND CITED PAPERS OF 923 00:36:24,834 --> 00:36:27,603 THE JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL 924 00:36:27,603 --> 00:36:29,238 BIOLOGY AND HAVE THIS AVAILABLE 925 00:36:29,238 --> 00:36:31,407 ON OUR WEBSITE IF ANYBODY WANTS 926 00:36:31,407 --> 00:36:32,441 TO USE THEM. 927 00:36:32,441 --> 00:36:35,678 WHAT DOES IT DO? 928 00:36:35,678 --> 00:36:37,546 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE. 929 00:36:37,546 --> 00:36:38,814 THESE ARE PARTIAL REG 930 00:36:38,814 --> 00:36:39,148 CORRELATIONS. 931 00:36:39,148 --> 00:36:41,150 YOU CAN SEE SOME PARAMETERS SHOW 932 00:36:41,150 --> 00:36:42,551 UP IMPORTANT AND NEVER SHOW UP 933 00:36:42,551 --> 00:36:44,353 AGAIN AND OTHER ONES SHOW UP 934 00:36:44,353 --> 00:36:46,522 AFTER 50 DAYS AND STAY 935 00:36:46,522 --> 00:36:47,256 SIGNIFICANT THE WHOLE TIME. 936 00:36:47,256 --> 00:36:50,760 THIS IS AN IDEA OF HOW THE KIND 937 00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:52,028 OF INFORMATION YOU CAN GET FROM 938 00:36:52,028 --> 00:36:55,665 THESE ANALYSES. 939 00:36:55,665 --> 00:36:57,466 NOW WE WANT TO SAY YOU LEARNED 940 00:36:57,466 --> 00:37:00,603 ALL THIS STUFF, CAN YOUR MODELS 941 00:37:00,603 --> 00:37:01,537 BE VALIDATED? 942 00:37:01,537 --> 00:37:03,706 SO VALIDATION IS PART OF THE 943 00:37:03,706 --> 00:37:04,507 CREDIBILITY PROCESS WHICH WE'LL 944 00:37:04,507 --> 00:37:06,475 HEAR ABOUT IN THE NEXT SESSIONS. 945 00:37:06,475 --> 00:37:09,111 ALSO I WANT TO POINT OUT IT TIES 946 00:37:09,111 --> 00:37:10,880 IMPORTANTLY TO THE TYPES OF DATA 947 00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:12,348 YOU ARE STUDYING. 948 00:37:12,348 --> 00:37:13,182 FOR EXAMPLE, WE HAVE SPATIAL 949 00:37:13,182 --> 00:37:16,852 DATA WE TRY TO MATCH TO AS WELL 950 00:37:16,852 --> 00:37:18,187 AS TEMPORAL DATA AND IT BECOMES 951 00:37:18,187 --> 00:37:19,288 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO FIGURE 952 00:37:19,288 --> 00:37:20,890 OUT HOW TO VALIDATE YOUR MODELS 953 00:37:20,890 --> 00:37:24,093 TO BOTH TYPES OF DATA. 954 00:37:24,093 --> 00:37:25,227 ONE THING THAT BECOMES EXTREMELY 955 00:37:25,227 --> 00:37:27,596 IMPORTANT HERE IS THE IDEA OF 956 00:37:27,596 --> 00:37:28,664 2-D AND 3-D. 957 00:37:28,664 --> 00:37:30,866 MOST THING IN BIOLOGY ARE THREE 958 00:37:30,866 --> 00:37:31,801 DIMENSIONS BUT A LOT OF US MODEL 959 00:37:31,801 --> 00:37:34,804 IN TWO DIMENSIONS BECAUSE IT'S 960 00:37:34,804 --> 00:37:36,539 EASIER TO MODEL IN 2-D 961 00:37:36,539 --> 00:37:38,941 ESPECIALLY NUMERICALLY. 962 00:37:38,941 --> 00:37:43,913 WE CREATED GRANULOMAS BUT HARD 963 00:37:43,913 --> 00:37:45,982 TO DO ANALYSIS THAT TAKES A WEEK 964 00:37:45,982 --> 00:37:46,849 TO RUN. 965 00:37:46,849 --> 00:37:49,885 WE DID STUDIES WHERE WE TRIED TO 966 00:37:49,885 --> 00:37:52,088 ASK HOW LONG IS IT TO MODEL IN 967 00:37:52,088 --> 00:37:52,355 2-D? 968 00:37:52,355 --> 00:37:55,624 IF YOU'RE DOING SOMETHING IN TWO 969 00:37:55,624 --> 00:37:57,293 DIMENSION WHEN IS IT SAFE TO USE 970 00:37:57,293 --> 00:37:59,128 A 2-D MODEL? 971 00:37:59,128 --> 00:38:00,596 WHAT IF YOU HAVE A 2-D MODEL BUT 972 00:38:00,596 --> 00:38:03,699 THE DATA IS FROM A 3-D SYSTEM? 973 00:38:03,699 --> 00:38:09,839 HOW DO YOU COMPARE TO THE DATA 974 00:38:09,839 --> 00:38:11,674 THE NUMERICAL TO SIMULATED DATA? 975 00:38:11,674 --> 00:38:14,310 WE WROTE TWO PAPERS ON THE 976 00:38:14,310 --> 00:38:14,710 TOPIC. 977 00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:17,413 ONE IS WITH SILVIA AND SHANE AND 978 00:38:17,413 --> 00:38:18,514 JENNIFER THROUGH THE CONSORTIUM 979 00:38:18,514 --> 00:38:21,117 WE IDENTIFIED THESE WERE 980 00:38:21,117 --> 00:38:23,719 IMPORTANT ISSUES THAT WERE 981 00:38:23,719 --> 00:38:24,587 NEEDED TO BE ADDRESSED. 982 00:38:24,587 --> 00:38:27,323 REALLY I'LL TELL YOU THE BOTTOM 983 00:38:27,323 --> 00:38:29,725 LINE, IF YOU THINK OF HOW THINGS 984 00:38:29,725 --> 00:38:30,693 MOVE IN SPACE YOU NEED 3-D. 985 00:38:30,693 --> 00:38:34,163 THE NUMBER OF DIRECTIONS YOU CAN 986 00:38:34,163 --> 00:38:35,231 MOVE IS DIFFERENT AND YOU LOSE 987 00:38:35,231 --> 00:38:38,100 ALL OF THAT BUT IF YOUR 988 00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:39,969 QUESTIONS AREN'T RELATED TO 989 00:38:39,969 --> 00:38:41,303 MOVEMENT OR HOW THINGS FIND EACH 990 00:38:41,303 --> 00:38:42,438 OTHER MOST THE TIME 2-D WAS OKAY 991 00:38:42,438 --> 00:38:47,376 IN THE SYSTEMS WE LOOKED AT. 992 00:38:47,376 --> 00:38:50,146 I WANT TO WRAP UP BY SAYING HOW 993 00:38:50,146 --> 00:38:53,783 CAN MULTISCALE MODELS BE USEFUL? 994 00:38:53,783 --> 00:38:56,285 BY OUR WORK WE LOOKED AT TB 995 00:38:56,285 --> 00:38:59,688 IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS THE 996 00:38:59,688 --> 00:39:03,626 INNER WORKINGS OF THE LYMPH 997 00:39:03,626 --> 00:39:08,764 NODES AND TB DRUG REGIMENTS, 998 00:39:08,764 --> 00:39:11,167 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TB AND WE DID A 999 00:39:11,167 --> 00:39:14,236 SPIN OFF AND WE DID GRANULOMAS 1000 00:39:14,236 --> 00:39:16,405 AND DID TUMOR MODELLING IN 1001 00:39:16,405 --> 00:39:19,008 SASHA'S GROUP AND CREATED CALI 1002 00:39:19,008 --> 00:39:24,780 PRO AND OUR UNCERTAINALITY 1003 00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:26,649 APPROACH AND WE'RE LOOKING AT 1004 00:39:26,649 --> 00:39:27,583 VIRTUAL CITY HOPEFULLY YOU'LL 1005 00:39:27,583 --> 00:39:29,618 SEE A PAPER ON SOON AND WHO 1006 00:39:29,618 --> 00:39:30,252 KNOWS WHAT OTHER AREAS WE'LL GET 1007 00:39:30,252 --> 00:39:34,757 TO. 1008 00:39:34,757 --> 00:39:37,993 IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THE 1009 00:39:37,993 --> 00:39:45,501 IMPORTANT OF PARING THE YIN AND 1010 00:39:45,501 --> 00:39:52,074 YANG OFFI IFI IFING OF MODELLI 1011 00:39:52,074 --> 00:39:53,175 HAVING A CLINICAL PERSON 1012 00:39:53,175 --> 00:39:55,544 STUDYING WITH YOU IS IMPORTANT. 1013 00:39:55,544 --> 00:39:57,746 THESE ARE ITERATIVE PROCESSES 1014 00:39:57,746 --> 00:40:00,483 BUT WORK SIMILARLY ACTUALLY AND 1015 00:40:00,483 --> 00:40:03,119 EACH CAN INFORM THE OTHER. 1016 00:40:03,119 --> 00:40:05,754 THEY INTERSECT TO GENERATE 1017 00:40:05,754 --> 00:40:08,290 HYPOTHESES, POSE NEW QUESTIONS 1018 00:40:08,290 --> 00:40:14,296 AND ITERATE. 1019 00:40:14,296 --> 00:40:17,399 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE ONCE WE 1020 00:40:17,399 --> 00:40:20,302 UNDERSTAND THE MODELS FROM NUTS 1021 00:40:20,302 --> 00:40:22,471 TO BOLTS? 1022 00:40:22,471 --> 00:40:23,606 CROSS-TALK WITH PEOPLE AND SHARE 1023 00:40:23,606 --> 00:40:26,742 MODELLING IDEAS. 1024 00:40:26,742 --> 00:40:29,612 DO WE CREATE A GIANT DIGITAL 1025 00:40:29,612 --> 00:40:32,114 TWIN STORY AS A MATH PERSON, IS 1026 00:40:32,114 --> 00:40:34,683 MATH STILL NEEDED DO WE NEED 1027 00:40:34,683 --> 00:40:36,752 THIS OR IS IT JUST COMPUTATION? 1028 00:40:36,752 --> 00:40:40,022 WHAT ABOUT MORE ADVANCED 1029 00:40:40,022 --> 00:40:40,923 APPLICATIONS? 1030 00:40:40,923 --> 00:40:43,692 CONTINUE WITH COVID AND CANCER 1031 00:40:43,692 --> 00:40:46,829 AND CLIMATE JUSTICE AND 1032 00:40:46,829 --> 00:40:47,630 RESISTANCE AND THERE'S MANY 1033 00:40:47,630 --> 00:40:50,299 AREAS OUR MODELS CAN BE USED FOR 1034 00:40:50,299 --> 00:40:53,802 AND THIS IS MY MECHANISTIC 1035 00:40:53,802 --> 00:40:54,870 MODELLING SOAPBOX IS A.I. THE 1036 00:40:54,870 --> 00:40:55,638 ANSWER? 1037 00:40:55,638 --> 00:40:58,774 I WANT TO END BY CYNTHIA RUDIN'S 1038 00:40:58,774 --> 00:41:02,044 PAPER THAT SAID STOP EXPLAINING 1039 00:41:02,044 --> 00:41:04,446 BLACK BOX MACHINE LEARNING MELDS 1040 00:41:04,446 --> 00:41:06,682 FOR HIGH STEAK DECISIONS AND USE 1041 00:41:06,682 --> 00:41:10,953 MECHANISTIC MODELS AND WHOO-HOO. 1042 00:41:10,953 --> 00:41:13,122 I THINK NO, BUT I THINK THERE'LL 1043 00:41:13,122 --> 00:41:13,989 BE A LOT OF DISCUSSIONS ABOUT 1044 00:41:13,989 --> 00:41:15,291 THAT IN THE NEXT TWO DAYS. 1045 00:41:15,291 --> 00:41:16,292 I'M EXCITED TO HEAR WHAT PEOPLE 1046 00:41:16,292 --> 00:41:18,727 HAVE TO SAY. 1047 00:41:18,727 --> 00:41:20,496 THANK YOU TO MY GROUP. 1048 00:41:20,496 --> 00:41:23,365 AS I SAID, MOST THIS WORK IS 1049 00:41:23,365 --> 00:41:25,734 DONE WITH JENNIFER LINDERMAN AND 1050 00:41:25,734 --> 00:41:28,370 OUR FANTASTIC COLLABORATORS AND 1051 00:41:28,370 --> 00:41:28,771 FABULOUS FUNDING. 1052 00:41:28,771 --> 00:41:39,315 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR TIME. 1053 00:41:39,582 --> 00:41:40,349 WE DON'T HAVE QUESTION TIME BUT 1054 00:41:40,349 --> 00:41:42,051 THE WIKI IS A PLACE TO PUT 1055 00:41:42,051 --> 00:41:44,086 QUESTIONS IN AND WANT TO TALK TO 1056 00:41:44,086 --> 00:41:45,254 WHOEVER HAS COMMENTS OR 1057 00:41:45,254 --> 00:41:46,989 CRITICISMS OR WHATEVER ABOUT 1058 00:41:46,989 --> 00:41:49,625 WHAT I SHARED. 1059 00:41:49,625 --> 00:41:54,597 WE ARE NOW GOING TO HEAR THE 1060 00:41:54,597 --> 00:41:58,867 NEXT SESSION WHICH IS AHMET 1061 00:41:58,867 --> 00:41:59,735 ERDEMIR WHO IS UNFORTUNATELY 1062 00:41:59,735 --> 00:42:00,703 STUCK IN CLEVELAND AND HIS 1063 00:42:00,703 --> 00:42:04,440 SESSION IS THE JOURNEYS OF THE 1064 00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:05,808 EARLY FUNDED MULTISCALE 1065 00:42:05,808 --> 00:42:08,177 MODELLING P.I.s. 1066 00:42:08,177 --> 00:42:09,812 A SUB GROUP OF THE ORIGINAL 1067 00:42:09,812 --> 00:42:10,279 CREW. 1068 00:42:10,279 --> 00:42:14,283 WE'LL ASK YOU ALL TO COME UP AS 1069 00:42:14,283 --> 00:42:24,793 AHMET INTRODUCES THE SESSION. 1070 00:43:03,766 --> 00:43:04,833 AHMET, DO YOU WANT ME TO ADVANCE 1071 00:43:04,833 --> 00:43:15,177 THE SLIDES FOR YOU? 1072 00:43:20,683 --> 00:43:31,160 AHMET, CAN YOU SAY A FEW WORDS? 1073 00:43:34,530 --> 00:43:36,899 I CAN HEAR YOU, YOU CANNOT HEAR 1074 00:43:36,899 --> 00:43:37,066 ME. 1075 00:43:37,066 --> 00:43:47,343 THAT IS CORRECT. 1076 00:44:03,759 --> 00:44:06,228 SEAN, WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO HAVE 1077 00:44:06,228 --> 00:44:16,772 AHMET SPEAK THROUGH MY COMPUTER? 1078 00:44:44,299 --> 00:44:46,735 >> OKAY. 1079 00:44:46,735 --> 00:44:47,002 AMAZING. 1080 00:44:47,002 --> 00:44:48,971 IT WORKS. 1081 00:44:48,971 --> 00:44:55,010 ALL RIGHT, SO I'M GREGOR AND I'M 1082 00:44:55,010 --> 00:44:58,313 A MEMBER OF ONE OF THE FIRST 1083 00:44:58,313 --> 00:45:04,420 TEAMS THAT WAS FUNDED BY IMAG 1084 00:45:04,420 --> 00:45:04,820 MSM. 1085 00:45:04,820 --> 00:45:05,821 WE WERE MULTISCALE MODELING OF 1086 00:45:05,821 --> 00:45:10,359 THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX. 1087 00:45:10,359 --> 00:45:13,061 THERE WERE THREE GUYS FROM NYU, 1088 00:45:13,061 --> 00:45:22,137 DAVID GUI WAS THE P.I. AND MIKE 1089 00:45:22,137 --> 00:45:25,040 McLAUGHLIN AND MYSELF. 1090 00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:28,544 SO WHEN I SAY WE, I MEAN MOSTLY 1091 00:45:28,544 --> 00:45:35,684 DAVID KUI AND A WONDERFUL 1092 00:45:35,684 --> 00:45:39,154 POSTDOC ANDY RANGGAN AT NYU. 1093 00:45:39,154 --> 00:45:42,391 THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS WAS A VERY 1094 00:45:42,391 --> 00:45:48,931 DETAILED MODELLING OF ABOUT 100 1095 00:45:48,931 --> 00:45:50,532 HYPER COLUMNS WITH BOTH SHORT 1096 00:45:50,532 --> 00:45:55,671 RANGE ISOTROPIC AND LONG RANGE 1097 00:45:55,671 --> 00:45:59,141 AND ISOTROPIC ORIENTATION 1098 00:45:59,141 --> 00:45:59,675 DEPENDENT CONNECTIONS. 1099 00:45:59,675 --> 00:46:07,683 AND IT WAS A HUGE MODEL MILLIONS 1100 00:46:07,683 --> 00:46:12,554 OF NEURONS RANDY RANGAN PUT 1101 00:46:12,554 --> 00:46:15,190 TOGETHER WITH NUMERICAL METHODS 1102 00:46:15,190 --> 00:46:23,699 AND TRICKERY AND IT REPRODUCED 1103 00:46:23,699 --> 00:46:26,134 EXPERIMENTS AT THAT TIME VOLTAGE 1104 00:46:26,134 --> 00:46:29,805 PATTERNS HOW THEY MIGRATE FROM 1105 00:46:29,805 --> 00:46:37,412 REGION TO REGION. 1106 00:46:37,412 --> 00:46:41,383 IT REPRODUCED THE TRACES OF THE 1107 00:46:41,383 --> 00:46:43,085 HIMOSAKA ILLUSION. 1108 00:46:43,085 --> 00:46:46,088 THAT'S A COOL ILLUSION WHERE YOU 1109 00:46:46,088 --> 00:46:50,526 CAN GOOGLE IT. 1110 00:46:50,526 --> 00:47:01,036 YOU PRESENT A LITTLE DOT AND 1111 00:47:01,737 --> 00:47:02,271 THEN THE LINE. 1112 00:47:02,271 --> 00:47:07,843 WHAT YOU SEE IS THE LINE GROWING 1113 00:47:07,843 --> 00:47:12,648 OUT OF THE DOT. 1114 00:47:12,648 --> 00:47:16,151 AND HOW DO YOU SIMULATE THE V1 1115 00:47:16,151 --> 00:47:17,519 ACTIVITY THAT SHOWED HOW THIS 1116 00:47:17,519 --> 00:47:22,157 GROWTH OCCURS? 1117 00:47:22,157 --> 00:47:27,596 SO THAT WAS ONE THING THERE WAS 1118 00:47:27,596 --> 00:47:31,800 A KINETIC THEORY OF THE NEURONAL 1119 00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:33,835 NETWORK DYNAMICS IN GENERAL NOT 1120 00:47:33,835 --> 00:47:35,671 JUST V1. 1121 00:47:35,671 --> 00:47:40,042 WHAT WAS THE ADVANCEMENT. 1122 00:47:40,042 --> 00:47:44,613 THE KINETIC THEORY WAS THERE 1123 00:47:44,613 --> 00:47:46,915 BEFORE AND WAS PROBABILISTIC IN 1124 00:47:46,915 --> 00:47:51,853 TERMS OF VOLTAGE WHICH MEANT 1125 00:47:51,853 --> 00:47:52,220 DIMENSIONALITY. 1126 00:47:52,220 --> 00:47:54,723 DAVID KUI DERIVED A CLOSURE IN 1127 00:47:54,723 --> 00:47:58,594 TERMS OF MOMENTS OF THE 1128 00:47:58,594 --> 00:47:59,695 CONDUCTANCES SO IN THE END WE 1129 00:47:59,695 --> 00:48:02,598 HAD A CLEAN PDE IN TWO 1130 00:48:02,598 --> 00:48:03,899 DIMENSIONS, TIME AND VOLTAGE. 1131 00:48:03,899 --> 00:48:04,466 SO THAT'S WHAT WE DID. 1132 00:48:04,466 --> 00:48:14,643 THANK YOU. 1133 00:48:24,052 --> 00:48:26,588 >> I THINK WE'LL I HAVE TO HAVE 1134 00:48:26,588 --> 00:48:28,357 AHMET SPEAK THROUGH THE AUDIO. 1135 00:48:28,357 --> 00:48:30,292 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 1136 00:48:30,292 --> 00:48:31,159 >> YES, BUT WE'RE GETTING A 1137 00:48:31,159 --> 00:48:41,570 LITTLE BIT OF FEEDBACK. 1138 00:48:57,853 --> 00:48:59,888 CONTINUE WHILE WE WORK ON THE 1139 00:48:59,888 --> 00:49:03,358 TECHNICAL. 1140 00:49:03,358 --> 00:49:03,759 JENNIFER, PLEASE. 1141 00:49:03,759 --> 00:49:04,860 >> WELCOME, EVERYBODY. 1142 00:49:04,860 --> 00:49:07,696 SO DENISE AND I AND OUR 1143 00:49:07,696 --> 00:49:10,532 BIOLOGICAL COLLABORATORS 1144 00:49:10,532 --> 00:49:16,805 ESPECIALLY JOANNE FLIN AT 1145 00:49:16,805 --> 00:49:18,140 PITTSBURGH WHO DOES THE MONKEY 1146 00:49:18,140 --> 00:49:19,708 WORK AND DENISE TALKED ABOUT THE 1147 00:49:19,708 --> 00:49:20,976 SCIENCE SO I THOUGHT I'D TALK 1148 00:49:20,976 --> 00:49:23,679 ABOUT THE OTHER THING. 1149 00:49:23,679 --> 00:49:23,945 COMMUNITY. 1150 00:49:23,945 --> 00:49:27,482 MAYBE BECAUSE WE'RE POST 1151 00:49:27,482 --> 00:49:28,884 PANDEMIC AND ALL THOUGHT ABOUT 1152 00:49:28,884 --> 00:49:29,251 COMMUNITY. 1153 00:49:29,251 --> 00:49:32,587 A COUPLE THINGS THAT SHAPED MY 1154 00:49:32,587 --> 00:49:33,021 EXPERIENCE. 1155 00:49:33,021 --> 00:49:34,823 ONE, I'M IN MECHANICAL 1156 00:49:34,823 --> 00:49:36,792 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT AND 1157 00:49:36,792 --> 00:49:38,760 NOBODY IN MY DEPARTMENT CARES 1158 00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:45,500 ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS AT ALL OR 1159 00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:50,038 INFECTIOUS DISEASES IT WAS GREAT 1160 00:49:50,038 --> 00:49:51,440 TO BE HERE AND BEING WITH A 1161 00:49:51,440 --> 00:49:54,342 COMMUNITY THAT CARED AND NOBODY 1162 00:49:54,342 --> 00:49:55,510 WAS CARING ABOUT MULTISCALE 1163 00:49:55,510 --> 00:49:57,345 MODELING AND I DIDN'T HAVE 1164 00:49:57,345 --> 00:49:58,146 COLLEAGUES ON THE GROUND THERE 1165 00:49:58,146 --> 00:49:59,347 AND TO COME HERE AND TALK ABOUT 1166 00:49:59,347 --> 00:50:00,849 SCALES AND LINKING AND METHODS 1167 00:50:00,849 --> 00:50:03,952 AND ALL THAT WAS PRETTY COOL. 1168 00:50:03,952 --> 00:50:10,125 I THINK THAT WAS A BIG BONUS. 1169 00:50:10,125 --> 00:50:13,462 I REMEMBER ONE OF MY EARLY GRANT 1170 00:50:13,462 --> 00:50:14,229 PROPOSAL REVIEWS, ONE PERSON 1171 00:50:14,229 --> 00:50:14,730 LIKED IT. 1172 00:50:14,730 --> 00:50:16,732 I STILL REMEMBER THAT BUT THE 1173 00:50:16,732 --> 00:50:19,468 OTHER PERSON SAID YOU BETTER GET 1174 00:50:19,468 --> 00:50:20,635 AN EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM IN FAST 1175 00:50:20,635 --> 00:50:22,270 OR YOU'LL NEVER MAKE IT AND I 1176 00:50:22,270 --> 00:50:23,772 DIDN'T BELIEVE IT AND NONE OF 1177 00:50:23,772 --> 00:50:26,308 YOU BELIEVED THAT. 1178 00:50:26,308 --> 00:50:27,609 IT WAS NICE TO HAVE A COMMUNITY 1179 00:50:27,609 --> 00:50:28,510 LIKE THAT. 1180 00:50:28,510 --> 00:50:29,978 THE OTHER THING I'D SAY ABOUT 1181 00:50:29,978 --> 00:50:31,413 COMMUNITY IS MORE TROUBLING 1182 00:50:31,413 --> 00:50:32,981 THOUGH WHICH IS I'VE BEEN COMING 1183 00:50:32,981 --> 00:50:34,683 TO THIS MEETING FOR A LONG TIME 1184 00:50:34,683 --> 00:50:36,084 AND IT'S NOT A VERY DIVERSE 1185 00:50:36,084 --> 00:50:36,618 COMMUNITY. 1186 00:50:36,618 --> 00:50:38,320 I THINK THAT'S PRETTY OBVIOUS TO 1187 00:50:38,320 --> 00:50:41,256 ALL OF US. 1188 00:50:41,256 --> 00:50:43,692 IT'S MUCH LESS DIVERSE THAN 1189 00:50:43,692 --> 00:50:44,826 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND EVEN 1190 00:50:44,826 --> 00:50:47,696 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. 1191 00:50:47,696 --> 00:50:50,999 THERE'S REASONS FOR THAT. 1192 00:50:50,999 --> 00:50:53,135 IN THE LAST FEW YEARS WE'VE BEEN 1193 00:50:53,135 --> 00:50:54,636 ABLE TO LOOK AROUND AND SAY THIS 1194 00:50:54,636 --> 00:50:56,538 ISN'T THE COMMUNITY WE WANT. 1195 00:50:56,538 --> 00:50:57,539 WE'D LIKE A MORE DIVERSE 1196 00:50:57,539 --> 00:50:58,840 COMMUNITY WITH NEW INVESTIGATORS 1197 00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:01,710 THAT REPRESENT ALL KINDS OF 1198 00:51:01,710 --> 00:51:02,010 IDENTITIES. 1199 00:51:02,010 --> 00:51:03,278 I KNOW MANY OF US HAVE BEEN 1200 00:51:03,278 --> 00:51:04,713 WORKING ON THAT AND HOPE WE SEE 1201 00:51:04,713 --> 00:51:06,114 THE FRUITS OF THAT. 1202 00:51:06,114 --> 00:51:08,650 IT'S ALSO SHAPED MY CAREER IN 1203 00:51:08,650 --> 00:51:11,453 THE SENSE THAT I'VE BEEN SINCE 1204 00:51:11,453 --> 00:51:15,090 2016 I'VE BEEN THE DIRECTOR OF A 1205 00:51:15,090 --> 00:51:16,424 CAMPUS PROGRAM AROUND FACULTY 1206 00:51:16,424 --> 00:51:17,959 DIVERSITY AND LOOKING AT 1207 00:51:17,959 --> 00:51:20,695 RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION AND 1208 00:51:20,695 --> 00:51:21,396 LEADERSHIP AND THINGS ANY 1209 00:51:21,396 --> 00:51:22,798 ORGANIZATION SHOULD BE LOOKING 1210 00:51:22,798 --> 00:51:23,298 AT. 1211 00:51:23,298 --> 00:51:24,966 I THINK THAT'S BEEN A BIG PART 1212 00:51:24,966 --> 00:51:26,134 OF THE COMMUNITY LESSON I'VE 1213 00:51:26,134 --> 00:51:27,669 LEARNED TOO IS THE WORK WE HAVE 1214 00:51:27,669 --> 00:51:28,336 TO DO TO SHAPE THE COMMUNITY WE 1215 00:51:28,336 --> 00:51:38,446 WANT. 1216 00:51:39,548 --> 00:51:47,722 >> I CAME TO THE MSM FROM NSF 1217 00:51:47,722 --> 00:51:49,524 BIO COMPLEXITY INSTITUTE GRANT 1218 00:51:49,524 --> 00:51:53,795 THAT GOT US STARTED. 1219 00:51:53,795 --> 00:52:02,037 INITIALLY WERE WORKING 1220 00:52:02,037 --> 00:52:03,071 MULTISCALE MODELING DEVELOPMENT 1221 00:52:03,071 --> 00:52:07,375 AND WE WORKED WITH MARK ALBERG, 1222 00:52:07,375 --> 00:52:09,411 CHARLIE LITTLE AND A NUMBER OF 1223 00:52:09,411 --> 00:52:10,212 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS. 1224 00:52:10,212 --> 00:52:13,315 ONE THING THAT WAS IMPORTANT 1225 00:52:13,315 --> 00:52:16,284 ABOUT THE NIH FUNDING WAS IT 1226 00:52:16,284 --> 00:52:17,385 COULD INCLUDE AN INTERNATIONAL 1227 00:52:17,385 --> 00:52:17,652 COMPONENT. 1228 00:52:17,652 --> 00:52:19,087 THAT WAS CRITICAL. 1229 00:52:19,087 --> 00:52:25,994 WE WORKED WITH CHARLIE LITTLE IN 1230 00:52:25,994 --> 00:52:28,296 KANSAS AND CLAUDIA STERNE IN 1231 00:52:28,296 --> 00:52:28,563 LONDON. 1232 00:52:28,563 --> 00:52:30,899 THE ABILITY TO NOT ONLY 1233 00:52:30,899 --> 00:52:32,667 COLLABORATE WITH 1234 00:52:32,667 --> 00:52:34,002 EXPERIMENTALISTS AN 1235 00:52:34,002 --> 00:52:34,936 MATHEMATICIANS LIKE MARK AND 1236 00:52:34,936 --> 00:52:35,804 OTHERS AND TO COLLABORATE ACROSS 1237 00:52:35,804 --> 00:52:41,276 THE OCEAN WAS IMPORTANT TO US. 1238 00:52:41,276 --> 00:52:43,778 WE WORKED ON A VARIETY OF 1239 00:52:43,778 --> 00:52:44,479 DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS. 1240 00:52:44,479 --> 00:52:45,714 FOUND OUT BIOLOGY IS NEVER AS 1241 00:52:45,714 --> 00:52:46,414 SIMPLE AS YOU MIGHT WANT IT TO 1242 00:52:46,414 --> 00:52:56,491 BE. 1243 00:53:00,128 --> 00:53:01,663 THAT LED TO INTERESTING RESULTS. 1244 00:53:01,663 --> 00:53:04,966 A LOT OF MY WORK HAS BEEN ON 1245 00:53:04,966 --> 00:53:06,902 OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 1246 00:53:06,902 --> 00:53:12,073 AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, MODEL 1247 00:53:12,073 --> 00:53:15,744 SHARING AND STANDARDS. 1248 00:53:15,744 --> 00:53:19,114 AND ENCOURAGE SHARABILITY AND 1249 00:53:19,114 --> 00:53:22,651 STANDARDS-BASED WORK AND WE'LL 1250 00:53:22,651 --> 00:53:25,053 BE TALKING ABOUT THIS AND THAT'S 1251 00:53:25,053 --> 00:53:25,887 SOMETHING WE SPENT A LOT OF TIME 1252 00:53:25,887 --> 00:53:27,689 ON OVER THE YEARS AND WORKED 1253 00:53:27,689 --> 00:53:28,623 HARD ON. 1254 00:53:28,623 --> 00:53:29,891 THE PANDEMIC WAS ACTUALLY A 1255 00:53:29,891 --> 00:53:32,761 GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR US IN A 1256 00:53:32,761 --> 00:53:35,130 VARIETY OF WAYS. 1257 00:53:35,130 --> 00:53:39,067 WE HAD THIS WORKING GROUP WITH 1258 00:53:39,067 --> 00:53:40,368 THE AWKWARD NAME OF MULTISCALE 1259 00:53:40,368 --> 00:53:41,670 MODELING IN VIRAL PANDEMICS 1260 00:53:41,670 --> 00:53:43,672 WHICH STILL MEETS. 1261 00:53:43,672 --> 00:53:46,608 WE HAD AN ENORMOUS PEOPLE 1262 00:53:46,608 --> 00:53:47,876 PRESENT TO THAT GROUP. 1263 00:53:47,876 --> 00:53:49,811 PEOPLE ARE TIRED OF VIRTUAL 1264 00:53:49,811 --> 00:53:52,013 SEMINARS NOW BUT IT WORKED FOR A 1265 00:53:52,013 --> 00:53:53,415 WHILE AND BELIEVED THAT WAS 1266 00:53:53,415 --> 00:53:54,215 SOMETHING VALUABLE. 1267 00:53:54,215 --> 00:53:55,684 GOING ONLINE ALSO MEANS WE CAN 1268 00:53:55,684 --> 00:53:57,018 TEACH MORE. 1269 00:53:57,018 --> 00:53:59,688 I DO A LOT OF TEACHING OF 1270 00:53:59,688 --> 00:54:01,256 MULTISCALE MODELING AND WE HAVE 1271 00:54:01,256 --> 00:54:03,525 BEEN VERY PLEASED THAT'S ALLOWED 1272 00:54:03,525 --> 00:54:05,827 PEOPLE WHO WERE IN UNDER SERVED 1273 00:54:05,827 --> 00:54:06,795 COMMUNITIES TO PARTICIPATE IN 1274 00:54:06,795 --> 00:54:08,997 THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS IN A WAY 1275 00:54:08,997 --> 00:54:11,666 THAT WAS NOT SO EASY WHEN 1276 00:54:11,666 --> 00:54:22,110 EVERYTHING WAS IN PERSON. 1277 00:54:27,415 --> 00:54:37,525 [NO AUDIO] 1278 00:54:46,067 --> 00:54:47,635 >> THE PROJECT WAS TRYING TO 1279 00:54:47,635 --> 00:54:50,805 ESTABLISH STANDARDS FOR 1280 00:54:50,805 --> 00:54:54,843 MODELLING SO THE DEVELOPMENT FOR 1281 00:54:54,843 --> 00:55:01,983 MODELS AND MODEL REPOSITORIES 1282 00:55:01,983 --> 00:55:03,685 BASED AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 1283 00:55:03,685 --> 00:55:05,086 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE WHICH 1284 00:55:05,086 --> 00:55:09,290 IMPLEMENTED THE ABILITY TO SOLVE 1285 00:55:09,290 --> 00:55:19,701 THE MORALS IN THE CORE. 1286 00:55:22,904 --> 00:55:30,879 YOU TIE IT IN WITH THE IMAG 1287 00:55:30,879 --> 00:55:31,713 EFFORTS. 1288 00:55:31,713 --> 00:55:34,916 AND AND DOING MULTISCALE 1289 00:55:34,916 --> 00:55:37,452 MODELING IN A REPRODUCIBLE WAY 1290 00:55:37,452 --> 00:55:37,786 IS HARD. 1291 00:55:37,786 --> 00:55:39,687 MOST MODELS IT'S VERY DIFFICULT 1292 00:55:39,687 --> 00:55:41,890 TO PUBLISH A MODEL THAT DOESN'T 1293 00:55:41,890 --> 00:55:43,925 HAVE MISTAKES ON IT. 1294 00:55:43,925 --> 00:55:47,695 OUR PUBLICATIONS HAVE MISTAKES. 1295 00:55:47,695 --> 00:55:49,364 IT'S SO DIFFICULT TO PUBLISH IN 1296 00:55:49,364 --> 00:55:54,302 A WAY THAT AVOIDS TYPO GRAPHICAL 1297 00:55:54,302 --> 00:55:56,104 ERRORS AND PUTTING MODELS ON TO 1298 00:55:56,104 --> 00:56:00,809 WEBSITES OFTEN DOESN'T HELP 1299 00:56:00,809 --> 00:56:02,343 BECAUSE ALL THAT HAPPENS IS THE 1300 00:56:02,343 --> 00:56:03,278 CODE ON THE WEBSITE DOESN'T 1301 00:56:03,278 --> 00:56:05,113 MATCH THE RESULTS IN THE PAPER. 1302 00:56:05,113 --> 00:56:06,081 THAT'S ONE OF THE EARLY LESSONS. 1303 00:56:06,081 --> 00:56:09,117 THE IMPORTANCE OF TRYING TO GET 1304 00:56:09,117 --> 00:56:11,820 BETTER APPROACHES TO HANDLING 1305 00:56:11,820 --> 00:56:15,690 REPRODUCIBILITY WHICH IS 1306 00:56:15,690 --> 00:56:21,596 OBVIOUSLY CRUCIAL FOR SCIENCE. 1307 00:56:21,596 --> 00:56:23,798 AND WE APPROACH THE TRULY 1308 00:56:23,798 --> 00:56:24,833 THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE AROUND THE 1309 00:56:24,833 --> 00:56:28,870 WORLD AS WE HELPED GET THE 1310 00:56:28,870 --> 00:56:31,005 MODELS INTO THE PHYSIO MODEL 1311 00:56:31,005 --> 00:56:32,874 REPOSITORY AND THERE'S ABOUT 1312 00:56:32,874 --> 00:56:33,508 1500 MODELS ON THE REPOSITORY 1313 00:56:33,508 --> 00:56:43,585 NOW. 1314 00:56:44,185 --> 00:56:45,386 AND MANY ARE WILLING TO BE 1315 00:56:45,386 --> 00:56:48,123 INVOLVED AN GET THEIR MODELS 1316 00:56:48,123 --> 00:56:51,926 REPRODUCIBLE AND IT WITH A BIT 1317 00:56:51,926 --> 00:56:55,697 THEY WERE TRYING TO BE OBSCURE 1318 00:56:55,697 --> 00:56:59,634 OR OBTUSE IN THEIR MODELS THEY 1319 00:56:59,634 --> 00:57:00,935 WANTED TO PRODUCE REPRODUCEDABLE 1320 00:57:00,935 --> 00:57:01,336 MODELS. 1321 00:57:01,336 --> 00:57:03,338 WE WERE GREATLY ENCOURAGED BY 1322 00:57:03,338 --> 00:57:05,673 THE WILLINGNESS OF PEOPLE TO PUT 1323 00:57:05,673 --> 00:57:09,511 THE EFFORT IN TO THEN PUBLISH 1324 00:57:09,511 --> 00:57:11,713 MODELS THAT WERE THROUGH THE 1325 00:57:11,713 --> 00:57:14,349 PHYSIO MODEL REPOSITORY WERE 1326 00:57:14,349 --> 00:57:19,087 REPRODUCIBLE AND LET US TO THE 1327 00:57:19,087 --> 00:57:22,957 PHYSIO JOURNAL INTENDED AS A 1328 00:57:22,957 --> 00:57:25,426 SECONDARY JOURNAL TO ALLOW 1329 00:57:25,426 --> 00:57:29,297 PEOPLE TO PUBLISH IN THE NORMAL 1330 00:57:29,297 --> 00:57:30,865 JOURNALS AND IN A LOW OPEN 1331 00:57:30,865 --> 00:57:36,838 ACCESS COST TO BE ABLE TO HAND 1332 00:57:36,838 --> 00:57:39,908 ADD CURATETION AND ANNOTATION TO 1333 00:57:39,908 --> 00:57:42,177 MAKE SURE A MODEL WAS 1334 00:57:42,177 --> 00:57:42,544 REPRODUCIBLE. 1335 00:57:42,544 --> 00:57:46,147 THAT I THINK IS GOING TO BE 1336 00:57:46,147 --> 00:57:49,284 ANOTHER WAY OF GIVING PEOPLE THE 1337 00:57:49,284 --> 00:57:50,552 INCENTIVE TO MAKE SURE THEY'RE 1338 00:57:50,552 --> 00:57:53,188 MAKING THEIR WORK AVAILABLE TO 1339 00:57:53,188 --> 00:57:54,322 THE BROADER COMMUNITY IN A 1340 00:57:54,322 --> 00:57:54,822 REPRODUCIBLE FASHION. 1341 00:57:54,822 --> 00:58:02,030 THANKS. 1342 00:58:02,030 --> 00:58:02,564 >> JAMES. 1343 00:58:02,564 --> 00:58:03,865 >> I'M PLEASED TO BE HERE. 1344 00:58:03,865 --> 00:58:05,767 I ALWAYS ENJOY THE MEETING. 1345 00:58:05,767 --> 00:58:07,969 THERE'S TOPICS I ONLY SEE AT 1346 00:58:07,969 --> 00:58:09,571 THIS MEETING, NOT AT OTHER 1347 00:58:09,571 --> 00:58:12,273 CONFERENCES I GO TO AND PEOPLE I 1348 00:58:12,273 --> 00:58:14,509 ONLY SEE AT THIS MEETING AND 1349 00:58:14,509 --> 00:58:15,109 APPRECIATIVE OF ALL YOU BEING 1350 00:58:15,109 --> 00:58:20,949 HERE. 1351 00:58:20,949 --> 00:58:25,853 THIS CAME ABOUT AT A GOOD TIME. 1352 00:58:25,853 --> 00:58:33,695 IN 2002 I JUST MOVED TO TEXAS 1353 00:58:33,695 --> 00:58:37,165 A&M AND LOOKED AT THE SYSTEM AND 1354 00:58:37,165 --> 00:58:42,270 WAS INVOLVED IN THE TOP SO 10 1355 00:58:42,270 --> 00:58:42,971 CAUSES OF DEATH. 1356 00:58:42,971 --> 00:58:45,440 I CAN TELL YOU WHY IT BELONGS AT 1357 00:58:45,440 --> 00:58:46,441 EACH INSTITUTE AND WHY IT 1358 00:58:46,441 --> 00:58:47,675 DOESN'T FOR EACH OF THE 1359 00:58:47,675 --> 00:58:48,443 INSTITUTE. 1360 00:58:48,443 --> 00:58:50,812 THERE'S STILL NO STUDY SECTION. 1361 00:58:50,812 --> 00:58:53,114 THERE'S STILL NO LYMPHATIC 1362 00:58:53,114 --> 00:58:55,683 SPECIFIC FUNDING CALLS. 1363 00:58:55,683 --> 00:58:59,687 WE END UP APPLYING WHATEVER AND 1364 00:58:59,687 --> 00:59:03,691 GETTING REVIEWED BY PEOPLE WHO 1365 00:59:03,691 --> 00:59:10,932 CAN'T SPELL LYMPHATIC. 1366 00:59:10,932 --> 00:59:13,601 YOU CANNOT MEASURE PRESSURE FLOW 1367 00:59:13,601 --> 00:59:17,639 OR DIAMETER IN ANY PART OF THE 1368 00:59:17,639 --> 00:59:20,608 BODY MINIMALLY INVASIVELY, 1369 00:59:20,608 --> 00:59:24,312 NON-INVASIVELY, FORGET IT. 1370 00:59:24,312 --> 00:59:28,182 THIS WAS A GOOD WAY TO LOOK AT 1371 00:59:28,182 --> 00:59:28,950 LYMPHATIC PUMPING AND MASS 1372 00:59:28,950 --> 00:59:30,952 TRANSPORT AND TO THIS DAY IT'S 1373 00:59:30,952 --> 00:59:33,721 THE FUNDING POT THAT'S HAD THE 1374 00:59:33,721 --> 00:59:35,823 MOST IMPACT ON MY CAREER FOR 1375 00:59:35,823 --> 00:59:36,024 SURE. 1376 00:59:36,024 --> 00:59:38,593 I'M VERY THANKFUL FOR IT AND WE 1377 00:59:38,593 --> 00:59:40,895 CONTINUE TO WORK ON THE 1378 00:59:40,895 --> 00:59:41,929 QUESTIQUEST 1379 00:59:41,929 --> 00:59:43,298 QUESTIQUEST 1380 00:59:43,298 --> 00:59:44,032 QUESTIONS THAT GOT STARTED 1381 00:59:44,032 --> 00:59:45,233 DURING THE FUNDING PERIOD SO 1382 00:59:45,233 --> 00:59:47,201 THANKS FOR INVITING ME TO BE 1383 00:59:47,201 --> 00:59:48,069 PART OF THIS. 1384 00:59:48,069 --> 00:59:50,471 >> THANK YOU, PANEL FOR SHARING 1385 00:59:50,471 --> 00:59:58,513 YOUR IMPACTS AND YOUR TAKEAWAYS. 1386 00:59:58,513 --> 01:00:01,082 AND YOU CAB PUT QUESTIONS ON THE 1387 01:00:01,082 --> 01:00:03,084 WIKI AND AND I'LL INTRODUCE 1388 01:00:03,084 --> 01:00:04,585 MYSELF, I'M STEPHANIE GEORGE. 1389 01:00:04,585 --> 01:00:07,689 I'M A PROGRAM DIRECTOR AT THE 1390 01:00:07,689 --> 01:00:08,856 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND 1391 01:00:08,856 --> 01:00:11,092 I AM REPRESENTING IMAG AS ONE OF 1392 01:00:11,092 --> 01:00:11,459 THE MODERATORS. 1393 01:00:11,459 --> 01:00:13,828 MY FIRST QUESTION TO THE PANEL 1394 01:00:13,828 --> 01:00:15,296 IS WHAT WERE SOME OF THE 1395 01:00:15,296 --> 01:00:17,198 TECHNICAL AND SOCIETAL 1396 01:00:17,198 --> 01:00:21,703 CHALLENGES THAT YOU FACED AS YOU 1397 01:00:21,703 --> 01:00:23,705 HAD AND HOW DID YOU OVERCOME 1398 01:00:23,705 --> 01:00:27,041 THEM AND WHOEVER WOULD LIKE TO 1399 01:00:27,041 --> 01:00:27,241 START. 1400 01:00:27,241 --> 01:00:27,742 TECHNICAL AND SOCIETAL 1401 01:00:27,742 --> 01:00:37,952 CHALLENGES. 1402 01:00:39,754 --> 01:00:41,622 >> REPRODUCIBILITY WAS IMPORTANT 1403 01:00:41,622 --> 01:00:42,890 WAS A SOCIETAL CHALLENGE. 1404 01:00:42,890 --> 01:00:45,927 THE INCENTIVE FOR DOING THAT 1405 01:00:45,927 --> 01:00:48,629 THROUGH THE NORMAL ACADEMIC 1406 01:00:48,629 --> 01:00:50,932 PROMOTION PROCESS ARE NOT GREAT. 1407 01:00:50,932 --> 01:00:55,069 IF YOU PUBLISH PAPERS NO ONE'S 1408 01:00:55,069 --> 01:00:56,471 THEN COMMENTING ON WHETHER OR 1409 01:00:56,471 --> 01:00:58,873 NOT THE PAPER IS USEFUL TO OTHER 1410 01:00:58,873 --> 01:01:00,608 PEOPLE BY BEING REPRODUCIBLE. 1411 01:01:00,608 --> 01:01:01,409 THAT WAS A SOCIETAL CHALLENGE IN 1412 01:01:01,409 --> 01:01:09,617 A WAY. 1413 01:01:09,617 --> 01:01:11,285 YOU ALMOST NEED A CARROT AND 1414 01:01:11,285 --> 01:01:12,286 STICK APPROACH. 1415 01:01:12,286 --> 01:01:16,190 THERE'S INCENTIVE TO PUBLISH 1416 01:01:16,190 --> 01:01:19,660 REPRODUCIBLE IN AN OPEN-ACCESS 1417 01:01:19,660 --> 01:01:21,262 REPRODUCIBLE FORM BECAUSE YOU 1418 01:01:21,262 --> 01:01:22,730 GET CITED MORE FREQUENTLY IF 1419 01:01:22,730 --> 01:01:28,035 PEOPLE CAN REUSE WHAT YOU'VE 1420 01:01:28,035 --> 01:01:29,170 DONE. 1421 01:01:29,170 --> 01:01:39,213 AND I THINK AND HAVE TO PLAY A 1422 01:01:39,213 --> 01:01:42,683 ROLE BECAUSE WHY FUND IF IT'S 1423 01:01:42,683 --> 01:01:44,585 NOT REPRODUCIBLE. 1424 01:01:44,585 --> 01:01:47,989 IT REQUIRES THE RIGHT INCENTIVES 1425 01:01:47,989 --> 01:01:49,457 FOR PEOPLE TO EXHIBIT THE RIGHT 1426 01:01:49,457 --> 01:01:53,795 BEHAVIOR THAT IS NEEDED FOR THE 1427 01:01:53,795 --> 01:01:54,462 FUTURE OF COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 1428 01:01:54,462 --> 01:02:04,605 I THINK. 1429 01:02:06,407 --> 01:02:11,779 >> A COUPLE SOCIETAL S -- 1430 01:02:11,779 --> 01:02:12,346 CHALLENGES. 1431 01:02:12,346 --> 01:02:13,714 THE MODELLING DOESN'T PAY OFF 1432 01:02:13,714 --> 01:02:16,150 RIGHT AWAY. 1433 01:02:16,150 --> 01:02:18,753 IT'S NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR WHERE 1434 01:02:18,753 --> 01:02:19,554 THE WORK AROUND SENSITIVITY 1435 01:02:19,554 --> 01:02:22,290 ANALYSIS OR LINKING MODELS OR 1436 01:02:22,290 --> 01:02:23,458 OPTIMIZING THINGS WHERE IT'S ALL 1437 01:02:23,458 --> 01:02:23,958 GO TO GO. 1438 01:02:23,958 --> 01:02:33,935 THAT'S ONE WE'RE ALL FIGHTING. 1439 01:02:33,935 --> 01:02:36,170 AND AROUND TB IT KILLED THE SAME 1440 01:02:36,170 --> 01:02:38,239 NUMBER OF PEOPLE EVERY YEAR THAT 1441 01:02:38,239 --> 01:02:39,674 COVID KILLED IN ITS TWO BAD 1442 01:02:39,674 --> 01:02:40,908 YEARS. 1443 01:02:40,908 --> 01:02:44,078 SO PEOPLE ARE DYING OF TB. 1444 01:02:44,078 --> 01:02:46,247 AT THAT RATE EVERY SINGLE YEAR 1445 01:02:46,247 --> 01:02:47,682 AND YET MOST PEOPLE DON'T KNOW 1446 01:02:47,682 --> 01:02:47,882 THAT. 1447 01:02:47,882 --> 01:02:49,283 SO IT WAS GREAT TO GET FUNDING 1448 01:02:49,283 --> 01:02:51,052 TO WORK ON SUCH AN IMPORTANT 1449 01:02:51,052 --> 01:02:53,354 DISEASE BUT I THINK IT DOES SORT 1450 01:02:53,354 --> 01:02:55,256 OF BRING TO LIGHT REALLY 1451 01:02:55,256 --> 01:02:56,457 INTERESTING QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT 1452 01:02:56,457 --> 01:03:07,001 DO WE FUND AS A SOCIETY AND WHY. 1453 01:03:14,175 --> 01:03:15,843 >> I'LL COME BACK TO WHAT I SAID 1454 01:03:15,843 --> 01:03:17,612 EARLIER ABOUT NOT BEING ABLE TO 1455 01:03:17,612 --> 01:03:18,613 MEASURE VERY MUCH IN THE 1456 01:03:18,613 --> 01:03:19,647 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 1457 01:03:19,647 --> 01:03:24,252 MOST PEOPLE THAT DO LYMPHATIC 1458 01:03:24,252 --> 01:03:32,894 RESEARCH ARE BIOLOGIST AND 1459 01:03:32,894 --> 01:03:33,227 PHYSIOLOGISTS. 1460 01:03:33,227 --> 01:03:34,562 YOU MAY NEED TWO HANDS TO COUNT 1461 01:03:34,562 --> 01:03:36,664 THEM AROUND THE WORLD BUT MAYBE 1462 01:03:36,664 --> 01:03:37,632 ONE. 1463 01:03:37,632 --> 01:03:40,134 YOU GET DINGED A LOT FOR YOU 1464 01:03:40,134 --> 01:03:41,235 CAN'T VALIDATE THE MODEL 1465 01:03:41,235 --> 01:03:42,203 OUTCOMES AND WE'VE SEEN THAT IN 1466 01:03:42,203 --> 01:03:47,675 BOTH FUNDING APPLICATIONS AND 1467 01:03:47,675 --> 01:03:49,944 PUBLICATIONS WHEN WE SUBMIT THEM 1468 01:03:49,944 --> 01:03:51,812 AND YOU CAN'T MEASURE THESE 1469 01:03:51,812 --> 01:03:52,046 THINGS. 1470 01:03:52,046 --> 01:03:53,214 WE GET A BIT STUCK SOMETIMES. 1471 01:03:53,214 --> 01:03:58,786 WE'VE HAD TO OVERCOME THAT OR 1472 01:03:58,786 --> 01:04:03,925 TRY TO OVERCOME THAT THE OTHER 1473 01:04:03,925 --> 01:04:05,793 THINK IS I'VE SEEN POOR ATTEMPTS 1474 01:04:05,793 --> 01:04:07,762 TO QUANTIFY THE OUTCOME OR COME 1475 01:04:07,762 --> 01:04:09,263 TO QUANTITATIVE CONCLUSIONS 1476 01:04:09,263 --> 01:04:11,032 BASED ON THE EXPERIMENTS THEY'VE 1477 01:04:11,032 --> 01:04:13,167 DONE AND THEY'RE BLATANTLY 1478 01:04:13,167 --> 01:04:13,367 WRONG. 1479 01:04:13,367 --> 01:04:14,769 I'D LIKE TO SEE VALIDATION GO 1480 01:04:14,769 --> 01:04:19,674 THE OTHER WAY. 1481 01:04:19,674 --> 01:04:23,611 IS SOMEONE WHEN AN IN VIVO 1482 01:04:23,611 --> 01:04:25,580 EXPERIMENT OR PHYSIOLOGY, IS 1483 01:04:25,580 --> 01:04:26,781 THERE SOMEONE CHECKING THAT IN A 1484 01:04:26,781 --> 01:04:37,091 QUANTITATIVE WAY? 1485 01:04:38,693 --> 01:04:40,294 I'D LIKE TO SEE THAT 1486 01:04:40,294 --> 01:04:46,500 QUANTIFICATION GO BACK THE OTHER 1487 01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:46,667 WAY. 1488 01:04:46,667 --> 01:04:52,640 >> THERE WAS GREAT 1489 01:04:52,640 --> 01:04:54,909 EQUATION-BASED MODELS. 1490 01:04:54,909 --> 01:04:56,611 DESPITE NIH BEING GENEROUS IN 1491 01:04:56,611 --> 01:04:57,578 FUNDING WORKSHOPS WE STILL DON'T 1492 01:04:57,578 --> 01:04:59,680 HAVE THE ABILITY TO DO THAT KIND 1493 01:04:59,680 --> 01:05:01,215 OF STANDARDIZATION IN THE AREA 1494 01:05:01,215 --> 01:05:11,659 OF AGENT-BASED MODELLING. 1495 01:05:13,961 --> 01:05:16,364 THAT'S THE PROBLEM WITH 1496 01:05:16,364 --> 01:05:17,031 MULTISCALE MODELING BECAUSE MANY 1497 01:05:17,031 --> 01:05:18,366 INVOLVE AGENTS. 1498 01:05:18,366 --> 01:05:20,234 IT'S HARD. 1499 01:05:20,234 --> 01:05:24,939 HOW DO YOU COMPARE STOCHASTIC 1500 01:05:24,939 --> 01:05:27,475 IMAGES AND CLASSIFY THEM AND 1501 01:05:27,475 --> 01:05:29,677 WHEN YOU DO HOMOGENIZATION YOU 1502 01:05:29,677 --> 01:05:31,479 HAVE TO MAKE DIFFERENT CHOICES. 1503 01:05:31,479 --> 01:05:33,648 THAT'S SOMETHING WE TALKED ABOUT 1504 01:05:33,648 --> 01:05:34,915 MANY YEARS AND STILL GRAPPLING 1505 01:05:34,915 --> 01:05:37,284 WITH AND IS A HARDER PROBLEM 1506 01:05:37,284 --> 01:05:39,687 THAN WE APPRECIATED WHEN WE 1507 01:05:39,687 --> 01:05:45,926 STARTED. 1508 01:05:45,926 --> 01:05:48,329 OUR GROUP HAD SOCIETAL AND 1509 01:05:48,329 --> 01:05:48,996 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES. 1510 01:05:48,996 --> 01:05:51,265 THE SOCIETAL CHALLENGE WAS WE 1511 01:05:51,265 --> 01:05:55,436 WERE IN SOME SENSE INTERLOPERS. 1512 01:05:55,436 --> 01:05:58,706 WE WEREN'T MATH BIOLOGISTS. 1513 01:05:58,706 --> 01:06:00,141 WE STARTED DOING THAT BIOLOGY 1514 01:06:00,141 --> 01:06:10,418 ABOUT FIVE YEARS BEFORE. 1515 01:06:10,418 --> 01:06:12,853 THIS IS A WAY TO GAIN CRITICAL 1516 01:06:12,853 --> 01:06:14,989 MASS OF FUNDING TO PUT OUT GOOD 1517 01:06:14,989 --> 01:06:18,225 AND IMPORTANT WORK AND IT WAS IN 1518 01:06:18,225 --> 01:06:19,360 SOME SENSE THE PINNACLE OF THE 1519 01:06:19,360 --> 01:06:26,500 WORK OF THE GROUP. 1520 01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:28,536 THE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES WERE 1521 01:06:28,536 --> 01:06:29,403 PRETTY BIG. 1522 01:06:29,403 --> 01:06:30,638 IMAGINE IN THOSE DAYS, THIS IS 1523 01:06:30,638 --> 01:06:35,676 20 YEARS AGO, SIMULATING A 1524 01:06:35,676 --> 01:06:40,848 MILLION NEURONS INTERACTING AND 1525 01:06:40,848 --> 01:06:45,553 THIS BEING ACHIEVED OUR POSTDOCS 1526 01:06:45,553 --> 01:06:46,754 MANAGED TO DO SO THAT WAS QUITE 1527 01:06:46,754 --> 01:06:48,522 AN ACHIEVEMENT AT THE TIME AND 1528 01:06:48,522 --> 01:06:50,257 THE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES WERE 1529 01:06:50,257 --> 01:06:50,458 GREAT. 1530 01:06:50,458 --> 01:06:53,227 I STILL DON'T SEE A LOT OF 1531 01:06:53,227 --> 01:06:59,400 PEOPLE USING HIS METHODS. 1532 01:06:59,400 --> 01:07:05,172 A LOT OF PEOPLE USE METHODS SO 1533 01:07:05,172 --> 01:07:11,045 IT WOULD BE GOOD IF MORE PEOPLE 1534 01:07:11,045 --> 01:07:12,680 READ HIS PAPER AND USED HIS 1535 01:07:12,680 --> 01:07:13,280 METHODS BECAUSE THEY'RE VERY 1536 01:07:13,280 --> 01:07:21,522 POWERFUL. 1537 01:07:21,522 --> 01:07:23,657 >> THIS QUESTION BUILDS ON 1538 01:07:23,657 --> 01:07:23,958 CHALLENGES. 1539 01:07:23,958 --> 01:07:26,227 AN IMPORTANT CHALLENGE IS 1540 01:07:26,227 --> 01:07:28,596 MODIFYING REUSING COMBINING 1541 01:07:28,596 --> 01:07:30,664 MODELS FOR THE 1542 01:07:30,664 --> 01:07:31,866 OPERATIONALIZATION FOR SEAMLESS 1543 01:07:31,866 --> 01:07:34,335 DECISION MAKING. 1544 01:07:34,335 --> 01:07:38,305 SO WHAT CHALLENGES DO THE 1545 01:07:38,305 --> 01:07:42,042 PANELISTS SEE IN THIS REGARD 1546 01:07:42,042 --> 01:07:42,576 OPERATIONALIZING TOWARDS 1547 01:07:42,576 --> 01:07:45,780 TRANSLATION AND HOW CAN THE 1548 01:07:45,780 --> 01:07:48,949 COMMUNITY TACKLE THIS TOGETHER. 1549 01:07:48,949 --> 01:07:51,685 SO THIS IS REGARDING 1550 01:07:51,685 --> 01:07:54,655 OPERATIONALIZATION OF METHODS 1551 01:07:54,655 --> 01:07:56,123 TOWARDS TRANSLATION. 1552 01:07:56,123 --> 01:07:58,893 SO AN IMPORTANT CHALLENGE IS 1553 01:07:58,893 --> 01:08:01,228 MODIFYING, REUSING, COMBINING 1554 01:08:01,228 --> 01:08:03,564 MODELS FOR THEIR 1555 01:08:03,564 --> 01:08:05,232 OPERATIONALIZATION TO ENABLE 1556 01:08:05,232 --> 01:08:06,300 SEAMLESS DECISION MAKING AND SO 1557 01:08:06,300 --> 01:08:08,669 WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHALLENGES 1558 01:08:08,669 --> 01:08:10,604 THAT YOU ALL SEE IN DOING THIS 1559 01:08:10,604 --> 01:08:21,148 THAT THE COMMUNITY COULD TACKLE? 1560 01:08:44,104 --> 01:08:46,340 >> WHEN WE FRAME THINGS IN TERMS 1561 01:08:46,340 --> 01:08:48,709 OF DIGITAL TWINS THAT CLARIFIES 1562 01:08:48,709 --> 01:08:49,677 SOME ISSUES YOU RAISED. 1563 01:08:49,677 --> 01:08:52,012 IF WE THINK WHAT IT TAKES TO 1564 01:08:52,012 --> 01:08:54,315 BUILD A FUNCTIONAL MEDICAL TWIN 1565 01:08:54,315 --> 01:08:56,016 THAT INCORPORATED WHAT WE DO NOW 1566 01:08:56,016 --> 01:08:58,752 YOU HAVE TO BEGIN TO ADDRESS ALL 1567 01:08:58,752 --> 01:09:00,454 THESE ISSUES AND OF COURSE THIS 1568 01:09:00,454 --> 01:09:04,124 WORKSHOP IS GOING TO BE 1569 01:09:04,124 --> 01:09:06,327 FOCUSSING ON VALIDATION AND 1570 01:09:06,327 --> 01:09:12,700 CREDIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY 1571 01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:14,568 WE TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT AND 1572 01:09:14,568 --> 01:09:15,669 DENISE SAID THESE MODELS ARE 1573 01:09:15,669 --> 01:09:15,870 SLOW. 1574 01:09:15,870 --> 01:09:17,438 IF YOU'RE GOING TO TRY TO MAKE 1575 01:09:17,438 --> 01:09:19,073 REAL TIME DECISIONS IT'S NOT 1576 01:09:19,073 --> 01:09:20,908 OBVIOUS YOU'LL BE ABLE TO GET 1577 01:09:20,908 --> 01:09:23,110 AWAY WITH LARGE AGENT-BASED 1578 01:09:23,110 --> 01:09:28,415 MODELS AS A COMPONENT. 1579 01:09:28,415 --> 01:09:34,555 ONE CONCEPT IS THE IDEA OF 1580 01:09:34,555 --> 01:09:35,422 ONLINE DIGITAL TWIN WHERE YOU 1581 01:09:35,422 --> 01:09:36,957 HAVE TO DO PREDICTION IN REAL 1582 01:09:36,957 --> 01:09:40,494 TIME VERSUS OFFLINE DIGITAL TWIN 1583 01:09:40,494 --> 01:09:46,433 WHERE YOU'RE DOING SURGICAL 1584 01:09:46,433 --> 01:09:47,501 EVALUATION AND I THINK THAT'S A 1585 01:09:47,501 --> 01:09:51,005 PLACE ELUDED TO THE ISSUE OF 1586 01:09:51,005 --> 01:09:52,573 MACHINE LEARNING AS A CONFLICT. 1587 01:09:52,573 --> 01:09:56,243 I THINK THE FUTURE FOR DOING 1588 01:09:56,243 --> 01:10:01,882 THIS IS GOING TO BE THE 1589 01:10:01,882 --> 01:10:02,850 HARMONIZATION OF THE MACHINE 1590 01:10:02,850 --> 01:10:03,951 LEARNING MODELS AND USE THEM TO 1591 01:10:03,951 --> 01:10:05,185 EVALUATE VALIDITY. 1592 01:10:05,185 --> 01:10:10,724 I THINK WE ARE JUST BEGINNING TO 1593 01:10:10,724 --> 01:10:20,100 GRAPPLE WITH THOSE ISSUES. 1594 01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:20,935 >> ALL RIGHT. 1595 01:10:20,935 --> 01:10:23,170 WE'LL MOVE TO ANOTHER QUESTION. 1596 01:10:23,170 --> 01:10:24,238 THIS IS REGARDING INTRODUCING 1597 01:10:24,238 --> 01:10:30,010 INTERDISCIPLINARY WORK. 1598 01:10:30,010 --> 01:10:31,645 IF YOU CAN COMMENT ON THE VALUE 1599 01:10:31,645 --> 01:10:33,647 AND FUTURE OF INTERDISCIPLINARY 1600 01:10:33,647 --> 01:10:35,683 WORK AND COMMUNICATION ACROSS 1601 01:10:35,683 --> 01:10:46,226 DOMAINS FOR MULTISCALE MODELING. 1602 01:10:47,194 --> 01:10:50,197 >> THIS CLOSER YOU GET TO 1603 01:10:50,197 --> 01:10:51,899 CLINICAL APPLICATION OF 1604 01:10:51,899 --> 01:10:55,035 MODELLING WORK AND THE USE OF 1605 01:10:55,035 --> 01:10:56,003 MODELS AND CLINICAL WORK FLOWS 1606 01:10:56,003 --> 01:11:02,142 THE CLOSER YOU GET TO THE 1607 01:11:02,142 --> 01:11:04,778 CLINICAL END POINT THAT WORK THE 1608 01:11:04,778 --> 01:11:07,648 MORE DISCIPLINES YOU NEED TO BE 1609 01:11:07,648 --> 01:11:08,082 EFFECTIVE. 1610 01:11:08,082 --> 01:11:09,083 IT BECOMES EXTREMELY -- THERE'S 1611 01:11:09,083 --> 01:11:11,685 A VERY DIVERSE GROUP OF PEOPLE 1612 01:11:11,685 --> 01:11:14,455 THAT NEED TO BE INVOLVED IN THAT 1613 01:11:14,455 --> 01:11:19,360 FINAL CLINICAL WORK FLOW BECAUSE 1614 01:11:19,360 --> 01:11:22,129 YOU NEED TO PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND 1615 01:11:22,129 --> 01:11:26,333 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TREATMENT 1616 01:11:26,333 --> 01:11:26,600 STRATEGY. 1617 01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:28,469 AND PEOPLE AROUND COMPLIANCE 1618 01:11:28,469 --> 01:11:31,705 WITH ADVICE FROM THERAPEUTIC 1619 01:11:31,705 --> 01:11:34,908 MODEL-BASED THERAPIES. 1620 01:11:34,908 --> 01:11:36,944 I THINK -- THE SINGLE POINT IS 1621 01:11:36,944 --> 01:11:39,446 THE CLOSER YOU GET TO 1622 01:11:39,446 --> 01:11:40,814 APPLICATION THE MORE 1623 01:11:40,814 --> 01:11:41,682 INTERDISCIPLINARY THE CHALLENGES 1624 01:11:41,682 --> 01:11:43,484 ARE AND THE MORE PEOPLE YOU NEED 1625 01:11:43,484 --> 01:11:46,020 TO COME TOGETHER TO COLLABORATE 1626 01:11:46,020 --> 01:11:56,497 TO MAKE SURE THINGS DO WORK. 1627 01:12:07,374 --> 01:12:08,008 >> TEACHING MULTISCALE MODELING 1628 01:12:08,008 --> 01:12:09,109 FOR 18 YEARS. 1629 01:12:09,109 --> 01:12:13,414 WE HAD HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM 1630 01:12:13,414 --> 01:12:14,615 EMERITUS PROFESSORS AND SURGEONS 1631 01:12:14,615 --> 01:12:18,519 TO MATHEMATICIANS AND DEVELOPING 1632 01:12:18,519 --> 01:12:19,787 AN APPROACH TO BRING THOSE 1633 01:12:19,787 --> 01:12:20,954 PEOPLE TOGETHER AND COMMUNICATE 1634 01:12:20,954 --> 01:12:22,756 AND HELP BUILD TEAMS I THINK HAS 1635 01:12:22,756 --> 01:12:24,158 BEEN ONE OF THE BIGGEST 1636 01:12:24,158 --> 01:12:27,661 CHALLENGES AND ALSO ONE OF THE 1637 01:12:27,661 --> 01:12:29,663 BIGGEST SATISFACTIONS. 1638 01:12:29,663 --> 01:12:31,832 WE LOVE HACKATHONS BECAUSE YOU 1639 01:12:31,832 --> 01:12:34,601 CAN ASSEMBLE A TEAM OF PEOPLE 1640 01:12:34,601 --> 01:12:35,669 WITH DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS. 1641 01:12:35,669 --> 01:12:37,204 THAT'S DIFFERENT FROM BUILDING A 1642 01:12:37,204 --> 01:12:39,673 TEAM THAT WILL SOLVE A MAJOR 1643 01:12:39,673 --> 01:12:41,442 CLINICAL PROBLEM IN A MEDICAL 1644 01:12:41,442 --> 01:12:43,510 CONTEXT WHICH IS A DIFFERENT 1645 01:12:43,510 --> 01:12:43,710 THING. 1646 01:12:43,710 --> 01:12:44,711 BUT THE SMALL SCALE THINGS LIKE 1647 01:12:44,711 --> 01:12:47,381 A HACKATHON CAN BEGIN TO 1648 01:12:47,381 --> 01:12:48,015 NUCLEATE TO COMMUNICATE AND 1649 01:12:48,015 --> 01:12:49,183 BUILD A GENERATION OF PEOPLE WHO 1650 01:12:49,183 --> 01:12:54,922 HAVE THE ABILITY TO FEEL 1651 01:12:54,922 --> 01:12:57,958 NATURALLY COMFORTABLE ACROSS 1652 01:12:57,958 --> 01:12:58,258 DISCIPLINES. 1653 01:12:58,258 --> 01:13:00,828 >> CAN I ADD TO THAT BECAUSE I 1654 01:13:00,828 --> 01:13:02,196 SAW ANOTHER QUESTION COMING UP 1655 01:13:02,196 --> 01:13:03,263 ABOUT CAREER OPPORTUNITIES. 1656 01:13:03,263 --> 01:13:05,499 I WANT TO PIGGY BACK ON WHAT 1657 01:13:05,499 --> 01:13:10,237 YOU'RE SAYING, HAVING PEOPLE WHO 1658 01:13:10,237 --> 01:13:12,639 CAN SPEAK ACROSS DISCIPLINES WHO 1659 01:13:12,639 --> 01:13:13,974 DON'T JUST KNOW THE WAY THINGS 1660 01:13:13,974 --> 01:13:15,676 ARE DESCRIBED IN MEDICINE OR IN 1661 01:13:15,676 --> 01:13:18,979 COMPUTER SCIENCE OR WHATEVER, 1662 01:13:18,979 --> 01:13:20,047 THAT'S INCREDIBLY VALUABLE AND 1663 01:13:20,047 --> 01:13:22,749 THOSE FOLKS CAN FIND JOBS 1664 01:13:22,749 --> 01:13:23,383 EVERYWHERE. 1665 01:13:23,383 --> 01:13:24,551 THEY'RE RECOGNIZED. 1666 01:13:24,551 --> 01:13:25,752 MY STUDENTS ARE RECOGNIZED AS 1667 01:13:25,752 --> 01:13:29,623 FOLKS WHO CAN GO INTO LOTS OF 1668 01:13:29,623 --> 01:13:31,058 DIFFERENT CONTEXTS AND SPEAK TO 1669 01:13:31,058 --> 01:13:32,292 LOTS OF PEOPLE AND BRING PEOPLE 1670 01:13:32,292 --> 01:13:42,469 TOGETHER TO WORK ON A PROBLEM. 1671 01:13:42,469 --> 01:13:45,606 >> INTERDISCIPLINARY PEOPLE HAVE 1672 01:13:45,606 --> 01:13:50,644 MORE OPPORTUNITIES AND WE SHOULD 1673 01:13:50,644 --> 01:13:55,215 START TRAINING THEM MORE OR LESS 1674 01:13:55,215 --> 01:13:57,117 FROM THE GET GO. 1675 01:13:57,117 --> 01:14:02,489 FOR ME EVEN TALKING AS A MAT 1676 01:14:02,489 --> 01:14:07,661 MATHEMATICIAN TALKING TO PURE 1677 01:14:07,661 --> 01:14:09,429 MATHEMATICIANS IS HARD AND 1678 01:14:09,429 --> 01:14:10,063 SOONER GRADUATE STUDENT START 1679 01:14:10,063 --> 01:14:19,673 DOING IT THE BETTER. 1680 01:14:19,673 --> 01:14:21,475 >> ARE THERE DIVERSE CAREER 1681 01:14:21,475 --> 01:14:24,111 TRAJECTORIES BEYOND ACADEMIA 1682 01:14:24,111 --> 01:14:24,745 THAT CAN SUPPORT THIS MODELLING 1683 01:14:24,745 --> 01:14:33,854 ECO SYSTEM? 1684 01:14:33,854 --> 01:14:36,423 >> I SUPPOSE EVERYONE IN THE 1685 01:14:36,423 --> 01:14:43,163 ROOM HAS HAD TROUBLE RECRUITING 1686 01:14:43,163 --> 01:14:47,801 POSTDOCS BECAUSE INDUSTRIAL 1687 01:14:47,801 --> 01:14:50,204 DEMAND HAS BEEN SO HIGH AND 1688 01:14:50,204 --> 01:14:52,673 EVERY POSTDOC HAD OFFERS FROM 1689 01:14:52,673 --> 01:15:01,748 START UPS AND INDUSTRIAL 1690 01:15:01,748 --> 01:15:02,015 COMPANIES. 1691 01:15:02,015 --> 01:15:04,151 AND I THINK THE ABILITY TO THINK 1692 01:15:04,151 --> 01:15:07,254 ABOUT PROBLEMS IN A QUANTITATIVE 1693 01:15:07,254 --> 01:15:08,622 WAY AND ANALYZE COMPLEX PROBLEMS 1694 01:15:08,622 --> 01:15:14,061 HAS A SET OF SKILLS THAT GO WELL 1695 01:15:14,061 --> 01:15:14,761 WELL BEYOND THE BASIC SCIENTIFIC 1696 01:15:14,761 --> 01:15:16,263 RESEARCH SOME OF US STARTED 1697 01:15:16,263 --> 01:15:16,530 WITH. 1698 01:15:16,530 --> 01:15:22,436 I THINK THAT'S REALLY A CRITICAL 1699 01:15:22,436 --> 01:15:25,005 OPPORTUNITY ONE CAN GO TO HEART 1700 01:15:25,005 --> 01:15:27,007 FLOW IN THE UNITED STATES. 1701 01:15:27,007 --> 01:15:29,109 ONE COULD POINT TO NOVA 1702 01:15:29,109 --> 01:15:31,578 DISCOVERY IN FRANCE THAT ARE 1703 01:15:31,578 --> 01:15:33,313 TAKING THESE IDEAS AND USING 1704 01:15:33,313 --> 01:15:35,415 THEM IN A TRANSFORMATIONAL AND 1705 01:15:35,415 --> 01:15:36,316 TRANSLATIONAL WAY. 1706 01:15:36,316 --> 01:15:39,219 IT'S A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR US 1707 01:15:39,219 --> 01:15:39,720 TO BUILD TECHNOLOGY AND 1708 01:15:39,720 --> 01:15:49,930 TRANSLATION. 1709 01:15:56,903 --> 01:15:59,206 >> OTHERS FOR CAREER PATHWAYS? 1710 01:15:59,206 --> 01:16:00,540 WE'LL MOVE TO THE NEXT QUESTION, 1711 01:16:00,540 --> 01:16:02,643 THIS IS ADVOCATING FOR 1712 01:16:02,643 --> 01:16:03,110 MECHANISTIC MODELLING. 1713 01:16:03,110 --> 01:16:07,481 MANY DOMAIN SCIENTISTS ARE BEING 1714 01:16:07,481 --> 01:16:09,082 INFLUENCED BY BIG DATA AND 1715 01:16:09,082 --> 01:16:11,585 MACHINE LEARNING IN THEIR 1716 01:16:11,585 --> 01:16:11,985 FIELDS. 1717 01:16:11,985 --> 01:16:17,791 HOW DO WE ADVERTISE FOR MEC 1718 01:16:17,791 --> 01:16:19,726 MECHANISTIC MODELLING WHEN MANY 1719 01:16:19,726 --> 01:16:23,063 USE IN THE FIELD IS TOWARDS A.I. 1720 01:16:23,063 --> 01:16:23,664 AND MACHINE LEARNING? 1721 01:16:23,664 --> 01:16:34,107 >> BIG TOPIC BUT I'LL TRY. 1722 01:16:35,909 --> 01:16:39,780 THE TEMPTATION FOR FUNDING AND 1723 01:16:39,780 --> 01:16:45,485 TO BE VISIBLE IN THE FIELD IS TO 1724 01:16:45,485 --> 01:16:48,889 FOLLOW FASHION TRENDS. 1725 01:16:48,889 --> 01:16:50,791 I UNDERSTAND THAT TEMPTATION 1726 01:16:50,791 --> 01:16:52,025 WITH MACHINE LEARNING IT'S 1727 01:16:52,025 --> 01:16:53,226 POWERFUL AND THINGS IT'S GOOD AT 1728 01:16:53,226 --> 01:16:55,429 AND THINGS IT'S NOT GOOD AT. 1729 01:16:55,429 --> 01:16:57,531 THAT'S THE THING TO LOOK OUT FOR 1730 01:16:57,531 --> 01:16:58,732 IN ALL FASHION TRENDS IS WHERE 1731 01:16:58,732 --> 01:17:02,102 IS THE LOW-HANGING FRUIT? 1732 01:17:02,102 --> 01:17:03,603 WHERE ARE THE THINGS THEY CAN 1733 01:17:03,603 --> 01:17:05,672 REALLY DO WELL AND HOW DO YOU 1734 01:17:05,672 --> 01:17:06,807 IDENTIFY THOSE THINGS EARLY ON 1735 01:17:06,807 --> 01:17:07,841 RATHER THAN JUST THROWING IT AT 1736 01:17:07,841 --> 01:17:16,616 EVERYTHING YOU CAN THINK OF? 1737 01:17:16,616 --> 01:17:17,984 THAT'S WHY I SEE MACHINE 1738 01:17:17,984 --> 01:17:19,319 LEARNING IT'S BEING THROWN AT 1739 01:17:19,319 --> 01:17:22,489 EVERYTHING INSTEAD OF SOMEONE 1740 01:17:22,489 --> 01:17:26,059 WITH INSIGHT SAYING HANG ON, 1741 01:17:26,059 --> 01:17:27,694 LET'S THINK THOUGHTFULLY WHERE 1742 01:17:27,694 --> 01:17:35,402 THIS OUGHT TO BE APPLIED. 1743 01:17:35,402 --> 01:17:36,636 >> I THINK MACHINE LEARNING IS 1744 01:17:36,636 --> 01:17:40,207 JUST ANOTHER TOOL WE USE IT IN 1745 01:17:40,207 --> 01:17:42,843 DEVELOPING SURROGATE MODELS WITH 1746 01:17:42,843 --> 01:17:45,078 REPRODUCIBLE MODELS TO CREATE 1747 01:17:45,078 --> 01:17:47,214 THE DATA SETS MACHINE LEARNING 1748 01:17:47,214 --> 01:17:48,081 CAN LEARN FROM BUT IT'S 1749 01:17:48,081 --> 01:17:49,983 IMPORTANT JUST TO SEE IT AS YET 1750 01:17:49,983 --> 01:17:51,351 ANOTHER TOOL. 1751 01:17:51,351 --> 01:17:53,820 A VERY POWERFUL TOOL IN 1752 01:17:53,820 --> 01:17:55,522 COMBINATION WITH CHAT GPT WE'RE 1753 01:17:55,522 --> 01:17:57,758 SEEING HOW POWERFUL THAT CAN BE. 1754 01:17:57,758 --> 01:17:58,592 NEVERTHELESS IT'S HARD TO BEAT 1755 01:17:58,592 --> 01:18:02,229 THE INSIGHTS YOU GET BY 1756 01:18:02,229 --> 01:18:05,799 UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISTIC 1757 01:18:05,799 --> 01:18:08,668 INSIGHTS FROM HUNDREDS OF YEARS 1758 01:18:08,668 --> 01:18:10,704 OF STUDYING AND UNDERSTANDING 1759 01:18:10,704 --> 01:18:12,005 THE PHYSICS BEHIND MECHANISMS. 1760 01:18:12,005 --> 01:18:13,573 WE HAVE TO USE BOTH. 1761 01:18:13,573 --> 01:18:19,079 I THINK THE KEY IS GOING TO BE 1762 01:18:19,079 --> 01:18:22,949 THE A.I. MORE PHYSICALLY 1763 01:18:22,949 --> 01:18:28,255 CONSTRAINED YOU'RE USING A.I. IN 1764 01:18:28,255 --> 01:18:33,460 A PHYSIC WAYS AND YOU CAN'T 1765 01:18:33,460 --> 01:18:35,729 IGNORE WHAT WE LEARNED FROM THE 1766 01:18:35,729 --> 01:18:38,465 WAY NATURE WORKS WITH MECHANISMS 1767 01:18:38,465 --> 01:18:40,167 BUT IT'S A VALUABLE TOOL AND 1768 01:18:40,167 --> 01:18:41,835 NEEDS TO BE USED WITHIN THE 1769 01:18:41,835 --> 01:18:43,136 APPROPRIATE CONTEXT AND 1770 01:18:43,136 --> 01:18:44,571 HOPEFULLY INCREASINGLY COMBINED 1771 01:18:44,571 --> 01:18:47,207 WITH MECHANISTIC MODELLING SO 1772 01:18:47,207 --> 01:18:50,477 THE TWO ARE WORKING TOGETHER. 1773 01:18:50,477 --> 01:18:52,145 >> I WANT TO ECHO THAT. 1774 01:18:52,145 --> 01:18:55,715 IT'S A TOOL, ONE OF MANY. 1775 01:18:55,715 --> 01:18:57,184 IT'S A GREAT TOOL. 1776 01:18:57,184 --> 01:18:58,885 WE SHOULD HAVE LOTS OF TOOLS IN 1777 01:18:58,885 --> 01:18:59,586 OUR TOOLBOX. 1778 01:18:59,586 --> 01:19:04,257 WE NEED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT IT 1779 01:19:04,257 --> 01:19:06,259 THAN WE WANT TO OR MAYBE WE WANT 1780 01:19:06,259 --> 01:19:06,526 TO. 1781 01:19:06,526 --> 01:19:08,628 ONE OF MY EARLY PAPERS I SENT 1782 01:19:08,628 --> 01:19:10,197 SOMEWHERE AND IT WAS REJECTED 1783 01:19:10,197 --> 01:19:13,200 BECAUSE WE DON'T DO MODELLING. 1784 01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:16,236 I THOUGHT WOULD A JOURNAL SAY 1785 01:19:16,236 --> 01:19:19,105 SORRY, WE DON'T BELIEVE IN FLOW 1786 01:19:19,105 --> 01:19:19,372 CYTOMETRY. 1787 01:19:19,372 --> 01:19:19,773 IT'S A TOOL. 1788 01:19:19,773 --> 01:19:27,681 PUT IT IN THE TOOLBOX. 1789 01:19:27,681 --> 01:19:30,851 >> I WOULD AGAIN ECHO BOTH OF 1790 01:19:30,851 --> 01:19:31,384 YOU BEFORE. 1791 01:19:31,384 --> 01:19:32,686 IT IS A TOOL. 1792 01:19:32,686 --> 01:19:37,724 IT'S A GOOD TOOL. 1793 01:19:37,724 --> 01:19:40,527 IN FACT, I HAVE I FLOW FROM 1794 01:19:40,527 --> 01:19:43,463 FRIENDS THEY'RE GOING TO USE IT 1795 01:19:43,463 --> 01:19:47,033 TO PROVE THE BLOWUP OF THE DOSE 1796 01:19:47,033 --> 01:19:50,871 EQUATIONS WHICH IS A BIG DEAL IN 1797 01:19:50,871 --> 01:19:51,638 MATHEMATICS. 1798 01:19:51,638 --> 01:19:53,507 BUT IT IS A TOOL TO NEED TO 1799 01:19:53,507 --> 01:19:55,542 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. 1800 01:19:55,542 --> 01:19:58,612 AND IT'S VERY USEFUL BUT, YES, 1801 01:19:58,612 --> 01:20:02,449 IT'S LIKE CRANKING UP SOME 1802 01:20:02,449 --> 01:20:03,416 COMPUTER AND COMPUTING 1803 01:20:03,416 --> 01:20:03,683 SOMETHING. 1804 01:20:03,683 --> 01:20:05,418 YOU STILL HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 1805 01:20:05,418 --> 01:20:07,120 WHAT YOU'RE COMPUTING AND 1806 01:20:07,120 --> 01:20:07,754 MECHANISTIC MODELLING GIVES YOU 1807 01:20:07,754 --> 01:20:14,094 THAT. 1808 01:20:14,094 --> 01:20:16,796 >> GARY AND TAMARA WILL GET TO 1809 01:20:16,796 --> 01:20:19,666 TALK ABOUT IT BUT ONE THING WITH 1810 01:20:19,666 --> 01:20:21,868 DATA-BASED METHOD IS COUNTER 1811 01:20:21,868 --> 01:20:25,272 FACTUALS ARE NOT IN YOUR DATA 1812 01:20:25,272 --> 01:20:27,307 SET AND BASED ON EXPERIMENT, IF 1813 01:20:27,307 --> 01:20:29,009 NOTHING ELSE MECHANISTIC MODELS 1814 01:20:29,009 --> 01:20:31,177 WILL ALWAYS BE NEEDED TO 1815 01:20:31,177 --> 01:20:33,280 GENERATE THE TRAINING DATA SETS. 1816 01:20:33,280 --> 01:20:36,816 I BELIEVE THERE'S MUCH MORE THAN 1817 01:20:36,816 --> 01:20:38,518 THAT THAT MEC NIFT MODELLING IS 1818 01:20:38,518 --> 01:20:39,252 IMPORTANT FOR. 1819 01:20:39,252 --> 01:20:41,821 I'D LIKE TO COME BACK TO 1820 01:20:41,821 --> 01:20:44,324 SOMETHING JENNIFER TALKED ABOUT 1821 01:20:44,324 --> 01:20:47,627 THAT I THINK THINGS LIKE CHAT 1822 01:20:47,627 --> 01:20:48,461 GPT WILL BE TREMENDOUSLY 1823 01:20:48,461 --> 01:20:50,564 POWERFUL FOR MAKING MODELLING 1824 01:20:50,564 --> 01:20:51,665 MORE POWERFUL. 1825 01:20:51,665 --> 01:20:53,900 I USE CHAT GPT FOR CODING. 1826 01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,870 I'LL ASK IT TO GENERATE CODE 1827 01:20:56,870 --> 01:20:58,138 FOR. 1828 01:20:58,138 --> 01:21:03,677 IT ACTUALLY KNOWS COMPUCELL 1829 01:21:03,677 --> 01:21:06,580 SOFTWARE THAT WILL GENERATE THEM 1830 01:21:06,580 --> 01:21:08,615 WHICH IS AMAZING BECAUSE NOT 1831 01:21:08,615 --> 01:21:11,084 MANY OF US USE IT BUT YOU CAN 1832 01:21:11,084 --> 01:21:13,353 RUN IT AND SEE IF IT WORKS. 1833 01:21:13,353 --> 01:21:16,723 THERE'S A POSSIBILITY BY MAKING 1834 01:21:16,723 --> 01:21:19,693 THE BARRIER TO ENTRY MUCH LOWER 1835 01:21:19,693 --> 01:21:22,262 WE CAN PULL IN TO THE 1836 01:21:22,262 --> 01:21:23,797 MECHANISTIC MODELLING COMMUNITY 1837 01:21:23,797 --> 01:21:26,099 A MUCH BIGGER GROUP OF PEOPLE 1838 01:21:26,099 --> 01:21:27,667 THAN WERE AVAILABLE BEFORE. 1839 01:21:27,667 --> 01:21:29,202 BUILDING NETWORK MODELS IS 1840 01:21:29,202 --> 01:21:30,737 ANOTHER PLACE WHERE I THINK 1841 01:21:30,737 --> 01:21:34,741 THESE LLMs MAY BE VERY VALUABLE. 1842 01:21:34,741 --> 01:21:36,910 WE DON'T WANT TO THINK OF EACH 1843 01:21:36,910 --> 01:21:37,911 OTHER AS OPPOSED. 1844 01:21:37,911 --> 01:21:39,446 I THINK WE HAVE TO WORK TOGETHER 1845 01:21:39,446 --> 01:21:41,815 AND IDENTIFY THE BEST PLACES TO 1846 01:21:41,815 --> 01:21:43,650 WORK TOGETHER. 1847 01:21:43,650 --> 01:21:49,189 >> I'LL ADD THAT TOMORROW DURING 1848 01:21:49,189 --> 01:21:53,360 BREAKOUT SESSION 2, GEORGE AND 1849 01:21:53,360 --> 01:21:56,162 MAURICIO AND ALANA WILL HOST THE 1850 01:21:56,162 --> 01:21:57,764 MECHANISTIC BREAKOUT SESSION 1851 01:21:57,764 --> 01:22:00,867 TALKING ABOUT USING PHYSICS AND 1852 01:22:00,867 --> 01:22:02,569 FORM NEURAL NETWORKS USING CHAT 1853 01:22:02,569 --> 01:22:07,674 GPT AS WELL. 1854 01:22:07,674 --> 01:22:08,341 >> ALL RIGHT. 1855 01:22:08,341 --> 01:22:12,012 THE NEXT QUESTION IS REGARDING 1856 01:22:12,012 --> 01:22:14,414 NEW MATH FOR BIOLOGY. 1857 01:22:14,414 --> 01:22:15,782 THEY'RE INTERESTED IN HEARING 1858 01:22:15,782 --> 01:22:22,922 ABOUT EFFORTS IN NEW MATH OR 1859 01:22:22,922 --> 01:22:26,860 APPROACHES. 1860 01:22:26,860 --> 01:22:28,228 DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS OR 1861 01:22:28,228 --> 01:22:29,396 DIRECTION FOR NEW MATH? 1862 01:22:29,396 --> 01:22:32,032 THIS IS SPECIFICALLY RELATED TO 1863 01:22:32,032 --> 01:22:34,000 MOMENTUM OF QUANTUM SENSING 1864 01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:35,669 APPLICATION AND QUANTUM-DRIVEN 1865 01:22:35,669 --> 01:22:46,046 BEHAVIORS IN BIOLOGY. 1866 01:22:52,385 --> 01:22:53,553 >> THERE'S NOT THAT MANY 1867 01:22:53,553 --> 01:22:57,657 APPLICATIONS AT THE MOMENT WHERE 1868 01:22:57,657 --> 01:23:00,126 IT'S OBVIOUS HOW QUANTUM THINKS 1869 01:23:00,126 --> 01:23:01,261 COMES INTO PHYSIOLOGY. 1870 01:23:01,261 --> 01:23:07,667 THE TRANSPORT CHAIN IS ONE AND 1871 01:23:07,667 --> 01:23:11,705 THERE ARE EXAMPLES BUT IT'S 1872 01:23:11,705 --> 01:23:12,238 WORTH THINKING ABOUT THE 1873 01:23:12,238 --> 01:23:17,844 LINKAGE. 1874 01:23:17,844 --> 01:23:20,280 I'M FINDING IT INTERESTING IN 1875 01:23:20,280 --> 01:23:23,283 THINKING ABOUT THE WAY WE THINK 1876 01:23:23,283 --> 01:23:28,254 ABOUT INTROPY FROM A THERMAL 1877 01:23:28,254 --> 01:23:30,623 DYNAMIC REVIEW RATHER THAN HOW 1878 01:23:30,623 --> 01:23:34,627 THEORISTS THINK OF IT AS AN 1879 01:23:34,627 --> 01:23:39,933 INTRO PY PERSPECTIVE AND WE NEED 1880 01:23:39,933 --> 01:23:41,534 TO LEARN FROM PEOPLE THAT KNOW 1881 01:23:41,534 --> 01:23:44,738 ABOUT QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY 1882 01:23:44,738 --> 01:23:46,406 AND INTERBRIDGE THAT GAP BETWEEN 1883 01:23:46,406 --> 01:23:49,175 THE PHYSICS AND THERMO DYNAMICS 1884 01:23:49,175 --> 01:23:50,744 WORLD AND THE INFORMATION WORLD 1885 01:23:50,744 --> 01:23:56,282 THAT'S BECOMING SO VITAL TO MANY 1886 01:23:56,282 --> 01:24:00,520 OF THE CURRENT A.I. APPLICATION. 1887 01:24:00,520 --> 01:24:04,924 I DON'T HAVE ANY ANSWERS BUT 1888 01:24:04,924 --> 01:24:07,160 IT'S AN IMPORTANT AREA. 1889 01:24:07,160 --> 01:24:10,130 >> I'LL PUT A PLUG IN FOR 1890 01:24:10,130 --> 01:24:15,668 BREAKOUT SESSION NUMBER 4, 1891 01:24:15,668 --> 01:24:17,103 QUANTUM COMPUTING AND PERHAPS 1892 01:24:17,103 --> 01:24:17,837 THEY'LL DELVE INTO PERHAPS 1893 01:24:17,837 --> 01:24:26,713 QUANTUM SENSING. 1894 01:24:26,713 --> 01:24:29,516 >> GOING BACK TO OUR PREPARED 1895 01:24:29,516 --> 01:24:30,150 QUESTIONS, WHAT OPPORTUNITIES 1896 01:24:30,150 --> 01:24:33,586 HAVE OPENED UP FOR YOU AS A 1897 01:24:33,586 --> 01:24:44,130 RESULT OF YOUR MSM EXPERIENCES? 1898 01:24:45,598 --> 01:24:47,767 >> IN ATTENDING THIS MEETING 1899 01:24:47,767 --> 01:24:48,935 IT'S A GREAT LEARNING EXPERIENCE 1900 01:24:48,935 --> 01:24:49,169 FOR ME. 1901 01:24:49,169 --> 01:24:56,209 ALWAYS IS. 1902 01:24:56,209 --> 01:25:04,984 THE OPPORTUNITY TO ENGAGE AND 1903 01:25:04,984 --> 01:25:05,652 HIRE GREAT Ph.D. STUDENTS AND 1904 01:25:05,652 --> 01:25:07,287 THE INTERDISCIPLINARY EXPERIENCE 1905 01:25:07,287 --> 01:25:08,755 THEY GET IS FAR BEYOND ANYTHING 1906 01:25:08,755 --> 01:25:12,926 I SAW DURING MY Ph.D. FOR SURE. 1907 01:25:12,926 --> 01:25:15,295 THE THINGS THEY GO ON AND DO AND 1908 01:25:15,295 --> 01:25:22,001 YES, A LOT OF THEM ARE GOING TO 1909 01:25:22,001 --> 01:25:24,537 INDUSTRY NOW. 1910 01:25:24,537 --> 01:25:26,739 THE NEW COLLABORATIONS HAVE 1911 01:25:26,739 --> 01:25:29,309 MEANT A LOT TO ME PERSONALLY AND 1912 01:25:29,309 --> 01:25:30,476 PROFESSIONALLY AND THE 1913 01:25:30,476 --> 01:25:32,378 OPPORTUNITY TO GET INTO 1914 01:25:32,378 --> 01:25:33,479 LYMPHATICS AND EXPLORE THEM 1915 01:25:33,479 --> 01:25:35,181 FURTHER AND THE THINGS WE'RE 1916 01:25:35,181 --> 01:25:38,351 DOING NOW I NEVER DREAMED OF 1917 01:25:38,351 --> 01:25:41,321 DOING THIS KIND OF WORK WHEN I 1918 01:25:41,321 --> 01:25:43,957 WAS EARLIER IN MY CAREER. 1919 01:25:43,957 --> 01:25:51,064 AGAIN, I'M VERY THANKFUL FOR IT. 1920 01:25:51,064 --> 01:25:51,631 1921 01:25:51,631 --> 01:25:52,632 >> ANYONE ELSE? 1922 01:25:52,632 --> 01:25:53,833 ANY NEW OPPORTUNITIES YOUR 1923 01:25:53,833 --> 01:25:57,570 EXPERIENCES HAVE ALLOWED FOR? 1924 01:25:57,570 --> 01:26:00,340 >> I CAN PERHAPS COMMENT FROM 1925 01:26:00,340 --> 01:26:01,674 AGAIN A RATHER PERSONAL POINT OF 1926 01:26:01,674 --> 01:26:05,812 VIEW IN TERMS OF OUR WORK AT THE 1927 01:26:05,812 --> 01:26:07,280 BIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE. 1928 01:26:07,280 --> 01:26:09,182 WE BUILT THE INSTITUTE ON THE 1929 01:26:09,182 --> 01:26:14,087 PREMISE THAT YOU REALLY NEEDED 1930 01:26:14,087 --> 01:26:14,821 THREE THINGS. 1931 01:26:14,821 --> 01:26:18,925 YOU NEEDED TO BE DEVELOPING NEW 1932 01:26:18,925 --> 01:26:19,626 INSTRUMENTATION BECAUSE MOST NEW 1933 01:26:19,626 --> 01:26:21,427 SCIENCE COMES WHEN YOU THINK OF 1934 01:26:21,427 --> 01:26:24,063 A WAY OF DEVELOPING A NEW 1935 01:26:24,063 --> 01:26:25,865 INSTRUMENT. 1936 01:26:25,865 --> 01:26:27,233 NEED EXPERIMENTALISTS, CLINICAL 1937 01:26:27,233 --> 01:26:29,168 AND PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL 1938 01:26:29,168 --> 01:26:30,837 WORK OBVIOUSLY TO PROVIDE THE 1939 01:26:30,837 --> 01:26:32,839 DATA AND YOU NEED MODELLING TO 1940 01:26:32,839 --> 01:26:34,908 INTERPRET THE DATA. 1941 01:26:34,908 --> 01:26:36,342 THOSE THREE TOGETHER I THINK 1942 01:26:36,342 --> 01:26:40,713 WE'VE ALWAYS SEEN AS THE 1943 01:26:40,713 --> 01:26:43,683 FOUNDATION FOR THE BIO 1944 01:26:43,683 --> 01:26:44,584 ENGINEERING INSTITUTE. 1945 01:26:44,584 --> 01:26:47,253 WHAT I HADN'T ANTICIPATED FROM 1946 01:26:47,253 --> 01:26:50,723 THE INSTRUMENTATION SIDE WOULD 1947 01:26:50,723 --> 01:26:51,658 COME MEDICAL DEVICE 1948 01:26:51,658 --> 01:26:54,494 OPPORTUNITIES AND SPIN-OUT 1949 01:26:54,494 --> 01:26:55,228 COMPANY OPPORTUNITIES WHERE A 1950 01:26:55,228 --> 01:26:57,130 LOT OF STUDENTS IF YOU CREATE A 1951 01:26:57,130 --> 01:27:00,533 CULTURE AND AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE 1952 01:27:00,533 --> 01:27:02,502 THE SMALL NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO 1953 01:27:02,502 --> 01:27:03,803 REALLY DO WANT TO BECOME 1954 01:27:03,803 --> 01:27:06,205 ENTREPRENEURS AND KNOW HOW TO 1955 01:27:06,205 --> 01:27:08,207 DRIVE A COMPANY AND THAT BECOMES 1956 01:27:08,207 --> 01:27:10,977 THEIR DIRECTION, OPPOSED TO AN 1957 01:27:10,977 --> 01:27:12,712 ACADEMIC DIRECTION, IT BECOMES 1958 01:27:12,712 --> 01:27:17,850 EXTREMELY VALUABLE TO HAVE AN 1959 01:27:17,850 --> 01:27:22,355 ENVIRONMENT WHERE THOSE PEOPLE 1960 01:27:22,355 --> 01:27:23,289 CAN REALLY DEVELOP THEIR SKILLS 1961 01:27:23,289 --> 01:27:25,358 AND END UP CREATING COMPANIES 1962 01:27:25,358 --> 01:27:27,327 THAT EMPLOYEE THE GRADUATES THAT 1963 01:27:27,327 --> 01:27:31,331 COME OUT OF THAT FROM OTHER 1964 01:27:31,331 --> 01:27:33,766 PEOPLE. 1965 01:27:33,766 --> 01:27:37,737 -- IT'S VERY MULTIDISCIPLINARY 1966 01:27:37,737 --> 01:27:40,673 AND YOU GET SERENDIPITOUS 1967 01:27:40,673 --> 01:27:41,474 OUTCOMES YOU WOULDN'T ANTICIPATE 1968 01:27:41,474 --> 01:27:43,376 FROM THE START AND THAT COULD BE 1969 01:27:43,376 --> 01:27:46,012 VERY IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF 1970 01:27:46,012 --> 01:27:46,813 MAINTAINING THE ORIGINAL 1971 01:27:46,813 --> 01:27:49,482 INFRASTRUCTURE AND OFFERING 1972 01:27:49,482 --> 01:27:51,217 OPPORTUNITIES FOR JOBS FOR THE 1973 01:27:51,217 --> 01:27:51,684 GRADUATES. 1974 01:27:51,684 --> 01:27:53,286 THAT WAS ANN UNEXPECTED 1975 01:27:53,286 --> 01:27:56,022 ADVANTAGE FOR US IN HAVING 1976 01:27:56,022 --> 01:27:59,692 CREATE THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY 1977 01:27:59,692 --> 01:28:01,828 ENVIRONMENT. 1978 01:28:01,828 --> 01:28:03,563 >> DENISE, LET ME KNOW ON 1979 01:28:03,563 --> 01:28:04,097 TIMING. 1980 01:28:04,097 --> 01:28:06,232 >> WE HEARD THE COFFEE AND TEA 1981 01:28:06,232 --> 01:28:08,634 IS HERE AND WAITING FOR US. 1982 01:28:08,634 --> 01:28:10,603 BEFORE IT GETS COLD WE COULD 1983 01:28:10,603 --> 01:28:12,572 ADJOURN UNLESS THERE'S OTHER 1984 01:28:12,572 --> 01:28:12,839 COMMENTS? 1985 01:28:12,839 --> 01:28:14,907 >> I THOUGHT IT MIGHT BE A GOOD 1986 01:28:14,907 --> 01:28:18,811 IDEA TO HAVE THEM ALL HAVE A 1987 01:28:18,811 --> 01:28:20,346 CLOSING COMMENT SINCE WE HAVE 1988 01:28:20,346 --> 01:28:21,147 SOME TIME IN THE SESSION. 1989 01:28:21,147 --> 01:28:22,982 >> WE'LL GO DOWN THE ROAD. 1990 01:28:22,982 --> 01:28:27,787 JIMMY, DO YOU WANT TO START? 1991 01:28:27,787 --> 01:28:29,822 >> ONE OF THE THINGS IS CURRENT 1992 01:28:29,822 --> 01:28:33,826 AND FUTURE PLANS. 1993 01:28:33,826 --> 01:28:36,396 I ENJOYED DENISE'S TALK THIS 1994 01:28:36,396 --> 01:28:38,464 MORNING AND MADE A LOT OF NOTES. 1995 01:28:38,464 --> 01:28:45,805 WE'RE ALSO HEADING MORE IN THE 1996 01:28:45,805 --> 01:28:46,305 LYMPH NODES. 1997 01:28:46,305 --> 01:28:47,974 YOU HAVE 500 IN YOUR BODY AND 1998 01:28:47,974 --> 01:28:51,978 THEY'RE CRUCIAL FOR LOTS OF 1999 01:28:51,978 --> 01:28:52,245 DISEASES. 2000 01:28:52,245 --> 01:28:56,849 THERE'S AN ISO TROPIC DIFFUSION 2001 01:28:56,849 --> 01:28:59,185 TO INFECTION DIFFUSION REACTION 2002 01:28:59,185 --> 01:29:00,053 EQUATIONS AND ALL SORTS OF 2003 01:29:00,053 --> 01:29:01,554 THINGS INTERESTING TO STUDY 2004 01:29:01,554 --> 01:29:03,356 THERE SO THAT'S WHERE I'M 2005 01:29:03,356 --> 01:29:03,589 HEADING. 2006 01:29:03,589 --> 01:29:04,257 PROBABLY KEEP ME BUSY THE REST 2007 01:29:04,257 --> 01:29:07,794 OF MY CAREER. 2008 01:29:07,794 --> 01:29:11,130 >> I THINK MY FINAL COMMENT 2009 01:29:11,130 --> 01:29:12,899 WOULD JUST BE THAT BIO 2010 01:29:12,899 --> 01:29:16,803 ENGINEERING AND PHYSIOLOGY 2011 01:29:16,803 --> 01:29:18,838 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING 2012 01:29:18,838 --> 01:29:20,473 MULTISCALE MODELING IS AN 2013 01:29:20,473 --> 01:29:21,174 INCREDIBLY INTERESTING FIELD 2014 01:29:21,174 --> 01:29:23,743 BECAUSE IT EVOLVES -- YOU THINK 2015 01:29:23,743 --> 01:29:26,279 OF ANY PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN 2016 01:29:26,279 --> 01:29:28,514 THE BODY AND INVOLVES ALL OF 2017 01:29:28,514 --> 01:29:29,248 ENGINEERING, EVERY PROCESS WILL 2018 01:29:29,248 --> 01:29:30,983 REQUIRE YOU TO THINK ABOUT 2019 01:29:30,983 --> 01:29:35,888 ELECTRICAL CHARGE, TRANSFER, 2020 01:29:35,888 --> 01:29:37,623 MACAQUES, BIO CHEMICAL HEAT 2021 01:29:37,623 --> 01:29:38,391 TRANSFER, WHATEVER. 2022 01:29:38,391 --> 01:29:39,592 WHAT OTHER DISCIPLINE GIVES YOU 2023 01:29:39,592 --> 01:29:42,695 THE ABILITY TO PULL IN ALL THOSE 2024 01:29:42,695 --> 01:29:44,730 VAST ARRAY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT 2025 01:29:44,730 --> 01:29:46,599 PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING AND 2026 01:29:46,599 --> 01:29:48,301 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE 2027 01:29:48,301 --> 01:29:50,336 AND ON AND IT REALLY REQUIRES 2028 01:29:50,336 --> 01:29:53,206 ALL OF THOSE DISCIPLINES TO BE 2029 01:29:53,206 --> 01:29:54,440 WORKING TOGETHER TO SOLVE THESE 2030 01:29:54,440 --> 01:29:55,308 PROBLEMS. 2031 01:29:55,308 --> 01:29:57,577 I THINK IT'S A VERY VERY 2032 01:29:57,577 --> 01:29:58,578 PROMISING EXCITING FIELD FOR 2033 01:29:58,578 --> 01:30:04,917 YOUNG PEOPLE TO GET INTO. 2034 01:30:04,917 --> 01:30:07,753 >> I'D SAY THAT WE'RE STILL ONLY 2035 01:30:07,753 --> 01:30:11,624 BEGINNING TO APPRECIATE THE 2036 01:30:11,624 --> 01:30:13,826 COMPLEXITY OF MULTISCALE 2037 01:30:13,826 --> 01:30:14,360 BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS. 2038 01:30:14,360 --> 01:30:16,662 IN A SENSE WHAT WE NEED IS 2039 01:30:16,662 --> 01:30:16,929 PATIENCE. 2040 01:30:16,929 --> 01:30:19,632 PATIENCE IN DEVELOPING TOOLS. 2041 01:30:19,632 --> 01:30:21,467 PATIENCE IN DEVELOPING 2042 01:30:21,467 --> 01:30:21,734 COMMUNITY. 2043 01:30:21,734 --> 01:30:23,102 PATIENCE IN DEVELOPING 2044 01:30:23,102 --> 01:30:23,970 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING. 2045 01:30:23,970 --> 01:30:25,671 I DON'T THINK WE'LL BE OUT OF 2046 01:30:25,671 --> 01:30:29,342 PROBLEMS IN 10 YEARS OR EVEN 20 2047 01:30:29,342 --> 01:30:29,542 YEARS. 2048 01:30:29,542 --> 01:30:32,011 SO I THINK LONG-TERM 2049 01:30:32,011 --> 01:30:34,914 PERSPECTIVES FOR TOOLS AND 2050 01:30:34,914 --> 01:30:35,748 SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT ARE 2051 01:30:35,748 --> 01:30:37,250 IMPORTANT AND IT'S NOT ALWAYS 2052 01:30:37,250 --> 01:30:40,553 EASY TO MAINTAIN THE FOCUS. 2053 01:30:40,553 --> 01:30:42,188 IT'S WONDERFUL IMAG HAS BEEN 2054 01:30:42,188 --> 01:30:43,589 HERE 20 YEARS. 2055 01:30:43,589 --> 01:30:47,193 THAT'S A LONGER PERIOD OF 2056 01:30:47,193 --> 01:30:49,061 ATTENTION THAN MOST TOPICS HAVE. 2057 01:30:49,061 --> 01:30:50,930 AND I THINK YOU HAVE AT LEAST 20 2058 01:30:50,930 --> 01:30:51,464 YEARS MORE OF PROBLEMS TO 2059 01:30:51,464 --> 01:30:57,203 ADDRESS. 2060 01:30:57,203 --> 01:31:01,340 >> ALL AGREE WITH ALL MY BUDDIES 2061 01:31:01,340 --> 01:31:01,541 HERE. 2062 01:31:01,541 --> 01:31:04,544 THERE'S AMAZING THINGS WE CAN DO 2063 01:31:04,544 --> 01:31:07,079 IN THE NEXT COUPLE DECADES. 2064 01:31:07,079 --> 01:31:08,848 I HOPE WE CAN GET YOUNG 2065 01:31:08,848 --> 01:31:09,949 SCIENTISTS TO JOIN US. 2066 01:31:09,949 --> 01:31:11,584 WE'LL NEED ALL THEIR BRAINS AND 2067 01:31:11,584 --> 01:31:13,352 ENERGY TO SOLVE SOME OF THE 2068 01:31:13,352 --> 01:31:14,554 REALLY BIG PROBLEMS IN THE 2069 01:31:14,554 --> 01:31:14,754 WORLD. 2070 01:31:14,754 --> 01:31:22,862 >> I'D LIKE TO ECHO ALL MY 2071 01:31:22,862 --> 01:31:25,131 PREVIOUS SPEAKERS AND EXPRESS MY 2072 01:31:25,131 --> 01:31:27,066 GRATITUDE FOR THE FUNDING THAT 2073 01:31:27,066 --> 01:31:31,170 GAVE OUR GROUP THE CRITICAL MASS 2074 01:31:31,170 --> 01:31:36,075 AND CREDIBILITY TO DO WONDERFUL 2075 01:31:36,075 --> 01:31:38,911 WORK AND AUTO SPECIALLY LAUNCH 2076 01:31:38,911 --> 01:31:40,479 CAREERS OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS WHO 2077 01:31:40,479 --> 01:31:43,683 NOW HAVE FACULTY POSITIONS HERE 2078 01:31:43,683 --> 01:31:49,188 AND EVEN IN CHINA. 2079 01:31:49,188 --> 01:31:52,592 >> GREGOR WAS SAYING AM I THE 2080 01:31:52,592 --> 01:31:53,926 ONLY MSM FUNDED PROJECT AND I 2081 01:31:53,926 --> 01:31:57,463 SAID IT WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN MSM 2082 01:31:57,463 --> 01:31:59,165 AND NIH AND NASA AND NSF FUNDING 2083 01:31:59,165 --> 01:32:00,199 IN THE EARLY DAYS. 2084 01:32:00,199 --> 01:32:04,136 I WANT TO THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR 2085 01:32:04,136 --> 01:32:05,905 COMMENTS BUT ALSO ON THIS WIKI 2086 01:32:05,905 --> 01:32:09,775 PAGE YOU'LL SEE THE SURVEY THAT 2087 01:32:09,775 --> 01:32:10,443 AHMET ERDEMIR CONDUCTED. 2088 01:32:10,443 --> 01:32:13,813 IT'S REALLY A SHAME HE COULDN'T 2089 01:32:13,813 --> 01:32:15,481 BE HERE TODAY BECAUSE OF TRAVEL 2090 01:32:15,481 --> 01:32:15,748 ISSUES. 2091 01:32:15,748 --> 01:32:17,950 HE WAS ACTUALLY THE INSPIRATION 2092 01:32:17,950 --> 01:32:20,253 FOR THE MEETING AND SAID, HEY, 2093 01:32:20,253 --> 01:32:22,288 LET'S PULL THESE ORIGINAL PEOPLE 2094 01:32:22,288 --> 01:32:23,689 AND SEE WHAT THESE 20 YEARS DID 2095 01:32:23,689 --> 01:32:26,892 WITH THEM. 2096 01:32:26,892 --> 01:32:27,960 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM. 2097 01:32:27,960 --> 01:32:29,662 IF YOU ALL CAN LOOK AT THE 2098 01:32:29,662 --> 01:32:31,197 SURVEY THAT'S IN THE WIKI AND 2099 01:32:31,197 --> 01:32:35,301 LOOK AT THE SURVEY RESPONSES AND 2100 01:32:35,301 --> 01:32:36,702 LOOK AT AHMET'S SYNTHESIS OF 2101 01:32:36,702 --> 01:32:38,237 THESE RESPONSES HE WOULD HAVE 2102 01:32:38,237 --> 01:32:39,772 PRESENTED TO YOU. 2103 01:32:39,772 --> 01:32:40,573 UNFORTUNATELY THE SOUND SYSTEM 2104 01:32:40,573 --> 01:32:42,074 DIDN'T WORK FOR THAT BUT HE 2105 01:32:42,074 --> 01:32:44,944 WOULD LOVE TO HEAR YOUR 2106 01:32:44,944 --> 01:32:45,578 COMMENTS. 2107 01:32:45,578 --> 01:32:47,880 AS WELL AS HE HAS SAID PLEASE 2108 01:32:47,880 --> 01:32:51,717 FEEL FREE TO DOWNLOAD THE SURVEY 2109 01:32:51,717 --> 01:32:53,886 FORM AND FILL IT OUT YOURSELVES 2110 01:32:53,886 --> 01:32:55,187 EVEN IF YOU HAVEN'T BEEN DOING 2111 01:32:55,187 --> 01:32:56,222 IT 20 YEARS HE'D LIKE TO SEE 2112 01:32:56,222 --> 01:32:58,224 YOUR THOUGHTS. 2113 01:32:58,224 --> 01:32:59,191 I'LL END THERE AND THANK 2114 01:32:59,191 --> 01:33:07,700 EVERYONE AGAIN. 2115 01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:09,402 SO BEFORE EVERYONE GETS UP I'D 2116 01:33:09,402 --> 01:33:10,469 LIKE ALL THE IMAG FOLKS IN THE 2117 01:33:10,469 --> 01:33:15,608 ROOM TO STAND UP TO BE 2118 01:33:15,608 --> 01:33:18,711 RECOGNIZED THE IMAG FOLKS HAVE A 2119 01:33:18,711 --> 01:33:20,079 BLUE STICKER ON THEIR BADGES. 2120 01:33:20,079 --> 01:33:22,748 IF YOU'RE IMAG, PLEASE STAND UP 2121 01:33:22,748 --> 01:33:27,320 AND WAVE. 2122 01:33:27,320 --> 01:33:30,456 WE'RE CELEBRATING YOU FEEL FREE 2123 01:33:30,456 --> 01:33:31,657 TO STOP THEM WHEN YOU'RE 2124 01:33:31,657 --> 01:33:33,092 DRINKING YOUR COFFEE AND ASK 2125 01:33:33,092 --> 01:33:35,695 THEM WHAT AGENCY YOU'RE FROM. 2126 01:33:35,695 --> 01:33:37,697 WE HAVE 10-PLUS GOVERNMENT 2127 01:33:37,697 --> 01:33:39,465 AGENCIES IN IMAG ALL INTERESTED 2128 01:33:39,465 --> 01:33:43,803 IN PROMOTING MODELLING FOR 2129 01:33:43,803 --> 01:33:46,439 BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL 2130 01:33:46,439 --> 01:33:46,672 SYSTEM. 2131 01:33:46,672 --> 01:33:48,708 ENJOY YOUR COFFEE AND SEE AND 2132 01:33:48,708 --> 01:33:49,775 WE'LL MEET HERE JUST BEFORE 2133 01:33:49,775 --> 01:33:51,626 10:50. 2134 01:33:51,626 --> 01:33:52,827 GOOD MORNING. 2135 01:33:52,827 --> 01:33:53,595 I'M FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 2136 01:33:53,595 --> 01:33:56,464 WASHINGTON FROM SEATTLE. 2137 01:33:56,464 --> 01:34:01,503 WE'RE STARTING THE PATH TO 2138 01:34:01,503 --> 01:34:01,937 CREDIBILITY. 2139 01:34:01,937 --> 01:34:07,309 THE IDEA THAT I WAS INSPIRED BY 2140 01:34:07,309 --> 01:34:09,978 THE GROUP DID ON THE 10 RULES OF 2141 01:34:09,978 --> 01:34:10,579 CREDIBILITY. 2142 01:34:10,579 --> 01:34:11,780 I'M INTERESTED IN THE IDEA OF 2143 01:34:11,780 --> 01:34:22,157 CREDIBILITY OF MODELS. 2144 01:34:28,897 --> 01:34:30,165 I'LL TALK ABOUT STANDARDS 2145 01:34:30,165 --> 01:34:40,642 WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT. 2146 01:34:48,884 --> 01:34:53,188 I AM A MICROBIOLOGIST IN THE A 2147 01:34:53,188 --> 01:34:56,458 COMPUTER SCIENTIST. 2148 01:34:56,458 --> 01:34:58,593 I UNDERSTAND MY PEOPLE RESISTED 2149 01:34:58,593 --> 01:34:59,928 BECAUSE WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS TO 2150 01:34:59,928 --> 01:35:01,363 USING STANDARDS. 2151 01:35:01,363 --> 01:35:02,731 I'LL TRY TO CONVINCE YOU THERE 2152 01:35:02,731 --> 01:35:08,203 ARE REAL BENEFITS. 2153 01:35:08,203 --> 01:35:15,510 FIRST SOME HISTORY. 2154 01:35:15,510 --> 01:35:18,613 THERE WEREN'T MANY MODELERS 2155 01:35:18,613 --> 01:35:18,813 THEN. 2156 01:35:18,813 --> 01:35:21,249 ONLY THREE MODELLING TOOLS 2157 01:35:21,249 --> 01:35:22,284 WIDELY USED AT THAT TIME ON THE 2158 01:35:22,284 --> 01:35:32,527 ENTIRE PLANET. 2159 01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:42,337 IT WAS A SMALL COMMUNITY AND 2160 01:35:42,337 --> 01:35:43,138 THEY WERE SMALL. 2161 01:35:43,138 --> 01:35:43,638 VERY FRIENDLY LIKE THIS 2162 01:35:43,638 --> 01:35:50,445 COMMUNITY HERE. 2163 01:35:50,445 --> 01:35:53,381 PEOPLE WANTED TO CHANGE MODELS 2164 01:35:53,381 --> 01:35:54,482 BETWEEN THE TOOLS BECAUSE 2165 01:35:54,482 --> 01:35:55,550 DIFFERENT TOOLS HAVE DIFFERENT 2166 01:35:55,550 --> 01:35:56,318 STRENGTHS. 2167 01:35:56,318 --> 01:35:58,586 WE STARTED THINKING ABOUT THIS. 2168 01:35:58,586 --> 01:36:03,325 YES, SO IT WAS MYSELF, PEDRO 2169 01:36:03,325 --> 01:36:09,331 MENDEZ, YANI HOFFMYER AND OTHERS 2170 01:36:09,331 --> 01:36:11,333 AS WELL STARTED THINKING ABOUT A 2171 01:36:11,333 --> 01:36:14,369 FILE FORMAT HOW PEOPLE CAN 2172 01:36:14,369 --> 01:36:15,670 EXPORT AND REIMPORT INTO ANOTHER 2173 01:36:15,670 --> 01:36:25,780 TOOL. 2174 01:36:29,451 --> 01:36:39,928 OF ALL THE AREAS ACADEMIC SHELF 2175 01:36:40,161 --> 01:36:44,766 WEAR HAS A SHORT SHELF LIFE AND 2176 01:36:44,766 --> 01:36:46,568 I REALIZE THE WAY TO PRESERVE 2177 01:36:46,568 --> 01:36:47,268 THEM WAS TO HAVE A COMMON 2178 01:36:47,268 --> 01:36:52,941 STANDARD. 2179 01:36:52,941 --> 01:36:54,542 THOUGH THE TOOLS DIED THE MODEL 2180 01:36:54,542 --> 01:36:54,976 LIVED ON. 2181 01:36:54,976 --> 01:36:57,145 I CAN LOAD IN MODELS PUBLISHED 2182 01:36:57,145 --> 01:36:59,047 IN 2003 AND STILL GET THEM TO 2183 01:36:59,047 --> 01:37:09,224 RUN TODAY. 2184 01:37:10,959 --> 01:37:12,394 THE WORLD WAS CHANGING AT THE 2185 01:37:12,394 --> 01:37:16,831 TIME ESPECIALLY IN THE U.S. A 2186 01:37:16,831 --> 01:37:25,407 PUSH TO GO SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND 2187 01:37:25,407 --> 01:37:26,841 THE REST OF THE WORLD NOTICED 2188 01:37:26,841 --> 01:37:28,843 AND THERE WAS A PROGRAM THAT 2189 01:37:28,843 --> 01:37:30,712 BASICALLY WAS JAPANESE 2190 01:37:30,712 --> 01:37:31,679 GOVERNMENT GIVING OUT BLANK 2191 01:37:31,679 --> 01:37:33,214 CHECKS TO SENIOR PEOPLE TO SPEND 2192 01:37:33,214 --> 01:37:33,948 MONEY ON WHAT THEY THOUGHT WAS 2193 01:37:33,948 --> 01:37:44,125 IMPORTANT. 2194 01:37:52,033 --> 01:37:55,270 HIRAKI KATAN WAS ONE OF THOSE 2195 01:37:55,270 --> 01:37:59,941 AND WE HAD A HOME TO THAT 2196 01:37:59,941 --> 01:38:03,211 PROJECT IN CAL TECH IN PASADENA. 2197 01:38:03,211 --> 01:38:07,649 I WAS A COMPUTER CONSULTANT FOR 2198 01:38:07,649 --> 01:38:10,885 THE FINE ARTS COMMUNITY IN 2199 01:38:10,885 --> 01:38:12,120 EDINBURGH AND HAD A LOT OF FUN 2200 01:38:12,120 --> 01:38:16,825 AND ENDED UP IN ACADEMIA IN 2201 01:38:16,825 --> 01:38:27,135 PASADENA IN 2000. 2202 01:38:30,905 --> 01:38:31,940 THE BIG SURPRISE WAS IT SPURRED 2203 01:38:31,940 --> 01:38:35,076 AN ENTIRE COMMUNITY THAT 2204 01:38:35,076 --> 01:38:38,146 EMERGED. 2205 01:38:38,146 --> 01:38:44,819 AT THE SAME TIME, PETER HUNTER 2206 01:38:44,819 --> 01:38:49,324 WAS WORKING ON A STANDARD. 2207 01:38:49,324 --> 01:38:51,793 BOTH ARE STILL GOING. 2208 01:38:51,793 --> 01:38:54,429 WHAT'S SURPRISING IS A VIBRANT 2209 01:38:54,429 --> 01:38:55,129 COMMUNITY EMERGED. 2210 01:38:55,129 --> 01:38:57,098 IT'S LIKE AN EXCHANGE STANDARD 2211 01:38:57,098 --> 01:38:59,067 FOR EXCHANGING MODELS. 2212 01:38:59,067 --> 01:39:01,236 WHAT'S EXCITING ABOUT THAT. 2213 01:39:01,236 --> 01:39:06,541 MY PASSION IS HOW CELLS WORK NOT 2214 01:39:06,541 --> 01:39:07,609 STANDARDS. 2215 01:39:07,609 --> 01:39:13,014 I'VE WRITTEN MORE ON HOW 2216 01:39:13,014 --> 01:39:16,317 METABOLISM IS REGULATED THAN 2217 01:39:16,317 --> 01:39:16,584 STANDARDS. 2218 01:39:16,584 --> 01:39:17,252 A NECESSARY EVIL I RECOGNIZED AT 2219 01:39:17,252 --> 01:39:18,887 THE TIME. 2220 01:39:18,887 --> 01:39:20,054 A WHOLE SERIES OF NEW EFFORTS 2221 01:39:20,054 --> 01:39:28,329 AND STANDARDS EMERGED. 2222 01:39:28,329 --> 01:39:29,531 PACKAGED FOR THE DIAGRAMS WE USE 2223 01:39:29,531 --> 01:39:39,107 IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. 2224 01:39:39,107 --> 01:39:39,374 [OFF-MIC] 2225 01:39:39,374 --> 01:39:44,045 >> IT'S NOT SHARE? 2226 01:39:44,045 --> 01:39:44,812 -- SHARING? 2227 01:39:44,812 --> 01:39:55,123 IS IT SHARING NOW? 2228 01:39:55,590 --> 01:39:56,991 SEE IF YOU CAN FIND THE CONTROL 2229 01:39:56,991 --> 01:39:59,961 PANEL. 2230 01:39:59,961 --> 01:40:04,832 >> I DIDN'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT. 2231 01:40:04,832 --> 01:40:15,076 >> IT'S OKAY. 2232 01:40:29,490 --> 01:40:31,593 >> THE MINUTE YOU HAVE A 2233 01:40:31,593 --> 01:40:33,928 STANDARD PEOPLE START COLLECTING 2234 01:40:33,928 --> 01:40:35,330 MODELS TOGETHER SO REPOSITORIES 2235 01:40:35,330 --> 01:40:35,997 WERE BORN. 2236 01:40:35,997 --> 01:40:37,298 THERE'S A BUNCH OF REPOSITORIES 2237 01:40:37,298 --> 01:40:40,034 NOW IN EXISTENCE. 2238 01:40:40,034 --> 01:40:41,569 THEY HOLD LITERALLY THOUSANDS OF 2239 01:40:41,569 --> 01:40:47,642 MODELS NOW. 2240 01:40:47,642 --> 01:40:58,052 EITHER IN SPML OR ISPML. 2241 01:40:59,087 --> 01:41:01,255 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN MORE 2242 01:41:01,255 --> 01:41:03,524 THERE'S A WHOLE HISTORY WRITTEN 2243 01:41:03,524 --> 01:41:05,093 ON THE COMBINE. 2244 01:41:05,093 --> 01:41:06,227 THE NEW ORGANIZATION WAS FORMED 2245 01:41:06,227 --> 01:41:16,504 CALLED COMBINE. 2246 01:41:17,605 --> 01:41:23,111 THERE'S MORE ON WIKIPEDIA CAN 2247 01:41:23,111 --> 01:41:23,978 READ ABOUT AND THE COMMUNITY 2248 01:41:23,978 --> 01:41:24,479 GETS TOGETHER. 2249 01:41:24,479 --> 01:41:26,981 THE OTHER THING I WANT TO 2250 01:41:26,981 --> 01:41:30,285 EMPHASIZE GRACE MENTIONED IN 2251 01:41:30,285 --> 01:41:34,589 RESPECT TO IMAG THE EFFORTS ARE 2252 01:41:34,589 --> 01:41:34,889 GRASSROOTS. 2253 01:41:34,889 --> 01:41:36,658 THERE'S NO TOP DOWN OR 2254 01:41:36,658 --> 01:41:37,725 HIERARCHY. 2255 01:41:37,725 --> 01:41:38,459 SOMETHING HAPPENS BECAUSE 2256 01:41:38,459 --> 01:41:40,194 SOMEBODY COMES IN AND SAYS I 2257 01:41:40,194 --> 01:41:42,397 NEED X TO HAPPEN AND NEED TO BE 2258 01:41:42,397 --> 01:41:44,065 ABLE TO MODEL THIS OR THAT AND 2259 01:41:44,065 --> 01:41:45,266 THE COMMUNITY STARTS TO -- 2260 01:41:45,266 --> 01:41:46,301 PEOPLE BREAK OFF AND FORM SMALL 2261 01:41:46,301 --> 01:41:50,004 GROUPS AND THEN IT COMES BACK 2262 01:41:50,004 --> 01:41:51,372 AND THE WHOLE WORK GETS FOLDED 2263 01:41:51,372 --> 01:41:53,908 INTO A STANDARD. 2264 01:41:53,908 --> 01:41:55,476 WHEN PEOPLE COMPLAIN TO ME YOU 2265 01:41:55,476 --> 01:41:56,944 CAN'T DO SOMETHING, I SET GET 2266 01:41:56,944 --> 01:41:57,578 INVOLVED AND YOU'LL GET IT. 2267 01:41:57,578 --> 01:42:05,219 IT WILL HAPPEN. 2268 01:42:05,219 --> 01:42:08,589 I JUST WANT TO EMPHASIZE THAT. 2269 01:42:08,589 --> 01:42:11,292 WHEN WE GET TO THIS -- TODAY. 2270 01:42:11,292 --> 01:42:14,662 SO THERE'S A CALL DEVELOPED IN 2271 01:42:14,662 --> 01:42:16,030 THE FIRST 10 YEARS AND AFTER 2272 01:42:16,030 --> 01:42:17,865 THAT THE EXTENSION MECHANISM WAS 2273 01:42:17,865 --> 01:42:21,169 CREATED WHERE YOU CAN ADD 2274 01:42:21,169 --> 01:42:24,839 PACKAGES EXTENSION PACKAGES TO 2275 01:42:24,839 --> 01:42:28,276 SBML AND THEY WERE SUPPORT IMAG. 2276 01:42:28,276 --> 01:42:28,976 PROBABLY GRACE DIDN'T REALIZE IT 2277 01:42:28,976 --> 01:42:31,212 WAS HAPPENING AT THE TIME BUT IT 2278 01:42:31,212 --> 01:42:31,379 WAS. 2279 01:42:31,379 --> 01:42:33,815 YOU GET A GRANT AND DO OTHER 2280 01:42:33,815 --> 01:42:35,883 THINGS SOMETIMES. 2281 01:42:35,883 --> 01:42:41,856 A COUPLE OF THESE EFFORTS 2282 01:42:41,856 --> 01:42:42,590 MATERIAL 2283 01:42:42,590 --> 01:42:43,858 MATERIALIZED BECAUSE OF THAT AND 2284 01:42:43,858 --> 01:42:47,595 THESE MODELS AND LAST YEAR A 2285 01:42:47,595 --> 01:42:50,698 SPECK WAS REWRITTEN. 2286 01:42:50,698 --> 01:42:53,968 WE HAD MODULAR MODELS IT HASN'T 2287 01:42:53,968 --> 01:42:56,270 BEEN USED SO MUCH BUT WE CAN 2288 01:42:56,270 --> 01:42:58,439 BREAK UP A MODEL INTO SUB MODELS 2289 01:42:58,439 --> 01:43:00,541 AND THEN COMBINE THEM AT THE END 2290 01:43:00,541 --> 01:43:02,477 OR SWAP NEW MODELS IN OR OUT. 2291 01:43:02,477 --> 01:43:04,445 DISTRIBUTE OF UNCERTAINTIES AND 2292 01:43:04,445 --> 01:43:04,779 VISUALIZATION. 2293 01:43:04,779 --> 01:43:10,084 BY FAR THE MOST POPULAR ONE OF 2294 01:43:10,084 --> 01:43:14,822 ALL WAS CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELS 2295 01:43:14,822 --> 01:43:15,690 AND ADD EXTRA INFORMATION 2296 01:43:15,690 --> 01:43:17,325 SPECIFIC TO THE MODELS. 2297 01:43:17,325 --> 01:43:19,460 GENOME SCALE MODELS WAS BY FAR 2298 01:43:19,460 --> 01:43:21,996 THE MOST POPULAR PACKAGE OR 2299 01:43:21,996 --> 01:43:27,468 POPULAR USE OF SBML. 2300 01:43:27,468 --> 01:43:30,405 THERE'S HUGE DATABASES OF MODELS 2301 01:43:30,405 --> 01:43:32,507 ENTIRELY IN SBML. 2302 01:43:32,507 --> 01:43:35,076 THIS IS MAINLY THE DEPARTMENT OF 2303 01:43:35,076 --> 01:43:40,882 ENERGY EFFORT. 2304 01:43:40,882 --> 01:43:42,116 THERE'S OTHER THINGS HELPED 2305 01:43:42,116 --> 01:43:46,888 ALONG THE WAY THROUGH IMAG. 2306 01:43:46,888 --> 01:43:48,823 THE VISUALIZATION STANDARD. 2307 01:43:48,823 --> 01:43:53,194 VERY SUBTLE STANDARDS AND THERE 2308 01:43:53,194 --> 01:43:54,195 WAS UML. 2309 01:43:54,195 --> 01:43:57,665 THERE WAS A HUGE PUSH FROM IMAG 2310 01:43:57,665 --> 01:44:00,802 RESOURCES AND THERE'S AN ENTIRE 2311 01:44:00,802 --> 01:44:02,470 PACKAGING MECHANISM THAT SLOWLY 2312 01:44:02,470 --> 01:44:03,671 IS BEING ROLLED OUT THAT LETS 2313 01:44:03,671 --> 01:44:05,206 YOU PACKAGE EVERYTHING YOU NEED 2314 01:44:05,206 --> 01:44:08,910 FOR A MODEL INTO BASICALLY ONE 2315 01:44:08,910 --> 01:44:15,082 ZIP FILE ESSENTIAL BUT IT'S A 2316 01:44:15,082 --> 01:44:18,119 BIT LIKE A WORD FILE IF YOU 2317 01:44:18,119 --> 01:44:19,854 EXCHANGE THE EXTENSION TO ZIP 2318 01:44:19,854 --> 01:44:21,255 IT'S LIKE A ZIP FILE AND IT'S 2319 01:44:21,255 --> 01:44:22,290 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO DESCRIBE 2320 01:44:22,290 --> 01:44:22,790 A DOCUMENT. 2321 01:44:22,790 --> 01:44:25,059 SAME THING IS IN THIS CASE. 2322 01:44:25,059 --> 01:44:33,868 VARIOUS THINGS HAVE COME OUT OF 2323 01:44:33,868 --> 01:44:35,403 IMAG OF A RESULT AND INITIALLY 2324 01:44:35,403 --> 01:44:37,071 THE FUNDING CAME FROM JAPAN AND 2325 01:44:37,071 --> 01:44:40,408 THEN TAKEN OVER BY DARPA AND 2326 01:44:40,408 --> 01:44:43,411 THEN THE DOD AND THEN NIH AND 2327 01:44:43,411 --> 01:44:51,118 ALSO SUPPLEMENTED BY IMAG. 2328 01:44:51,118 --> 01:44:52,820 HERE'S SOME TERMINOLOGY AND 2329 01:44:52,820 --> 01:44:54,789 WE'LL MOVE INTO THE NEXT TALK IN 2330 01:44:54,789 --> 01:44:56,123 A MINUTE BUT WHAT WE'LL TALK 2331 01:44:56,123 --> 01:45:03,164 ABOUT FOR THE NEXT HALF AN HOUR. 2332 01:45:03,164 --> 01:45:04,966 SBML IS MODEL DESCRIPTION FORMAT 2333 01:45:04,966 --> 01:45:11,038 SUB CELLULAR PROCESSES AND 2334 01:45:11,038 --> 01:45:16,277 ANTIMONY THE HUMAN READING SBML 2335 01:45:16,277 --> 01:45:18,646 AND THE SED-ML A SIMULATION 2336 01:45:18,646 --> 01:45:19,714 EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE 2337 01:45:19,714 --> 01:45:20,648 AND COMBINE IS A WAY TO FORM 2338 01:45:20,648 --> 01:45:22,483 EVERYTHING YOU NIGHT FOR A MODEL 2339 01:45:22,483 --> 01:45:24,385 AND SHIP IT OFF TO SOMEBODY AND 2340 01:45:24,385 --> 01:45:26,387 SAY THIS IS THE ENTIRE THING YOU 2341 01:45:26,387 --> 01:45:27,722 NEED TO RUN MY MODEL AND 2342 01:45:27,722 --> 01:45:29,156 UNDERSTAND MY MODEL AND SO ON 2343 01:45:29,156 --> 01:45:32,827 AND CAN BE PUT ON REPOSITORIES 2344 01:45:32,827 --> 01:45:33,661 AS WELL. 2345 01:45:33,661 --> 01:45:35,897 I THINK THAT'S ALL I'M GOING TO 2346 01:45:35,897 --> 01:45:38,699 SAY ON THAT OTHER THAN TO 2347 01:45:38,699 --> 01:45:42,303 REINFORCE IMAG THE LAST 10 YEARS 2348 01:45:42,303 --> 01:45:43,671 AT LEAST HAD FAIRLY IMPORTANT 2349 01:45:43,671 --> 01:45:48,976 IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF 2350 01:45:48,976 --> 01:45:49,610 STANDARDS. 2351 01:45:49,610 --> 01:46:00,121 GOING FORWARD I KNOW IT'S NOT 2352 01:46:01,022 --> 01:46:02,256 VERY EXCITING BUT IF YOU'RE 2353 01:46:02,256 --> 01:46:03,591 GOING TO DIGITAL TWINS YOU'LL 2354 01:46:03,591 --> 01:46:05,092 HAVE TO BITE THE BULLET AND 2355 01:46:05,092 --> 01:46:08,829 EXPAND THE STANDARDS MORE 2356 01:46:08,829 --> 01:46:19,373 BECAUSE SBML WILL HAVE TO HAVE 2357 01:46:24,145 --> 01:46:25,379 NEW STANDARDS. 2358 01:46:25,379 --> 01:46:26,147 WE'LL START THE FIRST PROPER 2359 01:46:26,147 --> 01:46:34,589 TALK. 2360 01:46:34,589 --> 01:46:35,623 THE 10 RULES FOR MODEL 2361 01:46:35,623 --> 01:46:36,824 CREDIBILITY AND THE LATEST 2362 01:46:36,824 --> 01:46:37,658 DEVELOPMENTS THERE. 2363 01:46:37,658 --> 01:46:39,927 WE HAD ONE LITTLE ISSUE. 2364 01:46:39,927 --> 01:46:42,163 THE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 2365 01:46:42,163 --> 01:46:43,764 FAILED US. 2366 01:46:43,764 --> 01:46:44,899 TWO OF THIS MAIN SPEAKERS WERE 2367 01:46:44,899 --> 01:46:47,234 NOT ABLE TO ATTEND DUE TO DELAYS 2368 01:46:47,234 --> 01:46:55,076 IN FLIGHTS AND SO ON BUT WE'LL 2369 01:46:55,076 --> 01:46:56,410 HAVE SOMEONE TO TAKE OVER TO 2370 01:46:56,410 --> 01:46:58,779 TALK ABOUT MODEL CAPABILITY. 2371 01:46:58,779 --> 01:47:00,214 >> BELIEVE IT OR NOT I WASN'T 2372 01:47:00,214 --> 01:47:10,524 EVEN SUPPOSED TO BE HERE. 2373 01:47:10,524 --> 01:47:11,058 SORRY. 2374 01:47:11,058 --> 01:47:11,626 CAN YOU HEAR ME BETTER NOW? 2375 01:47:11,626 --> 01:47:21,736 OKAY. 2376 01:47:30,044 --> 01:47:31,646 ORIGINALLY I WASN'T SUPPOSED TO 2377 01:47:31,646 --> 01:47:40,187 BE HERE AND -- THANK YOU. 2378 01:47:40,187 --> 01:47:41,589 AT THE LAST SECOND I DECIDED TO 2379 01:47:41,589 --> 01:47:44,258 SHOW UP SINCE IT'S THE 20 YEAR. 2380 01:47:44,258 --> 01:47:45,826 I TOLD JERRY AND AHMET I DON'T 2381 01:47:45,826 --> 01:47:47,094 WANT TO PRESENT. 2382 01:47:47,094 --> 01:47:49,930 I JUST WANT TO BE AN ATTENDEE 2383 01:47:49,930 --> 01:47:52,066 AND HERBERT SAID JOIN THE PANEL. 2384 01:47:52,066 --> 01:47:54,235 I SAID, FINE, I'LL DO THAT BUT I 2385 01:47:54,235 --> 01:47:56,804 DON'T WANT TO PRESENT. 2386 01:47:56,804 --> 01:48:00,775 HERE WE ARE. 2387 01:48:00,775 --> 01:48:02,877 ANY WAY, I'LL GO OVER THE 2388 01:48:02,877 --> 01:48:04,278 DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF THE 01 2389 01:48:04,278 --> 01:48:06,580 SIMPLE RULES WHICH I THINK MANY 2390 01:48:06,580 --> 01:48:08,349 ARE RELATIVELY FAMILIAR BY NOW 2391 01:48:08,349 --> 01:48:13,387 AND THANKS TO GRACE FOR 2392 01:48:13,387 --> 01:48:14,188 ENCOURAGING THE REST OF THE 2393 01:48:14,188 --> 01:48:16,390 COMMUNITY TO APPLY THE RULES 2394 01:48:16,390 --> 01:48:17,124 WHICH THE COMMITTEE ON 2395 01:48:17,124 --> 01:48:19,326 INCREDIBLE PRACTICE ON MODELLING 2396 01:48:19,326 --> 01:48:19,960 SIMULATION HAS DEVELOPED SINCE 2397 01:48:19,960 --> 01:48:22,430 2012. 2398 01:48:22,430 --> 01:48:25,533 I FIRST GOT INVOLVED WHEN I WAS 2399 01:48:25,533 --> 01:48:27,802 AN IMAG REPRESENTATIVE FOR NASA 2400 01:48:27,802 --> 01:48:32,373 IN 2011 AND TO SEE HOW THAT HAS 2401 01:48:32,373 --> 01:48:35,810 EVOLVED HAS BEEN A VERY EXCITING 2402 01:48:35,810 --> 01:48:36,310 ADVENTURE. 2403 01:48:36,310 --> 01:48:37,745 I KNOW SOMETHING LIKE INCREDIBLE 2404 01:48:37,745 --> 01:48:38,646 PRACTICE TO SAY IT'S EXCITING IS 2405 01:48:38,646 --> 01:48:46,654 KIND OF WEIRD. 2406 01:48:46,654 --> 01:48:50,324 SO BASICALLY HOW DO WE GET HERE? 2407 01:48:50,324 --> 01:48:56,664 LIKE I MENTIONED IN 2011 WHEN I 2408 01:48:56,664 --> 01:49:00,134 FIRST GOT INVOLVED I REMEMBER -- 2409 01:49:00,134 --> 01:49:00,367 REALLY? 2410 01:49:00,367 --> 01:49:01,569 MY VOICE DOESN'T PROJECT VERY 2411 01:49:01,569 --> 01:49:02,136 WELL. 2412 01:49:02,136 --> 01:49:04,972 I APOLOGIZE. 2413 01:49:04,972 --> 01:49:15,249 IS THAT BETTER? 2414 01:49:15,549 --> 01:49:18,586 I REMEMBER WHEN THEY WERE 2415 01:49:18,586 --> 01:49:20,254 LOOKING AROUND THE ROOM GETTING 2416 01:49:20,254 --> 01:49:21,622 FRUSTRATING THE WORK WASN'T 2417 01:49:21,622 --> 01:49:23,524 GETTING TRANSLATED TO THE CLINIC 2418 01:49:23,524 --> 01:49:25,459 AND THE QUESTION IS WHY ISN'T 2419 01:49:25,459 --> 01:49:26,694 THIS HAPPENING? 2420 01:49:26,694 --> 01:49:28,996 WHAT IT CAME DOWN TO IS 2421 01:49:28,996 --> 01:49:30,631 BASICALLY THE END USERS SUCH AS 2422 01:49:30,631 --> 01:49:31,832 CLINICIANS DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER 2423 01:49:31,832 --> 01:49:34,602 THEY COULD BELIEVE THE MODELS. 2424 01:49:34,602 --> 01:49:37,138 THE QUESTION OF LIKE ARE WE 2425 01:49:37,138 --> 01:49:39,974 REALLY USING -- ARE WE APPLYING 2426 01:49:39,974 --> 01:49:41,442 MODELLING SIMULATION. 2427 01:49:41,442 --> 01:49:43,611 WHAT WE DISCOVERED IS THERE WAS 2428 01:49:43,611 --> 01:49:45,112 NO COMMON PRACTICE GUIDELINES TO 2429 01:49:45,112 --> 01:49:50,417 DO THIS AT LEAST WITHIN THE 2430 01:49:50,417 --> 01:49:51,118 MULTISCALE MODELING COMMUNITY AS 2431 01:49:51,118 --> 01:49:53,087 IT RELATES TO HEALTH CARE. 2432 01:49:53,087 --> 01:49:58,192 FORTUNATELY ORGANIZATIONS LIKE 2433 01:49:58,192 --> 01:50:06,934 NASA HAD SOME EXPERIENCE AND THE 2434 01:50:06,934 --> 01:50:09,804 BALL GOT ROLLING BUT IT HAS 2435 01:50:09,804 --> 01:50:12,439 POTENTIAL TO INFORM HEALTH CARE 2436 01:50:12,439 --> 01:50:14,508 RESEARCH, CLINICAL DECISION AS 2437 01:50:14,508 --> 01:50:15,075 WELL AS EDUCATION IN HEALTH 2438 01:50:15,075 --> 01:50:21,715 CARE. 2439 01:50:21,715 --> 01:50:24,885 THE VARIOUS GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 2440 01:50:24,885 --> 01:50:27,054 AN INDUSTRY HAD BEEN INVESTING 2441 01:50:27,054 --> 01:50:31,926 IN THIS DOMAIN AND THE MODEL ON 2442 01:50:31,926 --> 01:50:34,595 THE RIGHT I HAVE SOME 2443 01:50:34,595 --> 01:50:37,765 FAMILIARITY WITH AND WE 2444 01:50:37,765 --> 01:50:44,371 DISCOVERED WHEN ASTRONAUT ARE ON 2445 01:50:44,371 --> 01:50:46,774 LONG DURATION FLIGHTS THERE WERE 2446 01:50:46,774 --> 01:50:48,242 CHANGES IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF 2447 01:50:48,242 --> 01:50:50,110 THEIR VISION HEALTH. 2448 01:50:50,110 --> 01:50:56,851 ONE WAS SWELLING OF THE OPTIC 2449 01:50:56,851 --> 01:51:00,621 DISC NERVE AND ELEVATED ICP AS A 2450 01:51:00,621 --> 01:51:01,856 RESULT OF THE FLUID SHIFT WAS 2451 01:51:01,856 --> 01:51:04,291 CAUSING PRESSURE AT THE BACK OF 2452 01:51:04,291 --> 01:51:06,627 THE EYE AND DISTENSION OF THE 2453 01:51:06,627 --> 01:51:09,964 OPTIC NERVE AND SWELLING OF THE 2454 01:51:09,964 --> 01:51:12,700 OPTIC NERVE DISC. 2455 01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:16,704 THE MODEL WAS FUNDED AND THEY 2456 01:51:16,704 --> 01:51:20,307 SIMULATED BASICALLY ELEVATED ICP 2457 01:51:20,307 --> 01:51:24,345 AND IT DID GIVE INSIGHT THIS 2458 01:51:24,345 --> 01:51:27,014 COULD BE A CAUSAL MECHANISMS. 2459 01:51:27,014 --> 01:51:32,620 I WANTED TO EMPHASIZE IT'S AN 2460 01:51:32,620 --> 01:51:34,188 INSIGHT NOT THE ANSWER. 2461 01:51:34,188 --> 01:51:35,723 IT'S IMPORTANT HOW WE INTERPRET 2462 01:51:35,723 --> 01:51:38,759 MODELS AND APPLY THE RESULTS 2463 01:51:38,759 --> 01:51:39,727 FROM THEM. 2464 01:51:39,727 --> 01:51:44,131 THAT'S PART OF THE CREDIBLE 2465 01:51:44,131 --> 01:51:44,431 PRACTICE. 2466 01:51:44,431 --> 01:51:46,033 NASA LEARNED THE HARD WAY WHEN 2467 01:51:46,033 --> 01:51:48,569 YOU PUSH LIMITS OF MODEL TOO FAR 2468 01:51:48,569 --> 01:51:52,806 BEYOND ITS SCOPE IT COULD LEAD 2469 01:51:52,806 --> 01:51:57,077 TO SOME FAIRLY CATASTROPHIC 2470 01:51:57,077 --> 01:51:59,480 OUTCOMES WHERE THE RE-ASSESSMENT 2471 01:51:59,480 --> 01:52:01,715 TEAM WAS RESTRICTED TO USING A 2472 01:52:01,715 --> 01:52:04,084 MATHEMATICAL MODEL WITH HERITAGE 2473 01:52:04,084 --> 01:52:05,519 AND CONSIDERED TO BE 2474 01:52:05,519 --> 01:52:10,557 CONSERVATIVE BECAUSE OF ITS 2475 01:52:10,557 --> 01:52:14,995 HERITAGE BUT WAS DESIGN FOR 2476 01:52:14,995 --> 01:52:17,097 PREDICTING FAIRLY ACCURATELY 2477 01:52:17,097 --> 01:52:21,769 WHEN SMALL DEBRIS WOULD IMPACT 2478 01:52:21,769 --> 01:52:22,803 LIKE THE AFFECT IT WOULD HAVE 2479 01:52:22,803 --> 01:52:25,539 WHICH IS BASICALLY FOR SIZES OF 2480 01:52:25,539 --> 01:52:31,478 ABOUT 49 CUBIC CENTIMETERS. 2481 01:52:31,478 --> 01:52:33,013 THE FOAM THAT FALLS DURING 2482 01:52:33,013 --> 01:52:40,821 LAUNCH IS UP TO 20,000 CUBIC 2483 01:52:40,821 --> 01:52:41,121 CENTIMETERS. 2484 01:52:41,121 --> 01:52:42,623 VASTLY DIFFERENT SIZES. 2485 01:52:42,623 --> 01:52:45,159 THEY USED THE MODEL TO 2486 01:52:45,159 --> 01:52:46,694 EXTRAPOLATE IN A FAIRLY 2487 01:52:46,694 --> 01:52:48,829 QUALITATIVE WAY AND CAME TO THE 2488 01:52:48,829 --> 01:52:50,030 CONCLUSION THAT FOAM FALLING OUT 2489 01:52:50,030 --> 01:52:54,935 OF AN ANGLE OF ABOUT 21 DEGREES 2490 01:52:54,935 --> 01:52:57,404 THAT THE SHUTTLE SHOULD STILL BE 2491 01:52:57,404 --> 01:53:02,710 SAFE DURING THOSE CONDITIONS. 2492 01:53:02,710 --> 01:53:03,510 IN REALITY, THAT'S WELL BEYOND 2493 01:53:03,510 --> 01:53:08,816 THE SCOPE. 2494 01:53:08,816 --> 01:53:09,950 THEY PUT TOO MUCH WEIGHT. 2495 01:53:09,950 --> 01:53:11,118 THE MODEL WAS RUN CORRECTLY AND 2496 01:53:11,118 --> 01:53:17,124 PREDICTS WERE CORRECT. 2497 01:53:17,124 --> 01:53:19,493 BUT THE WEIGHT THEY PUT ON THE 2498 01:53:19,493 --> 01:53:21,128 PREDICTION WAS WAY BEYOND THE 2499 01:53:21,128 --> 01:53:27,968 SCOPE WHICH RESULTED IN 2500 01:53:27,968 --> 01:53:35,109 BASICALLY THE EVENTUAL DISASTER 2501 01:53:35,109 --> 01:53:36,810 OF COLOMBIA. 2502 01:53:36,810 --> 01:53:45,753 THEY CAME UP WITH NASA STANDARDS 2503 01:53:45,753 --> 01:53:49,256 7009 AND TAKING ON LESSONS 2504 01:53:49,256 --> 01:53:52,926 LEARNED WE STARTED THE COMMITTEE 2505 01:53:52,926 --> 01:53:58,499 ON CREDIBLE PRACTICE AND 2506 01:53:58,499 --> 01:54:04,138 MODELLING SIMULATION. 2507 01:54:04,138 --> 01:54:09,109 MEMBERS FROM THE FDA WERE ALSO 2508 01:54:09,109 --> 01:54:09,376 INVOLVED. 2509 01:54:09,376 --> 01:54:15,315 SEVERAL ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS 2510 01:54:15,315 --> 01:54:18,419 AND INDUSTRY. 2511 01:54:18,419 --> 01:54:26,226 MAL KERNER AT ANCIS PARTICIPATES 2512 01:54:26,226 --> 01:54:28,162 IN THIS AND THEY WORK ON 2513 01:54:28,162 --> 01:54:30,464 CONSISTENT TERMINOLOGY. 2514 01:54:30,464 --> 01:54:32,800 WHEN TALK TO A BIOLOGIST VERSE 2515 01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:36,036 US A MATHEMATICIAN AND ASK THEM 2516 01:54:36,036 --> 01:54:37,871 WHAT VERIFICATION VALIDATION 2517 01:54:37,871 --> 01:54:39,940 MEANS THEY COULD HAVE DIFFERENT 2518 01:54:39,940 --> 01:54:40,307 INTERPRETATIONS. 2519 01:54:40,307 --> 01:54:41,175 HAVING A CONSISTENT WAY OF 2520 01:54:41,175 --> 01:54:42,443 COMMUNICATING WHAT WE'RE TRYING 2521 01:54:42,443 --> 01:54:44,077 TO DO WITH MODELLING SIMULATION 2522 01:54:44,077 --> 01:54:46,780 IS VERY IMPORTANT AS PART OF THE 2523 01:54:46,780 --> 01:54:47,781 CREDIBILITY WORK FLOW AND 2524 01:54:47,781 --> 01:54:48,682 DEMONSTRATE THE WORK FLOWS 2525 01:54:48,682 --> 01:54:52,820 BECAUSE IF WE'RE NOT ACTUALLY 2526 01:54:52,820 --> 01:54:57,391 ACTIVELY DEMONSTRATING HOW TO GO 2527 01:54:57,391 --> 01:54:58,692 THROUGH THE WORK FLOWS IT'S NOT 2528 01:54:58,692 --> 01:54:59,393 VERY USEFUL. 2529 01:54:59,393 --> 01:55:00,994 TO SUPPORT NEW AREAS OF RESEARCH 2530 01:55:00,994 --> 01:55:06,100 AND PROMOTE GOOD PRACTICE. 2531 01:55:06,100 --> 01:55:11,972 THESE ARE OUR BASIC CHARGES. 2532 01:55:11,972 --> 01:55:12,840 THIS IS BASICALLY HOW WE 2533 01:55:12,840 --> 01:55:19,413 STRUCTURED THE COMMITTEE. 2534 01:55:19,413 --> 01:55:20,514 THERE'S THE BASIC MEMBERS TO 2535 01:55:20,514 --> 01:55:22,249 EXECUTE THE CHARGE OF THE 2536 01:55:22,249 --> 01:55:24,017 COMMITTEE AND WE HAVE ADVISORY 2537 01:55:24,017 --> 01:55:28,589 COUNCIL MEMBERS THAT ADVISE US 2538 01:55:28,589 --> 01:55:30,958 HOW TO MOVE FORWARD AND REVIEW 2539 01:55:30,958 --> 01:55:35,095 THE WORK SO THE WORK WE'RE DOING 2540 01:55:35,095 --> 01:55:40,601 IS USEFUL FOR MSM COMMUNITY. 2541 01:55:40,601 --> 01:55:44,805 WE'RE ALWAYS LOOKING TO ADD NEW 2542 01:55:44,805 --> 01:55:49,443 MEMBERS. 2543 01:55:49,443 --> 01:55:51,178 I WOULD HIGHLY ENCOURAGE 2544 01:55:51,178 --> 01:55:52,613 ESPECIALLY YOUNG INVESTIGATORS 2545 01:55:52,613 --> 01:55:53,247 TO GET INVOLVED. 2546 01:55:53,247 --> 01:55:55,616 IF YOU GET ON THIS EARLY IN 2547 01:55:55,616 --> 01:55:57,017 TERMS OF DEMONSTRATING 2548 01:55:57,017 --> 01:55:58,852 CREDIBILITY THE ROBUSTNESS OF 2549 01:55:58,852 --> 01:55:59,720 YOUR MODELS ARE GOING TO BE THAT 2550 01:55:59,720 --> 01:56:09,930 MUCH BETTER. 2551 01:56:33,921 --> 01:56:36,390 AND THERE'S A STANDARD THAT WAS 2552 01:56:36,390 --> 01:56:39,993 ESTABLISHED FOR REGULATORY 2553 01:56:39,993 --> 01:56:43,197 APPLICATIONS OF WHEN MODELLING 2554 01:56:43,197 --> 01:56:46,900 IS USED TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY 2555 01:56:46,900 --> 01:56:48,802 OF A NEW BIOMEDICAL DEVICE. 2556 01:56:48,802 --> 01:56:59,379 IN ALL THOSE THREE CASES -- 2557 01:57:54,167 --> 01:57:54,935 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME? 2558 01:57:54,935 --> 01:58:02,709 DON'T YOU LOVE TECHNOLOGY? 2559 01:58:02,709 --> 01:58:04,211 IT'S NOT ALL STRAIGHTFORWARD. 2560 01:58:04,211 --> 01:58:05,112 THANKS FOR WAITING. 2561 01:58:05,112 --> 01:58:06,613 I KNOW IT'S THE LAST PART OF 2562 01:58:06,613 --> 01:58:12,686 WHAT YOU WERE SAYING AS YOU WERE 2563 01:58:12,686 --> 01:58:19,960 INTRODUCING THE 10 SIMPLE RULES 2564 01:58:19,960 --> 01:58:30,337 FOR CRITICAL PRACTICE. 2565 01:58:31,438 --> 01:58:34,574 MOST OF YOU HEARD ABOUT THE 10 2566 01:58:34,574 --> 01:58:36,076 RULES OF CRITICAL PRACTICES AND 2567 01:58:36,076 --> 01:58:40,247 YOU HAVE LOOKED AT DIFFERENT 2568 01:58:40,247 --> 01:58:40,514 EXAMPLES. 2569 01:58:40,514 --> 01:58:43,016 ONE THING WE DID -- 2570 01:58:43,016 --> 01:58:45,585 >> JERRY, REAL QUICK -- 2571 01:58:45,585 --> 01:58:49,289 >> CAN YOU MUTE THE NACHER 2572 01:58:49,289 --> 01:58:50,023 AUDITORIUM QUICKLY. 2573 01:58:50,023 --> 01:58:50,357 >> HOW'S THAT? 2574 01:58:50,357 --> 01:58:52,793 >> THANK YOU. 2575 01:58:52,793 --> 01:58:58,832 >> IS THAT BETTER? 2576 01:58:58,832 --> 01:58:59,132 >> PERFECT. 2577 01:58:59,132 --> 01:59:09,443 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 2578 01:59:22,756 --> 01:59:26,526 >> GO AHEAD, JERRY. 2579 01:59:26,526 --> 01:59:27,994 >> YOU CAN START NOW. 2580 01:59:27,994 --> 01:59:29,696 >> IS THIS MUTED? 2581 01:59:29,696 --> 01:59:31,298 >> YOU CAN START, JERRY. 2582 01:59:31,298 --> 01:59:32,199 >> OKAY. 2583 01:59:32,199 --> 01:59:35,335 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 2584 01:59:35,335 --> 01:59:35,702 ALL RIGHT. 2585 01:59:35,702 --> 01:59:41,775 I'M NOT SURE WHERE I LEFT OFF SO 2586 01:59:41,775 --> 01:59:43,610 I'LL GO BACK. 2587 01:59:43,610 --> 01:59:45,712 AND I'M SURE MOST ABOUT THE 10 2588 01:59:45,712 --> 01:59:47,147 SIMPLE RULES AND MAYBE APPLIED 2589 01:59:47,147 --> 01:59:56,356 THEM IN YOUR OWN WORK. 2590 01:59:56,356 --> 02:00:00,927 THEY'RE THE INDUSTRY INTEREST TO 2591 02:00:00,927 --> 02:00:02,262 ENSURE WE HAVE A TRUST WORTH 2592 02:00:02,262 --> 02:00:06,733 CREE SET. 2593 02:00:06,733 --> 02:00:14,541 -- TRUSTWORTHY SET. 2594 02:00:14,541 --> 02:00:16,376 ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS WE DID 2595 02:00:16,376 --> 02:00:18,678 FOR A NATURAL APPLICATION WAS WE 2596 02:00:18,678 --> 02:00:24,251 TOOK ONE OF THE MODELS I HAD 2597 02:00:24,251 --> 02:00:27,387 DEVELOPED WITH A MODEL AND WE 2598 02:00:27,387 --> 02:00:29,256 ADAPTED WHAT WE HAD FROM 2599 02:00:29,256 --> 02:00:32,526 STANDARD TO THE 10 SIMPLE RULES. 2600 02:00:32,526 --> 02:00:36,163 THERE'S AN EXAMPLE AND THE REST 2601 02:00:36,163 --> 02:00:36,863 OF THE COMMUNITY AS FAR AS SO 2602 02:00:36,863 --> 02:00:41,601 MANY EXERCISES HAVE BEEN 2603 02:00:41,601 --> 02:00:42,002 THROUGH. 2604 02:00:42,002 --> 02:00:44,704 THERE'S A NUMBER IN THE SAME 2605 02:00:44,704 --> 02:00:47,641 FORMAT UTILIZED FOR CREDIBILITY 2606 02:00:47,641 --> 02:00:49,409 OF DIFFERENT IMAG MODELS 2607 02:00:49,409 --> 02:00:51,545 AVAILABLE TO THE COMMUNITY. 2608 02:00:51,545 --> 02:00:52,879 AND THERE'S A LOT OF EXAMPLES 2609 02:00:52,879 --> 02:00:54,314 OUT THERE IF YOU'D LIKE IT TAKE 2610 02:00:54,314 --> 02:00:57,284 A LOOK AT THOSE. 2611 02:00:57,284 --> 02:00:59,152 THEY'RE VERY INTERESTING TO SEE 2612 02:00:59,152 --> 02:01:02,722 WHAT PEOPLE HAVE INTERPRETED. 2613 02:01:02,722 --> 02:01:04,558 AND THERE'S DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF 2614 02:01:04,558 --> 02:01:07,360 THE RULE TO ADDRESS SOME OF THE 2615 02:01:07,360 --> 02:01:08,061 INFORMATION THEY WANT TO 2616 02:01:08,061 --> 02:01:09,796 COMMUNICATE ABOUT WHAT THE KNOW 2617 02:01:09,796 --> 02:01:10,764 IS IMPORTANT ABOUT THE 2618 02:01:10,764 --> 02:01:12,699 CREDIBILITY OF THEIR PROBLEM. 2619 02:01:12,699 --> 02:01:15,035 IT'S VERY INSIGHTFUL TO LOOK AT 2620 02:01:15,035 --> 02:01:15,569 THOSE EXAMPLES. 2621 02:01:15,569 --> 02:01:17,137 NOT JUST THE RULES THEMSELVES 2622 02:01:17,137 --> 02:01:24,144 BUT THOSE ARE AVAILABLE AND 2623 02:01:24,144 --> 02:01:27,314 THERE'S QUESTIONS HOW WE 2624 02:01:27,314 --> 02:01:33,186 INTERPRET THESE APPROACHES. 2625 02:01:33,186 --> 02:01:35,989 ONE OF THE ACTIVITIES WE WERE 2626 02:01:35,989 --> 02:01:43,263 TASKED TO DO WAS 2018 WE 2627 02:01:43,263 --> 02:01:48,735 REVIEWED ALL CREDIBILITY POINTS. 2628 02:01:48,735 --> 02:01:55,008 THIS WAS A GROUP FORCE BUILDING 2629 02:01:55,008 --> 02:01:56,843 A CREDIBILITY PLAN AND THE 2630 02:01:56,843 --> 02:02:02,949 COMMITTEE TOOK A GREAT DEAL OF 2631 02:02:02,949 --> 02:02:05,785 TIME EVALUATING. 2632 02:02:05,785 --> 02:02:07,721 IT WASN'T JUST LIKE YOUR 2633 02:02:07,721 --> 02:02:08,655 VALIDATION ISN'T SUFFICIENT. 2634 02:02:08,655 --> 02:02:10,824 WE ARE LOOKING AT THE 2635 02:02:10,824 --> 02:02:12,826 CREDIBILITY PRACTICES AND HOW 2636 02:02:12,826 --> 02:02:17,597 SUFFICIENT OR INSUFFICIENT OR 2637 02:02:17,597 --> 02:02:23,403 NOT PROBABILISTIC IT IS. 2638 02:02:23,403 --> 02:02:27,941 THE KEY FROM A GROUP OF 2639 02:02:27,941 --> 02:02:30,043 INDIVIDUALS THAT DIDN'T HAVE TO 2640 02:02:30,043 --> 02:02:36,816 DO WITH THIS RESEARCH AND FREELY 2641 02:02:36,816 --> 02:02:39,085 COMMUNICATE SUFFICIENTLY TO 2642 02:02:39,085 --> 02:02:39,719 COMMUNICATE AND UNDERSTAND THE 2643 02:02:39,719 --> 02:02:45,158 PROBLEM. 2644 02:02:45,158 --> 02:02:50,697 THESE ARE THE RESULTS WE GOT. 2645 02:02:50,697 --> 02:02:56,169 CAN YOU LOOK AT THE SUBMISSION. 2646 02:02:56,169 --> 02:03:00,073 THERE'S ALSO WHERE THERE'S LIKE 2647 02:03:00,073 --> 02:03:00,407 INSUFFICIENT. 2648 02:03:00,407 --> 02:03:06,980 KEEP IN MIND FOR US WAS THAT 2649 02:03:06,980 --> 02:03:08,815 DIFFERENT PARTS OF WHAT WE 2650 02:03:08,815 --> 02:03:10,717 CONSIDERED TO BE THE SUM OF THE 2651 02:03:10,717 --> 02:03:15,021 10 RULES AND WAS IMPORTANT OR 2652 02:03:15,021 --> 02:03:16,823 NOT IMPORTANT AND FIGURE OUT AND 2653 02:03:16,823 --> 02:03:18,091 LOOKING AT HOW DIFFERENT KINDS 2654 02:03:18,091 --> 02:03:24,097 OF INFORMATION IS NEEDED AND 2655 02:03:24,097 --> 02:03:26,399 VERY SPECIFIC GENERIC SYSTEM 2656 02:03:26,399 --> 02:03:28,635 THAT ALLOWS US TO LOOK AT 2657 02:03:28,635 --> 02:03:31,237 CREDIBILITY ACROSS THE ENTIRE 2658 02:03:31,237 --> 02:03:31,438 RANGE. 2659 02:03:31,438 --> 02:03:33,940 THAT'S ONE OF THE PIECES WE 2660 02:03:33,940 --> 02:03:35,675 NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLES 2661 02:03:35,675 --> 02:03:40,814 FOR CREDIBILITY OURSELVES. 2662 02:03:40,814 --> 02:03:45,752 ONE THING TO KEEP IN MIND WE 2663 02:03:45,752 --> 02:03:49,389 LEAN ON DENISE'S TALK EARLIER 2664 02:03:49,389 --> 02:03:54,494 WHERE SHE AND OTHERS WORKED 2665 02:03:54,494 --> 02:04:03,136 TOGETHER TO GET FEEDBACK BACK 2666 02:04:03,136 --> 02:04:08,808 AND FORTH AND SOME OF OUR 2667 02:04:08,808 --> 02:04:15,849 THINKING OF HOW TO COMMUNICATE. 2668 02:04:15,849 --> 02:04:17,017 NOT ONLY THAT BUT DID 2669 02:04:17,017 --> 02:04:18,284 CORRELATION OF THE INFORMATION 2670 02:04:18,284 --> 02:04:23,456 AND FOUND OUT THERE'S PLACES 2671 02:04:23,456 --> 02:04:25,058 WHERE THIS COMMUNITY AFFECTS 2672 02:04:25,058 --> 02:04:25,592 INDIVIDUAL CATEGORIES OF 2673 02:04:25,592 --> 02:04:34,200 INFORMATION. 2674 02:04:34,200 --> 02:04:35,168 LIMITATIONS IS ASSOCIATED WITH 2675 02:04:35,168 --> 02:04:37,103 USING APPROPRIATE DATA AND WHAT 2676 02:04:37,103 --> 02:04:38,805 IS THAT REPRESENTING? 2677 02:04:38,805 --> 02:04:41,141 IT SEEMS TO ME A LOT OF THE IS 2678 02:04:41,141 --> 02:04:43,109 DATA DRIVEN AND TAILORED AND 2679 02:04:43,109 --> 02:04:48,415 CALIBRATED AND THE LIMITATIONS 2680 02:04:48,415 --> 02:04:56,056 FOR ACQUIRING THE DATA WAS PART 2681 02:04:56,056 --> 02:04:57,991 OF THE PROBLEM AND THAT WAS 2682 02:04:57,991 --> 02:04:59,392 ELUCIDATED IN DOING THE 2683 02:04:59,392 --> 02:05:02,262 EXERCISE. 2684 02:05:02,262 --> 02:05:05,098 YOU MENTIONED THE DEVELOPMENT OF 2685 02:05:05,098 --> 02:05:14,407 THESE 10 SIMPLE RULES. 2686 02:05:14,407 --> 02:05:16,710 WE HAVE PUBLICATIONS TO FIND THE 2687 02:05:16,710 --> 02:05:27,253 10 RULES AND GIVE AN OUTLINE THE 2688 02:05:31,458 --> 02:05:32,358 KEY INFORMATION ABOUT THIS THAT 2689 02:05:32,358 --> 02:05:36,362 IS CRITICAL IN OUR SUPPLEMENTAL 2690 02:05:36,362 --> 02:05:46,773 MATERIAL FOR THE PAPER. 2691 02:05:49,409 --> 02:05:51,311 WE'RE ASKING BENEFITS AND 2692 02:05:51,311 --> 02:05:55,749 PITFALLS IN NOT HAVING THIS 2693 02:05:55,749 --> 02:05:56,049 INFORMATION. 2694 02:05:56,049 --> 02:06:01,855 THIS RELATES VERY WELL TO THE 2695 02:06:01,855 --> 02:06:04,357 ENGINEERING FIELD AND OTHER WORK 2696 02:06:04,357 --> 02:06:05,692 ROBUSTLY REPRESENTED AS THE 2697 02:06:05,692 --> 02:06:07,494 DAILY PRACTICE OF MAKING 2698 02:06:07,494 --> 02:06:17,937 DECISIONS IN THOSE FIELDS. 2699 02:06:18,805 --> 02:06:20,807 IF YOU THINK OF THE APPLICATION 2700 02:06:20,807 --> 02:06:21,975 WE WANT THE FEEDBACK OF WHAT'S 2701 02:06:21,975 --> 02:06:23,042 GOOD AND WHAT'S NOT. 2702 02:06:23,042 --> 02:06:33,586 WHEN WE FIRST STARTED THERE WAS 2703 02:06:37,056 --> 02:06:42,762 CONCERNS ABOUT THIS AND 2704 02:06:42,762 --> 02:06:46,633 SOMETIMES COMMUNICATION AND WHAT 2705 02:06:46,633 --> 02:06:50,203 DOES THIS TAKEAWAY FROM THIS? 2706 02:06:50,203 --> 02:06:51,638 FOR ME I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU 2707 02:06:51,638 --> 02:06:57,043 FOR LETTING ME TALK AND I 2708 02:06:57,043 --> 02:06:58,211 APPRECIATE THE DISCUSSION AND 2709 02:06:58,211 --> 02:06:59,779 HOPEFULLY I'LL GET TO BE THERE 2710 02:06:59,779 --> 02:07:01,781 AT THE NEXT MEETING. 2711 02:07:01,781 --> 02:07:04,818 NOW TURN IT OVER TO AHMED TO 2712 02:07:04,818 --> 02:07:10,056 FINISH THE SESSION. 2713 02:07:10,056 --> 02:07:11,691 >> THANK YOU, JERRY. 2714 02:07:11,691 --> 02:07:21,601 I ASSUME EVERYBODY CAN HEAR ME. 2715 02:07:21,601 --> 02:07:25,672 I'M WITH THE COMMITTEE THERE AND 2716 02:07:25,672 --> 02:07:30,009 IF YOU REALIZE HISTORICAL 2717 02:07:30,009 --> 02:07:35,682 ACTIVITIES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE 2718 02:07:35,682 --> 02:07:43,223 COMMITTEES AND THE RULES AND 2719 02:07:43,223 --> 02:07:43,790 WE'RE MOVING MORE TOWARDS 2720 02:07:43,790 --> 02:07:52,665 AUTOMIZIZATION OF THESE. 2721 02:07:52,665 --> 02:08:00,540 AND IT'S LED BY AND CREATED TO 2722 02:08:00,540 --> 02:08:01,174 CREATE THE ASSUMPTION OF MODELS 2723 02:08:01,174 --> 02:08:11,050 LIKE THESE. 2724 02:08:11,050 --> 02:08:20,026 WE LOOK AT ALL THE RULES AND 2725 02:08:20,026 --> 02:08:25,698 THERE'S RULES LIKE ADOPTED IN A 2726 02:08:25,698 --> 02:08:26,065 PRACTICE. 2727 02:08:26,065 --> 02:08:35,241 AND THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN 2728 02:08:35,241 --> 02:08:45,785 REALIZATION TO PRACTICE AND THE 2729 02:08:47,520 --> 02:08:52,358 THEORY OF THE WHOLE PRACTICE 2730 02:08:52,358 --> 02:08:59,198 THROUGH THE LENS PROPOSED AND 2731 02:08:59,198 --> 02:09:09,375 FORTIF 2732 02:09:10,877 --> 02:09:16,816 FORTIFIED AND DIFFERENT DOMAINS 2733 02:09:16,816 --> 02:09:25,258 AND WE APPLY THESE AND 2734 02:09:25,258 --> 02:09:29,062 UNDERSTANDING THE COMMUNICATION 2735 02:09:29,062 --> 02:09:38,905 AN OUTREACH AND THIS PROVIDES 2736 02:09:38,905 --> 02:09:41,674 AND OPERATIONALIZES THE 10 2737 02:09:41,674 --> 02:09:43,109 SIMPLE RULES AND FOR OUR PURPOSE 2738 02:09:43,109 --> 02:09:48,614 MAY NOT BE ABOUT COMMUNICATING 2739 02:09:48,614 --> 02:09:55,388 OUTREACH BUT MAY BE 2740 02:09:55,388 --> 02:09:59,192 IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICE. 2741 02:09:59,192 --> 02:10:04,797 WE'RE FORTUNATE TO SEE THE 2742 02:10:04,797 --> 02:10:10,336 ADOPTION OF THE COMMITTEE WAS 2743 02:10:10,336 --> 02:10:20,880 TAKEN WELL AND OUR PUBLICATION 2744 02:10:21,080 --> 02:10:27,387 CAN REACH BUT ALSO BEING USED IN 2745 02:10:27,387 --> 02:10:33,860 A SENSE IN AN EXPLORATORY SENSE 2746 02:10:33,860 --> 02:10:38,631 AND IN STORIES AND THERE'S GOOD 2747 02:10:38,631 --> 02:10:48,808 EXAMPLES. 2748 02:10:52,879 --> 02:10:58,184 IT'S REVIEWED. 2749 02:10:58,184 --> 02:11:03,556 WHERE ARE WE GOING FROM HERE ON? 2750 02:11:03,556 --> 02:11:04,791 IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE 2751 02:11:04,791 --> 02:11:14,967 COMMUNITY. 2752 02:11:16,836 --> 02:11:20,073 THIS WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE 2753 02:11:20,073 --> 02:11:23,109 IMAG AND MSM COMMUNITY. 2754 02:11:23,109 --> 02:11:26,612 IT WAS BEYOND EACH OF OUR 2755 02:11:26,612 --> 02:11:28,214 RESEARCH PROGRAMS. 2756 02:11:28,214 --> 02:11:30,383 IT SYNERGIZED THE DIVERSE 2757 02:11:30,383 --> 02:11:32,819 PERSPECTIVES FROM DIFFERENT 2758 02:11:32,819 --> 02:11:35,088 AGENCIES, DIFFERENT 2759 02:11:35,088 --> 02:11:38,057 INSTITUTIONS, DIFFERENT 2760 02:11:38,057 --> 02:11:42,462 BIOMEDICAL DOMAINS AND THERE'S 2761 02:11:42,462 --> 02:11:44,397 RUBRIC SUPPORTING WHERE THEY ARE 2762 02:11:44,397 --> 02:11:46,966 WITH MODELLING DOMAINS AND 2763 02:11:46,966 --> 02:11:48,801 BIOMEDICAL DOMAINS. 2764 02:11:48,801 --> 02:11:53,706 OF COURSE IT ALSO PROVIDES 2765 02:11:53,706 --> 02:11:54,941 SPECIALIZATION OPPORTUNITY GOING 2766 02:11:54,941 --> 02:11:57,343 DEEPER IN A CERTAIN TYPE OF 2767 02:11:57,343 --> 02:12:00,813 MODELLING FRAMEWORK OR CERTAIN 2768 02:12:00,813 --> 02:12:04,750 BIOMEDICAL DOMAIN WHERE WE CAN 2769 02:12:04,750 --> 02:12:09,655 ESTABLISH CONFORMANCE THRESHOLDS 2770 02:12:09,655 --> 02:12:10,356 AND CHAINS. 2771 02:12:10,356 --> 02:12:12,792 AND THIS IS A GREAT TIME TO 2772 02:12:12,792 --> 02:12:17,930 LET'S FACE IT, WE ALL THOUGHT 2773 02:12:17,930 --> 02:12:21,501 THE TOOLS ARE LIKE COMMON SENSE 2774 02:12:21,501 --> 02:12:27,206 BUT WE REALIZE WE MAY NOT BE 2775 02:12:27,206 --> 02:12:28,875 LINED UP IN THEIR COMPLETENESS 2776 02:12:28,875 --> 02:12:32,712 AND ENTIRETY OR EVEN COMMUNICATE 2777 02:12:32,712 --> 02:12:33,179 THEM. 2778 02:12:33,179 --> 02:12:36,782 IT HELPS US REMIND OURSELVES AND 2779 02:12:36,782 --> 02:12:42,321 HELPS US WITH MODELLING 2780 02:12:42,321 --> 02:12:51,864 SIMULATION AND THE WHOLE ECO 2781 02:12:51,864 --> 02:12:52,798 SYSTEM. 2782 02:12:52,798 --> 02:12:56,802 AND WE ALSO FEEL LIKE THE RULES 2783 02:12:56,802 --> 02:13:05,211 ARE AGNOSTIC IN A SENSE AND 2784 02:13:05,211 --> 02:13:07,780 DOING THE MODELLING I'M TALKING 2785 02:13:07,780 --> 02:13:14,787 ABOUT DATA-DRIVEN APPROACHES 2786 02:13:14,787 --> 02:13:18,524 INCLUDING A.I./M.L. AND IT'S THE 2787 02:13:18,524 --> 02:13:28,000 MANIFESTATION OF THE CONCEPTS 2788 02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:29,435 MODELLING AND WE'RE HOPING IT 2789 02:13:29,435 --> 02:13:31,337 MIGHT BE A JUMPING BOARD FOR 2790 02:13:31,337 --> 02:13:40,513 METASCIENCE PRACTICES. 2791 02:13:40,513 --> 02:13:45,818 THIS WAS MORE OR LESS VOLUNTEER 2792 02:13:45,818 --> 02:13:51,524 WORK AND THERE WAS AN ADVISORY 2793 02:13:51,524 --> 02:14:00,366 BOARD AND WE'RE LOOKING FOR 2794 02:14:00,366 --> 02:14:01,400 GOVERNMENT PRESSURE BECAUSE WE 2795 02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:06,973 LIKE TO DIVERSIFY COMMUNITY 2796 02:14:06,973 --> 02:14:07,540 ENGAGEMENT. 2797 02:14:07,540 --> 02:14:09,575 WE WILL SEE HOW THE RULES MAKE 2798 02:14:09,575 --> 02:14:14,914 PRACTICE ITSELF AND THUS THEY'RE 2799 02:14:14,914 --> 02:14:25,591 LOOKING FOR CONTRIBUTIONS I'LL 2800 02:14:33,966 --> 02:14:39,105 STOP HERE AND TAKE YOUR QUESTION 2801 02:14:39,105 --> 02:14:49,148 S 2802 02:14:59,258 --> 02:15:02,194 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT TALK. 2803 02:15:02,194 --> 02:15:12,471 TWO ABSENT FANS. 2804 02:15:22,615 --> 02:15:24,884 >> HERBERT, DO YOU MIND MUTING 2805 02:15:24,884 --> 02:15:35,027 NATCHER. 2806 02:15:38,831 --> 02:15:38,964 OKAY. 2807 02:15:38,964 --> 02:15:44,070 SO I'M BASICALLY GOING TO TALK 2808 02:15:44,070 --> 02:15:46,038 ABOUT SOME ASPECTS OF 2809 02:15:46,038 --> 02:15:47,139 CREDIBILITY. 2810 02:15:47,139 --> 02:15:49,075 I WAS INSPIRED BY THE WORK THIS 2811 02:15:49,075 --> 02:15:52,812 GROUP DID ON THE 10 SIMPLE 2812 02:15:52,812 --> 02:15:53,012 RULES. 2813 02:15:53,012 --> 02:15:54,947 SOME HAVE TAKEN IT ON BOARD AS 2814 02:15:54,947 --> 02:15:59,218 SOMETHING TO PURSUE FOR THE 2815 02:15:59,218 --> 02:16:00,319 FUTURE. 2816 02:16:00,319 --> 02:16:02,922 SO SOME OF MY COLLEAGUES WE RUN 2817 02:16:02,922 --> 02:16:06,525 THE CENTER OF REPRODUCIBILITY 2818 02:16:06,525 --> 02:16:08,494 CENTER FOR NIBIB. 2819 02:16:08,494 --> 02:16:09,862 SOME OF THE WORK I'LL TALK ABOUT 2820 02:16:09,862 --> 02:16:11,097 HERE IS FROM THE CENTER. 2821 02:16:11,097 --> 02:16:13,099 I'LL TALK ABOUT WHAT WE HAVE 2822 02:16:13,099 --> 02:16:14,400 DONE AND THEN POSSIBLE FUTURE 2823 02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,836 DIRECTIONS ESPECIALLY IN 2824 02:16:16,836 --> 02:16:24,009 RELATION TO MODEL CREDIBILITY. 2825 02:16:24,009 --> 02:16:32,485 THE FIRST THING IS AND I THINK 2826 02:16:32,485 --> 02:16:36,789 YOU MENTIONED IN YOUR COMMENTS 2827 02:16:36,789 --> 02:16:38,858 IN THE WIKI. 2828 02:16:38,858 --> 02:16:40,793 THIS SPREAD IN EUROPE AND NOW 2829 02:16:40,793 --> 02:16:43,162 COMING ACROSS THE POND AS A SET 2830 02:16:43,162 --> 02:16:44,930 OF PRINCIPLES WE SHOULD TRY TO 2831 02:16:44,930 --> 02:16:46,465 FOLLOW. 2832 02:16:46,465 --> 02:16:47,566 FINDABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, 2833 02:16:47,566 --> 02:16:48,801 INTEROPERABILITY AND 2834 02:16:48,801 --> 02:16:53,539 REUSABILITY. 2835 02:16:53,539 --> 02:16:57,576 THE ONE QUESTION IS HOW IT 2836 02:16:57,576 --> 02:16:58,511 APPLIES TO THE COMMUNITY. 2837 02:16:58,511 --> 02:17:00,780 I'D LIKE TO ADD A COUPLE MORE TO 2838 02:17:00,780 --> 02:17:02,214 THAT. 2839 02:17:02,214 --> 02:17:03,549 UNFORTUNATELY IT DOESN'T MAKE A 2840 02:17:03,549 --> 02:17:04,183 NICE ACRONYM. 2841 02:17:04,183 --> 02:17:07,820 I HEARD THE STORY FAIR WAS 2842 02:17:07,820 --> 02:17:11,323 PICKED SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE 2843 02:17:11,323 --> 02:17:12,091 POLITICIANS COULD APPRECIATE IT 2844 02:17:12,091 --> 02:17:14,160 BECAUSE IT WAS NICE AND EASY AND 2845 02:17:14,160 --> 02:17:14,627 MEANT SOMETHING FAIR. 2846 02:17:14,627 --> 02:17:16,796 I CAN'T GET A NICE ACRONYM FROM 2847 02:17:16,796 --> 02:17:20,466 THE OTHER THINGS. 2848 02:17:20,466 --> 02:17:21,700 FOR THIS COMMUNITY A COUPLE 2849 02:17:21,700 --> 02:17:23,369 THINGS WE COULD STRIVE FOR. 2850 02:17:23,369 --> 02:17:31,811 THE BOTTOM LINE IS CREDIBILITY. 2851 02:17:31,811 --> 02:17:38,684 IS WORK REPRODUCIBLE AND IS YOUR 2852 02:17:38,684 --> 02:17:39,518 WORK REUSABLE? 2853 02:17:39,518 --> 02:17:41,220 CAN I TAKE YOUR MODEL, EXTEND IT 2854 02:17:41,220 --> 02:17:46,292 AND TAKE PIECES OUT. 2855 02:17:46,292 --> 02:17:49,929 THE OTHER THING I'M PUSHING THE 2856 02:17:49,929 --> 02:17:51,897 UNDERSTANDABLE BECAUSE WE'RE 2857 02:17:51,897 --> 02:17:52,932 RUNNING INTO MACHINE LEARNING 2858 02:17:52,932 --> 02:17:54,700 AND A.I. WHERE UNDERSTANDABLE IS 2859 02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:57,837 LESS AND LESS SO IS YOUR MODEL 2860 02:17:57,837 --> 02:17:58,270 UNDERSTANDABLE. 2861 02:17:58,270 --> 02:18:01,173 I CAN TURN THESE INTO SENTENCES. 2862 02:18:01,173 --> 02:18:02,274 REPRODUCIBILITY CAN WE CREATE 2863 02:18:02,274 --> 02:18:03,609 WHAT YOU DID? 2864 02:18:03,609 --> 02:18:05,110 CAN YOU CREATE A PUBLISHED MODEL 2865 02:18:05,110 --> 02:18:07,213 IN NEW WORK OR PULL THINGS OUT 2866 02:18:07,213 --> 02:18:10,483 OF YOUR MODEL AND REUSE IN 2867 02:18:10,483 --> 02:18:11,183 ANOTHER MODEL. 2868 02:18:11,183 --> 02:18:13,152 CAN I UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU DID? 2869 02:18:13,152 --> 02:18:14,887 WHY DID YOU MAKE THE MODEL YOU 2870 02:18:14,887 --> 02:18:15,654 DID? 2871 02:18:15,654 --> 02:18:18,657 WHAT ASSUMPTIONS DID YOU MAKE? 2872 02:18:18,657 --> 02:18:24,296 WHERE YOU GET YOUR DATA FROM? 2873 02:18:24,296 --> 02:18:25,631 AND CREDIBILITY, THE BIG ONE CAN 2874 02:18:25,631 --> 02:18:26,799 WE TRUST YOUR MODEL. 2875 02:18:26,799 --> 02:18:31,270 FROM THE COVID CRISIS IT MADE IT 2876 02:18:31,270 --> 02:18:33,505 CLEAR THERE'S A NEED FOR A WAY 2877 02:18:33,505 --> 02:18:36,442 FOR YOUR AVERAGE POLITICIAN TO 2878 02:18:36,442 --> 02:18:38,143 ASSESS TO USE ONE MODEL OR 2879 02:18:38,143 --> 02:18:40,012 ANOTHER AND WHETHER A SCIENTIFIC 2880 02:18:40,012 --> 02:18:43,349 ADVISER COULD HAND THAT 2881 02:18:43,349 --> 02:18:44,450 INFORMATION OVER TO A POLITICIAN 2882 02:18:44,450 --> 02:18:50,256 IN A DIGESTIBLE FORM. 2883 02:18:50,256 --> 02:18:51,357 DURING THE COVID CRISIS 2884 02:18:51,357 --> 02:18:52,758 TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS WERE AT 2885 02:18:52,758 --> 02:18:56,762 STAKE BASED ON PREDICTIONS MADE 2886 02:18:56,762 --> 02:18:59,031 BY MODELS AND NO FORMAL WAY TO 2887 02:18:59,031 --> 02:18:59,632 ASSESS THE CREDIBILITY OF THE 2888 02:18:59,632 --> 02:19:01,934 MODELS. 2889 02:19:01,934 --> 02:19:04,803 I THINK CREDIBILITY IS REALLY 2890 02:19:04,803 --> 02:19:08,874 HIGH UP. 2891 02:19:08,874 --> 02:19:11,844 IF YOU'RE GOING TO MOVE TOWARDS 2892 02:19:11,844 --> 02:19:14,146 DIGITAL TWINS THAN CREDIBILITY 2893 02:19:14,146 --> 02:19:15,180 HAS TO BE HIGHER ON THE LIST AS 2894 02:19:15,180 --> 02:19:16,215 WELL. 2895 02:19:16,215 --> 02:19:18,717 I'M GOING TO GO THROUGH THESE 2896 02:19:18,717 --> 02:19:20,819 POINTS HERE. 2897 02:19:20,819 --> 02:19:27,092 REPRODUCIBLE AND 2898 02:19:27,092 --> 02:19:28,961 UNDERSTANDABILITY AND THE 2899 02:19:28,961 --> 02:19:30,863 OTHERS. 2900 02:19:30,863 --> 02:19:31,230 REPRODUCIBILITY. 2901 02:19:31,230 --> 02:19:32,698 MOST MODELS ARE NOT 2902 02:19:32,698 --> 02:19:33,032 REPRODUCIBLE. 2903 02:19:33,032 --> 02:19:34,800 THERE'S A COUPLE EXAMPLES. 2904 02:19:34,800 --> 02:19:44,109 THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THESE IF NOT 2905 02:19:44,109 --> 02:19:44,376 THOUSANDS. 2906 02:19:44,376 --> 02:19:47,212 IT'S NOT DONE ON PURPOSE. 2907 02:19:47,212 --> 02:19:49,882 THE REWARD SYSTEM IS SKEWED AND 2908 02:19:49,882 --> 02:19:54,453 PEOPLE ARE NOT REWARDED FOR 2909 02:19:54,453 --> 02:19:58,290 PUBLISHING REPRODUCIBLE MODELS 2910 02:19:58,290 --> 02:20:01,393 AND THERE'S A FUNNY ONE ON THE 2911 02:20:01,393 --> 02:20:03,996 LEFT HAND CORNER, LESSONS LEARN 2912 02:20:03,996 --> 02:20:06,565 FROM QUANTUM BIOLOGY AND THE 2913 02:20:06,565 --> 02:20:07,866 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE AND ONE 2914 02:20:07,866 --> 02:20:10,703 LESSON LEARNED IS MAKE SURE YOU 2915 02:20:10,703 --> 02:20:11,737 INCLUDE YOUR ANALYSIS PROCEDURE. 2916 02:20:11,737 --> 02:20:14,239 A COUPLE MODELS HERE ARE NOT 2917 02:20:14,239 --> 02:20:15,174 REPRODUCIBLE AT ALL NO MATTER 2918 02:20:15,174 --> 02:20:19,979 WHAT YOU DO. 2919 02:20:19,979 --> 02:20:22,481 THE INTERESTING ONE IS THE 2920 02:20:22,481 --> 02:20:23,983 MICROPLASM ONE THE WHOLE CELL 2921 02:20:23,983 --> 02:20:26,218 MODEL WAS NOT REPRODUCIBLE. 2922 02:20:26,218 --> 02:20:30,055 THERE'S AN ENTIRE WORKSHOP 2923 02:20:30,055 --> 02:20:31,624 DEVOTED TO REPRODUCE THAT AND 2924 02:20:31,624 --> 02:20:32,791 THAT DOESN'T WORK. 2925 02:20:32,791 --> 02:20:35,928 THIS VERY COMMON. 2926 02:20:35,928 --> 02:20:38,130 IN THE A.I. WORLD THE MACHINE 2927 02:20:38,130 --> 02:20:42,534 LEARNING WORLD MORE COMMON. 2928 02:20:42,534 --> 02:20:44,436 I CAN SAY THERE'S GOOD NEWS. 2929 02:20:44,436 --> 02:20:51,877 15 YEARS AGO 100% BETWEEN 97% 2930 02:20:51,877 --> 02:20:54,646 AND 100% OF ALL MODELS IN 2931 02:20:54,646 --> 02:20:58,083 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY COULD NOT BE 2932 02:20:58,083 --> 02:20:59,852 REPRODUCED FROM THE PUBLISHED 2933 02:20:59,852 --> 02:21:00,052 FORM. 2934 02:21:00,052 --> 02:21:03,222 I HAVE A SIDE NOTE THERE. 2935 02:21:03,222 --> 02:21:04,723 I'M NOT GOING TO DWELL ON THE 2936 02:21:04,723 --> 02:21:06,325 TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS FIELD 2937 02:21:06,325 --> 02:21:08,961 BECAUSE THAT'S AN ENTIRE THING. 2938 02:21:08,961 --> 02:21:10,162 THERE'S A LOT OF VARIABILITY IN 2939 02:21:10,162 --> 02:21:11,764 WHAT PEOPLE MOVE IN 2940 02:21:11,764 --> 02:21:15,401 REPRODUCIBILITY AND SO ON. 2941 02:21:15,401 --> 02:21:21,740 THERE'S A GREAT PREPRINT ON 2942 02:21:21,740 --> 02:21:22,741 VARIOUS TERMINOLOGIES DIFFERENT 2943 02:21:22,741 --> 02:21:23,909 COMMUNITIES USE. 2944 02:21:23,909 --> 02:21:26,145 15 YEARS AGO PRETTY MUCH EVERY 2945 02:21:26,145 --> 02:21:27,813 MODEL WASN'T REPRODUCIBLE. 2946 02:21:27,813 --> 02:21:30,049 THIS WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE 2947 02:21:30,049 --> 02:21:40,159 CURATION OF OVER 1,000 MODELS. 2948 02:21:40,159 --> 02:21:41,694 TODAY 15% ARE REPRODUCIBLE. 2949 02:21:41,694 --> 02:21:44,797 THE PAPER THAT CAME OUT A YEAR 2950 02:21:44,797 --> 02:21:46,632 OR TWO AGO FROM THE BIO MODELS 2951 02:21:46,632 --> 02:21:49,702 TEAM IN CAMBRIDGE DID A LARGE 2952 02:21:49,702 --> 02:21:52,671 STUDY OF REPRODUCIBILITY AND 2953 02:21:52,671 --> 02:21:55,974 LOOKED AT IT OVER TIME AND THEIR 2954 02:21:55,974 --> 02:21:58,811 CONCLUSION WAS 15 YEARS AGO WAS 2955 02:21:58,811 --> 02:22:00,779 TERRIBLE AND TODAY IT'S BETTER. 2956 02:22:00,779 --> 02:22:04,817 HALF THE MODELS ARE 2957 02:22:04,817 --> 02:22:05,784 REPRODUCIBLE. 2958 02:22:05,784 --> 02:22:07,186 THERE'S A LARGE NUMBER OF 2959 02:22:07,186 --> 02:22:12,791 CURATED MODELS AS WELL. 2960 02:22:12,791 --> 02:22:16,462 MOSTLY IN SBML FORMAT. 2961 02:22:16,462 --> 02:22:20,065 THE GROUP THAT WROTE THE PAPER 2962 02:22:20,065 --> 02:22:23,235 GET A LOT OF TRAFFIC TO THEIR 2963 02:22:23,235 --> 02:22:25,370 SITE FOR MODELS. 2964 02:22:25,370 --> 02:22:27,306 FROM FINE TO SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. 2965 02:22:27,306 --> 02:22:31,577 I WILL ADMIT THERE ARE NO 2966 02:22:31,577 --> 02:22:34,012 STANDARDS FOR MULTISCALE 2967 02:22:34,012 --> 02:22:34,580 MODELING. 2968 02:22:34,580 --> 02:22:38,016 THIS SAY BIG GAP IN THE FIELD. 2969 02:22:38,016 --> 02:22:40,185 THERE'S NO STANDARD FOR 2970 02:22:40,185 --> 02:22:42,654 REPRESENTING AGENT-BASED 2971 02:22:42,654 --> 02:22:43,756 MODELLING OR ANY MULTI-CELLULAR 2972 02:22:43,756 --> 02:22:47,226 MODEL REALLY. 2973 02:22:47,226 --> 02:22:49,394 SO I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT SBML 2974 02:22:49,394 --> 02:22:52,030 AND THAT'S THE ONLY ONE WE CAN 2975 02:22:52,030 --> 02:22:53,499 TALK ABOUT THE MOST WELL 2976 02:22:53,499 --> 02:22:55,100 DEVELOPED AND POPULAR ONE AS 2977 02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:55,300 WELL. 2978 02:22:55,300 --> 02:22:57,569 MAYBE IN THE NEAR FUTURE WE CAN 2979 02:22:57,569 --> 02:22:59,004 START THINKING ABOUT CREATING 2980 02:22:59,004 --> 02:23:04,376 NEW STANDARDS THAT CAN WORK 2981 02:23:04,376 --> 02:23:05,878 ALONGSIDE SBML IN THE 2982 02:23:05,878 --> 02:23:06,445 AGENT-BASED MODELLING, FOR 2983 02:23:06,445 --> 02:23:09,848 EXAMPLE. 2984 02:23:09,848 --> 02:23:10,816 ANYWAY, HERE'S A NICE FAT CARROT 2985 02:23:10,816 --> 02:23:19,825 FOR US. 2986 02:23:19,825 --> 02:23:22,027 THIS WAS PUBLISHED EARLIER LAST 2987 02:23:22,027 --> 02:23:24,429 YEAR AND THERE WAS A GERMAN 2988 02:23:24,429 --> 02:23:25,564 GROUP THAT DID ANALYSIS ON THE 2989 02:23:25,564 --> 02:23:27,566 CITATION OF MODELLING PAPERS. 2990 02:23:27,566 --> 02:23:28,901 THEY CAME TO THE CONCLUSION IF 2991 02:23:28,901 --> 02:23:31,370 YOU DO USE SOMETHING LIKE THE 2992 02:23:31,370 --> 02:23:32,571 STANDARD LIKE SBML YOU'RE FAR 2993 02:23:32,571 --> 02:23:38,310 MORE LIKELY TO BE CITED. 2994 02:23:38,310 --> 02:23:39,945 THE REASON FOR THAT THEY THINK 2995 02:23:39,945 --> 02:23:42,147 IS SUCH MODELS ARE REUSABLE. 2996 02:23:42,147 --> 02:23:46,285 IF YOU CAN'T REUSE THE MODEL, 2997 02:23:46,285 --> 02:23:49,321 NOBODY'S GOING TO REUSE IT AND 2998 02:23:49,321 --> 02:23:50,222 PROBABLY CITE THE PAPER. 2999 02:23:50,222 --> 02:23:54,126 IT'S GREAT INCENTIVE TO PUBLISH 3000 02:23:54,126 --> 02:23:55,093 REPRODUCIBLE MODELS YOUR WORK 3001 02:23:55,093 --> 02:23:56,395 WILL HAVE A HIGHER IMPACT AND 3002 02:23:56,395 --> 02:24:06,805 THAT'S WHAT WE ALL WANT. 3003 02:24:07,940 --> 02:24:10,108 THE REUSABLE MODELS ARE CITED. 3004 02:24:10,108 --> 02:24:11,643 WHAT KIND OF INFRASTRUCTURE HAVE 3005 02:24:11,643 --> 02:24:16,014 WE BEEN WORKING ON IN OUR 3006 02:24:16,014 --> 02:24:16,248 CENTER? 3007 02:24:16,248 --> 02:24:18,550 WE HAVE TWO MAJOR SITES. 3008 02:24:18,550 --> 02:24:20,819 WE MENTIONED ONE THE 3009 02:24:20,819 --> 02:24:21,954 REPRODUCIBILITY PORTAL. 3010 02:24:21,954 --> 02:24:23,488 THIS IS ATTACHED TO MAJOR 3011 02:24:23,488 --> 02:24:31,797 RESOURCE THAT IS HOSTED AT 3012 02:24:31,797 --> 02:24:32,064 UCONN. 3013 02:24:32,064 --> 02:24:40,739 THEY HAVE 1300 MODELS LARGELY 3014 02:24:40,739 --> 02:24:43,375 CURATED THAT WOULD REPRODUCE 3015 02:24:43,375 --> 02:24:43,909 SIMULATIONS. 3016 02:24:43,909 --> 02:24:47,713 SO 1300 ARTICLES YOU CAN SEARCH 3017 02:24:47,713 --> 02:24:47,880 FOR. 3018 02:24:47,880 --> 02:24:54,653 THIS IS A SIMPLE PORTAL USES THE 3019 02:24:54,653 --> 02:24:55,821 REST API WHERE YOU CAN SEARCH 3020 02:24:55,821 --> 02:24:57,356 FOR PAPERS AND PICK THEM UP AND 3021 02:24:57,356 --> 02:24:58,657 YOU'LL GET DETAILS ON THE PAPER 3022 02:24:58,657 --> 02:25:01,426 AND YOU'LL GET THE DATA THAT WAS 3023 02:25:01,426 --> 02:25:04,296 SIMULATED AT UCONN AND YOU'LL 3024 02:25:04,296 --> 02:25:07,065 GET THE MODEL ITSELF IN THE 3025 02:25:07,065 --> 02:25:08,567 BLACK PANEL. 3026 02:25:08,567 --> 02:25:12,304 YOU CAN CUT AND PASTE AND USE IT 3027 02:25:12,304 --> 02:25:13,205 STRAIGHT AWAY. 3028 02:25:13,205 --> 02:25:18,343 IT'S A USEFUL RESOURCE IF YOU 3029 02:25:18,343 --> 02:25:22,681 HAVE A MODEL YOU'D LIKE TO REUSE 3030 02:25:22,681 --> 02:25:24,750 AND IF YOU HAVE A MULTISCALE 3031 02:25:24,750 --> 02:25:25,517 MODEL YOU MAY GET ONE PIECE THIS 3032 02:25:25,517 --> 02:25:35,594 WAY. 3033 02:25:40,565 --> 02:25:43,268 BIO SIMULATION IS A BIG THING 3034 02:25:43,268 --> 02:25:45,704 AND THERE'S MANY SIMULATORS 3035 02:25:45,704 --> 02:25:48,540 BROUGHT IN FROM THE VARIOUS 3036 02:25:48,540 --> 02:25:48,774 GROUPS. 3037 02:25:48,774 --> 02:25:53,145 15 TO 20 SIMULATORS OF VARIOUS 3038 02:25:53,145 --> 02:25:54,546 KINDS. 3039 02:25:54,546 --> 02:25:56,481 SIMULATION I SEE AS A GREAT SITE 3040 02:25:56,481 --> 02:25:58,583 FOR DOING MODEL VERIFICATION. 3041 02:25:58,583 --> 02:26:01,186 IN FACT YAN WAS TELLING ME THIS 3042 02:26:01,186 --> 02:26:03,255 MORNING OVER 1300 MODELS PRETTY 3043 02:26:03,255 --> 02:26:05,023 MUCH ALL HAVE BEEN VERIFIED, 3044 02:26:05,023 --> 02:26:07,225 MEANING, EACH ONE HAS BEEN RUN 3045 02:26:07,225 --> 02:26:10,329 ON TWO COMPLETELY DIFFERENT 3046 02:26:10,329 --> 02:26:11,730 SIMULATORS AND HAVE GIVEN THE 3047 02:26:11,730 --> 02:26:12,064 SAME RESULT. 3048 02:26:12,064 --> 02:26:13,899 MAY THINK, OF COURSE, THAT WILL 3049 02:26:13,899 --> 02:26:16,802 HAPPEN. 3050 02:26:16,802 --> 02:26:18,570 NOT SO FAST. 3051 02:26:18,570 --> 02:26:20,272 A LOT OF CURATION AND EVERY ONE 3052 02:26:20,272 --> 02:26:25,477 OF THOSE MODELS HAS GONE 3053 02:26:25,477 --> 02:26:35,620 THROUGH. 3054 02:26:46,698 --> 02:26:48,800 IF I RUN IT ON THE PLATFORM WILL 3055 02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:59,177 I GET THE SAME ANSWER. 3056 02:26:59,444 --> 02:27:00,812 AND YOU CAN RUN THIS FOR 3057 02:27:00,812 --> 02:27:10,088 VERIFICATION. 3058 02:27:10,088 --> 02:27:12,591 THIS IS ALL THE STANDARDS I CAN 3059 02:27:12,591 --> 02:27:13,058 THINK OF. 3060 02:27:13,058 --> 02:27:16,795 A BUNCH OF STUFF THAT COMES IN 3061 02:27:16,795 --> 02:27:18,997 BOTH STANDARDIZED THE WAY OF 3062 02:27:18,997 --> 02:27:21,333 SIMULATION PROJECT IS SET UP AND 3063 02:27:21,333 --> 02:27:22,100 STANDARDIZED THE WAY THE RESULTS 3064 02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:24,436 HAVE GENERATED AND THE WAY THE 3065 02:27:24,436 --> 02:27:25,704 DATA IS VISUALIZED. 3066 02:27:25,704 --> 02:27:28,140 THIS MEANS YOU CAN GO IN, PICK A 3067 02:27:28,140 --> 02:27:30,642 MODEL, RUN IT, SEE THE SAME 3068 02:27:30,642 --> 02:27:31,576 RESULTS YOU GET IN THE 3069 02:27:31,576 --> 02:27:42,054 PUBLICATION AND SAY RUN IT. 3070 02:27:45,724 --> 02:27:49,961 THIS IS FROM 18 RESEARCHERS OVER 3071 02:27:49,961 --> 02:27:51,229 FOUR YEARS. 3072 02:27:51,229 --> 02:27:56,368 A VERY BIG PROJECT. 3073 02:27:56,368 --> 02:28:06,912 THIS IS IF I RAN THE SAME WOULD 3074 02:28:11,783 --> 02:28:13,051 I GET THE SAME AND SIMILAR TO 3075 02:28:13,051 --> 02:28:15,487 THE WAY YOU IMPLEMENTED IT ON 3076 02:28:15,487 --> 02:28:16,688 THE PLATFORM YOU USED. 3077 02:28:16,688 --> 02:28:19,458 I WANT TO CONFIRM THERE'S NO 3078 02:28:19,458 --> 02:28:21,393 WEIRD ARTIFACTS BY REGENERATING 3079 02:28:21,393 --> 02:28:23,795 THE MODEL ON A COMPLETELY NEW 3080 02:28:23,795 --> 02:28:24,062 PLATFORM. 3081 02:28:24,062 --> 02:28:24,830 IT'S EASY TO RUN PUBLISHED 3082 02:28:24,830 --> 02:28:31,269 SIMULATIONS. 3083 02:28:31,269 --> 02:28:33,472 AND SOME SIMULATORS ARE HARD TO 3084 02:28:33,472 --> 02:28:33,705 INSTALL. 3085 02:28:33,705 --> 02:28:36,641 YOU WANT TO HAVE A QUICK LOOK, A 3086 02:28:36,641 --> 02:28:38,376 QUICK TRY AND CAN GO AND RUN IT 3087 02:28:38,376 --> 02:28:41,746 ON A SIMULATOR YOU'LL FIND. 3088 02:28:41,746 --> 02:28:45,283 IT HAS OVER 1,000 -- IT'S NOW 3089 02:28:45,283 --> 02:28:47,252 1300 REPRODUCIBLE MODELS. 3090 02:28:47,252 --> 02:28:49,588 YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THOSE MODELS. 3091 02:28:49,588 --> 02:28:52,791 AND THEY'RE ALL ATTACHED TO 3092 02:28:52,791 --> 02:28:56,261 PUBLISHED ARTICLES. 3093 02:28:56,261 --> 02:28:59,498 DOWNLOAD THEM AS RUNABLE AND THE 3094 02:28:59,498 --> 02:29:01,166 REPRODUCIBILITY IS A SITE THAT 3095 02:29:01,166 --> 02:29:03,902 USED THE REST API. 3096 02:29:03,902 --> 02:29:06,438 THE SIMULATION IS A BIT OF A 3097 02:29:06,438 --> 02:29:07,873 LABYRINTH BUT THE BIO SIMULATION 3098 02:29:07,873 --> 02:29:11,343 PORTAL FOCUSES JUST ON SEARCHING 3099 02:29:11,343 --> 02:29:12,811 FOR A PAPER AND BE THE SEEING 3100 02:29:12,811 --> 02:29:13,945 THE SIMULATIONS FROM THE PAPER 3101 02:29:13,945 --> 02:29:14,346 DOWNLOADING THEM. 3102 02:29:14,346 --> 02:29:17,415 ALL RIGHT. 3103 02:29:17,415 --> 02:29:19,384 THIS IS WHAT THE BIO SIMULATION 3104 02:29:19,384 --> 02:29:20,819 SITE LOOKS LIKE AS WELL. 3105 02:29:20,819 --> 02:29:22,921 IT'S A FAIRLY BIG SITE. 3106 02:29:22,921 --> 02:29:25,857 THERE'S A LOT OF PARTS TO IT. 3107 02:29:25,857 --> 02:29:28,593 IF YOU WANT TO HAVE A QUICK LOOK 3108 02:29:28,593 --> 02:29:32,330 IN GO TO THIS SITE AS WELL. 3109 02:29:32,330 --> 02:29:36,835 IF YOU LIKE LOOKING AT ALL THE 3110 02:29:36,835 --> 02:29:37,802 CORNERS, YOU CAN EASILY GET 3111 02:29:37,802 --> 02:29:39,804 LOST. 3112 02:29:39,804 --> 02:29:41,473 THE FUTURE EFFORTS ON THIS SIDE 3113 02:29:41,473 --> 02:29:44,776 ON THE REPRODUCIBILITY SIDE, 3114 02:29:44,776 --> 02:29:53,118 MENTIONED MUCH ABOUT SAED-ML ITS 3115 02:29:53,118 --> 02:29:56,188 AN ATTEMPT TO TRY TO DESCRIBE 3116 02:29:56,188 --> 02:30:02,260 HOW YOU ROUND THE MODEL IN AN 3117 02:30:02,260 --> 02:30:03,495 EXECUTABLE INDEPENDENT WAY. 3118 02:30:03,495 --> 02:30:06,765 IT'S LIKE A COOKING RECIPE WHERE 3119 02:30:06,765 --> 02:30:08,800 I DID THIS AND THEN THIS. 3120 02:30:08,800 --> 02:30:13,004 IT'S BASICALLY A HIGH-LEVEL 3121 02:30:13,004 --> 02:30:16,041 DESCRIPTION AND THEN CONVERT 3122 02:30:16,041 --> 02:30:19,911 THAT TO AN EXECUTABLE FORM LIKE 3123 02:30:19,911 --> 02:30:21,213 A PYTHON OR JULIUS SCRIPT AND 3124 02:30:21,213 --> 02:30:23,248 THEN RUN IT. 3125 02:30:23,248 --> 02:30:27,118 YOU CAN RETARGET THE SIMULATION 3126 02:30:27,118 --> 02:30:29,554 EXPERIMENT TO ANYTHING YOU WANT. 3127 02:30:29,554 --> 02:30:32,624 TODAY, PYTHON IS THE FLAVOR OF 3128 02:30:32,624 --> 02:30:33,325 THE MONTH. 3129 02:30:33,325 --> 02:30:35,860 10 YEARS IT WILL PROBABLY BE 3130 02:30:35,860 --> 02:30:36,428 JULIA. 3131 02:30:36,428 --> 02:30:37,829 YOU NEED THE FLEXIBILITY TO MOVE 3132 02:30:37,829 --> 02:30:39,397 FROM FLAVOR OF THE MONTH TO 3133 02:30:39,397 --> 02:30:40,532 FLAVOR OF THE MONTH AND THIS 3134 02:30:40,532 --> 02:30:41,900 WILL LET YOU DO IT. 3135 02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,803 THERE ARE LIMITATIONS. 3136 02:30:44,803 --> 02:30:51,643 ONE OF THE THING IS TO REVAMP 3137 02:30:51,643 --> 02:30:54,379 SED-ML AND THERE'S MULTISCALE 3138 02:30:54,379 --> 02:30:54,813 MODELS. 3139 02:30:54,813 --> 02:30:56,047 THIS IS THE BIG MISSING PIECE IN 3140 02:30:56,047 --> 02:31:00,452 THE ENTIRE DOMAIN. 3141 02:31:00,452 --> 02:31:04,489 WE'D LIKE TO HAVE MODELERS 3142 02:31:04,489 --> 02:31:06,324 REPRODUCE MULTI-SCALE MODELS 3143 02:31:06,324 --> 02:31:07,392 BECAUSE MOST AREN'T. 3144 02:31:07,392 --> 02:31:10,161 HELP PACKAGE UP MULTI-SCALE 3145 02:31:10,161 --> 02:31:11,830 MODELS BECAUSE THEY'RE COMPLEX. 3146 02:31:11,830 --> 02:31:13,298 THE AREA HASN'T DEVELOPED MUCH 3147 02:31:13,298 --> 02:31:14,866 BECAUSE IT'S A COMPLEX AREA. 3148 02:31:14,866 --> 02:31:20,772 IT'S NOT AN EASY THING TO DO. 3149 02:31:20,772 --> 02:31:27,078 WE'LL WORK WITH PEOPLE AND THEN 3150 02:31:27,078 --> 02:31:28,546 OTHERS IN THE AUDIENCE. 3151 02:31:28,546 --> 02:31:29,648 THEY'RE THREE BIG PLATFORMS. 3152 02:31:29,648 --> 02:31:32,817 KE CAN WORK WITH THEM AND GET IT 3153 02:31:32,817 --> 02:31:43,194 WORKING WE'LL DO WELL. 3154 02:31:58,777 --> 02:32:01,379 THIS WAS COPIED FROM GOOLG AND 3155 02:32:01,379 --> 02:32:08,253 THIS IS A FRAGMENT OF THIS AND 3156 02:32:08,253 --> 02:32:13,625 442 LINES OF MATH LAB CODE AND 3157 02:32:13,625 --> 02:32:16,294 39 AND IT TOOK US A MONTH TO 3158 02:32:16,294 --> 02:32:20,799 CREATE THIS IN STANDARD FORM TO 3159 02:32:20,799 --> 02:32:25,503 RUN IT ON ANY PLATFORM. 3160 02:32:25,503 --> 02:32:32,811 AND THERE'S SIMULATION 3161 02:32:32,811 --> 02:32:38,550 PLATFORMS. 3162 02:32:38,550 --> 02:32:43,121 IT TOOK TIME TO MAKE IT 3163 02:32:43,121 --> 02:32:43,888 REPRODUCIBLE. 3164 02:32:43,888 --> 02:32:50,862 WE DO NOT RECOMMEND WRITING YOUR 3165 02:32:50,862 --> 02:32:52,931 MODELS IN SOME PLATFORMS AND GO 3166 02:32:52,931 --> 02:32:55,200 FOR SOMETHING LIKE SBML. 3167 02:32:55,200 --> 02:32:56,801 IT WILL FUTURE PROOF YOUR MODEL 3168 02:32:56,801 --> 02:32:59,137 AND MAKE THE MODEL MORE REUSABLE 3169 02:32:59,137 --> 02:33:01,005 AND SO ON. 3170 02:33:01,005 --> 02:33:02,307 THIS IS NOW REUSABLE FORM. 3171 02:33:02,307 --> 02:33:04,843 YOU SEE ALL THE ACTIONS RELATED 3172 02:33:04,843 --> 02:33:06,878 TO THE MODEL. 3173 02:33:06,878 --> 02:33:07,979 THOSE CAN BE CUT AND PASTED AND 3174 02:33:07,979 --> 02:33:09,414 PUT INTO OTHER MODELS. 3175 02:33:09,414 --> 02:33:10,782 TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE, I'M NOT 3176 02:33:10,782 --> 02:33:12,784 GIVING A LINK TO THIS BECAUSE 3177 02:33:12,784 --> 02:33:18,123 IT'S STILL UNDERGOING, WE HAVE 3178 02:33:18,123 --> 02:33:21,426 CREATED A STANDARD MODEL FOR THE 3179 02:33:21,426 --> 02:33:22,794 EGF PATHWAY BROKEN INTO SUB 3180 02:33:22,794 --> 02:33:24,829 MODELS BECAUSE IT'S SUCH A BIG 3181 02:33:24,829 --> 02:33:25,663 SYSTEM. 3182 02:33:25,663 --> 02:33:27,165 YOU CAN SEE THIS IS ON THE 3183 02:33:27,165 --> 02:33:29,467 GITHUB PAGE AND SEE THE MODELS 3184 02:33:29,467 --> 02:33:33,505 THERE THE GAP MODULE AND GAREN 3185 02:33:33,505 --> 02:33:44,015 MODEL AND SUS MODEL AND SO ON. 3186 02:33:46,885 --> 02:33:51,289 THIS GETS PUT INTO AN EXECUTABLE 3187 02:33:51,289 --> 02:33:52,757 AND RUN AND WE CAN DO THE 3188 02:33:52,757 --> 02:33:53,391 VALIDATION AND FITTING MENTIONED 3189 02:33:53,391 --> 02:33:59,964 THIS MORNING. 3190 02:33:59,964 --> 02:34:03,234 UNDERSTANDABLE MODELS. 3191 02:34:03,234 --> 02:34:05,003 I'M NOT GOING TO DELVE TOO LONG 3192 02:34:05,003 --> 02:34:06,604 ON THIS AND UNDERSTANDING THIS 3193 02:34:06,604 --> 02:34:08,606 CAN MEAN A LOT OF THINGS TO A 3194 02:34:08,606 --> 02:34:09,874 LOT OF PEOPLE BUT FROM THIS 3195 02:34:09,874 --> 02:34:12,110 POINT OF CONTEXT CAN I IDENTIFY 3196 02:34:12,110 --> 02:34:15,113 THE PARTS YOU USED IN YOUR MODEL 3197 02:34:15,113 --> 02:34:17,015 UNAMBIGUOUS LOY. 3198 02:34:17,015 --> 02:34:19,951 IF YOU USED GIC WHAT DOES THAT 3199 02:34:19,951 --> 02:34:22,387 MEAN OR XYZ. 3200 02:34:22,387 --> 02:34:23,788 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 3201 02:34:23,788 --> 02:34:26,391 YOU TAKE YOUR MODELS WITH EXTRA 3202 02:34:26,391 --> 02:34:28,660 METADATA SO A COMPUTER OR HUMAN 3203 02:34:28,660 --> 02:34:29,994 CAN START TO FIGURE OUT WHAT IS 3204 02:34:29,994 --> 02:34:31,930 IN YOUR MODEL AND WHAT ARE THE 3205 02:34:31,930 --> 02:34:35,600 COMPONENTS AND SO ON. 3206 02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:35,934 HO 3207 02:34:35,934 --> 02:34:36,634 NOT ONLY THAT BUT WHAT 3208 02:34:36,634 --> 02:34:38,670 ASSUMPTIONS WERE MADE AND SO ON. 3209 02:34:38,670 --> 02:34:40,805 THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 3210 02:34:40,805 --> 02:34:44,809 THIS IS A PIECE OF XML. 3211 02:34:44,809 --> 02:34:46,978 THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE WHEN 3212 02:34:46,978 --> 02:34:51,115 YOU ADD THE ANNOTATION TERMS. 3213 02:34:51,115 --> 02:34:52,817 IT'S ALL COMPUTER READABLE AND 3214 02:34:52,817 --> 02:34:54,452 BACK TO A MODELER TO SEE WHAT IS 3215 02:34:54,452 --> 02:35:00,425 INSIDE THE MODEL. 3216 02:35:00,425 --> 02:35:01,759 WE HAVE VARIOUS TOOLS TO DO THIS 3217 02:35:01,759 --> 02:35:04,529 THAT HAVE COME OUT OF THE 3218 02:35:04,529 --> 02:35:04,762 CENTER. 3219 02:35:04,762 --> 02:35:08,366 ONE IS MODELS LIKE THIS AND IT'S 3220 02:35:08,366 --> 02:35:09,367 INCREDIBLY TEDIOUS AND BORING 3221 02:35:09,367 --> 02:35:10,935 WHICH IS WHY NOBODY DOES IT. 3222 02:35:10,935 --> 02:35:14,072 ONE THING WE DEVELOPED WAS AN 3223 02:35:14,072 --> 02:35:17,675 AUTOMATIC ANNOTATION SYSTEM 3224 02:35:17,675 --> 02:35:21,880 MERELY FOR METABOLIC MODEL AND 3225 02:35:21,880 --> 02:35:24,549 IT WILL ANNOTATE IT FOR YOU BY 3226 02:35:24,549 --> 02:35:29,087 MINING EXISTING ANNOTATED MODELS 3227 02:35:29,087 --> 02:35:35,059 AND IT WORKS QUITE WELL AND DIG 3228 02:35:35,059 --> 02:35:40,331 OUT A FULLY ANNOTATED MODEL FOR 3229 02:35:40,331 --> 02:35:43,101 YOU AND THIS LET'S YOU FINE TUNE 3230 02:35:43,101 --> 02:35:47,238 THE ANNOTATIONS AND YOU CAN 3231 02:35:47,238 --> 02:35:48,806 CORRECT THEM THERE AND BROWSE 3232 02:35:48,806 --> 02:35:52,844 BIO MODELS AND AUTOMATIC 3233 02:35:52,844 --> 02:35:53,278 CREATION AND SO ON. 3234 02:35:53,278 --> 02:35:55,046 THIS IS ANOTHER TOOL YOU CAN USE 3235 02:35:55,046 --> 02:35:56,781 ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE A FAN OF 3236 02:35:56,781 --> 02:35:57,949 VISUAL STUDIO CODE. 3237 02:35:57,949 --> 02:35:59,250 NOW TO MODEL CREDIBILITY. 3238 02:35:59,250 --> 02:36:01,753 THE LAST THING. 3239 02:36:01,753 --> 02:36:03,421 THIS WAS DEFINITELY INSPIRED BY 3240 02:36:03,421 --> 02:36:08,259 THE GREAT WORK DONE BY THE 3241 02:36:08,259 --> 02:36:13,331 COMMITTEE AND INSPIRED BY AN 3242 02:36:13,331 --> 02:36:16,801 EXISTING TOOL CALLED MEMOTE. 3243 02:36:16,801 --> 02:36:23,341 IT WAS DEVELOPED IN 2020 IT'S A 3244 02:36:23,341 --> 02:36:26,444 CREDIBILITY TOOL THAT DOES A 3245 02:36:26,444 --> 02:36:29,047 DEEP DIVE TO AN SBML MODEL AND 3246 02:36:29,047 --> 02:36:31,249 DOES CHECKS ON IT. 3247 02:36:31,249 --> 02:36:34,052 IT'S FOR THE WHOLE GENOME SCALE 3248 02:36:34,052 --> 02:36:35,119 MODELLING BECAUSE THEY'RE VERY 3249 02:36:35,119 --> 02:36:36,421 LARGE MODELS. 3250 02:36:36,421 --> 02:36:37,488 THE BIGGEST ONES ARE LIKE 3251 02:36:37,488 --> 02:36:39,324 THOUSANDS OF REACTIONS. 3252 02:36:39,324 --> 02:36:49,801 YOU CAN'T MANUALLY CHECK THAT. 3253 02:36:49,801 --> 02:36:51,636 AND YOU CAN CHECK MASS BALANCE. 3254 02:36:51,636 --> 02:36:56,941 THE FIRST YOU GET THE LONG LIST 3255 02:36:56,941 --> 02:37:01,579 OF THINGS THEN GENERATES HOW 3256 02:37:01,579 --> 02:37:07,151 WELL YOU DID IN A REPORT. 3257 02:37:07,151 --> 02:37:10,488 IF YOU LOOK HERE IT TALKS ABOUT 3258 02:37:10,488 --> 02:37:12,156 DYNAMIC CONSTRAINTS YOU PUT IN 3259 02:37:12,156 --> 02:37:14,492 AND REACTIONS AND ANNOTATED 3260 02:37:14,492 --> 02:37:16,794 PIECES AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 3261 02:37:16,794 --> 02:37:18,896 IT'S THIS KIND OF THING THAT CAN 3262 02:37:18,896 --> 02:37:20,898 ADD TO THE CREDIBILITY. 3263 02:37:20,898 --> 02:37:23,368 I WAS SURPRISED TWO YEARS AGO IN 3264 02:37:23,368 --> 02:37:26,904 ANOTHER PROJECT I'M DOING WE 3265 02:37:26,904 --> 02:37:28,072 NEEDED TO MODEL A LARGE MODEL 3266 02:37:28,072 --> 02:37:30,341 AND WE NEEDED TO GET HOLD OF THE 3267 02:37:30,341 --> 02:37:31,643 MODEL AND SOMEBODY IN THE GROUP 3268 02:37:31,643 --> 02:37:35,980 SAID HAVE YOU CHECKED IT WITH 3269 02:37:35,980 --> 02:37:40,084 MEMOTE YET. 3270 02:37:40,084 --> 02:37:42,820 I WAS SURPRISED. 3271 02:37:42,820 --> 02:37:44,022 PEOPLE ARE USING THIS BEFORE 3272 02:37:44,022 --> 02:37:53,197 THEY HAVE A MODEL TO USE IT. 3273 02:37:53,197 --> 02:37:55,500 THESE ARE THE 10 SIMPLE RULES 3274 02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:57,201 AND WOULD LIKE TO DO DEEP DIVES 3275 02:37:57,201 --> 02:37:58,069 IN THE SPECTRUM. 3276 02:37:58,069 --> 02:38:00,638 WE HAVE TWO PAPERS WE PUBLISHED. 3277 02:38:00,638 --> 02:38:03,374 ONE IN 2019 BASICALLY BRINGING 3278 02:38:03,374 --> 02:38:05,209 MORE COMPUTER SCIENCE 3279 02:38:05,209 --> 02:38:06,878 METHODOLOGIES TO MODELLING AND 3280 02:38:06,878 --> 02:38:10,415 GOT A REVIEW WHICH INCLUDES 3281 02:38:10,415 --> 02:38:11,582 DISCUSSION ON THE SIMPLE RULES 3282 02:38:11,582 --> 02:38:14,819 THERE AS WELL. 3283 02:38:14,819 --> 02:38:17,755 THE IDEA WE WOULD COMBINE -- 3284 02:38:17,755 --> 02:38:18,823 YOU'D GET A COMBINE WHICH HAS 3285 02:38:18,823 --> 02:38:20,491 ALL THE INFORMATION ON THE MODEL 3286 02:38:20,491 --> 02:38:24,729 THEN YOU COULD DO A BATTERY OF 3287 02:38:24,729 --> 02:38:26,798 TESTS OF VARIOUS CREDIBILITY 3288 02:38:26,798 --> 02:38:28,633 TESTS AUTOMATICALLY AND SCORE AT 3289 02:38:28,633 --> 02:38:29,400 THE END. 3290 02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:30,735 THESE ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS 3291 02:38:30,735 --> 02:38:32,804 YOU COULD DO. 3292 02:38:32,804 --> 02:38:34,706 WE WANT TO BREAK UP THE STATIC 3293 02:38:34,706 --> 02:38:36,274 AND DYNAMIC TESTS. 3294 02:38:36,274 --> 02:38:37,308 DO TEST ON THE MODEL WITHOUT 3295 02:38:37,308 --> 02:38:39,877 RUNNING THE MODEL AND DYNAMIC 3296 02:38:39,877 --> 02:38:41,012 TEST ACTUALLY RUN THE MODEL. 3297 02:38:41,012 --> 02:38:42,647 THESE ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS 3298 02:38:42,647 --> 02:38:43,548 WE'RE WORKING ON. 3299 02:38:43,548 --> 02:38:45,016 VERIFICATION WE'RE WORKING ON 3300 02:38:45,016 --> 02:38:55,493 THROUGH THE BIOLATION SITE. 3301 02:38:59,263 --> 02:39:00,698 AND YOU CAN LOOK AT THE MODEL 3302 02:39:00,698 --> 02:39:03,167 AND IT GOES THROUGH CHECKING 3303 02:39:03,167 --> 02:39:11,242 THROUGH IT MAKE SURE THEY MAKE 3304 02:39:11,242 --> 02:39:16,481 SENSE. 3305 02:39:16,481 --> 02:39:18,483 LARGE MODELS IT BECOMES 3306 02:39:18,483 --> 02:39:19,517 IMPOSSIBLE TO DO MANUAL CHECKS 3307 02:39:19,517 --> 02:39:21,285 AND FOR THE NERDS OR GEEKS IN 3308 02:39:21,285 --> 02:39:21,986 THE AUDIENCE INTERESTED IN HOW 3309 02:39:21,986 --> 02:39:27,925 THIS WAS IMPLEMENTED, WE'RE 3310 02:39:27,925 --> 02:39:33,631 MOVING MORE AND MORE TOWARD 3311 02:39:33,631 --> 02:39:39,003 CLOUD-SIDE WEB APPS ON GITHUB 3312 02:39:39,003 --> 02:39:41,606 WHICH IS FREE OR CLOUD FAIR. 3313 02:39:41,606 --> 02:39:43,207 THIS RUNS IN THE BROWSER AND 3314 02:39:43,207 --> 02:39:49,881 RUNNING PYTHON IN THE BROWSER. 3315 02:39:49,881 --> 02:39:50,848 A NEW TECHNOLOGY CAME OUT LAST 3316 02:39:50,848 --> 02:39:54,852 YEAR AND COMBINED THE ESTIMATES 3317 02:39:54,852 --> 02:39:56,787 INTO DESCRIPTORS AND IT'S 3318 02:39:56,787 --> 02:40:02,393 SUPPORTED NOW ON THE WEB. 3319 02:40:02,393 --> 02:40:03,895 WE GET TO DOUBLE DIP WHICH IS 3320 02:40:03,895 --> 02:40:11,135 NICE. 3321 02:40:11,135 --> 02:40:15,840 FOR C + + AND PYTHON TECHNOLOGY. 3322 02:40:15,840 --> 02:40:21,712 THIS IS MORE ROBUST TO CHANGES 3323 02:40:21,712 --> 02:40:24,382 IN TECHNOLOGY I CAN DO PAGES 3324 02:40:24,382 --> 02:40:27,718 FROM THE 1990s AND RUN DESK TOP 3325 02:40:27,718 --> 02:40:29,821 APPS FROM THE 1990s. 3326 02:40:29,821 --> 02:40:30,755 EVEN WHEN YOUR GRANT STOPS THESE 3327 02:40:30,755 --> 02:40:41,098 THINGS KEEP RUNNING. 3328 02:40:47,338 --> 02:40:54,412 LOTS OF PEOPLE INVOLVED. 3329 02:40:54,412 --> 02:40:59,417 WE HAD SOMEONE THAT STARTED A 3330 02:40:59,417 --> 02:41:00,017 MODELLING COMPANY AND WE'RE 3331 02:41:00,017 --> 02:41:02,019 STILL IN COMMUNICATION. 3332 02:41:02,019 --> 02:41:07,191 WE HAVE NEW PEOPLE BROUGHT IN 3333 02:41:07,191 --> 02:41:17,735 THE CENTER I WANT TO GIVE THANKS 3334 02:41:18,936 --> 02:41:23,274 TO JOE HALLESTEIN AND DOES A 3335 02:41:23,274 --> 02:41:28,479 TREMENDOUS OF WORK WITH US AND 3336 02:41:28,479 --> 02:41:31,782 WE WORKED A LOT WITH TEAMS ON 3337 02:41:31,782 --> 02:41:32,717 THE U.K. 3338 02:41:32,717 --> 02:41:35,253 AND KM SMITH RECURATED MODELS TO 3339 02:41:35,253 --> 02:41:36,787 MAKE SURE THEY COULD ALL BE 3340 02:41:36,787 --> 02:41:38,923 VERIFIED. 3341 02:41:38,923 --> 02:41:41,626 I THINK THERE'S MORE PEOPLE I 3342 02:41:41,626 --> 02:41:45,529 COULD MENTION BUT THERE ARE MORE 3343 02:41:45,529 --> 02:41:48,432 PEOPLE AND THE FUNDERS AND THE 3344 02:41:48,432 --> 02:41:50,701 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND 3345 02:41:50,701 --> 02:41:52,803 A NUMBER OF NIH INSTITUTES. 3346 02:41:52,803 --> 02:41:59,277 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3347 02:41:59,277 --> 02:42:04,448 >> SO WE'RE NOW MOVING TO THE 3348 02:42:04,448 --> 02:42:06,584 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION. 3349 02:42:06,584 --> 02:42:08,252 THERE SHOULD BE ANOTHER TWO 3350 02:42:08,252 --> 02:42:13,824 PEOPLE BUT I THINK THEY'LL BE 3351 02:42:13,824 --> 02:42:14,058 ONLINE. 3352 02:42:14,058 --> 02:42:16,794 IF WE HAD A HIGH SPEED TRAIN 3353 02:42:16,794 --> 02:42:18,062 SYSTEM HERE THEY'D BE HERE BUT 3354 02:42:18,062 --> 02:42:28,239 WE DON'T. 3355 02:43:57,928 --> 02:44:08,305 >> I CAN'T FIND THE THING. 3356 02:44:14,345 --> 02:44:16,814 WHAT DO YOU GUYS WANT TO ADDRESS 3357 02:44:16,814 --> 02:44:17,014 FIRST? 3358 02:44:17,014 --> 02:44:27,491 I'LL HAVE TO SPEAK UP MORE. 3359 02:44:51,182 --> 02:45:01,025 AM I SUPPOSED TO TURN IT UP? 3360 02:45:01,025 --> 02:45:02,626 AHMED? 3361 02:45:02,626 --> 02:45:03,360 >> AHMED WAS ASKING ME TO 3362 02:45:03,360 --> 02:45:13,671 REFRESH THE PAGE. 3363 02:45:22,179 --> 02:45:24,448 >> CAN YOU TRANSLATES AND SAY 3364 02:45:24,448 --> 02:45:27,284 WHAT AHMED JUST SAID? 3365 02:45:27,284 --> 02:45:30,287 I DIDN'T CATCH IT. 3366 02:45:30,287 --> 02:45:32,323 >> HE SAID IF THEY HAVE ANY 3367 02:45:32,323 --> 02:45:33,057 QUESTIONS THEY CAN PUT IN THE 3368 02:45:33,057 --> 02:45:43,501 CHAT IN THE WIKI, PLEASE. 3369 02:46:02,686 --> 02:46:04,788 IS THERE ANYTHING FIRST? 3370 02:46:04,788 --> 02:46:06,757 YOU GUYS CAN POST YOUR ANSWERS 3371 02:46:06,757 --> 02:46:08,159 ON THE WIKI IF YOU DON'T HAVE 3372 02:46:08,159 --> 02:46:09,026 TIME TO VOICE IT. 3373 02:46:09,026 --> 02:46:19,403 AND PRESS THE BUTTON. 3374 02:46:52,937 --> 02:46:58,542 >> I THINK WE ARE NOT SUPPORTED 3375 02:46:58,542 --> 02:47:04,782 TO MAKE SUPPOSED TO MAKE MODELS 3376 02:47:04,782 --> 02:47:14,959 REUSABLE. 3377 02:47:16,060 --> 02:47:17,795 NO ONE'S FORCING KNOW DO 3378 02:47:17,795 --> 02:47:20,564 ANYTHING BUT IT'S NICE IF THEY 3379 02:47:20,564 --> 02:47:23,033 ARE REUSABLE AND IT SEEMS WE'LL 3380 02:47:23,033 --> 02:47:26,804 MAKE A BIGGER IMPACT IF THE 3381 02:47:26,804 --> 02:47:27,938 MODELS ARE REUSABLE BECAUSE 3382 02:47:27,938 --> 02:47:28,539 PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO REUSE 3383 02:47:28,539 --> 02:47:33,210 THEM. 3384 02:47:33,210 --> 02:47:35,279 IN TERMS OF THE SCIENTIFIC 3385 02:47:35,279 --> 02:47:40,551 IMPACT WILL BE HIGHER I THINK. 3386 02:47:40,551 --> 02:47:42,953 >> CAN I MAKE A COMMENT? 3387 02:47:42,953 --> 02:47:46,624 SO I WAS ACTUALLY JUST TALKING 3388 02:47:46,624 --> 02:47:52,429 WITH JOHN KORVATZI THE MEDICAL 3389 02:47:52,429 --> 02:47:56,800 DEVICE COMMUNITY IS DYING FOR 3390 02:47:56,800 --> 02:48:02,840 THE MULTI-SCALE MODELLING THEY 3391 02:48:02,840 --> 02:48:08,145 END UP GOING TO THE DRAWING 3392 02:48:08,145 --> 02:48:18,589 BOARD THEMSELVES THERE'S 3393 02:48:28,932 --> 02:48:30,801 MULTISCALE MODELS. 3394 02:48:30,801 --> 02:48:32,369 >> THE MULTISCALE MODELING 3395 02:48:32,369 --> 02:48:33,537 CONSORTIUM IS A GROUP OF 3396 02:48:33,537 --> 02:48:34,872 MODELERS WHO WANT TO JUST FIND 3397 02:48:34,872 --> 02:48:35,673 OUR MODELS. 3398 02:48:35,673 --> 02:48:36,807 I'M HOPING TO WORK WITH THEM TO 3399 02:48:36,807 --> 02:48:38,242 FIGURE OUT IF THEY CAN DO A 3400 02:48:38,242 --> 02:48:39,410 NEEDS ASSESSMENT TO TELL US WHAT 3401 02:48:39,410 --> 02:48:44,581 KIND OF MODELS THEY WANT. 3402 02:48:44,581 --> 02:48:45,649 BUT THEY START WITH LITERATURE 3403 02:48:45,649 --> 02:48:47,785 AND FIND HUNDREDS OF MODELS FOR 3404 02:48:47,785 --> 02:48:49,920 SHOULDER MODELS IF THEY WANTED 3405 02:48:49,920 --> 02:48:51,955 TO MAKE SHOULDER PROSTHESIS AND 3406 02:48:51,955 --> 02:48:53,323 THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHICH ONE TO 3407 02:48:53,323 --> 02:48:54,692 START WITH OR WHERE TO GO OR HOW 3408 02:48:54,692 --> 02:48:56,160 FAR IT'S GONE. 3409 02:48:56,160 --> 02:48:57,528 >> IT'S PROBABLY ALL WRITTEN IN 3410 02:48:57,528 --> 02:49:01,432 DIFFERENT FORMS AS WELL. 3411 02:49:01,432 --> 02:49:03,400 >> IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO TEAR 3412 02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:04,068 THEM A PART AND DO THE BITS YOU 3413 02:49:04,068 --> 02:49:14,178 NEED. 3414 02:49:30,227 --> 02:49:35,566 >> WE CAN THINK OF THE CHALLENGE 3415 02:49:36,233 --> 02:49:43,140 S. 3416 02:49:43,140 --> 02:49:45,376 IN SOME SENSE SOME ARE BIGGER 3417 02:49:45,376 --> 02:49:53,650 THAN THE OTHERS. 3418 02:49:53,650 --> 02:49:56,387 USING A MODEL FOR A RESEARCH 3419 02:49:56,387 --> 02:49:58,989 PURPOSE IS DIFFERENT THAN BEING 3420 02:49:58,989 --> 02:50:01,225 ABLE TO REUSE OR ADAPT OR MODIFY 3421 02:50:01,225 --> 02:50:04,795 FOR OTHER PURPOSES AND MAINTAIN 3422 02:50:04,795 --> 02:50:15,172 AND SUSTAIN THE MODEL. 3423 02:50:21,512 --> 02:50:25,816 >> I LIKE TO THINK WHEN I'M IN A 3424 02:50:25,816 --> 02:50:26,717 RESEARCH DOMAIN AND TRYING TO 3425 02:50:26,717 --> 02:50:32,256 LEARN ABOUT THE PHYSICAL 3426 02:50:32,256 --> 02:50:42,132 PRINCIPLES AND WE NEED TO HAVE 3427 02:50:42,132 --> 02:50:43,467 HOW THE BODY CHANGE AND EVALUATE 3428 02:50:43,467 --> 02:50:46,570 THE INPUT FROM THE MODEL AND HOW 3429 02:50:46,570 --> 02:50:47,538 IT FEEDS INTO YOUR DECISION 3430 02:50:47,538 --> 02:50:57,681 MAKING. 3431 02:51:06,723 --> 02:51:08,792 AROUND IT'S RELATED TO THE 3432 02:51:08,792 --> 02:51:12,329 CONTENT OF APPLICATIONS. 3433 02:51:12,329 --> 02:51:13,897 AND WHAT YOU FIND IN THE 3434 02:51:13,897 --> 02:51:15,532 LITERATURE THEY MAY NOT HAVE 3435 02:51:15,532 --> 02:51:19,436 ANYTHING TO DO THOUGH THEY SAID 3436 02:51:19,436 --> 02:51:21,605 THEY'RE A MODEL TO PROVIDE THE 3437 02:51:21,605 --> 02:51:26,877 INFORMATION NEEDED ABOUT THE 3438 02:51:26,877 --> 02:51:30,848 QUESTIONS AS MUCH AS HOW THE 3439 02:51:30,848 --> 02:51:31,415 FRAMEWORK HAVING THE MODEL 3440 02:51:31,415 --> 02:51:41,859 THAT'S ALREADY BEEN USED. 3441 02:52:07,317 --> 02:52:09,152 >> I HAVE TERRIBLE LUCK WITH 3442 02:52:09,152 --> 02:52:12,155 MICS IF YOU HAVEN'T NOTICED. 3443 02:52:12,155 --> 02:52:14,057 ANY WAY, GRACE, JERRY AND AHMED 3444 02:52:14,057 --> 02:52:15,492 HAVE DONE A GREAT JOB OF 3445 02:52:15,492 --> 02:52:16,860 ANSWERING SOME QUESTIONS ONLINE. 3446 02:52:16,860 --> 02:52:18,729 I'LL FOCUS ON SOME OF THE 3447 02:52:18,729 --> 02:52:19,897 QUESTIONS ASKED THAT HAVE NOT 3448 02:52:19,897 --> 02:52:20,597 BEEN ANSWERED IF THAT'S OKAY 3449 02:52:20,597 --> 02:52:25,903 WITH YOU. 3450 02:52:25,903 --> 02:52:28,272 SOME ARE NEAR AND DEAR TO MY 3451 02:52:28,272 --> 02:52:29,039 HEART. 3452 02:52:29,039 --> 02:52:30,741 >> TELL ME WHICH ONE AND I'LL 3453 02:52:30,741 --> 02:52:31,408 SCROLL TO IT. 3454 02:52:31,408 --> 02:52:32,142 >> UNDERSTANDING WHEN WE'VE DONE 3455 02:52:32,142 --> 02:52:38,315 ENOUGH. 3456 02:52:38,315 --> 02:52:38,916 THAT'S A QUESTION THAT ALWAYS 3457 02:52:38,916 --> 02:52:45,789 COMES UP. 3458 02:52:45,789 --> 02:52:47,257 IF YOU GO INTO IT JUST KNOWING 3459 02:52:47,257 --> 02:52:50,027 WHEN TO BUILD A MODEL YOU'LL 3460 02:52:50,027 --> 02:52:51,862 NEVER BE DONE SO YOU HAVE TO 3461 02:52:51,862 --> 02:52:54,298 DEFINE YOUR CONTEXT CLEARLY. 3462 02:52:54,298 --> 02:52:56,066 IF YOU LOOK AT THE RUBRIC 3463 02:52:56,066 --> 02:52:59,336 THERE'S THREE ASPECTS YOU SHOULD 3464 02:52:59,336 --> 02:53:06,143 LOOK AT. 3465 02:53:06,143 --> 02:53:08,011 WHAT YOU'LL USE IT FOR AND HOW 3466 02:53:08,011 --> 02:53:09,413 WILL IT INFLUENCE YOUR DECISION 3467 02:53:09,413 --> 02:53:11,248 MAKING PROCESS WHETHER FOR 3468 02:53:11,248 --> 02:53:11,715 RESEARCH, CLINICAL OR 3469 02:53:11,715 --> 02:53:13,216 EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. 3470 02:53:13,216 --> 02:53:15,152 ONCE YOU'VE ANSWERED THE 3471 02:53:15,152 --> 02:53:17,321 QUESTIONS CLEARLY IN DEFINING 3472 02:53:17,321 --> 02:53:18,922 YOUR CONTEXT THEN AT THAT POINT 3473 02:53:18,922 --> 02:53:23,126 YOU KNOW HOW MUCH CLARIFICATION, 3474 02:53:23,126 --> 02:53:24,061 VALIDATION AND DOCUMENTATION AND 3475 02:53:24,061 --> 02:53:27,164 EXTERNAL REVIEW YOU NEED AND SO 3476 02:53:27,164 --> 02:53:27,431 FORTH. 3477 02:53:27,431 --> 02:53:28,932 THAT'S WHAT DRIVES THE THRESHOLD 3478 02:53:28,932 --> 02:53:32,936 YOU NEED TO BASICALLY DO YOUR 3479 02:53:32,936 --> 02:53:33,370 CREDIBILITY PROCESS. 3480 02:53:33,370 --> 02:53:35,305 AND ONCE YOU'VE DEFINED THAT YOU 3481 02:53:35,305 --> 02:53:36,607 TAKE IT THROUGH AND GO THROUGH 3482 02:53:36,607 --> 02:53:40,043 AN ITERATIVE PROCESS AND 3483 02:53:40,043 --> 02:53:42,312 SOMEWHERE DOWN THE LINE IF YOU 3484 02:53:42,312 --> 02:53:44,214 DECIDE TO CHANGE ASPECT OF YOUR 3485 02:53:44,214 --> 02:53:46,717 MODELLING SIMULATION OBJECTIVES, 3486 02:53:46,717 --> 02:53:49,052 THEN YOU HAVE TO GO BACK AND 3487 02:53:49,052 --> 02:53:50,387 REASSESS YOUR CONTEXT AND GO 3488 02:53:50,387 --> 02:53:51,321 THROUGH THE PROCESS AGAIN. 3489 02:53:51,321 --> 02:53:52,756 THAT'S HOW YOU'RE GOING TO KNOW 3490 02:53:52,756 --> 02:54:03,166 WHEN YOU'VE DONE ENOUGH. 3491 02:54:04,668 --> 02:54:04,735 3492 02:54:04,735 --> 02:54:06,436 >> IF THEY WANT TO USE THE MODEL 3493 02:54:06,436 --> 02:54:09,606 UP A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONTEXT 3494 02:54:09,606 --> 02:54:13,443 THEN HOW DO THEY REUSE IT? 3495 02:54:13,443 --> 02:54:14,011 OR -- 3496 02:54:14,011 --> 02:54:15,746 >> THAT'S BASICALLY WHAT I WAS 3497 02:54:15,746 --> 02:54:17,147 GETTING AT WHEN I SAID AT SOME 3498 02:54:17,147 --> 02:54:18,815 POINT DOWN THE ROAD WHETHER YOU 3499 02:54:18,815 --> 02:54:21,551 AS THE PERSON WHO DEVELOPED IT 3500 02:54:21,551 --> 02:54:25,255 OR SOMEBODY WANTS TO REFINE IT 3501 02:54:25,255 --> 02:54:26,456 OR CHANGE IT SLIGHTLY YOU'LL 3502 02:54:26,456 --> 02:54:28,692 HAVE TO GO THROUGH THE PROCESS 3503 02:54:28,692 --> 02:54:32,829 OF EVALUATING THE THRESHOLDS. 3504 02:54:32,829 --> 02:54:35,032 THEN BASICALLY YOU HAVE TO 3505 02:54:35,032 --> 02:54:36,166 ENSURE YOU'RE MEETING -- BECAUSE 3506 02:54:36,166 --> 02:54:37,701 MAYBE THE DEGREE TO WHICH YOU'RE 3507 02:54:37,701 --> 02:54:39,703 TRYING TO USE IT IS AT LOWER 3508 02:54:39,703 --> 02:54:41,605 THRESHOLD AND YOU SHOULD BE 3509 02:54:41,605 --> 02:54:41,805 GOOD. 3510 02:54:41,805 --> 02:54:43,573 YOU SHOULD STILL BE ABLE TO USE 3511 02:54:43,573 --> 02:54:46,510 IT AND MOVE FORWARD. 3512 02:54:46,510 --> 02:54:50,180 BUT IF YOU SAY THE AMOUNT OF 3513 02:54:50,180 --> 02:54:52,449 VALIDATION NECESSARY WILL 3514 02:54:52,449 --> 02:54:53,950 REQUIRE MORE RIGOR YOU'LL HAVE 3515 02:54:53,950 --> 02:54:55,686 TO ESTABLISH THAT AND GO THROUGH 3516 02:54:55,686 --> 02:54:56,853 THE CREDIBILITY PROCESS AGAIN. 3517 02:54:56,853 --> 02:55:02,392 DOES THAT ADDRESS IT? 3518 02:55:02,392 --> 02:55:03,660 I HEARD THE BELL. 3519 02:55:03,660 --> 02:55:09,399 >> WE HAVE -- WELL, LUNCH IS 3520 02:55:09,399 --> 02:55:11,768 READY BUT -- 3521 02:55:11,768 --> 02:55:13,837 >> WHILE WE HAVE JERRY ON THE 3522 02:55:13,837 --> 02:55:15,072 PHONE, ONE QUICK COMMENT. 3523 02:55:15,072 --> 02:55:23,346 >> I WANT TO MAKE ONE LAST 3524 02:55:23,346 --> 02:55:23,680 COMMENT. 3525 02:55:23,680 --> 02:55:25,615 IT'S ABOUT WHEN YOU DO 3526 02:55:25,615 --> 02:55:28,251 REEVALUATION AND THERE'S WORK 3527 02:55:28,251 --> 02:55:30,053 DONE IN THE PAST ISN'T READING 3528 02:55:30,053 --> 02:55:32,856 TOWARDS THE CREDIBILITY 3529 02:55:32,856 --> 02:55:34,758 ASSESSMENT. 3530 02:55:34,758 --> 02:55:37,894 BUT CREDIBILITY IS -- IT'S NOT A 3531 02:55:37,894 --> 02:55:39,563 GRAY AREA. 3532 02:55:39,563 --> 02:55:40,897 EVALUATION OF GAPS IS WHERE YOU 3533 02:55:40,897 --> 02:55:46,103 STAND RIGHT NOW IN TERMS OF THE 3534 02:55:46,103 --> 02:55:47,504 EVIDENCE AND RIGOR TO APPLY TO 3535 02:55:47,504 --> 02:55:52,943 YOUR MODEL WHAT IS NEEDED TO 3536 02:55:52,943 --> 02:55:56,813 INFORM THE DECISION TO THE BEST 3537 02:55:56,813 --> 02:55:59,583 LEVEL POSSIBLE. 3538 02:55:59,583 --> 02:56:02,452 NOT EVERYBODY WILL GET A GOLD 3539 02:56:02,452 --> 02:56:02,919 STANDARD EVALUATION. 3540 02:56:02,919 --> 02:56:04,755 SOMETIMES IT'S NOT POSSIBLE. 3541 02:56:04,755 --> 02:56:08,825 DO YOU STILL HAVE ENOUGH 3542 02:56:08,825 --> 02:56:10,627 INFORMATION THAT YOU CAN INFORM 3543 02:56:10,627 --> 02:56:16,833 THE DECISION MAYBE WITH OTHER 3544 02:56:16,833 --> 02:56:23,306 OBSERVATIONAL INFORMATION 3545 02:56:23,306 --> 02:56:25,742 LEVERAGED. 3546 02:56:25,742 --> 02:56:26,743 IT'S A CONTINUUM. 3547 02:56:26,743 --> 02:56:28,044 THINK OF IT LIKE THAT. 3548 02:56:28,044 --> 02:56:30,113 IT'S A PART OF YOUR PRACTICE. 3549 02:56:30,113 --> 02:56:31,748 IT'S PART OF YOUR WORK FLOW AND 3550 02:56:31,748 --> 02:56:36,319 HOW YOU MOVE THESE THINGS 3551 02:56:36,319 --> 02:56:37,420 FORWARD IN DRIVING THE GAPS DOWN 3552 02:56:37,420 --> 02:56:39,389 AND NOT TRYING TO GET TO THE 3553 02:56:39,389 --> 02:56:40,724 ULTIMATE RIGOR BECAUSE IT'S NOT 3554 02:56:40,724 --> 02:56:42,359 ALWAYS POSSIBLE AND NOT ALWAYS 3555 02:56:42,359 --> 02:56:43,894 NEEDED FOR IMPORTANT DECISIONS. 3556 02:56:43,894 --> 02:56:45,128 >> THANKS, JERRY. 3557 02:56:45,128 --> 02:56:47,330 BACK TO GRACE. 3558 02:56:47,330 --> 02:56:55,472 >> GREAT. 3559 02:56:55,472 --> 02:56:56,373 THANK YOU, EVERYONE. 3560 02:56:56,373 --> 02:57:00,143 LETS GIVE THEM A HAND AND JERRY 3561 02:57:00,143 --> 02:57:03,346 THANK YOU FOR STICKING OUT ON 3562 02:57:03,346 --> 02:57:05,982 ZOOM AND THANK YOU, FOR STEPPING 3563 02:57:05,982 --> 02:57:11,054 IN EVEN IF YOU DIDN'T WANT TO. 3564 02:57:11,054 --> 02:57:13,557 >> FEEL FREE TO COME UP AND ASK 3565 02:57:13,557 --> 02:57:15,158 ME QUESTIONS BECAUSE TO BE 3566 02:57:15,158 --> 02:57:15,959 HONEST THERE'S A LOT OF 3567 02:57:15,959 --> 02:57:17,327 QUESTIONS HERE I WANT TO ANSWER. 3568 02:57:17,327 --> 02:57:20,831 I REALLY WANT TO HELP. 3569 02:57:20,831 --> 02:57:22,132 PLEASE FEEL FREE. 3570 02:57:22,132 --> 02:57:25,368 >> CAN YOU ALSO POST YOUR ANSWER 3571 02:57:25,368 --> 02:57:28,471 ON THE WIKI SO IT'S SAVED AND 3572 02:57:28,471 --> 02:57:29,306 ARCHIVED. 3573 02:57:29,306 --> 02:57:30,874 >> DON'T TALK TO ME. 3574 02:57:30,874 --> 02:57:34,110 >> HE'LL BE BUSY WRITING. 3575 02:57:34,110 --> 02:57:36,379 >> TALKING IS GOOD AND I FEEL I 3576 02:57:36,379 --> 02:57:38,181 JUST HAD THE PARALLEL 3577 02:57:38,181 --> 02:57:39,249 CONVERSATION IN THE BRAIN 3578 02:57:39,249 --> 02:57:40,016 INITIATIVE MEETING ABOUT DATA 3579 02:57:40,016 --> 02:57:41,017 SCIENCE AND THE THRESHOLD YOU GO 3580 02:57:41,017 --> 02:57:44,354 TO CURATE THE DATA TO MAKE IT IN 3581 02:57:44,354 --> 02:57:47,157 THE RIGHT CURATION. 3582 02:57:47,157 --> 02:57:52,195 ANYWAY, LUNCH IS OUTSIDE. 3583 02:57:52,195 --> 02:57:57,033 GO FIND YOUR LAST NAME IT'S 3584 02:57:57,033 --> 02:57:59,302 ALPHABETICALLY ORIENTED FROM 3585 02:57:59,302 --> 02:58:02,906 LEFT TO RIGHT. 3586 02:58:02,906 --> 02:58:04,741 IF YOU ORDERED A BOX LUNCH WE 3587 02:58:04,741 --> 02:58:06,376 PUT A NAME ON IT WITH THE 3588 02:58:06,376 --> 02:58:11,681 SHARPIE AND THE TEAM FROM REAL 3589 02:58:11,681 --> 02:58:22,225 IMPACT ALPHABETIZED AND WE HAVE 3590 02:58:24,027 --> 02:58:25,495 NICE SESSIONS STARTING FOR YOU 3591 02:58:25,495 --> 02:58:26,062 AT 1:45. 3592 02:58:26,062 --> 02:58:30,951 THANK YOU, ENJOY YOUR LUNCH. 3593 02:58:30,951 --> 02:58:33,386 SO IF YOU ARE ON YOUR 3594 02:58:33,386 --> 02:58:35,989 COMPUTERS GO ON PLENARY IS 3595 02:58:35,989 --> 02:58:40,193 SESSION 1.3 IN REMEMBRANCE. 3596 02:58:40,193 --> 02:58:46,366 WITH HERBERT SAUO -- SAURO AND 3597 02:58:46,366 --> 02:58:49,636 MYSELF WITH HAVE PIERRE HUNTER 3598 02:58:49,636 --> 02:58:59,079 AND MITCHELL COLBANK. 3599 02:58:59,079 --> 02:59:00,180 SO WHEN WE WERE GOING THROUGH 3600 02:59:00,180 --> 02:59:05,852 THE 24 ORIGINAL GRANTEES OF THE 3601 02:59:05,852 --> 02:59:08,855 MULTISCALE MODELING CONSORTIUM 3602 02:59:08,855 --> 02:59:12,058 FUNDED IN 2005 WE DISCOVERED WE 3603 02:59:12,058 --> 02:59:14,227 LOST UNFORTUNATELY THREE OF THEM 3604 02:59:14,227 --> 02:59:14,861 DURING THE COURSE OF THE LAST 20 3605 02:59:14,861 --> 02:59:24,671 YEARS. 3606 02:59:24,671 --> 02:59:34,914 WE FIRST LOST MARCO CABRERA AND 3607 02:59:34,914 --> 02:59:37,450 HAD FOLKS WRITE THEIR THOUGHTS 3608 02:59:37,450 --> 02:59:38,918 ON MARCO'S LEGACY HERE. 3609 02:59:38,918 --> 02:59:40,453 YOU'RE WELCOME TO READ THAT 3610 02:59:40,453 --> 02:59:41,521 BECAUSE IT WAS ACTUALLY QUITE A 3611 02:59:41,521 --> 02:59:48,695 SHOCK WHEN IT HAPPENED. 3612 02:59:48,695 --> 02:59:53,266 THEN WE ALSO LOST DAVID KINE IN 3613 02:59:53,266 --> 03:00:03,810 2007 AND JIM BACENSCHWIETEN AND 3614 03:00:04,744 --> 03:00:06,446 WELL GIVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO HEAR 3615 03:00:06,446 --> 03:00:09,115 ABOUT THE FOLKS AND WHAT THEY 3616 03:00:09,115 --> 03:00:10,817 DID IN THE CONSORTIUM AND AFTER 3617 03:00:10,817 --> 03:00:12,218 COME LOOK AT THE POSTER HERE. 3618 03:00:12,218 --> 03:00:14,387 YOU CAN SEE THE SIGNATURES OF 3619 03:00:14,387 --> 03:00:16,856 ALL THREE OF THE FOLKS PRETTY 3620 03:00:16,856 --> 03:00:26,366 CLEARED ON THAT POSTER. 3621 03:00:26,366 --> 03:00:30,370 I'LL START WITH MY SLIDES AND 3622 03:00:30,370 --> 03:00:32,872 WE'LL DO EACH PERSON AND THEN 3623 03:00:32,872 --> 03:00:37,710 WE'LL PAUSE SO THE FIRST PERSON 3624 03:00:37,710 --> 03:00:38,678 SO MY SLIDES START WITH THIS 3625 03:00:38,678 --> 03:00:40,747 PICTURE. 3626 03:00:40,747 --> 03:00:47,987 THAT WAS TAKEN IN MONTREAL 3627 03:00:47,987 --> 03:00:53,126 DURING THE SECOND MULTISCALE 3628 03:00:53,126 --> 03:00:54,360 MODELING CONSORTIUM MEETING. 3629 03:00:54,360 --> 03:00:55,929 YOU CAN SEE ALL THREE OF THEM IN 3630 03:00:55,929 --> 03:00:56,262 THIS PICTURE. 3631 03:00:56,262 --> 03:01:01,701 SO MARCO IS HERE. 3632 03:01:01,701 --> 03:01:08,608 HE'S HIDING BEHIND BRIDGETTE 3633 03:01:08,608 --> 03:01:15,515 WILSON AND DAVID KAI IS HERE AND 3634 03:01:15,515 --> 03:01:26,059 JIM AND JIM BASINGTHWITGTE HERE 3635 03:01:26,359 --> 03:01:30,363 AND OUR ORIGINAL COHORT FROM THE 3636 03:01:30,363 --> 03:01:33,833 2008 MEETING IN MONTREAL. 3637 03:01:33,833 --> 03:01:34,601 ACTUALLY OUR THIRD MEETING AND 3638 03:01:34,601 --> 03:01:44,878 DENISE IS HERE. 3639 03:01:51,151 --> 03:01:52,619 THIS IS THE POSTER THAT'S UP 3640 03:01:52,619 --> 03:01:57,390 FRONT HERE. 3641 03:01:57,390 --> 03:01:59,993 THIS IS THE POSTER CREATED FOR 3642 03:01:59,993 --> 03:02:02,428 THAT MEETING. 3643 03:02:02,428 --> 03:02:03,630 MARCO'S WORK IS DOWN HERE, 3644 03:02:03,630 --> 03:02:05,231 ACTUALLY AND DAVID'S WORK IS 3645 03:02:05,231 --> 03:02:07,400 HERE AND THEIR SIGNATURES ARE 3646 03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:08,735 NEXT TO THE FIGURES THEY 3647 03:02:08,735 --> 03:02:15,909 CONTRIBUTE AND JIM'S IS HERE. 3648 03:02:15,909 --> 03:02:20,146 SO MARCO CABRERA WAS FUNDED BY 3649 03:02:20,146 --> 03:02:24,350 THE ONE GRANT SUPPORTED BY NASA, 3650 03:02:24,350 --> 03:02:25,985 ACTUALLY, RON WHITE SUPPORTED 3651 03:02:25,985 --> 03:02:29,856 THAT GRANT ON TIME COURSE OF 3652 03:02:29,856 --> 03:02:30,590 METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS DURING 3653 03:02:30,590 --> 03:02:32,792 LOADING AND UNLOADING FROM CASE 3654 03:02:32,792 --> 03:02:36,729 WESTERN RESERVE UNDERSTAND. 3655 03:02:36,729 --> 03:02:38,097 -- UNIVERSITY. 3656 03:02:38,097 --> 03:02:44,571 HE WAS INTO MUSCULOSKELETAL 3657 03:02:44,571 --> 03:02:47,941 MODELLING AND LOOKING AT THE 3658 03:02:47,941 --> 03:02:49,042 ORGAN LEVELS AND THE DIFFERENT 3659 03:02:49,042 --> 03:02:50,243 CHAINS OF EVENTS. 3660 03:02:50,243 --> 03:02:56,416 HE WAS PRETTY MUCH ONE OF THESE 3661 03:02:56,416 --> 03:03:02,188 PEOPLE VERY ENERGETIC AND WAS 3662 03:03:02,188 --> 03:03:04,724 VERY ATHLETIC I THINK HE DIED 3663 03:03:04,724 --> 03:03:06,392 AFTER RUNNING AND WAS RUNNING 3664 03:03:06,392 --> 03:03:08,261 AND HAD A STROKE IN HIS OFFICE. 3665 03:03:08,261 --> 03:03:11,231 HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST WORKING 3666 03:03:11,231 --> 03:03:12,465 GROUP LEADS. 3667 03:03:12,465 --> 03:03:15,602 HE LED THE CARDIAC AND 3668 03:03:15,602 --> 03:03:18,271 PHYSIOLOGY WORKING GROUP 2. 3669 03:03:18,271 --> 03:03:19,639 THIS GIVES AN IDEA OF THE 3670 03:03:19,639 --> 03:03:21,441 WORKING GROUPS THAT WERE FORMED. 3671 03:03:21,441 --> 03:03:22,542 THE CONSORTIUM WAS FORMED UNDER 3672 03:03:22,542 --> 03:03:28,081 THE PREMISE THAT PEOPLE WANTED 3673 03:03:28,081 --> 03:03:33,319 TO HAVE WORKING GROUPS AND WRITE 3674 03:03:33,319 --> 03:03:36,723 PAPERS TOGETHER AND THESE WERE 3675 03:03:36,723 --> 03:03:43,062 THE FIRST WORKING GROUPS. 3676 03:03:43,062 --> 03:03:44,897 HE LED IT TO PHYSIOLOGY AND 3677 03:03:44,897 --> 03:03:52,705 THAT'S OF INTEREST TO NASA. 3678 03:03:52,705 --> 03:03:59,345 I DID COLLECT THIS RECOLLECTION 3679 03:03:59,345 --> 03:04:02,015 OF MARCO THROUGH AHMED'S SURVEY 3680 03:04:02,015 --> 03:04:03,349 HE DID WITH THE ORIGINAL 3681 03:04:03,349 --> 03:04:13,526 AWARDEES. 3682 03:04:15,261 --> 03:04:16,763 MARCO'S PASSING WAS MY SADDEST 3683 03:04:16,763 --> 03:04:20,500 DAY AND WAS SO YOUNG AND WAS 3684 03:04:20,500 --> 03:04:23,236 DRIVING METABOLIC COMPLEX 3685 03:04:23,236 --> 03:04:26,606 SYSTEMS AND CARDIAC MUSCLE 3686 03:04:26,606 --> 03:04:26,973 METABOLISM. 3687 03:04:26,973 --> 03:04:28,274 WE WERE WORK ON OUR FIRST MSM 3688 03:04:28,274 --> 03:04:30,910 PROJECT WHICH IS WHAT I WAS JUST 3689 03:04:30,910 --> 03:04:36,416 DESCRIBING TO YOU WHERE I WAS A 3690 03:04:36,416 --> 03:04:36,616 CO-I. 3691 03:04:36,616 --> 03:04:43,956 I'M THANKFUL FOR HIM INTRODUCING 3692 03:04:43,956 --> 03:04:47,360 ME TO THIS LOADING AND UNLOADING 3693 03:04:47,360 --> 03:04:49,629 MUSCLE ADAPTATION. 3694 03:04:49,629 --> 03:04:51,030 UNLOADING IS WHERE MUSCLE MASS 3695 03:04:51,030 --> 03:04:54,434 CAN BE REDUCED UNLESS IT IS 3696 03:04:54,434 --> 03:04:54,901 TRAINED. 3697 03:04:54,901 --> 03:04:56,569 WE WERE HAVING CHALLENGES TO 3698 03:04:56,569 --> 03:05:00,873 MODEL THE COMPLEX PHENOMENON 3699 03:05:00,873 --> 03:05:02,842 YESTERDAY WE MADE GREAT PROGRESS 3700 03:05:02,842 --> 03:05:03,509 UNTIL MARCO'S PASSING. 3701 03:05:03,509 --> 03:05:09,082 THAT IS WHAT WE HAVE FOR MARCO. 3702 03:05:09,082 --> 03:05:10,516 DOES ANYONE ELSE WANT TO SAY 3703 03:05:10,516 --> 03:05:11,384 ANYTHING ABOUT MARCO OR ABOUT 3704 03:05:11,384 --> 03:05:20,126 THE FIELD OF WORK? 3705 03:05:20,126 --> 03:05:22,295 YOU'RE WELCOME TO POST YOUR 3706 03:05:22,295 --> 03:05:24,731 THOUGHTS IN THE WIKI IN THE 3707 03:05:24,731 --> 03:05:32,305 COMMENT SECTION. 3708 03:05:32,305 --> 03:05:34,674 I HAVE THIS SLIDE. 3709 03:05:34,674 --> 03:05:36,376 GREGOR, I KNOW YOU WANTED TO 3710 03:05:36,376 --> 03:05:36,709 PRESENT. 3711 03:05:36,709 --> 03:05:39,612 I'LL GO QUICKLY THROUGH. 3712 03:05:39,612 --> 03:05:42,181 THIS IS THE SLIDE DAVID 3713 03:05:42,181 --> 03:05:44,617 PRESENTED DURING THE FIRST 3714 03:05:44,617 --> 03:05:45,251 MULTI-SCALE MODELLING MEETING IN 3715 03:05:45,251 --> 03:05:53,059 2006. 3716 03:05:53,059 --> 03:05:59,399 THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX WITH A 3717 03:05:59,399 --> 03:06:01,801 MILLION NEURONS AND 3718 03:06:01,801 --> 03:06:02,502 PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONSTRAINED. 3719 03:06:02,502 --> 03:06:08,207 I'LL LET GREGOR EXPLAIN THE 3720 03:06:08,207 --> 03:06:11,010 SCIENCE OF THE NEURODYNAMICS TO 3721 03:06:11,010 --> 03:06:21,521 AN EMBEDDED NETWORK APPROACH. 3722 03:06:31,130 --> 03:06:33,399 THREES INTERESTING PICTURES FROM 3723 03:06:33,399 --> 03:06:43,943 DIFFERENT RETINAL CORTICOMAPS TO 3724 03:06:44,777 --> 03:06:45,845 LSD. 3725 03:06:45,845 --> 03:06:56,389 I'LL LET GREGOR SAY A FEW WORDS. 3726 03:07:21,781 --> 03:07:26,652 >> HE WAS BORN IN WENZHOU CHINA 3727 03:07:26,652 --> 03:07:29,522 AND PASSED IN NEW YORK AND 3728 03:07:29,522 --> 03:07:32,725 PASSED ON OCTOBER 21, 2017. 3729 03:07:32,725 --> 03:07:35,461 HE HAD CANCER. 3730 03:07:35,461 --> 03:07:38,731 AN INTERESTING STORY IS THAT HIS 3731 03:07:38,731 --> 03:07:41,634 FAMILY COMES FROM A PLACE CALLED 3732 03:07:41,634 --> 03:07:44,837 CAI AND HAD LIVED THERE FOR A 3733 03:07:44,837 --> 03:07:50,409 THOUSAND YEARS. 3734 03:07:50,409 --> 03:07:56,582 HE GOT HIS BACHELOR'S IN 1984 IN 3735 03:07:56,582 --> 03:07:59,352 PHYSICS AND THEN LIKE ALL THE 3736 03:07:59,352 --> 03:08:01,220 CRAZIES, HE WENT TO NORTHWESTERN 3737 03:08:01,220 --> 03:08:05,992 TO TRY TO DO PARTICLE PHYSICS. 3738 03:08:05,992 --> 03:08:08,394 SAW THE LIGHT PRETTY FAST AND 3739 03:08:08,394 --> 03:08:10,196 STARTED DOING I THINK CONDENSED 3740 03:08:10,196 --> 03:08:11,330 MATTER PHYSICS. 3741 03:08:11,330 --> 03:08:21,140 HE ACTUALLY STUDIED IN LOS 3742 03:08:21,140 --> 03:08:21,374 ALAMOS. 3743 03:08:21,374 --> 03:08:23,576 HE WAS A STUDENT THERE AND 3744 03:08:23,576 --> 03:08:27,213 POSTDOC AND THEN A POSTDOC AT 3745 03:08:27,213 --> 03:08:27,446 NYU. 3746 03:08:27,446 --> 03:08:29,615 THEN HE HAD FACULTY APPOINTMENTS 3747 03:08:29,615 --> 03:08:33,419 FIRST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH 3748 03:08:33,419 --> 03:08:35,288 CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL FOR ONE 3749 03:08:35,288 --> 03:08:37,590 YEAR AND THEN THEY TOOK HIM BACK 3750 03:08:37,590 --> 03:08:46,499 TO NYU AND HE WENT TO SHANGHAI 3751 03:08:46,499 --> 03:08:49,502 ZHENTON UNIVERSITY AND THERE HE 3752 03:08:49,502 --> 03:08:51,404 FOUNDED THIS INSTITUTE FOR 3753 03:08:51,404 --> 03:08:56,709 NATURAL SCIENCES. 3754 03:08:56,709 --> 03:08:58,778 AND HE HIRED THE GOOD PEOPLE 3755 03:08:58,778 --> 03:08:59,312 THERE. 3756 03:08:59,312 --> 03:09:00,713 IT'S STILL A VERY GOOD 3757 03:09:00,713 --> 03:09:03,983 INSTITUTE. 3758 03:09:03,983 --> 03:09:08,721 AT THE END THERE'S A PICTURE. 3759 03:09:08,721 --> 03:09:15,127 SO THE FIRST THING HE DID WAS OF 3760 03:09:15,127 --> 03:09:19,599 NOTICE IS MATHEMATICAL FOR 3761 03:09:19,599 --> 03:09:21,968 METAPHYSIC AND FOUND AN EQUATION 3762 03:09:21,968 --> 03:09:27,406 THAT IS COMPLETELY INTEGRATABLE. 3763 03:09:27,406 --> 03:09:30,343 FOR A MATHEMATICIAN IT'S A BIG 3764 03:09:30,343 --> 03:09:30,743 DEAL. 3765 03:09:30,743 --> 03:09:33,379 IT'S AN EQUATION YOU CAN 3766 03:09:33,379 --> 03:09:33,613 EXACTLY. 3767 03:09:33,613 --> 03:09:39,518 HE DID THIS IN 1994. 3768 03:09:39,518 --> 03:09:44,724 I THINK BASICALLY FOR HIS 3769 03:09:44,724 --> 03:09:54,867 THESIS. 3770 03:09:59,038 --> 03:10:05,077 THERE WAS A MODEL THAT WHICH IS 3771 03:10:05,077 --> 03:10:06,245 EASIER TO DESCRIBE THAN ACTUAL 3772 03:10:06,245 --> 03:10:07,380 TURBULENCE IN WATER BUT STILL 3773 03:10:07,380 --> 03:10:14,153 NOT COMPLETELY TRIVIAL. 3774 03:10:14,153 --> 03:10:17,156 AND THERE'S THE EQUATION. 3775 03:10:17,156 --> 03:10:18,557 IF THOSE STRANGE DERIVATIVES 3776 03:10:18,557 --> 03:10:20,459 TELL YOU SOMETHING IT'S OKAY AND 3777 03:10:20,459 --> 03:10:22,461 IF NOT IT'S JUST A STRANGE 3778 03:10:22,461 --> 03:10:23,162 LOOKING EQUATION. 3779 03:10:23,162 --> 03:10:26,165 IN ANY CASE, THIS EQUATION WAS 3780 03:10:26,165 --> 03:10:29,001 SUPPOSED TO BE A MODEL OF 3781 03:10:29,001 --> 03:10:30,636 SOMETHING CALLED WAVE TURBULENCE 3782 03:10:30,636 --> 03:10:32,805 AND SO THERE WAS ANOTHER KINETIC 3783 03:10:32,805 --> 03:10:36,976 EQUATION DERIVED FROM THIS WHOSE 3784 03:10:36,976 --> 03:10:38,911 EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTIONS WOULD BE 3785 03:10:38,911 --> 03:10:44,750 STRAIGHT LINES OF WAVE NUMBER 3786 03:10:44,750 --> 03:10:48,921 VERSUS ENERGY CONTENT. 3787 03:10:48,921 --> 03:10:50,956 THERE WOULD BE STRAIGHT LINE AND 3788 03:10:50,956 --> 03:10:52,758 CON FURM THE THEORY OF WAVE 3789 03:10:52,758 --> 03:10:58,931 TURBULENCE. 3790 03:10:58,931 --> 03:11:00,199 AND THEY DIDN'T FIND THE 3791 03:11:00,199 --> 03:11:00,566 STRAIGHT LINES. 3792 03:11:00,566 --> 03:11:05,571 THEY FOUND SOMETHING ELSE. 3793 03:11:05,571 --> 03:11:06,906 THERE'S STILL A CONTROVERSY OF 3794 03:11:06,906 --> 03:11:10,242 WHAT THAT IS BUT DAVID COMPUTED 3795 03:11:10,242 --> 03:11:15,014 WELL ENOUGH, LONG ENOUGH TO 3796 03:11:15,014 --> 03:11:16,148 ACTUALLY FIND FIND THE SOLUTIONS 3797 03:11:16,148 --> 03:11:23,355 THEY WERE FIRST LOOKING FOR. 3798 03:11:23,355 --> 03:11:24,023 AND HE GOT A LOT OF RECOGNITION 3799 03:11:24,023 --> 03:11:31,864 FOR IT. 3800 03:11:31,864 --> 03:11:35,901 THAT'S EXACTLY THE SAME AS WHAT 3801 03:11:35,901 --> 03:11:36,736 GRACE WAS SHOWING. 3802 03:11:36,736 --> 03:11:37,636 THERE'S THE NEUROSCIENCE. 3803 03:11:37,636 --> 03:11:41,173 HE DID A TON OF THINGS IN 3804 03:11:41,173 --> 03:11:42,541 NEUROSCIENCE. 3805 03:11:42,541 --> 03:11:48,914 LIKE ONE OF MY STUDENTS AND HE 3806 03:11:48,914 --> 03:11:51,450 AND I TRIED TO ANSWER THE 3807 03:11:51,450 --> 03:11:56,756 QUESTION WHETHER OUR VISION IS 3808 03:11:56,756 --> 03:11:58,991 COMPRESSED OR OPERATES LIKE 3809 03:11:58,991 --> 03:12:05,331 COMPRESSED SENSING AND YES DOES. 3810 03:12:05,331 --> 03:12:07,233 THIS IS PROBABLY THE PINNACLE OF 3811 03:12:07,233 --> 03:12:09,802 HIS SCIENTIFIC CAREER. 3812 03:12:09,802 --> 03:12:11,003 HE DESIGN THE COMPUTATION. 3813 03:12:11,003 --> 03:12:19,612 THE GUY WHO IMPLEMENTED IT WAS 3814 03:12:19,612 --> 03:12:20,312 ADI RANGAN. 3815 03:12:20,312 --> 03:12:22,715 THE IDEA IS IF YOU SHOW AN 3816 03:12:22,715 --> 03:12:23,516 EXCLAMATION POINT IN PIECES. 3817 03:12:23,516 --> 03:12:29,922 FIRST THE POINT AND THEN THE 3818 03:12:29,922 --> 03:12:32,725 EXCLAMATION IF YOUR SHOWN THAT 3819 03:12:32,725 --> 03:12:34,193 ON AN APPROPRIATE TIME SCALE 3820 03:12:34,193 --> 03:12:35,327 YOU'LL SEE THE DOT RISES OUT OF 3821 03:12:35,327 --> 03:12:41,200 THE POINT. 3822 03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:43,102 HERE'S THE COMPUTATION ON THE 3823 03:12:43,102 --> 03:12:43,669 RIGHT THAT SHOWS THAT'S THE 3824 03:12:43,669 --> 03:12:46,505 CASE. 3825 03:12:46,505 --> 03:12:49,308 SO YOU CAN SEE THE FIRST COLUMN, 3826 03:12:49,308 --> 03:12:50,943 FORGET ABOUT THE OTHER COLUMNS. 3827 03:12:50,943 --> 03:12:53,279 YOU SEE THE FIRST COLUMN AFTER 3828 03:12:53,279 --> 03:12:56,048 SO COLUMN I. 3829 03:12:56,048 --> 03:13:02,588 YOU SEE THERE'S A DOT AND THEN 3830 03:13:02,588 --> 03:13:06,091 THE SUB THRESHOLD VOLTAGE RISES. 3831 03:13:06,091 --> 03:13:13,299 THEN YOU SHOW THE BAR AND THIS 3832 03:13:13,299 --> 03:13:14,466 BATCH OF RISING THRESHOLD 3833 03:13:14,466 --> 03:13:16,235 VOLTAGE STARTS SPREADING. 3834 03:13:16,235 --> 03:13:21,140 SO IT IS LIKE THE BAR IS GROWING 3835 03:13:21,140 --> 03:13:24,743 OUT OF THIS INITIAL BATCH WHERE 3836 03:13:24,743 --> 03:13:35,020 YOU SAW THE DOT. 3837 03:13:35,955 --> 03:13:38,057 HE DID A LOT OF THIS IN CHINA 3838 03:13:38,057 --> 03:13:41,660 WITH A POSTDOC ON BLOOD FLOW. 3839 03:13:41,660 --> 03:13:44,763 HOW THE BLOOD FLOWS IN VEINS AND 3840 03:13:44,763 --> 03:13:49,869 CAPILLARIES AND ARTERIES AND HOW 3841 03:13:49,869 --> 03:13:52,738 THIS NETWORK SPREAD AND PRUNES 3842 03:13:52,738 --> 03:13:53,906 ITSELF. 3843 03:13:53,906 --> 03:13:57,443 HE EVEN HAD -- THEY HAD A 3844 03:13:57,443 --> 03:14:00,179 COMPUTATION OF AN AFFECT THAT IS 3845 03:14:00,179 --> 03:14:04,350 USED IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE 3846 03:14:04,350 --> 03:14:04,617 MEDICINE. 3847 03:14:04,617 --> 03:14:08,487 SOME SORT OF A SPECIAL 3848 03:14:08,487 --> 03:14:08,754 PULSATION. 3849 03:14:08,754 --> 03:14:12,124 IT WAS VERY INTERESTING STUFF. 3850 03:14:12,124 --> 03:14:16,528 AND THEN I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS 3851 03:14:16,528 --> 03:14:21,333 THE LAST ONE. 3852 03:14:21,333 --> 03:14:31,777 HE ALSO DID SOMETHING ON 3853 03:14:36,415 --> 03:14:38,550 INTERNAL WAVES ON THE BOTTOM. 3854 03:14:38,550 --> 03:14:40,119 THERE'S A LONG WAVE. 3855 03:14:40,119 --> 03:14:42,955 I DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH. 3856 03:14:42,955 --> 03:14:44,757 SEVERAL HUNDRED METERS BELOW THE 3857 03:14:44,757 --> 03:14:44,990 SURFACE. 3858 03:14:44,990 --> 03:14:46,292 THE QUESTION IS WHAT'S THE 3859 03:14:46,292 --> 03:14:52,331 SIGNATURE OF SUCH A WAVE? 3860 03:14:52,331 --> 03:14:56,035 THE BOTTOM WAVE IS SOME SORT OF 3861 03:14:56,035 --> 03:14:58,103 SUBMARINE. 3862 03:14:58,103 --> 03:14:59,939 YOU CAN SEE ON TOP WHAT THE 3863 03:14:59,939 --> 03:15:01,307 SIGNATURE IS. 3864 03:15:01,307 --> 03:15:03,442 SO THERE WAS A PAPER TO THAT 3865 03:15:03,442 --> 03:15:13,585 AFFECT. 3866 03:15:21,860 --> 03:15:24,229 BUILDING ON THE TOP TWO FLOORS 3867 03:15:24,229 --> 03:15:27,466 WAS DAVID'S INSTITUTE IN 3868 03:15:27,466 --> 03:15:28,534 SHANGHAI IN 2010. 3869 03:15:28,534 --> 03:15:32,171 NOW, JUST TO TELL YOU HOW GOOD A 3870 03:15:32,171 --> 03:15:32,972 MENTOR HE WAS, THERE'S THE LAST 3871 03:15:32,972 --> 03:15:42,314 SLIDE. 3872 03:15:42,314 --> 03:15:44,616 THIS IS THE GROUP FROM THE 3873 03:15:44,616 --> 03:15:45,584 CONFERENCE IN ATHENS, GEORGIA. 3874 03:15:45,584 --> 03:15:55,828 THERE'S DAVID. 3875 03:15:56,829 --> 03:15:58,797 THREE OR FOUR PEOPLE IN THIS 3876 03:15:58,797 --> 03:16:03,435 GROUP WERE MENTORED BY DAVID OR 3877 03:16:03,435 --> 03:16:09,441 COLLABORATED WITH DAVID. 3878 03:16:09,441 --> 03:16:12,878 ONE OF MY LAST MEMORIES OF HIM 3879 03:16:12,878 --> 03:16:15,681 WAS WE WENT I THINK AROUND 3880 03:16:15,681 --> 03:16:23,222 CHINESE NEW ERIN 2017. 3881 03:16:23,222 --> 03:16:26,158 WE WENT TO ONE OF THOSE ALMOST 3882 03:16:26,158 --> 03:16:30,362 LIKE HOLE IN THE WALL PLACES. 3883 03:16:30,362 --> 03:16:32,297 HE ORDERED THIS BIG THING FULL 3884 03:16:32,297 --> 03:16:40,773 OF NOODLES AND GOODIES IN THERE 3885 03:16:40,773 --> 03:16:45,144 FROM BOK CHOI AND CHICKEN AND 3886 03:16:45,144 --> 03:16:49,515 SHRIMP AND HAPPY FAMILY AND WE 3887 03:16:49,515 --> 03:16:51,350 WERE ONE UNFORTUNATELY FOR THE 3888 03:16:51,350 --> 03:17:01,527 LAST TIME. 3889 03:17:03,295 --> 03:17:06,999 >> THANK YOU, GREGOR I'LL SHOW 3890 03:17:06,999 --> 03:17:16,708 THE LAST ONE FOR JIM BASINGTHWAI 3891 03:17:32,825 --> 03:17:34,860 BASSINGTHWAIGHTE I WAS READING 3892 03:17:34,860 --> 03:17:37,696 HIS AND THINKING HE WAS THINKING 3893 03:17:37,696 --> 03:17:38,564 OF DIGITAL TWINS IN 2006. 3894 03:17:38,564 --> 03:17:40,365 HE WAS TALKING ABOUT MODELLING 3895 03:17:40,365 --> 03:17:43,035 ON THE FLY, REAL TIME AND ALL 3896 03:17:43,035 --> 03:17:46,004 THE OTHER DISCUSSIONS HE LAD AND 3897 03:17:46,004 --> 03:17:47,439 TALKED ABOUT MODULAR MODELLING 3898 03:17:47,439 --> 03:17:54,613 AND AUTOMATING MODULAR PROCESSES 3899 03:17:54,613 --> 03:17:59,952 FOR MODELLING. 3900 03:17:59,952 --> 03:18:03,255 WE HAD A MEMORIAM FOR HIM ON THE 3901 03:18:03,255 --> 03:18:05,357 WIKI BECAUSE THE YEAR PRIOR TO 3902 03:18:05,357 --> 03:18:08,760 HIS DEATH HE ASKED FOR NIBIB TO 3903 03:18:08,760 --> 03:18:13,632 SUPPORT OVER 400 MODELS CREATED 3904 03:18:13,632 --> 03:18:20,205 BY THE PHYSIUM PROJECT AND 3905 03:18:20,205 --> 03:18:24,576 THERE'S A LINK ON THE WIKI AND 3906 03:18:24,576 --> 03:18:28,313 THEY TRANSFERRED THEM OVER AND 3907 03:18:28,313 --> 03:18:35,454 YOU CAN SEE THE PHYSIOTHERE AND 3908 03:18:35,454 --> 03:18:36,722 DURING HIS MEMORIAL WE HAD 3909 03:18:36,722 --> 03:18:39,458 PEOPLE CONTRIBUTE MESSAGES AND 3910 03:18:39,458 --> 03:18:49,368 THERE'S SEVERAL THERE. 3911 03:18:49,368 --> 03:18:51,837 AND THEY COLLABORATE WITH JIM 3912 03:18:51,837 --> 03:18:55,140 UNTIL HIS PASSING IN 2022 AND HE 3913 03:18:55,140 --> 03:18:57,009 COLLABORATED WITH HIM ON THE 3914 03:18:57,009 --> 03:18:58,477 ANALYZING CARDIAC POWER GRID 3915 03:18:58,477 --> 03:19:00,746 PROJECT FOR ADAPTIVE RESPONSES 3916 03:19:00,746 --> 03:19:04,750 TO FLUCTUATING LOCAL DEMAND 3917 03:19:04,750 --> 03:19:05,684 SINCE 2015 AS WELL AS SEVERAL 3918 03:19:05,684 --> 03:19:08,020 OTHER PROJECTS BEFORE THAT 3919 03:19:08,020 --> 03:19:13,926 INCLUDING THE VIRTUAL PHYSIO 3920 03:19:13,926 --> 03:19:16,028 PROJECT AND WAS TERRIFIC AND MY 3921 03:19:16,028 --> 03:19:20,065 TRAINING WITH HIM IS BEHIND MY 3922 03:19:20,065 --> 03:19:22,901 SUCCESS AND TAUGHT ME ABOUT BIO 3923 03:19:22,901 --> 03:19:23,535 COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING AND 3924 03:19:23,535 --> 03:19:25,871 WAS A PIONEER IN OUR FIELD AND 3925 03:19:25,871 --> 03:19:27,539 I'M INDEBTED TO HIM FOR THE 3926 03:19:27,539 --> 03:19:32,511 GROWTH OF OUR FIELD. 3927 03:19:32,511 --> 03:19:41,019 THAT'S ALL I HAVE. 3928 03:19:41,019 --> 03:19:42,888 >> I WORKED WITH JIM FOR ALMOST 3929 03:19:42,888 --> 03:19:47,359 15 YEARS NOW. 3930 03:19:47,359 --> 03:19:48,427 I KNOW HIM A LITTLE BIT. 3931 03:19:48,427 --> 03:19:49,194 OTHER PEOPLE KNOW HIM BETTER 3932 03:19:49,194 --> 03:19:49,962 THAN I DO. 3933 03:19:49,962 --> 03:19:53,899 WE USED TO MEET IN HIS OFFICE A 3934 03:19:53,899 --> 03:19:56,602 LOT AND ARGUE A LOT ABOUT 3935 03:19:56,602 --> 03:19:57,202 STANDARDS. 3936 03:19:57,202 --> 03:19:59,638 I REMEMBER TALKING ABOUT THE 3937 03:19:59,638 --> 03:20:01,340 REAL TIME STUFF ACTUALLY. 3938 03:20:01,340 --> 03:20:07,012 I WANT TO SHOW FIRST A VIDEO 3939 03:20:07,012 --> 03:20:14,386 THAT WAS MADE. 3940 03:20:14,386 --> 03:20:15,821 THEY REALIZED THE REAL TIME 3941 03:20:15,821 --> 03:20:16,755 SIMULATION THAT JIM WANTED TO 3942 03:20:16,755 --> 03:20:26,832 DO. 3943 03:24:16,127 --> 03:24:21,466 >> JIM WAS PART OF THE WHOLE 3944 03:24:21,466 --> 03:24:21,700 PROCESS. 3945 03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:23,435 EVEN WITH HIS PAINS HE'D BE 3946 03:24:23,435 --> 03:24:25,203 LYING IN THE LAZY BOY CHAIR AND 3947 03:24:25,203 --> 03:24:30,575 WOULD GET VERIFICATION TO GET 3948 03:24:30,575 --> 03:24:31,243 ANDREW AND RON JOHN DO 3949 03:24:31,243 --> 03:24:40,952 UNDERSTAND IF THE WIKI WAS 3950 03:24:40,952 --> 03:24:41,686 INTELLIG 3951 03:24:41,686 --> 03:24:44,756 INTELLIGIBLE. 3952 03:24:44,756 --> 03:24:48,159 HE VALIDATED IT. 3953 03:24:48,159 --> 03:24:58,703 >> I THOUGHT I'D GIVE YOU A FEW 3954 03:25:00,805 --> 03:25:00,972 SLIDES. 3955 03:25:00,972 --> 03:25:02,974 FIRST, HIS ROLE IN THE PROJECT. 3956 03:25:02,974 --> 03:25:09,514 HE COINED THE TERM AND THE IDEA 3957 03:25:09,514 --> 03:25:11,516 INITIALLY AND PART OF THE UNION 3958 03:25:11,516 --> 03:25:13,985 OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 3959 03:25:13,985 --> 03:25:16,888 COUNCIL IN 1993. 3960 03:25:16,888 --> 03:25:19,724 HE CHOSE THAT ON THE BASED IT 3961 03:25:19,724 --> 03:25:27,065 COMES FROM PHYSIOLIFE AS A 3962 03:25:27,065 --> 03:25:27,465 WHOLE. 3963 03:25:27,465 --> 03:25:29,568 HE PROVIDED A DESCRIPTION OF 3964 03:25:29,568 --> 03:25:31,937 PHYSIO DYNAMIC AND BEHAVE OF THE 3965 03:25:31,937 --> 03:25:32,737 ORGANISM. 3966 03:25:32,737 --> 03:25:35,607 HE WAS THE FIRST CHAIR OF THE 3967 03:25:35,607 --> 03:25:36,741 COMMISSION ON BIO ENGINEERING 3968 03:25:36,741 --> 03:25:47,218 AND PHYSIOLOGY AND WITH OTHERS 3969 03:25:47,218 --> 03:25:53,491 AND I ATTENDED AFTER THE 33 3970 03:25:53,491 --> 03:25:54,559 CONFERENCE IN 1997. 3971 03:25:54,559 --> 03:25:57,228 THAT WAS THE FIRST TIME I REALLY 3972 03:25:57,228 --> 03:26:00,732 GOT TO KNOW JIM AND STARTED 3973 03:26:00,732 --> 03:26:03,301 WORKING WITH HIM. 3974 03:26:03,301 --> 03:26:06,638 AT THAT MEETING WE CREATED A 3975 03:26:06,638 --> 03:26:08,440 COMMISSION WHICH I WAS IN I THEN 3976 03:26:08,440 --> 03:26:17,382 CHAIRED AFTER THAT MEETING. 3977 03:26:17,382 --> 03:26:19,751 AND HE CAME DOWN TO NEW ZEALAND 3978 03:26:19,751 --> 03:26:21,353 A NUMBER OF TIMES. 3979 03:26:21,353 --> 03:26:23,788 I CAME DOWN WITH SLIDES. 3980 03:26:23,788 --> 03:26:28,760 ONE WAS WITH JOAN IN QUEENSTOWN 3981 03:26:28,760 --> 03:26:34,265 IN 2001 WITH A PHYSIO MEETING 3982 03:26:34,265 --> 03:26:43,775 AND HERE WITH ANDREW McCULLOUGH 3983 03:26:43,775 --> 03:26:50,815 AND THIS IS A BOAT THAT SAILS 3984 03:26:50,815 --> 03:26:52,751 DOWN QUEENS TOWN AND I THOUGHT 3985 03:26:52,751 --> 03:26:54,653 I'D MENTION A COUPLE OF HIS 3986 03:26:54,653 --> 03:26:58,923 PUBLICATIONS I THINK WERE 3987 03:26:58,923 --> 03:27:03,061 INSTRUMENTAL IN KICKING OFF 3988 03:27:03,061 --> 03:27:04,095 PHYSIO RELATED TO CARDIAC WORK. 3989 03:27:04,095 --> 03:27:08,633 THIS IS FROM A WORKSHOP FROM 3990 03:27:08,633 --> 03:27:12,070 UCSD IN 1997 AND THE OTHER IS 3991 03:27:12,070 --> 03:27:22,547 HON THE CARDIAC PHYSIOME IN 3992 03:27:24,182 --> 03:27:25,183 2008. 3993 03:27:25,183 --> 03:27:28,687 WE WILL MISS HIM ENORMOUSLY AND 3994 03:27:28,687 --> 03:27:30,555 WAS A SUPERB HUMAN BEING. 3995 03:27:30,555 --> 03:27:30,889 A LOVELY MAN. 3996 03:27:30,889 --> 03:27:41,066 THANK YOU. 3997 03:28:04,823 --> 03:28:07,392 >> HE WAS A PROFESSOR OF BIO 3998 03:28:07,392 --> 03:28:08,359 ENGINEERING AT UNIVERSITY OF 3999 03:28:08,359 --> 03:28:08,660 WASHINGTON. 4000 03:28:08,660 --> 03:28:16,468 I DOUG INTO HIS PAST. 4001 03:28:16,468 --> 03:28:18,002 HE WORKED HIS WAY INTO ACADEMIA. 4002 03:28:18,002 --> 03:28:20,138 HE WAS BORN IN TORONTO, CANADA 4003 03:28:20,138 --> 03:28:24,642 BUT THEY MOVED TO THE LAKE SHORE 4004 03:28:24,642 --> 03:28:26,945 IN KIP DER GARDEN AND HIS DAD 4005 03:28:26,945 --> 03:28:27,746 WAS AN ENGINEER AND WORKED IN 4006 03:28:27,746 --> 03:28:38,056 THE NAVY ON RADAR. 4007 03:28:46,197 --> 03:28:47,532 HE WENT TO UNIVERSITY OF 4008 03:28:47,532 --> 03:28:48,533 TORONTO. 4009 03:28:48,533 --> 03:28:51,336 HE HAD THIS IDEA HE'D BE A 4010 03:28:51,336 --> 03:28:55,440 MEDICAL DOCTOR BUT DID HIS 4011 03:28:55,440 --> 03:28:56,741 DEGREE IN GENERAL SCIENCE BUT 4012 03:28:56,741 --> 03:29:00,445 SPECIALIZED IN PHYSIOLOGY AND 4013 03:29:00,445 --> 03:29:03,148 CHEM AND EMPHASIS IN MATHEMATICS 4014 03:29:03,148 --> 03:29:08,753 WHICH DIDN'T BOTHER HIM. 4015 03:29:08,753 --> 03:29:17,595 HIS DAD WAS AN ENGINEER. 4016 03:29:17,595 --> 03:29:19,898 HE SPENT A COUPLE YEARS IN THE 4017 03:29:19,898 --> 03:29:25,069 AIR FORCE AND BECAUSE HE WAS 4018 03:29:25,069 --> 03:29:31,976 BROKE HE MET OTHERS AND WAS 4019 03:29:31,976 --> 03:29:37,081 BROKE AND GOT A JOB IN TRONT. 4020 03:29:37,382 --> 03:29:38,016 -- TORONTO. 4021 03:29:38,016 --> 03:29:41,419 HE SAID YOU WOULDN'T WANT TO GO 4022 03:29:41,419 --> 03:29:41,853 THERE. 4023 03:29:41,853 --> 03:29:46,925 THE TEMPERATURE WAS MINUS 60 4024 03:29:46,925 --> 03:29:52,230 HALF THE YEAR AND WAS A SMALL 4025 03:29:52,230 --> 03:29:52,764 RURAL PLACES. 4026 03:29:52,764 --> 03:29:56,734 HE DIDN'T SURVIVE TOO LONG THEN 4027 03:29:56,734 --> 03:29:59,571 MOVED TO DO A POST GRADUATE 4028 03:29:59,571 --> 03:30:05,043 DEGREE AT THE MEDICAL SCHOOL IN 4029 03:30:05,043 --> 03:30:05,476 LONDON. 4030 03:30:05,476 --> 03:30:07,679 HE CAME BACK TO THE U.S. AND GOT 4031 03:30:07,679 --> 03:30:11,316 A JOB AT THE MAYO CLINIC AND HE 4032 03:30:11,316 --> 03:30:12,584 APPLIED WITH A LOT JOBS AND 4033 03:30:12,584 --> 03:30:13,551 FINALLY MAYO GAVE HIM THE 4034 03:30:13,551 --> 03:30:18,323 OPPORTUNITY TO WORK THERE. 4035 03:30:18,323 --> 03:30:20,191 HE DID HIS Ph.D. WITH THE PERSON 4036 03:30:20,191 --> 03:30:24,762 FAMOUS FOR INVENTING THE G SUIT 4037 03:30:24,762 --> 03:30:27,465 THAT KEEPS ASTRONAUTS AND 4038 03:30:27,465 --> 03:30:31,336 HIGH-ALTITUDE PILOTS WORKING 4039 03:30:31,336 --> 03:30:38,810 PROPERLY HE GOT HIS Ph.D. THERE. 4040 03:30:38,810 --> 03:30:42,480 ME MOVED THEN IN THE MIDST 70s 4041 03:30:42,480 --> 03:30:46,551 TO UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 4042 03:30:46,551 --> 03:30:49,387 THEY STARTED A CENTER AND HE 4043 03:30:49,387 --> 03:30:52,724 DISCOVERED THE FACULTY THERE 4044 03:30:52,724 --> 03:30:59,130 WERE ALL IN SOFT MONEY AND HE 4045 03:30:59,130 --> 03:31:00,732 PROPOSED MAYBE YOU DO SOME 4046 03:31:00,732 --> 03:31:01,900 TEACHING AND THEY WERE OPPOSED 4047 03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:02,200 TO THAT. 4048 03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:07,639 I STILL FEEL THAT IN THE 4049 03:31:07,639 --> 03:31:14,245 DEPARTMENT NOW THAT WAS A GOOD 4050 03:31:14,245 --> 03:31:16,547 EXPERIENCE FOR RESEARCHERS AND I 4051 03:31:16,547 --> 03:31:18,449 WOULD TEND TO AGREE. 4052 03:31:18,449 --> 03:31:23,821 HE SET UP A NUMBER OF COURSES 4053 03:31:23,821 --> 03:31:29,560 AND GOT THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 4054 03:31:29,560 --> 03:31:32,730 AND HAVE 30 Ph.D. GRADUATES AND 4055 03:31:32,730 --> 03:31:38,736 A BUNCH OF MASTER PROGRAMS. 4056 03:31:38,736 --> 03:31:42,941 WE DID WAS ALWAYS DOING 4057 03:31:42,941 --> 03:31:44,108 MATHEMATIC MODELLING IN THE '60s 4058 03:31:44,108 --> 03:31:46,044 BECAUSE OF HIS BACKGROUND AND 4059 03:31:46,044 --> 03:31:48,546 DID MORE IN THE '80s. 4060 03:31:48,546 --> 03:31:50,648 I'M SURE A NUMBER WERE DRAWN TO 4061 03:31:50,648 --> 03:31:51,516 CHAOS IN THE 1990s AND HE WAS 4062 03:31:51,516 --> 03:32:01,592 TOO. 4063 03:32:06,564 --> 03:32:10,034 AND HE HAD A GOOD RESEARCHER 4064 03:32:10,034 --> 03:32:13,604 FRIEND AND DID A Ph.D. IN 1987 4065 03:32:13,604 --> 03:32:19,844 AND WROTE A BOOK ON FRACTO 4066 03:32:19,844 --> 03:32:27,652 PHYSIOLOGY AND HE STARTED 4067 03:32:27,652 --> 03:32:30,388 PURSUING A PHYSIO MORE IN THE 4068 03:32:30,388 --> 03:32:31,990 2000s. 4069 03:32:31,990 --> 03:32:33,191 THAT'S WHEN THEY RELEASED HIS 4070 03:32:33,191 --> 03:32:33,658 SIMULATION PROGRAM. 4071 03:32:33,658 --> 03:32:37,228 THAT WAS A PRODUCT OF EARLIER 4072 03:32:37,228 --> 03:32:45,937 ONES TURNED OUT SO -- IN THE 4073 03:32:45,937 --> 03:32:49,440 2010s I EMBRACED HIM TO GET ALL 4074 03:32:49,440 --> 03:32:53,044 500 MODELS, 400 OF THEM EVEN IF 4075 03:32:53,044 --> 03:32:54,912 YOU COUNT THE ADJACENT WORK THE 4076 03:32:54,912 --> 03:32:56,180 MODELS ARE STILL THERE YOU CAN 4077 03:32:56,180 --> 03:33:06,691 LOAD TO ANY MODERN TOOL TODAY. 4078 03:33:07,158 --> 03:33:08,359 SUMMARIES OF THE SOME OF THE 4079 03:33:08,359 --> 03:33:10,995 WORK HE DID. 4080 03:33:10,995 --> 03:33:14,465 SAME WITH PETER THEY WERE MAYBE 4081 03:33:14,465 --> 03:33:16,100 TOO EARLY ON THE PHYSIO SEEING 4082 03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:18,436 THE REBIRTH IN THE FORM OF THE 4083 03:33:18,436 --> 03:33:20,004 DIGITAL TWINS SLIGHTLY MODIFIED, 4084 03:33:20,004 --> 03:33:27,478 MIND YOU, BUT STILL SIMILAR. 4085 03:33:27,478 --> 03:33:30,281 AND TRYING TO REPLACE SBML AND 4086 03:33:30,281 --> 03:33:31,249 MORE DETAILS AND THAT MATERIAL 4087 03:33:31,249 --> 03:33:35,486 IS ON THE WEBSITE. 4088 03:33:35,486 --> 03:33:40,458 HE WAS VERY PASSIONATE ABOUT HIS 4089 03:33:40,458 --> 03:33:44,028 WORK AND WE WORKED RIGHT UP TO 4090 03:33:44,028 --> 03:33:45,096 THE END. 4091 03:33:45,096 --> 03:33:48,332 IN FACT HE WAS PRETTY HEALTHY UP 4092 03:33:48,332 --> 03:33:50,668 TO WHEN HE WAS '91 AND LAST YEAR 4093 03:33:50,668 --> 03:33:53,171 HIS HEALTH STARTED TO DECLINE 4094 03:33:53,171 --> 03:33:56,741 AND THAT DIDN'T STOP HIM OF 4095 03:33:56,741 --> 03:34:04,615 COURSE. 4096 03:34:04,615 --> 03:34:06,551 ACCEPT UP METABOLIC MODELS WHEN 4097 03:34:06,551 --> 03:34:07,752 MISSING THE OTHER MODELS. 4098 03:34:07,752 --> 03:34:08,386 THAT'S BEEN A PROBLEM FOR MANY 4099 03:34:08,386 --> 03:34:10,688 DECADES. 4100 03:34:10,688 --> 03:34:14,959 HE PROVIDED A VERY NICE SOLUTION 4101 03:34:14,959 --> 03:34:15,460 BY ADDING TERMS TO THE 4102 03:34:15,460 --> 03:34:23,634 EQUATIONS. 4103 03:34:23,634 --> 03:34:25,403 THERE'S IN DEPTH ORAL HISTORIES 4104 03:34:25,403 --> 03:34:31,242 ON THE SITE AND FINALLY AND 4105 03:34:31,242 --> 03:34:32,743 THERE'S PLACE TO SIT. 4106 03:34:32,743 --> 03:34:34,579 IT WAS CROWNED FULL OF BOOKS. 4107 03:34:34,579 --> 03:34:36,881 HE HAD MORE AT HOME AND HAD THE 4108 03:34:36,881 --> 03:34:39,383 LARGEST COLLECTION OF FRACTAL 4109 03:34:39,383 --> 03:34:41,252 BOOKS I'VE EVER SEEN AND I HAVE 4110 03:34:41,252 --> 03:34:44,388 A BIG LIBRARY SO I CAN DO THE 4111 03:34:44,388 --> 03:34:44,689 COMPARISON. 4112 03:34:44,689 --> 03:34:46,124 HIS FAVORITE PLACE WAS SITTING 4113 03:34:46,124 --> 03:34:47,725 IN THE DESK RUNNING SIMULATIONS. 4114 03:34:47,725 --> 03:34:52,730 YOU CAN SEE SOME THERE. 4115 03:34:52,730 --> 03:34:54,165 THERE'S A MINE OF INFORMATION 4116 03:34:54,165 --> 03:34:55,700 WHEN IT CAME TO MODELLING AND 4117 03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:58,536 CLOSE TO FINISHING A TEXTBOOK ON 4118 03:34:58,536 --> 03:35:00,738 MODELLING WHICH MIGHT YET BE 4119 03:35:00,738 --> 03:35:03,107 PUBLISHED. 4120 03:35:03,107 --> 03:35:05,409 I TRIED TO PERSUADE HIM TO 4121 03:35:05,409 --> 03:35:09,347 PUBLISHING THE TEXTBOOK ALL THE 4122 03:35:09,347 --> 03:35:10,715 TIME BECAUSE WHEN SOMEBODY 4123 03:35:10,715 --> 03:35:13,484 PASSES ON ALL THEIR EXPERIENCE 4124 03:35:13,484 --> 03:35:15,086 DISAPPEARS WITH THEM AND IT'S -- 4125 03:35:15,086 --> 03:35:18,756 HE HAD A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF 4126 03:35:18,756 --> 03:35:19,056 EXPERIENCE. 4127 03:35:19,056 --> 03:35:26,497 ONE ANECDOTE FROM HIS CHILDHOOD. 4128 03:35:26,497 --> 03:35:37,008 THEY HAD THEIR OWN RADIOS IN 4129 03:35:38,142 --> 03:35:43,648 AND COMMUNICATED WITH HIS 4130 03:35:43,648 --> 03:35:54,158 FRIENDS ACROSS THE STREET AND 4131 03:35:59,931 --> 03:36:10,341 GREATLY MISSED BY ALL OF US. 4132 03:36:15,813 --> 03:36:18,783 >> I'M HONORED TO BE UP HERE 4133 03:36:18,783 --> 03:36:19,550 TALK. 4134 03:36:19,550 --> 03:36:21,219 I DIDN'T GET TO MEET JIM BUT I 4135 03:36:21,219 --> 03:36:22,553 FEEL LIKE I KNOW JIM BECAUSE 4136 03:36:22,553 --> 03:36:24,755 I'VE GOTTEN THE CHANCE TO WORK 4137 03:36:24,755 --> 03:36:27,225 WITH MANY PEOPLE HERE AS FAR AS 4138 03:36:27,225 --> 03:36:29,393 THE IMAG MSM AND HAD DAN BEARD 4139 03:36:29,393 --> 03:36:31,562 AS A MENTOR AND BASED ON THE 4140 03:36:31,562 --> 03:36:34,031 STORIES I HEARD I FEEL LIKE I 4141 03:36:34,031 --> 03:36:35,566 KNOW JIM BECAUSE HE KIND OF 4142 03:36:35,566 --> 03:36:40,438 INSTILLED PRACTICES IN HIS 4143 03:36:40,438 --> 03:36:41,038 MENTEES NOW CONTINUING TO BE 4144 03:36:41,038 --> 03:36:44,742 MENTORS TO US. 4145 03:36:44,742 --> 03:36:46,811 THE IDEAS THAT WERE PUSHED 4146 03:36:46,811 --> 03:36:50,481 FORWARD AND WHERE JIM WAS A 4147 03:36:50,481 --> 03:36:52,149 FOCUS ON AND STILL CONTINUING 4148 03:36:52,149 --> 03:36:56,787 AND THINKING WITH THE CARDIAC 4149 03:36:56,787 --> 03:36:59,357 PHY 4150 03:36:59,357 --> 03:36:59,790 PHY 4151 03:36:59,790 --> 03:37:05,029 PHYSIOME IN IRVINE WAS HIS WORK 4152 03:37:05,029 --> 03:37:15,506 IN THE MODELLING COMMUNITY. 4153 03:37:15,706 --> 03:37:18,809 IN COLLABORATION WITH OTHER 4154 03:37:18,809 --> 03:37:20,478 CO-ORGANIZERS AND GETTING INPUT 4155 03:37:20,478 --> 03:37:22,246 FROM DAN BEARD WE SAID WE NEED 4156 03:37:22,246 --> 03:37:24,649 TO START BUILDING INCLUSIVE 4157 03:37:24,649 --> 03:37:26,484 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND LOOK AT 4158 03:37:26,484 --> 03:37:27,451 SEX DIFFERENCES AND HEALTH 4159 03:37:27,451 --> 03:37:29,654 DISPARITIES AND NEED TO PUT THIS 4160 03:37:29,654 --> 03:37:32,123 AT THE FOREFRONT AND THE TURNOUT 4161 03:37:32,123 --> 03:37:33,024 FROM OUR CONFERENCE WAS THIS IS 4162 03:37:33,024 --> 03:37:33,758 SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE 4163 03:37:33,758 --> 03:37:34,992 TALKED ABOUT AND WE'RE TRYING TO 4164 03:37:34,992 --> 03:37:37,128 BE AHEAD OF THE CURVE. 4165 03:37:37,128 --> 03:37:39,930 I THINK THAT'S WHAT JIM WOULD 4166 03:37:39,930 --> 03:37:42,767 WANT AS WELL AND UNDERSTANDING 4167 03:37:42,767 --> 03:37:44,769 HEALTH DISPARITIES AND ALSO 4168 03:37:44,769 --> 03:37:49,907 GOING BACK TO MULTI-SCALE 4169 03:37:49,907 --> 03:37:55,846 MODELLING AND THINGS PUSHED 4170 03:37:55,846 --> 03:38:00,751 THROUGH THE IMAGO AND JIM'S WORK 4171 03:38:00,751 --> 03:38:05,323 AND FOCUSSED ON DIGITAL TWINS 4172 03:38:05,323 --> 03:38:06,824 AND GOT TO SEE PEOPLE TALKING 4173 03:38:06,824 --> 03:38:08,726 ABOUT THE DIGITAL TWINS AND THE 4174 03:38:08,726 --> 03:38:09,460 MOVE TOWARDS THIS IN THE 4175 03:38:09,460 --> 03:38:11,228 CARDIOVASCULAR FIELD AND THE USE 4176 03:38:11,228 --> 03:38:20,738 OF MECHANISTIC MODELLING. 4177 03:38:20,738 --> 03:38:23,240 IT REALLY HIGHLIGHTS THE 4178 03:38:23,240 --> 03:38:25,576 EXCELLENCE JIM PUT AS WELL AS 4179 03:38:25,576 --> 03:38:28,746 PETER INTO THE PHYSIOME. 4180 03:38:28,746 --> 03:38:36,253 WE HOSTED IT AT EDWARDS IN 4181 03:38:36,253 --> 03:38:39,223 IRVINE AND ONE OF THE BIGGEST 4182 03:38:39,223 --> 03:38:41,092 HEART VALVE PRODUCERS IN THE 4183 03:38:41,092 --> 03:38:43,127 WORLD AND IT HIGHLIGHT THE 4184 03:38:43,127 --> 03:38:44,195 IMPORTANCE OF THIS GROUP AND OF 4185 03:38:44,195 --> 03:38:47,531 PEOPLE LIKE JIM PUSHING FORWARD 4186 03:38:47,531 --> 03:38:49,934 THIS COMMUNITY TO USE 4187 03:38:49,934 --> 03:38:50,568 MECHANISTIC MODELLING TO BETTER 4188 03:38:50,568 --> 03:38:58,642 HEALTH CARE. 4189 03:38:58,642 --> 03:39:02,947 AND THIS WAS IN IRVINE AND THIS 4190 03:39:02,947 --> 03:39:04,548 WAS FANTASTIC AFTER COVID TO SEE 4191 03:39:04,548 --> 03:39:05,616 PEOPLE COME BACK AND BE A PART 4192 03:39:05,616 --> 03:39:06,584 OF THE COMMUNITY. 4193 03:39:06,584 --> 03:39:08,219 IT'S FANTASTIC TO HIGHLIGHT THE 4194 03:39:08,219 --> 03:39:11,856 WORK JIM DID AND TO SEE WHERE 4195 03:39:11,856 --> 03:39:17,528 IT'S PROGRESSED INTO THE CARDIAC 4196 03:39:17,528 --> 03:39:17,928 PHY 4197 03:39:17,928 --> 03:39:18,195 PHYSIOME. 4198 03:39:18,195 --> 03:39:20,598 THIS IS OUR GROUP IN IRVINE. 4199 03:39:20,598 --> 03:39:24,068 IN CONTINUING THE IDEA OF THE 4200 03:39:24,068 --> 03:39:26,404 CARDIAC PHYSIOME AND MECHANISTIC 4201 03:39:26,404 --> 03:39:27,938 MODELLING AND TWINS NOW IT'S 4202 03:39:27,938 --> 03:39:30,374 STARTING TO INTEGRATE ACROSS THE 4203 03:39:30,374 --> 03:39:34,478 WORLD AND SO THE NEXT CARDIAC 4204 03:39:34,478 --> 03:39:36,747 PHYSIOME WILL TAKE PLACE THE 4205 03:39:36,747 --> 03:39:41,485 THIRD OF THREE, THE FIRST 4206 03:39:41,485 --> 03:39:42,353 PHYSIOLOGICAL HUMAN WILL TAKE 4207 03:39:42,353 --> 03:39:48,292 PLACE IN GERMANY AND COMPUTER IN 4208 03:39:48,292 --> 03:39:53,063 CARDIOLOGY AND PHYSIOME IS THE 4209 03:39:53,063 --> 03:39:56,734 LAST AND IT'S A NICE TRAIN RIDE 4210 03:39:56,734 --> 03:39:58,169 THROUGH GERMANY FOR ALL THREE. 4211 03:39:58,169 --> 03:40:01,739 MY MENTOR AT UCI DOES NOT DO 4212 03:40:01,739 --> 03:40:02,973 MECHANISTIC MODELLING BUT DOES 4213 03:40:02,973 --> 03:40:04,742 ALL OF IT FROM A LOT OF THE WORK 4214 03:40:04,742 --> 03:40:06,677 JIM DID AND OUR OTHER TEAM. 4215 03:40:06,677 --> 03:40:08,412 I'D LIKE TO END HERE THAT DAN 4216 03:40:08,412 --> 03:40:11,449 WASN'T ABLE TO ATTEND BUT GAVE A 4217 03:40:11,449 --> 03:40:13,317 REALLY GREAT PRESENTATION ON ALL 4218 03:40:13,317 --> 03:40:17,855 JIM'S WORK AND SORT OF HIS 4219 03:40:17,855 --> 03:40:20,224 IMPACT ON OUR COMMUNITY IN THE 4220 03:40:20,224 --> 03:40:22,460 SAME PICTURE AND WHAT WE HEARD 4221 03:40:22,460 --> 03:40:23,994 JIM'S FAVORITE PLACE WAS BEHIND 4222 03:40:23,994 --> 03:40:25,963 HIS DESK DOING MODELLING AND 4223 03:40:25,963 --> 03:40:27,465 SIMULATION AND ALL HIS MENTEES 4224 03:40:27,465 --> 03:40:31,535 ARE IN STILLING US IN US AS 4225 03:40:31,535 --> 03:40:32,403 EARLY-CAREER INVESTIGATORS. 4226 03:40:32,403 --> 03:40:34,138 I'M SAD TO HAVE NEVER MET HIM 4227 03:40:34,138 --> 03:40:36,740 BUT I FEEL I KNOW HIM BECAUSE OF 4228 03:40:36,740 --> 03:40:47,017 THIS COMMUNITY. 4229 03:40:47,651 --> 03:40:49,553 >> DOES ANYONE HAVE COMMENTS TO 4230 03:40:49,553 --> 03:40:49,887 MAKE? 4231 03:40:49,887 --> 03:40:53,991 >> IT'S A NICE WAY TO END. 4232 03:40:53,991 --> 03:40:55,960 THERE WAS A DEPRESSING 4233 03:40:55,960 --> 03:40:56,594 MULTISCALE MODELING CONVERSATION 4234 03:40:56,594 --> 03:41:01,765 HOW NOBODY'S SHARING MODELS AND 4235 03:41:01,765 --> 03:41:07,004 NOBODY'S ADOPTING STANDARDS AND 4236 03:41:07,004 --> 03:41:12,943 JIM WOULD SAY OUR ONLY HOPE IN 4237 03:41:12,943 --> 03:41:14,478 THE NEXT GENERATION. 4238 03:41:14,478 --> 03:41:25,022 >> ALL RIGHT, SESSION'S CLOSED. 4239 03:41:41,772 --> 03:41:43,641 >> THANK YOU FOR THE WONDERFUL 4240 03:41:43,641 --> 03:41:49,580 SESSION AND NICE REMEMBRANCE. 4241 03:41:49,580 --> 03:41:51,749 IT'S A PERFECT SEGUE FOR THE 4242 03:41:51,749 --> 03:41:52,616 REST OF THE MEETING. 4243 03:41:52,616 --> 03:41:54,184 WE'LL BE TALKING ABOUT WHAT'S 4244 03:41:54,184 --> 03:41:56,186 HAPPENING IN THE PRESENT WITH 4245 03:41:56,186 --> 03:41:58,622 THE NEXT SESSION AND TOMORROW 4246 03:41:58,622 --> 03:42:02,560 WE'LL BE GOING IN THE FUTURE. 4247 03:42:02,560 --> 03:42:04,562 I'M REED SHABMAN AT THE NATIONAL 4248 03:42:04,562 --> 03:42:09,333 INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND 4249 03:42:09,333 --> 03:42:11,135 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND BECAME 4250 03:42:11,135 --> 03:42:12,136 INTERESTED IN IMAG IN THE MIDDLE 4251 03:42:12,136 --> 03:42:16,607 OF COVID AND GOT TO KNOW FOLKS 4252 03:42:16,607 --> 03:42:17,841 THROUGH THAT WORKING GROUP. 4253 03:42:17,841 --> 03:42:19,476 IT'S A GREAT PRIVILEGE TO START 4254 03:42:19,476 --> 03:42:22,046 TO INTRODUCE OUR FIRST SET OF 4255 03:42:22,046 --> 03:42:27,484 SPEAKERS FOR THIS TIME AND START 4256 03:42:27,484 --> 03:42:33,057 WITH DR. GARY AND I ALWAYS ENJOY 4257 03:42:33,057 --> 03:42:34,425 LISTENING TO HIM TALK AND 4258 03:42:34,425 --> 03:42:36,493 LOOKING FORWARD TO WHAT HE HAS 4259 03:42:36,493 --> 03:42:37,261 TO SAY TODAY. 4260 03:42:37,261 --> 03:42:47,638 I'M GET HIS SLIDES UP. 4261 03:43:03,020 --> 03:43:05,522 THIS IS ABOUT HARD PROBLEMS AND 4262 03:43:05,522 --> 03:43:08,092 I'M A CLINICIAN AND WANT TO BE 4263 03:43:08,092 --> 03:43:09,526 ABLE TO TAKE CARE OF PATIENTS 4264 03:43:09,526 --> 03:43:14,865 AND TREAT THEM AND CAME UP WITH 4265 03:43:14,865 --> 03:43:21,472 AXIOMS OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND 4266 03:43:21,472 --> 03:43:27,978 NUMBER 4 IS THE PROBLEM THAT'S 4267 03:43:27,978 --> 03:43:31,915 THE VALLEY OF DEATH WE TAKE THE 4268 03:43:31,915 --> 03:43:33,217 INFORMATION INTO EFFECTIVE 4269 03:43:33,217 --> 03:43:36,053 THERAPEUTICS AND THIS MOST THE 4270 03:43:36,053 --> 03:43:38,522 FOCUS IS ON THIS STEP WHICH 4271 03:43:38,522 --> 03:43:39,390 DOESN'T ADDRESS THE ACTUAL 4272 03:43:39,390 --> 03:43:41,558 PROBLEM BECAUSE THE FACT OF THE 4273 03:43:41,558 --> 03:43:42,860 MATTER EVERY FAILED CLINICAL 4274 03:43:42,860 --> 03:43:43,661 TRIAL USED A DRUG THAT EVERYONE 4275 03:43:43,661 --> 03:43:45,929 THOUGHT WAS A GOOD IDEA AND 4276 03:43:45,929 --> 03:43:47,464 PASSED EVERY METRIC OF SUCCESS 4277 03:43:47,464 --> 03:43:49,833 UP TO THAT PARTICULAR POINT. 4278 03:43:49,833 --> 03:43:53,570 SO THIS IS A PROBLEM OF 4279 03:43:53,570 --> 03:43:55,472 ABROGATED CELLULAR BEHAVIOR 4280 03:43:55,472 --> 03:43:59,877 TRANSLATING ACROSS THIS CONCEPT 4281 03:43:59,877 --> 03:44:02,746 FROM BIO PLAUSIBILITY TO THE 4282 03:44:02,746 --> 03:44:04,248 HETEROGENEITY AND MESSINESS IN 4283 03:44:04,248 --> 03:44:05,683 CLINICAL TRIALS AND APPLICABLE 4284 03:44:05,683 --> 03:44:06,984 TO NEW DRUGS, COMBINATION OF 4285 03:44:06,984 --> 03:44:09,453 DRUGS, ANYTHING WHERE YOU TAKE A 4286 03:44:09,453 --> 03:44:10,788 BIOLOGICAL ENTITY AND PUT IT 4287 03:44:10,788 --> 03:44:13,390 INTO A CONTEXT FOR WHICH IT'S 4288 03:44:13,390 --> 03:44:15,459 NEVER BEEN USED BEFORE AND THIS 4289 03:44:15,459 --> 03:44:17,661 SAY SUMMARY HOW EVERYTHING'S THE 4290 03:44:17,661 --> 03:44:18,762 SAME WHICH GETS TO THE GRANT 4291 03:44:18,762 --> 03:44:21,498 THAT I GOT AT THE END OF THIS 4292 03:44:21,498 --> 03:44:22,633 FOR WHICH I'M A LITTLE STRESSED 4293 03:44:22,633 --> 03:44:24,568 BECAUSE I'M TRYING TO APPLY FOR 4294 03:44:24,568 --> 03:44:27,204 THE LAST CARRY FORWARD REQUEST 4295 03:44:27,204 --> 03:44:29,873 FOR RESIDUAL MONEY BUT WHEN WE 4296 03:44:29,873 --> 03:44:32,142 WERE DOING THIS, WE IDENTIFIED 4297 03:44:32,142 --> 03:44:34,611 EIGHT OF THESE SORTS OF THINGS 4298 03:44:34,611 --> 03:44:40,584 THAT ARE BYPRODUCTS OF THE 4299 03:44:40,584 --> 03:44:50,694 TERMINAL LOGICAL WARS GO TO 4300 03:44:50,694 --> 03:44:51,929 STOCHASTICITY AND THE LIMITATION 4301 03:44:51,929 --> 03:44:54,832 WE HAVE IN ADDRESSING THE ISSUES 4302 03:44:54,832 --> 03:44:59,937 AND THE GRANT USED MODELS AS YOU 4303 03:44:59,937 --> 03:45:02,740 SURROGATE TO HOW WE GO ABOUT 4304 03:45:02,740 --> 03:45:08,112 DRESSING THE ISSUES WITH 4305 03:45:08,112 --> 03:45:08,746 MULTI-CELLULAR BIOLOGICAL 4306 03:45:08,746 --> 03:45:09,079 SYMPTOMS. 4307 03:45:09,079 --> 03:45:11,915 THESE ARE WHAT NEEDS SOLVE FOR 4308 03:45:11,915 --> 03:45:16,053 ME TAKE CARE OF PATIENTS BETTER. 4309 03:45:16,053 --> 03:45:19,156 WHAT'S THE EFFECT OF MOLECULAR 4310 03:45:19,156 --> 03:45:21,258 INTERVENTION ACROSS BIOLOGICAL 4311 03:45:21,258 --> 03:45:21,925 HETEROGENEITY AND WE'RE DEAL 4312 03:45:21,925 --> 03:45:24,294 WITH THE STEP OF INCOMPLETENESS 4313 03:45:24,294 --> 03:45:27,231 AND WANT TO KNOW WHEN WE MAKE A 4314 03:45:27,231 --> 03:45:28,732 HYPOTHESIS OF A PARTICULAR 4315 03:45:28,732 --> 03:45:30,067 EFFECT AND COMPUTATIONAL 4316 03:45:30,067 --> 03:45:31,668 REPRESENTATION OF THAT AFFECT, 4317 03:45:31,668 --> 03:45:34,438 WHAT'S THE CONTRIBUTION OF 4318 03:45:34,438 --> 03:45:35,839 UNKNOWN OR UNREPRESENTED 4319 03:45:35,839 --> 03:45:40,144 COMPONENT TO AN INTERVENTION. 4320 03:45:40,144 --> 03:45:50,621 I WOULD MAKE THE HERETICAL 4321 03:45:53,824 --> 03:45:54,458 STATEMENT AND MAKE CRITERIA FOR 4322 03:45:54,458 --> 03:45:56,527 WHAT YOUR MODEL IS A GOOD MODEL. 4323 03:45:56,527 --> 03:46:02,099 IT HAS TO INCORPORATE 4324 03:46:02,099 --> 03:46:03,700 UNIDENTIFIABLITY AND A LOT OF IS 4325 03:46:03,700 --> 03:46:07,838 NO HELP BECAUSE OF THE THEOREM 4326 03:46:07,838 --> 03:46:08,472 PART OF CAUSAL REASONING THAT 4327 03:46:08,472 --> 03:46:12,042 SAYS YOU CANNOT IDENTIFY TRANS 4328 03:46:12,042 --> 03:46:14,478 LEVEL CAUSE AND EFFECT USING 4329 03:46:14,478 --> 03:46:15,879 DATA CENTRIC MEASURES ON THE 4330 03:46:15,879 --> 03:46:22,085 DATA SET. 4331 03:46:22,085 --> 03:46:26,657 MY ASSERTION IS THEY CANNOT 4332 03:46:26,657 --> 03:46:27,558 AVOID UNIDENTIFIABILITY. 4333 03:46:27,558 --> 03:46:29,593 THIS IS A PROBLEM BECAUSE IF YOU 4334 03:46:29,593 --> 03:46:32,529 CHOOSE TO MAKE A PARTICULAR 4335 03:46:32,529 --> 03:46:35,833 MODEL YOU'RE MAKING A SECTION OF 4336 03:46:35,833 --> 03:46:36,900 CHOICES ABOUT WHAT YOU'RE GOING 4337 03:46:36,900 --> 03:46:38,068 TO REPRESENT AND WHAT YOU'RE 4338 03:46:38,068 --> 03:46:40,470 GOING TO ABSTRACT AWAY AND DOING 4339 03:46:40,470 --> 03:46:43,207 SO IN AND OF ITSELF FORMS A BIAS 4340 03:46:43,207 --> 03:46:44,708 WITH THE RESPECT OF THAT 4341 03:46:44,708 --> 03:46:45,309 PARTICULAR MODEL TO REPRESENT 4342 03:46:45,309 --> 03:46:48,278 THE POPULATION. 4343 03:46:48,278 --> 03:46:50,547 AVOIDING BIASES CAN BE USED WITH 4344 03:46:50,547 --> 03:46:53,116 THIS PARTICULAR PRINCIPLE CALLED 4345 03:46:53,116 --> 03:46:54,852 THE MAXIMAL PRINCIPLE DRAWN FROM 4346 03:46:54,852 --> 03:46:56,153 INFORMATION THEORY. 4347 03:46:56,153 --> 03:46:57,020 YOU CAN READ THE SLIDE AS WELL 4348 03:46:57,020 --> 03:46:57,754 AS I CAN. 4349 03:46:57,754 --> 03:47:00,524 THE POINT IS YOU WANT TO AVOID 4350 03:47:00,524 --> 03:47:02,192 BIAS AND MITIGATE FAILURE FOR 4351 03:47:02,192 --> 03:47:05,128 ANY CONTROL DISCOVERY BY 4352 03:47:05,128 --> 03:47:06,530 ACCOUNTING FOR ALL THE 4353 03:47:06,530 --> 03:47:07,764 UNPOTENTIAL REPRESENTED 4354 03:47:07,764 --> 03:47:08,932 INTERACTIONS OR UNREPRESENTED 4355 03:47:08,932 --> 03:47:19,409 STUFF IN YOUR MODEL THAT IS 4356 03:47:21,345 --> 03:47:24,848 THERE AND THAT'S OUR GUIDING 4357 03:47:24,848 --> 03:47:25,215 PRINCIPLE. 4358 03:47:25,215 --> 03:47:32,689 MY COLLEAGUE CAME UP WITH THE 4359 03:47:32,689 --> 03:47:34,491 AND WE'RE COMING UP WITH 4360 03:47:34,491 --> 03:47:36,260 PARAMETERS AND GETS US KILLED IN 4361 03:47:36,260 --> 03:47:38,362 THE REVIEW BECAUSE WE DEFINE 4362 03:47:38,362 --> 03:47:39,263 WHAT THE PARAMETERS MEAN. 4363 03:47:39,263 --> 03:47:43,066 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT PARAMETERS OR 4364 03:47:43,066 --> 03:47:45,435 STRENGTHS AND DEGREES OF 4365 03:47:45,435 --> 03:47:46,470 CONNECTIVITIES BETWEEN ALL THE 4366 03:47:46,470 --> 03:47:48,438 THINGS YOU CHOOSE TO REPRESENT 4367 03:47:48,438 --> 03:47:50,741 IN YOUR MODEL BUT NOT EXPLICITLY 4368 03:47:50,741 --> 03:47:52,743 REPRESENTED IN THE MODEL AND 4369 03:47:52,743 --> 03:47:55,746 THIS SAY MATHEMATICAL MATRIX WE 4370 03:47:55,746 --> 03:47:57,481 OPERATE OVER AND ALL THE 4371 03:47:57,481 --> 03:47:59,216 POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS THAT 4372 03:47:59,216 --> 03:48:01,318 CANNOT BE FALSIFIED BY DATA. 4373 03:48:01,318 --> 03:48:02,552 THAT'S AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION 4374 03:48:02,552 --> 03:48:05,822 BECAUSE WARE NO LONGER FITTING. 4375 03:48:05,822 --> 03:48:08,091 WE'RE IDENTIFYING VASTS SWATHS 4376 03:48:08,091 --> 03:48:09,993 OF ENSEMBLES OF MODELS THAT 4377 03:48:09,993 --> 03:48:12,129 CANNOT BE FALSIFIED BY WHAT YOU 4378 03:48:12,129 --> 03:48:12,596 HAVE. 4379 03:48:12,596 --> 03:48:13,997 THERE'S A PAPER ABOUT THAT BUT 4380 03:48:13,997 --> 03:48:16,533 NO ONE EVER READS IT. 4381 03:48:16,533 --> 03:48:18,201 AND THERE'S OF COURSE SINCE 4382 03:48:18,201 --> 03:48:20,737 WE'RE OPERATING OVER MILLIONS OF 4383 03:48:20,737 --> 03:48:21,705 SIMULATIONS, THIS REQUIRES 4384 03:48:21,705 --> 03:48:23,974 MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL 4385 03:48:23,974 --> 03:48:25,976 INTELLIGENCE OF WHICH WE EMPLOY 4386 03:48:25,976 --> 03:48:27,477 A GREAT DEAL. 4387 03:48:27,477 --> 03:48:28,278 CHASE CAME UP WITH THIS 4388 03:48:28,278 --> 03:48:29,680 PARTICULAR THING AND HERE'S THE 4389 03:48:29,680 --> 03:48:33,483 PAPER THAT COMES UP WITH THAT. 4390 03:48:33,483 --> 03:48:35,185 WE USED THE RESPONSE SYSTEM. 4391 03:48:35,185 --> 03:48:37,421 THIS IS A WIRE FRAME DIAGRAM FOR 4392 03:48:37,421 --> 03:48:37,754 THAT. 4393 03:48:37,754 --> 03:48:39,056 AND HERE'S AN EXAMPLE AND WHAT 4394 03:48:39,056 --> 03:48:42,059 HAPPENS WHEN YOU OPERATE OVER AN 4395 03:48:42,059 --> 03:48:42,592 MRM. 4396 03:48:42,592 --> 03:48:45,495 ON THE LEFT SIDE THE BASE MRM OF 4397 03:48:45,495 --> 03:48:51,468 THE IBM IS A MATRIX WHEN THE 4398 03:48:51,468 --> 03:48:53,570 ENTITIES AND RULES AND THE MODEL 4399 03:48:53,570 --> 03:48:54,504 AND THE COLOR REPRESENT THE 4400 03:48:54,504 --> 03:48:57,341 STRENGTH OF THOSE INTERACTIONS. 4401 03:48:57,341 --> 03:48:59,009 YOU CAN SEE WE MAKE ASSUMPTIONS 4402 03:48:59,009 --> 03:48:59,576 ABOUT WHAT WE ARE GOING TO 4403 03:48:59,576 --> 03:49:06,750 REPRESENT. 4404 03:49:06,750 --> 03:49:09,119 AND WE INTUITIVELY KNOW THIS BUT 4405 03:49:09,119 --> 03:49:10,921 NEVER HAVE A WAY OF REPRESENTING 4406 03:49:10,921 --> 03:49:11,455 THAT. 4407 03:49:11,455 --> 03:49:13,490 IT'S NOT JUST ONE PARTICULAR 4408 03:49:13,490 --> 03:49:13,757 EXAMPLE. 4409 03:49:13,757 --> 03:49:15,225 THERE'S AN ENSEMBLE OF THESE 4410 03:49:15,225 --> 03:49:16,727 THINGS WHICH ARE SHOWN IN THE 4411 03:49:16,727 --> 03:49:18,795 HEAT MAP ON THE RIGHT SIDE WHICH 4412 03:49:18,795 --> 03:49:19,629 REPRESENTS THE BOUNDARY 4413 03:49:19,629 --> 03:49:22,499 CONDITIONS FOR THE 4414 03:49:22,499 --> 03:49:25,802 NON-FALSIFIABLE PARAMETER 4415 03:49:25,802 --> 03:49:27,204 CONFIGURATIONS WITHIN THE 4416 03:49:27,204 --> 03:49:28,205 MATRIX. 4417 03:49:28,205 --> 03:49:30,073 IF WE OPERATE WITHIN THAT 4418 03:49:30,073 --> 03:49:31,108 PARTICULAR SPACE WE BELIEVE WE 4419 03:49:31,108 --> 03:49:33,710 ARE ENCOMPASSING WHAT IS 4420 03:49:33,710 --> 03:49:35,746 POSSIBLE BIO LOGICALLY, WHICH IS 4421 03:49:35,746 --> 03:49:36,747 WHAT IS IMPORTANT. 4422 03:49:36,747 --> 03:49:39,783 WE CAN'T HAVE A TALK WITHOUT 4423 03:49:39,783 --> 03:49:42,919 TALKING ABOUT A.I. I USUALLY 4424 03:49:42,919 --> 03:49:46,023 SLAM IT BUT I'LL TALK ABOUT HOW 4425 03:49:46,023 --> 03:49:48,158 TO CREATE THE SYNTHETIC DATA 4426 03:49:48,158 --> 03:49:49,826 EVERY A.I. REQUIRES. 4427 03:49:49,826 --> 03:49:51,695 THIS IS A PAPER WHY WE CAN'T 4428 03:49:51,695 --> 03:49:54,297 USING MANY OF THE METHODS PEOPLE 4429 03:49:54,297 --> 03:49:55,565 USE TO CREATE SYNTHETIC DATA 4430 03:49:55,565 --> 03:50:00,570 FROM OTHER DOMAINS. 4431 03:50:00,570 --> 03:50:01,605 THESE PARTICULAR THINGS ARE 4432 03:50:01,605 --> 03:50:03,774 PRESENT IN MOLECULAR TIME SERIES 4433 03:50:03,774 --> 03:50:05,275 DATA BECAUSE IT'S CIRCULAR TO 4434 03:50:05,275 --> 03:50:11,348 TRY TO USE MACHINE LEARNING TO 4435 03:50:11,348 --> 03:50:12,582 IDENTIFY THE VARIANT AND CREATE 4436 03:50:12,582 --> 03:50:15,152 THE SYNTHETIC DATA BASED ON THAT 4437 03:50:15,152 --> 03:50:17,621 PARTICULAR FINDING. 4438 03:50:17,621 --> 03:50:21,491 MY SUPPOSITION IS YOU HAVE TO 4439 03:50:21,491 --> 03:50:23,160 SIMULATE IT IN ORDER TO FLUSH 4440 03:50:23,160 --> 03:50:26,730 OUT ALL THE POTENTIAL C 4441 03:50:26,730 --> 03:50:29,900 CONFIGURATION AND FIND A 4442 03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:31,468 GENERATIVE MODEL IF YOU DON'T DO 4443 03:50:31,468 --> 03:50:32,202 THAT PARTICULAR PROCESS. 4444 03:50:32,202 --> 03:50:33,470 THE PAPER IS IN PROCESS. 4445 03:50:33,470 --> 03:50:35,238 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF THIS BASED 4446 03:50:35,238 --> 03:50:41,278 ON A DATA SET OF TRAUMA PATIENTS 4447 03:50:41,278 --> 03:50:45,115 FROM THE MILITARY T DAT 4448 03:50:45,115 --> 03:50:45,449 PROTOCOL. 4449 03:50:45,449 --> 03:50:46,683 THE REAL DATA ARE THE DATA 4450 03:50:46,683 --> 03:50:48,518 POINTS THAT ARE THERE AND ANYONE 4451 03:50:48,518 --> 03:50:52,456 WHO DEALS WITH CLINICAL DATA -- 4452 03:50:52,456 --> 03:51:02,966 THEY -- ANYONE WHO RECOGNIZES 4453 03:51:06,069 --> 03:51:07,237 THE DATA POINTS ARE ALL OVER THE 4454 03:51:07,237 --> 03:51:07,704 PLACE. 4455 03:51:07,704 --> 03:51:08,972 YOU CAN DRAW A REGRESSION LINE 4456 03:51:08,972 --> 03:51:11,675 THAT SEPARATES THE TWO BUT IT'S 4457 03:51:11,675 --> 03:51:12,976 MEANINGLESS BECAUSE YOU LOSE A 4458 03:51:12,976 --> 03:51:15,011 BUNCH OF EXAMPLES. 4459 03:51:15,011 --> 03:51:16,680 WE SAID IF THAT DATA POINT 4460 03:51:16,680 --> 03:51:18,548 EXISTS THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM CAN 4461 03:51:18,548 --> 03:51:22,752 GENERATE IT AND WE OPERATE OVER 4462 03:51:22,752 --> 03:51:25,489 MRMs ABLE TO ENCOMPASS TE DATA 4463 03:51:25,489 --> 03:51:28,758 AND FLUSH OUT ALL THE POSSIBLE 4464 03:51:28,758 --> 03:51:31,561 CONFIGURATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO 4465 03:51:31,561 --> 03:51:32,462 THE DATA. 4466 03:51:32,462 --> 03:51:33,697 IT'S TO HAVE THE MASSIVE SET OF 4467 03:51:33,697 --> 03:51:40,337 TRAJECTORIES POSSIBLE. 4468 03:51:40,337 --> 03:51:44,908 THE HARD THING IS CONTROLLED 4469 03:51:44,908 --> 03:51:45,475 DISCOVERIES. 4470 03:51:45,475 --> 03:51:50,347 YOU WANT A RATIONAL APPROACH AND 4471 03:51:50,347 --> 03:51:51,515 IDENTIFY THE FEATURES OF THIS 4472 03:51:51,515 --> 03:51:54,551 SYSTEM SO YOU DON'T GO DOWN THE 4473 03:51:54,551 --> 03:51:56,620 RABBIT HOLE OF CONSTANTLY ADDING 4474 03:51:56,620 --> 03:51:58,889 MORE DETAIL. 4475 03:51:58,889 --> 03:52:00,724 WHAT I TALKED ABOUT TO THE MEP 4476 03:52:00,724 --> 03:52:02,626 IS NOT APPLICABLE TO THE 4477 03:52:02,626 --> 03:52:02,893 DISCOVERY. 4478 03:52:02,893 --> 03:52:05,829 HERE YOU TRY TO BREAKTHROUGH ALL 4479 03:52:05,829 --> 03:52:07,531 THAT UNCERTAINTY AND FIND THE 4480 03:52:07,531 --> 03:52:10,300 CONTROL THAT IS ROBUST THAT CAN 4481 03:52:10,300 --> 03:52:11,501 EFFECT, EFFECTIVE CONTROL 4482 03:52:11,501 --> 03:52:13,236 DESPITE ALL THE SORTS OF THINGS 4483 03:52:13,236 --> 03:52:14,037 YOU HAVEN'T CHARACTERIZED AND 4484 03:52:14,037 --> 03:52:16,740 THE THINGS YOU DON'T KNOW AND 4485 03:52:16,740 --> 03:52:17,340 HAVEN'T INCLUDED IN YOUR 4486 03:52:17,340 --> 03:52:21,478 PARTICULAR MODEL. 4487 03:52:21,478 --> 03:52:23,747 SO WE USE DEEPER ENFORCEMENT 4488 03:52:23,747 --> 03:52:26,183 LEARNING PART OF THE GRANT IN 4489 03:52:26,183 --> 03:52:27,884 COLLABORATION WHERE WE TREAT THE 4490 03:52:27,884 --> 03:52:31,221 CONTROL PROBLEM AS A GAME PLAYED 4491 03:52:31,221 --> 03:52:36,726 AGAINST A SIMULATION FOR 4492 03:52:36,726 --> 03:52:37,594 IDENTIFYING ADAPTIVE 4493 03:52:37,594 --> 03:52:40,797 MULTIMODELAL CONTROL POLICIES 4494 03:52:40,797 --> 03:52:43,366 FOR BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS NAMELY 4495 03:52:43,366 --> 03:52:46,169 SEPSIS AND THIS IS A PAPER AND A 4496 03:52:46,169 --> 03:52:48,104 RECENT PAPER IN THE COVID ERA 4497 03:52:48,104 --> 03:52:51,708 HOW WE CAN MANIPULATE CYTOKINE 4498 03:52:51,708 --> 03:52:53,610 STORM IN AN EFFECTIVE POPULATION 4499 03:52:53,610 --> 03:52:57,514 WHERE WE DON'T HAVE ANTIBIOTICS 4500 03:52:57,514 --> 03:53:04,454 USING DRUGS WE ALREADY HAVE. 4501 03:53:04,454 --> 03:53:07,257 THIS IS WHAT THE CONTROL ACTIONS 4502 03:53:07,257 --> 03:53:08,725 OVERLOOK FOCUSSING ON THE RIGHT 4503 03:53:08,725 --> 03:53:11,161 SIDE THAT SHOW VARIABLE PATIENT 4504 03:53:11,161 --> 03:53:13,129 TRAJECTORIES. 4505 03:53:13,129 --> 03:53:15,232 INDIVIDUALIZED TRAJECTORIES AND 4506 03:53:15,232 --> 03:53:20,203 I SEE THIS I WILL DO X IS 4507 03:53:20,203 --> 03:53:20,804 EFFECTIVE ACROSS THAT ENTIRE 4508 03:53:20,804 --> 03:53:25,175 SPACE. 4509 03:53:25,175 --> 03:53:27,477 MEDICAL DIGITAL TERMS I HATE THE 4510 03:53:27,477 --> 03:53:28,745 TERM BUT IT IS NOW DIRECTLY 4511 03:53:28,745 --> 03:53:31,514 RELATED TO THE CONCEPT OF 4512 03:53:31,514 --> 03:53:32,616 PRECISION, PERSONALIZED 4513 03:53:32,616 --> 03:53:32,882 MEDICINE. 4514 03:53:32,882 --> 03:53:34,951 THE CONCEPT OF A TWIN MEANS YOU 4515 03:53:34,951 --> 03:53:36,253 CAN NO LONGER TALK ABOUT 4516 03:53:36,253 --> 03:53:36,553 POPULATIONS. 4517 03:53:36,553 --> 03:53:38,888 I NEED TO HAVE A PARTICULAR WAY 4518 03:53:38,888 --> 03:53:40,523 TO REPRESENT A PARTICULAR 4519 03:53:40,523 --> 03:53:42,459 INDIVIDUAL IN THE PARTICULAR WAY 4520 03:53:42,459 --> 03:53:43,493 TO BE ABLE TO AFFECT TREATMENT 4521 03:53:43,493 --> 03:53:49,099 FOR THAT SPECIFIC PERSON. 4522 03:53:49,099 --> 03:53:50,834 IT'S HOW YOU USE MECHANISTIC 4523 03:53:50,834 --> 03:53:52,736 MODELS FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT 4524 03:53:52,736 --> 03:53:53,403 DIGITAL TWINS. 4525 03:53:53,403 --> 03:53:58,208 THIS IS AN ASPIRATIONAL FIRST 4526 03:53:58,208 --> 03:54:00,644 APPROXIMATION WHAT THAT MAY LOOK 4527 03:54:00,644 --> 03:54:03,480 LIKE AND YOU TRAIN AN A.I. 4528 03:54:03,480 --> 03:54:06,249 CONTROLLER AND ABLE TO CURE A 4529 03:54:06,249 --> 03:54:08,518 PATIENT WHO OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE 4530 03:54:08,518 --> 03:54:10,253 DIED AND CURE EVERY PATIENT. 4531 03:54:10,253 --> 03:54:11,154 THE FUTURE. 4532 03:54:11,154 --> 03:54:16,726 DOING WHAT IS NECESSARILY HARD. 4533 03:54:16,726 --> 03:54:18,762 I MAKE INTO BONES ABOUT WHAT MY 4534 03:54:18,762 --> 03:54:20,397 PARTICULAR AGENDA IS. 4535 03:54:20,397 --> 03:54:21,898 I THINK THE THING THIS 4536 03:54:21,898 --> 03:54:23,667 PARTICULAR GROUP DEALS WITH AS 4537 03:54:23,667 --> 03:54:25,669 NOTED IN THE ORIGINAL PANEL 4538 03:54:25,669 --> 03:54:29,472 REPRESENTS THOUGHTS, APPROACHES 4539 03:54:29,472 --> 03:54:34,611 AND BIOLOGICAL TARGETS THAT DO 4540 03:54:34,611 --> 03:54:36,746 NOT FIT INTO STANDARD REVIEW 4541 03:54:36,746 --> 03:54:36,980 PANELS. 4542 03:54:36,980 --> 03:54:44,721 SORRY, I'LL USE THAT WORD. 4543 03:54:44,721 --> 03:54:47,123 THIS IS VERY OFF THE WALL IDEAS 4544 03:54:47,123 --> 03:54:48,391 THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM WHAT 4545 03:54:48,391 --> 03:54:51,494 MOST PEOPLE WHO EVEN THINK THEY 4546 03:54:51,494 --> 03:54:54,164 ARE INNOVATIVE IN THEIR 4547 03:54:54,164 --> 03:54:56,032 PARTICULAR DOMAINS DON'T GET IT. 4548 03:54:56,032 --> 03:54:58,702 THE HARD PROBLEM I WANT TO BE 4549 03:54:58,702 --> 03:55:01,304 ABLE TO ADDRESS IS HOW DO WE 4550 03:55:01,304 --> 03:55:02,872 TAKE THE VAST MAJORITY DOES. 4551 03:55:02,872 --> 03:55:06,409 THEY STUDY MOLECULES AND HOW IT 4552 03:55:06,409 --> 03:55:08,578 AFFECTS CELLS INTO EFFECTIVE 4553 03:55:08,578 --> 03:55:09,679 THERAPEUTICS WHICH IS WHAT THE 4554 03:55:09,679 --> 03:55:11,581 VAST MAJORITY OF PHARMA DOES, 4555 03:55:11,581 --> 03:55:12,749 THEY MAKE DRUGS. 4556 03:55:12,749 --> 03:55:14,651 THE INSIGHT FROM THIS PARTICULAR 4557 03:55:14,651 --> 03:55:16,119 GRANT ARE THE NEED TO ACCOUNT 4558 03:55:16,119 --> 03:55:19,189 FOR HETEROGENEITY AND HOW IT'S 4559 03:55:19,189 --> 03:55:22,225 MANIFESTED AND HOW WE WE SIGHT 4560 03:55:22,225 --> 03:55:24,627 AND THE PERPETUAL INCOMPLETENESS 4561 03:55:24,627 --> 03:55:26,463 WE HAVE TO DEAL IN AND WE CAN'T 4562 03:55:26,463 --> 03:55:29,632 EXPECT TO KNOW EVERYTHING TO DO 4563 03:55:29,632 --> 03:55:32,502 SOMETHING USEFUL. 4564 03:55:32,502 --> 03:55:33,503 THE METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS 4565 03:55:33,503 --> 03:55:35,038 WE HAVE WE NEED TO FOCUS ON IN 4566 03:55:35,038 --> 03:55:39,476 MOVING FORWARD. 4567 03:55:39,476 --> 03:55:41,044 THE ASSERTION IS BEING ABLE TO 4568 03:55:41,044 --> 03:55:44,614 ADDRESS THIS PARTICULAR PROBLEM, 4569 03:55:44,614 --> 03:55:46,082 REQUIRES COMPLEX MECHANISM BASED 4570 03:55:46,082 --> 03:55:47,384 MULTI-SCALE MODELS AND EVOLVING 4571 03:55:47,384 --> 03:55:50,253 HOW WE THINK ABOUT PARAMETERS, 4572 03:55:50,253 --> 03:55:52,722 EITHER NOT JUST RATE CONSTANCE 4573 03:55:52,722 --> 03:55:55,158 AND CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION, 4574 03:55:55,158 --> 03:55:57,494 I.E. IT'S NOT JUST FITTING. 4575 03:55:57,494 --> 03:55:58,862 ADJUSTING WHAT IS CONSIDERED TO 4576 03:55:58,862 --> 03:56:00,630 BE A COMPUTATIONAL TASK BECAUSE 4577 03:56:00,630 --> 03:56:05,702 WE CAN RUN BILLIONS OF 4578 03:56:05,702 --> 03:56:06,002 SIMULATIONS. 4579 03:56:06,002 --> 03:56:08,204 THAT SHOULD NO LONGER BE A 4580 03:56:08,204 --> 03:56:12,742 LIMITATION AND ACCEPT THAT 4581 03:56:12,742 --> 03:56:13,777 UNIDENTIFIABILITY IS INFERETRIN 4582 03:56:13,777 --> 03:56:15,378 TO IDENTIFYING WHETHER A DRUG OR 4583 03:56:15,378 --> 03:56:19,382 CONTROL STUDY WILL WORK IN A 4584 03:56:19,382 --> 03:56:20,383 CLINICAL POPULATION. 4585 03:56:20,383 --> 03:56:21,117 THANK YOU VERY MUCH I APPRECIATE 4586 03:56:21,117 --> 03:56:22,352 ALL THE WORK MY COLLEAGUE HAS 4587 03:56:22,352 --> 03:56:23,720 DONE BECAUSE HE'S DONE ALL THE 4588 03:56:23,720 --> 03:56:25,655 WORK AND I TALK ABOUT IT. 4589 03:56:25,655 --> 03:56:27,490 IF YOU SEE HIM, THANK HIM FOR 4590 03:56:27,490 --> 03:56:31,461 ME. 4591 03:56:31,461 --> 03:56:32,762 LAST THING, PART OF THE VIRAL 4592 03:56:32,762 --> 03:56:34,664 PANDEMIC WORKING GROUP ONE 4593 03:56:34,664 --> 03:56:36,566 OUTPUT IS THE GLOBAL ALLIANCE 4594 03:56:36,566 --> 03:56:41,704 FOR IMMUNE PREDICTION AND 4595 03:56:41,704 --> 03:56:46,042 INTERVENTION AND TALK TO TOM 4596 03:56:46,042 --> 03:56:48,912 HELIKAR TO FIND OUT MORE. 4597 03:56:48,912 --> 03:56:52,449 >> I WANT TO REMIND EVERYBODY TO 4598 03:56:52,449 --> 03:56:55,585 POST QUESTIONS IN THE WIKI. 4599 03:56:55,585 --> 03:56:56,719 THERE'S ONE COMMENT OF THE 4600 03:56:56,719 --> 03:57:02,258 VALLEY OF DEATH. 4601 03:57:02,258 --> 03:57:04,727 ONE QUICK QUESTION AND YOU'RE 4602 03:57:04,727 --> 03:57:08,598 LOOKING FUTURISTIC IN TERMS OF 4603 03:57:08,598 --> 03:57:12,001 LARGE DATA CAPTURE. 4604 03:57:12,001 --> 03:57:14,537 AGE WITH CHAT GPT CATCHING DATA 4605 03:57:14,537 --> 03:57:18,074 FOR SOME MODELS IS ESSENTIAL DO 4606 03:57:18,074 --> 03:57:19,542 YOU THINK WE'RE PAST AN 4607 03:57:19,542 --> 03:57:21,478 INFLECTION POINT ON WHAT'S GOING 4608 03:57:21,478 --> 03:57:22,846 TO ACCELERATE THESE THINGS OR 4609 03:57:22,846 --> 03:57:33,223 STILL IN ITS INFANCY. 4610 03:57:37,494 --> 03:57:40,864 AND WE ARE USING MODEL-DRIVEN 4611 03:57:40,864 --> 03:57:42,599 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. 4612 03:57:42,599 --> 03:57:46,903 THAT'S SOMETHING WE DON'T DO AND 4613 03:57:46,903 --> 03:57:47,737 BIOLOGISTS WANT TO THINK THEY 4614 03:57:47,737 --> 03:57:50,006 HAVE THE BEST IDEAS AND HARD TO 4615 03:57:50,006 --> 03:57:50,640 CONVINCE THEM SOMETHING THEY 4616 03:57:50,640 --> 03:57:53,710 DON'T OTHERWISE WANT TO DO. 4617 03:57:53,710 --> 03:57:57,647 THAT'S SOMETHING WE NEED TO 4618 03:57:57,647 --> 03:57:59,249 ASPIRE THIS AND IN A CONTROL 4619 03:57:59,249 --> 03:58:00,950 LOOP AND SEPSIS IS REAL FAST BUT 4620 03:58:00,950 --> 03:58:02,051 REAL TIME DOESN'T NEED TO BE ALL 4621 03:58:02,051 --> 03:58:03,720 THE TIME RIGHT NOW. 4622 03:58:03,720 --> 03:58:06,189 SOME DISEASE PROCESSES CAN TAKE 4623 03:58:06,189 --> 03:58:06,422 LONGER. 4624 03:58:06,422 --> 03:58:07,657 YOU DON'T HAVE TO DEAL WITH IT 4625 03:58:07,657 --> 03:58:09,125 ALL THE TIME. 4626 03:58:09,125 --> 03:58:10,760 THAT PARTICULAR THING TO DIRECT 4627 03:58:10,760 --> 03:58:13,730 THE TYPE OF DATA COLLECTION WE 4628 03:58:13,730 --> 03:58:24,107 NEED IS ADVANTAGEOUS. 4629 03:58:28,378 --> 03:58:29,245 I'LL INTRODUCE OUR NEXT SPEAKER 4630 03:58:29,245 --> 03:58:36,553 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. 4631 03:58:36,553 --> 03:58:37,587 >> THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 4632 03:58:37,587 --> 03:58:43,092 TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE WORK WE'VE 4633 03:58:43,092 --> 03:58:44,127 DONE. 4634 03:58:44,127 --> 03:58:47,730 WE HAVE BROADLY MODULAR DESIGN 4635 03:58:47,730 --> 03:58:49,499 USING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO 4636 03:58:49,499 --> 03:58:54,637 RESPIRATORY FUNGAL INFECTIONS AS 4637 03:58:54,637 --> 03:58:58,374 A GUIDING USE CASE AND THE 4638 03:58:58,374 --> 03:59:00,043 FUTURE IS MEDICAL DIGITAL TWIN 4639 03:59:00,043 --> 03:59:10,253 TECHNOLOGY. 4640 03:59:48,625 --> 03:59:50,693 >> THIS IS WHAT WE THINK AS THE 4641 03:59:50,693 --> 03:59:53,296 CENTRAL PAPER THAT CAME OUT OF 4642 03:59:53,296 --> 03:59:56,366 THIS GRANT. 4643 03:59:56,366 --> 03:59:59,168 IT'S A FRAMEWORK TO MAKE 4644 03:59:59,168 --> 04:00:00,003 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS MODULAR. 4645 04:00:00,003 --> 04:00:03,106 WHEN WE STARTED THIS I WAS NOT 4646 04:00:03,106 --> 04:00:04,140 THINKING ABOUT DIGITAL TWINS IN 4647 04:00:04,140 --> 04:00:06,909 THE MEANTIME BY THE TIME WE GOT 4648 04:00:06,909 --> 04:00:10,246 TO PUBLISH THIS WE DID AND IT 4649 04:00:10,246 --> 04:00:11,247 SEEMED LIKE A PERFECT TECHNOLOGY 4650 04:00:11,247 --> 04:00:12,749 FOR IT. 4651 04:00:12,749 --> 04:00:15,485 WHAT I'M GOING IT TELL YOU IS A 4652 04:00:15,485 --> 04:00:16,419 SIMPLE HIGH-LEVEL VIEW. 4653 04:00:16,419 --> 04:00:18,788 WE HAVE A POSTER HERE, NUMBER 4654 04:00:18,788 --> 04:00:18,988 EIGHT. 4655 04:00:18,988 --> 04:00:20,957 IF YOU WANT TO SEE DETAILS OF 4656 04:00:20,957 --> 04:00:21,557 THIS, PLEASE GO AND SEE THE 4657 04:00:21,557 --> 04:00:23,693 POSTER. 4658 04:00:23,693 --> 04:00:26,429 SO THEN MANY APPROACHES TO 4659 04:00:26,429 --> 04:00:28,498 MODULARIZING MODELS AND THE 4660 04:00:28,498 --> 04:00:30,800 APPROACH WE PRESENT HERE IS 4661 04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:32,735 REALLY QUITE SIMPLE. 4662 04:00:32,735 --> 04:00:36,973 THE IDEA IS RATHER THAN 4663 04:00:36,973 --> 04:00:39,475 MODULARIZING THE MATHEMATICAL 4664 04:00:39,475 --> 04:00:42,745 MODEL YOU MODULARIZE THE 4665 04:00:42,745 --> 04:00:44,047 SIMULATION MODEL. 4666 04:00:44,047 --> 04:00:45,748 IT CREATES A HUB AND SPOKE 4667 04:00:45,748 --> 04:00:47,550 ARCHITECTURE WHERE THE HUB IS 4668 04:00:47,550 --> 04:00:48,217 THE MODEL STATE. 4669 04:00:48,217 --> 04:00:54,190 THAT'S WHERE ALL THE DATA LIVE 4670 04:00:54,190 --> 04:00:58,294 THAT CHARACTERIZE THE MODEL AT A 4671 04:00:58,294 --> 04:01:00,763 GIVEN POINT IN TIME AND THE 4672 04:01:00,763 --> 04:01:04,500 INDIVIDUAL MODULES OPERATE ON 4673 04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:09,539 THIS DATA SPACE THE MODEL STATE. 4674 04:01:09,539 --> 04:01:11,774 THEY MODIFY SOME PORTION FOR 4675 04:01:11,774 --> 04:01:18,047 THIS PARTICULAR MODULE AND 4676 04:01:18,047 --> 04:01:25,455 SUBMODEL AND NO TWO PASS DATA 4677 04:01:25,455 --> 04:01:27,757 AND THE WAY INDIVIDUAL DYNAMIC 4678 04:01:27,757 --> 04:01:33,096 PROCESSES ONLY THROUGH AN 4679 04:01:33,096 --> 04:01:37,166 OVERLAP OF THE MODEL STATE THEY 4680 04:01:37,166 --> 04:01:37,600 MODIFY. 4681 04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:41,537 IN THIS CASE MODULES BECOME 4682 04:01:41,537 --> 04:01:43,106 TRULY INDEPENDENT. 4683 04:01:43,106 --> 04:01:46,342 CAN TURN OFF ONE WILLY-NILLY. 4684 04:01:46,342 --> 04:01:49,879 ANYTHING BREAKS WH. 4685 04:01:49,879 --> 04:01:51,914 WHEN YOU ADD NEW BIOLOGY YOU ADD 4686 04:01:51,914 --> 04:01:54,550 DIFFERENT PIECES AND NEED TO 4687 04:01:54,550 --> 04:01:55,184 MODIFY MODULES TO RECOGNIZE THE 4688 04:01:55,184 --> 04:01:58,354 NEW BIOLOGY. 4689 04:01:58,354 --> 04:02:01,424 IF YOU DON'T DO THAT THERE'S 4690 04:02:01,424 --> 04:02:03,059 ALSO NO HARM DONE. 4691 04:02:03,059 --> 04:02:05,394 SOME PARTS WILL SIMPLY NOT BE 4692 04:02:05,394 --> 04:02:08,731 CORRECT BUT IT CONTINUES TO 4693 04:02:08,731 --> 04:02:14,337 EXECUTE. 4694 04:02:14,337 --> 04:02:16,606 HERE'S THE URL GRANT WITH THE 4695 04:02:16,606 --> 04:02:18,374 NSF GRANT. 4696 04:02:18,374 --> 04:02:21,344 THIS GRANT HAS HAD A TREMENDOUS 4697 04:02:21,344 --> 04:02:24,180 IMPACT ON MY RESEARCH AND THAT 4698 04:02:24,180 --> 04:02:27,016 OF MY GROUP AND COLLABORATORS IN 4699 04:02:27,016 --> 04:02:28,050 MANY PREDICTABLE WAYS BUT LOTS 4700 04:02:28,050 --> 04:02:30,853 MORE UNPREDICTABLE WAYS. 4701 04:02:30,853 --> 04:02:31,521 I WILL SAY SOMETHING MORE ABOUT 4702 04:02:31,521 --> 04:02:40,029 THAT IN A MINUTE. 4703 04:02:40,029 --> 04:02:45,501 THERE'S GUIDING MEDICALCATION IS 4704 04:02:45,501 --> 04:02:48,704 THE AND THERE'S RESPIRATORY 4705 04:02:48,704 --> 04:02:49,472 INFECTIONS FROM FUNGI. 4706 04:02:49,472 --> 04:02:53,242 YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT IT'S A 4707 04:02:53,242 --> 04:02:55,545 MULTISCALE PHENOMENON. 4708 04:02:55,545 --> 04:02:58,481 IT REQUIRES AN ORGANISM LEVEL 4709 04:02:58,481 --> 04:02:58,748 COMPONENT. 4710 04:02:58,748 --> 04:03:00,683 WE BRING IN SPORES. 4711 04:03:00,683 --> 04:03:04,720 THEY LODGE IN THE RESPIRATORY 4712 04:03:04,720 --> 04:03:05,254 TREE. 4713 04:03:05,254 --> 04:03:07,924 THERE ARE TISSUE SCALE PHENOMENA 4714 04:03:07,924 --> 04:03:09,091 AND INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES 4715 04:03:09,091 --> 04:03:12,028 INVOLVED IN THE WHOLE THING. 4716 04:03:12,028 --> 04:03:16,399 IT'S INHERENTLY A MULTISCALE 4717 04:03:16,399 --> 04:03:17,033 PROCESS. 4718 04:03:17,033 --> 04:03:18,434 A LOT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK 4719 04:03:18,434 --> 04:03:20,870 THAT SUPPORTED THIS WAS 4720 04:03:20,870 --> 04:03:24,073 SUPPORTED BY AN ACCOMPANYING RO1 4721 04:03:24,073 --> 04:03:27,476 FROM NIAID. 4722 04:03:27,476 --> 04:03:29,612 WE PUBLISHED A MODEL IN THE 4723 04:03:29,612 --> 04:03:30,513 UPPER RIGHT. 4724 04:03:30,513 --> 04:03:32,682 YOU CAN SEE A PAPER IN THE 4725 04:03:32,682 --> 04:03:34,917 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 4726 04:03:34,917 --> 04:03:36,919 INTERFACE WE APPLIED IT IN A 4727 04:03:36,919 --> 04:03:37,720 NUMBER OF WAYS. 4728 04:03:37,720 --> 04:03:39,455 WHAT YOU SEE ON THE LOWER RIGHT 4729 04:03:39,455 --> 04:03:41,691 IS A RECENT PAPER WE PUBLISHED 4730 04:03:41,691 --> 04:03:43,025 USING A VERSION OF THE MODEL 4731 04:03:43,025 --> 04:03:48,431 THAT LOOKS AT THE QUESTION AS TO 4732 04:03:48,431 --> 04:03:52,735 WHY SOME PATIENTS WITH SEVERE 4733 04:03:52,735 --> 04:03:59,876 COVID CAN DEVELOP INVASIVE ASPIR 4734 04:03:59,876 --> 04:04:02,578 GELOSIS AND IT'S A PROBLEM ONLY 4735 04:04:02,578 --> 04:04:04,981 FOR A SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED 4736 04:04:04,981 --> 04:04:12,088 PATIENTS. 4737 04:04:12,088 --> 04:04:18,060 WHAT'S THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL 4738 04:04:18,060 --> 04:04:23,099 DIGITAL TWINS THERE'S A GENERIC 4739 04:04:23,099 --> 04:04:24,734 MODEL AND THERE'S ONE EXAMPLE WE 4740 04:04:24,734 --> 04:04:32,708 WANT TO USE. 4741 04:04:32,708 --> 04:04:35,077 THAT'S COMBINED FROM DATA AND 4742 04:04:35,077 --> 04:04:36,178 BECOMES PERSONALIZED AND 4743 04:04:36,178 --> 04:04:38,080 ADAPTIVE OVER TIME. 4744 04:04:38,080 --> 04:04:39,348 MAYBE A PERSONALIZED ADAPTIVE 4745 04:04:39,348 --> 04:04:43,019 MODEL FOR GARY MAY BE A BETTER 4746 04:04:43,019 --> 04:04:44,353 TERM SINCE HE DOESN'T LIKE THE 4747 04:04:44,353 --> 04:04:48,591 DIGITAL TWIN BUT IT'S A THING. 4748 04:04:48,591 --> 04:04:57,166 WE SHOULD PROBABLY STICK TO IT. 4749 04:04:57,166 --> 04:04:59,869 WE'D LIKE TO BUILD A DIGITAL 4750 04:04:59,869 --> 04:05:02,438 TWIN FOR PNEUMONA PATIENTS FROM 4751 04:05:02,438 --> 04:05:03,406 ALL KINDS OF PATHOGENS. 4752 04:05:03,406 --> 04:05:08,577 THE IDEA IS YOU HAVE A PNEUMONIA 4753 04:05:08,577 --> 04:05:09,178 PATIENT IN THE HOSPITAL AND 4754 04:05:09,178 --> 04:05:12,748 YOU'D BE ABLE TO PREDICT FOR 4755 04:05:12,748 --> 04:05:16,752 THAT PARTICULAR PATIENT WHAT 4756 04:05:16,752 --> 04:05:19,322 MALL INTERVENTIONS MIGHT BE AND 4757 04:05:19,322 --> 04:05:20,723 ON THE ONE HAND IS CHALLENGING 4758 04:05:20,723 --> 04:05:24,994 BECAUSE THE TIME FRAME IS SHORT 4759 04:05:24,994 --> 04:05:25,795 LIKE IN GARY'S CASE HE'S 4760 04:05:25,795 --> 04:05:26,896 INTERESTED IN SEPSIS. 4761 04:05:26,896 --> 04:05:28,597 THINGS HAPPEN FAST. 4762 04:05:28,597 --> 04:05:31,634 ON THE OTHER HAND THAT'S WHERE 4763 04:05:31,634 --> 04:05:32,735 COMPUTATIONAL FORECASTING 4764 04:05:32,735 --> 04:05:33,736 MODELLING LIKE THIS WOULD BE 4765 04:05:33,736 --> 04:05:36,739 USEFUL IF TIME IS OF THE 4766 04:05:36,739 --> 04:05:39,775 ESSENCE. 4767 04:05:39,775 --> 04:05:41,777 IT WOULD NOT BE SURPRISING TO 4768 04:05:41,777 --> 04:05:42,845 THIS COMMUNITY MECHANISTIC 4769 04:05:42,845 --> 04:05:44,747 MODELS ARE IMPORTANT FOR THIS 4770 04:05:44,747 --> 04:05:54,890 PURPOSE. 4771 04:06:05,468 --> 04:06:08,671 THERE'S NO ACTIONABLE 4772 04:06:08,671 --> 04:06:09,672 INFORMATION TO A PHYSICIAN HOW 4773 04:06:09,672 --> 04:06:14,643 THAT CAN BE CHANGED IF WE CAN 4774 04:06:14,643 --> 04:06:16,379 MAKE MECHANISTIC MODELS OR SOME 4775 04:06:16,379 --> 04:06:16,979 MECHANISMS IMPLEMENTED THERE 4776 04:06:16,979 --> 04:06:27,523 WOULD BE A CHANCE TO DISCOVER 4777 04:06:27,523 --> 04:06:36,732 MODELS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT 4778 04:06:36,732 --> 04:06:43,072 ROLE. 4779 04:06:43,072 --> 04:06:53,616 WE WERE FABER SURPRISED TO SEE 4780 04:06:55,117 --> 04:06:56,652 THE PEOPLE THAT SIGNED UP AND 4781 04:06:56,652 --> 04:07:00,723 THE IDEAS I'VE GOTTEN AND THE 4782 04:07:00,723 --> 04:07:04,627 DISCUSSIONS AND MANY OF THE 4783 04:07:04,627 --> 04:07:15,171 PEOPLE THIS IS BEING CONTINUED 4784 04:07:18,340 --> 04:07:21,777 BY JAMES AND TOM HELIKAR. 4785 04:07:21,777 --> 04:07:23,112 THERE'S A COUPLE PAPERS FROM THE 4786 04:07:23,112 --> 04:07:28,751 WORK GROUP IN ADDITION TO MANY 4787 04:07:28,751 --> 04:07:31,320 OTHERS AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE 4788 04:07:31,320 --> 04:07:33,222 FOCUSSED ON IS HOW DO WE GO 4789 04:07:33,222 --> 04:07:37,626 ABOUT BUILDING DIGITAL TWINS AND 4790 04:07:37,626 --> 04:07:38,727 WHAT ARE THE MEDICAL NEEDS. 4791 04:07:38,727 --> 04:07:40,963 WHAT ARE THE MODELLING NEEDS. 4792 04:07:40,963 --> 04:07:42,565 WHAT ARE THE EXPERIMENTAL NEEDS. 4793 04:07:42,565 --> 04:07:48,737 I THINK WE HAD A NUMBER OF 4794 04:07:48,737 --> 04:07:51,107 COMMENTS THIS MORNING ABOUT HOW 4795 04:07:51,107 --> 04:07:52,708 DO WE TRAIN PEOPLE FOR 4796 04:07:52,708 --> 04:07:53,809 MULTI-SCALE MODELLING. 4797 04:07:53,809 --> 04:07:55,678 THIS IS A PARTICULARLY 4798 04:07:55,678 --> 04:07:56,712 CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT YOU HAVE 4799 04:07:56,712 --> 04:07:58,047 MEDICINE AND MODELLING AND 4800 04:07:58,047 --> 04:08:01,317 EXPERIMENT IN PEOPLE WHO ARE 4801 04:08:01,317 --> 04:08:02,485 WITHIN THIS SPACE TO WORK. 4802 04:08:02,485 --> 04:08:03,219 THEY NEED TO UNDERSTAND 4803 04:08:03,219 --> 04:08:03,819 SOMETHING ABOUT ALL THREE OF 4804 04:08:03,819 --> 04:08:06,589 THEM. 4805 04:08:06,589 --> 04:08:09,525 DENISE THIS MORNING MENTIONED 4806 04:08:09,525 --> 04:08:10,426 MATHEMATICS. 4807 04:08:10,426 --> 04:08:11,393 MATHEMATICS PLAYS AN INCREDIBLY 4808 04:08:11,393 --> 04:08:13,996 IMPORTANT ROLE IN A NUMBER OF 4809 04:08:13,996 --> 04:08:14,196 WAYS. 4810 04:08:14,196 --> 04:08:15,865 FOR EXAMPLE, DEVELOPMENT OF 4811 04:08:15,865 --> 04:08:16,665 FORMAL METHODS IS A REALLY 4812 04:08:16,665 --> 04:08:18,467 IMPORTANT ONE. 4813 04:08:18,467 --> 04:08:20,336 AND IF YOU WANT TO HEAR MORE 4814 04:08:20,336 --> 04:08:22,905 ABOUT DIGITAL TWINS, THERE'S A 4815 04:08:22,905 --> 04:08:25,941 BREAKOUT SESSION TOMORROW 4816 04:08:25,941 --> 04:08:26,242 AFTERNOON. 4817 04:08:26,242 --> 04:08:27,810 BREAKOUT SESSION 1. 4818 04:08:27,810 --> 04:08:30,746 I ENCOURAGE YOU TO GO THERE AND 4819 04:08:30,746 --> 04:08:31,680 THAT'S ALL I HAVE TO SAY. 4820 04:08:31,680 --> 04:08:33,382 THANK YOU. 4821 04:08:33,382 --> 04:08:33,649 [APPLAUSE] 4822 04:08:33,649 --> 04:08:38,454 . 4823 04:08:38,454 --> 04:08:39,522 >> THANK YOU, EVERYBODY FOR 4824 04:08:39,522 --> 04:08:40,289 USING THE WIKI. 4825 04:08:40,289 --> 04:08:41,657 WE HAVE SOME QUESTIONS COMING 4826 04:08:41,657 --> 04:08:42,057 IN. 4827 04:08:42,057 --> 04:08:47,730 ONE WAS PUT A COUPLE DAYS AGO BY 4828 04:08:47,730 --> 04:08:53,169 MG KOLBANK AND I'LL PARAPHRASE, 4829 04:08:53,169 --> 04:08:56,205 HOW COULD WE HANDLE USING OUR 4830 04:08:56,205 --> 04:09:02,511 DATA FROM MULTIPLE AND UNIQUE 4831 04:09:02,511 --> 04:09:03,913 EXPERIMENTS WILL THERE BE A 4832 04:09:03,913 --> 04:09:05,047 CHALLENGE FOR STANDARDIZATION AS 4833 04:09:05,047 --> 04:09:07,516 YOU DEVELOP THESE? 4834 04:09:07,516 --> 04:09:09,518 >> THERE'S THE CHALLENGE OF 4835 04:09:09,518 --> 04:09:11,587 STANDARDIZING DATA. 4836 04:09:11,587 --> 04:09:13,122 DATA FROM ONE HOSPITAL WILL BE 4837 04:09:13,122 --> 04:09:13,689 VERY DIFFERENT FROM ANOTHER 4838 04:09:13,689 --> 04:09:17,726 HOSPITAL. 4839 04:09:17,726 --> 04:09:19,295 OF COURSE THE DATA ULTIMATELY 4840 04:09:19,295 --> 04:09:21,530 GOES TO BUILDING A DIGITAL TWIN 4841 04:09:21,530 --> 04:09:26,468 LIKE THIS STARTS WITH 4842 04:09:26,468 --> 04:09:28,404 EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM IN VITRO 4843 04:09:28,404 --> 04:09:29,805 EXPERIMENTS, MOUSE EXPERIMENTS, 4844 04:09:29,805 --> 04:09:34,743 TISSUE CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 4845 04:09:34,743 --> 04:09:35,211 ORGANOID EXPERIMENTS. 4846 04:09:35,211 --> 04:09:37,780 PATIENT DATA EXTRACTED FROM 4847 04:09:37,780 --> 04:09:39,615 PATIENT SAMPLES AND ELECTRONIC 4848 04:09:39,615 --> 04:09:40,783 HEALTH RECORDS. 4849 04:09:40,783 --> 04:09:41,850 THERE'S A TREMENDOUS NUMBER OF 4850 04:09:41,850 --> 04:09:46,355 DIFFERENT THINGS COMING IN AND 4851 04:09:46,355 --> 04:09:49,425 HERBERT MADE THAT POINT, 4852 04:09:49,425 --> 04:09:50,426 STANDARDS ARE IMPORTANT AND FOR 4853 04:09:50,426 --> 04:09:52,661 EXAMPLE THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS A 4854 04:09:52,661 --> 04:09:57,132 LARGE SCALE STANDARDS PROJECT ON 4855 04:09:57,132 --> 04:09:58,500 THE EUROPEAN HEALTH SPACE THAT 4856 04:09:58,500 --> 04:10:01,937 FOCUSES ON DATA STANDARDS AND 4857 04:10:01,937 --> 04:10:04,740 MODEL STANDARDS. 4858 04:10:04,740 --> 04:10:07,943 >> ONE MORE. 4859 04:10:07,943 --> 04:10:12,081 DR. CHEN FROM NIH SAID REGARDING 4860 04:10:12,081 --> 04:10:14,083 ADAPTABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF 4861 04:10:14,083 --> 04:10:17,186 DIGITAL TWINS HOW MUCH REAL 4862 04:10:17,186 --> 04:10:19,388 WORLD DATA WOULD YOU EXPECT 4863 04:10:19,388 --> 04:10:21,890 YOU'D NEED TO START A MODEL AND 4864 04:10:21,890 --> 04:10:25,261 WHEN WOULD IT BE UPDATED? 4865 04:10:25,261 --> 04:10:26,128 >> IT WILL DEPEND ON THE TIME 4866 04:10:26,128 --> 04:10:28,264 SCALES ON WHICH YOU NEED THE 4867 04:10:28,264 --> 04:10:28,731 INFORMATION. 4868 04:10:28,731 --> 04:10:31,133 FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU WORK ON TB 4869 04:10:31,133 --> 04:10:34,436 LIKE DENISE DOES OR CANCER, YOUR 4870 04:10:34,436 --> 04:10:35,638 TIME SCALES WILL BE VERY 4871 04:10:35,638 --> 04:10:37,706 DIFFERENT OF SOMEBODY INTERESTED 4872 04:10:37,706 --> 04:10:40,509 IN SEPSIS OR PNEUMONIA. 4873 04:10:40,509 --> 04:10:44,647 IT'S TOTALLY DETERMINED BY YOUR 4874 04:10:44,647 --> 04:10:44,980 APPLICATIONS. 4875 04:10:44,980 --> 04:10:45,881 AND FOR THAT MATTER BY WHAT YOU 4876 04:10:45,881 --> 04:10:47,216 CAN DO IN THE CLINIC. 4877 04:10:47,216 --> 04:10:49,151 >> SO IT DEPENDS. 4878 04:10:49,151 --> 04:10:49,485 FAMOUS ANSWER. 4879 04:10:49,485 --> 04:10:59,662 THANK YOU. 4880 04:11:13,409 --> 04:11:14,143 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME? 4881 04:11:14,143 --> 04:11:15,444 THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO 4882 04:11:15,444 --> 04:11:15,678 PRESENT. 4883 04:11:15,678 --> 04:11:18,914 IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 4884 04:11:18,914 --> 04:11:25,988 WE ARE A RELATIVELY NEW GROUP IN 4885 04:11:25,988 --> 04:11:27,523 MULTI-SCALE MODELLING COMMUNITY. 4886 04:11:27,523 --> 04:11:29,224 WE HAVE TWO MODELERS AND ONE 4887 04:11:29,224 --> 04:11:31,193 IMMUNOLOGIST AND ONE VIROLOGIST 4888 04:11:31,193 --> 04:11:33,095 AND HAVE A GREAT GROUP OF 4889 04:11:33,095 --> 04:11:41,370 STUDENTS AND POSTDOCS. 4890 04:11:41,370 --> 04:11:43,305 AND WE HAVE THIS MULTI-SCALE 4891 04:11:43,305 --> 04:11:43,739 MODELLING GRANT. 4892 04:11:43,739 --> 04:11:54,283 HERE I HIGHLIGHT A FEW RESULTS. 4893 04:12:00,823 --> 04:12:02,291 ORIGINALLY WE PLANNED TO USE BE 4894 04:12:02,291 --> 04:12:04,460 AN EXPENSIVE MOUSE MODEL SYSTEM 4895 04:12:04,460 --> 04:12:06,462 TO UNDERSTAND THE RULES OF 4896 04:12:06,462 --> 04:12:08,097 WANING IMMUNITY AND THEN 4897 04:12:08,097 --> 04:12:12,801 HOPEFULLY TRANSLATE IT TO THE 4898 04:12:12,801 --> 04:12:18,941 HUMAN MODELS AND OPTIMIZE 4899 04:12:18,941 --> 04:12:20,743 IMPLEMENTATION AND ALSO DEVELOP 4900 04:12:20,743 --> 04:12:23,379 BUT THANKS TO THE PANDEMIC, WE 4901 04:12:23,379 --> 04:12:26,448 HAD LOTS OF DIRECT HUMAN DATA. 4902 04:12:26,448 --> 04:12:30,519 AND I WILL SHOW SOME OF THE 4903 04:12:30,519 --> 04:12:33,589 RESULT OF THAT DATA AS WELL 4904 04:12:33,589 --> 04:12:36,692 BECAUSE IT WAS FOOD TO OUR 4905 04:12:36,692 --> 04:12:36,892 GRANT. 4906 04:12:36,892 --> 04:12:39,595 THERE ARE MAJOR GAPS TO FILL. 4907 04:12:39,595 --> 04:12:41,563 WE NEED TO HAVE A GOOD HOST 4908 04:12:41,563 --> 04:12:41,764 MODEL. 4909 04:12:41,764 --> 04:12:47,903 THAT'S A START. 4910 04:12:47,903 --> 04:12:49,538 WE STILL DON'T UNDERSTAND THE 4911 04:12:49,538 --> 04:12:50,606 WANING OF IMMUNE RESPONSES THAT 4912 04:12:50,606 --> 04:12:53,409 GOES AFTER INFECTIONS AND 4913 04:12:53,409 --> 04:12:54,576 VACCINATION. 4914 04:12:54,576 --> 04:12:57,179 IN CASE OF VIRUSES THAT EXHIBIT 4915 04:12:57,179 --> 04:12:59,114 STRAIN VARIATION IT'S NOT SO 4916 04:12:59,114 --> 04:12:59,381 SIMPLE. 4917 04:12:59,381 --> 04:13:00,215 EVERY TIME YOU BUILD IMMUNITY 4918 04:13:00,215 --> 04:13:03,519 AND THE INTERACTIONS ARE QUITE 4919 04:13:03,519 --> 04:13:07,556 COMPLEX. 4920 04:13:07,556 --> 04:13:09,825 SECOND CHALLENGE WE NEED TO 4921 04:13:09,825 --> 04:13:12,161 BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW TO LINK 4922 04:13:12,161 --> 04:13:13,095 BETWEEN HOST MODEL. 4923 04:13:13,095 --> 04:13:15,030 WHAT ARE THE CORRELATIONS OF 4924 04:13:15,030 --> 04:13:16,732 PROTECTION AND ARE WE MISSING 4925 04:13:16,732 --> 04:13:17,499 SOMETHING, WHAT'S THE 4926 04:13:17,499 --> 04:13:22,337 CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SITES 4927 04:13:22,337 --> 04:13:25,707 TO THE PROTECTION AND FINAL 4928 04:13:25,707 --> 04:13:27,476 CHALLENGE HOW TO WE VALIDATE THE 4929 04:13:27,476 --> 04:13:28,310 MODELS. 4930 04:13:28,310 --> 04:13:29,845 WHAT DATA DO WE NEED? 4931 04:13:29,845 --> 04:13:38,654 I'LL TOUCH ALL OF THIS. 4932 04:13:38,654 --> 04:13:40,222 FIRST I WANT TO START FROM THIS 4933 04:13:40,222 --> 04:13:41,056 PAPER. 4934 04:13:41,056 --> 04:13:51,600 USUALLY VACCINES IS UPDATED IF 4935 04:13:52,801 --> 04:13:55,137 THEY GENERATE A RESPONSE AND 4936 04:13:55,137 --> 04:13:56,538 HERE IS A SURPRISING RESULT FROM 4937 04:13:56,538 --> 04:13:58,574 THE EXPERIMENTS THAT WERE DONE 4938 04:13:58,574 --> 04:14:04,179 IN MARK UP MODEL SYSTEM. 4939 04:14:04,179 --> 04:14:10,018 THIS IS WITH PRIMATES. 4940 04:14:10,018 --> 04:14:15,924 THEY DID MACAQUE IMMUNITY 4941 04:14:15,924 --> 04:14:18,160 EVALUATION AND THIS IS ANTIBODY 4942 04:14:18,160 --> 04:14:23,732 RESPONSE TO ORIGINAL STRAIN, 4943 04:14:23,732 --> 04:14:34,276 WUHAN STRAIN IN THE VACCINE AND 4944 04:14:35,143 --> 04:14:40,782 THEY GAVE TO THE MACAQUE THE 4945 04:14:40,782 --> 04:14:46,889 MODERNA BOOST OR OMNICRON BOOST 4946 04:14:46,889 --> 04:14:49,124 AND IT WAS SURPRISING THE 4947 04:14:49,124 --> 04:14:52,728 RESPONSES WERE GENERATED VERY 4948 04:14:52,728 --> 04:14:56,331 SIMILAR TO WUHAN AND OMICRON 4949 04:14:56,331 --> 04:15:06,475 STRAIN. 4950 04:15:12,381 --> 04:15:13,682 THEN WE STRUGGLED IN THE RESULT 4951 04:15:13,682 --> 04:15:15,517 IN WHAT WE LEARNED. 4952 04:15:15,517 --> 04:15:25,661 WE MODELLED THE RESULT FOR H1N1 4953 04:15:25,661 --> 04:15:31,333 AND HERE'S THE SIMULATION AND 4954 04:15:31,333 --> 04:15:35,671 WHAT THE MODEL HAS IS SEVERAL 4955 04:15:35,671 --> 04:15:39,675 KEY FEATURES AND THERE'S A 4956 04:15:39,675 --> 04:15:40,842 LIMITED ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND A 4957 04:15:40,842 --> 04:15:50,018 RULE FOR CROSS-IMMUNITY. 4958 04:15:50,018 --> 04:15:56,325 YOU HAVE SOME RULES FOR IMMUNITY 4959 04:15:56,325 --> 04:16:00,762 AND HOW IT'S BOOSTED AND WE 4960 04:16:00,762 --> 04:16:05,767 CONSULTED WITH OUR IMMUNOLOGIST. 4961 04:16:05,767 --> 04:16:09,805 THE RESULT IS MIXED RESULT. 4962 04:16:09,805 --> 04:16:13,375 ACTUALLY THERE WAS AN EXPANSION 4963 04:16:13,375 --> 04:16:18,580 OF IMMUNE RESPONSE TO OMNICRON 4964 04:16:18,580 --> 04:16:21,116 AND BECAUSE THE TOXIN AND IT WAS 4965 04:16:21,116 --> 04:16:23,151 LOW YOU DON'T SEE IT IN THE 4966 04:16:23,151 --> 04:16:24,086 EXPERIMENT. 4967 04:16:24,086 --> 04:16:26,555 IF YOU GIVE ANOTHER SEVERAL 4968 04:16:26,555 --> 04:16:29,324 BOOST, THIS IS OMNICRON OR WUHAN 4969 04:16:29,324 --> 04:16:30,459 STRAIN THEN YOU'LL SEE THE 4970 04:16:30,459 --> 04:16:32,594 DIFFERENCE. 4971 04:16:32,594 --> 04:16:34,229 THAT MEANS IT'S ACTUALLY BETTER 4972 04:16:34,229 --> 04:16:35,230 TO GIVE OMNICRON TO PRIME THE 4973 04:16:35,230 --> 04:16:42,037 IMMUNITY. 4974 04:16:42,037 --> 04:16:43,438 NOW, I'LL HIGHLIGHT A FEW OF THE 4975 04:16:43,438 --> 04:16:44,740 RESULTS. 4976 04:16:44,740 --> 04:16:50,479 SO IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 4977 04:16:50,479 --> 04:16:51,813 THE IMMUNITY WANE AND HERE'S THE 4978 04:16:51,813 --> 04:16:53,982 RESULT FOR THE T CELL RESPONSE. 4979 04:16:53,982 --> 04:16:56,485 IDEALLY WE NEED THE LONGITUDINAL 4980 04:16:56,485 --> 04:16:57,152 DATA. 4981 04:16:57,152 --> 04:17:01,790 ALSO, WE WOULD LIKE TO FIND THE 4982 04:17:01,790 --> 04:17:04,493 VARIOUS THAT IS NOT IN 4983 04:17:04,493 --> 04:17:04,793 CIRCULATION. 4984 04:17:04,793 --> 04:17:12,334 GIVE IT ONCE AND SEE HOW IT'S 4985 04:17:12,334 --> 04:17:16,638 WANING AND THEY GIVE YELLOW 4986 04:17:16,638 --> 04:17:21,410 FEVER VACCINE TO PEOPLE AND THIS 4987 04:17:21,410 --> 04:17:23,745 IS GENERATED AND QUICKLY 4988 04:17:23,745 --> 04:17:25,681 RESOLVED AND THEN ONE DOSE OF 4989 04:17:25,681 --> 04:17:26,982 THE VACCINE GENERATE THE LONG 4990 04:17:26,982 --> 04:17:37,292 LASTING IMMUNITY. 4991 04:17:41,396 --> 04:17:46,668 AND FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL THE DATA 4992 04:17:46,668 --> 04:17:49,938 CONNECTED IN LINE. 4993 04:17:49,938 --> 04:17:51,973 THE BLACK SQUARES ARE DIFFERENT 4994 04:17:51,973 --> 04:17:52,207 STUDIES. 4995 04:17:52,207 --> 04:18:00,449 THIS IS CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY 4996 04:18:00,449 --> 04:18:03,985 AND HERE CONTRIBUTES GIST ONE 4997 04:18:03,985 --> 04:18:04,519 SAMPLE. 4998 04:18:04,519 --> 04:18:06,121 THE DATA EXPANDS OVER 30 YEARS 4999 04:18:06,121 --> 04:18:15,263 AND BOTH IS A LOG SCALE. 5000 04:18:15,263 --> 04:18:21,503 FIRST THE STUDY COLLECTED AT 5001 04:18:21,503 --> 04:18:24,239 FIRST HERE THE BEST MODEL THAT 5002 04:18:24,239 --> 04:18:30,245 FEEDS THE DATA WAS SIMPLE 5003 04:18:30,245 --> 04:18:32,481 SURPRISINGLY. 5004 04:18:32,481 --> 04:18:34,116 AND WHAT IS MORE SURPRISING IS 5005 04:18:34,116 --> 04:18:37,819 IF WE CONTINUE THE SLIDE IT'S 5006 04:18:37,819 --> 04:18:39,521 ALSO VERY NICELY CONSISTENT WITH 5007 04:18:39,521 --> 04:18:47,028 DIFFERENT DATA SET. 5008 04:18:47,028 --> 04:18:51,199 WE CAN CONTINUE THE IMMUNITY FOR 5009 04:18:51,199 --> 04:19:00,575 THE CELLS AND IT'S BASE CRY JUST 5010 04:19:00,575 --> 04:19:03,545 THE PARAMETERS AND THEN COVID 5011 04:19:03,545 --> 04:19:08,483 CAME IT WAS ANTIBODY DATA THAT 5012 04:19:08,483 --> 04:19:08,784 WE ANALYZED. 5013 04:19:08,784 --> 04:19:11,153 FOR DIFFERENT EPITOPES AND FOR 5014 04:19:11,153 --> 04:19:16,491 DIFFERENT PART OF THE VIRUS THE 5015 04:19:16,491 --> 04:19:18,193 ANTIBODIES ALSO CAPTURED NICELY 5016 04:19:18,193 --> 04:19:20,662 WITH THE SIMPLE PARALLEL. 5017 04:19:20,662 --> 04:19:23,732 NOW WE CAN USE THE PARALLEL TO 5018 04:19:23,732 --> 04:19:28,870 CONFER DIFFERENT ARRANGE. 5019 04:19:28,870 --> 04:19:31,106 S. 5020 04:19:31,106 --> 04:19:32,474 THE MODERNA VACCINE IS BETTER 5021 04:19:32,474 --> 04:19:34,976 THAN PFIZER. 5022 04:19:34,976 --> 04:19:36,945 HERE YOU CAN COMPARE THE THREE 5023 04:19:36,945 --> 04:19:43,885 SETS OF DATA BECAUSE THE SAMPLES 5024 04:19:43,885 --> 04:19:45,854 WERE PROCESSED AND I ALSO 5025 04:19:45,854 --> 04:19:47,055 STRAINED THE EXCESS SO YOU CAN 5026 04:19:47,055 --> 04:19:50,926 SEE AND DO THE COMPARISON. 5027 04:19:50,926 --> 04:19:52,327 AND THERE'S HUGE HETEROGENEITY 5028 04:19:52,327 --> 04:19:55,130 IN HUMAN RESPONSES TO THE 5029 04:19:55,130 --> 04:19:55,397 INFECTION. 5030 04:19:55,397 --> 04:20:05,841 MUCH LESS TO THE VACCINES. 5031 04:20:06,608 --> 04:20:09,544 THEN HAVE YOU THE HOST MODEL AND 5032 04:20:09,544 --> 04:20:11,146 WE HAVE THE HOST MODEL WITH 5033 04:20:11,146 --> 04:20:15,417 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY. 5034 04:20:15,417 --> 04:20:17,085 AND BETWEEN THE HOST MODEL WE 5035 04:20:17,085 --> 04:20:17,719 CAN USE THE MODEL THAT MANY 5036 04:20:17,719 --> 04:20:22,891 PEOPLE USE. 5037 04:20:22,891 --> 04:20:24,292 AND WHAT DATA DO WE NEED TO 5038 04:20:24,292 --> 04:20:27,495 VALIDATE THE MODEL? 5039 04:20:27,495 --> 04:20:30,265 IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 5040 04:20:30,265 --> 04:20:32,767 VACCINE INDUCED IMMUNITY WANES 5041 04:20:32,767 --> 04:20:34,236 SO WE CAN DO THE INTERVENTION 5042 04:20:34,236 --> 04:20:37,839 AND UPDATE THE VACCINE, WE NEED 5043 04:20:37,839 --> 04:20:39,274 TO ESTIMATE THE VACCINE INDUCED 5044 04:20:39,274 --> 04:20:40,342 PROTECTION IN THE POPULATION. 5045 04:20:40,342 --> 04:20:45,347 IF YOU LOOK AT THE LITERATURE 5046 04:20:45,347 --> 04:20:48,183 AND IT CAME OUT THAT IT'S A LONG 5047 04:20:48,183 --> 04:20:53,488 STANDING CHALLENGE. 5048 04:20:53,488 --> 04:20:58,159 ESPECIALLY FOR OTHERS IT WANED 5049 04:20:58,159 --> 04:21:00,061 SEASONALLY AND FOR COVID IT 5050 04:21:00,061 --> 04:21:01,596 WANED VERY FAST. 5051 04:21:01,596 --> 04:21:02,197 WE COULDN'T FIND RELIABLE 5052 04:21:02,197 --> 04:21:04,199 METHODS TO CAPTURE IT. 5053 04:21:04,199 --> 04:21:10,839 ONE OF THE METHODS USED IS 5054 04:21:10,839 --> 04:21:13,675 CALLED EXTENSION OF THE HAZARD 5055 04:21:13,675 --> 04:21:15,577 MODEL UTILIZING -- YOU LOOK AT 5056 04:21:15,577 --> 04:21:16,211 THE METHOD. 5057 04:21:16,211 --> 04:21:20,649 AND THEY GENERATED THE 5058 04:21:20,649 --> 04:21:22,584 MULTI-SCALE SIMPLE MODEL IT WAS 5059 04:21:22,584 --> 04:21:24,686 100,000 INDIVIDUALS AND WE 5060 04:21:24,686 --> 04:21:26,621 VACCINATED 40% WITH A SPREAD OF 5061 04:21:26,621 --> 04:21:30,058 VACCINATION AND THEN ALLOWED 5062 04:21:30,058 --> 04:21:31,793 PEOPLE TO HAVE THE WANING OF 5063 04:21:31,793 --> 04:21:32,527 IMMUNITY. 5064 04:21:32,527 --> 04:21:35,263 GENERATED THE DATA AND APPLY THE 5065 04:21:35,263 --> 04:21:35,497 METHOD. 5066 04:21:35,497 --> 04:21:39,367 IT FAILS COMPLETELY TO CAPTURE. 5067 04:21:39,367 --> 04:21:41,236 THIS IS WANING BECAUSE THE MODEL 5068 04:21:41,236 --> 04:21:43,471 WE KNOW HOW THE WANING SHOULD 5069 04:21:43,471 --> 04:21:44,072 LOOK LIKE. 5070 04:21:44,072 --> 04:21:50,011 SO WE WENT INTO ALL THE DETAILS 5071 04:21:50,011 --> 04:21:51,947 OF THE METHODS. 5072 04:21:51,947 --> 04:21:54,783 YOU TAKE THE DATA EXPANSION AND 5073 04:21:54,783 --> 04:21:56,718 THEN MADE SEVERAL MORE 5074 04:21:56,718 --> 04:21:59,821 APPROXIMATION AND TOOK EACH STEP 5075 04:21:59,821 --> 04:22:03,458 THE DATA FROM THE MULTI-SCALE 5076 04:22:03,458 --> 04:22:09,497 MODEL AND APPLY THEM LIKE HERE. 5077 04:22:09,497 --> 04:22:14,069 AND IT'S VERY NICE SO WE LOOK AT 5078 04:22:14,069 --> 04:22:15,303 THE NUMBER OF EVENTS. 5079 04:22:15,303 --> 04:22:19,574 AND WHAT WE FOUND IF YOU USE THE 5080 04:22:19,574 --> 04:22:23,511 MODEL WITH THIS PARTITIONING IN 5081 04:22:23,511 --> 04:22:26,147 IT'S TRICKY HOW TO CHOOSE BUT WE 5082 04:22:26,147 --> 04:22:27,349 PUBLISHED THE PAPER WHERE WE 5083 04:22:27,349 --> 04:22:29,317 SHOWED HOW TO OPTIMIZE IT AND 5084 04:22:29,317 --> 04:22:30,919 CALL IT THE TBI METHOD. 5085 04:22:30,919 --> 04:22:41,463 THIS IS VERY NICELY CAPTURED AND 5086 04:22:41,930 --> 04:22:44,733 INDUCE PROTECTION AND EVEN WITH 5087 04:22:44,733 --> 04:22:48,603 THE EXTENSION IT'S ALREADY 5088 04:22:48,603 --> 04:22:49,270 INTRODUCED. 5089 04:22:49,270 --> 04:22:50,238 BUT THE BIGGEST HAPPENED ON THE 5090 04:22:50,238 --> 04:22:56,811 LAST STEP. 5091 04:22:56,811 --> 04:23:00,348 IF YOU TAKE THE DATA AND USE THE 5092 04:23:00,348 --> 04:23:04,719 METHODS USED TO MEASURE THIS IS 5093 04:23:04,719 --> 04:23:07,422 THE GREEN ONE. 5094 04:23:07,422 --> 04:23:10,392 IT'S ACCURATELY CAPTURED ONLY AT 5095 04:23:10,392 --> 04:23:15,897 THE PEAK OF PANDEMIC OTHERWISE 5096 04:23:15,897 --> 04:23:16,197 UNESTIMATED. 5097 04:23:16,197 --> 04:23:19,667 AND THIS IS HETEROGENEITY. 5098 04:23:19,667 --> 04:23:21,403 WE BUILT A MODEL WHERE WE 5099 04:23:21,403 --> 04:23:24,572 INTRODUCED THE SUSCEPTIBILITY 5100 04:23:24,572 --> 04:23:27,475 AND HETEROGENEITY IN VACCINE 5101 04:23:27,475 --> 04:23:28,643 RESPONSES AND WE MODEL IT WITH 5102 04:23:28,643 --> 04:23:31,646 THE DISTRIBUTION AND LOOKED AT 5103 04:23:31,646 --> 04:23:34,849 THE LITERATURE AND METABOLIZED 5104 04:23:34,849 --> 04:23:36,951 THE OPERATION FROM THE DATA AND 5105 04:23:36,951 --> 04:23:39,521 ALSO INTRODUCED THE 5106 04:23:39,521 --> 04:23:40,055 HETEROGENEITY IN VACCINE 5107 04:23:40,055 --> 04:23:44,325 PROTECTION. 5108 04:23:44,325 --> 04:23:47,362 WE MODELLED SO THAT WAS 5109 04:23:47,362 --> 04:23:49,831 ACCORDING TO THE PARALLEL AND 5110 04:23:49,831 --> 04:23:51,399 THEN NEED TO WANE THE IMMUNITY 5111 04:23:51,399 --> 04:23:53,201 TO THE PROTECTION AND WE DID IT 5112 04:23:53,201 --> 04:23:56,071 IN TWO MODELS. 5113 04:23:56,071 --> 04:24:00,075 ONE WE HAVE THE CORRELATE MODEL 5114 04:24:00,075 --> 04:24:03,511 AND WAS METABOLIZED AND ANOTHER 5115 04:24:03,511 --> 04:24:04,746 WAS THE EXTENSION MODEL. 5116 04:24:04,746 --> 04:24:07,348 HERE IS THE RESULT. 5117 04:24:07,348 --> 04:24:11,986 SO IF YOU DON'T HAVE ANY 5118 04:24:11,986 --> 04:24:13,855 HETEROGENEITY, THEN THE METHODS 5119 04:24:13,855 --> 04:24:17,859 WE DEVELOPED I SHOWED ON THE 5120 04:24:17,859 --> 04:24:20,395 PREVIOUS SLIDE CAN ACCURATELY 5121 04:24:20,395 --> 04:24:22,297 CAPTURE THE WANING AND THIS IS 5122 04:24:22,297 --> 04:24:23,364 DUE TO ANTIBODIES. 5123 04:24:23,364 --> 04:24:26,267 BUT IF YOU INTRODUCE THE 5124 04:24:26,267 --> 04:24:29,437 HETEROGENEITY IN SUSCEPTIBILITY 5125 04:24:29,437 --> 04:24:31,372 WE MIGHT SEVERELY UNDERESTIMATE 5126 04:24:31,372 --> 04:24:34,042 THE WAITING AND IF YOU INTRODUCE 5127 04:24:34,042 --> 04:24:35,643 IT IN VACCINE RESPONSES WE TEND 5128 04:24:35,643 --> 04:24:37,846 TO OVER ESTIMATE THE WANING. 5129 04:24:37,846 --> 04:24:40,748 BUT USUALLY IT'S LIKE TWO 5130 04:24:40,748 --> 04:24:42,550 COMPETING HETEROGENEITY ON THE 5131 04:24:42,550 --> 04:24:44,719 VACCINES AND THE DIFFERENT 5132 04:24:44,719 --> 04:24:49,691 DIRECTION. 5133 04:24:49,691 --> 04:24:52,827 AND WE PARTLY METABOLIZED FOR 5134 04:24:52,827 --> 04:24:54,596 INFLUENCE AND COVID. 5135 04:24:54,596 --> 04:24:57,432 MIGHT FIND IN THE LITERATURE IF 5136 04:24:57,432 --> 04:25:04,472 YOU COMBINE PEOPLE USED THE 5137 04:25:04,472 --> 04:25:05,206 PREVIOUS 5138 04:25:05,206 --> 04:25:06,541 PREVIOUS USED THE METHODS THAT 5139 04:25:06,541 --> 04:25:09,377 IS THE NUMBERS YOU'D SEE IN THE 5140 04:25:09,377 --> 04:25:09,677 LITERATURE. 5141 04:25:09,677 --> 04:25:14,582 AND I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE 5142 04:25:14,582 --> 04:25:15,617 OUR COLLABORATORS. 5143 04:25:15,617 --> 04:25:17,919 AND OUR FREE SOFTWARE WE USED 5144 04:25:17,919 --> 04:25:21,589 AND JULIA BECAUSE THAT WAS WHAT 5145 04:25:21,589 --> 04:25:24,325 WE USED FOR OUR MODEL. 5146 04:25:24,325 --> 04:25:31,099 AND FUNDING SOURCES, HERE'S IS A 5147 04:25:31,099 --> 04:25:32,400 FEW ONGOING POINTS AND CHANGES 5148 04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:36,838 AND I'M HAPPY TO RESPOND TO 5149 04:25:36,838 --> 04:25:45,513 QUESTIONS IF THERE ARE ANY. 5150 04:25:45,513 --> 04:25:47,315 >> EXCELLENT DATA. 5151 04:25:47,315 --> 04:25:49,284 DO WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE 5152 04:25:49,284 --> 04:25:50,451 QUESTION. 5153 04:25:50,451 --> 04:25:53,021 I DIDN'T SEE ANY IN THE WIKI. 5154 04:25:53,021 --> 04:25:55,256 I CAN ASK ONE QUICKLY. 5155 04:25:55,256 --> 04:25:56,391 I'M INTERESTED IN THE MODEL FOR 5156 04:25:56,391 --> 04:25:59,027 ANTIBODY WANING IN THE COMPLEX 5157 04:25:59,027 --> 04:26:00,328 OF THE IMPORTANCE AND WHAT DO 5158 04:26:00,328 --> 04:26:02,897 YOU SEE AS THE MOST EXCITING 5159 04:26:02,897 --> 04:26:03,431 APPLICATION? 5160 04:26:03,431 --> 04:26:06,334 ONE THING I WAS THINKING ABOUT 5161 04:26:06,334 --> 04:26:07,268 IS CLINICAL TRIALS WHERE YOU'RE 5162 04:26:07,268 --> 04:26:12,607 TRYING TO DECIDE ON A DOSE AND 5163 04:26:12,607 --> 04:26:14,342 EARLY IN COVID -- 5164 04:26:14,342 --> 04:26:18,479 >> THERE'S THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 5165 04:26:18,479 --> 04:26:19,614 MODEL? 5166 04:26:19,614 --> 04:26:20,848 >> MODELLING THE WANING 5167 04:26:20,848 --> 04:26:22,050 ANTIBIOTIC RESPONSE AND HOW IT 5168 04:26:22,050 --> 04:26:27,222 CORRELATES WITH PROTECTION. 5169 04:26:27,222 --> 04:26:36,564 HOW DO YOU SEE IT SO THE FIRST 5170 04:26:36,564 --> 04:26:39,234 ONE IS THERE'S DATA HOW IT 5171 04:26:39,234 --> 04:26:41,002 INCREASED PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON 5172 04:26:41,002 --> 04:26:42,437 THE ANTIBODIES. 5173 04:26:42,437 --> 04:26:46,241 IF YOU FLIP IT THEN IT WILL BE 5174 04:26:46,241 --> 04:26:47,675 MORE LIKE HOW WE CAME UP WITH 5175 04:26:47,675 --> 04:26:52,647 THE EQUATION. 5176 04:26:52,647 --> 04:26:56,718 THEN WE DEVELOPED ANOTHER MODEL 5177 04:26:56,718 --> 04:27:00,922 STOCHASTIC EXTENSION. 5178 04:27:00,922 --> 04:27:02,890 YOU GIVE THE VIRAL TO THE PERSON 5179 04:27:02,890 --> 04:27:05,026 AND FOR EACH VARIANT THERE'S THE 5180 04:27:05,026 --> 04:27:06,628 PROBABILITY TO BE KILLED OR 5181 04:27:06,628 --> 04:27:07,028 SURVIVE. 5182 04:27:07,028 --> 04:27:08,730 AND THEN THIS PROBABILITY ALSO 5183 04:27:08,730 --> 04:27:11,466 DEPENDS ON THE ANTIBODIES. 5184 04:27:11,466 --> 04:27:12,900 IF YOU CAN LEARN YOU'LL GET THIS 5185 04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:15,270 RELATIONSHIP. 5186 04:27:15,270 --> 04:27:15,803 SO, YEAH. 5187 04:27:15,803 --> 04:27:16,204 >> VERY EXCITING. 5188 04:27:16,204 --> 04:27:26,381 THANK YOU. 5189 04:27:40,795 --> 04:27:45,500 >> DR. SOSHA WILL PRESENT NEXT 5190 04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:46,301 FROM JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 5191 04:27:46,301 --> 04:27:49,871 >> I'D LIKE TO THANK THE 5192 04:27:49,871 --> 04:27:51,072 ORGANIZERS FOR INVITING ME. 5193 04:27:51,072 --> 04:28:01,516 I'LL SHOW YOU SOME OF THE 5194 04:28:27,775 --> 04:28:32,280 IMMUNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF USING 5195 04:28:32,280 --> 04:28:39,153 CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS OVER 5196 04:28:39,153 --> 04:28:42,457 DIFFERENT CANCER THE RATE OF 5197 04:28:42,457 --> 04:28:43,558 RESPONSES FAIRLY MODEST. 5198 04:28:43,558 --> 04:28:50,732 IT'S LESS THAN 15%. 5199 04:28:50,732 --> 04:28:53,868 SECONDLY, THERE'S A COMBINATION 5200 04:28:53,868 --> 04:28:56,204 OF DIFFERENT DRUGS USUALLY IN 5201 04:28:56,204 --> 04:28:59,507 IMMUNE THERAPIES NOT USED AS A 5202 04:28:59,507 --> 04:29:04,712 MONOTHERAPY BUT IN DIFFERENT 5203 04:29:04,712 --> 04:29:14,956 COMBINATIONS. 5204 04:29:16,557 --> 04:29:18,860 AND PLAUSIBLE OPTIONS. 5205 04:29:18,860 --> 04:29:19,994 THERE'S BEEN 3,000 CLINICAL 5206 04:29:19,994 --> 04:29:25,366 TRIALS IN THE FIELD. 5207 04:29:25,366 --> 04:29:35,910 MOSTLY IN THE UNITED STATES AND 5208 04:29:38,212 --> 04:29:39,914 TIMING AND SEQUENCES AND THE 5209 04:29:39,914 --> 04:29:42,550 QUESTION IS IT POSSIBLE TO USE 5210 04:29:42,550 --> 04:29:48,723 COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING AND 5211 04:29:48,723 --> 04:29:54,095 PARTICULARLY THE OPTIMAL 5212 04:29:54,095 --> 04:29:56,497 CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN AND USE IT 5213 04:29:56,497 --> 04:29:57,265 AS A MODEL INFORM DRUG 5214 04:29:57,265 --> 04:30:07,575 DEVELOPMENT TOOL. 5215 04:30:15,416 --> 04:30:20,721 THE FIRST IS A NON-SPATIAL QSP 5216 04:30:20,721 --> 04:30:22,023 PLATFORM. 5217 04:30:22,023 --> 04:30:28,629 IT GOES FROM MOLECULAR AND 5218 04:30:28,629 --> 04:30:39,140 CELLULAR SCALE AND THIS IS IN 5219 04:30:40,441 --> 04:30:44,412 THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SYNAPSE AND 5220 04:30:44,412 --> 04:30:47,081 THIS IS INCORPORATED IN THE 5221 04:30:47,081 --> 04:30:47,482 MODEL. 5222 04:30:47,482 --> 04:30:49,083 THE MODEL REPRESENTS THE WHOLE 5223 04:30:49,083 --> 04:30:56,724 PATIENT AND CONSISTS OF TUMOR 5224 04:30:56,724 --> 04:31:07,201 CENTRAL COMPARTMENT SIR -- 5225 04:31:07,401 --> 04:31:08,302 CIRCULATING LYMPH NODE AND THE 5226 04:31:08,302 --> 04:31:11,172 REST OF THE PATIENT PERIPHERAL 5227 04:31:11,172 --> 04:31:11,973 TISSUES. 5228 04:31:11,973 --> 04:31:16,711 HERE WE SHOW JUST ONE TUMOR BUT 5229 04:31:16,711 --> 04:31:20,715 RECENTLY WE'VE BUILT THIS MODEL 5230 04:31:20,715 --> 04:31:25,620 FOR MULTIPLE NODULES AND 5231 04:31:25,620 --> 04:31:28,022 TYPICALLY FOR ONE NODULE IT 5232 04:31:28,022 --> 04:31:32,093 AMOUNT TO ABOUT 200 ORDINARY 5233 04:31:32,093 --> 04:31:36,430 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND 5234 04:31:36,430 --> 04:31:38,099 QUICKLY GROWS TO MORE OR LESS A 5235 04:31:38,099 --> 04:31:48,476 NUMBER OF METASTASIS. 5236 04:31:56,484 --> 04:31:58,719 OR A PATIENT POPULATION COHORT 5237 04:31:58,719 --> 04:31:59,520 IN THE CLINICAL TRIAL. 5238 04:31:59,520 --> 04:32:04,592 WE CONDUCT VIRTUAL CLINICAL 5239 04:32:04,592 --> 04:32:10,565 TRIAL S THIS IS POWERED BY 5240 04:32:10,565 --> 04:32:13,568 IMMUNOGENOMIC INFORMATION IN 5241 04:32:13,568 --> 04:32:15,136 CREATING VIRTUAL PATIENT. 5242 04:32:15,136 --> 04:32:18,406 I'LL SHOW THIS DATA. 5243 04:32:18,406 --> 04:32:23,311 THIS IS THE PLATFORM WE APPLIED 5244 04:32:23,311 --> 04:32:28,115 THIS TO BREAST CANCER, NON-SMALL 5245 04:32:28,115 --> 04:32:31,252 CELL BREAST CANCER AND THE 5246 04:32:31,252 --> 04:32:32,687 CARCINOMA THE SUBJECT OF THE UL 5247 04:32:32,687 --> 04:32:37,558 1 GRANT AND THIS IS ALSO BREAST 5248 04:32:37,558 --> 04:32:39,527 CANCER WITH MULTIPLE METASTATIC 5249 04:32:39,527 --> 04:32:43,164 KNOWLEDGE -- NODULES. 5250 04:32:43,164 --> 04:32:46,601 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF ANALYZING 5251 04:32:46,601 --> 04:32:49,570 PHASE 3 TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST 5252 04:32:49,570 --> 04:32:52,707 CANCER TRIAL WITH A COMBINATION 5253 04:32:52,707 --> 04:32:57,044 OF CHEMOTHERAPY WHICH IS A 5254 04:32:57,044 --> 04:33:04,719 STANDARD OF CARE AND PDL1 5255 04:33:04,719 --> 04:33:10,191 INHIBI 5256 04:33:10,191 --> 04:33:16,497 INHIBITOR ATEZOLIZUMAB AND EACH 5257 04:33:16,497 --> 04:33:27,041 TRAJECTORY OF A GROWING TUMOR A 5258 04:33:40,354 --> 04:33:43,257 CHANCE TO UNRAVEL THE 5259 04:33:43,257 --> 04:33:46,694 MECCISTMECCISTIC 5260 04:33:46,694 --> 04:33:49,864 LY -- MECHANISTICALLY THE 5261 04:33:49,864 --> 04:33:50,131 BEHAVIOR. 5262 04:33:50,131 --> 04:34:00,541 THE UPPER GRAPH IS FOR 5263 04:34:04,111 --> 04:34:05,312 CHEMOTHERAPY AND TO THE RIGHT 5264 04:34:05,312 --> 04:34:08,249 EACH BAR IS A PATIENT. 5265 04:34:08,249 --> 04:34:12,453 THIS IS SHRINKING TUMORS AND 5266 04:34:12,453 --> 04:34:14,588 PROGRESSING TUMORS, PROGRESSIVE 5267 04:34:14,588 --> 04:34:15,923 DISEASE, STABLE DISEASE AND 5268 04:34:15,923 --> 04:34:16,490 PARTIAL RESPONSE, COMPLETE 5269 04:34:16,490 --> 04:34:25,166 RESPONSE. 5270 04:34:25,166 --> 04:34:27,501 IS HAVING CREATE THE PLATFORM 5271 04:34:27,501 --> 04:34:32,540 FOR SPECIFIC CANCER AND EVEN 5272 04:34:32,540 --> 04:34:35,242 SPECIFIC DRUG I SHOULD SAY THE 5273 04:34:35,242 --> 04:34:38,646 SYSTEM IS MODULAR. 5274 04:34:38,646 --> 04:34:40,514 FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACO KINETIC 5275 04:34:40,514 --> 04:34:44,552 SAY MODULE AND COULD BE 5276 04:34:44,552 --> 04:34:46,454 SUBSTITUTED DEPENDING ON WHAT 5277 04:34:46,454 --> 04:34:47,621 DRUG IT IS AND IF THE 5278 04:34:47,621 --> 04:34:48,723 COMBINATION IS AN ORAL DRUG THIS 5279 04:34:48,723 --> 04:34:55,396 IS ALSO A MODULE. 5280 04:34:55,396 --> 04:35:00,434 WE CAN THEN SIMULATE AND LACK 5281 04:35:00,434 --> 04:35:03,637 FOR THE PREDICTIVE BIOMARKER. 5282 04:35:03,637 --> 04:35:06,540 CAN WE PREDICT IF A GIVEN 5283 04:35:06,540 --> 04:35:11,612 PATIENT WOULD RESPOND OR NOT 5284 04:35:11,612 --> 04:35:17,918 RESPOND AND WHAT THE AND THE 5285 04:35:17,918 --> 04:35:20,721 MYELOID DERIVED SPECIFIC CELLS 5286 04:35:20,721 --> 04:35:24,091 AND T CELLS AND ON AND ON AND 5287 04:35:24,091 --> 04:35:30,030 THE RATIO OF CD8 CELLS WHICH ARE 5288 04:35:30,030 --> 04:35:32,733 TUMOR CANCER CELLS AND 5289 04:35:32,733 --> 04:35:36,704 REGULATORY T CELLS THAT SUPPRESS 5290 04:35:36,704 --> 04:35:37,972 THE KILLING. 5291 04:35:37,972 --> 04:35:40,775 YOU CAN SEE IN THIS CASE, THIS 5292 04:35:40,775 --> 04:35:46,413 IS RESPONDERS NOT RESPONDERS FOR 5293 04:35:46,413 --> 04:35:49,283 IMMUNOTHERAPY OF ATEZOLIZUMAB 5294 04:35:49,283 --> 04:35:52,052 AND THIS IS ELEVATED IN 5295 04:35:52,052 --> 04:35:52,353 RESPONDERS. 5296 04:35:52,353 --> 04:35:56,590 YOU CAN SEE THERE IS NO VERY 5297 04:35:56,590 --> 04:35:58,292 CLEAR BIOMARKERS. 5298 04:35:58,292 --> 04:36:05,132 THERE'S A LARGE OVERLAP OF 5299 04:36:05,132 --> 04:36:05,399 VARIABLES. 5300 04:36:05,399 --> 04:36:11,939 THAT'S WHAT THIS CAN DO AND YOU 5301 04:36:11,939 --> 04:36:13,140 CAN HAVE STATISTICAL METHODS TO 5302 04:36:13,140 --> 04:36:17,678 ASSESS PARAMETERS. 5303 04:36:17,678 --> 04:36:22,383 THIS IS A NON-SPATIAL MODEL. 5304 04:36:22,383 --> 04:36:26,053 BUT TUMOR SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY 5305 04:36:26,053 --> 04:36:28,155 IS WELL KNOWN HALLMARK OF 5306 04:36:28,155 --> 04:36:28,389 CANCER. 5307 04:36:28,389 --> 04:36:31,659 IT DETERMINED THE RESPONSE TO 5308 04:36:31,659 --> 04:36:32,059 THERAPY. 5309 04:36:32,059 --> 04:36:33,427 DETERMINES DRUG RESISTANCE AND 5310 04:36:33,427 --> 04:36:38,098 SO ON. 5311 04:36:38,098 --> 04:36:44,205 SO WE'VE DECIDED TO BUILD A 5312 04:36:44,205 --> 04:36:45,706 SPATIAL PLATFORM CALLED SPQSP 5313 04:36:45,706 --> 04:36:50,911 AND DENISE MENTIONED THIS 5314 04:36:50,911 --> 04:36:59,853 MORNING THERE'S A POSTDOC FROM 5315 04:36:59,853 --> 04:37:01,755 SEVERAL YEARS AGO AND 5316 04:37:01,755 --> 04:37:06,794 RESPONSIBLE FOR STARTING THE 5317 04:37:06,794 --> 04:37:06,994 MODEL. 5318 04:37:06,994 --> 04:37:10,898 WE COMBINE THE WHOLE PATIENT QSP 5319 04:37:10,898 --> 04:37:16,670 OR BASE WITH AN AGENT-BASED 5320 04:37:16,670 --> 04:37:18,239 MODEL FOR 3-D PRESENTATION FOR 5321 04:37:18,239 --> 04:37:19,039 WHOLE TUMOR OR PORTION OF A 5322 04:37:19,039 --> 04:37:22,209 TUMOR. 5323 04:37:22,209 --> 04:37:25,613 SOMETIMES FOR A LARGE TUMOR IT'S 5324 04:37:25,613 --> 04:37:26,313 COMPUTATIONALLY NOT POSSIBLE TO 5325 04:37:26,313 --> 04:37:27,815 REPRESENT THE WHOLE TUMOR. 5326 04:37:27,815 --> 04:37:33,520 IT LOOKS LIKE THIS ON THE LEFT. 5327 04:37:33,520 --> 04:37:37,658 WE HAVE A WHOLE PATIENT 5328 04:37:37,658 --> 04:37:43,063 REPRESENTATION AND QSP AND ON 5329 04:37:43,063 --> 04:37:47,701 THE RIGHT WE HAVE AN AGENT-BASED 5330 04:37:47,701 --> 04:37:52,072 MODEL BUILT FROM A 20 BY 20 BY 5331 04:37:52,072 --> 04:37:53,307 20 VOXELS. 5332 04:37:53,307 --> 04:37:56,710 CORRESPONDING TO A SINGLE CANCER 5333 04:37:56,710 --> 04:38:01,615 CELL AND YOU CAN SEE THERE'S 5334 04:38:01,615 --> 04:38:03,550 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCER CELLS 5335 04:38:03,550 --> 04:38:05,019 AND THERE ARE DIFFERENT FLAVORS 5336 04:38:05,019 --> 04:38:11,091 OF IMMUNE CELLS AND THE 5337 04:38:11,091 --> 04:38:14,094 COMPLEXITIES IS GROWING AS WE 5338 04:38:14,094 --> 04:38:16,330 PROCEED WITH THE MODEL AND WE 5339 04:38:16,330 --> 04:38:22,269 APPLIED THIS TO BREAST CANCER, 5340 04:38:22,269 --> 04:38:32,813 LUNG CANCER, CELLULAR CARCINOMA. 5341 04:38:34,615 --> 04:38:36,717 THERE'S A MOLECULES INCLUDING 5342 04:38:36,717 --> 04:38:38,786 IMMUNE CHECKPOINT AND SOLUBLE 5343 04:38:38,786 --> 04:38:41,722 FACTORS LIKE TWO INTERFERON 5344 04:38:41,722 --> 04:38:43,590 GAMMA AND DRUG AND THOSE ARE 5345 04:38:43,590 --> 04:38:44,725 DESCRIBED BY PARTIAL 5346 04:38:44,725 --> 04:38:55,135 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 5347 04:38:58,772 --> 04:39:02,276 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE. 5348 04:39:02,276 --> 04:39:07,581 THERE'S GROWING TUMOR GROWTH 5349 04:39:07,581 --> 04:39:13,520 FROM THE CELL AND WE HAVE A 5350 04:39:13,520 --> 04:39:15,522 TYPICAL TREATMENT PERIOD. 5351 04:39:15,522 --> 04:39:23,130 ON THE LEFT IS TREATED WITH 5352 04:39:23,130 --> 04:39:25,332 INHIBI 5353 04:39:25,332 --> 04:39:33,540 INHIBITOR. 5354 04:39:33,540 --> 04:39:34,775 AND THE TUMOR IS EVENTUALLY 5355 04:39:34,775 --> 04:39:44,952 DISSOLVED. 5356 04:39:46,120 --> 04:39:48,489 AND WE CAN PREDICT THIS AT THE 5357 04:39:48,489 --> 04:39:51,291 LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. 5358 04:39:51,291 --> 04:39:55,896 THIS IS POWERED BY A SINGLE CELL 5359 04:39:55,896 --> 04:40:01,502 RNA SEQ ANALYSIS NON SPATIAL. 5360 04:40:01,502 --> 04:40:05,706 WE ASSIMILATE THE TUMOR FOR A 5361 04:40:05,706 --> 04:40:07,374 YEAR AND A SPLICE THROUGH THE 5362 04:40:07,374 --> 04:40:09,410 TUMOR THAT SHOWS THE IMMUNE 5363 04:40:09,410 --> 04:40:12,513 ARCHITECTURE OF THE COMPLEX 5364 04:40:12,513 --> 04:40:14,615 TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT AND YOU 5365 04:40:14,615 --> 04:40:14,915 CAN SEE. 5366 04:40:14,915 --> 04:40:20,320 THESE ARE THE NOTATIONS FOR 5367 04:40:20,320 --> 04:40:22,656 DIFFERENT CELLS THIS 5368 04:40:22,656 --> 04:40:23,390 ARCHITECTURE IS MIXED. 5369 04:40:23,390 --> 04:40:27,461 THE TUMOR IS SO-CALLED COLD AND 5370 04:40:27,461 --> 04:40:29,396 ON THE RIGHT IS 5371 04:40:29,396 --> 04:40:30,597 COMPARTMENTALIZED ARCHITECTURE 5372 04:40:30,597 --> 04:40:35,803 OF WARMER OR HOT TUMOR AND THAT 5373 04:40:35,803 --> 04:40:37,337 TURNS OUT TO BE RESPOND TO A 5374 04:40:37,337 --> 04:40:45,479 NON-RESPONDER AND RESPONDER. 5375 04:40:45,479 --> 04:40:49,650 SO THE NEXT COUPLE SLIDES IS THE 5376 04:40:49,650 --> 04:40:53,987 ACTUAL RESULT OF THE UL 1 5377 04:40:53,987 --> 04:40:56,990 MULTISCALE GRANT AND HERE WE 5378 04:40:56,990 --> 04:41:01,695 SIMULATED THE NEAR ADJUVANT 5379 04:41:01,695 --> 04:41:04,264 TRIAL FOR HEPATOCELLULAR 5380 04:41:04,264 --> 04:41:09,136 CARCINOMA WHICH IS CANCER WITH 5381 04:41:09,136 --> 04:41:09,903 LOW RESPONSE RATE. 5382 04:41:09,903 --> 04:41:16,710 THIS WAS ANTI-PG1 INHIBITOR IN 5383 04:41:16,710 --> 04:41:27,254 CONSTITUTION WITH MULTI-KINASE 5384 04:41:27,588 --> 04:41:30,090 INHIBITOR NEOADJUVANT AND WE 5385 04:41:30,090 --> 04:41:32,626 AIDED THIS WITH DIGITAL 5386 04:41:32,626 --> 04:41:33,127 PATHOLOGY AND SPATIAL 5387 04:41:33,127 --> 04:41:41,335 TRANSCRIPTOMICS. 5388 04:41:41,335 --> 04:41:45,272 THIS IS DOWN TO SINGLE CELL 5389 04:41:45,272 --> 04:41:45,572 RESOLUTION. 5390 04:41:45,572 --> 04:41:48,308 THE TECHNOLOGIES QUICKLY 5391 04:41:48,308 --> 04:41:50,477 EVOLVING IS THEN THIS CASE 5392 04:41:50,477 --> 04:41:53,580 THERE'S 27 MARKERS OR LABELS ON 5393 04:41:53,580 --> 04:41:57,251 THE CELL BUT THAT IS JUST 5394 04:41:57,251 --> 04:42:07,794 LITERALLY TAKING A COUPLE YEARS 5395 04:42:08,662 --> 04:42:09,763 AND RESEMBLING WHAT WE SHOWED ON 5396 04:42:09,763 --> 04:42:16,170 THE LAST MOVIE ON THE LEFT IS 5397 04:42:16,170 --> 04:42:16,703 NON-RESPONDER WITH MIXED 5398 04:42:16,703 --> 04:42:21,475 ARCHITECTURE. 5399 04:42:21,475 --> 04:42:25,712 THE IMMUNE CELLS AND THIS IS 5400 04:42:25,712 --> 04:42:27,481 COMPARTMENTALIZED ON THE RIGHT. 5401 04:42:27,481 --> 04:42:29,116 THAT HAPPENED TO BE A RESPONDER 5402 04:42:29,116 --> 04:42:32,986 AND YOU CAN SEE QUITE A BIT OF 5403 04:42:32,986 --> 04:42:33,287 COMPLEXITY. 5404 04:42:33,287 --> 04:42:41,495 IN THIS WORK WE ANALYZED THE 5405 04:42:41,495 --> 04:42:46,300 SPATIAL IMAGES USING SPATIAL 5406 04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:48,735 STATISTICS AND METHODS AND 5407 04:42:48,735 --> 04:42:51,738 MACHINE LEARNING. 5408 04:42:51,738 --> 04:42:54,508 THE NEXT ONE IS THE RELATIVELY 5409 04:42:54,508 --> 04:42:55,342 NEW TECHNOLOGY OF SPATIAL 5410 04:42:55,342 --> 04:42:59,112 TRANSCRIPT OMICS. 5411 04:42:59,112 --> 04:43:02,082 THIS IS USING PHYSIOME. 5412 04:43:02,082 --> 04:43:04,718 THIS IS A WHOLE SLIDE FROM 5413 04:43:04,718 --> 04:43:05,185 RECEPTIVE TUMOR. 5414 04:43:05,185 --> 04:43:07,921 THIS WAS RECENTLY PUBLISHED 5415 04:43:07,921 --> 04:43:10,390 USING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS 5416 04:43:10,390 --> 04:43:18,198 OF HOW TO FIND PATTERNS IN THIS 5417 04:43:18,198 --> 04:43:22,536 COMPLEX PICTURE SO UP THIS CASE 5418 04:43:22,536 --> 04:43:24,004 IT'S NOT SINGLE CELL RESOLUTION 5419 04:43:24,004 --> 04:43:29,042 BUT 50 MICRONS UP TO EIGHT, 10 5420 04:43:29,042 --> 04:43:29,243 CELLS. 5421 04:43:29,243 --> 04:43:39,486 IT HAS TO BE COMPUTATIONALLY 5422 04:43:39,486 --> 04:43:40,320 DEINVOLVED. 5423 04:43:40,320 --> 04:43:44,725 THIS IS USING THE MODEL FOR THAT 5424 04:43:44,725 --> 04:43:45,993 SPECIFIC TRIAL FOR INHIBITOR 5425 04:43:45,993 --> 04:43:56,336 CELLULAR CARCINOMA. 5426 04:44:03,076 --> 04:44:05,646 SO BASED ON OUR DIGITAL 5427 04:44:05,646 --> 04:44:09,483 PATHOLOGY WORK WHERE WE FOUND 5428 04:44:09,483 --> 04:44:10,917 SPECIFIC BIOMARKER WHICH WE CALL 5429 04:44:10,917 --> 04:44:14,688 THE RISK SCORE AND THAT HAS TO 5430 04:44:14,688 --> 04:44:19,960 DO WITH THE PROXIMITY OF CD4 TO 5431 04:44:19,960 --> 04:44:24,531 CD 8 CELLS AND MYELOID DEPRIVED 5432 04:44:24,531 --> 04:44:26,767 SUPPRESSER CELLS SO WHICH ARE 5433 04:44:26,767 --> 04:44:27,801 CLOSER TO WHICH. 5434 04:44:27,801 --> 04:44:34,241 YOU CAN SEE THE RISK SCORE AND 5435 04:44:34,241 --> 04:44:35,108 IT SEPARATES NON-RESPONDER AND 5436 04:44:35,108 --> 04:44:45,285 RESPONDER. 5437 04:44:51,625 --> 04:44:55,529 AND WOULD BE PREDICTIVE AND NOT 5438 04:44:55,529 --> 04:44:57,064 USEFUL WOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO THE 5439 04:44:57,064 --> 04:44:59,566 PATIENT AND THE OTHER WAY 5440 04:44:59,566 --> 04:44:59,800 AROUND. 5441 04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:03,003 INTERESTINGLY THAT IS WHAT'S 5442 04:45:03,003 --> 04:45:08,709 MENTIONED THIS MORNING SPATIAL 5443 04:45:08,709 --> 04:45:11,144 ANTROPY TURNS OUT TO BE A USEFUL 5444 04:45:11,144 --> 04:45:14,414 METHOD. 5445 04:45:14,414 --> 04:45:20,721 IN CONCLUSION, JUST AND 5446 04:45:20,721 --> 04:45:23,623 PHARMACOLOGY IS A POWERFUL TOOL 5447 04:45:23,623 --> 04:45:25,592 TO ANALYZE CLINICAL DATA AND THE 5448 04:45:25,592 --> 04:45:27,627 FIELD IS RIGHT FOR APPLICATIONS 5449 04:45:27,627 --> 04:45:31,898 OF QSP MODELS FOR DRUG 5450 04:45:31,898 --> 04:45:34,835 DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF 5451 04:45:34,835 --> 04:45:38,038 CLINICAL TRIAL AND EMERGENT 5452 04:45:38,038 --> 04:45:40,374 TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS SPATIAL 5453 04:45:40,374 --> 04:45:42,109 TRANSCRIPT OMIC AND MULTIPLEX 5454 04:45:42,109 --> 04:45:45,545 DIGITAL PATHOLOGY THAT WILL HELP 5455 04:45:45,545 --> 04:45:48,515 OUR THIS COMPLEX MODEL. 5456 04:45:48,515 --> 04:45:50,050 OF COURSE I'M VERY GRATEFUL TO 5457 04:45:50,050 --> 04:45:54,321 THE PEOPLE WHO DID THE WORK. 5458 04:45:54,321 --> 04:45:56,556 MY CURRENT LAB AND THEN RECENT 5459 04:45:56,556 --> 04:46:03,363 ALUMNI WHO AS YOU CAN SEE MOSTLY 5460 04:46:03,363 --> 04:46:06,466 ARE IN INDUSTRY AND THEN 5461 04:46:06,466 --> 04:46:08,735 NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS AND 5462 04:46:08,735 --> 04:46:09,369 IMMUNOPATHOLOGIST AT HOPKINS AND 5463 04:46:09,369 --> 04:46:12,739 BEYOND. 5464 04:46:12,739 --> 04:46:16,943 VERY IMPORTANTLY THE MULTISCALE 5465 04:46:16,943 --> 04:46:19,446 GRANT AND ANOTHER RO1 AND ALSO 5466 04:46:19,446 --> 04:46:19,880 INDUSTRIAL SUPPORT. 5467 04:46:19,880 --> 04:46:27,554 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 5468 04:46:27,554 --> 04:46:29,022 >> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTIONS 5469 04:46:29,022 --> 04:46:30,490 OR FOR THE PRESENTATION. 5470 04:46:30,490 --> 04:46:32,325 WE'LL KEEP MOVING BECAUSE WE'RE 5471 04:46:32,325 --> 04:46:34,294 RUNNING BEHIND SCHEDULE. 5472 04:46:34,294 --> 04:46:36,496 THERE'S A QUESTION IN THE WIKI 5473 04:46:36,496 --> 04:46:40,333 MAYBE YOU CAN ADDRESS OFFLINE. 5474 04:46:40,333 --> 04:46:46,306 WE'LL MOVE TO OUR FINAL SPEAKER 5475 04:46:46,306 --> 04:46:56,583 OF THE SESSION. 5476 04:47:09,629 --> 04:47:12,065 >> I WAS LAST TO BE FUNDED IN 5477 04:47:12,065 --> 04:47:13,900 THE UL 1 SO BASICALLY IN TWO 5478 04:47:13,900 --> 04:47:15,569 DAYS MY UL 1 IS OVER. 5479 04:47:15,569 --> 04:47:22,042 WE NODE -- KNOW THE CENTER OF 5480 04:47:22,042 --> 04:47:27,347 THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND THE 5481 04:47:27,347 --> 04:47:28,748 CELL COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER 5482 04:47:28,748 --> 04:47:32,719 GROUPS AND PROPERTIES OF THE 5483 04:47:32,719 --> 04:47:35,288 TISSUES. 5484 04:47:35,288 --> 04:47:37,424 10 YEARS AGO THIS IS OFTEN A 5485 04:47:37,424 --> 04:47:39,559 BIASSED APPROACH. 5486 04:47:39,559 --> 04:47:42,095 BEFORE THIS TECHNOLOGY MANY KNOW 5487 04:47:42,095 --> 04:47:52,506 YOU HAVE THE CELL TYPE. 5488 04:47:56,810 --> 04:47:58,245 YOU CAN GET ALL THE CELLS BASED 5489 04:47:58,245 --> 04:48:01,882 ON THE TISSUE AND ALL THE GENES. 5490 04:48:01,882 --> 04:48:03,650 SO BASICALLY THE BEAUTIFUL 5491 04:48:03,650 --> 04:48:04,150 MATRIX IN THE VARIABLE 5492 04:48:04,150 --> 04:48:07,354 STRUCTURES. 5493 04:48:07,354 --> 04:48:10,290 AND THEN THE CELLS CAN GO AS 5494 04:48:10,290 --> 04:48:12,158 MANY AS A MILLION AND THE GENES 5495 04:48:12,158 --> 04:48:13,693 OF COURSE YOU CAN RECOVER ALMOST 5496 04:48:13,693 --> 04:48:15,562 ALL THE GENES IN THE HUMAN BODY 5497 04:48:15,562 --> 04:48:21,568 BY 25,000. 5498 04:48:21,568 --> 04:48:27,574 WHAT'S THE MAJOR EFFORT NOW? 5499 04:48:27,574 --> 04:48:28,909 IT IS CALCIFICATION. 5500 04:48:28,909 --> 04:48:36,716 YOU CAN SEE MANY EFFORT AND IN 5501 04:48:36,716 --> 04:48:42,489 MANY IN THE AREA COMBLASSIFY AL 5502 04:48:42,489 --> 04:48:43,023 THE CELLS. 5503 04:48:43,023 --> 04:48:44,591 THE DATA IS HIGH DIMENSION. 5504 04:48:44,591 --> 04:48:46,593 YOU CUT A PIECE OF TISSUE AND 5505 04:48:46,593 --> 04:48:50,630 FIX IT AND IT. 5506 04:48:50,630 --> 04:48:51,565 SEQUENCE IT. 5507 04:48:51,565 --> 04:48:58,738 THE QUESTION IS HOW CAN YOU FROM 5508 04:48:58,738 --> 04:49:02,108 STATIC DATA LOOK INTO MORE 5509 04:49:02,108 --> 04:49:03,577 MECHANISTIC LANGUAGE AND WE 5510 04:49:03,577 --> 04:49:06,313 RESULT TO C AND AT THE TIME X. 5511 04:49:06,313 --> 04:49:08,181 THAT'S THE LANGUAGE WE USE AND 5512 04:49:08,181 --> 04:49:11,651 BASICALLY THAT'S THE MECHANISM 5513 04:49:11,651 --> 04:49:14,020 WHEN YOU NEED THIS. 5514 04:49:14,020 --> 04:49:16,389 ONE OF THE FOCUS IN OUR UL 1 5515 04:49:16,389 --> 04:49:17,290 GRANT AND IS ABOUT HOW TO DO 5516 04:49:17,290 --> 04:49:21,461 THIS. 5517 04:49:21,461 --> 04:49:25,231 TODAY I'M GOING TO SHOW 5518 04:49:25,231 --> 04:49:25,498 EXAMPLES. 5519 04:49:25,498 --> 04:49:30,003 SO THE APPROACH FOR DOING THIS 5520 04:49:30,003 --> 04:49:32,906 IS THIS CLASSIC LANGUAGE IN 5521 04:49:32,906 --> 04:49:35,208 STATIC THINKING. 5522 04:49:35,208 --> 04:49:36,109 SCALES, CLUSTER, LINEAGE, 5523 04:49:36,109 --> 04:49:36,409 TRANSITION. 5524 04:49:36,409 --> 04:49:46,686 THAT'S THE LANGUAGE. 5525 04:49:46,686 --> 04:49:51,825 AND THIS IS A PARTICLE ATTRACTER 5526 04:49:51,825 --> 04:49:55,595 TRANSITION PASS AND USING THIS 5527 04:49:55,595 --> 04:50:00,600 LEARNING THIS IS SUPERVISED 5528 04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:06,306 LEARNING THIS ALSO IS 5529 04:50:06,306 --> 04:50:08,375 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING BUT YOU 5530 04:50:08,375 --> 04:50:11,578 HAVE MORE EXPLICIT MATHEMATICAL 5531 04:50:11,578 --> 04:50:15,582 STRUCTURE AND CAN HAVE A MORE 5532 04:50:15,582 --> 04:50:25,959 INTERPRETABLE MODELS. 5533 04:50:31,431 --> 04:50:36,403 FOR PEOPLE WHO KNOW ATTRACTERS 5534 04:50:36,403 --> 04:50:38,738 CAN SHAKE IT TO MAKE IT STABLE 5535 04:50:38,738 --> 04:50:40,640 TO OTHER ATTRACTERS BUT IN 5536 04:50:40,640 --> 04:50:44,711 BETWEEN THE TRANSITION STATE HOW 5537 04:50:44,711 --> 04:50:53,286 DO CONSTRUCT THIS? 5538 04:50:53,286 --> 04:50:55,488 THIS IS BASED ON RANDOM WORK AND 5539 04:50:55,488 --> 04:50:57,557 LET'S NOT GET INTO THE DETAILS. 5540 04:50:57,557 --> 04:51:00,226 WHAT'S THE OUTCOME? 5541 04:51:00,226 --> 04:51:02,495 THE COMPUTATIONAL OUTCOME OF THE 5542 04:51:02,495 --> 04:51:10,336 MODEL IS DYNAMIC OF THE CELLS. 5543 04:51:10,336 --> 04:51:12,305 AND THERE'S INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND 5544 04:51:12,305 --> 04:51:17,711 YOU CAN PROJECT THE CELL ON THE 5545 04:51:17,711 --> 04:51:17,977 LANDSCAPE. 5546 04:51:17,977 --> 04:51:21,581 AND YOU CAN COMPUTE THE 5547 04:51:21,581 --> 04:51:26,286 TRANSITIONS AND QUANTIFY THE 5548 04:51:26,286 --> 04:51:32,692 CELLS AND 29% PROBABILITY AND 5549 04:51:32,692 --> 04:51:35,028 YOU CAN FIND IN TRANSITION 5550 04:51:35,028 --> 04:51:35,228 GENES. 5551 04:51:35,228 --> 04:51:36,930 I DON'T WANT TO GET IN BIOLOGY 5552 04:51:36,930 --> 04:51:39,899 BUT IT'S WHAT THE TOOL CAN GIVE 5553 04:51:39,899 --> 04:51:40,767 YOU AND MORE COMPLEX CELL 5554 04:51:40,767 --> 04:51:50,009 LINEAGES. 5555 04:51:50,009 --> 04:51:55,615 AND WE CAN QUANTIFY THAT AND 5556 04:51:55,615 --> 04:51:56,249 CONFER IT AND DISCOVER NEW CELL 5557 04:51:56,249 --> 04:51:59,586 INFORMATION. 5558 04:51:59,586 --> 04:52:01,187 THAT'S OUR WORK AND WE PUBLISHED 5559 04:52:01,187 --> 04:52:03,256 THE WORK AND A GROUP OF 5560 04:52:03,256 --> 04:52:05,325 RESEARCHERS IN DUKE USED THE 5561 04:52:05,325 --> 04:52:09,863 WORK AND IT'S OUR ENTROPY IN OUR 5562 04:52:09,863 --> 04:52:20,273 PAPER AND CAN COMPUTE. 5563 04:52:20,273 --> 04:52:24,444 IT DOES NOT COMMIT UNTIL THEY 5564 04:52:24,444 --> 04:52:24,811 RELATE. 5565 04:52:24,811 --> 04:52:31,484 THIS IS NOA FUNDING AND THE TOOL 5566 04:52:31,484 --> 04:52:39,826 IS VERY USEFUL AND THIS IS VERY 5567 04:52:39,826 --> 04:52:40,794 SENSITIVE TO THE VARIOUS. 5568 04:52:40,794 --> 04:52:43,596 IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO THE OVER 5569 04:52:43,596 --> 04:52:44,130 ALL RESPONSE OF THE LUNG 5570 04:52:44,130 --> 04:52:54,274 TISSUES. 5571 04:52:56,676 --> 04:52:59,245 ONCE YOU HAVE THE ATTRACTERS AND 5572 04:52:59,245 --> 04:53:02,448 IF YOU WANT TO LOOK AT THE GENE 5573 04:53:02,448 --> 04:53:06,119 REGULATIONS DOWN STREAM YOU CAN 5574 04:53:06,119 --> 04:53:10,590 CONSTRUCT THE TOOLS TO CONSTRUCT 5575 04:53:10,590 --> 04:53:12,091 DATA SPECIFIC G.I. ENDS AND IN 5576 04:53:12,091 --> 04:53:14,294 PARTICULAR THIS CAN GIVE YOU 5577 04:53:14,294 --> 04:53:15,595 QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT 5578 04:53:15,595 --> 04:53:18,198 WHICH DIRECTION, WHICH GENE 5579 04:53:18,198 --> 04:53:18,531 DIRECTION. 5580 04:53:18,531 --> 04:53:19,866 REMEMBER THE 25,000 POSSIBLE 5581 04:53:19,866 --> 04:53:20,600 GENES IN HUMAN. 5582 04:53:20,600 --> 04:53:23,703 WHICH GENE COULD BE THE MOST 5583 04:53:23,703 --> 04:53:32,712 LIKELY TO MAKE A TRANSITION? 5584 04:53:32,712 --> 04:53:35,849 KNOW LET'S SAY CAN WE MAKE THE 5585 04:53:35,849 --> 04:53:37,350 INFORMATION MORE SPATIAL? 5586 04:53:37,350 --> 04:53:38,618 BASICALLY, WE ALL KNOW CELLS 5587 04:53:38,618 --> 04:53:43,990 TALK TO EACH OTHER THROUGH 5588 04:53:43,990 --> 04:53:44,390 RECEPTORS. 5589 04:53:44,390 --> 04:53:48,261 CAN WE USE THIS DATA TO 5590 04:53:48,261 --> 04:53:49,195 CONSTRUCT, YES? 5591 04:53:49,195 --> 04:53:55,668 WE COME UP WITH A SIMPLE KINETIC 5592 04:53:55,668 --> 04:53:58,037 MODEL AND USE THE INFORMATION 5593 04:53:58,037 --> 04:54:01,841 AND REGULATORS, YOU HAVE MANY 5594 04:54:01,841 --> 04:54:03,943 SAMPLES WITHIN THE CLUSTER AND 5595 04:54:03,943 --> 04:54:05,845 HAVE MANY CELLS YOU CAN USE AS A 5596 04:54:05,845 --> 04:54:08,448 WAY TO DO TESTINGS. 5597 04:54:08,448 --> 04:54:09,616 YOU CAN COMPUTE THE PROBABILITY 5598 04:54:09,616 --> 04:54:13,887 OF THE COMMUNICATION. 5599 04:54:13,887 --> 04:54:19,425 THEN WE REALIZED WELL, THIS IS 5600 04:54:19,425 --> 04:54:22,562 COMPREHENSIVE AND YOU HAVE TO 5601 04:54:22,562 --> 04:54:24,197 EXPLORE ALL THE POSSIBLE 5602 04:54:24,197 --> 04:54:27,800 RECEPTOR PAIRS. 5603 04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:28,801 WE LOOKED AT THE DATABASE AND 5604 04:54:28,801 --> 04:54:32,739 TRIED TO MAKE IT MORE 5605 04:54:32,739 --> 04:54:35,275 COMPREHENSIVE AND THERE WERE 5606 04:54:35,275 --> 04:54:37,577 2,021 PAIRS IN 2021. 5607 04:54:37,577 --> 04:54:38,711 I DON'T KNOW THE COINCIDENCE 5608 04:54:38,711 --> 04:54:39,212 THERE. 5609 04:54:39,212 --> 04:54:46,853 THEN WE PUBLISHED THIS CELL CHAT 5610 04:54:46,853 --> 04:54:48,254 AND WITHIN TWO YEARS THE 5611 04:54:48,254 --> 04:54:50,490 CITATIONS ARE MORE THAN 1100. 5612 04:54:50,490 --> 04:54:51,758 IT'S RANKED HIGH IN THE 5613 04:54:51,758 --> 04:54:52,025 JOURNALS. 5614 04:54:52,025 --> 04:54:58,064 IT'S TO OUR SURPRISE. 5615 04:54:58,064 --> 04:54:59,499 LET ME SHOW YOU WHAT THE TOOLS 5616 04:54:59,499 --> 04:55:00,767 CAN DO FOR YOU? 5617 04:55:00,767 --> 04:55:01,868 WE DESIGN THE EXPERIMENTS FOR 5618 04:55:01,868 --> 04:55:06,339 MANY PEOPLE AND WE CARE ABOUT 5619 04:55:06,339 --> 04:55:08,975 THE AGING. 5620 04:55:08,975 --> 04:55:11,511 SO IT'S MORE LIKE A 70-YEAR-OLD 5621 04:55:11,511 --> 04:55:14,147 MAN AND THE NEW MOUSE AND CUT 5622 04:55:14,147 --> 04:55:16,883 THE WOUND AND WATCH AND THE AGE 5623 04:55:16,883 --> 04:55:18,685 OF THE MOUSE IS WORSE THE 5624 04:55:18,685 --> 04:55:22,055 YOUNGER ONES. 5625 04:55:22,055 --> 04:55:24,724 THEN YOU CAN STARTED LOOKING AT 5626 04:55:24,724 --> 04:55:27,427 COMMUNICATIONS. 5627 04:55:27,427 --> 04:55:32,365 BASICALLY IF YOU LOOK AT THE 5628 04:55:32,365 --> 04:55:37,437 WOUND, THE COMPOSITION DIDN'T 5629 04:55:37,437 --> 04:55:38,838 CHANGE MUCH HOWEVER, IF YOU LOOK 5630 04:55:38,838 --> 04:55:40,673 AT THE TWO COMMUNICATIONS, 5631 04:55:40,673 --> 04:55:42,809 BASICALLY THESE ARE THE CELL 5632 04:55:42,809 --> 04:55:43,710 TYPES AND THE COMMUNICATIONS. 5633 04:55:43,710 --> 04:55:51,617 WHAT DID YOU OBSERVE? 5634 04:55:51,617 --> 04:55:53,219 THE CELL TALK A LOT. 5635 04:55:53,219 --> 04:55:57,590 THE OUTCOMINGS ARE GOOD. 5636 04:55:57,590 --> 04:56:03,162 SO WHY, WE NEED MORE FUNCTIONAL 5637 04:56:03,162 --> 04:56:05,732 STUDIES AND MANY OF THE OLD FOLK 5638 04:56:05,732 --> 04:56:07,667 I CONSIDER OLD NOW WE WORK HARD 5639 04:56:07,667 --> 04:56:09,168 AND IN PARTICULAR IN SPORTS WE 5640 04:56:09,168 --> 04:56:11,337 TRY TO DO A LOT BUT THE OUTCOME 5641 04:56:11,337 --> 04:56:18,444 IS JUST NOT AS GOOD. 5642 04:56:18,444 --> 04:56:20,680 ANOTHER APPLICATION IS TO DATA 5643 04:56:20,680 --> 04:56:22,348 TO DO THE SAME THING. 5644 04:56:22,348 --> 04:56:29,022 IT'S THE BCC AND THE CONTROL AND 5645 04:56:29,022 --> 04:56:30,623 HERE ARE THE COMMUNICATIONS. 5646 04:56:30,623 --> 04:56:34,360 OF COURSE IT'S NOT A SURPRISE 5647 04:56:34,360 --> 04:56:37,096 IT'S IMMUNE RELATED AND VERY 5648 04:56:37,096 --> 04:56:37,330 ACTIVE. 5649 04:56:37,330 --> 04:56:44,270 THAT'S ONE KIND OF YOU CAN DO IN 5650 04:56:44,270 --> 04:56:48,741 PARTICULAR TO COMPARE WITH A 5651 04:56:48,741 --> 04:56:52,612 PERTURBED DISEASE. 5652 04:56:52,612 --> 04:56:53,346 THERE'S MANY COVID RELATED 5653 04:56:53,346 --> 04:56:58,918 RESEARCH DURING THE PAST TWO 5654 04:56:58,918 --> 04:56:59,719 YEARS. 5655 04:56:59,719 --> 04:57:02,455 THEY USED THE TOOLS TO PLOT. 5656 04:57:02,455 --> 04:57:02,789 OKAY. 5657 04:57:02,789 --> 04:57:04,457 THIS IS A FAST EVOLVING AREA. 5658 04:57:04,457 --> 04:57:08,294 WE START THE BUSINESS IN 2019. 5659 04:57:08,294 --> 04:57:09,062 THIS RESULT IS IN THE 5660 04:57:09,062 --> 04:57:19,072 PRELIMINARY RESULT OF THE GRANT. 5661 04:57:19,072 --> 04:57:29,348 WE RECENTLY READ THE REVIEWS. 5662 04:57:29,348 --> 04:57:32,218 THIS IS NOT A TYPICAL RECEPTOR 5663 04:57:32,218 --> 04:57:33,586 THERE'S MORE MOLECULES. 5664 04:57:33,586 --> 04:57:35,855 THEN WE WORKED OUT SOMETHING 5665 04:57:35,855 --> 04:57:37,023 CALLED THE NEURON CHAT PUBLISHED 5666 04:57:37,023 --> 04:57:42,962 ABOUT TWO MONTHS AGO. 5667 04:57:42,962 --> 04:57:45,364 AND NOW LET'S LOOK AT THE 5668 04:57:45,364 --> 04:57:48,768 EMERGING BEHAVIOR BETWEEN CELLS. 5669 04:57:48,768 --> 04:57:52,572 WHEN WE FIRST START THE UL 1 WE 5670 04:57:52,572 --> 04:57:54,907 HAVE THE DATA, ONE GENE, TWO 5671 04:57:54,907 --> 04:57:56,876 GENES SPANNING DATA. 5672 04:57:56,876 --> 04:57:58,945 WE HAVE SINGLE CELL DATA AND A 5673 04:57:58,945 --> 04:58:02,115 LOT OF GENES BUT NO SPACE. 5674 04:58:02,115 --> 04:58:03,649 THERE'S BEAUTIFUL SPATIAL 5675 04:58:03,649 --> 04:58:04,750 INFORMATION. 5676 04:58:04,750 --> 04:58:08,754 CAN YOU MAP THEM? 5677 04:58:08,754 --> 04:58:11,023 YOU THIS HAS 25,000 GENES FOR 5678 04:58:11,023 --> 04:58:12,758 HUMANS AND THIS COMES FROM THE 5679 04:58:12,758 --> 04:58:13,860 SAME PIECE OF TISSUE IN 5680 04:58:13,860 --> 04:58:15,795 PRINCIPLE I CAN MATCH IT. 5681 04:58:15,795 --> 04:58:18,865 OF COURSE YOU DON'T HAVE ALL 5682 04:58:18,865 --> 04:58:19,098 25,000. 5683 04:58:19,098 --> 04:58:22,201 IF YOU HAVE 100, CAN YOU DO IT. 5684 04:58:22,201 --> 04:58:24,403 MATHEMATICALLY YOU CAN 5685 04:58:24,403 --> 04:58:25,137 DEFINITELY DO IT AND DO 5686 04:58:25,137 --> 04:58:26,239 SOMETHING YOU MENTIONED I DON'T 5687 04:58:26,239 --> 04:58:29,108 WANT TO GET IN THE DETAILS 5688 04:58:29,108 --> 04:58:31,677 SOMETHING ABOUT ULTIMATE 5689 04:58:31,677 --> 04:58:31,944 TRANSPORT. 5690 04:58:31,944 --> 04:58:34,147 ONE OF THE METHOD AND CAN 5691 04:58:34,147 --> 04:58:44,524 CONNECT THE DATA SET. 5692 04:58:46,125 --> 04:58:48,761 THERE'S SPATIAL IMAGES. 5693 04:58:48,761 --> 04:58:49,896 WE CAN MATCH IT. 5694 04:58:49,896 --> 04:58:54,033 WE CAN START THE CELL-CELL 5695 04:58:54,033 --> 04:58:55,101 COMMUNICATIONS IN THE MORE 5696 04:58:55,101 --> 04:58:57,303 SPATIALLY CONCENTRATED WAY. 5697 04:58:57,303 --> 04:58:58,237 OUR CELLS COMMUNICATION ARE 5698 04:58:58,237 --> 04:59:01,741 ALWAYS CONSTRAINED BY SPACE. 5699 04:59:01,741 --> 04:59:06,746 NOW, THE NEW TECHNOLOGY COMES 5700 04:59:06,746 --> 04:59:07,980 UP. 5701 04:59:07,980 --> 04:59:09,115 THAT'S CELLS ON THE PIECE OF THE 5702 04:59:09,115 --> 04:59:16,022 TISSUE AND ALL THE GENES. 5703 04:59:16,022 --> 04:59:18,891 SINGLE CELL RESOLUTION SOMETIMES 5704 04:59:18,891 --> 04:59:23,896 OR WITH THAT AND WE SAY OKAY, 5705 04:59:23,896 --> 04:59:26,232 LET'S ANALYZE THE DATA STATS IN 5706 04:59:26,232 --> 04:59:26,832 THE TRANSITIONS. 5707 04:59:26,832 --> 04:59:30,703 WE USE THE SAME TECHNIQUE 5708 04:59:30,703 --> 04:59:32,238 DISCUSSED IN THE FIRST PART OF 5709 04:59:32,238 --> 04:59:37,743 THE TALK, I DON'T WANT TO GET 5710 04:59:37,743 --> 04:59:43,749 INTO DETAILS. 5711 04:59:43,749 --> 04:59:47,053 LET'S USE BRAIN AS AN EXAMPLE. 5712 04:59:47,053 --> 04:59:49,322 THIS THE BRAIN DATA. 5713 04:59:49,322 --> 04:59:54,827 WE CAN CONSTRUCT THE ARROW. 5714 04:59:54,827 --> 04:59:59,632 THIS IS BASICALLY BORROWED ALL 5715 04:59:59,632 --> 05:00:01,334 THE VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION 5716 05:00:01,334 --> 05:00:06,572 CONCEPT TO GENE EXPRESSION 5717 05:00:06,572 --> 05:00:11,711 DOMAINS. 5718 05:00:11,711 --> 05:00:13,579 CAN YOU DO COMMUNICATION IN 5719 05:00:13,579 --> 05:00:14,080 SPACE DIRECTLY? 5720 05:00:14,080 --> 05:00:14,714 YOU CAN. 5721 05:00:14,714 --> 05:00:20,019 ONE WAY IS WE PUBLISHED AND YOU 5722 05:00:20,019 --> 05:00:26,759 USE LIGAND RECEPTORS AND USE 5723 05:00:26,759 --> 05:00:32,098 ULTIMATE TRANSPORT TO CONNECT 5724 05:00:32,098 --> 05:00:32,298 THEM. 5725 05:00:32,298 --> 05:00:35,501 HAVE TO MAKE SURE YOU CAN HAVE 5726 05:00:35,501 --> 05:00:37,803 TWO OR THREE LIGANDS WITH TWO 5727 05:00:37,803 --> 05:00:39,772 RECEPTORS AND WITH ALL THAT YOU 5728 05:00:39,772 --> 05:00:45,144 HAVE DEVELOPED NEW OPTIMAL 5729 05:00:45,144 --> 05:00:48,581 TRANSPORT AND WITH THAT THERE'S 5730 05:00:48,581 --> 05:00:54,920 A LOT OF ATTENTION AND WE CAN DO 5731 05:00:54,920 --> 05:00:59,925 A SPATIAL DATA MER FISH AND 5732 05:00:59,925 --> 05:01:03,663 OTHER TYPE. 5733 05:01:03,663 --> 05:01:07,066 DON'T WORRY, THERE'S NO COFFEE 5734 05:01:07,066 --> 05:01:07,967 OUTSIDE I CHECKED. 5735 05:01:07,967 --> 05:01:09,635 YOU CANNOT HAVE COFFEE UNTIL 5736 05:01:09,635 --> 05:01:10,136 TOMORROW. 5737 05:01:10,136 --> 05:01:14,073 >> NO, UPSTAIRS ONLY COOKIE. 5738 05:01:14,073 --> 05:01:15,641 I HAD THE FIRST PIECE ABOUT 20 5739 05:01:15,641 --> 05:01:17,977 LEFT, OKAY. 5740 05:01:17,977 --> 05:01:19,645 AND THIS IS THE METHOD WE 5741 05:01:19,645 --> 05:01:21,947 PUBLISHED THE FIRST TWO METHOD 5742 05:01:21,947 --> 05:01:27,319 AND SOME OF THOSE METHOD COMING 5743 05:01:27,319 --> 05:01:27,486 UP. 5744 05:01:27,486 --> 05:01:28,654 IN FIRST SALES OF COMMUNICATION 5745 05:01:28,654 --> 05:01:31,123 IN SPACE IS COMING. 5746 05:01:31,123 --> 05:01:33,659 OF COURSE CELLS OF COMMUNICATION 5747 05:01:33,659 --> 05:01:38,597 YOU DO ON PURPOSE FOR OUR SUPER 5748 05:01:38,597 --> 05:01:41,767 VISED LEARNING IT'S HOW YOU DO 5749 05:01:41,767 --> 05:01:42,068 IT. 5750 05:01:42,068 --> 05:01:43,736 YOU USE THE TOOLS EXCEPT FOR 5751 05:01:43,736 --> 05:01:45,438 IMAGE AT THE ONE SPOT. 5752 05:01:45,438 --> 05:01:49,342 YOU HAVE THREE NUMBERS. 5753 05:01:49,342 --> 05:01:51,877 THE THREE AND HERE IS ONE GENE 5754 05:01:51,877 --> 05:01:53,379 OF 25,000. 5755 05:01:53,379 --> 05:01:56,182 THE HIGH DIMENSION IMAGES AND 5756 05:01:56,182 --> 05:01:59,485 HOW TO ANALYZE THE PATTERNS. 5757 05:01:59,485 --> 05:02:01,821 WE USE THE DEEP NET WORK 5758 05:02:01,821 --> 05:02:04,590 APPROACH AND ITERATIVE LEARNINGS 5759 05:02:04,590 --> 05:02:08,761 AND TO CONSTRUCT THE PATTERNS. 5760 05:02:08,761 --> 05:02:12,098 THE PREVIOUS SESSION JUST TALKED 5761 05:02:12,098 --> 05:02:13,599 ABOUT THE LAST SLIDE AND YOU 5762 05:02:13,599 --> 05:02:17,103 HAVE SPACE FLOW AND YOU CAN LOOK 5763 05:02:17,103 --> 05:02:19,105 AT SPATIAL TEMPORAL MAP. 5764 05:02:19,105 --> 05:02:21,207 I WANT TO GET THE DEFINITION 5765 05:02:21,207 --> 05:02:23,743 WHAT IS THE SPATIAL TEMPORAL 5766 05:02:23,743 --> 05:02:24,043 MAP? 5767 05:02:24,043 --> 05:02:26,612 IN TUE TOUGHLY YOU SHOULD BE 5768 05:02:26,612 --> 05:02:27,246 ABLE TO SEE THIS. 5769 05:02:27,246 --> 05:02:30,816 THIS IS PUBLISHED SO THEN WHAT'S 5770 05:02:30,816 --> 05:02:34,620 THE BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS OF THE 5771 05:02:34,620 --> 05:02:36,756 UL 1. 5772 05:02:36,756 --> 05:02:40,659 IT'S ABOUT WHY THE HAIR AT THE 5773 05:02:40,659 --> 05:02:42,428 EDGE FORM BUT NOT IN THE MIDDLE? 5774 05:02:42,428 --> 05:02:44,597 DOING THE PAST FIVE YEARS WE 5775 05:02:44,597 --> 05:02:46,232 COLLECTED LIKE CRAZY OF COURSE 5776 05:02:46,232 --> 05:02:47,566 WE ALSO DID EIGHT OF 5777 05:02:47,566 --> 05:02:49,535 COMPUTATIONS AND NOW WE'RE GOING 5778 05:02:49,535 --> 05:02:54,874 BACK TO DATA SETS WITH 1 MILLION 5779 05:02:54,874 --> 05:02:56,342 CELLS AND INDIVIDUAL GENES AND 5780 05:02:56,342 --> 05:02:58,911 MAKE THE MOUSE MUTANT GO CRAZY. 5781 05:02:58,911 --> 05:03:03,716 SO ONE OUTCOME OF THAT IS -- TWO 5782 05:03:03,716 --> 05:03:07,586 MINUTES. 5783 05:03:07,586 --> 05:03:11,056 WE HAVE A PAPER TO SHOW THE 5784 05:03:11,056 --> 05:03:12,124 SENESCE OF THE CELL, IT'S VERY 5785 05:03:12,124 --> 05:03:14,493 IMPORTANT TOO. 5786 05:03:14,493 --> 05:03:15,961 THE SENESCE OF CELLS NUMBERS 5787 05:03:15,961 --> 05:03:18,431 INCREASE WHEN IT GETS OLDER. 5788 05:03:18,431 --> 05:03:22,168 WHEN IT GETS OLDER THERE'S MORE 5789 05:03:22,168 --> 05:03:23,903 SENESCENT CELLS. 5790 05:03:23,903 --> 05:03:27,640 WE FOUND SENESCENCE OF CELLS 5791 05:03:27,640 --> 05:03:29,041 COULD STIMULATE SOME IMPACT STEM 5792 05:03:29,041 --> 05:03:30,876 CELL FOR RENEW. 5793 05:03:30,876 --> 05:03:32,545 GOOD NEWS WAS WE'RE BETTER THAN 5794 05:03:32,545 --> 05:03:36,048 SOME OF THE YOUNG FOLKS HERE. 5795 05:03:36,048 --> 05:03:39,952 SO WAIT, HOW DO YOU DO ALL THIS? 5796 05:03:39,952 --> 05:03:44,757 AT THE END IT'S EVERYTHING, 5797 05:03:44,757 --> 05:03:46,258 EVERYWHERE ALL TOGETHER. 5798 05:03:46,258 --> 05:03:47,092 ALL AT ONCE. 5799 05:03:47,092 --> 05:03:48,260 YOU WANT ALL THE CELLS. 5800 05:03:48,260 --> 05:03:55,434 YOU WANT ALL THE GENES. 5801 05:03:55,434 --> 05:03:56,769 PROTEINS TOO. 5802 05:03:56,769 --> 05:03:57,937 OKAY, WE DID MODELLING. 5803 05:03:57,937 --> 05:04:00,539 WE INCORPORATED AND WANT TO 5804 05:04:00,539 --> 05:04:01,006 PUBLISH THIS. 5805 05:04:01,006 --> 05:04:03,342 IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE. 5806 05:04:03,342 --> 05:04:05,478 EVERY TIME WE THINK OUR MODEL IS 5807 05:04:05,478 --> 05:04:09,281 READY WE FIND NEW GENES. 5808 05:04:09,281 --> 05:04:12,418 WE'RE LOOKING AT THE 5809 05:04:12,418 --> 05:04:12,751 INTERACTIONS. 5810 05:04:12,751 --> 05:04:14,620 THE OUTCOME. 5811 05:04:14,620 --> 05:04:19,925 WE PUBLISHED 15 PAPERS DURING 5812 05:04:19,925 --> 05:04:25,397 THE PAST FIVE YEARS. 5813 05:04:25,397 --> 05:04:29,735 AND ALMOST ALL ARE ON GITHUB AND 5814 05:04:29,735 --> 05:04:32,438 NOW IT'S TIME FOR HIGH 5815 05:04:32,438 --> 05:04:32,738 DIMENSION. 5816 05:04:32,738 --> 05:04:39,645 IT'S AGE FOR HIGH DIMENSIONAL 5817 05:04:39,645 --> 05:04:49,755 DATA. 5818 05:04:51,423 --> 05:04:54,827 AND IT CAN MAKE DATA GREAT 5819 05:04:54,827 --> 05:04:55,027 AGAIN. 5820 05:04:55,027 --> 05:04:56,495 WITHOUT HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA 5821 05:04:56,495 --> 05:05:01,233 YOU CANNOT LOOK AT WITHOUT 5822 05:05:01,233 --> 05:05:03,202 MULTISCALE MODELLING AND I'D 5823 05:05:03,202 --> 05:05:05,905 LIKE TO THANK YOU AND MY 5824 05:05:05,905 --> 05:05:08,507 COLLABORATORS AND ALL WHO DID 5825 05:05:08,507 --> 05:05:10,276 ALL THE WORK. 5826 05:05:10,276 --> 05:05:11,243 >> THANK YOU. 5827 05:05:11,243 --> 05:05:16,115 EXCELLENT PRESENTATION. 5828 05:05:16,115 --> 05:05:18,784 WE'RE RUNNING A LITTLE OVER ON 5829 05:05:18,784 --> 05:05:21,287 TIME AND ENCOURAGE YOU TO FIND 5830 05:05:21,287 --> 05:05:23,122 ALL OUR SPEAKERS UPSTAIRS. 5831 05:05:23,122 --> 05:05:24,757 BEFORE WE GO UP FOR SNACKS, 5832 05:05:24,757 --> 05:05:27,593 THERE'S A PREMEETING EXERCISE ON 5833 05:05:27,593 --> 05:05:29,194 THE WIKI FOR A WORD CLOUD ABOUT 5834 05:05:29,194 --> 05:05:31,196 YOUR FAVORITE TYPE OF MODEL. 5835 05:05:31,196 --> 05:05:33,666 FILL THAT OUT SO HERBERT CAN 5836 05:05:33,666 --> 05:05:35,534 MAKE A WORD CLOUD SO WE CAN 5837 05:05:35,534 --> 05:05:36,635 CHECK IT OUT TOMORROW. 5838 05:05:36,635 --> 05:05:37,269 GREAT. 5839 05:05:37,269 --> 05:05:39,638 ANY OTHER ANNOUNCEMENTS BEFORE 5840 05:05:39,638 --> 05:05:40,606 WE ADJOURN? 5841 05:05:40,606 --> 05:05:42,708 AFTER SNACK IS THE POSTER 5842 05:05:42,708 --> 05:05:44,510 SESSION SO WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO 5843 05:05:44,510 --> 05:05:48,681 GO TALK TO THEM THERE. 5844 05:05:48,681 --> 05:05:50,549 AND MEET THE EARLY CAREER 5845 05:05:50,549 --> 05:05:52,751 INVESTIGATORS OR ECIs. 5846 05:05:52,751 --> 05:05:53,819 MAKE SURE YOU FIND THEIR POSTERS 5847 05:05:53,819 --> 05:06:04,163 AND CHAT WITH THEM. 5848 05:06:07,499 --> 05:06:10,269 AS YOU GO GET YOUR SNACKS WE 5849 05:06:10,269 --> 05:06:12,171 WANT TO THANK MATHEMATICAL 5850 05:06:12,171 --> 05:06:13,172 BIOLOGY FOR SNACKS AND THANK YOU 5851 05:06:13,172 --> 05:06:15,641 TO THE SPEAKERS AND PRESENTERS 5852 05:06:15,641 --> 05:06:25,751 TODAY.