1 00:00:07,039 --> 00:00:08,274 >> WELCOME, EVERYBODY, TO THE 2 00:00:08,274 --> 00:00:10,476 29th MEETING OF THE BRAIN 3 00:00:10,476 --> 00:00:12,211 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP. 4 00:00:12,211 --> 00:00:14,613 I'M SUSAN WEISS, THE DIRECTOR OF 5 00:00:14,613 --> 00:00:17,416 THE DIVISION OF EXTRAMURAL 6 00:00:17,416 --> 00:00:17,917 RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL 7 00:00:17,917 --> 00:00:19,552 INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE, BUT I'M 8 00:00:19,552 --> 00:00:22,288 HERE TODAY ACTING AS THE 9 00:00:22,288 --> 00:00:24,457 DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL FOR 10 00:00:24,457 --> 00:00:25,458 THE BRAIN MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING 11 00:00:25,458 --> 00:00:25,791 GROUP. 12 00:00:25,791 --> 00:00:28,294 AS MOST OF YOU ALREADY KNOW, THE 13 00:00:28,294 --> 00:00:30,596 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP IS 14 00:00:30,596 --> 00:00:32,665 NOT A FORMAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE 15 00:00:32,665 --> 00:00:34,633 UNDER THE FEDERAL ADVISORY 16 00:00:34,633 --> 00:00:35,634 COMMITTEE ACT. 17 00:00:35,634 --> 00:00:40,539 RATHER, IT SERVES IN AN ADVISORY 18 00:00:40,539 --> 00:00:45,044 CAPACITY TO THE TEN COUNCILS FR 19 00:00:45,044 --> 00:00:46,011 BRAIN INSTITUTES AND CENTERS. 20 00:00:46,011 --> 00:00:49,648 IT WAS ESTABLISHED BECAUSE IT 21 00:00:49,648 --> 00:00:51,484 WAS RECOGNIZED EARLY ON THERE 22 00:00:51,484 --> 00:00:53,285 WAS A NEED FOR DIVERSE EXPERTISE 23 00:00:53,285 --> 00:00:54,653 IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES TO 24 00:00:54,653 --> 00:00:56,722 PROPERLY ASSESS AND OVERSEE THE 25 00:00:56,722 --> 00:00:58,157 RESEARCH BEING FUNDED THROUGH 26 00:00:58,157 --> 00:00:58,390 "BRAIN." 27 00:00:58,390 --> 00:01:01,460 SOME OF OUR MEMBERS FROM THE 28 00:01:01,460 --> 00:01:04,630 I.C. ADVISORY COUNCILS, SOME OF 29 00:01:04,630 --> 00:01:05,898 THEM AT-LARGE MEMBERS WHO WERE 30 00:01:05,898 --> 00:01:08,033 ADDED TO SUPPLEMENT THE WORKING 31 00:01:08,033 --> 00:01:09,869 GROUP'S EXPERTISE. 32 00:01:09,869 --> 00:01:13,272 WE ALSO HAVE SEVERAL EX OFFICIO 33 00:01:13,272 --> 00:01:16,242 MEMBERS FROM DARPA, FDA, IARPA, 34 00:01:16,242 --> 00:01:18,310 NSF, THESE ARE FOUR OF OUR 35 00:01:18,310 --> 00:01:21,380 FEDERAL PARTNERS IN THE BRAIN 36 00:01:21,380 --> 00:01:21,914 INITIATIVE. 37 00:01:21,914 --> 00:01:23,782 WE DEPEND UPON THE MULTI-COUNCIL 38 00:01:23,782 --> 00:01:25,951 WORKING GROUP FOR ONGOING 39 00:01:25,951 --> 00:01:27,052 OVERSIGHT OF SCIENTIFIC VISION 40 00:01:27,052 --> 00:01:29,455 AND PROGRESS BEING MADE UNDER 41 00:01:29,455 --> 00:01:32,291 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, FOR 42 00:01:32,291 --> 00:01:34,827 FEEDBACK ON CONCEPT CLEARANCES 43 00:01:34,827 --> 00:01:36,328 THAT ARE PRESENTED FOR 44 00:01:36,328 --> 00:01:37,329 CONSIDERATION AS NEW 45 00:01:37,329 --> 00:01:39,198 INITIATIVES, AND FOR INPUT ON 46 00:01:39,198 --> 00:01:41,166 OUR FUNDING PLANS AND WE DO THIS 47 00:01:41,166 --> 00:01:42,568 DURING THE CLOSED SESSION. 48 00:01:42,568 --> 00:01:43,903 THE OPEN SESSION, WHICH IS WHERE 49 00:01:43,903 --> 00:01:46,305 WE ARE RIGHT NOW, IS BEING 50 00:01:46,305 --> 00:01:47,306 VIDEOCAST AND RECORDED, AND IT 51 00:01:47,306 --> 00:01:49,341 WILL BE ARCHIVED AND POSTED ON 52 00:01:49,341 --> 00:01:53,245 THE NIH AND THE BRAIN WEBSITES. 53 00:01:53,245 --> 00:01:54,213 TODAY WE'RE PLEASED TO WELCOME 54 00:01:54,213 --> 00:01:58,150 SEVERAL NEW MEMBERS TO THE 55 00:01:58,150 --> 00:01:59,818 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP, 56 00:01:59,818 --> 00:02:03,722 DOCTORS ANGIE LAIRD, FROM NIDA'S 57 00:02:03,722 --> 00:02:07,026 COUNCIL, CONSIDER TOW WAGER FROM 58 00:02:07,026 --> 00:02:13,499 NCCIH, AND DR. KATHY ZAKOWSKI 59 00:02:13,499 --> 00:02:20,372 FROM NICHD, BIDDING FAREWELL TO 60 00:02:20,372 --> 00:02:21,907 THREE OTHER MEMBERS, BRUCE HAS 61 00:02:21,907 --> 00:02:23,442 BEEN WITH US SINCE BRAIN 62 00:02:23,442 --> 00:02:23,776 STARTED. 63 00:02:23,776 --> 00:02:24,843 JOHN WILL WELCOME NEW MEMBERS 64 00:02:24,843 --> 00:02:25,844 AND ACKNOWLEDGE THE 65 00:02:25,844 --> 00:02:27,713 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THOSE WHO ARE 66 00:02:27,713 --> 00:02:30,549 ROTATING OFF IN JUST A FEW 67 00:02:30,549 --> 00:02:31,550 MINUTES, DURING HIS GENERAL 68 00:02:31,550 --> 00:02:32,451 UPDATE ON "BRAIN." 69 00:02:32,451 --> 00:02:34,587 AFTER THAT, WE WILL GET A BRIEF 70 00:02:34,587 --> 00:02:36,689 UPDATE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE 71 00:02:36,689 --> 00:02:39,858 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP WHICH 72 00:02:39,858 --> 00:02:41,493 MET YESTERDAY, AND HAD 73 00:02:41,493 --> 00:02:43,362 INTERESTING DISCUSSIONS AROUND 74 00:02:43,362 --> 00:02:45,431 ETHICAL ISSUES PERTAINING TO 75 00:02:45,431 --> 00:02:47,633 A.I. AND PSYCHIATRY AND 76 00:02:47,633 --> 00:02:48,601 NEUROSCIENCE. 77 00:02:48,601 --> 00:02:52,538 AND THEN FOLLOWING THAT, DR. 78 00:02:52,538 --> 00:02:54,073 TIRIM MOORE, AN MCWG MEMBER, 79 00:02:54,073 --> 00:02:55,608 WILL GIVE A PRESENTATION ON 80 00:02:55,608 --> 00:02:57,042 RESEARCH HE'S BEEN CONDUCTING IN 81 00:02:57,042 --> 00:02:57,910 HIS LABORATORY. 82 00:02:57,910 --> 00:02:59,645 FOLLOWING THE OPEN SESSION WE'LL 83 00:02:59,645 --> 00:03:01,313 HAVE A 30-MINUTE BREAK BEFORE 84 00:03:01,313 --> 00:03:01,947 BEGINNING THE CLOSED SESSION, 85 00:03:01,947 --> 00:03:04,817 AND I WILL GO OVER SOME OF OUR 86 00:03:04,817 --> 00:03:05,618 OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR CLOSED 87 00:03:05,618 --> 00:03:06,785 SESSION AT THAT TIME. 88 00:03:06,785 --> 00:03:10,055 WE EXPECT THAT TO START AROUND 89 00:03:10,055 --> 00:03:10,255 2:30. 90 00:03:10,255 --> 00:03:11,690 NOTE THAT THERE'S A DIFFERENT 91 00:03:11,690 --> 00:03:13,559 ZOOM LINK FOR THE CLOSED 92 00:03:13,559 --> 00:03:14,627 SESSION, AND THAT IS FOR MEMBERS 93 00:03:14,627 --> 00:03:18,797 OF THE WORK GROUP AND GOVERNMENT 94 00:03:18,797 --> 00:03:21,433 EMPLOYEES ONLY. 95 00:03:21,433 --> 00:03:22,901 HOUSEKEEPING ITEMS, DURING THE 96 00:03:22,901 --> 00:03:23,969 SLIDE PRESENTATION WE ASK YOU TO 97 00:03:23,969 --> 00:03:25,604 MUTE YOUR LINE. 98 00:03:25,604 --> 00:03:27,106 DURING DISCUSSION, WE'D LIKE YOU 99 00:03:27,106 --> 00:03:28,974 TO TURN YOUR VIDEO ON AND USE 100 00:03:28,974 --> 00:03:30,709 THE RAISE HAND OPTION, IF YOU 101 00:03:30,709 --> 00:03:33,445 HAVE QUESTIONS, WE'LL CALL ON 102 00:03:33,445 --> 00:03:35,881 YOU TO UNMUTE YOURSELF, PHYSICAL 103 00:03:35,881 --> 00:03:37,282 HANDS ARE ALSO ACCEPTABLE. 104 00:03:37,282 --> 00:03:39,718 BECAUSE THIS IS AN OPEN SESSION 105 00:03:39,718 --> 00:03:40,786 AND BEING VIDEOCAST, WE PREFER 106 00:03:40,786 --> 00:03:42,988 THAT YOU NOT USE THE CHAT 107 00:03:42,988 --> 00:03:44,056 FUNCTION FOR DISCUSSION SINCE 108 00:03:44,056 --> 00:03:47,159 THAT'S NOT VISIBLE THROUGH THE 109 00:03:47,159 --> 00:03:47,426 VIDEOCAST. 110 00:03:47,426 --> 00:03:49,762 AND FINALLY, I WANT TO THANK THE 111 00:03:49,762 --> 00:03:51,296 OUTSTANDING TEAM WHOSE HARD WORK 112 00:03:51,296 --> 00:03:54,166 GOES INTO PREPARING FOR THIS 113 00:03:54,166 --> 00:03:59,071 MEETING, IN PARTICULAR DR. 114 00:03:59,071 --> 00:04:03,242 DUPRE, DR. NINA HSU, DEB FRENER 115 00:04:03,242 --> 00:04:05,844 AND MICHELLE PETERSON, SO MUCH 116 00:04:05,844 --> 00:04:06,679 BEHIND-THE-SCENES WORK, AND ALL 117 00:04:06,679 --> 00:04:08,814 OF YOU KNOW THEY ARE SPECTACULAR 118 00:04:08,814 --> 00:04:13,318 AND THEY ARE ALSO A PLEASURE TO 119 00:04:13,318 --> 00:04:14,286 WORK WITH. 120 00:04:14,286 --> 00:04:17,690 AT THIS POINT, IF ANYONE IS 121 00:04:17,690 --> 00:04:18,557 HAVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS E-MAIL 122 00:04:18,557 --> 00:04:19,992 KRISTIN AND SHE AND HER TEAM 123 00:04:19,992 --> 00:04:21,593 WILL HELP SORT THINGS OUT FOR 124 00:04:21,593 --> 00:04:21,860 YOU. 125 00:04:21,860 --> 00:04:24,697 AND AT THIS TIME, I WILL TURN IT 126 00:04:24,697 --> 00:04:28,067 OVER TO JOHN FOR HIS UPDATE ON 127 00:04:28,067 --> 00:04:28,534 "BRAIN." 128 00:04:28,534 --> 00:04:29,201 >> THANKS, SUSAN. 129 00:04:29,201 --> 00:04:30,469 WELCOME, EVERYBODY, TO THE 130 00:04:30,469 --> 00:04:32,705 AUGUST MEETING OF THE BRAIN 131 00:04:32,705 --> 00:04:33,472 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP. 132 00:04:33,472 --> 00:04:34,106 GREAT TO SEE EVERYBODY. 133 00:04:34,106 --> 00:04:37,076 THANK YOU TO THE MEMBERS FOR 134 00:04:37,076 --> 00:04:40,446 BEING HERE, SPECIAL THANKS TO 135 00:04:40,446 --> 00:04:42,381 SUSAN, ALSO TO KRISTIN, MICHELLE 136 00:04:42,381 --> 00:04:44,183 AND NINA, FOR ALL THEY DO TO PUT 137 00:04:44,183 --> 00:04:45,484 THIS TOGETHER. 138 00:04:45,484 --> 00:04:47,553 WE HAVE A GREAT DAY COMING UP 139 00:04:47,553 --> 00:04:50,322 AND IT'S REALLY ALL DUE TO THEIR 140 00:04:50,322 --> 00:04:52,591 TIRELESS EFFORTS ON EVERYONE'S 141 00:04:52,591 --> 00:04:53,025 BEHALF. 142 00:04:53,025 --> 00:04:55,761 SO, LET ME SEE. 143 00:04:55,761 --> 00:04:58,397 LET ME GIVE UPDATES HERE. 144 00:04:58,397 --> 00:05:00,099 WE HAD SOME EARLIER TECHNICAL 145 00:05:00,099 --> 00:05:01,366 ISSUES, BUT HOPEFULLY WE CAN GET 146 00:05:01,366 --> 00:05:05,437 AROUND THAT. 147 00:05:05,437 --> 00:05:06,638 UH-OH. 148 00:05:06,638 --> 00:05:06,839 OKAY. 149 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:08,607 HERE WE GO. 150 00:05:08,607 --> 00:05:13,112 CAN YOU SEE MY SCREEN? 151 00:05:13,112 --> 00:05:13,979 >> ALL GOOD. 152 00:05:13,979 --> 00:05:15,514 >> WE'RE GOOD? 153 00:05:15,514 --> 00:05:17,249 OKAY, THANKS. 154 00:05:17,249 --> 00:05:20,018 OKAY, YEAH, SO SOME QUICK MEMBER 155 00:05:20,018 --> 00:05:25,424 UPDATES, AS SUSAN SAID, WE'RE 156 00:05:25,424 --> 00:05:27,226 BIDDING FAREWELL TO HUGO BELLEN. 157 00:05:27,226 --> 00:05:29,728 I DON'T THINK HE'S HERE, THE 158 00:05:29,728 --> 00:05:36,735 REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE CHILD 159 00:05:36,735 --> 00:05:36,969 HEALTH. 160 00:05:36,969 --> 00:05:38,604 KAF DZIRASA, THANKS FOR ALL 161 00:05:38,604 --> 00:05:40,239 YOU'VE DONE TO HELP ME LEARN A 162 00:05:40,239 --> 00:05:41,673 LOT AND SEE THINGS IN SO MANY 163 00:05:41,673 --> 00:05:43,442 DIFFERENT WAYS. 164 00:05:43,442 --> 00:05:46,745 BRUCE, IF I COULD SING, I WOULD 165 00:05:46,745 --> 00:05:47,913 SING BREAKING UP IS HARD TO DO. 166 00:05:47,913 --> 00:05:49,782 YOU'VE BEEN HERE SINCE THE 167 00:05:49,782 --> 00:05:51,216 OUTSET. 168 00:05:51,216 --> 00:05:55,921 ON BEHALF OF BRAIN, I'VE 169 00:05:55,921 --> 00:06:00,392 APPRECIATED YOUR WISDOM, HUMAN, 170 00:06:00,392 --> 00:06:00,726 GENEROSITY. 171 00:06:00,726 --> 00:06:02,494 I KNOW WHERE TO FIND YOU. 172 00:06:02,494 --> 00:06:05,764 WE HAVE NEW FOLKS COMING ON. 173 00:06:05,764 --> 00:06:15,941 NEW REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE NIDA 174 00:06:15,941 --> 00:06:21,980 ANGIE LAIRD FROM FLORIDA 175 00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:22,648 INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, REALLY 176 00:06:22,648 --> 00:06:24,817 THROILD 177 00:06:24,817 --> 00:06:27,753 THRILLED TO HAVE YOU. 178 00:06:27,753 --> 00:06:29,321 TOR WAGER FROM DARTMOUTH, 179 00:06:29,321 --> 00:06:30,923 INTEREST IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND 180 00:06:30,923 --> 00:06:33,225 EFFECTIVE PROCESS, NEW 181 00:06:33,225 --> 00:06:34,026 REPRESENTATIVE FOR NCCIH, 182 00:06:34,026 --> 00:06:35,327 LOOKING FORWARD TO WORKING WITH 183 00:06:35,327 --> 00:06:35,561 YOU. 184 00:06:35,561 --> 00:06:37,396 DELIGHTED TO SEE YOU AT 185 00:06:37,396 --> 00:06:43,202 YESTERDAY'S NEWG MEETING. 186 00:06:43,202 --> 00:06:53,478 AND KATHY ZACKOWSKI, NATIONAL 187 00:06:53,478 --> 00:06:55,614 M.S. SOCIETY SO WELCOME. 188 00:06:55,614 --> 00:06:56,648 REALLIY LOOKING FORWARD TO 189 00:06:56,648 --> 00:06:58,050 WORKING WITH YOU AS YOU BRING 190 00:06:58,050 --> 00:06:59,284 YOUR NEW AND FRESH PERSPECTIVES 191 00:06:59,284 --> 00:07:02,888 TO ALL WE DO IN "BRAIN" AS WE'RE 192 00:07:02,888 --> 00:07:03,755 LOOKING FORWARD. 193 00:07:03,755 --> 00:07:05,624 I HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO WORK 194 00:07:05,624 --> 00:07:07,392 WITH A TERRIFIC GROUP OF FOLKS 195 00:07:07,392 --> 00:07:09,261 IN THE IMMEDIATE OFFICE, THEY 196 00:07:09,261 --> 00:07:10,896 ARE ALL HERE, SHOWN HERE. 197 00:07:10,896 --> 00:07:12,631 ONE OF THE THINGS WE DO AROUND 198 00:07:12,631 --> 00:07:18,003 NIH IS WE HOST AND WORK WITH 199 00:07:18,003 --> 00:07:19,304 FELLOWS, PhDs LOOKING TO 200 00:07:19,304 --> 00:07:21,173 TRANSITION FROM PERHAPS BENCH 201 00:07:21,173 --> 00:07:22,174 SCIENCE INTO POLICY, 202 00:07:22,174 --> 00:07:22,774 COMMUNICATION, OUTREACH, WHAT 203 00:07:22,774 --> 00:07:24,009 HAVE YOU. 204 00:07:24,009 --> 00:07:27,746 THIS PAST YEAR WE WERE DELIGHTED 205 00:07:27,746 --> 00:07:31,683 TO HAVE LIZ AKINBYIYI JOIN US, 206 00:07:31,683 --> 00:07:33,018 Ph.D. FROM CASE WESTERN, 207 00:07:33,018 --> 00:07:36,955 WORKING WITH US, LEARNING HOW 208 00:07:36,955 --> 00:07:39,558 NIH WORKS, AND NOW WILL BE 209 00:07:39,558 --> 00:07:42,261 JOINING NIH'S OFFICE OF 210 00:07:42,261 --> 00:07:43,695 LEGISLATIVE POLICY AND ANALYSIS, 211 00:07:43,695 --> 00:07:46,632 AND FOR THE MANY BRAIN BLOGS 212 00:07:46,632 --> 00:07:48,700 THAT YOU HOPEFULLY READ ABOUT, 213 00:07:48,700 --> 00:07:50,802 LIZ WAS THE BRAINS BEHIND THE 214 00:07:50,802 --> 00:07:51,236 BRAIN BLOGS. 215 00:07:51,236 --> 00:07:55,173 LIZ, GOOD LUCK. 216 00:07:55,173 --> 00:07:56,275 WE ENJOYED HAVING YOU, TAKE 217 00:07:56,275 --> 00:07:58,443 GREAT LESSONS WITH YOU TO YOUR 218 00:07:58,443 --> 00:08:01,280 NEXT CHAPTER OF YOUR NIH 219 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:01,713 FELLOWSHIP. 220 00:08:01,713 --> 00:08:04,449 ALL THAT WE DO IS ORGANIZED 221 00:08:04,449 --> 00:08:07,853 ACROSS THESE SCIENTIFIC TEAMS 222 00:08:07,853 --> 00:08:08,854 LISTED HERE. 223 00:08:08,854 --> 00:08:12,257 GREAT GROUP OF FOLKS, AS WE TRY 224 00:08:12,257 --> 00:08:14,760 TO INTEGRATE ACROSS THE 225 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:15,661 PORTFOLIO, ORGANIZING ACTIVITIES 226 00:08:15,661 --> 00:08:18,697 OF I THINK PROBABLY OVER 150 227 00:08:18,697 --> 00:08:21,566 FOLKS WORKING ACROSS THESE 228 00:08:21,566 --> 00:08:22,234 TEAMS, ACROSS NIH, INEVITABLY AS 229 00:08:22,234 --> 00:08:23,969 SOON AS THIS MEETING IS OVER I'M 230 00:08:23,969 --> 00:08:25,137 GETTING AN E-MAIL FROM SOMEBODY, 231 00:08:25,137 --> 00:08:26,171 YOU MISSED ME. 232 00:08:26,171 --> 00:08:28,440 SO IF WE DID, LET US KNOW. 233 00:08:28,440 --> 00:08:30,008 THIS IS OUR MOST UP-TO-DATE LIST 234 00:08:30,008 --> 00:08:31,510 OF THE FOLKS WHO MAKE HUGE 235 00:08:31,510 --> 00:08:33,712 CONTRIBUTIONS TO WHAT WE CALL 236 00:08:33,712 --> 00:08:35,147 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 237 00:08:35,147 --> 00:08:39,318 I WANT TO MAKE A FEW -- GO OVER 238 00:08:39,318 --> 00:08:40,719 UPDATES IN THE COMMUNITY. 239 00:08:40,719 --> 00:08:44,923 WE'RE THRILLED WITH THIS YEAR'S 240 00:08:44,923 --> 00:08:46,658 KAVLI AWARDS IN NEUROSCIENCE FOR 241 00:08:46,658 --> 00:08:49,528 DISCOVERY OF BASICALLY FACE 242 00:08:49,528 --> 00:08:51,596 REPRESENTATIONS AND HUMAN AND 243 00:08:51,596 --> 00:08:53,565 NON-HUMAN PRIMATE NEOCORTEX, 244 00:08:53,565 --> 00:08:57,269 FIELD OFF BY NANCY KANWISHER, 245 00:08:57,269 --> 00:09:02,307 MADE WHOLE TOGETHER WITH WINRICH 246 00:09:02,307 --> 00:09:04,076 FREIWALD AND DORIS TSAO, 247 00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:06,144 CELEBRATED IN OSLO IN A FEW 248 00:09:06,144 --> 00:09:10,949 WEEKS FOR THIS RECOGNITION. 249 00:09:10,949 --> 00:09:12,284 DR. PAUL ALIBANSANTOS, ONE OF 250 00:09:12,284 --> 00:09:13,452 THE ORIGINAL PLAYERS GETTING 251 00:09:13,452 --> 00:09:15,520 THIS BRAIN ACTIVITY MAP, THE 252 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:17,622 PRECURSOR TO THE BRAIN 253 00:09:17,622 --> 00:09:19,825 INITIATIVE, BACK IN 2012 OR SO, 254 00:09:19,825 --> 00:09:22,861 WAS ALSO AWARDED THE KAVLI AWARD 255 00:09:22,861 --> 00:09:26,264 FOR PIONEERING WORK IN THE 256 00:09:26,264 --> 00:09:27,799 CREATION OF NANODOTS, SO VERY 257 00:09:27,799 --> 00:09:30,969 EXCITING TIME IN SCIENCE, A 258 00:09:30,969 --> 00:09:31,737 GREAT CONVERGENCE OF 259 00:09:31,737 --> 00:09:32,404 NEUROSCIENCE COMPUTATION AND 260 00:09:32,404 --> 00:09:34,039 EVERYTHING ELSE WE DO. 261 00:09:34,039 --> 00:09:35,874 WE'RE THRILLED THAT THESE 262 00:09:35,874 --> 00:09:38,210 SCIENTISTS WERE RECOGNIZED FOR 263 00:09:38,210 --> 00:09:39,378 THEIR GROUNDBREAKING WORK. 264 00:09:39,378 --> 00:09:39,745 OKAY. 265 00:09:39,745 --> 00:09:41,580 SO WE'VE BEEN BUSY FOR THE PAST 266 00:09:41,580 --> 00:09:44,549 BIT SINCE WE LAST MET. 267 00:09:44,549 --> 00:09:46,084 WE'RE CELEBRATING A DECADE OF 268 00:09:46,084 --> 00:09:47,519 INNOVATION, TEN YEARS OF BRAIN. 269 00:09:47,519 --> 00:09:48,587 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WAS 270 00:09:48,587 --> 00:09:51,223 ANNOUNCED IN 2013 WITH FIRST 271 00:09:51,223 --> 00:09:53,325 AWARDS MADE IN 2014, AND TO 272 00:09:53,325 --> 00:09:54,826 CELEBRATE WHAT WE'VE BEEN DOING 273 00:09:54,826 --> 00:09:56,595 AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS WE'VE BEEN 274 00:09:56,595 --> 00:09:58,764 MAKING ACROSS THE FIELD, WE'VE 275 00:09:58,764 --> 00:09:59,898 ROLLED OUT I THINK A NICE THING 276 00:09:59,898 --> 00:10:02,634 WHICH IS TO HAVE EACH OF OUR TEN 277 00:10:02,634 --> 00:10:04,469 BRAIN I.C.s WRITE A 278 00:10:04,469 --> 00:10:07,973 PERSPECTIVE ABOUT HOW BRAIN HAS 279 00:10:07,973 --> 00:10:09,408 IMPACTED THEIR MISSION AND VICE 280 00:10:09,408 --> 00:10:13,678 VERSA, JOSH GORDON HAS MOVED ON 281 00:10:13,678 --> 00:10:15,547 NOW, A CIVILIAN, CHAIR OF 282 00:10:15,547 --> 00:10:19,818 PSYCHIATRY AT COLUMBIA WROTE A 283 00:10:19,818 --> 00:10:21,353 NICE PIECE, DIANA BIANCHI, 284 00:10:21,353 --> 00:10:22,521 SO-AND-SO FORTH, WE'LL HAVE MORE 285 00:10:22,521 --> 00:10:24,523 COMING OUT OVER THE NEXT MONTH 286 00:10:24,523 --> 00:10:27,592 OR TWO TO ROUND OUT ALL TEN. 287 00:10:27,592 --> 00:10:31,863 STAY TUNED, IF YOU'RE CUB 288 00:10:31,863 --> 00:10:32,064 -- 289 00:10:32,064 --> 00:10:34,800 SUBSCRIBED CAN YOU SEE THESE, 290 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,968 ONE FROM DEB TUCCI A FEW DAYS 291 00:10:36,968 --> 00:10:38,637 AGO. 292 00:10:38,637 --> 00:10:41,039 WE JUST HAD THE TENTH ANNUAL 293 00:10:41,039 --> 00:10:42,574 BRAIN INITIATIVE CONFERENCE IN 294 00:10:42,574 --> 00:10:45,944 JUNE FEATURING GREAT STUFF, SOME 295 00:10:45,944 --> 00:10:47,279 TERRIFIC PLENARY LECTURES, 296 00:10:47,279 --> 00:10:48,180 SYMPOSIA, SPECIALTY SESSION, 297 00:10:48,180 --> 00:10:53,852 POSTER SESSIONS WHICH ARE REALLY 298 00:10:53,852 --> 00:10:56,254 EXCITING, SCHOLAR SPOTLIGHTS AND 299 00:10:56,254 --> 00:10:57,522 EARLY CAREER SCHOLAR EVENT THE 300 00:10:57,522 --> 00:10:58,323 NIGHT BEFORE. 301 00:10:58,323 --> 00:10:59,758 LET ME SHOW YOU IN PICTURES WHAT 302 00:10:59,758 --> 00:11:03,395 WE DID. 303 00:11:03,395 --> 00:11:05,230 THIS WAS THE PRE-EVENT, EARLY 304 00:11:05,230 --> 00:11:06,198 CAREER RESEARCHER EVENT 305 00:11:06,198 --> 00:11:08,733 WELCOMING FOLKS FROM THE STUDENT 306 00:11:08,733 --> 00:11:10,702 PHASE THROUGH EARLY ASSOCIATE 307 00:11:10,702 --> 00:11:12,337 PROFESSORS. 308 00:11:12,337 --> 00:11:19,144 THIS WAS ORGANIZED BY OFFICE OF 309 00:11:19,144 --> 00:11:20,912 BRAIN DIRECTOR AND WAS A 310 00:11:20,912 --> 00:11:21,913 TERRIFIC NETWORKING EVENT. 311 00:11:21,913 --> 00:11:25,050 WE HAVE A VIRTUAL COMPONENT, 312 00:11:25,050 --> 00:11:29,121 PEOPLE WERE ALSO ABLE TO 313 00:11:29,121 --> 00:11:30,422 PARTAKE, VERY EXCITING, LOOKING 314 00:11:30,422 --> 00:11:32,724 FORWARD TO CONTINUING INTO THE 315 00:11:32,724 --> 00:11:33,492 FUTURE. 316 00:11:33,492 --> 00:11:35,994 THE FIRST DAY WE HAD A GREAT 317 00:11:35,994 --> 00:11:36,228 TIME. 318 00:11:36,228 --> 00:11:38,697 WE HAD OPENING AS WELL AS 319 00:11:38,697 --> 00:11:40,265 SCHOLAR SPOTLIGHTS, HERE IN THE 320 00:11:40,265 --> 00:11:42,234 MIDDLE SHOWS THE FOLKS THAT WON 321 00:11:42,234 --> 00:11:44,002 THE SCHOLAR SPOTLIGHTS AWARD. 322 00:11:44,002 --> 00:11:45,504 THEY GAVE FLASH TALKS THAT GAVE 323 00:11:45,504 --> 00:11:48,006 PREVIEWS FOR FOLKS TO COME SEE 324 00:11:48,006 --> 00:11:49,908 THEIR POSTERS LATER IN THE DAY. 325 00:11:49,908 --> 00:11:52,077 DR. LEE CHEN LO FROM STANFORD 326 00:11:52,077 --> 00:11:58,850 GAVE AN AMAZING TALK ON HIS 327 00:11:58,850 --> 00:11:59,651 LAB'S WORK ON SERATONERGIC 328 00:11:59,651 --> 00:12:01,520 SYSTEM IN MICE. 329 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:04,589 HE DESCRIBED AT LEAST THREE BIG 330 00:12:04,589 --> 00:12:06,224 PAPERS' WORTH OF DATA AND 331 00:12:06,224 --> 00:12:08,093 RESULTS AND FINDINGS NOT YET 332 00:12:08,093 --> 00:12:10,295 PUBLISHED, REALLY A GREAT SPIRIT 333 00:12:10,295 --> 00:12:12,931 OF BEING OPEN AND SHARING ABOUT 334 00:12:12,931 --> 00:12:13,298 OUR SCIENCE. 335 00:12:13,298 --> 00:12:15,433 FINALLY IN THE AFTERNOON WE HAD 336 00:12:15,433 --> 00:12:21,473 A PANEL WITH FRANCIS COLLINS, 337 00:12:21,473 --> 00:12:22,440 CORY BERGMAN, EDDIE CHANG, 338 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:23,875 CAROLINE, TO THINK ABOUT HOW FAR 339 00:12:23,875 --> 00:12:25,076 BRAIN CAME IN TEN YEARS WITH A 340 00:12:25,076 --> 00:12:25,977 LOOK TO THE FUTURE. 341 00:12:25,977 --> 00:12:27,379 THAT WAS I THINK A GREAT DAY, 342 00:12:27,379 --> 00:12:29,548 THE FIRST DAY. 343 00:12:29,548 --> 00:12:31,750 THE SECOND DAY CONTINUED, POSTER 344 00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:38,323 SESSIONS, WE HAD AN AMAZING TALK 345 00:12:38,323 --> 00:12:39,858 BY VIVIANA, VECTORS FOR 346 00:12:39,858 --> 00:12:41,393 ACCESSING THE BRAIN, PART OF OUR 347 00:12:41,393 --> 00:12:44,029 EFFORT TO DEVELOP TOOLS FOR 348 00:12:44,029 --> 00:12:46,998 PRE-VISION BRAIN, THERE'S WALTER 349 00:12:46,998 --> 00:12:50,435 ASKING A QUESTION. 350 00:12:50,435 --> 00:12:56,308 VARIOUS SYMPOSIA SPECIALTY 351 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,809 SESSION, A GROUP REACHES 352 00:12:57,809 --> 00:12:58,577 SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE 353 00:12:58,577 --> 00:13:02,514 COMMUNITY TO GET KIDS INTERESTED 354 00:13:02,514 --> 00:13:03,381 IN NEUROSCIENCE, AND I'LL COME 355 00:13:03,381 --> 00:13:07,352 BACK TO THAT, AS WELL AS LOTS OF 356 00:13:07,352 --> 00:13:08,887 INTERACTIONS AND SUCH. 357 00:13:08,887 --> 00:13:11,056 PART OF WHAT WE DO AT THE BRAIN 358 00:13:11,056 --> 00:13:12,057 INITIATIVE CONFERENCE IS WE 359 00:13:12,057 --> 00:13:13,491 ANNOUNCE THE WINNERS OF OUR 360 00:13:13,491 --> 00:13:14,693 PHOTO AND VIDEO CONTEST. 361 00:13:14,693 --> 00:13:17,429 I WANT TO SHOW YOU A LITTLE BIT 362 00:13:17,429 --> 00:13:20,932 OF EYE CANDY HERE. 363 00:13:20,932 --> 00:13:23,134 THIS IS FROM PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 364 00:13:23,134 --> 00:13:28,807 USING WHAT THEY INVENTED, ARRAY 365 00:13:28,807 --> 00:13:32,744 TO IMAGE CORTEX AT SCALE IN VIVO 366 00:13:32,744 --> 00:13:34,913 WITH TWO-PHOTON IMAGING, VERY 367 00:13:34,913 --> 00:13:36,881 COOL. 368 00:13:36,881 --> 00:13:41,720 AND A NICE VIDEO FROM HAO-CHENG 369 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,489 GAO AT PURDUE, 3D 370 00:13:44,489 --> 00:13:49,060 NANOARCHITECTURE OF MEMBRANES OF 371 00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:51,563 THE DENDRITIC SPINE BY LABELING 372 00:13:51,563 --> 00:13:58,036 CHANNELRHODOPSIN. 373 00:13:58,036 --> 00:13:58,470 OKAY. 374 00:13:58,470 --> 00:14:00,205 AND MANY OTHERS, AND I THINK 375 00:14:00,205 --> 00:14:03,808 YOU'LL BE SEEING THE VARIOUS 376 00:14:03,808 --> 00:14:05,677 AWARDEES AS WE ISSUE OUR BRAIN 377 00:14:05,677 --> 00:14:06,111 CALENDAR. 378 00:14:06,111 --> 00:14:09,314 IF YOU COME BY THE BOOTH I 379 00:14:09,314 --> 00:14:11,650 BELIEVE IN OCTOBER, IN CHICAGO, 380 00:14:11,650 --> 00:14:13,885 WE MIGHT HAVE A FEW TO PASS OUT 381 00:14:13,885 --> 00:14:14,219 THERE. 382 00:14:14,219 --> 00:14:14,419 OKAY. 383 00:14:14,419 --> 00:14:15,954 NONE OF THIS COULD HAVE HAPPENED 384 00:14:15,954 --> 00:14:17,289 WITHOUT THE VILLAGE THAT IT TOOK 385 00:14:17,289 --> 00:14:22,093 TO PUT THIS THING TOGETHER, A 386 00:14:22,093 --> 00:14:22,661 TERRIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE, 387 00:14:22,661 --> 00:14:24,729 FOLKS FROM THE FEDERAL AND 388 00:14:24,729 --> 00:14:25,563 NON-FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS AS 389 00:14:25,563 --> 00:14:28,133 WELL AS FOLKS IN THE EXTRAMURAL 390 00:14:28,133 --> 00:14:30,068 COMMUNITY, AND WE HAD SOME 391 00:14:30,068 --> 00:14:30,735 WONDERFUL SPONSORS. 392 00:14:30,735 --> 00:14:33,571 I WANT TO CALL OUT IN PARTICULAR 393 00:14:33,571 --> 00:14:35,006 GINA SAMPSON AND OUR OFFICE WHO 394 00:14:35,006 --> 00:14:36,975 TOOK THE LEAD ON PUTTING THIS 395 00:14:36,975 --> 00:14:38,176 WHOLE THING TOGETHER. 396 00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,679 A HERCULEAN EFFORT AS YOU CAN 397 00:14:40,679 --> 00:14:43,748 IMAGINE, AS WELL AS CRYSTAL AND 398 00:14:43,748 --> 00:14:46,051 IVANA, WHO SPEARHEADED THE EARLY 399 00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:46,718 CAREER BIT. 400 00:14:46,718 --> 00:14:50,422 IT WAS A GREAT TEAM EFFORT. 401 00:14:50,422 --> 00:14:52,490 AND JUST TO LET YOU KNOW FOR A 402 00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:54,592 VARIETY OF REASONS WE DECIDED TO 403 00:14:54,592 --> 00:14:55,960 MOVE THIS BRAIN CONFERENCE WHICH 404 00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:58,563 IS A HUGE LIFT TO A BIANNUAL 405 00:14:58,563 --> 00:15:01,800 CADENCE, WE'LL SEE YOU AGAIN IN 406 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:03,802 2026, DETAILS FORTHCOMING. 407 00:15:03,802 --> 00:15:06,071 IN THE OFF YEARS WE'LL BE 408 00:15:06,071 --> 00:15:07,272 PUTTING ON VARIOUS WORKSHOPS, 409 00:15:07,272 --> 00:15:10,775 SMALLER FOR FOCUSED OTHER 410 00:15:10,775 --> 00:15:15,246 ACTIVITIES, WE'RE GOING TO USE 411 00:15:15,246 --> 00:15:16,381 THE TIME DIFFERENTLY AND ENGAGE 412 00:15:16,381 --> 00:15:18,116 A GREATER PART OF THE FEEL. 413 00:15:18,116 --> 00:15:21,720 WE'VE HAVE ACCESS TO VIRTUAL 414 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:22,921 PROGRAM, SO THE MEETING, THE 415 00:15:22,921 --> 00:15:25,223 MAIN SESSIONS WERE ALL RECORDED, 416 00:15:25,223 --> 00:15:27,092 YOU CAN ACCESS THAT IF YOU GO TO 417 00:15:27,092 --> 00:15:30,562 OUR WEBSITE AND FIND IT OR USE 418 00:15:30,562 --> 00:15:32,797 THIS QR CODE, ACCESS THE VIRTUAL 419 00:15:32,797 --> 00:15:33,965 PLATFORM, A LOT OF GREAT TALKS 420 00:15:33,965 --> 00:15:36,034 AND STUFF TO REVIEW, THE PIPE 421 00:15:36,034 --> 00:15:37,369 CLEANER NEURON I'M HOLDING IN 422 00:15:37,369 --> 00:15:38,570 TRUST ON BEHALF OF ALL OF US. 423 00:15:38,570 --> 00:15:42,173 HOPE TO SEE YOU AGAIN IN 2026 AT 424 00:15:42,173 --> 00:15:44,576 THE MAY MEETING BUT LOTS OF 425 00:15:44,576 --> 00:15:46,211 OPPORTUNITIES TO CONVENE BEFORE 426 00:15:46,211 --> 00:15:46,745 THEN. 427 00:15:46,745 --> 00:15:46,945 OKAY. 428 00:15:46,945 --> 00:15:50,281 SO THAT WAS THE BRAIN MEETING. 429 00:15:50,281 --> 00:15:51,816 OTHER ACTIVITIES WE HAD BACK IN 430 00:15:51,816 --> 00:15:53,685 MAY, WE HAD A BRAIN INITIATIVE 431 00:15:53,685 --> 00:15:56,187 WORKSHOP ON ADVANCING HUMAN 432 00:15:56,187 --> 00:15:56,855 NEUROSCIENCE THROUGH 433 00:15:56,855 --> 00:15:57,589 NEUROSTIMULATION AND RECORDING, 434 00:15:57,589 --> 00:15:58,823 A VERY HOT TOPIC. 435 00:15:58,823 --> 00:16:01,426 WE WANTED TO EXPLORE THE 436 00:16:01,426 --> 00:16:02,627 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 437 00:16:02,627 --> 00:16:04,295 ASSOCIATED WITH THESE EFFORTS TO 438 00:16:04,295 --> 00:16:05,597 UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 439 00:16:05,597 --> 00:16:08,767 BRAIN FUNCTION AND HUMANS, AND 440 00:16:08,767 --> 00:16:09,134 BEHAVIOR THROUGH 441 00:16:09,134 --> 00:16:09,701 NEUROSTIMULATION RECORDING. 442 00:16:09,701 --> 00:16:12,370 AND YOU CAN FIND OUT MORE ABOUT 443 00:16:12,370 --> 00:16:16,207 THAT BY CLICKING ON THAT LINK OR 444 00:16:16,207 --> 00:16:17,842 LOOKING UP VIA THE QR CODE. 445 00:16:17,842 --> 00:16:19,611 AT THE ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE 446 00:16:19,611 --> 00:16:22,347 SOCIETY OF NEUROSCIENCE IS A 447 00:16:22,347 --> 00:16:24,215 SATELLITE EVENT COMING UP, 448 00:16:24,215 --> 00:16:25,750 ORGANIZED AND SPONSORED BY THE 449 00:16:25,750 --> 00:16:26,618 BRAIN INITIATIVE ALLIANCE, SO 450 00:16:26,618 --> 00:16:28,920 THIS IS THE TOOL MAKER 451 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:29,187 SYMPOSIUM. 452 00:16:29,187 --> 00:16:31,122 THIS IS JUST A QUICK SNAP FROM 453 00:16:31,122 --> 00:16:32,323 LAST YEAR'S EVENT. 454 00:16:32,323 --> 00:16:34,926 YOU CAN SEE A LOT OF GREAT 455 00:16:34,926 --> 00:16:35,193 ACTIVITY. 456 00:16:35,193 --> 00:16:37,562 WE GET FOLKS SUPPORTIVE BY US TO 457 00:16:37,562 --> 00:16:38,963 SHOW THEIR TOOLS AND TO GET 458 00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:39,731 PEOPLE EXCITED ABOUT WHAT THEY 459 00:16:39,731 --> 00:16:41,933 ARE DOING AND HOPEFULLY TO 460 00:16:41,933 --> 00:16:43,268 STIMULATE NEW AND INTERESTING 461 00:16:43,268 --> 00:16:43,668 COLLABORATIONS. 462 00:16:43,668 --> 00:16:46,538 THIS WILL BE HELD ON SUNDAY, 463 00:16:46,538 --> 00:16:47,939 OCTOBER 6, 6:30 P.M., MORE 464 00:16:47,939 --> 00:16:49,607 INFORMATION WILL BE COMING. 465 00:16:49,607 --> 00:16:50,775 YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION 466 00:16:50,775 --> 00:16:54,412 BOTH ON OUR WEBSITE AS WELL AS 467 00:16:54,412 --> 00:16:57,148 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE BIA 468 00:16:57,148 --> 00:16:59,017 WEBSITE. 469 00:16:59,017 --> 00:16:59,217 OKAY. 470 00:16:59,217 --> 00:17:01,186 SO, LET'S SEE. 471 00:17:01,186 --> 00:17:03,721 LET'S JUST TALK ABOUT BUDGET. 472 00:17:03,721 --> 00:17:05,990 JUST A FEW UPDATES, NOTHING HAS 473 00:17:05,990 --> 00:17:08,960 HAPPENED SINCE WE LAST SPOKE. 474 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:15,433 AS YOU RECALL, THIS YEAR AND FY 475 00:17:15,433 --> 00:17:18,803 24 THAT ENDS SEPTEMBER 30 OF 476 00:17:18,803 --> 00:17:21,506 THIS YEAR, WE EXPERIENCED 477 00:17:21,506 --> 00:17:22,874 DECREASE OF $278 MILLION 478 00:17:22,874 --> 00:17:24,609 RELATIVE TO OUR FY 23 BUDGET. 479 00:17:24,609 --> 00:17:27,245 I WENT THROUGH THIS BEFORE. 480 00:17:27,245 --> 00:17:29,747 REAL QUICK, BRAIN GETS ITS 481 00:17:29,747 --> 00:17:31,716 FUNDING FROM TWO SOURCES, ONE IS 482 00:17:31,716 --> 00:17:32,717 THE BASE APPROPRIATIONINGS TO 483 00:17:32,717 --> 00:17:34,452 TEN BRAIN I.C.s, THAT 484 00:17:34,452 --> 00:17:35,553 PARTICIPATE IN BRAIN. 485 00:17:35,553 --> 00:17:39,157 THAT'S SHOWN IN BLUE. 486 00:17:39,157 --> 00:17:42,327 AND THEN FROM ADDITIONAL FUNDS 487 00:17:42,327 --> 00:17:43,461 AUTHORIZED BY THE 21ST CENTURY 488 00:17:43,461 --> 00:17:48,600 CURES ACT IN PINK ALONG THE TOP, 489 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:50,401 THIS MONEY FLUCTUATES YEAR TO 490 00:17:50,401 --> 00:17:52,670 YEAR ENDS AFTER 2026. 491 00:17:52,670 --> 00:17:55,406 IN FY 23 TO MAKE ROOM FOR THIS 492 00:17:55,406 --> 00:17:57,675 LARGE BUMP UP IN CURES FUNDS, A 493 00:17:57,675 --> 00:18:00,845 FUNNY THING THAT GOES ON, THIS 494 00:18:00,845 --> 00:18:03,147 INCREASE TO $450 MILLION, THE 495 00:18:03,147 --> 00:18:05,717 BASE APPROPRIATION WAS CUT BY 496 00:18:05,717 --> 00:18:06,918 $238 MILLION, SO THE TOTAL 497 00:18:06,918 --> 00:18:10,555 AMOUNT THAT WE GOT IN 23, FY 23, 498 00:18:10,555 --> 00:18:13,057 WAS 680 WHICH REPRESENTED A $60 499 00:18:13,057 --> 00:18:15,660 MILLION INCREASE FROM FY 22, SO 500 00:18:15,660 --> 00:18:17,328 WE WERE UP THROUGH 2023 STILL 501 00:18:17,328 --> 00:18:19,831 RIDING THIS NICE INCREASING WAVE 502 00:18:19,831 --> 00:18:21,599 OF FUNDING WITH WHICH WE'VE BEEN 503 00:18:21,599 --> 00:18:24,335 ABLE TO SUPPORT AMAZING SCIENCE. 504 00:18:24,335 --> 00:18:28,606 SO, THE LITTLE SNAFU CAME IN 505 00:18:28,606 --> 00:18:32,410 2024 WHEN THE CURES ACT FUNDS 506 00:18:32,410 --> 00:18:34,279 WAS PRESCRIBED TO DECREASE BY 507 00:18:34,279 --> 00:18:35,380 $278 MILLION, THAT MONEY DIDN'T 508 00:18:35,380 --> 00:18:37,215 GO BACK INTO THE BASE SO WE WERE 509 00:18:37,215 --> 00:18:38,316 STUCK WITH THAT DECREASE THERE. 510 00:18:38,316 --> 00:18:39,951 SO THAT'S WHERE WE ARE RIGHT 511 00:18:39,951 --> 00:18:40,184 NOW. 512 00:18:40,184 --> 00:18:43,121 AND RIGHT NOW WE'RE ALL EAGERLY 513 00:18:43,121 --> 00:18:45,623 AWAITING THE FINAL BUDGET FOR FY 514 00:18:45,623 --> 00:18:47,525 25, WHICH IS I THINK, ANYBODY 515 00:18:47,525 --> 00:18:48,459 READING PAPERS, WILL REALIZE 516 00:18:48,459 --> 00:18:49,827 IT'S UP IN THE AIR. 517 00:18:49,827 --> 00:18:50,361 OKAY. 518 00:18:50,361 --> 00:18:53,865 THIS IS WHERE WE ARE TODAY. 519 00:18:53,865 --> 00:18:59,137 SO WHAT DOES IT LOOK LOOK FOR FY 520 00:18:59,137 --> 00:19:00,672 25 BUDGET PRESUMABLY STARTING 521 00:19:00,672 --> 00:19:01,873 OCTOBER 1? 522 00:19:01,873 --> 00:19:03,474 THE PROCESS GOES, HOUSE COMES UP 523 00:19:03,474 --> 00:19:06,878 WITH PROPOSALS, SENATE COMES UP 524 00:19:06,878 --> 00:19:07,979 WITH A BUDGET PROPOSALS, THEY 525 00:19:07,979 --> 00:19:11,783 MEET TO WORK OUT COMPROMISE 526 00:19:11,783 --> 00:19:13,351 DEAL, EVENTUALLY THE PRESIDENT 527 00:19:13,351 --> 00:19:16,955 SIGNS INTO LAW. 528 00:19:16,955 --> 00:19:19,157 THE WAY THINGS STAND NOW HOUSE 529 00:19:19,157 --> 00:19:21,326 BUDGET KEEPS OUR APPROPRIATION, 530 00:19:21,326 --> 00:19:24,162 BASE APPROPRIATION, THE BLUE 531 00:19:24,162 --> 00:19:26,364 PART FLAT AT $230 MILLION. 532 00:19:26,364 --> 00:19:27,565 OKAY. 533 00:19:27,565 --> 00:19:32,070 NOW, THE CURES AUTHORIZATION 534 00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,006 DROPS IN 2025 BY $81 MILLION 535 00:19:35,006 --> 00:19:38,076 FROM 172 TO 91 MILLION, WHICH 536 00:19:38,076 --> 00:19:40,278 WOULD GIVE $321 MILLION TOP LINE 537 00:19:40,278 --> 00:19:44,415 BUDGET COMPARED TO FY 24 BUDGET 538 00:19:44,415 --> 00:19:45,416 OF $402, SO $81 MILLION 539 00:19:45,416 --> 00:19:46,584 DECREASE, THAT'S WHAT THE HOUSE 540 00:19:46,584 --> 00:19:48,019 BUDGET LOOKS LIKE. 541 00:19:48,019 --> 00:19:53,825 NOW, AN AMENDMENT WAS INTRODUCED 542 00:19:53,825 --> 00:19:54,726 BY REPRESENTATIVE LUTTRELL, 543 00:19:54,726 --> 00:19:57,795 CO-CHAIR OF THE CONGRESSIONAL 544 00:19:57,795 --> 00:19:59,330 NEUROSCIENCE CAUCUS, HIS 545 00:19:59,330 --> 00:20:01,332 AMENDMENT PROPOSES TO INCREASE 546 00:20:01,332 --> 00:20:02,834 THE BRAIN BUDGET BY $81 MILLION 547 00:20:02,834 --> 00:20:05,603 TO BRING US BACK UP FLAT TO 548 00:20:05,603 --> 00:20:08,673 CURRENT YEAR FUNDING OF FY 24. 549 00:20:08,673 --> 00:20:09,841 SO, THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED. 550 00:20:09,841 --> 00:20:12,610 THERE ARE MANY AMENDMENTS PUT 551 00:20:12,610 --> 00:20:17,081 INTO THE BILL, HOUSE RECESSED 552 00:20:17,081 --> 00:20:18,182 BEFORE FLOOR VOTE. 553 00:20:18,182 --> 00:20:19,484 IT WAS NEVER VOTED ON. 554 00:20:19,484 --> 00:20:22,654 WHAT WILL HAPPEN WE DON'T KNOW. 555 00:20:22,654 --> 00:20:25,923 THE SENATE MET, THEIR BUDGET 556 00:20:25,923 --> 00:20:27,458 PROPOSALS HAS FULL RESTORATION 557 00:20:27,458 --> 00:20:29,560 OF BRAIN TO FY 23 LEVELS, SO 558 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,729 PROPOSING TO ADD -- TO INCREASE 559 00:20:31,729 --> 00:20:35,466 BUDGET RELATIVE TO THIS YEAR BY 560 00:20:35,466 --> 00:20:37,502 $359 MILLION, BRINGING US UP TO 561 00:20:37,502 --> 00:20:39,504 $680 MILLION, WHERE WE WERE AT 562 00:20:39,504 --> 00:20:40,505 FY 23. 563 00:20:40,505 --> 00:20:41,706 STRONG BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR 564 00:20:41,706 --> 00:20:44,776 NIH IN GENERAL, AND BRAIN, AND 565 00:20:44,776 --> 00:20:46,844 OTHER CURES ACT PROGRAMS IN 566 00:20:46,844 --> 00:20:47,378 PARTICULAR. 567 00:20:47,378 --> 00:20:48,479 VERY HEARTENING. 568 00:20:48,479 --> 00:20:49,580 WE HAVE CLEAR SUPPORT FROM BOTH 569 00:20:49,580 --> 00:20:51,983 SIDES OF THE AISLE FROM THE 570 00:20:51,983 --> 00:20:56,454 CHAIR BALDWIN AS WELL AS RANKING 571 00:20:56,454 --> 00:20:59,757 MEMBER CAPITO, AND PASSED ON 572 00:20:59,757 --> 00:21:00,658 25-3 VOTE. 573 00:21:00,658 --> 00:21:03,695 HOWEVER, WITH ELECTION COMING UP 574 00:21:03,695 --> 00:21:04,629 WE EXPECT CONTINUING RESOLUTION 575 00:21:04,629 --> 00:21:06,330 UNTIL AT LEAST AFTER THE 576 00:21:06,330 --> 00:21:07,198 NOVEMBER ELECTIONS, AND WE'LL 577 00:21:07,198 --> 00:21:09,701 SEE HOW SOON WE CAN GET A BUDGET 578 00:21:09,701 --> 00:21:10,702 PUT IN PLACE. 579 00:21:10,702 --> 00:21:12,904 THIS YEAR WE DIDN'T GET A BUDGET 580 00:21:12,904 --> 00:21:14,105 UNTIL MARCH, HOPEFULLY WE'LL GET 581 00:21:14,105 --> 00:21:15,506 ONE IN PLACE SOONER. 582 00:21:15,506 --> 00:21:17,375 THAT'S WHERE THINGS STAND. 583 00:21:17,375 --> 00:21:20,344 EVERYTHING STILL UP IN THE AIR. 584 00:21:20,344 --> 00:21:22,747 BOTTOM LINE WE HAVE TO STAY THE 585 00:21:22,747 --> 00:21:22,980 COURSE. 586 00:21:22,980 --> 00:21:24,382 JUST KEEP FOCUSED ON OUR 587 00:21:24,382 --> 00:21:25,583 PRIORITIES AND VALUES, WE'LL NOT 588 00:21:25,583 --> 00:21:27,452 JUST WEATHER THE STORM BUT WE'LL 589 00:21:27,452 --> 00:21:29,320 NAVIGATE THE STORM AND COME 590 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:33,224 THROUGH STRONG AS WE CAN. 591 00:21:33,224 --> 00:21:34,892 SO AGAIN WE HAVE SOME PAGES ON 592 00:21:34,892 --> 00:21:36,861 THE WEBSITE THAT GIVES 593 00:21:36,861 --> 00:21:37,729 INFORMATION FOR EVERYBODY, AS 594 00:21:37,729 --> 00:21:40,631 THEY WOULD LIKE TO FIND IT, ON 595 00:21:40,631 --> 00:21:42,333 WHERE WE ARE ON THE BUDGET, 596 00:21:42,333 --> 00:21:43,735 UPDATING FROM TIME TO TIME AS 597 00:21:43,735 --> 00:21:45,169 THINGS CHANGE BUT RIGHT NOW THIS 598 00:21:45,169 --> 00:21:47,905 IS WHERE THINGS STAND AT THE 599 00:21:47,905 --> 00:21:48,139 MOMENT. 600 00:21:48,139 --> 00:21:48,339 OKAY. 601 00:21:48,339 --> 00:21:50,875 SO THAT'S WHERE WE ARE WITH THE 602 00:21:50,875 --> 00:21:51,109 BUDGET. 603 00:21:51,109 --> 00:21:53,911 PART OF ALL THIS INVOLVES OF 604 00:21:53,911 --> 00:21:55,446 COURSE MAKING SURE THAT FOLKS 605 00:21:55,446 --> 00:21:56,547 UNDERSTAND THE VALUE OF WHAT 606 00:21:56,547 --> 00:21:59,283 WE'RE DOING SO WE'VE BEEN QUITE 607 00:21:59,283 --> 00:22:00,685 ACTIVE IN ENGAGING THE COMMUNITY 608 00:22:00,685 --> 00:22:02,553 ABOUT WHAT BRAIN IS DOING, NOT 609 00:22:02,553 --> 00:22:04,422 JUST THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 610 00:22:04,422 --> 00:22:05,256 BUT BROADER COMMUNITY. 611 00:22:05,256 --> 00:22:09,660 AND WE KIND OF LOOK AT THIS IN 612 00:22:09,660 --> 00:22:11,429 THREE OVERLAPPING BUCKETS, 613 00:22:11,429 --> 00:22:12,630 INFORMING KEY STAKEHOLDERS, 614 00:22:12,630 --> 00:22:13,831 CELEBRATING OUR COMMUNITY 615 00:22:13,831 --> 00:22:15,266 IMPACT, EMPOWERING OUR COMMUNITY 616 00:22:15,266 --> 00:22:15,500 VOICES. 617 00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:16,701 SO WE'VE DONE A FEW THINGS SINCE 618 00:22:16,701 --> 00:22:17,435 WE LAST MET. 619 00:22:17,435 --> 00:22:19,637 I WANT TO GO THROUGH THIS 620 00:22:19,637 --> 00:22:20,605 BRIEFLY. 621 00:22:20,605 --> 00:22:23,674 WE HAD A WIDELY HELD BRIEFING IN 622 00:22:23,674 --> 00:22:25,076 FRONT OF CONGRESSIONAL 623 00:22:25,076 --> 00:22:26,077 NEUROSCIENCE CAUCUS IN APRIL. 624 00:22:26,077 --> 00:22:31,449 ON THE LEFT IS REPRESENTATIVE 625 00:22:31,449 --> 00:22:32,550 LUTTRELL, I MENTIONED HIM 626 00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:35,586 BEFORE, CO-CHAIR OF THE 627 00:22:35,586 --> 00:22:36,521 NEUROSCIENCE CAUCUS, EVENT 628 00:22:36,521 --> 00:22:38,256 ORGANIZED BY OUR PARTNERS, 629 00:22:38,256 --> 00:22:44,362 PRIMARILY OF THE AMERICAN BRAIN 630 00:22:44,362 --> 00:22:45,897 COALITION, I BELIEVE DANA 631 00:22:45,897 --> 00:22:49,500 FOUNDATION AND SIMONS, AS WELL. 632 00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:53,171 WE HAD A BRIEFING WITH DR. TED 633 00:22:53,171 --> 00:22:55,673 ABEL, WHO MODERATED, AND WE 634 00:22:55,673 --> 00:23:05,950 BROUGHT IN A FEW FOLKS, DR. 635 00:23:05,950 --> 00:23:09,020 HELEN mAbRIC, GROUNDBREAKING 636 00:23:09,020 --> 00:23:09,887 STUDIES RECORDING BIOMARKERS 637 00:23:09,887 --> 00:23:11,522 FROM PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM 638 00:23:11,522 --> 00:23:12,390 TREATMENT RESISTING DEPRESSION 639 00:23:12,390 --> 00:23:13,825 USING THIS INFORMATION TO HELP 640 00:23:13,825 --> 00:23:16,794 THEM TO A BETTER STATE. 641 00:23:16,794 --> 00:23:19,730 TOGETHER HERE IS MR. JOHN NELSON 642 00:23:19,730 --> 00:23:21,499 AND HIS WIFE, MRS. BARBARA 643 00:23:21,499 --> 00:23:22,166 NELSON. 644 00:23:22,166 --> 00:23:27,305 MR. NELSON WAS ONE OF HER 645 00:23:27,305 --> 00:23:29,040 PATIENTS AND TOLD THE STORY HOW 646 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:30,808 THIS THERAPY GAVE HIM HIS LIFE 647 00:23:30,808 --> 00:23:31,108 BACK. 648 00:23:31,108 --> 00:23:33,878 ALSO ON THE PANEL WAS DR. 649 00:23:33,878 --> 00:23:36,581 SUDANO, SOME OF OF YOU KNOW HAS 650 00:23:36,581 --> 00:23:37,582 DONE PIONEERING WORK IN 651 00:23:37,582 --> 00:23:39,383 DEVELOPING BRAIN RECORDING AND 652 00:23:39,383 --> 00:23:40,184 MODULATION TECHNOLOGIES, AND I 653 00:23:40,184 --> 00:23:43,154 THINK WE HAD A GREAT SESSION 654 00:23:43,154 --> 00:23:44,355 THERE SHOWING FOLKS ON THE HILL 655 00:23:44,355 --> 00:23:45,890 THE GREAT VALUE OF BRAIN, HOW 656 00:23:45,890 --> 00:23:46,924 WE'RE HELPING PEOPLE TODAY AND 657 00:23:46,924 --> 00:23:48,960 HOW WE'RE GOING TO LAY DOWN THE 658 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:52,697 FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE CURES 659 00:23:52,697 --> 00:23:55,733 USING THIS AMAZING APPLICATION 660 00:23:55,733 --> 00:23:56,934 OF THESE SIMULATION 661 00:23:56,934 --> 00:23:57,702 TECHNOLOGIES. 662 00:23:57,702 --> 00:24:00,338 YOU'LL SEE SOME -- THE BACK 663 00:24:00,338 --> 00:24:02,540 SYSTEM, FRONT ROW OF THE 664 00:24:02,540 --> 00:24:04,175 BRIEFING, IT HAPPENED THAT THE 665 00:24:04,175 --> 00:24:07,211 DATE COINCIDED WITH THE MEETING 666 00:24:07,211 --> 00:24:11,816 OF THE SFM COUNCIL, LITERALLY 667 00:24:11,816 --> 00:24:13,150 BUSED HERE TO SEE THE IMPORTANCE 668 00:24:13,150 --> 00:24:15,553 OF WHAT WE'RE DOING, ALSO IN THE 669 00:24:15,553 --> 00:24:16,821 CONTEXT OF GETTING THIS WORD OUT 670 00:24:16,821 --> 00:24:18,956 TO THE FOLKS ON THE HILL WHO ARE 671 00:24:18,956 --> 00:24:20,591 OF COURSE THE ONES THAT ALLOW US 672 00:24:20,591 --> 00:24:22,560 TO DO THIS WORK THROUGH THEIR 673 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:23,094 APPROPRIATIONS. 674 00:24:23,094 --> 00:24:27,064 SO THAT WAS BACK IN APRIL. 675 00:24:27,064 --> 00:24:29,567 COMING UP, MY TEAM IS GOING TO 676 00:24:29,567 --> 00:24:31,535 BE VISITING THE HOUSTON AREA TO 677 00:24:31,535 --> 00:24:32,870 VISIT BAYLOR COLLEGE OF 678 00:24:32,870 --> 00:24:36,474 MEDICINE, ALSO TO PARTICIPATE IN 679 00:24:36,474 --> 00:24:40,077 THIS SUMMIT THAT'S CALLED THE 680 00:24:40,077 --> 00:24:42,046 AMERICAN BRAIN ECONOMY, LOOKING 681 00:24:42,046 --> 00:24:43,347 AT THE APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES 682 00:24:43,347 --> 00:24:45,650 WE NEED TO TAKE TO NOT ONLY 683 00:24:45,650 --> 00:24:47,952 PRESERVE BUT PROMOTE OUR 684 00:24:47,952 --> 00:24:48,920 NATION'S GREATEST RESOURCES, 685 00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:50,888 WHICH IS OUR BRAINS. 686 00:24:50,888 --> 00:24:53,724 AND ALSO PARTICIPATING IN THIS 687 00:24:53,724 --> 00:24:55,993 WORKSHOP WILL BE REPRESENTATIVE 688 00:24:55,993 --> 00:24:57,128 MORGAN LUTTRELL, WHO I 689 00:24:57,128 --> 00:24:57,995 MENTIONED, AS WELL AS OTHER 690 00:24:57,995 --> 00:25:01,165 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND FOLKS 691 00:25:01,165 --> 00:25:02,500 FROM DIFFERENT AGENCIES AND 692 00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:02,833 UNIVERSITIES. 693 00:25:02,833 --> 00:25:04,568 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO THAT TO 694 00:25:04,568 --> 00:25:10,908 SHOWCASE WHAT WE CAN DO BY 695 00:25:10,908 --> 00:25:12,243 PUSHING THIS TECHNOLOGY IN 696 00:25:12,243 --> 00:25:12,576 NEUROSCIENCE. 697 00:25:12,576 --> 00:25:14,745 WE HAD A CHANCE TO CELEBRATE NOT 698 00:25:14,745 --> 00:25:17,248 JUST THE SUCCESS OF BRAIN BUT 699 00:25:17,248 --> 00:25:17,982 OUR CHAMPIONS. 700 00:25:17,982 --> 00:25:19,984 SHOWN HERE AN EVENT I ATTENDED 701 00:25:19,984 --> 00:25:21,986 IN MAY AT OREGON HEALTH AND 702 00:25:21,986 --> 00:25:22,853 SCIENCE UNIVERSITY IN PORTLAND, 703 00:25:22,853 --> 00:25:26,691 AND THEY PUT ON AN EVENT TO 704 00:25:26,691 --> 00:25:31,829 CELEBRATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF 705 00:25:31,829 --> 00:25:36,100 REPRESENTATIVE EARL BLOOMENAUER, 706 00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:38,269 THE CO-CHAIR, MORGAN LUTTRELL, 707 00:25:38,269 --> 00:25:41,572 COUNTERPART, HE FOUNDED THE 708 00:25:41,572 --> 00:25:42,106 CONGRESSIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 709 00:25:42,106 --> 00:25:43,774 CAUCUS, OH, I THINK JUST BEFORE 710 00:25:43,774 --> 00:25:44,642 BRAIN STARTED. 711 00:25:44,642 --> 00:25:45,843 HE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN PROMOTING 712 00:25:45,843 --> 00:25:47,278 "BRAIN" ON THE HILL. 713 00:25:47,278 --> 00:25:49,880 HE'S BEEN A FIERCE ADVOCATE FOR 714 00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:50,481 NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 715 00:25:50,481 --> 00:25:52,950 RESEARCH, AND THIS IS A GREAT 716 00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:53,951 OPPORTUNITY TO CELEBRATE HIS 717 00:25:53,951 --> 00:25:55,886 CONTRIBUTIONS AND IT WAS JUST A 718 00:25:55,886 --> 00:25:57,655 DELIGHT TO BE THERE TO REPRESENT 719 00:25:57,655 --> 00:25:58,622 "BRAIN." 720 00:25:58,622 --> 00:26:00,825 ON THE LEFT IS DR. MARK RESNICK, 721 00:26:00,825 --> 00:26:02,126 CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF THE 722 00:26:02,126 --> 00:26:02,893 AMERICAN BRAIN COALITION. 723 00:26:02,893 --> 00:26:05,296 SO THAT WAS A GREAT TIME UP 724 00:26:05,296 --> 00:26:05,629 THERE. 725 00:26:05,629 --> 00:26:07,498 AND THEN WE ALSO HAD THE 726 00:26:07,498 --> 00:26:09,300 OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT THE 727 00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:10,101 PRINCETON NEUROSCIENCE INSTITUTE 728 00:26:10,101 --> 00:26:12,503 A LITTLE BIT LATER IN MAY, AND 729 00:26:12,503 --> 00:26:15,606 HAD THE PLEASURE OF BEING JOINED 730 00:26:15,606 --> 00:26:19,877 BY REPRESENTATIVE BONNIE WATSON 731 00:26:19,877 --> 00:26:20,811 COLEMAN, IN WHOSE DISTRICT 732 00:26:20,811 --> 00:26:21,846 PRINCETON RESIDES. 733 00:26:21,846 --> 00:26:23,381 I GOT TO SEE A LOT OF GREAT 734 00:26:23,381 --> 00:26:24,782 SCIENCE BEING DONE THERE BUT 735 00:26:24,782 --> 00:26:30,788 ALSO WE HAD A VERY NICE TOUR OF 736 00:26:30,788 --> 00:26:32,923 THE AMAZING FACILITIES THEY HAVE 737 00:26:32,923 --> 00:26:33,591 DEVELOPED IN MICROSCOPY, 738 00:26:33,591 --> 00:26:34,458 IMAGING, SO FORTH. 739 00:26:34,458 --> 00:26:38,162 WE GOT TO SEE -- YOU SEE THE 740 00:26:38,162 --> 00:26:40,364 BRAIN CONNECTS POSTER THERE, 741 00:26:40,364 --> 00:26:41,632 VERY NICELY FORTUITOUSLY THE 742 00:26:41,632 --> 00:26:44,168 SAME COLOR SCHEME OF THE 743 00:26:44,168 --> 00:26:45,169 REPRESENTATIVE'S SUIT, BUT WE 744 00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:47,138 ALSO GOT TO SEE THE NEWLY 745 00:26:47,138 --> 00:26:50,641 INSTALLED AND AT THAT TIMED 746 00:26:50,641 --> 00:26:52,843 RUNNING MULTI-BEAM SCANNING 747 00:26:52,843 --> 00:26:54,311 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE THAT WAS 748 00:26:54,311 --> 00:26:55,446 ACQUIRED AND INSTALLED AS PART 749 00:26:55,446 --> 00:26:57,581 OF THE BRAIN CONNECTS PROGRAM, 750 00:26:57,581 --> 00:26:58,282 SO VERY EXCITING CUTTING EDGE 751 00:26:58,282 --> 00:26:58,516 WORK. 752 00:26:58,516 --> 00:27:06,157 ON THE RIGHT YOU SHOO SEE ME WE 753 00:27:06,157 --> 00:27:08,926 DIRECTOR OF PNI, AN BRAD 754 00:27:08,926 --> 00:27:10,895 DICKERSON, RECENT HIRE, A BRAIN 755 00:27:10,895 --> 00:27:12,830 AWARDEE, WHEN REPRESENTATIVE WAS 756 00:27:12,830 --> 00:27:14,165 IN LOCAL POLITICS HE WORKED IN 757 00:27:14,165 --> 00:27:16,267 ONE OF HER LOCAL OFFICES, 758 00:27:16,267 --> 00:27:17,034 CONNECTIONS ARE AMAZING AND 759 00:27:17,034 --> 00:27:18,235 WE'RE DELIGHTED WE HAD A CHANCE 760 00:27:18,235 --> 00:27:19,437 TO SEE THE GREAT WORK THEY ARE 761 00:27:19,437 --> 00:27:19,737 DOING. 762 00:27:19,737 --> 00:27:21,472 THEY HAD A CHANCE TO SHOWCASE 763 00:27:21,472 --> 00:27:23,174 THE IMPORTANT WORK THEY ARE 764 00:27:23,174 --> 00:27:25,576 DOING WITH BRAIN SUPPORT TO 765 00:27:25,576 --> 00:27:28,179 THEIR MEMBER OF CONGRESS. 766 00:27:28,179 --> 00:27:28,379 OKAY. 767 00:27:28,379 --> 00:27:30,347 SO, WE JUST WANT TO MAKE SURE 768 00:27:30,347 --> 00:27:31,882 THAT EVERYBODY HAS THE TOOLS 769 00:27:31,882 --> 00:27:33,651 THEY NEED TO KIND OF PROMOTE THE 770 00:27:33,651 --> 00:27:34,418 GREAT THINGS WE'RE DOING. 771 00:27:34,418 --> 00:27:36,720 THIS IS ON OUR WEBSITE. 772 00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:37,788 WE HAVE THIS COMMUNICATIONS 773 00:27:37,788 --> 00:27:38,255 TOOLKIT. 774 00:27:38,255 --> 00:27:39,557 IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR NEEDS, 775 00:27:39,557 --> 00:27:42,059 LET US KNOW. 776 00:27:42,059 --> 00:27:43,260 WE'RE HAPPY TO HELP YOU GET THE 777 00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:45,463 WORD OUT ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING 778 00:27:45,463 --> 00:27:47,765 IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 779 00:27:47,765 --> 00:27:47,965 OKAY. 780 00:27:47,965 --> 00:27:48,966 SO, LET'S SEE. 781 00:27:48,966 --> 00:27:50,734 WE'RE DOING OKAY ON TIME, YEAH? 782 00:27:50,734 --> 00:27:54,972 I'LL GIVE A FEW UPDATES WITH THE 783 00:27:54,972 --> 00:27:55,306 PROGRAM. 784 00:27:55,306 --> 00:27:58,476 BRAIN HAS SIGNED ON TO THIS NIH 785 00:27:58,476 --> 00:28:00,344 BLUEPRINT, OUR SISTER PROGRAM, 786 00:28:00,344 --> 00:28:03,414 ENDURE PROGRAM, WHICH SEEKS -- 787 00:28:03,414 --> 00:28:05,916 R25 PROGRAM THAT SEEKS TO BRING 788 00:28:05,916 --> 00:28:07,118 IN FOLKS AT UNDERGRADUATE 789 00:28:07,118 --> 00:28:08,419 UNIVERSITIES AT THE VERY 790 00:28:08,419 --> 00:28:10,187 BEGINNING OF THE PIPELINE, AND 791 00:28:10,187 --> 00:28:12,590 THERE WILL BE A WEBINAR HELPING 792 00:28:12,590 --> 00:28:13,791 PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE PROGRAM SO 793 00:28:13,791 --> 00:28:15,426 THEY CAN BE WELL POSITIONED TO 794 00:28:15,426 --> 00:28:16,227 APPLY. 795 00:28:16,227 --> 00:28:18,729 THIS WILL BE ON AUGUST 27, 2 TO 796 00:28:18,729 --> 00:28:23,100 3:00 P.M., YOU CAN REGISTER AT 797 00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:24,969 THAT LINK. 798 00:28:24,969 --> 00:28:28,038 I ALSO WANT TO -- LET'S SEE. 799 00:28:28,038 --> 00:28:30,007 THIS IS -- WE TALKED ABOUT THIS 800 00:28:30,007 --> 00:28:31,208 AS A CONCEPT NOT LONG AGO. 801 00:28:31,208 --> 00:28:34,044 THIS IS A NOTICE OF INTENT TO 802 00:28:34,044 --> 00:28:34,411 PUBLISH. 803 00:28:34,411 --> 00:28:35,179 NEW FUNDING OPPORTUNITY. 804 00:28:35,179 --> 00:28:37,214 NOT YET ON THE STREET. 805 00:28:37,214 --> 00:28:39,517 BUT IT WILL BE PUBLISHED, WE 806 00:28:39,517 --> 00:28:41,252 HOPE, A LITTLE BIT LATER THIS 807 00:28:41,252 --> 00:28:41,619 YEAR. 808 00:28:41,619 --> 00:28:44,889 AND THIS IS TO SOLICIT 809 00:28:44,889 --> 00:28:46,357 APPLICATIONS FOR TARGETED 810 00:28:46,357 --> 00:28:49,160 DISSEMINATION OF VALIDATED BRAIN 811 00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:50,794 TOOLS TO INVESTIGATORS AT 812 00:28:50,794 --> 00:28:51,562 INSTITUTIONS THAT DON'T RECEIVE 813 00:28:51,562 --> 00:28:53,430 A LOT OF RESEARCH SUPPORT. 814 00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:55,699 SO THIS IS KIND OF A LITTLE BIT 815 00:28:55,699 --> 00:28:57,134 OF A DIFFERENT APPROACH WE'RE 816 00:28:57,134 --> 00:28:59,003 TAKING, TRYING TO GET OUR TOOLS 817 00:28:59,003 --> 00:29:01,872 INTO MORE PEOPLE'S HANDS AT 818 00:29:01,872 --> 00:29:02,740 DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS TO KIND 819 00:29:02,740 --> 00:29:04,608 OF BRING IN MORE TALENT ACROSS 820 00:29:04,608 --> 00:29:06,377 THE COUNTRY WHERE FOLKS DON'T 821 00:29:06,377 --> 00:29:07,678 NECESSARILY HAVE ACCESS. 822 00:29:07,678 --> 00:29:09,079 SO YOU'LL LEARN MORE ABOUT THAT, 823 00:29:09,079 --> 00:29:13,484 YOU CAN CLICK ON THAT QR CODE TO 824 00:29:13,484 --> 00:29:14,785 LEARN MORE AND EXPECT TO SEE 825 00:29:14,785 --> 00:29:19,823 NOTICE OF FUNDING OPPORTUNITY 826 00:29:19,823 --> 00:29:23,561 THIS FALL, OUR OWN DR. NATALIE 827 00:29:23,561 --> 00:29:24,862 TRZCINSKI IS OVERSEEING THAT. 828 00:29:24,862 --> 00:29:26,497 CONTACT HER IF YOU HAVE 829 00:29:26,497 --> 00:29:26,830 QUESTIONS. 830 00:29:26,830 --> 00:29:27,932 LET'S SEE. 831 00:29:27,932 --> 00:29:30,434 FOR ADDITIONAL FUN STUFF LET ME 832 00:29:30,434 --> 00:29:31,969 HIGHLIGHT FOR YOU -- I THINK I 833 00:29:31,969 --> 00:29:33,704 HAVE THROUGH OR FOUR RECENT 834 00:29:33,704 --> 00:29:35,573 PUBLICATIONS THAT WILL BE OF 835 00:29:35,573 --> 00:29:39,410 INTEREST ACROSS THE DOMAIN FROM 836 00:29:39,410 --> 00:29:42,580 TOOLS TO CIRCUITS, TO HUMAN 837 00:29:42,580 --> 00:29:42,913 NEUROSCIENCE. 838 00:29:42,913 --> 00:29:44,448 SO AS I THINK SOME OF YOU CAN 839 00:29:44,448 --> 00:29:45,849 APPRECIATE ONE OF THE BIG 840 00:29:45,849 --> 00:29:47,051 PROJECTS THAT WE'RE QUITE 841 00:29:47,051 --> 00:29:50,788 INTERESTED IN IS THIS SO-CALLED 842 00:29:50,788 --> 00:29:51,655 ARMAMENTARIUM FOR PRECISION 843 00:29:51,655 --> 00:29:53,524 BRAIN CELL ACCESS TO DEVELOP 844 00:29:53,524 --> 00:29:56,260 TOOLS THAT ALLOW RESEARCHERS 845 00:29:56,260 --> 00:29:58,229 USING THE EMERGING INFORMATION 846 00:29:58,229 --> 00:30:01,165 ABOUT CELL TYPES, MOLECULAR 847 00:30:01,165 --> 00:30:02,399 PROPERTIES, CIRCUIT PROPERTIES, 848 00:30:02,399 --> 00:30:03,500 CONNECTIVITY PROPERTIES, TO 849 00:30:03,500 --> 00:30:05,002 START ASKING SPECIFIC QUESTIONS 850 00:30:05,002 --> 00:30:06,337 ABOUT HOW THOSE CELLS AND 851 00:30:06,337 --> 00:30:07,738 CIRCUITS ARE INTERACTING TO GIVE 852 00:30:07,738 --> 00:30:09,173 RISE TO BEHAVIOR. 853 00:30:09,173 --> 00:30:12,776 NOW, THE LONG RANGE BLUE SKY 854 00:30:12,776 --> 00:30:16,714 GOAL USING THIS INFORMATION, 855 00:30:16,714 --> 00:30:18,549 THIS INFORMATION IN SOME, ONE 856 00:30:18,549 --> 00:30:20,217 DAY SOON, WILL ALLOW US TO START 857 00:30:20,217 --> 00:30:21,885 THINKING ABOUT PRECISION CIRCUIT 858 00:30:21,885 --> 00:30:23,387 THERAPIES INCLUDING PRECISION 859 00:30:23,387 --> 00:30:25,923 GENE THERAPIES IN THE NERVOUS 860 00:30:25,923 --> 00:30:26,257 SYSTEM. 861 00:30:26,257 --> 00:30:27,992 IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT GENE 862 00:30:27,992 --> 00:30:30,761 THERAPIES IN HUMANS, A BIG 863 00:30:30,761 --> 00:30:32,696 CHALLENGE IS GETTING THESE 864 00:30:32,696 --> 00:30:35,432 PAYLOADS, WHETHER A GENE EDITOR 865 00:30:35,432 --> 00:30:36,767 OR FIXED GENE, INTO THE CELLS OF 866 00:30:36,767 --> 00:30:38,302 INTEREST WHICH WOULD BE IN THE 867 00:30:38,302 --> 00:30:42,273 BRAIN IN OUR CASE. 868 00:30:42,273 --> 00:30:46,510 AND KEEPING THEM AWAY FROM LIKE 869 00:30:46,510 --> 00:30:47,945 THE LIVER AND KIDNEY WHERE THEY 870 00:30:47,945 --> 00:30:49,913 ARE TOXICS WITH A DELIVERY 871 00:30:49,913 --> 00:30:50,981 SYSTEM STRAIGHTFORWARD. 872 00:30:50,981 --> 00:30:52,883 NOW, THERE HAVE BEEN 873 00:30:52,883 --> 00:30:55,819 BREAKTHROUGHS IN TERMS OF 874 00:30:55,819 --> 00:30:57,588 DEVELOPING THESE ADENOASSOCIATE 875 00:30:57,588 --> 00:30:58,989 VIRUS CAPSIDS DELIVERED INTO THE 876 00:30:58,989 --> 00:31:00,758 BLOODSTREAM BUT THE CATCH IS 877 00:31:00,758 --> 00:31:02,226 GETTING THEM ACROSS THE 878 00:31:02,226 --> 00:31:03,794 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. 879 00:31:03,794 --> 00:31:05,462 THIS WAS THE TOPIC OF THE 880 00:31:05,462 --> 00:31:07,197 PLENARY TALK THEY BRAIN MEETING. 881 00:31:07,197 --> 00:31:12,970 HERE IS A COOL PAPER JUST OUT 882 00:31:12,970 --> 00:31:14,438 FROM BEN DEVERMAN AT THE BROAD. 883 00:31:14,438 --> 00:31:16,974 THIS IS A PROJECT THAT WAS 884 00:31:16,974 --> 00:31:18,042 SUPPORTED BOTH BY THE BRAIN 885 00:31:18,042 --> 00:31:21,278 INITIATIVE AS WELL AS FROM THE 886 00:31:21,278 --> 00:31:23,847 COMMON FUND, NIH COMMON FUND 887 00:31:23,847 --> 00:31:25,816 SOMATIC CELL GENOME EDITING 888 00:31:25,816 --> 00:31:26,150 PROGRAM. 889 00:31:26,150 --> 00:31:27,918 GREAT COLLABORATION BETWEEN 890 00:31:27,918 --> 00:31:29,219 THESE DIFFERENT PROGRAMS, NICE 891 00:31:29,219 --> 00:31:30,321 DOVETAIL BETWEEN THESE EFFORTS. 892 00:31:30,321 --> 00:31:32,723 AND SO WHAT THEY DID IS THEY 893 00:31:32,723 --> 00:31:38,395 TOOK THE CAPSID OF ONE OF THESE 894 00:31:38,395 --> 00:31:39,496 AAVs, INVERTED RANDOM SEVEN 895 00:31:39,496 --> 00:31:41,131 PEPTIDE SEGMENTS IN IT AND 896 00:31:41,131 --> 00:31:47,371 SELECTED THEM BASED ON ABITE TO 897 00:31:47,371 --> 00:31:49,006 BIND TO HUMAN TRANSFERRIN 898 00:31:49,006 --> 00:31:50,908 RECEPTOR, INVOLVED IN 899 00:31:50,908 --> 00:31:51,508 TRANSPORTING MOLECULES ACROSS 900 00:31:51,508 --> 00:31:54,278 THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN 901 00:31:54,278 --> 00:31:55,813 HUMANS, EXPRESSED IN THE 902 00:31:55,813 --> 00:31:56,113 VASCULATURE. 903 00:31:56,113 --> 00:31:59,083 AND THEY FOUND A VARIANT THAT 904 00:31:59,083 --> 00:32:02,720 DOES CROSS THE -- DOES BIND TO 905 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:04,555 THE HUMAN TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR 906 00:32:04,555 --> 00:32:06,857 AND MADE A HUMANIZED MOUSE, TOOK 907 00:32:06,857 --> 00:32:09,693 A MOUSE AND THEY REPLACED THE 908 00:32:09,693 --> 00:32:11,562 MOUSE TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR WITH 909 00:32:11,562 --> 00:32:14,498 HUMAN VARIANT, CAN SHOW IT 910 00:32:14,498 --> 00:32:17,468 ACTUALLY TRANSDUCES LOTS OF 911 00:32:17,468 --> 00:32:20,437 CELLS INTO THIS HUMANIZED MOUSE, 912 00:32:20,437 --> 00:32:24,675 ONE OF THE PAYLOADS THAT HE USED 913 00:32:24,675 --> 00:32:27,411 THIS GENE IDENTIFIED AS BEING 914 00:32:27,411 --> 00:32:28,846 GAUCHER'S DISEASE, SHOWED PROOF 915 00:32:28,846 --> 00:32:31,482 OF PRINCIPLE THEY CAN NOW HAVE 916 00:32:31,482 --> 00:32:32,549 AAV VECTOR WHICH IN THEORY 917 00:32:32,549 --> 00:32:36,286 SHOULD BE ABLE TO CROSS THE 918 00:32:36,286 --> 00:32:39,790 HUMAN BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IF THE 919 00:32:39,790 --> 00:32:42,292 HUMANIZED MOUSE IS A GOOD PROXY 920 00:32:42,292 --> 00:32:46,029 GETTING A PAYLOAD IN FOR A 921 00:32:46,029 --> 00:32:48,332 DISEASE-RELEVANT GENE, ONE STEP 922 00:32:48,332 --> 00:32:50,601 IN A LONG JOURNEY TOWARD 923 00:32:50,601 --> 00:32:53,270 DEVELOPING HUMAN GENE THERAPIES 924 00:32:53,270 --> 00:32:54,872 USING AAV VECTORS IN THIS 925 00:32:54,872 --> 00:32:55,539 DIRECTED APPROACH. 926 00:32:55,539 --> 00:32:56,740 STAY TUNED. 927 00:32:56,740 --> 00:32:57,508 VERY EXCITING WORK. 928 00:32:57,508 --> 00:33:00,344 THIS IS JUST ONE OF I THINK MANY 929 00:33:00,344 --> 00:33:02,980 EXCITING DEVELOPMENTS COMING OUT 930 00:33:02,980 --> 00:33:03,580 OF OUR ARMAMENTARIUM PROGRAM, 931 00:33:03,580 --> 00:33:04,748 AND, YOU KNOW, I'M SURE THE BEST 932 00:33:04,748 --> 00:33:05,883 WILL BE YET TO COME. 933 00:33:05,883 --> 00:33:07,718 THERE'S A LOT OF WORK YET HERE 934 00:33:07,718 --> 00:33:12,556 TO DO BUT WE'RE QUITE EXCITED BY 935 00:33:12,556 --> 00:33:13,957 THIS DEVELOPMENT. 936 00:33:13,957 --> 00:33:15,159 OKAY. 937 00:33:15,159 --> 00:33:18,896 HERE IS A STUDY FROM LISA'S LAB 938 00:33:18,896 --> 00:33:19,963 AT STANFORD. 939 00:33:19,963 --> 00:33:23,367 HOW WE NAVIGATE OUR ENVIRONMENT 940 00:33:23,367 --> 00:33:26,670 IS OF COURSE AN INTERESTING AND 941 00:33:26,670 --> 00:33:27,638 CRITICAL QUESTION IN 942 00:33:27,638 --> 00:33:29,206 NEUROSCIENCE, AND TO ENABLE 943 00:33:29,206 --> 00:33:31,575 NAVIGATION, THE BRAIN HAS TO BE 944 00:33:31,575 --> 00:33:33,210 ABLE TO REPRESENTATIVE AND 945 00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:34,545 INTEGRATE DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC 946 00:33:34,545 --> 00:33:36,079 FEATURES OF OUR ENVIRONMENT, SO 947 00:33:36,079 --> 00:33:37,314 FOR EXAMPLE IF I'M NAVIGATING IN 948 00:33:37,314 --> 00:33:39,349 A ROOM I NEED TO KNOW NOT TO 949 00:33:39,349 --> 00:33:40,818 WALK INTO THE CORNER OF THE 950 00:33:40,818 --> 00:33:45,189 ROOM, IF I'M ON THE STREET AND 951 00:33:45,189 --> 00:33:46,056 THERE'S A BLOCKED DRIVEWAY I 952 00:33:46,056 --> 00:33:47,591 HAVE TO KNOW NOT TO WALK INTO 953 00:33:47,591 --> 00:33:48,091 THAT. 954 00:33:48,091 --> 00:33:49,560 I'VE DONE THAT BEFORE, SADLY. 955 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:52,563 AND SO WHAT THEY HAVE ASKED IS 956 00:33:52,563 --> 00:33:56,433 THEY HAVE FOUND IN THE SUBICULUM 957 00:33:56,433 --> 00:33:57,868 NEURONS THAT ENCODE THE 958 00:33:57,868 --> 00:33:59,169 LOCATIONS AND NOT JUST LOCATIONS 959 00:33:59,169 --> 00:34:01,472 AND BOUNDARIES OF THE OBJECTS 960 00:34:01,472 --> 00:34:02,706 BUT THEIR SHAPES. 961 00:34:02,706 --> 00:34:05,309 SO THIS IS REALLY, REALLY COOL. 962 00:34:05,309 --> 00:34:09,480 AND THEY DID THIS WITH CALCIUM 963 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:11,882 IMAGING USING A 1-PHOTON MINI 964 00:34:11,882 --> 00:34:13,517 SCOPE, DEVELOPED AT UCLA, WITH 965 00:34:13,517 --> 00:34:15,385 ANOTHER BRAIN GRANT, DID THIS IN 966 00:34:15,385 --> 00:34:16,253 FREELY BEHAVING MICE. 967 00:34:16,253 --> 00:34:18,889 YOU CAN SEE THE ACTIVITY 968 00:34:18,889 --> 00:34:20,290 PATTERNS OF SPECIFIC CELLS THEY 969 00:34:20,290 --> 00:34:23,260 ARE RECORDING FROM AS THESE MICE 970 00:34:23,260 --> 00:34:24,194 TRAVERSE THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF 971 00:34:24,194 --> 00:34:25,128 THE ENVIRONMENT. 972 00:34:25,128 --> 00:34:27,231 I THINK YOU CAN SEE HEIGHTENED 973 00:34:27,231 --> 00:34:30,400 ACTIVITY IN THE CORNER, CORNER 974 00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:32,603 CELLS, CORNER CELLS HERE. 975 00:34:32,603 --> 00:34:35,105 AND THEY ALSO FIND OTHER CELLS 976 00:34:35,105 --> 00:34:37,641 THAT RESPOND TO CONVEX SHAPES, 977 00:34:37,641 --> 00:34:37,841 RIGHT? 978 00:34:37,841 --> 00:34:40,143 SO NOT THE CORNER OF A ROOM BUT 979 00:34:40,143 --> 00:34:43,213 PERHAPS PROTRUSION OR AS I SAID 980 00:34:43,213 --> 00:34:44,748 MAYBE A BOLLARD STICKING OUT IN 981 00:34:44,748 --> 00:34:47,918 THE MIDDLE OF THE SPACE. 982 00:34:47,918 --> 00:34:53,457 SUGGESTS THE SUBICULUM ENCODING 983 00:34:53,457 --> 00:34:54,892 GEOMETRIC FEATURES COULD BE A 984 00:34:54,892 --> 00:34:56,426 PIECE FOR BUILDING A COGNITIVE 985 00:34:56,426 --> 00:34:58,662 MAP OF THE ENVIRONMENT, REALLY 986 00:34:58,662 --> 00:35:01,365 NICE AND JUST GIVES US AN IDEA 987 00:35:01,365 --> 00:35:03,000 ABOUT HOW SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT 988 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:04,868 MIGHT BE RECONSTRUCTED BASED ON 989 00:35:04,868 --> 00:35:07,271 THESE DIFFERENT FEATURES, REALLY 990 00:35:07,271 --> 00:35:09,773 BEAUTIFULLY ELEGANT WORK FROM 991 00:35:09,773 --> 00:35:14,678 THE GIACOMA GROUP. 992 00:35:14,678 --> 00:35:15,112 OKAY. 993 00:35:15,112 --> 00:35:17,648 SO, HERE'S A STUDY OUT OF OUR 994 00:35:17,648 --> 00:35:18,515 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND 995 00:35:18,515 --> 00:35:21,585 HUMANS PORTFOLIO. 996 00:35:21,585 --> 00:35:26,189 THIS WAS LED BY ANGELYNE, SID, 997 00:35:26,189 --> 00:35:31,228 EVELYNE AND ZEB WILLIAMS AT MGH. 998 00:35:31,228 --> 00:35:36,266 WE CAN ALL APPRECIATE HUMANS CAN 999 00:35:36,266 --> 00:35:37,901 EXACT NUANCED MEANING FROM 1000 00:35:37,901 --> 00:35:39,202 LANGUAGE, BUT THE VARIATION, 1001 00:35:39,202 --> 00:35:41,672 SEMANTICS IN THE BRAIN, AT THE 1002 00:35:41,672 --> 00:35:43,707 SEMINAL LEVEL, AND AT THE TIME 1003 00:35:43,707 --> 00:35:48,312 SCALE OF ACTION POTENTIALS WHICH 1004 00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:49,613 WE'RE SPEAKING AND HEARING 1005 00:35:49,613 --> 00:35:53,584 REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. 1006 00:35:53,584 --> 00:35:54,985 THIS BUILDING ON EARLIER WORK 1007 00:35:54,985 --> 00:35:58,088 BACK IN THE DAY USING fMRI TO 1008 00:35:58,088 --> 00:35:59,523 SHOW AREAS OF SEMANTIC 1009 00:35:59,523 --> 00:36:01,058 REPRESENTATIONS IN THE BRAIN. 1010 00:36:01,058 --> 00:36:02,826 NOW IT'S BEING BROUGHT DOWN TO 1011 00:36:02,826 --> 00:36:05,996 THE SINGLE CELL LEVEL. 1012 00:36:05,996 --> 00:36:08,932 SO USING MICROARRAY, 1013 00:36:08,932 --> 00:36:10,901 NEUROPIXELS, HIGH DENSITY 1014 00:36:10,901 --> 00:36:11,568 RECORDINGS, AWAKE INTRAOPERATIVE 1015 00:36:11,568 --> 00:36:16,306 PATIENTS CONSTRUCT MAPS OF 1016 00:36:16,306 --> 00:36:17,908 REALTIME LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 1017 00:36:17,908 --> 00:36:19,876 ACROSS THE POSTERIOR MID-FRONTAL 1018 00:36:19,876 --> 00:36:22,713 GYRUS AND SHOWED REALLY VERY 1019 00:36:22,713 --> 00:36:24,915 ROBUST ACTIVITY OF SEMANTIC 1020 00:36:24,915 --> 00:36:26,883 REPRESENTATIONS OF NEURONS TO 1021 00:36:26,883 --> 00:36:30,187 BROAD CATEGORIES OF WORD 1022 00:36:30,187 --> 00:36:31,622 MEANING. 1023 00:36:31,622 --> 00:36:34,324 THEY CAN SHOW USING UNSTRUCTURED 1024 00:36:34,324 --> 00:36:38,829 WORD LIST TO DISTINGUISH THESE 1025 00:36:38,829 --> 00:36:39,796 FROM OTHER INPUTS, AND WHAT THEY 1026 00:36:39,796 --> 00:36:42,432 ARE ABLE TO FIND IS THAT THEY 1027 00:36:42,432 --> 00:36:44,101 CAN PROJECT THESE NEURONAL 1028 00:36:44,101 --> 00:36:46,036 TUNING TO HIGHER DIMENSIONAL 1029 00:36:46,036 --> 00:36:48,572 SPACE THAT REVEALS HIERARCHICAL 1030 00:36:48,572 --> 00:36:48,905 ORGANIZATION. 1031 00:36:48,905 --> 00:36:51,742 SO THESE FINDINGS ARE REALLY 1032 00:36:51,742 --> 00:36:54,044 COOL, FINELY DETAILED CORTICAL 1033 00:36:54,044 --> 00:36:55,879 ORGANIZATION OF SEMANTIC 1034 00:36:55,879 --> 00:36:56,880 REPRESENTATIONS AT THE 1035 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:57,681 SINGLE-CELL LEVEL, MIND BLOWING, 1036 00:36:57,681 --> 00:36:59,850 BEGINS TO SHOW US ABOUT THE 1037 00:36:59,850 --> 00:37:01,618 CELLULAR LEVEL PROCESSING OF 1038 00:37:01,618 --> 00:37:03,253 MEANING OF LANGUAGE 1039 00:37:03,253 --> 00:37:04,021 COMPREHENSION, SO THIS IS, I 1040 00:37:04,021 --> 00:37:05,622 DON'T KNOW, TEN YEARS AGO WOULD 1041 00:37:05,622 --> 00:37:06,857 WE IMAGINE WE WOULD BE ABLE TO 1042 00:37:06,857 --> 00:37:07,958 GET THIS KIND OF INFORMATION? 1043 00:37:07,958 --> 00:37:08,625 I THINK NOT. 1044 00:37:08,625 --> 00:37:12,129 THIS IS REALLY SHOWING US WHAT 1045 00:37:12,129 --> 00:37:14,197 CAN BE DONE WITH NOT JUST 1046 00:37:14,197 --> 00:37:18,902 TECHNOLOGY BUT WITH REALLY 1047 00:37:18,902 --> 00:37:19,770 SOPHISTICATED ANALYSIS AND 1048 00:37:19,770 --> 00:37:21,505 DESIGNING A CLEVER EXPERIMENT. 1049 00:37:21,505 --> 00:37:25,108 SO STAY TUNED FOR THAT. 1050 00:37:25,108 --> 00:37:25,742 OKAY. 1051 00:37:25,742 --> 00:37:28,178 SO THE FINAL HIGHLIGHT I WANT TO 1052 00:37:28,178 --> 00:37:29,846 GO OVER WITH YOU, JUST CAME OUT. 1053 00:37:29,846 --> 00:37:33,316 THIS IS A STUDY FROM THE BRAIN 1054 00:37:33,316 --> 00:37:34,518 GATE CONSORTIUM. 1055 00:37:34,518 --> 00:37:37,821 THIS PRESENT STUDY WAS FUNDED BY 1056 00:37:37,821 --> 00:37:40,157 A SERIES OF GRANTS BY OUR 1057 00:37:40,157 --> 00:37:40,957 COLLEAGUES AT THE NATIONAL 1058 00:37:40,957 --> 00:37:42,959 INSTITUTE ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER 1059 00:37:42,959 --> 00:37:44,361 COMMUNICATION DISORDERS BUT I'LL 1060 00:37:44,361 --> 00:37:47,197 NOTE MUCH OF THE BRAIN GATE 1061 00:37:47,197 --> 00:37:48,765 TECHNOLOGIES WAS SUPPORTED BY 1062 00:37:48,765 --> 00:37:50,233 EARLY INVESTMENTS BY "BRAIN" SO 1063 00:37:50,233 --> 00:37:54,237 WE'RE VERY PROUD TO SEE THIS 1064 00:37:54,237 --> 00:37:56,873 GREAT SEAMLESS TRANSITION FROM 1065 00:37:56,873 --> 00:37:58,608 EARLY STAGE DEVELOPMENT BY 1066 00:37:58,608 --> 00:38:00,143 "BRAIN," THERE'S ALSO SUPPORT 1067 00:38:00,143 --> 00:38:01,912 FROM DARPA AND NSF AS IT MOVES 1068 00:38:01,912 --> 00:38:05,315 THROUGH INTO THE I.C.-SPECIFIC 1069 00:38:05,315 --> 00:38:06,950 MISSION. 1070 00:38:06,950 --> 00:38:13,490 NOW, HERE THEY HAVE DEVELOPED A 1071 00:38:13,490 --> 00:38:16,359 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE, SPEECH 1072 00:38:16,359 --> 00:38:16,827 PROSTHESIS. 1073 00:38:16,827 --> 00:38:18,895 I'VE HIGHLIGHTED SIMILAR THINGS 1074 00:38:18,895 --> 00:38:24,468 FROM VARIOUS GROUPS INCLUDING 1075 00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:28,305 BRAIN GATE SHOWING BCI, BRAIN TO 1076 00:38:28,305 --> 00:38:29,706 TEXT, BRAIN TO SPEECH. 1077 00:38:29,706 --> 00:38:31,374 THE RUB WITH THESE TECHNOLOGIES 1078 00:38:31,374 --> 00:38:33,543 THEY ARE STILL -- THIS IS STILL 1079 00:38:33,543 --> 00:38:35,212 A ONE-OFF BUT REQUIRE A LOT OF 1080 00:38:35,212 --> 00:38:35,979 TRAINING. 1081 00:38:35,979 --> 00:38:38,381 SO WE HAVE PATIENTS, HUMAN 1082 00:38:38,381 --> 00:38:41,318 BEINGS, THAT FOR VARIOUS REASONS 1083 00:38:41,318 --> 00:38:42,119 CANNOT COMMUNICATE, WHETHER 1084 00:38:42,119 --> 00:38:45,922 BECAUSE OF PARALYSIS DUE TO ALS, 1085 00:38:45,922 --> 00:38:47,691 SPINAL CORD INJURY, STROKE, 1086 00:38:47,691 --> 00:38:48,525 OTHER INJURIES, AND THEY ARE 1087 00:38:48,525 --> 00:38:52,162 LOCKED IN, A HORRIBLE CONDITION 1088 00:38:52,162 --> 00:38:54,331 TO BE N THEY WOULD GIVE ANYTHING 1089 00:38:54,331 --> 00:38:57,601 TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH 1090 00:38:57,601 --> 00:38:59,503 LOVED ONES, PART OF THEIR LIVES 1091 00:38:59,503 --> 00:39:01,371 BACK. 1092 00:39:01,371 --> 00:39:02,339 IF THIS REQUIRES EXTENSTIONIVE 1093 00:39:02,339 --> 00:39:03,206 STRANGE EVERY TIME YOU WANT TO 1094 00:39:03,206 --> 00:39:06,276 USE THIS IT'S GOING TO BE A BIG 1095 00:39:06,276 --> 00:39:08,378 BARRIER FOR DISSEMINATION. 1096 00:39:08,378 --> 00:39:11,782 SO, THE AMAZING THING HERE IS 1097 00:39:11,782 --> 00:39:15,051 THIS GROUP BY IMPLANTING FOUR 1098 00:39:15,051 --> 00:39:18,555 BASICICALLY UTAH ARRAYS IN THIS 1099 00:39:18,555 --> 00:39:19,956 ONE SUBJECT'S MOTOR CORTEX OVER 1100 00:39:19,956 --> 00:39:21,825 THE SPEECH AREAS, THEY WERE ABLE 1101 00:39:21,825 --> 00:39:23,360 TO BUILD A DECODER. 1102 00:39:23,360 --> 00:39:25,962 WE LEARNED A LOT ABOUT 1103 00:39:25,962 --> 00:39:27,731 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND 1104 00:39:27,731 --> 00:39:28,398 NEURONAL NETWORKS, INVOLVED 1105 00:39:28,398 --> 00:39:31,368 HERE, YOU CAN SEE ON THE BOTTOM, 1106 00:39:31,368 --> 00:39:35,071 TO READ OUT THE BRAIN ACTIVITY 1107 00:39:35,071 --> 00:39:39,376 AS THIS HUMAN RESEARCH PARTNER 1108 00:39:39,376 --> 00:39:43,280 IS TRYING TO SPEAK, AND PUTTING 1109 00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:44,281 THAT THROUGH SPEECH SYNTHESIZER 1110 00:39:44,281 --> 00:39:46,917 THAT INVOLVES, THIS IS THE CRAZY 1111 00:39:46,917 --> 00:39:50,320 PART, THEY TOOK VIDEO RECORDINGS 1112 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:53,390 OF HIM BEFORE HE WAS UNABLE TO 1113 00:39:53,390 --> 00:39:55,025 SPEAK, HAVE THE SPEECH 1114 00:39:55,025 --> 00:39:56,893 SYNTHESIZER SPEAK IN HIS OWN 1115 00:39:56,893 --> 00:39:57,093 VOICE. 1116 00:39:57,093 --> 00:39:58,195 THIS IS AMAZING. 1117 00:39:58,195 --> 00:40:02,232 THIS IS HOW AMAZING IT REALLY 1118 00:40:02,232 --> 00:40:02,799 IS. 1119 00:40:02,799 --> 00:40:06,636 SO, THEY IMPLANTED THE 1120 00:40:06,636 --> 00:40:07,838 ELECTRODES, ABOUT 29 DAYS, 25 1121 00:40:07,838 --> 00:40:10,440 DAYS POST-OP, DID THE FIRST TEST 1122 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,510 AND JUST GAVE HIM 50 WORDS ON A 1123 00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:15,712 SCREEN TO LITERALLY READ BACK. 1124 00:40:15,712 --> 00:40:19,983 AND IN THE FIRST SESSION, THEY 1125 00:40:19,983 --> 00:40:21,218 HIT ALMOST 100% ACCURACY. 1126 00:40:21,218 --> 00:40:25,522 CRAZY, RIGHT? 1127 00:40:25,522 --> 00:40:28,725 OVER THE NEXT 1.4 HOURS, 1.4 1128 00:40:28,725 --> 00:40:30,460 HOURS, THE NEXT SESSION THEY 1129 00:40:30,460 --> 00:40:34,831 WERE ABLE TO EXPAND VOCABULARY 1130 00:40:34,831 --> 00:40:39,202 SIGNIFICANTLY, RIGHT? 1131 00:40:39,202 --> 00:40:44,808 AND OVER BASICALLY TO GET 97 -- 1132 00:40:44,808 --> 00:40:45,675 90+% ACCURACY, 95% ACCURACY 1133 00:40:45,675 --> 00:40:53,450 ALMOST RIGHT OFF THE BAT, OKAY? 1134 00:40:53,450 --> 00:40:55,418 125,000-WORD VOCABULARY, WITH 1135 00:40:55,418 --> 00:40:56,720 FURTHER TRAINING OUT TO 16 HOURS 1136 00:40:56,720 --> 00:40:59,890 OF TRAINING, JUST 16 HOURS OF 1137 00:40:59,890 --> 00:41:04,194 TRAINING, HE STABILIZED AT 97% 1138 00:41:04,194 --> 00:41:07,764 ACCURACY, AT 32 WORDS PER 1139 00:41:07,764 --> 00:41:10,533 MINUTE, 125,000-WORD VOCABULARY. 1140 00:41:10,533 --> 00:41:12,135 THIS RIVALS THE SPEECH TO TEXT 1141 00:41:12,135 --> 00:41:13,570 CONVERSION THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE 1142 00:41:13,570 --> 00:41:15,572 ON YOUR PHONE, QUITE REMARKABLE. 1143 00:41:15,572 --> 00:41:19,743 SO I WANT TO SHOW YOU TWO QUICK 1144 00:41:19,743 --> 00:41:20,710 VIDEOS, AND LITTLE WARNING HERE, 1145 00:41:20,710 --> 00:41:24,347 IF YOU HAVE A BOX OF TISSUES OR 1146 00:41:24,347 --> 00:41:25,548 HANDKERCHIEF GET THEM CLOSE BY. 1147 00:41:25,548 --> 00:41:27,217 THIS IS MOVING. 1148 00:41:27,217 --> 00:41:30,053 THE FIRST CLIP I'LL SHOW YOU IS 1149 00:41:30,053 --> 00:41:33,990 THE PARTICIPANT, THE RESEARCH 1150 00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:35,058 PARTNER, ON THE FIRST TRIAL 1151 00:41:35,058 --> 00:41:36,726 WHERE THEY SAID TRY READING 1152 00:41:36,726 --> 00:41:37,494 THESE 50 WORDS. 1153 00:41:37,494 --> 00:41:39,129 THEY HAD TO STOP THE TRIAL 1154 00:41:39,129 --> 00:41:40,997 BECAUSE EVERYBODY BROKE DOWN IN 1155 00:41:40,997 --> 00:41:41,731 TEARS, INCLUDING THE 1156 00:41:41,731 --> 00:41:42,198 INVESTIGATORS. 1157 00:41:42,198 --> 00:41:44,167 AND THEN IN THE SECOND CLIP A 1158 00:41:44,167 --> 00:41:46,236 LITTLE BIT OF COMMENTARY BUT 1159 00:41:46,236 --> 00:41:49,072 YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR HIM SPEAK 1160 00:41:49,072 --> 00:41:49,940 THROUGH THE SPEECH SYNTHESIZER, 1161 00:41:49,940 --> 00:41:52,042 SOUNDS LIKE IT'S A NARRATION 1162 00:41:52,042 --> 00:41:55,211 OVER THE VIDEO BUT IT'S THE -- 1163 00:41:55,211 --> 00:41:57,380 IT'S MR. HAROLD ACTUALLY 1164 00:41:57,380 --> 00:41:58,682 SPEAKING THROUGH THIS SPEECH 1165 00:41:58,682 --> 00:42:02,786 SYNTHESIZER, AND HE WAS ACTUALLY 1166 00:42:02,786 --> 00:42:05,588 ABLE TO CONDUCT HIS WORK, HIS 1167 00:42:05,588 --> 00:42:07,691 WORK, HIS PROFESSIONAL WORK, 1168 00:42:07,691 --> 00:42:09,426 THROUGH ZOOM MEETINGS WITH THE 1169 00:42:09,426 --> 00:42:09,826 SYNTHESIZER. 1170 00:42:09,826 --> 00:42:10,760 HOPEFULLY THE SOUND WILL WORK. 1171 00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:12,295 IF IT DOESN'T SOMEBODY SCREAM 1172 00:42:12,295 --> 00:42:16,599 AND I'LL REBOOT IT. 1173 00:42:16,599 --> 00:42:16,900 OKAY, READY? 1174 00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:17,467 ♪ 1175 00:42:17,467 --> 00:42:19,469 >> A LOT OF THE DEMONSTRATIONS 1176 00:42:19,469 --> 00:42:21,738 OF BCI TECHNOLOGY OVER THE PAST 1177 00:42:21,738 --> 00:42:23,373 FEW DECADES TOOK WEEKS OR MONTHS 1178 00:42:23,373 --> 00:42:24,207 TO GET WORKING. 1179 00:42:24,207 --> 00:42:25,842 THE FIRST TIME HE TRIED TO USE 1180 00:42:25,842 --> 00:42:30,313 THE SYSTEM IT JUST WORKED. 1181 00:42:30,313 --> 00:42:30,613 OKAY. 1182 00:42:30,613 --> 00:42:30,814 READY? 1183 00:42:30,814 --> 00:42:32,816 THAT FIRST TIME HE TRIED TO 1184 00:42:32,816 --> 00:42:35,418 SPEAK AND THAT WORD APPEARED ON 1185 00:42:35,418 --> 00:42:42,025 THE SCREEN ... 1186 00:42:42,025 --> 00:42:43,360 HE STARTED CRYING, I STARTED 1187 00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:45,729 CRYING, HIS FAMILY STARTED 1188 00:42:45,729 --> 00:42:46,529 CRYING. 1189 00:42:46,529 --> 00:42:48,698 BASICALLY EVERYONE, WE HAD TO 1190 00:42:48,698 --> 00:42:51,668 PAUSE, STOPPED THE REST OF THAT 1191 00:42:51,668 --> 00:42:53,203 BLOCK OF EXPERIMENT TRIALS, 1192 00:42:53,203 --> 00:42:53,737 COMPOSED THEMSELVES. 1193 00:42:53,737 --> 00:42:55,372 ALL RIGHT, LET'S DO IT AGAIN. 1194 00:42:55,372 --> 00:42:57,007 IT KEPT WORKING. 1195 00:42:57,007 --> 00:42:59,142 SO, YEAH, IT WAS REALLY SPECIAL, 1196 00:42:59,142 --> 00:43:02,178 A SPECIAL MOMENT. 1197 00:43:02,178 --> 00:43:02,345 ♪ 1198 00:43:02,345 --> 00:43:05,081 PEOPLE WHO DO NOT HAVE THE 1199 00:43:05,081 --> 00:43:07,417 ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WELL OR 1200 00:43:07,417 --> 00:43:08,852 QUICKLY ARE ISOLATED AND LONELY. 1201 00:43:08,852 --> 00:43:10,620 THIS WILL GIVE THEM HOPE AND 1202 00:43:10,620 --> 00:43:12,422 OPPORTUNITY TO BE MORE OF 1203 00:43:12,422 --> 00:43:12,722 THEMSELVES. 1204 00:43:12,722 --> 00:43:15,091 >> WE'RE AT A POINT WHERE IT 1205 00:43:15,091 --> 00:43:16,760 DOES WORK WELL ENOUGH THAT IT 1206 00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:18,695 LETS HIM BE A PART OF SOCIETY 1207 00:43:18,695 --> 00:43:19,562 AND TO TALK. 1208 00:43:19,562 --> 00:43:21,765 >> I AM ABLE TO STILL WORK FULL 1209 00:43:21,765 --> 00:43:23,266 TIME FOR CLIMATE ACTION, AND I'M 1210 00:43:23,266 --> 00:43:25,902 ABLE TO DO THAT WELL AND MORE 1211 00:43:25,902 --> 00:43:29,639 EFFICIENTLY WITH THIS DEVICE. 1212 00:43:29,639 --> 00:43:30,440 >> IT'S SO TRANSFORMATIVE 1213 00:43:30,440 --> 00:43:32,042 BECAUSE IT PROVIDES HOPE FOR 1214 00:43:32,042 --> 00:43:34,644 PEOPLE LIVING WITH THESE KINDS 1215 00:43:34,644 --> 00:43:37,180 OF DISEASES THAT AS THEY FACE 1216 00:43:37,180 --> 00:43:39,482 THEIR DISEASE, THEY KNOW THAT 1217 00:43:39,482 --> 00:43:41,885 THEY WILL HOPEFULLY HAVE THE 1218 00:43:41,885 --> 00:43:44,454 ABILITY TO RETAIN COMMUNICATION. 1219 00:43:44,454 --> 00:43:54,531 ♪ 1220 00:43:55,799 --> 00:43:59,269 >> SEE DR. - SO WE HAVE A LONG 1221 00:43:59,269 --> 00:44:01,571 WAY TO GO TO GET THESE 1222 00:44:01,571 --> 00:44:02,772 TECHNOLOGIES TO GIVE THEIR LIVES 1223 00:44:02,772 --> 00:44:04,641 BACK BUT ABILITY TO ESTABLISH 1224 00:44:04,641 --> 00:44:06,843 THESE IS LITERALLY PLUG AND PLAY 1225 00:44:06,843 --> 00:44:08,144 DEVICES I THINK IS A CRITICAL 1226 00:44:08,144 --> 00:44:10,680 FIRST STEP TOWARD THAT GOAL. 1227 00:44:10,680 --> 00:44:12,082 SO I'LL LEAVE IT AT THAT. 1228 00:44:12,082 --> 00:44:14,617 YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT US AT THE 1229 00:44:14,617 --> 00:44:15,285 USUAL PLACES. 1230 00:44:15,285 --> 00:44:25,862 AND I'M HAPPY TO TAKE QUESTIONS 1231 00:44:34,404 --> 00:44:41,945 >> NOT SEEING ANY HANDS YET. 1232 00:44:41,945 --> 00:44:43,813 >> AND I'M NOT CRYING, I DON'T 1233 00:44:43,813 --> 00:44:54,524 KNOW IF ANYBODY ELSE MIGHT BE. 1234 00:44:54,524 --> 00:44:56,626 >> OKAY, MAYBE WE SHOULD GO ON 1235 00:44:56,626 --> 00:44:59,329 TO GET THE UPDATE ON THE 1236 00:44:59,329 --> 00:45:01,865 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP. 1237 00:45:01,865 --> 00:45:04,267 CHRISTINE GRADY, ARE YOU HERE? 1238 00:45:04,267 --> 00:45:05,802 THERE SHE IS. 1239 00:45:05,802 --> 00:45:08,738 >> I AM HERE. 1240 00:45:08,738 --> 00:45:09,038 >> RIGHT. 1241 00:45:09,038 --> 00:45:12,675 >> I MIGHT BE CRYING THOUGH. 1242 00:45:12,675 --> 00:45:13,376 >> YEAH. 1243 00:45:13,376 --> 00:45:16,513 >> THAT WAS INCREDIBLY 1244 00:45:16,513 --> 00:45:16,813 IMPRESSIVE. 1245 00:45:16,813 --> 00:45:18,815 HOPE AND OPPORTUNITY. 1246 00:45:18,815 --> 00:45:20,083 SO, I'M CHRISTINE GRADY, I'M 1247 00:45:20,083 --> 00:45:23,186 HERE TO GIVE A SHORT REPORT ON 1248 00:45:23,186 --> 00:45:24,821 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP. 1249 00:45:24,821 --> 00:45:26,923 I'VE HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF 1250 00:45:26,923 --> 00:45:30,860 CO-CHAIRING THAT GROUP FOR 1251 00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:31,494 SEVERAL YEARS. 1252 00:45:31,494 --> 00:45:33,596 FOR THOSE NEW TODAY I'LL GIVE 1253 00:45:33,596 --> 00:45:35,999 TWO SECONDS OF WHAT THE 1254 00:45:35,999 --> 00:45:37,300 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IS, 1255 00:45:37,300 --> 00:45:39,302 IT'S ABOUT TEN PEOPLE, SOME OF 1256 00:45:39,302 --> 00:45:40,703 WHOM ARE ON THIS CALL AND CAN 1257 00:45:40,703 --> 00:45:46,476 CORRECT ANYTHING I SAY THAT'S 1258 00:45:46,476 --> 00:45:48,578 NOT CORRECT. 1259 00:45:48,578 --> 00:45:49,879 I CO-CHAIR WITH DR. NITA 1260 00:45:49,879 --> 00:45:51,080 FARAHANY FROM DUKE, WE MIGHT 1261 00:45:51,080 --> 00:45:53,383 TWICE A YEAR, JANUARY AND 1262 00:45:53,383 --> 00:45:56,352 AUGUST, TOPICAL WORKSHOPS WHEN 1263 00:45:56,352 --> 00:45:56,653 APPROPRIATE. 1264 00:45:56,653 --> 00:45:59,522 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IS 1265 00:45:59,522 --> 00:46:00,857 CHARGED WITH IDENTIFYING ETHICAL 1266 00:46:00,857 --> 00:46:02,358 CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OR 1267 00:46:02,358 --> 00:46:04,994 APPLICATION OF BRAIN RESEARCH 1268 00:46:04,994 --> 00:46:06,262 AND ANTICIPATING AND PROVIDING 1269 00:46:06,262 --> 00:46:09,065 WAYS FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO 1270 00:46:09,065 --> 00:46:10,800 NAVIGATE THESE CHALLENGES. 1271 00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:13,236 WE CAN PROVIDE ETHICS 1272 00:46:13,236 --> 00:46:13,870 CONSULTATION WHEN APPROPRIATE, 1273 00:46:13,870 --> 00:46:16,906 IDENTIFY QUESTIONS THAT MIGHT BE 1274 00:46:16,906 --> 00:46:18,575 AMENABLE TO NEUROETHICS RESEARCH 1275 00:46:18,575 --> 00:46:21,644 AND PUBLISH GUIDANCE ON KEY 1276 00:46:21,644 --> 00:46:23,913 ETHICAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED 1277 00:46:23,913 --> 00:46:24,480 WITH BRAIN. 1278 00:46:24,480 --> 00:46:26,549 YESTERDAY WE HAD AN EXCITING 1279 00:46:26,549 --> 00:46:29,719 MEETING WHERE WE FOCUSED ON THE 1280 00:46:29,719 --> 00:46:31,154 INTERSECTION OF ARTIFICIAL 1281 00:46:31,154 --> 00:46:32,121 INTELLIGENCE, NEUROSCIENCE, AND 1282 00:46:32,121 --> 00:46:32,655 ETHICS. 1283 00:46:32,655 --> 00:46:35,959 AND WE DID THAT BY EXPLORING TWO 1284 00:46:35,959 --> 00:46:36,726 CASE STUDIES. 1285 00:46:36,726 --> 00:46:38,261 BEFORE WE STARTED THE CASE 1286 00:46:38,261 --> 00:46:40,163 STUDIES WE HAD THREE SPEAKERS 1287 00:46:40,163 --> 00:46:42,632 WHO HELPED US SET THE STAGE. 1288 00:46:42,632 --> 00:46:47,870 DR. JOE MONACO FROM NINDS, DR. 1289 00:46:47,870 --> 00:46:57,513 DORIS TSAO FROM UC-BERKELEY, DR. 1290 00:46:57,513 --> 00:46:59,382 PATRICK MINAULT PROVIDING AN 1291 00:46:59,382 --> 00:47:02,085 OVERVIEW TO HELP US CONSIDER THE 1292 00:47:02,085 --> 00:47:04,821 ETHICAL ISSUES THAT MIGHT COME 1293 00:47:04,821 --> 00:47:05,922 FROM THAT SCIENCE. 1294 00:47:05,922 --> 00:47:10,293 THE FIRST CASE THAT WE HAD WAS A 1295 00:47:10,293 --> 00:47:11,828 DISCUSSION ABOUT DEEP 1296 00:47:11,828 --> 00:47:13,696 PHENOTYPING OF BRAIN DATA IN 1297 00:47:13,696 --> 00:47:15,665 MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHIATRY. 1298 00:47:15,665 --> 00:47:18,034 WE HAD TWO SPEAKERS, DR. JUSTIN 1299 00:47:18,034 --> 00:47:19,936 BAKER FROM HARVARD MEDICAL 1300 00:47:19,936 --> 00:47:20,803 SCHOOL, DISCUSSING HIS ONGOING 1301 00:47:20,803 --> 00:47:26,376 WORK IN WHICH A.I. MODELS TAKE 1302 00:47:26,376 --> 00:47:28,244 AS THEIR DATA INPUT MULTI-MODAL 1303 00:47:28,244 --> 00:47:29,646 MEASUREMENTS OF BRAIN AND 1304 00:47:29,646 --> 00:47:31,514 BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE ALSO IN 1305 00:47:31,514 --> 00:47:33,716 ORDER TO THEN PROVIDE ASSESSMENT 1306 00:47:33,716 --> 00:47:36,753 OF MENTAL HEALTH CONDITION OR 1307 00:47:36,753 --> 00:47:38,855 EVEN PREDICTION OF RESURGENCE OF 1308 00:47:38,855 --> 00:47:43,026 MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS. 1309 00:47:43,026 --> 00:47:48,598 THEN DR. BENJAMIN SILVERMAN FROM 1310 00:47:48,598 --> 00:47:50,566 MGH BRIGHAM PRESENTED AN ETHICS 1311 00:47:50,566 --> 00:47:52,201 CHECK LIST FOR RESEARCHERS DOING 1312 00:47:52,201 --> 00:47:54,837 THIS WORK TO HELP THEM CONSIDER 1313 00:47:54,837 --> 00:47:57,473 THE POTENTIAL CHALLENGES EARLY 1314 00:47:57,473 --> 00:48:00,910 IN THEIR PROCESS, AND THEN 1315 00:48:00,910 --> 00:48:03,913 ANOTHER PROJECT ON THE RETURN OF 1316 00:48:03,913 --> 00:48:06,015 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH RESULTS TO 1317 00:48:06,015 --> 00:48:07,483 PARTICIPANTS IN THESE STUDIES. 1318 00:48:07,483 --> 00:48:10,620 HE MENTIONED SOME OF THE ETHICAL 1319 00:48:10,620 --> 00:48:11,487 CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO 1320 00:48:11,487 --> 00:48:15,325 INFORMED CONSENT IN PSYCHIATRIC 1321 00:48:15,325 --> 00:48:17,393 CARE, PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIAL, 1322 00:48:17,393 --> 00:48:19,696 EQUITY AND ACCESS, ALGORITHMIC 1323 00:48:19,696 --> 00:48:22,332 BIAS, AND RETURN OF RESULTS, AS 1324 00:48:22,332 --> 00:48:24,200 I'VE ALREADY MENTIONED. 1325 00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:25,501 THE SECOND CASE EXAMINED 1326 00:48:25,501 --> 00:48:28,137 GENERATIVE A.I. MODELS ON HUMAN 1327 00:48:28,137 --> 00:48:30,973 BRAIN DATA, AGAIN WE HAD TWO 1328 00:48:30,973 --> 00:48:34,577 SPEAKERS, HEARD FROM DR. KARIN 1329 00:48:34,577 --> 00:48:35,878 JERBI FROM UNIVERSITY OF 1330 00:48:35,878 --> 00:48:37,080 MONTREAL AND CANADIAN BRAIN 1331 00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:40,917 PROJECT PRESENTED A PROOF OF 1332 00:48:40,917 --> 00:48:41,651 PRINCIPLE GENERATIVE MODEL, GPT 1333 00:48:41,651 --> 00:48:44,654 MODEL, THAT US ON AS HUMAN EEG 1334 00:48:44,654 --> 00:48:47,190 DATA AS A TRAINING DATASET IN 1335 00:48:47,190 --> 00:48:51,227 ORDER TO MAKE FUTURE PREDICTIONS 1336 00:48:51,227 --> 00:48:55,164 ABOUT EEG DATA OUTPUT. 1337 00:48:55,164 --> 00:48:56,466 THEN DEBRA MATHEWS FROM JOHNS 1338 00:48:56,466 --> 00:48:58,534 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY RAISED 1339 00:48:58,534 --> 00:48:59,435 POTENTIAL ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1340 00:48:59,435 --> 00:49:00,503 IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE, SOME OF 1341 00:49:00,503 --> 00:49:02,071 THE SAME ISSUES THAT WERE RAISED 1342 00:49:02,071 --> 00:49:05,875 IN THE FIRST CASE BUT ALSO THE 1343 00:49:05,875 --> 00:49:09,245 POTENTIAL FOR BIAS AND 1344 00:49:09,245 --> 00:49:11,013 DOWNSTREAM APPLICATION 1345 00:49:11,013 --> 00:49:11,447 DEVELOPMENT. 1346 00:49:11,447 --> 00:49:12,982 DR. MATTHEWS ALSO GAVE I THOUGHT 1347 00:49:12,982 --> 00:49:17,220 A VERY HELPFUL OVERVIEW OF SOME 1348 00:49:17,220 --> 00:49:18,788 OF THE ONGOING A.I. GOVERNANCE 1349 00:49:18,788 --> 00:49:21,290 AND ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS WHICH ARE 1350 00:49:21,290 --> 00:49:23,259 OUT THERE AND BECOMING MORE 1351 00:49:23,259 --> 00:49:25,128 POPULAR, AND WHICH HELPED TO 1352 00:49:25,128 --> 00:49:26,529 HIGHLIGHT WHAT CURRENTLY EXISTS 1353 00:49:26,529 --> 00:49:30,333 IN THE FIELD AND WHAT'S LEFT AT 1354 00:49:30,333 --> 00:49:32,235 THE NEUROETHICS GROUP MIGHT BE 1355 00:49:32,235 --> 00:49:33,669 ABLE TO MAKE -- HOW THE WORKING 1356 00:49:33,669 --> 00:49:36,939 GROUP MIGHT BE ABLE TO MAKE A 1357 00:49:36,939 --> 00:49:38,374 UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION. 1358 00:49:38,374 --> 00:49:41,110 WE TALKED ABOUT NEXT STEPS FOR 1359 00:49:41,110 --> 00:49:44,480 NEWG, WHICH IS SHORT HAND FOR 1360 00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:47,550 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP. 1361 00:49:47,550 --> 00:49:48,418 AND PARTICULARLY RECOGNIZING THE 1362 00:49:48,418 --> 00:49:51,821 SPEED AT WHICH THE SCIENCE IS 1363 00:49:51,821 --> 00:49:53,990 MOVING, HOW TO SORT OF THINK 1364 00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:54,891 ABOUT CREATING THE ETHICAL 1365 00:49:54,891 --> 00:49:58,694 FRAMEWORKS THAT WILL BE USEFUL 1366 00:49:58,694 --> 00:50:01,564 AS SCIENCE EVOLVES SO RAPIDLY. 1367 00:50:01,564 --> 00:50:02,532 SOME THINGS WE THOUGHT ABOUT 1368 00:50:02,532 --> 00:50:03,966 WHETHER CONSIDER WHAT MIGHT BE 1369 00:50:03,966 --> 00:50:07,069 UNIQUE AT THE INTERSECTION OF 1370 00:50:07,069 --> 00:50:08,771 BRAIN RESEARCH AND A.I., AND 1371 00:50:08,771 --> 00:50:11,107 WHAT MIGHT BE SORT OF PARALLELS 1372 00:50:11,107 --> 00:50:13,910 TO OTHER FIELDS AND OTHER 1373 00:50:13,910 --> 00:50:15,211 ETHICAL GUIDANCE AND FRAMEWORKS 1374 00:50:15,211 --> 00:50:18,848 AND LITERATURE THAT WE HAVE. 1375 00:50:18,848 --> 00:50:21,818 WE TALKED ABOUT QUESTIONS ABOUT 1376 00:50:21,818 --> 00:50:24,086 INSCRUTABILITY AND SCALE, AS THE 1377 00:50:24,086 --> 00:50:25,421 MODELS AND DATASETS CONTINUE 1378 00:50:25,421 --> 00:50:27,490 TENNESSEE CREASE IN SIZE AND 1379 00:50:27,490 --> 00:50:27,790 COMPLEXITY. 1380 00:50:27,790 --> 00:50:30,126 AND THE TRADEOFFS THAT HAVE TO 1381 00:50:30,126 --> 00:50:31,527 BE MADE BETWEEN REQUIREMENTS FOR 1382 00:50:31,527 --> 00:50:35,364 A.I. MODEL AND ITS OUTPUT. 1383 00:50:35,364 --> 00:50:37,333 WE TALKED ABOUT WHAT MIGHT BE 1384 00:50:37,333 --> 00:50:43,573 UNIQUE IN THIS SPACE ABOUT 1385 00:50:43,573 --> 00:50:44,173 ALGORITHMIC BIAS, ESPECIALLY 1386 00:50:44,173 --> 00:50:45,775 THINKING ABOUT WHAT STRATEGIES 1387 00:50:45,775 --> 00:50:48,277 MIGHT BE USED FOR MITIGATING 1388 00:50:48,277 --> 00:50:50,246 SUCH BIAS IN BRAIN DATA TRAINING 1389 00:50:50,246 --> 00:50:50,713 DATA. 1390 00:50:50,713 --> 00:50:52,148 AND IN THE PIPELINE. 1391 00:50:52,148 --> 00:50:55,084 AND THEN WE STARTED TO TALK 1392 00:50:55,084 --> 00:50:56,052 ABOUT WHAT THE NEUROETHICS 1393 00:50:56,052 --> 00:50:57,053 WORKING GROUP MIGHT BE ABLE TO 1394 00:50:57,053 --> 00:51:00,456 DO IN THIS AREA GOING FORWARD, 1395 00:51:00,456 --> 00:51:02,525 INCLUDING MAYBE THINKING ABOUT 1396 00:51:02,525 --> 00:51:05,595 POINTS TO CONSIDER OR GUIDING 1397 00:51:05,595 --> 00:51:06,662 PRINCIPLES, AND INVENTORY OF THE 1398 00:51:06,662 --> 00:51:10,600 A.I. WORK AND A.I. ETHICS WORK 1399 00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:12,568 THAT'S HAPPENING ACROSS THE NIH, 1400 00:51:12,568 --> 00:51:14,203 AND MAYBE A FOCUSED WORKSHOP AT 1401 00:51:14,203 --> 00:51:17,507 SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE. 1402 00:51:17,507 --> 00:51:18,708 WE ALSO RECOGNIZE THERE'S A LOT 1403 00:51:18,708 --> 00:51:20,476 GOING ON IN THIS SPACE, AND SO 1404 00:51:20,476 --> 00:51:23,546 WE WANT TO SORT OF TAKE STOCK OF 1405 00:51:23,546 --> 00:51:25,081 THAT BEFORE WE JUMP IN AND 1406 00:51:25,081 --> 00:51:27,783 REPEAT WHAT OTHERS HAVE DONE. 1407 00:51:27,783 --> 00:51:29,552 SO, THIS MEETING OF COURSE, THE 1408 00:51:29,552 --> 00:51:32,288 MEET WE GO HAD YESTERDAY, 1409 00:51:32,288 --> 00:51:34,590 COMPLEMENTS ONGOING EFFORTS 1410 00:51:34,590 --> 00:51:38,327 INCLUDING THERE WAS A RECENT 1411 00:51:38,327 --> 00:51:43,232 NATIONAL ACADEMIES WORKSHOP ON 1412 00:51:43,232 --> 00:51:46,836 A.I. AND NEUROSCIENCE, A 1413 00:51:46,836 --> 00:51:48,371 FORTHCOMING, NEUROA.I. WORKSHOP 1414 00:51:48,371 --> 00:51:54,076 THAT THE NIH IS COMING ON IN 1415 00:51:54,076 --> 00:51:54,343 NOVEMBER. 1416 00:51:54,343 --> 00:51:55,611 AND THE INTERNATIONAL 1417 00:51:55,611 --> 00:51:57,780 NEUROETHICS MEETING IN THE 1418 00:51:57,780 --> 00:52:00,182 SPRING WILL ALSO BE FOCUSING ON 1419 00:52:00,182 --> 00:52:00,950 A.I., NEUROSCIENCE, ETHICS. 1420 00:52:00,950 --> 00:52:02,818 SO THERE'S A LOT GOING ON IN 1421 00:52:02,818 --> 00:52:03,920 THIS AREA. 1422 00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:07,323 AND WE WANT TO CONTINUE TO BE 1423 00:52:07,323 --> 00:52:08,391 USEFUL IN THIS SPACE AND SO I'M 1424 00:52:08,391 --> 00:52:13,996 SURE YOU'LL HEAR FROM US IN THE 1425 00:52:13,996 --> 00:52:15,631 FUTURE WHAT THE NEWG MIGHT BE 1426 00:52:15,631 --> 00:52:16,766 DOING IN THIS INTERACTION OF 1427 00:52:16,766 --> 00:52:17,934 NEUROSCIENCE AND A.I. 1428 00:52:17,934 --> 00:52:21,103 THAT'S ALL. 1429 00:52:21,103 --> 00:52:24,941 IF ANYBODY HAS ANY -- IN 1430 00:52:24,941 --> 00:52:25,474 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 1431 00:52:25,474 --> 00:52:26,576 MEMBERS HAVE ANYTHING TO ADD, 1432 00:52:26,576 --> 00:52:27,143 PLEASE DO. 1433 00:52:27,143 --> 00:52:28,411 I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY 1434 00:52:28,411 --> 00:52:32,481 QUESTIONS. 1435 00:52:32,481 --> 00:52:34,016 I WILL SAY THE POTENTIAL THAT 1436 00:52:34,016 --> 00:52:35,651 THAT STUDY THAT YOU SHOWED, THE 1437 00:52:35,651 --> 00:52:37,253 LAST STUDY THAT YOU SHOWED, 1438 00:52:37,253 --> 00:52:40,690 JOHN, FOR, YOU KNOW, HELPING 1439 00:52:40,690 --> 00:52:41,791 PEOPLE RAISES SO MUCH PROMISE. 1440 00:52:41,791 --> 00:52:43,125 BUT THERE ARE GOING TO BE 1441 00:52:43,125 --> 00:52:45,094 ETHICAL ISSUES AROUND THAT AS 1442 00:52:45,094 --> 00:52:45,294 WELL. 1443 00:52:45,294 --> 00:52:48,464 THERE ARE. 1444 00:52:48,464 --> 00:52:50,866 >> OH, ABSOLUTELY. 1445 00:52:50,866 --> 00:52:53,302 I MEAN, THERE'S SO MANY, SO, SO 1446 00:52:53,302 --> 00:52:55,938 MANY, INCLUDING ACCESS, RIGHT? 1447 00:52:55,938 --> 00:52:57,673 >> TOTALLY, ACCESS BEING ONE THE 1448 00:52:57,673 --> 00:52:58,774 BIG ONES. 1449 00:52:58,774 --> 00:52:59,041 >> YES. 1450 00:52:59,041 --> 00:53:00,409 BUT THESE ARE GREAT CHALLENGES 1451 00:53:00,409 --> 00:53:02,912 FOR US TO SOLVE ON THE WAY TO 1452 00:53:02,912 --> 00:53:05,214 GETTING THESE THINGS OUT TO HELP 1453 00:53:05,214 --> 00:53:06,849 PEOPLE, YEAH. 1454 00:53:06,849 --> 00:53:08,951 >> ABSOLUTELY. 1455 00:53:08,951 --> 00:53:10,252 THANKS FOR LISTENING TO ME, I'M 1456 00:53:10,252 --> 00:53:11,887 SORRY I DIDN'T HAVE SLIDES LIKE 1457 00:53:11,887 --> 00:53:13,322 JOHN DID. 1458 00:53:13,322 --> 00:53:14,090 FANCY GRAPHICS. 1459 00:53:14,090 --> 00:53:16,058 >> I GOT A MACHINE BEHIND ME 1460 00:53:16,058 --> 00:53:16,258 TOO. 1461 00:53:16,258 --> 00:53:19,462 AND WE JUST HAD THE MEETING 1462 00:53:19,462 --> 00:53:19,762 YESTERDAY. 1463 00:53:19,762 --> 00:53:23,933 THANKS, CHRISTINE AND NINA AND 1464 00:53:23,933 --> 00:53:25,167 SASKIA HENDRIKS ALSO FOR PUTTING 1465 00:53:25,167 --> 00:53:25,701 THIS TOGETHER. 1466 00:53:25,701 --> 00:53:28,971 IT WAS A GREAT AND REVEALING 1467 00:53:28,971 --> 00:53:29,639 SESSION. 1468 00:53:29,639 --> 00:53:31,707 AS WE TALKED ABOUT, IT'S JUST 1469 00:53:31,707 --> 00:53:36,412 GOING TO BE, YOU KNOW, ONE PIECE 1470 00:53:36,412 --> 00:53:39,682 OF OUR GROWING INTEREST, IN A.I. 1471 00:53:39,682 --> 00:53:41,884 AND HOW IT INTERSECTS WITH WHAT 1472 00:53:41,884 --> 00:53:44,954 WE DO IN BRAIN AND NEUROSCIENCE 1473 00:53:44,954 --> 00:53:46,922 MORE GENERALLY AS A 1474 00:53:46,922 --> 00:53:49,792 BIDIRECTIONAL CONCERN. 1475 00:53:49,792 --> 00:53:50,326 OKAY. 1476 00:53:50,326 --> 00:53:50,660 SO LET'S SEE. 1477 00:53:50,660 --> 00:53:52,628 I THINK WE HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF 1478 00:53:52,628 --> 00:53:54,063 TIME IF PEOPLE HAVE QUESTIONS 1479 00:53:54,063 --> 00:53:56,432 EITHER FOR CHRISTINE OR FOR 1480 00:53:56,432 --> 00:53:58,100 MYSELF. 1481 00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:03,239 BEFORE WE MOVE ON TO TIRIN'S 1482 00:54:03,239 --> 00:54:03,572 PRESENTATION. 1483 00:54:03,572 --> 00:54:08,944 ANYBODY? 1484 00:54:08,944 --> 00:54:09,245 OKAY. 1485 00:54:09,245 --> 00:54:11,013 TIRIN, ARE YOU READY FOR YOUR 1486 00:54:11,013 --> 00:54:11,213 TOPIC? 1487 00:54:11,213 --> 00:54:13,649 WHAT WE TRY TO DO AT SOME OF 1488 00:54:13,649 --> 00:54:14,884 THESE MEETINGS IS HAVE A 1489 00:54:14,884 --> 00:54:16,919 SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATION FROM ONE 1490 00:54:16,919 --> 00:54:18,154 OF OUR MCWG MEMBERS, ALL YOU 1491 00:54:18,154 --> 00:54:21,190 FOLKS ARE LEADERS IN YOUR 1492 00:54:21,190 --> 00:54:22,091 RESPECTIVE FIELDS, A GREAT 1493 00:54:22,091 --> 00:54:23,292 OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN ABOUT WHAT 1494 00:54:23,292 --> 00:54:24,360 YOU'RE DOING. 1495 00:54:24,360 --> 00:54:31,067 DR. MOORE IS PROFESSOR OF 1496 00:54:31,067 --> 00:54:32,768 NEUROBIOLOGY, HMMI INVESTIGATOR 1497 00:54:32,768 --> 00:54:34,103 AT STANFORD, THANK YOU FOR ALL 1498 00:54:34,103 --> 00:54:37,206 THAT YOU DO FOR US. 1499 00:54:37,206 --> 00:54:38,407 HIS LAB STUDIES NEURAL 1500 00:54:38,407 --> 00:54:40,376 MECHANISMS OF VISION AND MOTOR 1501 00:54:40,376 --> 00:54:41,677 INTEGRATION, NEURAL BASIS OF 1502 00:54:41,677 --> 00:54:43,212 COGNITION, IN OTHER WORDS 1503 00:54:43,212 --> 00:54:43,612 ATTENTION. 1504 00:54:43,612 --> 00:54:46,515 AND HIS GROUP STUDIES ACTIVITY 1505 00:54:46,515 --> 00:54:51,654 OF SINGLE NEURONS IN VISUAL 1506 00:54:51,654 --> 00:54:53,856 MOTOR STRUCTURES IN THE BRAIN, 1507 00:54:53,856 --> 00:54:55,691 HOW IT AFFECTS PERCEPTION AND 1508 00:54:55,691 --> 00:54:58,861 MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF BEHAVING 1509 00:54:58,861 --> 00:54:59,228 ANIMALS. 1510 00:54:59,228 --> 00:55:00,529 TIRIN, YOU'VE EXPRESSED 1511 00:55:00,529 --> 00:55:01,063 EXCITEMENT ABOUT THE 1512 00:55:01,063 --> 00:55:03,265 POSSIBILITIES NOW THAT THE HIGH 1513 00:55:03,265 --> 00:55:05,234 DENSITY ELECTRODES THAT ALLOW US 1514 00:55:05,234 --> 00:55:06,869 REALLY TO LOOK AT, YOU KNOW, 1515 00:55:06,869 --> 00:55:07,970 TRUE NETWORKS AND ACTIVITY. 1516 00:55:07,970 --> 00:55:09,638 I HOPE YOU'RE GOING TO SHARE 1517 00:55:09,638 --> 00:55:11,607 THAT WITH US. 1518 00:55:11,607 --> 00:55:11,941 >> YES. 1519 00:55:11,941 --> 00:55:12,308 >> EXCELLENT. 1520 00:55:12,308 --> 00:55:13,676 AND HE'S OF COURSE BEEN 1521 00:55:13,676 --> 00:55:15,311 RECOGNIZED FOR HIS MANY 1522 00:55:15,311 --> 00:55:17,947 CONTRIBUTIONS, TOO MANY FOR ME 1523 00:55:17,947 --> 00:55:19,281 TO MENTION HERE, ELECTED MEMBER 1524 00:55:19,281 --> 00:55:21,317 OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 1525 00:55:21,317 --> 00:55:22,651 SCIENCES, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 1526 00:55:22,651 --> 00:55:24,086 MEDICINE, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF 1527 00:55:24,086 --> 00:55:26,722 ARTS AND SCIENCES, GOT HIS 1528 00:55:26,722 --> 00:55:27,590 Ph.D. FROM PRINCETON 1529 00:55:27,590 --> 00:55:29,759 UNIVERSITY, HE'S BAY AREA 1530 00:55:29,759 --> 00:55:32,061 NATIVE, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, AND 1531 00:55:32,061 --> 00:55:34,363 NOW MOVED SOUTH TO STANFORD AND 1532 00:55:34,363 --> 00:55:37,767 GOT HIS POSTDOC AT M.I.T. 1533 00:55:37,767 --> 00:55:45,508 TIRIN, ALL YOURS. 1534 00:55:45,508 --> 00:55:48,210 WE'RE EXCITED TO HEAR ABOUT YOUR 1535 00:55:48,210 --> 00:55:55,618 WORK. 1536 00:55:55,618 --> 00:55:55,885 >> OKAY. 1537 00:55:55,885 --> 00:55:58,654 LET ME SEE IF THIS WORKS. 1538 00:55:58,654 --> 00:56:00,756 YOU SHOULD SEE MY TITLE SLIDE 1539 00:56:00,756 --> 00:56:01,023 HOPEFULLY. 1540 00:56:01,023 --> 00:56:01,824 >> PERFECT, THANK YOU. 1541 00:56:01,824 --> 00:56:02,324 >> OKAY. 1542 00:56:02,324 --> 00:56:04,026 YEAH, ALL RIGHT. 1543 00:56:04,026 --> 00:56:06,762 SO, I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A TOPIC 1544 00:56:06,762 --> 00:56:10,900 THAT MY LAB SORT OF RECENTLY 1545 00:56:10,900 --> 00:56:16,472 KIND OF WANDERED INTO ALMOST 1546 00:56:16,472 --> 00:56:16,806 INADVERTENTLY. 1547 00:56:16,806 --> 00:56:21,610 OOPS, DID I JUST STOP THE SHARE? 1548 00:56:21,610 --> 00:56:22,278 >> YOU DID. 1549 00:56:22,278 --> 00:56:25,347 >> I WAS TRYING TO GET RID OF 1550 00:56:25,347 --> 00:56:27,216 THAT STUPID -- THERE'S THAT ZOOM 1551 00:56:27,216 --> 00:56:29,418 SHARE BUTTON IN MY WAY. 1552 00:56:29,418 --> 00:56:31,487 I COULDN'T SEE. 1553 00:56:31,487 --> 00:56:35,324 DID I -- OKAY. 1554 00:56:35,324 --> 00:56:36,759 >> YOU'RE GOOD. 1555 00:56:36,759 --> 00:56:38,194 DON'T TOUCH ANYTHING. 1556 00:56:38,194 --> 00:56:39,728 >> WHAT WAS THAT? 1557 00:56:39,728 --> 00:56:40,763 >> YOU'RE GOOD, IT'S PERFECT. 1558 00:56:40,763 --> 00:56:44,133 >> , 1559 00:56:44,133 --> 00:56:45,868 >> YEAH, WE WANDERED INTO THIS 1560 00:56:45,868 --> 00:56:47,736 AREA, WORK THAT'S BEEN ENABLED 1561 00:56:47,736 --> 00:56:50,773 BY RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE 1562 00:56:50,773 --> 00:56:52,441 SCALE HIGH DENSITY NEURAL 1563 00:56:52,441 --> 00:56:53,742 RECORDINGS IN PRIMATES AND 1564 00:56:53,742 --> 00:56:55,945 MONKEYS, AS JOHN ALLUDED TO, 1565 00:56:55,945 --> 00:56:59,215 I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT AND ABOUT 1566 00:56:59,215 --> 00:57:04,687 HOW IT ENABLES TO ADDRESS 1567 00:57:04,687 --> 00:57:05,454 FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES NEW 1568 00:57:05,454 --> 00:57:06,422 NEUROSCIENCE. 1569 00:57:06,422 --> 00:57:06,755 RIGHT. 1570 00:57:06,755 --> 00:57:10,893 SO THE TOPIC CONCERNS THE ROLE 1571 00:57:10,893 --> 00:57:12,561 OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SPATIAL 1572 00:57:12,561 --> 00:57:17,266 MEMORY, TIME I HAVE I WANT TO 1573 00:57:17,266 --> 00:57:19,101 TALK ABOUT LARGE SCALE IN 1574 00:57:19,101 --> 00:57:26,475 MONKEYS AND IN GENERAL, HOW ITS 1575 00:57:26,475 --> 00:57:34,650 ENABLED US TO DO A LOT. 1576 00:57:34,650 --> 00:57:38,153 ABOUT SOME NEW RESULTS ENABLED 1577 00:57:38,153 --> 00:57:39,889 BY RECORDINGS. 1578 00:57:39,889 --> 00:57:44,927 THE CODING OF SPATIAL WORKING 1579 00:57:44,927 --> 00:57:48,097 MEMORY, SO WORKING MEMORY, YOU 1580 00:57:48,097 --> 00:57:49,965 KNOW, ENABLES TEMPORARY STORAGE, 1581 00:57:49,965 --> 00:57:55,104 ET CETERA, CRUCIAL FOR EXECUTION 1582 00:57:55,104 --> 00:57:57,172 OF TASKS. 1583 00:57:57,172 --> 00:57:58,507 NEURONS IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX 1584 00:57:58,507 --> 00:58:00,910 KNOWN TO PLAY A CRITICAL CONTROL 1585 00:58:00,910 --> 00:58:04,313 IN WORKING MEMORY INCLUDING 1586 00:58:04,313 --> 00:58:06,348 SPATIAL, TEMPORARY STORAGE ABOUT 1587 00:58:06,348 --> 00:58:07,116 SPATIAL LOCATIONS. 1588 00:58:07,116 --> 00:58:10,219 THIS IS FROZEN ON ME. 1589 00:58:10,219 --> 00:58:11,086 THAT'S NOT GOOD. 1590 00:58:11,086 --> 00:58:12,021 HERE WE GO. 1591 00:58:12,021 --> 00:58:12,955 OKAY, YEAH. 1592 00:58:12,955 --> 00:58:14,156 ALL RIGHT. 1593 00:58:14,156 --> 00:58:15,991 SO IT'S WELL KNOWN MACAQUE 1594 00:58:15,991 --> 00:58:17,326 MONKEYS IS A GREAT MODEL FOR A 1595 00:58:17,326 --> 00:58:19,495 LOT OF THINGS CERTAINLY THE 1596 00:58:19,495 --> 00:58:23,666 VISUAL SYSTEM BUT FUNDAMENTAL 1597 00:58:23,666 --> 00:58:24,533 BASIC COGNITIVE TASKS. 1598 00:58:24,533 --> 00:58:26,402 THEY ARE GOOD AT PERFORMING THE 1599 00:58:26,402 --> 00:58:28,904 SAME TYPES OF WORKING MEMORY 1600 00:58:28,904 --> 00:58:31,774 TASKS HUMANS FORM, BASIC FORM. 1601 00:58:31,774 --> 00:58:34,610 FOR EXAMPLE, SIMPLEST AND MOST 1602 00:58:34,610 --> 00:58:37,246 WELL KNOWN IS DELAYED RESPONSE 1603 00:58:37,246 --> 00:58:39,982 TASK, SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY 1604 00:58:39,982 --> 00:58:40,182 TASK. 1605 00:58:40,182 --> 00:58:43,819 A TASK THE MONEY FIXES A GAZE 1606 00:58:43,819 --> 00:58:46,021 CENTRALLY, THERE'S A CUE, VISUAL 1607 00:58:46,021 --> 00:58:47,456 CUE, PRESENTED IN SPACE, THE 1608 00:58:47,456 --> 00:58:48,791 ANIMAL HAS TO MEMORIZE DURING A 1609 00:58:48,791 --> 00:58:50,292 DELAY PERIOD AND AT THE END OF 1610 00:58:50,292 --> 00:58:55,431 THE PERIOD HAS TO RENDER A 1611 00:58:55,431 --> 00:58:57,299 RESPONSE, IN THIS CASE OCULAR TO 1612 00:58:57,299 --> 00:59:00,336 INDICATE WHERE THE CUE USED TO 1613 00:59:00,336 --> 00:59:00,903 BE. 1614 00:59:00,903 --> 00:59:02,871 EXPLOITING THIS WELL ESTABLISHED 1615 00:59:02,871 --> 00:59:04,273 PARADIGM WE LEVERAGED BENEFITS 1616 00:59:04,273 --> 00:59:06,375 OF LARGE SCALE NEURAL 1617 00:59:06,375 --> 00:59:07,142 RECORDINGS, TO ADDRESS 1618 00:59:07,142 --> 00:59:08,777 LONGSTANDING QUESTION REGARDING 1619 00:59:08,777 --> 00:59:11,180 NEURAL BASIS OF SHORT-TERM 1620 00:59:11,180 --> 00:59:12,414 WORKING MEMORY, SPECIFICALLY WE 1621 00:59:12,414 --> 00:59:17,019 TRIED TO RECONCILE TWO COMPETING 1622 00:59:17,019 --> 00:59:18,420 MECHANISTIC MODELS OF WORKING 1623 00:59:18,420 --> 00:59:18,887 MEMORY. 1624 00:59:18,887 --> 00:59:20,522 WHAT ARE THEY? 1625 00:59:20,522 --> 00:59:23,158 FIRST MODEL IS THE TEXT BOOK 1626 00:59:23,158 --> 00:59:25,561 MODEL, THE SPIKING MODEL FOR 1627 00:59:25,561 --> 00:59:25,861 SIMPLICITY. 1628 00:59:25,861 --> 00:59:27,529 IN THIS KALES INFORMATION HELD 1629 00:59:27,529 --> 00:59:28,597 IN WORKING MEMORY STOREDDED BY 1630 00:59:28,597 --> 00:59:30,599 SPIKING ACTIVITY OF NEURONS 1631 00:59:30,599 --> 00:59:31,467 ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR 1632 00:59:31,467 --> 00:59:33,335 MEMORY CUE. 1633 00:59:33,335 --> 00:59:34,737 SO THE CUE. 1634 00:59:34,737 --> 00:59:36,372 SO THE SPATIAL CUE IN THE 1635 00:59:36,372 --> 00:59:37,139 PREVIOUS EXAMPLE. 1636 00:59:37,139 --> 00:59:38,807 SO, FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF 1637 00:59:38,807 --> 00:59:42,177 QUIESCENCE AT THE BEGINNING OF 1638 00:59:42,177 --> 00:59:45,114 EACH BEHAVIORAL TRIAL THE MEMORY 1639 00:59:45,114 --> 00:59:48,617 CUE EVOKES A PATTERN OF ACTIVITY 1640 00:59:48,617 --> 00:59:50,285 AMONG NETWORK OF NEURONS, TRULY 1641 00:59:50,285 --> 00:59:51,920 DEPICTED IN THIS CARTOON HERE. 1642 00:59:51,920 --> 00:59:53,555 AND DURING THE MEMORY DELAY 1643 00:59:53,555 --> 00:59:55,424 PERIOD THAT ACTIVITY PERSISTS 1644 00:59:55,424 --> 00:59:58,494 AND CONTINUES TO SIGNAL 1645 00:59:58,494 --> 00:59:59,461 MEMORANDUM, MOST OF YOU KNOW, 1646 00:59:59,461 --> 01:00:03,999 MANY OF YOU KNOW AT LEAST, 1647 01:00:03,999 --> 01:00:05,067 PERSISTENT ACTIVITY, PERSISTENT 1648 01:00:05,067 --> 01:00:10,572 DELAY PERIOD OF SPIKING ACTIVITY 1649 01:00:10,572 --> 01:00:11,240 OBSERVED THROUGHOUT MACAQUE 1650 01:00:11,240 --> 01:00:16,345 BRAIN FIRST DESCRIBED IN THE 1651 01:00:16,345 --> 01:00:16,578 '70s. 1652 01:00:16,578 --> 01:00:19,515 IN THE SECOND SORT OF LESS 1653 01:00:19,515 --> 01:00:21,617 WELL-KNOWN MODEL, THE SYNAPTIC 1654 01:00:21,617 --> 01:00:23,552 MODEL, THAT MODEL INFORMATION 1655 01:00:23,552 --> 01:00:27,389 HELD IN WORKING MEMORY STORED BY 1656 01:00:27,389 --> 01:00:29,024 PATTERN OF SHORT-TERM PLASTIC 1657 01:00:29,024 --> 01:00:31,126 CHANGES INITIATED BY PARTICULAR 1658 01:00:31,126 --> 01:00:33,328 MEMORY CUE. 1659 01:00:33,328 --> 01:00:35,197 SO FOLLOWING FIXATION PERIOD IN 1660 01:00:35,197 --> 01:00:37,599 THE PREVIOUS TEST, MEMORY CUE 1661 01:00:37,599 --> 01:00:38,600 EVOKES PATTERN ACTIVITY AMONG 1662 01:00:38,600 --> 01:00:41,870 NETWORK OF NEURONS AS WELL AS 1663 01:00:41,870 --> 01:00:45,474 DISTINCT PATTERN OF SHORT-TERM 1664 01:00:45,474 --> 01:00:48,210 PLASTICITY, BETWEEN THESE NODES, 1665 01:00:48,210 --> 01:00:50,179 WHICH TEMPORARILY AUGMENT 1666 01:00:50,179 --> 01:00:50,579 CONNECTIVITY AMONG 1667 01:00:50,579 --> 01:00:52,047 CUE-ASSOCIATED NEURONS. 1668 01:00:52,047 --> 01:00:53,148 DURING THE MEMORY DELAY PERIOD 1669 01:00:53,148 --> 01:00:56,318 EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY 1670 01:00:56,318 --> 01:00:57,719 PERSISTENT SPIKING ACTIVITY, 1671 01:00:57,719 --> 01:00:58,220 REMEMBERING INFORMATION 1672 01:00:58,220 --> 01:01:00,155 NONETHELESS PERSISTS IN DISTINCT 1673 01:01:00,155 --> 01:01:02,658 PATTERNS OF UNIQUE CONNECTIVITY. 1674 01:01:02,658 --> 01:01:04,393 UNIQUE ENSEMBLES. 1675 01:01:04,393 --> 01:01:05,360 UNLIKE EVIDENCE FOR PERSISTENT 1676 01:01:05,360 --> 01:01:08,130 SPIKING ACTIVITY WHICH IS EASIER 1677 01:01:08,130 --> 01:01:09,431 TO OBSERVE DIRECTLY, EVIDENCE IN 1678 01:01:09,431 --> 01:01:11,500 SUPPORT OF SYNAPTIC MODEL IS 1679 01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:12,601 LESS STRONG. 1680 01:01:12,601 --> 01:01:14,036 HOWEVER, AS WE'LL SEE THERE ARE 1681 01:01:14,036 --> 01:01:16,205 CLEAR ISSUES WITH EVIDENCE FOR 1682 01:01:16,205 --> 01:01:16,872 THE FIRST MODEL. 1683 01:01:16,872 --> 01:01:18,507 ALL RIGHT. 1684 01:01:18,507 --> 01:01:19,808 AS I MENTIONED PERSISTENT 1685 01:01:19,808 --> 01:01:20,909 ACTIVITY HAS BEEN OBSERVED 1686 01:01:20,909 --> 01:01:23,112 DURING THE DELAYED PERIOD OF 1687 01:01:23,112 --> 01:01:24,847 WORKING MEMORY TASK FOR QUITE 1688 01:01:24,847 --> 01:01:26,615 SOME TIME, PRE-FRONT CORTEX IN 1689 01:01:26,615 --> 01:01:27,916 MANY OTHER AREAS. 1690 01:01:27,916 --> 01:01:30,385 FOR EXAMPLE WE CAN MEASURE THE 1691 01:01:30,385 --> 01:01:40,395 ACTIVITY OF NEURONS IN THE 1692 01:01:40,395 --> 01:01:43,132 DLPFC, AND THESE ARE THREE 1693 01:01:43,132 --> 01:01:45,901 EXAMPLE NEURONS RECORDED AT 1694 01:01:45,901 --> 01:01:47,302 LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THIS 1695 01:01:47,302 --> 01:01:48,003 REPRESENTS ACTIVITY FOLLOWING 1696 01:01:48,003 --> 01:01:50,472 PRESENTATION OF ONE OF THE CUES. 1697 01:01:50,472 --> 01:01:51,773 HERE WE HAVE NEURON THAT 1698 01:01:51,773 --> 01:01:53,976 RESPONDS TO THE CUE, AND 1699 01:01:53,976 --> 01:01:55,077 ACTIVITY PERSISTS, DEPENDENT 1700 01:01:55,077 --> 01:01:57,146 UPON WHERE THE CUE WAS, HERE 1701 01:01:57,146 --> 01:01:58,347 THERE'S NO CUE RESPONSE BUT 1702 01:01:58,347 --> 01:02:00,215 STILL ACTIVITY THAT DEPENDS 1703 01:02:00,215 --> 01:02:02,818 WHERE THE CUE WAS. 1704 01:02:02,818 --> 01:02:04,553 HERE MINIMAL RESPONSE BUT CLEAR 1705 01:02:04,553 --> 01:02:06,655 TUNING OF LOCATION OF THE 1706 01:02:06,655 --> 01:02:08,090 REMEMBERED CUE, THAT'S THE 1707 01:02:08,090 --> 01:02:08,457 CLASSIC RESULT. 1708 01:02:08,457 --> 01:02:11,894 AT LEAST THIS IS TRUE IF WE'RE 1709 01:02:11,894 --> 01:02:13,562 LOOKING AT THE ACTIVITY THAT'S 1710 01:02:13,562 --> 01:02:15,864 AVERAGED OVER MANY TRIALS. 1711 01:02:15,864 --> 01:02:17,166 HOWEVER SEVERAL STUDIES NOTED 1712 01:02:17,166 --> 01:02:19,034 DELAYED PERIOD ACTIVITY IS 1713 01:02:19,034 --> 01:02:20,769 NOISIER ON SINGLE TRIALS, CALLS 1714 01:02:20,769 --> 01:02:21,937 INTO QUESTION UTILITY OF 1715 01:02:21,937 --> 01:02:23,505 PERSISTENT SPIKING ACTIVITY AS 1716 01:02:23,505 --> 01:02:29,745 RELIABLE MECHANIC MECHANISM FOR 1717 01:02:29,745 --> 01:02:31,380 MEMORIAL RIP MAINTENANCE. 1718 01:02:31,380 --> 01:02:39,688 EVEN IF THERE ARE MOMENTARY 1719 01:02:39,688 --> 01:02:42,324 LAPSES, COMPENSATES, YOU CAN 1720 01:02:42,324 --> 01:02:44,526 HAVE THE SORT OF, YOU KNOW, 1721 01:02:44,526 --> 01:02:45,928 JOINT OR SORT OF DIFFERENT 1722 01:02:45,928 --> 01:02:47,462 NEURONS COMING ON AND OFF TO 1723 01:02:47,462 --> 01:02:50,966 BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN LAPSES 1724 01:02:50,966 --> 01:02:51,733 BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL NEURONS. 1725 01:02:51,733 --> 01:02:54,336 SO THAT COULD BE TRUE BUT TO 1726 01:02:54,336 --> 01:02:55,237 OBSERVE THAT POSSIBILITY OR RULE 1727 01:02:55,237 --> 01:02:56,872 IT OUT YOU HAVE TO 1728 01:02:56,872 --> 01:02:57,406 SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORD THE 1729 01:02:57,406 --> 01:02:59,942 ACTIVITY OF A LARGE LOCAL 1730 01:02:59,942 --> 01:03:03,145 POPULATION OF NEURONS, IN A 1731 01:03:03,145 --> 01:03:04,980 DIRECTLY MEASURED STABILITY OF 1732 01:03:04,980 --> 01:03:06,081 MEMORANDUM INFORMATION WITHIN 1733 01:03:06,081 --> 01:03:11,453 THAT POPULATION. 1734 01:03:11,453 --> 01:03:12,654 ALL RIGHT. 1735 01:03:12,654 --> 01:03:18,794 SO THERE'S A MAJOR OBSTACLE, THE 1736 01:03:18,794 --> 01:03:19,194 MEASUREMENT GAP. 1737 01:03:19,194 --> 01:03:21,096 WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO MEASURE 1738 01:03:21,096 --> 01:03:22,297 ACTIVITY OF LARGE LOCAL 1739 01:03:22,297 --> 01:03:23,065 POPULATIONS OF NEURONS THAT WE 1740 01:03:23,065 --> 01:03:26,568 NEW ENGLAND ARE -- WE THINK ARE 1741 01:03:26,568 --> 01:03:28,337 INVOLVED IN WORKING MEMORY ON 1742 01:03:28,337 --> 01:03:29,738 SINGLE TRIALS. 1743 01:03:29,738 --> 01:03:32,140 THAT WOULD ALLOW US TO MEASURE 1744 01:03:32,140 --> 01:03:33,909 STABILITY AND PERSISTENCE OF 1745 01:03:33,909 --> 01:03:34,876 MEMORY INFORMATION DURING MEMORY 1746 01:03:34,876 --> 01:03:36,845 DELAY PERIOD. 1747 01:03:36,845 --> 01:03:39,681 ALL RIGHT. 1748 01:03:39,681 --> 01:03:44,519 SO, AMONG THE MANY TOOLS THAT 1749 01:03:44,519 --> 01:03:46,154 ARE AVAILABLE IN NEUROBIOLOGY 1750 01:03:46,154 --> 01:03:48,023 PERHAPS THE ONE MOST READILY 1751 01:03:48,023 --> 01:03:50,759 AVAILABLE AND IDEALLY SUITED FOR 1752 01:03:50,759 --> 01:03:57,199 NON-HUMAN PRIMATE, LARGE SCALE 1753 01:03:57,199 --> 01:04:01,136 HIGH DENSITY EFI DIS 1754 01:04:01,136 --> 01:04:03,772 THE NEUROPIXEL PROBES, 1755 01:04:03,772 --> 01:04:05,874 INTRODUCED EIGHT YEARS AGO. 1756 01:04:05,874 --> 01:04:08,810 THESE PROBES PACK ABOUT A 1757 01:04:08,810 --> 01:04:11,546 THOUSAND CHANNELS PER 1758 01:04:11,546 --> 01:04:14,716 CENTIMETER, THIS IS THE RODENT 1759 01:04:14,716 --> 01:04:20,088 PROBE, 1 CENTIMETER SHANK, A 1760 01:04:20,088 --> 01:04:24,593 THOUSAND CONTACTS, A THIN PROBE, 1761 01:04:24,593 --> 01:04:33,568 DATA REPORTED IN MACAQUE V1. 1762 01:04:33,568 --> 01:04:35,637 THESE ARE THE WAVEFORMS OF 1763 01:04:35,637 --> 01:04:38,140 INDIVIDUAL NEURONS PLOTTED AT 1764 01:04:38,140 --> 01:04:38,907 APPROXIMATED LOCATIONS RELATIVE 1765 01:04:38,907 --> 01:04:41,310 TO CONTACTS OF THE ELECTRODE SO 1766 01:04:41,310 --> 01:04:46,081 THE POINT BEING YOU CAN CAPTURE 1767 01:04:46,081 --> 01:04:53,955 THE -- 1768 01:04:53,955 --> 01:04:56,124 >> TIRIN, WE -- 1769 01:04:56,124 --> 01:04:59,261 >> IN A SMALL VOLUME. 1770 01:04:59,261 --> 01:05:03,732 >> WE'VE BEEN -- YOUR VOICE HAS 1771 01:05:03,732 --> 01:05:06,468 BEEN GLITCHY, DO YOU WANT TO TRY 1772 01:05:06,468 --> 01:05:09,971 WITHOUT YOUR VIDEO ON? 1773 01:05:09,971 --> 01:05:17,846 THAT MIGHT HELP. 1774 01:05:17,846 --> 01:05:18,613 >> SURE. 1775 01:05:18,613 --> 01:05:21,683 >> WE LOST YOUR SCREEN. 1776 01:05:21,683 --> 01:05:23,285 NOW WE LOST YOUR -- 1777 01:05:23,285 --> 01:05:25,854 >> I KNOW. 1778 01:05:25,854 --> 01:05:27,723 >> OKAY. 1779 01:05:27,723 --> 01:05:30,225 >> IS IT BETTER NOW? 1780 01:05:30,225 --> 01:05:31,193 SOUND IS OKAY? 1781 01:05:31,193 --> 01:05:32,094 >> YES. 1782 01:05:32,094 --> 01:05:32,294 HELLO? 1783 01:05:32,294 --> 01:05:36,331 >> YES, CAN YOU HEAR US? 1784 01:05:36,331 --> 01:05:36,531 TIRIN? 1785 01:05:36,531 --> 01:05:39,401 >> OKAY, I CAN HEAR YOU, YEAH. 1786 01:05:39,401 --> 01:05:40,068 SORRY. 1787 01:05:40,068 --> 01:05:40,469 YES? 1788 01:05:40,469 --> 01:05:41,903 >> THE SOUND IS GOOD. 1789 01:05:41,903 --> 01:05:43,905 WE LOST YOUR SCREEN AGAIN. 1790 01:05:43,905 --> 01:05:52,314 >> WI-FI IS SKETCHY. 1791 01:05:52,314 --> 01:05:56,251 >> WE SEE YOUR SLIDES. 1792 01:05:56,251 --> 01:05:57,252 >> OH, WOW. 1793 01:05:57,252 --> 01:05:57,486 >> NO. 1794 01:05:57,486 --> 01:05:59,221 >> OKAY, YOU STILL HEAR ME? 1795 01:05:59,221 --> 01:06:01,857 SORRY, THE WI-FI IS SKETCHY 1796 01:06:01,857 --> 01:06:03,158 WHERE I AM. 1797 01:06:03,158 --> 01:06:03,558 >> OKAY. 1798 01:06:03,558 --> 01:06:04,726 >> LET ME TRY TO -- 1799 01:06:04,726 --> 01:06:07,963 >> WE CAN HEAR YOU NOW AND SEE 1800 01:06:07,963 --> 01:06:08,430 THE SLIDES. 1801 01:06:08,430 --> 01:06:10,832 >> OKAY, ALL RIGHT. 1802 01:06:10,832 --> 01:06:12,267 THANKS A LOT. 1803 01:06:12,267 --> 01:06:16,638 IF IT HAPPENS AGAIN LET ME KNOW. 1804 01:06:16,638 --> 01:06:17,072 >> OKAY. 1805 01:06:17,072 --> 01:06:18,073 >> YEAH, SO ANYWAY, OKAY. 1806 01:06:18,073 --> 01:06:19,808 HOPEFULLY YOU CAN HEAR ME. 1807 01:06:19,808 --> 01:06:21,576 ANYWAY, SEVERAL YEARS AGO WE 1808 01:06:21,576 --> 01:06:24,179 TESTED OUT THESE NEW NEURAL 1809 01:06:24,179 --> 01:06:25,147 PIXEL -- HELLO? 1810 01:06:25,147 --> 01:06:25,714 WE'RE GOOD? 1811 01:06:25,714 --> 01:06:26,581 >> WE HEAR YOU. 1812 01:06:26,581 --> 01:06:28,784 >> YOU'RE GOOD. 1813 01:06:28,784 --> 01:06:29,985 KEEP GOING. 1814 01:06:29,985 --> 01:06:30,252 >> OKAY. 1815 01:06:30,252 --> 01:06:34,356 YEAH, WE TESTED OUT NEURAL PIXEL 1816 01:06:34,356 --> 01:06:37,092 PROBES TO ADAPT FOR USE IN 1817 01:06:37,092 --> 01:06:40,495 NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, THIS BEGAN 1818 01:06:40,495 --> 01:06:41,363 SEVERAL YEARS AGO. 1819 01:06:41,363 --> 01:06:45,867 SO FOR EXAMPLE WE LOOK AT HERE 1820 01:06:45,867 --> 01:06:47,602 SOME RECORDINGS MACAQUE V1 1821 01:06:47,602 --> 01:06:51,773 SHOWING THIS SLICE IN MACAQUE 1822 01:06:51,773 --> 01:06:55,610 V1, WE DIPPED SOME PROBES IN DYE 1823 01:06:55,610 --> 01:06:58,680 DERIVATIVE LOOKING AT ELECTRODE 1824 01:06:58,680 --> 01:06:59,114 TRACK. 1825 01:06:59,114 --> 01:07:00,749 CURRENT SOURCE DENSITY RECORDED 1826 01:07:00,749 --> 01:07:04,686 ACROSS A SINGLE COLUMN OF 1827 01:07:04,686 --> 01:07:08,023 MACAQUE V1 TO ESTIMATE LAMINAR 1828 01:07:08,023 --> 01:07:09,958 COME PART OF THE BOUNDARIES, 1829 01:07:09,958 --> 01:07:13,228 LAYER 4 HERE BASED ON THE 1830 01:07:13,228 --> 01:07:13,562 SOURCES. 1831 01:07:13,562 --> 01:07:16,832 HERE WE HAVE SPIKE WAVEFORMS OF 1832 01:07:16,832 --> 01:07:17,732 ROUGHLY 200 NEURONS, PLOTTED AS 1833 01:07:17,732 --> 01:07:20,235 A HEAT MAP SO YOU CAN SEE 1834 01:07:20,235 --> 01:07:25,040 DIFFERENT LENGTHS ARE LONGER, 1835 01:07:25,040 --> 01:07:26,241 LAYER 5 AS YOU'D EXPECT. 1836 01:07:26,241 --> 01:07:29,077 ON THE RIGHT SIDE YOU SEE -- 1837 01:07:29,077 --> 01:07:32,147 EACH ROW IN THIS PLOT, HOT PLOT, 1838 01:07:32,147 --> 01:07:34,115 IT'S SHOWING THE ACTIVITY OF 1839 01:07:34,115 --> 01:07:39,387 NEURONS IN RESPONSE TO A 1840 01:07:39,387 --> 01:07:41,623 DRIFTING GRADING OF ORIENTATION 1841 01:07:41,623 --> 01:07:42,891 ACROSS ORIENTATIONS. 1842 01:07:42,891 --> 01:07:45,827 AND SO YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE TWO 1843 01:07:45,827 --> 01:07:47,028 PEAKS FOR SAME ORIENTATION, SO 1844 01:07:47,028 --> 01:07:51,299 THIS IS -- EACH ROW IS A 1845 01:07:51,299 --> 01:07:53,401 RESPONSE, RESPONSE ON THE Z AXIS 1846 01:07:53,401 --> 01:07:56,438 ACROSS LAYERS OF A SINGLE COLUMN 1847 01:07:56,438 --> 01:07:58,740 OF V1, ORIENTATION COLUMN IN 1848 01:07:58,740 --> 01:08:00,842 MACAQUE V1 SO YOU CAN SORT OF 1849 01:08:00,842 --> 01:08:02,511 SEE THAT QUITE CLEARLY FROM THE 1850 01:08:02,511 --> 01:08:05,947 SINGLE RECORDING. 1851 01:08:05,947 --> 01:08:06,515 ALL RIGHT. 1852 01:08:06,515 --> 01:08:09,017 SO, WE WERE -- ONE OF THE MANY 1853 01:08:09,017 --> 01:08:11,319 BENEFITS OF THESE HIGH DENSITY 1854 01:08:11,319 --> 01:08:13,021 RECORDINGS ALSO DRAMATICALLY 1855 01:08:13,021 --> 01:08:14,956 INCREASES CAPACITY TO ASSESS 1856 01:08:14,956 --> 01:08:16,124 AMOUNT OF CO-VARIATION AND 1857 01:08:16,124 --> 01:08:17,325 SPIKING ACTIVITY OF LARGE 1858 01:08:17,325 --> 01:08:21,196 POPULATIONS OF LOCAL NEURONAL 1859 01:08:21,196 --> 01:08:23,798 NETWORKS, INVOLVED IN THE SAME 1860 01:08:23,798 --> 01:08:24,165 NETWORKS. 1861 01:08:24,165 --> 01:08:26,334 SO WITH SUCH HIGH DENSITY 1862 01:08:26,334 --> 01:08:28,403 NEURONS WE CAN MEASURE 1863 01:08:28,403 --> 01:08:29,170 DYSFUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF 1864 01:08:29,170 --> 01:08:30,805 PAIRS IN THE SAME CORTICAL 1865 01:08:30,805 --> 01:08:35,510 COLUMN, SO WE CAN DO SOME 1866 01:08:35,510 --> 01:08:36,278 CROSS-CORRELATION ANALYSES QUITE 1867 01:08:36,278 --> 01:08:37,712 STANDARD BUT -- I'LL SKIP 1868 01:08:37,712 --> 01:08:40,215 DETAILS BUT THE IMPORTANT THING 1869 01:08:40,215 --> 01:08:43,485 IS THE NUMBER OF PAIRS, NUMBER 1870 01:08:43,485 --> 01:08:46,721 OF PAIRINGS OF NEURONS CONNECTED 1871 01:08:46,721 --> 01:08:50,392 AT LEAST FUNCTIONALLY ALLOWS YOU 1872 01:08:50,392 --> 01:08:53,361 TO -- GIVES SO MUCH POWER TO 1873 01:08:53,361 --> 01:08:56,298 EXTRACT LARGE NUMBERS OF PAIRS 1874 01:08:56,298 --> 01:08:58,500 OF NEURONS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN 1875 01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:00,569 THE SAME NETWORKS. 1876 01:09:00,569 --> 01:09:04,172 SO, FOR EXAMPLE THESE ARE TWO 1877 01:09:04,172 --> 01:09:07,142 NEURONAL PAIRS, SORRY. 1878 01:09:07,142 --> 01:09:08,109 OKAY, YEAH. 1879 01:09:08,109 --> 01:09:09,311 CROSS-CORRELATION OF PAIR 1, 1880 01:09:09,311 --> 01:09:11,947 PAIR 2, DIFFERENT ONLY SLIGHTLY 1881 01:09:11,947 --> 01:09:14,149 IN VERTICAL DISTANCE BUT THE 1882 01:09:14,149 --> 01:09:18,954 TIME LAG AND CROSS-CORRELATION 1883 01:09:18,954 --> 01:09:20,455 FUNCTIONS, PAIR 1 AND PAIR 2, 1884 01:09:20,455 --> 01:09:22,223 BEARS OUT THE FACT ONE PAIR IS 1885 01:09:22,223 --> 01:09:24,192 CLOSER THAN THE OTHER PAIR SO IF 1886 01:09:24,192 --> 01:09:27,596 YOU LOOK AT SIMPLE THINGS LIKE 1887 01:09:27,596 --> 01:09:29,030 THE TRADEOFF FUNCTIONS BETWEEN 1888 01:09:29,030 --> 01:09:30,332 THE EFFICACY OF 1889 01:09:30,332 --> 01:09:31,633 CROSS-CORRELATION OR TIME LAG, 1890 01:09:31,633 --> 01:09:32,534 IT'S A LAWFUL RELATIONSHIP 1891 01:09:32,534 --> 01:09:34,069 BETWEEN THAT AND THE DISTANCE 1892 01:09:34,069 --> 01:09:39,541 BETWEEN THE NEURONS EVEN IN THE 1893 01:09:39,541 --> 01:09:40,976 SAME -- IN THE COLUMN CORTEX, 1894 01:09:40,976 --> 01:09:42,143 THAT'S REALLY POWERED BY THE 1895 01:09:42,143 --> 01:09:43,712 FACT YOU HAVE SO MANY NEURONS IN 1896 01:09:43,712 --> 01:09:44,913 THE SAME LOCAL NETWORK. 1897 01:09:44,913 --> 01:09:46,781 NOT SO MUCH THE LARGE NUMBERS OF 1898 01:09:46,781 --> 01:09:48,216 NETWORKS, IT'S THE HIGH DENSITY 1899 01:09:48,216 --> 01:09:48,750 OF NEURONS. 1900 01:09:48,750 --> 01:09:51,486 WE'LL COME BACK WITH THE 1901 01:09:51,486 --> 01:09:53,388 SCIENTIFIC QUESTION THAT WE 1902 01:09:53,388 --> 01:09:54,789 ADDRESS, THE ORIGINAL QUESTION I 1903 01:09:54,789 --> 01:09:55,557 ALLUDED TO. 1904 01:09:55,557 --> 01:09:58,193 THIS IS SHOWING ALSO IF YOU LOOK 1905 01:09:58,193 --> 01:10:00,328 AT THE CROSS-CORRELATION 1906 01:10:00,328 --> 01:10:01,262 FUNCTIONS ACROSS THOUSANDS OF 1907 01:10:01,262 --> 01:10:04,432 PAIRS OF NEURONS YOU GET 1908 01:10:04,432 --> 01:10:05,266 TEMPLATES AND 1909 01:10:05,266 --> 01:10:11,039 CROSS-CORRELATIONS, SHARPLY 1910 01:10:11,039 --> 01:10:12,007 SYNCHRONOUS, PUTATIVE FORWARD, 1911 01:10:12,007 --> 01:10:13,642 PUTATIVE BACK. 1912 01:10:13,642 --> 01:10:19,014 FOR EXAMPLE, IN LOOKING AT 1913 01:10:19,014 --> 01:10:21,316 STRUCTURE LIKE V1, YOU GET 1914 01:10:21,316 --> 01:10:23,318 INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS IN 1915 01:10:23,318 --> 01:10:25,353 LAYER 4, 4C, THAT YOU WOULD 1916 01:10:25,353 --> 01:10:27,455 EXPECT YOU COULD GET A LOT OF 1917 01:10:27,455 --> 01:10:29,190 NEURONS CORRELATED WITH SHORT 1918 01:10:29,190 --> 01:10:31,593 TIME LAGS LIKE VERY SHARP 1919 01:10:31,593 --> 01:10:33,128 SYNCHRONIES BECAUSE YOU'RE 1920 01:10:33,128 --> 01:10:35,630 GETTING SYNCHRONOUS INPUTS FROM 1921 01:10:35,630 --> 01:10:37,732 THE THALAMUS SO THERE SHOULD BE 1922 01:10:37,732 --> 01:10:39,234 HIGHER PROPORTION OF THIS TYPE 1923 01:10:39,234 --> 01:10:41,536 OF CONNECTION, EXACTLY WHAT YOU 1924 01:10:41,536 --> 01:10:47,375 FIND, NEURONS IN LAYER 4C, 4C 1925 01:10:47,375 --> 01:10:50,345 PAIRS, SORRY, 4C ALPHA OR BETA 1926 01:10:50,345 --> 01:10:57,585 PAIRS IN LAYER 6, THALAMIC 1927 01:10:57,585 --> 01:10:59,654 INPUT, DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBERS 1928 01:10:59,654 --> 01:11:00,255 OF NEURONS. 1929 01:11:00,255 --> 01:11:03,258 WE CAN SORT OF USE THAT TO SORT 1930 01:11:03,258 --> 01:11:05,460 OF REALIZE WHAT WE MIGHT BE ABLE 1931 01:11:05,460 --> 01:11:07,362 TO LEARN FROM STRUCTURES THAT WE 1932 01:11:07,362 --> 01:11:10,031 HAVE NOT -- THAT WE DON'T KNOW 1933 01:11:10,031 --> 01:11:11,733 AS MUCH ABOUT IN THE MONKEY 1934 01:11:11,733 --> 01:11:16,871 BRAIN. 1935 01:11:16,871 --> 01:11:17,739 ALL RIGHT. 1936 01:11:17,739 --> 01:11:21,576 SO, THESE NEURAL PIXEL PROBES 1937 01:11:21,576 --> 01:11:26,648 ALLOWED RECORDINGS ACROSS MOST 1938 01:11:26,648 --> 01:11:28,616 OF THE MACAQUE BRAIN, NEED TO BE 1939 01:11:28,616 --> 01:11:32,454 SCALED SHOWING THIS LITTLE 1940 01:11:32,454 --> 01:11:35,190 CARTOON, 4 1/2 CENTIMETERS 1941 01:11:35,190 --> 01:11:36,491 INSTEAD OF 1 CENTIMETER, WIDER, 1942 01:11:36,491 --> 01:11:37,926 THESE PROBES. 1943 01:11:37,926 --> 01:11:41,529 THIS IS ONE SHOWN IN SOMEONE'S 1944 01:11:41,529 --> 01:11:43,164 GRASP. 1945 01:11:43,164 --> 01:11:44,799 MORE BANKS OF ELECTRODES, 4 1/2 1946 01:11:44,799 --> 01:11:49,637 THOUSAND CONTACTS FROM WHICH YOU 1947 01:11:49,637 --> 01:11:50,505 CAN ACTIVELY RECORD, AND 1.0 1948 01:11:50,505 --> 01:11:52,107 VERSION THERE'S NOW GOING TO BE 1949 01:11:52,107 --> 01:11:54,642 A 3.0 VERSION IN A COUPLE YEARS 1950 01:11:54,642 --> 01:11:57,045 YOU CAN RECORD 1 1/2 THOUSAND, 1951 01:11:57,045 --> 01:12:01,983 AT THE SAME TIME, AND IT WILL 1952 01:12:01,983 --> 01:12:03,718 HAVE 6,000 CONTACTS. 1953 01:12:03,718 --> 01:12:04,352 RIGHT. 1954 01:12:04,352 --> 01:12:07,322 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE RECORDING 1955 01:12:07,322 --> 01:12:13,128 THAT'S DONE IN MY LAB FROM -- 1956 01:12:13,128 --> 01:12:15,764 HERE I'M SHOWING SAGITTAL 1957 01:12:15,764 --> 01:12:17,198 SECTION OF MACAQUE CEREBRAL 1958 01:12:17,198 --> 01:12:19,501 CORTEX, COLOR BITS ARE THE AREAS 1959 01:12:19,501 --> 01:12:21,136 OF THE MACAQUE VISUAL CORTEX 1960 01:12:21,136 --> 01:12:24,205 WHERE YOU HAVE MULTIPLE 1961 01:12:24,205 --> 01:12:25,173 REPRESENTATIONS OF THE 1962 01:12:25,173 --> 01:12:27,375 CONTRALATERAL VISUAL FIELD, AND 1963 01:12:27,375 --> 01:12:29,110 YOU CAN, YOU KNOW, OF COURSE 1964 01:12:29,110 --> 01:12:31,513 MANY OF THE AREAS HAVE 1965 01:12:31,513 --> 01:12:34,048 HISTORICALLY BEEN RECORDED FROM 1966 01:12:34,048 --> 01:12:35,817 WITH VERY LOW CHANNEL 1967 01:12:35,817 --> 01:12:39,053 ELECTRODES, UP TO 15 OR 16, 1968 01:12:39,053 --> 01:12:40,388 SORRY, MEASURE 16 OR 32, EXCUSE 1969 01:12:40,388 --> 01:12:41,256 ME. 1970 01:12:41,256 --> 01:12:46,194 HERE SHOWING A RECORDING DONE, 1971 01:12:46,194 --> 01:12:49,697 YOU KNOW, ACROSS ABOUT I 1972 01:12:49,697 --> 01:12:51,432 THINK -- YES, 16 MILLIMETERS, 1973 01:12:51,432 --> 01:12:52,534 THROUGH MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS 1974 01:12:52,534 --> 01:12:56,571 OF THE VISUAL FIELD, I'VE SHOWN 1975 01:12:56,571 --> 01:13:00,175 HERE FIVE BANKS OF ELECTRODES 1976 01:13:00,175 --> 01:13:02,477 BOTH -- EACH 384 CHANNELS, HERE 1977 01:13:02,477 --> 01:13:03,778 WE HAVE THE WAVEFORMS SHOWN 1978 01:13:03,778 --> 01:13:06,514 AGAIN MAPPED ON THE ROUGH 1979 01:13:06,514 --> 01:13:12,187 LOCATION, ANATOMICALLY, ON THE 1980 01:13:12,187 --> 01:13:13,121 PROBE. 1981 01:13:13,121 --> 01:13:15,523 SO 3,000 WAVEFORMS, SINGLE 1982 01:13:15,523 --> 01:13:16,958 NEURONS, SHOWING YOU THE VISUAL 1983 01:13:16,958 --> 01:13:20,028 RESPONSE OF THE NEURONS TO A 1984 01:13:20,028 --> 01:13:23,665 SINGLE STIMULUS ON THE SCREEN 1985 01:13:23,665 --> 01:13:25,166 AND ITS RECEPTOR FIELD, EXCUSE 1986 01:13:25,166 --> 01:13:26,734 ME, ACROSS FIVE BANKS. 1987 01:13:26,734 --> 01:13:28,236 FIVE BANKS WERE RECORDED IN 1988 01:13:28,236 --> 01:13:30,104 DIFFERENT BLOCKS OF TRIALS 1989 01:13:30,104 --> 01:13:33,374 BECAUSE YOU CAN ONLY RECORD 384 1990 01:13:33,374 --> 01:13:37,212 IN EACH BANK, YOU CAN'T DO THEM 1991 01:13:37,212 --> 01:13:38,112 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 1992 01:13:38,112 --> 01:13:39,848 SO GOING ACROSS THESE 16 1993 01:13:39,848 --> 01:13:42,450 MILLIMETERS, WHAT WE SEE IS YOU 1994 01:13:42,450 --> 01:13:45,553 CAN SEE SOMETHING RATHER 1995 01:13:45,553 --> 01:13:48,189 IMPRESSIVE, ABILITY TO LOOK AT 1996 01:13:48,189 --> 01:13:51,226 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS ACROSS 1997 01:13:51,226 --> 01:13:52,760 MACAQUE VISUAL CORTEX. 1998 01:13:52,760 --> 01:13:55,396 EACH LITTLE WINDOW HERE IS 1999 01:13:55,396 --> 01:13:56,831 RECEPTOR FIELD MAPPED OF A 2000 01:13:56,831 --> 01:13:58,600 SINGLE NEURON, SHOWING A NEURON 2001 01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:01,536 THAT RESPONDS WITH THE 2002 01:14:01,536 --> 01:14:02,537 HORIZONTAL MERIDIAN. 2003 01:14:02,537 --> 01:14:04,939 YOU CAN SEE PROGRESSION IN THE 2004 01:14:04,939 --> 01:14:06,808 RECEPTOR FIELD ON VISUAL 2005 01:14:06,808 --> 01:14:08,343 REPRESENTATION THAT WE KNOW 2006 01:14:08,343 --> 01:14:09,911 OCCURS IN THESE DIFFERENT VISUAL 2007 01:14:09,911 --> 01:14:11,646 AREAS AND TRANSITIONS BETWEEN 2008 01:14:11,646 --> 01:14:12,280 VISUAL AREAS. 2009 01:14:12,280 --> 01:14:17,518 AND IT'S REALLY JUST A LOOK AT 2010 01:14:17,518 --> 01:14:19,320 THE VISUAL SYSTEM THAT WE'VE 2011 01:14:19,320 --> 01:14:21,589 BEEN WORKING ON FOR A LONG TIME, 2012 01:14:21,589 --> 01:14:23,691 NEVER GET TO SEE, UNBELIEVABLE. 2013 01:14:23,691 --> 01:14:27,195 SO THIS IS A GREAT EXAMPLE OF 2014 01:14:27,195 --> 01:14:29,898 HOW THESE LARGE SCALE HIGH 2015 01:14:29,898 --> 01:14:32,600 DENSITY PROBES REALLY ARE 2016 01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:33,968 REVOLUTIONIZING PHYSIOLOGY, 2017 01:14:33,968 --> 01:14:34,636 PARTICULARLY NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. 2018 01:14:34,636 --> 01:14:36,271 ALL RIGHT. 2019 01:14:36,271 --> 01:14:40,842 LET'S GO BACK TO THE SCIENTIFIC 2020 01:14:40,842 --> 01:14:41,609 QUESTION I RAISED. 2021 01:14:41,609 --> 01:14:42,343 THERE WE GO. 2022 01:14:42,343 --> 01:14:43,378 OKAY, YEAH. 2023 01:14:43,378 --> 01:14:45,446 ALL RIGHT. 2024 01:14:45,446 --> 01:14:47,749 WE LEVERAGE BENEFITS OF THESE 2025 01:14:47,749 --> 01:14:48,816 NEURAL PIXEL PROBES, NON-HUMAN 2026 01:14:48,816 --> 01:14:52,587 PRIMATE PIXEL PROBES TO ADDRESS 2027 01:14:52,587 --> 01:14:55,523 THE QUESTION OF WORKING MEMORY. 2028 01:14:55,523 --> 01:14:56,858 SPECIFICALLY TRY TO RECONCILE 2029 01:14:56,858 --> 01:14:58,393 TWO COMPETING MODELS I TALKED 2030 01:14:58,393 --> 01:14:59,260 ABOUT. 2031 01:14:59,260 --> 01:14:59,794 OKAY. 2032 01:14:59,794 --> 01:15:01,462 IT'S WELL KNOWN MACAQUE MONKEYS 2033 01:15:01,462 --> 01:15:03,197 ARE GOOD AT PERFORMING THE SAME 2034 01:15:03,197 --> 01:15:06,701 TASK, AS I MENTIONED BEFORE. 2035 01:15:06,701 --> 01:15:12,941 AND SO, WE'RE USING THOSE 2036 01:15:12,941 --> 01:15:14,709 PROBES, ENABLED US TO MEASURE 2037 01:15:14,709 --> 01:15:16,344 THE STABILITY OF MEMORY 2038 01:15:16,344 --> 01:15:22,450 INFORMATION AND LARGE LOCAL 2039 01:15:22,450 --> 01:15:23,251 POPULATIONS, LATERAL PFC. 2040 01:15:23,251 --> 01:15:25,320 ON THE RIGHT WE'VE GOT 2041 01:15:25,320 --> 01:15:28,056 RECORDINGS BY MY POSTDOC MATT, 2042 01:15:28,056 --> 01:15:30,258 RECORDINGS IN LATERAL PFC, AS I 2043 01:15:30,258 --> 01:15:33,094 WAS SHOWING BEFORE INDIVIDUAL 2044 01:15:33,094 --> 01:15:37,565 WAVEFORMS OF NEURONS RECORDED 2045 01:15:37,565 --> 01:15:41,202 WITH THIS NHP PROBES, ABOUT 2046 01:15:41,202 --> 01:15:43,938 HUNDREDS OF NEURONS RECORDED 2047 01:15:43,938 --> 01:15:44,906 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 2048 01:15:44,906 --> 01:15:47,875 AND PRETTY SMALL 4-MILLIMETER 2049 01:15:47,875 --> 01:15:50,044 ROUGHLY PATCH OF CORTEX, HIGHLY 2050 01:15:50,044 --> 01:15:53,381 DENSE POPULATION OF NEURONS. 2051 01:15:53,381 --> 01:15:54,015 ALL RIGHT. 2052 01:15:54,015 --> 01:15:57,952 SO, BY THE WAY THE NEURONS SHOWN 2053 01:15:57,952 --> 01:15:59,954 IN BURGUNDY COLOR ARE NEURONS 2054 01:15:59,954 --> 01:16:01,723 THAT HAVE ACTIVITY IN THE MEMORY 2055 01:16:01,723 --> 01:16:04,859 PERIOD OF THAT TASK THAT I 2056 01:16:04,859 --> 01:16:05,727 DESCRIBED EARLIER. 2057 01:16:05,727 --> 01:16:07,362 INDIVIDUALLY SHOW DELAY PERIOD 2058 01:16:07,362 --> 01:16:10,465 ACTIVITY, LOTS OF MEMORY OF 2059 01:16:10,465 --> 01:16:11,766 QUOTE/UNQUOTE MEMORY NEURONS. 2060 01:16:11,766 --> 01:16:14,302 SO FROM HIGH DENSITY RECORDINGS 2061 01:16:14,302 --> 01:16:16,404 WE CAN CONVENIENTLY MEASURE 2062 01:16:16,404 --> 01:16:17,472 INFORMATION IN THE POPULATION 2063 01:16:17,472 --> 01:16:19,007 THAT'S AVAILABLE IN SPIKING 2064 01:16:19,007 --> 01:16:20,308 ACTIVITY OF THAT POPULATION 2065 01:16:20,308 --> 01:16:21,409 DURING THE MEMORY PERIOD. 2066 01:16:21,409 --> 01:16:26,014 FOR EXAMPLE WE CAN TRAIN DECODER 2067 01:16:26,014 --> 01:16:26,848 TO CLASSIFY POPULATION BELONGING 2068 01:16:26,848 --> 01:16:30,284 TO ONE OF TWO POSSIBLE TRIALS. 2069 01:16:30,284 --> 01:16:33,988 IN THIS CASE WHERE A CUE WAS 2070 01:16:33,988 --> 01:16:37,625 HERE OR THERE, USING STANDARD 2071 01:16:37,625 --> 01:16:41,496 DECODING METHODS, TEST THE 2072 01:16:41,496 --> 01:16:43,398 IDENTITY OF THE RESPONSE OF THE 2073 01:16:43,398 --> 01:16:43,798 HELD-OUT TRIAL. 2074 01:16:43,798 --> 01:16:46,634 IF YOU LOOK AT THE PERFORMANCE 2075 01:16:46,634 --> 01:16:48,269 OF OUR BINARY CLASSIFIER DURING 2076 01:16:48,269 --> 01:16:49,504 THE CUE, SUBSEQUENT DELAY 2077 01:16:49,504 --> 01:16:52,440 PERIOD, YOU FIND THE AVERAGE 2078 01:16:52,440 --> 01:16:54,409 PERFORMANCE OF YOUR DECODER 2079 01:16:54,409 --> 01:16:55,376 TRAINED ON THE POPULATION 2080 01:16:55,376 --> 01:16:58,980 ACTIVITY IS, YOU KNOW, 2081 01:16:58,980 --> 01:17:00,648 ACCURATELY DECODING LOCATION OF 2082 01:17:00,648 --> 01:17:02,383 THE INITIAL CUE STIMULUS, MEMORY 2083 01:17:02,383 --> 01:17:05,653 PERIOD HERE, RIGHT? 2084 01:17:05,653 --> 01:17:08,523 BUT THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT AS 2085 01:17:08,523 --> 01:17:09,924 WELL -- OKAY, BLACK HERE IS -- 2086 01:17:09,924 --> 01:17:12,560 THE BLACK LINE HERE IS THE MEAN 2087 01:17:12,560 --> 01:17:13,461 CLASSIFIER PERFORMANCE ACROSS 2088 01:17:13,461 --> 01:17:16,831 ALL OF 18 RECORDING SESSIONS, 2089 01:17:16,831 --> 01:17:17,832 TWO ANIMALS. 2090 01:17:17,832 --> 01:17:19,367 GRAY LINES SHOW AVERAGE 2091 01:17:19,367 --> 01:17:21,669 PERFORMANCE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL 2092 01:17:21,669 --> 01:17:21,903 SESSION. 2093 01:17:21,903 --> 01:17:23,538 BUT, YOU KNOW, OF COURSE AGAIN 2094 01:17:23,538 --> 01:17:28,443 THIS IS A TRIAL AVERAGED RATE OF 2095 01:17:28,443 --> 01:17:29,577 FIRING, CLASSIFIER PERFORMANCES 2096 01:17:29,577 --> 01:17:30,311 DERIVED FROM DATA AVERAGED 2097 01:17:30,311 --> 01:17:30,978 ACROSS TRIALS. 2098 01:17:30,978 --> 01:17:33,047 WHAT WE WANT THOUGH IS TO 2099 01:17:33,047 --> 01:17:35,583 MEASURE RELIABILITY OF THAT 2100 01:17:35,583 --> 01:17:37,752 SIGNAL ACROSS THE DELAY ON 2101 01:17:37,752 --> 01:17:39,287 SINGLE TRIALS, RIGHT? 2102 01:17:39,287 --> 01:17:42,023 SO TO MEASURE THE SINGLE TRIAL 2103 01:17:42,023 --> 01:17:43,458 INFORMATION WE USE THE 2104 01:17:43,458 --> 01:17:44,659 CONFIDENCE AND CLASSIFIER, THAT 2105 01:17:44,659 --> 01:17:47,395 IS PROBABILITY OF A CORRECT 2106 01:17:47,395 --> 01:17:49,230 CHOICE OF DECODING, DECODER FOR 2107 01:17:49,230 --> 01:17:50,765 ANY SET OF SPIKING ACTIVITY 2108 01:17:50,765 --> 01:17:54,035 GIVEN THE DATA THAT IT'S TRAINED 2109 01:17:54,035 --> 01:17:54,502 ON. 2110 01:17:54,502 --> 01:17:56,104 THEN WE CAN EXAMINE DYNAMICS 2111 01:17:56,104 --> 01:17:57,872 THROUGHOUT EACH OF THE TRIALS, 2112 01:17:57,872 --> 01:18:01,509 IN EACH RECORDING SESSION. 2113 01:18:01,509 --> 01:18:03,578 AND SO, HERE, OKAY, HERE'S AN 2114 01:18:03,578 --> 01:18:06,647 EXAMPLE SET OF TRIALS, THE HOT 2115 01:18:06,647 --> 01:18:10,051 MAP FROM ONE SESSION, ONE 2116 01:18:10,051 --> 01:18:12,420 ANIMAL, A HEAT MAP, HIGH 2117 01:18:12,420 --> 01:18:15,089 CONFIDENCE SHOWN IN THE SORT OF 2118 01:18:15,089 --> 01:18:15,323 ORANGE. 2119 01:18:15,323 --> 01:18:17,592 AND THEN LOW CONFIDENCE OR NEAR 2120 01:18:17,592 --> 01:18:18,793 CHANCE CONFIDENCE IN BLUE. 2121 01:18:18,793 --> 01:18:21,295 AND TRIALS ARE SHOWN IN STACKED 2122 01:18:21,295 --> 01:18:21,963 ORDER. 2123 01:18:21,963 --> 01:18:26,901 EACH OF THESE, TRIAL 1 TO TRIAL 2124 01:18:26,901 --> 01:18:27,034 N. 2125 01:18:27,034 --> 01:18:31,038 YOU CAN SEE WE WERE STRUCK AND 2126 01:18:31,038 --> 01:18:32,807 SURPRISED BY THIS AT THE START 2127 01:18:32,807 --> 01:18:33,541 CONFIDENCE IS HIGH, VISUAL 2128 01:18:33,541 --> 01:18:35,543 RESPONSE TO THE CUE. 2129 01:18:35,543 --> 01:18:37,378 AND SO HIGH CONFIDENCE WHERE THE 2130 01:18:37,378 --> 01:18:38,913 CUE IS, BECAUSE IT'S ON THE 2131 01:18:38,913 --> 01:18:39,147 SCREEN. 2132 01:18:39,147 --> 01:18:42,083 BUT THEN SHORTLY AFTER THE CUE 2133 01:18:42,083 --> 01:18:43,718 DISAPPEARS, CONFIDENCE IN THE 2134 01:18:43,718 --> 01:18:45,486 LOCATION GOES THROUGH LAPSES AT 2135 01:18:45,486 --> 01:18:48,422 MULTIPLE TIMES, DURING THE DELAY 2136 01:18:48,422 --> 01:18:50,057 PERIOD, FREQUENTLY FALLS TO 2137 01:18:50,057 --> 01:18:52,260 CHANCE LEVELS. 2138 01:18:52,260 --> 01:18:54,562 BUT THEN COMES BACK. 2139 01:18:54,562 --> 01:18:56,197 AND THESE LAPSES CAN BE LONG OR 2140 01:18:56,197 --> 01:18:58,166 SHORT AT ANY GIVEN TRIAL. 2141 01:18:58,166 --> 01:19:00,168 HERE IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A 2142 01:19:00,168 --> 01:19:02,003 SESSION RECORDED IN MONKEYS. 2143 01:19:02,003 --> 01:19:05,072 BOTH EXAMPLES YOU CAN SEE CODING 2144 01:19:05,072 --> 01:19:06,474 OF MEMORANDA AND SPIKING 2145 01:19:06,474 --> 01:19:07,808 ACTIVITY IS INTERMITTENT. 2146 01:19:07,808 --> 01:19:10,311 AND IT'S NOT -- DOESN'T PERSIST. 2147 01:19:10,311 --> 01:19:11,646 WHICH IS QUITE CONTRARY TO WHAT, 2148 01:19:11,646 --> 01:19:14,382 YOU KNOW, WE LEARNED IN TEXT 2149 01:19:14,382 --> 01:19:14,715 BOOKS. 2150 01:19:14,715 --> 01:19:18,753 SO IF WE NOW LOOK AT AN 2151 01:19:18,753 --> 01:19:20,388 INDIVIDUAL TRIAL, A SLICE, LOOK 2152 01:19:20,388 --> 01:19:22,490 AT THE CONFIDENCE AND Y-AXIS 2153 01:19:22,490 --> 01:19:24,091 HERE, YOU KNOW, CAN YOU SEE 2154 01:19:24,091 --> 01:19:25,960 CLEARLY THAT INFORMATION ABOUT 2155 01:19:25,960 --> 01:19:27,295 THE REMEMBERED STIMULUS IS 2156 01:19:27,295 --> 01:19:28,796 UNSTABLE DURING THE DELAY 2157 01:19:28,796 --> 01:19:29,130 PERIOD. 2158 01:19:29,130 --> 01:19:33,401 FURTHERMORE YOU CAN SEE THE 2159 01:19:33,401 --> 01:19:34,068 CLASSIFIER FLUCTUATES BETWEEN 2160 01:19:34,068 --> 01:19:35,803 DISCRETE PERIODS OF HIGH OF 2161 01:19:35,803 --> 01:19:38,172 CONFIDENCE AND PERIODS OF LOW OR 2162 01:19:38,172 --> 01:19:39,740 NO CONFIDENCE, SEEMS TO BE WHAT 2163 01:19:39,740 --> 01:19:43,144 WE MIGHT CALL ON OR OFF, WE 2164 01:19:43,144 --> 01:19:47,415 LABEL AS ON OR OFF BECAUSE IT'S 2165 01:19:47,415 --> 01:19:47,682 DISCRETE. 2166 01:19:47,682 --> 01:19:48,716 HERE ARE OTHER TRIALS. 2167 01:19:48,716 --> 01:19:51,018 THEY CAN ALL LOOK THE SAME, 2168 01:19:51,018 --> 01:19:52,453 DISCRETE TRANSITIONS FROM HIGH 2169 01:19:52,453 --> 01:19:54,655 CONFIDENCE TO LOW CONFIDENCE. 2170 01:19:54,655 --> 01:19:55,823 AS IF MEMORY INFORMATION IS 2171 01:19:55,823 --> 01:19:57,625 SWITCHING ON AND OFF. 2172 01:19:57,625 --> 01:19:59,794 INDEED IF YOU ANALYZE THE SORT 2173 01:19:59,794 --> 01:20:02,263 OF STATS OF THE CONFIDENCE 2174 01:20:02,263 --> 01:20:04,932 ACROSS ALL TRIALS AND RECORDING 2175 01:20:04,932 --> 01:20:07,134 SESSIONS, WITH GASSING MIXTURE 2176 01:20:07,134 --> 01:20:08,736 MODEL OR HIDDEN MARKOFF MIDDLE 2177 01:20:08,736 --> 01:20:11,172 DATA FIT A TWO-STATE MODEL AS 2178 01:20:11,172 --> 01:20:13,908 OPPOSED TO CONTINUOUS ONE-STATE 2179 01:20:13,908 --> 01:20:15,810 MODEL, CONTINUOUS FLUCTUATIONS 2180 01:20:15,810 --> 01:20:18,212 BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH CONFIDENCE. 2181 01:20:18,212 --> 01:20:20,514 ALL RIGHT. 2182 01:20:20,514 --> 01:20:22,149 SO, NOTABLY WE CAN REPEAT 2183 01:20:22,149 --> 01:20:23,117 CLASSIFICATION FOR EACH TRIAL 2184 01:20:23,117 --> 01:20:25,119 AND TIME POINT IN THE MEMORY 2185 01:20:25,119 --> 01:20:25,453 PERIOD. 2186 01:20:25,453 --> 01:20:30,591 THIS TIME WE CAN ONLY TRAIN ON 2187 01:20:30,591 --> 01:20:32,893 TRIALS WE LABEL AS OFF, AT THE 2188 01:20:32,893 --> 01:20:34,428 SAME TIME POINTS AT TEST. 2189 01:20:34,428 --> 01:20:39,133 TO CONFIRM OFF IS OFF, ON IS ON. 2190 01:20:39,133 --> 01:20:41,002 YOU KNOW, WE CAN SHOW THAT AS 2191 01:20:41,002 --> 01:20:43,304 WELL, THIS INDICATES OFF STATES 2192 01:20:43,304 --> 01:20:44,939 REFLECT TIME PERIODS WITH 2193 01:20:44,939 --> 01:20:47,008 MINIMAL CUE INFORMATION AS 2194 01:20:47,008 --> 01:20:49,310 OPPOSED TO LESS FREQUENT, LESS 2195 01:20:49,310 --> 01:20:50,511 FREQUENT SECOND CODING SCHEME. 2196 01:20:50,511 --> 01:20:53,247 WE HAD LOTS OF OTHER ANALYSES TO 2197 01:20:53,247 --> 01:20:54,782 ENSURE THAT THAT WASN'T 2198 01:20:54,782 --> 01:20:57,051 HAPPENING, THAT CODING SCHEME 2199 01:20:57,051 --> 01:20:58,719 REMAINS THE SAME, JUST THAT 2200 01:20:58,719 --> 01:20:59,487 INFORMATION ABOUT THE MEMORANDUM 2201 01:20:59,487 --> 01:21:01,656 IS TURNING OFF AND ON. 2202 01:21:01,656 --> 01:21:03,224 ALL RIGHT. 2203 01:21:03,224 --> 01:21:06,060 NEXT WE ASKED HOW THESE 2204 01:21:06,060 --> 01:21:09,664 APPARENTLY DISCRETE FLUCTUATIONS 2205 01:21:09,664 --> 01:21:10,331 AND CLASSIFIER CONFIDENCE 2206 01:21:10,331 --> 01:21:12,300 MEASURED ACROSS SORT OF 2207 01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:13,968 POPULATIONS OF NEURONS REFLECTED 2208 01:21:13,968 --> 01:21:15,803 IN ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL 2209 01:21:15,803 --> 01:21:16,404 NEURONS, WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 2210 01:21:16,404 --> 01:21:17,238 INDIVIDUAL NEURONS. 2211 01:21:17,238 --> 01:21:18,973 WE IDENTIFIED ON AND OFF STATES 2212 01:21:18,973 --> 01:21:20,741 WITHIN EACH TRIAL USING NULL 2213 01:21:20,741 --> 01:21:22,510 DISTRIBUTION OF CONFIDENCE 2214 01:21:22,510 --> 01:21:23,611 DERIVED FROM SHUFFLE TRIALS. 2215 01:21:23,611 --> 01:21:28,316 SHOWN IN GRAY. 2216 01:21:28,316 --> 01:21:29,583 ON STATES WHERE ACTIVITY 2217 01:21:29,583 --> 01:21:32,553 CONFIDENCE WAS ABOVE THAT, OFF 2218 01:21:32,553 --> 01:21:34,655 WHEN WITHIN THAT. 2219 01:21:34,655 --> 01:21:36,424 WE FOUND AVERAGE ON/OFF PERIODS 2220 01:21:36,424 --> 01:21:38,592 OCCURRED THREE TIMES A SECOND, 2221 01:21:38,592 --> 01:21:41,128 THREE TIMES EACH TRIAL, A BIT 2222 01:21:41,128 --> 01:21:46,901 MORE THAN A SECOND. 2223 01:21:46,901 --> 01:21:48,069 WE COULD IMPORTANTLY IDENTIFY 2224 01:21:48,069 --> 01:21:50,304 THESE STATES USING ONLY HALF THE 2225 01:21:50,304 --> 01:21:51,839 NEURONS IN THE POPULATION, AND 2226 01:21:51,839 --> 01:21:53,307 THAT ALLOWS US TO ASK THE 2227 01:21:53,307 --> 01:21:55,209 QUESTION WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH 2228 01:21:55,209 --> 01:21:57,211 THE OTHER NEURONS, IN THE 2229 01:21:57,211 --> 01:21:59,380 HELD-OUT POPULATION OF AN 2230 01:21:59,380 --> 01:22:00,481 INDIVIDUAL NEURON BASIS. 2231 01:22:00,481 --> 01:22:03,217 FOR EXAMPLE WE COULD EXAMINE THE 2232 01:22:03,217 --> 01:22:05,286 SPATIAL TUNING FUNCTION OF 2233 01:22:05,286 --> 01:22:06,487 REMAINING NEURONS IN LABELED 2234 01:22:06,487 --> 01:22:07,722 STATES, LABELED BY THE FIRST 2235 01:22:07,722 --> 01:22:08,589 HALF OF NEURONS, AND THEN 2236 01:22:08,589 --> 01:22:12,126 MEASURED IN THE SECOND HALF OF 2237 01:22:12,126 --> 01:22:13,194 NEURONS. 2238 01:22:13,194 --> 01:22:18,132 IT'S KNOWN THAT INDIVIDUAL 2239 01:22:18,132 --> 01:22:22,503 LATERAL PSC NEURONS, THE MEAN 2240 01:22:22,503 --> 01:22:26,374 NORMALIZED DURING THE LABELED 2241 01:22:26,374 --> 01:22:29,410 ONSTATE, WE'RE LOOKING MEAN 2242 01:22:29,410 --> 01:22:33,781 NORMALIZED TUNING FOR HELD-OUT 2243 01:22:33,781 --> 01:22:35,549 NEURONS, SO THE LABEL IS ON BY 2244 01:22:35,549 --> 01:22:38,185 THE FIRST HALF OF NEURONS AS 2245 01:22:38,185 --> 01:22:39,954 WE'RE LOOKING AT SPATIAL TUNING 2246 01:22:39,954 --> 01:22:42,323 FUNCTIONS, CUE LOCATIONS, THIS 2247 01:22:42,323 --> 01:22:43,557 IS THE NORMALIZED ACTIVITY, 2248 01:22:43,557 --> 01:22:45,726 DURING OF THE ON PERIOD, THAT'S 2249 01:22:45,726 --> 01:22:49,663 DETERMINED BY THE FIRST HALF OF 2250 01:22:49,663 --> 01:22:52,500 NEURONS. 2251 01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:54,168 OKAY. 2252 01:22:54,168 --> 01:22:57,238 SO, REMARKABLY, THE SPATIAL 2253 01:22:57,238 --> 01:22:59,306 TUNING, STRONG TUNING DURING 2254 01:22:59,306 --> 01:22:59,974 ONPERIOD. 2255 01:22:59,974 --> 01:23:05,646 LOOKING DURING THE OFF PERIOD, 2256 01:23:05,646 --> 01:23:08,482 IT'S ALMOST GONE COMPLETELY. 2257 01:23:08,482 --> 01:23:12,119 THE MEAN NORMALIZED TUNING OF 2258 01:23:12,119 --> 01:23:13,988 NEURONS IS PRETTY MUCH 2259 01:23:13,988 --> 01:23:14,422 DISAPPEARS. 2260 01:23:14,422 --> 01:23:15,756 AGAIN, THOSE LABELS ARE 2261 01:23:15,756 --> 01:23:19,360 DETERMINED BY THE FIRST HALF OF 2262 01:23:19,360 --> 01:23:19,927 THESE NEURONS. 2263 01:23:19,927 --> 01:23:21,896 SO WE ALSO LOOKED AT THE FIRING 2264 01:23:21,896 --> 01:23:22,463 RATES OF INDIVIDUAL NEURONS 2265 01:23:22,463 --> 01:23:25,065 DURING THE ON AND OFF STATES, 2266 01:23:25,065 --> 01:23:28,102 AGAIN IN THE HELD-OUT NEURONAL 2267 01:23:28,102 --> 01:23:28,569 POPULATION. 2268 01:23:28,569 --> 01:23:30,538 GRAY AVERAGE SHOWS THE AVERAGES 2269 01:23:30,538 --> 01:23:32,940 AND ACTIVITY DURING THIS MEMORY 2270 01:23:32,940 --> 01:23:36,110 PERIOD, FOR BOTH ON AND OFF, BUT 2271 01:23:36,110 --> 01:23:39,413 BLUE SHOWS ACTIVITY DURING THE 2272 01:23:39,413 --> 01:23:48,489 OFF AND ORANGE IS FOR THE ON. 2273 01:23:48,489 --> 01:23:51,525 SO THAT MEANS THIS SHOWS 2274 01:23:51,525 --> 01:23:53,294 NEURONAL FIRING RATES, RETURN TO 2275 01:23:53,294 --> 01:23:56,030 BASELINE DURING OFF PERIOD. 2276 01:23:56,030 --> 01:23:58,666 LOSS OF TUNING IS DRIVEN BY A 2277 01:23:58,666 --> 01:24:01,735 DROP TO BASELINE BY THE NEURONS. 2278 01:24:01,735 --> 01:24:03,304 ALL RIGHT. 2279 01:24:03,304 --> 01:24:05,372 COMBINED THESE RESULTS SHOW OFF 2280 01:24:05,372 --> 01:24:06,540 STATES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY 2281 01:24:06,540 --> 01:24:09,243 DRAMATIC LOSS IN MEMORY ACTIVITY 2282 01:24:09,243 --> 01:24:12,146 LOSS DRIVEN BY RETURN TO 2283 01:24:12,146 --> 01:24:12,413 BASELINE. 2284 01:24:12,413 --> 01:24:15,649 IT SHOWS THESE ON AND OFF STATES 2285 01:24:15,649 --> 01:24:16,617 ARE COORDINATED ACROSS NEURONS 2286 01:24:16,617 --> 01:24:19,553 IN THE LOCAL POPULATION, THAT 2287 01:24:19,553 --> 01:24:20,654 MEANS MOMENTARY LAPSES IN 2288 01:24:20,654 --> 01:24:21,856 PERSISTENT ACTIVITY FOR SOME 2289 01:24:21,856 --> 01:24:25,392 NEURONS IN LOCAL NETWORK ARE NOT 2290 01:24:25,392 --> 01:24:26,794 COMPENSATED BY OTHER NEURONS, 2291 01:24:26,794 --> 01:24:28,429 THEY ARE ALL SYNCHRONIZED. 2292 01:24:28,429 --> 01:24:29,864 WHEN ONE GOES THE OTHER ONES GO 2293 01:24:29,864 --> 01:24:30,531 AS WELL. 2294 01:24:30,531 --> 01:24:32,166 WE WOULDN'T SEE THIS IF WE 2295 01:24:32,166 --> 01:24:34,435 WEREN'T ABLE TO RECORD FROM SUCH 2296 01:24:34,435 --> 01:24:38,739 LARGE LOCAL POPULATIONS OF 2297 01:24:38,739 --> 01:24:40,274 NEURONS. 2298 01:24:40,274 --> 01:24:48,949 ALL RIGHT. 2299 01:24:48,949 --> 01:24:50,918 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 2300 01:24:50,918 --> 01:24:51,118 OKAY. 2301 01:24:51,118 --> 01:24:52,553 YEAH, SO INTERESTINGLY IF YOU GO 2302 01:24:52,553 --> 01:24:54,622 BACK AND LOOK AT ACTUAL ANIMAL'S 2303 01:24:54,622 --> 01:24:55,723 PERFORMANCE, AT THE END THE 2304 01:24:55,723 --> 01:24:57,291 ANIMAL HAS TO RENDER A RESPONSE 2305 01:24:57,291 --> 01:25:00,361 INDICATING WHERE THE CUE WAS. 2306 01:25:00,361 --> 01:25:03,163 IF YOU LOOK AT THE ANIMAL'S 2307 01:25:03,163 --> 01:25:06,133 PERFORMANCE YOU CAN SEE THE 2308 01:25:06,133 --> 01:25:08,802 PERFORMANCE IS RELATED TO THE 2309 01:25:08,802 --> 01:25:10,337 STATES OF THE POPULATION AT THE 2310 01:25:10,337 --> 01:25:11,972 TIME RESPONSE IS REQUESTED SO 2311 01:25:11,972 --> 01:25:13,107 THE ANIMAL IS PERFORMING TWO 2312 01:25:13,107 --> 01:25:16,911 VERSIONS OF A SPECIAL WORKING 2313 01:25:16,911 --> 01:25:19,547 MEMORY TASK, MATCHED SAMPLE TO 2314 01:25:19,547 --> 01:25:21,382 INDICATE TWO CUES, TWO STIMULI, 2315 01:25:21,382 --> 01:25:22,683 ANIMAL HAS TO INDICATE WHICH 2316 01:25:22,683 --> 01:25:25,553 MATCHES THE ORIGINAL OR MAKE A 2317 01:25:25,553 --> 01:25:27,421 MEMORY-GUIDED RESPONSE LIKE THE 2318 01:25:27,421 --> 01:25:29,056 EXAMPLE I SHOWED EARLIER. 2319 01:25:29,056 --> 01:25:31,125 BOTH REQUIRE THE SAME MEMORY, 2320 01:25:31,125 --> 01:25:33,527 AND SO BUT YOU CAN SEE FOR THE 2321 01:25:33,527 --> 01:25:35,729 BLUE LABELS OFF STATES 2322 01:25:35,729 --> 01:25:38,899 PERFORMANCE DROPS AND PRETTY 2323 01:25:38,899 --> 01:25:41,969 MUCH IN EVERY CASE, AND THREE 2324 01:25:41,969 --> 01:25:44,271 ANIMALS, A TASK WE USED, SORRY, 2325 01:25:44,271 --> 01:25:46,440 WE DID THIS EXPERIMENT IN THREE 2326 01:25:46,440 --> 01:25:47,975 ANIMALS FOR THIS TASK HERE. 2327 01:25:47,975 --> 01:25:51,912 ALL RIGHT. 2328 01:25:51,912 --> 01:25:52,246 OKAY. 2329 01:25:52,246 --> 01:25:55,316 SO, WE'VE SEEN THESE LARGE 2330 01:25:55,316 --> 01:26:02,556 POPULATIONS OF PFC NEURONS 2331 01:26:02,556 --> 01:26:04,058 ENCODE MEMORANDA, FAILED TO DO 2332 01:26:04,058 --> 01:26:05,359 SO ACROSS THE DELAY PERIOD 2333 01:26:05,359 --> 01:26:06,694 CONTRARY TO WHAT WE EXPECTED. 2334 01:26:06,694 --> 01:26:09,863 THIS IS IN SPITE OF THE FACT OUR 2335 01:26:09,863 --> 01:26:12,166 MONKEYS PERFORM WELL ON SPATIAL 2336 01:26:12,166 --> 01:26:13,901 WORKING MEMORY TASK, NO PROBLEM 2337 01:26:13,901 --> 01:26:15,536 PERFORMING QUITE WELL AND WE 2338 01:26:15,536 --> 01:26:18,505 KNOW DAMAGE OR ACTIVATION TO 2339 01:26:18,505 --> 01:26:20,808 LATERAL PSC RESULTS IN CLEAR 2340 01:26:20,808 --> 01:26:23,310 DEFICITS TO PERFORM THE TASKS, 2341 01:26:23,310 --> 01:26:29,350 SO RECORDING FROM THE PARTS OF 2342 01:26:29,350 --> 01:26:31,185 THE CORTEX, PFC TO PERFORM 2343 01:26:31,185 --> 01:26:33,721 ADEQUATELY, LEADING US TO ASK IF 2344 01:26:33,721 --> 01:26:35,255 NEURONS ARE USING OTHER 2345 01:26:35,255 --> 01:26:36,223 MECHANISM OR ADDITIONAL 2346 01:26:36,223 --> 01:26:37,524 MECHANISM TO SUPPORT MEMORY 2347 01:26:37,524 --> 01:26:38,325 MAINTENANCE. 2348 01:26:38,325 --> 01:26:40,260 THAT BRINGS US BACK TO THE 2349 01:26:40,260 --> 01:26:43,764 COMPETING NON-SPIKING MODEL OF 2350 01:26:43,764 --> 01:26:45,332 WORKING MEMORY, SYNAPTIC MODEL. 2351 01:26:45,332 --> 01:26:46,967 AND THIS MODEL AGAIN INFORMATION 2352 01:26:46,967 --> 01:26:49,570 HELD IN WORKING MEMORY IS STORED 2353 01:26:49,570 --> 01:26:51,538 BY THE PATTERN OF SHORT-TERM 2354 01:26:51,538 --> 01:26:53,507 PLASTIC CHANGES INITIATED BY 2355 01:26:53,507 --> 01:26:55,175 PARTICULAR MEMORY CUE. 2356 01:26:55,175 --> 01:26:58,779 IMPORTANTLY THAT STORED PATTERN 2357 01:26:58,779 --> 01:27:01,615 OF STP DOESN'T REQUIRE -- MAY 2358 01:27:01,615 --> 01:27:03,050 NOT REQUIRE ELEVATED SPIKING 2359 01:27:03,050 --> 01:27:03,784 ACTIVITY, INSTEAD SHOULD ONLY 2360 01:27:03,784 --> 01:27:06,320 NEED TO BRING ABOUT CUE-SPECIFIC 2361 01:27:06,320 --> 01:27:08,055 CHANGES IN THE ENSEMBLE OF 2362 01:27:08,055 --> 01:27:09,556 NEURONS MORE STRONGLY CONNECTED. 2363 01:27:09,556 --> 01:27:13,761 SO AS WE SAW IN THE EARLIER PART 2364 01:27:13,761 --> 01:27:16,697 OF THE TALK, IN OUR EARLIER 2365 01:27:16,697 --> 01:27:17,765 EXPERIMENTS IN MACAQUE V1, ONE 2366 01:27:17,765 --> 01:27:19,767 OF THE KEY BENEFITS OF THESE 2367 01:27:19,767 --> 01:27:20,968 LARGE SCALE HIGH DENSITY 2368 01:27:20,968 --> 01:27:23,504 RECORDINGS IS THAT THEY ALLOW US 2369 01:27:23,504 --> 01:27:26,440 TO EXAMINE FUNCTIONAL 2370 01:27:26,440 --> 01:27:28,308 CONNECTIVITY AMONG VERY LARGE 2371 01:27:28,308 --> 01:27:30,044 MEMBERS OF POPULATIONS, WITH 2372 01:27:30,044 --> 01:27:31,912 LARGE NUMBERS EACH RECORDING CAN 2373 01:27:31,912 --> 01:27:34,515 YIELD UP TO THOUSANDS OF 2374 01:27:34,515 --> 01:27:35,949 RELIABLE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS 2375 01:27:35,949 --> 01:27:37,084 BETWEEN NEURONAL PAIRS, 2376 01:27:37,084 --> 01:27:38,352 DEPENDING OF COURSE ON THE 2377 01:27:38,352 --> 01:27:40,421 LOCATION OF THE RECORDING PROBE. 2378 01:27:40,421 --> 01:27:44,725 AND SO HERE ARE TWO EXAMPLES 2379 01:27:44,725 --> 01:27:46,760 CROSS-CORRELATIONS MEASURED 2380 01:27:46,760 --> 01:27:48,429 BETWEEN PAIRS OF PFC NEURONS IN 2381 01:27:48,429 --> 01:27:51,932 MEMORY DELAY PERIOD. 2382 01:27:51,932 --> 01:27:56,670 IN ONE NEURONAL PAIR, THERE'S A 2383 01:27:56,670 --> 01:27:57,438 RELIABLE CROSS-CORRELATION 2384 01:27:57,438 --> 01:28:00,507 DURING DELAY FOLLOWING CUE 1, 5 2385 01:28:00,507 --> 01:28:05,212 MILISECONDS, NOT FOLLOWING CUE 2386 01:28:05,212 --> 01:28:06,013 2. 2387 01:28:06,013 --> 01:28:08,615 HE GET RELIABLE TIME DELAY HERE 2388 01:28:08,615 --> 01:28:10,718 AND SECOND PAIR, REVERSE IS 2389 01:28:10,718 --> 01:28:10,918 TRUE. 2390 01:28:10,918 --> 01:28:14,655 SO CUE 2 YOU GET A 2391 01:28:14,655 --> 01:28:18,392 CROSS-CORRELATION, NOT IN CUE 1. 2392 01:28:18,392 --> 01:28:19,026 IF CUE-SPECIFIC SHORT-TERM 2393 01:28:19,026 --> 01:28:27,101 PLASTICITY TEMPORARILY REO 2394 01:28:27,101 --> 01:28:28,001 ORGANIZEs CONNECTED ENSEMBLES 2395 01:28:28,001 --> 01:28:30,404 WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO OBSERVE 2396 01:28:30,404 --> 01:28:32,873 EVIDENCE IN PATTERN OF PAIRWISE 2397 01:28:32,873 --> 01:28:33,574 CROSS-CORRELATIONS OBTAINED, WE 2398 01:28:33,574 --> 01:28:37,177 MIGHT EXPECT TO FIND EXAMPLES 2399 01:28:37,177 --> 01:28:39,146 LIKE THESE, THIS ONE HERE OCCUR 2400 01:28:39,146 --> 01:28:41,014 MORE FREQUENTLY THAN WE EXPECT 2401 01:28:41,014 --> 01:28:42,549 BY CHANCE. 2402 01:28:42,549 --> 01:28:44,418 THIS PLOT HERE I'M SHOWING THE 2403 01:28:44,418 --> 01:28:46,920 FULL SET OF SIGNIFICANT PAIRWISE 2404 01:28:46,920 --> 01:28:47,454 CROSS-CORRELATIONS BETWEEN 2405 01:28:47,454 --> 01:28:48,655 NEURONS FOR ALL NEURONS RECORDED 2406 01:28:48,655 --> 01:28:50,758 IN A SINGLE SESSION SO AGAIN 2407 01:28:50,758 --> 01:28:54,795 WE'RE LOOKING AT THAT VIEW OF 2408 01:28:54,795 --> 01:28:55,662 NEURONS THAT I SHOWED BEFORE 2409 01:28:55,662 --> 01:28:57,965 WHERE THIS IS THE ELECTRODE MAP, 2410 01:28:57,965 --> 01:28:59,466 SO THIS IS THE DEPTH OF 2411 01:28:59,466 --> 01:29:01,802 ELECTRODE, THIS IS THE WIDTH, 2412 01:29:01,802 --> 01:29:09,009 EACH DOT IS A NEURON, EACH EDGE 2413 01:29:09,009 --> 01:29:10,110 RECOMMENDS CORRELATION BETWEEN 2414 01:29:10,110 --> 01:29:10,978 THE PAIRS ON THE POPULATION IN 2415 01:29:10,978 --> 01:29:12,613 THE FACE OF THE PROBE. 2416 01:29:12,613 --> 01:29:13,847 AS EXPECTED ONLY A SMALL 2417 01:29:13,847 --> 01:29:18,218 FRACTION OF THE POSSIBLE NUMBER 2418 01:29:18,218 --> 01:29:23,791 OF CORRELATED PAIRS RELIABLY 2419 01:29:23,791 --> 01:29:25,325 CORRELATED USING HIGH STRINGENT 2420 01:29:25,325 --> 01:29:27,194 THRESHOLD, BUT YOU CAN SEE 2421 01:29:27,194 --> 01:29:28,395 PATTERN OF CONNECTIONS APPEARS 2422 01:29:28,395 --> 01:29:30,297 TO DIFFER BETWEEN TWO CUE 2423 01:29:30,297 --> 01:29:32,599 CONDITIONS SO THEY DIFFER MORE 2424 01:29:32,599 --> 01:29:33,700 THAN WE EXPECT BY CHANCE. 2425 01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:39,706 WELL, THIS IS SORT OF WHAT WE'VE 2426 01:29:39,706 --> 01:29:41,909 FOUND, THE MEMORY PERIOD, THIS 2427 01:29:41,909 --> 01:29:44,077 PLOT SHOWS SET OF CONNECTED 2428 01:29:44,077 --> 01:29:45,846 PAIRS FOR TWO LOCATIONS ACROSS 2429 01:29:45,846 --> 01:29:49,416 ALL CUES SO FOR -- THIS IS 2430 01:29:49,416 --> 01:29:52,419 SHOWING THE -- THIS IS IDENTITY 2431 01:29:52,419 --> 01:29:55,722 HERE, CUE 1, CUE 2 TO CUE 2, 2432 01:29:55,722 --> 01:29:57,858 DIFFERENT CUE PAIRS SHOWN HERE, 2433 01:29:57,858 --> 01:29:59,193 YOU CAN SEE BY EYE FIRST THAT 2434 01:29:59,193 --> 01:30:04,665 THE PATTERN DELIVERS BETWEEN TE 2435 01:30:04,665 --> 01:30:06,633 TWO CUES DURING THE MEMORY 2436 01:30:06,633 --> 01:30:07,167 PERIOD. 2437 01:30:07,167 --> 01:30:08,602 WE HAVE TO QUANTIFY THESE 2438 01:30:08,602 --> 01:30:10,037 DIFFERENCES AND SEE IF THEY ARE 2439 01:30:10,037 --> 01:30:12,973 CONSISTENT ACROSS THE FULL 2440 01:30:12,973 --> 01:30:13,307 DATASET. 2441 01:30:13,307 --> 01:30:14,508 TO QUANTIFY SIMILARITY BETWEEN 2442 01:30:14,508 --> 01:30:16,310 THE SETS OF CONNECTIONS WE 2443 01:30:16,310 --> 01:30:19,012 SIMPLY COUNTED NUMBER OF 2444 01:30:19,012 --> 01:30:21,415 CONDITION-UNIQUE EDGES, 2445 01:30:21,415 --> 01:30:22,950 CONNECTIONS YIELDING MANHATTAN 2446 01:30:22,950 --> 01:30:23,217 DISTANCE. 2447 01:30:23,217 --> 01:30:24,251 MANHATTAN DISTANCE WAS COMPARED 2448 01:30:24,251 --> 01:30:26,987 TO A NULL DISTRIBUTION DERIVED 2449 01:30:26,987 --> 01:30:28,322 FROM CONDITION SHUFFLE DATA, 2450 01:30:28,322 --> 01:30:30,757 GIVES A Z SCORE. 2451 01:30:30,757 --> 01:30:32,693 THIS VIOLIN PLOT SHOWS MANHATTAN 2452 01:30:32,693 --> 01:30:34,127 DISTANCE, SIMILARITY IN 2453 01:30:34,127 --> 01:30:34,761 CONNECTIONS ACROSS DIFFERENT 2454 01:30:34,761 --> 01:30:37,064 CUES FOR ALL THE DATA, ACROSS 2455 01:30:37,064 --> 01:30:38,065 THE MEMORY PERIOD. 2456 01:30:38,065 --> 01:30:40,133 THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISTANCES IS 2457 01:30:40,133 --> 01:30:42,002 RELIABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE 2458 01:30:42,002 --> 01:30:42,336 SHUFFLE. 2459 01:30:42,336 --> 01:30:44,605 INDEED WE SEE PATTERN OF 2460 01:30:44,605 --> 01:30:45,839 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS AMONG 2461 01:30:45,839 --> 01:30:46,840 SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDED NEURONS 2462 01:30:46,840 --> 01:30:49,142 DEPENDS ON MEMORY CUE. 2463 01:30:49,142 --> 01:30:51,645 IF WE LOOK NOW AT JUST THE ON 2464 01:30:51,645 --> 01:30:54,514 STATES, WE KNOW WE HAVE TWO 2465 01:30:54,514 --> 01:30:56,016 PERIODS WHERE THE RATE CAN TELL 2466 01:30:56,016 --> 01:30:59,319 YOU WHERE THE CUE IS BUT PERIODS 2467 01:30:59,319 --> 01:31:02,489 WHERE IT CAN'T, WE LOOK AT THE 2468 01:31:02,489 --> 01:31:04,558 PERIOD WHERE IT CAN WE KNOW THAT 2469 01:31:04,558 --> 01:31:05,425 INFORMATION BEFORE THE 2470 01:31:05,425 --> 01:31:06,760 REMEMBERED CUE IS ROBUSTLY 2471 01:31:06,760 --> 01:31:08,061 AVAILABLE IN SPIKING ACTIVITY, 2472 01:31:08,061 --> 01:31:11,798 WE SEE PATTERN OF FUNCTIONAL 2473 01:31:11,798 --> 01:31:12,299 CONNECTIVITY APPROACHES 2474 01:31:12,299 --> 01:31:15,302 DEPENDENCE ON MEMORY CUE BUT NOT 2475 01:31:15,302 --> 01:31:15,836 RELIABLE. 2476 01:31:15,836 --> 01:31:18,038 WHICH WE WERE QUITE SURPRISED TO 2477 01:31:18,038 --> 01:31:22,175 SEE THAT THOSE ON PERIODS DON'T 2478 01:31:22,175 --> 01:31:26,880 ACTUALLY GIVE YOU YIELDING 2479 01:31:26,880 --> 01:31:29,650 RELIABLE DIFFERENCE IN ENSEMBLE 2480 01:31:29,650 --> 01:31:32,452 CONNECTIVITY ACROSS THE CUES. 2481 01:31:32,452 --> 01:31:35,222 DURING THE OFF STATES, YOU KNOW, 2482 01:31:35,222 --> 01:31:37,291 THE PATTERN OF FUNCTIONAL 2483 01:31:37,291 --> 01:31:38,725 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN NEURONS 2484 01:31:38,725 --> 01:31:40,027 REALLY RELIABLY DEPENDS ON 2485 01:31:40,027 --> 01:31:41,028 MEMORY CUE. 2486 01:31:41,028 --> 01:31:44,564 INDEED OVERALL DIFFERENT IN CUE 2487 01:31:44,564 --> 01:31:47,801 DEPENDENT ENSEMBLES SEEMS TO BE 2488 01:31:47,801 --> 01:31:51,838 DRIVEN BY OFF STATES, THE 2489 01:31:51,838 --> 01:31:53,140 CONNECTIVITY IS IN CONTRAST 2490 01:31:53,140 --> 01:31:54,574 DURING THE ON PERIODS. 2491 01:31:54,574 --> 01:31:56,443 THIS INDICATES DURING PERIODS IN 2492 01:31:56,443 --> 01:31:58,445 WHICH SPIKING ACTIVITY FAILED TO 2493 01:31:58,445 --> 01:32:00,314 SIGNAL WHICH CUE WAS BEING 2494 01:32:00,314 --> 01:32:02,816 REMEMBERED, THAT INFORMATION IS 2495 01:32:02,816 --> 01:32:06,520 NONETHELESS AVAILABLE IN UNIQUE 2496 01:32:06,520 --> 01:32:10,023 SET OF NEURONAL ENSEMBLES 2497 01:32:10,023 --> 01:32:12,326 ASSOCIATED WITH MEMORY CUE 2498 01:32:12,326 --> 01:32:15,829 SUGGESTING THEY SPAN THE 2499 01:32:15,829 --> 01:32:17,130 INTERMITTENT RATE CODING OF 2500 01:32:17,130 --> 01:32:18,432 REMEMBERED STIMULI. 2501 01:32:18,432 --> 01:32:23,603 THAT'S DURING THE MEMORY PERIOD 2502 01:32:23,603 --> 01:32:29,843 WHEN FIRING RATE CODING OF 2503 01:32:29,843 --> 01:32:35,415 MEMORANDA LAPSES, CUE-SPECIFIC 2504 01:32:35,415 --> 01:32:38,719 PATTERNS, YOU KNOW, PATTERN OF 2505 01:32:38,719 --> 01:32:39,987 CONNECTIONS MORE RELIABLE 2506 01:32:39,987 --> 01:32:42,889 CONNECTIONS REMAINED. 2507 01:32:42,889 --> 01:32:44,191 AND SO SUBSEQUENTLY CUE-SPECIFIC 2508 01:32:44,191 --> 01:32:47,027 ELEVATION IN FIRING RATE MAY 2509 01:32:47,027 --> 01:32:51,732 REEMERGE DUE TO NON-SPECIFIC 2510 01:32:51,732 --> 01:32:53,166 FLUCTUATIONS, ACROSS MEMORY 2511 01:32:53,166 --> 01:32:54,134 DELAY PERIOD MULTIPLE 2512 01:32:54,134 --> 01:32:56,770 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN SPIKING 2513 01:32:56,770 --> 01:32:58,305 ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY SILENT ON 2514 01:32:58,305 --> 01:32:59,940 AND OFF MAY OCCUR, THIS WOULD BE 2515 01:32:59,940 --> 01:33:05,178 SIMILAR TO WHAT IS PREDICTED IN 2516 01:33:05,178 --> 01:33:06,513 SYNAPTIC MEMORY, AND INTERPLAY 2517 01:33:06,513 --> 01:33:08,682 WHEN THE SILENT AND SPIKING 2518 01:33:08,682 --> 01:33:08,982 MECHANISMS. 2519 01:33:08,982 --> 01:33:11,318 ALL RIGHT. 2520 01:33:11,318 --> 01:33:13,620 AND ONE LAST PIECE OF -- THAT 2521 01:33:13,620 --> 01:33:15,389 WOULD MEAN THERE SHOULD BE A 2522 01:33:15,389 --> 01:33:17,691 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAPPING 2523 01:33:17,691 --> 01:33:21,428 OF THE ENSEMBLE OF NEURONS THAT 2524 01:33:21,428 --> 01:33:23,797 ARE CO-ACTIVATED DURING EACH CUE 2525 01:33:23,797 --> 01:33:25,232 AND ENSEMBLES THAT ARE 2526 01:33:25,232 --> 01:33:27,434 ASSOCIATED DURING THE OFF 2527 01:33:27,434 --> 01:33:27,868 PERIODS. 2528 01:33:27,868 --> 01:33:30,804 SO WE'RE LOOKING AT HERE SHOWING 2529 01:33:30,804 --> 01:33:33,340 THE PROBABILITY OF TWO NEURONS 2530 01:33:33,340 --> 01:33:35,108 ON AVERAGE HAVING A PREFERENCE 2531 01:33:35,108 --> 01:33:38,745 FOR THE SAME CUE, ONE OF EIGHT 2532 01:33:38,745 --> 01:33:38,945 CUES. 2533 01:33:38,945 --> 01:33:45,552 THIS IS SHOWING ACROSS ALL THE 2534 01:33:45,552 --> 01:33:52,559 DATA SHOWING PROBABILITY OF TWO 2535 01:33:52,559 --> 01:33:54,194 NEURONS SHOWING RELIABLE 2536 01:33:54,194 --> 01:33:55,729 CROSS-CORRELATION HERE, OKAY, 2537 01:33:55,729 --> 01:33:57,798 AND SO NOW IF THESE TWO ARE 2538 01:33:57,798 --> 01:34:01,401 INDEPENDENT THEN IF YOU LOOK AT 2539 01:34:01,401 --> 01:34:04,071 THE -- COMPARE THE JOINT 2540 01:34:04,071 --> 01:34:04,604 PROBABILITY OF NEURONS 2541 01:34:04,604 --> 01:34:06,773 PREFERRING THE SAME CUE AND ALSO 2542 01:34:06,773 --> 01:34:08,475 BEING CONNECTED, THAT SHOULD BE 2543 01:34:08,475 --> 01:34:11,044 AT UNITY WITH THE PRODUCT OF THE 2544 01:34:11,044 --> 01:34:13,113 TWO THINGS BUT ACTUALLY IT 2545 01:34:13,113 --> 01:34:18,285 EXCEEDS THAT, MEANING THERE'S A 2546 01:34:18,285 --> 01:34:19,052 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSEMBLES 2547 01:34:19,052 --> 01:34:21,788 DURING THE CUE AND DURING THE 2548 01:34:21,788 --> 01:34:24,958 OFF PERIODS. 2549 01:34:24,958 --> 01:34:25,826 OKAY. 2550 01:34:25,826 --> 01:34:28,795 SO, YOU KNOW, RESULTS PROVIDE 2551 01:34:28,795 --> 01:34:32,833 THE BEST EVIDENCE TO DATE 2552 01:34:32,833 --> 01:34:37,871 INTERPLAY BETWEEN SPIKING 2553 01:34:37,871 --> 01:34:39,639 MECHANISM AND ACTIVITIES, THESE, 2554 01:34:39,639 --> 01:34:42,642 SORRY, WHERE DID I GO? 2555 01:34:42,642 --> 01:34:44,978 OH, DIDN'T KNOW THAT WAS THERE. 2556 01:34:44,978 --> 01:34:52,319 OKAY, RIGHT. 2557 01:34:52,319 --> 01:34:54,054 PREFRONTAL CORE NEXT MNEMONIC 2558 01:34:54,054 --> 01:34:54,721 INFORMATION DOES NOT PERSIST, 2559 01:34:54,721 --> 01:34:56,790 BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THE ACTUAL 2560 01:34:56,790 --> 01:34:58,658 INFORMATION CONVEYED BY 2561 01:34:58,658 --> 01:35:01,294 POPULATIONS OF NEURONS LOCALLY, 2562 01:35:01,294 --> 01:35:03,830 THAT ACTIVITY, THOSE SIGNALS DO 2563 01:35:03,830 --> 01:35:06,333 NOT PERSIST BUT ALTERNATE 2564 01:35:06,333 --> 01:35:07,200 BETWEEN DISCRETE AND COORDINATED 2565 01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:08,835 PERIODS OF ON AND OFF STATES. 2566 01:35:08,835 --> 01:35:11,371 AND AT THE LEVEL OF SINGLE 2567 01:35:11,371 --> 01:35:13,206 NEURONS OFF STATES ARE DRIVEN BY 2568 01:35:13,206 --> 01:35:14,407 LOSS OF SELECTIVITY FOR 2569 01:35:14,407 --> 01:35:17,377 MEMORANDA AND RETURN OF FIRING 2570 01:35:17,377 --> 01:35:19,246 RATES TO BASELINE LEVELS, AGAIN 2571 01:35:19,246 --> 01:35:21,314 COORDINATED FASHION. 2572 01:35:21,314 --> 01:35:22,716 DURING OFF STATES MNEMONIC 2573 01:35:22,716 --> 01:35:25,051 INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE, 2574 01:35:25,051 --> 01:35:28,855 PATTERN OF FUNCTIONAL 2575 01:35:28,855 --> 01:35:29,156 CONNECTIONS. 2576 01:35:29,156 --> 01:35:31,258 OBSERVATIONS ARE ENABLED, MADE 2577 01:35:31,258 --> 01:35:35,328 POSSIBLE BY THIS NEWLY ACQUIRED 2578 01:35:35,328 --> 01:35:38,031 ABILITY TO ACHIEVE LARGE-SCALE 2579 01:35:38,031 --> 01:35:39,132 HIGH-DENSITY RECORDINGS WITH 2580 01:35:39,132 --> 01:35:40,233 NEURONAL PIXELS. 2581 01:35:40,233 --> 01:35:44,938 LET ME STOP AND THANK MY 2582 01:35:44,938 --> 01:35:48,542 COLLABORATORS, MY STUDENT, MATT, 2583 01:35:48,542 --> 01:35:51,077 AND DONATAS HERE. 2584 01:35:51,077 --> 01:35:54,114 BARUN FROM IMEC AND TIM HARRIS 2585 01:35:54,114 --> 01:35:55,248 FOR DEVELOPING NON-HUMAN PRIMATE 2586 01:35:55,248 --> 01:35:57,384 PIXEL PROBES AND OF COURSE MY 2587 01:35:57,384 --> 01:35:58,518 FUNDERS INCLUDING THE BRAIN 2588 01:35:58,518 --> 01:35:58,852 INITIATIVE. 2589 01:35:58,852 --> 01:36:03,023 ALL RIGHT. 2590 01:36:03,023 --> 01:36:05,559 I'LL STOP THERE. 2591 01:36:05,559 --> 01:36:08,695 >> WOW, AMAZING. 2592 01:36:08,695 --> 01:36:10,564 s LET'S SEE IF WE HAVE TIME 2593 01:36:10,564 --> 01:36:11,097 FOR QUESTIONS. 2594 01:36:11,097 --> 01:36:13,500 IF YOU CAN STOP SHARE AND TURN 2595 01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:16,670 YOUR CAMERA ON, THAT WOULD BE 2596 01:36:16,670 --> 01:36:17,003 GREAT. 2597 01:36:17,003 --> 01:36:18,238 2598 01:36:18,238 --> 01:36:20,173 >> WHERE IS THAT? 2599 01:36:20,173 --> 01:36:22,475 SORRY, I'M DOING THIS NOT FROM 2600 01:36:22,475 --> 01:36:23,577 MY NORMAL LOCATION, I'M ACTUALLY 2601 01:36:23,577 --> 01:36:28,515 IN THE U.K. RIGHT NOW. 2602 01:36:28,515 --> 01:36:29,816 >> WE APPRECIATE YOUR ZOOMING IN 2603 01:36:29,816 --> 01:36:31,117 FROM ACROSS THE POND. 2604 01:36:31,117 --> 01:36:36,256 >> I CAN'T FIND THE SHARE 2605 01:36:36,256 --> 01:36:36,489 BUTTON. 2606 01:36:36,489 --> 01:36:37,924 OH. 2607 01:36:37,924 --> 01:36:39,759 >> EVERYBODY IS WELCOME TO TURN 2608 01:36:39,759 --> 01:36:43,063 CAMERAS ON. 2609 01:36:43,063 --> 01:36:48,301 I SEE SAMEER, YOU HAVE A 2610 01:36:48,301 --> 01:36:48,568 QUESTION. 2611 01:36:48,568 --> 01:36:51,471 >> YEAH. 2612 01:36:51,471 --> 01:36:53,139 >> WE SEE YOU, TIRIN. 2613 01:36:53,139 --> 01:36:54,641 >> THAT WAS FANTASTIC. 2614 01:36:54,641 --> 01:36:55,208 REALLY ENJOYED THAT. 2615 01:36:55,208 --> 01:36:56,643 A BUNCH OF QUESTIONS. 2616 01:36:56,643 --> 01:36:58,278 I'LL KEEP IT TO ONE. 2617 01:36:58,278 --> 01:36:59,713 JUST PRACTICAL ONE. 2618 01:36:59,713 --> 01:37:01,448 I MEAN, WE'VE HAD A LOT OF 2619 01:37:01,448 --> 01:37:02,115 EXPERIENCE WITH THESE PROBES, 2620 01:37:02,115 --> 01:37:04,384 ONE OF THE FEW TO HAVE 2621 01:37:04,384 --> 01:37:08,722 EXPERIENCE WITH THE NEW VERSION, 2622 01:37:08,722 --> 01:37:10,290 DESIGNED FOR NHP. 2623 01:37:10,290 --> 01:37:11,191 CAN YOU SAY ANYTHING, TELL US 2624 01:37:11,191 --> 01:37:13,093 ABOUT WHAT YOU THINK THE 2625 01:37:13,093 --> 01:37:14,261 PROSPECTS ARE FOR, YOU KNOW, 2626 01:37:14,261 --> 01:37:16,129 LARGER SCALE USE OF THESE 2627 01:37:16,129 --> 01:37:16,363 THINGS. 2628 01:37:16,363 --> 01:37:18,064 HOW EASY OR HARD ARE THEY TO 2629 01:37:18,064 --> 01:37:19,065 HANDLE RELATIVE TO PREVIOUS 2630 01:37:19,065 --> 01:37:21,701 ONES, IN TERMS OF BRITTLENESS, 2631 01:37:21,701 --> 01:37:24,437 DRIFT, IN TERMS OFS RECORDING 2632 01:37:24,437 --> 01:37:25,405 CAPABILITY AND CHARACTERISTICS, 2633 01:37:25,405 --> 01:37:29,542 AND THEN DO YOU THINK -- WHAT'S 2634 01:37:29,542 --> 01:37:32,979 THE TIMELINE FOR HUMAN USE DO 2635 01:37:32,979 --> 01:37:34,948 YOU THINK? 2636 01:37:34,948 --> 01:37:36,883 >> WELL, IF YOU'RE ASKING IMEC 2637 01:37:36,883 --> 01:37:38,218 THEY WOULD SAY THEY ARE NOT 2638 01:37:38,218 --> 01:37:39,953 INTENDED FOR HUMAN USE AS YOU 2639 01:37:39,953 --> 01:37:41,154 PROBABLY NOW. 2640 01:37:41,154 --> 01:37:47,527 YOU'RE ON YOUR OWN. THERE A 2641 01:37:47,527 --> 01:37:48,728 COUPLE THINGS TO UNPACK. 2642 01:37:48,728 --> 01:37:51,131 HANDLING IS A COMMON 2643 01:37:51,131 --> 01:37:51,564 MISPERCEPTION. 2644 01:37:51,564 --> 01:37:53,867 I'LL SUMMARIZE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 2645 01:37:53,867 --> 01:37:56,069 FOLKS ARE USING THE PRIMATE 2646 01:37:56,069 --> 01:37:57,804 PROBE, WE'LL CALL THEM THAT. 2647 01:37:57,804 --> 01:38:01,107 YOU BREAK ONE OR TWO, AND YOU 2648 01:38:01,107 --> 01:38:04,577 STOP BREAKING THEM FOR YEARS. 2649 01:38:04,577 --> 01:38:06,546 AND SO IF YOU ASKED -- FOUR 2650 01:38:06,546 --> 01:38:08,615 PEOPLE IN MY LAB HAVE BEEN USING 2651 01:38:08,615 --> 01:38:10,383 THEM FOR YEARS, MAY HAVE BROKEN 2652 01:38:10,383 --> 01:38:12,919 ONE OR TWO, LIKE TWO YEARS AGO, 2653 01:38:12,919 --> 01:38:14,554 AND THEY STOPPED BREAKING THEM. 2654 01:38:14,554 --> 01:38:16,189 YEAH, THEY ARE MORE FLEXIBLE 2655 01:38:16,189 --> 01:38:17,857 THANK YOU THINK. 2656 01:38:17,857 --> 01:38:23,963 PRIMARY PROBES ARE 120 MICRONS 2657 01:38:23,963 --> 01:38:26,700 WIDE, DEEP, THEY ARE PRETTY 2658 01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:27,901 RESILIENT. 2659 01:38:27,901 --> 01:38:28,868 SO THAT'S THAT. 2660 01:38:28,868 --> 01:38:30,637 WE DIDN'T GO THROUGH AS MANY AS 2661 01:38:30,637 --> 01:38:32,739 WE THOUGHT WE WOULD GO THROUGH 2662 01:38:32,739 --> 01:38:35,375 OVER THE YEARS. 2663 01:38:35,375 --> 01:38:37,010 A LOT MORE ROBUST THAN FOLKS 2664 01:38:37,010 --> 01:38:38,745 THINK THEY ARE. 2665 01:38:38,745 --> 01:38:41,815 DRIFT, YEAH, IT'S A NON-TRIVIAL 2666 01:38:41,815 --> 01:38:42,048 PROBLEM. 2667 01:38:42,048 --> 01:38:45,819 NOW, AMONG THE KIND OF NON-HUMAN 2668 01:38:45,819 --> 01:38:47,387 PRIMATE MONKEY EFIZ PEOPLE 2669 01:38:47,387 --> 01:38:48,421 THERE'S A BROAD DISTRIBUTION 2670 01:38:48,421 --> 01:38:49,923 WITH RESPECT TO HOW LONG YOU 2671 01:38:49,923 --> 01:38:53,326 WAIT AFTER YOU INSERT THE PROBE, 2672 01:38:53,326 --> 01:38:59,566 JOHN CAN CONFIRM THAT. 2673 01:38:59,566 --> 01:39:00,967 SOME WAIT, START RECORDING RIGHT 2674 01:39:00,967 --> 01:39:02,068 AWAY, SOME WAIT THREE HOURS FOR 2675 01:39:02,068 --> 01:39:04,104 THE BRAIN TO SETTLE DOWN AND 2676 01:39:04,104 --> 01:39:04,437 RELAX. 2677 01:39:04,437 --> 01:39:08,141 YOU STILL GET DRIFT. 2678 01:39:08,141 --> 01:39:10,877 THAT'S PART OF THE SPIKE, 2679 01:39:10,877 --> 01:39:11,745 CLUSTERING PROCEDURES, YOU CAN 2680 01:39:11,745 --> 01:39:13,947 LOOK AT THE DRIFT OVER TIME. 2681 01:39:13,947 --> 01:39:16,383 USUALLY WITHIN AN HOUR OR SO THE 2682 01:39:16,383 --> 01:39:17,784 DRIFT REDUCES QUITE A BIT, 2683 01:39:17,784 --> 01:39:18,885 THAT'S IN THE METHODS PAPER 2684 01:39:18,885 --> 01:39:19,886 COMING OUT. 2685 01:39:19,886 --> 01:39:22,155 THAT WAS QUITE A BIG THING. 2686 01:39:22,155 --> 01:39:23,790 AND SO THAT'S NOT A HUGE 2687 01:39:23,790 --> 01:39:24,190 PROBLEM. 2688 01:39:24,190 --> 01:39:25,358 OBVIOUSLY IF WE WERE RECORDING 2689 01:39:25,358 --> 01:39:27,327 IN HUMANS, YOU HAVE A LIMITED 2690 01:39:27,327 --> 01:39:29,529 WINDOW OF TIME TO RECORD, THAT'S 2691 01:39:29,529 --> 01:39:32,665 A SERIOUS PROBLEM AND ONE THAT 2692 01:39:32,665 --> 01:39:34,300 HASN'T BEEN SOLVED YET. 2693 01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:35,735 YEAH, WHAT WAS THE LAST 2694 01:39:35,735 --> 01:39:38,905 QUESTION, ABOUT THE HUMAN? 2695 01:39:38,905 --> 01:39:41,408 YEAH, THE NEXT GENERATION, 3.0, 2696 01:39:41,408 --> 01:39:42,842 WHICH IS NOW OFFICIALLY STARTING 2697 01:39:42,842 --> 01:39:47,547 LIKE IN A FEW DAYS, WHICH 3.0 2698 01:39:47,547 --> 01:39:50,717 ALLOWS FOR FOUR TIMES THE NUMBER 2699 01:39:50,717 --> 01:39:52,051 OF ACTIVE CHANNELS SO 4400 2700 01:39:52,051 --> 01:39:54,220 CHANNELS NOW, IT WILL BE -- 2701 01:39:54,220 --> 01:39:58,191 LENGTH WILL BE EXTENDED TO 60 2702 01:39:58,191 --> 01:40:00,126 MILLIMETERS BUT EFFECTIVELY 50 2703 01:40:00,126 --> 01:40:04,397 MILLIMETERS OF CONTACTS SO ^5 2704 01:40:04,397 --> 01:40:07,133 THOUSAND CONTACTS, 1536 CAN BE 2705 01:40:07,133 --> 01:40:08,568 RECORDED ACTIVELY, THAT 2706 01:40:08,568 --> 01:40:09,536 INCREASES THE YIELD. 2707 01:40:09,536 --> 01:40:10,737 AND THE FRACTION OF THE ENTIRE 2708 01:40:10,737 --> 01:40:14,774 LENGTH OF THE PROBE THAT YOU CAN 2709 01:40:14,774 --> 01:40:15,008 RECORD. 2710 01:40:15,008 --> 01:40:17,243 A COUPLE THINGS WILL BE 2711 01:40:17,243 --> 01:40:18,378 DIFFERENT BUT THOSE, YOU KNOW, 2712 01:40:18,378 --> 01:40:20,680 NOTHING KEEPING FOLKS FROM USING 2713 01:40:20,680 --> 01:40:22,749 THOSE IN HUMANS TOO. 2714 01:40:22,749 --> 01:40:28,354 IN FACT A LOT OF THE FUTURE 2715 01:40:28,354 --> 01:40:30,523 HUMAN-SPECIFIC PROJECTS ARE 2716 01:40:30,523 --> 01:40:33,159 GOING TO BE BENEFITING FROM THIS 2717 01:40:33,159 --> 01:40:34,461 NEW NHP DESIGN. 2718 01:40:34,461 --> 01:40:39,199 MUCH LIKE THE NHP DESIGNS ARE 2719 01:40:39,199 --> 01:40:40,333 BENEFITING FROM NEW VERSIONS OF 2720 01:40:40,333 --> 01:40:43,570 THE PROBES, THERE'S A LOT COMING 2721 01:40:43,570 --> 01:40:49,809 DOWN THE PIKE, AT LEAST TWO NEW 2722 01:40:49,809 --> 01:40:53,079 PROJECTS THAT WILL AFFECT HOPES 2723 01:40:53,079 --> 01:40:57,417 FOR USE IN HUMANS. 2724 01:40:57,417 --> 01:40:57,851 >> THANKS, TIRIN. 2725 01:40:57,851 --> 01:41:00,019 >> FRANK AND JOHN. 2726 01:41:00,019 --> 01:41:00,687 >> HI, TIRIN. 2727 01:41:00,687 --> 01:41:02,755 YOU HAD THE GREAT TALK, THE ONE 2728 01:41:02,755 --> 01:41:06,359 SLIDE THAT SHOWED DIFFERENT 2729 01:41:06,359 --> 01:41:08,094 PATTERNS, AND IT MADE ME THINK 2730 01:41:08,094 --> 01:41:09,863 OF ISSUES OF PLASTICITY AND THEN 2731 01:41:09,863 --> 01:41:10,730 DIFFERENT STATES THAT MIGHT 2732 01:41:10,730 --> 01:41:11,831 CHANGE WITH AGING. 2733 01:41:11,831 --> 01:41:14,467 WOULD YOU EXPECT THE RANGE OR 2734 01:41:14,467 --> 01:41:16,970 DIVERSITY OF PATTERNS TO BE 2735 01:41:16,970 --> 01:41:21,007 REDUCED IN PATHOLOGIC STATES OR 2736 01:41:21,007 --> 01:41:23,209 WITH AGING OR INCREASE IN 2737 01:41:23,209 --> 01:41:23,776 LEARNING PARADIGM? 2738 01:41:23,776 --> 01:41:25,478 I'M INTERESTED IN DIVERSITY OF 2739 01:41:25,478 --> 01:41:31,417 PATTERNS THAT YOU SAW. 2740 01:41:31,417 --> 01:41:33,419 >> YEAH, I MEAN, YOU KNOW, AN 2741 01:41:33,419 --> 01:41:36,656 EXPERT ON, YOU KNOW, PATTERNS OF 2742 01:41:36,656 --> 01:41:37,857 CROSS-CORRELATION AMONG, YOU 2743 01:41:37,857 --> 01:41:38,892 KNOW, LARGE NEURONAL POPULATIONS 2744 01:41:38,892 --> 01:41:40,059 BECAUSE THE FIRST TIME YOU COULD 2745 01:41:40,059 --> 01:41:42,128 EVER LOOK, YOU KNOW, TO SEE IT, 2746 01:41:42,128 --> 01:41:43,229 RIGHT? 2747 01:41:43,229 --> 01:41:44,964 MOST OF THE CROSS-CORRELATION 2748 01:41:44,964 --> 01:41:47,800 STUDIES OVER THE PAST SEVERAL 2749 01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:50,203 DECADES ARE VERY LOW YIELD AND, 2750 01:41:50,203 --> 01:41:52,071 YOU KNOW, THERE ARE VERY FEW, 2751 01:41:52,071 --> 01:41:54,807 WELL, THAT I WOULD TEND TO KNOW 2752 01:41:54,807 --> 01:41:55,041 ABOUT. 2753 01:41:55,041 --> 01:41:58,211 I MOSTLY KNOW ABOUT ITS USE IN 2754 01:41:58,211 --> 01:42:00,613 THE VISUAL SYSTEM, THERE AREN'T 2755 01:42:00,613 --> 01:42:02,015 MANY PLASTICITY STUDIES. 2756 01:42:02,015 --> 01:42:07,487 YOU CAN ASK QUESTIONS, YEAH, 2757 01:42:07,487 --> 01:42:11,357 JUST HOW MUCH VARIABILITY, 2758 01:42:11,357 --> 01:42:14,427 ENSEMBLES, WHICH EVER APPROACH 2759 01:42:14,427 --> 01:42:16,796 YOU USE, LOOKS LIKE DEVELOPMENT 2760 01:42:16,796 --> 01:42:18,998 OVER AGING, PATHOLOGY, SO FORTH, 2761 01:42:18,998 --> 01:42:21,100 WHY NOT? 2762 01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:21,801 >> YEAH, ASSUMING VARIABILITY IS 2763 01:42:21,801 --> 01:42:24,137 A GOOD THING, I DON'T KNOW, THAT 2764 01:42:24,137 --> 01:42:25,338 WOULD BE MY HYPOTHESIS AT LEAST 2765 01:42:25,338 --> 01:42:28,875 AND HOW DOES THAT CHANGE? 2766 01:42:28,875 --> 01:42:29,609 >> YEAH, YEAH. 2767 01:42:29,609 --> 01:42:31,010 >> OR MAYBE WITH LEARNING IT 2768 01:42:31,010 --> 01:42:32,679 GETS REDUCED, I DON'T KNOW. 2769 01:42:32,679 --> 01:42:34,881 BUT SEEMS LIKE WHAT YOU'VE DONE 2770 01:42:34,881 --> 01:42:36,082 OPENS A DOOR TO A LOT OF 2771 01:42:36,082 --> 01:42:37,183 QUESTIONS ONE COULD ADDRESS WITH 2772 01:42:37,183 --> 01:42:40,987 THAT MAYBE. 2773 01:42:40,987 --> 01:42:41,688 >> YEAH, IT'S EMBARRASSINGLY 2774 01:42:41,688 --> 01:42:43,957 EASY, IT'S SUCH A TORRENT OF 2775 01:42:43,957 --> 01:42:44,157 DATA. 2776 01:42:44,157 --> 01:42:46,459 AND, YOU KNOW, WHEN WE FIRST 2777 01:42:46,459 --> 01:42:47,527 STARTED USING THESE PROBES ONE 2778 01:42:47,527 --> 01:42:52,065 OF THE QUESTIONS WE WERE ASKING 2779 01:42:52,065 --> 01:42:52,832 OURSELVES, WELL, WHAT'S 2780 01:42:52,832 --> 01:42:54,133 QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT? 2781 01:42:54,133 --> 01:42:55,602 MORE NEURONS? 2782 01:42:55,602 --> 01:42:56,769 YOU DO EXPERIMENT IN SHORTER 2783 01:42:56,769 --> 01:42:58,605 AMOUNT OF TIME? 2784 01:42:58,605 --> 01:42:59,606 OR IS THERE SOMETHING WE 2785 01:42:59,606 --> 01:43:00,039 COULDN'T DO BEFORE? 2786 01:43:00,039 --> 01:43:03,309 THIS IS ONE OF THOSE THINGS. 2787 01:43:03,309 --> 01:43:03,610 >> RIGHT. 2788 01:43:03,610 --> 01:43:04,644 >> THEN YOU GET SO MUCH POWER 2789 01:43:04,644 --> 01:43:08,948 FROM A SINGLE RECORDING AND 2790 01:43:08,948 --> 01:43:10,316 LOOKING AT NEURONS THAT ARE, 2791 01:43:10,316 --> 01:43:12,919 LIKE I SAID, LARGE LOCAL 2792 01:43:12,919 --> 01:43:14,354 POPULATIONS WITH PROBABILITY OF 2793 01:43:14,354 --> 01:43:16,856 CONNECTIVITY OF SOME TYPE THAT'S 2794 01:43:16,856 --> 01:43:17,557 MUCH HIGHER. 2795 01:43:17,557 --> 01:43:20,393 THE DATA I SHOWED YOU, AVERAGE 2796 01:43:20,393 --> 01:43:24,764 RATE OF CONNECTIVITY, A STRANGE 2797 01:43:24,764 --> 01:43:25,765 CRITERION FOR CROSS-CORRELATION, 2798 01:43:25,765 --> 01:43:27,400 LIKE SEVEN SIGMA. 2799 01:43:27,400 --> 01:43:27,834 >> WOW. 2800 01:43:27,834 --> 01:43:32,438 >> LIKE 1 1/2% OF THE NEURONS 2801 01:43:32,438 --> 01:43:33,206 ARE CONNECTED. 2802 01:43:33,206 --> 01:43:36,576 ONE 1 1/2 IS PLENTY WHEN YOU'VE 2803 01:43:36,576 --> 01:43:41,748 GOT WHATEVER, YOU KNOW, WHATEVER 2804 01:43:41,748 --> 01:43:44,917 THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PAIRS SO 2805 01:43:44,917 --> 01:43:45,118 HIGH. 2806 01:43:45,118 --> 01:43:46,119 >> WELL, THANK YOU. 2807 01:43:46,119 --> 01:43:49,622 >> IF I COULD JUMP IN WITH A 2808 01:43:49,622 --> 01:43:50,923 FOLLOW-UP QUESTION, SO DO YOU 2809 01:43:50,923 --> 01:43:53,159 SEE A POINT OF DIMINISHING 2810 01:43:53,159 --> 01:43:53,426 RETURNS? 2811 01:43:53,426 --> 01:43:57,163 IN OTHER WORDS WE'RE STILL AT A 2812 01:43:57,163 --> 01:44:00,533 POINT WHERE GETTING MORE CELLS 2813 01:44:00,533 --> 01:44:01,267 INVOLVED, MORE DENSE RECORDINGS, 2814 01:44:01,267 --> 01:44:03,503 IS TELLING YOU THINGS YOU 2815 01:44:03,503 --> 01:44:04,804 WOULDN'T SEE BEFORE BUT FOR 2816 01:44:04,804 --> 01:44:06,439 EXAMPLE HAVE YOU TRIED 2817 01:44:06,439 --> 01:44:08,074 SUBSAMPLING YOUR DATA TO SEE HOW 2818 01:44:08,074 --> 01:44:09,409 DID YOUR CLASSIFIER WORK AS YOU 2819 01:44:09,409 --> 01:44:11,044 KIND OF MAKE THE DATA MORE 2820 01:44:11,044 --> 01:44:11,377 SPARSE? 2821 01:44:11,377 --> 01:44:12,478 THE CONNECTIONS DO SEEM TO BE 2822 01:44:12,478 --> 01:44:17,617 SPARSE TO SOME DEGREE AS WELL. 2823 01:44:17,617 --> 01:44:20,453 >> YEAH, SO -- WE DID ONE THING 2824 01:44:20,453 --> 01:44:23,389 LIKE SUBSAMPLING, TOOK HALF 2825 01:44:23,389 --> 01:44:24,490 NEURONS TO CLASSIFY, CATEGORIZE 2826 01:44:24,490 --> 01:44:26,125 THE STATE, RIGHT? 2827 01:44:26,125 --> 01:44:30,029 WE LOOKED AT THE HELD-OUT, A 2828 01:44:30,029 --> 01:44:30,329 SUBSAMPLING. 2829 01:44:30,329 --> 01:44:34,400 LET ME SEE WHAT YOU'RE SAYING. 2830 01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:36,269 YEAH, GIVE ME SOMETHING 2831 01:44:36,269 --> 01:44:37,437 CONCRETE, WHAT WOULD WE -- 2832 01:44:37,437 --> 01:44:39,072 >> I MEAN, DO YOU THINK YOU 2833 01:44:39,072 --> 01:44:41,974 WOULD LEARN MORE IF YOU 2834 01:44:41,974 --> 01:44:43,076 INCREASED DENSITY RECORDINGSED 2835 01:44:43,076 --> 01:44:45,778 BY 4X OR REDUCED BY HALF? 2836 01:44:45,778 --> 01:44:46,946 >> OH, DENSITY? 2837 01:44:46,946 --> 01:44:47,480 I MEAN -- 2838 01:44:47,480 --> 01:44:48,548 >> OR BOTH. 2839 01:44:48,548 --> 01:44:49,849 >> REALLY GOOD POINT. 2840 01:44:49,849 --> 01:44:52,418 I GUESS, YEAH, THAT'S AN 2841 01:44:52,418 --> 01:44:53,386 EMPIRICAL QUESTION. 2842 01:44:53,386 --> 01:44:55,855 THIS IS RELEVANT TO THE LAYOUT 2843 01:44:55,855 --> 01:44:57,190 OF THESE CONTACTS BECAUSE YOU 2844 01:44:57,190 --> 01:44:59,258 MIGHT HAVE NOTICED THAT OR YOU 2845 01:44:59,258 --> 01:45:02,995 MIGHT KNOW OR NOTICED, WHATEVER, 2846 01:45:02,995 --> 01:45:06,999 THAT BECAUSE THE NHP PROBE IS 2847 01:45:06,999 --> 01:45:09,669 WIDER, THE ARE THERE ARE TWO 2848 01:45:09,669 --> 01:45:10,636 COLUMNS OF CONTACTS SEPARATED, 2849 01:45:10,636 --> 01:45:11,704 AND SO THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF 2850 01:45:11,704 --> 01:45:13,940 NEURONS YOU PICK UP ARE 2851 01:45:13,940 --> 01:45:17,310 SEPARATED INTO TWO COLUMNS SO 2852 01:45:17,310 --> 01:45:18,444 DENSITY IS DIFFERENT THAN IT IS 2853 01:45:18,444 --> 01:45:23,015 IN THE RODENT WHERE THEY ARE 2854 01:45:23,015 --> 01:45:24,317 CLUMPED TOGETHER, DOES THAT 2855 01:45:24,317 --> 01:45:26,419 AFFECT THE YIELD OR OTHER THINGS 2856 01:45:26,419 --> 01:45:28,488 YOU MIGHT WANT TO ASK? 2857 01:45:28,488 --> 01:45:32,225 YEAH, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 2858 01:45:32,225 --> 01:45:36,496 I ALLUDED TO IT IN ONE SLIDE, 2859 01:45:36,496 --> 01:45:39,899 MULTIPLE LONG RECORDING IN 2860 01:45:39,899 --> 01:45:40,833 VISUAL SYSTEM, NON-SIMULTANEOUS, 2861 01:45:40,833 --> 01:45:42,535 I'M SORRY, THAT MAY BE RELEVANT, 2862 01:45:42,535 --> 01:45:44,904 BUT THIS IS ALL JUST WITH A 2863 01:45:44,904 --> 01:45:46,239 SINGLE PROBE, RIGHT? 2864 01:45:46,239 --> 01:45:48,741 I MEAN, THE IDEA OF ADAPTING 2865 01:45:48,741 --> 01:45:53,045 RODENT PROBES FOR MONKEYS 2866 01:45:53,045 --> 01:45:54,213 ACTUALLY WAS ORIGINALLY SPURRED 2867 01:45:54,213 --> 01:45:57,750 BY NICK STEINMETZ WHO BASICALLY 2868 01:45:57,750 --> 01:45:59,619 WORKED IN MY LAB AND WORKED WITH 2869 01:45:59,619 --> 01:46:01,120 RODENTS AND SORT OF REALIZED, 2870 01:46:01,120 --> 01:46:03,322 WELL, IN THE MONKEY BRAIN YOU 2871 01:46:03,322 --> 01:46:04,991 COULD DEPLOY TEN, TWELVE OF 2872 01:46:04,991 --> 01:46:07,260 THESE IN A SINGLE ANIMAL, SO 2873 01:46:07,260 --> 01:46:11,631 WE'RE STARTING TO DO THAT NOW. 2874 01:46:11,631 --> 01:46:12,965 THAT'S WHERE THE REAL -- IT'S 2875 01:46:12,965 --> 01:46:15,368 GOING TO GET REALLY, REALLY 2876 01:46:15,368 --> 01:46:17,336 INTERESTING BECAUSE NOW YOU CAN 2877 01:46:17,336 --> 01:46:18,738 LOOK AT NEURONS CONNECTED 2878 01:46:18,738 --> 01:46:20,239 ACROSS, YOU KNOW, DISTRIBUTED 2879 01:46:20,239 --> 01:46:22,041 CONNECTIONS ACROSS THE BRAIN OR 2880 01:46:22,041 --> 01:46:23,976 VISUAL SYSTEM, WHATEVER, IN 2881 01:46:23,976 --> 01:46:26,512 LARGE NUMBERS, LARGE LOCAL 2882 01:46:26,512 --> 01:46:29,248 POPULATIONS BUT ALSO DISTAL 2883 01:46:29,248 --> 01:46:30,349 NETWORKS, YEAH. 2884 01:46:30,349 --> 01:46:30,650 >> THANKS. 2885 01:46:30,650 --> 01:46:34,187 SORRY, JOHN. 2886 01:46:34,187 --> 01:46:36,255 JOHN AND TOR. 2887 01:46:36,255 --> 01:46:37,890 >> AMAZING DATA. 2888 01:46:37,890 --> 01:46:39,325 REALLY FASCINATED BY SEEING THIS 2889 01:46:39,325 --> 01:46:41,627 VIEW ON SO MANY CELLS 2890 01:46:41,627 --> 01:46:41,994 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 2891 01:46:41,994 --> 01:46:43,029 AND IN PARTICULAR IT'S GREAT 2892 01:46:43,029 --> 01:46:45,531 THAT YOU CAN PULL OUT THESE 2893 01:46:45,531 --> 01:46:51,270 THINGS, ON AND OFF TRIALS, BUT I 2894 01:46:51,270 --> 01:46:52,071 GUESS MY SUBSAMPLING QUESTION 2895 01:46:52,071 --> 01:46:55,174 WOULD BE IT'S NOT THAT 2896 01:46:55,174 --> 01:46:56,175 SURPRISING, DIFFERENT THINGS 2897 01:46:56,175 --> 01:46:59,011 WHEN THE ANIMAL IS PERFORMING 2898 01:46:59,011 --> 01:47:00,980 BETTER OR PERFORMING WORSE, 2899 01:47:00,980 --> 01:47:01,848 WONDERING WITH THE DENSITY OF 2900 01:47:01,848 --> 01:47:05,618 DATA THAT YOU HAVE HERE WHETHER 2901 01:47:05,618 --> 01:47:07,019 YOU MIGHT SUBSAMPLE ON AND OFF 2902 01:47:07,019 --> 01:47:09,755 TRIALS TO GET TRIALS THAT WERE 2903 01:47:09,755 --> 01:47:13,059 EQUIVALENT IN TERMS OF BEING 2904 01:47:13,059 --> 01:47:15,161 CORRECT, SAME REACTION TIME. 2905 01:47:15,161 --> 01:47:15,428 >> YEAH. 2906 01:47:15,428 --> 01:47:17,663 >> ACCURACY AND SO YOU CAN 2907 01:47:17,663 --> 01:47:19,198 ACTUALLY COMPARE THOSE TWO 2908 01:47:19,198 --> 01:47:22,068 STATES DIRECTLY. 2909 01:47:22,068 --> 01:47:23,336 >> YEAH, YEAH, I PROBABLY -- 2910 01:47:23,336 --> 01:47:24,871 MAYBE THE AUDIO WASN'T WORKING 2911 01:47:24,871 --> 01:47:28,608 WELL BUT I DID SHOW A SLIDE 2912 01:47:28,608 --> 01:47:32,111 WHERE IF YOU LOOKED AT WHATEVER 2913 01:47:32,111 --> 01:47:32,979 STATE THE POPULATION WAS IN AT 2914 01:47:32,979 --> 01:47:35,381 THE END OF THE TRIAL, AND LOOKED 2915 01:47:35,381 --> 01:47:38,885 AT THE PROPORTION OF CORRECT OR 2916 01:47:38,885 --> 01:47:41,354 WRONG, SO CORRECT WAS HIGHER FOR 2917 01:47:41,354 --> 01:47:44,690 ON THAN OFF IN ALL THREE 2918 01:47:44,690 --> 01:47:48,961 ANIMALS, WHETHER IT WAS MATCHED 2919 01:47:48,961 --> 01:47:50,496 SAMPLE TASK OR MEMORY GUIDED 2920 01:47:50,496 --> 01:47:52,999 TASK, AND REACTION TIMES WERE 2921 01:47:52,999 --> 01:47:55,101 SHORTER IF THE END OF THE TRIAL 2922 01:47:55,101 --> 01:47:58,037 CAME DURING AN ON PERIOD VERSUS 2923 01:47:58,037 --> 01:47:58,604 OFF PERIOD. 2924 01:47:58,604 --> 01:48:00,206 >> WHAT I'M ASKING IS CAN YOU 2925 01:48:00,206 --> 01:48:02,742 CORRECT FOR THAT BY SUBSAMPLING 2926 01:48:02,742 --> 01:48:06,445 SO YOU HAVE EQUIVALENT TRIALS IN 2927 01:48:06,445 --> 01:48:09,849 THE OFF STATE AND ON STATE? 2928 01:48:09,849 --> 01:48:10,216 >> EQUIVALENT? 2929 01:48:10,216 --> 01:48:11,284 >> ONLY CORRECT TRIALS, SAY. 2930 01:48:11,284 --> 01:48:12,818 >> TAKE THE ONLY CORRECT TRIALS? 2931 01:48:12,818 --> 01:48:15,988 IF WE TAKE ONLY THE CORRECT 2932 01:48:15,988 --> 01:48:17,857 TRIALS, I ASSUME WE WOULD FIND 2933 01:48:17,857 --> 01:48:18,925 PROBABILITY OF BEING IN ON STATE 2934 01:48:18,925 --> 01:48:21,560 AT THE END OF THE TRIAL IS GOING 2935 01:48:21,560 --> 01:48:23,863 TO BE HIGHER THAN OFF STATE. 2936 01:48:23,863 --> 01:48:26,933 THAT'S JUST THE COMPLEMENT OF 2937 01:48:26,933 --> 01:48:28,134 WHAT I SAID BEFORE. 2938 01:48:28,134 --> 01:48:35,041 >> MAYBE WE CAN TAKE THIS UP 2939 01:48:35,041 --> 01:48:35,908 OFFLINE. 2940 01:48:35,908 --> 01:48:38,411 >> SUBSAMPLE, THE STATES ARE 2941 01:48:38,411 --> 01:48:40,046 COORDINATED, RIGHT? 2942 01:48:40,046 --> 01:48:43,950 EPIC OF ON OR OFF IS DIFFERENT 2943 01:48:43,950 --> 01:48:44,650 FOR SUBPOPULATIONS, IT'S THE 2944 01:48:44,650 --> 01:48:46,719 SAME FOR THE OTHER POPULATION, 2945 01:48:46,719 --> 01:48:47,620 RIGHT? 2946 01:48:47,620 --> 01:48:50,222 THAT WAS THE HELD-OUT ANALYSIS, 2947 01:48:50,222 --> 01:48:50,790 RIGHT? 2948 01:48:50,790 --> 01:48:51,557 >> UH-HUH. 2949 01:48:51,557 --> 01:48:53,092 >> MAYBE I'M MISSING SOMETHING. 2950 01:48:53,092 --> 01:48:54,427 >> I'M TALKING ABOUT BALANCING 2951 01:48:54,427 --> 01:48:57,363 FOR THE BEHAVIOR SO WE HAVE 2952 01:48:57,363 --> 01:48:58,998 EQUIVALENT BEHAVIORS FOR THE 2953 01:48:58,998 --> 01:49:02,268 TRIALS THAT ARE BEING COMPARED. 2954 01:49:02,268 --> 01:49:04,470 >> YEAH, YOU COULD SAY WHAT 2955 01:49:04,470 --> 01:49:09,175 HAPPENS TO THE PERFORMANCE IF 2956 01:49:09,175 --> 01:49:11,310 YOU EQUATE, DO SUBSAMPLE TRIALS 2957 01:49:11,310 --> 01:49:12,979 PROPORTION OF TIME ON OR OFF WAS 2958 01:49:12,979 --> 01:49:15,381 DIFFERENT OR EQUAL, YOU COULD DO 2959 01:49:15,381 --> 01:49:16,615 THAT TOO, RIGHT? 2960 01:49:16,615 --> 01:49:18,451 BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT 2961 01:49:18,451 --> 01:49:20,953 CLEAR, YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT -- 2962 01:49:20,953 --> 01:49:22,288 IT'S NOT REALLY CLEAR IT SHOULD 2963 01:49:22,288 --> 01:49:23,823 BE THE CASE THAT PERFORMANCE IS 2964 01:49:23,823 --> 01:49:26,559 GOING TO BE AFFECTED BY THE OFF 2965 01:49:26,559 --> 01:49:36,268 STATE BECAUSE IN THE MODEL FROM 2966 01:49:36,268 --> 01:49:39,572 -- I FORGET HIS NAME, 2967 01:49:39,572 --> 01:49:41,874 SILENT PERIOD IS STILL THERE, SO 2968 01:49:41,874 --> 01:49:42,842 IT DOESN'T HAVE TO FOLLOW THAT 2969 01:49:42,842 --> 01:49:44,610 THE OFF PERIOD IS A PERIOD IN 2970 01:49:44,610 --> 01:49:46,645 WHICH PERFORMANCE WILL BE BAD, 2971 01:49:46,645 --> 01:49:46,846 RIGHT? 2972 01:49:46,846 --> 01:49:49,815 BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS STILL 2973 01:49:49,815 --> 01:49:51,017 THERE, JUST THERE -- JUST NOT 2974 01:49:51,017 --> 01:49:52,885 THERE IN THE FIRING RATE. 2975 01:49:52,885 --> 01:49:55,855 SO WE'RE ALREADY ASSUMING THAT, 2976 01:49:55,855 --> 01:49:58,591 YEAH, SO IN THE MODEL YOU WOULD 2977 01:49:58,591 --> 01:49:59,792 THINK THOUGH THAT THE 2978 01:49:59,792 --> 01:50:01,293 PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY REALLY HAS 2979 01:50:01,293 --> 01:50:03,396 TO DO WITH INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE 2980 01:50:03,396 --> 01:50:04,897 DIFFERENT STATES, YOU KNOW, 2981 01:50:04,897 --> 01:50:13,472 ACTIVITY COMES IN, THERE'S SOME 2982 01:50:13,472 --> 01:50:14,774 EITHER EXTRINSIC OR INTRINSIC 2983 01:50:14,774 --> 01:50:16,609 FIRING RATE, THAT MAY 2984 01:50:16,609 --> 01:50:17,943 ACTUALLY -- THE STRENGTH MAY 2985 01:50:17,943 --> 01:50:19,478 ACTUALLY, YOU KNOW, INFLUENCE 2986 01:50:19,478 --> 01:50:22,982 THE STRENGTH OF THE ENSEMBLE, 2987 01:50:22,982 --> 01:50:23,549 RIGHT? 2988 01:50:23,549 --> 01:50:26,052 WHAT YOU WANT TO KNOW, TO LOOK 2989 01:50:26,052 --> 01:50:27,920 AT BEHAVIOR, WHEN THAT DOESN'T 2990 01:50:27,920 --> 01:50:30,122 WORK SO WELL. 2991 01:50:30,122 --> 01:50:31,090 RIGHT? 2992 01:50:31,090 --> 01:50:34,827 OR MAYBE THE PEAKS AND 2993 01:50:34,827 --> 01:50:36,228 CONFIDENCE, MEASURING BY 2994 01:50:36,228 --> 01:50:39,298 CONFIDENCE DURING ON PERIODS AND 2995 01:50:39,298 --> 01:50:40,499 RELIABILITY OF THESE ENSEMBLES 2996 01:50:40,499 --> 01:50:43,035 ARE NOT GREAT, THAT AFFECTS 2997 01:50:43,035 --> 01:50:44,804 PERFORMANCE, THAT SHOULD BE A 2998 01:50:44,804 --> 01:50:49,175 BETTER PREDICTOR OF PER FORMANCE 2999 01:50:49,175 --> 01:50:49,708 PERHAPS. 3000 01:50:49,708 --> 01:50:52,945 THE OTHER THING HIDDEN IN THE 3001 01:50:52,945 --> 01:50:54,747 BACKGROUND HERE, WHAT IS IT 3002 01:50:54,747 --> 01:50:57,683 WE'RE PICKING UP WITH 3003 01:50:57,683 --> 01:50:58,217 CROSS-CORRELATIONS, WITH 3004 01:50:58,217 --> 01:50:59,652 ENSEMBLES, RIGHT? 3005 01:50:59,652 --> 01:51:02,188 YOU'RE PICKING UP BASICALLY 3006 01:51:02,188 --> 01:51:04,723 THESE ARE DRIVEN BY DIFFERENCES 3007 01:51:04,723 --> 01:51:06,025 IN RELATIONSHIP AND ACTIVITY 3008 01:51:06,025 --> 01:51:06,892 BETWEEN ONE NEURON AND ANOTHER 3009 01:51:06,892 --> 01:51:09,662 WHEN THEY ARE NOT FIRING ABOVE 3010 01:51:09,662 --> 01:51:10,362 BASELINE, RIGHT? 3011 01:51:10,362 --> 01:51:12,298 PATTERN SIGNAL IS GOING ON THAT 3012 01:51:12,298 --> 01:51:13,933 MIGHT BE ENCODING THE MEMORANDUM 3013 01:51:13,933 --> 01:51:17,436 EVEN IF THE AVERAGE FIRING RATE 3014 01:51:17,436 --> 01:51:18,838 IS THE SAME. 3015 01:51:18,838 --> 01:51:21,807 WE'RE LOOKING AT USING THE 3016 01:51:21,807 --> 01:51:24,477 TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY IN 3017 01:51:24,477 --> 01:51:26,745 SHORT TIME SCALES, YOU KNOW, 3018 01:51:26,745 --> 01:51:30,883 TENS OF MILLISECONDS BECAUSE 3019 01:51:30,883 --> 01:51:33,953 THAT WOULD BE THE NATURAL 3020 01:51:33,953 --> 01:51:36,455 CONSEQUENCE OR COROLLARY OF 3021 01:51:36,455 --> 01:51:37,223 THESE DIFFERENCES IN 3022 01:51:37,223 --> 01:51:39,725 CROSS-CORRELATION BECAUSE THOSE 3023 01:51:39,725 --> 01:51:41,060 ARE RELIABLE PATTERNS OF 3024 01:51:41,060 --> 01:51:43,462 ACTIVITY BETWEEN PAIRS OF 3025 01:51:43,462 --> 01:51:45,197 NEURONS, THAT SUGGESTS THERE'S A 3026 01:51:45,197 --> 01:51:46,966 TEMPORAL PATTERN OF SPIKING 3027 01:51:46,966 --> 01:51:53,105 ACTIVITY THAT'S ENCODING THE 3028 01:51:53,105 --> 01:51:56,175 MEMORANDUM, RIGHT? 3029 01:51:56,175 --> 01:52:00,212 IF IT ISN'T A MECHANISM, IF WE 3030 01:52:00,212 --> 01:52:03,082 APPLY A DECODER THAT WAS 3031 01:52:03,082 --> 01:52:04,350 SENSITIVE TO TEMPORAL PATTERNS 3032 01:52:04,350 --> 01:52:07,653 NOT JUST THE FIRING RATE, RIGHT, 3033 01:52:07,653 --> 01:52:08,754 SHORT TIME SCALES, LIKE 20 3034 01:52:08,754 --> 01:52:10,623 MILLISECONDS OR SO WE MIGHT BE 3035 01:52:10,623 --> 01:52:13,325 ABLE TO FIND THAT THERE'S 3036 01:52:13,325 --> 01:52:14,326 PERSISTENT -- STEADY THROUGHOUT 3037 01:52:14,326 --> 01:52:15,194 THE DELAY PERIOD. 3038 01:52:15,194 --> 01:52:16,328 DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? 3039 01:52:16,328 --> 01:52:16,962 YEAH, YEAH. 3040 01:52:16,962 --> 01:52:19,165 WE'RE KIND OF DOING THAT NOW. 3041 01:52:19,165 --> 01:52:20,599 THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE SO FAR BUT 3042 01:52:20,599 --> 01:52:27,373 IT'S HARDER THAN WE THOUGHT. 3043 01:52:27,373 --> 01:52:28,207 >> GREAT. 3044 01:52:28,207 --> 01:52:28,374 TOR? 3045 01:52:28,374 --> 01:52:31,443 >> HI, THAT'S SUPER COOL WORK. 3046 01:52:31,443 --> 01:52:35,481 I'M WONDERING IF YOU THINK THE 3047 01:52:35,481 --> 01:52:37,449 ON AND OFF STATES MIGHT BE 3048 01:52:37,449 --> 01:52:39,752 RELATED TO REHEARSAL IN WORKING 3049 01:52:39,752 --> 01:52:44,790 MEMORY, IF THAT MIGHT BE 3050 01:52:44,790 --> 01:52:45,658 CONNECTED, MAINTAINING THE 3051 01:52:45,658 --> 01:52:48,394 PATTERNS EVEN IN OFF STATES IN 3052 01:52:48,394 --> 01:52:51,130 OTHER REMOTE REGIONS? 3053 01:52:51,130 --> 01:52:52,431 >> HMM, YEAH, GREAT QUESTION. 3054 01:52:52,431 --> 01:52:55,501 I'M TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT 3055 01:52:55,501 --> 01:52:57,269 WOULD WE DO TO EXPLORE THAT. 3056 01:52:57,269 --> 01:52:59,205 HOW WOULD WE -- THAT'S A GREAT 3057 01:52:59,205 --> 01:53:00,539 QUESTION THOUGH. 3058 01:53:00,539 --> 01:53:04,810 WHAT WOULD WE DO? 3059 01:53:04,810 --> 01:53:07,713 >> YEAH, SO I GUESS AT THE 3060 01:53:07,713 --> 01:53:13,552 NEURAL LEVEL IF THEY ARE 3061 01:53:13,552 --> 01:53:15,854 CORRECTED FRONT PARIETAL AREAS, 3062 01:53:15,854 --> 01:53:16,622 REVERBERATION BETWEEN THE 3063 01:53:16,622 --> 01:53:21,427 CIRCUITS, IF YOU COULD FIND 3064 01:53:21,427 --> 01:53:24,396 AREAS WITH COMPLEMENTARY 3065 01:53:24,396 --> 01:53:24,763 REPRESENTATIONS. 3066 01:53:24,763 --> 01:53:26,232 >> YEAH, YEAH, DEFINITELY ONE OF 3067 01:53:26,232 --> 01:53:28,434 THE NEXT STEPS IS RECORD OTHER 3068 01:53:28,434 --> 01:53:29,468 PLACES WHERE, HAVE PERSISTENT 3069 01:53:29,468 --> 01:53:33,806 ACTIVITY TO SEE IF IT HAS 3070 01:53:33,806 --> 01:53:35,241 SIMILAR PROPERTIES. 3071 01:53:35,241 --> 01:53:37,610 REGARDING REHEARSAL, HOW WOULD 3072 01:53:37,610 --> 01:53:39,178 WE KNOW THAT THESE STATES, YOU 3073 01:53:39,178 --> 01:53:42,448 KNOW, ARE RELATED TO REHEARSAL, 3074 01:53:42,448 --> 01:53:45,050 LIKE WHAT'S THE BEHAVIORAL 3075 01:53:45,050 --> 01:53:47,920 MEASURE THAT THIS IS AHA, YOU 3076 01:53:47,920 --> 01:53:48,687 KNOW. 3077 01:53:48,687 --> 01:53:49,989 >> YEAH, WELL, I STUDY HUMANS, 3078 01:53:49,989 --> 01:53:52,725 YOU JUST ASK THEM. 3079 01:53:52,725 --> 01:53:55,427 MAYBE IN A MONKEY, MOVEMENTS, 3080 01:53:55,427 --> 01:53:56,996 WHAT'S THE NATURAL, YOU KNOW, 3081 01:53:56,996 --> 01:54:00,266 TIME LAG TO MAKE AN EYE MOVEMENT 3082 01:54:00,266 --> 01:54:01,500 TO REFRESH ESSENTIALLY THE 3083 01:54:01,500 --> 01:54:02,468 ACTIVITY AT THE ATTENDANT 3084 01:54:02,468 --> 01:54:03,902 LOCATION, EVEN IF YOU'RE NOT 3085 01:54:03,902 --> 01:54:06,839 LETTING THEM MOVE THEIR EYES IN 3086 01:54:06,839 --> 01:54:08,173 THE TARGET TASK PRESUMABLY. 3087 01:54:08,173 --> 01:54:10,576 YEAH, MAYBE THERE'S SOME 3088 01:54:10,576 --> 01:54:11,010 TEMPORAL LATENCY OR 3089 01:54:11,010 --> 01:54:12,311 DISTRIBUTION, YOU KNOW, WHERE 3090 01:54:12,311 --> 01:54:13,212 THEY MOVE THEIR EYES. 3091 01:54:13,212 --> 01:54:17,249 AND THAT WOULD BE A CUE TO SORT 3092 01:54:17,249 --> 01:54:19,985 OF -- REHEARSAL CUE, THAT'S 3093 01:54:19,985 --> 01:54:22,288 REFRESHING THE REPRESENTATION. 3094 01:54:22,288 --> 01:54:23,922 >> ONE THING, YOU KNOW, THERE'S 3095 01:54:23,922 --> 01:54:25,324 SOME EVIDENCE THAT REHEARSAL AND 3096 01:54:25,324 --> 01:54:28,894 SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY IS 3097 01:54:28,894 --> 01:54:30,362 RELATED TO (INDISCERNIBLE), AM I 3098 01:54:30,362 --> 01:54:31,363 RIGHT ABOUT THAT? 3099 01:54:31,363 --> 01:54:34,633 MAYBE FROM HUMAN DATA OR MONKEY 3100 01:54:34,633 --> 01:54:35,000 DATA. 3101 01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:37,936 WE DID LOOK AND DIDN'T FIND -- 3102 01:54:37,936 --> 01:54:40,773 GOING IN I THOUGHT THAT'S A 3103 01:54:40,773 --> 01:54:42,207 POSSIBILITY BUT WE ACTUALLY 3104 01:54:42,207 --> 01:54:45,377 WERE -- DIDN'T FIND MUCH 3105 01:54:45,377 --> 01:54:46,679 EVIDENCE FOR THERE BEING 3106 01:54:46,679 --> 01:54:49,648 DIFFERENCES, IN YOU WILL, IN THE 3107 01:54:49,648 --> 01:54:55,554 PATTERN, DISTRIBUTION OF 3108 01:54:55,554 --> 01:54:57,189 PROBABILITY OF MICRO SECAS IN ON 3109 01:54:57,189 --> 01:54:58,924 [OFF MICROPHONE] STATES, MAYBE 3110 01:54:58,924 --> 01:55:00,459 THERE ARE OTHER MEASURES WE 3111 01:55:00,459 --> 01:55:11,003 COULD EXPLORE, A GREAT QUESTION. 3112 01:55:15,374 --> 01:55:17,343 >> DATA FROM V1 TOOK ME BACK 60 3113 01:55:17,343 --> 01:55:18,977 YEARS, WITH THIS KIND OF 3114 01:55:18,977 --> 01:55:20,746 RECORDING WHAT CAN WE LEARN THAT 3115 01:55:20,746 --> 01:55:23,482 WE MIGHT NOT HAVE KNOWN OR HAVE 3116 01:55:23,482 --> 01:55:27,720 EVIDENCE FOR AT THE POPULATION 3117 01:55:27,720 --> 01:55:29,254 LEVEL FOR COMPLEX CELLS, WHAT 3118 01:55:29,254 --> 01:55:30,789 ARE STATISTICS. 3119 01:55:30,789 --> 01:55:34,526 >> GREAT QUESTION. 3120 01:55:34,526 --> 01:55:36,261 THE ONLY -- WELL, THE RESULT 3121 01:55:36,261 --> 01:55:41,100 THAT'S PROBABLY THE MOST SALIENT 3122 01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:42,634 THAT WE CAME ACROSS, IT'S KNOWN 3123 01:55:42,634 --> 01:55:45,337 BY NOW BUT SO EASY TO SEE IT, 3124 01:55:45,337 --> 01:55:47,639 EARLY ON THERE WAS DEBATE, IN 3125 01:55:47,639 --> 01:55:49,508 THE MONKEY, THE ASSERTION 3126 01:55:49,508 --> 01:55:50,809 THERE'S NO ORIENTATION 3127 01:55:50,809 --> 01:55:54,980 SELECTIVITY IN LAYER 4, 4C, 3128 01:55:54,980 --> 01:55:55,180 RIGHT? 3129 01:55:55,180 --> 01:55:57,716 OR IT WAS -- AND THEN MAYBE 4C 3130 01:55:57,716 --> 01:56:00,018 BETA, MAYBE JOHN REMEMBERS WHICH 3131 01:56:00,018 --> 01:56:00,219 ONES. 3132 01:56:00,219 --> 01:56:02,621 BUT THAT WAS THE ASSERTION, LIKE 3133 01:56:02,621 --> 01:56:04,223 IT'S ALL -- 3134 01:56:04,223 --> 01:56:09,995 >> IN THE TEXT BOOKS, SURE. 3135 01:56:09,995 --> 01:56:11,864 >> EXACTLY. 3136 01:56:11,864 --> 01:56:17,770 BUT WE HAVE HUGE SUBPOPULATIONS, 3137 01:56:17,770 --> 01:56:19,204 4C ALPHA AND BETA, IF YOU LOOK 3138 01:56:19,204 --> 01:56:24,910 AT THE READOUT IT'S EVEN BETTER 3139 01:56:24,910 --> 01:56:27,246 IN LAYER 4 THAN FIVE-SIX, AND 3140 01:56:27,246 --> 01:56:29,214 TWO-THREE, AND YOU CAN SEE THAT 3141 01:56:29,214 --> 01:56:30,849 IN A SINGLE SESSION. 3142 01:56:30,849 --> 01:56:34,486 YOU GET SO MANY NEURONS IN THE 3143 01:56:34,486 --> 01:56:38,424 COMPARTMENTS YOU CAN COMPARE 3144 01:56:38,424 --> 01:56:39,625 DIRECTLY. 3145 01:56:39,625 --> 01:56:42,327 THAT'S PARTLY THE RESULT OF 3146 01:56:42,327 --> 01:56:44,430 LOW -- JUST THE LARGER SPIKING 3147 01:56:44,430 --> 01:56:47,266 RELIABILITY OF NEURONS IN 4 C 3148 01:56:47,266 --> 01:56:51,870 ALPHA AND 4C BETA. 3149 01:56:51,870 --> 01:56:52,604 YEAH, INFORMATION ABOUT 3150 01:56:52,604 --> 01:56:54,506 ORIENTATION, AND I THINK EVEN 3151 01:56:54,506 --> 01:56:56,475 THE THRESHOLD OF ORIENTATION, 3152 01:56:56,475 --> 01:56:59,077 BUT ANYWAY, IT WAS A SLAM DUNK, 3153 01:56:59,077 --> 01:57:00,846 CLEARLY ORIENTATION INFORMATION 3154 01:57:00,846 --> 01:57:02,815 IS THERE BECAUSE YOU CAN COMPARE 3155 01:57:02,815 --> 01:57:05,651 NEURONS WITHIN THE SAME COLUMN, 3156 01:57:05,651 --> 01:57:05,851 RIGHT? 3157 01:57:05,851 --> 01:57:08,720 IF YOU'RE DOING AN EXPERIMENT, 3158 01:57:08,720 --> 01:57:10,589 APPLES TO APPLES COMPARISON 3159 01:57:10,589 --> 01:57:12,124 BECOMES DIFFICULT, RIGHT? 3160 01:57:12,124 --> 01:57:12,891 AND GETTING SUFFICIENT NUMBERS 3161 01:57:12,891 --> 01:57:14,860 OF NEURONS IN THE SAME COLUMN, 3162 01:57:14,860 --> 01:57:17,362 SAME PART OF VISUAL SPACE, ET 3163 01:57:17,362 --> 01:57:20,098 CETERA, ET CETERA. 3164 01:57:20,098 --> 01:57:20,399 >> RIGHT. 3165 01:57:20,399 --> 01:57:23,368 AS YOU GO TO THE PROPERTIES, 3166 01:57:23,368 --> 01:57:24,470 COMPLEX CELLS, HOPEFULLY YOU 3167 01:57:24,470 --> 01:57:26,672 COULD GET IDEA ABOUT WHAT THE 3168 01:57:26,672 --> 01:57:28,407 ACTUAL INPUTS ARE AND HOW THEY 3169 01:57:28,407 --> 01:57:29,675 ARE WEIGHTED. 3170 01:57:29,675 --> 01:57:30,609 OR NOT. 3171 01:57:30,609 --> 01:57:33,712 >> ANOTHER THING THAT POPS OUT 3172 01:57:33,712 --> 01:57:36,915 THAT WAS NICE IF YOU GOT 3173 01:57:36,915 --> 01:57:38,484 PUTATIVE FEED, 3174 01:57:38,484 --> 01:57:43,288 CROSS-CORRELATIONS, YOU KNOW, 3175 01:57:43,288 --> 01:57:49,261 THEY SHOULD TEND TO BE SIMPLE TO 3176 01:57:49,261 --> 01:57:50,996 COMPLEX, THAT WAS VERY 3177 01:57:50,996 --> 01:57:51,296 ENCOURAGING. 3178 01:57:51,296 --> 01:57:54,600 >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS FROM THE 3179 01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:55,234 GROUP? 3180 01:57:55,234 --> 01:57:56,134 THANK YOU, TIRIN. 3181 01:57:56,134 --> 01:57:57,102 REALLY FASCINATING. 3182 01:57:57,102 --> 01:57:58,871 A WHOLE NEW WORLD OUT THERE 3183 01:57:58,871 --> 01:58:02,941 WAITING FOR US TO DISCOVER. 3184 01:58:02,941 --> 01:58:03,308 OKAY. 3185 01:58:03,308 --> 01:58:05,577 ANY LAST WORDS BEFORE WE WRAP UP 3186 01:58:05,577 --> 01:58:06,778 OPEN SESSION? 3187 01:58:06,778 --> 01:58:09,748 WHEN I WAS SAYING FAREWELL TO 3188 01:58:09,748 --> 01:58:11,416 KAV AND BRUCE I HAD SLIDES UP 3189 01:58:11,416 --> 01:58:14,353 AND DIDN'T HAVE A CHANCE TO ASK, 3190 01:58:14,353 --> 01:58:16,321 BRUCE, I DON'T KNOW IF KAV IS 3191 01:58:16,321 --> 01:58:18,190 HERE, IF YOU WANT TO SAY A FEW 3192 01:58:18,190 --> 01:58:18,390 WORDS. 3193 01:58:18,390 --> 01:58:20,926 I'LL PUT YOU ON THE SPOT, BRUCE. 3194 01:58:20,926 --> 01:58:24,596 >> JUST THAT IT'S BEEN AN 3195 01:58:24,596 --> 01:58:25,631 AMAZING RUN. 3196 01:58:25,631 --> 01:58:27,266 I TOLD YOU, JOHN, I CERTAINLY 3197 01:58:27,266 --> 01:58:29,134 LEARNED A HELL OF A LOT MORE 3198 01:58:29,134 --> 01:58:30,769 THAN I'VE MANAGED TO TEACH OVER 3199 01:58:30,769 --> 01:58:31,770 THE YEARS. 3200 01:58:31,770 --> 01:58:34,206 IT'S BEEN PRETTY COOL TO THINK 3201 01:58:34,206 --> 01:58:37,776 ABOUT BRAIN, YOU KNOW, FROM THE 3202 01:58:37,776 --> 01:58:38,043 BEGINNING. 3203 01:58:38,043 --> 01:58:41,847 AND I WAS THINKING ABOUT KIND OF 3204 01:58:41,847 --> 01:58:42,814 THE PARALLELS OF THE BRAIN 3205 01:58:42,814 --> 01:58:47,085 INITIATIVE TO THE BRAIN ITSELF, 3206 01:58:47,085 --> 01:58:49,154 YOU KNOW, HOW COMPLEX BEHAVIORAL 3207 01:58:49,154 --> 01:58:52,691 GOAL, YOU KNOW, GOT ENABLED BY, 3208 01:58:52,691 --> 01:58:54,860 YOU KNOW, A DIRECTED AND 3209 01:58:54,860 --> 01:58:58,263 COORDINATED SERIES OF INDIVIDUAL 3210 01:58:58,263 --> 01:58:58,597 EVENTS. 3211 01:58:58,597 --> 01:59:00,766 YOU KNOW, VISION LAID OUT BY 3212 01:59:00,766 --> 01:59:02,968 CORY AND BILL, YOU KNOW, 2025 3213 01:59:02,968 --> 01:59:07,005 REPORT, YOU KNOW, A DECADE AGO 3214 01:59:07,005 --> 01:59:08,440 REALLY REMARKABLY SET THE TREND, 3215 01:59:08,440 --> 01:59:09,775 YOU KNOW, WALTER AND JOSH KIND 3216 01:59:09,775 --> 01:59:12,044 OF LEADING IT AND ALL THE 3217 01:59:12,044 --> 01:59:13,312 PROGRAM OFFICERS KIND OF 3218 01:59:13,312 --> 01:59:15,013 CREATING FROM SCRATCH, YOU KNOW, 3219 01:59:15,013 --> 01:59:15,781 A PROGRAM. 3220 01:59:15,781 --> 01:59:19,618 YOU COMING IN TO LEAD IT. 3221 01:59:19,618 --> 01:59:21,019 YOU KNOW, SET THIS VISION. 3222 01:59:21,019 --> 01:59:23,221 BUT IN THE END THE INDIVIDUAL 3223 01:59:23,221 --> 01:59:25,290 WORK WE'VE JUST SEEN, THE PAPERS 3224 01:59:25,290 --> 01:59:28,026 YOU POINTED OUT SHOW THAT YOU 3225 01:59:28,026 --> 01:59:31,096 CAN REALLY DO BIG SCIENCE BUT DO 3226 01:59:31,096 --> 01:59:33,065 IT, YOU KNOW, ELEMENT BY ELEMENT 3227 01:59:33,065 --> 01:59:36,335 AND, YOU KNOW, THE COHERENCE 3228 01:59:36,335 --> 01:59:36,568 EMERGES. 3229 01:59:36,568 --> 01:59:38,003 IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE 3230 01:59:38,003 --> 01:59:39,304 ARTICULATED FROM THE START. 3231 01:59:39,304 --> 01:59:44,142 SO IT'S BEEN GREAT TO WATCH 3232 01:59:44,142 --> 01:59:44,476 REALLY. 3233 01:59:44,476 --> 01:59:46,311 YEAH, IT'S AMAZING WHAT YOU GUYS 3234 01:59:46,311 --> 01:59:48,413 HAVE ALL CREATED, CERTAINLY 3235 01:59:48,413 --> 01:59:50,015 LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING WHAT 3236 01:59:50,015 --> 01:59:52,951 YOU ALL ACCOMPLISH IN THE NEXT 3237 01:59:52,951 --> 01:59:54,519 DECADE AND HOPE TO BE A SMALL 3238 01:59:54,519 --> 01:59:55,721 PART OF IT. 3239 01:59:55,721 --> 01:59:56,588 >> APPRECIATE ALL YOU'VE DONE 3240 01:59:56,588 --> 01:59:58,123 FOR BRAIN AND ME PERSONALLY. 3241 01:59:58,123 --> 02:00:01,193 YOU WERE SUCH A GENEROUS SOURCE 3242 02:00:01,193 --> 02:00:02,194 OF INFORMATION AND INSIGHT. 3243 02:00:02,194 --> 02:00:03,495 WE KNOW WHERE TO FIND YOU. 3244 02:00:03,495 --> 02:00:05,897 WE'RE NOT GOING TO LET YOU GO 3245 02:00:05,897 --> 02:00:06,331 THAT EASY. 3246 02:00:06,331 --> 02:00:06,765 KAV IS HERE. 3247 02:00:06,765 --> 02:00:08,834 ARE YOU AT THE AIRPORT OR 3248 02:00:08,834 --> 02:00:09,101 SOMETHING? 3249 02:00:09,101 --> 02:00:11,370 IT'S BEEN GREAT HAVING YOU HERE. 3250 02:00:11,370 --> 02:00:13,105 I REMEMBER, A PERSONAL STORY, 3251 02:00:13,105 --> 02:00:15,107 WHEN I CAME ON, I HAD THE 3252 02:00:15,107 --> 02:00:18,944 OPPORTUNITY TO BRING ON 3253 02:00:18,944 --> 02:00:20,012 ADDITIONAL AT-LARGE MEMBERS, 3254 02:00:20,012 --> 02:00:22,114 FOLKS THAT DON'T REPRESENT ICs 3255 02:00:22,114 --> 02:00:24,516 DIRECTLY AND I FOUND KAV, PEOPLE 3256 02:00:24,516 --> 02:00:27,119 SAID YOU HAVE TO TALK TO KAV. 3257 02:00:27,119 --> 02:00:28,887 WE HAD A GREAT CONVERSATION, 3258 02:00:28,887 --> 02:00:30,088 MAYBE 45 MINUTES, AN HOUR. 3259 02:00:30,088 --> 02:00:34,793 BY THE END I WASN'T SURE WHO WAS 3260 02:00:34,793 --> 02:00:36,228 INTERVIEWING WHOM BUT IT ALL 3261 02:00:36,228 --> 02:00:36,962 WORKED OUT. 3262 02:00:36,962 --> 02:00:38,697 LOVE TO HEAR A FEW WORDS. 3263 02:00:38,697 --> 02:00:41,900 YOU'VE BEEN A GREAT SOURCE OF 3264 02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:42,768 COUNSEL, GUIDANCE, PERSPECTIVES. 3265 02:00:42,768 --> 02:00:43,735 WE APPRECIATE ALL THAT YOU DO 3266 02:00:43,735 --> 02:00:46,405 NOT JUST IN YOUR SCIENCE, 3267 02:00:46,405 --> 02:00:47,739 ADVOCACY, ALL YOU CONTRIBUTED TO 3268 02:00:47,739 --> 02:00:49,207 BRAIN, I WANT TO GIVE AN 3269 02:00:49,207 --> 02:00:51,410 OPPORTUNITY TO SAY HI AND 3270 02:00:51,410 --> 02:00:52,944 FAREWELL TO EVERYBODY HERE. 3271 02:00:52,944 --> 02:00:54,212 >> YEAH, IT'S BEEN A FANTASTIC 3272 02:00:54,212 --> 02:00:55,781 HONOR AND PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 3273 02:00:55,781 --> 02:00:57,449 I'VE BEEN EXCITED SINCE 3274 02:00:57,449 --> 02:01:01,153 INCEPTION OF BRAIN WATCHING IT 3275 02:01:01,153 --> 02:01:02,688 GROW, AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO 3276 02:01:02,688 --> 02:01:05,957 SHARE MY THOUGHTS AND INSIGHTS, 3277 02:01:05,957 --> 02:01:07,726 AND HOW THE INITIATIVE GREW. 3278 02:01:07,726 --> 02:01:09,661 FOR ME THE PROBLEM IS THE BRAIN 3279 02:01:09,661 --> 02:01:11,196 IS UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BRAIN 3280 02:01:11,196 --> 02:01:12,864 SO WE CAN ULTIMATELY TRANSLATE 3281 02:01:12,864 --> 02:01:14,733 TO IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH, IT'S 3282 02:01:14,733 --> 02:01:16,134 BEEN GREAT TO SEE TRAJECTORY THE 3283 02:01:16,134 --> 02:01:17,202 INITIATIVE HAS GONE IN THAT 3284 02:01:17,202 --> 02:01:17,469 DIRECTION. 3285 02:01:17,469 --> 02:01:18,637 SORRY FOR THE PERSON TALKING IN 3286 02:01:18,637 --> 02:01:19,304 THE BACKGROUND. 3287 02:01:19,304 --> 02:01:20,939 I AM AT THE AIRPORT. 3288 02:01:20,939 --> 02:01:22,474 AND I'M NOT GOING FAR. 3289 02:01:22,474 --> 02:01:25,110 SO I STILL AM ON THE ACD, AND SO 3290 02:01:25,110 --> 02:01:26,745 I'LL BE WORKING WITH ALL OF YOU 3291 02:01:26,745 --> 02:01:28,380 ALL TO CONTINUE TO ADVOCATE FOR 3292 02:01:28,380 --> 02:01:31,216 BRAIN AND MAKE SURE IT GETS ALL 3293 02:01:31,216 --> 02:01:33,351 OF THE RESOURCES AND ATTENTION 3294 02:01:33,351 --> 02:01:34,519 IT DESERVES. 3295 02:01:34,519 --> 02:01:36,154 THANK YOU. 3296 02:01:36,154 --> 02:01:37,656 >> APPRECIATE IT, KAV. 3297 02:01:37,656 --> 02:01:38,757 SAFE TRAVELS. 3298 02:01:38,757 --> 02:01:40,892 SO THAT WRAPS UP OPEN SESSION. 3299 02:01:40,892 --> 02:01:42,494 SUSAN, DO YOU WANT TO WRAP 3300 02:01:42,494 --> 02:01:45,564 THINGS UP AND LET PEOPLE KNOW 3301 02:01:45,564 --> 02:01:47,299 WHEN AND WHERE TO RECONVENE FOR 3302 02:01:47,299 --> 02:01:48,500 CLOSED SESSION? 3303 02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:50,902 >> RIGHT. 3304 02:01:50,902 --> 02:01:52,571 CLOSED SESSION STARTS AT 2:30, 3305 02:01:52,571 --> 02:01:53,972 HAVE YOU 20 MINUTES. 3306 02:01:53,972 --> 02:01:56,608 IT'S A DIFFERENT LINK. 3307 02:01:56,608 --> 02:01:59,344 SO YOU NEED TO GET ON FOR THE 3308 02:01:59,344 --> 02:02:05,016 OTHER LINK WHICH IS FOR 3309 02:02:05,016 --> 02:02:05,684 GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, FTEs, 3310 02:02:05,684 --> 02:02:07,753 MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP. 3311 02:02:07,753 --> 02:02:08,754 WE'LL TALK TO YOU. 3312 02:02:08,754 --> 02:02:09,354 >> THANKS, EVERYBODY. 3313 02:02:09,354 --> 02:02:10,155 SEE YOU IN A BIT. 3314 02:02:10,155 --> 02:02:13,792 [END OF PROGRAM] 3315 02:02:13,792 --> 02:02:23,835